Full text of "An American dictionary of the English language: intended to exhibit, I. The origin, affinities and primary signification of English words, as far as they have been ascertained. II. The genuine orthography and pronunciation of words, according to general usage, or to just principles of analogy. III. Accurate and discriminating definitions, with numerous authorities and illustrations. To which are prefixed, an introductory dissertation on the origin, history and connection of the languages of Western Asia and of Europe, and a concise grammar of the English language"

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AN 

AMERICAN  DICTIONARY 

OF  THE 

ENGLISH  LANGUAGE: 

INTENDED  TO  EXHIBIT, 

1.  The  origin,  affinities  and  primahy  signification  of  English  words,  as  far  as  thev  have  been  ascertained. 

II.    The  genuine  orthography  and  pronunciation  of  words,  according  to  general   usage,  or  to  just  principles  or  ANALOOV. 

III.  Accubate  and  discriminating  definitions,  with  numerous  authorities  and  illustrations. 

TO  WHICH  ARE  PREFIXED, 

AN  INTRODUCTORY  DISSERTATION 

ON  THE 

ORIGIN,  HISTORY  AND  CONNECTION  OF  THE  " — 

LANGUAGES  OF  WESTERN  ASIA  AND  OF  EUROPE, 

AND  A  CONCISE  GRAMMAR 

OF  THE 

ENGLISH  LANGUAGE. 


BY  NOAH  WEBSTER,  LL.  D. 

IN  TWO  VOL.IJ3IES. 
VOL.  II. 

He  that  wishes  to  be  counted  among  the  benefactoi-a  of  posterity,  must  add,  by  his  own  toil,  to  the  acquisitions  of  his  ancestors. — Rambler. 

NEW  YORK: 

PUBLISHED  BY  S.  CONVERSE. 

PRINTEP  BY  HKZEKIAII  HOWE — NEW  HAVEN. 

1838. 


\6on     '^\^^.^^<^-^ 

DISTRICT  OF  CONNECTICUT,  ss. 

y      ^         3e  it  REMEMBEReD,  That  Oil  the  fourteenth  day  of  April,  in  the  fifty-second  year  of  the  Independence  of  the  United  States  of  America. 
Rj»  fS*    Noah  Webster,  of  the  said  District,  hath  deposited  in  this  office  the  title  of  a  Book,  the  right  whereof  he  claims  as  Author,  in  the  words 

following;,  to  wit : 
"An  American  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language  ;  intended  to  exhibit,  I.  The  origin,  affinities,  and  primary  signification  of  English  words,  as  far 
as  they  have  been  ascertained.  II.  The  genuine  orthography  and  pronunciation  of  words,  according  to  general  usage,  or  to  just  principles  of  analogy. 
III.  Accurate  and  discriminating  definitions,  with  numerous  authorities  and  illustrations.  To  which  are  prefixed,  an  introductory  dissertation  on  the  ori- 
gin, history  and  connection  of  the  languages  of  Western  Asia  and  of  Europe,  and  a  concise  Grammar  of  the  English  language.  By  Noah  Webster,  LL.  D. 
In  two  volumes." 

In  conformity  to  the  act  of  Congress  of  the  United  States,  entitled,  "  An  act  for  the  encouragement  of  learning,  by  securing  the  copies  of  Maps,  Charts 
and  Books,  to  the  authors  and  proprietors  of  such  copies,  during  the  times  therein  mentioned." — And  also  to  the  act,  entitled,  "  An  act  supplementary  to 
an  act,  entitled  'An  act  for  the  encouragement  of  learning,  by  securing  the  copies  of  maps,  charts,  and  books,  to  the  authors  and  proprietors  of  such  copieF 
during  the  times  therein  mentioned,'  and  extending  the  benefits  thereof  to  the  arts  of  designing,  engraving,  and  etching  historical  and  other  prints." 

CHAS.  A.  INGERSOLL,  Clerk  of  the  Distnet  of  Connecticut. 
A  true  copy  of  Record,  examined  and  sealed  by  me, 

CHAS.  A.  INGERSOLL,  aerk  of  the  District  of  Connecticut 
April  14th,  1828. 


AN 


AMERICAN  DICTIONARY 


OF  THE 


ENGLISH  LANGUAGE. 


J  A  C 

J.  This   litter  has  been  added  to  tlic  En 
Klisli  Alphabet  in  modern  days  ;  the  letter 
I  being  written  formerly  in  words  where 
J    is  now  used.     It  seems  to  have  had  the 
sound  of  y,  in  many   words,  as  it  still  has 
in  the  German.     The   English   sound   of 
this   letter  iriay   be   expressed  by  dih,  or 
tdzh,  a  compound    sound   coinciding   ex 
actly  with  that  of  ff,  in  genius  ;  the  French 
j,  Willi  the  articulation  d  jireceding  it.      It 
is  the  tenth  letter  of  the  Englisli  Alpha 
bet. 

JAB'BER,  r.  i.  [D.  gabbcren,  or  Fr.  jaboter. 
Class  Gb.] 

To  talk  rapidly  or  indistinctly;  to  chatter; 
to  |)rate.  Sicift 

JAB'IJER,  n.  Rapid  talk  with  indistinct  ut- 
terance of  words.  Sunft. 

JAB'BERER,  ti.  One  that  talks  rapidly, 
indistinctly  or  unintelligibly. 

JABBERING,  ppr.  I'rating  ;  talking  rap- 
idly and  ct>nfusedly. 

JAB'BERMENT,  n.  Idle  prate.     Obs. 

Milton 

JAB'IRU,  n.  An  aquatic  fowl  of  the  crane 
kind. 

The  Jabiru  is  the  .Mydfria  Americana.  It 
resembles  the  stork.  Cuvier. 

JACAMAR,  n.  A  kind  of  fowls  arranged 
by  Linne  under  the  genus  Alcedo  ;  but 
their  toes  are  differently  placed,  and  their 
food  consists  of  insects.  They  arc  about 
the  size  of  a  lark.  Numerous  species  are 
described.  Encyc. 

The  Jacamars  arc  arranged  in  a  separate 
genus,  (lalbula,  and  along  with  the  wood- 
peckers in  the  order  of  climbers.     Cuvier. 

JA'CENT,  a.  [L.  jacens,  jaceo,  to  lie.]  Lying 
at  length.  Jf'o'tlon. 

JA'CINTII,  )i.  [a  different  orthography  of 
Hyacinth.] 

1.  A  genus  of  ])lants.  [Sec  Hyacinth.] 

2.  A  species  of  pellucid  gems.  [See  Hya- 
cinth.]    Rev.  xxi. 

Vol.  II. 


J  A  C 

JACK,  n.  [zekv,  in  Ethiopia,  is  the  pronoun 

he,  or  she.] 

1.  A  nickname  or  diminutive  of  John,  used 
as  a  general  term  of  contem[)t  for  any 
saucy  or  |)altry  tVllow.  Johnson. 

9.  The  name  of  an  instrument  that  supplies 
the  place  of  a  boy;  an  instrument  to  pull 
off  boots.  Halts. 

3.  An  engine  to  tiun  a  spit;  as  a  kitchen 
jack;  a  smoke jact. 

4.  A  yoimg  pike.  Mortimer. 
3.  A  coat  of  mail.  [Sp.  zaco,  xaquetn.] 

Hay  ward. 
G.  A  |)itchcr  of  waxed  lether.  Vryden. 

A  small  bowl  thrown  out  for  a  mark  to 
the  bowlers. 
8.  I'art  of  a  musical  instrument  called  a  vir- 
ginal. Bacon. 
f).  The  male  of  certain  animals,  as  of  the 
ass.      [Arm.  ozach,  a  husband.] 

,'lrbuthnot. 

10.  A  horse  or  wooden  frame  on  which 
wood  or  timber  is  sawed.  Ainsworth.l 

11.  In  sea-language,  a  flag,  ensign  or  colors,! 
displayed  from  a  staff  on  the  end  of  a  bo  w-j 
sprit.  "  Mar.  Did.' 

12.  In  Yorkshire,  half  a  pint.  Grose.  A 
quarter  of  a  pint.  Pcggi. 

Jack  at  nil  trades,  a  person  who  can  turn 
his  hand  to  any  kind  of  business. 

Jack  by  the  hedge,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Erjs- 
imum,  that  grows  under  hedges. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 

Jack  in  a  box,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Heruan- 
dia. 

2.  A  large  wooden  male  screw,  turning  in  a 
female  one.  Mar.  Diet. 

Jack  n-ith  a  hniltrn,  an  ignis  fatuus,  a  me- 
teor that  appears  in  low  moist  lands. 

Jack  of  the  clock-house,  a  little  man  that 
strikes  the  quarters  in  a  clock. 

JACK'ALENT,  n.  [Jack  in  lent,  a  poor 
starved  fellow.] 

A  simple  sheepish  fellow.  Shak. 

1 


J  A  C 


JACK'ANAPE.S  »i.  [jack  and  ape.]  A 
monkey ;  an  ape. 

2.  A  coxcomb ;  on  impertinent  fellow. 

A  young  upsUiilJackanapefi.  Arbuthnot. 

JACK'ASS,  Ji.  The  male  of  the  ass. 

JACK -BLOCK,  n.  A  block  attached  to 
the  top-gallant-tie  of  a  ship,  to  sway  up 
or  to  strike  the  yard.  Mar.  Did. 

JACK'BOOTS,  n.  [See  No.  5.  supra.] 
Boots  that  serve  as  armor  for  the  legs. 

Spectator. 

JACK'D.\W,  n.  [jack  axiA  daw.]  A  fowl  of 
the  genus  Corvus,  thievisli  and  mischiev- 
ous to  the  farmer^  -  Encyc. 

JACK'FLAG,  n.  A  flag  hoisted  at  the  sprit- 
sail  top-mast-head.  Encyc. 

JACK  PUDDING,  n.  [jack  and  pudding.] 
A  merry  Andrew  ;  a  bufibou  ;  a  zany. 

Gay. 

JACK'SSIITII,  n.  A  smith  who  makes 
jacks  for  the  chimney. 

JACKAL,  n.  [Sp.  chacal ;  Turk,  chical.] 
An  animal  of  the  genus  Canis,  resembhng 
a  dog  and  a  fox  ;  a  native  of  Asia  and  Af- 
rica. It  preys  on  poultry  and  other  small 
animals.  It  is  the  Cani*  aiireia  of  Linne. 
Encyc.     Cyc. 

JACK'ET,  n.  [Sp.  xaqueta,  a  short  loose 
coat;  zaco,  a  short  jacket;  xaquetilla,  a. 
jacket ;  Fr.  jaqudte  ;  Basque,  jaraya.]  A 
short  close  garment  worn  by  males,  ex- 
tending downwards  to  the  hips  ;  a  short 
coat. 

JACK  ETED,  a.  Wearing  a  jacket. 

JACOBIN,  ".  [So  named  from  the  place  of 
meeting,  which  was  the  monastery  of  the 
monks  calleil  Jacobines.] 

iThe  Jacobins,  in  France,  during  the  late  rev- 
olution, were  a  society  of  violent  revolu- 
tionists, who  held  secret  meetings  in 
which  measures  were  concerted  to  direct 
the  proceedings  of  the  National  Assem- 
bly. Hence,  a  Jacobin  is  the  member  of  a 
cliib,  or  other  person,  who  opposes  gov- 


J  A  D 


J  A  L 


JAN 


ernment  in  a  secret  and  unlawful  manner, 
or  by  violent  means;  a  turbulent  dema- 
gogue. 

JAC'OBINE,  n.  A  monk  of  the  order  of 
Dominicans. 

2.  A  pigeon  with  a  high  tuft.         Ainsworth. 

.IA€OBIN'I€,        )       Resembling  the  Jaco- 

JACOJUN'ICAL,  S  "'  l>i'is  of  France  ;  tur- 
bulent ;  discontented  with  government ; 
holding  democratic  principles. 

.lACOBINISM,    n.     Jacobinic   principles; 
unreasonable  or  violent  opposition   to  le- 
gitimate government;  an  attempt  to  over 
throw  or   change   government   by  secret 
cabals  or  irregular  means;  popular  turbu 
lence. 

JA€'OBINIZE,  V.  t.  To  taint  with  Jacobin 
ism.  Burke. 

JACOBITE,  )!.  [from  Jncobits,  James.]  A 
j>artizan  or  adherent  of  James  II.  king  of 
England,  after  he  abdicated  the  throne, 
ancl  of  his  descendants;  of  course,  an  op- 
poser  of  the  revolution  in  1(388,  in  favor  of 
William  and  Mary.  BoUngbrohe. 

2.  One  of  a  sect  of  christians  in  Syria  and 
Mesopotamia,  who  hold  tljat  Jesus  Christ 
had  but  one  nature.  Enajc.     Cyc 

JA€'OBITE,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  partizans 
of  James  II. 

JA€'OBITISM,  n.  The  principles  of  the 
partizans  of  James  II.  Mason 

JACOB'S-LADDER,  n.  A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Polemonimii.  Favi.  of  Plants. 

JACOB'S-ST'AFF,  n.  A  pilgrim's  staff 

2.  A  staff  concealing  a  dagger. 

^.  A  cross  staff;  a  kind  of  astrolabe. 

Johnson. 

JACOBUS,  n.  [Jacohus,  James.]  A  gold 
coin,  value  twenty-five  shillings  sterling, 
struck  in  the  reign  of  James  I. 

UEstrange. 

JA€ONET',  n.  A  kind  of  coarse  muslin. 

JAC'TANCY,  n.  [L.  jactantia.]  A  boasting. 
[JVbt  used.] 

JACTITATION,  n.  [L.  j'/c/iVo,  jndo.  It 
ought  rather  to  he  jactation,  h.  jadatio.] 

1.  A  tossing  of  the  body  ;  restlessness. 

Harvey 

2.  A  term  in  the  canon  law  for  a  false  pre- 
tension to  marriage  ;  vain  boasting. 

Johnson. 

JA€'ULATE,  V.  t.  [L.  jaculor.]  To  dart 

JACULA  TION,  n.    The  action  of  darting, 

throwing  orlanching, as  missive  weapons 

Milton. 
JA€'ULATOR,    n.    The   shooting    fish,   a 

species  of  Cha^todon. 
JACULATORY,  a.    Darting   or  throwing 
out  suddenly,    or  suddenly  thrown   out 
lUterefl  in  short  sentences.       [See  Ejacu 
lutory.] 
JADE,  n.   [of  unknown  origin.  Qu.  Sp.jad 

ear,  to  jiant.] 
I.  A  mean  or  poor  horse;  a  tired  horse ;  a 
worthless  nag. 

Tircil  as  a  jade  in  overloajen  cart.      Sidney 

'i.  A  mean  woman  ;    a  word   of  contempt, 

noting  sometimes  age,  but  generally  vice. 

Johnson. 
She  shines  the  first  of  battered  jades. 

Swift 
;f.  A  young  woman  ;  in  irony  or  slight  con- 
tempt. Jhldison 
JADE,  n.    A  mineral  called  also  nephrite  or 
nephritic  stone,  remarkable  for  its  hard 


ness  and  tenacity,  of  a  color  tnore  or  lessj 
green,  and  of  a  resinous  or  oily  asi)ect 
when  polished.  It  is  fusible  into  a  glass 
or  enamel.  Cleaveland  divides  jade  into 
three  subsf>ccies,  nephrite,  saiissurite.  and 
axestone.  It  is  fimnd  in  detached  masses 
or  inhering  in  rocks. 

ff'erner.    Jameson.     Cleaveland. 
JADE,  t'.  <.    To  tire  ;   to  fatigue  ;    to  weary 
with  hard  service  ;  as,  to  jade  a  horse. 
To  weary  witli    attention  or  study  ;    to 
tire. 

The  mind  once  jaded  by  an  attempt  above 
its  power,  is  very  hardly  brought  to  e.xert  its 
force  again.  Locke 

3.  To  harass ;  to  crush.  Shak 

4.  To  tire  or  wear  out  in  mean  offices ;  as  a 
jaded  groom.  Shak. 

5.  To  ride  ;  to  rule  with  tyranny 
I  do  not  now  fool  myself,  to  let  imagination 

jade  me.  Shak 

JADE,    V.  i.    To   become    weary  ;    to   lose 

spirit ;  to  sink. 

They   arc    promising  in    the  beginning,    but 

they  fail  and  jade  and  tire  in  the  prosecution. 

South 
JA'DED,   pp.    Tired ;    wearied  ;    fatigued  ; 

harassed. 
JA'DERY,  n.    The  tricks  of  a  jade 

Beau7n. 
JA'DIIVG,  ppr.    Tiring  ;    wearying ;  haras 

sing. 

JA'DISH,  0.  Villous;  bad,  like  a  jade. 
2.  Unchaste.  UEstrange. 

JAG,  )(.  [Sp.  ^aga,  a  load,   packed  on  the 

back  part  of  a  carriage.    Qu.]     A  smal 

load.  JVeiv-England 

JAGG,  V.  t.    [perhaps  G.  zacken,  a  tooth,  a 

prong,    to   indent ;      Sw.    iagg,    a  sharp 

])oint.] 
To  notch  ;  to  cut  into  notches  or  teeth  like 

those  of  a  saw. 
JAGG,  I       A  tooth  of  a  saw  ;  a  denticula- 
JAG,     ^       tion.    In  botany,  a  cleft  or  divis 

ion.  Martyn. 

JAG'GED,  pp.  Notched  ;   uneven. 
2.  a.  Having   notches  or  teeth;  cleft;  divi 

ded  ;  laciniate  ;  as  jagged  leaves. 
JAG'GEDNESS,  n.  Tlie  state  of  being  den- 
ticulated ;  unevenness. 
JAG'GING,   ppr.    Notchin; 

teeth  ;  dividing. 
JAG  GY,  a.  Set  with  teeth 

uneven. 
JAGUAR',  n.  The  American  tiger,  or  once 

of  Bra.sil,   belonging  to  the  genus  Felis, 

Cyc. 
JAH,  )!.  Jehovah. 
JAIL,  n.  [Fr.  geole  ;  Arm.  geol  or  jot ;  Sp. 

jaula,   a  cage,  a  cell.     Sometimes  written 

very  improperly  gaol,  and  as  improperly 

pronounced  golc.] 
A  prison  ;  a  building  or  place   for  the  con 

fmejiient  of  persons  arrested   for  debt  or 

for  crime,  and  held  in  the  custody  of  tlie 

sheriff. 
JA'ILBIRD,  ».    A  prisoner;    one  who  has 

been  confined  in  prison. 
JA'ILER,  n.  The  keeper  of  a  prison. 
JA'ILFEVER,  n.    A  contagious  and   fatal 

fever  generated  in  jails  and  other  places 

crowded  with  peoiile. 
JAKES,    n.    [Ciu.  L.  jacio,  to   throw.]      A 

house  of  office  or  back-house;  a  ])rivy 

Swift. 
JAL'AP,  n.    [Von.  jalapa ;  Fr.  jalap  :   Sp 


xatapa  ;  so  called  from  Xalapa,  a  province 
in  Mexico,  w  hence  it  is  imported.] 

The  root  of  a  plant,  a  species  of  Convol- 
viilus.  It  is  brought  in  thin  transverse 
slices,  and  also  whole,  of  an  oval  shape, 
hard,  solid  and  heavy.  It  has  little  or  no 
taste  or  smell,  but  is  much  used  in  pow- 
der as  a  cathartic.  Cyc. 

JAM,  n.    A  conserve  of  fruits  boiled  with 

i     sugar  and  water. 

2.  A  kind  of  frock  for  children. 

IJAM,    It.  t.    [Russ. 
press.] 


Peacham 
cutting   into 

denticulated 
Addison. 


a  press;  jmu,  to 


To  press;  to  crowd  ;  to  wedge  in. 

2.  In  England,  to  tread  hard  or  make  firm 
by  treading,  as  land  by  cattle.  Grose. 

JAM,      ?  ^   Among  the  lead  miners  of  Men- 

JAMB,  \  ■  dip,  a  thick  bed  of  stone  which 
hinders  them  when  pursuing  the  veins  of 
o''e-  Cyc. 

JAMB,  n.  jam.  [Fr.  jambe,  a  Xeg;  jambes 
deforce,  a  corbel  or  pier;  It.  gamba,  a  leg; 
gambo,  a  stem  or  stalk.] 

In  architecture,  a.  supporter ;  the  side-piece 
or  post  of  a  door  ;  the  side-piece  of  a  fire- 
place. 

JA3IBEE',  7!.  A  name  formerly  given  to  a 
fashionable  cane.  Tutler. 

JAM'BEUX,  n.  [supra.]  Armor  for  the 
legs.     Obs.  Drydtn. 

JANE,  n.  A  coin  of  Genoa.  Spenser. 

2.  A  kind  of  fustian. 

JAN'GLE,  V.  i.  [G.  zanken.]  To  quarrel 
in  words ;  to  altercate ;  to  bicker ;  to 
wrangle.  Shak. 

JAN'GLE^,  ti.  t.  To  cause  to  sound  untuna- 
bly  or  discordantly. 

—E'er  monkish  rhymes 
Ha(]  jangl'd  their  fantastic  chimes.        Prior. 

JAN'GLER,  n.    A  wrangling,  noisy  fellow. 

JAN'GLING, /);»'.  Wrangling;  quarreling; 
soimdinu  discordantly. 

JAN'GLING,  n.  A  noisy  dispute  ;  a  wrang- 
ling. 

JANTPOR,  n.  [L.]  A  door-keeper  ;  a  por- 
ter. Warton. 

J.\NIZ.\'R1AN,  ?i.  Pertaining  to  the  Janiza- 
ries, or  tlii'ir  government.  Burke. 

JAN'IZARY,  n.  [T'ur\\\sh,  yeniskeri ;  yeni 
and  askari,  new  troops.     Eton.] 

A  soldier  of  the  Tmkish  foot  guards.  Tlie 
Janizaries  were  a  body  of  infantry,  and 
reputed  the  Graml  Seignor's  guards. 
Tlicy  became  turbulent,  and  ri.-ing  in  arms 
against  the  Sultan,  were  attacked,  defeat- 
ed and  destroyed  in  Constantinople,  in 
June  182(5. 

JAN'NOCK,  n.  Oat-brcad.     [Local.] 

JAN'S ENISM,  n.  The  doctrine  of  Jansen 
in  regard  to  free  will  and  grace. 

JAN'SENIST,  »!.  A  follower  of  Jansen, 
bishop  of  Ypres,  in  Flanders. 

J'ANT,  I',  t.  [In  Fr.  jnnte  is  the  felly  of  a 
wheel,  and  the  original  root  signified 
probably  to  extend  or  to  run,  to  ramble.] 

To  ramble  here  and  there ;  to  make  an  e.\- 
cmsion.  Shak. 

JWNT,  II.  An  excursion;  a  ramble;  a  short 
jdiMiicy.  .'\Iilton, 

J'ANTIl.Y,  m/f.  [from  janty.]  Briskly  :  air- 
ily ;  p:iyly. 

|J"ANT1NESS,  n.    Airiness;  flutter;  brisk- 

I     ness. 

IJ'ANTY,  a.  Airy;  showy;   fluttering;  fin- 

I     ical.  Ilobbes. 


JAR 


J  A  S 


J  A  AV 


JAN'UARY,  n.  [Ir.  fponhhar  or  gionvar  ; 
Rus3.  f^eiivar ;  Kr.  jiinvkr  ;  It.  f^ninaio  ; 
S[).  CHtro;  Port.  janei7-o  ;  LJaHuuriui.  Il 
is  eviileiit  tioiii  the  Irisli  arnl  Russian 
words,  that  tlio  first  syllable  ofjanuari/,  is 
froni  the  root  of  L.  gmo,  to  beget,  Kng. 
to  bef^n,  Sax.  aginnan.  Var  is  said  to 
bi;;iiity  a  revolution.  Januari/  then  signi- 
fies the  beginning,  or  first  niontli.  Janua 
is  probably  tVoin  the  same  root.] 

The  first  niotitli  of  the  year,  according  to 
the  present  computation.  At  the  founda- 
tion of  Rome,  March  was  considered  the 
first  mouth.  January  ami  February  were 
introduccMl  by  Numa  I'ompilins.        Unci/c. 

JAPAN',  Jt.  [from  the  country  in  Asia,  so 
called.] 

This  name  is  given  to  work  varnished  and 
figured  in  the  manner  practiced  by  the 
natives  of  Japan.  Encyc.     Ci/c. 

JAPAN-KARTIl,  n.  Cateclm,  a  combina- 
tion of  gummy  and  resinous  matter,  ob- 
tained from  the  juice  of  a  species  of  palm 
tree.  J\'icliotsoii. 

Japan-earth  or  catechu,  is  obtained  by  de- 
coction and  c'vaporation  from  a  species  of 
Mitjiosa.  It  consists  chiefly  of  tannin 
combined  with  a  peculiar  species  of  ex- 
tractive. Thomson. 

JAI'AN',  V.  I.  To  varnish  in  the  manner  of 
the  Japanese. 

2.  To  black  and  gloss,  as  in  blacking  shoes 
or  boots.  Cm/. 

JAP.ANE'SR,  a.  Pertaining  to  Japan  or  its 
iidiabitants. 

JAPANE'SE,  n.  A  native  of  Japan  ;  or  the 
language  of  the  inhabitants. 

JAPAN'NED,  pp.  Varnished  in  a  particular 
maimer. 

JAPAN'NER.  n.  One  who  varnishes  in  the 
maimer  of  the  Japanese,  or  one  skilled  in 
the  art. 

2.  A  shoe-blacker.  Pope. 

JAPAN'.XIXG,  ppr.  Varnishing  in  the  man- 
ner of  the  Japanese;  giving  a  glossy 
black  surface. 

JAPAN'NING,  Ji.  The  art  of  varnishing 
and  drawing  figures  on  wood  or  other 
material,  in  the  manner  practiced  by  the 
Japanese.  Enrijr. 

JAPE,  V.  i.  [Ice.  geipn.]  To  jest.     Obn. 

Chaucer. 

JAPE,  I'.  ^  [Sax.  jo-ea/>,  deceitful.]  To  cheat. 
Oh.i.  Chaucer. 

JAPE,  )i.  .\jest;   a  trick.     Obs.      Chaucer. 

JA'PER,  JI.   A  jester.     Oh.i. 

J,\P1IET'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  Japheth,  the 
eldest  son  of  Noah  ;  as  the  Japhdic  na- 
tions, wliidi  people  the  North  of  Asia  and 
all  Europe;  ja/j/ied'c  languages. 

JAP'II,  )i.  A  bird  of  Brasil  that  suspends  its 
nest. 

JWR.  V.  i.  To  strike  together  with  a  short 
rattle  or  tremulous  sound ;  to  strike  un- 
tunably  or  harshly  ;  to  strike  discordant- 
ly ;  as  a  jarring  sound. 

.\  string  may  jar  in  the  best  master's  hand. 
RoseommiDi. 

2.  To  clash ;  to  interfere ;  to  act  in  opposi- 
tion ;  to  be  inconsistent. 

For  orders  and  degrees 
Jar  not  « illi  lihertv,  but  well  consist. 

Milton. 

3.  To  quarrel ;  to  dispute  ;  to  clash  in  words. 

Dn)den. 

4.  To  vibrate  regularly  ;  to  repeat  the  "same 
sound.  Shak. 


J"AR,  V.  I.  To  shake  ;  to  cause  to  tremble  ;  to 
cause  a  short  tremulous  motion  in  a  thing. 

JWR,  n.  A  rattling  vibration  ol' sound  ;  a 
shake;  as  a  trembling ^ar.  Holder. 

2.  .\  harsh  sound  ;  discord. 

3.  Clash  of  interest  or  opinions ;  collision ; 
discord ;  debate. 

And  yet  his  peace  is  but  continual  jar. 

Spenser. 

4.  The  state  of  a  door  half  open,  or  ready 
to  move  and  strike  the  post.  Swijl. 

5.  Repetition  of  the  noise  made  by  the  pen- 
dulum of  a  clock.  Shak. 

JAR,  n.  [S\y.  jarra,  jarro ;  Port,  id.;  It. 
g^i  a  rro.] 

A    vessel    with    a   large    belly     and    broad 

mouth,  made  of  earth  or  glass ;  as  a  jar 

of  honey.  Dn/aen. 

We  say,  anelectrical  battery  of  ninejor*. 

2.  .\  certain  measure;  as  ajar  of  oil. 

JAR.\RA€A,  n.  A  species  of  serpent  in 
America,  seldom  exceeding  18  inches  in 
length,  having  prominent  veins  on  its  head, 
and  of  a  dusky  brownish  color,  variegated 
with  red  and  black  spots.  It  is  very  poi- 
sonous. Ci/c, 

J-ARBLE,  >       ^    To  bemire.    [jVot  in  use.] 

JAV'EL,     ^        ■  Spenser. 

JARDES,  n.  [Fr.]  Callous  tumors  on  the 
legs  of  a  liorse,  below  the  bend  of  the 
ham  on  the  outside.  Far.  Diet. 

J'ARGJiE,  V.  i.  To  emit  a  harsh  or  shrill 
sound.     [JVot  in  use.]  lip.  Hall. 

J'ARGON,  n.  [Fr.  jargon;  It.  grrgo,  ger- 
gone  ;  Sp.  ler^a,  jargon,  and  coarse  frieze, 
serge.] 

1.  Confused,  unintelligible  talk  or  language  ;! 
gabble  ;  gibberish  ;  cant. 

All  jargon  of  the  schools.  Prior. 

2.  A  mineral,  usually  of  a  gray  or  greonisli 
white  color,  iii  small  irregular  grains,  or 
crystalized  in  (luadrangnlur  prisms  sur 
mounted  with  pyramids, or  in  octahedrons 
consisting  of  double  rpiadraiigular  prisms. 
[See   Zircon.]  Kirwan. 

JARGONELLE,  n.  jargoncl'.  A  species  of 
pear: 

JAKGON'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  mineral 
jargon. 

J'ARREI),  /)/).   [frr>m  jar.]  Shaken. 

J'ARRING, /)/<r.  Shaking;  making  a  harsh 
sound  ;  discordant. 

T'ARRING,  H.  A  shaking;  discord;  dis- 
pute; collision.  Burnet. 

JAS'II.VWK,  n.  .\  young  hawk.    ^1insworlh.\ 

J.VS'MIN,      }       [Fr.  jasmin  ;    Sp.  jazmin  ;' 

JASMINE,  <"'lt.  gelsomino.     The  Ar.  is 


«.*»Lj.     I'  's  sometimes  written  in  Eng-j 

lish  jessamine.] 

\  plant  r.f  the  genus  Jasminum,  bearing  beau- 
tiful (lowers.  There  are  several  si)ecies. 
The  common  white  jasmin  is  a  climbing 
^shrub,  rising  on  supports  1.'5  or  20  feet 
high.  The  name  is  also  given  to  several, 
plants  of  different  genera  :  as  the  .1rahian\ 
Jasmin,  of  the  genus  Nyctanthes ;  the 
bastard  Ja.'jmin,  uf  the  genus  Cestmm, 
ami  also  <.f  the  genus  Lyciiim  ;  the  Per- 
sian Jasmin,  of  the  genus  Syringa ;  the 
red  Jasmin,  of  the  genus  Plumeria  ;  thel 
scarlet  and  yitlow  Jasmin,  of  the  genus 
Biirnonia,  &c.  Encyc: 

JAS'PACHATE,  ?i.  A  name  anciently  giv-' 
en  to  some  varieties  of  agate  jasper. 

Ci/c. 


JASPER,  (1.    [Fr.  jaspc ;    L.   iaspis ;    Gr. 

MKJrtij ;  It.  diaspro ;  Ar.  4_jiii j ;  Hcb.  nSC.] 

A  mineral  of  the  siliceous  kind,  and  of  sev- 
eral varieties.  It  is  less  liard  than  flint  or 
even  liiaii  common  ipiart/.,  but  gives  fire 
with  steel.  It  is  entirely  opake,  or  some- 
times feebly  translucent  at  the  edges,  and 
it  presents  almost  every  variety  of  color. 
Its  varieties  arc  common  jasper,  striped 
jasper,  Egyptian  jasper,  &:c.  It  admits 
of  an  elegant  polish,  and  is  used  for  vases, 
seals,  snufl'-bo.xes,  &c. 

Clcaveland.     Kirtcan. 

Jasper  is  a  subspecies  of  rhomboidal  quartz, 
of  five  kinds.  Egyptian,  striped,  porcelain, 
common,  and  agate  jasper.  Jameson. 

JASPEK.VTEU.  a.  Mi.xed  with  ja.sper : 
containing  particles  of  jasper;  as  jaspera- 
ted  agate.  Fourcroy. 

JASPIDE'.VN,  a.  Like  jasper;  consisting 
of  jasper,  or  partaking  of  jasper. 

Kirwan. 

J'ASPONVX,  n.  The  purest  horn-colored 
onyx,  witli  beautiful  green  zones,  compo- 
sed of  genuine  matter  of  the  finest  jas- 
pers. Encye. 

JAl  NCE,  t'.  t.  [Fr.  jancer.]  To  bustle  ;  to 
jaunt.     Obs.  Shak. 

JAUNDICE,  n.j'andis.  [Pr.  jaunisse,  from 
jaune,  yellow.] 

.•V  disease  which  is  characterized  by  a  suf- 
fusion of  bile  over  the  coats  of  the  eye 
and  the  whole  surface  of  the  body,  by 
which  they  are  tinged  with  a  yellow  color. 
Hence  its  name. 

JAUNDICED,  a.  j'a7idised.  Aflected  with 
ihe  jaundice  ;  suffused  with  a  yellow  col- 
or ;  as  a  jaundiced  eye. 

2.  Prejudiced ;  seeing  with  discolored  or- 
gans. 

JAUNT.  [See  Jant.] 

JAV  EL,  V.  t.  To  bemire  ;  aud  as  a  noun,  a 
wandering  or  dirty  fellow.      06s. 

Spenser. 

J.VV'ELIN,  JI.  [Vr.  jai-eline  ;  h.  giartlloUo  ; 
Sp.  jabalina,  the  female  of  the  wild  boar, 
and  a  javelin,  fromjabati,  a  wild  boar.] 

A  sort  of  spear  about  five  feet  and  a  half 
long,  the  shaft  of  which  was  of  wood,  but 
pointed  w  ith  steel  ;  used  by  horse  or  foot. 
Every  Roman  soWier  carried  seven  jav- 
elins. 

JAW,  ;!.  [Fr.  joKf,  the  cheek.  It  coincides 
in  origin  with  chaic,  chew,  .■\rm.  joaga,  to 
chew  ;  javed  or  gaved,  a  jaw.  In  old  au- 
thors, jaw  is  written  chaw.  It  belongs  to 
Class  Cg.     See  Chatc  and  Chew.] 

1.  The  bones  of  the  mouth  in  which  the 
teeth  are  fixed.  They  resemble  a  horse 
shoe.  In  most  animals,  tlie  under  jaw 
only  is  movable. 

2.  The  mouth. 

3.  In  viUgar  Innguage,  scolding,  wrangling, 
abusive  clamor. 

J.AW,  r.  I.  To  scold  ;  to  clamor.    [Vulgar.] 

JAW,  I'.  (.  To  abuse  by  scolding.  [Vul- 
gar.] 

JAW  ED,  a.  Denoting  the  appearance  of 
the  jaws.  Skelton. 

J.\W'F.\LL,  n.  Ijaic  and  fall.]  Depression 

ns"      '     ".      "  . 

.V.  Griffith. 


jaw; 


of  the 
spirits. 
JAW'FALLEN, 

dejected. 


juratively,    depression   of 
.V.         ~ 
Depressed    in  spirits; 


J  E  A 


J  E  H 


J  E  R 


JAWN,  V.  i.  To  yawn.  [JVot  in  use.  See 
Yattm.] 

JAW'Y,  a.  Relating  to  the  jaws.      Gayton. 

JAY,  »i.  [Fr.  geai ;  Sp.  guyo.]  A  bird,  the 
Corvus  glaudarius.  Encyc. 

JAYET.  [See  Jet.] 

JA'ZEL,  n.  A  gem  of  an  azure  blue  color. 
[Qu.  S|).  azul,  corrupted.] 

.JEALOUS,  a.  jel'us.  [Fr.jaloux ;  ll.  geloso. 
The  Spanish  use  zeloso  from  zeto,  zeal; 
but  tlie  Italian  word  seems  to  be  of  dis- 
tinct origin  from  zeal,  and  to  belong  to 
Class  Gl.] 

1.  Suspicious;  a])prehensive  of  rivalship ; 
uneasy  through  fear  that  another  has 
withdrawn  or  may  withdraw  from  one 
the  affections  of  a  person  he  loves,  or  en- 
joy some  good  which  he  desires  to  obtain  ; 
followed  by  of,  and  applied  both  to  the  ob- 
ject of  love  and  to  the  rival.  Wc  say,  a 
young  man  is  jealous  of  the  woman  he 
loves,  or  jealous  of  his  rival.  A  man  is 
jealous  of  his  wife,  and   the  wife  of  her 

husband. 

2.  Suspicious  that  we  do  not  enjoy  the  affec- 
tion or  respect  of  others,  or  that  another 
is  more  loved  and  respected  than  our- 
selves. 

.^.  Emulous;  full  of  competition.       Drydcn. 

4.  Solicitous  to  defend  tlie  honor  of;  con- 
cerned for  the  character  of 

I  have  been  very  Jealous  (or  the  Lord  God 
of  hosts.     1  Kings  xix. 

5.  Suspiciously  vigilant  ;  anxiously  careful 
and  concerned  for. 

I  am  jealous  over  yoji  with  a  godly  jealousy. 
2  Cor.  xi. 

6.  Suspiciously  fearful. 

'Tis  doing   wrong   creates   such  doubts    as 

these, 
Renders  us  jealous  and  destroys  our  peace. 

Waller 

JEALOUSLY,  adv.  jel'usly.  With  jealousy 
or  suspicion  ;  eniulously  ;  with  suspicious 
fear,  vigilance  or  caution. 

JEALOUSNESS,  n.  jel'usness.  The  state 
of  being  jealous  ;  suspicion  ;  suspicious 
vigilance.  King  Charles. 

JEALOUSY,  Ji.  jel'usy.  [Vi.  jalousie ;  It. 
gelosia.] 

1.  That  passion  or  peculiar  uneasiness  which 
arises  from  the  fear  tliat  a  rival  may  rob  us 
of  the  affection  of  one  whom  we  love,  or 
the  suspicion  that  he  has  already  done  it 
or  it  is  the  uneasiness  which  arises  from 
the  fear  that  another  does  or  will  enjoy 
some  advantage  which  we  desire  for  om- 
.selves.  A  man's  jea/oitsi/ is  excited  by  the 
attentions  of  a  rival  to  his  favorite  laily 
A  woman's  jealousy  is  roused  by  her  bus 
band's  attentions  to  another  woman.  Tlie 
candidate  for  office  manifests  a  jealousy 
of  others  who  seek  tlie  same  office.  The 
jealousy  of  a  student  is  awakened  by  the 
apprehension  that  his  fellow  will  bear 
away  the  palm  of  praise.  In  short,  jecd- 
ousy  is  awakene<l  by  whatever  may  exalt 
others,  or  give  them  jjleasurcs  and  advan- 
tages which  we  desire  for  omsolves.  Jeal- 
ousy is  nearly  allied  to  envy,  for  jealousy, 
before  a  good  is  lust  by  ourselves,  is  con- 
verted into  envy,  after  it  is  obtained  by 
other.s. 

Jealousy  is  the  apprehension  of  superiority. 

Shenstoue. 


Whoever  had  qualities  to  alarm  our  jealous;/ 
had  excellence  to  deserve  our  fondness. 

Bambler. 

2.  Suspicious  fear  or  apprehension. 

Clarendon. 

3.  Suspicious  caution  or  vigilance ;  an  earn 
est  concern  or  solicitude  for   the   welfare 
or  honor  of  others.     Such  was  Paul's  god- 
ly jealousy  for  the  Corinthians 

4.  Indignation.  God's  jealousy  signifies  his 
concern  for  his  own  character  and  gov- 
ernment, with  a  holy  indignation  against 
those  who  violate  his  laws,  and  offend 
against  his  majesty.     Ps.  Ixxix 

JEARS,  J!.  In  sea-language,  an  assemblage 
of  tackles  by  which  the  lower  yards  of  a 
ship  are  hoisted  or  lowered.  Hoisting  is 
called  swaying,  and  lowering  is  called 
striking.  This  word  is  sometimes  writ- 
ten geers  or  gears.  [See  Gear.]    Mar.  Diet 

JEAT,  71.  A  fossil  of  a  tine  black  color.  [See 
Jet] 

JEER,  V.  i.  [G.  scheren,  to  rail  at,  to  jeer, 
to  shear,  to  shave,  D.  schceren,  Dan. 
skierer,  Sw.  skara,  Gr.  xeipw,  without 
prefix.  These  all  seem  to  be  of  one  family, 
Class  Gr.  The  primary  sense  is  probably 
to  rub,  or  to  cut  by  rubbing ;  ami  we  use 
rub  in  a  like  sense;  a  dry  rub,  is  a  keen, 
cutting,  sarcastic  remark.] 

To  utter  severe,  sarcastic  reflections  ;  to 
scoff";  to  deride  ;  to  flout;  to  make  a  mock 
of;  as,  to  jeer  at  one  in  sport.  Herbert. 

JEER,  I'.  /.  To  treat  with  scoffs  or  derision. 

Howell. 

JEER,  n.  Railing  language;  scoff;  taunt; 
biting  jest;  flout;  jibe;  mockery;  deri- 
sion ;  ridicule  with  scorn. 

Midas  exposed  to  all  their  ;ef is. 

Had  lost  his  art,  and  kept  iiis  ears.         Swift. 

JEE'RED,  pp.  Railed  at;  derided. 

JEE'RER,  )i.  A  scoffer;  a  railer  ;  a  scorn- 
er ;  a  mocker. 

JEERING,  ppr.  Scoffing;  mocking  ;  deri- 
ding. 

JEERING,  n.  Derision. 

JEE'RL\GLY,  adv.  With  raillery  ;  scorn- 
fully; contemptuously;  in  mockery. 

Derham. 

JEF'FERSONITE,  n.    A   mineral  occur 
ring  in  crystaline  masses,  of  a  dark  olive 
green  color  passing  into  brown,  found  im- 
bedded in  Franklinite  and  garnet,  in  New 
Jei-sey.  Phillips.\ 

JEG'GET,  n.  A  kind  of  sausage.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Ainsworth. 

JEHO'VAH,  n.  The  Scripture  name  of  the 


JEJU'NE,  a.  [L.  jejunus,  empty,  dry.] 

1.  Wanting;  empty;  vacant.  JBacon. 

2.  Hungry  ;  not  saturated. 

3.  Dry  ;  barren ;  wanting  interesting  mat- 
ter ;  as  a.  jejune  narrative. 

JEJU'NENESS,  n.  Poverty ;  barrenness  ; 
particularly,  want  of  interesting  matter  ; 
a  deficiency  of  matter  that  can  engage  the 
attention  and  gratify  the  mind  ;  as  the 
jejuneness  of  style  or  narrative.  [Jejunity 
is  not  used.] 

JEL'LIED,  a.  [SeeJe%and  Gelly.]  Brought 
to  the  consistence  of  jelly. 

JEL'LY,  n.  [Sp.jalea,  from  L.  gelo,  to  con- 
geal.    See  Gelly.] 

1.  The  inspissated  juice  of  fruit,  boiled  with 
sugar. 

2.  Something  viscous  or  glutinous  ;  some- 
thing of  the  consistency  of  jelly  ;  a  trans- 
parent sizy  substance,  obtained  from  ani- 
mal substances  by  decoction  ;  portable 
soup. 

JEL'LYBAG,  n.  A  bag  through  which  jel- 
ly is  di-stilled. 

JENTTE,  n.  A  diff'erent  orthography  of 
yenile,  which  see. 

JEN'NET,  (I.  A  small  Spanish  horse,  prop- 
erly genet. 

JEN'NETING,  n.  [said  to  be  corrupted 
from  juncting,  an  apple  ripe  in  June,  or  at 
St.  Jean.]     A  species  of  early  apple. 

Mortimer. 

TEN'NY,  n.  A  machine  for  spinning,  moved 
by  water  or  steam  and  used  in  manufac- 
tories. 

JENT'LING,  n.  A  fish,  the  blue  chub, 
found  in  the  Danube. 

JEOFAIL,  n.jeffail.  [Fr.  j'ai/ai«i,  I  have 
failed.] 

An  oversight  in  pleading  or  other  proceed- 
ing at  law  ;  or  the  acknowledgment  of  a 
mistake.  Blackstone. 

JEOPARD,  r.  t.  jep'ard.  [See  Jeopardy.] 
To  hazard  ;  to  put  in  danger  ;  to  expose 
to  loss  or  injury. 

Zebulon  and  Naphlali  were  a  people  that 
jeoparded  their  lives  (o  the  death  in  the  high 
places  of  the  field.     Judges  v. 

JEOPARDEU,  n.  jep'arder.  One  who  puts 
to  hazaril. 

JEOPARDIZE,  V.  t.  jep'ardize.  To  expose 
to  loss  or  injury  ;  to  jeopard.  [This  is  a 
modern  word,  used  by  respectable  writers 
in  America,  but  synonymous  with  jeopard 
and  therefore  useless.] 

JEOPARDOUS,  a.  jep'ardous.  Exposed  to 
danger;  perilous;  hazardous. 


Supreme  Being,  Heb.  ninv     If,  as  is  sup-  jeOPARDOUSLY,  adv.  jep'ardously.  With 


posed,  this  name  is  from  the  Hebrew  sub 
stantive  verb,  the  word  denotes  the  Per-! 
MANF.NT  Being,  as  the  primary  .sense  of 
the  substantive  verb  in  all  languages,  is 
to  be  fixed,  to  stand,  to  remain  or  abide. 
This  is  a  name  peculiarly  appropriate  to 
the  eternal  Sjnrit,  the  unchangeable  God, 
who  describes  himself  thus,  I  am  that  I 
AM.  Ex.  iii. 
JEHO'VIST,  n.  Among  critics,  one  who 
maintains  that  the  vowel-|)oints  annexed 
to  the  word  Jeliovali  in  Hebrew,  arc  the 
proi)iU-  vowels  of  the  word  and  ex|)ress 
the  true  pronunciation.  The  Jrhovists  are 
opposed  to  the  Monisis,  who  hold  that 
the  points  annexed  to  the  word  Jehovah, 
are  the  vowels  of  the  word  Adonai. 

Encyc. 


risk  or  dajiger. 

JEOPARDY,  n.  jep'ardy.  [The  origin  of 
this  word  is  not  settled.  Some  authors 
suppose  it  to  be  Fr.  j'ai  perdu,  I  have 
lost,  or  jeu  perdu,  a  lost  game.  Tyrwhitt 
supposes  it  to  be  jeu  ptirti,  an  even  game, 
or  game  in  which  the  chances  are  even. 
"Si  nous  Ics  voyons  a  jeu  parti."  If  we 
see  them  at  an  even  game.  Froissarl,  vol. 
i.  c.  234.  But  jeopardy  may  be  corrupted 
from  the  G.  gefahr,  danger,  hazard  ;  gt- 
/rt/irrffji,  to  hazard,  to  jeopard.    See  Fare.] 

Exposure  to  <leath,  loss  or  iiijtn'y  ;  hazard  ; 
danger ;  ])(;ril. 

Tliey   were   filled    with   water  and   were  in 
jeiijiardii.      Luke  viii. 

JERBOA,  Ji.  A  quadruped  having  very 
short  fore  legs. 


J  E  S 


JET 


J  1  B 


JERK,  V.  t.  [This  is  probably  the  Ch.  Ileb. 
pT,  to  reach,  to  spit,  that  is,  to  throw  ont 
with  a  sudden  effort.  Sax.  hra;can,herca. 
If  not,  I  know  not  its  origin  or  affinities. 
It  seems  to  be  a  different  ortliography  of 
yerk.] 

1.  To  thrust  out;  to  thrust  witli  a  sudden 
effort ;  to  give  a  sudden  pull,  twitch,  thrust 
or  ]>ush  ;  as,  to  jerk  one  under  the  ribs;  to 
jerk  one  with  llic  elbow. 

2.  To  throw  with  a  quick,  smart  motion ; 
as,  to  jerk  a  stone.  VVe  apjily  this  word  to 
express  the  mode  of  throwing  to  a  httle 
distance  by  drawing  the  arm  back  of  tlie 
body,  and  thrusting  it  forward  against  the 
side  or  hip,  which  stops  the  arm  suddenly. 

JERK,  V.  I.  To  accost  eagerly.  [M'ot  in 
use.}  Dryden 

JERK,  n.  A  short  sudden  thrust,  push  oi 
twitch  ;  a  striking  against  something  with 
a  short  quick  motion  ;  as  a  jerk  of  the  el 
bow. 

His  jade  gave  him  a  jerk.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  A  sudden  spring. 

Lobsters  swim  by  jerks.  Grew. 

JERK'IN,  n.  A  jacket;  a  short  coat;  a 
close  waistcoat.  Shak.     South. 

2.  A  kind  of  liawk.  Ainsworlh. 

JER'SEY,  n.    [from  the   ieland  so  called.] 

1.  Fine  yarn  of  wool.  Johnson.' 

2.  The  finest  of  wool  separated  from  the 
rest ;  combed  wool.  Bailey.     Encyc. 

JERUSALElM  ARTICHOKE,  n.  A  plant, 
a  species  of  Helianthus  or  Sunflower. 

JESS,  n.  Short  straps  of  lether  tied  round 
the  legs  of  a  hawk,  by  which  she  is  held 
on  the  fist.  Hanmer. 

2.  A  ribin  that  hangs  down  from  a  garland 
or  crown  in  falconry.  Encyc. 

JES'SAMIN,n.  A  genus  of  plants  and  their 
flowers.     [See  Jasmin.] 

JES'SE,  n.  A  large  brass  candlestick 
branched  into  many  sconces,  hanging 
down  in  the  middle  of  a  church  or  choir. 

Cowel. 

JESS'ED,  a.  Having  jesses  on;  a  term  in 
heraldry. 

JEST,  71.  [Sp.  and  Port.  cAi«fe,  a  witty  say- 
ing, a  jest  or  joke  ;  chistoso,  gay,  face- 
tious ;  allied  perhaps  to  L.  gestio.] 

1.  A  joke  ;  something  ludicrous  uttered  and 
meant  only  to  excite  laughter.  Rehgion 
should  never  be  the  subject  oijesl. 

2.  The  object  of  laughter  or  sport ;  a  laugh- 
ing stock. 

Then  let  me  be  your  jest,  I  deserve  it.  ! 

Shak.[ 
In  jest,  for  mere  sport  or  diversion;  not 
in  truth  and  reality  ;  not  in  earnest. 

— And  given  in  earnest  what  I  begged  in  jest. \ 

Shak. 

3.  A  mask. 

4.  A  deed  ;  an  action.     Obs. 

JEST,  V.  i.  To  divert  or  make  merry  by 
words  or  actions  ;  to  joke. 

Jest  not  with  a  rude  man,  lest  thy  ancestors 
be  disgraced.  Ecclus. 

2.  To  utter  in  sport';  to  say  what  is  not  true, 
merely  for  diversion. 

3.  To  play  a  part  in  a  mask.  Shak. 
JESTER,  n.    A   person  given   to  jesting. 

sportive  talk  and  rnerry  pranks. 

— He  rambled  up  and  down 
With  shaUov;  jesters.  Shak. 

2.  One  given  to  sarcasm. 

Now,  as  a.  jester,  I  accost  you.  Swift. 


3.  A  buffoon ;  a  merry-andrew,  a  person 
formerly  retained  by  princes  to  make  sport 
for  them. 

JEST'ING,  ppr.  Joking;  talking  for  diver- 
sion or  merriment. 

JEST'ING,  n.  A  joking  ;  concise  wit ;  wit 
that  consists  in  a  trope  or  verbal  figure,  in 
a  metaphorical  sense  of  words,  or  in  a 
double  sense  of  the  same  word,  or  in 
siiuilitude  of  sound  in  different  words. 

Encyc. 

JEST'INGLY,  adv.  In  a  jocose  manner; 
not  in  earnest.  Herbert. 

JESTTNG-STOCK,  n.  A  laughing  stock  ; 
a  butt  of  ridicule.  Googe. 

JES'UIT,  n.  s  as  :.  One  of  the  society  of 
Jesus,  so  called,  founded  by  Ignatius  Loy-j 
ola  ;  a  society  remarkable  for  their  cun- 
ning in  propagating  their  princi|ilcs. 

JES'UITED,  a.  Conforming  to  the  princi- 
ples of  the  Jesuits.  H'hite. 

JES'UITESS,  n.  A  female  Jesuit  in  princi- 
ple. £p.  Hall. 

JESUIT'I€,        I      Pfertaining  to  the  Jesuits 

JESUIT'ICAL,  I  "■  or  their  principles  and 
arts. 

2.  Designing;  cunning;  deceitful;  prevari- 
cating. 

JESUIT'I€ALLY,  adi:  Craftily. 

JES'UITISM,  71.  The  art.s  i)rinci|ilcs  and 
practices  of  the  Jesuits. 

2.  Cimning  ;  deceit;  hypocrisy;  prevarica- 
tion ;  deceptive  practices  to  effect  a  pur- 
pose. 

JES'UITS'BARK,  77.  Peruvian  bark  ;  the 
bark  of  the  Cinchona,  a  tree  of  Peru. 

JET,  n.  [D.  git;  Fr.  jayd  ;  L.  gagatcs. 
A  solid,  dry,  black,  inflannuable  fossil  sub- 
stance, harder  than  asphalt,  susceptible  of 
a  good  polish,  and  glossy  in  its  fracture, 
which  is  conchoidal  or  undulating.  It  is 
fotuid  not  in  strata  or  continued  masses 
but  in  unconnected  heaps.  It  is  wrought 
into  toys,  buttons,  mourning  jewels.  Sic. 
JVicholson.  Encyc. 
Jet  is  regarded  as  a  variety  of  lignite,  or 
coal  originating  in  wood. 

Haily.     Cleaveland. 

JET,  7!.  [Fr.  jet,  It.  gctto,  n  cast;  probably 
from  L.  jactus,  whence  Fi'.  jetter.  It.  get- 
tare,  to  throw.] 

1.  A  spout,  spouting  or  shooting  of  water  ; 
a  jet  rf'  eau. 

2.  A  yard.  Thisser.  Drift;  scope.  [JVot  in  use 
or  local.] 

|JET,  V.  i.  [See  the  Noun.]  To  shoot  for 
ward  ;  to  shoot  out ;  to  project ;  to  jul ;  to 
intrude.  Shak 

2.  To  strut ;  to  throw  or  toss  the  body  in 
haughtiness.  Shak 

3.  To  jerk ;  to  jolt ;  to  be  shaken. 

fViseman. 

[This  orthography   is   rarely  used.     See 

Jut.] 
JETTEAU,    n.  jet'to.     [Fr.  jet   d'eati.]     A 

throw  or  spout  of  water.  .'hldison. 

JET'SAM,  i  [Fr.  jetter,  to  throw.]  In 
JET'SON,  >  71.  law  and  commerce,  proper- 
JET'TISON,  )       ly,  the  throwing  of  goods' 

overboard  in  order  to  lighten  a  ship  in  a' 

tempest  for  her  preservation.     The  word 

may  however  be  used  for   the  goods  thus; 

thrown  away,  or  adverbially. 

Jetsam  is  where  goods  are  cast  into  the  sea, 

and  there  sink  and  remain  under  water; //of- 


sum,  is  where  they  continue  swimming  ;  ligan 
is  where  they  are  sunk  in  the  sea,  but  tied  to  a 
cork  or  buoy.  Park.     Blackstone. 

JET'TEE,  71.  A  projection  in  a  building. 

JET'TY,  v.i.  To  jut. 

JET'TY,  n.  A  small  pier  or  projection  into 
a  river  for  narrowing  it  and  raising  the 
water  above  that  place.  Cyc. 

JET'TY,  a.  Made  of  jet,  or  black  as  jet. 

Prior.     Pope. 

JET'TYHEAD,  n.  The  projecting  part  of 
a  wharf;  tlie  front  of  a  wharf  whose  side 
forms  one  of  the  cheeks  of  a  dock. 

Mar.  Did. 

JEW,  77.  [a  contraction  of  Judas  or  Judah.] 
A  Hebrew  or  Israelite. 

JEVV'EL,  n.  [It.  g-ioi'(j,  joy,  mirth,  a  jewel; 
gioiello,  a.  jewel ;  Vr.joyau;  Sp.  joya,juy- 
el ;  a.  juwel ;  D.  juweel.  It  is  from  the 
root  otjoy.     Low  L.  jocale.     Class  Cg.] 

1.  An  ornament  worn  by  ladies,  usually  con- 
sisting of  a  precious  stone,  or  set  with  one 
or  more  ;  a  pendant  worn  in  the  ear. 

2.  A  precious  stone.  Shak. 
J.  A  name  expressive  of  fondness.     A  moth- 
er calls  her  child,  her  jewel. 

JEWEL,  V.  t.  To  dress  or  adorn  with  jew- 
els. B.  Jonson. 

JEWEL-HOUSE,    >       The  place   where 

JEWEL-OFFICE,  ^  "the  royal  ornaments 
arc  reposited.  Shak. 

JEWEL-LIKE,  a.  Brilliant  as  a  jewel. 

Sliak. 

JEWELED,  pp.  Adorned  with  jewels. 

JEW'ELER,  n.  One  who  makes  or  deals 
in  jewels  and  other  ornaments. 

JEW'ELING,  ppr.  Adorning  with  jewels. 

JEWELRY,  n.  Jewels  in  general. 

JEW'ESS,  77.  A  Hebrew  woman.  Acts 
xxiv. 

JEW'ISII,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Jews  or  He- 
brews.    Tit.  i. 

JEWISIILY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  the 
Jews.  Donne. 

JEWISHNESS,  n.  The  rites  of  the  Jews. 

Martin. 

JEWRY,  71.  Judea  ;  also,  a  district  inhab- 
ited by  Jews,  whence  the  name  of  a  street 
in  London.  Chaucer. 

JEWS-EAR,  77.  The  name  of  a  species  of 
Fungus,  the  Pcziza  auricula,  bearing  some 
resemblance  to  the  human  ear. 

Johnson.     Lee. 

JEWS-FRANKINCENSE,  71.  A  plant,  a 
species  of  Styrax. 

JEWS-HARP,  n.  [Jew  and  haip.]  An  in- 
strument of  music  shaped  like  a  harp, 
which,  placed  between  the  teeth  and  by 
means  of  a  spring  struck  by  the  finger, 
gives  a  sound  which  is  modulated  by  "the 
breath  into  soft  melody.  It  is  called  also 
Jews-trump. 

JEWS-MALLOW,  n.  A  plant,  a  species  of 
(^orchorus. 

JEWS-PITCH,  77.  Asphaltum,  which  see. 

JEWS-STONE,  77.  Theclavatedspineofa 
very  large  egg-shaped  sea  urchin  petrified. 
It  is  a  regular  figure,  oblong  and  rounded, 
about  three  quarters  of  an  mch  in  length, 
and  half  an  inch  in  diameter.  Its  color  is 
a  pale  dusky  gray,  with  a  tinge  of  dusky 
red.  Hill. 

JEZ'EBEL,  7!.  An  impudent,  daring,  vi- 
tious  woman.  Spectator. 

JIB,  n.  The  foremost  sail  of  a  ship,  being  a 
large  stay-sail  extended  from  the  outer 


JOB 


J  O  C 


J  O  I 


eiiil  of  the  jib-boom  towards  the  fui  n-top- 
inast-lieail.'  In  sloops,  it  is  on  the  bow- 
sprit, and  extends  towards  the  lower  mast- 
head. Mar.  Did 

JIB-BOOM,  n.  A  spar  which  is  run  out 
from  the  extremity  of  the  bowsprit,  anil 
whicli  serves  as  a  oontiniiation  of  it.  Be- 
yond this  is  sometimes  extended  the  Jti/ing- 
jib-boom. 

JIBOY'A,  n.  An  American  serpent  of  the 
largest  kind. 

JIG,  n.  [It.^>a;  Fr.  gigue.  .  See  Gig'.]  A 
kind  of  li<;lit  dance,  or  a  tune  or  air. 

2.  A  balladr  B.  Jonson. 

JIG,  !'.  r.  To  dance  a  ji<;. 

JIG'GER,  n.  In  sea-language,  a  machine 
consisting  of  a  rope  about  live  feet  long, 
with  a  block  at  one  end  and  a  sheave  at 
the  other,  used  to  hold  on  the  cable  when 
it  is  heaved  into  the  ship,  by  the  revolution 
of  the  windlass.  Mar.  Did. 

JIG'GISH,  a.  Suitable  to  a  jig. 

JIG'MAKER,  n.  One  who  makes  or  plays 
jitry.  Shak. 

2.  A  ballad  maker.  Dekkcr. 

JIGPIN,  n.  A  pin  used  by  miners  to  hold 
the  turn-beams,  and  prevent  them  from 
turning.  Cyc 

JILL,  »i.  A  young  woman  ;  in  contempt 
[See  GUI.] 

JILL-FLIRT,  n.  A  light  wanton  woman. 

Guardian. 

JILT,  n.    [of  uncertain  etymology.]  A  wo 
man  who  gives  her  lover  hopes  and  capri- 
ciously disappoints   him  ;  a  woman   who 
trifles  with  her  lover.  Otway. 

2.  A  name  of  contempt  for  a  woman. 

Pope. 

JILT,  V.  t.  To  encourage  a  lover  and  then 
frustrate  his  hopes;  to  trick  in  love;  to 
give  hopes  to  a  lover  and  then  reject  him. 

Dryden. 

JILT,  V.  i.  To  play  the  jilt;  to  practice  de- 
ception in  love  and  discard  lovers. 

Congrem. 

JIM'MERS,  n.  Jointed  hinges.  Bailey. 

JINGLE,  V.  i.  [au.  Ch.  anc" 

little  bell ;  or  Persian 
tie  brass  ball  or  bell. 


Syr.  Jl,  xjt 
^  j  •     zank,  a  lit- 

It  may  be  allied  to 
jangle.] 
To  sound  with  a  fine  sharp  rattle  ;   to  clink  ; 

asjingting  chains  or  bells. 
JIN'GLE,  !!.  t.  To  cause   to   give  a  sharp 
sound,  as  a  little  bell   or  as  pieces  of  me- 
tal. 

The  bells  she  j'mgled,  and  the  whistle  blew. 

Pope. 
JIN'GLE,  11.  A  rattling   or  clinking  sound, 
as  of  little  bells  or  pieces  of  metal. 

2.  Alitile  bell  or  rattle. 

3.  Correspondence  of  sound  in  rhymes. 

Dnjucn. 

JIN'GLING,  ppr.  Giving  a  sharp  fine  rat 
tling  sound,  as  a  little  bell  or  as  pieces  of 
metal 

JIP'PO,  n.  {Vr.  jupe.l  A  waistcoat  or  kin<l 
of  stays  for  females. 

JOB,  n.  [of  unknown  origin,  but  perhaps 
allied  to  chop,  primarily  to  strike  or  drive.] 

1.  A  pieci!  of  work;  any  thing  to  be  done, 
whether  of  more  or  less  im|)ortance.  The 
carpenter  or  niason  undertakes  to  build  a 
house  by  thejoi.  The  erection  of  West- 
ofinster  bridge   was  a  heavy  job ;  and  it 


was  a  great  job  to  erect  Central  wharf,  in 
Boston.     The  mechanic  has  many  small 
jobs  on  hand. 
A    lucrative   business  ;    an    undertaking! 
with  a  view  to  profit.  1 

No  cheek  is  known  to   blush  nor  heart   to' 

throb, 
Save  when  they  lose  a  question  or  a  job. 

Pope. 

■i.  A  sudden  stab  with  a  pointed  instrument. 
[This  seems  to  be  nearly  the  original 
sense.] 

To  do  the  job  for  one,  to  kill  him. 

lOB,  V.  I.  To  strike  or  stab  with  a  sharp  in- 
strument. UEstrange. 

2.  To  drive  in  a  sharp  pointed  instrument. 

Moxon. 

JOB,  V.  I.  To  deal  in  the  public  stocks ;  to 
buy  and  sell  as  a  broker. 

The  juJge  shall  /oi),  the  bishop  bite  the  town, 
And  mighty  dukes  pack  cards  for  hall"  a  crown. 

Pope. 

JOB'BER,  n.  One  who  does  small  jobs. 
|2.  A  dealer  in  the  public   stocks  or  funds  ; 
usually  called  a  stock-jobber.  Swift. 

3.  One  who  engages  in  a  low,  lucrative  af- 
fair. 

JOB'BERNOWL,  «.  [said  to  be  from  Flem- 
ish jo65e,  dull,  and  Sa.v.  knol,  head  or  top.] 

A  loggerhead  ;  a  blockhead.  [A  low  word.] 

Hudibras.i 

JOB'S-TEARS,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Coi.'C. 

JOCK'EY,  n.  [said  to  be  from  Jockey,  a  di- 
minutive of  Jack,  John  ;  primarily,  a  boy 
that  rides  horses.] 

1.  A  man  that  ridos  horses  in  a  race. 

.dddison. 

A  dealer  in  horses  ;  one  who  makes  it  his 
business  to  buy  and  sell  horses  for  gain. 
Ilence, 

3.  A  cheat ;  one  who  deceives  or  takes  un- 
due advantage  in  trade. 

JOCK'EY,  V.  t.  To  cheat ;  to  trick  ;  to  de- 
ceive in  trade. 

2.  To  jostle  bv  riding  against  one.    Johnson. 
JOCK'EYSIIIP,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of 

riding  horses.  Cowper. 

JOCO'SE,  a.  [L.  jocosiis,  fromjoci(.5,  aJoAc] 
I.  Given  to  jokes  and  jesting;  merry;  wag- 
gish ;  iised  of  persons. 
Containing  a  joke  ;  sportive  ;  merry  ;  as 


JOCUND,  a.  [L.  jocundus,  from  jocus,  a 
joke.]  Merry  ;  gay  ;  airy  ;  lively  ;  sport- 
ive. 

Rural  sports  uni  jocund  strains.  Prior. 

JOCUND' IT  Y,      I  ^  State  of  being  merry  ; 

lOC'UNDNESS,  S"-gayety. 

JOCUNDLY,  adv.  Merrily";  gayly. 

JOG,  V.  t.  [Qu.  W.  gogi,  to  shake,  or  D. 
sc?ioWe?i,  to  jolt  or  shake,  which  seems  to 
be  the  Fr.  choquer,  Eng.  .ihock,  shake.] 

To  push  or  shake  with  the  elbow  or  hand  ; 
to  give  notice  or  excite  attention  by  a 
slight  i)ush. 

Sudden  I  jogged  Ulysses.  Pope. 

JOG,  v.i.  To  move  by  jogs  or  small  shocks, 
like  those  of  a  slow  trot. 

So  huu^  his  destiny,  never  to  rot, 
Wliile  he  might  still  jo^  on,  and  keep  his  trot. 

.^^dton. 

2.  To  walk  or  travel  idly,  heavily  or  slowly. 
Thus  they  jog-  on,  still  tricking,  never  thriving. 

Bryden. 

JOG,  n.  A  push  ;  a  slight  shake;  a  shake  or 
push  intended  to  give  notice  or  awaken  at- 
tention.    AVhen  your  friend  falls  asleep  at 
church,  give  him  a.  jog. 
A  ruh  ;  a  small  stop  ;  obstruction. 

Glanville. 

JOG'GER,  n.  One  who  walks  or  moves 
heavily  and  slowly. 

2.  One  who  gives  a  sudden  push. 

JOGGING,  ppr.  Pushing  slightly. 

.fOG'GING,  ?!.  A  slight  push  or  shake. 

JOG'GLE,  I'.  «.  [from  jog.]  To  shake  shght- 
Iv  ;  to  give  a  sudden  but  slight  push. 

JO'G'GLED,  pp.  Slightlv  shaken. 

JOG'GUNG.  ppr.  Shaking  slightlv. 

JOHANNES,  n.  [John,  latinized."]  A  Por- 
tuguese gold  coin  of  the  value  of  eight 
dollars  ;  contracted  often  into  joe;  as  ajoe, 
or  half-Joe.  It  is  named  from  the  figure 
of  king  John,  which  it  bears. 

JOHN'APPLE,  n.  A  sort  of  apple,  good  for 
spring  use,  when  other  fruit  is  spent. 

.Mortimer. 

JOIN,  V.  t.  [Fr.joindre  ;  It.  giugnere  ;  from 
h.  jungo,  jtingere  ;  jungo  for  jugo  ;  Sp. 
and  PovLJuntar,  to  join;  h.jngum;  Eng. 
yoke  :  Gr.  ^1705  and  ffuyo^,  a  yoke,  and  a 
pair ;  fvyou,  to  yoke  ;  Jfi^tv.ui,  to  join  ;  Ch. 


U'ntt. 
sport   or 
Broome. 
The   quality    of  being 
merriment.   [Jocosity  is 

Partakiii" 


jocose  or  comical  airs. 
JOCO'SELY,    adv.    In  jest ;    for 

game ;  waggishly. 
iJOeO'SENESS,  n. 

jocose ;  waggery  ; 

not  used.] 
JOCO-SE'RIOUS,    a.    Partaking  of  mirti 

and  seriousness.  Green. 

JOCULAR,  a.  [L.  jocularis,  from  jocu. 

joke.] 

1.  Jocose  ;  waggish  ;  merry  ;  given  to  jest- 
ing ;  used  of  persons. 

2.  Containing  jokes  ;  sportive  ;  not  serious  ; 
as  FLJocular  expression  or  style. 

JOCULAR'ITY,  n.  Merriment  ;  jesting. 

Brown 
JOCULARLY,    ff(/i'.    In  je.st ;  for  sport  01 
mirth.  Bp.  Lavington 

JO€'ULARY,  n.  Jocular.     [jVot  in  use.] 

Ash.     Bncon. 
JOCULATOR,  Ji.    [L.]  A  jester  ;  a  dri 

a  minstrel.  Strutt. 

JOCULATORY,  a.  Droll :  merrily  saii' 


iv;  Syr. 


^01   zug;  .\r.     ,lj     to    join, 

to  couple,  to  marry,  to  pair;  Etli.  H(D1 
zog,  a  pair,  as  in  Arabic.  It  signifies  also 
in  Syriac,  to  rage,  to  cry  out ;  showing  that 
the  primary  sense  is  to  strain,  to  stretch, 
to  e.vtend,  precisely  as  in  span.] 
I.  To  .set  or  bring  one  thing  in  contiguity 
with  another. 

Woe  to  thorn  that  join  house  to  house,  that 
lay  ticid  to  field.  Is.  "v. 

To  couple;  to  connect ;  to   combine;  as, 
to  join  ideas.  Locke. 

To  unite  in  league  or  marriage. 

Now  Jehoshapbat  bail  rielie*  and  honor  in 
abundance, andjomfiiallinily  with  Aliab.  2  Ch. 
xviii. 

Wlial  Cod  h.\th  joined  together,   lei  not  man 
put  asunder.   Matt.  xi\. 
To  associate. 

Go  near  and  join  thysell"  to  thi-*  clruiot.  .Acts 
viii. 
To  imile  in  any  act. 

I'by  lunetul  voice  with  numbers  join. 

Dri/den. 


■i. 


J  O  1 


J  O  K 


JOS 


B.  To  unite  in  concord. 

But  that  ye  be  \>ii{ucl\y  joined  together  in  the 
same  mind,  and  in  the  same  judgment.  1  Cor.  i 

The  phrase,  to  join  battle,  is  probably  ellip 
tical,  for  join  in  battle ;  or  it  is  borrow- 
ed frotn  tlie  Latin,  committere  pralium,  to 
send  together  tlie  battle. 

In  general,  join  signifies  to  unite  two  entire 
tilings  without  breach  or  intermixture,  by 
contact  or  contiguity,  either  temporary  or 
permanent.  It  ditters  from  connect,  which 
signifies  properly,  to  unite  by  an  interme- 
diate substance.  But  join,  unite,  and  con- 
ned are  often  used  synonymously. 

JOIN,  V.  i.  To  grow  to  ;  to  adhere.  Tlie 
place  where  two  bones  of  the  body  Join, 
is  called  a  joint  or  articulation. 

2.  To  be  contiguous,  close  or  in  contact ;  as 
when  two  houses  join. 

3.  To  unite  with  in  marriage,  league,  con- 
federacy, partnership  or  society.  Russia 
and  Austria  j'oinerf  in  oppcsition  to  Buona- 
parte's anibitiiuis  views.  Men  join  in 
great  undertukmgs,  and  in  companies  for 
trade  or  manufacture.  They  j'oin  in  en- 
tertainments and  amusements.  They j'oin 
in  benevolent  associations.  It  is  often  fol 
lowed  by  iDilh. 

Any  otiier  njay  join  with  liim  that  is  injured, 
and  assist  him  in  recovering  satisfaction. 

Locke 

Should  we  again  break  thy  commandments 

and  join  in  affiniiy  with  the  people  of  these 

abominations  ?    Kzia  ix. 

JOIN'DER,  n.  A  joining;  as  a.  joinder  in 
demurrer.  Blackstone. 

JOIN'ED,  pp.  Added;  united;  set  or  fas 
tened  together;  associated;  confederated. 

JOIN'ER,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 
construct  things  hy  joining  pieces  of  wood 
but  appropriately  aud  usually,  a  raechan 
ic  who  does  the  wood-work  in  the  cover 
ing  and  finishing  of  buildings.  This  is 
the  true  and  original  tense  of  the  word  in 
Great  Britain  and  in  New  England.  This 
person  is  called  in  New  York,  a  carpenter. 
[See  Carpenter.] 

JOIN'ERY,   n.    The  art  of  fitting  and  join 
ing  pieces  of  timber  in  the  construction  of 
utensils  or  parts   of  a  building,  so  as  to 
form  one  entire  piece. 

.fOIN'HAND,  n.  Writing  in  which  letters 
are  joined  in  words  ;  as  distinguished 
from  writing  in  single  letters.        .iddison. 

JOIN'ING,  ppr.  Adding;  making  contigu- 
ous ;  miiting ;  confederating. 

JOINT,  n.  [Fr.  joint;  Sp.  junta,  juntura:  ll 
giuntura  ;  h.junctura.     See  Join.] 

1.  The  joining  of  two  or  more  things. 

2.  In  nnatomy,  the  joining  of  two  or  more 
bones  ;  an  articulation  ;  as  the  elbow,  the 
knee,  or  the  knuckle. 

3.  .\  knot ;  the  union  of  two  parts  of  a  ])lant ; 
or  the  space  between  two  joints;  an  in- 
tcrnode ;  as  the  joint  of  a  cane,  or  of  a 
stalk  of  maiz. 

4.  A  hinge ;  a  juncture  of  parts  which  ad- 
mits of  motion. 

5.  The  place  where  two  pieces  of  timber  are 
united. 

6.  In  joineiy,  straight  lines  are  called  a  joint, 
when  two  jiieces  of  wood  are  planed. 

Jl/oxon. 

7.  One  of  the  limbs  of  an  animal  cut  up  by 
the  butcher. 


Out  of  joint,  luxated  ;  dislocated  ;  as  when 
the  head  of  a  bone  is  displaced  from 
its  socket.  Hence  figuratively,  confused; 
disordered  ;  misplaced. 

JOINT,  a.  Sliared  by  two  or  more  :  as  joint 
properly. 

2.  United  in  ihe  same  profession  ;  having 
an  interest  in  the  same  thing ;  as  a  joint- 
lieir  or  heiress. 

3.  United;  combined;  acting  in  concert ;  as 
a  joint  force  ;  joint  efibrts  ;  joint  vigor. 

JOINT,  V.  t.  To  form  with  joints  or  articu- 
lations; usedmostly  in  the  participle  ;  as  the! 
fingers  are  jointed ;  a  cane  has  a  jointed 
stalk. 

2.  To  form  many  parts  into  one ;  as  jointed 
wood.  Dryden. 

3.  To  cut  or  divide  into  joints  or  quarters. 

Dryden. 

JOINT'ED,  pp.  Formed  with  articulations, 
as  the  stem  of  a  plant. 

2.  Separated  into  joints  or  cpiarters. 

JOINT'ER,  n.  A  long  plane,  a  joiner's 
utensil. 

JOINT'-HEIR,  n.  [joint  and  heir.]  An  heir 
having  a  joint  interest  with  another.  Rom. 
viii. 

JOINT'LY,  adv.  Together  ;  unitedly  ;  in 
concert  ;  with  cooperation. 

2.  With  union  of  interest ;  as,  to  be  jointly 
concerned  in  a  voyage. 

JOINT'RESS,  n.  A  woman  who  has  a  joint- 
ure. Blackstone. 

JOINT'STOOL,  n.  A  stool  consisting  of 
l»arts  inserted  in  each  oilier.  South. 

JOINT-TEN' ANCY,  n.    [j'oin/ and  tenant.] 
A  tenure  of  estate  by  unity  of  interest,  ti 
lie,  time  and  possession.  Blackstone. 

JOINT-TEN'ANT,  n.  [joint  and  tenant.] 
One  who  holds  an  estate  by  joint-tenancy. 

JOINT'URE,  n.  [Fr.]  An  estate  in  lands  or 
tenements,  settled  on  a  woman  in  consid- 
eration of  marriage,  and  which  she  is  to 
enjoy  after  her  husband's  decease. 

Blackstone. 

JOINT'URE,  V.  t.  To  settle  a  jointure  upon. 

Cowley. 

JOINT'URED,  pp.  Endowed  with  a  joint 
ure. 

JOIST,  n.  [Scot,  g'eist  or  gest.  Q.u.Tr. gesir, 
to  lie.] 

A  small  piece  of  timber,  such  as  is  framed 
into  the  gilders  and  summers  of  a  build- 
ing to  support  a  floor.  Encyc. 

JOIST,  V.  t.  To  fit  in  joists;  to  lay  joists. 

JOKE,  n.  [L.j'ocui  ;  Dan.  g'ieA,  a  joke  ;  g'ifA 
ker,  to  joke  ;  Sw.  ghcka,  to  ridicule  ;  G. 
schdkcm.] 

1.  A  jest;  something  said  for  the  sake  of  ex- 
citing a  laugh  ;  something  witty  or  sport 
ive  ;  raillery.     A  jealous  person  will  rarely 
bear  a  joke. 

2.  An  illusion;  something  not  real,  or  to  no 
purpose. 

Inclose  whole  downs  in  walls,  "tis  all  a  joke.' 

Pope. 
In  joke,   in  jest ;  for  the  sake  of  raising  a 

laugh  ;  not  in  earnest. 
JOKE,  V.  i.  [h.jocor.]  To  jest ;  to  be  merry 

in  words  or  actions. 
JOKE,   V.  t.  To  rally;  to  cast  jokes  at ;  to 

make  merry  with. 
JO'KER,  n.  A  jester  ;  a  merry  fellow. 

Dennis: 
JO'KING,  ppr.  Jesting :  making  merry  with. 


JOLE,  n.  [sometimes  written  jV,u7;  Sax. 
j  rto/e,  the  jaw  or  cheek;  Ir.  gial.  (iu.  Arm. 
j     chagell,  contracted.] 

1.  The  cheek  ;  used  in  the  phrase,  cheek  by 
\    jole,   that    is,  with   the   cheeks  together, 

close,  tite  a  tete.  Dryden. 

2.  The  head  of  a  fish.  Pope. 
JOLE,    V.  t.    To    strike    the   head   against 

anything:  to  clash  with  violence.     [Act 

used.]  Slmk. 

JOL'LILY,  adv.    [See  Jolly.]   With  noisy 

mirth  ;  with  a  disposition  to  noisy  mirth. 

Dryden. 

JOLLIMENT,  n.  lAIirtli ;  merriment.  Obs. 

Spenser. 
JOL  LINESS,  ?  jj  [froinjoHi/.]  Noisy  mirth  ; 
JOL'LITY,       5"'gayety;  merriment ;  fes- 
tivity. 

All  w  as  now  turned  to  jollity  and  game. 

Milton. 
2.  Elevation  of  spirit;  gayety. 

He  with  a  proud  jollity  commanded  him  to 
leave  that  quarrel  for  him  who  was  only  wor- 
thy to  enter  into  it.  Sidney. 

[This  word  in  America  is  not  now  applied  to 
respectable  company.] 

JOLLY,  a.  [Fr.jo/i,  pretty  ;  It.  giulivo,  joy- 
ful, merry.  Qu.  Sax.  geola,  gehol,  a  feast, 
the  yule,  or  feast  of  the  nativity.] 

1.  Merry;  gay ;  lively  ;  full  of  life  and  mirth  ; 
jovial.  It  expresses  more  life  and  noise 
than  cheerful ;  as  a  jolly  troop  of  hunts- 
men. Shak. 

[It  is  seldom  applied  in  colloquial  usage 
to  respectable  comjiany.  We  rarely  say 
of  respectable  persons,  they  are  jolly.  It 
is  applied  to  the  young  and  the  vulgar.] 

2.  Expressing  mirth  or  inspiring  it. 
And  with  his  jo//y  pipe  delights  the  groves. 

Prior. 
The   coachman  is   swelled  into  jolly  dimen- 
sions by  frequent  potations  of  malt  liquors. 

Irving. 
Exciting  mirth  and  gayety;  as  jolly  May. 

j  Dryden. 

\4.  Like  one  in  high  health  ;  pretty.      South. 

JOLLY-BOAT,  n.  A  small  boat  belonging 

j     to  a  ship.     [Sw.  jutle,  a  yawl.] 

jJOLT,  I',  i.  To  shake  with  short  abrupt  ris- 
ings and  fallings  ;  as  a  carriage  inoving  on 

I      rough  ground.     The  carriage  j"o/t«. 

iJOLT,  1'.  t.  To  shake  with  sudden  jerk.s,  as 
in  a  carriage  on  rough  ground,  or  on  a  high 

j  trotting  horse;  as  the  horse  or  carriage 
jolts  the  rider. 

iJOLT,  n.  A  shock  or  shake  by  a  sudden 
jerk,  as  in  a  carriage.  Swijl. 

JOI.TER,  n.  He  or  that  which  jolts. 

jJOLTHEAD,  n.    A  greathead  ;  a  dunce  ;  a 

I     blockhead.  Shak. 

JOLTING,  ppr.  Giving  sudden  jerks  or 
shakes. 

JON  UUIL,n.  [Fr.  jonquille;  ll. giunchiglia ; 
giunco,  L.jiuicus,  a  rush,  and  It.  giglio,  a 
lily.  It  is  sometimes  called  the  rush  leafed 
daffodil.] 

|A  plant  of  the  genus  Narcissus  or  daffodil, 
bearing  beautiful  flowers,  of  various  col- 
ors, yellow  and  white.  Encyc 

JOR'DEN,  n.  A  vessel  for  chamber  uses. 

Sipifl. 

JO'SO,  n.  A  small  fish  of  the  gudgeon  kind. 

JOSTLE,  r.t.jos'l.  [Fr.  jouter,  forjouster  ; 
It.  giostrare  ;  Sp.  justar.  Written  also  j'us- 
tle.]     To  run  against ;  to  push. 


J  o  u 


JOY 


J  U  B 


JOS'TLED,p;).  Run  against ;  pushed.  We 
say,  a  thing  isj'osWeiiout  of  its  place. 

JOSTLING,  ppr.  Running  against ;  push- 
ing. 

JOS'TLING,  n.  A  running  against ;  a  crowd 
iiig. 

JOT,  n.  [Gr.  mta,  Cli.  Heb.  yod,  Syr.  yudh 
tlie  name  of  the  letter  '  or  J.] 

An  iota;  a  point;  a  tittle;  the  least  quan- 
tity assiguahlo. 

Till  heaven  and  earth  pass,  one  jot  or  one  tit- 
tle shall  in  no  wise  pass  from  the  law  till  al 
shall  be  fulfilled.  Matt.  v. 

A  man  may  read  much,  and  acquire  not  dtjot 
of  knowledge,  or  be    a  jot  the   wiser. 

Anon. 

JOT,  V.  f.  To  set  down  ;  to  make  a  memo- 
randum of. 

JOTTING,  n.  A  memorandum.  Todd. 

JdU IS'SANCE,  n.  [Fr.]  Jollity ;  merriment. 
[.Vot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

JOURNAL,  n.  jur'nal.  [Fr.  journal  ;  It. 
^i'orH«/e,  from  giorno,  a  day  ;  Corn,  jurna  ; 
W.  dim-nod  ;  lu.  diurnum.  This  was  orig- 
inally an  adjective,  signifying  daily,  as  in 
Spenser  and  Shakspeare  ;  but  the  adject- 
ive is  obsolete.] 

1.  A  diary;  an  account  of  daily  transactions 
and  events  ;  or  the  book  containing  such 
account. 

2.  Among  merchants,  a  book  in  which  every 
particular  article  or  charge  is  fairly  enter- 
ed from  the  waste  hook  or  blotter. 

3.  In  navigation,  a  daily  register  of  the  ship's 
course  and  distance,  the  winds,  weather, 
and  other  occurrences. 

4.  A  paper  published  daily,  or  other  news- 
paper; also,  the  title  of  a  book  or  pamph- 
let published  at  stated  times,  containing  an 
account  of  inventions,  discoveries  and  im- 
provements in  arts  and  sciences ;  as  the 
Journal  de  Savans;  the  Journal  of  Sci- 
ence. 

30VRNAL1ST,  n.jur'nalist.  The  writer  of 
a  journal  or  diarv. 

JOURNALIZE,  i'.  t.  jur'nalize.  To  enter  in 
a  journal. 

JOURNEY,  n.jur'mi.  \¥r.journie,  a  day  or 
day's  work ;  It.  giornata,  a  day;  Sp.Jor- 
nada,  a  journey,  or  travel  of  a  day  ;  It. 
giorno,  a  day,  from  L.  diurmis,  dies.] 

1.  The  travel  of  a  d.ay.     Obs.  Milton. 

9.  Travel  by  land  to  any  distance  and  for 
any  time,  indefinitely  ;  as  a  journey  from 
London  to  Paris,  or  to  Rome  ;  a  journey  to 
visit  a  brother;  a  week's  /o»nie_i/,-  we 
made  two  journeys  to  Philadelpliia. 

3.  Passage  from  one  place  to  another  ;  as  a 
long  Joumei/ from  the  upper  regions. 

Burnet. 

4.  It  may  sometimes  include  a  passing  by 
water. 

JOURNEY,  V.  i.  jur'ny.  To  travel  fronj 
place  to  place  ;  to  pass  from  home  to  a  dis- 
tance. 

Abrarn  journeyed,  going  on  still  towards  the 
south.  Gen.  xii. 

JOURNEYING,  ppr.  Traveling  ;  passing 
from  place  to  place. 

JOUR'NEYING,  n.  A  traveling  or  passing 
from  one  ]ihice  to  another ;  as  the  jour- 
neijings  of  the  children  of  Israel. 

JOU'R'NEYMAN,  n.  [journey  and  man.] 
Strictly,  a  man  hired  to  work  by  the  day. 
but  in  fact,  any  mechanic  who  is  hired  to 
work  for    another    in    liis    employment. 


whether  by  the  month,  year  or  other  term. 
It  is  applied  only  to  mechanics  in  their 
own  occupations. 
JOUR'NEY-WoRK,n.  Work  done  for  hire 
by  a  mechanic  in  his  proper  occupation 
[Tliis  word  is  never  applied  to  farming.] 
JOUST.     [See  Just.] 

JOVE,  n.  [L.  Jouii,  gen.  oi  Jupiter,  Gr.  ?£V5.] 
1.  The  name  of  the  Supreme  Deity  among 

the  Romans. 
2   The  planet  Jupiter. 

Or  a.-ik  of  yonder  argent  fields  above 
Why  Jove's  satellites  are  less  than  Jove.' 

Pope. 

3.  The  air  or  atmosphere,  or  the  god  of  the 
air. 

And  Jove  descends  in  showers  of  kindly  rain 

Dry  den 

JO'VIAL,  a.  [from  Jove,  supra.]  Under  the 
influence  of  Jupiter,  the  planet. 
— The  fixed  stars  astrologic.illy  differenced  by 
the  planets,  and  esteemed  Martial  or  Jovial  ac- 
cording to  tlie  colors  whereby  they  answer  these 
planets.  Brown 

JO'VIAL,  o.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  jU  ;  It.  gioviale ; 
probably  from  the  root  of  giovane,  young, 
or  from  that  of  joy.  If  it  is  from  Jove,  it 
must  be  from  the  sense  of  airy  or  fresh.] 

1.  Gay;  merry;  airy;  joyous;  jolly;  as  a 
jovial  youth  ;  a.  jovial  throng. 

2.  Expressive  of  mirth  and  hilarity. 
His  odes  are  some  of  them  panegyrical,  oth- 
ers moral,  the  rest  ate  jovial  or  bacchanalian. 

Zlryden. 

JO'VIALIST,  n.  One  who  lives  a  jovial  life. 

Hall. 
JO'VIALLY,    adv.     Merrily;    gayly ;  with 

noisy  mirth. 
JO'VIALNESS,  n.  Noisy  mirth  ;  gaycty. 
lOWL,  n.  The  cheek.     [See  Jole.] 
JOWL'ER,  n.  The  name  of  a  hunting  dog. 
beagle  or  other  dog.  Dryden. 

TOW'TER,  »i.  A  fish  driver.  C'arew. 

JOY,  n.  [Fr.  Jote;  It.  gioia  ;  Arm.  joa,  con- 
tracted; G.Jattc/i:e)!,  to  shout ;  D.juichen, 
to  rejoice  ;  Sp.gozo;  Port.  id.  This  word 
belongs  to  the  Class  Cg,  and  its  radical 
sense  is  probably,  to  shout,  or  to  leap,  or 
to  play  or  sport,  and  allied  perhaps  to  joke 
and  juggle.] 
1.  The  passion  or  emotion  excited  by  the  ac- 
quisition or  expectation  of  good  ;  that  ex- 
citement of  ]deasurable  feelings  which  is 
caused  by  success,  good  fortune,  the  grat- 
ification of  desire  or  some  good  possessed, 
or  by  a  rational  prospect  of  |.ossessing 
what  we  love  or  desire  ;  gladness;  exult- 
ation ;  exhilaration  of  spirits. 

Joy  is  a  delight  of  the  mind,  from  the  con- 
sideration of  the  present  or  assured  approaching 
possession  of  a  good.  Locke. 

— Peace, 
Bring  heavenly  balm  to  heal  my  countiy'? 

wounds, 
Joy  to  my  soul  and  liansporl  to  my  lay. 

v.  Humphrey. 

3.  Gayety;  mirth;  festivity. 

The  roofs  with  ;'<)!/ resound.  Dryden. 

3.  Happiness;  felicity. 

Her   heavenly  form  beheld,  all  wished    lior 
joy.  Dryden. 

4.  A  glorious  and  trimii])hant  stale. 

— Who  for  the  joy  that  w  as  set  before  him,  en- 
dured the  cross.    Heb.  \n. 

,->.  The  cause  of  joy  or  happiness. 

For  ye  are  our  glory  andjo^i/.   1  Tlicss.  ii. 

0.  A  term  of  fondness;  the  cause  of  joy. 
JOY,  r.  i.  To  rejoice  ;  to  be  glad  ;  to  exult. 


I  will  joy  in  the  God  of  my  salvation.    Hah. 
iii. 
JOY,  V.  t.  To  give  joy  to  ;  to  congratulate : 
to  entertain  kindly. 

2.  To  gladden ;  to  exhilarate. 

My  sold  was  joyed  in  vain.  Pope. 

3.  [Fr._;o!H>.]  To  enjoy;  to  have  or  possess 
with  pleasure,  or  to  have  plea.sure  in  the 
possession  of     [Little  used.     See  Enjoy.] 

Milton.     Druden. 
JOY'ANCE,  n.  [Old  Fr.  joiant.]    Gayety  : 
festivity.     Obs.  Spenser. 

JOyEJ), pp.  Gladdened;  enjoyed. 
JOY'FUL,  a.    Full  of  joy;    very  glad;  ex- 
ulting. 

My  .soul  shall  he  joyful  in  my  God.     Is.  Ixi. 
Rarely,  it  has  of  before  the  cause  of  joy.    _ 
Sad  for  their  loss,  hut  joyful  o/our  life". 

Pope. 
JOY'FULLY,  adv.  With  joy;  gladly. 
Never  did  men  more  joyfully  obey. 

Dryden. 
JOY'FULNESS,  n.    Great  gladness;  jo)^ 

Dent,  xxviii. 
JOY'LESS,   o.    Destitute  of  joy;  wanting 
joy. 

With  downcast  eyes  the  joyless  victor  sat. 

Dryden. 
Rarely  followed  by  of;   as  joyless  of  the 
grove.  Dryden. 

2.  Giving  no  joy  or  pleasure. 

A  joyless,  dismal,  black  and  sorrowful  issue. 

Shak. 
JOY'LESSLY,  adv.  Without  joy.  Milton. 
JOY'LESSNESS,  n.  State  of'being  joyless. 

Donne. 
JOY'OUS,  a.    [Fr.  joycur.]      Glad;    gay: 
merry ;  joyful. 
Joyous  the  birds  ;  fresh  gales  and  gentle  airs 
Whispered  it.  Milton. 

2.  Giving  joy. 

They,  all  as  glad  as  birds  o[juyous  prime — 

Spenser. 
It  has  of,  before  the  cause  of  joy. 

Am]  joyous  of  our  conquest  early  won. 

I>ryd(n 
JOY'OUSLY,  adv.  With  joy  or  gladness. 
JOY'OUSNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  joy- 
ous. 
JUB,  n.  A  bottle  or  vessel.     Obs.     Chaucer. 
JUBILANT,  a.  [\..jubilans.     See  Jubilee.] 
Uttering   songs   of    triumph  ;     rejoicing ; 
shouting  with  joy. 

While  the  bright  pomp  ascended  jubilant. 

Milton. 
JUBILATION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  jubilatio. 
See  Jubilee.]  The  act  of  declaring  tri- 
Minph. 
JUBILEE,  n.  [Fr.jubile;  h.jubilum,  from 
jubilo,  to  shout  for  joy;  Sp.  juhileo ;  It. 
giubbileo ;  lleh.  Ss'  or  Ssv,  the  blast  of  a 
trumpet,  coinciding  with  Eiig.  bawl,  peal, 
h.pcllo.] 

1.  Among  the  Jews,  every  fiftieth  year,  be- 
ing the  year  following  the  revolution  of 
seven  weeks  of  years,  at  wliicli  time  all 
the  slaves  were  libcMiitcd,  and  all  lands 
which  had  been  nlicn.-ited  during  the 
whole  period,  reverted  to  their  former 
ownirs.  This  was  a  time  of  great  rejoic- 
ing.    Hence, 

2.  A  season  of  great  public  joy  and  festivity. 

Milton. 

3.  .\  church  siilemnity  or  ceremony  celebra- 
ted at  Rome,  in  which  the  jjope  grunts 
]ilenary  indulgence  to  sinners,  or  to  as 
many  as  visit  thechurchcsof  St.  Peter  and 
St.  Paul  at  Rome.  Encyc. 


J  U  D 


J  U  D 


J  U  D 


JUeUND'ITY,  n.    [L.jucunrfttaa,  fromju- 

cundus,  sweet,  pleasant.] 
Pleasantness ;  agreeableness.     [Little  used.] 

Brown. 
Pertaining  to  the  Jews. 

Milner. 

adv.      After    tlie  Jewish 

Milton. 


JUDAIC, 


JUDA'ICAL,  I  " 
JUDA'lCALLY, 

manner 


JU'DAISM,  n.  [Fr.  judaismc,  from  Judah, 
whence  Jew.] 

1.  The  rehgious  doctrines  and  rites  of  the 
Jews,  as  enjoined  in  the  laws  of  Moses, 
Judaism  was  a  temporary  dispensation. 

2.  Conformity  to  the  Jewish  rites  and  cere- 
monies. Encyc. 

idU'DAIZE,  V.  i.  [Fr.judaiser,  from  Judah.] 
To  conform  to  the  rehgious  doctrines  and 
rites  of  the  Jews. 

They — prevailed  on  the  Galatians  to  jiidaize 
so  far  as  to  observe  the  rites  of  Moses  in  vari- 
ous instances.  Jifibier. 

JU'D.\IZER,  n.  One  who  conforms  to  the 
religion  of  the  Jews.  Macknight. 

JU'DAIZING,  ppr.  Conforming  to  the  doc 
trines  and  rites  of  the  Jews. 

JU'DAS-TREE,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Cercis. 

JUD'DOCK,  Ji.  A  small  snipe,  called  also 
Jack-snipe. 

JUDGE,  n.  [Fr.  juge;  Sp.juez;  Port,  juiz 
It.  giudice  ;  h.  judex,  supposed  to  lie  com 
pounded  of  jus,  law  or  right,  an(l  dico,  to 
pronounce.     "  Ilinc  juder,  quod  jus  dicat 
accepta  potestate."     f'arro.] 

1.  A  civil  officer  who  is  invested  with  au- 
thority to  hear  and  determine  causes, 
civil  or  criminal,  between  parties,  accord 
ing  to  his  commission  ;  as  the  judges  of 
the  king's  bench,  or  of  the  common  pleas  ; 
judges  of  the  supi-eme  court,  of  district 
courts,  or  of  a  county  court.  Tiie  judge 
of  a  court  of  equity  is  called  a  chancellor. 

2.  The  Supreme  Being. 

Shall  not  the  judge  of  all  the  earth  do  right 
Geu.  xviii. 

3.  One  who  presides  in  a  court  of  judica- 
ture. 

4.  One  who  has  skill  to  decide  on  the  merits 
of  a  question,  or  on  the  value  of  any  thing: 
one  who  can  discern  truth  and  propriety. 

A  man  who  is  no  judge  of  law,  may  be  a  good 
judge  of  poetrv  or  eloquence,  or  of  the  merits 
of  a  painting.   "  Dryden 

In  the  history  of  Israel,  a  chief  magistrate 
with  civil  and  military  powers.  The  Is- 
raelites were  governed  by  judges  more 
than  three  hundred  years,  and  the  history 
of  their  transactions  is  called  the  book  of 
Judges. 

,  A  juryman  or  juror.  In  criminal  suits, 
the  jurors  are  judges  of  the  law  as  well  as 
of  the  fact. 

JUDGE,  V.  i.  [Fr.  juger  ;  L.  judico  ;  It. 
giudicare  ;  Sp.juzgar.] 

).  To  compare  facts  or  ideas,  and  perceive 
their  agreement  or  disagreement,  and  thus 
to  distinguish  truth  from  falsehood. 

Judge  not  according  to  the  appearance.  John 
vii. 

3.  To  form  an  opinion  ;  to  bring  to  issue  the 
reasoning  or  deliberations  of  the  inind 

If  I  did  not  know  the  originals,  I  should  not 
be  able  to  judge,  by  the  copies,  which  was  Vir- 
gil and  which  Ovid.  Dryden 

3.  To  hear  and  determine,  as  in  causes  on 
trial ;   to  pass  sentence.     He  was  present 

Vol.  II. 


5. 


C. 


on  the  bench,  but  could  not  judge  in  the 
case. 

The  Lord  judge  between  tliee  and  me.  Gen. 
xvi. 

4.  To  discern  ;  to  distinguish ;  to  consider 
accurately  for  the  purpose  of  forming  an 
oj)inion  or  conclusion. 

Judge  in  yourselves  ;  is  it  comely  that  a  wo- 
man pray  unto  God  uncovered  ?      1  Cor.  xi. 
JUDGE,  I',  t.  To  hear  and  determine  a  case ; 
to  examine  and  decide. 

Chaos  shaM  judge  the  strife.  Milton 

2.  To  try  ;  to  examine  and  pass  sentence  on 
Take  yc  him   and  judge   him  according  to 

your  law.     John  xviii. 

God  shall  judge  the  righteous  and  the  wick 
ed.     Eccles.  iii. 

3.  Rightly  to  understand  and  discern. 
He  drat  is   spiritual,  judncth  all  things.     1 

Cor.  ii. 

To  censure  rashly  ;  to  jiass  severe  sen- 
tence. 

Judge  not,  that  ye  be  not  judged.    Matt.vii. 

5.  To  esteem  ;  to  think  ;  to  reckon. 
If  ye  have  judged  me  to   be  faithful  to  the 

Lord —     Acts  xvi. 

6.  To  rule  or  govern. 
The  Lord  shall /ui/ge  his  people.     Heb.  x. 

7.  To  doom  to  punishment ;  to  punish. 
I  will  judge    thee   according   to  thy  ways. 

Ezck.  vii. 
JUDG'ED,  pp.  Heard  and  determined ;  tried 
judicially  ;  sentenced  ;  censured  ;  doomed 
JUDG'ER,   n.    One  who  judges  or  passes 

SGlltCnCB* 

JUDGESHIP,  71.  judj'ship.  The  office  of  a 
judge. 

JUD(>'ING,  ppr.  Hearing  and  determining 
forming  an  opinion  ;  dooming. 

JUDG'MENT,  n.  [Fr.jugement.]  The  act 
of  judging  ;  the  act  or  process  of  the 
mind  in  comparing  its  ideas,  to  find  their 
agreement  or  disagreement,  and  to  ascer- 
tain truth  ;  or  the  process  of  examining 
facts  and  arguments,  to  ascertain  propriety 
and  justice  ;  or  the  process  of  examining 
the  relations  between  one  proposition  and 
another.  Locke.     Encyc.     Johnson. 

2.  The  facidty  of  the  mind  by  which  man  is 
enabled  to  compare  ideas  and  ascertain 
the  relations  of  terms  and  propositions ; 
as  a  man  of  clear_;■l«/g•Hi^n<orsoundJl«/g■- 
?nc)l/.  The  judgment  may  be  biased  by 
prejudice.  Judgment  supplies  the  want  of 
certain  knowledge. 

The  determination  of  the  mind,  formed 
from  comparing  the  relations  of  ideas,  or 
the  comparison  of  facts  and  arguments 
In  the  formation  of  our  judgments,  we 
should  be  careful  to  weigh  and  compare 
all  the  facts  connected  with  the  subject. 

4.  In /aif,  the  sentence  or  doompronoimced 
in  any  cause,  civil  or  criminal,  by  the  judge 
or  court  by  which  it  is  tried.  Judgment 
may  be  rendered  on  demurrer,  on  a  ver- 
dict, on  a  confession  or  default,  or  on  a 
non-suit.  Judgment,  though  pronounced 
by  the  judge  or  court,  is  properly  the  de- 
termination or  sentence  of  the  law.  A 
pardon  may  be  pleaded  in  arrest  ot judg- 
ment. 

5.  The  right  or  power  of  passing  sentence. 

Shak. 

6.  Determination ;  decision. 
Let  reason  govern  us  in  the  formation  of  our 

judgment  of  things  proposed  to  our  inquiry 

7.  Opinion ;  notion. 

2 


She,  in  my  judgment,  was  as  fair  as  you. 

Shak. 

8.  In  Scripture,  the  spirit  of  wisdom  and  pru- 
dence, enabling  a  person  to  discern  right 
and  wrong,  good  and  evil. 

Give  the  king  thy  judgments,  0  God.  Fs. 
Ixxii. 

9.  A  remarkable  punishment ;  an  extraor- 
dinary calamity  inflicted  by  God  on  sin- 
ners. 

Judgments  are  prepared  for  scorners.  Prov. 
xix.     Is.  xxvi. 

10.  The  spiritual  government  of  the  world. 
The  Father  haUi  conmiitted  a.\\  judgtnent  to 

tlie  .Son.     John  v. 

11.  The  righteous  statutes  and  command- 
ments of  God  are  called  his  judgments. 
Ps.  cxix. 

12.  The  docti-ines  of  the  gospel,  or  God's 
word.     Matt.  xii. 

13.  Justice  and  equity.     Luke  xi.     Is.  i. 

14.  The  decrees  and  purposes  of  God  con- 
cerning nations.     Rom.  xi. 

15.  A  court  or  tribunal.     Matt.  v. 
1(J.  Controversies,  or  decisions  of  controver- 
sies.    1  Cor.  vi. 

17.  The  gospel,  or  kingdom  of  grace.  Matt, 
xii. 

18.  The  final  trial  of  the  human  race,  when 
God  will  decide  the  fate  of  every  individ- 
ual, and  award  sentence  according  to  jus- 
tice. 

For  God  shall  bring  every  work  into  judg- 
ment, with  every  secret  tiling,  whether  it  be 
good,  or  whether  it  be  evil.     Eccles.  xii. 

Judgment  of  God.  Formerly  this  term  was 
applied  to  extraordinary  trials  [of  secret 
crimes,  as  by  arms  and  single  combat,  by 
ordeal,  or  hot  plowshares,  &c.;  it  being 
imagined  that  God  would  work  miracles 
to  vindicate  innocence. 

JUDGMENT-DAY,  n.  The  last  day,  or  day 
when  final  judgment  will  be  pronounced 
on  the  subjects  of  God's  moral  govern- 
ment. 

JUDti'MENT-HALL,  n.  The  hall  where 
courts  are  held. 

JUDg'MENT-SEAT,  n.  The  seat  or  bench 
on  which  judges  sit  in  court. 

2.  A  court ;  a  tribunal. 

We  shall  all  stand  before  the  judgment-seat 
of  Christ.     Rom.  xiv. 

JU'DICVTIVE,  a.  Having  power  to  judge. 

Hammond. 

JUDICATORY,  a.  Dispensing  justice. 

JU'Dl€.\TORY,  7!.  [L.  judicalorium.]  A 
court  of  justice  :  a  tribunal.  Atterbury. 

2.  Distribution  of  justice.  Clarendon. 

JUDICATURE,  n.    [Fr.]     The   power  of 

I  distributing  justice  by  legal  trial  and  deter- 
mination. .\  court  o[ judicature  is  a  court 
invested  with  powers  to  administer  justice 
between  man  and  man. 

l2.  A  court  of  justice  ;  a  judicatory.       South. 

JUDI'CIAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  courts  of  jus- 
tice ;  as  judicial  power. 

2.  Practiced  in  the  distribution  of  jtistice ;  as 
judicial  proceedings. 

3.  Proceeding  from  a  court  of  justice  ;  as  a 
judicial  determination. 

4.  Issued  by  a  court  under  its  seal ;  as  a  ju- 
dicial writ. 

5.  Inflicted,  as  a  pen.ilty  or  in  judgment;  as 
judicial  hardness  of  heart ;  a  judicial  pun- 
ishment. 

JUDI'CIALLY,  adv.  In  the  forms  of  legal 
justice  ;  as  a  sentence  JitdtctaHy  declared. 


JUG 


JUL 


J  U  N 


2.  By  way  of  penalty  or  judgment;  as,  to  be 

judicially  punished. 
JUDI"CIARY,  n.  [Vt.  judiciaire  ;  h.jiidicia 

rius.] 

1.  Passing  judgment  or  sentence.         Boyle. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  courts  of  judicature  or 
legal  tribunals. 

JUDI"CIARY,  n.  That  branch  of  govern- 
ment which  is  concerned  in  the  trial  and 
determination  of  controversies  between 
parties,  and  of  criminal  prosecutions;  the 
system  of  courts  of  justice  in  a  govern- 
ment. An  independent  judiciary  is  tlie 
lirmest  bulwark  of  freedom. 

United  States. 

JUDI"CIOUS,  a.  [Fr.  judicicux ;  It.  giudi- 
cioso.] 

1.  According  to  sound  judgment :  wise  ; 
prudent;  rational;  adapted  to  obtain  a 
good  end  by  the  best  means  ;  used  of  things. 
Nothing  is  more  important  to  success  in 
the  world  than  a  judicious  application  of 
time,  unless  it  may  be  n  judicious  expend- 
iture of  money. 

9.  Acting  according  to  sound  judgment; 
possessing  sound  judgment ;  wise  ;  direct- 
ed by  reason  and  wisdom;  used  of  per- 
sons ;  as  a  judiciotts  magistrate  ;  a  judi- 
cious historian. 

JUDr'CIOUSLY,  adv.  With  good  judg- 
ment ;  with  discretion  or  wisdom  ;  skill- 
fully. 

Longinus  has  judiciously  preferred  the  sub- 
lime genius  that  sometimes  ens,  to  (he  mid- 
dling or  indifl'erent  one,  which  makes  few  faults, 
but  seldom  rises  to  excellence.  Dryden 

JUDr'CIOUSNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  act- 
ing or  being  according  to  sound  judg- 
ment. 

.TUG,  n.  [Junius  mentions  the  Danish  jugge 
an  urn  or  water-pot,  and  the  Sax.  has  ceac, 
Low  L.  caucus.     Qu.] 

A  vessel,  usually  earthen,  with  a  swelling 
belly  and  narrow  mouth,  used  for  holdii 
and  conveying  liquors.  Swift. 

.TUG'GLE,  V.  i.  [D.  guichelen  or  goochelen  ; 
G.  gaukeln  ;  It.  giocolare  ;  Dan.  gogler, 
to  juggle  ;  giekker,  to  joke  ;  Sw.  g&ck,  a 
jestc  r  ;  ghcka,  to  mock,  to  make  sjiort ;  L. 
jocular,  to  jest,  from  Jocus,  a  joke  ;  jocor,  to 
joke,  which  coincides  with  the  Sp.  and 
Port,  jugar,  to  play,  to  sport ;  Fr.  jouer, 
contracted.  It  is  certain  that  joke  and 
jocular,  and  probable  that  jot/,  are  from  the 
same  root  as  juggle ;  perhaps  Ch.  IHI 
hukk,  or  chuk,  to  laugh,  to  play,  to  sport. 
Class  Gk.  No.  18.] 

1.  To  play  tricks  by  slight  of  hand  ;  to  amuse 
and  make  sport  by  tricks,  which  make  a 
false  show  of  extraordinary  powers. 

3.  To  practice  artifice  or  imposture. 

Be  these  juggling  fiends  no  more  bcUcveil. 

ahak. 

.TUG'GLE,  V.  t.  To  deceive  by  trick  or  arti- 
fice. 
Is't  possible  the  spells  of  France  shoyMjuggle 
Men  into  such  strange  mockeries  ?  Shak 

.TUG'GLE,  n.  A  trick  by  legerdemain. 

2.  An  imposture  ;  a  deception.         Tillolson. 
.TUG'(jL1''R,    ".     [ii\t.  juglar  ;  Fr.  jongleur; 

It.  g'wcfitalore  ;  U.  guickehrr.] 
1.  One  who  practices  or  exhibits  tricks  by 
•slight  of  hand;  oni'  who  makes  sport  by 
tricks  of  cxtraorilinary  (hvtcrily,  by  wliicji 
the  sjicctatur  is  deceived.  Jugglers  are 
jmnishable  by  law. 


2.  A  cheat;  a  deceiver;  a  trickish  fellow. 

Shak. 

JUG'GLING,  ppr.  Playing  tricks  by  slight 
of  hand  ;  deceiving. 

JUG'GLING,  71.  The  act  or  practice  of  ex- 
hibiting tricks  of  legerdemain. 

JUG'GLINGLY,  adv.  In  a  deceptive  man- 
ner. 

JU'GULAR,  a.  [I.,  jugulum,  the  neck,  either 
from  jugum,  a  yoke,  or  from  its  radical 
sense,  to  extend,  to  join.     See  Join.] 

Pertaining  to  the  ueck  or  throat ;  as  the  Ju- 
gular  vein. 

JU'GULAR,  )i.  A  large  vein  of  the  neck. 

JUICE,?       .         [D.ju>/«;Fr.jW.  Thereg- 

JUSE,    I  "■  J"*<^-  ular  orthography  isjuse.] 

The  sap  of  vegetables  ;  the  fluid  part  of  ani- 
mal substances.  Encyc. 

JUICE,  V.  t.  To  moisten. 

JUICELESS,  a.  ju'seless.  Destitute  of 
juice  ;  dry  ;  without  moisture.  More. 

JUICINESS,  n.  ju'stJiess.  The  state  of 
abounding  with  juice;  succulence  in 
plants. 

JUICY,  a.  ju'sy.  Abounding  with  juice; 
moist ;  succulent.  Bacon. 

JUISE,  ?!.  [L.jws.]  Judgment ;  justice.  Obs. 

Goiver. 


JU'JUB,     j 
JUJUBE,  I 


"•  [L.  zizyphum;  Pers, 


■o>*>:^J' 


The  name  of  a  ]ilant  and  of  its  fruit,  whicl 
is  pulpy  and  resembles  a  small  plum.  The 
plant  is  arranged  under  the  genus  Rham- 
nus.  The  fruit  was  formerly  used  in  pec- 
toral decoctions,  but  it  is  now  in  little  repu- 
tation. Encyc.     Miller. 

iVKF,,v.i.  [Fr.jucher.]  To  perch.  [.Yot 
used.] 

c    -     J 
JU'LEP,  n.    [Ar.  ^,^^  julabon  ;  Pers.  id.; 

Fr.  julep;  It.  giulebbo.] 

In  pharmacy,  a  medicine  composed  of  some 
proper  liquor  and  a  sirup  of  sugar,  of  ex 
temporaneous  preparation,  serving  as  a 
vehicle  to  other  forms  of  medicine. 

Encyc.     (^uincy. 

JU'LIAN,  a.  Noting  the  old  account  of  the 
year,  as  regulated  by  Julius  Cesar,  which 
continued  to  be  used  till  1752,  when  the 
Gregorian  year,  or  new  style,  was  adopted. 

Julian  Jllps,  called  also  Carnian,  between 
Venetia  and  Noricum.  U'Anville. 

JU'LIS,  n.  A  small  fish  with  a  green  back. 

JU'LUS,  )!.  [Gr.  toti^os,  a  handful  or  bundle.] 

1.  In  botany,  a  catkin  or  ament,  a  species 
of  caly.x  or  inflorescence,  consisting  of 
chaffy  scales  arranged  along  a  stalk,  as  in 
hazle,  birch,  willow,  &c.  Martyn. 

A  genus  of  multiped  insects,  of  the  order 
of  Apters,  of  a  semi-cylindrical  fiuni,  with 
moniliforni  antennre,  and  two  articulatec 
palpi.  Encyc. 

JULY',  n.  The  seventh  month  of  the  year, 
during  which  the  sun  enters  the  sign  Leo. 
It  is  so  called  from  Julius,  the  surname  ol 
Caius  Cesar,  who  was  born  in  this  month. 
Before  that  time,  this  niotith  was  called 
({uintilis,  or  the  fifth  month,  according  to 
the  old  Roman  calendar,  in  which  March 
was  the  first  month  of  the  year. 

JULY-FLOWER,  n.  The  name  of  certain 
species  of  plants.  The  clove  Julyfiower  is 
of  the  genus  Dianthus;   the  queen's  July- 


Jioxcer  of  the   genus   Hesperis ;     and  the 

stock  July-fower  of  (he  genus  Cheiranthus. 

[See  Cillyftower.]  Lee. 

JU'31ART,  7!.  [Fr.]    The  offspring  of  a  bull 

and  a  mare.  Locke. 

JUM'BLE,  I'. /.  [Chaucer,  j'omire.]     To  mix 

in  a  confused  mass  ;   to  put  or  throw  to- 
gether without  order.     It  is  often  followed 

by  together. 

One  may  observe  how  apt  that  is  to  jumble 

together  passages  of  Scripture.  Locke. 

JUM'BLE,  II.  i.  To  meet,  mix  or  unite  in  a 
onfused  manner.  Su-ift. 

JUM'BLE,?!.  Confused  mixture, mass  or  col- 

ectiou  without  order.  Swift. 

JVM' BLED,  pp.  Mixed  or  collected  in  aeon-' 

fused  mass. 
JUM'BLEMENT,    n.     Confused    mixture. 

[JVot  in  use.] 
JUM'BLER,   a.    One  who  mixes  things  in 

confusion. 
JUM'BLING,  ppr.   Putting  or  mixing  in  a 

confused  mass. 
JU'MENT,    n.    [Fr.   from  L.  jumentum,   a 

beast.] 

.K  beast  of  burden.     [J^ot  used.]  Brown. 

JUMP,  ti.  !.    [Qu.  the  root  of  It.  zamptWare, 

to  spring.] 

1.  To  leap ;  to  skip  ;  to  spring.  Applied  to 
men,  it  signifies  to  spring  upwards  or  for- 
wards with  both  feet,  in  distinction  from 
hop,  which  signifies  to  spring  with  one 
foot.  A  n^Ci)t  jumps  over  a  ditch  ;  a  beast 
jumps  over  a  fence.  A  man  jumps  upon  a. 
horse  ;  a  goat  jumps  from  rock  to  rock. 

2.  To  spring  over  any  thing ;  to  pass  to  at 
a  leap. 

Here,  upon  this  bank  and  shelve  of  time, 
We'd  jump  the  life  to  come.  Shak. 

We  see  a  liulc,  presume  a  great  deal,  and  so 
jump  to  the  conclusion.  Spectator. 

3.  To  bound  ;  to  pass  from  object  to  object; 
to  jolt. 

The  noise  of  the  rattling  of  the  wheels,  and 
of  the  prancing  horses,  and  of  the  jumping 
chariots.     Nahum  iii. 

4.  To  agree  ;  totally;  to  coincide. 
In  some  sort  it^'uin^s  with  my  humor. 

Shak. 
[This  use  of  the  word  is  now  vulgar,  and 
in  America,  I  think,  is  confined  to  the  sin- 
gle phrase,  to  jump  in  judgment.] 

JUMP,  )'.  t.  To  jiass  by  a  leaji ;  to  pass  over 
eagerly  or  hastily  ;  as,  to  jump  a  stream. 
[But  over  is  understood.] 

JUMP,  n.  The  act  of  jumping;  a  leap;  a 
sjiring;  a  bound. 

2.  A  lucky  chance.  Shak. 

JUMP,  n.  [Fr.  jupe;  It.  giubba.]  .\  kind  of 
loose  or  limber  stays  or  waistcoat,  worn 
bv  females. 

JUMP,  «rfi'.  Exactly;  nicely.     Obs. 

Hooker. 

TUMP'ER,  «.  One  who  jumps. 

TUMP'JNG,  ppr.  Leaping;  springing; 
bounding. 

JU.\C'ATE,  >i.  [It.  o-iimca/a, cream  cheese; 
Fr.  jonchie  de  crane,  a  kind  of  cream 
<rheese  servctl  in  a  fr.-iil  of  given  rushes, 
and  for  that  reason  so  called,  or  bccau.so 
made  in  a  frail  or  basket  of  rushes;  L. 
junnis,  a  rush.] 

1.  A  cheese-cake;  a  kind  of  sweetmeat  of 
curds  and  sugar.  John.toi;. 

2.  .\nv  kind  cd" <lf  licate  food.  .Milton. 


'■i.  A  furtive  or  private  entertaiiimenu     [It 
is  now  written  juntc/.] 


J  U  N 


J  U  R 


JUS 


.lUNe'OUS,  o.  [L.junceits  or  juncoaus,  from 

juncus,  a  rush.] 
Full  of  biilruslies.     [Lillle  used.] 
JUNCTION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  jurtdio,  from 

jungo,  to  join.] 

1.  The  act  or  operation  of  joining;  as  the 
junction  of  two  armies  or  detachments. 

2.  Union  ;  coalition  ;  combination. 

3.  The  place  or  |X)int  of  union. 
JUNCTURE,  n.  [L.junctura  ;  Sp.juntura; 

ll.  giunhira  ;  from  L.  jitrigo,  to  join.] 

1.  A  joining;  union;  amity;  as  the  juncture 
of  hearts.     [Little  used.]         King  Charles. 

2.  A  union  of  two  bodies  ;  a  seam  ;  particu- 
larly, a  joint  or  articulation.  Encyr. 

3.  The  line  or  point  at  which  two  bodies 
are  joined.  Boyle. 

4.  A  point  of  time ;  particularly,  a  point 
rendered  critical  or  important  by  a  con- 
currence of  circumstances.  Addison. 

JUNE,  n.  [L  Junius  ;  Fr.  juin  ;  It.  giugno 
Sp.  junio.] 

The  sixth  month  of  the  year,  when  the  sun 
enters  the  sign  Cancer. 

JUN'GLE,  )i.  [Hindoo.]  In  Hiudoostan,  a 
thick  wood  of  small  trees  or  shrubs. 

Asiat.  Res. 

JUN'GLY,  a.  Consisting  of  jungles ;  a- 
bounding  with  jungles.  Ibm. 

JU'NIOR,  a.  [L.  irom  juvenis,  young  ;  quasi, 
juvenior.] 

Younger;  not  as  old  as  another;  as  a  ju- 
nior partner  in  a  company.  It  is  applied 
to  distinguish  the  younger  of  two  persons 
bearing  the  same  name  in  one  family  or 
town,  and  opposed  to  elder ;  as  John  Doe 
iu7nor. 

JU'NIOR,  n.  A  person  younger  than  an- 
other. 

The  fools,  my  juniors  by  a  year —        Swift 

JUNIOR'ITY,  n.  The  state  of  being  junior. 

Bullokar. 

JU'NIPER,  n.  [L.  juniperus  ;  It.  ginepro  ; 
Fr.  gcnei're  ;  Sp.  enebro.] 

A  tree  or  shrub  bearing  berries  of  a  bluish 
color,  of  a  warm,  pungent,  sweet  taste, 
yielding  when  fresh,  by  expression,  a 
rich,  sweet,  aromatic  juice.  They  are 
useful  carminatives  and  stomachics.  The 
wood  of  the  tree  is  of  a  reddish  color,  hard 
and  durable,  and  is  used  in  c.ibinet  work 
and  veneering.  The  oil  of  juniper  mixed 
with  that  of  nuts  makes  an  excellent  var- 
nish ;  and  the  resin  powdered  is  used  un 
der  the  name  of  pounce.  Encyc. 

JUNK,  J!.  [L.  juncus,  It.  giunco,  Sp.  junco 
Fr.  jonc,  a  bulrush,  of  which  ropes  were 
made  in  early  ages.] 

1.  Pieces  of  old  cable  or  old  cordage,  used 
for  making  points,  gaskets,  mats,  &:c.,  and 
when  untwisted  and  picked  to  pieces,  it 
forms  oakum  forfilhngthe  seams  of  ships. 

Mar.  Diet. 

2.  A  small  ship  used  in  China ;  a  Chinese 
vessel.     [An  eastern  ivord.] 

JUNK'ET,  71.  [See  Juncate.]  A  sweetmeat. 

Skak. 
2.  A  stolen  entertainment. 
JUNK'ET,  V.  i.  To  feast  in  secret ;  to  make 
an  entertainment  by  stealth.  Swijl. 

2.  To  feast. 

Job's  children ^unAeJeii  and  feasted  together 
often.  South. 

JUN'TO,  n.  [Sp.  junta,  a  meeting  or  coun 
j-il,  frora  L.  junctus,  joined  ;  It.  giunto.] 


I.  Primarily,  a  select  council  or  assembly, 
which  deliberates  in  secret  on  any  affair 
of  government.  In  a  good  sense,  it  is  not 
used  in  English  ;  but  hence, 

[2.  A  cabal ;  a  meeting  or  collection  of  men 
condjined  for  secret  deliberation  and  in- 
trigue for  party  pm-poses  ;  a  faction  ;  as  a 
junto  of  ministers.  Gulliver. 

JU'PITER,  n.  [L.  the  air  or  heavens: 
Join's  paler.] 

1.  The  supreme  deity  among  the  Greeks 
and  Romans. 

2.  One  of  the  superior  planets,  remarkable 
for  its  brightness.  Its  diameter  is  about 
eighty-nine  thousand  miles  ;  its  distance 
from  the  sun,  four  hundred  and  ninety 
millions  of  miles,  and  its  revolution  round 
the  sun  a  little  less  than  twelve  years. 

JUPPON,  n.  [Fr.jupon ;  ll.  giubbone.]  A 
short  close  coat.  Dryden. 

JU'RAT,  71.  [Fr.  from  L.  juratus,  sworn, 
from  juro,  to  swear.] 

In  England,  a  magistrate  in  some  corpora- 
tions ;  an  alderman,  or  an  assistant  to  a 
bailiff.  Encyc. 

JU'RATORY,  n.  [Fr.  juraloire,  from  L. 
juro,  to  swear.] 

Comprising  an  oath ;  as  juratory  caution. 
[Little  used.]  Ayliffe. 

JURID'l€AL,  a.  [h.  juridicus  ;  jus,  juris, 
law,  and  dico,  to  pronounce.] 

1.  Acting  in  the  distribution  of  justice  ;  per- 
taining to  a  judge. 

2.  Used  in  courts  of  law  or  tribunals  of  jus- 
tice. Hale. 

JURID'ICALLY,  adv.  According  to  forms 
of  law,  or  proceedings  in  tribunals  of  jus 
tice  ;  with  legal  authority. 

JURISeON'SULT,  n.  [h.  juris  consuUus ; 
jus  and  consultus,  consulo,  to  consult.] 

Among  the  Romans,  a  man  learned  in  the 
law  ;  a  counselor  at  law  ;  a  master  of  Ro- 
man jurisprudence,  who  was  consulted  on 
the  interpretation  of  the  laws.  Encyc 

JURISDICTION,  n.  [Fr.  from  h.jurisdic- 
tio  ;  jus,  juris,  law,  and  dictio,  from  dico, 
to  pronounce  ;  It.  giuridizione ;  Sp.  juris- 
diccione ;  Von.  jurisdifam.] 

1.  The  legal  power  or  authority  of  doing 
justice  in  cases  of  complaint;  the  power 
of  executing  the  laws  and  distributing  jus- 
tice. Thus  we  speak  of  certain  suits  or 
actions,  or  the  cognizance  of  certain 
crimes  being  within  the  jurisdiction  of  a 
court,  that  is,  within  the  limits  of  their 
authority  or  commission.  Inferior  courts 
have  jurisdiction  of  debt  and  trespass,  or 
of  smaller  offenses;  the  supreme  courts 
have  jurisdiction  of  treason,  murder,  and 
other  high  crimes.  Jurisdiction  is  secular 
or  ecclesiastical. 

2.  Power  of  governing  or  legislating.  The 
legislature  of  one  state  can  e.xercise  no 
jurisdiction  in   another. 

3.  The  power  or  right  of  exercising  author- 
ity. Nations  claim  exclusive  jurisdiction 
on  the  sea,  to  the  extent  of  a  marine 
league  from  the  main  land  or  shore. 

4.  The  limit  within  which  power  may  be 
exercised. 

Jurisdiction,  in  its  most  general  sense,  is  the 
power  to  make,  declare  or  apply  the  law  ; 
when   confined   to  the  judiciary   depart 
ment,  it  is  what  we  denominate  the  judi 
cial power,  the  right  of  administering  jus- 


tice through  the  laws,  by  the  means 
which  the  laws  have  provided  for  that 
pin-pose.  Jurisdiction,  is  limited  (o  place 
or  territory,  to  persons,  or  to  particular 
sid)jects.  Du  Ponceau. 

JURISDICTIONAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  ju- 
risdiction ;  us  jurisdictional  rights. 

JURISDICTIVE,  a.  Having  jurisdiction. 

Milton. 

JURISPR.U'DENCE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  juris- 
prudentia ;  jus,  law,  and  prudentia,  sci- 
ence.] 

The  science  of  law;  the  knowiedge  of  the 
laws,  customs  and  rights  of  men  in  a 
state  or  community,  necessary  for  the  due 
administration  of  justice.  'V\w  study  of 
jurisprudence,  next  to  that  nl' theology,  is 
the  most  important  and  useful  to  men. 

JURISPRUDENT,  a.   Understanding  law. 

yVest. 

JURISPRUDENTIAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  ju- 
risprudence. Ward. 

JU'RIST,  n.  [Fr.,/un's/t;  It.  glurista  ;  S\7. 
jurista;  frotn  h.  jus,  juris,  law.] 

1.  A  man  who  professes  the  science  of  law  : 
one  versed  in  the  law,  or  more  particu- 
larly, in  the  civil  law  ;  a  civilian.     Bacon. 

2.  One  versed  in  the  law  of  nations,  or  who 
writes  on  the  subject. 

JUROR,  n.  [L.  jurafor ;  or  rather  juro,  to 
swear.] 

One  that  serves  on  a  jury  ;  one  sworn  to 
deliver  the  truth  on  the  evidence  given 
him  concerning  any  matter  in  question  or 
on  trial. 

JU'RY,  n.  [Fr.  jure,  sworn,  L.  juro,  to 
swear.] 

A  number  of  freeholders,  selected  in  the 
tiianner  prescribed  by  law,empanneled  and 
sworn  to  inquire  into  and  try  any  matter 
of  fact,  and  to  declare  the  truth  on  the 
evidence  given  them  in  the  case.  Grand 
juries  consist  usually  of  twenty  four  free- 
holders at  least,  and  are  summoned  to  try 
matters  alledged  in  indictments.  Petty 
juries,  consisting  usually  of  twelve  men, 
attend  courts  to  try  matters  of  fact  in  civil 
causes,  and  to  decide  both  the  law  and 
the  fact  in  criminal  prosecutions.  The 
decision  of  a  petty  jury  is  called  a  ver- 
dict. 

JU'RYMAN,  n.  One  who  is  empanneled  on 
a  jury,  or  who  serves  as  a  juror. 

JU'RYM'AST,  n.  A  mast  erected  in  a  ship 
to  supply  the  place  of  one  carried  away 
in  a  tempest  or  an  engagement,  &c.  Tho 
most  probable  origin  of  the  word  ji'ry,  in 
this  compound,  is  that  pro])Osed  by  Thom- 
son, viz.  from  the  Fr.  jour,  day,  quasi, 
jourc,  temporary,  or  from  L.  juvare,  to 
assist. 

JUST,  a.  [Fr.  juste ;  Sp.  justo  ;  It.  giusto  ; 
L.  Justus.  The  primary  sense  is  probably 
straight  or  close,  from  the  sense  of  set- 
ting, erecting,  or  extending.] 

1.  Regular;  orderly;  due;  suitable. 

When  all 
The  war  shall  stand  ranged  in  its  jus/  array. 

./Iddison. 

2.  Exactly  proportioned ;  proper. 
Pleascth  your  lordship 

To  meet  his  grace,  just  disbince   'tween  our 
armies  ?  Shak. 

3.  Full ;  complete  to  the  common  standard. 

He  was  a  comely  personage,  a  little  above 
just  sti'.ture.  £acon. 


JUS 


JUS 


JUT 


4.  Full ;  true  ;  a  sense  allied  to  the  preced- 
ing, or  the  same. 

^So  thai  once  the   skirinisli  was  like  to  have 
come  to  a  just  battle.  Kiwlles 

5.  In  a  morcii  sense,  upright ;  honest;  having 
principles  of  rectitude  ;  or  conforming  ex- 
actly to  the  laws,  and  to  principles  of  rec- 
titude in  social  conduct ;  equitahle  in  the 
distribution  of  justice  ;  as  a  jusl  judge. 

C.  In  an  evangelical  sense,  righteous ;  reli- 
gious ;  influenced  by  a  regard  to  the  laws 
of  God ;  or  living  in  e.xact  conformity  to 
the  divine  will. 

There  is  not  a  just  man  on  earth,  that  doeth 
good,  and  sinneth  not.     Eccles.  vii. 

7.  Conformed  to  rules  of  justice ;  doing  equal 
justice. 

Jusl  balances, /i(s<  weights,  a  just  ephahand 
a  just  hin  shall  ye  have.     Lev.  xi.x. 

8.  Conformed  to  truth  ;  exact ;  proper ;  ac- 
curate ;  as  just  thoughts ;  just  e.xpressions ; 
just  images  or  representations;  a  just 
description;  a.  just  inference. 

9.  True  ;  founded  in  truth  and  fact ;  as  a.  jusl 
charge  or  accusation. 

10.  Innocent;  blameless;  without  guilt. 

How  should  man  be /»s(  with  God?  Job  ix. 

11.  Equitable;  due;  merited;  as  a  just  rec- 
ompense or  reward. 

— WTiose  damnation  is  just.     Rom.  iii. 

12.  True  to  promises;  faithful;  as  jusl  to 
one's  word  or  engagements. 

13.  Impartial ;  allowing  what  is  due  ;  giving 
fair  representation  of  character,  merit  or 
demerit. 

.lUST,  ade.  Close  or  closely ;  near  or  near- 
ly, in  place.  He  stood  just  by  the  speak- 
er, and  heard  what  he  said.  He  stood 
just  at  the  entrance  of  the  city. 

9.  Near  or  nearly  in  time;  almost.  Just  at 
that  moment  he  arose  and  fled. 

3.  Exactly  ;  nicely  ;  accurately.  They  re- 
main jusl  of  the  same  opinion. 

"Tis   with   our  judgments   as   our  watches  ; 

none 
Go  just  alike,  yet  each  believes  his  own. 

Pope. 

4.  Merely ;  barely ;  exactly. 

— And  having  just  enough,  not  covet  more. 

Dryden. 

5.  Narrowly.  He  just  escaped  without  in- 
jury. 

.TUST,  )i.  [Fr.  jouste,  now  joule ;  Sp.jusla; 
Port.  id. ;  It.  giostra  ;  probably  from  the 
root  of  jostle  or  justle.  The  primary  sense 
is  to  thrust,  to  drive,  to  push.] 

A  mock  encounter  on  horseback  ;  a  combat 
for  sport  or  for  exercise,  in  which  the 
combatants  pushed  with  lances  and 
swords,  man  to  man,  in  mock  fight ;  a 
tilt ;   one  of  the  exercises  at  tournaments. 

Encyc. 

JUST,  V.  i.  [Fr.  jouter ;  Sp.  and  Port,  jiis- 
iar ;  It.  giostrarc.] 

1.  To  engage  in  mock  fight  on  horseback. 

2.  To  push;  to  drive;  to  justle. 
JUriT'lCE,  n.  [Fr. ;    ^p.  justicia;  \t.  gius- 

tizia  ;  from  1,.  jastitia,  from  ji«s(m.9,  just.] 
2.  The  virtue  which  consists  in  giving  to 
every  one  what  is  his  due  ;  practical  con 
formity  to  tlie  laws  and  to  principles  of 
rectitude  in  the  dealings  of  men  with 
each  other;  honesty;  integrity  in  com- 
merce or  mutual  intercourse.  Justice  is 
dist;-'huti.vc  or  commutative.  Dislnbulive 
justice  belongs  to    magistrates  or  rulers, 


6. 


and  consists  in  distributing  to  every  man 
that  right  or  equity  which  the  laws  and 
the  principles  of  equity  require;  or  in  de- 
ciding controversies  according  to  the  laws 
and  to  principles  of  equity.  Commutative 
justice  consists  in  fair  dealing  in  trade 
and  mutual  intercourse  between  man  and 
man. 

2.  Impartiality ;  equal  distribution  of  right 
in  expressing  opinions ;  fair  representa- 
tion of  facts  respecting  merit  or  demerit. 
In  criticisms,  narrations,  history  or  dis- 
course, it  is  a  duty  to  do  justice  to  every 

I     man,  whether  friend  or  foe. 

3.  Equity ;  agreeableness  to  right ;  as,  he 
proved  the  justice  of  his  claim.  This 
should,   in  strictness,  be  just7iess. 

4.  Vindictive  retribution  ;    merited    punish 
ment.     Sooner  or  later,  justice  overtakes 
the  criminal. 

Right;  application  of  equity.  His  artn 
will  do  h'lm  justice. 

[Low  L.  jusliciarius.]  A  person  commis- 
sioned to  hold  courts,  or  to  try  and  decide 
controversies  and  administer  justice  to 
individuals ;  as  the  Chief  Justice  of  the 
king's  bench,  or  of  the  common  pleas, 
in  England ;  the  Chief  Justice  of  the  su- 
preme court  in  the  United  States,  &c. 
and  justices  of  the  peace. 

JUST'ICE,  V.  t.  To  administer  justice. 
[Little  vsed.]  Bacon. 

JUST'ICEABLE,  a.  Liable  to  account  in  a 
court  of  justice.  [Little  used.]      Hayward. 

JUST'ICER,  n.  An  administrator  of  justice. 
[Litlle  used.]  Bp.  Hall. 

JUST'ICESHIP,  n.  The  office  or  dignity 
of  a  justice.  Swift. 

JUSTF'CIARY,  }        [L.  jusliciarius.]     An 

JUSTI"CIAR,  S  administrator  of  just- 
ice. Burke. 

2.  A  chief  justice.  Blackslone. 

3.  One  that  boasts  of  the  justice  of  his  own 
act.  [N'ol  used.]  Dering. 

JUSTIFIABLE,  a.  [from  justify.]  That 
may  be  proved  to  be  just ;  that  may  be 
vindicated  on  principles  of  law,  reason, 
rectitude  or  propriety  ;  defensible  ;  vindi- 
cable.  No  breach  of  law  or  moral  obli- 
gation is  justifable.  The  execution  of  a 
malefactor  in  pursuance  of  a  sentence  of 
court,  is  justifable  homicide. 

JUST'IFIABLENESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  justifiable  ;  rectitude;  possibility  of 
being  defended  or  vindicated. 

King  Charles. 

JUSTIFIABLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  that 
admits  of  vindication  or  justification ; 
rightly. 

JUSTIFICA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  justifer, 
to  justify.] 

1.  The  act  of  justifying;  a  showing  to  be 
just  or  conformable  to  law,  rectitude  or 
propriety  ;  vindication  ;  defense.  The 
court  listened  to  the  evidence  and  argu- 
ments in  justif  cation  of  the  prisoner's  con- 
duct. Our  disobedience  to  God's  com- 
mands admits  no  justification. 

2.  Absolution. 
1  hope,  lor  my  lnot]wt's  justification,  he  wrote 

this  but  as  an  essay  of  my  virtue.  Shak. 

In  law,  the  showing  of  a  sufficient  reason 


j 

la  _ 

in  comt  why  a  defendant  diil  what  he  is 
called   to  answer.      Pleas   in  ju.sl  If  cation 
nnist  set  forth  some  special  matter. 
4.  In  theology,  remission  of  sin  anil  absolu- 


tion from  guilt  and  punishment ;  or  an 
act  of  free  grace  by  which  God  pardons 
the  sinner  and  accepts  him  as  righteous, 
on  account  of  the  atonement  of  Christ. 

JUSTIF'ICATIVE,  a.  Justifying;  that  has 
power  to  justify. 

JUSTIFl€A'TOR,  n.  One  who  justifies. 
[Little  used.] 

JUST'IFiER,  n.  One  who  justifies;  one 
who  vindicates,  supports  or  defends. 

2.  He  who  pardons  and  absolves  from  guilt 
and  punishment. 

That  he  might  be  just,  and  the  justifier  of 
him  who  believeth  in  Jesus.  Rom  iii 

JUST'IFY,  v.t.  [Fr.  justifer;  Sp.  justif  car; 
It.  giustif  care ;  L.  Justus,  just,  and  facia, 
to  make.] 

1  To  prove  or  show  to  be  just,  or  conform- 
able to  law,  right,  justice,  propriety  or 
duty;  to  defend  or  maintain;  to  vindi- 
cate as  right.  We  cannot  justify  disobe- 
dience or  ingratitude  to  our  Maker.  We 
cannot  justify  insult  or  incivility  to  our 
fellow  men.  Intemperance,  lewdness,  pro- 
faneness  and  dueling  are  in  no  case  to  be 
justified. 

2.  In  theology,  to  pardon  and  clear  from 
guilt ;  to  absolve  or  acquit  from  guilt  and 
merited  punishment,  and  to  accept  as 
righteous  on  account  of  the  merits  of  the 
Savior,  or  by  the  application  of  Christ's 
atonement  to  the  ofl^ender.  St.  Paul. 

3.  To  cause  another  to  ap|)ear  comparatively 
righteous,  or  less  guilty  than  one's  self. 
Ezek.  .xvi. 

4.  To  judge  rightly  of 
Wisdom  is  ju.'itified  by  her  children.     Matt. 

xi. 

5.  To  accept  as  just  and  treat  witfal  favor. 
James  ii. 

JUST'IFY,  V.  i.  In  printing,  to  agree  ;  to 
suit ;  to  conform  exactly  ;  to  form  an  even 
surface  or  true  line  with  something  else. 
Types  of  different  sizes  will  not  justify 
with  each  other. 

JUS'TLE,  V.  i.  jus'l.  [See  JosUe  and  Just.] 
To  run  against;  to  encounter;  to  strike 
against ;  to  clasli. 

The  chariots  shall  rage  in  the  streets ;  they 
shall  ju^^tle  one  against  anolher  in  the  broad 
ways.     Nah.  ii. 

JUS'TLE,  v.  t.  jus'l.  To  push  ;  to  drive  ;  to 
force  by  rushing  against ;  counnonly  fol- 
lowed by  off  or  out;  as,  to  justle  a  thing 
off  the  table,  or  out  of  its  place. 

JUST'LY,  adv.  [from  ju.'it.]  In  conformily 
to  law,  justice  or  propriety  ;  by  right.  The 
offender  is  justly  condemned.  The  hero 
is  justly  rewarded,  applauded  or  hon- 
ored. 

2.  According  to  truth  and  facts.  His  char- 
acter \s  justly  described. 

3.  Honestly  ;  fairly  ;  with  integrity  ;  as,  to 
do  justly.     Mir.  vi. 

4.  Properly  ;  accurately  ;  exactly. 
Their  feet  assi>t  their  hands,  and  justly  beat 

the  ground.  Drydcn. 

JUST'NESS,  n.  Accuracy  ;  exactness  ;  as 
the  Ji(.!U!f.?s  of  proportions. 

2.  Conformity  to  truth  ;  as  the  justness  of  a 
description  or  rcpn'senlaliDn. 

3.  Justice;  reasonableness;  c(piity;  as  the 
justness  of  a  cause  or  of  a  demand.  [Just- 
ness is  properly  applied  to  things,  and 
justice  to  persons;  but  the  distinction  is 
not  always  observed.] 

JUT,  t;.  i.    [a  dillercnt  spelling  of  je/.]     To 


K  A  L 


K  E  C 


K  E  E 


shoot  forward ;  to  project  beyond  the 
main  hody  ;  as  the  jutting  part  of  a  build- 
in!,'.    A  point  of  land >/«  into  the  sea. 

JUT,  n.  A  shooting  forward ;    a  projection. 

JUT'TING,  o;>r.  Shooting  out;  projectnig. 

JUT'TY,  V.  t.  To  jut.     [yVot  used.]      Shak. 

JUT'TY,  n.  A  projection  in  a  building  ;  also, 
a  pier  or  mole. 

JUT-WINDOW,  n.  A  window  that  projects 
from  the  lino  of  a  building. 


JUVENILE,  a.  [L.  juvenilis,  tiom  juvenis, 
young.]  _ 

1.  Young ;  youthful ;  as  juvenile  years  or 
age.  I 

2.  Pertaining  or  suited  to  youth;  as  juvenile 
sports. 

JUVENILITY,  n.  Youthfulness;  youthful 
age.  Glanvilte. 

2.  Light  and  careless  manner ;  the  manners 
or  customs  of  youth.  Gtanville 


JUXTAPOS'ITED,  a.  [L.jwria,  near,  and 
posited.]  Placed  near ;  adjacent  or  con- 
tiguous. .Macquer. 

JUXTAPOSITION,  n.  [L.  juxta,  near, 
and  position.] 

A  placing  or  being  placed  in  nearness  or 
contiguity  ;  as  the  parts  of  a  substance  or 
of  a  composition.  The  connection  of 
words  is  sometimes  to  be  ascertained  by 
juxtaposition. 


K. 


K,  the  eleventh  letter  of  the  English  Al- 
phabet, is  borrowed  from  the  Greeks,  be- 
ing the  same  character  as  the  Greek 
kappa,  answering  to  the  oriental  kaph. 
It  represents  a  close  articulation,  formed 
by  pressing  the  root  of  the  tongue  against 
the  upper  part  of  the  mouth,  with  a  de- 
pression of  the  lower  jaw  and  opening  of 
the  tooth.  It  is  usually  denominated  a 
guttural,  but  is  nuire  properly  a  palatal 
Bcfoix-  all  the  vowels,  it  has  one  invariable 
aouud,  corresponding  with  that  of  c,  be 
fore  a,  o  and  «,  as  in  keel,  ken.  In  mono- 
syllables, it  is  used  after  c,  as  in  crack, 
check,  deck,  being  necessary  to  exhibit  a 
correct  pronunciation  In  the  derivatives, 
cracked,  checked,  decked,  cracking,  for  with 
out  it,  c,  before  the  vowels  e  and  i,  would 
be  sounded  like  «. 

Formerly,  k  was  added  to  c,  in  certain 
words  of  Latin  origin,  as  In  mnsick,  pub- 
lick,  7-epublick.  But  in  modern  i)ractice.  A- 
is  very  properly  omitted,  being  entirely 
superfluous,  and  the  more  properly,  as  it 
is  never  written  in  the  derivatives,  music- 
al, publication,  republican.  It  is  retained 
in  traffick,  as  In  monosyllables,  on  account 
of  the  prommciatiou  of  the  derivatives, 
trafficked,  trafficking. 

K  is  silent  before  n,  as  in  know,  knife,  knee. 

As  a  numeral,  K  stands  for  250 ;  and  with 
a  stroke  over  it,  thus,  K,  for  250,000. 

This  character  was  not  used  by  the  ancient 
Romans,  and  rarely  in  the  later  ages  of 
their  empire.  In  the  place  of  A:,  they  used 
c,  as  In  clino,  for  the  Greek  x'f.uu.  In  the 
Teutonic  dialects,  this  Greek  letter  is 
sometimes  represented  by  h.     [See  H.] 

KAALING,  n.  A  bird,  a  species  of  starling, 
found  in  China. 

KAB'BOS,jj.  A  fish  of  a  biovvn  color,  with- 
out scales. 

KALE,  ?i.  [h.  caulis ;  'W .  cawl.]  Sea-cale, 
an  esculent  plant  of  the  genus  Crambe. 

KAL'ENDAR,  n.  [See  Calendar.] 

KA'LI,   n.    [Ar.    t?Xj»     the  ashes   of  the 


Salicornia,  from    ^i,,    kalai,  to  fry.] 

A  plant,  a  species  of  Salsola,  or  glass-wort, 
the  ashes  of  which  are  used  in  making 
glass.     Hence  alkali,  which  see. 

KA'LIF,  n.  [See  Calif.] 


KAL'MIA,  n.  The  name  of  a  genus  of  ever- 
green shrubs,  natives  of  N.  America,  call- 
ed laurel,  ivy-bush,  cahco-bush,  &c. 
KAM,  a.  [W.  cam.]  Crooked.  [JVot  used.] 

Shak. 
KAN,  i  In  Persia,  an  officer  answering 
KAUN,  >  n.  to  a  governor  in  Europe  or 
KHAN,  )       America.    Among  the  Tartars, 

a  chief  or  prince.  [See  Khan.] 
IKANGAROO',  n.  A  singular  animal  found 
!  In  New  Holland,  resembling  In  some  res 
pects  the  oi>ossum.  It  belongs  to  the  ge- 
nus Didelphis.  It  has  a  small  head,  neck 
and  shoulders,  the  body  Increasing  In 
thickness  to  the  rump.  The  fore  legs  are 
very  short,  useless  In  walking,  but  used 
for  diggitig  or  bringing  food  to  the  mouth. 
The  hind  legs,  which  are  long,  are  used  in 
moving,  particularly  in  leaping.  Encyc. 
KA'OLIN,  )!.  A  species  of  earth  or  variety 
of  clay,  used  as  one  of  the  two  ingredients 
in  the  oriental  porcelain.  The  other  in- 
gredient Is  called  in  China  petunse.  Its 
color  is  white,  with  a  shade  of  gray,  yel 
low  or  red.  Encyc.     Cleaveland. 

KAR'AGANE,  n.  A  species  of  gray  fox 
found  in  the  Russian  empire.  Tooke. 

KARPH'OLITE,  n.  [Gr.  xo^^oj,  straw,  and 

>.i9o5,  a  stone.] 
A   mineral   recently   discovered.     It  has  a 
fibrous  structure  and  a  yellow  color. 

ff'emer.     Cleaveland. 

KA'TA,  n.   In  Syria,  a  fowl  of  the  grous 

kind. 
KAW,   V.  i.    [from  the  sound.]    To  cry  as  a 

raven,  crow  or  rook.  Locke. 

KAW,  n.   The  cry  of  the  raven,  crow  or 

ook.  Dryden. 

KAWN,  n.  In  Turkey,  a  public  inn. 

KAYLE,   n.    [Fr.  qnille,  a  nine-pin,  a  keel.] 

1.  A  nine-pin,  a  kettle-pin  ;  sometimes  writ- 
ten keel.  Sidney.     Careiv. 

2.  A  kind  of  play  in  Scotland,  In  which  nine 
holes  ranged  In  threes,  are  made  in  the 
ground,  and  an  iron  ball  rolled  in  among 
them.  Johnson. 

KECK,  I'.  J.  [G.  kiiken.]  To  heave  the  stom- 
ach ;  to  reach,  as  In  an  eftbrt  to  vomit. 
[Little  used.]  Bacon.     Stoifl. 

KECK,  (I.  A  reaching  or  heaving  of  the 
stomach.  Cheyne. 

KECK'LE,  V.  t.  [Qu.  G.  kugeln,  to  roll.]! 
To  wind  old  rope  round  a  cable  to  pre-[ 
serve  its  surface  from  being  fretted,  or  tol 
wind  iron  chains  round  a  cable  to  defend 


It  from  the  friction  of  a  rocky  bottom,  or 
from  the  ice.  Mar.  Diet. 

KECK'SY,  n.  [Qu.  Fr.  cigue,  L.  cicuta.  It 
is  said  to  be  commonly  pronounced  kex.] 

Hemlock  ;  a  hollow.jointed  plant.  [.\"ot  tised 
in  America.]  Sliak. 

KECK'Y,  a.  Resembling  a  kex. 

2.  An  Indian  scepter.  Grew. 

KEDtiE,  n.  [allied  probably  to  cag  and  keg.] 
A  small  anchor,  used  to  keep  a  ship  steady 
when  riding  in  a  harbor  or  river,  and  par- 
ticularly at  the  turn  of  the  tide,  to  keep  her 
clear  of  iier  bower  anchor,  also  to  remove 
her  from  one  part  of  a  harbor  to  another, 
being  carried  out  In  a  boat  and  let  go,  as 
in  warping  or  kedglng.  [Sometimes  writ- 
ten kedger.]  Mar.  Did. 

KEDGE,  V.  t.  To  warp,  as  a  ship  ;  to  move 
by  means  of  a  kedge,  as  in  a  river. 

KED'LACK,  n.  X  weed  that  grows  among 
wheat  and  rye  ;  charlock.  [/  believe  not 
used  in  America.]  Tnsser.     Johnson. 

KEE,  pbi.  of  coio.  [Local  in  England  and 
not  used  in  America.]  Gay. 

KEECH,  n.  A  mass  or  lump.     [JVb<  in  ««.] 

Percy. 

KEEL,  n.  [Sax.cffi/e;  G.  and  D.  Ke / ;  Dan. 
kiil,kiol ;  Russ.  Ai7  ;  Sw.  khl ;  Fr.  quitte; 
Sp.  quilla  ;  Port,  quilha.  The  word.  In  dif- 
ferent languages,  signifies  a  keel,  a  pin, 
kayle,  and  a  quilt ;  probably  from  extend- 

ioR-] 

1.  The  principal  timber  in  a  ship,  extending 
from  stem  to  stern  at  the  bottom,  and  sup- 
porting the  whole  frame.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  A  low  flat-bottomed  vessel,  used  in  the 
river  Tyno,  to  convey  coals  from  Newcas- 
tle for  loading  the  colliers. 

3.  In  botany,  the  lower  petal  of  a  papiliona- 
ceous corol,  inclosing  the  stamens  and 
pistil.  Martyn. 

False  keel,  a  strong  thick  piece  of  timber, 
bolted  to  the  bottom  of  the  keel,  to  pre- 
serve It  from  injury. 

On  an  even  keel,  in  a  level  or  horizontal  po- 
sition. 

KEEL,  i".  /.  [Sax.  calan.]    To  cool.     Ohs. 

Goicer. 

KEEL,  V.  t.  To  plow  with  a  keel ;  to  navi- 
gate. J.  Barlow. 

2.  To  turn  up  the  keel ;  to  show  the  bottom. 

Shak. 

To  keel  the  pot,  in  Ireland,  to  scum  it. 

Shak. 

KEE'LAgE,  n.  Duty  paid  for  a  sliip  enter- 
ing Hartlepool,  Eng. 


K  E  E 


K  E  E 


K  E  E 


KEE'LED,  a.  In  botany,  caiinated ;  having 
a  longitudinal  ])roniini'nce   on  tlie  back 
as  a  keeled  leaf,  ca  lyx  or  nectary.     Martyn. 

KEE'LFAT,  n.  [Sax.  calan,  to  cool,  and 
fat,  vat.] 

A  cooler;  a  vessel  in  wliicli  liquor  is  set  for 
cooling.     [jVut  used.] 

KEE'LIIAUL,  V.  t.  [D.  kielhaalen  ;  keel  and 
haul.] 

To  haul  under  the  keel  of  a  ship.  Keel- 
hauling is  a  punishment  inflicted  in  the 
Dutch  navy  for  certain  offenses.  The  of- 
fender is  suspended  by  a  rope  from  one 
yard  arm,  with  weights  on  his  legs,  and  a 
rope  fastened  to  him,  leading  under  the 
ship's  bottom  to  the  opposite  yard  arm 
and  being  let  fall  into  the  water,  he  is 
drawn  under  the  ship's  bottom  and  raised 
on  the  other  side.  Mar.  Diet. 

KEE'LING,  n.  A  kind  of  small  cod,  of 
which  stock  fish  is  made. 

KEELSON,  n.  kel'son.  A  piece  of  timber  in 
a  ship,  laid  on  the  middle  of  the  floor  tim 
liers  over  the  keel,  fastened  with  long 
bolts  and  clinched,  and  thus  binding  the 
floor  timbers  to  the  keel.  Mar.  Diet. 

KEEN,  a.  [Sax.  cene ;  G.  kiihn ;  D.  koen ; 
properly,  bold,  stout,  eager,  daring,  from 
shooting  forward.     Class  Gn.] 

1.  Eager ;  vehement ;  as  hungry  curs  too 
keen  at  the  sport.  Toiler. 

The  sheep  were  so  keen  on  the  acorns — 

L'Estrange 

2.  Eager ;  sharp  ;  as  a  keen  ajjpetite. 

3.  Sharp  ;  having  a  very  fine  edge ;  as  a 
keen  razor,  or  a  razor  with  a  keeti  edge. 
We  say  a  keen  edge,  but  a  sharp  point. 

4.  Piercing  ;  penetrating  ;    severe  ;    apjjlied 
■     to  cold  or  to  wind ;  as  a  keen  wind ;  the 

cold  is  very  keen. 

5.  Bitter  ;  piercing  ;  acrimonious ;  as  keen 
satire  or  sarcasm. 

Good  father  cardinal,   cry  thou  amen. 
To  my  k^en  curses.  Shak. 

KEEN,  V.  t.  To  sharpen.     [Unusual] 

Thomson. 
KEE'NLY,  adv.  Eagerly;  vehemently. 
2.  Sharply  ;  severely  ;  bitterly. 
KEE'NNESS,  n.  Eagerness;  vehemence; 
as  the  keenness  of  hunger. 

2.  Sharpness  ;  fineness  of  edge  ;  as  the  keen- 
ness of  a  razor. 

3.  The  quality  of  piercing;  rigor;  sharp- 
ness ;  as  the  keenness  of  the  air  or  of  cold. 

4.  Asperity;  acrimony  ;  bitterness  ;  as  the 
keenness  of  satire,  invective  or  sarcasm. 

5.  Acuteness ;  sharpness ;  as  the  keenness  of 
wit. 

KEEP,  V.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  kept.  [Sax.  cepan, 
Syr.  |.^3  kaba,  Eth.  O  +  fl  akab,  to 
keep.  Class  Gb.  No.  68.  85.  The  word 
coincides  in  elements  with  have,  L.  haheo, 
and  capio,  but  I  think  the  radical  sense  to 
be  dirtt^rcnt.] 

1.  To  hold ;  to  retain  in  one's  power  or  pos 
.session ;  not  to  lose  or  part  with  ;  as,  to 
keep  a  house  or  a  farm ;  to  keep  any  thing 
in  the  memory,  mind  or  heart. 

2.  To  have  in  custody  for  security  or  pres- 
ervation. 

Tlie  crown  of  Stephanus,  first  king  of  Hun- 
gary, was  always  kept  in  the  castle  of  Vice- 
grade.  Knolles 

3.  To  preserve ;  to  retain. 

The  Lord  God,  merciful  and  gracious,  keep- 
ing mercy  for  thousands —  Ex.  sxxiv. 


To  preserve  from  falling  or  from  danger ; 
to  protect;  to  guard  or  sustain. 

And  behold,   I  am  with  thee,  and  will  keep 
thee.    Gen.  xxviii.    Luke  iv. 
To  hold  or  restrain  from  departme ;  to 
detain. 

— That  I  may  know  what  keeps  me  here  with 
you.  Dryden. 

C.  To  tend  ;  to  have  the  care  of. 

And  the  Lord  God  took  the  man  and  put  him 
in  the  garden  of  Eden,  to  dress  it  and  to  keep  it. 
Gen.  ii. 

To  tend  ;  to  feed  ;  to  pasture  ;  as,  to  keep 
a  flock  of  sheep  or  a  herd  of  cattle  in  a 
yard  or  in  a  field.  He  keeps  his  horses  on 
oats  or  on  hay. 

To  preserve  in  any  tenor  or  state.  Keep 
a  stiff" rain. 

Jieep  the  constitution  sound.  Addison 

9.  To  regard  ;  to  attend  to. 

While  the  stars  and  course  of  heaven  I  keep — 

Dryden . 

10.  To  hold  in  any  state  ;  as,  to  keep  in  or- 
der. 

IL  To  continue  any  state,  course  or  action  ; 
as,  to  keep  silence ;  to  keep  the  same  road 
or  the  same  pace ;  to  keep  reading  or  talk- 
ing ;  to  keep  a  given  distance. 

12.  To  practice  ;  to  do  or  perform  ;  to  obey; 
to  observe  in  practice  ;  not  to  neglect  or 
violate ;  as,  to  keep  the  laws,  statutes  or 
commandments  of  God.  Scripture 

13.  To  fulfill ;  to  perform ;  as,  to  keep  one's 
word,  protnise  or  covenant. 

14.  To  practice  ;  to  use  habitually ;  as,  to 
keep  bad  hours.  Pope 

15.  To  copy  carefully. 
Her  servant's  eyes  were  fix'd  upon  her  face. 
And  as  she  moved   or  turned,  her  motions 

viewed, 
Her  measures  kejit,  and  step  by  step  pursued. 

Vryden. 
IG.  To  observe  or  solemnize. 

Ye  shall  keep  it  a  feast  to  the  Lord.    Ex.  xii. 

17.  To  board ;  to  maintain ;  to  supply  with 
necessaries  of  life.  The  men  are  kepi  at  a 
moderate  price  per  week. 

18.  To  have  in  the  house ;  to  entertain  ;  as, 
to  keep  lodgers. 

10.  To  maintain  ;  not  to  intermit ;  as,tokeep 
watch  or  guard. 

20.  To  hold  in  one's  own  bosom  ;  to  confine 
to  one's  own  knowledge  ;  not  to  disclose 
or  communicate  to  others  ;  not  to  betray  ; 
as,  to  keep  a  secret ;  to  keep  one's  own 
counsel. 

21.  To  have  in  pay;  as,  to  keep  a  servant. 
To  keep  back,  to  reserve  ;  to  withhold ;  not  to 

disclose  or  commmiicate. 

I  will  keep  nothing  fiac/r  from  you.  Jer.  xlii. 

2.  To  restrain  ;  to  prevent  from  advancing. 
Keep  back  thy  servant  also  from  presumptu- 
ous sins.  Ps.  .\ix. 

3.  To  reserve  ;  to  withhold  ;  not  to  deliver. 
Acts  V. 

To  keep  company  with,  to  frequent  the  soci 
ety  of;  to  associate  with.     Let  youth  keep 
company  iinth  the  wise  and  good. 

2.  To  accompany ;  to  go  with ;  as,  to  keep 
company  with  one  on  a  journey  or  voyage 

To  keep  down,  to  prevent  from  rising  ;  not  to 

lift  or  suflfer  to  be  raised. 
To  keep  in,  to  prevent  from  escape ;  to  hold 

in  confinement. 

3.  To  conceal ;  not  to  tell  or  disclose. 
3.  To  restrain  ;  to  curb.  Locke. 
To  keep  off,  to  hinder  from  approadi  or  at 

tack  :  as,  to  keep  off  an  enemy  or  an  evil. 


To  keep  under,  to  restrain  ;  to  hold  in  sub- 
jection ;  as,  to  keep  under  an  antagonist  or 
a  conquered  country ;  to  keep  under  the 
appetites  and  passions. 

To  keep  up,  to  maintain  ;  to  prevent  from 
falling  or  diminution  ;  as,  to  keep  up  the 
price  of  goods  ;  to  keep  up  one's  credit. 

2.  To  maintain ;  to  continue  ;  to  hinder  from 
ceasing. 

In  joy,  that  which  keeps  up  the  action  is  the 
desire  to  continue  it.  Locke. 

To  keep  out,  to  hinder  from  entering  or  tak- 
ing possession. 

To  keep  bed,  to  remain  in  bed  without  rising : 
to  be  confined  to  one's  bed. 

To  keep  house,  to  maintain  a  family  state. 
His  income  enables  him  to  keep  house. 

2.  To  remain  in  the  house ;  to  be  confined. 
His  feeble  health  obliges  him  to  keep 
hojise. 

To  keep  from,  to  restrain  ;  to  prevent  ap- 
proach. 

To  keep  a  school,  to  maintain  or  support  it  : 
as,  the  town  or  its  inhabitants  keep  ten 
ichoots  ;  more  properly,  to  govern  and  in- 
struct or  teach  a  school,  as  a  preceptor. 

KEEP,  V.  i.  To  remain  in  any  state;  as, 
to  keep  at  a  distance  ;  to  keep  aloft ;  to  keep 
near ;  to  keep  in  the  house  ;  to  keep  before 
or  behind  ;  to  keep  in  favor  ;  to  keep  out  of 
company,  or  out  of  reach. 

2.  To  last ;  to  endure  ;  not  to  perish  or  be 
impaireil.  Seek  for  winter's  use  apples 
that  will  keep. 

If  the  malt  is  not  thoroughly  dried,   the  ale  it 
makes  will  not  keep.  Mortimer. 

3.  To  lodge ;  to  dwell ;  to  reside  for  a  time. 
Knock  at  the  study,  where,  they  say,  he  keeps. 

Shak. 

To  keep  to,  to  adhere  strictly;  not  to  neglect 
or  deviate  from ;  as,  to  keep  to  old  cus- 
toms ;  to  keep  to  a  rule  ;  to  keep  to  one's  word 
or  promise. 

To  keep  on,  to  go  forward  ;  to  proceed ;  to 
continue  to  advance.  Dryden. 

To  keep  up,  to  remain  unsubdued  ;  or  not  to 
be  confined  to  one's  bed. 

In  popular  language,  this  word  signifies  to 
continue  ;  to  repeat  continually  ;  not  to 
cease. 

KEEP,)!.  Custody;  guard.     [Little  used.] 

Dryden. 

2.  Colloquially,  case  ;  condition  ;  as  in  good 
keep.  English. 

3.  Guardianship;  restraint.     [Little    used.] 

Jlscham. 

4.  A  place  of  confinement  ;  in  old  castles, 
the  dungeon. 

KEEPER,  >!.  One  who  keeps;  one  that 
holds  or  has  possession  of  any  thing. 

2.  One  who  retains  in  custody  ;  one  who  has 
the  care  of  a  prison  and  the  custody  of 
l)risoners. 

3.  One  who  has  the  care  of  a  park  or  other 
inclosure,  or  the  custody  of  beasts  ;  as  the 
keeper  of  a  |)ark,  a  pound,  or  of  sheep. 

4.  One  who  has  the  care,  custody  or  super- 
intendence of  any  thing. 

In  Great  Rritain,  the  keeper  of  the  great  seal, 
is  a  lord  by  his  ofllce,  and  one  of  the  privy 
council.  All  royal  grants, conmiissions  and 
charters  pass  through  his  hands.  He  is 
constituted  lord-keeper  by  the  delivery  of 
the  great  seal.  The  keeper  of  the  privy 
seal  is  also  a  lord  by  his  office,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  privy  council. 


REN 


K  E  R 


K  E  V 


KEE'PERSHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a  keei)er. 
[Little  used.]  Carew. 

KEE'PING,  ppr.  Holding  ;  restraining  ; 
preserving  ;  guarding  ;  protecting  ;  per- 
forming. 

KEE'PING,  n.  A  holding  ;  restraint ;  cus- 
tody ;  guard ;  preservation. 

2.  Feed  ;  fodder.  The  cattle  have  good 
keepine. 

3.  In  painting,  a  representation  of  objects  in 
the  manner  they  appear  to  the  eye  at  dif- 
ferent distances  from  it. 

KEE'PSAKE,n.  Any  thing  kept,  or  given  to 
be  kept  for  the  sake  of  the  giver  ;  a  token 
of  friendship. 

KEF'FEKIL,  n.  A  stone,  white  or  yellow, 
which  hardens  in  the  fire,  and  of  which 
Turkey  pipes  are  made.  JSi'icholson. 

KEG,  ji.  [Fr.  caque.]  A  small  cask  or  bar- 
rel ;  written  more  correctly  cag. 

KELL,  n.  A  sort  of  pottage.  [jVot  used  in 
Jlmerica.]  ./linsworth. 

KELL,  n.  The  caul  or  omentum.  [See 
Caul,  the  usual  orthography  of  the  word.] 

jyiseman. 

2.  The  chrysalis  of  the  caterpillar.    B.  Jonson. 

KELP,  n.  [Ar.  and  Pers.]  The  calcined  ash- 
es of  sea  weed,  used  in  the  manufactu 
of  glass.     This  is  a  dark  colored  alkaline 
substance,  which,  in  a  furnace,  vitrifies  and 
becomes  transparent.  Encyc. 

KELP'Y,  n.  An  imaginary  spirit  of  the  wa 
ters,  in  the  form  of  a  hoise.     [Local  and 
vulgar.] 

KEL'SON.     [See  Keelson.] 

KELT'ER,  n.  [Dan.  kilter,  to  gird,  to  truss 
up  ;  kitte,  a  folding.] 

The  (jhrase,  he  is  not  in  kelter,  signifies,  he  is 
not  in  a  proper  dress  or  equipage,  or  not 
in  readiness. 

KEMB,  V.  t.  [Sax.  cemban,  to  comb]  To 
comb,  which  see.  Kemb  is  an  obsolete  or- 
thography. B.  Jonson.     Dri/dcn. 

KERI'ELIN,  n.  [Qu.Gr.  xftjw);7.ioi',  furniture.] 
A  tub ;  a  brewer's  vessel.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Chaucer. 

KEN,  V.  t.  [W.  ceniaw,  to  see;  ctiniaw,  to 
take  a  view,  to  perceive  ;  which  Owen  de- 
duces from  can,  coin,  clear,  bright,  fair, 
white,  and  sii;ht,  brightness,  and  this  coin- 
cides with  L.  canus,  white,  caneo,  to  be 
white,  and  this  with  L.  cano,  to  sing,  canto 
Eng.  to  cant,  to  chant.  These  coincide  in 
elements  with  G.  kennen,  to  know,  erken- 
ntn,  to  see,  know,  discern ;  D.  kennen. 
Sw.  kunna,  Dan.  kiender,  to  know,  to  be 
able  ;  Sa.\.  connan,  cunnan,  Goth,  kunnan, 
to  know.  In  Sa.x.  cennan  is  to  bear,  L. 
gigno,  Gr.  ytmau.  The  radical  sense  is  to 
strain,  extend,  reach.  In  Sans,  kanna  is 
an  eye.     See  Can.] 

1.  To  see  at  a  distance  ;  to  descry. 

Wc  ken  them  fioni  alUr.  Jlddison. 

3.  To  know  ;  to  understand.   Obs.  Shak.  Gay. 

[This  verb  is  used  chiejly  in  poetry.] 
KEN,  V.  i.  To  look  round.  Burton. 

KEN,  n.  View;  reach  of  sight. 

Coasting  they  kciit  the  land  within  tlieir  AeH. 

Dryden. 

KEN'DAL-GREEN,  n.  A  species  of  green 

cloth  made  of  kriulal.  Shak. 

KEN'NEL,  n.  [Vr.chenil ;  h.canile  ;    from 

L.  canis,  a  dog.] 

1.  A  house  or  cot  fur  dogs,  or  for  a  pack  of 
hounds. 

2.  A  pack  of  hounds  or  their  cry.        Encyc. 


3.  The  hole  of  a  fox  or  other  beast ;  a  haunt. 
KEN'NEL,  n.  [U.canale;  Fr.  canal ;  Eng. 
channel.] 

1.  The  water-coinse  of  a  street ;  a  little  ca- 
nal or  channel. 

2.  A  |)uddle. 
KEN'NEL,  I',  t.  To  lodge ;  to  lie  ;  to  dwell ; 

as  a  dog  or  a  fox. 

The  (log  kenneled  in  a  hollow  tree. 

L'Estrange. 

To  keep  or  confine  in  a 

TaUer. 

View  ;  sight.  Bacon. 

[VV.   cant,  a  hundred  ;   L, 


V.  I. 


,  n. 
n. 


KEN'NEL, 

kennel. 
KENNING 
KEN'TLE, 

centum.] 

In  commerce,  a  hundred  pounds  in  weight; 
as  a  kentk  of  fish.  [It  is  written  and  pro 
nounced  also  quintal.] 

KENT'LEDtiE,  ?!.  In  seamen's  language, 
pigs  of  iron  for  ballast  laid  on  the  floor  of 
a  ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

KEPT,  pret.  and  pp.  of  keep. 

KERB-STONE,  KIRB-STONE.  [See 
Curb-stone.] 

KERCHIEF,  n.  [contracted  from  cover- 
chief;  E'r.  coMiviV,  to  cover,  and  chef,  the 
head.     Chaitcer.] 

1.  A  head  dress ;  a  cloth  to  cover  the  head. 

Shak. 
A  cloth  used  in  dress.  Hayward. 

The  word  is  now  seldom  used,  except  in  its 
compound,  handkerchief,  and  sometimes 
neckerchief. 

KER'CHIEFED,  >        Dressed  ;     hooded  ; 

KER'CHIEFT,     (,"■    covered.  MUton 

KERF,  ?!.  [Sax.  cyrf;  ceorfan,  cearfan,  to 
cut,  Eng.  to  carve  ;  D.  kerf,  a  notch  ;  ker- 
vcn,to  cut;  G.  kerb,kerben,  Ir.  cearb.] 

The  cut  of  an  ax,  a  saw,  or  other  instru- 
ment ;  the  notch  or  slit  made  in  wood  by 
cutting. 


KERM'ES,  n.  [Ar. 


kiriniran,  coc- 


cus  baphica.     Castelt.] 

In  zoology,  an  insect  produced  in  the  ex- 
crescences of  a  species  of  small  oak,  or  the 
body  of  an  insect  transformed  into  a  grain, 
berry,  or  husk.  This  body  is  full  of  red 
dish  juice,  which  is  used  in  dyeing  red. 
Hence  the  word  cri'mTO/i.  Enci/c. 

KERM'ES-MINERAL,  n.  A  mineral  siih 
stance,  so  called  from  its  color.  It  is  a 
precipitate  of  antimony,  obtained  by  fu- 
sion with  a  fixed  alkali  and  subsequent  so 
luticn  in  boiling  water,  or  by  simple  ebul- 
lition. JVicholson.     Encyc. 

KERN,  n.  An  Irish  footman  or  foot-soldier. 

Spenser. 

2.  In  English  laws,  an  idle  person  or  vaga 
bond.  Encyc. 

iKERN,  n.    A  hand-mill  consisting  of  two 

I     stones,  one  of  which  is  turned  by  the  hand  ; 

I     usually  written  gwfrn,  which  see. 

2.  A  churn.     Obs. 

iKERN,  r.  i.  [G.  and  D.  kern,  a  kernel ;  G. 

I     kei-ticn,  to  ciudle.] 

11.  To  harden,  as  corn  in  ripening.       Carew. 

2.  To  take  the  form  of  corns  ;  to  granulate. 

I  Crete. 

KERN'-BABY,    n.   [corn-baby.]    An  image 

I     dressed    with    corn,   and   carried   before 

I     reapers  to  their  liarvest-home. 

KP^RN'EL,  n.  [Sax.  cyrnel,  a  little  corn 
grain  or  nut ;  G.  and  D.  kern  ;  Fr.  cer- 
neau  ;  W.  ciraren,  a  gland,  a  kernel.] 


i.  The  edible  substance  contained  in  the 
shell  of  a  nut.  .Wore. 

2.  Any  thing  included  in  a  shell,  husk  or  in- 
tegument ;  a  grain  or  corn  ;  as  a  kernel  of 
wheat  or  oats. 

3.  The  seed  of  pulpy  fruit ;  as  the  kernel  of 
an  apple.  Bacon. 

The  central   part  of  any  thing;  a  small 
mass  around  which  other  matter  is  con 
creted  ;  a  nucleus.  Jlrbuthnot. 

5.  A  hard  concretion  in  the  flesh. 

KERNEL,  t'.  i.  To  harden  or  ripen  into 
kernels  ;  as  the  seeds  of  plauts. 

KERN'ELLY,  a.  Full  of  kernels ;  resem- 
bling kernels. 

KERSEY,  n.  [\i.  kerzaai;  Fr.carisct;  Sp. 
carisea.] 

A  species  of  coarse  woolen  clolh;  a  coarse 
stuff  made  chiefly  in  Kent  and  Devon- 
shire in  England.  Encyc. 

KERVE,  r.  t.  To  carve.     [Xot  used.] 

jKERV'ER,  n.  A  carver.     IA'o(  used.] 

KE'SAR,  n.  [from  Cesar!]  .^n  emperor. 
Obs.  Spenser. 

KESTREL,  n.  A  fowl  of  the  genus  Falco, 
or  hawk  kind  ;  called  also  stannel  and 
iirindhover.  It  builds  in  hollow  oaks,  and 
feeds  on  quails  and  other  small  birds. 

Encyc. 

KETCH,  71.  [Fr.  quaiche ;  G.  and  D.  kits.] 
A  vessel  with  two  masts,  a  main  and  miz- 
cii-mast,  usually  from  JOO  to  250  tons  bur- 
den. Ketches  are  generally  used  as  yachts 
or  as  bomb-vessels.  The  latter  are  called 
bomb-ketches.  Mar.  Did. 

KETCHUP,  n.  A  sauce.     [See  Catchup.] 

KET'TLE,  n.  [Sax.  cell,  cetel  or  cylel;  G. 
kessel ;  D.  kefel  ;  Dan.  kedel  ;  S\v.  kitttl ; 
Russ.  kotel.] 

A  vessel  of  iron  or  other  metal,  with  a  wide 
mouth,  usually  without  a  cover,  used  for 
heating  and  boiling  water  or  other  liquor. 

Among  the  Tartars,  a  kettle  represents  a 
family,  or  as  many  as  feed  from  one  ket- 
tle. 

Among  Me  Dtitch,  a  battery  of  mortars  simk 
in  the  earth,  is  called  a  kettle.  Encyc. 

KET'TLE-DRLM,  n.  An  instrument  of 
martial  music,  composed  of  two  basins  of 
copper  or  brass,  rounded  at  the  bottoni 
and  covered  with  vellum  or  goat-skin. 

E/icyc. 

KET'TLE-DRUMMER,  n.  The  man  who 
beats  the  kettle-drum. 

KET"rLE-PINS,  ;i.  Ninepins;  skittles. 
iKEV  'EL,    ?!.   In   ships,  a  i)iece   of  timber 
serving  to  belay  the  slieets  or  great  ropes 
by  which  the  bottoms  of  the  fore-sail  and 
main-sail  are  extended.  Mar.  Dirt. 

|KEX,  n.  Hemlock;  the  stem  of  the  teasel; 
a  dry  stalk.     [See  Kecksy.] 

KEY,  n.  ke.  [Sa.\.  ca-g.]  In  a  general  sense, 
a  fastener;  that  which  fastens;  as  apiece 
of  wood  in  the  frame  of  a  builditig,  or  in  a 
chain,  &c. 

2.  An  instrun/cnt  for  shutting  or  opening  a 
lock,  by  pushing  the  bolt  one  way  or  the 
other.  Keys  are  of  various  forms,  and 
fitted  to  the  wards  of  the  locks  to  wliicb 
they  belong. 

3.  -An  instrument  by  which  something  is 
screwed  or  turned  ;  as  the  key  of  a  watch 
or  other  chronometer. 

4.  The  stone  which  hinds  an  arch.  [See 
Key-stone.] 


K  I  C 


K  I  D 


K  I  L 


5.  In  an  organ  or  harpsichord,  the  key,  or  fin 
ger  key  is  a  little  lever  or  piece  in  the  fore 
jiart  by  which  the  instrument  is  played  on 
by  the  fingers. 

0.  In  music,  the  key,  or  key  note,  is  the  fun- 
damental note  or  tone,  to  which  the  whole 
piece  is  accommodated,  and  with  which  it 
usually  begins  and  always  ends.  There 
are  two  keys,  one  of  the  major,  and  one  of 
the  minor  mode.  Key  sometimes  signifie; 
a  scale  or  system  of  intervals.     Rousseau. 

7.  An  index,  or  that  which  serves  to  explain 
a  cypher.     Hence, 

8.  That  which  serves  to  explain  any  thing 
difficult  to  be  understood. 

9.  In  the  Romish  church,  ecclesiastical  juris 
diction,  or  the  ])Ower  of  the  pope ;  or  the 
power  of  excommunicating  or  absolving. 

Encyc. 

10.  A  ledge  or  lay  of  rocks  near  the  surtace 
of  the  water. 

11.  The  husk  containing  the  seed  of  an  ash. 

Evelyn. 

KEY,  n.  [Jr.  ceigh;  D.  kaai ;  G.  kai ;  Fr. 
quai ;  Arm.  qae.  The  word  is  probably 
contracted  from  the  root  of  the  preceding 
word,  signifying,  to  hold,  make  fast,  re- 
strain.    Class  Cg.] 

A  bank  or  wharf  built  on  the  side  of  a  river 
or  harbor,  for  the  convenience  of  loading 
and  unloading  ships,  and  securing  them  in 
their  stations.  Hence  keys  are  furnished 
with  posts,  rings,  cranes,  capstans,  &c. 
It  is  sometimes  written  quay.  Encyc. 

KE'YAgE,  n.  Money  paid  for  the  use  of  a 
key  or  quay. 

KE'Y-eOLD,  a.  Lifeless.     [ATotinvse.] 

KE'YED,  a.  Furnished  with  keys ;  as  a 
keyed  insU'ument. 

2.  Set  to  a  key,  as  a  tune. 

KE'YIIOLE,  71.  A  hole  or  aperture  in  a 
door  or  lock,  for  receiving  a  key. 

KE'YSTONE,  n.  The  stone  on  the  top  or 
middle  of  an  arch  or  vaidt,  which  being 
wider  at  the  top  than  at  the  bottom,  enters 
like  a  wedge  and  binds  the  work;  proper- 
ly, the  fastening-stone. 

KHAN,  n.  kaun.  In  Wsi'a,  a  governor;  a 
king ;  a  prince  ;  a  chief.  In  Persia,  the 
word  denotes  the  governor  of  a  province; 
among  the  Tartars,  it  is  equivalent  to 
king  or  prince.  Eton. 

2.  An  inn. 

KHANATE,  n.  kaun'ate.  The  dominion  or 
jurisdiction  of  a  khan.  Tooke. 

KIBE,  n.  [This  word  has  the  elements  of 
chajp,  gap,  gape.    Class  Gb.  No.  7.     Per- 

haps  it  is  of  Persian  origin,     •  .v^i  ^^ 

kafidan,  to  crack,  to  split.     Qu.  Dan.  kiebe. 

the  chops.] 
A  chap  or  crack  in  the  flesh  occasioned  by 

cold  ;    an  ulcerated  chilblain  ;    as  in   the 

heels. 
KI'BED,  a.  Chapped  ;   cracked  with  cold 

affected  with  chilblains  ;  as  kibed  heels. 

Darwin. 
KI'BY,  a.  Affected  with  kibes. 
KICK,  V.  t.  [W.  ciciaw,  from  etc,  the  foot. 


Owen.     Pers. 


^- 


a  kicking.] 


To  strike  with  the  foot ;  as,  a  horse  kicks  a 
servant ;  a  man  kicks  a  dog. 


KICK,  V.  i.  To  practice  striking  with  the  foot 

or  feet ;  as  a  horse  accustomed  to  kick. 
2.  To  thrust  out  the  foot  or  feet   with  vio- 
lence,  either   in   wantonness,   resistance, 
anger  or  contempt ;  to  manifest  opposition. 

Wherefore  kick  ye  at  my  sacrifice  ?     1  Sam. 
ii. 

Jeshurun  waxed  fat  anJ  kicked.    Deut.  xxxii. 

It  is  hai'd  for  thee  to  kick  against  the  goads. 
Acts  ix. 

KICK,  n.  A  blow  with  the  foot  or  feet ;  a 

striking  or  thrust  of  the  foot. 
KICK'ED,  pp.  Struck  with  the  foot  or  feet. 
KICK'ER,  n.  One  that  kicks. 
KICK'ING,    ppr.    Striking  with  the  foot; 

thrusting  out  the  foot  with  violence. 
KICK'ING,  n.  The  act  of  striking  with  the 

foot,  or  of  yerking  the  foot  with  violence. 

What  cannot  be  effected  by  kicking,  may 

sometimes  be  done  by  coaxing. 
KICK'SHAW,  n.  [corrupted  from  Fr.  gweZ- 

que  chose,  something.] 

1.  Something  fantastical  or  uncommon,  or 
something  that  has  no  particular  name. 

2.  A  dish  so  changed  by  cooking,  that  it  can 
scarcely  be  known.  Johyiso7i. 

KICK'SilOE,  »!.  A  dancer,  in  contempt ;  a 

caperer  ;  a  buffoon.     [A  word   used  only 

by  Milton.] 
KID,  n.  [Dan.  kid ; Sw. kid,kidling ;  W. cidus, 

a  goat,  cidysen,  a  young  goat ;  L.  hadus  ; 

vulgar  Gr.  yiSa;  Sans,  ada  ;  Turk. getsi; 

Heb.   Ch.  nj  ;  Syr.  i*,.^v  ''•  '^i*^'  i    Russ. 
kidayu,  to  throw,  to  bring  forth  young.] 

1.  A  young  goat. 

2.  A  faggot;  a  bundle  of  heath  and  furze. 

Eng. 

KID,  V.  t.  or  i.  To  bring  forth  a  young  goat. 

2.  To  make  into  a  bundle,  as  faggots.    Eng. 

KID,  V.  t.  [Sax.  cythan.]  To  show,  discover 
or  make  known.     Obs.  Gower. 

KID'DER,  n.  [Sw.  kyta,  to  truck.]  An  en- 
grosser of  corn,  or  one  who  carries  corn, 
provisions  and  merchandize  about  the 
country  for  sale.  Eiig. 

KID'DLE,  ti.  A  kind  of  wear  in  a  river  for 

catching  fish  ;  corruptly  pronounced  kitlle. 

Mag.  Chartn. 

KID'DOW,  n.  A  web-footed  fowl,  called  al- 
so guillemot,  sea-hen,  or  skout. 

Chambers. 

KID'LING,  n.  [Sw.]  A  young  kid. 

Browne. 

KID'NAP,  V.  t.  [G.  kinderdieh ;  D.  kinder- 
dief,  child-thief  Kid  is  usually  supposed 
to  be  contracted  frotn  kind,  a  child,  in 
which  case,  nap  may  be  the  oriental  33J, 
to  steal.     See  Knab.] 

To  steal  a  human  being,  man,  woman  or 
child  ;  or  to  seize  and  forcibly  carry  away 
any  person  whatever  from  his  own  coun- 
try or  state  into  another.  Encyc. 

Kip'NAPPED,  pp.  Stolen  or  forcibly  car- 
ried away  ;  as  a  human  being. 

KID'NAPPER,  n.  One  who  steals  or  forci 
bly  carries  away  a  human  being ;  a  man 
stealer. 

KID'NAPPING,  ppr.  Stealing  or  forcibly 
carrying  away  human  beings. 

KID'NAPPING,  n.  The  act  of  stealing,  or 
forcible  abduction  of  a  human  being  fron 
his  own  country  or  state.  This  crime  was 
capital  by  the  Jewish  law,  and  in  modern 
times  is  highly  penal. 


KIDNEY,  n.  [I  have  not  found  this  word 
in  any  other  language.] 

1.  The  kidneys  are  two  oblong  flattened 
bodies,  extending  from  the  eleventh  and 
twelfth  ribs  to  the  fourth  lumbar  verte- 
bra, behind  the  intestines.  Their  use  is  to 
separate  the  urine  from  the  blood. 

Parr.     Quincy. 

2.  Sort;  kind.  [Jl  ludicroits  use  of  the  word.] 
^    ,  Shak. 

3.  A  cant  term  for  a  waiting  servant. 

TaUer. 

KIDNEY-BEAN,  n.  A  sort  of  bean  so  na- 
med from  its  resemblance  to  the  kidney. 
It  is  of  the  genus  Phaseolus. 

KIDNEY-FORM  ,     }  „  Having  the  form 

KID'NE  Y-SHAPED,  ]  "•  or  shape  of  a  kid- 
^^y-  Kirwan. 

KIDNEY-VETCH,  n.  A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Anthyllis. 

KIDNEY- WORT,  ji.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Saxifraga. 

KIF'FEKILL,    >  „    A  mineral,  the  meer- 

KEF'FEKILL,  S       schaum,  which  see. 

KIL,  n.  A  Dutch  word,  signifying  a  channel 
or  bed  of  a  river,  and  hence  a  stream. 

KIL'DERKIN,  n.  [Qu.  D.  kinderkin.]  A 
small  barrel ;  a  liquid  measure  containing 
two  firkins,  or  16  or  18  gallons.        Encyc. 

KILL,  I',  t.  [The  Dutch  has  keel,  the  throat, 
and  keelen,  to  cut  the  throat,  to  kill.  In 
Russ.  kolyu  is  to  stab.  But  this  word 
seems  to  be  allied  to  Sax.  cwell<in,  to  kill, 
to  quell,  that  is,  to  beat  down,  to  lay  ;  and 
if  so,  it  may  be  connected  witJi  D.  kwellen, 
G.  qualen,  Sw.  qualia,  Dan.  quceler,  to  tor- 
ment, but  in  Danish  to  .stifle,  choke  or 
quell.  This  affinity  is  rendered  probable 
by  the  seamen's  phrase,  to  kill  the  wind, 
that  is,  to  allay  or  destroy  it.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  life,  animal  or  vegetable,  in 
any  manner  or  by  atiy  means.  To  kill  an 
animal  or  a  plant,  is  to  put  an  end  to  the 
vital  functions,  either  by  destroying  or  es- 
sentially injuring  the  organs  necessary  to 
life,  or  by  causing  them  to  cease  from  ac- 
tion. An  animal  may  be  killed  by  the 
sword  or  by  poison,  by  disease  or  by  suf- 
focation. A  strong  solution  of  salt  will 
kill  plants. 

2.  To  butcher :  to  slaughter  for  food  ;  as,  to 
kill  an  ox. 

3.  To  quell  ;  to  appease  ;  to  calm  ;  to  still ; 
as,  in  seamen's  language,  a  shower  of 
rain  kills  the  wind. 

KIL'LAS,  n.  An  argillaceous  stone  of  a 
pale  gray  or  greenish  gray,  of  a  lamellar 
or  coarsely  granular  texture,  found  in 
Cornwall,  England.  JVicholson. 

KILL'DEE,  n.  A  small  bird  in  America,  sp 
called  from  its  voice  or  note  ;  a  species  of 
plover. 

KILL'ED,  pp.  Deprived  of  life  ;  quelled  ; 
calmed. 

KILLER,  n.  One  who  deprives  of  life;  he 
or  that  which  kills. 

KILL'ING,  ppr.  Depriving  of  life  ;  quell- 
ing. 

KIL'LINITE,  n.  A  mineral,  a  variety  of 
spodumene,  found  at  Killeney,  in  Ireland. 

Taylor. 

KIL'LOW,  n.  An  earth  of  a  blackish  or 
deep  blue  color.  Jl'oodirard. 

KILN,  Jl.  kil.  ISux.  cyln,  from  n//fHc,  a  fur- 
nace or  kitchen ;  t.  culina  ;  W.  cyt  and 
cylyu.] 


KIN 


K  I  N 


K  1  N 


1.  A  large  stove  or  oven  ;  a  fabric  of  brick 
or  stone  which  may  be  heated  for  the  pur- 
pose of  liardening,  burning  or  drying  any 
tiling  ;  as  a  kiln  for  baking  or  hardening 
earthen  vessels  ;  a  kiln  for  drying  grain 
or  nictil. 

2.  A  pile  of  l)rick  constructed  for  burning  or 
hanleninf; ;  called  also  a  brick-kiln. 

KIL'N-DRIEU,  pp.  Dried  in  a  kiln. 

KlL'N-DRy,  i'.  t.  kil-dnj.  To  dry  in  a  kiln  ; 
as,  to  kiln-dru  meal  or  grain. 

KlL'N-DR'ilNfi,  ppr.   Drying  in  a  kiln. 

KIL'OGRAM,  V.  [V<:  kilogramme  ;  Gr.l 
;^i>.iot,  a  thousand, and  ypau^ia.    See  Gram.] 

In  the  new  system  of  French  weights  and 
measures,  a  thousand  grams.  According! 
to  Lunier,  the  kilogram  is  equal  in  weight, 
to  a  cubic  decimeter  of  water,  or  two 
pounds,  five  drams  and  a  half. 

KIL'OLITER,  »i.  [Vr.  kilolitre ;  Gr.  a:AK>c,' 
a  thousand,  and  xirpa,  u  Greek  measure. 
See  Liter.] 

In  the  new  French  nioasuies,  a  thojisand  li- 
ters; or  2CJ  tiailoiis  and  44,231  cubic  in- 
ches. Aeconliiig  to  Lunier,  it  is  nearly 
equal  to  a  tun  of  wine  of  Bourdoaiix. 

KILOM'KTKli,  n.  [Fr.  kilometre  ;  Gr. 
ZO.1.01.,  a  lllou^und,  aud  /ufrpoi',  u  meter.] 

In  the  French  system  of  measures,  a  thou- 
sand meters  ;  the  meter  being  the  unit  of 
bnear  measure.  The  kilometer  is  nearly 
equal  to  a  quarter  of  a  French  league. 

Z,«jiiVr. 

KIT.T,  n.  A  kind  of  short  petticoat  worn  by| 
the  highlauders  of  Scotland. 

KILT,  pp.  Killed.     Ohs. 

KIM'IJO,       I        [probablv  from  the  Celtic 

KIM'BOW,  ^  "•  cam,  crooked.  Tlie  Italian 
sghembo,  crooked,  awry,  is  from  the  same 
source.] 

Crooked  ;  arched  ;  bent ;  as  a  kimbo  handle. 

Drydeti. 

To  set  the  arms  a  kimhn,  is  to  set  the  hands 
on  the  hips,  with  the  elbows  projecting! 
outward.  j 

KIN,  n.  [Sax.  n/»,  rynn,  or  ciitd,  gerynd,\ 
kind,  geiuis,  race,  relation  ;  Ir.  cine ;  G.i 
Atnrf,  a  child  ;  D.  kind  ;  W.  cenal,  ccnaut ; 
L.genvs;    Gr.  •yf^05 ;  connected   with  L. 

figno,  geno,  Gr.  yiro/toi.      Class  Gn.  No. 
9.     See  Begin.] 

1.  Relation,  properly  by  consanguinity  or 
blood,  but  perhaps  sometimes  used  for  re- 
lation by  affinity  or  marriage. 

This  nitin  is  of  kin  to  me. 

Bacon.     Drydin. 

2.  Relatives  ;  kindred  ;  persons  of  the  same 
race. 

— The  father,  mother  and  the  kin  beside. 

Dryden. 

3.  A  relation  ;  a  relative.  Davies. 

4.  The  same  generical  class ;  a  thing  rela- 
ted. 

And  the  car-deafening  voice  of  th'  oracle. 
Kin  to  Jove's  thunder.  Shak. 

5.  As  a  termination,  kin  is  used  as  a  dimin- 
utive, denoting  small,  from  the  sense  of 
cWW;  as  in  manikin,  a  little  man  ;  Tom- 
kin,  Jf'ilkin,  Pipkin. 

KIN,  a.  Of  the  same  nature  ;  kindred  ;  con- 
gpma].  Chaucer.', 

KIN'ATE,  ».  .\  salt  formed  by  the  union  of 
kinic  acid  with  a  base.  "  Jjre.\ 

KIND,   n.     [Sax.  cyn,  or  cynn.     See  Kin.] 

1.  Race  ;  genus ;  generic  class ;    as  in  mon-| 

Vol.  II. 


kind  or  humantinrf.  In  technical  lan- 
guage, kind  answers  to  genits. 

2.  Sort,  in  a  sense  more  loose  than  gciuis; 
as,  there  are  several  kinds  of  eloquence 
and  of  style,  many  kinds  of  music,  many 
kinds  of  govermnent,  various  kinds  of  ar- 
chitecliue  or  of  painting,  various  kinds  of 
soil,  &c 

■3.  Particular  nature  ;  as  laws  most  perfect 
in  their  kind.  Baker. 

4.  Natural  state;  produce  or  commodity,  as 
distinguished  from  money ;  as  taxes  paid 
in  kind. 

5.  Nature;  natural  propensity  or  determina- 
tion. 

Some  of  you,  on  pure  instinct  of  nature 
Arc  led  by  kind  I'  admire  your  fellow  creature. 

Dryden 

6.  Manner ;  way.     [Lillle  vsed.]  Bacon. 

7.  Sort.  He  spoke  with  a  kind  of  scorn  or 
contempt. 

KIND,  a.  [W.  and  Arm.  c«n,  kind,  favora- 
ble, attractive.  In  Ir.  ceann,  is  aflection. 
This  word  would  seem  to  be  connected 
with  the  preceding,  but  in  sense  it  coin- 
cides best  with  the  Teutonic  gunstig,  fa- 
vorable, kind,  from  G.  gonnen,  to  be  glad 
or  pleased,  to  love  to  see,  to  favor,  D. 
gunnen,  to  grant  or  vouchsafe.] 

1.  Disposed    to   do  good   to  others,  and  to 


make  them  happy  by  granting  their  re- 
quests, supplying    their  wauls   or   assist 
ing  them  in  distress;    having  tenderness 
or  goodness  of  nature  ;    benevolent ;   be 
nignant. 

God  is  kind  to  the  unthankful,  and  to   the 
evil.     Luke  vi. 

Be  ye  kind  one   to  another,  tender-hearted 
Eph.  iv. 

Proceeding  from  tenderness  or  goodness 

of  heart  ;    benc\oleut;    as  a  Aiwrf  act ;    a 

kind  return  of  fa\or.s. 
KIND'ED,  a.  Begotten.     Obs.     [See  AVii.] 

Spenser. 
KIN'DLE,   V.  /.     [VV.  cynneu;  h.  accendo ; 

from  the  root  oi  candeo,  caneo,  to  be  light 

or  white,  to  shine.] 

1.  To  set  on  fire ;  to  cause  to  burn  willi 
flame  ;  to  light ;  as,  to  kindle  a  fire. 

2.  To  inflame,  as  the  passions;  to  e.xasper- 
ate  ;  to  rouse ;  to  provoke  ;  to  excite  to  ac- 
tion; to  heat;  to  lire  ;  to  animate;  as,  to 
kindle  anger  or  wrath  ;  to  kindle  resent- 
ment ;  to  kindle  the  flame  of  love,  or  love 
into  a  flame. 

So  is  a  contentious   woman  to  kindle  strife 
Prov.  sxvi. 

To  bring  forth.  [Sax.  cennan.]  [jVotused.] 

ShakJ 
KIN'DLE,   V.  i.   To  take  fire  ;    to  begin  to! 

biirn  vyith  flame.     Fuel  and  lire  well  laid 

will  kindle  without  a  bellows. 
2.  To  begin  to  rage,  or  be  violently  excited ; 

to  be  roused  or  exasperated. 

It  shall  kindle  in  the  thickets  of  the  forest 
Is.  ix. 

KINDLED,  pp.  Set  on  fire  ;  inflamed ;  ex- 
cited into  action. 

KIN'DLER,  n.  He  or  that  which  kindles  or 
.sets  on  fire. 

KiNDLESS,  a.  Destitute  of  kindness;  un- 
iiaU'ral.  Shak. 

KINDLINESS,  n.  Aflection;  affectionate 
disposition ;  benignity. 

2.  Natural  disposition.  Milfoil. 

3 


KIN'DLING, p/jr.  Setting  on  fire;  causing 
to  burn  with  llame  ;   exciting  into  action. 

KINDLY,  o.  [See  Aznrf,  the  noun.]  Ilomo- 
gcneal;  congenial;  kindred;  of  the  same 
nature.  This  Johnson  supposes  to  be  the 
original  sense ;  hut  it  is  also  used  as  a  de- 
rivative of  the  adjective,  in  the  sense  of 

2.  Mild  ;  bland  ;  softening  ;  as  kiyidly  show- 
<"••«■  Prior. 

KINDLY,  adv.  With  good  will ;  with  a  dis- 
position to  make  others  haiijiv  or  to  oblige ; 
benevolently  ;  favorably.  Let  the  poor°be 
treated  kindly. 

Ke  kindly  affectioned  one  to  another,  with 
brotherly  love —     Rom.  xii. 

And  he  comforted  ihcni,  and  spake  kindlu 
unto  tliem.     Gen.  1. 

KINDNESS,  n.   [from  kind,  the  adjective.] 

1.  Good  will :  benevolence  ;  that  temper  or 
disposition  which  delights  in  contributing 
to  the  hapjiiness  of  others,  which  is  exer- 
cised cheerfully  in  gratilying  their  wishes, 
supplying  their  wants  oi"  alleviatiufr  their 
distresses;  benignity  of  nature.  Kindness 
ever  accompanies  love. 

There  is  no  man  whose  kindness  we  may  not 
sometime  want,  or  by  whose  malice  we  may 
not  sometime  suffer.  Rambler. 

Act  of  good  will ;  beneficence;  any  act  of 
benevolence  which  promotes  the  "happi- 
ness or  welfare  of  others.  Charity,  hos- 
pitahty,  attentions  to  the  wants  of  others, 
&c.,  are  deemed  acts  of  kindness,  or  kind- 
nesses.    Acts  xxviii. 

KIK'DRED,  n.  [from  kin,  kind;  Sax. 
cynren  ;  \V.  cenal,  cenedyl.] 

I.  Relation  by  birth  ;  cnnsanguinity. 

Like  her,  of  equal  kindred  to  the  throne. 

Dryden. 
Relation  by  marriage;  affinity. 
Relatives  by   blood   or   marriage,    more 
properly  the" former. 

1  hou  shalt  njo  unto  my  country  and  to  my 
kindred.     Gen.  xxiv. 

4.  Relation  ;  suit ;  connection  in  kind. 

Shak. 

KIN'DRED,  a.  Related;  congenial;  of  the 
like  nature  or  properties ;  as  kindred  souls  ; 
kindred  skies.  Dryden. 

KINE,  plu.  of  cow  ;  D.  koeyen.  But  coics, 
the  regular  iilural,  is  now  iii  general  use. 

KING,  n.  [Sax.  cyng,  cynig,  or  cyning ;  G. 
kcimg;  D.  koning;  iiw.  koniing,  kiing ; 
Dan.  kongc;  W.  cihi,  achief,  a  leader,  one 
that  attracts  or  draws.  If  the  Welsh  word 
is  the  same  or  of  the  same  family,  it  proves 
that  the  primary  sense  is  a  leader,  a  guide, 
or  one  who  goes  before,  for  the  radical 
sense  of  the  verb  must  be  to  draic.  It 
coincides  in  elements  with  the  Ir.  cean, 
head,  and  with  the  oriental  khan, or  kaun. 
The  primary  seuse  is  probably  a  head,  a 
leader.] 

1.  The  chief  or  sovereign  of  a  nation;  a 
man  invested  with  supreme  authority  over 
a  nation,  tribe  or  country  ;  a  monarch. 
Kings  are  absolute  monarchs,  when  they 
possess  the  powers  of  government  with- 
out control,  or  the  entire  sovereignty  over 
a  nation  ;  they  arc  limited  monarchs^  when 
their  power  is  restrained  by  fixed  laws; 
and  they  are  absolute,  when  they  possess 
the  whole  legislative,  judicial,  and  execu- 
tive power,  or  when  tlie  legislative  or  ju- 
dicial powers,  or  both,  are  vested  in  other 
bodies  of  men.  Kings  are  hereditary  sove- 
reigns, when  they  hold  the  powers  of  gov- 


K  I  N 


K  I  S 


K  N  A 


Pi-ninenl  by  right  of  birth  or  inheritance, 
and  elective,  when  raised  to  the  throne  by 
choice. 

Kin^s  will  be  tyrants  from  policy,  when  sub- 
jects are  rebels  from  principle.  Burke. 

2.  A  sovereign  ;  a  prince ;  a  ruler.  Christ 
is  called  the  king  of  liis  church.     Ps.  iu 

3.  A  card  having  the  picture  of  a  king  ;  as 
the  king  of  diamonds. 

4.  Tlie  cliief  piece  in  thegaine  of  chess. 
King  at  arms,  an  officer  in  England  of  great 

antiquity,  and  formerly  of  great  authority, 
wliose  business  is  to  direct  the  heralds, 
preside  at  their  cha])ters,  and  have  the 
jurisdiction  of  armory.  There  are  three 
kings  at  arms,  viz.  garter,  clarencieux, 
i\nd  norroy.  The  latter  [northroy]  offi- 
ciates north  of  the  Trent.  Encyc. 

KING,  V.  t.  In  ludicrous  language,  to  supply 
with  a  king,  or  to  make  royal ;  to  raise  to 
royalty.  Shak. 

KING'APPLE,  71.  A  kind  of  apple,  so 
called. 

KING'S  BENCH,  n.  A  high  court  or  tribu- 
nal in  England;  so  called  because  the  king 
used  to  si^  there  in  person.  It  is  the  su- 
preme court  of  common  law,  consisting  of 
a  chief  justice  and  three  other  justices. 

Blackstone. 

KINGBIRD,  n.  A  fowl  of  the  genus  Para- 
disea  ;  also,  a  species  of  the  genus  Musci- 
capa,  so  called  from  its  courage  in  attack- 
ing larger  fowls. 

KING'€R>AFT,  n.  The  craft  of  kings;  the 
act  of  governing  ;  iisitally  in  a  bad  sense. 

KING'€UP,  n.  A  flower,  crowfoot.       Gay. 

KING'S-EVIL,  n.  A  disease  of  the  scrofu- 
lous kind. 

K'ING  FISHER,  w.  A  fowl  of  the  genus 
Alcedo. 

KING'S-SPEAR,  ?i.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Asphodelus. 

KING'STONE,  n.  A  fish.  Ainsworth. 

KING'DOM,  H.  [king  and  dom,  jurisdic- 
tion.] 

I.  The  territory  or  country  subject  to  a  king ; 
an  undivided  territory  under  the  domin- 
ion of  a  king  or  monarch.  The  foreign 
possessions  of  a  king  are  not  usually  inclu- 
ded in  the  term  kingdom.  Thus  we  speak 
of  the  kingdom  of  England,  of  France  or 
of  Spain,  without  including  the  East  or 
West  Indies. 

3.  The  inhabitants  or  population  subject  to 
a  king.     The  whole  kingdom  was  alarmed. 

3.-  In  natural  history,  a  division  ;  as  the  ani- 
mal, vegetable  and  mineral  kingdoms. 

4.  A  region  ;  a  tract ;  the  place  where  any 
thing  prevails  and  holds  sway ;  as  the 
watery  kingdom.  Shak. 

5.  In  Scripture,  the  government  or  universal 
dominion  of  God.  1  Chron.  x.xix.  Ps. 
cxlv. 

6.  The  power  of  supreme  administration. 
1  Sam.  xviii. 

7.  A  princely  nation  or  state. 

Ve  shall  be  unto  me  a  kingdom  of  priests. 
Ex.  xix. 

8.  Heaven.     Matt.  xxvi. 

9.  State  of  glory  in  heaven.     Matt.  r. 

10.  The  reign  of  the  Messiah.     Matt.  iii. 

II.  Government;  rule:  supreme  adminis 
tration. 

KING'DOMED,  a.   Proud  of  royalty. 

Shak. 


KING'IIOOD,  ji.    State  of  being  a  king. 

Obs.  Gower. 

KING'LESS,  a.  Having  no  king.      Byron. 
KING'LIKE,  a.  Likeakiiig. 
KING'LING,  n.  A  httle  king. 
KING'LY,  a.  Belonging  to  a  king;  suitable 

to  a  king  ;  as  a  kingly  couch.  Shak. 

2.  Royal ;  sovereign ;  niouarcbical ;  as  a 
kingly  government. 

3.  Noble  ;  august ;  splendid  j  becoming  a 
king  ;  as  kingly  magnificence. 

KING'LY,  adv.  With  an  air  of  royalty  ;  with 
a  superior  dignity. 
Low  bow'd  the  rest  ;  he,  kingly,  did  but  nod. 

Pope 

KING'SHIP,  n.  Royalty;  the  state,  office 
or  dignity  of  a  king.  King  Charles. 

KIN'I€,  a.  Pertaining  to  cinchona;  as 
the  kinic  acid.  Ure. 

KINK,  n.  [Svv.  kink,  D.  kink,  a  bend  or 
turn.     Qu.  L.  cingo.] 

The  twist  of  a  rope  or  thread,  occasioned  by 
a  spontaneous  winding  of  the  rope  or 
thread  when  doubled,  that  is,  by  an  effort 
of  hard  twisted  ropes  or  threads  to  un- 
twist, they  wind  about  each  other. 

KINK,  V.  i.  To  wind  into  a  kink;  to  twist 
spontaneously. 

KINK'HAUST,  n.  The  chincough.  [JVot 
tcsed.] 

KI'NO,  )!.  An  astringent  resin  obtained 
from  an  African  tree.  Hooper. 

&'iHa  consists  of  tannin  and  extractive. 

Ure. 

KINS'FOLK,  ».  [kin  and  folk.]  Relations 
kindred ;  persons  of  the  same  family 
06,9. 

KINS'MAN,  n.  [kin  and  man.]  A  man  of 
the  same  race  or  family  ;  one  related  by 
blood.  Dryden. 

KINS'WoMAN,  Ji.  A  female  relation. 

Dennis. 

KI1"PER,  n.  A  term  applied  to  a  salmon, 
when  unfit  to  be  taken,  and  to  the  time 
when  they  are  so  considered.  Eng. 

KIRK,  n.  kurk.  [Sax.  cyrc  or  ciric ;  Gr. 
xiiptaxj;,  from  xvptoj,  lord.] 

In  Scotland,  a  church.  This  is  the  same 
word  as  church,  differently  written  and 
pronounced.     [See  Church.] 

KIRK'MAN,  n.  One  of  the  church  of  Scot- 
land. 

KIR'TLE,;Ji.  ker'tl.  [Sa.x.cyrtel ;Sw.  kiortel] 

1.  An  upper  garment ;  a  gown  ;  a  petticoat ; 
a  short  jacket  ;  a  mantle. 

Johnson.     Encyc. 

2.  A  rpiantity  of  flax,  about  a  hundred 
pounds.  Encyc. 

[I  know  not  that  this   word  is  used  in 

Jlmeiica.] 
KIR'TLED,  a.  Wearing  a  kirtle. 
KISS,   V.  t.    [Sax.  cyssan;   G.  kilsstn;   D. 

kuschen  ;  Sw.  kyssa  ;  Uan.  kysser.] 

1.  To  salute  with  the  lips. 

2.  To  treat  with  fondness  ;  to  caress. 
The  hearts  of  princes  kiss  obedience. 

Shah. 

3.  To  touch  gently. 

When  the  sweet  wind   did   gently  kiss  the 
trees.  Sliak. 

KISS,  71.  A  salute  given  with  the  lips;  a  com- 
mon token  of  aflection. 
KISS'ED,  pp.  Saluted  with  a  kiss. 
KISS'ER,  71.  One  that  kisses. 
KISS'ING,  p2""-  Saluting  with  the  lips. 


KISS'ING-€C»MFIT,  n.  Perfumed  sugar- 
plums to  sweeten  the  breath.  Shak^ 

KISS'ING-€RUST,  n.  In  cookery,  the  crust 
of  a  loaf  that  touches  another. 

iKIST,  n.  A  chest.     [JVbi  used.] 

•KIT,  n.  [D.  kit.]     A  large  bottle.      Skinner. 

i2.  A  small  fiddle.  Grew. 

3.  A  kind  of  fish- tub,  and  a  milk-pail. 

Entick. 
[I  know  not  that  this  word  is  used  in 
America.] 

KIT'-CAT,  n.  A  term  applied  to  a  club  in 
London,  to  which  Addison  and  Steele  be- 
longed ;  so  called  from  Christopher  Cat,  a 
pastry  cook,  who  served  the  club  with 
mutton  pies ;  applied  also  to  a  portrait 
three  fourths  less  than  a  half  length,  pla- 
ced in  the  club-room.  Todd. 

KITCH'EN.  71.  [Sax.  cycene  ;  G.  kiiche  ;  D. 
keuken  ;  Sw.  kok;  Dan.  kokke  ;  W.  cegin; 
It.  cucina  ;  L.  coquina ;  Sp.  cocina  ;  from 
the  root  of  L.  coquo,  to  cook.] 

1.  A  cook-room ;  the  room  of  a  house  ap- 
propriated to  cookery. 

A  fat  kitchen  makes  a  lean  will.       Franklin  ■ 

2.  In  ships,  the  galley  or  caboose. 

3.  A  utensil  for  roasting  meat ;  as  a  tin 
kitchen. 

KITCH'EN-GARDEN,  n.  "A  garden  or 
piece  of  ground  appropriated  to  the  rais- 
ing of  vegetables  for  the  table. 

KITCHEN-MAID,  n.  A  female  servant 
whose  business  is  to  clean  the  kitchen  and 
utensils  of  cookery,  or  in  general,  to  do  the 
work  of  a  kitchen. 

KITCHEN-STUFF,  n.  Fat  collected  from 
pots  and  dripping  pans.  Donne. 

KITCHEN-WENCH,  77.  The  woman  who 
cleans  the  kitchen  and  utensils  of  cookery. 

KITCH'EN- WORK,  7!.  Work  done  in  the 
kitchen  ;  as  cookery,  washing,  &.c. 

KITE,  71.  [Sax.  cyta.]  A  rapacious  fowl  of 
the  genus  Falco  or  hawk,  remarkable  fo? 
gliding  through  the  air  without  frequently 
moving  its  wings  ;  hence  called  glide. 

2.  A  name  of  reproach,  denoting  rapacity. 

Shak. 

3.  A  light  frame  of  wood  and  paper  con- 
structed for  flying  in  the  air  for  the  amuse- 
ment of  boys. 

KITE,  71.  In  the  north  of  England,  the  belly. 
KI'TEFQOT,  71.  A  sort  of  tobacco,  so  called. 
KI'TESFOOT,  71.  A  plant.  Ainsworth. 

KITH,  71.  [Sax.  cyththe.]  Acquaintance.  06*. 

Gower. 
KIT'LING,  71.  [h.calulus.]    A  whelp;  the 

vonnw  of  a  beast.  B.  Jonson. 

KiT'TEN,  71.    kifn.    [D.  katje.]     A  young 

cat,  or  the  young  of  the  cat. 
KIT'TEN,  r."i.  kit'n.  To  bring  forth  young, 

as  a  cat. 
KIT'TIWAKE,   71.    A  fowl  of  the  genus 

Larus,  or  gull  kind. 
KIT'TLE,  V.  t.    [Sax.  citelan.]     To  tickle. 

LYot  used.]  Sherwood. 

KLICK,    V.  i.    [a  different  orthography  or 

diminutive  of  clack.] 

1.  To  make  a  .<malJ,  sharp  sound  by  striking 
two  things  together. 

2.  In  Scotland,  to  jjilfer,  by  taking  with  a 
snatch. 

KLICK,  71.    A  stroke  or  blow.  [A  word  in 

vulgar  tisc] 

KNAB,  V.  t.  nab.  [D.  knapptn  ;  G.  id.]     To 

bite  ;   to  gnaw  ;    to  nibble.  [This  word! 


K  N  A 


K  N  E 


K  N  I 


may  belong  to  tlic  root  of  nibble,  and  it 
properly  signifies  to  catch  or  seize  sud- 
denly with  the  teeth.]  UEstrange.^ 
KNAB'BLE,  v.  u  To  bite  or  nibble.  [.Voij 
used.]  Brown. 
KNACK,  n.  nak.  A  little  machine ;  a  petty 
contrivance;  a  toy. 

A  knack,  a  toy,  a  trick,  a  baby's  cap. 

Shak. 

2.  A  readiness;  habitual  facility  of  perform- 
ance ;  dexterity ;  adroitness. 

My  author  has  a  great  knack  at  remarks. 

Atterbury. 
The  Dean  was  famous  in  his  time. 
And  had  a  kind  of  knack  at  rliyme.       Swift. 

3.  A  nice  trick. 

For  how  'should  equal  colors  do  the  knack  7 
Cameleons  who  can  paint  in  wliite  and  black  ? 

Pope. 
KNACK,   V.  i.    nak.    [G.   knacken ;    Dan. 

knager.] 

To  crack ;    to  make   a  sharp  abrupt  noise 

[LUlleuscd.]  Johnwn. 

KNACK'ER,  n.  nak'er.   A  maker  of  knacks, 

toys  or  small  work.  Mortimer. 

2.  A  rope-maker,  or  collar-maker,     [j^ot  in 

use.]  ^ilinsworth.     Entick. 

KN.\G,  n.    nag.    [Dan.  knag,  Sw.  knagg,  a 

knot  in  wood,  Ir.  cnag,  \V.  cnicc.] 

1.  A  knot  in  wood,  or  a  protuberant  knot ;  a 
wart. 

2.  A  peg  for  hanging  things  on. 

3.  The  shoot  of  a  deer's  horns. 
KXAG'GY,     n.    nag'gy.    Knotty;    full   of 

knots;  rough  with  knots;  hence,  rough  in 

temper. 
KNAP,  n.  nap.  [Sax.cnwp,  W.  cnop,  abut- 

ton,  a  knob,  D.  knop.] 
A  protuberance  ;    a  swelling.     [Little  used. 

See  Knob.]  Bacon 

KNAP,  V.  t.  nap.  [D.  knappen.     See  Knab.] 

1.  To  bite;  to  bite  off;  to  break  short.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  More. 

2.  To  strike   with  a  sharp  noise.      [Little 
used.]  Bacon. 

KNAP,  V.  i.    nap.    To  make  a  short,  sharp 

sound.  jriseman. 

KNAP'BOTTLE,  n.  nap'bottle.  A  plant. 
KNAP'PISH,  a.  nap'pish.  Snappish.     [See 

Snap.] 
KNAP'PLE,  V.  i.  nap' pie.  To  break  off  with 

an  abrupt  .sharp  noise. 
KNAP'SACK,  n.  nap' sack.  [G.  knappsack ; 

D.  knapzak,  from  knappen,  to  eat.] 
A  soldier's  bag,  carried  on  his  back,  and  con 

taining  necessaries  of  food  and  clothing. 

It  may  be  of  lether  or  coarse  cloth. 
KNAP'WEED,  n.  nap' weed.  A  plant  of  the 

genus  Centaurea,  so  called  probably  from 

knap,  a  button.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

KN'AR,   n.    n'ar.    [G.  knor  or  knorren  :  D. 

knor.]     A  knot  in  wood.  Dryden. 

KN'ARLED,  a.  Knotted.  [See  Gnarled.] 
KN'ARRY,  a.  Knotty.  Chaucer. 

ICN.WE,  n.    nave.    [Sax.  cnapa  or  cnafa,  a 

boy ;    G.  knabe ;    D.  knaap  ;    Dan.  knab  ; 

originally,  a  boy  or  young  man,    then 

servant,  and  lastly  a  rogue.] 

1.  A  boy  ;  a  man-child.     06s. 

2.  A  servant.     04s.  Dryden. 

3.  A  false  deceitful  fellow;  a  dishonest  man 
or  boy. 

In  defiance  of  demonstration,  knaves  will  con- 
tinue to  proselyte  fools.  .iines 

4.  A  card  with  a  soldier  painted  on  it. 

Hudibras. 


KNA'VERY,  n.  na'vety.  Dishonesty ;  de- 
ception in  traffick  ;  trick  ;  petty  villainy  ; 
fraud.  Shak.     Dryden. 

2.  Mischievous  tricks  or  ])ractices. 

KNAVISH,  a.  na'vish.  Dishonest; 
lent ;  as  a  knainsh  fellow,  or  a 
trick  or  transaction. 

2.  Waggish ;  mischievous. 
Cupid  is  a  knavish  lad. 
Thus  to  make  poor  females  mad. 


fraud  u- 
knavish 


Shak. 


KNA'VISIILY,  7iavishly.  Dishonestly; 
fraudulently. 

2.  Waggishly ;  mischievously. 
KNA'VISHNESS,     n.    na'vishness.      The 

quality  or  habit  of  knavery  ;  dishonesty. 

KNAW'EL,  n.    naw'el.  A  species  of  plant. 

KNEAD,  r.t.  nead.  [Sax.  cnmdan ;  G.  kne- 
tcn  ;  D.  kneeden ;  Dan.  kneder ;  Sw.  knS.- 
da.] 

To  work  and  press  ingredients  into  a  mass, 
usually  with  the  hands ;  particularly,  to 
work  into  a  well  mixed  mass  the  materi- 
als of  bread,  cake  or  paste ;  as,  to  knead 
dough. 

The  cake  she  kneaded  was  the  savory  meat. 

Prior. 

KNE'ADED,  pp.  ne'aded.  Worked  and 
pressed  together. 

KNE'ADING,  ppr.  ne'ading.  Working  and 
mixing  into  a  well  mixed  mass. 

KNEADING-TROUGH,  n.  ne'ading-trauf. 
A  trough  or  tray  in  which  dough  is  work 
ed  and  mixed. 

IKNEB'ELITE,  n.  neb'elite.  [from  Von 
Knebel.] 

A  mineral  of  a  gray  color,  spotted  with  dirty 
white,  brownish  green,  or  green. 

Phillips. 

KNEE,  n.  nee.  [Sax.  cneotv ;  G.  knie;  D. 
knie  ;  Sw.  kna  ;  Dan.  Ana: ;  Fr.  g-e?!ou  ;  It 
ginocchio  ;  L.  genu  ;  Gr.  yon  ;  Sans,  janu 
As  the  same  word  in  Saxon  signifies  gen- 
eration, it  appears  to  belong  to  the  family 
of  ywofuu,  geno,  and  to  signify  a  shoot  or 
protuberance.] 

1.  In  anatomy,  the  articulation  of  the  thigh 
and  leg  bones. 

3.  In  ship-building,  a  piece  of  timber  some- 
what in  the  shape  of  the  human  knee 
when  bent,  having  two  branches  or  arms, 
and  used  to  connect  the  beams  of  a  ship 
with  her  sides  or  timbers.  Mar.  Diet. 

KNEE,  v.t.  nee.  To  supplicate  by  kneeling. 

[^rot  used.]  Shak. 

KNEE-eRQOKING,  o.  nee'crooking.    Ob 

sequious.  Shcik. 

KNEED,  a.    need.    Having  knees;    as  j?i 

kneed,  out-kneed. 

2.  In  botany,  geniculated ;  forming  an  ob- 
tuse angle  at  the  joints,  like  the  knee 
when  a  little  bent ;  as  knecd-grass. 

Martyn. 
KNEE-DEEP,  a.  nee'-deep.    Rising  to  the 

knees  ;  as  water  or  snow  knee-deep. 
2.  Sunk  to  the  knees ;  as  wading  in  water 

nr  mire  knee-deep. 
KNEE-lIIGH,a.  nee-hi.  Rising  to  the  knees; 

as  water  knee-high. 
KNEE'llOLLY,   n.    nee'holly.    A  plant  of| 

the  genus  Ruscus. 
KNEE'HOLM,  n.  nee'home.  Kneeholly. 
KNEE'PAN,  n.  nee'pan.    The  round  bone 

on  the  fore  part  of  the  knee. 
KNEEL,  r.  i.  neel.    [D.  knielen ;  Dan.  knce- 

ler;     Fr.   ageuouiller,   from    genouil,    the 

knee.] 


To  bend  the  knee  ;  to  fall  on  the  knees : 
sometimes  with  down. 

.■Vs  soon  as  you  are  dressed,  kneel  doten  and 
say  the  Lord's  prayer.  Taylor. 

KNEE  LER,  n.  nee'ler.  One  who  kneels  or 
worships  by  kneeling. 

KNEE'LING,  ppr.  nee'ling.  Falling  on  the 
knees. 

KNEE'TRIBUTE,  n.  nee'tribule.  Tribute 
paid  by  kneeling ;  worship  or  obeisance 
by  genuflection.  Milton. 

KNELL,  n.  nell.  [Sax.  cnyll ;  cnyllan,  to 
beat  or  knock ;  W.  cnul,  a  passing  bell; 
G.  knalleyi,  to  clap  or  crack;  Sw.knalla  ; 
Dan.  gneller,  to  bawl.] 

Properly,  the  stroke  of  a  bell ;  hence,  the 
sound  caused  by  striking  a  bell ;  appro- 
priately and  perhaps  exclusively,  the 
sound  of  a  bell  rung  at  a  funeral  ;  a  toll- 
ing. 

KNEW,  pret.  of  know. 

KNIFE,  n.  nife;  plu.  knives;  nives.  [Sax. 
cnif;  Dan.  kniv ;  Sw.  knif;  Fr.  ganif  or 
canif.  This'  word  seems  to  have  a  con- 
nection with  the  D.  knippen,  Sw.  knipa,  to 
clip  or  pinch,  to  nip ;  Dan.  kniber,  G. 
kneifen,  AY.  cneiriaw,  to  clip,  to  shear.  Its 
primary  sense  then  is  an  instrument  that 
nips  off,  or  cuts  off  with  a  stroke.] 

1,  A  cutting  instrument  with  a  sharp  edge. 
Knives  are  of  various  shapes  and  sizes, 
adapted  to  tlieir  respective  uses  ;  as  table 
knives;  carving  k7iives  or  carvers;  pen- 
knivcs,  &c. 

2.  A  sword  or  dagger.  Spenser. 
KNIGHT,    n.     nite.    [Sax.  cniht,  cneohi,  a 

boy,  a  servant,  Ir.  cniocbt,  G.  knecht,  D. 
knegt,  Sw.  knecht,  Dan.  knegt.] 

1.  Originally,  a  knight  was  a  youth,  and 
jouug  men  being  employed  as  servants, 
hence  it  came  to  signify  a  servant.  But 
among  our  warlike  ancestors,  the  word 
was  particularly  applied  to  a  young  man 
after  he  was  admitted  to  the  privilege  of 
bearing  arms.  The  admission  to  this 
privilege  was  a  ceremony  of  great  impor- 
tance, and  was  the  origin  of  the  institu- 
tion of  knighthood.  Hence,  in  feudal 
times,  a  knight  was  a  man  admitted  to 
military  rank  by  a  certain  ceremony. 
This  privilege  was  conferred  on  youths  of 
family  and  fortune,  and  hence  sprung  the 
honorable  title  of  knight,  in  modern  usage. 
A  knight  has  the  title  of  Sir. 

Encyc.     Johnson. 

2.  A  pupil  or  follower.      *  Shak. 

3.  A  champion.  Drayton. 
Knight  of  the  post,  a  knight   dubbed  at  the 

whipping  post  or  pillory  ;  a  hireling  wit- 
ness. Johnson. 

Knight  of  the  shire,  in  England,  one  of  the 
representatives  of  a  county  in  parliament, 
originally  a  knight,  but  now  any  gentle- 
man having  an  estate  in  land  of  six  hun- 
dred pounds  a  year  is  qualified.     Johnson. 

KNIGHT,  I',  t.  nite.  To  dub  or  create  a 
knight,  which  is  done  by  the  king  who 
gives  the  person  kneeling  a  blow  with  a 
sword,  and  says,  rise,  Sir.  Johnson. 

KNIGHT-ERRANT,  n.  [knight  and  L. 
errans,  erro,  to  wander.] 

.\  wandering  knight ;  a  knight  who  traveled 
in  search  of  adventures,  for  the  purpose 
of  exhibiting  mihtary  skill,  prowess  and 
generosity. 


K  N  O 


K  N  O 


K  N  O 


KNIGIIT-ER  RANTRY,  ;i.  Tlio  practice 
of  wamlerijig  iii  qriesi  of  adventures;  the 
manners  of  wandering   knights. 

KNIGHT-HEADS,  n.  In  ships,  bollard  tim- 
bers, two  pieces  of  timber  rising  just  with- 
in the  stem,  one  on  each  side  of  the  bow- 
sprit to  secure  its  inner  end ;  also,  two 
strong  frames  of  timber  which  inclose  and 
support  the  ends  of  the  windlass. 

Mar.  Diet. 

KNIGHTHOOD,  n.  The  character  or  dig- 
nity of  a  knight. 

9.  A  military  order,  honor,  or  degree  of  an 
cient   nobility,  conferred   as  a  reward  of 
valor  or  merit.     It  is  of  four  kinds,  mili- 
tary, regular,  honorary,  and  social. 

Encijc 

KNIGHTLLVESS,  n.    Duties  of  a  knight 

■Spenser. 

KNIGHTLY,    a.    Pertaining  to   a  knight 
becoming  a  knight ;  as  a  knighHy  combat 

Sidney. 

KNIGHT-M'ARSHAL,  n.  An  officer  in 
the  household  of  the  British  king,  who 
has  cognizance  of  transgressions  within 
the  king's  household  and  verge,  and  of 
contracts  made  there.  Encyc 

KNIGHT-SERVICE,  n.  In  English  feudal 
law,  a  tenure  of  lands  held  by  knights  on 
condition  of  performing  military  service, 
every  possessor  of  a  knight's  fee,  or  estate 
originally  of  twenty  pounds  annual  value, 
being  obliged  to  attend  the  king  in  his 
wars. 

KNIT,  V.  t.  nit.  pret.  and  pp.  knit  or  knit 
led.  [Sax.  cnijUan  ;  Sw.  knyta  ;  Dan.  knyt 
ter;  probably  L.  nodo,  whence  nodus,  Eng. 
knot.] 

! .  To  unite,  as  threads  by  needles  ;  to  con- 
nect in  a  kind  of  net-work  ;  as,  to  knit  a 
stocking. 

2.  To  imitc  closely  ;  as,  let  our  hearts  be 
knit  together  in  love. 

3.  To  join  or  cause  to  grow  together. 

Nature  cannot  kriit  the  bones,  while  t)ie 
parts  aie  under  a  discliarge.  Wiseman 

4.  To  tie  ;  to  fasten. 

And  he  saw  heaven  openc.l,  and  a  certain 
vessel  descendina;  to  him,  as  it  were  a  great 
sheet  knit  at  the  lour  corners.     Acts  x. 

5.  To  draw  together;  to  contract;  as,  to 
knit  the  brows. 

KNIT,  V.  i.  nit.  To  unite  or  interweave  by 

needles. 
2.  To  unite  closely  ;  to  grow  together.  Bio 
ken  bones  will  in  time  knit  and  become 
sound. 

KNIT,  n.  nit.  Union  by  knitting ;  texture. 
[Little  userf.] 

KNIT'TABLE,  a.  nit'table.  That  may  be 
knit. 

KNIT'TER,  71.  nit'ler.  One  that  knits. 

KNIT'TING,  ppr.  nil'ting.  Uniting  by  nee- 
dles ;  forming  texture;  uniting  in  growth. 

KNIT'TING,  n.  Junction.  IVotton. 

KNIT'TING-NEEDLE,  n.  nit' ting-needle. 
A  long  needle  usually  made  of  wire,  used 
for  knitting  threads  into  stockings,  gar- 
ters, &c. 

KNIT'TLE,  n.  nil' I.  [from  knit.]  A  string 
that  gathers  or  draws  together  a  purse. 

3.  A  small  line  used  in  ships  to  sling  ham- 
mocs.  Mar.  Diet. 

KNOB,  n.  nob.  [Sax.  cncep  ;  G.  knopf;  D. 
kiwop ;  Sw.  knopp ;  Dan.  knop,knub,  knap  ; 


VV.   cnwh,  cnwpa.     The  word  signifies  a 

button,  a  top,  a  bunch.] 
A  hard  i)rotnberance  ;    a   hard   swelling  or 

rising  ;  a  bunch  ;  as  a  knob  in  the  flesh  or 

on  a  bone.  Ray. 

KNOB'BED,  a.  nob'bed-  Containing  knobs; 

full  of  knobs. 
KNOB'BINESS,  n.  nob'biness.  [from  knob 

by-] 
The  qiuility  of  having  knobs,  or  of  being  full 

of  protuberances. 
KNOB'BY,  a.  nob'by.  Full  of  knobs  or  hard 

protuberances ;  hard. 
KNOCK,  v.i.  nok.  [Sax.  cnueian  ;  W.  cno- 

eiaw ;  Sw.  knaeka?] 

1.  To  strike  or  beat  with  something  thick 
or  heavy  ;  as,  to  knock  with  a  club  or  with 
the  fist ;  to  knock  at  the  door.  We  never 
use  this  word  to  express  beating  with  a 
■small  stick  or  whip. 

2.  To  drive  or  be  driven  against;  to  strike 
against ;  to  clash  ;  as  when  one  heavy' 
body  knocks  against  another. 

To  knock  under,  to  yield;  to  submit;  to  ac-l 
knowledge  to  be  conquered  ;  an  expres- 
sion borrowed  from  the  practice  of  A:;iocA:- 
ing  under  the  table,  when  conquered. 

Johnson. 

KNOCK,  V.  f.  nok.  To  strike ;  to  drive 
against ;  as,  to  knock  the  head  against  a 
jiost. 

2.  To  strike  a  door  for  admittance ;  to  rap. 

To  knock  down,  to  strike  down  ;  to  fell ;  to 
prostrate  by  a  blow  or  by  blows;  as,  to 
knock  down  an  ox. 

To  knock  oat,  to  force  out  by  a  blow  or  by 
blows  ;  as,  to  knock  out  the  brains. 

To  knock  up,  to  arouse  by  knocking.  In 
popular  use,  to  beat  out ;  to  fatigue  till 
unable  to  do  more. 

To  knock  off,  to  force  off  by  beating.  At 
auctions,  to  assign  to  a  bidder  by  a  blow 
on  the  counter. 

To  knock  on  the  head,  to  kill  by  a  blow  or  by 
blows. 

KNOCK,  n.  nok.  A  blow  ;  a  stroke  with 
something  thick  or  heavy. 

2.  A  stroke  on  a  door,  intended  as  a  re- 
quest for  admittance  ;  a  rap. 

KNOCK'ER,  n.  nok'cr.    One   that  knocks. 

2.  An  instrument  or  kind  of  hammer,  fas- 
tened to  a  door  to  be  used  in  seeking  for 
admittance. 

KNOCK'ING, /)/?)•.  nok'ing.  Beating;  stri- 
king. 

KNOCK'ING,  n.  nok'ing.  A  beating ;  a 
rap. 

KNOLL,  V.  t.  noil.  [Sax.  cnyllan,  to  beat  or 
strike.     See  Knell.] 

To  ring  a  bell,  usually  for  a  funeral.     Shak. 

KNOLL,  V.  i.  noil.  To  sound,  as  a  bell. 

Shak. 

[This  word,  I  believe,  is  not  used  in  Amer- 
ica.] 

KNOLL,  n.  noil.  [Sax.  enoll;  Sw.  kyiyl, 
knot;  W.  cnoL] 

The  top  or  crown  of  a  hill;  but  more  gen- 
erally, a  little  round  hill  or  mount;  a  small 
elevation  of  earth. 

KNOI',  n.  nop.  [a  different  spelling  of  knap 
or  710&.] 

A  knob  ;  a  tufled  top  ;  a  bud  ;  a  bunch  ;  a 
button. 

KNOP'I'ED,  a.  nop'ped.  Having  knops  or 
knobs;  fastened  as  wilit  buttons. 


KNOT,  n.  not.  [Sax.  enotta;  G.  knolen;  D. 
kTtot ;  Hw.  knota  ;  Dan.  knude  :  L.  nodus; 
probably  connected  with  knit,  but  perhaps 
from  swelling  or  gathering.] 

1.  The  complication  of  threads  made  by 
knitting ;  a  tie ;  union  of  cords  by  inter- 
weaving ;  as  a  knot  dilricult  to  be  untied. 

Any  figure,  the  lines  of  which  frequently 
intersect  each  other;  as  a  knot  in  garden- 
ing. 

In  beds  and  curious  knots.  JHUton. 

A  bond  of  association  or  union ;  as  the 
nuptial  knot. 

4.  The  part  of  a  tree  where  a  branch  shoots. 

5.  The  protuberant  joint  of  a  plant. 

Matiyn. 

A  cluster ;  a  collection  ;  a  group ;  as  a 
knot  of  ladies  ;  a  knot  of  figures  in  paint- 
ing. 

7.  Difficulty  ;  intricacy ;  something  not  eas- 
sily  solved.  South. 

8.  Any  intrigue  or  diflicult  perjilexity  of  af- 
fairs. Dryden. 

9.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Triuga. 

10.  An  epaulet. 

11.  In  seamen's  language,  a  division  of  the 
logline,  which  answers  to  half  a  minute,  as 
a  mile  does  to  an  hour,  or  it  is  the  hun- 
dred and  twentieth  part  of  a  mile.  Hence, 
when  a  ship  goes  eight  miles  an  hour,  she 
is  said  to  go  eight  knots.  Mar.  Diet. 

KNOT,  V.  t.  not.  To  complicate  or  tie  in  a 
knot  or  knots  ;  to  form  a  knot. 

2.  To  entangle  ;  to  perplex. 
.3.  To  unite  closely.  Bacon. 
KNOT,  V.  i.   not.   To  form  knots  or  joints, 

as  in  plants. 

2.  To  knit  knots  for  fringe. 

KNOT15ERRY,  n.  nofberry.  A  plant  of 
the  gciiiis  Rubus. 

KNOT'GRASS,  n.  nol'grass.  The  name  of 
several  species  of  plants,  so  denominated 
from  the  joints  of  the  stem.  The  common 
knotgrass  is  the  Polygonum  aviculare. 

KNOT'LESS,  a.  not'less.  Free  from  knots; 
without  knots.  Martyn. 

KNOT'TED,  a.  noVted.  Full  of  knots  ;  ha- 
ving knots  ;  as  the  knotted  oak.      Dryden. 

2.  Having  intersecting  figures.  Shak. 

KNOT'TINESS,  n.  not'tiness.  [from   knot- 

«.'/■] 

Fullness  ot  knots;  the  quality  of   having 
many  knots  or  swellings. 
Ditficulty  of  solution  ;  Uitricacv. 
KNOT'TY,  a.  not'ty.  Full  of  knots;  having 
many  knots  ;  as  knotty  timber. 

2.  Hani;  rugged;  as  a  foioHiy  head.      JRoice. 

3.  Diflicult ;  intric.ite  ;  perplexed  ;  as  a  knot- 
ty question   or  point. 

KNOUT,  ji.  nout.  .\  punishment  in  Russia, 
inflicted  with  a  whip. 

KNOW,  V.  t.  no.  pret.  knew;  pp.  known. 
[Sax.  cnawan ;  Russ.  znnyu,  with  a  pre- 
fix. This  is  probably  from  the  same  ori- 
ginal !is  the  L.  nosco,  co<(nosco,  Gr.  jivaaxa, 
although  much  variect  in  orthography. 
.Vosfo  makes  novi,  which,  with  />•  or  c  pre- 
fi.xed,  gnovi  or  cnori,  would  coincide  with 
knoiD,  knew.  So  L.  cresco,  crcvi,  coincides 
with  grow,  grew.  The  radical  sense  of 
knowing  is  generally  to  take,  receive,  or 
bold.] 

1.  To  perceive  with  certainty ;  to  under- 
stand clearly  ;  to  have  a  clear  and  certain 
perception  of  truth,  fact,  or  any  thing  that 
actually  exists.      To  ^iioio   a   thing   pre- 


K  N  O 


K  O  i\ 


K  Y  A 


eludes  all  doiilit  or  uncertainty  of  its  e.\-| 
istence.  We  know  what  we  see  with  our] 
eyes,  or  perceive  Ijy  other  senses.  We 
know  that  fire  and  water  are  different  sub- 
stances. We  know  that  truth  and  false- 
hood ex])ressj  ideas  incompatible  with 
each  other.  We  knoiv  that  a  circle  is 
not  a  square.  We  do  not  know  the  truth 
of  reports,  nor  can  we  always  knoiu  what 
to  believe. 

2.  To  be  informed  of;  to  be  taught.  It  is 
not  unusual  for  us  to  say  we  know  things 
from  information,  when  we  rely  on  the 
veracity  of  the  informer. 

3.  To  distinguish  ;  as,  to  know  one  man 
from  another.  We  know  a  fixed  star  from 
aplanet  by  its  twinkling. 

4.  To  recognize  by  recollection,  remem- 
brance, representation  or  description.  We 
do  not  always  know  a  person  after  a  long 
absence.  We  sometimes  know  a  man  by 
having  seen  liis  portrait,  or  having  heard 
him  described. 

5.  To  be  no  stranger  to ;  to  be  familiar. 
This  man  is  well  known  to  us. 

6.  In  Scripture,  to  have  sexual  commerce 
with.     Gen.  iv. 

7.  To  approve. 

The  Lord  knoweth  the  way  of  the  rigliteous 
Ps.  i. 

8.  To  learn.     Prov.  i. 

9.  To  acknowledge  with  due  respect.  1 
Thess.  v. 

10.  To  choose ;  to  favor  or  take  an  interest 
in.     Amos  iii. 

11.  To  commit ;  to  have. 

He  hath  made  him  to  be  .sin  lor  us,  who 
knew  no  sin.     2  Cor. 

12.  To  have  full  assurance  of;  to  have  sat- 
isfactory evidence  of  any  thing,  though 
short  of  certainty. 

KNOW,  IV  J.  710.  To  have  clear  and  certain 
perception ;  not  to  be  doubtful ;  some- 
times with  of. 

If  any  man  will  do  his  will,  he  shall  know  of 
the  doctrine,  whether  it  be  of  God,  or  whether! 
speak  of  myself.     John  vii. 

2.  To  be  informed. 

Sir  John  must  not  know  of  it.  Shak. 

3.  To    take   cognizance   of;   to  examine. 

Kiiow  of  your  vouth — examine  well  your 
blood.  ■  Shak 

KNOWABLE,  a.  no'able.  That  may  be 
known;  tliat  may  be  discovered,  under- 
stood or  ascertained.         Locke.    Bentley. 

KNOWER,  !i.  no'ei:  One  who  knows. 

KNOWING,  ppr.  no'ing.  Having  clear  and 
certain  perception  of. 

2.  a.  Skillful ;  well  informed  ;  well  instruct- 
ed;  as  a  knowing  man. 

The  knowing  and  intelligent  part  of  the 
world.  South. 

3.  Conscious;  intelligent. 

A  knowing  prudent  cause.  Blaekmore. 

KNOWING,  71.  7io'{?i^.  Knowledge.   Shak. 
KNOWINGLY,  adv.  no'ingly.  With  knowl- 
edge.   He  would  not  knou<ing!ij  offend. 


KNOWL'ED6E,  n.  nol'lej.  [Chaucer. 
knowleching,  from  knowleche,  to  acluiowl- 
edge.     Ciu.  the  sense  oi' lech.} 

1.  A  clear  and  certain  perception  of  that 
which  exists,  or  of  truth  and  fact ;  the 
perception  of  the  coiuiection  and  agree- 
ment, or  disagreement  and  i-epugnancy  of 
our  ideas.  Encyc.     Locke. 

We  can  have  no  knowledge  of  that 
which  does  not  exist.  God  has  a  perfect 
knowledge  of  all  his  works.  Human 
knowledge  is  very  limited,  and  is  mostly 
gained  by  observation  and  experience. 

2.  Learning  ;  illumination   of  mind. 

Ignorance  is  the  curse  of  God, 
Knowledge   the  wing   wherewith  we   Hy  to 
heaven.  Shak 

3.  Skill ;  as  a  knowledge  of  seamanship. 

4.  Acquaintance  with  any  fact  or  person.  1 
have  no  knowledge  of  the  man  or  thing. 

5.  Cognizance  ;  notice.     Iluth  ii. 
t!.  Information  ;  jiowtu-  of  knowing.  Sidney 
7.  Sexual   intercourse.      But  it  is   usual   to 

prefix  carnal;  as  carnal  knowledge. 

KNOWLEDGE,  for  acknowledge  or  avow. 
is  not  used.  Bacon. 

KNUB,  )  ,,  ,    nub,       I  To  beat  ;    to 

KNUli'BLE,^^-'-  nub'ble.  I  strike  with 
the  knuckle.     [jYot  used.] 

KNUCK'LE,  n.  nuk'l.  [Sa.x.  cnucl ;  G.  knO- 
chel ;  D.  kneukel ;  W.  cmtc,  a  joint  or  junc- 
tion ;  cnuciaw,  to  join,  to  couple.] 

1.  The  joint  of  a  finger,  particularly  when 
protuberant  by  the  closing  of  the  fingers. 

i.  The  knee  joint  of  a  calf;  as  a  knuckle  of| 
veal. 

3.  The  joint  of  a  plant.     [jVb<  used.] 

Bacon. 

KNUCK'LE,  V.  i.  nuk'l.  To  yield  ;  to  sub- 
mit in  contest  to  an  antagonist. 

KNUCK'LED,  a.  Jointed.  Bacon. 

KNUFF,  7!.  nuff.  A  lout ;  a  clown.  [jVol 
used] 

KNUR,        )       nur,      ([G.  knoiren,  a  knot, 

KNURLE,  5  "•  nurle.  J    a  knag,  a  guar.] 

A  knot ;   a  hard  sidjstance.  Woodward. 

KNURL'ED,  a.  nurl'ed.   Full  of  knots. 

KNUR'LY,  a.  nur'ly.  [from  knur.]  Full 
of  knots ;  hard.  This  seems  to  be  the 
same  as  gnarly. 

KNUR'RY,  a.  nur'ry.  Full  of  knots. 

KOB.\,  71.  An  antelope,  with  horns  close  at 
the  base. 

KO'KOB,  71.  A  venomous  serpent  of  Amer- 
ica. 

KOL'LYRITE,  7!.  [Gr.  xoXKvptof.]  A  variety 
of  clay  whose  color  is  pure  white,  or  witii 
a  shade  of  gray,  red  or  yellow. 

Cleaveland. 

KOM'MANIC,  71.  The  crested  lark  of  Ger- 
many. 

KON'ILITE,  71.  [Gr.  xovos,  dust,  and  %.i9os, 
a  stone.] 

\  mineral  in  the  form  of  a  loose  powder, 
consisting  chiefly  of  silex,  and  remarkably 
fusible.  Phillips. 


KONITE.     [See   Cotiitc] 

KO'PECK,  n.  A  Russian  coin,  about  tlic 

value  of  a  cent. 
KO'RAN,  7!.  pronounced  by  oriental  schol- 

ars  korawn.     [Ar.     •  \ ^'i    from    \    'j   to 
read,  to  call,  to  teach.] 

The  Mohammedan  book  of  faith  ;  the  alko- 
ran. 

KO'RET,  71.  A  delicious  fish  of  the  East 
Indies. 

KO'RIN,  71.  An  antelope  with  slender  smooth 
horns. 

KOUPH  OLITE,  71.  [Gr.  xoi^oj,  light,  and 
^eos,  stone.] 

A  mineral,  regarded  as  a  variety  of  prehn- 
ite.  It  occurs  in  minute  rhonihDidal 
plates,  of  a  greenish  or  yellowish  white, 
translucid,  glistening  and  pearly.  It  is 
found  in  the  Pyrenees.  Cteaveiund. 

KRAAL,  71.  In  the  southern  part  of  Aiiica. 

I  among  the  Hottentots,  a  village;  a  collec- 
tion (5f  huts. 

JKRAG,  71.  A  species  of  argillaceous  earth. 

jKR-iVKEN,  n.    A  supjiosed  enormous  sea 

I     animal.  Guthrie. 

jKRU'KA,  n.  A  bird  of  Russia  and  Sweden, 

I     resembling  a  hedge  sparrow.         Pennant. 

jKU'Fl€,  a.  The  Kufic  letters  were  the  an- 
cient letters  of  the  .Vrahic,  so  called  from 
Kufa,  on  the  Euphrates. 

KU'MISS,  71.  A  liquor  or  <lrink  made  from 
mare's  milk  fermented  and  distilled  ;  milk- 
spirit,  used  hy  the  Tartars.  Tooke. 

KU'RIL,  71.  A  bird,  the  black  petrel. 

Pennant. 

KURIL'IAN,  a.  The  Kurilian  isles  are  a 
chain  in  the  Pacific,  extending  from  the 
southern  extremiiy  of  Kamschatka  to 
Jesso. 

KY,  71.  Kine.  [JVbt  in  use] 

KY'ANITE,  n.  [G.  %a7ii7,  Werner ;  from 
the  Gr.  xiuio;,  sky-colored.  It  is  written 
also  cyanite,  hut  most  iniprnjierl}-,  if  pro- 
nounced kyanite.  Kyanite  is  doubtless  the 
preferable  orthography.] 

A  mineral  found  both  massive  and  in  regu- 
lar crystals.  It  is  frequently  in  broad  or 
compressed  six-sided  prisms,  with  bases  a 
little  inclined  ;  or  this  crystal  may  be 
viewed  as  a  four-sided  prisiii,  truncated  on 
two  of  its  lateral  edges,  diagonally  oppo- 
site. Its  prevailing  color  is  blue,  whence 
its  name,  but  varying  from  a  fine  Prussian 
blue  to  sky-blue,  or  bluish  white.  It  oc- 
curs also  of  various  shades  of  green,  and 
even  gray,  or  white  and  reddish.  It  is  in- 
fusible by  the  common  blowpipe.  Thi.^i 
mineral  is  called  by  Haiiy  and  Brongniart, 
disthcnc,  and  by  Saussure,  sappare. 

Cleaveland. 

KYAN'OfiEN,  71.  [Gr.  xi«iw,  blue,  and 
ysiioo,  to  beget.] 

Carbureted  azote  ;  the  compound  base  of 
prussic  acid,  called  also  prxissine. 


LAB 


LAB 


LAB 


li,  the  twelfth  lettei-  of  the  EngUsh  Alpha- 
bet, is  usually  denominated  a  semi-vowel, 
or  a  liquid.  It  represents  an  imperfect 
articulation,  formed  by  placing  the  tip  of* 
the  tongue  against  the  gum  that  incloses 
the  roots  of  the  upper  teeth  ;  but  the  sides 
of  the  tongue  not  being  in  close  contact 
with  the  roof  of  the  mouth,  the  breath  of 
course  not  being  entirely  intercepted,  this 
articulation  is  attended  with  an  imfjerfect 
sound.  The  shape  of  the  letter  is  evi- 
dently borrowed  from  that  of  the  oriental 
lamed,  or  loinad,  nearly  coinciding   with 

the  Samaritan  Z. 

L  has  only  one  sound  in  English,  as  in  like, 
canal.  At  the  end  of  monosyllables,  it  is 
often  doubled,  as  in  fall,  full,  tell,  bell ;  but 
not  after  diphthongs  and  digraphs  ;  foul, 
fool,  prowl,  ^rowl,  foal,  &c.  being  written 
with  a  single  I. 

With  some  nations,  I  and  r  are  commutable ; 
as  in  Greek,  Xi^iiov,  L.  lilium ;  It.  scoria,  an 
escort,  Sp.  Port,  escolta.  Indeed,  l  and  r 
are  letters  of  the  same  organ. 

By  some  nations  of  Celtic  origin,  I,  at  the 
beginning  of  words,  is  aspirated  and 
doubled  in  writing,  as  in  the  W.  lied,  L 
lahis  ;  Han,  a  lawn  ;  llawr,  a  foor ;  Sp. 
llamar,  L.  clamo. 

In  some  words,  I  is  mute,  as  in  half,  calf, 
walk,  talk,  chalk. 

In  our  mother  tongue,  the  Anglo-Saxon,  I  is 
sometimes  preceded  by  h,  and  aspirated, 
as  in  hlaf  loaf;  hladan,  to  lade  or  load ; 
kiot,  lot ;  hlinian,  lUeonian,  to  lean,  Gr. 
xxivu,  L.  clino.  In  the  latter  word,  the 
Saxon  h  represents  the  Greek  x  and  Latin 
f,  as  it  does  in  many  other  words. 

In  English  words,  the  terminating  syllable 
le  is  unaccented,  the  e  is  silent,  and  7  has  a 
feeble  sound ;  as  in  able,  eagle,  pronoun- 
ced abl,  eagl. 

As  a  numeral,  L  denotes  50,  and  with  a 
dash,  Li  50,000.  As  an  abbreviation,  in 
Latin,  it  stands  for  Lucius ;  and  L.L.S. 
for  a  sesterce,  or  two  libree  and  a  half. 

Encyc. 

LA,  eiclam.  [perhaps  corrupted  from  look, 
but  this  is  doubtful.] 

Look  ;  see  ;  behold.  Shak. 

LA,  in  music,  the  syllabic  by  which  Guido 
denotes  the  last  sound  of  each  hexachord. 

Encyc. 

LAB,  n.  A  great  talker ;  a  blabber.     Obs. 

Chaucer. 

LAB'ADIST,  ji.  The  Labadists  were  follow- 
ers of  Jean  de  Labadie,  who  lived  in  the 
17th  century.  They  held  that  God  can 
and  docs  deceive  men,  that  the  observance 
of  the  sabbath  is  a  matter  of  indifference, 
and  other  peculiar  or  heretical  opinions. 

Encuc. 

LABDANUM.     [See  Ladanum.] 


LABEFACTION,  n.   [L.   labefactio,  from 

labefacio  ;    labo,  to    totter,    and  facio,  to 

make.] 
A  weakening  or   loosening ;  a  failing ;  de 

cay  ;  downfall ;  ruin. 
LAB'EFY,  V.  t.  To  weaken  or  impair.  [JVo< 

used.'l  Did. 

LA'BEL,  n.  [W.  llah,  a  strip  ;  labcd,  a  label.] 

1.  A  narrow  slip  of  silk,  paper  or  parch- 
ment, containing  a  name  or  title,  and  af- 
fi.xed  to  any  thing,  denoting  its  contents. 
Such  are  the  labels  afSxed  to  the  vessels 
of  an  apothecary.  Labels  also  are  affixed 
to  deeds  or  writings  to  hold  the  appended 
seal.  Harris. 

2.  Any  paper  annexed  to  a  will  by  way  of 
addition  ;  as  a  codicil.  Encyc. 

•3.  In  heraldry,  a  fillet  usually  placed  in  the 
middle,  along  the  chief  of  the  coat,  with- 
out touching  its  extremities.  It  is  adorned 
with  pendants,  and  used  on  the  arms  of 
the  eldest  son,  to  distinguish  him  from  the 
younger  sons,  while  the  father  is  living. 

Encyc. 

4.  A  long  thin  brass  rule,  with  a  small  sight 
at  one  end,  and  a  center-hole  at  the  other, 
commonly  used  with  a  tangent  line  on  the 
edge  of  a  circumferentor,  to  take  altitudes, 
&c.  Encyc. 

LA'BEL,  V.  t.  To  affix  a  label  to. 

LA'BELED,  pp.  Furnished  with  a  label 

h.\'BELlNG,ppr.  Distinguishing  by  a  label. 

LA'BENT,  a.  [L.  labcns.]  Sliding  ;  gliding 

Did. 

L.\'BIAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  labium,  a  lip.  See 
Lip.] 

Pertaining  to  the  lips ;  formed  by  the  lips ; 
as  a  labial  articulation.  Thus  b,  p,  and  m 
are  labial  articulations,  and  oo,  Fr.  ou,  It. 
u,  is  a  labial  vowel. 

LA'BIAL,  n.  A  letter  or  character  repre- 
senting an  articulation  of  the  lips;  as  b,f, 
m,  p,  V. 

LA'BIATE,      )         [from   L.  labium,   lip. 

LA'BIATED,  ^  "'  In  botany,  a  labiate  co 
rol  is  irregular,  nionopetalous,  with  two 
lips,  or  nionopetalous,  consisting  of  a  nar- 
row tube  with  a  wide  mouth,  divided  into 
two  or  more  segments  arranged  in  two 
opposite  divisions  or  lips.  A  labiate  flow- 
er has  a  labiate  corol.         Martyn.     Encyc. 

LA'BILE,  a.  [Low  L.  tahilis.]  Liable  to  err, 
full  or  apostatize.     [jVot  used.]         Cheyne. 

LABIODENT'AL,  a.  [labium,  a  lip,  and 
dens,  a  tooth.] 

Formed  or  pronoiuiced  by  the  cooperation  of 
the  lips  and  teeth;  as^and  v.  Holder. 

LA'BOR,  n.  [L.  labor,  from  labo,  to  fail.] 
Exertion  of  muscular  strength,  or  bodily 
exertion  which  occasions  weariness;  par- 
ticularly, the  exertion  of  the  limbs  in  oc- 
cupations by  wliicli  subsistence  is  obtain- 
eil,  as  in  agriculture  and  manufactures,  in 
distinction  from  exertions  of  strength  in 


play  or  amusements,  which  are  denomi- 
nated exercise,  rather  than  labor.  Toil- 
some work;  pains;  travail;  any  bodily 
exertion  which  is  attended  with  fatigue. 
After  the  labors  of  the  day,  the  farmer  re- 
tires, and  rest  is  sweet.  Moderate  labor 
contributes  to  health. 

What  is  obtained  by  labor,  vpill  of  right  be  the 
property  of  him  by  whose  labor  it  is  gained. 

Rambler. 
Intellectual  exertion  ;  appHcation  of  the 
mind  which  occasions  weariness;  as  the 
labor  of  compiling  and  writing  a  history. 
Exertion  of  mental  powers,  united  with 
bodily  employment ;  as  the  labors  of  the 
apostles  in  propagating  Christianity. 

4.  AVork  done,  or  to  be  done  ;  that  which  re- 
quires wearisome  exertion. 

Being  a  labor  of  so  great  difficulty,  the  exact 
performance  thereof  we  may  rather  wish  than 
look  for.  Hooker. 

o.  Heroic  achievment;  as  the  taior*  of  Her- 
cules. 

G.  Travail ;  the  pangs  and  efforts  of  child- 
birth. 

7.  The  evils  of  life;  trials;  persecution,  &c. 
They  rest  from  their  labors —    Rev.  xiv. 

LA'BOR,  V.  i.  [L.  laboro.]  To  exert  muscu- 
lar strength  ;  to  act  or  move  with  painful 
effort,  |)articularly  in  servile  occupations; 
to  work  ;  to  toil. 

Six  days  shall   thou  labor,  and  do   all   tlij 
work —     Ex.  XX. 

2.  To  exert  one's  powers  of  body  or  mind, 
or  both,  in  the  prosecution  of  any  design  ; 
to  strive  ;  to  take  pains. 

Labor  not  for  the  meat  which  perisheth. 
John  VI. 

5.  To  toil  ;  to  be  burdened. 
Come  unto  me  all  ye    that   labor,  and  are 

heavy  laden,  and  I  will  give  you  rest.  Matt.  xi. 

4.  To  move  with  difficulty. 
The  stone  that  tabors  up  the  hill. 

Glanville. 

5.  To  move  irregularly  with  little  progress  ; 
to  pitch  and  roll  heavily  ;  as  a  ship  in  a 
turbulent  sea.  Mar.  Diet. 

G.  To  be  in  distress  ;  to  be  pressed. 

— As   sounding   cymbals    aid    the    laborino; 
moon.  Dryden. 

7.  To  bo  in  travail;  to  suffer  the  pangs  of 
childbirth. 

8.  To  journey  or  march. 
Make   not    all  the  people   to  labor    thiUicr. 

Josh.  vii. 

9.  To  perform  the  duties  of  the  pastoral  of- 
fice.   1  Tim.  v. 

10.  To  perform  christian  offices. 
To  labor  under,  to    be   alllicted  with;  to  be 

biu(kiic<l  or  distressed   with;  as,  to  labor 
undir  a  disease  or  an  allliclion. 
L.'V'BOK,  V.  I.  To  work  at ;  to  till ;  to  culti- 
vate. 

Tlio  most  excellent  Kinds  are  lying  fallow,  or 
only  labored  liy  cliildren.  "       Tooke. 

2.  To  prosecute  with  dfort ;  to  urge  ;  as,  to 
labor  a.  point  or  argument. 


LAB 


LAC 


LAC 


S.  To  form  or  fabricate  with  exertion  ;  as,  to 
labor  arms  for  Troy.  Dnjden 

4.  To  beat;  to  belabor.  [The  latter  ivord  is 
generally  used.]  Dryden. 

5.  To  form  with  toil  and  care ;  as  a  labored 
com|)oi>ition. 

LA'BORANT,  n.  A  chimist.     [Not  used.] 

Boyle. 
LAB'ORATORY,  n.  [Fr.  laboratoire,  from 
labor.] 

1.  A  iiouse  or  place  where  operations  and 
experiments  in  chimistry,  pharmacy,  pyro- 
techny,  &c.,  are  performed. 

2.  A  place  where  arms  are  manufactured  or 
repaired,  or  fire-works  prepared ;  as  the 
laboratory  in  Springfield,  in  Massachu- 
setts. 

3.  A  place  where  work  is  performed,  or  any 
thing  is  prepared  for  use.  Hence  the 
stomach  is  called  the  grand  laboratory  of 
the  human  body  ;  the  liver,  the  laboratory 
of  the  bile. 

LA'BORED,p;).  Tilled;  cultivated;  formed 
with  labor. 

LA'lJORER,  n.  One  who  labors  in  a  toil- 
some occupation ;  a  man  who  does  work 
that  requires  little  skill,  as  distinguished 
from  an  artisan. 

LA'BORING,  ppr.  Exerting  muscular 
strength  or  intellectual  ])ower;  toiling; 
moving  with  [laiu  or  with  difficulty ;  cul- 
tivating. 

2.  A  laboring  inan,  or  laborer,  is  often  used 
for  a  man  who  performs  work  that  re- 
quires no  apprenticeship  or  professional 
skill,  in  distinction  from  an  artisan  ;  but 
this  restricted  sense  is  not  always  observ- 
ed. A  hard  laboring  man,  is  one  accus- 
tomed to  hard  labor. 

LABO'RIOUS,  a.  [h.  laboriosus ;  Fr.  labo- 
rieux.] 

1.  Using  exertion  ;  employing  labor;  dili- 
gent in  work  or  service  ;  assiduous;  used 
of  persons  ;  as  a  laborious  husbandman  or 
mechanic  ;  a  laborious  minister  or  pastor. 

2.  Requiring  labor  ;  toilsome  ;  tiresome ;  not 
easy  ;  as  laborious  duties  or  services. 

3.  Requiring  labor,  exertion,  perseverance 
or  sacrifices. 

Dost  tliou  love  watchings,  abstinence  or  toil, 
laborious   virtues    all  ?     Learn   tliese    from 
Cato.  Addison. 

LABO'RIOUSLY,  adv.  With  labor,  toil  or 
difficultv.  Pope. 

LABO'RIOUSNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing laborious,  or  attended  with  toil ;  toil- 
someness ;  difficulty. 
2.  Diligence ;  assiduity. 
LA'BORLESS,  a.   Not  laborious. 

Brerewood. 

LA'BORSOME,  a.  Made  with  great  labor 

and  diligence.     [JVot  in  use.]  Sandys, 

LABURN'UM,  n.  A  tree  of  the  genus  Cy- 

tisus. 
LAB'YRINTU,    n.    [L.    labyrintlms ;     Gr. 
?.a8v|JU'0os.] 

1.  Among  the  ancients,  an  edifice  or  place 
full  of  intricacies,  or  formed  with  winding 
passages,  which  rendered  it  difficult  to  find 
the  way  from  the  interior  to  the  entrance. 
The  most  remarkable  of  these  edifices' 
mentioned,  are  the  Egyptian  and  the  Cre-j 
tan  labyrinths.  Encyc.     Ltmpriere. 

2.  A  maze  ;  an  inexplicable  difficulty. 

3.  Formerly,  an  ornamental  maze  or  wilder- 
ness in  gardens.  Spmser.\ 


4.  A  cavity  in  the  ear.  Quincy. 

LABYRINTH'IAN,  a.  Winding;  intricate 
perplexed.  Bp.  Hall. 

LA€,  n.  [Sp.  laca  ;  G.  lack  ;  Dan.  D.  lak ; 
said  to  be  from  the  Arabic] 

Gum-lac,  so  called,  but  improperly,  not  be- 
ing a  gum,  but  a  resin.  It  is  deposited  on 
difl'erent  s|)ecies  of  trees  in  the  East  In 
dies,  by  an  insect  called  Chermes  lacca. 
Stick  lac  is  the  substance  in  its  natural 
state,  encrusting  small  twigs.  When 
broken  oflf  and  boiled  in  water,  it  loses 
its  red  color,  and  is  called  seed  lac.  When 
melted  and  reduced  to  a  thin  crust,  it  is 
called  shell  lac.  United  with  ivory  black 
or  vermilion,  it  forms  black  and  red  seal- 
ing iva.i:  A  solution  with  borax,  colored 
by  lampblack,  constitutes  Indian  ink.  Lac 
dissolved  in  alcohol  or  other  menstrua,  by 
difl^erent  methods  of  preparation,  consti- 
tutes various  kinds  of  varnishes  and  lack- 
ers. Thomson. 

LAC'CIC,  a.  Pertaining  to  lac,  or  produced 
from  it ;  as  laccic  acid. 

LACE,  n.  [Sp.  lazo,  a  tie  or  knot,  Fr.  lacet, 
It.  laccio,  L.  laqueus.] 

1.  A  work  composed  of  threads  interwoven  in- 
to a  net,  and  worked  on  a  pillow  w  ith  spin- 
dles or  pins.  Fine  laces  are  manufactured 
in  France,  Italy  and  England. 

2.  A  string  ;  a  cord.  Spenser. 

3.  A  snare  ;  a  gin.  Fairfax. 

4.  A  plaited  string  with  which  females  fas- 
ten their  clothes. 

Doll  ne'er  was  called  to  cut  her  lace.      Swift. 
LACE,  V.  i.  To  fasten  with  a  string  through 
eyelet  holes. 

When  Jenny's  stays  are  newly  laced — 

Prior. 
2.  To  adorn  with  lace  ;  as  cloth   laced  with 
silver.  Shak. 

3.,  To  embellish  with  variegations  or  stripes. 
Look,  love,  what  envious  streaks 
Do  lace  the  severing  clouds  in  yonder  east. 

Shak. 
4.  To    beat;  to  lash  ;    [probably    to    make 
stripes  on.] 

I'll  lace  your  coat  for  ye.  V Estrange. 

LA'CE-BARK,  n.  A  shrub  in  the  W.  in- 
dies, the  Daphne  lagetto,   so   called  from 
the  texture  of  its  inner  bark. 
LA'CED,  pp.  Fastened  with  lace  or  a  string ; 

also,  tricked  oflf  with  lace. 
Laced  coffee,  coflTee  with  spirits  in  it. 

Addison. 

LA'CEMAN,  n.  A  man  who  deals  in  lace. 

Mdison. 
LA'CEWoMAN,  n.  A  woman   who  makes 

or  sells  lace. 
LAC'EIRABLE,    a.    [See   Lacerate.]    That 
may  be  torn.  Harvey. 

LACERATE,  v.  t.  [L.  lacero,  to  tear.]  To 
tear;  to  lend  ;  to  separate  a  substance  by 
violence  or  tearing ;  as,  to  lacerate  the 
flesh.  It  is  applied  chiefly  to  the  flesh,  or 
figuratively  to  the  heart.  But  sometimes 
it  is  applied  to  the  political  or  civil  divi- 
sions in  a  state. 
LACERATE,  ) 
LACERATED,  ^PP 

2.  In  botany,  having  the  edge  variously  cut 
into  irregular  segments ;  as  a  lacerated  leaf. 

Martyn. 

IjLACERA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  tearing  or 
1     rending;  the  breach  made  by  rending. 
;[  Arkuthnot. 


.  or  a.  Rent ;  torn. 


LAC  ERATIVE,   a.    Tearing ;  having  the 
I    power  to  tear;  as /aceroiiVe  humors. 
I  Harvey. 

LACERTINE,  a.  [L.  lacertus.]  Like  a  liz- 
I     ard.  Joum.  of  Science. 

LACER  TL'S,  n.  The  girroc,  a   fish  of  the 

gar-fish  kind  ;  also,  the  lizard-fish. 
I  Did.  JVat.  Hist.     Cyc. 

LACIIE,      )       [Norm.    Fr.    lachesse,   from 
jLACH'ES,  5    '  lache;  L.  laxus,  lax,  slow.] 
I     In  laiv,  neglect ;  negligence. 
LACII'RYMABLE,  a.  Lamentable. 
I  Morley. 

jLA€H'RYMAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  lachryma, 
I     a  tear.] 

1.  Generating   or   secreting    tears  ;   as   the 
I     lachrymal  gland. 

2.  Pertaining  to  tears  ;  conveying  tears. 
LACII'RYMARY,  a.  Containing  tears. 

Jlddison. 

LACIIRYMA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  shed- 
ding tears. 

LAell'RYMATORY,  n.  [Fr.lachrymatoire.] 
A  vessel  found  in  sepulchers  of  the  an- 
cients, in  which  it  has  been  supposed  the 
tears  of  a  deceased  person's  friends  were 
collected  and  preserved  with  the  ashes 
and  itrn.  It  was  a  small  glass  or  bottle 
like  a  phial.  Encyc. 

L.A'CING,  ppr.  Fastening  with  a  string  ; 
adorned  or  trimmed  with  lace. 

LACIN'IATE,     I        [L.    lacinia,  a  hem.] 

LACIN'IATED,  I  "'    Adorned  with  fringes. 

,2.  In  botany,  jagged.  Martyn. 

LACK,  V.  t.  [D.  keg,  em[)ty  ;  lecgen,  to  emp- 
ty ;  Dan.  lak,  a  fault  ;/aAA:er,  to  decline  or 
wear  away  ;  Goth,  nfligan,  to  lack  or  fail ; 
L.  deliquium,  which  seems  to  be  connect- 
ed with  linquo,  to  leave,  to  faint,  and  w  ith 
liquo,  to  melt,  liquid,  &c.] 

1.  To  want;  to  be  destitute  of;  not  to  have 
or  possess. 

If  any  of  you  lack  wisdom,  let  him  ask  it  of 
God —     James  i. 

2.  To  blame.     [.Yot  in  use.]  Chaucer. 
LACK,  V.  i.  To  be  in  want. 

The  young  lions  do  tack  and   sulfer  hunger. 

I      Ps.  xxxiv. 

2.  To  be  wanting. 

Perhaps  there  shall  lack  five  of  the  fifty  right- 
eous.    Gen.  xviii. 

LACK,  n.  Want  ;  destitution  ;  need  ;  fail- 
ure. 

Ho   that  gathered  little,  had  no  lack.     Ex. 
xvi. 

Lack  of  rupees  is  one  hundred  thousand  ru- 
pees, which  at  55  cents  each,  amount  to 
fifty  five  thousand  dollars,  or  at  2s.  (jd. 
sterling,  to  £12,500. 

LACK-A-DA  Y,  txclam.  of  sorrow  or  regret ; 
alas. 

LACK'BRAIN,  n.  One  that  wants  brains, 
or  is  deficient  in  understandinff.         Shak. 

LACK'ER,     }        [Fr.   laque.]     A    kind   of 

LACQUER,  \  "•  varnish.  The  basis  of 
lackers  is  a  solution  of  the  substance  call- 
ed seed-lac  or  shell-lac,  in  spirit  of  wine  or 
alcohol.  Varnishes  applied  to  metals  im- 
prove their  color  and  preserve  them  from 
tarnishing.  Encyc.     Cyc. 

Lackers  consist  of  different  resins  in  a  state 
of  solution,  of  which  the  most  common 
are  mastick,  sandarach,  lac,  benzoin,  co- 
pal, amber,  and  asphalt.  The  uiei.strua 
are  either  expressed  or  essential  oils,  or 
spirit  of  wme.  .VwioZjou- 


LAC 


LAD 


LAD 


LACK'ER,  V.  t.  To  varnish;  to  smear  over 
with  lacker,  for  tlie  purpose  of  improving 
color  or  preserving  from  tarnishing  and 
decay. 

LACK'ERED,  pp.  Covered  with  lacker; 
varnished. 

L.'\CK'EY,    n.    [Fr.   laquais ;    Sp.  lacayo ; 

Port,  lacaio;  U.  laccM  ;  Eth.    AATl   lak, 

to  send,  whence  OA^  lake,  a  servant ; 
L.  lego,  to  send.  From  this  root  is  the 
Shemitic  "[xSd,  a  messenger.] 
An  attending  servant ;  a  footboy  or  foot- 
man. AddisDn. 
LACK'EY,  V.  t.  To  attend  servilely. 

Milton. 
LACK'EY,  V.  i.  To  act  as  foothoy  ;  to  pay 
servile  attendance. 

Oft  have  I  servants  seen  on  horses  riJe, 
The  free  and  noble  lackey  by  their  side. 

Sandys. 

LACK'LL\EN,  a.  Wanting  shirts.     [Little 

used.]  Shak. 

LACK'LUSTER,    a.     NVanting    luster  or 

briglitness.  Shak. 

LACON'le,        }      [Fr.  Inconique ;  L.  lacon- 

LA€ON'l€AL,  I  "'  icus  ;  from   Laconia  or 

Lacones,  the  Spartans.] 

1,  Short;  hrief;  pithy;  sententious;  ex- 
pressing much  in  few  words,  after  the 
maimer  of  the  Spartans ;  as  a  laconic 
phrase.  Pope. 

2.  Pertaining  to  Sparta  or  Lacedemonia. 

Trans,  of  Pausanias.     D'Anvilk 
L.\CON'leALLY,  adv.  Briefly;  concisely; 

as  a  sentiment  laconically  expressed. 
LA€ON'ICS,    n.     A   hook    of   Pausanias, 

which  treats  of  Lacedemonia. 
LA'CONISM,      I      [L.  ;a<-o?usm««.]  A  con- 
LACON'ICISM,  \  "-cise  style. 
2.  A  hiief  sententious  [ilirasc  or  expression 
LAC'TAOE,    n.   The  produce   of  animals 

yielding  milk.  Shuckford. 

LACTANT,  a.  [L.   lactans,   from  lacto^  to 

give  suck  ;  lac,   milk.]     Suckhng  ;   giving 

suck.     [Little  Mscrf.] 
LA€'TARY,  a.    [L.  laciarius,  from  lacto ; 

lac,  milk.] 
Milky;  full  of  white  juice  like  milk.    [Litlh 

used.]  Broum. 

LAC'TARY,    n.    [L.   lactarius.]    A    dairy- 
house. 
LACTATE,  n.  In  ehimislry,  a  salt  formed 

by  the  lactic  acid,  or   acid  of  milk,  with  a 

base.  Fourcroy. 

LACTA'TION,  n.  [L.  laclo,  to  give  suck.] 

The  act  of  giving  suck ;  or   tlie  time  of 

suckling.  Johnson.     Encyc. 

LACTEAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  milk. 
2.  Conveying  chyle  ;  as  a  lacteal  vessel. 
LACTEAL,  n.  A  vessel  or  slender  tube  of 

animal  bodies,  for  conveying  chyle  from 

the  intestines  to  the  common  reservatory. 

Enn/c. 
LACTEOUS,  a.  [L.  Jarfcu*,  from /ac,  mi  Ik.  ^ 
L  Milky  ;  resemblmg  milk.  Brown. 

2.  LactenI ;  conveying  chyle;  as   a.  lacleous 

vessel.  Bentley. 

LACTES'CENCE,  n.  [L.  laclescens,  lacte's 

CO,  from  lacto ;  lac,  milk.] 

1.  Tendency  to  milk ;  milkiness  or  milky 
color.  Boyle. 

2.  In  botany,  milkiness  ;  the  liquor  whic' 
flows  abunilantly  from  a  plant,  when 
wounded  ;  commonly  white,  but  some- 
limes  yellow  or  red.  .Martyn. 


LA€TES'CENT,  a.  Producing  milk  or 
white  juice.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Abounding  with  a  thick  colored  juice. 

Encyc. 

LA€'TIC,  0.  Pertaining  to  milk,  or  procu- 
red from  sour  milk  or  whey  ;  as  the  lactic 
acid.  Fourcroy. 

LA€TIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  ?ac,  milk,  and/f?-o, 
to  bear.] 

1.  Bearing  or  conveying  milk  or  white  juice  ; 
as  a  lactiferous  duct.  Boyle. 

2.  Producing  a  thick  colored  juice  ;  as  a 
plant.  Encyc 

LA€'UNAR,    n.    [L.]    An   arched   roof  or 

ceiling. 
LA€U'NOUS,  \      [L.  lacunosus,  from  lacu 
LA€UNO'SE,  \  "•  na,  a  ditch  or  hollow.] 
Furrowed  or  pitted.      A  lacunose   leaf  has 
the  disk  depressed  between  the  veins. 

Martyn 
LAD,  n.  [W.  llawd,  a  lad  ;  and  Sax.  Icod,  G. 
leutc,  Russ.  lead,  people,  are  probably  from 
the  same  root  ;  Ir.  lath,  a  youth,  D.  loot, 
a  shoot  ;  lleb.  Ch.  Syr.  Sam.  nV,  to  pro 
create   or  bear    young;  Eth.  (DArh   Ar. 


JsJ  , 


young 
walada,  id.     Class  Ld.  No  29.]     A 


young  man  or  boy  ;  a  stripling.         Locke. 

LAD'ANUM,  n.  [said  to  bo  Arabic]  The 
resiuous  juice  which  exsudes  from  the 
leaves  of  the  Cistus  ladanifera,  a  shrub 
which  grows  in  Arabia,  Candia,and  other 
parts  of  the  Archipelago.  It  is  collected 
with  a  kind  of  rake,  with  lether  thongs 
attached  to  it,  with  which  the  shrubs  are 
brushed.  Tlie  best  sort  is  in  dark-color- 
ed black  masses,  of  the  consistence  of  a 
soft  plaster.  The  other  sort  is  in  long  rolls 
coiled  up,  harder  than  the  tbrmer,  and  of 
a  paler  color.  It  is  chiefly  used  in  exter- 
nal apjilications.  Encyc.     Parr. 

LAD'DER,  n.  [Sax.  Madder  ;  D.  ladder  or 
ledcr ;  G.  leiler,  a  ladder,  a  leader,  a  guide  ; 
leiten,  to  lead.] 

1.  A  frame  of  wood,  consisting  of  two  side- 
jiieces,  connected  by  rounds  inserted  in 
them  at  suitable  distances,  aud  thus  form- 
ing steps,  by  which  persons  may  ascend 
a  building,  &c. 

2.  That  by  which  a  jjcrson  ascends  or  rises ; 
means  of  ascending  ;  as  a  ladder  made  of 
cords.  Shak. 

Lowliness  is  young  ambition's  ladder. 

Shak. 

3.  Gradual  rise ;  elevation. 

Mounting  fast  towards  (he  (op  of  (lie  ladder 
ecclesiastical.  Swift 

LADE,  V.  t.  jiret.  laded ;  pp.  laded,  laden. 
[Sax.  ladan  and  hladan  ;  G.  laden  ;  D. 
laaden  ;  Sw.  ladda  ;  Dan.  ladder;  Russ 
Mad,  a  load  or  cargo  ;  kladu,  to  put,  to 
lay,  to  make,  build  or  foimd,  to  lay  egg; 
to  give,  to  suppose,  &c.  Here  we  observe 
that  to  load  or  lade  is  to  throw,  that  is,  to 
jiut  on  or  in,  for  to  send,  thrust,  throw,  is 
the  sense  of  laying  eggs.  Now  this  is  pre- 
cisely the  radical  signification  of  the  words 
loud,  lad,  W.  llawd,  clod,  L.  plaudo.  Sec] 

L  To  load ;  to  put  on  or  in,  as  a  burden  or 
freight.  We /«(/e  a  ship  with  cotton.  W( 
lade  a  horse  or  other  beast  with  corn. 

And  they  laded  their  asses  with  (he  corn  and 
depar(ed  thence.     (Jen.  xlii. 

2.  To   dip ;  to  throw  in  or  out,  as  a  fluid, 


with  a  ladle  or  dipper  ;  as,  to  lade  water 
out  of  a  tub  or  into  a  cistern. 

.3.  To  draw  water.     [J^Tot  in  use.] 

LADE,  n.  Tlie  mouth  of  a  river.     Obs. 

Gibson. 

LA'DED,  }  Loaded  ;    charged   with   a 

LA'DEN,  I  PP-  burden  or  freight. 

2.  a.  Oppressed ;  burdened. 

LA'DING,  ppr.  Loading  ;  charging  with  a 
burden  or  freight;  throwing  or  dipping 
out. 

LA'DING,  n.  That  which  constitutes  a  load 
or  cargo  ;  freight ;  burden  ;  as  the  lading 
of  a  ship.     Acts  xxvii. 

LAD'KIN,  n.  A  little  lad  ;  a  youth.  [Lit- 
tle used.] 

LA'DLE,  n.  [Sax.  hlwdle,  from  hladan,  su- 
pra.] 

1.  An  utensil  somewhat  like  a  dish,  with  a 
long  handle,  used  for  throwing  or  dipping 
out  liquor  from  a  vessel. 

2.  The  receptacle  of  a  mill  wheel,  which  re- 
ceives the  water  which  moves  it. 

3.  In  gunnery,  an  instrument  for  drawing  the 
charge  of  a  cannon.  Mar.  Did. 

LA'DLE-FUL,  n.  The  quantity  contained  in 
a  ladle.  Stcifl. 

LA'DY,  n.  [Sax.  hlafdig,  hlcefdiga,  Idcefd'ia. 
The  first  syllable  of  this  word  occurs  in 
hlaford,  lord,  and  this  is  supposed  to  be 
hlnf  a  loaf,  and  the  words  to  signify  bread- 
givers.  But  this  is  doubtful ;  the  meaning 
(if  the  last  syllable  not  being  ascertained  in 
either  word.] 

1.  A  woman  of  distinction.  Originally,  the 
title  of  lady  was  given  to  the  daughters  of 
earls  and  others  in  high  rank,  but  by  cus- 
tom, the  title  belongs  to  any  woman  of 
genteel  education. 

2.  A  word  of  complaisance ;  used  of  women. 

Guardian. 

3.  Mistress ;  the  female  who  presides  or  has 
authority  over  a  manor  or  a  family. 

r"  4  DY-BIK?'  1      ^  *"'^"  ^'^^  vaginopen- 
I  A/nv  r-nw   i-n.nous   or    sheath-winged 

la'Ey:fl^T'J  '"-'^'-  """'J- 

A  coleopterous  insect  of  the  genus  Coc- 
cinella.  Linne. 

LADY'S  RED-STRAW,  n.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Galium. 

LADY'S  BOWSER,  ?i.  .\  plant  of  the  genus 
Clematis. 

LADY'S  €OMB,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Scandix. 

LADY'S  CUSHION,  n.  A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus SaxifraL'a. 

LADY'S  FINGER,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Anthvllis. 

LADY'S  MANTLE,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Alchcmilla. 

LADY'S  SE.'VL,  n.  A  jilant  of  the  genus 
Tamils. 

LADY'S  SLIPPER,  n.  A  jilant  of  the  ge- 
nus Cv|)ripcdimn. 

LADY'S  SMOCK,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
("aniaminc. 

LADY'S  TRACES,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Opluys. 

LA'DY-DAY,  n.  The  day  of  (he  annuncia- 
tion of  the  holy  virgin,  March  25th. 

LA'DY-LIKE,  a.  Like  a  lady  in  manners  ; 
genteel  ;  well  bicd. 

2.  Soft;  tender;  delicate.  Dryden. 

LA'DYSHIP,  H.  The  tide  of  a  lady. 

Shak.    Dryden. 


L  A  K 


LAM 


LAM 


LAG,  a,  [This  word  belongs  to  the  root  ofl 
slack,  slow,  slvggish,laiiginsh,  lovg;  Goth. 
laggs  ;  W.  llag,  llac  ;  Gr.  ra/yyivu,  Xoyyojui 
Class  Lg.     See  the  Verb.] 

1.  Coming  after  or  behind  ;  slow  ;  sluggish  ; 
tai-dy.  Shak. 

%  Last ;  long  delayed  ;  as  the  lug  end.  Shak. 

[This  adjective  is  not  now  in  use.] 
LAG,  n.  The  lowest  class ;  the  rump ;  the 
fag  end. 

2.  He  that  comes  behind.     Wot  in  useJ] 

Shak. 

LAG,  t'.  i.  [VV.  llag,  llac,  slack,  loose  :  Goth. 
laggs,  long;  Eng.  to Jlag,  and Jlacceo,  la7i- 
gueo,  to  languish,  &c.  The  sense  is  to 
extend  or  draw  out,  or  to  become  lax  or 
loose.     Class  Lg.] 

To  walk  or  move  slowly  ;  to  loiter  ;  to  stay 
behind. 

I  shall  not  lag  behind.  Milton 

LAG'GARD,  n.  Slow  ;  sluggish  ;  backward 
{Not  used.l  Collins. 

LAG'GER,  a.  A  loiterer;  an  idler;  one 
who  moves  slowly  and  falls  behind. 

LAG'GING,  ppr.  Loitering  ;  moving  slow- 
ly and  falling  behind. 

Tlie  Duise  went  lagging  after  with  the  child 

Dryden 

LAGOON,'  )      [It.  Sp.  laguna,  from  the  root 

LAGU'NE,  \  "■  of /«*c.]  A  fen,  moor,  marsh, 
shallow  pond  or  lake  ;  as  the  lagunes  of 
Venice.  Roy.     Smollct. 

LA'IC,        }      [Il.laico,laicale,l''T.laique,Sp. 

LA'ICAL,  \  '  laycal,  D.  kek,  L.  laicus,  from 
Gr.  %aixos,  from  tjio;,  people.  The  Greek 
>.aos  is  probably  a  contracted  word.] 

Belonging  to  the  laity  or  people,  in  distinc- 
tion from  the  clergy. 

LA'lC,  n.  A  layman.  Bp.  Morton. 

LAID,  pret.  and  pp.  of  lay  ;  so  written  for  lay 
ed. 

LAIN,  pp.  of  lie.  Lien  would  be  a  more 
regular  orthography,  but  lain  is  generally 
used. 

LAIR,  «.  [G.  lager,  from  the  root  of  lay,  L- 
lonis.] 

1.  A  place  of  rest;  the  bed  or  conch  of  a 
boar  or  wild  beast.  Milton.     Dryden 

2.  Pasture  ;  the  ground.  Spenser. 
LAIRD,  n.  [contracted   from  Sax.  hlaford, 

lord.] 
In  the   Scots  dialect,  a  lord  ;  the  proprietor 

of  a  manor.  Cteaveland. 

LA'ITY,  n.   [Gr.   tMo^,   jieople.     See  Laic] 

1.  The  people,  as  distinguished  from  the 
clergy  ;  the  body  of  the  people  not  in  or- 
ders. Swi/1. 

2.  The  state  of  a  layman,  or  of  not  being  in 
orders.     \JVot  used.]  .lyliffe. 

LAKE,  V.  I.  [Sw.  leka  ;  Dan.  leger  ;  Goth 
laikon.] 

To  play  ;  to  sport.  J\'orth  of  England.  This 
is  play.  Sax.  plegan,  without  a  prefix. 

1,AKE,  n.  [G.  lache,  a  puddle  ;  Fr.  lac ;  L 
lacus;  Sp.  It.  lago  ;  Sax.  luh ;  Scot,  loch  ; 
Ir.  longh  ;  Ice.  lavgh.  A  lake  is  a  stanti 
of  water,  from  tlie  root  of  lay.  Hence  L. 
lagena,  Eng.  Jlagon,  and  Sp.  laguna,  la- 
goon.] 

1.  A  large  and  extensive  collection  of  water 
contained  in  a  cavity  or  hollow  of  the 
earth.  It  differs  from  a  pond  in  size,  tlic 
latter  being  a  collection  of  small  extent 
but  sometimes  n  cnllection  of  water  i.«  call- 
ed a  pond  or  a  lake  indifferently.  North 
America  contains  some  of  the  lai'gest  lakes 

Vol.  11. 


on  the  globe,  particularly   the  takes  On- 
tario, Erie,  Huron,  Michigan  and  Superior. 

2.  A  middle  color  between  ullraniarine  and 
vermilion,  made  of  cochineal.         Dryden. 

LA'KY,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  lake  or  lakes. 

Sherwood. 

LAMA,  n.  The  sovereign  jjontiff,  or  rather 
the  god  of  the  Asiatic  Tartars.         Encyc. 

2.  A  small  species  of  camel,  the  Camelus 
lama  of  South  America. 

LAM'ANTIN,  }        A  species  of  the  walrus 

LAM'ENTIN,  ^  "'  or  sea-cow,  the  Triche 
cliusmanatLis.  Encyc. 

LAMB,  n  lam.  [Goth,  and  Sax.  lamb ;  D 
Dau.  lam  ;  G.lamm;  Hw.lamh.  The  let- 
ter b  is  casual  and  useless.  I  suspect  the 
word  to  signify  a  shoot,  as  in  other  cases 
of  the  young  of  animals,  from  a  root  which 
is  retained  in  the  Welsh  llamu,  to  bound, 
to  skip.] 

1.  The  young  of  the  sheep  kind. 

2.  The  Lamb  of  God,  in  Scripture,  the  Sav- 
ior .Tesus  Christ,  who  was  typified  by  the 
paschal  lamb. 

liehold  llie  lamb  of  God,  who  taketh  away 

the  sill  of  the  world.     John  i. 
LAMB,  r.  t.  To  bring  forth  young,  as  sheep. 
LAM'BATIVE,  a.    [L.  lambo,  to  lick ;  W. 

Ilaib,  lleibiau;  to  la]).] 
Taken  by  licking.     [Little  used.]  Brown. 

LAM'BATIVE,   >i.    a    medicine   taken   l)y 

licking  with  the  tongue.  ff'iseman. 

LAM'BENT,  a.  [L.  lambens,  lambo,  to  lick.] 

Playing  about  ;  loucliing  lightly  ;  gliding 

over  ;  as  a  lambent  flame.  Dryden. 

LAMBKIN,  n.  lam'kin.     A  small  lamb. 

Gay. 
LAMBLIKE,   a.  lam'like.      Like   a   lamb 

gentle  ;  humble  ;  meek ;  as  a  lamblike  tern 

per. 
LAMDOID'AL,  a.  [Gr.  xaf<Sa,  the  name  of 

the  letter  A,   and  stSoj,  form.] 
In  the  form  of  the  Greek  A,  the  English  L; 

as  the  lamdoidal  suture.  Sharp 

LAME,  o.  [Sax.  lame  nv  Inma  ;  G.  lahm  ;  D. 

Dan.  lam  ;  Sw.  lahm.     It  is  probably  alli- 
ed to  limp.] 

1.  Cripplecl  or  disabled  in  a  limb,  or  other- 
wise injured  so  as  to  be  unsound  and  im- 
])air<'d  in  strength  ;  as  a  lame  arm  or  leg 
or  a  person  lame  in  one  leg. 

2.  Imperfect  ;  not  satisfactory  ;  as  a  lame 
excuse.  Swift 

3.  Hobbling  ;  not  smooth  ;  as  numbers  in 
verse.  Dryden 

LAME,  D.  <.   To  make  lame;  to  cripple  or 

disable  ;  to  render  imperfect  and  unsound  ; 

as,  to  lame  an  arm  or  a  leg.  Dryden 

LAM'EL,  «.    [L.lamella;  W.  Ilavyn.     See 

Lamin.]  A  thin  plate  or  scale  of  any  thing. 
LAM'ELLAR,  a.  [from  lamel.]     Disposed 

in  thin  plates  or  scales. 
LAM'ELLARLY,    adv.    In  thin   plates  or 

scales. 

LAM'ELLATE,     >         Formed     in     thin 
LAM'ELLATED,  ^    ""  plates  or  scales,   or 

covered  with  them. 
LAMELLIF  EROIS,  a.    [L.   lamella   and 

fero,  to  ])roduce.] 
Producing  plates;   an  epithet   of  polypiers 

presenting  lamellar  stars,  or  waved  fur- 
rows garnished  with  plates. 

Diet.  A'al.  fl?>/. 
LAM'ELLIFOR3I,  a.    [L.  lamella,  a  plate, 

and  form.]     Having  the  furni  of  a  |)late. 
Journ.  of  Science 


LA'MELY,  adv.  [See  Lame.]  Like  a  cripple  ; 
with  impaired  strength  ;  in  a  halting 
manner  ;  as,  to  walk  lamely. 

2.  Imperfectly;  without  a  complete  exhibi- 
tion of  parts ;  as  a  figure  lamely  drawn  : 
a  scene  lamely  described. 

3.  Weakly;  poorly;  unsteadily  ;  feebly. 
LA'MENESS,  n.  An  imjiaired  state  of  the 

body  or  limbs;  loss  of  natural  soundness 
and  strength  by  a  wound  or  by  disease  ; 
particularly  applied  to  the  limlis,  and  im- 
plying a  total  or  partial  inability ;  as  the 
to))ie»ic.?sof  the  leg  or  arm. 
2.  Imperfection  ;  weakness  ;  as  the  lameness 

of  an  argument  or  of  a  description. 
LAMENT',  V.  i.  [L.  lamentor.]     To  mourn  ; 
to  grieve ;  to  weep  or  wail ;  to  express  sor- 
row. 
Jererniah  lamented  for  Josiah.  2  Chron.  xxxv. 
2.  To  regret  deeply;  to  feel  sorrow. 
LAMENT',  V.  t.  To  bewail;  to  mourn  for; 
to  bemoan  ;  to  deplore. 

One  laughed  at  follies,  one  lamented  crimes. 

Dryden . 
LAMENT',?!,  [h. lamentum.]    Grief orsor- 
row  expressed  in  ronii>laints  or  cries;   la- 
mentation; a  weeiting. 
Torment,  and  loud  lament,  and  furious  rage. 

Milton. 
[This   noun  is   ttsed  chiefly  or  solely  in 
poelnj.] 
LAM'ENTABLE,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  lumentub- 
ilis.] 

1.  To  be  lamented  ;  deserving  sorrow;  as  a 
lamentable  declension  of  morals. 

2.  Mournful ;  adapted  to  awaken  grief;  as  a 
lamentable  tune. 

3.  Expressing  sorrow  ;  as  latnentable  cries. 

4.  Miserable;  pitiful;  low;  poor;  in  a  sense 
rather  ludicrous.     [Little  used.] 

Slillingfleet. 

LAM'ENTABLY,   adv.    Mournfully;   with 

expressions  or  tokens  of  sorrow.      Sidney. 

2.  So  as  to  cause  sorrow.  Shak. 

3.  Pitifully ;  despicably. 

LAMENTA'TION,  n.  [l..lamentalio.]  Ex- 
pression of  sorrow;  cries  of  grief;  the  act 
of  bewailing. 

In  Rama  was  there  a  \oice  heard,  lainenta- 
lion  and  weeping.     Matt.  ii. 

2.  In  the  plural,  a  book  of  Scripture,  contain- 
i     ing  the  lamentations  of  Jeremiah. 
!LAMENT'ED,;j/>.  Bewailed;  mourned  for. 
jLAMENT'ER,  n.  One  who  mourns, or  cries 

out  with  sorrow. 
JLAMENTIN.     [See  La^nantin.] 

LAMENT'ING,/(pr.  Bewailing;  mourning; 
j     weeping. 

iLAMENT'lNG,   n.  A  mourning;  lamenta- 
I     tion. 

LAMIA,  n.    [L.]     A  hag;  a  witch  ;    a  de- 
1     mon. 

LAMIN,     )       [L.latnina;  W. Ilavyn, from 
;LAM'INA,  S       extending,  W.  Ilav.] 

1.  A  thin  plate  or  scale  ;  a  layer  or  coat  lying 
over  another ;  applied  to  the  plates  of 
minerals,  bones,  &c.  Encyc. 

2.  A  bone,  or  part  of  a  bone,  resembling  a 
thin  plate,  such  as  the  cribriform  plate  of 
the  ethmoid  bone.  Parr. 

3.  The  lap  of  the  ear.  Parr. 

4.  The  border,  or  the  upper,  broad  or  spread- 
ing part  of  the  petal,  in  a  polvj>etalous 
corol.  "  Marlyn. 

LAM'INABLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  formed 
into  thin  plates.  Kirwan. 


LAM 


LAN 


LAN 


LAM'INAR,  a.  In  plates;  consisting  of  thin 

plates  or  layers. 
LAM'INATE,     )       Plated;    consisting  of 
LAM'INATED,  J  "'  plates,  scales  or  layers, 

one  over  another. 
LAMM,  V.  t.  To  beat.     [JVot  in  vse.] 

Beawn. 
LAM'MAS,     n.      [Sax.    hlammwsse,    from 

hlafinivsse,    loaf-mass,  bread-feast,  or  feast 

of  first  fruits.    Lye.] 
The  first  day  of  August.  Bacon 

LAMP,    n.     [Fr.   lampe ;    L.   lampas;    Gr. 

Aa^rtaj,   from  y.ttjurtu,  to  shine  ;    Heb.  and 

Ch.TS'?.     Qu.] 

1.  A  vessel  for  containing  oil  to  be  burned 
by  means  of  a  wick;  or  a  light,  a  burning 
wick  inserted  in  a  vessel  of  oil.     Hence, 

2.  Figuratively,  a  light  of  any  kind.  The 
inoon  is  called  the  lamp  of  heaven. 

Thy  gentle  eyes  send  forth  a  quickening  spirit, 
To  feed  the  dying  lamp  of  life  within  me. 

Howe. 

Lamp  of  safety,  or  safety  lamp,  a  lamp  for 
lighting  coal  mines,  without  exposing 
workmen  to  the  explosion  of  inflammable 
air.  Davy. 

LAM'PAS,  71.  [Fr.]  A  lump  of  flesh  oftlie 
size  of  a  nut,  in  the  roof  of  a  horse's  mouth, 
and  rising  above  the  teeth.  Far.  Diet. 

LAMP'BLACK,  n.  [lamp  and  black  ;  bcin^ 
originally  made  by  means  of  a  lamp  or 
torch.] 

A  fine  soot  formed  by  the  condensation  of 
the  smoke  of  burning  pitch  or  resinous 
substances,  in  a  chimney  terminating  in  a 
cone  of  cloth.  Fourcroy. 

LAMP'IATE,  »!.  A  compound  salt,  compo- 
sed of  lampic  acid  and  a  base.  lire. 

LAMP'IC,  a.  The  lampic  acid  is  obtained 
by  the  combustion  of  ether  by  means  of  a 
latnp.  Ure. 

LAMP'ING,  a.  [It.  lampante.]  Shining; 
sparkling.     [JVot  used.]  Spenser. 

LAMPOON',  n.  [Qu.  Old  Fr.  tamper.] 
A  personal  satire  in  writing  ;  abuse;  cen- 
sure written  to  reproach  and  vex  rather 
than  to  reform. 

Johnson.     Dryden.     Pope. 

LAMPOON',  t'.  t.  To  abuse  with  personal 
censure  ;  to  reproach  iu  written  satire. 

LAMPOON'ER,   n.    One  who  abuses  with 

personal  satire ;  the  writer  of  a  lampoon. 

The  squibs  arc  those  who  arc  called  libelers, 

lampooners^  and  pamphleteers.  Tatter. 

LAMPOON'ING,  ppr.  Abusing  with  per- 
sonal satire. 

LAMPOON'RY,  n.  Abuse. 

LAM'PREY,  71.    [Fr.  lamproic  ;  Sax.  lamp- 
neda  ;    G.  lamprele  ;     D.  lamprei  :     Dan. 
lampret ;   Sp.  and  Port,  laiiiprta;    It.  lam- 
preda ;     W.   Ueiproi; ;     Arm.   lamprt-enn 
In  Ann.  lamprn  signifies  to  slip  or  glide. 
In  ^Velsh   lleipiau',  is  to  lick  or  lap,  and 
Iteipran;  U>  make   flabby.     If  m  is  casual, 
which  is  probable,  the  Armnric  lampra  for 
lapra,  coinciiles  with  L.  labor,  to  slip,  and 
most  probably  the  animal  is  named  from 
.tlippiiijr.     If  however,  the  sense  is  token 
from  lirkinfr  ihc,  nu-ks,  as  Camden  suppn 
.ses,  it  accords  with  the  sense  of  the  tech- 
nical name  of  the  gcnns  ^e(ro)iii/:on,  the 
rock-surticr.] 
A  genus  of  anguilliform  fishes,  resembling  the 
eel,  and  niiiviiig  in  water  by  winding,  like 
the  serpent  on  land.     Tliia  fish  has  .seven 
spiracles  ou  each  side  of  the  neck,  and  a 


fistula  or  a|ierture  on  the  top  of  the  head 
but  no  pectoral  or  ventral  fins.  The  ma- 
rine or  sea  lamprey  is  sometimes  found  so 
large  as  to  weigh  four  or  five  pound.s. 

Encyc. 
Lamprei  and  lampron.     [See  Lamprey.] 
LA'NATE,     }        [L.   lanatus,   from    lana, 
LAN'ATED,  \  "■    wool.]     Wooly.     In   bot- 
any, covered  with  a  substance  like  curled 
hairs;  as  a  lanaled  leaf  or  stem. 
LANCE,   71.    fans.    [L.  lancea  ;    Fr.  lance  ; 
Sp.  lanza  ;    It.  lancia  ;   G.  lanze  ;    D.  Sw 
lans;   Dan.    lantse ;     Slav,   lanzha ;     Gr 
^oyxrj.      This  word  probably   belongs   to 
Class  Lg,  and  is  named  from  shooting, 
sending.] 
A  sjiear,  an  oflfensive   weapon  in   form  of 
a  half  pike,   used    by   the  ancients    and 
thrown  by  the  hand.     It  consisted  of  the 
shaft  or  handle,  the  wings  and  the  dart. 

Encyc. 
LANCE,  V.  t.    [Arm.  lancza,  to  shoot,  to 

vomit.] 
i.  To  pierce  with  a  lance  or  with  a  sharp 
pointed  instrument. 
— Seized  die  due  victim,  and  with  fury  lanc'd 
Her  back.  Dryden 

2.  To  pierce  or  cut ;  to  open  with  a  lancet 

as,  to  lance  a  veiii  or  an  abscess. 
LANCELY,  a.  I'ansly.   Suitable  to  a  lance. 

Sidney. 

In  botany,  tapering  to- 

^s.  Res. 


LAN'CEOLAR,  a. 

wards  each  end. 
LANCEOLATE, 
LAN'CEOLATED, 


Shaped  like  a  lance 


oblong  and  gradual 
ly  tapering  towanl  each  extremity  ;  spear- 
shaped  ;  as  a  lanceolate  leaf.  Martyn 

LANCEPESA'DE,  ii.  [It.  lancia-spezzata 
a  ilemi-lance-iiian,  a  light  horseman.]  An 
officer  under  the  cor])oral.  J.  Hall. 

L'ANCER,  71.  One  who  lances;  one  who 
carries  a  lance. 

L*ANCET,  71.  [Fi:luncetle,rrom  lance.]  A 
surgical  instrument,  sharp-pointed  and 
two-edged  ;  used  in  venesection,  and  in 
opening  tumors,  abscesses,  &c.        Encyc. 

2.  A  pointed  window.  H'arton. 

L'ANCH,  I',  t.  [from  lance,  Fr.  lancer.]     To 
throw,  as  a  lance ;  to  dart;  to  let  fly. 
See  whose  arm  can  lanch  the  surer  bolt. 

Dryden.     Lee. 

2.  To  move,  or  cause  to  slide  from  the  land 
into  the  water  ;  as,  to  latich  a  ship. 

L>x\NCH,  t'.  i'.  To  dart  or  fly  off;  to  push 
oft";  as,  to  lunch  into  the  wide  workl ;  to 
lanch  into  a  wide  field  of  discussion. 

L"AN('H,  n.  The.  sliding  or  movement  of  a 
ship  liom  the  land  into  the  water, on  ways 
prepared  for  the  |)inpose. 

2.  A  kind  nf  boat,  longer,  lower,  and  more 
flat-bottomed  than  a  long  boat. 

Mar.  Did. 

LAND,  71.  [Gnth.  Sax.  G.  D.  Dan.  Sw.  laiid. 
I  suppose  this  to  be  the  W.  llan,  a  clear 
place   or    area,    and    the   same  as  laivn  ; 
Cantabrian,    Innda,    a    plain   or    field.    It. 
Sp.    landn.     The  final  d  is  probably   ad 
ventilious.     The  primary  sense  is  a  lay  or 
spread.     Class  Ln.] 
1.  Earth,  or  the  solid  matter  which  consti 
tutcs  the  fixed  ]iart  of  the  surface  of  the 
globe,  in  distimtion  from  the  sea  or  other 
waters,  which  constitute  the  fluid  or  mova- 
ble poit.     Uciice  we  say,  the  globe  is  ter 


raqueous,  consisting  of  land  and  water. 
The  seaman  in  a  long  voyage  longs  to  see 
land. 

2.  Any  portion  of  the  sohd,  superficial  part 
of  the  globe,  whether  a  kingdom  or  coun- 
try, or  a  particular  region.  The  United 
States  is  denominated  the  land  of  freedom. 

Go,  view  the  land,  even  Jericho.     Josh.  ii. 

3.  Any  small  portion  of  the  superficial  part 
of  the  earth  or  ground.  We  speak  of  the 
quantity  oftand  in  a  manor.  Five  hun- 
dred acres  of  land  is  a  large  farm. 

4.  Ground  ;  soil,  or  the  superficial  part  of  the 
earth  in  respect  to  its  nature  or  quality  ; 
as  good  land;  poor  land;  moist  or  dry 
land. 

5.  Real  estate.  A  traitor  forfeits  all  his  lands 
and  tenements. 

6.  The  inhabitants  of  a  country  or  region  ; 
a  nation  or  people. 

These  answers  in  the  silent  night  received. 
The  king  himself  divulged,  the  layid  believed. 

Dryden. 

7.  The  ground  left  unplowed  between  fur- 
rows, is  by  some  of  our  farmers  called  a 
land. 

To  make  the  land,  )    In   seaman's   language, 

To  make  land,  ^  is  to  discover  land  from 
sea,  as  the  ship  ajiproaches  it. 

To  shut  in  the  land,  to  lose  sight  of  the  land 
left,  by  the  intervention  of  a  point  or  prom- 
ontory. 

To  set  the  land,  to  see  by  the  compass  how 
it  bears  from  the  ship. 

LAND,  71.  [Sax.  hland  or  htond.]  Urine  ; 
whence  the  old  expression,  land  dam,  to 
kill.     Obs.  Shak. 

LAND,  V.  t.  To  set  on  shore;  to  disembark; 
to  debark  ;  as,  to  land  troops  from  a  ship 
or  boat ;  to  land  goods. 

LAND,  I',  i.  To  go  on  shore  from  a  ship  or 
boat ;  to  disembark. 

LAN'DAU,  n.  A  kind  of  coach  or  carriage 
whose  top  may  be  opened  and  thrown 
back ;  so  called  from  a  town  in  Germany. 

LAND'-BREEZE,  n.  [land  and  breeze.]  A 
current  of  air  setting  from  the  land  to- 
wards the  sea. 

LAND'ED,  pp.  Disembarked ;  set  on  shore 
from  a  shi])  or  boat. 

2.  a.  Having  an  estate  in  land;  as  a  landed 
gentleman. 

The  house  of  commons  must  consist,  for  the 
most  part,  o(  landed  men.  Mdison. 

3.  Consisting  in  real  estate  or  land  ;  as 
landed  security  ;  landed  property.  The 
landed  interest  of  a  nation  is  the  interest 
consisting  in  land ;  but  the  word  is  used 
also  for  the  owners  of  that  interest,  the 
])roprietors  of  land. 

LAND'FALL,  n.  [land  and  fall.]  A  sud- 
den translation  f>f  property  in  land  by  the 
death  of  a  rich  man.  Johnson. 

In  seamen's  langnage,  the  first  land  dis- 
covered after  a  voyage.  Mar.  Did. 

LAND'FLQQD.it.  ■  (land  und  food.]  An 
overflowing  of  land  by  water;  an  inun- 
dati(Ui.  Properly,  a  flood  from  the  land 
from  the  swelling  of  rivers  ;  but  I  am  not 
sure  that  il  is  always  used  in  this  sense. 

LAND'-FORCE,»i.  [land  uiu\ force]  A  mil- 
itary force,  army  or  troops  srr\  ing  on  land, 
as  distinguished  from  a  naval  force. 

LAND'GRAVE,  71.  [G. /(ni4-m/;  h.  land- 
raaf.  Graf  or  graaf  is  au  call  or  count. 


LAN 


LAN 


LAN 


Sax.  gerffa,  a  companion  or  count.  It  is 
contracted  into  reeve,  as  in  sheriff,  or  shire- 
reeve.] 
In  Cennany,  a  count  or  earl ;  or  an  officer 
nearly  corresjionding  to  the  earl  of  Eng- 
land, and  the  count  of  France.  It  is  now 
a  title  of  certain  princes  who  possess  es- 
tates   or  territories  called  landgrnviates 

Encyc. 

LANDGRA'VIATE,  n.  The  territory  held 
by  a  landgrave,  or  his  office,  jurisdiction 
or  authority.  Encyc. 

LAND'HOLDER,  u.  A  holder,  owner  or 
proprietor  of  land. 

LAND'ING,  ppr.  Setting  on  shore ;  coming 
on  shore. 

LAND'ING,  I       A  place  on   the 

LAND'ING-PLACE,  I  "•  shore  of  the  sea 
or  of  a  lake,  or  on  the  bank  of  a  river, 
where  persons  land  or  come  on  shore,  or 
where  goods  are  .set  on  shore. 

LAND'JOBBER,  71.  A  man  who  makes  a 
business  ol' buying  Ijiiid  on  speculation,  or 
of  buying  and  selling  for  the  profit  of  bar- 
gains, or  who  buys  and  sells  for  others. 

LAND'LADY,  n.  [See  Landlord.]  A  wo- 
man who  has  tenants  holding  from  her. 

Johnson 

2.  The  mistress  of  an  inn.  Sicijl. 

LAND'LE.SS,  a.  Destitute  of  land  ;  having 
no  property  in  land.  Shak. 

LAND'LOCk,  V.  t.  [land  and  lock.]  To  in 
close  or  encompass  by  laml. 

LAND'LOCKED,  pp.  Encompassed  by 
land,  so  that  no  point  of  the  compass  is 
open  to  the  sea.  Encyc. 

LAND'LOPER,  n.  [See  Leop  and /nter/o- 
per.] 

A  landman  ;  literally,  a  land  runner  ;  a  term 
of  reproach  among  seamen  to  designate  a 
man  who  passes  his  life  on  land. 

LAND'LORD,  n.  [Sax.  land-hlnford,  lord  of 
the  land.  Tint  in  German  lehen-herr,  D. 
leen-herr,  is  lord  of  the  loan  or  fief  Per- 
haps the  Sa.xon  is  so  written  by  mistake, 
or  the  word  may  have  been  corrupted.] 

1.  The  lord  of  a  manor  or  of  land  ;  the  own- 
er of  land  who  has  tenants  under  him. 

Johnson. 

2.  The  master  of  an  inn  or  tavern. 

Mdison. 

LAND'IMAN,  n.  A  man  who  serves  on  land  ; 
opposed  to  seaman. 

LAND'MARK,  n.  [land  and  mark.]  A 
mark  to  desig-nate  the  boimdary  of  land  ; 
any  mark  or  fixed  object ;  as  a  marked 
tree,  a  stone,  a  ditch,  or  a  heap  of  stones, 
by  which  the  limits  of  a  farm,  a  town  or 
other  portion  of  territory  may  be  known 
and  preserved. 

Thou  shalt  not  remove  thy  neighbor's  land- 
mark.   Deut.  xix. 

2.  In  navigation,  any  elevated  object  on 
land  that  serves  as  a  guide  to  seamen. 

LAND'-OFFICE,  n  In  Me  United  States,  an 
office  m  which  the  sales  of  new  land  are 
registered,  and  warrants  issued  for  the  lo- 
cation of  land,  and  other  business  respect- 
ing unsettled  land  is  transacted. 

LAND'SCAPE,  n.  [D.  landschup  :  G.  land 
schafl;  Dan.  landskab ;  Sw.  landskap 
land  and  skape.] 

1.  A  portion  of  land  or  territory  which  the 
eye  can  comprehend  in  a  single  view,  in- 
cluding mountains,  rivers,  lakes,  and  what- 
ever the  land  contains. 


— Wliilst  the  lanilscape  round  it  meaiiureg,      I 

Russet  lawns  and  fallows  gray, 

Where  the  nibbling  flocks  do  stray.      Jl/i//OH. 

2.  A  picture,  exhibiting  the  form  of  a  district 
of  country,  as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach,  orl 
a  particular  extent  of  land  and  the  objects: 
it  contains,  or  its  various  scciiery. 

Mdison.     Pope.] 

3.  The  view  or  prospect  of  a  district  of 
country. 

LAND'SLIP,?!.  Aportion  of  ahillormoun- 
tain,  which  slips  or  slides  down ;  or  the 
sliding  down  of  a  considerable  tract  of 
land  from  a  mountain.  Landslips  are  not 
unfrerpient  in  Swisserland.         Goldsmith^ 

LAND'SMAN,  n.  In  seaman's  language,  a, 
sailor  on  board  a  ship,  who  has  not  before 
been  at  sea. 

LAND'STREIGHT,  n.  A  narrow  slip  of 
land.     [jYot  used.]  Mountague. 

LAND'-TAX,  n.  A  tax  assessed  on  land 
and  bnildiiigs. 

LAND'-TURN,  n.  A  land  breeze.       Encyc. 

LAND- WAITER,  n.  An  officer  of  the  cus- 
toms, whose  duty  is  to  wait  or  attend  on 
the  landing  of  goods,  and  to  examine,! 
weigh  or  measure,  and  take  an  account  of 
them.  Encyc.: 

LANDWARD,  adv.  Toward  the  land.         | 

Sandys.' 

LAND'-WIND,  n.  A  wind  blowing  from  the! 
land.  I 

LAND'- WORKER,  n.  One  who  tills  the 
ground.  Pownall., 

LANE,  n.  [D.  laan,  a  lane,  a  walk.  Class 
Ln.]  I 

1.  A  narrow  way  or  passage,  or  a  privatCj 
passage,  as  distinguished  from  a  public! 
road  or  highway.  A  lane  may  be  open  to! 
all  passengers,  or  it  may  be  inclosed  and 
appropriated  to  a  man's  private  use.  In! 
the  U.  States,  the  word  is  used  chiefly  in] 
the  country,  and  answers  in  a  degree,  to 
an  alley  in  a  city.  It  has  sometimes  been 
used  for  alley.  In  London,  the  word  lane 
is  added  to  the  names  of  streets  ;  as  chan- 
cery lane. 

2.  A  passage  between  lines  of  men,  or  peo- 
ple standing  on  each  side.  Bacon. 

LAN'GRAgE,  }       Langrel  shot  or  langrage} 
LAN'GREL,     J    '  is  a  particular   kind   of 

shot  used  at  sea  for  tearing  sails  and  rig-! 

ging,  and  thus  disabling  an  enemy's  ship.' 

It  consists  of  bolts,  nails  and  other  pieces! 

of  iron  fastened  together.  Mar.  Diet. 


LANGTERALOO',  n.  A  game  at  cards. 

Tatler) 

LAN'GUAtiE,  7^  [Fr.  langage:  &p.  lengua} 
lenguage  ;  Port,  linguagem  ;  It.  linguag-\ 
gio  :  .Arm.  langaich  ;  from  L.  lingua,  the! 
tongue,  and  speech.  It  seems  to  be  con- 
nected with  lingo,  to  lick ;  the  n  is  evi-l 
dently  casual,  for  ligula,  in  Latin,  is  a  little 
tongue,  and  this  signifies  also  a  strap  or 
lace,  as  if  the  primary  sense  were  to  ex- 
tend.] 

I.  Human  speech ;  the  expression  of  ideas 
by  words  or  significant  articulate  sounds,! 
for  the  comnumication  of  thoughts.  Lan-\ 
guage  consists  in  the  oral  utterance  of 
sounds,  which  usage  has  made  the  repre- 
sentatives of  ideas.  When  two  or  morej 
persons  customarily  anne.x  the  same 
sounds  to  the  same  ideas,  the  expression! 
of  these  sounds  by  one  person  communi- 
cates bis  ideas  to  another.     This  is  the  pri-' 


mary  sense  of  language,  the  use  of  which 
is  to  comnumicate  the  thoughts  of  one 
per.son  to  another  through  the  organs  of 
hearing.  Articulate  simnds  are  repre- 
sented by  letters,  marks  or  characters 
which  form  words.  Hence  language  con- 
sists also  in 

2.  Words  duly  arranged  in  sentences,  writ- 
ten, printed  or  engraved,  and  exhibited  to 
the  eye. 

3.  The  speech  or  expression  of  ideas  pecul- 
iar to  a  particular  nation.  Men  had  orig- 
inally one  and  the  same  language,  but 
the  tribes  or  families  of  men,  since  their 
dispersion,  have  distinct  languages. 

Style;  tuanner  of  expression. 
Others  (oT  language  all  their  care  express. 

Pope. 
The  inarticulate  sounds  by  which  irra- 
tional animals  express  their  feelings  and 
wants.  Each  species  of  animals  has  pe- 
culiar sounds,  which  are  uttered  instinct- 
ively, and  are  understood  by  its  own  spe- 
cies, and  its  own  species  only. 

6.  Any  manner  of  expressing  tlioughts. 
Thus  we  speak  of  the  language  of  the  eye, 
alanguage  very  expressive  and  intelligible. 

7.  A  nation,  as  distinguished  by  their  speech. 
Dan.  iii. 

LAN'GUAgED,  a.  Having  a  language  ;  as 

many-languaged  nations.  Pope. 

LAN'GUAGE-MASTER,    71.     One  whose 

profession  is  to  teach  languages. 

Spectator. 
LAN'GUET,  n.  [Fr.  hnguette.]     Any  thing 

in  the  shape  of  the  tongue.  [jYot  English.] 

Johnson. 
LAN'GUID,  a.  [L.  languidus,  from  langueo, 

to  droop  or  flag.     See  Languish.] 

1.  Flagging;  drooping;  hence,  feeble;  weak; 
heavy  ;  dull ;  indisposed  to  exertion.  The 
body  is  languid  after  excessive  action, 
which  exhausts  its  powers. 

2.  Slow ;  as  languid  motion. 

3.  Dull ;  heartless  ;  without  animation. 
And  fire  their  languid  soul  with  Cato's  virtue. 

.Addison. 

LANGUIDLY,  adv.  Weakly  ;  feebly  ; 
slowly.  Boyle. 

LAN'GUIDNESS,  7!.  Weakness  from  ex- 
haustion of  strength  ;  feebleness ;  dull- 
ness ;  languor. 

2.  Slowness. 
LAN'GUISH,    V.  i.    [Fr.   languir,  languis- 

sant ;  Arm.  languigza  ;  It.  languire  ;  L. 
langueo,  lachinisso ;  Gr.  Tjv/yivu,  to  flag, 
to  lag.  This  word  is  of  the  family  of  W. 
llac,  slack,  loose  ;  tlaciaw,  to  slacken,  to 
relax.  L.  laxo,  larus,  flacceo,  and  Goth. 
laggs,  long,  may  be  of  the  same  family.] 
1.  To  lose  strength  or  animation  ;  to  be  or 
become  dull,  feeble  or  spiritless;  to  pine; 
to  be  or  to  grow  heavy.  We  larigiiish 
under  disease  or  after  excessive  exertion. 
She  that  hath  borne  seven  languisheth.  Jer. 

XV. 

To  wither;   to  fade ;  to  lose  the  vegeta- 
ting power. 
For  the  fields  of  Heshbon  languish.     Is.  svi. 

3.  To  grow  dull ;  to  be  no  longer  active  and 
vigorous.  The  war  languished  for  want 
of  supphes.  Commerce,  agriculture,  man- 
ufactures languish,  not  for  want  of  inonev, 
but  for  want  of  good  markets. 


LAN 


LAP 


LAP 


4.  To  pine  or  sink  under  sorrow  or  any  con- 
tinued passion  ;  as,  a  woman  languishes 
for  the  loss  of  lier  lover. 

Therefore  shall  the  land  mourn,  and  every 
one  that  dwelleth  therein  shall  languish.  Ho- 
sea  iv. 

5.  To  look  with  softness  or  tenderness,  as 
with  the  head  reclined  and  a  pecidiar  cast 
of  the  eye.  Dryden. 

LAN'GUISH,    V.  t.    To  cause   to  drooj)  or 

pine.     [Little  used.]  Shak. 

LAN'GUISH,  n.  Act  of  pining;  also,  a  soft 

and  tender  look  or  appearance. 

And  the  blue  languish  of  soft  Allia's  eye. 

Pope 
LAN'GUISIIER,   n.    One  who  languishes 

or  pines. 
LAN'GUISIIING,  ppr.  Becoming  or  beinj 

feeble  ;  losing   strength  ;  pining  ;   wither 

ing ;  fading. 
2.  a.  Having   a  languid   appearance ;    as  a 

tanguishins;  eye. 
LAN'GUISHINGLY,  adv.  Weakly ;  feebly ; 

dully ;  slowly. 
2.  With  tender  softness. 
LAN'GUISHMENT,  n.   The  state  of  pin-' 

ing.  Spenser.'. 

2.  Softness  of  look  or  mien,  with  the  head' 

reclined.  Dryden.] 

LAN'GUOR,  »i.  [L.  languor;  Ft.  langueur.]\ 

1.  Feebleness  ;  dullness  ;  heaviness  ;  lassi- 
tude of  body ;  that  state  of  the  body 
which  is  induced  by  exhaustion  of 
strength,  as  by  disease,  by  e.xtraordinary 
exertion,  by  fhe  relaxing  effect  of  heat,  or 
by  weakness  from  any  cause. 

2.  Dullness  of  the  intellectual  faculty;  list- 
lessness.  IFatts. 

3.  Softness;  laxity. 

To  isles  of  fragrance,  lily-silvered  vales, 
Diffusing  languor  in  the  parting  gales. 

Dunciad 

LAN'GUOROUS,  a.  Tedious ;  melancholy, 

Obs.  Spenser. 

LAN'GURE,    V.  I.    To  languish.     [JVot  in 

vse.]  Chaucer. 

LANIARD,    J!,     lan'yard.     [Fr.  laniere,  a 

straj).] 
A  short  piece  of  rope  or  line,  used  for  fasten 
ing  something  in  ships,  as  the  laniards  of 
the  gun-ports,  of  the  buoy,  of  the  cathook, 
&c.,  but  especially  used  to  extend  the 
shrouds  and  stays  of  the  masts,  by  their 
conwnunication  with  the  dead  eyes,  &c. 

Mar.  Diet. 
LA'NIATE,  I'.  /.    [L.  lanio.]      To  tear   in 

pieces.     [Little  used.] 
LANIA'TION,  n.  A  tearing  in  pieces.  [Lit- 

LAMF'EROUS,  a.  [L.lamfer;  /ana,  wool, 
and /f CO,  to  produce.]  Bearing  or  produ- 
cing wool. 

LAN'H-'ICE,  n.  [L.  lanijicium ;  lana,  wool, 
aiid/uao,  to  make.] 

Manufacture  of  wool.     [Little  used.] 

Bacon 

LANIG'EROUS,  a.  [L.  laniger;  lana,  wool,' 
and  gero,  to  bear.]  Bearing  or  producing 
wool. 

LANK,  n.  [Sax.  hlnnca  ;  Gr.  Xayapo; ;  prob- 
ably alli('(l  lofhink,  and  W.  Uac,  slack,  lax  ;: 
llaciaw,  to  slacken  ;  (J.  schlank.] 

1.  Loose  or  lax  and  easily  yielding  to  ]>res- 
surc  ;  not  distended  ;  not  siilT  or  firm  by 
distension  ;  not  plump  ;  as  a  lank  bladder 
or  purse. 


The   clergy's  bags 
Are  lank  and  lean   with   thy  extortions. 

Shak.l 

2.  Thin  ;  slender ;  meager ;  not  full  and 
firm  ;  as  a  lank  body. 

3.  Languid  ;  drooping.     [See  Languish.] 

Mitton. 

LANK'LY,  adv.  Thinly ;  loosely ;  laxly. 

LANK'NESS,  n.  Laxity  ;  flabbiness  ;  lean- 
ness ;  slenderness. 

LANK'Y,  n.  Lank.  [Vulgar.] 

LAN'NER,  I      [fr.lanier; 'L.laniarius 

LAN'NERET,  l"-lanius,  a  butcher.]  A 
species  of  hawk. 

LANS'QUENET,  n.  [lance  and  knecht,  a 
boy,  a  knight.] 

1.  A  common  foot  soldier. 

2.  A  game  at  cards.  Johnson.     Encyc. 
LAN'TERN,  n.    [Fr.  lanterne  ;    L.  laterna  ; 

G.  lateme  ;  D.  lantaarn  ;  Sp.  lintema.] 
1.  A  case  or  vessel  made  of  tin  perforated 
with  many  holes,  or  of  some  transpai'cnt 
substance,  as  glass,  horn,  or  oiled  paper  ; 
used  for  carrying  a  candle  or  other  light 
in  the  open  air,  or  into  stables,  &c. 

Locke. 
A  dark  lantern  is  one  with  a  single  open 
ing,  which  may  be  closed  so  as  to  conceal 
the  light. 

3.  A  light-house  or  light  to  direct  the  course 
of  ships.  Addison. 

3.  In  architecture,  a  little  dome  raised  over 
the  roof  of  a  building  to  give  light,  and 
to  serve  as  a  crowning  to  the  fabric. 

Encyc. 

4.  A  square  cage  of  carpentry  placed  over 
the  ridge  of  a  corridor  or  gallery,  between 
two  rows  of  shops,  to  illuminate  them. 

Encyc. 
Magic  lantern,  an  optical  machine  by  which 

])ainted  images  are  re))resented  so  much 

magnified  as  to  appear  like  the  effect  of 

magic. 
LAN'TERN-FLV,  ii.  An  insect  of  the   ge 

uus  Kulgora.  Encyc, 

LAN'TERN-JAWS,  n.  A  thin  visage. 

Spectator. 
LANU'(jINOUS,  a.    [L.  lanuginosus,  from 

lanugo,  down,  from  lana,  wool.] 
Downy ;   covered  with   down,   or  fine  soft 

hair. 
LAODICE'AN,   a.    Like  the  christians  of 

Laodicea;  lukewarm  in  religion. 
LAODICE'ANISM,   n.    Lukewarmncss  in 

religion.  E.  Stiles. 

LAP,  n.  [Sax.   loeppc  ;  G.  lappen ;  D.  Dan. 

lap ;  Sw.  lapj).     This  word  seems  to  be   a 

different  orthography  of  Jlap.] 

1.  The  loose  part  of  a  coat ;  the  lower  part 
of  a  garment  that  plays  loosely.       Swift 

2.  The  part  of  clothes  that  lies  on  the  knees 
when  a  person  sits  down  ;  hence,  the 
knees  in  this  position. 

Men  expect  that  happiness   should  drop  into 
their  laps.  Tillotson 

LAP,  V.  t.  To  fold  ;  to  bend  and  lay  over  or 
on  ;  as,  to  lap  a  piece  of  cloth. 

To  lap  boards,  is  to  lay  one  partly  over 
another. 

2.  To  wrap  or  twist  round. 
I  lapped  a  slender  thread  about  the  paper. 

jYcu'ton 

3.  To  infold  ;  to  involve. 
Her  garment   spreads,  and   laps  hhn   in  the 

folda.  Dryden. 


LAP,  V.  i.  To  be  spread  or  laid ;  to  be  turn- 
ed over. 

The  upper  wings  are  opacous  ;  at  their  hind- 
er ends  where  they  lap  over,  transparent  like  the 
wing  of  a  fly.  Grew. 

LAP,  V.  i.  [Sax.  lappian  ;  D.  labben  ;  Arm. 
lappa;  Fr.  taper;  Dan.  laber ;  W.llepiato, 
lleibiaw  ;  Gr.  Xa«ru.  If  ?n  is  casual  in  L. 
lambo,  as  it  probably  is,  this  is  the  same 
word.     Class  Lb.  No.  22.] 

To  take  up  hquor  or  food  with  the  tongue ; 
to  feed  or  drink  by  licking. 

The  dogs  by  the  liver  Nilus'  side  being 
thirsty,  lap  hastily  as  they  run  along  the  shore. 

Digby. 
And  the   number  of  them  that  lapped  were 
three  hundred  men.     Judg.  vii. 

LAP,  V.  t.  To  take  into  the  mouth  with  the 
tongue  ;  to  lick  up  ;  as,  a  cat  laps  milk. 

Shak. 

LAP'DOG,  n.  A  small  dog  fondled  in  the 
"a  p.  Dryden. 

LAP'FULL,  n.  As  much  as  the  lap  can 
contain.    2  Kings  iv. 

LAP'ICIDE,  n.  A  stone-cutter.    [M'ot  used.] 

Did. 

LAPIDA'RIOUS,  a.  [L.  lapidarius,  from 
lapis,  a  stone.]  Stony ;  consisting  of 
stones. 

LAP'IDARY,  n.  [Fr.  lapidaire ;  L.  lapida- 
rius,  lapis,  a  stone.] 

1.  An  artificer  who  cuts  precious  stones. 

2.  A  dealer  in  precious  stones. 

3.  A  virtuoso  skilled  in  the  nature  and 
kinds  of  gems  or  precious  stones.    Encyc. 

LAP'IDARY,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  art  of 
cutting  stones.  The  lapidary  style  de- 
notes that  which  is  proper  for  monumental 
and  other  inscriptions.  Encyc. 

LAPIDATE,  V.  t.  [L.  lapido.]  To  stone. 
[Xot  used.] 

LAPIDA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  stoning  a 
person  to  death.  Hcdl. 

LAPID'EOUS,  a.  [L.  lapideus.]  Stony;  of 
the  nature  of  stone  ;  as  lapideous  matter. 
[Little  used.]  Ray. 

LAPIDES'CENCE,  n.  [h.  lapidesco,  from 
lapis,  a  stone.] 

1.  The  processor  becoming  stone;  a  hard- 
ening into  a  stony  substance. 

2.  A  stony  concretion.  Brown. 
LAPIDES'CENT,  a.    Growing  or  turning 

to  stone ;  that  has  the  quality  of  petrify- 
ing bodies.  Encyc. 

LAPIDES'CENT,  n.  Any  substance  which 
has  the  qualitj'  of  petrifying  a  body,  or 
converting  it  to  stone. 

LAPIDIF'IC,  a.  [L.  tapis,  a  stone,  and  Ja- 
cio,  to  make.]  Forming  or  converting  in- 
to stone. 

LAPIDIFIeA'TION,  n.  The  operation  of 
forming  or  converting  into  a  stony  sub- 
stance, by  means  of  a  liquid  charged  with 
earthy  particles  in  solution,  which  crys- 
talize  in  the  interstices,  and  end  in  form- 
ing free  stone,  pudding  stone,  &c. 

Diet.  J\'at.  HisK 

LAPID'IFY^,  r.  t.  [L.  lapis,  a  stone,  and 
facin,  to  form.]  To  form  into  stone. 

LAPID'IF'?,  V.  i.  To  turn  into  stone;  tc 
become  stone. 

L.VP'IDIST,  n.  A  dealer  in  precious  stones^ 
[See  Lapidary.] 

LAPIS,  in  Latin,  a  stone.     Hence, 

Lapis  Bonnniensis,  the  Bolognian  stone. 

Lapis  Hepaticus,  liver  stone. 


LAP 


L  A  R 


L  A  R 


Lapis  Laztdi,    azure  stone,  an   aluminous|,LAPS'ING,  ;)pr.  Gliding;  flowing  j  fuiling;,  I 


mineral,  of  a  rich  blue  color,  resembling 
the  blue  carbonate  of  copper.  [See  La- 
zuli.] 

Lapis  Li/dius,  touch-stone ;  basanite  ;  a  va- 
riety of  siliceous  slate. 

LAP'PEl),  pp.  [See  Lap.]  Turned  or  fold- 
ed over. 

LAP  PER,  n.  One  that  laps;  one  that 
wraps  or  folds. 

2.  One  that  lakes  up  with    his  tongue. 

LAP'PET,  n.  [dim.  of  lap.]  A  part  of  a 
sarnient  or  dress  that  hangs  loose, 

Swijl. 

LAP'PING,  ppr.  Wrapping  ;  folding  ;  lay 
ing  on. 

2.  Licking ;  taking  into  the  mouth  with  the 
tongue, 

LAPSE,  n.  laps.  [L.  lapsus,  from  labor,  to 
slide,  to  fall.     Class  Lb.] 

I 

course ;  as  the  lapse  of  a  stream  ;  the 
lapse  of  time. 

2.  A  falling  or  passing. 

The  lapse  to  indolence  is  soft  and  imperccp 
tiblc,  but  the   return  to  diligence  is  difficult. 

Rambler 

3.  A  slip  ;  an  error ;  a  fault ;  a  failing  in 
duty ;  a  slight  deviation  from  truth  or  rec- 
titude. 

This  Scripture  may  be  usefully  applied  as  a 
caution  to  guard  against  those  lapses  and  fail 
ings  to  which  our  infirmities  daily  expose  us. 

Bogirs. 

So  we  say,  a  lapse  in  style  or  propriety. 

4.  In  eccksia-Hical  law,  the  slip  or  omission  of 
a  patron  to  present  a  clerk  to  a  benefice, 
within  six  months  after  it  becomes  void. 
In  this  case,  the  benefice  is  said  to  be  laps- 
ed, or  in  lapse.  Encyc. 

5.  In  theology,  the  fall  or  apostasy  of  Adam. 
LAPSE,  V.  I.  laps.  To  glide  ;  to  pass  slowly, 

silently  or  by  degrees. 

This  disposition  to  shorten  our  words  by  re- 
trenching the  vowels,  is  nothing  else  but  a  ten- 
dency to  lapse  into  the  barbarity  of  fliose  north- 
ern nations  from  which  we  descended.  Swift. 
'2.  To  slide  or  slip  in  moral  conduct ;  to  fail 
in  duty ;  to  deviate  from  rectitude ;  to 
commit  a  fault. 

To  lapse  in  fullness 

Is  sorer  than  to  lie  for  need.  Shak. 

3.  To  slip  or  commit  a  fault  by  inadvertency 
or  mistake. 

Homer,  in  his  characters  of  Vulcan  and 
Thersites,  has  lapsed  into  the  burlesque  char- 
acter, .iddison. 

4.  To  fall  or  pass  from  one  proprietor  to  an- 
other, by  the  omission  or  negligence  of 
the  patron. 

If  the  archbishop  shall  not  fill  it  up  within  six 

months  ensuing,  it  lapses  to  the  king,     -iyliffe 

5.  To  fall  from  a  state  of  innocence,  or  from 
truth,  faith  or  perfection. 

Once  more  I  will  renew 
His  lapsed  powers.  Mdton. 

LAPS'ED,  pp.  Fallen ;  passed  from  one 
proprietor  to  another  by  the  negligence  of 
the  patron  ;  as  a  lapsed  benefice.  A  laps 
td  legacy  is  one  which  falls  to  the  heirs 
through  the  failure  of  the  legatee,  as  when 
the  legatee  dies  before  the  testator 
LAP'SIDED,  a.  [lap  3.ui  side.]  Having  one 
side  heavier  than  the  other,  as  a  ship. 

Mar.  Diet 


falling  to  one  person  through  the  omission 
of  another. 
LAP'WING,  n.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Trin 

ga ;  the  tewit. 

LAP'WORK,  ?i.    Work  in  which  one  part  ^ 
laps  over  another.  Grew. 

L'Ail,  n.  plu.  lares.  [L.]  A  household  deity. 

Lovelace. 

L'ARBOARD,    n.    [Board,  hard,  is  a  side  ; 

but  I  know  not  the  meaning  o\'lar.    The 

[     Dutch   use    hakboord,  and  the   Germans 

backbord.'\ 

The  left  hand  side  of  a  ship,  when  a  person 
stands  with  liis  face  to  the  head  ;  opposed 
to  starboard. 

L'ARBOARD,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  left  hand 
side  of  a  ship  ;  as  the  larboard  quarter. 

L'ARCENV,  n.  [Fr.  larciii;  Norm,  larciin; 
Arm.  laeroncy,  or  laxroncy,  contracted  from 
L.  latrocinium,  from  the  Celtic;  W.  lladyr, 
theft  ;  lladron,  thieves  ;  Sp.  ladron ;  It. 
ladro,  ladrone.] 

Theft;  the  act  of  taking  and  carrying  away 
the  goods  or  property  of  another  feloni 
ously.  Larceny  is  of  two  kinds ;  simple 
larceny,  or  theft,  not  accompanied  with 
any  atrocions  circumstance  ;  and  mixed  or 
compound  larceny,  which  includes  in  it  the 
aggravation  of  taking  from  one's  house  or 
person,  as  in  burglary  or  robbery.  The 
stealing  of  any  thing  below  the  value  of 
twelve  pence,  is  called  petty  larceny ;  above 
that  value,  it  is  called  grand  larceny. 

Blackstone 

L*.\RCH,  Ji.  [X^.larix ;  Sp.alerce;  It.larice; 
G.  Icrchenbaum  ;  D.  lorkenboom.] 

The  common  name  of  a  division  of  the  ge 
nus  Pinus,   species  of  which  are  natives 
of  America,  as  well  as  of  Europe. 

LWRD,  n.  [Fr.  lard  ;  L.  lardum,  laridum  ; 
It.  and  Sp.  lardo  ;  Arm.  lardl.  Qu.  W. 
liar,  that  spreads  or  drops,  soft.] 

1.  The  fat  of  swine,  after  being  melted  and 
separated   from  the  flesh. 

!2.  Bacon;  the  flesh  of  swine.  Dryden. 

LARD,  I'.  ^  [Fr. /nrrfer;  Arm.  ?arrfa.J  To 
stuft' with  bacon  or  pork. 

Tlie  larded    thighs  on  loaded  altars  laid. 

Dryden 
To  fatten :  to  enrich. 

Now   Falstaff  sweats  to  death, 
And  lards  the  lean  earth.  Shak. 

To  mix  with  sometliing  by  way  of  im- 
provement. 

— Let  no  alien  interpose. 
To  lard  with  wit  thy  hungry  Epsom  prose. 

Dryden 

L'.\RD,  r.  {.  To  grow  fat.  Drayton. 

L.ARDA'CEOUS,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  lard 
consisting  of  lard.  Coxe 

L'ARDED,  pp.  Stuffed  with  bacon ;  fat- 
tened ;  mi.\ed. 

L'ARDER,  n.  A  room  where  meat  is  kept 
or  salted.  Bacon. 

L'ARDRY,  n.  A  larder.     [JVot  tised.] 

L'.'VRgE,  a.  larj.  [Fr.  large;  Sp.  Port.  It 
largo  ;  Arm.  larg  ;  L.  largus.  The  prima- 
ry sense  is  to  spread,  stretch  or  distend, 
to  diffuse,  hence  to  loosen,  to  relax ;  Sp. 
largar,  to  loosen,  to  slacken,  as  a  rope 
Class  Lr.  It  seems  to  be  connected  will, 
Gr.  ^ovpo;,  wide,  copious,  and  perhaps 
with  floor,  W.  llawr,  and  with  llaicer. 
much,  many.  In  Ba.sque,  larria,  is  gross, 
and  larritu,  to  grow.] 


Big  ;  of  great  size ;  bulky ;  as  a  large 
body  ;  a  large  horse  or  ox ;  a  large  moun- 
tain ;  a  large  tree  ;  a  large  ship. 

2.  Wide ;   extensive ;    as    a  large   field    or 
plain;  a  large  extent  of  territory. 
Extensive  or  populous  ;  containing  many 
iidiabitants  ;  as  a  large  city  or  town. 

4.  Abundant ;  plentiful ;  ample  ;  as  a  large 
supply  of  provisions. 

a.  Copious ;  diffusive. 

I  might  he  very  large  on  the  importance  and 
advantages  of  education.  Felton. 

G.  In  seamen''s  language,  the  wind  is  large 
when  it  crosses  the  line  of  a  ship's  course 
in  a  favorable  direction,  particularly  on 
the  beam  or  quarter.  Encyc. 

7.  Wide;  consisting  of  much  water;  as  a 
large  river. 

8.  Liberal ;  of  a  great  amount ;  as  a  large 
donation. 

M  large,  without  restraint  or  confinement ; 

'     as,  to  go  at  large  ;  to  be  left  at  large. 

2.  Diffusely;  fully;   in   the  full  extent;  as, 

to  discourse  on  a  subject  at  large. 
L'ARGE,  71.  Formerly,  a  musical  note  equal 

to  four  breves.  Busby. 

LARGEHE'ARTEDXESS,   n.    Largeness 

of  heart;  liberahty.     [JYot  iised.] 
\  Bp.  Reyitolds. 

LARGELY,  adv.  Widely;  extensively. 

2.  Copiously  ;  diffu-sely  ;  amply.  The  sub- 
I    ject  was  largely  discussed. 

3.  Liberally;  bountifully. 

— How  he  lives  and  eats  ; 
How  largely  gives.  Dryden. 

4.  Abundantly. 
They  their  fill  of  love  and  love's  disport 
Took  largely.  .Milton. 

L'ARGENESS,   n.   Bigness;  bulk;  magni- 
tude ;  as  the  largeness  of  an  animal. 
2.  Greatness  ;  comprehension  ;  as  the  large- 
1     ness  of  mind  or  of  capacity. 
i.3.  Extent  ;    extensiveness  ;  as  largeness  of 
I     views. 

4.  Extension;  amplitude;  liberahty;  as  the 
i     largeness  of  a.n  ofkr ;  largeness  of  heart. 
j  Hooker,     fl'aller. 

5.  Widcness;  extent;  as  the  largeness  of  a 
I     river. 

L'ARgESS,  ?!.  [Fr.  largesse;  L.  largitio ; 
\     from  largus,  large.] 

\.\.  present ;  a  gift  or  donation  ;  a  bounty  be- 
]     stowed.  Bacon.     Dryden. 

L'ARgISH,  a.  Somewhat  large.  [Unusual.] 
I  Cavallo. 

ILARGO,^  }    [It.]  Musical  terms,  di- 

L.\RGHET  TO,  ^  reeling  to  slow  inove- 
I  menl.  Largo  is  one  degree  quicker  than 
I  grave,  and  two  degrees  quicker  than  ada- 
I    gio.  Did. 

L'.ARK,  71.   [Sax.  lafere,  lauerce ;  Scot,  la- 

rerok,  lauerok  ;    G.   lerche  ;    D.   leeuwrik ; 


Dan.  lerke ;  Sw.  larka  ;  Id.  lava,  toova. 
As  the  Latin  alauda  coincides  with  laudo, 
Eng.  loud,  so  the  first  sjllable  of  lark,  laf, 
lau,  lave,  may  coincide  with  the  Dan.  lover, 
to  praise,  to  sing  or  cry  out.  But  I  know 
not  the  sense  of  the  word.] 

A  bird  of  the  genus  Alauda,  distinguished 
for  its  singing. 

LARKER,^n.  A  catcher  of  larks.  Did. 

L'ARKLIKE,  a.  Resembling  a  lark  in 
nmnners. 

L  ARK'S-HEEL,  n.  .\  QoTifec^aa^d  Indian 


LAN 


LAP 


LAP 


4.  To  pine  or  sink  under  sorrow  or  any  con- 
tinued passion  ;  as,  a  woman  languishes 
lor  the  loss  of  lier  lover. 

Therefore  shall  tlie  land  mourn,  and  every 
one  that  dwelleth  therein  shall  languish.  Ho- 
sea  iv. 

5.  To  look  with  softness  or  tenderness,  as 
with  the  head  reclined  and  a  peculiar  cast 
of  the  eye.  Dryden. 

LAN'GUISH,  t'.  /.  To  cause  to  droop  or 
pine.     [Little  wsfd.]  Shak. 

LAN'GUISH,  n.  Act  of  pining;  also,  a  soft 
and  tender  look  or  appearance. 

And  the  blue  languish  of  soft  AUia's  eye. 

Pope 
LAN'GUISHER,   n.    One  who  languishes 

or  pines. 
LAN'GUISIIING,  ppr.  Becoming  or  being 

feeble  ;  losing   strength  ;  pining  ;   wither 

ing ;  fading. 
2.  a.  Having   a  languid  appearance ;    as  a 

tans:uishiiig  eye. 
LAN'GUISIIINGLY,  adv.  Weakly ;  feebly ; 

dully ;  slowly. 
2.  With  tender  softness. 
LAN'GUISHMENT,  n.   The  state  of  pin 

ing.  Spenser. 

2.  Softness  of  look  or  mien,  with  the  head 

reclined.  Dryden. 

LAN'GUOR,  n.  [h.  languor;  Fr.langueur.] 

1.  Feebleness  ;  dullness  ;  heaviness  ;  lassi- 
tude of  body ;  that  state  of  the  body 
wliich  is  induced  by  exhaustion  of 
strength,  as  by  disease,  by  extraordinary 
exertion,  by  fhe  relaxing  effect  of  lieat,  or 
by  weakness  from  any  cause. 

2.  Dullness  of  the  intellectual  faculty,  list- 
lessness.  IFalts. 

3.  Softness ;  laxity. 

To  isles  of  fragrance,  lily-silvered  vales, 
Diffusing  languor  in  the  parting  gales. 

DunciaJ. 

LAN'GUOROUS,  a.  Tedious ;  melancholy. 

06s.  Spenser. 

LAN'GURE,    V.  (.    To  languish.     [jVot  in 

itse.]  Chaucer. 

LANIARD,    n.     lan'yard.     [Fr.   laniere,   a 

strap.] 
A  short  piece  of  rope  or  line,  used  for  fasten 
ing  something  in  ships,  as  the  laniards  of 
the  gun-ports,  of  the  buoy,  of  the  cathook, 
&c.,  but  especially  used  to  extend  the 
shrouds  and  stays  of  the  masts,  by  their 
connnunication  with  the  dead  eyes,  &c. 

Mar.  Did. 
LA'NIATE,  V.  t.    [L.   lanio.]      To  tear   in 

pieces.     [Little  iised.] 
LANIA'TION,  n.  A  tearing  in  pieces.  [Lit- 
tle used.] 
LANIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.lanifer;  iana,  wool, 
and  fero,  to  produce.]    Bearing  or  produ- 
cing wool. 
LAN'H''ICE,  n.  [h.  lanijicium ;  lana,  wool, 

and/ario,  to  make.] 
Manufacture  of  wool.     [Little  used.] 

Bacon. 
LANI(i'EROUS,  a.  [L.  laniger ;  lana,  wool, 
and  gero,  to  bear.]  Bearing  or  producing 
wool. 
LANK,  o.  [Sax.  hlnnca  ;  Gr.  'Kayapo;  \  prob- 
ably allied  U)  flank,  and  W.  Itac,  slack,  lax  ; 
llaciaw,  to  sla'ckcn  ;  G.  scldnnk.] 
1.  Loose  or  lax  and  easily  yielding  to  ])res- 
sure  ;  not  distended  ;  not  stiff  or  firm  by 
distension  ;  not  plump  ;  as  a  lank  bladder 
or  purse. 


The  clergy *3  bags 
Are  lank  and  lean   with   thy  extortions. 

Shak. 

2.  Thin  ;  slender ;  meager ;  not  full  and 
firm  ;  as  a  lank  body. 

3.  Languid  ;  drooping.     [See  Languish.] 

Milton. 

LANK'LY,  adv.  Thinly ;  loosely  ;  laxly. 

LANK'NESS,  n.  Laxity  ;  flabbiness  ;  lean- 
ness ;  slenderness. 

LANK'Y,  «.  Lank.  [Vulgar.] 

LAN'NER,  )      [Fr.lanier; 'L.laniarius, 

LAN'NERET,  l"-lanius,  a  butcher.]  A 
species  of  hawk. 

LANS'QUENET,  n.  [lance  and  kneckt,  a 
boy,  a  knight.] 

1.  A  common  foot  soldier. 

2.  A  game  at  cards.  Johnson.    Encyc. 
LAN'TERN,  n.    [Fr.  lanterne  ;    L.  laterna  ; 

G.  lalerne  ;  D.  lantaarn  ;  Sp.  linterna.] 

1.  A  case  or  vessel  made  of  tin  perforated 
with  many  holes,  or  of  some  transparent 
substance,  as  glass,  horn,  or  oiled  paper  ; 
used  for  carrying  a  candle  or  other  light 
in  the  open  air,  or  into  stables,  Sec- 
Locke. 

A  dark  lantern  is  one  with  a  single  open- 
ing, which  may  be  closed  so  as  to  conceal 
the  light. 

2.  A  light-house  or  light  to  direct  the  course 
of  sliijis.  Addison. 

3.  In  architecture,  a  little  dome  raised  over 
the  roof  of  a  building  to  give  light,  and 
to  serve  as  a  crowning  to  the  fabric. 

Encyc. 

4.  A  square  cage  of  carpentry  placed  over 
the  ridge  of  a  corridor  or  gallery,  between 
two  rows  of  shops,  to  illuminate  them. 

Encyc 
Magic  lantern,  an  optical  machine  by  wliich 

painted  images  are  represented  so  much 

magnified  as  to  appear  like  the  effect  of 

maffic. 
LAN'TERN-FLY,  n.  An  insect  of  the   ge- 
nus Fulgora.  Encyc, 
LAN'TERN-JAWS,  )i.  A  thin  visage. 

Spectator. 
LANU'GlNOUS,  a.    [L.  lanuginosus,  from 

lanugo,  down,  from  lana,  wool.] 
Downy;   covered  with  down,   or  fine  soft 

hair. 
LAODICE'AN,   a.    Like  the  christians  of] 

Laodicea  ;  lukewarm  in  religion. 
LAODICE'ANISIVI,    n.    LiUiewarmness  m 

religion.  E.  Stiles. 

L.\P,  n.  [Sax.   l(eppe  ;  G.  lappen ;  D.  Dan. 

lap  ;  Sw.  lapp.     This  woril  seems  to  be   a 

different  orthography  of  Jlap.] 
L  The  loose  part  of  a  coat;  the  lower  part 

of  a  garment  that  plays  loosely.       Swi/l. 
2.  The  part  of  clothes  that  lies  on  the  knees 

when  a   person  sits   down  ;     hence,    the 

knees  in  this  position. 

Men  expect  that  happiness   should  drop  into 
their  laps.  Tillolson 

LAP,  V.  t.  To  fold  ;  to  bend  and  lay  over  or 
on  ;  as,  to  lap  a  piece  of  cloth. 

To  lap  boards,  is  to  lay  one  partly  over 
another. 

2.  To  wrap  or  twist  round. 
I  lapped  a  slender  thread  about  the  paper. 

jVcwton 

3.  To  infold  ;  to  involve. 
Her  garment   spreads,  and   laps  him   in  llic 

folds.  Dryden 


LAP,  V.  i.  To  be  spread  or  laid ;  to  be  turn- 
ed over. 

The  upper  wings  are  opacous  ;  at  their  hind- 
er ends  where  they  lap  over,  transparent  like  the 
wing  of  a  ily.  Grew. 

LAP,  V.  i.  [Sax.  lappian  ;  D.  labben  ;  Arm. 
lappa;  Fr.  taper;  Oaii.  laber ;  W.llepiaw, 
lleibiaw  ;  Gr.  Tjiittu.  If  m  is  casual  in  L. 
lanho,  as  it  probably  is,  this  is  the  same 
word.  Class  Lb.  No.  22.] 
To  take  up  liquor  or  food  with  the  tongue ; 
to  feed  or  drink  by  licking. 

The  dogs  by  the  river  Nilus'  side  being 
tliirsty,  lap  hastily  as  they  run  along  the  shore. 

Digby. 
And  the   number  of  them  that  lapped  were 
three  hundred  men.     Judg.  vii. 

LAP,  V.  t.  To  take  into  the  mouth  with  the 

tongue  ;  to  lick  up  ;  as,  a  cat  laps  milk. 

Shak. 
LAP'DOG,  n.  A  small  dog  fondled  in  the 

lap.  Dryden. 

LAP'FULL,  n.    As  much   as  the   lap  can 

contain.     2  Kings  iv. 
LAP'ICIDE,  n.  A  stone-cutter.    [M'otused.] 

Diet. 
LAPIDA'RIOUS,   a.    [L.  lapidanus,  from 

lapis,   a    stone.]       Stony ;    consisting    of 

stones. 
LAP'IDARY,  n.    [Fr.  lapidaire ;  L.  lapidor- 

rius,  lapis,  a  stone.] 
\.  An  artificer  who  cuts  precious  stones. 

2.  A  dealer  in  precious  stones. 

3.  A  virtuoso  skilled  in  the  nature  and 
kinds  of  gems  or  precious  stones.    Encyc. 

LAP'IDARY,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  art  of 
cutting  stones.  The  lapidary  style  de- 
notes that  which  is  proper  for  monumental 
and  other  inscriptions.  Encyc. 

LAPIDATE,  V.  t.  [L.  lapido.]  To  stone. 
JSTot  uspu  I 

L.^PIDA'TION,  )!.  The  act  of  stoning  a 
person  to  death.  Hall. 

LAPID'EOUS,  a.  [L.  lapideus.]  Stony ;  of 
the  nature  of  stone  ;  as  lapideous  matter. 
[Eittle  used.]  Ray. 

LAPIDES'CENCE,  n.  [h.  lapidesco,  from 
lapis,  a  stone.] 

1.  The  process  of  becoming  stone;  a  hard- 
ening into  a  stony  substance. 

2.  A  stony  concretion.  Brown. 
LAPIDES'CENT,  a.    Growing  or  turning 

to  stone ;  that  has  the  quality  of  petrify- 
inc  bodies.  Encyc. 

LAPIDES'CENT,  n.  Any  substance  which 
has  the  quality  of  petrifying  a  body,  or 
converting  it  to  stone. 

LAPIDIF'IC,  a.  [L.  lapis,  a  stone,  and  fa- 
cia, to  make.]  Forming  or  converting  in- 
to stone. 

LAPIDIFl€A'TION,  n.  The  operation  of 
forming  or  converting  into  a  stony  sub- 
stance, by  means  of  a  liquid  charged  with 
earthy  particles  in  solution,  which  crys- 
talize  in  the  interstices,  and  end  in  form- 
ing free  stone,  pudding  stone,  &c. 

Did.  JVat.  Hist. 

LAPID'IFY,  !'.  /.  [L.  lapis,  a  stone,  and 
focln,  to  form.]  To  form  into  stone. 

LAPID'IFY,  v.  i.  To  turn  into  stone;  to. 
become  stone. 

L.\P'ID1ST,  n.  A  dealer  in  precious  stones.^ 
[Si'C  Lapidary.] 

LAPIS,  in  Latin,  a  stone.     Hence, 

Lapis  Bononiensis,  the  Bolognian  stone^ 

Lapis  HepaticuSj  liver  stone. 


LAP 


L  A  R 


L  A  R 


Lapis  Lazuli,  azuro  stone,  an  aluminous 
mineral,  of  a  rich  blue  color,  resembling 
the  bhic  carbonate  of  copper.  [See  La- 
zuli.] 

Lapis  Liidius,  touch-stone ;  basanite  ;  a  va- 
riety of  siliceous  slate. 

LAI"!' ED,  pp.  [See  Lap.]  Turned  or  fold- 
ed over. 

LAP'PER,  n.  One  that  laps;  one  that 
wraps  or  folds. 

2.  One  that  takes  up  with   his  tongue. 

LAP'PET,  n.  [dim.  of  lap.]  A  part  of  a 
garment  or  dress  that  hangs  loose. 

Sieijl. 

LAP'PING,  ppr.  Wrapping  ;  folding  ;  lay- 
ing on. 

2.  Licking ;  taking  into  the  mouth  with  the 
tongue. 

LAPSE,  n.  laps.  [L.  lapsus,  from  labor,  to 
slide,  to  fall.     Class  Lb.] 

1.  A  sliding,  gliding   or   flowing ;  a  sm( 
course ;  as   the  lapse  of  a  stream  ;    the 
lapse  of  time. 

2.  A  falling  or  passing. 

The  lapse  la  indolence  is  soft  and  impercep- 
tible, but  the  return  to  diligence  is  difficult. 

Sambler 

3.  A  slip  ;  an  error  ;  a  fault ;  a  failing  in 
duty ;  a  slight  deviation  from  truth  or  rec 
titudo. 

This  Scripture  may  be  usefully  applied  as  a 
caution  to  guard  against  those  lapses  and  fail- 
ings to  which  our  infiimities  daily  expose  us. 

Rogers. 

So  wo  say,  a  lapse  in  style  or  propriety. 

4.  In  ecclesiastical  laic,  the  slip  or  omission  of 
a  patron  to  present  a  clerk  to  a  benefice, 
within  six  months  after  it  becomes  void. 
In  this  case,  the  benefice  is  said  to  be  laps- 
ed, or  in  lapse.  Encyc. 

5.  In  theology,  the  fall  or  apostasy  of  Adam. 
LAPSE,  v.i.  laps.  To  glide;  to  pass  slowly, 

sdently  or  by  degrees. 

This  disposition  to  shorten  our  words  by  re- 
trenching the  vowels,  is  nothing  else  but  a  ten- 
dency to  lapse  into  the  barbarity  of  fliose  north 
em  nations  from  which  we  descended.     Swift 

2.  To  slide  or  slip  in  moral  conduct ;  to  fail 
in  duty ;  to  deviate  from  rectitude ;  to 
commit  a  fault. 

To  lapse  in  fullness 
Is  sorer  than  to  lie  for  need.  Shak. 

3.  To  slip  or  commit  a  fault  by  inadvertency 
or  mistake. 

Homer,  in  his  characters  of  Vulcan  and 
Thersites,  has  lapsed  into  the  burlesque  char 
actor.  Mdison. 

4.  To  fall  or  pass  from  one  proprietor  to  an 
other,  by   the  omission  or  negligence  of 
the  patron. 

If  the  arclibishop  shall  not  iiU  it  up  within  six 
monlbs  ensuing,  it  lapses  to  the  king.     Ayliffe 

5.  To  fall  from  a  state  of  innocence,  or  from 
truth,  faith  or  perfection. 

Once  more  I  will  renew 
His  lapsed  powers.  Arjton. 

LAPS'ED,  pp.  Fallen;  passed  from  one 
proprietor  to  another  by  the  negligence  of 
the  patron  ;  as  a  lapsed  benefice.  A  laps 
ed  legacy  is  one  which  falls  to  the  heirs 
through  the  failure  of  the  legatee,  as  when 
the  legatee  dies  before  the  testator. 

LAP'SIDED,  a.  [lap  and  side.]  Having  one 
side  heavier  than  the  other,  as  a  ship. 

.Vor.  Diet. 


LAPS'ING,  ppr.  Gliding  ;  flowing  ;  failing; 
falling  to  one  person  through  the  omission 
of  another. 

LAP'WiNG,  n.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Trin- 
ga;  the  tewit. 

LAP'WORK,  n.  Work  in  which  one  pari 
laps  over  another.  Grew. 

L'AR,  n.  plu.  lares.  [L.]  A  household  deity. 

Lovelace. 

L'ARBOARD,  n.  [Board,  bord,  is  a  side  ; 
but  I  know  not  the  meaning  ol'lar.  The 
Dutch  use  bakboord,  and  the  Germans 
backbord.'] 

The  left  hand  side  of  a  ship,  when  a  person 
stands  with  liis  face  to  the  head  ;  opposed 
to  starboard. 

L'ARBOARD,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  left  hand 
side  of  a  ship  ;  as  the  larboard  quarter. 

L'ARCENY,  n.  [Fr.larcin;  Norm,  larcim 
Arm.  laeroncij,  or  lazroncy,  contracted  from 
L.  latrocinium,  from  the  Celtic ;  W.  lladyr, 
theft;   lladron,    thieves;    Sp.  ladron;    It. 
ladro,  ladrone.] 

Theft;  the  act  of  taking  and  carrying  away 
the  goods  or  property  of  another  feloni 
ously.  Larceny  is  of  two  kinds;  simple 
larceny,  or  theit,  not  accompanied  witli 
any  atrocioas  circumstance  ;  and  mixed  or 
compound  larceny,  which  includes  in  it  the 
aggravation  of  taking  from  one's  house  or 
person,  as  in  burglary  or  robbery.  The 
stealing  of  any  thing  below  the  value  of 
twelve  pence,  is  called  petty  larceny ;  above 
that  value,  it  is  called  grand  larceny. 

Blackstone. 
ARCH,  »i.  [h.larix  ;  Sp.  a/ecce;  \l.larice; 
G.  lerchenhaum  ;  D.  lorkenboom.] 

The  common  name  of  a  division  of  the  ge- 
nus Pinus,  species  of  which  are  natives 
of  America,  as  well  as  of  Europe. 

L*ARD,  n.  [Fr.  lard  ;  L.  lardum,  laridum  ; 
It.  and  Sp.  lardo ;  Arm.  lardl.  Qu.  W. 
lldr,  that  spreads  or  drops,  soft.] 

1.  The  fat  of  swine,  after  being  melted  and 
separated   from  the  flesh. 

2.  Bacon  ;  the  flesh  of  swine.  Dryden 
L'ARD,  v. /.    [?r.  larder;  Arm.  larda.\     To 

stufl'with  bacon  or  pork. 

The  larded   thiglis  on  loaded  altars  laid. 

Dryden 

2.  To  latten  :  to  enrich. 

Now  Falstaff  sweats  to  death, 
And  lards  the  lean  earth.  Shak 

3.  To  mix  with  sometliing  by  way  of  im- 
provement. 

— Let  no  alien  interpose, 
To  lard  with  wit  thy  hungry  Epsom  prose. 

Dryden. 

L'ARD,  V.  i.  To  grow  fat.  Drayton. 

LARDA'CEOUS,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  lard  ; 
consisting  of  lard.  Coxe. 

L'ARDED,  pp.  Stuffed  with  bacon ;  fat 
tened  ;  mixed. 

L'ARDER,  n.  A  room  where  tneat  is  kept 
or  salted.  Bacon. 

L'ARDRY,  n.  A  larder.     [Xol  used.] 

L'AR6E,  a.  larj.  [Fr.  large ;  Sp.  Port.  It. 
largo  ;  Arm.  larg  ;  L.  largus.  The  jirinia- 
ry  sense  is  to  spread,  stretch  or  distend, 
to  difliiise,  hence  to  loosen,  to  relax ;  Sp. 
largar,  to  loosen,  to  slacken,  as  a  rope 
Class  Lr.  It  seems  to  be  connected  will 
Gr.  ^avpos,  wide,  copious,  and  perhaps 
with  Jloor,  W.  llaivr,  and  with  llawer 
much,  many.  In  Basque,  larria,  is  gross, 
and  lairitu,  to  grow.] 


1.  Big;  of  great  size;  bulky;  as  a  large 
bofly  ;  a  large  horse  or  ox ;  a  large  moun- 
tain ;  a  large  tree  ;  a  large  ship. 

2.  Wide ;  extensive ;  as  a  large  field  or 
plain  ;  a  large  extent  of  territory. 

.3.  Extensive  or  populous  ;  containing  many 
inhabitants;  as  u.  large  city  or  town. 

4.  Abundant  ;  plentiful ;  ample  ;  as  a  large 
supply  of  provisions. 

5.  Copious ;  diffusive. 
I  might  be  very  large  on  tlie  importance  and 

advantages  of  education.  Felton. 

6.  In  seamen's  language,  the  wind  is  large 
when  it  crosses  the  line  of  a  ship's  course 
in  a  favorable  direction,  particularly  on 
the  beam  or  quarter.  Encyc. 

7.  Wide ;  consisting  of  much  water ;  as  a 
large  river. 

8.  Liberal ;  of  a  great  amount ;  as  a  large 
donation. 

At  large,  without  restraint  or  confinement ; 

as,  to  go  at  large  ;  to  be  left  at  large. 
2.  Difflisely ;  fully;   in   the  full  extent;  as, 
!     to  discourse  on  a  subject  at  large. 
L'ARgE,  71.  Formerly,  a  musical  note  equal 
!     to  four  breves.  Busby. 

,LAR6EHE'ARTEDNESS,   n.    Largeness 

of  heart;  liberahty.     [j^ol  used.] 

Bp.  Reynolds. 
LARGELY,  adv.  Widely;  extensively. 

2.  Copiously  ;  diflfusely  ;  amply.  The  sub- 
ject was  largely  discussed. 

3.  Liberally;  bountifully. 
— How  he  lives  and  eats  ; 

How  largely  gives.  Dryden. 

4.  Abundantly. 
They  their  fill  of  love  and  love's  disport 
Took  largely.  '.Milton. 

L'ARtiENESS,  n.  Bigness ;  bulk  ;  magni- 
tude ;  as  the  largeness  of  an  animal. 

2.  Greatness  ;  comprehension  ;  as  the  large- 
ness of  mind  or  of  capacity. 

3.  Extent  ;  extensiveness  ;  as  largeness  of 
views. 

4.  Extension  ;  amplitude  ;  liberahty  ;  as  the 
largeness  of  an  offer;  largeness  of  heart. 

Hooker.      Il'allcr. 

5.  Wideness ;  extent ;  as  the  largeness  of  a 
river. 

L'ARgESS,  n.  [Fr.  largesse ;  L.  largitio ; 
from  largus,  large.] 

A  present ;  a  gift  or  donation  ;  a  bounty  be- 
stowed. Bacon.     Dryden. 

L^ARgISH,  a.  Somewhat  large.  [Unusual.] 

Cavallo. 

L'ARGO,  I    [It.]  xMusical  terms,  di- 

LARGHET'TO,  S  reeling  to  slow  move- 
ment. Largo  is  one  degree  quicker  than 
grave,  and  two  degrees  quicker  than  ada- 
gio.  Did. 

L'ARK,  n.  [Sax.  la/ere,  lauerce;  Scot,  la- 
verok,  lauerok  ;  G.  lerche  ;  D.  leeuwrik ; 
Dan.  lerke ;  Sw.  larka ;  Icl.  lava,  loova. 
As  the  Latin  alauda  coincides  with  laudo, 
Eng.  loud,  so  the  first  syllable  of  lark,  laf, 
lau,  lave,  may  coincide  with  the  Dan.  lover, 
to  praise,  to  sing  or  cry  out.  But  I  know 
not  the  sense  of  the  word.] 

A  bird  of  the  genus  Alauda,  distinguished 
for  its  singing. 

L'ARKER,  n.  A  catcher  of  larks.  Did. 

L'ARKLIKE,  a.  Resembling  a  lark  in 
manners. 

L'ARK'S-HEEL,  n.  A  floweriaUed  Indian 


LAS 


L  ARKSPUR,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Del- 
phinium. 
LARMIER,  n.   [Fr.  from  larme,  a  tear  or 

The °ffai  jutting  part  of  a  cornice ;  literally, 

the  dropper  ;  the  eave  or  drip  of  a  house 

LAR'UM,  n.  [G.  lam,  bustle,  noise ;  Dan 

id]  -  _  fa 

Alarm ;  a  noise  giving  notice  of  danger,  [bee 

Mann,  which  is  generally  used.] 

L'ARVA,  ?       [L-  larva,  a  mask ;  tew.  larj ; 

L'ARVE,  S"'   Dan.G.  to-ue.] 

An  insect  in  the  caterpillar  state ;  eruca ;  tlxe 

state    of  an   insect    when  the   animal  is 

masked,   and  before   it   has    attained  its 

winged  or  perfect  state  ;  the  first  stage  in 

the  metamorphoses   of  insects,  preceding 

the  chrysalis  and  perfect  insect.       Linne. 

LARVATED,  a.  Masked  ;  clothed  as  with 

a  mask. 
LARYN'GEAN,  a.  [See  Larynx.]  Pertain- 
ing to  the  larynx. 
LARYNGOT'OMY,    n.    [larynx    and    Or 

ttuvu,  to  cut.]  . 

The  operation  of  cutting  the  larynx  or  wind 
pipe  ;  the  making  of  an  incision  into  the 
larynx  for  assisting  respiration  when  ob- 
structed,   or    removing    foreign    bodies;] 
bronchotomy  ;  tracheotomy. 

Coxe.     Quincy. 

LAR'YNX,  n.  [Gr.  >.apiiyt]  In  anatomy,  the 

upper  part  of  the  windpipe  or  trachea,  a 

cartilaginous  cavity,  which  modulates  the 

voice  in  speaking  and  singing.         Quincy. 

LAS'CAR,   n.  In   the  East  Indies,  a  native 

seaman,  or  a  gunner. 
LASCIVIENCY,  LASCIVIENT.    [jXot  us- 
ed.   See  the  next  words.] 
LASCIVIOUS,   a.  [Fr.  tascif;  It.  Sp.  las- 
civo;  from  L.  lascivus,  from  laius,  laxo,  to 
relax,  to  loosen.     Class  Lg.] 

1.  Loose;  wanton;  lewd;  lustful;  astasciv- 
ious  men ;  lascivious  desires  ;  lascivious 
eyes.  Milton. 

2.  Soft;  wanton;  luxurious. 

He  capers  nimbly  In  a  lady's  chamber, 
To  the  lascivious  pleasing  of  a  lute.       Shak 
LASCIVIOUSLY,  adv.  Loosely  ;  wanton- 
ly ;  lewdly. 
LASCIV'IOUSNESS,  n.  Looseness;  irreg- 
ular indulgence  of  animal  desires ;  wan- 
tonness :  lustfulne.ss. 

Who,  being  past  feeling,  have  given  them 
selves  over  to  lasciviousness.    Eph.  iv. 
2.  Tendency  to  excite  lust,  and  promote  ir 
regular  indulgences. 

The  reason  pretended  by  Augustus  was,  the 
lasciviousness  of  his  Elegies  and  his  Art  of 
Love.  Dryden. 

LASH,  n.  [This  may  be  the  same  word  as 
leash,  Fr.  laisse,  or  it  may  be  allied  to  tlie 
G.  lasche,  a  slap,  laschen,  to  lash  or  slap, 
and  both  may  be  from  one  root.] 
The  thong  or  braided  cord  of  a  whip, 
I  observed  that  your  whip  wanted  a  lash  to  it. 

Jlddison 

A  leash  or  string. 

A  stroke  with  a  whip,  or  any  thing  pliant 
and    tough.     The   culprit    was   whipped 
thirty  nine  lashes. 
4.  A  stroke  of  satire;  a  sarcasm;  an  expres- 
sion or  retort  that  cuts  or  gives  pain. 

The  moral  is  a  task  at  the  vanity  of  arrogating 
that  to  ourselves  which  succeeds  well. 

L'Estrange 

LASH,  V.  t.    To  strike  with  a  lash  or  any 

thing  pliant ;  to  whip  or  scourge. 


LAS 

We  lash  the  pupil  and  defraud  the  ward.        i 

I>ryden.\ 

To  throw  up  with  a  sudden  jerk.  | 

He  falls  ;  and  lashing  up  his  heels,  his  rider 

throws.  Dryden. 

.3.  To  beat,  as  with  something  loose ;  to  dash 


1. 


2. 
3. 


against. 

And  big  waves  lash  the  frighted  shores- 
Prior 

4.  To  tie  or  bind  with  a  rope  or  cord  ;  to  se- 
cure or  fasten  by  a  string  ;  as,  to  lash  any 
thing  to  a  mast  or  to  a  yard ;  to  lash  a 
trunk  on  a  coach. 

5.  To  satirize ;  to  censure  with  severity  ;  as, 
to  lash  vice. 

LASH,  V.  i.  To  ply  the  whip  ;  to  strike  at. 
To  laugh  at  follies,  or  to  lash  at  vice. 

"  Dryden. 

To  lash  out,  is  to  be  extravagant  or  unruly. 

Feliham. 
LASH'ED,  pp.  Struck  with  a  lash;  whip- 
ped ;  tied  ;  made  fast  by  a  rope. 
2.  Ill  botany,  ciliate  ;  fringed.  Lee. 

LASHER,  n.  One  that  whips  or  lashes. 
LASH'ER,    I      A  piece  of  rope  for  binding 
LASH'ING,  S  "'or making  fast  one  thing  to| 
another.  -Mar,  Diet. 

LASH'ING,  n.  Extravagance ;  unruhness. 

South. 
LASS,  n.  [Qu.  from  laddess,  as  Hickes  sug- 
gests.] Tjt-;- 
A  young  woman  ;  a  girl.                      Philips. 
LAS'SITUDE,  n.   [Fr.  from   L.  lassitudo, 
from  lassus,  and  this  from  laius,  laxo,  to 
relax.] 

Weakness;  dullness;  heaviness;  wean 
ness ;  languor  of  body  or  mind,  proceed- 
ing from  exhaustion  of  strength  by  exces- 
sive labor  or  action,  or  other  means. 
Among  physicians,  lassitude  is  a  morbid 
sensation  or  languor  which  often  precedes 
disease,  in  which  case  it  proceeds  from  an 
impaired  or  diseased  action  of  the  organs. 
L'ASSLORN,  a.  Forsaken  by  his  lass  or 
mistress.  Shak. 

L'AST,  a.  [contracted  from  latest;  Sax.last, 
from  latost ;  G.  letzt ;  D.  laatst,  from  Inat, 
late.  Qu.  is  the  Gr.  Tioiofloj  from  the  same 
root  ?     See  Late  and  Let.] 

1.  That  comes  after  all  the  others  ;  the  lat 
est ;  applied  to  time  ;  as  the  last  hour  of  the 
day  ;  the  last  day  of  the  year. 

2.  That  follows  all  the  others ;  that  is  be- 
hind all  the  others  in  place;  hindmost;  as, 
this  was  the  last  man  that  entered  the 
church. 

3.  Beyond  which  there  is  no  more. 
Here,  last  of  Britons,  let  your  names  be  read. 

Pope. 

4.  Next  before  the  present ;  as  the  last  week ; 
the  last  year. 

Utmost. 

Their  last  endeavors  bend. 


2. 


importance. 


Dryden 


Ellicott 


T'  outshine  each  other. 
It  is  an  object  of  the  las 

6.  Lowest ;  meanest. 
Antilochus 
Takes  the  last  prize.  Pope 

At  last,  at  the  last,  at  the  end  ;  in  the  conclu 

but  he 


sion. 

Gad,   a  troop  shall   overcome  him 
shall  overcome  at  the  last.   Gen.  xlix. 
To  the  last,  to  the  end ;  till  the  conclusion. 
And  blunder  on  in  business  to  the  last. 

Pope. 


LAT 

In  the  phrases,  "you  are  the  last  man  I 
should  consult,"  "  this  is  the  last  place  in 
which  I  should  expect  to  find  you,"  the 
wordlast  implies  improbability  ;  this  is  the 
most  improbable  place,  and  therefore  I 
should  resort  to  it  last. 
L'AST,  adv.  The  last  time ;  the  time  before 
the  present.  I  saw  him  last  at  New  York. 
2.  In  conclusion  ;  finally. 

Pleased   with   his  idol,  he  commends,   ad- 
mires. 
Adores;  and  last,  the  thing  adored  desires. 

Dryden. 
L^AST,  V.  i.  [Sax.  lastan,  Icestan.    This  verb 
seems  to  be  from  the   adjective  last,  the 
primary   seuse    of   which    is   continued, 
drawn  out.     See  Let.] 
1.  To  continue  in  time ;  to  endure ;  to  re- 
main in  existence.     Our  government  can- 
not last  long  unless  administered  by  hon- 
est men. 
J.  To  continue  unimpaired;  not  to  decay  or 
perish.     Select  for  winter  the  best  apples 
to  last.     This  color  will  last. 
3.  To  hold'  out ;  to  continue  unconsumed. 
The  captain  knew  he  had  not  water  on 
board  to  last  a  week. 
L>AST,   n.   [Sax.  hlmste;  G.   Sw.  D.   Dan. 
last ;  Russ.   laste  ;   Fr.   lest ;   Arm.   lastr ; 
\V.  llwylh.     See  Load.] 
A  load ;  hence,  a  certain  weight  or  measure. 
A  last  of  codfish,  white  herrings,  meal,  and 
ashes,  is  twelve  barrels  ;  a  last  of  corn  is 
ten  quarters  or   eighty   bushels ;    of  gun- 
powder, twenty  four  barrels  ;  of  red  her- 
rings, twenty  cades  ;  of  hides,  twelve  doz- 
en ;  of  lether,  twenty  dickers ;  of  pitch  and 
tar,  fourteen    barrels ;    of  wool,    twelve 
sacks ;  of  flax  or  fethers,  1700  lbs. 

Encye. 
L'AST,  n.    [Sax.  laste,  Iceste ;  G.  leisten ;  D. 

leest ;  Dan.  last ;  Sw.  liist.] 
A  mold  or  form  of  the  human  foot,  made  of 
wood,  on  which  shoes  are  formed. 
The  cobler  is  not  to  go  beyond  his  last. 

L'Estrange 

L'ASTA6E,  n.    [Fr.  lestage.    See  Last,  a 
load.] 

1.  A  duty  paid  for  freight  or  transportation. 
[jVot  used  in  the  U.  States.] 

2.  Ballast.     [JVot  used.] 

3.  The  lading  of  a  ship.     [.Vol  used.] 
L'ASTERY,  n.  A  red  color.     [Xot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 
L'ASTING,  ppr.  Continuing  in   time  ;  en- 
during ;  remaining. 
2.  a.  Durable  ;   of  long   continuance  ;  that 
may  continue  or  endure  ;  as  a  tasting  good 
or  evil ;  a  lasting  color. 
LASTINGLY,  adv.  Durably  ;  with  contin- 
uance. 
LASTINGNESS,  n.  Durability  ;  the  qual- 
ity or  state  of  long  continuance. 

Sidney. 

LASTLY,  adv.  In  the  last  place. 

2.  In  the  conclusion  ;  at  last ;  finally. 

LATCH,   n.    [Fr.    loquet ;    Ann.    licqed  or 

clicqed,   coinciding    with    L.  ligula,  from 

ligo,  to  tie,  and  with   English  lock.  Sax. 

lacan,  to  catch.     The  G.  klinke,  D.  klink, 

coincide  with   Fr.  cknche,  which,  if  n  is 

casual,  are  the  Ann.  clicqed,  Eiig.to  clinch. 

The  same  word  in  W.  is  elided,  a  latch, 

and   the   It.     larcio,    a  snare,  L.   laqueus, 

from  which  we  have  lace,  may  belong  to 

the  same  root.    The  primary  sense  of  the 


L  A   1' 


L  A  T 


L  A  T 


root  is  to  catcli,  to  close,  stop  or  make 
fast.] 

1.  A  small  piece  of  iron  or  wood  used  to  fas- 
ten a  door.  Gay. 

2.  A  small  line  like  a  loop,  used  to  lace  the 
bonnets  to  the  courses,  or  the  drabblers  to 
the  boiuets.  Diet. 

LATCH,  V.  t.  To  fasten  with  a  latch ;  to 
fasten.  Locke. 

2.  [Fr.  kcher.]    To  smear.     [Ab<  used.] 

Shak. 

LATCH'ET,  n.  [from  latch,  Fr.  lacet.]  The 
string  that  fastens  a  shoe.    Mark  i. 

LATE,  a.  [Sax.  Uct,  lat ;  Goth,  lata  ;  D. 
laat ;  Sw.  lat ;  Dan.  lad,  idle,  lazy  ;  Goth. 
latyan.  Sax.  lalian,  to  delay  or  retard. 
This  word  is  from  the  root  of  let,  the  sense 
of  which  is  to  draw  out,  extend  or  pro- 
long, hence  to  be  slow  or  late.  See 
Let.  This  adjective  has  regular  termina- 
tions of  the  comparative  and  superlative 
degrees,  later,  latest,  hut  it  has  also  latter, 
and  latest  is  often  contracted  into  last.] 

1.  Coming  after  the  usual  time;  slow;  tar- 
dy ;  long  delayed  ;  as  a  late  spring  ;  a  late 
summer.  The  crops  or  harvest  will  be 
late. 

'■I.  Far  advanced  towards  the  end  or  close  ; 
as  a  laic  hour  <if  the  day.  He  began  at  a 
lale  period  of  his  life. 

3.  Last,  or  recently  in  any  place,  office  or 
character;  as  the  late  ministry;  the  late 
administration. 

4.  Existing  not  long  ago,  but  now  decayed 
or  departed  ;  as  the  late  bishop  of  Lon- 
don. 

5.  Not  long  past ;  happening  not  long  ago 
recent ;  as  the  late  rains.  We  have  receiv- 
ed late  intelligence. 

LATE,  adv.  After  the  usual  time,  or  the 
time  appointed;  after  delay;  as,  he  arriv 
e<l  lale. 

2.  After  the  proper  or  usual  season.  This 
year  the  fruits  ripen  late. 

3.  Not  long  ago  ;  lately. 

And  round  tlicm  throng 

With  leaps  and  bounds  the  late  imprisou'd 

young.  Pope. 

4.  Far  in  the  night,  day,  week,  or  other  par 
ticular  period;  as,  to  lie  a-bed  late;  to  sit 
up  late  at  night. 

Of  late,  lately,  in  time  not  long  past,  or  near 
the  present.  Tiie  practice  is  of  late  un- 
common. 

Too  late,  after  the  proper  time  ;  not  in  due 
time.  We  arrived  too  late  to  see  the  pro 
cession. 

LA'TED,  a.  Belated ;  being  too  lale.  [jYot 
used.]  Shak. 

LAT'EEN,  a.  A  lateen  sail  is  a  triangular 
sail,  extended  by  a  lateen  yard,  which  is 
slung  about  one  quarter  the  distance  from 
the  lower  end,  which  is  brought  down  at 
the  tack,  while  the  other  end  is  elevated 
at  an  angle  of  about  45  degrees;  used  in 
xebecs,  polacres  and  setees,  in  the  Medi- 
terranean. Mar.  Diet 

LA'TEEY,  adv.  Not  long  ago;  recently. 
We  called  on  a  gentleman  who  has  lately 
arrived  from  Italv. 

LA'TENCY,  n.  [See  Latent.]  The  state  of 
being  concealed  ;  abstruseness.         Paley. 

LA'TENESS,  ?i.  The  state  of  being  tardy, 
or  of  coming  after  the  usual  time;  as  the 
lateness  of  spring  or  of  harvest. 

2.  Time  far  advanced  in  any  particular  pe- 


riod ;  as  lateness  of  the  day  or  night ;  late- 
ness in  the  season  ;  lateness  in  hfe. 

3.  The  state  of  being  out  of  time,  or  after 
the  appointed  time ;  as  the  lateness  of  one's 
arrival. 

LA'TENT,  a.  [L.  Mens,  laleo ;  Gr.  ?.>j«c.<, 
xa^9al■w,•  Heb.  OkS,  to  cover,  or  rather  Ch. 
NdS,  to  hide  or  be  hid.  Class  Ld.  No.  1 
11.] 

Hid  ;  concealed  ;  secret ;  not  seen  ;  not  vis- 
ible or  apparent.  We  speak  ol' latent  mo 
tivcs;  latent  reasons;  2a(en<  springs  of  ac 
tion. 

Latent  heat,  is  heat  in  combination,  in  dis 
tinction  from  sensible  heat ;  the  portion  of 
heat  which  disappears,  when  abody  chang 
es  its  form  from  the  solid  to  the  fluid,  or 
from  the  fluid  to  the  aeriform  state. 

Black. 

LA'TER,  a.  [comp.  deg.  of  late.]  Posterior  ; 
subsequent. 

LAT'ERAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  lateralis,  from 
latus,  a  side,  and  broad,  Gr.  n'/^atvi;  coin- 
ciding with  W.  lied,  tlyd,  breadth,  and 
probably  with  Hug.  fat,  W.  plad  or  llez,  or 
both.  The  primary  sense  of  these  words 
is  to  extend,  as  in  late,  let.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  side;  as  the /aieroZ  view 
of  an  object. 

2.  Proceeding  from  the  side ;  as  the  lateral 
branches  of  a  tree  ;  lateral  shoots. 

LATERAL'ITY,  n.  The  quality  of  having 
distinct  sides.     [J\i~ot  used.]  Brown 

LAT'ERALLY,  adv.  By  the  side;  side- 
ways. Holder. 

2.  Li  the  direction  of  the  side. 

LAT'ERAN,  n.  One  of  the  churches  at 
Rome.  The  name  is  said  to  have  been 
derived  from  that  of  a  man.  Kncyc 

A  latere,  [L.]  A  legate  a  latere,  is  a  pope's  le- 
gate or  envoy,  so  called  because  sent  from 
his  side,  from  among  his  favorites  and 
counselors. 

LA'TERED,  a.  Delayed.     06s.       Chaucer. 

LATERIFO'LIOUS,  a.  [L.  latus,  side,  and 
;    folium,  leaf] 

In  botany,  growing  on   the  side  of  a  leaf  at 
I     the  base  ;  as  a  laterifolious  flower. 
I  Lee.     .Martyn. 

jLATERP'TIOUS,  a.  [L.  lateiitius,  from 
I  later,  a  brick.]  Like  bricks ;  of  the  color 
I     of  bricks.  Med.  Repos. 

\Lateritious  sediment,  a  sediment  in  urine  re- 
I  senibling  brick  dust,  observed  after  the 
1  crises  of  fevers,  and  at  the  termination  of 
I     gouty  paroxysms.  Parr. 

L'ATII,  n.  [W.  claivd,  a  thin  board,  or  lluth, 

a  rod  ;    Fr.  latle ;   Sp.  latas,  plu.;  G.  lalte  ; 

D.  Int.] 

1.  A  thin,  narrow  board  or  slip  of  wood 
nailed  to  the  rafters  of  a  building  to  sup- 
port the  tiles  or  covering. 

2.  A  thin  narrow  slip  of  wood  nailed  to  the 
studs,  to  support  the  plastering. 

L'ATH,  V.  t.  To  cover  or  line  with  laths. 

Mortimer. 

LV\TH,  n.  [Sax.  leth.  The  signification  of 
this  word  is  not  clearly  ascertained.  It 
may  be  from  Sax.  lathian,  to  call  together, 
and  signify  primarily,  a  meeting  or  assem- 
bly.    See  H'apenktae.] 

In  some  parts  of  England,  a  part  or  division 
of  a  county.  Spenser,  Spelman  and 
Blackstone  do  not  agree  in  their  accounts 
of  the  lath;   but  according  to  the  laws  of 


Edward  the  Confessor,  the  lath,  in  some 
counties,  answered  to  the  Irithing  or  third 
part  of  a  county  in  others.  IVilkins. 

LATHE,  71.  [Qu.  lath,  supra,  or  W.  lalhrv. 
to  make  smooth.] 

:\n  engine  by  which  instruments  of  wood, 
ivory,  metals  and  other  materials,  are  turn- 
ed and  cut  into  a  smooth  round  form. 

LATH'ER,  V.  i.  [Sax.  tethrian,  to  lather,  to 
anoint.  Qu.  W.  llathru,  to  make  smooth, 
or  llithraiv,  to  glide  ;  Uilhrig,  slippery,  or 
llyth, soft  ;  llyzu,tr>  spread.] 

iTo  tbrni  a  foam  with  watc'r  and  soap ;  to 
become  froth,  or  frothy  matter. 

LATH'ER,  V.  t.  To  spread  over  with  the 
loam  of  soap.  * 

LATH'ER,  n.  Foam  or  froth  made  by  soap 
moistened  with  water. 

2.  Foam  or  froth  from  profuse  sweat,  as  of 
a  horse. 

L^ATIIY,  a.  Tbiu  as  a  lath  ;  long  and  slen- 
der. Todd. 

L'ATHY,  a.  [W.  Uelh,  llyth.]  Flabby; 
weak.  .Vtw  England. 

LATIB'L'LIZE,  v.  i.  [L.  latibidum,  a  hiding 
place.] 

To  retire  into  a  den,  burrow  or  cavity,  and 
tie  dormant  in  winter;  to  retreat  and  liehitl. 
The  tortoise  latibulizes  in  October. 

iS'Aato's  Zool. 

LAT'IeLAVE,  »!.  [L.  laticlavium ;  latus, 
broad,  and  clavus,  a  stud.] 

An  ornament  of  dress  worn  by  Roman  sena- 
tors. It  is  supposed  lo  have  been  abroad 
stripe  of  purple  on  the  fore  part  of  the  tu- 
nic, set  with  knobs  or  studs.  Kncyc. 

LAT'IN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Latins,  a  peo- 
ple of  Latium,  in  Italy;  Roman;  as  the 
Latin  language, 

Latin  church,  the  western  church  ;  the 
christian  church  in  Italy,  France,  Spain 
and  other  countries  where  the  Latin  lan- 
guage was  introduced,  as  distinct  from 
the  Greek  or  eastern  church.  Encyc. 

LAT'IN,  n.  The  language  of  the  ancient 
Romans. 

2.  An  exercise  in  schools,  consisting  in  turn- 
ing English  into  Latin.  Ascham. 

LAT'INISM,  If.  A  Latin  idiom  ;  a  mode  of 
speech  peculiar  to  the  Latins.        Addison. 

LAT'INIST,  »i.  One  skilled  in  Latin. 

LATIN'ITY,  ?i.  Purity  of  the  Latin  style  or 
idiom  :  the  Latin  tongue. 

LAT'INiZE,  I',  t.  To  give  to  foreign  words 
Latin  terminations  and  make  thcni  Latin. 

ff'atts. 

LAT'INIZE,  V.  i.  To  use  words  or  phrases 
borrowed  from  the  Latin.  Dryden. 

LATIROS  TROUS,  a.  [L.  latus,  broad,  and 
rostrum,  beak.]  Having  a  broad  beak,  as 
a  fowl.  Brown. 

LA'TISH,   a.  [from  late.]     Somewhat  late. 

LAT'lTANCV,  n.  [L.  lalitan.^,  lalilo,  to  lie 
hid,  from  lateo.     See  Latent.] 

The  state  of  lying  concealed ;  the  srate  of 
lurking.  lirown. 

LAT'ITANT,  a.  Lurking  ;  lying  hid  ;  con- 
cealed. Boyle. 
[These   words  are   rarely  used.      See 
Latent.] 

LAT' IT  AT,  ji.  [L.  he  lurks.]  A  writ  by 
which  a  person  is  sunmioncd  into  the 
king's  bench  to  answer,  as  supposing  he 
lies  concealed.  Blackstone. 

LAT'lTUDE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  latitudo, 
breadth ;  latus,  broad  ;  W.  llyd,  breadth.] 


L  A  T 


L  A  U 


L  A  U 


1.  Breadth ;  width  ;  extent  from  side  to  side. 

H'otton. 

2.  Room ;  space.  Locke. 

[In  the  foregoing  sc7ises,  little  used.] 

3.  In  astronomy,  the  distance  of  a  star  north 
or  south  of  the  echptic. 

4.  In  geography,  tlie  distance  of  any  place 
on  the  globe,  north  or  south  of  the  equa- 
tor. Boston  is  situated  in  the  forty  third 
degree  of  north  latitude. 

5.  Extent  of  meaning  or  construction ;  in- 
definite acceptation.  The  words  will  not 
bear  tliis  latitude  of  construction. 

0.  Extent  of  deviation  from  a  settled  point ; 
freedom  from  rules  or  limits  ;  laxity. 

In  human  actions,  there  are  no  degrees  and 
precise  natural  limits  described,  but  a  latitude 
is  indulged.  Faylor 

7.  Extent. 

1  pretend  not  to  treat  of  them  in  their  full 
latitude.  Locke. 

LATITU'DINAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  latitude  ; 
in  the  direction  of  latitude.  Gregory. 

LATITUDINA'RIAN,  a.  [Fr.  latituditiaire.] 
Not  restrained  ;  not  confined  by  precise 
limits;  free;  thinking  or  acting  at  large  ; 
as  lalflndinarian  opinions  or  doctrines. 

LATITUDINA'RIAN,  n.  One  who  is  mod- 
erate in  his  notions,  or  not  restrained  by 
precise  settlerl  linjits  in  opinion  ;  one  who 
indulges  freedom  in  thinking. 

2.  In  theology,  one  who  departs  in  opinion 
from  the  strict  principles  of  orthodoxy  ;  or 
one  who  indulges  a  latitude  of  thinking 
and  interpretation  ;  a  moderate  man. 

LATITUDINA'RIANISM,  n.  Freedom  or 
liberality  of  opinion,  particularly  in  theol- 
ogy. Ch.  Obs. 

2.  Indifference  to  religion.  ff.  Jones. 

LA'TRANT,  a.  [L.  latro,  to  hark.]  Bark- 
ing. Ticketl. 

LA'TRATE,  v.  i.  To  bark  as  a  dog.     [JVot 

LATRA'TION,  n.  A  barking.     [ATot  used.] 

LA'TRIA,  n.  [L.  from  Gr.  J^rpaa.]  The 
highest  kind  of  worship,  or  that  paid  to 
God;  distinguished  by  the  catholics  from 
didia,  or  the  inferior  worship  paid  to 
saints.  Encyc. 

LATRO'BITE,  n.  [from  Latrobe.]  A  newly 
described  mineral  of  a  pale  pink  red  color, 
massive  or  crystalized,  from  an  isle  near 
the  Labrador  coast.  Phillips. 

LAT'ROCINY,  n.  [L.  latrocinium.]  Theft ; 
larceny.     [JVbf  in  use.] 

LAT'TEN,  n.  [Fr.  leton  or  lailon;  D. 
latoen  ;  Arm.  laton.]  Iron  plate  covered 
with  tin.  Encyc. 

LAT'TEN-BRASS,  n.  Plates  of  milled 
brass  reduced  to  different  thicknesse.'--,  ac- 
cording to  the  uses  they  are  intendeil  for. 

Encyc. 

LAT'TER,  o.  [an  irregular  comparative  of 
late.] 

1.  Coming  or  happening  after  something 
else  ;  opposed  to  former  ;  as  the  former 
and  latter  rain  ;  former  or  tatter  harvest. 

2.  Mentioned  the  last  of  two. 

The  difr*Mcncc  between  reason  and  revela- 
tion— and  in  what  sense  the  latter  is  superior. 

Watts. 

3.  Modern  ;  lately  done  or  past;  as  in  these 
latter  ages. 

LAT'TERLY,  adv.  Of  late ;  in  time  not 
Jong  past;  lately.  Richardson. 


LAT'TERMATH,  n.    The  latter  mowing ; 

that  which  is  mowed  after  a  former  mow- 
ing. 
LAT'TICE,  n.    [Fr.  latlis,  a  covering  ofl 

laths,  from  latte,  a  lath  ;    W.  cledrwy,  from 

cledyr,  aboard,  shingle  or  rail.] 
Any  work  of  wood  or  iron,  made  by  crossing 

laths,    rods  or  bars,   and   forming   open 

squares  like  net-work;   as  the  lattice  of  a 

window. 

The  mother  of  .Sisera  looked  out  at  a  window, 

and  cried  through  the  lattice.    Judg.  v. 
LAT'TICE,  a.   Consisting  of  cross  pieces ; 

as  lattice  work. 
2.  Furnished  with  lattice  work  ;   as  a  lattice 

window. 
LAT'TICE,  V.  t.   To  form  with  cross  bars, 

and  open  work. 
2.  To  furnish  with  a  lattice. 
LAT'TICED,  pp.  Furnished  with  a  lattice. 
LAUD,   )!.    [L.  laus,  laitdis ;    W.clod;   Ir. 

cloth ;  allied  to  Gr.  x%hu,  xi-to^.     This  is 

from  the  same  root  as  Eng.  loud,  G.  laut, 

and  the  primary  sense  is  to  strain,  to  utter 

soimd,  to  cry  out.     See  Loud.] 
1.  Praise  ;  commendation  ;   an  extolhng  in 

words ;  honorable  mention.    [Little  used.] 


2.  That  part  of  divine  worship  which  con- 
sists in  praise.  Bacon. 

•3.  Music  or  singing  in  honor  of  any  one. 

LAUD,  V.  t.  [L.  laudo.]  To  praise  in  words 
alone,  or  with  words  and  singing ;  to  cele- 
brate. Bentley 

LAUD'ABLE,  a.  [L.  laudabilis.]  Praise- 
worthy ;  commendable  ;  as  laudable  mo- 
tives ;  laudable  actions. 

9  Healthy  ;  salubrious  ;  as  laudable  juices 
of  the  body.  Arbuthnot. 

.3.  Healthy  ;  well  digested  ;  as  laudable  pus 

LAUD'ABLENESS,  n.  The  quality  of  de- 
serving praise  ;  praiseworthiness  ;  as  the 
laudableness  of  designs,  purposes,  motives 
or  actions.  [Laudability,  in  a  like  sense- 
has  been  used,  but  rarely.] 

L.\l'D'ABLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  deserving 
praise. 

LAUD'ANUM,  n.  [from  L.  laudo,  to  praise.] 
Opium  dissolved  in  spirit  or  wine  ;  tincture 
of  opium.  Coxe. 

LAUD'ATIVE,  n.  [L.  laudativus.]  A  paneg- 
yric ;  an  eulogy.     [Little  used.]        Bacon. 

LAUD'ATORY,  a.  Containing  praise ;  tend- 
ing to  praise. 

LAUD'ATORY,  ?i.  That  which  contains 
praise.  Milton. 

LAUD'ER,  n.  One  who  praises. 

LAUGH,   V.  i.    I'aff.    [Sax.   hlihan;    Goth. 
hlahyan  ;  G.  lachen ;  D.  lachgen  ;  Sw.  le 
Dan.  leer;   Heb.  and  Ch.  Ji?S,  laag.  Class 
Lg.  No.  17.] 

1.  To  make  the  noise  and  exhibit  the  fea- 
tures which  are  characteristic  of  mirth  in 
the  human  species.  Violent  laughter  is 
accompanied  with  a  shaking  of  the  sides, 
and  all  laughter  expels  breath  from  the 
lungs.  Bacon. 

2.  In  poetry,  to  be  gay ;  to  appear  gay,  cheer- 
ful, pleasant,  lively  or  brilliant. 

Tlien  laughs  the  childish  year  with  flow'rets 
crown'd.  Dryden 

And  o'er  tho  foaming  bowl,  the  laughing 
wine.  Pope. 

To  laugh  at,  to  ridicule  ;  to  treat  with  some 
degree  of  contempt. 


No  fool  to  laugh  at,  which  he  valued  more. 

Pope. 
To  laugh  to  scorn,  to  deride ;    to  treat  with 

mockery,  contempt  and  scorn.     Neh.  ii, 
LAUGH,  n.  taff.    An  expression  of  mirth 
pecuhar  to  the  human  species. 
But  feigns  a  laugh,  to  see  me  search  around. 
And  by  that  laugh  the  willing  fair  is  found. 

Pope. 

LAUGHABLE,  a.  Vaffable.  That  may  justly 

excite  laughter  ;    as  a  laughable  story  ;    a 

laughable  scene. 

LAUGHER,   n.    Vaffer.    One   who  laughs, 

or  is  fond  of  merriment. 

The  laughers  are  a  majority.  Pope. 

LAUGHING,     ppr.     laffing.      Expressing 

mirth  in  a  particular  manner. 
LAUGHINGLY,  adv.  laffingly.  In  a  merry 
way ;  with  laughter. 

LAUGHING-STOCK,  n.  An  object  of  ridi- 
cule; a  butt  of  sport.  Spenser.    Shak. 

LAUGHTER,  n.  I'affter.  Convulsive  merri- 
ment;  an  expression  of  mirth  peculiar  to 
man,  consisting  in  a  peculiar  noise  and 
configuration  of  features,  with  a  shaking 
of  the  sides  and  expulsion  of  breath. 
I  said  odavghter,  it  is  mad.     Eccles.  ii. 

LAUGH-WORTHY,  a.  Deserving  to  be 
laughed  at.  B.  Jonson. 

LAU'MONITE,  n.  Efflorescent  zeolite  ;  so 
called  from  Laumont,  its  discoverer.  It  is 
found  in  laminated  masses,  in  groups  of 
prismatic  crystals  or  prismatic  distinct  con- 
cretions. Exposed  to  the  air,  it  disinte- 
grates. Cltaveland. 

LAUNCH.  [See  Lanch,  the  more  correct 
orthography.] 

LAUND,  n.  A  lawn.     [Ml  used.] 

Chaucer. 

LAUNDER,  n.  I'ander.  [from  L.  lavo,  to 
wash.] 

A  washer-woman  ;  also,  a  long  and  hollow 
trough,  used  by  miners  to  receive  the 
powdered  ore  from  tlie  box  where  it  is 
beaten.  Encyc. 

LAUNDER,  V.  t.  Vander.  To  wash  ;  to  wet. 

Sha}(. 

LAIJNDERER,  n.  I'anderer.  A  man  who 
follows  the  business  of  washing  clothes. 

Butler. 

LAUNDRESS,  n.  Vandress.  [Fr.  lavandiere  : 
Sp.  lavandera  ;  It.  lavandaia  ;  from  L.  lavo, 
Sp.  lavar,  to  wash.] 

A  washer-woman  ;  a  female  whose  employ- 
ment is  to  wash  clothes. 

LAUNDRESS,  v.  i.  Vandress.  [supra.]  To 
practice  washing.  Blount. 

LAUNDRY,    n.     iandry.      [Sp.  lavadero.] 

1.  A  washing.  Bacon. 

The  place   or  room  where   clothes  are 
washed. 

LAU'REATE,  a.  [L.  laitreaius,  from  laurea, 
a  laurel.] 

Decked  or  invested  with  laurel;  as  laureate 
hearse.  Milton. 

Soft  on  hcr  lap  licr  laureate  son  reclines. 

Pope. 

Poet  laureate,  in  Great  Britain,  an  officer  of 
the  king's  hou.sehold,  whose  business  is  to 
compose  an  ode  annually  for  the  king's 
birtli  day,  and  for  the  new  year.  It  is 
said  this  title  was  first  given  him  in  the 
time  of  Edward  IV,  Encyc. 


LAV 


L  A  AV 


LAW 


LAU'REATE,  v.  t.  To  honor  with  a  degree; 
in  ihe  university,  and  a  present  of  a  wreath 
of  laurel.  Warton. 

LAU'REATED,/)p.  Honored  wiih  a  degree 
and  a  laurel  wreath. 

LAUREA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  conferring 
a  degree  in  tlie  university,  together  with 
a  wreath  of  laurel ;  an  honor  bestowed 
on  those  who  excelled  in  writing  verse 
This  was  an  ancient  practice  at  Oxford, 
from  which  probably  originated  the  de- 
nomination of  poet  laureate.  It'arton 

LAU'REL,  M.  [L.  laurus  ;  It.  lauro  ;  Fr 
laurier;  Sp.  laurel;  Port,  launiro  ;  W. 
llonvyz,  llonvi/zen,  laurel  wood,  from  the 
root  of  llatvr,  a  floor,  llor,  that  spreads  ; 
Dan.  laur-b(tr-tree  ;  GJorbeer,  the  laurel  or 
bay-berry.  Laur  coincides  in  elements 
\v\lUJlowcr,Jloreo.] 

The  bay-tree  or  Lauru.s,  a  genus  of  jilants 
of  several  species.  Encyc. 

LAU'RELED,  a.  Crowned  or  decorated 
with  laurel,  or  with  a  laurel  wreath  ;  lau- 
reate. 

LAURIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  laurus  and  /era, 
to  hear.]     Producing  or  bringing  laurel. 

LAU'Rl'STIN,  n.  [L.  laurusllmi.s.]  A  plant 
of  the  genus  Viburniui),  an  evergreen 
shrub  or  tree,  whose  flowers  are  said  to 
continue  through  the  winter. 

LAUS'KRAIT,  n.  [G.  lausekraut,  louse- 
plant.]     A  i)lant  of  the  genus  Delphinium. 

LAU'TU,  n.  A  baud  of  cotton,  twisted  and 
worn  on  the  iicad  of  the  Incaof  Peru,  as  a 
badge  of  royalty.  J.  Barlow. 

L'AVA,  ?!.  [probably  from  flowing,  and 
from  the  root  of  L.  fluo,  or  lavo ;  It.  laua 
a  stream,  now  lava^ 

1.  A  mass  or  stream  of  melted  minerals  or 
stony  m.itter  which  bursts  or  is  thrown 
from  the  mouth  or  sides  of  a  volcano,  and 
is  sometimes  ejected  in  such  quantities  as 
to  overwhelm  cities.  Catana,  at  the  foot 
of  Etna,  has  often  been  destroyed  by  it, 
and  in  178-3,  a  vast  tract  of  land  in  Iceland 
was  overspread  by  an  eruption  of  lava 
from  mount  Ilecla. 

2.  The  same  matter  when  cool  and  har- 
dened. 

LAVA'TION,  )!.  [L. /ai'a/to,  from/«ro.]  A 
washing  or  cleansing.  Hakeicill. 

LAVATORY,  n.  [See  Lave.]  A  place  for 
washing. 

2.  A  wash  or  lotion  for  a  diseased  part. 

3.  A  place  where  gold  is  obtained  by  wash 
ing.  Encyc. 

LAVE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  laver;  S]).lavar;  It. lavare; 

L.  laro ;  Gr.  ^oiu  ;   Sans,   allava  ;  proba- 
bly contracted  from  logo  or  laugo.] 
To    wash  ;    to    bathe ;    a   word  tised  chiejly 

in  poetry  or  rhetoric.  Milton.     Dryden. 

LAVE,  V.  i.  To  bathe  ;  to  wash  one's  self. 

Pope. 
LAVE,  t'.  t.   [Fr.   lever.]     To  throw  up  or 

out ;  to  lade  out.     [Kol  in  use.] 

B.  Jonson. 
LA'VE-EARED,  a.   Having  large  pendant 

ears.     [JVot  in  use.]  "  Bp.  Halt. 

LAVEE'R,  V.  <.  [Fr.  louvoyer  or  louvier ;  D. 

laveercn.]     In  seamen's  language,  to  tack; 

to   sail  back  and   forth.      [I  believe  this 

■word  is  not  in  common  use.] 
LAVENDER,  n.   [L.  lavendula.]     A  plant,' 

or  a  genus  of  aromatic  plants,  Lavandula.! 
LA'VER,  Ji.  [Fr.  Invoir,  from  laver,  to  lave.]| 

A  vessel  for  washine  ;  a  larce  bason  :  inl 

Vol.  II. 


scripture  history,  a    bason  i)laccd  in  the 

court  of  the  Jew  ish  tabernacle,  where  the 

officiating  priests  washed  their  hands  and 

feet  and  the  entrails  of  victims.         Encyc. 

LAVEROCK.     [See  Lark.] 

LA'VING,  ppr.  '\Vashing  ;  bathing. 

LAVISH,  a.  [I  know  not  fioni  wliat  source 

we  have  received  this  word.     It  coincides 

in  elements  with  L.  liber,  free,  liberal,  and 

L.  laro,  to  wash.] 

1.  Prodigal  ;  expending  or  bestowing  with 
profusion  ;  profuse,  lie  was  lavish  of  ex- 
pense ;  lavish  of  praise  ;  lavish  of  encomi- 
ums ;  tavi.ih  of  censure  ;  lavish  of  blood 
and  trea.sure. 

2.  AV^isteful  ;  expending  without  necessity; 
liberal  to  a  fault.  Dryden. 

3.  Wild  ;  unrestrained. 

Curbing  his  lavish  sijiiit.  Shak. 

LAVISH,  V.  t.  To  expend  or  bestow  with 
profusion  ;  as,  to  lavish  praise  or  encomi- 
ums. 

2.  To  waste ;  to  expend  without  necessity 
or  use;  to  squander;  as,  to  lavish  money 
on  vices  and  amusements. 

LAVISHED,  pp.  Expended  profusely ; 
wasted. 

LAV'ISHER,?!.  A  prodigal;  a  profuse  per- 
son. 

LAVISHING,  ppr.  Expending  or  laying 
out  with  ])rofusion  ;  wasting. 

LAVISHLV,  adv.  With  profuse  expense; 
prodigally  ;  wastefuUy.       Dryden.     Pope. 

LAVISHNESS,  n.  Profusion  ;  protUgality. 

Spenser. 

LAVOL'TA,  n.  [It.  la  voltn,  the  turn.]  An| 
old  dance  in  which  was  much  turning  and 
capering.  Shak. 

LAVV,  n.  [Sax.  laga,  lage,  lag,  or  lah;  Sw. 
tag;  Dan.  lov  ;  It.  legge ;  Sp.  ley ;  Fr.  loi 
L.  lex  ;  from  the  root  of  lay.  Sax.  lecgan 
Goth,  lagyan.  See  Lay.  A  law  is  that 
xvhich  is  laid,  set  or  fixed,  like  statute,  con- 
stitution, from  L.  statuo.] 

1.  A  rule,  particularly  an  established  or  per- 
manent rule,  prescribed  by  the  supreme 
power  of  a  state  to  its  subjects,  Tor  regulat 
ing  their  actions,  particularly  their  social 
actions.  Laws  are  imperative  or  manda 
tory,  commanding  what  shall  be  done  ; 
prohibitory,  restraining  from  what  is  to  be 
forborn  ;  or  permissive,  declaring  what 
may  be  done  without  incurring  a  penally. 
The  laics  which  enjoin  the  duties  of  piety 
and  tiiorality,  are  prescribed  by  God  and 
found  in  the  Scriptures. 

Law  is  beneficence  acting  by  rule.      Burke 

2.  Municipal  law,  is  a  rule  of  civil  conduct 
prescribed  by  the  supreme  power  of  a 
state,  commanding  what  its  subjects  are  to 
do,  and  prohibiting  what  they  are  to  for- 
bear ;  a  statute. 

Municipal  or  civil  laws  are  estabhshed 
by  the  decrees,  edicts  or  ordinances  of 
absolute  princes,  as  emperors  and  kings, 
or  by  the  formal  acts  of  the  legislatures  of 
free  states.  Law  therefore  is  sometimes 
equivalent  to  decree,  edict,  or  ordinance. 

3.  Laiv  of  nature,  is  a  rule  of  conduct  arising 
out  of  the  natural  relations  of  human  be- 
ings established  by  the  Creator,  and  exist- 
ing prior  to  any  positive  precept.  Thus  it 
is  a  laui  of  nature,  that  one  man  should 
not  injure  another,  and  murder  and  fraud 
would  be  crimes,  independent  of  any  pro- 
hibition from  a  supreme  power. 

O 


4.  Laws  qf  animal  nature,  the  inherent  prin- 
ciples by  which  the  economy  and  func- 
tions of  animal  bodies  are  performed, 
such  as  respiration,  the  circulation  of  the 
blood,  digestion,  nutrition,  various  secre- 
tions, &c. 

5.  Laws  of  vegetation,  the  principles  by 
which  plants'  arc  produced,  and  their 
growth  carried  on  till  they  arrive  to  per- 
fection. 

G.  Physical  laivs,  01  laws  of  nature.  The  inva- 
riable tendency  or  determination  of  any 
species  of  matter  to  a  particular  form  with 
definite  properties,  and  the  determination 
of  a  body  to  certain  motions,  changes, 
and  relations,  which  uniformly  take  place 
in  the  same  circumstances,  is  called  a 
physical  law.  These  tendencies  or  deter- 
minations, whether  oallcd  laws  or  afiec- 
tions  of  matter,  have  been  established  by 
the  Creator,  and  are,  with  a  peculiar  feli- 
city of  expression,  denominated  in  Scrip- 
ture, ordinances  of  heaven. 

7.  Laws  of  nations,  the  rules  tliat  regulate 
the  mutual  intercourse  of  nations  or  states. 
These  riUes  depend  on  natural  law,  or  the 
principles  of  justice  W'hich  spring  from 
the  social  state  ;  or  they  are  founded  on 
customs,  compacts,  treaties,  leagues  and 
agreements  between  independent  commu- 
nities. 

By  tlie  taw  of  nations,  we  are  to  under- 
stand that  code  of  public  instruction,  which 
defines  the  ri^lits  and  prescribes  the  duties  of 
nations,  in  their  intercourse  with  each  other. 

ITmt. 

8.  Moral  law,  a  law  which  prescribes  to  men 
their  religious  and  social  duties,  in  other 
words,  their  duties  to  God  and  to  each 
other.  The  moral  law  is  summarily  con- 
tained in  the  decalogue  or  ten  command- 
ments, written  by  the  finger  of  God  on 
two  tables  of  stone,  and  dehvered  to  Moses 
on  mount  Sinai.     Ex.  xx. 

'9.  Ecclesiastical  law,  a  rule  of  action  pre- 
scribed for  the  government  of  a  church  ; 
otherwise  called  canon  law. 

10.  JVritten  law,  a  law  or  rule  of  action  pre- 
scribed or  enacted  by  a  sovereign,  and 
promulgated  and  recorded  in  writing;  a 
written  statute,  ordinance,  edict  or  de- 
cree. 

11.  Umvritten.  or  common  law,  a  rule  of  ac- 
tion which  derives  its  authority  from  long 
usage,  or  established  custom,  which  has 
been  immcmorially  received  and  recogni- 
zed by  judicial  tribunals.  As  this  law  can 
be  traced  to  no  positive  statutes,  its  rules 
or  principles  are  to  be  found  only  in  the 
records  of  courts,  and  in  the  reports  of 
judicial  decisions. 

12.  By-law,  a  law  of  a  city,  town  or  private 
corporation.     [See  By.] 

13.  Mosaic  laiv,  the  institutions  of  Moses,  or 
the  code  of  laws  prescribed  to  the  Jews, 
as  distinguished  from  the  gospel. 

14.  Ceremonial  law,  the  Mosaic  institutions 
which  prescribe  the  external  rites  and 
ceremonies  to  be  observed  by  the  Jews, 
as  distinct  from  the  moral  precepts,  which 
are  of  perpetual  obligation. 

15.  A  rule  of  direction;  a  directory;  as  rea- 
son and  natural  conscience. 

Tliese,  having  not  the  taw,  are  a  law  to 
themselves.    Rom.  ii. 


LAW 


LAW 


LAY 


IG.  That  which  governs  or  has  a  tendency 
to  rule  ;  that  wliich  has  tlic  power  of  con- 
trolling. 

But  I  see  another  law  in  my  members  war 
ring  against  the  law  of  my  mind,  and  bringing 
me  into  captivity  to  the  law  of  sin  which  is  in 
my  members.     Rom.  7. 

17.  The  word  of  God  ;  tlie  doctrines  and 
precepts  of  God,  or  his  revealed  will. 

But  his  delight  is  in  the  law  of  the  Lord,  and 
in  his  law  doth  he  meditate  day  and  night. 
Ps.  i. 

18.  The  Old  Testament. 

Is  it  not  written  in  your  law,  I  said,  ye  are 
gods .'  John  X. 

19.  The  institutions  of  Moses,  as  distinct 
from  the  other  parts  of  the  Old  Testament ; 
as  the  laio  and  the  prophets. 

20.  A  rule  or  axiom  of  science  or  art;  set- 
tled principle  ;  as  the  laws  of  versification 
or  poetry. 

21.  Law  martial,  or  martiallaw,  the  rules  or- 
dained for  the  government  of  an  army  or 
military  force. 

22.  Maii'iie  laivs,  rules  for  the  regulation  of 
navigation,  and  the  commercial  inter- 
course of  nations. 

23.  Commercial  law,  latv-merchant,  the  sys- 
tem of  rules  by  which  trade  and  commer- 
cial intercourse  are  regulated  between 
merchants. 

24.  Judicial  process;  prosecution  of  right 
in  courts  of  law. 

Tom  Touchy  is  a  fellow  famous  for  taking 
the  law  of  every  body.  Spectator. 

Hence  the  phrase,  to  go  to  law,  to  pros- 
ecute ;  to  seek  redress  in  a  legal  tribunal. 

25.  Jurisprudence  ;  as  in  the  title,  Doctor  of 
Laws. 

26.  In  general,  law  is  a  rule  of  action  pre- 
scribed for  the  government  of  rational 
beings  or  moral  agents,  to  which  rule  they 
are  bound  to  yield  obedience,  in  default  of] 
which  they  are  exposed  to  punishment ; 
or  law  is  a  settled  mode  or  course  of  ac- 
tion or  operation  in  irrational  beings  and 
in  inanimate  bodies. 

Civil  law,  criminal  laiv.  [See  Civil  and  Crim- 
inal.} 
Laws  of  honor.  [See  Honor.] 
Law  language,  the  language  used  in  legal 
writings  and  forms,  particularly  the  Nor- 
inan  dialect  or  Old  French,  which  was 
used  in  judicial  proceedings  from  the  days 
of  William  the  conqueror  to  the  36th  year 
of  Edward  III. 
Wager  of  law,  a  species  of  trial  formerly  used 
in  England,  in  which  the  defendant  gave 
security  that  he  would,  on  a  certain  day, 
make  his  law,  that  is,  he  would  make  oath 
that  he  owed  nothing  to  the  plaintiff",  and 
would  produce  eleven  of  his  neighbors  as 
compurgators,  who  shotdd  swear  that 
they  believed  in  their  consciences  that  he 
had  sworn  the  truth.  Blackslone. 

LAW'-BREAKER,  n.  One  who  violates 
the  law.  Milton, 

LAW-DAY,  n.   A  day  of  open  court. 

Shah. 
2.  A  leet  or  sheriff's  tourn. 
LAW'FUL,  a.  Agrec.-ihle  to  law ;  conform- 
able to  law  ;  allowed  by  law  ;  legal ;  legit 
imate.  That  is  deemed  laiiful  which  no 
law  forbids,  but  nmny  things  arc  lairftil 
which  arc  ngt  expedient. 


2.  Constituted  by  law ;  rightful ;  as  the  law 

fill  owner  of  lands. 
LAWFULLY,  adv.  Legally  ;  in  accordance 

with  law ;    without   violating   law.     We 

may  lawfully   do   what  the-   laws  do  not 

forbid. 
LAWFULNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 

conformable  to  law ;   legality.     The  law 

fulness  of  an  action  does  not  always  prove 

its  propriety  or  expedience. 
LAWGIVER,  71.  [law  and  give.]  One  who 

makes  or  enacts  a  law ;  a  legislator. 

Slirifl 
LAWGIVING,    a.     Making    or    enacting 

laws ;  legislative.  frailer. 

LA  WING,  n.  Expeditation  ;  the  act  of  cut 

ting  off  the  claws  and  balls  of  the  fore  feet 

of  mastiffs  to  prevent  them  from  running 

after  deer.  Blackslone. 

LAW'LESS,  a.   Not  subject  to  law  ;  unre 

strained  by  law  ;  as  a  laioless  tyrant ;  law 

less  men. 

2.  Contrary  to  law;  illegal;  unauthorized; 
as  a  laivlcss  claim. 

He  needs  no  indirect  nor  lawless  course. 

Shak 

3.  Not  subject  to  the  ordinary  laws  of  na 
ture ;  uncontrolled. 

He,  meteor-like,  flames  lawless  through  the 

void.  Pope. 

LAWLESSLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  coitrary 

to  law.  Shak. 

LAWLESSNESS,  n.   The  quality  or  state 

of  being  unrestrained  by  law  ;  disorder. 

Spenser. 
LAW'-MAKER,  n.  One  who  enacts  or  or- 
dains    laws ;    a   legislator ;    a    lawgiver 
Lawmakers  shoidd  not  be  law-breakers, 

.idagc 
LAW-MONGER,  ?;.    A  low  dealer  in  law 
a  pettifogger.  Milton. 

L.\WN,  71.  [W.  llan,  an  open,  clear  place. 
It  is  the  same  woi-d  as  land,  with  an  ap- 
propriate signification,  and  coincides  with 
plain,  planus,  Ir.  cluain.] 
An  open  space  between  woods,  or  a  plain 
in  a  park  or  adjoining  a  noble  seat. 
Betwixt    them    lawns  or  level  downs,  and 

flocks 
Grazing  the  tender  herbs,  were  interspers'd. 

Milton. 
LAWN,    n.    [Fr.  linon,  from  lin,   flax,   L. 

linum.] 
A  sort  of  fine  linen.     Its  use  in  the  sleeves 
of  bishops,  explains  the  following  line. 

A  saint  in  crape  is  twice  a  saint  in  lawn. 

Pope. 

LAWN,  a.  Jlade  of  lawn. 

LAWN'Y,  a.  Level,  as  a  plain  ;  like  a  lawn. 

2.  Made  of  lawn.  Bp.  Hall. 

LAWSCIT,  Ji.  [See  Suit.]  A  suit  in  law 
for  the  recovery  of  a  supposed  right ;  a 
process  in  law  instituted  by  a  party  to 
com]>el  another  to  do  him  justice. 

LAW'YER,  n.  [that  is,  lawei;  contracted 
from  law-wcr,  law-man.] 

One  versed  in  the  laws,  or  a  practitioner  of 
law  ;  one  whose  profession  is  to  institute 
suits  in  courts  of  law,  and  to  prosecute  or 
defend  the  cause  of  clients.  This  is  a 
general  term,  comprehending  attorneys 
coimselors,  solicitors,  barristers,  Serjeants 
and  advocates. 

LAW  YER-LIKE.  a.  Like  a  real  lawyer 

LAW'Yl'RI.V,  a.  Judicial.  MiUon. 


LAX,  a.  [L.  laxus ;  Sp.  laso  ;  It.  lasso  ;  Fr. 
lache,  for  lasche.] 

1.  Loose;  flabby;  soft;  not  tense,  firm  or 
rigid  ;  as  lax  flesh  ;  a  lax  fiber. 

2.  Slack  ;  not  tight  or  tense  ;  as  a  lax  cord. 

3.  Not  firmly  united  ;  of  loose  texture  ;  as 
gravel  and  the  like  laxer  matter. 

Woodward. 

4.  Not  rigidly  exact ;  as  a  lax  moral  dis- 
course. .    Baker. 

5.  Not  strict ;  as  lax  morals. 

6.  Loose  in  the  bowels ;  having  too  frequent 
discharges. 

LAX,  JI.  A  looseness;  diarrhoea. 

2.  A  species  of  fish  or  salmon.    [Sax.  Icex.] 

[JVot  in  use.] 
LAXA'TION,  n.    [L.  laxalio.]    The  act  of 

loosening  or  slackening;  or  the  state  of 

being  loose  or  slackened. 
LAX'ATIVE,  a.  [Fr.  laxatif,  from  L.  laxo.] 

Having  the  power  or  quality  of  loosening 

or  opening  the  bowels,  and  relieving  from 

constipation. 
LAX'ATIVE,  n.   A  medicine  that  relaxes 

the  bowels  and  relieves  from  costiveness ; 

a  gentle  purgative.  Coxe. 

LAX'ATIVENESS,  n.  The  quality  of  re- 
laxing. 

LAX'ITY,  n.  [L.  laxitas.]  Looseness  ; 
slackness;  the  opposite  of  tenseness  or 
tension. 

2.  Looseness  of  texture.  Bentley. 

3.  Want  of  exactness  or  precision ;  as  laxity 
of  expression. 

4.  Looseness;  defect  of  exactness;  as  laxity 
of  morals. 

5.  Looseness,  as  of  the  bowels ;  the  oppo- 
site of  costiveness. 

(i.  Openness  ;  not  closeness. 

LAX'LY,  adv.  Loosely  ;  without  exactness. 

iJees. 

LAX'NESS,  n.  Looseness;  softness;  flab- 
biness  ;  as  the  laxness  of  flesh  or  of  mus- 
cles. 

2.  Laxity;  the  opposite  of /ensi'o)!. 

3.  Looseness,  as  of  morals  or  discipline. 

4.  Loosenes.s,  as  of  the  bowels. 

5.  Slackness,  as  of  a  cord. 

LAY,  pret.  of  lie.  The  estate  lay  in  the 
county  of  Hartford. 

When  Ahab  heard  these  words,  lie  rent  his 
clothes,  and  put  sackcloth  upon  his  head,  and 
fasted  and  lay  in  sackcloth.     1  Kings  xxi. 

LAY,  V.  t  pret.  and  pp.  laid.  [Sax.  lecgan, 
legan  ;  D.  leggen  ;  G.  legeji ;  Sw.  l&gga  ; 
Dan.  Ugger  ;  Russ.  loju  ;  L.  loco,  whence 
locus,  W.  lie,  place,  Eng.  ley  or  lea ;  W. 
lleau,  to  lay.  Hence  Fi-.  lieu.  Arm.  lech,  a 
place ;  Ir.  legadli.  Arm.  lacqaal,  to  lay. 
The  primary  sense  is  to  send  or  throw ; 
hence  this  word  is  the  L.  lego,  legare,  dif- 
ferently np])lied  ;  Gr.  Xcynuai.,  to  lie  down  ; 

Eth.  AATl  lak,  to  send,  whence  lackey. 
Class  Lg.  No  I.  and  21.  It  coincides  with 
lodge  and  with  lie.] 
1.  Literally,  to  throw  down  ;  hence,  to  put 
or  place  ;  applied  to  things  broad  or  long, 
and  in  this  respect  diflering  from  set. 
We  lay  a  book  on  the  table,  \vhen  we 
place  it  on  its  side,  but  we  set  it  on  the 
end.  We  lay  the  foundation  of  a  house, 
but  we  set  a  building  on  its  fjundatioii. 

He  hiiil  his  robe  fir  ni  him.     Jonah  iii. 

Soft  on  the  flowery  herb  1  found  nie  laid. 

Miltov. 


LAY 


LAY 


LAY 


A  stone  was  brought  and  laid  on  the  mouth  of 
the  den.     Dan.  vi. 

2.  To  beat  down  ;  to  prostrate.  Violent 
winds  witli  raiii  lay  corn  and  grass. 

3.  To  settle  ;  to  fix  and  keep  from  rising.  A 
shower  lays  tlie  dust. 

4.  To  place  in  order ;  to  dispose  with  regu- 
larity in  building ;  as,  to  lay  bricks  or 
stones  in  constructing  walls. 

5.  To  spread  on  a  surface ;  as,  to  lay  plas- 
ter or  paint. 

6.  To  spread  or  set ;  as,  to  lay  snares. 

7.  To  calm  ;  to  appease  ;  to  still ;  to  allay. 

After  a  tempest,  when  the  winds  are  laid. 

Waller. 

8.  To  quiet ;  to  still ;  to  restrain  from  walk- 
ing ;  as,  to  lay  the  rievil.  L'Estiange. 

9.  To  spread  and  set  in  order ;  to  prepare 
as,  to  lay  a  table  for  dinner. 

10.  To  place  in  the  eartli  for  growth. 

The   cliief  time  of  laying  gilliflowers,  is  in 
July.  Mortimer. 

11.  To  place  at  hazard  ;  to  wage  ;  to  stake  ; 
as,  to  lay  a  crown  or  an  eagle  ;  to  lay  a 
wager. 

12.  To  bring  forth ;  to  exclude  ;  as,  to  lay 
eggs. 

13.  To  add  ;  to  join. 

Wo  to   them  that  join   house  to  house,  that 
lay  field  to  ticld.     Is.  v. 

14.  To  put ;  to  apply. 

She  layeth  her   hand  to  the  spindle.     Prov. 
xxxi. 

15.  To  assess ;  to  charge  ;  to  impose  ;  as,  to 
lay  a  tax  on  land  ;  to  lay  a  duty  on  salt. 

16.  To  charge  ;  to  impute ;  as,  to  lay  blame 
on  one  ;  to  lay  want  of  prudence  to  one's 
charge. 

17.  To  impose,  as  evil,  burden,  or  punish 
ment. 

The  Lord  hath  laid  on  him  the  iniquity  of  us 
all.     Is.  liii. 

18.  To  enjoin  as  a  duty ;  as,  to  lay  com 
mands  on  one. 

19.  To  e.vhibit ;  to  present  or  offer ;  as,  to 
lay  an  indictment  in  a  particular  county. 

90.  To  prostrate  ;   to  slay. 

The  leaders  first 
He  laid  along.  DryJen. 

21.  To  depress  and  lose  sight  of,  by  sailing 
or  departing  from  ;  as,  to  lay  the  land ;  a 
seamaii's  phrase. 

22.  To  station  ;  to  set ;  as,  to  lay  an  am 
bush. 

23.  To  contrive  ;  to  scheme  ;  to  plan. 

To  lay  a  cable,  to  twist  or  unite  the  strands. 
To  lay  apart,  to  put  away  ;  to  reject. 

Lay  apart  all  filthiness.     James  i. 
To  lay  aside,  to  put  off  or  away  ;  not  to  re- 
tain. 

Let  us  lay  aside  every  weight,  and  the  sin 
that  dotli  so  easily  beset  us.     Meb.  xii. 
2.  To  discontinue ;  as,  to  lay  aside   the  use 

of  any  thing. 
To  lay  away,  to  reposit  in  store  ;  to  put  aside 

for  preservation. 
To  lay  before,  to  exhibit;  to  show;  to  pre- 
sent to  view.     The   papers  are  laid  before 
Congress. 
To  lay  by,  to  reserve  for  future  use. 

Let  every  one  of  you  lay  by  him  in  store,  as 
God  hatli  prospered  him.     1  Cor.  x\i. 
2.  To  put  away  ;  to  dismiss. 

Let  brave   spirits  not  be  laid  by,  as  persons 

unnecessary  for  the  time.  Bacoji 

■3.  To  put  off. 


And  she  arose  and  went  aw:\j ,   and  laid  by 
her  veil.     Gen.  xxxviii. 

To  lay  down,  to  deposit,  as  a  pledge,  equiva 
lent  or  satistiiction  ;  to  resign.  I 

I  lay  down  my  hfe  fur  the  sheep.     John  x. 
To  give  up ;  to  resign ;  to  quit  or   relin- 
quish ;   as,  to  lay  down  an  ollice  or  com- 
mission. 

3.  To  quit ;  to  surrender  the  use  of;  as,  tO| 
lay  down  one's  arms. 

4.  To  offer  or  advance  ;  as,  to  lay  down  a 
proposition  or  principle.  Addison.] 

To  lay  one's  self  down,  to  commit  to  repose. 

I  will  both  lay  me  down  in  peace  and  sleep — 

Ps.  iv. 

To  lay  hold  of,  to  seize ;  to  catch.  To  lay 
hold  on,  is  used  in  a  like  sense.         Locke 

To  lay  in,  to  store  ;  to  treasure  ;  to  provide 
previously.  Addison. 

To  lay  on,  to  apply  with  force ;  to  inflict ; 
as,  to  lay  on  blows. 

To  lay  open,  to  open  ;  to  make  bare  ;  to  un- 
cover ;  also,  to  show  ;  to  e.xpose  ;  to  re- 
veal ;  as,  to  lay  open  the  designs  of  an  en- 
emy. 

To  lay  over,  to  spread  over ;  to  incrust ;  to 
cover  the  surface  ;  as,  to  lay  over  with 
gold  or  silver. 

To  lay  out,  to  expend  ;  as,  to  lay  out  money, 
or  sums  of  money. 

2.  To  display  ;  to  discover. 
He   takes   occasion  to  lay  out  bigotry  and 

false  confidence  in  all  its  colors.        Atterbury. 
Obs. 

3.  To  plan  ;  to  dispose  in  order  the  several 
parts  ;  as,  to  lay  out  a  garden. 

4.  To  dress  in  grave  clothes  and  place  in  a 
decent  posture  ;  as,  to  lay  out  a  corpse. 
Shakspeare  uses  to  lay  forth, 

5.  To  exert ;  as,  to  lay  out  all  one's  strength. 
So  with  the  recii)rocal  pronoun,  to  lay 
one's  self  out,  is  to  e.xert  strength. 

To  lay  to,  to  charge  upon  ;  to  impute. 

Sidney. 
'2.  To  apply  with  vigor.  7\isser. 

3.  To  attack  or  harass.     Obs.  Knolles. 

4.  To  check  the  motion  of  a  ship,  and  cause 
her  to  be  stationary. 

To  lay  together,  to  collect ;  to  bring  to  one 
place  ;  also,  to  bring  into  one  view. 

To  lay  to  heart,  to  permit  to  affect  greatly. 

To  lay  under,  to  subject  to ;  as,  to  lay  one 
under  restraint  or  obligation. 

To  lay  up,  to  store  ;  to  treasure  ;  to  reposit 
for  future  use. 

Lay  up  for  yourselves  treasures  in  heaven. 
Matt.  vi. 

2.  To  confine  to  the  bed  or  chamber.  He  is 
laid  up  with  the  gout. 

To  lay  siege,  to  besiege  ;  to  encompass  with 
an  army. 

To  lay  wait,  to  station  for  private  attack  ;  to 
lay  in  ambush  for. 

To  lay  the  course,  in  sailing,  is  to  sail  to- 
wards the  port  intended,  without  gibing. 

To  lay  waste,  to  destroy;  to  desolate  ;  to  de- 
prive of  inhabitants,  improvements  and 
productions. 

To  lay  the  land,  in  seamen's  language,  is  to 
cause  the  land  ajiparently  to  sink  or  ap- 
pear lower,  by  sailing  from  it ;  the  dis- 
tance diminishing  the  elevation. 

LAY,  I',  i.  To  bring  or  produce  eggs. 

Hens  will  greedily   eat  the  herb  that  will 
make  them  lay  tlie  better.  Mortimer. 


2.  To  contrive;  to  forma  scheme.  [Unu- 
sual.] 

To  lay  about,  to  strike  or  throw  the  arms  on 
all  sides;  to  act  with  vigor. 

Spenser.     South. 

To  lay  at,  to  strike  or  to  endeavor  to  strike. 

The  sword  of  him  that  layeth  at  him  cannot 
hold.     Job  xli. 

To  lay  in  for,  to  make  overtures  for  ;  to  en- 
gage or  secure  the  possession  of. 

I  have  laid  in  for  these.  Drydeu. 

To  lay  on,  to  strike  ;  to  beat ;  to  deal  blows 

incessantly  and  with  vehemence. 
2.  To  act  with  vehemence;  used  of  expenses. 

Shak. 
To  lay  out,  to  purpose ;  to  intend.     He  lays 

out  to  make  a  journey. 
2.  To  take  measures. 

I  made  strict  inquiry   wherever  I  came,  and 
laid  out  for  intelligence  of  all  places. 

tVoodward. 
To  lay  upon,  to  importune.     Obs. 
LAY,  n.  That  which  lies  or  is  laid  ;  a  row  ; 
a  stratutli ;  a  layer  ;  one   rank  in  a  series 
reckoned  upward  ;  as  a  lay  of  wood. 

A  viol  should  have  a  lay  of  wire-strings  be- 
low. Bacon. 

2.  A  bet  ;  a  wager.     [Little  used.]     Graunl. 

3.  Station  ;  rank.     [.Vol  used.] 

LAY,  n.  [Sax.  leag,  leah,  lege ;  W.  lie  ;  Russ. 
lug  ;  L.  locus ;  Fr.  lieu.  See  Lay,  the 
verb.  The  words  which  signify ^facf,  are 
from  verbs  which  express  seltitig  or  lay- 
ing. It  is  written  also  ley,  and  lea,  but  less 
properly.] 

A  meadow  ;  a  plain  or  plat  of  grass  land. 
A  tuft  of  daisies  on  a  flowery  lay.      Vrydcn. 
The  lowing  herd  wind  slowly  o'er  the  lea. 

Gray. 

LAY,  n.  [Sax.  legh  or  ley;  Gr.  >.t;xiu,  to 
sound.  It  might  also  be  deduced  from 
G.  lied,  a  song  ;  D.  id. ;  Sax.  leoih  ;  Scot. 
leid,  lede,  or  luid ;  Ir.  lyidh ;  Gael,  laoidh ; 
from  the  root  of  loud,  L.  laudo,  plaudo, 
Sax.  hlydan.] 

A  song  ;  as  a  loud  or  soft  lay ;  immortal 
lays.  Sfienser.     .Milton. 

[It  is  used  chiefly  in  poetry.] 

LAY,  a.  [Fr.  lai,  L.  laicus.  It.  laico,  Sp. 
lego,  a  layman  ;  Gr.  ^atxoj,  from  ^oj, 
people.] 

Pertaining  to  the  laity  or  people,  as  distinct 
from  the  clergy  ;  not  clerical ;  as  a  lay 
person  ;  a  lay  preacher;  a  lay  brother. 

LAY-CLERK,  n.  A  vocal  officiate  in  a  ca- 
thedral. Busby. 

LA'YER,  n.  la'er.  [from  lay,  the  verb.]  A 
stratum  ;  a  bed  ;  a  body  spread  over  an- 
other ;  as  a  te^cr  of  clay  or  of  sand. 

2.  A  shoot  or  twig  of  a  plant,  not  detached 
from  the  stock,  laid  under  ground  for 
growth  or  propagation.  Encye. 

3.  A  hen  that  lays  eggs.  Mortimer. 
LA'YING,  ppr.  Putting;  placing  ;  applying; 

ini|>uting :  wagering. 
LA' YLAND,  n.  Land  lying  untilled  ;  fallow 
ground.     [Local.] 

L.\'YM.\N,  n.  la'man.  [lay  and  man.]  A 
man  who  is  not  a  clergyman  ;  one  of  the 
laity  or  people,  distinct  from  the  clergy. 

Dryden.    Sicifl. 

3.  An  image  used  by  painters  in  contriving 
attitudes.  Dryden. 

3.  A  lay -clerk. 


LEA 


LEA 


LEA 


LA'YSTALL,  n.  [Imj  and  stall.]  A  heap  of 
dung,  or  a  place  where  dung  is  laid. 

Jlsh. 

LA'ZAR,  n.  [from  Lazarus;  Sp.  kaaro.] 
A  person  infected  with  nauseous  and  pes- 
tilential disease.  Sliak.    Drijdtn. 

LAZARET',       \      [Sp.  lazarelo ;    It.  laz- 

LAZARETTO,  I  "'  zeretto;Fi: lazaret;  from 
Lazants.] 

A  public  building,  hospital  or  pest-house  for 
the  reception  of  diseased  persons,  particu 
larly  for   those  affected  with   contagious 
distempers. 

LA'ZAR-HOUSE,  n.  A  lazaretto ;  also,  a 
hospital  for  quarantine. 

LA'ZAR-LIKE,  )        Full  of  sores  ;    lep- 

LA'ZARLY,  ^  "•  rous.  Bp.  Hall. 

LA'ZARWoRT,  i      Laserpitiuni,a  genus  of 

LA'SERWORT,  ^"'plants  of  several  spe- 
cies, natives  of  Germany,  Italy,  France, 
&c. 

LAZE,  V.  i.   To  live  in  idleness.     [  Vulgar.] 

LAZE,  V.  t.  To  waste   in  sloth.     [  Vulgar.] 

LA'ZILY,  adv.  [from  lazy.]  In  a  heavy, 
sluggish  manner  ;  sluggishl}'. 

Whether  he  lazily  and  fistlcssly  dreams  away 
his  time.  Locke. 

LA'ZINESS,  71.  [from  lazy.]  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  lazy  ;  indisposition  to  ac- 
tion or  exertion  ;  indolence  ;  sluggishness ; 
heaviness  in  motion  ;  habitual  sloth.  La- 
ziness differs  from  idleness  ;  the  latter  be- 
ing a  mere  defect  or  cessation  of  action, 
but  laziness  is  sloth,  with  natural  or  ha- 
bitual disinclination  to  action. 

Laziness  travels  so  slowly,  that  poverty  soon 
overtakes  liim.  Franklin. 

2.  Slowness ;  tardiness. 

LA'ZING,  a.  Spending  time  in  sluggish  in- 
action. UEslrange. 
[This  is  an  ill-formed,  ijielcganl  ivord.] 

LAZ'ULI.  Lapis  Lazuli  is  a  mineral  of  a 
fine,  azure  blue  color,  usually  amorphous, 
or  in  rounded  masses  of  a  moderate  size. 
It  is  often  marked  by  yellow  spots  or  veins 
of  sulphuret  of  iron,  and  is  much  valued 
for  ornamental  work.  It  is  distinguislied 
from  lazulite,  by  the  intenseness  of  its  co- 
lor.    [Qu.  Ar.  azul.]  Cleaveland. 

LAZ'ULITE,  n.  A  mineral  of  a  light,  indi- 
go blue  color,  occurring  in  small  masses, 
or  crystalized  in  oblique  four-sided  prisms 

Cleaveland. 

LA'ZY,  a.  [G.  lass,lassig;  W.llesg.  The 
Fr.  Idche  is  from  L.  la.cus,  and  it  is  doubtful 
whether  this  is  of  the  same  family.] 

\.  Disinclined  to   action  or  exertion;  natu 
rally  or  habitually  slothful;  sluggish;  in- 
dolent ;  averse  to  labor  ;  heavy  in  motion 
Wicked  meu  will  ever  live  like   rogiies,  and 
not  fall  to  work,  but  be  lazy  and  spend  victuals 

JSacon 

2.  Slow  ;  moving  slowly  or  apparently  with 

labor;  as  a  lazy  stream. 

The  nii^lit-owi's /azy  flight.  SImk. 

LD,  stands  for  lord. 

LEA,  I      [See  Lay.]    A  meadow  or  plain. 
LEY,  S    '  The  Welsh  write  He,   but  as  thij 

word  is  from  the  root  of  lay,  the  latter  is 

the  Miorc  correct  orthography. 
LEACH,  V.  I.  [Sw.  laka,  to  fail  in  drops,  to 

distill ;  laka,  to  leak  ;  Dan.  lekker,  to  drop, 

to  leak.     See  Leak.     Pcihaps  L.   li.r  may 

be  from  the  same  root.] 
To  wash,  as  ashes,  by  percolation,   or  caus 

ing  water  to  pass  through  tliem,  and  thus 


to  separate  from  them  the  alkali.  The 
water  thus  charged  with  alkali,  is  called 
lye.  ^  j 

LEACH,  ji.  A  quantity  of  wood  ashes, 
through  which  water  passes,  and  thus  im- 
bibes the  alkali. 

LE'ACH-TUI5,  n.  A  wooden  vessel  or  tub 
in  which  ashes  are  leached.  It  is  some- 
times written  leteh-tub. 

LEAD,  n.  led.  [Sax.  Iwd ;  G.loth;  B.lood; 
Dan.  Sw.  lod ;  Russ.  lot,  probably  a  mass, 
like  clod.] 

A  metal  of  a  dull  white  color,  with  a  cast  of 
blue.     It  is  the  least  elastic  and  sonorous 
of  all  the  metals,  and  at  the  same  time  it  is 
soft  and  easily  fusible.     It   is  found  na- 
tive in  small  masses,  but  generally  mine 
ralized  by  sulphur,  and  sometimes  by  oth 
er  substances.      Lead  fused  in  a  strong 
heat,   throws   off  vapors  which   are  un 
wholesome. 

2.  A  plummet  or  mass  of  lead,  used  in  sound- 
ing at  sea. 

•J.  Leads,  a  flat  roof  covered  with  lead. 

Shak.     Bacon. 

Ifliite  lead,  the  oxyd  of  lead,  ground  with  one 
third  part  of  chalk.  Fourcroy. 

LEAD,  V.  t.  led.  To  cover  with  lead  ;  to  fit 
with  lead. 

LEAD,  V.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  led.  [Sax.  la;dan  ; 
G.  leilen ;  D.  leiden  ;  Sw.  leda  ;  Dan.  leder ; 
probably  to  draw,  to  strain,  or  extend.] 

1.  To  guide  by  the  hand  ;  as,  to  lead  a  child. 
It  often  includes  the  sense  of  drawing  as 
well  as  of  directing. 

2.  To  guide  or  conduct  hy  showing  the  way 
to  direct ;  as,  the  Israelites   were  led  by  a 
pillar  of  a  cloud  by  day,  and  by  a  pillar  of 
fire  by  night. 

3.  To  conduct  to  any  place. 
He  leadeth  me  beside  the  still  waters.     Ps 

xxiii. 

4.  To  conduct,  as  a  chief  or  commander,  im- 
plying authority  ;  to  direct  and  govern  ;  as, 
a  general  leads  his  troo|)S  to  battle  and  to 
victory. 

Christ  took  not  on  him  flesh  and  blood,  that 
he  might  conquer  and  rule  nations,  lead  armies — 

South. 

5.  To  precede ;  to  introduce  by  going  first. 
As  Hesperus  thit  leads  the  sua  his  way. 

Fairfa.t 

G.  To  guide  ;  to  show  the  method  of  attain 
ing  an  object.     Self-examination  may  lead 
us  to  a  knowledge  of  ourselves. 

7.  To  draw  ;  to  entice  ;  to  allure.  The  love 
of  pleasure  leads  men  into  vires  which  de- 
grade and  impoverish  them. 

8.  To  induce  ;  to  prevail  on;  to  influence. 
He  was  (biven  by  the  necessities  of  the  times 

more  than  led  by  bis  own  disposition  to  any 
ligor  of  actions.  JC.  Charles. 

9.  To  pass  ;  to  spend,  that  is,  to  draw  out ; 
as,  to  lead  a  life  of  gayety,  or  a  solitary 
life. 

That  we  may  lead  a  quiet  and  peaceable  life 
in  all  godliness  and  honesty.     1  Titn.  ii. 

To  lead  astray,  to  guide  in  a  wrong  way  or 
into  error  ;  to  seduce  from  truth  or  recti- 
tude. 

To  lead  captive,  to  carry  into  captivity. 

LE.\D,  i\  i.  To  go  before  and  show  the  way. 
I  will  lead  on  softly.     (J.-n.  xxxiii. 

2.  To  conduct,  as  a  chief  or  connnander. 
Let  the  troo^is  follow,  w  here  their  general 
leads. 


3.  To  draw  ;  to  have  a  tendency  to.  Ga- 
ming leads  to  other  vices. 

4.  To  exercise  dominion.  Spenser. 
To  lead  off  or  out,  to  go  first ;  to  begin. 

Cumberland. 
LEAD,    n.    Precedence ;    a   going    before ; 

guidance.     Let  the  general  take  the  lead. 

[A  colloquial  word  in  reputable  use.] 
LEADEN,  a.  led'n.  [from  lead.]    Blade   of 

lead  ;  as  a  leaden  ball. 

2.  Heavy  ;  indisposed  to  action.  Shak. 

3.  Heavy  ;  dull.  Shak. 
LEADEN-HEARTED,    a.    Stupid  ;  desti- 
tute of  feeling.                                 Thomson. 

LEADEN-HEELED,  a.  Moving  slowly. 

Ford. 
LEADEN-STEPPING,  a.  Moving  slowly. 

Milton. 
LE'ADER,  n.    One  that  leads  or  conducts; 
a  guide  ;  a  conductor. 

2.  A  chief;  a  commander  ;  a  captain. 

3.  One  who  goes  first. 

4.  The  chief  of  a  party  or  faction ;  as  the 
leader  of  the  whigs  or  of  the  tories ;  a  lead- 
er of  the  Jacobins. 

5.  A  performer  who  leads  a  band  or  choir  in 
music. 

LE,'AT)ING, ppr.  Guiding  ;  conducting  ;  pre- 
ceding ;  drawing;   alluring;  passing  life. 

2.  a.  Chief;  principal ;  capital ;  most  influ- 
ential ;  as  a  leading  motive  ;  a  leading  man 
in  a  Jiart)'. 

3.  Showing  the  way  by  going  first. 

He  left  his  mother   a  countess  by   patent, 
which  was  a  new  leading  example —     Wotton. 

LE'ADING,  n.  Guidance  ;  the  act  of  con- 
ducting ;  direction.  Shak.     Spenser. 

LEADING-STRINGS,  n.  Strings  by  which 
children  are  supported  when  beginning  to 
walk.  Dryden. 

To  be  in  leading  strings,  to  be  in  a  state  of 
infancy  or  dependence,  or  in  pupilage  un- 
der the  guidance  of  others. 

LE'ADMAN,  n.  One  who  begins  or  leads  a 
dance.     Obs.  B.  Jonson. 

LEADWORT,  n.  led'wort.  Plumbago,  a 
genus  of  plants. 

LEADY,  (/.  led'dy.  Of  the  color  of  lead. 

LEAF,  r).  ]>hi.  leaves.  [Sax.  leafe ;  D.  loof; 
G.laub;  i~\\.  lof;  Dan.  liiv :  Goth,  lau/.] 

1.  In  botany,  leaves  are  organs  of  fierspira- 
tion  and  inhalation  in  |>lants.  They  us- 
ually shoot  from  the  sides  of  the  stems  and 
branches,  but  sometimes  from  the  root ; 
sometimes  they  are  sessile  ;  more  generally 
supported  by  petioles.  They  are  of  vari- 
ous forms,  flat,  extended,  hiiear,  cylindric, 
&c. 

2.  The  thin,  extended  part  of  a  flower;  a 
petal. 

3.  A  part  of  a  book  containing  two  pages. 

4.  The  side  of  a  double  door.     1  Kings  vi. 

.5.  Something  resembling  a  leaf  in  thinness 
and  extension ;  a  very  thin  plate  ;  as  gold 
leaf. 

6.  The  movable  side  of  a  table. 

LE.\F,  V.  i.  To  shoot  out  leaves ;  to  pro- 
duce leaves.     The  Uixslcafin  May. 

LE'AFAGE,  n.  Abundance  of  leaves. 

LE'AFED,  pp.  Having  leaves. 

LE'AI'^LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  leaves;  as  a 
leafless  tree.  Pope. 

LE'AKLET,  n.  A  little  leaf 

2.  In  botany,  one  of  the  divisions  of  a  com- 
pound leaf;  a  foliole. 


LEA 


LEA 


LEA 


LE'AF-STALK,  n.   The    petiole   or  stalki 

whicli  supports  a  leal".  Martyn.l 

LE'AFY,  a.    Full  of  leaves ;    as  the  leafy 

forest.  Dryden. 

LEAGUE,  n.  ke^.  [Fr.  ligue ;  It.  lega ;  Sp. 

ligii ;  from  L.  tigo,  to  hind.] 
All  alliance  or  confederacy  between  princes 
or  states  for  their  mutual  aid  or  defense  ; 
a  national  contract  or  compact.    A  league 
may  be  offensive  or  defensive,  or  both, 
is  offensive,  when   the  contracting  parties 
agree  to  unite  in  attacking  a  connnon  en 
emy  ;  defensive,  when  the  parties  agree  to 
act  in   concert  in  defending  each   other 
against  an  enemy. 
2.  A  combination  or  union  of  two  or  more 
parties  for   the    purpose  of   maintaining 
friendship  and  promoting  their  mutual  in- 
terest, or  for  executing  any  design  in  con- 
cert. 

AnJ  let  there  be 
'Twixl  us  and  them  no  league,  nor  amity. 

Venham 
LEAGUE,  V.  i.  leeg.  To  unite,  as  princes  or 
states  in  a   contract  of  amity  for  mutual 
aid  or   defense ;  to   confederate.     Russia 
and  Austria  leagued  to  oppose  the  ambi- 
tion of  Buona|>arte. 
2.  To  unite  or  confederate,  as  private  per- 
sons for  mutual  aid. 
LEAGUE,  ji.    keg.    [of  Celtic  origin.     W. 
llec,  a  flat  stone,  whence  Low  L.  kuca,  Sp. 
legua,  It.  kga,   Fr.  lieue,  Ir.  kux;.     It  ap 
pears  from   the   Welsh,  that  this  word  is 
from  the  root  of /ai/.] 
\.  Originally,  a  stone  erected  on   the  public 
roads,  at  certain  distances,  in  the  manner 
of  the  modern  mile-stones.     Hence, 
2.  The  distance  between  two  stones.     WitI 
the  English  and  Americans,  a  league  is  the 
length  of  three  miles  ;  but  this  measure  is 
used  chiefly   at   sea.     The  league  on  the 
continent    of   Europe,  is    very  different 
among  different  nations.     The  Dutch  and 
Gerniau  league  contaius  four  geographical 
miles.  Encyc. 

LE'AGUED,  pp.  lee'ged.  United  in  mutual 

compact ;  confederated. 
LEAGUER,  )!.  ke'ger.  One  who  unites  in 
a  league  ;  a  confederate.  Ena/c. 

LE'AGUER,    n.    [D.  beleggeren.     See   Be- 
leaguer.^ 
Siege ;  investment  of  a  town  or  fort  by  an 
army.     [Litlle  used.]  Shak. 

LEAK,  n.  [D.  lek,  a  leak,  and  leaky  ;  kkken, 
to  leak,  to  drop,  to  sleek  or  make  smooth ; 
Jcftter,  dainty,  delicate,  nice,  delicious;  G 
leek,  a  leak,  and  leaky  ;  kcken,  to  leak,  to 
drop  out,  to  jump,  to  tick  ;  kcker,  dainty, 
delicious,  lickerish  ;  Sw.  laka,  to  distill  or 
drop,  and  laka,  to  leak  ;  Dan.  kk,  leaky  ; 
lekke,  a  leak ;  lekkefad,  a  dripping  pan 
lekker,  to  leak,  to  drop  ;  tekker,  dainty,  del- 
icate, nice,  lickerish ;  Sax.  hlece,  leaky.  If 
the  noun  is  the  primary  word,  it  may  be 
the  Gr.  >.axif,  a  fissure  or  crevice,  from 
>.)jxfu,  Dor.  xaxiu,  to  crack,  to  sound,  or  to 
burst  with  sound,  coinciding  with  L.  lacero 
and  loquor,  and  perhaps  Eng.  clack.  It 
seems  that  lickerish  is  from  the  root  of| 
leak,  and  signifies  properly  watery.] 

1.  A  crack,  crevice,  fissure  or  hole  in  a  ves- 
sel, that  admits  water,  or  permits  a  fluid 
to  escape. 

2.  The  oozing  or  passing  of  water  or  other 
fluid  or  liquor  through  a  crack,  fissure  or 


aperture  in  a   vessel,  either  into  it,  as  into 
a  ship,  or  out  of  it,  as  out  of  a  cask. 

To  spring  a  leak,  is  to  open  or  crack  so  as  to 
let  in  water ;  to  begin  to  let  in  water. 

LEAK,  a.  Leaky.     [JVot  in  use.]      Spenser. 

LEAK,  V.  i.  To  let  water  or  other  liquor  in 
to  or  out  of  a  vessel,  through  a  hole  or 
crevice  in  the  vessel.  A  ship  leaks,  when 
she  admits  water  through  her  scams  or  an 
aperture  in  her  bottom  or  sides,  into  the 
hull.  A  pail  or  a  cask  leaks,  when  it  ad- 
mits liquor  to  pass  out  through  a  hole  or 
crevice. 

To  leak  out,  to  find  vent ;  to  escape  privately 
from  confinement  or  secresy  ;  as  a  fact  or 

i     report. 

LE'AKAUE,  n.  A  leaking;  or  the  quantity 

1     of  a  liquor  that  enters  or  issues  by  leak 

!     ing- 

2.  An  allowance,  in  commerce,  of  a  certain 
j  rate  per  cent,  for  the  leaking  of  casks,  or 
!  the  waste  of  liquors  by  leaking. 
LEAKY,  a.  That  admits  water  or  other 
I     liquor  to   pass   in  or  out  ;  as  a  leaky  ves 

sel ;  a  leaky  ship  or  barrel. 
2.  Apt  to  disclose  secrets  ;  tattling  ;  not  close. 

L'Eslrange 
LE'AMER,  n.  A  dog  ;  a  kind  of  hound. 
LEAN,  V.  i.  [Sax.  hlinian,  hteoman,  to  lean  ; 
Union,  to  recline  ;  G.  lelincn ;  1).  leunen  ; 
Dan.  Icener  :  Sw.  tana  sig  ;  Ir.  ctaonaim  ; 
Russ.  klonyu ;  Gr.  xxinn ;  L.  clino.  Class 
Ln.  No.  3.] 

1.  To  deviate  or  move  from  a  straight  or 
perpendicular  line  ;  or  to  be  in  a  position 
thus  deviating.  We  say,  a  column  leans 
to  the  north  or  to  the  cast ;  it  leans  to  the 
right  or  left. 

2.  To  incline  or  propend  ;  to  tend  toward. 
They  delight  rather  to  lea7i  to  their  old  cus- 
toms—  Spenser. 

Trust  in  the   Lord  with  all  thine  heart,  and 
lea?i  not  to  thine  own  understanding.    Prov.  iii 

3.  To  bend  or  incline  so  as  to  rest  on  some 
thing;  as,  to  lean  against  a  wall  or  a  pil 
lar  ;  to  lean  on  the  arm  of  another. 

^.  To  bend  ;  to  be  in  a  bending  posture. 
LEAN,  v.t.  To  incline;  to  cause  to  lean. 

Shak. 
2.  To  conceal.     [Ice.  luna.]     [jVot  in  use. 

Ray. 

LEAN,  a.  [Sax.  tene  or  hlcene;  D.  Dan.  G. 

klein,  small,  lean  ;  Sw.  klen ;  allied  perhaps 

to  L.  lenis,  and  Eng.  slender.] 

1.  Wanting   flesh ;    meager ;  not   fat ;  as   a 
I     lean  body  ;  a  lean  inan  or  animal. 

2.  Not  rich  ;    destitute   of  good   qualities 
!    bare  ;  barren ;  as  lean  earth. 

3.  Low  ;    poor  ;    in   opposition   to   rich    or 
I    great;  as  a /ea)!  action.     [Unusual.] 

4.  Barren  of  thought  ;  destitute  of  that 
which  improves  or  entertains  ;  jejune  ;  as 
a  lean  discourse  or  dissertation. 

LEAN,  »!.  That  part  of  flesh  which  consists 

of  muscle  without  the  fat.  Farquhar. 

LE'ANLY,   adv.   Meagerly  ;  without  fat  or 

plumpness. 
LE'ANNESS,  n.  Destitution  of  fat ;  want 

of  flesh  ;  thinness  of  body  ;  meagernsss  ; 

applied  to  animals. 
2.  Want  of  matter  ;  poverty;  emptiness;  as 

the /fairness  of  a  purse.  Shak. 

■i.  In  Scripture,  want  of  grace  and  spiritual 

comfort. 

He  sent  leanness  into  their  soul.    Pg.  cvi. 


LE'ANY,  a.  Alert;  brisk;  active.  [Ao<  j/i 
use.]  Spenser. 

LEAP,  V.  i.  [Sax.  hleapan,  Goth.  Maupan, 
to  leap  ;  G.  laufen ;  I),  loopen,  Sw.  lopa, 
Dan. /oier,  to  run,  to  pass  rapidly,  to  flow, 
slip  or  glide  ;  W.  tluf,  a.  leap.  From  these 
significations,  it  may  be  inferred  that  this 
word  belongs  to  the  family  of  L.  Mor, 
pcriiaps  lleb.  Cli.  Svr.  Sam.  Eth.  cibn. 
Class  Lb.  No.  30.  Qu.  L.  lupus,  a  wolf, 
the  leaper.] 

1.  To  spring  or  rise  from  the  ground  with 
both  feet,  as  man,  or  with  all  the  feet,  as 
other  animals  ;  to  junq) ;  to  vault ;  as,  a 
man  leaps  over  a  fence,  or  leaps  upon  a 
horse. 

.\  man  leapetli  better  with  weights  in  his 
hands  than  without.  Bacon. 

2.  To  spring  or  move  suddenly  ;  as,  to  leap 
from  a  horse. 

To  rush  with  violence. 

And  the  man  in  whom  the  evil  spirit  was, 
leaped  on  them  and  overcame  them —  Acts 
xix. 

4.  To  spring  ;  to  bound  ;  to  skip  ;  as,  to  leap 
for  joy. 

5.  To  fly  ;  to  start.     Job  xli. 

He  parted  frowning  from  me,  as  if  ruin 
Leaped  from  his  eyes.  Shak. 

[Our  common  people  retain  the  Saxon 
aspirate  of  this  word  in  the  phrase,  to  clip 
it,  to  run  fast.] 

LEAP,  V.  t.  To  pass  over  by  leaping  ;  to 
spring  or  boimd  tiom  one  side  to  the  oth- 
er ;  as,  to  leap  a  wall,  a  gate  or  a  gulf;  to 
leap  a  stream.  [But  the  phrase  is  ellipti- 
cal, and  over  is  understood.] 

2.  To  compress ;  as  the  male  of  certain 
beasts.  Dryden. 

LEAP,  n.  A  jump;  aspriug;  abound;  act 
of  leaping. 

2.  Space  passed  by  leaping. 

3.  A  sudden  transition  or  passing.  Suri/l. 

4.  The  space  that  may  be  jj.assed  at  a  hound. 
'Tis  the  coBveuieut  leap  I  mean  to  try. 

Drydtn. 

5.  Einbrace  of  animals.  Dryden. 
C.  Hazard,  or  effect  of  leaping.  Shak. 
7.  A  basket ;  a  weel   for  fish.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Wickliffe.     Sherwood. 

LE'APER,  n.  One  that  leaps.  A  horse  is 
called  a  good  leaper. 

LEAP-FROG,  n.  A  play  of  children,  in 
which  they  imitate  the  leap  of  frogs. 

Shak. 

LE'APING,  ppr.  Jumping ;  springing  ; 
bounding  ;  skij)i)ing. 

LE'APINGLY,  adv.  By  leaps. 

LE'AP-Y'EAR,  71.  Bissextile,  a  year  con- 
taiinng  36(J  days ;  every  fourth  year,  which 
leaps  over  a  day  more  than  a  common 
year.  Thus  in  common  years,  if  the  first 
day  of  March  is  on  Monday,  the  present 
year,  it  will,  the  next  year,  fall  on  Tues- 
day, but  in  leap-year  it  will  leap  to  Wed- 
nesday ;  for  leap-year  contains  a  day  more 
than  a  connnon  year,  a  day  being  added 
to  the  month  of  February.  Brown. 

LE.\RN,  !•.  /.  lern.  [Sax.  kornian ;  G.  krn- 
en ;  D.  leeren  ;  Dan.  licrer  ;  Sw.  lira. 
The  latter  coincides  with  tlie  Sax.  laran, 
to  teach,  the  same  word  having  both  sig- 
nifica^^ons,  to  teach  and  to  learn.  In  pop- 
ular use,  learn  still  has  both  senses.] 


LEA 


LEA 


LEA 


1.  To  gain  knowledge  of;  to  acquire  knowl- 
edge or  ideas  of  something  before  un- 
known. We  learn  the  use  of  letters,  the 
meaning  of  words  and  the  principles  of 
science.  We  learn  things  by  instruction, 
by  study,  and  by  experience  and  observa 
tion.  It  is  much  easier  to  learn  what  is 
right,  than  to  unlearn  what  is  wrong. 

Now  learn  a.  parable  of  the  fig-tree.     Matt. 

X3UV. 

9.  To  acquire  skill  in  any  thing  ;  to  gain  by 
practice  a  faculty  of  performing ;  as,  to 
learn  to  play  on  a  flute  or  an  organ. 

The  chief  art   of  learning  is  to  attempt  but 
little  at  a  time.  Locke. 

3.  To  teach  ;   to   communicate  the   knowl- 
edge of  something  before  unknown. 
Hast  thou  not  learned  me  how 
To  make  perfumes  .'  Shak. 

[This  use  of  learn  is  found  in  respecta- 
ble writers,  but  is  now  deemed  inelegant 
as  well  as  improper.] 
LEARN,  V.  i.  lern.  To  gain  or  receive 
knowledge  ;  to  receive  instruction  ;  to 
take  pattern  ;  with  of. 

Take  my  yoke  upon  you,  and  learn  of  me  ; 
for  I  am  meek  and  lowly — .     Matt.  xi. 

2.  To  receive  information  or  intelligence. 
LE.\RNED,  /  lern'ed,     }   Obtained    as 
LEARNT,     S  ^^' lernt.        S   knowledge  or 

information. 
LEARNED,  a.  lern'ed.  Versed  in  literature 
and  science  ;  as  a  learned  man. 

2.  Skillful  ;  well  acquainted  with  arts  ; 
knowing;  with  i/t ;  as  learned  in  martial 
arts. 

3.  Containing  learning  ;  as  a  learned  treatise 
or  publication.  Coxe. 

4.  Versed  in  scholastic,  as  distinct  from  other 
knowledge. 

Men  of  much  reading  are  greatly  learned,  but 
may  be  little  knowing.  Locke 

The  learned,  learned  men  ;  men  of  erudition  ; 
literati. 

LEARNEDLY,  adv.  lern'edl;/.  With  learn 
ing  or  erudition  ;  with  skill ;  as,  to  discuss 
a  question  learnedly. 

Every  co.'scomb  swears  as  learnedly  as  they 

Sivijl 

LEARNER,  n.  lern'er.  A  person  who  is 
gaining  knowledge  from  instruction,  from 
reading  or  study,  or  by  other  means  ;  one 
who  is  in  the  rudiments  of  any  science  or 
art. 

LEARNING,  ;);)r.  lern'ing.  Gaining  knowl- 
edge by  instruction  or  reading,  by  study, 
by  experience  or  observation ;  acquiriu 
skill  by  practice. 

LE.'VRNING,  n.  lern'ing.  The  knowledge 
of  principles  or  facts  received  by  instruc 
tion  or  study  ;  acquired  knowledge  or 
ideas  in  any  branch  of  science  or  litera 
ture  ;  erudition  ;  literature  ;  science.  The 
Scaligers  were  men  of  great  learning. 
[This  is  the  proper  sense  of  the  word.] 

2.  Knowledge  acquired  by  experience,  ex- 
periment or  observation. 

3.  Skill  in  any  thing  good  or  bad.       Hooker. 
LE'ASABLE,  «.  Tliat  may  be  leased. 

Sherwood. 
LEASE,  11.  [Fr.  laisser.  See  the  Verb.] 
1.  A  demise  or  letting  of  lands,  tenements 
or  hereditaments  to  another  for  life,  for  a 
term  of  years,  or  at  will,  fur  a  rent  or  com- 
pensation reserved  ;  also,  the  contract  for 
such  lotting.  Kncyc. 


2.  Any  tenure  by  grant  or  permission. 
Our  high  placed  Macbeth 

Shall  live  the  lease  of  nature.  Shak. 

LEASE,  v.t.  [Fr.  laisser;  a  different  orthog- 
raphy of  Eng.  let.     See  Let.] 

To  let ;  to  demise ;  to  grant  the  temporary 
possession  of  lands,  tenements  or  heredit- 
aments to  another  for  a  rent  reserved. 
A  leased  to  B  his  land  in  Dale  for  the  an- 
nual rent  of  a  pepper  corn. 

LEASE,  V.  i.  leez.  [Sax.  lesan,  to  collect,  al- 
so to  free,  to  liberate,  to  redeem  ;  D.  lee- 
zen ;  G.  lesen,  to  gather,  to  cull,  to  sift,  al- 
so to  read,  like  L.  lego;  Dan.  User,  Sw. 
lasa,  to  read.] 

To  glean  ;  to  gather  what  harvest  men  have 
left.     Obs.  Dryden. 

LE'ASED,  pp.  Demised  or  let,  as  lands  or 
tenements. 

LE'ASEHOLD,a.  Held  by  lease;  &s  a  lease- 
hold tenement.  Swift. 

LE'ASER,  n.  A  gleaner ;  a  gatherer  after 
reapers. 

LEASH,  n.  [Fr.  laisse,  lesse  ;  D.  letse.  Qu. 
It.  laccio,  L.  laqueus.] 

1.  A  thong  of  lether,  or  long  line  by  which  a 
falconer  holds  his  hawk,  or  a  courser  his 
dog.  Shak. 

Among  sportsmen,  a  brace  and  a  half 
tierce;  three;  three  creatures  of  any  kind 
especially  greyhounds,  foxes,  bucks  and 
hares.  Shak.     Dennis. 

3.  A  band  wherewith  to  tie  any  thing. 

Boyli 

LEASH,  r.  t.  To  bind  ;  to  hold  by  a  string. 

Shak. 

LE'ASING,  Ji.  s  as  :.  [Sax.  leasunge,  from 
lease,  leasa,  false.] 

Falsehood;  lies.     [Obsolete  or  nearly  so.] 

LE'ASOW,  n.  [Sax.  Iwswe.]  A  pasture. 
Obs.  Wickliffe. 

LEAST,  a.  [superl.  of  Sax.  Ices,  less,  con- 
tracted from  lasest.  It  cannot  be  regu- 
larly formed  from  little.] 

Smallest;  little  beyond  others,  either  in  size 
or  degree  ;  as  the  least  insect ;  the  least 
mercy. 

Least  is  often  used  without  the  noun  to 
which  it  refers.  "I  am  the  least  of  the 
apostles,"  that  is,  the  least  apostle  of  all 
the  apostles.    1  Cor.  xv. 

LEAST,  adv.  In  the  smallest  or  lowest  de- 
gree ;  in  a  degree  below  all  others ;  as,  to 
reward  those  who  least  deserve  it. 

Jit  least,  }    to  say  no  more  ;  not  to  de- 

.flt  the  least,    ^    mand  or  affirm  more  than  is 

barely  sufficient ;    at   the  lowest  degree. 

If  he  has  not  incurred   a  penalty,  he  at 

least  deserves  censure. 

He  who  tempts,  though  vain,  at  least  asperses 

The  tempted  with  dishonor.  Milton. 

3.  To  say  no  more.  Let  useful  observations 
be  at  least  a  part  of  your  conversation. 

The  least,  in  the  smallest  degree.  His  fac 
ulties  are  not  in  the  least  impaired. 

At  leastwise,  in  the  sense  of  at  least,  is  obso 
lete. 

LE'ASY,  a.  s  as  z.  Thin  ;  flimsy.  It  is  usu 
ally  pronounced  sleazy.  Ascham. 

LEAT,  n.  [Sax.  Icet,  dtixit.]  A  trench  to  con 
duct  water  to  or  from  a  mill. 

[Sax.   lether;  G.  T).  leder 
Sw.   llider ;    Dan.    liether  ; 
Arm.  lezr ;  It.  leather.     The  most  correct 
orthography  is  lether.] 


LEATH'ER,  \ 
LETH'ER,     S ' 


LETH'ER-WINGED 


1.  The  skin  of  an  animal  dressed  and  pre- 
pared for  use. 

2.  Dressed  hides  in  general. 

3.  Skin  ;  in  an  ironical  sense. 
LEATH'ER,  }         Lethern  ;   consisting  of 
LETH'ER,     i    "•    lether ;  as  a  ic<;.er  glove. 
LEATH'ER-€OAT,   n.    An   apple   with  a 

tough  coat  or  rind.  Shak. 

LEATHER-DRESSER,  n.  One  who  dress- 
es lether ;  one  who  prepares  hides  for  use. 

Pope. 
LEATH'ER-JACKET,  n.  A  fish  of  the  Pa- 
cific ocean.  Cook. 
LEATHER-MOUTHED,  a. 

By   leather-mouthed  fish,   I   mean   such  as 
have  their  teeth  in  their  throat,  as  the  chub. 

Walton. 
LEATH'ERN,  \      Made  of  lether  ;  consist- 
LETH'ERN,     J  "•  ingof  lether;  asa WAerre 
purse  ;  a  lethern  girdle. 

LEATHER-SELLER,  }      A  seller  or  deal- 

LETH'ER-SELLER,     \  ""  er  in  lether. 

LEATHER-WINGED,  }  „    Having  wings 

like  lether. 

Spenser. 

LEATHERY,    \    „     Resembhng    lether; 

LETH'ERY,       \    °-     tough.  Grew. 

LEAVE,  n.  [Sax.  leaf,  lefe,  from  leafan,  le- 
fan,  lyfan,  to  permit,  to  grant,  to  trust,  to 
believe ;  G.  erlaub,  D.  oorlof  verlof  leave, 
furlow ;  Sax.  leofan,  to  live,  and  to  leave.] 

1.  Permission  ;  allowance  ;  license  ;  liberty 
granted  by  which  restraint  or  illegality  is 
removed. 

No  friend  has  leave  to  bear  away  the  dead. 

Dryden. 
David  earnestly  asked  leave  of  me.     1  Sam. 

XX. 

2.  Farewell ;  adieu ;  ceremony  of  departure  ; 
a  formal  parting  offrien<ls;  used  chiefly 
in  the  phrase  to  take  leave.  Acts  xviii. 

LEAVE,  V.  I.  pret.  and  pp.  left.  [Sax.  Icefan, 
to  leave  ;  lefan,  to  permit,  to  believe  ;  lefe, 
leave  ;  lefan,  to  live;  leofan,  to  leave,  to 
live  ;  kofa,  leave,  permission,  licence  ;  ly- 
fan, to  permit,  also  to  live.  But  live  is  al- 
so written  liban,  liblimi,  with  b,  which 
leave  is  not.  Belifan,  to  remain  or  be  left; 
alyfan,  to  permit ;  gc-lafan,  to  leave,  to  per- 
mit, to  believe  :  ge-leaf  leave,  license,  as- 
sent, consent,  faith  or  belief;  ge-/f /an,  to  be- 
lieve, to  think  or  suppose,  to  permit,  to  live ; 
ge-leofan,  id.  ;  gc-lyfan,  to  believe,  to  trust ; 
ge-lyj'ed,  permitted  or  allowed,  believed, 
lawlul.  also  alive,  having  life  ;  leaf  loved  ; 
lufa,  love,  also  belief;  leofic,  faithful ; 
lujlic,  willingly,  lubentcr ;  lufic,  lovely. 
The  German  has /face  in  urlaub,  a  furlow, 
and  helitf  in  glaube  ;  live  in  leben  ;  and 
love  in  Hebe,  lieben,  the  Latin  libet,  lubet. 
Gr.  >.Eirtu.  Dan.  lever,  Sw.  lefva,  to  live. 
These  are  a  sntall  part  of  the  affinities 
of  this  word.  The  Germans  and  Dutch 
express  the  sense  of  leave,  by  lassen, 
teu/e?!,  which  is  our  let,  Fr.  laisser;  and 
let  in  English  has  the  sense  both  of  permit 
and  of  hinder.  The  most  prominent  sig- 
nifications nt'  leave,  are  to  stop  or  forbear, 
and  to  withdraw.] 

1.  To  withdraw  or  depart  from  ;  to  quit  for 
a  longer  or  shorter  time  indefinitely,  or 
t'nr  perprtnity.  We  left  Cowes  on  oin-  re- 
turn to  the  (Jnitcd  States,  May  10,  1825. 
We  leave  home  for  a  day  or  a  year.     The 


LEA 


L  E  C 


LEE 


fever  leaves  the  patient  daily  at  a  certain 
hour.  The  secretary  has  left  the  business 
of  his  office  witli  his  first  clerk. 

A  man  shall  have  his  father  and  his  mother, 
and  cleave  to  his  wife.  Gen.  ii. 

2.  To  forsake ;  to  desert  ;  to  abandon ;  to 
relinquish. 

We  have  left  all  and  followed  thee.    Mark  X. 

3.  To  suffer  to  remain ;  not  to  take  or  re- 
move. 

Let  no  man  leave  of  it  till  (he  morning.    Ex 
xvi. 

4.  To  have  remaining  at  death  ;  as,  to  leave 
a  good  name. 

5.  To  commit  or  trust  to,  as  a  deposit ;  or  to 
suffer  to  remain.  I  lejl  the  papers  in  the 
care  of  the  consul. 

C.  To  bequeath  ;  to  give  by  will.  The  de- 
ceased has  lejl  liis  lands  to  his  sons,  but 
he  has  lejl  a  legacy  to  his  only  daughter 

7.  To  permit  without  interposition.  Of  this, 
he  leaves  the  reader  to  judge. 

8.  To  cease  to  do ;  to  desist  from  ;  to  for- 
bear. 

Let  us  return,  lest  my  fothcr  leave  caring  for 
the  asses  and  take  thought  for  us.  1  Sam.  \x. 

9.  To  refer ;  to  commit  for  decision. 

To  be  left  to  one''s  self,  to  he  deserted  or  for 
saken  ;  to  bo  permitted  to  follow  one's 
own  opinions  or  desires. 

To  leave  off,  to  desist  frotn;  to  forbear;  as, 
to  leave  off  work  at  six  o'clock. 

To  leave  off,  to  cease  wearing ;  as,  to  leave  off 
a  garment. 

2.  To  forsake  ;  as,  to  leave  off  an  old  ac- 
quaintance. Arhuihnot. 

To  leave  out,  to  omit ;  as,  to  leave  out  a  word 
or  name  in  writing. 

LEAVE,  V.  i.  To  cease ;  to  desist. 

He   began"  at    the  eldest    and  left   at   the 
youngest.  Gen.  xliv. 

7\)  leave  off,  to  cease  ;  to  desist ;  to  stop. 

But  when  you  find  that  vigorous  heat  abate, 
Leave  off,  and  for  another  .summons  wait. 

Hoscommon. 

LEAVE,  V.  t.    [Fr.  lever.]  To   raise.      [JVot 

used.]  Spenser. 

LE'AVED,  a.   [from  leaf;  but  ?eff/crf  would 

be  preferable.] 

1.  Furnished  with  foliage  or  leaves. 

2.  Having  a  leaf,  or  made  with  leaves  or 
folds  ;  as  a  two-lcared  gate. 

LEAVEN,  n.  lev'n.  [Fr.  levain,  domlcver,  to 
raise,  L.  levo,  Eng.  to  lifl.] 

1.  A  mass  of  sour  dough,  which,  mixed  with 
a  larger  quantity  of  dough  or  paste,  pro- 
duces fermentation  in  it  and  renders  it 
light.  During  the  seven  days  of  the  pass- 
over,  no  leaven  was  permitted  to  be  in  the 
houses  of  the  Jews.    Ex.  xii. 

2.  Any  thing  which  makes  a  general  change 
in  the  mass.  It  generally  means  some- 
thing which  corrupts  or  depraves  that 
with  which  it  is  mixed. 

Beware  of  the  leaven  of  the  Pharisees  and  of 
the  Sadducees.   Matt.  x\\. 

LEAVEN,  V.  t.  Icv'n.  To  excite  ferinenta 

tion  in  ;  to  raise  and  make  light,  as  dough 

or  paste. 

A  little  leaven  leaveneth  the  whole  lump.    1 

Cor.  v. 
2.  To  taint ;  to  imbue.  Prior. 

LEAVENED, pp.  lev'ened. Raisedand made 

light  by  fermentation. 
LEAVENING,;);))-,  kv'ening.  Making  light 

by  fermentation. 


LEAVENING,  n.  lev'ening.  That  wliicl 
leavens  or  makes  light.  Bacon. 

LEAVENOUS,  a.  lev'enous.  Containing 
leaven  ;  tainted.  Milton. 

LE'AVER,  )i.  [from  leave.]  One  who  leaves 
or  relinquishes  ;   one  who  forsakes. 

Shak. 

LEAVES,  ?!. /)/u.  of  leaf 

LE'AVING,  jTpr.  Quitting;  withdrawing 
from  ;  relinquishing ;  suflering  to  remain  ; 
ceasing ;  desisting  from. 

LE'AVINGS,  n.plu.  Things  left  ;  remnant ; 
relics. 

The  leavings  of  Pharsalia.  Addison 

2.  Refuse;  oftal.  Sunfl. 

LE'AVV,   a.    [from  leaf]    Full   of  leaves 
covered  with  leaves.  [An  improper  Word  ; 
it  ought  to  be  leafy.]  Sidney.     Shak 

LECH,  for  liek.     Obs.     [See  Lick.] 

LECH'ER,  n.  [It.  leceo,  gluttony,  lechery ; 
leccare,  to  lick  ;  leceardo,  greedy  ;  G.  lecken ; 
D.  likker.  See  lick,  leak  and  lickerish.  But 
in  Saxon  leger-scipe  is  lewdness,  from  Ic- 
ger,  a  layer,  or  a  lying  down  ;  Ucgan,  to 
lay  ;  ligan,  to  lie.     See  Lubricity.] 

A  man  given  to  lewdness ;  one  addicted,  in 
an  exorbitant  degree,  to  the  indulgence  of 
the  animal  apjietite,  and  an  illicit  com- 
merce vvitii  females. 

LE("H'ER,  v.i.  To  practice  lewdness;  to 
indulge  lust.  B.  Jonson 

LECH'EROUS,  a.  Addicted  to  lewdness; 
prone  to  indulge  lust;  lustful ;  lewd. 

Derham. 

2.  Provoking  lust.  Chaucer. 

LECH'EROUSLY,  adv.  Lustfully;  lewdly. 

LECH'EROUSNESS,  n.  Lust,  or  strong 
propensity  to  indulge  the  sexual  appe- 
tite. 

LECII'ERY,  n.  Lewdness;  free  indulgence 
of  lust ;  practice  of  indulging  the  animal 
appetite.  Shak. 

LECTION,  ?i.  [L.  lectio,  from  lego,  to  read, 
Ir.  teighim,  leagham,  Gr.  ^.tyu,  Fr.  lire.] 

1.  A  reading. 

2.  A  difference  or  variety  in  copies  of  a  man- 
uscript or  book.  Walls. 

3.  A  lesson  or  portion  of  Scripture  read  in 
divine  service. 

LEC'TIONARY,  n.  The  Romish  service- 
book,  containing  portions  of  Scripture. 

LECTURE,  n.  [Fr.  lecture,  from  L.  lectura, 
from  lego,  to  road.] 

1.  A  discourse  read  or  pronounced  on  any 
subject ;  usually,  a  formal  or  methodical 
discourse,  intended  for  instruction ;  as  a 
lecture  on  morals,  philosophy,  rhetoric,  or 
theology. 

2.  A  reading  ;  the  act  or  practice  of  reading  ; 
as  in  the  lecture  of  Holy  Scripture.  [Liltle 
used.]  Brown. 

3.  A  magisterial  reprimand ;  a  formal  re- 
proof. Addison. 

4.  A  recitation  ;  rehearsal  of  a  lesson. 

Eng.  Univ. 

LECTURE,  r.  i.  To  read  or  deliver  a  form- 
al discourse. 

2.  To  practice  reading  lectures  for  instruc- 
tion. We  say,  the  professor  lectures  on 
geometry,  or  on  chiniistry. 

LECTURE,  v.  t.  To  instruct  by  discourses. 

2.  To  instruct  dogmatically  or  authorita- 
tively ;  to  rejirove  ;  as,  to  lecture  one  for 
his  faults. 


LECTURER,  n.  One  who  reads  or  pro- 
nounces lectures;  a  professor  or  an  in- 
structor who  delivers  formal  discourses 
for  the  instruction  of  others. 

2.  A  preacher  in  a  church,  hired  by  the  par- 
ish to  assist  the  rector,  vicar  or  curate. 

Johnson. 

LE€'TURESHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a  lec- 
turer. Swift. 

LECTURING,  ppr.  Reading  or  delivering 
a  discourse  ;  reproving. 

LE€'TURN,  )!.  A  reading  desk.  [jVol  in 
iise.]  Chaucer. 

LED,  pret.  and  pp.  of  lead. 

LED'EN,  n.  [Sax.  lyden.]  Language ;  true 
meaning.     Obs.  Chaucer.     Spenser. 

LEDGE,  n.  [Sax.  le^er,  a  layer;  D.  leggen, 
to  lay.  Sax.  lecgan.] 

1.  A  stratum,  layer  or  row. 
The  lowest  ledge  or  row  should  be  merely  of 

stone.  IVotlon. 

2.  A  ridge  ;  a  prominent  row  ;  as  a  ledge  of 
rocks. 

3.  A  prominent  part;  a  regular  part  rising 
or  projecting  beyond  the  rest.  Sivift. 

4.  A  small  molding. 

5.  A  small  piece  of  timber  placed  athwart 
ships,  under  the  deck  between  the  beams. 

a.  A  long  ridge  of  rocks  near  the  surface  of 
the  sea.  .Mar.  Did. 

LEDci'ER,  n.  The  principal  book  of  ac- 
counts among  merchants;  the  book  into 
which  the  accounts  of  the  journal  are  car- 
ried in  a  summary  form.     [See  Leger.] 

LEE,  )i.  ])hi.  Ices.  [Vr.  lie.]  Dregs;  sedi- 
ment.    [See  Lees.] 

LEE,  n.  [Sw.  te;  Dan.  te.  In  Sax.  hleo. 
Meow,  is  a  bower  or  shelter ;  Scot,  le, 
calm,  sheltered ;  Ice.  We,  D.  ly,  lee,  and 
luw,  sheltered  from  the  wind  ;  W.  clyd, 
sheltering,  warm  ;  Sp.  lua,  lee.] 

Literally,  a  calm  or  sheltered  place,  a  place 
defended  from  the  wind  ;  hence,  that  part 
of  the  hemisphere  towards  which  the 
wind  blows,  as  opposed  to  that  from 
which  it  proceeds. 

Under  the  lee,  denotes  properly,  in  the  part 
defended  from  the  wind. 

Under  the  lee  of  the  land,  is  properly,  near  the 
shore  which  breaks  the  force  of  the  wind. 

Under  the  lee  of  a  ship,  on  the  side  opposite 
to  that  on  w  hich  the  wind  blows. 

LEE,  V.  !.  To  lie.     [.\"ot  used.    See  Lie.] 

Chaucer, 

LEE'-BOARD,  n.  A  frame  of  plank  affixed 
to  the  side  of  a  flat-bottomed  vessel,  to 
prevent  it  from  falling  to  leeward  when 
close-hauled. 

LEE'-GAgE,  n.  A  greater  distance  from 
the  point  whence  the  wind  blows,  than 
another  vessel  has. 

LEE'-LURCH,  n.  A  sudden  and  violent  roll 
of  a  ship  to  leeward  in  a  high  sea. 

LEE'-SHORE,  n.  The  .«hore  under  the  lee 
of  a  ship,  or  that  towards  which  the  wind 
blows. 

LEE'-SIDE,  )!.  The  side  of  a  ship  or  boat 
farthest  from  the  point  whence  llie  wind 
blows  ;  opposed  to  the  weather-side. 

LEE'-TIDE,  n.  A  tide  running  in  the  same 
direction  that  the  wiinl  blows.  A  tide  un- 
der the  lee,  is  a  stream  in  an  opposite  di- 
rection to  the  wind. 

LEE'WARD,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  part  to- 
wards whicli  tiie  wind  blows ;  as  a  ice- 
uiard  ship. 


LEE 


LEG 


LEG 


LEE'WARD,  adv.  Towards  the  lee,  or  that 
part  towards  which  the  wind  blows  ;  op- 
posed to  vnndumrd ;  as  fall  to  leeward. 

LEE'VVAY,  n.  The  lateral  movement  of  a 
ship  to  the  leeward  of  her  course,  or  the 
angle  which  the  line  of  her  way  makes 
with  her  keel,  when  she  is  close-hauled. 

Mar.  Diet 

LEECH,  n.  [Goth,  leikeis,  Sax.  tec,  a  host  or 
innkeeper,  a  physician  ;  Dan.  liege ;  la- 
ger, to  heal ;  Sw.  lUcia,  to  heal  ;  lakiare,  a 
physician  ;  Ir.  liagh  ;  Riiss.  liakar.] 

A  physician  ;  a  professor  of  the  art  of  heal- 
ing. Spenser.     Dryden.     Gay. 
[This  word,  in  the  United  States,  is  near- 
ly or  wholly  obsolete.  Even  coio  leech  is  not 
used.] 

2.  [Sax.  keccan,  to  seize.]  A  blood-sucker : 
an  animal  of  the  genus  Hirudo,  a  species 
of  aquatic  worm,  whicli  is  u.sed  in  the 
medical  art  for  topical  bleeding.  One 
large  species  of  this  animal  is  called  horse- 
leech. 

3.  In  seamen''s  language,  the  border  or  edge 
of  a  sail,  whicli  is  sloping  or  perpendicular  ; 
as  the  fore-kech,  the  after-leech,  &c. 

LEE'CII-€RAFT,  n.    The  art  of  healing 

'•    Obs.  Davies 

LEE'CII-LINE,  n.  Leech-lines  are  ropes 
fastened  to  the  middle  of  the  leeches  of 
the  nia ill-sail  and  fore-sail,  serving  to  truss 
them  up  to  the  yards. 

LEE'CH-ROl'E,  n.  That  part  of  the  bolt- 
rope  to  which  the  skirt  or  border  of  a  sail 
is  sewed.  Mar.  Diet. 

LEEF,  a.  Kind  ;  fond  ;  ])leasing ;  willing. 
Obs.     [See  Lief.]  Spenser. 

LEEK,  n.  [Sax.  leac  ;  G.  lanch  ;  D.  look ; 
Sw.  li}k  ;  Dan.  log.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Alliun;,  with  a  bulbous 
root.     Numb.  xi. 

LEE'LITE,  71.  A  mineral,  so  called  from 
Dr.  Lee,  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge. 
It  is  described  as  a  siliceous  stone,  and 
by  some  mineralogists  considered  to  be  a 
hydrate  of  silica.  Phillips. 

LEER,  V.  i.  [D.  gluurcn,  begluuren.]  To 
look  obliquely  ;  to  turn  the  eye  and  cast  a 
look  from  a  corner,  either  in  contempt 
defiance  or  frowning,  or  for  a  sly  look. 

Swift 

2.  To  look  with  a  forced  countenance. 

Dryden 

LEER,  V.  t.  To  allure  with  smiles.    Dryden. 

LEER,  ?i.    [Sax.  hleare,  hleor,  the   cheek.] 

1.  The  cheek.     Obs. 

2.  Corai)lexion  ;  hue  ;  face.     Obs.        Shak. 

3.  An  oblique  view. 

— With  jealous  leer  malign 
Eyed  them  askance.  MiUon. 

4.  An  affected  cast  of  countenance. 

Damn  with  faint  praise,  concede  with  civil 

leer.  Pope 

LEER,   a.     [Sax.     gelar.]       Empty  ;    also 

trifling  ;  frivolous.     Obs.  B.  Jonson 

LEE'RING,  ppr.  Looking  obliquely;  cast- 
ing a  look  askance. 
LEE'RINGLY,  adr.  With  an  arch  oblique 

look  or  smile. 
LEES,  n.    [Fr.  He  ;   Arm.  ly  ;   probably  a 

contracted  word.     It  is  used  in  the  plural 

only.] 
The  grosser  parts  of  any  liquor  which  have 

settled  on  the  bottom  of  a  vessel  ;  dregs 

sediment ;  as  the  lees  of  wine. 


LEESE,  V.  i.  To  lose.    Obs.     [See  Lose.] 

B.  Jonson 

LEESE,  V.  t.  [L.  la:sus.]     To  hurt.     Obs. 

Jf'ickliffe. 

LEET,  n.  In  Great  Britain,  a  court.     The 
coxirl-leel     or  view   of  frankpledge,  is    a 
court  of  record  held  once  a  year  and  not 
oftener,  within  a  particular  hundred,  lord 
ship  or  manor,  before  the  steward  of  the 
leet.     Its  original  intent  was  to  view  the 
frankpledges   or  freemen  within  the  liber 
ty,  to  preserve  the  peace,  and  punish  cer- 
tain minute  offenses.    All  freeholders  with 
in  the   precinct  are  obliged  to  attend  this 
court.  Blackstone. 

The  court-leet  is  for  the  most  part  super 
seded  by  the  county  court. 

LEET-ALE,  n.  A  feast  or  merry  making  in 
the  time  of  leet.  Enff. 

LEFT,  pret.  and  pp.  of  leave. 

LEFT,  a.  [L.  lo:vus  ;  Gr.  xoioj,  Hesych. 
xa^oj  ;  probably  from  the  root  of  leave 
Gr.  ■Kiirtio,  and  properly  weak,  deficient. 
Applied  to  the  hand  or  arm,  it  denotes  the 
weak  arm,  as  opposed  to  the  right,  the 
strong  or  dextrous.  Hence  the  ancient 
idea  of  sinister,  unfortunate,  attached  to 
the  left  arm  or  side.] 

1.  Denoting  the  part  opposed  to  the  right  of 
the  body  ;  as  the  left  hand,  arm  or  side 
Hence,  the  noun  being  omitted,  we  say, 
on  the  left,  that  is,  on  the  left  side  or 
wing,  as  of  an  army. 

3.  The  left  bank  of  a  river,  is  that  which  is 
on  the  left  hand  of  a  person  whose  face  is 
towards  the  mouth  of  the  river. 

LEFT-HAND'ED,  a.  Having  the  left  hand 
or  arm  more  strong  and  dextrous  thai 
the  right ;  using  the  left  hand  and  arm 
with  more  dexterity  than  the  right. 

2.  Unlucky  ;  inauspicious  ;  unseasonable. 
Obs.  B.  Jonson 

LEFT-HAND'EDNESS,  n.  Habitual  use 
of  the  left  hand,  or  rather  the  ability  to 
use  the  left  hand  with  more  ease  and 
strength  than  the  right. 

LEFT-HAND'INESS,  n.  Awkwardness. 

Chesterfield. 

LEG,  n.  [Dan.  lag;  It.  lacca.]  The  limb 
of  an  animal,  used  in  supporting  the  body 
and  ill  walking  and  running  ;  properly, 
that  part  of  the  limb  from  the  knee  to  the 
foot,  but  in  a  more  general  sense,  the 
whole  limb,  including  the  thigh,  the  leg 
and  the  foot. 

2.  The  long  or  slender  support  of  any  thin 
as  the  leg  of  a  table. 

To  make  a  hg,  to  bow  ;  a  phrase  introduced 
probably  by  the  practice  of  drawing  the 
right  leg  backward.     [Little  used.] 

Locke.     Swift.. 

To  stand  on  one's  oion  legs,  to  support  one's 
self;  to  trust  to  one's  own  strength  or  ef 
forts  without  aid. 

LEG'ACY,  n  [Sp.  legado  ;  Fr.  legs ;  L.  le 
gatiim,  from  lego,  to  send,   to  bequeath; 

.-   ^  £ 
Eth.  A  ATI  lak,    Ar.    ^'^\     alaka,     to 

send.     Class  Lg.  No.  1.] 
A  bequest ;   a  ])articular   thing,   or  certaii 
sum  of  money  given  by  last  will  or  testa 
ment. 

Good  oovmsel  is  the  best  legacy  a  father  can 
leave  to  his  child.  L.  Estrange. 


LEG'ACY-IIUNTER,  n.  One  who  flatters 

and  courts  for  legacies. 
LE'GAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  legalis,  from  lex, 

legis,  law.] 

1.  According  to  law  ;  in  conformity  with 
law ;  as  a  legal  standard  or  test ;  a  legal 
procedure. 

2.  Lawful;  permitted  by  law;  as  a  legal 
trade.  Any  thing  is  legal  which  the  laws 
do  not  forbid. 

3.  According  to  the  law  of  works,  as  distin- 
guished from  free  grace  ;  or  resting  on 
works  for  salvation.  Scott.    Milton. 

4.  Pertaining  to  law  ;  created  by  law. 

The    exception  must  be  confined  to   legal 
crimes.  Paley. 

So  we  use  the  phrase,  criminal  law. 

LEGAL'ITY,  n.  Lawt'ulness  ;  conformity 
to  law. 

2.  In  theology,  a  reliance  on  works  for  salva- 
tion. Scott. 

LEGALIZE,  ji.<.  To  make  lawful:  to  ren- 
der conformable  to  law  ;  to  authorize. 
What  can  legalize  revenge? 

2.  To  sanction  ;  to  give  the  authority  of  law 
to  that  which  is  done  without  law  or  au- 
thority. Irregular  proceedings  may  be 
legalized  by  a  subsequent  act  of  the  legis- 
lature. 

LE'GALLY,  adv.  Lawfully;  according  to 
to  law;  in  a  manner  permitted  by  law. 

LEG'ATARY,  n.  [Fr.  legataire  ;  L.  legata- 
rius,  from  lego,  to  bequeath.] 

A  legatee  ;  one  to  whom  a  legacy  is  be- 
queathed. 

[But  legatee  is  generally  used.] 

LEG'ATE,  n.  [Fr.  legal ;  L.  legatus,  from 
lego,  to  send.  See  Lackey.]  An  embas- 
sador ;  but  especially, 

2.  The  pope's  embassador  to  a  foreign 
prince  or  state  ;  a  cardinal  or  bishop  sent 
as  the  pope's  representative  or  commiss- 
ioner to  a  sovereign  prince.  Legates  are 
of  three  kinds  ;  legates  a  latere,  or  counsel- 
ors and  assistants  of  his  holiness,  legates 
de  latere,  who  are  not  cardinals,  and  legates 
b;/  ojice.  Encyc. 

LEGATEE',  n.  [L.  lego,  to  send.]  One 
to   whom  a  legacy  is  bequeathed. 

Surift. 

LEG'ATESHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a  legate. 

LEG'ATINE,  a.  Pertaicing  to  a  legate  ;  as 
legaline  power.  Shak. 

2.  ]\tade  by  or  proceeding  from  a  legate  ;  as 
a  legaline  constitution.  Ayliffe. 

LEGA'TION,  n.  [L.  legatio,  from  lego,  to 
send.]  An  embassy  ;  a  deputation  ;  prop- 
erly a  sending,  but  generally,  the  person 
or  persons  sent  as  envoys  or  embassadors 
to  a  foreign  court.  Bacon. 

LEGATOR,  n.  [L.]  A  testator ;  one  who  be- 
queaths a  legacy.     [Little  nsed.]     Dryden. 

LEGE,  V.  t.  To  allege  ;  to  lighten.  [JVot 
in  tise.]  Chaiccer. 

LEg'END,  )!.  [It.  Icggenda  ;  L.  legenda, 
from  lego,  to  read  ;  originally,  in  the 
Romish  church,  a  book  of  service  or  les- 
sons to  be  read  in  worship.] 

1.  A  chronicle  or  register  of  the  lives  of 
saints,  foriiicrly  read  at  matins  and  at  the 
refectories  of  religious  houses.     Hence, 

2.  An  idle  or  ridiculous  story  told  respecting 
saints.  Encyc. 

3.  Any  memorial  or  relation.  Johnson. 
I.  An  incredible,  unauthentic  narrative. 

Blackmorc. 


LEG 


L.  E  G 


L  E  M 


5.  An  inscription,  particularly  on  medals 
and  on  coins.  Addison. 

LEg'END,  v.  t.  To  tell  or  narrate,  as  a  le- 
gend. Hall. 

LEg'ENDARY,  a.  Consisting  of  legends  ; 
fabulous  ;  strange. 

LE6'ENDARY,  n.  A  book  of  legends ;  a 
relator  of  legends.  Sheldon. 

LEG'ER,  n.  [0.  Irggtn,  to  lie.  Sax.  hcgan.] 
Any  tiling  that  lies  in  a  place  ;  that  which 
rests  or  remains  ;  sometimes  used  as 
noun,  but  more  frequently  as  an  adjective, 
as  a  leger  ambassador,  that  is,  resident 
but  the  word  is  now  obsolete,  except  in 
particular  phrases. 

A  kger-litie,  in  niMsic,  a  line  added  to  the 
staff  of  live  lines,  when  more  lines  than 
five  are  wanted,  for  designating  notes  as- 
cending or  descending. 

A  leger-hook,  or  /fg-er,  a  book  that  lies  in  the 
counting  house,  the  book  into  which 
merchants  carry  a  summary  of  the  ac 
counts  of  the  journal  ;  usually  written 
ledger. 

LE6'EIIDEMAIN,   m.    [Fr.  leger,   It.  leg 
giero,   light,  slight,  and   Fr.  de  main,  of] 
hand.     See  I/ight.] 

Slight  of  hand  ;  a  deceptive  performance 
which  depends  on  dexterity  of  hand  ;  a 
trick  performed  with  such  art  and  adroit- 
ness, that  the  manner  or  art  eludes  obser- 
vation. The  word  is  sometimes  used  ad- 
jectively  ;  as  a  legerdemain  trick. 

LEgER'ITY,  n.  [Fr.  legerete.]  Lightness  ; 
nimbleness.     [JVot  in  use.]  Shak 

LEG'GED,  a.  [from  leg.]  Having  legs  ; 
used  in  composition ;  as  a  two-legged  ani- 
mal. 

LEG'GIN,  n.  [from  leg.]  A  cover  for  the 
leg ;  a  garment  that  incloses  the  leg. 

Mackenzie. 

LEGIBIL'ITY,  ji.  Legibleness  ;  thequahty 
or  state  of  being  legible. 

LE6'IBLE,  a.  [L.  legibilis,  from  lego,  to 
read.] 

1.  That  may  be  read  ;  consisting  of  letters  or 
figures  that  may  be  distinguished  by  the 
eye ;  as  a  fair,  legible  manuscript. 

2.  That  may  be  discovered  or  understood  by 
apparent  marks  or  indications.  The 
thoughts  of  men  are  often  legible  in  their 
countenances. 

LEG'IBLENESS,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of 

being  legible. 
LEg'IBLY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner  as  may 

be  read  ;  as  a  manuscript  legibly  written. 
LE'GION,  n.  [L.  legio,  from  lego,  to  collect.] 

1.  In  Roman  antiquity,  a  body  of  infantry 
consisting  of  dirtbrent  numbers  of  men  at 
different  periods,  from  three  to  five  thou- 
sand. Each  legion  was  divided  into  ten 
cohorts,  each  cohort  into  ten  companies, 
and  each  company  into  two  centuries. 

Encyc. 

2.  A  military  force  ;  military  bands.      Shak. 

3.  A  great  number. 

Wieie  one  sin  has  entered,  legions  will  force 

their  way  tlitough  the  same  breach.         Rogers. 

My  name  is  legion,  for  we  are  many.  Mark  v. 

LE'filONARY,  a.  Relating  to  a  legion  or 

to  legions. 
3.  Consisting  of  a  legion  or  of  legions;  as  a 

legionary  ibrce. 
3.  Contaiiiing  a  great  number ;  as  a  legion- 
ari)  body  of  errors.  Broivn 

Vol.  II. 


LEGIONARY,  n.   One  of  a  legion. 

Milton 

LEG'ISLATE,  v.  i.  [L.  lex,  legis,  law,  and 
firo,  latum,  to  give,  ])uss  or  enact.] 

To  make  or  enact  a  law  or  laws.  It  is  a 
question  whether  it  is  expedient  to  legis 
tale  at  present  on  the  subject.  Let  us  not 
legislate,  when  we  have  no  power  to  en 
force  our  laws. 

LEGISLATION,  n.  [Fr.]  The  act  of  pas.s- 

ing  a  law  or  laws;   the  enacting  of  laws. 

Pythagoras  JoincJ  legislation  to  his  phlloso 

phv-  Littleton. 

LE6'ISLATiyE,  a.  [Fv.  tegislatif.]  Giv- 
ing or  enacting  law.s  ;  as  a  legislative  body. 

2.  Capable  of  enacting  laws ;  as  legislative 
po^ver. 

Pertaining  to  the  enacting  of  laws  ;  suita- 
ble to  laws ;  as  the  legislative  style. 
Done  by  enacting  ;  as  a  legislative  act. 

[JVote.  In  this  word,  and  in  legislator, 
legislatri.T,  legislature,  the  accent  is  nearly 
equal  on  the  first  and  third  .syllables,  anil 
rt,  in  the  third,  has  its  first  or  long  sound.] 

LEgISLA'TOR,  n.  [L.]  A  lawgiver;  one 
who  makes  laws  for  a  state  or  community. 
This  word  is  limited  in  its  use  to  a  su- 
preme lawgiver,  the  lawgiver  of  a  sove 
reign  state  or  kingdom,  and  is  not  applied 
to  men  that  make  the  by-laws  of  a  subor- 
dinate corporation. 

LEgISLA'TORSHIP,  n.  The  ofiice  of  a  le- 
slator.     [JVot  in  use.]  Halifax. 

LEtilSLA'TRESS,  ?   ,      A    female    who 

LEGISLA'TRIX,      J  "■    makes  laws 

Tooke. 

LEGISLATURE,  n.  [Sp.legislatura.-\  The 
body  of  men  in  a  state  or  kingdom,  invest- 
ed with  power  to  make  and  repeal  laws ; 
the  supreme  power  of  a  state.  The  legis- 
lature  of  Great  Britain  consists  of  the  house 
of  lords  and  the  house  of  commons  with 
the  king,  whose  sanction  is  necessary  to 
every  bill  before  it  becomes  a  law.  The 
legislatures  of  most  of  the  states  in  Ameri- 
ca, consist  of  two  houses  or  branches,  but 
the  sanction  of  the  governor  is  required 
to  give  their  acts  the  force  of  law,  or  a 
concurrence  of  two  thirds  of  the  two 
houses,  after  he  has  declined  and  assigned 
his  objections. 

LE'tJIST,  n.  One  skilled  in  the  laws. 

Marston. 

LEgIT'IMACY,  ji.  [from  legitimate.]  Law- 
fulness of  birth  ;  opposed  to  bastardy. 

Ayliffe. 

2.  Genuinoiess  ;  opposed  to  spmiousness. 
The  tegilimaey  of  his  conclusions  is  not  to 
be  questioned. 

LEGITIMATE,  a.  [Fr.  legiH^e ;  L.  legiti- 

I     7IIUS ;  from  ler,  law.] 

]1.  Lawfully  begotten  or  born  ;  born  in  wed- 
lock; as  legitimate  heirs  or  children. 


2.  Genuine ;  real ;  proceeding  from  a  pure 
source ;  not  false  or  spurious ;  as  legiti 
male  arguments  or  inferences. 

LEGITIMATE,  v.  t.  [Fr.  legit imer ;  Sp 
legilimar;  It.  legillimare.] 

1.  To  make  lawful. 

2.  To  render  legitimate ;  to  ronununicate 
the  rights  of  a  legitimate  child  to  one  that 
is  illegitimate  ;  to  invest  with  the  rights  of 


a  lawful  heir. 
LEgIT'IMATELY,    adv. 

cording  to  law. 
2.  Genuinely  ;  not  falsely. 

6" 


'iyliff^. 

Lawfully  ;    ac- 
Dryden. 


LE(iIT'IMATENESS,  n.  Legality;  law- 
fulness ;  genuineness. 

LEGITIMATION,?;.  [Fr.]  The  act  of  ren- 
dering legitimate,  or  of  investing  an  ille- 
gitimate child  with  the  rights  of  one  born 
in  wedlock. 

2.  Lawful  birth.     [Unusual.]  Sliak. 

LEG'UME,     }       [L.  legumen  ;  Fr.  legume ; 

LEGU'MEN,  \  "•  probably  from  L.  lego,  to 
collect,  and  t^ignifying  that  which  collects, 
or  holds,  or  a  collection.] 

In  botany,  a  pericarp  or  seed-vessel,  of  two 
valves,  in  which  the  seeds  arc  fixed  to  one 
suture  only.  In  the  latter  circumstance  it 
differs  from  a  siliqua,  in  which  the  seed.s 
are  attached  to  both  sutures.  In  popular 
use,  a  legume  is  called  a  pod,  or  a  cod  ;  as 
a  pea-pod,  or  peas-cod.  Marlyn. 

2.  In  the  plural,  pulse,  peas,  beans,  &c. 

LEGU'MINOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  pulse; 
consisting  of  pulse.  Leguminous  plants 
are  such  as  have  a  legume  for  a  pericarp, 
as  peas  and  beans. 

LEIS'URABLE,  a.  s  as  :.  [See  Leisure.] 
Vacant  of  employment ;  not  occupied  ;  as 
leisuraUe  hours.     [Lillle  used.]         Brown. 

LEIS'URABLY,  adv.  At  leisure  ;  without 
hurry.     [Little  used.]  Hooker. 

LEISURE,  71.  lezh'ur  or  lee'xhiu:  [Ft.loisir. 
This  is  doubtless  from  the  same  root  as 
Sw.  and  Dan.  Wig-,  void,  empty,  vacant, 
free,  eased  ;  Sw.  ledighet,  Dan.  ledighed, 
leisure.] 

1.  Freedom  from  occupation  or  business ; 
vacant  time ;  time  free  from  einployment. 

The  desire  of  leisure  is  much  more  natural 
tlian  of  business  and  care.  Temple. 

i  shall  leave  with  iiim  that  rebuke  to  be  con- 
sidered at  his  leisure.  Locke. 

2.  Convenience  of  time. 

He  sigh'd,and  had  no  leisure  more  to  say. 
lA'ot  used.']  Dryden. 

LEIS'URELY,   a.     Done  at  leisure ;    not 
hasty  ;    deliberate  ;    slow  ;    as  a  leisurely 
walk  or  march  ;    a  leisurely  survey  of  life. 
LEIS'URELY,  adv.  Not  in  haste  or  hurry; 
slowly  ;  at  leisure ;  deliberately. 

We  descended  very  leisurely,  my  fiiend  being 
careful  to  count  the  steps.  ..iddison. 

LE'MAN,  n.  [probably  contracted  from  lif- 
man,  leveman ;  Sax.  leaf,  loved,  and  man. 
See  Love  and  Lief.] 

\  sweetheart ;  a  gallant,  or  a  mistress.     Ohs. 
Chaucer.     Spenser.     Sliak. 

LEME,  n.  [Sax.  leoma.]  A  ray  of  light. 
[.\"ot  in  use/]  Chaucer. 

LEME,  II.  J.  To  shine.     Obs. 

LEM'MA,  n.  [Gr.  ^i.ujia,  from  TjinSavo,  to 
receive.] 

In  mathematics,  a  previous  proposition  prov- 
ed, or  a  proposition  demonstrated  for  the 
purpose  of  being  used  in  the  demonstra- 
tion of  some  other  proposition.  It  is  there- 
lore  a  received  truth.  Day. 

LEM'MING, )       A  species  of  animal  be- 

LE'MING,  J  "■  longing  to  the  genus  Mus ; 
a  kind  of  rat,  in  the  north  of  Europe,  which 
sometimes  migrates  from  north  to  south  in 
immense  numbers.  Encyc. 

Lemnian  earth,  or  sphragide,  from  the  isle  of 
Lemnos,  in  the  Egean  sea,  a  kind  of  as- 
tringent medicinal  earth,  of  a  fatty  con- 
sistence and  reddish  color,  used  "in  the 
same  cases  as  bole.  It  has  the  external 
appearance  of  clay,  with  a  smooth  sur- 
face resembling  agate,  especially  in  recent 


L  E  N 


L  E  N 


L  E  N 


fractures.      It  removes    impurities    like 
soap.  Encyc.     JVicholson 

LEM'NISCATE,  ?i.    [L.  leviniscus,  a  ribin 
lemtmcahis,  adorned  with  ribins.]  A  curve 
in  the  form  of  the  figure  8. 

LEIM'ON,  n.  [Fr.  Sp.  Hmon;  It.  limone. 
This  word  is  found  in  the  Arabic  of  Avi- 
cenna,  and  in  the  Amharic  dialect  of  Ethio- 
pia, we  find  lime  or  lome,  the  same  word.] 

1.  The  fruit  of  a  tree  belonging  to  the  genus 
Citrus,  which  grows  in  warm  climates. 
This  fruit  furnishes  a  cooling  acid  juice, 
which  forms  an  ingredient  in  some  of  oiu- 
most  delicious  liquors. 

2.  Lemon  or  lemon  tree,  the  tree  tliat  produces 
lemons. 

LEMONA'DE,  n.  [Fr.  limonade ;  Sp.  Hmon 
ada ;  from  Hmon.] 

A  liquor  consisting  of  lemon  juice  mixed 
with  water  and  sweetened. 

LE'MUR,  n.  [L.]  A  genus  of  quadrupeds, 
the  Makis,  natives  of  Africa  and  the  East 
Indies. 

LE'MURES,  n.  [L.]  Hobgoblins;  evil  spir- 
its.    [JVot  English.] 

LEND,  V.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  lent.  [Sax.  leenan ; 
Sw.  lana ;  Dan.  laaner ;  G.  leihen ;  D. 
leenen.  Lend  is  a  corrupt  orthography  of 
leri,  or  loan,  or  derived  from  it.    See  Loan.] 

1.  To  grant  to  another  for  temporary  use, 
on  the  express  or  implied  condition  that 
the  thing  shall  be  returned ;  as,  to  lend  a 
book ;  or 

2.  To  grant  a  thing  to  be  used,  on  the  con- 
dition that  its  equivalent  in  kind  shall  be 
returned ;  as,  to  lend  a  sum  of  money,  or  a 
loaf  of  bread. 

3.  To  afford;  to  grant;  to  furnish,  in  gen- 
eral ;  as,  to  lend  assistance ;  to  lend  an  ear 
to  a  discourse. 

Cato,  lend  me  for  a  while  thy  patience. 

Jlddiso7i. 

4.  To  grant  for  temporary  use,  on  condition 
of  receiving  a  compensation  at  certain  pe- 
riods for  the  use  of  the  thing,  and  an  ulti- 
m.ate  return  of  the  thing,  or  its  full  value. 
Thus  money  is  lent  on  condition  of  receiv- 
ing interest  for  the  use,  and  of  having  the 
principal  sum  returned  at  the  stipulated 
titne.     Lend  is  correlative  to  borrow. 

5.  To  permit  to  use  for  another's  benefit.  A 
lent  bis  name  to  obtain  money  from  the 
bank. 

fi.  To  let  for  hire  or  compensation  ;  as,  to 
lend  a  horse  or  gig.  [This  sense  is  used 
by  Paley,  and  probably  may  be  common  in 
England.  But  in  the  United  States,  I  be- 
lieve, the  word  is  never  thus  used,  except 
in  reference  to  money.  We  lend  money 
upon  interest,  but  never  lend  a  coach  or 
horse  for  a  compensation.  We  use  let.] 
LEND'ABLE,  a.  That  tnay  be  lent. 

Sherwood. 
LENDER,  n.  One  who  lends. 

The  borrower  is  servant  to  the  lender.   Piov. 

xxii. 

2.  One  who  makes  a  trade  of  putting  money 

to  interest.  Bacon.     Dnjden. 

LEND'ING,  ppr.    Granting  for  temporary 

use.     [See  Lend.] 
LEND'ING,  n.  The  act  of  loaning. 
2.  That  which  is  lent  or  furnished.        Shak. 
LENDS,  n.  [Sax.]  Loins.     [JVot  in  use.] 

H'ickliffe. 

LENGTH,  n.  [Sax.  lenglhe,  from  leng,  long ; 

D.  lengte.] 


1.  The  extent  of  any  thing  material  from  end 
to  end  ;  the  longest  line  which  can  be 
drawn  through  a  body,  parallel  to  its 
sides;  as  the  length  of  a  church  or  of  a 
ship  ;  the  length  of  a  rope  or  line. 

2.  Extent ;  extension. 
StretcliM  at  his  length  he  spurns  the  swarthy 

ground.  Dryden. 

3.  A  certain  extent ;  a  portion  of  space  ; 
with  a  plural. 

Large  lengths  of  seas  and  shores —         Shak 

4.  Space  of  time  ;  duration,  indefinitely  ;  as 
a  great  length  of  time.  What  length  of 
time  will  this  enterprise  require  for  its  ac- 
complishment ? 

5.  Long  duration. 
May  lieaven,  great  monarch,  still  augment 

your  bliss. 
With  length  of  days,  and  every  day  like  tliis. 

Dryden 

6.  Reach  or  extent ;  as,  to  pursue  a  subject 
to  a  great  length. 

7.  Extent ;  as  the  length  of  a  discourse,  es- 
say, or  argument. 

8.  Distance. 
He  had  marched  to   the  length  of  Exeter. 

[  fiiHsiiaZ  and  inelegant.]  Clarendon. 

At  length,  at  or  in  the  full  extent.  Let  the 
name  be  inserted  at  length. 

2.  At  last;  at  the  end  or  conclusion. 

Dryden. 

LENGTH,  V.  t.  To  extend.     [jVot  used.] 
LENGTH'EN,  v.  t.   length'n.  To  extend  in 

length;  to  njake  longer;   to  elongate;  as, 

to  lengthen  a  line. 

3.  To  draw  out  or  extend  in  time ;  to  pro- 
tract ;  to  continue  in  duration ;  as,  to 
lengthen  life.  The  days  lengthen  from  De- 
cember to  June. 

3.  To  extend  ;  as,  to  lengthen  a  discourse  or 
a  dissertation. 

4.  To  draw  out  in  pronunciation ;  as,  to 
lengthen  a  sound  or  a  syllable.  This  verb 
is  often  followed  by  out,  which  may  be 
sometimes  en)i)hatical,  but  in  general  is 
useless. 

What  if  I  please  to  lengthen  out  liis  date  .' 

Dryden. 
LENGTH'EN,  v.  i.    To   grow  longer ;   to 
extend  in  length.     A    hempen   rope  con- 
tracts   when    wet,    and   lengthens    when 
dry. 
LENGTH'ENED,  pp.  Made  longer  ;  drawn 

out  in  length  ;  continued  in  duration. 
LENGTH'ENING,  ppr.    Making   longer; 

extending  in  length  or  in  duration. 
LENGTH'ENING,    n.   Continuation ;  pro 

traction.     Dan.  iv. 
LENGTHFUL,    a.     Of   great    length   in 
measure.  Pope 

LENGTH'WISE,  adv.    In  the  direction  of 

the  length  ;  in  a  longitudinal  direction 
LENGTH'Y,  a.  Being  long  or  moderately 
long;  not  short;  not  brief ;  applied  mostly 
to  moral  subjects,  as  to  discourses,  writings, 
arguments,  proceedings,  &c. ;  as  alengthy 
sermon  ;  a  lengthy  dissertation  ;  a  lengthy 
detail. 

Lengthy  periods. 

H'ashingloti's  Letter  to  Plater. 
No  ministerial  act  in  France,  in  matters  of 
judicial  cot^nizancc,  is  done  without  a  procefi 
verbal,  in  which  the  facts  are  stated  amidst  a 
great  deal  of  lengthy  formality,  with  a  degree 
of  mimitenrss,  highly  profitable  to  the  verbali- 
zing otlicers  and  to  the  revenue. 

.1m.  Keoicw,  .1p.  Oct.  1811. 


P.  S.  Murray  has  sent  or  will  send  a  doabfe 
copy  of  the  Bride  and  Giaour;  in  the  last  one, 
some  lengthy  additions  ;  pray  accept  them,  ac- 
cording to  old  customs — 

Lord  Byron's  Letter  to  Dr.  Clarke. 
Dec.  13,  1813. 
Chalmers'  Political  Annals,  in  treating  of  South 
Carolina — is  by  no  means  as  lengthy  as  Mr. 
Hewitt's  History. 

Zhrayton's  View  of  South  Carolina. 
LE'NIENT,  o.  [L.  leniens,  from  lenio,  lenis, 

soft,  mild ;    Ai.   ^y  laina,  to  be  soft,  or 

smooth.  Class  Ln.  No  4.  The  primary 
sense  probably  is  smooth,  or  to  make 
smooth,  and  blandus  may  be  of  the  same 
family.] 

1.  Softening;  mitigating;  assuasive. 
Time,  that  on  all  things  lays  his  lenient  hand. 
Yet  tames  not  this.  Pope. 
Sometimes  with  of;   as  lenient  of  grief 

Milton. 

2.  Laxative ;  emollient. 

Oils  relax  the  fibers,  are  /enien(,  balsamic — 

..Srbuthnol. 

LE'NIENT,  n.  That  which  soflens  or  as- 
suages; an  emollient.  Wiseman. 

LEN'IFY,  It.  t.  To  assuage ;  to  soften ;  to 
mitigate.     [Little  icsed.] 

Bacon.     Dryden. 

LEN'IMENT,  n.  An  assuasive.  [Mot 
itsed.] 

LEN'ITIVE,  a.  [h.knitivo;Fr.lenitif ;  from 
L.  letiio,  to  soften.] 

Having  the  quality  of  softening  or  mitiga- 
ting, as  pain  or  acrimony  ;  assuasive  ; 
emollient.  Bacon.     Arhuthnol. 

LEN'ITIVE,  n.  A  medicine  or  application 
that  has  the  quality  of  easing  pain ;  that 
which  softens  or  mitigates. 

2.  A  palliative ;  that  which  abates  passion. 

South. 

LENITY,  n.  [L.  lenitas,  from  lenis,  mild, 
soft.] 

Mildness  of  temper  ;  softness  ;  tenderness  ; 
mercy.  Young  offenders  may  be  treated 
witli  lenity.  It  is  ojjposed  to  severity  and 
rigor. 

LENS,  n.  plu.  lenses.  [L  lens,  a  lentil.]  A 
transparent  substance,  usually  glass,  so 
formed  that  rays  of  light  passing  through 
it  are  made  to  change  their  direction,  and 
to  magnify  or  diminish  objects  at  a  cer- 
tain distance.  Lenses  are  double-convex, 
or  convex  on  both  sides;  double-concave, 
or  concave  on  both  sides ;  plano-convex, 
or  plano-concave,  that  is,  with  one  side 
plane,  and  the  other  convex  or  concave  ; 
or  convex  on  one  side  and  concave  on  the 
other :  the  latter  is  called  a  7neniscus. 

Enajc. 

LENT,  pp.  of  lend. 

LENT,  ?!.  [Sax.  lencten,  spring,  lent,  from 
leng,  long  ;  lenegan,  to  lengthen  ;  so  call- 
ed from  the  lengthening  of  the  days.] 

The  quadragesimal  fast,  or  fast  of  forty  days, 
observed  by  the  christian  church  before 
Easter,  the  festival  of  our  Savior's  resur- 
rection. It  begins  at  Ash- Wednesday,  and 
continues  till  Easter. 

LENT'EN,  a.    Pertaining  to  lent ;   used  in 

lent;  sparing;  as  nlenten  entertainment; 

a  lenten  sallad.  Shak. 

LENTICULAR,  a.    [L.  lenlicularis,    froiu 

lens,  supra.] 
1.  Resembling  a  lentil. 


L  E  P 


L  E  S 


L  E  S 


2.  Having  the  form  of  a  lens ;  lenliform 

LENTIC'ULARLY,  adv.  In  the  majiner  of 
a  lens  ;  with  a  curve. 

LENTIC'ULITE,  n.  A  petrified  shell. 

LENT'IFORM,  a.  [L.  lens  and  forma, 
form.]     Of  the  form  of  a  lens. 

LENTIci'INOUS,  a.  [L.  lentigo,  a  freckle, 
from  L.  lens.]  Freckly;  scurfy;  furfura- 
ceous. 

LENTI'GO,  n.  A  freckly  eruption  on  the  skin 

LENTIL,  n.  [Fr.  lentille,  from  L.  lens.] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Ervum.  It  is  an  an 
nual  jilant,  rising  with  weak  stalks  ahout 
18  inches.  The  seeds,  which  are  contain 
ed  in  a  pod,  are  round,  flat,  and  a  little 
convex  in  the  middle.  It  is  cultivated  for 
fodder,  and  for  its  seeds.  Encyc. 

LEN'TISK,       I        [Fr.  lentisque ;  It.  lentis- 

LENTIS'CUS,  S  "■  chio;  Sp.  lentisco ;  L. 
lentiscus.] 

A  tree  of  the  genus  Pistacia,  the  mastich- 
tree,  a  native  of  Arabia,  Persia,  Syria,  and 
the  south  of  Europe.  The  wood  is  of  a 
pale  brown,  resinous  and  fragrant.  [See 
Mastich.] 

LENT'ITUDE,  n.  [h.lenlus,  slow.]  Slow- 
ness.    UVol  used.]  Diet. 

LENT'NER,  «.  A  kind  of  hawk.       ff'alton. 

LENT'OR,  n.  [L.  from  lentiis,  slow,  tough, 
clammy ;  Fr.  lerUeur.] 

1.  Tenacity;  viscousuess.  Bacon. 

2.  Slowness  ;  delay  ;  sluggishness. 

Jlrbuthnot. 

3.  Siziness  ;  thickness  of  fluids;  viscidity;  a 
term  vsed  in  the  humoral  pathology. 

Coie.     Quincy. 

LENT'OUS,  a.  [L.  lentus,  slow,  thick".] 
Viscid  ;  viscous  ;  tenacious.  Brown 

LEN'ZINITE,  n.  [from  Lenzius,  a  German 
mineralogist.] 

A  mineral  of  two  kinds,  the  opaline  and  ar 
gillaceous  ;  a  variety  of  clay,  occurring 
usually  in  small  masses  of  the  size  of  a 
nut.  Cleaveland.     Phillips 

LEO,  n.  [L.]  The  Lion,  the  fifth  sign  of 
the  zodiac. 

LE'ONINE,  a.  [L.  leoninus,  from  leo,  lion.] 
Belonging  to  a  lion  ;  resembhng  a  lion,  or 
partaking  of  his  qualities ;  as  leonine 
fierceness  or  rapacity. 

lieonine  verses,  so  named  from  Leo,  the  in 
ventor,  are  those,  the  end  of  which  rhymes 
with  the  middle  ;  as, 

Gloria  factorum  temcre  conceditur  horum 

Johnson. 

LE'ONINELY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  r; 
lion.  Harris. 

LEOPARD,  n.  lep'ard.  [L.  leo,  lion,  and 
pardus,  pard,  Gr.  «ap5o5,  from  Ileb.  Tis 
to  separate,  that  is,  spotted,  broken  into 
spots.] 

A  rapacious  quadruped  of  the  genus  Felis. 
It  difters  from  the  panther  and  the  once 
in  the  beauty  of  its  color,  which  is  of  a 
lively  yellow,  with  smaller  spots  than 
those  of  the  two  latter,  and  disposed  in 
groups.  It  is  larger  than  the  once  andj 
less  than  the  panther.  This  animal  is 
found  in  Africa  and  Asia,  and  so  rapacious 
as  to  spare  neither  man  nor  beast.     Encyc. 

LEOP'ARD'S-BANE,  n.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Doronieuni.  The  German  Ltopard's- 
hane  is  of  the  genus  Arnica.  Lee. 

LEP'ER,  n.  [L.  lepra,  leprosy,  Fr.  lepre, 
Ir.  lohhar,  Gr.  Unfa.]  A  person  affected 
with   leprosy. 


LEP'ID,  a.  [L.  lepidus.]  Pleasant ;  jocose. 
[Little  \Lsed.] 

LEP'IDOLITE,  n.  [Gr.  !ifrtt;,  a  scale.]  A 
mineral  found  in  scaly  masses,  ordinarily 
of  a  violet  or  lilac  color;   allied  to  mica. 

Diet. 

Lepidolite  is  of  a  peach-blossom  red  color, 
sometimes  gray ;  massive  and  in  small 
concretions.  On  account  of  its  beautiful 
color,  it  has  been  cut  into  snuff-boxes.  It 
is  sometimes  called  lilatitc. 

Jameson,     lire 

LEP'IDOPTER,      I      [Gr.  ?.(;ti;,   a   scale 

LEPIDOP'TERA,  \  "and  rtrtpo.-,  a  wing. 
The   Lepidopters   are  an   order  of  insects 
having    four    wings    covered    with   fine 
scales,  like  powder,  as  the  butterfly. 

LEPIDOP'TERAL,  a.  Belonging  to  the 
order  of  Lepidopters. 

LEP'ORINE,  a.  [h.leporinus,  from  lepus,  a 
hare.     Qu.  the  Teutonic  leap,  to  run.] 

Pertaining  to  a  hare  ;  having  the  nature  or 
qualities  of  the  hare.  Johnson. 

LEPROS'ITY,  n.  Squamousness.  [Little 
used.]  Bacon. 

LEP'ROSY,  »i.  [See  Leper.]  A  foul  cutane 
ous  disease,  appearing  in  dry,  white,  thin 
scurfy  scabs,  attended  with  violent  itch- 
ing. It  sometimes  covers  the  whole  body, 
rarely  the  face.  One  species  of  it  is  call- 
ed elephantiasis.  Encyc. 

The  term  leprosy  is  applied  to  two  very  dis- 
tinct diseases,  the  scaly  and  the  tubercu- 
lated,  or  the  proper  leprosy  and  the  ele- 
phantiasis. The  former  is  characterized 
by  smooth  laminated  scales,  sometimes 
livid,  but  usually  whitish  ;  in  the  latter,  the 
skin  is  thickened,  livid  and  tuberculated. 
It  is  called  the  black  leprosy,  but  this  term 
is  also  applied  to  the  livid  variety  of  the 
scaly  leprosy.  Good. 

LEP'ROUS,  ft.    [Fr.   lepreux.     See  Leper.] 

Infected  with  leprosy ;  covered  with  white 
scales. 

His  hand  was  leprous  as  snow.     Ex.  W. 

LEP'ROUSLY,  arfr.  In  an  infectious  degree 

LERE,  )i.  Learning  ;  lesson  ;  lore.     dbs. 

Spenser. 

LERE,  t'.  t.  To  learn  ;  to  teach.     06*. 

Chaucer, 
n.  le'zhun.  [L.  Icesio,  from  Icedo, 


LESION, 

to  hurt. 
A  hurtinsr 


hurt ;  wound  ;   injury.         Rush. 

LESS,  for  unless.     [JVot  in  tise.] 

LESS,  a  terminating  syllable  of  many 
nouns  and  some  adjectives,  is  the  Sax. 
leas,  Goth,  laus,  belonging  to  the  verb 
lysan,  lausyan,  to  loose,  free,  separate. 
Hence  it  is  a  privative  word,  denoting 
destitution  ;  as  a  uilless  man,  a  man  desti 
tute  of  wit ;  childless,  without  children 
fatherless ;  faithless  ;  pennyless ;  lawless,  &c. 

LESS,  a.  [Sax.  Ices ;  perhaps  allied  to  Dan. 
User,  to  abate,  to  lessen,  to  relieve,  to  ease 
Less  has  the  sense  of  the  comparative  de- 
gree of  Utile.] 

Smaller ;  not  so  large  or  great ;  as  a  less 
quantity  or  number;  ahorse  of  less  size 
or  value.  We  are  all  destined  to  suffer 
affliction  in  a  greater  or  less  degree. 

LESS,  adv.    Not  so  much ;  in  a  smaller  or 
lower  degree  ;  as  less  bright  or  loud  ;  less 
beautiful ;  less  obliging ;  less  careful.     Th( 
less  a  man  praises  himself,  the  more  dis 
posed  are  others  to  praise  him. 

LESS,  «.  Not  so  much. 


They  gathered  some  more,  some  less.    Ex. 
xvi. 
2.  An  inferior. 

The  less  is  blessed  by  the  better.     Heb.  vii. 
LESS,  V.  t.  To  make  less.     [AoJ  in  use.] 

II-,-,  Gower 

LESSEE',  n.  [from  lease.]  The  person  to 
whom  a  lease  is  given,  or  who  takes  an 
estate  by  lease.  Blackslone. 

LESS'EN,  V.  t.  les'n.  [from  less.]  To  make 
less;  to  diminish:  to  reduce  in  bulk,  size, 
quantity,  number  or  amount;  to  make 
smaller;  as,  to  lessen  a  kingdom  or  its 
])opulation. 

2.  To  diminish  in  degree,  state  orcpialiiy; 
as,  awkward  manners  tond  to  lessen  our 
respect  for  men  of  merit. 

3.  To  degrade  ;  to  reduce  in  dignity. 

St.  Paul  chose  to  magnify  his  ollicc,  when  ill 
men  conspired  to  lessen  it.  Jllterburi/. 

LESS'EN,  V.  i.  les'71.  To  become  less  ;  to 
shrink ;  to  contract  in  bulk,  quantity, 
number  or  amount ;  to  be  diminished. 
The  apparent  magnitude  of  objects  lessens 
as  we  recede  from  them. 

2.  To  become  less  in  degree,  quahty  or  in- 
tensity ;  to  decrease.  The  strength  of  the 
body,  and  the  vivacity  of  the  temper  usu- 
ally lessen  as  we  advance  in  age. 

LESS'ENED,  pp.  Made  smaller;  diminish- 
ed. 

LESSENING,  ppr.  Reducing  in  bulk, 
amount  or  degree  ;  degrading. 

LESSER,  a.  [Sa.x.  Iccssa,  lasse,  from  Ices. 
This  word  is  a  corruption  ;  but  too  well 
established  to  he  discarded.] 

Less ;  smaller.  Authors  always  write  the 
Lesser  Asia. 

By   the  same  reason,  may  a  man  in  a  slate 

of  nature,   punish  the   lesser  breaches   of  that 

law.  Locke. 

God  made  the  lesser  light  to  rule  the  night. 

Gen.  i. 

LES'SON,  n.  les'n.  [This  word  we  proba- 
bly have  received  from  the  Fr.  lecon,  L. 
lectio,  from  lego,  to  read,  Fr.  lire,  'lisant ; 
Sp.  leccion  ;  It.  lezione  ;  Sw.  lexa  ;  anil 
not  from  the  D.  leezen,  G.  lesen,  to  read.] 

1.  Any  thing  read  or  recited  to  a  teacher  by 
a  pupil  or  learner  for  improvement ;  or 
such  a  portion  of  a  book  as  a  pupil  learns 
and  repeats  at  one  time.  The  instructor 
is  pleased  when  his  pupils  recite  their 
lessons  with  accuracy  and  promptness. 

2.  A  portion  of  Scripture  read  in  divine 
service.     Thus  endeth  the  first  lesson. 

3.  A  portion  of  a  book  or  manuscript  as- 
signed by  a  preceptor  to  a  pupil  to  be 
learnt,  or  for  an  exercise  ;  something  to 
he  learnt.     Give  him  his  lesson. 

4.  Precept ;    doctrine  or  notion  inculcated. 

Be  not  jealous  over  the  wife  of  thy  bosom, 
and  teach  her  not  an  evil  lesson  against  thy- 
''clf-  Ecclus. 

5.  Severe  lecture ;  reproof;  rebuke. 

She  would  give  her  a  lesson  for  walking  so 
late.  Sidney. 

G.  Tune  written  for  an  instrument.  Davies. 
7.  Instruction  or  truth,  taught  by  experience. 
The  lessons  which  sickness  imparts,  she 
leaves  to  be  practiced  when  health  is  es- 
tablished. 


LES'SON,  V.  t.  les'n.  To  teach  ;  to  instruct. 
Children  should  be  lessoned  into  a  contempt 
and  detestation  of  this  rice.  V Estrange. 

LES'SONED,  pp.    Taught;  instructed." 
LES'SONING,  ppr.  Teaching. 


-h. 


LET 


LET 


LET 


LESSOR,  n.  [from  lease.]  One  who  leases; 
tlie  person  who  lets  to  farm,  or  gives  a 
lease.  Blackstone. 

LEST,  con.  [from  the  Sax.  leas,  Goth,  laus, 
loose,  separate.  In  Saxon  it  was  prece- 
ded by  the,  the  leas,  that  less,  tliat  not,  ne 
forte.  Hence  it  denotes  a  loosing  or  sepa 
ration,  and  hence  it  comes  to  express  pre 
vention.]    That  not ;  for  fear  that. 

Ye  shall  not  cat  of  it,  neither  shall  ye  touch 
it,  lest  ye  die.     Gen.  iii. 

The  phrase  may  be  thus  explained.  Ye 
sliall  not  touch  it ;  that  separated  or  dis- 
missed, ye  die.  That  here  refers  to  the 
preceding  command  or  sentence ;  that 
being  removed  or  not  observed,  the  fact 
being  not  so,  ye  will  die. 

Sin  no  more,  lest  a  worse  thing  come  to 
thee.     John  v. 

Sin  no  more;  that  fact  not  taking  place,  a 
worse  thing  will  happen  to  thee. 

LET,  V.  I.  pret.  and  pp.  let.  Letted  is  obso 
lete.  [Sax.  Ionian,  letan,  Goth,  letan,  to 
permit,  to  hinder,  to  dismiss  or  send 
away,  to  let  go,  to  leave,  to  admit,  to 
think  or  suppose,  to  dissemble,  to  retard, 
to  be  late  or  slow,  to  dally  or  trifle,  to 
lease  or  let  out ;  letan  aweg,  to  let  away, 
to  throw;  W.  ??»:,  hinderance  ;  lluziaw,  to 
hinder ;  D.  laaten,  to  permit,  to  suffer,  to 
give,  to  leave,  to  loose,  to  put,  to  stow ; 
G.  lassen,  to  let,  to  permit,  grant,  allow, 
suffer ;  verlassen,  to  forsake  ;  unleiiassen, 
to  cease,  to  forbear ;  Sw.  llda,  to  permit ; 
Dan.  lader,  to  let,  permit,  allow,  grant, 
suffer,  give  leave.  I5ut  in  the  four  latter 
dialects,  there  is  another  verb,  which  cor- 
responds with  let  in  some  of  its  significa- 
tions ;  D.  b/dai,  G.  leiden,  Sw.  lida,  Dan. 
lidei;  to  suffer,  endure,  undergo,  to  per- 
mit. With  this  verb  corresponds  the  En- 
glish late,  D.  laat,  Sw.  lat,  Dan.  lad,  sloth- 
ful, lazy ;  and  the  G.  lass,  feeble,  lazy,  co- 
incides with  lassen,  supra,  and  this  may  be 
the  Eng.  lazy.  To  /((  oitt,  like  L.  elocarc,  is 
to  lease,  Fr.  laisser.  Let  is  the  Fr.  laisser, 
in  a  different  dialect.  By  the  German 
and  Welsh  it  appears  that  the  last  radi- 
cal may  have  originally  been  th,  Is  or  tz, 
or  other  compound.  See  Class  Ld.  No. 
2.  15.  19.  2.3.  32.  and  Class  Ls.No.  30.] 

1.  To  permit;  to  allow;  to  suffer;  to  give 
leave  or  power  by  a  positive  act,  or  neg- 
atively, to  withhold  restraint ;  not  to  pre- 
vent. A  leaky  ship  lets  water  enter  into 
the  hold.  Let  is  followed  by  the  infinitive 
without  the  sign  to. 

Pharaoh  said,  I  vpill  let  you  go.     Ex.  viii. 

When  the  ship  was  caught  and  could  not 
bear  up  into  the  wind,  we  let  her  drive.  Acts 
xxvii. 

2.  To  lease ;  to  grant  possession  and  use  for 
a  compensation  ;    as,  to  let  to  farm  ;  to  let 
an  estate  for  a  year ;  to  let  a  room  to  lod 
gers ;  often  followed  by  out,  as,  to  let  out 
a  farm;  but  the  use  of  out  is  unnecessary. 

3.  To  suffer ;  to  permit ;  with  the  usual 
sign  of  the  infinitive. 

There's  a  letter  for  you.  Sir,  if  your  name  he 
Horatio,  as  I  am  let  to  know  it  is.    [JVoi  used,"] 

Shak. 

4.  Ill  the  imperative  mode,  let  has  the  follow- 
ing uses.  Followed  by  the  first  and  third 
persons,  it  expresses  desire  or  wish ; 
hence  it  is  used  in  prayer  and  entreaty  to 
superiors,  and  to  those  who  have  us  in 


their  power;  as,  let  me  not  wander  from 
thy  commandments.     Ps.  cxix 

Followed  by  the  first  person  plural,  let 
expresses  exhortation  or  entreaty ;  as, 
rise,  let  tis  go. 

Followed  by  the  third  person,  it  implies 
permission  or  command  addressed  to  an 
inferior.  Let  him  go,  let  them  remain,  are 
commands  addressed  to  the  second  per- 
son. Let  thou,  or  let  ye,  that  is,  do  thou 
or  you  permit  him  to  go 

Sometimes  let  is  used  to  express  a  com- 
mand or  injunction  to  a  third  person 
When  the  signal  is  given  to  engage,  let 
every  man  do  his  duty. 

When  applied  to  things  not  rational,  it 
implies  allowance  or  concession. 

O'er  golden  sands  let  rich  Pactolus  flow. 

Pojte 
5.  To  retard  ;  to  hinder ;  to  impede  ;  to  in- 
terpose obstructions.    2  Thess.  2. 

[This  sense  is  now  obsolete,  or  nearly 
,so.l 
To  Ift  alone,  to  leave  ;  to  suffer  to  remain 
without  intermeddling ;  as,  let  alone  this 
idle  project ;  let  me  alone. 
To  let  doicn,  to  permit  to  sink  or  fall ;  to 
lower. 

She  let  them  down  by  a  cord  through  the 
window.     Josh.  ii. 

To  let  loose,  to  free  from  restraint;  to  per- 
mit to  wander  at  large. 

To  let  in  or  into,  to  permit  or  suffer  to  en- 
ter ;  to  admit.  Open  the  door, /e<  in  my 
friend.  We  are  not  let  into  the  secrets  of 
the  cabinet. 

To  let  blood,  to  open  a  vein  and  suffer  the 
blood  to  flow  out. 

To  let  out,  to  suffer  to  escape :  also,  to  lease 
or  let  to  hire. 

To  let  off,  to  discharge,  to  let  fly,  as  an  ar- 
row ;  or  cause  te  explode,  as  a  gun. 

LET,  ('.  i.  To  forbeur.     Obs.  Bacon. 

LET,  n.  A  retarding  ;  hinderance  ;  obsta- 
cle ;  impediment;  delay.  [Obsolete,  un- 
less in  some  lechnleal  phrases.] 

LET,  a  termination  of  diminutives ;  as  ham- 
let, a  little  house;  rivulet,  a  small  stream. 
[Sax.  lyt,  small,  less,  lew.     See  Little.] 

LE'THAL,  a.  [L.  lethalis,  mortal,  from  Gr. 
^.i^ej;,  oblivion.]     Deadly;  mortal;  fatal. 

Richardson. 

LETHAL'ITY,  n.  Mortality.  Mins. 

LETHAR'(iI€,        )        [h.  lethargicus ;   Fr. 

LETHAR  (ilCAL,  ^        lethargi<iue.]      Pre- 
ternaturally   inclined 
dull ;  he.ivy. 

LETHAR'tiicALLY, 
sleepiness. 

LETHAR'GlCALNESS,  ?         Prcternatiir 

LETHAR'GleNESS,  S  a'  "r  morbid 
sleepiness  or  drowsiness.     More.     Herbert. 

LETH'ARgIED,  pp.  or  a.  Laid  asleep  ;  en- 
tranced. Shak. 

LETH'ARtiY,  n.  [L.  lethargia ;  Gr.  %r;6af,- 
yiu,;  ?i);0i7,  oblivion,   and  apyoi,  idle.] 

L  Preternatural  sleepiness;  morbid  drow- 
siness ;  continued  or  profound  sleep,  from 
which  a  person  can  scarcely  be  awaked, 
and  if  awaked,  remains  stupid. 

2.  Dullness ;  inaction  ;  inattention. 

Europe  lay  then  under  a  deep  lethargy. 

MIcrbury. 

LETH'ARgY,  v.  t.  To  make  lethargic  or 
dull.  Churchill. 


to 


adi 


sleep;    drowsy 
.'Irhuthnol. 
Li  a   morbid 


LE'THE,  n.  le'thee.  [Gr.  jljjSi;,  forgetfulnesi  : 
^rfiu,  L.  lateo,  to  be  hid.]  Oblivion;  a 
draught  of  oblivion.  Milton. 

LETHE'AN,  a.  Inducing  forgetfulness  or 
oblivion.  Lempriere.      As.  Res. 

LETHIF'EROUS,  a.[  L.  lethum,  death,  and 
fero,  to  bring.] 

Deadly  ;  mortal ;  bringing  death  or  destruc- 
tion. Robinson. 

LET'TER,  n.  [from  let.]  One  who  permits. 

2.  One  who  retards  or  hinders. 

3.  One  who  gives  vent ;  as  a  blood-/cHer. 
LET'TER,   n.    [Fr.   lettre ;    It.  lettera;    L. 

litera ;  W.  llythyr.] 

1.  A  mark  or  character,  written,  printed, 
engraved  or  painted  ;  used  as  the  repre- 
sentative of  a  sound,  or  of  anjarticulation 
of  the  human  organs  of  speech.  By 
sounds,  and  articulations  or  closures  of  the 
organs,  are  formed  syllables  and  words. 
Hence  a  letter  is  the  first  element  of 
written  language,  as  a  simple  sound  is  the 
first  element  of  spoken  language  or  speech. 
As  sounds  are  audible  and  communicate 
ideas  to  others  by  the  ear,  so  letters  are 
visible  representatives  of  sounds,  and  com- 
municate the  thoughts  of  others  by  means 
of  the  eye. 

2.  A  written  or  printed  message  ;  an  epistle  ; 
a  communication  made  by  visible  charac- 
ters fiom  one  person  to  another  at  a  dis- 
tance. 

The  style  of  letters  ought  to  be  free,  easy 
and  natural.  Walsh. 

3.  The  verbal  expression ;  the  literal  mean- 
ing. 

W  e  must  observe  the  letter  of  the  law,  with- 
out doing  violence  to  the  reason  of  the  law, 
and  the  intentions  of  the  lawgiver.         Taylor. 

4.  Type  ;  a  character  formed  of  metal  or 
wood,  usually  of  metal,  and  used  in 
printing  books. 

5.  Letters,  in  the  plural,  learning ;  erudi- 
tion ;  as  a  man  of  letters. 

Dead  letter,  a  writing  or  precept,  which  is 
without  authority  or  force.  The  best  law 
may  become  a  dead  letter. 

Letter  of  attorney,  a  writing  by  which  one 
person  authorizes  another  to  act  in  his 
stead. 

Letter  of  marque,  a  private  ship  commission- 
ed or  authorized  by  a  government  to 
make  reprisals  on  the  ships  of  another 
state.     [See  Manjue.] 

Letters  pateiit,  or  overt,  open,  a  writing  exe- 
cuted and  scaled,  by  which  power  and 
authority  are  granted  to  a  person  to  do 
some  act,  or  enjoy  some  right ;  as  letters 
patent  under  the  seal  of  England. 

LET'TER,  1'./.  To  impress  or  form  letters 
on  ;  as,  to  Utter  a  book  ;  a  book  gilt  and 
lettered. 

LET'TER-€ASE,  n.  A  case  or  book  to  put 
letters  in. 

LET'TERED,  jip.  Stamped  with  letters. 

LET'TERED,  a.  Literate  ;  educated  ;  vers- 
ed in  literature  or  science.  Collier. 

2.  Belonging  to  learning;  suiting  letters. 

LET'TER-FOUXDER,  n.  One  who  casts 
letters  :  a  type-founder. 

LET'TERING,  ppr.  Impressing  or  form- 
ing letters  on  ;  as  lettering  a  book  Oii  the 
cover. 

LETTERLESS,  a.  Illiterate  ;  unlettered  ; 
not  learned.  Jf'aterland. 


LEV 


LEV 


LEV 


LET'TER-PRESS,  n.  [leller  anJ  press.] 
Print ;  iottcis  anil  words  impressed  on 
paper  or  other  material  by  types. 

LETTUCE,  n.  Id'lis.  [Vr.laitue;  It.  lattu- 
gn  ;  Sp.  kchtiga  ;  Ann.  laciuzen  ;  O.  lat- 
lich ;  J),  latum ;  from  L.  lactuca,  according 
to  Varro,  from  lac,  milk.] 

A  genus  of  plants,  the  Lactuca,  of  many 
species,  some  of  which  are  used  as  sal- 
lade. 

LEU'CIN,      \      [Gr.  Uvxoq,  white.]    A  pe- 

LEU'CINE,  ^  culiar  white  pulverulent 
substance  obtained  from  beef-fibers,  treat- 
ed with  sulphuric  acid,  and  afterwards 
with  alcohol. 

Braconnet.     JVebster's  Manual. 

LEU'CITE,  n.  [Gr.  ^tvxo{,  white.]  A  stony 
substance,  so  called  from  its  whiteness, 
found  among  volcanic  productions  in  Ita- 
ly, in  crystals,  or  in  irregular  masses  ;  for- 
merly called  crystals  of  white  shorl,  or 
white  granite  or  granilite. 

Did.  JVat.  Hist. 
HaOy  calls  this  mineral,  amphigene.      li 
is  called  by  some  writers  leucolite,  and  by 
others,  dodecahedral  zeolite. 

LEUeO-ETlIIOP'lC,  a.  [Gr.  7^x05,  white, 
and  aiQio^,  black.] 

White  and  black  ;  designating  a  white  ani- 
mal of  a  black  species,  or  the  albino. 

Lawrence. 

LEUeOPIILEG'MACY,  n.  [Gr.  J^fvxoj,' 
white,  anil  ^^.ty^a,  phlegm.] 

A  dropsical  habit  of  body,  or  the  commence-j 
ment  of  anasarca ;  paleness,  with  viscidi 
juices  and  cold  sweats. 

Coze.     Parr.     Arhuthnot 

LEU€OPHLEGMAT  I€,  a.  Having  a  drop- 
sical habit  of  body  with  a  white  bloated 
skin. 

LEU€0'THIOP,  n.  [See  Leuco-ethiopic] 
An  albino ;  a  white  man  of  a  black  race. 

LEUTHRITE,  ».  [from  Lcuthra,  in  Sax- 
ony.] 

A  substance  that  appears  to  be  a  recomposed 
rock,  of  a  loose  texture,  gritty  and  harsh 
to  the  touch.  Its  color  is  a  grayish  white,! 
tinged  here  and  there  with  an  ocherous 
brown.  It  includes  small  fragments  ofj 
mica.  Phillips. 

LE'VANT,  a.  [Fr.  levant,  rising,  from  lever, 
L.  levo.] 

Eastern;  ilenoting  the  part  of  the  hemis- 
phere where  the  sun  rises. 

Forth  rush  the  levant  and  the  ponent  winds. 

Milton. 

LEVANT',  n.  [It.  levante,  the  East,  supra.] 
Properly,  a  country  to  the  eastward  ;  but' 
appropriately,  the  countries  of  Turkey, 
Syria,  Asia  3Iinor,  Greece,  Egypt,  «St'c.' 
which  are  washed  by  the  Mediterranean! 
and  its  contiguous  waters. 

LEVANTINE,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Levant. 

D'Aiville. 

2.  Designating  a  particular  kind  of  silk 
cloth. 

LEVANTINE,  ;;.  A  particular  kind  of  silk 
cloth. 

LEVA'TOR,  n.  [L.  from  levo,  to  raise.]  In 
anatomy,  a  muscle  that  serves  to  raise  some 
part,  as  the  lip  or  the  eyehd. 

2.  A  surgical  instrument  used  to  raise  a  de 
pressed  part  of  the  skull.  Wiseman. 

LEVE,  for  believe.     Obs.  Gower 


LEVEE,  »!.  [Fr.  from  lever,  to  raise,  L. 
levo.] 

1.  The  time  of  rising. 

2.  The  concourse  of  persons  who  visit  a' 
prince  or  great  personage  in  the  morning. 

Johnson. 

3.  A  bank  or  causey,  particularly  along  a 
river  to  prevent  inundation ;  as  the  levees 
along  the  Mississippi. 

LEV'EL,  a.  [Sax.  Icefe,  id. ;  W.  llyvn,  smooth, 
even,  level,  sleek,  slippery  ;  llyvelu,  to  level, 
to  render  uniform,  to  devise,  inveut,  guess ; 
llyvnu,  to  make  smooth.  This  seems  to 
be  connected  with  Uyvu,  to  lick.  So  like. 
D.  gclyk,  G.  gleich,  is  smooth,  even,  level, 
equal,  coinciding  with  Eng.  sleek.  The 
L.  libella,  libra,  belong  to  this  root ;  It 
livella.] 

1.  Horizontal ;  coinciding  with  the  plane  of 
the  horizon.  To  be  perfectly  level  is  to  be 
exactly  horizontal. 

2.  Even ;  flat ;  not  having  one  part  higher 
than  another;  not  ascending  or  descend 
ing  ;  as  a  level  plain  or  field  ;  level  ground 
a  level  floor  or  pavement.  In  common 
usage,  level  is  often  applied  to  surfaces 
that  arc  not  perfectly  horizontal,  but 
which  have  no  inequalities  of  magnitude, 

Even  with   any   thing  else  ;  of  the  same 
highth ;  on  the  same  line  or  plane. 

4.  Equal  in  rank  or  degree ;  having  no  de 
gree  of  superiority. 

Be  level  in  preferments,  and  yon  will  soon  be 
as  level  in  your  learning.  Bentley 

LEV'EL,  V.  t.  To  make  horizontal. 
2.  To  make  even ;  to  reduce  or  remove  in- 
equalities of  surface   in  any  thing;  as,  to 
level  a  road  or  walk. 

To  reduce  or  bring  to  the   same  highth 
with  something  else. 

And   tlieir   proud   structures   level  with   the 
ground.  Sandys 

4.  To  lay  flat ;  to  reduce  to  an  even  surface 
or  plain. 

He  levels  mountains,  and  he  raises  plains. 

Di'ydert. 
To  reduce  to  equality  of  condition,  state 
or  degree ;  as,  to  level  all  ranks  and  deJ 
grees  of  men.  I 

To  point,  in  taking  aim ;  to  elevate  or  de-' 
press  so  as  to  direct  a  missile  weapon  to 
an  object ;  to  aim  ;  as,  to  /feci  a  cannon  or 
nuisket. 
.  To  aim  ;  to  direct ;  as  severe  remarks 
leveled  at  the  vices  and  follies  of  the  age. 

8.  To  suit ;  to  proportion  ;  as,  to  level  obser- 
vations to  the  capacity  of  children. 

LEV'EL,  V.  i.  To  accord  ;  to  agree  ;  to  suit.l 
[Little  used.]  Shak: 

2.  To  aim  at ;  to  point  a  gun  or  an  arrow  to' 
the  mark. 

3.  To  aim  at ;  to  direct  the  view  or  purpose.' 
The  ^"lory  ot'  tjod  and  the  ^ood  of  his  church 

ought  to  be  the  mark  at  which  we  level. 

Hooker 

To  be  aimed  ;  to  be  in  the  same  direction 
with  the  mark. 

He  raised  it  till  he  IcveI'd  right.  Butler. 

5.  To  aim ;  to  make  attempts. 
Ambitious  York  did  level  at  thy  crown. 

Shak 

6.  To  conjecture ;  to  attempt  to  guess.  [JVot 
tised.]  Shak. 

LEV'EL,  n.  A  horizontal  line,  or  a  plane ; 
a  surface  without  inequalities.*  Hale. 


ti. 


Rate  ;  standard  :  usual  elevation  ;  cus^ 
tomary  highth  ;  as  the  ordinary  level  of  the 
world. 

Equal  elevation  with  something  else  ;  a 
state  of  equality. 

Hroridencc,  for  the   most  part,  sets  us  on  a 
level.  Spectator. 

The  line  of  direction  in  which  a  missile 
weapon  is  aimeil. 

Au  instrument  in  mechanics  by  which  to 
find  or  draw  a  horizontal  line,  as  in  set- 
ting buildings,  or  in  making  canals  and 
drains.  The  instruments  for  these  pur- 
poses are  various;  as  the  air  levd,  the  car- 
IKjnter's  level,  the  mason's  level,  and  the 
guimer's  level. 
C>.  Rule  ;  plan  ;  scheme  :  bon-owed  from  the 
mechanic's  level. 

Be  tlie  fair  level  of  thy  actions  laid —     Prior. 
LEVELED,  pp.  Reduced  to  a  plane;  made 

even. 
2.  Reduced   to   an  equal  state,  condition  or 

rank. 
.3.  Reduced  to  an  equality  with   something 
else. 

4.  Elevated  or  depressed  to  a  right  line  to- 
wards something;  pointed  to  an  object; 
directed  to  a  mark. 

5.  Suited  ;  proportioned. 
LEVELER,  71.  One  that  levels  or  makes 

even. 

2.  One  that  destroys  or  attempts  to  destroy 
distinctions,  and  reduce  to  equalitv. 

LEVELING,  ppr.  Making  level  or"cven. 

2.  Reducing  to  an  equality  of  condition. 

LEVELING,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of 
finding  a  horizontal  line,  or  of  ascertain- 
ing the  different  elevations  of  objects  011 
the  surface  of  the  earth  :  in  other  words, 
the  difference  in  the  distance  of  objects 
from  the  center  of  the  earth.  Encyc. 

LEV'ELNESS,  n.  Evenness;  equality  of 
surface. 

2.  Equalitv  with  something  else. 

LEVEN.  "[See  Uaven.] 

LEVEN,  n.  [Sax.  hlijian.]  Lightning. 
Obs.  Chaucer, 

LEVER,  n.  [Fr.  levier;  It.  leva;  from  k- 
ver,  levare,  L.  levo,  to  raise.] 

In  tnechanics,  a  bar  of  metal,  wood,  or  other 
substance,  turning  on  a  support  called  the 
fulcrum  or  prop.  Its  arms  are  equal,  as 
in  the  balance  ;  or  unequal,  as  in  steelyards. 
It  is  one  of  the  mechanical  powers,  and  i.s 
of  three  kinds,  viz.  1.  When  the  ful- 
crum is  between  the  weight  and  the  pow- 
er, as  in  the  handspike,  crowbar,  itc.  2. 
When  the  weight  is  between  the  jiower 
and  the  fulcrum,  as  in  rowing  a  boat.  3. 
When  the  power  is  between  the  weight 
and  the  fulcrum,  as  in  raising  a  ladder  from 
the  ground,  by  applying  the  hands  to  one 
of  the  lower  rounds.  The  bones  of  ani- 
mals are  levers  of  the  third  kind. 

LEV'ERET,  n.  [Fr.  lievret,  from  lievre,  a 
hare.]     A  hare  in  the  first  vear  of  her  age. 

LEVEROCK,  n.  A  bird,"  a  lark.  [See 
Lark.]  Johnson. 

LEV'ET,  n.  [Qu.  Fr.  lever,  to  raise.]  A 
blast  of  a  trumpet ;  probably  that  by  which 
soldiers  are  called  in  the  morning.  [.\'ot 
used.]  Hudibras. 

LEVIABLE,  a.  [from  levy.]  That  may  be 
levied  ;  that  may  be  assessed  and  collect- 
ed ;  as  suras  leviable  by  course  of  law. 

Bacon. 


LEV 


LEX 


L  I  B 


LEVIATHAN,  n.  [Heb.  [n*)'?.]  An  aquat- 
ic animal,  described  in  tlie  book  of  Job, 
cb.  xli,  and  ntentioned  in  otber  passages 
of  Scripture.  In  Isaiali,  it  is  called 
the  crooked  serpent.  It  is  not  agreed 
what  animal  is  intended  by  the  writers, 
whether  the  crocodile,  the  whale,  or  a 
species  of  serpent. 
2.  The  whale,  or  a  great  whale.  Milton 

LEVIGATE,  V.  t.  [L.  Iwvigo,  from  iavis, 
smooth,  Gr.  ^.tioj.] 

1.  In  pharmacy  and  chimistry,  to  rub  or  grind 
to  a  fine  impalpable  powder ;  to  make 
fine,  soft  and  smooth. 

2.  To  plane  ;  to  polish.  Bairoiv. 

LEV'IGATE,  a.  Made  smooth. 

LEVIGATED,  pp.  Reduced  to  a  fine  im 
palpable  powder. 

LEVIGATING,  ppr.  Rendering  very  fine, 
soft  and  smooth,  by  grinding  or  rubbing. 

LEVIGA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  operation 
of  grinding  or  rubbing  a  solid  substance 
to  a  fine  impalpable  powder.  Encyc. 

LEVITA'TION,  n.  [L.  kvis,  levitas.]  Light 
ness  ;  buoyancy;  act  of  making  light. 

LE'VITE,  n.  [from  Z.eiii,  one  of  the  sons  of 
Jacob.] 

One  of  the  tribe  or  family  of  Levi ;  a  de- 
scendant of  Levi;  more  particularly,  an 
officer  in  the  Jewish  church,  who  was 
employed  in  manual  service,  as  in  bring 
ing  wood  and  other  necessaries  for  the 
sacrifices.  The  Levites  also  sung  and 
played  on  instruments  of  music.  They 
were  subordinate  to  tlie  priests,  the  de 
scendants  of  Aaron,  who  was  also  of  the 
family  of  Levi.  Ena/c. 

LEVIT'ICAL,  a.  Belonging  to  the  Levites, 
or  descendants  of  Levi ;  as  the  tevitical 
law,  the  law  given  by  3Ioses,  which  pre 
scribed  the  duties  and  rights  of  the  priests 
and  Levites,  and  regulated  the  civil  and 
religious  concerns  of  the  Jews. 

2.  Priestly.  Milton. 

LEVlT'IeALLY,  adv.  After  the  manner 
of  the  Levites. 

LEVIT'ICUS,  n.  [from  Levi,  Levite.]  A 
canonical  book  of  the  Old  Testament, 
containing  the  laws  and  regulations  which 
relate  to  the  priests  and  Levites  among 
the  Jews,  or  the  body  of  the  ceremonial 
law. 

LEV'ITY,  n.  [L.  levitas,  from  levis,  light ; 
connected  perhaps  with  Eng.  K/7.] 

1.  Lightness;  the  want  of  weight  in  a  body, 
compared  with  another  that  is  heavier. 
The  ascent  of  a  balloon  in  the  air  is  owing 
to  its  levity,  as  the  gas  that  fills  it  is  light- 
er than  conniion  air. 

2.  Lightness  of  temper  or  conduct ;  incon- 
stancy ;  changeableness  ;  unsteadiness  ; 
as  the /ci'i7^  of  youth.  Hooker. 

3.  Want  of  due  consideration  ;  vanity  ;  freak. 
He  never  employed  his  omnipotence  out 
o{ levity  or  ostentation. 

4.  Gayety  of  mind  ;  want  of  seriousness  ; 
disposition  to  trifle.  Tlie  spirit  of  religion 
and  seriousness  was  succeeded  by  levity. 

LEVY,  V.  1.  [Vr.lever  ;  It.  levare ;  Sp.  levar  ; 

l^.levo;  Eng.  to  lift.] 
1.  To  raise  ;  to  collect.     To  levy  troops,  is  to 

enlist  or  to  order  men  into  public  service. 

To  levy  au  army,   is  to  collect  troops  and 


form  an  army  by  enrollment,  conscription 
or  other  means. 

2.  To  raise  ;  to  collect  by  assessment ;  as, 
to  levy  taxes,  toll,  tribute,  or  contributions.' 

To  levy  war,  is  to  raise  or  begin  war  ;  to  take 
arms  for  attack  ;  to  attack.         Blackstone.' 

To  levy  a  fine,  to  commence  and  carry  on  a 
suit  for  assuring  the  title  to  lands  or  tene-] 
ments.  Blackstone.\ 

LEV'Y,  n.  The  act  of  collecting  men  for 
military,  or  other  public  service,  as  by  en- 
listment, enrollment  or  other  means.  1 
Kings  ix. 

2.  Troops  collected  ;  an  army  raised.  1 
Kings  V. 

3.  The  act  of  collecting  money  for  public 
use  by  tax  or  other  imposition. 

War  raised.     [JVo(  in  M«e.]  Shak. 

LEW,  a.  [D.  laauw.]  Tepid  ;  lukewarm  ; 
pale ;  wan.     Ohs. 

LEWD,  a.  [W.  llodig,  having  a  craving ; 
llodi,  to  reach  out,  to  crave  ;  llodineb,  lewd- 
ness ;  llawd,  that  shoots  out  or  is  growing, 
a  lad;  G.  luder,  lewdness;  Heb.  Ch.  Syr. 
Sam.  nV  to   beget,   to  bring   forth ;  Ar. 

J.Ij,  Eth.  ®Aje  id.] 

1.  Given  to  the  unlawful  indulgence  of  lust ; 
addicted  to  fornication   or  adultery ;  dis 
solute  ;  lustful ;  libidinous.     Ezek.  xxiii. 

2.  Proceeding  from  unlawful  lust ;  as  lewd 
actions. 

3.  Wicked  ;  vile  ;  profligate  ;  hcentious. 
Acts  xvii. 

LEWD,  a.  [Sax.  la:wed,  leiud.  This  seems 
to  be  a  contracted  word,  and  either  from 
the  root  of  laical,  lay,  or  from  the  Sax. 
lead,  G.  leute,  people,  which  seems  to  be 
from  the  same  root  as  the  foregoing  word, 
like  L.  §•£/!«,  from  g'cno.]  Lay;  laical  ;not 
clerical.     Obs.  Davies. 

LEWD'LY,  adv.  With  the  unlawful  indul- 
gence of  lust ;  lustfully. 

2.  AVickedly  ;  wantonly. 

LEWD'NESS,  n.  The  unlawful  indulgence 
of  lust ;  fornication,  or  adultery. 

2.  In  Scripture,  it  generally  denotes  idola- 
try. 

3.  Licentiousness  ;  shamelessness.     Spenser. 

LEWD'STER,  n.  One  given  to  the  crimi- 
nal indulgence  of  lust ;  a  lecher.  [Mot 
used.]  Shak 

LEXI€OG'RAPHER,  n.  [See  Lexicogra- 
phy.] The  author  of  a  lexicon  or  diction- 
ary. 

LEXleOGRAPH  I€,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
writing  or  compilation  of  a  dictionary. 

Bosivell 

LEXICOGRAPHY,  n.  [Gr.  Xf|i;eo.,  a  dic- 
tionary, and  vpatij,  to  write.] 

1.  The  act  of  writing  a  lexicon  or  dictiona- 
ry, or  the  art  of  composing  dictionaries. 

2.  The  composition  or  corai)ilation  of  a  dic- 
tionary. 

LEXICOLOGY,  n.  [Gr.  Xt^ixop,  a  diction- 
ary, and  y-oyof,  discourse.] 

The  science  of  words;  that  branch  of  learn- 
ing which  treats  of  the  proper  significa- 
tion and  just  application  of  words. 

Med.  Repos 

LEX'ICON,  n.  [Gr.  Xtlixor,  a  dictionary, 
from  >.f|i5,  %iyu,  to  speak.] 

A  dictionary ;  a  vocabulary  or  book  con 
taining  an  alphabetical  arrangement  of  the 


words  in  a  language,  with  the  definition  of 
each,  or  an  explanation  of  its  meaning. 

LEX'ICONIST,  n.  A  writer  of  a  lexicon. 
[Little  used.]  Orient.  Col. 

LEX'IGRAPHY,  n.  [Gr.  Xtlts,  a  word,  and 
ypo4)o,  to  write.]  The  art  or  practice  of 
defining  words.  Med.  Repos. 

LEY,  a  different  orthography  of  lay  and  lea, 
a  meadow  or  field. 

LHER'ZOLITE,  n.  [from  Lherz,  in  the 
Pyrenees.] 

A  mineral,  a  variety  of  pyroxene.  When 
crystalized,  its  crystals  are  brilliant,  trans- 
lucid,  very  small,  and  of  an  emerald  green. 

Diet. 

LI'ABLE,  a.  [Fr.  tier,  to  bind,  L.  ligo ; 
Norm,  lige,  a  bond.     See  Liege.] 

1.  Bound;  obliged  in  law  or  equity;  res- 
ponsible ;  answerable.  The  surety  is  li- 
able for  the  debt  of  his  principal.  The 
parent  is  not  liable  for  debts  contracted  by 
a  son  who  is  a  minor,  except  for  necessa- 
ries. 

This  use  oC liable  is  now  common  among 
lawyers.  The  phrase  is  abridged.  The 
surety  is  liable,  that  is,  bound  to  pay  the 
debt  of  his  principal. 

2.  Subject;  obnoxious;  exposed. 

Proudly  secure,  yet  liable  to  fall.  MUton. 
Liable,  in  this  sense,  is  always  applied 
to  evils.  We  never  say,  a  man  is  liaile  to 
happiness  or  prosperity,  but  he  is  liable  to 
disease,  calamities,  censure  ;  he  is  liable  to 
err,  to  sin,  to  fall. 

LI'ABLENESS,  ^       The    state    of  being 

LIABILITY,  S  "■  "Jound  or  obliged  in 
law  or  justice  ;  responsibihty.  The  offi- 
cer wishes  to  discharge  himself  from  his 
liability. 

2.  Exposedness ;  tendency  ;  a  state  of  be- 
ing subject ;  as  the  liableness  of  a  man  to 
contract  disease  in  an  infected  room;  a 
liability  to  accidents. 

LIA'R,  »i.  [from  lie.]  A  person  who  know- 
ingly utters  falsehood  ;  one  who  declares 
to  another  as  a  fact  what  he  knows  to  be 
not  true,  and  with  an  intention  to  deceive 
him.  The  uttering  of  falsehood  by  mis- 
take, and  without  an  intention  to  deceive, 
does  not  constitute  one  a  liar. 

2.  One  who  denies  Christ.     1  John  ii. 

LI'ARD,  a.  Gray.     Obs.  Chaucer. 

LI'AS,  n.  A  species  of  limestone,  occurring 
in  flat,  horizontal  strata,  and  supposed  to 
be  of  recent  formation.  Encyc. 

LIB,  I',  t.  [D.  lubben.]  To  castrate.  [jYot'in 
use.]  Chapman. 

LIBATION,  n.  [L.  libatio,  from  libo,  to 
pour  out,  to  taste.] 

1.  The  act  of  pouring  a  liquor,  usually  wine, 
either  on  the  ground,  or  on  a  victim  in 
sacrifice,  in  honor  of  some  deity.  The 
Hebrews,  Greeks  and  Romans  practiced 
libation.  This  was  a  solenm  act  and  ac- 
companied with  prayer.  Encyc. 

2.  The  wine  or  other  liquor  poured  out  in 
honorof  a  deity.         Siillingfieet.     Dryden. 

LIBBARD,  an  obsolete  spelling  of  leopard. 

Speiiser.     Milton. 

LIB'BARD'S-BANE,  n.  A  poisonous  plant. 

B.  Jonson. 
LI'BEL,  )!.  [L.  libellus,  a  little  book,  from 
liber,  a  book,  from  the  sense  of  bark,  and 
this  from  stripping,  separating.  Hence 
liber,  a  book,  and  liber,  free,  are  the  same 
word.    CiassLb.No.  24.  27.  30.31.] 


L  1  B 


L  1  B 


L  I  B 


1.  A  defamatory  %vriling,  L.  iibellusfamosus. 
Hence,  the  epithet  being  omitted,  libel  ex- 
presses the  same  tiling.  Any  book,  pamph- 
let, writing  or  picture,  containing  repre- 
sentations, maliciously  made  or  published, 
tending  to  bring  a  person  into  contempt, 
or  expose  him  to  public  hatred  and  deris- 
ion. The  communication  of  such  defam 
atory  writing  to  a  single  person,  is  consid 
ered  in  law  a  pubUcation.  It  is  immate- 
rial with  respect  to  the  essence  of  a  libel, 
whether  the  matter  of  it  is  true  or  false, 
since  the  provocation  and  not  the  falsity  is 
the  thing  to  be  punished  criminatty.  But 
in  a  civil  action,  a  libel  must  appear  to  be 
false,  as  well  as  scandalous.     ,  Blaeksione. 

In  a  more  extensive  sense,  any  blasphe- 
mous, treasonable  or  immoral  writing  or 
picture  made  public,  is  a  libel,  and  punish- 
able by  law. 

2.  In  the  civil  law,  and  in  courts  of  admiralli/, 
a  declaration  or  charge  in  writing  exhiliit- 
ed  in  court,  particularly  against  a  ship  or 
goods,  for  violating  the  laws  of  trade  or  of 
revenue. 

LI'BEL,  V.  t.  To  defame  or  expose  to  pub 
lie  hatred  and  contempt  by  a  writing  or 
picture;  to  lampoon. 

Some  wicked  wits  have  libeled  all  the  fair. 

Pope. 

2.  To  exhibit  a  charge  against  any  thing  in 
court,  particularly  against  a  ship  or  goods, 
for  a  violation  of  the  laws  of  trade  or  rev 
enue. 

LI'BEL,  V.  i.  To  spread  defamation,  writ- 
ten or  i)rinted  ;  with  against.  He  libels 
against  the  peers  of  the  realm.  [jYot  now 
in  «se.] 

LI'BELANT,  n.  One  who  libels  ;  one  who 
brings  a  libel  or  institutes  a  suit  in  an  ad 
miralty  court. 

The  counsel  for  tho  libelant,  contended  they 
had  a  right  to  read  the  instructions — 

Ciatich,  Rep. 

LI'BELED,  pp.  Defamed  by  a  writing  or 
picture  made  public. 

2.  Charged  or  declared  against  in  an  admi- 
ralty court. 

LI'BELER,  )i.  One  who  libels  or  defames 
by  writing  or  pictures;  a  lampooner. 

It  is  ignorance  of  ourselves  which  makes  us 
the  libelers  of  others.  Buckminster 

LI'BELING,  ppr.  Defaming  by  a  publish- 
ed writing  or  picture. 

2.  Exhibiting  charges  against  in  court. 

LI'BELOUS,  a.  Defamatory ;  containing 
that  which  exposes  a  person  to  public  ha- 
tred, contempt  and  ridicule  ;  as  a  libelous 
pamphlet  or  jjicturc. 

LIB'ERAL,  o.  [Fr.  from  L.  liberalis,  from 
liber,  free.     See  Libel.] 

1 .  Of  a  free  heart ;  free  to  give  or  bestow  ; 
not  close  or  contracted  ;  munificent  ; 
bountiful ;  generous  ;  giving  largely  ;  as 
a  liberal  donor  ;  the  liberal  founders  of  a 
college  or  hospital.  It  expresses  less  than 
profuse  or  extravagant. 

2.  Generous ;  ample  ;  large  ;  as  a  liberal  do- 
nation ;  a  liberal  allowance. 

3.  Not  selfish,  narrow  or  contracted;  catho- 
lic ;  enlarged  ;  embracing  other  interests 
than  one's  own  ;  as  liberal  sentiments  or 
views  ;  a  liberal  mind  ;  liberal  policy. 

4.  General  ;  extensive  ;  embracing  litera- 
ture and  the  sciences  generally  ;  as  a  libe 
red  education.    This  phrase  is  often  but 


not  necessarily  synonymous  with  collegi- 
ate ;  as  a  collegiate  education. 

5.  Free  ;  open ;  candid  ;  as  a  liberal  commu- 
nication of  thoughts. 

G.  Large  ;  profuse  ;  as  a  liberal  discharge  of 
matter  by  secretions  or  excretions. 

7.  Free ;  not  literal  or  strict ;  as  a  liberal 
construction  of  law. 

8.  Not  mean  ;  not  low  in  birth  or  mind. 

9.  Licentious  ;  free  to  excess.  Shak. 
Liberal  arts,  as  distinguished  from  mechanical 

arts,  are  such  as  depend  more  on  the  ex 
ertion  of  the  mind  than  on  the  labor  of 
the  hands,  and  regard  amusement,  curios- 
ity or  intellectual  improvement,  rather 
than  the  necessity  of  subsistence,  or  man- 
ual skill.  Such  are  grammar,  rhetoric, 
painting,  sculpture,  architecture,  music, 
&c. 

Liberal  has  o/"  before  the  thing  bestowed,  and 
to  before  the  person  or  object  on  which 
any  thing  is  bestowed  ;  as,  to  be  liberal  of 
praise  or  censure  ;  liberal  to  the  poor. 

LIBERAL'ITY,  n.  [L.  liberalitas ;  Fr.  libe- 
rality.    See  Liberal.] 
Munificence ;  bounty. 
That  liberality  is  but  cast  away, 
Which  makes  us  borrow  what  we  cannot  pay. 

Denham. 

2.  A  particular  act  of  generosity  ;  a  dona- 
tion ;  a  gratiiit}'.  In  this  sense,  it  has  the 
plural  number.  A  prudent  man  is  not  im- 
poverished by  his  liberalities. 

3.  Largeness  of  mind  ;  Catholicism  ;  that 
comprehensiveness  of  mind  which  in 
eludes  other  interests  beside  its  own,  and 
duly  estimates  in  its  decisions  the  value  or 
importance  of  each.  It  is  evidence  of  a 
noble  mind  to  judge  of  men  and  things 
with  liberality. 

Many  treat  the  gospel  with  indifference  under 
the  name  o(  libcralily.  J.  M.  Mason. 

4.  Candor ;  impartiality. 
LIBERALIZE,  v.  t.  To  render  liberal  or 

catholic  ;  to  enlarge  ;  to  free  from  narrow 

views  or  prejudices;  as,  to   liberalize  the 

mind.  Burke,     ff'alsh. 

LIB'ERALiZED,  pp.  Freed  from  narrow 

views  and  prejudices;  made  liberal. 
LIB'ERALIZING,  ppr.  Rendering  liberal ; 

divesting  of  narrow  views  and  prejudices. 
LIB'ERALLY,    adv.    Bountifully;    freely; 

largely ;  with  munificence. 

If  any  of  you  lack   wisdom,  let  him  ask  of 

God,  who  giveth  to  all  men  liberally,  and  up 

braideth  not.    James  i. 

With  generous   and  impartial  regard  to 
other   interests  than    our  own ;  with  en 
larged    views  ;     without     selfishness     or 
meanness ;  as,  to  think  or  judge   liberally 
of  men  and  their  actions. 

3.  Freely ;  not  strictly  ;  not  literally. 

LIB'ERATE,  v.  t.[L.libero,  from  liber,  free  ; 
Fr.  liberer  ;  It.  liberare.] 

1.  To  free  ;  to  release  from  restraint  or 
bondage  ;  to  set  at  liberty  ;  as,  to  liberate 
one  from  duress  or  imprisonment;  to  lib- 
erate the  mind  from  the  shackles  of  preju- 
dice. 

2.  To  manumit ;  as,  to  liberate  a  slave. 
LIBERATED,  pp.   Freed;   released  from 

confinement,  restraint  or  slavery;  manu- 
mitted. 
LIBERATING,  ppr.   Delivering  from  re- 
straint or  slavery. 


LIBERATION,  n.  [L.  liberatio.]  The  act  of 
delivering  from  restraint,  confinement  or 
slavery. 

LIB'ERATOR,  n.  One  who  liberates  or  de- 
livers. 

LIBERTA'RIAN,  a.  [L.  liber,  free  ;  libertas, 
liberty.] 

Pertaining  to  liberty,  or  to  the  doctrine  of 
free  will,  as  opposed  to  the  doctrine  of  ne- 
cessity. 

Remove  from  their  mind  libertariari  preju- 
dice. Eneyc. 

LIB'ERTINAtiE,  n.  Libertinism,  which  is 
most  used. 

LIB'ERTINE,  n.  [L.  Ubertinus,  from  liber, 
free.] 

1.  Among  the  Romans,  a  freedman  ;  a  per- 
son manumitted  or  set  free  from  legal  ser- 
vitude. 

2.  One  unconfined ;  one  free  from  restraint. 

Shak. 

3.  A  man  who  lives  without  re.straint  of  the 
animal  passion  ;  one  who  indulges  his  lust 
without  restraint ;  one  who  leads  a  disso- 
lute, licentious  life  ;  a  rake  ;  a  debauchee. 

LIB'ERTINE,  a.  Licentious;  dissolute;  not 
under  the  restraiut  of  law  or  religion  ;  as 
libertine  principles;  a  libertine  life. 

LIB'ERTINISM,  n.  State  of  a  freedman. 
[Little  used.]  Hammond. 

2.  Licentiousness  of  opinion  and  practice; 
an  unrestrained  indulgence  of  lust ;  de- 
bauchery ;  lewdness.  Jltterbury. 

LIBERTY,  n.  [L.  libertas,  from  liber,  tree; 
Vr.liberU;  It.  libertii  ;  Sp. /i6cr(a(/.  Class 
Lb.  No.  24.  27.  30.  31.] 

1.  Freedom  from  restraint,  in  a  general 
sense,  and  a])plicablo  to  the  body,  or  to  the 
will  or  mind.  The  body  is  at  liberty,  when 
not  confined  ;  the  will  or  mind  is  at  liberty, 
when  not  checked  or  controlled.  A  man 
enjoys  liberty,  when  no  physical  force  op- 
erates to  restrain  his  actions  or  volitions. 

2.  J^atural  liberty,  consists  in  the  power  of 
acting  as  one  thinks  fit,  without  any  re- 
straint or  control,  except  from  the  laws  of 
nature.  It  is  a  state  of  exemption  from 
tlie  control  of  others,  and  fron)  positive 
laws  and  the  institutions  of  social  life.  This 
liberty  is  abridged  by  the  establishment  of 
government. 

3.  Civil  liberty,  is  the  liberty  of  men  in  a 
state  of  society,  or  natural  liberty,  so  far 
oidy  abridged  and  restrained,  as  is  neces- 
sary and  expedient  for  the  safety  and  in- 
terest of  the  society,  state  or  nation.  A 
restraint  of  natural  liberty,  not  necessary 
or  expedient  for  the  public,  is  tyranny  or 
oppression.  Civil  liberty  is  an  exemption 
from  the  arbitrary  will  of  others,  which 
exemption  is  secured  by  established  laws, 
which  restrain  every  man  from  injuring 
or  controlling  another.  Hence  the  re- 
straints of  law  are  essential  to  civil  liberty. 

The  liberty  of  one  depends  not  so  mucli  on 
the  removal  of  all  restraint  from  him,  as  on  the 
due  restraint  upon  the  liberty  of  others. 

.Imes. 
In  this  sentence,  the  latter  word  liberty 
denotes  natural  liberty. 

4.  Political  liberty,  is  sometimes  used  as  sy- 
nonymous with  ci['i7  liberty.  But  it  more 
properly  designates  the  liberty  of  a  nation, 
the  freedom  of  a  nation  or  state  from  all 
unjust  abridgment  of  its  rights  and  inde- 
pendence by  another  nation.     Hence  we 


LIB 


Lie 


Lie 


often  speak  of  the  political  liberties  of  Eu- 
rope, or  the  nations  of  Europe. 

5.  Religious  liberty,  is  the  free  right  of  adopt- 
ing and  enjoying  opinions  on  rehgious  sub- 
jects, and  of  worshiping  the  Supreme  Be- 
ing according  to  the  dictates  of  conscience, 
without  external  controh 

(j.  Libert)/,  in  metaphysics,  as  opposed  to  Jie- 
cessily,  is  the  power  of  an  agent  to  do  or 
forbear  any  particular  action,  according 
to  the  determination  or  thought  of  the 
mind,  by  which  eitlier  is  preferred  to  the 
other.  Locke. 

Freedom  of  the  will ;  exemption  from 
compulsion  or  restraint  in  willing  or  voli 
tion. 

7.  Privilege:  exemption  ;  immunity  enjoyed 
by  prescription  or  by  grant ;  with  a  plu- 
ral. Thus  we  speak  of  tlje  liberties  of  the 
conmierciul  cities  of  Europe. 

8.  Leave  ;  permission  granted.  The  wit- 
ness obtained  liberty  to  leave  the  court. 

0.  A  space  in  which  one  is  permitted  to  pass 
without  restraint,  and  beyond  which  he 
may  not  lawfully  pass  ;  with  a  plural ;  as 
the  liberties  of  a  prison. 

10.  Freedom  of  action  or  speech  beyond  the 
ordinary  bounds  of  civility  or  decorum. 
Females  should  rejjel  all  improper  liber- 
ties. 

To  take  the  liberty  to  do  or  say  any  tiling,  to 
use  freedom  not  specially  granted. 

To  set  at  liberty,  to  deliver  from  confine- 
ment ;  to  release  from  restraint. 

To  be  at  liberty,  to  be  free  from  restraint. 

Liberty  of  the  press,  is  freedom  from  any 
restriction  on  the  power  to  publish  books 
the  free  power  of  publishing  what  one 
pleases,  subject  only  to  punishment  for 
abusing  the  privilege,  or  publishing  what 
is  mischievous  to  the  public  or  injurious  to 
individuals.  Blackslone. 

IJB'IDINIST,  n.  One  given  to  lewdness. 

Junius. 

LIBID'INOUS,  a.  [L.  libidinosus,  from  lib- 
ido, lubido,  lust,  from  libeo,  libel,  lubet,  to 
plea.se,  it  pleaseth  ;  G.  Hebe,  love  ;  lieben,  to 
love ;  Eng.  love,  which  see.  The  root  is 
lib  or  lub.] 

Lustful ;  lewd  ;  having  an  eager  appetite  for 
venereal  pleasure.  Bentley. 

LIBID'INOUSLY,  a.  Lustfully  ;  with  lewd 
desire. 

LIBID'INOUSNESS,  n.  The  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  lustful ;  inordinate  appetite  for 
venereal  pleasure. 

LI'BRA,  n.  [L.]  The  balance  ;  the  seventh 
sign  in  tlie  zodiac,  which  the  sun  enters  at 
the  autumnal  equinox,  in  September. 

LIBRA'RIAN,  7i.  [L./i5mn»«,with  a  differ- 
ent signification,  from/i6er,  bark,  a  book.] 

1.  The  keeper  or  one  who  has  the  care  of  a 
library  or  collection  of  books. 

2.  One  who  transcribes  or  copies  books. 
[JVot  noiv  used.]  Broome. 

LI'BRARY,  n.  [L.  librarium,  libraria,  from 
liber,  a  book.] 

1.  A  collection  of  books  belonging  to  a  pri- 
vate person,  or  to  a  pubhc  institution  or 
a  company. 

2.  An  edifice  or  an  apartment  for  Tiolding  a 
collection  of  books. 

LI'BRATE,  r.  i.  [L.  libra,  from  libra,  a  bal- 
ance, a  level  ;  allied  iierhaps  to  Eng. 
hvel.\ 


To  poise;  to  balance;  to  hold  in  equipoise. 
LI'BRATE,  V.  i.  To  move,  as  a  balance ;  to 

be  poised. 

Their  parts  all  librate  on  too  nice  a  beam. 

Cli/ton. 
LIBRA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  balancing  or 

state  of  being  balanced  ;  a  state  of  equi 

poise,  with  equal  weights  on  both  sides  of  I 

a  center. 
3.  In  astronomy,  an  apparent  irregularity  of 

the  moon's  motions,  by  vA'hich  it  seems  to 

librate  about  its  axis.  ilncyc. 

Libratioii  is  the  balancing  motion  or  trepida- 
tion in  the  firmament,  whereby  the  declination 

oi'  the  sun  and  the  latitii<le  o!"  the  stars  change 

from  time  to  time.  Diet.  Trei'. 

3.  A  balancing  or    equipoise   between   e.\- 

tremes.  Darwin. 

Ll'BRATORY,  a.   Balancing ;  moving  hke 

a  balance,  as  it  tends  to  an  ccpiipoise  or 

level. 
LICE,  plu.  of  louse. 
LICE-BANE,  71.  A  plant. 
LI'CENSE,   n.    [Fr.  from   L.  licentia,  from 

liceo,  to  be  permitted,  Ir.  leighim,  ligim,  to 

allow  or  permit.] 

1.  Leave;  permission  ;  authority  or  liberty 
given  to  do  or  forbear  any  act.  A  license 
may  be  verbal  or  written  ;  when  ivritten, 
the  paper  containing  the  authority  is  call 
ed  a  license.  A  man  is  not  permitted  to 
retail  spirituous  liquors  till  he  has  obtain 
ed  a  license. 

2.  Excess   of  liberty ;  exorbitant   freedom 
freedom  abused,  or  used  in  contempt  of 
law  or  decorum. 

License  tliey  mean,  when  they  cry  liberty. 

Miiton 

LI'CENSE,  V.  t.  To  permit  by  grant  of  au- 
thority ;  to  remove  legal  restraint  by  a 
grant  of  permission ;  as,  to  license  a  man 
to  keep  an  inn. 

2.  To  authorize  to  act  in  a  particular  char- 
acter ;  as,  to  license  a  physician  or  a  law- 
yer. 

3.  To  dismiss.     [A'ot  in  use.]  fl'olton. 

LI'CENSER,  n.  One  who  grants  permiss- 
ion ;  a  person  authorized  to  grant  per- 
mission to  others ;  as  a  licenser  of  the 
press. 

LICEN'TIATE,  n.  [from  L.  licentia.]  One 
who  has  a  license  ;  as  a  licentiate  in  physic 
or  jnedicine. 

In  Spain,  one  who  has  a  degree ;  as  a  li- 
centiate in  law  ordivinitj'.  The  officers  of 
justice  are  mostly  distinguished  by  this  ti- 
tle. Encyc. 

LICEN'TIATE,  r.  t.  To  give  license  or 
permission.  VEstrange. 

LICEN'TIOUS,  a.   [L.  liwntiosus.]    Using 
license  ;  indulging  freedom  to  excess;  un 
restrained  by  law  or  morality ;  loose  ;  dis- 
solute ;  as  a  licentious  man. 

2.  Exceeding  the  limits  of  law  or  propriety; 
wanton ;  unrestrained ;  as  licentious  de- 
sires. Licentious  thoughts  precede  licen- 
tious conduct. 

LICEN'TIOUSLY,  adv.  With  excess  of]; 
hberty  ;  in  contempt  of  law  and  morality. 

LICEN'TIOUSNESS,  n.  Excessive  indul- 
gence of  liberty  ;  contempt  ofthe  just  re- 
straints of  law,  morality  and  decorum. 
The  lirentiousntss  of  authors  is  justly  con- 
dctnned  ;  the  licenfiousjiess  of  the  press  is 
punishable  by  law. 


Law  is  die  god  of  wise  men ;  licentioustiess 
IS  the  god  ol  fools.  Plato. 

LICH,  a.  [Sas.lic.  See  Like.]  Like;  even; 
equal.     Obs.  Gower. 

LICH,  71.  [Sax.  lie  or  lice,  a.  body,  the 
flesh,  a  dead  body  or  corpse ;  lichama,  a 
living  body;  hence  lichwake,  watching 
with  the  dead  ;  Lichfield,  the  field  of  dead 
bodies ;  Goth,  leik,  the  flesh,  a  body ;  lei- 
kan,  to  please.  Sax.  licean  ;  Goth,  leiks, 
like  ;  G.  gleich,  D.  lyk  ami  gelyk,  like  ;  G. 
leiche,  a  dead  body,  D.lyk;  Heb.  pSn  cha- 

lak,    smooth  ;  Ar."^  ^'Xs.     chalaka,   to 

shave,  to  make  smooth  ;     iJiX- 


galaka: 
to  measure,  to  form,  to  create,  to  make 
smooth  and  equable,  to  be  beautiful ;  de- 
rivatives, creature,  man,  people.  We  see 
the  radical  sense  is  smooth,  or  rather  to 
make  even,  equal,  smooth  ;  hence  like, 
likeness,  and  a  body.  We  have  here  an 
instance  of  the  radical  sense  of  man  and 
body,  almost  exactly  analogous  to  that  of 
Adam,  from  riDT  to  make  equal,  to  be  like.] 

Ll€H'EN,  n.  [L.  from  Gr.  y.iixv:]  In  bota- 
ny, the  name  lor  an  extensive  division  of 
cryptogamian  plants,  constituting  a  genus 
in  the  order  of  Algaj,  in  the  Linuean  sys- 
tem, but  now  forming  a  distinct  natural 
order.  They  ajipear  in  the  form  of  thin 
flat  crusts,  covering  rocks  and  the  bark  of 
trees,  or  in  foliaceous  expansions,  or 
branched  like  a  shrub  in  miniature,  or 
sometimes  only  as  a  gelatinous  mass,  or  a 
powdery  substance.  They  are  called  rock 
moss  and  tree  moss,  and  some  of  the  liv- 
erworts are  of  this  order.  They  also  in- 
clude the  Iceland  moss  and  the  reindeer 
moss  ;  but  they  are  entirely  distinct  from 
the  true  mosses  (Musci.)  Ed.  Encyc. 

2.  In  surgei-y,  a  species  of  impetigo,  appear- 
ing in  the  form  of  a  red,  dry,  rough,  and 
somewhat  prurient  spot,  that  gives  oflT 
small  furfuraceous  scales.  Hooper 

LI€IIENOGRAPH'l€,        >         Pertaining 

LlellENOGRAPH'IeAL,  I  "■  to  licheu- 
ographv. 

LICIIENOG'RAPHIST,  n.  One  who  de- 
scribes the  lichens. 

Ll€HENOG'RAPHY,  n.  [lichen  and  ypat«, 
to  write.] 

A  description  of  the  vegetables  called  li- 
chens ;  the  science  which  illustrates  the 
natural  history  ofthe  lichens.       .icharius 

LICIT,  a.  [L.  licitus.]  Lawful. 

LIC'ITLY,  adv.  Lawfully. 

LIC'ITNESS,  n.  Lawfulness. 

LICK,  V.  t.  [Sax.  liccian  ;  Goth,  laigwan  ;  G. 
lecken,  schlecken  ;  D.  likken ;  Dan.  likker, 
slikker ;  Sw.  slekia,  slikia  ;  Fr.  lecher ;  It! 
leccare;  Ir.  leagaim,  lighim;  Russ.  lokayu, 
liju ;  L.  lingo  ;  Gr.  7.nxu.  Class  Lg.  No. 
12.  18.     See  Like  and  Sleek.] 

1.  To  pass  or  draw  the  tongue  over  the  sur- 
face ;  as,  a  dog  licks  a  wound.         Temple. 

2.  To  lap ;  to  take  in  by  the  tongue ;  as,  a 
log  or  cat  licks  milk.  1  Kings  xxi. 

To  lick  up,  to  devour  ;  to  consume  entirely. 
Now  sliall  this  company  lick  up  all  tliat  are 
round  about  us,  as  an  o,\  lickelh  up  the  grass  of 
tlie  field.  Numb.  xxii. 

To  lick  tlie  dust,  to  be  slain ;  to  perish  in  bat- 
tle. 

His  enemies  shall  lick  Hie  dttst.  Ps.  iKxii, 


L  I  D 


LIE 


LIE 


LICK,  n.  In  America,  a  place  where  beasts 
of  the  forest  hck  for  sah,  at  salt  springs. 

LICK,  J(.  [W.  Hag,  a  lick,  a  slap,  a  ray,  a 
blade ;  llapiaio,  to  lick,  to  shoot  out,  to 
throw  or  lay  about,  to  cudgel.  Qu.  the 
root  oi  flog  and  slay,  to  strike.    See  Ar. 

^J  lakka,  to  strike.     Class  Lg.  No.  14.] 

1.  A  blow  ;  a  stroke.   [A'bi  an  elegant  ivord.] 

2.  A  wash ;  something  rubbed  on.  [M}i  in 
tise.] 

LICK,  V.  I.  To  strike  repeatedly  for  punish 
ment ;  to   flog ;    to  chastise   with   blows. 
[Not  an  elegant  word ;  butprobably/og,  L 
jligo,  is  from  the  root  of  this  word.] 

LICK'ER,  n.  One  that  licks. 

LICK'ERISH,  a.  [D.  Dan.  IMter,  G.  kcktr, 
Sw.  Ihcker,  nice,  dainty,  delicate.  This 
seems  to  be  connected  with  D.  lekken,  G 
kcken,  Dan.  kkker,  Sw.  llicka,  to  leak,  for 
in  D.  the  verb  signifies  also  to  make  sleek 
or  smooth,  and  in  G.  to  lick,  which  unites 
the  word  with  lick,  and  perhaps  with  like 
In  Sax.  liccera  is  a  glutton,  and  this  is  the 
It.  lecco,  a  glutton,  a  lecher  ;  leccardo, 
greedy  ;  leccare,  to  lick.  The  Arm.  has 
lickez,  lickerish.  The  phrase,  the  mouth 
waters  for  a  thing,  may  throw  light  on  this 
word,  and  if  the  first  syllable  of  delight,  de- 
licious and  delicate,  is  a  prefix,  these  are  of 
the  same  family,  as  may  be  the  Gr.y7.vxv5, 
sweet.  The  senses  of  watery,  smooth,  sweet, 
are  allied  ;  likeness  is  often  connected  with 
smoothness,  in  radical  sense,  and  sleek  is 
probably  from  the  root  of  lick,  like.] 

1.  Nice  in  the  choice  of  food;  dainty;  as  a 
lickerish  palate.  UEstrange. 

2.  Eager  ;  greedy  to  swallow ;  eager  to  taste 
or  enjoy ;  having  a  keen  relish. 

Sidney.     Dry  den.     Locke. 

3.  Dainty ;  tempting  the  appetite  ;  as  licker- 
ish baits.  Milton. 

LICK'ERISHLY,  adv.  Daintily. 

LICK'ERISHNESS,  n.  Niceness  of  palate  ; 
daintiness. 

LI€'ORICE,  n.  [It.  liquirizia;  L.  glycyr- 
rhiza  ;  Gr.  yJ.vxvpp^Ja  ;  ykvxvi,  sweet,  and 
pi?a,  root.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Glycyrrhiza.  The  root 
of  this  plant  abounds  with  a  sweet  balsam- 
ic juice,  much  used  in  pectoral  composi- 
tions. Encyc. 

Ll€OROUS,  LICOROUSNESS,  for  licker- 
ish, &c.  not  used. 

LI€'T0R,  71.  [L.  Qu.  lick,  to  strike.]  An  of- 
ficer among  the  Romans,  who  bore  an  ax 
and  fasces  or  rods,  as  ensigns  of  his  ofiice. 
The  duty  of  a  hctor  was  to  attend  the  chief 
magistrates  when  they  appeared  in  public, 
to  clear  the  way  and  cause  due  respect  to 
be  paid  to  them.  A  dictator  was  attended 
by  twenty  four  lictors,  a  consul  by  twelve, 
and  a  master  of  the  horse  by  six.  It  was 
also  the  duty  of  lictors  to  apprehend  and 
punish  criminals.  Encyc.     Johnson. 

LID,  n.  [Sax.  hlid,  a  cover  ;  hlidan,  to  cov- 
er; ge-hlid,  a  roof;  D.  Dan.  lid;  L. 
daudo,  cludo;  Gr.  x%nu,  contracted  from 

xXttSou;  Ileb.  ath  or  BlS  to  cover,  Ar.  Ja': 

latta.     Class  Ld.  No.  J.  8.  K.] 
A  cover ;  that  which  shuts  the  opening  of  a 
vessel  or  box ;  as  the  lid  of  a  chest  or 

Vol.  II. 


trunk  ;  also,  the  cover  of  the  eye,  the 
membrane  which  is  drawn  over  the  eye- 
ball of  an  animal  at  pleasure,  and  which 
is  intended   for  its   protection  ;    the  eyelid. 

LIE,  water  impregnated  with  alkaline  salt, 
is  written  lye,  to  distinguish  it  from  lie,  a 
falsehood. 

LIE,  n.  [Sax.  lig  or  lyge  ;  Sw.  logn ;  Dan. 
logn  ;  D.  leugen  ;  G.  Ing,  liige  ;  Russ.  Icj. 
The  verb   is  probably  the  primary  word.] 

1.  A  criminal  falsehood  ;  a  falsehood  utter- 
ed for  the  purpose  of  deception;  an  inten- 
tional violation  of  truth.  Fiction,  or  a 
false  statement  or  representation,  not  in- 
tended to  deceive,  mislead  or  injure,  as  in 
fables,  parables  and  the  like,  is  not  a  he. 

It  is  willful  deceit  that  makes  a  tie.  A  man 
may  act  a  lie,  as  by  pointing  his  finger  in  a 
wrong  direction,  when  a  traveler  inquires  ot 
Iiira  his  road.  Paley. 

2.  A  fiction  ;  in  a  ludicrous  sense.       Dryden. 

3.  False  doctrine.     I  John  ii. 

An  idolatrous   picture  of  God,  or  a  false 

god.     Rom.  i. 
5.  That    which    deceives    and  disappoints 

confidence.     Micah  i. 
To  giic   the  lie,  to  charge  with   falsehood. 

A  man's  actions  may  give  the  lie  to  his 

words. 
LIE,  V.  i.  [Sax.  ligan,  leogan;  Dan.  lyver 

Sw.  Hugo  ;  G.  liigen ;  D.  leugenen  ;  Russ. 

Igu.] 

1.  To  utter  falsehood  with  an  intention  to 
deceive,  or  with  an  immoral  design. 

Thou  hast  not  lied  to  men,  but  to  God. 
Acts  v. 

2.  To  exhibit  a  false  representation ;  to  say 
or  do  that  which  deceives  another,  when 
he  has  a  right  to  know  the  truth,  or  when 
morality   requires   a  just   representation 

LIE,  V.  i.  pret.  lay ;  pp.  lain,  [lien,  ohs. 
[Sax.  ligan  or  licgan ;  Goth,  ligan  ;  Sw. 
liggia ;  Dan.  ligger ;  D.  liggen  ;  G.  liegen ; 
Russ.  leju  ;  Gr.  ■Kiyo^ai.  The  Gr.  word 
usually  signifies  to  speak,  which  is  to  utter 
or  throw  out  sounds.  Hence  to  lie  down 
is  to  throw  one's  self  down,  and  probably 
lie  and  lay  are  of  one  family,  as  are  Jaa'o 
and  jaceo,  in  Latin.] 

1.  To  be  in  a  horizontal  position,  or  nearly 
so,  and  to  rest  on  any  thing  lengthwise 
and  not  on  the  end.  Thus  a  person  lies 
on  a  bed,  and  a  fallen  tree  on  the  ground 
A  cask  stands  on  its  end,  but  lies  on  its 
side. 

To  rest  in  an  inclining  posture;  to  lean; 
as,   to  lie  on  or  against  a  colunuj. 

3.  To  rest ;  to  press  on. 

4.  To  be  reposited  in  the  grave. 

All  the  kings  of  the  earth,  even  all  of  them 
lie  in  glory.     Is.  xiv. 

5.  To  rest  on  a  bed  or  couch  ;  to  be  pros- 
trate ;  as,  to  lie  sick. 

My  little  daughter  lielh  at  the  point  of  death 
Mark  v. 

G.  To  be  situated.  New  Haven  lies  in  the 
forty  second  degree  of  north  latitude. 
Ireland  lies  west  of  England. 

Envy  lies  between  beings  equal  in  nature 
though  unequal  in  circumstances.  Collier. 

7.  To   be ;   to   rest ;    to  abide ;  to   remain 
often  followed  by  some  word  denoting  a 
particular  condition  ;   as,  to  />e  waste  ;  toj 
lie  fallow  ;  to  lie  open  ;    to  lie  hid  ;   to  lie] 
pining  or  grieving ;  to  lie  under  one's  dis 


pleasure ;  to  lie  at  the  mercy  of  a  creditor, 
or  at  the  mercy  of  the  waves. 

8.  To  consist. 
He  tliat  thinks  that  diversion  may  not  lie  in 

hard  labor,  forgets  the  early  rising  of  the  hunts- 
man. Locke. 

9.  To  be  sustainable  in  law  ;  to  be  capable 
of  being  maintained.  An  action  lits 
against  the  tenant  fir  waste. 

An  appeal  lies  iu  this  case.     Ch.  J.  Parsons. 
To  lie  at,  to  teaze  or  importune.     [Little 

used.] 
To  lie  at  the  heart,  to  be  fixed  as  an  object 
of  affection  or  anxious  desire. 

The  Spaniards  have  but  one  temptalion  to 
quarrel  with  us,  the  recovering  of  Jamaica,  for 
that  has  ever  lain  at  their  hearts.  Temple. 

To  lie  by,  to  be  reposited,  or  remaining  with. 
He  has  the  manuscript  lying  by  him. 

2.  To  rest ;  to  intermit  labor.  We  lay  by 
during  the  heat  of  the  day. 

To  lie  in  the  way,  to  be  an  obstacle  or  im- 
pediment. Remove  the  objections  that 
lie  in  the  way  of  an  amicable  adjustment. 

To  lie  hard  or  heavy,  to  press  ;  to  oppress ;  to 
burden. 

To  lie  on  hand,  to  be  or  remain  in  possess- 
ion ;  to  remain  unsold  or  undisposed  of 
Great  (juantities  of  wine  lie  on  hand,  or 
have  lain  long  on  hand. 

To  lie  on  the  hands,  to  remain  unoccupied 
or  unemployed ;  to  be  tedious.  Men  are 
sometimes  at  a  loss  to  know  how  to  em- 
ploy the  time  that  lies  on  their  hands. 

To  lie  on  the  head,  to  be  imputed. 

What  he  gets  more  of  her  than  sharp  words, 
let  it  lie  on  my  head.  Shak. 

To  lie  in  tcait,  to  wait  for  in  concealment ; 
to  lie  in  ambush  ;  to  watch  for  an  oppor- 
tunity to  attack  or  seize. 

To  lie  in  one,  to  be  in  the  power  of;  to  be- 
long to. 

As  much  as  lieth  in  you,  live  peaceably  with 
all  men.     Rom.  xii. 

To  lie  down,  to  lay  the  body  on  the  groimd 
or  other  level  place  ;  also,  to  go  to  rest. 

To  lie  in,  to  be  in  childbed  ;  to  bring  forth 
young. 

To  lie  under,  to  be  subject  to ;  to  suffer  ;  to 
be  oppressed  by. 

To  lie  on  or  upon,  to  be  a  n)aiter  of  obliga- 
tion or  duty.  It  lies  on  the  plaintiff  to 
maintain  his  action. 

To  lie  with,  to  lodge  or  sleep  with;  also,  to 
have  carnal  knowledge  of. 

2.  To  belong  to.  It  lies  tvith  you  to  make 
amends. 

To  lie  over,  to  remain  unpaid,  after  the  time 
when  payment  is  due;  as  a  note  in  bank. 

To  lie  to,  to  be  stationary,  as  a  ship. 

LIEF,  a.  [Sax.  leof,  loved,  D.  lief,  G.  lieb. 
See  Love.]     Dear ;  beloved.     Obs. 

Spenser.     Shak. 

LIEF,  adv.  [supra.  This  word  coincides 
with  love,  L.  lubet,  libel,  and  the  primary 
sense  is  to  be  free,  prompt,  ready.] 

Gladly  ;  wilhngly  ;  freely  ;  used  in  famil- 
iar speech,  in  the  phrase,  I  had  as  lief  go 
as  not.  It  has  been  supposed  that  had  in 
this  phrase  is  a  corruption  of  would.  At 
any  rate  it  is  anomalous. 

LIEuE,  a.  [It.  ligio;  Fr.  lige  ;  from  L.  ligo, 
to  bind  ;  Gr.  Xvyca,  to  bind,  to  bend  ;  Xvyoj, 
a  withe.] 

Bound  by  a  feudal  tenure ;  obliged  to  be 
faithful  and  loyal  to  a  superior,  as  a  vas- 


L  I  F 


L  I  F 


L  I  F" 


sal  to  liis  lord  ;  subject ;  faithful ;  as  a 
liege  man.  By  liege  homage,  a  vassal  was 
bound  to  serve  his  lord  against  all,  with- 
out excepting  his  sovereign  ;  or  against 
all,  excepting  a  former  lord  to  whom  he 
owed  like  service.  Encyc. 

2.  Sovereign  ;  as  a  liege  lord.  [See  the 
Noun.] 

LIEgE,  n.  [supra.]  A  vassal  holding  a  fee 
by  which  he  is  bound  to  perform  certain 
services  and  duties  to  his  lord. 

2.  A  lord  or  superior ;  a  sovereign. 

[Note.  This  is  a  false  application  of  the  word, 
arising  probably  from  transferring  the  word  from 
the  vassal  to  the  lord  ;  the  lord  of  liege  men, 
being  called  liege  lord.  Johnson.l 

LIE'GE-MAN,  ji.  A  vassal;  a  subject.   Obs. 
Spenser.     Shak. 

LIEN,  the  obsolete  participle  of  lie.  [See 
Lain.] 

LIEN,  n.  [supra.]  A  legal  claim  ;  as  a  lien 
upon  land. 

LIENTER'le,  a.  [from  lientcry.]  Pertain- 
ing to  a  lientery.  Grew. 

Ll'ENTERY,  n.  [Fr.  lieyiterie  ;  L.  It.  lien- 
teria;  Gr.  ^fior,  smooth,  and  irtc^ov,  an 
intestine.] 

A  flux  of  the  bowels,  in  which  the  aliments 
are  discharged  undigested,  and  with  little 
alteration  either  in  color  or  substance. 

Encyc. 

LIER,  n.  [from  lie.]  One  who  lies  down  ; 
one  who  rests  or  remains ;  as  a  Her  in 
wait  or  in  ambush.     Josh.  viii. 

LIEU,  n.  [Fr.  from  the  root  of  L.  locus, 
Eng.  ley  or  lea.     See  Ley.] 

Place  ;  room ;  stead.  It  is  used  only  with 
in.  Let  me  have  gold  in  lien  of  silver. 
In  lieu  of  fashionable  honor,  let  justice  be 
substituted. 

LIEUTENANCY,  n.  luten'ancy.  [See 
Lieutenant.] 

1.  The  oflice  or  commission  of  a  lieutenant 

Shak. 

2.  The  body  of  lieutenants.  Felton. 

LIEUTENANT,  n.  lulen'ant.  [Fr.;  compo- 
sed of  lieu,  place,  and  tenant,  L.  tenens. 
holding.] 

1.  An  officer  who  supplies  the  place  of  a 
superior  in  his  absence.  Officers  of  this 
kind  are  civil,  as  the  \ord-lieutenant  of  a 
kingdom  or  county  ;  or  military,  as  a  lieu- 
tenant general,  a  lieutenant  colonel. 

2.  In  military  affairs,  the  second  comniiss 
ioned  officer  in  a  company  of  infantry 
cavalry  or  artillery. 

.3.  In  ships  of  war,  the  officer  next  in  rank  to 

the  captain. 
LIEUTENANTSHIP.     [See   lAeutenancy.] 
LIEVE,  for  lief,  is  vulgar.  [See  Lief] 
LIE'VRITE,  n.  A  mineral,  called  also  t/oi- 

ite,  which  see. 
LIFE,  n.Yiln.  lives.  [Sax.  lif,  lyf;  Sw.lif; 
Dan.  liv  ;  G.  teben  ;  D.  leeven.  See  Live.] 
1.  \n  a  general  scn^f,  that  state  of  animals 
and  plants,  or  of  an  organized  being,  in 
whicli  its  natural  functions  and  motions 
are  performed,  or  in  which  its  organs  are 
capable  of  performing  their  functions.  A 
tree  is  not  destitute  of  life  in  winter,  when 
the  functions  of  its  organs  are  suspended; 
nor  man  during  a  swoon  or  syncope  ;  nor 
strictly  birds,  ([uadrnpeds  or  ser|>cnts  dur- 
ing their  torpitude  in  winter.     They  arc 


not  strictly  dead,  till  the  functions  of  their 
organs  are  incapable  of  being  renewed. 

2.  In  animals,  animation  ;  vitality  ;  and  in 
7na7i,  that  state  of  being  in  which  the  soul 
and  body  are  united. 

He  entreated  me  not  to  take  his  life. 

Broome. 

3.  In  plants,  the  state  in  whicli  they  grow 
or  are  capable  of  growth,  by  means  of  the 
circulation  of  the  sap.  The  life  of  an  oak 
may  be  two,  three,  or  four  hundred  years. 

4.  The  present  state  of  existence ;  the  time 
from  birth  to  death.  Tlie  life  of  man  sel 
dom  exceeds  seventy  years. 

If  in  tliis  life  only  we  have  hope  in  Christ,  we 
are  of  all  men  most  miserable.     1  Cor.  ,"iv. 
.5.  Manner  of  living  ;  conduct ;  deportment, 
in  regard  to  morals. 

I  will  teach  my  family  to  lead  good  lives. 

Mrs.  Barker 


6.  Condition  ;  course  of  living,  in  regard  to 
happiness  and  misery.  We  say,  a  man't 
life  has  been  a  series  of  prosperity,  or  mis- 
fortune. 

Blood,  the  supposed  vehicle  of  animation 

And  the  warm  life  came  issuing  through  tlie 

wound.  Pope. 

Animals  in  general ;  animal  being. 

Full  nature  swarms  with  life.  Thomson. 

9.  System  of  animal  nature. 
Lives  through  all   life.  Pope. 

10.  Spirit;  animation;  briskness;  vivacity; 
resolution. 

They  have  no  notion  of  life  and  fire  in  fancy 
and  w'ords.  Felton 

11.  The  living  form  ;  real  person  or  state;  in 
opposition  to  a  copy  ;  as,  a  picture  is  taken 
from  tlie  life  ;   a  description  from  the  life 

12.  Exact  resemblance  ;  with  to,  before  life. 
His  portrait  is  drawn  to  the  life. 

13.  General  state  of  man,  or  of  social  man 
ners ;  as  the  studies  and  arts  that  polish 
life. 

14.  Condition  ;  rank  in  society  ;  as  high  lift 
and  low  life. 

15.  Common  occurrences;  course  of  things: 
human  affairs. 

But  to  know 
That  which  before  us  Hes  in  daily  life. 
Is  the  prime  wisdom.  .Milton 

16.  A  person  ;  a  living  being ;  usually  or 
always,  a  human  being.  How  many  lives 
were  sacrificed  during  the  revolution  ! 

17.  Narrative  of  a  past  life  ;  history  of  the 
events  of  life ;  biographical  narration. 
Johnson  wrote  the  life  of  Milton,  and  the 
lives  of  other  poets. 

18.  In  Scripticre,  nourishment ;  support  of 
life. 

For  the  tree  of  the  field  is  man's  life.    Deut 

XX. 

J9.  The  stomach  or  appetite. 

His  life  abhoncth  bread.     Job  xxxiii. 

20.  The  enjoyments  or  blessings  of  the  pres- 
ent life. 

Having  the  promise  of  the  life  that  now  is 
and  of  that  which  is  to  conic.     1  Tim.  iv. 

21.  Supreme  felicity. 
To  be   spiritually  mtnded  is  life  and  peace 

RoMi.  viii. 

22.  Eternal  happiness  in  heaven.     Rom.  v. 

23.  Restoration  to  life.     Rom.  v. 

24.  The  author  and  giver  of  supreme  fell 
city. 

I  am  the  way,  the  truth,  and  Uie   life.    John 
xiv. 


25.  A  quickening,  animating  and  strength- 
ening principle,  in  a  moral  sense.  John 
vi. 

LI'FE-BLOOD,  ?!.  The  blood  necessary  to 
life  ;  vital  blood.  Dryden. 

2.  That  which  constitutes  or  gives  strength 
and  energy. 

Money,  the  life-blood  of  the  nation.      Swift. 

LI'FE-BLQQD,  a.  Necessary  as  blood  to 
life  ;  essential.  Milton. 

LIFE-ESTA'TE,  n.  An  estate  that  contin- 
ues during  the  life  of  the  possessor. 

LIFE-EVERLASTING,  n.  A  plant  of  the 

genus  Gnaphalium. 
LI'FE-GIVING,  a.  Having  power  to  give 

life  ;  inspiriting  ;  invigorating. 

Spenser.    Milton. 
LI'FEGUARD,   n.   A  guard   of  the  life  or 

person ;  a  guard  that  attends  the  person 

of  a  prince,  or  other  person. 
LIFELESS,  a.  Dead;  deprived  of  life;  as 

a  lifeless  body. 

2.  Destitute  of  life ;  unanimated  ;  as  lifeless 
inatter. 

3.  Destitute  of  power,  force,  vigor  or  spirit : 
dull  ;  heavy  ;  inactive. 

4.  Void  of  spirit ;  vapid;  as  liquor. 

5.  Torpid. 

6.  Wanting  physical  energy. 
LI'FELESSLY,  adv.  Without  vigor ;  dully : 

frigidly ;  heavily. 

LI'FELESSNESS,  n.  Destitution  of  life, 
vigor  and  spirit ;  inactivity. 

LI'FELIKE,  a.    Like  a  living  person. 

Pope. 

LI'FERENT,  n.  The  rent  of  an  estate  that 
continues  for  life. 

LI'FESTRING,  n.  A  nerve  or  string  that  is 
imagined  to  be  essential  to  life. 

LIFETIME,  n.  The  time  that  hfe  contin- 
ues ;  duration  of  life.  Addison. 

LI'FEWEARY,  a.  Tired  of  life ;  weary  of 
living.  Shak. 

LIFT,  V.  t.  [Sw.  lyfla,  Dan.  lofier,  to  lift ; 
Goth,  hlifan,  to  steal ;  Sax.  hlifan,  to  be 
high  or  conspicuous;  Goth. hlijtus,  a  thief. 
We  retain  this  sense  in  shoplifter.  L.  levo, 
elevo,  It.  levare,  to  lift ;  Sj).  levar,  to  carry  or 
transport  ;  Fr.  lever ;  perhajis  L.  levis, 
light.] 

1.  To  raise  ;  to  elevate;  as,  lo  lijl  the  foot 
or  the  hand  ;  to  lift  the  head. 

2.  To  raise  ;  to  elevate  mentally. 
To  thee,  O  Lord,  do  I  liJX  up  my  soul.     Ps. 

XXV. 

3.  To  raise  in  fortune. 

The  eye  of  the  Lord  li/ied  up  his  head  from 
misery.  Ecclus. 

4.  To  raise  in  estimation,  dignity  or  rank. 
His  fortune  has  lifted  him  into  notice,  or 
into  ofiice. 

The  Roman  virtues  lift  up  mortal  man. 

JIddison. 

5.  To  elate;  to  cause  to  swell,  as  with  pride. 

Up  is  often  used  after  lift,  as  a  qualify- 
ing word  ;  sometimes  w  ith  effect  or  em- 
phasis ;  very  often,  however,  it  is  useless. 

6.  To  hear ;  to  support.  Spenser. 

7.  To  steal,  that  is,  to  take  and  carry  away. 
Hence  we  retain  the  use  of  shoplifter,  al- 
though the  verb  in  this  sense  is  obsolete. 

8.  In  Scripture,  to  crucify. 

Wben   ye   liave   lifted  up  the  Son  of  man. 
John  \iii. 
.To  lift  up  the  eyes,  to  look ;  to  fix  the  eyes 
on. 


L  I  G 


L  I  G 


L  I  G 


Lot  lifted  up  his  eyes  and  beheld  Jordan. 
Gen.  xiii. 

2.  To  direct  the  desires  to  Goil  in  prayer, 
Vs.  cxxi. 

To  lift  up  the  head,  to  raise  from  a  low  con- 
dition ;  to  exalt.     Gen.  xl. 

2.  To  rejoice.     Luke  xxi. 

To  lift  up  the  hand,  to  swear,  or  to  confirm 
by  oath.     Gen.  xiv. 

2.  To  raise  the  hands  in  prayer.     Ps.  xxvni. 

3.  To  rise  in  opposition  to ;  to  rebel ;  to  as- 
sault.   2  Sam.  xviii. 

4.  To  injure  or  oppress.     Job  xxxi. 

5.  To  shake  off  sloth  and  engage  in  duty. 
Ileb.  xii. 

To  lift   up  the  face,  to  look  to  with  confi 
dence,   cheerfulness  and   comfort.      Job 
xxii. 

To  lift  up  the  heel  against,  to  treat  with  in- 
solence and  contempt. 

To  lift  up  the  horn,  to  behave  arrogantly  or 
scornfully.     Ps.  Ixxv. 

To  lift  up  the  feet,  to  come  speedily  to  one's 
relief.     Ps.  Ixxiv. 

To  lift  up  the  voice,  to  cry  aloud ;  to  call  out, 
either  in  grief  or  joy.     Gen.  xxi.     Is.  xxiv. 

LIFT,  V.  i.  To  try  to  raise  ;  to  exert  the 
strength  for  the  purpose  of  raising  or  bear- 
ing. 

The  body   strained  by  lifting  at  a  weight  too 
heavy —  Locke. 

2.  To  practice  theft.     Obs.  Spenser. 

LIFT,  II.  The  act  of  raising ;  a  lifting;  as 
the  lift  of  the  feet  in  walking  or  running. 

Bacon 
The  goat  gives  the  fox  a  li/l.      L'Estran^e 

2.  An  effort  to  raise;  as,  give  us  a  lift. 
[Popular  use.] 

3.  That  which  is  to  be  raised. 

4.  A  dead  lift,  an  ineffectual  effort  to  raise ; 
or  the  thing  which  the  strength  is  not  suf- 
ficient to  raise. 

5.  Any  thing  to  be  done  which  exceeds  the 
strength  ;  or  a  state  of  inability  ;  as,  to  help 
one  at  a  dead  lift.  Butler.     Swift. 

G.  A  rise  ;  a  degree  of  elevation  ;  as  the  lift 
of  a  lock  in  canals.  Galtatin.\ 

7.  In  Scottish,  the  sky ;  the  atmosphere ;[ 
the  firmament.  [Sax.  lijft,  air,  Sw.  lufl.] 

8.  In  seamcn^s  language,  a  rope  descending 
from  the  cap  and  mast-head  to  the  ex- 
tremity of  a  yard.  Its  use  is  to  support 
the  yard,  keep  it  in  equilibrio,  and  raise 
the  end,  when  tjccasion  requires. 

Mar.  Diet 

LIFT'ED,  pp.  Raised  ;  elevated  ;  swelled 
with  pride. 

LIFT'ER,  n.  One  that  lifts  or  raises. 

LIFT'ING,  ppr.  Raising;  swelling  witl 
pride. 

LIFT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  lifting  ;  assist- 
ance. 

LIG,  V.  i.   To  lie.     [See  Lie.]     Obs. 

Chaucer. 

LIG'AMENT,  n.  [L.  ligamentum,  from  ligo, 
to  bind,  that  is,  to  strain.] 

1.  Any  thing  that  ties  or  unites  one  thing  or 
part  to  another. 

Interwoven  is  the  love  of  liberty  with  ever}' 
ligament  of  your  hearts.  JVashington 

2.  In  anatomy,  a  strong,  compact  substance, 
serving  to  bind  one  bone  to  another.     It  is 
a   white,   solid,  inelastic,  tendinous   sub 
stance,   softer  than  cartilage,  but  harder 
than  membrane. 

Enci/c.      Qiu'ccy.     Coxe. 


3.  Bond  i  chain ;  that  which  binds  or  re- 
strains. Addison. 
IGAMENT'AL,     \        Composing  a  liga- 

LIGAMENT'OUS,  ^  ment;  of  the  nature 
of  a  ligament ;  binding  ;  as  a  strong  liga- 
mentous membrane.  IViseman. 

LIGA'TION,  n.    [L.   ligalio.]     The  act  of] 
binding,  or  state  of  being  bound. 

Addison. 

LIG'ATURE,   n.     [Fr.  from  L.  ligatura.] 

1.  Any  thing  that  binds;  a  band  or  bandage. 

Ray. 

2.  The  act  of  binding  ;  as,  by  a  strict  ligature 
of  the  parts.  Arbuthnol. 

3.  Impotence  induced  by  magic. 

Coxe.     Encyc. 

4.  In  music,  a  band  or  line  connecting  notes 


Among  printers,  a  double  character,  or  a 
type  consisting  of  two  letters  or  characters 
united;  as/,/,  in  English.  The  old 
editions  of  Greek  authors  abound  with 
ligatures. 
fl.  The  state  of  being  bound.  Mortimer. 

7.  In  ificrficine,  stiffness  of  a  joint.  Core. 

8.  In  surgery,  a  cord  or  string  for  tying  the 
blood  vessels,  particularly  the  arteries,  to 
prevent  hemorrhage. 

LIGHT,  n.  lite.  [Sax.  leoht,  liht ;  D.G.licht; 
L.  lux,  light,  and  luceo,  to  shine ;  Port.  Sp. 
luz,  light ;  W.  llug,  tending  to  break  out  or 
open,  or  to  shoot,  to  gleam,  and  as  a  noun, 
a  breaking  out  in  blotches,  a  gleam,  indis- 
tinct light ;  llu'g,  that  is  apt  to  break  out, 
that  is  bright,  a  tumor,  an  eruption  ;  llygu, 
to  make  bright,  to  clear,  to  break  out,  to 
appear  in  spots  ;  Hue,  a  darting,  sudden 
throw,  glance,  flash  ;  tlupaw,  to  throw,  to 
fling,  to  pelt ;  Ihiced,  a  gleam,  lightning. 
This  word  furnishes  a  full  and  distinct  ex- 
planation of  the  original  sense  of  light,  to 
throw,  dart,  shoot,  or  break  forth  ;  and  it 
accords  with  Eng.  luck,  both  in  elements 
and  radical  sense.  Class  Lg.  No.  (5.  7.  23. 
24.] 
1.  That  ethereal  agent  or  matter  which 
makes  objects  perceptible  to  the  sense  of 
seeing,  but  the  particles  of  which  are  sepa 
rately  invisible.  It  is  now  generally  be- 
lieved that  light  is  a  fluid,  or  real  matter, 
existing  independent  of  other  substances, 
with  properties  peculiar  to  itself  Its  ve- 
locity is  astonishing,  as  it  passes  through 
a  space  of  nearly  twelve  millions  of  miles 
in  a  minute.  Light,  when  decomposed,  is 
found  to  consist  of  rays  differently  color- 
ed ;  as  re<l,  orange,  yellow,  green,  blue 
indigo,  and  violet.  The  sun  is  the  princi- 
pal source  of  light  in  the  solar  system 
but  light  is  also  emitted  from  bodies  igni- 
ted, or  in  combustion,  and  is  reflected 
from  enlightened  bodies,  as  the  moon. 
Light  is  also  emitted  from  certain  putre- 
fying substances.  It  is  usually  united  with 
heat,  but  it  exists  also  independent  of  it. 
Hooper.  JVicholson.  Encyc. 
That  flood  of  luminous  rays  which  flows 
from  the  sun,  and  constitutes  day. 

God  called  the  light  day,  and  tlie  darkness  he 
called  night.     Gen.  i. 
.3.  Day  ;  the  dawn  of  day. 

The  murderer  rising  with  the  light,  killeth 
the  poor  and  needy.     Job.  xxiv. 
4.  Life. 

0,  spring  to  light,  auspicious  babe,  be  born 

Pope. 


5.  Any  thing  that  gives  light ;  a3  a  lamp, 
candle,  taper,  lighted  tower,  star,  &c. 

Then  he  called  for  a  light,  and  sprang  in — 
Acts  xvi. 

I  have  set  thee  to  be  a  light  to  the  Gentiles. 
Acts  xiii. 

And  God  made  two  great  lights.     Gen.  i. 

The  illuminated  part  of  a  picture ;  the 
part  which  lies  open  to  the  luminary  by 
which  the  piece  is  supposed  to  be  enlight- 
ened, and  is  painted  in  vivid  colors ;  oppo- 
sed to  shade. 

Illumination  of  mind  ;  instruction  ;  knowl- 
edge. 

I  opened  Ariosto  in  Italian,  and  the  very  fir^t 
two  lines  gave  me  light  to  all  I  could  desire. 

Dry  den. 
Light,  understanding  and  wisdom — was  louud 
in  him.     Dan.  v. 
,  3Ieans  of  knowing.     By  using  such  ?ig-A(« 
as  we  have,  we  may  arrive  at  probability, 
if  not  at  certainty. 

9.  Open  view  ;  a  visible  state  ;  a  state  of  be- 
ing seen  by  the  eye,  or  perceived,  under- 
stood or  known.  Further  researches  will 
doubtless  bring  to  light  many  isles  yet  un- 
discovered ;  further  experiments  will  bring 
to  light  properties  of  matter  yet  uuknowu. 

10.  Public  view  or  notice. 
^\'hy  am  I  ask'd  what  next  shall  see  the  light  ? 

Pope. 

11.  Explanation;  illustration;  means  of  un- 
derstanding. One  part  of  Scripture  throws 
light  on  another. 

12.  Point  of  view;  situation  to  be  seen  or 
viewed ;  a  use  of  the  word  taken  from  paint- 
ing. It  is  useful  to  exhibit  a  subject  in  a 
variety  of  lights.  Let  every  thought  be 
presented  in  a  strong  light.  In  whatever 
light  we  view  this  event,  it  must  be  consid- 
ered an  evil. 

13.  A  window ;  a  place  that  admits  ligiit  to 
enter.     1  Kings  vii. 

14.  A  pane  of  glass;  as  a  window  witli 
twelve  lights. 

15.  In  Scripture,  God,  the  source  of  knowl- 
edge. 

God  is  light.     1  John  i. 

16.  Christ. 
That  was  the  true  light,  that  lighteth  every 

man  that  cometh  into  the  world.     John  i. 

17.  Joy;  comfort;  felicity. 
Light  is  sown  for  the  righteous.   Ps.  xcvii. 

18.  Saving  knowledge. 
It  is  because  there  is  no  light  in  them.    Is. 

viii. 
10.  Prosperity;  happiness. 

Tlien  shall  thy  light  break  forth  as  the  morn- 
ing.    Is.  Iviii. 

20.  Support ;  comfort ;  deUverancc.  Mic. 
vii. 

21.  The  gospel.    Matt,  i v. 

22.  The  understanding  or  judgment.  Matt, 
vi. 

23.  The  gifts  and  graces  of  christians. 
Matt.  y. 

24.  A  moral  instructor,  as  John  the  Bap- 
tist.    John  V. 

25.  A  true  christian,  a  person  enlightened. 
Eph.  V. 

26.  A  good  king,  the  guide  of  his  people. 
Sam.  xxi. 

The  light  of  the  countenance,  favor ;   smiles. 

Ps.  iv. 
To  stand  in  one's  oum  light,  to  be  the  means 

of  preventing  good,  or  frustrating  one's 

own  purposes. 


L  I  G 


L  I  G 


L  I  G 


To  come  to  light,  to  be  detected ;    to  be  dis 
covered  or  fouud. 

LIGHT,  a.  lite.  Bright ;  clear ;  not  dn.rk  or 
obscure:  as,  tlie  morning  ia  light;  tiie 
apartment  is  light. 

2.  In  colors,  white  or  whitish  ;  as  a  light 
color:  a  light  brown  ;  a  light  complexion. 

LIGHT,  a.  lite.  [Sax.  liht,  leoht ;  D.  li^  ;  G. 
leicht ;  Fr.  leger  ;  It.  leggiero  ;  Port,  iigeiro  ; 
Sp.  ligero ;  Russ.  legkei ;  Sans.  leka.  Tlie 
Sw.  Idtt,  Dan.  let,  may  be  contractions  of 
the  same  word.  The  Slavonic  also  has 
tehek  and  legok.  Qu.  L.  alacer.  Tliis  word 
accords  with  light,  the  fluid,  in  orthogra- 
phy, and  may  be  from  the  same  radix.] 

1.  Having  little  weight ;  not  tending  to  the 
center  of  gravity  with  force  ;  not  heavy. 
A  fether  is  light,  compared  with  lead  or 
silver  ;  but  a  thing  is  light  only  compara- 
tively. That  which  is  light  to  a  man,  may 
be  heavy  to  a  child.  A  light  burden  for  a 
camel,  may  be  insupportable  to  a  horse. 

2.  Not  burdensome  ;  easy  to  be  lifted,  borne 
or  carried  by  physical  strength  ;  as  a  light 
burden,  weight  or  load.  I 

3.  Not  oppressive  ;  easy  to  be  suflfered  or  en- 
dured ;  as  a  light  affliction.     2  Cor.  iv.       j 

4.  Easy  to  be  performed ;  not  difficult ;  not; 
requiring  great  strength  or  exertion.  Thej 
task  is  light ;  the  work  is  light. 

5.  Easy  to  be  digested  ;  not  oppressive  to; 
the  stomach  ;  as  light  food.  It  may  sig-j 
nify  also,  containing  little  nutriment.         | 

6.  Not  heavily  armed,  or  armed  with  light^ 
weapons ;  as  light  troops ;  a  troop  of  light 
horse.  j 

7.  Active;  swift;  nimble.  | 

Asahel  was  as  light  of  foot  as  a  wild  roe.  2; 
Sam.  ii. 

8.  Not  encumbered  ;  unembarrassed;  clear 
of  impediments. 

Unmarried  men  are  best  masters,  but  not  best 
subjects ;  for  they  are  light  to  run  away. 

Bacon.' 

9.  Not  laden  ;  not  deeply  laden ;  not  suffi-' 
ciently  ballasted.    The  ship  returned  light: 

10.  Slight ;  trifling  ;  not  important ;  as  a 
light  error.  Boyle\ 

11.  Not  dense  ;  not  gross;  as  Kg-W  vapors ; 
light  fumes.  Dryden.\ 

12.  Small;  inconsiderable;  not  copious  or 
vehement ;   as  a  light  rain  ;   a  light  snow. 

1-3.  Not  strong ;  not  violent ;  moderate  ;  as 
a  light  wind. 

14.  Easy  to  admit  influence  ;  inconsiderate ; 
easily  influenced  by  trifling  considerations; 
unsteady  ;  unsettled  ;  volatile ;  as  a  light, 
vain  person ;  a  light  mind. 

There  is  no  greater  argument  of  a  light  and 
inconsiderate  person,  than  profanely  to  scoff  at 
religion.  Tillotson. 

15.  Gay  ;  airy  ;  indidging  levity  ;  wanting 
dignity  or  sohdity  ;  trifling.  I 

Seneca  cannot  be  too  heavy,  nor  Plautus  tooj 
light.  Shak.\ 

We  may  neither  be  light  in  prayer,  nor  wrath- 
ful in  debate.  J.  M.  Masoni 

16.  Wanton  ;  unchaste ;  as  a  woman  o( light 
carriage. 

A  light  wife  doth  make  a  heavy  husband. 

Shak. 

17.  Not  of  legal  weight ;  clipped  ;  diminish- 
ed ;  as  light  coin. 

To  set  light  by,  to  undervalue ;  to  slight ;  to 
treat  as  of  no  importance  ;  to  despise. 

To  make  light  of,  to  treat  as  of  little  conse- 
quence ;  to  slight ;  to  disregard. 


LIGHT,  v.t.    lite.    To  kindle;  to  inflame; 
to  set  fire  to ;  as,  to  light  a  candle  or  lamp 
sometimes  with  up  ;  as,  to  light  up  an  in 
extinguishable  flame.     We  often  hear  lit 
used  for  lighted,  as,  he  lit  a   candle ;    but 
this  is  inelegant. 

2.  To  give  light  to. 

Ah  hopeless,  lasting  flames  !    like  those  that 

burn 

To  light  the  dead —  Pope 

.3.  To  illuminate  ;  to  fill  or  spread  over  with 

light ;    as,  to  light  a  room ;    to  light  the 

streets  of  a  city. 

4.  To  lighten  ;    to  ease  of  a  burden.     [jVoi 

in  use.     See  Lighten.]  Spenser. 

LIGHT,    V.  i.     lite.     [Sax.   Uhlan,   alihtan, 

gelihtan,  to  light'or  kindle,  to  lighten  or  al 

leviate,  and  to  alight ;    hlihtan,  to  alight ; 

D.  lichteti,  to  shine ;    ligien,  to   heave  or 

hft  ;  G.  lichten,  to  weigh,  to  lighten.] 

1.  To  fall  ou ;  to  come  to  by  chance ;  to 
happen  to  find  ;  with  on. 

A  weaker  man  may  sometimes  light  on  no- 
tions which  had  escaped  a  wiser.  Watts 

2.  To  fall  on  ;  to  strike. 
They  shall  hunger  no  more,    neither  thirst 

any  more;  neither  shall  the  sun  light  on  them, 
nor  any  heat.     Rev.  vii. 

3.  To  descend,  as  from  a  horse  or  carriage ; 
with  down,  off,  or  from. 

He  lighted  doimi  from  his  chariot.  2  Kings  v. 
She  lighted  off  the  camel.     Gen.  xxiv. 

4.  To  settle  ;  to  rest ;  to  stoop  from  flight. 
The  bee  lights  on  this  flower  and  that. 

LI'GHT-ARMED,    a.     Armed   with   light 
weapons. 
I'GHT-BEARER,  n.  A  torch-bearer. 

B.  Jonson 

LI'GHT-BRAIN,  n.  An  empty  headed  per 
son.  Martin. 

LIGHTED,  pp.  li'ted.  Kindled  ;  set  on  fire  ; 
caused  to  burn.  [Lit,  for  lighted,  is  inele- 
gant.] 

LIGHTEN,  t'.  i.  li'tn.  [from  light,  the  fluid  ; 
Sax.  lihtan.] 

1.  To  flash ;  to  burst  forth  or  dart,  as  light 
ning;  to  shine  with  an  instantaneous  illu 
mination. 

This  dreadful  night 
That  thunders,  lightens,  opens  graves,  and  roars 
As  doth  the  lion  Shak 

2.  To  shine  like  lightning.  S/iaA. 

3.  To  fall ;  to  light.     Obs. 
LIGHTEN,  J),  t.    li'tn.    To  dissipate  dark 

ness ;    to  fill  with  light ;    to  spread  over 

with  light ;    to  illuminate  ;    to  enlighten; 

as,  to  lighten  an  apartment  with  lamps  or 

gas :  to  lighten  tlie  streets. 

A  key  of  fire  ran  all  along  the  shore. 
And  lightened  all  the  river  with  a  blaze. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  illuminate  with  knowledge  ;  in  a 
moral  sense. 

A  light  to  lighten  the  Gentiles.     Luke  ii. 

3.  To  free  from  trouble  and  fill  with  joy. 

They  looked  to  him  and  were  lightened.  Ps. 
xxxiv. 

LIGHTEN,  V.  t.  Win.  [ttomlight,  notheavy  ; 
Sax.  lihtan.] 

1.  To  make  lighter;  to  reduce  in  weight; 
to  make  less  heavy  ;  as,  to  lighten  a  ship 
by  unloading;  to  lighten  a  load  or  burden. 

3.  To  alleviate ;  to  make  less  burdensome 
or  afflictive ;  as,  to  lighten  the  cares  of 
life  ;  to  lighten  the  burden  of  grief. 


3.  To  cheer ;  to  exhilarate. 

He  lightens  my  humor  with  his  merry  jest. 

Shak. 

LIGHTER,  n.  h'ter.  One  that  lights  ;  as  a 
liglder  of  lamps. 

2.  A  large  open  flat-bottomed  boat,  used  in 
loading  and  unloading  ships. 

LIGHTERMAN,  n.  li'terman.  A  man  who 
manages  a  hghter  :  a  boatman. 

LIGHTFINGERED,  a.  Ii' tefingered.  Dex- 
trous in  taking  and  conveying  away ; 
thievish  ;  addicted  to  petty  thefts. 

LIGHTFQOT,        >       li'tefool,      )    Nimble 

LIGHTFQOTED,  \  "■  li'tefooted.  I  in  run- 
nmg  or  dancing  ;  active.      [Liltle  used.] 

Spenser. 

LI'GIITHEADED,a.  [See  Head.]  Thought- 
less; heedless;  weak;  volatile ;  unsteady. 

Clarendon. 

2.  Disordered  in  the  bead ;  dizzy;  delirious. 

LI'GHTHEADEDNESS,  n.  Disorder  of  the 
head  ;  dizziness ;  deliriousness. 

LI'GHTHE'ARTED,  a.  Free  from  grief  or 
anxiety;  gay;  cheerful;  merry. 

LI'GHT-HORSE,  n.  Light  armed  cavalry. 

LI'GHT-HOUSE,  71.  A  pharos ;  a  tower  or 
building  erected  on  a  rock  or  point  of 
land,  or  on  an  isle  in  the  sea,  with  a  Hght 
or  number  of  lamps  on  the  top,  intended 
to  direct  seamen  in  navigating  ships  at 
night. 

LI'GHTLEGGED,  o.  Nimble;  swift  of 
foot.  Sidney. 

LIGHTLESS,  a.  li'leless.  Destitute  of  light : 
dark. 

LIGHTLY,  adv.  li'tely.  With  Uttle  weight ; 
as,  to  tread  lightly  ;  to  press  lightly. 

2.  Without  deep  impression. 
The  soft  ideas  of  the  cheerful  note. 
Lightly  received,  were  easily  forgot.      Prior. 

3.  Easily;  readily;  without  difficulty;  of 
course. 

Without  reason,  or  for  reasons  of  little 
weight. 

Flatter  not  the  rich,  neither  do  thou  willingly 
or  lightly  appear  before  great  personages. 

Taylor. 
Without  dejection ;  cheerfully. 
Bid  that  welcome 
Wliich  comes  to  punish  us,  and  we  punish  it. 
Seeming  to  bear  it  lightly.  Shak. 

6.  Not  chastely  ;  wantonly.  Sivijt. 

7.  Nimbly ;  with  agility ;  not  heavily  or 
tardily. 

He  led  me  lightly  o'er  the  stream. 

8.  Gayly;  airily;  with  levity;  without  heed 
or  care. 

LIGHTMINDED,  a.  Unsettled;  unsteady; 

volatile ;  not  considerate. 

He  that  is  hasty  to  give  credit,  is  lightmind- 

ed.  Ecclus. 

LIGHTNESS,  ?i.  li'teness.  Want  of  weight ; 

levity;    the  contrary  to  heaviness;  as  the 

lightness  of  air,  compared  with  water. 

2.  Inconstancy ;  unsteadiness;  the  quality  of 
mind  which  disposes  it  to  be  influenced  by 
trifling  considerations. 

— Such  is  the  lightness  of  you  common  men. 

Shak. 

3.  Levity;  wantonness;  lewdness;  unchas- 
tity.  Shak.    Sidney. 

4.  Agility;  nimbleness. 
LIGHTNfING,  n.  li'tening.  [that  is,  lighten- 
ing, the  participle  ])resent  of  lighten.] 

1.  A  sudden  discharge  of  electricity  from  a 
cloud  to  the  earth,  or  from  the  earth  to  a 
cloud,  or  from  one  cloud  to  another,  that 


L  I  G 

is,  from  a  body  positively  charged  to  one 
negatively  charged,  producing  a  vivid  flash 
of  light,  and  usually  a  loud  report,  called 
thunder.  Sometimes  lishliiing  is  a  mere 
instantaneous  flash  of  light  without  thun- 
der, as  heal-tigMniug,  lightning  seen  by 
reflection,  the  flash  being  beyond  the  hm- 
its  of  our  horizon. 
2.  [from%A<«>i,  to  diminish  weight.]  Abate- 
ment ;  alleviation ;  mitigation.  Spectator. 
LI'GHTROOM,  n.  In  a  ship  of  war,  a  small 
apartment,  having  double  glass  windows 
towards  the  magazine,  and  containing 
liehts  by  which  the  gunner  fills  cartridges. 
''  Mar.  Diet. 

LIGHTS,  n.  lites.  plu.  [so  called  from  their 

lightness.] 
The  lungs;    the  organs  of  breathing  in  ani- 
mals. These  organs  in  man  we  call  lungs 
in  other  animals,  lights. 
LIGHTSOME,  a.  li'tesome.  Luminous ;  not 
dark ;  not  obscure. 

White  walls  make  rooms  more  lightsome  than 

black.     [Little  useii.]  Baeon. 

The  lightsome  realms  of  love.  Dryden 

[Inthe  latter  passage,  the  word  is  elegant.] 

2.  Gay;  airy;  cheering;  exhilarating. 

That  lightsome  aflfection  of  joy.  Hooker. 

LI'GHTS6MENESS,   ji.      Lnminousness; 

the   quahty   of  being   light ;    opposed  to 

darkness  or  darksomeness.  Cheyne. 

2.  Cheerfulness;  merriment;  levity. 

[This  tvord  is  little  tised.] 
LIGN-AL'OES,   n.    [L.  lignum,  wood,  and 

aloes.]  Aloes-wood.    Num.  xxiv. 
LIG'NEOUS,   a.     [L.  lignexts.]     Wooden; 
consisting  of  wood ;  re 
The  harder  part  of  ; 


L  I  K 

LIG'URITE,  n.  [from  Liguria.]  A  mineralj 
occurring  in  oblique  rhombic  prisms,  of  an 
apple  green  color,  occasionally  speckled. 

Phillips. 

LIKE,  a.  [Sax.  lie,  gelic,  Goth,  leiks,  D. 
lijkjgelyk,  G.  gleich,  Sw.  lik,  Dan.  lig, 
Itge,  hke,  plain,  even,  equal,  smooth.  The 
sense  of  like,  similar,  is  even,  smooth, 
equal,  but  this  sense  may  be  from  laying, 
pressing,  and  hence  this  word  may  be  al- 
lied to  the  Eth.  AY\0  lakeo,  to  starnp. 
seal,  impress,  whence  its  derivative,  an  im- 
age ;  or  the  sense  be  taken  from  rubbing 
or  shaving.  We  observe  that  like  has 
also  the  sense  of  please ;  to  like  is  to 
be  pleased.  Now,  if  p  in  L.  plaeeo,  is  a 
prefix,  the  latter  may  be  formed  on  the 
root  of  like.  And  if  de  is  a  prefix,  in  de 
light,  delecto,  delicious,  delicate,  these  may 
be  of  the  same  family.  Like  is  evidently' 
from  the  same  root  as  the  Ch.  and   Heb. 


made  of  wood  ; 
sembling   wood, 
plant  is  ligneous. 
LIGNIFl€A'TION,  n.   The  process  of  be- 
coming or  of  converting  into  wood,  or  the 
hard  substance  of  a  vegetable.  Good. 

LIG'NIFORM,  a.    [L.  lignum,  wood,  and 
form.]     Like  wood;  resembhng  wood. 

Kirwan. 
LIG'NIFY,  V.  t.  [L.%7tu7?!,  wood,and/ocio, 

to  make.]     To  convert  into  wood. 
LIG'NIFY,  V.  i.  To  become  wood. 
LIG'NITE,  n.  [L.  lignum.]     Fossil  or  bitu- 
minous wood,  a  mineral  combustible  sub- 
stance. Did.  jVat.  Hist 
LIG'NOUS,  a.  Ligneous.     [Little  used.] 

Evelyn 
LIGNUM-VIT^,  n.     [L.]     Guaiacum  or 
pockwood,  a   genus  of  plants,  natives  of 
warm  climates.    The  common  Lignum- 
vitte  is  a  native  of  the  warm  latitudes  of 
America.      It  becomes  a  large  tree,  hav 
ing  a  hard,  brownish,  brittle  bark,  and  its 
wood  firm,  solid,  ponderous,  very  resin 
ous,  of  a  blackish  yellow  color  in  the  mid 
die,  and  of  a  hot  aromatic  taste.     It  is  of 
considerable  use  in  medicine  and  the  me 
chanical  arts,  being  wrought  into  utensils, 
wheels,    cogs,    and    various    articles    of 
turnery.  Enctjc. 

LIG'ULATE,  \  [L.  ligula,  a  strap.] 
LIG'ULATED,  \"-  Like  a  bandage  orl 
strap;  as  a  ligulate  flower,  a  species  of 
compound  flower,  the  florets  of  wliici 
have  their  coroUets  flat,  spreading  out 
towards  the  end,  with  tlie  base  only  tubu- 
lar. This  is  the  semi-floscular  flower  of 
Tournefort.  Botany. 

LIG'URE,n.  A  kind  of  precious  stone.  Ex 
xxviii. 


pSn,    Ar.  iJiX^   chalaka,  to  be  or  make 

smooth.     Qu.  Gr.  »;>.txo;,  rjUxia.     See  Lick 
and  Lickerish.] 

1.  Equal  in  quantity,  quality  or   degree;  as 
a  territory  of  like   extent  with   another 
men  of  like  excellence. 

More  clergymen   were  impoverished  by  the 
late  war,  than  ever  in  the  like  space  before. 

Sprat 

2.  Similar;  resembling;  having  resemblance 
Elias  was  a  man  subject  to  like  passions  as 

we  are.     James  v. 

Why  might  not  other  planets  have  been  ere 
ated  for  like  uses  with  the  earth,  each  for  its 
own  inhabitants  ?  Bentley 

Like  is  usually  followed  by  to  or  unto, 
but  it  is  often  omitted. 

Wliat  city  is  like  unto  this  great  city .'  Rev 
xviii. 

1  saw  tlirec  unclean  spirits  like  frogs.  Rev 
xvi. 

Amoni>  them  all  was  found  none  like  Daniel 
Hananiah,  Mishael,  and  Azariah.     Dan.  i. 

3.  Probable ;  likely,  that  is,  having  the  re- 
semblance or  appearance  of  an  event 
giving  reason  to  expect  or  believe. 

He  is  like  to  die  of  hunger  in  the  place  where 
he  is,  tor  there  is  no  more  bread,     jer.  xxxvili 

Many  were  not  easy  to  be  governed,  nor  like 
to  conform  themselves  to  strict  rules. 

Clarendon 

LIKE,  n.  [elliptically,  for  like  thing,  like 
event,  like  persoii.] 

1.  Some  person  or  thing  resembling  anoth- 
er ;  an  equal.  The  like  may  never  happen 
again. 

He  was  a  man,  take  hiio  for  all  and  all, 

I  sliall  not  look  upon  his  like  again.       Shak. 

2.  Had  like,  in  the  phrase,  "  he  had  like  to 
be  defeated,"  seems  to  be  a  corruption  ; 
but  perhaps  like  here  is  used  for  resem- 
blance or  probability,  and  has  the  charac- 
ter of  a  nomi.  At  any  rate,  as  a  phrase,  it 
is  authorized  by  good  usage. 

LIKE,  adv.  In  the  same  manner. 

— Solomon  in  all  his  glory  was  not  arrayed 
like  one  of  these.     Matt.  vi.     Luke  xii. 

Like  as  a  father  pitieth  liis  children,  so  the 
Lord  pitieth  them  that  fear  him.     Ps.  ciii. 

2.  In  a  manner  becoming. 
Be  strong,  and  quit  yourselves  like  men.     1 

Sam.  iv. 

3.  Likelv  ;  probably ;  as  like  enough  it  will 

Shak 


LIK 

LIKE,  V.  t.  [Sax.  licean,  lician  ;  Goth,  leik- 
an ;  probably  L.  plaeeo  and  delecto,  with 
prefixes.] 

1.  To  be  pleased  with  in  a  moderate  degree; 
to  approve.  It  expresses  less  than  love  and 
delight.  We  like  a  plan  or  design,  when 
we  approve  of  it  as  correct  or  beneficial. 
We  like  tlie  character  or  conduct  of  a  man 
when  it  comports  with  our  view  of  recti- 
tude. We  like  food  that  the  taste  relishes. 
We  like  whatever  gives  us  pleasure. 

He  proceeded  from  looking  to  liking,  and 
from  liking  to  loving.  Hidney. 

To  please  ;  to  be  agreeable  to. 

Tliis  desire  being  recommended  to  her  maj- 
esty, it  liked  her  to  include  the  same  within 
one  entire  lease.     Obs.  Bacon. 

To  liken.     06^.  Shak. 

LIKE,  V.  i.  To  be  pleased ;  to  choose. 

He  may  go  or  stay,  as  he  likes.  Locke. 

2.  To  like  of,  to  be  pleased.     Ohs.     KnoUes. 

LI'KELIHQOD,  «•  [likely  aaA  hood.]  Prob- 
ability ;  verisimihtude;  appearance  of  truth 
or  reality.  There  is  little  likelihood  that 
an  habitual  drunkard  will  beconie  tcm- 
[jerate.  There  is  little  likelihood  that  an 
old  offender  will  be  reformed.  Prudence 
directs  us  not  to  undertake  a  design,  when 
there  is  little  or  no  likelilwod  of  success. 

Appearance;  show;  resemblance.      06*. 

Shak. 
LI'KELINESS,    n.    [from  likely.]     Proba- 
bility. 
2.  The  qualities  that  please.     [See  Likely.] 
LI'KELY,   a.    [that  is,    like-like.]     Proba- 
ble; that  may  be  rationally  thought  or  be- 
lieved to  have  taken  place  in  time  past,  or 
to  be   true  now  or  hereafter ;  such  as  is 
more  reasonable   than   the  contrary.     A 
likely  story,  is  one  which  evidence,  or  the 
circumstances  of  the  case  render  proba- 
ble, and  therefore  credible. 
Such   as  may   be   hked  ;  pleasing;  as   a 
likely  man  or  woman. 

[This  use  of  likely  is  not  obsolete,  as 
Johnson  affirms,  nor  is  it  vulgar.  But  tlio 
Enghsh  and  their  descendants  in  America 
differ  in  the  application.  The  English  ap- 
ply the  word  to  external  appearance,  and 
with  them,  likely  is  equivalent  to  handsome, 
well  formed ;  as  a  likely  man,  a  likely  horse. 
In  America,  the  word  is  usually  applied  to 
the  endowments  of  the  mind,  or  to  pleas- 
ing accomplishments.  With  us,  a  likely 
man,  is  a  man  of  good  character  and  tal- 
ents, or  of  good  dispositions  or  accom- 
plishments, that  render  him  pleasing  or 
respectable.] 
LI'KELY,  adv.  Probably. 

While  man  was  innocent,  he  was  likely  igno- 
rant of  nothing  important  for  him  to  know. 

Glanvillc. 

LIKE-MINDED,  n.  Having  a  like  dispo- 
sition or  purpose.     Rom.  xv. 

LIKEN,  II.  t.  h'kn.  [Sw.  likna  ;  Dan.  Ugner.] 
To  compare  ;  to  represent  as  resembling 
or  similar. 

Whosoever  heareth  these  sayings  of  mine, 
and  doeth  them,  I  will  liken  him  unto  a  wise 
man,  that  built  his  house  on  a  rock.    Matt.  vi. 

LI'KENED,  pp.  Compared. 

LI'KENESS,  n.  Resemblance  in  form  ;  si- 
militude. The  picture  is  a  good  likeness 
of  the  original. 

2.  Resemblance  ;  form  ;  external  appear- 
ance. Guard  against  an  enemy  in  the 
likeness  of  a  friend. 


L  I  31 


L  I  M 


L  I  M 


3.  One  that  resembles  another ;  a  copy ;  a 
counterpart. 

1  took  you  for  your  likeness,  Chloe.      Prior. 

1.  An  image,  picture  or  statue,  resembling  a 
person  or  thing.    Ex.  xx. 

LI  KENING,  ppr.  Comparing;  representing 

as  similar. 
LI'KEWISE,  adv.  [like  and  idse.]  In  like 

manner;  also;  moreover;  too. 

For  he  seeth  that  wise  men  die,  likewise  the 

fool  and  the  brutish   person  perish,  and  leave 

their  wealth  to  others.  Ps.  xhx. 
LI'KING,  ppr.  of  like.    Approving  ;    being 

pleased  with. 

2.  a.  Plump;  lull  ;  of  a  good  appearance. 
Dan.  i.     Obs. 

LIKING,  71.  A  good  state  of  body;  health- 
ful appearance ;  plumpness. 

Their  young  ones  are  in  good  liking—     Job 
.xxxix. 

2.  State  of  trial.     [Ml  used.]  Dryden. 

3.  Inclination ;  pleasure ;  as,  this  is  an  amuse- 
ment to  your  liking.  Spenser. 

4.  Delight  in;  pleasure  in;  with  <o. 

He  wlio  has  no  liking  to  the  whole,  ought  not 
to  censure  the  parts.  Dryden. 

LI'LAC,  n.  [Fr.  Was;  Sp.  lilac]  A  plant  oi- 
shrub  of  the  genus  Syringa,  a  native  of| 
Persia.  The  common  lilac  is  cultivated 
for  its  flowers,  which  are  purple  or  white. 

LIL'ALITE,  n.  A  species  of  earth  of  the 
argillaceous  kind ;  called  also  lepidolite, 
which  see.  Kirivan. 

LILIA'CEOUS,  a.  [L.  liliaceus,  from  lilium, 

Pertaining  to  lilies  ;  lily-like.  A  liliaceous 
corol  is  one  that  has  six  regular  petals. 

Martyn. 

LIL'IED,  a.    Embellished  witli  lilies. 

By  sandy  Ladon's  lilied  banks.  .Milton. 

LILL,  v.t.  [See  Loll.  But  lill  is  used  in 
New  England.]  Spenser. 

LILT,  V.  i.  To  do  any  thing  with  dexterity 
or  quickness.     [Local.]  Pegge. 

2.  To  sing  or  play  on  the  bagpipe. 

LIL'Y,  n.  [I.,  lilium  ;  Gr.  7.f  ipioi- ;  Sp.  Kn'o.] 
A  genus  of  plants  of  tnany  species,  which 
are  all  bulbous-rooted,  herbaceous  peren- 
nials, producing  bell-shaped,  hexapetalous 
flowers  of  great  beauty  and  variety  of  col 

•    ors.  Entyc. 

Lily  of  the  valley,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Con 
valiaria,  with  a  monopetalous,  bell-shaped 
corol,  divided  at  the  top  into  six  segments. 

Miller. 

LILY-DAFFODIL,  n.  A  plant  and  flower. 

LILY-HANDED,  a.  Having  white  deli- 
cate hands.  Spenser. 

LIL'Y-HYACINTII,  n.  A  plant.        Miller. 

LILY-LIVERED,  a.  White-livered;  cow- 
ardly.   [Not  used.]  Shak. 

LIMA'TION,  n.  [L.  limo,  to  file.]  The  act 
nf  filing  or  polishing. 

Ll'MATIIRE,  n.  [L.  limo,  to  file.]  A  filing. 

2.  Filings  ;  particles  rubbed  oflfby  filing 

Johnson. 

LIMB,  n.  Urn.    [Sax.   Km ;  Dan.  Sw.  lem  ; 
L.    limhus,    edge    or     border,  extremity 
limes,  limit,   coinciding  perhaps   with  VV. 
Hem,  llym,  sharp,  or  llamu,  to   leap.     The 
sense  of  limb  is  from  shooting  or  extend 

1.  Edge  or  border.  This  is  the  proper  sig 
nification  of  the  word;  but  in  this  sense  it 
is  limited  chiefly  to  technical  use,  and  ap 


plied  to  the  sun,  moon,  or  a  star,  to  a  leaf, 
to  a  quadrant,  &c.  We  say,  the  sun  or 
moon  is  eclipsed  on  its  northern  limb.  But 
we  never  say,  the  limb  of  a  board,  of  a  tract 
of  land  or  water,  &c. 
In  anatomy,  and  in  common  use,  an  extrem- 
ity of  the  human  body  ;  a  member ;  a  pro- 
jecting part;  as  the  arm  or  leg;  that  is,  a 
shoot. 

The  branch  of  a  tree ;  applied  only  to  a 
branch  of  some  size,  and  not  to  a  small 
twig, 

In  botany,  the  border  or  upper  spreading 
part  of  a  monopetalous  corol.  Martyn. 

LIMB,  V.  I.  lim.  To  supply  with  limbs. 

Milton. 

2.  To  dismember  ;  to  tearoff  the  limbs 

LIM'BAT,  n.  A  cooling  periodical  wind  in 

the  isle  of  Cyprus,  blowing  from  the  north 

west  from  eight  o'clock,  A.  M.  to  the  mid- 

Encm 


die  of  the  day  or  later. 

LIM'BEC,  n.  [contracted  from  alembic.] 
A  still ;  a  word  not  now  used. 

LIM'BE€,  V.  I.  To  strain  or  pass  through  a 
still.     06s.  Sandys. 

LIMB'ED,  a.  In  composition,  formed  with 
regard   to  limbs;  as   weW-limbed ;    large 
limbed;  short-limbed.  Pope. 

LIMBER,  a.  [perhaps  from  the  W.  llib, 
llibin ;  for  m  and  b  are  convertible,  and  m 
before  b,  is  often  casual.] 

Easily  bent ;  flexible  ;  pliant ;  yielding.  Ii 
America,  it  is  applied  to  material  things  ; 
as  a  limber  rod ;  a  limber  joint. 

LIM'BER,  n.  In  a  ship,  a  square  hole  cut 
through  the  floor  timbers,  as  a  passage  for 
water  to  the  pump-well.  Mar.  Did. 

LIM'BERNESS,  ?(.  The  quahty  of  being 
easily  bent ;  flexibleness;  pliancy. 

LIM'BERS,  n.  A  two-wheeled  carriage, 
having  boxes  for  annnunition. 

2.  Thills;  shafts  of  a  carriage.     [Local. 

LIM'BILITE,  n.  A  mineral  from  Limbourg, 
in  Swabia,  of  a  honey  yellow  color,  and 
coiTipact  texture.  Saussure. 

LIMB'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  limbs. 

Massinge 

LIMB'-MEAL,  a.  Piece-meal.  Shak. 

LIM'BO,    )      [L.  limbus.]  A  region  border- 

LIM'BUS,  S  "'ing  on  hell,  or  hell  itself. 

Shak. 
Among  catholics,   a   place   where   the 
souls  of  persons  are  lodged  after  death. 

2.  A  place  of  restraint.  Dryden. 

LIME,  n.  [Sax.  lim,  lime,  whence  geliman, 
to  glue  ;  Sw.  Dan.  lim,  D.  lym,  G.  leim  and 
lehem,  loam  ;  L.  limus ;  It.  Sp.  limo  ;  prob- 
ably Gr.  ^ifir;,  y%riiiiri,  and  allied  to  clammy. 
On  this  word  is  formed  slime.] 

1.  A  viscous  substance,  sometimes  laid  on 
twigs  for  catching  birds.  Dryden. 

2.  Calcarious  earth,  oxyd  of  calcium,  pro- 
cured from  chalk  and  certain  stones  and 
shells,  by  expelling  from  them  the  carbon- 
ic acid,  by  means  of  a  strong  heat  in  a  fur- 
nace. The  best  lime  for  mortar  or  ce- 
ment is  obtained  from  limestone,  or  car- 
bonate of  lime,  of  which  marble  is  a  fine 
species.  Hooper.    Nicholson. 

3.  The  linden  tree. 

4.  [Fr.  lime.  See  Lemon.]  A  species  of 
acid  fruit,  smaller  than  the  lemon. 

LIME,  V.  I.  [Sax.  geliman.]   To  smear  with 

a  viscous  substance.  UEstrange. 

2.  To  entangle ;  to  ensnare.  Shak 


3.  To  manure  with  lime. 
Land  may  be  improved  by  draining,  marhng 

and  liming.  Child. 

4.  To  cement.  Shak. 
LrME-BURNER,n.  One  who  burns  stones 

to  hme. 

LI'MED,  pp.  Smeared  with  lime;  entang- 
led ;  manured  with  lime. 

LIAIEHOUND,  n.  A  dog  used  in  hunting 
the  wild  boar  ;  a  limer.  Spenser. 

LIMEKILN,  n.  li'mekil.  A  kiln  or  ftirnace 
in  which  stones  or  shells  are  exposed  to  a 
strong  heat  and  reduced  to  lime. 

LI  MESTONE,  n.  Stone  of  which  lime  is 
made  by  the  expulsion  of  its  carbonic 
acid,  or  fixed  air.  It  is  called  carbonate  of 
lime.     Of  this  there  are  several  species. 

LI'METWIG,  n.  A  twig  smeared  with  lime. 

i  Milton. 

LI'METVVIGGED,  a.  Smeared  with  lime. 

Mdison. 

LI'MEWATER,  n.  Water  impregnated 
with  lime. 

LI'MING,  ppr.  Daubing  with  viscous  mat- 
ter;  entangling;  manuring  with  lime. 

LIM'IT,  ?!.  [L.  limes ;  Fr.  limites.  See 
Limb.] 

1.  Bound;  border;  utmost  extent;  the  part 
that  terminates  a  thing  ;  as  the  limit  of  a. 
town,  city  or  empire ;  the  limits  of  human 
knowledge. 

2.  The  thing  which  bounds;  restraint. 

3.  Limits,  plu.,  the  extent  of  the  liberties  of 
a  prison. 

LIM'IT,  V.  t.  To  bound  ;  to  set  bounds  to. 

2.  To  confine  within  certain  bounds;  to  cir- 
cumscribe ;  to  restrain.  The  government 
of  England  is  a  limited  monarchy. 

They  tempted  God  and  limited  the  Holy  One 
of  Israel.     Ps.  Ixxviii. 

3.  To  restrain  from  a  lax  or  general  signifi- 
cation. /rorW  sometimes  signifies  the  uni- 
verse, and  sometimes  its  signification  is 
limited  to  this  earth. 

LIM'ITABLE,  a.  That  may  be  limited, 
circumscribed,  bounded  or  restrained. 

Hume. 

LIM'ITANEOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  bounds. 

EUct. 

LIMITA'RIAN,  a.  That  limits  or  circum- 
scribes. 

LIMITA'RIAN,  n.  One  that  limits;  one 
who  holds  the  doctrine  that  a  part  of 
the  human  race  only  are  to  be  saved  ;  op- 
posed to  universalist.  Huntington. 

LIM'ITARY,  a.  Placed  at  the  limit,  as  a 
guard. 

— Proud  limitary  cherub.  .Milton. 

LIMITATION,  n.  [L.  limitatio.]  The  act 
of  bounding  or  circumscribing. 
Restriction  ;  restraint  ;  circumscription. 
The  king  consented  to  a  limitation  of  his 
l)rerogatives.  Government  by  the  limita- 
tion of  natural  rights  secures  civil  liberty. 
Restriction  ;  confinement  from  a  lax  inde- 
terminate import.  Words  of  general  im- 
port are  often  to  be  understood  with  limit- 
ations. 

4.  .\  certain  precinct  within  which   friars 


were  allowed   to   beg  or  exercise   their 

functions.  Gilping. 

LIM'ITED,  pp.   Bounded  ;  circumscribed ; 

restrained. 
2.  a.  Narrow;   circumscribed.     Our  views 

of  nature  are  very  limited. 
LIM'ITEDLY,  adv.  With  limitation. 


L  I  N 

LIM'ITEDNESS,  n.  State  of  being  limit-l 
ed.  Parker. 

LIM'ITER,  n.  He  or  that  wliicli  limits  or 
confines. 

2.  A  friar  licenced  to  beg  withni  certain 
bounds,  or  wliose  duty  was  limited  to  a 
certain  district. 

LIMITLESS,  a.  Having  no  limits;  im- 
bounded.  ^«|""' 

LIM'MER,  n.  A  limehound  ;  a  mongrel. 

Johnson. 

2   A  dog  engendered  between  a  hound  and 

■  a  mastifi-.  Bailey. 

3.  A  thill  or  shaft.     [Local.  See  Limber.] 

4.  A  thill-horse.     \Local.] 
LIMN,  V.  t.  lim.  [Pr.  enlwniner ;  L.  lumino.] 

To  draw  or  paint ;  or  to  paint  in  water 
colors.  Eiicyc 

LIM'NED,  pp.  lim'med.  Painted. 

LIM'NER,  n.  [Fr.  enlumineur  jL.  illumina- 
tor, in  the  middle  ages,  alluminor.] 

1.  One  that  colors  or  paints  on  paper  oi 
parchment ;  one  who  decorates  books  witli 
initial  pictures.  Encyc. 

2.  A  portrait  painter. 

LIMN'ING,  ppr.  Drawing ;  painting ;  paint- 
ing in  water  colors. 

LIM'NING,  ?i.  The  act  or  art  of  drawing 


li  I  N 


or  painting  in  water  colors. 


Addison. 


LI'MbUS,  a.  [L.  limosus,  froin/imi(S,sliine. 
Muddy  ;  slimy  ;  thick.  Brotim 

LIMP,  V.  i.  [Sax.  lemp-healt,  lame  ;  gelimp 
an,  to  happen,  that  is,  to  fall ;  allied  per 
haps  to  tame.]    To  hall ;  to  walk  lamely. 

Bacon. 

LIMP,  11.  A  halt ;  act  of  limping. 

LIMP,  a.  Vapid  ;  weak.     [.Vo(  used.] 

If'allon. 

LIMP'ER,  n.  One  that  limps. 

LIM'PET,  n.  [L.lepas  ;  Gr.^(!tas,fvom^inu, 
to  ])eel  or  strip  off  bark.] 

A  univalve  shell  of  the   genus  Patella,  ad- 
hering to  rocks. 

LIM'PID,    a.    [L.  limpidris.]    Pure ;  clear  ; 
transparent ;  us  a  limpid  stream. 

LIM'PIDNESS,  n.  Clearness;  purity. 

LIM'PING,  ppr.   Halting  ;  walking  lamely. 

LIM'PINGLY,  adv.  Lamely  ;  in  a  halting 
manner. 

LIM'SY,  a.  [W.  llymsi.]  Weak  ;  flexible. 

.V.  England. 

LI'MY,  a.  [See  Lime.]  Viscous;  glutinous; 
as  limy  snares. 

2.  Containing  lime  ;  as  a  limy  soil. 

3.  Resembling  lime  ;  having  the  qualities  of 
lime. 

LIN,  V.  i.  [Ice.  linna.]  To  yield.     Obs, 
LIN,    n.    [Celtic]    A   pool  or  mere.     [M)t 

WSCfl.l 

LINCH'PIN,  n.  [Sax.  lynis,  an  axis,  D. 
lens.] 

A  pin  used  to  prevent  the  wheel  of  a  cai- 
ritige  from  sliding  off  the  axle-tree. 

LINC'TURE,  n.  [L.  lirigo,  linclus.]  Medi- 
cine taken  by  licking.  Burton. 

LIN'DEN,  n.  [Sax.  Sw.  Dan.  lind  ;  D.  linde 
or  linde-boom  ;  G.  linde,  liiidenbaum.^ 

The  lime-tree,  or  teil-trec,  of  the  genus 
Tilia.  Drydcn. 

LINE,  n.    [L.  linea  ;  Fr.  ligne,  from  L.  L 
num ;  Gr.  J-iioi/,  flax  ;    G.  leine  ;  D.  lyn  ; 
Sw.  Una  ;  Dan.  line.] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  quantity  extended  in  lengtli, 
without  breadth  or  thickness  ;  or  a  limit 
terminating  a  surface.  Encyc. 


2.  A  slender  string ;  a  small  cord  or  rope.l 
The  angler  uses  a  line  and  hook.  The 
seaman  uses  a  hand  line,  a  hauling  itne, 
spilling  lines,  &c. 
'.i.  A  thread,  string  or  cord  extended  to  di- 
rect any  operation. 

We  as  by  line  upon  the  ocean  go.     Dryden. 
|4.  Lineament ;  a  mark  in  the  liand  or  face. 
He  tipples  palmistry,  and  dines 
On  all  lier  forlune-telliug  lines.     Cleaveland. 

5.  Delineation  ;  sketch ;    as  the   lines   of  a 
building.  Temple. 

6.  Contour  ;   outline  ;    exterior   limit  of  n 
figure. 

Free  as  thy  stroke,  yet  faultless  as  thy  line. 

Pope 

7.  In  writing,  printing  and  engraving,  the 
words  and  letters  which  stand  on  a  level 
in  one  row,  between  one  rnargin  and  an 
other;  as  a  page  of  thirty  lines. 

8.  In  poetry,  a  verse,  or  the  words  which 
form  a  certain  number  of  feet,  according 

I     to  the  measure. 

9.  A  short  letter  ;  a  note.  I  received  a  line 
from  my  friend  by  tlu;  last  mail. 

10.  A  rank  or  row  of  soldiers,  or  the  dispo- 
sition of  an  army  drawn  up  with  an  ex- 
tended front ;  or  the  like  disposition  of  a 
fleet  prepared  for  engagement. 

11.  A  trench  or  rampart ;  an  extended  work 
in  fortification. 

Unite  thy  forces  and  attack  their  lines. 

Dryden. 

12.  Method;  disposition;  as  Kne  of  order. 

Shah 

13.  Extension  ;  limit ;  border. 
Eden  stretched  her  line 

From  Auran  eastward  to  the  royal  towers 
Of  great  Seleucia.  Milton. 

14.  Equator;  equinoctial  circle. 
When  the  sun  below  the  line  descends — 

Creech 

15.  A  series  or  succession  of  progeny  or  re- 
lations, descending  from  a  common  pro- 
genitor. We  speak  of  the  ascending  or 
descending  line  ;  the  line  of  descent ;  the 
male  line  ;  a  line  of  kings. 

IG.  The  twelfth  part  of  an  inch. 

17.  A  straight  extended  mark. 

18.  A  straight  or  parallel  direction.  The' 
houses  must  all  stand  in  a  line.  Every 
new  building  must  be  set  in  a  tine  with 
others  on  the  same  street. 

19.  Occupation  ;  employment  ;  department 
or  course  of  business.  We  speak  of  men 
in  the  same  tine  of  business. 

WashingtonJ. 

20.  Course  ;  direction.  ! 
What  general  line  of  conduct  oup;ht  to  be  pur-j 

sued  ?  Washington.. 

21.  Lint  or  flax.     [Seldom  used.]        Spenser.] 

22.  In  heraldry,  lines  are  the  figures  used  inl 
armories  to  divide  the  shield  into  different 
parts,  and  to  compose  different  figures. 

Encyc. 

23.  In  Scripture,  line  signifies  a  cord  lor 
measuring  ;  also,  instruction,  doctrine.  Ps. 
xix.  Is.  xxviii. 

Jl  right  line,  a  straight  or  direct  line  ;  the 
shortest  line  that  can  be  drawn  between 


LIN 

cle  which  the  sun  seems  to  describe,  ili 

March  and  September,  when  the  days  and 

nights  are  of  equal  length. 
Meridian  tine,  an   imaginary   circle   drawn 

through  the  two  poles  of  the  earth,  and 

any  part  of  its  surface. 
Astiip  of  the  line,  a  ship  of  war  large  enough 

to  have  a  place  in  the  line  of  battle.     All 
i     ships  carrying  seventy  four  or  more  large 
j     guns,  are  ships  of  the  line.     Smaller  shijis 
I     may  sometimes  be  so  called. 
LINE,  t'.  (.    [supposed  to  be  from  L.  linum, 

flax,  whence  linen,  which  is  often  used  for 

linings.] 

1.  To  cover  on  the  inside ;  as  a  garment 
lined  v,'i{\t  linen,  fur  or  silk;  a.  hox  lined 
with  pa])er  or  tin. 

2.  To  put  in  the  inside. 
— What  if  1  do  line  one  of  their  hands  ? 

Shut;. 

3.  To  place  along  by  the  side  of  any  thing 
for  guarding  ;  as,  to  line  a  hedge  with  ri- 
flemen ;  to  line  works  with  soldiers. 

To    strengthen   by  additional  works   or 
men. 

Line  and  new  repair  your  towns  of  war 
With  men  of  courage.  Shali. 

5.  To  cover ;  to  add  a  covering ;  as,  to  line 
a  crutch.  Shak. 

[G.  To  strengthen  with  any  thing  added. 

Who  lined  himself  witli  hope.  Shak. 

7.  To  impregnate;  applied  to  irrational  ani- 
mals. Creech. 

LIN'EAgE,  ».  [Fr.  lignage,  from  ligne, 
line.] 

Race ;  progeny  ;  descendants  in  a  line  from 
a  common  progenitor. 

LIN'EAL,   a.   [L.  linealis,  from  linea,  line.] 

1.  Composed  of  lines;  delineated  ;  as  lineal 
designs.  Motion. 

2.  In  a  direct  line  from  an  ancestor  ;  as  lin- 
eal descent ;  lineal  succession.  Locke. 

3.  Hereditary  ;  derived  from  ancestors. 

Shak. 

Allied  by  direct  descent. 

For  only  you  are  liiieal  to  tlie  throne. 

Dryden. 
In  the  direction  of  a  Hue  ;  as  lineal  meas- 


two  points. 

Horizontal  line,  a  line  drawn  parallel  to  the 
horizon. 

Equinoctial  line,  in  geography,  a  great  circlei 
on  the  earth's  surface,  at  90  degrees  dis- 
tance from  each  pole,  and  bisecting  the 
earth  at  that  part.     lu  astronomy,  the  cir- 


Lineal  measure,  the  measure  of  length. 

LINEAL'ITY,  n.  The  state  of  being  in  the 
form  of  a  line.  Am.  Revieic. 

LIN'EALLV,  adv.  In  a  direct  line;  as,  the 
prince  is  lineally  descended  from  the  con- 
queror. 

LIN'EAMENT,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  lineamtn- 
turn.] 

F'cature  ;  form;  make  ;  the  onllinc  or  exte- 
rior of  a  body  or  figure,  particularly  of  the 
face. 

Man  he  seems 
In  all  his  lineament.^.  Milton. 

— The  lineaments  of  the  body.  Locke. 

— Lineaments  of  a  character.  Swift. 

LINEAR,  a.  [L.  linearis.]  Pertaining  to  a 
line  ;  consisting  of  lines  ;  in  a  straight  di- 
rection. 

2.  In  botany,  like  a  line ;  slender  ;  of  the 
same  breadth  throughout,  except  at  the 
extremities;  as  a  H;icar  leaf 

Linear  numbers,  in  mathematics,  such  as 
have  relation  to  length  only ;  such  is  a 
number  which  represents  one  side  of  a 
plane  figure.  If  the  plane  figure  is  a 
square,  the  linear  figure  is  called  a  root. 

Encyc. 


LIN 


LIN 


L  I  P 


Linear  problem,  that  wliich  may  be  solved 
geometiirally  by  the  intersection  of  two 
right  hnes.  Encyc. 

LIN'EATE,  a.  In  botany,  marked  longitudi- 
nally with  depressed  parallel  hnes ;  as  a 
lineate  leaf. 

LINEA'TION,  n.  Draught  ;  delineation, 
which  see.  Woodward. 

LI'NED,  pp.  Covered  on  the  inside. 

LIN'EN,  n.  [L.  linum,  flax,  Gr.  xww,  W. 
llin,  Ir.  Un,  Kuss.  len,  G.  kin.  The  sense 
is  probably  long,  extended  or  smooth.  In 
the  latter  sense,  it  would  accord  with  L. 
linio,  lenio.] 

1.  Cloth  made  of  flax  or  hemp. 

2.  An  under  garment. 

LIN'EN,  a.  [L.  Imeus.]  Made  of  flax  or 
hemp ;  as  line7i  cloth  ;  a  linen  stocking. 

2.  Resembling  linen  cloth  ;  white  ;  pale. 

Shak. 

Fossil-linen,  a  kind  of  amianth,  with  soft, 
parallel,  flexible  fibers.  Encyc. 

LIN' EN-DRAPER,  n.  A  person  who  deals 
in  linens. 

lAnener  and  linen-man,  in  a  hke  sense,  are 
obsolete. 

LING,  n.  [D.  leng;  Ir.  long;  probably  Sax. 
leng,  long.] 

A  fish  of  the  genus  Gadus,  or  cod  kind, 
which  grows  to  the  length  of  four  feet  or 
more,  is  very  slender,  with  a  flat  head. 
This  fish  abounds  on  the  coasts  of  Scot- 
land and  Ireland,  and  forms  a  considera- 
ble article  of  commerce.  Encyc. 

LING,  n.  [Ice.  ling,  from  leng,  long.]  A  spe- 
cies of  long  grass  ;  heath. 

Jamieson .     Cyc. 

lAng,  a  Saxon  termination,  as  in  darling, 
firstling,  denotes  primarily  state,  condi- 
tion, or  subject.  In  some  words,  it  de- 
notes the  young  of  an  animal,  or  a  small 
one. 

LINGER,  V.  i.  [from  the  root  of  long,  Sax. 
leng.] 

1.  To  delay;  to  loiter;  to  remam  or  wait 
long  ;  to  be  slow. 

Nor  cast  one  longing,  lingering  look  behind. 

Gray. 
Whose  judgment  now  of  a  long  time  linger- 
eth  not.  2  Pet.  ii. 

2.  To  hesitate ;  to  be  slow  in  deciding ;  to  be 
in  suspense. 

Perhaps  thou  lingerest,  in  deep  thought  de- 
tained. Milton. 

3.  To  remain  long  in  any  state.  The  patient 
lingers  on  a  bed  of  sickness. 

LIN'GER,  V.  t.  To  protract.  Shak. 

LINGERER,  n.  One  who  lingers. 
LIN'GERING,  p;)r.  Delaying;  loitering. 
2.  a.  Drawing  out  in  time  ;  remaining  long; 
protracted  ;  as  a  lingering  disease. 

To  die  is  the  fate  of  man ;  but  to  die  with 
lingering  anguish  is  generally  his  foUy. 

JRambler. 
LIN'GERING,  n.  A  delaying;  a  remaining 
long;  tardiness;  protraction. 

The  Hngerings  of  holyday  customs. 

Irving. 
LIN'GERINGLY,  adv.  With  delay  ;  slow- 
ly; tediously.  Hale. 
LIN'GET,  n.  [Fr.  lingot,  from  languette,  a 

a  tongue.] 
A  small  muss  of  metal.  Camden 

LIN'GLE,  n.  [Fr.  tigneul,  fvom  ligne.]  Shoe- 
maker's thread.     [JVot  in  use  or  local.] 

Drayton 


LIN'GO,  71.  [L.  lingua.]  Language ;  speech. 
[  Vidgar.] 

LINGUADENT'AL,  a.  [L.  hngua,  tongue, 
and  dens,  a  tooth.] 

Formed  or  uttered  by  the  joint  use  of  the 
tongue  and  teeth  ;  as  the  letters  d  and  t. 

Holder. 

LINGUADENT'AL,  n.  An  articulation 
formed  by  the  tongue  and  teeth. 

LIN'GUAFORM,  a.  [lingua  and  form.]  Hav- 
ing the  form  or  shape  of  the  tongue. 

Martyn 

LIN'GUAL,  a.  [L.  Ih^ua,  the  tongue.]  Per- 
taining to  the  tongue  ;  as  the  lingual 
nerves,  the  ninth  pair,  which  go  to  the 
tongue  ;  the  lingtial  nniscle,  or  muscle  of 
the  tongue. 

LIN'GUIST,  n.  [L.  lingua,  tongue.]  A  per- 
son skilled  in  languages ;  usually  applied 
to  a  person  well  versed  in  the  languages 
taught  in  colleges,  Greek,  Latin,  and  He- 
brew. Milton. 

LIN'GULATE,  a.  [L.  lingulatus,  from  lin- 
gua, tongue.] 

Shaped  like  the  tongue  or  a  strap.  [But 
ligulate  is  more  generally  used.] 

Martyn. 

LINGWORT,  n.  An  herb. 

LIN'IMENT,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  linimentum, 
from   linio,  lino,  to  anoint.] 

A  species  of  soft  ointment ;  a  composition  of 
a  consistence  somewhat  thinner  than  an 
unguent,  but  thicker  than  oil.  Encyc. 

Ll'NlJ^G,  ppr.  [See  lAne.]  Covering  on  the 
inside,  as  a  garment. 

LI'NING,  n.   The  inner  covering  of  any 
thing,  as  of  a  garment   or  a  box.     The 
pleura  is  called  the  lining  of  the  thorax. 
That  which  is  within.  Shak. 

LINK,  n.  [G.  gelenk,  a  joint,  a  ring,  a  swivel, 
a  link,  and  as  an  adjective,  flexible,  lim- 
ber, from  lenken,  to  bend  ;  Dan.  lenke,  a 
chain.] 

1.  A  single  ring  or  division  of  a  chain. 
Any  thing  doubled  and  closed  like  a  link ; 
as  a  link  of  horse  hair.  Mortimer. 

3.  A  chain  ;  any  thing  connecting. 

— And  love,  the  common  link,  the  new  crea- 
tion crowned.  Dryden. 

Any  single  constituent  part  of  a  connected 

series.    This   argtunent  is  a  link  in  the 

chain  of  reasoning. 
5.  A  series;  a  chain. 
LINK,  n.  [Gr.  i.vxi'os,  L.  lychnus,  a  lamp  or 

candle,  coinciding  in  elements  with  light.] 
A  torch  made   of   tow  or  hards,  &c.,  and 

pitch.  Shak.     Dryden. 

LINK,  V.  t.  To  complicate.  Johnson. 

2.  To  unite  or  connect  by  something  inter- 
vening or  in  other  manner. 

— Link  towns  to  towns  by  avenues  of  oak. 

Pope 
— And  creature  link'd  to  creature,  man  to  man 

Pope 

LINK,  V.  i.  To  be  connected.  Burke. 

LINK'BOY,  >      A  boy  or  man  that  carries 
LINK'MAN,  I  "■  a  link  or  torch  to  light  pas- 
sengers. More.     Gay. 
LINK'ED,  pp.  United ;  connected. 
LINK'ING, ;>;)r.  Uniting;  connecting. 
LIN'NET,  n.  [Fr.  linot ;  W.  llinos,  from  lUn, 
flax,  and  called  also  in  W.  adern  y  llin 
flax-bird  ;  Sax.  linelwege.     So  in  h.cardu 
elis,  from  carduus,  a  thistle.] 
A  small  singing  bird  of  the  genus  Fringilla. 
LINSEED.     [See  Liiitseed.]  I 


LIN'SEY-WOQLSEY,  a.  Made  of  linen 
and  wool ;  lience,  vile  ;  mean  ;  of  differ- 
ent and  unsuitable  parts.  Johnson. 

LIN'STOCK,  ji.  [lint  and  stock.]  A  pointed 
staff"  with  a  crotch  or  fork  at  one  end,  to 
hold  a  lighted  match  ;  used  in  firing  can- 
non. It  may  be  stuck  in  the  ground  or  in 
the  deck  of  a  ship.  Encyc. 

LINT,  n.  [Sax.  linet,  L. linteum,linteus,  from 
linum,  flax.] 

Flax ;  but  more  generally,  hnen  scraped  into 
a  soft  substance,  and  used  for  dressing 
wounds  and  sores. 

LINT'EL,  n.  [Fr.  linteau ;  Sp.  lintel  or  din- 
tel.] 

The  head-piece  of  a  door-frame  or  window- 
frame  ;  the  part  of  the  frame  that  lies  on 
the  side-pieces.  Ex.  xii. 

LINT'SEED,  n.  [lint.  Sax,  and  seed ;  Sax. 
littsced.]     Flaxseed. 

LI'ON,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  leo,  leonis,  Gr.  >jov. 
Arm.  leon,  W.  Hew,  a  lion  ;  llewa,  to  swal- 
low, to  devour.] 

1.  A  quadru|)ed  of  the  genus  Felis,  very 
strong,  fierce  and  rapacious.  The  largest 
lions  are  eight  or  nine  feet  in  length.  The 
male  has  a  thick  head,  beset  with  long 
bushy  hair  of  a  yellowish  color.  The  lion 
is  a  native  of  Africa  and  the  warm  cli- 
mates of  Asia.  His  aspect  is  noble,  his 
gait  stately,  and  his  roar  tremendous. 

2.  A  sign  in  the  zodiac. 

LI'ONESS,  n.  The  female  of  the  lion  kind. 
LI'ONLIKE,  a.  Like  a  lion  ;  fierce. 

Camden. 
LI'ON-METTLED,  a.  Having  the  courage 

and  spirit  of  a  lion.  Hitlhouse. 

LION'S  FOOT,    n.   A  plant  of  the  genu^ 

Catananche. 
LION'S  LEAF,  n.   A  plant  of  the   genus 

Leontice. 
LION'S  TAIL,  n.   A  plant  of  the    genus 

Leonurus. 
LIP,  n.  [Sax.  lippa,  lippe ;  D.  lip ;  G.  Dan. 

lippe ;     Sw.    llipp ;     L.   labium,    labrum ; 

It.  labbro  ;  Sp.  labio ;  Fr.  lei^e  ;  Ir.  dab  or 

liobhar;  Pers.    ,_^  J.    It  may  be  connected 

with  W.  llavaru,  Ir.  labhraim,  to  speak, 
that  is,  to  thrust  out.  The  sense  is  prob- 
ably a  border.] 

1.  The  edge  or  border  of  the  mouth.  The 
lips  are  two  fleshy  or  muscular  parts,  com- 
posing the  exterior  of  the  mouth  in  man 
and  many  other  animals.  In  man,  the 
lips,  whicli  may  be  opened  or  closed  at 
pleasure,  form  the  covering  of  the  teeth, 
and  are  organs  of  speech  essential  to  cer- 
tain articulations.  Hence  the  lips,  by  a 
figure,  denote  the  mouth,  or  all  the  organs 
of  speech,  and  sometimes  speech  itself. 
Job  ii. 

2.  The  edge  of  any  thing  ;  as  the  Iw  of  a 
vessel.  Burnet. 

3.  In  botany,  one  of  the  two  opposite  divis- 
ions of  a  labiate  corol.  The  upper  is  call- 
ed the  helmet,  and  the  lower  the  beard. 
Also,  an  appendage  to  the  flowers  of  the 
orchises,  considered  by  Liime  as  a  nec- 
tary. Martyn.     Smith. 

To  make  a  lip,  to  drop  the  under  lip  in  sul- 
lenness  or  contempt.  Shak. 

LIP,  r.  t.  To  kiss.  Shak. 

LIP-DEVO'TION,  n.  Prayers  uttered  by 
the  lips  without  the  desires  of  the  heart. 


L  I  a 


LIS 


LIS 


LIP'-GQOD)  a.  Good  in  profession  only. 

B.  Jonson 
LIP'-LABOR,  n.  Labor  or  action  of  the  lips 

witbout  concurrence  of  the  mind ;  words 

witliout  sentiments. 
LIP'OGRAM,  n.    [Gr.  XfiJtw,  to  leave,  and 

ypa^ufia,  a  letter.] 
A  writing  in  which  a  single  letter  is  wholly 

omitted. 
LIPOGRAJVI'MATIST,  n.  One  who  writes 

any  thing,  dropping  a  single  letter. 

Mdisoti. 
LIPOTH'YMOUS,    a.     [See    Lipothymy. 

Swooning ;  fainting. 
LIPOTH'YMY,  n.  [Gr.  J^tirtoBviiM ;  ■KuHu,  to 

fail,  and  dv/ws,  soul.] 
A  fainting  ;  a  swoon.  Core.     Tai/lor 

LIP'PED,  a.  Having  bps. 
2.  In  botany,  labiate. 
LIP'PITUDE,  ji.  [L.  lippitudo,  from  lippus, 

blear-eyed.] 
Soreness  of  eyes;  blearedness.  Bacon. 

LIP'-WISDOM,  n.  Wisdom  in  talk  witbout 

practice  ;  wisdom  in  words  not  su])ported 

by  experience.  Sidney. 

LIQ'UABLE,   a.   [See  Liquate.]  That  may 

be  melted. 
lilQUA'TION,  ji.  [L.  liqualio.  See  Liquate.] 

1.  The  act  or  operation  of  melting. 

2.  The  capacity  of  being  melted  ;  as  a  sub- 
stance congealed  beyond  liquation. 

Broion. 

LI'QUATE,  V.  i.  [L.  liquo.]  To  melt ;  to  li- 
quefy ;  to  be  dissolved.     [LilUe  used.] 

fVoodward. 

LmiJEFAC'TION,  n.  [L.  liquefaclio,  from 
liquefacio.] 

The  act  or  operation  of  melting  or  dissolv- 
ing; the  conversion  of  a  sobd  into  a  liquid 
by  the  .sole  agency  of  heat  or  caloric. 
Liquefadion,  in  common  usage,  signifies 
the  melting  of  any  substance,  but  by  some 
authors  it  is  applied  to  the  melting  of  sub- 
stances, which  pass  through  intermediate 
states  of  softness  before  they  become  flu- 
id, as  tallow,  wax,  resin,  &c. 

Coxe's  Dispensatory. 

2.  The  state  of  being  melted. 

LIQ'UEFIABLE,  a.  That  may  be  melted 
or  changed  from  a  solid  to  a  liquid  state. 

Bacon. 

LIQ'UEFIER,  n.  That  which  melts  any 
solid  substance. 

LIQ'UEFY,  V.  t.  [Fr.  liquefier,  from  L.  lique 
facio.     See  Liquid.] 

To  melt;  to  dissolve  ;  to  convert  from  a  fix 
ed  or  solid  form  to  that  of  a  liquid,  and 
technically,  to  melt  by  the  sole  agency  of 
heat  or  caloric. 

LIQ'UEFY,  V.  i.  To  be  melted  ;  to  become 
liquid.  Addison 

LIQ'UEFyING,  jo;>r.  3Ielting ;  becoming 
liquid. 

LIQUES'CENCY,  n.  [L.  liquescentia.]  Apt 
ness  to  melt.  Johnson. 

LIQUES'CENT,  a.  Melting ;  becoming  fluid. 

LIQUEUR,  n.  [Fr.]   A  spirituous  cordial. 

LIQ'UID,  a.  [L.  liquidus,  from  liqno,  to 
melt,  Ir.  leagham ;  probably  from  flow- 
ing, and  coinciding  with  Sax.  loge,  water, 
L.  lix,  and  lug,  in  Lugdunum,  Lcyden,  Ly 
ons.] 

Fluid;  flowing  or  capable  of  flowing;  not 
fixed  or  solid.  But  liquid  is  not  precisely 
synonymous  v:\thjluid.  Mercury  and  air 
inejluid,  but  not  liquid. 

Vol.  II 


2.  Soft;  clear;  flowing;  smooth;  as  liquid^ 
melody.  Crashaw. 

3.  Pronounced  without  any  jar  ;  smooth  ;  as' 
a  liquid  letter.  | 

4.  Dissolved  ;  not  obtainable  by  law ;  as  a' 
liquid  debt.     Obs.  -Hyliff^-^ 

LIQ'UID,  n.  A  fluid  or  flowing  substance  ; 
a  substance  whose  parts  change  their  rel- 
ative position  on  the  slightest  pressure, 
and  which  flows  on  an  inclined  plane  ;  as 
water,  wine,  milk,  &c. 
2.  In  grammar,  a  letter  vvbicli  has  a  smooth 
flowing  sound,  or  which  flows  smoothly 
after  a  mute  ;  as  /  and  r,  in  Ua,  bra.  M 
and  n  are  also  called  liquids. 
LIQ'UIDATE,  v.t.  [Fi:  liquider;  L.  liqui- 
do.]     To  clear  from  all  obscurity. 

Time  only  tan  liquidate  the  meaning  of  all 
parts  of  a  compound  system.  Jianiilton 

2.  To  settle  ;  to  adjust ;  to  ascertain  or  re- 
duce to  precision  in  amount. 

Which  method  of  liquidating  die  amerce 
ment  to  a  precise  sum,  was  usually  performed 
in  the  superior  courts.  Blackstone. 

The  clerk  of  the  commons'  house  of  assembly 
in  1774,  gave  certificates  to  the  public  creditors 
that  their  demands  were  liquidated,  anil  should 
be  provided  for  in  the  next  tax-bill.  Jiamsay.'i 
The  domestic  debt  may  be  subdivided  into 
liquidated  and  unliquidated.  Hamilton. 

.3.  To  pay;  to  settle,  adjust  and  satisfy;  as 
a  debt.  IVheaton} 

Kyburgh  was  ceded  to  Zuric  by  Sigisinond, 
to  liquidate  a  debt  of  a  thousand  florins. 

Coxe's  Switz 

LIQ'UIDATED,  pp.  Settled  ;  adjusted ;  re- 
duced to  certainty  ;  paid. 

LIQUIDATING,  ppr.  Adjusting;  ascer 
taining ;  paying. 

LIQUIDA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  settling  and 
adjusting  debts,  or  ascertaining  their 
amount  or  balance  due. 

LIQ'UIDATOR,  n.  He  or  that  which  liqui- 
dates or  settles.  E.  Everett. 

LIQUID'ITY,  n.  [Fr.  iiquidite.]  The  quality 
of  being  fluid  or  liquid. 

2.  Thinness.  Glanville. 

LIQ'UIDNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
liquid ;  fluency.  Boyle 

LIQ'UOR,  71.  lik'or.  [Sax.  loge  ;  Tr.  liqueur , 
L.  liquor.] 

A  liquid  or  fluid  substance.  [See  Liquid.] 
Liquor  is  a  word  of  general  signification, 
extending  to  water,  milk,  blood,  sap,  juice, 
&c. ;  but  its  most  common  application  is 
to  spirituous  fluids,  whether  distdled  or  fer- 
mented, to  decoctions,  solutions,  tinctures, 

Milton. 

LIQ'UOR,  V.  t.  To  moisten ;  to  drench, 
[Little  used.]  Bacon. 

LIQUORICE.     [See  Licorice.] 

LIS'BON,  n.  A  species  of  wine  exported 
from  Lisbon,  in  Portugal. 

LISNE,  n.  A  cavity  or  hollow.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Hale. 

LISP,  V.  i.  [G.  lispeln,  D.  lispen,  to  lisp ; 
Sax.  vlisp  or  vbps,  a  lisping ;  Sw.  Ihspa 
Russ.  lepelzu,  to  lisp.] 

To  speak  with  a  particular  articulation  of 
the  tongue   and  teeth,  nearly  as  in  pro- 
nouncing th.     Lisping  is  particularly  no 
ticed  in  uttering  th  for  s,   as  yeth   for  yes. 
It  is  most  common  in  children. 

I  lisped  in  numbers,  for  the   numbers  came. 

Pope. 

8 


LISP,  I',  t.   To  pronounce  with  a  lisp ;  as, 

she  lisped  a  few  words. 

LISP,  ji.  The  act  of  lisping,  as  in  uttering  an 
aspirated  th  for  *. 

LISI'ER,  n.  One  that  lisps. 

LISP'ING,  ppr.  Uttering  with  a  lisp. 

LJSl'liNULY,  adv.  ^Vith  a  lisp.        Holder. 

LIST,  n.  [Sax.  Sw.  list ;  It.  Sp.  lista  ; 
Fr.  Dan.  lisle;  D.  lyst ;  G.  lilze.  If 
list,  a  roll  or  catalogue,  and  list,  a  border 
or  strip  of  cloth,  are  from  the  same  root, 
we  find  the  original  orthography  in  the 
Arm.  Itz,  and  Sp.  liza,  and  perhaps  the  L. 
licium,  Fr.  lice.  Rut  in  some  languages 
the  words  are  distinguished ;  Fr.  lisle,  a 
roll,  and  lisicre,   a  list  or  selvage  of  cloth.] 

1.  In  commerce,  the  border,  edge  or  selvage 
of  cloth  ;  a  strip  of  cloth  forming  the  bor- 
der, particularly  of  broadcloth,  and  serv- 
ing to  strengthen  it. 

2.  A  line  incloshig  or  forming  the  extremity 
of  a  piece  of  ground,  or  field  of  combat ; 
hence,  the  ground  or  field  inclosed  for  a 
race  or  combat.  Hence,  to  enter  the  lists, 
is  to  accept  a  challenge  or  engage  in  con- 
test.    Hence, 

3.  A  limit  or  boundary  ;  a  border. 

4.  In  architecture,  a  little  square  molding; 
a  fillet ;  called  also  a  lislel. 

a.  A  roll  or  catalogue,  that  is,  a  row  or  line  ; 
as  a  list  of  names  ;  a  list  of  books  ;  a  list 
of  articles ;  a  list  of  ratable  estate. 

G.  A  strij)  of  cloth  ;  a  fillet.  SwiJ^. 

Civil  list,  in  Great  Britain  and  the  United 
States,  the  civil  ofliccrs  of  government,  as 
judges,  embassadors,  secretaries,  &c. 
Hence  it  is  used  for  the  revenues  or  ap- 
propriations of  public  money  for  the  sup- 
port of  the  civil  ofiicers. 

LIST,  V.  t.  [from  list,  a  roll.]  To  enroll ;  to 
register  in  a  list  or  catalogue  ;  to  enlist. 
The  latter  is  the  more  elegant  word. 
Hence, 

2.  To  engage  in  the  iiublic  service,  as  sol- 
diers. 

They  in  my  name  are  listed.  Dryden. 

3.  To  inclose  for  combat ;  as,  to  list  a  field. 

Dryden. 

4.  To  sew  together,  as  strips  of  cloth  ;  or  to 
form  a  border.  tVolton. 

5.  To  cover  with  a  list,  or  with  strips  of 
cloth  ;  as,  to  list  a  door. 

6.  To  hearken  ;  to  attend  ;  a  contraction  of 
listen,  which  see. 

LIST,  V.  i.  To  engage  in  public  service  by 
enrolling  one's  name  ;  to  enlist.  [The 
latter  is  the  more  elegant  word.  See 
Enlist.] 

LIST,  V.  i.  [Sax.  lystan ;  G.  lUslen ;  D.  /lis- 
ten; Sw.lysta;  Dan.  lyster.  See  Ltist. 
The  primarj'  sense  seems  to  be  to  lean, 
incline,  advance  or  stretch  toward.  [See 
the  Noun.] 

Properly,  to  lean  or  incline ;  to  be  prepense  ; 
hence,  to  desire  or  choose. 

Let  otlier  men  tliink  of  your  devices  as  they 

list.  IVhitgifte. 

The  wind  bloweth  where  it  listeth.  John  iii. 

LIST,  n.  In  the  language  of  seamen,  an 
inclination  to  one  side.  The  ship  has  a 
lilt  to  port.  Mar.  Diet. 

LIST'ED,  pp.  Striped ;  particolored  in 
stripes. 

2.  Covered  with  list. 

3.  Inclosed  for  combat. 

4.  Engaged  in  pubhc  service ;  enrolled. 


L  I  T 


LIT 


LIT 


LIST'EL,  n.  A  list  in  architecture ;  a  fillet. 

Encyc. 
LIST'EN,  V.  i.  lis'n.  [Sax.  lystan  or  hlystan ; 

D.    luisteren.       Qu.    G.   lauschen ;    Scot. 

lilh.] 

1.  To  hearken  ;  to  give  ear ;  to  attend 
closely  with  a  view  to  hear. 

On  the  green  bank  1  sat,  and   listened  long. 

Dry  den . 

2.  To  obey  ;  to  yield  to  advice ;  to  follow 
admonition. 

LIS'TEN,  V.  t.  lis'n.  To  hear ;  to  attend. 

Shak. 

IJST'ENER,  n.  One  who  listens;  a  heark- 
ener. 

LIST'ER,  n.  One  who  makes  a  list  or  roll 

LIST'FUL,  a.  Attentive.     Obs.        Spenser. 

LIST'ING,  pnr.  Inclosing  for  combat ;  cov 
ering  with  list ;  enlisting. 

LIST'LESS,  a.   Not  listening  ;  not  attend 
ing  ;  indifferent  to  what  is  passing;  heed 
less  ;  inattentive  ;   thoughtless  ;   careless  ; 
as  a  listless  hearer  or  spectator. 

LIST'LESSLY,  adv.  Without  attention 
heedlessly. 

LIST'LESSNESS,  n.  Inattention;  heed- 
lessness ;  indifference  to  what  is  passing 
and  may  be  interesting. 

LIT,  pref.  of  light.  The  bird  lit  on  a  tree 
before  me. 

I  lit  my  pipe  with  the  paper.  .Addison 

[This  word,  though  used  by  some  good 
writers,  is  very  inelegant.] 

LIT' ANY,  n.  [Fr.  litanie.  Or.  UtavtM. 
supplication,  from  ^itoffvu,  XiTojuai,  Xioao 
Hai,  to  pray.] 

A  solemn  form  of  supplication,  used  in  pub 
lie  worship. 

Supplications  for  the  appeasing  of  God's 
wrath,  were  by  the  Greek  church  termed  lita- 
nies, by  the  Latin,  rogations.  Hooker. 

LITE,  a.  Little.  [JSTot  in  use.] 

liiTER,  n.  [Fr.  litre,  from  Gr.  ntpa.]  A 
French  measure  of  capacity,  being  a  cubic 
decimeter,  containing,  according  to  Lu 
nier,  about  a  pint  and  a  Iialf  old  French 
measure.  The  liter  is  equal  to  60,02800 
cubic  inches,  or  nearly  2J  wine  pints. 

Cye. 

LIT'ERAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  litera,  a  letter.] 

L  According  to  the  letter  ;  primitive;  real 
not   figurative   or    metaphorical ;    as  the 
literal  meaning  of  a  phrase. 

2.  Following  the  letter  or  exact  words ;  not 
free  ;  as  a  literal  translation. 

3.  Consisting  of  letters. 

The  literal  notation  of  numbers  was  known 
to  Europeans  before  the  ciphers.  Johnson. 

LIT'ERAL,  n.  Literal  meaning.  [JVot 
used.]  Brown. 

LIT'ERALISM,  n.  That  which  accords 
with  the  letter.  Milton. 

LITERAL'ITY,  ji.  Original  or  literal  mean- 
iijcT.  Broimi. 

LIT'^ERALLY,  adv.  According  to  the  pri- 
mary and  natural  import  of  words;  not 
figuratively.  A  man  and  his  wife  cannot 
be  literally  one  flesh. 

2.  With  close  adherence  to  words  ;  word 
by  word. 

So  wild  and  ungovernable  a  poet   cannot  be 
translated  literalli/.  JJrydeii. 

LIT'ERARY,  a.  [L.  literarius.]  Pertaining 
to  letters  or  literature  ;  respecting  learn- 
ing or  learned  men  ;  as  a  literary  history  ; 
literary  conversation. 


2.  Derived  from  erudition  ;  as  literary  fame. 

3.  Furnished  with  erudition ;  versed  in  let- 
ters ;  as  a  literary  man. 

4.  Consisting  in  letters,  or  written  or  printed 
compositions;  as  literaiy  property. 

LIT'ERATE,  a.    [L.   literatus.]    Learned; 
lettered;  instructed  in  learning  and  sci- 
ence. Johnson. 
LITERA'TI,   n.  plu.    [L.  literatus.]      The 
learned;  men  of  erudition.           Spectator. 
LIT'ERATOR,    n.    [L.]     A  petty  school- 
master. Burke. 
LIT'ERATURE,  n.  [L.  literatitra.]    Learn- 
ing ;  acquaintance   with  letters  or  books. 
L/iteralure  comprehends  a  knowledge  of 
the  ancient  languages,  denominated  clas 
sical,  history,   grammar,    rhetoric,    logic, 
geography,  &c.  as  well  as  of  the  sciences. 
A    knowledge   of  the    world    and    good 
breeding  give  luster  to  literature. 
LITH,  n.  [Sax.]  A  joint  or  limb.     Ohs. 

Chaucer. 
LITHAN'THRAX,  n.    [Gr.  >.i9os,  a  stone 

and  ot9pa|,  a  coal.] 
Stone-coal,  a  black,  compact,  brittle,  inflam- 
mable   substance,   of  laminated   texture, 
more  or  less  shining.  JVicholson. 

LITH'ARgE,  n.  [Fr.  fi-om  L.  lithargyros. 
Gr.  /iiSopyDpo;,  the  spume  or  scum  of 
silver.] 
A  semi-vitreous  oxyd  of  lead,  produced  in 
refining  silver  by  cupellation  with  lead. 
It  appears  in  the  form  of  soft  flakes,  or 
senn-transparent  shining  plates. 

Diet.  JVat.  Hist.     Encyc.     JVicholson. 
LITHE,  a.  [Sax.  lilh,  lithe ;  W.Uyth.]  That 
may  be  ea&ily  bent;  pliant;  flexible;  lim- 
ber ;  as  the  elephant's  lithe  proboscis. 

Milton. 
LITHE,  i>.  t.  To  smooth  ;  to  soften ;  to  pal 
Hate.     Obs.  Chaucer. 

2.  To  listen.     Obs.     [See  Listen.^ 
LI'THENESS,  n.  Flexibility;  linibemess. 
LI'THER,  a.  Soft ;  l)liant.     Obs.  Shak. 

2.  [Sax.  lythr.]  Bad  ;  corrupt.     Obs. 

Woollon. 
LI'THERLY,  arft).  Slowly;  lazily.     Obs. 

Barret. 
LI'THERNESS,  n.  Idleness ;  laziness.  Obs. 

Barret. 
LITH'IA,  11.  A  new  alkali,  found  in  a  min- 
eral called  petalite,  of  which  the  basis  is  a 
metal  called  lithium.  Davy.     lire. 

LITH'IATE,  n.  [Gr.  mSoj,  a  stone.]  A  salt 
or  compound  formed  by  the  lithic  acid 
combined  with  a  base.  Hooper. 

LITH'le,    a.    [supra.]    Pertaininrj    to   the 
stone  in  the  bladder.     The  lilhic  acid  is 
obtained  from  a  calculus  in  the  bladder. 
LITHOBIBLION.     [See  Lithophyl.] 
LITH'OCARP,  n.  [Gr.  ?.iSo5,  a  stone,  and 
xaprtos,  fruit.]     Fossil  fruit ;  fruit  petrified 
Did.  jVut.  Hist. 
LITH'OeOLLA,  )i.    [Gr.  uBot,  a  stone,  and 
xowa,  glue.]     A  cement  that  unites  stones. 

Jlsh. 

LITIIODEN'DRON,   n.    [Gr.  xiOa,  stone, 

and  iffitiov,  /tree.]     Coral  ;  so  called  fron 

its  resembling  a  petrified  branch.       Parr 

LITHOgEN'ESY,  n.  [Gr.  uBo;,  stone,  and 

yiviatf,  generation.] 
The  doctrine  or  science  of  the  origin  of  min 
erals  composing  the    globe,    and   of  the 
causes  which  have  produced  their   forn 
and  disposition.  Diet.  JVal.  Hist. 


LITHOGLYPH'ITE,  n.  [Gr.  ueo;,  stone, 
and  yXvfu,  to  engrave.] 

A  fossil  that  presents  the  appearance  of  ba- 
ng engraved  or  shaped  by  art.       Lunier. 

LITHOG'RAPHER,  n.  [See  Lithography.] 
One  who  practices  lithography. 

LITHOGRAPH'Ie,         )        Pertaining   to 

LITHOGRAPH'IeAL,  I  "'  lithography. 

LITHOGRAPHICALLY,  adv.  By  the  lith- 
ograi)hic  art. 

LITHOGRAPHY,  n.  [Gr.  XiSo;,  stone,  and 
ypa^ui,  to  engrave  or  write.] 

The  art  of  engraving,  or  of  tracing  letters, 
figures  or  other  designs  on  stone,  and  of 
transferring  them  to  paper  by  impression  ; 
an  art  recently  invented  by  Mr.  Senne- 
felder  of  Munich,  in  Bavaria. 

Joum.  of  Science. 

LITHOLOG'l€,        ?        ra       t -.i  i       ^ 

LITHOLO(J'l€AL,  \  "•  1^*=^  Lithology.] 

Pertaining  to  the  science  of  stones. 

LITHOL'OgIST,  n.    A  person  skilled  in 

the  science  of  stones. 
LITHOL'OgY,  n.  [Gr.  J-iSoj,  stone,  and  \o. 

yo;,  discourse.] 

1.  The  science  or  natural  history  of  stones. 

Fourcroy. 

2.  A  treatise  on  stones  found  in  the  body. 

Coxe. 

LITH'OMANCY,  n.  [Gr.  uOos,  stone,  and 

fiantita,  divination.] 
Divination  or  prediction  of  events  by  means 
of  stones.  Broicn. 

LITHOMAR'GA,  }      [Gr.  JiiSof,  stone,  and 
LITH'OMARgE,   S       L-  marga,  marl.] 
An  earth  of  two  species,  friable  and  indura- 
ted, more  siliceous  than  aluminous,  dis- 
tinguished by  its   great   fineness  and   its 
fusibihty  into  a  soft  slag. 

Diet.  JVat.  Hist.     Kirwan.     lire. 
LITHONTRIP'TIC,«.  [Gr.  TiiSot,  stone,  and 

■fptSu,  to  wear  or  break.] 
Having  the  quality  of  dissolving   the  stone 

in  the  bladder  or  kidneys. 
LlTHONTRIP'TIe,  n.  A  medicine  which 
has  the  power  of  dissolving  the  stone  in 
the  bladder  or  kidneys  ;  a  solvent  of  stone 
in  the  human  urinary  passages.         Coxe. 
LITH'ONTRIPTOR,  )      An  instrument  for 
LITH'OTRITOR,        ^  ''     triturating     the 
stone  in  the  bla(lder,  so  that  it  may  be  ex- 
tracted without  cutting  ;  recently  invent- 
ed by  Dr.  Civiale. 
LITH'ONTRIPTY,  {      The    operation   of 
LITH'OTRITY,       \  "'triturating  the  stone 
in  the  bladder,  by  means  of  an  instrument 
called  lithotritor. 
LITHOPH'AGOUS,    a.    [Gr.  Mdos,   stone, 

and  ijioyu,  to  eat.] 
Eating  or  swallowing  stones  or  gravel,  as 

the  ostrich. 
LITH'OPllOSPHOR,  n.    [Gr.  udo;,  stone, 

and  $uiff$opo!.] 
A  stone  that  becomes  phosphoric  by  heat. 

Diet.  JVal.  Hist. 

LITHOPHOSPHOR'IC,   a.    Pertaining  to 

lithophosphor;   becoming  phosphoric  by 

heat. 

LITHOPHYL,    n.    [Gr.  ^i9oj,   stone,   and 

fvJAov,  a  leaf.] 
Bibliolitc  or  lithobihlion,  fossil  leaves,  or  the 

figures  of  leaves  on  fussils. 
LITH'OPHYTE,  n.    [Gr.  7.i9o5,  stone,  and 

fvrov,  a  plant ;  literally,  stone-plant.] 
Istonc-coral ;  a  name  given  to  those  species 


LIT 


L  I  T 


L  I  V 


of  polypiers,   whose   substance  is  stony. 

The  older  naturalists  classed  them  with 

vegetables.  Cuvier.     Ray. 

LITHOPIIYT'IC,   a.    Pertaining  to  litho- 

phytes. 
LITH'OPHYTOUS,    a.     Pertaining  to  or 

consisting  of  lithophytes. 
LITH'OTOME,    n.    [Gr.  ueos,  stone,  and 

ieHvu,  to   cut.] 

A  stone  so  formed  naturally  as  to  appear  as 
if  cut  artificially.  Diet.  Nal.  Hist. 

LITHOTOM'I€,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  per- 
formed by  lithotomy. 

LITIIOT'OMIST,  71.  [See  Lithotomy.]  One 
who  performs  the  operation  of  cutting  for 
the  stone  in  the  bladder ;  or  one  who  is 
skilled  in  the  operation. 

LITHOT'OMY,   n.    [Gr.  >.i9o;,  stone,   and 

■ff/UKO,  to  cut.] 

The  operation,  art  or  practice  of  cutting  for 
the  stone  in  the  bladder. 

LITHOX'YLE,  n.  [Gr.  XiSoj,  stone,  and 
t\iKov,  wood.] 

Petrified  wood.  It  difjers  from  lignite,  be- 
ing really  changed  into  stone  ;  such  as 
silicified  "woods,  which  are  changed  into 
varieties  of  silex,  &c.  Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

LITH'Y,  a.  [See  Lithe.]  Easily  bent ;  plia- 
ble. [This  is  probably  the  word  which, 
in  our  popular  use,  is  pronounced  lathy.] 

LIT'IGANT,  a.  [See  Litigate.]  Contend- 
ing in  law  ;  engaged  in  a  lawsuit ;  as  the 
parties  litigant  Ayliffe. 

LIT'IGANT,  71.  A  person  engaged  in  a  law- 
suit. L'E.itrange. 

LIT'IGATE,  V.  t.  [L.  litigo,  from  lis,  litis,  a 

contest  or  debate  ;  Ar.  Jvl    ladda,  to  dis 

pute.    Class  Ld.  No.  2.     Lis,  litis,  coin 

cides  with  the  Sax.  Jlit,  contention ;  flitan, 

to  contend.] 
To  contest  in  law ;  to  prosecute  or  defend 

by  pleadings,  exhibition  of  evidence,  and 

judicial  debate  ;  as,  to  litigate  a  cause  or  a 

question. 
LIT'IGATE,  v.i.    To   dispute   in   law;  to 

carry  on  a  suit  by  judicial  process. 
LIT'IGATED,  pp.  Contested  judicially. 
LIT'IGATING,  ppr.   Contesting  in  law. 
LITIGA'TION,  71.    The  act  or  process   of 

carrying  on  a  suit  in  a   court   of  law  or 

equity  for  the  recovery  of  a  right  orclaira; 

a  judioial  contest. 
LITIG'IOUS,  a.    [Fr.  litigieux ;   L.  litigio- 

sus.] 

1.  Inclined  to  judicial  contest ;  given  to  the 
practice  of  contending  in  law  ;  quarrel- 
some ;  contentious ;  applied  to  persons.  A 
litigious  man  is  a  bad  neighbor  and  a  bad 
citizen. 

2.  Disputable  ;  controvertible ;  subject  to 
contention ;  as  litigious  right. 

Blackstone 
No   fences,    parted    fields,    nor  marks   nor 

bounds, 
DisUnguish'd  acres  of  litigious  grounds. 

Dry  den 
LITIG'IOUSLY,     adv.     In  a  contentious 

manner. 

I.ITIG'IOUSNESS,  71.  A  disposition  to  en- 
gage in  or  to  carry  on  lawsuits ;  inclina- 
tion to  judicial  contests. 
LIT'ML'S,    )         A  blue  pigment,   formed 
LAC'MUS,  S  from  aroliil,  a  species  of 

lichen.     [See  .Irchit.]     It   is  prepared  by 


bruising  the  arcliil,  and  adding  quick  lirae|2.  A  small  space, 


and  putrefied  urine,  or  spirit  of  urine  dis- 
tillecl  from  lime.  The  mixture,  after  cool- 
ing and  the  evaporation  of  the  fluid,  be- 
comes a  mass  of  the  consistence  of  paste, 
which  is  laid  on  a  board  to  dry  in  square 
lumps.  Encyc. 

LIT'ORN,  7!.  A  bird,  a  species  of  thrush, 
in  size  and  shape  resembling  the  hen- 
blackbird.  Diet.  ,Vat.  Hist. 

LIT'OTE,  71.  [Gr.  Jiirof,  slender.]  Diminu- 
tion ;  extenuation.  Pope. 

LIT'TER,  71.  [Fr.  litiere,  from  «i< ;  contract- 
ed from  L.  lectus,  from  the  root  of  lfgo,\ 
Eng.  lay;  It.  I  ettiea  or  lettiga;  Sp.  litera  ;\ 
Port,  liteira  ;  Arm.  leter.]  j 

1.  A  vehicle  formed  with  shafts  supporting 
a  bed  between  them,  in  which  a  person 
may  be  borne  by  men  or  by  a  horse.  If 
by  the  latter,  it  is  called  a  horse-litter.  A: 
similar  vehicle  in  India  is  called  a  palan-'; 
quin.  ' 

2.  Straw,  hay  or  other  soft  substance,  used 
as  a  bed  for  horses  and  for  other  pur-j 
poses.  j 

3.  \\ce.lider,  generation,  from  the  root  of 
lad,  leod.]  A  brood  of  young  pigs,  kittens,| 
puppies,  or  other  quadrupeds.  The  word 
is  applied  only  to  certain  quadrupeds  of 
the  smaller  kinds.  [Qu.  the  root  of  lad.]    \ 

4.  A  birth  of  pigs  or  other  small  animals. 
.5.  Waste   matter.s,    shreds,   fragments   and 

the  like,  scattered  on  a  floor  or  other 
clean  place. 
LIT'TER,  t'.  t.  To  bring  forth  young,  as 
swine  and  other  small  quadrupeds.  It  is 
sometimes  applied  to  human  beings  in 
contempt.  Shak. 

2.  To  scatter  over  carelessly  with  shreds,! 
fragments  and  the  like ;  as,  to  litter  a 
room  or  a  carpet.  Smjl. 

3.  To  cover  with  straw  or  hay  ;  as,  to  litter 
a  stable.  Dryden. 

4.  To  supply  with  litter  ;  as,  to  litter  cattle. 
LIT'TERED,  pp.  Furnished  with  straw. 
2.  a.  Covered    or    overspread    with    litter, 

pieces,  shreds,  &c. 
LIT'TLE,  a.  comp.  less,  lesser  ;  sup.  least. 
[Sax.  lytel,  lytle  ;  Scot,  lite,  lyte,  adv.  lyt ; 
Goth,  leitil ;  Sw.  liten  ;  Dan.  liden  ;  D. 
luttel ;  probably  from  the  sense  of  dimin- 
ishing.    Class  Ld.  No.  15.  22.  31.] 

1.  Small  in  size  or  extent ;  not  great  or 
large  ;  as  a  little  body  ;  a  little  animal  ;  a 
little  piece  of  groimd  ;  a  little  table  ;  a  little 
book  ;  a  little  hill ;  a  little  distance  ;  a  little 
child. 

2.  Short  in  duration  ;  as  a  little  time  or  sea- 
son ;  a  little  sleep. 

3.  Small  in  quantity  or  amount;  as  a  little 
hay  or  grass;  a  little  food  ;  a  little  sum;  a 
little  light ;  a  little  air  or  water. 

Of  small  dignity,  power  or  importance. 

When  thou  wast  little  in  thy  own  sight,  wast 
thou  not  made  the  head  of  the  tribes  ?     1  Sam. 

XV. 

5.  Of  small  force  or  efi(?ct;  slight;  inconsid- 
erable ;  as  little  attention  or  exertions ; 
little  effort ;  little  care  or  diligence ;  little 
weight. 

LIT'TLE,  71.  A  small  quantity  or  amount. 
He  demanded  much  and  obtained  little 
He  had  little  of  his  father's  liberality. 


Much  was  in  little  writ —  Drydett . 

3.  Any  thing  small,  slight,  or  of  inconsidera- 
ble importance. 

I  view  with  anger  and  disdain. 

How  little  gives  thee  joy  and  pain.        Prior. 

4.  Not  much. 
These  they  are  fitted  for,  and  little  else. 

Cheync. 
LIT'TLE,  adv.  In  a  small  degree  ;  slightly  ; 
as,  he  is  little  changed.     It  is  a  little  dis- 
colored. 

2.  Not  much ;  in  a  small  quantity  or  space 
of  time.     He  sleeps /j'We. 

3.  In  some  degree ;  slightly ;  sometimes  pre- 
ceded by  a.  The  liquor  is  a  little  sour  or 
astringent. 

LIT'TLENESS,  ti.  Smallness  of  size  or 
bulk  ;  as  the  littleness  of  the  body  or  of  an 
animal. 

3.  Cleanness  ;  want  of  grandeur ;  as  little- 
ness of  conception. 

3.  Want  of  dignity.  Contemplations  on  the 
majesty  of  God  displayed  in  his  works, 
may  awaken  in  us  a  sense  of  our  own 
lillletiess. 

4.  Meanness;  penuriousness. 
LIT'TORAL,   a.    [L.  littoralis,  from  littus, 

shore.]  Belonging  to  a  shore.  [Little 
tised.] 

LIT  LITE,  ;;.  A  fossil  shell. 

LITL'R'GICAL,  a.  [See  Liturgy.]  Pertain- 
ing to  a  liturgv. 

LlT'URtiY',  71. "  [Fr.  liturgie;  Sp.  It.  lUur- 
gia  ;  Gr.  xiitovpyui ;  Xfi-roj,  public,  and 
[f>yov,  work.] 

In  a  general  sense,  all  public  ceremonies 
that  belong  to  divine  service;  hence,  in  a 
restricted  sense,  among  the  Romanists, 
the  mass ;  and  among  protestants,  the 
common  prayer,  or  the  formulary  of  pub- 
lic prayers.  Johnson.     Encyc. 

LIVE,  V.  i.  liv.  [Sax.  liban,  leofan,  lifian  ; 
Goth,  liban  ;  Sw.  lefwa ;  Dan.  lever  ;  G. 
leben  :  D.  lieven.  It  coincides  with  leave. 
The  primary  sense  probably  is  to  rest,  re- 
main, abide.     If  so,  the  root  may  be  Ar. 

^^J  labha,  to  be,  to  abide.  Class  Lb. 
No.  1.] 

1.  To  abide;  to  dwell ;  to  have  settled  resi- 
dence in  any  place.  Where  do  you  live  ? 
I  live  in  London.  He  lives  in  Philadel- 
phia. He  lives  in  a  large  house  in  Second 
street.  The  Swiss  live  on  mountains.  The 
Bedouin  Arabs  live  in  the  desert. 

2.  To  continue ;  to  be  permanent ;  not  to 
perish. 

Men's  evil  manners  live  in  brass ;  their  virtues 
We  write  in  water.  Shak. 

3.  To  he  animated ;  to  have  the  vital  princi- 
ple ;  to  have  the  bodily  functions  in  ope- 
ration, or  in  a  capacity  to  operate,  as  res- 
piration, circulation  of  blood,  secretions, 
&c.;  applied  to  animals. 

I  am  Joseph  ;  doth  my  father  yet  live  ?  Gen. 
xlv, 

4.  To  have  the  principles  of  vegetable  life ; 
to  be  in  a  state  in  which  the  organs  do  or 
may  perform  their  functions  in  the  circu- 
lation of  sap  and  in  growth  ;  applied  ta 
plants.  This  tree  will  not  live,  unless  wat- 
ered ;    it  will  not  live  through  the  winter. 

To  pass  life  or  time  in  a  particular  man- 
ner, with  regard  to  habits  or  condition. 
In  what  manner  does  your  son  live  )  Does 


L  I  V 


L  r  V 


L  I  V 


he  live  in  ease  and  affluence  ?  Does  he  live 
according  to  tliedlctates  of  reason  and  the 
precepts  of  religion  ? 

If  we  act  by  several  broken  views,  we  shall 

live  and  die  in  misery.  Spectator. 

0.  To  continue  in  life.     The  way  to  live  long 

is  to  be  temperate. 
7.  To  live,  emphatically  ;  to  enjoy  Ufe;    to 
be  in  a  state  of  happiness. 
What  greater  curse  could  envious  fortune  give, 
Than  just  to  die,  when  I  began  to  live  ? 

Dry  den 
B.  To  feed ;  to  subsist ;  to  be  nourished  and 
supported  in  life  ;  as,  horses  live  on  grass 
or  grain  ;  fowls  live  on  seeds  or  insects ; 
some  kinds  of  fish  live  on  others ;  carniv- 
orous animals  live  on  flesh. 

9.  To  subsist ;  to  be  maintained  in  life ;  to 
be  supported.  Many  of  the  clergy  are 
obliged  to  live  on  small  salaries.  All  men 
in  health  may  livehy  industry  with  econo- 
my, yet  some  men  live  by  robbery. 

10.  To  remain  undestroyed ;  to  float;  not  to 
sink  or  founder.  It  must  be  a  good  ship 
that  lives  at  sea  in  a  hurricane. 

Nor  can  our  shaken  vessels  live  at  sea. 

Dry  den. 

11.  To  exist;  to  have  being. 

As  I  live,  saith  the  Lord —     Ezek.  xviii. 

12.  In  Scripture,  to  be  exempt  from  death, 
temporal  or  spiritual. 

Ve  shall  therefore  keep  my  statutes  and  judg- 
ments, which  if  a  man  do,  he  shall  live  in  them 
Lev.  sviii. 
1-3.  To  recover  from  sickness ;    to  have  hfe 
prolonged. 

Thy  son  liveth.     John  iv. 

14.  To  be  inwardly  quickened,  nourished 
and  actuated  by  divine  influence  or  faith. 
Gal.  ii. 

15.  To  be  greatly  refreshed,  comforted  and 
animated. 

For  now  we  live,  if  ye  stand  fast  in  the  Lord 
1  Thess.  iii. 

16.  To  appear  as  in  life  or  reahty ;  to  be 
manifest  in  real  character. 

And  all  the  writer  lives  in  every  line.  Pope. 
To  live  ivith,  to  dwell  or  to  be  a  lodger  with. 
9.  To  cohabit;  to  have  intercourse,  as  male 

and  female.  Shak. 

LIVE,  V.  t.  liv.  To  continue  in  constantly  or 

habitually;  as,  to  live  a  life  of  ease. 
2.  To  act  habitually  in  conformity  to. 

It  is  not  enough  to  say  prayers,  unless  they 

live  them  too.  Parker. 

LIVE,   a.    Having  life ;   having  res|)iration 

and  other  organic  functions  in  operation, 

or  in  a  capacity  to  operate  ;  not  dead ;  as 

a  live  ox. 

2.  Having  vegetable  life  ;  as  a  live  plant. 

3.  Containing  fire  ;  ignited;  not  extinct;  as 
a  live  coal. 

4.  Vivid,  as  color.  Thomson. 
LIVELESS,  not  used.     [See  Lifeless.] 
LI'VELHIOOD,  71.  [lively  and  hood,  or  life- 
lode,  from  lead.     I  find  in  Saxon  lif-lade 
lead  or  course  of  life,  vita:  iter.] 

Means  of  living;  support  of  life;  main- 
tenance. Trade  furnishes  many  people 
with  an  honest  livelihood.  Men  of  enter 
prise  seek  a  livelihood  where  they  can 
find  it. 

LI'VELINESS,  n.  [from  lively.]  The  qual- 
ity or  .state  of  being  lively  or  animated  ;' 
sprightline.ss  ;  vivacity  ;  animation  ;  spirit ; 
as  the  liveliness  of  youth,  contrasted  with 
the  gravity  of  age. 


2.  An  appearance  of  life,  animation  or  spirit ; 
as  the  liveliness  of  the  eye  or  countenance 
in  a  portrait. 

3.  Briskness ;  activity  ;  effervescence,  as  of 
liquors. 

LIVELODE,  for  livelihood,  not  used. 

Hubherd's  Tale. 
LIVELONG,   a.    liv'long.    [live  and  long.] 

1.  Long  in  passing. 

How  could  she  sit  the  livelong  day. 

Yet  never  ask  us  once  to  play  ?  Surift 

2.  Lasting ;  durable ;  as  a  livelong  monu- 
ment.    [A/ot  used.]  Millon. 

3.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Sedum. 
LI'VELY,  a.  Brisk;   vigorous;   vivacious; 

active  ;  as  a  lively  youth. 

2.  Gay  ;  airy. 

From  grave  to  gay,  from  lively  to  severe. 

Pope. 

3.  Representing  life ;  as  a  lively  imitation  of 
nature. 

4.  Animated  ;  spirited  ;  as  a  lively  strain  of 
eloquence  ;  a  lively  description. 

.5.  Strong ;    energetic  ;    as  a  lively  faith  or 

hope  ;  a  lively  persuasion. 
Lively  stones,  in  Scripture.   Saints  are  called 
lively  stones,  as  being   quickened  by  the 
Spirit  and  active  in  holiness.  Brown. 

LI'VELY,  adv.  Briskly;  vigorously.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Hayward. 
2.  With  strong  resemblance  of  life. 

That  part  of  poetry  must  needs  be  best,  which 
describes  most  lively  our  actions  and  passions, 
[Little  used.]  Dryden 

LIV'ER,  n.  One  who  lives. 

And  try  if  life  be  worth  the  liver's  care. 


Prior 

It  is  often  used   with  a  word  of  qualifi- 
cation ;  as  a  high  liver ;  a  loose  liver,  &c. 

LIV'ER,  n.  [Sax.  lifer,  lifre  ;    D.  leever  ;  G 
leber  ;  Sw.  lefver  ;   Dan.  lever  ;  Russ.  liber. 
The  Saxon  word  is  rendered  also  libra 
mentum,  and   this   viscus   may   be  named 
from  its  iveight.~ 

A  viscus  or  intestine  of  considerable  size 
and  of  a  reddish  color,  convex  on  the  an- 
terior and  superior  side,  and  of  an  unequa 
surface  on  the  inferior  and  posterior  side. 
It  is  situated  under  the  false  ribs,  in  the 
right  hypochondriuni.  It  consists  of  two 
lobes,  of  a  glandular  substance,  and  des 
lined  for  the  secretion  of  the  bile. 

Encyc. 

LIV'EReoLOR,  a.  Dark  red  ;  of  the  color 
of  the  liver.  Woodward. 

LIV'ERED,  a.  Having  a  liver;  as  while-fo- 
ered.  Sherwood. 

LIV'ERGROWN,  a.  Having  a  large  liver. 

Graunt 

LIV'ERSTOxNE,  11.  [G.lcber-slcin.]  A  stone 
or  siKicies  of  earth  of  the  liarytic  genus,  of 
a  gray  or  brown  color,  wliieh,  when  rub 
bed  or  heated  to  redness,  emits  the  sniel 
of  liver  of  sulphur,  or  alkaline  sulphuret. 

Kirwan. 

LIVERWORT,  )!.  The  name  of  many  spe- 
cies  of  plants.  Several  of  the  lichens  are 
so  called.  The  liverworts  (Hepaticaj  are 
a  natural  order  of  cryptogamian  plants, 
whose  herbage  is  generally  frondose,  and 
resembling  the  leafy  lichens,  but  whose 
seeds  are  contained  in  a  distinct  cajisule. 
The  noble  liverwort  is  the  Anemone  hepa- 
tica.  Smith.     Lee 

LIVERY,  n.  [Inform,  from  Fr.  livrcr,  to 
deliver.] 


1.  The  act  of  delivering  possession  of  landa- 
or  tenements;  a  term  of  English  law. 
It  is  usual  to  say,  livery  of  seisin,  which  is 
a  feudal  investiture,  made  by  the  delivery 
of  a  turf,  of  a  rod  or  twig,  from  the  feoffor 
to  the  feoffee.  In  America,  no  such  cere- 
mony is  necessary  to  a  conveyance  of  real 
estate,  the  delivery  of  a  deed  being  sufii- 

I     cient. 

l2.  Release  from  wardship ;  deliverance. 

I  King  Charles. 

3.  The  writ  by  which  possession  is  obtained. 

Johnson. 

4.  The  state  of  being  kept  at  a  certain  rate ; 
as,  to  keep  horses  at  livery.  Spenser. 

o.  A  form  of  dress  by  which  noblemen  and 
gentlemen  distinguish  their  servants.  The 
Romish  church  has  also  liveries  for  con- 
fessors, virgins,  apostles,  martyrs,  peni- 
tents, &c.     Hence, 

6.  A  particular  dress  or  garb,  appropriate  or 
peculiar  to  particular  times  or  things  ;   as 
the  livery  of  May  ;  the  livery  of  autumn. 
Now  came  still  evening  on,  and  twilight  gray 
Had  in  her  sober  livery  all  things  clad. 

Milton. 

j7.  The  whole  body  of  liverymen  in  London. 

ILIVERY,  v.  t.  To  clothe  in  livery.       Shak. 

LIV'ERYMAN,  n.  One  who  wears  a  livery ; 
as  a  servant. 

2.  In  London,  a  freeman  of  the  city,  of  some 
distinction.  The  liverymen  are  chosen 
from  among  the  freemen  of  each  compa- 
ny, and  from  their  number  are  elected  the 
common  council,  sheriff  and  other  superior 
officers  of  the  city.  They  alone  have  the 
right  of  voting  for  members  of  parhament. 

Encyc. 
LIVERY-STABLE,   n.     A  stable   where 

horses  are  kept  for  hire. 
LIVES,  n.  plu.  oflife. 
LI'VESTOCK,  71.  [live  and  stock.]    Horses, 

cattle  and  smaller  domestic  animals ;    a 

term  applied  in  America  to  such  animals 

as  may    be    exported  ahve    for    foreign 

market. 
LIVID,  a.  [Fr.  livide;  li.livido;  L.lividus  ; 

from  liveo,  to  be  black  and  blue.] 
Black  and  blue  ;   of  a  lead  color ;  discolored, 
j     as  flesh  by  contusion. 

I  Upon  my  livid  lips  bestow  a  kiss.      Dryden. 

LIVID'ITY,  I  A  dark  color,  like'  that 
LiyiDNESS,  S       of  bruised  flesh.     [Ld.v- 

idness  is  the  preferable  word.] 
LlV'llSG,  ppr.    [from  live.]     Dwelling  ;  re- 
t     siding  ;  existing  ;   subsisting  ;    having  life 
1    or  the  vital  functions  in  operation  ;   not 
I     dead. 

2.  a.  Issuing  continually  from  the  earth  ; 
I     running;   flowing;    as  a  /njjig-  spring  or 

fountain  ;  opposed  to  stagnant. 

3.  a.  Producing  action,  animation  and  vig- 
I  or;  quickening;  as  a  Hfmg- principle  ;  a 
1     living  faith. 

LIVING,  n.  He  or  those  who  are  alive ; 
usually  with  a  plural  signification  ;  as  in 
the  land  of  the  living. 

The  living  will  lay  it  to  his  heart.     Eccles 
vii. 
LIV'ING,  Ji.    Means  of  subsistence  ;  estate. 
He  divided  to  them  his  living.     Luke  xv. 
She  of  her  want,  did  ca^t  in  all  that  she  had, 
even  all  hor  living.     Mark  sii. 
2.  Power  of  continuing  life.     There  is  nc 
living  with  a  scold. 

There  is  no  /irm^  without  trustinp  some  body 
or  otlier  in  some  cases.  L'Estranee 


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L  O  A 


L  O  A 


'J.  Livelihood.  He  riiude  a  living  by  his  oc- 
cupation.    Tlie  woman  spins  lor  a  living. 

4.  The  benefice  of  a  clergyman.  He  lost  his 
living  by  non-conformity. 

LIV'INGLY,  adv.    In  a  living  state. 

Brown. 

Livonica  terra,  a  species  of  fine  bole  found  in, 
Livonia,  brought  to  market  in  little  cakes.' 

LI'VRE,  71.  [Fr.;  L.  libra.]  A  French  money; 
of  account,  etiual  to  20  sous,  or  ten  pence 
.sterling. 

LIXIV'IAL,      I       [L.    liiivius,    from    lix, 

LLXIV'IOUS,   I  "•  lye.] 

1.  Obtained  by  li.xiviatiou  ;  impregnated 
with  alkaline  salt  extracted  from  wood 
ashes.  lAxivial  salts  are  those  which  are 
obtained  by  passing  water  through  ashes, 
or  by  pouring  it  on  them. 

2.  Containing  salt  extracted  from  the  ashes 
of  wood. 

3.  Of  the  color  of  lye  ;  resembling  lye. 

4.  Having  the  qualities  of  alkaline  salts  from 
wood  aslies. 

LIXIVIATE,      ?       Pertaining    to  lye  or 

LIXIVIATED,  I"-  lixivium;  of  the  qual-i 
ity  of  alkaline  salts. 

2.  Impregnated  with  salts  from  wood  aslies.i 

LIXIV'IATE,  V.  t.  [h.  lixivia,  li.rivium,\yi:.] 
To  form  lye ;  to  impregnate  witli  salts 
from  wood  ashes.  Water  is  lixiviated  by 
passing  through  ashes. 

LIXIVIA'TION,  71.  The  operation  or  pro- 
cess of  extracting  alkaline  salts  from  aslies 
by  pouring  water  on  them,  tlie  water 
passing  through  them  imbibing  the  salts. 

LIXIV'ILfM,  )i.  [L.  from  lix,  Ije,  Sp.  lexia,\ 
Fr.  lessive.]  ! 

Lye ;  water  impregnated  with  alkaline  salts 
imbibed  from  wood  ashes.  It  is  some-i 
times  applied  to  other  extracts.  Boyle: 

LIZ'AHD,  n.  [Fr.  lezarde  ;  L.  laceHus  ;l 
Sp.  trigarto  ;  It.  luccrta,  lucerlola  ;  Arm.' 
glasiird.  If  lizard  is  the  L.  laccrta,  there 
has  been  a  change  of  c  into  ;  or  s,  which 
may  be  the  fact.  In  Ethioi)ic,  laisekat  is| 
lizard.  Gebelin  deduces  the  word  from 
an  oriental  word  Uxa,  to  hide.  But  this  is 
doiditful.] 

In  zoolog;/,  a  genus  of  amphibious  animals,! 
called  Lacerta,  and  comprehending  the! 
crocodile,  alligator,  chan;elion,  salaman- 
der, &c.  l$ut  the  name,  in  common  lifej 
is  applied  to  the  smaller  species  of  this 
genus,  and  of  these  there  is  a  great  va-i 
riety.  These  animals  are  ranked  in  the 
order  of  reptiles.  The  body  is  naked, 
with  four  feet  and  a  tail.  The  body  is' 
thicker  and  more  tapering  than  that  of  the 
serpent.  Encyc.' 

LIZ'ARD-TAIL,   n.  A  plant  of  the  genusj 

Saururus,  and  another  of  the  genus  Piper.l 

Fain,  of  Plants. 

LL.  D.  letters  standing  for  Doctor  of  Laws, 
the  title  of  an  honorary  degree. 

hO,  cxclam.  [Sax.  la.  Whether  this  is  a  con- 
tracted word  or  not,  does  not  appear.] 

Look  ;  see  ;  behold  ;  observe.  This  word 
is  used  to  excite  particular  attention  in  a' 
hearer  to  some  object  of  sight,  or  subjcctj 
of  discourse. 

Lo,  here  is  Christ.     Matt,  x-xiv. 

Lo,  we  turn  to  the  Gentiles.     Acts  xiii. 

LOACH,  ?  jj    [Fr.  loche.]      A  small  fish  ofj 

LOCHE,  \  '  the  genus  Cobitis,  inhabiting 
small  clear  streatns,  and  esteemed  dainty  J 
food.  }yaUoxi.\ 


LOAD,  n.  [Sax.  Mad  or  lade ;  W.  Ihiyth.  See 

Jjode.]  I 

1.  A  burden;  that  which  is  laid  on  or  put  in 
any  thing  for  conveyance.  Thus  we  lay 
a  load  on  a  beast  or  on  a  man's  shoulders,; 
or  on  a  cart  or  wagon  ;  and  we  say,  a  lightj 
load,  a  heavy  load.  A  load  then  is  indefi-[ 
nitein  quantity  or  weight.  But  by  usage, 
in  some  cases,  the  word  has  a  more  defi- 
nite signification,  and  expresses  a  certain 
quantity  or  weight,  or  as  much  as  is  usu- 
ally carried,  or  as  can  be  well  sustained. 
Load  is  never  used  for  the  cargo  of  a  ship ; 
this  is  called  loading,  lading,  freight,  or 
cargo. 

Any  heavy  burden ;  a  large  quantity  borne 
or  sustained.  A  tree  may  be  said  to  have 
a  /oa(/ of  fruit  upon  it. 

.3.  That  which  is  borne  with  pain  or  diffi- 
culty ;  a  grievous  weight ;   encumbrance 
in  a  literal  sense. 

Jove  lightened  of  its  load 
Th'  enormous  mass —  Pope. 

In  a  figurative  sense,  we  say,  a  load  of 
care  or  grief;  a  load  of  guilt  or  crimes. 

4.  Weight  or  violence  of  blows.  Milton 

5.  A  quantity  of  food  or  drink  that  op|)ress- 
es,  or  as  much  as  can  be  borne.       Dryden. 

().  Among  miners,  the  quantity  of  nine  dishes 
of  ore,  each  dish  being  about  half  a  hmi- 
dred  weight.  Encyc.     Cyc. 

LOAD,  I',  t.  pret.  and  pp.  loaded,  [loaden, 
formerly  used,  is  obsolete,  and  laden  be- 
longs to  lade.  Load,  from  the  noun,  is  a 
regular  verb.] 

L  To  lay  on  a  burden  ;  to  put  on  or  in  some- 
thing to  be  carried,  or  as  much  as  can  be 
carried  ;  as,  to  load acamel  or  a  horse  ;  to 
toad  a  cart  or  wagon.  To  load  a  gun,  is  to 
charge,  or  to  put  in  a  sufficient  quantity  of 
powder,  or  powder  and  ball  or  shot.  ! 

Q.  To  encumber ;  to  lay  on  or  put  in  that 
which  is  borne  with  pain  or  difiiculty  ;  in 
a  literal  sense,  as  to  load  the  stomach  with 
meat ;  or  in  a  figurative  sense,  as  to  load 
the  mind  or  memory. 

3.  To  make  heavy  by  something  added  or 
appended. 

Tliy  Jreadful  von-,  loaden  with  death — 

~1ddisoti . 
So  in  a  literal  sense,  to  load  a  whip. 

4.  To  bestow  or  confer  on  in  great  abun- 
dance ;  as,  to  load  one  with  honors  ;  to  loadi 
with  reproaches. 

LOADED,  pp.  Charged  with  a  load  or  car- 
go ;  having  a  burden  ;  freighted,  as  a  ship; 
having  a  charge  of  powder,  or  powder  and 
shot,  as  a  gun. 

2.  Burdened  with  any  thing  ojipressive  ;  as 
loaded  with  cares,  with  guilt  or  shame. 

LOADER,  n.  One  who  puts  on  a  load. 
LOADING,   ppr.    Charging   with    a   load 

burdening;  encumbering;  charging,  as  a 

gun. 
LOADIXG,  71.  A  cargo  :  a  burden  ;  also,  any 

thing  that  makes  part  of  a  load. 
LOADilMANAtiE,  n.  Pilotage;  skill  of  a  pi- 
lot.    [J\'ot  used.] 
LO.VDSMAN,  n.  [load  and  man.]  A  pilot. 

Obs. 
LOADSTAR,   )      [lead  and  star.]  The  star 
LODESTAR,   ^      that  leads  ;  the  polestar ; 

the  cynosure.     Obs.  Shak. 

LOADSTONE,  n.  [from  the   verb  lead  andl 

stone.    The  old  orthography,  todestone,  is 


most  correct,  as  this  word  has  no  connec- 
tion with  the  verb  to  load.] 

The  native  magnet,  an  ore  of  iron  in  the 
lowest  state  of  oxydation,  which  has  the 
power  of  attracting  metallic  iron,  as  iron 
filings,  and  of  communicating  to  nias.ses  of 
iron  the  same  property  of  attraction,  form- 
in-^  artificial  magntis.     [See  Lodestone.] 

LO.\F,  71.  plu.  loaves.  [Sax.  Idaf  or  laf; 
Goth,  hlaibs ;  G.  leib  ;  Polish,  clUieb  ;  Bo- 
hemian, chleb  ;  Russ.  ctdih  or  chleb  ;  Croa- 
tian, hlib  ;  Finnish,  leipa  or  leipam  ;  Lap- 
ponic,  laibe.  The  German  Icib  is  rendered 
a  loaf,  and  body,  waist,  bollv;  hiblich, 
which  in  English,  would  !)e  loaf-like,  sig- 
nifies corporeal,  bodily.  Z/oa/ then  signi- 
fies a  lump  or  mass,  from  some  root  that 
signifies  to  set,  or  to  collect,  or  to  form.] 

\.  A  mass  of  bread  when  baked.  It  is  larger 
than  a  cake.  The  size  and  price  of  a  loaf, 
in  large  cities,  are  regulated  by  law. 

2.  A  mass  or  lump,  as  of  sugar. 

3.  Any  thick  mass. 

LOAF-SlJGAR,  ?i.  Sugar  refined  and  form- 
ed into  a  conical  mass. 

LOAM,  71.  [Sax.  lam  ;  D.  letm  ;  G.  Mm  ;  L. 
limus  ;  Sw.  lim;  Dan.  liin,  liiyn  ;  so  named 
probably  from  smoothness  or  softness;  W. 
aim.] 

A  natural  mixture  of  sand  and  clay  with 
oxyd  of  iron  ;  a  species  of  earth  or  soil  of 
different  colors,  whitish,  brown  or  yellow, 
readily  diffusible  in  water. 

Cleaveland.     Encyc. 

LO.\M,  V.  i.  To  cover  with  loam.      Moxon. 

LOASIV,  a.  Consisting  of  loam  :  partaking 
of  the  nature  of  loam,  or  resembling  it. 

LO.VN,  ?!.  [Sax.  Ian,  Man ;  Sw.  Ian ;  Dan. 
laan  ;  D.leen;  G.  lehen.     ^c.c  Lend.] 

1.  The  act  of  lending;  a  lending. 

2.  That  which  is  lent;  any  thing  furnished 
for  temporary  use  to  a  person  at  his  re- 
quest, on  the  express  or  implied  condition 
that  the  specific  tiling  shall  be  returned, 
or  its  equivalent  in  kind,  but  without  com- 
pensation for  the  use  ;  as  a  loan  of  a  book 
or  of  bread. 

3.  Something  furnished  for  temporary  use, 
on  the  condition  that  it  shall  be  returned 
or  its  equivalent,  but  with  a  compensa- 
tion for  the  use.  In  this  sense,  loan  is 
generally  applied  to  money.     [See  Lend.} 

4.  A  furnishing  ;  permission  to  use  ;  grant 
of  the  use  ;  as  a  loan  of  credit.  Kent. 

LOAN,  I',  t.  [Sax.  latnan  ;  G.  lehntn ;  D. 
lecnen;  Sw.  liina  ;  Dan./aa»ier.] 

To  lend ;  to  deliver  to  another  for  temporary 
use,  on  condition  that  the  thing  shall  be 
returned,  as  a  book  :  or  to  deliver  for  use, 
on  condition  that  an  equivalent  in  kind 
shall  be  returned,  as  bread  ;  or  to  deliver 
for  temporary  use,  on  condition  that  an 
equivalent  in  kind  shall  he  returned,  with 
a  compensation  for  the  use,  as  in  the  case 
of  money  at  interest.  Bills  of  credit  were 
issued,  to  be  loaned  on  interest. 

Ramsay.     Kent.     Laws  of  the  U.  States. 
Stat,  of  Conn,  and  of  .Yew  York. 

LO'AN-OFFICE,  »!.  In  .imerica,  a  jiublic 
office  in  which  loans  of  money  are  nego- 
tiated for  the  public,  or  in  which  the  ac- 
counts of  loans  are  kept  and  the  interest 
paid  to  the  lender.a. 

LO'AN-OFFICER,  71.  A  public  officer  em- 
powered to  superintend  and  transact  the 
business  of  a  loan-office. 


LOB 


L  O  C 


LOG 


LOATH,  /      [Sax.  leUh,  hateful;  lathian,  to 

LOTH,  I  "'  lothe ;  Sw.  ledas,  to  lothe  or 
nauseate  ;  Dan.  leede,  lothesoine ;  he,  aver- 
sion. In  America,  the  primitive  pronim- 
ciation  of  lath,  that  is,  lawth,  is  retained 
in  the  adjective,  which  is  written  loth. 
The  verb  would  be  better  written  lolhe,  in 
analogy  with  cloth,  clothe.     See  Loth.] 

Disliking ;  unwilling ;  reluctant.  He  was 
loth  to  leave  the  company.     [See  Loth.] 

LOATHE,  )      .    To  hate  ;  to  look   on  with 

LOTHE,  l^'  '  hatred  or  abhorrence ;  par- 
ticularly, to  feel  disgust  at  food  or  drink, 
either  from  natural  antipathy,  or  a  sickly 
appetite,  or  from  satiety,  or  from  its  ill 
taste.     [See  Lotht.] 

LOATHER,  n.  One  that  lothes. 

LOATHFUL,  a.  Hating  ;  abhorring  through 
disgust.  HubheriTs  Tale. 

2.  Abhorred  ;  hated.  Spenser. 

LOATHING,  ;ii;*r.  Hating  from  disgust ;  ab- 
horring. 

L0.\TH1NGLY,  adv.  In  a  fastidious  man- 
ner. 

LOATHLY,  a.  Hateful  ;  exciting  hatred. 
Obs.  Spenser. 

LOATHLY,  adv.  Unwillingly;  reluctantly. 
[See  Lothly.] 

LOATHNESS,  n.  Unwillingness;  reluct- 
ance.    [See  Lothness.] 

LOATHSOME,  a.  Disgusting;  exciting  dis- 
gust. 

2.  Hateful ;  abhorred  ;  detestable. 

3.  Causing  fastidiousness.     [See  Lothesome.] 
LOATHSOMENESS,  n.  The  quality  which 

excites  disgust,  hatred  or  abhorrence. 

Addison. 
LOAVES,  plu.  of  loaf. 
LOB,   n.    [VV.    Hob,   allied  to   lubber,  looby, 

club,  &c.     Qu.  G.  laff.] 

1.  A  dull,  heavy,  sluggish  person. 

2.  Something  thick  and  heavy  ;  as  in  ^6- 
worm.  Ifalton. 

LOB,  II.  t.  To  let  fall  heavily  or  lazily. 
And  their  poor  jades 
Lob  down  their  heads.  Shak. 

LO'BATE,  )  ^    [from  lobe.]     Consisting  of 

LO'BED,     ^       lobes.     In  botany,  divided  to 

the  middle  into  parts   distant  from   eacli 

other,  with  convex  margins.  Martyii.' 

LOB' BY,    n.    [Qu.   G.  laube,  an   arbor  or 

bower.] 

1.  An  opening  before  a  room,  or  an  en- 
trance into  a  principal  apartment,  where 
there  is  a  considerable  space  between  that 
and  the  poi'tico  or  vestibule.  Encyc. 

2.  A  small  hall  or  waiting  room.  Encyc. 

3.  A  small  apartment  taken  from  a  hall  or 
entry. 

4.  In  a  ship,  an  apartment  close  before  the 
captain's  cabin.  Cyc 

5.  In  agriculture,  a  confined  place  for  cattle, 
formed  by  hedges,  trees  or  other  fencing, 
near  the  farm-yard.  Ci 

LOBE,  71.  [Fr.  lobe;  Sp.   Port,  lobo ;  L 
bus ;  Gr.  J.oSo;.] 

1.  Apart  or  division  of  the  lungs,  liver,  &c. 

2.  The  lower  soft  part  of  the  ear. 

3.  A  division  of  a  simple  leaf 

4.  The  cotyledon  or  placenta  of  a  seed. 
LO'BED,  a.  Lobate,  which  see. 
LOBSl'OUND,  n.  A  prison.  Hudibras. 
LOB'STER,  n.  [Sax.  loppestre  or   lopystre. 

The    first   syllable     coincides   with   Sax. 
lobbe,  a   spider,    and    with   loppe,  a  flea ; 


Cyc. 


probably  all  named  from  their  shape  or 
legs.  The  last  syllable  coincides  with  ster, 
in  spinster,  minister.] 

A  crustaceous  fish  of  the  genus  Cancer. 
Lobsters  have  large  claws  and  fangs,  and 
four  pair  of  legs.  They  are  said  to  change 
their  crust  annually,  and  to  be  frightened 
at  thunder  or  other  loud  report.  They 
constitute  an  article  of  food. 

LOB'ULE,  n.  [Sp.  lobulo.]  A  small  lobe. 

LO'CAL,  a.  [Fr.  Sp.  local ;  It.  locale  ;  L. 
localis ;  from  locus,  place.  Sans,  log  ;  from 
the  root  of  fai/,  L. /oco.     ^ee  Lay.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  place,  or  to  a  fi.xed  or  lim 
ited  portion  of  space.     We  say,  the  local 
situation  of  the  house   is  pleasant.     We 
are  often  influenced  in  our  opinions  by  lo 
cal  circinustances. 

2.  Limited  or  confined  to  a  spot,  place,  or 
definite  district ;  as  a  loccd  custom.  The 
yellow  fever  is  local'm  its  origin,  and  often 
continues  for  a  time,  to  be  a  local  disease. 

In  law,  local  actions  are  such  as  must  be 
brought  in  a  particular  county,  where  the 
cause  arises ;  distinguished  from  transito- 
ry actions.  Blackstone. 
LO€AL'ITY,  n.  Existence  in  a  place,  or  in 
a  certain  portion  of  space. 

It  is  thought  that  the  soul  and  angels  are  de- 
void of  quantity  and  dimension,  and  that  they 
have  nothing  to  do  with  grosser  locality. 

Glanville. 

2.  Limitation  to  a  county,  district  or  place ; 
as  locality  of  trial.  Blackstone 

.3.  Position  ;  situation  ;  place  ;    particularly, 

geographical  place  or  situation,  as  of  a 

mineral  or  plant. 
LO'eALLY,  adv.    With   respect  to  place 

in  place  ;  as,  to  be  locally  separated  or  dis 

tant. 
LO'€ATE,  V.  t.  [L.  loco,  locatus ;  It.  locare.] 

1.  To  i)lace  ;  to  set  in  a  particular  spot  or 
position. 
To  select,  survey  and  settle  the  bounds  of 

a  particular  tract  of  land  ;  or  to  designate 
a  portion  of  land  by  limits  ;  as,  to  locale  a 
tract  of  a  hundred  acres  in  a  particular 
township.  U.  States. 

3.  To  designate  and  determine  the  place  of; 
as,  a  committee  was  appointed  to  locate 
a  church  or  a  court  house.      »V.  England. 

LO'€ATED,  pp.  Placed;  situated;  fixed  in 

place. 
LO'€ATING,   ppr.     Placing ;     designating 

the  place  of 
LO€A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  placing,  or  of 

designating  the  place  of. 

2.  Situation  with  respect  to  place.  The  lo 
cation  of  the  city  on  a  large  river  is  favor 
able  for  commerce. 

.3.  That  which  is  located;  a  tract  of  land  de 
signaled  in  place.  U.  States. 

4.  In  the  civil  law,  a  leasing  on  rent. 
LOCH,  n.  [Gaelic]  A  lake;  a  bay  or  arm 

of  the  sea;  used  in  Scotland. 

LOCH,  n.  Loch  or  lohoch,  is  an  Arabian 
name  for  the  forms  of  medicines  called 
eclegmas,  lambatives,  lincturcs,  and  the 
like.  Quinri/. 

LOGH'AGE,  n.  [Gr.  %oxouyo(;  >.o;tof,  a  botly 
of  soldiers,  and  ayu,  to  lead.] 

In  Greece,  an  oflicer  who  commanded  a  lo- 
chus  or  cohort,  the  number  of  men  in 
which  is  not  certainly  known.         Mitford. 

LOCIIE.  [iaae  Loach.] 


LO'CHIA,  n.  [Gr.  7.oxt:M.]  Evacuations 
which  follow  childbirth. 

LO'CHIAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  evacuations 
from  the  womb  after  childbirth. 

LOCK,  n.  [Sax.  loc  or  loce,  an  inclosed  place, 
the  fastening  of  a  door,  a  tuft  or  curl  of 
hair.  In  the  latter  sense,  it  is  the  G.  locke, 
D.  lok,  h.Jloccus,  Eng.  lock;  Ir.  loc,  a  stop, 
hinderance  ;  W.  Hoc,  a  mound,  an  inclosed 
place;  Russ. /oAon,  a  lock  of  hair;  Sax. 
lucan,  Goth,  lukan,  to  lock  ;  Dan.  lukke,  a 
hedge,  fence  or  bar  ;  lukker,  to  shut,  to  in- 
close, to  fasten,  to  lock ;  Fr.  loquet,  a  latch ; 
Arm.  ticqued,  or  clicqed,  W.  elided.  Lock 
and  Jlock  may  be  of  one  family.  The  pri- 
mary sense  is  to  shut,  to  close,  to  press, 
strain  or  drive,  which  may  be  the  radical 
sense  of  Jlock,  Gr.  tOjxu,  rCoxof,  L.  plico,  as 
well  as  of  lock.  But  see  Class  Lg.  No.  48. 
and  13.  14.  16.] 

1.  Lock,  in  its  primary  sense,  is  any  thing 
that  fastens ;  but  we  now  appropriate  the 
word  tc  an  instrument  composed  of  a 
spring,  wards,  and  a  bolt  of  iron  or  steel, 
used  to  fasten  doors,  chests-  and  the  like. 
The  bolt  is  moved  by  a  key. 
The  part  of  a  musket  or  fowling-piece  or 
other  fire-arm,  which  contains  the  pan, 
trigger,  &c. 

Tlie  barrier  or  works  of  a  canal,  which 
confine  the  water,  consisting  of  a  dam, 
banks  or  walls,  with  two  gates  or  pairs  of 
gates,  which  may  be  opened  or  shut  at 
pleasure. 
A  grapple  in  wrestling.  Milton. 

5.  Any  inclosure.  Dryden. 

6.  A  tuft  of  hair;  a  plexus  of  wool,  hay  or 
other  hke  substance  ;  a  flock  ;  a  ringlet  of 
liair. 

A  lock  of  hair  will   draw  more  than  a  cable 
rope.  Grew. 

Lock  of  water,  is  the  measure  equal  to  the 
contents  of  the  chamber  of  the  locks  by 
which  the  consumption  of  water  on  a  ca- 
nal is  estimated. 

LOCK'-KEEPER,  n.  One  who  attends 
the  locks  of  a  canal. 

LOCK'-PADDLE,  n.  A  small  sluse  that 
serves  to  fill  and  empty  a  lock. 

LOCK'-SIL,  n.  An  angular  piece  of  timber 
at  the  bottom  of  a  lock,  against  which  the 
gates  shut. 

LOCK'-WEIR,  n.  A  paddle-weir,  in  canals, 
an  over-fall  behind  the  upper  gates,  by 
which  the  waste  water  of  the  upper  pound 
is  let  down  through  the  paddle-holes  into 
the  chamber  of  the  lock.  Cyc 

LOCK,  V.  t.  To  fasten  with  a  particular  in- 
strument ;  as,  to  lock  a  door ;  to  lock  a 
trunk. 

9.  To  shut  up  or  confine,  as  with  a  lock ; 
as,  to  be  locked  in  a  prison.  Lock  the  se- 
cret in  your  breast. 

To  close  fast.    Tlie  frost  locks  up  our  riv- 
ers. 

4.  To  embrace  closely ;  as,  to  lock  one   in 
the  arms. 
To  furnish  with  locks,  as  a  canal. 

t).  To  confine  ;  to  restrain.  Our  shipping 
was  locked  up  by  the  embargo. 

7.  In  fencing,  to  seize  the  sword-arm  of  an 
antagonist,  by  turning  the  left  arm  around 
it,  after  closing  the  parade,  shell  to  shell, 
in  order  to  disarm  him.  Cyc. 

LOCK,  V.  i.  To  become  fast.  The  door 
locks  close. 


L  O  D 

2.  To  unite  closely  by  mutual  insertion  ;  as, 
they  lock  into  each  other.  Boyle. 

LOCK'AGE,  n.  Materials  for  locks  in  a  ca 
„^]_  Gallatin. 

2.  Works  which  form  a  lock  on  a  canal. 

Joum.  of  Scunce. 

3.  Toll  paid  for  passing  the  locks  of  a  ca- 
nal. ,     ,     i- 

LOCK'ED,  pp.  Made  fast  by  a  lock  ;  tur- 
nished  with  a  lock  or  locks ;  closely  em- 
braced. 

LOCK'ER,  n.  A  close  place,  as  a  drawer 
or  an  apartment  in  a  ship,  that  may  be 
closed  with  a  lock. 

A  shot-locker  is  a  strong  frame  of  plank  near 
the  pump-well  in  the  hold,  where  shot 
are  deposited.  Mar.  Diet. 


L  O  D 

erty  of  taking  a  direction  to  the  north  and 
south,  a  property  of  inestimable  utility  in 
navigation  and  surveying. 

2.  A  name  given  by  Cornish  miners  to  a 
species  of  stones,  called  also  tin-stones;  a 
compound  of  stones  and  sand,  of  different 
kinds  and  colors.  JVicholson. 

LODG'ABLE,  a.  Capable  of  affording  a 
temporary  abode.     [JVot  used.] 

LODGE,  V.  t.  [Fr.loger,  to  lodge;  It.log^a 
a  lodge  ;  alloggiare,  to  lodge  ;  Sp.  alojar 
Arm.  logea  ;    Uan.  logerer.     The  sense  is 
to  set   or  throw  down.     In  Sax.  logian 

also  to 
It   is 


LOCK'ET,  n.  [Fr.loquet.]  A  small  lock;  u 
catch  or  spring  to  fasten  a  necklace  or 
other  ornament.  Johnson. 

LOCK'RAM,  n.  A  sort  of  coarse  linen. 

Hannier. 
LOCK'SMITH,  n.    An  artificer  whose  oc 

cupation  is  to  make  locks. 
LOCK'Y,  o.  Having  locks  or  tufts. 

Sherwood. 

LOCOMO'TION,  n.  [L.  locus,  place,  and 
motio,  motion.] 

1.  The  act  of  moving  from  place  to  place 

Broivn 

2.  The  power  of  moving  from  place  to  place. 
Most  animals  possess  locomotion ;  plants 
have  life,  but  not  locomotion. 

LO€OMO'TIVE,  a.  Moving  from  place  to 
place  ;  changing  place,  or  able  to  change 
place  ;  as  a  locomotive  animal.  Most  ani- 
mals are  distinguished  from  plants  by  their 
locomotive  faculty. 

Locomotive  engine,  a  steam  engine  employed 
in  land  carriage  ;  chiefly  on  railways. 

LOCOMOTIV'ITY,ji.  The  power  of  chang- 
ing place.  Bryant 

LOC'ULAMENT, n.  [L.  loculamenlum,ivom 
locus,  loculus.]  I 

Jn  botany,  the  cell  of  a  pericarp  in  which  the 
seed  is  lodged.  A  pericarp  is  unilocular, 
bilocular,  &c.  Martyn. 

LO'€UST,  n.  [L.  lociista.]  An  insect  of  the 
genus  Gryllus.  These  insects  are  at  times 
so  numerous  ill  Africa  and  the  S.  of  Asia, 
as  to  devour  every  green  thing,  and  when 
they  migrate,  they  fly  in  an  immense 
cloud. 

LO'€UST,  II.  A  name  of  several  plants  and 
trees  ;  as  a  species  of  Melianthus,  and  of 
Ceratonia. 

LO'€UST-TREE,  n.  A  tree  of  the  genus 
Hymena;a,  and  another  of  the  genus  Ro- 
binia.  The  Honey- Locust-tree,  is  of  the 
genus  Gleditsia. 

LODE,     n.     [from    Sax.    ladan,    to   lead. 

1.  Among  miners,  a  metallic  vein,  or  any 
regular  vein  or  course,  Avhether  metallic 
or  not,  but  commonly  a  metallic  vein. 

Encyc.     Cyc. 

2.  A  cut  or  reach  of  water.  Cyc. 
LO'DE-STONE,  n.  [from  the  verb  to  lead. 

and  stone.] 
1.  A  magnet,  an  ore  of  iron;  a  stone  found 
in  iron  mines,  of  a  dark  or  black  lead  co 
lor,  and    of   considerable    hardness    and 
weight.     It  attracts  iron  filings,  and  com- 
municates to  iron  tlie  same  property  of  at 
traction.     But  its  peculiar  value  consists 
in  its  communicating  to  a  needle  the  prop- 


LOG 

Wits  take  lodgings  in  the  sound  of  Bow 


Pope. 


Spenser. 
Sidney. 


to  compose,  to  deposit  or  lay  uii, 
repair;  Russ.  loju,  to  lay,  to  put 
probably  allied  to  lay.] 

1.  To  set,  lay  or  deposit  for  keeping  or  pres 
ervation,  for  a  longer  or  shorter  time.  The 
men  lodged  their  arms  in  the  arsenal. 

2.  To  place  ;  to  plant ;  to  infix. 
He  lodged  an  anow  in  a  tender  breast. 

.Addison 
To  fix  ;  to  settle  in  the  heart,  mind  or 
memory. 

1  can  give  no  reason 
More  than  a  lodged  hate —  Sliak. 

4.  To  furnish  with  a  temporary  habitation, 
or  with  an  accommodation  for  a  night. 
He  lodged  the  prince  a  month,  a  week,  or 
a  night.  [The  imrd  ttsuaily  denotes  a 
short  residence,  but  for  no  definite  time.] 

5.  To  harbor  ;  to  cover. 
The  deer  is  lodged.  Addison 

To  aftbrd  place  to ;  to  contain  for  keep- 
ing. 

The  memory  can  lodge  a  greater  store  of  iin 
ages,  than  the  senses  can  present   at  one  lime. 

Chcyne 

7.  To  throw  in  or  on  ;  as,  to  lodge  a  ball  or  a 
bomb  in  a  fort. 

8.  To  throw  down  ;  to  lay  flat. 
Our  sighs,  and   they  shall  lodge  the  summer 

corn.  Shalt. 

LODGE,  I',  i.  To  reside;  to  dwell;  to  rest 
in  a  place. 

And  lodge  such  daring  souls  in  little  men. 

Pope. 
To  rest  or  dweU  for  a  time,  as  for  a  night, 
a  week,  a  month.  We  lodged  a  night  at 
the  Golden  Ball.  We  lodged  a  week  at 
the  City  Hotel.  Soldiers  lodge  in  tents  in 
summer,  and  in  huts  in  winter.  Fowls 
lodge  on  trees  or  rocks. 
3.  To  fall  flat,  as  grain.     Wheat  and  oats  on 

strong  land  are  apt  to  lodge. 
LODGE,  n.  A  small  house  in  a  park  or  for- 
est, for  a  temporary  place  of  rest  at  night ; 
a  temporary  habitation  ;  a  hut. 

Sidney.     Shak. 

2.  A  small  house  or  tenement  appended  to 
a  larger  ;  as  a  porter's  lodge. 

3.  A  den  ;  a  cave ;  any  place  where  a  wild 
beast  dwells. 

LODG'ED,  pp.  Placed  at  rest ;  deposited ; 
infixed  ;  furnished  with  accommodations 
for  a  night  or  other  short  time  ;  laid  flat. 

LODG'ER,  n.  One  who  lives  at  board,  or  in 
a  hired  room,  or  who  has  a  bed  in  anoti 
cr's  house  for  a  night. 

2.  One  that  resides  in  any  place  for  a  time. 

Pope. 

LODG'  ING,  ppr.  Placing  at  rest ;  deposit- 
ing ;  furnishing  lodgings. 

2.  Resting  for  a  night ;  residing  for  a  time. 

LODG'ING,  n.  A  place  of  rest  for  a  night, 
or  of  residence  for  a  time;  temporary  hab- 
itation ;  apartment. 


2.  Place  of  residence. 
Fair  bosom — the  lodging  of  delight. 

3.  Harbor;  cover;  place  of  rest. 
Convenience  for  repose  at  night. 

Sidney. 

LODG'MENT,  11.  [Fr.  logement.]  The  act 
of  lodging,  or  the  state  of  being  lodged;  a 
being  placed  or  deposited  at  rest  for  keep- 
ing for  a  time  or  for  ]iermaiience. 
Accumulation  or  collection  of  something 
deposited  or  remaining  at  rest. 
In  military  affairs,  an  encampment  made 
by  an  army. 

A  work  cast  up  by  besiegers,  during  their 
approaches,  in  some  dangerous  post  which 
they  have  gained,  and  where  it  is  necessa- 
ry to  secure  themselves  against  the  ene- 
my's fire.  Cyc. 

LOFFE,  v.  i.  To  laugh.     [Xot  used.] 

Shak. 

LOFT,  )i.  (Dan.  loft,  Sax.  hfle,  the  air, 
an  arch,  vault  or  ceiling  ;  |>robably  allied 
to  lift,  Dan.  lifter.     Qu.  Gr.  yjxpo;.] 

1.  Properly,  an  elevation  ;  lience,  in  a  build- 
ing, the  elevation  of  one  story  or  floor 
above  another  ;  hence,  a  floor  above 
another  ;  as  the  second  loft ;  third  lofl ; 
fourth  lofl.  Spenser  seems  to  have  used  the 
word  for  the  highest  floor  or  top,  and  this 
may  have  been  its  original  signification. 

2.  A  high  room  or  place.  Pope. 
LOFT'ILY,  adi:    [from  lofty.]  On  high ;  in 

an  elevated  place. 

2.  Proudly ;  haughtily. 
They  are  corrupt  and  speak  wickedly  con- 
cerning oppression  ;  they  speak  loflily.      Ps. 
Ixxiii. 

3.  With  elevation  of  language,  diction  or 
sentiment ;  sublimely. 

My  lowly  veise  may  loftily  aiise.      Spe7iser. 

4.  In  an  elevated  attitude.  A  horse  carries 
his  head  loftily. 

LOFT'INESS,  II.  Highth  ;  elevation  in  jilaco 
or  position  ;  altitude;  as  the  loftiness  of  a 
mountain. 
Pride;  haughtiness. 

Augustus  and  Tiberius  had  lojiiness  enough 
in  their  tempers —  Collier. 

3.  Elevation  of  attitude  or  mien  ;  aslofliness 
of  carriage. 

Sublimity  ;  elevation  of  diction  or  senti- 
ment. 

Three  poets  in  three  distant  ages  bom  : 
The  first  in  loftiness  of  thought  surpass'd  ; 
The  next  in  majesty  ;  in  both  the  last. 

Dryden . 
LOFT'Y,  a.  Elevated  in  place  ;  high  ;  as  a 
lofty  tower  ;  a  lofty  mountain.     [But  it  ex- 
presses more  than  high,  or  at  least  is  more 
emphatical,  poetical  and  elegant.] 

See  lofty  Lebanon  his  head  advance. 

Pope. 
Elevated  in  condition  or  character. 

Thus  saith  the  high  and  lofty  One,  that  in- 
habilelh  eternity,  whose  name  is  Holy —  Is. 
Ivii. 

3.  Proud  ;  haughty ;  as  lofly  looks.    Is.  ii. 

4.  Elevated  in  sentiment  or  diction ;  sub- 
lime ;  as  lofly  strains ;  lofly  rhyme. 

Maton. 

5.  Stately  :  dignified  ;  as  lofly  steps. 
LOG,  u.  [This  word  is  probably  allied  to  D. 

log,  logge,  heavy,  dull,  sluggish  ;  a  sense 


LOG 

vetained  in  water-logged ;  and  to  lug,  lug- 
ccagi;  perhaps  to  clog.] 
I.'A  bulky  piece  or  stick  of  timber  unhew- 
ed.  Pine  logs  are  floated  down  rivers  in 
America,  and  stopped  at  saw -mills.  A 
piece  of  timber  when  hewed  or  squared, 
is  not  called  a  log,  unless  perhaps  in  con- 
structing log-huts. 

2.  In  navigation,  a  machine  for  measuring 
the  rate  of  a  ship's  velocity  through  the 
water.  The  common  log  is  a  piece  of 
board,  forming  the  quadrant  of  a  circle  of 
about  six  inches  radius,  balanced  by  a 
small  plate  of  lead  nailed  on  the  circular 
part,  so  as  to  swim  perpendicular. 

Mar.  Diet 

3.  [lleb.  jS.]  a  Hebrew  measure  of  liquids, 
containing,  according  to  some  authors, 
three  quarters  of  a  pint ;  according  to  oth 
ers,  five  sixths  of  a  pint.  According  to  Ar- 
buthnot,  it  was  the  seventy  second  part 
of  the  bath  or  ephah,  and  the  twelfth  part 
of  a  bin.  Johnson.     Encyc. 

LOG,  V.  i.  To  move  to  and  fro.     {M'ot  used 

Polu'hde. 

LOG'-BOARD,  n.  In  navigation,  two  boards, 
shutting  like  a  book,  and  divided  into  col- 
umns, containing  the  hours  of  the  day  and 
night,  direction  of  the  wind,  course  of  the 
ship,  &c.,  from  wliicli  is  formed  the  log- 
book. Mar.  Diet. 

LOG'-BOQK,  n.  A  book  into  which  are  trans- 
cribed the  contents  of  the  log-board. 

Mar.  Did. 

A  house  or  hut  whose 


LOG 


LOG-HOUSE, 
-HUT, 


walls  are  composed  of 


LOG 

logs  laid  on  each  other. 
LOG'-LINE,  n.  A  line  or  cord  about  a  hun- 
dred and  fifty  fathoms  in  length,  fastened 
to  the  log  by  means  of  two  legs.     This  is 
wound  on  a  reel,  called  the  log-reel. 

Encyc.    Mar.  Diet 
LOG'-REEL,   n.  A  reel  in  the  gallery  of  a 
ship,  on  which  the  log-line  is  wound. 

Encyc.     Mar.  Diet. 

LOG'ARITHM,    n.    [Fr.    logarithme  ;   Gr. 

Xoyo?,  ratio,  and  apiOftoj,  number.] 
Logarithms  are  the  exponents  of  a  series  of 
powers  and  roots.  Day. 

The  logarithm  of  a  number  is  that  exponent 
of  some  other  number,  which  renders  the 
power  of  the  latter,  denoted  by  the  expo- 
nent,-equal  to  the  former.  Cyc 
When  the  logarithms  form  a  series  in  arith- 
metical  progression,    the    corresponding 
natural  numbers  form  a  series  in  geomet- 
rical progression.     Thus, 
I^ogarithms                0     12         3           4  5 
Natural  numbers,      1   ID  100   1000  10000  100000 
The  addition  and  subtraction  of  logarithms 
answer  to   the  multiplication  and  division 
of  their  natural  numbers.     In  like  manner 
involution  is  performed  by  multiplying  the 
logarithm  of  any  number  by  the  number 
denoting  the  required  power ;  and  evolu- 
tion,   by  dividing  the    logarithm    by  the 
number  denoting  the  required  root. 
Logarithms    arc    the   invention    of   Baron 
Napier,  lord  of  Marchiston  in   Scotland  ; 
but  the  kind  now  in  use,  were  invented  by 
Henry  Briggs,  professor  of  geometry  in 
Gresham   college,  at  Oxford.     They  are 
extremely  useful  in  abridging  the  labor  of 
trigonometrical  calculations 


LOGARITHMET'ie,       }     Pertaining  to 

LOGARITHMET'leAL, }  a.    logarithms  ; 

LOGARITHMIC,  )        consistin^of 

logarithms.  Encyc.     Lavoisier. 

LOG'GATS,  n.  The  name  of  a  play  or 
game,  the  same  as  is  now  called  kittle-pins. 
It  was  prohibited  by  Stat.  33,  Henry  VIII. 
[J^ol  in  use.]  Hanmer. 

LOG'GERHEAD,  n.  [log  and  head.]  A 
blockhead  ;  a  dunce  ;  a  dolt ;  a  thick-skull. 

Shak. 

2.  A  spherical  mass  of  iron,  with  a  long  ban 
die  ;  used  to  heat  tar.  Mar.  Diet. 

To  fall  to  loggerheads,  )    to   come  to  blows; 

To  go  to  loggerheads,  S  1°  ''^"  '°  f'ght'Dg 
without  weapons.  L'Estrange. 

LOG'GERHEADED,  a.  Dull ;  stupid  ;  dolt- 
ish. *''a*- 

L0G'I€,  n.  [Fr.  logique  ;  It.  logica  ;  L.  id. ; 
from  the  Gr.  Xoyixij,  from  ^oyoj,  reason, 
"Kiyu,  to  speak.] 

The  art  of  thinking  and  reasoning  justly. 

Logic  is  tlie  art  of  using  reason  well  in  our 
inquiries  after  truth,  and  the  communication  of 
it  to  others.  Watts. 

Logic  may  be  defined,  the  science  or  history 
of  the  human  mind,  as  it  traces  the  pro 
gress  of  our  knowledge  from  our  first  con 
ceptions  through  their  different  combina- 
tions, and  the  numerous  deductions  that 
result  from  comparing  them  with  one  an- 
other. Encyc. 

Correct  reasoning  implies  correct  thinking 
and  legitimate  inferences  from  premises, 
which  are  principles  assumed  or  admitted 
to  be  just.  Logic  then  includes  the  art  of 
thinking,  as  well  as  the  art  of  reasoning. 


L  O  L 

Contention  in  words  merely,  or  rather  a 
contention  about  words ;  a  war  of  words. 

Hotvell. 

LOGOMET'RI€,  a.  [Gr.  >.oyo;,  ratio,  and 

1     jusrpfo,  to  measure.] 

iA  logometric  scale  is  intended  to  measure  or 
ascertain   chimical  equivalents. 

j  fVollaston. 

LOG'WQOD,  n.  A  species  of  tree  and  wood, 
called  also  Campeachy-wood,  from  the 
bay  of  Campeachy  in  Spanish  America, 
of  the  genus  Hsematoxylon,  of  which 
there  is  one  species  only.  This  tree  has  a 
crooked,  deformed  stem,  growing  to  the 
highth  of  20  or  24  feet,  with  crooked  ir- 
regular branches,  armed  with  strong 
thorns.  The  wood  is  of  a  firm  texture 
and  a  red  color.  It  is  much  used  in  dye- 
ing. Encyc. 
LO'HO€H,  I      [Ar.]  A  medicine  of  a  mid- 


The  purpose  ot  logic  is  to  direct  the  intellect- 
ual powers  in  the  investigation  of  truth,  and  in 
the  communication  of  it  to  others.  Hedge. 

LOgT€AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  logic  ;  used  in 
logic  ;  as  logical  subtilties.  Hooker. 

According  to  the  rules  of  logic ;  as  a  log- 
ical argument  or  inference.  This  reason 
ing  is  strictly  logical. 

Skilled  in  logic  ;  versed  in  the  art  of  think- 
ing and  reasoning ;  discriminating  ;  as  a 
logical  head.  Spectator. 

LOg'ICALLY,  adv.  According  to  the  rules 

of  logic  ;  as,  to  argue  logically. 
LOgI"CIAN,  n.  A  person  skilled  in  logic,  or 
the  art  of  reasoning. 

Each  fierce  logician  still  expelling  Locke. 

Pope. 
LOgIS'TIC,    a.    Relating    to  sexagesimal 
fractious.  Cyc. 

LOG'MAN,  )i.  A  inau  who  carries  logs. 

Shak 
2.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  cut  and  con- 
vey logs  to  a  mill.  [Local.]  U.  States. 
LOGOGRAPH'IC,  )  Pertaining  to  lo- 
LOGOGRAPH'ICAL,  <,  '  gography. 
LOGOG'RAPHY,n.  [Gr.  ^oyoj,  a  word,  and 

ypofu,  to  write.] 
A  method  of  printing,  in  which  a  type  rep- 
resents a  word,  instead  of  forming  a  letter. 

Encyc. 

LOG'OGRIPHE,  n.   [Gr.  >.oyo;  and  ypi^oj.] 

A  sort  of  riddle.     Obs.  B.  Jonson. 

LOGOM'ACHIST,  n.    One  who  contends 

about  words.  E.  T.  Fitch. 

LOGOM'A€lIV,  n.   [Gr.  Xoyoj,  word,  and 

nax^i,  contest,  altercation.] 


LO'HOCK,  ^"'dle  consistence  between  a 
soft  electuary  and  a  syrup.     [See  Loch.] 

Encyc. 
LOIN,  n.  [Sax.  lend;  G.  D.  lende  ;  Sw.  Ihnd ; 
Dan.  Icend ;   W.  dun  ;    Arm.    lanenn   or 
loinch  ;     Ir.  luan  or  hleun  ;  L.  dunis.] 
The  loins  are  the  space  on  each  side  of  the 
vertebrse,  between  the  lowest  of  the  false 
ribs  and  the  upper  portion  of  the  os  ilium 
or  haunch  bone,  or  the  lateral  portions  of 
the  lumbar  region  ;  called  also  the  reins. 
LOITER,  V.  i.  [D.  leuteren;  Russ.  leilayu 
or  letayu.  Qu.  its  alliance  to  late  and  let.] 
To  linger  ;  to  be  slow  in  moving  ;  to  delay  ; 
to  be  dilatory ;  to  spend  time  idly. 

If  we  have  loitered,  let  us  quicken  our  pace. 

Rogers. 
LOIT'ERER,  n.  A   lingerer ;  one  that  de- 
lays or  is  slow  iu  motion  ;  an  idler;  one 
that  is  sluggish  or  dilatory. 
Ever  listless  loiterers,  that  attend 
No  cause,  no  trust,  no  duty  and  no  friend. 

Pope. 
LOIT'ERING,  ppr.    Lingering;  delaying; 

moving  slowly. 
LOKE,  n.    [Qu.   Ir.   loch,   dark;   Gr.  %vyt;, 
darkness.] 

1.  In  the  Scandinavian  mythology,  the  evil 
deity,  the  author  of  all  calamities  ;  answer- 
ing to  the  Ariinanes  of  the  Persians. 

Mallet.    Edda. 

2.  A  close  narrow  lane.     [Local.] 

LOLL,  V.  i.  [Eth.  f^A®  A(D  alolo,  to 
thrust  out  the  tongue.  The  sense  of  this 
word  is  to  throw,  to  send.  Hence  it  co- 
incides with  the  Gr.  ^aX(u,  W.  lloliaw,  to 
speak,  to  prate,  Dan.  laller,  G.  lallen.  It 
coincides  also  with  lull,  to  appease,  that  is, 
to  throw  down.] 

1.  To  recline  ;  to  lean  ;  properly,  to  throw 
one's  self  down  ;  hence,  to  lie  at  ease. 

Void  of  care  he  lolls  supine  in  state. 

Dryde7i. 

2.  To  suffer  the  tongue  to  hang  extended 
from  the  mouth,  as  an  ox  or  a  dog  when 
heated  with  labor  or  exertion. 

The  triple  porter  of  the  Stj-gian  seat, 
With  lolling  tongue  lay  fawning  at  his  feet. 

Dry  den. 

LOLL,  V.  t.  To  thrust  out,  as  the  tongue. 

Fierce    tigers  couched    around,   and    lolled 

their  tongues.  Dryden. 

LOLL'ARD,  n.  [Qu.  G.lalkn,lollen,  to  prate 

or  to  sing.] 
The  Lollards  were  a  sect  of  early  reformers 


L  O  N 


L  O  N 


L  O  N 


in  Germany  and  England,  the  followers  of 
Wickliffe. 

LOLL'ARDY,  ii.  The  doctrines  of  the  Loll- 
ards. 

LOLL'ING,  ppr.  Throwingdown  or  out ;  re- 
clining iit  ease  ;  thrusting  out  the  tongue. 

LOMBARD'Ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Lom- 
bards; an  epithet  ajjplied  to  one  of  the  an- 
cient alphabets  derived  from  the  Roman, 
and  relating  to  the  manuscripts  of  Italy. 

LO'MENT,  n.  [L.  lomentum.]  An  elongated 
pericarp,  which  never  bursts.  It  consists, 
like  the  legume,  of  two  valves,  with  the 
seeds  attached  to  the  under  suture,  but  is 
divided  iuto  small  cells,  each  containing  a 
single  seed.  Ed.  Encyc. 

LOMENTA'CEOUS,  a.  [L.  lomentum,  bean 
meal,  a  color.] 

Furnished  with  a  loment.  The  tomenlaceiv 
are  a  natural  order  of  plants,  many  of 
which  fninish  beautiful  tinctures  or  dye.s, 
and  whoso  seeds  are  contained  in  a  loment 
or  legume.  Linne. 

LOM'ONITE,  «.  Laumonite,  or  di-prismat- 
ic  zeolite.  Ure. 

LOMP,  >i.  A  kind  of  roundish  fish. 

Johnson. 

LON'DONISM,  n.  A  mode  of  speaking  pe- 
cidiar  to  London.  Pegge. 

LONE,  a.   [Dan.  Ion,  a  corner,  nook,  a  lurk 
ing  place,  secrecy ;  liinlig,  Svv.  ISnnlig,  pri 
vate,  close,  clandestine.    The  radical  sense 
is  probably  to  separate,  or  rather  to  with- 
draw or  retire,  and  the  word  may  be  allied 
to  Fr.  loin.     If  alone  is   composed  of  all 
and  one,  which  the  Teutonic  dialects  indi 
cate,  it  has  no  connection  with  tone.] 

1.  Solitary;  retired;  unfrequented;  having 
no  company. 

And  leave  you  in  tune  woods  or  empty  walls 

Pope 

2.  Single  ;  standing  by  itself;  not  having 
others  in  the  neighborhood ;  as  a  torn 
house.  Pope 

3.  Single ;  unmarried,  or  in  widowhood. 

Stuik 
LONE,  n.   A  lane.     [Local] 
LO'NELINESS,    n.  Solitude;  retirement: 
seclusion  from  company.     He  was  weary 
of  the  loneliness  of  his  habitation. 
2.  Love   of  retirement ;  disposition  to  soli- 
tude. 

I  see 
Tl\e  mystery  of  your  loneliness.  Shak 

LO'NELY,  a.  Solitary;  retired;  sequester- 
ed from  company  or  neighbors  ;  as  a  lonely 
situation  ;  a  lonely  cell.  Dryden 

2.  Solitary;  as  the  io?!c/2/ traveler. 

3.  Addicted  to  solitude  or  seclusion  from 
company.  Roive. 

LO'NENESS,  n.  Solitude;  seclusion. 

Donne 
LO'NESOME,  a.  Solitary;  secluded  from 

society. 

How  horrid  will  these  lonesome  seMs  appear  ! 

JUackmore. 
LO'NESOMENESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 

solitary;  solitude. 
LONG,  a.    [Sax.  long,  lang  and  leng;  G 

lange;  D.  Dan.  lang;    Sw.  lang;    Goth. 

laggs ;    L.   longua  ;    It.   lungo ;   Fr.  long. 

The  Gothic  word  seems  to  connect  this 

word  with  lag,  in  the  .sense  of  drawing  out 

whence  delaying.] 
1.  Extended ;  drawn  out  in  a  line,  or  in  the 

Vol.  II. 


direction  of  length  ;  opposed  to  short,  and! 
contradistinguished  from  broad  or  wide.i 
Long  is  a  relative  term  ;  fiir  a  thing  mayj 
be  long  in  respect  to  one  thing,  and  short 
with  respect  to  another.  We  ajjply  long 
to  things  greatly  extended,  and  to  things 
which  exceed  the  common  measure.  We 
say,  a  long  way,  a  long  distance,  a  /o»!g- 
line,  and  long  hair,  long  arms.  By  the  lat 
ter  terms,  we  mean  hair  and  arms  exceed 
ing  the  usual  length. 

2.  Drawn  out  or  extended  in  time  ;  as  along\ 
time;  a  Zong  perioil  of  time  ;  ii  long  wh\\e : 
a  long  series  of  events;  a  long  sickness 
or  confinement ;  a  long  session  ;  along  de- 
bate. 

3.  Extended  to  any  certain  measure  ex- 
pressed ;  as  a  span  long;  a  y mil  long ;  a 
mile  long,  th&t  is,  extended  to  the  nieasurej 
of  a  mile,  &c. 

4.  Dilatory ;  continuing  for  an  extended 
time. 

Death  will  not  be  long  in  coming.      Ecclus. 

5.  Tedious  ;  continued  to  a  great  length. 
A  tale  should  never  be  too  lojig.  Prior. 

G.  Continued  in  a  series  to  a  great  extent ; 
as  a  long  succession  of  princes;  ti  long  line 
of  ancestors. 
7.  Continued   in  sound ;   protracted ;    as   a 
long  note  ;  a  long  syllable. 
Contimied ;  lingc'ringor  longing. 

Praying  tor  liiin,  and  casting  a  long  look  that 
way,  he  saw  the  galley  leave  the  pursuit. 

Sidney. 
Extensive ;  extending  far  in  prospect  or 
into  futurity. 

The  perennial  existence  of  bodies  corporate 
and  their  fortunes,  arc  things  particularly  suited 
to  a  man  who  has  long  views.  Burke.' 

I 
Long  home,  the  grave  or  death.  Eccles.  xii.  j 

LONG,  n.  Formerly,  a  musical  note  equal  tO| 
two  breves.     Obs.  j 

LONG,  adv.  To  a  great  extent  in  space  ;  asj 

a  long  extended  line. 
2.  To  a  great  extent  in  time ;  as,  they  that 
tarry  long  at  the  wine.    Prov.  xxiii. 
When  the  trumpet  soimdcth  long.  Ex.  xix. 
So  in  composition  we  say,  fong'-expect- 
ed,  Zong-forgot. 
.3.  At  a  point  of  duration  far  distant,  either 
prior  or  posterior  ;  as  not /oiig' before  ;  not 
long  after  :  long  before  the  foundation  of 
Rome  ;  long  after  the  conquest  of  Gaiil  by 
Julius  Cesar. 
4.  Through  the  whole  extent  or  duration  of 
The  God  who  fed  me  all  my  life  long  to  this 
day.  Gen.  xlviii. 

The  bird  of  dawtung  singeth  all  night  long. 

Spenser. 
LONG,  adv.   [Sax.  gelang,  cause  or  fault. 

Qu.  belonging  to,  as  the  cause.] 
By  means  of;  by  the  fault  of;  owing  to.  Obs. 
Mistress,  all  this  evil  is  Imig  of  you.  Shak 
LONG,  V.  t.  To  belong.     [J\'ot  used.] 

Chaucer, 

LONG,  V.  i.  [Sax.  langian,  with  erfier.  We 
now  say,  to  /o»ig  after,  or  to  long  for.  The 
sense  is  to  reach  or  stretch  toward.] 

1.  To  desire  earnestly  or  eagerly. 

I  long  to  see  you.  Rom.  i. 

I  have  longed  alter  thy  precepts.  Ps.  cxix. 

I  have  longed  for  thy  salvation.  Ps.  cxix. 

2.  To  have  a  preternatm-al  craving  appe 
tite ;  as  a  longing  woman. 

3.  To  have  an  eager  appetite ;  as,  to  long  for 
fruit. 


LONGANIM'ITl^  n.  [L.  longanimitas ; 
longus,  long,  and  animus,  mind/] 

Forbearance ;  patience  ;  disposition  to  en- 
dure long  under  offenses. 

Broien.     Howell. 

LONG 'BOAT,  n.  The  largest  and  strongest 
boat  belonging  to  a  ship.  Mar.  Did. 

LONGER,  (1.  [conip.  of  long.]  More  long; 
of  greriter  length  :  as  a  longer  course. 

LON^GER,  adv.  For  a  greater  duration. 
This  evil  can  be  endured  no  longer. 

LON'GEST,  a.  Of  the  greatest  extent ;  as 
the  longcstWue. 

LON'GEST,  adv.  For  the  greatest  contin- 
uance of  time.  Tliey  who  live  longest,  are 
most  convinced  of  the  vanity  of  life. 

LONgE'VAL,  a.  [L.  longus  and  wvum.] 
Long  lived.  Pope. 

LON(5i:V'ITy,  ji.  [L.longavUas;  longus, 
long,  and  (cvum,  age.] 

Length  or  duratiiui  of  life  ;  more  generally, 
great  length  of  life. 

The  inst3Dces  of  longctily  are  chiefly  among 
the  abstemious.  Arbuthnot. 

LONgE'VOUS,  a.  [L.  longavus,  supra.] 
Living  a  long  time;  of  great  age. 

LONG'-IIEADED,  a.  Having  a  great  extent 
of  thought. 

LONgIJM'ANOUS,  a.  [L.  longus,  long,  and 
mamis,  hand.]     Having  long  hands. 

Brown. 

LONgIM'ETRY,  n.  [L.  longus,  long,  and 
Gr.  fifTjior,  measure.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  measuring  distances 
or  lengths,  whether  accessible  or  inaccess- 
ible. Encyc. 

LONG'ING,  ppr.  Earnestly  desiring  ;  hav- 
ing a  craving  or  preternatural  appetite. 

LONG'ING,  n.  An  eager  desire;  a  craving 
or  preternatural  appetite. 

LONG'INGLY,  adv.  With  eager  wishes  or 
appetite. 

LONgIN'QUITY,  71.  [L.  longinquilas.] 
Great  distance.  Barrow. 

LONG'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  long;  moder- 
ately long. 

LON  GlTUDE,  n.  [L.  longiludo,  from  lon- 
gus, long.] 

1.  Properly,  length  ;  as  the  longitude  of  a 
room  ;  lint  in  this  sen.'^e  not  now  used.  Aji- 
propriately,  in  geography, 

2.  The  di.Nt.ince  of  any  |)lacc  on  the  globe 
from  another  place,  eastward  or  west- 
ward ;  or  the  distance  of  any  place 
from  a  given  inerirlian.  Boston,  in  Mas- 
sachusetts, is  situated  in  the  71st  degree 
o{  longitude  west  from  Greenwich.  To 
be  able  to  ascertain  precisely  the  longi- 
tude of  a  ship  at  sea,  is  a  great  desidera- 
tum in  navigation. 

3.  The  longitude  of  a  star,  is  its  distance 
from  the  equinoctial  points,  or  the  begin- 
ning of  Aries  or  Libra.  Bailey. 

LONGITUDINAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  longi- 
tude or  length  ;  as  longitudinal  distance. 

2.  Extending  in  length  ;  ruiuung  length- 
wise, as  distinguished  from  transverse  or 
across  ;  as  the  longitudinal  diameter  of  a 
body.  The  longitudinal  suture  of  the 
head  runs  between  the  coronal  and  lam- 
doidal  sutures.  Baileu. 

LONGITUDINALLY,  adv.  In  the  direc- 
tion of  length. 

Some  of  the  fibers  of  the  human  body  are 
placed  longitudinally,  others  transversely. 

iCncyc. 


LOO 


LOO 


LOO 


LONG'LEGGED,  a.  Having  long  legs. 

LONG'LIVED,  a.  Having  a  long  life  or  ex 
istence;  living  long;  lasting  long. 

VONG'LY,  arfi).  With  longing  desire.  [Kot 
wsedJ]  Shak. 

LONG-MEASURE,  n.  Lineal  measure; 
the  measure  of  length. 

LONG'NESS,  n.  Length.     [Little  used.] 

LONG-PRIM'ER,  n.  A  printing  type  of  a 
particular  size,  between  small  pica  and 
bourgeois. 

LONG'SHANKED,  a.  Having  long  legs. 

Burton. 

LONG-SIGHT,  n.  Long-sightedness.  Good. 

LONG-SIGHTED,  a.  Able  to  see  at  a  great 
distance ;  used  literally  of  the  eyes,  and 
figuratively  of  the  mind  or  intellect. 

LONG-SIGHTEDNESS,  n.  The  faculty  of 
seeing  objects  at  a  great  distance. 

1.  In  medicine,  presbyopy ;  that  defect  of 
sight  by  which  objects  near  at  hand  are 
seen  confusedly,  but  at  remoter  distances 
distinctly.  Hooper 

LONG'SOME,  a.  Extended  in  length  ;  tire- 
some ;  tedious;  as  a  longsome  plain.    Obs. 

Prior. 

LONG'SPUN,  a.  Spun  or  extended  to  a 
great  length.  Addison. 

LONG-SUF'FERANCE,  n.  Forbearance  to 
punish  ;  clemency ;  patience. 

Com.  Prayer. 

LONG-SUF'FERING,  a.  Bearing  injuries 
or  provocation  for  a  long  time ;  patient ; 
not  easily  provoked. 

The  Lord  God,  merciful  and  gracious,  long- 
suffering  and  abundant  in  goodness.  Ex. 
xxxiv. 

LONG-SUFFERING,  n.  Long  endurance  ; 
patience  of  offense. 

Despisest  tliou  the  riches  of  his  goodness,  and 
foibearancc,  and  long-suffering?     Rom.  ii. 

LONG-TONGUED,  a.    Rating ;  babbling. 

Shak. 

LONGWAYS,  a  mistake  for  longmse. 

LONG-WIND'ED,  a.  Long  breathed ;  tedi- 
ous in  speaking,  argument  or  narration ; 
as  a  long-ioinded  advocate. 

LONG'-WISE,  adv.  In  tlie  direction  of 
length  ;  lengthwise.     [Little  used.] 

Hakewill. 

LO'NISH.  a.  Somewhat  solitary.  [M'ot 
used  and  inelegant.] 

LOO,  n.  A  game  at  cards.  Pope. 

LOOB'ILY,  adv.  [See  Looby.]  Like  a 
looby  ;  in  an  awkward,  clumsy  manner. 

L'Estrange. 

I.OOB'Y,  Ji.  [W.  llabi,  a  tall  lank  person,  a 
looby,  a  lubber,  a  clumsy  fellow  ;  Hob,  a 
blockhead,  an  unwieldy  lump.]  An  awk- 
ward, clumsy  fellow  ;  a  lubber. 

Who  coidd  i;ive  the  looby  such  airs  .'      Swift. 

LOOF,  )i.  The  after  part  of  a  ship's  bow,  or 
the  part  where  the  planks  begin  to  be  iri- 
curvated,  as  they  approach  the  stem. 

Mar.  Diet. 

LOOF.  [See  Luff,  which  is  the  word  used.] 

LOOF'ED,  a.  [See  Aloof.]  Gone  to  a  dis- 
tance.    [JVot  used.]  Shak. 

LOOK,  i>.  j'.  [Sax.  locian  ;  G.  lugen  ;  Sans. 
lokhan.  It  is  perliaps  allied  to  AV.  lygu,  to 
appear,  to  shine.  See  Light.  The  pri 
mary  sense  is  to  stretch,  to  extend,  to 
.shoot,  hence  to  direct  tlie  eye.  We  ob 
serve  its  |)rimary  sense  is  nearly  the  same 
as  that  of  seek.  Hence,  to  look  for  is  to 
seek.] 


1.  To  direct  the  eye  towards  an  object,  with 
the  intention  of  seeing  it. 

When  the  object  is  within  sight,  look  is 
usually  followed  by  on  or  at.  We  look  on 
or  at  a  picture  ;  we  look  on  or  at  the  moon  ; 
we  cannot  ?oo4  onorat  the  unclouded  sun 
withoiU  pain. 

At,  after  look,  is  not  used  in  our  version 
of  the  Scriptures.  In  common  usage,  at 
or  on  is  now  used  indifferently  in  many 
cases,  and  yet  in  other  cases,  usage  has 
estabhshed  a  preference.  In  general,  on 
is  used  in  the  more  solemn  forms  of  ex- 
pression. Moses  was  afraid  to  look  on 
God.  The  Lord  look  on  you  and  judge 
In  these  and  similar  phrases,  the  useof  a( 
would  be  condemned,  as  expressing  too 
little  solemnity. 

In  some  cases,  at  seems  to  be  more 
properly  used  before  very  distant  objects  ; 
but  the  cases  can  hardly  be  defined. 

The  particular  direction  of  the  eye  is 
expressed  by  various  modifying  words ;  as. 
to  look  down,  to  look  up,  to  look  back,  to 
look  forward,  to  look  from,  to  took  round,  to 
look  out,  to  look  under.  When  the  object 
is  not  in  sight,  look  is  followed  by  after,  or 
for.  Hence,  to  look  after,  or  look  for,  is 
e(|uivalent  to  seek  or  search,  or  to  expect. 

2.  To  see  ;  to  have  the  sight  or  view  of. 
Fate  sees  thy  life  lodged  in  a  brittle  glass. 
And  looks  it  through,  but  to  it  cannot  pass. 

Dry  den. 

3.  To  direct  the  intellectual  eye ;  to  apply 
the  mind  or  luiderstanding  ;  to  consider; 
to  examine.  Look  at  the  conduct  of  this 
man  ;  view  it  in  all  its  aspects.  Let  every 
man  look  into  the  state  of  his  own  heart. 
Let  us  look  beyond  the  received  notions  of 
men  on  this  subject. 

4.  To  expect. 
He  must  look  to  fight  another  battle,  before 

he  coiUd  reach  Oxford.     \_LitHe  Jtserf.] 

Clarendon. 

5.  To  take  care  ;  to  watch. 
Look  that  ye  bind  them  fast.  Shak. 

6.  To  be  directed. 
Let  thine  eyes  look  right  on.     Prov.  iv. 

7.  To  seem  ;  to  appear  ;  to  have  a  particular 
appearance.  The  patient  looks  better  than 
he  did.     The  clouds /ooA' rainy. 

I  am  al'raid  it  would  look  more  like  vanity 
than  gratitude,  Addison 

Observe  how  such  a  practice  looks  in  anothei 
person.  Watts. 

So  we  say,  to  look  stout  or  big ;  to  look 
peevish  ;  to  look  pleasant  or  graceful. 

8.  To  have  a  particular  direction  or  situa- 
tion ;  to  face  ;  to  front. 

The  gate  that  looketh  toward  the  nortti. 
Ezek.  viii. 

The  east  gate  of  the  Lord 's  Iiouse ,  that  looketh 
eastward.     Ezek.  xi. 
To  look  about,  to  look  on  all  sides,  or  in  dif- 
ferent directions. 
jTo  look  about  one,  to  be  on  the  watch  ;  to  be 
vigilant;  to  be  circumspect  or  guarded. 

Arbuthnot. 
To  look  after,  to  attend  ;  to  take  care  of;  as, 
to  look  after  children. 

2.  To  expect ;  to  be  in  a  state  of  expecta- 
tion. 

Men's  hearts  failing  them  for  fear,  and  for 
looking  after  those  things  which  are  coming  ou 
the  earth.     Luke  xxi. 

3.  To  seek  ;   to  search. 


My  subject  does  not  oblige  me  to  look  after 

the  water,  or  point  forth  the  place  whereunto  it 

has  now  retreated.  Woodward 

To  look  for,  to  expect ;  as,  to  look  for  news  by 

the  arrival  of  a  ship. 

Look  now  for  no  enchanting  voice. 

.nfilton. 
2.  To  seek  ;   to  search  ;    as,  to  look  for  lost 

money,  or  lost  cattle. 
To  look  into,  to  inspect  closely  ;    to  observe 
narrowly  ;  to  examine  ;  as,  to  look  into  the 
works  of  nature  ;  to  look  into  the  conduct 
of  another  ;  to  look  into  one's  affairs. 

Which  things  the  angels  desire  to  look  into. 
I  Pet.  i. 
To  look  on,  to  regard ;  to  esteem. 

Her  friends  would  look  on  her  the  worse. 

Prior. 

2.  To  consider ;  to  view ;  to  conceive  of;  to 
think. 

I  looked  ore  Virgil  as  a  succinct,  majestic  wri- 
ter. Ih-yden. 

3.  To  be  a  mere  spectator. 

I'll  be  a  candle-holder  and  look  on.         Shak. 

To  look  over,  to  examine  one  by  one  ;    as,  to 

look  over  a  catalogue  of  books ;    to  look 

over  accounts. 

To  overlook,  has  a  different  sense,  to  pass 

over  without  seeing. 
To  took  out,  to  be  on  the  watch.    The  sea- 
man looks  out  for  breakers. 
To  look  to,  or  i(»((o,  to  watch  ;  to  take  care  of. 

Look  well  to  thy  herds.     Prov.  xxvii. 
2.  To  resort  to  with  confidence  or  expecta- 
tion of  receiving  something  ;  to  e.xpect  to 
receive  from.     The  creditor  may  look  to 
the  surety  for  payment. 

Look  to  me  and  be  ye  saved,  all  the  ends  of 
the  earth.     Is.  xlv. 
To  look  through,  to  penetrate  witli  the  eye, 
or  with  the  understanding;   to  see  or  un- 
derstand perfectly. 
LQQK,  v.  t.  To  seek ;  to  search  for. 

Looking  my  love,  I  go  from  place  to  place. 
Obs.  Speriser. 

2.  To  influence  by  looks  or  presence;  as,  to 
look  down  opposition. 

A  spirit  fit  to  start  into  an  empire. 
And  look  the  world  to  law.  Dryden. 

To  look  out,  to  search  for  and  discover.  Look 

out  associates  of  good  reputation. 
To  look  one  another  in  the  face,  to  meet  for 

combat.  2  Kings  xiv. 
LOOK,  in  the  imperative,  is  used  to  excite 
attention  or  notice.  Look  ye,  look  you ; 
that  is,  see,  behold,  observe,  take  notice. 
LOOK,  n.  Cast  of  countenance;  air  of  the 
face;  aspect;  as,  a  high  /ooA:  is  an  inde.\ 
of  pride  ;  a  downcast  look  indicates  mod- 
esty, bashfulness,  or  depression  of  mind. 

Pain,  disgrace   and    poverty  have   frightful 
looks.  Locke. 

2.  The  act  of  looking  or  seeing.  Every  look 
filled  him  with  anguish. 

3.  View;  watch.  Swinburne. 
LQOK'ER,  n.  One  who  looks. 

(\  looker  on,  a  mere  spectator;  one  tbat/ooA'S 
o?i,  but  has  no  agency  or  interest  in  the 
affair. 

LOOK'ING-GLASS,  n.  A  glass  which  re- 
flects the  form  of  the  person  \vho  looks  on 
it;  a  mirror. 

There  is  none  so  homely  but  loves  a  looking- 
glass.  South. 

LOOK'-OUT,  n.  A  careful  looking  or  watch- 
ing for  any  object  or  event.         Mar.  Diet. 

LO()L,  n.  In  mclallurgij,  a  vessel  used  to  re- 
ceive tire  washings  of  ores  of  metals..  JE?!C!,r-. 


LOO 


LOO 


LOP 


LOOM,  n.  [Sax.  loma,  geloma,  utensils.]  In 
composition,  heir-loom,  in  law,  is  a  person- 
al chattel  that  hy  special  custom  descends 
to  an  heir  with  the  inheritance,  being 
such  a  thing  as  cannot  be  separated  from 
the  estate,  without  injury  to  it ;  sucli  as 
jewels  of  the  crown,  charters,  deeds,  and 
the  like.  Blackstone. 

2.  A  frame  or  machine  of  wood  or  other  ma- 
terial, in  which  a  weaver  works  threads 
into  cloth. 

Hector,  when  he  sees  Andromache  over- 
whelmed with  terror,  sends  her  for  consolation 
to  the  loom  and  the  distaff.  Rambler 

3.  [Dan.  loin  or  loom,,  G.  lohme.]  A  fowl  of 
the  size  of  a  goose. 

4.  That  part  of  an  oar  which  is  within 
board.  Mar.  Did. 

LOOM,  V.  i.  [Q,u.  Sax.  homan,  to  shine, 
from  leoma,  a  beam  of  light.  This  does 
not  give  the  exact  sense  of  the  word  as 
now  used.] 

To  appear  above  the  surface  either  of  sea 
or  land,  or  to  appear  larger  than  the  real 
dimensions  and  indistinctly  ;  as  a  distant 
object,  a  ship  at  sea,  or  a  mountain.  The 
ship  looms  large,  or  the  land  looms  high. 

Mar.  Diet. 

LOOM'-GALE,  n.  A  gentle  gale  of  wind. 

Encjjc. 

LOOM'ING,  ppr.  Appearing  above  the  sur- 
face, or  indistinctly,  at  a  distance. 

LOON,  n.  [Scot,  loun  or  loon.  Qu.  Sax 
lun,  needy,  or  Ir.  liun,  sluggish.] 

1.  A  sorry  fellow;  a  rogue  ;  a  rascal. 

Dryden.     Shak. 

2.  A  sea-fowl  of  the  genus  Colymbus.  [Ice. 
lunde.] 

LOOP,  n.  [Ir.  lubam,  to  bend  or  fold  ;  lub, 
tuba,  a  thong,  a  loop.] 

1.  A  folding  or  doubling  of  a  string  or  a 
noose,  through  which  a  lace  or  cord  may 
be  run  for  fastening. 

That  the  probation  bear  no  hinge,  nor  hop 
To  hang  a  doubt  on.  Shak 

2.  In  iron-works,  the  part  of  a  row  or  block 
of  cast  iron,  melted  ofl"  for  the  forge  or 
hammer. 

LOOP'ED,o.  Full  of  holes.  Shak. 

LOOP'HOLE,  71.  A  small  aperture  in  the 
bulk-head  and  other  parts  of  a  merchant 
ship,  tliroiigh  which  small  arms  are  fired 
at  an  enemy.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  A  hole  or  aperture  that  gives  a  passage. 

3.  A  passage  for  escape  ;   means  of  escape. 

Drt/den 

LOOP'HOLED,  a.  Fidl  of  holes  or  open- 
ings for  escape.  Hudibras. 

LOOP'ING,  n.  In  metallurgy,  the  running 
together  of  the  matter  of  an  ore  into  a 
mass,  when  the  ore  is  only  heated  for  cal- 
cination.    [D.  loopen,  to  run.]  Encyc. 

LOORD,  n.  [D.  tor,  a  clown ;  Fr.  lotird, 
Sp.  lerdo,  heavy,  dull,  gross.] 

A  dull  stupid  fellow  ;  a  drone.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

LOOSE,  ii.<.  loos.  [Sa.x.lysan,alysan,leosan 
Sw.  losa  ;  D.  lossen,  loozen  ;  G.  lOsen ;  Dan. 
loser  ;  Goth,  lausyan  ;  Gr.  >.vu,  contracted 
from  the  same  root.  The  W.  llaesu,  sig 
nifies  to  relax,  but  may  be  from  the  root  of 
tax.  These  words  coincide  with  the  Ch. 
Syr.  Ar.  Heb.  I'Sn.     Class  Ls.   No.  30.] 

1.  To  untie  or  unbind;  to  free  from  any 
fastening. 


Canst  thou  loose  the  bands  of  Orion  ?  Job 
xxxvili. 

Ye  shall  find  an  ass  tied,  and  a  colt  with  her  ; 
loose  them,  and  bring  them  to  me.     Matt.  xxi. 

2.  To  relax. 
The  joints  of  his  loins  were  loosed.    Dan.  v. 

3.  To  release  from  imprisonment ;  to  liber- 
ate ;  to  set  at  liberty. 

The  captive  exile  hasteneth  that  he  may  be 
loosed.     Is.  li. 

4.  To  free  from  obligation. 
Art  thou  loosed  from  a  wife  ?  seek  not  a  wife 

1  Cor.  vii. 

5.  To  free  from  any  thing  that  binds  or 
shackles ;  as  a  man  loosed  from  lust  and 
pelf.  Dryden. 

6.  To  relieve  ;  to  free  from  any  thing  bur- 
densome or  afflictive. 

Woman,  thou  art  loosed  from  tliine  infirmity 
Luke  xiii. 

7.  To  disengage ;  to  detach ;  as,  to  loose 
one's  hold. 

8.  To  put  off. 
Loose  thy  shoe  from  off  thy  foot-     Josh.  v. 

9.  To  open. 

Who  is  worthy  to  open  the  book,  and  to  loose 
the  seals  thereof  ?     Rev.  v. 

10.  To  remit;  to  absolve. 

Whatsoever  thou  shalt  loose  on  earth,  shall  be 

loosed  in  heaven.     Matt.  xvi. 
LOOSE,  V.  i.  To  set  sail ;  to  leave  a  port  or 

harbor. 

Now  when  Paul  and  his  company  loosed  from 

Paphos,   they  came  to  Perga,  in  Pamphylia 

Acts  xiii. 
LOOSE,   a.    [Goth,  hius ;   D.  los,  losse ;   G 

los ;   Dan.  Ivs ;   Sw.   los.      Qu.  VV.    llws 

loose,  lax.] 

I.  Unbound;  untied;  unsewed;  not  fasten- 
ed or  confined  ;  as  the  loose  sheets  of  a 
book. 

3.  Not  tight  or  close  ;  as  a  loose  garment. 

3.  Not  crowded ;  not  close  or  compact. 
With  horse  and  chariots  rank'd  in  loose  array 

Jililton. 

4.  Not  dense,  close  or  compact ;  as  a  cloth 
or  fossil  of  loose  textui'e. 

o.  Not  close  ;  not  concise ;  lax  ;  as  a  loose 
and  diffuse  style. 

().  Not  precise  or  exact ;  vague  ;  indeterm- 
inate ;  as  a  loose  way  of  reasoning. 

7.  Not  strict  or  rigid ;  as  a  loose  observance 
of  rites. 

8.  Unconnected  ;  rambling  ;  as  a  loose  indi 
gested  play. 

Vario  spends  whole  mornings  in  running  over 
loose  and  unconnected  pages.  JVatts 

9.  Of  lax  bowels.  Locke 

10.  Unengaged;  not  attached  or  enslaved. 

Their  prevailing  principle  is,  to  sit  as  loose 
from  pleasures,  and  be  as  moderate  in  the  use  of 
them  as  they  can.  Atterbury 

II.  Disengaged;  free  from  obligation ;  with 
from  or  of. 

Now  I  stand 

Loose  of  my  vow ;    but  who  knows  Cato's 

thought ;     [Little  used-l        Addison 

12.  Wanton  ;  unrestrained  in  behavior  ;  dis- 
solute :  uncha.ste  ;  as  a  loose  man  or  wo- 
man. 

13.  Containing  unchaste  language ;  as  a 
loose  epistle.  Dryden. 

To  break  loose,  to  escape  from  confinement ; 
to  gain  liberty  by  violence.  Dryden. 

To  let  loose,  to  free  from  restraint  or  confine- 
ment ;  to  set  at  liberty.  Locke. 


LOOSE,  n.  Freedom  from  restraint ;  lib- 
erty. 

Come,  give  thy  soul  a  loose.  Dryden. 

Vent  all  its  griefs,  and  give  a  loose  to  sorrow. 

Addison. 
We  use  this  word  only  in  the  phrase,  give  a 
loose.     The  following  use  of  it,  "  he  runs 
with  an  unbounded  loose,"  is  obsolete. 

Prior. 
LOOS'ED,   pp.    Untied ;    unbound ;    freed 

from  restraint. 
LOOSELY,  adv.  loos'ly.  Not  fast ;  not  firmly ; 
that  may  be  easily  disengaged  ;  as  things 
loosely  tied  or  connected. 
2.  Without  confinement. 

Her  golden  locks  for  baste  were  loosely  shed 
About  her  ears.  Speitser. 

Without  union  or  connection. 

Part  loosely  wing  the  region.  Milton. 

Irregularly  ;  not  with  the  usual  restraints. 

.\  bishop  living  loosely,  was  charged  that  his 

conversation  was  not  according  to  the  aposde's 

lives.  Camden. 

5.  Negligently  ;  carelessly  ;  heedlessly  ;  as  a 
mind  loosely  employed.  Locke. 

6.  Meanly  ;  slightly. 
A  prince  should  not  be  so  loosely  studied,  as 

to  remember  so  weak  a  composition.         Shak. 

7.  Wantonly  ;  dissolutely ;    unchastely. 

Pope. 
LOOS'EN,  V.  t.  loos'n.    [from  loose,  or  it  is 
the  Saxon  infinitive  retained.] 

1.  To  free  from  tightness,  tension,  firmness 
or  fixedness  ;  as,  to  loosen  a  string  when 
tied,  or  a  knot ;  to  loosen  a  joint ;  to  loosen 
a  rock  in  the  earth. 

2.  To  render  less  dense  or  compact ;  as,  to 
loosen  the  earth  about  the  roots  of  a  tree. 

3.  To  free  from  restraint. 

It  loosens   his  hands  and   assists   his  under- 
standing. Dryden. 

4.  To  remove  costiveness  from ;  to  facilitate 
or  increase  alvine  discharges. 

Fear  looseneth  the  belly.  Bacon. 

LOOS'EN,  v.i.  To  become  loose;  to  be- 
come less  tight,  firm  or  compact. 

LOOS'ENED,  pp.  Freed  from  tightness  or 
fixedness  ;  rendered  loose. 

LOOSENESS,  n.  loos'ness.  The  state  of 
being  loose  or  relaxed  ;  a  state  opposite  to 
that  of  being  tight,  fast,  fixed  or  compact  ; 
as  the  looseness  of  a  cord  ;  the  looseness  of 
a  robe ;  the  looseness  of  the  skin ;  the 
looseness  of  earth,  or  of  the  texture  of 
cloth. 

2.  The  state  opposite  to  rigor  or  rigidne?s ; 
laxity  ;  levity ;  as  looseness  of  morals  or 
of  principles. 

3.  Ii-regularity ;  habitual  deviation  from 
strict  rules;  as  looseness  of  life. 

Hayward. 

4.  Habitual  lewdness;  imchastity.     Spenser. 

5.  Flux  from  the  bowels ;  diarrhfea.     Bacon. 
LOOS'ENING,;>;)r.  Freeing  from  tightness, 

tension  or  fixedness;  rendering  less  com- 
pact. 

LOOSESTRIFE,)!,  loos  strife.  In  botany,ihe 
name  of  several  species  of  plants,  of  the 
genera  Lysimachia,  Epilobiura,  Lytbrum, 
and  Gaura.  Lee. 

jLOOS'ING,  ppr.  Setting  free  from  confine- 
ment. 

LOP,  V.  t.  [I  know  not  the  affinities  of  this 
word,  unless  it  is  lob,  or  the  W.  llab,  a 
stroke  ;  llabiaw,  to  slap  or  strike,  or  the 
Eng.  flap,  or  Ir.  lubam,  to  bend.  The 
primary  sense  is  evidently  to  fall  or  fell, 


LOR 

or  to  strike  down,  aud  I  think  it  connect- 
ed v/ahjlap.] 

1.  To  cut  off,  as  the  top  or  extreme  part 
of  any  thing ;  to  shorten  by  cutting  oft 
the  extremities ;  as,  to  lop  a  tree  or  its 
branches. 

With  branches  lopped  in  wood,  or  mountain 
fgli'd,  Milton. 

3.  To  cut  off,  as  exuberances ;  to  separate, 
as  superfhious  parts. 

Expunge  the  whole,  or  lop  the  excrescent 
parts.  Pope- 

3.  To  cut  partly  off  and  bend  down  ;  as,  to 
lop  the  trees  or  saphngs  of  a  hedge. 

4.  To  let  fall ;  to  flap  ;  as,  a  horse  lops  his 
ears. 

LOP,  n.  That  which  is  cut  from  trees. 

Else  both  body  and  lop  will  be  of  little  value. 

Mortimer. 

LOP,  n.  [Sax.  loppe.]     A  flea.     [Local.] 
LOPE,  pret.  of  leap.  [Sw.  I'opa ;  D.  loopen.] 

Obs.  Spenser. 

LOPE,  n.  [Sw.  lopa,  D.  loopen,  to  run.    See 

Leap.] 
A  leap  ;  a  long  step.     [A  ivord  xn  popular 

use  in  America.] 
LOPE,  V.  i.   To  leap ;  to  move  or  run  with 

a  long  step,  as  a  dog. 
LO'PING,  ppr.    Leaping  ;   moving  or  run- 
ning with  a  long  step. 
LOP'PED,  pp.  Cut  off;  shortened  by  cut 

ting  off  the  top  or  end  ;  bent  down. 
LOP'PER,  ?i.  One  that  lops. 
LOP'PING,  ppr.    Cutting   off;    shortening 

by  cutting  off  the  extremity  ;  letting  fa 
LOP'PING,  n.  That  which  is  cut  off. 
LOUUA'CIOUS,  a.  [L.  loquax,  from  loquor, 

to  speak.  Qu.  Eng.  to  clack.]     Talkative ; 

given  to  continual  talking. 

Loquaciuxts,  brawling,  ever  in  the  wrong. 

Dryden. 

2.  Speaking  ;  noisy. 

Blind  British  bards,  with  volant  touch, 
Traverse  loquacious  strings.  Philips. 

3.  Apt  to  blab  and  disclose  secrets. 
LOQUA'CIOUSNESS,  )       [L.  loquacitas.] 
LOQUACITY,  S       Talkativeness; 

the  habit  or  practice  of  talking  continually 
or  excessively. 

Too  great  loquacity  and  too  great  taciturnity 

Ijy  fits.  '  Arbutluiot. 

LORD,  n.    [Sax.   hlaford.     This   has  been 

supposed  to  be  compounded  of  hlaf,  loaf, 

and  ford,  afford,   to   give  ;    and  hence   a  

lord  is  interpreted,  a  hread-giver.  But  lady,  .->    p,.Qyj  .  ], 
in  Saxon,   is  in  like  manner  written  Wo/-l  —  ' 

da:g;  and  da-g  can  hardly  signify  a  giver. 
The  word  occurs  in  none  of  the  Teutonic 
dialects,  except  the  Saxon  ;  and  it  is  not 
easy  to  ascertain  the  original  signification 
of  the  word.  I  question  the  correctness 
of  the  common  interpretation.] 

1.  A  master;  a  person  possessing  supreme 
power  and  authority ;  a  ruler ;  a  gov- 
ernor. 

Man  over  man 
He  made  not  lord.  Milton 

But  now  I   was  the  lord 
Of  this  fair  mansion.  Shah 

2.  A  tyrant ;  an  oppressive  ruler.       Dryden. 

3.  A  husband. 

I  oft  in  bitterness  of  soul  deplored 

My  absent  daughter,  and  my  dearer  lord. 

Pope 
My  lord  also  being  old.     Gen.  xviii. 

4.  A  baron  ;  the  proprietor  of  a  manor ;  as 
the  lord  of  the  manor. 


LOR 

5.  A  nobleman ;  a  title  of  honor  in  Great, 
Britain  given  to  those  who  are  noble  by 
birth  or  creation  ;  a  peer  of  the  realm,  in-: 
eluding  dukes,  marcjuises,  earls,  viscounts 
and  barons.  Archbishops  and  bishops 
also,  as  members  of  the  bouse  of  lords, 
are  lords  of  parhament.  Thus  we  say, 
lords  temporal  and  spiritual.  By  courtesy 
also  the  title  is  given  to  the  sons  of  dukes] 
and  marquises,  and  to  the  eldest  sons  ofl 
earls.  Encyt] 

6.  An  honorary  title  bestowed  on  certain 
official  cbaracters;  as  lord  advocate,  lord', 
chamberlain,  lord  chancellor,  lord  chief 
justice,  &c. 

'  In  Scnplure,  ihe  Supreme  Being  ;  Jeho 
vah.  When  Lord,  in  the  Old  Testament,  \» 
printed  in  capitals,  it  is  the  translation  of 
Jehovah,  and  so  might,  with  more  propri 
ety,  be  rendered.  The  word  is  applied  to 
Clinst,  Ps.  ex.  Col.  iii.  and  to  the  Holy 
Spirit,  3  Thess.  iii.  As  a  title  of  respect,  it 
is  applied  to  kings.  Gen.  xl.  2  Sam.  xix. 
to  princes  and  nobles.  Gen.  xlii.  Dan.  iv. 


LOS 


to  a  husband,  Gen.  xviii.  to  a  prophet,  1 


Kings  xviii.  2  Kings  ii.  and  to  a  respect 
able  person.   Gen.  xxiv.    Christ  is  called 
the  Lord  of  glory,  1  Cor.  ii.  and   Lord  of 
lords.  Rev.  xix. 
LORD,  V.  t.  To  invest  with  the  dignity  and 
privileges  of  a  lord.  Shak. 

LORD,  V.  i.  To  domineer;  to  rule  with  ar- 
bitrary or  despotic  sway;  sometimes  fol- 
lowed by  over,  and  sometimes  by  it,  in  the 
manner  of  a  transitive  verb. 

Tlie  whiles  she  lordeth  in  licentious  bliss. 

Spenser. 
I  see  them  lording  it  in  London  streets. 

Shak 
They  lorded  over   them    whom  now   Ihcy 
serve.  Milton 

LORD'ING,  n.  A  little  lord  ;  a  lord,  in  con- 
tempt or  ridicule.     [Lillle  tiscd.]        Swift. 
LORD'LIKE,  a.  Becoming  a  lord. 
2.  Haughty  ;  proud  ;  insolent.  Dryden. 

LORD'LliMESS,  n.   [from  lordly-]  Digiiity  ; 
j     high  station.  Shak. 

12.  Pride;  haughtiness.  More. 

LORD'LING,  )!.  A  little  or  diminutive  lord. 

Swift. 
LORD'LY,    a.    [lord  ami  like.]  Becoming  a 
lord  :  pertaining  to  a  lord. 

Lordly  sins  require  lordly  estates  to  suppoi  ( 
them.  South. 

auglity  ;  imperious  ;  insolent. 
Every  rich  and  lordly  swain. 
With  pride  would  drag  about  her  chain. 

Swift.\ 

LORD'LY,     adv.     Proudly ;    imperiously ;; 
despotically. 

A  famished  lion,  issuing  from  the  wood. 
Roars  lordly  fierce.  Dryden. 

LORD'SHIP,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing a  lord;  hence,  a  title  of  honor  given 
to  noblemen,  except  to  dukes,  who  have 
the  title  of  g-rnce. 
2.  A  titulary  compellation  of  judges  and 
certain  other  persons  in  authority  and 
oflice.  Johnson. 

Dominion;  power;  authority. 

They   who  are   accounted   to  rule  over  the 

Gcnliles,  exercise  lordship  over  them.    Mark  x. 

4.  Seigniory ;    domain  ;    the   territory  of  a 

lord  over  which  he  holds  jurisdiction  ;  a 

manor. 


What  lands  and  lordships  for   their  owner 

know 
My  quondam  barber.  Dryden . 

LORE,  n.  [Sax.  lar,  from  the  root  of  teran, 
to  learn ;  D.  leer ;  G.  lehre  ;  Dan.  tere  ;  Sw. 
lara.]  Learning  ;  doctrine ;  lesson  ;  in- 
struction. 

The  law  of  nations,  or  the  lore  of  war. 

Fairfax. 
Lo !  Rome  herself,  proud  mistress  now  no 

more 
Of  arts,  but  thundering  against  heathen  lore. 

Pope. 

LOR'EL,  n.  [Sax.  leoran,  to  wander.]  An 
abandoned  scoundrel ;  a  vagrant.     Obs. 

Chaucer. 

LO'RESMAN,  n.  [lore  and  man.]  An  in- 
structor.    Obs.  Gower. 

LOR'IeATE,  V.  t.  [L.  lorico,  loricatus,  from 
lorica,  a  coat  of  mail.] 

1.  To  plate  over  ;  to  spread  over,  as  a  plate 
for  defense. 

Nature  hath  loricated  the  sides  of  the  tympa- 
num in  animals  with  ear-wax.  Jiay. 

2.  To  cover  with  a  crust,  as  a  chimical  ves- 
sel, for  resisting  fire. 

LOR'ICATED,;>p.  Covered  or  plated  over  : 
encrusted. 

LOR'ICATING,  ppr.  Covering  over  with  a 
plate  or  crust. 

LORIeA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  operation 
of  covering  any  thing  with  a  plate  or 
crust  for  defense  ;  as  the  loricalion  of  a 
chimical  vessel,  to  enable  it  to  resist  the 
action  of  fire,  and  sustain  a  high  degree 
of  heat. 

LOR'IMER,  n.  [L.  iomm,  a  thong  ;  Ft.lar- 


A  bridle-maker ;    one   that  makes  bits  for 

bridles,  &c.    [N'ol  tised.] 
LO'RING,  n.  Instructive  discourse.    Obs. 

Spenser. 
LO'RIOT,  n.  [Fr.]   A  bird  called  witwal ; 

the   oriole. 
LO'RIS,  11.  A  small  quadruped  of  Ceylon. 
LORN,    a.    [Sax.  Dan.  forloren,  lost.      See 
Forlorn.]     Lost ;  forsaken  ;  lonely. 

Spenser. 
LO'RY,  n.  A  subordinate  genus  of  fowls  of 
the  parrot  kind,  forming  the  link  between 
the  parrot  and  parroquet. 

Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

LoSABLE,  a.  That   may   be   lost.     [Little 

u.sed.]  Boyle. 

Lose,  v.  t  looz.  pret.  and  pp^  lost.    [Sax. 

"     verliexen ; 
to 
part,  to    separate,  and  from  the  root  of 
loose.] 

1.  To  mislay;  to  part  or  be  separated 
from  a  thing,  so  as  to  have  no  knowledge 
of  the  place  where  it  is ;  as,  to  lose  a  book 
or  a  i)aper ;  to  lose  a  record ;  to  lose  a  dol- 
lar or  a  ducat. 

2.  To  forfeit  by  unsuccessful  contest ;  as,  to 
lose  money  in  gaming. 

.3.  Not  to  gain  or  win ;  as,  to  lose  a  battle, 
that  is,  to  be  defeated. 

4.  To  be  deprived  of;  as,  to  lose  men  in  bat- 
tle ;  to  lose  an  arm  or  a  leg  by  a  shot  or 
by  amputation  ;  to  lose  one's  life  or  honor. 

5.  i'o  forfeit,  as  a  penalty.  Our  first  pa- 
rents lost  the  favor  of  God  by  their  apos- 

'a>*y- 

6.  To  suffer  diminution  or  waste  of. 


losian,  forlosian,  forhjsan;    D.   verliezei 
Goth,  husaii.     The   sense   is  probably 


LOS 

If  the  salt  hath  lost  its  savor,  wherewith  shall 
it  be  salted  ?    Matt.  v. 

7.  To  ruin  ;  to  destroy. 

The  woman  that  deUberates  is  lost. 

Addison 

8.  To  wander  froin  ;  to  miss,  so  as  not  to  be 
able  to  find  ;  as,  to  lose  the  way. 

9.  To  bewilder. 

Lost  in  Uje  maze  of  words.  Pope. 

10.  To  possess  no  longer;  to  be  deprived  of; 
contrary  to  keep;  as,  to  lose  a  valuable 
trade. 

11.  Not  to  employ  or  enjoy  ;  to  waste,  li- 
tus  sighed  to  lose  a  day. 

Th'  unhappy  have  but  hours,  and  these  they 
lose.  Dryden. 

12.  To  waste  ;  to  squander  ;  to  throw  away  ; 
as,  to  lose  a.  fortune  by  gaming,  or  by  dis- 
sipation 

't 


JL  O  T 


L  O  T 


5.  Waste  by  leakage  or  escape  ;  us  a  loss  otii     turn  or  position  of  wliicli,  an  event  is  by 

liquors  in  transportation.  1      previous  agreement  determined. 

To  bear  a  loss,  lo  make  good;  also,  to  sus-  7b  rfrau; /o<»,  to  determine  an  event  by  draw 


13.  To  suffer  to  vanish  from  view  or  percep- 
tion. We  lost  sight  of  the  land  at  noon. 
I  lost  my  companion  in  the  crowd. 

Like  following  life  in  creatures  we  dissect 
We  lose  it  in  the  moment  we  detect.     Pope. 

14.  To  ruin;  to  destroy  by  shipwreck,  &c. 
The  Albion  was  lost  on  the  coast  of  li-e 
land,   April  23,  1823.     The   admiral   tost 
three  ships  in  a  tempest. 

15.  To  cause  to  perish ;  as,  to  be  lost  at  sea. 
IG.  To  employ  iueffectually  ;  to  throw  away 

to  waste.  Instruction  is  often  lost  on  the 
dull;  admonition  is /osi  on  the  profligate 
It  is  often  the  fate  of  projectors  to  lose 
their  labor. 

17.  To  be  freed  from. 

His  scaly  back  the  bunch  has  got 

Which  Kdw  in  lost  before.  Parnell. 

18.  To  fail  to  obtain. 
He  shall  in  no  wise  lose  his  reward.     Matt,  x. 

To   lose  one's  self,   to  be    bewildered ;   also, 
to  slumber;  to  have  tlie  memory  and  rea 
son  suspended. 
Lose,  v.  i.  looz.     To  forfeit  any  thing  ii 
contest;  not  to  win. 

We'll  talk  with  them  too. 
Who  loses  and  who  wins  ;  who's  in,  who': 
out.  Shah 

2.  To  decline  ;  to  fail. 

Wisdom  in  discourse  with  her 
Loses  discountenanced,  and  like  folly  shows 

Milton 
LOS'EL,  ?i.  s  as  :.  [from  the  root  of  Joosc 
A  wasteful  fellow,  one  who  loses  by  sloth 
or  neglect;  a  worthless  person.     Oba. 

Spenser. 
LOS'ENGER,  n.    [Sax.   has,    false;    leas- 
unge,  falsity.]     A  deceiver.     Obs. 

Chaucer. 
L6SER,  n.  looz'er.    One   that  loses,  or  that 
is  deprived  of  any  thing  by  defeat,  forfeit- 
ure or  the  like  ;  the  contrary  to  winner  or 
gainer.     A  loser  by  trade  may  be  honest 
and  moral ;  this  cannot  be  said  of  a  loser 
by  gaming. 
Losing,  ppr.  looz'ing.  Parting  from  ;  miss 
ing  ;  forfeiting  ;  wasting  ;  employing  to  no 
good  purpose. 
LOSS,  n.  Privation;  as  the  ?05S  of  property  ; 
loss  of  money  by  gaming ;  loss  of  health 
or  reputation.     Every  loss  is  not  a  detri- 
ment.    We  cannot  regret  the  loss  of  bad 
company  or  of  evil  habits. 

2.  Destruction ;  ruin  ;   as  the  loss  of  a  ship 
at  sea  ;  the  loss  of  an  army. 

3.  Defeat ;  as  the  loss  of  a  battle. 

4.  Waste  ;   useless  application  :  as  a  loss  of 
time  or  labor. 


tain  a  loss  without  sinking  under  it. 

To  be  at  a  loss,  to  be  puzzled  ;  to  be  unable! 
to  determine ;  to  be  in  a  state  of  uncer- 
tainty. 

LOSS'FUL,  a.  Detrimental.    [M>t  used.] 

Bp.  Hall. 

LOSS'LESS,  a.  Free  from  loss.  [M>t  used.] 

Milton. 

LOST,  pp.  [from  lose.]  Mislaid  or  left  in  a 
place  unknown  or  forgotten  ;  that  cannot 
be  found ;  as  a  lost  book. 
Ruined  ;  destroyed ;  wasted  or  squander 
ed ;  employed  to  no  good  purpose  ;  as  lost 
money ;  lost  time. 

3.  Forfeited  ;  as  a  lost  estate. 

4.  Not  able  to  find  the  right  way,  or  the 
place  intended.  A  stranger  is  lost  in  Lon- 
don or  Paris. 

Bewildered  ;  perplexed  ;  being  in  a  maze 
as,  a  speaker  may  be  lost  in  his  argument 

Alienated  ;  insensible  ;  hardened  beyond 
sensibility  or  recovery  ;  as  a  profligate  lost 
to  shame  ;  lost  to  all  sense  of  honor. 

7.  Not  perceptible  to  the  senses  ;  not  visible ; 
as  an  isle  tost  in  fog;  a  person  lost  in  a 
crowd. 

8.  Shipwrecked  or  foundered  ;  sunk  or  des 
troyed ;  as  a  ship  lost  at  sea,  or  on  the 
rocks. 

LOT,  n.  [Sax.  blot,  hlodd,  Mel,  kbit ;  Goth. 
hlauts;  D.  Fr. /o( ;  Sw.  hit;  Dan.  Arm. 
lod ;  G.  los ;  It.  lotto  ;  Sp.  loteria,  a  lot- 
tery. The  primary  sense  is  that  which 
comes,  falls  or  happens,  or  a  part,  a 
division  or  share.  The  French,  from 
lot,  have  lotir,  to  divide  ;  Arm.  loda,  id. 
whence  lodccq,  a  co-heir.] 

1.  That  which,  in  human  speech,  is  called 
chance,  hazard,  fortune  ;  but  in  strictness 
of  language,  is  the  deterinination  of  Prov- 
idence ;  as,  the  land  shall  be  divided  by 
lot.     Num.  xxvi. 

J.  That  by  which  the  fate  or  portion  of  one 
is  determined  ;  that  by  which  an  event  is 
connnitted  to  chance,  that  is,  to  the  de- 
termination of  Providence ;  as,  to  cast 
lots  ;  to  draw  lots. 

The  lot  is  cast  into  the  lap,  but   tlie   whole 
disposint;  thereof  is  of  the  Lord.     Prov.  xvi. 

3.  The  part,  division  or  fate  which  falls  to 
one  by  chance,  that  is,  by  divine  deter- 
mination. 

The  second  lot  came  forth  to  Simeon.    Josh, 
xix. 

He  was  but  born  to  try 
The  lot  of  man,  to  sutTer  and  to  die.      Pope 

4.  A  distinct  portion  or  parcel ;  as  a  lot  of 
goods  ;  a  lot  of  boards. 

5.  Proportion  or  share  of  taxes  ;  as,  to  pay 
scot  and  lot. 

6.  In  the  U.  States,  a  piece  or  division  of] 
land ;  perhaps  originally  assigned  by 
drawing  lots,  but  now  any  portion,  piece 
or  division.  So  we  say,  a  man  has  a  lot 
of  land  in  Broadway,  or  in  the  meadow  ; 
he  has  a  lot  in  the  plain,  or  on  the  moun- 
tain ;  he  has  a  home-lot,  a  house-^*,  a 
wood-^(. 

The  defendants  leased  a  house  and  lot  m  the 
city  of  New  York. 

Kent.    Franklin,  Law  of  Penn 

To  cast  lots,  is  to  use  or  throw  a  die,  or 
some  other  instrument,  by  the  unforeseen 


ngone  thing  from  a  number  whose  marks 
are  concealed  from  the  drawer,  and  thus 
determining  an  event. 

LOT,  V.  t.  To  allot  ;  to  assign  ;  to  distrib- 
ute ;  to  sort ;  to  catalogue ;  to  portion. 

Prior. 

LOTE,  71.  [L.  lotus,  lotos.]  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Celtis,  the  lote-tree,  of  several  spe- 
cies. The  wood  of  one  species  is  very 
durable,  and  is  used  for  timber.  In  Italy, 
flutes  and  other  wind-instruments  arc 
made  of 'it,  and  in  England  it  is  used  for 
the  frames  of  coaches,  &c.  Encyc. 

A  little  fish. 


LOTH,  a.  [Sax.  lath,  Sw.  led,  Dan.  leede, 
odious,  hated.  The  common  orthography 
is  loath,  i)ronounced  with  o  long,  but  both 
the  orthography  and  pronunciation  are 
corrupt.  This  word  follows  the  analogy 
of  cloth,  Sax.  clath.  I  have  folio  w(xl  Wil- 
ton, Dryden,  Waller,  Spenser  and  Shak- 
speare  in  the  orthograjihy  of  the  adjec- 
tive, and  Cruden  in  that  of  the  verb.  The 
primary  sense  is  to  thrust,  to  turn  or  drive 
away.  See  the  verb,  and  Class  Ld.  No. 
9. 15.1 
Literally,  bating,  detesting ;  hence, 

2.  Unwilling ;  disliking  ;  not  inclined  ;  re- 
luctant. 

Long  dotli  he  stay,  as  loth  to  leave  the  land. 

/James. 
To  pardon  willing,  and  to  punish  loth. 

Waller. 

LOTHE,  V.  t.  [Sax.  lathian,  to  h.itc,  to  de- 
test, to  call,  to  invite  ;  gelathiun,  to  call ; 
Goth,  lathon,  to  call;  Sw.  Itdus,  to  lothe; 
G.  einlaelen,  to  invite,  to  lade  or  load,  from 
laden,  to  lade,  to  invite,  to  cite  or  sum- 
mon.    See  Lade,] 

1.  To  feel  disgust  at  any  thing;  properly,  to 
have  an  extreme  a^ersion  of  the  appetite 
to  food  or  drink. 

Our  soul   lutheth  this  light   bread.       Num. 
xxi. 

Lathing  the  honey'd  cakes,  I  long'd  for  bread. 

Coictey. 

2.  To  hate  ;  to  dislike  greatly ;  to  abhor. 
Ye  shall  lothe  yourselves  in  your  own  sight 

for  all  your  evils —     Ezek.  xx. 

Not  to  reveal  the  secret  which  I  lothe. 

Waller. 
LOTHE,  f.  1.  To  create  disgust.     Obs. 

Spenser. 
LO'THED,   pp.    Hated  ;  abhorred ;  turned 

from  with  disgust. 
LO'THER,  7i.  One  that  lothes  or  abhors. 
LO'THFUL,  a.  Hating;  abhorring. 

Wliicii  he  did  with  lothful  eyes  behold. 

Hubherd. 

2.  Disgusting;  hated  ;  exciting  abhorrence. 
Above  the  reach  of  hthful  sinful  lust. 

Spenser. 

LO'THING,  ppr.  Feeling  disgust  at;  hav- 

ng  extreme  aversion  to;  as  lothing  food. 

3.  Hating  ;  abhorring  ;  as  lothing  sin. 
LO'TIHNG,    n.    Extreme   disgust;  abhor- 
rence.    Ezek.  xvi. 

LO'THINGLY,  adv.  With  extreme  disgust 

or  abhorrence  ;  in  a  fastidious  manner. 
LOTH'LY,  adv.  Unwillingly  ;  reluctantly. 
This  shows  that  you  from  nature  lothly  stray. 

bonne. 
LOTH'NESS,    n.     Unwillingness  ;    reluct- 
ance. 


LOR 


LOR 


LOS 


6. 


or  to  strike  down,  aud  I  think  it  connect- 
ed v/ithjlap.] 
I.  To  cut  oft;  as  the  top  or  extreme  part 
of  any  thing ;  to  shorten  by  cutting  off 
the  extremities  ;  as,  to  top  a  tree  or  its 
branches. 

With  branches  lopped  in  wood,  or  mountain 
fell'd.  Milton. 

9.  To  cut  off,  as  exuberances ;  to  separate, 
as  superfluous  parts. 

Expunge  the  whole,  or  lop  the  excrescent 
parts.  Pope- 

3.  To  cut  partly  off  and  bend  down  ;  as,  to 
lop  the  trees  or  saphngs  of  a  hedge. 

4.  To  let  fall ;    to  flap  ;  as,  a  horse  lops  his 
ears. 

LOP,  n.  That  which  is  cut  from  trees. 

Else  both  body  and  lopwiWbe  of  little  value 

Mortimer 

LOP,  11.  [Sax.  loppe.]     A  flea.     [Local] 

LOPE,  pret.  of  leap.  [Sw.  Ibpa ;  D.  loopen.] 
Obs.  Spenser. 

LOPE,  n.  [Sw.  lopa,  D.  loopen,  to  run.  See 
Leap.] 

A  leap ;  a  lon^  step.  [A  word  in  popular 
use  in  America.] 

LOPE,  V.  i.  To  leap  ;  to  move  or  run  with 
a  long  step,  as  a  dog. 

LO'PING,  ppr.  Leaping  ;  moving  or  run- 
ning with  a  long  step. 

LOP'PED,  pp.  Cut  off;  shortened  by  cut- 
ting off  the  top  or  end;  bent  down 

LOP'PER,  71.  One  that  lops. 

LOP'PING,  ppr.  Cutting  off;  shortening 
by  cutting  off  the  extremity ;  letting  fall. 

LOP'PING,  n.  That  which  is  cut  off. 

LOaUA'CIOUS,  a.  [L.  loquax,  from  loquor, 
to  speak.  Qu.  Eng.  to  claclc]  Talkative  ; 
given  to  continual  talking. 

Loquacious,  brawling,  ever  in  the  wrong. 

Dry  den. 

2.  Speaking;  noisy. 

Blind  British  bards,  with  volant  touch, 
Traverse  loquacious  strings.  Philips. 

3.  Apt  to  blab  and  disclose  secrets. 
LOQUA'CIOUSNESS,  )        [L.  loquacitas.] 
LOQIJ.\C'ITY,  S       Talkativeness; 

the  habit  or  practice  of  talking  continually 
or  excessively. 

Too  great  loquacity  and  too  great  taciturnity 
bv  fits."  Arhulhnot 

LORD,  7! .  [Sax.  hlaford.  This  has  been 
supposed  to  be  compounded  of  hlaf,  loaf, 
and  ford,  afford,  to  give ;  and  hence  a 
lord  is  interpreted,  a  bread-giver.  But  ladi/,\ 
in  Saxon,  is  in  lilie  manner  written  hloff- 
dag;  and  dwg  can  hardly  signify  a  giver. 
The  word  occurs  in  none  of  the  Teutonic 
dialects,  except  the  Saxon  ;  and  it  is  not 
easy  to  ascertain  the  original  signification 
of  the  word.  I  question  the  correctness 
of  the  common  interpretation.] 

1.  A  master;  a  person   possessing  supreme 
power  and   authority  ;    a   ruler  ; 
ernor. 

Man  over  man 
He  made  not  lord. 

But  now  I  was  the  lord 
Of  this  fair  mansion. 

2.  A  tyrant ;  an  oppressive  ruler. 

3.  A  husband. 

I  oft  in  liitterness  of  soul  deplored 

My  absent  daughter,  and  my  dearer  lord. 

Pope 
My  lord  also  being  old.     Gen.  xviii. 

4.  A  baron  ;  the  proprietor  of  a  manor ;  as 
the  lord  of  the  manor. 


a  gov 


Milton. 

Shale 
Dryden.' 


5.  A  nobleman ;  a  title  of  honor  in  Great, 
Uiitain  given  to  those  who  are  noble  by 
birth  or  creation  ;  a  peer  of  the  realm,  in-^ 
eluding  dukes,  marquises,  earls,  viscounts 
and  barons.  Archbishops  and  bishopsi 
also,  as  members  of  the  house  of  lortlsj 
are  lords  of  parhament.  Thus  we  say, 
lords  tein])oral  and  spiritual.  By  courtesy! 
also  the  title  is  given  to  the  sons  of  dukes] 
and  marquises,  and  to  the  eldest  sons  oil 
earls.  Encyc.i 

An  honorary   title  bestowed  on  certain 
official  characters  ;  as  lord  advocate,  lord 
chamberlain,   lord  chancellor,    lord  chief 
justice,  &c. 
7.' In  Scripture,  ihe  Supreme   Being  ;  Jeho 
vah.  Wlien  Lord,  in  the  Old  Testament,  \t 
printed  in  capitals,  it  is  the  translation  of 
Jehovah,  and  so  might,  with  more  propri- 
ety, be  rendered.     The  word  is  applied  to 
Christ,  Ps.  ex.  Col.  iii.  and  to  the  Holy 
Spirit,  2  Thess.  iii.  As  a  title  of  respect,  it 
is  applied  to  kings.  Gen.  xl.    2  Sam.  xix. 
to  ])rinces  and  nobles.  Gen.  xlii.  Dan.  iv 
to  a  husband.  Gen.  xviii.  to  a  prophet,  1 
Kings  xviii.  2  Kings  ii.  and  to  a  respect- 
able person.   Gen.  xxiv.    Christ  is  called 
the  Lord  of  glory,  1  Cor.  ii.  and   Lord  of 
lords,  Rev.  xix. 
LORD,  V.  t.  To  invest  with  the  dignity  and 
privileges  of  a  lord.  Shak. 

LORD,  V.  i.  To  domineer;  to  rule  with  ar- 
bitrary or  despotic  sway;   sometimes  fol 
lowed  by  over,  and  sometimes  by  it,  iu  the 
manner  of  a  transitive  verb. 

The  whiles  she  lorJeth  m  licentious  bliss. 

Spenser 
I  see  them  lording:  it  in  London  streets. 

Shak. 
They   lorded  over   thcra    whom  now   Ihey 
serve.  Mdton 

LORD'ING,  Ji.  A  little  lord  ;  a  lord,  in  con- 
tempt or  ridicule.     [LitUe  used.]        Swift. 
LORD'LIKE,  a.  Becoming  a  lord. 
2.  Haughty  ;  proud  ;  insolent.  Dryden 

LORD'LINESS,  7i.   [from  lordly-]  Dignity; 
1     hish  .station.  Shak. 

2.  Pride;  haughtiness.  More. 

LORD'LING'  11.  A  little  or  diminutive  lord. 
j  Swifl. 

jLORD'LY,    a.    [lord  and  like.]  Becoming  a 
lord  :  pertaining  to  a  lord. 

Lordly  sins  require  lordly  estates  to  support 
them.  South. 

Proud;  haughty;  imperious;  insolent. 
Every  rich  and  lordly  swain. 
With  pride  would  drag  about  her  chain. 

Swift. 

LORD'LY,     adv.     Proudly;     imperiously; 
despotically. 

A  famished  lion,  issuing  from  the  wood, 
Roars  loi'dly  tierce.  Dryden. 

LORD'SHIP,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing a  lord ;  hence,  a  title  of  honor  given 
to  noblemen,  except  to  dukes,  who  have 
the  title  of  grace. 
2.  A  titulary  compellation  of  judges  and 
certain  other  persons  in  authority  and 
office.  Johnson. 

Dominion;  power;  authority. 

They   who  are   accounted   to  rule  over  the 

Gentiles,  exercise  lordship  over  them.    Mark  x 

4.  Seigniory ;    domain  ;   the   territory  of  a 

lord  over  which  he  holds  jurisdiction  ;  a 

II     manor. 


What  lands  and  lordships  for   their  owner 

know 
My  quondam  barber.  Dryden. 

LORE,  n.  [Sax.  lar,  from  the  root  of  Iwran, 
to  learn  ;  D.  leer  ;  G.  lehre  ;  Dan.  Icere  ;  Sw. 
lara.]  Learning  ;  doctrine ;  lesson  ;  in- 
struction. 

The  law  of  nations,  or  the  lore  of  war. 

JFaitfax. 
Lo !  Rome  herself,  proud  mistress  now  no 

more 
Of  arts,  but  thundering  against  heathen  lore- 
Pope. 

LOR'EL,  n.  [Sax.  leoran,  to  wander.]  An 
abandoned  scoundrel ;  a  vagrant.     Obs. 

Chaucer. 
LO'RESMAN,  n.    [lore  and  man.]    An  in- 
structor.    Obs.  Gower. 
LOR'ICATE,  V.  t.  [L.  lorico,  loricatus,  from 

torica,  a  coat  of  mail.] 
1.  To  plate  over  ;  to  spread  over,  as  a  plate 
for  defense. 

Nature  hath  loricated  the  sides  of  the  tympa- 
num in  animals  with  ear-wax.  ^iciy- 
To  cover  with  a  crust,  as  a  chimical  ves- 
sel, for  resisting  fire. 
LOR'ICATED,  pp.  Covered  or  plated  over ; 

encrusted. 
LOR'ICATING,  ppr.  Covering  over  with  a 

plate  or  crust. 
LORl€.\'TION,  11.  The  act  or  operation 
of  covering  any  thing  with  a  i>late  or 
crust  for  defense  ;  as  the  lorication  of  a 
chimical  vessel,  to  enable  it  to  resist  the 
action  of  fire,  and  sustain  a  high  degree 
of  heat. 
LORIMER,  71.  [L.  ioru?n,  a  thong  ;  Fr.  ior- 

mier.] 
.\  bridle-maker;    one   that  makes   bits  for 

bridles,  &c.    [.Not  used.] 
LO'RING,  71.  Instructive  discourse.    Obs. 

Spenser. 
LO'RIOT,  71.  [Fr.]   A  bird  called  witwal ; 

the  oriole. 
LO'RIS,  71.  A  small  quadruped  of  Ceylon. 
LOF?N,    a.    [Sax.  Dan.  forloren,  lost.      See 
Forlorn.]     Lost ;  forsaken  ;  lonely. 

Spenser. 
LO'RY,  71.  A  subordinate  genus  of  fowls  of 
the  parrot  kind,  forming  the  link  between 
the  parrot  and  parroquet. 

Did.  Nat.  Hist. 

LOSABLE,  a.  That  may   be   lost.     [Little 

used.]  Boyle. 

LOSE,  V.  t.  looz.  pret.  and   pp.  lost.    [Sax. 

losian,  forlosian,  forlysan;    D.   verliezen; 


Goth,  liusan.  The  sense  is  probably  to 
part,  to  separate,  and  from  the  root  of 
loose.] 

1.  To  mislay;  to  part  or  be  separated 
from  a  thing,  so  as  to  have  no  knowledge 
of  the  place  where  it  is ;  as,  to  lose  a  book 
or  a  iinper ;  to  lose  a  record  ;  to  lose  a  dol- 
lar or  a  ducat. 

2.  To  forfeit  by  unsuccessful  contest ;  as,  to 
lose  money  in  gaming. 

3.  Not  to  gain  or  win ;  as,  to  lost  a  battle, 
that  is,  to  be  defeated. 

4.  To  be  deprived  of;  as,  to  lose  men  in  bat- 
tle ;  to  lose  an  arm  or  a  leg  by  a  shot  or 
by  amputation  ;  to  lose  one's  life  or  honor. 

5.  To  forfeit,  as  a  penaltv-  Our  firet  pa- 
rents lost  the  favor  of  God  by  their  apos- 
tasy. 

6.  To  suffer  diminution  or  waste  of. 


LOS 


LOT 


L  O  T 


If  the  salt  hath  lost  its  savor,  wherewith  shall 
it  be  salted  ?    Matt.  v. 

7.  To  ruin  ;  to  destroy. 

The  woman  that  deliberates  is  lost. 

Addison. 

8.  To  wander  from  ;  to  miss,  so  as  not  to  be 
able  to  find  ;  as,  to  lose  the  way. 

9.  To  bewilder. 

Lost  in  Uie  maze  of  words.  Pope. 

10.  To  possess  no  longer;  to  be  deprived  of; 
contrary  to  keep;  as,  to  lose  a  valuable 
trade. 

11.  Not  to  employ  or  enjoy  ;  to  waste.  Ti- 
tus sighed  to  lose  a  day. 

Th'  unhappy  have  but  houre,  and  these  they 
lose.  Dryden. 

13.  To  waste  ;  to  squander  ;  to  throw  away 
as,  to  lose  a  fortune  by  gaining,  or  by  dis 
sipation. 

13.  To  suffer  to  vanish  from  view  or  percep- 
tion. We  lost  sight  of  tlie  land  at  noon, 
I  lost  my  companion  in  the  crowd. 

Like  following  life  in  creatures  we  dissect, 
We  lose  it  in  the  moment  we  detect.     Pope 

14.  To  ruin;  to  destroy  by  shipwreck,  &c 
The  Albion  was  lost  on  the  coast  of  Ire- 
land, April  23,  1832.  The  admiral  lost 
three  ships  in  a  tempest. 

15.  To  cause  to  perish ;  a?,  to  be  lost  at  sea. 

16.  To  employ  ineffectually  ;  to  throw  away ; 
to  waste.  Instruction  is  otlen  lost  on  the 
dull;  atlnionitioii  is /os<  ou  the  profligate. 
It  is  often  the  fate  of  projectors  to  lose 
their  labor. 

17.  To  be  freed  from. 

His  scaly  back  the  bunch  has  got 
Which  Edwin  lost  before.  Parnell. 

18.  To  fail  to  obtain. 
He  shall  in  no  wise  lose  his  reward.     Matt.  s. 

To   lose  one'*  self,   to  be   bewildered ;   also 
to  slumber;  to  have  the  memory  and  rea- 
son suspended. 
Lose,  !>.  i.   looz.     To  forfeit  any  thing  ni 
contest;  not  to  win. 

We'll  talk  with  them  too. 
Who  loses  and  who  nins  ;  wlio's  in,   who's 
out.  Siliak. 

2.  To  decline  ;  to  fail. 

Wisdom  in  discourse  with  her 
Loses  discouatenanccd,  and  like  folly  shows. 

Milton. 
LOS'EL,  n.  s  as  ;.  [from  the  root  of  ioose.] 
A  wastefid  fellow,  one  who  loses  by  sloth 
or  neglect ;  a  worthless  person.     04s. 

Spenser. 
LOS'ENGER,  n.    [Sa.x.   leas,    false ;    has 
unge,  falsity.]     A  deceiver.     Obs. 

Chaucer. 
L6SER,  n.  looz'er.    One   that  lose.s,  or  tliat 
is  deprived  of  any  thing  by  defeat,  forfeit- 
ure or  the  like  ;  the  contrary  to  wintier  or 
gainer.     A  loser  by  trade  may  be  honest 
and  moral ;  this  cannot  be  said  of  a  loser 
by  gaming. 
Losing,  ppr.  looz'ing.  Parting  from  ;  miss- 
ing; forfeiting  ;  wasting  ;  employing  to  no 
good  purpose. 
LOSS,  n.  Privation  ;  as  the  loss  of  property  ; 
loss  of  money  by  gaming;  loss  of  health 
or  reputation.     Every  loss  is  not  a  detri 
ment.     We  cannot  regret  the  loss  of  bad 
company  or  of  evil  habits. 

2.  Destruction ;  ruin  ;   as  the  loss  of  a  ship 
at  sea  ;  the  loss  of  an  army. 

3.  Defeat ;  as  the  loss  of  a  battle. 

4.  Waste  ;   useless  application  :  as  a  loss  of 
time  or  labor. 


5.  Waste  by  leakage  or  escape  ;  as  u  loss  ol 
liquors  in  transportation. 

To  bear  a  loss,  to  make  good ;  also,  to  sus- 
tain a  loss  without  sinking  under  it. 

To  be  at  a  loss,  to  be  puzzled  ;  to  be  unable 
to  determine ;  to  be  in  a  state  of  uncer- 
tainty. 

LOSS'FUL,  a.  Detrimental.     [JVotused.] 

Bp.  Hall. 

LOSS'LESS,  a.  Free  from  loss.  [Mil  med.] 

Milton. 

LOST,  pp.  [from  lose.]  Mislaid  or  left  in  a 
place  unknown  or  forgotten  ;  that  cannot 
be  found  ;  as  a  lost  book. 

2.  Ruined  ;  destroyed  ;  wasted  or  squander- 
ed ;  employed  to  no  good  purpose  ;  as  lost 
money ;  lost  time. 

3.  F'orfeited  ;  as  a  lost  estate. 

4.  Not  able  to  find  the  right  way,  or  the 
place  intended.  A  stranger  is  lost  in  Lon- 
don or  Paris. 

5.  Bewildered  ;  perplexed  ;  being  in  a  maze  ; 
as,  a  speaker  may  be  lost  in  his  argument 

6.  Alienated ;  insensible ;  hardened  beyond 
sensibility  or  recovery  ;  as  a  profligate  lost 
to  shame  ;  lost  to  all  sense  of  honor. 

7.  Not  perceptible  to  the  senses  ;  not  visible; 
as  an  isle  lost  in  fog;  a  person  lost  in  a 
crowd. 

8.  Shipwrecked  or  foundered  ;  sunk  or  des- 
troj'ed ;  as  a  ship  tost  at  sen,  or  on  the 
rocks. 

LOT,  n.  [Sax.  litot,  hlodd,  hkl,  hlyl;  Goth, 
hlauts ;  D.  Fr.  lot;  Sw.  loll;  Dan.  Arm 
lod ;  G.  los ;  It.  lolto  ;  Sp.  loteria,  a  lot- 
tery. The  primary  sense  is  that  which 
comes,  falls  or  happens,  or  a  part,  a 
division  or  share.  The  French,  from 
lol,  have  lolir,  to  divide  ;  Arm.  loda,  id. 
whence  lodccij,  a  co-heir.]  : 

1.  That  which,  in  human  speech,  is  called 
chance,  hazard,  fortune  ;  but  in  strictness 
of  language,  is  the  determination  of  Prov-j 
idence;  as,  the  land  shall  be  divided  by 
lot.     Num.  xxvi. 

2.  That  by  which  the  fate  or  portion  of  one' 
is  determined  ;  that  by  which  an  event  is 
connnitted  to  chance,  that  is,  to  the  de- 
termination of  Providence ;  as,  to  cast 
lots  ;  to  draw  lots. 

Tlie  lot  is  cast  into   the  lap,  but    tlie    whole 
disposiiii:  thereof  is  of  the  Lord.     Prov.  xvi. 

3.  The  part,  division  or  fate  w  liich  falls  to 
one  by  chance,  that  is,  by  divine  deter- 
mination. 

The  second  lot  came  forth  to  Simeon.     Josh, 
xix. 

He  was  but  born  to  try 
The  lot  of  man,  to  suffer  and  to  die.      Pope. 

4.  A  distinct  portion  or  parcel ;  as  a  lot  of 
goods  ;  a  lot  of  boards. 

5.  Proportion  or  share  of  taxes  ;  as,  to  pay 
scot  and  lot. 

6.  In  the  U.  Slates,  a  piece  or  division  of 
land ;  perhaps  originally  assigned  byi 
drawing  lots,  but  now  any  portion,  piece 
or  division.  So  we  say,  a  man  has  a  lot 
of  land  in  Broadway,  or  in  the  meadow  ; 
he  has  a  lot  in  the  plain,  or  on  the  moun- 
tain ;  he  has  a  hom^-lot,  a  house-W,  a 
wooA-lot. 

The  defendants  leased  a  house  and  lot  in  the 


turn  or  position  of  which,  an  event   is  by 
previous  agreement  delerniiiicd. 

To  draw  lots,  to  determine  an  event  by  draw- 
ing one  thing  from  a  number  whose  marks 
are  concealed  from  the  drawer,  and  thus 
determining  an  event. 

LOT,  V.  t.  To  allot  ;  to  assign  ;  to  distrib- 
ute ;  to  sort ;  to  catalogue  ;  to  portion. 

Prior. 

LOTE,  n.  [\^.lolus,lotos.]  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Celtis,  the  lote-trce,  of  several  spe- 
cies. The  wood  of  one  .'-■pecies  is  very 
durable,  and  is  used  for  timber.  In  Italy, 
flutes  and  other  winil-instruments  arc 
made  of 'it,  and  iu  England  it  is  used  for 
the  frames  of  coaches,  &c.  Eneye. 

2.  A  little  fish. 


city  of  New  York. 
Kent. 


Franklin,   Law  of  Pain 
To  cast  lots,  is  to  use  or  throw  a  die,   or 
some  other  instrument,  by  the  unforeseen 


ILOTH,  a.  [Sax.  lath,  Sw.  led,  Dan.  leede, 
odious,  hated.  The  common  orthography 
is  loath,  pronounced  with  o  long,  but  both 
the  orthography  and  pronunciation  are 
corrupt.  This  word  follows  the  analogy 
oi' cloth,  Sax.clath.  I  have  followed  Mil- 
ton, Dryden,  Waller,  Spen.ser  and  Sliak- 
speare  in  the  ortliograjdiy  of  the  adjec- 
tive, and  Cruden  in  that  of  the  verb.  The 
primary  sense  is  to  thrust,  to  turn  or  drive 
away.  See  the  verb,  and  Class  Ld.  No. 
9. 15.1 

1.  Literally,  hating,  detesting  ;  hence, 

2.  Unwilling ;  disliking  ;  not  inclined  ;  re- 
luctant. 

Long  doth  he  stay,  as  loth  to  leave  the  land. 

Vavies. 
To  pardon  willing,  and  to  punish  loth. 

WaUer. 
LOTHE,  V.  t.  [Sax.  lalhian,  to  hate,  to  de- 
test, to  call,  to  invite  ;  gelathinii,  to  call ; 
Goth,  tiilhon,  to  call ;  Sw.  Itdas,  lolothe; 
G.  einladen,  to  invite,  to  lade  or  load,  from 
laden,  to  lade,  to  invite,  to  cite  or  sum- 
mon.    See  Lade.'l 

1.  To  feel  tlisgust  at  any  thing;  properly,  to 
have  an  extreme  a\ersion  of  the  appetite 
to  food  or  drink. 

Our  soul   lotheih  this  light   bread.       Num. 
x.^i. 

Lathing  the  honey'd  cakes,  I  long'd  for  bread. 

Cotcley. 
To  hate  ;  to  dislike  greatly  ;  to  abhor. 

Ye  shall  lothe  yourselves  in  your  own   sight 
for  all  your  evils —     Ezck.  xx. 

Not  to  reveal  the  secret  which  1  lothe. 

Waller. 
LOTHE,  V.  i.  To  create  disgust.     Obs. 

Spenser. 
LO'THED,   pp.    Hated  ;  abhorred ;  turned 

from  with  disgust. 
LO'THER,  n.  One  that  lothes  or  abhors. 
LO'THFUL,  a.  Hating;  abhorring. 

A\'hich  he  did  with  lothful  eyes  behold. 

I lubber d. 

2.  Disgusting  ;  hated  ;  exciting  abhorrence. 
Above  the  reach  of  lolhfiU  sinful  lust. 

Spenser. 
LO'THING,  ppr.  Feeling  disgust   at;  hav- 
ing extreme  aversion  to  ;  as  lathing  food. 

3.  Hating  ;  abhorring  ;  as  lathing  sin. 
LO'THING,    71.    Extreme   disgust;  abhor- 
rence.    Ezek.  xvi. 

LO'THINGLY,  adv.  With  extreme  disgust 

or  abhorrence  ;  in  a  fastidious  m.auner. 
LOTH'LY,  adv.  Unwillingly  ;  reluctantly. 
This  shows  that  you  from  nature  lothly  stray. 

Donne. 
LOTH'NESS,    n.    Unwillingness;   reluct- 
ance. 


LOR 


6. 


or  to  strike  down,  and  I  tliink  it  connect- 
ed with  Jlap.] 
1.  To  cut  oft;  as  tlie  top  or  extreme  part 
of  any  thing ;  to  shorten  by  cutting  oft" 
the  extremities  ;  as,  to  lop  a  tree  or  its 
branches. 

With  branches  lopped  in  wood,  or  mountain 
fgli'd.  Milton. 

9.  To  cut  off;  as  exuberances ;  to  separate, 
as  superfluous  parts. 

Expunge  the  whole,  or  U>p  the  excrescent 
parts.  Pope- 

3.  To  cut  partly  off"  and  bend  down  ;  as,  to 
lop  the  trees  or  saplings  of  a  hedge. 

4.  To  let  fall ;    to  Jlap  ;  as,  a  horse  lops  his 
ears. 

LOP,  n.  That  which  is  cut  from  trees. 

Else  both  body  and  lop  will  be  of  little  value. 

Mortimer. 
LOP,  n.  [Sax.  loppe.]     A  flea.     [Local] 
LOPE,  pret.  of  leap.  [Sw.  lopa ;  D.  loopen.] 

Obs.  Spenser. 

LOPE,  n.  [Sw.  llipa,  D.  loopen,  to  run.    See 

Leap.] 
A  leap  ;  a  long  step.     [A  word  m  popular 

use  in  Jlmerica.] 
LOPE,  V.  i.   To  leap  ;  to  move  or  run  with 

a  long  step,  as  a  dog. 
LO'PING,  ppr.    Leaping  ;   moving  or  run- 
ning with  a  long  step. 
LOP'PED,  pp.  Cut  oflf;  shortened  by  cut 

ting  oft"  the  top  or  end  ;  bent  down. 
LOP'PER,  ?i.  One  that  lops. 
LOP'PING,  ppr.    Cutting   oft";    shortening 

by  cutting  oft"  the  extremity ;  letting  fall. 
LOP'PING,  n.  That  which  is  cut  off". 
LOUUA'CIOUS,  a.  [L.  loquax,  from  loquor, 

to  speak.  Qu.  Eng.  to  clack.]     Talkative 

given  to  coutinual  talking. 

Loquacious,  brawling,  ever  in  the  wrong. 

Dryden. 

2.  Speaking;  noisy. 

Blind  British  bards,  with  volant  touch. 
Traverse  loquacious  strings.  Philips. 

3.  Apt  to  blab  and  disclose  secrets. 
LOQUA'CIOUSNESS,  }       [L.  loquacitas.] 
LOQUACITY,  S        Talkativeness; 

the  habit  or  practice  of  talking  continually 
or  excessively. 

Too  "real  loquacity  and  too  great  taciturnity 
bv  fits."  Arbuthnot. 

LORD,  J! .    [Sax.   Maford.     This   has   been 
supposed  to  be  compounded  of  hlaf,  loaf, 
and  ford,  afford,   to   give ;    and  hence   a 
lord  is  interpreted,  a  hread-giver.  But  ladi) 
in  Saxon,   is  in  like  manner  written  hlttf- 
dag;  and  da:g  can  hardly  signify  a  giver. 
The  word  occurs  in  none  of  the  Teutonic 
dialects,  except  the  Saxon  ;  and  it  is  not 
easy  to  ascertain  the  original  signification 
of  the  word.     I  question  the  correctness 
of  the  common  interpretation.] 
\.  A  master;  a  person   possessing 
power  and   authority ;    a   ruler 
ernor. 

Man  over  man 
He  made  not  lord. 

But  now  I  was  the  lord 
Of  this  fair  mansion. 

2.  A  tyrant ;  an  oppressive  ruler. 

3.  A  husband. 

I  oft  in  bitterness  of  soul  deplored 

My  absent  daughter,  and  my  dearer  lord. 

Pope. 
My  lord  also  being  old.     Gen.  xviii. 
Aharon;  the  proprietor  of  a  manor;  as 
the  lord  of  the  manor. 


LOR 

5.  A  nobleman ;  a  title  of  honor  in  Great 
Britain  given  to  those  who  are  noble  by 
birth  or  creation  ;  a  peer  of  the  realm,  in- 
cluding dukes,  martiuises,  earls,  viscounts 
and  barons.  Archbishops  and  bishops 
also,  as  members  of  the  house  of  lords, 
are  lords  of  parliament.  Thus  we  say 
lords  temjioral  and  spiritual.  By  courtesy 
also  the  title  is  given  to  the  sons  of  dukesl 
and  marquises,  and  to  the  eldest  sons  of 
earls.  Encyc. 

An  honorary   title  bestowed  on  certain 


4. 


supreme 
;    a  gov 


Milton. 

Shak 
Dryden. 


official  characters ;  as  lord  advocate,  lord 
chamberlain,   lord  cliancellor,    lord  chief 
justice,  &c. 
7.  In  Scripture,  the  Supreme  Being  ;  Jeho 
I     vah.  AVhen  Lord,  in  the  Old  Testament,  i«] 
printed  in  capitals,  it  is  the  translation  of 
[     Jehovah,  and  so  might,  with  more  propri 
!     ety,  be  rendered.     The  word  is  applied  to 
Christ,  Ps.  ex.  Col.  iii.  and  to  the  Holy 
Spirit,  2  Thess.  iii.  As  a  title  of  respect,  it 
is  applied  to  kings,  Gen.  xl.   2  Sam.  xix. 
to  princes  and  nobles.  Gen.  xlii.  Dan.  iv. 
to  a  husband,  Gen.  xviii.  to  a  prophet,  1 
Kings  xviii.  2  Kings  ii.  and  to  a  respect- 
able person,   Gen.  xxiv.    Christ  is  called 
the  Lord  of  glory,  1  Cor.  ii.  and   Lord  of 
lords,  Rev.  xix. 
LORD,  V.  I.  To  invest  with  the  dignity  and 
privileges  of  a  lord.  Shak. 

LORD,  V.  i.  To  domineer ;  to  rule  with  ar 
bitrary  or  despotic  sway;   sometimes  fol 
lowed  by  over,  and  sometimes  by  it,  in  the 
manner  of  a  transitive  verb. 

The  whiles  she  lordeth  in  licentious  bliss. 

Spenser. 
I  see  them  lording-  it  in  Londou  streets. 

Shak. 
They  lorded  over   them    whom  now   they 
serve.  Milton 

LORD'ING,  >!.  A  little  lord ;  a  lord,  in  con- 
j     tempt  or  ridicule.     [Little  xised.]        Sieifl. 
ILORD'LIKE,  a.  Becoming  a  lord. 
2.  Haughty  ;  proud  ;  insolent.  Dryden 

LORD'LINESS,  n.   [from  lordly-]  Dignity; 
I     high  station.  Shak. 

,2.  Pride;  haughtiness.  More. 

LORD'LING'  n.  A  little  or  diminutive  lord. 
1  Swift. 

JlORD'LY,   a.    [lord  and  like.]  Becoming  a 
I     lord  :  pertaining  to  a  lord. 

Lordly  sins  require  lordly  estates  to  suppoi 
I      them.  ""  "' 

Proud;  haughty;  imperious 
Every  rich  and  lordly  swahi. 
With  pride  would  drag  about  her  chain. 

Stvift. 

LORD'LY,  adv.  Proudly;  imperiously; 
despotically. 

A  famished  lion,  issuing  from  the  wood, 
Roars  lordly  tierce.  Dryden. 

LORD'SHIP,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing a  lord ;  hence,  a  title  of  honor  given 
to  noblemen,  except  to  dukes,  who  have 
the  title  of  g-race. 

2.  A  titulary  compellation  of  judges  and 
certain  other  persons  in  authority  and 
office.  Johnson. 

3.  Dominion;  power;  authority. 
They   who  are   accounted   to  rule  over  the 

Gentiles,  exercise  Inrdship  over  them.    Mark  x. 

4.  Seigniory ;  domain ;  the  territory  of  a 
lord  over  which  he  holds  jurisdiction  ;  a 
manor. 


South. 
insolent. 


LOS 

What  lands  and  lordships  for   their  owner 

know 
My  quondam  barber.  Dryden. 

LORE,  n.  [Sax.  lar,  from  the  root  of  Iwran, 
to  learn ;  D.  leer ;  G.  lehrt ;  Dan.  Iccre  ;  Sw. 
lara.]  Learning  ;  doctrine  ;  lesson  ;  in- 
struction. 

The  law  of  nations,  or  the  lore  of  war. 

Jfaitfax. 
Lo !  Rome  herself,  proud  mistress  now  no 

more 
Of  arts,  but  thundering  against  heathen  lore. 

Pope. 

LOR'EL,  71.  [Sax.  horan,  to  wander.]  An 
abandoned  scoundrel ;  a  vagrant.     Obs. 

Chaucer, 

LO'RESMAN,  n.  [lore  and  man.]  An  in- 
structor.    Obs.  Gower. 

LOR'leATE,  V.  I.  [L.  lorico,  loricatus,  from 
lorica,  a  coat  of  mail.] 

1.  To  plute  over  ;  to  spread  over,  as  a  plate 
for  defense. 

Nature  hath  loricated  the  sides  of  the  tympa- 
num in  animals  with  ear-wax.  Ray. 

2.  To  cover  with  a  crust,  as  a  chimical  ves- 
sel, for  resisting  fire. 

LOR'IGATED,  pp.  Covered  or  plated  over ; 

encrusted. 
LOR'ICATING,  ppr.   Covering  over  with  a 

])late  or  crust. 
LORIeA'TION,  n.    The  act  or  operation 

of  covering   any  tiling    with    a  filate   or 

crust  for  defense  ;    as   the  loricatio7i  of  a 

chimical  vessel,  to  enable  it  to  resist  the 

action  of  fire,  and  sustain  a  high  degree 

of  heat. 
LOR'IMER,  Ji.  [L.  tontm,  a  thong  ;  Fr.  to- 

mier.] 
.\  bridle-maker;    one   that  makes   bits  for 

bridles,  &c.    [M)t  itsed.] 
LO'RING,  n.  Instructive  discourse.    Obs. 

Spenser. 
LO'RIOT,  n.  [Ft.]   A  bird  called  witwal ; 

the  oriole. 
LO'RIS,  )!.  A  small  quadruped  of  Ceylon. 
LORN,    a.    [Sax.  Dan.  forloren,  lost.      See 

Forlorn.]     Lost ;  forsaken  ;  lonely. 

Spenser. 
LO'RY,  n.  A  subordinate  genus  of  fowls  of 

the  parrot  kind,  forming  the  link  between 

the  parrot  and  parroquet. 

Diet.  J^at.  Hist. 
LOSABLE,  a.  That   may   be   lost.     [Little 

used.]  Boyle. 

LOSE,  V.  t.  looz.   pret.  and   pp.   lost.    [Sax. 

losian,  forlosian,  forhjsan;    D.   verliezen; 

Goth,  husan.     The   sense   is  probably  to 

part,  to    separate,  and  from  the  root  of 

loose.] 

1.  To  mislay ;  to  part  or  be  separated 
from  a  thing,  so  as  to  have  no  knowledge 
of  the  place  where  it  is ;  as,  to  lose  a  book 
or  a  paper ;  to  lose  a  record  ;  to  lose  a  dol- 
lar or  a  ducat. 

2.  To  forfeit  by  unsuccessful  contest ;  as,  to 
lose  money  in  gaining. 

3.  Not  to  gain  or  win ;  as,  to  lose  a  battle, 
that  is,  to  be  defeated. 

4.  To  be  deprived  of;  as,  to  lose  men  in  bat- 
tle ;  to  lose  an  arm  or  a  leg  by  a  shot  or 
by  amputation  ;  to  lose  one's  life  or  honor. 

5.  To  forfeit,  as  a  penalty.  Our  firet  pa- 
rents losl  the  favor  of  God  by  their  apos- 


tasy. 
6.  To  suffer  diminution  or  waste  of. 


LOS 

If  the  salt  hath  lost  its  savor,  wherewith  shall 
it  be  salted !    Matt.  v. 

7.  To  ruin  ;  to  destroy. 

The  woman  that  deliberates  Is  lost. 

Addison. 

8.  To  wander  from  ;  to  miss,  so  as  not  to  be 
able  to  find  ;  as,  to  lose  the  way. 

9.  To  bewilder. 

Lost  in  tlie  maze  of  words.  Pope 

10.  To  possess  no  longer ;  to  be  deprived  of; 
contrary  to  keep;  as,  to  lose  a.  valuable 
trade. 

11.  Not  to  employ  or  enjoy  ;  to  waste.  Ti- 
tus sighed  to  lose  a  day. 

Th'  unhappy  have  but  houi-s,  and  these  they 
lose.  Dryden. 

12.  To  waste  ;  to  squander  ;  to  throw  away  ; 
as,  to  lose  u  fortune  by  gaming,  or  by  dis- 
sipation. 

13.  To  suffer  to  vanish  from  view  or  percep- 
tion. We  lost  sight  of  the  land  at  noon 
I  lost  my  companion  in  the  crowd. 

Like  following  life  in  creatures  we  dissect, 
We  lose  it  in  the  moment  we  detect.     Pope. 

14.  To  ruin ;  to  destroy  by  sliipwreck,  &c. 
The  Albion  was  lost  on  the  coast  of  Ire- 
land, April  22,  1822.  The  admiral  lost 
three  ships  in  a  tempest. 

15.  To  cause  to  perish  ;  a?,  to  be  lost  at  sea. 

16.  To  employ  iuetiectually  ;  to  throw  away 
to  waste.     Instruction  is  otlen  lost  on  the] 
dull;  admonition   is /os(  on  the  profiigate.' 
It  is   often  the   fate  of  projectors  to  lose 
their  labor. 

17.  To  be  freed  from. 

His  scaly  back  the  bunch  has  got 
Which  Kdwiii  lost  before.  Parnell. 

18.  To  fail  to  obtain. 
He  shall  in  no  wise  lose  his  reward.     Matt.  x. 

To   lose  one's  self,   to  be   bewildered ;   also, 
to  slumber;  to  have  the  memory  and  rea- 
son suspended. 
L6SE,  V.  i.  looz.     To  forfeit  any  thing  in 
contest ;  not  to  win. 

We'll  talk  with  tliem  too. 
Who  loses  and  who  wins  ;  who's  in,   who's 
out.  aliak. 

2.  To  decline  ;  to  fail. 

Wisdom  ill  discourse  with  her 
Loses  discountenanced,  and  like  folly  shows 

Milton 
LOS'EL,  n.  s  as  :.  [from  the  root  of  Joose.] 
A  wasteful  fellow,  one  who  loses  by  sloth 
or  neglect ;  a  worthless  person.     Obs. 

Spenser. 
LOS'ENGER,  ?i.    [Sax.   has,    false;    leas- 
unge,  falsity.]     A  deceiver.     Obs. 

Chaucer. 
L6SER,  n.  looz'er.    One   that  loses,  or  that 
is  deprived  of  any  thing  by  defeat,  forfeit 
ure  or  the  like  ;  the  contrary  to  ivinner  or 
gainer.     A  loser  by  trade  may  be  honest 
and  moral ;  this  cannot  be  said  of  a  loser 
by  gaining. 
Losing,  ppr.  looz'ing.  Parting  from  ;  miss- 
ing; forfeiting  ;  wasting  ;  employing  to  no 
good  purpose. 
LOSS,  71.  Privation ;  as  the  loss  of  property 
loss  of  money  by  gaming;  loss  of  health 
or  reputation.     Every  loss  is  not  a  detri 
ment.     We  cannot  regret  the  loss  of  bad 
company  or  of  evil  habits. 

2.  Destruction  ;  ruin  ;   as  the  loss  of  a  ship 
at  sea  ;  the  loss  of  an  army. 

3.  Defeat ;  as  the  loss  of  a  battle. 

4.  Waste  ;   useless  application  ;  as  a  loss  of 
time  or  labor. 


LOT 


5.  Waste  by  leakage  or  escape  ;  as  a  loss  ot 
liquors  in  transportation. 

To  bear  a  loss,  to  make  good ;  also,  to  sus- 
tain a  loss  without  sinking  under  it. 

To  be  at  a  loss,  to  be  puzzled;  to  be  unable 
to  determine ;  to  be  in  a  state  of  uncer- 
tainty. 

LOSS'FUL,  a.  Detrimental.    [ATot  used.] 

Bp.  Hall. 

LOSS'LESS,  a.  Free  from  loss.  [Mt  used.] 

Milton. 

LOST,  pp.  [from  lose.]  Mislaid  or  left  in  a 
place  unknown  or  forgotten  ;  that  cannot 
be  found  ;  as  a  lost  book. 

9.  Ruined  ;  destroyed ;  wasted  or  squander- 
ed ;  employed  to  no  good  purpose  ;  as  lost 
money ;  lost  time. 

3.  Forfeited  ;  as  a  lost  estate. 

4.  Not  able  to  find  the  right  way,  or  the 
place  intended.  A  stranger  is  lost  in  Lon- 
don or  Paris. 

5.  Bewildered ;  perplexed ;  being  in  a  maze ; 
I     as,  a  speaker  may  be  lost  in  liis  argument 

6.  Alienated ;  insensible ;  hardened  beyond 
sensibility  or  recovery  ;  as  a  profligate  lost 
to  shame  ;  lost  to  all  sense  of  honor. 

7.  Not  perceptible  to  the  senses  ;  not  visible ; 
'  as  an  isle  lost  in  fog;  a  person  lost  in  a 
I     crowd. 

8.  Shipwrecked  or  foundered  ;  sunk  or  des 
I     troyed ;  as   a  ship  lost  at  sea,  or   on  the 

rocks. 
LOT,  n.  [Sax.  Idol,  hlodd,  hid,  hh/t ;  Goth 
hlaiUs ;  D.  Fr.  lot ;  Sw.  loll;  Dan.  Arm. 
lod ;  G.  los ;  It.  lotto  ;  Sp.  loteriu,  a  lot- 
tery. The  primary  sense  is  that  which 
comes,  falls  or  hapjiens,  or  a  part,  a 
division  or  share.  The  Froncli,  from 
lot,  have  lotir,  to  divide  ;  Arm.  loda,  id. I 
whence  lodecq,  a  co-heir.]  1 

I.  That  which,  in  human  speech,  is  called 
chance,  hazard,  fortune ;  but  in  strictness! 
of  language,  is  the  determination  of  Prov- 
idence ;  as,  the  land  shall  be  divided  by 
lot.     Num.  x-wi. 

That  by  which  the  fate  or  portion  of  one 
is  determined  ;  that  by  which  an  event  is 
committed  to  chance,  that  is,  to  the  de- 
tcriiiiiiation  of  Providence ;  as,  to  cast 
lots  ;  to  draw  lots. 

The  lot  is  cast  into  the  lap,  but   tlie   whole 
disposiiis;  thereof  is  of  the  Lord.     Prov.  xvi. 
The  part,  division  or  fate  which  tails  to 
one  by  chance,  that  is,   by  divine  deter 
mination. 

The  second  lot  came  forth  to  Simeon.     Josh, 
xix. 

He  was  but  born  to  try 
The  lot  of  man,  to  suffer  and  to  die.      Pope 
4.  A  distinct   portion  or  parcel ;  as  a  lot  of 
goods  ;  a  lot  of  boards. 
Proportion  or  share  of  taxes  ;  as,  to   pay 
scot  and  lot. 
,6.  In  the   U.   States,   a  piece  or  division  of 
land ;     perhaps    originally    assigned    byi 
drawing  lots,  but  now  any  portion,  piece 
or  division.     So  we  say,  a  man  has  a  lot 
of  land  ill  Broadway,  or  in  the   meadow  ; 
he  has  a  lot  in  the  plain,  or  on  the  moun 
tain ;    he  has   a  home-lot,  a  house-/o*,  a 
wooA-lot. 

The  defendants  leased  a  house  and  lot  in  the 
city  of  New  York. 

ICent.     Fiankiin,   Law  of  Pain. 

\To  cast  lots,  is  to  use  or  throw  a  die,  or 
some  other  instrument,  by  the  unforeseen 


L  o  r 

turn  or  pobilion  of  w  liicb,  an  event   is  by 
previous  agreement  determined. 

To  draw  lots,  to  determine  an  event  by  draw- 
ing one  thing  from  a  number  whose  marks 
are  concealed  from  the  drawer,  and  thus 
determining  an  event. 

LOT,  V.  t.  To  allot  ;  to  assign  ;  to  distrib- 
ute ;  to  sort ;  to  catalogue  ;  to  portion. 

Prior. 

LOTE,  »i.  [L.  htus,  lotos.]  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Celtis,  the  lote-trec,  of  several  spe- 
cies. The  wood  of  one  species  is  very 
durable,  and  is  used  for  timber.  In  Italy, 
flutes  and  other  wind-instruments  arc 
made  of  lit,  and  in  England  it  is  used  for 
the  frames  of  coaches,  &c.  Enryc. 

A  little  fish. 


2. 

LOTH,  a.  [Sax.  lath,  Sw.  led,  Dan.  leede, 
odious,  hated.  The  conitnon  orthography 
is  loath,  pronounced  with  o  long,  but  both 
the  orthography  and  pronunciation  are 
corrupt.  This  word  follows  the  analogy 
of  cloth.  Sax.  clath.  1  have  fi)liow(jil  Mil- 
ton, Dryileii,  Waller,  Spenser  and  Shak- 
speare  in  the  orthography  of  the  adjec- 
tive, and  Cruden  in  that  of  the  verb.  The 
primary  sense  is  to  thrust,  to  turn  or  drive 
away.  See  the  verb,  and  Class  Ld.  No. 
9. 15.1 

1.  Literally,  hating,  detesting ;  hence, 

2.  Unwilling  ;  disliking  ;  not  inclined  ;  re- 
luctant. 

Long  doth  he  stay,  as  loth  to  leave  the  land. 

Davies. 
To  pardon  willing,  and  to  punish  loth. 

Waller. 
LOTHE,  V.  t.  [Sax.  lalhian,  to  hate,  to  de- 
test, to  call,  to  invite  ;  gelathian,  to  call  ; 
Goth,  liithon,  to  call;  Sw.  Itdus,  to  iothe; 
G.  einUulen,  to  invite,  to  lade  or  load,  from 
laden,  to  lude,  to  invite,  to  cite  or  sum- 
mon.    See  Lade.] 

1.  To  feel  disgust  at  any  thing;  properly,  to 
have  an  extreme  aversion  of  the  appetite 
to  food  or  drink. 

Our  soul   lotheth  this  light   bread.       Num. 
xxi. 

Lathing  the  lioney'd  cakes,  I  long'd  for  bread. 

Coicley. 

2.  To  hate  ;  to  dislike  greatly  ;  to  abhor. 
Ye  shall  Iothe  yourselves  in  your  own   sight 

for  all  your  evils —     Ezck.  xx. 

Not  to  reveal  the  secret  which  1  Iothe. 

Waller. 
LOTHE,  V.  i.  To  create  disgust.     Obs. 

Spenser. 
LO'THED,   pp.    Hated  ;  abhorred ;  turned 

from  with  disgust. 
LO'THER,  ;i.  One  that  lothes  or  abhors. 
LO'THFUL,  a.  Hating;  abhorring. 

AVTiich  he  did  with  lothful  eyes  Iicliold. 

Ilubherd. 
2.  Disgusting  ;  hated  ;  exciting  abhorrence. 
Above  the  reach  of  lothful  sinful  lust. 

Spenser. 
LO'THING,  ppr.  Feeling  disgust  at;  hav- 
ing extreme  aversion  to  ;  as  lothing  food. 
2.  Hating  ;  abhorring  ;  as  lothing  sin. 
LO'THING,  71.  Extreme  disgust ;  abhor- 
rence. Ezek.  xvi. 
LO'THINGLY,  adv.  With  esueme  disgust 

or  abhorrence  ;  in  a  fastidious  manner. 
LOTH'LY,  adv.  Unwillingly  ;  reluctantly. 
This  shows  that  you  from  nature  lothly  stray. 

bonne. 
LOTH'NESS,    71.     Unwillingness  ;    reluct- 
ance. 


LOU 


L  O  V 


L  O  V 


There  grew  among  tliein   a  general   silence; 

and  lothness  to  speak.  Bacon. 

LO'THSOME,  a.    [Sw.   ledesam.]    Causing 

an  extreme  aversion  of  appetite  ;  exciting 

fastidiousness.     Num.  xi. 

2.  Exciting  extreme  disgust  ;  offensive  ;  as 
a  tothsome  disease.     Vs.  xxxviii. 

3.  Odious;  exciting  liatred  or  abhorrence; 
detestable  ;  as  lothsome  sloth.  Spenser. 

LO'THSOMENESS,  n.  The  quality  of  ex- 
citing extreme  disgust  or  abhorrence. 

Addison. 
LO'TION,  71.   [L.  lotio,  from  lavo,  to  wash.] 

1.  A  washing ;  particularly,  a  washing  of 
the  skin  for  the  purpose  of  rendering  it 
fair.  Encyc. 

2.  A  liquid  preparation  for  washing  some 
part  of  the  body,  to  cleanse  it  of  fouhiess 
or  deformity.  Encyc. 

3.  In  pharmacy,  a  preparation  of  medicines, 
by  washing  them  in  some  hquid,  to  re- 
move foreign  substances,  impurities,  &.c. 

Encyc. 
LOT'TERY,    n.    [Fr.  loterie ;    Sp.   loteria. 
See  Lot.] 

1.  A  scheme  for  the  distribution  of  prizes  by 
chance,  or  the  distribution  itself  Lotte- 
ries are  often  authorized  by  law,  but  ma- 
ny good  men  deem  theni  immoral  in  prin- 
ciple, and  almost  all  men  concur  in  the 
opinion  that  their  efttjcts  are  pernicious. 

2.  Allotment.     [Not  ttsed.] 

LOUD,  a.  [Sax.  hlud  or  hid;  G.  laut ;  D. 
Hud ;  Dan.  lyd ;  L.  laudo,  to  praise,  and 
with  a  prefix,  plaiido  ;  W.  clod,  praise, 
formeil  from  Hod,  which  signifies  what  is 
forcibly  uttered  ;  Uodi,\o  reach  out;  llawd, 
that  shoots  out,  that  is  productive,  also  a 
lad.     This  is  the  Ch.  Syr.  Heb.  Sam.  nV, 

Eth.  Q)(\^   walad,  Ar.   j^!,    walada,  to 

bring  forth.  The  primafy  sense  is  obvi- 
ous. Qu.  its  connection  with  the  Ir. 
blaodh  and  glaodh,  a  calling,  and  Sax.  laih- 
ian,   to   caU.     See  Class  Ld.  No.  8.  29.] 

1.  Having  a  great  sound ;  high  sounding  ; 
noisy  ;  striking  the  ear  with  great  force  ; 
as  a  loud  voice  ;  a  loud  cry  ;  loud  thunder. 

2.  Uttering  or  making  a  great  noise  ;  as  loud 
instruments.     2  Chron.  xxx. 

3.  Clamorous ;  noisy. 

She  is  loud  and  stubborn.     Prov.  vii. 

4.  Emphatical ;  impressive  ;  as  a  loud  call  to 
avoid  danger. 

LOUD'LY,  adv.  With  great  sound  or  noise; 
noisily. 

Who  long  and  loudly  in  the  schools  declaim- 
ed. Denliam. 

2.  Clamorously  ;  with  vehement  complaints 

or  importunity.     He  loudly  complained  of 

intolerance. 
LOUD'NESS,  n.  Great  sound  or  noise;  as 

the  loudness  of  a  voice  or  of  thunder. 
2.  Clamor ;  clamoi'ousness  ;  turbulence ;  up 

roar. 
LOUGH,  n.  lok.  [Ir.  and  HcoUoch.]  A  lake; 

a  different  orthography  ot'loch  and  lake. 

Fairfax. 
LOUIS  D'OR,«.  [a  Lewis  of  gold.]  A  gold 

coin  of  France,  first  struck  in  1G40,  in  the 

reign  of  Louis  XMI.,  value,  twenty  shi 

lines  sterling,  eiiual  to  $4.4444. 
LOUNftE,  II.  I.  [Fr.  lonf^is,  a  lingerer,  from 

lon^.]     To  live  in  idliiicss  ;  to  .«pend  time 

lazily. 


LOUNg'ER,  ji.  An  idler;  one  who  loiters 
away  his  time  in  indolence. 

LOUR.  [See  Loiter.] 

LOUSE,  71.  lous.  plu.  lice.  [Sax.  lus,  plu. 
lys ;  D.  luis ;  G.  lau^  ;  Sw.  Dan.  lus.] 

A  small  insect  of  the  genus  Pediculus.  It 
has  six  feet,  two  eyes,  with  long  feelers' 
and  a  sting  in  the  mouth.  It  infests  the! 
bodies  of  men  and  other  animals;  but  dif- 
ferent animals  are  infested  with  different: 
species.  Encyc) 

LOUSE,  v.l.  louz.  To  clean  from  lice. 

Swift 

LOUSE-WORT,  n.  lous'-wort.  A  plant  of 
the  genus  Pedicularis.  The  yellow  louse- 
wort  is  of  the  genus  Rhinanthus. 

Fain,  of  Plants. 

LOUS'ILY,  adv.  s  as  i.  [from  lousy.]  In  a 
mean,  paltry  manner  ;  scurvily. 

LOUS'INESS,  n.  s  as  z.  The  state  of 
abounding  with  hce. 

LOUS'Y,  a.  s  as  z.  [from  louse.]  Swarming 
with  lice  ;  infested  with  lice.  Dryden.\ 

2.  Mean  ;  low  ;  contemptible ;  as  a  lousy\ 
knave.  Shak.\ 

LOUT,  n.  [Qu.  Sax.  leod,  G.  leiite,  people. ]| 
A  mean  awkward  fellow  ;  a  bumpkin ;  a 
clown.  Shak.     Gay. 

LOUT,  V.  i.  [Sax.  hlutan.]  To  bend ;  to 
bow  ;  to  stoop.     [Obsolete  or  local.] 

Spenser.     B.  Jonson. 

LOUT'ISH,  a.  Clownish;  rude;  awkward. 

Sidney. 

LOUT'ISHLY,  adv.  Like  a  clown;  in  a 
rude,  clumsy,  awkward  manner. 

LOUVER,  71.  loo'ver.  [Fr.  Vouvcrt.]  An 
opening  in  the  roof  of  a  cottage  for  the 
smoke  to  escape.  Spe7iser. 

LOVABLE,  a.  Worthy  of  love  ;  amiable. 

Sherwood. 

LOV'AgE,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Ligus- 
ticum.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

LOVE,  V.  t.  luv.  [Sax.  lufian,  luvian ;  D. 
lieven  :  G.  lichen  ;  Russ.  liobhju  ;  L.  libeo, 
lubeo ;  Sans,  loab,  love,  desire.  See  Lief. 
The  sense  is  probably  to  be  prompt,  free, 
willing,  from  leaning,  advancing,  or  draw- 
ing forward.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense  to  be  pleased  with  ;  to 
regard  with  affection,  on  account  of  some! 
quahties  which  excite  pleasing  sensa- 
tions or  desire  of  gratification.  We  love  a' 
friend,  on  account  of  some  qualities  which 
give  us  pleasure  in  his  society.  We  love  a 
man  who  has  done  us  a  favor  ;  in  which 
case,  gratitude  enters  into  the  composi- 
tion of  our  affection.  We  love  our  parents 
and  our  children,  on  account  of  their  con 
nection  with  us,  and  on  account  of  many 
qualities  which  please  us.  We  love  to  re- 
tire to  a  cool  shade  in  summer.  We  love 
a  warm  room  in  winter.  We  love  to  hear 
an  eloquent  advocate.  The  christian /oi'es 
his  Bible.  In  short,  we  love  whatever  gives 
us  pleasure  and  delight,  whether  animal  or 
intellectual ;  and  if  our  hearts  are  right 
we  love  God  above  all  things,  as  the  sun 
of  all  excellence  and  all  the  attributes 
which  can  communicate  happiness  to  in 
telligent  beings.  In  other  words,  the  chris 
tian  loves  God  with  the  love  of  compla- 
cency in  his  attributes,  the  love  of  benev- 
olence towards  the  interests  of  his  king 
dom,  and  the  love  of  gratitude  for  favors 
received. 


Thou  shall  love  the  Lord  thy  God  with  all 
thy  heart,  and  with  all  thy  soul,  and  with  allthy 
mind — 

Tliou  shalt  love  thy  neighbor    as    thyself. 
Matt.  xxii. 
2.  To  have  benevolence  or  good  will  for. 

John  iii. 
LOVE,  71.  An  affection  of  the  mind  excited 
by  beauty  and  worth  of  any  kind,  or  by 
the  qualities  of  an  object  which  communi- 
cate pleasure,  sensual  or  intellectual.  It 
is  opposed  to  hatred.  Love  between  the 
sexes,  is  a  compound  affection,  consisting 
of  esteem,  benevolence,  and  animal  desire. 
Love  is  excited  by  pleasing  qualities  of 
any  kind,  as  by  kindness,  benevolence, 
charity,  and  by  the  quahties  whieh  render 
social  intercourse  agreeable.  In  the  lat- 
ter case,  love  is  ardent  friendship,  or  a 
strong  attachment  springing  from  good 
will  and  esteem,  and  the  pleasure  derived 
from  the  company,  civilities  and  kindness- 
es of  others. 

Between  certain  natural  relatives,  love 
seems  to  be  in  some  cases  instinctive. 
Such  is  the  love  of  a  mother  for  her  child, 
which  manifests  itself  toward  an  infant, 
bofiare  any  particular  qualities  in  the  child 
are  unfolded.  This  affection  is  apparent- 
ly as  strong  in  irrational  animals  as  in  hu- 
man beings. 

We  speak  of  the  love  of  amusements,  the 
love  of  books,  the  love  of  money,  and  the 
love  of  whatever  contributes  to  our  pleas- 
ure or  supposed  profit. 

The  love  of  God  is  the  first  duty  of  man, 
and  this  springs  from  just  views  of  his  at- 
tributes or  excellencies  of  character,  which 
afford  the  highest  delight  to  the  sanctified 
heart.  Esteem  and  reverence  constitute 
ingredients  in  this  afl'ection,  and  a  fear  of 
offending  him  is  its  inseparable  eflfect. 

2.  Courtship  ;  chiefly  in  the  phrase,  to  7nake 
love,  that  is,  to  court ;  to  woo  ;  to  solicit 
union  in  marriage. 

3.  Patriotism ;  the  attachment  one  has  to 
his  native  land  ;  as  the  love  of  country. 

4.  Benevolence;  good  will. 

God  is  love.     1  John  iv. 

5.  The  object  beloved. 
The  lover  and  the  love  of  hiunan  kind. 

Popi. 

6.  A  word  of  endearment. 
Trust  me,  love.  Dryden. 

7.  Picturesque  representation  of  love. 

Such  was  his  form   as  painters,  when  thej- 

show 
Their  utmost  art,  on  naked  loves  bestow. 

Dryden. 

8.  Lewdness. 
He  is  not  lolling  on  a  lewd  love-hei.     Shak. 

9.  A  thin  silk  stufl".  Obs.  Boyle. 
Love  in  idleness,  a  kind  of  violet.  Shak. 
Free  of  love,  a  plant  of  thegeinis  Cercis. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 
LOVE-APPLE,  n.   A   plant  of  the  genus 

Solanum. 
LOVE-BROKER,  n.  A  third   person   wlio 
acts  as  agent  between  lovers.  Shak. 

LOVED,  pp.  Having  the   affection   of  any 

one. 
LOVE-DARTING,   a.    Darting  love. 

Milton. 

LOVE-DAY,  )!.  A  day  formerly  appointed 

for  an  amicable  adjustment  of  diftisrences. 

Chaucer. 


L  O  V 


LOW 


LOW 


LoVE-FAVOR,  n.  Something  given  to  be 
worn  in  token  of  love.  Bp.  Hall. 

LOVE-KNOT,  n.  luv'-not.  A  knot  so  call- 
ed, used  as  a  token  of  love  or  representing 
mutual  affection. 
LOVE-LABORED,  a.  Labored  by  love. 

Milton. 
LOVE-LASS,  n.  A  sweetheart. 
LOVELESS,  a.  Void  of  love;  void  of  ten- 
derness or  kindness.  Millon.     Shetton. 
LOVE-LETTER,    71.    A   letter  professing 

love  ;  a  letter  of  courtship. 
LOVELILY,     adv.    luv'lily.    [from    lovely.] 
Amiably ;  in  a  manner  to  excite  love. 

Olivai/. 
LOVELINESS,  n.  luv'liness.  [from  lovel;}.] 
Amiableness;  qualities  of  body  or  mind 
that  may  excite  love. 

It  there  is  such  a  native  loveliness  in  the  sex 
as  to  make  them  victorious  wlien  in  tlie  wrong, 
how  resistless  tlieir  power  wlicu  they  are  ou  the 
side  of  truth.  Spectator. 

LOVE-LOCK,  Ji.  A  curl  or  lock  of  hair  so 
called ;  worn  by  men  of  fashion  in  the 
reigns  of  Elizabeth  and  James  I. 

Lily. 

LOVE-LORN,  a.  [love  and  loni.]  Forsaken 

by  one's  love  ;  as  the  love-lorn  nightingale. 

Millon. 
LOVELY,  a.  luv'ly.  Amiuble;  that  may  ex- 
cite love;  possessing  qualities  which  may 
invite  affection. 

Saul  and  Jonathan   were  lovely  and  pleasant 

in  their  lives —     2  Sam.  i. 

LOVE-MONGER,    n.    [love   and    monger.] 

One  who  deals  in  affairs  of  love.     [jYot 

used.]  Shak. 

LOVE-PINED,  a.  Wasted  by  love. 

Spenser. 
LOVER,  n.  One  who  loves  ;  one  who  has 
a  tender  affection,  particularly  for  a  fe 
male. 

Love  is  bUnd,  and  lovers  cannot  see — 

Shak. 
'i.  A   friend ;  0110   who  regards   with  kind- 
ness. 

Your  brother  and  his  lover  have  embraced. 

Shak 
;l.  One  who  likes   or   is  pleased   with   any 
thing  ;    as  a  lover  of  books  or  of  science 
a  lover  of  wine  ;  a  lover  of  religion. 
Lover  and  hover.     [See  Louver.] 
LOVE-SE€RET,  n.  A  secret  between  lov- 
ers. Dryden. 
LOVE-SHAFT,  n.  Cupid's  arrow.       Shak. 
LOVE-SICK,  a.  Sick  or   languishing  with 
love   or  amorous  desire  ;   as   a  lovesick 
maid. 

To  the  dear  mistress  of  my  love-sick  mind. 

Dryden . 
2.  Dictated  by  a  languishing  lover,  or  ex- 
pressive of  languishing  love. 

Where  nightingales  their  lovesick  ditty  sing. 

Dryden. 
LOVESOME,  a.  Lovely.     [Xol  used.] 

Drydtn. 
LOVE-SONG,  n.  A  song  expressing  love. 

Shak. 
LOVE-SUIT,   n.    Courtship;  solicitation  of] 
union  in  marriage.  Shak. 

LOVE-TALE,  n.  A  narrative  of  love. 
Cato's  a  proper  person  to  enti-ust 
A  love-tale  wUh.  Aldison 

LOVE-THOUGHT,  n.  Amorous  fancy. 

[JVotused.]  'Shak. 

LOVE-TOKEN,  ii.   A  present  in  token  of 

love.  Shak. 


LOVE-TOY,  n.  A  small  present  from  a  lov- 
er. Jirhulhnot. 

LOVE-TRICK,  n.  Art  or  artifice  expressive 
of  love. 


Other  love-tricks  than  glancing  with  the  eyes. 

Donne. 
LOVING,  ppr.    Entertaining   a  strong  af- 
fection for  ;  having  tender  regard  for. 
a.  a.  Fond;  affectionate;  as  a/oDtHjg  friend, 
3.  Expressing  love  or  kindness ;  as  loving 

words. 
LOVING-KINDNESS,  n.  Tender  regard ; 
mercy;  favor;  a  scriptural  word. 

My  loving-kindness  will  I   not   utterly  take 
from  him.     Ps.  Ix.xxi.'i. 

LOVINGLY,  adv.  With  love ;  with  affec- 
tion ;  affectionately. 

It   is   no  great   matter   to  live  lovingly  with 
meek  persons.  Taylor. 

LOVINGNESS,  n.  Affection  ;  kind  regard. 

The  only  two  bauds  of  good  will,  loveliness 

and  lovingness.  Sidney 

LOW,  a.  [D.  laag,  G.  leg,  Sw.  lUg,  low; 
Sax.  loh,  a  pit  or  gulf;  Russ.  log,  a  low 
place,  a  hollow  ;  Dan.  lag,  a  bed  or  layer, 
a  row  ;  from  the  root  ot  lay.) 

1.  Not  high  or  elevated ;  depressed  below 
any  given  surface  or  |)lace.  Low  ground  or 
laud,  is  land  below  the  common  lovel 
Loie  is  opijosed  to  high,  and  both  are  rela- 
tive terms.  Tliat  which  i.s  low  with  res- 
pect to  one  thing,  may  be  high  with  respect 
to  another.  A /ojc  house  would  bea  Aig-A 
fence.  A  loio  flight  for  an  eagle,  would  be 
a  high  flight  for  a  partridge. 

2.  Not  rising  to  the  usual  highth  ;  as  a  man 
otlow  stature. 

3.  Declining  near  the  horizon.  The  sun  is 
low  at  four  o'clock  in  winter,  and  at  si.x 
in  sunmier. 

4.  Deep  ;  descending  far  below  the  adjacent 
ground  ;  as  a  low  valley. 

The  lowest  bottom  shook  of  Erebus. 

Milton. 

5.  Sunk  to  the  natural  level  of  the  ocean  by 
the  retiring  of  the  tide  ;  as  loiv  water. 

6.  Below  the  usual  rate  or  amount,  or  below 
the  ordinary  value  ;  as  a  low  price  of  corn  ; 
low  wages. 

7.  Not  high  or  loud  ;  as  a  low  voice. 

8.  Grave  ;  depressed  in  the  scale  of  sounds; 
as  a  low  noie. 

9.  Near  or  not  very  distant  from  the  equa- 
tor ;  as  a  loic  latitude.  We  say,  the  loio 
southern  latitudes;  l\ie  high  northern  lati- 
itudes. 

10.  Late  in  time  ;  modern ;  as  the  lotver  em- 
pire. 

11.  Dejected;  depressed  in  vigor;  wanting 
strength  or  animation  ;  as  low  spirits ;  lotv 
in  spirits.    His  courage  is  low. 

12.  Depressed  iu  condition ;  in  a  humble 
state. 

Why  but  to  keep  you  low  and  ignorant .' 

Milton. 

13.  Humble  in  rajik  ;  in  a  mean  condition  ; 
as  men  of  high  and  loiv  .  condition  ;  the 
ioufr  walks  of  life  ;  a  /ow  class  of  people. 

14.  Mean  ;  abject ;  groveling  ;  base  ;  as  a 
person  ofloiv  mind. 

15.  Dishonorable  ;  njean  ;  as  a  low  trick  or 
stratagem. 

10.  Not  elevated  or  sublime ;  not  exalted  in 
thought  or  diction  ;  as  a  low  comparison  ; 
a  low  metaphor ;  low  language. 


In  comparison  of  these  divine  writers,  (lie 

noblest  wits  of  the  heathen  wodd  are  low  and 

_dull.  Felton. 

17.  Vulgar;  common  ;  as  a  low  education. 

18.  Submissive  ;  humble  ;  reverent. 

And  pay  tlicir  fcally 
With  low  subjection.  Millon. 

But  first  low  reverence  done.  Ibni. 

ID.  Weak  ;  exhausted  of  vital  energy.  His 
disease  has  brought  him  very  low. 

20.  Feeble  ;  weak ;  without  force  ;  as  a  low 
pulse. 

21.  Moderate;  not  inflammatory  ;  as  a  low 
fever. 

22.  Moderate  ;  not  intense  ;  as  a  low  heat ; 
a  low  temperature. 

23.  Impoverished ;  in  reduced  circumstan- 
ces. The  rich  are  often  reduced  to  a  low 
condition. 

24.  Moderate ;  as  a  loic  calculation  or  esti- 
mate. 

25.  I'lain  ;  simple ;  not  rich,  high  seasoned 
or  nourishing  ;  as  a  low  diet. 

LOW,  adv.  Not  aloft ;  not  on  high  ;  often  in 
composition  ;  as  /oip-brow'd  rocks. 

.Milton.     Pope. 

2.  Under  the  usual  price  ;  at  a  moderate 
price.     He  sold  his  wheat  low. 

3.  Near  the  ground ;  as,  the  bird  flies  very 
loiv. 

4.  In  a  mean  condition ;  i»  composition  ;  as 
a /ozf-born  fellow;  a /oio-horn  la»s.     Shak. 

In  time  ajijiroaching  our  own. 

In  the  part  of  the  world  wliicli  was  first  inhab- 
ited, even  as  low  down  as  Al)raham*s  tijne,they 
wandered  with  their  floclis  and  herds.      Locke. 

G.  With  a  dejiressed  voice  ;  not  loudly ;  as, 
speak  low. 

7.  In  a  state  of  subjection,  poverty  or  dis- 
grace ;  as,  to  be  brought  low  by  opjiression, 
by  want  or  by  vice. 

LOW,  V.  t.  To  sink  ;  to  depress.  [.\'ot  used.] 

Mickliffe. 

LOW,  r.i.  [Sax.  hkoican;  D.  laijen.  It  is 
probably  a  contracted  word,  coinciding 
with  L.  lugeo,  to  weep,  the  sense  of  which 
is,  to  cry  out.] 

To  bellow,  as  an  ox  or  cow. 

The  lowing  herd  wind  slowly  o'er  the  lea. 

Gray. 

LOWBELL,  n.  [Sw.  lage,  flame;  l&ga, 
to  flame ;  Sax.  lag,  leg,  lig,  id. ;  Scot. 
lowe ;  G.  lokc.] 

A  kind  of  fowling  in  the  night,  in  which  the 
birds  are  wakened  by  a  bell,  and  blinded 
by  light,  so  as  to  be  easily  taken.      Cowel. 

LOWBELL,  V.  I.  To  scare,  as  with  a  low- 
bell.  Hammond. 

LOW,     }    a   termination   of    names,  as  in 

LOWE,  S  Bed-Zoio.  [Sax.  hlaw,  a  hill,  heap 
or  barrow,  Goth,  hlaiw.] 

LOW-BORN,  a.  Born  in  low  hfe. 

LOW-BRED,  a.  Bred  in  a  low  condition  or 
manner ;  vulgar. 

LOWER,  f.  t.  [from  low.]  To  cause  to  des- 
cend ;  to  let  down  ;  to  take  or  bring  down  ; 
as,  to  lower  the  main-sail  of  a  sloop. 

2.  To  sutler  to  sink  downwards. 

Woodward. 

3.  To  bring  down  ;  to  reduce  or  humble  ;  as, 
to  lower  the  pride  of  man. 

4.  To  lessen  ;  to  diminish  :  to  reduce,  as  val- 
ue or  amount ;  as,  to  lower  the  price  or 
value  of  goods,  or  the  rate  of  interest. 

LOWER,  V.  i.  To  fall ;  to  sink  ;  to  ^low 
less.  Shak. 


LOW 


L  O  Z 


L  U  B 


LOWER,  V.  i.  To  appear  dark  or  gloomy ; 
to  be  clouded  ;  to  threaten  a  storm. 

And  all  the  clovids  that  lowered  upon  yonr 
house.  Shak. 

The  lowering  spring.  Dryden. 

2.  To  frown  ;  to  look  sullen. 

But  sullen  discontent  sat  lowering  on  her  face. 

Dryden. 
LOWER,  n.  Cloudiness ;  gloominess. 
2.  A  frowning;  suUenness.  Sidney. 

LOWER,  a.  [coinp.  of  lotv.]  Less  high  or 

gIg  VfltCQ. 

LOW'ERINGLY,  adv.  With  cloudiness  or 
threatening  gloom. 

LOWERMOST,  a.  [from  low.]  Lowest. 

LOWERY,  a.  Cloudy  ;  gloomy. 

LOWEST,  a.  [supcrl.  of  low.]  Most  low  : 
deepest ;  most  depressed  or  degraded,  &c. 

LOWING,  pjir.  Bellowing,  as  an  ox. 

LOWING,  n.  The  bellowing  or  cry  of  cat- 
tle. 

LOWLAND,  n.  Land  which  is  low  with  re- 
si>eet  to  the  neighboring  country  ;  a  low 
or  level  country.  Thus  the  Belgic  states 
are  called  Lowlands.  The  word  is  some- 
times opposed  to  a  mountainous  country  ; 
as  the  Lowlands  of  Scotland.  Sometimes 
it  denotes  a  marsh.  Dryden. 

LOWLIHOQD,  n.  A  humble  state.  Obs. 

Chaucer. 

LOWLINESS,  71.  [from  loivly.]  Freedom 
from  pride  ;  humility ;  humbleness  of  mind. 

Milton. 
Walk — with   all    lowliiiess    and    meekness. 
Eph.  iv.   Phil.  ii. 

2.  Meanness;  want  of  dignity  ;  abject  state. 
[In  this  sense  little  ttsed.] 

Spenser.     Dryden. 

LOWLY,  a.  [low  and  like.]  Having  a  low  es- 
teem of  one's  own  worth  ;  humble  ;  meek ; 
free  from  pride. 

Take  iny  yoke  upon  you  and  learn  of  me,  for 
I  am  meek  and  Ivwiy  in  heart.  Matt.  xi. 

He  scomelh  the  scorners  ;  but  he  giveth  grace 
to  the  lowly.  Prov.  iii. 

2.  Mean  ;  low  ;  wanting  dignity  or  rank. 

One  common  right  the  great  an<l  lowly  claim. 

Pope. 

3.  Not  lofty  or  sublime  ;  humble. 

These  rural  poems,  and  their  lowly  strain. 

Dryden. 

4.  Not  high  ;  not  elevated  hi  place. 

Dryden. 

LOWLY,  adv.  Humbly  ;  meekly  ;  modestly. 

Be /otc/y  wise.         "  .'Hilton. 

2.  Meanly ;    in   a   low   condition  ;    without 

grandeur  or  dignity. 

I    will    show  "myself  highly  fed    and   luwly 
taught.  'Clinic. 

LOWN,  n.  [See  Loon.]  A  low  fellow  ;  a 
scoundrel.  Sltak. 

LOWNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  low  or 
depressed;  the  state  of  being  less  elevated 
than  something  else;  as  the  lowness  of  the 
ground,  or  of  the  water  after  the  ebb-tide 

2.  Meanness  of  condition.  Men  are  not  to 
be  des|)ised  or  oppressed  on  account  of 
the  lowness  of  their  birth  or  condition. 

3.  Meanness  of  mind  or  character  ;  want  of 
dignity.    Haughtiness  usually  springs  from 
loivness  of  mind  ;    real   dignity   is   distill 
guisliod  by  modesty. 

4.  Want  of  sublimity  in  style  or  sentiment 
the  contrary  to  loftiness.  Dryden. 

5.  Submissiveness;  as  the  lowness  of  obedi- 
ence. Bacon 


6.  Depression  of  mind  ;  want  of  courage  or 
fortitude  ;  dejection;  as  lowness  of  spirits. 

7.  Depression  in  fortune  ;  a  state  of  poverty ; 
as  the  loivness  of  circumstances. 

8.  Depression  in  strength  or  intensity ;  as 
the  lotimess  of  heat  or  temperature  ;  low- 
7iess  of  zeal. 

9.  Depression  in  price  or  worth  ;  as  the  low- 
ness of  price  or  value  ;  the  lowness  of  the 
funds  or  of  the  markets. 

10.  Graveness  of  sound ;  as  the  lowness  of 
notes. 

11.  Softness  of  sound  ;  as  the  lowness  of  the 
voice. 

LOW-SPIR'ITED,  a.  Not  having  animation 
and  courage  ;  dejected  ;  depressed ;  not 
lively  or  sprightly.  Los.ses  of  property  of- 
ten render  men  low-spirited.  Excessive  se- 
verity breaks  the  mind,  and  renders  the 
child  or  pupil  low-spirited. 

LOW-SPIRITEDNESS,  n.  Dejection  of 
mind  or  courage ;  a  state  of  low  spirits. 

Cheyne. 

LOW-THOUGHT'ED,  a.  Having  the 
thoughts  employed  on  low  subjects;  not 
having  sublime  and  elevated  thoughts  or 
contemplations  ;  mean  of  sentiment ;  as 
loic-thovghted  care.  Milton.     Pope. 

LOW-WINES,  n.  [loiv  and  wine.]  The 
liquor  produced  by  the  first  distillation  of 
melasses,  or  fermented  liquors :  the  first 
run  of  the  still.  Edwards,  W.  Ind. 

iLOXODROM'IC,  a.  [Gr.  >.o|o{,  obUque,  and 

I     Jpo/ioj,  a  course.] 

Pertaining  to  oblique  sailing  by  the  rhomb ; 
as  loxodromic  tables. 

LOXODROM'l€S,  n.  The  art  of  oblique 
sailing  by  the  rhomb,  which  always  makes 
an  equal  angle  with  every  meridian  ;  that 
is,  when  a  ship  sails  neither  directly  under 
the  equator,  nor  under  the  same  meridian, 
but  obliquely.  Harris.     Bailey. 

LOY'AL,  a.    [¥\:  loyal;  It.  leak ;  Sp.  leal 
from  L.  lex,  law.] 

Faithful  to  a  prince  or  superior;  true  to 
plighted  faith,  duty  or  love;  not  treacher- 
ous ;  used  of  sidijects  to  their  prince,  and 
of  husband,  wife  and  lovers ;  as  a  loyal 
subject ;  a  loyal  wife. 

There  Laodamia  with  Evadne  moves. 
Unhappy  hoth  !  but  loyal  in  their  loves. 

Dryden. 

LOY'ALIST,   n.  A  person  who  adheres  to 
his  sovereign  ;  particularly,  one  who  main- 
tains his  allegiance  to  his  prinee,  and  de 
fends  his  cause  in  times  of  revolt  or  revo 
lution. 

LOY'ALLY,  adv.  With  fidelity  to  a  prince 
or  sovereign,  or  to  a  husband  or  lover. 

LOY'ALTY,  n.  Fidelity  to  a  prince  orsove 
reign,  or  to  a  husband  or  lover. 

He  had  such  loyalty  to  the  king  as  the  law 
requires.  Clarendon. 

LOZ'ENGE,  n.  [Fr.  losange  ;  Gr.  ?io|o{,  ob- 
lique, and  yujita,  a  corner.] 

1.  Originally,  a  figure  with  four  equal  sides, 
having  two  acute  and  two  obtuse  angles ; 
a  rhomb. 

2.  In  heraldry,  a  four-cornered  figure,  re- 
sembling a  pane  of  glass  in  old  casements. 

Encyc. 
Among  jewelers,  lozenges  are  common  to 
brilliants  and  rose  diamonds.  In  bril- 
liants, they  are  formed  by  the  meeting  of 
the  skill  and  the  star  facets  on  the  bezil ; 


in  the  latter,  by  the  meeting  of  the  facets 
in  the  horizontal  ribs  of  the  crown. 

Eticyc. 
A  form  of  medicine  in  small  pieces,  to  be 
chewed  or  held  in  the  mouth  till  melted. 

Johnson. 
In  confectionary,  a  sinall  cake  of  preserv- 
ed fruit,  or  of  sugar,  &c. 

LOZ'ENgED,  a.  Made  into  the  shape  of 
lozenges. 

LOZ'ENOY,  a.  In  heraldry,  having  the  field 
or  charge  covered  with  lozenges. 

Lp,  a  contraction  of  lordship. 

LU.    [See  Loo.] 

LUBBARD.     [JVot  used.    See  Lubber.] 

LUB'BER,  71.  [W.  llabi,  a  tall  lank  fellow,  a 
clumsy  man,  a  stripling,  a  lubber,  a  looby ; 
Hub,  a  flag  or  thin  strip,  a  stripe  or  stroke ; 
llabiaw,  to  slap  ;  Hob,  an  unwieldy  lump,  a 
dull  fellow.  From  the  significations  of 
llabi,  it  appears  that  the  primary  sense  is 
tall  and  lank,  like  a  stri[)ling  who  gains  his 
highth  before  he  does  his  full  strength,  and 
hence  is  clumsy.  But  looby  seems  rather 
to  be  from  Hob.] 

A  heavy,  clumsy  fellow  ;  a  sturdy  drone  ;  a 
clown. 

And  lingering  lubbers  lose  many  a  penny. 

T^usser. 

LUB'BERLY,  a.  Properly,  tall  and  lank 
without  activity;  hence,  bulky  and  heavy  ; 
clumsy  ;  lazy;  as  a  lubberly  fellow  or  boy. 

LUB'BERLY,  adv.  Clumsily;  awkwardly. 

Dryden. 

LU'BRIC,  a.  [L.  lubricus,  slippery.]  Having 
a  smooth  surface  ;  slippery  ;  as  a  lubric 
throat.  Crashaw. 

2.  Wavering  ;  unsteady ;  as  the  lubric  waves 
of  state.  Wotton. 

3.  Lascivious ;  wanton  ;  lewd. 

This  lubric M\<\  adulterate  age.  Dryden. 

[This  word  is  now  little  used.] 

LU'BRICANT,  n.  [See  Lubricate.]  That 
which  lubricates. 

LU'BRI€ATE,  v.  t.  [L.  lubrico,  from  lubri- 
cus, slippery ;  allied  to  labor,  to  slip  or 
slide.] 

To  iriake  smooth  or  slippery.  Mucilaginous 
and  saponaceous  medicines  lubricate  the 
parts  to  which  they  are  applied. 

LU'BRI€ATED,;);j.  3Iade  smooth  and  slip- 
pery. 

LU'BRI€ATING,  ppr.  Rendering  smooth 
and  slippery. 

LUBRICATOR,  n.  That  which  lubricates. 

LUBRICITY,  n.  [Fr.  lubricity]  Smooth- 
ness of  surface;  slipperiness. 

2.  Smoothness  ;  aptness  to  glide  over  any 
thing,  or  to  facilitate  the  motion  of  bodies 
in  contact  by  diminishing  friction.       May. 

3.  Slipperiness ;  instability  ;  as  the  lubricity 
of  fortune.  L'Estrange. 

4.  Lasciviousness;  propensity  to  lewdness; 
lewdness;  lechery;  incontinency. 

Dryden. 

LU'BRICOUS,  a.  [L.  lubricus.]  Smooth; 
slippery.  Woodicard. 

2.  Wavering ;  unstable ;  as  lubricous  opin- 
ions. Glanville. 

LUBRIFAC'TION,  n.  [infra.]  The  act 
of  lubricating  or  making  smooth. 

Bacon. 

LUBRIFICA'TION,  n.  [L.  lubricus  and  fa- 

\    do,  to  make.] 


LUC 


L  U  D 


LUG 


The  act  or  operation  of  making  smooth  and 

slippery.  Ray. 

LUCE,  n.  A  pike  full  grown. 

Johnson.     Shak 
LU'CENT,  a.  [h.  lucens,  from  iuceo,  to  shine. 

See  Light.] 
Shining ;  bright ;  resplendent ;  as  the  sun's 

lucent  orb.  Milton. 

LU'CERN,  n.   [Qu.  W.  llysau,  plants  ;  lli/s- 

lein/n,  a  plant ;  Corn,  luzuan;  or  from  l^u 

cerne,  in  Switzerland.] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Medicago,  cultivated 

tor  fodder. 
LU'CID,  a.  [L.  lucidus,  from  luceo,  to  shine. 

See  lAght.] 

1.  Shining;  bright;  resplendent;  as  the  fu 
cid  orbs  of  heaven. 

2.  Clear;  transparent;  pellucid;  as  a  lucid 
stream.  Milton. 

3.  Bright  with  the  radiance  of  intellect;  not 
darkened  or  confused  by  delirium  or  mad 
ness ;  marked  by  the  regular  operations  of 
reason  ;  as  the  lucid  intervals  of  aderai 
cd  man. 

4.  Clear  ;  distinct ;  presenting  a  clear  view  ; 
easily  understood  ;  as  a  lucid  order  or  ar 
rangenient. 

LUCID'ITY,  n.  Brightness.     [Mt  used.] 
LU'CIDNESS,  n.  Brightness;  clearness. 
LU'CIFER,  n.  [L.  Zuj-, /j/cis,  light,  and /ero, 
to  bring.] 

1.  The  planet  Venus,  so  called  from  its 
brightness. 

2.  Satan. 

Ami  vvlioii  he  falls,  he  I'iills  like  l/udfer. 
Never  to  hope  again.  Shalt, 

LUCIFE'KIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Lucifer, 
or  to  the  Luciferians. 

LUCIFE'RIANS,  n.  A  sect  that  followed 
Lucifer,  bishop  of  Cagliari,  in  the  fourtl 
century.  They  held  to  the  carnal  nature 
of  the  soul,  and  that  there  is  no  place  for 
repentance  for  such  as  fall. 

LUCIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  liuifci;  supra.]  Giv- 
ing light ;  affording  light  or  means  of  dis-] 
covery.  Borjie. 

LUCIF'IC,  a.  [L.  lui;  light,  and  facio, 
to  make.] 

Producing  light.  Grew. 

LU'CIFORM,  a.  [L.  lux,  light,  and  forma 
form.] 

Having  the  form  of  light ;  resembling  hght. 
The  water  prepares  lis,  ami  purities  our  Ivci- 
form  spirit  to  receive  the  divinity. 

Paus.  T^iuis 

LUCK,  n.  [D.  luk,  gcluk  ;  G.  gliick ;  Svv 
lycka ;  Dan.  lykke ;  Sans,  takki.  The  sense 
is  that  which  comes,  falls,  happens.  W. 
Uuf,  a  dart  or  throw  ;  thiriaw,  to  throw. 


Lff 


Qu.   Gr.   -fjiyxo^tu ;    .^r.    Lil      Class 

No.  21.] 
That  which  happens  to  a  person ;  an  event, 
good  or  ill,  affecting  a  man's  interest  or 
hapi)iness,  and  which  is  deemed  casual ; 
fortune.  Luck  respects  persons  and  their' 
proceedings.  We  never  say,  in  a  literal 
sense,  that  a  plant  has  the  luck  to  grow  in 
a  particular  place  ;  or  a  fossil  has  the  luck 
to  be  of  a  particular  form.  We  say,  a 
person  has  the  good  luck  to  escape  from! 
danger ;  or  the  ill  luck  to  be  ensnared  or  to] 
suffer  loss.  He  has  had  good  luck,  or  badi 
luck  in  gaming,  fishing  or  hunting.  Luck,\ 
or  what  w£  call  chance,  accident,  fortune, 
is  an  event  which  takes  place  without  be-l 

Vol.  II. 


ing  intended  or  foreseen,  or   from  some 
cause     not   under   human    control  ;  that 
which  cannot  be  jneviously  known  or  de 
termined  with  certainty  by  human  skill  or 
power. 

Consider  the  gift  of  tecA:  as  below  the  care  of 
a  wise  man.  Ramblar. 

LUCK'ILY,  adv.  [from  lucky.]  Fortunately; 
by  good  fortune  ;  with  a  favorable  issue  ; 
in  a  good  sense.  Lxickily,  we  escaped  in- 
jury. 

LUCK'INESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  fortu- 
nate ;  as  the  luckiness  of  a  man  or  of  an 
event. 
2.  Good  fortune ;  a  favorable  issue  or  event. 

[In  this  sense,  luck  is  generally  used.] 
LUCK'LESS,o.  Unfortunate;  meeting  with 
ill  success;  as  a  luckless  gamester;  a  luck- 
less maid. 
i.  Unfortunate  ;  producing  ill  or  no  good. 
Prayers  made  and  granted  in  a  lueklesn  hour 

JJryden 
LUCK' Y,  a.  Fortunate ;  meeting  with  good 

success ;  as  a  lucky  adventurer. 
2.  Fortunate  ;  iiroducing   good   by  chance 
favorable ;  as  a  lucky  adventure  ;  a  lucky 
time  ;  a  lucky  cast. 
LU'€RAT1VE,  a.  [Fr.  Ivcratif;  L.  lucratims, 

from  tucror,  to  gain  profit.] 
Gainliil ;  profitable  ;  making  increase  of  mon- 
ey or  goods ;  as  a  lucrative  trade ;  lucra- 
tive business  or  office. 
LU'CRE,  n.  lu'ker.  [L.  lucrum  ;  Fr.  lucre.] 
Gain  in  money  or  gooils;  profit;  usually 
in  an  ill  sense,  or  with  the  sense  of  some- 
thing base  or  unworthy. 

Tlie  lust  of /ucre,  and  the  dread  of  death. 

Pope 

A  hishop   must  be   blameless — not  given  to 

filthy  lucre.  Tit.  i. 

LUeRIF'EROUS,  a.    [L.  lucrum,  gain,  and 

fero,   to   ])roduce.]      Gainful ;    profitable 

[Little  used.]  Boyle. 

LU€RIF'I€,  a.    [L.  lucrum,  gain,  am\  facio, 

to   make.]      Producing    profit;     gainful 

[JVot  used.] 

LUCTA'TION,  n.    [L.  ludatio,  from  luctor, 

to  wrestle  or  strive.] 
Struggle;    contest;    effort  to  overcome  in 

contest.     [Little  used.] 
LUC'TUAL,  a.    [L.  luctus,  grief.]     Produ 
cing  grief     [Xot  used.]  Buck. 

LU'€UBRATE,  v.  i.  [L.  lucubro,to  study  by 
candle-light,    from     lucubrum,    from   lujc, 
light.] 
To  study  by  candle-light  or  a  lamp ;  to  stud; 

by  night. 
LUCUBRA'TION,  n.  Study  by  a  lamp  or  by 

candle-light ;  nocturnal  study. 
2.  That  which  is  composed  by  night ;    that 
which  is  produced  by  meditation  in  retire 
ment.  Tatler. 

LU'€UBRATOR\',  a.  Composed  by  candle- 
light or  by  night.  Pope, 
LU'€ULENT,  a.  [L.  luculentus,  from  btceo, 

to  shine.] 
L  Lucid;    clear;    transparent;    as  luculent 
rivers.  Thomson. 

2.  Clear  ;  evident ;  luminous. 

The    most    luculent    testimonies    that    the 
christian  religion  hatli.  Hooker. 

LU'€ULL1TE,  m.    A  subspecies  of  carbon- 
ate of  lime,  of  three  kinds. 

Ure.    Jameson. 

LUDIB'RIOUS,  a.  [L.  ludibriosus,  from  ludo, 

to  sport.]     Sportive  ;  wanton.    J-  Barlow. 

10 


LUDICROUS,  a.  [L.  ludicer,  from  ludo,  to 
sport.] 

Sportive  ;  burlesque  ;  adapted  to  raise  laugh- 
ter, without  scorn  or  contempt.  Ludi- 
crous dilfers  from  ridiculous  ;  the  latter  im- 
plying contempt  or  derision. 

Plutarch  quotes  this  instance  of  Homer's 
judgment,  in  closing  a  ludicrous  scene  with  de- 
cency and  instrucdon.  Broome. 

LU'Dl€ROUSLY,  adv.  Sportively ;  in  bur- 
lesque ;  in  a  manner  to  raise  laughter  with- 
out contempt. 

LU'DICROUSNESS,  n.  Sportiveness ;  the 
quality  of  exciting  laughter  without  con- 
temju ;  merry  cast. 

LUDIFltA'TION,  n.  [L.  ludificor.]  The 
act  of  deriding. 

LUDIF'l€ATORY,n.  Making  sport;  tend- 
ing to  excite  derision.  Barrow. 

LUFF,  n.  [GoXh.tifa;  Scot. /oo/;  \r.  lav, 
lamh  ;  W.  law.]    The  palm  of  the  hand. 

LUFF,   Ji.  [Fr.  lof;  G.  loof;  D.  loef;  Arm. 

'#] 

Weather-gage,  or  part  towards  the  wind  ;  or 
the  sailing  of  a  ship  close  to  the  wind. 

LUFF,  V.  i.  [D.  loeven  ;  Arm.  loji.]  To  turn 
the  head  of  a  ship  towards  the  wind  ;  to 
sail  nearer  the  wind.  Hence,  in  the  im- 
perative, luff,  is  an  order  to  put  the  tiller 
on  the  lee-side,  in  order  to  make  the  ship 
sail  nearer  the  wind.  Luff  round,  or  luff 
a-lee,  is  the  extreme  of  this  movement,  in- 
tended to  throw  the  ship's  head  into  the 
wind.  A  ship  is  said  to  spring  her  luff, 
when  she  yields  to  the  helm  by  sailing 
nearer  the  wind.  Encyc. 

LUFF'-TACKLE,  n.  A  large  tackle  not 
destined  for  any  particular  place  in  the 
ship,  but  movable  at  pleasure. 

Mar.  Did. 

LUG,  V.  t.  [Sax.  lyccan,  aluccan,  geluggian, 
to  pull,  to  pluck,  Ir.  luighim.     See  Pluck.] 

1.  To  haul  ;  to  drag  ;  to  pull  with  force,  as 
something  heavy  and  moved  with  diffi- 
culty. 

Jowlcr  lugs  him  slill 
Through  hedges.  Dryden. 

2.  To  carry  or  convey  with  labor. 
Tliey  must  divide  the  image  among  them, 

and  so  lug  o(f  every  one  liis  share.  Collier. 

To  lug  out,  to  draw  a  sword,  in  burlesque. 

Dryden. 
LUG,  V.  i.  To  drag  :  to  move  heavily.  [Qu.] 

Dryden. 
LUG,  n.  A  small  fish.  Careic. 

2.  Li  Scotland,  an  ear.     Obs.  Johnson. 

3.  A  pole  or  perch,  a  land-measure.    Obs. 

Spenser. 

4.  Something  heavy  to  be  drawn  or  carried. 
[Vulgar.] 

LUG'GAtiE,  )i.  [from  lug.]  Any  thing 
cumbersome  and  heavy  to  be  carried  ; 
traveling  baggage. 

I  am  gathering  up  my  luggage  and  preparing 
for  my  journey.  Su^ifl. 

2.  Something  of  more  weight  than  value. 
What  do  you  mean 
To  dote  on  such  luggage  7  Shak. 

LUGGER,  n.  [D.  toger.]  A  vessel  carry- 
ing three  masts  with  a  running  bowsprit 
and  lug-sails.  Mar.  Did. 

LUGGS,  n.  An  insect  like  an  earth-worm, 
but  having  legs. 

LUG'-S.\IL,  n.  A  square  sail  bent  upon  a 
yard  that  hangs  obhquely  to  the  mast  at 
one  third  of  its  length.  Mar.  Did. 


L  U  M 


L  U  M 


L  U  N 


LUGU'BRIOUS,  a.  [L.lugubris,(iomlugeo, 

to  weep.] 
Mournful ;  indicating  sorrow  ;  as  a  lugubri 

ous  look.  Decay  of  Piety. 

LU'KEWARM,  a.  [Sax.  vlaco,  tepid,  mod 

erately  warm  ;  vlacian,  to  warm  ;  D.  laauiv, 

laauwen  ;  G.  lau  ;  Dan.  lunken,  lukewarm  ; 

lunker,  to  make  tepid  ;    allied  to  flag,  lag, 

or  to  lay,  allay,  or  to  slack.] 

1.  Moderately  warm ;  tepid ;  as  lukewarm 
water ;  lukewarm  heat. 

fViseman.     J^ewton. 

2.  Not  ardent ;  not  zealous ;  cool ;  indifter 
ent ;  as  lukeivarm  obedience ;  lukewarm 
patriots.     Rev.  iii.  Dryden.     Addison. 

LU'KEWARMLY,    adv.    With    moderate 

warmth. 
2.  With  indifference  ;  coolly. 
LU'KEWARMNESS,  n.  A  mild  or  moder- 
ate heat. 
2.  Indifference;  want  of  zeal  or  ardor ;  cold 
ness. 

The  defect  of  zeal  is  lukewarmness,  or  cold- 
ness in  religion.  Sprat 
LULL,  V.  t.    [Dan.  luller;   G.D.lullen ;   L. 
lallo.     Qu.  Russ.  kleyu,  to  dandle  or  fon 
die.    The  sense  is  to  throw  down,  to  still 
to  appease.     Seamen  say,  the  wind  lulls, 
wlien  it  subsides.] 
To  quiet ;    to   compose ;    to   cause   to  rest. 
The  nation  may  be  lulled  into  security. 
—To  lull  him  soft  asleep.                    Spe/iser. 
Such  sweet  compulsion  doth  in  music  lie. 
To  lull  the  daughters  of  necessity.      Milton. 
LULL,  V.  i.    To  subside  ;   to  cease  ;   to  be- 
come calm  ;  as,  the  wind  lulls. 
LULL,  n.  Powerorquality  of  soothing. 

Yoimg. 
LULL'ABy,  n.     [lull  and  by,  Russ.  bayu. 

See  Brj.] 
A  song  to  quiet  babes  ;  that  which  quiets. 

Shak.     Locke. 
LVLh'ED,  pp.  Quieted;  appeased  ;  compo- 
sed to  rest. 
LULL'ER,  n.  One  that  lulls;  one  that  fon- 
dles. 
LULL'ING,  ppr.     Stilling ;    composing  to 

rest. 
LUM,  n.    [Qu.  Sax.  leoma.]     The  chimney 
of  a  cottage.  Todd. 

LUM'ACHEL,        }       A  calcarious   stone 
LUMACHEL'LA,  S       composed  of  shells 
and  coral  conglutinated,but  so  far  retain 
ing  their  organization  as  to  exhibit  differ 
ent   colors,  and   so  hard   as   to  admit  of 
polish.  JVicholson.     Fourcroy. 

LUMBAG'INOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  lurn 
bago.  Cheyne. 

LUMBA'GO,  n.  [L.  lumbus,  loins.]  A  pain 
in  the  loins  and  small  of  the  back,  such 
as  precedes  certain  fevers.  Quincy. 

A  rheuuiatic  affection  of  the  muscles  about 
the  loins.  Hooper. 

LUM'BAU,  a.  [h.  lumbus,  loins.]  Pertain- 
ing to  the  loins.  The  lumbar  region  is  tin 
posterior  portion  of  the  body  between  the 
false  ribs  and  the  upper  edge  of  the 
haunch  bone.  Parr. 

LUM'BEH,  n.  [allied  to  Sax.  leoma,  uten- 
sils, or  to  lump,  clump,  a  mass,  or  Dan. 
lumpe,  a  rag  ;  lumperie,  trifles ;  Sw.  linitpor, 
rags,  old  cloths;  i).  lamp  ;  G.  lumpen;  Fr. 
lambeau.  In  French,  lambourde  is  a  joist.] 
].  Any  thing  useless  and  cumbersome,  or 
things  bulky  and  thrown  aside  as  of  no 
use. 


The  very  bed  was  violated — 

And  thrown  among  the  common  lumber. 

Otway. 

2.  In  America,  timber  sawed  or  split  for 
use ;  as  beams,  joists,  boards,  planks, 
staves,  hoops  and  the  like. 

3.  Harm ;  mischief.     [Local.]  Pegge. 
LUM'BER,  j;.  /.  To  heap  together  in  disor- 
der.                                                       Rymer. 

2.  To  fill  with  lumber;  as, to  lumber z.  room. 

LUMBER-ROOM,  n.  A  place  for  the  re- 
ception of  lumber  or  useless  things. 

LUM'BRI€,  11.  [L.  lumbricus,  a  worm.]  A 
worm.  Med.  Repos. 

LUM'BRI€AL,  a.  [L.  lumbricus,  a  worm.] 
Resembling  a  worm;  as  the  lumbrical 
muscles. 

LUM'BRI€AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  loins. 

LUM'BRI€AL,  n.  A  muscle  of  the  fingers 
and  toes,  so  named  from  its  resembling  a 
worm.  Of  these  muscles,  there  are  four  of 
the  fingers  and  as  many  of  the  toes. 

LUMBRICTFORM,  a.  [L.  lumbricus,  a 
worm,  and/on/).]  Resembling  a  worm  in 
shape. 

LU  MINARY,  n.  [L.  luminare,  from  lumen, 
light.  Lumen  is  the  Saxon  Icoina,  a  ray, 
or  from  luceo,  by  contraction,  for  lucmen, 
lvgme7i.] 

1.  Any  body  that  gives  light,  but  chiefly  one 
of  the  celestial  orbs.  The  sun  is  the  prin- 
cipal luminary  in  our  system.  The  stars 
are  inferior  luminaries. 

"2.  One  that  illustrates  any  subject,  or  en- 
lightens mankind  ;  as.  Bacon  and  Newton 
were  distinguished  luminaries. 

LUBIINATION.     [See  Illumination.] 

LU'MINE,  V.  t.  To  enlighten.  [J\iot  used. 
See  Illumine.] 

LUMINIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  lumen,  light,  and 
fero,  to  produce.]     Producing  light. 

Ure. 

LU'MINOUS,  a.  [h.  luminosus ;  Fr.  lumin- 
eux.] 

1.  Shining;  emitting  light.  The  sun  is  a 
most  luminous  body. 

2.  Light ;  illuminated.  The  moon  is  ren- 
dered luminous  hy  the  rays  of  the  sun. 

3.  Bright;  shining;  as  a  luminous  color. 

4.  Clear  ;  as  a  luminous  essay  or  argument. 
LU'MINOUSLY,  adv.   With  brightness  or 

clearness. 
LU'MINOUSNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 

bright  or  shining  ;    brightness  ;  as  the  lu- 

miyiotisness  of  the  sea.  Encyc. 

2.  Clearness  ;  perspicuity  ;  as  the  luminous- 

ness  of  ideas,  arguments  or  method. 

Cheyne. 
LUMP,   n.    [G.  Dan.   and  Sw.  klump  ;   D. 

klomp;    W.  clamp  and  clap.     If  ?/i  is  nut 

radical,  this  belongs  to  Class  Lb.     Lump 

is  clump,  without  the  prefix-.] 

1.  A  small  mass  of  matter  of  no  definite 
shape  ;  as  a  tump  of  earth  ;  a  lump  of  but 
ter  ;  a  lump  of  sugar. 

2.  A  mass  of  things  blended  or  thrown  to 
gether  without   order  or  distinction ;    as 
copper,  iron,  gold,  silver,  lead,  tin,  promis 
cuously  in  one  lump. 

3.  A  cluster;  as  a  lump  of  figs.    2  Kings  xx. 
In  the  lump,  the  whole  together;  in  gross. 

They  may  liuy  my  papers  in  the  lump. 

Addison 

LUMP,  V.  i.  To  throw  into  a  mass  ;  to  unite 
in  a  body  or  sum  without  distinction  of 
particulars. 


The  expenses  ought  to  be  lumped.      Ayliffe. 

2.  To  take  in  the  gross. 

LUMP' EN,  n.  A  long  fish  of  a  greenish 
color,  and  marked  with  lines. 

LUMP'FISH,  ?i.  A  thick  fish  of  the  genus 
Cyclopterus.  The  back  is  sharp  and  ele- 
vated ;  the  belly  flat,  and  of  a  crimson 
color.  Along  the  body  run  five  rows  of 
sharp  bony  tubercles.  It  swims  edgewise ; 
called  also  a  sea-owl.  Encyc. 

LUMPTNG,  ppr.   Throwing  into  a  mass  or 
sum. 
a.  Bidky  ;  heavy.     [A  low  word.] 

Arbuthnot. 

LUMP'ISH,  a.  Like  a  lump;  heavy;  gross; 
hulky.  Raleigh.     Dryden. 

2.  Didl;  inactive.  Shak. 

LUMP'ISHLY,  adv.  Heavily;  with  dull- 
ness or  stupidity. 

LUaiPISHNESS,  n.  Heaviness;  dullness; 
stupidity. 

LUMP'Y,  a.  Full  of  lumps  or  small  com- 
pact masses.  Mortimer. 

Luna  cornea,  muriate  of  silver.  Ure. 

LU'NACY,  71.  [from  h.  luna,  the  moon;  W. 
llun,  form,  figure,  iujage,  the  moon.] 

1.  A  species  of  insanity  or  madness,  suppo- 
sed to  be  influenced  by  the  moon,  or  peri- 
odical in  the  month. 

2.  Madness  in  general. 

LU'NAR,     )        [h.  lunaris.]     Pertaining  to 
LU'NARY,  J    ■  the  moon  ;   as  lunar  obser- 
vations. 

2.  Measured  by  the  revolutions  of  the  moon  ; 
as  lunar  days  or  years. 

3.  Resembling  the  moon  ;  orbed.       Dryden. 

4.  Under  the  influence  of  the  moon.     Obs. 

Bacon. 

Lunar  caustic,  nitrate  of  silver,  fused  in  a  low 
heat.  JVicholson. 

LUNA'RIAN,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  the 
moon. 

LU'NARY,  n.  Moonwort,  a  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Lunaria. 

LU'NATED,  a.  Formed  like  a  half-moon. 

LU'NATIe,  a.  Affected  by  a  species  of  mad- 
ness, supposed  to  be  influenced  by  the 
moon. 

LU'NATI€,  n.  A  person  affected  by  insan- 
ity, supposed  to  be  influeuced  or  produced 
by  the  moon,  or  by  its  position  in  its  orbit ; 
a  madman.  Swijt. 

LUNA'TION,  n.  [L.  lunatio.]  A  revolu- 
tion of  the  moon. 

H;NCH,  I       [W.   llwnc,  a    gulp,   a 

LUNCH'EON,  I  "•  svyallow,  the  gidlet ; 
Arm.  louncqa,  longein,  to  swallow  greed- 

iiy-] 

Literally,  a  swallow ;  but  in  usage,  a  por- 
tion of  food  taken  at  any  time,  except  at  a 
regidar  meal.  It  is  not  unusual  to  take  a 
luncheon  before  dinner.  The  passengers 
in  the  line-shijjs  regularly  have  their 
lunch. 

1  sliced  the  luncheon  from  the  barley  loaf. 

Gay. 

LUNE,  )i.  [h.  luna,  the  moon.]  Anything 
in  the  shape  of  a  half-moon.     [Little  used/] 

ti'utts. 

2.  A  fit  of  lunacy  or  madness,  or  a  freak. 
[.Wot  used.]  Shak. 

.3.  A  leash  ;   as  the  lune  of  a  hawk. 

LU'NET,        I       [Fr. /i(7ie«e,  from  ?i(ne,  the 

LUNETTE,  (,  "■  moon.] 

1.  In  fortif cation,  an  enveloped  counter- 
guard,  or  elevation  of  earth  made  beyond 


L  U  R 


L  U  R 


L  U  S 


the  second  ditch,  opposite  to  the  places  of 
arms ;  or  a  covered  place  before  the  cour- 
tine,  consisting  of  two  faces  that  form  an 
angle  inward.  It  is  commonly  raised  in 
ditches  full  of  water,  to  serve  instead  of 
fausse  brays,  to  dispute  the  enemy's  pass- 
age of  the  ditch.  Encyc.     Trtvoux. 

9.  In  tht  manege,  a  half  horse-shoe,  which 
wants  the  spunge,  or  that  part  of  the 
bi-anch  which  runs  towards  the  quarters 
of  the  foot.  Encyc. 

3.  A  piece  of  felt  to  cover  the  eye  of  a  vicious 
borse.  Encyc. 

LU'NET,  n.  A  little  moon.  Bp.  Hall. 

LUNG,  n.  [Sax.  lungen ;  D.  long;  G.  Dan. 
lunge ;  Sw.  htnga.] 

1.  The  lungs  are  the  organs  of  respiration  in 
man  and  many  other  animals.  There  are 
two  of  these  organs,  each  of  which  occu- 
pies its  cavity  in  the  thorax.  They  alter- 
nately inhale  and  expel  the  air,  by  means 
of  which  the  necessary  function  of  respira- 
tion is  carried  on. 

Each   btn^   fills    completely  the   cavity   in 
which  it  is  placed.  Wistar. 

2.  Formerly,  a  person  having  a  strong  voice, 
and  a  sort  of  servant.  B.  Jonson. 

LUNtJE,  n.  [See  ^llhnge.]  A  sudden  push 
or  thrust. 

LUNGED,  a.  Having  lungs,  or  the  nature 
or  rcsomblance  of  lungs;  drawing  in  and 
expelling  air.  Dryden. 

LUNG'-GROWN,  a.  Having  lungs  that  ad- 
here to  the  pleura.  Harvey 

LUN'tilS,  n.  [Fr.  longis,  from  long.]  A  lin- 
gerer; a  dull,  drowsy  fellow. 

LUNG'WORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Pul 
monaria. 

LU'NIFORM,  a.  [L.  tuna,  the  moon,  and 
form.]     Resembling  the  moon. 

LUNISO'LAR,  a.  [L.  ^una,  moon,  and  Sola- 
ris, sol,  sun.] 

Compounded  of  the  revolutions  of  the  sun 
and  moon.  Johnson 

The  lunisolar  year  consists  of  532  common 
years  ;  found  by  multiplying  the  cycle  of 
the  sun  by  that  of  the  moon.  Encyc. 

LU'NISTICE,  n.  [L.  liina,  the  moon,  and 
sto,  steti,  or  sisto,  to  stand.] 

The  farthest  point  of  the  moon's  northing 
and  southing,  in  its  monthly  revolution. 

Encyc. 

LUNT,  n.  [D.  lont,  Dan.  Itinte,  a  match.] 
The  match-cord  used  for  firing  cannon. 

Johnson. 

LU'NULAR,  a.  [from  L.  luna,  the  moon.] 
In  botany,  like  the  new  moon;  shaped  like 
a  small  crescent. 

LU'NULATE,  a.  [from  L.  luna,  the  moon. 
In  botany,  resembling  a  small  crescent. 

LU'PERCAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Luper- 
calia,  or  feasts  of  the  Romans  in  honor  of 
Pan  ;  as  a  noun,  the  feast  itself. 

LU'PINE,  n.  [Fr.  lupin;  L.  Iupi7ius.]  A 
kind  of  pulse.  The  genus  Lupinus  con- 
tains several  species,  mostly  annual  plants 
bearing  digitate  leaves,  and  papilionaceous 
flowers.  The  seeds  of  the  white  lupine 
have  a  leguminous  taste,  accompanied 
with  a  disagreeable  bitterness,  and  are  said 
to  be  anthelmintic.  Encyc. 

LU'PULIN,  71.  [L.  lupulus,  hops.]  The  fine 
yellow  powder  of  hops.  A.  }V.  Ives. 

LURCH,  n.  [W.  Here,  a  frisk,  or  frisking 
about,  a  loitering  or  lurking;  llercian,  to 
loiter  about,   to  lurk.     This  is  the  same 


word  radically  as  lurk.  The  primary 
sense  is  to  run,  start,  leap  or  frisk  about, 
as  a  man  or  beast  that  flies  from  one  tree 
or  other  object  to  another  to  conceal  him- 
self. Hence  we  see  the  peculiar  applica- 
bility of  this  word  in  seamen's  language.] 

In  seamen's  language,  a  sudden  roll  of  a 
ship.  A  lee-lurch  is  a  sudden  roll  to  the 
leeward,  as  when  a  heavy  sea  strikes  the 
ship  on  the  weather  side.  Cyc 

To  leave  in  the  lurch,  to  leave  in  a  difficult 
situation,  or  in  embarrassment ;  to  leave 
in  a  forlorn  state  or  without  help. 

Denham 

LURCH,  I),  i.  To  roll  or  pass  suddenly  to 
one  side,  as  a  ship  in  a  heavy  sea. 

2.  To  withdraw  to  one  side,  or  to  a  private 
place  ;  to  lie  in  ambush  or  in  secret ;  to  lie 
close.    [For  this,  lurk  is  now  used.] 

L'Estrange. 

3.  To  shift;  to  play  tricks. 
I  am  fain  to  shuffle,  to  hedge  and  to  lurch. 

Sliak 

LURCH,  D.  t.  To  defeat ;  to  disappoint,  that 
is,  to  evade  ;  as,  to  lurch  the  expectation. 
[Ldttle  used.]  South. 

2.  To  steal;  to  filch  ;  to  pilfer.    [Littleused. 

Johnson. 

LURCH,  r.<.  [L.  furco,  a  glutton.]   Toswal 

low   or  eat  greedily ;   to   devour.      [JVot 

used.]  Bacon. 

LURCH'ER,  n.    One  that  lies  in  wait  or 

lurks ;    one  that  watches  to  pilfer,  or  to 

betray  or  entrap ;  a  poacher. 

Swift  from  the  play  the  scudding  lurcher  flies. 

Gay. 

2.  A  dog  that  watches  for  his  game. 

Taller. 

3.  [L.  lurco,  a  glutton.]  A  glutton  ;  a  gor- 
mandizer. 

LUR'DAN,  a.  Blockish.     [JVot  used.] 

Johnson 
LUR'DAN,  n.  A  clown ;  a  blockhead.  [JVot 

used.] 
LURE,  n.  ]Fi:  leuire.]     Something  held  out 

to  call  a  hawk  ;    hence, 
2.  Any  enticement ;    that  which  invites  by 
the   prospect   of  advantage  or  pleasure ; 
as  the  lures  of  beauty  or  of  gain. 
LURE,  V.  i.  To  call  hawks. 

Standing  by  one  tliat  lured  loud  and  slirill. 

JSacon 
LURE,  I'.  /.  To  entice  ;  to  attract ;  to  invite 
by  any   thing  that   promises  pleasure  or 
advantage. 

Lured  on  by  the  pleasure  of  the  bait. 

Tertiple 
And  various  science  lures  the  learned  eye. 

Gay. 
LU'RED,  pp.    Enticed  ;   attraeted ;  invited 

by  the  hope  of  pleasure  or  advantage. 
LU'RID,   a.    [L.  luridus  ;    W.  llur,  livid,  a 
gloom.     Qu.  the  root  of  foieer.]     Gloomy; 
dismal.  Thomson. 

LU'RING,/)pr.  Enticing;  calling. 
LURK,   V.  i.    [W.  llercian,  to  frisk  or  loiter 
about,  to  lurk;  G.  lauern;  D.  loeren ;  Sw. 
lura  ;  Dan.  lurer.     See  Lurch.] 

1.  To  lie  hid ;   to  lie  in  wait. 

Let  us  lay  wait  for  blood  ;  let  us  lurk  privily 
for  the  innocent.     Prov.  i. 

2.  To  lie  concealed  or  unperceived.  See 
that  no  selfish  motive  lurks  in  the  heart. 

See 
The  lurking  gold  upon  the  fatal  tree. 

Dryden. 


3.  To  retire  from  public  observation;  to 
keep  out  of  sight. 

The  defendant  lurks  and  wanders  about  in 
Berks.  Blackstone. 

LURK'ER,  n.  One  that  lurks  or  keeps  out 
of  sight. 

LURK'ING,  ppr.  Lying  concealed  ;  keep- 
ing out  of  sight. 

LURK'ING-PLACE,  n.  A  place  in  which 
one  lies  concealed  ;  a  secret  place  ;  a  hi- 
ding place  ;  a  den.     1  Sam.  xxiii. 

LUS'CIOUS,  a.  [I  know  not  the  origin 
and  affinities  of  this  word.  The  Dutch 
express  it  by  zoetluslig,  sweet-lusty.  Qu. 
the  root   of  luxury.] 

1.  Sweet  or  rich  so  as  to  cloy  or  nauseate; 
sweet  to  excess  ;  as  luscious  food. 

2.  Very  sweet ;  delicious ;  grateful  to  the 
taste. 

And  raisins  keep  their  luscious  native  taste. 

Dryden. 

3.  Pleasing;  delightful. 
He  will  bait  liim  in  with  flie  luscious  propo- 
sal of  some  gainful  purchase.  South. 

4.  Fullsome  ;  as  luscioiis  flattery. 

5.  Smutty;   obscene.     [Unusual.]         Steele. 
LUS'CIOUSLY,    adv.    With  sweetness  or 

richness  that  cloys  or  nauseates. 

2.  Obscenely.  Steele. 

LUS'CIOUSNESS,  n.  Immoderate  rich- 
ness or  sweetness  that  cloys  or  offends. 

Mortimer. 

LU'SERN,  n.  .\  lynx.  Johnson. 

LUSH,  a.  Of  a  dark,  deep,  full  color. 

How  lush  and  lusty  the  grass  looks  ;    how 
green !     Obs.  Shak. 

LUSK,  a.  [Fr.  lasche.]  Lazy  ;  slothful.  [JVot 
in  use.] 

LUSK,  n.  A  lazy  fellow  ;  a  lubber.  [.Vol 
in  use.] 

LUSK'ISH,  a.  Inclined  to  be  lazy. 

Marston. 

LUSK'ISHLY,  adv.  Lazily. 

LUSK'ISHNESS,  n.  Disposition  to  indo- 
lence ;  laziness.     Obs.  Spenser. 

LUSO'RIOUS,  a.  [L.  lusorius,  from  ludo, 
lusi,  to  sport.] 

Used  in  play ;  sportive.  [Little  used.] 

Sanderson. 

LU'SORY,  a.  [L.  lusorius,  as  above.]  Used 
in  play  ;  playful ;  as  lusory  methods  of  in- 
structing children.  Halls. 

LUST,  n.  [Sax.  G.  D.  Sw.  ?u,?(;  Dan.  lyst ; 
Ir.  lasadh,  lust,  and  a  burning.  The  pri- 
mary sense  is  to  extend,  reach,  expand, 
to  stretch  forward.  It  is  the  same  as 
list.] 

1.  Longing  desire  ;  eagerness  to  possess  or 
enjoy  ;  as  the  lust  of  gain. 

My  lust  shall  be  satisfied  upon   them.     Ex. 

XV. 

2.  Concupiscence;  carnal  appetite  ;  unlaw- 
ful desire  of  carnal  pleasure.  Rom.  i.  2 
Pet.  ii. 

3.  Evil  propensity ;  depraved  afTections  and 
desires.     James  i.     Ps.  lx.xxi. 

4.  Vigor  ;  active  power.    [JVot  used.] 

Bacon. 

LUST,   t'.  i.    [Sax.   luslan ;    G.  lusten  ;    D. 

lusten  ;  Sw.  lysta  ;  Dan.  lyster.] 
1.  To  desire  eagerly  ;  to  long  ;  with  qfler. 
Thou  mayest  kill  and  eat  flesh  in  all  thy  gates, 

whatsoever  thy  soul  lusteth  after.     Dcut.  xii. 


L  U  S 

2.  To  have  carnal  desire ;  to  desire  eagerly 
the  gratification  of  carnal  appetite. 

Lust  not  after  her  beauty  in  thy  heart.  Prov. 
vi. 

Whosoever  looketh  on  a  woman  to  lust  after 
her,  hath  committed  adultery  with  her  aheady 
in  his  lieart.     Matt.  v. 

3.  To  have  irregular  or  inordinate  desires. 

Tiie  spirit  that  dweUeth  in  us  lusteth  to  envy. 
James  iv. 

Lust  not  after  evil  things  as  they  also  lusted. 
1  Cor.  X. 

4.  To  list ;  to  like. 
LUST'FUL,  a.  Having  lust,  or  eager  desire 

of  carnal  gratification  ;  libidinous  ;  as  an 
intemperate  and  lustful  man. 
2.  Provoking  to  sensuality ;  inciting  to  lust 
or  exciting  carnal  desire.  Tillotson. 

Thence  liis  lustful  orgies  he  enlarged. 

Milton 
,'3.  Vigorous ;  robust ;  stout.  SackviUe. 

^^UST'FyLLY,   adv.    With   concupiscence 

or  carnal  desire. 
"lUSTFULNESS,  n.    The  state  of  having 
'       carnal  desires  ;  libidinousness. 
LUST'IHPOD,   li.    [lusty  and  hood.]    Vigor 
of  body.     Obs.  Spenser. 

LUST'ILY,    adv.    With    vigor    of   body; 
stoutly  ;  with  vigorous  exertion. 

I  determine  to  fight  lustily  for  him.     Shak 
LUSTINESS,  n.  Vigor  of  body;  stoutness; 
strength  ;  robustness  ;  sturdiness. 

Cappadocian  slaves  were  famous  for  their 
lustiness.  Dryden 

LUST'ING,  ppr.  Having  eager  desire  ;  hav- 
ing carnal  appetite. 
LUST'ING,    n.    Eager  desire;    inordinate 

desire;  desire  of  carnal  gratification. 
LUST'LESS,  a.  Listless;  not  willing.   Obs. 

Spense 
Gower. 
[L.  histralis,  from  lustro,  to 


L  U  T 


2.  Not  vigorous 
LUS'TR.\L,  a. 
purify.] 

1.  Used  in   purification  ;    as  lustral  water 
lustral  waves. 

2.  Pertaining  to  purification ;  aslustral  days. 

LUS'TRATE,    v.  t.    [L.   luslro,  to  cleanse. 
See  Luster.] 

1.  To  make  clear  or  pure;  to  purify.     [See 
Illustrate.] 

2.  To  view  ;  to  survey. 
LUSTRATION,  n.  The  act  or  operation 

of  making  clear   or  pure;  a  cleansing  or 

purifying  by  water. 

And  holy  water  for  lustration  bring. 

Dryden 
2.  In  antiquity,  the  sacrifices  or  ceremonies 

by  wliicli  cities,  fields,  armies   or  people 

defiled  by  crimes,  were  purified.      Encyc. 
LUS'TER,  rt.    [Fr.  lustre;    L.  lustrum;  It. 

lustro  ;  from  L.  luslro,  to  purify  ;  Dan.  lys. 

light ;  lyser,  to  sliine  ;  Sw.  lysa  ;  D.  luister, 

splendor  ;  Ir.  lasadh,  lasaim,  leosain,  to  give 

light.  In  burn;  leos,  light.] 

1.  15ri;4hlness  ;  splendor  ;  gloss;  astheluster 
of  the  sun  or  stars  ;  the  luster  of  silk. 

The  sun's  mild  luster  warms  the  vital  air, 

Pope. 

2.  The   splendor  of  birth,   of  deeds  or   of 
fame  ;  renown  ;  distinction. 

Hi^^  ancestors  continued  about  fonr  hundred 
years,  rather  without  obscmity  than  witJi  any 
great  share  of  luster.  IVotton. 


3.  A  sconce  with  lights  ;  a  branched  candle-l 
stick  of  glass.  Pope.     Encyc.\ 

4.  The  space  of  five  years.  [L.  lustrum.] 

Bolingbroke. 

LUS'TRICAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  purification. 

Middleton. 
LUS'TRING,  n.    A  species  of  glossy  silk 
cloth.  [Corruptly  written  and  pronounced 
lutestring.] 
LUSTROUS,  a.    Bright ;  shining  ;   lumin- 
ous. 

Good  sparks  and  lustrous.  Shak. 

LUS'TRUM,  n.  In  ancient  Rome,  the  space 

of  five  years. 
LUST'-STAINED,  a.  Defiled  by  lust. 

Shak. 
LUST' WORT,  )!.   [lust  and  tvort.]    A  plant 

of  the  genus  Drosera. 
LUST' Y,  a.    [from  lust ;  J),  luslig.]    Stout; 

vigorous;  robust ;  healthful ;  able  of  body. 

This   is  the   correct   sense   of  the   word 

comprehending  full  health  and  strength  ; 

as  a  lusty  youth.     But  it  is  now  used  in 

the  sense  of, 

2.  Bulky;  large;  of  great  size.  This  sense 
does  not  always  include  that  of  vigor. 

3.  Handsome ;  pleasant ;  saucy.     Obs. 
Gower.     Spenser.     Shak. 

4.  Copious  ;  plentiful ;  as  a  lusty  draught. 

Tatler. 

5.  Pregnant;  a  colloquial  tise. 
LU'TANIST,  n.  [from  lute.]  A  person  that 

plays  on  the   lute. 

A  celebrated  lutanist  was  playing  to  a  large 
company.  Msiat.   Res. 

LUTA'RIOUS,  a.  [L.  lutarius,  from  lutum, 
mud.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  mud ;  living  in  mud. 

Of  the  color  of  mud.  Grew. 

LUTA'TION,  n.  [See  Lute.]  The  act  or 
method  of  luting  vessels. 

LUTE,  n.  [Vr.  luth ;  It.  liuto ;  Sp.  laud: 
D.  tuil ;  G.  laute  ;  Sw.  luta  ;  Dan.  tut ; 
Russ.  liotnia.     Qu.  loud,  L.  laudo.] 

An  instrument  of  music  with  strings.  It 
consists  of  four  parts,  viz ;  the  table,  the 
body  or  belly  which  has  nine  or  ten  sides, 
the  neck,  which  has  nine  or  ten  stops  or 
divisions  marked  with  strings,  and  the  head 
or  cross.  In  the  middle  of  the  table  there 
is  a  passage  for  the  sound.  There  is  also 
abridge  to  which  the  strings  are  fastened. 
The  strings  are  struck  with  the  right 
hand,  and  with  the  left  the  stops  are  press- 
ed. Encyc. 

LUTE,  ?  [L.    lutum,    mud,    clay.; 

LU'TING,  I  "'  Among  chimists,  a  com- 
position of  clay  or  other  tenacious  sub- 
stance u.sed  for  stoppiias  the  juncture  of 
vessels  so  closely  as  lo»  prevent  the  es- 
cape or  entrance  of  air. 

LUTE,  V.  I.  To  close  or  coat  with  lute. 

Bacon 

LU'TE-eASE,  n.  A  case  for  a  lute.     Shak. 

LU'TED,  pp.  Closed  with  lute. 

LU'TENIST,  n.    A  performer  on  the  lute. 

Busby. 

1  II'T'F'R     ) 

1  ii'TisT  ( "•  '^"^  ^^''°  p'"y^  °"  *  '"'®- 

LUTE-STRING,  n.  The  string  of  a  lute. 

Shak. 
LUTHERAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Luther,  the 
reformer ;  as  the  Lutlieran  church. 


LUX 

LU'THERAN,  n.    A  disciple  or  follower  of 
Luther  ;  one  who  adheres  to  the  doctrines 
of  Luther. 
LU'THERANISM,  n.  The  doctrines  of  re- 
ligion as  taught  by  Luther. 

LU'THERN,  n.  In  architecture,  a  kind  of 
window  over  the  cornice,  in  the  roof  of  a 
building,  to  admit  light  into  the  upper 
story.  Encyc. 

LU'TING,  ppr.  Closing  with  lute. 

LU'TULENT,  «.  [L.  lutulentus,  from  Mum, 
mud.]     Muddy  ;  turbid  ;  thick. 

LUX' ATE,  V.  t.  [L.  luxo,  Fr.  luxer,  to  loos- 
en ;  probably  from  the  same  root  as  lax,  L. 
laxo,  laius.] 

To  displace,  or  remove  from  its  proper  place, 
as  a  joint ;  to  put  out  of  joint ;  to  dislo- 
cate. Lux,  in  a  like  sense,  is,  I  beheve, 
not  now  used.  Encyc. 

LUX'ATED,  pp.  Put  out  of  joint ;  disloca- 
ted. 

LUX'ATING,  ppr.  Removing  or  forcing 
out  of  its  place,  as  a  joint;  dislocating. 

LUXA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  moving  or  for- 
cing a  joint  from  its  proper  place  or  artic- 
ulation ;  or  the  state  of  being  thus  put  out 
of  joint. 

2.  A  dislocation  ;  that  which  is  dislocated. 

LUXE,  n.  Luxury.  [J^tol  used.] 

LUXU'RL\NCE,   \      [L.  luxurians,  luxurio, 

LUXU'RIANCY,  ^  "'  to  grow  ranlc,  or  to 
wanton.] 

1.  Rank  growth  ;  strong,  vigorous  growth  ; 
exuberance. 

Flowers  grow  up  in  the  garden  with  the  great- 
est luxuriancy  and   profusion.  Spectator. 

Excessive  or  superfluous  growth. 

A  fungus  prevents  healing  only  by  its  luxuri- 

ancy.  JViseman. 

LUXU'RIANT,  a.    Exuberant  in   growth  ; 

abundant;  as  ix  luxuriant  growth  of  grass- 

2.  Exuberant  in  plenty ;  superfluous  in 
abundance. 

Prune  the  luxuriant,  the  uncouth  refine. 

Pope. 

3.  A  luxuriant  flower  multiplies  the  covers 
of  the  fructification  so  as  to  destroy  the 
essential  parts.  Martyn. 

LUXURIANTLY,  adv.  With  exuberant 
growth. 

LUXURIATE,  ['.  i.  To  grow  exuberantly, 
or  to  grow  to  superfluous  abundance. 

LUXURI  A'TION,  n.  The  process  of  grow- 
ing exuberantly,  or  beyond  the  natural 
growth.  Lee. 

LUXU'RIOUS,  n.  [Pr.  luxurieux ;  L.  htxu- 
riosus,  from  luxo,  to  loosen ;  luxor,  to 
riot.] 

1.  Voluptuous;  indulging  freely  or  excess- 
ively in  the  jileasurcs  of  the  table,  the 
gratification  of  appt^tite,  or  in  rich  and  ex- 
liensive  dress  anil  equipage ;  as  a  luxuri- 
ous life  ;  luxurious  cities. 

2.  Administering  to  luxury  ;  contributing  to 
free  or  extravagant  indulgence  in  diet, 
dress  and  equipage;  as  luxurious  wealth. 

Milton. 

3.  Furnished  with  luxuries ;  as  a  lujcurious 
tabl(^ 

4.  Soilening  by  pleasure,  or  free  indulgence 
in  luxiny  ;  as  lu.rurious  ease. 

5.  Lustful ;  libidinous  ;  given  to  the  gratifi- 
cation of  lust ;  as  a  lu.vurious  bed.      Shak^ 

G.  Luxuriant;  exuberant. 


M 


MAC 


MAC 


The  work  under  our  labor  grows 

Luxurious  'ly  restraint.  [JVot  used.]  Milton. 

LUXU'RIOUHLY,    adv.    In  almndancc  of 

rich  diet,  dress  or  equipage  ;  deliciously  ' 

voluptuously.  Dryden 

LUX'URIST,  n.  One  given  to  luxury. 

Temple 

LUX'URY,  n.  [L.  iuxuria,  from  luxo,  to 
loosen.] 

1.  A  free  or  extravagant  indulgence  in  the 
pleasures  of  the  table,  as  in  rich  and  ex- 
pensive diet,  or  delicious  food  and  liquors  ; 
voluptuousness  in  the  gratification  of  ap- 
petite ;  or  the  free  indulgence  in  costly 
dress  and  equipage. 

Siches  expose  a  man  to  pride  and  luxury. 

Spectator. 

2.  That  which  gratifies  a  nice  and  fastidious 
appetite  ;  a  dainty;  any  delicious  food  or 
drink.  The  canvas-back  duck  is  a  luxury 
for  an  epicure. 

3.  Any  thing  dcliglitful  to  the  senses. 

He  cut  the  side  of  a  rock  for  a  garden,  and 
by  laying  on  it  earth,  furnished  a  kind  u(  luxury 
for  a  hermit.  Jlfldi.'ion. 

4.  Lust ;   lewd  desire.     [Mtt  now  zised.] 

Shak. 

5.  Luxuriance;  exuberance  of  growth.  [JVol 
now  used.]  Bacon. 

LY,  a  termination  of  adjectives,  is  a  con- 
traction of  Sax.  lie,  G.  Hell,  I),  lyk,  Dan 
lige,  Sw.  lih,  Eng.  like;  as  in  lovely,  manly, 
that  is,  love-like,  man-like.  As  the  termi- 
nation of  names,  ty  signifies  field  or  plain, 
Sax.  hag,  Eng.  lay,  lea  or  ley,  L.  locus. 

LY'AM,  n.  A  leash  for  holding  a  hound. 

Drayton. 

LY€AN'THROPY,  n.  [Gr.  ^vxavSpiorfM ; 
%vxoi,  a  wolf,  and  o.v9funoi,  man.]  A  kind 
of  erratic  melancholy.  Coxe. 

LY'eOS'TOM,  n.  A  Baltic  fish  resembling 
a  herring. 


LVD'IAN,  a.  [from  Lydia.]  Noting  a  kind 
of  .soft  slow  music  anciently  in  vogue. 

Milton. 

Li/dian  stone,  flinty  slate.  Ure 

LYE,  n.  [Sax.  leah  ;  G.  lauge ;  D.  loog; 
Arm.  ligeou  or  lichou  ;  Sp.  le.via  ;  Fr.  les- 
sive ;  L.  Hi,  whence  lixivium.  It  coin- 
cides with  Sax.  loge,  water ;  Ant.  L.  lixa, 
whence  Lugdunum,  Leyden,  Lyons,  that  is, 
H'alcr-town.] 

Water  impregnated  with  alkaline  salt  itn- 
bibed  from  the  ashes  of  wood. 

LYE,  n.  A  falsehood.     [See  Lie.] 

LYING,  ppr.  of  lie.  Being  prostrate.  [See 
Lie.] 

LY'ING,  ppr.  of  lie.  Telling  falsehood. 

Lying  in,  being  in  childbirth. 

2.  n.  The  act  of  bearing  a  child. 

LYM'NITE,  n.  A  kind  of  freshwater  snail, 
found  fossil. 

LYiMPII,  n.  [l^.lympha.]  Water,  or  a  col- 
orless fluid  in  animal  bodies,  separated 
from  the  blood  and  contained  in  certain 
vessels  calleil  lymphatics.  Encyc, 

LYMPH'ATE,     )        Frightened  into  mad- 

LYMPH'ATED,  J  "'   ness  ;  raving. 

LYMPIIAT'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  lymph. 

2.  Enthu-siastic.     [JVot  used.]         Shafl.'ibury.l 

LYMPHAT'Ie,  n.  A  vessel  of  animal  bod-, 
ies  which  contains  or  conveys  lymph. 

The  lymphatics  seem  to  perform  the  whole 
husiness  of  absorption.  Eiicyc. 

•2.  A  mad  enthusiast ;  a  lunatic.    [jYat  used.] 

Shaftsbitry. 

LYMPH'EDU€T,  ii.  [L.  lympha,  lymph, 
and  ducttis,  a  duct.] 

A  vessel  of  animal  bodies  which  conveys 
the  lymph. 

LYMPHOGRAPHY,  n.  [h.  lympha,]y  mph 

and  Gr.  ypa/pu,  to  describe.] 
A  description  of  the  lymphatic  vessels,  their 
origin  and  uses.  Encyc. 

LYNX,  n.  [L.  lynx;  Gr.  ^oy| ;  J),  lochs;  G. 
luchs ;  It.  lince.] 


\  quadruped  of  the  genus  Felife,  resembling 
the  common  cat,  but  his  cars  are  longer 
and  his  tail  shorter.  His  hair  is  streaked 
with  yellow,  white  and  black  colors.  His 
air  i.s  sprightly ;  he  howls  like  the  wolf, 
and  walks  and  leaps  like  a  cat.  This  an- 
imal is  celebrated  for  the  sharpness  of 
his  sight.  Encyc. 

LY'RATE,      ?       [from  tyre.]       In  botany, 

LY'RATED,  \  "■  divided  transversely  into 
several  jags,  the  lower  ones  smaller  and 
more  remote  from  each  other  than  the 
upper  ones  ;  as  a  tyrate  leaf.  Marlyn. 

LY'RE,  n.  [Fr.  lyre ;  L.  bjra ;  Gr.  Xvpa. ;  It. 
and  Sp.  hra  ;  D.  Her;  d.  leier.'] 

A  stringed  instrument  of  music,  a  kind  of 
harp  much   used  by  the  ancients. 

LYR'le,        I       [L.   lyricus;    Fr.   lyrigue.] 

LYR'lCAL,  <i "'  Pertaining  to  a  lyre  or 
harp.  Lyric  poetry  is  such  as  is  sung  to  , 
the  harp  or  lyre.  This  was  much  cultiva- 
ted by  the  ancients,  among  whom  Anac- 
reon,  Alcseus,  Stesichorus,  Sappho  anjl 
Horace  are  distinguished  as  lyric  poets. 

LYR'IC,  )i.  A  composer  of  l3'ric  poems. 

Addison. 

LYR'ICISM,   )i.    A  lyric  composition. 

Gray. 

LY'RIST,  n.  A  musician  who  plays  on  the 
harp  or  lyre.  Pope. 

LYS,  71.  A  Chinese  measure  of  length, 
equal  to  .533  yards.  Grositr. 

LYTE'RIAN,  a.  [Gr.  Xnrjfpios,  from  7.vu>,  to 
loosen.] 

In  medical  science,  terminating  a  disease; 
indicating  the  solution  of  a  disease. 

Jones. 

LYTH'RODE,  it.  A  mineral  found  in  Nor- 
way ;  its  color,  an  aurora-red,  passing  into 
brownish  red  or  bi-own.  It  appears  to  be 
allied  to  elaohte,  or  fettsteiu. 

Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 
Lythrode  is  probably  a  variety  of  fettstein. 

Cleaveland. 


'f\^ 


£J 


,U 


n. 


]V1  is  the  thirteenth  letter  of  the  English 
Alphabet,  and  a  labial  articulation,  form- 
ed by  a  compression  of  the  lips.  It  is 
called  a  semi-vowel,  as  the  articulation  or 
compression  of  the  lips  is  accompanied 
with  a  humming  sound  through  the  nose, 
which  constitutes  a  difference  between 
this  letter  and  5.  Its  sound  is  uniform ; 
as  in  mail,  time,  rim. 

M  is  a  numeral  letter,  and  among  the  an 
cients  stood  for  a  thousand  ;  a  use  which 
is  retained  by  the  moderns.  With  a  dash 
or  stroke  over  it,  M,  it  stands  for  a  thou- 
sand times  a  thousand,  or  a  million. 

As  an  abbreviation,  M  stands  for  Marcus 
Martins,  ManUus  or  Mutius. 

A.  M.  or  ]\I.  A.  stands  for  artium  magisler, 
master  of  arts ;  M.  D.  for  medicimt:  doc- 
tor, doctor  of  medicine;  A.  M.  for  anno 


mundi,  the  year  of  the  world ;  MS.  for 
manxiscript ;    MSS.  for  manuscripts. 

In  astronomical  tables,  M  stands  for  merid- 
ian, meridional,  or  mid-day. 

In  medical  prescriptions,  M  stands  for  man- 
iple, or  handful,  or  misce,  mix,  or  mixtura, 
a  mixture.  Encyc. 

In  the  late  British  Pharmacopssias  it  signi- 
fies mensurd,  by  measure.  Pan: 

In  law,  M  is  a  brand  or  stigma  impressed  on 
one  convicted  of  manslaughter,  and  ad- 
mitted to  the  benefit  of  clergy. 

MAB,  n.  [W.  malt,  a  child.]  In  northern 
mythology,  the  queen  of  the  imaginary 
beings  called  fairies. 

■2.  A  slattern.  Ray. 

MAB,  I',  i.  To  dress  negligently.  Ray. 

MAC,  in  names  of  Scotch  and  Irish  origin 
signifies  son.     [See  Maid.] 


MACARONI,  Ji.  [It.  macckeroni,  a  sort  of 
paste;  Fr.  macaroni;  Gr.  fiaxof,   happy.] 

J.  A  kind  of  biscuit  made  of  flour,  eggs,  su- 
gar and  almonds,  and  dressed  with  but- 
ter and  spices.  B.Jonson. 

a.  A  sort  of  droll  or  fool,  and  hence,  a  fop ; 
a  fribble  ;  a  finical  fellow. 

MAC.'^RON  le,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  like  a 
macaroni ;  empty  ;  trifling;  vaiu;afiect- 
ed. 

2.  Consisting  of  a  mixture  or  jumble  of  ill 
formed  or  ill  connected  words. 

MACARON'IC,  n.  A  kind  of  burlesque 
poetrj",  in  which  native  words  are  made 
to  end  in  Latin  terminations,  or  Latin 
words   are  modernized.      Jones.     Encyc. 

MACAROON,  the  same  as  macaroni. 

MACAU'CO,  n.  A  name  of  several  species 
of  quadrupeds  of  the  genus  Lemur. 

Encye. 


MAC 


MAC 


M  A  D 


MACAW,  ?  „    The  name  of  a  race  of  beaii- 


;a\V',?„  t 

MACA'O,  i  tiful  fowls  of  the  parrot  kind, 
under  the  genus  Psittacus. 

Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 
MA€AW'-TREE,  n.  A  species  of  pahn  tree. 

Miller. 
MAC'CABEES,  n.  The  name  of  two  apoc- 
ryphal books  in  the  Bible. 
MAC'COBOV,  n.  A  kind  of  snuff. 
MACE,  n.  [It.  mazza,  Sp.  maza,  Port,  maca, 

Fr.  masse,  a  club.] 
An  ensign  of  authority  borne  before  magis- 
trates. Originally,  the  mace  was  a  chib 
or  instrument  of  war,  made  of  iron  and 
much  used  by  cavalry.  It  was  in  the 
shape  of  a  coffee  mill.  Being  no  longer 
a  weapon  of  war,  its  form  is  changed ; 
it  is  made  of  silver  or  copper  gilt,  and  or- 
namented with  a  crown,  globe  and  cross. 

Encije. 
A  leaden  tnace.  Shak. 

A  he.-ivy  iron  mace.  Knolles. 

MACE,  n.  [L.  macis.]  A  spice  ;  the  second 
coat  which  covers  the  nutmeg,  a  thin  and 
membranaceous  substance  of  an  oleagi- 
nous nature  and  yellowish  color,  being  in 
flakes  divided  into  many  ramifications  ;  it 
is  extremely  fragrant  and  aromatic. 

Eneyc. 
MA'CE-ALE,  n.  Ale  spiced  with  mace. 

Jfiseman. 
MA'CE-BEARER,n.  A  person  who  carries 
a  mace  before  men  in  authority. 

Spectator. 
MACERATE,  v.  t.  [L.  macero,  from  macer, 
thin,  lean  ;  maeeo,  to  be  thin  or  lean  ;  Fr. 
maigre  ;  Eng.  meager  ;  It.  macro ;  Sp.  ma- 
gro  ;  probably  allied  to  Eng.  jneek,  Ch. 
INn  mak.     Class  Mg.  No.  2.  and  9.] 

1.  To  make  lean  ;  to  wear  away.       Harvey 

2.  To  mortify  ;  to  harass  with  corporeal 
hardships  ;  to  cause  to  pine  or  waste 
away. 

Out   of  excessive   zeal   they  macerate  their 
hodies  ami  impair  their  health.  Flddes 

3.  To  steep  almost  to  solution  ;  to  soften 
and  separate  the  parts  of  a  substance  by 
steeping  it  in  a  fluid,  or  by  the  digestive 
process.  So  we  say,  Ibod  is  macerated  in 
the  stomach. 

MACERATED,    pp.    Made  thin  or  lean  ; 

steeped  almost  to  solution. 
MACERATING,  ppr.  Making  lean  :  steep- 
ing almost  to  solution  ;  softening. 
MACERA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  the  process 
of  making  thin  or  lean  by  wearing  away 
or  by  mortification. 
2.  The   act,   process  or  operatioji  of  soft 
ening  and  almost  dissolving  by  steeping  in 
a  fluid. 

The  saliva  serves  for  the  viaceration  and  dis- 
solution of  the  meat  into  chyle.  Ray 
MACE-REED,  orREED-MACE,n.  A  plant 

of  the  genus  Typha. 
MACHIAVE'LIAN,    a.    [from    Machiavel, 
an  Italian  writer,   secretary   and  histori- 
ographer to  the  republic  of  Florence.] 
Pertaining  to    Maehiavel,    or  denoting  his 
principles  ;    politically   cunning  ;    crafty 
cunning  in  political  management. 
MACHIAVE'LIAN,  n.  One  who  adopts  the 

principles  of  Maehiavel. 
MACII'IAVELISM,    n.    The  principles  of 
Maehiavel.  or  practice   in  conformity  to 
them;  political  i-uiming  and  artifice,   in- 
tended to  favor  arbitrary  power.  Cyc. 


MACHieOLA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  meche,  a  match, 
and  couler,  to  flow.] 

In  old  castles,  the  pouring  of  hot  substances 
through  apertures  in  the  upper  part  of  the 
gate  upon  assailants  ;  or  the  apertures 
themselves.  Cyc. 

MACIITNAL,  o.  [See  Machine.]  Pertain- 
ing to  machines.  Diet. 

MACH'INATE,  v.  t.  [L.  machinor,  from  Gr. 
ixaxata  or  /xrixo-'ri.]  To  plan  ;  to  contrive  ; 
to  form  a  scheme.  Sandys. 

MACH'INATED,  ;);?.   Planned;  contrived. 

MA€H'INATING,;)pr.  Contriving;  schem- 
ing. 

MACHINA'TION,  «.  [Fr.  See  Machine.] 
The  act  of  planning  or  contriving  a 
scheme  for  executing  some  purpose,  par- 
ticularly an  evil  purpose  ;  an  artful  design 
formed  with  deliberation.  Shak. 

MACIITNATOR,  n.  One  that  forms  a 
scheme,  or  who  plots  with  evil  designs. 

Glanville. 

MACHi'NE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  machina.]  An 
artificial  work,  simple  or  complicated,  that 
serves  to  apply  or  regulate  moving  power, 
or  to  produce  motion,  so  as  to  save  time 
or  force.  The  simple  machines  are  the 
six  mechanical  powers,  viz.  ;  the  lever, 
the  pulley,  the  axis  and  wheel,  the  wedge, 
the  screw,  and  the  inclined  plane.  Com- 
plicated machines  are  such  as  combine 
two  or  more  of  these  powers  for  the  pro- 
duction of  motion  or  force.  Encyc. 
An  engine  ;  an  instrument  of  force. 

With  inward  arms  the  dire  machine  they  load. 

Dryden. 
Supernatural  agency  in  a  poem,  or  a  su- 
perhuman being  introduced  into  a  jjoem 
to  perforin  some  exploit.  Pope. 

MACHINERY,  n.  A  complicated  work, 
or  combination  of  mechanical  powers  in  a 
work,  designed  to  increase,  regulate  or 
apply  motion  and  force  ;  as  the  machinery 
of  a  watch  or  other  chronomoter. 

2.  Machines  in  general.  The  machinery  of 
a  cotton-mill  is  often  moved  by  a  single 
wheel. 

.3.  In  epic  and  dramatic  poetry,  superhuman 
beings  introduced  by  the  poet  to  solve 
difficulty,  or  perform  some  exploit  whicl 
exceeds  human  power  ;  or  the  word  may 
signify  the  agency  of  such  beings,  as  sup- 
posed deities,  angels,  demons  and  the  like. 
Nee  Deus  intersit,  nisi  dignus  vindice  nodus 
Incidit.  Horace. 

A  deity  is  not  to  be  introduced,  unless  a 
difficulty  occurs  that  requires  the  inter- 
vention of  a  god. 

The  ?nac/ij?!er^  of  Milton's  Paradise  Lost, 
consists  of  numerous  superhuman  person- 
ages.   Pope's  Rape  of  the  Lock  is  render 
ed  very  interesting   by  the    machinery  of 
sylphs. 

MACHINING,  a.  Denoting  the  machinery 
of  a  poem.     [JVot  used.]  Dryden. 

JIACH'INIST,  »i.  [Fr.  machanisle.]  A  con 
structor  of  machines  and  engines,  or  one 
well  versed  in  the  principles  of  machines. 

MACIGNO,  n.  [It.]  A  species  of  stone  of 
two  varieties,  one  of  a  grayish  yellow 
color,  the  other  of  a  bluish  gray  color. 

Cyc. 

MAC'ILENCY,  n.  [See  Macilent.]  Lean- 
ness. 


MAC'ILENT.  a.  [h.macUenlus,  from  macer, 
lean,  thin.  See  Macerate.]  Lean  ;  thin  : 
having  little  flesh. 

MACK'EREL,  n.  [D.  mackreel  ;  G.  mack- 
rele ;  Fr.  maquereau  ;  Ir.  mackreil  ;  W. 
macrell  ;  from  the  root  of  L.  macula,  a 
spot;  the  spotted  fish.  So  in  British,  it  is 
called  brithilh.  Arm.  hresell,  for  the  like 
reason.] 

A  species  of  fish  of  the  genus  Scomber,  an 
excellent  table  fish. 

MACK'EREL,  n.  [Old  Fr.  maquerel.]  A 
pander  or  pimp. 

Mackerel-gale,  in  Dryden,  may  mean  a 
a  gate  that  ripples  the  surface  of  the  sea, 
or  one  which  is  suitable  for  catching  mack- 
erel, as  this  fish  is  caught  with  the  bait  in 
motion. 

MACKEREL-SKY,  n.  A  sky  streaked  or 
inarked  like  a  mackerel.  Hooke. 

MA€'LE,  n.  A  name  given  to  chiastolite  or 
hollow  spar.  Cyc. 

MACLU'RITE,  n.  A  mineral  of  a  brilliant 
pale  green  color,  so  called  in  honor  of 
Maclure,  the  mineralogist.  Nutlall. 

MACROCOSM,  n.  [Gr.  ftaxpof,  great,  and 
xoa/jo;,  world.] 

The  great  world ;  the  universe,  or  the  visi- 
ble system  of  worlds ;  opposed  to  micro- 
cosm, or  the  world  of  man.  Encyc. 

MACROL'OGY,  n.  [Gr.  iiaxf,oi,  great,  and 
'Koyoi,  discourse.] 

Long  and  tedious  talk  ;  prolonged  discourse 
without  matter;  superfluity  of  words. 

Bullokar. 

MACTA'TION,  n.  [L.  macto,  to  kill.]  The 
act  of  killing  a  victim  for  sacrifice. 

Encyc. 

MACULA,  n.  [L.]  A  spot,  as  on  the  skin, 
or  on  the  surface  of  the  sun  or  other  lu- 
minous orb. 

MACULATE,  v.t.  [L.  maculo.]  To  spot; 
to  stain.  Elyot. 

MACULATE,     >       «     „  j 

MACULATED,  \  ""  ^P°"«^- 

MACULA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  spotting ;  a 
spot ;  a  stain.  Shak. 

M.ACULE,  n.  A  spot,  [supra.]  [lAttle  used.] 

MAD,  a.  [Sax.  gemaad ;  Ir.  atnad ;  It.  tnatto, 
mad,  foolish ;  mattone,  a  brick,  and  an  ar- 
rant fool  ;  matteria  and  mattezza,  foolish- 
ness ;  ammattire,  to  become  ilistracted.] 

1.  Disordered  in  intellect ;  distracted  ;  furi- 
ous. 

We  must  bind  our  passions  in  chains,  lest  like 
7nad  folks,  they  break  their  locks  and  bolts. 

Taylor. 

2.  Proceeding  from  disordered  intellect  or 
expressing  it ;  as  a  mad  demeanor. 

Milton. 
.3.  Enraged  ;  furious  ;  as  a  mad  bull. 

And  being  e.xceediugly  mod  against  them,  I 
persecuted  them,  even  to  strange  cities.  Acts 
xxvi. 
4.  Inflamed  to  excess  with  desire  ;  excited 
with  violent  and  unreasonable  passion  or 
appetite  ;  infatuated  ;  followed  properly 
by  after. 

'I  lie   world  is  running  mad  after   farce,  the 
extremity  of  bad  poetry.  Dryden. 

''  Mad  upon  their  idols,"   would  be  bet- 
ter  renikrcd,    "  .Mad    after  their   idols." 
Jer.  1. 
o.  Distriicted  with  anxiety  or   trouble ;  ex- 
tremely perplexed. 


MAD 


Thou  shalt  be  mad  for  the  sight  of  thine  eyes— 
Deut.  xxviii. 

6.  Infatuated  with  folly. 

The  spiritual  man  is  mad.     Hos.  ix.  _ 

7.  Inflamed  with  anger;  very  angry.  [Ths 
is  a  common  and  perhaps  the  most  general 
sense  of  the  word  in  America.  It  is  thus 
used  by  .Muthnot,  and  is  perfectly  projic 

8.  IVoceuding  from  folly  or  infatuation. 

^/arf  wars  destroy  iu  one  year  the  works  of 

many  years  of  peace.  Franklin 

MAD,  V.  t.  To  make  mad,  furious  or  angry, 

Sidney 
MAD,  V.  i.  To  be  mad,  furious  or  wild. 

tVickliffe.     Spenser 

MAD,     5      [Sax.  Goth.  matha/\    An   earth- 

MADE,  J  "■  worm.     [But  this  is  the    Eng. 

moth.]  Kay- 

MAD'AM,  n.  [Fr.  ma,  my,  and  dame.]    An 

appellation  or  complimentary   title  given 

to  married  and  elderly  ladies,  or  chiefly  to 

them. 

MAD'APPLE,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  So 

lanuni. 
MAD'BRAIN,        ?      Disordered  in  mind 
MAD'BRAINED,  $      hot-headed ;  rash. 

Shak. 
MAD'€AP,  a.  [mad-caput  or  cap.]   A   vio- 
lent, rash,  hot-headed  person  ;  a  madman. 
MAD'DEN,  V.  t.  mad'n.  To  make  mad. 

Thomson 
MAD'DEN,  V.  i.  To  become   mad  ;  to   act 
as  if  mad. 

They  rave,  recite  and  madden  round  the  land. 

Pope. 

.MADDENED,  pp.  Rendered  mad. 
MAD'DENING,  ppr.  Making  mad   or  an- 
gry. 
MAD'DER,  n.  [Sax.  moeddere.]    A   plant  of 
the  genus  Rubia,  one  species   of  which  i; 
much  used   in   dyeing  red.     The  root  is 
used  in  medicine  as  an  aperient  and  de- 
tergent, and   is   in   great  reputation  as  an 
ennnenagogue.     It  is  cultivated  in  France 
and  Holland.  Encyc.     Hill. 

MAD'DING,  ppr.  of  mad.  Raging  ;  furious. 
Milton.     Dryden 
MADE,  pret.  and  pp.  of  make. 
MADEFA€'TION,  n.  [L.  madefacio.]  The 

act  of  making  wet. 
MAD'EFIED,  ;)/>.  Made  wet.  Bacon. 

MAD'EFV,  V.  t.  [L.  madefo.]  To  make  wet 

or  moist ;  to  moisten.     [jYot  much  used.] 
MAD'EFVING,  ppr.  Making  moist  or  wet. 
MADEIRA,   n.   A  rich  wine  made   on  the 

isle  of  Madeira. 
MADEMOISELLE,  n.    [Fr.  ma,  my,   and 

demoiselle,  damsel.     See  Damsel.] 
A  young  woman,  or  the  title  given  to  one  ; 
miss ;  also,  the  puppet  sent  from  the  Frenc' 
metropolis  to  exhibit  the  prevailing  fash 
ions.  Spectator. 

MAD'HEADED,  n.  Hot  brained;  rash. 

Shak. 
MADHOUSE,  n.    A  house  where  insane 
persons  are  confined  for  cure   or  for  re- 
straint. 
MAD'ID,    a.    [L.  madidus.]     Wet  ;    moist. 

[JVbl  j«  use.] 
MAD'LY,  adv.   [from  mud.]    Without  rea- 
son or  understanding  ;  rashly  ;  wildly. 
2.  With  extreme  folly  or  infatuated  zeal  or 

passion. 

MAD'MAN,  n.  A  man  raving  or  furious 
with  disordered  intellect  ;  a  distracted 
man. 


MAG 


2.  A  man  without  understanding. 

3.  One  inflamed  with  extravagant  passion, 
and  acting  contrary  to  reason. 

MAD'NESS,  n.    [from  mad.]    Distraction; 
a  state  of  disordered   reason   or  intellect, 
in  which  the  patient  raves  or  is  furious. 
There  are  degrees  o(  tyiadness  as  of  folly. 

Locke. 

2.  Extreme  folly  ;  headstrong  passion  and 
rashness  that  act  in  opposition  to  reason  ; 
as  the  madness  of  a  mob. 

3.  Wildness  of  passion  ;  fury  ;  rage  ;  as  the 
madyiess  of  despair. 

MADO'NA,     )       [Sp.  madona,  It.  madon- 

MADON'NA,  I  "•  na,  my  lady.]  A  term 
of  compellation  equivalent  to  madam.  It 
is  given  to  the  virgin  Mary. 

MADREPORE,  n.  [Fr.  madre,  spotted,  and 
pore.] 

A  submarine  substance  of  a  stony  hardness, 
resembling  coral.  It  consists  of  carbonate 
of  lime  with  some  animal  matter.  It  is  of 
a  white  color,  wrinkled  on  the  surface,  and 
full  of  cavities  or  cells,  inhabited  by  a 
small  animal.  From  a  liquor  discharged 
by  this  animal,  the  substance  is  said  to  be 
formed.  Madrepores  constitute  a  genus 
of  polyi)iers,  of  variable  forms,  always 
garnished  with  radiated  plates. 

Encyc.    Diet.  jXat.  Hist 

MAD'REPORITE,  n.  A  name  given  to 
certain  petrified  bones  found  in  Normandy 
in  France,  belonging  to  a  cetaceous  fish 
or  to  a  species  of  crocodile.  These  bones 
contain  many  little  brown  lines  in  zigzag 
resembling  entangled  threads.  They  have 
none  of  the  properties  of  madrepore. 

Diet.  JVat.  Hist 

MAD  REPORITE,  n.  A  variety  of  lime- 
stone, so  called  on  account  of  its  occurring 
in  radiated  prismatic  concretions  resem- 
bling the  stars  of  madrepores.  When 
rubbed,  it  emits  the  smell  of  sulphureted 
hydrogen  gas. 

2.  Fossil  madrepore. 

MADRIE'R,  )!.  [Fr.]  A  thick  plank  armed 
with  iron  plates,  with  a  cavitj-  to  receive 
the  mouth  of  a  petard,  with  w  hich  it  is  ap- 
])licd  to  any  thing  intended  to  be  broken 
down  ;  also,  a  plank  used  for  supporting 
the  carlh  in  mines.        Chambers.     Bailey. 

MADRIGAL,  »!.  [Sp.  Port.  Fr.  id.;  It. 
madrigale.     Its  origin  is  not  ascertained. 

1.  A  little  amorous  poem,  sometimes  called 
a  pastoral  poem,  containing  a  certain 
number  of  free  unequal  verses,  not  confi 
ned  to  the  scrupulous  regularity  of  a  son- 
net or  the  subtilty  of  the  epigram,  but  con 
taining  some  tender  and  delicate,  though 
simple  thought,  suitably  expressed.  Cyc. 
An  elaborate  vocal  composition  in  five  or 
six  parts.  Busby. 

MAD'WORT,  n.  A  plant  of  tlic  genus 
Alyssum. 

MjESTO'SO,  an  Italian  word  signifying 
majestic,  a  direction  in  music  to  play  the 
part  with  grandeur  and  strength. 

MAF'FLE,  V.  i.  To  stammer.    [J^tot  in  use.] 

Barret 

MAGAZINE,  )!.  [Fr.magazin;  It.  magaz- 
zino  ;    Sp.   magacen   and   almacen  ;  Port 


almazem  or  armaztm  ;    from  Ar. 


i~>J- 


gazana,  to  deposit  or  lay  up  for  preserva- 


M  A  G 

tion.    This  word  is  formed  with  the  Sbe- 
mitic  prefix  m.] 

1.  A  store  of  arms,  ammunition  or  provis- 
ions ;  or  the  building  in  which  sucli  store 
is  deposited.  It  is  usually  a  public  store 
or  storehouse. 

2.  In  ships  of  war,  a  close  room  in  the  hold, 
where  the  gunpowder  is  kept.  Large 
ships  have  usually  two  magazines. 

Mar.  Diet. 

3.  A  pamphlet  periodically  published,  con- 
taining miscellaneous  papers  or  composi- 
tions. The  first  publication  of  this  kind 
in  England,  was  the  Gentleman's  Mag- 
azine, which  first  apjiearcd  in  1731,  under 
the  name  of  .Syfa)iw.s  LVtuJi,  by  Edward 
Cave,  and  which  is  still  continued. 

MAGAZlNER,  ji.  One  who  writes  for  a 
magazine.     [Little  used.] 

Goldsmith. 

MAoE,  71.  A  magician.     [.Vol  used.] 

Spenser. 

Magellanic  clouds,  whitish  clouds,  or  appear- 
ances like  clouds  near  the  south  pole, 
which  revoh  e  like  the  stars ;  so  called 
from  Magellan,  the  navigator.  They  are 
three  in  number.  Cyc. 

MAG'GOT,  n.  [W.  macai,  plu.  muceiod, 
magiod,  a  maggot  or  grub,  from  magu,  to 
breed. 

1.  A  worm  or  grub  ;  particularly,  the  fly- 
worm,  from  the  egg  of  the  large  blue  or 
green   fly.     This  maggot  changes  into  a 

2.  A  whim  ;  an  odd  fancy. 
MAGGOTY,  a.  Full  of  maggots. 
MAGGOTY-HEADED,  a.  Having  ahead 

full  of  whims.  L.  of  Hood. 

JIA'Gl,  n.  phi.  [L.]  Wise  men  or  philoso- 
phers of  the  East.  Fotherby. 

MA'dlAN,  a.  [L.  magus ;  Gr.  iuoyoj.]  Per- 
taining to  the  Magi,  a  sect  of  jihilos- 
ophers  in  Persia. 

MAOIAN,  n.  One  of  the  sect  of  the  Per- 
sian Magi,  who  hold  that  there  are  two 
principles,  one  the  cause  of  good,  the  oth- 
er of  evil.  The  knowledge  of  these  phi- 
losophers was  deemed  by  the  vulgar  to  be 
supernatural.  Encyc. 

MA  lilANISM,  »i.  The  philosophy  or  doc- 
trines of  the  Magi. 

5L\(iTC,  n.  [L.  magia;  Gr.  jxaytia,  from 
fioyof,  a  philosopher  among  the  Persians.] 

1.  The  art  or  science  of  putting  into  action 
the  power  of  spirits  ;  or  the  science  of 
producing  wonderful  effects  by  the  aid  of 
superhuman  beings,  or  of  departed  spirits  ; 
sorcery  ;  enchantment.  [This  art  or  sci- 
ence is  now  discarded.] 

2.  The  secret  operations  of  natural  causes. 

Bacon. 

J^atural  magic,  the  application  of  natural 
causes  to  passive  subjects,  by  which  sur- 
prising eflfects  arc  produced.  Encyc. 

Celestial  magic,  attributes  to  spirits  a  kind 
of  dominion  over  the  planets,  and  to  the 
planets  an  influence  over  men. 

Superstitious  or  geotic  magic,  consists  in  the 
invocation  of  devils  or  demons,  and  sup- 
poses some  tacit  or  express  agreement  be- 
tween them  and  human  beings.        Encyc. 

Magic  square,  a  square  figure,  formed  by  a 
series  of  numbers  in  mathematical  propor- 
tion, so   disposed  in  parallel   and   equal 


MAG 


MAG 


MAG 


ranks,  as  tbat  the  sums  of  each  row  or  hue 
taken  perpendicularly,  horizontally,  or 
diagonally,  are  equal.  Encyc. 

Magic  lantern,  a  dioptric  machine  invented 
by  Kircher,  which,  by  means  of  a  lamp  in 
a  dark  room,  exhibits  images  of  objects  in 
their  distinct  colors  and  proportions,  with 
the  appearance  of  life  itself  Encyc. 

MAG'l€,        )      Pertaining  to  magic  ;  used 

MAG'leAL,  I  ""  in  magic  ;  as  a  magic  wand  ; 
magic  art. 

2.  Performed  by  magic,  the  agency  of  spirits, 
or  by  the  invisible  powers  of  nature ;  as 
magical  effects. 

MAG'I€ALLY,  adv.  By  the  arts  of  magic 
according  to  the  rules  or  rites  of  magic  ; 
by  enchantment.  Camden. 

MAgP'CIAN,  ?i.  One  skilled  in  magic  ;  one 
that  practices  the  black  art  ;  an  enchant 
er ;  a  necromancer ;  a  sorcerer  or  sorcer 
ess.  Locke.     Jf'aller. 

MAGISTE'RIAL,  a.  [See  Magistrate.]  Per 
taining  to  a  master;  such  as  suits  a  mas 
ter  ;  authoritative.  Dnjdcn. 

2.  Proud ;  lofty  ;  arrogant ;  imperious ;  dom 
ineering. 

Pretenses  go  a  great  way  with  men  that  take 
fair  words  and  magisterial  looks  for  current 
payment.  L'Estrange 

3.  In  chimislry,  pertaining  to  niagistery 
which  see. 

MAGlSTE'RIALLY,  adv.  With  the  air  of 
a  master ;  arrogantly ;  authoritatively 

Bacon.     South. 

MAGISTE'RIALNESS,  n.  The  air  and 
manner  of  a  master  ;  hauglitiness  ;  impe- 
riousness ;  peremptoriness.  JVelson. 

MAG'ISTERY,?!.  [l,.7nagist€rium.]  Among 
chimists,  a  precipitate  ;  a  fine  substance 
deposited  by  precipitation  ;  usually  appli- 
ed to  particular  kinds  of  precipitate,  as 
that  of  bismuth,  coal,  crab's  eyes,  sulphur, 
&c.     Obs.  Encyc. 

MAGISTRACY,  n.  [See  Magistrate.-]  The 
office  or  dignity  of  a  magistrate. 

Duelling;  is  not  only  an  usurjiation  of  the  di 
vine  prerogative,  but  it  is  an  insult  upon  magis- 
tracy. Clarissa 

2.  The  body  of  magistrates. 

MAG'ISTRAL,  a.  Suiting  a  magistrate  ; 
authoritative.     Obs. 

MAG'ISTRAL,  n.  A  sovereign  medicine  or 
remedy.     Obs. 

MAgISTRAL'ITY,  n.  Despotic  authority 
in  opinion.     Obs.  Bacon. 

MAG'ISTRALLY,  adv.  Authoritatively; 
witli  imperiousness.     Obs.  Bramhall. 

MAGISTRATE,  n.  [L.  magistralus,  from 
magister,  master  ;  magis,  major,  and  ster, 
Teutonic  steora,  a  director;  steoran,  to 
steer  ;  tlie  principal  director.] 

A  public  civil  officer,  invested  with  the  ex- 
ecutive government  or  .some  branch  of  it. 
In  this  sense,  a  king  is  the  highest  or  first 
magistrate,  as  is  the  President  of  the  Uni- 
ted States.  But  the  word  is  more  par- 
ticularly applied  to  subordinate  officers 
as  governors,  intendants,  prefects,  nniyors, 
justices  of  the  peace,  and  the  like. 

Tlic  ma^ititratc  must   have  liis   reverence; 
the  laws  (licir  authority.  Burke. 

MAGlSTRAT'Ie,  a.  Having  tlie  authority 
of  a  niaiiistrate.  Taylor. 

MAcVlSTKATURE,  n.  [Fr.]  Magistracy. 
[Little  used.] 


MAGNA  €HARTA,  n.   [L  .great  charter.] 

1.  The  great  charter,  so  called,  obtained  by 
the  English  barons  from  king  John,  A.  D. 
1215.  This  name  is  also  given  to  the  char- 
ter granted  to  the  people  of  England  in 
the  ninth  year  of  Henry  III.  and  confirmed 
by  Edward  I. 

2.  A  fundamental  constitution  which  guar- 
antees rights  and  privileges. 

MAGNANIM'ITY,  n.  [L.  magnanimitas ; 
magnus,  great,  and  animus,  mind.] 

Greatness  of  mind  ;  that  elevation  or  digni- 
ty of  soul,  which  encounters  danger  and 
trouble  with  tranquillity  and  firmness, 
which  raises  the  possessor  above  revenge, 
and  makes  him  delight  in  acts  of  benevo- 
lence, which  makes  him  disdain  injustice 
and  meanness,  and  prompts  him  to  sacri- 
fice personal  ease,  interest  and  safety  for 
the  accomplishment  of  useful  and  noble 
objects. 

MAGNAN'IMOUS,    a.    [L.   magnani7nus.] 

1.  Great  of  mind;  elevated  in  soul  or  in  sen- 
timent ;  brave  ;  disinterested  ;  as  a  mag- 
nanimous prince  or  general. 

2.  Dictated  by  magnanimity  ;  exhibiting  no 
bleness  of  soul  ;  hberal  and  honorable ; 
not  selfish. 

There  is  an    indissoluble    union   between 
magnanimous   policy  and  the  solid  rewards  oi 
public  prosperity  and  felicity.  Washington 

MAGNAN'IMOUSLY,  adv.  With  greatness 
of  mind  ;  bravely  ;  with  dignity  and  eleva 
tion  of  sentiment.  Mi/ton. 

BIAGNE'SIA,  n.  s  as  z.  [Fr.  magnesic.  Qu. 
from  Magnesia,  the  place  where  first 
found.  Lunier  says,  from  Gr.  M»y'''!5,  the 
lodestone  ;  but  the  reason  he  does  not 
assign.] 

A  primitive  earth,  having  for  its  base  a  me- 
tallic substance,  called  magnesium.     It  ' 
generally  found  in  combination  with  other 
substances.     It  is  absorbent  and  antacid, 
and  moderately  cathartic.  f/re 

MAGNE'SIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  magnesia 
or  partaking  of  its  qualities. 

MAG'NESITE,  n.  Carbonated  magnesia, 
or  magnesia  combined  with  sile.x.  It  oc 
curs  in  amorphous  masses,  or  in  massei 
tuberous  and  spungifonn  ;  its  color  is  yel 
lowish  gray,  or  white  with  spots,  and  den- 
dritic delineations  of  blackish  brown. 

Haiiy.     Cyc. 

MAGNE'SIUM,  ?!.  The  undecomposable 
base  of  magnesia. 

MAG'NET,  n.  [L.  from  Gr.  tuvyvy^,  from 
Magnesia,  in  Asia  Minor.] 

The  lodestone ;  an  ore  of  iron  which  has 
the  peculiar  properties  of  attracting  metal- 
lic iron,  of  pointing  to  the  poles,  and  of 
dipping  or  inclining  downwards.  These 
properties  it  communicates  to  iron  by  con- 
tact. A  bar  of  iron  to  which  these  prop- 
erties are  imparted,  is  called  an  artifcial 
magnet.  Encyc. 

MAGNET'I€,         ?        Pertaining    to    the 

MAGNET'ICAL,  \  "'  magnet;  possess- 
ing the  properties  of  the  magnet,  or  cor- 
responding ])roperties  ;  as  a  magnetic  bar 
of  iron,  or  a  magnetic  needle. 

2.  Attractive. 

She  that  had  all  magnetic  force  alone — 

Donne. 

MAGNETICALLY,  adv.  I5y  means  of 
magnetism;  by  the  power  of  attraction 

Burton. 


MAGNET'I€ALNESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  magnetic. 

MAGNETICS,  n.  The  science  or  princi- 
ples of  magnetism. 

MAGNETIF'EROUS,  a.  Producing  or  con- 
ducting magnetism.  Journ.  of  Science. 

MAG'NETISM,  n.  That  branch  of  science 
which  treats  of  the  properties  of  the  mag- 
net, the  power  of  the  lodestone,  &c. 
Power  of  attraction;  as  the  magnetism  of 
interest.  Glanville. 

Animal  magnetism,  a  sympathy  supposed  to 
exist  between  the  magnet  and  the  human 
body,  by  means  of  which  the  magnet  is 
said  to  be  able  to  cure  diseases  ;  or  a  fluid 
supposed  to  exist  throughout  nature,  and 
to  be  the  medium  of  influence  between 
celestial  bodies,  and  the  earth  and  human 
bodies. 

MAGNETIZE,  v.  t.  To  communicate  mag- 
netic properties  to  any  thing  ;  as,  to  mag- 
netize a  needle. 

Seven  of  Deslon's  patients  were  magnetized 
at  Dr.  Franklin's  house.  Encyc. 

MAG'NETIZE,  v.  i.  To  acquire  magnetic 
properties  ;  to  become  magnetic.  A  bar 
of  iron  standing  some  time  in  an  inclined 
position,  will  magnetize. 

MAG'NETIZED,;)p.  Made  magnetic. 

MAG'NETIZING,;)pr.  Imparting  magnet- 
ism to. 

MAG'NIFIABLE,  o.  [Bee  Magnify.]  That 
may  l)e  magnified;  worthy  of  being  mag- 
nified or  extolled.  Brown. 

MAGNIF'I€,        I        ,,  ..       -. 

MAGN!F'I€AL,  $  "•    t^'  ''^ognificus.] 

Grand  ;  splendid;  illustrious.  Milton. 

MAGNIF'I€ATE,  v.  t.  To  magnify  or  ex- 
tol.    [JVot  used.]  Marsion. 

MAGNIF'ICEN€E,  n.  [L.  magnificentia.] 
Grandeur  of  appearance  ;  greatness  and 
splendor  of  show  or  state;  as  the  magnifi- 
cence of  a  palace  or  of  a  procession ;  the 
magnificence  of  a  Roman  triumph. 

MAGNIF'ICENT,  a.  Grand  in  appearance ; 
splendid ;  pompous. 

Man  he  made,  and  for  him  built 
.Magnificent  this  world.  Milton. 

2.  Exhibiting  grandeur.  Sidney. 

MAGNIF'ICENTLY,  adv.  With  splendor 
of  appearance,  or  pomj)  of  show.  The 
minister  was  magnificently  entertained  at 
court. 

With  exalted  sentiments.  We  can  never 
conceive  too  magnificently  of  the  Creator 
and  his  works. 

MAGNIF'ICO,  )(.  A  grandee  of  Venice. 

Shak. 

MAG'NIFIER,  n.  [from  magnify.]  One 
who  magnifies ;  one  who  extols  or  exalts 
in  praises. 

'3  .\  glass  that  magnifies;  a  convex  lens 
which  increases  the  apparent  magnitude 
of  bodies. 

MAGNIFY,   V.  t.     [L.  magnifico  ; 
great,  imAfacio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  make  great  or  greater ;  to  increase  the 
apparent  dimensions  of  a  body.  A  con- 
vex lens  magnifies  the  bulk  of  a  body  to 
the  eye. 

2.  To  make  great  in  representation  ;  to  ex- 
tol; to  exalt  in  description  or  praise.  The 
embassador  magnified  the  king  and  queen. 

3.  To  extol ;  to  exalt ;  to  elevate ;  to  raise 
in  estimation. 


magnus, 


Milton 
xcecdingly. 


MAI 

Thee  that  day 
Thy  thunders  maf^nified. 
The  Lord  magnified   Solomon  <.-.\tci.-uiiigij..| 
1  Chron   xxix. 
To  magmfy  one's  self,  to  raise  in  pride  and 
pretensions. 

He  shall  magnify  himself  in  his  heart.   Dan. 
viii. 
MAG'NIFVING,  ppr.    Enlarging  apparent 

bulk  or  dimensions;   extolling;   exaltni 
MAGNIL'OQIIENCE,  n.  [L.  m«g-nM«, great, 

and  loquens,  spealiing.] 
A  lolly  manner  of  spealiing ;  tumid,  pomp- 
ons" words  or  style.  Bentley. 
MAG'NITUDE,  n.  [L.  magniludo.]  Extent 
of  dimensions  or  parts;  bulk;  size;  ap- 
plied to  things  that  have  length,  breadth  or 
thickness. 

2.  Greatness;  grandeur. 

With  plain  heroic  magnitude  of  mind. 

Milton. 

3.  Greatness,  in  reference  to  influence  or  ef- 
fect; importance.  In  affairs  of  magni 
tude,  disdain  not  to  take  counsel. 

MAGNO'LIA,  )?.  The  laurel-leafed  tulip 
tree,  of  several  s|)ecies. 

MAG'PIE,  »!.  [W.piog,  h.  pica,  whh  mag.] 
A  chattering  bird  of  the  genus  Corvus. 

IMAG'UEY,  n.  A  species  of  aloe  in  Mexico, 
which  furnished  the  natives  with  timber 
for  their  buildings.  Its  leaves  were  used 
for  covering  the  roofs  of  their  houses,  and 
for  paper,  clothing  and  cordage.       Enqjc. 

The  maguey  is  a  species  of  the  genus  Agave, 
and  is  now  cultivated  in  Mexico,  for  the 
purjjose  of  preparing  from  its  leaves  a 
spirituous  liquor  called  pulque 

Humboldt. 

MA  HOG' ANY,  n.  A  tree  of  the  genus 
Swietenia,  growing  in  the  tropical  cli- 
mates of  America.  The  wood  is  of  a  red- 
dish or  brown  color,  very  hard,  and  sus- 
ceptible of  a  fine  polish.  Of  this  are  made 
our  most  beautiful  and  durable  pieces  of 
cabinet  furniture. 

MAHOM'ETAN,      >    This  word  and   the 

MOHAM'MEDAN.  I  name  of  the  Ara- 
bian prophet,  so  called,  are  written  in 
many  difierent  ways.  The  best  authori- 
zed anti  most  correct  orthography  seems 
to  be  Mohammed,  Mohammedan.  [See 
Mohamtnedan .] 

MA'HOUND,  n.  Formerly  a  contemptuous 
name  for  Mohammed  and  the  devil,  &c 

Skelton. 

MAID,  n.  A  species  of  skate  fish. 

MAID,         ?       [Sax.  ma-gth,   from  ma-g,  a 

MA'IDEN,  I  "  general  name  of  relation, 
man,  boy,  or  woman;  Goth,  magalh ;  D. 
maagd ;  G.  magd  ;  Ir.  mog'/i,  a  man  ;  Sp. 
muzo,  a  man-servant,  a  bachelor  ;  moza,  a 
maid ;  Port,  macho,  a  male ;  Russ.  muj. 
It  coincides  in  elements  with  Sax.  magan, 
to  be  able,  Eng.  may.] 

1.  An  unmarried  woman,  or  a  young  un- 
married woman ;  a  virgin. 

2.  A  female  servant.  Dryden. 

3.  It  is  used  in  comjiosition,  to  e.xpress  the 
feminine  gender,  as  in  maid-servant.  I 

MA'IDEN,  n.  A  maid  ;  also,  an  instrument 
for  beheading  criminals,  and  another  for 
washing  linen. 

MA'IDEN,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  young  woman 
or  virgin  ;  as  maiden  charms. 

2.  Consisting  of  young  women  or  virgins. 
Amid  the  maiden  throng.  Addison. 

Vol.  II. 


MAI 


M  A  I 


3.  Fresh;  new;  unused.  IMA'ILED,  p;).  Covered  with  a  mailorwitii 

He  fleshed  his  maiden  sword.  Sliak^i     armor;  inclosed  and  directed,  as  letters  in 

MA'IDEN,  V.  i.  To  speak  and  act  demurelyl  „  "  '^"'""f ;  ,  ,  ,    ,  „.  ^,„    . 

n.  „,n,lestlv  '  Bn.  Hail.  2;  °;„^I"'''^-'l  ?  speckled.  Sherwood. 

MA'1LI.\U,  ppr.    Investing  with  a  ccat  ot 


Bp.  Hall. 
the  genus 


7!.    A  plant  of 
li.     [Sax.    meegdenhad 


or  modestly. 
MAIDENHAIR, 

Adiantum. 
MAIDENHOOD 
mmdenhad.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  a  maid  or  virgin ;  vir- 
ginity. 

Tlie  modest  lore  of  maidenhood.        MiUon 

2.  Newness  ;  freshness  ;  uncontaminated 
state.  Shak 

MA'IDENLIKE,  a.  Like  a  inaid ;  modest. 

Shak 

MA'IDENLINESS,  n.  The  behavior  that 
becomes  a  maid  ;  modesty ;  gentleness. 

Sherwood. 

MA'IDENLIP,  n.  A  plant.  Ainsworth. 

MA'IDENLY,   a.     Like   a  maid;    gentle 
modest ;  reserved.  Shak. 

MA'IDENLY',  adv.  In  a  maidenlike  man- 
ner. Skelton 

MA'IDHOOD,  II.  Virginitv.  Shak. 

MAIDMAR'IAN,  n.  A  dance;  so  called 
from  a  bufToon  dressed  like  a  man.      Obs. 

Temj)lc. 

MA'IDPALE,  a.  Pale,  like  a  sick  girl. 

Shak. 

MA'ID-SERVANT,  n.  A  female  servant. 

Swift. 

MAIL,  )!.  [Fr.  maille,  a  stitch  in  knitting,  a 
mail ;  Sp.  malla,  a  mesh,  net-work,  a  coat 
of  mail;  Port.  id.  and  a  spot;  It.  maglia 
ani\  camaglio ;  Arm.  mailh;  D.maal;  W. 
magyl,  a  knot,  a  mesh  :  maglu,  to  knit,  to 
etitangle,  to  entrap,  to  form  meshes.  The 
sense  of  spot,  which  occurs  in  the  French 
and  Portuguese,  indicates  this  word  to  be 
from  the  root  of  L.  macula,  and  the  Welsh 
words  prove  it  to  be  contracted  from 
magel.] 

L  A  coat  of  steel  net-work,  formerly  worn 
for  defending  the  body  against  swords, 
poniards,  &c.  The  mail  was  of  two  sorts, 
chain  and  plate  mail ;  the  former  consist- 
ing of  iron  rings,  each  having  four  others 
inserted  into  it ;  the  latter  consisting  of  a 
number  of  small  lamins  of  metal,  laid  over 
one  another  like  the  scales  of  a  fish,  and 
sewed  down  to  a  strong  linen  or  lethern 
jacket.  Cyc. 

2.  Armor;  that  which  defends  the  body. 

We  strip  the  lobster  of  his  scarlet  mail. 

Gay. 

We  read  also  of  shirts  of  mail,  and  gloves 

of  mail. 

3.  In  ships,  a  square  machine  composed  of 
rings  interwoven,  like  net-work,  used  for 
rubbing  oft'  the  loose  hemp  on  lines  and 
white  cordage. 

4.  A  rent.  [Sax.  mal.]     Also,  a  spot.    Obs. 
MAIL,  n.  [Fr.  malette ;  Ir.  mala ;  Fr.  malle ; 

Arm.  mal.\ 

A  bag  for  the  conveyance  of  letters  and  pa- 
pers, particularly  letters  conveyed  from 
one  post  office  "to  another,  under  public 
authority. 

MAIL,  !■.  t.  To  put  on  a  coat  of  mail  or  ar- 
mor ;  to  arm  defensively.  Shak. 

2.  To  inclose  in  a  wrapper  and  direct  to  a 
post  office.  We  say,  letters  were  mailed 
for  Philadelphia. 

MA'IL-COACH,  )!.  A  coach  that  conveys 
the  public  mails. 

11 


mail ;  inclosing  in  a  wrajijier  and  direct- 
ing to  a|.ost  office. 
MAIM,  v.t.  [OldFr.  mahemer or  mahaigntr  ■, 
Arm.  mahaigna,  mahagncin.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  the  use  of  a  limb,  so  as  to 
render  a  person  less  able  to  defend  himself 
in  fighting,  or  to  annoy  his  adversary. 

Blackstoni. 

2.  To  deprive  of  a  necessary  pan;  to  crip- 
ple ;  to  disable. 

You  maim'd  the  jurisdiction  of  all  bishops. 

•SVin/.-. 
MAIM,   n.    [written  in   law-language,  may- 
hem.] 

1.  The  privation  of  the  useof  a  limb  or  mem- 
ber of  the  body,  so  as  to  render  the  suflTcr- 
er  less  able  to  defend  himself  or  to  annoy 
his  adversary. 

2.  The  privation  of  any  necessary  part;  a 
crippling. 

Surely  there  is  more  cause  to  fear  lest  the 
want  thereof  be  a  maim,  than  the  use  of  it  a 
blemish.  Hooker. 

3.  Injury  ;  mischief.  Shak. 

4.  Essential  defect. 

j  A  noble  author  esteems  it  to  he  a  maim  in 

history.     {^A'tit  used.']  Hayward. 

IMA'IMED,^7>.  Criiipled;  disabled  in  limbs; 
lame. 

IMA'IMING,  ppr.  Disabling  by  depriving  of 
the  use  of  a  limb  ;    crippling  :    rendering 

I     lame  or  defective. 

MA'IMEDNESS,  n.  A  state  of  being 
maimed.  Bolton. 

MAIN,  a.  [Sax.  mccgn,  strength,  force,  pow- 
er, from  magan,  to  be  able  or  strong,  that 
is,  to  strain  or  stretch,  Eng.  tnay,  might 
If  g  is  radical  in  the  L.  magyius,  this  m.iy 
be  of  the  same  family  ;  Goth,  mickets ; 
Eng.  7mich.] 

L  Principal  ;  chief;  that  which  has  most 
power  in  producing  an  effect,  or  which  is 
mostly  regarded  in  jirospect ;  as  the  main 
branch  or  tributary  stream  of  a  river;  the 
niain  timbers  of  an  edifice  ;  a  main  de- 
sign ;  a  main  object. 

Our  main  interest  is  to  be  as  happy  as  wc  can. 
and  as  long  as  possible.  Tillotson. 

2.  Mighty  ;  vast ;  as  the  main  abyss. 

JI/(7;o»(. 
Important;  powerful. 

This  young  prince,  with  a  train  of  young  no- 
blemen and  gentlemen,  not  with  any  main  army, 
came  over  to  take  possession  of  his  patrimony. 

Davies. 

M.\IN,  n.  Strength  ;  force ;  violent  effort ; 
as  in  the  phrase,  "  with  might  and  main." 

Dryden. 

2.  The  gross  ;  the  bulk;  the  greater  part. 

The  7nain  of  them  may  be  reduced  to  lan- 
guage and  an  improvement  in  wisdom — 

Locke. 

3.  The  ocean  ;  the  great  sea,  as  distinguish- 
ed from  rivers,  bays,  sounds  and  the  like. 

He  fell,  and  struggling  in  the  mai7i — 

Dryden. 
The  continent,  as  di-stingiiished  from  an 
isle.  We  arrived  at  Nantucket  on  Satur- 
day, but  did  not  reach  the  main  till  Mon- 
day. In  this  use  of  the  word,  land  is  omit- 
ted ;  main  for  main  land. 
A  hamper.  Ainsworth. 


MAI 


MAI 


M  A  J 


6.  A  course;  a  duct.  Act  of  PaHiamtnU 

For  the  main,  in  the  main,  for  the  most  part ; 
in  the  greatest  part. 

MAIN,  n.   [L.  manus,  hand  ;   Fr.  main.']     A 

hand  at  dice.      We  throw  a  merry  main. 

And  lucky  mains  make  people  wise.     \_JVot 

used.']  Prior. 

2.  A  match  at  cock  fighting. 

M  A'IN-LAND,  n.  The  continent ;  the  princi 
pal  land,  as  opposed  to  an  isle.        Dryden. 

MA'INLY,  adv.  Chiefly;  principally.  He 
is  mainly  occupied  with  domestic  con 
cerns. 

2.  Greatly  ;  to  a  great  degree ;  mightily. 

Bacon. 

MA'IN-MAST,  n.  The  principal  mast  in  a 
ship  or  other  vessel. 

MA'IN-KEEL,  n.  The  principal  keel,  as 
distinguished  from  the  false  keel. 

MA'INOR,  ?i.  [Old  Fr.  manoevre,  meinour, 
L. a  majiu,  from  the  hand, or  in  the  work.' 

The  old  law  phrase,  to  be  taken  as  a  thitfwith 
the  mainor,  signifies,  to  be  taken  in  the  very 
art  of  killing  venison  or  stealing  wood,  or 
in  preparing  so  to  do ;  or  it  denotes  the 
being  taken  with  the  thing  stolen  upon 
him.  Blackstone. 

MAINPERNABLE,  a.  That  may  be  ad 
niitted  to  give  surety  by  mainpernors ;  that 
maybe  mainprized. 

MAINPERNOR,  7i.  [Old  Fr.  main,  the 
hand,  and  prendre,  to  take  ;  pernon,  pernez, 
for  prenon,  prenez.] 

In  lata,  a  surety  for  a  prisoner's  appearance 
in  court  at  a  day.  Mainpernors  differ  from 
bail,  in  that  a  man's  bail  may  imprison  or 
surrender  him  before  the  stipulated  day  of 
appearance  ;  mainpernors  can  do  neitlier 
they  are  bound  to  produce  him  to  answer 
all  charges  whatsoever.  Blackstone 

MA'INPRIZE,  n.  [Fr.  main,  hand,  and 
prendre,  pris,  to  take.] 

1.  Ill  law,  a  writ  directed  to  the  sherifl^,  com- 
manding him  to  take  sureties  for  tlie  pris 
oner's  appearance,  and  to  let  him  go  at 
large.  These  sureties  are  called  main- 
pernors. Blackstone 

2.  Deliverance  of  a  prisoner  on  security  for 
his  appearance  at  a  dav. 

MA'INPRIZE,  ii. /.  To  suffer  a  prisoner  to 
go  at  large,  on  his  finding  sureties,  main 
pernors,  for  his  appearance  at  a  day. 

MA'IN-SAIL,  n.  The  principal  sail  in  a  ship 
The  main-sail  of  a  ship  or  brig  is  extended 
by  a  yard  attached  to  the  main-mast,  and 
that  of  a  sloop,  by  the  boom. 

MATN-SHEET,  ji.  The  sheet  that  extends 
and  fastens  the  main-sail. 

MA'INSVVEAK,  v.  i.  [Sax.  mansweriani 
man,  evil,  and  swerian,  to  swear.] 

To  swear  falsely  ;  to  perjure  one's  self. 

Blount 

MAINTA'IN,  V.  I.  [Fr.  maintenir ;  main. 
hand,  and  tenir,  to  hold  ;  L.  mamis  and 
teneo.] 

i.  To  hold,  preserve  or  keep  in  any  particu- 
lar state  or  condition;  to  support;  to  sus- 
tain ;  not  to  suffer  to  fail  or  decline  ;  as. 
to  maintain  a  certain  degree  of  heat  i'.\  ii 
furnace  ;  to  maintain  the  digestive  process 
or  pcivvcrs  of  the  stomach  ;  to  maintain  the 
fertility  of  soil;  to  maintain  present  char 
actcr  or  rc])utution. 

2.  To  hold  ;  to  keep  ;  not  to  lose  or  surren 
der  ;  as,  to  jnaintain  a  place  or  post. 


3.  To  continue ;   not  to  suffer  to  cease  ;   as,] 
to  maintain  a  conversation. 
To  keep  up;    to  uphold;   to  support  the 
expense  of;  as,  to  maintain  state  or  equip- 
age. 

What  maintains  one  vice  would  bring  up  two 
children.  Franklin. 

5.  To  support  with  food,  clothing  and  other 
conveniences ;  as,  to  maintain  a  family  by 
trade  or  labor. 

To  support  by  intellectual  powers,  or  by 
force  of  reason ;  as,  to  maintain  an  argu- 
ment. 

To  support ;  to  defend  ;  to  vindicate  ;  to 
justify  ;  to  prove  to  be  just;  as,  to  main- 
tain one's  right  or  cause. 

8.  To  support  by  assertion  or  argument ;  to 
affirm. 

In  tragedy  and  satire,  I  jnaintain  that  this 
age  and  the  last  liave  excelled  the  ancients. 

Dryden 

MAINTAINABLE,  a.  That  may  be  main- 
tained, supported,  preserved  or  sustained. 

2.  That  may  be  defended  or  kept  by  force 
or  resistance ;  as,  a  military  post  is  not 
maintainable. 

3.  That  may  be  defended  by  argument  or 
just  claim  ;  vindicable  ;  defensible. 

.^lAINTA'INED,  pp.  Kept  in  any  state; 
preserved  ;  upheld  ;  supported  ;  defended ; 
vindicated. 

MAINTA'INER,  n.  One  who  sui)ports,  pre- 
serves, sustains  or  vindicates. 

MAINTAINING,  ppr.  Supporting;  pre- 
serving ;  upholding  ;  defending ;  vindica- 
ting. 

MA'INTENANCE,  n.  Sustenance;  susten 
talion  ;    support  by  means  of  supplies  of 
food,  clothing   and   other   conveniences 
as,  his  labor  contributed  little  to  the  main- 
tenance of  his  family. 

2.  Means  of  support ;  that  which  supplies 
conveniences. 

Those  of  better  fortune  not  making  learning 
their  maintenance.  Swift 

.3.  Support;  protection;  defense;  vindica- 
tion ;  as  the  maintenance  of  right  or  just 
claims. 

4.  Continuance ;  security  from  failure  or 
decline. 

Whatever  is  granted  to  the  church  for  God's 
honor  and  the  maintenance  of  his  service,  i; 
granted  to  God.  South 

5.  In  law,  an  officious  intermeddling  in  ;! 
suit  in  which  the  person  has  no  interest 
by  assisting  cither  party  with  money  or 

■  means  to  ])rosecute  or  defend  it.  This  is 
a  punishable  offense.  But  to  assist  a  poor 
kinsman  from  compassion,  is  not  mainte- 
nance. Encyc 

MA'IN-TOP,  )i.  The  top  of  the  main-mast  of 
a  ship  or  brig. 

MA'IN-YARD,  n.  The  yard  on  which  the 
main-sail  is  extended,  supported  by  the 
main-mast. 

MAISTER,  for  master,  is  obsolete. 

Spenser. 

iMAISTRESS,  for  mistress,  is  obsolete. 

Chaucer. 

MAIZ,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Zca,  the  na- 

,  tive  corn  of  America,  called  Indian  corn. 
[In  the  Lettish  and  Livonic  languages,  in 
the  north  of  Europe,  ?)ia7/sc  is  bread.  Tookc. 
In  Ir.  maise  is  food  ;  perhaps  a  diflTerenl 
orthography  of  meai.] 


MA'JA,  n.  A  bird  ofCuba,  of  a  beautiful  yel- 
low color,  whose  flesh  is  accounted  a  deli- 
cacy. Diet.  J\!'at.  Hist. 
MAJES'TIC,  a.    [from  majesty.]    August  ; 
having  dignity  of  person  or  appearance; 
grand  ;  princely.     The  prince  was  majes- 
tic in  person  and  appearance. 
I  n  his  face 
Sat  meekness,  hightened  with  majestic  grace. 

Mtlton. 
2.  Splendid ;  grand. 

Get  the  start  of  this  majestic  world.  Shak. 
Elevated ;  lofty. 

The  least  portions  must  be  of  the  epic  kind ; 
all  must  be  grave,  majestic  and  sublime. 

Ihryden. 
4.  Stately  ;  becoming  majesty  ;  as  a  majestic 

air  or  walk. 

MAJES'TICAL,  a.  Majestic.     [Little  used.] 

MAJES'TICALLY,  adv.  With  dignity  ;  with 

grandeur  ;  with  a  lofty  air  or  appearance. 

MAJ'ESTY,  n.    [L.  majestas,  from  the  root 

of  magis,  major,  more,  greater.] 

1.  Greatness  of  appearance;  dignity;  gran- 
deur; dignity  of  aspect  or  manner;  the 
quality  or  state  of  a  person  or  thing  which 
inspires  awe  or  reverence  in  the  beholder ; 
applied  with  peculiar  propriety  to  God  and 
his  works. 

Jehovah  reigneth ;  he  is  clothed  with  majesty. 
Ps.  xciii. 

The  voice  of  Jehovah  is  full  of  majesty.  Ps. 
xxix. 

It  is  applied  to  the  dignity,  pomp  and 
splendor  of  earthly  princes. 

When  he  showed  the  riches  of  his  glorious 
kingdom — the  honor  of  his  excellent  tnajesty 
many  days —     Esth.  i. 

2.  Dignity;  elevation  of  manner. 
The  first  in  loftiness  of  thought  surpass'd. 
The  next  in  majesty —  Dryden. 

3.  A  title  of  emperors,  kings  and  queens  ; 
as  most  royal  majesty ;  may  it  please  your 
majesty.  In  this  sense,  it  admits  of  the 
plural ;  as,  their  majesties  attended  the 
concert. 

MA'JOR,  a.  [L.]  Greater  in  number,  quan- 
tity or  extent  ;  as  the  major  part  of  the  as- 
sembly ;  the  major  part  of  the  revenue  ; 
the  major  part  of  the  territory. 

2.  Greater  in  dignity. 
My  major  vow  lies  here.  Shak. 

3.  In  music,  an  epithet  applied  to  the  modes 
in  which  the  third  is  four  semitones  above 
the  tonic  or  key-note,  and  to  intervals  con- 
sisting of  fom-  semitones.  Busby. 

Major  and  minor,  in  music,  are  applied  to 
concords  which  differ  from  each  other  by 
a  semitone. 

Major  lone,  the  difference  between  the  fifth 
and  fourth,  and  major  semitone  is  the  dif- 
ference between  the  major  tbiirth  and  the 
third.  The  major  tone  surpasses  the  mi- 
nor by  a  connna.  Encyc. 

MA'JOU,  n.  In  military  affairs,  an  officer 
next  in  raidv  above  a  captain,  and  below 
a  lieutenant  colonel ;  the  lowest  field  offi- 
cer. 

2.  The  mayor  of  a  town.     [See  JV/ni/or.] 

.lid-major,  an  otHcer  appointed  to  act  as  ma- 
jor on  certain  occasions. 

Brigade-major.     [See  Brigade.] 

Drum-major,  the  first  drummer  in  a  regi- 
ment, who  has  authority  over  the  other 
(IrMnuncrs. 

Fife-major,  the  first  or  chief  fifer. 


M  A  K 


M  A  K 


M  A  K 


Sergeant-major,  a  non-commissioned  officer, 
siiborilinate  to  the  adjutant. 

MA'JOR,  n.  Ill  law,  a  person  of  full  age  to 
manage  his  own  concerns. 

MAJOR,  n.  In  logic,  the  first  proposition  of 
a  regular  syllogism,  containing  ihe  priiici- 
Jial  term  ;  as,  no  unholy  person  is  qualified 
for  happiness  in  heaven,  [the  major.] 
Every  man  in  liis  natural  state  is  unholy, 
[minor.]  Theretbre,  no  man  in  his  natu- 
ral state,  is  qualified  for  happiness  in  hea- 
ven, [conclusion  or  inference.] 

MAJORA'TION,n.  Increase;  enlargement. 
[Mat  used.]  Bacon. 

MAJOR-DOMO,  J!,  [major  and  domus, 
lioiise.] 

A  man  who  holds  the  place  of  master  of  the 
house;  a  steward  ;  also,  a  chief  minister. 

Encyc. 

MA'JOR-GENERAL,  n.  A  military  officer 
who  commands  a  division  or  a  number  of 
regiments  ;  the  next  in  rank  hclow  a 
lieutenant  general. 

MAJOR'ITY,  n.  [Fr.  majoriU  ;  from  major.] 

1.  The  greater  number;  more  than  half;  as 
a  majority  of  mankind;  a  majority  of  votes 
in  Congress.  A  measure  may  bo  carried 
by  a  large  or  small  majority. 

2.  Full  age ;  the  ago  at  which  the  laws  of  a 
country  permit  a  young  person  to  manage 
Ids  own  affairs.  Henry  III.  had  no  soon- 
er come  to  his  majority,  than  the  barons 
raised  war  against  iiiin. 

3.  The  office,  rank  or  commission  of  a  ma 
jor. 

4.  The  state  of  being  greater. 

It  is  not  a  pluralily  of  parts,  without  majority 
of  parts.     [Little  used .'\  Grew 

5.  [h.  majorcs.]  Ancestors;  ancestry.  [,Yot 
used.]  Brown. 

C.  Chief  rank.     [,Vot  vsed.]  Shak. 

MAKE,  r.  t.  prct.  and  pp.  made.  [Sax.  mac- 
ian  ;  G.  machen  ;  D.  maaken  :  Dan.  ma- 
ger,  to  contrive  ;  mager  paa,  to  make,  to 
form,  to  mold,  to  contrive,  to  practice. 
The  primary  sense  is  to  cause  to  act  or 
do,  to  press,  drive,  strain  or  compel,  as  in 
the  phrases,  mate  your  servant  work,  make 
him  go.] 

1.  To  compel :  to  constrain. 

They  should  be  made  to  rise  at  an  early  hour. 

Locke. 

2.  To  form  of  materials ;  to  fashion  ;  to  mold 
into  shape  ;  to  cause  to  exist  in  a  different 
form,  or  as  a  distinct  thing. 

He  fashioned  it  with  a  graving  tool,  after  lie 
had  7nade  it  a  molten  calf.  Ex.  xsxii. 

God   not  only  made,  but  created ;  not  only 
made  the  work,  but  the  materials. 

Divight,  Theol 

3.  To  create ;  to  cause  to  exist ;  to  form 
from  nothing.  God  made  the  materials  of 
the  earth  and  of  all  worlds. 

4.  To  compose ;  to  constitute  as  parts,  ma- 
terials or  ingredients  united  in  a  whole. 
These  several  sums  make  the  whole 
amount. 

The  heaven,  the  air,  the  earth,  and  boundless 

sea, 
Make  but  one  temple  lor  the  deity. 

Waller 

5.  To  form  by  art. 

And  art  with  her  contending,  doth  aspire 
T'  excel  the  natural  with  made  delights. 

Spenser 


G.  To  produce  or  effect,  as  the  agent. 

Call  for  Sampson,  that  he  may  make  us  sport. 
Judges  xvi. 

7.  To  produce,  as  the  cause ;  to  procure  ;  to 
obtain.  Good  tillage  is  necessary  to  make 
good  crops. 

Wealth  maketh  many  friends.  Prov.  xix. 

8.  To  do ;  to  perform  ;  to  execute ;  as,  to 
make  a  journey  ;  to  make  a  long  voyage. 

9.  To  cause  to  have  any  quality,  as  by  change 
or  alteration.  Wealth  may  viake  a  man 
proud  ;  beauty  may  make  a  woman  vain  ; 
a  duo  sense  of  human  weakness  should 
make  us  humble. 

10.  To  bring  into  any  state  or  condition  ;  to 
constitute. 

See  1  have  made  thee  a  god  to  Pliaraoh. 
Ex.  vii. 

Who  made  thee  a  prince  and  a  judge  over  us  .' 
Ex.  ii. 

11.  To  contract ;  to  establish;  as,  to  make 
friendship.  Rowe. 

12.  To  keep ;  as,  to  make  abode.        Dryden. 

13.  To  raise  to  good  fortune ;  to  secure  in 
riches  or  happiness  ;  as  when  it  is  said,  he 
is  made  for  this  world. 

Who  makes  or  ruins  with  a  smile  or  frown. 

Dryden. 

14.  To  suffer. 

He  accuses  Neptune  unjustly,  who  makes 
shipwreck  a  second  time.  Bacon 

15.  To  incur  ;  as,  to  make  a  loss.  [Improper. 

Dryden. 
IG.  To  commit ;  to  do. 

I  will  neither  plead  my  age  nor  sickness  in 
excuse  of  the  fatUts  which  I  made.  [Little 
used.]  Dryden. 

17.  To  intend  or  to  do  ;  to  purpose  to  do. 

Gomez,  what  mak'st  tliou  here,  with  a  whole 
brotlierhood  of  citj'  baililfs  ?      [^Vui  used.] 

Dryden. 
We  now  say,  what  doest  thou  here  ? 

18.  To  raise,  as  profit  ;  to  gain  ;  to  collect  ; 
as,  to  make  money  in  trade  or  by  hus- 
bandry ;  to  make  an  estate  by  steady  in- 
dustry. 

19.  To  discover;  to  arrive  in  sight  of;  a 
seaman''s  phrase.  They  made  the  land  at 
nine  o'clock  on  the  larboard  bow,  distant 
five  leagues. 

20.  To  reach ;  to  arrive  at ;  as,  to  make  a 
port  or  harbor  ;  a  seaman^s  phrase. 

21.  To  gain  by  advance ;  as,  to  nwke  little 
way  with  a  head  wind  ;  we  made  our  way 
to  the  next  village.  This  phrase  often  im- 
plies difficulty. 

22.  To  provide ;  as,  to  mxike  a  dinner  or  en 
tertaintnent. 

23.  To  put  or  place  ;  as,  to  make  a  difference 
between  strict  right  and  expedience. 

24.  To  turn  ;  to  convert,  as  to  use. 
Whate'er  they  catch, 

Their  fury  makes  an  instrument  of  war. 

Dryden 

25.  To  represent.  He  is  not  the  fool  you 
make  him,  that  is,  as  your  representation 
exhibits  him. 

26.  To  constitute  ;  to  form.  It  is  melan 
choly  to  think  that  sensual  pleasure  makes 
the  happiness  of  a  great  part  of  mankind. 

27.  To  induce;  to  cause.  Self-confidence 
makes  a  man  rely  too  much  on  his  own 
strength  and  resources. 

28.  To  put  into  a  suitable  or  regular  form 
for  use  ;  as,  to  make  a  bed. 

29.  To  fabricate  :  to  forge.  He  matle  the 
story  himself 


30.  To  compose  ;  to  form  and  write ;  as,  to 
make  verses  or  an  oration. 

31.  To  cure  ;  to  dry  and  prepare  for  preser- 
vation ;  as,  to  make  hay. 

To  make  amends,  to  make  good  ;  to  give  ad- 
equate compensation  ;  to  replace  the  value 
or  amount  of  loss. 
To  make  account  of,  to  esteem ;  to  regard. 

Bacon. 
To  make  away,  to  kill ;  to  destroy. 

Sidney.     Addison. 
2.  To  alienate  ;  to  transfer.  H'aller. 

We  now  usually  say,  to  make  over  prop- 
erty. 
To  make  free  icilh,  to  treat  with  freedom  ;  to 
treat  without  ceremony.  Pope. 

To  make  good,  to  inuintain  ;  to  defend. 

I'll  cither  die,  or  I'll  make  good  the  place. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  fulfill  ;  to  accomplish  ;  as,  to  make 
good  one's  word,  promise  or  engagement. 

3.  To  make  compensation  for  ;  to  supply  an 
equivalent ;  as,  to  make  good  a  loss  or  dam- 
age. 

To  make  light  of,  to  consider  as  of  no  conse- 
quence ;  to  treat  with  indifference  or  con- 
tempt. 

They  made  light  of  it,  and  went  their  way. 
Matt.  xxii. 

To  make  love,  \  to  court;  to  attempt  to  gain 

To  make  suit,  ^  the  favor  or  affection. 

To  make  merry,  to  feast ;  to  be  joyful  or 
jovial.  Bacon. 

To  make  much  of,  to  treat  with  fondness  or 
esteem  ;  to  consider  as  of  great  value,  or 
as  giving  great  pleasure. 

To  make  of  to  understand.  He  knows  not 
what  to  tnake  of  the  news,  that  is,  ho  does 
not  well  understand  it  ;  he  knows  not  how 
to  consider  or  view  it. 

2.  To  produce  from  ;  to  effect. 

I  am  astonished  that  those  who  have  appear- 
ed against  this  paper,  have  made  so  very  Utile  of 
it.  Addison. 

3.  To  consider ;  to  account ;  to  esteem. 

Makes  she  no  more  of  me  than  of  a  slave  ? 

Dryden. 

To  make  over,  to  transfer  the  title  of;  to  con- 
vey ;  to  alienate.  He  TOdrfc  ortr  his  estate 
in  trust  or  in  fee. 

To  make  out,  to  learn  ;  to  discover ;  to  ob- 
tain a  clear  understanding  of.  I  cannot 
make  out  the  meaning  or  sense  of  this  dif- 
ficult passage.  Antiquaries  are  not  able 
to  make  out  the  inscription  on  this  medal. 

2.  To  prove  ;  to  evince  ;  to  establish  by  evi- 
dence or  argument.  The  plaintiff,  not  be- 
ing able  to  Tnake  out  his  case,  withdrew 
the  suit. 

In  the  passages  from  divines,  most  of  the  rea- 
sonings which  nujke  out  both  my  propositions 
are  already  suggested.  Atierbury. 

3.  To  furnish;  to  find  or  supply.  He  prom- 
ised to  pay,  hut  was  not  able  to  make  out 
the  money  or  the  whole  sum. 

To  make  sure  of,  to  consider  as  certain. 

Dryden. 
2.  To  secure  to  one's  possession;  as, to  make 

sure  of  the  game. 
To  make  up,   to  collect  into  a  sum  or  mass; 

as,  to  make  iip  the  amount  of  rent ;  to  maki 

up  a  bundle  or  package. 

2.  To  reconcile  ;  to  compose  ;  as,  to  make  up 
a  difference  or  quarrel. 

3.  To  repair  ;  as,  to  make  up  a  hedge.  Ezek, 
xiii. 


M  A  K 


M  A  L 


M  A  L 


4.  To  supply  what  is  wanting.  A  dollar  is 
wanted  to  make  upthe  stipulated  sum. 

5.  To  compose,  as  ingredients  or  parts. 

Oil,  he  was  all  made  vp  of  love  and  charms  ! 

Addison. 
The  parties  among  us  are  made  up  of  mode- 
rate vvhigs  and  presbyterians.  Suri/I. 

6.  To  shape;  as,  to  make  up  a  mass  into 
pills. 

7.  To  assume  a  particular  form  of  features ; 
as,  to  make  up  a  face  ;  whence,  to  viake  up 
a  lip,  is  to  pout. 

8.  To  compensate ;  to  make  good ;  as,  to 
make  up  a  loss. 

9.  To  settle  ;  to  adjust,  or  to  arrange  for 
settlement ;  as,  to  make  up  accounts. 

10.  To  determine  ;  to  bring  to  a  definite  con- 
clusion ;  as,  to  make  up  one's  mind. 

Ill  seamen^s  language,   to  make  sail,  to  in- 
crease  the    quantity  of  sail  already  ex- 
tended. 
To  make  sternway,  to  move  with  the  stern 

foremost. 
To  make  water,  to  leak. 
To  make  words,  to  multiply  words. 
iMAKE,  V.  i.  To  tend  ;  to  proceed ;  to  move. 
He  made  towards  home.     The  tiger  made 
at  the  sportsman.     Formerly  authors  used 
to  make  way,  to  tnake  on,  to  make  forth,  to 
make  about ;  but  these  phrases  are  obso- 
lete.    We  now  say,  to  make  at,  to  jnoAe  to 
wards. 
•2.  To  contribute ;  to  have  effect.     This  ar 
gument  makes  nothing   in  his  favor.     He 
believes  wrong  to  be  right,  and  right  to 
be  wrong,  when  it  makes  for  his  advant 
age. 
3.  To  rise  ;  to  flow  toward  land  ;  as,  the  tide 

makes  fast. 
To  make  as  if,  to  sliow  ;  to  appear  ;  to  carry 
appearance. 

Joshua  and  all  Israel  7tiade  as  if  they  were 
beaten  before  them,  and  fled.     Josh.  viii. 
To  make  away  with,  to  kill;  to  destroy. 
To  make  for,  to  move  towards ;  to  direct  a 
course  towards ;    as,  we  apprehended  ; 
tempest  approaching,  and  made  for  a  bar 
bor. 
2.  To  tend  to  advantage ;  to  favor.     A  war 
between  commercial  nations  makes  for  the 
interest  of  neutrals. 
To  make  against,  to  tend  to  injury.     This  ar- 
gument makes  against  his  cause. 
To  make  out,  to  succeed  ;  to  have  success  at 
last.     He  made  out  to  reconcile  the  con- 1 
tending  parties.  | 

To  make  up,  to   approach.     He  jtiade  up  to; 

us  with  boldness. 
To  viake  vpfor,  to  compensate  ;  to  supply  by  I 
an  equivalent.  \ 

Have  you  a  supply  of  friends  to  make  up  for 
those  who  are  gone  .'  Swift. 

To  make  up  tvitli,  to  settle  differences ;  to  be- 
come friends. 
To  make  uith,  to  concur.  Hooker. 

MAKE,  ?i.  Structure;  texture;  constitution 
of  parts  in  a  body.  It  may  sometimes  be 
synonymous  with  shape  or  form,  but  more 
properly,  the  word  signifies  the  manner  in 
which  the  parts  of  a  body  are  united ;  as  a 
man  of  slender  make,  or  feeble  make. 
Is  our  perfection  of  so  frail  a  make 
As  every  plot  can  undermine  and  shake  ? 

Dryden. 
MAKE,  n.  [Sax.  maea,  gemaca  ;  Dan.  mage  ; 
Eng.  match.     It  .seems  allied  to  inake,  as 
peer,  L.  par,  to  Ilcb.  xi2.] 


A  companion  ;  a  mate.     Obs.  11 

Spenser.     B.  Jonson.'} 
M.-VKEBATE,  n.  [make  and  Sax.  bate,  con-  1 

tention.] 
One  who  excites  contention  and  quarrels. 

Sidney. 
MA'KELESS,    a.    Matchless  ;   without  "a 

mate.     Obs. 
MA'KER,  n.  The  Creator. 

The  universal  Maker  we  may  praise. 

Milton. 

2.  One  that  makes,  forms,  shapes  or  molds  ; 
a  manufacturer  ;  as  a  maker  of  watches,  or 
of  jewelry;  a  moAer  of  cloth. 

.3.  A  poet. 

MA'KEPEACE,   n.  A  peace-maker  ;    one 

that  reconciles  persons  when  at  variance. 

Shak. 
MA'KEWEIGHT,  n.  That  which  is  thrown 

into  a  scale  to  make  weight.  Philips 

MA'KI,   n.   An  animal  of  the  genus  Lemur. 

The  ring-tailed  maki  is  of  the  size  of  a  cat. 

Encyc. 
The  common  name  of  a  subdivision  of  the 

Linneun  genus  Lemur,  including  the  iiia- 

cauco,  the  mongooz,  and  the  vari.    Cuvier 
MA'KING,  ppr.    Forming;   causing  ;  com- 

lielling  ;  creating  ;  constituting. 
MA'KING,  n.    The  act  of  forming,  causing 

or  constituting. 

3.  Workmanship.  This  is  cloth  of  your  own 
making. 

3.  Composition  ;  structure. 


as  a  prefi.x,  in  composi 
or  evil,  Fr.  mat,  L.  malus. 


A  poem. 
MAL,  or  MALE 

tion,  denotes  i 
[See  Maladif.] 

MAL'AellltE,  n.  [Gr.  /jaf.axt;,  mallows, 
L.  malva,  from  f<aj.axos,  soft,  so  named 
from  its  resembling  the  color  of  the  leaf 
of  mallows.] 

An  oxyd  of  copper,  combined  with  carbonic 
acid,  found  in  solid  masses  of  a  beautiful 
green  color.  It  consists  of  layers,  in  the 
form  of  nipples  or  needles  converging  to- 
wards a  common  center.  It  takes  a  good 
polish  and  is  often  manufactured  into 
toys.  Fourcroy.     Diet.  JVot.  Hist. 

MAL'ACOLITE,  n.  [Gr.  fia-Kaxn,  mnllows, 
from  its  color.] 

Another  name  for  diopside,  a  variety  of  py- 
roxene. Cleaveland.     Lunier. 

MALACOPTERYG'EOUS,  a.  [Gr.  ^taaxo;, 
soft,  and  rcripvyioi/,  a  point  or  fether.] 

Having  bony  rays  of  fins,  not  sharp  or  point 
ed  at  the  extremity  ;  as  a  fish. 

MALACOS'TOMOUS,  a.  [Gr.  fiaAaxoj, 
soft,  and  crrofia,  mouth.] 

Having  soft  jaws  without  teeth  ;  as 


I  fish. 
Encyc. 

MALADMINISTRA'TION,  n.  [See  Mat 
and  Jldminister.] 

Bad  management  of  public  aflairs;  vicious 
or  defective  conduct  in  administration,  or 
the  performance  of  official  duties,  particu- 
larly of  executive  and  ministfrial  duties, 
jjrescribed  by  law  ;  as  the  maladministra- 
tion of  a  king,  or  of  any  chief  magistrate. 

MAL'ADY,  n.  [Fr.  maladie ;  It.  malalHa. 
from  the  W.  mall,  softness,  debility,  an 
evil,  a  malady  ;  L.  malum  ;  W.  mallu,  to 
make  soft  or  flaccid,  to  deprive  of  energy 
to  tnake  insipid,  to  make  evil,  to  become 
evil.  This  coincides  in  origin  with  Eng 
mellow,   L.    mollis,  Gr.  /uoaaxoj.     In  oppo 


sition  to  this,  virtue,  value  and  health,  are 
from  the  sense  of  strength,  vigor.] 
Any  sickness  or  disease  of  the  human 
body  ;  any  distemper,  disorder  or  indispo- 
sition, proceeduig  from  impaired,  defect- 
ive or  morbid  organic  functions ;  more 
particularly,  a  lingering  or  deep  seated 
disorder  or  indisposition.  It  may  be  ap- 
plied to  any  animal  body,  but  is,  I  believe, 
rarely  or  never  applied  to  plants. 

The  maladies  of  the  body  may  prove  medi- 
cines to  the  mind.  Suckminster. 
Defect  or  corruption  of  the  heart ;  de- 
pravity ;  moral  disorder  or  corruption  of 
moral  principles.  Depravity  ofheartisa 
moral  malady. 

3.  Disorder  of  the  understanding  or  mind. 

MAL'AGA,  n.  A  species  of  wine  imported 
from  Malaga,  in  Spain. 

MALAN'DERS,  n.  [from  mal,  ill,  and  It. 
andare,  to  go.] 

A  dry  scab  on  the  pastern  of  a  horse. 

Johnson. 

MAL'APERT,  a.  [mal  and  pert.]  Saucy  ; 
quick,  with  impudence  ;  sprightly,  without 
respect  or  decency;  bold;  forward. 

Are  you  growing  malapeii  ?  Drydat. 

MAL'APERTLY,  adv.  Saucily;  with  im- 
pudence. Skelton. 

MAL'APERTNESS,  n.  Sauciness;  impii- 
dent  pertness  or  forwardness ;  sprightli- 
ness  of  reply  without  decency. 

MALAPROPOS,  adv.  malap'ropo.  [Fr.  mal, 
evil,  and  apropos,  to  the  purpose.]  Unsuit- 
ably. Dryden. 

MA'LAR,  a.  [L.  mala,  the  cheek.]  Pertain- 
ing to  the  cheek. 

M.\L'ATE,  n.  [L.  malum,  an  apple.]  A  salt 
formed  by  the  malic  acid,  the  acid  of  ap- 
ples, combined  with  a  base.         Chimistry. 

M.\L'AXATE,  V.  t.  [Gr.  /uaiaaau.]  To  sof- 
ten ;  to  knead  to  softness.     [jVot  used.] 

MALAX A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  moistening 
and  softening;  or  the  forming  of  ingredi- 
ents into  a  mass  for  pills  or  plasters. 
[Little  used.]  Bailey. 

MALCONFORMA'TION,  n.  Ill  form  ;  dis- 
proportion of  parts.  Tally. 

MAL'€ONTENT,  n.  [mal  aniX  content]  A 
discontented  subject  of  government ;  one 
who  murnmrs  at  the  laws  and  adminis- 
tration, or  who  manifests  his  uneasiness 
by  overt  acts,  as  in  sedition  or  insurrec- 
tion. 

MAL'CONTENT,  ?  Discontenied 

MALCONTENT'ED,    \         with  the  laws 
or  the  administration  of  government ;  un- 
easy ;  dissatisfied  with  the  government. 
The  famous  malcontent  earl  of  Leicester. 

Mdner. 

MAL€ONTENT'EDLY,  adv.  With  dis- 
content. 

MALCONTENT'EDNESS,  n.  Discontent- 
edness  with  the  government;  dissatisfac- 
tion ;  want  of  attachment  to  the  govern- 
ment, manifested  by  overt  acts. 

Spectator. 

MALE,  a.  [Fr.  male,  for  masle,  from  L. 
mascutus,  from  mas,  maris.] 

L  Pertaining  to  the  sex  that  procreates 
young,  and  applied  to  animals  of  all  kinds  ; 
as  a  m<ite  child  ;  a  male  beast,  fish  or  fowl- 
Denoting  the  SOX  of  a  plant  which  produ- 
ces the  fecundating  dust,  or  a  flower  or 
])lant  that  bears  the  stamens  only,  with- 
out pistils. 


M  A  L. 


M  A  L 


M  A  L 


3.  Denoting  the  screw  whose  threads  euter, 
the  grooves  or  channels  of  the  corres- 
ponding or  female  fccrew. 

MALE,  n.  Among  animals,  one  of  the  sex 
whose  oflice  is  to  beget  young;  a  he-ani- 
mal. 

a.  In  botany,  a  plant  or  flower  which  produ- 
ces stamens  only,  withont  pistils. 

3.  In  mechanics,  the  screw  whose  threads 
enter  the  grooves  or  channels  of  the  cor- 
responding part  or  female  screw. 

MALEDIC'ENCY,  n.  [L.  matedicentia : 
male  and  dico.] 

Evil  speaking ;  reproachful  language  ;  pronc- 
ness  to  reproach.     [Little  used.] 

Atterhury. 

MAL'EDICENTj  a.  Speaking  reproach- 
fully ;  slanderous.     [lAtlle  used.]     Sandys. 

MALEDICTION,  n.  [L.  maledidio  ;  male, 
evil,  and  dico,  to  speak.] 

Evil  speaking;  denunciation  of  evil;  a  curs- 
ing ;  curse  or  execration.  Hooker. 

MALEFA€'TION,  n.  [L.  male,  evil,  and 
fado,  to  do.] 

A  criminal  deed ;  a  crime  ;  an  offense 
against  the  laws.     [Little  used.]         Shak. 

MALEFACTOR,  n.  [supra.]  One  who 
commits  a  crime  ;  one  guilty  of  violating 
the  laws,  in  such  a  manner  us  to  snhjcct 
him  to  public  prosecution  and  punishment,' 
particularly  to  capital  punishment  ;  a 
criminal.  Dri)den.\ 

MAL'EFIUE,  n.  [Fr.  See  Malefaction)  An! 
evil  deed  ;  artifice  ;  enchantment.  [JVot' 
in  use.]  Chaucer. 

MALEFI"CIATE,  v.  t.  To  bewitch.  [^Yot 
in  use.]  Burton. 

aiALEFICIA'TION,  n.  A  bewitching. 
[J^ot  in  use.] 

MALEFI"CIENCE,  v.  [L.  maleficientia.] 
The  doing  of  evil,  harm  or  mischief 

MALEFI"CIENT,  a.  Doing  evil,  harm  or 
mischief  Burke. 

MALEN'tilNE,  n.  [Fr.  malengin.]  Guile; 
deceit.     [JVot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

MAL'ET,  n.  [Fr.  maletle.  See  Mail.]  A 
little  bag  or  budget ;  a  portmanteau.  [JVot 
used.]  Shtlton. 

MALEVOLENCE,  ?i.  [L.  malevolentia ; 
malum,  evil,  and  volcns,  volo,  to  will.] 

Ill  will ;  personal  hatred ;  evil  disposition 
towards  another ;  enmity  of  heart;  incli- 
nation to  injure  others.  It  expresses  less 
than  mnlignitii.  Shak. 

MALEVOLENT,  a.  Having  an  evil  dispo- 
sition towards  another  or  others  ;  wishing 
evil  to  others  ;  ill  disposed,  or  disposed  to 
injure  others.  A  malevolent  heart  rejoices 
in  the  misfortunes  of  others. 

2.  Unfavorable ;  unpropitious  ;  bringing  ca- 
lamity. 

MALEVOLENTLY,  adv.  With  ill  will  or 
enmitv  ;  with  the  wish  or  design  to  injure. 

MALEV'OLOUS,  a.  Malevolent.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Warhurion. 

MALFE'ASANCE,  n.  [Fr.]  Evil  doing : 
wrong ;  illegal  deed. 

MALFORM.VTION,  n.  [mal  anA  forma- 
tion.] 

Ill  or  wrong  formation ;  irregular  or  anoma- 
lous formation  or  structure  of  parts. 

Darioin. 

MA'LIC,  a.  [L.  malum,  an  apple.]  Pertain- 
ing to  apples :  drawn  from  the  juice  of 
apples  ;  as  malic  acid.  Chimistry. 


MAL'ICE,  n.  [Fr.  It.  malizia;  Sp.  malicia;\ 
L.  malitia,  from  tnalus,  evil  ;  W.  rnaW.  See! 
Malady.]  \ 

Extreme  enmity  of  heart,  or  malevolence  ;  a 
disposition  to  injure  others  without  cause,! 
from  mere  personal  gratification  or  from 
a  spirit  of  revenge;  unprovoked  maligni- 
ty or  spite. 

— Nor  set  down  auglit  in  malice.  Shak. 

MAL'ICE,  V.  t.  To  regard  with  extreme  ill 
will.     [JVot  used.]  Spenser. 

MALI"CIOUS,  a.  Harboring  ill  will  or  en- 
mity without  provocation  ;   malevolent  in 
the  extreme  ;  malignant  in  heart. 
I  grant  hioi  bloody, 
Sudden,  rnaliciotix,  smacking  of  every  sin 
That  has  a  name.  Shak. 

2.  Proceeding  from  extreme  hatred  or  ill 
will ;  dictated  by  malice ;  as  a  malicious 
report. 

MALI"CIOUSLY,  adv.  With  malice ;  with 
extreme  enmity  or  ill  will  ;  with  deliber- 
ate intention  to  injure.  Swift. 

MALP'CIOUSNES'S,  n.  The  (piality  of  be-; 
ing  malicious;  extreme  enmity  or  dispo- 
sition to  injure  ;  malignity.  Herbert.' 

MALIGN,  a.  mali'ne.  [Fr.  matigne ;  L.i 
malignus,  from  mains,  evil.     See  Malady.]- 

1.  Having  a  very  evil  disposition  towards' 
others;  harboring  violent  hatred  or  enmi- 
tv ;  malicious;   us  malign  spirits.     Milton.' 

2.  Unfavorable;  ])ernicious;  tending  to  in- 
jure ;  as  a  malign  aspect  of  |)lanets. 

Milton. 

3.  Malignant ;  pernicious  ;  as  a  malign  ulcer. 

Bacon. 

M.\LIGN,  V.  t.  To  regard  with  envy  or 
malice  ;  to  treat  with  extreme  enmity  ;  to 
injure  maliciously. 

Tlie  people  practice  mischief  against  pri\ate 
men,  whom  they  malign  by  stealing  thci: 
ftoods  and  murdering  them.  Spenser. 

2.  To  traduce  ;  to  defame. 

MALIGN,  V.  i.    To  entertain  malice. 

Milton. 

MALIG'NANCY,  n.  [See  Malignant.]  Ex- 
treme malevolence  ;  bitter  enmity  ;  mal- 
ice: as  malignancy  of  heart. 

2.  Unfavorableness ;     unpropitiousness ;     as 

the  malignancy  of  the  aspect  of  planets. 

The  malignancy  of  my  fate  might  distemper 

yours.  Sliuk. 

3."  Virulence  :  tendency  to  mortification  or  to 
a  fatal  issue  ;  as  the  malignancy  of  an  ul- 
cer or  of  a  fever. 

MALIG'NANT,  a.  [L.  malignus,  maligno, 
from  mains,  evil.] 

L  Malicious;  having  extreme  malevolence 
or  emnity  ;  as  a  malignant  heart. 

2.  Unpropitious;  exerting  pernicious  influ- 
ence ;  as  malignant  stars.  Shak. 

3.  Virulent;  as  a  malignant  ulcer. 

4.  Dangerous  to  life ;   as  a  malignant  fever. 

5.  Extremely  hainous ;  as  the  malignant 
nature  of  sin. 

MALIG'NANT,  n.  A  man  of  extreme  en- 
mity or  evil  intentions.     [JVut  used.] 

Hooker. 

MALIG'NANTLY,  adv.  Maliciously  ;  with 
extreme  malevolence. 

2.  With  pernicious  influence. 

MALIGNER,  n.  One  who  regards  or  treats 
another  with  enmity  ;  a  traducer  ;  a  defa- 
mer.  Swifl. 

MALIG'NITY,  n.  [L.  malignitas.]  Ex- 
treme enmity,  or  evil  dispositions  of  heart 


towards  another;  malice  without  provo- 
cation, or  malevolence  with  baseness  of 
heart ;  deep  rootetl  sjiite. 

2.  VJrul(;nce  ;  destructive  tendency  ;  as  the 
malignity  of  an  ulcer  or  disease. 

3.  FiXtrcmc  evilncss  of  nature;  as  the  ma- 
lignity of  fraud. 

4.  Extreme  sinfulness ;    enormity  or  haiii- 
ousness;  as  the  md/iguiV^  of  sin. 

MALIGNLY,  adv.  With  extreme  ill  will. 
2.  Unpropitiouslv  ;  |)eriiirionslv. 
MAL'ISON,  n.  "Malediction.   "[.Vo<  in  use.] 

Chaucer. 
MALKIN,  n.  maxo'kin.  A  mop ;  also,  a  low 

maid-servant.  Stiak. 

MA1<L,  n.  maul.  [Fr.  mail;  Sp.  mallo ;  Port. 

mallto  ;  from  L.  malleus.] 

1.  A  large  heavy  wooden  beetle;  an  instru- 
ment for  driving  any  thing  with  force. 

2.  A  blow.     Obs.  Spenser. 
MALL,  J!,  mat.    [Arm.   inailh.    Qu.   (iom  a 

play     with    mall    and   ball,   or   a   beaten 

walk.] 
A  public  walk ;  a  level  shaded  walk.     Alice 

d''arbres  battue  et  bordie. 

Gregoire's  Ann.  Did. 
MALL,  J',  t.  maid.  To  beat  with  a  mall;  to 

beat  with  something  heavy  ;  to  bruise. 
MAL'L.\RD,  n.    A  species  of  duck  of  the 

iicmis  Anas.  Pennant. 

MALLEABILITY,     n.     [from    malleable.] 

That  quality  of  bodies  wliich  renders  them 

susceptible  of  extension  by  beating.     It  is 

opposeil  to  friability  or  britlteness.     Locke. 
MAL'LEABLE,   n.    [Fr.   from  L.  malleus. 

See  Mall.] 
That  may  be   drawn  out  and  extended  by 

beating;  capable  of  extension  by  the  ham- 
mer ;  a  quality  of  metals,  particularly  of 

gold.  JVeielon. 

MAL'LEABLENESS,      n.      Blalleabilily, 

which  see. 
MAL'LEATE,  v.  t.  To  hammer;    to  draw 

into  a  plate  or  leaf  bv  beating. 
MALLEA'TION,  7i.  The  act  of  beating  into 

a  plate  or  leaf,  as  a  metal ;  extension  by 

bcatins. 
MAL'LET,    n.    [Fr.   mailkt ;   Russ.   molut; 

Slav,  mlat;  L.  malkus.] 
A  wooden  hammer  or  instnnnent  for  beat- 
ing, or  for  driving  pins;  particularly  used 

in  carpentry,  for  driving  the  chisel. 
MALLOW,     }      [?iaK.  matu,  mealwe,maltce; 
MALLOWS,  i"-     Fr.   mauve;    L.    Sp.   It. 

mnlva  ;  Gv.  ^laf-axr;,  from  iiaXoucoj,  soft,  Eng. 

mellow,  W.  mall.   See  Malady.] 
A  plant  of  the  geinis  Malva  ;  so  called  from 

its  emollient  qualities. 
Marsli-mallows,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Alth.-ea. 
MALM'SEY,  n.  [Fr.  malvoisit;  Jt.malvosio; 

Sp.  murvisia,  from  Malvasia,in  Greece ;  L. 

vinum  arvisium.] 
The  name  of  a  species  of  grape,  and  also  of 

a  kind  of  wine. 
MALPRA€'TICE,    n.    [mal   and  practice.] 

Evil  practice  ;  illegal  or  immoral  conduct ; 

practice  contrary  to  established  rules. 
M.\LT,  Ji.    [Sax.  mcalt ;  D.  mout ;  G.  mah  ; 

Sw.  Dan.  malt.     Qn.  W.  mall,  soft.] 
Barley  steeped  in  water,  fermented  and  dried 

in  a  kiln,  and  thus  prepared  for  brewing 

into  ale  or  beer. 
MaLT,  v.  t.  To  make  into  malt ;  as,  to  malt 

barley. 
Malt,  v.  i.  To  become  malt. 


MAM 


31  A  N 


MAN 


To  liouse  it  green  will  make  it  malt  worse. 

J^Ioi'timer. 
MaLT'-DRINK,  ?  A  liquor  prepared  for 
MALT -LIQUOR,  ^      drink  by  an  infusion 

of  malt;  as  beer,  ale,  porter,  &c. 
MaLT'-DUST,  n.  The  grains  or  remains  of 
malt. 

Mall-dust  is  an  enricher  of  barren  land. 

Mortimer. 

JlALT'-FLOOR,re.  A  floor  for  drying  inalt. 

Morlimer. 
MALT'-HORSE,  n.    A  horse  employed   in 
grinding  malt;  hence,  a  dull   fellow. 

Shak. 
jMaLTMAN,    \      A  man  whose  occupation 
MALTSTER,  \  "'is  to  make  malt.      Swift. 
MaLTWORM,  n.  [malt  and  worm.]     A  tip- 
Icr.  Shak. 

MAL'TALENT,  n.  [Old  Fr.]  Ill  humor. 
[JV«<  in  use.]  Chaucer 

MAL'THA,  n.  A  variety  of  bitumen,  vis- 
cid and  tenacious,  like  pitch  ;  unctuous  to 
the  touch  and  exhaling  a  bituminous  odor. 

Cleaveland. 

MALTRE'AT,    v.  I.     [mal  and   treal.]    To 

treat  ill ;  to  abuse  ;  to  ti'eat  roughly,  rude 

ly,  or  with  unkindncss. 

MALTRE'ATED,  pp.    Ill  treated  ;  abused. 

MALTRE'ATING,  yjjjr.  Abusing;  treating 

unkindlv. 
MALTREATMENT,  n.    Ill  treatment ;  ill 

usage  ;  abuse. 
MALVA'CEOUS,    a.    [L.   malvaceus,  from 
malva,  inallows.]     Pertaining  to  mallows. 
MALVERSA'TION,  n.     [L.  male,  ill,  and 

versor,  to  behave.] 
Evil  conduct ;  improper  or  wicked  behavior; 
mean  artifices,  or  fraudulent  tricks. 

Burke. 

MAM,  <         [L.  mamnia,   the  breast  or 

MAMMA,  I  "■  pap,  and  mother;  W.  mam; 

Arm.  mamm  ;  Jr.   muiine,  a  nurse  ;  Antiq. 

Gr.  na^fit;.] 

A  familiar  word  for  mother,  used  by  young 

children. 
MAM'ALUKE, )        The  military  force  of 
JIAM'ELUKE,  I  "•     Egypt     consisted    of 
soldiers  called  Mamelukes,  who  were  ori 
ginally  mercenaries,  but  afterwards  mas- 
ters  of  the   country.      Their  power   has 
been  recently   annihilated  by  the  present 
Pashaw  of  Egypt. 
MAM'MAL,  71.  [L.  mamma,  the  breast.]    In 
zoologt/,  an  animal  that  suckles  its  yotmg. 
[See  .Maynmifer.]  Good. 

MAMMA'LIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  mam- 
mals. 
MAMMAL'OgIST,  n.   One  who  treats  of] 

mammiferous  animals. 
MAMMAL'OC  Y,  )i.  [L.  mamma,  breast,  and 

?.oyo5,  discourse.] 
Tiic  science  or  doctrine  of  mammiferous  an 

inials.    [See  j\Iammifer.] 

MAM'MARY,  a.  [See  .Wamma.]  Pertaining 

to  the  breasts  or  paps ;  as   the  mammary 

arteries  and  vcin.s. 

MAMMEE',  n.    A  tree  of  the  genus  Mam- 

mca,  of  two  species,  both  large  evergreens 

produced  in  hot  climates.  Enci/c. 

MAM'MRT,  n.  A  ptippet ;  a  finure  dressed. 

MAM'MIFER,  n.    [L.  mamma',  the   breast, 

and  /"cro,  to  bear.] 
An  aniuial  whic'h  has  breasts  for  noinishing 
its  young.     The  iiiaiMinit'ers  have  a  double 
system  of  circulation,  red  and  warm  blood 
the  fetus  is  nourished   in   the    niulrix    by 


means  of  one  or  more  placentas,  and  the! 
young  by  milk  secreted  by  the  breasts. 

■  Diet.  jVat.  Hist. 

MAMMIF'EROIIS,  a.  [supra.]  Having 
breasts  and  nourishing  the  young  by  the 
milk  secreted  by  them. 

MAM'MIFORM,  a.  [L.  mamma  and  form.] 
Having  the  shape  or  form  of  paps. 

MAM'MILLARY,  a.  [h.mamilla.]  Pertain- 
ing to  the  paps;  resembling  a  pap;  an 
epithet  applied  to  two  small  protuberan- 
ces, like  nipples,  found  under  the  fore  ven 
tricles  of  the  brain,  and  to  a  process  of  the 
temporal  bone. 

2.  In  mineralogy,  applied  to  minerals  compo- 
sed of  convex  concretions. 

MAM'MILLATED,  a.  Having  small  nip 
pies,  or  little  globes  like  nipples.  Say. 

MAM'MOe,  n.  A  shapeless  piece.  [JVot 
used.]  "       Herbert. 

MAM'MOC,  V.  t.  To  tear  in  pieces.  [J\tot 
used.]  Milton. 

MAM'MODIS,  )i.  Coarse,  plain  India  mus 
lins. 

MAM'MON,  n.  [Syr.]  Riches ;  wealth  ;  or 
the  god  of  riches. 

Ye  cannot  serve  God  and  mammon.     Matt. 


MAM'MONIST,  ?i.  A  person  devoted  to 
the  acquisition  of  wealth  ;  one  whose  af- 
fections are  ])laced  supremely  on  riches; 
a  worldling.  Hammond. 

MAM'MOTil,  ?i.  [Russ.  mamffni,  the  skel- 
eton of  a  huge  animal,  now  extinct.] 

This  name  has  been  given  to  a  huge  quad- 
ruped, now  extinct,  whose  bones  are 
found  on  both  continents. 

MAN,  n.  plu.  men.  [Sax.  »/iaii,  mann  and 
mon,  mankind,  man,  a  woman,  a  vassal, 
also  one,  any  one,  like  the  Fr.  on ;  Goth. 
manna ;  Sans,  inan  ;  D.  man,  a  man,  a' 
husband  ;  mensch,  a  human  being,  man, 
woman,  person  ;  G.  id. ;  Dan.  man,  men-] 
neske;  Sw.  man,  meniskia ;  Sax.  mennesc,] 
human  ;  Ice.  mann,  a  man,  a  husband ;! 
W.  mynxv,  a  person,  a  body,  from  mion, 
that  which  rises  up  or  stretches  out.  The 
primary  sense  is,  form,  image,  whence 
species,  coinciding  probably  with  the  Fr. 
mine,  Eng.  mien.  Arm.  man  or  min,  look, 
aspect,  countenance  ;  Ch.  and  Heb.  ]'0 
species,  kind ;  Heb.  nJlDH  image,  simili- 
tude;  Syr.  liA:»  1  progeny.  It  is  re- 
markable that  in  the  Icelandic,  this  word 
a  little  varied,  is  used  in  Gen.  i.  2G,  27. 
"  Og  Gud  sagde,  ver  vilium  gera  mannenn 
epter  mind  og  liking  vorre."  And  God 
said,  let  us  make  man  after  our  image  and 
likeness.  "  Og  Gud  skapade  mannenn 
epter  sinnc  mixid,  epter  Guds  mind  skapade 
hann  hann,  og  ban  skapade  than  karlman 
og  kvinnu."  Literally,  and  God  shaped 
man  after  his  image,  after  God's  image 
shaped  he  them,  and  he  shaped  them  male 
and  female  -jkarlman,  male,  [See  Carle  and 
Churl,]  and  kvinnu,  female,  that  is  queen. 
woman.  Icelandic  Bible.  Man  in  its  rad- 
ical sense,  agrees  almost  precisely  with 
Mam,  in  the  Shemitic  languages.] 
I.  Mankind  ;  the  human  race  ;  the  whole 
species  of  human  beings  ;  beings  distin- 
guished from  all  other  animals  by  the 
powers  of  reason  and  speech,  as  well  a« 
by  their  shape  and  dignified  aspect.  "  O.' 
homini  sublime  dedit." 


And  God  said,  Let  us  make  man  in  our  im- 
age, after  our  likeness,  and  let  them  have  do- 
minion—     Gen.  i. 

Man  that  is  bom  of  a  woman,  is  of  few 
days  and  full  of  trouble.    Job  siv. 

iVIy  spirit  shall  not  always  strive  with  man. 
Gen.  vi. 

I  will  destroy  man  whom  I  have  created. 
Gen.  vi. 

There  hath  no  temptation  taken  you,  but 
such  as  is  common  to  man.     1  Cor.  x. 

It  is  written,  man  shall  not  live  by  bread 
alone.     Malt.  iv. 

There  must  be  somewhere  such  a  rank  as 
man.  Pope. 

Respecting  man,  whatever  wrong  we  call — 

Pope. 

But  vindicate  the  ways  of  God  to  man. 

Pope. 

The  proper  study  of  mankind  is  7nan. 

Pope. 

In  the  System  of  Nature,  tnan  is  ranked  as  a 
distinct  genus.  Encyc. 

When  opposed  to  woman,  man  some- 
times denotes  the  male  sex  in  general. 

Woman  has,  in  general,  much  stronger  pro- 
pensity than  man  to  the  discharge  of  parental 
duties.  Cowper. 

2.  A  male  individual  of  the  human  race,  of 
adult  growth  or  years. 

The  king  is  but  a  man  as  I  am.  Shak. 

And    the  man  dreams  but    what    the    boy 

believed.  Dryden . 

3.  A  male  of  the  human  race  ;  used  often  in 
compound  words,  or  in  the  nature  of  an 
adjective  ;  as  a  mrt»i-child  ;  »ncn-cooks  ; 
meu-servants. 

4.  A  servant,  or  an  attendant  of  the  male 
sex. 

I  and  my  man  will  presently  go  ride. 

Cowley. 

A  word  of  familiar  address. 

We  speak  no  treason,  man.  SItak. 

6.  It  sometimes  bears  the  sense  of  a  male 
adult  of  some  uncommon  qualifications  ; 
particularly,  the  sense  of  strength,  vigor, 
bravery,  virile  powers,  or  magnanimity,  as 
distinguished  from  the  weakness,  timidity 
or  im|)0tence  of  a  boy,  or  from  the  nar- 
row mindedness  of  low  bred  men. 

I  dare  do  all  that  may  become  a  man. 

Shak. 
Will  reckons  he  should  not  have   been  the 
man  he  is,  had  he  not  broke  windows — 

.Sddison. 

So  in  popular  language,  it  is  said,  he  is 
no  man.  Play  your  ]>art  like  a  man.  He 
has  not  the  spirit  of  a  man. 

Thou  art  but  a  youth,  and  he  a  man  of  war 
from  his  youth.     1  Sam.  xvii. 

7.  An  individual  of  the  human  species. 

In  matters  of  equity  between  man  and  man — 

Watts. 

Under  this  |>hraseology,  females  may  be 
comprehended.  So  a  law  restraining  man, 
or  every  man  from  a  particular  act,  coin- 
prebends  women  and  children,  if  of  com- 
petent age  to  be  the  subjects  of  law. 

8.  Man  is  sometimes  opposed  to  boy  or  child, 
and  sometiines  to  beast. 

9.  One  who  is  master  of  his  mental  powers, 
or  who  conducts  himself  with  his  usual 
judgment.  When  a  person  has  lost  his 
senses,  or  acts  without  his  usual  judg- 
ment, we  say,  he  is  not  his  own  man. 

.iinsworth. 

10.  It  is  sometimes  used  indefinitely,  with- 
out reference  to  a  particular   individual; 


M  A  N 

any  person ;  one.  This  is  as  much  as  a 
man  can  desire. 

A  7iwn,  in  an  instant,  may  discover  the  as- 
sertion to  be  impossible.  More. 

This  word  however  is  always  used  in 
the  singidar  nuniher,  referring  to  an  indi- 
vifUial.  In  this  respect  it  does  not  answer 
to  the  French  on,  nor  to  the  use  of  ina?!  l)y 
our  Su.von  ancestors.  In  Saxon,  inun  of- 
sloh,  signilies,  Ihey  slew  ;  man  aetic  vt,  Ihey 
set  or  ftted  out.  So  in  German,  man  sagt 
may  be  rendered,  one  says,  it  is  said,  they 
say,  or  people  say.  So  in  Danish,  man 
siger,  one  says,  it  is  said,  tttey  say. 

11.  In  popular  usage,  a  liusband. 

Every  wile  ought  to  answer  for  lier  man. 

Addison. 

12.  A  movable  piece  at  chess  or  draughts. 

13.  Infeiidal  law,  a  vassal,  a  liege  subjector 
tenant. 

The  vassal  or  tenant,  kncclinji;,  ungirt,  un- 
covered and  holding  up  his  hands  between 
those  of  his  lord,  professed  that  he  did  become 
his  »i«;i,  from  that  day  forth,  of  life,  limb,  and 
earthly  honor.  Blackstone 

Man  of  war,  a  ship  of  war  ;  an  armed  ship. 

MAN-MIDWIFE,  n.  A  man  who  practi- 
ces obstetrics. 

MAN,  V.  t.  To  furnish  with  men  ;  as 
man  the  lines  of  a  fort  or  fortress  ;  to  man 
a  ship  or  a  boat ;  to  man  the  yards  ;  to  man 
the  capstan  ;  to  man  a  prize.  It  is,  how- 
ever, generally  understood  to  signify,  to 
supply  with  the  full  complement  or  with 
asufhcient  number  of  men. 

2.  To  guard  with  men.  Shak 

3.  To  strengthen  ;  to  fortify. 

Theodosius  having  ?nunned  his  soul  will 
proper  reflections —  Addison 

4.  To  tame  a  hawk.     [Little  used.]       Shak. 

5.  To  furnish  with  atlendants  or  servants 
[Little  used.]  Shak.     B.  Jonson. 

Q.  To  point ;  to  aim. 

Man  but  a  rush  against  Othello's  breast. 
And  he  retires.     \_J\'ot  used.'\  .Shnk 

MAN'AeLE,  n.  [Fr.  tnanicUs ;  It.manellc  ; 
Sp.  maniola  ;  L.  manica  ;  from  manus,  the 
hand  ;  W.  7)iaji.] 

An  instrument  of  iron  for  fastening  the 
hands;  hand-cuffs;  shackles.  It  is  gen- 
erally used  in  the  plural,  manacles. 

Shak. 

MAN'ACLE,  V.  t.  To  put  on  hand-cufis  or 
other  fastening  for  confining  the  hands. 

2.  To  shackle;  to  confine;  to  restrain  the 
use  of  the  limbs  or  natural  powers. 

Is  it  thus  you  use  this  monarch,   to   manaclt 
him  hand  and  foot  ?  Arbuthnot 

M.AN'A€LED,  jo;).  Haiid-cufled  ;  shackled 

MAN'ACLING,  ppr.  Confining  the  hands  ; 
shacklirig. 

MAN'AGE,  v.  t.  [Fr.  menager  ;  7nenage, 
house,  household,  housekeeping;  It.  ma 
neggiare  ;  Sp.  Port,  manejar.  The  prima 
ry  sense  seems  to  be  to  lead.] 

1.  To  conduct ;  to  carry  on;  to  direct  the 
concerns  of;  as,  to  manage  a  farm  ;  to 
manage  the  affairs  of  a  family. 

What  wars  1  manage,  and   what  wreaths  I 
s;ain.  Prior. 

2.  To  train  or  govern,  as  a  horse. 

They    vault  from   hunters  to    the  managed 
steed.  i'uang. 

3.  To  govern;  to  control ;  to  make  tame  or 
tractable ;  as,  the  bufl'alo  is  too  refracto- 
ry to  be  managed. 


MAN 

4.  To  wield  ;  to  move  or  use  in  the  manner 
desired  ;  to  have  under  command. 

Long  tubes  are  cumbersome,  and  scarce  to  be 
easily  managed.  JVeteton. 

To  make  subservient. 
Antony  managed  him  to  his  own  views. 

Middleton 

a.  To  husband  ;  to  treat  with  caution  or 
sparingly. 

The  less  he  had  to  lose,  the  less  he  ear'd 
To  manage  lothesome   life,  when  love  was 
the  reward.  Dryden 

7.  To  treat  with  caution  or  judgment;  to 
govern  with  address. 

It  was  much  his  interest  to  manage  his  pro- 
teslant  subjects.  Addison. 

MAN'AgE,  v.  i.  To  direct  or  conduct  af- 
fairs; to  carry  on  concerns  or  business. 
Leave  them  to  manage  for  thee.         Dryden. 

MAN'AtiE,  n.  Conduct  ;  administration ; 
as  the  manage  of  the  state  or  kingdom. 
Ohs.  Shak 

2.  Government ;  control,  as  of  a  horse,  or 
the  exercise  of  riding  him. 

3.  Discipline  ;  governance  ;  direction. 

U  Estrange. 

4.  Use  ;  application  or  treatment. 
Quicksilver  will  not   endure   the  manage  of 

the  fire.  Bacon. 

[This  word  is  nearly  obsolete  in  all  its 
applications,  unless  in  reference  to  horses. 
We  now  use  inanagement.] 

MAN'AGEABLE,  a.  Easy  to  be  used  or  di 
reeted  to  its  proper  purpose  ;  not  difficult 
to  be  moved  or  wielded.     Heavy  cannon 
are  not  very  manageable. 
Governable;  tractable;  that  may  be  con 
trolled  ;  as  a  manageable  horse. 

3.  That  may  be  made  subservient  to  one's 
views  or  dcsiirns. 

MAN'AgEABLENESS,  )i.  The  quality  of 
being  easily  used,  or  directed  to  its  proper 
purpose;  as  the  manageableness  of  an  in- 
strument. Boyle. 

2.  Tractableness  ;  the  quality  of  being  sus- 
ceptible of  government  and  control ;  easi- 
ness to  be  governed. 

MAN'AGED,  pp.  Conducted  ;  carried  on  ; 
trained  by  discipline  ;  governed;  controll- 
ed ;  wielded. 

MAN'AGEMENT,  n.  Conduct  ;  adminis- 
tration;  manner  of  treating,  directing  or 
carrying  on  ;  as  tlie  management  of  a  fam- 
ily or  of  a  farm  ;  the  management  of  state 
affairs. 

2.  Cimning  practice  ;  conduct  directed  by 
art,  design  or  prudence  ;  contrivance. 

Mark  with  what  management  their  tribes  di- 
vide. Dryden.\ 

3.  Practice  ;  transaction  ;  dealing. 
He  had  i;roat  7;m;frru;fHiCH/ with  ecclesiastics, 

in  the  view  to  be  advanced  to  the  pontificate. 

Addison. 

Modulation  ;  variation. 

All  directions  as  to  the   management  of  the 
voice,  must  be  regarded  as  subsidiaiy  to  the  ex- 
pression of  feeling.  Porter's  Analysis. 
MAN'AtiER,  n.  One   who  has  the  conduct 


the  manager  of  a  lottery,  of 
South. 


of  a  theater 
a  hall,  &c. 

A  skilful  manager  of  the  rabble. 

An  artful  manager,  that  crept  between — 

Pope, 

.  A    person  who    conducts   business  with 

economy  and  frugality  ;  a  good  husband. 


M  A  N 

\  prince  of  great  aspiring  thoughts ;  in  the 
main,  a  managei-  of  his  treasure.  Temple. 

MAN'AGERY,  n.  [from  manage.]  Conduct; 
direction  ;  administration.  Clarendon. 

2.  Husbandry  ;  economy  ;  frugality. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

3.  Manner  of  using.  Ibm. 

[Little  used  or  obsolete  in  all  its  applica- 
tions.] 
MAN'AGING,  p/)r.  Conducting;  regulating; 

directing;  governing;  wielding. 
MAN'AKIN,  )i.  The    name  of  a  beautiful 
race  of  birds  found  in  warm  climates. 

Did.  Xat.  Hist. 
MAN.\'TI,  \  The  sea-cow,  or  fish-tailed 
MANA'TUS,  ^"•walrus,  an  animal  of  the 
genus  Tricheclius,  w  hich  grows  to  an  en- 
ormous size  ;  sometimes  it  is  said,  to  the 
length  of  twenty  three  feet.  Of  this  ani- 
mal there  are  two  varieties,  the  australis, 
or  lamentin,  and  borealis,  or  whale-tailc(l 
manati.  It  has  fore  feet  pahiialed,  and 
furnisheil  with  claws,  but  the  hinil  part 
ends  in  a  tail  like  that  of  a  fish.  The  skin 
is  of  a  dark  color,  tlie  eyes  small,  and  in- 
stead of  teeth,  themoutli  is  furnished  with 
hard  bones,  extending  the  whole  length  of 
the  jaws.  [There  are  eight  grinders  on 
each  side  in  each  jaw.  Cuvier.]  It  never 
leaves  the  water,  but  frequents  the  mouths 
of  rivers,  feeding  on  grass  tjiat  grows  in 
the  water.  Encyc.     Diet.  .\'at.  Hist. 

MANA'TION,  n.  [L.  manatio,  from  mono, 

to  flow.] 
The  act  of  issuing  or  flowing  out.     [Little 

iised.] 
MAN'CHET,  n.  A  small  loaf  of  fine  brcrul. 
[J^ot  used.]  Bacon. 

MANCHINEE'L,  n.  [L.  mancayiilla.]  A 
tree  of  the  genus  Hippomanc,  growing  in 
the  West  Indies  to  the  size  of  a  large  oak. 
It  abounds  in  an  acrid,  milky  juice  of  a 
poisonous  quality.  It  bears  a  fruit  of  the 
size  of  a  pipjiin,  which,  when  eaten,  caus- 
es inflanmiation  in  the  mouth  and  throat, 
pains  in  the  stomach,  &.c.  The  wood  is 
valuable  for  cabinet  work.  Encyc. 

MAN'CIPATE,    V.  t.     [L.    mancxpo,    from 
manceps,  mancipium  ;  manu  capio,  to  take 
with  the  hand. J 
To   enslave  ;    to   bind  ;  to   restrict.     [lAille 
used.]  Hale. 

MANCIPA'TION,  n.  Slavery;  invohmtary 
servitude.     [Little  used.]  Johnson. 

iMAN'CIPLE,  ?i.  [L.  manceps;  manu  capio, 

sui)ra.] 
.\  steward  ;  an  undertaker;  a  purveyor,  par- 
ticularly of  a  college.  Johnson. 
M.\NDA'iML'S,  n.  [L.  mnnrfo,  to  coinmnnd ; 
mandatnus,  we  connnand.     The  primary 
sense  is  to  send.] 
In  law,  a  commauil  or  writ,  issuing  from  the 
king's  bench  in  England,  and  in  America, 
from  some  of  the  higher  court?,  directed 
to    any  person,    corporation,   or  inferior 
court,  requiring  ihcin  to  dosome  act  tlierc- 
in    specified,   which    appertains   to   their 
ofl^ce  and  duty  ;  as  to  admit  or   restore  a 
lierson  to  an  office  or  franchise,   or  to  an 
academical  degree,  or  to  deliver  papers, 
arniex  a  seal  to  a  paper,  Sec.      Blackstone. 
MAND.ARiN,  n.  In  China,  a  magistrate  or 
governor  of  a  jnovince  ;  also,  the   court 
language  of  China. 


MAN 


MAN 


MAN 


MAN'DATARY, )      [Fr.  mandalairc,  from 
MANDATORY,  ^        L.    mando,    to   com 
maiid.] 

1.  A  person  to  whom  tlie  pope  has  by  his 
prerogative  given  a  mandate  or  order  for 
his  benefice.  -iylifff- 

2.  One  to  whom  a  command  or  charge  is 
given. 

MAN'DATE,  ?;.  [L.  mando,  to  command.] 

1.  A  command  ;  an  order,  precept  or  injunc- 
tion ;  a  commission. 

This  dream  all  powerful  Juno  sends  ;  I  bear 
Her  mighty  mandates,  and  her  words  you 
hear.  Dryilen. 

2.  In  canon  law,  a  rescript  of  the  pope,  com- 
manding an  ordinary  collator  to  put  the 
penson  therein  named  in  possession  of  the 
first  vacant  benefice  in  his  collation. 

Encyc. 

MANDA'TOR,  n.    [L.]  A  director. 

Jtyliffe. 

MAN'DATORY,  a.  Containing  a  command  ; 
preceptive ;  directory. 

MAN'DIBLE,  ?!.  [L.  mando,  to  chew  ;  W. 
mant,  a  jaw,  that  which  shuts.] 

The  jaw,  tlie  instrument  of  chewing  ;  appli- 
ed ■particularly  to  fowls. 

MANDIB'ULAR,  a.  Belonging  to  the  jaw. 

Gaylon. 

MAN'DIL,  )i.  [Fr.?nfl7»/i'Wf,  from  the  root  of 
mantle  ;  W.  mant.]  A  sort  of  mantle. 
[JVut  in  use.]  Herbert. 

MANDIL'ION,  n.  [supra.]  A  soldier's  coat; 
a  loose  garment.  Ainsworth. 

MAN'DLESTONE,  n.  [G.  mandetstein,  al- 
mond-stone.] 

Kernel-stone  ;  almond-stone,  called  also 
amygdaloid ;  a  name  given  to  stones  or 
rocks  which  have  kernels  enveloped  in 
paste.  Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

MANDMENT,  for  commandment,  is  not  in 
use. 

MAN'DOLIN,  n.  [It.  mandola.]  A  cithern 
or  harp.     [JVot  in  use.] 

MAN'DRAKE,  n.  [L.  mandragoras ;  It. 
mandragola ;  Fr.  mandragorc.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Atropa,  growing  natu- 
rally in  Spain,  Italy  and  the  Levant.  It 
is  a  narcotic,  and  its  fresh  roots  are  a  vio- 
lent cathartic.  Its  effect  in  rendering 
barren  women  prolific  is  supposed  to  be 
imaginary.  Encyc. 

MAN'DREL,  n.  An  instrument  for  confi- 
ning in  the  lathe  the  substance  to  be  turn- 
ed. Moxon. 

MAN'DRILL,  »i.  A  species  of  monkey. 

Diet.  J\'at..  Hist. 

MAN'DU€ABLE,  «.  That  can  be  chewed; 
fit  to  be  eaten.  Herbert. 

MAN'DUCATE,  v.  t.  [L.  mando,  whence 
Fr.  manger.]     To  chew. 

MAN'DUCATED,  pp.  Chewed. 

MAN'DUCATING,  ppr.  Chewing ;  grind- 
ing with  the  teeth. 

MANDUCA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  chewing 
or  eating. 

MAN'E,  n.  [D.  maan,  mane,  and   moon  ;  G. 
mahne  ;    Sw.  man  or  mahn ;  Dan.   man 
probably  from  extending,  like  7nan.] 

The  hair  growing  on  the  upper  side  of  the 
neck  of  a  horse  or  other  animal,  usually 
hanging  down  on  one  side. 

MAN'EATER,  n.  A  human  being  that  fced.s 
on  human  fiesh ;  a  cannibal ;  an  anthro- 
pophagite. 


MA'NED,  a.  Having  a  mane. 

MAN'EgE,  n.  [Fr.]  A  school  for  teaching 
horsemanship,  and  for  training  horses. 

MANERIAL.  [See  Manorial.] 

MA'NES,  n.  plu.  [L.]  The  ghost,  shade  or 
soul  of  a  deceased  person  ;  and  among  the 
ancient  pagans,  the  infernal  deities. 

2.  The  remains  of  the  dead. 

Hail,  O  ye  holy  manes !  Dryden, 

MANEUVER,  n.  \Vr.mana.uvre ;  main,\j. 
manus,  the  hand,  and  ceuvre,  work,  L.  ope- 
ra.] 

1.  Management ;  dextrous  movement,  par- 
ticularly in  an  army  or  navy  ;  any  evolu- 
tion, movement  or  change  of  position 
among  companies,  battalions,  regiments, 
ships,  &,c.  for  the  purpose  of  distributing 
the  forces  in  the  best  manner  to  meet  the 
enemy. 

2.  3Ianagement  with  address  or  artful  de- 
sign. 

MANEU'VER,  v.  i.  To  move  or  change  po- 
sitions among  troops  or  ships,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  advantageous  attack  or  defeiise; 
or  in  military  exercise,  for  the  purpose  of 
discipline. 

2.  To  manage  with  address  or  art. 

MANEU'VER,)'. t.  To  change  the  positions 
of  troops  or  ships. 

MANEUVERED,  pp.  Moved  in  position. 

MANEU'VERING,  ppr.  Changing  the  po- 
sition or  order  for  advantageous  attack  or 
defense. 

MAN'FUL,  a.  [man  and  full.]  Having  the 
spirit  of  a  man  ;  bold  ;  brave ;  courag- 
eous. 

2.  Noble  ;  honoralile. 

MAN'FULLY,  adv.  Boldly  ;  courageously  ; 
honorably. 

MAN'FULNESS,  71.  Boldness;  courageous- 
ness. 

MAN'GABY,  n.  A  monkey  with  naked  eye- 
lids ;  the  white-eyed  monkey. 

Diet.  J^at.  Hist. 

MAN'GANESE,  n.  A  metal  of  a  dusky 
white,  or  whitish  gray  color,  very  hard  and 
difticult  to  fuse.  It  never  occurs  as  a  nat- 
ural product  in  a  metallic  state.  The  sub- 
stance usually  so  called  is  an  oxyd  of  man- 
ganese, but  not  pure.  Cyc.     Henry. 

MANGANE'SIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  man- 
ganese; consisting  of  it  or  partaking  of  its 
qualities.  Seybert. 

MANGANE'SIATE,  n.  A  compound  of 
manganesic  acid,  with  a  base. 

MANGANE'SIe,  a.  Obtained  from  manga- 
nese ;  as  the  manganesic  acid.  Henry. 
[Manganic  is  ill  formed.] 

MANGANE'SIOUS,  a.  Manganesious  acid 
is  an  acid  with  a  minimum  of  oxygen. 

Hennj. 

MANG'€ORN,  ?i.  [Sax.  meji^a;i,  to  mix,  and 
corn.] 

A  mixture  of  wheat  and  rye,  or  other  spc-| 
cics  of  grain.     [N'ot  used  in  Jlmcrica.] 

MaNgE,  71.  [Fr.  mangeaison.]  The  scab] 
or  itch  in   cattle,  dogs   and  other  beasts. 

MANGEL-WURZEL,  n.  [G.  mangel,  want, 
and  wurzel,  root.] 

The  root  of  scarcity,  a  plant  of  the  beet 
kind. 

MaNgER,  71.  [Fr.  mangeoire,  from  manger,\ 
to  eat,  L.  mando.]  ! 

1.  A  trough  or  box  in  which  fodder  is  laid 


for  cattle,  or  the  place  in  which  horses 

and  cattle  are  fed. 
2.  In  ships  of  tear,  a  space  across  the  deck. 

within    the  hawse-holes,  separated  from 

the  after  part  of  the  deck,  to  prevent  the 

water  which  enters  the  hawse-holes  from 

running  over  the  deck. 
MANgER-BOARD,  71.  The  bulk-head  on  a 

ship's  deck  that  separates  the  manger  from 

the  other  part  of  the  deck.  Mar.  Diet. 

MANtilNESS,  71.  [from  mangy.]  Scabbiness : 

infection  of  the  mange. 
MAN'GLE,  I',  t.  [D.  mangelen,  G.  mangeln, 

to  want.    Qu.] 

1.  To  cut  with  a  dull  instrument  and  tear, 
or  to  tear  in  cutting ;  to  cut  in  a  bungling 
manner  ;   applied  chief y   to  the  cutting  of 

fesh. 

And   seized  with   fear,  forgot  his  mangled 
meat.  Dryden. 

2.  To  curtail ;  to  take  by  piece-meal. 
MAN'GLE,  71.   [Dan.  mangle  ;  G.   mange  ; 

D.  mangel ;  from  L.  mango.] 

1.  A  rolling  press  or  calender  for  smoothing 
cloth. 

2.  A  name  of  the  mangrove,  which  see. 
MAN'GLE,  V.  t.  To  smooth  cloth  with  a 

mangle ;  to  calender. 

MAN'GLED,/)p.  Torn  in  cutting ;  smoothed 
with  a  mangle. 

MAN'GLER,  n.  One  who  tears  in  cutting  ; 
one  who  uses  a  mangle. 

MAN'GLING,p;jr.  Lacerating  in  the  act  of 
cutting ;   tearing. 

2.  Smoothing  with  a  mangle. 

MAN'GO,  n.  The  fruit  of  the  mango  tree,  a 
native  of  the  East  Indies,  of  the  genus 
Mangifera.  It  is  brought  to  us  only  when 
pickled.  Hence  mango  is  the  green  fruit 
of  the  tree  pickle<l.  Encyc. 

2.  A  green  nniskmelon  pickled. 

MAN'GONEL,  7).  [Fr.  mangoneau.]  An  en- 
gine formerly  used  for  throwing  stones 
and  battering  walls. 

MAN'GONISM,  n.  The  art  of  setting  oft"  to 
advantage.     Ohs. 

MAN'GONiZE,  r.  t.  To  polish  for  setting 
oft' to  advantage.     Ohs.  B.Jonson. 

MAN'GOSTAN,     }        A  tree  of  the  East 

MANGOSTEE'N,  \  "•  Indies,  of  the  genus 
Garcinia.  so  called  from  Dr.  Garcin,  who 
described  it.  The  tree  grows  to  the  liighth 
of  18  feet,  and  hears  fruit  of  the  size  of  a 
crab  apple,  the  pulp  of  which  is  very  deli- 
cious food.  Encyc. 

MAN'GROVE,  77.  A  tree  of  the  East  and 
West  Indies,  otherwise  called  mangle,  and 
of  the  genus  Rhizophora.  One  species, 
the  black  mangle,  grows  in  waters  on  the 
sides  of  rivers.  The  red  mangrove  does 
not  grow  in  water.  Its  wood  is  of  a  deep 
red  color,  compact  and  heavy.  The  soft 
part  of  the  bark  of  the  white  mangrove  is 
formed  into  ropes.  Encyc. 

2.  The  name  of  a  fish.  Pennant. 

M.\NgY,  a.  [from  mange.]  Scabby  ;  infect- 
ed with  the  mange.  Shak. 

MAN'IIATER,  n.  [man  a.m\hale.]  One  who 
hates  mankind  ;  a  misanthrope. 

MAN'HQQD,  n.  [man  and  hood.]  The  state  of 
one  who  is  a  man,  of  an  adult  male,  or  one 
who  is  advanced  beyond  puberty,  boy- 
hood or  childhood  ;  virility. 

2.  Virility  ;  as  opposed  to  womanhood. 

Dryden 


MAN 

3.  Human  nature  ;  as  the  manAoorf  of  Christ. 

4.  The  qualities  of  a  man  ;  courage  ;  brave- 
ry ;  resolution.     [Little  iised.]  Sidney. 

MA'NIA,  n.  [L.  and  Gr.]  Madness. 

MAN'IABLE,  a.  Manageable;  tractable 
[JVo<  in  uje.l  Bacon 

MA'NIAC,  a.  [L.  Tnaniacus.]  3Iad ;  raving 
with  madness ;  raging  with  disordered  in- 
tellect. Cr""- 

MA'N1A€,  n.  A  madman;  one  raving  with 
madness.  Shenstone. 

MANI'ACAL,  a.  Affected  with  madness 

MANlellE'AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Mani-' 

MANieHE'AN,  )      One  of  a  sect  in  Persia, 

MANI€HEE',  ^  who  maintained  that 
there  are  two  supreme  principles,  the  one 
good,  the  other  evil,  which  produce  all  the 
happiness  and  calamities  of  the  world. 
The  first  principle,  or  light,  they  held  to 
be  the  author  of  all  good  ;  the  second,  or 
darkness,  the  author  of  all  evil.  The  found- 
er of  the  sect  was  Manes.  Encyc. 

MAN'ICHEISM,  n.  [supra.]  The  doctrines 
taught,  or  system  of  principles  maintain- 
ed by  the  Manichees.  Encyc.     Milner 

MAN'icIlORD,      I        [Fr.  manichordion.'] 

MANICORD'0^f,  S"'  A  musical  instru- 
ment in  the  form  of  a  spinnet,  whose  strings 
like  those  of  the  clarichord,  are  covered 
with  little  pieces  of  cloth  to  deaden  and 
soften  their  sounds  ;  whence  it  is  called  the 
dumb  spinnet.  Encyc. 

MAN'l€ON,  n.  A  species  of  nightshade. 

MAN'IFEST,  a.  [L.  manifestus,  Ir.  meanan. 
plain,  clear ;  minighim,  to  make  smooth,  to 
polish,  to  explain.  Clearness  maybe  from 
polishing,  or  from  opening,  expanding,  ex 
tending.] 

1.  Plain  ;  open  ;  clearly  visible  to  the  eye  or 
obvious  to  the  understanding  ;  apparent ; 
not  obscure  or  difficult  to  be  seen  or  im- 
derstood.  From  the  testimony,  the  truth 
we  conceive  to  be  manifest. 

Thus  manifest  to  sight  the  god  appeared. 

Dryden. 
That  which  may  be  known  of  God  is  mani- 
fest in  them.   Rom.  i. 

2.  Detected ;  with  of. 

Calistho  there  stood  manifest  of  shame. 
[Unumial.]  Dryden. 

MAN'IFEST,  n.  An  invoice  of  a  cargo  of 
goods,  imported  or  laden  for  export,  to  be 
exhibited  at  the  custom-house  by  the  mas- 
ter of  the  vessel,  or  the  owner  or  shipper. 
MAN'IFEST,     I      [It.  manifesto ;  L.mani 
MANIFEST'O,  ^  "•  -  "      ~ 


MAN 


festtts,  manifest 
A  public  declaration,  usually  of  a  prince  or 
sovereign,  showing  his  intentions,  or  pro- 
claiming his  ojiinions  and  motives ;  as  a 
manifesto  declaring  the  purpose  of  a  prince 
to  begin  war,  and  explaining  his  motives. 
[Manifesto  onlv  is  now  used.]  Addison. 
MAN'IEEST,  i.  t.  [L.  manifesto.]  To  re- 
veal; to  make  to  appear;  to  show  plain 
ly  ;  to  make  public  ;  to  disclose  to  the  eye 
or  to  the  understanding. 

Nothing  is  hid,  whicli  sliall  not  be  manifested. 
Mark  iv. 

He  that  lovcth  me,  shall  be  loved  of  my 
Father,  and  I  will  love  him,  and  will  manifest 
myself  to  him.  John  iv. 

Thy  life  did  manifest  thou  lov'dst  me  not. 

Shak. 
9.  To  display  ;  to  exhibit  more  clearly  to  the 
view.     The  wisdom  of  God  is  manifested 
in  the  order  and  harmony  of  creation. 

Vol.  II. 


MANIFESTA'TION.n.  The  act  of  disclos 
ingwhat  is  secret,  unseen  or  obscure;  dis- 
covery to  the  eye  or  to  the  understanding 
the  exhibition  of  any  thing  by  clear  evi 
dence ;  display  ;  as  the  manifestation  of 
God's  power  in  creation,  or  of  his  benev- 
olence in  redemption. 

The  secret  manner  in  which  acts  of  mercy 
ought  to  be  performed,  requires  this  public  man- 
ifestation of  them  at  the  great  day. 

Mterbury 

MAN'IFESTED,  pp.  Made  clear ;  disclos- 
ed ;  made  apparent,  obvious  or  evident. 

MANIFEST'IBLE,  a.  That  may  be  made 
evident.  Broivn 

MAN'IFESTING,  ppr.  Showing  clearly; 
making  evident ;  disclosing ;  displaying. 

Bacon. 

MAN'IFESTLY,  adv.  Clearly;  evidently; 
plainly  ;  in  a  manner  to  be  clearly  seen  or 
understood. 

MAN'IFESTNESS,  n.  Clearness  to  the 
sight  or  mind  ;  obviousness. 

MANIFESTO.  [See  Manifest.] 

MAN'IFOLD,  a.  [tnany  am]  fold.]  Of  divers 
kinds  ;  many  in  number  ;  nunieious  ;  mul- 
tiplied. 

0  Lord,  how  man  fold  are  thy  works!  Ps. 
civ. 

1  know  yourniam/oW transgressions.  Aniosv 

Exhibited  or  appearing  at  diver.?  times  or 
in  various  ways ;  applied  to  tvords  in  the 
singidar  number ;  as  the  manifold  wisdom 
of  God,  or  his  manifold  grace.  Eph.  iii 
1  Pet.  iv. 

MAN'IFOLDED,  a.  Having  many  doublings 
or  complications ;  as  a  manifolded  shield. 
[ivb<  used.]  Spenser. 

MAN'IFOLDLY,  adv.  In  a  manifold  man- 
ner ;  in  many  ways.  Sidney. 

MAN'IFOLDNESS,  Ji.  Multiplicity. 

Shencood. 

MANIG'LIONS,  n.  In  gunnery,  two  han- 
dles on  the  back  of  a  piece  of  ordnance, 
after  the  German  way  of  casting.     Bailey. 

MAN'IKIN,  n.  A  little  man.  Shak. 

MAN'IL,        )       [Sp.   manilla,   a    bracelet, 

MANIL'LA,  I  "■  from  L.  manus,  Sp.  mano, 
the  hand.] 

A  ring  or  bracelet  worn  by  persons  in  Africa. 

Herbert. 

MA'NIO€,      i       A  plant  of  the  genus  Ja- 

MA'NIHOC,  >  n.  tropha,  or  Cassada  plant. 

MA'NIHOT,  )  It  has  palmated  leaves, 
with  entire  lobes.  Encyc. 

Manioc  is  an  acrid  plant,  but  from  its 
root  is  extracted  a  pleasant  nourishing 
substance,  called  cassava.  This  is  obtain- 
ed by  giating  the  root,  and  pressing  out 
the  juice,  which  is  an  acrid  and  noxious 
poison.  The  substance  is  then  dried 
and  baked,  or  roasted  on  a  plate  of  hot 
iron.  Fourcroy. 

MAN'IPLE,  n.  [L.  manipulus,  a  handful. 
Qu.  L.  manus  and  the  Teutonic/H?/.] 

1.  A  handful. 

2.  A  small  band  of  soldiers;  a  word  applied 
only  to  Roman  troops. 

3.  A  fanon,  or  kind  of  ornament  worn  about 
the  arm  of  a  mass  priest ;  or  a  garment 
worn  by  the  Romish  priests  when  they 
officiate.  Sp.  Diet. 

MANIP'ULAR,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  mani- 
ple. 

12 


MAN 

MANIPULA'TION,  »i.  [Fr.  id. ;  It.  manip- 
olaxione,  from  manipolare,  to  work  with 
the  hand,  from  L.  manipulus,  supra.] 
In  general,  work  by  hand ;  manual  opera- 
tion ;  as  in  mining,  the  manner  of  digging 
ore  ;  in  chimistry,  tlie  operation  of  prepar- 
ing substances  for  experiments  ;  in  phar- 
macy, the  preparation  of  drugs. 
MAN'KILLER.n.  [man  and  kUl.]  One  who 

slays  a  man. 
MAN'KILLING,  a.  Used  to  kill  men. 

Dryden. 
MANKIND,  n.  [man  and  kind.  This  word 
admits  the  accent  either  on  the  first  or 
second  syllable;  the  distinction  of  accent 
being  inconsiderable.] 
The  race  or  species  of  human  beings. 
The  proper  study  of  mankind  is  man. 

Pope. 
A  male,  or  the  males  of  the  lunnan  race. 

Thou  shall  not  lie  with  mankind  as  w  illi  wo- 
mankind. Lev.  xviii. 
MANKIND,  u.  Resembling  man  in  form,  not 
woman.  Frobisher. 

MAN' LESS,  a.  [»«««  and  less.]  Destitute  of 
men ;  not  manned  ;  as  a  boat.  [LAtUe 
zised.]  Bacon. 

MAN'LIKE,  a.  Having  the  proper  qualities 
of  a  man.  Sidney. 

2.  Of  man's  nature.  Milton. 

MAN'LINESS,  n.  [from  manly.]  The  quali- 
ties of  a  nian ;   dignity  ;  bravery  ;  bold- 
ness. Locke. 
MAN'LING,  n.  A  Uttle  man.         B.  Jonson. 
MAN'LY,  a.  [man  and  like.]    Manlike  ;  be- 
coming a  man  ;  firm  ;  brave ;  undaunted. 
Serene  and  manly,  hardened  to  sustain 
The  load  of  life—                                 Dryden. 

2.  Dignified  ;  noble ;  stately- 
He  moves  with  man/y  grace.  Dryden. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  adult  age  of  man  ;  as  a 
manly  voice. 

4.  Not  boyish  or  womanish  ;  as  a  manly 
stride.  Shak. 

MAN'LY,  adv.  With  courage  like  a  man. 


MAN'NA,7i.  [Ar.     •  L-«    mauna,  to  provide 
necessaries  for  one's  household,  to  sustain, 

s  -      J 

to  feed  them  ;  n'j^^  munahon,  provis- 
ions for  a  journey.  This  seems  to  be  the 
true  original  of  the  word.  In  Irish,  (nann 
is  wheat,  bread  or  food.  Class  Mn.  No.  3.] 
1.  A  substance  miraculously  furnished  as 
food  for  the  Israelites  in  their  journey 
through  the  wilderness  of  Arabia.  Ex. 
xvi. 

Josephus,  Ant.  B.  iii.  1.  considers  the 
Hebrew  word  [n  man,  to  signify  u-hal.  In 
conformity  with  this  idea,  the  seventy 
translate  the  passage,  Ex.  xvi.  L5.  ti  rirt 
rorro?  what  is  this  ?  which  rendering 
.seems  to  accord  with  the  following  words, 
for  they  knew  not  wluit  it  was.  And  in 
the  Encyclopedia,  the  translators  are 
charged  with  making  Moses  fall  into  a 
plain  contradiction.  Art.  Manna.  But 
Christ  and  his  apostles  confirm  the  com- 
mon version  :  "  Not  as  your  fathers  ate 
manna,  and  are  dead."  John  vi.  58.  Ileb.  ix. 
4.  And  we  have  other  evidence,  that  the 
present  version  is  correct ;  for  in  the  same 
chapter,  Moses  directed  Aaron  to  "  take  a 
pot  and  put  a  homer  full  of  manna  there- 
in."   Now  it  would  be  strange  language 


MAN 


MAN 


MAN 


to  say,  put  an  homer  full  of  what,  or  ivhal 
is  it.  So  also  verse  35.  "  The  children  of 
Israel  ate  manna  forty  years,  &c."  In 
both  verses,  the  Hebrew  word  is  the  same 
as  in  verse  15. 

9.  In  the  materia  medico,  the  juice  of  a  cer- 
tain tree  of  the  ash-kind,  the  Fraxinus  or- 
iius,  or  flowering  ash,  a  native  of  Sicily, 
Calabria,  and  other  parts  of  the  south  ol 
Europe.  It  is  either  naturally  concreted, 
or  e-xsiccated  and  purified  by  art.  The  best 
manna  is  in  oblong  pieces  or  flakes  of  a 
whitish  or  pale  yellow  color,  light,  friable, 
and  somewhat  transparent.  It  is  a  mild 
la.xative.  Encyc.    Hooper. 

MAN'NER,  n.  [Fr.  maniere  ;  It.  maniera ; 
Sp.  manera  ;  Artn.  manyell ;  D.  G.  manier  ; 
Dan.  maneer;  Sw.  maner.  This  word 
seems  to  be  allied  to  Fr.  manier,  Arm. 
manea,  to  handle,  from  Fr.  maiti,  Sp.  It. 
mano,  Port.  7nam,  L.  manus,  the  hand.] 

I .  Form ;  method  ;  way  of  performing  or 
executing. 

Find  thou  the  manner,  and  the  means  pre- 
pare. Dryden. 

3.  Custom  ;  habitual  practice. 

Show  them  the  manner  of  the  king  that 
shall  reign  over  them.  This  will  be  the  manner 
of  the  king.    1  Sara.  viii. 

Paul,  as  his  manner  was —   Acts  xvii. 
;t.  Sort ;  kind. 

Ve  tithe  mint  and  rae,  and  all  manner  of 
herbs.  Luke  xi. 

They  shall  say  all  manner  of  evil  against  you 
falsely —    Matt.  v. 

In  this  application,  manner  has  the  sense 
of  a  plural  word ;  all  sorts  or  kinds. 

4.  Certain  degree  or  measure.  It  is  in  a 
manner  done  already. 

The  bread  is  in  a  manner  common.  1  Sam. 
xxi. 

This  use  may  also  be  sometimes  defined 
by  sort  or  fashion ;  as  we  say,  a  thing  is 
done  after  a  sort  or  fashion,  that  is,  not 
well,  fully  or  perfectly. 

Augustinus  does  in  a  manner  confess  the 
charge.  Baker. 

5.  Mien;  cast  of  look;  mode. 

Air  and  manner  are  more  expressive  than 
words.  Clarissa. 

C.  Peculiar  way  or  carriage  ;  distinct  mode. 
It  can  hardly  be  imagined  how  great  a  differ- 
ence was  in  the  humor,  disposition  and  manner 
of  the  army  under  Essex  and  that  under  Waller. 

Clarendon. 
A  man's  company  may  be  known  by  his  man- 
ner oi  expressing  h\m?eV.  Swifl 

7.  AVay  ;  mode  ;  of  things. 

The  temptations  of  prosperity  insinuate  them- 
selves after  a  gentle,  but  very  powerful  manner. 

Atterbury. 

8.  Way  of  service  or  worship. 

The  nations  vfhich  thou  hast  removed  and 
placed  in  the   cities  of  Samaria,  know  not  the 
manner  of  the  god  of  the  land —  2  Kings  vii. 
0.  In  painting,  the  particular  habit  of  a  paint- 
er ill  managing  colors,  lights  and  shades. 

Encyc. 
MAN'NER,  V.  I.  To  instruct  in  manners. 

Shak. 
MAN'NERISM,  n.  Adherence  to  the  same 
manner;  uniformity  of  manner. 

Edin.  Rev. 
MAN'NERIST,  n.  An  artist  who  performs 
his  work  in  one  unvaried  manner. 

Churchili 


MAN'NERLINESS,n.  The  quality  ofbeingj 
civil  and  respectful  in  behavior  ;  civility; 
complaisance.  Hale., 

MAN'NERLY,  a.  Decent  in  external  de- 
portment;  civil;  respectful ;  complaisant; 
not  rude  or  vidgar. 

What  thou  think'st  meet  and  is  most  maii- 
nerly.  Shak. 

MAN'NERLY,  adv.  With  civility  ;  respect- 
fully ;  without  rudeness.  Shak. 
MAN'NERS,  n.  plu.  Deportment ;  carriage  ; 
behavior;  conduct;  course  of  life  ;    in  a 
moral  sense. 

Evil  communications  corrupt  good  manners. 
1  Cor.  XV. 

Ceremonious  behavior ;  civility ;  decent 
and  respectful  deportment. 

Shall  we,  in  our  applications  to  the  great  God, 
take  that  to  be  religion,  which  the  common 
reason  of  mankind  wiU  not  allow  to  be  manners  ? 

South. 
A  bow  or  courtesy  ;  as,  make  your  man- 
ners ;  a  popular  use  of  the  ivord. 
MAN'NISH,  a.  [from  man.]  Having  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  man  ;  bold  ;  niascidine  ;  as 
a  maniiish  countenance. 

A  woman  impudent  and  mannish  grown. 

Shak. 
MANOM'ETER,   n.    [Gr.  ^0.05,  rare,   and 

lief  pop,  measure.] 
An  instrument  to  measure  or  show  the  al- 
terations in  the  rarity  or  density  of  the  air. 

Encyc. 
MANOMET'RI€AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 

manometer  ;  made  by  the  manometer. 
MAN'OR,  71.  [Fr.  manoir,  Arm.  maner,  a 
country  house,  or  gentleman's  seat ;  W.i 
maenan  or  maenawr,  a  manor,  a  district! 
hounded  by  stones,  from  maen,  a  stone. 
The  word  in  French  and  Armoric  signifies] 
a  house,  a  habitation,  as  well  as  a  manor  ;[ 
and  in  this  sense,  the  word  would  be  nat- 
urally deducible  from  L.  maneo,  to  abide. 
But  the  etymology  in  Welsh  is  not  im- 
probably the  true  one.] 
The  land  belonging  to  a  lord  or  nobleman, 
or  so  much  land  as  a  lord  or  great  person- 
age formerly  kept  in  his  own  hands  for  the 
use  and  subsistence  of  his  family.  In  these 
days,  a  manor  rather  signifies  the  jurisdic- 
tion and  royalty  incorporeal,  than  the  land 
or  site;  for  a  man  may  have  a  manor  in 
gross,  as  the  law  terms  it,  that  is,  the  right 
and  interest  of  a  court-baron,  with  the  per 
quisites  thereto  belonging.  Cowet. 

MAN'OR-HOUSE,  )       The  house  belong- 
MAN'OR-SEAT,     ^  "•  ing  to  a  manor, 
MANORIAL,  ) 
MANE'RIAL,  ^  " 

They  have  no  civil  liberty ;  their  children  be 
long  not  to  them,  but  to  their  manorial  lord. 

Tooke. 

MAN'PLEASER,    ?i.     [man  and  pleaser. 

One  who  pleases  men,   or  one  who  takes 

uncommon  pains  to  gain  the  favor  of  men. 

Swift. 
MAN'QUELLER,   n.    [man  and  qitell.]     A 

mankiller;  amanslayer;  a  murderer.  [JVol 

Kserf.]  Carew. 

MANSE,  71.  mans.  [L.  jnansio,  from  maneo 

to  abide.] 
\.  A   house  or   habitation  ;    particularly,   a 

parsonage  house.     A  capital  manse  is  the 

manor-house  or  lord's  court. 
3.  A  farm. 
JIAN'SERVANT,  n.  A  male  servant. 


MAN'SION,  n.    [L.  mansio,  from  maneo,  to 
dwell.] 

Any  place  of  residence ;  a  house ;  a  hab- 
itation. 

Thy  mansion  wants  thee,  Adam,  rise. 

Milton. 
In  my  Father's  house  are  many  mansions. 
John  xiv. 

The  house  of  the  lord  of  a  manor. 
Residence ;  abode. 
These  poets  near  our  princes  sleep, 
And  in  one  grave  their  mansions  keep. 

Denham. 

MAN'SION,  V.  i.  To  dwell ;  to  reside. 

Mede. 

MAN'SIONARY,  a.  Resident;  resident- 
iary ;  as  mansionary  canons.  Encyc. 

MAN'SION-HOUSE,  n.  The  house  in 
which  one  resides;  an  inhabited  house. 

Blackslone. 

MAN'SIONRY,  n.  A  place  of  residence. 
[M>t  used.]  Shak. 

MANSLAUGHTER,  ?i.  [man  and  slaugh- 
ter.    See  Slay.] 

In  a  general  sense,  the  killing  of  a  man  or 
of  men  ;  destruction  of  the  human  spe- 
cies ;  murder.  Ascham. 
In  laiv,  the  unlawful  killing  of  a  man  with- 
out malice,  express  or  implied.  This  may 
be  voluntary,  upon  a  sudden  heat  or  e.x- 
citemeut  of  anger ;  or  involuntary,  but  in 
the  commission  of  some  unlawful  act. 
Manslaughter  differs  from  murder  in  not 
proceeding  from  malice  prepense  or  de- 
liberate, which  is  essential  to  oonstitute 
murder.  It  differs  from  homicide  excusa- 
ble, being  done  in  consequence  of  some 
unlawful  act,  whereas  e.\cusable  homicide 
happens  in  consequence  of  misadventiu'e. 

Blackslone. 

MAN'SLAYER,  n.  One  that  has  slain  a 
human  being.  The  IsraeUtes  had  cities 
of  refuge  for  7nanslayers. 

MAN'STEALER,  n.  One  who  steals  and 
sells  men. 

MAN'STEALING,n.  The  act  of  steaHng  a 
human  being. 

MAN'SUETE,  a.  [L.  riwnsuetus.]  Tame; 
gentle ;  not  wild  or  ferocious.  [lAttle 
used.]  Rcy- 

MAN'SUETUDE,  n.  [L.  7nansueludo.] 
Tameness;  mildness  ;  gentleness.  Herbert. 

MAN'TA,  n.  [Sp.  inanta,  a  blanket.]  A  flat 
fish   that  is  very  trotiblesome   to  pearl- 


Pertaining  to  a  inanor. 


Encyc. 

of   mantle.]      A 

cloke    worn  by 

Johnson. 


fishers. 

MANTEL.  [See  Mantle.] 

MAN'TELET,  )       [dim. 

MANT'LET,     <  "'  small 
women. 

2.  In  fortif  cation,  a  kind  of  movable  parapet 
or  penthouse,  made  of  planks,  nailed  one 
over  another  to  the  higlith  of  almost  six 
feet,  cased  with  tin  and  set  on  wheels. 
In  a  siege,  this  is  driven  before  pioneers, 
to  protect  them  from  the  enemy's  small 
shot.  Harris. 

MANT'IGER,  rather  mantichor,  or  manti- 
cor,  n.  [L.  manticora,  mantichora,  Gr.  fiavti- 
X^fo-i-] 

A  large  monkey  or  baboon.  Arhuthnot. 

MAN'TLE,  ?i.  [Sux.  mantel,  mentcl ;  It.  Sp. 
■manto  ;  G.  D.  mantel ;  W.  mantcll.  Qu. 
Gr.  ftavSvi,  fiai'Si'ttj,  a  cloke,  from  the  Per- 
sic.    In  W.  mant  is  that  which  shuts.] 

L  A  kind  of  cloke  or  loose  garment  to  be 
worn  over  other  garments. 


MAN 


MAN 


MAN 


The  herald   and  children  are  clothed  with 
mantles  of  satin.  Bacon. 

2.  A  cover. 

Well  covered  with  the  night's  black  mantle. 

Shak. 

3.  A  cover;  that  which  conceals;  as  the 
mantle  of  charity. 

MAN'TLE,  V.  t.  To  cloke ;  to  cover ;  to 
disguise. 

So  the  rising  senses 
Begin  to  chase  th'  ignorant  fumes,  that  manf/e 
Their  clearer  reason.  Shak. 

MAN'TLE,  V.  i.  To  expand  ;  to  spread. 
The  swan  with  arched  neck 
Between  her  white  wings  mantling,  rows 
Her  state  with  oary  feet.  Milton 

2.  To  joy;  to  revel.  Johnson 

My  frail  fancy,  fed  with  full  delights. 
Doth   bathe  in  bliss,  and  mantleth  most  at 
ease.  Spenser 

[Qu.  is  not  the  sense  to  be  covered  or 
wrapped,  to  rest  collected  and  secure  .•'] 

3.  To  be  expanded ;  to  be  spread  or  ex- 
tended. 

He  gave  the  mantling  vine  to  grow, 

A  trophy  to  his  love.  Fenton 

4.  To  gather  over  and  form  a  cover ;  to  col- 
lect on  the  surlUce,  as  a  covering. 

There  is  a  sort  of  men,  whose  visages 
Do  cream  and  mantle  like  a  standing  pond. 

Shak 
And  the  brain  dances  to  the  mantling  bowl. 

Pope. 

5.  To  rush  to  the  face  and  cover  it  with  a 
crimson  color. 

When  mantling  blood 
Flow'd  in  his  lovely  cheeks.  Smith 

[Fermentation  cannot  be  deduced  from 
mantling,  otherwise  than  as  a  secondary 

MAN'TLE,  \  „    The  piece  of  tim- 

MAN'TLE-TREE,  \       her  or  stone  in  front 

of  a  chimney,  over  the  fire-place,  restin 

on  the  jambs.  Encyc. 

[This  word,  according  to  Johnson,  sig 

nihes  the  work  over  the  fire-place,  which 

we  call  a  mantle-piece.] 
MANTLE-PIECE,  I       Tlie  work  over  a 
MAN'TLE-SHELF,  \  "'  fire-place,  in  front 

of  the  chimney. 
MANT'LING,     n.    In  heraldry,  the  repre 

seutation  of  a  mantle,  or  the  drapery  of  a 

coat  of  arms. 
MAN'TO,n.  [It.]  A  robe  ;  a  cloke.      Ricaut. 
MANTOL'OgY,  n.  [Gr.  fioirem,  divination, 

and  >.oyo5,  discourse.] 
The  act  or  art  of  divination  or  prophesying 

[Little  used.] 
MAN'TUA,  n.  [Fr.  manteau.     See  Mantle. 

A  lady's  gown.  Pope. 

MAN'TUA-MAKER,  n.     One  who  makes 

gowns  for  ladies.  Mdison 

iMAN'U.'VL,  a.    [L.  manualis,  from  manus, 

the  hand,  W.  man.] 

1.  Performed  by  the  hand  ;  as  manual  labor 
or  operation. 

9.  Used  or  made  by  the  hand  ;  as  a  deed  un- 
der the  king's  sign  manual. 

MAN'UAL,  n.  A  small  book,  such  as  may 
be  carried  in  the  hand,  or  conveniently 
handled;  as  a  i/iajiuaJ  of  laws.  Hale. 

2.  Tlie  service  book  of  the  Romish  church. 

Stillingjleet. 

Mamtal  exercise,  in  the  military  art,  the  e.\- 
ercise  by  which  soldiers  are  taught  the  use 
of  their  muskets  and  other  arms. 

MAN'UARY,  a.  Done  by  the  hand.  [Ao/ 
used.]  Folhcrby. 


MANU'BIAL,  o.  [L.  manubialis,  from  manu- 

bia,  spoils.] 
Belonging  to  spoils  ;   taken  in  war.     [Little 

used.] 
MANUDUC'TION,  »i.  [L.  manus,  hand,  and 

rfitdi'o,  a  leading.]  Guidance  by  the  hand. 
Glanvitlc.     South. 
MANUDU€'TOR,  n.  [L.  mamis,  hand,  and 

ductor,  a  leader.] 
An  officer  in  the  ancient  church,  who  gave 

the  signal  for  tlie  choir  to  sing,  who  beat 

time  and  regulated  tlie  music.  Enajc. 

MANUFACTORY,  n.    [See  Manufacture.] 

A  house  or  place  where  goods  are  tnanii- 

fiictured. 
MANUFAC'TURAL,  a.  Pertaining  or  rela- 
ting to  manufactures. 
MANUFACTURE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  ?najius, 

hand,  anAfacio,  to  make.] 

1.  The  operation  of  making  cloth,  wares, 
utensils,  paper,  books,  and  whatever  is 
used  by  man  ;  'the  operation  of  reducing 
raw  materials  of  any  kind  into  a  form 
suitable  for  use,  by  the  hands,  by  art  or 
machinery. 

2.  Any  thing  made  from  raw  materials  I>y 
the  hand,  by  machinery,  or  by  art ;  as 
cloths,  iron  utensils,  shoes,  cabinet  work, 
sadleiy,  and  the  like. 

MANUFACTURE,  v.  I.  To  make  or  fab- 
ricate from  raw  materials,  by  the  hand,  by 
art  or  machinery,  and  work  into  forms 
convenient  for  use ;  as,  to  manufacture 
cloth,  nails,  or  glass. 

2.  To  work  raw  materials  into  suitable  forms 
for  use  ;  as,  to  manufacture  wool,  cotton, 
silk  or  iron. 

MANUFA€'TURE,  v.i.  To  be  occupied  in 
manufactures.  Bosicelt. 

MANUFA€'TURED,  pp.  Made  from  raw 
materials  into  forms  for  use. 

MANUFACTURER,  n.  One  who  works 
raw  materials  into  wares  suitable  for  use. 

2.  One  who  employs  workmen  for  manu- 
facturing ;  the  owner  of  a  manufactory. 

MANUFA€'TURING,  ppr.  Making  goods 
and  wares  from  raw  materials. 

MANUMISE,  for  manumit,  not  used. 

MANUMIS'SION,  a.  [L.  manumissio.  See 
Manumit,] 

The  act  of  liberating  a  slave  from  bondage, 
and  giving  him  freedom.  Arbuthnot. 

MAN'UMIT,  V.  t.  [L.  manumitto;  manus, 
hand,  and  mitto,  to  send.] 

To  release  from  slavery  ;  to  liberate  from 
personal  bomlage  or  servitude  ;  to  free,  as 
a  slave.  Dryden. 

MANUMITTED,  pp.  Released  from  sla- 
very. 

MAN'UMITTING,  ppr.  Liberating  from 
personal  bondage. 

MANU'RABLE,  a.  [from  manure.]  That 
may  be  cultivated.  This,  though  the  ori- 
ginal sense,  is  rarely  or  never  used.  The 
jiresent  sense  of  manure,  would  give  the 
following  signification. 

2.  That  may  he  manured,  or  enriched  by 
manure. 

MANU'RAuE,  ji.  Cultivation.     [JVolused.] 

Warner. 

MANU'RANCE,  n.  Cultivation.  [Ao<  used. 

Spenser. 

MANU'RE,  r.  t.  [Fr.  manxuvrer,  but  in  a 
difTerent  sense  ;  Norm,  mainoverer,  to  ma- 
nure ;  main,  L.  7nanus,  baud,  and  ouvrer, 
to  work,  L.  operor.] 


1.  To  cultivate  by  manual  labor;  to  till. 
[In  this  sense  not  now  used.]  Milton. 

2.  To  apply  to  land  any  fertilizing  matter, 
as  dung,  compost,  ashes,  lime,  fish,  or  any 
vegetable  or  animal  substance. 

3.  To  fertilize;  to  enrich  with  nutritive  sub- 
stances. 

The  corps  of  half  her  senate  . 
Manure  the  fields  of  Thcssaly.  JldJison. 

MANU'RE,  71.  Any  matter  which  fertilizes 
land,  as  the  contents  of  stables  and  barn- 
yards, marl,  ashes,  lish,  salt,  and  every 
kind  of  animal  and  vegetable  substance 
applied  to  land,  or  capable  of  furnishing 
nutriment  to  plants. 

MANU'RED,  pp.  Dressed  or  overspread 
with  a  fertilizing  substance. 

MANLT'REiMENT,  n.  Cultivation;  improve- 
ment.    [Little  used,]  H'arton, 

MANU'RER,  n.  One  that  manures  lands. 

MANU'RING,  ppr.  Dressing  or  overspread- 
ing land  with  manure;  fertilizing. 

.MANU'RING,  n.  K  dressing  or  spread  of 
manure  on  land.  Mitford. 

M.-VN'USCRIPT,  71.  [h.manu  scriptum,  writ- 
ten with  the  hand  ;  It.  mamiscritlo  ;  Fr. 
manuscrit,] 

A  book  or  paper  written  with  the  hand  or 
pen. 

MANUSCRIPT,  a.  Written  with  the  hand  : 
not  printed. 

MANUTEN'ENCY,  7i.  Maintenance.  [Ao< 
in  use.]  Sancrofl. 

MANY,  a.  men'ny,  [Sax.  mmneg,  maneg,  or 
menig ;  D.  menig ;  G.  mancher;  Dan. 
mange  ;  Sw.  m&nge  ;  Sax.  menigeo,  a  mul- 
titude ;  Goth,  manags,  many  ;  managei,  a 
multitude  ;  Russ.  mnogei,  many ;  mnoju, 
to  multiply.  It  has  no  variation  to  ex- 
press degrees  of  comparison  ;  more  and 
most,  which  are  used  for  the  comparative 
and  superlative  degrees,  are  from  a  differ- 
ent root.] 

1.  Numerous  ;  comprising  a  great  number 
of  individuals. 

Thou  shall  be  a  father  of  many  nations.  Gen. 
xvii. 

Not  many  wise  men  after  the  flesh,  not  many 
mighty,  noi  many  noble,  are  called.     1   Cor.  i. 

Many  are  the  alflictions  of  the  righteous.  Ps. 
xxxiv. 

It  is  often  preceded  by  as  or  so,  and  fol- 
lowed by  so,  indicating  an  equal  number. 
As  many  books  as  you  take,  so  many  shall 
be  charged  to  yonr  account. 

.So  many  laws  argue  so  many  sins.     Millon. 

It  is  also  followed  by  as. 

As  many  as  were  willing-hearted  brought 
bracelets.     Ex.  x.vxiv. 

It  precedes  an  or  a,  before  a  noun  in  the 
singular  number. 

Full  many  a  gem  of  purest  ray  serene. 

Gray. 

2.  In  low  language,  preceded  by  too,  it  de- 
notes powerful  or  much  ;  as,  they  are  too 
many  for  us.  UEstrange, 

MANY,  71.  men'ny.  A  multitude ;  a  great 
number  of  individuals;  the  people. 

0  thou  fond  many.  Shak. 

The  vulgar  and  the  many  are  fit  only  to  be 

led  or  driven.  South. 

MANY,  71.  men'ny.  [Norm.  Fr.  meignee.] 
A  retinue  of  servants;  household.    Obs. 

Chaucer. 

MANY'-CLEFT',  a.  Multifid ;  having 
many  fissures.  Martyn. 


MAR 


MAR 


MAR 


MANY-€5L'ORED,   a.  Having  many  col 
ors  or  hues.  Pope. 

MANV-COR'NERED,  a.  Having  many  cor- 
ners, or  more  than  twelve  ;  polygonal. 

Dryden. 
IVIANV-FLOW'ERED,   a.     Having  many 
flowers.  Martyn. 

MANY-HEAD'ED,  a.  Having  many  heads; 
as  a  many-headed  monster ;  many-headed 
tyranny.  Dryden. 

MANV-LAN'GUAgED,  o.  Having  many 
languages.  Pope. 

AIANY-LE'AVED,  a.    Polyphyllous ;  hav- 
ing many  leaves.  Martyn. 
MANY-MASTERED,    a.     Having   many 
masters.                                           J.  Barloiv. 
MANY-P-ARTED,  a.  Multipartite ;  divided 
into  several  parts ;  as  a  corol.         Martyn. 
MANY-PE'OPLED,   a.    Having  a  numer- 
ous population.  Sandys. 
MANY-PET'ALED,  a.  Having  many  pet- 
als.                                                      Martyn. 
MANY-TVVINK'LING,  a.  Variously  twink- 
ling or  gleaming.  Gray. 
MANY-VALV'ED,  a.  Multivalvular;  hav- 
ing many  valves.                               Martyn. 
MAP,    n.      [Sp.  mapa ;    Port,   mappa ;    It 
mappamonda.      Qu.   L.  mappa,  a  cloth  or 
towel,  a  Punic  word ;  Rabbinic  NSD.  Maps 
may  have  been  originally  drawn  on  cloth.] 
A  representation  of  the  surface  of  the  earth 
or  of  any  part  of  it,  drawn  on  paper  or 
otlier  material,  exhibiting  the  lines  of  lat- 
itude and  longitude,  and  the  positions  of 
countries,   kingdoms,    states,   mountains, 
rivers,  &c.     A  map  of  the  earth,  or  of  a 
large  portion  of  it,  comprehends  a  repre- 
sentation of  land  and  water ;  but  a  repre- 
sentation of  a  continent  or  any  portion  of 
land  only,  is  properly  a  map,  and  a  repre- 
sentation of  the  ocean  only  or  any  portion 
of  it,  is  called  a  chart.     We  say,  a  map  of 
England,    of  France,  of  Europe  ;  but  a 
chart  of  the  Atlantic,  of  the  Pacific,  &c. 
MAP,  V.  t.  To  draw  or  delineate,  as  the  fig- 
ure of  any  portion  of  land.                   Shak. 
MA'PLE,               I       A  tree  of  the  genus 
MA'PLE-TREE,  ^  "'  Acer,  of  several  spe- 
cies.    Of  the  sap  of  the  rock  maple,  sugar 
is  made  in  America,  in  great  quantities,  by 
evaporation. 
MAPLE-SU'GAR,    n.    Sugar  obtained  by 
evaporation  from  the  juice  of  the  rock 
maple. 
MAP'PERY,   n.    [from  map_ 

planning  and  designing  maps.  Shak. 

M'AR,  V.  t.  [Sax.  merran,  mirran,  myrran,' 
amyrran,  to  err,  to  deviate,  to  hinder,  to 
lose,  scatter  or  waste,  to  draw  from  or  mis- 
lead, to  corrujit  or  deprave ;  Sp.  marrar, 
to  deviate  from  truth  and  justice;  marro, 
want,  defect;  Ir.  mearaighim  ;  Gr.  aftop- 
ta-ju,  [qii.  Gr.  ^apaivu,  L.  rnarceo ;]  It. 
smarrire,  to  miss,  to  lose  ;  smarrimento,  a 
wandering.] 

1.  To  injure  by  cutting  off  a  part,  or  by 
wounding  and  making  defective  ;  as,  to 
mar  a  tree  by  incision. 

I  piay  yon,  mar  no  more  trees  by  writing 
Ponc;s  in  their  l>arlis.  Shati. 

Neither  shall  tliou  mar  the  corners  of  thy 
heard.     Lev.  xi\. 

2.  To  injure;  to  hurt;  to  impair  tlie  strength 
or  purity  of 

When  brewers  mar  their  malt  with  water. 

Shak 


3.  To  injure ;  to  diminish  ;  to  interrupt. 
But  mirth  is  marred,  and  the  good  cheer  is 

lost.  Dryden 

4.  To  injure  ;  to  deform  ;  to  disfigure. 
Ire,  envy  and  despair 

Marr'd  all  his  borrow'd  visage.  Milton 

His  visage  was   so  marred  more  than  any 
man.     is,  lii. 

Moral  evil  alone  mars  the  intellectual  works 

of  God.  Buclfminster. 

[This  word  is  not  obsolete  in  America.] 

MAR,  in  nightmar,     [See  JVightmar.] 

M'AR,  n.  An  injury.     Obs. 

2.  A  lake.     [See  Mere.] 
MAR'A€AN,    n.     A  species  of  parrot  in 

Brazil. 

MAR'AeOCK,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Passiflora. 

MARANA'THA,  n.  [Syriac]  The  Lord 
comes  or  has  come  ;  a  word  used  by  the 
apostle  Paul  in  expressing  a  curse.  This 
word  was  used  in  anathematizing  persons 
for  great  crimes ;  as  much  as  to  say,  "  may 
the  Lord  come  quickly  to  take  vengeance 
on  thee  for  thy  crimes."  Calmet. 

MAR' ANON,  n.  The  proper  name  of  a 
river  in  South  America,  the  largest  in  the 
world ;  most  absurdly  called  Amazon. 

Garcilasso. 

MARAS'3IUS,  n.  [Gr.  ;uapaa^o;,  from  /<a- 
pawu,  to  cause  to  pine  or  waste  away.] 

Atrophy  ;  a  wasting  of  flesh  without  fever  or 

apparent  disease;  a  kind  of  consumption. 

Coxe.     Encyc. 

MARAUD',  t).  i.  [Fr.  maratirf,  a  rascal ;  Eth. 

<^^,?  marad,  to  hurry,  to  run.  The 
Ileb.  Tio  to  rebel,  may  be  the  same  word 
differently  applied.  "Class  Mr.  No.  22. 
The  Danish  lias  the  word  in  maroder,  a 
robber  in  war,  a  corsair.  So  corsair  is 
from  L.  cursus,  curro.] 

To  rove  in  quest  of  plunder;  to  make  an  ex- 
cursion for  booty  ;  to  plunder. 

MARAUD'ER,  n.  A  rover  in  quest  of  booty 
or  plunder;  a  plunderer  ;  usually  applied 
to  smalt  parties  of  soldiers. 

MARAUDTNG,  ppr.  Roving  in  search  of 
plunder. 

MAR.\UD'ING,  71.  A  roving  for  plunder ;  a 
plundering  by  invaders. 

MARAVE'DI,  )i.    A  small  copper  coin  of 

Spain,    equal    to   three    mills   American 

money,  less  than  a  farthing  sterling. 

The  art  of  M'ARBLE,  n.  [Fr.marbre ;  iip.marmol;  It. 

marmo ;  h.  marmor  ;   Gr.  f<apjuopo;,  white.] 

1.  The  popular  name  of  any  species  of  cal- 
carious  stone  or  mineral,  of  a  compact 
texture,  and  of  a  beautiful  appearance,  sus- 
ceptible of  a  good  polish.  The  varieties 
are  numerous,  and  greatly  diversified  in 
color.  Marble  is  limestone,  or  a  stone 
which  may  be  calcined  to  lime,  a  car- 
bonate of  lime ;  but  limestone  is  a  more 
general  name,  comprehending  the  calca- 
rious  stones  of  an  inferior  texture,  as  well 
as  those  which  admit  a  fine  polish.  Mar- 
ble is  much  used  for  statues,  busts,  pillars, 
chimney  pieces,  monuments,  &c. 
A  little  ball  of  marble  or  other  stone,  used 
by  children  iu  play. 

3.  A  stone  remarkable  for  some  inscription 
or  sculpture. 

Arundel  marbles,       ?    mai-ble  pieces  with  a 

Jlnmddian  marbles,  \    chronicle  of  the  city 

of  Athens  inscribed  on  them ;  presented  tol 


the  university  of  Oxford,  by  Thomas,  eari 
of  Arundel.  Encyc. 

MARBLE,  a.  Made  of  marble ;  as  a  marble 
pillar. 

2.  Variegated  in  color;  stained  or  veined 
like  marble  ;  as  the  marble  cover  of  a 
book. 

3.  Hard  ;  insensible ;  as  a  marble  heart. 
M'ARBLE,  1'.  /.    To  variegate  in  color  ;  to 

cloud;  to  stain  or  vein  like  marble  ;  as,  to 
marble  the  cover  of  a  book. 

M'ARBLED,  pp.  Diversified  in  color ;  vein- 
ed like  marble. 

MARBLE-HEARTED,  a.  Having  a  heart 
like  marble  ;  hard  hearted  ;  cruel ;  insen- 
sible ;  incapable  of  being  moved  by  pity, 
love  or  sympathy.  Shak. 

M'ARBLING,  ppr.  Variegating  in  colors  ; 
clouding  or  veining  like  marble. 

M^ARBLING,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of  va- 
riegating in  color,  in  imitation  of  marble. 

M'AR€ASITE,n.  [It.  marcassita ;  Fr.mar- 
cassite.] 

A  name  which  has  been  given  to  all  sorts  of 
minerals,  to  ores,  pyrites,  and  semi-met- 
als.    It  is  now  obsolete. 

JVicholson.    Hill.    Encyc. 

MAR€ASIT'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  marca- 
site ;  of  the  nature  of  marcasite.      Encyc. 

MARCES'CENT,  a.  [L.  inarcescens,  mar- 
cesco.]     Withering  ;  fading  ;  decaying. 

MARCES'SIBLE,  a.  That  may  wither; 
liable  to  decay. 

MARCH,  n.  [L.  Mars,  the  god  of  vi'ar.] 
The  third  month  of  the  year. 

M'ARCH,  V.  i.  To  border  on;  to  be  contig- 
uous to.     Obs.  Gower. 

M'ARCH,  v.i.  [Fr.  inarcher;  Sp.  Port. 
marchar ;  G.  marschiren  ;  It.  marciare,  to 
march,  to  putrefy,  L.  marceo,  Gr.  juapaww ; 
Basque,  mariatu,  to  rot.  The  senses  of 
the  Italian  word  unite  in  that  of  passing, 
departing.     See  Mar.] 

1.  To  move  by  steps  and  in  order,  as  sol- 
diers ;  to  move  in  a  military  manner.  We 
say,  the  army  marched,  or  the  troops 
marched. 

2.  To  walk  in  a  grave,  deliberate  or  stately 
maimer. 

Like  thee,  great  son  of  Jove,  like  thee, 

When  clad  in  rising  majesty. 

Thou  marchest  down  o'er  Delos'  hills. 

Prior. 

M'ARCH,  V.  t.    To  cause  to  move,  as  au 

army.     Buonaparte  marched  an  immense 

army  to  Moscow,  but  he  did  not  march 

thsni  back  to  France. 

2.  To  cause  to  move  in  order   or  regular 

procession.  Prior. 

M'AR€H,   n.    [Fr.marche;    it.  marzo;    D. 

mark ;  G.  marsch.] 

1.  The  walk  or  movement  of  soldiers  in  or- 
der, whether  infantry  or  cavalry.  The 
troops  were  fatigued  with  a  long  march. 

2.  A  grave,  deliberate  or  solemn  walk. 

The  long  majestic  march.  Pope. 

3.  A  slow  or  laborious  walk.  Mdison. 

4.  A  signal  to  move  ;  a  particular  beat  of 
the  drum.  Knolks. 

5.  Movement ;  progression  ;  advance  ;  as 
the  marcAof  reason  ;  i\\e  march  of  mind. 

M'ARCHER,  n.  The  lord  or  oflicer  who 
defended  the  marches  or  borders  of  a  terri- 
tory. Davies. 

aPARCHES,  n.  plu.  [Sax.  mearc;  Goth. 
marka ;  Fr.  marches ;   D.  mark ;    Basque, 


MAR 


M  A  H 


M  A  R 


marra.     It  is  radically  the  same  word  as 
mark  and  march.] 

Borders  ;  limits ;  confines  ;  as  lord  of  the 
marches.  England. 

M'ARCHING,  ppr.  Moving  or  walking  in 
order  or  in  a  stately  manner. 

M'AKCHING,  n.  Military  movement ;  pass- 
age of  troops. 

MARCHIONESS,  n.  The  wife  or  widow 
of  a  marquis ;  or  a  female  having  the  rank 
and  dignity  of  a  marquis.  Spclman. 

M'ARCHPANE,  n.  [Fr.  massepain ;  L. 
panis,  bread.] 

A  kind  of  sweet  bread  or  biscuit.  [J^ot  used.] 

Sidney. 

M'ARCID,  a.  [L.  marcidus,  from  marceo,  to 
piue.] 

Pining ;  wasted  away ;  lean  ;  withered. 

Dryden. 

M'AReOR,  n.  [L.]  The  state  of  withering 
or  wasting ;  leanness ;  waste  of  flesh. 
[Little  used.]  Harvey. 

MARE,  n.  [Sax.  myra ;  G.  mahre.]   The  fe 
male  of  the  horse,  or  equine  genus   of 
quadrupeds. 

2.  [Sax.  mara,  D.  merrie,  the  name  of  a 
spirit  imagined  by  the  nations  of  the  north 
of  Europe  to  torment  persons  in  sleep.] 
A  kind  of  torpor  or  stagnation  which 
seems  to  press  the  stomach  in  sleep  ;  the 
incubus.  [It  is  now  used  only  in  the  com- 
pound, nightmare,  which  ought  to  be  writ- 
ten nightmar.] 

MAR'ECA,  n.  A  species  of  duck  in  South 
America. 

MARE'NA,  n.  A  kind  of  fish  somewhat 
like  a  pilchard. 

M'ARESCHAL,  n.m'arshal.  [Fr.  marechal ; 
D.  G.  marschalk  ;  Dan.  marskalk,  composed 
of  W.  marc,  a  horse,  and  the  Teutonic 
scalk  or  skalk,  schalk,  a  servant.  This  word 
is  now  written  marshal,  which  see.]  The 
chief  commander  of  an  army.  Prior. 

M^ARGARATE,  n.  [L.  margarita,  a  pearl, 
from  the  Greek.] 

In  chimistry,  a  compound  of  margaric  acid 
with  a  base. 

MARGAR'le,  a.  [supra.]  Pertaining  to 
jiearl.  The  margaric  acid  is  obtained  b} 
digesting  soap  made  of  hog's  lard  and  pot- 
ash, in  water.  It  appears  in  the  form  ot 
pearly  scales.  Cyc.\ 

M'ARGARIN,      }        A  peculiar  pearl-like 

MARGARINE,  ^  substance,  extracted! 
from  hog's  lard  ;  called  also  margariteand 
margaric  acid.  SlUiman. 

M'ARGARITE,  n.  A  pearl.  Peacham. 

2.  Margaric  acid. 

3.  A  mineral  of  a  grayish  white  color  found 
in  Tyrol.  Phillips. 

M'ARGAY,  n.  An  American  animal  of  the 
cat  kind. 

M'ARGIN,  Ji.  [formerly  marge  or  margent. 
Fr.  marge  ;  Arm.  mart ;  It.  margine  ;  Sp. 
margen  ;  L.  margo  \  Dan.  niarg-.  It  coin- 
cides in  elements  with  marches.] 

1.  A  border  ;  edge  ;  brink  ;  verge  ;  as  the 
margin  of  a  river  or  lake. 

2.  The  edge  of  the  leaf  or  page  of  a  book, 
left  blank  or  filled  with  notes. 

3.  The  edge  of  a  wound. 

4.  In  botany,  the  edge  of  a  leaf.  Lee. 
M^ARGIN,  v.  t.  To  furnish  with  a  margin  : 

to  border. 
2.  To  enter  in  the  margin. 
M"AR(iINAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  margin. 


2.  Written  or  printed  in  the  margin ;  as  a 
marginal  note  or  gloss. 

.M'ARcilNALLY,  adv.  In  the  Diargia  of  a 
book. 

MARgINATED,  a.  Having  a  margin. 

M'ARGODE,  JI.  A  bluish  gray  stone,  re- 
sembling clay  in  external  appearance,  but 
so  hard  as  to  cut  spars  and  zeolites. 

J\/ic)iolson. 

M  ARGOT,  n.  A  fish  of  the  perch  kind, 
found  in  the  waters  of  Carolina.   Pennant. 

M'ARGRAVE,  ?i.  [D.  markgraff;  G.  mark- 
graf;  Dan.  margraeve ;  compounded  of 
mark,  march,  a  border,  and  graff,  graf  or 
grave,  an  earl  or  count.  See  Reeve  and] 
Sheriff.]  Originally,  a  lord  or  keeper  of 
the  marches  or  borders  ;  now  a  title  of  no- 
bility in  Germany,  &c. 

MARGRA'VIATE,  n.  The  territory  or  ju- 
risdiction of  a  margrave. 

MAR'IETS,  n.  A  kind  of  violet,  [violse 
marianK.l 

MARlG'ENOUS,  a.  [L.  mare,  the  sea,  and 
gigno,  to  produce.]  Produced  in  or  by  the 
sea.  Kirwan 

MAR'IGOLD,  n.  [It  iscalled  in  \yelshg-oW, 
which  is  said  to  be  from  gol,  going  round 
or  covering.  In  D.  it  is  called  goudshloem, 
gold-flower ;  in  G.  ringelblume,  ring-flow- 
er; in  Dan.  guldblomst,  gold-flower.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Calendula,  bearing  a 
yellow  flower.  There  are  several  plants 
of  different  genera  bearing  this  name  ;  as 
the  African  marigold,  of  the  genus  Tagetes ; 
corw-marigold,  of  the  genus  Chrysanthe 
mum;  (ig-marigold,  of  the  genus  Mesem 
bryanthemum ;  inarsh-marigoW,  of  the 
genus  Caltha. 

MAR'IKIN,  n.  Aspeciesof  monkey  having 
a  mane.  Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

MAR'INATE,  v.  t.  [Fr.  mariner,  from  ma 
rine.] 

To  salt  or  pickle  fish,  and  then  preserve  them 
in  oil  or  vinegar.     [Little  used.]     Johnson. 

MARINE,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  marinus,  from 
mare,  the  sea,  W.  mor.  The  seven  lakes 
within  the  Delta  Venetum  were  formerly 
called  septem  maria,  and  mare  may  signify 
a  stand  of  water.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  sea  ;  as  marine  produc 
tions  or  bodies ;  marine  shells. 

2.  Transacted  at  sea ;  done  on  the  ocean ;  as 
a  matine  engagenent. 

3.  Doing  duty  on  the  sea;  as  a  marine  offi- 
cer; marine  forces. 

MARINE,  n.  A  soldier  that  serves  on  board 
of  a  ship  in  naval  engagements.     In  the 
plural,  marines,  a  body  of  troops  trained  to 
do  military  service  on  board  of  ships. 
The  whole  navy  of  a  kingdom  or  state. 

Hamilton. 

3.  The  whole  economy  of  naval  affairs,  com- 
])rehending  the  building,  rigging,  equip- 
ping, navigating  and  management  of  ships 
of  war  in  engagements. 

MAR'INER,  n.  [Fr.  marinier,  from  L.  m^ire, 
the  sea.] 

A  seaman  or  sailor ;  one  whose  occupation 
is  to  assist  in  navigating  ships. 

MAR'IPUT,  n.  The  zoril,  an  animal  of  the 
skunk  tribe. 

MAR'ISH,  7!.  [Fr.  marais ;  Sax.  mersc ;  D. 
moeras  ;  G.  morast ;  from  L.  mare,  W.  mor, 
the  sea.] 

Low  ground,  wet  or  covered  with  water  and 


coarse  grass ;  a  fen ;  a  bog ;  a  moor.     It 
is  now  written  marsh,  which  see. 

Sandys.    Milton. 

MAR'ISH,  a.  Moory ;  fenny  ;  boggy. 

Bacon. 

MAR'ITAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  marittis,  Fr. 
mari,  a  husband.]  Pertaining  to  a  hus- 
band. ^  Ayliffe. 

MAR'ITIME,  a.  [L.  marilimus,  from  mare, 
the  sea.] 

1.  Relating  or  pertaining  to  the  sea  or 
ocean  ;  as  maritime  affairs. 

2.  Performed  on  the  sea ;  naval ;  as  mari- 
time ser^'ice. 

3.  Bordering  on  the  sea  ;  as  a  maritime  coast. 

4.  Situated  near  the  sea ;  as  maritime  towns. 

5.  Having  a  navy  and  commerce  by  sea ;  as 
maritime  powers. 

Maritimal  is  not  now  used. 
[Note.     We  never  say,  a  maritime  body,  a 
maritime  shell  or  production,  a  maritime  offi- 
cer or  engagement,  a  maritime  league.      See 
Marine.'] 

M'ARJORAM,  n.  [Fr.  marjolaine;  It.  mar- 
gorana ;  G.  majoran ;  D.  mariolien ;  Sp. 
mejorana  ;  Arm.  marjol ;  Port,  mangerona.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Origanum,  of  several 
species.  The  sweet  marjoram  is  peculiar- 
ly aromatic  and  fragrant,  and  much  used 
in  cookery.  The  Spanish  marjoram  is  of 
the  genus  Urtica.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

M'ARK,  71.  [Sax.  77iarc,  77iearc ;  D.merk;  G. 
viarke  ;  Dan.  ma-rke  ;  Sw.  mUrke ;  ^V.  marc  ; 
Fr.  marque ;  -Arm.  merc(/ ;  Sp.  Port.  It. 
marca ;  Sans,  marcca.  Tlie  word  coin- 
cides in  elements  with  march,  and  with 
marches,  borders,  the  utmost  extent,  and 
with  market,  and  L.  mercor,  the  primary 
sense  of  which  is  to  go,  to  i)ass ;  as  we  see 
by  the  Greek  f^rtopcvofiai,  from  rtopfov^Mu, 
to  pass,  Eng.  fair,  and  fare.  Thus  in 
Dutch,  mark  signifies  a  mark,  a  boundary, 
and  a  march.    Class  Mr.  No.  7.  Ar.] 

1.  A  visible  line  made  by  drawing  one  sub- 
stance on  another;  as  a  7nar/i  made  by 
chalk  or  charcoal,  or  a  pen. 

2.  .\  line,  groove  or  depression  made  by 
stamping  or  cutting;  an  incision  ;  a  chan- 
nel or  impression  ;  as  the  mark  of  a  chis- 
el, of  a  stamp,  of  a  rod  or  whip  ;  the  mark 
of  the  finger  or  foot. 

3.  Any  note  or  sign  of  distinction. 

The  Lord  set  a  mark  upon  Cain.     Gen.  4. 
Any  visible  effect  of  force  or  agency. 

There  are  scarce  any  marks  left  of  a  subter- 
raneous tire.  .Addison. 
Any  apparent  or  intelligible  effect ;  proof, 
evidence. 

The  confusion  of  tongues  was  a  TiiarA-  of  sepa- 
ration. Bacon. 
Notice  taken. 

The  laws 
Stand  like  the  forfeits  in  a  barber's  shop, 
As  much  for  mock  as  mark.  Shak. 

Any  thing  to  which  a  missile  weapon  may 
he  directed. 

France  was  a  fairer  mark  to  shoot  at  than 
Ireland.  Daries. 

8.  Any  object  used  as  a  guide,  or  to  which 
the  mind  may  be  directed.  The  dome  of 
the  State  house  in  Boston  is  a  good  mark 
for  seamen. 

9.  Any  thing  visible  by  which  knowledge  of 
something  may  be  obtained;  indication; 
as  the  marks  of  age  in  a  horse.  Civility  is 
a  mark  of  politeness  or  respect.  Levity  is 
a  mark  of  wcaliness. 


M  A  11 


M  A  R 


M  A  R 


10.  A  clim-acter  made  by  a  person  vvlio  can- 
not wiite  his  name,  and  intended  as  a 
substitute  for  it. 

11.  [Fr.  marc,  Sp.  marco.]  A  weight  of  cer- 
tain commodities,  but  particularly  of  gold 
and  silver,  used  in  several  states  of  Eu- 
rope ;  in  Great  Britain,  a  money  of  ac 
count,  equal  to  thirteen  shillings  and  four 
pence.     In  some  countries,  it  is  a  coin. 

12.  A  license  of  reprisals.     [See  Marque.] 
MARK,  t>.  t.  [Sax.   mearcian;  D.   merkcn; 

G.  marken  ;  Dan.  marker ;  Sw.  marka , 
Fr.  marquer ;  Ann.  mercqa  ;  Port,  and  Sp. 
marcar ;  It.  marcare  ;  VV.  marciaa:] 

1.  To  draw  or  make  a  visible  line  or  charac- 
ter with  any  substance  ;  as,  to  mark  with 
chalk  or  with  compasses. 

2.  To  stamp ;  to  imprci?s ;  to  make  a  visible 
impression,  figure  or  indenture ;  as,  to 
mark  a  sheep  with  a  brand. 

3.  To  make  an  incision  ;  to  lop  off  a  part ; 
to  make  any  sign  of  distinction ;  as,  to 
mark  sheep  or  cattle  by  cuts  in  their  ears. 

4.  To  form  a  name  or  the  initials  of  a  name 
for  distinction  ;  as,  to  mark  cloth  ;  to  mark 
a  handkerchief. 

5.  To  notice ;  to  take  particular  observation 
of. 

jyfark  them  who  cause  divisions  and  offenses. 
Rom.  xvi. 

Mark  the  perfect  man,  and  behold  the  up- 
right, for  the  end  of  that  man  is  peace.  Ps. 
xx.xvii. 

6.  To  heed  ;  to  regard.  Smith. 
To   mark  out,   to  notify,  as  by  a  mark  ;  to 

point  out ;  to  designate.     The  ringleaders 
were  marked  out  for  seizure  and  punish- 
ment. 
IVrARK,  I'.?.  To  note;  to  observe  critically; 
to  take  particular  notice  ;  to  remark. 

Mark,  I  pray  you,  and  see  how  this  man 
seeketh  miscWef.     1  Kings  xx. 

M'ARKABLE,  a.  Remarkable.  [JVot  in  use.] 

Sandys. 

M'ARKED,  ;)/).  Impressed  with  any  note  or 
figure  of  distinction  ;  noted  ;  distinguished 
by  some  character. 

M'ARKER,  n.  One  who  puts  a  mark  on 
any  tiling. 

2.  One  that  notes  or  takes  notice. 

MARKET,  n.  [D.  G.  markt ;  Dan.  mar- 
ked; Fr.  marche  ;  Arm.  marchad;  It.  mer- 
cato  ;  Sp.  Port,  mercado  ;  L.  mercalus,  from 
mercor,  to  buy  ;  W.  marcnat ;  Ir.  margadh. 
See  Mark.] 

1.  A  public  place  in  a  city  or  town,  where 
provisions  or  cattle  are  exposed  to  sale ; 
an  appointed  place  for  selling  and  buying 
at  private  sale,  as  distinguished  from  an 
auction. 

2.  A  public  building  in  which  provisions  are 
exposed  to  sale  ;  a  market-house. 

3.  Sale;  the  exchange  ofjirovisions  or  goods 
for  money ;  purchase  or  rate  of  purchase 
and  sale.  The  seller  .says  he  comes  to  a 
bad  market,  when  the  buyer  says  he  comes 
to  a  good  market.  We  say,  the  markets 
are  low  or  high  ;  by  which  we  understand 
the  price  or  rate  of  purchase.  We  say 
that  commodities  fin(i  a  quick  or  ready 
market ;  markets  are  dull.  We  are  not  able 
to  find  a  market  for  our  goods  or  provis- 
ions. 

4.  Place  of  sale  ;  as  the  British  market ;  the 
American  market. 

r<.  The  privilege  of  keeping  a  public  market. 


MARKET,  v.i.  To  deal  in  market ;  to  buy  l 

or  sell ;  to  make  bargains  for  provisions  or 

goods. 
MARKET-BELL,  71.  The  bell   that  gives 

notice  of  the  time  or  day  of  market. 
M  ARKET-CROSS,    n.    A    cross    set    up 

where  a  market  is  held. 
M'ARKET-DAV,  n.  The  day  of  a  public 

market. 
M'ARKET-FOLKS,  n.  People  that  come 

to  the  market.  Shak. 

MARKET-HOUSE,  n.   A  building  for  a 

public  market. 
M'ARKET-MAID,  n.  A  woman  that  brings 

things  to  market. 
M'ARKET-MAN,   n.    A   man  that  brings 

things  to  market. 
M>ARKET-PLACE,  n.    The  jdace   where 

provisions  or  goods  are  exposed  to  sale 

MARKET-PRICE,  )       The  current  price 

M'ARKET-RATE,  S  "■   of  commodities  at 

any  given  time. 
M>ARKET-TOWN,  n.  A  town  that  has  the 

privilege  of  a  stated  public  market. 
MARKET- Woman,    n.    A   woman  that 

brings  things  to  market  or  that  attends  a 

market  for  selling  any  thing. 
M'ARKETABLE,   a.    That  may  be  sold  ; 

salable.  Shak. 

2.  Current  in  market ;  as  viarkelaUe  value. 

Locke.     Edwards. 
M'ARKSMAN,  n.  [Mark  and   man.]     One 

that  is  skillful  to  hit  a  mark ;  he  that  shoots 

well.  Shak.     Drijden. 

2.  One  who,  not  able  to  write,  makes  his 

mark  instead  of  his  name. 
MARL,    n.    [W.    marl;    D.    Sw.   Dan.  G. 

mergel;    L.     Sp.    It.    marga;    Ir.  marla; 

Arm.  marg.     It  seems  to  be  allied  to  Sax. 

merg,  mearh ;  D.  merg,  marrow,  and  to  be 

named    fi-om    its  softness;    Eth.   "^Z^*] 
clay,  gypsum,  or  mortar.    See  Marroic] 

A  species  of  calcarious  earth,  of  different 
composition,  being  united  with  clay  or 
fuller's  earth.  In  a  crude  state,  it  effer- 
vesces with  acids.  It  is  foimd  loose  and 
friable,  or  more  or  less  indurated.  It  pos- 
sesses fertilizing  properties  and  is  much 
used  for  manure. 

Marl  is  composed  of  carbonate  of  lime  and 
clay  in  various  proportions.       Cleavetand. 

MARL,  V.  t.  To  overspread  or  manure  with 
marl. 

2.  To  fasten  with  marline.  Ainsivorth. 

MARLA'CEOUS,  a.  Resembling  marl; 
partaking  of  the  qualities  of  marl. 

M'ARLINE,  n.   [Sp.  merlin  ;  Port,  merlim.] 

A  small  line  composed  of  two  strands  little 
twi.sted,  and  either  tarred  or  white  ;  used 
for  winding  round  ropes  and  cables,  to 
prevent  their  being  fretted  by  the  blocks, 
&c.  Mar.  Diet. 

M^ARLINE,  V.  t.  To  wind  marline  round 
a  rope. 

M'ARLINE-SPIKE,  n.  A  small  iron  like  a 
large  spike,  used  to  open  the  bolt  rope 
when  the  sail  is  to  be  sewed  to  it,  &c. 

Bailer/. 

MARLING,  n.  The  act  of  winding  a  sma  ' 
line  about  a  rope,  to  prevent  its  being  gall 
ed. 

M^ARLITE,  n.    A  variety  of  marl. 

Kirwan. 

MARLIT'IC,  a.  Partaking  of  the  fpialities 
of  marlite. 


M'ARLPIT,  n.  A  pit  where  marl  is  dug, 

JFoodwarJ. 

M'ARLY,  a.  Consisting  in  or  partaking  of 

I     marl. 

(2.  Resembling  marl.  Mortimer. 

3.  Abounding  with  marl. 

M'ARMALADE,  n.  [Fr.  marmelade ;  Sp. 
mermelada ;  Port,  marmelada,  from  mar- 
melo,  a  quince,  L.  melo,  or  Sp.  melado,  like 
honey,  L.  met.] 

The  pulp  of  quinces  boiled  into  a  consist- 
ence with  sugar,  or  a  confection  of  plums, 
apricots,  quinces,  &c.  boiled  with  sugar. 
In  Scotland,  it  is  made  of  Seville  oranges 
and  sugar  only.  Qumci/.     Encyc. 

M>ARMAL1TE,  n.  [Gr. /xap^atpu,  to  shine.] 
A  mineral  of  a  pearly  or  metallic  luster;  a 
hydrate  of  magnesia.  JVuttall. 

MARMORA'CEOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
like  marble.  [See  Marmorean,  the  more 
legitimate  word.] 

iMARMORATED,  a.  [L.  mnrmor,  marble.] 
Covered  with  marble.     [Little  used.] 

MARMORA'TION,  n.  A  covering  or  in- 
crusting  with  marble.     [Little  uscrf.] 

MARMOREAN,  a.  [L.  marmoreus.]  Per- 
taining to  marble. 

2.  Made  of  marble. 
M>ARMOSE,  n.  An  animal  resembling  the 

opossum,  but  less.     Instead  of  a  bag,  this 

animal  has  two  longitudinal  folds  near  the 

thighs,  which  serve  to  inclose  the  young. 

Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

M'ARMOSET,  n.  A  small  monkey.     Shak. 

MARMOT,  n.  [It.  marmotla.]  A  quadru- 
ped of  the  genus  Arctomys,  allied  to  the 
murine  tribe.  It  is  about  the  size  of  the 
rabbit,  and  inhabits  the  higher  region  of 
the  Alps  and  Pyrenees.  The  name  is  also 
given  to  other  species  of  the  genus.  The 
woodchiick  of  North  America  is  called 
the  Maryland  marmot.  Ed.  Encyc. 

MAROON',  n.  A  name  given  to  free  blacks 
living  on  the  mountains  in  the  West  India 
isles. 

BIAROON',  V.  t.  To  put  a  sailor  ashore  on 
a  desolate  isle,  under  pretence  of  his  hav- 
ing committed  some  great  crime. 

Encyc. 

M^ARQUE,  }  ^j     [Fr.]     Letters    of  marque 

M'ARK,  \  '  are  letters  of  reprisal  ;  a 
license  or  extraordinary  commission 
granted  by  a  sovereign  of  one  state  to  his 
subjects,  to  make  reprisals  at  sea  on  the 
subjects  of  another,  under  pretense  of 
indemnification  for  injuries  received. 
Marque  is  said  to  be  from  the  same  root 
as  inarches,  limits,  frontiers,  and  literally 
to  denote  a  license  to  pass  the  limits  of  a 
jurisdiction  on  land,  for  the  purpose  of 
obtaining  satisfaction  for  theft  by  seizing 
the  property  of  the  subjects  of  a  foreign 
nation.  I  can  give  no  better  account  of 
the  origin  of  this  word.  Lunier. 

3.  The  ship  commissioned  for  making  re- 
prisals. 

M'ARUUETRY,  n.    [Fr.  marqueterie,  from 

marque,  marqueter,  to  spot.] 
Inlaid  work ;  work  inlaid  with  variegations 

of  fine  wood,  shells,  ivory  and  the  like. 
.MARQUIS,  n.    [Fr.  id.;    Sp.  marques ;    It. 

mnrchese;    from    march,   marches,   limits. 

See  Marclies.] 
A  title  of  honor  in  Great  Britain,   next  to 

that  of  duke.    Originally,  the  marquis  was 

an  offu)er  whose  duty  was  to  guard  the 


M  A  R 

marches  or  frontiers  of  tlie  kingdom-  The 
office  has  ceased,  and  marquis  is  now  a 
mere  title  conferred  by  patent.         Encyc. 
MAIiaUIS,  n.   A  marchioness.     Obs. 

M  ARQlJISATE,n.  The  seigniory,  dignity, 

or  lordship  of  a  marquis. 
M'AIU;KR,  )i.  [from  mar.]  One  that  mars, 

hurts  or  impairs.  Ascham. 

MAKKIABLE,      for     marriageable.      [A'ot 

MAN'klAuE,  n.  [Fr.  manage,  from  marier, 
to  marry,  from  mari,  a  husband  ;  L.  mas, 
maris;  Sp.  viaridage.] 

The  act  of  uniting  a  man  and    woman  for 
hfe ;  wedlock ;  the  legal  union  of  a  man 
and  woman  for  life.     Marriage  is  a  con 
tract  both  civil  and  religious,   by  which 
the  parties  engage  to  live  together  in  mu 
tual  affection  and  fidelity,  till  death  shal 
separate  them.     Marriage  was  instituted 
by  God  himself  for  the  purpose  of  pre- 
venting  the    promiscuous   intercourse   of] 
the  sexes,  for  promoting  domestic  felicity 
and  for  securing  the  maintenance  and  ed- 
ucation of  children. 

Mamage  is  honorable  in  all  and  the  bed  uii- 
defiled.     Hth.  xiii. 

2.  A  feast  made  on  the  occasion  of  a  mar- 
riage. 

The  kingdom  of  heaven  is  like  a  certain  kins 
who  made  a  marriage  for  his  son.     Malt.  xxii. 

3.  In  a  scriptural  sense,  the  union  between 
Christ  and  his  church  by  the  covenant  of 
grace.     Rev.  xix. 

MAR'RIAgEABLE,  a.  Of  an  age  suitahh 
for  marriage  ;  fit  to  be  married.  Young 
persons  are  marriageable  at  an  earlier  age 
in  warm  climates  than  in  cold. 

2.  Capable  of  union.  Milton 

MARRIAGE-ARTICLES,  ji.    Contract  or 
agreement  on  which  a  marriage  is  found 
ed. 

MAR'RIED,  pp.  [from  marr^.]  United  in 
wedlock. 

2.  a.  Conjugal ;  connubial ;  as  the  married 
state. 

MAR'ROW,  n.  [Sax.  merg,  mearh  ;  D.  merg 
G.  tnark  ;  Dan.  marv ;    Sw.   mlirg;  Corn 
maru ;  Ir.  smir  and  smear;  W.  mfV,  mar- 
row ;  Ch.  Nin  mera,  to  make  fat ;  Ar.  to 
be  manly.     See  Marl.] 

1.  A  soft  oleaginous  substance  contained  in 
the  cavities  of  animal  bones. 

2.  The  essence  ;  the  best  part. 

3.  In   the    Scottish   dialect,   a 
fellow  ;  associate  ;  match. 

MAR'ROW,  V.  t.  To  fill  with  maiTow  or 
with  fat ;  to  glut. 

MAR'ROW-BONE,  n.  A  bone  containing 
marrow,  or  boiled  lor  its  marrow. 

L'Estrange. 

2.  The  bone  of  the  knee  ;  in  ludicrous  lan- 
guage. Drtjdcn 

MAR'ROWFAT,  n.  A  kind  of  rich  pea. 

3IAR'R0WISH,  a.    Of  the  nature  of  mar- 
row. Burton. 
MAR'ROWLESS,  a.   Destitute  of  marrow. 

Shak. 
MAR'ROWY,  a.  Full  of  marrow;  pithy. 
MAR'RY,    r.  t.    [Fr.  marier,  from  mari,  a 
husband  ;  L.  mas,  maris,  a  male  ;  Finnish 

£  -  -- 
mari  or  mord,  id. ;  Ar.  \ 


M  A  R 

manly,  masculine,  brave ;  whence  its  de- 
rivatives, a  man,  L.  vir,  a  husband,  a 
lord  or  master.  See  also  Ludolf,  Eth. 
Lex.  Col.  06.] 

1.  To  unite  in  wedlock  or  matrimony ;  to 
join  a  man  and  woman  for  life,  and  con- 
stitute them  man  and  wife  according  to 
the  laws  or  customs  of  a  nation.  By  the 
laws,  ordained  clergymen  have  a  right  to 
marry  persons  within  certain  limits  pre 
scribed. 

Tell  hini  he  shall  marry  the  couple  himself. 

Gay. 

2.  To  dispose  of  in  wedlock. 
Mecsnas  told  Augustus  he  must  eitlier  mar- 
ry his  daughter  Julia  to  Agtippa,  or  take  away 
his  life.  Sacon. 

[In  this  sen.ie,  it  is  properly  applicable  to 
females  only.] 

3.  To  take  for  husband  or  wife.  We  say,  a 
man  marries  a  wonjan  ;  or  a  woman  mar- 
ries a  man.  The  first  was  the  original 
sense,  but  both  are  now  well  authorized. 

4.  In  Scripture,  to  unite  in  covenant,  or  in 
the  closest  connection. 

Turn,  O  backsliding  children,  sailli  Jcliovah, 
for  I  am  married  to  you.     Jer.  iii. 
MAR'RY,  !'.  I.    To  enter  into  the  conjugal 
state ;  to  unite  as  husband  and  wife ;  to 
take  a  husband  or  a  wife. 

If  the  case  of  the  man  be  so  with  his  wife,  it 
is  not  good  to  marry.     Matt.  xix. 

I   will   therefore   that   the   younger  w 
marry.     I  Tim.  v. 
MAR'RY,  a  term  of  asseveration,  is  said  to 
have  been  derived  from  the   practice   ofl 
swearing  by  the  virgin  Mary.     It  is  obso 
lete. 

MARS,  n.   In  mythology,  the  god  of  war 
in  modem  usage,  a  planet ;  and  in  the  oldl 
chimistry,  a  term  tor  iron. 

M'ARSH,  It.  [Sax.  mersc ;  Fr.  marais ;  D. 
moeras ;  G.nwrast.  It  was  formerly  writ- 
ten marish,  directly  from  the  French.  Wej 
have  morass  liom  the  Teutonic.  See 
Moor.] 

A  tract  of  low  land,  usually  or  occasionally 
covered  with  water,  or  very  wet  and  miry, 
and  overgrown  with  coarse  grass  or  with 
detached  climips  of  sedge  ;  a  fen.  It  dif- 
fers from  swamp,  which  is  merely  moist 
or  spungy  land,  but  often  |)roducing  yal 
uable  crojis  of  grass.  Low  land  occasion 
ally  overflowed  by  the  tides,  is  called  salt 
marsh. 

M'ARSH-EL'DER,  n.  The  gelder  rose,  a 
species  of  Viburnum.  Lee. 

M\\RSH-MAL'LOW,  n.  A  plant  of  the  ge 
nns  Althoca. 

MARSH-BIAR'IGOLD,  n.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Caltha. 

M  ARSH-ROCK'ET,  n.  A  species  of  water 
cresses.  Johnson. 

M".\RSIIAL,  n.  [Fr.  marcchal ;  D.  G.  mar- 
schalk  ;  Dan.  viarshnlk  ;  compounded  of  W. 
marc,  a  horse,  and  Teur.  scealc,  or  schalk, 
or  skalk,  a  servant.  The  latter  word  now 
signifies  a  rogue.  In  Celtic,  seal  or  scale 
signified  a  man,  boy,  or  .servant.  In  Fr. 
marechal,  Sp.  mariscal,  siguify  a  marshal, 
and  a  farrier.]  Originally,  an  officer  who 
had  the  care  of  horses;  a  groom.  In 
more  modern  usage, 

1.  The  chief  oflieer  of  arms,  whose  duty  it 
,         is  to  reaulate  combats  in  the  lists, 
"•'•a.   to    be  -  Johnson. 


companion 

Tusser 


M  A  R 


2.  One  who  regulates  rank  and  order  at  a 
feast  or  any  other  assembly,  directs  the 
order  of  procession  and  the  like. 

3.  A  harbinger;  a  pursuivant ;  one  who  goes 
before  a  prince  to  declare  his  coming  and 
j)rovide  entertainment.  Johnson. 

4.  In  France,  the  highest  military  officer. 
In  other  countries  of  Europe,  a  marshal  is 
a  military  ofiicer  of  high  rank,  and  called 

field-marshal. 

5.  In  Jtmerica,  a  civil  officer,  appointed  by 
the  President  and  Senate  of  the  United 
States,  in  each  judicial  district,  answering 
to  the  sheriff  of  a  county.  His  duty  is  to 
execute  all  precepts  directed  to  him,  issu- 
ed under  the  authority  of  the  United 
States. 

An  officer  of  any  private  society,  appoint- 
ed to  regulate  tiieir  ceremonies  and  exe- 
cute their  orders. 

Earl  marshal  of  England,  the  eighth  officer 
of  state  ;  an  honorary  title,  and  personal, 
until  ma<le  hereditary  by  Charles  II,  in  the 
family  of  Howard.  During  a  vacancy  in 
the  office  of  high  constable,  the  earl  mar- 
shal has  jurisdiction  in  the  court  of  chiv- 
alry. Encyc. 
Earl  marshal  of  Scotland.  This  officer  for- 
merly had  command  of  the  cavalry,  under 
the  constable.  This  office  was  held  by 
the  family  of  Keith,  but  forfeited  by  re- 
bellion in  171.5.  Encyc. 
Knight  marshal,  or  marshal  of  the  king's 
house,  formerly  an  ofiicer  who  was  to  ex- 
ecute the  commands  of  the  lord  steward, 
and  have  the  custody  of  prisoners  com- 
mitted by  the  court  of  verge  ;  hence,  the 
name  of  a  prison  in  Southwark.  Encyc. 
Marshal  of  the  king's  bench,  an  officer  who 
has  the  custody  of  the  prison  called  the 
king's  bench,  in  Southwark.  He  attends 
on  the  court  and  has  the  charge  of  the 
prisoners  committed  by  them.  Encyc. 
MA'RSHAL,  V.  t.  To  dispose  in  order  ;  to 
arrange  in  a  suitable  manner  ;  as,  to  mar- 
shal an  army  ;  to  marshal  troops.  Drydtn. 
o  lead,  as  a  harbinger.     [.Vo<  used.] 

Shak. 
3.  To  dispose  in  due  order  the  several  parts 
of  an  escutcheon,  or  the  coats  of  arms  of 
distinct  families.  Encyc. 

M'ARSH.ALED,   pp.    Arranged  in  due  or- 
der. 
MARSHALER,  n.  One   who  disposes  in 

due  order. 
M'ARSHALING,    ppr.    .Arranging   in  <lue 

order. 
M>ARSHALSEA,  n.  In  England,  the  pris- 
on in  Southwark,  belonging   to  the  mar- 
shal of  the  king's  household.  Johnson. 
Court  of  marshalsea,  a  couit   formerly  held 
before  the   steward  and   marshal   of  the 
kina's  house,  to  adminisler  justice  between 
the  king's  domestic  servants.     Blaekstont. 
M'ARSHALSHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a  mar- 
shal. 
M'ARSHY,  a.  [from  marsA.]  Wet;  boggy; 
fenny.  Dnjden. 
i2.  Produced  in  marshes ;  as  a  marshy  weed. 

Dryden. 
M'.ART,  n.  [from  market.]  .\  place  of  sale 
or  tralfick.  It  was  formerly  applied  chief- 
ly to  markets  and  fiiirsin  cities  and  towns, 
but  it  has  now  a  more  extensive  applica- 
tion.   We   say,  the   United   States  are  a 


M  A  11 


MAR 


M  A  S 


principal  mart  for  English  goods;  Eng- 
land and  France  are  the  marts  of  Ameri- 
can cotton. 

2.  Bargain  ;  purchase  and  sale.     [J^/ot  used.] 

'  Shak. 

M'ART,  V.  t.  To  buy  and  sell ;  to  traffick. 
[J\rot  used.]  Shak. 

MARTAGON,  n.  A  kind  of  lily.      Herbert. 

M^ARTEL,  V.  t.  [Fr.  marteler.]  To  strike. 
Obs.  Obs. 

MARTEN.  [See  Martin.] 

M'ARTEN,  n.  [D.maiier;  G.  marder ;Fr. 
marte ;  Arm.  mart,  martr ;  Sp.  marta ;  It. 
martora.] 

An  animal  of  the  genus  Miistela,  or  weasel 
kind,  whose  fur  is  used  in  making  hats 
and  muffs. 

M^'VRTIAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  h.martialis;  Sp 
marcial ;  It.  marziale ;  from  L.  Mars,  the 
god  of  war.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  war  ;  suited  to  war  ;  as 
martial  equipage  ;  martial  music  ;  a  7nar- 
tial  appearance. 

2.  Warlike;  brave;  given  to  war;  as  a  mar 
tial  nation  or  people. 

3.  Suited  to  battle  ;  as  a  martial  array. 

4.  Belonging  to  war,  or  to  an  army  and  na- 
vy ;  opposed  to  civil  ;  as  martial  law ;  a 
court  martial. 

5.  Pertaining  to  Mars,  or  borrowing  the  prop- 
erties of  that  planet. 

The  natures  of  the  fixed  stars  are  esteemed 
martial  or  jovial,  according  to  the  colors  by 
which  they  answer  to  those  planets.     06s. 

Brown. 

6.  Having  the  properties  of  iron,  called  by 
the  old  chimists,  Mars. 

M'ARTIALISM,  )i.  Bravery;  martial  e,x- 
ercises.     [Not  in  use.]  Prince. 

M'ARTIALIST,  n.  A  warrior;  a  fighter, 
[Not  used.]  Howel. 

M'ARTIN,  n.  [Fr.  martinet;  Sp.  martinete. 
The  Germans  call  it  mauer-schwalbe,  wall 
swallow,  and  perhaps  the  word  is  formed 
from    the   root  of  L.   inurus,   W.   mur,  a] 
wall.] 

A  bird  of  the  genus  Hirundo,  which  forms 
its  nest  in  buildings.  It  was  formerly! 
written  by  some  authors  martlet.     Dryden.^ 

M'ARTINET,  )      In   military  language,   a: 

M'ARTLET,  ^  "'strict  disciplinarian  ;  so 
called  from  an  oiScerof  that  name. 

M'ARTINETS,  n.  In  ships,  martinets  are 
small  lines  fastened  to  the  leech  of  a  sail, 
to  bring  it  close  to  the  yard  when  the  sail 
is  furled.  Bailey. 

M^ARTINGAL,  71.  [Fr.  martingale ;  It. 
Sp.  martingala.  The  Portuguese  call  it 
gamaira.] 

1.  A  strap  or  thong  fastened  to  the  girth  un 
der  a  horse's  belly,  and   at  the  other  end 
to  the  muss-roll,  passing  between  the  fore 
legs.  Encyc. 

2.  In  ships,  a  rope  extending  from   the  jib 
boom,   to  the  end  of  a  bumpkin   under 
the  cap  of  the  bowsprit.  Mar.  Diet. 

M'ARTINMAS,  n.  [Martin  and  mass.]  The 
feast  of  St.  Martin,  the  eleventh  of  Novem 
ber.  Johnson. 

M>ARTLET,  n.  [See  Martini.]  Martlets,  ii 
heraldry,  are  little  birds  represented  with- 
out feet,  used  as  a  mark  of  distinction  for 
younger  brothers  of  a  family,  who  are 
thus  admonished  that  they  are  to  trust  for 
promotion  to  the  wings  of  merit.     Encyc. 


M'ARTYR,  n.  [Gr. //opT'iip,  a  witness.]  One 
who,  by  his  death,  bears  witness  to  the 
truth  of  the  gospel.  Stephen  was  the  first 
christian  martyr. 

To  be  a  martyr  signifies  only  to  witness  the 
truth  of  Christ.  '  South. 

2.  One  who  suffers  death  in  defense  of  any 
cause.  We  say,  a  man  dies  a  martyr  to  his 
poHtical  principles  or  to  the  cause  of  liber- 
ty- 

M'ARTYR,  V.  t.  To  put  to  death  for  ad- 
hering to  what  one  believes  to  be  the 
truth ;  to  sacrifice  one  on  account  of  his 
faith  or  profession.  Pearson. 

2.  To  murder  ;  to  destroy.  Chaucer. 

M^ARTYRDOM,  n.  The  death  of  a  martyr ; 
the  suffering  of  death  on  account  of  one's 
adherence  to  the  faith  of  the  gospel. 

He  intends  to  crown  their  innocence  with  the 
glory  of  nia)<^rdom.  Bacon. 

MARTYRIZE,  v.  t.  To  offer  as  a  martyr, 
[Utile  ttsed.]  Spenser. 

MARTYROLOG'l€AL,  a.  Registering  or 
registered  in  a  catalogue  of  martyrs. 

MARTYROL'OOIST,  n.  A  writer  of  mar 
tyrology,  or  an  account  of  martyrs. 

MARTYROL'OgY,  n.  [Gr.  ^prvp,  a  wit- 
ness, and  Xoyoj,  discourse.] 

A  history  or  account  of  martyrs  with  their 
sufferings;  or  a  register  of  martyrs. 

StiUingfleet. 

M'ARVEL,  n.  [Fr.merveiUe;\v.miorbhaille; 
It.  maraviglia ;  Sp.  maravilla  ;  Port,  mo- 
ravilha ;  Arm.  mart  ;  L.  mirabilis,  won 
derful,  from  miror,  Ch.  Syr.  "im  de 
mar,  to  wonder,  L.  demiror.  We  have  the 
primary  sense  in  the  Armoric  miret,  to 
stop,  hold,  keep,  guard,  hinder ;  for  to 
wonder,  admire  or  be  astonished,  is  to 
stop,  to  hold,  to  be  fixed,  which  exactly 
expresses  the  fact.  The  Russian  zamira- 
yu,  to  he  astonished,  is  the  same  word  with 
a  prefix,  and  from  miryu,  to  pacify  or  ap- 
pease, that  is,  to  stop,  to  allay.  From  the 
same  root  or  family,  probably,  we  have 
moor,  to  moor  a  ship,  Sp.  Port,  amar- 
rar,  Fr.  amarrer,  to  moor,  and  demeurer,  to 
dwell  or  abide.  So  also  L.  mora,  delay, 
and  perhaps  morior,  W.  maru,  to  die,  mu- 
ms, a  wall,  Eng.  demur,  &c.  Class  Mr. 
No.  32.] 

1.  A  wonder  ;  that  which  arrests  the  atten- 
tion and  causes  a  person  to  stand  or  gaze 
or  to  pause.  [This  word  is  nearly  obso- 
lete, or  at  least  little  used  in  elegant  wri- 
tings.] 

2.  Wonder ;  admiration. 

Marvel  of  Peru,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Mirabi- 
lis. 

M'ARVEL,  V.  i.  To  wonder.  It  expresses 
less  than  astonish  or  amaze.  [Nearly  obso 
lete.] 

M'ARVELING,  ppr.  Wondering. 

M'ARVELOUS,  a.  [Fr.  merveilleux ;  It. 
marviglioso.] 

1.  Wonderful;  strange;  exciting  wonder  or 
some  degree  of  surprise. 

This  is  the  Lord's  doing ;  it   is  marvelous  in 
our  eyes.     Ps.  cxviii. 

2.  Surpassing  credit;  incredible.  Pope. 

3.  The  marvelous,  in  writings,  is  that  which 
exceeds  natural  power,  or  is  preternatural ; 
opposed  to  probable.  Johnson 

4.  Formerly  used  adverbially  for  wovderful 
ly,  exceedingly. 


M'ARVELOUSLY,  adv.  Wonderfully ; 
strangely  ;  in  a  manner  to  excite  wonder 
or  surprise.  Clarendon. 

M'ARVELOUSNESS,  n.  Wonderfulness  ; 
strangeness. 

MA'RY-BUD,  n.  The  marigold.  Shak. 

M^ASCLE,  n.  m''asl.  In  heraldry,  a  lozenge, 
as  it  were  perforated.  Todd. 

M"AS€UL1NE,  a.  [Fr.  masculin;  L.  mas- 
culinus,  from  masculus,  mas,  or  the  Ir. 
modh,  Polish  maz,  Bohemian  muz,  Slavon- 
ic, mosch.'] 

1.  Having  the  quahties  of  a  man;  strong  ; 
robust ;  as  a  masculine  body. 

2.  Resembling  man ;  coarse ;  opposed  to 
delicate  or  soft ;  as  masculine  features. 

3.  Bold  ;  brave  ;  as  a  masculine  spirit  or 
courage. 

4.  In  grammar,  the  »na.scuKne  gender  of  words 
is  that  which  expresses  a  male,  or  some- 
thing analagous  to  it ;  or  it  is  the  gender 
appropriated  to  males,  though  not  always 
expressing  the  male  sex. 

Encyc.     Johnson. 

M^ASeULINELY,  adv.  Like  a  man. 

B.  Jonson. 

M>AS€ULINENESS,  n.  The  quaUty  or 
state  of  being  manly  ;  resemblance  of  man 
in  qualities ;  as  in  coarseness  of  features, 
strength  of  body,  boldness,  &c. 

MASH,  n.  [G.  meischen,  to  mis,  to  mash  ; 
Sp.  mascar,  to  chew,  Fr.  macher,  for  mMS- 
cher,  L.  mastico.] 

1.  A  mixture  or  mass  of  ingredients,  beaten 
or  blended  together  in  a  promiscuous  man- 
ner. 

2.  A  mixture  for  a  horse.  Far.  Did. 

3.  A  mesh.  [See  Mesh,  the  more  common 
orthography.] 

MASH,  V.  t.  To  beat  into  a  confused  mass. 

2.  To  bruise  ;  to  crush  by  beating  or  press- 
ure ;  as,  to  7nash  apples  in  a  mill. 

3.  To  mix  malt  and  water  together  in  brew- 
ing. 

MASH'ED,  pp.  Beat  into  a  mass;  bruised  ; 
crushed  ;  mixed  into  a  mash. 

MASH'ING,  ppr.  Beating  into  a  mass; 
bruising ;  crushing. 

MASH'ING-TUB,  n.  A  tub  for  containing 
the  mash  in  breweries. 

MASH'Y,  a.  Produced  by  crushing  or  bruis- 
ing. Thomson. 

M'ASK,  n.  [Fr.  masque;  It.  maschera;  Sp. 
Port,  mascara ;  Arm.  masel ;  D.  masker ; 
G.  maske.] 

1.  A  cover  for  the  face  ;  that  which  conceals 
the  face,  especially  a  cover  with  apertures 
for  the  eyes  and  mouth  ;  a  visor.  A  mask 
is  designed  to  conceal  the  face  from  be- 
holders, or  to  preserve  the  complexion 
from  injury  by  exposure  to  the  weather 
and  the  rays  of  the  sun.  Encyc. 

2.  That  which  disguises;  any  pretense  or 
suhterfiige.  Prior. 

3.  A  festive  entertainment  of  dancing  or 
other  diversions,  in  which  the  company  all 
wear  masks ;  a  masquerade.  Shak. 

4.  A  revel  ;  a  hustle  ;  a  piece  of  mummery. 
This  thought  might  lead  through  this  world's 

vain  mask.  Milton. 

5.  A  dramatic  performance  written  in  a  trag- 
ic style,  without  attention  to  rules  or 
probability.  Peacham. 

0.  In  architecture,  a  piece  of  sculpture  repre- 
senting some  grotesque  form,   to  fill  and 


MAS 


MAS 


M  A  S 


adorn  vacant  places,  as  in  friezes,  pannels 
of  doors,  keys  of  arches,  &c.  Encyc. 

M^ASK,  V.  t.  To  cover  the  face  for  conceal- 
ment or  defense  against  injury ;  to  conceal 
with  a  mask  or  visor.  Mdison. 

2.  To  disguise  ;  to  cover ;  to  hide. 

Masking  the  business  from  the  common  eye. 

Shak. 

MASK,  v.L  To  revel;  to  play  the  fool  in 
masquerade. 

2.  To  he  disguised  in  any  way.  Shak. 

MASKED,  pp-  Having  the  face  covered ; 
concealed  ;  disguised. 

2.  a.  In  iotoiy,  personate. 

M'ASKER,  n.  One  that  wears  a  mask ;  one 
that  plays  the  fool  at  a  masquerade. 

M'ASKERY,  n.  The  dress  or  disguise  of  a 
masker.  Marston. 

M'ASK-HOUSE,  n.  A  place  for  masquer- 
ades. Bp.  Halt. 

M'ASKING,  ppr.  Covering  with  a  mask; 
concealing. 

MASLIN.  [See  Mcslin.] 

MA'SON,  n.  ma'sn.  [Fr.  magon  ;  Arm.  mac 
zonn  ;  1).  mdselaar.  In  Sp.  mazoneria  is 
masonry,  as  if  from  mazo,  a  mallet,  maza 
a  club,  a  mace.  It  is  prohably  from  the 
root  of  mix  or  mash,  or  more  probably  of 
mass,  and  denotes  one  that  works  in  mor- 
tar.    See  JWas*.] 

1.  A  man  whose  occupation  is  to  lay  bricks 
and  stones,   or  to   construct   the  walls  of 
buildings,  chimneys   and  the   like,  whic 
consist  of  bricks  or  stones. 

2.  A  member  of  the  fraternity  of  free  masons. 
MASON'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the   craft  or 

mysteries  of  free  masons. 
MA'SONRY,  n.  [Fr.  mafonnerie;  Sp.  ma 
zoneria.] 

1.  The  art  or  occupation  of  a  mason. 

2.  The  work  or  performance  of  a  mason ;  as 
when  we  say,  the  wall  is  good  masonry. 

3.  The  craft  of  free  masons. 
MAS'ORA,  n.  [Heb.]  A  Hebrew  work  on 

the  bible,  by  several  Rabbins. 

MASORET' iC,  a.  [Heb.  non,  to  deliver, 
whence  masora,  tradition,  whence  the 
Masontes,  the  adherents  to  the  tradition- 
ary readings  of  the  Scriptures.] 

Relating  to  the  Masorites,  who  interpreted 
the  Scriptures  by  tradition,  and  invented 
the  Hebrew  points  to  fix  the  true  reading 
and  pronunciation.  Whence  the  vowel- 
points  are  denominated  masoretic. 

MAS'ORITE,  n.  One  of  the  writers  of  the 
Masora. 

MASQUERA'DE,  n.  [It.  mascherata.  See 
Mask.] 

1.  A  nocturnal  assembly  of  persons  wearing 
masks,  and  amusing  themselves  with 
dancing,  conversation  and  other  diver- 
sions. 

In  courtly  balls  and  midnight  masquerades. 

Pope. 

2.  Disguise. 

I  came  to  visit  thee  in  masquerade.   Dryden. 

3.  A  Spanish  diversion  on  horseback. 

Clarendon. 
MASQUERA'DE,  v.  i.  To  go  in  disguise. 
2.  To  assemble  in  masks.  Smfl. 

MASQUERA'DE,  v.t.  To  put  in  disguise. 

Killivgheck. 

MASQUERA'DER,  n.  A  person  wearing  a 

mask ;  one  disguised.  Li  Estrange. 

MASQUERA'DING,   ppr.    Assembhng   in 

masks  for  diversion. 

Vol.  II. 


M'ASS,  n.  [Fr.  masse,  a  mass,  a  heap,  a 
7nace,  or  club ;  Port,  maga,  dough,  and  a 
mace  ;  Sp.  masa,  dough,  mortar,  a  mass, 
and  maza,  a  club,  a  jnace ;  mazo,  a  mallet ; 
It.  7nassa,  a  heap,  and  mazza,  a  mace;  G. 
masst ;  L.  massa,  a  mass.  These  words 
seem  to  belong  to  the  root  of  the  Greek 
(noTou,  to  heat  or  pound,  the  root  of  which 
is  ^ay;  hence  the  connection  between 
mass,  and  mace,  a  club.  If  any  of  these 
words  are  of  a  different  origin,  they  may 
belong  to  the  root  of  mtx.] 

1.  A  lump  ;  a  body  of  matter  concreted,  col- 
lected or  formed  into  a  lump ;  applied  to 
any  solid  body  ;  as  a  mass  of  iron  or  lead 
a  mass  of  flesh ;  a  mass  of  ice  ;  a  mass  of 
dough. 

2.  A  collective  body  of  fluid  matter.  The 
ocean  is  a  mass  of  water. 

3.  A  heap  ;  as  a  mass  of  earth. 

4.  A  great  quantity  collected ;  as  a  mass  of 
treasure. 

5.  Bulk  ;  magnitude. 

This  army  of  such  7nass  and  charge.      Shak 

C.  An  assemblage ;  a  collection  of  particu- 
lars blended,  confused  or  indistinct ;  as  a 
TOUOT  of  colors.  Mdison. 

They  lose  their  forms,  and  make  a  mass 
Confused  and  black,  if  brought  too  near. 

Prior 

7.  Gross  body  of  things  considered  collec- 
tively ;  the  body  ;  the  bulk  ;  as  the  jnass  of 
people  in  a  nation.  A  small  portion  of 
morbid  matter  may  infect  the  whole  mass 
of  fluids  in  the  body. 

Comets  have  power  over  the  7nass  of  things. 

Saco7i. 

M^ASS,  71.  [Sax.  7na:sa,  7na:sse ;  Fr.  7nes3e ; 
It.  messa  ;  Sp.  misa  ;  D.  jnisse ;  G.  Dan. 
7nesse  ;  Sw.  messa  ;  Low  L.  7nissa.  The 
word  signifies  primarily  leisure,  cessation 
from  labor,  from  the  L.  missus,  re7nissus, 
like  the  L./eriff  ;  hence  a  feast  or  holiday. 
Laws  of  Alfred,  39.  "  Be  masse  dsege  fre- 
olse."  De  festivitate  diei  festi.  See  also 
Laws  of  Cnute,  Lib.  1.  U.  and  2.  42. 
Hence  Sax.  hlafmasse,  lemmas,  bread 
feast,  and  Martin-mas,  Michael-mas,  ca7i- 
dle7nas,  christmns.] 

The  service  of  the  Romish  church ;  the  of- 
fice or  prayers  used  at  the  celebration  of 
the  eucharist ;  the  consecration  of  the 
bread  and  wine.     Lye.     Encyc.     Wilkins. 

M"ASS,  v.i.  To  celebrate  mass.  [Xotused.'] 

Hooker 

M'ASS,  v.t.  To  fill;  tostuflT;  to  strengthen 
[J^ot  used.]  Hayward. 

MAS'SA€ER,   ?         [Fr.    7nassacre ;    Arm. 

MAS'SACRE,  I  "■  7naczaer;  It.  7iiazzicare 
to  beat,  from  7nazza,  a  club,  a  7nace.  So 
smite  in  English  signifies  to  kill,  as  well  as 
to  beat.] 

.  The  murder  of  an  individual,  or  the 
slaughter  of  numbers  of  human  beings, 
with  circumstances  of  cruelty  ;  the  indis- 
criminate killing  of  human  beings,  without 
authority  or  necessity,  and  without  forms 
civil  or  military.  It  differs  from  assassi- 
nation, which  is  a  private  killing.  It  dif 
fers  from  carnage,  which  is  rather  the  ef- 
fect of  slaughter  than  slaughter  itself,  and 
is  applied  to  the  authorized  destruction  of 
men  in  battle.  Massacre  is  sometimes 
called  iu/cAen/,  from  its  resemblance  to  the 
killing  of  cattle.  If  a  soldier  kills  a  man  in 
battle  in  his  own   defense,  it   is  a  lawful 

13 


2.  Murder. 
MAS'.SA€ER, }  „ 
MASSACRE,  i;^- 

ces  of  cruelty ; 


t. 


act ;  it  is  kiUing,  and  it  is  slaughter,  but  it 
is  not  a  massacre.  Whereas,  if  a  soldier 
kills  an  enemy  after  he  has  surrendered,  it 
it  is  massacre,  a.  killing  without  nec(Jssity, 
often  without  authority,  contrary  to  the 
usages  of  nations,  and  of  course  with  cru- 
elty. The  jjractice  of  killing  jirisoners, 
even  when  authorized  by  the  commander, 
is  properly  massacre ;  as  the  authority 
given  proceeds  from  cruelty.  We  have 
all  heard  of  the  massacre  of  the  protestaiits 
in  France,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  IX.  and 
frequent  instances  of  barbarous  7nassacrc 
occur  in  the  war  between  the  Turks  and 
Greeks. 

Shak. 
To  murder  human  be- 
ings with  circuinstaii- 
to  kill  men   with   indis- 
criminate violence,   without  authority  or 
necessity,  and  contrary  to  the  usages   of 
nations  ;  to  butcher  human  beings. 
MAS'SA€RER,    n.    One   who   massacres. 
[A  very  bad  tvord.]  Burke. 

M'ASSER,  n.  A  priest  who  celebrates  mass. 
MAS'SETER,  n.    [Gr.  from  fiawaoiiai,  to 
chew.]     A  muscle  which   raises   the   un- 
der jaw. 
MAS'SICOT,  \      [Fr.  massicot.]    Calcined 
MAS'TICOT,  S  "■  white  lead  ;  yellow  oxyd 
'     of  lead.     Lead  exposed  to   the  air  while 
melting,  is  covered  with  a  gray,  dusky  pel- 
licle.    This  pellicle  carefully  taken  off,  is 
reduced  by  agitation  to  a  greenish  gray 
powder,  inclining  to  yellow.     This  oxyd, 
separated  from  the  grains  of  lead  by  sifting, 
and  exposed  to  a  more  intense  heat,  suffi- 
cient to  make  it  red  hot,  assumes  a  deej) 
yellow  color.     In  this  state  it  is  called  mas- 
sicot.    Massicot,  slowly  heated  by  a  mode- 
rate fire,  takes  a  beautiful  red   color,  and 
obtains  the  name  of  minium.    '    Fourcroy. 
Massicot  is  sometimes  used  by  painters,  and 
it  is  used  as  a  drier  in  the   composition  of 
ointments  and  plasters.  Encyc. 

M>ASSINESS,        >        [See  Massy,  Mass- 
M'ASSIVENESS,  S  "'  ivc]  The  state  of  be- 
ing massy  ;  great  weight  or  weight  with 
bulk ;  ponderousness. 
MASSIVE,  }       [Fr.   massif,    from    7nass.] 
MASSY,       i  "■  Heavy  ;  weighty  ;  ponder- 
ous ;  bulky  and  heavy ;  as  a  massy  shield  ; 
a  7nassy  rock. 

The  yawning  rocks  in  7nassy  fragments  fly. 

Pope. 

JPASSIVE,  a.  In  mineralogy,  in  mass ; 
having  a  crystaline  structure,  but  not  a 
regular  form.  We  say,  a  mineral  occurs 
7nassive. 

;M-AST,  Ji.  [Sax.  7}iaist ;  D.  G.  Sw.  Dan. 
7nast ;  Fr.  7ndt,  for  mast ;  Port,  masto  or 
7nastro  ;  Sp.  mastiles,  masts ;  masteleros, 
top-masts  ;  7nasto,  a  trunk,  a  stock  in  which 
any  cion  is  ingrafted.] 

A  long,  round  |iiece  of  timber,  elevated  or 
designed  to  he  raised  perpendicularly  or 
nearly  so,  on  the  keel  of  a  ship  or  other 
vessel,  to  which  the  yards,  sails  and  rig- 
ging are  attached,  and  by  which  they  are 
supported.  A  mast  is  a  single  stick,  form- 
ed from  the  trunk  of  a  tree,  or  it  consists  of 
many  pieces  of  timber  united  by  iron 
bands.  Masts  are  of  several  kinds,  as  the 
main-mast,  fore-mast,  mizzen-mast,  toji- 
mast,  top-gallant-mast,  &c. 


MAS 


M  A  S 


M  A  S 


M'AST,  n.  [Sax.  nuEste,  acorns,  food ;  Goth. 
mals,  food,  meat ;  Ir.  mais,  vieas,  an 
acorn  ;  maise,  food  ;  W.  mes,  acorns,  a  por 
tion,  a  meal ;  mesen.  an  acorn.  This  may 
be  the  American  7naiz,  and  signify  food  in 
general,  from  eating,  chewing,  mastica 
ting,  or  primarily  a  nut  kernel,  or  acorn, 
the  food  of  the  primitive  tribes  of  men.  It 
seems  to  be  radically  the  same  word  as 
meat.] 

The  fruit  of  the  oak  and  beech,  or  other  for 
est  trees ;  nuts ;  acorns.  [It  has  no  plural.] 

M'ASTED,  a.  Furnished  with  a  mast  or 
masts. 

MASTER,  71.  [Fr.  7naitre,  for  rnaister; 
Russ.  jnas/er  ;  U.meester;  G.vieister;  Sw. 
mhstare  ;  Dan.  mester ;  Arm.  meastr ;  It. 
Sp.  maestro  ;  L.  magisler,  compounded  of 
the  root  of  magis,  major,  greater,  and  the 
Teutonic  ster,  Sax.  steoran,  to  steer.  See 
Steer.  The  word  then  signifies  a  chief  di 
rector.     See  Minister.] 

1.  A  man  who  rules,  governs  or  directs  ei- 
ther men  or  business.  A  man  who  owns 
slaves  is  their  master ;  he  who  has  servants 
is  their  master  ;  he  who  has  apprentices  is 
their  master,  as  he  has  the  government 
and  direction  of  them.  The  man  who 
.>iuperintends  and  directs  any  business,  is 
master,  or  master  workman. 

O  thou  ray  friend,  ray  genius,  come  along, 
Thou  master  of  the  poet  and  the  song. 

Pope. 
Nations  that  want  protectors,  will  have  mas- 
ters. Ames. 

2.  A  director,  head,  or  chief  manager ;  as  the 
master  of  a  feast. 

3.  The  owner ;  proprietor ;  with  the  idea  of 
governing.  The  master  of  a  house  may  be 
the  owner,  or  the  occupant,  who  has  a 
temporary  right  of  governing  it. 

It  would  be  believed  that  he  rather  took  the 
horse  for  his  subject,  than  his  master.    Dryden 

4.  A  lord;  a  ruler;  one  who  has  supreme 
dominion. 

Cesar,  the  world's  great  master  and  his  own 

Pope. 

5.  A  chief;  a  principal ;  as  the  master  root 
of  a  plant.  Mortimer. 

One  master  passion  swallows  up  the  rest. 

Pope. 
fi.  One  who  has  [wssession,   and  the  ])Ower 
of  controlling  or  using  at  pleasure. 

When  I  have  made  myself  mii:>ter  of  a  hun 
dred  thousand  dr.ichmas —  Addison. 

7.  The  commander  of  a  merchant  ship. 

8.  In  ships  of  war,  an  ofKccr  who  takes  rank 
immediately  after  the  heutenants,  and 
navigates  the  ship  under  the  direction  of 
the  captain. 

I».  The  director  of  a  school;  a  teacher;  an 
instructor.  In  this  sense  the  word  is  giv- 
ing place  to  the  more  a]>propriate  words 
teacher,  instructor  and  preceptor;  at 
least  it  is  so  iu  the  United  States. 

10.  One  uncontrolled. 

Let  every  man  be  master  of  his  lime.     Shalt 

11.  An  appellation  of  respect. 

Master  doctor,  yoii  have  brought  those  drugs 

Slialc. 

12.  An  appellation  given  to  yonng  men. 

Where  there  are  little  masters  and  misses  in 
a  house—  Swift. 

13.  A  man  eminently  or  perfectly  skilled  in 
any  occujiation,  art  or  science.  We  say, 
a  man  is   master  of  his  business;  a  great 


master  of  music,  of  the  flute  or  violin ;  a 
master  of  his  subject,  &c. 

14.  A  title  of  dignity  in  colleges  and  univer- 
sities ;  as  Master  of  Arts. 

15.  The  chief  of  a  society ;  as  the  Grand 
Master  of  Malta,  of  free-masons,  &c. 

16.  The  director  of  ceremonies  at  public  pla- 
ces, or  on  public  occasions. 

17.  The  president  of  a  college.        England. 
Master  in  chancery,   an  assistant  of  the  lord 

chancellor,  chosen  from  among  the  barris- 
ters to  sit  in  chancery,  or  at  the  rolls. 

Encyc. 

Master  of  the  rolls,  an  officer  who  has  charge' 
of  the  rolls  and  patents  that  pass  the  great 
seal,  and  of  the  records  of  the  chancery. 

Encyc. 
To  be  master  of  one^s  self,  to  have  the  com 

mand  or  control  of  one's  own  passions. 
The  word  )«as/fr  has  numerous  applications, 
in  all  of  which  it  has  the  sense  of  director, 
chief  or  superintendent. 
As  a  title  of  respect  given  to  adult  persons, 
it  is  pronounced  mister;  a  pronunciation 
which  seems  to  have  been  derived  from 
some  of  the  northern  dialects,     [supra.] 
M" ASTER,  v.t.  To  conquer;  to  overpower 
to  subdue  ;  to  bring  under  control. 

Obstinacy  and  willful  neglect  must  be  master 

ed,  even  though  it  costs  blows.  Locke} 

Evil  customs  must  be  mastered  by  degrees. 

Calamy 
2.  To  execute  witli  skill. 

I     will  not   otter  that  which  1  cannot  mas- 
ter. Bacon. 
.3.  To  rule  ;  to  govern. 

— And  rather  father  thee  than  master  thee 
[JVot  used.']  Shak 

M'ASTER,  V.  i.  To  be  skillful ;  to  excel.l 
Obs.  Spenser.' 

M'ASTERDOM,  ii.  Dominion;  rule.  [Not 
used.]  Sliak.l 

M'ASTERFUL,    a.  Having  the   skill  of  aj 
master  ;  also,  imperious  ;  arhitrary.     Obs. 
M'ASTER-HAND,  )i.  The  hand  of  a  manj 
eminently  skillful.  Pope: 

M'ASTER-JEST,  n.  Principal  jest. 

Hudibras. 

M'ASTER-KEY,  n.  The  key  that  oi)ens 
many  locks,  the  suhoidinate  keys  of  which 
open  only  one  each.  Dryden. 

M'ASTERLESS,  a.  Destitute  of  a  master 
or  owner.  Spenser. 

2.  Ungovcrned ;  unsubdued. 
M  ASTER-LODE,   n.    In  mining,  the  prin- 
cipal vein  of  ore.  Encye. 
MASTERLY,  a.  Formed  or  executed  witli 
superior  skill;  .'iuitahlc  to  a  master;  most 
excellent ;  skillful ;  as  a  masterly  design  ;  a 
masterly  performance  ;  a  maslirty  stroke  of 
policy.  I 
2.  Imperious. 

M>ASTERLY,  adv.  With  the  skill  of  a  mas-; 
ter. 

Thou  dost  speak  masterly.  Shak.' 

"I  think  it  very  masterly  written,"    in 
Swift,  is  improper  or  unusual.  | 

M'ASTER-PIECE,   n.  A  caiiital  perform- 
ance ;  any  thing  done  or  made  vith  su- 
l)erior  or  extraordinary  skill. 
This  wondrous  master-piece  I  fain  would  see.j 

Drydeii. 
2.  Chief  excellence  or  talent. 

Dissimulation  was  his  master-piece. 

Clarendon. 
M^ASTERSIIIP,  n.    Dominion;   rule  ;  su- 
preme power. 


2.  Superiority ;  preeminence. 
Where  noble  youths  for  mastership  should 

,    ^,  .   „     strive.  Dryden. 

3.  Chief  work  ;   master-piece.     [JVot  used.] 

Dryden. 

4.  Superior  skill.  Shak. 

5.  Title  of  respect ;  in  irony. 
How  now,  signior  Launce,  what  new  with 

your  mastership.  Shak. 

G.  The  office  of  president  of  a  college,  or 
other  institution. 

MASTER-SINEW,  n.  A  large  sinew  that 
surrounds  the  hough  of  a  horse,  and  di- 
vides it  from  the  bone  hy  a  hollow  place, 
where  the  wind-galls  are  usually  seated. 

Far.  Diet 

MASTER-STRING,  n.  Principal  string. 

.^  .  ^ Rowe. 

M'ASTER-STROKE,  n.  Capital  perform- 
ance. Blaekmorc. 

M'ASTER-TOOTH,  n.  A  prineipal  tooth. 

M'ASTER-TOUCH,  n.  Principal  perfomi- 
ance.  Taller 

M- ASTER-WORK,  n.  Principal  perform- 
ance. Thomson. 

M>  ASTER- Wort,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Imperatoria. 

M'ASTERY,  n.  Dominion;  power  of  gov- 
erning or  commanding. 

If  divided  by  mountains,  they  will  fight  for 

the  mastery  of  the  passages  of  the  tops 

Raleigh . 

2.  Superiority  in  competition  ;  preeminence. 
Every  man  that  striveth  for  the  mastery,  is 

temperate  in  all  things.  1  Cor.  ix. 

3.  Victory  in  war. 
It  is  not  the  voice  of  them  that  shout  ior  mas- 
tery.   Ex.  xxxii. 

4.  Eminent  skill ;  superior  dexterity. 
He  could  attain  to  a  mastery  in  all  languages. 

Tillotson. 

5.  Attainment  of  eminent  skill  or  power. 

The  learning  and  mastery  of  a  tongue  bein"- 

unpleasant  in  itself,  should  not  be  cumbered 

with  other  difficulties.  Locke. 

M^ASTFUL,  a.  [from  mast.]  Abounding  with 

mast,  or  fruit  of  oak,  beech  and  other  for- 


almecega  ;  Ir.  maisteog  ;   L.  mastiche ;  Gr. 
fiafixj;.] 

1.  A  resin  exsiuling  from  the  mastic-tree,  a 
species  of  Pistacia,  and  obtained  by  incis- 
ion. It  is  in  white  farinaceous  tears,  of  a 
faint  smell,  and  is  used  as  an  astringent 
and  an  aromatic.  It  is  used  also  as  an  in- 
gredient in  drying  varnishes. 

Foureroy.     Encyc. 

2.  A  kind  of  mortar  or  cement.         Addison. 
MAS'TICATE,  v.  t.  [L.   mastiro.     Qu.  W. 

mesigaw,  from  mes,  mast,  acorn.s,  food.] 

To  chew  ;  to  grind  with  the  teeth  and  pre- 
pare for  swallowing  and  digestion  ;  as,  to 
masticate  food. 

MASTICATED,;);?.  Chewed. 

MASTICATING,  p;)r.  Cheunng;  breaking 
into  small  pieces  with  the  teetli. 

MASTICATION,  n.  The  act  or  operation 
of  chewing  solid  food,  breaking  it  into 
smalt  pieces,  and  mixing  it  witli  saliva ; 
thus  preparing  it  for  deglutition,  and  more 
easy  digestion  in  tlie  stomach. 

.Mastication  is  a  necessary  preparation  of  solid, 
aliment,  without  which  there  c.in  be  no  good 
digestion*.  Arbuthnol. 


MAT 


MAT 


MAS'TICATORY,  a.  Chewing  ;  adapted  to 
perform  the  office  of  chewing  food. 

Lawrence's  Led. 

MAS'TICATORY,  n.  A  substance  to  be 
chewed  to  increase  the  saUva.  Coxe 

M'ASTIFF,  n.  pKi.  mastiffs.  Maslives  is  ir- 
regular. [Sp.  mastin ;  It.  mastino  ;  Vr. 
matin  ;  Arm.  mastin  ;  Low  L.  mastivus.] 

A  large  species  of  dog,  remarkable  tor 
strength  and  courage.  Strabo  informs  us 
that  the  mastiffs  of  Britain  were  trained 
for  war,  and  used  by  the  Gauls  in  battle, 

Encyc. 

M'ASTLESS,  a.  Having  HO  mast ;  as  a  ves- 
sel. 

2.  Bearing  no  mast ;  as  a  mastless  oak  or 
beech.  Dryden 

MASTLIN.     [See  Meslin.] 

MAS'TODON,  n.  [Gr.  fiayoj,  mamilla,  and 
oSouj,  a  tooth.] 

A  genus  of  mammiferous   animals  resem 
bling  the  elephant,  now  extinct,  and  known 
only  by  their  fossil  remains.     It  includes 
the  N.  American  mammoth. 

MAS'TOID,  a.  [Gr.  fuxatoi,  the  nipple  or 
breast,  and  51805,  form.] 

Resembling  the  nipple  or  breast ;  as  the  mas 
laid  muscle  ;  the  mastoid  process. 

MASTRESS,  for  mistress,  is  not  used. 

Chaucer. 

M'ASTY,  a.  Full  of  mast;  abounding  with 
acorns,  &c. 

MAT,  n.  [VV.  mat ;  Sax.  meatta ;  D.  mat ;  G. 
matle ;  L.  matta  ;  Sp.  mata :  Ir.  jnalfa 
Russ.  mat ;  W.  math,  that  is  spread.  The 
sense  is  probably  a  lay  or  spread,  from 
falling,  throwing,  or  stretching.  Class  Md. 
No.  6.  8.  9.] 

1.  A  texture  of  sedge,  rushes,  flags,  husks, 
straw,  or  other  material,  to  be  laid  on  a 
floor  for  cleaning  the  boots  and  shoes  of 
those  who  enter  a  house,  and  for  other 
purposes.  Carew 

2.  A  web  of  rope-yarn,  used  in  ships  to  se- 
cure the  standing  rigging  from  the  friction 
of  the  yards,  &c. 

MAT,  V.  t.  To  cover  or  lay  with  mats. 

Evelyn. 

2.  To  twist  together ;  to  interweave  like  a 
mat ;  to  entangle. 

And  o'er  his  eyebrows  hung  his  malted  hair. 

Dryden . 

3.  To  press  together ;  to  lay  flat ;  as  matted 
grass. 

M.\T'A€HIN,  n.  [Sp.  a  buffoon,  a  gro- 
tesque dance.] 

An  old  dance.  Sidney. 

MAT'ADORE,  n.  [Sp.  matador,  a  murderer, 
and  a  card,  from  matar,  to  kill.] 

One  of  the  three  principal  cards  in  the  game 
of  omber  and  quadrille,  which  are  always 
two  black  aces  and  the  deuce  in  spades 
and  clubs,  and  the  seven  iu  hearts  and  di 
amends.  Johnson.     Pope. 

MATCH,  n.  [Fr.  meclie ;  It.  miccia ;  Sp 
Port,  mecha ;  Arm.  mechenn,  mech.] 

1.  Some  very  combustible  substance  used 
for  catching  fire  from  a  spark,  as  hemp, 
flax,  cotton,  tow  dipped  in  sulphur,  or  i 
species  of  dry  wood,  called  vulgarly  touch 
wood. 

2.  A  rope  or  cord  made  of  hempen  tow, 
composed  of  three  strands  slightly  twist 
ed,  and  again  covered  with  tow  and  boiled 
in  the  lees  of  old  wine.     This  when  light- 


ed at  one  end,  retains  fire  and  burns  slow- 
ly till  consumed.  It  is  used  in  firing  artil- 
lery, &c.  Encyc. 
MATCH,  n.  [Sax.  maca  and  f^emaca,  an 
equal,  fellow,  companion,  D.  makker,  Dan. 
maga,  Sw.  make.] 

A  person  who  is  equal  to  another  in 
strength  or  other  quality  ;  one  able  to  cope 
with  another. 

Government — makes  an  innocent  man  of  the 
lowest  ranks  a  match  for  the  mightiest  of  his 
fellow  subjects.  Addison 

2.  One  that  suits  or  tallies  with  another ;  or 
any  thing  that  equals  another. 
Union  by  marriage. 

Love  doth  seldom  suffer  itself  to  be  confined 
by  other  matches  than  those  of  its  own  raaking 

Boyle 

In  popular  language,  it  is  applied  to  the 

engagement  of  lovers  before  marriage 

One  to  be  married. 

She  inherited  a  fair  fortune  of  her  own — and 
was  looked  upon  as  the  richest  match  in  the 
west.  Clarendon 

MATCH,  n.  [Gr.  fiaxi,  a  battle,  a  fight ;  but 
])robably  of  the  same  family  as  the  prece 
ding.] 
A  contest  ;  competition  for  victory ;  or  a  un- 
ion of  parties  for  contest ;  as  in  games  or 
sports. 
A  solemn  match  was  made  ;  he  lost  the  prize. 

Dryitcn. 
MATCH,  V.  t.  To  equal. 

No  settled  senses  of  the  world  can  match 
The  pleasure  of  tliat  madness.  Shak. 

2.  To  show  an  equal. 

No  historj-  or  antiquity  can  match  his  policies 
and  his  conduct.  South 

To   oppose  as  equal ;  to  set   against  as 
equal  in  contest. 

Eternal  might 
To   match  witli  their  inventions   they  pre- 
sumed 
So  easy,  and  of  his  thunder  made  a  scorn. 

Milton. 

4.  To  suit ;  to  make  equal ;  to  proportion 

Let    poets    match    their    subject    to    their 

strength —  Soscommon 

— To  match  patterns  and  colors.  Swift 

To  marry  ;  to  give  in  marriage. 

.\  senator  of  Rome,  while  Rome  survived. 
Would  not  have  matched  his  daughter  with  a 
king.  Addison. 

To  purify  vessels  by  burning  a  match  in 
them. 
MATCH,  V.  i.  To  be  united  in  marriage. 
I  hold  it  a  sin  to  match  in  my  kindred. 

Shak 

Let  tigers  match  witli  hinds,  and  wolves  with 

sheep.  Dryden 

To  suit;  to  correspond;  to  be   of  equal 

size,  figure  or  quality  ;  to  tally.     We  say 

of  a  piece  of  cloth,  it  does  not  match  witli 

another. 
MATCH'ABLE,   a.  Equal ;  suitable  ;  fit  to 

be  joined.    ,  Spenser. 

2.  Correspondent.     [Little  used.] 

tFoodward 
MATCH'ED,  pp.  Equaled;  suited;  placed 

in  opposition ;  married. 
MATCH'ING, /)^r.   Equaling;  suiting  ;  set 

ting  in  opposition  ;  uniting  in  marriage. 
MATCH'LESS,   a.    Having   no  equal;   as 

matchless   impudence  ;  a  matchless  queen  ; 

matchless  love  or  charms. 
MATCH'LESSLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  de 

gree  not  to  be  equaled. 


MAT 

M.'VTCH'LESSNESS.n.  The  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  without  an  equal. 

MATCH'LOCK,  n.  Formerly,  the  lock  of  a 
musket  which  was  fired  by  a  match. 

M.VrCH'MAKER,  n.  One  who  makes 
matches  for  burning. 

2.  One  who  contrives  or  eflecte  a  union  by 
marriage. 

MATE,  n. 


matau,  to 


6. 


0. 


[D.  maat ;  Ar.     tk- 

associate.  Class  Md.  No.  11.] 
A  companion  ;  an  associate  ;  one  \vlio 
customarily  associates  with  another. 
Young  persons  nearly  of  an  age,  and 
frequently  associating,  are  called  mates  or 
playmates. 
A  husband  or  wife. 

The  male  or  female  of  animals  which  as- 
sociate for  propagation  and  the  care  of 
their  young.  Milton. 

One  that  eats  at  the  same  table. 
One   that    attends  th^  same   school ;   a 
school-mate. 

An  officer  in  a  merchant  ship  or  ship  of 
war,  whose  duty  is  to  assist  the  master  or 
commander.  In  a  merchant  ship,  the 
mate,  in  the  absence  of  the  master,  takes 
command  of  the  ship.  Large  ships  have 
a  first,  second,  and  third  mate. 

In  general,  male,  in  compound  words,  denotes 
an  assistant,  and  ranks  next  in  subordina- 
tion to  the  principal;  as  master's  inole ; 
surgeon's  mate,  &c. 

MATE,  n.  [Sp.  Port,  mate  ;  Fr.  mat ;  from 
Sp.  matar,  to  kill.] 

In  chess,  the  state  of  the  king  so  situated 
that  he  cannot  escape. 

MATE,  V.  t.  To  match  ;  to  marry. 

Spenser.     Shak. 

2.  To  equal ;  to  be  equal  to. 
For  thus  the  mastful  chesnut  mates  the  skies. 

Dryden. 

3.  To  oppose  ;  to  equal. 

— I  i'  til'  way  of  loyalty  and  truth. 
Dare  mate  a  sounder  man  than  Surrey  can 
be.  Shak. 

MATE,  I',  t.  [Fr.  mater,  to  mate  in  chess; 
Sw.  matta,  to  weaken,   to  enervate ;  Sp. 
malar,  to  kill.] 
To  enervate  ;  to  subdue  ;  to  crush. 

Audacity  doth  almost  bind  and  mate  the  weak- 
er sort  of  minds.     [.Yot  used.]  Bacon. 

MA'TELESS,  a.  Having  no  mate  or  com- 
panion. Peacham. 

Materia  Medico,  a  general  name  for  every 
substance  used  in  medicine.  Encyc. 

2.  An  au.xiliary  branch  of  the  science  of 
medicine,  which  treats  of  the  nature  and 
properties  of  all  the  substances  that  are 
employed  for  the  cure  of  diseases. 

Ed.  Encyc. 

MATE'RI.VL,  a.  [It.  mnteriale ;  Fr.  maU- 
riel ;  Sp.  material ;  from  L.  materia,  mat- 
ter.] 

1.  Consisting  of  matter;  not  spiritual;  as 
material  substance  ;  material  bodies. 

2.  Important;  momentous;  more  or  less  ne- 
cessary ;  having  influence  or  effect. 

Hold  them  for  catholics  or  heretics,  it  is  not  a 
thing  very  material  in  this  question. 

Hooker. 

In  the  account  of  simple  ideas,  I  shall  set 
down  only  such  as  are  most  material  to  our 
present  purpose.  Locke. 

So  we  say,  a  material  point ;  a  materia! 


MAS 


M  A  S 


MAS 


iVrAST,  n.  [Sax.  maste,  aeorns,  food ;  Goth. 
mats,  food,  meat ;  Ir.  jnais,  7neas,  an 
acorn  ;  maise,  food  ;  W.  mes,  acorns,  a  por 
tion,  a  meal ;  mesen,  an  acorn.  Tliis  may 
be  the  American  viaiz,  and  signify  food  in 
general,  from  eating,  chewing,  mastica 
ting,  or  primarily  a  nut  kernel,  or  acorn, 
the  food  of  the  primitive  tribes  of  men.  It 
seems  to  be  radically  the  same  word  as 
meat.] 

The  fruit  of  the  oak  and  beech,  or  other  for- 
est trees ;  nuts ;  acorns.  [It  has  no  plural.] 

M'ASTED,  a.  Furnished  with  a  mast  or 
masts. 

M" ASTER,  n.  [Fr.  maitre,  for  jiiaister; 
Rues,  master  ;  V.meester;  G.meister;  Sw 
mhstare ;  Dan.  mester ;  Arm.  meastr ;  It 
Sp.  maestro  ;  L.  magieler,  compounded  of 
the  root  of  magis,  major,  greater,  and  the 
Teutonic  ster,  Sa.x.  steoran,  to  steer.  See 
Steer.  The  word  then  signifies  a  chief  di- 
rector.    See  Minister.] 

I.  A  man  who  rules,  governs  or  directs  ei 
ther  men  or  business.  A  man  who  owns 
slaves  is  their  master;  he  who  has  servants 
is  their  master ;  he  who  has  apprentices  i; 
their  master,  as  he  has  tlie  government 
and  liirection  of  them.  The  man  who 
superintends  and  directs  any  business,  is 
master,  or  master  workman. 

O  thou  my  friend,  my  genius,  come  along, 
Thou  master  of  the  poet  and  the  song. 

Pope. 
Nations  that  want  protectors,  will  have  mas- 
ters. Ames. 
ii.  A  director,  head,  or  chief  manager ;  as  the 

master  of  a  feast. 
0.  The  owner ;  proprietor ;  with  the  idea  of 
jTOverning.  The  master  of  a  house  may  be 
the  owner,  or  the  occupant,  who  has  a 
temporary  right  of  governing  it. 

It  would  be  believed  that  he  rather  took  the 
horse  for  his  subject,  than  his  master.    Dryden 

4.  A  lord;  a  ruler;  one  who  has  supreme 
dominion. 

Cesar,  the  world's  great  master  and  his  own 

Pope. 

5.  A  chief;  a  principal ;  as  the  master  root 
of  a  plant.  Mortimer. 

One  master  passion  swallows  up  the  rest. 

Po]K 
().  One  who  has  jiossession,   and  the  power 
of  controlling  or  using  at  pleasure. 

When  I  have  made  myself  master  of  a  hun 
dred  thousand  drachmas —  Addison. 

7.  The  commander  of  a  merchant  ship. 

8.  In  sMps  of  war,  an  oflicer  who  takes  rank 
immediately  after  the  lieutenants,  and 
navigates  the  ship  under  the  direction  of 
the  captain. 

'.).  The  director  of  a  school ;  a  teacher ;  an 
instructor.  In  this  sense  the  word  is  giv 
uig  place  to  the  more  appropriate  words 
teacher,  instructor  and  preceptor;  at 
least  it  is  so  in  the  United  States. 
10.  One  uncontrolled. 

Let  every  man  be  master  of  his  time.     Shalt. 

II.  An  appellation  of  resjrect. 

Master  doctor,  you  have  brought  those  drugs 

Shak. 

12.  An  appellation  given  to  young  men. 

Where  there  are  little  /nasters  and  misses  in 
a  hduse—  Swift 

13.  A  man  eminently  <ir  perfectly  skilled  in 
any  occupation,  art  or  science.  We  say 
a  man  is   master  of  his  business :  a  great 


master  of  music,  of  the  flute  or  viohn ;  a 
master  of  his  subject,  &c. 

14.  A  title  of  dignity  in  colleges  and  univer 
sities;  as  jMa«/er  of  Arts. 

15.  The  chief  of  a  society ;  as  the  Grand 
Master  of  Malta,  of  free-masons,  &c. 

IG.  The  director  of  ceremonies  at  public  pla- 
ces, or  on  public  occasions. 

17.  The  president  of  a  college.        England. 

Master  in  chancery,  an  assistant  of  the  lord 
chancellor,  chosen  from  among  the  barris 
ters  to  sit  in  chancery,  or  at  the  rolls. 

Encyc. 

Master  of  the  rolls,  an  officer  who  has  charge 
of  the  rolls  and  patents  that  pass  the  great 
seal,  and  of  the  records  of  the  chancery, 

Encyc. 

To  be  master  of  one^s  self,  to  have  the  com 
mand  or  control  of  one's  own  passions. 

The  word  jnasffr  has  numerous  applications, 
in  all  of  which  it  has  the  sense  of  director, 
chief  or  superintendent. 

As  a  title  of  respect  given  to  adult  persons, 
it  is  pronounced  mister ;  a  pronunciation 
which  seems  to  have  been  derived  from 
some  of  the  northern  dialects,     [supra.] 

M'ASTER,  V.  t.  To  conquer;  to  overpower  ; 
to  subdue  ;  to  bring  under  control. 

Obstinacy  and  willful  neglect  must  be  master- 
ed, even  though  it  costs  blows.  LockeJ. 
Evil  customs  must  be  mastered  by  degrees. 

Calamy 
To  execute  with  skill. 

I     will  not   offtr  that  which  1  cannot  mas- 
ter. Bacon 

•3.  To  rule  ;  to  govern. 

— And  rather  father  thee  than  master  thee 
[jVot  used.]  Shak 

M-ASTER,  V.  i.  To  be  skillful ;  to  excel.! 
Obs.  Spenser.- 

jrASTERDOM,  11.  Dominion ;  rule.  [ATot, 
used.]  Shak.l 

M'ASTERFUL,  a.  Having  the  skill  of  a| 
master  ;  also,  imperious  ;  arbitrary.     Obs. 

MASTER-HAND,  )i.  The  hand  of  a  manj 
eminently  skillful.  Pope:. 

M' ASTER-JEST,  n.  Principal  jest. 

Hudibras. 

M>ASTER-KEY,  n.  The  key  that  opens 
many  locks,  the  subordinate  keys  of  which 
open  only  one  each.  Dryden. 

M'ASTERLESS,  a.  Destitute  of  a  master 
or  owner.  Spenser. 

2.  Ungovcrned ;  unsubdued. 

MASTER-LODE,  n.  In  mining,  the  prin- 
cipal vein  of  ore.  Encyc. 

M'ASTERLY,  a.  Formed  or  executed  with 
superior  skill;  suitable  to  a  master;  most 
excellent ;  skillful ;  as  a  masterly  design  ;  a 
masterly  performance  ;  a  masttrly  stroke  of 
])olicy. 

2.  Itiiperious. 

M>ASTERLY,  adv.  With  the  skill  of  a  mas- 
ter. 

Thou  dost  speak  masterly.  Shak. 

"I  think  it  very  masterly  written,"    in 
Swift,  is  improper  or  unusual. 

M>ASTER-PIECE,   n.  A  capital  perform- 
ance ;  any  thing  done  or  made  with  su- 
perior or  extraordinary  skill. 
This  wondrous  master-piece  I  fain  woidd  sec. 

Dryden. 

2.  Chief  excellence  or  talent. 

Dissimulation  was  his  mastei'-piece. 

Clarendon. 

MASTERSHIP,  n.  Dominion;  rule ;  sit 
lircme  power. 


2.  Superiority ;  preeminence. 

Where  noble  youths  for  mastership  should 
,  ■     ,  .   „     s«"7«-  Ih-yden. 

3.  Chief  work  ;   master-piece.     [.Vo<  used.'] 

Dryden. 

4.  Superior  skill.  gj^i;^ 

5.  Title  of  respect ;  in  irony. 

How  now,  signior  Launce,  what  new  with 
your  mastership.  Shak. 

6.  The  office  of  president  of  a  college,  or 
other  institution. 

MASTER-SINEW,  n.  A  large  sinew  that 
surrounds  the  hough  of  a  horse,  and  di- 
vides it  from  the  bone  by  a  hollow  place, 
where  the  wind-galls  are  usually  seated. 

Far.  Diet. 

MASTER-STRING,  n.  Principal  string. 

M' ASTER-STROKE,  n.  Capital  perfornt 
^"ce.  Blackmorc. 

MASTER-TOOTH,  n.  A  principal  tooth. 

Bacon. 

MASTER-TOUCH,  n.  Principal  perform- 
ance. Taller 

MASTER-WORK,  n.  Principal  perform- 
ance. Thomson. 

M' ASTER- WORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Imperatoria. 

M'ASTERV,  n.  Dominion  ;  power  of  gov- 
erning or  commanding. 

If  divided  by  mountains,  they  will  fight  for 
the  mastery  of  the  passages  of  the  tops — 

Raleigh . 

2.  Superiority  in  competition ;  preeminence. 
Every  man  that  striveth  for  the  mastery,  is 

temperate  in  all  things.  1  Cor.  ix. 

3.  Victory  in  war. 
It  is  not  the  voice  of  them  that  shout  for  mas- 

tery.    Ex.  xxxii. 

4.  Eminent  skill ;  superior  dexterity. 
He  could  attain  to  a  mastery  in  all  languages. 

Tillotson. 

5.  Attainment  of  eminent  skill  or  power. 

The  learning  and  mastery  of  a  tongue  bein"- 
unpleasant  in  itself,  should  not  be  cmnbere.! 
with  other  difficulties.  Locke 

M'ASTFUL,  a.  [from  mast.]  Abounding  with 
mast,  or  fruit  of  oak,  beech  and  other  for- 
est trees  ;  as  the  mastful  chesnut.    Dryden 

MAS'TIC,     f      [Fr.  mastic  ;  It.  mastice  ;  D. 

M AS'TIell,  S  mastik ;  Sp.  almaciga  ;  Port. 
almecega  ;  Ir.  maisteog  ;  L.  mastiche  ;  Gr. 
tia;(.xt;.] 

1.  A  resin  exsuding  from  the  mastic-tree,  a 
species  of  Pistacia,  and  obtained  by  incis- 
ion. It  is  in  white  farinaceous  tears,  of  a 
faint  smell,  and  is  used  as  an  astringent 
and  an  aromatic.  It  is  used  also  as  an  in- 
gredient in  drying  varnishes. 

Fovrcroy.     Encyc. 

2.  A  kind  of  mortar  or  cement.         Addison. 
MAS'TICATE,  r.  t.  [L.   mastico.     Qu.  W. 

mesigaw,  from  mes,  mast,  acorns,  food.] 

To  chew  ;  to  grind  with  the  teeth  and  pre- 
pare for  swallowing  and  digestion;  as,  to 
masticate  food. 

MASTICATED,;);?.  Chewed. 

MAS'TICATING,ppr.  Chewing;  breaking 
into  small  pieces  with  the  teeth. 

MASTICATION,  n.  The  act  or  operation 
of  chewing  solid  food,  breaking  it  into 
smalt  pieces,  and  mixing  it  with  saliva ; 
thus  preparing  it  for  deglutition,  and  more 
easy  digestion  in  the  stomach. 

.Mastication  is  a  necessary  preparation  of  solid 
aliment,  without  which  there  can  be  no  good 
digestiou'.  Arbuthnot. 


MAT 

MAS'TICATORY,  a.  Chewing  ;  adapted  to 
perform  the  office  of  chewing  food. 

Lawrence's  Led. 

MAS'TICATORY,  n.  A  substance  to  be 
chewed  to  increase  the  saUva.  Coxc 

arASTIFF,  n.  pKi.  mastiffs.  Mastives  is  ir- 
regular. [Sp.  mastin ;  It.  mastino ;  Fr. 
matin  ;  Arm.  mastin  ;  Low  L.  mastivus.] 

A  large  species  of  dog,  remarkable  for 
strength  and  courage.  Strabo  informs  us 
that  the  mastiffs  of  Britain  were  trained 
for  war,  and  used  by  the  Gauls  in  battle. 

Encyc. 

RrASTLESS,  a.  Having  no  mast ;  as  a  ves- 
sel. 

2.  Bearing  no  mast ;  as  a  mastless  oak  or 
beech.  Dryden 

MASTLIN.     [See  Meslin.] 

MAS'TODON,  n.  [Gr.  /wafoj,  mamilla,  and 
oiovs,  a  tooth.] 

A  genus  of  mammiferous  animals  resem- 
bling the  elephant,  now  extinct,  and  known 
only  by  their  fossil  remains.  It  includes 
the  N.  American  mammoth. 

MAS'TOID,  a.  [Gr.  ^aros,  the  nipple  or 
breast,  and  £i6o{,  form.] 

Resembling  the  nipple  or  breast ;  as  the  mas 
laid  muscle  ;  the  mastoid  process. 

MASTRESS,  for  mistress,  is  not  used. 

Chaucer. 

M'ASTY,  a.  Full  of  mast;  abounding  with 
acorns,  &c. 

MAT,  n.  [VV.  mat ;  Sax.  mealta ;  D.  mat ;  G. 
matle  ;  L.  matta  ;  Sp.  mata  :  Ir.  matia 
Russ.  mat ;  W.  inath,  that  is  spread.  The 
sense  is  probably  a  lay  or  spread,  from 
falling,  throwing,  or  stretching.  Class  Md. 
No.  6.  8.  9.] 

1.  A  texture  of  sedge,  rushes,  flags,  husks, 
straw,  or  other  material,  to  be  laid  on  a 
floor  for  cleaning  the  boots  and  shoes  of 
those  who  enter  a  house,  and  for  other 
purposes.  Carew. 

2.  A  web  of  rope-yarn,  used  in  ships  to  se- 
cure the  standing  rigging  from  the  friction 
of  the  yards,  &c. 

MAT,  V.  t.  To  cover  or  lay  with  mats. 

Evclyti. 

2.  To  twist  together ;  to  interweave  like  a 
mat ;  to  entangle. 

And  o'er  his  eyebrows  hung  his  matted  hair. 

Dryden 

3.  To  press  together;  to  lay  flat ;  as  matted 
grass. 

MAT'ACHIN,  n.  [Sp.  a  buflfoon,  a  gro- 
tesque dance.] 

An  old  dance.  Sidney. 

MAT'ADORE,  n.  [Sp.  matador,  a  murderer, 
and  a  card,  from  matar,  to  kill.] 

One  of  the  three  principal  cards  in  the  game 
of  omber  and  quadrille,  which  are  always 
two  black  aces  and  the  deuce  in  spades 
and  clubs,  and  the  seven  in  hearts  and  di- 
amonds. Johnson.     Pope. 

MATCH,  n.  [Fr.  meche ;  It.  miccia ;  Sp. 
Port,  mecha ;  Arm.  mechenn,  mf eft.] 

1.  Some  very  combustible  substance  used 
for  catching  fire  from  a  spark,  as  hemp, 
flax,  cotton,  tow  dipped  in  sulphur,  or  a 
species  of  dry  wood,  called  vulgarly  touch- 
wood. 

2.  A  rope  or  cord  made  of  hempen  tow, 
composed  of  three  strands  slightly  twist- 
ed, and  again  covered  with  low  and  boiled 
in  the  lees  of  old  wine.     This  when  light- 


M  A  T 


MATE,  n. 


ed  at  one  end,  retains  fire  and  burns  slow- 
ly till  consumed.  It  is  used  in  firing  artil- 
lery, &c.  Encyc. 
MATCH,  n.  [Sax.  maca  and  f^emaca,  an 
equal,  fellow,  companion,  D.  makker,  Dan. 
maga,  Sw.  make.] 

A  person  who  is  equal  to  another  in 
strength  or  other  quality  ;  one  able  to  cope 
with  another. 

Government — makes  an  innocent  man  of  tlie 
lowest  ranks  a  match  for  the  mightiest  of  his 
fellow  subjects.  Addison 

2.  One  that  suits  or  tallies  with  another ;  or 
any  thing  that  equals  another. 

3.  Union  by  marriage. 
Love  doth  seldom  suffer  itself  to  be  confined 

by  other  matches  than  those  of  its  own  making 

Boyle 
In  popular  language,  it  is  applied  to  the 
engagement  of  lovers  before  marriage 

4.  One  to  be  married. 
She  inherited  a  fair  fortune  of  her  own — and 

was  looked  upon  as  the  richest  match  in  the 
west.  Clarendon. 

MATCH,  n.  [Gr.  ftax>i,  »  hattle,  a  fight ;  but 
])robably  of  the  same  family  as  the  prece- 
ding.] 
A  contest  ;  competition  for  victory ;  or  a  un- 
ion of  parties  for  contest ;  as  in  games  or 
sports. 
A  solemn  match  was  made  ;  he  lost  the  prize. 

Dryden. 
MATCH,  V.  t.  To  equal. 

No  settled  senses  of  the  worid  can  match 
The  pleasure  of  that  madness.  Shalt. 

2.  To  show  an  equal. 
No  history  or  antiquity  can  match  his  policies 

and  his  conduct.  South 

3.  To  oppose  as  equal ;  to  set  against  as 
equal  in  contest. 

Eternal  might 
To   match  wiUi  their  inventions   they  pre- 
sumed 
So  easy,  and  of  his  thunder  made  a  scorn. 

Alilton. 

4.  To  suit ;  to  make  equal ;  to  proportion. 
Let    poets    match    their    subject    to    their 

strength —  Hoscommon 

— To  match  patterns  and  colors.  Su-ift 

To  marry  ;  to  give  in  marriage. 

A  senator  of  Rome,  while  Rome  survived, 
Would  not  have  matched  his  daughter  with  :i 
king.  Addison. 

(>.  To  purify  vessels  by  burning  a  matcli  in 

them. 
MATCH,  I',  i.  To  be  united  in  marriage. 
I  hold  it  a  sin  to  match  in  my  kindred. 

Shak 

Let  tigers  match  wiUi  hinds,  and  wolves  with 

sheep.  Dryden 

2.  To  suit ;  to  correspond ;  to  be  of  equal 
size,  figure  or  quality  ;  to  tally.  We  say 
of  a  piece  of  cloth,  it  does  not  match  with 
another. 

MATCH'ABLE,  a.  Equal ;  suitable  ;  fit  to 
be  joined.    ,  Spenser. 

2.  Correspondent.     [Little   used.] 

Woodward. 

MATCH'ED,  pp.  Equaled;  suited;  placed 
in  opposition ;  married. 

MATCH'ING,  ppr.  Equaling  ;  suiting  ;  set- 
ting in  opposition  ;  uniting  in  marriage 

MATCH'LESS,  a.  Having  no  equal;  as 
matchless  impudence  ;  a  matchless  queen  ; 
matchless  love  or  charms. 

MATCH'LESSLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  de- 
gree not  to  be  equaled. 


MAT 

MATCH'LESSNESS.n.  The  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  without  an  equal. 

MATCU'LOCK,  n.  Formerly,  the  lock  of  a 
musket  which  was  fired  by  a  match. 

MATCH' MAKER,  n.  One  who  makes 
matches  for  burning. 

2.  One  who  contrives  or  eflfects  a  union  by 
marriage. 


matau,  lu 

one  who 

another. 

age,   and 


[D.  maat ;  Ar.     \,]a^ 

associate.     Class  Md.  No.  11.] 

1.  A  companion  ;    an  associate  ; 
customarily    associates      with 
Yoimg  persons    nearly  of  an 
frequently  associating,  are  called  mates  or 
playmates. 

2.  A  husband  or  wife. 

3.  The  male  or  female  of  animals  which  as- 
sociate for  propagation  and  the  care  of 
their  young.  .Milton. 

4.  One  that  eats  at  the  same  table. 
One   tliat    attends  th^  same   school ;   a 
school-mate. 

An  officer  in  a  merchant  ship  or  ship  of 
war,  whose  duty  is  to  assist  the  master  or 
commander.  In  a  merchant  ship,  the 
mate,  in  the  absence  of  the  master,  takes 
command  of  the  ship.  Large  ships  have 
a  first,  second,  and  third  mate. 

In  general,  male,  in  compound  words,  denotes 
an  assistant,  and  ranks  next  in  subordina- 
tion to  the  principal;  as  master's  mole ; 
surgeon's  mate,  &,c. 

MATE,  n.  [Sp.  Port,  mate  ;  Fr.  mut ;  from 
Sp.  matar,  to  kill.] 

In  chess,  the  state  of  the  king  so  situated 
that  he  cannot  escape. 

MATE,  V.  t.  To  match  ;  to  marry. 

Speyiser.     Shak. 

2.  To  equal ;  to  be  equal  to. 
For  thus  the  mastful  chesnut  mates  the  skies. 

Dryden. 

3.  To  oppo.^e  ;  to  equal. 
— I  i'  th'  way  of  loyalty  and  truth. 
Dare  tnate  a  sounder  man  than  Surrey  can 

be.  Shak. 

IMATE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  mater,  to  mate  in  chess; 
Sw.  matta,  to  weaken,  to  enervate ;  Sp. 
inatar,  to  kill.] 

To  enervate  ;  to  subdue ;  to  crush. 

Audacity  doth  almost  bind  and  mate  the  weak- 
er sort  of  minds.     lA'ot  used.]  Bacon. 

MA'TELESS,  a.  Having  no  mate  or  com- 
panion. Peacham. 

Materia  Medica,  a  general  name  for  every 
substance  used  in  medicine.  Encyc. 

2.  An  auxiliary  branch  of  the  science  of 
medicine,  which  treats  of  the  nature  and 
properties  of  all  the  substances  that  are 
employed  for  the  cure  of  diseases. 

Ed.  Encyc. 

MATE'RI.-VL,  a.  [It.  mnteriale ;  Fr.  mate- 
riel ;  Sp.  material ;  from  L.  materia,  mat- 
ter.] 

1.  Consisting  of  matter;  not  spiritual;  as 
material  substance  ;  material  bodies. 

2.  Important;  momentous;  more  or  less  ne- 
cessary ;  having  influence  or  effect. 

Hold  tliem  for  catholics  or  heretics,  it  is  not  a 
tiling  very  material  in  this  question. 

Hooker. 

In  the  account  of  simple  ideas,  I  shall  set 
down  only  such  as  are  most  material  to  our 
present  purpose.  Locke. 

So  we  say,  a  material  point ;  a  material 


MAT 


MAT 


M  A  T 


fault  or  error ;  a  material  fact  or  consider- 
ation. 

3.  Not  formal ;  substantial. 

4.  Furnishing  materials ;  as  material  men. 

JiTieaton,  Rep. 
IWATE'RIAL,  71.  Tlie  substance  or  matter 
of  which  any  tiling  is  made  ;  as,  wool  is 
the  wiaimai  of  cloth  ;  rags  are  the  materi- 
al of  paper. 
MATE'RIALISM,  n.  The  doctrine  of  ma- 
terialists ;  the  opinion  of  those  who  main- 
tain that  the  soul  of  man  is  not  a  spiritual 
substance  distinct  from  matter,  but  that 
it  is  the  result  or  effect  of  the  organization 
of  matter  in  the  body. 

The  irregular  fears  of  a  future  state  had  been 
supplanted  by  the  materialism  of  Epicurus. 

Buckmmsler. 

MATE'RIALIST,  n.  One  who  denies  the 
existence  of  spiritual  substances,  and 
maintains  that  the  soul  of  man  is  the  re- 
sult of  a  particular  organization  of  matter 
in  the  body. 

iMATERIAL'ITY,  n.  Material  existence ; 
corporeity  ;  not  spirituality.  Digby. 

2.  Importance  ;  as  the  materialiti/  of  facts. 

judge  Chase. 

iMATE'RIALIZE,  v.  t.  To  reduce  to  a  state 
of  matter ;  also,  to  regard  as  matter. 

Reid. 

MATE'RIALLY,  adv.  In  the  state  of  mat- 
ter. Boyle. 

2.  Not  formally;  substantially. 

An  ill  intention  may  spoil  an  act  materially 
good.  South. 

3.  In  an  important  manner  or  degree ;  es- 
sentially. It  materially  concerns  us  to 
know  the  real  motives  of  our  actions. 

M.ATE'RIALNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
material  ;  importance. 

MATE'RIATE,     {      [L.  materiatus.]  Con- 

IMATE'RIATED,  \  "'  sisting  of  matter.  [Ut- 
ile used.'\  Bacon. 

MATERIA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  forming 
matter.     \J^ot  used.}  Brown. 

iMATERN'AL,  a.  [L.  maternus,  from  mater, 
mother.] 

iVIotherly  ;  pertaining  to  a  mother ;  becoming 
a  mother  ;  as  maternal  love ;  maternal  ten- 
derness. 

MATERN'ITY,  n.  [Fr.  maiernite.]  The 
character  or  relation  of  a  mother. 

MAT'FELON,  n.  [Sp.  Port,  malar,  D.  mat- 
sen,  to  kill,  ami  felon.] 

A  plant  of  tlic  genus  Centaurea,  knap-weed. 

iMATH,  n.  [Sax.  math.]  A  mowing;  as  in 
aftermath. 

MATHEMAT'I€,        )      [L.  mathematicus.] 

MATHEMAT'ICAL,  S  "'  Pertaining  to 
mathematics;  as  mathetnatical  knowledge  ; 
mathematical  instruments. 

i.  According  to  the  principles  of  mathemat- 
ics ;  as  mathematical  exactness. 

MATHEMAT'I€ALLY,  adv.  According  to 
the  laws  or  principles  of  mathematical  sci 
ence. 

2.  With  mathematical  certainty ;  demon 
strably.  Bentley. 

MATHEMATICIAN,  n.  [Fr.  mathcmati 
cien.]     One  versed  in  mathematics. 

MATHEMAT'IeSyn-  [h.  mathematica,  from 
Gr.  na3rijui.rixri,  friun  ixavtiavu,  to  learn  ;  the 
V  is  probably  casual,  and  the  root  belongs 
to  Class  M.I.  No.  10] 

The  science  of  quantity  ;  the  science  whicl 


treats  of  magnitude  and  number,  or  of 
whatever  can  be  measured  or  numbered. 
This  science  is  divided  into  pure  or  specu 
lative,  which  considers  quantity  abstractly, 
without  relation  to  matter ;  and  mixed. 
which  treats  of  magnitude  as  subsisting  in 
material  bodies,  and  is  consequently  inter 
woven  with  physical  considerations.  It 
is  the  peculiar  excellence  of  mathematics, 
that  its  principles  are  demonstrable. 
Arithmetic,  geometry,  algebra,  trigonom- 
etry, and  conic  sections,  are  branches  of 
mathematics. 

MATH'EMEG,  n.  A  fish  of  the  cod  kind 
inhabiting  Hudson's  bay.  Pennant 

MATH'ES,  n.  An  herb.  Ainsworth. 

MATH'ESIS,  n.  [Gr.  fmS^jstf.]  The  doc- 
trine of  mathematics.  Pope 

MAT'IN,  a.  [Fr.  matin,  morning  ;  G.  metie, 
matins;  L.  matutinus.] 

Pertaining  to  the  morning ;  used  in  the  morn- 
ing ;  as  a  matin  trumpet. 

MAT'IN,  n.  Morning.     [N'ot  used.]      Shak. 

MAT'INS,  n.  Morning  worship  or  service; 
morning  prayers  or  songs. 

The  vigils  are  celebrated  before  them,  and  the 

Docturn  and  matins,  for  the   saints   whose  the 

relics  are.  Stillingfleet. 

The  winged  choristers  began 

To  chirp  their  matins.  Cleaveland. 

2.  Time  of  morning  service;  the  first  canon- 
ical hour  in  the  Romish  church. 

MAT'RASS,  n.  [Fr.  matras ;  D.  id.  In 
French,  the  word  signifies  an  arrow  ; 
Arm.  matara,  to  throw  a  dart.  This  verb 
coincides  with  L.  mitto.  It  seems  then  to 
be  so  called  from  its  long  neck.] 

A  cucurbit ;  a  chiniical  vessel  in  the  shape 
of  an  egg,  or  with  a  tapering  neck,  open  at 
the  top,  serving  the  purposes  of  digestion, 
evaporation,  &c.  APicholson.     Quinci/. 

MAT'RESS,  n.  [W.  matras;  D.  id.;  It. 
materasso  ;  G.  matratze  ;  Fr.  matelas ;  Arm. 
matelacz,  from  mat.] 

A  quilted  bed  ;  abed  stuffed  with  hair, moss 
or  other  soft  material,  and  quilted. 

MA'TRICE,  I        [L.    matrir,    from     mater. 

MA'TRIX,;  S"'   mother.] 

1.  The  womb ;  the  cavity  in  which  the  fetus 
of  an  animal  is  formed  and  nourished  till 
its  birth.  Encyc. 

2.  A  mold  ;  the  cavity  in  which  any  thing  is 
formed,  and  which  gives  it  shape  ;  as  the 
matrix  of  a  type. 

3.  The  place  where  any  thing  is  formed  or 
produced  ;  as  the  matrix  of  metals  ;  gang. 

4.  In  dyeing,  the  five  simple  colors.  Clack, 
white,  blue,  red  and  yellow,  of  which  all 
the  rest  are  composed.  Encyc. 

MAT'RICiDAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  matri- 
cide. 

MAT'RICIDE,  )i.  [L.  matricidium ;  mater, 
mother,  and  ceedo,  to  slay.] 

1.  The  killing  or  nuirder  of  a  mother. 

Brown. 

2.  The  killer  or  murderer  of  his  mother. 
MATRICULATE,  v.  t.  [L.matricula,  a  roW 

or  register,  from  matrix.] 
To  enter  or  admit  to  membership  in  a  body 
or  society,  particularly  in  a  college  or  uni- 
versity, by  enrolling  the  name  in  a  register. 

tfotton. 

MATRICULATE,  n.  One  enrolled  in  a  reg- 
ister, and  thus  admitted  to  membership 
in  a  society.  Arbuthnot. 


MATRIeULA'TlON,  n.  The  act  of  regis- 
tering a  name  and  admitting  to  member- 
ship. Ayliffe. 

^LATRIMO'NIAL,  a.  [It.  matrimoniale.  See 
Matrimony.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  marriage ;  connubial;  nup- 
tial ;  hymeneal ;  as  matrimonial  rights  or 
duties. 

2.  Derived  from  marriage, 
if  he  relied  on  that  title,  he  could  be  but  a 

king  at  curtesy,  and  have  rather  a  matrimonial, 
than  a  regal  power.  Bacon. 

MATRIMO'NIALLY,  adv.  According  to 
the  manner  or  laws  of  marriage.      Ayliffe. 

MATRIMO'NIOUS,  a.  Matrimonial.  [Ut- 
ile used.]  Milton. 

MAT'RIMONY,  n.  [L.  matrimonium,  from 
muter,  mother.] 

Marriage ;  wedlock ;  the  union  of  man  and 
woman  for  life  ;  the  nuptial  state. 

If  any  man  know  cause  why  this  couple 
should  not  be  joined  in  holy  matrimony,  they 
are  to  declare  it.  Cotn.  Prayer. 

MATRIX.    [See  Matrice.] 

MAT'RON,  n.  [Fr.  matrone ;  L.  matrona  ; 
from  mater,  mother.] 

An  elderly  married  woman,  or  an  elderly  la- 
dy. Johnson.     Encyc. 

MAT'RONAL,  a.  [L.  matronalis.]  Pertain- 
ing to  a  matron  ;  suitable  to  an  elderly  la- 
dy or  to  a  married  woman ;  grave  ;  moth- 
erly. Bacon. 

MAT'RONIZE,  v.  t.  To  render  matronhke. 

Richardson. 

MAT'RONLIKE,  a.  Having  the  manners 
of  an  elderly  woman;  grave;  sedate;  be- 
coming a  matron. 

iMAT'RONLY,  a.  Elderly  ;  advanced  in 
years.  L'Estrange. 

MATROSS',  n.  [D.  matroos  ;  Sw.  Dan. 
Russ.  matros,  a  sailor  ;  D.  maat,  a  mate  ; 
maats,  fellows,  sailors  ;  Fr.  matelot.  In 
Arm.  martelot  is  a  colleague.  The  word 
seems  to  be  from  mate.] 

Matrosses  are  soldiers  in  a  train  of  artillery, 
who  are  ne.xt  to  the  gunners  and  assist 
them  in  loading,  firing  and  spunging  the 
guns.  They  carry  fire-locks,  and  march 
with  the  store  waggons  as  guards  and  as- 
sistants. Bailey.    Encyc. 

MAT'TAMORE,  n.  In  the  east,  a  subter- 
ranean repository  for  wheat. 

Parkhurst.     Shaw. 

MAT'TER,  n.  [L.  Sp.  It.  materia  ;  Fr.  ma- 
tiere;  Ann.matery;  W.  merger,  what  is  pro- 
duced, occasion,  affair,  matter ;  madrez, 
pus,  matter;  madru,  to  putrefy  or  dissolve. 
Owen  deduces  mater  from  mad,  what  pro- 
ceeds or  advances,  a  gouii  ;  madu,  to  cause 
to  proceed,  to  render  productive ;  mad, 
good,  beneficial,  that  is,  advancing,  pro- 
gressive. Here  we  have  a  clear  idea  of  the 
radical  sense  of  good,  which  is  proceeding, 
advancing.  .\  good  is  that  which  advan- 
ces or  promotes;  and  hence  we  see  the 
connection  between  this  word  miid,  and 
matter,    pus,    both    from  progressiveness. 

The  original  verb  is  in  the  Ar.  j^^  mad- 
da,  to  extend,  to  reach  or  stretch,  to  be  tall, 
to  thrust  out,  to  excrete,  to  produce  pus, 
to  yawn  ;  derivatives,  pus,  sanies,  matter. 
This  verb  in  Heb.  and  Ch.  signilies  to 
measure,  and  is  the  same  as  the  L.  metior, 
Gr.  futTpia.  In  Syriac,  it  signifies  to  es- 
cape.] 


M  A  T 


M  A  T 


M  A  U 


1.  Substance  excreted  from  living  animal 
bodies;  that  which  is  thrown  out  orilis- 
charged  In  a  tumor,  boil  or  abscess;  pus; 
purulent  substance  collected  in  an  abscess, 
the  eftect  of  suppuration  more  or  less  per- 
fect ;  as  digested  matter ;  sanious  viatter. 

2.  Body  ;  substance  extended  ;  that  which  is 
visible  or  tangible  ;  as  earth,  wood,  stone, 
air,  vapor,  water. 

3.  la  a  itwre  general  and  philosophic  sense, 
the  substance  of  which  all  bodies  are  coni- 
posed  ;  the  substratum  of  sensible  quali- 
ties, though  the  parts  composing  the  sub- 
stratum may  not  be  visible  or  tangible. 

Encyc. 
Matter  is  usually  divided  by  philosophi- 
cal writers  into  four  kinds  or  classes  ;  .50- 
lid,  liijuid,  aeriform,  and  imponderable. 
Solid  substances  are  those  whose  parts 
firmly  cohere  and  resist  impression,  as 
wood  or  stone  ;  liquids  have  free  motion 
among  their  parts,  and  easily  yield  to  im- 
pression, as  water  and  wine.  Aeriform 
substances  are  elastic  fluids,  called  vapors 
and  gases,  as  air  and  oxygen  gas.  The 
imponderable  substances  are  destitute  of 
•weight,  as  light,  caloric,  electricity,  and 
magnetism. 

4.  Subject;  thing  treated  ;  tliat  about  which 
we  write  or   speak  ;  that   which  employs 
thought  or  excites  emotion  ;  asj'lhisis  mat 
ier  of  praise,  of  gratitude,  or  of  astonish- 
ment. 

Son  of  God,  Savior  of  men,  thy  name 
Shall  be  the  copious  matter  of  my  song. 

Milton 

5.  The  very  thing  supposed  or  intended. 

He  grants  the  deluge  to  have  come  so  very 
near  the  matter,  that  few  escaped.  Tillotson. 
().  Affair  ;  business  ;  event  ;  thing  ;  course 
ofthings.  Matters  have  succeeded  we  ' 
thus  far;  observe  how  maHera  stand  ;  thus 
the  matter  rests  at  present ;  thus  the  mat- 
ter ended. 

To  help  the  inatter,  the  alchimists  call  in  ma- 
ny vanities  from  astrology.  Bacon 
Some  yoimg  ieinale  seems  to  have   carried 
matters  so  far,   that  she  is   ripe  for  asking  ad- 
vice.                                                     Spectator 

7.  Cause  of  any  event,  as  of  any  disturbance, 
of  a  disease,  or  of  a  difficulty.  When  a 
moving  machine  stops  suddenly,  we  ask, 
what  is  the  matter'?  When  a  person  is  ill, 
we  ask,  what  is  the  matter  ?  When  a  tu- 
mult or  quarrel  takes  place,  we  ask,  what 
is  the  matter  ? 

8.  Subject  of  complaint ;  suit;  demand. 

If  ihc  matter  should  be  tried  by  duel  betneen 
two  champions —  Bacon. 

Every  great  matter  they  shall  bring  to  thee, 
but  every  small  matter  they  shall  judge —  Ex. 
xviii. 

9.  Import ;  consequence  ;  importance  ;  mo- 
ment. 

A  prophet  some,  and  some  a  poet  cry. 
No  matter  which,  so  neither  of  them  lie. 

JDrydeti. 

10.  Space  of  time;  a  portion  of  distance. 

1  have  thoughts  to  tarry  a  small  matter. 

Congreve. 
Away  ho  goes,  a  matter  of  seven  miles — 

L'Estrange. 
[In  these  last  senses,  the  use  of  matter 
is  now  vulgar.] 
Upon  the  matter,  considering  the  whole  ;  ta- 
king all  things  into  view.  This  phrase  is 
now  obsolete  ;  but  in  Ucu  of  it,  we  some 
times  use,  upon  the  u'hole  matter. 


Waller,  with  Sir  William  Balfour,  exceeded 
in  horse,  but  were,  ujion  the  whole  matter, 
equal  in  foot.  Clarendon. 

Matter  of  record,  that  which  is  recorded,  or 

which  may  be  proved  by  record. 
MAT'TER,  V.  i.  To  be  of  importance  ;  to 
import ;  used  with  it,  this,  that,  or  what. 
This  matters  not ;  that  matters  not ;  chiefly 
used  in  negative  phrases;  as, what  matters 
it? 

n  matters  not  how  they  are  called,  so  we 
know  who  ihey  arc.  Locke. 

To  maturate  ;  to  form  pus  ;  to  collect,  as 
matter  in  an  abscess. 

Each  slight  sore  mattereth.     [Little  used.] 

Sidney. 

[We  now  use  maturate.] 

M,\T'TER,  V.  I.  To  regard.     [ATol  used.] 

MAT'TERLESS,  a.  Void  of  matter. 

B.  Jonson. 

MAT'TERY,  a.  Ptuulent ;  generating  pus 
as  a  mattery  cough.  Harvey. 

MAT'TOCK,  n.  [Sax.  matluc ;  W.  matog.' 
A  tool  to  grub  up  weeds  or  roots  ;  a  grub- 
bing hoe.  Bailey. 

IVIATTRESS.  [See  Matress,  a  more  correct 
orthography.] 

M.\T'URANT,  n.  [L.  nio/uro, from  maiurus, 
mature,  ripe.] 

In  pharmacy,  a  medicine  or  application  to  a 
tutnor,  which  promotes  suppuration. 

Encyc. 

MAT'URATE,  V.  t.  [L.  matnro,  to  hasten, 
from  mafurus,  ripe.] 

To  ripen  ;  to  hasten  or  promote  suppura- 
tion. 

M.\T' URATE,  v.i.  To  become  ripe;  to 
suppurate,  as  a  tumor,  and  form  pus. 

MAT(JR.\'TION,  n.  The  process  of  ripen- 

ripeness. 

Bacon 


ing  orcommg  to  maturity 


2.  The  process  of  suppurating  ;  suppuration 
the  forming  of  pus  in  tumors.         Qtdncy. 

MAT'URATIVE,  o.    Ripening;  conducin 
to  ripeness. 

3.  Conducing  to  suppuration,  or  the  forma- 
tion of  matter  in  a  tumor  or  abscess. 

MATU'RE,  a.  [L.  maturus ;  Dan.  moed. 
moeden.  In  W.  m«V,  is  complete,  perfect, 
mature  ;  and  medi  signifies  to  reap,  L.  meto. 
So  I'ipc,  in  English,  seems  to  be  connect 
ed  with  reap.  In  Ch.  ND!3  signifies  to 
come  to.  to  reach,  to  be  mature.  See 
Meet.] 

1.  Ripe  ;     jicrfected     by     time   or    natural 
growth  ;  as  a   man  of  mature  age.     We 
apply  it  to  a  young  man  who  has  arrived 
to  the  age  when  he  is  supposed  to  be  com 
petcnt  to  manage  his  own  concerns;  to  a 
young  woman  who  is  fit  to  be  married 
and  to  olilorly  men  who  have  much  expe 
rience. 

Their  prince  is  a  man  of  learning  and  virtue, 
mature  in  years —  .Addison. 

Mature  the  virgin  was,  of  Egypt's  race. 

Prior. 

How  sball  I  meet  or  how  accost  the  sage. 

Unskilled  in  speech,  nor  yet  mature  of  age. 

Pope. 

Brought    to   perfection ;    used  of  plants: 
The  wheat  is  mature. 
Completed  ;  prepared  ;  ready.     The  plan 
or  scheme  was  mature. 

This  lies  glowing,  and  is  mature  for  the  vio- 
lent breaking  out.  Shale. 
Ripe ;  come  to  suppuration  ;  as,  the  tu- 
mor is  mature. 


MATU'RE,  v.t.  [L.  maiuro.]  To  ripen;  to 
hasten  to  a  i)erfect  state  ;  to  promote 
ripeness. 

Prick  an  apple  with  a  pin  full  of  holes,  not 
deep,  and  smear  it  with  sack,  to  sec  if  the  vir- 
tual heat  of  the  wine  will  not  mature  it. 

Bacon. 
2.  To  advance  towards  perfection. 
Love  indulged  my  labors  past. 
Matures  my  present,  and  shall  bound  my  last. 

Pojic. 
MATU'RE,  V.  i.  To  advance  toward  ripe- 
ness ;  to  become  ripe  or  perfect.  Wine 
matures  by  age,  or  by  iigitaiion  in  a  long 
voyage.  The  judgment  matures  by  age 
and  experience. 
M.\TU'RED,   pp.    Ripened ;    advanced  to 

perfection  ;  prepared. 
MATU'RELY,    adv.    With  ripeness;  com- 
])letely. 

2.  With  full  deliberation.  A  prince  enter- 
ing on  war,  ought  maturely  to  consider 
the  state  of  his  finances. 

3.  Early  ;  soon.     [A  Latinism,  little  used.] 

Bentley. 

MATU'RING,  ppr.  Ripening ;  being  in  or 
coming  to  a  complete  state. 

M.4TU'RITY,        )      Ripeness;  a  state  of 

MATU'RENESS,  I  ""  perfection  or  com- 
pleteness ;  as  the  maturity  of  age  or  of 
judgment ;  the  maturity  of  corn  or  of  grass; 
the  maturitt)  of  a  plan  or  scheme. 

MAT'UTINAL,  )      [L.  matutinus.]  Pertain- 

MAT'UTINE,     p- ing  to  the  morning. 

Herbert. 

MAT'WEED,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Ly- 
geum. 

M.'XUD'LIN,  a.  [corrupted  from  Magdelen, 
who  is  drawn  by  painters  with  eyes  swell- 
ed and  red  with  weeping.] 

Drunk;  fuddled  ;  approaching  to  intoxica- 
tion ;  stupid. 

And  the   kind   jnaudlin  crowd  melts  in  her 
praise.  Soutliern. 

MAUD'LIN,  7!.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Achil- 

MAU'GER,  adv.  [Fr.  malgr^,   ill  will;  mat 

and  gre.] 
In  spite  of;  in  opposition   to  ;  notwithstand- 
ing ;  used  only  tn  burlesque. 

TJiis,  mauger  all  the  world,  will  I   keep  safe. 

Shale. 
MAUKIN.  [See  .Malkin.] 
M.\UL,  71.  [L.  malleus.    SeeJVfalL]  A  heavy 

wooden  haninier ;  written  also  mall. 
MAUL,  V.  t.  Ti)  beat  and  bruise  with  a  heavy 
stick   or  cudgel  ;  to  wound  in  a  coarse 
manner. 

Meek  modem    faith  to   murder,   hack   and 
maul.  Pope. 

MAUNCH,  71.  [Fr.  ?;ia7!cAc.]  A  loose  sleeve. 
[JVbt  used.]  Herbert. 

MAUND,  71.  [Sax.  and  D.  mand.]  A  hand- 
basket;  au'ordusedin  Scotland. 


.\-- 


and 


.  To  mutter;  to  mur- 


'mur  ;  to  grumble; 


MAUND, 
MAUNDER, 

to  beg.     Obs. 

MAUND'ER,  Ji.  A  beggar.     Obs. 

MAUND'ERER,  ?i.  A  grumbler.     Obs. 

MAUNDERING,  ti.  Complaint.     Obs. 

MAUNDY-THURSDAY,  71.  [supposed  to  be 
from  Sax.  inand,  a  basket ;  because  on  that 
day,  princes  used  to  give  alms  to  the  poor 
from  their  baskets  ;  or  from  dies  mandati, 
the  day  of  command,  on  which  day  our 
Savior  gave  his  great  mandate,  that  we 
should  love  one  another.     Lye.    Johnson.] 


MAY 


M  A  Y 


M  E 


Tlie  Tlmrsday  in  passion  week,  or  next  be- 
fore Good  Friday. 

MAUSOLE'AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  mauso- 
leum; monumental.  Burton. 

MAUSOLE'UM,  ji.  [h.;'Pr.  mausolie;  from 
Mausolus,  liing  of  Caria,  to  whom  Artemis- 
ia, liis  widow,  erected  a  stately  monu- 
ment.] 

A  magnificent  tomb,  or  stately  sepulchral 
monument. 

MAU'THER,  Ji.  A  foolish  young  girl.  [JVot 
used.]  B.  Jonson. 

MA'VIS,  n.  [Fr.  mauvis.]  A  bird,  a  species 
ofTurdus. 

MAW,  n.  [Sax.  maga ;  Sw.  mage  sD.maag; 
G.  magen.] 

1.  The  stomach  of  brutes ;  applied  to  the 
stomach  of  human  beings  in  contempt  on- 

>y- 

2.  The  craw  of  fowls.  Arbiclhnol. 
MAWK,  Ji.  A  maggot;  a  slattern.     [N'otin 

ust.] 
MAWK'INGLY,  adv.    Slatternly;  sluttish- 

ly.  Bp.  Taylor. 

MAWK'ISH,  a.    Apt  to  cause  satiety  or 

lothiiig. 

.So  sweetly  mawkish,  and  so  smoothly  dull. 

Pope. 
MAWK'ISHNESS,    n.    Aptness  to    cause 

lothiiig. 
JIAWK'Y,  a.  Maggoty.     [Local.]       Grose. 
MAVV'MET,  n.  [from  Mahomet.]  A  puppet; 

anciently,  an  idol.     Obs.  Wickliffe. 

MAW'METRY,  n.  The  religion  of  Moham- 
med ;  also,  idolatry.     Obs.  Chaucer. 
MAW'MISH,  o.    [from   maw,   or   mawmel.] 

Foolish;  silly;  idle  ;  nauseous. 

L'Estrange 
MAW'W5RM,  n.  A  worm  that  infests  the 

stomach.  Harvey. 

MAX'ILLAR,     }         [L.    maxillaris,    from 
MAX'ILLARY,  ^  "•    maxilla,  the  jaw-bone ; 

probably  from  the  root  of  mash.] 
Pertaining  to    the  jaw  ;    as  the   maxillary 

bones  or  glands. 
MAX'IM,  n.  [Fr.  maxime,  It.   massima,  L< 

maximum,  literally  the  greatest.] 

1.  An  established  principle  or  proposition  ;  a 
principle  generally  received  or  admitted  as 
true.     It  is  nearly   the  same  in  popular 
usage,  as  axiom  in  philosophy  and  mathe 
matics. 

It  is  a  maxim  of  .state,  that  countries  newly 
acquired  and  not  settled,  are  matters  of  burden 
rather  than  of  strength.  Bacon. 

It  is  their  maxim,  love  is  love's  reward. 

Dryden 

2.  In  music,  the  longest  note  formerly  used 
equal  to  two  longs,  or  four  breves. 

Bushy. 
MAX'IM-MONGER,    n.    One    who    deals 

much  in  maxims.  Chesterfield. 

MAX'IMUM,  n.    [L.]    In   mathematics,   the 

greatest  number  or  quantity  attainable  in 

any  given  case ;  opposed  to  minimum. 
MAY,  n.  [h.Maius  ;Fr.   Mai;  It. Maggio; 

fi[<.Ma)jo.] 

1.  The  fifth  month  of  the  year,  beginning 
with  January,  hut  the  third,  beginning  with 
March,  lis  was  the  ancient  practice  of  the 
Riimans. 

2.  [Goth.  mawi.  See  Maid.]  A  young  wo 
ni:ui.     Ohs. 

3.  Tiic  early  p;>rt  of  Hfe. 

Hii  .Uri//   of  youth  and  bloom  of  luslihood. 

Shak 


MAY,  11.  i.  To  gather  flowers  in  May-morn- 
ing. Sidney. 

MAY,  verb  aux. ;  pret.  viight.  [Sax.  magan,  to 
be  strong  or  able,  to  avail ;  D.  ineijen  or 
moogen  ;  G.  miigen ;  Russ.  mogu.  The 
old  pret.  mought  is  obsolete,  but  not  whol- 
ly extinct  among  our  common  people. 
The  sense  is  to  strain  or  press.] 

1.  To  be  possible.  We  say,  a  thing  may  be, 
or  may  not  be  ;  an  event  may  happen  ;  a 
thing  ma?/  be  done,  if  means  are  not  want- 
ing. 

2.  To  have  physical  power ;  to  be  able. 
Make  the  most  of  life  you  may.        Bourne. 

3.  To  have  moral  power ;  to  have  liberty, 
leave,  license  or  permission  ;  to  be  per- 
mitted ;  to  be  allowed.  A  man  may  do 
what  the  laws  permit.  He  may  do  what 
is  not  against  decency,  propriety  or  good 
manners.  We  may  not  violate  the  laws, 
or  the  rules  of  good  breeding.  I  told  the 
servant  he  might  be  absent. 

Thou  mayest  he  no   longer  steward.     Luke 
xvi. 

4.  It  is  used  in  prayer  and  petitions  to  ex 
press  desire.  O  may  we  never  experi- 
ence the  evils  we  dread.  So  also  in  ex- 
pressions of  good  will.  May  you  live  hap- 
pily, and  be  a  blessing  to  your  country 
It  was  formerly  used  for  can,  and  its  rad- 
ical sense  is  the  same. 

May  be,  it  may  be,  are  expressions  equivalent 
10  perhaps,  by  chance,  peradventurc,  that  is, 
it  is  possible  to  be. 

MA'Y-APPLE,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Podophyllum. 

MA'Y-BLOOM.  n.  The  hawthorn. 

MA'Y-BUG,  H.  .\  charter.  Ainsivorlh 

MA'Y-BUSII,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Cra- 
taegus. 

MA'Y-DAY,  n.  The  first  day  of  May. 

MA'Y-DEW,  11.  The  dew  of  May,  which  is 
said  to  whiten  linen,  and  to  afford  by  re 
peated  distillations,  a  red  and  odoriferous 
spirit.  It  has  been  supposed  that  from 
the  preparation  of  this  dew,  the  Rosicru- 
cians  took  their  name.  Encyc. 

MA'Y-DUKE,  11.  A  variety  of  the  common 
cherry. 

MA'Y-FLOWER,  n.  A  plant ;  a  flower  that 
appears  in  May.  Bacon. 

M.\' Y-FLY,  n.  An  insect  or  fly  that  appears 
in  May.  Walton. 

MA'Y-GAME,  n.  Sport  or  diversion  ;  play, 
such  as  is  used  on  the  first  of  May. 

Dryden. 

MA'YING,  n.  The  gathering  of  flowers  on 
May-day. 

MA'Y-LADY,  n.  The  queen  or  lady  of  May, 
in  old  May-games.  Dryden. 

MA'Y-LILY,  w.The  lily  of  the  valley,  o'f  the 
genus  Convallaria. 

MA'Y-MORN,  n.   Freshness  ;  vigor. 

Shak. 

MA'Y-POLE,  n.  A  pole  to  dance  round  in 
May  ;  a  long  ])ole  erected. 

MA'Y-WEED,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  -An 
themis. 

MAYHEM.  [See  Maim.] 
MA'YOR,  n.  [Fr.  maire  ;  Norm,  maeur, 
mair,  meyre  ;  Arm.  mear  ;  W.  inner,  one 
stationed,  one  that  looks  after  or  tends, 
one  that  keeps  or  guards,  a  provost,  a 
mayor,  a  bailiff';  maer  y  biswal,  a  land 
steward,  the  keeper  of  a  cow-hire ;  tnaer- 
drcv,   a   dairy   hamlet  ;  maerdy,   a   dairy- 


farm  ;  matron,  a  male-keeper  or  dairy- 
farmer  ;  maeres,  a  female  who  looks  after, 
a  dairy-woman  ;  maeroni,  the  office  of  a 
keeper,  siiperintendency,  mayoralty ;  Arm. 
miret,  to  kee|),  slop,  hold,  coinciding  with 
Fr.  mirer,  h.  miror,  the  primary  sense  of 
which  is  precisely  the  same  as  in  the  Ar- 
moric.  See  Admirable  and  Miracle.  A 
mayor,  then,  was  originally  an  overseer, 
and  among  country  gentlemen,  a  steward, 
a  kind  of  domestic  bailiff;  rendered  in  the 
writings  of  the  middle  ages,  viUicus.  See 
Spelman  ad  vac.  The  derivation  of  the 
word  from  L.  major,  is  undoubtedly  an 
error.] 

The  chief  magistrate  of  a  city,  who,  in  Lon- 
don and  York,  is  called  lord  mayor.  The 
mayor  of  a  city,  in  America,  is  the  chief 
judge  of  the  city  court,  and  is  assisted,  in 
some  cases  at  least,  by  two  or  more  alder- 
men. To  the  lord  mayor  of  London  be- 
long several  courts  of  judicature,  as  the 
hustings,  court  of  requests,  and  court  of 
common  council. 

ftlA'YORALTY,  n.  The  ofiice  of  a  mayor. 

Bacon. 

MA'YORESS,  n.  The  wife  of  a  mayor. 

MAZ'AGAN,  n.  A  variety  of  the  common 
bean,  [viciafaba.] 

MAZ'ARIJ,  n.  [probably  from  the  root  of 
marsh  ;  I'r.  machoire.] 

1.  The  jaw.      [JVot  used.] 

Shak.     Hudibras. 

2.  A  kind  of  cherry. 

MAZ'ARD,  V.  I.  To  knock  on  the  head. 
[M'ot  in  use.]  B.  Jonson. 

MAZARINE,  n.  A  deep  blue  color. 

2.  A  particular  way  of  dressing  fowls. 

2.  A  little  dish  set  in  a  larger  one.  Ash. 

MAZE,  n.  [Sax.  mase,  a  whirlpool ;  Arm. 
mez,  confusion  or  shame.  The  origin  and 
affinities  of  this  word  are  not  ascertained.] 

1.  A  winding  and  turning  ;  perple.xed  state  of 
things;  intricacy  ;  a  state  that  embarrass- 
es. 

The  ways  of  heaven  are  dark  and  intricate, 
Puzzled  with  mazes,  and  perplexed  with  er- 
ror. Addison. 

2.  Confusion  of  thought;  perplexity;  uncer- 
tainty. 

3.  A  labyrinth. 

MAZE,  v.  t.  To  bewilder  ;  to  confound  with 
intricacy  ;  to  amaze.  Spenser. 

MAZE,  V.  i.  To  be  bewildered.     Obs. 

Chaucer. 

MA'ZEDNESS,  n.  Confusion;  astonish- 
ment.    Obs.  Chaucer. 

MA'ZER,  n.  A  maple  cup.     Obs.     Spenser. 

MAZ0L06'I€AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  mazol- 

ogy- 

MAZOL'OgIST,  )i.  One  versed  in  mazol- 
ogy. 

MAZOL'OtiY,  ?i.  [Gr.  /mjo,  a  breast,  and 
Tioyoj,  discourse.] 

The  doctrine  or  history  of  mammiferous 
animals. 

MAZY,  a.  Winchng  ;  perplexed  with  turns 
and  windings  ;  intricate  ;  as  mazy  error. 

Milton. 
To  run  the  ring  and  trace  the  mazy  round. 

Dryden. 

M.  D.  Medicinw  Doctor,  doctor  of  medicine. 

ME,  pron.  pcrs.;  the  objective  case  of/,  an- 
swering to  the  olilicpiecasesof  f^o,  in  Lat- 
in. [Sax.  me  ;  Goth,  mik  ;  G.  j«icA ;  P'r.  moi; 
L.  mihi;  Sp. mi;  It.  ;ni  or  me  ;  Arm.  me; 


M  E  A 


M  E  A 


M  E  A 


Port,  mini ;  D.  my  ;    Galic,  mo  ;  Hindoo, 
viejko;  Sans.  me.     The  Hindoos  use  me  in 
the  nominative,  as  in  Celtic  and  French, 
vii,  moi.] 
Follow  [me  ;  give  to  me ;  go  with  me.    The 
phrase  "  I  followed  me  close,"   is  not  m 
use.     Before  think,  as  in  methinks,  me  is 
properly  in  the  dative  case,  and  the  verb 
is  impersonal ;  the  construction  is,  it  ap 
pears  to  me. 
ME'A€OCK,  n.    [Qu.  meek  and  cock.]    An 
uxorious,  efleminate  man.     [M)t  used.] 

Johnson. 
ftlE'ACOCK,  a.  Lame;  timorous:  coward- 
ly.    [Mit  used.]  Shak 
MEAD,  n.  [Sax.  medo,  medu,  mead  or  wine  ; 
D.  meede  ;  G.  meth  ;  Dan.  miod  ;  W.  mez  ; 
Ir.  miodh  or  meadh  ;  Arm.  mez.     In  Gr. 
ftidv  is  wine,  as  is  madja  in  Sanscrit,  and 
medo  in  Zend.     In  Russ.  med  or  meda  is 
honey.     If  the   word   signifies  primarily 
liquor  in  general,  it  may  be  allied  to  Gr. 
fiv&au,  L.  madeo,  to  be  wet.     But  it  may 
have  liad  its  name  from  honey.] 
A  fermented  liquor  consisting  of  honey  and 
water,  sometimes  enriched  with  spices. 

Encyc. 
MEAD,  )       meed,     )     [Sax.  mccde,  mit- 

MEADOW,  \  "■  med'o.  \  dewe  ;  G.  matte, 
a  mat,  and  a  meadow  ;  Ir.  madh.  Tht 
sense  is  extended  or  flat  depressed  land. 
It  is  supposed  that  this  word  enters  into 
the  name  Mediolanum,  now  Milan,  in 
Italy  ;  that  is,  mead-land.] 
A  tract  of  low  land.  In  America,  tlie  word 
is  applied  particularly  to  the  low  ground 
on  the  banks  of  rivers,  consisting  of  a 
rich  mold  or  an  alluvial  soil,  whether 
grass  land,  pasture,  tillage  or  w^ood  land  ; 
as  the  meadows  on  the  banks  of  the  Con- 
necticut. The  word  with  us  does  not  ne- 
cessarily imply  wet  land.  Tliis  species  of 
land  is  called,  in  the  western  states,  bot- 
toms, or  bottom  land.  The  word  is  also 
used  for  other  low  or  flat  lauds,  iiarticu- 
larly  lands  appropriated  to  tlie  culture  of 
grass. 

The  word  is  said  to  be  applied  iu  Great 
Britain  to  land  somewhat  watery,  but 
covered  with  grass.  Johnson. 

Meadow  means  pasture  or  grass  land, 
annually  mown  for  hay ;  but  more  partic- 
ularly, land  too  moist  for  cattle  to  graze 
on  iu  winter,  without  spoiling  the  sward. 
Encyc.     Cyc. 
[Mead  is  used  chiefly  in  poetry.] 
MEAD'OW-ORE,   n.  In  mineralogy,  cnu- 
choidal  bog  iron  ore.  Ure. 

MEAD'OW-RUE,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 

Thalictrum. 
MEAD'OW-SAFFRON,  ».  A  plant  of  the 

genus  Colchicum. 
MEADOW-SAXIFRAGE,  n.   A   plant  of 

the  genus  Peucedanum. 
MEAD'OW-SWEET,  n.     A   plant  of  the 

genus  Si)ir!ea. 
MEAD'OW-WORT,  n.   A  plant.    Drayton 
MEAD'OWY,  a.  Containing  meadow. 

J.  Darlou\ 
ME'AGER,  a.  [Fr.  mnigre ;  Sp.  It.  ma 
gro  ;  L.  macer ;  D.  G.  Dan.  Sw.  ma 
f^er  ;  Gr.  jutxxoj,  juixpof,  small  ;  allied  to 
Eng.  meek;  Ch.  IXD, to  be  thin,  to  be  ile 
pressed,  to  subdue;  Hob.  "IlOid.  Class  Mg. 
No.  2.  9.  and  10. 13.1 


1.  Thin ;  lean ;  destitute  of  flesh  or  having 
little  flesh  ;  applied  to  animals. 

Afeager  were  his  look?. 
Sharp  misery  had  worn  him  to  the  bones. 

Shak. 

2.  Poor  ;  barren ;  destitute  of  richness,  fer- 
tility, or  any  thing  valuable  ;  as  a  meager 
soil  ;  meager  limestone. 

Journ.  of  Science 

3.  Barren  ;  poor ;  wanting  strength  of  dic- 
tion, or  richness  of  ideas  or  imagery  ;  as  a 
meager  style  or  composition  ;  meager  an- 
nals. 

ME'AGER,  V.  I.  To  make  lean.     [JVo<  used.] 

Knolles. 
ME'AGERLY,  adv.  Poorly ;  thinly. 
iME'AGERNESS,  n.     Leanness  ;  want  of| 
flesh. 

2.  Poorness  ;  barrenness  ;  want  of  fertility 
or  richness. 

3.  Scantiness  ;  barrenness  ;  as  the  meager- 
ness  of  service.  Bacon 

MEAK,  n.  A  hook  with  a  long  handle. 

Tusser. 
MEAL,  n.  [Sax.  ma:l,  a  part  or  portion  ;  D. 

maal;  G.mahl;  probably  from  breaking. 

See  the  next  word.] 

1.  A  portion  of  food  taken  at  one  time  ;  a 
repast.  It  is  customary  in  tlie  U.  States 
to  eat  three  meals  in  a  day.  The  principal 
meal  of  our  ancestors  was  dinner,  at  noon 

2.  Apart;  a  fragment;  in  the  word  piece- 
meal. 

MEAL,  n.  [Sax.  mea?C!«e,  melewe  ;  G.mehl; 
Sw.  mibl  ;  Dan.  D.  7neel  ;  G.  mehlicht, 
mealy,  mellow  ;  VV.  mdl,  bruised,  ground, 
smooti).  This  word  seems  to  be  allied  to 
mill,  L.  mola,  and  to  L.  mollis,  Eng.  mellow. 
The  radical  sense  is  probably  to  break, 
comminute,  or  grind  to  fine  particles,  and 
hence  the  sense  of  softness  ;  or  the  sense 
of  softness  may  be  from  yielding  or  smooth- 
ness, and  the  verb  may  be  from  the  noun.] 

1.  The  substance  of  edible  grain  ground  to 
fine  particles,  and  not  bolted  or  sifted. 
Meal  ])rimarily  includes  the  bran  as  well 
as  the  flour.  Since  bolting  has  been  gen- 
erally practiced,  the  word  meal  is  not  gen- 
erally applied  to  the  finer  part,  or  flour,  at 
least  in  tiic  United  States,  though  I  believe 
it  is  sometimes  so  used.  In  New  Eng- 
land, meal  is  now  usually  applied  to  ground 
maiz,  whether  bolted  or  unbolted,  called 
Indian  meal,  or  corn-meal.  The  words 
wheat-meal  and  rye-meal  are  rarely  used, 
though  not  wholly  extinct ;  and  meat  oc 
curs  also  in  oatmeal. 

2.  Flour  ;  the  finer  part  of  pulverized  grain. 
[This  sense  is  now  uncommon.] 

MEAL,  1'.  t.  To  sprinkle  with  meal 
or  to  mix  meal  w  ith.     [lAtlle  itscd.] 

ME'ALINESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
mealy  ;  softness  or  smoothness  to  the 
touch. 

MEA'L-MAN,  v.  A  man  that  deals  in  meal. 

ME'AL-TIME,  n.  The  usual  time  of  eatin 
meals. 

ME'ALY,  o.  Having  the  qualities  of  meal; 
soft  ;  smooth  to  the  feel. 

2.  Like  meal  ;  farinaceous  ;  .soft,  dry  and 
friable  ;  as  a  mealy  potatoe  ;  a  mff(/^ap])le. 

.3.  Overspread  with  something  that  resem- 
bles meal  ;  as  the  mealy  wings  of  an  in 
sect.  Thomson. 

ME'ALY-MOUTHED,  a.  Literally,  iiavin 
a  soft  mouth  ;  hence,  unwilling  to  tell  the 


truth  in  plain  language  ;  inclined  to  si)eak 
of  any  thing  in  softer  tenns  than  the  truth 
will  warrant.  VEstrange. 

MEALY-MOUTH'EDNESS,  n.  Inchnation 
to  express  the  truth  iu  soft  words,  or  to 
disguise  the  plain  fact  ;  reluctance  to  tell 
the  plain  truth. 
MEAN,  a.  [Sax.  mane,  gemane ;  the  latter 
word  signifies  common,  L.  fommunt*. 
Mean  coincides  in  eh^tients  with  Sax. 
mmneg,  many,  anil  the  pririiary  sense  may 
be  a  crowd,  like  vulgar,  from  L.  valgus.  If 
the  primary  siMLse  is  small,  it  coincides 
with  Ir.  j(iio)i,  \V.  man  or  main,  Fr.  me- 
nu. It.  meno,  L.  minor  and  minuo,  to  di- 
minish ;  but  I  think  the  word  belongs  to 
the  root  of  common.  See  Class  Mn.  No. 
2  and  5.] 
1.  Wanting  dignity;  low  in  rank  or  birth; 
as  a  man  of  mean  parentage,  mean  birth 
I     or  origin. 

i2.  Wanting  dignity  of  mind  ;  low  minded  ; 
base  ;  destitute  of  honor  ;  spiritless. 
Can  you  imagine  1  so  mean  could  prove, 
To  save  my  lilc  by  changing  of  my  love  ? 

I}ri/den. 
Contemptible  ;  despicable. 
The  Roman  legions  ajid  great  Cesar  found 
Our  fathers  no  mean  foes.  Philip.i. 

4.  Of  little  value  ;  low  in  worth  or  estima- 
tion ;  worthy  of  little  or  no  regard. 

We  fa.st,  not  to  please  men,  nor  to  promote 

any  mean  worldly  interest.  SmalrUlge. 

'p.  Of    little    value  ;    humble  ;    poor  ;   as  a 

I     menn  abode  ;  a  mean  dress. 

MEAN,  a.  [Fr.  moyen  ;  Sp.  Port,  mediano  ; 

L.   medium,   medius  ;    Ir.   meadhan.      See 

Middle.] 

1.  Middle  ;  at  an  equal  distance  from  the  ex- 
tremes ;  as  the  mean  distance ;  the  mean 
proportion  between  quantities  ;  the  mean 
ratio. 

According  to  the  fittest  style  of  lofty,  mean, 
or  lowly.  Milton. 

2.  Intervening  ;  intermediate  ;  coming  be- 
tween ;  as  in  the  mean  time  or  while. 

MEAN,  n.  The  middle  point  or  place  ;  the 
middle  rate  or  degree;  mediocrity  ;  me- 
dium.    Observe  the  golden  mean. 

There  is  a  mean  in  all  things.  Dryden. 

liut  no  authority  of  gods  or  men 
Allow  of  any  mean  in  poesy.       Roscommon. 
Intervening  time  ;  interval  of  time  ;  inte- 
rim ;  meantime. 

And   in   the   mean,  vouchsafe  her  honorable 
tomb.  Spenser. 

Here  is  an  omission  oCtime  or  while. 

3.  Measure  ;  regulation.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

4.  Instrument ;  that  which  is  used  to  effect 
an  object  ;  the  medium  through  which 
something  is  done. 

The  virtuous  conversation  of  christians  \va-"  a 
mean  to  work  the  conversion  of  the  heathen  to 
Christ.  Hunker. 

In  this  sense,  means,  iu  the  plural,  is 
generally  used,  and  often  with  a  definitive 
and  verb  in  the  singular. 

By  Mi's  means  he  had  tliim  more  at  vantajc. 

Bacon. 

A  good  chai-actcr,  when  established,  should 
not  be  rested  on  as  an  end,  but  employed  as  a 
means  of  doing  good.  Atterbury. 

Means,  m  the  jiluial,  income,  revenue,  re- 
sources, substance  or  estate,  considered 
as  the  instrument  of  elTecting  any  purpose. 
He  would  have  built  a  housCi  but  he  want- 
ed  fflctijij. 


M  E  A 


M  E  A 


M  E  A 


\oi\r  means  are  slender.  Shak: 

a.  Iiistrunient  of  action  or  performance. 
By    all  means,    without     fail.     Go,  by   all 

means. 
By  no  means,  not  at  all ;  certainly  not ;  not 

in  any  degree. 

The  wine  on  this  side  of  the  lake  is  by  no 

means  so  good  as  that  on  the  other.     Mdison 
By  no  manner  of  means,  by  no  means ;  not 

tbe  least.  Burke. 

By  any  means,  possibly  ;  at  all. 

II  6^  any  means  I  might  attain  to  the  resur- 
rection of  the  dead.     Phil.  iii. 

Meantime,    ?    in  the  intervening  time.     [In 

Meanwhile,  ^  this  use  of  these  words  there 
is  an  omission  o{in  or  in  the  ;  inthe  mean 
time.^ 

MEAN,  V.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  meant ;  pronounc- 
ed ment.  [Sax.  mcenan,  menan,  to  mean, 
to  intend,  also  to  relate,  to  recite  or  te 
also  to  moan,  to  lament  ;  G.  meinen  ;  D. 
nieenen ;  Sw.  mena  ;  Dan.  meener,  mener  ; 
Russ.  nmya,  to  think  or  believe ;  Ir.  smu- 
ainim.  It  coincides  in  origin  with  L. 
mens,  Eng.  mind.  The  primary  sense  is 
to  set  or  to  thrust  forward,  to  reach, 
stretch  or  extend.  So  in  L.  intendo,  to 
stretch  onw  ard  or  towards,  and  ^Jropono,  to 
propose,  to  set  or  put  forward.] 

1.  To'liave  in  the  mind,  view  or  contempla- 
tion ;  to  intend. 

What  mean  you  by  this  service  ?     Ex.  xii 

2.  To  intend  ;  to  purpose  ;  to  design,  with 
reference  to  a  future  act. 

Ye  thought  evil  against  me,  but  God  meant  it 
for  good.     Gen.l. 

3.  To  signify  ;  to  indicate 

\Vhat  tnean  these  seven  ewe  lambs  ?     Gen. 
xxi. 

^Vhat  meaneth  the  noise  of  this  great  shout 
in  the  camp  of  theHebrews  ?     1  Sam.  iv. 

Go  ye,  and  learn  what  that  meaneth —     Matt, 

ix. 

MEAN,  V.  i.  To  have  thought  or  ideas  ;  or 

to  have  meaning.  Pope. 

MEAN'DER,  n.    [the  name  of   a  winding 

river  in  Phrygia.] 

1.  A  winding  course  ;  a  winding  or  turning 
in  a  passage  ;  as  the  meanders  of  the  veins 
and  arteries.  Hale. 

While  lingering  rivers  in  meanders  glide. 

Blackmore 

2.  A  maze  ;  a  labyrinth  ;  perplexity;  as  the 
meanders  of  the  law.  Arbuthnot. 

MEAN'DER,  v.  t.  To  wind,  turn  or  flow 
round  ;  to  make  flexuous.  Drayton. 

MEAN'DER,  v.  i.  To  wind  or  turn  in  a 
course  or  passage  ;  to  be  intricate. 

Shenstone. 

IMEAN'DERING,  ppr.  or  a.  Winding  in  a 
course,  passage  or  current 

MEAN'DRIAN,  a     "  '     ' 
ny  turns. 

ME'ANING,  ppr.  Having  in  mind  ;  intend 
ing  ;  signifying. 

ME'ANING,  n.  That  which   exists  in  the 
niinil,  view  or  contenii)lation  as  a  settled 
aim  or  purpose,  though  not  directly  ex 
pressed.     We  say,  this  or  that  is  not  his 
meaning. 

2.  Iiitcnliun  ;  pm-posc  ;  aim;  with  reference 
to  a  future  act. 

1  am  no  honest  man,  if  there  be   any  2;ood 
meanvnt;  towards  you.  Shak 

3.  Signification.  What  is  the  menniii^  of  all 
this  parade  ?  The  meaning  of  a  hiero- 
glypliii-  is  not  alwa\s  obvious 


4.  The  sense  of  words  or  expressions  ;  that 
which  is  to  be  understood  ;  signification  ; 
that  which  the  writer  or  speaker  intends 
to  express  or  communicate.  Words  have 
a  literal  meaning,  or  a  metaphorical  tiiean- 
ing,  and  it  is  not  always  easy  to  ascertain 
the  real  meaning. 

5.  Sense  ;  power  of  thinking.     [LAttle  used.] 
ME'ANLY,  adt).  [See  Mean.]     Moderately; 

not  in  a  great  degree. 

In  the  reign  of  Uomitian,  poetry  was  meanly 
cultivated.     [JVbt  used.]  Dryden. 

2.  Without  dignity  or  rank  ;  in  a  low  condi- 
tion ;  as  meanly  born. 

3.  Poorly  ;  as  meanly  dressed. 

4.  Without  greatness  or  elevation  of  mind  ; 
without  honor  ;  with  a  low  mind  or  nar 
row  views.  He  meanly  declines  to  fulfill 
his  promise. 

Would  you  meanly  thus  rely 

On  power,  you  know,  1  must  obey  ?       Prior. 

5.  Without  respect  ;  disrespectfully.  We 
cannot  bear  to  hear  others  speak  meanly 
of  our  kindred. 

ME'ANNESS,  n.  Want  of  dignity  or  rank 
low  state  ;  as  meanness  of  birth  or  condi 
tion.     Poverty  is  not  always  meanness  ;  it 
may  be  connected  with  it,  but  men  of  dig- 
nified minds  and  manners  are  often  poor 

2.  Want  of  excellence  of  any  kind ;  poor- 
ness ;  rudeness. 

This  figure  is  of  a  later  date,  by  the  mean- 
ness of  the  workmanship.  Addison. 

3.  Lowness  of  mind ;  want  of  dignity  and 
elevation  ;  want  of  honor.  Meanness  in 
men  incurs  contempt.  All  dishonesty  is 
meanness. 

4.  Sordidness;  niggardliness;  opposed  to 
liberality  or  charitableness.  Meanness  is 
very  different  from  frugality. 

5.  Want  of  richness;  poorness;  as  the 
meanness  of  dress  or  equipage. 

MEANT,  pret.  attdpp.  oi' mean. 

MEAR.    [SeeJlfere.] 

ME'ASE,  n.  [from  the  root  of  measure.] 
The  quantity  of  500 ;  as  a  mease  of  her- 
rings.    [JVbt  used  in  America.] 

MEASLE,  n.  mee'd.  A  leper.     [iN'ot  in  use.] 

Wickliffe. 

MEASLED,  a.  mee'zled.  [See  Measles.] 
Infected  or  spotted  with  measles. 

MEASLES,  ?i.  mee'zles ;  with  a  plural  ter- 
mination. [G.  ma«er,  a  spot ;  masrg-,  nieas- 
led  ;  D.  mazelen  ;  from  sprinkling  or  from 
mixing.     Class  Ms.  No.  14.  15.] 

).  A  contagious  disease  of  the  human  body, 
usually  characterized  by  an  eruption  of 
small  red  points  or  spots,  from  which  it 
has  its  name. 

2.  A  disease  of  swine.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  A  disease  of  trees.  Mortimer. 
MEASLY,  a.  mee'zly.  Infected  with  measles 

or  eruptions.  Swift. 

MEASUIIABLE,  a.  mezh'urable.  [See 
Measure.] 

1.  That  may  be  measured;  susceptible  of 
mensuration  or  computation.  Bentley. 

2.  Moderate  ;  in  small  quantity  or  extent. 
MEASURABLENESS,  ?i.    mezh'urableness. 

The  quality  of  admitting  nieusuration. 
MEASURABLY,  adv.    mezh'urably.     Mod- 

eratelv  ;  in  a  funitcd  degree. 
MEASURE,   n.    mezh'ur.    [Kr.   mesxire ;   It. 

misura  ;  S|).  medida  ;  Ann.  mit.mr  or  mu- 

sul ;  Ir.  meas  ;    W.  meidyr  and  mesur  ;   G. 

mass,  measure,  and  mcssai,  to  nicasuru  ; 


D.  maat ;  Sw.  matt ;  Dan.  mcuide,  meas- 
ure, and  mode ;  L.  mensura,  from  mensvs, 
with  a  casual  n,  the  participle  of  metior,  to 
measure,  Eng.  to  mete ;  Gr.  fit rpor,  /itTptw. 
Witli  these  correspond  the  Eng.  meet,  fit, 
proper,  and  meet,  the  verb;  Sax.  gemet, 
meet,  fit ;  metan  and  gemettan,  to  meet  or 
meet  with,  to  find,  to  mete  or  measure, 
and  to  paint.  Tiie  sense  is  to  come  to,  to 
fall,  to  happen,  and  this  sense  is  connected 
with  that  of  stretching,  extending,  that  is. 
reaching  to  ;  the  latter  gives  the  sense  of 
measure.  We  find  in  Heb.  HD  measure ; 
mo,  to  mete,  to  measure.  This  word  in  Ar. 

A^  madda,  signifies  to  stretch  or  extend, 

to  draw  out  in  length  or  time ;  as  do  other 
verbs  with  the  same  elements,  under  one 
of  which  we  find  the  meta  of  the  Latins. 
The  Ch.  t«3D  signifies  to  come  to,  to  ar- 
rive, to  reach,  to  be  mature,  and  NXD,  in 
Heb.  Ch.  and  Eth.  signifies  to  find,  to 
come  to.  Now  the  Saxon  verb  unites  in 
itself  the  significations  of  all  three  of  the 
oriental  verbs.] 

1.  The  whole  extent  or  dimensions  of  a 
thing,  including  length,  breadth  and  thick- 
ness. 

The  measure  thereof  is  longer  than  the  earth 
and  broader  than  the  sea.     Job  xi. 

It  is  applied  also  to  length  or  to  breadth 
separately. 

2.  That  by  which  extent  or  dimension  is  as- 
certained, either  length,  breadth,  thick- 
ness, capacity,  or  amount ;  as,  a  rod  or 
pole  is  a  measure  of  five  yards  and  a  half; 
an  inch,  a  foot,  a  yard,  are  measures  of 
length  ;  a  gallon  is  a  measure  of  capacity. 
Weights  and  measures  should  be  uniform. 
Silver  and  gold  are  the  common  measure 
of  value. 

3.  A  limited  or  definite  quantity ;  as  a  meas- 
ure of  wine  or  beer. 

4.  Determined  extent  or  length ;  limit. 
Lord,  make  me  to  know   rny  end,  and  the 

7neasure  of  my  days.     Ps.  xxxix. 

5.  A  rule  by  which  any  thing  is  adjusted  or 
proportioned. 

God's  goodness  is  the  measure  of  his  provi- 
dence. .More. 

6.  Proportion  ;  quantity  settled. 
I  enter  not  into  the  particulars  of  the  law  of 

nature,  or  its  measures  of  punishment ;  yet 
there  is  such  a  law.  Locke. 

7.  Full  or  sufficient  quantity. 
I'll  never  pause  again, 

Till  either  death  halh  clos'd  these  eyes  of  mine, 
Orfortune  given  nie  measure  of  revenge. 

Shak. 

8.  Extent  of  power  or  office. 
We  will  not  boast  of    things   without   our 

measure.     2  Cor.  x. 

9.  Portion  allotted  ;  extent  of  abiUty. 
If  else  thou  seekest 

Aught  not  surpassing  human  measure,  say. 

Milton. 

10.  Degree ;  quantity  indefinite. 

I  have  laid  down,  in  some  measure,  tlie  des- 
cription of  the  old  world.  Mbot. 

A  ^reMi  measure  of  discretion  is  to  be  used  in 
the  performance  of  confession.  Taylor. 

11.  In  mi(.9i>,  that  division  by  which  the  mo- 
tion of  music  is  regulated  ;  or  the  interval 
or  space  of  time  between  the  rising  and 
fulling  of  the  hand  or  foot  of  him  who  beats 
time.     This  measure  regulates  the  time  of 


M  E  A 


M  E  C 


M  E  C 


t) 


dwelling  on  each  note.    The  ordinary  orljMEASURING,  ppr.    mezh'uring.    Corapu-I 

ting  or  ascertaining   lengtli,  dimensions, 
[     capacity  or  amount.  j 

2.  a.  A  measuring  cast,  a  throw  or  cast  that; 
requires  to  he  measured,  or  not  to  be  dis-i 
tiiiguishcd  liom  another  but  by  ineasur 
ing.  ff'aller. 

MEAT,  n.  [Sax.  male,  mete ;  Got\i.  mats ; 
Sw.  mat ;  Dan.  mad ;  Hindoo,  jiias.  In  W 
maethu  signifies  to  feed,  to  nourish,  Corn. 
methia.  In  the  language  of  the  Moliegans, 
in  America,  meetseh  signifies,  eat  thou ; 
meetsoo,  he  eats.     Qu.  maiz  and  must.] 

1.  Food  in  general;  any  thing  eaten  for 
nourishment,  either  by  man  or  beast. 

And  (iod  .said,  Behold,  I  have  given  you 
every  herb — to  you  it  shall  lie  for  meat.    Gen.  i 

Every  moving  thing  that  liveth,  shall  be 
meat  for  you.     Gen.  ix. 

Thy  carcase  shall  be  meat  to  all  fowls  of  the 
air.     Deut.  xxviii. 

2.  The  flesh  of  animals  used  as  food.     This 
is  iiotv   the  more  usual   sense  of  the  u-ord. 
The  meal  of  carnivorous  animals  is  tough, 
coarse  and  ill  flavored.     The  mca/of  herb 
ivorous  animals  is  generally  palatable. 

In  Scripture,  spiritual  food  ;  that  which 
sustains  and  noiuishes  spiritual  life  or 
holiness. 

My  flesh  is  meat  indeed.     John  vl 

4.  Spiritual  comfort ;  that  which  delights 
the  soul. 

My  men!  is  to  do  the  will  of  him  that  sent 
nie.     Jolin  iv. 

5.  Products  of  the  earth  proper  for  food. 
Hab.  iii. 

6.  The  more  abstruse  doctrines  of  the  gos- 
))el,  or  mysteries  of  religion.     Heh.  v. 

7.  Ceremonial  ordinances.     Ileh.  xiii. 
To  sit  at  meat,  to  sit  or  recline  at  the  table. 

Scriptitre 

ME'ATED,  a.   Fed  ;  flittencd.     [ATot  used.]\ 

Tttsso' 

MEATIIE,  Ji.  [\V.  jHf:.  Hoe  Mead.]  Liquor 
or  drink.     LYot  used.]  Milton 

ME'AT-OFFERINC;,  n.  An  oflering  con- 
sisting of  meat  or  food. 

ME'ATY,  a.  Fleshy,  but  not  fat.   [Local.] 

Ch-ose. 

MEAWL.     [See  MewL] 

ME'AZLING,  ppr.  Falling  in  small  drops  ; 
properly  mi;;/i/i_ff,  or  rather  mistliiig,  fron 
mist.  Arlmlhnol. 

ME€HAN'I€,        \        [L.  mechaninis ;    Fr. 

MECHAN'IGAL,  ^        mechanique;    Gr. 
;fai'txo5,  from  ftrixavr,,  a  machine.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  machines,  or  to  the  art  of 
constructing  machines  ;  pertaining  to  the 
art  of  making  wares,  goods,  instruments, 
furniture,  &c.  We  say,  a  man  is  employ- 
ed in  mechanical  labor  ;  he  lives  by  me- 
chanical occupation. 

2.  Constructed  or  performed  by  the  rules  or 
laws  of  mechanics.     The  work  is  not  mc 
chanical. 

3.  Skilled  in  the  art  of  making  machines; 
bred  to  manual  labor.  Johnson. 

4.  Pertaining  to  artisans  or  mechanics;  vul- 
gar. 

To  make  a  god,  a  hero  or  a  king. 
Descend  to  a  mechanic  dialect. 

Soscommon. 

5.  Pertaining  to  the  principles  of  mechanics, 
in  philosophy  ;  as  mechanical  powers  or 
forces;  a  mechanical  principle. 

6.  Acting  by  physical  power  ;  as  mechanical 
pressure. 

14 


common  measure  is  one  second.        Encyc. 

12.  In  potlry,  the  measure  or  meter  is  the 
manner  of  ordering  and  combining  the 
quantities,  or  the  long  and  short  syllables. 
Thus  hexameter,  pentameter,  Iambic, 
Sapphic  verses,  &c.  consist  of  different 
measures.  Encyc. 

13.  In  dancing,  the  interval  between  steps, 
corresponding  to  the  interval  between 
notes  in  the  music. 

My  legs  can  keep  no  7neasure  in  delight. 

Shak. 

14.  In  geometry,  any  quantity  assumed  as 
one  or  unity,  to  which  the  ratio  of  other 
homogeneous  or  similar  quantities  is  ex- 
pressed. Encyc. 

15.  Means  to  an  end ;  an  act,  step  or  pro- 
ceeding towards  the  accomplishment  of  an 
object ;  an  extensive  signification  of  the 
word,  applicable  to  almost  even/  act  prepara- 
tory to  a  final  end,  and  by  which  it  is  to  be 
attained.  Thus  we  speak  of  legislative 
measures,  political  measures,  public  meas 
ures,  prudent  measures,  a  rash  measure,  ef- 
fectual measures,  ineflicicnt  measures. 

In  measure,  with  moderation  ;  witliout  ex 
cess. 

Jfithout  measure,  without  limits ;  very  largely 
or  co])iously. 

To  liavc  hard  measure,  to  be  harshly  or  Oj: 
pressively  treated. 

Lineal  or  long  measure,  measure  of  length  ; 
the  njcasure  of  lines  or  distances. 

Liquid  measure,  t\\e  measure  of  liquors. 

MEASURE,  r.  t.  mezli'ur.  To  compute  or 
ascertain  extent,  quantity,  dimensions  or 
cajiacity  by  a  certain  rule  ;  as,  to  measure 
land  ;  to  measure  distance  ;  to  measure  the 
altitude  of  a  mountain  ;  to  measure  the  ca- 
|)acity  of  a  ship  or  of  a  cask. 

2.  To  ascertain  the  degree  of  any  thing  ;  as, 
to  measure  the  degrees  of  heat,  or  of  moist- 
ure. 

3.  To  pass  through  or  over. 

We  must  measure  twenty  miles  to  day. 

Shak. 
The  vessel  plows  the  sea. 
And  tneasures   back   with  speed   her  former 
way.  Dry  den. 

4.  To  judge  of  distance,  extent  or  quantity  : 
as,  to  measure  any  thing  by  the  eye. 

Great  are  thy  woiks,  Jehovah,  infinite 
Tliy  power ;  what  thought  can  measure  thee : 

Milton 

5.  To  adjiist ;  to  proportion. 

To  secure  a  contented  spirit,  measure  youi 
desires  by  your  fortunes,  not  your  fortunes  by 
your  desires.  Taylor. 

To  allot  or  distribute  by  measure. 

With   what  measure    ye    mete,   it  shall  be 

measured  to  you  again.     Matt,  vii 

MEASURED,  pp.  mezh'ured.  Computed  or 

ascertained  by  a  rule  ;    adjusted;   propor 

tioncd  ;  passed  over. 

a.  a.   Equal ;  uniform  ;  steady.     He  walked 

with  measured  steps. 
MEASURELESS,  o.    mezh'urless.  Without 
measure;  milimited;  immeasurable. 

MEASUREMENT,  n.  mezh'urment.  tIic 
act  of  measuring ;  mensuration.       Burke 

MEASURER,  n.  mezh'urer.  One  who  meas- 
ures ;  one  whose  occupation  or  duty  is  to 
measure  commodities  in  market- 

Vol.  II 


xr.  fir,. 


The  terms  mechanical  and  chimical,  are  thus 
distinguished  :  those  changes  which  bod- 
ies undergo  without  altering  their  con- 
stitution, that  is,  losing  their  identity,  such 
as  changes  of  place,  of  figure,  &,c.  arc 
mechanical ;  those  which  alter  the  consti- 
tution of  bodies,  making  them  different 
substances,  as  w  hen  flour^  yeast  and  water 
unite  to  form  bread,  are  chimical.  In  the 
one  case,  the  changes  relate  to  masses  of 
matter,  as  the  motions  of  the  heavenly 
bodies,  or  the  action  of  the  wind  on  a  ship 
under  sail;  in  the  other  case,  the  changes 
occin-  between  the  particles  of  matter,  as 
the  action  of  heat  in  niching  lead,  or  the 
union  of  sand  and  lime  forming  mortar. 
Most  of  what  are  usually  called  the  me- 
chanic arts,  are  partly  mechanical,  and 
partly  chimical. 

ME€HAN'IC,  n.  A  person  whose  occupa- 
tion is  to  construct  machines,  or  goods, 
wares,  instnnnents,  furniture,  and  the  like. 

2.  One  skilled  in  a  mechanical  occupation 
or  art. 

MECHANICALLY,  adv.  According  to  the 
laws  of  mechanism,  or  good  workman- 
ship. 

2.  By  physical  force  or  power. 

3.  By  the  laws  of  motion,  without  intelli- 
gence or  design,  or  by  the  force  of  habit. 
We  say,  a  man  arrives  to  such  perfection 
in  playing  on  an  instrument,  that  his  fin- 
gers move  mechanically. 

Mechanically  turned  or  inclined,  naturally  or 
habitually  disposed  to  use  mechanical 
arts.  Sivin. 

MEGHAN' IGALNESS,  n.  The  state  of 
being  mechanical,  or  governed  by  mechan- 
ism. 
MEGHANI'CIAN,  n.  One  skilled  in  me- 
chanics. 
MECHAN'IGS,  n.  That  science  which 
treats  of  the  doctrines  of  motion.  It  in- 
vestigates the  forces  by  which  bodies  arc 
kept  either  in  equilibrium  or  in  motion, 
and  is  accordingly  divided  into  statics  and 
dynamics. 

A  mathematical  science  which  sliows  the  ef- 
fects of  powers  or  moving  forces,  so  far 
as  they  are  applied  to  engines,  and  demon- 
strates the  laws  of  motion.  Harris. 
It  is  a  well  known  tnith  in  mechanics,  thai 
Uie  actual  and  theoretical  powers  of  a  machine 
will  never  coincide.                           J.  Jlppleton 

MECHANISM,  n.  The  construction  of  a 
machine,  engine  or  instrument,  intended 
to  apply  power  to  a  useful  purpose  ;  the 
structure  of  parts,  or  manner  in  which  the 
l)arts  of  a  machine  are  united  to  answer 
its  design. 

2.  Action  of  a  machine,  according  to  the 
laws  of  mechanics. 

MEGH'ANIST,  n.  The  maker  of  machines, 
or  one  skilled  in  mechanics. 

ME€H  LIN,  n.  A  species  of  lace,  made  at 
Mechlin. 

MEGHO'AGAN,  n.  White  jalap,  the  root  of 
an  American  species  of  Convolvulus,  from 
Mechoacan,  in  Mexico ;  a  purgative  of 
slow  operation,  but  safe.  Encyc. 

MEGO'NIATE,  n.  A  salt  consisting  of  me- 
conic  acid  and  a  base. 

ME€ON'I€,  a.  Meconic  acid  is  an  acid  con- 
tained in  opium. 

MEG'ONITE,  71.  A  small  sandstone ;  am- 
mite.  Coxe.    De  Cosla. 


MED 


MED 


MED 


MECONIUM,  n.  [Gr.  /i^xunov,  from  f»>?xwr, 
poppy-] 

1.  Tlie  juice  of  tlie  white  poppy,  which  has 
the  virtues  of  opium.  Core.     Encyc. 

2.  The  first  foBces  of  infants.  Coxe. 
MED'AL,   n.    [Fr.  medaille  ;    It.  medaglia  ; 

Sp.   medatla  ;    Arm.  melallinn  ;    from  L. 


metallum,  metal.     Qu.  Ar. 


Jkla^  matala, 
Class  Md 


3. 


to  beat  or  e.xtend  by  beating. 
No.  45.] 
An  ancient  coin,  or  a  piece  of  metal  in  the 
form  of  a  coin,  stamped  with  some  figure 
or  device  to  preserve  the  portrait  of  some 
distinguished  person,  or  the  memory  of  an 
illustrious  action  or  event. 
MEDAL'LIC,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  medal  or 
to  medals.  Addison. 

MEDAL' LION,  n.    [Fr.;  from  medal.]     A 

large  antique  stamp  or  medal. 
2.  The  representation  of  a  medallion. 
MED'ALLIST,  >!.   A  person  that  is  skilled 
or  curious  in  medals.  Johnson. 

MED'DLE,  V.  i.  [D.  middehn,  to  mediate ; 
G.  miitler,  middle,  and  mediator;  Sw. 
medlare ;  Dan.  midUr,  a  incdiator.  Qu. 
Sw.  meddela,  Dan.  meddder,  to  communi- 
cate or  participate;  nitd,  with,  and  rfe/a, 
dteUr,  to  deal.  Meddle  seems  to  be  con- 
nected with  medley,  a  mixture.  Chaucer 
and  Spenser  use  medle,  to  mix,  and  the  G. 
mittler  is  evidently  from  mitte,  mittel,  mid- 
dle, which  seems  to  be  connected  with 
mil,  with.  In  W.  mid  signifies  an  inclo- 
sure.  Perhaps  all  these  words  may  be- 
long to  one  family.] 
1.  To  have  to  do  ;  to  take  part ;  to  interpose 
and  act  in  the  concerns  of  others,  or  in  af- 
fairs in  which  one's  interposition  is  not  ne- 
cessary ;  often  with  the  sense  of  intrusion 
or  officiousness. 

I  have  thus  far  been  an   upright  judge,  not 
meddling  witli  the  design  nor  disposition. 

Dry  den. 
What  hast  tl)Ou  to  do  to  meddle  with  the  af- 
fairs of  my  family  >  Jirbuthnot. 
Why  should'st  thou  meddle  to  thy  hurt .'     2 
Kings  xiv. 
3.  To  have   to   do;    to   touch;    to   handle. 
Meddle  not  with  edge-tools,  is  an  admoni- 
tion to  children.     When  the  object  is  spe- 
cified, meddle  is  properly  followed  by  with 
or  in;  usually  by  the  former. 

The  ci\  il  lawyers — have  meddled  in  a  matter 
that  belongs  not  to  them.  Locke 

MED'DLE,' I'.  I.  To  mix  ;  to  mingle. 

He  meddled  his  talk  with  many  a  tear.     06s. 

Spenser 
MEDDLER,  n.  One  that  meddles  ;  one  that 
interferes  or  busies  himself  with  things  in 
which  he  has  no  concern  ;  an  oflicious  per- 
son :  a  busy  bodv.  Bacon.' 
MED'DLESOME,"  a.    Given  to  meddling 
apt  to  interpose  in  the  aflairs  of  others; 
ofliciouslv  intrusive. 
MED'DLESOMENESS,  n.  Officious  inter- 
position in  the  affairs  of  others.     Barrow. 
MED'DLING,  ppr.    Having  to  do ;  touch- 
ing; handling;  officiously  interposing  in 
other  men's  concerns. 
2.  a.  Officious;  busy  in  other  men's  affairs; 

as  a  ?nc(ii/it/ig  neighbor. 
ME'DIAL,  a.  [L.  medius,  middle.]     Mean 

noting  a  mean  or  average. 
Medird  altif^alion,  is  a  metliod  of  finding  the 
mean  rate  or  value  of  a  mixture  coiisistin 


of  two  or  more  ingredients  of  different 
quantities  and  values.  In  this  case,  the 
quantity  and  value  of  each  ingredient  are 
given. 
ME'DIANT,  n.  In  music,  an  appellation 
given  to  the  third  above  the  key-note,  be- 
cause it  divides  the  interval  between  the 
tonic  and  dominant  into  two  thirds. 

Rousseau.     Busby. 
ME'DIATE,  a.  [Fr     medial;    It.   mediato ; 
from  L.  medius,   middle.]     Middle ;  being 
between  the  two  extremes. 

Anxious  we  hover  in  a  mediate  state.  Prior. 
Interposed;  intervening;  being  between 
two  objects. 

Soon  the  mediate  clouds  shall  be  dispelled. 

Prior. 
Acting  by  means,  or  by  an  intervening 
cause  or  instrument.     Thus  we  speak  of 
mediate  and  immediate  causes.     The  wind 
that  propels  a  ship  is  the  immediate  cause 
of  its  motion  ;  the  oar  with  which  a  man 
rows  a  boat  is  the  immediate  cause  of  its 
motion  ;   but   the   rower   is     the   mediate 
cause,  acting  by  means  of  the  oar. 
ME'DIATE,    V.  i.    To   interpose  between 
parties,  as  the  equal  friend  of  each  ;  to  act 
indifferently  between  contending  parties, 
with  a  view   to   reconciliation ;  to   inter- 
cede.    The  prince  that  mediates  between 
nations  and  prevents  a  war,   is  the  bene- 
factor of  both  parties. 
a.  To  be  between  two.  [Litlle  used.]     Digby. 
ME'DIATE,  t'.  t.  To  effect  by  mediation  or 
interposition  between  parties ;  as,  to  medi- 
ate a  peace.  Clarendon. 
I.  To  limit  by  something  in  the  middle.  [A'b( 
tised.]  Holder. 
ME'DIATELY,    adv.    By  means  or  by  a 
secondary  cause,  acting  between  the  first 
cause  and  the  efi'ect. 

God  worketh  all  things  amongst  us  mediately 
by  secondary  means.  Raleigh 

The  king  grants  a  manor  to  A,  and  A  grants 
a  portion  of  it  to  B.  In  this  case,  B  holds  his 
lands  immediately  of  A,  but  mediately  of  the 
kino-.  "  Blackstone. 

MEDIATION,    n.    [Fr.  from   L.    medius, 
middle.] 

Interposition;  intervention;   agency  be- 
tween parties  at  variance,  with  a  view  to 
reconcile  them.     The  contentions  of  indi- 
viduals and  fiimilies  are  often  terminated 
by  the  mediation  of  friends.     The  contro- 
versies of  nations  are  sometimes  adjusted 
by  mediation.     Tlie  reconciliation  of  sin 
ners  to  God  by  the  mediation  of  Christ,  is 
a  glorious  display  of  divine  benevolence. 
Agency  interposed  ;  intervenient  power 
The  soul,  dining  its  residence  in   the  body, 
docs  all  things  by  (he  mediation  of  the  passions 

South, 
Intercession  ;  entreaty  for  another. 


MEDIA'TORSHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a  me- 
diator. 

MEDIA'TRESS,  \       A  female  mediator. 

MEDIA'TRIX,      S  Ainsioorlh. 

MED'IC,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Medicago. 
The  sea-medic  is  of  the  same  genus ;  the 
medic  vetch  is  of  the  genus  Hedysarum. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 

MED'leABLE,  a.  [See  Medical]  That 
may  be  cured  or  healed. 

MED'I€AL,  a.  [L.medicus,  from  mcrfeor,  to 
heal ;  Gr.  nrjiixoi,  ^njiofMi ;  fujSoj,  cure.] 


1.  Pertaining  to  the  art  of  heahng  diseases  : 


1. 


3. 

MEDIA'TOR,  ?i.  [Fr.  mediateur.]  One  that 
interposes  between  parties  at  variance  for' 
the  purpose  of  reconciling  them. 

I.  Byway  of  eminence,  Christ  is  the  medi- 
ator, the  divine  intercessor  through 
whom  sinners  may  be  reconciled  to  an  of- 
fended God.    Tiiii.  3. 

Christ  is  a  mediator  by  nature,  as  partaking 
of  both  natures  divine  and  human;  and  media- 
tor by  office,  as  transacting  matters  betwetn 
God  and  man.  VVaterland. 

MEDIATO'RIAL,  n.  Belonging  to  a  medi- 
ator ;  as  mediatorial  office  or  character. 
[Mediatory  is  not  used.] 


as  the  medical  profession  ;  medical  services. 
"2.  Medicinal ;  containing  that  which  heals ; 
tending  to  cure;  as  the  jnerficai properties 
of  a  plant. 
MEDICALLY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of 
medicine ;  according  to  the  rules  of  the 
healing  art,  or  for  the  purpose  of  healing ; 
as  a  simple  or  mineral  medically  used  or 
applied. 

Ill  relation  to  the  healing  art ;  as  a  plant 
medically  considered. 
MED'ICAMENT,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  medica- 

mentum.] 
Any  thing    used    for    healing    diseases  or 
wounds  ;  a  medicine  ;  a  healing  applica- 
tion. Coxe. 
MEDICAMENT'AL,  a.  Relating  to  healing 
applications  ;  having  the  qualities  of  med- 
icaments. 
MEDICAMENTALLY,    adv.    After    tlie 

manner  of  healing  applications. 
MED'ICASTER.  n.  A  quack.         Whitlock. 
MED'ICATE,  V.  t.  [L.  medico.]     To  tinc- 
ture  or   impregnate    with    healing   sub- 
stances, or  with  any  thing  medicinal. 

Arhuthnot. 
MED'ICATED,  pp.  Prepared  or  furnished 

with  any  thing  medicinal. 

MED'ICATING,  ppr.    Impregnating   with 

medical  substances ;  preparing  with  any 

thing  medicinal. 

MEDICATION,  n.  The  act  or  process  of 

impregnating  with  medicinal  substances; 

the  infusion  of  medicinal  virtues.     Bacon. 

2.  TJie  use  of  medicine.  Brown. 

MEDIC'INABLE,  a.  Having  the  properties 

of  medicine  ;  medicinal.     [The  latter  is  the 

word  now  ttsed.]  Bacon.     IVotlon. 

MEDICINAL,  a.  [L.  medicinalis.]  Having 

the  property  of  healing  or  of  mitigating 

disease  ;  adapted  to  the  cure  or  alleviation 

of  bodily  disorders;  as  medicinal  plants; 

medicinal  virtues   of  minerals;  medicinal 

springs.      The  waters   of  Saratoga   and 

Ballston  are  remarkably  medicinal.] 

2.  Pertaining  to  medicine  ;  as  medieino/ days 

or  hours.  Quincy. 

MEDICINALLY,  adv.  In  the   manner  of 

medicine  ;  with  medicinal  qualities. 
2.  AVith   a  view  to   healing  ;   as,  to   use  a 

iiiiiioral  medicinally. 
MED'ICINE,  n.  [L.  medicina,  from  medeor, 
to  cure;  vulgarly  and  improperly  pro- 
nounced med'sn.] 
1.  Any  substance,  liquid  or  solid,  that  has 
the  property  of  curing  or  mitigating  dis- 
ease in  animals,  or  that  is  used  for  that 
purpose.  Simples,  jilants  and  tninerals 
furnish  most  of  our  medicines.  Even  poi- 
sons used  with  judgment  and  in  modera- 
tion, are  safe  and  eflic.acions  medicine.i. 
Medicines  are  internal  or  exia-nai,  simpk 
or  compound. 


MED 


MED 


M  E  E 


2.  The  art  of  preventing,  curing  or  allevi- 
ating the  diseases  of  the  human  body. 
Hence  we  say,  tlie  study  of  medicine,  or  a 
student  of  medicine.  . 

3.  In  the  French  sense,  a  physician.  [Mt  in 
use.]  ''*'"'*■ 

MED'ICINE,  V.  t.  To  affect  or  operate  on 

as  medicine.     [M'ot  used.]  Skak. 

MEDI'ETY,  n.  [Fr.  medieU;  L.  medietas; 

from  L.  medius,  middle.] 
Tlie   middle  state  or   part;    half;    moiety. 

[lAlUe  used.]  Brown. 

ME'DIN,  n.  A  small  coin. 
MEDIO'CRAL,   a.    [L.  mediocris.]     Being 

of  a  middle  quality  ;  indifferent ;  ordinary  ; 

as  mediocral  intellect.     [Rare.]      Addison. 
ME'DIOCRIST,  n.  A  person  of  middling 

abilities.     [M'ot  used.]  Smft. 

MEDIOe'RITY,  n.    [L.  mediocritas,  from 

mediocris,  middling  ;  medius,  middle.] 

1.  A  middle  state  ordegree  ;  a  moderate  de 
gree  or  rate.     A  mediocrity  of  condition  is 
most  favorable  to   morals  and  happiness. 
A  mediocrity  of  talents  well  employed  will 
generally  ensui-e  respectability. 

Men  of  age  seldom  drive  business  home  to 
the  full  period,  but  content  themselves  nith  a 
tnedioc/'ity  of  success.  Bacon, 

2.  Moderation ;  temperance. 

We  owe  obedience  to  the  law  of  reason, 
■which  teacheth  mediocrity  in  meats  and  drinks. 

Hooker. 
MED'ITATE,  t'.  i.  [L.  meditor;    Sp.  medi- 
tar ;  Fr.  ynediter.] 

1.  To  dwell  on  any  thing  in  thought ;  to 
contemplate  ;  to  study  ;  to  turn  or  revolve 
any  subject  in  the  mind  ;  appropriately 
but  not  exclusively  used  of  pious  contem- 
plation, or  a  consideration  of  the  great 
truths  of  religion. 

His  delight  is  in  the  law  of  the  Lord,  and  in 
his  law  doth  he7neditate  day  and  night.     Ps.  i 

2.  To  intend  ;  to  have  in  contemplation. 

I  meditate  to  pass  the  remainder  of  life  in  a 
state  of  undisturbed  repose.  Washington. 

MED'ITATE,  v.  t.  To  plan  by  revolving  in 
the  mind  ;  to  contrive  ;  to  intend. 
Some  affirmed  that  I  meditated  a  war. 

King  Charles. 
2.  To  think  on ;  to  revolve  in  the  mind. 

Blessed  is  tlie  man  that  doth  meditate  good 
tilings.  Ecclus. 

MEDITATED,  pp.  Planned ;  contrived. 
MEDITATING,    ppr.    Revolving    in    the 

mind  ;  contemplating  ;  contriving. 
MEDITA'TION,  n.    [L.  meditatio.]     Close 
or  continued  thought ;  the  turning  or  re- 
volving of  a  subject  in  the  mind ;  serious 
contemplation. 

Let  the  words  of  my  moutli  and  the  medita 
tions  of  my  heart  be  acceptable  in  thy  sight,  O 
Lord,  my  strength  and  my  Redeemer.     Ps.  xix. 
MED'ITATIVE,  a.   Addicted    to    medita- 
tion. Ainsivorth 
2.  Expressing  meditation  or  design. 

Johnson. 
MEDITERRA'NE,  >        [L.      medius. 

MEDITERRANEAN,    S  a.    middle,     and 
MEDITERRA'NEOUS,S       terra,  land.] 

1.  Inclosed   or  nearly  inclosed  with  land 
as   the   Mediterranean  sea,  between  Eu- 
rope and  Africa.  [Mediterrane  is  not  used.] 

2.  Inland  ;  remote  from  the  ocean  or  sea ; 
as  mediierraneous  mountains.  Burnet. 

ME'DIUJM,  J!,  plu.  mediums ;  media  not  be- 
ing generally,  though  sometimes  used. 
JL.]     In  philosophy,  the    space   or   sub- 


stance through  which  a  body  moves  or| 
passes  to  any  point.  Thus  ether  is  sup-i 
posed  to  be  the  medium  through  which 
the  planets  move ;  air  is  the  medium 
through  which  bodies  move  near  thej 
earth ;  water  the  medium  in  which  fishes 
live  and  move;  glass  a  medium  through 
which  light  passes ;  and  we  speak  of  a  re- 
sisting medium,  a  refracting  medium,  &c. 

2.  In  logic,  the  mean  or  middle  term  of  a 
syllogism,  or  the  middle  term  in  an  argu- 
ment, being  the  reason  why  a  thing  is  af- 
firmed or  denied. 

Nothing  can  be  honorable  that  violates 
moral  principle. 

Dueling  violates  moral  principle. 

Therefore  dueling  is  not  honorable. 

Here  the  second  term  is  the  medium 
mean,  or  middle  term. 

3.  Arithmetical  medium,  that  which  is  equally 
distant  from  each  extreme,  or  which  ex- 
ceeds the  lesser  extreme  as  much  as  it  is 
exceeded  by  the  greater,  in  respect  of; 
quantity,  not  of  proportion.  Thus,  i)  is  a 
medium  between  6  and  12. 

4.  Geometrical  medium,  is  that  wherein  the 
same  ratio  is  preserved  between  the  first 
and  second  terms,  as  between  the  second 
and  third.  Thus,  G  is  a  geometrical  medi- 
um between  4  and  9.  Encyc 

In  the  three  last  senses  or  applications, 
mean  is  more  generally  used  for  medium. 

5.  The  means  or  instrument  bj'  which  any 
thing  is  accomplished,  conveyed  or  car-| 
ried  on.  Thus  money  is  the  medium  of 
commerce ;  coin  is  the  common  mediumi 
of  trade  among  all  civilized  nations,  but 
wampum  is  the  medium  of  trade  among 
the  Indian  tribes,  and  bills  of  credit  or 
bank  notes  are  often  used  as  mediums  of 
tratle  in  the  place  of  gold  and  silver.  In- 
telligence is  communicated  through  the 
medium  of  the  press. 

6.  The  middle  place  or  degree;  the  mean. 
The  just  medium  of  this  case  lies  between 

pride  and  abjection.  V Estrange. 

7.  A  kind  of  printing  paper  of  middle  size. 
MED'LAR,    n.    [L.  mespilus.]     A  tree  and 

a  genus  of  trees,  called  Mespilus;  also, 
the  fruit  of  the  tree.  The  German  or 
common  medlar  is  cultivated  in  gardens 
for  its  fruit.  Encyc. 

MED'LE,  V.  I.  To  mix  ;  not  used,  butl 
hence, 

MED'LEY,  n.  A  mixture;  a  mingled  and 
confused  mass  of  ingredients  ;  used  often 
or  commonly  with  some  degree  of  con- 
tempt. 

This  medley  of  philosophy  and  war.    Addison. 
Love  is  a  medley  of  endearments,  jars,  suspi- 
cious, reconcilements,  wars — then  peace  again. 

WaLsh. 

MED'LEY,  a.  Mingled;  confused.  [Little 
used.]  Dryden. 

MEDUL'LAR,      >        [L.   medullaris,    from 

MED'ULLARY,  S  "'  medulla, marrow;  W. 
madruz;  allied  to  matter,  that  is,  soft.] 

Pertaining  to  marrow  ;  consisting  of  mar- 
row ;  resembling  marrow ;  as  medullary 
substance. 

MEDUL'LIN,  n.  [L.  medulla.]  The  pith 
of  the  sunflower,  which  has  neither  taste 
nor  smell.  It  is  insoluble  in  water,  ether, 
alcohol  and  oils,  but  soluble  in  nitric  acid, 
and  instead  of  yielding  suberic  acid,  if 
yields  tlic  oxalic.  Cyc. 


MEED,  n.  [Sax.  med,  Gr.  /tmSoj,  G.  miethe, 
hire  ;   Sans,  medha,  a  gift.] 

1.  Reward  ;  recompense  ;  that  which  is  be- 
stowed or  rendered  in  consideration  of 
merit. 

Thanks  to  men 
Of  noble  minds  is  honorable  meed.  Shak 

2.  A  gift  or  present.     [.Vol  used.]  Shak. 
MEEK,  a.  [Sw.   miuk,   soft,   tender;  Dnn. 

myg ;  Sp.  mego  ;  Port,  meigo  ;  G.  gemach. 
The  primary  sense  is  flowing,  litpiid,  or 
thin,  attenuated,  and  allied  to  muck,  L. 
mucus,  Eng.  mucilage,  Heb.  Ch.  JID,  to 
melt.  Class  Mg.  No.  8.  See  also  No.  10. 
and  No.  2.  !).  1.3.] 

1.  Mild  of  temper;  .soft;  gentle;  not  easily 
provoked  or  irritated  ;  yielding  ;  given  to 
forbearance  under  injuries. 

Now  tlie  man  Moses  was  very  meek,  above 
all  men.     Num.  xii. 

2.  Appropriately,  humble,  in  an  evangelical 
sense  ;  submissive  to  the  divine  will ;  not 
proud,  self-sufficient  or  refractory ;  not 
peevish  and  apt  to  complain  of  divine  dis- 
pensations. Christ  says,  "Learn  of  me,  for 
I  am  meek  and  lowly  in  heart,  and  ye  shall 
find  rest  to  your  souls."     JIatt.  xi. 

Blessed  are  the  meek,  for  they  shall  inherit 
the  earth.     Matt.  v. 

MEE'KEN,  I',  t.  mee'kn.  To  make  meek  ; 
to  soften  ;  to  render  mild.  Thomson. 

MEE'KLY,  adv.  Mildly;   gently;   submis- 
sively ;  humbly  ;  not  proudly  or  roughly. 
And   this   mis-seeming    discord   meekly  lay 
aside.  Spenser. 

MEE'KNESS,  n.  Softness  of  temjier ; 
mildness  ;  gentleness  ;  forbearance  under 
injuries  and  provocations. 

2.  In  an  evangelical  seyise,  humility  ;  resigna- 
tion ;  submission  to  the  divine  will,  with- 
out murmuring  or  peevishness  ;  opposed 
to  pride,  arrogance  and  refractoriness. 
Gal.  v. 

I  beseech  you  by  the  meekness  of  Christ.  1 
Cor.  X. 

Meekness'is  a  grace  which  Jesus  alone  incul- 
cated, and  which  no  ancient  philosopher  seems 
to  have  understood  or  recommended. 

Buckminster. 

MEER,  «.  Simple;  unmixed;  usually  writ- 
ten mere. 

MEER,  n.  A  lake;  a  boundary.  [See 
Mere.] 

MEE'RED,  a.  Relating  to  a  boundary.  [See 
Mere.]  Shak. 

MEERSCHAUM,  n.  [G.  sea-foam.]  A 
hydrate  of  magnesia  combined  with  silex. 
It  occurs  in  beds  in  Natolia,  and  when 
first  taken  out,  is  soft,  and  makes  lather 
like  soap.  It  is  manufactured  into  tobac- 
co pipes,  which  are  boiled  in  oil  or  wax, 
and  baked.  Cyc. 

MEET,  a.  [Sax.  gemet,  with  a  prefix,  from 
the  root  of  metan,  gemetan,  to  meet,  to  find, 
that  is,  to  come  to,  to  come  together.  So 
the  equivalent  word  convenient,  is  from  L. 
convenio.] 

Fit;  suitable;  proper;  qualified;  conveni- 
ent ;  adapted,  as  to  a  use  or  purpose. 

Ye  shall  pass  over  armed  before  your  breth- 
ren, the  children  of  Israel,  all  that  are  meet  for 
the  war.     Deut.  iii. 

It  was  meet  that  we  should  make  merry — 
Luke  XV. 
Bring  forth  fruits  meet  for  repentance.  Matt. iii. 

MEET,  V.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  met.  [Sax.  metan, 
nicKfan,  gemelan,  to  meet,  to  find,  to  raeas- 


M  E  E 


MEL 


MEL 


lire,  to  mete  ;  Gotli.  motyan  ;  D.  oiitmoeten, 
gemoetan,  to  meet,  and  gemoel,  a  meeting  ; 
Sw.  mbta,  to  meet,  to  fall,  come  or  hap- 
pen ;  mote,  a  meeting ;  mot,  toward, 
against ;  Dan.  moder,  to  meet ;  mode,  a 
meeting  ;  77iorf,  contrary,  against,  towards. 
The  sense  is  to  come  to,  to  fall  to  or  hap 
pen,  to  reach  to  ;  Gr.  /tffa,  with  ;  G.  mit, 
D.  met,  niede,  Sw.  and  Dan.  7ned,  with  or 
by ;  VV.  med,  to  ;  Ch.  Syr.  NBD  non,  to  come 
to,  to  arrive,  to  happen  ;  Heb.  Ch.  Eth. 
XSD.  Qu.W.  ommorf,  a  covenant;  commod. 
agreement.] 

1.  To  come  together,  approaching  in  oppo- 
site or  different  directions  ;  to  come  face 
to  face ;  as,  to  meet  a  man  in  the  road. 

His    daughter  came    out    to  meet  him   with 
timbrels  and  with  dances.     Judges  xi. 

2.  To  come  together  in  any  place  ;  as,  we 
met  many  strangers  at  the  levee. 

3.  To  come  together  in  hostihty  ;  toencoun 
ter.  Tlie  armies  met  on  the  plains  of  Phar 
salia. 

4.  To  encounter  unexpectedly.  Milton. 

5.  To  come  together  in  extension  ;  to  come 
in  contact;  to  join.  The  line  A  meets  the 
line  B  and  forms  an  angle. 

C.  To  come  to ;   to  find  ;  to  light  on  ;  to  re 
ceive.     The  good  man  meets  his  reward 
the  criminal  in  due  time  meets  the  punish- 
ment he  deserves. 

Of  vice  or  virtue,  whether  blest  or  curst. 
Which  meets  contempt,  or  which  compassion 
first.  Pope 

MEET,  r.  i.  To  come  together  or  to  ap- 
proach near,  or  into  company  with.  How 
pleasant  it  is  for  friends  to  meet  on  the 
road;  still  more  pleasant  to  meet  in  a  for 
eign  country. 

2.  To  come  together  in  hostility ;  to  encoun- 
ter. The  armies  met  at  Waterloo,  and  de 
cided  the  fate  of  Buonaparte. 

3.  To  assemble  ;  to  congregate.  The  coun- 
cil met  at  10  o'clock.  The  legislature  will 
oneet  on  the  first  Wednesday  in  the  month. 

4.  To  come  togetlier  by  being  extended  ;  to 
come  in  contact ;  to  join.  Two  converg- 
ing lines  will  meet  in  a  point. 

To  meet  with,  to  light  on  ;  to  find ;  to  come 
to  ;  often  with  the  sense  of  an  unexpected 
event. 

We  me(  tcdth  many  things  worthy  of  observa- 
tion. Bacon. 

2.  To  join;  to  unite  in  company. 

Falstafl'at  that  oali  shall  meet  with  us. 

Shak 
•3.  To  suffer  imexpectedly  ;   as,  to  tneet  with 

a  fall ;  to  meet  loith  a  loss. 

4.  To  encounter ;    to  engage  in  opposition. 

Royal  mistress, 

Prepare  (o  meet  with  more  than  brutal  fury 

From  the  fierce  prince.  Rowe. 

3.  To  obviate  ;  a  Latinism.     [jVot  used.] 

Bacon 

To  meet  halfway,  to  approach  from  an  equal 
distance  and  meet  ;  metaphorically,  to 
make  mutual  and  equal  concessions,  each 
party  renoimcing  some  pretensions. 

MEE'TER,  )i.  One  that  meets  another ;  one 
that  accosts  another.  Shak. 

MEE'TING,  ;)/))•.  Coming  together;  en- 
countering; joining;  assembling. 

MEE'TING,  II.  A  coming  together  ;  an  in- 
terview; as  a  happy  meeting  of  friends. 

9.  An  assembly  ;  a  congregation  ;  a  collec- 
tion of  people  ;   a  convention.     The  meet- 


ing was  numerous  ;  the  meeting  was  clam- 
orous; the  meeting  was  dissolved  at  sun- 
set. 

3.  A  conflux,  as  of  rivers;  a  joining,  as  of 
lines. 

MEE'TING-HOUSE,  n.  A  place  of  wor- 
ship; a  church. 

MEE'TLY,  arfr.  [from  jneei.]  Fitly;  suita- 
bly ;  properly. 

MEE'TNESS,  n.  [from  meet.]  Fitness; 
suitableness;  propriety.  Bp.  Hall. 

MEG'A€OSM,  n.  [Gr.  /ifynj,  great,  and 
xoaiioi,  world.]     The  great  world. 

Bp.  Croft. 

MEGALON'YX,  n.  [Gr.  f<fya'^'7,  great,  and 
orul,  a  nail.] 

An  animal  now  extinct,  whose  bones  have 
been  found  in  Virginia.  Cuvier. 

MEGALOP'OLIS,  n.  [Gr.  /ifyoJ.^,  great, 
and  rtoXis,  city.] 

A  chief  city;  a  metropolis.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

Herbert. 

MEGATHERIUM,?       [Gr.  ixsya,,   great, 

MEGATH'ERY,  S  and  ^ipo^  a  wild 
beast.] 

A  quadruped  now  extinct,  but  whose  re- 
mains have  been  found  in  South  America. 
It  was  larger  tlian  the  megalonyx.       Cy> 

ME'GRIM,  n.  [Fr.  m?g-m?')ie,  corrupted  from 
L.  and  G.  hemicrania,  half  the  head.] 

Properly,  a  pain  in  the  side  of  the  head; 
hence,  a  disorder  of  the  head ;  vertigo. 

Bacon. 

MEINE,  r.  t.  [Sax.  mengan.]  To  mingle 
Obs.  Chaucer. 

MEINE,  ?        [See  Menial.]     A  retinue  or 

ME'NV,  ^  "■  family  of  servants  ;  domes- 
tics.    Obs.  Shak. 

MEIONITE,  n.  [Gi:  ftftm,  \ess  ;  from  its 
low  pyramids.] 

Prismato-pyramidical  feldspar,  of  a  grayish 
white  color.  It  occurs  massive  and  crys- 
talized.  Ure. 

MEIO'SIS,  ji.  [Gr. /ifiuisis.]  Diminution; 
a  rhetorical  figure,  a  species  of  hyperbole, 
representing  a  thing  less  than  it  is. 

Beatiie. 

MEL'AMPODE,  n.  [Gr.  ftf?.a,irto5iof,  black- 
foot.]     The  black  hellebore.  Spenser. 

MELANAGOGUE,  n.  melan'agog.  [Gr. 
jwf Aa;,  fj.f'Kami,  black,  and  oyo,  to  drive.] 

A  medicine  supposed  to  expel  black  bile  or 
choler.     [Old.] 

MEL'ANClIOLle,    a.     [See   Melancholy.^ 

1.  Depressed  in  spirits  ;  affected  with  gloom  ; 
dejected  ;    hypochondriac.      Grief  indul 
ged  to  excess,  has  a  tendency  to  render  a 
person  tnelancholic. 

2.  Produced  by  melancholy;  e.xpressive  of 
melancholy  ;  mournful ;  as  melancholic 
strains. 

Just  as  the  melancholic  eye. 

Sees  fleets  and  armies  in  the  sky.  Prior. 

3.  Unhappy  ;  unfortunate  ;  causing  sorrow 
as  accidents  and  melancholic  p<rp!exities. 

Ctarertdon.. 

MEL'AN€HOLIC,  n.  One  affected  with  a 
glooiny  state  of  mind.  [.Melancholian,  inj 
a  like  sense,  is  not  used.]  Spe/iser.' 

2.  A  gloomy  state  of  mind.  Clarendon.\ 

MEL'ANellOLILY,  adv.  With  melancholy. 

Keene.l 

MEL'AN€IIOLlNESS,  n.  State  of  being 
melancholy ;  disposition  to  indulge  gloom- 
iness of  mind.  Jluhrey. 


MELANCHO'LIOUS,  a.  Gloomy.     [.Vol  i,> 

"««•]  Goioer. 

MEL'ANCHOLIST,  n.    One  affected  with 

melancholy.  Glanville. 

MEL'ANCHOLIZE,  v.  i.  To  become  gloomy 

in  mind.  Burton. 

MEL'ANCHOLIZE,  v.  I.  To  make  melan- 

clioly- .  .  Moi-e. 

[This  verb  is  rarely  or  never  used.] 
MEL'ANCHOLY,  n.   [Gr.  f^s-Kav,  black,  and 

j;oX?j,  bile;  L.  melancholia.] 

1.  A  gloomy  state  ..f  mind,  often  a  gloomy 
state  that  is  of  some  continuance,  or  habit- 
ual ;  depression  of  spirits  induced  by  grief: 
dejection  of  spirits.  This  was  formerly 
supposed  to  proceed  from  a  redundance  of 
black  bile.  Melancholy,  when  extreme 
and  of  long  continuance,  is  a  disease, 
sometimes  accompanied  with  partial  in- 
sanity. CuUen  defines  it,  partial  insanity 
without  dyspepsy. 

In  nosology,  mental  alienation  restrained  to 
a  single  object  or  train  of  ideas,  in  distinc- 
tion ti-om  mania,  in  which  the  alienation 
is  general.  Qood. 

Moon-struck  madness,  moping  melancholy. 

Milton. 

MEL'ANCHOLY,  a.  Gloomy:  depressed 
in  spirits;  dejected;  applied  to  persons. 
Overwhelming  grief  has  made  me  melan- 
choly. 

2.  Dismal;  gloomy;  habitually  dejected;  as 
a  melancholy  temper. 

3.  Calamitous ;  afllictive  ;  that  may  or  does 
produce  great  evil  and  grief;  as  a  melan- 
choly event.  The  melancholy  fate  of  the 
Albion !  The  melancholy  destruction  of 
Scio  and  of  Missolonghi ! 

MELANGE,  n.  melanj'.  [Fr.]  A  mixture. 
[Mt  English.]  Drummond. 

MEL'ANITE,n.  [Gr.  ^fXaj,  black.]  A  min- 
eral, a  variety  of  garnet,  of  a  velvet  black 
or  grayish  black,  occurring  always  in  crys- 
tals of  a  dodecahedral  form. 

Cleaveland.     Ure. 

Melanite  is  perfectly  opake.  It  is  found 
among  volcanic  substances. 

Did.  .Vat.  Hist. 

MELANIT'le,  a.  Pertaining  to  melanite. 

MEL'ANTERI,  n.  [Gr.  fiAa,;  black.]  Salt 
of  iron,  or  iron  in  a  saline  state,  mixed 
with  inflammable  matter.  Fourcroy. 

.MEL'ANURE,    )^    A   small   fish    of    the 

MELANU'RUS,  ^  "•  Mediterranean. 

Diet.  jYat.  Hist. 

MEL'ASSES,  n.  sing.  [It.  vielassa ;  Sp. 
melaza  ;  Fr.  melasse  ;  from  Gr.  ni\a{  black, 
or  from  /xiu,  honey  ;  Sans.  mali.  black.] 

The  sirup  which  drains  from  Muscovado 
sugar  when  cooling ;  treacle. 

jYtcholson.    Edwards. 

MEL'ILOT,  J!.  [Fr.]  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Trifolium. 

ME'LIORATE,  v.  I.  [Fr.  ameliorer ;  Sp. 
mejorar ;  It.  migliorarc  ;  from  L.  melior,  bet- 
ter; W.  ma//,  gain,  profit ;  Ir.  jnea//,  good.] 

To  make  better ;  to  improve  ;  as,  to  melio- 
rate fruit  by  grafting,  or  soil  by  cultiva- 
tion. Civilization  has  done  much,  but 
Christianity  more,  to  meliorate  the  condi- 
tion of  men  in  society. 

Nature  by  art  we  nobly  meliorale. 

Denham. 

ME'LIORATE,  r.  i.  To  grow  better. 

MELIORATED,  pp.  Made  better;  im- 
proved. 


M  E  1. 


MEL 


M  E  M 


MELIORATING,  ppr.  Improving;  advan 
cingin  good  qualities. 

The  pure  and  benign  light  of  revelation  has 
had  a  meliorating  influence  on  manltind. 

Washington 

MELIORA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  operation 
of  inalving  better  ;  improvement. 

MELIOR'ITY,  n.  The  state  of  being  bet- 
ter.    [.Vo<  in  use.]  Bacon. 

MELL,  V.  i.  f  Fr.  meler.]  To  mix  ;  to  med- 
dle.    [JVb/  in  use.]  Spenser. 

MELL,  n.  [L.  mel.]  Honey.  [JVol  English.] 

MEL'LATE,  n.  [L.  mel,  Iioney,  Gr.  /ifU. 
W.  mel.] 

A  combination  of  the  mellitic  acid  with  a 

MELLIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  mel,  honey,  and 
Jero,  to  produce.]     Producing  lioney. 

MELLIFICA'TION,  n.  [L.  mellijko.]  The 
making  or  production  of  honey. 

MELLIF'LUENCE,  n.  [L.  mel,  honey,  ami 
Jluo,  to  flow.] 

A  flow  of  sweetness,  or  a  sweet  smooth  flow. 

n'atls. 

MELLIF'LUENT,  ?       Flowing  with  lion 

MELUF'LLOUS,  ^  ""  ey;. smooth;  sweet 
ly  flowing;  as  a  mellifluous  voice. 

MEL'LIT,  n.   In  farriery,  a  dry  scab  on  the 
heel   of  a   horse's  fore  foot,  cured  by 
mi.xture  of  honey  and  vinegar. 

MEL'LITE,   n.    [L.  mel.]     Honey  stone  ; 
mineral  of  a  honey  color,  found  only  m 
very  minute  regular  crystals.     Cleaveland. 

MELLIT'lC,  a.  Pertaining  to  honey  stone 

MEL' LOW,  a.    [Qax.  melewc ;   G.  melil,  D. 
Dan.  meet,  meal ;  G.  mehlig,  inMichl,  mel 
low,   mealy  ;   Dan.  meelagtig,    mellow;  L 
mollis,  Vi:  mot,  molle,  soft,  Gr.  ^aXaxo; ;  VV. 
•iiiall,  soft,  melting,  insipid,  evil,  and  as  a 
noun,  a  malady.     The    Welsh  unites   the 
word  with  L.  mains.   These  words  are  ev 
idently  allied  to  mild  and  melt,  and  meal 
would  seem  to  be  connected  with  mill.     1 
am  not  certain  which  is  the  primary  word 
See  Class  Ml.  No.  2.  4.  9.  12.] 

1.  Soft  with  ripeness;  easily  yielding  to 
pressure ;  as  a  mellow  jjeach  or  apple : 
mellow  fruit. 

2.  Soft  to  the  ear ;  as  a  mellow  sound  ;  a  mel- 
low pipe. 

3.  Soft;  well  pulverized  ;  not  indurated  or 
compact ;  as  mellow  ground  or  earth. 

4.  Soft  and  smooth  to  the  taste ;  as  mellow 
wine. 

5.  Soft  with  liquor  ;  intoxicated  ;  merry 

Addison. 

6.  Soft  or  easy  to  the  eye. 

Tlie  tender  flush  whose  mel'Mw  st.iin  imbues 
Heaven  willi  all  freaks  of  light.         Perciwil. 
MEL'LOW,  V.  t.  To  ripen;  to  bring  to  ma- 
turity ;  to  soften  by  ripeness  or  age. 
On  foreign  mountains  may  the  .^un  refine 
The  grape's  soft  juice  and  mellow  it  to  wine 

Jiddison. 

2.  To  soften ;  to  pulverize.  Earth  is  mel 
lowed  by  frost. 

3.  To  mature  ;  to  bring  to  perfection. 

This  episode— mf77oii'e(/  into  that  reputation 
which  time  has  given  it.  Dryden 

MEL'LOW,  !).  i.  To  become  soft ;  to  be  ri- 
pened, matured  or  brought  to  perfection. 
Fruit,  when  taken  from  the  tree,  soon  mel 
lows.    Wine  mellows  with  age. 


MEL'LOWNESS,  n.  Softness;  the  quality^  2.  To  dissolve;  to  reduce  to  first  principlee. 

Burnet. 

3.  To  soften  to  love  or  tenderness. 
For  pity  melln  tlie  mind  to  love.         Dryden. 

4.  To  waste  away  ;  to  di.ssipate. 
In  general  riot  melted  down  thy  youth. 

Shah. 

5.  To  dishearten.  Josh.  xiv. 
MELT,  V.  i.  To  become  liquid  ;  to  di.ssolve  ; 

to  be  changed  from  a  fi.\ed  or  solid  to  a 
flowing  state. 

And  whiter  snow  in  minutes  melts  away. 

Dryden. 
2.  To  be  softened  to  love,  pity,  tenderness 
or  sympathy ;  to  become  tender,  mild  or 
gentle. 

Melting  with  tenderness  and  mild  compas- 
sion. Shak. 
■i.  To  be  dissolved ;  to  lose  substance. 
— And  what  sccm'd  corporal. 
Melted  as  breath  into  the  wind.  Shak. 
4.  To  be  subdued  by  affliction ;  to  sink  into 
weakness. 


of  yielding  easily  to  pressure;  ripeness,  as 
of  fruit. 

2.  Maturity ;  softness  or  smoothness  from 
age,  as  of  wine. 

MEL'LOWY,  a.  Soft;  imctuous.     Drayton. 

MELOeOTO'NE,  n.  [Sp.  melocolo7i,  a 
peach-tree  grafted  into  a  quince-tree,  or 
the  fruit  of  the  tree ;  It.  melocnlogno 
quince-tree  ;  L.  malum  cotoneum,  ([uinco- 
apple.  Cotoneum  is  probably  our  cotton, 
and  the  fruit  so  named  from  its  pubes- 
cence" 

A  quince.  But  the  name  is  sometimes  given 
to  a  large  kind  of  peach. 

MELO'DIOUS,  a.  [See  Melody.]     Contain 
ing  melody ;    musical ;    agreeable  to  the 
car  by  a  sweet  succession  of  sounds  ;  as  a 
melodious  voice  ;  melodious  strains. 

And  music  more  melodious  than  the  spheres. 

Dri/de7i. 

MELO'DIOUSLY,  adv.  In  a  melodious 
manner ;  musically. 

MELO'DIOUSNESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  agreeable  to  the  ear  by  a  sweet  suc- 
cession of  sounds;  inusicalne.ss. 

MKL'ODIZE,  V.  t.  To  make  melodious, 

MEL'ODRAME,  n.  [Gr.  nfKot,  a  song,  and 
drama." 

A  dramatic  performance  in  which  songs  are 
ititermixed.  Todd. 

MEL'ODY,  n.  [Gr.  jurtuSta;  ni7.oi,  a,  Wmh. 
or  a  song,  and  u5);,  an  ode  ;  L.  melos.] 

An  agreeable  succession  of  sounds;  a  suc- 
cession of  sounds  so  regulated  and  modu- 
lated as  to  please  the  ear.  To  constitute 
melody,  the  sounds  must  be  arranged  ac- 
cording to  the  laws  of  rythmus,  measure, 
or  the  due  proportion  of  the  movements  to 
each  other.  Melody  differs  from  harmony. 
as  it  consists  in  the  agreeable  succession 
and  modulation  of  sounds  by  a  single 
voice  ;  whereas  harmony  consists  in  the 
accordance  of  diff"erent  voices  or  sounds 
Melody  is  vocal  or  instrumental.        Hooker. 

To  make  melody  in  the  heart,  to  praise  God 
with  a  joyful  and  thankful  disposition,  as- 
cribing to  him  tlie  honor  due  to  his  name 
Eph.  V. 

MEL'ON,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  melo  ;  Sp.  melon: 
It.  mellone,  a  melon ;    Gr.  jiujXoi',  an  apple 
D.  me/of)i  ;    G.  milone;    Dan.  Sw.  melon ; 
Slav.  mlun.     This  word  has  the  elements 
of  mellow,  L.  mollis,  W.  mall.] 

The  name  of  certain  plants  and  their  fruit, 
as  the  water- nje/oH,  the  musk-«if7o?!. 

MEL'ON-THISTLE,  n.  A  plant  of  the  ge 
nus  Cactii.':. 

MEL'ROSE 
roses. 

MELT,  V. 
smelten ; 
smelter; 


n.  [mel  and  rose.]     Honey  of 
Fordyce. 

t.  [Sax.  melian  ;  Gr.  ntt.Sa :  D.' 
G.  schmelzen ;  Sw.  smulta  ;  Dan. 
whence  Eng.  smell,  smalt.     We 


have  in  these  words  decisive  evidence  that 
.V,  in  smelten,  &c.  is  a  prefix.  Melt,  in  Eng- 
lish, is  regular,  forming  melted  for  its  past 
tense  and  passive  participle.  The  old  par- 
ticiple molten,  is  used  only  as  an  adjective.' 
This  verb  belongs  to  a  numerous  class  of 
words  in  M!,  denoting  soft  or  softness. 
See  Class  Ml.  No.  10.  18.  19.] 
1.  To  dissolve  ;  to  make  liquid,;  to  liquefy; 
to  reduce  from  a  solid  to  a  liquid  or  flow- 
ing state  by  heat ;  as,  to  melt  wax,  tallow 
or  lead ;  to  melt  ice  or  snow. 


My  soul  melteth  for  heaviness — strcngflien 
thou  me.  Ps.  cxix. 

5.  To  faint ;  to  be  discouraged  or  disheart- 
ened. 

Aa  soon  as  we  heard  these  things,  our  heart 
melted.  Josh.  ii. 

MELT'ED,  pp.  Dissolved  ;  made  liquid  ; 
softened;  discouraged. 

MELT'ER,  n.  One  that  melts  any  thing. 

Derham. 

MELT'ING,  ppr.  Dissolving;  liquefying; 
softening  ;  discouraging. 

2.  a.  Tending  to  soften  ;  softening  into  ten- 
derness ;  as  melting  eloquence. 

MELT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  softening  ;  the 
act  of  rendering  tender.  South. 

MELT'INGLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  melt 
or  soften. 

2.   Like  something  melting.  Sidney. 

MELT'INGNESS,  n.  The  power  of  mel't- 
ing  or  softening. 

MEL'WEL,  n.  A  fish. 

MEM'RER,  n.   [Fr.  mtmlre ;  h.  memhru)n.] 

1.  A  limb  of  aninial  bodies,  as  a  leg,  an  arm, 
an  ear,  a  finger,  that  is,  a  subordinate  part 
of  the  main  body. 

2.  A  part  of  a  discourse,  or  of  a  period  or 
sentence ;  a  clause ;  a  part  of  a  verse. 
Harinony  in  poetry  is  produced  by  a  pro- 
portion between  the  members  of  the  same 
verse,  or  between  the  members  of  diflerenl 
verses. 

3.  In  architecture,  a  subordinate  part  of  a 
building,  as  a  frieze  or  cornice ;  sometimes 
a  molding. 

4.  An  individual  of  a  community  or  socictj'. 
Every  citizen  is  a  meniher  of  the  state  or 
body  i)olitic.  So  the  individuals  of  a  club, 
a  corporation  or  confederacy,  are  called 
its  members.  Students  of  an  academy  or 
college  are  its  members.  Professed  chris- 
tians are  called  members  of  the  church. 

5.  The  appetites  and  passions,  considered  as 
temptiiiff  to  sin.  Rom.  vii.     Col.  iii. 

MEM'BERED,  a.  Having  limbs. 

MEM'BERSHIP,  n.  The  state  of  being  a 
member. 

2.  Communitv;  society.  Beaum. 

MEM'BRANE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  mcmbrana  ; 
In  meambrutn.  The  last  component  part 
of  this  word  is  found  in  the  Ethiopic  and 

Amharic,    Etli.  -{14'/  T  bereana.  parch- 
ment, vellum,  from    (\iU  barah,  to  shine 


M  E  M 


MEN 


MEN 


or  be  clear.  Ludolf,  Col.  231.  2.  The  sub- 
.stance  then  is  named  from  its  clearness  or 
transparency.] 

In  anatomy,  a  thin,  white,  flexible  skin,  form- 
ed b}'  fibers  interwoven  like  net-work, 
and  serving  to  cover  Bome  part  of  the 
body.  Encyc. 

The  term  is  applied  to  the  thin  expanded 
parts,  of  various  texture,  both  in  animals 
and  vegetables. 

MEMBRA'NEOUS,       i     Belonging  to  a 

MEM'BRANOUS,  }  a.  membrane;con- 

MEMBRANA'CEOUS,  )  sisting  of  mem- 
branes ;  as  a  nembraneons  covering. 

Birds  of  prey  have  membranacecms  stomachs, 
not  muscular.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  In  botany,  a  membranaceous  leaf  has  no 
distinguishable  pulp  between  the  two  sur- 
faces. In  general,  it  denotes  flatted  or 
resembling  parchment.  Martyn. 

MEMBRA'NIFORM,  a.  Having  the  form 
of  a  membrane  or  of  parchment. 

MEMENT'O,  n.  [L.  from  memini.  See 
Memory.} 

A  hint,  suggestion,  notice  or  memorial  to 
awaken  memory  ;  that  which  reminds. 

He  is  but  a  man,   and  seasonable  mementos 
may  be  useful.  Bacon 

MEM'OIR,  n.  [Fr.  memoire,  memory.]  A 
species  of  history  written  by  a  person  who 
had  some  share  in  the  transactions  relat 
ed.     Persons  often  write   their  own  me 


2.  A  history  of  transactions  in  which  some 
person  had  a  principal  share,  is  called  his 
memoirs,  though  compiled  or  written  by 
a  different  hand. 

3.  The  history  of  a  society,  or  the  journals 
and  proceedings  of  a  society ;  as  memoirs 
of  the  Royal  Society. 

4.  A  written  account ;  register  of  facts. 

Arbulhnof. 
MEM'ORABLE,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  memoraU 

lis.     See  Memory.'] 
Worthy  to  be  remembered;  illustrious;  eel 
ebrated ;  distinguished. 

By  tombs,  by  books,  by  memorable  deeds. 

Davies. 
MEM'ORABLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  worthy 

to  be  remembered. 
MEMORAND'UM,  n.  phi.  memorandums  ov 
memoranda.  [L.]  A  note  to  help  the  mem- 
ory. 

1    entered  a  memorandum   in   my   pocket- 
hook.  Guardian 
MEM'ORATIVE,  a.  Adapted  or  tending  to 
preserve  the  memory  of  any  thing. 

Hammond. 
MEMO'RIAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  memorialis. 
See  Memory.] 

1.  Preservative  of  memory. 

There  high  in  air  memorial  of  my  name. 
Fix  the  smooth  oar,  and  bid  me  live  to  fame. 

Pope. 

2.  Contained  in  memory;  as  memorial  pos- 
session. Walts. 

MEMO'RIAL,  n.  That  which  preserves  the 
memory  of  something  ;  any  thing  that 
serves  to  keep  in  memory.  A  monument 
is  a  memorial  of  a  deceased  person,  or  of  an 
event.  The  Lord's  supper  is  a  memorial 
of  the  death  and  sufferings  of  Christ. 

Churches  have  names ;  gome  as   memorials 
of  peace,  some  of  wisdom,  some  of  the  Trinity. 

Hooker. 
2.  Any  note  or  hint  to  assist  the  memory. 


Memorials  written  with  king  Edward's  hand 
shall  be  the  ground  of  this  history. 

Hayward. 
3.  A  written  representation  of  facts,  made  to 
a  legislative  or  other  body  as  the  ground 
of  a  petition,  or  a  representation  of  facts 
accompanied  with  a  petition. 
MEMORIALIST,  n.  One  who  writes  a 
memorial.  Spectator. 

2.  One   who   presents  a  memorial  to  a  le- 
gislative or  any  other  body,  or  to  a  person. 

U.  States. 
MEMORIALIZE,   t>.  /.  To  present  a  me- 
morial to  ;  to  petition  by  memorial. 

U.  States. 
MEM'ORIST,  n.  One  who  causes  to  be  re- 
membered.    [JVot  used.]  Brown. 
MEM'ORIZE,  V.  t.  To  record;  to  commit 
to  memory  by  writing. 

They  neglect  to  memoiize  their  conquest  of 
the  Indians.  Spenser. 

2.  To  cause  to  he  remembered. 

They  meant  to  memorize  another  Golgotha. 

Shak. 
MEM'ORY,  n.  [L.  memoria;  Fr.  memoire ; 
Svv.  7ninne  ;  Ir.  meamhair  or  meahhair. 
meanma.  This  word  is  from  memini, 
which  is  probably  corrupted  from  the 
Greek  fiiaoftat,  to  remember,  from  lUtfOj 
mind,  or  the  same  root.  See  Mind.] 
1.  The  faculty  of  the  mind  by  which  it  re- 
tains the  knowledge  of  past  events,  or 
ideas  which  are  past.  A  distinction  is 
made  between  memory  and  recollection 
Memory  retains  past  ideas  without  any,  or 
with  little  effort  ;  recollection  implies  an 
effort  to  recall  ideas  that  are  past. 

Beaitie.     Reid.     Stewart. 
Memory  is  the  purveyor  of  reason. 

Rambler. 
A  retaining  of  past  ideas  in  the  mind;  re- 
membrance. Events  that  excite  little  at- 
tention are  apt  to  escape  from  memory. 

3.  Exemption  from  oblivion. 
That  ever-living  man  of  memory, 
Henry  the  fifth'.  Shak 

4.  The  time  within  which  past  events  can 
be  remembered  or  recollected,  or  the  time 
within  which  a  person  may  have  knowl- 
edge of  what  is  past.  The  revolution  ii 
England  was  before  my  memon/  ;  the  rev- 
olution in  America  was  within  the  au- 
thor's memory. 

5.  Memorial ;  monumental  record ;  that  which 
calls  to  remembrance.  A  monument  in 
London  was  erected  in  memory  of  the  con- 
flagration in  1<j66. 

JG.  Reflection  ;  attention.  Shak. 

MEM'ORY,  V.  t.  To  lay  up  in  the  mind  or 
memory.      [M)t  used.]  Chaucer. 

iMEMPH'IAN,  a.  [from  Memphis,  the  ancient 
metropolis  of  Egypt,  said  to  be  altered 
from  Menu/,  Memf.  Ludolf.] 

Pertaining  to  Memphis  ;  very  dark  :  a  sense 
borrowed  from  the  darkness  of  Egypt  in 
the  time  of  Moses. 
MEN,  plu.  of  man.  Two  or  more  males,  in- 
dividuals of  the  human  race. 

2.  Males  of  bravery.  We  will  live  in  honor, 
or  die  like  men. 

3.  Persons  ;  people  ;  mankind  ;  in  an  indef- 
inite sense.  Men  are  a])t  to  forget  the 
benefactor,  while  they  riot  on  the  benefit. 

MEN'ACE,  11.  /.  [Fr.  menacer ;  It.  minac 
dare;  Up.  amenazar  ;  h.  miliar.  The  pri- 
mary sense  is  to  rush,  throw  or  push  tor 


ward.  The  sense  is  more  clearly  express- 
ed by  emineo  and  promineo,  to  jut  forward, 
from  the  same  root.  See  Mind,  which  is 
of  the  same  family.] 

1.  To  threaten  ;  to  express  or  show  a  dispo- 
sition or  determination  to  inflict  punish- 
ment or  other  evil.  The  combined  pow- 
ers menaced  France  with  war  on  every 
side. 

2.  To  show  or  manifest  the  probability  of 
future  evil  or  danger  to.  The  spirit  of  in- 
subordination menaced  Spain  with  the  hor- 
rors of  civil  war. 

3.  To  exhibit  the  appearance  of  any  catas- 
trophe to  come ;  as,  a  hanging  rock  me- 
naces a  fall,  or  menaces  the  plain  or  the  in- 
habitants below. 

MEN'ACE,  n.  A  threat  or  threatening  ;  the 
declaration  or  show  of  a  disposition  or  de- 
termination to  inflict  an  evil;  used  of  per- 
sons. 

2.  The  show  of  a  probable  evil  or  catastro- 
phe to  come. 

MENACED,  pp.  Threatened. 

MEN' ACER,  n.  One  that  threatens. 

MEN'A€HANITE, )!.  An  oxyd  of  titanium, 
or  mineral  of  a  grayish  or  iron  black  col- 
or, occurring  in  very  small  rounded  grains, 
imperfectly  lamellar,  and  of  a  glistening 
luster;  found  near  Menachan,  in  Corn- 
wall, Eng.         Ure.    Phillips.    Cleaveland. 

MENA€HANIT'I€,  a.  Pertaining  to  men- 
achanite. 

MEN'ACING,;)pr.  Threatening;  de'-iaring 
a  disposition  or  determination  to  inflict 
evil. 

2.  a.  Exhibiting  the  danger  or  probability  of 
an  evil  or  catastrophe  to  come  ;  as  a  me- 
nacing attitude. 

MEN' Age,  )t.  [Fr.  a  family.  See  Manage.] 
A  collection  of  brute  animals.         Addison. 

MEN'AliERY, n.  [Yr.  menagerie;  \t.mena- 
geria.] 

A  yard  or  place  in  which  wild  animals  are 
kept,  or  a  collection  of  wild  animals. 

MENAGOGUE,  n.  men'agog.  [Gr.  ^)?^f5, 
menstrua,  and  a^u,  to  drive.] 

A  medicine  that  promotes  the  menstrual 
flux.  Qiiincy. 

MEND,  V.  t.  [L.  emendo  ;  Fr.  amender ;  It. 
mendare  ;  from  L.  menda,  a  fault,  spot  or 
blemish.  Mend  is  contracted  from  emendo, 
amend,  for  the  L.  negative  e  for  ex,  is  ne- 
cessary to  express  the  removal  of  a  fault.] 

1.  To  repair,  as  a  breach ;  to  supply  a  part 
broken  or  defective :  as,  to  mend  a  gar- 
ment, a  road,  a  mill-dam,  a  fence,  &c. 

2.  To  correct ;  to  set  right ;  to  alter  for  the 
better  ;  as,  to  mend  the  life  or  manners. 

3.  To  repair  ;  to  restore  to  a  sound  state ; 
as,  to  mend  a  feeble  or  broken  constitu- 
tion. Locke. 

1.  To  help ;  to  advance  ;  to  make  better. 
This  plausible  apology  does  not  mend  the 
iViatter. 

Though  in  some  lands  the  grass  is  but  short, 
yet  it  mends  garden  herbs  and  fruit. 

Mortimer. 
5.  To  improve ;  to  hasten. 

He  saw  the  monster  mend  liis  pace. 

Dryden. 

MEND,  v..  i.   To  grow  better;  to  advance 

to  a  better  state  ;  to  improve.     We  say,  a 

feeble   constitution   mends   daily ;   a  sick 

man  mends,  or  is  convalescent. 


MEN 


M  E  N 


M  E  R 


MEND' ABLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  mended. 
MENDA'CIOUS,   a.   [L.  mendax.]    Lying; 

false.     [Little  used.] 
MENDACITY,  n.  [L.  mendux,  false,  lying. 
See  Class  Mn.  No.  4.]    Falsehood. 

Brotcn. 

[The  proper  signification  of  this  word 

would  be  a  disposition  to  lie,  or  habitual 

lying.] 

MEND'ED,  pp.    Repaired;    made  better; 

improved. 
MEND'ER,  n.  One  who  mends  or  repairs. 
MEND'ICANCY,  a.   [L.  mendicans.]  Beg 

gary ;  a  state  of  begging. 
MEND'ICANT,  a.  [L.  mendicans,  from  men 
dico,  to  beg,  Kr.  mendier ;  allied  to  L.  man- 
do,  to  command,  demand.] 
L  Begging  ;  poor  to  a  state  of  beggary ;  as 

reduced  to  a  mendicant  state. 

2.  Practicing  beggary  ;  as  a  mendicant  friar. 

MEND'ICANT,  n.    A  beggar;    one    that 

makes  it  his  business  to  beg  alms  ;  one  of 

the   begging    frateraity    of   the    Romish 

church. 

MEND'ICATE,  v.  t.    To  beg,  or  practice 

begging.     fJVbi  used.] 
MENDIC'ITY,  n.  [L.  mendicitas.]  The  state 

of  begging;  the  life  of  a  beggar. 
MENDMENT,  for  amendment.  [JVot  in  use.] 
MENDS,  for  amends,  not  used.  Shak. 

MENHA'DEN,  n.  A  species  offish. 
ME'NIAL,  a.  [Norm,  meignal,  ynet/nal,  from 
meignee  or  meiny,  a  family.     The  Norm, 
has    also  mesnie    and   mesnce,    a    family, 
household  or  company,  and  ?nf'jne:,  many. 
Qu.  the  root  of  maison,  messuage,  or  of 
many.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  servants,  or  domestic  ser 
vants  ;  low  ;  mean. 

Tlie  women  attendants  perform  only  tlie  most 
menial  offices.  Swift 

[Johnson  observes  on  this  passage,  that 
Swift  seems  not  to  have  known  the  mean- 
ing of  this  word.  But  this  is  the  only 
sense  in  which  it  is  now  u.sed.] 
'2.  Belonging  to  the  retinue  or  train  of  ser 
vants.  Johnson. 

Two  menial  dogs  before  their  master  pressed 

Dryden . 
[If  this  definition  of  Johnson  is  correct, 
it  indicates  that  mon'a/ is  from  meinez,  ma- 
ny, rather  than  from  mesnie,  family.     But 
the  sense  may  be  house-dogs.] 
ME'NIAL,  n.  A  domestic  servant. 
MEN'ILITE,  n.  A  uiineral  substance  found 
at  Menil  Montant  near  Paris,  of  the  nature 
of  silex,  of  a  brown  liver  color  on  the  in- 
terior, and  ordinarily  of  a  clear  blue  on  the 
surface.     It  is  found  in  the  shape  of  the 
kidneys,  of  the  size  of  the  hand  or  larger  ; 
sometimes  in  globules  of  the  size  of  a  nut. 
Did.  Xat.  Hist. 
MENIS'€US,»i.  plu.  meniscuses.  [Gr./ijjixdxo;, 

a  little  moon.] 
A  lens  convex  on  one  side,  and  concave  on 
the  other.  Encyc. 

MENISPERM'ATE,    n.    A    compound  of 

raenispermic  acid  and  a  salifiable  base. 
aiENISPERM'IC,  a.  The  menispermic  acid 
is  obtained  from  the  seeds   of  the  meni- 
spermuni  cocculus.  Ure. 

MEN'IVER,    Ji.    A  small  white  animal  in 
Russia,  or  its  fur  which  is  very  fine. 

Chaucer. 


MEN0L'06Y,  n.  [Gr.  fiiji ,  ii"?vo,-,  month,  and 
jioyos,  discourse.] 

1.  A  register  of  months.  Stillin^eet. 

3.  In  the  Greek  chtirch,  martyrology,  or  a 
brief  calendar  of  the  lives  of  the  saints, 
for  each  day  in  the  year,  or  a  simple  re- 
membrance of  those  whose  lives  are  not 
written.  Lunier. 

iMEN'OVV,  n.  [Fr.  menu,  small.  Qu.]  A  small 
fresh  water  fish,  the  minnow.  Bailey. 

MEN'PLEASER,  n.  One  who  is  solicitous 
to  please  men,  rather  than  to  please  God, 
by  obedience  to  his  commands. 

MEN'SAL,  a.  [L.  mensalis,  from  mensa,  a 
table.] 

Belonging  to  the  table  ;  transacted  at  table. 
[Little  used.]  Clarissa. 

MEN'STRUAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  menslrualis, 
from  mensis,  month.] 

1.  Monthly ;  hapi>ening  once  a  month  ;  as 
the  menstrual  flux. 

2.  Lasting  a  month  ;  as  the  menstrual  orbit 
of  the  moon.  Bentley 

3.  Pertaining  to  a  menstruum.  Bacon. 
•MEN'STRUANT,   a.    Subject  to   monthly 

flowings.  Brown. 

MEN'STRUOUS,  a.  [L.  menstruus,  from 
mensis,  a  month.] 

1.  Having  the  monthly  flow  or  discharge  ;  as 
a  female.  Sandys. 

■2.  Pertaining  to  the  monthly  flow  of  females 

Brown 

MEN'STRUUM,  n.  i)Iu.  mcnslruums.  [fron, 
L.  mensis,  month.  The  use  of  this  word 
is  supposed  to  have  originated  in  some  no 
tion  of  the  old  chimists,  about  the  influ- 
ence of  the  moon  in  tlie  preparation  of 
dissolvents.     Johnson.] 

A  dissolvent  or  solvent  ;  any  fluid  or  subtil- 
ized substance  which  dissolves  a  solid 
body. 

All  liquors  arc  called  menstntums  which  are 
used  as  dissolvents,  or  to  extract   the   virtues  of 
ingredients  by  infusion  or  decoction.       Quincy. 
Inquire  what  is  the  proper  menstruum  to  dis- 
solve a  metal.  Bacon. 

MENSURABIL'ITY',  n.  [from  mensurable.] 
Capacity  of  being  measured. 

MEN'SURABLE,  o.  [L.  mensura,  measure. 
The  n  is  probably  casual,  and  the  word  is 
the  same  as  measurable.] 

Measurtfble  ;  capable  of  being  measured. 

Holder. 

MEN'Sl'RAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  measure. 

MEN'SURATE,  w.  t.  [L.  meiusura,  measure.] 
To  measure.     [Little  used.] 

MENSIJRA'TION,  ?i.  The  act,  process  or 
art  of  measuring,  or  taking  the  dimensions 
of  any  thing. 

[2.  Measure  ;  the  result  of  measuring. 

I  Arbuthnot. 

MENTAL,  a.  [It.  mcntale  ;  Fr.  mental  ; 
from  L.  mens,  mind.] 

Pertaining  to  the  mind  ;  intellectual  ;  as 
HieniaZ  faculties  ;  me/i^u;  operations  ;  ment- 
al sight ;  mental  taste.     Milton.     Addison 

MEN'TALLY,  adv.  Intellectually  ;  in  the 
mind ;  in  thought  or  meditation  ;  in  idea. 

Bentley. 

MEN'TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  menlio,  from! 
Gr.  fu'tia,  irom  ^louj,  to  put  in  mind ;  It. 
menzione  ;  Sp.  mencion  ;  Port,  mengad ;! 
allied  probably  to  L.  moneo  and  mind.  Men- 
tion is  a  throwing  out.] 


A  hint ;  a  suggestion  ;  a  brief  notice  or  re- 
mark  expressed  in  words  or  writing  ;  used 
chiefly  after  make. 

Make  no  mention  of  other  gods.    Josh,  xsiii. 
1  will  make  mention  of  tliy  righteousness. 
Ps.  Ixxi. 

Without  ceasing  I  make  mention  of  you  al- 
ways in  my  prayers.     Rom.  i. 

MEN'TION,  V.  t.  [Fr.  mcntxonner  ;  It.  nie»i- 
zionure.] 

To  speak  ;  to  name  ;  to  utter  a  brief  re- 
mark ;  to  state  a  particular  fact,  or  to  ex- 
press it  in  writing.  It  is  applied  to  some- 
thing thrown  in  or  added  incidentally  in 
a  <liscourse  or  writing,  and  thus  diflers 
from  the  sense  of  relate,  recite,  and  narrate. 
I  mentioned  to  him  a  fact  that  fell  under  my 
own  observation.  In  the  course  of  con- 
versation, that  circumstance  was  mention- 
ed. 

I  will  mention  the  loving-kinduess  of  the 
Lord.     Is.  Ixiii. 

MENTIONED,;);;.  Named;  stated. 

MEN'TIONING,  p;))-.  Naming;  uttering. 

MENTO'RIAL,  a.  [from  Mentor,  the  friend 
and  adviser  of  Ulysses.] 

Containing  advice  or  admonition. 

MEPHIT  I€,  a.  [L.  mephili'!,  an  ill  .smell.] 
Oflensive  to  the  sukjII  ;  foul ;  poisonous  ; 
no.xious  ;  pestilential  ;  destructive  to  life. 

Mephilic  acid  is  carbonic  acid. 

MEPII'ITIS,     \      Foul,  oflTensivc  or  nox- 

MEPIMTISM,  \  "•  ious  exhalations  from 
dissolving  substances,  filth  or  other  source  ; 
also,    carbonic    acid    gas.      Med.    Repos. 

MERCANTAN'TE,  n.  [It.  mercatante.]  A 
foreign  trader.     [jYot  in  use.]  Sliak. 

MER'CANTILE,  a.  [It.  and  Fr.  from  L- 
merca7is,  mercor,  to  buy  ;  Port.  Sp.  mercan- 
tii] 

1.  Trading  ;  commercial  ;  carrying  on  com- 
merce ;  as  jnercanhVe  nations;  the  7nercan- 
tile  class  of  men. 

2.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  commerce  or 
trade  ;  as  mercantile  business. 

MER'CAT,   n.     [L.    mercatws.]       Market  ; 

trade.     [.Vo<  in  use.]  Sprat. 

MERCENARILY,    adv.    In   a  mercenary 

manner.  Spectator. 

MERCENARLNESS./i.    [from  mercenary.] 

Venality  ;  regard  to  hire  or  reward. 

Boyle. 
MERCENARY,    a.     [Fr.   mercenaire  :   L. 

mercenarius,  from  merces,  reward,  wages  ; 

mercor,  to  buy.] 

1.  Venal  ;  that  may  be  hired  ;  actuated  by 
the  hope  of  reward  ;  moved  by  the  love  of 
money;  as  a  mcrcc«a(T/ prince  or  judge. 

2.  Hired  ;  purchased  by  money  ;  as  merce- 
nary services  ;  merctnan/  soldiers. 

3.  Sold  for  money  ;  as  mercenary  blood. 

Shak. 

4.  Greedy  of  gain  ;  mean;  selfish  ;  as  a  mer- 
cenary/ disposition. 

5.  Contracted  from  motives  of  gain  ;  as  a 
mercenan/  marriage. 

MERCENARY',  ,1.  One  who  is  hired  ;  a 
soldier  that  is  hired  into  foreign  service ; 
a  hireling. 

MERCER,  n.  [Fr.  mercier  ;  It.  merciaio ; 
from  L.  merx,   wares,  commodities.] 

One  who  deals  in  silk.s.  Hoicel. 

MER  CERSHIP,  n.  The  business  of  a  mer- 
cer. 

MERCERY,)!.  [Fr.  mercfnV ;  It.  merceria.] 


M  E  R 


M  E  R 


M  E  R 


'I'iie  commodities  or  goods  in  wliicli  a  mer- 
cer lieals  ;  trade  of  mercers.  Graunt. 

MER'CHAND,  v.  i.  [Fr.  marchander.]  To 
trade.     [JVb«  tised.]  Bacon. 

MER'CHANDISE,  ii.  [Fr.  from  marchand, 
a  merchant,  or  marchander,  to  cheapen.] 

1.  The  objects  of  commerce  ;  wares,  goods, 
commodities,  whatever  is  usually  bought 
or  sold  in  trade.  But  provisions  dailj'  sold 
in  market,  horses,  cattle,  and  fuel  are  not 
usually  included  in  the  term,  and  real  es- 
tate never. 

2.  Trade  ;  traffick  ;  commerce.  Shak. 
MER'CHANDISE,  v.  1.  To  trade  ;  to  carry 

on  commerce. 
MER'CHANDRY,  n.    Trade  ;   commerce 

[JVot  in  use]  Saunderson. 

MER'CIIANT,  Ji.    [Fr.  marchand;  It.  mer 

cante  ;  Sp.  merchantc  ;  Arm.  marchadour  ; 

from  L.  mercor,  to  buy.] 

1.  A  man  who  trafficks  or  carries  on  trade 
with  foreign  countries,  or  who  exports 
and  imports  goods  and  sells  them  by 
wholesale. 

2.  In  poptdar  usage,  any  trader,  or  one  who 
deals  in  the  purchase  and  sale  of  goods. 

3.  A  ship  in  trade.     [Al'ot  xised.] 
MER'CHANT,!).?.  To  trade.     [A''otinuse.] 
MER'CHANTABLE,  a.    Fit  for  market  ; 

such  as  is  usually  sold  in  market,  or  such 
as  will  bring  the  ordinary  price  ;  as  mer- 
chantable wheat  or  timber. 
MER'CHANTLIKE,  a.  Like  a  merchant. 
MER'CHANTMAN,  n.    A  ship   or  vessel 
employed  in  the  transportation  of  goods 
as  distinguished  from  a  ship  of  war. 
MER'CIABLE,  a.  Merciful.      [JVot  in  use.] 

Gower. 
MER'CIFUL,  a.  [from  mercy.]  Having  or 
exercising  mercy  ;  compassionate  ;  tender 
disposed  to  pity  offenders  and  to  forgive 
their  offenses  ;  unwilling  to  punish  for  in- 
juries ;  applied  appropriately  to  the  Supreme 
Being. 

The  Lord  passed  before  him  and  proclaimed, 
the  Lord,  the  Lord  GoA,  merciful  and  gracious, 
long-suffering  and  abundant  in  goodness  and 
truth.  Ex.  xxxiv. 
3.  Compassionate  ;  tender ;  unwilling  to  give 
pain  :  not  cruel.  A  merciful  man  will  be 
merciful  to  his  beast. 
MER'CIFULLY,  adv.  With  compassion  or 

pity  ;  tenderly  ;  mildly. 
MER'CIFULNESS,  n.  Tenderness  towards 
offenders  ;  willingness  to  forbear  punish- 
ment ;  readiness  to  forgive.        Hammond. 
MER'CIFY,  V.  t.  To  pity.     [JVb<  in  use.] 

Spenser. 
MER'CILESS,  a.  Destitute  of  mercy  ;  un- 
feeling ;  pitiless  ;  hard-hearted  ;  cruel ;  as 
a  merciless  tyrant.  _  Dn/den 

il.  Not  sparing ;  as  the  merciless  waves  or 

tempest. 
MER'CILESSLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  void  ofi 

mercy  or  pity  ;  cruelly. 
MER'CILESSNESS,  n.  Want  of  mercy  or 

pity- 

MERCU'RIAL,  a.  [from Mercury;  L.mercu- 
rialis.] 

1.  Formed  under  the  influence  of  Mercury  ; 
active;  sprightly;  full  of  fire  or  vigor  ;  as 
a  mercurial  youth  ;  amercurial  nation. 

Bacon.     Swift 

2.  Pertaining  to  quicksilver  ;  containing 
ijuicksilvfr,  or  consisting  of  mercuiy  ;  as 
mercurial  preparations  or  medicines. 


MEReU'RIALIST,  )i.  One  under  the  influ 
ence  of  Mercury,  or  one  resembling  Mer 
cury  in  variety  of  character. 
MER€U'RIATE,  n.  A  combination  of  the 
oxyd  of  mercury  with  another  substance. 
Mercuric   acid,  a  saturated   combination   of] 

mercury  and  oxygen. 
MERCURIFICA'TION,  n.  In  metallurgic 
chimistry,  the  process  or  operation  of  ob- 
taining tlie  mercury  from  metallic  mine- 
rals in  its  fluid  form.  Encyc 
2.  The  act  of  mixing  with  quicksilver. 

Boyle. 
MER€U'RIFY,  v.  I.  To  obtain  mercury 
from  metallic  minerals,  which  it  is  said 
may  be  done  by  a  large  lens,  the  intense 
heat  of  which  expels  the  mercury  in  fumes, 
which  are  afterwards  condensed. 

Encyc. 
MER'eURY,    n.    [L.    Mercurius.     In   my- 
thology. Mercury  is  the  god  of  eloquence 
and  of  commerce,  called  by  the  Greeks 
Hermes,  and  his  name  is  said  to  be  forni- 
ed  from  merces,  or  mercor.     But  in  antiqui 
ty,  there  were  several  persons  or  deities  of 
this  name.] 
I.  Quicksilver,  a  metal  remarkable  for  its 
fusibility,  which  is  so  great  that  to  fix   or 
congeal  it,  requires  a  degree  of  cold  which 
is  marked  on  Fahrenheit's  scale  at  thirty 
nine   degrees    below   zero.      Its   specific 
gravity  is  greater  than  that  of  any  other 
metal,  except  platina,  'gold  and  tungsten 
Under  a  heat  of  660  degrees,   it  rises  in 
fumes  and  is  gradually  converted  into  a 
red  oxyd.     Mercury  is  used  in  barometers 
to  ascertain  the  weight  of  the  atmosphere, 
and   in   thermometers   to   determine    the 
temperature  of  the  air,  for  which  purposes 
it  is  well  adapted  by  its  expansibility,  and 
the  extensive  range  between  its  freezing 
and  boiling  ])oints.     Preparations  of  this 
metal  are  among  the  most  powerful  pois 
ons,  and   are   extensively  used  as  medi 
cines.     The  preparation  called  calomel,  is 
a  most  efiicacious  deobstruent. 
Heat    of   constitutional     temperament 
spirit  ;  sprightly  qualities.  Pope. 

3.  A  genus  of  plants,  the  Mercnrialis,  of  sev- 
eral species. 

One  of  the  planets  nearest  the  sun.  It  is 
3224  miles  in  diameter,  and  revolves  round 
the  sun  in  about  88  days.  Its  mean  dis- 
tance from  the  sun  is  thirty  seven  millions 
of  miles. 
5.  The  name  of  a  newspaper  or  periodical 
publication,  and  in  some  jilaces,  the  car- 
rier of  a  newspaper  or  pamphlet. 
MER'CURY,  V.  t.  To  wash  with  a  prepara 
tion  of  mercury.  B.  Jonson. 

MER'CY,  n.  [Fr.  merci  ;  Norm,  merce,  meer 
or  mers ;  supposed  to  be  a  contraction  of 

L.  misericordia.  But  qu.  Eth.  "^rh^ 
meher,  to  pity.] 
1.  That  benevolence,  mildness  or  tenderness 
of  heart  which  disposes  a  person  to  over- 
look injuries,  or  to  treat  an  offender  better 
than  he  deserves  ;  the  disposition  that 
tempers  justice,  and  induces  an  injured 
person  to  forgive  trespasses  and  injuries,! 
and  to  forbear  punishment,  or  inflict  less 
than  law  or  justice  will  warrant.  In  this 
sense,  there  is  perhaps  no  word  in  our  lan- 
guage precisely  synonymous  with  mercy. 
That  which  comes  nearest  to  it  is  grace. 


It  implies  benevolence,  tenderness,  mild- 
ness, pity  or  compassion,  and  clemency, 
but  exercised  only  towards  offenders. 
Mercy  is  a  distinguishing  attribute  of  the 
Supreme  Being. 

The  Lord  is  long-suffering  and  of  great  mercy. 
forgiving  iniquity  and  transgression,  and  by  no 
means  clearing  the  guilty.     Num.  xiv. 
An  act  or  exercise  of  mercy  or  favor.     It 
is  a  mercy  that  they  escaped. 

1  am  not  worthy  of  the  least  of  all  thy  mer- 
cies.    Gen.  xxxii. 

3.  Pity  ;  compassion  manifested  towards  a 
person  in  distress. 

And  he  said,  he  that  showed  mercy  on  liiiu. 
Luke  X. 

4.  Clemency  and  bounty. 
Mercy  and  truth  preserve  the  king ;  and  his 

I      throne  is  upheld  by  mercy.     Prov.  xsviii. 
Charity,  or  the  duties  of  charity  and  be- 
nevolence. 

I  will  have  ?nercy  and  not  sacrifice.     Matt. 


Grace  ;  favor.     1  Cor.  vii.    Jude  2. 

7.  Eternal  life,  the  fruit  of  mercy.    2  Tim.  i. 

8.  Pardon. 
I  cry  thee  mercy  with  all  my  heart. 

Zhryden. 

9.  The  act  of  sparing,  or  the  forbearance  of 
a  violent  act  expected.  The  prisoner  cri- 
ed for  mercy. 

To  he  or  to  lie  at  the  mercy  of,  to  have  no 
means  of  self-defense,  but  to  be  dependent 
for  safety  on  the  mercy  or  compassion  of 
another,  or  in  the  power  of  that  which  is 
irresistible  ;  as,  to  be  at  the  mercy  of  a  foe, 
or  of  the  waves. 
MER'CY-SEAT,  n.  The  propitiatory  ;  the 
covering  of  the  ark  of  the  covenant  among 
the  Jews.  This  was  of  gold,  and  its  ends 
were  fixed  to  two  cherubs,  whose  wings 
extended  forward,  an<l  formed  a  kind  of 
throne  for  the  majesty  of  God,  who  is  rep- 
resented in  Scripture  as  sitting  between 
the  cherubs.  It  wns  from  this  seat  that 
God  gave  his  oracles  to  Moses,  or  to  the 
high  priest  who  consulted  him.  Calmet. 
MERD,  n.  [Fr.  7nerde  ;  h.  merda.]  Ordure; 
dung.  Burton. 

MERE,  a.  [L.  merus  ;  It.  mero.]  This  or  that 
only  ;  distinct  from  any  thing  else. 

From  mere  success  nothing  can  be  concluded 
ni  favor  of  a  nation.  Atterhury. 

What  if  the  head,  the  eye  or  ear  repin'd 
To  serve  mere  engines  to  the  ruling  mind  ? 

Pope. 
2.  Absolute  ;  entire.  Spenser. 

MERE,    71.    [Sax.  mcrre    or    mere,  a  pool, 
lake  or  the  sea  ;  D.  7)i«iV ;  L.  mare.    See 
JIfoor.] 
A  pooler  lake. 
MERE,  n.  [Sax.  mara,  gemara  ;  Gr.  ftftpw, 

to  divide,  orRuss.  miryu,  to  measure.] 
,\  boundary  ;  used  chiefly  in  the  compound, 
7nere-stone.  Bacon. 

MERE,  I'.  /.  To  divide,  limit  or  bound.    Obs. 

Spenser. 
ME'RELY,  adv.  Purely  ;  only ;  solely  ;  thus 
and  no  other  way  ;  for  this  and  no  other 
purpose. 

Prize  not  your  life  for  other  ends 

Than  merely  to  oblige  your  friends.       Swijt, 

MERETRI'CIOUS,  a.  [L.  meretricitis,  from 
meretrii,  a  prostitute.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  prostitutes;  such  as  is  prac- 
ticed by  harlots  ;  as  meretricious  arts. 


M  E  R 

2.  Alluring  by  false  show  ;  worn  for  diS' 
guise  ;  having  a  gaudy  but  deceitful  ap- 
pearance ;  false  ;  as  meretricious  dress  or 
ornaments. 

JMERETRI'CIOUSLY.orfii.  In  the  manner 
of  prostitutes  ;  with  deceitful  enticements. 

MERETRI"CIOUSNESS,  n.  The  arts  of 
a  prostitute  ;  deceitful  enticements. 

MERGAN'SER,  n.  [Sp.  mergansar,  from 
L.  mergo,  to  dive.] 

A  water  fowl  of  the  genus  Mergus ;  called 
also  goosander. 

IVIERgE,  v.  I.  [L.  mergo.]  To  immerse ; 
to  cause  to  be  swallowed  up. 

The  plaintiff  became  the  purchaser  and  merg- 
ed his  term  in  the  fee.  Kent. 

MERGE,  V.  i.  To  be  sunk,  swallowed  or 
lost.  Law  Term. 

MERG'ER,  n.  [L.  mergo,  to  merge.]  In 
law,  a  merging  or  drowning  of  a  less  es- 
tate in  a  greater  ;  as  when  a  reversion  in 
fee  simple  descends  to  or  is  purchased  by 
a  tenant  of  the  same  estate  for  year.s,  the 
term  for  years  is  merged,  lost,  annihilated 
in  the  inheritance  or  fee  simple  estate. 

Blackslonc. 

MERID'IAN,  n.  [Fr.meridien;  \\..  meridia- 
no  ;  L.  meridies.  Qu.  Ir.  mir,  a  part ;  Gr. 
jufipu,  to  divide.  Varro  tcsitifies  that  this 
word  was  originally  medidies  [uiid-day,] 
and  that  he  had  seen  it  so  written  on  a 
sun-dial.] 

1.  In  astronomy  and  geography,  a  great  cir- 
cle supposed  to  be  drawn  or  to  pass 
through  the  poles  of  the  earth,  and  the 
zenith  and  nadir  of  any  given  place,  inter- 
secting the  equator  at  right  angles,  and 
dividing  the  hemisphere  into  eastern  and 
western.  Every  place  on  the  globe  has 
its  meridian,  and  when  the  sun  arrives  at 
this  circle,  it  is  mid-day  or  noon,  whence 
the  name.  This  circle  may  be  consider- 
ed to  be  drawn  on  the  surface  of  the 
earth,  or  it  may  be  considered  as  a  circle 
in  the  heavens  coinciding  with  that  on  the 
earth. 

2.  Mid-day ;  noon. 

3.  The  highest  point ;  asthe  men'rftajiof  life  ; 
the  jHen'rfian  of  power  or  of  glory. 

4.  The  particular  place  or  state,  with  regard 
to  local  circumstances  or  things  that  dis- 
tinguish it  from  others.  We  say,  a  book 
is  adapted  to  the  meridian  of  France  or  It- 
aly ;  a  measure  is  adapted  to  the  meri- 
dian of  London  or  Washington. 

Magnetic  meridian,  a  great   circle,  parallel 

with  the  direction  of  the  magnetic  needle, 

and  passing  through  its  poles. 
MERID'IAN,  a.  Being  on  the  meridian  or  at 

mid-day. 

The  sun  sat  high  in  his  meridian  tower. 

Milton, 
9.  Pertaining  to  the  meridian  or  to  mid-day  ; 

as  the  sun's  meridian  heat  or  splendor. 
3.  Pertaining   to  the  highest  point ;  as,  the 

hero  enjoyed  his  mendian  glory. 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  magnetic  meridian. 
MERIDIONAL,  a.    [Fr.]      Pertaining  to 

the  meridian. 

2.  Southern.  Broum. 

3.  Southerly ;  having  a  southern  aspect. 

Wotton. 
Meridional  distance  is  the  departure  from  the 

meridian,  or  easting  or  westing. 
MERIDIONAL'ITY,  n.  The  state  of  being 

in  the  meridian. 

Vol.  II. 


M  E  R 

2.  Position  in  the  soBth  ;  aspect  towards  the, 
south.  Johnson.' 

MERID'IONALLY,  adv.  In  the  direction; 
of  the  meridian.  Brown: 

MER'IT,  n.  [L.  meritum,  from  mereo,  to! 
earn  or  deserve  ;  It.  Sp.  merilo  ;  Fr.  mer-i 
ite.]  1 

1.  Desert  ;  goodness  or  excellence  which 
entitles  one  to  honor  or  revvai-d  ;  worth  ;< 
any  performance  or  worth  which  claims! 
regard  or  compensation  ;  applied  to  morals,' 
to  excellence  in  ivriling,  or  to  valuable  ser- 
vices of  any  kind.  Thus  we  speak  of  the 
inability  of  men  to  obtain  salvation  by  their 
own  merits.  We  speak  of  the  merits  of 
an  author  ;  the  merits  of  a  soldier,  &c 
Value  ;  excellence  ;  applied  to  things  ;  as 
the  merits  of  an  essay  or  poem  ;  the  merits 
of  a  painting  ;  the  merits  of  a  heroic 
achievment. 

3.  Rewaid  deserved  ;  that  which  is  earned 
or  merited. 

Those  laurel  groves,  the  merits  of  thy  youth 

Prior. 

MER'IT,  V.  I.  [Fr.  meriter;  L.  merito.]  To 
deser\  j  ;  to  earn  by  active  service,  or  by 
any  valuable  performance  ;  to  have  a  right 
to  claim  reward  in  money,  regard,  honor 
or  happiness.  Watts,  by  his  writings 
merited  the  gratitude  of  the  whole  chris- 
tian world.  The  faithful  laborer  merits  his 
wages. 

A  man  at  best  is  incapable  of  meriting  any 
thing  from  (Jod.  South 

To  deserve  ;  to  have  a  just  title  to.  Fidel- 
ity merits  and  usually  obtains  confidence 
To  deserve,  in  an  ill  sense  ;  to  have  a  just 
title  to.  Every  violation  of  law  merits 
punishment.  Every  sin  merits  God's  dis- 
pleasure. 

MER'ITABLE,  a.  Deserving  of  reward 
rJVo<  ?■?!  use.]  B.  Jonson. 

MER'ITED,  pp.  Earned  ;  deserved. 

MER'ITING,  ppr.  Earning ;  deserving 

MERIT-MONGER,  n.  One  who  advocates 
the  doctrine  of  human  merit,  as  entitled  to 
reward,  or  depends  on  merit  for  salvation. 

Milner. 

MERITO'RIOUS,  a.  [It.  merilorio ;  Fr. 
meritoire.]  \ 

Deserving  of  reward   or   of  notice,   regard, 
fame  or  happiness,  or  of  that  which  shall| 
be  a  suitable  return   for  services  or  e.xcci 
lence  of  any  kind.    We  applaud  the  merito 
rious  services  of  the  laborer,  the   soldiei 
and  the  seaman.     We  admire  the  merito-', 
rious  labors  of  a  Watts,  a  Doddridge,  a  Ca- 
rey and  a  Martyn.     We  rely  for  salvation 
on  the  meritorious  obedience  and  sufferings 
of  Christ. 

MERITORIOUSLY,  adv.  In  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  deserve  reward.  ff'otton. 

MERITO  RIOUSNESS,  n.  The  state  or 
quahty  of  deserving  a  reward  or  suitable 
return. 

MER'ITORY,  a.  Deserving  of  reward. 
[JVot  used.]  Gower 

MERLE,  n.  [L.  menda.]  A  blackbird. 

Drayton 

MER'LIN,  n.  [Fr.]  A  species  of  hawk  of 
the  genus  Falco. 

MERLON,  Ji.  [It.  merlo;  Fr.  merlon.]  In 
fortification,  that  part  of  a  parapet  which 
lies  between  two  embrasures.  Encyc. 

MERMAID,  n.  [Fr.  mer,  L.  mare,  the  sea, 
and  maid.] 

15 


M  E  S 

A  marine  animal,  eaid  to  resemble  a  woman 
in  the  upper  parts  of  the  body,  and  a  fish 
in  the  lower  part.  The  male  is  called  the 
merman. 

ME'ROPS,  n.  A  genus  of  birds  called  bee- 
eaters. 

MER'RILY,  adv.  [from  jncrri/.]  With  mirth  ; 
with  gayety  and  laughter  ;  jovially.  [See 
Mirth  and  Merry.] 

Merrily  sing  and  sport  and  play.     Olanvillc. 

MER'RIMAKK,  n.  {merry  and  make.]  A 
meeting  for  mirth  ;  a  festival ;  mirth. 

Spenser. 

MER'RIMAKE,  v.  i.  To  be  merry  or  jo- 
vial ;  to  feast.  Gay. 

MER'RIMENT,  n.  Mirth  ;  gayety  with 
laughter  or  noise ;  noisy  sports  ;  hilarity  ; 
frolick.  Milton. 

MER'RINESS,  n.  Mirth  ;  gayety  with 
laughter.  Shak. 


Z^' 


MER'RY,  a.  [Sax.  mirige,  myrig ;  Ar. 

to  be  joyfid.     Class  Mr.  No.  10.] 

1.  Gay  and  noisy ;  jovial ;  exhilarated  to 
laughter. 

Man  is  the  merriest  species  of  the  creation. 

Mdison. 
They  ilrank  and  were  merry  with  hini.    Geu. 
xliii. 

2.  Causing  laughter  or  mirth  ;  as  a  merry 
jest.  Shak. 

3.  Brisk;  as  a  merry  gs.\e.  [This  is  the  pri- 
mary sense  of  the  irarrf.]  Dryden. 

4.  Pleasant ;  agreeable  ;  delightful. 

Chaucer. 

To  make  merry,  to  be  jovial ;  to  indulge  in 
hilarity  ;  to  feast  with  mirth.    Judges  ix. 

MERRY-ANDREW,  n.  A  buffoon  ;  a  za- 
ny ;  one  whose  business  is  to  make  sport 
for  others.  Speclalor. 

MER'RY-MAKING,  a.  Producing  mirth. 
Mirth,  music,  merry-making  melody 
Speed  the  light  hours  no  more  at  Holyrood. 

Hillhotise. 

MER'RY-MEETING,  ?i.  A  festival ;  a  meet- 
ing for  mirth.  Bp.  Taylor. 

MER'RY-THOl'GHT,  n.  The  forked  bone 
of  a  fowl's  breast,  which  boys  and  girls 
break  by  pulling  each  one  side  ;  the  long- 
est part  broken  betokening  priority  of 
marriage.  Echard. 

MER'SION,  n.  [L.  mersio,  from  mergo,  to 
dive  or  sink.] 

The  act  of  siuking  or  plunging  under  wa- 
ter.    But  immersion  is  generally  used. 

MESARA'IC,  a.  [Gr.  ftfjopoioi  ;  /wboj,  mid- 
dle, and  opaia,  intestines.] 

The  same  as  mesenteric ;  pertaining  to  the 
mesentery. 

MESEE'MS,  verb  impersonal.  [?;ie  and  seems.] 
It  seems  to  me.  It  is  used  also  in  the  [last 
tense,  meseemed.  Spenser. 

MESENTER'I€,  a.  [See  Mesentery.]  Per- 
taining to  the  mesentery ;  as  mesenteric 
elands  or  arteries. 

MiES'ENTERY,  n.  [Gr.  fiiatptipiov  ;  /leaos, 
middle,  and  iptsfiot;  intestine.] 

A  fatty  membrane  placed  in  the  middle  of 
the  intestines,  and  to  which  they  are  at- 
tached. This  prevents  them  from  becom- 
ing entangled  with  each  other  by  convo- 
lutions. It  is  formed  by  a  duplicature  of 
the  peritoneum.  Encyc.     Quiytcy. 

MESH,  n.  [W.  masg,  net-work,  a  mesh  ;  t). 
maas  ;  G.  masche,  a  mesh  or  a  stitch.] 


M  E  S 


M  E  T 


MET 


1 .  Tlie  opening  or  space  between  the  threads 
of  a  net. 

2.  Tlie  grains  or  wash  of  a  brewery. 
MESH,  V.  t.  To  catch  in  a  net;   to  ensnare. 

Drayton. 

MESH'Y,  a.  Formed  like  net-work ;  retic- 
ulated. TViomson. 

IMES'LIN,  n.  [fromFr.mesler,meler,to  mix, 
or  L.  miscdlaneus,  from  misceo,  to  mix.] 

A  mixture  of  different  sorts  of  grain ;  in 
America,  a  mixture  of  wheat  and  rye. 

MESNE,  a.  meen.  [Old  Fr.]  In  Imv,  mid 
die  ;  intervening ;  as  a  mesne  lord,  that  i.s, 
a  lord  who  holds  land  of  a  superior,  but 
grants  a  part  of  it  to  another  person.  In 
this  case,  he  is  a  tenant  to  the  superior, 
but  lord  or  superior  to  the  second  grantee, 
and  called  the  mesne  lord. 

jyiesne  process,  that  part  of  the  proceedings 
in  a  suit  which  intervenes  between  the 
original  process  or  writ  and  the  final  is- 
sue, and  which  issues,  pending  the  suit,  on 
some  collateral  matter  ;  and  sometimes  it 
is  understood  to  be  the  whole  process  pre- 
ceding the  execution.  Blackstone. 

.Mesne  profits,  the  profits  of  an  estate  which 
accrue  to  a  tenant  in  possession,  after  the 
demise  of  the  lessor. 

MES'OeOLON,  n.  [Gr.  ^fooj,  middle,  and 
colon.} 

In  anatomy,  that  part  of  the  mesentery, 
which,  having  reached  the  extremity  of  the 
ileum,  contracts  and  changes  its  name,  or 
that  i)art  of  the  mesentery  to  which  the 
colon  is  attached.  Encyc.     Hooper. 

MESOLEU'CYS,  n.  [Gr.  fifBoj," middle,  and 
Xftixo;,  white.] 

A  precious  stone  with  a  streak  of  white  in 
the  middle.  Diet. 

MES'OLITE,  n.  A  mineral  of  the  zeolite 
family. 

MESOLOG'ARITHM,  n.  [Gr.  ^jbos,  mid- 
dle, and  logarithm.] 

A  logarithm  of  the  co-sines  and  co-tangents. 
Kepler.     Harris. 
The  former  is  called  by  Napier  an  anti- 
logarithm,  the  latter  a  differential. 

Encyc. 

MESOM'ELAS,  ji.  [Gr.  ^ilaos,  middle,  and 
fttXa;,  black.] 

A  precious  stone  with  a  black  vein  parting 
every  color  in  the  midst. 

MES'OTYPE,  n.  [Gr.  yufaoj,  middle,  and 
■fvrto;,  form,  type.] 

Prismatic  zeolite ;  a  mineral  divided  into 
three  subspecies,  fibrous  zeolite,  natrolite, 
and  mealy  zeolite.  This  is  said  by  some! 
writers  to  be  so  named  from  its  property,' 
when  transparent,  of  doubling  images.] 
Others  say  it  is  a  mean  form  between  stil- 
bite  and  analcime. 

Did.     Jameson.     Phillips. 

MESPRISE,  71.  Contempt ;  a  trench  word. 
[JVol  in  use.] 

MESS,  n.  [Ill  Fr.  mets  is  a  mess  of  meat, 
jierhaps  meat.  In  Goth,  mes  is  a  dish,  Ir. 
meis.  In  Sax.  mese  is  a  table,  Sp.  mesa, 
L.  mensa.  But  mets,  mess,  is  jtrobably  a 
different  word.] 

1.  A  dish  or  a  quantity  of  food  jirepared  or 
set  on  a  table  at  one  time;  as  a  mess  of 
pottage;  a  mess  of  herbs;  a.  mess  of  broth. 

Milton.     Pope. 

2.  A  medley;  a  mixed  mass;  a  (juantity. 

3.  As  nuich  provender  or  grain  as  is  given  to 
a  beast  at  once. 


4.  A  number  of  persons  who  eat  together; 

among  seamen  and  soldiers. 
MESS,  V.  i.  To  eat  ;  to  feed. 
2.  To  associate  at  the  same  table  ;  to  eat  in 

company,  as  seamen. 
MESS,  V.  I.  To  supply  with  a  mess. 
MES'SAGE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  missus,  mitto, 

to  send  ;  Sp.  mensage.] 

1.  Any  notice,  word  or  communication,  writ- 
ten or  verbal,  sent  from  one  person  to  an- 
other. We  send  a  servant  with  a  verbal 
or  written  message. 

The  welcome  message  made,  was  soon  re- 
ceived. Dryden. 

2.  An  official  written  communication  of  facts 
or  opinions  sent  by  a  chief  magistrate  to 
the  two  houses  of  a  legislature  or  other 
deliberative  body.  Congress  receives  a 
message  from  the  President  of  the  United 
States  at  the  opening  of  the  session.  The 
Governors  of  some  of  the  states  commu- 
nicate to  the  legislature  by  7nessage,  oth- 
ers by  address. 

•3.  An   official   verbal   communication  from 

one  branch  of  a  legislature  to  the  other. 
MES'SAtiEIl,     ?       [Vr.  messager ;  It.  mes- 
JIES'SENgER,  I  "■  saggiere  ;  Sp.  mensage- 
ro.     The  correct  orthogra|)hy  is  messager.] 

1.  One  who  bears  a  message  or  an  errand : 
the  bearer  of  a  verbal  or  written  cornmu 
nication,  notice  or  invitation  from  one  per- 
son to  another,  or  to  a  public  body  ;  one 
who  conveys  disjiatches  from  one  prince 
or  court  to  another. 

2.  A  harbinger;  a  forerunner;  he  or  that 
which  foieshows. 

^'on  gray  lines 
That  fret  the  clouds,  are  messengers  of  day. 

Shak. 

MESSI'AH,  n.  [Ileb.  n'WD,  anointed.] 
Christ,  the  anointed  ;  the  Savior  of  the 
world. 

1  know  that  when  .Messiah  coineth,  who  i.s 
called  Christ,  he  will  tell  us  all  things.  Jesus 
answered  her,  1  that  speak  to  thee  am  he.  John 
iv. 
MESSI'AHSHIP,  n.  The  character,  state 
or  office  of  the  Savior. 

Josephus — whose  prejudices  were  against  the 
Jilcssiahship  and  religion  of  Jesus. 

Biichminsler. 

MES'SIEIjRS,    n.    [plu.  of  monsieur,    my 

lord.]     Sirs ;  gentlemen. 
MESS'-MATE,  7!.  An  associate  in  eating  ; 

one  who  eats   ordinarily  at   the  same  ta 

ble. 
MESS'UAgE,  n.  [from  Old  Fr.  meson,  mes 

onage,  a  house  or  house-room  ;  mesitenges, 

household.     The  French  now  write  mai 

son.] 
In  law,  a  dwelling  house  and  adjoining  land, 

appropriated  to  the  use  of  the  household, 

iiK-luding  the  adjacent  buildings.      Encyc. 
MET,  pret.ani\pp.  i4' meet. 
METAR'ASIS,   n.  [Gr.  from  /ura,  beyond, 

and  i3aivu,  to  go.] 
In  rhetoric,  transition  :  a   passing  from  one 

tiling  to  another. 
METAB'OLA,  n.    [Gr.  naa,  beyond,  and 

fSoJi);,  a  casting.] 
In  medicine,  a  change  of  air,  time  or  disease. 

[Little  used.]  Diet. 

META€AR1"AL,     a.     [from   metacarpus.] 

Belonging  to  the  metacarpus. 
METACARP'US,  n.  [Gr.  fitraxaprtiov;  fttro, 

beyond,  and  xaprtoj,  the  wrist.] 


In  anatomy,  the  part  of  the  hand  between  the 
wrist  and  the  fingers. 

META€H'R0NISM,  «.  [Gr  ;ufT-o,  beyond, 
and  Afpwj,  time.] 

An  error  in  chronology,  by  placing  an  event 
after  its  real  time. 

ME'TAGE,  n.  [from  mete.]  Measurement 
of  coal;  price  of  measuring. 

METAGRAM'MATISM,  n.  [Gr.  ^tro,  be- 
yond, and  ypaftfia,  a  letter.] 

Anagrammatism,  or  metagrammatism,  is  a 
transposition  of  the  letters  of  a  name  into 
such  a  connection  as  to  express  some  per- 
fect sense  applicable  to  the  person  named. 

Camden. 

METAL,  n.  mel'l.  [Fr.  from  L.  metallum ; 
Gr.  fitraXXor  ;  Sw.  G.metall;  D.  metaal  ; 
id. ;  Dan.  metal ;  Sp.  id. ;  It.  metallo  ;  Ir. 
miotal ;  W.  mettd.] 

A  simple,  fixed,  shining,  opake  body  or  sub- 
stance, insoluble  in  water,  fusible  by  heat, 
a  good  conductor  of  heat  and  electricity, 
capable  when  in  the  state  of  an  oxyd,  of 
uniting  with  acids  and  forming  with  them 
metallic  salts.  Many  of  the  metals  are  al- 
so malleable  or  extensible  by  the  hammer, 
and  some  of  them  extremely  ductile.  Me- 
tals are  mostly  fossil,  sometimes  found  na- 
tive or  pure,  but  more  generally  combined 
with  other  matter.  Some  metals  are  more 
malleable  than  others,  and  this  circum- 
stance gave  rise  to  the  distinction  of  met- 
als and  semi-metals;  a  distinction  little  re- 
garded at  the  present  day.  Recent  discov- 
eries have  enlarged  the  list  of  the  metals, 
and  the  whole  number  now  recognized  is 
thirty,  exclusive  of  those  which  have  been 
recently  discovered,  as  the  bases  of  the 
earths  and  alkalies.  Twelve  of  these  are 
malleable,  viz.  platina,gold,  silver,  mercu- 
ry, lead,  cojjper,  tin,  iron,  zink,  palladium, 
nickel,  and  cadmium.  The  following  six- 
teen are  not  sufficiently  tenacious  to  bear 
extension  by  beating,  viz.  arsenic,  antimo- 
ny, bismuth,  cobalt,  manganese,  tellurium, 
titanium,  columbium,  molybden,  tungsten, 
chrome,  osmium,  iridium,  rhodium,  ura- 
nium, and  cerium.  Encyc.  JVieholson. 
Thomson.  Phillips.  Ure. 
To  these  may  be  added  potassium,  so- 
dium, barium,  strontium,  calcium,  and 
lithium.  Henry. 
The  following  have  not  been  exhibited 
in  a  separate  form  ;  magnesium,  glucinum, 
yltrjiiiii,  aluminum,  thorinum,  zirconium, 
and  silicium. 

2.  Courage ;  spirit ;  so  written  by  mistake 
for  mettle. 

METALEP'SI.*,  n.  [Gr.  ;u«Tax,;rtoi5, partici- 
pation ;  f-ita,  beyond,  and  Xojuffaiu,  to 
take.] 

In  rheto7-ic,  the  continuation  of  a  trope  in 
one  word  through  a  succession  of  signifi- 
cations, or  the  union  of  two  or  more  trojies 
of  a  diflerent  kind  in  one  word,  so  that 
several  gradations  or  intervening  senses 
come  between  the  word  expressed  and  the 
thing  intended  by  it :  as  "  in  one  Cesar 
there  are  many  Mariuses."  Here  3Iari- 
us,  by  a  syiioodoche  or  antonoinasy,  is  put 
for  any  ainbiti(!iis,  turbulent  man,  and  tills, 
by  a  metonymy  of  the  cause,  for  the  ill 
effects  of  such  a  temper  to  the  public. 

Bailey.    Encyc 

METALEP'TIC,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  metsi- 
Icpsis  or  participation  ;  translative. 


MET 


MET 


MET 


2.  Transverse ;  as  the  vietaleplic  niotion  of  a 
muscle.  Bailey. 

METALEP'TICALLY,  adv.  By  transposi- 
tion. 
METAL'Lle,  a.  [L.  melallicua.]  Pertaining 
to  a  metal  or  metals;  consisting  of  metal; 
partaking  of  the  nature  of  metals  ;  like  a 
metal ;  as   a  metallic  substance  ;    metallii 
ore  ;  melallic  briglitness. 
METAl>LIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  metallnm,  me 
tal,    and  fcro,   to   produce.]      Producing 
metals.  Kirwan 

METAL'LIFORM,  a.  Having  the  form  of 
metals  ;  like  motal.  Kirwan. 

MET'ALLINE,  a.  Pertaining  to   a  metal; 

consisting  of  metal. 
2.  Impregnated   with   metal  ;    as    metalline 
water.  Bacon 

MET'ALLIST,  n.  A  worker  in  metals,  or 
one  skilled  in  metals.  Moxon. 

METALLIZATION,  n.  The  act  or  pro 
cess  of  foriuing   into  a  metal ;  the  opera 
tion  which  gives  to  a  substance  its  proper 
metallic  |)roperties.  Enci/c.     Dirt 

MET'ALLIZE,  v.  t.  To  form   into   metal 
to  give  to  a  substance  its  proper  metallic 
properties.  Diet. 

METALLOGRAPHY,  v.  [Gr.  iiira-K%m; 
metal,  and  ytia^r;,  description.]  An  ac 
count  of  metals,  or  a  treatise  on  metallic 
substances.  Diet. 

MET'ALLOID,  n.    [metal,  and   Gr.   nSof,] 
A  name  sometimes  applied  to  the  metallic 
bases  of  the  alkalies  and  earths. 
METALLOID'AL,  a.  Having  the  form  or 

appearance  of  a  metal. 
MET'ALLURtilC,    a.     [See    Metallurgy.] 
Pertaining   to   metallurgy,  or   the  art   ol 
working  metals. 
MET'ALLURgIST,  )!.   One   whose  occu- 
pation is  to   work  metals,  or  to  purify,  re- 
fine and  prepare  metals  for  use. 
MET'ALLURtiV,  n.  [Gr.  jutraTJ-or,  metal, 

and  (pyoi',  work.] 
The  art  of  working  metals,  comiirehending 
the  whole  process  of  separating  them  from 
other  niaiters  in  the  ore,  smelting,  retin 
ing  and  parting  them.  Gilding  is  also  ; 
branch  of  nietallingy.  Hut  in  a  more 
limited  and  usual  sense,  metallm'gy  is  the 
operation  of  separating  metals  from  their 
ores.  Encyc 

The  French  include  in  metallurgy  the  art  of 
drawing  metals  from  the  earth.  Diet. 

MET'ALMAN,  n.  A  worker  in  metals  ;  c 

coppersmith  or  tinman. 
METAMORPH'IC,        ?       [See    Metamor- 
METAIMORPH'OSIC,  <,  "[  phase]    Chang- 
ing the  form ;  transforniing. 
METAMOR PH'OSE,  v.  t.  [Gr.  ^.tra^optoco; 
ftsra,  over,  beyond,  and  lUocf?,  form.]     To 
change  into  a  diflereiit  form  ;    to  trans 
form  ;  particularly,  to  change  the  form  of 
insects,  as  from   the   larva  to  a  winged 
animal.     The  ancients  pretended  that  Ju- 
piter was  metamorphosed  into   a  bull,  and 
Lycaon  into  a  wolf. 

And  eaitli  was  metamorphosed  into  man. 

Dryden. 
METAMORPH'OSER,  n.  One  that  trans- 
forms or  changes  the  shape. 
METAMORPH'OSlNG,/?pr.  Changing  the 

shape. 
3IETAMORPH'OSIS,  »i.  Change  of  form 
or  shape  ;  transformation  ;  particularly,  a 
change  in  the  furm  of  being  ;  as  the  meta- 


morphosis of  an  insect  from  the  aurelia  or 
chrysalis  state  into  a  winged  animal. 

2.  Any  change  of  form  or  shape. 

METAMORPHOS'TI€AL,  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  effected  by  metamorphosis.        Pope. 

MET'APHOR,  n.  [Gr.  ^ufrotopa,  from  (iita.- 
I  ^fpM,  to  transfer ;  ^f ra,  over,  and  $f pu,  to 
I     carry.] 

A  short  similitude ;  a  similitude  reduced  to  a 
single  word  ;  or  a  word  expressing  siinili- 
I  tude  without  the  signs  of  comparison 
I  Thus  "that  man  is  a  fox,"  is  a  metaphor; 
but  "  that  man  is  like  a  fox,"  is  a  similitude 
or  comparison.  So  when  I  say,  "  the  sol- 
diers were  lions  in  combat,"  I  use  a  meta- 
phor ;  but  when  I  say,  "  the  soldiers 
fought  like  lions,"  I  use  a  similitude.  In 
metaphor,  the  similitude  is  contained  in  the 
name;  a  man  isa/o.r,  means,  a  man  is  as 
crafty  as  a  fo.x.  So  we  say,  a  man  bridle 
his  anger,  that  is,  restrains  it  as  a  bridl( 
restrains  a  horse.  Beauty  awakens  love 
or  tender  passions ;  oppositionyiires  courage 

METAPHOR'IC,        )       Pertaining  to  met- 

METAPHORICAL,  \  ""  aphor ;  compris- 
ing a  metaphor  ;  not  literal ;  as  a  miiaphori- 
cal  use  of  words  |  a  metaphorical  express 
ion  ;  a  metaphorical  sense. 

METAPHORICALLY,  adv.  In  a  meta- 
jjhorical  manner  ;  not  literally. 

MET'APHORIST,  n.  One  that  makes 
metaphors.  Pope. 

MET'APHRASE,  n.  [Gi-.^itfa^pajis; /ittra, 
over,  according  to  or  with,  and  tpaaej, 
phrase.] 

A  verbal  translation  ;  a  version  or  transla 
tion  of  one  language  into  another,  word 
for  word.  Dryden. 

MET'APHRAST,  n.  A  person  who  trans 
lates  from  one  language  into  another,  word 
for  word.  Encyc. 

METAPHRAS'TIC,  a.  Close  or  literal  in 
translation. 

METAPHYS'IC,        )      ^      .    [See   Meta- 

METAPHYS'ICAL,  j  "•  *"*=  '•    physics.] 

1.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  metaphysics. 

2.  According  to  rules  or  principles  of  meta- 
physics ;  as  metaphysical  reasoning. 

3.  Preternatural  or  supernatural.  [JVot 
Kserf.]  Shak. 

METAPHYSICALLY,  adv.  In  the  man 
ner  of  metaphysical  science. 

METAPHYSI'CIAN,  n.  s  as  z.  One  who 
is  versed  in  the  science  of  metaphysics. 

METAPHYSICS,  n.  s  as  z.  [Gr.  f^ira,  af- 
ter, and  ^vaixr;,  physics.  It  is  said  that  this 
name  was  given  to  the  science  by  Aris 
totle  or  his  followers,  who  considered  the 
science  of  natural  bodies,  physics,  as  the 
first  in  the  order  of  studies,  and  the  sci- 
ence of  mind  or  intelligence  to  be  the 
second.] 

The  science  of  the  principles  and  causes  of 
all  things  existing ;  hence,  the  science  of 
mind  or  intelligence.  This  science  com- 
prehends ontology,  or  the  science  which 
treats  of  the  nature,  essence,  and  quali- 
ties or  attributes  of  being  ;  cosmology,  the 
science  of  the  world,  which  treats  of  the 
nature  and  laws  of  matter  and  of  motion  ; 
anthroposophy,  which  treats  of  the  powers 
of  man,  and  the  motions  by  which  life  is 
produced  ;  psychology,  which  treats  of  the 
intellectual  soul ;  pneumatology,  or  the  sci 
ence  of  sj)irits  or  angels,  Sec.  Metaphysic 
al  theology,  called  by  Leibnitz  and  others 


theodicy,  treats  of  the  existence  of  God, 
his  essence  and  attributes.  These  divis- 
ions of  the  science  of  metaphysics,  which 
prevailed  in  the  ancient  schools,  are  now 
not  much  regarded.  The  natural  division 
of  things  tiiat  exist  is  into  body  and 
mind,  things  material  and  immaterial. 
The  Ibrriier  belong  to  physics,  and  the  lat- 
ter to  tlie  science  of  metaphysics.     Encyc. 

MET'APLASM,  n.  [Gr.  ^.'TanXai/io5,  trans- 
formation ;  jwf  Ttt,  over,  and  Tt/.a'rtij,  to  form.] 

In  grammar,a.  transmutation  or  change  made 
in  a  word  by  transposing  or  retrenching  a 
syllable  or  letter. 

METAS'TASIS,  n.  [Gr.  ,<fTo(,ra,i;,  muta- 
tion ;  ftira,  over,  and  inTrjfu,  to  place.] 

A  translation  or  removal  of  a  disease  from 
one  part  to  another,  or  such  an  alteration 
as  is  succeeded  by  a  solution. 

Coxe.    Enci/r. 

METATAR'SAL,  a.  [from  metatarsus.] 
Belonging  to  the  metatarsus. 

METATAR'SUS,  n.  [Gr.utra,  beyond,  and 
ropTOs,  tarsus.]  The  middle  of  the  foot,  or 
part  between  the  ankle  and  the  toes. 

Coxe. 

METATH'ESIS,  n.  [Gr.  ixiTaScais;  H-ita., 
over,  and  riStjfu,  to  set.] 

I.  Transposition  ;  a  figure  by  which  the  let- 
ters or  syllables  of  a  word  are  transposed  ; 
aapistris  t'lyr  prislis.  Eno/c. 

In  medicine,  a  change  or  removal   of  a 
morbid  cause,  without  expulsion. 

Coxe.     Encyc. 

METE,  V.  t.  [Sax.  metan,  ametan,  gemetan  ; 
D.  meeten ;  G.  messen  ;  Sw.  tnata ;  Sp. 
medir ;  L.  metior ;  Gr.  nirpiu  ;  W.  mei- 
draw ;  Cli.  and  Heb.  nn,  to  measure  ;  Ar. 

A^  madda,    to  extend.      See  Measure, 

and  Class  Md.  No.  2.] 
To  measure  ;  to  ascertain   quantity,  dimen- 
sions or  capacity  by  any  rule  or  standard. 
[Obsolescent.] 

METE,  n.  [Sax.  mitta.]  Measure  ;  limit ; 
boundary  ;  used  chiefly  in  the  plural,  in 
the  phrase,  metes  and  bounds. 

METEMP'SYCHOSE,  v.  t.  To  translate 
from  one  body  to  another,  as  the  soul. 

METEMPSYCHOSIS,  n.  [Gr.  f^tnti-^vx^. 
eii ;  ncra,  beyond,  and  .^vxums,  animation, 
life  ;  -Vvjjou),  to  animate.] 

Transmigration;  the  passing  of  the  soul  of 
a  man  after  death  into  some  other  animal 
body.  Pythagoras  and  his  followers  held 
that  after  death  the  souls  of  men  pass  in- 
to other  bodies,  and  this  doctrine  still  pre- 
vails in  some  parts  of  Asia,  particularly  in 
India  and  China.  Encijc. 

METEMP'TOSIS,  n.  [Gr.  M^fo,  after,  and 
rtirtru,  to  fall.] 

In  chronology,  the  solar  equation  necessary 
to  prevent  the  new  moon  from  happening 
a  day  too  late,  or  the  suppression  of  the 
bissextile  once  in  134  years.  The  oppo- 
site to  this  is  the  proemptosis,  or  the  addi- 
tion of  a  day  every  300  years,  and  another 
every  2400  years.  Encyc. 

ME'TEOR,  n.  [Gnfttfeupo;,  sublime,  lofty.] 

I.  In  a  general  sense,  a  body  that  flies  or 
floats  in  the  air,  and  in  this  sense  it  in- 
cludes rain,  hail,  snow,  &c.  But  in  a  re- 
stricted sense,  in  which  it  is  commonly 
understood, 


MET 


MET 


MET 


2.  A  fiery  or  luminous  body  or  appearance 
flying  or  floating  iu  the  atmosphere,  or  in 
a  more  elevated  region.  We  give  this 
name  to  the  brilhant  globes  or  masses  of 
matter  which  are  occasionally  seen 
moving  rapidly  through  our  atmosphere, 
and  whidi  throw  off,  with  loud  explosions, 
fragments  that  reach  the  earth,  and  are 
called  falling  stones.  We  call  by  the 
same  name  those  fire  balls  which  are  usu 
ally  denominated  falhng  stars,  supposed  to 
be  owing  to  gelatinous  matter  inflated  by 
phospliureted  hydrogen  gas ;  also,  the 
lights  which  appear  over  moist  grounds 
and  grave  yards,  called  ignesfatui,  which 
are  ascribed  to  the  same  cause. 

And  ineteor-hke  flame  lawless  through  the 
sky.  Pope. 

METEOR'le,  a.  Pertaining  to  meteors; 
consisting  of  meteors. 

2.  Proceeding  from  a  meteor ;  as  meleonc 
stones. 

ME'TEORIZE,  v.  i.  To  ascend  in  vapors. 
[JVot  used.]  Evelyn. 

MET'EOROLITE,  )       A  meteoric  stone  ; 

MET'EROLITE,  S  a  stone  or  solid 
compound  of  earthy  and  metallic  matter 
which  falls  to  the  earth  after  the  displo- 
sion  of  a  luminous  meteor  or  fire  ball ; 
called  also  aerolite.  Cleaveland. 

METE0R0L0g'I€,        ?       Pertaining   to 

METEOROLOGICAL,  ^  "'  the  atmos- 
phere and  its  phenomena.  A  meteorologic- 
al table  or  register  is  an  account  of  the 
state  of  the  air  and  its  temperature, 
weight,  dryness  or  moisture,  winds,  &c. 
ascertained  by  the  barometer,  thermome- 
ter, hygrometer,  anemometer  and  other 
meteorological  instruments. 

METEOROL'OgIST.  I       A  person  skilled 

METEROL'OGlST,  ^  "■  in  meteors ;  one 
who  studies  the  phenomena  of  meteors,  or 
keeps  a  register  of  them.  Howell. 

METEOROL'OgY,  n.  [Gr.  ^trtiopo;,  lofty, 
and  >«7o;,  discourse.]  The  science  which 
treats  of  the  atmosphere  and  its  phenome- 
na, particularly  in  its  relation  to  heat  and 
moisture.  D.  Olmsted. 

METEOROM'ANCY,  ?       [Gr.  /xtrfupo^,   a 

METEROM'ANCY,  S  meteor,  and  luai- 
TEta,  divination.] 

A  species  of  divination  by  meteors,  chiefly 
by  thunder  and  lightning  ;  held  in  high  es- 
timation by  the  Romans.  Encyc. 

METEOROS'COPY,  n.  [Gr. /ttfEupos,  lofty, 
and  axort£u,  to  view.] 

That  part  of  astronomy  which  treats  of  sub 
lime  heavenly  bodies,  distance  of  stars, 
&c.  Bailey. 

METE'OROUS,  a.  Having  the  nature  of  a 
meteor.  Milton. 

ME'TER,  n.  [from  mete.']  One  who  meas- 
ures ;  used  in  compounds,  as  in  covA-meter, 
land-me<er. 

ME'TER,  n.  [Sax.  meter;  Fr.  metre;  L. 
metrum  ;  Gr.  fiitpov,  from  furpiu.] 

1.  Measure;  verse;  arrangement  of  poetical 
feet,  or  of  long  and  short  syllables  in  verse. 
Hexameter  is  a  meter  of  six  feet.  This 
word  is  most  improperly  written  metre. 
How  very  absurd  to  write  the  simple  word 
in  this  manner,  but  in  all  its  numerous 
compounds,  incter,  as  in  diameter,  hexmme 
Ur,  thermometer,  &.c. 


2.  A  French  measure  of  length,  equal  to 
39tVo  English  inches,  the  standard  of 
linear  measure,  being  the  ten  millionth  part 
of  the  distance  from  the  equator  to  the 
North  Pole,  as  ascertained  by  actual  meas- 
urement of  an  arc  of  the  meridian. 

Lunier.     D.  Olmsted. 

ME'TEWaND,  n.  [mete  and  ivand.]  A 
staflfor  rod  of  a  certain  length,  used  as  a 
measure.     [Obs.]  Ascham. 

ME'TEYARD,  n.  [Sax.  metgeard.]  A  yard, 
staff  or  rod,  used  as  a  measure.  Obs. 
[We  now  use  yard.] 

METHEG'LIN,  n.  [W.  mezyglin,  according 
to  Owen,  from  W.  mezyg,  a  physician, 
and  %n,  water;  a  medicinal  hquor.  But 
mez  is  mead,  and  mezu  is  to  be  strong  or 
able.] 

A  liquor  made  of  honey  and  water  boiled 
and  fermented,  often  enriched  with  spices. 

Encyc. 

METHINKS,  v.  impers.  pp.  melhoughl. 
[me  and  think.]  It  seems  to  me  ;  it  ap- 
pears to  me  ;  I  think.  Me  is  here  in  the 
dative.  The  word  is  not  antiquated,  but 
is  not  elegant. 

METH'OD,  n.  [L.  methodus  ;  Gr.  fttSoSoj ; 
ficta,  with,  and  oSo;,  way.] 

1.  A  suitable  and  convenient  arrangement 
of  things,  proceedings  or  ideas;  the  natu- 
ral or  regular  disposition  of  separate 
things  or  parts;  convenient  order  for 
transacting  business,  or  for  comprehend- 
ing any  complicated  subject.  Without 
method,  business  of  any  kind  will  fall  into 
confusion.  To  carry  on  farming  to  ail- 
vantage,  to  keej)  accounts  correctly, 
method  is  indispensable. 

2.  Way  ;  manner.  Let  us  know  the  na- 
ture of  the  disease,  and  the  method  of  cure. 

.3.  Classification  ;  arrangement  of  natural 
bodies  according  to  their  common  charac- 
teristics ;  as  the  method  of  Theophrast ; 
the  method  of  Ray ;  the  Linnean  method. 

In  natural  arrangements  a  distinction  is 
sometimes  made  between  method  and 
system.  System  is  an  arrangement  found- 
ed, throughout  all  its  i)arts,  on  some  one 
yninciple.  Method  is  an  arrangement  less 
fixed  and  determinate,  and  founded  on 
more  general  relations.  Thus  we  say. 
the  natural  method,  and  the  artificial  or 
sexual  system  of  Linne,  though  the  latter 
is  not  a  perfect  system.  Ed.  Encyc. 

3IETH0D'IC,        )      Arranged  in  conven- 

METHOD'IeAL,  ^  lent  order;  disposed 
in  a  just  and  natural  manner,  or  in  a  man- 
ner to  illustrate  a  subject,  or  to  facilitate 
practical  operations ;  as  u  methodical  ar- 
rangement of  tlie  parts  of  a  discourse  or 
of  arguments;  a  methodical  treatise;  me- 
thodical accoimts. 

METHODICALLY,  adv.  In  a  methodical 
manner ;  accortUng  to  natural  or  conven- 
ient order. 

METH'ODISM,  n.  The  doctrines  and  wor- 
ship of  the  sect  of  Christians  called  .Wt/Ao- 

METli'ODIST,  n.  One  that  observes 
metliod. 

2.  One  of  a  sect  of  christians,  founded  by 
Morgan,  or  rather  by  John  Wesley,  and 
so  calleil  from  the  exact  regularity  of  their 
lives,  and  the  strictness  of  their  principles 
and  rules. 


3.  A  physician  who  practices  by  method  or 
I     theory.  Boyle- 

4.  li^  the  cant  of  irreligious  men,  ti  person  of 
strict  piety  ;  one  who  lives  in  the  exact  ob- 
servance of  religious  duties. 

METHODIS'TIe,  a.  Resemblmgthe  Meth- 
odists; partaking  of  the  strictness  of 
Methodists.  Ch.  Ohs. 

METH'ODIZE,  v.  t.  Tfttjeduce  to  method; 
to  dispose  in  due  order;  to  arrange  in  a 
convenient  maifner. 

One  who  brings  with  him  any  observations 
he  has  made  in  reading  the  poets,  will  find  his 
own  reflections  methodized  and  explained  in 
the  works  of  agood  critic.  Spectator. 

METHOUGHT,  pret.  ofmethinks.  It  seem- 
ed to  me ;  I  thought.       Milton.    Dryden. 

ME'TIC,  ji.  [Gr.  uttoixoi;  into,  and  oixoj, 
house.] 

In  ancient  Greece,  a  sojourner;  a  resident 
stranger  in  a  Grecian  city  or  place. 

Mitford. 

METICULOUS,  a.  [L.  Feticulosus.]  Timid. 
[M'ot  xised.]  Coles. 

METON'IC  CYCLE,  ^      the   cycle   of  the 

METON'IC  YEAR,  ^  moon,  or  period 
of  nineteen  years,  in  which  the  lunations 
of  the  moon  retm-n  to  the  same  days  of 
the  month  ;  so  called  from  its  discoverer 
flleton  the  Athenian.  Encyc.     Baily. 

METONYM'IC,        )         [See    Metonymy.] 

METONYM'ICAL,  ^  "•  Used  by  way  of 
metonymy,  by  putting  one  word  for 
another. 

METONYM'ICALLY,  adv.  By  putting  one 

word  for  another. 

iMET'ONYMY,  n.  [Gr.  ,«r«n.;..to ;  ^llfa, 
over,  beyond,  and  oio^ia,  name.] 

In  rhetoric,  a  trope  in  which  one  word  is  put 
for  another;  a  change  of  names  which 
have  some  relation  to  each  other;  as 
when  we  say,  "  a  man  keeps  a  good  table," 
instead  of  good  provisions.  "We  read 
Virgil,"  that  is,  his  pocFs  or  tvritings. 
"They  have  Moses  and  the  prophets,"  that 
is,  their  books  or  writings.  A  man  has  a 
clear  head,  that  is,  understanding,  intel- 
lect ;  a  warm  heart,  that  is,  affections. 

METOPE,  n.  met'opy.  [Gr.  nifoTtij ;  ittfa, 
with,  near  or  by,  and  oni;,  an  aperture  or 
hollow.] 

In  architecture,  the  space  between  the  tri- 
glyphs  of  the  Doric  frieze,  which  among 
the  ancients  used  to  be  painted  or  adorned 
with  carved  work.  Encyc. 

3IETOPOS'€OPIST,  n.  [infra.]  One  vers- 
ed in  physiognomy. 

METOPOS'COPY,  n.  [Gr.  fiiturtov,  the 
forehead,  and  axorttu,  to  view.] 

The  study  of  physiognomy ;  the  art  of  dis- 
covering the  character  or  the  dispositions 
of  men  by  their  features,  or  the  lines  of 
the  face.  Encyc. 

METRE.     [See  Meter.] 

MET'RICAL,  a.  [L.  melricns  ;  Fr.  metrique.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  measure,  or  due  arrange- 
ment or  combination  of  long  and  short 
syllables. 

2.  Consisting  of  verses ;  as  metrical  composi- 
tions. 

METROL'OgY,  ji.  [Gr.  fiffpor,  measure^ 
and  ?J>705,  discourse.] 

1.  A  tliscoursoon  measures  or  mensuration  ; 
the  description  of  measures. 

2.  An  account  of  measures,  or  the  science  of 
weights  and  measiu°es.  J.  Q.  Adams. 


MEW 


MIC 


JM  I  C 


METROP'OLIS,   n.    [L.  from  Gr.  |U>;*port 
o^l5;  jujjri^p,  mother,  and  rtouj,  city.     It  lias 
no  plural.] 

Literally,  the  mother-<'ity,  that  is,  the  chief 
city  or  capital  of  a  kingdom,  state  or  coun- 
try, as  Paris  in  France,  Madrid  in  Spain 
London  in  Great  Britain.     In  the  United 
States,  Washington,  in  the  District  of  Co 
lunibia,  is  the  metropolis,  as  being  the  seat 
of  government ;  but  in  several  of  the  states, 
the  largest  cities  are  not  the  seats  of  the 
respective  governments.     Yet  New  York 
city,  in  the  state  of  that  name,  and  Phila 
delphia  in  Pennsylvania,  are  the  chief  cit 
ies,  and  may  be  called  each  the  metropolis 
of  the  state  in  which  it  is  situated,  though 
neither  of  them  is  the  seat  of  government 
in  the  state. 

METROPOLITAN,  a.  Belonging  to  a  me 
tropolis,  or  to  the  mother  church ;  residing 
in  the  chief  city. 

METROPOLITAN,  n.  The  bishop  of  the 
mother  church  ;  an  archbishop. 

Clarendon. 

METROP'OLITE,  ji.  A  metropolitan.  [JVot 
used.] 

METROPOL'ITIC,        ?        Pertaining    to 

METROPOLIT'leAL,  \  "'  a  tnetropolis 
chief  or  principal  of  cities  ;  archiepisco 
pal.  Knolles.     .^lilner.     Selden. 

METTLE,  »i.  met'l.  [usually  supposed  to  be 
corrupted  from  metal.  But  it  may  be  from 
W.  me:(»/or  melhwl,  mind,  connected  with 
mezu,  to  be  able,  and  coinciding  with  the 
root  of  theEng.  moody;  D.  moerf, courage 
heart,  spirit ;  G.  muth,  mind,  courage- 
mettle;  Sax.  Sw.  jjiorf;  Dan.  mod  or  ttwod , 
Goth,  mod,  angry.  The  Sax.  viodig,  L. 
animus,  animosus,  furnish  an  analogy  in 
point.  The  radical  sense  of  mind,  is  to 
advance,  to  push  forward,  whence  the 
sense  of  briskness,  ardor.] 

Spirit ;  constitutional  ardor ;  that  tempera- 
ment which  is  susceptible  of  high  excite-i 
nient.  It  is  not  synonymous  with  cour-\ 
age,  though  it  may  be  accompanied  with 
it,  and  is  sometimes  used  for  it. 

The  winged  courser,  like  a  generous  horse, 
Shows  most  true  mettle  when  you  check  liis, 
course.  Pope) 

MET'TLED,  (I.  High  spirited ;  ardent;  full 
of  fire.  Pope. 

MET'TLESOME,  a.  Full  of  spirit ;  jjos-l 
sessing  constitutional  ardor ;  brisk;  fiery;' 
as  a  mettlesome  horse.  Taller. 

MET'TLESOMENESS,  n.  The  state  of 
being  high  spirited. 

MEW,  JI.  [Sax.  mcEW ;  Dan.  maage ;  D. 
meeuw  ;  G.  mewe  ;  Fr.  mouette.]  A  sea- 
fowl  of  the  genus  Larus;  a  gull. 

MEW,  ?i.  [Fr.  ?)M«e;  Arm.  mic;  W.  mwrf,  a; 
mew  and  mute  ;  D.  muite.  Sec  the  verb  to 
mew,  to  shed  fethers.] 

A  cage  for  birds ;  an  inclosure ;  a  place  of 
confinement. 

MEW,  r. «.    [from  the  noun.]     To  shut  up: 
to  inclose  ;  to  confine,  as  in  a  cage  or  other 
inclosure. 
More  pity  that  the  eagle  should  be  mew^d. 

Shak. 
Close  meie'd  in  their  sedans,  for  fear  of  air. 

Uryden. 

MEW,  V.  t.  [W.  ?nti/i,  a  shedding  of  fethers  : 
It.  7nudare,  to  mew  ;  Fr.  muer;  Arm.  rnuza ; 
G.  mausen  ;  D.  muiten,  to  mew  or  molt,  to 
mutiny;    Sp.  muda,  change,  alteration,  a 


mute  letter,  time  of  molting  or  shedding 
fethers,  roost  of  a  hawk  ;  Port,  mudar,  to 
change,  to  mew  or  cast  fethers  or  a  slough  ; 
muda,  a  dumb  woman,  the  mewing  or! 
molting  of  birds.  The  W.  mud,  a  mew,  is[ 
also  removal,  a  pass  or  move,  a  change  of 
residence,  ami  mute  ;  and  the  verb  mudaw. 
is  to  change,  to  remove,  comprehending 
the  L.  7nuto  and  moto.  We  have  then  clear 
evidence  that  mew,  a  cage,  mew,  to  molt, 
and  the  L.  muto,  moto,  and  mutus,  and 
Eng.  mutiny,  are  all  from  one  root.  The 
primary  sense  is  to  press  or  drive,  whence 
to  move,  to  change,  and  to  shut  up,  that  is, 
to  press  or  drive  close ;  and  this  is  the 
sense  of  mute.  Mutiny  is  from  motion  or 
change.] 
To  shed  or  cast;  to  change ;  to  molt.  The 
hawk  mewed  his  fethers. 
Nine  times  the  moon  had  tnew'd  her  horns — 

Dry  den. 

MEW,  V,  i.  [W.  mewian  ;  G.  miauen  ;  coin- 
ciding probably  with  L.  mugio.]  To  cry 
as  a  cat. 

MEW,  V.  i.  To  change  ;  to  put  on  a  now 
appearance. 

MEWING,  ppr.  Casting  the  fethers  or  skin ; 
crying. 

MEWL,  JI.  I.  [Fi:  miauler ;  It.  miagolare  ; 
S\>.  ynauUiir  or  mayar ;  coinciding  in  ele- 
ments with  L.  mugio,  to  low  ;  G.  mucken ; 
Dan.  mukker,  to  mutter;  Gr.  f"^3taO|Uai,  to 
bleat ;  Ir.  meigiollam  ;  W.  migiaw.]  To 
cry  or  squall,  qs  a  child.  Shak. 

MEWL'ER,  n.  One  thatsqualls  or  mewls 

MEZE'REON,  n.  A  plant  of  the  'genus 
Daphne  ;  the  spurge  olive.  Encyc. 

MEZZO,  in  music,  denotes  middle,  mean. 

MEZZORELIE'VO,  n.  [It.  mezzorilievo.] 
Middle  relief 

MEZZOTINT'O,  n.  [It.  mezzo,  middle,  half, 
and  tinlo,  h.tinclus,  painted.] 

A  [Kirticular  manner  of  engraving  or  repre- 
sentation of  figures  on  copper,  in  imitation 
of  painting  in  Indian  ink.  To  perform 
this  the  plate  is  scratched  and  furrowed 
in  different  directions  ;  the  design  is  then 
drawn  on  the  face,  then  the  dents  and  fur 
rows  are  erased  from  the  parts  where  the 
lights  of  the  piece  are  to  be  ;  the  parts 
which  arc  to  represent  shades  being  left. 

Encyc. 

MI'ASJM,     >       [Gr.  from  ^Kiti'u,  to  pollute.] 

MIAS'M A,  I    '  Infecting   substances   float- 
ing in  the  air;  the  effluvia  or  fine  particles! 
of  any  putrefying  bodies,  rising  and  float 
ing  in  the  atmosphere,  and  considered  to 
he  noxious  to  health. 

JMIASMAT'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  miasma ; 
partaking  of  the  qualities  of  noxious  efflu- 
via. 

MI'€A,  n.  [L.  mica,  a  grain  or  particle ;  mico. 
to  shine.] 

A  mineral  of  a  foliated  structure,  consisting 
of  thin  flexible  lamels  or  scales,  having  a 
shining  surface.  The  scales  are  some- 
times parallel,  sometimes  interwoven, 
sometimes  wavy  or  undulated,  sometimes 
representing  filaments.  It  is  called  also 
talck,  glimmer,  muscovy-glass,  and  glist. 

J^icholson.     Encyc. 

Jameson  subdivides  mica  into  ten  subspe- 
cies, viz.  mica,  pinite,  lepidolite,  chlorite, 
green  earth,  talck,  nacrite,  potstoiie.  stea- 
tite and  figure  stone.  Lre.., 


Ml€A'CEOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  mica ;  re- 
sembling mica  or  partaking  of  its  proper- 
ties. 

MICAREL,  n.  A  species  of  argillaceous 
earth  ;  a  mineral  of  a  brownish  or  black- 
ish red  color,  commonly  crystaUzed  in 
rhomboidal  prisms,  or  in  prisms  of  six 
sides.  Diet. 

MICE,  plu.  of  mouse. 

MI'CllAELITE,  n.  A  subvariety  of  jilic- 
eous  sinter,  found  in  the  isle  of  St.  Mi- 
chael. J.  W.  If'ebster. 

MICH'AELMAS,  n.  The  feast  of  St.  Mi- 
chael, a  festival  of  the  Romish  church, 
celebrated  Sept.  29;  hence, 

9.  In  colloquial  language,  autunni. 

MICIIE,  i'.  i.  [allied  perhaps  to  Sw.  maka, 
to  withdraw ;  Sax.  smugan,  to  creep. 
Meeehing  or  meaching,  is  still  used  by  some 
of  our  common  people  in  the  sense  of 
mean,  cowardly,  retiring.] 

1.  To  lie  hid  ;  to  skulk ;  to  retire  or  shrink 
from  view. 

3.  To  pilfer.     Ohs.  Sliak. 

MICII'ER,  n.  One  who  skulks,  or  creeps 
out  of  sight ;  a  thief.     Obs. 

Chaucer.     Sidney.     Shak. 

MICII'ERY,  n.  Theft;  cheating.     Obs. 

Gower. 

MICiriNG,  ppr.  Retiring  ;  .skulking ;  creep- 
ing frotn  sight  ;  mean  ;   cowardly.     [  V'ld- 

«■«'••] 
MICK'LE,    a.     [Sax.  micel,  mucel;    Scot. 

myche,   mekyl,   7nuckle ;    Sw.   mycken  ;  Sp. 

mucho;  Qr.  jxiyu.:,  fLiyiAr.     See  Much.] 
Much;  great.    [Obsolete,  but  retained  in  the 

Scottish  language.] 
MI'CO,  ?!.  A  beautiful  species  of  monkey. 

Ml€'RO€OSM,  )).  [Gr.  f«xpof,  small,  and 
xo^iiof,  world.] 

Literally,  the  little  world  ;  but  used  for  man, 
supposed  to  be  an  epitome  of  the  univcr.se 
or  great  world.  Swift.     Encyc. 

Microcosmic  salt,  a  triple  salt  of  soda,  ammo- 
nia and  phosphoric  acid,  obtained  from 
urine.  Ure. 

MICRO€OS'MI€AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
microcosm. 

MICROCOUS'TIe,  71.  [Gr.  fuxfio;,  small, 
and  axovio,  to  hear.] 

An  instrument  to  augmentsmall  sounds,  and 
assist  in  hearing. 

MICROGRAPHY,  n.  [Gr.  fUxpoi,  small, 
and  ypa<j)u>,  to  describe.] 

The  description  of  objects  too  small  to  be 

discerned  without  the  aid  of  a  microscope. 

Encyc.     Grew. 

MICROMETER,  n.  [Gr.  fiixfos,  small,  and 
ftitpci',  measure.] 

.\n  instrument  for  measuring  small  objects 
or  spaces,  by  the  help  of  wliich,  the  appa- 
rent magnitude  of  objects  viewed  through 
the  microscope  or  telescope,  is  measured 
with  great  exactness.  Encyc. 

MICROPHONE,  71.  [Gr.  ^.^-pos,  small,  and 
ijiui/jf,  somid.] 

An  instrument  to  augment  small  sounds;  a 
microcoustic.  Bailey. 

MIC'ROSCOPE,  7!.  [Gr.  ;t:xpo5,  sn)all,  and 
axonius.  to  view.] 

An  optical  instrument  consisting  of  lenses 
or  mirrors,  which  magnify  objects,  and 
thus  render  visible  minute  objects  which 
cannot  be  seen  by  the  naked  eye,  or  en- 
large the  apparent  magnitude  of  small  vist- 


ai  I  D 


MID 


M  I  G 


blc  bodies,  so  as  to  enable  us  to  examinej 

their  texture  or  construction. 
MieROSeOP'IC,        }       Made  by  the  aid 
MICROSeOP'ICAL,  ^       of  a  microscope  ; 

as  microscopic  observation.  Arbuthnol. 

2.  Assisted  by  a  microscope. 

Evading  even  the  microscopic  eye. 

Thomson. 

3.  ResembHng   a   microscope ;    capable  of 
seeing  small  objects. 

Why  has  not  man  a  microscopic  eye  ?     Pope. 

4.  Very  small ;   visible  only  by  the  aid  of  a 
microscope;  as  a  microscopic  insect. 

MI€ROSCOP'I€ALLY,  adv.  By  the  micro- 
scope ;  with  minute  inspection.  Good. 
MICTURI"T10N,   n.    [L.   viiclnrio.]     The 
act  of  making  water,  or  passing  the  urine. 

Darwin. 
MID,  a.  [Sax.  midd,  midde ;  L.  medius  ;  W. 

mid,  an  inclosure.] 
3.  Middle  ;  at  equal  distance  from  extremes  ; 
as  the  mid  hour  of  night.  Rowe. 

2.  Intervening. 

No  more   the  mounting  larks,  while  Daphne 

sings, 
Shall,  lifting  in  mid  air,  suspend  their  wings 

Pope 
Ml'DA,  n.  [Gr.iuSa;.]  A  worm,  or  the  bean- 
fjy_  Chambers. 

MID'-AgE,  n.  The  middle  of  life,  or  persons 
of  tliat  age.  Shak 

MID-COURSE,  n.  The  middle  of  the  course 
or  way.  Milton.\ 

MID'-DAY,  a.  Being  at  noon  ;  meridional  ;j 
as  the  mid-day  sun.  Addison., 

ftllD'-DAY,  n.     The    middle  of  the   day  ; 
noon.  Donne. 

MID'DEST,  a.  superl.  of  mid. 

Among  the  middest  crowd.     [JVot  nsed.'[ 

.Spenser. 
MIDDLE,  a.  mid'l.  [Sax.  D.  middel ;  G. 
mitlcl ;  Dan.  middel;  perhaps  mid  and 
deel  ;  Sans,  medhi  and  madhyam  ;  L.  mc 
dius ;  Gr.  jwfoo;;  It.  mezzo;  Sp.  medio 
Port,  mayo,  mediano  ;  Ir.  modham,  muadh; 
Fr.  midi,  moyen,  [milan,  obs.;]  Cli.  yya. 
This  word  has  the  elements  of  the  Sax 
viid,  D.  mede,  Svv.  and  Dan.  mede,  G.  mil, 
with,  Gr.  /itra,  which  is  from  the  root  of 
the  English  meet,  which  see.  Qu.  has  not 
the  L.  viedius,  in  the  phrase  medius fidius, 
the  sense  of  with  or  by;  by  or  with  my 
faith.  In  W.  mid  signifies  an  inclosure,  a 
hem  or  list  round  a  place.  In  Russ.  mejdu 
signifies  among.  See  Class  Ms.No. 21.27. 

1.  Equally  distant  from  the  extremes;  as 
the  middle  point  of  a  line  or  circle;  the 
middle  station  of  life.  The  middle  path  or 
course  is  most  safe. 

2.  Intermediate;  intervening. 

Will,  seeking  good,  finds  many  midille  ends. 

Davies. 
Middle  ages,  the  ages  or  period  of  tiine  about 
equally  distant  Irom  the  decline  of  the  Ro- 
man empire  and  the  revival  of  letters  in 
Europe,  or  from  the  eighth  to  the  fifteenth 
century  of  the  christian  era. 
MID'DLE,  n.  The  point  or  part  equally  dis 
tant  from  the  extremities. 

See,  there  come  people  down  by  the  middle 
of  the  land.     Judges  ix. 
2.  The  time  that  passes,  or  events  that  hap- 
pen between  the  beginning  and  the  end. 

Dryden 

MID'DLE-AUED,  a.  Being  about  the  mid 

die  of  the  ordinary  age  of  man.     A  mid 


die-aged  man  is  so  called  from  the  age  of 
thirty  five  or  forty  to  forty  five  or  fifty. 
MID'DLE-EARTH,  n.  [Sax.  middan-eard. 
The  world.     Obs.  Shak. 

MID'DLEMOST,  a.  Being  in  the  middle,  or 
nearest  the  middle  of  a  number  of  things 
that  are  near  the  middle.  If  a  thing  is  in 
the  middle,  it  cannot  be  more  so,  and  in 
this  sense  the  word  is  improper.  But 
when  two  or  more  things  are  near  the 
middle,  one  may  be  nearer  than  another. 

MID'DLING,  a.  [Sax.  midlen.]  Of  middle 
rank,  state,  size  or  quality  ;  about  equally 
distant  from  the  extremes ;  moderate. 
Thus  we  speak  of  people  of  the  middling 
class  or  sort,  neither  high  nor  low ;  of  a 
man  of  niMMing- capacity  or  understand- 
ing ;  a  man  of  middling  size  ;  fruit  of  a 
middling  quality. 

MIDGE,  n.  [Sax.  myge,  mygge.]  A  gnat  or 
flea.     [J'^ot  used.] 

MID'-IIEAVEN,  n.  The  middle  of  the  sky 
or  heaven.  Mitton. 

MIDLAND,  a.  Being  in  the  interior  coun 
try ;  distant  from  the  coast  or  sea  shore 
as  midland  towns  or  inhabitants. 

Howell.    Hale. 

2.  Surrounded  by  the  sea;  mediterranean. 
And  on  the  midland  sea  the  French  had  aw'd 

Dryden . 

MID'LEG,  n.  Middle  of  the  leg.         Bacon. 
MID'MOST,  a.  Middle;  as  the  mtrfmo5<  bat- 
tles. Dryden.l 
MIDNIGHT,  n.    The  middle  of  the  night; 

twelve  o'clock  at  night. 
MID'NIGHT,  a.  Being  in  the  middle  of  the 
night;  a.s  mid  night  studies.  Bacon. 

2.  Dark  as  midnight ;    very  dark ;    as  mid- 
night gloom. 
MID'RIFF,  n.  [Sax.  midhrife  ;  mtrfand/in/c, 

the  belly.] 
In   anatomy,   the    diaphragm;     the   nluscle 
which  divides  the  trunk  into  two  cavities, 
the  thorax  and  abdomen.  Q^uincy. 

MID'SEA,  n.  The  MediteiTanean  sea. 

Dryden. 
MID'SIIIP,   «.    Being  or  belonging  to  the 

middle  of  a  ship  ;  as  a  midship  beam. 
MID'SHIPM.\N,  n.  In  ships  of  war,  a  kindi 
of  naval  cadet,  whose  busiuess  is  to  sec- 
ond the  orders  of  the  superior  otficers  and 
assist  in  the  necessary  business  of  the  ship,| 
particularly  in  managing  the  sails,  that  hci 
may  be  trained  to  a  knowledge  of  the  ma-| 
chinery,  discipline  and  operations  of  ships 
of  war,  and  qualified  for  naval  service. 

Mar.  Diet. 
MIDSHIPS,  adv.  In  the  middle  of  a  ship; 

projierly  amidships. 
MIDST,   11.    [contracteil   from  middest,  the 
superlative  of  mid.]     The  middle. 

There  is  nothing  said  or  done  in  the  midst  of 
the  play,  which  might  not  have  been  placed  in 
the  beginning.  Vryden 

The  phrase,  in  the  midst,  often  signifies  in- 
volved in,  surrounded  or  overwhelmed  by, 
or  in  the  thickest  part,  or  in  the  deptlisof  ;| 
as  in  the  midst  of  afflictions,  troubles  or| 
cares  ;  in  the  midst  of  our  contemplations : 
in  the  midst  of  the  battle  ;  in  the  midst  of 
pagan  darkness  and  error  ;  in  the  midst  otj 
irospel  light;  in  the  midst  of  the  ocean;  in 
the  midst  of  civil  dissensions.  _       \ 

From  the  midst,  from  the  initldlc,  or   from 
among.     Deut.  xviii. 


MIDST,  adv.  In  the  middle. 

On  earth,  join  all  ye  creatures  to  extol 
Him  first.  Him  last.  Him  7nidst,  and  without 
end.  Milton. 

MIDSTREAM,  n.  The  middle  of  the 
stream.  Dryden. 

MID'SUMMER,  n.  The  middle  of  summer ; 
the  summer  solstice,  about  the  21st  of 
June.  Siviji.     Gay. 

MID'WARD,  orfo.  Midst.     [Mtinuse.] 
MID'WAY,  n.    The  middle  of  the  way  or 
distance. 
Paths  indirect,  or  in  the  midway  faint. 

Milton. 
MID'WAY,  a.    Being  in  the  middle  of  the 
way  or  distance  ;  as  the  midway  air. 

Shak. 
MID'WAY,  adv.   In  the  middle  of  the  way 
or  distance  ;  half  way. 

She  met  his  glance  midway.  Dryden. 

MID' WIFE,  n.  [supposed  by  Junius  and 
Skinner  to  be  meedwife,  a  woman  that  has 
a  reward.  This  is  probably  a  mistake. 
The  word  is  a  compound  o{  mid,  with,  and 
wif  a  woman ;  in  analogy  with  the  L.  ob- 
stetrix,  from  obsto,  ohstiti,  to  stand  before. 
The  Dutch  use  vroedvrouw,  a  wise  or  skill- 
ful woman.  The  Danish  equivalent  word  is 
iordemoder,  earth-mother  ;  the  Swedish, 
iord-gumma.  The  Spanish  and  Portu- 
guese word  is  comadre  ;  co  for  L.  cum,  with, 
and  madre,  mother,  which  is  precisely 
analogous  to  midwife.] 
A  woman  that  assists  other  women  in  child- 
birth. 
MID' WIFE,  t>.  i.   To  perform  the  o£Bce  of 

midwife. 
MIDWIFE,  V.  t.  To  assist  in  childbirth. 
MID'WIFERY,  n.    The  art  or  practice  of 
assisting  women  in    childbirth;    obstet- 
rics. 
2.  Assistance  at  childbirth. 


Help  or  cooperation  in  production. 

Stepney. 
MID'-WINTER,  n.  The  middle  of  winter, 
or  the  winter  solstice,  December  21.  As 
the  severity  of  winter  in  North  America 
falls  in  January  and  February,  the  word 
ordinarily  denotes  this  period,  or  some 
weeks  after  the  winter  solstice. 
MI'EMITE,  n.  Granular  raiemito  is  a  sub- 
variety  of  magnesian  limestone,  first  found 
at  Mierao,  in  Tuscany.  It  occurs  massive, 
or  crystalized  in  flat,  double,  three-sided 
pyramids.  Its  color  is  light  green  or 
greenish  white.  Jameson.     Cyc. 

MIEN,  n.  [Fr.  mine  ;  Dan.  Svv.  id.;  Arm. 
man  ;  Corn,  mein,  the  face  ;  Ice.  mind,  im- 
age.    See  Man.] 

Look;  air;  manner;  external  appearance  ; 
carriage ;  as  a  lofty  mien  ;  a  majestic 
mien.  Waller.     Pope. 

MIFF,  n.  A  slight  degree  of  resentment. 
[Colloquial.] 

MIF'FED,  a.  Slightly  offended.  [In  Norman 
French,  mefet  is  offense  or  misdeed,  and 
mejjet,  misdone  ;  mes  and  faire  ;  whence 
meffere,  to  do  mischief  But  qu.  whether 
this  is  the  English  miff.] 

MIGHT,  n.  pret.  of  may.  Had  power  or  lib- 
erty.    He  might  go,  or  might  have  gone. 

2.  It  sometimes  denotes  uas  pussible,  imply- 
ing ignorance  of  the  fact  in  the  speaker. 
Orders  might  have  been  given  for  the  pur- 
pose. 


M  I  G 


M  I  L 


M  I  L 


MIGHT,  n.  [Sax.  might,  mtht;  G.  macht; 
D.  Sw.  Dan.  magi ;  from  the  root  of  may, 
Sax.  magan,  to  be  able ;  Sans,  mahat, 
strong.     See  May.] 

1.  Strength;  force;  power;  primarily  and, 
chiefly,  bodily  strength  or  physical  power  ; 
as,  to  work  or  strive  with  all  one's  might. 

There  shall  be  no  might  in  thy  hand.  Deut. 
xxviii. 

2.  Political  power  or  great  achievments. 

The  acts  of  David — with  all  his  reign  and  his 
might.    1  Chron.  xxix.  1  Kings  xv. 

3.  National  strength ;  physical  power  or 
military  force. 

Wc  have  no  might  against  this  great  compa- 
ny that  cometh  against  us.    2  Chron.  xx. 

4.  Valor  with  bodily  strength ;  military  prow- 
ess ;  as  men  of  might.  1  Chron.  xii. 

5.  Ability  ;  strength  or  apphcation  of  means. 

1  have  prepared  with  all  my  might  for  the 
house  of  my  God —   1  Chron.  xxix. 

6.  Strength  or  force  of  purpose.  • 

Like  him  was  no  king  that  turned  to  the  Lord 
with  all  his  might.   2  Kings  xxiii. 

7.  Strength  of  affection. 

Thou  shalt  love  the  Lord  thy  (iod  with  all 
thine  heart,  and  with  all  tliy  soul,  aud  with  all 
thy  might.  Deut.  vi. 

8.  Strength  of  light ;  splendor ;  effulgence. 

Let  lliem  that  love  him  he  as  the  sun  when 
he  goeth  forth  in  his  might.  Judges  v. 

ShaUspeare  applies  the  word  to  an  oath. 
"  An  oath  of  mickle  m?g-/i(."  This  appli- 
cation is  obsolete.  AVe  now  use  strength 
or  force;  as  the  strength  or  force  of  anoutli 
or  covenant. 

IVith  might  and  main,  with  the  utnio.st 
strength  or  bodily  exertion  ;  a  tautological 
phrase,  as  both  words  are  from  the  same 
root,  and  mean  the  same  thing. 

MI'GHTILY,  adv.  [from  mighty.]  With 
great  power,  force  or  strength  ;  vigorous- 
ly ;  as,  to  strive  mightily. 

2.  Vehemently  ;  with  great  earnestness. 

Ciy  mightily  to  God.  Jonah  iii. 

3.  Powerfully  ;  with  great  energy. 

Whereto  I  also  labor,  striving  according  to  hi^ 
working,  which  worketh  in  me  mightily.  Col.  i. 

4.  With  great  strength  of  argument. 

He  mightily  convinced  the  Jews.  Actii  xviii. 

5.  With  great  or  irresistible  force  ;  greatly; 
extensively. 

So  mif^htily  grew  the  word  of  God  and  pre- 
vailed.  Acts'xix. 

6.  With  strong  means  of  defense. 

Fortify  thy  power  mightily.    Nah.  ii. 

7.  Greatly  ;  to  a  great  degree  ;  very  much. 

1  was  mightily  pleased  with  a  story  applica- 
ble to  this  piece  of  philosophy.  Spectator. 
[Admissible  in  colloquial  and  familiar  lan- 
guage.] 
MI'GHTINESS,    n.    Power;    greatness; 
highth  of  dignity. 

How  soon  this  mightiness  meets  misery ! 

Shak. 
2.  A  title  of  dignity  ;  as  their  High  Mighti- 
nesses. 
MIGHTY,  a.  [Sax.  mihtig.]    Having  great 
bodily  strength  or  physical  power;  very 
strong  or  vigorous ;  as  a  mighty  arm. 

2.  Very  strong;  valiant;  bold;  as  a  mighty 
man  of  valor.    Judges  vi. 

3.  Very  powerful ;  having  great  command. 

Cush  begat  Nimrod  ;  he  began  to  be  a  mighty 
one  on  the  earth.  Gen.  x. 

4.  Very  strong  in  numbers ;  as  a  vdghty  na- 
tion. Gen.  xviii. 


5.  Very  strong  or  great  in  corporeal  power  : 
very  able. 

Wo  to  them  that  are  mighty  to  drink  wine. 
Is.  V. 

C.  Violent ;  very  loud  ;    as  mighty  thunder- 
ings.  Ex.  ix.  Ps.  Ixviii. 

7.  Vehement ;  rushing  with  violence ;  as  a 
mighty  wind  or  tempest.  Ex.  x.  Rev.  vi. 

8.  Very    great ;    vast ;    us    mighty    waters. 
Neh.  ix. 

9.  Very  great  or  strong  ;  as  mighty  power. 
2  Chron.  xxvi. 

10.  Very  forcible  ;   efficacious  ;   as,  great  is 
truth  and  mighty.  Esdras. 

IL  Very  great  or  eminent  in  intellect  or  ac- 


ts soft  or  smootli,  L.  mollis,  Eng.  mellow, 
W.  mall :  allied  ]ierliaps  to  melt.  Class  Ml. 
No.  9.  l(j.  18.] 

1.  Soft ;  gently  and  pleasantly  affecting  the 
senses  ;  not  violent ;  as  a  mild  air  ;  a  mild 
sun  ;  a  mild  temperature  ;  a  mild  light. 

The  losy  mom  resigns  her  light 
And  milder  glory  to  the  noon.  Waller. 

And  with  a  milder  gleam  refreshed  the  sight. 

.idJiaoii. 

2.  Not  acrid,  pungent,  corrosive  or  drastic  ; 
operating  gently  ;  not  acrimonious ;  de- 
mulcent ;  niollilying  ;  lenitive  ;  assuasive  ; 
as  a  mild  liquor  ;  a  mild  cataplasm  ;  a  mild 
cathartic  or  emetic. 

quirements;  as  the  mighty  Scaliger   and  3.  Tender  and  gentle  in  temper  or  disposi- 


Selden.  Echard. 

12.  Great ;  wonderful ;  performed  with  great 
1)0 wer;  as  mighty  works.   Matt.  xi. 

13.  Very  severe  and  distressing ;  as  a  mighty 
famine.  Luke  xv. 

14.  Very  great,  large  or  populous ;  as  a 
mighty  city.  Rev.  xviii. 

15.  Important ;  iiiuinentous. 

I'll  smg  of  heroes  and  of  kings. 

In  mighty  numbers  mighty  things. 

Cowley. 

MI'GIITY,  adv.  In  a  great  degree;  very; 
as  mighty  wise  ;  mighty  thoughtful.  [Col- 
loquial.] Prior. 

MIGNIARD,  a.  [Fr.  mignard.]  Soft; 
dainty  ;  delicate  ;  pretty.  II.  Jouson. 

MIGNONETTE,  )      [Fr.]  An  annual  llow- 

MIG'ONET,  5  "•  er  or  plant  of  the  ge-' 

nus  Reseda,  having  the  scent  of  raspber- 
ries. Mason. 

MI'GRATE,  v.i.  [L.  migro.]  To  puss  or  re-l 
move  from  one  country  or  from  one  state 
to  another,  with  a  view  to  permanent  res- 
idence, or  residence  of  souje  contiiuiance. 
The  first  settlers  of  New  England  migrat-\ 
ed  first  to  Holland,  and  afterwards  to 
America.  Some  species  of  fowls  migrate 
in  autuuni  to  a  warmer  climate  for  a  tem-' 
porary  residence.  To  change  residence 
in  the  same  city  or  state  is  not  to  miarate.l 

-i.  lopass  or  remove  Irom  one  region  or 
district  to  another  for  a  temporary  resi- 
dence ;  as,  the  Tartars  migrate  for  the  sake 
of  linding  pasturage. 

IMI'GR.XTING,  ppr.  Removing  from  one 
state  to  another  for  a  permanent  resi- 
dence. The  people  of  the  eastern  states 
are  continually  migrating  to  the  westernl 
states. 

MIGRA'TION,  n.  [L.  migratio.]  The  art  of 
removing  from  one  kingdom  or  state  to 
another,  for  the  purpose  of  permanent  res- 
idence, or  a  residence  of  some  continu- 
ance. 

Change  of  place  ;  removal ;  as  the  migra-, 
lion  of  the  center  of  gravity.       If'oodward. 

MI'GR.\TORY,  a.  Removing  or  accustom- 
ed to  remove  from  one  state  or  country  to 
another  fur  permanent  residence. 

2.  Roving  ;  wandering;  occasionally  remov- 
ing for  pasturage  ;  as  the  migratory  Tar- 
tars. 

3.  Passing  from  one  climate  to  another  ;  as 
fowls. 

MILCH,  a.  [Sax.  melee.  See  Mlk.]  Giving 
milk  ;  as  a  milch  cow.  It  is  now  applied 
only  to  beasts. 

MILD,  a.  [Sax.  mild  ;  G.  D.  Sw.  Dan.  id. ; 
Russ.  melayu.  to  pity.    The  primary  sense. 


tion  ;    kind  ;    compassionate  ;    merciful  ; 
clement ;  indulgent ;  not  severe  or  cruel. 
It  teaches  us  to  adore  him  as  a  tnild  and  mer- 
ciful Being.  liogers. 

4.  Not  fierce,  rough  or  angry  ;  as  mild 
words. 

5.  Placid  ;  not  fierce  ;  not  stern  :  not  frown- 
ing ;  as  a  mild  look  or  aspect. 

6.  Not  sharp,  tart,  sour  or  bitter  ;  moderate- 
ly sweet  or  pleasant  to  the  taste  ;  as  mild 
fruit. 

7.  Calm  ;  tranquil.  When  passion  subsides 
the  temiier  beLomes  mild. 

8.  Moderate  ;  not  violent  or  intense  ;  as  a 
mild  heat. 

MILDEW,  71.  [Sax.  mildeaw;  L.  melligo, 
from  met,  honey  ;  G.  mehlthau,  as  if  from 
meld,  meal.] 

1.  Honey  dew  ;  a  thick,  clammy,  sweet  juice, 
found  on  the  leaves  of  plants,  which  is  said 
to  injure  the  plants  by  <  orroding  them,  or 
otherwise  preventing  them  from  coming 
to  perlection.  Hill.     Encyc. 

2.  Spots  on  cloth  or  paper  caused  by  mois- 
ture. 

MIL'DEW,  II.  t.  To  taint  with  mildew. 

Shak. 

MIL'DEWED,  pp.  Tainted  or  injured  by 
mildew. 

MIL'DEWING,  yjiyw.  Tainting  with  mildew. 

MILDLY,  adv.  5~oltly  ;  gently;  tenderly; 
not  roughly  or  violently ;  moderately  ;  as,, 
to  speak  mildly  ;  to  burn  mildly  ;  to  oper- 
ate mildly. 

MILDNESS,  71.  Softness;  gentleness;  as 
the  mildness  of  words  or  speech  ;  mildness 
of  voice. 

2.  Tenderness;  mercy;  clemency;  us  mild- 
ness of  temper. 

.3.  Gentleness  of  operation;  as  the  7ni7(/H«.s 
of  a  medicine. 

4.  Softness  j  the  quality  that  affects  the 
.senses  pleasantly ;  as  the  miUlness  of  fruit 
or  of  liijuors. 

5.  Temperateness ;  moderate  state  ;  as  the 
mildness  of  weather. 

MILD-SPIR'ITED,  a.  Having  a  mild  tem- 
per, .-irbuthnot . 

MILE,  71.  [h. mille passtis,  a  thousand  paces; 
passus  being  dropped  in  common  usage, 
the  word  became  a  noun  ;  Sa.x.  Sw.  mil ; 
Dan.  mill;  G.  meile ;  D.  myl ;  Fr.  mille; 
Sp.  milla  ;  Port,  milha  ;  It.  miglio.] 

A  measure  of  length  or  distance,  containing 
eight  furlongs,  390  rods,  poles  or  perches, 
1760  yards,  5280  feet,  or  80  chains.  The 
Roman  mile  was  a  thousand  paces,  equal 
to  IGOO  yards  English  measure. 

Ml'LEAtJE,  71.  Fees  paid  for  travel  by  the 
mile. 


MIL 


M  I  L 


MI  L 


JII'LESTONE,  n.  A  stoue  set  to  mark  the 

distance  or  space  of  a  mile. 
MIL'FOIL,  n.   [L.  millefolium,  a  thousand 

leaves.] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Achillea  ;  yarrow. 
MIL'IARY,    a.     [Fr.   miliaire,   L.    milium, 

millet.] 

1.  Resembling  millet  seeds  ;  as  a  miliary 
eruption ;  miliary  glands.  The  miliary 
glands  are  the  sebaceous  glands  of  the 
skin.  Coxe. 

2.  Accompanied  with  an  eruption  like  mil- 
let seeds  ;  as  a  miliary  fever. 

MILICE,  for  militia,  is  not  in  use. 
MIL'IOLITE,    n.    Fossil   remains   of   the 
Miliola,  a  genus  of  univalve  shells. 

Ed.  Encyc. 

MIL'ITANCY,  n.    Warfare.     [Little  used.] 

Mountague. 

MIL'ITANT,  a.  [L.  militans,  milito,  to  fight.] 

1.  Fighting ;  corabatiug  ;  serving  as  a  sol- 
dier. Spenser. 

2.  The  church  militant,  is  the  christian  church 
on  earth,  which  is  supposed  to  be  engaged 
in  a  constant  warfare  against  its  enemies ; 
thus  distinguished  froin  the  church  tri- 
umphant, or  in  heaven.  Hooker. 

MILITARILY,  adv.  In  a  soldierly  manner. 
MIL'ITARY,  «.  [Fr.  militaire  ;  L.  militans, 

from  miles,  a  soldier  ;  milito,  to  figlit ;  Gr. 

afii'KT.a,  contest.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  soldiers  or  to  arms ;  as  a 
mililarii  parade  or  appearance ;  military 
discipline. 

2.  Engaged  in  the  service  of  sohliers  or 
arms  ;  as  a  military  man. 

3.  Warlike;  becoming  a  soldier;  as  military 
virtue  ;  military  bravery. 

4.  Derived  from  the  services  or  exploits  of  a 
soldier ;  as  military  renown. 

5.  Conformable  to  the  customs  or  rules  of 
armies  or  militia.  The  conduct  of  the  of- 
ficer was  not  military. 

C.  Performed  or  made  by  soldiers  ;  as  a  mil- 
itary election.  Bacon. 

Military  tenure,  a  tenure  of  land,  on  condi- 
tion of  performing  military  service. 

MIL'ITARY,  n.  The  whole  body  of  sol- 
diers ;  soldiery  ;  militia ;  an  army. 

U.  States.     Mitford. 

MIL'ITATE,  V.  i.  [L.  milito.]    To   militate 

against,  is   to  oppose  ;  to  be  or  to  act  in 

opposition.  S?nollet. 

Paley  \vrites,  to   militate   ivilh ;  hut   in 

America,  against  is  generally  used. 

MILP'TIA,  n.  [L.  from  miles,  a  soldier  ;  Ir. 
mal  or  mil ;  W.  milwr ;  Gr.  fiu>.o;,  war ; 
(uw>.fu,  to  fight ;  a/.uT.'Ka.,  combat,  contention 
The  primary  sense  of  fighting  is  to  strive, 
struggle,  drive,  or  to  strike,  to  beat,  Eng. 
moil,  L.  molior,  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  Sam.  Ar. 
h'ay,  to  labor  or  toil.  So  e.rcrcltus,  from 
exerceo,  to  exert,  to  strive.  Class  Ml.  No. 
15.] 

The  body  of  soldiers  in  a  state  enrolled  for 
discipline,  but  not  engaged  in  actual  ser- 
vice except  in  emergencies ;  as  distin- 
guished from  regular  troops,  whose  sole 
occupation  is  war  or  n;ilitary  service.  The 
militia  of  a  country  are  the  able  bodied 
men  organized  into  companies,  regiments 
and  brigades,  with  officers  of  all  grades, 
and  required  by  law  to  attend  military  ex- 
ercises on  certain  days  only,  but  at  other 


times  left  to  pursue  their  usual  occupa- 
tions. 
MILK,  71.  [Sax.  me/cf;  G.  milch;  T).  melk ; 
Sw.  miMk ;  Dan.  mmlk ;  Russ.  mleko  or 
moloko ;  Bohemian,  mliko ;  Ir.  meilg.  See 
the  Verb.] 

1.  A  white  fluid  or  liquor,  secreted  by  cer- 
j     tain  glands  in  female  animals,  and  drawn 

j    from  the  breasts  for  the  nourishment  of 
I    their  young. 

2.  The  white  juice  of  certain  plants. 
:3.  Emulsion  made  by  bruising  seeds. 

j  Bacon. 

MILK,   r.  t.   [Sax.  melcan,  meolcian ;  G.  D. 

melken;  Sw.  miolka;  Dan.  ma7A,fr;  Russ. 

melzyu ;  L.  mulgeo ;  Gr.  a/nTjyu.] 

1.  To  draw  or  press  milk  from  the  breasts 
t     by  the  hand  ;  as,  to  milk  a  cow. 

2.  To  suck.     [JVot  used.]  Shak. 
MILK'EN,   a.    Consisting    of  milk.     [JVot 

used-]  Temple. 

MILK'ER,  ji.  One  that  milks. 
MILK'-FEVER,  n.   A  fever  which  accom 

panics  the  first  flowing  of  milk  in  females 

after  childbirth. 
MILK'-HEDgE,  ji.  Ashrubgrowingon  the 

Coromandel    coast,    containing    a  milky 

juice. 
MILK'INESS,  n.    Qualities  like    those  of 

milk  ;  softness.  Dryden. 

MILK'-LIVERED,  a.  Cowardly ;  timorous. 

Shak. 
MILK'MAID,  n.  A  woman  that  milks  or  is 

employed  in  the  dairy. 
MILK'MAN,   n.    A  man  that  sells  milk  or 

carries  milk  to  market. 
MILK'PAIL,  )i.    A  pail  which  receives  the 

milk  drawn  from  cows. 
IMILK'PAN,  n.  A  pan  iu  which  milk  is  set. 
MILK' PORRIDGE,   ?       A  species  of  food 
MILK'POTTAgE,     s"'  composed  of  milk 

or   milk  and  water,  boiled  with  meal  or 

flour.  Locke. 

MILK'SeORE,  n.  An  account  of  milk  sold 

or  purchased  in  small  quantities,  scored  or 

marked.  Addison. 

MILK'SOP,    ii.  A  soft,  effeminate,  feeble- 
minded man.  Mdison.     Prior. 
MILK'-THISTLE,  n.  A  jdant  of  the  genus 

Carduus. 
MILK'TOOTII,  n.  The  foretooth  of  a  foal 

which  is  cast  within  two  or  three  years. 

Far.  Diet. 
MILK-TRE'FOIL,  n.  A  plant,  the  cytisus 

Johnson 
MTLK'-VETCH,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 

Astragalus. 
MILK'-WORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Eu- 
phorbia ;  si)urge. 
MILK'-WEED,  n.  A  plant,  the  Asclepias 

Syriaca. 
MILK'WHITE,  a.  White  as  milk.     Drydtn 
jMILK'WoMAN,    n.    A  woman   that  sells 

milk.  Arhuthnot 

MILK'Y,  a.  Made  of  milk. 

2.  Resetnbling  milk  ;  as  milky  sap  or  juice. 

Pope. 

3.  Yielding  milk  ;  as  milky  mothers. 

Rosccnnmon. 

4.  Soft ;  mild  ;  gentle";  timorous ;  as  a  milky 
heart.  Shak 

MILK'Y- WAY,  n.  The  galaxy  ;  a  broail 
luminous  ])ath  or  circle  in  the  licavens 
supposed  to  be  the  blended  light  of  innu- 


merable fixed  stars,  which  are  not  distin- 
guishable with  ordinary  telescopes. 

Harris. 

MILL,  n.  [L.  mille,  a  thousand.]  A  money 
of  account  of  tlie  United  States,  value  the 
tenth  of  a  cent,  or  the  thousandth  of  a 
dollar. 

MILL,  n.  [Sax.  miln  ;  W.  mtlin  ;  Ir.  meile 
or  muilean;  Corn,  melyn  ;  Arm.  viell  or 
melin  ;  Fr.  moulin  ;  L.  mola  ;  Gr.  iUvXi;, 
fiv't.oi  ;  G.  miihie  ;  D.  molen  ;  Sw.  mol  ; 
Dan.  miille  ;  Sp.  molino ;  It.  mulino ;  Russ. 
melnitsa  ;  Goth,  malan,  to  grind,  Ir.  mei- 
lim,  Fr.  moudre,  for  moutdre,  W.  malu, 
Arm.  mala  or  malein,  Sp.  moler,  L.  molo, 
G.  mahlen,  D.  mualen,  Sw.  miila,  Dan. 
maler.  Port,  motr,  by  contraction,  Russ. 
melyu.  It  is  not  certain  which  is  the  ori- 
ginal word,  the  noun  or  the  verb  ;  or 
whether  both  are  from  a  prior  radical 
sense.  We  observe  that  the  elements  of 
this  word  coincide  with  those  of  L.  mel, 
honey,  mollis,  Eng.  melloiv,  mild,  mold, 
mca/,  W.  maW,  &c.  all  expressive  of  softness. 
Grinding  is  now  breaking  by  friction  or 
])ressure,  but  not  improbably  grain  was 
pulverized  by  breaking  before  the  use  of 
the  quern.  If  so,  mill  may  coincide  in  ori- 
gin with  mallet.  We  observe  that  this 
word  is  in  the  languages  of  all  the  great 
European  families,  Celtic,  Teutonic  and 
Slavonic] 

1.  A  complicated  engine  or  machine  for 
grinding  and  reducing  to  fine  particles, 
grain,  fruit  or  other  siibstance,  or  for  per- 
forming other  operations  by  means  of 
wheels  and  a  circular  motion  ;  as  a  grist- 
mill  for  grain  ;  a  coffee-jniW ;  a  cider-mill  ; 
a  bark-mi'W.  The  original  purpose  of  mills 
was  to  conuninute  grain  for  food,  but  the 
word  mill  is  now  extended  to  engines  or 
machines  moved  by  water,  wind  or  steam, 
for  carrying  on  many  other  operations. 
We  have  oil-mills,  saw-mills,  slitting-mills, 
bark-mills,  fullijig- mills,  &c. 

2.  The  house  or  building  that  contains  the 
machinery  for  grinding,  &c. 

MILL,  V.  t.  To  grind  ;  to  comminute  ;  to  re- 
duce to  fine  particles  or  to  small  pieces. 

2.  To  beat  up  chocolate.  Johnson. 

3.  To  stamp  coin. 

4.  To  full,  as  cloth. 

MILL'€OG,  Ji.  The  cog  of  a  mill  wheel. 

Mortimer. 

MILL'DAM,  n.  A  dam  or  mound  to  ob- 
struct a  water  course,  and  raise  the  water 
to  an  altitude  sufficient  to  turn  a  mill 
wheel.  Mortimer. 

MILL'HORSE,  n.  A  horse  that  turns  a  mill. 

MILL'POND,  n.  A  jrond  or  reservoir  of 
water  raised  for  driving  a  mill  wheel. 

MILL'RACE,  n.  The  current  of  water  that 
drives  a  mill  wheel,  or  the  canal  in  which 
it  is  conveyed.  Franklin. 

MILL-SIXPENCE,  n.  An  old  Enghsh  coin 
first  milled  in  15(U.  Douce. 

MILL'STONE,  ji.  A  stone  used  for  grind- 
ing grain. 

MILL'-TOOTII,  )i.  plu.  mill-teeth.  A  grinder, 
dens  molaris.  Arhulhnot. 

MILLENA  RIAN,  a.  [Fr.  millenairc.  See 
JMilleninm.] 

Consisting  of  a  thousand  years  ;  pertaining 
to  the  millenium.  Encyc 

MILLENA'RIAN,  n.  A  chiliast ;  one  who 
bcheves  iu  the  millenium,  and  that  Christ 


MIL 


M  I  M 


31  I  I^ 


will  reign  on  earth  with  his  saints  a  thou- 
sand years  before  the  end  of  the  world. 

Encyc 

MIL'LENARY,  a.  [Fr.  miUenaire.]  Con- 
siHtins  of  a  thousand.  Arbnlhnol 

MILIJ'N'IAL,  «.  Pertaining  to  the  millen- 
iuni,  iir  to  a  thousand  years ;  as  viillenial 
period  ;  millenial  happiness.  Burnet 

IMIL'LENIST,  n.  One  who  holds  to  the 
niilleiiium.     [JVol  used.]  Johnson. 

IVlILI^KN'IUIVr,  n.  [L.  milk,  a  thousand, 
and  annus,  year.] 

A  thousand  years  ;  a  word  used  to  denote 
the  thousand  years  mentioned  in  Revela 
lions  XX.  during  which  period  Satan  shall 
be  bound  and  restrained  from  seducing 
men  to  sin,  and  Christ  shall  reign  on  earth 
with  his  saints. 

MIL'LEPICD,  n.  [L.  milk,  a.  thousand,  and 
pes,  foot.] 

The  wood-louse,  an  insect  having  many  feet, 
a  species  of  Oniscus. 

MIL'LEPORE,  n.  [L.  mille,  a  thousand,  and 

poms,  a  pore.] 
A  genus  of  lithophytcs  or  polypiers  of  vari 

ous  forms,  which  have  the  surface  pcrfo 

rated  with  little  holes  or  pores,  or  even 

without  any  apparent  perforation.    Cuvier. 
MIL'LEPORITE,  n.  Fossil  millepores. 
MIL'LER,  n.  [from  rnill.]    One  whose  oc 

cupation  is  to  atteml  a  grist-mill. 
2.  An  insect  whose  wings  appear  as  if  cov 

ered  with   white  dust  or  powder,  like  a 

miller's  clothes. 

MIL'LER'S-THUMB,  n.  A  small  fish  found 
in  small  streams. 

MILLES'IMAL,  a.  [L.  mitlesimus,  from  mil- 
le, a  thousand.] 

Thousandth  ;  consisting  of  thousandth  parts; 
as  millesimal  fractions.  tValls. 

MII-'LET,  n.  [Fr.  millet  or  mil ;  It.  miglio ; 
Sp.  mijo  ;  L.  milium  ;  Sax.  mil.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Milium,  of  several  spe- 
cies, one  of  which  is  cultivated  as  an  es- 
culent grain.  Encyc. 

The  Indian  millet  is  of  the  genus  Holcus. 

Lee. 

MIL'LIARY,  a.  [L.  milliarium,  a  mile- 
stone.] 

Pertaining  to  a  mile  ;  denoting  a  mile  ;  as  a 
millinry  column.  D\1nville. 

MIL'LIGRAM,  n.  [L.  mille,  a  thousand, 
and  Gr.  ypanna,  a  gram.] 

In  the  system  of  French  weights  and  meas- 
mes,  the  thousandth  part  of  a  gram,  equal 
to  a  cubic  millimeter  of  water.         Lunitr. 

The  milligram  is  equal  to  .0154  Englisli 
grains.  Ct/c. 

MIL'LILITER,  n.  [L.  mille,  a  thousand, 
and  liter.] 

A  French  measure  of  capacity  containing 
the  thousandth  part  of  a  liter  or  cubic  de- 
cimeter, equal  to  .0(310-3  decimals  of  a  cu- 
bic inch.  Cyc. 

MILLIM'ETER,  n.  [L.  mille,  a  thousand, 
and  metnim,  a  measure.] 

A  French  lineal  measure  containing  the 
thousandth  part  of  a  meter  ;  equal  to 
.03937  decimals  of  an  inch.  It  is  the  least 
measure  of  length.  Lunier.     Cyc. 

MIL'LINER,  Ji.  [Johnson  supposes  this 
word  to  be  Milaner,  from  Milan,  in  Italy.] 

V  woman  who  makes  and  sells  head-dresses, 
hats  or  bonnets,  &c.  for  females. 

Vol.  11. 


MIL'LINERY,  n.  The  articlesmade  or  sold 
by  milliners,  as  head-dresses,  hats  or  bon- 
nets, laces,  ribins  and  the  like. 

MILLION,  n.miiyun.  [Vr.  million  ;  li.mil- 
ione  ;  S]>.  mitlon  ;    Poit.  milham  ;   proba 
bly  from  L.  mille,  a  thousand.] 

1.  The  number  of  ten  hundred  thousand,  or 
a  thousand  thousand.  It  is  used  as  a  noun 
or  an  adjective,;  as  a  million  of  men,  or  a 
million  men.  As  a  noun,  it  has  a  regular 
))lural,  millions. 

2.  In  common  usage,  a  very  great  number, 
indefinitely. 

There  are  millions  of  truths  that  men  are  not 
concerned  to  know.  Locke. 

MILLION ARV,  «.  Pertaining  to  millions; 
consisting  of  millions  ;  as  the  miltionary 
chronology  of  the  Pundits.  Pinkerton. 

MILL'IONED,  a.  Multijjlied  by  millions. 
[JVot  used.]  Shak. 

MILLIONTH,  a.  The  ten  hundred  thou- 
sandth. 

MILLRE'A,  )       A  coin  of  Portugal  of  the 

MILLREE',  S       value  of  $1.24  cents. 

MILT,  71.  [Sax.  Dan.  U.  milt ;  G.  7?ii7:  ;  Sw. 
miidle  ;  ]t.  mika  ;  probably  so  named 
from  its  softness,  and  allied  to  mild,  mellow, 
melt.] 

L  In  anatomy,  the  si)leen.  a  viscus  situated 
in  the  loft  ijypochondrium  under  the  dia- 
phragm. 

2.  The  soft  roe  of  fishe.s,  or  the  spermatic 
part  of  the  males.  Encyc. 

Ml  LT,  II.  /.  To  impregnate  the  roe  or  spawn 
of  the  female  fish.  Johnson. 

MILT'ER.  n.  A  male  fish.  H'alton. 

MILT'WORT,  Ji.  A  plant  of  the  geims  As- 
|)lenium. 

MIME,  ?i.   A  buftoon.     Obs.     [See  Mimic] 

2.  A  kind  of  dramatic  farce.     Obs. 

MIME,  V.  i.  To  mimic,  or  play  the  buflbon 
Obs.     [See  Mimic] 

MI'MER,  n.  Aminiic.     Obs.     [See  Mimic] 

MIME'SIS,  n.  [Gr.]  In  rhetoric,  ijnitation 
of  the  voice  or  gestures  of  another. 

Encyc. 

M1MET'I€,  a.  [Gr.  ^i^urjnxoj.]  Apt  to  imi- 
tate ;  given  to  aping  or  mimicry. 

MIM'IC,        }       [L.   mimus,   mimicus  ;   Gr. 

MlM'lCAL,  ^  ■  ^tjuoj,  /xvfiixos ;  fiifiiofiai,  ton 
imitate  ;  allied  probably  to  fiufio;.] 

1.  Imitative  ;  inclined  to  imitate  or  to  ape ; 
having  the  practice  or  habit  of  imitating 

Man  is  of  all   creatujes   the  most  7ni>nieal  in 
£:estures,  speech,  &c.  Wolton. 

2.  Consisting  of  imitation  ;  as  mimic  gestures, 

Mimic  implies  often  something  droll  or 
ludicrous,  or  less  dignified  than  imitative. 
MIM'I€,  )!.  One  who  imitates  or  mimics ; 
a  buffoon  who  attempts  to  excite  laughter 
or  derision  by  acting  or  speaking  in  the 
manner  of  another.  Prior. 

2.  A  mean  or  servile  imitator. 

Of  France  the  mimic,  and  of  Spain  the  prey. 

.^non. 

MIM'ICK,  I'.  /.  To  imitate  or  ape  for  sport: 

to  attempt  to  excite  laughter  or  derision 

by   acting   or  speaking   like   another ;  to 

ridicule  by  imitation. 

— The  walk,  the  words,  tlie  gesture,  could  sup, 

ply. 
The  habit  mimiek,  and  the  mien  belie. 

Dryden 

MIM'I€RY,  JI.  Ludicrous  imitation  for  sport 

or  ridicule.  Spectator. 

MIMOG'RAPIIER,  »i.  [Gr-fiitw;  and  ypo^u.] 

A  writer  of  farces.  Herbert. 

16 


Ml'NA.  n.  [Gr.  fira;  L.  mina.  Ar.  Class 
Mn.  No.  5.  9.  7.]  A  weight  or  denomina- 
tion of  money.  The  mina  of  the  Old  Tes- 
tament was  valued  at  sixty  shekels.  Tlie 
Greek  or  Attic  mina,  was  valued  at  a  hun- 
ilred  drachmas,  about  £2.  \7s.  sterling, 
$10.  44  cents. 

Encyc. 

MINA'CIOUS,  a.  [L.  minax;  from  minor,  to 
threaten.] 

Threatening  ;  menacing.  More. 

MINAC'ITY,  n.  [h.  minax.]  Disposition 
to  threaten.     [Ltttle  used.] 

MIN'ARET,  71.  [W.  Tiiic-n,  a  sjMre.  See 
Mound.] 

A  small  spire  or  .steeple,  or  spire-like  orna- 
ment in  Saracen  architecture.  Mason. 

MINATORY,  a.  Threatening  ;  menacing. 

Hacon. 

MINCE,  V.  t.  mins.  [Sa.t.  minsian,  from  the 
root  of  L.  minuo,  to  diminish  ;  W.  jnain. 
Arm.  maon,  Fr.  menu,  mince,  Ir.  min,mion, 
small,  fine  ;  L.  minor,  smaller ;  minuo, 
to  diminish  ;  Gr.  fimo;,  small,  slender  ; 
ftiivdu,    to  diminish  ;  L.  minutus,  minute: 

Sw.  minska,  to  diminish  ;  Ar.  ^  man- 
na, to  weaken,  to  diminish.  Class  Mn. 
No.  5.] 

1.  To  cut  or  chop  into  very  small  pieces  ; 
as,  to  mince  meat.  Dryden. 

2.  To  diminish  in  speaking  ;  to  retrencli,  cut 
off  or  omit  a  i)art  for  the  inirpose  of  sup- 
pressing the  truth  ;  to  extenuate  in  repre- 
sentation. 

I  know  no  way  to  mince  it  in  love,  hut  to 
say  direclly,  I  love  you.  •'ihak. 

Siren,  now  mince  the  sin, 

And  mollify  damnation  witli  a  phrase — 

Dryden. 

If,  to  mince  his  meaning,  I  had  either  omit- 
ted some  part  of  what  lie  said,  or  taken  from  the 
strcngtli  of  his  expression,  I  certainly  had  wrong- 
ed him.  Dryden. 

These — were  forced  to  mince  the  matter. 

IVuodu-ard. 

3.  To  speak  with  affected  softness  ;  to  clip 
words  ;  not  to  utter  the  full  sound.     Shak. 

4.  To  walk  with  short  or  diminished  steps. 
MINCE,  1'.  1.  To  walk  w  ith  short  steps  ;  to 

walk  with  affected  nicety  ;  to  affect  deli- 
cacy in  manner. 

I'll  turn  two  mincing  steps 
Into  a  manly  stride.  Sliak. 

Because  the  daughters  of  Zion  are  haughty — 
walking  and  mincing  as  Ihcy  go.     Is.  iii. 

2.  To  speak  softly,  or  with  affected  nicety. 

Dryden. 

MIN'CED,  pp.  Cut  or  chopped  into  very 
small  pieces. 

MINCE-PIE,     I       A  pie  made  with  minc- 

MINCED-PIE,  S  ed  meat  and  other  in- 
gredients, baked  in  paste.  Spectator. 

ftllN'CING,  ppr.  Cutting  into  small  pieces  ; 
speaking  or  walking  affectedly. 

MIN'CINGLY,  adv.  In  small  parts  ;  not 
fully.  Hooker. 

MIND,  71.  [Sax. gemind, gemynde  ;  Ir.  7iici»i, 
?iiian  ;  W.  myn  or  mcmc,  mind  or  will  ;  go- 
vyn,  a  demand  ;  Dan.  minde,  mind,  vote, 
consent  ;  minder,  to  remind  ;  Sw.  minne, 
memory  ;  minnas,  to  remember,  to  call  to 
mind,  as  L.  reminiscor ;  L.  mens ;  Gr. 
liftia,  memory,  mention  ;  ixianfiai,  to  re- 
member ;  jUJi'Of,  mind,  ardor  of  mind,  ve- 
hemence ;  f<i;i'if,  anger;  Sans.  man,mana, 
mind,  will,  heart,   thought  ;  Zend,  7ne7!o. 


M  I  N 


M  I  N 


M  I  N 


Mind  signifies  properly  intention,  a  reach 
ing  or  inclining  forward  to  an  object,  from 
the  primary  sense  of  extending,  stretching 
or  inclining,  or  advancing  eagerly,  imshing 
or  setting  forward,  wlience  the  Greek 
sense  of  the  word,  in  analogy  with  the  Teu 
tonic  mod,  moed,  muth,  mind,  courage,  spir 
it,  mettle.  So  L.  animus,  animosus.  The 
Russ.  has  pominayu,  to  mention,  to  re- 
member ;  pomin,  retiiembrance,  and  umcnie 
or  umeime,  luiderstanding.  Qu.  Minos, 
Menu,  Menes,  Mentor.  Class  Mn.  No.  1 
9.] 

1.  Intention  ;  purpose  ;  design. 

The  sacrifice  of  the  wicked  is  abomination 
how  much  more,  when   he   bringeth   it  with  a 
wicked  mind.     Prov.  xxi. 

3.  Inclination  ;  will  ;  desire  ;  a  sense  much 
used,  but  expressing  less  than  settled  pur- 
pose ;  as  in  the  common  plnases,  "  1  wish 
to  know  your  mind  ;"  "  let  me  know  your 
mind  ;"  "  he  had  a  mind  to  go  ;"  "he  has 
a  partner  to  his  mind." 

3.  Opinion  ;  as,  to  express  one's  7nind.  We 
are  of  one  mind. 

4.  Memory  ;  remembrance ;  as,  to  put  one 
in  mind ;  to  call  to  mind ;  the  face  is  out 
of  my  mind;  time  out  of  niinrf.  From  the 
operations  of  the  intellect  in  man,  this 
word  came  to  signify, 

fi.  The  intellectual  or  intelligent  power  in 
man  ;  the  understanding  ;  the  power  that 
conceives,  judges  or  reasons. 

I  fear  1  am  not  in  my  perfect  mind.  Shak. 
So  we  speak  of  a  sound  mind,  a  disor- 
dered mind,  a  weak  mind,  a  strong  mind, 
with  reference  to  the  active  powers  of  the 
understanding  ;  and  in  a  passive  sense,  it 
denotes  capacity,  as  when  we  say,  the 
mind  cannot  comprehend  a  subject. 
C.  The  heart  or  seat  of  affection. 

Wliich  were  a  grief  of  mind  to  Isaac  and  Re- 
bekah.     Gen.  xxvi. 

7.  Tlie  will  and  affection  ;  as  readiness  of 
mind.     Acts  xvii. 

8.  The  implanted  principle  of  grace.  Rom. 
vii. 

MIND,  V.  t.  To  attend  to  ;  to  fix  the  thoughts 
on  ;  to  regard  with  attention. 

Cease  to  request  me  ;  let  us  mind  our  way. 

Dryden. 
Mind  not  high  things.     Rom.  xii. 

'i.  To  attend  to  or  regard  with  submission  : 
to  obey.     His  fatiier   told  him  to  desist, 
but  he  would  not  mind  him. 
0.  To  put  in  mind  ;  to  remind.     Oba. 

Locki 
4.  To  intend  ;  to  mean.  Chapman. 

MIND,  II.  i.  To  be  inclined  or  disposed  to 
incline. 

When  one  of  them  mindtth  to  go  into  rebel- 
lion.    Ohs.  Spenser. 

MINDED,  a.  Disposed  ;  inclined. 

If  men  were  minded  to  live  virtuously. 

Tillntson. 

Joseph  was  minded  to  put  her  awav  privilv- 

MaU.  i.  J  1        J 

Minded  is  much  used  in  composition  ; 
as  high-mtii(/f(i  ;  \o\v-minded ;  feeble-niMirf- 
ed ;  sohcr-minded  ;  douhle-mtiit/frf. 
MINDEDNESS,  n.  Disjjosition  ;  inclination 
towards  any  thing;  as  heavenly  minded- 
■"MS.  Milner. 

MINDFILLING,  a.  Filling  the  mind. 

Milford 


MINDFUL,  a.  Attentive  ;  regarding  with 
care  ;  bearing  in  mind  ;  heedful  ;  observ- 
ant. 

1  promise  to  be  mindful  of  your  admonitions 

Hammond 
What  is  man,  that  thou  art  mindful  of  him  .■ 
Ps.  vii. 

MINDFULLY,  adv.  Attentively  ;  heedfully. 
MINDFULNESS,   n.     Attention  ;  regard  ; 

heedfuiness. 
MINDING,  ppr.  Regarding ;  heeding. 
MINDING,  71.  Regard. 
MINDLESS,  a.  Inattentive  ;  heedless  ;  for- 
getful ;  negligent  ;  careless. 

Cursed  Athens,  mindless  of  thy  worth. 

Shak. 

2.  Not  endued  with  mind  or  intellectual 
powers  ;  as  mindless  bodies.  Davies. 

3.  Stupid  ;    unthinking  ;  as  a  mindless  slave. 

Shak. 

MIND-STRICKEN,  a.  Moved  ;  affected  in 
mind.     [JVot  used.]  Sidney. 

MINE,  a.  called  sometimes  a  pronominal 
adj.  [Sax.  Sw.  Dan.  min;  Goth,  meiiis ;  Fr. 
mon  ;  D.  myn  ;  G.  mein,  contracted  from 
migen ;  for  me,  in  Gothic  is  mik,  Dan.  mig, 
G.  mieh.  The  L.  inetts,  and  Russ.  moi, 
are  also  contracted.] 

My  ;  belonging  to  me.  It  was  formerly  used 
before  nouns  beginning  with  vowels.  "  1 
kept  myself  from  mine  iniquity."  Ps.. 
xviii.  But  this  use  is  no  longer  retained. 
We  now  use  my  before  a  vowel  as  well  as 
before  an  articulation ;  as  my  iniquity.  In 
present  usage,  my  always  precedes  the 
noun,  and  mine  follows  the  noun,  and  usu- 
ally the  verb ;  as,  this  is  my  book  ;  this  book 
is  mine  ;  it  is  called  my  book  ;  the  book  is 
called  mine  :  it  is  acknowledged  to  be 
7nM!e. 

Mine  sometimes  supplies  the  place  of  a  noun. 
Your  sword  and  mine  are  different  in  con- 
struction. 

MINE,  )!.  [Fr.  mine,  a  mine  or  ore,  whence 
mineral ;  It.  mina,  miniera  ;  Sp.  mina,  a 
mine,  a  conduit,  a  subterraneous  canal,  a 
spring  or  source  of  water  ;  Port.  id. ;  Ir. 
men,  mianach  ;  Dan.  G.  inine ;  Sw.  mina  ; 
D.  myn  ;  W.  mivn,  whence  mwnai,  money  ; 
Arm.  min.  The  radical  signification  is 
not  obvious.] 

1.  A  pit  or  excavation  in  the  earth,  from 
which  metallic  ores,  mineral  substances 
and  other  fossil  bodies  are  taken  by  dig- 
ging. The  pits  from  which  stones  only 
are  taken,  are  called  quarries. 

2.  In  the  military  art,  a  subterraneous  canal 
or  passage  dug  under  the  wall  or  rampart 
of  a  fortification,  wliere  a  quantity  of 
powder  may  be  lodged  for  blowing  u()  the 
works. 

.3.  A  rich  source  of  wealth  or  other  good. 

MINE,  i'.  i.  To  dig  a  mine  or  pit  in  the 
earth.  Il'oodward. 

2.  To  form  a  subterraneous  canal  or  hole 
by  scratching ;  to  forui  a  burrow  or  lodge 
in  the  earth,  as  animals;  as  the  mining 
coney.  Wotton. 

2.  To  practice  secret  means  of  injury. 

MINE,  v.t.  To  sap;  to  undermine:  to  dig 
away  or  otherwise  remove  the  substratum 
or  foundation  ;  hence,  to  ruin  or  destroy 
by  slow  degrees  or  secret  m^eans. 

Tliey  mined  the  walls.  Hayward. 

In  a   metaphorical  sense,  undermine  is 

generally  used.. 


MINE-DIGGER,  n.  One  that  digs  miues- 

MI'NER,  71.  One  that  digs  for  metals  and 
other  fossils. 

2.  One  who  digs  canals  or  passages  under 
the  walls  of  a  fort,  &c.  Armies  have  sap- 
pers and  miners. 

MIN'ERAL,  n  [Fr.  Sp.  mineral;  Low 
L.  minera,  a  matri.v  or  vein  of  metals, 
whence  mincralia  ;  all  from  tnine.] 

A  body  destitute  of  organization,  and  which 
naturally  exists  within  the  earth  or  at  its 
surface.  Cleaveland. 

Minerals  were  formerly  divided  into  salts, 
earths,  inflammables  and  ores ;  a  divis- 
ion which  serves  for  a  general  distribu- 
tion, but  a  more  scientific  arrangement 
into  classes,  orders,  genera,  species,  subspe- 
cies and  varieties,  has  been  adopted  to 
meet  the  more  precise  views  of  modern 
mineralogists. 

MIN'ERAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  minerals;  con- 
sisting of  fossil  substances;  as  the  mineral 
kingdom. 

2.  Impregnated  with  minerals  or  fo.ssil  mat- 
ter ;  as  mineral  waters ;  a  mineral  sijring. 

MIN'ERALLST,  n.  One  versed  or  employ- 
ed in  minrr;jis. 

MINERALIZATION,  n.  [See Mineralize.-] 

1.  The  process  of  forming  an  ore  by  combi- 
nation with  another  substance;  the  natu- 
ral operation  of  uniting  a  metallic  sub- 
stance with  another. 

2.  The  process  of  converting  into  a  mineral, 
as  a  bone  or  a  plant. 

3.  The  act  of  impregnating  with  a  mineral, 
as  water. 

MIN'ERALiZE,  v.  t.  [from  mineral]  lu 
mineralogy,  to  cond)ine  with  a  metal  in 
forming  an  ore  or  mineral.  Sulphur  min- 
eralizes many  of  the  metals. 

2.  To  convertinto  a  mineral. 
In  these  caverns,  the  bones  are  not  minerali- 
zed. Buckland. 

3.  To  impregnate  with  a  mineral  substance  ; 
as,  to  mineralize  Water. 

MIN'ERALIZED,  pjt.  Deprived  of  its  usual 
properties  by  being  combined  with  anoth- 
er substance  or  formed  into  an  ore  ;  as, 
metallic  substances  are  mineralized. 

2.  Converted  into  a  mineral. 

3.  Impregnated  with  a  mineral. 
MIN'ERALIZER,    ji.    A  substance  which 

mineralizes  another  or  combines  with  it 
in  an  ore,  and  thus  deprives  it  of  its  usual 
and  peculiar  properties.  Sulphur  is  one 
of  the  most  common  mineralizers. 

ATicholson. 

MINERAL0G'I€AL,  a.  [See  Mineralogy.] 
Pertaining  to  the  science  of  minerals  ;  as 
a  mineralogical  table. 

MINERALO(i'ICALLY,  adv.  In  mineralo- 
gy. Phillips. 

MINERAL  OcilST,  n.  One  who  is  versed 
in  the  science  of  minerals,  or  one  who 
treats  or  discourses  of  the  properties  of 
mineral  bodies. 

MlNERAL'OuY,  n.  [mineraZ  and  Gr.  ^oyoj, 
discourse.] 

The  science  which  treats  of  the  properties  of 
mineral  substances,  and  teaches  us  to 
characterize,  distinguish  and  class  them 
according  to  their  properties.  It  compre- 
hends the  study  or  science  of  all  inorganic 
substances  in  the  earth  or  on  its  surface. 
J^ncyc.     Cyc. 


M  I  N 


M  I  N 


M  I  N 


MIN'GLE,  ti.  t.  [Sax.  mevgan  or  mencgan 
G.  D.  mengen.     This  word  seems  to  be  a 
derivative  I'rom  G.  menge,   Sax.  menigo,  a 
multitude,  or  IVoiii  the  same  root.     iTence 
among  .signifies  mingled,  or  in  the  crowd.] 

1.  To  mix;  to  blend;  to  unite  in  one  body ; 
as,  to  mingle  liquors  of  different  kind.s. 

2.  To  mix  or  blend  without  order  or  pro- 
miscuously. 

There  was  fire  mingled  with  hail.     Ex.  ix. 

3.  To  compound  ;  to  unite  in  a  mass,  as  solid 
substances  ;  as,  to  mingle  flour,  sugar  and 
eggs  in  cookery. 

4.  To  join  in  mutual  intercourse  or  in  soci- 
ety. 

The  holy  .seed  have  iningtcd  themselves 
with  the  people  of  those  lands.  Ezra  ix.  Ps. 
cvi. 

5.  To  contaminate ;  to  render  impure  ;  to 
debase  by  mixture. 

Tlie   best   of  us   appear   contented   with 
mingled  imperfect  virtue.  Sogers. 

G.  To  confuse. 

There  mingle  broils.  Milton. 

MIN'GLE,  V.  i.  To  be  mixed  ;  to  be  united 
with. 

She,  when  she  saw  her  sister  nymphs,  sup- 
pressed 
Her  rising  fears,  and  mingled  with  the  rest. 

Addison. 

MIN'GLE,  n.  Mixture  ;  medley  ;  promis- 
cuous mass.      [JVnt  used.]  Diyden. 

MIN'GLED,  pp.  Mixed;  united  promiscu- 
ously. 

MIN'GLEDLY,  adv.  Confusedly.      Barret. 

MLN'GLER,  «.  One  that  mingles. 

MIN'GLING,  ;);)r.  Mixing;  uniting  without 
oriler. 

MIN'IARD,  a.  [Fr.  mignard.]  Soft ;  dainty. 
[Little  used.] 

MlN'L\RDiZE,  V.  t.  To  render  soft,  deli-l 
cate  or  dainty.  Howell.] 

MIN'IATE,  V.  t.  [It.  miniare,  from  minio,\ 
L.  minium,  Vermillion.]  To  paint  or  tingel 
with  Vermillion.  Warton.^ 

MIN'IATURE,  n.  [It.  Sp.  miniatura,  froiii| 
It.  miniare,  supra  ;  Fr.  miniature.] 

1.  A  painting  in  water  colors  on  vellum, 
ivory  or  paper,  with  points  or  dots  ;  some- 
times in  oil  colors.  The  term  is  usually, 
applied  to  portraits  i)ainted  on  a  veryi 
small  scale.  I 

2.  A  picture  or  representation  in  a  small 
compass,  or  less  than  the  reality 


2.  a.  Designatiug   the  business  of  digging 
mines ;  as  the  mining  districts  of  Siberia. 


MINION,  a 

[jVo<  used.] 
MINION,   n. 

mignonc,  a 

menu,  small ;    W. 
A  favorite;  a   darlin 


[infra.]    Fine 


Sparks. 
trim ;  dainty 


min'yon.    [Fr.     mignon ;    It 

darling ;    from  W.  inain,  Fr. 

mwyn,  tender,  gentle.] 

g  ;    i)articularly,  the  fa 


k 


dv.  Finely  ;  daintily. 


Encyc. 

3.  Red  letter  ;  rubric  distinction.        Hickes.' 
MIN'IKIN,  a.  [Qu.   W.   main,  small,  and 

kin.]     Small  ;  diminutive  ;  used  in  slighi  ■ 

contempt. 
MIN'IKIN,  n.  A  small  sort  of  pins. 
2.  A  darling  ;  a  favorite.     [See  Minion.] 
MINIM,  n.  [W.  main,  small.     See  .Wince.] 

1.  A  little  man  or  being  ;  a  dwarf      .Milton. 

2.  One  of  a  certain  reformed  order  of  Fran- 
ciscans or  iAIinimi.  Ji'eever. 

.3.  A  note  in  music,  equal  to  half  a  semi- 
breve  or  two  crotchets. 

4.  A  short  poetical  encomium.     Obs. 

Spenser. 

.■>.  A  small  fish. 

MIN'IMUM,  n.  [L.]  The  least  quantity  as- 
signable in  a  given  case.  Encyc. 

MINIMUS,  n.  [L.]  A  being  of  the  small- 
est size.  Shak. 

MI'NING,  ppr.  Digging  into  the  earth,  as 
for  fossils  and  minerals;  sapping. 


vorite  of  a  prince,  on  whom  bo  lavishes  his 
favors  ;  one  who  gains  favors  by  flattery 
or  mean  adulation 

Edward  sent  an  army   into  Ireland,   not  for 
conquest,  but  to  guard  the  person   of  his  min- 
ion, Piers  Gaviston.  Dailies. 
The  drowsy  tyrant  by  his  minions  led. 

Swift. 

MIN'ION,  »i.  [W.  main,  Fr.  menu,  small ; 
L.  minor.  See  Mince.]  A  small  kind  of 
printing  types. 

MIN'IONING,  n.  Kind  treatment. 

Marslon. 

MINIONLIKE, 

MIN'IONLV, 

MIN'IO'NSIIIP,  n.  State  of  being  a  min- 
ion. 

MIN'IOUS,  71.  [from  L.  minium.]  Of  tliel 
color  of  red  lead  or  Vermillion.         Brown. 

MIN'ISH,  V.  t.  [L.  mimio,  to  lessen.]  To 
lessen  ;  to  diminish.  Obs.  [See  Dimin- 
ish.] 

MINISTER,     7i.     [L.  ;   probably  from  Ar. 

,,.4..<    to  serve,  wait,  attend.    Class  Mb 

No  2.  and  Sax.  steore,  helm,  direction ; 
steoran,  to  sfeer.] 

1.  Propei-lj',  a  chief  servant  ;  hence,  an 
agent  appointed  to  transact  or  manage 
business  under  the  authority  of  another  ; 
in  which  sense,  it  is  a  word  of  very  extensive 
application. 

Moses  rose  up  and  his  minister  Joshua.     Ex 
xxiv. 

2.  One  to  whom  a  king  or  prince  entrusts 
the  direction  of  affairs  of  state;  as  minis- 
ter of  state  ;  the  prime  minister.  In  mod 
ern  governments,  the  secretaries  or  heads 
of  the  several  departments  or  branches  of 
government  are  the  7ninisters  of  the  chief 
magistrate. 

3.  A  magistrate ;  an  executive  officer. 

For   he   is   the  7ninister  of  God  to  thee  for 
good.     Rom.  xiii. 

4.  A  delegate  ;  an  embassador ;  the  repre- 
sentative of  a  sovereign  at  a  foreign  court 


I  I  will  sanctify  also  both  Aaron  and  his  sons,  to 
minister  to  me  in  the  priest's  office.     Ex.  xxix. 

2.  To  afford  supplies  ;  to  give  things  need- 
ful;  to  supply  the  means  of  relief ;  to  re- 
lieve. 

When  saw  we  thee  hungrj',  or  tliirsty,  or  a 
stranger,  or  naked,  or  sick,  or  in  prison,  and  did 
not  minister  unto  thee  ?     Matt.  xxv. 

3.  To  give  medicines. 
Canst  tliou  not  minister  to  a  mind  diseasei)  ? 

Shak. 
Iti   this  sense,   we   commonly  use  ad- 

TJVt  Tltst^  f 

MINISTERED,    pp.     Served ;    afforded  ; 

supplied. 
MINISTE'RLVL,  a.  Attending  for  service; 
attendant;  acting  at  conimaml. 

Enlight'ning  spirits  and  ministerial  flames. 

Prior. 

2.  Acting  un<ler  superior  authority  ;  pertain- 
ing to  a  minister. 

For  the  ministerial  offices  in  court,  there 
must  be  an  eye  to  llieiii.  Bacon. 

3.  Pertaining  to  executive  offices,  as  distinct 
from  judicial.     The  office  and   acts  of  a 

I     sheriff  are  ministerial. 

4.  Sacerdotal;  pertaining  to  ministers  of  the 
I  gospel ;  as  ministerial  garments ;  minis- 
!     terial  duties. 

Genuine  ministerial  prudence  keeps  back  no 
;  important  truth,  listens  to  no  compromise  with 
i      sin,    connives  at  no  fashionable  vice,  cringes 

before  no  lordly  worldling.  //.  Humphrey. 

,5.  Pertaining  to  ministers  of  state  ;  as  jnin- 

isterial  circles  ;  ministerial  benches. 
I  Burke. 

MINISTE'RIALLY,  adv.  In  a  ministerial 

manner  or  character.  fVaterland. 

MINISTERING,  ppr.  Attending  and  serv- 
1     ing  as  a  subordinate  agent;  serving  under 
'     superior  authority,     ifeb.  i. 
,2.  Affording  aid  or  supplies ;  administering 

things  needful. 
■MINISTERY.  [See  Ministry.] 
MIN'ISTRAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  minister. 
I     [Little  used.]  Johnson. 

MIN'ISTRANT,  a.  Performing  service  as 
i     a  minister ;  attendant  on   service  ;  acting 

under  command. 

Princedoms  and  doniinatioDs  ministrant. 

Milton. 
MINISTRA'TION,  7i.  [L.  ministratio.]  The 

act  of  performing  service  as  a  subordinate 

agent ;  agency  ;   intervention   for  aid   or 

service. 

— Because  their  widows  were   neglected  in 

the  daily  ministrations.     .\cts  vi. 


usually  such   as  is  resident  at  a  foreign!  2.  Office  of  a  minister;  serrice  ;  ecclesiasti- 


court,  but  not  restricted  to  such. 
One  who  serves  at  the  altar  ;  one  who 
performs  sacerdotal  duties  ;  the  pastor  of 
a  church,  duly  authorized  or  licensed  to 
preach  the  gospel  and  administer  the  sa- 
craments.    Eph.  iii. 

C.  Christ  is  called  a  minister  of  the  sanctua- 
ry.    Heb.  viii. 

7.  An  angel ;  a  messenger  of  God 

Who  maketli  his  angels  spirits,  his  ministers 
a  flaming  fire.     Ps.  civ. 

MIN'ISTER,  V.  f.  [L.  ministro.]    To  give ; 
to  afford  ;  to  supply. 

He  that  ministereth  seed  to  the  sower —    2|' 
Cor.  ix. 

That  it  may  minister  grace  to  the  hearers. i 
Eph.  iv. 

MIN'ISTER,  V.  i.  To  attend  and  serve  ;  to 


cal  function. 

As  soon  as  the  days  of  his  ministration  were 
ended.     Luke  i. 
MIN'ISTRESS,  71.  A  female  that  ministers. 

Menside. 
MIN'ISTRY,  7!.  [L.  77ii7iirferjuj7i.]    The  of- 
fice, duties  or  functions  of  a   subordinate 
agent  of  any  kind. 
2.  Agency  ;  service  ;  aid  ;  interposition  ;  in- 
strumentality. 

He  directs  the  affairs  of  tliis  world  by  the  or- 
dinary ministry  of  second  causes. 

Atierbury. 
'3.  Ecclesiastical  function  ;    agency   or  ser- 
vice of  a  minister  of  the  gospel  or  clergy- 
man in  the  modern  church,  or  of  priest.', 
apo.stles  and  evangelists  in    the   ancient. 
Rom.  xii 


Acts  i.     Rom.  xii.     2  Tim.  iv.     Num.  iv. 
perform  service  in  any  office,  sacred  orj  4.  Time  of  ministration  ;   duration   of  the 
secular.  i'     office  of  a  minister,  civil  or  ecclesiastical. 


M  I  N 


M  I  N 


M  I  N 


The  war    with    France   was   during   the 
ministry  of  Pitt. 
5.  Persons  who  compose  the  executive  gov- 
ernment or  the  council  of  a  supreme  mag- 
istrate ;  the  body  of  ministers  of  state. 

Hwift. 

0.  Business;  employment. 

He  abhorred  the  wicted  ministry  of  arms. 

Dryden. 

MINISTRYSHIP,  for  ministry,  is  little 
used  and  hardly  proper.  Stvijl. 

MIN'IUM,  n.  [L.]  The  red  oxyd  of  lead, 
produced  by  calcination.  Lead  exposed 
to  air  while  melting  is  covered  with  a  gray 
dusky  ijellicle.  This  taken  off  and  agita- 
ted becomes  a  greenish  gray  i>owder,  in- 
clining to  yellow.  This  oxyd,  separated 
by  sifting  from  the  grains  of  lead  which  it 
contains,  and  exposed  to  a  more  intense 
heat,  takes  a  deep  yellow  color,  and  in 
this  state  it  is  called  massicot.  The  latter, 
slowly  heated,  takes  a  beautiful  red  color, 
and  is  called  ;nini«)7i.  Fourcroy. 

MINK,  n.  An  American  quadruped  of  the 
genus  Mustela,  an  amphibious  animal  that 
burrows  in  the  earth  on  the  side  of  a  river 
or  pond,  whose  fur  is  more  valuable  than 
thatof  tlic  muskrat.  Belknap. 

MINNOC,  used  by  Sliakspeare,  is  supposed 
by  Johnson  to  be  the  same  as  minx.  Qu. 
mimic. 

MIN'NOW,  )  ,    fFr.  menu,   small.]    A   very 

MIN'OW,  ^  "■  small  fish,  a  species  of  Cy- 
prinus.  Encyc.     TValton. 

MI' NOR,  a.  [L.  ;  the  comparative  degree  of 
a  word  not  found  in  that  language,  but 
existing  in  the  Celtic  dialects,  W.  main. 
Arm.  moan,  Ir.  min,  mion,  the  root  of  L. 
minuo,  to  diminish.     SeeMince.] 

1.  Less  ;  smaller ;  sometimes  applied  to  the 
bulk  or  magnitude  of  a  single  object  ; 
more  generally  to  amount,  degree  or  im- 
portance. VVe  say,  the  minor  divisions  of 
a  body,  the  minor  part  of  a  body  ;  opposed 
to  the  major  part.  VVe  say,  minor  sums, 
minor  faults,  minor  considerations,  details 
or  arguments.  In  the  latter  phrases,  mi- 
nor is  equivalent  to  small,  petty,  incon- 
siderable, not  principal,  important  or 
weighty. 

2.  In  music,  less  or  lower  by  a  lesser  semi- 
tone ;  as  a  third  minor.  Encyc. 

Asia  Minor,  the  Lesser  Asia,  that  part  of 
Asia  which  lies  between  the  Euxine  on 
the  north,  and  the  Mediterranean  on  the 
south. 
MI'NOR.  n.  A  person  of  either  sex  under 
age ;  one  who  is  under  the  authority  of 
his  parents  or  guardians,  or  who  is  not 
permitted  by  law  to  make  contracts  and 
manage  his  own  property.  By  the  laws 
of  Great  Britain  and  of  the  United  States, 
persons  are  minora  till  they  are  twenty  one 
years  of  age. 
I.  In  logic,  the  second  |)roposition  of  a  reg- 
ular syllogism,  as  in  the  following: 

Every  act  of  injustice  i>artakes  of  mean- 
ness. 

To  take  money  from  another  by  gaming, 
or  reputation  by  seduction,  are  acts  of  in- 
justice. 

Therefore  the  taking  of  money  from  an- 
other by  gaming,  or  reputation   by  seduc- 
tion, i)artakc  of  meanness. 
3.  A  Minorite,  a  Franciscan  friar. 


4.  A  beautiful  bird  of  the  East  Indies. 

DicLATaLHisl. 
MI'NORATE,     V.  t.     To  diminish.      [Xol 

MINORA'TION,  n.  A  lessening;  diminu- 
tion. 

MI  NORITE,  n.  A  Franciscan  friar. 

MINORTTY,  )i.  [Fr.  minoriti,  from  L.  mi- 
nor.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  under  age.  [See  Mi- 
nor.] 

2.  The  smaller  number ;  as  the  minority  of 
the  senate  or  house  of  representatives ; 
opposed  to  majority.  We  say,  the  minori- 
ty was  large  or  small  ;  AB  was  in  the 
minority ;  the  minority  must  be  ruled  by 
the  majority. 

MlN'OTAUri,  n.  [Fr.  ininolaure  ;  It.  mino- 
tauro ;  L.  minotaurus ;  from  man,  which 
must  have  been  in  early  ages  a  Latin 
word,  and  taurus,  a  bull.] 

A  fabled  monster,  half  man  and  half  bull. 

Ovid.     Virgil.     Sliak. 

MIN'STER,  )i.  [Sax.  minsire  or  mynster. 
See  Monastery.] 

A  monastery ;  an  ecclesiastical   convent  or 
fraternity  ;  but  it  is  said  originally  to  have 
been  the  church  of  a  monastery  ;  a  cathe 
dral  church.  Encyc. 

INIIN'STREL,  n.  [Fr.  menelrier,  for  menes- 
trier;  Sp.  minislril,  a  minstrel,  and  a  tip- 
staff", or  petty  officer  of  justice  ;  Port. 
menestral ;  perhaps  a  derivative  from  men- 
ear,  to  move,  stir,  wag,  wield.  If  so,  the 
word  originally  signified  a  performer  on  a 
musical  instrument,  who  accompanied  his 
performances  with  gestures,  like  the  his- 
trio  auiXjoculator.] 

A  singer  and  musical  performer  on  instru- 
ments. INIinstrcls  were  formerly  poets  as 
well  as  musicians,  and  held  in  high  repute 
by  our  rude  ancestors.  Their  attendance 
was  sought  and  their  performances  lavish- 
ly rewarded  by  princes.  It  was  in  the 
character  of  a  minstrel  that  king  Alfred 
entered  the  camp  of  the  Danes  his  ene- 
mies, and  explored  their  situation. 

MIN'STRELSY,  n.  The  arts  and  occupa- 
tions of  minstrels  ;  instrumental  music. 

2.  A  number  of  musicians. 

Tlie  minstrchy  of  heaven.  Miltun. 

MINT.  J!.  [Sax.  mynet,  money  or  stamped 
coin ;  D.  munt,  mint,  coin  ;  G.  miinze  ;  Sw. 
mynl;  Uan.  myndt,  com.  This  word  is 
doubtless  a  derivative  from  mine,  or  L. 
moneta,  from  the  same  root.] 

1.  The  place  where  money  is  coined  by  pub- 
lic authority.  In  Great  Britain,  formerly, 
there  was  a  mint  iii  almost  every  county  ; 
but  the  ])rivilege  of  coining  is  now  con- 
sidered as  a  royal  prerogative  in  that 
country,  and  as  the  prerogative  of  the 
sovereign  power  in  other  countries.  The 
only  mint  now  in  Great  Britain  is  in  the 
Tower  of  London.  The  7nint  in  the  Umted 
States  is  in  Philadelphia. 
A  place  of  invention  or  fabrication;  as  a 

mint  of  phrases;  a  mint  of  calumny. 

Shak.    Addison. 

3.  A  source  of  abundant  supply. 

MINT,  V.  t.  [Sax.  mynelian.]  To  coin  ;  to; 
make  and  stump  money.  liacnn. 

2.  To  invent;  to  forge  ;  to  fabricate.    Bacon. 
MINT,  n.    [Sax.   mint;  Sw.    mynta ;    Dan. 

mynte ;    G.   miinze;     L.  mentltft  ;   It.    Sji. 
mcnta ;  Fr.   mentf ;  D.   krutsniant,    cross- 


mint  ;  Ir.  miontas ;  Arm.  mendl  or  mintys.1 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Mentha. 
MINT'A6E,  n.   That  which  is  coined  or 

stamped.  Milton. 

2.  The  duty  paid  for  coining. 
MINT'ER,  n.  A  coiner;  also,  an  inventor. 
MINT'MAN,  n.  A  coiuer;   one  skilled  in 

coining  or  in  coins. 
MINT'M' ASTER,  n.  The  master  or  super- 
intendent of  a  mint.  Boyle. 
2.  One  who  invents  or  fabricates.         Locke. 
MIN'UEND,  n.    [L.   minuendus,  mintio,  to 

lessen.] 
In    arithmetic,    the     number     from    which 

another  number  is  to  be  subtracted. 
MIN'UET,  n.    [Sp.   minueto ;    Fr.   menuetf 

from  menu,  small,  VV.  7nain.     See  Mince.] 

1.  A  slow  graceful  dance,  consisting  of  a 
coupee,  a  high  step  and  a  balance. 

Encyc. 

2.  A  tune  or  air  to  regulate  the  movements 
in  the  dance  so  called  ;  a  movement  of 
three  crotchets  or  three  quavers  in  a  bar. 

MIN'UM,  n.  [from  VV.  main,  Fr.  menu, 
small.     See  Mince.] 

1.  A  small  kind  of  printing  types;  now  writ- 
ten minion. 

2.  A  note  of  slow  time  containing  two 
crotchets;  now  written  minim,  which  see. 

MINU'TE,  a.  [L.  minutxts ;  Fr.  menu,  W. 
main,  small.     See  Mince.] 

1.  Very  small,  little  or  slender;  of  very 
small  bulk  or  size  ;  small  in  consequence; 
as  a  minute  grain  of  sand  ;  a  minute  fila- 
ment. The  blood  circulates  through  very 
minute  vessels.  j>/irtu(e  divisions  of  a  sub- 
ject often  perplex  the  understanding. 
Minute  details  are  tedious. 

2.  Attending  to  small  things;  critical;  as 
minute  observation. 

MINUTE,  n.  min'it.  [L.  minutum,  that  is, 
a  small  portion.] 

1.  A  small  ])ortion  of  time  or  duration,  be- 
ing the  sixtieth  part  of  anhour. 

Since  you  are  not  sure  of  a  tninute,  throw 
not  away  an  hour.  Kranklin. 

2.  In  geomelnj,  the  sixtieth  part  of  a  degree 
of  a  circle. 

:?.  In  architecture,  the  sixtieth,  but  some- 
times the  thirtieth  part  of  a  module. 

Encyc. 

i.  A  space  of  time  indefinitely  small.  I  will 
be  with  you  in  a  minute,  or  in  a  few  min- 
utes, that  is,  in  a  short  time. 

5.  A  short  sketch  of  any  agreement  or  other 
subject,  taken  in  writing ;  a  note  to  pre- 
serve the  memory  of  any  thing  ;  as,  to  take 
minutes  of  a  contract;  to  take  minutes  of 
a  conversation  or  debate. 

MINUTE,  I',  t.  min'it.  To  set  down  a  short 
sketch  or  note  of  any  agreement  or  other 
subject  in  writing.  Spectator. 

MINuTE-BC.)pK,  n.  A  book  of  short  hints. 

MTN'UTE-GLASS,  n.  A  glass,  the  sand  of 
which  me.Tsiires  a  minute. 

MtN'UTE-GiJNS,  n.  Guns  discharged  ev- 
ery minute. 

[MINUTE-HAND.  n.  The  hand  that  points 

'.     to  the  minutes  on  a  clock  or  watch. 

MfNU'TELY,  adv.  [from  minute.]  To  a 
small  point  of  time,  space  or  matter  ;  ex- 
actly; nicely;  as,  to  measure  the  length 
of  any  thinj;  minutely:  to  ascertain  time 
minutely;  to  relate  a  story  minutely. 

MINUTELY,  a.  min'itly.  Happening  every 
minute.  Hammond. 


M  1  K 


MIS 


M  I  S 


wanton 

Shak. 


AboiuulinK  will 


MIN'UTELY,  adv.  [from  minute.]     Every 

minute  ;  with  very  little  time  intervening. 

As  if  it  were  minutely  proclaimed  in  thumicr 

from  heaven.  Hammond. 

MINUTENESS,  n.  Extreme  stiiallness, 
fineness  or  slenderness ;  as  the  minuteness 
of  the  particles  of  air  or  of  a  fluid  ;  the 
minuteness  of  the  filaments  of  cotton  ;  the 
minuteness  of  details  in  narration. 

2.  Attention  to  small  things;  critical  exact 
ness ;  as  the  minuteness  of  observation  or 
distinction. 

MIN'UTE-W^TCH,  ri.  A  watch  that  dis 
tinguishes  minutes  of  time,  or  ou  which 
minutes  are  marked.  Boyle. 

MlNU'TIiE,  n.  [L.]  The  smaller  particu 
lars. 

MINX,  n.  [  Qu.  minnoc]    A  pert, 
girl. 

2.  A  sbe-pui)py. 

MI'NY,  a.    [from  mine. 
mines. 

2.  Subterraneous.  Thomson 
MI'RABLE,  a.  Wonderful.     [jVot  in  use.] 

Shalt. 
MIR'ACLE,    n.    [Fr.   from   L.  miraculum, 
from  miror,   to  wonder ;    Arm.   miret,  to 
hold.     See  Marvel.] 

1.  Literally,  a  wonder  or  wonderful  thing 
but  appro|)riately, 

2.  In  theology,  an  event  or  effect  contrary  to 
the  establislicd  constitution  and  course  of 
things,  or  a  deviation  from  the  known  laws 
of  nature  ;  a  supernatural  event.  Miracles 
can  be  wrought  oidy  by  Almighty  power, 
as  when  Christ  healed  lepers,  saying,  "  I 
will,  be  thou  clean,"  or  calmed  the  tem- 
pest, "  Peace,  be  still." 

They  considered  not  the  miracle  of  the  loaves. 
Mark  vi. 

A  man  approved  of  God  by  miracles  and 
signs.     Acts  ii. 

3.  Anciently,  a  spectacle  or  dramatic  repre- 
seutatiou  exhibiting  the  lives  of  the  saints. 

Chaucer. 

MIR'ACLE,  V.  t.  To  make  wonderful.  [.Not 
used.]  Shak 

MIR'ACLE-MONGER,  n.  An  impostor  who 
pretends  to  work  njiracles.  Hallyu'cll. 

MIRACULOUS,  a.  Performed  supernatu- 
rally,  or  by  a  power  beyond  the  ordinary 
agency  of  natural  laws ;  efiected  by  the 
direct  agency  of  Almighty  power,  and  not 
by  natural  causes;  as  the  miraculous  heal 
ing  of  the  sick  or  raising  the  dead  by 
Christ. 

2.  Supernatural ;  furnished  supernaturally, 
or  con)pctent  to  perform  miracles  ;  as  the 
miraculous  powers  of  the  Apostles.  Mi- 
raculous, ajiplied  to  the  extraordinary 
powers  of  the  Apostles,  may  mean  con- 
ferred by  supernatural  agency,  or  compe- 
tent to  work  miracles.  I  believe  it  is  gen- 
erally used  in  the  latter  sense. 

3.  In  a  less  dtjinite  sense,  wonderful ;  extra- 
ordinary. 

MIRACULOUSLY,  adv.  By  miracle ;  su- 
pernaturally. 

jEneas,  wounded  as  he  was,  could  not  have 
engaged  him  in  single  combat,  unless  his  hurt 
had  been  inirat-ulojii^ly  healed.  Dryden. 

2.  Wonderfully  ;  by  extraordinary  means. 

MIRACULoilSNESS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing effected  by  miracle  or  by  supernatural 
agency. 


MIRADOR,  n.  [Sp.  from  L.  miror.]  A 
balcony  or  gallery  commanding  an  extens- 
ive view.  Lh-yden. 
MIRE,  n.  [See  Class  Mr.  No.  10.]  Deep 
mud  ;  earth  so  wet  and  soft  as  to  yield  to 
the  feet  and  to  wheels. 

MIRE,  I',  t.  To  plunge  and  fix  in  mire  ;  to 
set  or  stall  in  nmd.  We  say,  a  horse,  an 
ox  or  a  carriage  is  mired,  when  it  has  sunk 
deep  into  mud  and  its  progress  is  stopped 

2.  To  soil  or  daub  with  mud  or  foul  matter. 

Shak. 

MIRE,  V.  i.  To  sink  in  mud,  or  to  sink  so 
deep  as  to  be  unable  to  move  forward. 

MIRE,  n.  An  ant.     [See  Pismire.] 

MIRE-€ROW,  n.  The  sea-crow  or  pewit 
gull,  of  the  genus  Larus. 

MI'RINESS,  n.  [from  miry.]  The  state  of 
consisting  of  deep  mud. 

MIRK,  a.  [Sax.  mirce.]   Dark.     Obs. 
Murky.] 

MIRK'SOME,    a.    Dark;    obscure 
Murky.] 

MIRK'SOMENESS,    n.    Obscurity 
Murky.] 

MIR'ROR,  71.  [Fr.  miroir;  Sp.  mirar,  Corn. 
miras,  to  look  ;  L.  miror,  to  admire.] 

1.  A  looking  glass ;  any  glas.s  or  ))olished 
substance  that  forms  images  by  the  reflec- 
tion of  rays  of  light. 

In  tlie  clear  mirror  of  thy  ruling  star 
I  saw,  alas!  some  dread  event  depend. 

Pope. 

2.  A  pattern;  an  exemplar;  that  on  which 
men  ought  to  fix  their  eyes  ;  that  which 
gives  a  true  representation,  or  in  which  a 
true  image  may  be  seen. 

O  goddess,  heavenly  bright. 
Mirror  of  grace  and  majesty  divine. 

Spenser. 

MIRROR-STONE,  n.  A  bright  stone.  Obs. 

MIRTH,    n.   vierth.     [Sax.  mirht,   myrhth  ; 


2.  In  laiv,  homicide  by  misadventiue,  is  when 
a  man,  doing  a  lawful  act,  without  any  in- 
injury,  unfortunately 


[See 
[See 
[S.ee 


mirig,  merry  ;   Ar. 


ZJ-' 


to    be     very 


brisk  or  joyful.  Cla.ss  Mr.  No.  10.]  Social 
merriment ;  hilarity  ;  high  excitement  of 
pleasurable  feelings  in  company  ;  noisy 
gayety  ;  jollity.  Mirth  differs  from  Jo^  anil 
cheerfulness,  as  always  implying  noise. 
With  genial  joy  to  warm  the  soul. 
Bright  Helen  mi.xed  a  /nirWi-inspiring  bowl 

Pope. 
I  will  cause  tacease  the  voice  of  mirth  from 
Juilali  and  Jerusalem.     Jer.  vii. 
MIRTHFUL,  a.  Merry;  jovial;  festive. 
The  feast  was  served,  the  bowl  was  crown'd, 
To   the   king's   pleasure   went    the  mirlhful. 
round.  Prior.] 

MIRTH'FULLY,  adv.  In  a  jovial  manner. 
MIRTH'LESS,    a.    Without  mirth  or  hi-j 
larity. 


tentiou  of  injury,  unfortunately  kills  an- 
other.    This  is  called  excusable  homicide. 

Blackstone. 
MISADVEN'TURED,  a.  Unfortunate. 

Shak. 
MISADVISED,    a.    [See  Advise.]    Ill   ad- 
vised; ill  directed.  Johnson. 
MISAFFECT',  V.  t.  To  dislike. 
MISAFFECT'ED,  a.  Ill  disposed. 
MISAFFIRM',  V.  I.  To  affirm  incorrecilv. 
MISA'IMED,  a.  Not  rightly  aimed   or  di- 
rected. Spenser. 
MISALLEDtiE,  i;.  t.  miaallej'.  To  state  er- 
roneously. 
MISALLEGA'TION,  n.   Erroneous  state- 
ment. 
MISALLI'ANCE,  n.  Improper  association. 
MISALLI'ED.  a.  Ill  allied  or  associated. 

liurkc. 

MIS'ANTHROPE,      I       [Gr. /uraa^9p^j«05 ; 

MISANTHROPIST,  \  ""  ftwru,     to    hate, 

and  avBfwTioi,  man.]     A  hater  of  mankind. 

Swift. 

MISANTHROP'IC,        )       Hating  or  liav- 

MISANTHROP'ICAL,  \  "'  ing  a  dislike  to 

mankind.  Walsh. 

MISAN'THROPY,  n.  Hatred  or  dishke  to 

mankiml  ;  opposed  to  philanthropy. 
MISAPPLICATION,  n.  A  wrong  applica- 
tion ;  an  application  to  a  wrong  person  or 
purpose. 
MISAPPLIED,  pp.    Applied   to   a  wrong 

l)ersoM  or  purpose. 
MISAPPLY',  V.   t.  To  apply   to  a   wrong 
person  or  purpose  ;  as  to  misapply  a  name 
or  title;  to  misapply   our  tah'nts  or  exer- 
tions ;  to  misapply  public  mniiey. 
MISAPPLY'ING,  ppr.  Ai)|)lyiiig  to  a  wrong 

person  or  purpo.se. 
MISAPPREHEND',    v.    I.    To    misunder- 
stand; to  take  in  a  wrong  sense.       L,ocke. 
MISAPPREHENDED,  pp.  Not  rightly  un- 
derstood. 
MISAPPREHEND'ING,   ppr.     Misunder- 
standing. 
MISAPPREHENSION,  n.  Amistakingor 
mistake ;    wrong    apprehension  of   one's 
meaning  or  of  a  fact. 
MISASCRI'BE,  f.  t.  To  ascribe  falsely  or 
erroneously.  Boyle. 

MISASSIGN,  V.  t.  [See  Assign.]  To  assign 
erroneously.  Boyle. 

MISATTEND',  v.  (.  To  disregard.    MUton. 
jMISBECOME,    1'.  t.    misbecum'.    [See  Be- 
come.]    Not  to  become  ;  to  suit  ill ;  not  to 
befit. 

Thy  f.itlier  will  not  act  what  misbecomes  him. 

JIddison. 
MISBECOJI  ING,    })pr.  or  a.     Unseemly  ; 
unsuitable;  ini|iroper ;  indecorous. 

n.    Unbecoming- 


MI'RY,    a.    [from   mire.]    Abounding  with 
deep  mud;  full  of  mire:  as  a  min/ road;iJ3iisBEC0M'INGNESS, 
a  miry  lane.  Gay.il     „ess  .  unsuitableness. 

2.  Consisting  ol  mire.  'S'^"^''!|MlSBEGOT'  } 

MIS,  a  prefix,  denotes  error,  or  erroneous.j  jji^BEGOT'TEN  \  ^^ 
wrong,  from  the  \  erb  miss,  to  err,  to  go      larly  begotten. 

wrong,  Goth,  mm-a ;  Sax.  mw,  from  mjss-iljnsBEHA'VE,  ti.  i'.  To  behave  ill ;  to"con^ 
ran,  to  err.  to  deviate  or  wander  ;  D.  mis,\\     ,i,]pt  one's  self  improperly. 
m^ssen  ;  G.  miss,  missen  :  Dan.  mis,  mister;]  MISBEHA'VED,  «.  Guilt'y  of  ill  behavior; 


Boyle. 

Unlawfully 

a.  .  -^ 

or    irregu- 

Shak.     Dryden. 


G.  miss,  missen  :  Dan.  mis,  mister 
Sw.  mis,  mista  ;  W.  mtth,  a  faiUng,  a  miss  ;| 
Fr.  mes,  or  7)ie,  in  composition ;  It.  mis. 

MIS.\CCEPTA'T10N,  ».  The  act  of  taking 
or  understanding  in  a  wrong  sense. 

MISADVEN'TURE,   n.   Mischance;   mis- 
fortune ;  ill  luck  ;  an  unlucky  accident. 


II  bred  ;  rude.  Shak. 

MISBEHAVIOR,  7i.  misbehu'vi/or.  Ill  con- 
duct :  improper,  rude  or  uncivil  behavior. 

Addisoti. 

MISBELIEF,  71.  Erroneous  belief:  false 
religion.  Mussinger. 


31  I  S 


M  I  S 


MIS 


JMISBELIE'VE,  v.  t.  To  believe  errone- 
ously. Shak. 

SIISBELIE'VER,  n.  One  who  believes 
wrong'ly  ;  one  who  holds  a  false  religion. 

Dryden. 

MISBELIE'VING.a.  Believing  erroneous- 
ly ;  irreligious.  Shak. 

MISBESEE'M,  v.  t.  To  suit  ill. 

3IISBEST0VV,  V.  t.  To  bestow  improperly. 

Milton. 

MIS'BORN,  a.  Born  to  evil.  Spenser. 

MISCAL'€ULATE,  v.  I.  To  calculate  er- 
roneously. Jlrbuthnot. 

MISCAL'eULATED,  pp.  Erroneously  cal- 
culated. 

MIS€AL'€ULATING,  ppr.  Committing 
errors  in  calculation. 

MISCALeULA'TlON,  n.  Erroneous  cal- 
culation. 

BIISeALL',  V.  t.  To  call  by  a  wrong  name ; 
to  name  improperly. 

MISCALL'ED,  pp.  "Misnamed. 

MISeALL'ING,  ppr.  Misnaming. 

MISCAR'RIAciE,  n.  Unfortunate  event  of 
an  undertaking  ;  failure. 

When  a  counselor,  to  save  himself, 
Would  lay  miscarriages  upon  his  prince. 

Dryilen. 

2.  Ill  conduct ;  evil  or  improper  behavior ; 
as  the  failings  and  miscarriages  of  the 
righteous.  Rogers. 

3.  Abortion;  the  act  of  bringing  forth  before 
the  time.  Encyc. 

JIISeAR'RY,  V.  i.  To  fail  of  the  intended 
effect ;  not  to  succeed  ;  to  be  unsuccess- 
ful; to  suffer  defeat;  applied  to  persons  or 
undertakings,  and  to  things.  We  say, 
a  project,  scheme,  design,  enterprise,  at- 
tempt, has  miscarried. 

Hav.e  you  not  heard  of  Frederick,  the  great 

soldier,  who  miscarried  at  sea  ?  Shak. 

My  ships  have  all  miscarried.  Shak. 

2.  To  bring  forth  young  before  the  proper 
time  ;  to  suffer  abortion. 

MISeAR'RYlNG,  ppr.  Failing  of  the  in- 
tended efl'ect ;  suffering  abortion.  Hos.  ix 

MISCAST,  V.  t.  To  cast  or  reckon  errone- 
ously. Brown. 

MISC'AST,  pp.  Erroneously  cast  or  reck- 
oned. 

MISCAST,  n.  An  erroneous  east  or  reck 
oning. 

MISCASTING,  ppr.  Casting  or  reckoning 
erroneously. 

MISCELLAiVA'RIAN,  a.  [See  Miscellany 
Belonging   to   miscellanies;   of  miscella- 
nies. 
MiseeUanarian  authors.  Sliaflshury 

MISCELLANA'RIAN,  n.  A  writer  of  mis- 
cellanies. Shaflshury. 

MIS'CELLANE,  Ji.  [h.  miscetUinexis.]  'A 
mixture  of  two  or  more  sorts  of  grain ; 
now  called  meslin.  Bacon. 

MISCELLA'NEOUS,  a.  [L.  miscellanens, 
from  misceo,  to  mix.] 

Mixed ;  mingled ;  consisting  of  several 
kinds :  as  a  miscellaneous  publication  ;  a 
miscellaneous  rabble.  Milton. 

MISCELLA'NEOnSNESS,  n.  The  state 
of  being  mixed ;  composition  of  various 
kinds. 

JMIS'CELLANY,  n.  [Fr.  miscellanies;  Sp. 
miscelanea ;  L.  miscellanea,  from  misceo,  to 
mix ;  Ch.  Ar.  Jtn,  to  mi,\.  Class  Ms. 
No.  7.1 

•1.  A  mass  or  mixture  of  various  kinds;  par 
ticularly, 


2.  A  book  or  pamphlet  containing  a  collec- 
tion of  compositions  on  various  subjects, 
or  a  collection  of  various  kinds  of  compo- 
sitions. Pope.     Sivifl. 

MIS'CELLANY,   a.    Miscellaneous.     Obs. 

Bacon. 

MISCEN'TER,  v.  t.  To  place  amiss.  [Not 
in  use.]  Donne. 

MISCHANCE,  71.111  luck;  ill  fortune;  mis- 
fortune ;  mishap ;  misadventure. 

It  is  a  man's  unliappiness,  his  mischance  or 
calamity,  but  not  his  fault.  South. 

MIS€IIAR'A€TERIZE,  v.  t.  [See  Charac- 
ter.']    To  characterize  falsely  or  errone- 
ously i  to  give  a  wrong  character  to. 
They  totally  mischaraclerize  the  action. 

Eton. 

MISCH'ARgE,  v.  I.  To  mistake  in  charg- 
ing, as  an  account. 

MISCirARcE,  n.  A  mistake  in  charging, 
as  an  account ;  an  erroneous  entry  in  an 
account. 

MIS'CHIEF,  n.  [Old  Fr.  meschef;  mes, 
wrong,  and  chef,  head  or  end,  the  root  of 
achieve,  Fr.  achever.] 

1.  Harm;    hurt:     injury;     damage;     evi 
whether  intended  or  not.     A  new  law  is 
made  to  remedy  the  mischief. 

2.  Intentional  injury ;  harm  or  damage  done 
!     by  design. 

Thy  tongue  deviseth  mischief.     Ps.  hi. 
.3.  Ill  consequence  ;  evil ;  vexatious  affair. 
The  mischief  was,  these  allies  would  never 

allow  that  the  commoD  enemy  was  subdued. 

Swift 
MIS'CHIEF,   V.  t.    To  hurt ;  to  harm ;  to 

injure.  Sprat 

MISCHIEF-MAKER,  n.  One  who  makes 

mischief;  one   who  excites   or  instigates 

quarrels  or  enmity. 
MISCHIEF-MAKING,  a.  Causing  harm  ; 

exciting  enmity  or  quarrels.  Rowe. 

MIS'CHIEVOUS,  a.  Harmful;  hurtful ;  in 

jurious;  making  mischief;  of  persons ;  as 

a  mischievous  man  or  disposition. 

2.  Hurtful;  noxious;  as  a  mischievous  thing. 

Arhuthnot. 

3.  Inclined  to  do  harm;  as  a  mischievous  ho-ij. 
MIS'CHIEVOUSLY,    adv.    With    injury, 

hurt,  loss  or  damage.     VVe  say,  the  law 
operates  mischievously. 

2.  With  evil  intention  or  disposition.  The 
injury  was  done  mischievously. 

MIS'CHIEVOUSNESS,  »i.  Hurtfulness ; 
noxiousness. 

2.  Disposition  to  do  harm,  or  to  vex  or  an- 
noy ;  as  the  mischievousness  of  youth. 

,1/iscftic/ denotes  injury,  harm  or  damage  of 
less  malignity  and  magnitude  than  what 
are  usually  called  crimes.  We  never  give 
the  name  of  mischief  to  theft,  robbery  or 
murder.  And  it  so  commonly  implies  in 
tention  in  committing  petty  offenses,  that 
it  shocks  us  to  hear  the  word  applied  to 
the  calamities  inflicted  by  Providence.  We 
say,  a  tempest  has  done  great  damage,  but 
not  mischief.  In  like  jnanner,  the  adjec- 
tive mischievous  is  not  applied  to  thieves, 
pirates  and  other  felons,  but  to  persons 
committing  petty  tres|)asscs  and  offenses 

MISCH'NA,  n.  A  part  of  the  Jewish  Tal- 
nnul.     [See  Mishna.] 

MISCHOOSE,  V.  t.   mischooz'.    To  choose 


wrong  ;  to  make  a  wrong  choice. 


MISCHO'SEN,  pp.  Chosen  by  mistake. 

MIS'CIBLE,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  misceo,  to  mix.] 
That  may  be  mixed.  Oil  and  water  are 
not  miscible. 

MISCITA'TION,  »i.  A  wrong  citation  ;  er- 
roneous quotation.  Collier. 

MISCI'TE,  ■('.  I.  To  cite  erroneously  or 
falsely. 

MIS€LA'IM,  n.  A  mistaken  claim  or  de- 
mand. Bacon. 

MIS€OMPUTA'TION,  n.  Erroneous  com- 
putation ;  false  reckoning.  Clarendon. 

MISCOMPU'TE,  v.t.  To  compute  or  reck- 
on erroneously. 

MISCONCE'IT,  I        Erroneous    con- 

MISepNCEP'TION,  S  "■  ception  ;  false 
opinion  ;  wrong  notion  or  understanding 
of  a  thing. 

Great  errors  and  dangers  result  from  a  miscon- 
ception of  the  names  of  things.  Harvey. 

MISCONCEIVE,  1-.  t.  or  i.  To  receive  a 
false  notion  or  opinion  of  any  thing  ;  to 
misjudge  ;  to  have  an  erroneous  under- 
standing of  any  thing. 

To  yield  to  others  just  and  reasonable  causes 
of  those  tilings,  which,  for  want  of  due  consid- 
eration heretofore,  they  have  misconceived. 

Hooker. 

MISeONCE  IVED,  pp.  Wrongly  under- 
stood ;  mistaken. 

MISCONCEIVING,  ppr.  Mistaking  ;  mis- 
understanding. 

MISCON'DUCT,  n.  Wrong  conduct;  ill 
behavior  ;  ill  management.  Addison. 

MISCONDUCT',  v.\.  To  conduct  amiss; 
to  mismanage. 

MISCONDUCT',  V.  i.  To  behave  amiss. 

MISCONDUCT'ED,/)/).  Ill  managed;  bad- 
ly conducted. 

MISCONDUCT'ING,  ppr.  Mismanaging  ; 
misbehaving. 

MISCONJEC'TURE,  n.  A  wrong  conject- 
ure or  guess. 

MISCONJEC'TURE,  v.  t.  or  i.  To  guess 
wrong. 

MISCONSTRUCTION,  n.  Wrong  inter- 
pretation of  words  or  things  ;  a  mistaking 
of  the  true  meaning  ;  as  a  misconstruction 
of  words  or  actions. 

MISCONSTRUE,  v.  t.   To  interpret  erro- 
neously either  words  or  things.     It  is  im- 
portant not  to  misconstrue  the  Scriptures. 
Do  not,  great  sir,  misconstrtte  his  intent. 

Dryden. 

A  virtuous  emperor  was  much  affected  to  find 

his  actions  misconstrued.  Addison. 

MISCON'STRUED,  j9;>.  Erroneously  inter- 
preted. 

MISCON'STRUER,  n.  One  who  makes  a 
wrong  interpretation. 

MISCON'STRUING,  ppr.  Interpreting 
wrongly. 

MISCORRECT',  V.  t.  To  correct  erroneous- 
ly ;  to  mistake  in  attempting  to  correct 
another. 

He  passed  the  first  seven  years  of  his  life  at 
Mjntu.i,  not  seventeen,  as  Scaliger  miscorrects 
liis  author.  Dryden. 

MISCORRECT  ED,  pp.  Mistaken  in  the 
attempt  to  correct. 

MISCOUN'SEL,  I',  t.  To  advise  wrong. 

Spenser. 

MISCOUNT',  V.  t.  To  count  erroneously  ; 
to  mistake  in  counting. 

MISCOUNT',  1'.  1.  To  make  a  wrong  reck- 
.Milton.l     oning.  •B/''  Patrick. 


]>!  I  S 


MIS 


M  I  S 


MISCOUNT',  71.  An  erroneous  counting  or 

numbering. 
MJS'eRKANCE,  >        [See  Miscreant.]   Vn- 
MIS'CREANCY,  j  "'    belief  ;    false    faith  ; 

adherence  to  a  false  religion.     Obs. 

Spenser. 
MIS'CREANT,   n.    [Fr.   mkreant  ;    Norni.| 

mescreaunt ;  mes,  wrong,  and  creance,  belief, 

from  L.  credens,  credo.] 

1.  An  infidel,  or  one  who  embraces  a  false 
faith. 

2.  A  vile  wretch  ;  an  unprincipled  fellow. 

Addison. 
MISCREA'TE,  ?  Formed  unnaturally 
MISCREA'TED,  S  "  or  illegitimately  ;  de- 
formed. Obs.  Spenser. 
MISDATE,  n.  A  wrong  date. 
MISDA'TE,  t'.  {.  To  date  erroneously. 
MISDEE'D,  n.  An  evil  deed  ;  a  wicked 
action. 

Evils  which  our  own  misdeeds  have  wrought. 

Milton. 
MISDEE'M,   V.  t.    To  judge  erroneously  ; 
to  misjudge  ;  to  mistake  in  judging. 

Spenser. 
MISDEME'AN,  v.  t.  To  behave  ill.     Shak. 
MISDEMEANOR,    ?i.    Ill   behavior  ;    evil 
conduct  ;  fault  ;  mismanagement. 

South. 
2.  In  law,  an  offense  of  a  less  atrocious  na 
turc  than  a  crime.  Crimes  and  misde- 
meanors are  mere  synonymous  terms ;  but 
in  common  usage,  the  word  crime  is  made 
to  denote  offenses  of  a  deeper  and  more 
atrocious  dye,  while  small  faults  and  omiss 
ions  of  less  consequence  are  comprised 
under  the  gentler  name  of  misdeyneanors. 

Blackstone. 
MISDESERT',  n.  Ill  desert.  Spenser. 

MISDEVO'TION,  )i.  False  devotion  ;  mis 
taken  piety.     [LAttle  used.]  Donne. 

MISDI'ET,  ?».  Improper  diet  or  food.  [JVot 
used.]  Spenser. 

MISDIRECT',  V.  t.  To  give  a  wrong  direc- 
tion to  ;  as,  to  misdirect  a  passenger. 
2.  To  direct  to  a  wrong  person  or  place  ;  as, 

to  misdirect  a  letter. 
MISDIRECT'ED,  pp.   Directed  wrong,  or 

to  a  wrong  person  or  place. 
MISDIRECT'ING,  ppr.    Directing   wrong, 

or  to  a  wrong  person  or  place. 

MISDISPOSI"TION,  n.  Disposition  to  evil. 

[JVol  in  use.]  Bp.  Hall. 

MISDISTIN'GUISH,  v.  t.  To  make  wrongi 

distinctions.  Hooker. 

MISDO,  V.  t.  [See  Do.]     To  do  wrong  ;  to, 

do  amiss  ;  to  commit  a  crime  or  fault. 

Milton. 
MISD6ER,  n.  One  who  does  wrong  ;  one 
who  conmiits  a  fault  or  crime.        Spenser. 
MISDOING,  ppr.   Doing  wrong  ;  commit- 
ting a  fault  or  crime. 
MISDOING,  71.  A  wrong  done  ;  a  fault  or 
crime ;   an  offense.  L'Estrange. 

MISDOUBT,  V.  t.  misdout'.  [See  Doubt.] 
To  suspect  of  deceit  or  danger.  [An  ill 
formed  word  and  not  in  use.] 

Sidney.     Shah.     Dryden. 
MISDOUBT',  71.  Suspicion  of  crime  or  dan- 
ger.    [.Vot  used.]  Shak. 
2.  Irresolution  ;  hesitation.    [JVot  used.'] 

Shak. 
MISDOUBT'FUL,  a.  Misgiving.     [A'ot  us- 
ed.] Spenser.l 
MiSE,  71.  meie.     [Fr.  mis,  put,  laid,  pp.   of 
77K«re,  L.  viitto  ;  Norm,  mise.]  I 


Hale.] 
entry   or 


1.  In  law,  an  issue  to  be  tried  at  the  grand 
assize. 

2.  Expense  ;  cost. 

3.  A  tax  or  tallage ;  in  Wales,  an  honora- 
ry gift  of  the  people  to  a  new  king  or 
prince  of  Wales ;  also,  a  tribute  paid  in^ 
the  county  Palatine  of  Chester  at  the. 
change  of  the  owner  of  the  earldoms. 

Encyc.l 

MISEMPLOY',  i>.  t.  To  employ  to  no  pur-' 
pose,  or  to  a  bad  purpose  ;  as,  to  misemployi 
time,  power,  advantages,  talents,  &c. 

Locke.    Addison. 

MISEMPLOYED,  pp.  Used  to  no  purpose, 
or  to  a  bad  one. 

MISEMPLOY'ING,  ppr.  Using  to  no  pur- 
pose, Or  to  a  bad  one. 

MISEMPLOY'MENT,  »i.  Ill  employment ; 
application  to  no  purpose,  or  to  a  bad  pur 
pose. 

MISEN'TRY,   71.    An  erroneous 
charge,  as  of  an  account. 

MI'SER,  n.  sas:.  [L.  Tniser,  miserable.]  A 
miserable  person  ;  one  wretched  or  af- 
flicted.    Obs.  Spenser. 

2.  A  wretch  ;  a  mean  fellow.     Obs.      Shak: 
'.}.  An  extremely  covetous  person  ;  a  sordid 

wretch  ;  a  niggard  ;  one  who  in  wealth 
makes  himself  miserable  by  the  fear  of 
poverty.  [This  is  the  only  sense  in  which 
it  is  now  used.] 

No  silver  saints  by  dying  misers  given. 

Pope. 
MIS'ERABLE,    a.   s  or  :.     [Fr.   miserable, 
from  L.  miser,  miserabilis.] 

1.  Very  unhappy  from  grief,  pain,  calamity, 
poverty,  apprehension  of  evil,  or  other 
cause.  It  however  expresses  somewhat 
less  than  wretched. 

AVhat  hopes  delude  thee,  miserable  man  ?      | 

Zhryden., 
Very  poor  ;  worthless.  I 

Miserable  comroiters  are  ye  all.      Job  xvi. 

3.  Causing  unhappiness  or  misery. 
What's  more  miserable  dian  discontent .'         i 

Shak. 

4.  Very  poor  or  mean  ;  as  a  miserable  hut  ; 
miserable  clothing. 

a.  Very  poor  or  barren  ;  as  a  miserable  soil. 
6.  Very    low  or  despicable  ;  as  a  miserable 

person. 
MIS'ERABLENESS,  n.    State  of  misery  ; 

j)Oorness. 
MIS'ERABLY,    adv.    Unhappily  ;  calami 
tously. 

The  fifth  was  miserably  stabbed  to  death.       ! 

South. 

2.  Very  poorly  or  meanly ;  wretchedly.  They! 
were  miserably  entertained.  Sidney. 

3.  In  misery  or  unhappiness. 
MI'SERLY",  a.  [SeeMser.]  Very  covetous;! 

sordid  ;  niggardly  ;  parsimonious. 
MIS'ERY,  71.  s  as  z.    [L.  miseria  ;   Fr.  mi- 
she.] 

1.  Great  unhappiness  ;  extreme  pain  of  body 
or  mind.  A  man  suffers  misery  from  the 
gout,  or  from  great  afflictions,  distress,  ca- 
lamity, and  other  evils.  Misery  expresses 
somewhat  less  than  wretchedness. 

Misery  is  as  really  the  fruit  of  vice  reigning 
in  the  heart,  as  tares  are  the  produce  of  tares 
sown  in  the  field.  J.  Lathrop.^ 

2.  Calamity;  misfortune ;  natural  evils  which 
are  the  cause  of  misery. 

And  mourn  the  niisenes  of  human  life. 

Dryden. 

3.  Covetousness.     [.Kot  used.]  Shak. 


MISES'TIMATE,  v.  t.  To  estimate  cnone- 
ously.  Mitford- 

MISFALL',  V.  t.  To  befall,  as  ill  luck;  to 
happen  to  unluckily.  Spenser. 

MISFA'RE,  71.  Ill  fare ;  misfortune. 

Spenser. 
MISFASII'ION,  V.  t.  To  form  wrong. 

HaketvUl. 

MISFE'ASANCE,  ti.  mlife'zance.   [Fr.  mes 

and/aisaiice,  from/aiVf,  to  do.]     In  law,  a 

trespass  ;  a  wrong  done.  Encyc. 

MISFORM  ,  V.  t.  To  make  of  an  ill  form  ;  to 

put  in  an  ill  shape.  Sptnmr. 

MISFORTUNE,  71.   Ill  fortune  ;  ill   luck  ; 

calamity  ;  an  eril  or  cross  accident ;  as  loss 

of  projierty  at  sea  or  by  fire. 

Consider  why  the  change  was  wrought. 
You'll  find  it  his  misfortune,  not  his  fault. 

Jiddison . 
MISFOR'TUNED,  a.  Unfortunate. 

Millon. 
MISGIVE,  v.t.  misgiv'.  [See  Give.]    To  fill 
with  doubt;  to  deprive  of  confidence  ;  to 
fail  ;  usually  applied  to  the  heart. 

So  doth  njy  heart  misgive  me.  Shak. 

His  heart  misgave  him.  Jiddison. 

2.  To  give  or  grant  amiss.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Laud. 
MISGIVING,  ppr.    Filling   with  doubt  or 

distrust ;  failing. 
MISGIV  IN'G,  71.  A  failing  of  confidence  ; 
doubt  ;  distrust. 

Doubts,  suspicions  and  misgivings.      South. 
MISGOT'TEN,  a.  Unjustly  obtained. 
MISGOV'ERN,  v.t.  To  govern  ill ;  to  ad- 
minister unfaithfully. 

Solyman    charged  hiru  bitterly   that  he  had 

misgoverned  tlie  state.  Knoltes. 

MISGOV'ERNANCE,  ?i.    Ill  government; 

lisorder ;  irregularity.  Spenser. 

MISGOVERNED,  pp.\\\  governed  ;  badly 

administered. 

2.  Rude;  unrestrained;  as  rude,  mwgforeni- 

ed  hands.  Shak. 

MISGOV'ERNMENT,  71.  Ill  administration 

of  public  affairs.  Raleigh. 

2.  Ill  njanagement  in  private  affairs. 

Taylor. 

3.  Irregularity  ;  disorder.  Shak. 
MISGR-AFF,  r.  /.  To  graft  amiss. 
MISGROUND',  v.t.  To  found  erroneonslv. 

Hall. 
MISGUIDANCE,    n.     Wrong    direction  ; 
guidance  into  error.  South. 

MISGUIDE,  V.  t.  To  lead  or  guide  into  er- 
ror ;  to  direct  ill ;  as,  to  misguide  the  un- 
derstanding or  mind.  Locke.     Pope. 
MISGUI'DED,  pp.  Led  astray  by  evil  coun- 
sel or  wrong   direction  ;  as  a  misguided 
prince. 
MISGUIDING,  ppr.   Giving 
tion  to  ;  leading  into  error. 
MIS'GUM,     ^      An  anguillifoim  fisli  about 
MIS'GURN,  (  "'the  size  of  a  common  eel. 

Diet.  Xat.  Hist. 
MISHAP',  71.  Ill  chance  ;  evil  accident  ;  ill 
luck  ;  misfortune. 

Secure  from  worldly  chances  and  mishaps. 

Shak. 
MISHAP'PEN,  V.  i.  To  happen  ill. 

Spenser. 
MISHEAR,  V.  t.  To  mistake  in  hearing. 
MISH'NA,  n.  A  collection  or  digest  of  Jew- 
ish traditions  and  explanations  of  Scrip- 
ture. 


Prior, 
wrong  direc- 


M  I  S 


MIS 


MIS 


MISH'Nie,  a.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the 
Mishna.  Enfield.     Encyc. 

MISIMPROVE,  V.  t.    misimproov'.    To  im- 
prove to  a  bad  purpose  ;  to  abuse  ;  as,  to 
viisimprove  time,  talents,  advantages. 
MISIMPROVE  D,    pp.  Used  to  a  bad  pur- 
pose. 
MISIMPR6VEMENT,  n.  misimproov' ment. 
Ill  use  or  employment ;  improvement  to  a 

bad  purpose. 
MISINFER',  I',  t.  To  draw  a  wrong  infer- 
ence. Hooker. 
MISINFORM',  V.  t.  To  give  erroneous  in- 
formation to  ;  to  communicate  an  incorrect 
statement  of  facts.  Bacon. 
MISINFORMA'TION,  n.  Wrong  informa- 
tions ;  false   account   or   intelligence   re- 
ceived.                                   Bacon.     Soiilh. 
MISINFORM'ED,;;;}.  Wrongly  informed. 
MISINFORM'ER,  n.  One  that  gives  wrong 

information. 
MISINFORMING,    ppr.    Communicating 

erroneous  information  to. 
MISINSTRUCT',  V.  t.  To  instruct  amiss. 

Hooker. 
MISINSTRUC'TION,   n.   Wrong  instruc- 
tion. More. 
MISINTEL'LIGENCE,    n.    Wrong  infor- 
mation ;  disagreement. 
MISINTERPRET,  v.  t.  To  interpret  erro- 
neously ;  to  understand  or  to  explain  in  a 
wrong  sense.                                  jirhuthnot. 
MISINTERPRETA'TION,  n.   The  act  of 

interpreting  erroneously. 
MISINTER'PRETED,  a.  Erroneously  un 

derstood  or  explained. 
MISINTER'PRETER,  n.  One  who  inter 

prets  erroneously- 
MISINTERPRETING,  ppr.  Erroneously 

interpreting. 
MISJOIN',  V.  t.  To  join  unfitly  or  improp- 
erly. Milton.     Drijden 
MISJOIN'ED,  pp.  Improperly  united. 
MISJOIN'ING,  ppr.  Joining  unfitly  or  im- 
properly. 
MISJUDGE,   r.  t.   misjuilji.   To  mistake  in 
judging  of;  to  judge  erroneously. 

UEstrange. 
MISJUDGE,  V.  i.  misjudj'.  To  err  in  judg 
ment  ;  to  form  false  opinions  or  notions. 
MISJUDG'ED,  pp.  Judged  erroneously. 
MISJUDG'ING,   ppr.   Judging  erroneously 
of;  forming  a  wrong  opinion  or  inference 
MISJUDG'MENT,  )i.   A  wrong  or  unjust 
determination.  Hale. 

MIS'KIN,  n.  A  little  bagpipe. 
MISKIN'DLE,  ■!>.  t.    To  kindle  amiss ;  to 

inflauio  to  a  bad  purpose. 
MISLA'ID,  pp.  Laid  in  a  wrong  place,  or 

place  not  recollected  ;  lost. 
MISLA'Y,  v.  t.  To  lay  in  a  wrong  place. 
The  fault  is  generally  mislaid  upon  nature. 

Locke. 

9.  To  lay  in  a  place  not  recollected  ;  to  lose. 

Ifllie  biilk'i  be  the  tell-tule,  Hiis/oy  a  spoon 

so  as  he  may  never  find  it.  Swift. 

MISLA'YER.  ?).  One  that  lays  in  a  wrong 

place  ;  one  that  loses.  Bacon. 

MISL.\'YIN(J,    ppr.    Laying   in   a   wrong 

place,  or  place  not  remembered  ;  losing. 
MISLE,  V.  i.  mis'l.  [from  mist,  and  proper- 
ly mistlc] 
To  rain  in  very  fine  drops,  like  a  thick  mist. 

Gay.     Dtrham. 

MISLE'AD,  V.  I.  prct.  imd  i>i).  misled.    (See 

Lead.]  ^       I 


To  lead  into  a  wrong  way  or  path  ;  to  lead 
astray ;  to  guide  into  error  ;  to  cause  to 
mistake  ;  to  deceive. 

Trust  not  servants  who  mislead  or  misinform 
you.  Bacon. 

But  of  the  two,  less  dangerous  is  th'  offense, 
To  tire  our  patience,  than  mislead  out  sense. 

Pope 
MISLE'ADER,  n.  One  who  leads  into  error.' 
MISLE'ADING,  ppr.   Leading  into  error  ; 

causing  to  err  ;  deceiving. 
MISLED',  pp.  of  mislead.  Led  into  error ; 
led  a  wrong  way. 

— To  give  due  light 
To  the  misled  and  lonely  traveller.     Milton. 

MISLI'KE,  V.  t.  To  dislike  ;  to  disapprove  ; 

to  have  aversion  to  ;  as,  to  mislike  a  man 

or  an  opinion.  Raleigh.     Sidney.] 

[For  this  word,  dislike  is  generally  used.] 

MISLI'KE,  »i.  Dishke  ;  disapprobation  ; 
aversion. 

MISLI'KED,  pp.  Disliked ;  disapproved. 

MlSLI'KEIl,  n.  One  that  dislikes. 

MISLI'KING,  ppr.  Dishking  ;  disapprov- 
ing. 

MISLIN,     [See  Meslin.] 

MISLIVE,  V.  i.  misliv'.  To  live  amiss.  [JVot 
used.]  Spenser. 

MISLUCK',  n.  Ill  luck  ;  inisfortune. 

MIS'LY,  a.  [See  Misle  and  Mist.]  Raining 
in  very  small  drops. 

MISMAN'AgE,  r.  /.  To  manage  ill  ;  to  ad- 
minister improperly  ;  as,  to  mismanage 
public  afliairs. 

MISMAN'AgE,  v.  i.  To  behave  ill ;  to  con- 
duct amiss. 

MISiMAN'AGED,  pp.  Ill  managed  or  con- 
ducted. 

MISMAN'AgEMENT,  n.  Ill  or  improper 
management  ;  ill  conduct  ;  as  the  mis- 
management of  public  or  private  affairs. 

MISMAN'AgER,  n.  One  that  manages  ill. 

MISMAN'AGING,  ppr.  Managing  ill. 

MISM'ARK,  v.  I.  To  mark  with  the  wrong 
token  ;  to  mark  erroneously.  Collie 

MISM^ARKED,  pp.  Wrongly  marked. 

MISM'ARKING,;)pr.  Marking  erroneously. 

MISMATCH',  V.  t.  To  match  unsuitably. 

Southern. 

MISMATCII'ED,  pp.  Unsuitably  matched  ; 
ill  joined. 

MISMATCII'ING,  ppr.  Matching  in  an  un- 
suitable manner. 

MISNA'iME,  r.  t.  To  call  by  the  wrong 
name.  Boyle. 

MISNA'MED,  p/).  Called  by  a  wrong  name. 

MISNA'MING,  ppr.  Calling  by  a  wrong 
name. 

MISNO'MER,  n.  [Old  Fr.  mes,  wrong,  and 
nommer,  to  name.] 

In  laiv,  the  mistaking  of  the  true  name  of 
a  person  ;  a  misnaming.  [Misnosmer,  as 
written  by  Blackstone,  must  be  a  corrupt 
orthography.  In  no  dialect  has  name,  L.  no- 
men,  been  written  with  s,  unless  by  mis- 
take.] 

MISOBE'DIENCE,  n.  Erroneous  obedi- 
ence or  disobedience.     [JVb<  used.] 

Milton. 
MISOBSERVE,l^^  misohzerv'.  To  observe 
inaccurately  ;  to  mistake  in  observing. 

Locke. 
MISOG'AMIST,  n.  [Gr.  fuofw,  to  hate,  and 

yafios,  marriage.] 
A  hater  of  marriage. 


n.  [Gr.  fiifffu,  to  hate,  and 

[Unusual]  Fuller. 

[supra.]  Hatred  of  the  fe- 


MISOO'YNIST, 

yvvt],  woman.] 

A  woman  hater. 

MISOG'YNY,  n. 
male  sex. 

MISOPIN'ION,  n.  Erroneous  opinion. 

Bp.  Hall. 

MISOR'DER,  V.  t.  To  order  ill;  to  manage 
erroneously.     Obs.  Ascham. 

2.  To  manage  ill ;  to  conduct  badly.     Obs. 

Shak. 

MISOR'DER,  n.  Irregularity;  disorderly 
proceedings.     [We  now  use  disorder.] 

Camden. 

MISOR'DERLY,  a.  Irregular ;  disorderly. 

Ascham. 

MISPELL,  MISPEND,  &c.  [See  Miss- 
spell,  Miss-spend.] 

MISPERSUA'DE,  j;.  t.  To  persuade  amiss, 
or  to  lead  to  a  wrong  notion.  Hooker. 

MISPERSUA'SION,  Ji.  A  false  persuasion  ; 
wrong  notion  or  opinion.     Decay  of  Piety. 

MISPIK'EL,  n.  Arsenical  pyrite;  an  ore  of 
arsenic,  containing  this  metal  in  combina- 
tion with  iron,  sometimes  found  in  cubic 
crystals,  but  more  often  without  any  regu- 
lar form.  Fourcroy. 

MISPL.\'CE,  V.  t.  To  put  in  a  wrong  place  ; 
as,  the  book  is  misplaced. 

2.  To  place  on  an  improper  object ;  as,  he 
misplaced  his  confidence.  South. 

JMISPLA'CED,;)/).  Put  in  a  wrong  place,  or 
on  an  improper  object. 

MISPLA'CING,  ppr.  Putting  in  a  wrong 
place,  or  on  a  wrong  object. 

MISPLE'AD,  I',  i.  To  err  in  pleading. 

Blackstone. 

MISPLE  ADING,  ppr.  Making  a  mistake 
in  pleading. 

MISPLEADING,  n.  A  mistake  in  plead- 
ing. 

MISPOINT',  v.t.  To  point  improperly ;  to 
err  in  punctuation. 

MISPRINT',  v.t.  To  mistake  in  printing; 
to  i)rint  wrong. 

MISPRINT',  n.  A  mistake  in  printing;  a 
deviation  from  the  copy.  Ch.  t)bs. 

MISPRINT'ED,  pp.  Erroneously  printed. 

MISPRINT'ING,;7;jr.  Printing  wrong. 

MISPRI'SE,   ?       .  [Fr.  meprendre,  mepris; 

MISPRI'ZE,  ^  ■  '  mes,  v,vong,aud prendre, 
to  take.] 

1.  To  mistake.  Shak. 

2.  To  slight  or  undervalue. 
O  for  those   vanish'd  hours,  so  much  mis- 

pris'd.  ,  Ilillhouse. 

MISPRISION,?!,  misprizh'un.  [supra.]  Ne- 
glect ;  contempt. 

I.  Inlaw,  any  high  offense  under  the  degree  of 
capital, but  nearly  bordering  thereon.  Mis- 
prision is  contained  in  every  treason  and 
felony.  Misprisions  arc  divided  into  nega- 
tive and  positive  ;  negative,  vvliich  consist  in 
the  concealment  of  something  which  ought 
to  be  revealed  ;  and  po.^itire,  which  consist 
in  the  commission  of  something  which 
ought  not  to  be  done.  .Misprision  of  treas- 
on, consists  in  a  bare  knowledge  and  con- 
cealment of  treason,  without  assenting  to 
it.  Blackstone. 

Maladministration  in  offices  of  high 
pid>lic  trust,  is  a  positive  misprisioix.      Ibm. 

:!.  Mistake ;  oversight  ;  contempt.  [J^'ot  in 
use.]  Shak. 

MISPROOEE'DING,  n.  Wrong  or  irrcgu- 
j.'u-  ])r(ic(cding.  Bacon. 


MIS 


MIS 


M  I  S 


MISPROFESS',  V.  t.  To  make  a  false  pro- 
fession ;  to  make  pretensions  to  skill  whicli 
is  not  possessed.  Donne. 

MISPRONOUNCE,  v.  I.  mispronouns'.  To 
pronounce  erroneously ;  as,  to  mispro- 
nounce a  word,  a  name,  &c. 

MISPRONOUNCE,  v.  i.  mispronouns'.  To 
speak  incorrectly.  Milton. 

MISPRONUNCIA'TION,  n.  A  wrong  or 
improper  pronunciation.  &cnft. 

MISPROPO'RTION, «.  f.  To  err  in  propor- 
tioning one  thing  to  another  ;  to  join  with- 
out due  proportion. 

MISPROUD',  a.  Vitiously  proud.  [JVo«  used.] 

Shak. 

MISQUOTA'TION,  n.  An  erroneous  quo 
tation  ;  the  act  of  quoting  wrong. 

MISaUO'TE,  V.  t.  To  quote  erroneously ; 
to  cite  incorrectly. 

MISCiUO'TED,  pp.  Incorrectly  quoted  or 
cited. 

MISQUO'TING,  ppr.  Quoting  or  citing  er- 
roneously. 

MISRA'TE,  v.t.  To  rate  erroneously ;  to  es- 
timate falsely.  Barrow. 

MISRECI'TAL,  n.  An  inaccurate  recital. 

MISRECI'TE,  V.  t.  To  recite  erroneously. 

Branihall 

MISRECI  TED,  pji.  Recited  incorrectly. 

MISRECI'TING,;)pr.  Reciting  erroneously 

MISRECK'ON,  V.  t.  To  reckon  or  compute 
wrong.  Swi/l 

MISRECK'ONED,  pp.  Reckoned  or  com 
puted  erroneously. 

MISRECK'ONING,;j;)r.  Reckoning  wrong; 
and  as  a  noun,  an  erroneous  computation. 

MISRELA'TE,  v.  t.  To  relate  falsely  or  in- 
accurately. Boyle 

MISRELA'TED,;);;.  Erroneously  related  or 
told. 

MISRELA'TING,  ppr.  Relating  or  telling 
erroneously. 

MISRELA'TION,  n.  Erroneous  relation  or 
narration.  Branihall. 

MISREMEM'BER,  v.  t.  To  mistake  in  re- 
membering ;  not  to  remember  correctly. 

Boyle. 

ailSREMEM'BERED,  pp.  Inaccurately  re- 
collcclGti. 

MISREMEM'BERING,/i;)r.  Remembering 
inaccurately. 

MISREPORT,  V.  t.  To  report  erroneously  ; 
to  give  an  incorrect  account  of.         Locke. 

MISREPORT,  n.  An  erroneous  report;  a 
false  or  incorrect  account  given. 

Denham.     South 

MISREPORTED,  pp.  Incorrectly  reported. 

MISREPORTING,  ppr.  Reporting  incor- 
rectly. 

MISREPRESENT',  v.  t.  To  represent  false- 
ly or  incorrectly  ;  to  give  a  false  or  erro- 
neous representation,  either  maliciously, 
igiiorantly  or  carelessly.  Swift. 

MISREPRESENTA'TION,  n.  The  act  of 
giving  a  false  or  erroneous  representation. 

Swijl. 

9.  A  false  or  incorrect  account  given,  either 
from  mistake,  carelessness  or  malice. 

Jltterhury. 

MISREPRESENTED,  pp.  Falsely  or  erro- 
neously represented. 

3IISREPRESENT'ER,  71.  One  who  gives 
a  false  or  erroneous  account. 

MISREPRESENTING,  ppr.  Giving  a  false 
or  erroneous  representation. 

[J\'ole.    Tills  word  is  so  customarily  usetl  for 

Vol.  II. 


an  euphemism,  or  as  a  softer  expression  for  lie 
ot  falsehood.,  as  to  convey  the  idea  generally  of 
intenlional  falsehood.  This  signification  how- 
ever is  not  necessarily  implied.] 

MISREPU'TE,  V.  t.  To  have  in  wrong  esti- 
mation. 

MISREPU'TED,  pp.  or  a.  Erroneously  re- 
puted. Milton. 

MISRU'LE, n.  Disorder;  confusion  ;  tumult 
from  insubordination. 

Enormous  riot  and  misrule —  Pope. 

2.  Unjust  domination. 

MISRU'LY,  a.  Unruly  ;  ungovernable  ;  tur- 
bulent. Hall. 

MISS,  ?i.  [supposed  by  Bailey  to  be  con- 
tracted from  mistress.  But  probably  it  is 
from  the  Armoric  7nesell,  a  young  lady,  or 
contracted  from  Fr.  demoiselle,  Sp.  dami 
sola.     See  Damsel.] 

1 .  The  title  of  a  young  woman  or  girl ;  as 
little  masters  and  misses.  Swift. 

A  kept  mistress ;  a  prostitute  retained  ;  a 
concubine.  Dryden. 

MISS,  V.  t.  [Sax.  missian ;  D.  G.  misseri 
Sw.  mista;  Dan.  mister;  allied  perhaps  to 
L.  mitto,  misi ;  omitto,  omisi.  But  tliis  is  not 
certain.  The  Welsh  has  the  word  in  me 
thu,  to  fail,  to  miss,  to  become  abortive,  to; 
miscarry,  to  decay.  See  Class  Md.  No.  8. 
12.  l;3.  14. 16.    Hence  the  prefix  mis.] 

1.  To  fail  in  aim  ;  to  fail  of  reaching  the  ob- 
ject ;  not  to  hit  ;  as,  to  miss  the  mark  ;  to 
miss  the  oliject  intended. 

2.  To  fail  of  finding  the  right  way ;  to  err  in 
attempting  to  find;  as,  to  miss  the  way  or 
the  road. 
To  fail  of  obtaining. 

Orgalus  feared  nothing  but  to  miss  Parthenia. 

Sidney. 

4.  To   learn  or  discover  that  something  is 

wanting,  or  not  where  it  was  supposed  to 

be  ;  as,  to  miss  one's  snuff-box ;  I  missed 

the  first  volume  of  Livy. 

Neither  missed  we  any  thing — .  Nothing  was 
missed  of  all  that  pertained  to  him.  1  Sam.  xxv 

To  be  without ;  as,  we  cannot  miss  him 
Ohs.  Sliak. 

To  omit ;  to  pass  by  ;  to  go  without ;  to 
fail  to  have ;  as,  to  miss  a  meal  of  vict- 
uals. 

She  would  never  tniss  one  day 

A  walk  so  line,  a  sight  so  gay.  Prior. 

To  perceive  the  want  of 

What  by  me  thou  hast  lost,  thou  least  shalt 
?niss.  Milton. 

He  who  has  a  iimi  sincere  friend,  may  want 
all  the  rest  without  ?nissing  them.  South. 

To  fail  of  seeing  or  finding. 
MISS,  V.  i.  To  fiiil  to  hit ;  to  fly  wide  ;  to  de- 
viate from  the  true  direction. 
Flying  bullets  now, 

To  execute  his  rage,  appear  too  slow  ; 

They    miss,    or  sweep   but  common  souls 
away.  Waller. 

Not  to  succeed  ;  to  fail. 

Men  observe  when  things  hit,  and  not  when 
they  miss —  Bacon. 

.3.  To  fail ;  to  miscarry,  as  by  accident. 

The  invention  all  admired,  and  each,  how  he 

To  be  the  inventor  missed.  Milton. 

4.  To  fail  to  obtain,  learn  or  find  ;  with  of. 
On  the   least  reflection,  we  cannot  miss  of 

them.  Attcrbury. 

5.  To  fail ;  to  mistake.  Spenser. 
MISS,  n.  Loss;  want. 

There  will  be  no  great  miss  of  those  which 
arc  lost.  Locke. 

17 


2.  Mistake ;  error. 
He  did  without  any  great  miss  in  tlic  hardest 

points  of  grammar,     [Little  used. 1        Ascham. 

3.  Harm  from  mistake.     Obs.  Spenser. 
MIS'SAL,  n.   [It.  messale;  Fr.  missel.    See 

Mass.] 
The  Romish  mass-book.  Stillingfleet. 

MISSA'Y,  V.  t.  To  say  wrong  ;  to  slander. 

i  Little  used.]  Spenser. 

SSA'Y,  V.  i.  To  speak  ill.  Spenser. 

MISSA'YING,  n.  Wrong  expression. 

Millon. 
MISSEE'M,  D.  J.  To  make  a  false  appear- 
ance. Spenser. 
2.  To  misbecome.  Obs.  Spenser. 
MISSEL,  >  .  <,.,  . 
MIS'SEL-BIRD,  \  "■  ^  ^^^"^^  of  thrush. 
MIS'SELDINE,  n.  The  mistletoe.  [Abt 
used.]  Barrel. 
MISSEM'BLANCE,  n.  False  resemblance. 

Spelrnan. 
MISSERVE,  V.  t.  misserv'.  To  serve  unfaith- 
fully. Arbuthnot. 
MISSHA'PE,  V.  t.   [See  Shape.]   To  shape 
ill ;  to  give  an  ill  form  to  ;  to  deform. 
And  horribly  misshapes  with  ugly  sights. 

Spenser. 
A  mis.»/i(7;)frf  figure.  Pope. 

.Mi.'<>!urjiui  mountains.  Bentley. 

MISSIIA  PKD,  I         III   formed;  deform- 
MISSHA'PEN,  \  PP-  ed  :  ugly. 
MISSHA'PING,  ;);)r.  Giving  an  ill  shape  to. 
MIS'SILE,  a.  [L.  missilis,  from  missus,se{H; 

mitto,  to  send.] 
Thrown   or  sent,  or  that  may  be   thrown. 
A  missile  weapon  is  one  that  is  thrown  by 
the  hand,  or  from   an  engine  in  war,  in 
distinction  from   such  as   are  held  or  re- 
tained in  the  hand,  or  fi.xed.     An  arrow,  a 
dart,  a  javelin,  a  stone,   a  bullet,  a  bomb, 
are  missile  weapons. 
MISS'ING,  ppr.  [from  miss.]  Failing  to  hit, 
to   reach  or  to   find ;   discovering  to  be 
wanting. 
2.  a.  Lost ;  absent  from  the  place  where  it 
was  expected  to  be  found  ;  wanting.    My 
horse  is  missing;  my  pen  or  my  book  is 
missing. 

For  a  time  caught  up  to  God,  as  once 
Moses  was  in  the  mount,  and  missing  long. 

Milton. 
MIS'SION,  n.   [L.   missio,  from    mi«o,   to 
send.] 

1.  A  sending  or  being  sent,  usually  the  lat- 
ter ;  a  being  sent  or  delegated  by  author- 
ity, with  certain  powers  for  transacting 
business ;  commission  ;  as  sent  on  a  for- 
eign mission. 

How  to  begin,  how  to  accomplish  best 
His  end  of  being  on  earth,  and  missi07i  high. 

.miton. 

2.  Persons  sent;  any  number  of  persons  ap- 
pointed by  authority  to  perform  any  ser- 
vice ;  particularly,  the  persons  sent  to 
propagate  religion,  or  evangelize  the 
heathen.  The  societies  for  propagating 
the  gospel  have  missions  in  almost  every 
country.  Last  week  a  mission  sailed  for 
the  Sandwich  isles.  We  have  domestic 
missions  and  foreign  missions. 

3.  Dismission  ;  discbarge  from  service ;  o 
Roman  use  of  the  word ;  in  English,  obso- 
lete. Bacon. 

4.  Faction  ;  party.     [JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 
MISSIONARY,  n.  [Fr.  missionaire.]  One 

sent  to  propagate  religion.    Christian  mis- 
sionaries are  called  missionaries  of  the  cross. 


MIS 


M  I  S 


M  1  i? 


MIS'SIO^fARY,  a.  Pertaining  to  missions; 
as  a  missionary  meeting  ;  a  missionary 
fund. 

MISSIONER,  for  missionary,  is  not  used. 

MIS'SIVE,  a.  [Fr.]  Such  as  is  sent;  as  a 
letter  missive. 

2.  Thrown  or  sent,  or  such  as  may  be  sent ; 
as  a  missive  weapon.  Dryden 

MIS'SIVE,  n.  A  letter  sent,  or  a  messen- 
ger. Bacon.  Shak. 

MISSPE'AK,  V.  i.  [See  Speak.]  To  err  or 
mistake  in  speaking.  Shak 

MISSPE'AK,  V.  t.  To  utter  wrong. 

Donne 

MISSPELL',  V.  t.  To  spell  wrong  ;  to  write 
or  utter  with  wrong  letters. 

MISSPELL'ED,  >  Spelled   wrong,  or 

MISSPELT',        I    PP-  with  wrong  letters- 

MISSPELL'ING,  ppr.  Spelling  wrong. 

MISSPELL'ING,  n.  A  wrong  spelling; 
false  orthography. 

MISSPEND',  V.  t.  To  spend  amiss  ;  to  waste 
or  consume  to  no  purpose,  or  to  a  bad 
one ;  as,  to  misspend  time  or  money ;  to 
misspend  life.  Dryden.     Rogers. 

2.  To  waste. 

The  genial  moisture  due 
To  apples,  otherwise  misspends  itself. 

Philips. 

MISSPEND' ER,  n.  One  that  consumes 
prodigally  or  improperly.  JVorris. 

MISSPEND'ING,  pp.  Spending  to  no  pur- 
pose, or  to  a  bad  one. 

MISSPENSE,  n.  misspens'.  A  spending  im- 
properly ;  a  wasting. 

MISSPENT',  ppr.  Ill  spent ;  expended  or 
consumed  to  no  purpose,  or  to  a  bad  one ; 
as  misspent  time  or  life. 

MISSPO'KE,       (    „„    Uttered  or  spoken 


MISSPOKEN 


.1 


pp. 


MISSTA'TE,  I'.  /.  To  state  wrong  ;  to  make 
an  erroneous  representation  of  facts  ;  as, 
to  misstate  a  question  in  debate. 

Sanderson. 
MISSTA'TED,  pp.  Stated  erroneously. 
MISSTA'TEJIENT,  n.A  wrong  statement ; 
an    erroneous    representation,  verbal   or 
written  ;  as  a  misstatement  of  facts  in  tes- 
timony, or  of  accounts  in  a  report. 

Hamilton. 
iMlSSTA'TING,;)/)c.  Stating  falsely  or  erro- 
neously. 
MIS'SY,  n.  The  suli)hate  of  iron,  having  lost 
the  water  of  its  crystalization,  is  called 
sort;  more  thoroughly  calcined,  it  is  yel- 
low, and  called  missy.  Fourcroy. 
MIST,  n.    [Sax.   D.  misi ;   L.    mixtus,  mis- 

tus,  from  misceo,  to  mix.] 
1.  Water  falling  in  very  numerous,  but  fine 
and  almost  imperceptible  drops. 

A  mist  is  a  multitude  of  small  but  solid  glob- 
ules, whicli  therefore  descend.  Grew. 
'1..  That   which   dims  or  darkens,   and  ob- 
scures or  intercepts  vision. 

Hi.?  passion  cast  a  mist  before  his  sense. 

Dryden. 
MIST,  V.  t.  To  cloud ;  to  cover  with  vapor. 

Shnk. 
MIST-ENeUM'BERED,   a.    Loaded  with 
mist.  J.  Bartow. 

MISTA'KABLE,  a.   That  may  be  miscon- 
ceived or  mistaken.  Brown. 
MISTAKE,   r.t.   To  take  wrong  ;  to  con- 
ceive or  understand  erroneously ;  to  mis- 
understand or  misapprehend. 

'lis  to  mistake  tliem  costs  the  time  and  pain, 

Pope 


2.  To  take  one  thing  or  person  for  another. 
We  mistake  the  eloquence   of  self-apology 
tor  the  animation  of  conscious  integrity. 

Jiutkminster. 

A  man  may  mistake  the  love  of  virtue  for  the 

practice  of  it.  Johnson. 

MISTA'KE,  V.  I.  To  err  in  opinion  or  judg- 
ment. 

Ser^•auts  mistake,  and   sometimes  occasion 
misunderstanding  among  friends.  Stoift. 

MISTA'KE,  n.  An  errorin  opinion  or  judg- 
ment ;  njisconception. 

Infallibility  is  an  absolute  security  of  the  un- 
derstanding from  all  possibility  of  mistake. 

Tillotson. 

2.  A  slip ;  a  fault ;  an  error.  There  is  a 
mistake  in  the  account  or  in  the  date. 

MISTA'KEN.  In  the  use  of  this  participle, 
there  is  a  peculiarity  which  ought  to  be 
carefully  noticed.  When  used  of  persons, 
it  signifies  to  be  in  an  error,  to  be  wrong; 
as,  I  am  mistaken,  you  are  mistaken,  he  is 
mistaken.  But  when  used  of  things,  it 
signifies  misunderstood,  misconceived  ;  as, 
the  sense  of  the  passage  is  mistaken,  that 
is,  no(  rightly  understood. 

MISTA'KER,  ?!.  One  that  mistakes  or  mis- 
understands. 

MISTA'KING,  ppr.  Making  a  mistake;  er- 
ring from  the  truth  ;  misconceiving. 

MISTA'KING,  n.  An  error;  a  mistake. 

Hall. 

ailSTA'KINGLY,  adv.  Erroneously  ;  false- 
ly. Boyle. 

MISTAUGIIT',  pp.  Wrongly  taught ;  as  a 
mistnvght  youtli.  L^Estranse. 

MISTE'ACU,  11.  t.  [See  Teach.]  To  tea'ch 
wrong;  to  instruct  erroneously. 

Sanderson. 

MISTE'ACHING,  ppi:  Instructing  erro- 
neously. 

MISTELL',  V.  f.  [See  Tell.]  To  teil  erro- 
neously. 

MISTEM'PER,  V.  I.  To  temper  ill  ;  to  dis- 
order. Shak. 

MISTEM'PERED,  pp.  Tempered  ill. 

MIS'TER,    n.    [The  pronunciation  of  this 
word  is  i)robably   from   the  Welsh,  Ger 
man  or  Dutch  dialect.     See  Master.] 

The  common  title  of  address  to  gentlemen, 
and  to  men  of  all  classes.  In  writing,  it  is 
expressed  by  the  abbreviation  Mr. 

MIS'TER,  V.  I.  To  occasion  loss.  [Sw.  mis- 
ta.]     [J^Tol  in  use.] 

MISTERM',  V.  t.  To  term  or  denominate 
erroneoufilv.  Shak. 

MISTERM'ED,  pp.  Wrongly  denomina- 
ted. 

MISTERM'ING,  ppr.  Denominating  erro- 
neously. 

MIST'FUL,  a.  Clouded  with  mist. 

MISTIIINK',  V.  i.  [Sec  Think.]  To  think 
wrong.     [Little  used.]  Shak. 

MISTHOUGIIT',  pp.  oC  misthink.  Thought 
wrong  of 

Adam,  misthought  of  her  to  thee  so  dear. 

Jifdlon. 

MISTI'ME,  V.  t.  To  time  wrong  ;  not  to 
adapt  to  the  time. 

MISTI'ME,  V.  i.  To  neglect  the  proper 
time. 

MISTI'MED,  pp.  Ill  timed ;  done  at  a 
wrong  time. 

MISTI'MING,  ppr.  Ill  timing  ;  doing  un 
seasonably. 


MIST'INESS,  n.  [See  Mist.]  A  state  of 
being  misty  ;  a  state  of  thick  rain  in  very 
small  drops.  Bacon. 

MIS'TION,  n.  [L.  mistus,  mixtus.  See 
Mix.] 

1.  A  state  of  being  mixed. 

2.  Mixture ;  a  mingling.  Boyle. 
MISTI'TLE,  V.  t.  To  call  by  a  wrong  title 

or  name.  Warhurton. 

MISTI'TLED,  pp.  Wrongly  named. 

MISTLE,  V.  i.  mis'l.  [from  mist.]  To  fall 
in  very  fine  drops,  as  rain.     [See  Missle.] 

MISTLETOE,  ?  .  „,      [Sax.  mistelta ; 

MISLETOE,  \  "•  '""  ""•  Dan.»mH  the 
same  shrub,  and  birdlime  ;  G.  id.] 

A  plant  or  shrub  that  grows  on  trees.  It  is 
of  the  genus  Viscum.  The  berry  contains 
a  glutinous  substance,  and  the  shrub  is 
said  to  be  propagated  by  birds.  This 
plant  was  held  in  great  veneration  by  the 
Druids.  Bacon.     Miller.     Encyc. 

MIrtT'LIKE,  a.  Resembling  mist.       Shak. 

MISTOLD,  pp.  Erroneously  told.  [See 
Tell.] 

MISTOOK',  pret.  of  mistake. 

MISTRA'IN,  V.  t.  To  train  or  educate 
amiss.  Spenser 

MISTRANSLA'TE,  v.  t.  To  translate  er- 
roneously. Macknight. 

MISTRANSLA'TED,  pp.  Erroneously  ren- 
dered into  another  language. 

MISTRANSLA'TING,  ppr.  Translating  in- 
correctly. 

MISTRANSLA'TION,    n.    An    erroneous 

translation  or  version. 
MIS'TRESS,  n.  [Fr.  maitresse ;  It.maestra, 

maestressa  ;  Sp.  maestra  ;  L.  magistra ;  Ir. 

maigh  is  treas.     See  .Master.] 

1.  A  woman  who  governs  ;  correlative  U' 
servant,  slave,  or  subject. 

RIy  mistress  here  lies  murdered  in  her  bed. 

Shak. 

2.  The  female  head  of  a  family. 

'■i.  That  which  governs  ;  a  sovereign.  Rome 
was  mistress  of  the  world. 

4.  One  that  conmiands,  or  has  possession 
and  sovereignty.  The  queen  is  mistress  of 
the  Indies. 

5.  A  female  who  is  well  skilled  in  any  thing ; 
as,  she  ismistrcss  of  arithmetic. 

6.  A  woman  teacher ;  an  instructress  of  a 
school.  Swi/t. 

7.  A  woman  beloved  and  courted. 

Clarendon. 

8.  A  woman  in  keeping  for  lewd  purposes. 

9.  A  term  of  contemptuous  address.     Shak. 
MIS'TRESS,  V.  t.  To  wait  upon  a  mistress; 

to  be  coiu'ting.  Donne. 

MISTRESS-SHIP,  n.  Female  rule  or  do- 
minion. Hall. 

MISTRUST',  n.  [Dan.  mistrOst.  See  Trust.] 
Want  of  confidence  or  trust;  suspicion. 

Milton. 

MISTRUST',  v.  t.  [Dan.  mistrocr ;  Sw.  miss- 
tro.     See  Trust.] 

To  suspect;  to  doubt ;  to  regard  with  jeal- 
ousy or  suspicion. 

Fate  her  own  book  mistrusted  at  the  sight. 

Cowley. 

MISTRUST'ED,  pp.  Suspected. 

MISTRUSTFUL,  a.  Suspicious  ;  doubt- 
ing; wanting  confidence  in.  tl'aller. 

MISTRUST'FyLNESS,  n.  Suspicion  ; 
doubt.  Sidney. 


M  I  T 


MIT 


JM  I  X 


WISTRUST'FULLY,  adv.  With  suspicion 

or  tloubt. 
MISTRUST'ING,  ppr.  Suspecting ;  having 

no  confidence  in. 
MISTRUST'INGLY,  adv.  With  distrust  or 


suspicion. 
MISTKUST'LESS, 


a.   Unsuspecting ;  un- 


suspicious. Carew. 

MISTU'NE,  V.  t.  To  tune  wrong  or  erro- 
neously ;  to  put  out  of  tune.  SktUon. 

MISTURN',  V.  I.  To  pervert.     [JVot  used.] 

MISTU'TOR,  V.  t.  To  instruct  amiss. 

MIST'Y,  a.  [irommisl.]    Overspread   with 
mist ;    filled   with  very   minute  drojis  of| 
rain ;  as  misty  weather  ;  a  misty   atmos 
phere  ;  a  misty  night  or  day. 

Spenser.     Pope. 

2.  Dim;  obscure;  clouded  ;  as  mi's/.!/ sight 

MISUNDERSTAND',  v.t.  To  misconceive  ; 
to  mistake  ;  to  take  in  a  wrong  sense. 

Locke.     Addison 

MISUNDERSTANDING,  ppr.  Mistaking 
the  meaning. 

MISUNDERSTANDING,  n.  Misconcep- 
tion ;  mistake  of  the  meaning  ;  error. 

Bacon 

2.  Disagreement  ;    difference  ;    dissension 
sometimes  a  softer  name  for  quarrd. 

Sunfl 

MISUNDERSTOOD,    pp.    Misconceived 
mistaken  ;  understood  erroneously. 

South 

MlSUSAtiE,  n.  misyu'zage.  Ill  usage  ; 
abuse. 

MISUSE,  V.  t.  viisyu'ze.  [Fi:  mesuser.  See 
Use.] 

1.  To  treat  or  use  improperly;  to  use  to  a 
bad  purpose.  Milton. 

2.  To  abuse  ;  to  treat  ill. 

MISUSE,  n.  misyu'se.  Ill  treatment;  im- 
proper use ;  employment  to  a  bad  pur- 
pose ;  as  the  misuse  of  mercies.      Addison. 

2.  Abuse  ;  ill  treatment.  Shak. 

3.  Wrong  application  ;  misapplication  ;  er- 
roneous use  ;  as  the  misuse  of  words. 

Locke. 
MISUSED,  pp.  misyu'zed.  Improperly  used 

or    applied  ;    misapplied  ;    misemployed  ; 

abused. 
MISUSING,  ppr.  misyu'zing.  Using  improp- 
erly ;  abusing;  misapplying. 
MISVOUCir,  I'.  /.  To  vouch  falsely. 
MISWEAR,  V.  t.  To  swear  ill.     Obs. 

Bacon. 
MISWED',  V.  t.  To  wed  improperly. 
MISWED'DED,  pp.  Ill  matched. 
MISWEE'N,  v.i.  To  misjudge;  to  distrust. 

Speiiser. 
MISWEND',  V.  i.  To  go  wrong.     Obs. 

Spenser. 
MISWRI'TE,  V.  t.  [See   IFrite.]    To  write 

incorrectly.  Bp.  Cosin. 

AIISWROUGHT,       a.      misraut  .       Badly 

wrought.  Bacon. 

MISY.     [See  Missy.] 
MISZEALOUS,  a.  miszel'ous.  Actuated  by 

false  zeal.  Bp.  Hall. 

MITE,  n.  [Sax.  mite  :  D.  myl ;  Dan.  mid  ;  Fr. 

mile  ;  Heb.  Ch.   Bi'a,   small.     Class  Md. 

No.  17.] 

1.  A  very  small  insect  of  the  genus  Acarns. 

2.  In  Scripture,  a  small  iiiece  of  money,  the 
quarter  of  a  denarius,  or  about  seven  Eng- 
lish farthings.  Encyc. 

8.  Any  thing  proverbially  very  small ;  a  very 
little  particle  or  quantity.  Dryden. 


4.  The  twentieth  part  of  a  grain. 

Arhuthnot. 
MITEL'LA,  n.  A  plant. 
MI'TER,    n.    [It.    Sp.   mitra  ;    Fr.   mitre  ; 
Ann.  mintr.] 

1.  A  sacerdotal  ornament  worn  on  the  head 
by  bisliops  and  certain  abbots,  on  solemn 
occasions.  Encyc. 

2.  In    architecture,   an   angle   of  45°. 

Encyc. 

3.  In  Irish  history,  a  sort  of  base  money  or 
coin.  Encyc. 

4.  Figuratively,  the  dignity  of  bishops  or  ab- 
bots. 

MI'TER,  V.  t.  To  adorn  with  a  miter. 

2.  To  unite  at  an  angle  of  45°. 

MI'TERED,  pp.  or  a.  Wearing  a  miter. 

2.  Honored  with  the  privilege  of  wearing  a 
miter. 

}.  Cut  or  joined  at  an  angle  of  45°. 

MITHIe.     [See   Mythic.] 

MITH'RIDATE,  n.  In  pharmacy,  an  anti 
dote  against  poison,  or  a  composition  in 
form  of  an  electuary,  supposed  to  serve 
either  as  a  remedy  or  a  preservative 
against  poison.  It  takes  its  name  from 
Mithridates,  king  of  Pontus,  the  inventor. 

Encyc. 

MITHRIDAT'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  mithri 
date,  or  its  inventor,  Mithridates. 

MITIGABLE,  a.  That  may  be  mitigated. 

Barrow 

MIT  IGANT,  a.  [L.  mi/ro-ans,  mi/ig-o,  from 
mills,  mild;  \W.  mezal,  soft.] 

1.  Softening:  lenient;  lenitive. 

2.  Diminishing  ;  easing  ;  as  pain. 
MITIGATE,  V.  t.    [L.   mitigo,  from  mitis, 

soft,  mild,  W.  mezal,  Ir.  maolh,  muadh  ;  Ar. 

,  5  - 

i  l^     to  be  tender  or  smooth.     Class  Md. 

No.  I.  6.  2.5.  28.] 

1.  To  alleviate,  as  suffering;  to  assuage;  to 
lessen ;  as,  to  mitigate  pain  or  grief. 

And  counsel  mitigates  the  greatest  smart. 

Spensei' 

2.  To  make  less  severe  ;  as,  to  nu7ig'a(e  doom. 

Milton. 

•3.  To  abate  ;  to  make  less  rigorous ;  to  mod 
erate ;  as,  to  mitigate  cold  ;  to  mitigate  the 
severity  of  the  season. 

4.  To  temper ;  to  moderate  ;  to  soften  in 
harshness  or  severity. 

We  coulJ  wish  (hat  the  rigor  of  their  opinions 
were  allayed  and  mitigated.  Hooker. 

5.  To  calm  ;  to  appease  ;  to  moderate  ;  as, 
to  mitigate  the  fierceness  of  party. 

Spectator. 

6.  To  diminish  ;  to  render  more  tolerable ; 
as,  to  mitigate  the  evils  or  calamities  of 
life;   to  mitigate  punishment. 

7.  To  reduce  in  amount  or  severity ;  as,  to 
mitigate  a  penalty. 

8.  To  soften,  or  make  mild  and  accessible ; 
in  a  literal  setise. 

It  was  this   opinion  which  mitigated  kings 
into  companions.     [Unusual.]  Burke 

MIT'IGATED,  pp.  Softened  ;  alleviated  ; 
moderated  ;  diminished. 

MITTGATING,  ppr.  Softening;  allevia- 
ting ;   tempering  ;  moderatinir  ;  abating. 

MITIGA'TION,  Ji.  [L.  mitigutio.]  Allevia- 
tion ;  abatement  or  diminution  of  any 
thing  painful,  harsh,  severe,  ntHictive  or 
calamitous  ;  as  the  mitigation  of  pain,  grief, 
rigor,  severity,  i)unishraent  or  penalty. 


MIT'IGATIVE,  a.  Lenitive ;  tending  to  al- 

MIT'IGATOR,  Ji.  He  or  that  which  miti- 
gates. 

MIT'TF.N,  n.  [Fr.  mitnine  ;  Ir.  mitog,  per- 
haps from  math,  the  hand.] 

1.  A  cover  for  the  hand,  worn  to  defend  it 
from  cold  or  other  injury.  It  differs  from 
a  glove,  in  not  having  a  separate  cover 
for  each  finger. 

2.  A  cover  for  the  arm  only. 

To  handle  without  mittens,  to  treat  roughly  ; 
a  popular  colloquial  phrase. 

MIT'TENT,  a.  [L.  inittcns,  from  mitto,  to 
send.] 

Sending  forth  ;  emitting.     [JVot  used.] 

H'lseman. 

MITTIMUS,  n.  [L.  we  send.]  In  law,  a 
precept  or  command  in  writing,  under  the 
hand  or  hand  and  seal  of  a  justice  of  the 
peace  or  other  proper  oflicer,  directed  to 
the  keeper  of  a  prison,  requiring  him  to 
imprison  an  offender  ;  a  warrant  of  com- 

!     mitment  to  prison. 

2.  A  writ  for  removing  records  from   one 

I     court  to  another.  Encyc. 

MITU,  )i.    A  fowl  of  the  turkey  kind,  found 

1     in  Brazil. 

MI'TY,  a.  [from  mite.]  Having  or  abound- 
ing with  mites. 

MIX,  V.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  mixed  or  mixt.  [Sax. 
miscan ;  G.  mischen ;  Sp.  mecer ;  Port. 
mexer,  to  stir,  shake,  mix  ;  L.  misceo,  mix- 
turn;  It.  mischiarc ;  Ir.measgadh  ;  '\V./nys- 
gu  ;  Arii>. gemesga  ;  Russ.  nics/iaiyu.  The 
Gr.  fiiyiivu  forms  ^i|u.  These  words 
seem  to  coincide  with   the  Heb.  and  Ch. 

'  pn,  and  Ar.  -^-i.^  to  mi.x.  The  San- 
scrit misra,  to  ini.v,  may  be  the  same  woril. 
The  radical  sense  is  probably  to  stir,  shake 
or  agitate.] 

1.  To  unite  or  blend  promiscuously  two  or 
more  ingredients  into  a  mass  or  com- 
pound;  applied  both  to  solids  and  liquids; 
as,  to  mix  flour  and  salt ;  to  mix  wines. 

2.  To  join;  to  associate  ;  to  unite  with  in 
comjiany. 

E|)hraiin,  he  hath  mixed  himself  among  the 
people.     Hos.  vii. 

3.  Tojoin  ;  to  mingle. 
Von  mix  your  sadness  with  some  fear. 

I  Shak. 

4.  To  unite  with  a  crowd  or  multitude. 
MIX,  V.  i.    To  become  united  or  blended 

promiscuously  in   a  mass  or   compound. 

Oil  and  water  will  not  mix  without  the  iii- 
j     tervention  of  a  third  .substance. 
2.  To  be  joined  or  associated  ;  as,   to   mix 

with  the  multitude,  or  to  mix  in  society. 
MIX'ED,  pp.  United  in  a  promiscuous  mass 

or  compound  ;  blended  ;  joined ;  mingled  ; 

associated. 
2.  a.    Promiscuous ;   consisting   of    various 

kinds  or  different  things  ;  as  a  mixed  mul- 
titude. 
MIX'EN,  n.  A  dunghill ;  a  laystall. 

Johnson. 
MIX'ER,  n.  One  who  mixes  or  mingles. 
MIX  ING,  ppr.    Uniting   or  blending   in  a 

mass  or  compound  ;  joining  in  company  ; 

associating. 
MIXTILIN'EAL,  ?      [L.mix/us, mixed, and 
MIXTILIN  EAR,  <,  "■  tinea,  line.] 


M  O  A 


M  O  C 


31  O  C 


Containing  a  mixture  of  lines,  right,  curved,! 
&c.  Duncan} 

MIX'TION,  n.  [Fr. ;  from  L.  mixtus.]  Mix- 
ture ;  promiscuous  assemblage.       Brown. 

MIXT'LY,  adv.  With  mixture.  Bacon. 

MIX'TURE,  »i.  [L.  midura.]  The  act  of 
mixing,  or  state  of  being  mixed.  Com- 
pounds are  made  by  the  mixture  of  differ- 
ent substances. 

2.  Amass  or  compound,  consisting  of  differ- 
ent ingredients  blended  without  order. 
In  this  life  there  is  a  mixture  of  good  and 
evil.  Most  wines  in  market  are  base  mix- 
tures. 

3.  The  ingredient  added  and  mixed.  Cicero 
doubted  whether  it  is  possible  for  a  com 
munity  to  exist  without  a  prevailing  mix- 
ture of  piety  in  its  constitution. 

4.  In  pharmacy,  a  liquid  medicine  which  re 
ceives  into  its   composition   not  only  ex 
tracts,  salts  and  other  substances  dissolva- 
ble in  water,  but  earths,  powders  and  oth- 
er substances  not  dissolvable.  Encrjc 

;1.  In  chimistry,  mixture  differs  from  combi- 
nation. In  mixture,  the  several  ingredi- 
ents are  blended  without  an  alteration  of 
the  substances,  each  of  which  still  retains 
its  own  nature  and  properties.  In  combi- 
nation, the  substances  unite  by  chiraical 
attraction,  and  losing  their  distinct  proper- 
ties, they  form  a  compound  differing  in  its 
properties  from  either  of  the  ingredients. 

MIZ'MAZE,  n.  A  cant  word  for  a  maze  or 
labyrinth.  Locke. 

MIZZEN,  n.  miz'n.  [It.  mezzana,  mizzen, 
that  is,  middle,  from  mezzo,  middle,  half] 

In  sea-language,  the  aftermost  of  the  fixed 
sails  of  a  sliip,  extended  sometimes  by  a 
gaff,  and  sometimes  by  a  yard  which 
crosses  the  mast  obliquely.  Mar.  Diet. 

MIZ'ZEN-MAST,  n.  The  mast  which  sup- 
ports the  after-sails,  and  stands  nearest  to 
the  stern. 

MIZ'ZLE,  V.  i.  To  mistle.     [See  Mistle.] 

MIZ'ZY,  n.  A  bog  or  quagmire. 

Ainsworth. 

iVINEMONl€,  a.  nemon'ic.  [infra.]  Assist- 
ing the  memory. 

MNEMON'IeS,  n.  [from  Gr.  >t»^^wwoj, 
from  fiiuo/iai,  to  remember.] 

The  art  of  memory  ;  the  precepts  and  rules 
intended  to  teach  the  method  of  assisting 
the  memory.  Bailey. 

JMO,  a.  [Sax.  ma  ;  Scot,  mic.]    More.     Obs. 

Spenser. 

MOAN,  D.  t.  [Sax.  vianan,  to  moan,  also  to 
mean,  intend,  signify.  The  primary  sense 
is  to  reach  or  stretch  forward,  or  to  throw 
out.] 

To  lament ;  to  deplore ;  to  bewail  with  an 
audible  voice. 

Ve  floods,  ye  woods,  ye  echoes,  moan 

My  itear  Columbo  dead  and  gone.         Prior. 

MOAN,  V.  i.  To  grieve  ;  to  make  lamenta- 
tions. 

Unpiticd  and  unheard,  where  misery  moans. 

Thomsoii 

MOAN,  n.  Lamentation ;  audible  express 
ion  of  sorrow  ;  grief  expressed  in  words 
or  cries. 

Sullen  moans. 

Hollow  groans.  Pope 

MOANED,  pp.  Lamented  ;  deplored. 

MOANFUL,  a.  Sorrowful;  expressing  sor- 
row. 

MOANFULLY,  adv.  With  lamentation. 


MOANING,  ppr.  Lamenting  ;  bewailing. 

MOAT,  n.  [Ir.  jnote;  Sp.  id.;  Fr.  motte. 
The  word  signifies  a  bank  or  mound,  that 
is,  a  mass  or  collection.  This  sense  is 
transferred  to  the  ditch  adjoining,  as  dike 
is  transferred  to  the  bank.] 

In  fortification,  a  ditch  or  deep  trench  round 
the  rampart  of  a  castle  or  other  fortified 
place.     It  is  sometimes  filled  with  water. 

Encyc. 

MOAT,  II.  t.  To  surround  with  a  ditch  for 
defense  ;  as  a  moated  castle.  Dryden. 

MOB,  n.  [from  L.  inobitis,  movable,  varia- 
ble.] 

A  crowd  or  promiscuous   multitude  of 
people,  rude,  tumultuous  and  disorderly. 
A  disorderly  assembly. 

Had  every  Athenian  citizen  been  a  Socrates, 
every  Athenian  assembly  would  still  have  been 
a  mob.  Federalist,  Madison. 

3.  A  huddled  dress.  Steele 

MOB,  V.  t.  To  attack  in  a  disorderly  crowd ; 
to  harass  tumultuously. 

3.  To  wrap  up  in  a  cowl  or  vail. 

MOB'BISH,  a.  Like  a  mob ;  tumultuous 
mean  ;  vulgar. 

MOB'€AP,  Ji.  [D.  mop.]  A  plain  cap  or 
head-dress  for  females. 

MO'BILE,  a.  [Fr.]  IJIovable.      [JVotused.] 

Skelton. 

MO'BILE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  mobilis.]  The 
mob  ;  the  populace.  South. 

Primum  mobile,  [L.]  in  the  ancient  astron- 
omy, a  ninth  heaven  or  sphere,  suppos- 
ed to  be  beyond  tlie  fixed  stars,  and  to 
be  the  first  mover  of  all  the  lower  spheres. 

MOBILITY,  w.  [Fr.  mobilite ;  L.  mobilitas, 
from  moveo,  to  move.] 

1.  Susceptibility  of  motion  ;  cajjacily  of  be- 
ing moved.  H'otton. 

2.  Aptitude  to  motion;  activity;  readiness 
to  move.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  In  cant  language,  the  populace.  Dryden. 
Fickleness;  inconstancy.  Ainsworth. 

MOB'LE,  V.  t.  To  wrap  the  head  in  a  hood. 

Shak. 

MOC'CASON,  n.  A  shoe  or  cover  for  the 
feet,  made  of  deer-skin  or  other  soft  leth- 
er,  without  a  sole,  and  ornamented  on  the 
upper  side  ;  the  customary  shoe  worn  by 
the  native  Indians. 

MO'€HA-STONE,  n.  [from  Mocha,  in  Ara 
bia.] 

Dendritic  agate  ;  a  mineral  in  the  interior  of 
which  appear  brown,  reddish  brown, 
blackisli  or  green  delineations  of  shrubs 
destitute  of  leaves.  These  in  some  cases 
may  have  been  produced  by  the  filtration 
of  the  o.xyds  of  iron  and  manganese  ;  but 
in  other  cases  they  appear  to  be  vegetable 
fibers,  sometimes  retaining  their  natural 
form  and  color,  and  sometimes  coated  by 
oxyd  of  iron.  Cleaveland. 

MOCK,  t).  t.  [Fr.  moquer;  Gr.  ^uxau ;  W. 
mociaio,  to  mock,  and  moc,  a  mimic ;  Ir. 
magadh or  mogadh,  a  mocking;  Ch.  Svr. 
plD.  Class  Mg.  No.  10.] 

L  Properly,  to  imitate  ;  to  mimick  ;  hence,  to 
imitate  in  contempt  or  derision  ;  to  mimick 
for  the  sake  of  derision  ;  to  deride  by 
mimicry. 

2.  To  deride ;  to  laugh  at ;  to  ridicule  ;  to 
treat  with  scorn  or  contempt. 

As  he  was  going  up  by  the  way,  there  came 
I'ortli  little  children  out  of  the  city,  and  mockedl 


hiffl,  saying,  go  up,  thou  bald  head.    2  Kings 
ii.     Mark  x. 

3.  To  defeat;  to  illude;  to  disappoint;  to 
deceive  ;  as,  to  mock  expectation. 

Thou  hast  mocked  me  and  told  roe  lies. 
Judg.  xvi. 

4.  To  fool ;  to  tantalize ;  to  play  on  in  con- 
tempt. 

He  will  not 
Mock  us  with  his  blest  sight,  then  snatch  him 
hence.  Milton. 

MOCK,  V.  i.  To  make  sport  in  contempt  or 
in  jest,  or  to  speak  jestingly. 

When  thou  mockest,  shall  no  man  make  thee 
ashamed  ?     Job  xi. 
MOCK,  n.  Ridicule  ;    derision ;   sneer ;   an 
act  manifesting  contempt. 

Fools  make  a  tnock  at  sin.     Prov.  .\iv. 
What  shall  be  the  portion  of  those  who  make 
a  mock  at  every  thing  sacred  ?  Tillotson. 

2.  Imitation ;  mimicry.     [Little  used.] 

CrashaiB. 
MOCK,    a.    False  ;   counterfeit ;  assumed  ; 
imitating  reality,  but  not  real. 

That  superior  greatness  and  mock  majesty 

Spectator. 
MOCK'ABLE,  a.  Exposed  to  derision. 

[Little  iised.]  Shak. 

MOCK'AUE,  n.  Mockery.     [ATot  used.] 

Elyot. 
MOCK'ED,  pp.   Imitated  or  mimicked  in 
derision  ;  laughed  at ;  ridiculed ;  defeated ; 
illuded. 
MOCK'ER,  n.  One  that  mocks;  a  scorner  ; 
a  scoffer ;  a  derider.  South. 

2.  A  deceiver;  an  impostor. 
MOCKERY,  n.  The  act  of  deriding  and 
exposing   to  contempt,   by  mimicking  the 
words  or  actions  of  another. 

2.  Derision;  ridicule;  sportive  insult  or  con- 
tempt ;  contemptuous  merriment  at  per- 
sons or  things. 

Grace  at  meals  is  now  generally  so  performed 
as  to  look  more  like  mockery  upon  devotion, 
than  any  solemn  application  of  the  mind  to  God. 

Law. 

3.  Sport;  subject  of  laughter. 
Of  the  holy  place  they  made  a  mockery. 

.Maccabees. 

4.  Vain  imitation  or  effort;  that  which  de- 
ceives, disappoints  or  frustrates. 

It  is  as  the  air,  invulnerable. 

And  our  vain  blows  malicious  mockery. 

Shak. 

5.  Imitation;  counterfeit  appearance;  false 
show. 

And  bear  about  the  mockery  of  woe 

To  midnight  dances.  Pope. 

MOCK'ESON,  n.  The  name  of  a  serpent. 

MOCK'ING,  ppr.  Imitating  in  contempt ; 
mimicking ;  ridiculing  by  mimicry ;  treat- 
ing with  sneers  and  scorn;  defeating;  de- 
luding. 

MOCK'ING,  n.  Derision  ;   insult. 

MOCKING-BIRD,  n.  The  mocking  thrush 
of  America;  a  bird  of  the  genus  Turdus. 

MOCKINGLY,  adv.  By  way  of  derision; 
in  contempt. 

MOCK'ING-STOCK,  n.  A  butt  of  sport. 

MOCKLE.     [See  Micklc] 

MOCK'-LEAD,  \      A  sulphuretof  zink,  the 

MOCK'-ORE,  5 '"same  as  hknd,  which 
see. 

MOCK'-ORANgE,  n.  A  plant  of  the  geinis 
Philadelphus. 

MOCK'-PRIVET,  Ji.  A  i)lant  of  the  genus 
Phillyrca. 


31  O  D 


M  O  D 


M  OT> 


MO'DAL,  a.  [See  Mode.]  Consisting  in 
mode  only  ;  relating  to  form  ;  having  the 
form  without  tlie  essence  or  reality ;  as 
the  modal  diversity  of  the  faculties  of  the 
soul.  Gtanville. 

MODAL'ITY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  mo- 
dal, or  being  in  form  only. 

MODE,  n.  [Fr.  mode ;  L.  modtis ;  Sp.  It. 
modo  ;  W.  moz ;  Ir.  modk  ;  Sax.  nic<e,  g-e- 
met  or  gemett,  from  nutan,  gemctan,  to 
meet,  to  find,  to  measure  or  mete,  L.  me- 
fior.  The  primary  sense  of  mode  is  meas- 
ure, hence  form.  Measure  is  from  ex- 
tending, the  extent,  hence  a  limit,  and 
hence  the  derivative  sense  of  restraining. 
See  Meet  and  Measure.] 

1.  Manner  of  existing  or   being;   manner; 
method  ;  form  ;    fashion  ;   custom  ;   way 
as  the  mode  of  speaking;    the   mode  of 
dressing ;  modes  of  receiving  or  entertain- 
ing company. 

The  duty  of  itself  being  resolved  on,  the 
mode  of  doing  it  may  be  easily  (ound.     Taylor 

It  is  applicable  to  particular  acts,  or  to  a 
series  of  act.s,  or  to  the  coumioii  usage  of 
a  city  or  nation.  One  man  has  a  particular 
mode  of  walking ;  another  has  a  singular 
mode  of  dressing  his  hair.  We  find  it  ne 
cessary  to  conform  in  some  measure  to 
the  usual  modes  of  dress. 

2.  Gradation ;  degree. 

What  modes  of  sight  between  each  wide  ex- 
treme !  Pope. 

3.  State ;  quality.  Shak. 

4.  In  metaphysics,  the  dependence  or  affec- 
tion of  a  substance.  Such  complex  ideas 
as  contain  not  in  them  the  supposition  of 
subsisting  by  themselves,  but  are  consider- 
ed as  dependencies  or  affections  of  sub- 
stances, Locke  calls  modes.  Of  these  he 
makes  two  kinds  ;  simple  modes,  which  are 
only  variations  or  different  combinations 
of  the  same  idea,  as  a  dozen,  which  con- 
sists of  so  many  units  added  together; 
and  vii.xed  modes,  which  are  compounded 
of  simple  ideas  of  several  kinds,  as  beauty, 
which  is  compounded  of  color  and  fig- 
ure. 

A  mode  is  that  which  cannot  subsist  in  and  of 
itself,  but  is  esteemed  as  belonging  to  and  sub- 
sisting by  the  helji  of  some  substance,  which  for 
that  reason  is  called  its  subject.  JVatts. 

5.  In  music,  a  regular  disposition  of  the  air 
and  accompaniments  relative  to  certain 
principal  sounds,  on  which  a  piecp  of  mu- 
sic is  formed,  and  which  are  called  the  es- 
sential sounds  of  the  mode.  Encyc. 

i).  In  grammar,  a  particular  manner  of  con- 
jugating verbs  to  express  manner  of  ac- 
tion or  being,  as  afiirmation,  connnand, 
condition  and  the  like ;  usually  and  not 
very  properly  written  «ioo(/.  Mood  is  a 
word  of  different  signification.  [Sec 
Mood.] 

7.  A  kind  of  silk. 

MODEL,  )i.  mod'l.  [Fr.  modelle  ;  L.  modu- 
lus, from  modus.] 

1.  A  pattern  of  sotnething  to  be  made  ;  any 
thing  of  a  particular  form,  shape  or  con- 
struction, intended  for  imitation ;  prim.a- 
rily,  a  small  pattern;  a  form  in  miniature 
of  something  to  be  made  on  a  larger 
scale  ;  as  the  model  of  a  building ;  the 
model  of  a  fort. 

'i.  A  mold;  something  intended  to  give 
shape  to  castings.  Shak. 


Pattern  ;  example ;  as,  to  form  a  govern- 
ment on  the  model  of  the  British  or  Ameri- 
can constitution. 

Standard  ;  that  by  which  a  thing  is  to  be 
measured. 

He  that  despair.'),  measures  Providence  by  his 

own  conti  acted  model.  South. 

5.  In  painting  and  sculpture,  that  which  is  to 
bo  copied  or  imitated ;  as  the  naked  hu- 
man form. 

6.  A  pattern ;  any  thing  to  be  imitated 
Take  Cicero,  lord  Chatham  or  Burke 
as  a  model  of  eloquence  ;  take  Washington 
as  a  model  of  prudence,  integrity  and  pa 
triotisni ;  above  all,  let  Christ  be  the  model 
of  our  benevolence,  humility,  obedience 
and  patience. 

7.  A  copy  ;  representation  ;  something  made 
in  imitation  of  real  life ;  as  anatomical 
models,  representing  the  parts  of  the  body 
General  Pfifler  constructed  a  model  of  the 
mountainous  parts  of  Switzerland. 

MOD'EL,  V.  t.  [Fr.  modeler.]  To  plat) 
or  form  in  a  ])articular  maimer  ;  to 
shape  ;  to  imitate  in  planning  or  forming  ; 
as,  to  model  a  house  or  a  government ;  to 
model  an  edifice  according  to  the  plan  do 
lineated. 

MOD'ELED,  pp.  F'ormed  according  to  a 
model ;  planned  ;  shaped  ;   formed. 

MOD'ELER,  n.  A  planner ;  a  contriver. 

Spectator. 

MOD'ELING,  ppr.  Forming  according  to 
a  model ;  planning;  fortning;  shaping. 

MOD'ERATE,  a.  [L.  moderatus,  from  mod- 
eror,  to  limit,  from  modus,  a  limit.] 

1.  Literally,  limited ;  restrained  ;  hence, 
temperate ;  observing  reasonable  bound; 
in  indulgence ;  as  moderate  in  eating  or 
drinking,  or  in  other  gratifications. 

2.  Limited  in  quantity  ;  not  excessive  or  ex 
pensive.     He  keeps  a  moderate  table. 

3.  Restrained  in  passion,  ardor  or  temper; 
not  violent ;  as  moderate  men  of  both  par- 
ties. 

[4.  Not  extreme  in  opinion ;  as  a  moderate 
Calvinist  or  Lutheran. 

5.  Placed  between  extremes ;  holding  the 
mean  or  middle  place ;  as  reformation  of 
a  moderate  kind. 

G.  Temperate  ;  not  extreme,  violent  or  rig- 
orous; as  moderate  weather;  a  moderate 
winter  ;  moderate  heat ;  a  moderate  breeze 
of  wind. 

7.  Of  a  middle  rate  ;  as  men   of  moderate 

j     abilities. 

[8.  Not  swift ;  as  a  moderate  walk. 

TiIOD'ERATE,  i'.  (.  To  restrain  from  excess 
of  any  kind  ;  to  reduce  from  a  state  of  vio- 
lence ;  to  lessen  ;  to  allay ;  to  repress  ;  as 
to  moderate  rage,  action,  desires,  &c. ;  to 
moderate  heat  or  wind. 

'2,  To  temper;  to  make  temperate  ;  to  qualify. 
By  its  astringent  quality,  it  moderates  the  re- 
laxing quality  of  warm  water.  Jlrbulhnot. 

MOD'ERATE,  V.  i.  To  become  less  vio- 
lent, severe,  rigorous  or  intense.  The  cold 
of  winter  usually  moderates  in  March  ;  the 
heat  of  summer  moderates  in  September. 

MOD'ERATED,  ;)/).  Reduced  in  violence, 
rigor  or  intensity;  allayed;  lessened; 
tempered ;  qualified. 

MOD'ERATELY,  adv.  Temperately ;  mild- 
ly ;  without  violence. 

'i.  in  a  middle  degree  ;  not  exces.sively :  as 
water  moderately  warm.  | 


Each  nymph  but  modcTcUelif  fair.        fVatler. 

MOD'ERATENESS,  n.  State  of  being 
moderate;  temperateness ;  a  middle  state 
between  e.xtremes  ;  as  the  moderateness  of 
the  weather;  used  commonly  of  things, 
as  moderation  is  of  persons.  Johnson. 

MOD'ERATING,  ppr.  Reducing  in  vio- 
lence or  excess;  allaying;  tempering; 
becoming  more  mild. 

MODERATION,  n.  [L.  moderatio.]  The 
state  of  being  moderate,  or  of  keeping  a 
due  mean  between  extremes  or  excess  of 
violence.  The  General's  moderation  after 
victory  was  more  honorable  than  the  vic- 
tory itseif 

In  moderation  placing  all  my  glory. 
While  tories  call  me  whig,  and  wbigs  a  tory. 

Pope. 
Restraint  of  violent  passions  or  indulgence 
of  appetite.  Eat  and  drink  with  modera- 
tion ;  indulge  with  moderation  in  pleasures 
and  e.xercise. 

Calmness  of  mind;  equanimity;   as,   to 
bear  prosperity  or  adversity  with  modera- 
tion. 
Frugality  in  expenses.  Ainsworth. 

MODERA'TOR,  n.  He  or  that  which  mod- 
erates or  restrains.  Contemplation  is  an 
excellent  moderator  of  the  passions. 

2.  The  person  who  presides  over  a  meet- 
ing or  assembly  of  people  to  preserve  or- 
der, propose  questions,  regulate  the  pro- 
ceedings and  declare  the  vote ;  as  the 
moderator  of  a  town  meeting  or  of  a  soci- 
ety. JVatts. 

MODERA'TORSHIP,  n.  The  ofi^ce  of  a 
moderator.  Elyot. 

MODERN,  a.  [Fr.  moderne ;  It.  Sp.  mod- 
erno.  This  word  seems  to  be  formed  from 
L.  7nodo,  and  ern,  which  we  find  in  other 
Latin  words  that  have  reference  to  time, 
as  in  hodierniis,  hesternus.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  present  time,  or  time 
not  long  past ;  late  ;  recent ;  not  ancient 
or  remote  in  past  time  ;  as  modem  days, 
ages  or  time;  modern  authors ;  modern 
fashions;  morffni  taste;  modern  \)racuci:. 

Bacon.     Prior. 

2.  Common  ;  mean  ;  vulgar.     [.Vot  used.] 

Shak. 

MOD'ERNISM,  n.  Modern  practice;  some- 
thing recently  formed,  particularly  in  wri- 
ting. "  ■     Swift. 

MODERNIST,  7i.  One  who  admires  the 
moderns.  Su-ijl. 

MOD'ERNIZE,  v.  t.  To  render  modern  ;  to 
adapt  ancient  compositions  to  modern 
persons  or  things,  or  rather  to  adapt  the 
ancient  style  or  idiom  to  modern  style  and 
taste. 

MOD'ERNIZED,  pp.  Rendered  conforma- 
ble to  modern  usage. 

MOD'ERNIZER,  n.  He  that  renders  mod- 
ern. 

MOD'ERNIZING,  ppr.  Rendering  modern. 

MOD'ERNLY,  adv.  In  modern  times.  [JVot 
in  use.]  MHtoi\. 

MOD'ERNNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
modern  ;  rccentness  ;   novelty. 

MOD'ERNS,  71.  Those  who  have  lived  in 
times  recently  past,  or  arc  now  living;  op- 
posed to  the  ancients.  Boyle.     Pope. 

MOD' EST,  a.  [Fr.  modeste ;  L.  modestus, 
from  modus,  a  limit.] 

L  Properly,  restrained  by  a  sense  of  propri- 
ety ;  hence,  not  forward  or  bold ;  not  pre- 


31  O  D 


MOD 


M  O  I 


sumptuous  or  arrogant ;  not  boastful ;  as 
a  modest  youth  ;  a  mudest  man. 
2.  Not  bold  or  forward  ;  as  a  modest  maid. 
Tlie  word  may  be  thus  used  witliout  ref- 
erence to  chastity. 

The  blushing  beauties  of  a  modest  maid. 

Dryden 
S.  Not  loose  ;  not  lewd. 

Mrs.  Ford,  the  honest  woman,  the  modest 
wife.  Shak. 

4.  Moderate  ;  not  excessive  or  extreme ;  not 
extravagant  ;  as  a  modest  request ;  modest 
joy  ;  a  modest  computation.  Addison.' 

MOD'ESTLY,  adv.  Not  boldly ;  not  arro- 
gantly or  presumptuously  ;  with  due  re- 
spect.   He  morfesJii/ expressed  his  opinions 

2.  Not  loosely  or  wantonly ;  decently ;  as, 
to  be  modestly  attired ;  to  behave  modestly. 

3.  Not  excessively  ;  not  extravagantly. 
MOD'ESTY,  n.  [L.  modestia.]  That  lowly 

temper  which  accompanies  a  moderate  es- 
timate of  one's  own  worth  and  impor- 
tance. This  temper  when  natural,  springs 
in  some  measure  from  timidity,  and  in 
j-oung  and  inexperienced  persons,  is  allied 
to  bashfulness  and  diffidence.  In  per- 
sons who  have  seen  the  world,  and  lost 
their  natural  timidit)',  modesty  springs  no 
less  from  principle  than  from  feeling,  and 
is  manifested  by  retiring,  unobtrusive 
manners,  assuming  less  to  itself  than  oth- 
ers are  willing  to  yield,  and  conceding  to 
others  all  due  honor  and  respect,  or  even 
more  than  they  expect  or  require. 

2.  Modesty,  as  an  act  or  series  of  acts,  con- 
sists in  humble,  unobtrusive  deportment, 
as  opposed  to  extreme  boldness,  forward- 
ness, arrogance,  presumption,  audacity  or 
impudence.  Thus  we  say,  the  petitioner 
urged  his  claims  with  modesty  ;  the  speak 
cr  addressed  the  audience  with  modesty. 

3.  Moderation  ;  decency.  Shak. 

4.  hi  females,  modesty  has  the  like  character 
as  in  males ;  but  the  word  is  used  also  as 
synonymous  with  chastity,  or  purity  of 
manners.  In  this  sense,  modesty  results 
from  purity  of  mind,  or  from  the  fear  of 
disgrace  and  ignominy  fortified  by  educa- 
tion and  principle.  Unaffected  modesty  is 
the  sweetest  charm  of  female  excellence, 
the  richest  gem  in  the  diadem  of  their 
honor. 

MOD'ESTY-PIECE,  )i.  A  narrow  lace 
worn  by  females  over  the  bosom. 

Addison. 

MOD'leUM,  n.  [L.]  A  httle  ;  a  small  quan- 
tity. Dn/deii. 

MOD'IFIABLE,  a.  [from  viodify.]  "That 
may  be  modified  or  diversified  by  various 
forms  and  differences  ;  as  modijiahle  mat- 
ter. Lock 

.MODIFIC.VTION,  n.  [from  modify.]    The 
act  of  modifying,  or  giving  to  any  thing 
new  forms,  or  differences  of  external  qua' 
ities  or  modes. 

If  these  powers  of  cogitation,  volition  and 
sensation  arc  not  inherent  in  matteras  such,  nor 
acquirable  to  matter  by  any  motion  or  modifira- 
tion  of  it —  Bentley 

9.  Particular  form  or  manner  ;  as  the  various 
modifimtions  of  light  or  sound.  The  trea- 
ty, in  several  of  its  modifications,  was  held 
to  he  objectionable.         Newton.     Holder. 

^,\0\VWW.D,  jip.  Changed  in  form  or  ex- 
tcrnrd  qualities;  varied  ;  diversified. 


2.  Moderated  :  tempered  ;  qualified  in  ex- 
ceptionable parts. 

MOI>'IFIER,n.  He  or  that  which  modifies. 

MOD'IFY,  t>.  <.  [Fr.  modifier ;  \t.  modificare  ; 
Sp.  modificar  ;  L.  modificor  ;  modni,  limit, 
manner,  and  j'ftcio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  change  the  Ibrm  or  external  qualities 
of  a  thing  ;  to  shape  ;  to  give  a  new  form 
of  being  to  ;  as,  to  modify  matter,  light 
or  sound.  jYewton.     Holder. 

2.  To   vary ;  to   give   a   new   form   to  any 
thing  ;  as,  to  viodify  the  terms  of  a  con 
tract.     A   pwfix  modifies  the  sense  of  a 
verb. 

3.  To  moderate  ;  to  qualify ;  to  reduce  in  ex 
tent  or  degree. 

Of  1113  grace 
He  modifies  his  first  severe  decree.     Dryden. 

MOD'IFY,  I',  i.  To  extenuate. 

VEstrange. 

MOD'IFVlNG,p/>r.  Changing  the  external 
qualities  ;  giving  a  new  form  to  ;  mode- 
rating. 

MODILLION.n.  modiVyun.  [h.  modiglio7ie ; 
Fr.  modillon;  from  L.  modiolus,  from  mo- 
dus.] 

In  architecture,  an  ornament  in  the  cornice 
of  the  Ionic,  Corinthian  and  Composite 
columns  ;  a  sort  of  bracket  serving  to  sup- 
port the  projecturc  of  the  larmier  or  drip; 
a  dental.  Encyc.     Harris. 

MO'DISII,  a.  [from  mode.]  According  to 
the  mode  or  customary  manner ;  fashion- 
able ;  as  a  modish  dress ;  a  modish  feast. 

Dryden. 

MO'DLSIILY,  adv.  Fashionably  ;  in  the 
customary  mode.  Locke. 

MO'DISHNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  fash- 
ionable. 

2.  Aft'ectation  of  the  fashion.  Johnson. 

MOD'ULATE,  v.  t.  [L.  modular,  from  mo- 
rfits,  limit,  measure.] 

1.  To  form  sound  to  a  certain  key,  or  to  a 
certain  proportion.  Johnson.     Encyc. 

2.  To  vary  or  inflect  sound  in  a  natural,  cus- 
tomary or  musical  manner.  Thus  the  or- 
gans of  speech  modulate  the  voice  in  read- 
ing or  speaking. 

Could  any  person  so  modulate  her  voice  as  to 
deceive  so  many.  Broome. 

MOD'ULATED,  pp.  Formed  to  a  certain 
key  ;  varied  ;  inflected. 

MOD'ULATING,  ppr.  Forming  to  a  cer- 
tain proportion  ;  varying  ;  inflecting. 

MODULATION,  n.  [L.  modulatio  ;  Fr. 
modulation.] 

1.  The  act  of  forming  any  thing  to  a  certain 
proportion ;  as  the  different  proportion  and 
modulation  of  matter.  ft'oodivard. 

2.  The  act  of  inflecting  the  voice  in  reading 
or  speaking  ;  a  rising  or  fiilling  of  the 
voice.  Encyc. 

3.  In  music,  the  art  of  composing  melody  or 
harmony  agreeable  to  the  laws  prescribed 
by  any  particular  key,  or  of  changing  the 
key,  or  of  passing  from  one  key  to  another. 

Encyc. 
Modulation  is  the  mannerof  ascertaining 
and  managing  the  modes  ;  or  more  gene- 
rally, the  art  of  conducting  the  harmony 
and  air  through  several  modes  in  a  man- 
ner agreeable  to  the  ear  and  conformed  to 
rules.  Rousseau. 

4.  Sound  modulated  ;  melody.        Thomson. 


MODULATOR,  n.  He  or  that  which  mod- 

idates.  The  tongue  is  a  principal  modula- 
tor of  the  human  voice. 

MODULE,  n.  [Fr. ;  from  L.  modulus.]  A 
model  or  representation. 

2.  In  architecture,  a  certain  measure  or  size 
taken  at  pleasure  for  regulating  the  pro- 
portion of  columns,  and  the  symmetry  or 
disposition  <if  the  whole  building.  The 
usual  module  of  a  column  is  its  semidiara- 
eter  at  the  base.  This  is  divided  into 
parts  or  minutes.  Encyc 

MOD'ULE,  V.  t.  To  model;  to  shape;  to 
modulate.     [Little  used.] 

MO'DUS,  n.  [L.]  A  compensation  for 
tithes;  an  equivalent  in  money  or  other 
certain  thing,  given  to  a  parson  or  vicar 
by  the  owners  of  land  in  heu  of  tithes. 
The  whole  phrase  is  modus  decimandi ;  but 
modus  alone  is  commonly  used. 

Blax:ksione. 

MOD'WALL,  n.  A  bird. 

MOE,  a.  More.     [JVot  used.]  Hooker. 

MOGUL',  n.  The  name  of  a  prince  or  em- 
peror of  the  nation  in  Asia  called  Moguls, 
or  Monguls. 

iMO'HAIR,  n.  [G.  viohr,  mohair,  and  a 
moor  ;  Fr.  moire  ;  Russ.  mor.] 

The  hair  of  a  kind  of  goat  in  Turkey,  of 
vyhich  are  made  camlets,  which  are  some- 
times called  by  the  same  name.        Encyc. 

MO'HAIR-SHELL,  n.  In  conchology,  a  pe- 
culiar species  of  Voluta,  of  a  closely  and 
finely  reticulated  texture,  resembling  on  the 
surface  mohair,  or  a  close  web  of  the  silk- 
worm. Encyc. 

MOHAMMEDAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Mo- 
hammed or  Mahomet. 

MOHAMMEDAN,  n.  A  follower  of  Mo- 
hammed, the  founder  of  the  religion  of 
Arabia  and  Persia. 

MOHAMMEDANISM,  n.  The  religion  or 
doctrines  and  precepts  of  Mohammed,  con- 
tained in  a  book  called  the  Koran  or  Al- 
koran. 

MOHAM'MEDANIZE,  v.t.  To  render  con- 
formable to  the  modes  or  principles  of  the 
Mohammedans. 

MO'HAVVK,  I       The  appellation  given  to 

MO'HOCK,  ^  "■  certain  ruffians  who  in- 
fested the  streets  of  London  ;  so  called 
from  the  nation  of  Indians  of  that  name  in 
America.  Prior 

MOI'DORE,  n.  A  gold  coin  of  Portugal, 
valued  at  $6,  or  £1.  7s.  sterling. 

MOI'ETY,  n.  [Fr.  moiti^ ;  L.  medietas;  It. 
meta  ;  Sp.  viitad.] 

The  half;  one  of  two  equal  parts ;  as  a  moie- 
ty of  an  estate,  of  goods  or  of  profits  ; 
the  moiety  of  a  jury  or  of  a  nation. 

Clarendon.     Addison. 

MOIL,  V.  t.  [Fr.  mouiller.]  To  daub ;  to 
make  dirty.     [Little  used.]  Knolles. 

2.  To  weary.  [See  the  next  word.]  ' 

Chapman. 

MOIL,  V.  {.  [Gr.  fioAo;,  /iu^o;,  labor,  combat ; 
fiu^i^,  to  strive,  to  fight ;  L.  molior,  and 

miles;   At.    \.^c     to    work,   labor,    per- 
form,  to  strive,  to   war  ;  Ileb.  Ch.   Syr. 
Sam.  So;;  id.    Class  Ml.  No.  15.  12.] 
To   labor ;  to  toil ;    to    work  with  painful 
eftbrts. 

Now  he   must  moil  and  drudge  for  one  he 
lotlics.  Dryden. 


M  O  L 


31  O  L 


M  O  L 


MOIL,  n.  A  spot.  [Sax.  mat.]  [Not  in  use.] 
MOIST,  a.  [Fr.  moite,  for  moisle  ;  Arm. 
mouest ;  Russ.  niolzu,  to  wet.  If  the  last 
radical  letter  is  a  denial,  tliis  word  may 
belong  to  the  family  of  L.  madeo.  Or.  ^v- 
Saa.  See  Clas8  Ms.  No.  1.  and  Class  Md. 
No.  1.] 

1.  Moderately  wet ;  damp ;  as  a  moist  at- 
mosphere or  air. 

Exhalation  dusk  and  moist.  Milton. 

2.  Containing  water  or  other  liquid  in  a  per- 
ceptible degree. 

MOISTEN,  V.  t.  mois'n.    To  make  damp  : 

to  wet  in  a  small  degree. 

A  jjipe  a  little  moislentd  on  the  inside. 

Bacon 
His  bones  are  moistened  with  marrow.      Job 

xxi. 
MOIST,  as  a  verb,  is  obsolete. 
M0ISTF;NED,  pp.  mois'nd.     Made  wet  in 

a  small  degree. 
MOISTLNER,     n.   mois'ner.    He  or  that 

which  moistens. 
MOISTENING,   ppr.  mois'ning.     Wetting 

moderately. 
MOIST  FUL,  a.  Fidl  of  moisture.     Drayton 
MOIST'NESS,  n.  Dampness;  a  small  de- 
gree of  wetness.  Addison. 
MOIST'URE,  n.  [Fr  moiteur.]  A  moderate 

degree  of  wetness. 

Set  such  plants  as  require  much  moisture,  on 

sandy,  dry  groimds.  Bacon. 

2.  A  small  quantity  of  any  liquid  ;  as  the 
moisture  of  the  bod  v.  Shak. 

MOIST' Y,  a.  Drizzlfng.     [.JVolinuse.] 
MOKES,  of  a  net,  the  meshes.    [J^ot  in  use.] 

Ainsworih. 
MO'KY, a.  [VV.  mieg ;  from  the  root  oi smoke.] 

Muggy  ;  dark  ;  muiky.     Obs. 
MO'LAR,  a.  [L.  molaris.]     Having  power 
to  grind  ;  grinding  ;  as  the  molar  teetli. 

Bacon. 
MOLASSES,   an  incorrect  orthography  of 

melusses. 
MOLD,  Ji.  [Sax.  mold,  molda,  myl ;  W.  mol ; 
J).  Dan.mul;  Sw.G.hih// ;  probably  allied 
to  mellow,  L.   mollis.     See  Mellow,    Meal 
and  Mill.   It  is  incorrectly  written  mould.] 
1.  Fine  soft  earth,  or  earth  easily  pulveriz- 
ed, such  as  constitutes  soil ;  as  black  mold. 
Ed.  ir.  Indies. 
A  mortal  substance  of  terrestrial  mold. 

Hoole. 

3.  A  substance  like  down  which  forms  on 
bodies  which  lie  long  in  warm  and  damp 
air.  The  microscope  e.xhihiis  this  sub- 
stance as  consisting  of  small  plants. 

Encyc. 

3.  Matter  of  wliich  any  thing  is  formed. 
Nature  formed  me  of  her  softest  mold. 

Addison. 

MOLD,  n.  [Sp.  molde,  a  mold  or  matrix  ; 
moldar,  amoldar,  to  cast ;  Port,  molde,  mol- 
rfar,  id.;  Fr.mo!(/f;  Ann.  inoul ;  Dan.  mil/, 
mnld  ;  W.  mold,  whence  moldimv,  to  mold, 
work  or  knead.  This  may  be  radically 
the  same  word  as  mold,  fine  earth  ;  a: 
name  taken  from  the  tnaterial  of  molds. 
The  connection  of  m(!(n.r  with  »)ia/cr  and 
materia,  fortifies  this  conjecture.] 

I.  The  matrix  in  which  any  thing  is  cast 
and  receives  its  form.  IMolds  are  of  vari- 
ous kinds.  fllokls  for  casting  cannon 
and  various  vessels,  arc  composed  of  some" 
species  of  earth,  particularly  clay.  Molds' 
for  other  purposes  consist  of  a  cavity  inl 


some  species  of  metal,  cut  or  formed  to  the 
shape  designed,  or  are  otherwise  formed, 
each  for  its  jiarticular  use. 

2.  Cast ;  form  ;  as  a  writer  of  vulgar  mold. 

ffaller. 

i.  The  suture  or  contexture  of  the  skull. 

Ainsivorlh. 

4.  In  ship-buUding,  a  thin  flexible  piece  of 
timber,  used  as  a  pattern  by  which  to  form 
the  curves  of  the  timbers  and  compus.sing 
pieces.  Encyc. 

Amotig  gold  heaters,  a  number  of  iiiecew  of 
vellum  or  a  like  substance,  laid  over  one 
another,  between  which  the  leaves  of  gokl 
and  silver  are  laid  for  beating.  Encyc. 

MOLD,  V.  t.  To  cause  to  contract  mold. 

Knolles. 

2.  To  cover  with  mold  or  soil.        Edwards. 
MOLD,  t'.  i.  To  contract  mold  ;  to  become 

moldy.  Bacon 

MOLD,  t'.  t.  To  form  into  a  particular  shape 
to  shape  ;  to  model. 

He  forgeth  and  moldeth  metals.  Hall. 

Did  I  request  tliee,  Maker,  from  my  clay 
To  mold  ine  man  ?  .Milton 

To  knead  ;  as,  to  mold  dough  or  bread. 

Ainsworlh. 

MOLDAKLE,  a.  That  may  be  molded  or 
formed.  Bacon. 

MOLDED,  pp.    Formed   into  a   particular 
hape  ;  kneaded. 

3.  Covered  with  mold. 
MOLDER,  n.  He  who  molds  or  forms  iiit( 

shape. 

MOLDER,  V.  i.  [Dan.  mulner,  Sw.  multna, 
to  grow  moldy.] 

1.  To  turn  to  dust  by  natural  decay  ;  to 
crumble  ;  to  perish  ;  to  waste  away  by  a 
gradual  separation  of  the  component  |)ar- 
tides,  without  the  presence  of  water.  Ii 
this  manner,  animal  and  vegetable  sub 
stances  moldcr,  and  so  also  do  stones  and 
shells. 

When  statues  molder,  and  when  arches  tall. 

Prior 

2.  To  be  diminished  ;  to  waste  away  grad- 
ually. 

If  be  had  sat  still,  the  enemy's  army  would 
have  moldered  to  nothing.  Clarendon 

MOLDER,  V.  t.  To  turn  to  dust  ;  to  crum- 
ble ;  to  waste. 

Some  felt  the  silent  stroke  of  moldering  age. 

Pope 

MOLDERING,    ppr.     Turning    to    dust 
crumbling  ;  wasting  away. 

MOLDINESS,  7!.  [from  moldy.]  The  state 
of  being  moldy.  Bacon. 

MOLDING,  ppr.  [from  mold.]  F'orniinff 
into  shape  ;  kneading. 

MOLDING,  n.  Any  thing  cast  in  a  mold,  or 
which  ap])cars  to  be  so  ;  hence,  in  archi- 
tecture, a  projpcture  beyond  the  wall,  col 
iiinii,  wainscot,  &c.  an  assemblage  of 
which  forms  a  cornice,  a  door-case,  or  oth- 
er decoration.  Encyc. 

MOLD-WARP,  n.  [Sax.  moW  and  lueorpan, 
to  turn.     See  Mole] 

A  mole  ;  a  small  animal  of  the  genus  Talpa, 
that  moves  under  ground  and  turns  up  the 
mold  or  surface  of  the  earth. 

Spenser.     Careir. 

MOLDY,  a.  [from  mold.]  Overgrown  with 
mold.  Addison. 

MOLE,  n.  [Sax.  mal,  mat ;  D.  maal  ;  G. 
mahl.] 


1.  A  spot,  mark  or  small  permanent  protu- 
berance on  the  human  body,  from  which 
usually  issue  one  or  moio  hairs. 

2.  [L.  mo/a.]  Amass  of  fleshy  matter  of  a 
siiherical  figure,  generated  in  the  uterus. 

Encyc. 

MOLE,  n.  [L.  moles  ;  Fr.  mole;  W.  moe/,  a 
heap,  or  mul,  a  mass.] 

1.  A  mound  or  massive  work  formed  of 
large  stones  laid  in  the  sea  by  means  of 
coffer  dams,  extended  either  in  a  right 
line  or  an  arch  of  a  circle  bi  fore  a  port, 
which  it  serves  to  defend  from  the  violent 
impulse  of  the  waves ;  thus  protecting 
ships  in  a  harbor.  The  word  is  sometimes 
used  for  the  harbor  itself.  Encyc. 

i.  Among  the  Romans,  a  kind  of  mausoleum, 
built  like  a  round  tower  on  a  square  base, 
insulated,  encompassed  with  colunms  and 
covered  with  a  dome.  Encyc. 

MOLE,  n.  [D.  mol  ;  G.  mauluntrf,  mold- 
warp  ;  Sw.  mullsork,  mullvad  or  mull- 
icarpel ;  Dan.  muldvarp.] 

.\  small  animal  of  the  genus  Taljia,  which 
in  search  of  worms  or  other  insects,  forms 
a  road  just  under  the  surface  <if  the  ground, 
raising  the  soil  into  a  little  ridge  ;  from 
which  circumstance  it  is  called  a  mold- 
warp,  or  mold-turner.  The  mole  has  very 
small  eyes.  Hay. 

Learn  of  the  mole  to  plow,  the  worm    to 
weave.  Pope. 

MOLE,  r.  <.  Toclear  of  mole-hills.  [Local.] 

Pegge. 

MO'LE-BAT,  »i.  A  fish.  Ainsworlh. 

JIO'LE-€>AST,  n.  A  little  elevation  of  earth 
made  by  a  mole.  Mortimer. 

MO'LE-€ATCHER,  n.  One  whose  employ- 
ment is  to  catch  moles.  Tusser. 

MO'LE-€RICKET,  n.  An  insect  of  the  ge- 
nus Gryllus. 

MO'LE€ULE,  n.  [Fr.  from  mole.]  A  very 
minute  particle  of  matter.  Molecules  are 
elementary,  constituent,  or  integrant.  The 
latter  result  from  the  union  of  the  ele- 
mentary. 

Diet.  JVat.  Hist.     Fourcroy.     Kirwan. 

MO'LE-E^ED,  a.  Having  very  small  eyes ; 
blind. 

AIO'LE-HILL,  n.  [W.  malur.]  A  little  hil- 
lock or  elevation  of  earth  thrown  up  by 
moles  working  under  ground  ;  hence  pro- 
verbially, a  very  small  hill,  or  other  small 
thing,  compared  with  a  larger. 
— Having  leaped  over  such  mountains,  lie  down 
betbre  a  mole-hill.  South. 

IMOLEST',  V.  t.  [Fr.  molester  ;  It.  molestare  ; 
Sp.  molestar ;  Ironi  L.  molestus,  trouble- 
some ;  Sp.  moler,  to  grind,  to  molest,  to 
vex,  L.  molo.     Sec  .Mill.] 

To  trouble  ;  to  disturb ;   to  render  uneasy. 
They  have  molested  the  church  with  need- 
less opposition.  Hooker. 

MOLESTA'TIOX,  H.  Di.stui banco;  annoy- 
ance; uneasiness  given.  [It  usually  ex- 
presses less  than  vexation.]  Brown. 

MOLEST  ED, /i;?.  Disturbed  ;  troubled ;  an- 
noyed. 

MOLEST'ER,  n.  One  that  disturbs. 

MOLEST'FUL,  a.  Troublesome. 

MO LEST'ING,  ;;/))•.  Disturbing;  troubling. 

MO'LE-TRACK.  n.  The  course  of  a  mole 
under  ground.  Mortimer. 

MO'LK-WARP,  n.  A  mole.  [Sec  Mole  and 
Mold-tearp.] 


31  O  L 


M  O  N 


M  O  N 


MO'LIEN,  n.  A  flowering  tree  of  China. 

Grosier 

MOLIM'INOUS,  a.  [from  L.  molimen.]  Very 
important.     [JVot  used.]  More. 

MO'LINIST,  )!.  A  follower  of  the  opinions 
of  Mohna,  a  Spanisli  .Jesuit,  in  respect  to 
grace ;  an  opposer  of  the  Jansenists. 

MOL'LIENT,  a.  [L.  niolliens,  mollio.  See 
Mellon'.] 

Softening;  assuaging;  lessening.  [See£moi- 
lietit,  which  is  generally  used.] 

3IOL'LIFiABLE,  a.  [from  mollify.]  That 
may  be  softened. 

3IOLLIFICA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  mollify- 
ing or  softening. 

2.  Mitigation  ;  an  appeasing.  Shak. 

MOL'LIFIED,  p;;.  Softened;  appeased. 

MOL'LIFIER,  n.  That  which  softens,  ap- 
peases or  mitigates. 

2.  He  that  softens,  mitigates  or  pacifies. 

MOL'LIFY,  u. «.  [h.-mollio;  Fr.  mollir.  See 
Melloic]  To  soften  ;  to  make  soft  or  ten- 
der.    Is.  i. 

2.  To  assuage,  as  pain  or  irritation. 

8.  To  appease  ;  to  pacify ;  to  calm  or  quiet. 

Dryden. 

4.  To  qualify  ;  to  reduce  in  harshness  or  as- 
perity. Clarendon. 

MOLLUS'€A,  n.  [from  L.  mollis,  soft.]  In 
zoology,  a  division  or  class  of  animals 
whose  bodies  are  soft,  without  an  internal 
skeleton,  or  articulated  covering.  Some 
of  them  breathe  by  lungs,  others  by  gills ; 
some  live  on  land,  others  in  water.  Some 
of  them  are  naked  ,  others  testaceous  or 
provided  with  shells.  Many  of  them  are 
furnished  with  feelers  or  tentacula. 

Cuvier.    Ed.  Encyc. 

MOLLUS'CAN,    }      Pertaining  to  the  mol- 

MOLLUS'€OUS,  ^  lusca,  or  partaking  of| 
their  properties.  [Molluscous  is  used,  but 
is  less  analogical  than  molluscan.] 

MOLOS'SUS,  n.  [Gr.]  In  Greek  and  Latin 
verse,  a  foot  of  three  long  syllables. 

MOLT,  V.  i.  [W.  moel,  bald,  bare,  also  as 
a  noun,  a  heap,  pile  or  conical  hill  with  a 
smooth  top  ;  moeli,  to  heap  or  pile,  to  make 
bald.  So  bald,  in  English,  seems  to  be  con- 
nected with  bold,  that  is,  prominent.] 

Toshed  or  cast  the  hair,  fethers,  skin,  horns, 
&c.;  as  an  animal.  Fowls  molt  by  losing 
their  fethers,  beasts  hy  losing  their  hair, 
serpents  hy  casting  their  skins,  and  deer 
their  horns.  The  molting  of  the  hawk  is 
called  meiving. 

MOLTEN,  ;<;>.  of  »neH.  Melted.     Obs. 

2.  a.  Made  of  melted  metal ;  as  a  molten  im- 
age. 

MOLTING,  ppr.  Casting  or  shedding  a  nat- 
ural covering,  as  hair,  fethers,  skin  or 
horns. 

MOLTING,  n.  The  act  or  operation  by 
w  liicli  certain  animals,  annually  or  at  cer- 
tain times,  cast  off  or  lose  their  hair,  feth- 
ers, skins,  horns,  &c. 

MO'LY,  n.  [L.  from  Gr.  /iuXv.]  Wild  garhc, 
a  pl;nil  having  u  bulbous  root. 

MOLYIVDK.N,     (       [Gr./toiLSSaii'o,  amass 

MOLYl'.'DKNA,  <,  "■  of  lead.] 

An  ore  of  niolybdenunj,  a  scarce  mineral  of 
a  peculiar  form,  and  sometimes  confound- 
ed wiih  pliuiiliago,  from  which  however 
it  is  distinguislioil  hy  its  more  shining,  sca- 
ly appcaranci;,  and  a  more  greasy  feel. 

£)ic^e. 


MOLYB'DENOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  molyb- 
den,  or  obtained  from  it.  The  molybden- 
ous  acid  is  the  deutoxyd  of  molybdenum. 

MOLYB'DENUM,  «.  A  metal  which  has 
not  been  reduced  into  masses  of  any  mag- 
nitude, but  has  been  obtained  only  in  small 
separate  globules,  in  a  blackish,  brilliant 
mass.  These  are  brittle  and  extremely 
infusible.  J\/icholson.     Ure. 

The  most  common  natural  compound 
of  this  metal  is  a  sulphuret. 

Webster's  Manual. 

MOME,  n.  [Fr.  momon.  See  Mum.]  A  dull, 
silent  person  ;  a  stupid  fellow  ;  a  stock  ; 
a  post.  Johnson.     Spenser. 

MO'MENT,  n.  [L.  momentum.  This  word 
is  contracted  from  motamentum,  or  some 
other  word,  the  radical  verb  of  which  sig- 
nifies to  move,  rush,  drive  or  fall  sudden- 
ly, which  sense  gives  that  of  force.  The 
sense  of  an  instant  of  time  is  from  falling 
or  rushing,  which  accords  well  with  that 
of  meet.] 

1.  The  most  minute  and  indivisible  part  of 
time;  an  instant. 

fn  a  moment,  in  the  twinkling  of  an  eye 
1  Cor.  XV. 

2.  Force ;  impulsive  power. 

— Touch  with  lightest  moment  of  impulse, 
His  free  will.       '  Milton 

Little  used ;  but  hence, 

3.  Importance  in  influence  or  effect ;  conse- 
quence ;  weight  or  value. 

It  is  an  abstruse  speculation,  but  also  of  far 
less  moment  to  us  than  the  others.         Bentley 

MOMENT' AL,  a.  Important.  [Xotimise.' 

MOMENT'ALLY,  adv.  For  a  moment. 

Brown. 

MOMENTANEOUS,  MOMENTANY,  not 
used.    [See  Momentary.] 

MOMENTARILY,  adv.  Every  moment. 

Shenstone 

MO'MENTARY,  a.    Done  in   a  moment; 
continuing  only  a  moment ;  lasting  a  very 
short  time  ;  as  a  momentary  pang. 
Momentary  as  a  sound. 
Swift  as  a  shadow,  short  as  any  dream. 

Shak. 

MO'MENTLY,  adv.  For  a  moment. 

In  a  moment ;  every  moment.     We  too 
menth)  expect  the  arrival  of  the  mail. 

MOMENT'OUS,  a.  Important  ;  weighty ; 
of  consequence.  Let  no  false  step  be  made 
in  the  momentous  concerns  of  the  soul. 

MOMENT'UM,  71.  [L.]  \n  mechanics,  impe 
tus;  the  quantity  of  motion  in  amoving 
body.     This  is  always  equal  to  the  quan 
tity  of  matter  multiplied  into  the  velocity. 

Encyc. 

MOM'MERY,  \      [Fr.   momerie,  from  Mo 

MUM'MERY,  ^  "•)««*,  the  god  of  raillery 
and  jesting.] 

An  entertainment  or  frolick  in  masks  ;  a  far 
cical  entertainment  in  which  masked  per- 
sons play  antic  tricks.  Rou-e. 

MO'MOT,  n.  The  name  of  a  genus  of  birds 
in  S.  America,  whose  beak  and  tongue  re 
semhie  the  toucan's.  Ed.  Encyc. 

MON'ACHAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  monachtis, 
Gr.  /xovaxoi,  a  monk.] 

Pertaining  to  monks  or  a  monastic  life  ;  mon- 
astic. 

MON'ACHISM,  n.  [Fi-.'monachis7ne;  It.  mon- 
achisnio.  f^ee  Monk.]  The  state  of  monks 
a  monastic  life. 


MON'AD,  n.    [Gr.  fiwaf,  unity,  from  fiono;. 

sole.] 

1.  An  ultimate  atom,  or  simple  unextended 
point.  Leibnitz. 

2.  An  iudivisible  thing.  Goorf 
MON'ADELPH,  n.   [Gr.    ^ot-of,    sole,  and 

aiif.^0!,  brother.] 
In  botany,  a  plant  whose  stamens  are  united 

in  one  b(  dy  by  the  filaments. 
MONADELPH'IAN,  a.  Having  the  stamens 

united  in  one  body  by  the  filaments. 
MONAD'Ie,        I      Having   the   nature  or 
MONAD'l€AL,  I      character  of  a  monad. 

More. 
MONAN'DER,  n.  [Gr.  /xows,  one,  and  owijp. 

a  male.] 
In  botany,  a  plant  having  one  stamen  only. 
MONAN'DRIAN,   a.   Having  one   stamen 

only. 
MON'AReH,  )i.  [It.  Sp.  monarca;  Fr.  mon- 

arque ;  Gr.  ^lovafzis ;  ^oioj,  sole,  and  apxos. 

a  chief.] 

1.  The  prince  or  ruler  of  a  nation,  who  ex- 
ercises all  the  powers  of  government 
without  control,  or  who  is  vested  with  ab- 
solute sovereign  power ;  an  emperor,  king 
or  prince  invested  with  an  unlimited  pow- 
er.    This  is  the  strict  sense  of  the  word. 

2.  A  king  or  prince,  the  supreme  magistrate 
of  a  nation,  whose  powers  are  in  some  re- 
spects limited  by  the  constitution  of  the  gov- 
ernment. Thus  we  call  the  king  of  Great 
Britain  a  monarch,  although  he  can  make 
no  law  without  the  consent  of  parhament. 

3.  He  or  that  which  is  superior  to  others  of 
the  same  kind  ;  as,  an  oak  is  called  the 
monarch  of  the  forest ;  a  lion  the  monarch 
of  wild  beasts. 

4.  One  that  presides ;  president ;  as  Bac- 
chus, monarch  of  the  vine.  Shak. 

MON'AR€H,  a.  Supreme ;  ruHng ;  as  a  mon- 
arch savage.  Pope. 

MONARCH' AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  mon- 
arch ;  suiting  a  monarch  ;  sovereign  ;  re- 
gal :  imperial. 

Satan,  whom  now  transcendant  glory  raised 
Above  his  fellows,  with  monarchal  pride — 

Milton. 

MON'ARCHESS,  n.  A  feihale  monarch ;  an 
empress. 

MONARCHIC,        I       Vested  in  a  single 

MONARCH'ICAL,  S  ruler  ;  as  monarch- 
ical government  or  power. 

2.  Pertaining  to  monarchy. 

MON'ARCHIST,  n.  An  advocate  of  mon- 
archy. Barrow. 

MON'ARCHIZE,  v.  i.  To  play  the  king; 
to  act  the  monarch.  Shak. 

MON'ARCHIZE,  v.  t.  To  rule  ;  to  govern. 

MON'ARCHY,  n.  [Gr.  lioiupxm.  See  Mon- 
arch.] 

1.  A  state  or  goverment  in  which  the  su- 
preme power  is  lodged  in  the  hands  of  a 
single  person.  Such  a  state  is  usually 
called  an  empire  or  a  kingdom  ;  and  we 
usually  give  this  denomination  to  a  large 
state  only.  But  the  same  name  is  some- 
times given  to  a  kingdom  or  state  in  which 
the  power  of  the  king  or  supreme  magis- 
trate is  limited  hy  a  constitution,  or  by 
fundamental  laws.  Such  is  the  British 
monarchy.  Hence  we  speak  of  absolute  or 
despotic  monarchies,  and  of  lin)ited  mon- 
archies. 

A   tree   government  has  a  great  advantage 
over  a  simple  monarchy.  J.  Mams 


M  O  N 


M  O  N 


M  O  N 


9.  A  kingdom ;  an  empire.  ShcJr. 

MON' ASTER Y,  ji.  [Fr.  monasUre ;  It.mon- 
astero ;  Up.  monasterio ;  Low  L.  monaste- 
rium ;  Gr.  luorajiypwi',  from  ixovof,  sole,  sep- 
arate ;  W.  mdn.] 

A  house  of  religious  retirement,  or  of  seclu 
sion    from    ordinary  temporal   concerns, 
whether  an  abbey,  a  priory  or  a  nunnery. 
The  word  is  usually  applied  to  the  houses 
of  monks,  mendicant  friars  and  nuns. 

Encyc. 

MONAS'Tie,         \       [Fr.  monastique ;  It, 

MONAS'TICAL,  J  monaslico ;  Low  L. 
monastieus ;  Gr.  ftotiafixoi,  from  /uoioj,  sole, 
separate.] 

Pertaining  to  monasteries,  monks  and  nuns 
recluse  ;  secluded  from  the  temporal  con- 
cerns of  life  and  devoted  to  rehgion  ;  as  a 
monastic  life  ;  monastic  orders.       Denham. 

MONAS'Tl€,  n.  A  monk. 

»IONAS'Tl€ALLY,  adv.  Reclusely  ;  in  a 
retired  manner;  in  the  manner  of  monks. 

Sivift. 

MONAS'TICISM,  n.   Monastic  life. 

Milner. 

MONDAY,  »i.  [Sa.\.  monandag ;  D.  maan- 
dag;  G.  montag ;  moon  and  day;  beini 
formerly  sacred  to  that  planet.]  The  sec 
ond  day  of  the  week. 

MONDE,  n.  [Fr.]  The  world;  also,  a  globe, 
an  ensign  of  authority.  Drummond. 

MONE'CL\N,  n.  [Gr.  fioio{,  sole,  and  01x05, 
house.] 

In  botany,  one  of  that  class  of  plants,  whose 
male  and  female  flowers  are  on  the  same 
plant. 

MONE'CIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  class  of 
plants  above  described. 

MONEY,  n.  plu.  moneys.  [Sax.  mynet ;  D 
munt,  mint  \  G.  innnze;  Sw.  mynt ;  Dan 
myndt,  money  or  mint ;  Fr.  monnoie  ;  Ir. 
monadh;  VV.  mwnai ;  Sp.  moneda ;  Port. 
moeda,  contracted  ;  L.  It.  moneta.  Money 
and  mint  are  the  same  word  varied.] 

1.  Coin;  stamped  metal;  any  piece  of  met 
al,  usually  gold,  silver  or  copper,  .stamped 
by  public  authority,  and  used  as  the  me- 
dium of  commerce.  We  sometimes  give 
the  name  of  money  to  other  coined  met- 
als, and  to  any  other  material  which  rude 
nations  use  as  a  medium  of  trade.  But 
among  modern  commercial  nations,  gold, 
silver  and  copper  are  the  only  metals  used 
for  this  purpose.  Gold  and  silver,  con- 
taining great  value  in  a  small  compass, 
and  being  therefore  of  easy  conveyance, 
and  being  also  durable  and  little  liable  to 
diminution  by  use,  arc  the  most  conven 
ient  metals  for  coin  or  money,  which  is 
the  representative  of  commodities  of  all 
kinds,  of  lands,  and  of  every  thing  that  is 
capable  of  being  transferred  in  commerce. 

2.  Bank  notes  or  bills  of  credit  issued  by  au- 
thority, and  exchangeable  for  coin  or  re- 
deemable, are  also  called  money ;  as  such 
notes  in  modern  times  represent  coin, 
and  are  used  as  a  substitute  for  it.  If  a 
man  pays  in  hand  for  goods  in  bank  notes 
which  are  current,  he  is  said  to  pay  in 
ready  money. 

3.  Wealth  ;  affluence. 

Money  can  neither  open  new  avenues  to 
pleasure,  nor  block  up  the  passages  of  anguish. 

Ratniler. 

Vol.  II. 


MONEYAGE,  n.  Anciently,  in  England,  a 
general  land  tax  levied  by  the  two  first 
Norman  kings,  a  shilling  on  each  hearth. 

Hume. 

MONEY-BAG,  n.  A  bag  or  jjurse  for  holding 

money.  Addison. 

MONEY-BOX,  n.    A  box   or   till  to  hold 

money. 
MONEY-BROKER,  n.  A  broker  who  deals 
in  money.  Johnson. 

MONEY-CHANGER,  n.  A  broker  who 
deals  in  money  or  exchanges. 

Arbuthnot. 

MONEYED,    a.    Rich  in   money;   having 

money  ;  able  to   command  money  ;  used 

often  in  o])i)osition  to  such  as  have  their 

wealth  in  real  estate. 

Invite  moneyed  men  to  lend  to  the  merchants. 

Bacon. 

2.  Consisting  in  money  ;  as  moneyed  capital. 

Hamilton's  Report. 

MONEYER,   n.  A  banker ;  one  who  deals 

in  money. 
2.  A  coiner  of  money.     [LUtle  used  in  either 

MONEY-LENDER,  n.  One  who  lends  mon- 
ey. 

MONEYLESS,  a.  Destitute  of  money  ;  pcn- 
nyless.  Swifl. 

MONEY-MATTER,  n.  An  account  consist- 
ing of  charges  of  money;  an  account  be- 
tween debtor  and  creditor.  Arbuthnot. 

MONEY-SeRIVENER,  n.  A  person  who 
raises  money  for  others.  Arbuthnot. 

MONEY-SPINNER,  n.  A  small  spider. 

MONEY'S-WORTH,  n.  Something  that 
will  bring  money. 

2.  Full  value;  the  worth  of  a  thing  in  mon- 
ey. 

MONEY-WORT,  jt.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Lysimachia. 

MONGER,  J!.  [Sax.  mangere,  from  man- 
gian,  to  trade,  D.  7tianger.] 

A  trader  ;  a  dealer  ;  now  used  only  or  chief- 
ly in  composition ;  as  fish-mong-cr,  iron- 
monger,  news-jnopger,  cheesc-mo7tger. 

MONGREL,  a.  [from  Sa.x.  mengan,  to  mix. 
See  Mingle.] 

Of  a  mixed  breed  ;  of  different  kinds. 

Swifl. 

MONGREL,  n.  An  animal  of  a  mixed  breed. 

MONIL'IFORM,  a.  [L.  monile,  a  necklace, 
nnd  form.] 

Like  a  necklace.  Encyc. 

MON'IMENT,  n.  [L.  monimenlum,  from  mo- 
neo,  to  admonish.] 

1.  An  inscription ;  something  to  preserve 
memory.     Obs. 

2.  A  mark  ;  an  image;  a  superscription. 

Spenser. 
MONTSH,   V.  t.    To  admonish  ;    to  warn. 

W^ot  used.]     [See  Admonish.] 
MON'ISHER,    n.    An   admonisher,  which 

SC6. 

MON'ISHMENT,  n.  Admonition.     06s. 

MONP'TION,    n.    [Fr.    from  L.   monitio.] 

\.  Warning ;  instruction  given  by   way   of 

caution  ;  as  the  monitions  of  a  friend. 

Swifl. 
2.  Information ;  indication. 

We  have  no  visible  7nonitions  of  other  peri 
ods,  such  as  we  have  of  the  Jay  by  successive 
light  and  darkness.  Holder 

MON'ITIVE,  a.  Admonitory ;  conveying  ad- 
monition. Barrow, 

18 


MON'IToR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  warns  oi 
faults  or  informs  of  duty ;  one  who  gives 
advice  and  instruction  by  way  of  reproof 
or  caution. 

You  need  not  be  a  mtmitor  to  the  king. 

Bacon. 
In  schools,  a  person  authorized  to  look  to 
the  scholars  in  the  absence  of  the  instruct- 
or, or  to  notice  the  absence  or  faults  of  the 
scholars,  or  to  instruct  a  division  or  class. 

MON'ITORY, a.  Giving  admonition;  warn- 
ing; instructing  by  way  of  caution. 

Losses,  miscarriages  and  disappointments  arc 
monitory  and  instructive.  V Estrange. 

MON'ITORY, n.  Admonition;  warning. 

Bacon. 

MON'ITRESS,n.  A  female  monitor. 

MONK,  n.  [Gr.  novaxoi,  from  ftoi/oj,  W.  »nd/i, 
sole,  separate ;  whence  L.  monachus  ;  Sax. 
monec,  munuc ;  Fr.  moine  ;  Arm.  mannach  ; 
W.  mynap  ;  Sans,  juuni.] 

\A  man  who  i-etires  from  the  ordinary  tem- 
poral concerns  of  the  world,  and  devotes 
himself  to  religion.  Monks  usually  live  in 
monasteries,  on  entering  which  they  take 
a  vow  to  observe  certain  rules.  Some 
however  live  as  hermits  in  solitude,  and 
others  have  lived  a  strolling  life  without 
any  fixed  residence.  Encyc. 

MONIvERY,  n.  The  life  of  monks ;  the 
monastic  life. 

MONKEY,  ji.  [It.  monicchio.]  The  popular 
name  of  the  ape  and  baboon.  But  in 
zoology,  monkey  is  more  properly  the 
name  of  those  animals  of  the  genus  Simla, 
which  have  long  tails.  Ray  distributes 
animals  of  this  kind  into  three  classes; 
apes  which  have  no  tads;  monkeys  with 
long  tails ;  and  baboons  with  short  tails. 

Encyc. 

2.  A  name  of  contempt  or  of  slight  kindness. 

1  Johnson. 

MONKHOOD,  n.  The  character  of  a  monk. 

Allerbury. 

MONKISH,  a.  Like  a  monk,  or  pertaining 
to  monks  ;  monastic  ;  as  monkish  manners ; 
monkish  dress  ;  inonkish  sohtude. 

MONK'S  HEAD,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Leontodon. 

MONK'S  HOOD,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Aconitum. 

MONK'S  RHCBARB,  n.  A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Rumex,  a  species  of  dock. 

MONOC'EROS,  )!.  [Gr.  f.0105,  sole,  and 
xfpas,  horn.]    The  unicorn. 

MON'OCHORD,  n.  [Gr.  /uojos,  sole,  only, 
and  j;op5>;,  chord.] 

A  musical  instrument  of  one  string.  As  its 
name  imports,  it  had  originally  but  one 
string ;  but  it  is  generally  constructed 
with  two,  by  means  of  which  the  musi- 
cian is  better  enabled  to  try  the  propor- 
tions of  sounds  and  intervals,  and  judge  of 
the  harmony  of  two  tempered  notes. 

Encyc. 
In  the  proper  sense  of  the  word,  a  trum- 
pet marine  is  considered  a  monochord. 

MONOCHROMAT'l€,  a.  [Gr.  ;uo.of,  sole, 
and  ;tpuji«»,  color.] 

Consisting  of  one  color,  or  presenting  rays 
of  light  of  one  color  only. 

Quart.  Joum.    Journ.  of  Science. 

MON'OCOTYLE,  )         Havin" 

MONOCOTYLED'ONOUS,   \°-    onlyoul 

I    seed-lobe  or  seminal  leaf. 

I  Marlyn.    Milne. 


M  O  N 


M  O  N 


M  O  N 


MONOeOTVL'EDON,  n.  [Gr.  "^woj,  sole, 
anJ  xortiXijSuf,  a  hollow.] 

In  botany,  a  plant  witli  only  one  cotyledon 
or  seed-lobe. 

MONO€'ULAR,     {  „    [Gr.  fioio;,  sole,  and 

MONOCULOUS,   S       L.  oculus,  eye.] 

Having  one  eye  only.  Howdl. 

MON'OCULE,  n.  [supra.]  An  insect  with 
one  eye.  Pennant. 

MON'ODON,  n.  [Gr.  fiovoSmii,  having  one 
tooth  or  shoot.] 

The  unicorn  fish,  or  sea-unicorn,  which  has 
a  remarkable  horn  projecting  from  its 
head.  [This  horn  is  really  a  tusk,  of  which 
there  are  two,  but  only  one  of  them  is  usu- 
ally developed.  Cuvier.]  It  is  called  also 
the  monoceros,  or  horned  narwhal.  Its 
usual  size  is  from  sixteen  to  twenty  feet. 

Encyc. 

MON'ODY,  n.  [Gr.  ftovaSta;  ^woj,  sole,  and 
«6)j,  song.]  A  song  or  poem  sung  by  one 
person  only.  Johnson. 

MON'OGAM,  n.  [Gr.  fiom;,  sole,  and  yof"?, 
marriage.] 

In  botany,  a  plant  that  has  a  simple  flower, 
though  the  anthers  are  united.  Lee. 

MONOGAM'IAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  or- 
der of  plants  that  have  a  simple  flower. 

Lee. 

MONOG'AMIST,  n.  [supra.]  Ouewhodis- 
allows  second  marriages.  Johnson. 

MONOG'AMOUS,  a.  Having  one  wife  only 
and  not  permitted  to  marry  a  second. 

MONOG'AMY,  n.  [supra.]  The  marriage 
of  one  wife  only,  or  the  state  of  such  as 
are  restrained  to  a  single  wife. 

Bp.  Hall. 

MON'OGRAM,  n.  [Gr.  ^uoroj,  sole,  and 
ypaju^a,  letter.] 

A  character  or  cypher  composed  of  one,  two 
or  more  letters  interwoven,  being  an 
abbreviation  of  a  name  ;  used  on  seals,  &c. 

Encyc. 

MON'OGRAMiMAL,  a.  Sketching  in  the 
manner  of  a  monogram.  Fotherby. 

MON'OGRAPH,  n.  [Gr.  juoi-os,  sole,  and 
yfio^u,  to  describe.] 

An  account  or  description  of  a  single  thing 
or  class  of  things  ;  as  a  monograph  of  vio- 
lets in  botany ;  a  monograph  of  an  Egyp- 
tian mummy.  Journ.  of  Science. 

MONOGRAPH'! C,        ?       Drawn  in  lines 

MONOGRAPH'leAL,  ^  "■  without  colors, 

Bailey.    Ash. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  monograph. 

MONOG'RAPIIY,  n.  [Gr.  f^oroj,  sole,  and 
"/po^u,  to  describe.] 

A  description  drawn  in  lines  without  colors. 
Qu.  should  not  this  be  monogram') 

MON'0(iYN,  n.  [Gr.  juwoj,  sole,  and  ywr/, 
a  female.] 

In  botany,  a  ])lant  having  only  one  style  or 
Klisrmn.  Smith 

MONOoYN'lAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  or- 
der nionogynia ;  having  only  one  style 
or  sti};uia. 

MONOLOGUE,  n.  mon'olog.  [Gr.  hovo7m 
yia  ;  ^oi'oj,  sole,  and  ^.oyoj,  speech.] 

1.  A  soliloquy  ;  a  speech  uttered  by  a  person 
alone.  Dryden 

2.  A  poem,  song  or  scene  composed  for  a 
single  performer.  Busby. 

MONOM'ACHY,  n.  [Gr.  ^Lm'Ofiax^a■,  juoioj. 
sole,  and  ^a;i;)7,  combat.]  A  duel;  a  single 
coniWat. 


MON'OME,  n.  [Gr.  ^oios,  sole,  and  onofta, 
name.] 

In  algebra,  a  quantity  that  has  one  name 
only.  Harris. 

MONO'MIAL,  n.  In  algebra,  a  quantity  ex- 
pressed by  one  name  or  letter. 

MONOP'ATHY,  n.  [Gr.  luwo;,  sole,  and 
xaSiia,  suffering.]  Solitary  suffering  or 
sensibility.  Whitlock. 

MONOPET'ALOUS,  a.  [Gr.  ftoro;,  only, 
and  rtsraXor,  flower-leaf] 

In  ftoten?/,  having  only  one  petal,  or  a  one- 
petaled  corol ;  as  a  monopetalous  corol  oi 
flower.  Martyn 

MON'OPHTHONG,  n.  [Gr.  f.oroj,  sole,  and 
^9oyyo5,  sound.]     A  simple  vowel-sound. 

Beattie 

MONOPHTHON'GAL,  a.  Consisting  of  a 
simple  vowel-sound.  Beattie. 

MONOPH'YLLOUS,  a.  [Gr.  juoroj,  sole,  and 
41VXJ.01',  leaf.]     Having  one  leaf  only. 

MONOPH'YSITE,  n.  [Gr.  f<wo5,  only,  and 
4>vffij,  nature.] 

One  who  maintains  that  Jesus  Christ  had  but 
one  nature,  or  that  the  human  and  divine 
nature  were  so  united  as  to  form  one  na- 
ture only.  Encyc. 

MONOP'OLIST,     I       [Sp.  It.   monopoiis- 

MONOP'OLIZER,  I  "•  te.  See  Monopo- 
lize.] 

One  that  monopolizes ;  a  person  who  en- 
grosses a  commodity  by  purchasing  the 
whole  of  thatarticle  in  market  for  the  pur 
pose  of  selling  it  at  an  advanced  price  ;  or 
one  who  has  a  license  or  privilege  granted 
by  authority,  for  the  sole  buying  or  selling 
of  any  coimnodity.  The  man  who  re- 
tains in  his  hands  his  own  produce  or 
manufacture,  is  not  a  monopolist  within 
the  meaning  of  the  laws  for  preventing 
monopolies. 

MONOP'OLiZE,  I',  t.  [Gr.  fiovoi,  sole,  and 
rtiSKtu,  to  sell;  Fr.  monopoler.] 

1.  To  purchase  or  obtain  possession  of  the 
whole  of  any  commodity  or  goods  in  mar 
ket  with  the  view  of  selling  them  at  ad- 
vanced prices,  and  of  having  the  power  of 
commanding-  the  prices;  as,  to  monopo- 
lize sugar  or  tea. 

2.  To  engross  or  obtain  by  any  means  the 
exclusive  right  of  trading  to  any  place 
and  the  sole  power  of  vending  any  com- 
modity or  goods  in  a  particular  place  01 
country  ;  as,  to  monopolize  the  India  or 
Levant  trade. 

To  obtain  the  whole  ;  as,  to  monopolize  ad 
vantages.  Fcdvndisl,  Jay. 

MONOP'OLY,  n.  [Fr.  monopok;  L.  mon 
opolium;  Gr.  fiovonui'Kia;  ^oroj  and  rtu^eio. 

The  sole  power  of  vending  any  species  ol 
goods,  obtained  either  by  engrossing  the 
articles  in  market  by  purchase,  or  by  a  li 
cense  from  the  government  confirminj 
this  privilege.  Thus  the  East  India  Com- 
pany in  Great  Britain  has  a  monopoly  of 
the  trade  to  the  East  Indies,  granted  to 
them  by  charter.  Monopolies  by  individu- 
als obtained  by  engrossing,  are  an  oflensc 
prohibited  by  law.  IJut  a  man  has  by 
natural  right  the  exclusive  power  of  vend- 
ing his  own  produce  or  manufactures,  and 
to  retain  that  exclusive  right  is  not  a  m.o- 
nopoly  within  the  meaning  of  law. 

Mf)NdP'TOTE,  n.  [Gr.  ^0.05,  only,  and 
ntuBi.;,  case.]  A  noun  having  only  one' 
obhque  case.  Clarke) 


MONOSPERM'OUS,    a.    [Gr.  juoi/os,  only, 

and  arCfpfia,  seed.]    Having  one  seed  only. 
MON'OSTICH,    n.    [Gr.    ftovoj i;toj' ;    fioiof, 

only,  and   s^x<>i,  verse.]     A    composition 

consisting  of  one  verse  only. 
MONOSTROPH'I€,     a.     [Gr.    f.wofpo^ios, 

having  one  strophe.] 
Having   one   strophe   only ;    not   varied   in 

measure  ;  written  in  unvaried  measure. 

Mason. 
MONOSYLLAB'IC,  a.  [See  Monosyllable.] 

1.  Consisting  of  one  syllable  ;  as  a  monosyl- 
labic word. 

2.  Consisting  of  words  of  one  syllable  ;  as  a 
monosyllabic  verse. 

MONOSYL'LABLE,   n.     [Gr.  m"""?,  only, 

and  avrkaSy;,  a  syllable.]     A  word  of  one 

syllable. 
MONOSYL'LABLED,  a.  Formed  into  one 

syllable.  Cteaveland. 

MONOTHEISM,  n.  [Gr.  ^0,05,  only,  and 

eeos,  God.] 
The  doctrine  or  belief  of  the  existence  of  one 

God  only.  Jlsial.  Res. 

MONOTH'ELITE,  n.  [Gr.  ^010;,  one,  and 

Si^fjais,  will.] 

One  who  holds  that  Christ  had  but  one 
will.  Milner. 

MON'OTONE,  ji.  [See  Monotony.]  In 
rhetoric,  a  sameness  of  sound,  or  the  utter- 
ance of  successive  syllables  on  one  unva- 
ried key,  without  inflection  or  cadence. 

Mason.     E.  Porter. 

MONOTON'IC,  o.  Monotonous.  [Little 
used.] 

MONOT'ONOUS,  a.  Continued  in  the  same 
tone  witliiiut  inflection  or  cadence;  un- 
varied in  tone. 

MONOT'ONOUSLY,  adv.  With  one  uni- 
form tone  ;  without  inflection  of  voice. 

JVares. 

MONOT'ONY,  n.  [Gr.  /.lovorona;  ^0,05, 
sole,  and  roioj,  sound.] 

1.  Uniformity  of  tone  or  sound  ;  want  of  in- 
flections of  voice  in  speaking  ;  want  of  ca- 
dence or  modulation. 

2.  Uniformity ;  sameness. 

At  sea,  every  thiii!;-that  bre-,iks  the  monotony 
of  the  surrounding  expanse  attracts  attention. 

Irvine. 

MONSIEUR,  ),.  [Fr.]  Sir;  Mr.  Pope. 

MONSOON',  n.  A  periodical  wind,  blowing 
six  months  from  the  same  quarter  or  point 
of  the  compass,  then  changing  and  blowing 
the  same  time  from  the  opposite  quarter. 
The  monsoons  prevail  in  the  East  Indies, 
and  are  called  also  trade  winds.  But  we 
usually  give  the  denomination  of  trade 
winds  to  those  which  blow  the  whole  year 
from  the  same  point,  as  the  winds  within 
the  tropics  on  the  Atlantic. 

MON'STER,  n.  [L.  monstrum,  from  mon- 
stro,  to  show.  So  we  say  in  English,  a 
sight.  See  Muster.] 

\.  An  animal  produced  with  a  shape  or  with 
parts  that  are  not  natural,  as  when  the 
body  is  ill  (brined  or  distorted,  or  the 
limbs  too  few  or  too  many,  or  when  any 
part  is  extravagantly  out  of  proportion, 
either  through  defect  or  excess. 

2.  Any  unnatural  production ;  something 
greatly  deformed.  Monsters  are  conmion 
in  the  vegetable  kingdom.  Encyc. 

3.  A  person  so  wicked  as  to  appear  horrible ; 
one  luuiaturally  wicked  or  mischievous. 
So  a  parricide  is  called  a  monster. 


M  O  N 


M  O  N 


M  O  O 


MONSTER,   V.   t.    To  make   monstrous. 

[JVol  used.]  Shak. 

MON'STER-TAMING,  a.  Taming  mon- 
sters. Hamilton. 

MONSTROS'ITy,  n.  The  state  of  being 
monstrous,  or  out  of  the  common  order  of 
nature. 

We  often  read  of  moiistrous  births ;  but  we 
see  a  greater  monstrosity  in  education,  when  a 
father  begets  a  son  and  trains  him  up  into  a 
beast.  South. 

2.  An  unnatural  production ;  that  which  is 
monstrous. 

Fabri  arranges  distortions,  gibbosities,  tumors, 
&c.  in  the  class  of  morbific  monstrosities. 

Eneyc. 
A  monstrosity  never  changes  the  name  or  af- 
fects the  immutability  of  a  species.     Adanson. 

MON'STROUS,  a.  [L.  monslrosus]  Un- 
natural in  form ;  deviating  greatly  from 
the  natural  form ;  out  of  the  common 
course  of  nature ;  as  a  monstrous  birth  or 
production. 

2.  Strange  ;  very  wonderful ;   generally  ex 
pressive  of  dislike.  Shak. 

3.  Enormous ;  huge ;  extraordinary  ;  as  a 
monstrous  higlith  ;  a  7nonstrous  tree  or 
mountain.  Pope 

i.   Shocking  to  the  sight  or  other  senses 
hateful. 

MON'STROUS,  adv.  E.vceedingly ;  very 
much ;  as  monstrous  hard  ;  monstrous 
thick. 

And  will  be  monstrous  witty  on  the  poor. 

Drydcn 
[This  use  Is  colloquial  and  vulgar.] 

MON'STROUSLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  out 
of  the  common  order  of  nature ;  hence, 
shockingly  ;  terribly  ;  hideously ;  horri- 
bly ;  as  a  man  monstrously  wicked. 

2.  To  a  great  degree ;  enormously ;  extrava- 
gantly. 

Who  with  his  wife  is  monstrously  in  love. 

Drydcn 

MON'STROUSNESS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing monstrous. 

2.  Enormity  ;  irregular  nature  or  behavior. 

Shak. 

MONTAN'IC,  a.  [L.  montanus,  from  mans, 
mountain.] 

Pertaining  to  mountains;  consisting  m 
mountains.  Kirwan. 

MON'TANISM,  n.  The  tenets  of  Monta- 
nus. 

MON'TANIST,  n.  A  follower  of  the  her 
esiarch  Montanus,  a  Phrygian  by  birth, 
who  pretended  he  was  inspired  by  the 
Holy  Spirit  and  instructed  in  several 
points  not  revealed  to  the  apostles.  His 
sect  sprung  up  in  the  second  century. 

Encuc. 

SIONTANIST'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
heresv  of  Montanus. 

MON'TANIZE,  v.  i.  To  follow  the  opin 
Ions  of  Montanus.  Hooker. 

MONT'ANT,  n.  [Fr.  from  monter,  to  mount.] 
A  term  In  fenclmj.  Shak. 

MONTE'RO,n.  [Sp.montera.]  A  horseman's 
cap.  Bacon. 

MONTETH',  n.  A  vessel  in  which  glasses 
are  washed  ;  so  called  from  the  name  o(] 
the  inventor.  King. 

MONTH,  n.  [Sax.  monafh,  from  mono,  the 
moon  ;  D.  maand ;  G.  monalh  ;  Sw.  m&nad; 
Dan.  maaned ;  L.  mensis ;  Gr.  ii>^,  a  month, 
from  iJi>]i't!,  the  moon.] 


A  space  or  period  of  time  constituting  a  di- 
vision of  the  year.  Month  originally  sig- 
nified the  time  of  one  revolution  of  the 
moon,  a  lunation,  or  the  period  from  one 
change  or  conjunction  of  the  moon  with 
the  sun  to  another,  a  period  of  27  days,  7 
hours,  43  minutes  and  5secon<l.'j.  This  is 
the  periodical  month,  or  as  we  generally 
call  It,  the  lunar  month.  In  this  sense  we 
still  use  the  word  month.  But  we  also  ap- 
ply the  term  to  the  space  of  time  In  which 
the  sun  passes  through  one  sign,  or  a 
twelfth  part  of  the  zodiac.  This  period 
contains  30  days,  10  hours,  29  minutes,  5 
seconds,  and  Is  called  a  solar  month.  In 
the  year,  there  are  twelve  solar  months, 
and  thirteen  lunar  mouths. 

In  popular  language,  four  weeks  are 
called  a  month,  being  nearly  the  length  of 
the  lunar  month.  A  calendar  month  dif- 
fers in  some  degree  from  a  solar  month  ; 
consisting  of  twenty  eight,  twenty  nine, 
thirty  or  thirty  one  days,  as  the  months 
stand  In  calendars  or  almanacks. 

MONTHLY,  a.  Continued  a  month  or 
performed  in  a  month  ;  as  the  monthly 
revolution  of  the  moon. 

2.  Done  or  happening  once  a  month,  or  eve- 
ry month ;  as  the  monthly  concert  of 
prayer  ;  a  monthly  visit. 

MONTHLY,  adv.  "Once  a  month;  in  eve- 
ry month.     The  moon  changes  monthly. 

2.  As  if  under  the  Influence  of  the  moon  ;  In 
the  manner  of  a  lunatic.     [jVo<  used.l 

Middleton. 

MONTH'S-MIND,  n.  Earnest  desire  ; 
strong  Inclination.  Hudibras. 

MONTM'ARTRITE,n.  A  mineral  of  a  yel 
lowish     color,     occurring    massive,    and 
found   at   Montmartre,  near   Paris.     It  is 
soft,  but  resists  the  weather.     It  Is  a  com 
pound  of  the  sulphate  and  carbonate  of 
lime.  Ure 

MONTOIR,  )i.  [Fr.]  In  horsemanship,  a 
stone  used  for  aiding  to  mount  a  horse 

MON'UMENT,  n.  [L.  monumentum,  from 
moneo,  to  admonish  or  remind.] 

1.  Any  thing  by  which  the  memoi-y  of  a  per 
son  or  an  event  is  preserved  or  perpetua 
ted  ;    a   building,    stone    or   other    thing 
placed  or  erected  to  remind  men  of  the 
person  who  raised  it,  or  of  a  person  de- 
ceased, or  of  any  remarkable  event ;  as  a 
mausoleum,  a  pillar,  a  pyramid,    a  tri 
umphal  arch,  a   tombstone  and  the  like. 
A  pillar  of  200  feet  in  highth,  composed 
of  Portland  stone,  was  erected  in  London 
as  a  monument  to  preserve  the  memory  of 
the  great  conflagration  in  16C6.     A  monu- 
ment is  erected   on   Bunker  Hill  to  com 
memorate  the  battle  of  June  17, 1775. 

2.  A  stone  or  a  heap  of  stones  or  other  du- 
rable thing,  intended  to  mark  the  bounds 
of  states,  towns  or  distinct  possessions, 
and  preserve  the  memory  of  divisional 
lines.  J^eiD  England. 

•3.  A  thing  that  reminds  or  gives  notice. 
MONUMENT'AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  monu- 
ment ;  as  a  monumental  Inscription. 

2.  Serving  as  a  monument;  memorial;  pre- 
serving memory. 

Of  pine  or  monwnental  oak.  .Alilton 

A  work  outlasting  monumental  brass.     Pope 

3.  Belonging  to  a  tomb  ;  as  monumental  rest. 

Crashaw. 


MONUMENT' ALLY,  adv.  By  way  of  me- 
morial. Gayton. 
MOOD,  n.  [Fr. mode ;L. modus.  SeeJMorfe.] 

1.  The  form  of  an  argument ;  the  regular 
determination  of  propositions  according  to 
their  quantity,  as  universal  or  particular, 
and  their  quality,  as  affirmative  or  nega- 
tive, ffatts.     Encyc. 

2.  Style  of  music.  .Milton.     Encyc. 

3.  The  variation  of  a  verb  to  express  man- 
ner of  action  or  being.     [See  Mode.] 

In  the  foregoing  senses,  and  in  all  cases, 
this  word  when  derived  from  the  Latin 
modus,  ought  to  be  written  mode,  It  being 
a  distinct  word  from  the  following. 
MOOD,  n.  [Goth,  mod,  anger;  Sax.  Sw. 
mod,  the  mind,  a  lofty  mind,  pride,  vio- 
lence ;  modig,  proud,  spirited ;  G.  muth, 
mind,  mood,  courage,  mettle,  spirit;  D. 
moid;  Dan.  mood,  mod,  heart,  courage, 
mettle.  We  observe  these  words  unite 
the  sense  of  mind  witli  that  of  spirit,  cour- 
age, anger,  for  the  primary  sense  is  de- 
rived from  moving,  driving  or  rushing  for- 
ward, or  from  exciting.  We  observe 
analogous  cases  in  the  L.  animus  and  Gr. 
Ov^wi.     Class  Md.  No.  19.  24.  2r,.] 

1.  Temper  of  mind  ;  temporary  state  of  the 
mind  in  regard  to  passion  or  feeling  ;  hu- 
mor ;  as  a  melancholy  mood;  an  angry 
mood ;  a  suppliant  mood. 

Dryden.    Mdison. 

2.  Anger;  heat  of  temper.  Hooker. 
[In  this  sense  little  used,  unless  qualifi- 
ed by  an  adjective.] 

MOOD'ILY,    adv.    [from    moody.]     Sadly. 

Obs. 
MOOD'INESS,  n.  Anger;  peevishness. 
MOOD'Y,  a.  [Sax.  morfi^,  angry.]    Angry; 

peevish;  fretful;  out  of  humor. 

Every  peevish  moody  malcontent.        Howe. 

2.  Mental ;  intellectual ;  as  moody  food.  Obs. 

Shak. 

3.  Sad ;  pensive. 

4.  Violent ;  furious. 
MOON,  n.  [Sax.  mono ;  Goth,  mena ;  Dan. 

maane  ;  Sw.  m&na  ;  D.  maan  ;  G.  mond  ; 
Gr.  |U>ji»7,  Doric,  fuiva ;  Lapponic,  mana.] 

1.  The  heavenly  orb  which  revolves  round 
the  earth  ;  a  secondary  planet  or  satellite 
of  the  earth,  whose  borrowed  light  is  re- 
flected to  the  earth  and  serves  to  dispel 
the  darkness  of  night.  Its  mean  distance 
from  the  earth  is  60.i  semidlameters  of  the 
earth,  or  240,000  miles.  Its  revolution 
round  the  earth  in  27  days,  7  hours,  43 
minutes,  constitutes  the  lunar  month. 

2.  A  month.  Thisis  the  sense  in  which  rude 
nations  use  the  name  of  the  moon ;  as 
seven  moons. 

Half-moon,  in  fortification,  a  figure  resemb- 
ling a  orescent. 

MOON  -BEAM,  n.  A  ray  of  light  from  the 
moon.  Dryden. 

MOON'-€.\LF,  n.  .\  monster;  a  false  con- 
ception. Shak. 

2.  A  mole  or  mass  of  fleshy  matter  genera- 
ted In  the  uterus. 

3.  A  dolt  :  a  stupid  fellow.  Dryden. 
MOONED,  a.  Taken  for  the  moon. 

.Milton. 
MOON'ET,  n.  A  iittle  moon.  Hall. 

MOON'-EVE,    n.    An  eye  affected  by  the 

moon. 
MOON'-EVED,  a.  Having  eyes  aflfected  by 

the  revolutions  of  the  moon. 


MOO 


MOO 


M  O  R 


3.  Dim-eyed ;  purblinil.  Ainsworth. 

MOON'-FISH,  n.  A  fish  whose  tail  is  shap- 
ed like  a  half-moon.  Grew. 

MOON'ISH,  a.  Like  the  moon ;  variable. 

Shak. 

MOON'LESS,  a.  Not  favored  with  moon- 
light. Dryden. 

MOON'LIGHT,  n.  The  light  afforded  by 
the  moon. 

MOON'LIGHT,  a.  Illuminated  by  the  moon ; 
as  moonlight  revels.  Shak 

MOON'LING,  n.  A  simpleton.     B.  Jonson 

MOON'LOVED,  a.  Loved  when  the  moon 
sliines.  MUton. 

MOON'-SAD,n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Meni- 
,    spermuna,  having  a  rosaceous  flower. 
• '  Miller. 

MOON'SHINE,  n.  The  light  of  the  moon. 

Dryden. 

3.  In  burlesque,  a  month.  Shak. 

A  matter  o/moonshine,  a  matter  of  no  conse- 
quence or  of  indifference. 

MOON'SHINE.   )        Illuminated    by    the 

MOON'SHINY,  I  "■  moon;  as  a  fair  mooji- 
shine  night.  Clarendon. 

I  went  to  see  them  in  a  moonshiny  night. 

Madison 

MOON'STONE,  n.  A  variety  of  adularia, 
of  a  white  color,  or  a  yellowish  or  green- 
ish white,  soniewliat  iridescent,  found  in 
blunt  amorphous  masses,  or  crystalized 
in  truncated  rhomboidal  prisms,  or  in  rec- 
tangular tables,  or  in  hexahedral  prisms 
beveled  at  both  ends.  The  surface  is 
often  sulcated.  Kinoan. 

MOON'STRUCK,  a.  Affected  by  the  influ- 
ence of  the  moon  ;  lunatic  ;  as  moonstruck 
n)adness.  Milton. 

MOON-TRE'FOIL,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Medicaeo. 

MOON'-WoRT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Lu 
naria;  satin-flower;  honesty. 

MOON'Y,  a.  Lunated  ;  having  a  crescent 
for  a  standard  ;  in  resemblance  of  the 
moon  ;  as  the  moony  troops  or  moony  host 
of  the  sultans  of  Turkey. 

Philips.     Fenton. 

MOOR,  n.  [Sa.\.  mor,  a  mountain,  a  pool  or 
lake,  a  plain;  D.  moer ;  G.  mohr;  Fr. 
mare  ;  Dan.  myre.] 

1.  A  tract  of  land  overrun  with  heath. 

Encyc. 

2.  A  raarsh ;  a  fen  ;  a  tract  of  wet  low 
ground,  or  ground  covered  with  stagnant 
water. 

MOOR,  n.  [D.  moor;  G.mohr;  Fr.  maure ; 
Gr.  aftavpos,  ftavpos,  dark,  obscure.] 

A  native  of  tlie  northern  coast  of  Africa,  call 
ed  by  the  Romans  from  the  color  of  the 
people,  Mauritania,  the  country  of  dark- 
complexioned  people.  The  same  country 
is  now  called  Morocco,  Tunis,  Algiers, 
&c. 

MOOR,  V.  I.  [Sp.  Port,  amaira,  a  cable, 
and  a  command  to  belay  or  fasten  ;  amar- 
rar,  to  moor,  as  a  ship  :  Fr.  amarrer ;  Arm. 
amarra ;  D.  maaren  ;  allied  probably  to  L. 
moror,  Fr.  demeurtr,  to  delay.  It  is  com 
posed  of  the  same  elements  as  the  Saxon 
merran,  amerran,  amyrran,  to  hinder,  to 
mar.^ 

To  confine  or  secure  a  ship  in  a  particular 
station,  as  by  cables  and  anchors  or  by 
chains.  A  ship  is  never  said  to  be  moored. 
when  she  rides  by  a  single  anchor. 

Mar.  Diet. 


MOOR,  V.  i.  To  be  confined  by  cables  or 
chains. 

On  oozy  ground  his  galleys  moor.     Dryden. 

MOOR'€OCK,  i       A  fowl  of  the   genus 

MOOR'FOWL,  >  n.  Tetrao,  found  in  moors ; 

MOORHEN,     >     red-game;  gor-cock. 

MOOR'ED,  pp.  Made  fast  in  a  station  by 
cables  or  chains. 

MOOR'ING,  ppr.  Confining  to  a  station  by 
cables  or  chains. 

MOOR'ING,  n.  In  seamen's  language,  moor 
iiigs  are  the  anchors,  chains  and  bridles 
laid  athwart  the  bottom  of  a  river  or  har- 
bor to  confine  a  ship. 

MOOR'ISH,    a.    Marshy;   fenny;  watery 
Along  the  moorish  fens.  Thomson. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  Moors  in  Africa. 

MOOR'LAND,  n.  A  marsh  or  tract  of  low 
watery  ground.  Mortimer.     Swift. 

2.  Land  rising  into  moderate  hills,  foul, 
cold  and  full  of  bogs,  as  in  Staffordshire, 
England. 

MOOR'STONE,  ?!.  A  species  of  granite. 

Woodward. 

MOOR' Y,  a.  Marshy ;  fenny  ;  boggy ;  wa- 
tery. 

As  when  thick  mists  arise  from  moory  vales, 

Fairfax. 

MOOSE,  n.  moos,  [a  native  Indian  name.] 
An  animal  of  the  genus  Cervus,  and  the 
largest  of  the  deer  kind,  growing  some 
times  to  the  highth  of  17  hands,  and  weigh 
ing  1200  pounds.  This  animal  has  pahnat 
ed  horns,  with  a  short  thick  neck,  and  an 
upright  mane  of  a  light  brown  color.  The| 
eyes  are  small,  the  ears  a  foot  long,  veryl 
broad  and  slouching  ;  the  upper  lip  is! 
square,  hangs  over  the  lower  one,  and  has 
a  deep  sulcus  in  the  middle  so  as  to  ap- 
pear bifid.  This  animal  inhabits  cold 
northern  climates,  being  found  in  the 
American  forests  of  Canada  and  New 
England,  and  in  the  corresponding  lati- 
tudes of  Europe  and  Asia.  It  is  the  elk  of 
Europe.  Encyc. 

MOOT,  II.  t.  [Sax.  motian,  to  meet,  to  de- 
bate ;  Sw.  mota,  to  meet,  to  fall,  to  come 
to  or  on  ;  Goth,  motyan.  See  Meet,  of 
which  this  word  is  a  different  orthogra- 
phy. The  sense  of  debate  is  from  meet 
ing,  like  encounter,  from  the  French  ;  for 
meeting  gives  rise  to  the  sense  of  opposing, 
and  the  Dan.  mod  and  Sw.  emot,  against 
a  preposition  answering  to  L.  contra,  Fr. 
contre,  is  from  this  root.] 
To  debate ;  to  discuss  ;  to  argue  for  and 
against.  The  word  is  ap|)lied  chiefly  to 
the  disputes  of  students  in  law,  who  state 
a  question  and  discuss  it  by  way  of  exer- 
cise to  qualify  themselves  for  arguing 
causes  in  court. 
MOOT,  V.  i.  To  argue  or  plead  on  a  sup 

posed  cause. 
MOOT,  5     A  point,  case  or  ques 

MOOT'-€ASE,    Sji.tionto   be  mooted   or 
MOOT'-POINT,  5     debated  ;   a  disputable 
case  ;  an  unsettled  question. 

In  this  moot-case  your  juJgment  to  refuse. 

Dryden 
MOOT'ED,  pp.  Debated  ;  disputed  ;  con- 
troverted. 
MOOT'ER,  n.  A  disputer  of  a  mooted  case 
MOOT'-HALL,  ?  A  town  hall;  hall  of 
MOOT'-HOUSR,  S  "■  judgment.     Obs. 

Wickliffe 


MOOT'ING,  ppr.  Disputing  ;  debating  for 
exercise. 

MOOT'ING,  n.  The  exercise  of  disputing. 

MOP,  n.  [VV.  mop  or  mopa  ;  L.  mappa.]  A 
piece  of  cloth,  or  a  collection  of  thrums  or 
coarse  yarn  fastened  to  a  handle  and  used 
for  cleaning  floors.  Swift. 

2.  A  wry  mouth.     [JVot  used.]  Shak. 

MOP,  V.  t.  To  rub  or  wipe  with  a  mop. 

MOP,  11.  {.  To  make  a  wrv  mouth.  [J\/ot 
"-serf.]  ■  Shak. 

MOPE,  V.  i.  [I  have  not  found  this  word. 
unless  in  the  D.  moppen,  to  pout.] 

To  be   very    stupid  ;    to  be   very  dull ;    to 
drowse  ;  to  be  spiritless  or  gloomy. 
Demoniac  phrensy,  moping  melancholy. 

Milton. 
— Or  but  a  sickly  part  of  one  true  sense 
Could  not  so  mope.  Shak. 

MOPE,  V.  t.  To  make  stupid  or  spiritless. 

MOPE,  ?!.  A  stupid  or  low  spirited  person  ; 
a  drone. 

MO'PED,  pp.  Made  stupid. 

A  young,  low  spirited,  mnped  creature. 

Loeke. 

MOPE-EYED,  a.  [Qu.  Gr.  ,.i<*^.]  Short- 
sighted; purblind.  BramhaU. 

MO'PING,  ppr.  Aflected  with  dullness : 
spiritless  ;  gloomy. 

MO'PI8H,  a.  Dull  ;  spiritless  ;  stupid  ;  de- 
jected. 

MO'PISHNESS,  n.  Dejection  ;  dullness  : 
stupidity. 

MOP'PET,  >  ^^    [from  mop  ;  L.  mappa.]     A 

MOP'SEY,  ^ '■  rag-baby  ;  a  puppet  made 
of  cloth;  a  fondling  name  of  a   little  girl. 

Dryden. 

MO'PUS,  n.  A  mope  ;  a  drone.  Swift. 

MOR'AL,  a.  [Fr.  Sp.  moral;  It.  morale; 
L.  moralis,  from  mos,  moris,  manner.  The 
elements  of  this  word  are  probably  Mr.; 
but  I  know  not  the  primary  sense.     The 

word  coincides  in  elements  with  Ar.  j.^ 
to  pass,  to  walk.] 
1.  Relating  to  the  practice,  manners  or  con- 
duct of  men  as  social  beings  in  relation 
to  each  other,  and  with  reference  to  right 
and  wrong.  The  word  moral  is  applica- 
ble to  actions  that  are  good  or  evil,  vir- 
tuous or  vicious,  and  has  reference  to  the 
law  of  God  as  the  standard  by  which  their 
character  is  to  be  determined.  The  word 
however  may  be  applied  to  actions  which 
affect  only,  or  primarily  and  principally,  a 
person's  own  happiness. 

Keep  at  (he  least  within  the  compass  of  mora! 
actions,  which  have  in  them  vice  or  virtue. 

Hooker. 
Mankind  is  broken  loose  from  moral  bands. 

Dryden. 
Subject  to  the  moral  law  and  capable  of 
moral  actions;  bound  to  perform  social 
duties  ;  as  a  moral  agent  or  being. 
Supported  by  the  evidence  of  reason  or 
probability  ;  founded  on  experience  of  the 
ordinary  course  of  things ;  as  moral  cer- 
tainty, distinguished  from  physical  or 
mathematical  certainty  or  demonstration. 
Physical  and  mathematical  certainty  may  be 
stiled  infallible,  and  moral  certainly  may  be 
properly  stiled  indubitable.  Wilkins. 

Things  of  a  moriil  nature  may  be  proved  by 
moral  arguments.  Tillotson. 

4.  Confi)rincd  to  rides  of  right,  or  to  the  di- 
vine  law  respecting  social  duties  ;    vir- 


M  O  R 


M  O  R 


M  O  R 


tuous;  just;  as  when  we  say,  a  particu- 
lar action  is  not  moral. 

0.  Conformed  to  law  and  right  in  exterior 
deportment  ;  as,  he  leads  a  good  tnoral 
life. 

6.  Reasoning  or  instructing  with  regard  to 
vice  and  virtue. 

Whilst  thou,   a  moral  [ool,   sitt'st  still  and 
cii'sl.  Wint- 

7.  In  general,  jnoro/ denotes  somethinf?  which 
respects  the  conduct  of  men  and  their  re- 
lations as  social  beings  whose  actions  liave 
a  bearing  on  each  otlier's  rif^hts  and  hap- 
piness, and  are  therefore  right  or  wrcjng, 
virtuous  or  vicious;  as  moral  character; 
morai views;  moral  linowledge;  nioro/ sen- 
timents ;  moral  maxims  ;  moral  approba- 
tion ;  moral  doubts ;  moral  justice  ;  moral 
virtue  ;  moral  obligations,  &c.  Or  moral 
denotes  something  which  respects  the  in- 
tellectual powers  of  man,  as  distinct  from 
his  physical  powers.  Tluis  we  speak  of 
moral  evidence,  moral  arguments,  moral 
persuasion,  moral  certainty,  moral  force  ; 
which  operate  on  tlie  mind. 

Moral  law,  the  law  of  God  wliich  prescribes 
the  moral  or  social  duties,  and  prohibits 
the  transgression  of  them. 

Moral  sense,  an  innate  or  natin-al  sense  of 
right  and  wrong;  an  instinctive  percep 
tion  of  what  is  riglit  or  wrong  in  moral 
conduct,  which  approves  some  actions  and 
disapproves  others,  independent  of  edu 
cation  or  the  knowledge  of  any  positive 
rule  or  law.  But  the  existence  of  any  such 
moral  sense  is  very  much  doubted. 

Paley.     Encyc. 

Moral  philosophy,  the  science  of  manners  and 
duty  ;  the  science  which  treats  of  the  na- 
ture and  condition  of  man  as  a  social  be 
ing,  of  the  duties  which  result  from  his 
social  relations,  and  the  reasons  on  which 
they  are  founded. 

MOR'AL,  71.  Morality ;  the  doctrine  or  prac- 
tice of  the  duties  of  life.     [M>t  much  iised.' 

Prior. 

2.  The  doctrine  inculcated  by  a  fiction  ;  the 
accommodation  of  a  fable  to  form  the 
morals. 

The  tnoral  is  the  first  business  of  the  poet. 

Z>ryde7i 

MOR'AL,  V.  i.  To  moralize.     [JVot  in  use.] 

MOR'ALER,  n.  A  moralizer.  [jYot  in  use.' 

Shak 

MOR'ALIST,  n.  [It.  moralisla ;  Fr.  moral- 
isle.] 

1.  One  who  teaches  the  duties  of  life,  or  a 
writer  of  essays  intended  to  correct  vice 
and  inculcate  moral  duties.  Addison. 

2.  One  who  practices  moral  duties ;  a  mere 
moral  person.  Hammond. 

MORAL'ITY,  n.  [Fr.  moratitl]  The  doc- 
trine or  system  of  moral  duties,  or  the  du 
ties  of  men  in  their  social  character ;  eth- 
ics. 

The  system  of  morality  to  be  gathered  from 
the  writings  of  ancient  sages,  falls  very  short  of 
that  delivered  in  the  gospel.  Sanft. 

2.  The  practice  of  the  moral  duties  ;  virtue. 
We  often  admire  the  politeness  of  men 
whose  morality  we  question. 

3.  The  quality  of  an  action  which  renders  it 
good ;  the  conformity  of  an  act  to  the  di-! 
vine  law,  or  to  the  principles  of  rectitude. 
This  conformity  implies  that  the  act  must: 
be  performed  by  a  free  agent,  and  from  a! 


motive  of  obedience  to  the  divine  wilLn 
This  is  the  strict  theological  and  .scriptural! 
sense  of  morality.     But  we  often  apply  the 
word  to  actions  which  accord  with  justice 
and  human  laws,  without  reference  to  the 
motives  liiim  which  thev  proceed. 

MORALIZA'TION,  Ji.  Moral  reflections, 
or  the  act  of  making  moral  reflections. 

ffurton. 

'i.  Explanation  in  a  moral  sense.  Klyot. 

MOR'ALIZE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  moraliser ;  Sp.l 
moralizar ;  It.  moralizzare.] 

1.  To  apply  to  a  moral  purpose,  or  to  ex- 
plain in  a  moral  sense. 

This  fable  is  moralized  in  a  common  proverb. 

L'Estrartge. 

Did  he  not  moralize  this  spectacle  .'       Shak. 

2.  To  furnish  with  manners  or  examples. 

Spenser. 

3.  To  render  moral  or  virtuous;  to  correct 
the  morals  of  i 

It  had  a  large  share  in   moralizing  the  poorj 

while  people  of  the  country.  Hamsay.l 

[This  sense,  though  the   most  strictlyl 

etymological,  is  rare,  but   not  to  be  con-j 

demned.] 

MOR'ALIZE,  V.  i.  To  speak  or  write  on 
moral  subjects,  or  to  make  moral  reflec- 
tions. 

MOR'ALIZED,  pp.  Applied  to  a  moral  pur- 
pose, or  explained  in  a  moral  sense. 

2.  Renrlered  moral  or  less  corrupt. 

Ch.  Relig.  Appeal. 

MOR'ALIZER,  n.  One  who  moralizes. 

MOR'ALIZING,  ppr.  Applying  to  a  moral; 
purpose,  or  explaining  in  a  moral  sense,      i 

2.  Making  moral  reflections  in  words  or  wri- 
ting. 

MOR'ALIZING,  n.  The  application  of  facts 
to  a  moral  purpose,  or  the  making  of 
moral  reflections. 

His  moralizings  are  always  pleasant,  and  he 
does  not  spare,  where  he  thinks  it  useful  to 
moialize.  Ch.  Obs. 

MOR'ALLY,  adv.  In  a  moral  or  ethical 
sense ;  according  to  the  rules  of  morality. 
By  good,  morally  so  called,  bonum  honest- 
urn  ought  chiefly  to  be  understood.  South. 
Virtuously  ;  honestly  ;  according  to  moral 
rules  in  external  deportment.  He  resolves 
to  live  morally. 

•3.  According  to  the  rules  of  the  divine  law. 
An  action  is  not  in  strictness  morally  good, 
which  does  not  proceed  from  good  mo- 
tives, or  a  principle  of  love  and  obedience 
to  the  divine  law  and  to  the  lawgiver. 
Charity  bestowed  to  gratify  pride,  or  jus- 
tice done  by  compulsion,  cannot  be  morally 
good  ill  the  sight  of  God. 

4.  According  to  the  evidence  of  human  rea 
son  or  of  probabilities,  founded  on  facts 
or  experience  ;  according  to  the  usual 
course  of  things  and  human  judgment 

It  is  morally  impossible  ibr  u  hypocrite  to 
keep  himself  long  on  his  guard.  V Estrange 
From  the  nature  of  things,  I  am  morally  cer- 
tain that  a  mind  free  from  passion  and  prejudice 
is  more  fit  to  pass  a  true  juilginent  than  one 
biased  by  allection  and  interest.  Wilkins. 

MOR'ALS,  n.  plu.  The  practice  of  the  du- 
ties of  life  ;  as  a  man  of  correct  morals. 
2.  Conduct  ;  behavior  ;  course  of  life,  in  re- 
gard to  good  and  evil. 

Some,  a*  corrupt  in  their  morals  as  vice  could! 
make  them,  have  been  solicitous  to  have  theip 
cliildien  virtuously  and  piously  educated. 

South.} 


What  can  laws  do  without  morals  7 

Franklin . 

•MORASS',  n.  [D.  motras,  from  mwr,  a 
marsh  ;  Sw.  moras  ,•  G.  mjorasl ;  Sax.  mersc  ; 
Fr.  marais;  from  mare  or  moor,  a  tract 
of  level  ground.] 

A  marsh ;  a  fen  ;  a  tract  of  low  moist  ground. 
ffatls.     Thomson. 

MORASS'Y,  a.  Marshy  ;  fenny.     Pennant. 

.MORA'VIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Moravia. 

MORA'VIAN,  II.  One  of  a  religious  sect, 
called  the  I'nited  Brelliren. 

MOR'BID,  a.  [L.  morhidus,  from  morbus,  a 
disease,  from  the  root  of  morior,  to  die  ; 
W.  manv,  to  die,  from  mar,  hiid  flat.  The 
sense  of  the  verb  then  is  to  liill,  fail  or  sink  ; 
Ir.  marbh,  W.  marw,  dead.  In  Ch.  JTID 
is  to  be  sick.     Class  Mr.  No.  12.] 

Diseased;  sickly;  not  sound  and  healthful; 
as  morbid  humors  ;  a  morbid  constitution  ; 
a  morbid  state  of  the  juices  of  a  plant 
morbid  sensibility. 

MORBIDNESS,  n.  A  state  of  being  diseas- 
ed, sickly  or  unsound. 

MORBIF'iC,        }        [Fr.    morbifique  ;     L. 

MORBIF'IeAL,  I  "■  morbus,  disease,  and 
facio,  to  make.] 

Causing  disease  ;  generating  a  sickly  state  ; 
as  morbijic  matter. 

MORBIL'LOUS,  a.  [L.  morbilli,  measles,  a 
medical  term  from  morbus.] 

Pertaining  to  the  measles ;  measly  ;  partak- 
ing of  the  nature  of  measles,  or  resem- 
bling the  eruptions  of  that  disease. 

MORBO'SE,  a.  [L.  morbosus.]  Proceeding 
from  disease  ;  unsound  ;  unhealthy  ;  as  a 
morbose  tumor  or  excrescence  in  plants. 

Ray. 

MORBOS'ITY,  n.  A  diseased  state. 

Brown. 

MORDA'CIOUS,  a.  [L.  mordax,  infra.] 
Biting  ;  given  to  biting.  Evelyn. 

MORDA'CIOUSLY,  adv.  In  a  biting  man- 
ner ;  sarcastically.  JVuterhouse. 

MORDACITY,  n.  [L.  mordacitas,  from  mor- 
deo,  to  bite.] 

The  quality  of  biting. 

MOR'DANT,  n.  [Fr.  biting.]  A  substance 
which  has  a  chiniical  affinity  for  coloring 
matter  and  serves  to  fix  colors  ;  such  as 
alum.  Fourcroii. 

MOR'DIeANCY,  n.  A  biting  quahty  ;  cor- 
rosiveness.  Evelyn. 

MOR'DI€ANT,  a.  [Fr. ;  from  L.  mordeo,  to 
bite.] 

Biting  ;  acrid  ;  as  the  mordicant  quality  of  a 
body.  Boyle. 

MORDl€A'TION.  ji.  [from  L.  mordeo,  to 
bite.] 

The  act  ofbiting  or  corroding  ;  corrosion. 
Another  cause  is  the  mnrdiiation  of  the  orifi- 
cns,  especially  of  the  mesentery  veins.     Bacon. 

MORE,  a.  [Sa.x.  more,  mora  or  mare,  more 
or  greater  ;  D.  meer ;  G.  mehr  ;  Dan. 
meere  ;  Sw.  mer.  The  Saxon  ma  and  mo, 
in  Chaucer,  have  the  same  sense.  In  \V. 
mawr,  Ir.  mor,  signifies  great,  in  the  posi- 
tive degree.  The  word  may  be  contract- 
ed from  mag,  the  root  of  L.  magis  ;  mare, 
for  mager ;  but  this  is  conjecture.] 

I.  Greater  in  quality,  degree  or  amount  ;  in 
a  general  sense  ;  as  more  land  ;  more  wa- 
ter ;  more  courage  ;  more  virtue  ;  more 
power  or  wisdom  ;  more  love  ;  7norc  praise  ; 
more  light.  It  is  applicable  to  every  thing, 
material  or  immaterial. 


M  O  R 


M  O  R 


M  O  R 


2.  Groater  in  number  ;  exceeding  in  nuni 
bers  ;   as  inore  men  ;  more  virtues  ;   more 
years. 

The  children  of  Israel   are   more  than  we. 
Ex.  i. 
3-  Greater. 

'I'he  7nore  part  knew  not  wliy  they  had  come 
together.     Acts  xix. 
4.  Added  to    some  former  number  ;  addi- 
tional. 

But  Montague  demands  one  labor  more. 

Addison. 
MORE,  adv.  To  a  greater  degree. 

Israel  loved  Joseph  more  than  all  his  chil- 
dren.    Gen.  xxxvii. 

2.  It  is  used  with  the. 

They  hated  him  yet  the  more.     Gen.  xxxvii. 

3.  It  is  used  to  modify  an  adjective  and 
form  the  comparative  degree,  having  the 
same  force  and  effect  as  the  termination 
er,  in  monosyllables  ;  as  inore  wise  ;  more 
illustrious  ;  more  contemptible  ;  more  du 
rable.  It  may  be  used  before  all  adjec- 
tives which  admit  of  comparison,  and 
must  be  used  before  polysyllables. 

4.  A  second  or  another  time  ;  again.     I  ex- 
pected to  hear  of  him  no  more. 

The  dove  returned  not  to  him  again  any  Tnore. 
Gen.  viii. 
JVo  more,  not  continuing  ;  existing  no  long- 
er ;  gone  ;  deceased  or  destroyed.     Cas- 
sius  is  no  more.     Troy  is  no  more. 

JVo  more  is  used  in  commands,  in  an  el- 
liptical form  of  address.  JVo  more  !  that  is, 
say  no  more ;  let  me  hear  no  more.  In  this 
use  however,  more,  when  the  sentence  is 
complete,  is  a  noun  or  substitute  for  a 
noun. 
Much  more,  in  a  greater  degree  or  with  more 

readiness ;  more  abundantly. 
More  and  more,  with  continual  increase. 

Anion  trespassed  more  and  more.     2  Chron. 
xxxiii. 
MORE,  a  noun  or  substitute  for  a  noun.     A 
greater  quantity,  amount  or  number. 

They  gathered  some  more,  some  less.  Ex. 
xvi. 

They  were  7nore  who  died  by  hail-stones, 
than  they  whom  the  children  of  Israel  slew 
with  the  sword.     Josh.x. 

God  do  so  to  thee  and  more  also.     1  Sam.  iii 

There  were  tnore  than  forty  who  had  made 

this  conspiracy.     Acts  xxiii. 

2.  Greater   thing  ;  other  thing  ;  something 

further.      Here  we  rest  ;   we  can  do  no 

more.     He  conciuered  his  enemies  ;  he  did 

more,  he  conquered  himself 

MORE,  V.  t.  To  make  more.     Ohs. 

Goive 
MOREE'N, )!.  A  stuff  used  for  curtains,  &c. 
MOREL',  Ji.  [It.  morella  ;  Fr.  morelle.]  Gar- 
den iiiglitsliade,   a  jilaiit  of  the  genus  So- 
lanum. 
2.  A  kind  of  cherry. 
MORELAND.     [See  Moorland.] 
MO'RENESS,  n.  Greatness.     Obs. 

H'kkUffe. 
MOREO'VER,  adv.  [more  and  over.]     Be- 
yond what  has  been  said;  further;  be- 
sides ;  also  ;  likewise. 

Moreover,  liy    them  is  thy    servant  Warned, 
Ps.  xix. 
MORESK',        I        [Er.  from     It.   moreseo. 
MORESQUE,   \  "■  from  Moro,  a  Moor.] 
Done  after  the  manner  of  the  Moors. 
MORESK',  )i.  A  species  of  painting  orcarv- 
ing    done    after    the    Moorish    manner 


consisting  of  grotesque  pieces  and  com- 
partments promiscuously  interspersed. 

Encyc. 

MOR'GLAY,!!.[L.  mors,  death,  and  Celtic 
glaive,  sword.] 

A  deadly  weapon. 

MOR'GRAY,  n.  A  Mediterranean  fish  of 
a  pale  reddish  gray  color,  spotted  witli 
brown  and  white.  It  is  called  also  the 
rough  hound-fish.  It  weighs  about  twen- 
ty ounces  and  is  well  tasted. 

Diet.  J\at.  Hist. 

MORICE.     [See  Morisco.] 

MORI6ERa'tION,  n.  [See  Morigerous.] 
Obsequiousness  ;  obedience.     Obs. 

Bacon. 

MORIG'EROUS,  a.  [L.  morigeras  ;  mos, 
maris,  manner,  and  gero,  to  carry.] 

Obedient  ;  obsequious.  [Little  used.]     Diet. 

MOR'IL,  n.  [Fr.  morille.]  A  mushroom  of 
the  size  of  a  walnut,  abounding  with  little 
holes.  Encyc. 

MORIL'LIFORM,  a.  Having  the  form  of 
the  moril,  a  mushroom. 

MOR'ILLON,  n.  A  fowl  of  the  genus  Anas 

Pennant. 

MOR'INEL,  n.  A  bird,  called  also  dotteril. 

MORIN'GA,  n.  A  plant. 

MOR'ION,  n.    [Fr.  from  It.  morione.]     At 
mor  for  the  head  ;  a  helmet  or  casque  to 
defend  the  head.  Raleigh.     Dn/den. 

MORIS'eO,  f  ^    [from  .Moor.]     A  dance,  or 

MO'RISK,  ^  ■  a  dancer  of  the  morris  or 
moorish  dance.  [See  Morris.]  Shak. 

MOR'KIN,  n.  [Sw.  murken,  putrefied  ;  or 
Fr.  mort,  L.  mortuus,  dead,  and  kin,  kind.] 

Among  hunters,  a  beast  that  has  died  by 
sickness  or  mischance.  Bailey 

MOR'LAND,     ?  ].!      1      1      1  •  I 

MO'RELAND,  \    "■  Moorland,  which  see 

MOR'LING,      }       [Fr.  mort,  dead.]    Wool 

MORT'LING,  I  "•  plucked  from  a  dead 
sheep.  Ainsworth. 

MOR'MO,  n.  [Gr.  ^opftw.]  A  bugbear  ;  false 
terror.  Johnson. 

MORN,  n.  [Sax.  marne,  margene,  mergen 
morgen,  Dan.  D.  G.  morgen,  Sw.  mor- 
gan, morn,  morning  or  morrow.  In  W. 
mory,  Ir.  marach  is  morrow  ;  Scot,  morn 
or  morne,  morrow.  In  Goth,  meryan  si^ 
nifies  to  publish,  that  is,  to  open  or  throw 
forth ;  Orient,  "ras.  In  Russ.  morgayu 
signifies  to  wink  or  twinkle  ;  Ice.  morgnar, 
to  grow  light.] 

The  first  part  of  the  day  ;  the  morning  ;  a 
word  used  chiefly  in  poetry. 
And  blooming  peace  shall  ever  bless  thy  morn. 

Prior. 

MORN'ING,  n.  [Sax.  margene,  morgen.  See 
Morn.] 

1.  The  first  part  of  the  day,  beginning  at 
twelve  o'clock  at  night  and  extending  to 
twelve  at  noon.  Thus  we  say,  u  star  rises 
at  one  o'clock  in  the  morning.  In  a  more 
limited  sense,  morning  is  the  time  begin 
iiing  an  hour  or  two  before  sunrise,  or  at 
break  of  day,  and  extending  to  the  hour  of 
breakfast  and  of  beginning  the  labors  of 
the  day.  Among  men  of  business  in  large 
cities,  the  morning  extends  to  the  hour  of 
dining. 

2.  Tlic  first  or  early  part. 

In  the  morning  of  life,  devote  yourself  to  the 

.service  of  the  Most  High.  J.  Clarke. 

MORN'ING,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  first  part 

or  early  part  of  the  day  ;  being  in  the  ear- 


ly part  of  the  day ;  as  morning  dew  ;  morn- 
ing light ;  morning  service. 
She  looks  as  clear 
As  morning  roses  newly  washed  with  dew. 

MORNING-GOWN, n.  A  gown  worn  in  the 
morning  before  one  is  formally  dressed. 

.  Addison. 

MORNING-STAR,  n.  The  planet  Venus, 
when  it  precedes  the  sun  in  rising,  and 
shines  in  the  morning. 

MOROCCO,  n.  A  fine  kind  of  lether;  leth- 
er  dressed  in  a  particular  manner  ;  said  to 
be  borrowed  from  the  Moors. 

MORO'SE,  a.  [L.  morosus;  It.  Sp.  mo- 
roso,  slow,  tardy.  In  Portuguese,  moroso 
signifies  dwelling  on  lewd  thoughts;  mo- 
rosidade,  the  act  of  dwelling  on  such 
thoughts.  Morose  then  is  from  the  root  of 
L.  moror,  to  delay,  stop,  hinder,  whence 
commoror,  to  dwell,  Fr.  demeurer,  Eng. 
demur.  ^  The  customary  sense  then  is  de- 
rived from  the  gloomy,  sullen  temper 
formed  by  habitually  fixing  the  thoughts 
on  some  object.] 

Of  a  sour  temper  ;  severe ;  sullen  and  austere. 
Some  have  deserved   censure  for  a  morose 
and    affected    taciturnity  ;    others  have    made 
speeches  though  they  had  nothing  to  say. 

Watts. 

MORO'SELY,  adv.  Sourly  ;  with  sullen 
austerity. 

MORO'SENESS,  n.  Sourness  of  temper  ; 
sulleuness.  Moroseness  is  not  precisely 
peevishness  or fretfulness,  though  often  ac- 
companied with  it.  It  denotes  more  of 
silence  and  severity  or  ill  humor,  than  the 
irritability  or  irritation  which  chjiracter- 
izes  peevishness. 

Leam  good  humor,  never  to  oppose  without 
just  reason ;  abate  some  degrees  of  pride  and 
moroseness.  Watts 

MOROS'ITY,  n.  Moroseness.     [mt  used.] 

Shak. 

MOROX'YLle,  a.  Moroxylic  acid  is  obtain- 
ed from  a  saline  exsudatiou  from  the  mor- 
rus  alba  or  white  mulberry. 

MOR'PHEW,  n.  [It.  morfea.]  A  scurf  on 
the  face. 

MOR'PHEW,  V.  t.  To  cover  with  scurf. 

Bp.  HaU. 

MOR'PHIA,  n.  A  vegetable  alkali  extract- 
ed from  opium,  of  which  it  constitutes  the 
narcotic  principle.  Bigelow.     Ure. 

MOR'RICE,  ^      [Fr.  ?HorfSj"'^;fi'0'n 

MORRIS,  yn.Moor.]     A  moorish 

MORRIS-DANCE,)  dance;  a  dance  in 
imitation  of  the  Moors,  as  sarabands,  cha- 
cons,  &c.  usually  performed  with  casta- 
nets, tambours,  &.c.  by  young  men  in  their 
shirts,  with  bells  at  their  feet  and  ribins  of 
various  colors  tied  round  their  arms  and 
flung  across  their  shoulders.  Encyc. 

JVine  men's  morrice,  a  kind  of  play  with  nine 
holes  in  the  ground.  Shak. 

MORRIS-DANCER,  n.  One  who  dances  a 
niorris-dance.  Temple. 

MORRIS-PIKE,  n.  A  tnoorish  pike. 

MORROW,  n.  [Sax.  morgen.  But  it  seems 
rather  to  be  the  Welsh  mory,  morrow.] 

1.  The  day  next  after  the  present. 
Till  this  stormy  night  is  gone, 
.Vnd  th'  eternal  morrow  dawn.  Crashaw. 

This  word  is  often  preceded  by  on  or  to. 
The  Lord  did  that  thing  on  the  morrow.  Ex. 
is. 

To  morrow  shidl  this  sign  be.     Ex.  viii. 


M  O  R 


M  O  R 


M  O  R 


So  we  say,  to  night,  to  day.    To  morrow 
is  equivalent  to  on  the  morrow. 
2.  The  next  day  subsequent  to  any  day  spe 
cified. 

But  if  the  sacrifice  of  his  offering  shall  be  a 
vow  or  a  voluntaiy  offering,  it  shall  be  eaten  the 
same  day  that  he  offereth  his  sacrifice  ;  and  or. 
the  monow  also  the  remainder  of  it  shall  be 
eaten.  Lev.  vii. 
Goorf  morrow,  a  term  of  salutation  ;  good 

mnriiing. 
MOR^^E,  n.  mors.  [Russ.  morj.]  In  zoolo- 
gy, the  sea-horse  or  walrus,  an  animal  of 
the  genus  Trichechus,  which  sometime! 
grows  to  the  length  of  18  feet.  This  ani 
nial  has  a  round  head,  small  mouth  and 
eyes,  thick  lips,  a  short  neck,  and  a  body 
thick  in  the  middle  and  tapering  toward 
the  tail.  His  skin  is  wrinkled,  with  slioit 
bairs  thinly  dispersed.  His  legs  are  short 
and  loosely  articulated,  and  he  has  five 
toes  on  each  foot  connected  by  webs. 
Teeth  of  this  animal  have  been  found 
which  weighed  thirty  pounds.  These  an- 
imals are  gregarious,  hut  shy  and  very 
fierce  when  attacked.  They  inhabit  the 
shores  of  Spitzbergen,  Hudson's  bay  and 
other  places  in  high  northern  latitudes. 

Encyc. 
MOR'SEL,  n.  [from  L.  morsus,  a  bite,  from 
mordeo.] 

1.  A  bite;  a  mouthful ;  a  small  piece  of  food. 

Every  morsel  to  a  satisfied  hunger  is  only  a 
new  labor  to  a  tired  digestion.  South 

2.  A  piece  ;  a  meal  ;  something  to  be  eaten, 

Oq  Oiese  herbs  and  fmits  and  flowers 

Feed  first,  on   each  beast  next  and  fish  and 

fowl, 
No  homely  morsels.  Milton. 

3.  A  small  quantity  of  something  not  eata- 
ble.    [Improper.]  Boyle. 

MOR'SIJRE,  )!.  The  act  of  biting. 

MORT,  n.  [Ft.  See  Mortal.]  A  tune  sound- 
ed at  the  death  of  game.  Shak. 

2.  A  salmon  in  his  third  year.  Todd. 

MOR'TAL,  a.  [L.  morlalis,  from  mors,  death, 
or  morior,  to  die,  that  is,  to  fall ;  W.  marw ; 
Fr.  mourir ;  Arm.  mervcl ;  It.  morire  ;  Sp 
morir.     See  Class  Mr.  No.  13.  14.] 

1.  Subject  to  death  ;  destined  to  die.  3Ian 
is  mortal. 

2.  Deadly  ;  destructive  to  life  ;  cau.smg 
death,  or  that  must  cause  death  ;  as  a  mor- 
tal wound  ;  mortal  poison. 

The  fruit 
Of  that  forbidden  tree  whose  mortal  taste 
Brought  death  into  the  world,  and  all  our  woe — 

Milton. 

3.  Bringing  death  ;  terminating  life. 

Safe  in  tlic  hand  of  one  disposing  power. 

Or  in  the  natal  or  the  mortal  hour.  Pope. 

4.  Deadly  in  malice  or  purpose  ;  as  a  mortal 
foe.     In  colloquial  language,  a  mortal  fo 
is  an  inveterate  foe. 

5.  Exposing  to  certain  death  ;  incurring  the 
penalty  of  death  ;  condemned  to  be  pun 
ished  with  death  ;  not  venial  ;  as  a  mortal 
sin. 

G.  Human  ;  belonging  to  man  who  is  mor 
tal  ;  as  mortal  wit  or  knowledge  ;  mortal 
power. 

The  voice  of  God 
To  mortal  ear  is  dreadful.  Mdton 

7.  Extreme  ;  violent.     [J^ot  elegant.] 

The  nymph  grew  pale,  and  in  a  mortal  fright — 

Dryilcn. 
MOR'TAL,   ?i.    Man  ;  a   being  subject  to 
death  ;  a  human  being. 


Warn  poor  mortals  left  behind.  7\ckel. 

It  is  often  used  in  ludicrous  and  collo- 
quial language. 
I  can  behold  uo  mortal  now.  Prior. 

MORTALITY,  n.  [L.  mortalitas.]    Subjec- 
tion to  death  or  the  necessity  of  dying. 
When  I  saw  her  die, 
I  tlicn  did  think  on  your  mortality.       Careiv 
2.  Death. 

Gladly  would  I  meet 

Mortality,  my  sentence.  Milton 

Frequency    of   death  ;   actual    death  of 

great  numbers  of  men  or  beasts  ;  as  a  time 

of  great  mortality.  Graunt 

4.  Human  nature. 

Take  these  tears,  mortality's  relief.         Pope 

5.  Power  of  destruction. 

Mortality  and  mercy  in  Vienna, 
Live  in  ihy  tongue  and  heart.  Shak 

MOR'TALIZE,  v.  t.  To  make  mortal. 

Broome. 

MOR'TALLY,    adv.    Irrecoverably  ;  in   a 

manner  that  must  cause  death  ;  as  mortal- 

b)  wounded.  Dryden 

2.  Extremely. 

Adrian  mortally  en\ied  poets,  painters  and 
artificers,  in  works  wherein  he  had  a  vein  to 
excel.  Bacon 

AlOR'TAR,  n.  [L.  mortarium  ;  Fr.  mortier  ; 
Sp.  morlero  ;  It.  morlaio  ;  I>an.  niorler ;  D. 
morlier ;  G.  morstr;  Russ.  niorter ;  Arm 
moHez  ;  Jr.  moirUal  ;  allied  perhaps  to 
Fr.  marteau,  Sp.  martillo,  a  hammer,  and 
named  from  beating.  See  Class  Mr.  No. 
10.  It).  25.] 

1.  A  vessel  of  wood  or  metal  in  form  of  an 
inverted  bell,  in  which  substances  are 
pounded  or  bruised  with  a  pestle. 

2.  A  short   piece   of  ordnance,    thick   and 
wide,  used  for  thi-owing  bombs,  carcases, 
shell.s,   &c.  ;   so   named   from  its   resem 
blance   in  shajje  to  the  utensil  above  de- 
scribed. 

MOR'TAR,  71.  [D.  moHtl ;  Fr.   morlier  ;  G. 


mortel  ;  Sp.  moHero  ;  Ir.  moirleal.  In  oth 
er  languages,  as  in  English,  the  orthogra- 
phy of  this  word  and  of  the  last  is  the 
same,  and  perhaps  this  name  is  taken  from 
beating  and  mixing.] 

.\  mixture  of  lime  and  sand  with  water,  us- 
ed as  a  cement  for  uniting  stones  and 
bricks  in  walls.  If  the  lime  is  slaked 
and  the  materials  mixed  with  lime  water, 
the  cement  will  be  much  stronger. 

Encyc. 

Mori  d'anceslor.  [Fr.  death  of  the  ancestor.] 
In  law,  a  writ  of  assize,  by  which  a  de 
mandant  recovers  pos.session  of  au  estate 
fiom  which  he  has  been  ousted,  on  the 
death  of  his  ancestor.  Blackslone. 

MOR'TER,  n.  [Fr.  mortier.]  A  lamp  or 
liffht.     Ohs.  Chaucer. 

MORTGAGE,  n.  mor'gage.  [Fr.  mort,  dead, 
and  gage,  pledge.] 

1.  Literally,  a  dead  pledge  ;  the  grant  of  an 
estate  in  fee  as  security  for  the  payment  of 
money,  and  on  the  condition  that  if  the 
money  shall  be  paid  according  to  the  con- 
tract, the  gi-ant  shall  be  void,  and  the 
mortgagee  shall  re-convey  the  estate  to 
the  mortgager.  Formerly  the  condition 
was,  that  if  the  mortgager  should  repay 
the  money  at  the  day  specified,  he  might 
then  re-enter  on  the  estate  granted  in 
pledge;  but  the  modern  practice  is  for  the 
mortgagee,  on  receiving  payment,  to  re- 
convey  the  land   to  the  mortgager.     Be-I 


fore  the  time  specified  for  payment,  that 
is,  between  the  time  of  contract  and  the 
time  limited  for  payment,  the  estate  is 
conditional,  and  the  mortgagee  is  called 
tenant  in  mortgage  ;  but  on  failure  of  pay- 
nieut  at  the  time  limited,  the  estate  be- 
comes absolute  in  the  mortgagee.  But  in 
this  case,  comts  of  equity  interpose,  and 
if  the  estate  is  of  more  value  than  the 
debt,  they  will  on  application  grant  a  rea- 
sonable time  for  the  mortgager  to  redeem 
the  estate.  This  is  called  the  equity  of  re- 
demption. Blackslone. 
2.  The  state  of  being  pledged;  as  lands  giv- 
en in  mortgage. 

[The  term  mortgage  is  applicable  only 
to  real  estate.] 

MORTG.\tiE,  V.  t.  mor'gage.  To  grant  au 
estate  in  fee  as  .security  for  money  lent  or 
contracted  to  be  paid  at  a  certain  titne,  on 
condition  that  if  the  debt  shall  be  dis- 
charged according  to  the  contract,  the 
grant  shall  be  void,  otherwise  to  remain 
in  full  force.  It  is  customary  to  give  a 
inortgage  for  securing  the  repayment  of 
money  lent,  or  the  payment  of  the  pur- 
chase money  of  au  estate,  or  foratiy  other 
debt. 

2.  To  pledge ;  to  make  liable  to  the  pay- 
ment of  any  debt  or  expenditure. 

Alreaily  a  portion  of  the  entire  capital  of  the 
nation  is  mortgaged  for  the  support  of  drunk- 
ards. L.  Bcechcr. 

MORTGA6ED,  pp.  mor  gaged.  Conveyed 
in  fee  as  security  for  the  payment  of  mo- 
money. 

MORTGAGEE,  n.  morgaget'.  The  person 
to  whom  an  estate  is  mortgaged. 

MORTGAGER,  n.  mor'gager.  [from  mort- 
gage. Mortgagor  is  an  orthography  that 
should  have  no  countenance.] 

The  person  who  grants  an  estate  as  security 
for  a  debt,  as  above  specified. 

MORTIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  mortifer;  mors, 
death,  awAfero,  to  bring.] 

Bringing  or  producing  death  ;  deadly  ;  fa- 
tal; destructive.  Hammond. 

MORTIFICATION,  n.  [Fr.     See  Mortify.] 

1.  In  medicine  and  surgery,  the  death  and 
consequent  putrefaction  of  one  part  of  an 
animal  body,  while  the  rest  is  alive  ;  or 
the  loss  of  heat  and  action  in  some  part  of 
a  living  animal,  followed  by  a  dissolution 
of  organic  texture  ;  gangrene  ;  sphacelus. 
Morlijication  is  the  local  or  partial  death 
of  a  living  animal  body,  and  if  not  arrest- 
ed, soon  extinguishes  life  in  the  whole 
body.  We  usually  apply  morlijication  to 
the  local  extinction  of  life  and  loss  of  or- 
ganic texture  in  a  living  body.  The  dis- 
solution of  the  whole  body  after  death,  is 
called  putrefaction. 

2.  In  Scripture,  the  act^of  subduing  the  pass- 
ions and  appetites  by  penance,  absti- 
nence or  painful  severities  inflicted  on  the 
body.  Tlie  morlif  cation  of  the  body  bv 
fasting  has  been  the  practice  of  almost  all 
nations,  and  the  tnortifcation  of  the  appe- 
tites and  passions  by  self-denial  is  always 
a  christian  duty. 

3.  Humiliation  or  slight  vexation;  the  state 
of  being  humbled  or  depressed  by  disap- 
pointment, ve.xation,  crosses,  or  any  thing 
that  wounds  or  abases  pride. 

It  is  one  of  the  vexatious  mortifications  of  a 


M  O  li 


M  O  S 


M  O  S 


aludioiis  man  to  have  tiis  thoughts  disordered 

by  a  tedious  visit.  L'Estrange. 

We  had  tlie   mortification  to  lose   sight  of 

Munich,  Augsburg  and  Ratisbon.         Addison. 

4.  Destruction  of  active  qualities ;  applied  to 
metals.  [See  Mortify ;  but  I  believe  not 
iisedj  Bacon 

MOR'TIFIED,;)^.  Affected  by  sphacelus  or 
gangrene. 

2.  Humbled  ;  subdued  ;  abased. 
MOR'TIFIEDNESS,  n.  Humiliation  ;  sub- 
jection of  the  passions.  Taylor. 

MOR'TlFiER,  n.  He  or  that  which  morti 

lies. 
MOR'TIFY,  II.   t.  [Fr.  mortijier ;  It.  moHifi- 

care  ;    Sp.  mortijicar ;  L.  mors,  death,  and 

facio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  destroy  the  organic  texture  and  vital 
functions  of  some  part  of  a  living  animal; 
to  change  to  sphacelus  or  gangrene.    Ex 
treme  inflammation  speedily  »nor/j^e«  flesh. 

9.  To  subdue  or  bring  into  subjection,  as  the 
bodily  appetites  by  abstinence  or  rigorous 
severities. 

We  mortify  ourselves  vfith  fish.  Brown. 

With  fasting  mortified,  worn  out  with  tears. 

Harte. 

3.  To  subdue  ;  to  abase ;  to  humble  ;  to  re- 
duce ;  to  restrain  ;  as  inordinate  passions. 

.Mortify  thy  learned  lust.  Prior. 

Mortify  therefore  your  members  which  are 
upon  the  earth.  Col.  iii. 

4.  To  humble  ;  to  depress ;  to  affect  witli 
slight  vexation. 

How  often  is  the  ambitious  man  mortified 
with  the  very  praises  he  receives,  if  they  do  not 
rise  so  high  as  he  thinks  they  ought. 

Addison 
He   is  controlled  by  a  nod,  mortified  by  a 
frown,  and  transported  with  a  smile. 

Addison 

5.  To  destroy  active  powers  or  essential 
qualities. 

He  mortified  pearls  in  vinegar —    Hakewill. 
Quicksilver — mortified  with  tui'pentine. 

Bacon. 
[/  believe  this  application  is  not  now  in 
use.] 
MOR'TIFY,  t>.  t.  To  lose  vital  heat  and  ac- 
tion and  suffer  the  dissolution  of  organic 
texture,  as  flesh  ;  to  corrupt  or  gangrene 

2.  To  be  subdued.  Johnson. 

3.  To  practice  severities  and  penance  from 
religious  motives. 

This  makes  him  give  alms  of  all  that  he  hath 
watch,  fast  and  mortify.  Law 

MOR'TIFYlNG,pp-.  Changing  from  sound- 
ness to  gangrene  or  sphacelus. 

2.  Subduing  ;  humbling  ;  restraining. 

3.  a.  Humiliating ;  tending  to  humble  or 
abase.     He  met  witli  a  mortifying  repulse. 

BIORTISE,  )!.  mor'lis.  [Fr.  morlaise  ;  Arm 
mortez  ;  Sp.  mortaja  ;  Ir.  mortis.  The  Ar- 
moric  mortez  signifies  both  a  mortar  and  a 
mortise,  and  the  Spanish  mortaja  signifies 
a  mortise  and  a  wiuding  sheet  or  shroud 
In  the  latter  sense,  the  Portuguese  use 
mortalha,  tiom  mortal.  These  alliances 
indicate  that  these  words  are  all  from  the 
root  of  mors,  death,  which  may  be  from 
beating  or  throwing  down.] 

A  cut  or  hollow  place  made  in  timber  by  the 
augur  and  chisel,  to  receive  the  tenon  of 
another  piece  of  limber. 

MOR'TISE,  V.  t.  To  cut  or  make  a  mortise 
in. 

2.  To  join  limbers  by  a  tenon  and  mortise ; 


as,  to  mortise  a  beam  into  a  post,  or  a  joist 
into  a  girder. 

MOR'TISED,  pp.  Having  a  mortise  ;  joined 
by  a  mortise  and  tenon. 

3IOR'TISING,^pr.  Making  a  mortise ;  unit- 
ing by  a  mortise  and  tenon. 

MORT'MAIN,  n.  [Fr.  mort,  dead,  and  main, 
hand.] 

In  law,  possession  of  lands  or  tenements  in 
dead  hands,  or  hands  that  cannot  alienate. 
Alienation  in  mortmuin  is  an  alienation  of 
lands  or  tenements  to  any  corporation, 
sole  or  aggregate,  ecclesiastical  or  tempo- 
ral, particularly  to  religious  houses,  by 
which  the  estate  becomes  perpetually  in- 
herent in  the  corporation  and  unaliena- 
ble. Btackstone. 

MORT'PAY,  n.  [Fr.  moti,  dead,  and  pay.] 
Dead  pay ;  payment  not  made.  [JVot  used.] 

Bacon 

MOR'TRESS,  n.  [from  m.oHar.]  A  dish  of 
meat  of  various  kinds  beaten  together. 
[A'ot  used.]  Bacon. 

MOR'TUARY,  n.  [Fr.  mortuaire,  pertaining 
to  the  dead.] 

1.  A  sort  of  ecclesiastical  heriot,  a  custom- 
ary gift  claimed  by  and  due  to  the  minis- 
ter of  a  parish  on  the  death  of  a  parish 
ioner.  It  seems  to  have  been  originally 
a  voluntary  bequest  or  donation,  intended 
to  make  amends  for  any  failure  in  the 
payment  of  tithes  of  which  the  deceased 
had  been  guilty.  Blackstone 

2.  A  burial  place.  JVhitlock 
MOR'TUARY,  a.  Belonging  to  the  burial  of 

the  dead. 
MOSA'l€,  a.  sasz.  [Fr.  mosaique ;  h.  mo- 
saico ;  Sp.  mosawco  ;  L.  vmsivum.] 

1.  Mosaic  work  is  an  assemblage  of  little 
pieces  of  glass,  marble,  precious  stones, 
&c.  of  various  colors,  cut  square  and  ce- 
mented on  a  ground  of  stucco,  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  imitate  the  colors  and  gra- 
dations of  painting.  Eneyc. 

2.  [from  Moses.]  Peilaming  to  Moses,  the 
leader  of  the  Israehtes  ;  as  the  JMosaic  law, 
rites  or  institutions. 

MOS'CHATEL,  n.  [from  Gr.  iioixoi,  L.  mus- 
cus,  musk.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Adoxa,  hollow  root  or 
inglorious.     There   is    one   species   only 
whose  leaves  and  flowers  smell  like  musk  ; 
and  hence  it  is  sometimes  called  musk 
crowfoot.  Encyc. 

MOSK,  n.   [Fr.  mosquie ;  It.  moschea ;  Sp. 
s         o  - 
mezquiia;  Ar.    Jv^:Va*.^    masjidon,  from 


«X.^v.^ 


sajada,  to  bend,  bow,  adore.] 


A  Mohammedan  temple  or  place  of  religious 
worship.  Mosks  are  square  buildings, 
generally  constructed  of  stone.  Before 
the  chief  gate  is  a  square  court  paved  with 
white  marble,  and  surrounded  with  a  low 
gallery  whose  roof  is  supported  by  pillars 
of  marble.  In  this  gallery  the  worshipers 
wash  themselves  before  they  enter  the 
mosk.  Encyc. 

MOSS,  »i.   [Sax.  meos;  G.   moos;  D.  mos 
Sw.  mossa ;  W.  mwsivg,   from  mtvs,  that 
shoots  up,  and  of  a  strong  scent ;  L.  mus 
cus ;  Gr.  j.ioaxoi.     The  two  latter  signify 
moss  and  musk,  both  from  shooting  out 
heucG  il.  musco,  muschio ;  Sp.  musco ;  Port. 


musgo;  Fr.  mousse.  The  Greek  word 
signifies  also  a  young  animal,  and  a  shoot 
or  twig.  From  the  French  mousse,  comes 
mousseline,  muslin,  from  its  softness  or  re- 
semblance to  moss.  Lunier  says  it  is  from 
Mossoui,  a  city  of  Mesopotamia.] 

The  mosses  are  one  of  the  seven  families  or 
classes  into  which  all  vegetables  are  di- 
vided by  Linne  in  the  Philosophia  Botan- 
ica.  In  Ray's  method,  the  mosses  form 
the  third  class,  and  in  Tournefort's,  they 
constitute  a  single  genus.  In  the  sexual 
system,  they  are  the  second  order  of  the 
class  cryptogamia,  which  contains  all  the 
plants  in  which  the  parts  of  the  flower  and 
fruit  are  wanting  or  not  conspicuous. 

Milne. 
The  mosses,  musci,  form  a  natural  or- 
der of  small  plants,  with  leafy  stems  and 
narrow  simple  leaves.  Their  flowers  are 
generally  monecian  or  diecian,  and  their 
seeds  are  contained  in  a  capsule  covered 
with  a  calyptra  or  hood.  Ed.  Encyc. 

The  term  moss  is  also  applied  to  many 
other  small  plants,  particularly  lichens, 
species  of  which  are  called  tree-moss,  rock- 
moss,  coral-moss,  &c.  The  fir-moss  and 
club-moss  are  of  the  genus  Lycopodium. 

2.  [S  w.  m&se.]  A  hog  ;  a  place  where  peal 
is  found. 

MOSS,  V.  t.  To  cover  with  moss  by  natural 
growth. 
An  oak  whose  boughs  were  mossed  with  age. 

Shak. 

MOSS'-eLAD,  a.  Clad  or  covered  with 
moss.  LiHleton. 

MOSS'ED,  pp.  Overgrown  with  moss. 

MOSS-GROWN,  a.  Overgrown  with  moss ; 
as  moss-grotm  towers. 

MOSS'INESS,  ji.  [from  mossy.]  The  state 
of  being  overgrown  with  moss.        Bacon. 

MOSS'-TROOPER,  n.  [moss  and  trooper.] 
A  robber  ;  a  bandit.  Bp.  ofDromore. 

MOSS' Y,  a.  Overgrown  with  moss  ;  abound- 
ing with  moss. 

Old  trees  are  more  mossy  than  young. 

Bacon. 

2.  Shaded  or  covered  with  moss,  or  border- 
ed w  ith  moss  ;  as  mossy  brooks  ;  mossy 
fountains.  Pope.     Cotvley. 

MOST,  o.  superl.  of  more.  [Sax.  mcest,  that 
is,  ma  and  est  ;  Goth,  maists ;  D.  Dan. 
meest ;  G.  meist ;  Sw.  mest,  mlist.] 

1.  Consisting  of  the  greatest  number.  That 
scheme  of  life  is  to  be  preferred,  which 
presents  a  prospect  of  the  most  advantages 
with  the  fewest  inconveniences. 

Most  men  will  proclaim  every  one  his  own 
goodness.     Prov.  xx. 

2.  Consisting  of  the  greatest  quantity ;  great- 
est ;  as  the  most  part  of  the  land  or  the 
mountain. 

MOST,  adv.  In  the  greatest  or  highest  de- 
gree. Pursue  that  course  of  life  which 
will  must  tend  to  produce  private  happiness 
and  public  usefulness.  Contemplations 
on  the  works  of  God  expand  the  mind  and 
tend  to  produce  most  sublime  views  of  his 
power  and  wisdom. 

As  most  is  used  to  express  the  superlative 
degree,  it  is  used  before  any  adjective  ;  as 
most  vile,  most  wicked,  most  illustrious. 

MOST,  ti.  [used  as  a  substitute  for  a  noun, 
when  the  noun  is  omitted  or  understood.] 

1.  The  greatest  number  or  part. 


MOT 


M  O  T 


M  O  T 


Then  ho  began  to  upbraid  the  cities  wherein 
most  of  his  mighty  works  were  done.  Malt.  \i 
[This  use  seems  to  have  resultetl  from 
tlic  omission  of  part,  or  some  similar  word, 
and  most  in  this  case  signifies  grcatoi,  that 
is,  tlie  i^reatcsl  part.] 

2.  The  most,  the  greatest  vahie,  amount  or 
advantage,  or  the  utmost  in  extent,  de- 
gree or  eflect. 

A  covetous  man  makes  the  most  of  what  he 
has,  and  can  get.  V Estrange. 

At  the  most,  the  greatest  degree  or  quantity ; 
the  utmost  extent.  Stock  brings  six  per 
cent,  interest  at  the  most,  often  less. 

MOS'TI€,  n.  [G.  mahlerslock,  contracted.] 
A  j)ainter's  staffer  stick  on  which  he  rests 
his  hand  in  jiainting.  A'msivorth. 

MOSTLY,  adv.  For  the  greatest  part.  The 
exports  of  the  U.  States  consist  mostly  of 
cotton,  rice,  tobacco,  flour  and  lumber. 

MOSTVVIIAT,  adv.  For  the  most  part.  Obs. 

Hammond. 

MOT.     [See  Motto.] 

MO'TACIL,  »i.   [h.  motacilla.]  Abirdoftlie 

genus  Motacilla  or  wagtail. 
iTE,  in  folkmote,  &c.  signifies  a  meeting, 
Sax.  mot,  gemot. 
MOTE,  n.    [Sax.  mot :  Sp.  mota ;  W.  ysmot, 

a  patch  or  spot.] 
A  small   particle ;   any  thing    proverbially 
small ;  a  spot. 

Why  bcholdest  thou  the  mote  in  thy  broth- 
ev'a  eye  ?  Matt.  vii. 

The  little  motes  in  tlie  sun  do  ever  stir, 
though  tliere  is  no  wind.  Bacon. 

MOTE,  for  movght,  might  or  must,  obso- 
lete. Spenser. 

MO'TET,  71.  [Fr.]  A  musical  composition  ; 
an  air  or  hymn.  Herbert. 

MOTH,  n.  [Sax.  mogthe,  mohth,  moth  or 
matha;  Goth,  matha  ;  D.  mot;  G.  moltc.] 

1.  An  animal  of  the  genus  PhaUena,  whirl) 
breeds  in  yarn  and  garments,  and  olVen 
does  injury  by  eating  the  substance  and 
destroying  the  texture.    Matt.  vi. 

The  name  is  also  applied  to  the  whole 
genus. 

2.  Figurativeli/,  that  which  gradually  and 
silently  eats,  consumes  or  wastes  any 
thing.  Idle  persons  are  a  inoth  to  the 
community. 

MOTH'EAT,  V.  t.  [moth  and  eat]  To  eat  or 
prey  upon,  as  a  moth  eats  a  garment. 

Herbert. 

MOTH'EATEN,  a.  Eaten  by  moths.  Job 
xiii. 

MOTH'EN,  a.  Full  of  moths.  [jVoJ  in  nsc] 

Falke. 

MOTHER,  n.  [Sax.  moder;  D.  moeder,  moth- 
er, and  modder,  mud  ;  baar-moedtr,  the 
womb;  moer,  mother,  dam,  womb,  lees 
moerspul,  hysterics  ;  [moer  seems  to  be 
a  contraction  of  moeder;]  moeder-naakt, 
stark  naked  ;  G.  mutter,  mother,  and  the 
thick  slimy  concretion  in  vinegar  ;  bar- 
mutter,  the  womb  or  matrix  ;  mutttr-Jieber, 
a  hysteric  fit ;  mutter-lamm  and  mutlcr- 
schaf,  a  owe  or  female  sheep ;  muttir- 
flecken  and  mutter-mahl,  a  mole  ;  miitter- 
pferd,  a  mare,  the  female  of  the  horse 
kind  ;  mutter-scheide,  the  vagina  ;  mutter- 
nackt,  stark  naked  ;  moder,  mud,  mold. 

Sw.  moder,  mother ;  vin-moder,  mother  of 
wine  ;  moderfall,  i)rolapsus  uteri ;  moderlif, 
the  womb  or  matrix. 

Dan.  moder,  mother ;  moderskeede,  the  va- 

Vol.  II. 


gina  ;  moderen  i  quinder,  the  matrix  ;  mod- 
der or  mudder,  mud. 

Ir.  mathair,  a  mother,  and  matter,  pus. 

Or.  juarjjp,  mother,  and  fijjtpa,  matrix. 

L.  mater,  motlier ;  matrix,  the   womb 
materia,  matter,  stufl',  materials  of  which 
any  thing  is  made. 

It.  madre,  mother,  cause,  origin,  root, 
spring,  a  mold  or  form  for  castings ;  ma- 
tera  or  materia,  matter,  subject,  cause; 
matrice,  the  matrix. 

Sp.  madre,  mother,  matrix,  womb,  the 
bed  of  a  river,  a  sink  or  sewer  ;  madriz,  ma 
trix;  materia,  matter,  purulent  running. 

Port,  madre,  a  mother,  the  matrix,  the 
channel  of  a  river  ;  materia,  matter,  pus 

c  .-     - 

Pers.       i  l^    madar,  a  mother. 

Sans,  mada,  madra,  meddra  or  viata, 
inothci-. 

Russ.  mat,  mother  ;  matka,  a  female,  a 
matrix. 

Fr.  mere,  mother,  contracted  from  the 
Latin. 

W.  madrez,  matter,  purulent  discharge. 

We  observe  that  in  some  other  langua- 
ges, as  well  as  in  English,  the  same  word 
signifies  a  female  parent,  and  the  thick 
slime  formed  in  vinegar;  and  in  all  the 
languages  of  Europe  here  cited,  the  or- 
thography is  nearly  the  same  as  that  of 
mud  and  matter.  The  ijuestion  then  oc- 
curs whether  the  name  of  a  female  parent 
originated  in  a  word  expressing  matter, 
mold  ;  either  the  soil  of  the  earth,  as  the 
producer,  or  the  like  substance,  when 
shaped  and  fitted  as  a  mold  for  castings  ; 
or  whether  the  name  is  connected  witl 
the  opinion  that  the  earth  is  the  mother  of 
all  productions  ;  w  hence  the  word  mothe. 
earth.  We  are  informed  by  a  fragment 
of  Sanchoniathon,  that  the  ancient  Pheni- 
cians  considered  mud,  fiut,  to  be  the  sub 
stance  fi'om  which  all  things  were  formed. 
See  Mud.     The  word  matter  is  evidently 

from    the    Ar.    j<^     madda,    to  secrete, 

eject  or  discharge  a  purulent  substance  ; 
and  I  think  cannot  have  any  dii'cct  con- 
nection with  mud.  But  in  the  Italian, 
Spanish  and  Portuguese,  the  same  word 
madre  signifies  mother,  and  a  mold  for 
castings ;  and  the  northern  languages, 
particularly  the  German  and  Danish,  seem 
to  establish  the  fact  that  the  proper  sense 
of  mother  IS  matrix.  Hence  mo(Aer  of  pear 
the  matrix  of  pearl.  If  this  word  had  its 
origin  in  the  name  of  the  earth  used  for 
the  forms  of  castings,  it  would  not  he  a 
singular  fact ;  for  our  word  mold,  in  this 
sense,  I  suppose  to  be  so  named  from 
mold,  fine  earth.  The  question  remains 
sub  judiee.] 

1.  A  female  parent ;  especially,  one  of  the 
human  race  ;  a  woman  who  has  borne  a 
child  ;  correlative  to  son  or  daughter. 

9.  That  which  has  produced  any  thing. 
Alas,  poor  country  !  it  cannot 
Be  called  our  mother,  but  our  grave.       Shtik. 
So  our  native  land  is  called  7HoMfr  coun- 
try, and  a  plant  from  which  a  slip  or  cion  is 
taken,  is  called  the  mother  plant.     In   this 
use,  mother  may  be  considered  as  an  ad- 
jective. 

3.  That  which  has  preceded    in  time ;  the 

19 


oldest  or  chief  of  any  thing  ;  as  a  mother- 
church. 

4.  Hysterical  passion.     [Aotvsed.]     Graunt. 

.5.  A  familiar  terra  of  address  or  appellation 
of  an  old  woman  or  matron. 

0.  An  appellation  given  to  a  woman  who 
exercises  care  and  tenderness  towards  an- 
other, or  gives  parental  advice  ;  as  when 
one  says,  "a  woman  has  been  a  mother  to 
inc." 

7.  A  thick  slimy  substance  concreted  in  h- 
quor.s,  particularly  in  vinegar,  very  differ- 
ent from  scum  or  common  lees. 

Mother  of  pearl,  n.  The  matrix  of  pearl ; 
the  shell  in  which  pearls  are  generated ; 
a  species  of  Mytilus  or  Mussel.         Encyc. 

MOTHER  of  thyme,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Thymus. 

MOTHER,  a.  Native;  natural ;  received  by 
birth  ;  as  mother-wit. 

2.  Native ;  vernacular;  received  from  pa- 
rents or  ancestors  ;  as  msther-tongue. 

MOTHER,  V.  i.  To  concrete,  as  the  thick 
matter  of  liquors.  Dryden. 

MOTHER,  V.  I.  To  adopt  as  a  son  or  daugh- 
ter. Howell. 

MOTHERHOOD,  n.  The  slate  of  being  a 
mother.  Donne. 

MOTHER-IN-LAW,  ,i.  The  mother  of  a 
husband  or  wife. 

MOTHERLES.S,  a.  Destitute  of  a  mother; 
having  lost  a  mother ;  as  motherless  chil- 
rlren. 

MOTHERLY,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  mother ; 
as  motherly  pow  er  or  authority.       Hooker. 

2.  Becoming  a  mother;  tender;  j)arcntal : 
as  motherly  love  or  care.  Arbuthnot. 

MOTHERLY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a 
mother.  Donne. 

MOTHER- WATER,  n.  A  fluid  remaining 
after  the  evaporation  of  salt  water,  and 
containing  deliquescent  salts  and  imjiuri- 
ties.  Ure. 

MOTHER-WIT,  n.    Native   wit ;   common 

Sd1S6> 

MOTHER- WORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Leonurus. 

MOTHERY,  a.  Concreted;  resembling  or 
partaking  of  the  nature  of  mother  ;  as  the 
mothtn/  suTjstance  in  liquors. 

MOTH'MULLEN,  h.  A  plant.  Miller 

MOTH' WORT,  71.  A  plant. 

MOTH  Y,  a.  [from  moM.]  Full  of  moths  : 
as  an  old  mothy  saddle.  ishak. 

JIO'TION,  ?i.  [L.  7notio ;  Fr.  /notion.  See 
Jilove.]  The  act  or  process  of  changing 
place  ;  change  of  local  position  ;  the  pass- 
ing of  a  body  from  one  place  to  another; 
change  of  distance  between  bodies ;  op- 
posed to  rest. 

Animal  motion  is  that  which  is  performed 
by  animals  in  consequence  of  volition  or  an 
act  of  the  will ;  but  how  the  will  operates 
on  the  body  in  ])ro(lucing  motion,  we 
caimot  explain.  Mechanical  motion  is  ef- 
fected by  the  force  or  power  of  one  body 
acting  on  another.  Perpetual  motion  is 
that  which  is  effected  or  supplied  by  it- 
self, without  the  impulse  or  intervention  of 
any  external  cause.  Hitherto  it  has  been 
found  impossible  to  invent  a  machine  that 
has  this  principle. 

2.  Animal  life  and  action. 
Devoid  of  sense  and  motion.  Milton. 

3.  Manner  of  moving  the  body ;  port;  gait; 


MOT 


M  O  U 


M  O  U 


Each  member  move  and  every  motion  guide. 
Blackmore. 


4.  Change  of  posture  ;  action. 

Watching  the  motion  of  her  patron's  eye. 

liryden 

5.  Military  niarcli  or  movement.        Milton. 

6.  Agitation  ;  as  the  motions  of  the  sea. 

7.  Internal  action ;  excitement ;  as  the   7/10- 
/t'oni  of  the  breast.  Gay. 

8.  Direction ;  tendency. 

In  our  proper  motion  vpe  ascend.  Milton. 
0.  The  eftect  of  impulse  ;  action  proceeding 
from  any  cause,  external  or  internal.  In 
the  growth  of  plants  and  animals,  there 
must  be  a  motion  of  the  component  parts, 
though  invisible.  Attraction  or  chimical 
affinity  produces  sensible  motion  of  the 
parts  of  bodies.  Motions  of  the  mind  as- 
cribed to  the  invisible  agency  of  the  Su- 
preme Being,  are  called  good  motions. 

Let  a  good  man  obey  every  good  ynotion  ris- 
ing in  his  heart,  knowing  that  every  such  mo- 
tion  proceeds  from  God.  South 

10.  Proposal    made ;    proposition    offered 
particularly,  a  proposition  made  in  a  de 
iiberative  assembly.     A  motion  is  made  for 
a  committee  ;  a  motion   for  introducing  a 
bill ;  a  motion  to  adjourn. 

11.  A  puppet-show  or  puppet.     [JVot  used. 

Shak. 
MO'TION,  V.  t.  To  propose.     [Little  used. 

See  Move.] 
MO'TIONER,  n.  A  mover.  [Xotused.] 
MO'TIONLESS,  a.  Wanting  motion  ;  be- 
ing at  rest. 

I  grow  a  statue,  fixed  and  motionless. 

Dry  den. 

MO'TIVE,  a.     [See   the  Noun.]     Causing 

motion  ;  having  power  to  move  or  tending 

to  move ;    as  a   motive   argument ;  motive 

power.  Hooker.     Bentley. 

MO'TIVE,  n.  [It.  Sp.  Port,  motoo  ,•  Fr.  lao- 

tif  See  Move.] 
1.  That  which  incites  to  action  ;  that  which 
determines  the  choice,  or  moves  the  will. 
Thus  we  speak  of  good  motives,  and  bad 
motives ;    strong  and  weak  motives.     The 
motive  to  continue  at  rest  is  ease  or  satis 
faction  ;  the   motive   to  change  is  uneasi 
ness,  or  the  prospect  of  good. 
5.  That  which  may  or  ought  to  incite  to  ac- 
tion ;  reason  ;  cause. 
3.  A  mover.     [JVbf  in  use.]  Shak. 

MOTIV'ITY,  n.  The  i>ovver  of  producing 

motion. 
MOT'LEY,  a.  [W.  ysmot,  a  spot;  ysmotiaw, 
to  spot,  to  dapple;  Sp.  moicor,  id.;  Eng. 
mote.] 
J.  Variegated  in  color  ;  consisting  of  differ- 
ent colons;  dappled  ;  as  a  motley  coat. 

Shak. 
9.  Composed  of  different  or  various  parts, 
characters   or    kinds;    diversified;    as   8 
motley  style. 

And  doubts  of  motley  hue.  Dryden. 

[This   word  primarily   means  spotted;    but 

it  may  signify  also  .itn'ped.] 
JMO'TOR,  ji.  [L.  from  moneo,  to  move.]     A 
mover.    The  metals  are  called  motors  of] 
electricity.  Volta. 

MO'TORY,  a.    Giving   motion  ;   as  molory 
muscles.  Ray. 

MOT'TO,  n.  [It.  id. ;  Sp.  Port,  mote  ;    Fr. 
mot ;  Sax.  mathelan,  to  speak ;  Ir.  mead 
hair,   talk,  discourse ;  Goth,  mathlei,   id. 
_Gr.  uti9of,  fiv9fuu,  nvOionai.] 


Primarily,  a  word  ;  but  more  commonly,  a 
sentence  or  phrase  prefixed  to  an  essay  or 
discourse,  containing  the  subject  of  it,  or 
added  to  a  device. 

In  heraldry,  the  motto  is  carried  in  a  scroll, 
alluding  to  the  bearing  or  to  the  name  of 
the  bearer,  or  expressing  some  important 
idea. 

MOULD,  an  incorrect  orthography.  [See 
Mold,  and  its  derivatives.] 

MOULT.  [See  Molt.] 

MAUNCH  (    *"•  '•  '^°  '^''*"'-     ^^^-  ^'^""'■■ 
MOUND,  n.  [Sax.  mund;   W.  mumt,  from 

mum  ;  L.  tnons.  See  Mount.] 
Something  raised  as  a  defense  or  fortifica 
tion,  usually  a  bank  of  earth  or  stone  ;  i 
bulwark ;  a  rampart  or  fence. 
God  has  thrown 
That  mountain  as  his   garden  mound,  high 
raised.  Milton. 

To  thrid  the  thickets  or  to  leap  the  mounds. 

Dryden . 
MOUND,  V.  t.  To  fortify  with  a  mound. 

Johnson. 
MOUND'ED,  pp.  Surrounded  or  defended 
by  mounds. 

The  lakes  high  mounded.  J.  BarUnc. 

MOUND'ING,  ppr.  Defending  by  a  mound. 
MOUNT,  71.  [Fr.  mont;  Sax.  munt;  It.  Port. 
Sp.  monte ;  Arm.  menez,  mene;  W.mwnt, 
a  mount,  mountain  or  mound,  a  heap : 
L.  mons,  literally  a  heap  or  an  elevation  ; 
Ir.  main  or  muine ;  Basque,  mendia.  Qu. 
Gr.  jSovtoj.] 

1.  A  mass  of  earth,  or  earth  and  rock,  risin 
considerably  above  the  common  surface 
of  the  surroimding  land.     Mount  is  used 
for  an  eminence  or  elevation  of  earth,  in 
definite  in  highth  or  size,  and  may  be  i 
hillock,  hill  or  mountain.     We  apply  it  to 
Moimt  Blanc,   in   Switzerland,  to  Mount 
Tom  and  Mount  Holyoke,  in  Massachu- 
setts, and  it  is  applied  in  Scripture  to  the 
small  hillocks  on  which  sacrifice  was  of- 
fered, as  well  as  to  Mount  Sinai.     Jacob 
offered  sacrifice  on  the  mount  or  heap  of 
stones  raised  for  a  witness  between  him 
and  Laban.     Gen.  xxxi. 

2.  A  mound ;  a  bulwark  for  offense  or  de 


fense. 

Hew  ye  down  trees  and  cast  a  mount  against 
Jerusalem.     Jer.  vi. 
3.  Formerly,  a  bank  or  fund  of  money. 

Obs.     Bacon. 
MOUNT,  v.L  [Pr.monter;  It.  7/iontore ;  Sp. 

montar.] 
1.  To  rise  on  high  ;  to  ascend  ;  with  or  with- 
out up. 

DoOi  the  eagle  mount  up  at  thy  command 
Job  xx.\ix. 

The  fire  of  trees  and  houses  mounts  on  high. 

Cowley. 
'2.  To  rise;  to  ascend ;  to  tower  ;  to  be  built 
to  a  great  altitude. 

Though  Babylon  should  mount  up  to   hea- 
ven.    Jer.  li. 

3.  To  get  on  horseback.  Shak. 

4.  To  leap  upon  any  animal. 
.5.  To  amoimt ;  to  rise  in  value. 

Bring  then  these  blessings  to  a  strict  account, 

Make    liiir   deductions,    see    to    what    ihcy 

mount.  Pope. 

MOUNT,   V.  t.    To  raise  aloft;  to  lift  on 

high. 

What  power  is  it  which  ?nounts  my  love  so 
high  .>  Shale. 


2.  To  ascend  ;  to  climb ;  to  get  upon  an  eic' 
vated  place  ;  as,  to  mount  a  throne. 

3.  To  ])lace  one's  self  on  horseback ;  as,  to 
mount  a  horse. 

4.  To  furnish  with  horses ;  as,  to  mount  a 
troop.   The  dragoons  were  well   mounted. 

5.  To  put  on  or  cover  with  something ;  to 
embellish  with  ornaments;  as,  to  mount  a 
sword. 

6.  To  carry ;  to  be  furnished  with ;  as,  a 
ship  of  the  line  mounts  seventy  four  guns; 
a  {onmou7its  a  hundred  cannon. 

7.  To  raise  and  place  on  a  carriage ;  as,  to 
mount  a  cannon. 

To  mount  guard,  to  take  the  station  and  do 

the  duty  of  a  sentinel. 
MOUNT'AIN,  )i.  [Fr.  montagne  ;  Sp.  mont- 
aha ;  It.  montagna ;  L.  adjective,  montanjts.J 
A  large  mass  of  earth  and  rock,  rising  above 
the  common  level  of  the  earth  or  adjacent 
land,  but  of  no  definite  altitude.  We  ap- 
ply mountain  to  the  largest  eminences  on 
the  globe ;  but  sometimes  the  word  is 
used  for  a  large  hill.  In  general,  mountain 
denotes  an  elevation  higher  and  larger 
than  a  hill ;  as  the  Altaic  mountains  in 
Asia,  the  Alps  in  Switzerland,  the  Andes 
in  South  America,  tlie  Alleghany  moun- 
tains  in  Virginia,  the  Kaatskill  in  New- 
York,  the  White  mountains  in  New- 
Hampshire,  and  the  Green  mountains  ia 
Vermont.  The  word  is  applied  to  a  sin- 
gle elevation,  or  to  an  extended  range. 

MOUNT'AIN,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  moun- 
tain ;  found  on  mountains;  growing  or 
dwelling  on  a  mountain  ;  as  momitain  air; 
mountain  pines;  mountain  ^onis. 

MOUNT'AIN-BLUE,  n.  Malachite;  car- 
bonate of  copper. 

MOUNTAINE'ER,  \       An  inhabitant  of  a 

MOUNT'AINER,     S       mountain. 

2.  A  rustic ;  a  freebooter ;  a  savage. 

Milton. 

MOUNT'AINET,  n.  A  small  mountain;  a 
illock.     [.'Vot  used.]  Sidney. 

MOUNT'AIN-GREEN,  n.  A  carbonate  of 
copper. 

MOUNT'AINOUS,  a.  Full  of  mountains; 
as  the  mountainous  coimtry  of  the  Swiss. 

2.  Large  as  a  mountain  ;  huge  ;  as  a  moun- 
tainous heap.  Prior. 

3.  Inhabiting  mountains.      [JVb<  used.] 

Bacon. 

MOUNT'AINOUSNESS,  n.   The  state   of 

being  full  of  moimtain.*.  Brerewood. 

MOUNT'AIN-PAKSLEY,  n.  A  plant  of  the 

genus  Athainanta.  Lee. 

MOUNTAIN-ROSE,  n.  A  plant. 
MOUNT'AIN-SOAP,  n.  A  inineralof  apalo 

brownish  black  color.  Ure. 

MOUNT'ANT,  a.  [Fr.  montant.]  Rising  on 

hisrii.  Shak. 

MOilNT'EBANK,  n.  [It.  montere,  to  mount, 

and  banco,  bench.] 

1.  One  who  mounts  a  bench  or  stage  in  the 
market  or  other  public  jilace,  boasts  of 
his  skill  ill  curing  diseases,  vends  medi- 
cines which  he  pretends  are  infallible 
remedies,  and  thus  deludes  the  ignorant 
multitude.  Persons  of  this  character  may 
be  indicted  and  puhisIkhI. 

2.  Any  boastful  and  false  pretender. 
Nothing  so  impossible  in  nature,  but  moun- 
tebanks will  unileitake.  .Urbuttinot. 

MOUNT'EBANK,  v.  t.  To  cheat  by  bofjst- 
ing  and  false  pretenses ;  to  gulL        Shalu 


M  O  U 


M  O  U 


]M  O  U 


MOUNT'EBANKERY,  n.  Quackery ;  boast- 
ful and  vain  pretenses.  Hammond. 

MOUNT'ED,  pp.  Raised;  seated  on  horse- 
back; placed  on  a  carriage;  covered  or 
embellished ;  furnished  with  guns. 

MOUNT'ENAUNCE,  n.  Amount  in  space. 
[JVo<  ustd.\  Spenser. 

MOUNT'ER,  n.  One  that  mounts  or  as- 
cends. Swifl. 

MOUNT'ING,  ppr.  Rising  ;  soaring ;  pla- 
cing on  horseback  ;  ascending  an  emi- 
nence ;  embellishing. 

MOUNT'INGLY,  adv.  By  rising  or  ascend- 
ing. 

MOUNT  Y,  n.  The  rise  of  a  hawk. 

Sidney. 

MOURN,  I'.  {.  [Sax.  muriian,  myrnan ;  L. 
mareo ;  allied  perhaps  to  G.  D.  mur- 
ren,  to  77iurmur ;  Fr.  mome,  sad,  sullen. 
See  Murmur,  and  the  root  of  amarus,  bit- 
ter. Class  Mr.  No.  7.] 

1.  To  express  grief  or  sorrow  ;  to  grieve  ; 
to  be  sorrowful.  Mourning  may  be  ex- 
pressed by  weeping  or  audible  sounds,  or 
by  sobs,  sighs  or  inward  silent  grief. 

Abraham   came   to   motirn.  for  Sarah  and  to 
weep.     Gen.  23. 

Blessed  are  they   that  mount,  for  they  shall 
be  comforted.     Matt.  v. 

2.  To  wear  the  customary  habit  of  sorrow. 

We  7Hourn  in  black.  Shak 

Grieve  for   an   hour  perhaps,  then  mourn  a 
year.  Pope 

MOURN,  V.  t.  To  grieve  for;  to  lament. 
But  there  is  an  ellipsis  of  for,  the  verb  not 
being  transitive.  When  we  say,  we  mourn 
a  fi'iend  or  a  child,  the  real  sense  and  com- 
plete phrase  is,  we  mourn  for  a  friend 
or  mourn  for  the  loss  of  a  friend.  "  He 
mourn'd  his  rival's  ill  success,"  that  is,  he 
mourned  for  his  rival's  ill  success. 

Mdison 
8.  To  utter  in  a  sorrowful  manner. 

The  love  lorn  nightingale 
Nightlv  to  thee  her  sad  song  mourneth  well 

MOURNE,  n.  murn.  \Fr.  inorne.]  The  round 

end  of  a  staff;  the  part  of  a  lance  to  which 

the  steel  is  fixed,  or  the  ferrel.  [J^oi  used.] 

Sidney.     Johnson 

MOURNER,  n.  One  that  mourns  or  is 
grieved  at  any  loss  or  misfortune. 

2.  One  that  follows  a  funeral  in  the  habit  of| 
mourning.  L^Estrange. 

3.  Something  used  at  funerals. 

The   mourner   eugh   and  builder  oak  were 
there.  Dryden. 

MOURNFUL,  a.  Intended  to  express  sor- 
row,   or    e.xliibiting    the   appearance    of 
grief;  as  a  mournful  bell ;  mournful  music. 
Shak.     Dryden. 
No  funeral  rites  nor  man  in  mournful  weeds, 

Shak 

2.  Causing  sorrow ;  sad  ;  calamitous ;  as  a 
mournful  death.  Shak. 

3.  Sorrowful ;  feeling  grief. 

The  mournful  fair — 

Shall  visit  her  distinguished  urn.  Prior. 

MOURNFULLY,    adv.    In   a  manner  ex 

pressive  of  sorrow  ;  with  sorrow.    Mai.  iii. 
MOURNFULNESS,     n.      Sorrow;    grief; 

state  of  mourning. 
2.  Appearance  or  expression  of  grief. 
MOURNING,  ppr.    Grieving ;    lamenting 

sorrowing ;   wearing  the  appearance  of 

sorrow. 


MOURNING,  n.   The  act  of  sorrowing  or| 
expressing  grief;  lamentation  ;  sorrow. 
The  dress  or  customary  habit  worn  by 
mourners. 

And  cv'n  the  pavements  were  with  mourn- 
ing hid.  Dryden. 

MOURNING-DOVE,  n.  A  species  of  dove 
found  in  the  U.  States,  the  Columha  Caro- 
liniensis. 

MOURNINGLY,  adv.  With  the  appearance 
of  sorrow.  Shak. 

MOUSE,  n.  plu.  mice.  [Sax.  Sw.  mus  ;  D, 
muis ;  G.inaus;  Dun.  mus,  muus  ;  h.tnusi 
Gr.  ju.i'5 ;  Russ.  tnishe.  The  L.  mus  forms 
muris  in  the  genitive,  and  the  root  is  not 
obvious.] 

1.  A  small  animal  of  the  genus  Mus,  inhab- 
iting houses.  The  name  is  also  applied  to 
many  other  species  of  the  genus,  as  the 

field  mouse,  meadow  mouse,  rock  mouse,  ^r. 

2.  Among  seamen,  a  knob  formed  on  a  rope 
by  spun  yarn  or  parceling.  Mar.  Did. 

MOUSE,  V.  i.  mouz.  To  catch  mice.     Shak. 

MOUSE,  V.  t.  mouz.  To  tear,  as  a  cat  de- 
voiu's  a  mouse. 

To  mouse  a  hook,  with  seamen,  is  to  fasten  a 
small  line  across  the  upper  part  to  prevent 
unhooking.  Mar.  Diet. 

MOUSE-EAR,  n.  mous'-ear.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Hieracium  ;  also,  a  plant  of  the  ge 
nus   Myosotis,  called   likewise  mouse-ear 
scorpion  grass.     The  mouse-ear  chickwecd 
is  of  the  genus  Cerastium.      Lee.     Encyc. 

MOUSE-HOLE,  )i.  mous'hole.  A  hole  where 
mice  enter  or  pass ;  a  very  small  bole  or 
entrance. 

He  can  creep  in  at  a  mouse-hole. 

Stilling  fleet. 

MOUSE-HUNT,  n.  mous'-hunl.  A  hunting  for 
mice. 

2.  A  mouser  ;  one  that  hunts  mice.        Shak. 

MOUSER,  n.  mouz'er.  One  that  catches 
mice.     The  cat  is  a  good  mouser. 

MOUSE-TAIL,  n.  mous'-lail.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Myosurus. 

MOUSE-TRAP,  n.  mous'-lrap.  A  trap  for 
catching  mice.  Prior. 

MOUTH,  n.  [Sax.  muth.  As  this  word  does 
not  occur  in  the  other  Teutonic  dialects, 
and  as  n  is  sometimes  casually  introduced 
into  words  before  dentals,  it  is  not  itu- 
probable  that  the  Goth,  munths,  G.  Dan. 
nutnd,  Sw.  mun,  and  D.  mond,  may  be 
the  same  word.  The  Saxon  muth  co- 
incides in  elements  with  motto,  Gr.  fivSo;. 

1.  The  aperture  in  the  bead  of  an  animal, 
between  the  lips,  by  which  he  utters  his 
voice  and  receives  food.  In  a  more  gen- 
eral sense,  the  mouth  consists  of  the  lips, 
the  gums,  the  insides  of  the  cheeks,  the 
palate,  the  salival  glands,  the  uvula  and 
tonsils.  Encyc. 

2.  The  opening  of  a  vessel  by  which  it  is 
filled  or  emptied  ;  as  the  mouth  of  a  jar  or 
pitcher. 

3.  The  part  or  channel  of  a  river  by  wliici 
I     its  waters  are  discharged  into  the  ocean  or 
[     into  a  lake.     The  Mississippi  and  the  Nile 
I     discharge  their  waters  by  several  mouMj. 
;4.  The  opening  of  a  piece  of  ordnance  at  the 

end,  by  which  the  charge  issues. 
|5.  The  aperture  of  a  vessel  in  animal  bodies, 
by  which  fluids  or  other  matter  is  received 
or  discharged ;  as  the  mouth  of  the  lacte- 
als. 


6.  The  opening  or  entrance  of  a  cave,  pit, 
well  or  den.     Dan.  viii. 

7.  The  instrument  of  speaking;  as,  the  story 
is  in  every  body's  mouth.      South.     Locke. 

8.  A  princi|>al  speaker ;  one  that  utters  the 
common  opinion. 

Every  coffee  house  has  some  statesman  be- 
longing to  it,  who  is  the  mouth  of  the  street 
where  he  lives.  Mdison. 

9.  Cry ;  voice. 
Tlie  fearful  dogs  divide, 

.'Vll  spend  their  »iou(A  aloft,  but  none  abide. 

Dryden. 

10.  In  Scripture,  words  uttered.  Job  xix. 
Is.  xlix.     Ps.  Ixxiii. 

11.  Desires;  necessities.     Ps.  ciii. 

12.  Freedom  and  boldness  of  speech ;  force 
of  argument.     Luke  sxi. 

13.  Boasting ;  vaunting.     Judg'es  ix. 

14.  Testimony.     Deut.  xvii. 
1.5.  Reproaches  ;  calumnies.     Job  v. 
To  make  a  mouth,   f    to  distort  the   mouth  ; 
To  make  mouths,     ^    to   make   a   wry  face  ; 
j    hence,  to  deride  or  treat  with  scorn. 
1  ShaA.    Addison. 
2.  To  pout ;  to  treat  disdainfully. 
Down  in  the  mouth,  dejected;  mortified. 

L"  Estrange. 

To  have  God's  law  in  the  mouth,  to  converse 
much  on  it  and  delight  in  it.     Ex.  .xiii. 

7*0  draw  near  to  God  with  the  mouth,  to  make 

I     an  external  appearance  of  devotion   and 

I     worship,  while  there  is  no  regard  to  him 

I     in  the  heart.     Is.  x.xix. 

[Jlfrotvard  mouth,  contradictions  and  disobe- 
dience.    Prov.  iv. 

Jl  smooth  mouth,  sot^  and  flattering  language. 
Prov.  v. 

To  stop  the  mouth,  to  silence  or  to  be  silent ; 
to  put  to  shame  ;  to  confound.     Rom.  iii. 

To  lay  the  hand  on  the  mouth,  to  be  struck  si- 
lent with  shame.     Mic  vii. 

To  set  the  mouth  against  the  heavens,  to  speak 
arrogantly  and  blasphemously.     Ps.  Ixxiii. 

MOUTH,  V.  t.  To  utter  with  a  voice  afllect- 
edly  big  or  swelling  ;  as,  to  mouth  words 
or  language. 

Twitch'd  by  the  sleeve,  he  mouths  it  more 
and  more.  Dryden. 

2.  To  take  into  the  mouth  ;  to  seize  with  the 
mouth.  Dryden. 

3.  To  chew ;  to  grind,  as  food  ;  to  eat  ;  to 
devour.  Shak. 

4.  To  form  by  the  mouth,  as  a  bear  her  cub. 
[.'Vol  used.]  Brown. 

5.  To  reproach  ;  to  insult.  Blair. 
iMOUTH,  V.  i.  To  speak  with  a   full,  round, 

or  loud,  affected  voice  ;  to  vociferate  :  to 
rant;  as  a  »noutting- actor.  Dryden. 

I'll  bellow  out  for  Rome  and  for  my  country, 
And  mouth  at  Cesar,  till  I  shake  the  senate. 

.Addison. 
MOUTH'ED,  pp.  Uttered  with  a  full,  swell- 
ing, affected  voice. 

2.  Taken  into  the  mouth ;  chewed. 

3.  a.  Furnished  with  a  mouth  ;  used  chiefly 
in  composition ;  as  weW-mouthed  ;  foul- 
mouthed,  contumelious,  reproachful  or  ob- 
scene ;  mealy-MioiiMerf,  bashful,  reserved 
in  speaking  the  plain  truth  ;  hard-moulhed, 
as  a  horse,  not  obedient  to  the  bit,  difficult 
to  be  restrained  or  governed  by  the  bri- 
dle. 

4.  Borne  down  or  overpowered  by  clamor. 
MOUTH  FRIEND,  n.  One  who  professes 

friendship  without  entertaining  it ;  a  pre- 
tended friend.  -  Shak. 


MOV 


M  O  V 


M  O  X 


MOUTH'FUL,  n.  As  much  as  the  mouth 
contains  at  once. 

2.  A  quantity  proverbially  small;  a  small 
quantity.  VEstmnge.     Dryden. 

MOUTH'HONOR,  n.  Civility  expressed 
without  sincerity.  Shak. 

MOUTHING,  ppr.  Uttering  with  an  affected 
swelling  voice. 

MOUTH'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  a  mouth. 

MOUTH  ]VL\DE,  a.  Expressed  without  sin- 
cerity ;  hypocritical. 

MOUTH'PIECE,  n.  The  piece  of  a  music- 
al wind  instrument  to  which  the  mouth 
is  applied. 

2.  One  who  delivers  the  opinions  of  others. 

Movable,  a.  [from  move.]  That  may  be 
moved  ;  that  can  or  may  be  lifted,  carried, 
drawn,  turned  or  conveyed,  or  in  any  way 
made  to  change  place  or  posture  ;  suscep- 
tible of  motion. 

2.  That  may  or  does  change  from  one  time 
to  another  ;  as  a  movable  feast. 

^  movable  letter,  in  Hebrew  grammar,  is  one 
that  is  pronounced,  as  opposed  to  one  that 
IS  niji6scciit« 

M6VABLENESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  movable  ;  mobility  ;  susceptibili- 
ty of  motion. 

Movables,  n.  plu.  Goods,  wares,  com- 
modities, furniture  ;  any  species  of  pro- 
perty not  fixed,  and  thus  distinguished 
from  houses  and  lands. 

MoVABLY,  adv.  So  that  it  may  be  moved. 

Greiv. 

Move,  v.  t.  moov.  [L.  moveo  ;  It.  movere  ; 
Sp.  mover;  Fr.  mouvoir;  W.  mudaw.  It 
is  probably  a  contracted  word.  Class 
Md.] 

1.  To  impel ;  to  carry,  convey  or  draw 
from  one  place  to  another ;  to  cause  to 
change  place  or  posture  in  any  manner  or 
by  any  means.  The  wind  moves  a  ship  ; 
the  cartman  moves  goods  ;  the  horse  moves 
a  cart  or  carriage.  Mere  matter  cannot 
move  itself  jiachines  are  moved  by 
springs,  weights,  or  force  applied. 

2.  To  excite  into  action  ;  to  affect  ;  to  agi- 
tate ;  to  rouse  ;  as,  to  move  the  passions. 

3.  To  cause  to  act  or  determine  ;  as,  to  move 
the  will. 

4.  To  persuade  ;  to  prevail  on  ;  to  excite 
from  a  state  of  rest  or  indifference. 

Minds  desirous  of  revenge   were  not  moved 

with  gold.  KnolUs. 

But  when  no  female  arts  his   mind    could 

move. 
She  turn'd  to  furious  hate  her  impious  love. 

Dryden. 
.■).  To  excite  tenderness,  pity  or  grief  in  the 
heart ;  to  affect ;  to  touch  pathetically  ;  to 
excite  feeling  in. 

The  use  of  images  in  orations  and  poetry  is 

to  move  pity  or  terror.  Felton. 

When  he  saw  the  multitudes,  he  was  moved 

with  compassion  on  them —     Matt.  ix. 

G.  To  make  angry  ;  to  provoke  ;  to  irritate. 

Shak. 

7.  To  excite  tumult  or  commotion. 

When  they  had  come  to  Bethlehem,  all  the 
city  was  moved  about  them.  Ruth  i.  Matt. 
xxi. 

8.  To  influence  or  incite  by  secret  agency. 

God    moved   them   to  depart   from   him.     2 
Chron.  xviii.    2  Pet.  i. 
fi.  To  shake  ;  to  agitate. 

The  kingdoms  were  moved.  Ps.  xlvi.  Jer. 
xli.\. 


10.  To  propose ;  to  offer  for  considerationi 
and  determination  ;  as,  to  move  a  resolu- 
tion in  a  deliberative  assembly. 

11.  To  propose;  to  reconunend. 
They  are   to  be  blamed  alike  who  nwve  and 

who  decline  war  upon  particular  respects. 

Ilayward 

12.  To  prompt ;  to  incite  ;  to  instigate.  Acts 
xvii. 

M6VE,  I',  i.  To  change  place  or  pos- 
ture ;  to  stir ;  to  pass  or  go  in  any  manner 
or  direction  from  one  place  or  part  of 
space  to  another.  The  planets  move  in 
their  orbits  ;  the  earth  moves  on  its  axis  ; 
a  ship  moves  at  a  certain  rate  an  hour. 
We  move  by  walking,  running  or  turning 
animals  move  by   creeping,  switnming  or 

flying- 

On  the  green  bank  I  sat  and  listened  long. 
Nor  till  her  lay  was  ended  could  1  move. 

Dryden 

2.  To  have  action. 
In  him  we  live,  and  move,  and  have  our  being 

Acts  xvii. 

3.  To  have  the  power  of  action. 
Every  moving  thing  that  liveth,  shall  be  meat 

for  you.     Gen.  ix. 

4.  To  walk. 
He  moves  with  manly  grace.  Dryden 

5.  To  march.  The  army  moved  and  took 
a  position  behind  a  wood. 

6.  To  tremble ;  to  shake. 
The  foundations  also  of  the  hills  moved  and 

were  shaken,  because  he  was  wroth.     Ps.  xviii 

7.  To  change  residence.  Men  move  witli 
their  families  from  one  house,  town  or 
state  to  another. 

M6VE,  n.  The  act  of  moving ;  the  act 
of  transferring  from  place  to  place,  as  in 
chess.  Cowley 

Moved,  pp.  stirred ;  e.xcited. 

MOVELESS,  a.  That  cannot  be  moved  ; 
fixed. 

The  Grecian  phalanx,  moveless  as  a  tower. 

Pope 

Movement,  n.  [Pr.  mouvement.]  Motion  : 
a  passing,  progression,  sl)aking,  turning 
or  flowing;  any  change  of  position  in  a 
material  body  ;  as  the  movement  of  an  ar 
my  in  marching  or  maneuvering  ;  the 
movement  of  a  wheel  or  a  machine. 

2.  The  manner  of  moving. 

•3.  Excitement ;  agitation  ;  as  the  movement 
of  the  mind.  Pope 

4.  In  music,  any  single  strain  or  part  having 
the  same  measure  or  time. 

Any  change  of  lime  is  a  change  oi  movement. 

Busby. 

MO'VENT,  a.  [h.  movena.]  Moving:  not 
qifiescent.     [Little  used.]  Grew. 

MO'VENT,  n.  That  which  moves  any  thing. 
[Liltle  used.]  Glanville. 

MoVER,  n.  The  person  or  thing  that  gives 
motion  or  impels  to  action. 

'  Shak.     IVilkins. 

2.  He  or  that  which  moves. 

3.  A  proposer;  one  that  otters  a  proposition, 
or  recommends  any  thing  for  conaidera 
tion  or  adoption  ;  as  the  mover  of  a  re.solu 
tion  in  a  legislative  body. 

Moving,  ppr.  causing  to  move  or  act 
impelling;  instigating;  persuading;  inflii 
encing. 

2.  a.  Exciting  the   passions   or   aftVcti'ms 
touching;  pathetic;  affecting;  adapted  t( 
excite  or  affect  the  passions  ;  as  a  moving 
address  or  discourse. 


Moving,  n.  Motive  ;  impulse.  South. 

Movingly,  adv.  in  a  tnanner  to  excite 
the  passions  or  affect  sensibility ;  patheti- 
cally. 

His  air,  his  voice,  his  looks  and  hoaest  soul, 
Speik  all  so  movingly  in  his  behalf. 

Jiddison. 

MdVINGNESS,  n.  The  power  of  affect- 
ing, as  the  passions. 

MOW,  n.  [Sax.  mowe  or  muga  ;  It.  mitcchia, 
a  heap  or  mass  ;  Sp.  mucho,  much ;  Sw. 
mycken,  many,  much.] 

A  heap,  mass  or  pile  of  hay  deposited  in  a. 
barn. 

[We  never  give  this  name  to  hay  piled 
in  the  field  or  open  air.  The  latter  is  call- 
ed a  slack  or  rick.] 

MOW,  V.  t.  To  lay  liay  in  a  heap  or  mass  in 
a  barn,  or  to  lay  it  in  a  .suitable  manner. 

MOW,  V.  t.  pret.  mowed  ;  pp.  mowed  or  mourn. 
[Sax.  matvan  ;  i).  maaijen  or  muayen  ; 
tiw.ineya;  Dun.iiiejer;  G.  mahen.  In  Sp. 
and  Port,  mochar  is  to  cm  off.  The  L.  lias 
meto,  and  the  Gr.  apiu,  to  mow  or  reap. 
The  last  radical  letter  is  not  ascertained.] 

1.  To  cut  down  with  a  sytlie,  as  grass  or 
other  plants.     We  say,  to  mow  grass. 

2.  To  cut  the  grass  from;  as,  to  mow  a 
meadow. 

3.  To  cut  down  with  speed;  to  cut  down  in- 
discriminately, or  in  great  numbers  or 
quantity.  We  say,  a  discharge  of  grape 
shot  mows  down  whole  ranks  of  men. 
Hence  Saturn  or  Time  isrepreseutcU  with 
a  sytlie,  an  emblem  of  the  general  and 
indiscriminate  destruction  of  the  human 
race  by  death. 

MOW,  V.  i.  To  cut  grass ;  to  practice  mow- 
ing ;  to  use  the  sy the.  Does  the  man  mots 
well  ? 

2.  To  perform  the  business  of  mowing  ;  to 
cut  and  make  grass  into  hay  ;  to  gatiier 
the  crop  of  grass,  or  other  crop. 

[In  America,  moio  is  not  applied  to  the 
cutting  of  wheat  or  rye.  When  tnese  are 
cut  with  a  sythe,  they  are  said  to  be  cra- 
dled. Outs  and  barley  are  sometimes 
mowed.] 

:MOW,  n.  [from  mouth.]  A  wry  face.     Obs. 

Shak. 

MOW,  V.  i.  To  make  mouths.     Obs. 

Ascham. 

MOW'BURN,  V.  i.  To  heat  and  ferment  in 
the  mow,  as  hay  when  housed  too  green. 

Mortimer. 

jMOWE,  V.  i.  To  be  able  ;  must ;  may.  Obs. 

Chaucer. 

MOWED,   I         ^  .     •,, 

MOWiN,      \  PP-  ^"'  ^^"''  ^  ®J''h^- 

2.  Cleared  of  grass  with  a  sythe,  as  land. 

MOWER,  n.  One  who  mows;  a  man  dex- 
trous in  the  use  of  tlie  sytlie. 

MOWING,  ppr.  Putting  into  a  mow. 

MOWING,  ppr.  Cutting  down  with  a  sythe. 

MOWING,  n.  The  act  of  cutting  with  a 
sythe. 

2.  Land  from  which  grass  is  cut. 

MOX'A,  n.  The  down  of  the  mugwort  of 
China  ;  a  soft  lanuginous  substance  pre- 
pared in  Japan  from  the  young  leaves  of 
a  species  of  Artemisia.  In  tiic  eastern 
countries,  it  is  used  for  the  gout,  &c.  by 
hiiniing  it  on  the  skin.  This  produces  a 
dark  colored  spot,  the  exulceration  of  which 
is  promoted  by  applying  a  little  garlic. 

Encyc.     Coxe. 


M  U  C 


M  U  C 


MUD 


MOVLE,  n.  A  mule.     [See  Mule.] 
MUCH,  a.  [Sw.   mtjcken ;    Sp.  mucho;    It. 
mucchio.  See  Moiv.     The  sense  is  probably 
a  heap  or  mass,  and  it  may  be   allied  to 
mickle,  great,  Gr.  fitya.] 

1.  Great  in  quantity  or  amount. 

Thou  shall  carry  7HUch  seed  into  the  field, 
and  gather  but  little  in.     Ueut.  xxviii. 

Manasseli  wrought  much  wickedness  in  the 
sight  ol'  the  Lord  to  provoke  him  to  anger.  2 
Kiogs  Kxi. 

Return  with  much  riches  to  your  tents.  Josh, 
xxii. 

2.  Long  in  duration.  How  much  time  is 
spent  in  trifling  amusements ! 

3.  Many  in  number. 

Kdoiii  came  out  against  him  with  much  peo 
pie.     Num.  XX. 

[This  application  of  much  is  no  longer 
used.] 

MUCH,  adv.  In  a  great  degree;  by  far; 
qualifying  adjectives  of  the  comparative  de- 
gree ;  us  much  more,  much  stronger,  much 
heavier,  much  more  splendid,  muck  higher. 
So  we  say,  much  less,  much  smaller,  much 
less  distinguished,  much  weaker,  much 
finer. 

2.  To  a  great  degree  or  extent ;  qualifying 
verbs  and  participles. 

Jonathan,  Saul's  son,  delighted  nmch  in  Da- 
vid.    1  Sam.  xix. 

It  is  a  night  to  be  much  observed.     Ex.  xii. 

The  sold  of  the  people  was  much  discouraged 
because  of  the  way.     Num.  xxi. 

A  tnuch  afflicted,  much  enduring  man. 

Pope. 

3.  Often  or  long. 

Think  much,  speak  litUc.  Dryden. 

4.  Nearly. 

All  left  the  world  much  as  they  found  it. 

Tem/ile. 
MUCH,  n.  A  great  quantity;  a  great  deal. 
He   that  gathered  ttiuch  had  nolhing  over, 
Ex.  xvi. 

To  whom  much  is  given,  of  him  much  shall 
be  required,     l.ukc  xii. 

They  have  much  of  tire  poetry  of  Majcenas, 
but  little  of  his  liberality.  Uryden. 

%  More  than  enough  ;  a  heavy  service  or 
burden. 

He  thought  not  much  to  clothe  his  enemies. 

Alilton. 

Who  thought  it  much  a  man  should  die  of 

love.  JJrydcn 

0.  An  uncommon  thing;  something  strange. 
It  was  much  (hat  one  who  was  so  great  a  lov- 
er of  peace  should  be  happy  in  war.         Bacon 

.is  much,  an  eqii.il  quantity  ;  zised  us  an  ad- 
jective or  noun.  Return  as  much  bread  as 
you  borrowed.  If  you  borrow  money,  re- 
turn as  much  as  you  receive.  So  we  say 
ttoicc  as  much,  Jive  times  as  much,  that  is, 
twice  or  five  times  the  quantity. 

2.  A  certain  or  suitable  quantity. 

Then  take  as  much  as  thy  soul  desirelh.  1 
Sam.  ii. 

3.  To  an  equal  degree;  adverbially.  One 
man  loves  power  as  much  as  another 
loves  gold. 

So  much,  an  equal  quantity  or  a  certain  quan 
tity,  as  a  noun  ;  to  an  equal  degree,  o 
to  a  certain  degree,  as  an  adverb. 

Of  sweet  cinnamon  half  So  much.    Ex.  xxx. 
In  all  Israel,  there  was  none  to  be  so  much 
praised  as  Absalom.     2  Sam.  xiv. 
Too  much,  an  excessive  quantity,  as  a  noun; 
to  an  excessive  degree,  o-s  an  adverb. 


To  make  much  of,  to  value  liiglily  ;  to  prize 
or  to  treat  with  great  kindness  and  atten- 
tion. MUner.' 

2.  To  fondle. 

Much  at  one,  nearly  of  equal  value,  effect  orl 
influence.  Dryden 

MUCllWlI.vT,  adv.  Nearly  ;  almost.  [.Vo(' 
elegant.]  Locke.' 

MU'ClC,  a.  [from  mucus.]  The  mucic  acid' 
is  the  same  as  the  saccholactic.  It  is  ob-j 
tained  from  gums,  &c.  Ure. 

MU'CIO,  a.  [L.  mucidus,  from  muceo.]  Mus- 
ty ;  moldy ;  slimy. 

MU'CIDNESS,  n.  Mustiness;  sliminess. 

Ainsworth. 

MU'CILAGE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  mucus,  tlio 
slimy  discharges  from  the  nose ;  muceo, 
to  grow  moldy  or  musty  :  It.  mucillagffine  ; 
Sp.  mucitago.  The  L.  mucus,  in  Ir.  is 
smug;  smugaim,  to  blow  the  nose.  It  is 
probably  allied  to  Eug.  muck  ;  lleb. 
Cli.  Jia  or  piD,  to  dissolve,  to  putrefy. 
Class  Mg.  No.  8.  10.] 

1.  In  chimislry,  one  of  the  proximate  ele- 
ments of  vegetables.  The  same  substance 
is  a  gum  when  solid,  and  a  mucilage  when 
in  solution.  Thomson.t 

Both  the  ingredients  improve  one  another  ;, 
for  the  mucilage  adds  to  the  lubricity  of  the  oil, 
and  the  oil  preserves  tlie  mucilage  from  inspiss-l 
ation.  Ray. 

Mucilage  is  obtained  from  vegetable  or  ani- 
mal substances.  A^icholson. 

The  liquor  which  moistens  and  lubricates 
the  ligaments  and  cartilages  of  the  articu- 
lations or  joints  in  animal  bodies. 

Kncyc. 

MUCILAG'INOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  .se- 
creting mucilage  ;  as  the  mucilaginous 
glands.  £ncyc. 

•-2.  Slimy  ;  ropy  ;  moist,  soft  and  lubricous  ; 
partaking  of  the  nature  of  mucilage;  as  a 
mucilaginous  gimi.  Grew. 

MUClLAti'lNOUSNESS,  n.  Sliminess;  the 
state  of  being  mucilaginous. 

MU'CITE,  n.  A  combination  of  a  substauce 
with  mucous  acid.  Parke. 

MUCK,  n.  [Sax.  nieor,  mior  ;  Dan.  mijg, 
dung;  mug,  mold,  soil;  L.  mucus;  qn.' 
from  moisture  or  putrefaction.  In  VV. 
mtvg  is  smoke,  which  may  be  allied  lo| 
Eng.  muggy,  from  dissolving,  wasting.  So 
in  French  fumer,  to  smoke,  to  dung  or 
muck.  See  the  Heb.  and  Ch.  verbs  under 
mucilage.  In  Iluss.  mochu  is  to  moisten, 
and  makayu,  to  dip,  to  soak.] 

1.  Dur)g  in  a  moist  state,  or  a  mass  of  dung 
and  putrefied  vegetable  matter. 

With  fattening  muck  besmear  the  roots. 

Philips. 

2.  Something  mean,  vile  or  filthy. 

To  run  a  mxick,  to  run  madly  and  attack  all 
we  meet.  Pope.     Dryden. 

Running  a  muck,  is  a  phrase  derived  from 
the  Malays,  (in  whose  language  amock  sig- 
nifies to  kill,)  applied  to  desperate  persons 
who  intoxicate  themselves  with  opium 
and  then  arm  themselves  with  a  dagger 
and  attempt  to  kill  all  they  meet. 

Ed.  Encyc. 
MUCK,  V.  t.  To  manure  with  muck. 

Tusser. 
MUCK'ENDER.    n.    [Sp.  mocadero,  from 

moco,  mucus  ;  Fr.  mouchoir.] 
A  pocket  haudkeicliief.      [Not  used.] 

Dorset. 


}      [L.  mucronatus,  from 
I  ^    ■  macro,  a  pomt.' 


MUCK'ER,  V.I.  [from  muck.]  To  scrape 
together  money  by  mean  labor  or  shifts. 
[Not  used  in  America.] 

MUCK'ERER,  n.  A  miser ;  a  niggard.  [Abt 
used.]  CJiaucer. 

MUCK'HEAP,  )       .    ,       , .,,  „     .   . 

MUCK'IIII  1  ^  "•  •'^  u""g'""-  Burton. 

MUCK'INESS,  n.  Filthiuess;  nastiness. 

Johnson. 

MUCK'LE,  a.  [Sax.  mycel.]  Much.         Obs. 

MUCK'SWEAT,  n.  Profuse  sweat. 

Johnson. 

MUCK'WORM,  n.  A  worm  that  lives  in 
muck. 

2.  \  miser ;  one  who  scrapes  together  money 
by  mean  labor  and  devices.  Bunyan. 

MUCK'Y,  a.  Filthy  ;  nasty.  Spenser. 

MUCOSO-SAecHARINE,  a.  Partaking 
of  the  qualities  of  mucilage  and  sugar. 

Fourcroy. 

MU'COUS,  a.  [See  Mucus.]  Pertaining  to 
mucus  or  resembling  it;  slimy,  rojiy  and 
lubricous  ;  as  a  mucous  substance. 

2.  Secreting  a  slimy  substance  ;  as  the  mu- 
cotis  membrane. 

The  mucous  membrane  lines  all  the 
cavities  of  the  body  which  open  external- 
ly, and  secretes  the  fluid  called  mucus. 

Bichat. 

MU'eOUSNESS,  ji.  The  state  of  being  mu- 
cous; sliminess. 

MU'CRON.'VTE, 

MUellONATED, 

NaiTowed  to  a  point ;  terminating  in  a  point. 

hood  ward. 

MU'CULENT,  «.  [I,,  mucultntus.]  Slimy; 
moist  and  moderately  viscous. 

MU'€US,  JI.  [L.  See  Mucilage  and  Muck.] 

1.  A  viscid  fluid  secreted  by  the  mucous  mem- 
brane, which  it  serves  to  moisten  and  de- 
fend. It  covers  the  lining  membranes  of 
all  the  cavities  which  open  externally, 
such  as  those  of  tlie  mouth,  nose,  lungs, 
iut(^stinul  canal,  urinary  passages,  &c.  It 
difl'ers  from  gelatine.  Parr.     Ure. 

In  the  action  of  chewing,  the  mucus  inixeth 
with  the  aliment.  Jirbuthnot. 

2.  This  term  has  also  been  applied  to  other 
animal  fluids  of  a  viscid  quality,  as  the  sy- 
novial fluid,  which  lubricates  the  cavities 
of  the  joints. 

MUD,  «.  [D.  modder ;  G.  moder.  See 
Mother.  Kx  tou  aufou  ouu?t?.oxjjj  rou  nviv- 
fiaroi  lyiisro  fiur.  Tovro  nvif  fatjiv  iXv*, 
otSf  i'6arto6ov'5  ^tlfuj  cr^t:.  Mot,  id  est, 
mod  ;  Phcenices  ita  scribebant.  Bochart, 
Phoen.  Lib.  2.  Chap.  2. 

This  is  said  to  be  a  fragment  of  Sancho- 
niathon's  Phenician  history,  translated  by 
Pliilo  and  preserved  by  Eusebius.  This 
Phenician  word  mod,  fiur,  rendered  in 
Gr.  avf,  is  precisely  the  English  mud, 
the  nwtter,  njaterial  or  substance  of 
which,  according  to  the  ancients,  all 
things  were  formed.  See  Castel.  Col. 
2010,  and  the  word  mot/ier.  Plutarch,  de 
Iside,  says  the  Egyptians  called  Isis  7nuth, 
that  is,  mother.  This  is  a  remarkable 
fact,  and  proves  beyond  controversy  the 
common  origin  of  the  Phenician,  Celtic 
and  Teutonic  nations.  .Mud  may  perhaps 
be  named  from  wetness,  and  be  connected 
with  L.  madco,  Gr.  ui6au.  W.  mu-udau\  to 
wet.] 


M  U  F 


i>I  U  L 


M  U  L 


Moist  and  soft  earth  of  any  kind,  such  as 
is  found  in  marshes  and  swamps,  at  the 
bottom  of  rivers  and  ponds,  or  in  iiigh- 
ways  after  rain. 

3IUD,  V.  t.  To  bury  in  mud  or  shme. 

Shak. 

2.  To  make  turbid  or  foul  with  dirt ;  to  stir 
the  sediment  in  liquors.  Glanvilk 

MUD'DILY,  nrfc.  [from  muddy.]   Turbidly; 
with  foul  mixture. 
Lucilius — writ  loosely  and  muddily.    Dryden 

MUD'DINESS,  n.  Turbidness  ;  foulness 
caused  by  mud,  dirt  or  sediment  ;  as  the 
muddiness  of  a  stream.  Addison. 

MUD'DLE,ti.  «.  [trom  mud.]  To  make  foul, 
turbid  or  muddy,  as  water. 

He  did  ill  to  muddle  the  water. 

L'Estrange. 
2.  To  intoxicate  partially  ;  to  cloud  or  stu- 
pe5',  particularly  witli  liquor. 

He  was  often  druuk,  always  muddled. 

Jirbuthnnt. 
Epicurus  seems  to  have  liad  his  brains  mud- 
dled. Benlley. 
MUD'DLED,;^/).  Made  turbid  ;  half  drunk; 

stupefied. 
MUD'DLING,  ppr.  Making  foul  with  dirt 
or  dregs;  making  half  drunk;  stupefying. 
MUD'DY,  a.  [from  mud.]  Foul  with  dirt  or 
fine  earthy  particles ;  turbid,  as  water  or 
other  fluids ;  as  a  muddij  stream.  Water 
running  on  fine  clay  always  appears  mud- 
dy. 

2.  Containing  mud ;  as  a  muddy  ditch  ;  a 
muddy  road.  Shak. 

3.  Dirty  ;  dashed,  soiled  or  besmeared  with 
mud  ;  as  muddy  boots. 

4.  Consisting  of  mud  or  earth  ;  gross  ;  im- 
pure ;  as  this  muddy  vesture  of  decay. 

Shak. 

5.  Dark  ;  of  the  color  of  mud  ;  as  muddy 
cheeks.  Smjl. 

6.  Cloudy  in  mind;  dull  ;  heavy  ;  stupid. 

Dost  think  I  am  so  mudt/y?  Sliak. 

MUD'DY,  V.  t.  To  soil  with  mud  ;  to  dirty. 

2.  To  cloud  ;  to  make  dull  or  heavy.     Grew. 

MUDDY-HEADED,  a.  Having  a  dull  un- 
derstanding. 

MUD'-FISH,  n.  A  fish,  a  species  of  the  cy- 
prinus  kinil.  Did.  J\/'at.  Hist. 

MUD'-SILL,  ?!.  In  bridges,  the  sill  that  is 
laid  at  the  bottom  of  a  river,  lake,  &c. 
[See  SitL] 

MUD'-SUCKER,  n.  An  aquatic  fowl. 

Derham 

MUD'-WALL,  11.  A  wall  composed  of  mud, 
or  of  materials  laid  in  mud  without  mor 
tar.  South. 

2.  A  bird,  the  apiastcr.  Jlinsivorth. 

MUD-WALLED,  a.  Having  a  mud  wal 

Prior. 

MUD'WORT,  Ji.  A  species  of  Limosella, 
the  least  water  plantain.  Lee. 

MUE.     [See  Mew.] 

MUFF,  Ji.  [Dan.jni// orHiH/c,-  D.  7ho/;  G. 
muff ;  Fr.  moufle,  mittens  ;  Sp.  mvjias, 
thick  gloves.] 

A  warm  cover  fur  the  hands,  usually  made 
of  fur  or  dressed  skins.      Locke.     Dryden. 

MUF'FIN,  71.  A  delicate  or  light  cake. 

MUF'FLE,  V.  I.  [D.  moffelen  ;  G.  muffeln  ; 
It.  camuffare,  to  disguise  or  mask.] 

1.  To  cover  from  the  weather  by  cloth,  fur 
or  any  garment ;  to  cover  close,  particu- 
larly the  neck  and  face. 


You  must  be  muffled  up  like  ladies. 

Dryden. 
The  face  lies  muffled  up  within  the  garment. 

Addison. 
To  blindfold. 
Alas  !  that  love  whose  view  is  muffled  still — 

Shak. 
He  muffled  with  a  cloud  his  mournful  eyes. 

Dryden. 

3.  To  cover;  to  conceal ;  to  involve. 
They  were   in   former  ages  muffled  in  dark- 
ness and  superstition.  Arhuthnot. 

4.  In  seamanship,  to   put  matting  or  other 
soft  substance  round  an  oar,  to  prevent 
its  making  a  noise. 
To  wind  something  round  the  strings  of 

a  drum  to  prevent  a  sharj)  sound,  or  to 
render  the  sound  grave  and  solemn. 

MUF'FLE,  V.  i.  To  mutter  ;  to  speak  indis- 
tinctly or  without  clear  articulation. 

Holder. 

(MUF'FLE,  n.  [Sp.  mxijla.]  In  chimistry,  a 
vessel  in  the  shape  of  an  oblong  arch  or 
vault,  closed  beliind  by  a  semicircular 
plane,  the  floor  of  which  is  a  rectangular 
plane  ;  or  in  otlier  words,  a  little  oven  to 
be  placed  in  a  furnace,  and  under  which 
small  cupels  and  crucibles  are  placed,  in 
which  substances  are  subjected  to  heat 
without  coming  in  contact  with  fuel, 
smoke  or  ashes  ;  used  in  metallurgic  ope- 
rations. Fourrroy.     Encyc. 

MUF'FLED,  pp.  Covered  closely,  especial- 
ly about  the  face  ;  involved  ;  blindfolded. 

MUF'FLER,  71.  A  cover  for  the  face  ;  a 
part   of  female  dress.     Shak.     Arhuthnot. 

MUF'FLING,  ppr.  Covering  closely,  espe- 
cially about  the  face  ;  wrapping  close  ;  in- 
volving ;  blindfolding. 

MUF'FLON,  n.  The  wild  sheep  or  mus- 
raon. 

MUF'TI,  7!.  The  high  priest  or  chief  of  the 
ecclesiastical  order  among  the  Mohamme- 
dans. 

MUG,  7t.  [1  know  not  whence  derived.]  A 
kind  of  cup  from  which  liquors  are  drank. 
In  America,  the  word  is  applied  chiefly 
or  solely  to  an  earthen  cup. 

MUG'GARD,  a.  [See  Muggy.]  Sullen;  dis- 
pleased,    [jyot  in  use.] 

MUG'GENT,?!.  A  species  of  wild  fresh  wa- 
ter duck.  Diet.  ATat.  Hist. 

MUG'GISH,  }       [W.  mwean,  a  cloud  offog  ; 

MUG'GY,  I  "'  mu'g,  smoke ;  or  from  the 
root  of  muck.] 

1.  Moist ;  damp  ;  moldy  ;  as  muggy  straw, 

Mortimer. 

2.  Moist  ;  damp  ;  close  ;  warm  and  unelas 
tic  ;  as  muggy  air.  [This  is  the  principal 
use  of  the  U'ord  in  America.] 

MUG'HOUSE,  71.  [from  mug.]  An  ale 
house.  IHckel. 

MU'c;IENT,  n.  [L.  7»«g^'o,  to  bellow.]  Low- 
ing ;  bellowing.     [JVot  used.]  Brotim. 

MU'tilL,  n.  [L.]  The  mullet,  a  genus  of 
fishes  of  the  order  of  abdominals. 

MUG'WEED,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Va- 
lantia. 

MUG'WORT,  JI.  [Sa.x.mugwyrt.]  A  plant 
of  the  genus  Artemisia. 

MULAT'TO,  J!.  [Sp.  mulato,  that  is,  muled, 
of  a  mixed  breed,  from  7iiu/o,  L.  mulus, 
mide ;  Fr.  mulatre.] 

A  person  that  is  the  oflfspring  of  a  ncgrcss 
by  a  white  man,  or  of  a  white  woman  by 
a  negro. 


MUL'BERRY,   n.  [Sw.  mulbir  ;  G.  maul- 

beere.] 
The  berry  or  fruit  of  a  tree  of  the   genuF 

Morus. 
MUL'BERRY-TREE,  n.  The   tree  which 

l)roduces  the  mulberry. 

MULCH,  n.  [Heb.  nSo,  to  dissolve.]  Half 
rotten  straw.  Bailey. 

MULCT,  7!.  [L.  mulcta  or  multa.]  A  fine  im- 
posed on  a  person  guilty  of  some  offense 
or  misdemeanor,  usually  a  pecuniary  fine. 

MULeT,  ti.  t.  [L.  mulcto  ;  Fr.  7«u/c<er.]  To 
fine  ;  to  punish  for  an  offense  or  misde- 
meanor by  imposing  a  jjccuniary  fine. 

Bacon. 

MUL€T'UARY,  a.  Imposing  a  pecuniary 
penalty.  Overbury. 

MULE,  n.  [Sp.  It.  mulo  ;  L.  mulus  ;  Sax. 
mid  ;  D.  muil  or  muilezel ;  G.  tnaulesel  ; 
Sw.  mulSsne ;  Dan.  7nule  ;  Fr.  id. ;  Arm. 
viules ;  It.  muUe ;  W.  77iu;.  The  latter  sig- 
nifies a  mule,  and  bashful,  simple.] 

1.  A  quadruped  of  a  mongrel  breed,  usually 
generated  between  an  ass  and  a  mare, 
sometimes  between  a  horse  and  a  she-ass. 
But  the  name  is  applied  to  any  animal 
produced  by  a  mixture  of  different  spe- 
cies. Encyc. 

3.  A  plant  or  vegetable  produced  by  impreg- 
nating the  pistil  of  one  species  of  plant 
with  the  farin  or  fecundating  dust  of  an- 
other.    This  is  called  also  a  hybrid. 

Encyc.     Martyn. 

MULETEER,  ti.  [It.  mulailiere ;  Fr.  muk- 
tier.] 

A  mule-driver. 

MULE-WORT,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Hemionitis. 

MULIEBRITY,  n.  [from  L.  vmliebrts,  from 
mulier,  a  woman.] 

Womanhood  ;  the  state  of  being  a  woman  ; 
a  state  in  females  corresponding  to  virility 
in  man  ;  also,  eft'eminacy  ;  softness. 

MU'LIER,  71.  [L.]  In  law,  lawful  issue  born 
in  wedlock  though  begotten  before. 

Encyc. 

MU'LISH,  a.  Like  a  mule  ;  sullen ;  stub- 
born. 

MULL,  V.  t.  [qu.  L.  mollio,  to  soften,  or  W. 
mwll,  warm,  or  Sp.  mullir,  to  beat.] 

1.  To  soften  ;  or  to  heat,  sweeten  and  en- 
rich with  spices  ;  as,  to  77i!(tt  wine. 

Drink  new  cider,  mull'd  with  ginger  warm. 

Gay. 
To  dispirit  or  deaden.  Shak. 

MULL,  n.  In  Scottish,  a  snuff-box,  made  of 
the  small  end  of  a  horn.     Obs. 

Cumberland. 

MULL,  n.  Dust.     [JVot  in  use.]  Goiver. 

MUL'LEN,  n.  [Old  Fr.  7»io/ene  ;  probably  so 
named  from  the  root  of  L.  mollis,  soft.  So 
in  German,  uollkraut,  wool-plant.] 

.A  plant  of  the  genus  Verbascum. 

MUL'LER,  77.  [Fr.  moliere,  molette ;  h.mola- 
ris,  from  ?7io/a,  a  mill-stone.] 

1.  A  stone  held  in  the  hand  with  which  col- 
ors and  other  matters  are  ground  on  an- 
other stone  ;  used  by  painters  and  apoth- 
ecaries. Bailey.    Encyc. 

2.  An  instrument  used  by  glass  grinders, 
being  a  piece  of  wood  with  the  piece  of 
glass  to  be  ground  cemented  to  one  end, 
either  convex  in  a  bason,  or  concave  in  a 
sphere  or  bowl.  Encyc. 


M  U  L 


M  U  f. 


M  U  L 


MUL'LET,  n.  [Fr.  muht,  a  iiiullcl,  and  a 
great  mule  ;  Gr.  fnM.05  ;  L.  mullus.] 

A  fish  of  the  genus  Mugil.  The  hps  are 
membranaceous  ;  the  inferior  one  carinat- 
ed  inwards  ;  it  has  no  teeth,  and  the  body 
isof  a  whitish  color.  This  fish  frequents 
the  sliore  and  roots  in  the  sand  like  a  hog. 
It  is  an  excellent  fish  for  the  table. 

Enajc. 

MUL'LIGRUBS,  n.  A  twisting  of  the  intes- 
tines ;  sullenness.     [A  low  word.] 

MUL'LION,  n.  [Fr.  moidure.]  A  division 
in  a  window  frame  ;  a  bar. 

ML'L'LION,  t'.  t.  To  shape  into  divisions. 

Shxik. 

MUL'LOCK,  n.  Rubbish. 

MULSE,  Ji.  [L.  mulsus.]  Wine  boiled  and 
mingled  with  honey. 

MULTAN'GULAR,  a.  [L.  mullus,  many, 
and  angulxLs,  angle  ;  Basque,  mola,  a  mul- 
titude ;  multsa,  much.] 

Having  many  angles  ;  polygonal.      Martyn. 

MULTAN'GULARLY,  «(/().  With  many  an- 
gles or  corners.  Gniv. 

MULTICAP'SULAR,  a.  [L.  mullus,  many, 
and  cupsula,  a  chest.] 

In  botany,  having  many  capsules.       Martyn. 

MULTlCA'VOUS,  a.  [L.  mullus,  n:any,  and 
cavus,  hollow.] 

Having  many  holes  or  cavities.  Did. 

MLLTIFA'RIOUS,  a.  [L.  multifanus.  Qu. 
varius.] 

Having  great  multiplicity  ;  having  great  di- 
versity or  variety  ;  as  tnullifarious  artifice. 

.Voire. 

MULTIFA'RIOUSLY,  adv.  VVitli  great 
multiplicity  and  diversity  ;  with  great  va- 
riety of  modes  and  relations. 

Btv.tlet). 

MULTIFA'RIOUSNESS,  n.  Multiplied  di- 
versity. JVorris. 

MUL'TIFID,  a.  [L.  mullifidus ;  midtus,many, 
and/firfo,  to  divide.] 

Having  many    divisions ;    many-cleft ;    di 
vidcd  into  several  parts  by  linear  sinuses 
and  straight  margins  ;  as   a  mullifid  leal 
or  corol.  Marlyn. 

MULTIF'LOROUS,  a.  [L.  mullus,  many, 
anil  Jlos,  tlowcr.] 

Many-fli>wered  ;  having  many  flowers. 

Martyn. 

MUL'TIFORM,  a.  [L.  mulliformis  ;  mulhis, 
many,  amlfonna,  form.] 

Having  many  forms,  shapes  or  appearances ; 
as  the  multiform  operations  of  the  air- 
pump.  Jf'alls. 

MULTIFORMITY,  n.  Diversity  of  forms; 
variety  of  shapes  or  appearances  in  the 
same  thing.  Johnson. 

MULTIOEN'EROUS,  a.  [L.  muttigains : 
mulhis,  many,  and  genus,  kind.] 

Having  many  kinds.  Did. 

MULTIJU'GOUS,  a.  [h.  viullus,  many,  and 
jugum,  a  yoke,  a  pair.] 

Consisting  of  many  pairs. 

MULTILAT'ERAL,  a.  [L  multus,  many, 
and  lulus,  side.] 

Having  many  sides.  A  multilateral  figure 
must  also  he  multangular. 

MULTILIN'EAL,a.  Having  many  Unes. 

MULTILOC'L'LAR,  a.  [L.  muitus,  many, 
and  loculus,  a  cell.] 

Having  many  cells ;  as  a  multilocular  peri- 
carp. Martyn. 

MULTIL'OQUOUS,  a.  [L.  mullus,  many, 
and  loquor,  to  speak.] 


Speaking  much  ;  very  talkative  ;  loquacious. 

Did. 

MULTINO'MIAL,     ?       [L.  mullus,  many, 

MULTINOM'INAL,  \  "■  and  nomfn, name.] 

Having  many  names  or  terms.  Did. 

Ml'LTIP'AROl':^,  a.  [L.  viullus,  many,  and 
pario,  to  bear.] 

Producing  many  at  a  birth.     A  serpent  is  a 
multiparous  animal. 

MULTIPARTITE,    a.    [L.  mullus,  many, 
and  partitus,  divided.] 

Divided  into   many   parts  ;   having  several 
parts. 

MUL'TIPED,  11.   [L.   mullus,    many,    and 
pes,  foot.] 

An  insect  that  has  inany  feet. 

MUL'TIPED,  a.  Having  many  feet. 

MUL'TIPLE,  a.  [h.  multiplex ;  multtts,  ma- 
ny, and  plico,  to  fold.] 
ontaining  many  times. 

MUL'TIPLE,  n.  In  arithmetic,  a  common 
multiple  of  two  or  more  numbers  con- 
tains eacli  of  them  a  certain  number  of 
times  e.xactly  ;  thusli4isa  common  mul 
tiple  of  3  and  -1.  But  the  least  common  mul 
liple,  is  the  least  number  which  will  do 
this ;  thus  12  is  the  least  common  multi- 
ple of  .3  and  4. 

MULTIPLEX,  a.  [L.]  Many-fold  ;  having 
petals  lying  over  each  other  in  folds. 

Martyn. 

MUL'TI PLIABLE,  a.    [Fr.     See  Multiply.] 
That  mav  he  multiplied. 

MUL'TIPLIABLENESS,    n.   Capacity   of 
being  multiplied. 

MUL'TIPLICABLE,  a.  That  may  be  mul- 
tiplied. 

MULTIPLICAND',  n.    [L.  multiplicandus 
Sec  Multiply.] 

In  aritlimdic,  the  number  to  he  multiplied  by 
another,  which  is  called  the  multiplier. 

MUL'TIPLICATE,    o.     [L.   multiplicalus.'] 

1.  Consisting  of  many,  or  more  than  one. 

Derham. 

2.  A  multiplicate  flower  is  a  sort  of  luxuri 
ant  flower,  having  the  corol  multiplied  so 
far  as  to  exclude  only  some  of  the  stamens. 

Martijn 
IMULTIPLICA'TION,  n.  [L.  mulliplicatio.] 
1.  The  act  of  multiplying  or  of  increasing 
number ;  as  the  multiplication  of  the  hu- 
man species  by  natural  generation. 
•2.  In  arithmetic,  a  rule  or  operation  by  which 
any  given  number  may  be  increased  ac 
cording  to  any  number  of  times  proposed. 
Thus  10  multiplied  by  5  is  increased  to  50. 
MULTIPLICATIVE,  a.  Tending  to  multi- 
ply; having  the  power  to  multiply  or  in- 
crease numbers.  Med.  Repos 
MULTIPLICA'TOR,    71.  The   number    by 
which  another   number   is  multiplied  ;  a 
multiplier. 

MULTIPLICITY,  n.  [Fr.  multiplicity,  from 
L.  multiplex:] 

1.  A  state  of  being  many;  as  a  multiplicity 
of  thoughts  or  objects. 

2.  Many  of  the  same  kind.    The  pagans  of 
antiquity  had  a  multiplicity  of  deities. 

MUL'TIPLIED,  pp.  Increased  ill  nimihers, 
2.  Numerous  ;  often  repeated ;  as  multiplied 

aggressions. 
MUL'TIPLIER,  n.  One  who  multiplies,  or 

increases  number. 
2.  The  number  in  arithmetic  by  which  an 

other  is  multiplied  ;  the  multiplicator. 


MUL'TIPLY,  I',  t.  [L.  mulliplico  ;  multus, 
many,  and  plico,  to  told  or  double,  Gr. 
rCK/xu,  W.  plygu,  Fr.  plier,  multiplier.] 

1.  To  increase  in  number;  to  make  more  by 
natural  generation  or  production,  or  by 
addition  ;  as,  to  multiply  men,  horses  or 
other  animals  ;  to  multiply  evils. 

1  H-ill  multiply  my  signs  aod  wonders  in 
Egypt.     Ex.  vii. 

Impunity  nill  multiply  motives  to  disobedi- 
ence. Ames. 

2.  In  arithmetic,  to  increase  any  given  num- 
ber as  many  times  as  there  are  units  in 
any  other  given  number.  Thus  7X8=50, 
that  is,  7  muUiplied  by  8  produces  the  num- 
ber 50. 

MUL'TIPLY,  V.  i.  To  grow  or  increase  in 
number. 

He  I'ruitful  and  multiply.     Gen.  i. 
Wjien  men  began  to  multiply  on  the  face  of 
the  eartli.     Gen.  vi. 

2.  To  increase  in  extent  ;  to  extend  ;  to 
spread. 

The  word  of  God  grew  and  multiplied.  Acts 
xii. 

iMUL'TIPLYlNG,ppr.  Increasing  in  num- 
ber. 

2.  Growing  or  becoming  numerous. 

MULTIP'OTENT,  a.  [L.  multipotens ;  mul- 
tus, many,  much,  and  potens,  powerful.] 

Having  manifold  power,  or  power  to  do  ma- 
ny things;  as  Jove  multipotent.  Shak. 

MULTIPRES'ENCE,n.  [L.  multus,  many, 
and  prwsentia,  presence.] 

The  power  or  act  of  being  present  in  many 
places  at  once,  or  in  more  pl.ncesthan  one. 

Halt. 

MULTISIL'IQUOUS,  a.  [L.  multus,  many, 
and  sxliqua,  a  pod.] 

Having  many  pods  or  seed-vessels.     Bailey. 

MULTIS'ONOUS,  a.  [L.  multus,  many,  and 
sonus,  sound.] 

Having  many  sounds,  or  sounding  much. 

Bailey. 

MULTISYL'LABLE,  n.  A  word  of  many 
syllables  ;  a  polysyllable.  [The  latter  is 
mostli/  used.] 

MULTITUDE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  multitudo, 
from  multus,  many.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  many  ;  a  great  num- 
ber. 

2.  A  number  collectively  ;  the  sum  of  many. 

Hale. 

3.  A  great  number,  indefinitely. 
It  is  a  fault  in  a  multitude  of  preachers,  that 

they  utterly  neglect  method  in  their  harangues. 

4.  A  crowd  or  throng;  tlie  populace;  appli- 
ed to  the  populace  when  assembled  in 
great  numbers,  and  to  the  mass  of  men 
without  reference  to  an  assemblage. 

He  tlie  vast  hissing  multitude  admires. 

Addison . 

The  multitude  have  always  beca  credulous, 

and  the  few  artful.  J.  Adams. 

MULTITUDINOUS,    a.    Consisting    of  a 

mullitu<le  or  great  number. 
2.  Having  the  appearance  of  a  multitude  ; 
as  the  multitudinous  sea.  Shak. 

.3.  Manifold  ;  as  the  multitudinous  tongue. 

Shak. 

SIULTIV'AGANT,  )        [L.    multivagus.] 

MULTIV'AGOUS,    ^  ""    Wandering  much. 

[.Vol  used.)   ^  Diet 

MUL'TIVALVE,  n.  [L.  multus,  many,  and 

vali(B,  valves,  folding  doors.] 


M  U  M 


MUM 


M  U  N 


Au  animal  which  has  a  shell  of  many  valves. 

Zoology. 

MUL'TIVALVE,  )    „     Having  many 

MULTIVALVULAR,  S         valves. 

MULTIV'ERSANT,  a.  [L.  multus,  many, 
and  verto,  to  form.] 

Protean;  turning  into  many  shapes;  assum- 
ing many  forms.  Journ.  of  Science 

MULTIV'IOUS,  a.  [L.  multus,  many,  and 
via,  way.] 

Having  many  ways  or  roads-.     [Little  used.] 

Did. 

MULTO€'ULAR,  a.  [L.  multus,  many,  and 
oculus,  eye.] 

Having  many  eyes,  or  more  eyes  than  two 

Derham. 

MUL'TURE,  n.  [L.  molitura,  a  grinding. 
See  Mill.] 

1.  In  Scots  laiv,  the  toll  or  emolument  given 
to  the  proprietor  of  a  mill  for  grinding 
corn.  Encyc. 

2.  A  grist  or  grinding. 

MUM,  a.  [See  Mumble,  Mumm,  and  Micm- 
mery.] 

1.  Silent:  not  speiJ<ing. 

The  citizens  are  mum  ;  say  not  a  word. 

Shak. 
i2.  As  an  exxlamation  or  command,  be  si- 
lent ;  hush. 

Mum  then,  and  no  more  proceed.  Shale) 

3.  As  a  noun,  silence.  Hudibras. 
MUM,  «.  [G.  Dan.  mumme ;  D.  mom.]  A  spe-' 

cies  of  malt  liquor  much  used  in  Gernia-; 
ny.  It  is  made  of  the  malt  of  wheat,  sev-; 
en  bushels,  with  one  bushel  of  oat  meal 
and  a  bushel  of  ground  beans,  or  in  the! 
same  proportion.  This  is  brewed  with  6.3 
gallons  of  water,  and  boiled  till  one  third' 
is  evaporated.  Encyc) 

MUM'-CHANCE,n.  A  game  of  hazard  withj 
dice.     [Local.]  1 

2.  A  fool.     [Local] 

MUM'BLE,  V.  i.  [G.  mummeln ;  D.  mom-\ 
elen,  mompelen  ;  Sw.  mumta  ;  Dan.  mumler. 
This  word  seems  to  be  connected  with 
mum,  in  the  sense  of  closeness  of  the  lips.] 

1.  To  mutter;  to  speak  with  the  lipsoroth-j 
er  organs  partly  closed,  so  as  to  render, 
the  sounds  inarticulate  and  imperfect ;  to' 
utter  words  with  a  grumbling  tone. 

Peace,  you  mumbling  fool.  Shalt. 

— A  wrinkled  hag,  with  age  grown  double 
Picking  dry  sticks  and  mumbling  to  herself. 

Olway. 

2.  To  chew  or  bite  softly ;  to  eat  with  the 
lips  dose.  Dryden. 

MUM'BLE,  V.  t.  To  utter  with  a  low  inar- 
ticulate voice. 

He  with  mumbled  prayers  atones  the  deity. 

Drydeyi. 

2.  To  mouth  gently,  or  to  eat  with  a  mutter- 
ing sound.  Pope, 

3.  To  suppress  or  utter  imperfectly. 

Dryden. 
MVM'BLET),  pp.  Uttered  with   alovvuiar-| 

ticulate   voice ;  chewed  softly  or  with  a 

low  muttering  sound.  ] 

MUM'HLER,   H.    One  that  speaks  with   a 

low  inarticulate  voice. 
MUM'BLING,  ppr.  Uttering  with  a  low  in 

articulate  voice  ;  chewing  softly  or  with  a 

griunhliiig  sound. 
MUM'BLINGLY,  atlv.  With  a  low  inartic 

ulate  utterance.     [Mumble  and  mutter  are 

not  always  synonymous ;  mutter  often  ex- 


presses peevishness,   which  mumhlt  does| 
not.] 

MUMM,  V.  t.  [Dan.  inumme,  a  mask;  D. 
mommen,  to  mask  ;  G.  mumme,  a  mask  or 
muffle ;  mumvieln,  to  mask,  to  mumble ;! 
Fr.  mummer ;  Sw.  fbrmumma,  to  person 
ate  ;  probably  allied  to  the  Gr.  iM/ioi,  Mo- 
mus,  the  deity  of  sport  and  ridicule,  a  buf- 
foon ;  for  in  Rabbinic,  this  word  is  used 
for  a  mask.  Buxt.  1219.  The  primary 
sense  of  this  word  and  mum  is  evidently 
to  clo.se,  shut  or  cover.] 

To  mask ;  to  sport  or  make  diversion  in  a 
mask  or  disguise.  Hubberd's  Tale. 

MUM'MER,  n.  One  who  masks  himself  and 
makes  diversion  in  disguise  ;  originally, 
one  who  made  sport  by  gestures  without 
speaking. 

Jugglers  and  dancers,  antlcks,  mummers. 

Miltun. 

MUM'MERY,  n.  [Fr.  momerie ;  Sp.  mome- 
ria.     See  Mumm.] 

1.  Masking;  sport;  diversion;  frolicking  in 
masks  ;    low    contemptible    amusement 
buffoonei7. 

Your  fathers 
Disdained  the  mummery  of  foreign  strollers. 

Fenton. 

2.  Farcical  show  ;  hypocritical  disguise  and 
parade  to  delude  vulgar  minds. 

MUM'MIFY,   V.  t.    [infra.]  To  make  into  a 

mummy.  Journ.  of  Science 

MUM'MY,  71.  [It.  miimmia  ;  Sp.  Port,  momia 


In  Arabic    La 


momia,  is  wa.x,  bees 


wax,  and  a  mummy  ;  Pers. 


rr 


wax.  A  substance  thus  called  is  iound  m 
Corasan  and  in  the  deserts  of  Kerman, 
Persia,  and  according  to  Chardin,  it  is  a 
gum  distilling  from  rocks.  It  seems  to 
liave  some  resemblance  to  asphalt.  Qu. 
the  pissasphallus  of  Pliny.] 

1.  A  dead  human  body  embalmed  and  dried 
after  the  Egyptian  manner  ;  a  name  per- 
haps given  to  it  from  the  substance  used 
in  preserving  it.  There  are  two  kinds  of 
mummies.  The  first  are  bodies  dried  by 
the  heat  of  the  sun.  Such  are  found  in 
the  sands  of  Libya.  The  other  kind  is 
taken  from  the  catacombs  in  Egypt. 

Encyc. 

2.  The  name  of  two  substances  prepared  fo 
medicinal  use,  which  according  to  Hill 
are,  the  one,  the  dried  flesh  of  human 
bodies  embalmed  with  myrrh  and  spice  ; 
the  other,  a  liquor  running  from  such 
mummies  when  newly  piepared,  or  when 
affected  by  great  heat  and  damps.  This 
is  preserved  in  vials,  and  if  suffered  to  dry, 
becomes  solid.  But  it  is  alledgcd  that  tlie 
first  sort  consists  of  pieces  of  the  flesh  of 
executed  criminals,  or  other  flesh  filled 
with  bitumen  and  other  ingredients.  But 
see  the  opinion  of  Chardin,  supra. 

•3.  There  are  foimd  in  Poland  natural  mum 
mies  lying  in  caverns,  supposed  to  be  tin 
remains  of  persons  who  in  titne  of  war 
took  refuge  in  caves,  but  being  discovered 
were  sufjbcated  by  their  enemies.  These 
bodies  are  dried,  with  the  flesh  and  skinj 
shrunk  almost  close  to  the  bone.s,  and  are 
of  a  blackish  color.  Encyc.l 

i.  Among  gardeners,  a  sort  of  wax  used  in' 
grafting  and  planting  trees.  Chambers.', 


To  beat  to  amummy,  to  beat  soundly,  or  to  a 

senseless  mass. 
MUM'MY-CHOG,    n.   A  small  fish  of  the 

carp  kind.  Pennant. 

MUMP,   V.  t.  [D.  mompen.    See  Mum  and 

Mumble.] 

1.  To  nibble ;  to  bite  quick ;  to  chew  with 
continued  motion ;  as  a  mumping  squirrel. 

Otzvav. 

2.  To  talk  loud  and  quick. 

3-  To  go  begging.  Ainswmih. 

4.  To  deceive  ;  to  cheat. 
MUMP'ER,  n.  A  beggar.  Johnson. 

MUMP'ING,    n.    Begging    tricks;    foolish 

tricks ;  mockery. 
MUMPISH,  a.  Dull;  heavy;  sullen;  sour. 
MUMPS,   n.  [See   Mum,   Mumble,  Mumm.] 

1.  Sullenness  ;  silent  displeasure.  [Little 
«««'';]  Skinner. 

2.  A  disease,  the  cynaticheparotidaia,  a  swell- 
ing of  the  parotid  glands.  C'oie. 

MUNCH,  V.  t.  [perhaps  Fr.  manger,  or  from 
the  same  root.] 

To  chew  by  great  raouthfuls.     [  Vulgar.] 

Shak. 

MUNCH,  V.  i.  To  chew  eagerly  by  great 
mouthfuls.     [Vulgar.]  Dryden. 

MUNCH'ER,  n.  One  that  munches. 

Johnson. 

MUND,  Sax._  mund,  protection,  patronage, 
peace,  is  found  in  old  laws ;  as  mund- 
brece,  that  is,  a  breaking  or  violation  of  the 
peace.  It  is  retained  in  names,  as  in  Ed- 
mimd.  Sax.  eadmund,  happy  peace,  as  in 
Greek  Irenceus,  Hesychius.  Gibson. 

MUN'DANE,  a.  [L.  mundanus,  from  mun- 
dus,  the  world.] 

Belonging  to  the  world ;  as  mundane  sphere ; 
mundane  .space.  Bentley. 

MUNDAN'ITY,  n.  Woridliness.  [J^otiised.] 

Mountague. 

MUNDA'TION,  n.  [L.  mundus,  clean.]  The 
act  of  cleansing.     [JVot  used.] 

MUN'DATORY,  a.  [L.  mundo,  to  cleanse.] 
Cleansing  ;  having  power  to  cleanse.  [Lit- 
tle used.] 

MUN'DIe,  n.  A  kind  of  marcasite;  a  min- 
eral substance,  so  called  from  its  shining 
a|)pearance.     Obs.  Woodward. 

MUNDIFICA'TION,  n.  [L.  mundus,  clean, 
and yncjo,  to  make.] 

The  act  or  operation  of  cleansing  any  body 
from  dross  or  extraneous  matter. 

Quinai. 

MUNDIF'I€ATIVE,  a.  Cleansing  ;  having 
the  power  to  cleanse.  Wiseman. 

MUNDIF'l€ATIVE,  n.  A  medicine  that 
has  the  quality  of  cleansing. 

MUN'DIFY,  v.  t.  [L.  mundus,  clean,  and/a- 
cio,  to  make.] 

To  cleanse.     [Little   used.]  Harvey. 

MU'NERARY,a.  [L.  nmnus,  a  gift.]  Having 
the  nature  of  a  gift.     [Little  used.] 

Johnson. 

MUNERATE,  MUNERATION.  [JVotused. 
See  Remunerate.] 

MUN'GREL,  «.  [Sec  .Mongrel.]  An  animal 
generated  between  diflerent  kinds,  as  u 
dog. 

MUN'GREL,  a.  Generated  between  diflfer- 
ent  kinds;  degenerate.        Shak.     Dryden. 

MUNICIPAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  municlpalis, 
fi'om  municeps,  a  person  who  enjoys  the 
rights  of  a  free  citizen  ;  munus,  office,  du 
ty,  and  capio,  to  take.] 


M  U  R 


M  U  R 


M  U  R 


1.  Pertaining  to  a  corporation  or  city;  as 
municipal  rights  ;  municipal  officers. 

9.  Tertaining  to  a  state,  kiugdoiii  or  nation. 

Municipal  law  is  properly  defined  to  be  a 

rule  of  civil  conduct  prescribed  by  the  supreme 

power  in  a  state —  Blackstone. 

Municipal,  us  used  by  the  Romans,  originally 
designated  that  which  pertained  to  a  mu- 
nicipium,  a  free  city  or  town.  It  still  re- 
tains this  limited  sense;  but  we  have  ex- 
tended it  to  what  belongs  to  a  state  or  na- 
tion, as  a  distinct,  independent  body.  Mu- 
nicipal law  or  regulation  respects  solely 
the  citizens  of  a  state,  and  is  thus  distin- 
guished from  commercial  \a\v,  political  law, 
and  the  latv  of  nations. 

MUNICIPALITY,  n.  In  France,  a  certain 
district  or  division  of  the  country  ;  also,  its 
inhabitants.  Burke. 

BIUNIF'ICENCE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  munifi 
centia  ;  munus,  a  gift  or  favor,  and  /fln'o, 
to  make.] 

1.  A  giving  or  bestowing  liberally;  bounty 
liberality.     To  constitute  mumficence,  the 
act  of  conferring  must  be  free,  and  pro 
ceed  from  generous  motives. 

A  state  of  poverty  obscures  all  the  virtues  of 
liberality  and  munificence.  Addison. 

9.  In  Spenser,  fortification  or  strength.  [L 
munio,  to  fortify.]     [N'ol  used.] 

MUNIF'ICENT,  a.  Liberal  in  giving  or  be 
stowing;  generous  ;  as  a  munificenl  bene 
factor  or  patron.  Atterbury. 

MUNIF'ICENTLY,  adv.  Liberally  ;  gen- 
erously. 

MU'NIMENT,  n.  [L.  munimenlum,  from 
munio,  to  fortify.] 

1.  A  fortification  of  any  kind;  a  strong  hold  ; 
a  place  of  defense. 

2.  Support;  defense.  Shak. 

3.  Record ;  a  writing  by  which  claims  and 
rights  are  defended  or  maintained.  Termcs 
de  la  ley.  Johnson''s  Rep. 

MU'NITE,  V.  t.  To  fortify.     [Ml  in  use.] 

Bacon . 

MUNP'TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  munilio,  fiorii 
munio,  to  fortify.  The  primary  sense  is 
that  which  is  set  or  fi.\cd,  or  that  which 
defends,  drives  back  or  hinders.  Indeed, 
both  senses  may  be  from  the  same  root 

Heb.   [ax 


Heb.  Ch.  i'JD,  Ar.     ^i.<,  or 

amen.     Class  Mn.  No.  10.  12.] 

1.  Fortification.     Obs.  Hale 

2.  Ammunition;  wliatever materials  arc  us- 
ed in  war  for  defense,  or  for  annoying  an 
enemy.  The  word  includes  guns  of  all 
kinds,  mortars,  «fec.  and  their  loading, 

3.  Provisions  of  a  garrison  or  fortress,  or  for 
ships  of  war,  and  in  general  for  an  army  ; 
stores  of  all  kinds  for  a  fort,  an  army  or 
navy. 

Munition-ships,  ships  which  convey  military 
and  naval  stores  of  any  kind,  and  attend 
or  follow  a  fleet  to  supply  ships  of  war. 

MU'NITV,  n.  Freedom  ;  security.  [JVot 
used.^     [See  Immunity.] 

AIUNNION,  n.  mun'yon.  [See  Munition.] 
An  upright  piece  of  timber  which  sep- 
arates the  several  lights  in  a  window- 
frame.     [See  Mullion.]  Moxon 

MUNDS,S"-   The  mouth.     [Vulgar.] 
MU'RAtJE,  n.   [L.  mums,  a  wall.]    Money 
paid  for  keeping  walls  in  repair.     Termes 
delaley.  Johnson. 

Vol.  II. 


MU'R  AL,  a.  [L.  muralis,  from  murus,  a  wall ; 
W.  mur,  that  which  is  fixed  or  firm ;  mu- 
riaw,  to  fix  or  establish.  It  seems  to  be- 
long to  the  root  of  moor,  to  make  fast,  as  a 
ship.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  wall. 

— Soon  repaired  her  7nnral  breach.  Milton 
Resembling  a  wall ;  perpendicular  or 
steep ;  as  a  mural  precipice. 

Mural  croivn,  among  the  ancient  Romans,  a 
golden  crown  or  circle  of  gold,  indented 
and  embattled,  bestowed  on  him  who  first 
mounted  the  wall  of  a  besieged  place  and 
there  lodged  a  standard.  Encyc. 

MUR'DER,  n.  [Sax.  morther,  from  morth, 
death ;  myrthian,  to  murder ;  D.  moord ;  G. 
Dan.  Sw!  morrf  ;  Ir.  marbh  ;  h.  mors ;  Sp, 
muerte  ;  It.  morte  ;  Pehlavi,  murdan,  to  die  ; 
Sans,  marana ;  VV.  mariv,  to  die,  which 
seems  to  be  from  marlh,  lying  flat  or  plain; 
marthn,  to  flatten,  to  deaden.  If  this  is 
the  sense,  the  primary  idea  is  to  fail  or 
fall,  or  to  beat  down.  The  old  orthog 
raphv,  murther,  is  obsolete.] 

I.  Thcact  of  unlawfully  killing  a  human  be- 
ing with  premeditated  malice,  by  a  person 
of  sound  mind.  To  constitute  murder  in 
law,  the  person  killing  another  must  be  of 
sound  mind  or  in  possession  of  his  reason 
and  the  act  must  be  done  with  malice  pre- 
pense, aforethought  or  premeditated  ;  but 
malice  may  be  implied,  as  well  as  express 
Coke.  Blackstone. 
An  outcry,  when  life  is  in  danger. 

MUR'DER,  r.  /.  [Sax.  myrthian ;  D.  moor 
den  ;  G.  morden ;  Sw.  morda.] 

1.  To  kill  a  human  being  with  premeditated 
malice.     [See  the  Noun.] 

To  destroy  ;  to  put  an  end  to. 

Canst  thou  murder  thy  breath  in  middle  of 
a  word  ?  Shak. 

MUR'DERED,  pp.  Slain  with  malice  pre- 
pense. 

MUR'DERER,  n.  A  person  who  in  possess- 
ion of  his  reason,  unlawfully  kills  a  hu- 
man being  with  premeditated  malice. 

2.  A  small  piece  of  ordnance. 
MUR'DERESS,  n.  A  female  who  commits 

murder.  Dryden. 

MUR'DERlNG,;)pr.  Killing  a  human  being 

with  malice  jjremeditated. 
MURDEROUS,   a.   Guilty  of  murder;  as 

the  murderous  king.  Milton. 

2.  Consisting  in  murder;  done  with  mur- 
der ;  bloody ;  cruel ;  as  murderous  rapine 

3.  Bloody  ;  sanguinary  ;  committing  murder 
as  murderous  tyranny. 

4.  Premeditating  murder  ;  as  murderous  in- 
tent or  design. 

MURDEROUSLY,  adv.  In  a  murderous  or 

cruel  manner. 
MURE,  n.  fL.  mw•us^  A  wall.     [JVo<  used. 

Shak. 
MURE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  murer.]  To  inclose  in  walls ; 

to  wall.  KnoUes. 

[But  immure  is  chiefly  used.] 
MU'RIACITE,   J).    [See  Muriate.]   A  stone 

composed  of  salt,  sand  and  gypsum. 
MU'RIATE.n.  [L.?nuna,mMrie*,  salt  water, 

brine;  oinarus,  bitter ;  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  Sam. 

Eth.  Ar.  TTO,  to  be  bitter.  Class  Mr.  No.  7.] 
A   salt  formed  by  muriatic  acid   combined 

with  a  base. 
MU'RIATED,  a.  Combined  with  muriatic 

acid.  Kirwan. 

2.  Put  in  brine.  Evelyn. 

20 


MURIATIC,  a.  Having  the  nature  of  brine 
or  salt  water  ;  pertaining  to  sea  salt.  The 
muriatic  acid  is  the  acid  of  marine  salt. 

MURIATIF'EROUS,  a.  Producing  muri- 
atic substances  or  salt. 

MURICAL'CITE,  n.  Rhomb-spar.         lire. 

MU'RICATED,  a.  [L.  muricatus,  from  mu- 
rex,  the  point  of  a  rock.] 

1.  Formed  with  sharp  points;  full  of  sharp 
jioints  or  prickles. 

2.  In  botany,  having  the  surface  covered  with 
sharp   points,    or    armed    with    prickles. 

Lee.    Martyn. 
MU'RICITE,  n.  Fossil  remains  of  the  mu- 

rex,  a  genus  of  shells. 
MU'RINE,  a.  [L.  murinus.  from  mus,  muris, 
a  mouse.]     Pertaining  to  a  mouse  or  to 
mice. 
MURK,n.  [Sw. mSrier;  Han. morkhed ;'Rnss. 
mrak.]     Darkness.     [Little  used.]       Shak. 
MURK'Y,  a.   [Dan.  miirk ;  Sw.  mort,  dark, 
obscure  ;  morka,  to  darken  ;  Russ.  merknii. 
to  obscure  ;  allied  perhaps  to.l/oor,  an  Af- 
rican ;  Gr.  afMvfio(.] 
Dark  ;  obscure  ;  gloomy. 

A  niurA'y  storm  deep  lowering  o'er  our  heads. 

Addison. 

MUR'ftlUR,  71.   [L.   See  the  Verb.]    A  lovs- 

sound  continued  or  continually  repeated, 

as  that  of  a  stream  running  in   a  stony 

chaunel,  or  that  of  flame. 

Black  melancholy  sits, 
Deepens  the  »)iiirni«rof  the  falling  floods. 
And  breathes  a  browner  horror  on  the  woods. 

Pope. 

A  comi)laint  half  suppressed,   or  uttered 
n  a  low,  muttering  voice. 
Some  discontents  there  are,  some  idle  mur- 
mur.^. Dryden. 

MUR'MUR,  v.i.  [L.  murmuro:  Gr.  fiopjiupu; 
Fr.  murmurer ;  Arm.  murmuli  ;  Sp.  Port. 
murmurar  ;  It.  mormorare.  This  seems  to 
be  a  duplication  of  the  root,  which  is  re- 
tained in  the  D.  morren,  G.  murren,  Sw. 
murra,  Dan.  murrer,  to  mutter,  growl  or 
murmur ;   Sp.  morro,   purring,  as   a   cat ; 


Sw.     morr,    a    grumbling  ;    Ar.   »^  »<c . 

Class  Mr.  No.  7.     It  seems  also  to  be  con- 
~        murnan,  murc- 


Sax. 


nected  with   mourn, 
nian,to  murmur.] 

1.  To  make  a  low  continued  noise,  like  the 
hum  of  bees,  a  stream  of  water,  roll- 
ing waves,  or  like  the  wind  in  a  forest  ; 
as  the  murmuring-  surge.  Shak. 

The  forests  tnurmur  and  the  surges  roar. 

Pope. 

2.  To  grumble  ;  to  complain  ;  to  utter  com- 
plaints in  a  low,  half  articulated  voice;  to 
utter  sullen  discontent ;  with  at,  before 
the  tiling  which  is  the  cause  of  discontent ; 
as,  murmur  not  at  sickness  ;  or  with  al  or 
against,  before  the  active  agent  which  pro- 
duces the  evil. 

The  Jews  murmured  at  him.     John  vi. 
The  people  murmured  against  Moses.     Ex. 
xiii. 

MUR'MURER,  n.  One  who  murmurs ;  one 
who  complains  sullenly  ;  a  grumbler. 

MUR'MURING,  ppr.  Uttering  complaints 
in  a  low  voice  or  sullen  manner ;  grum- 
bling; complaining. 

MUR'MURINGLY,  adv.  With  a  low  sound ; 
wjth  complaints. 

MUR'MUROUS,  a.  Exciting  murmur  or 
complaint. 


M  U  S 


M  U  S 


M  U  S 


MURR,  n.  A  catarrh.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Gaseoigne. 

MURRAIN,  n.mur'rin.  [Sp.  J?iomi!a,  a  dis- 
ease among  cattle,  sadness  ;  Port,  morrin- 
ha ;  It.  moria ;  morire,  Port,  momr,  Sp. 
morir,  L.  morior,  to  die.] 

An  infectious  and  fatal  disease  among  cattle. 
Ex.  i.\.  Bacon.     Garth. 

MUR'RE,  n.  A  kind  of  bird.  Came. 

MUR'REY,  a.  [from  the  root  of  Moor,  an 
African.]     Of  a  dark  red  color. 

Bacon.    Boyle. 

MUR'RHINE,  a.  [L.  murrhinus.]  An  ejii- 
thet  given  to  a  dehcate  kind  of  ware  or 
porcelain  brought  from  the  east ;  Pliny 
says  from  Carmania,  now  Kerman,  in  Per- 
sia. Encyc.     Pinkerlon. 

MUR'RION,  n.  [Port.  ?Hom'am  ;  It.  morione  ; 
from  the  root  of  L.  murus,  a  wall.  See 
Mural.] 

A  helmet ;  a  casque;  armor  for  the  head; 
written  also  morion.  King 

MUSTARD,  n.  [Fr.  See  Muse.]  A  dream 
er;  one  who  is  apt  to  be  absent  in  mind. 
Obs.  Chaucer. 

MUS'€ADEL,    ■)      [It.  moscaW/o  ;  Port.  Sp. 

MUS'CADINE,  I      moscatd  ;     Fr.    muscat. 

MUS€AT',  \  "' muscadin,       muscadet  . 

MUS'CATEL,  )  from  It.  moscado,  musk 
or  muscata  [noce  tnoscada,]  a  nutmeg,  Fr 
muscade,  from  muse.  Hence,  in  Italian 
rid  muscato,  muscat,  or  muscadine  wine. 

1.  An  appellation  given  to  a  kind  of  ricl 
wine,  and  to  the  grapes  which  produce  it 
The  word  is  also  used  as  a  noun. 

2.  A  sweet  pear. 
MUS'CLE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  musculus,  a  mus 

cle,  and  a  little  mouse ;  D.  Sw.  Dan.  mus- 
kel ;  G.  muschel ;  Gr.  juvj,  a  mouse,  and  a 
muscle.] 
1.  In  anatomy,  the  muscles  are  the  organs 
of  motion,  consisting  of  fibers  or  bundles 
of  fibers  inclosed  in  a  thin  cellular  mem 
brane.  The  muscles  are  susceptible  of 
contraction  and  relaxation,  and  in  a  healthy 
state  the  proper  muscles  are  subject  to  the 
will,  and  are  called  voluntary  muscles. 
But  other  parts  of  the  body,  as  the  heart, 
the  urinary  bladder,  the  stomach,  &c.  are 
of  a  muscular  texture,  and  susceptible  of 
contraction  and  dilatation,  but  are  not  sub- 
ject to  the  will,  and  are  therefore  called 
Vnj)o/un(ari/ tnuscles.  The  red  color  of  the 
muscles  is  owing  to  the  blood  vessels 
which  they  contain.  The  ends  of  the  mus 
cles  are  fastened  to  the  bones  which  they 
move,  and  when  they  act  in  opposition  to 
each  other,  they  are  called  antagonists. 

Encyc. 
Muscles  are  divided  into  the  head,  belly 
and  tail.  The  head  is  the  part  fixed  on 
the  immovable  joint  called  its  origin,  and 
is  usually  tendinous;  the  belly  is  the  mid 
die  fleshy  part,  which  consists  of  the  true 
muscular  fibers;  the  tail  is  the  tendinous 
portion  inserted  into  the  part  to  lie  moved, 
called  the  insertion  ;  but  in  the  tendon,  the 
fibers  are  more  compact  than  in  the  belly 
of  the  muscle,  and  do  not  admit  the  red 
globules.  Parr. 

2.  A  bivalvular  shell  fish  <jf  the  genus  Myti 

lus;  sometimes  written  mussel, 
JIUS€OS'ITY,  Ji.  Mo.ssiness. 
MUStOVA'DO,   n.   Unrefined  sugar;   the 
raw  material  from  vvliich  loal'  and  lump 


sugar  are  procured  by  refining.  Musco- 
vado is  obtained  from  the  juice  of  the  sugar 
cane  by  evaporation  and  draining  otl"  the 
liquid  part  called  melasses.  Edwards., 

[This  word  is  used  either  as  a  noun  or 
an  adjective.] 
MUS'€OVY-DUCK,    n.    Tlie    musk-duck, 

Anas  moschata. 
MUS'€OVY-GLASS,  )i.    Mica,  which  see 
MUS'€ULAR,  a.  [from  muscle.]    Pertaining 
to  a  muscle  ;  as  a  »(iuscu/ar  fiber. 

2.  Performed  by  a  muscle ;  as  muscular  mo 
tion. 

3.  Strong ;  brawny  ;  vigorous  ;  as  a  muscular 
body  or  frame. 

MUS€ULAR'1TY,  n.    The  state  of  being 
muscular.  Greif. 

MUS'€ULITE,   n.    A  petrified   muscle  or 
shell.  Kirwan. 

MUS'€ULOUS,  a.  [L.  musculosus.]  FuU  of 
muscles. 
Strong ;  brawny. 
3,  Pertaining  to  a  muscle  or  to  muscles. 
MUSE,  Ji.  s  as  z.  [L.  musa  ;  Gr.  (nouoa.  See 

the  Verb.] 
1.  Proi)erly,  song;  but  in  usage,  the  deity 
or  power  of  poetry.  Hence  poets  in  mod- 
ern times,  as  in  ancient,  invoke  the  aid  of 
the  Muse  or  Muses,  or  in  other  words,  the 
genius  of  poetry. 

Granville  conmiaads  ;   your  aid,   0   Muses 

bring, 
flliat  Muse  for  Granville  can  refuse  to  sing  ■ 

Pojie. 
3.  Deep  thought  ;   close  attention    or  con- 
templation which  abstracts  the  mind  fron 
passing  scenes ;  hence  sometimes,  absence 
of  mind. 

As  in  great  muse,  no  word  to  creature  spake 

Spensei-. 
He  was  fiU'd 
With  admiration  and  deep  muse  to  hear 
or  things  so  high  and  strange. 

Mittcm  ■ 
MUSE,  V.  i.  s  as  z.  [Fr.  muser,  to  loiter  or 
trifle ;  It.  musare,  to  gaze,  to  stand  idle ; 
allied  to  this  word  probably  are  L.  musso 
and  mussito,  to  mutter  or  murmur,  to  de 
mur,  to  be  silent.     The  Greek  ,uiiju  signi 
fies  to  press,   or  utter  sound  with  the  lips 
compressed.     The  latter  verb  belongs  to 
Class  Mg ;    for    Aiuyf  a,  a  sound   uttered 
through  the  nose  or  with  close  lips,  is  of 
the  same  family,  L.  jnussitatio.     The  word 
then  primarily  denotes  what  we  call  hum- 
ming, to  hum,  us  persons  do  when  idle,  or 
alone  and  steadily  occupied.     If  the  ele 
ments  of  the  word  are  .\ls,  it  may  be  re 


UT' 


.jj).  Class  Ms. 


fen-ed  to   the  Ar.  Syr. 

No.  35.] 

1.  To  j)onder;  to  think  closely  ;  to  study  in 
silence. 

He  mused  upon  some  dangerous  plot. 

Sidney 
I  muse  on  the  works  of  tliy  hands.  Ps.  cxliii 

2.  To  he  absent  in  mind  ;  to  he  so  occupied 
in  study  or  contemplation,  as  not  to  oh 
serve  passing  scenes  or  things  present. 

Shak. 

3.  To  wonder. 

Do  uot  mu$c  ol'inc.     Obs.  Shak 

MUSE,  V.  t.  To  think  on  ;  to  meditate  on. 

Tho>nso7i. 
MU'SEFUL,  a.  Thinkingdceply  or  closely; 
sileiitlv  thoughllul. 


Full  of  museful  mopings.  Drydert- 

MU'SELESS,  a.  Disregarding  the  power  of 
poetry.  Milton. 

MU'SER,  n.  One  who  thinks  closely  in  si- 
lence, or  one  apt  to  be  absent  in  mind. 

Johnson. 

MU'SET,  n.  The  place  through  which  the 
hare  goes  to  relief;  a  hunting  term. 

Bailey. 

MUSE'U3I,  >!.  [Gr.  /imaim,  a  place  for  the 
muses  or  for  study.] 

A  house  or  apartment  appropriated  as  a  re- 
pository of  things  that  have  an  immediate 
relation  to  the  arts;  a  cabinet  of  curiosi- 
ties. 

MUSH,  Ji.  [G.mus,\mp.]  Themeal  of  maiz 
boiled  in  water. 

MUSH'ROOM,  n.  [Fr.  mousseron,  the  white 
mushroom,  from  ?nousse,  moss,  or  the  same 
root,  bearing  the  sense  of  softness  or 
iiap.] 

1.  The  common  name  of  numerous  crypto- 
gamian  plants  of  the  natural  order  of  Fungi. 
Some  of  them  are  esculent,  others  poison- 
ous. Mushrooms  grow  on  dunghills  and 
in  moist  rich  ground,  and  often  spring  up 
in  a  short  time. 

The  origin  of  man,  in  the  view  of  the  atheist, 
is  the  same  with  that  of  the  mushroom. 

Dwight. 

2.  An  upstart ;  one  that  rises  suddenly  from 
a  low  condition  in  life.  Bacon. 

MUSH'ROOM-STONE,  n.  A  fossil  or  stone 
that  j)roduces  mushrooms ;  the  Lynciirius. 

Uoodward. 

MU'SI€,  n.  sasz.  [l...  musica  ;  Oi.  umaixr; ; 
Fr.  musique.     See  Muse.] 

1.  Melody  or  harmony;  any  succession  of 
sounds  so  modulated  as  to  please  the  ear, 
orany  combination  of  simultaneous  sounds 
in  accordance  or  harmony.  Music  is  vo- 
cal or  instrumental.  Vocal  music  is  the 
melody  of  a  single  voice,  or  the  harmony 
of  two  or  more  voices  in  concert.  Instru- 
mental nmsic  is  that  produced  by  one  or 
more  instruments. 

By  music  minds  an  equal  temper  know. 

Pope. 

"2.  Any  entertainment  consisting  in  melody 
or  harmony. 

What  music  and  dancing  and  diversions  and 
songs  are  to  many  in  the  world,  that  prayers  and 
devotions  and  psalms  arc  to  you.  Law. 

3.  The  science  of  liarmonical  sounds,  which 
treats  of  the  principles  of  iiarmony,  or  the 
properties,  dependencies  and  relations  of 
sounds  to  each  other.  This  may  be  call- 
ed speculative  or  theoretical  nuisic.     Encyc. 

4.  The  art  of  combining  sounds  in  a  man- 
ner to  please  the  car.  This  is  practical 
music  or  composition.  Encyc. 

5.  Order;  harmony  in  revolutions;  as  the 
music  of  the  spheres. 

MU'SICAL,  a.  Belonging  to  music  ;  as  mu- 
sical piopovlion  ;  s.  musical  instrument. 

2.  Producing  nuisic  or  agreeable  sounds;  as 
a  musical  voice. 

3.  Melodious;  harmonious;  pleasing  to  the 
ear ;  as  musical  sounds  or  numbers. 

MU'SICAl.LY,  adv.  In  a  melodious  or  har- 
monious manner;  with  sweet  sounds. 

MU'SICALNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
melodious  or  harmonious. 

MU'SlC-BOOK,  n.  A  book  containing  tunes 
or  songs  for  the  voice  or  for  instruments. 

MUSU'CIAN,  n.  A  person  skilled  in  the 
science  of  music,  or  one  that  sings  or  per- 


M  U  S 

■  forma  on  instruments  of  music  according 
to  the  rules  of  the  art.       Bacon.     Dryden. 

MU'SIC-ArASTER,  n.  One  who  teaches 
music. 

MU'SING,  ppr.  Meditating  in  silence. 

MU'SING,    n.    iMeditation ;  contemplation. 

MUSK,  n.  [L.  muscus  ;  Gr.  ftosx's,  musk, 
and  moss ;  It.  imisco  and  muschio ;  Sp. 
musco;  Fr.  Arm.  7imsc;  W.  viws^.  Tiie 
latter  Owen  derives  from  mws,  wliich  as  a 
noun  signifies  something  that  shoots  out, 
efliuvia,  and  as  an  adjective,  of  a  strong 
scent.    The  Arabic  word  coinciding  witli 

these  is  found  under  ,jC«»^  masaka,  to 

liold  or  contain,  and  the  name  is  interpret- 
ed to  signity  both  the  follicle  containing  the 
matter,  unci  the  substance  contained.] 

A  strong  scented  substance  obtained  from 
a  cyst  or  bag  near  the  navel  of  the  Thibet 
musk  [Moschus  moschiferus,]  an  animal 
that  inhabits  the  Asiatic  Alps,  especially 
the  Altaic  chain.  This  animal  is  a  little 
more  than  three  feet  in  length;  the  head 
resembles  that  of  the  roe,  the  fur  is  coarse, 
like  that  of  the  cervine  race,  but  thick, 
erect,  smooth  and  soft.  It  has  no  horns, 
but  the  male  has  two  long  tusks,  one  on 
each  side,  projecting  from  the  moutl 
The  female  is  smaller  than  the  male,  and 
has  neither  tusks  nor  follicle.  The  cyst  o! 
the  male  is  about  the  size  of  a  hen's  egi;, 
oval,  flat  on  one  siile  and  rounded  on  the 
other,  liaving  a  small  oritice.  This  con- 
tains a  clotted,  oily,  friable  matter  of  a 
dark  brown  color,  which  is  the  true  musk, 
one  of  the  strongest  odors  or  perfumes  in 
nature.  We  give  the  name  to  the  sub- 
stance and  to  the  auimal.  Encyc. 

MUSK,  n.  Grape-hyacinth  or  grape-flower. 

Johnson. 

MUSK,  V.  t.  To  perfume  with  musk. 

MUSK'-APPLE,  n.  A  particular  kind  of 
apple. 

MUSK'-CAT,  n.  The  musk,  which  see. 
MUSK'-CHEIIRV,  n.  A  kind  of  cherry. 
MUSK'ET,  ?i.  [U.  moschetio ;  S]^.  mosquetc  ; 

Fr.  moiisquct.     It  seems  to  be  formed  from 

Sp.  mosca,  L.  musca,  a  fly.] 

1.  A  species  of  fire-arm.s  used  in  war,  and 
fired  by  means  of  a  lighted  match.  This 
manner  of  firing  was  in  use  as  late  as  the 
civil  war  in  England.  But  the  proper 
musket  is  no  longer  in  use.  The  name, 
however,  in  common  speech,  is  yet  appli- 
ed to  fusees  or  fire-locks  fired  by  a  spring 
lock.  Encyc. 

2.  A  male  hawk  of  a  small  kind,  the  female 
of  which  is  the  sparrow  hawk. 

Dryden.     Hanmei: 

MUSKETEE'R,  n.  A  soldier  armed  with  a 

musket.  Clarendon. 

MUSKE'TOE,  n.  [Sp.  Port,  mosqxdto,  from 

Sp.  ?«osrn!,  L.miisca,  afly.] 
A  small  insect  of  the  genus  Culex,  that  is 
bred  in  water ;  a  species  of  gnat  that 
abounds  in  marshes  and  low  lands,  anri 
whose  sting  is  peculiarly  painful  and  vex- 
atious. 

MUSKETOON',  n.  [Fr.  imnsqucton.  See 
Musket.] 

A  short  thick  musket,  carrying  five  ounces 
of  iron,  or  seven  and  a  half  of  lead ;  the 
shortest  kind  of  blunderbuss.  Encyc. 


M  U  S 

One  who  is  armed  with  a  musketoon. 

Herbert. 

MUSK'INESS,  n.  [from  miwA.]  The  scent 
of  nmsk.  Johnson. 

MUSK'MELON,  n.  [musk  and  melon.]  A 
delicious  species  of  melon  ;  named  proba- 
bly from  its  fragrance. 

MUSK'-OX,  n.  A  species  of  the  genus  Bos, 
which  inhabits  the  country  about  Hudson's 
Bay.  It  has  large  horns  united  at  the 
skull,  but  turned  downward  on  each  side 
of  the  head.  The  hair  of  this  animal  is 
very  long  and  fine.  Encyc. 

MUSK'-PEAR,  n.  A  fragrant  kind  of  pear. 

Johnson. 

MUSK'RAT,    }       An  American  animal  of 

MUS'QUASH,  I  "■  the  murine  genus,  the 
Mas  zibethicus.  It  has  a  compressed,  lan- 
ceolated  tail,  with  toes  separate.  It  has 
the  smell  of  musk  in  summer,  but  loses  it 
in  winter.  The  fur  is  used  by  hatters.  Its 
popular  name  in  America  is  muijuasA. 

Belknap. 

MUSK'-ROSE,    71.    A  species  of  rose  ;  so 
died  from  its  fragrance.    Bacon.    Milton. 

MUSK'-SEED,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Hi- 
biscus. 

MUSK'-W00f>,  «•  A  species  of  plant  of 
the  genus  Trichilia. 

MUSK'Y,  a.  Having  the  odor  of  musk;  fra- 
grant. Milton. 

MUS'LIN,  n.  s  as  z.  [Fr.  mousseline  ;  It 
mussoliiia,  mussolo ;  Sp.  moselinaor  musu- 
Una.  This,  if  a  compound  word,  is  formed 
of  Fr.  mousse,  moss,  or  its  root,  on  account 
of  its  soft  nap,  and  lin,  flax.  The  opinion 
of  Lunier  that  it  is  named  from  Moussoul 
in  Mesopotamia,   is  probably  unfounded.] 

A  sort  of  fine  cotton  cloth,  which  bears 
downy  knot  on  its  surface.  Encyc. 

MUS'LIN,  a.  Made  of  muslin  ;  as  a  muslin 
gown. 

MtJSLINET',  n.  A  sort  of  coarse  cotton 
cloth. 

MUS'MON, 

MUS'IMON, 


An  animal  esteemed  a  spe- 
cies of  sheep,  described  by 
the  ancients  as  common  in  Corsica,  Sardi- 
nia and  Barbary.  Buffon  considers  it  to 
be  the  sheep  in  a  wihl  state.  Encyc. 

MUS'ROLE,  71.  [Fr.  miJsooWc,  from  museau, 
muzzle.]  The  nose  band  of  a  horse's  bri- 
dle. Bailey. 

MUSS,  n.  A  scramble.     [Mot  used.]     Sha'k. 

MUSSEL.     [See  Muscle.] 

MUS'SITE,  M.  [from  the  valley  of  Mussa, 
in  Piedmont.] 

A  variety  of  pyroxene  of  a  greenish  white 
color  ;  otherwise  called  diopside. 

Diet.  Mit.  Hist. 

MUS'SULMAN,  n.  A  Mohanmiedan  or  fol- 
lower of  Mohammed.  The  word,  it  is 
said,  signifies  in  the  Turkish  language  a 
true  believer,  or  orthodox.  It  may  he  from 
Ar.  eslam,  salvation.  Cyc.    Thomson. 

MUS'SULMANISH,  a.  Mohammedan. 

Herbert. 

MUST,  V.  i.  [Sax.  most ;  D.  moeten,  moest ;  S  w. 
m&ste  ;  G.  miissen.  It  is  used  as  an  auxil- 
iary verb,  and  has  no  variatioTi  to  express 
person,  time  or  number.  Its  primary 
sense  is  probably  to  be  strong  or  able,  as 
it  is  rendered  in  Saxon  ;  from  pressing, 
straining.  Class  Ms.  No.  2.5.  Ch.  and  No. 
31.] 

I.  To  be  obliged;  to  be  necessitated.  It  ex- 
presses both  physical  and  moral  necessi- 


M  U  S 

ty.  A  man  must  eat  for  nourishmeni. 
and  he  must  sleep  for  refreshment.  We 
must  submit  to  the  laws  or  be  exposed  to 
punishment.  A  bill  in  a  legislative  body 
mtist  have  three  readings  before  it  can 
pass  to  be  enacted. 
2.  It  expresses  moral  fitness  or  propriety,  as 
necessary  or  esseniial  to  the  character  or 
end  proposed.  "  Deacons  must  be  grave  ;" 
"a  bishop  musUiave  a  good  report  of  them 
that  are  without."  1  Tim.  iii. 
MUST,  n.  [L.  musium ;  Sax.  must ;  It.  Sp. 
Port,  mosto  ;  Russ.  msl ;  Fr.  mout ;  D.  G. 
most ;  Heb.  Ch.  SDH  to  ferment.  Class 
Ms.  No.  38.] 
New  wine  ;  wine  pressed  from  the  grape 
but  not  fermented.  Encyc. 

MUST,  V.  t.  [Fr.  moisi,  moldy  ;  Ir.  musgam, 
to  be  musly.  Qu.  W.  mws,  of  a  strong 
scent.]     To  make  moldy  and  sour. 

Morliyncr. 
MUST,  V.  I.  To  grow  moldy  and  sour ;  to 

contract  a  fetid  smell. 
MUS'TA€,  n.  A  small  tufted  monkey. 
MUSTA'CHES,    Ji.     [Fr.   moustaches  ;  Sp. 
mostacho,  a  whisker  ;  It.  mostacchio  ;  Gr. 
nv;ai,  the  upper  lip,  and  the  hair  growing 
on  it.] 
Whiskers  ;  long  hair  on  the  upper  lip. 
MUS'TARD,    n.     [It.  moslarda ;    Fr.  mou- 
tarde  ;  .Arm.  mustard  ;  Port,  mostarda  ;  Sp. 
mostaza  ;  W.  mwstarz ;   mics,   that  has  a 
strong  scent,  and  tarz,  a  breaking  out.] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Sinapis.  and  its  seed, 
which  has  a  pungent  taste  and  is  a  pow- 
erful stimulant.     It  is  used  externally  in 
catai)lasms,  and  internally  as  a   diuretic 
and  stimulant.  Encyc. 

MUSTEE',   I  ,   A  person  of  a  mixed  breed. 
MESTEE',  ^  "■  jr.  Indies. 

MUS'TELINE,  a.  [L.  mustelinus,  from  mus- 

tela,  a  weasel.] 

Pertaining  to  the  weasel  or  animals  of  the 

genus  Mustela;  as  a  musteline  color;  the 

musteline  genus. 

MUS'TER,  I',  t.  [G.  muslern,  D.  monsteren, 

Svv.    mSnstra,  Dan.  mynstrtr,  to  muster: 

It.   mostrare,  Sp.   Port,  mostrar,  Fr.  mon- 

trcr,  L.    monstro,  to   show.     Either  n   has 

been  lost  in  some  of  these  languages,  or  it 

is  not  radical  in  the  Latin.] 

Properly,  to  collect  troops  for  review,  parade 

and  exercise ;   but   in  general,   to  collect 

or   assemble   troops,   persons    or    things. 

The  officers  muster  their  soldiers  regtdar- 

ly  ;  they  muster  all  tlieir  forces.     The  j)hi- 

losopher  musters  all  the  wise  sayings  of  the 

ancients.  Spenser.     Locke.     Tillotson. 

MUS'TER,  I',  i.  To  assemble ;   to  meet  in 

one  place. 
MUS'TER,  n.  [It.  Port,  mostra,  a  show  or 
muster ;  Sp.  muestra,  a  pattern,  a  mod- 
el, a  mu«(cr-roll ;  G.  muster,  a  pattern,  a 
sample;  D.  7nonster ;  Dan.  mynster;  L. 
7nonslrum,  a  show  or  jirodigy.] 
1.  An  assembling  of  troops  for  review,  or  a 
review  of  troops  under  arms.  Eticyc. 

3.  A  register  or  roll  of  troops  mustered. 
Ye  publish  tlie  musters  of  your  own  hands. 

Hooker. 
3.  A  collection,  or  the  act  of  collectin"'. 

.linsworth. 
To  pass  7nusler,  to  be  approved  or  allowed. 

South. 

MUS'TER-BOOK,    n.    A   book  in    which 

forces  are  registered.  Shak. 


M  U  T 

MUS'TER-M'ASTER,  n.  One  vrho  takes 
an  account  of  troops,  and  of  their  arms 
and  other  military  apparatus.  The  chief 
officer  of  this  kind  is  called  muster-master- 
general.  Encyc 

MUS'TER-ROLL,  n.  A  roll  or  register  of 
the  troops  in  each  company,  troop  or 
regiment.  Encyc. 

MUS'TILY,  adv.  [from  musty.]  Moldily; 
sourly. 

MUS'TINESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
musty  or  sour;  moldiness;  damp  foulness. 

Evelyn. 

MUS'TY,  a.  [from  must.]  Moldy;  sour; 
foul  and  fetid;  as  a  musty  cask;  musty 
corn  or  straw  ;  musty  books. 

2.  Stale  ;  spoiled  by  age. 

The  proverb  is  somewhat  musty.  Skak. 

3.  Having  an  ill  flavor;  as  musty  wine. 

Pope. 

4.  Dull;  heavy;  spiritless. 

That  he  may  not  grow  musty  and  unfit  for 
conversation.  Addison. 

MUTABIL'ITY,  n.  [FT.mutabilit^ ;  It.muta- 
bilitii ;  L.  mutabilitas,  from  mulabUis,  mu- 
to,  to  change.] 

1.  Changeablencss  ;  susceptibility  of  change  ; 
the  quality  of  being  subject  to  change  or 
alteration,  either  in  form,  state  or  essen- 
tial qualities. 

Plato  confesses  that  tlie  heavens  and  the 
frame  of  tlie  world  are  corporeal,  and  therefore 
subject  to  mutability.  Stillingfleet. 

%  The  state  of  habitually  or  frequently 
changing. 

3.  Changeableness,  as  of  mind,  disposition 
or  will ;  inconstancy  ;  instability  ;  as  the 
mutability  of  opinion  or  purpose. 

MU'TABLE,  o.  [It.  viutabile ;  L.  mutabilis, 
from  muto,  to  change,  W.  mudaw.  See 
Mew.] 

1.  Subject  to  change;  changeable;  that  may 
be  altered  in  form,  qualities  or  nature. 
Almost  every  thing  we  see  on  earth  is 
mutable;  substances  are  mutable  in  the\t 
form,  and  we  all  know  by  sad  experience 
how  mutable  are  the  conditions  of  life. 

5.  Inconstant ;  unsettled  ;  unstable  ;  suscep 
tible  of  change.     Our  opinions  and  our 
purposes  are  mutable. 

MU'TABLENESS,     n.     Changeableness 

mutability ;  instability. 
MUTA'TION,  n.  [L.  mutatio.]  The  act  or 

process  of  changing. 

2.  Change :  alteration,  either  in  form  or 
quaUties. 

The  vicissitude  or  mutations  \a  the  superior 
globe  are  no  fit  matter  for  this  present  argument. 

Bacon. 

MUTE,  a.  [L.  mutus ;  W.  mud;  Fr.  muet  ; 
It.  muto;  Sp.  nmrfo;  Ir.  muite;  Ann.  mud 
or  simudet.] 

1.  Silent ;  not  speaking ;  not  uttering  words 
or  not  having  the  power  of  utterance ; 
dumb.  Mute  may  express  temporary  si- 
lence, or  permanent  inability  to  speak. 

To  the  mute  ray  speech  is  lost.  Dryden. 

In  this  phrase,  it  denotes  unable  to  utter 
words.  More  generally,  it  denotes  tempo- 
rarily silent  ;  as,  all  sat  mute. 

All  the  heavenly  choir  stood  «»!((<;.     Milton. 

2.  Uttering  no  sound  ;  as  mute  sorrow. 

3.  Silent;  not  pronounced;  as  a  mute  letter. 
MUTE,    n.    In  law,  a  person   that    stands 

speechless  when  he  ought  to  answer  or 
plead. 


M  U  T 


M  U  T 


2.  In  grammar,  a  letter  that  represents  nollMU'TINY,  n.  [Fr.  mutin,  refractory,  stub 


sound;  a  close  articulation  wliich  mtcr- 
cepts  the  voice.  Mutes  arc  of  two  kinds, 
pure  and  impure.  The  pure  mutes  instant- 
ly and  entirely  intercept  the  voice,  aak,p 
and  t,  in  the  syllables  ek,  ep,  et.  The  im 
pure  mutes  intercept  the  voice  less  sudden- 
ly, as  the  articulations  are  less  close.  Such 
are  b,  d  and  g,  as  in  the  syllables  eb,  ed,  eg. 
3.  In  music,  a  little  utensil  of  wood  or  brass, 
used  on  a  violin  to  deaden  or  soften  the 
sounds.  Busby 

MUTE,  V.  i.  [Fr.  mutir.]  To  eject  the   con- 
tents of  the  bowels,  as  birds.      B.  Jonson. 
MUTE,  n.  The  dung  of  fowls. 
MU'TELY,  adv.  Silently ;  without  uttering 
words  or  sounds.  Milton. 

MU'TENESS,  n.   Silence  ;  forbearance  of 

speaking. 
MUTILATE,    V.  t.    [L.    mutilo,   probably 
froin  the  root  ofmeto,  to  cut  off;  Fr.  mu- 
tiler;  It.  mutilare.] 

To  cut  off  a  limb  or  essential  part  of  an 
animal  body.  To  cut  off  the  hand  or  foot 
is  to  mutilate  the  body  or  the  person. 
To  cut  or  break  off,  or  otherwise  sepa- 
rate any  important  part,  as  of  a  statue  or 
building.  Encyc. 

To  retrench,  destroy  or  remove  any  ma- 
terial part,  so  as  to  render  the  thing  im- 
perfect ;  as,  to  mutilate  the  poems  of  Ho 
mer  or  the  orations  of  Cicero. 

Among  the  mutilated  poets  of  antiquity,  there 

is  none   whose  fragments   are   so  beautiful   as 

those  of  Sappho.  Addison. 

MU'TILATED,  pp.  Deprived  of  a  limb  or 

of  an  essential  part. 
MU'TILATED,  )       In  botany,  the  reverse 
MU'TILATE,     ^""  oiluxurianl;  not  pro- 
ducing a  corol,  when  not  regularly  apeta- 
lous  ;  applied  tofioioers.         Lee.     Martyn 
MU'TILATING,  ppr.   Retrenching  a  limb 

or  an  es.sential  part. 
MUTILA'TION,  n.  [L.  mutilatio.]  The  act 
of  mutilating  ;  deprivation  of  a  limb  or  of 
an  essential  part. 

Mutilation  is  a  term  of  very  general  iin 
port,    applied   to    bodies,   to   statues,    to 
buildings  and  to  writings;  but   appropri 
ately,  it  denotes  the  retrenchment  of  a  hu 
man  limb  or  member,  and  particularly  of 
the  male  organs  of  generation. 
MU'TILATOR,  n.  One  who  mutilates. 
MU'TILOUS,  a.  Mutilated  ;  defective ;  im- 
perfect. Ray. 
Mutine,  a  mutineer,  and  mutine,  to   mutiny, 

are  not  in  use. 
MUTINE'ER,  n.  [See  Mutiny.]  One  guilty 
of  mutiny;  a  person  in  military  or  naval 
service,  who  rises  in  opposition  to  the  au- 
thority of  the  officers,  who  openly  resists 
the  government  of  the  army  or  navy,  or 
attempts  lo  destroy  due  subordination. 
MU'TING,  »i.  The  dung  of  fowls.        More. 
MU'TINOUS,   a.    Turbiih-nt;    disposed    toi 
resist  the  authority  of  laws  and  regula- 
tions in  an  army  or  navy,  or  opcidy  resist- 
ing such  authority. 
2.  Seditious.     [See  Mutiny.] 
MU'TINOUSLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  witli 
intent  to  oppose   lawful  authority  or  due 
subordination  in  military  or  naval  service. 
MU'TINOUSNKSS,  »•.  The  state  of  being 
nuitinous;  op|M)sition  to  lawful  authority 
among  military  men. 


born ;  mxUmer,  to  mutmy  or  rise  in  arms ; 
mutinerie,  mutiny;  Sp.  molin,  a  mutiny; 
amotinar,  to  excite  rebellion ;  It.  muti- 
nare,  to  mutiny  ;  Port,  motim  ;  \>.  muiten, 
mutiny,  and  as  a  verb,  to  mutiny,  ami  to 
mew,  to  molt  or  cast  the  felhers,  coinci- 
ding with  the  Fr.  muer,  Eng.  to  mew;  G. 
meuterey,  mutiny,  and  mausen,  to  mew  or 
molt;  Dan.  mytene;  iiw.  mytteri,  mutiny; 
Arm.  muza,  to  mew  or  molt.  We  see  that 
these  words,  mutiny  and  mew,  are  from 
the  same  root  as  L.  muto,  to  change,  W. 
mudaw,  which  is  radically  the  same  word 
as  L.  moto,  to  move.  Mutiny  is  formed 
from  the  French  muh'n,  a  derivative  word, 
and  mew  from  the  root  or  verb.  So  motin, 
in  Spanish,  is  a  derivative,  while  muda, 
change,  and  Port,  mudar,  to  change  fethers, 

are  directly  from  the  verb ;    Eth.   ^^({\ 
to  turn  ;  Ar.   L  la .«    to  move  or  drive,  or 

i:  l  ^  to  drive.  Class  Md.  No.  14.  10.] 

An  insurrection  of  soldiers  or  seamen 
against  the  authority  of  their  command- 
ers ;  open  resistance  of  officers  or  oppo- 
sition to  their  authority.  A  mutiny  is  prop- 
erly the  act  of  numbers,  but  by  statutes 
and  orders  for  governing  the  army  and 
navy  in  different  countries,  the  acts  which 
constitute  nmtiny  are  multiplied  and  de- 
fined;  and  acts  of  individuals,  amounting 
to  a  resistance  of  the  authority  or  lawful 
commands  of  officers,  are  declared  to  be 
mutiny.  Any  attempt  to  excite  opposition 
to  lawful  authority,  or  any  act  of  con- 
teiupt  towards  officers,  or  disobedience  of 
commands,  is  by  the  British  mutiny  act 
declared  to  be  mutiny.  Any  concealment 
of  mutinous  acts,  or  neglect  to  attempt  a 
suppression  of  them,  is  declared  also  to 
be  mutiny. 

[JVote.  In  good  authors  who  Uved  a  century 
ago,  mutiny  and  mutimnis  were  applied  to  in- 
surrection and  sedition  in  civil  society.  But  I 
believe  these  words  are  now  applied  exclusively 
to  soldiers  and  seamen.] 

MU'TINY,  V.  i.  To  rise  against  la%vful  au- 
thority in  military  and  naval  service  ;  to 
excite  or  attempt  to  excite  opposition  to 
the  lawful  commands  of  military  and  na- 
val officers ;  to  commit  some  act  which 
tends  to  bring  the  authority  of  officers  in- 
to contempt,  or  in  any  way  to  promote  it»- 
subordination. 

MUT'TER,  V.  i.  [L.  mutio,  muttio,  and 
musso,  mussito ;  allied  perhaps  to  muse, 
which  sec.] 

1.  To  utter  words  with  a  low  voice  and  com- 
pressed lips,  with  sullenness  or  in  com- 
plaint; to  grumble  ;  to  murmur. 

Meantime  your  filthy  foreigner  will  stare. 
And  mutter  to  himself.  Dryden. 

3.  To  sound  with  a  low  rumbling  noise. 

Thick  lightnings  flash,  tlie  muttering  thun- 
der rolls.  Pope. 
MUT'TER,    V.  t.   To  utter  with  imperfect 
articulations,  or  with    a   low  murmuring 
voice. 

Your  lips  have  spoken  lies,  youi'  tongue  hath 
muttered  perversoness.     Is.  lix. 

They  in  sleep  will  mutter  their  afTaii*. 

57iai5r 


M  y 


M  Y  R 


M  Y  S 


MUT'TER,  n.  Murmur ;  obscure  utterance 

Milton. 
MUT'TERED,  pp.  Uttered  in  a  low  raur-j 

muring  voice. 
MUT'TERER,  n.    A  grumbler;  one  that] 

mutters. 
MUT'TERING,  ppr.  Uttering  with   a  low 

murmuring  voice  ;   grumbling  ;  murmur- 
ing. 
MUT'TERINGLY,  adv.  With  a  low  voice 

without  distinct  articulation. 
MUTTON,  n.  mul'n.  [ Fr.  mou<on,  for  moui- 

ton  ;  W.  molll,  a  wetiier ;  Arm.  maud  :  Ir. 

molt.  Qu.  Gr.  ^ijj.or.] 

1.  The  flesh   of  sheep,  raw  or  dressed  for 
food. 

2.  A  sheep.  [But  this  sense  is  now  obsolete 
or  ludicrous.]  Bacon. 

MUT'TONFIST,  n.  A  large  red  brawny 
hand.  Dryden. 

MU'TUAL,  a.  [Fr.  mutuel;  L. muhtws,  from 
muto,  to  change.] 

Reciprocal ;  interchanged  each  acting  in 
return  or  correspondence  to  the  other 
given  and  received.  Mutual  love  is  that 
which  is  entertained  by  two  persons  each 
for  the  other ;  mutual  advantage  is  that 
which  is  conferred  by  one  person  on  an 
other,  and  received  by  him  in  return.  So 
we  say,  mutual  assistance,  mutual  aver- 
sion. 

And,  what  should  most  excite  a  mutual  flame, 
Your  rural  cares  and  pleasures  are  the  same. 

Pope. 

MUTUALITY,  n.  Reciprocation;  inter- 
change. Shak. 

MU'TUALLY,  adv.  Reciprocally ;  in  the 
manner  of  giving  and  receiving. 

The  tongue  and  the  pen  mutuaUy  assist  one 
another.  Holder. 

[Note.  Mutual  and  mutually  properly  refer 
to  two  ](ersons  or  their  intercourse  ;  but 
they  may  be  and  often  are  applied  to 
numbers  acting  together  or  in  concert.] 

MUTUA'TION,  n.  [L.  viutuatio.]  The  act 
of  borrowing.     [Little  used.]  Hall 

MIJ'TULE,  71.  [Fr.  mulnle.]  In  architecture, 
a  square  modillion  under  the  cornice.  In 
French,  it  is  rendered  a  corbel  or  bracket. 

MUZ'ZLE,  71.  [Fr.  muscnu,  muzzle  or  snout ; 
Arm.  musell ;  probably  from  the  root  of 
mouth.] 

1.  The  mouth  of  a  thing  ;  the  extreme  or 
end  for  entrance  or  discharge;  applied 
chiefly  to  the  end  of  a  tube,  as  the  open 
end  of  a  common  fusee  or  pistol,  or  of  a 
bellows. 

2.  A  fastening  for  the  mouth  whicli  hinders 
from  biting. 

With  golden  muzzles  all  their  mouths  were 
bound.  Dryden. 

MUZ'ZLE,  V.  t.  To  bind  the  moutli ;  t6  fas- 
ten the  mouth  to  pre\ent  biting  or  eating. 
Thou  shall  not  muzzle  the  ox  when  he  tread- 
eth  out  the  corn.     Ueut.  xsv. 

3.  To  fondle  with  the  mouth  close.     [Lou:] 
3.  To  restrain  from  hurt. 

My  dagger  muzzled—  Shak. 

MUZ'ZLE,  V.  i.  To  bring  the  mouth  near. 
The  bear  /nuzzles  and  smells  to  him. 

L^Kstranse. 
MUZ'ZLE-RING,    n.   The   metalline  ring 
or  circle  that  surroimds   the  mouth  of  a 
cannon  or  other  piece.  Encyc.l 

MY,  pronom.  adj.  [contracted  from  7nige7i, 
mine.  Me  was  originally  mig,  and  the  ad- 
iective  migen.  So  in  L.  ineus.    See  Mine.] 


Belonging  to  me  ;  as,  this  is  my  book.  For- 
merly, mine  was  used  before  a  vowel,  and 
my  before  a  consonant ;  my  is  now  used 
before  both.  We  say,  my  book  ;  my  own 
book ;  my  old  friend.  Mine  is  still  used 
after  a  verb;  as,  this  book  is  mine. 

MYNHEE'R,  n.  [D.  my  lord  or  muster.] 
A  Dutchman. 

MYOGRAPH'I€AL,  a.  [See  Myography.] 
Pertaining  to  a  description  of  the  muscles. 

MfOG'RAPHIST,  n.  One  who  describes 
the  muscles  of  animals. 

MYOG'RAPHY,  ji.  [Gr.  nvs,  fivoi,  a  muscle, 
and  ypaju,  to  describe.]  A  description  of 
the  muscles  of  the  body. 

MVOLOG'ICAL,  a.    [See  Myology.]     Per 
taining  to  the  description  and  doctrine  of 
the  muscles 

MyOL'OGY,  n.  [ftvi,  iMios,  muscle,  and  xoyo;, 
discourse.' 

A  description  of  the  muscles,  or  the  doctrine 
of  the  muscles  of  the  human  body 

Cheyne.     Encyc. 

MY'OPE,  J!.  [Gr.  fivu^,;  ^vu,  to  shut,  and 
wil'i  the  eye.]     A  short-sighted  person. 

Mams. 

MY'OPY,  n.  Short-sightedness.  Encyc. 

MYR'IAD,  n.  [Gr.  /wv|)ca{,  from  fivptof,  ex- 
treme, innumerable  ;  W.  myr,  that  is  infi- 
nite, fluctuating,  ants,  emmets ;  myrz,  in 
finity,  a  myriad,  ten  thousand.  Here 
we  see  the  origin  of  the  Gr.  jurp^uo;,  /xvp/jijl, 
an  ant,  so  named  from  numbers  or  mo- 
tion.    See  Fervent.] 

1.  The  number  of  ten  thousand. 

2.  An  immense  number,  indefinitely. 

Milton. 

MYRIAM'ETER,  n.  [Gr.  ^vp.o,  ten  thou- 
sand, and  ftfrpoi',  measure.] 

In  the  new  system  of  French  measures,  the 
length  of  ten  thousand  meters,  equal  to 
two  mean  leagues  of  the  ancient  meas- 
ure. Lunier. 

MYR'IARCII,  71.  [Gr.  /uvpia,  ten  thousand,! 
and  apxos,  chief.]  | 

A  captain  or  commander  of  ten  thousand 
men. 

MYR'IARE,  71.  [Gr.  ^vpia  and  are,  L.  area.] 

A  French  linear  measure  of  ten  thousanti 
ares,  or  100,000  square  meters.        Lunier. 

.MYR'ICIN,  7!.  The  substance  which  re- 
mains after  bees-wax,  or  the  wax  of  the 
iMyrica  cordifolia,  lias  been  digested  in  al- 
cohol. Dr.  John. 

MYRIOL'ITER,  71.  [Gr.  ^ip.oj  and  x^rpa,  a 
pound.]     A  French  measure  of  capacity 


MYROP'OLIST,  n.  [Gr.  nv^,  uugueui, 
and  nuXiu,  to  sell.]  One  that  sells  un- 
guents.    [Little  used.] 

MYRRH,  n.  7Her.  [L.  myrrha  ;  Gr.  ftvffa  or 
Bftvpva;  S|).  It.  Tnirra  ;  Fr.  myirhe  ;  Arabic, 

from   J.  ^     marra,  to  be  bitter.  Class  Mr.] 

A  gum-resin  that  comes  in  tlie  form  of 
drops  or  globules  of  various  colors  and 
sizes,  of  a  pretty  strong  but  agreeable 
smell,  and  of  a  bitter  taste.  It  is  imported 
from  Egy[)t,  but  chiefly  from  the  southern 
or  eastern  parts  of  Arabia ;  from  what 
species  of  tree  or  plant  it  is  procured,  is 
unknown.  As  a  medicine,  it  is  a  good 
stomachic,  antispasmodic  and  cordial. 

Parr.     Eourcroy.     Encyc. 

MYR'RHINE,  a.  [L.  «ii/rr/,iniw.]  Made  of 
the  myrrhine  stone.     [See  Murrine.] 

Milton. 

MYR'TIFORM,  a.  [L.  myrlus,  myrtle,  and 
form.]  Reseiubhng  myrtle  or  myrtle  ber- 
ries. 

MYR'TLE,  n.  [h.myrtus;  Gr.  fivfioi.]  A 
plant  of  the  genus  Myrtus,  of  several  spe- 
cies. The  common  myrtle  rises  with  a 
shrubby  upright  stem,  eight  or  ten  feet 
high.  Its  branches  form  a  close  full  head, 
closely  garnished  with  oval  lanceolate 
leaves.  It  has  numerous  small,  pale  flow- 
ers from  the  axillas,  singly  on  each  foot- 
stalk. Encyc. 

MY'RUS,  71.  A  species  of  sea-serpent,  of  the 
anguilliform  kind.  Dirt.  MU.  Hist. 

MYSELF',  pro)i.  A  compound  of  7711/  and 
self,  used  after  I,  to  express  emphasis, 
marking  emphatically  the  distinction  be- 
tween the  speaker  and  another  person ; 
as,  I  myself  will  do  it ;  I  have  done  it  my- 
self. 

In  the  objective  case,  the  reciprocal  of  I. 
I  will  defend  myself. 

•3.  It  is  sometimes  used  without  I,  particu- 
larly in  poetry. 

Myself  shin  mount  the  rostrum  in  liis  favor. 

jiddisojt. 

MYSTAGOGUE,  >i.  mys'tagog.  [Gr.  fivfr;. 
one  initiated  in  mysteries,  and  ayoyyof,  a 
leader.] 

1.  One  who  interprets  mysteries.        Bailey. 

2.  One  that  keeps  church  relics  and  shovi:? 
them  to  .strangers.  Bailey. 

MYSTE'RIAL,  a.  Containing  a  mystery  or 
enigma.  B.  Jonson. 

JNIYSTE'RIARCH,  n.  [Gr.  ^Dcijp.oi.,  myste- 
ry, and  op;i;o;,  chief) 


containing  ten  thousand  liters,  or  ClO,2eiO|'One  presiding  over  mysteries.  Johnson. 


cubic  iiiciics. 

MYR'MIDON,  71.  [Gr.  t^v^unS^r,  3  multi- 
tude of  ants:  W.myr;  qu.  so  called  from 
their  numbers  or  from  their  industry.] 

Primarily,  the  Myrmidons  are  said  to  have 
been  a  people  on  the  borders  of  Thessaly 
who  accompanied  Achilles  to  the  war 
against  Troy.  Hence  the  name  came  to 
signify  a  soldier  of  a  rough  character,  a 
desperate  soldier  or  ruflian. 

MYROB  .\L.AN,  n.  [L.  myroholanum;  Gr. 
iuvipoffa?.oros ;  fivfiap,  uuguent,  and  SaS^avos, 
a  luit.] 

A   dried  fruit   of  the   plum   kind    brought 

from  the  East  Indies,  of  which  there  are 

several  kinds,  all  slightly  purgative   and 

astringent,  but  not  now  used  in  medicine. 

Parr.    Encyc. 


MYSTE'RIOUS,a.  [See Mystery.]  Obscure; 
hid  from  the  understanding ;  not  clearly 
understood.  The  birth  and  connections  of 
the  man  with  the  iron  mask  in  France  are 
mysterious,  and  have  never  been  explained. 

2.  In  religion,  obscure  ;  secret ;  not  revealed 
or  explained  ;  hidden  from  human  under- 
.standing,  or  uiiiDtelligible  ;  beyond  human 
comprehension.  Applied  to  the  divine 
counsels  and  government,  the  word  often 
implies  something  awfully  obscure  ;  as, 
the  ways  of  God  are  often  mysterious. 

MYSTE'RIOUSLY,  adv.  Obscurely;  enig- 
matically. 

2.  In  a  manner  wonderfully  obscure  and 
unintelligible. 

MYSTE'RIOUSNESS,  ,1.  Obscurity ;  the 
quality  of  beiug  hid  from  the  understand- 


N  A  C 


N  A  I 


N  A  K 


ing,  and  calculated  to  excite  curiosity  or 
wonder. 

2.  Artful  perplexity. 

MYS'TERY,  n.  [L.  mystmum,  Gr.  jUDj'jjpioi', 
a  secret.  This  word  in  Greek  is  render- 
ed also  murium  latibulum ;  but  probably 
both  senses  are  from  that  of  hiding  or  shut- 
ting ;   Gr.  livu,  to  shut,  to  conceal.] 

1.  A  profound  secret ;  something  wholly  un- 
known or  something  kept  cautiously  con- 
cealed, and  therefore  exciting  curiosity  or 
wonder ;  such  as  the  mystery  of  the  man 
with  the  iron  mask  in  France. 

2.  In  religion,  any  thing  in  the  character  or 
attributesof  God,  or  in  the  economy  ofdi 
vine  providence,  which  is  not  revealed  to 
man.  President  Moore. 

3.  That  which   is  beyond  human  comjjre 
liension  until   explained.     In   this  sense, 
mystery  often  conveys  the  idea  of  some- 
thing awfully  snblime  or  important ;  some- 
thing that  excites  wonder. 

Great  is  the  mystery  of  godliness.     1  Tim.  iii. 

Having  made  known  to  us  the  mystery  of 
Ids  will.     Eph.  i. 

We  speak  tlie  wisdom  of  God  in  a  mystery. 
1  Cor.  ii. 

4.  An  enigma  ;  any  thing  artfully  made  dif- 
ficuli. 


A  kind  of  ancient  dramatic  representa- 
tion. Bp.  Percy. 
6.  A  trade  ;  a  calling ;  any  mechanical  oc- 
cupation which  supposes  skill  or  knowl- 
edge peculiar  to  those  who  carry  it  on, 
and  therefore  a  secret  to  others. 

[The  word  in  the  latter  sense  has  been 
snpposed  to  have  a  different  origin  from 
the  foregoing,  viz.  Fr.  metier,  Norm,  mes- 
tier,  business,  trade,  occupation,  as  if  from 
Norm,  mestie,  master.  But  this  is  proba- 
bly incorrect.] 
MYS'TIC,  )  [L.  mysticus  ;  Gr.  fivfixoj.] 
MYS'TICAL,  I  "•  Obscure  ;  hid  ;  secret. 

Dryden. 
Sacredly  obscure  or  secret ;  remote  from 
human  comprehension. 

God  hatli  revealed  a  way  mystical  and  super- 
natural. Hooker. 

3.  Involving  some  secret  meaning  ;  allegor- 
ical ;  emblematical ;  as  mystic  dance  ;  mys- 
tic Babylon.  Milton.     Burnet. 

MYSTICALLY,  adv.  lu  a  maimer  or  by  an 
act  implying  a  secret  meaning.         Donne. 

MYS'TleALNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be 
ing  mystical,  or  of  involving  some  secret 
meaning. 

MYS'TICISM,  n.  Obscurity  of  doctrine. 

2.  The  doctrine  of  the  Mystics,  who  profess 
a  pure,    sublime    and    perfect  devotion 


wholly  disinterested,  and  maintain  that 
they  hold  immediate  intercourse  with  the 
divine  Spirit. 

MYSTICS,  n.  A  religious  sect  who  profess 
to  have  direct  intercourse  with  the  Spirit 
of  God. 

MYTII'IC,  a.  [from  Gr.  f»v9oj,  a  fable.]  Fab- 
ulous. Shuckford. 

MYTHOLOG'IGAL,  a.  [See  Mythology.] 
Relating  to  mythology  ;  fabulous. 

MYTHOLOg'ICALLY,  adv.  In  a  way  suit- 
ed to  the  system  of  fables. 

MYTHOL'OGlST,  n.  One  versed  in  my- 
thology ;  one  who  writes  on  mythology, 
or  explains  the  fables  of  the  ancient  pa- 
gans. A'brrw. 

MYTHOL'OtiiZE,  v.i.  To  relate  or  explain 
the  fabulous  history  of  the  heathen. 

MYTHOLOGY,  ii.'[Gr.  i^veo,,  a  fable,  and 
T-oyo;,  discourse.] 

A  sy.stein  of  fables  or  fabulous  opinions  and 
doctrines  respecting  the  deities  which  hea- 
then nations  have  supposed  to  pre.side 
over  the  world  or  to  influence  the  affairs 
of  it. 

MYT'ILITE,  n.  [Gr.  ixvuxo,,  a  kind  of 
shell.] 

In  geology,  a  petrified  muscle  or  shell  of  the 
genus  Mytilus.  Kinoan. 


N. 


IN  is  the  fourteenth  letter  of  the  Englishl 
Alphabet,  and  an  articulation  formed  by 
placing  the  end  of  the  tongue  against  the 
root  of  the  upper  teeth.  It  is  an  imperfect 
mute  or  semi-vowel,  and  a  nasal  letter ; 
the  articulation  being  accompanied  with 
a  sound  through  the  nose.  It  has  one 
sound  only,  and  after  m  is  silent  or  nearly 
so,  as  in  hymn  and  condemn. 

N,  among  the  ancients,  was  a  numeral  let- 
ter signifying  900,  and  with  a  stroke  over 
it,  N,  9000.  Among  the  lawyers,  N.  L. 
stood  for  non  liquet,  the  case  is  not  clear. 

In  commerce.  No.  is  an  abbreviation  of  the 
French   nombre,   and   stands   for  number. 

N.  S.  stands  for  New  Style. 

NAB,  n.  The  summit  of  a  mountain  or  rock. 
{Local.']  Grose 

NAB,  II.  t.  [Svv.  nappa;  Dan.  napper ;  G.  D. 
knappen.     See  Knap.] 

To  catch  suddenly  ;  to  seize  by  a  sudden 
grasp  or  thrust;  a  word  little  used  and  only 
in  low  language. 

NA'BOB,  n.  A  deputy  or  prince  in  India, 
subordinate  to  the  Subahs;  hence, 

2.  A  man  of  great  wealth. 

NACKER.     [See  J\raker.] 

NA'CREOUS,  n.  [See  jVaAer.]  Having  a 
pearly  luster.  Phillips. 

NA'CRITE,  n.  [See  JVaker.]  A  rare  mine- 
ral, cidled  also  talckite,  consisting  of  scaly 
parts ;  gliunnrring,  pearly,  friable,  with  a 
greasy  feel ;  the  color,  a  greenish  white. 

Jameson.     Ure. 


NA'DIR,  ji.  [Ar.  ^li; ,    from     tiJ    nata- 

ra,  to  be  like,  proportional,  corresponding 
to,  opposite.] 
That  point  of  the  heavens  or  lower  hemi- 
sphere directly  opposite  to  the  zenith  ;  the 
point  directly  under  the  place  where  we 
stand. 

NA'DLE-STEIN,  n.  [G.  nadel  and  stein.] 
Needle-stone  ;  rutile.  Ure. 

N/EVE,  n.  [L.  nccmis.]    A  spot.        Dryden. 

NAFE,  l^     A  kind  of  tufted  sea-fowl. 

NAFF,   ^"-  Todd. 

NAG,  n.  A  small  horse  ;  a  horse  in  general, 
or  rather  a  sprightly  horse.      UEstrange. 

2.  A  paramour  ;  in  contempt.  Shah. 

NAID,        }       [Gr.  juiaSf 5,  naiads, from  vau, 

NA'IAD,   \  "•  to  flow.] 

In  mythology,  a  water  nymph  ;  a  deity  that 
presides  over  rivers  and  springs. 

NAIL,  n.  [Sax.  na:gel ;  Svv.  G.  D.  nagel ;  Dan. 
nagle  ;  Russ.  nagot  ;  Sans,  naga  or  7iak- 
ha.  If  the  word  was  originally  applied  to 
a  claw  or  talon,  the  primary  sense  may  be 
to  catch,  or  it  may  be  a  shoot.] 

1.  The  claw  or  talon  of  a  fowl  or  other 
animal. 

2.  The  horny  substance  growing  at  the  end 
of  the  human  fingers  and  toes. 

3.  A  small  pointed  piece  of  metal,  usually 
with  a  head,  to  be  driven  into  a  board  or 
other  piece  of  timber,  and  serving  to  fas- 
ten it  to  other  timber.  The  larger  kinds 
of  instruments    of   this   son  are    called 


spikes ;  and  a  long  thin  kind  with  a  flat 
tish  head,  is  called  a  brad. 

4.  A  stud  or  boss  ;  a  short  nail  with  a  large 
broad  head.  Swifl. 

5.  A  measure  of  length,  being  two  inches 
and  a  quarter,  or  the  l(5th  of  a  yard. 

On  the  nail,  in  hand  ;  immediately  ;  with- 
out delay  or  time  of  credit ;  as,  to  pay  mon- 
ey on  the  nail.  Sivi/l. 

To  hit  the  nail  on  the  head,  to  hit  or  touch  the 
exact  point. 

NAIL,  V.  t.  To  fasten  with  nails;  to  unite, 
close  or  make  compact  with  nails. 

2.  To  stud  with  nails. 
The  rivets  of  your  arms  were  naiVd  with  gold. 

Dryden. 

3.  To  stop  the  vent  of  a  cannon  ;  to  spike. 
NA'ILED,  pp.  Fastened  with  nails  ;  stud- 
ded. 

NA'ILER,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 
make  nails. 

N.\'ILERY,  n.  A  manufactory  where  nails 
are  made. 

NA'ILING,  ppr.  Fastening  with  nails  ;  stud- 
ding. 

NA'IVELY,  adv.  [Fr.  naif,  from  L.  nativus.] 
With  native  or  unaffected  simplicity. 

NA'IVETE,  I J     Native   simplicity  ;   unaf- 

NA'IVTY,  \  "■  fected  plainness  or  ingen- 
uousness. Gray. 

NAKED,  a.  [Sax.  nacod  :  G.  nacket,  nackt ; 
D.  naakt ;  Sw.  nakcn  ;  Dan.  nogen  ;  Russ. 
nagei,  nagosl  and  nngota,  nakedness  ;  Ir. 
nochla,  open,  discovered  :  nochduighe,  na- 


N  A  M 


NAM 


NAP 


keil ;  nochduighim,  to  strip.      Class  Ng. 
No.  5.  10.  47.  and  15.  IC] 

.  Not  covered  ;  bare ;  Laving  no  clothes 
on  ;  as  a  naked  body  or  a  nuked  limb. 

.  Unarmed ;  defenseless  ;  open  ;  exposed  ; 
having  no  means  of  defense  or  protection 
against  an  enemy's  attack,  or  against  oth- 
er injury. 

Behold  my  bosom  naked  to  your  swords. 

Addison . 


3.  Open  to  view ;  not  concealed ;  manifest 
Heb.  iv. 

4.  Destitute  of  worldly  goods.     Job  i. 

5.  Exposed  to  shame  and  disgrace.  Ex, 
xxxii. 

6.  Guilty  and  exposed  to  divine  wrath 
Rev.  iii. 

7.  Plain ;  evident ;  undisguised  ;  as  the  na- 
ked truth. 

8.  Mere  ;  bare  ;  simple  ;  wanting  the  neces- 
sary additions.  God  requires  of  man 
something  besides  the  natcrf  belief  of  his 
being  and  his  word. 

9.  Not  inclosed  in  a  pod  or  case  ;  as  naked 
seeds  of  a  plant. 

10.  Without  leaves,  fuleres  or  arms ;  as  a 
naked  stem  or  trunk.  MaHijn 

11.  Not  assisted  by  glasses;  as  the  naked 
eye. 

NA'KEDLY.  adv.  Without  covering. 

2.  Simply  ;  barely  ;  merely  ;  in  the  abstract. 

Holder. 

3.  Evidently. 
NAKEDNESS,    n.  Want   of  covering   or 

clothing;  nudity;  bareness. 

Ham,  the  father  of  Canaan,  saw  the  naked- 
ness of  his  father.     Gen.  ix. 

2.  Want  of  means  of  defense. 

Ye  are  spies  ;  to  see  the  nakedness  of  the 
land  are  ye  come.     Gen.  xlii. 

3.  Plainness  ;  openness  to  view.  Shak. 
To  uncover  nakedness,  in  Scripture,  is  to  liavc 

incestuous  or  unlawful  conunerce  with  a 

female. 
NA'KER,  n.  A  violent   flatulence  passing 

from  one  limb  to  another  with  pain. 

Parr. 
NA'KER,  n.  [Sp.  nacar ;  It.  nacchera ;  Fr. 

nacre.] 
Mother  of  pearl ;  the  white  substance  which 

constitutes  the  interior  surface  of  a  shell 

producing  a  pearl. 
XALL,   71.    [Dan.  naal,  a  needle.]    An  awl, 

such  as  collar-makers  or  shoe-makers  use. 

[Afot  used  or  local.]  Johnson. 

NAME,  n.  [Sax.  numa  ;  D.  nnam  ;  G.  namej 

Sw.   namn  ;   Dan.    navn  ;  Ice.  nafn  ;    L 

nomen ;  Gr.  oi'ofia  ;   It.    Port,  name;   Sp. 

nombre  ;  Fr.  nom  ;  Pers.  nam,  namah  ;  Sans. 

and  Hindoo,  nama,  nom  ;  Malay  and  Ben 

galee,  namma  ;  Ostiak,  nemen.    Qu.  Heb. 

bsj.] 

1.  That  by  which  a  thing  is  called  ;  the 
sound  or  combination  ol'  sounds  used  to 
express  an  idea,  or  any  material  substance 
quality  or  act ;  an  appellation  attached  to 
a  thing  by  customary  use,  by  which  it 
jnay  be  vocally  distinguished  from  other 
things.  A  name  may  be  attached  to  an 
individual  only,  and  is  then  proper  or  ap- 
propriate, as  John,  Thomas,  London,  Paris  : 
or  it  may  be  attached  to  a  species,  genus 
or  class  of  things,  as  sheep,  goat,  horst,  tree, 
animal,  which  are  called  common  names. 
spccijic  or  generic. 


2.  The  letters  or  characters  written  or  en- 
graved, expressing  the  sounds  by  which 
a  person  or  thing  is  known  and  distin- 
guishsd. 

•3.  A  person. 

1  hey  list  with  women  each  degenerate  name. 

Dry  den. 
Reputation  ;  character  ;  that  which  is 
commonly  said  of  a  person  ;  as  a  good 
name  ;  a  bad  name.  Clarendon. 

5.  Renown  ;  fame  ;  honor  ;  celebrity  ;  emi- 
nence ;  praise  ;  distinction. 

What  men  of  name  resort  to  him  ?  Shak. 

But  in  this  sense,  the  word  is  often  qual- 
ified by  an  epithet ;  as  a  great  name ;  a 
mighty  name. 

G.  Remembrance;  memory.     /I  i'/  ;. 

The  Lord  shall  blot  out  his  name  from  under 
heaven.     Deut.  xxix. 

;7.  Appearance  only  ;  sound  only  ;  not  reali 

;     ty;  as  a  friend  in  name.     Rev.  iii. 

8.  Authority;  behalf;  part;  as  in  the  Jiamc 
of  the  people.  Wheti  a  man  speaks  or 
acts  in  the  name  of  another,  he  does  it  by 
their  authority  or  in  their  behalf,  as  their 
representative. 

0.  Assumed  character  of  another. 

j         — Had  forged  a  treason  in  my  patron's  name 

1  Dryden 

10.  In  Scripture,  the  name  of  God  signifies 
his  titles,  his  attributes,  his  will  or  pur- 
pose, his  honor  and  glory,  his  word,  his 
grace,  his  wisdom,  power  and  goodness, 
his  worship  or  service,  or  God  himself 

11.  Issue  ;  posterity  that  preserves  the  name. 
Dcut.  XXV. 

12.  In  grammar,  a  noun. 
To  call  names,  to  apply  opprobrious  names: 

to  call  by  reproachful  appellations. 

Swijl. 

To  take  the  name  of  God  in  vain,  to  swear 
falsely  or  profanely,  or  to  use  the  name  of 
God  with  levity  or  contempt.     Ex.  xx. 

To  know  by  name,  to  honor  by  a  particular 
friendship  or  familiarity.     Ex.  xxxiii. 

Christian  name,  the  name  a  person  receives 
by  baptism,  as  distinguished  from*urna/nc 

NAME,   V.  t.  [Sax.  nunian,  nemnan,  Goth 
namnyan,   to    call,  to   name,  to   invoke 
D.noemen;  G.nennen;  Sw.  nlimna;  Dan.j 
mctmer.]  \ 

II.  To  set  or  give  to  any  pei-son  or  thing  al 

I  sound  or  combination  of  sounds  by  whichi 
it  may  be  known  and  distinguished ;  to' 
call ;  to  give  an  appellation  to.  t 

I  She  named  the  child  Icbabod.     1  Sam.  iv.     i 

;  Thus  was  the  building  left 

Ridiculous,  and  the  work  confusion  named. 

J\rdton.\ 

;2.  To  mention  by  name ;  to  utter  or  pro- 
nounce the  sound  or  sounds  by  which  a 
person  or  thing  is  known  and  distinguish- 

{     ed. 

Neither  use  thyself    to  the  naming  of  the] 

'      Holy  One.  Ecctus. 

3.  To  nominate  ;  to  designate  for  any  pur-! 
I  pose  by  name.  I 
I         Tliou  shalt  anoint  to  me  liim  whom  I  name  to 

thee.  1  Sam.  xvi.  I 

4.  To  entitle.  MHlo7i. 
To  name  the  name  of  Christ,  to  make  profess- 
ion of  faith  in  him.     2  Tim.  iv. 

NAMED,;;;).  Called;  denominated;  desig- 
nated bv  name. 

NA'MELESS,  n.  Without  a  name  ;  not  dis- 
tinguished by  an  appellation;  as  a  Jianie- 

!    less  star.  Jf'alle- 


2.  He  or  that  whose  name  is  not  known  or 
mentioned.  JUlerbury. 

NA'MELY,  adv.  To  mention  by  name  ;  par- 
ticularly. 

For  the  excellency  of  llic  soul,  namely,  its 
power  of  divining  in  dreams  ;  tliat  several  such 
divinations  have  been  made,  none  can  question. 

Jlddison. 

NA'MER,  71.  One  that  names  or  calls  by 
name. 

NA'MESAKE,  n.  One  that  has  the  saiiio 
name  as  another.  Addison. 

NA'MING,  ppr.  Calling;  nominating  ;  men- 
tioning. 

NAN,  a  Welsh  word  signifying  tDhat,  used 
as  an  interrogative.  [This  word  has 
been  extensively  used  wiihiii  my  memory 
by  the  common  people  of  New  England.] 

NANKEE'N,  n.  [.'Va7!A:i7i,  a  Chinese  word.] 
A  species  of  cotton  cloth  of  a  firm  tex- 
ture, from  China,  now  imitated  by  the 
manufacturers  in  Great  Britain. 

NAP,  n.  [Sax.  hnappian.  Qii.  its  connection 
with  hnepan,  to  lean,  that  is,  to  nod.] 

■\  short  sleep  or  slumber.  Sidney. 

N.'VP,  V.  t.  To  have  a  short  sleep ;  to  be 
drowsy. 

2.  To  be  in  a  careless,  secure  state. 

Jf'ickliffe. 

NAP,    71.    [Sax.  hnoppa,   nap ;  It.  nappa,  a 


tassel ;  Ar.    ^,1; 


kinabon.  ClassNh. 


No.  20.] 

1.  The  woolly  or  villous  substance  on  the 
surface  of  cloth. 

2.  The  downy  or  soft  hairy  substance  on 
j)lants.  Martyn. 

3.  A  knop.     [See  Knop.] 

NAPE,  71.  [Sax.  c7ieE;?,  a  knob  ;  Ar.   ._^i  tii, 

kanaba,  to  he  hard  or  callous,  whence  a 

callus.     Class  Nb.  No.  20.] 
The  prominent  joint  of  the  neck  behind. 

i?crco7i. 
NA'PERY,  71.  [Fr.  nappe ;  It.  nappa,  nap- 

parie.] 
Linen   for  the  table ;  table  cloths  or  linen 

cloth  in  general.     Ohs.  Shellon. 

NAPH  EW',    71.    [L.  »in;)i(5,  a  turnep  ;  Sax. 

cn(sp,  a  knob.]     A  plant. 
NAPHTHA,  71.  [L.  Gr.  Ch.  Syr.  Ar.  from 

laij  nafata,  to  push  out,  as  pustules,  to 
throw  out,  to  boil,  to  be  angry.  In  Amliar- 
ic,  nefl  or  nepht,  from  this  sense,  signifies 
a  gun  or  musket.] 

.'Vn  inflammable  mineral  substance  of  the  bit- 
uminous kind,  of  a  light  brown  or  yellow- 
ish color,  sharp  taste,  and  incapable  of  de- 
composition. By  long  keeping  it  hardens 
into  a  substance  rcsonibling  vegetable  re- 
sin, and  becomes  Mark.  It  is  as  inflam- 
mable as  ether.  It  is  said  to  i.ssue  from 
the  earth  at  Baku,  in  Persia,  and  to  be  re- 
ceived into  cisterns.  Encyc.  Kirwan. 
Naphtha  consists  of  carbon  and  hydro- 
gen. TTiomson. 

NAPHTHALINE,  tj.  A  peciiliar  ciystal- 
izable  substance,  deposited  from  naphtha 
distilled  from  coal  tar,  consisting  of  hy- 
drogen and  carbon.  Jf'ebsler's  Manual. 

NAPKIN.  71.  [Fr.  nape,  cloth  ;  of  which  nap- 
kin is  a  diminutive.] 

1.  A  cloth  used  for  wiping  the  hands;  a 
towel. 


N  A  R 


N  A  R 


N  A  S 


2.  A  handkerchief.     Obs.  Shak. 

NAP'LESS,  a.  Witliout  nap  ;  threadbare. 

Shak. 

NAP'PAL,  n.  Soap  rock.  Pinkerion. 

NAP'PINESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
sleepy  or  inclined  to  take  naps. 

2.  The  quality  of  having  a  nap  ;  abundance 
of  nap;  as  on  cloth. 

NAP'PY,  a.  [from  nap.']  Frotliy ;  spumy ; 
as  nappy  beer.  Gay 

NAP'TAKING,  a.  Taking  naps. 

NAP'TAKING,  n.  A  taking  by  surprise,  as 
when  one  is  not  on  his  guard ;  unexpected 
onset  when  one  is  unprepared.  Canw. 

NARCIS'SUS,  n.  [L.;  Gr.  wpxiffffoj.]  In 
botany,  the  daffodil,  a  genus  of  plants  of 
several  species.  They  areof  the  bidbous- 
rooted  tribe,  perennial  in  root,  but  with 
annual  leaves  and  flower  stalks.       Encyc. 

NARCOT'Ie,        I       [Gr.  lupxwnxos,  from 

NAR€OT'leAL,  $  "'  mpxo^,  to  render  tor- 

P'J-] 
Causing  stupor,  stupefaction,  or  insensibility 

to  pain;  soporific;  inducing  sleep. 

Qitincy.     Encyc. 

NARCOT'I€,  71.  A  medicine  which  stupe- 
fies the  senses  and  renders  insensible  to 
pain  ;  hence,  a  medicine  which  induces 
sleep  ;  a  soporific  ;  an  opiate. 

Qxiincy.     Encyc. 

NARCOT'l€ALLY,  adv.  By  producing  tor- 
por or  drowsiness.  UTiitlock. 

NAReOT'ICNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  in- 
ducing sleep  or  removing  pain. 

N'AReOTINE,  Ji.  The  pure  narcotic  prin- 
ciple of  opium.  Journ.  of  Science. 

N*ARD,  »!.   [h.  nardus,nardttm;  Gr.  lopjoj; 
from   the   Arabic,   Phenician,  Syriac    or 
Persian,  probably  the   latter.     It  is  a  na 
live  of  India,  where  it  is  called  jatamansi 
and  sumbul.     Sir  Wm.  Jones.^ 

1.  A  plant  usually  called  spikenard,  spica 
nardi;  highly  valued  by  the  ancients,  both 
as  an  article  of  luxury  and  of  medicine. 
It  is  an  odorous  or  aromatic  plant. 

2.  An  unguent  prepared  from  the  plant. 
N'ARDINE,  a.  Pertaining  to  nard  ;  having 

the  qualities  of  spikenard.  Asial.  Res.\ 

NARE,  n.    [L.  naris.']    The  nostril.     [jYot 

used.^  Hudiiras.l 

NAR'RABLE,  a.   [L.  narrabilis.     See  JVar-\ 

rate.] 
That  may  be  related,  told  or  narrated.   [JVot 

used.] 
NAR'RATE,  v.  t.  [L.  narro ;    It.   narrare ; 

Sp.  narror;  Fr.  Jiarrer.     Class  Nr.  No.  2. 

5.C.] 

1 .  To  tell,  rehearse  or  recite,  as  a  story ;  to 
relate  the  particulars  of  any  event  or  trans 
action,  or  any  series  of  incidents. 

2.  To  write,  as  the  particulars  of  a  story  or 
history.  We  never  say,  to  narrate  a  sen- 
tence, a  sermon  or  an  oration,  but  we  nar- 
rate a  story,  or  the  particular  events  which 
have  fallen  imder  our  observation,  or 
which  we  have  heard  related. 

NAR'RATKD, ;)p.  Related;  told. 

NAR'RATING,  ;»pr.  Relating;  telling;  re 
citing. 

NARRA'TION,  n.  [L.  narratio.]  The  act  of 
telling  or  relating  the  particulars  of  an 
event ;  rehearsal ;  recital. 

2.  Relation;  story;  history;  the  relation  in 
words  or  writing,  of  the  particulars  of  any 
transaction  or  event,  or  of  any  series  of 
transactions  or  events.  H 


3.  In  oratory,  that  part  of  a  discourse  vvliich 


recites  the  time,  manner  or  consequences 
of  an  action,  or  simply  states  the  facts 
connected  with  the  subject. 

NAR'RATIVE,  a.  [Fr.  narratif.]  Relating 
the  particulars  of  an  event  or  transaction ; 
giving  a  particular  or  continued  account. 
Apt  or  inclined  to  relate  stories,  or  to  tell 
particulars  of  events  ;  story -telling. 

But  wise   through  time  and  narrative  with 
age.  Pope. 

NAR'RATIVE,  »t.  The  recital  of  a  story,  or] 
a  continued  account  of  the  particulars  of 
an  event  or  transaction  ;  story. 

Cyntliio  was  much  taken  with  my  narrative 

Tatter. 

NAR'RATIVELY,  adv.  By  way  of  narra- 
tion, story  or  recital.  ^yliffe 

NARRA'TOR,  n.  One  that  narrates ;  one 
that  relates  a  series  of  events  or  transac- 
tions. Watta. 

NAR'RATORY,  a.  Giving  an  account  of 
events.  Hoivell. 

NAR'ROW,  a.  [Sax.  neara,  nearo,  nearu, 
nearew.  I  suspect  this  word  and  near  to 
be  contracted  by  the  loss  of  g,  W.  nig. 
narrow,  strait ;  nigiaii',  to  narrow ;  for  the 
D.  has  naauw,  narrow,  close,  G.  genau, 
with  a  prefix.  In  this  case,  the  word  be 
longs  to  the  root  of  nigh;  D.  naahen,  to 
approach.] 

1.  Of  little  breadth  ;  not  wide  or  broad  ;  hav 
ing  little  distance  from  side  to  side  ;  as  a 
naiTow  board  ;  a  narrow  street ;  a  narrow 
sea  ;  a  narroio  hem  or  border.  It  is  only 
or  chiefly  applied  to  the  surface  of  flat  or 
level  bodies. 

2.  Of  little  extent ;  very  limited  ;  as  a  nar 
rotv  space  or  compass. 

3.  Covetous;  not  hberal  or  bountiful;  as  a 
narrow  heart. 

4.  Contracted  ;  of  confined  views  or  senti- 
ments; very  limited. 

The  greatest  understanding  is  narrow. 

Grew. 

In  this  sense  and  the  former,  it  is  often 
prefixed  to  mind  or  soul,  &c.  ;  as  narrow- 
minded  ;  narroio-souled  ;   narroiv-hearted 

5.  Near  ;   within  a  small  distance. 

Dryden 

6.  Close  ;  near  ;  accurate  ;  scrutinizing  ;  as 
a  narroio  search  ;  narroio  inspection 

7.  Near;  barely  sufiicient  to  avoid  evil ;  as 
a  narrow  escape. 

NAR'ROW,  }  A  strait  ;  a  narrow  pass 
NAR'ROWS,  I  "•  age  through  a  mountain, 
or  a  narrow  channel  of  water  between 
one  sea  or  lake  and  another  ;  a  sound.  It 
is  usually  in  the  plural,  but  sometimes  in 
the  singular.  Washington.    Milford. 

NAR'ROW,  I',  t.  To  lessen  the  breadth  of; 
to  contract. 

A  government,  by  alienating  the  affections 
of  the  people,  may  be  said  to  narrow  its  bot- 
tom. Temple 

2.  To  contract  in  extent ;  as,  to  narrow  one's 
influence  ;  to  narrow  the  faculties  or  ca 
pacity. 

3.  To  draw  into  a  smaller  compass  ;  to  con 
tract ;  to  limit ;  to  confine  ;  as,  to  narrow 
our  views  or  knowledge ;  to  narrow  a  ques 
tion  in  discussion. 

4.  In  knitting,  to  contract  the  size  of  a  stock- 
ing by  taking  two  stitches  into  one 

NAR'ROW,  V.  i.  To  become  less  broad ;  to 
contract  in  breadth.  At  that  place,  the 
sea  narrows  into  a  strait. 


2.  In  horsemanship,  a  horse  is  said  to  narrow, 
when  he  does  not  take  ground  enough,  or 
bear  out  enough  to  the  one  hand  or  the 
other.  Far.  Did. 

3.  To  contract  the  size  of  a  stocking  by  tak- 
ing two  stitches  into  one. 

NAR'ROWED,  pp.   Contracted ;  made  less 

wide. 
NAR'ROWING,;)pr.  Contracting;  making 

less  broad. 
NAR'ROWINGS,  n.  The  part  of  a  stocking 

which  is  narrowed. 
NAR'ROWLY,  adv.  With  little  breadth. 

2.  Contractedly ;  without  much  extent. 

3.  Closely  ;  accurately  ;  with  minute  scruti- 
ny ;  as,  to  look  or  watch  narrowly ;  to 
search  narrowly. 

4.  Nearly;  within  a  little;  by  a  small  dis- 
tance ;  as,  he  narrowly  escaped. 

5.  Sparingly. 

NARROWNESS,  n.  Smallness  of  breadth 
or  distance  from  side  to  side ;  as  the  nar- 
rowness of  cloth,  of  a  street  or  highway,  of 
a  stream  or  sea. 

2.  Smallness  of  extent ;  contractedness  ;  as 
the  narrowness  of  capacity  or  comprehen- 
sion ;  narrowness  of  knowledge  or  attain- 
ments. 

3.  Smallness  of  estate  or  means  of  living  ; 
poverty  ;  as  the  narroioness  of  fortune  or 
of  circumstances.  South. 

4.  Contractedness  ;  penuriousness  ;  covet- 
ousness;  asnarrot/;nfOT  ofheart. 

5.  Illiberality ;  want  of  generous,  enlarged 
or  charitable  views  or  sentiments  ;  as  nar- 
rowness of  mind  or  views. 

N>ARWAL,     }  ^  [G.  narwalL]    The  Mono- 

N'ARWHAL,  \  'don  monoceros,  a  ceta- 
ceous animal  found  in  the  northern  seas, 
which  grows  to  twenty  feet  in  length. 
The  spiracle  of  this  animal  is  on  the  an- 
terior part  of  the  skull.  When  young  it 
has  two  teeth  or  horns,  but  when  old  it 
has  but  one,  which  projects  from  the  up- 
per jaw  and  is  spiral.  From  this  circum- 
stance of  its  having  one  horn  only,  it  has 
obtained  the  name  of  the  sea  unicoi^,  or 
unicornfish.  Pennant.     Encyc. 

NAS,  for  ne  has,  has  not.     Obs.         Spenser. 

NA'SAL,  a.  s  as  z.  [L.  nasus,  nose  ;  It.  na- 
sale.] 

Pertaining  to  the  nose ;  formed  or  affected 
by  the  nose ;  as  a  nasal  sound ;  a  nasal 
letter. 

NA'SAL,  n.  s  as  z.  A  letter  whose  sound  is 
affected  by  the  nose. 

2.  A  medicine  that  operates  through  the 
nose  ;  an  errhine.  Barton, 

NAS'CAL,  n.  A  kind  of  medicated  pessary. 

Ferrand. 

A  pessary  made  of  wool  or  cotton,  to 

raise  the  nose  when  compressed.        Parr. 

NAS'CENT,  a.  [L.  nasccns,  itasco,  to  be 
born.] 

Beginning  to  exist  or  to  grow  ;  coming  into 
being.  Black. 

NA'SEBERRY,  n.  The  naseberry  tree  is  a 
species  of  the  genus  Sloanea. 

Earn,  of  Plants. 

NAS'leORNOUS,  a.  [L.  nasus,  nose,  and 
co)7iM,  horn.] 

Having  a  horn  growing  on  the  nose.  / 

Brown . 

N'ASTILY,  adv.  [from  nasty.]  In  a  nasty 
manner;  filthily;  dirtily. 

2.  Obscenely. 


NAT 


NAT 


NAT 


N^ASTINESS,  )i.  Extreme  filthiness ;  dirt-, 

iness;  filth. 
2.  Obscenity ;  ribaldry.  South. 

NASTUR'TION,  n.   [L.  nastuHium;  quod 

nasutn  torqaeat.     Varro.] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Tropoeolum  ;  Indian 

cresses. 
N'ASTY,  a.  [origin  unknown.  Qu.  G.  nass, 

wet.] 

1.  Disgustingly  filthy ;  very  dirty,  foul  or  de- 
filed ;  nauseous.  Atterbury. 

2.  Obscene. 

NA'SUS,  n.  A  fresli  water  fish,  about  nine 
inches  in  length,  resembhng  the  chub.  It 
is  found  in  the  Danube,  Rhine  and  other 
large  rivers  of  Germany. 

Did.  JVat.  Hist. 

NA'TAL,  a.  [L.  nalalis,  from  nascor,  to  be 
born.] 

Pertaining  to  birth.  The  natal  day  is  the 
day  of  birtli  or  nativity.  So  we  say,  natal 
hour ;  natal  place.  Camden.     Prior. 

NATALr'TIAL,    )  „    [L.   natalitius,  from 

NATALI"TIOUS,  \  "'  nascor,  to  be  born.] 

Pertaining  to  one's  birth  or  birtli  day,  or  con- 
secrated to  one's  nativity.  Evelyn. 

NA'TANT,  a.  [L.  natans,  from  nalo,  to 
swim.] 

In  botany,  swimming ;  floating  on  the  surface 
of  water  ;  as  the  leaf  of  an  aquatic  plant. 
Lee.     Martyn. 

NATA'TION,  n.  [L.  natatio,  from  nolo,  to 
swim.] 

A  swimming  ;  the  act  of  floating  on  the  wa- 
ter.    [IaIIU  used.]  Brown. 

NA'TATORY,  o.  Enabling  to  swim. 

Brit.  Crit. 

NATCH,  n.  [tor  notch.]  The  part  of  an  ox 
between  the  loins,  near  the  rump. 

Marshal. 

NATH'LESS,  adv.  [Sax.  nalheles ;  na,  the 
and  less,  not  the  less.] 

Nevertheless ;  not  the  less ;  notwithstanding. 
Obs.  Milton. 

NATH'MORE,  adv.  [na,  the  and  more.] 
Not  the  more ;  never  tlie  more.     Obs. 

Spenser. 

NA'TION,  Ji.  [L.  natio,  from  natus,  born  :I 
nascor,  to  be  born  ;  perhaps  Heb.  ]'U.]        > 

1.  A  body  of  people  inhabiting  the  same! 
countr)',  or  united  under  the  same  sove- 
reign or  government;  as  the  English  na- 
tion ;  the  French  nation.  It  often  hap-' 
pens  that  many  nations  are  subject  to  one' 
government;  in  which  case,  the  word  na- 
tion usually  denotes  a  body  of  people' 
speaking  the  same  language,  or  a  body! 
that  has  formerly  been  under  a  distinct! 
government,  but  has  been  conquered,  or| 
incorporated  with  a  larger  nation.  Thus' 
the  empire  of  Russia  comprehends  many' 
nations,  as  did  formerly  the  Roman  and; 
Persian  empires.  JVation,  as  its  etymol- 
ogy imports,  originally  denoted  a  family 
or  race  of  men  descended  from  a  common 
progenitor,  like  tribe,  but  by  emigration, 
conquest  and  intermixture  of  men  of  dif- 
ferent families,  this  distinction  is  in  most 
countries  lost. 

2.  A  great  number,  by  way  of  emphasis. 

Young. 
NA'TIONAL,  a.  Pertaining    to   a  nation; 

as  naiiona/ customs,  dress  or  language. 
2.  Public  ;  general ;   common  to  a  nation  j 

as  a  national  calamity. 

Vol.  II. 


3.  Attached  or  unduly  attached  to  one's  ownj 
country.  yUe  writer  manifested  much! 
national  prejudice.  He  was  too  national 
to  be  imj)artial. 

NATIONALITY,  n.  National  cliaracter; 
also,  the  quality  of  being  national,  or 
strongly  attached  to  one's  own  nation. 

Bosicell. 

NA'TIONALIZE,  v.  t.  To  make  national ; 
to  give  to  one  the  character  and  habits  of 
a   nation,   or    the    peculiar    attachments 
which  belong  to  citizens  of  the  same  na 
tion. 

NA'TIONALLY,  adv.  In  regard  to  the  na 
tion  ;  as  a  whole  nation. 

The  Jews — being  nationally  espoused  to  God 
by  covenant.  South 

iNA'TIVE,  a.  [L.  n^itiws,  from  nascor,  na- 

I     tu$,  to  be  born.] 

jl.  Produced  by  nature ;  original;  boni  with 

j     the  being ;  natural ;  not  acquired  ;  as  na 
live  genius  ;  native  affections  ;  a  native  tal- 
ent or  disposition ;  native  cheerfulness ;  na- 

I     live  simplicity. 

2.  Produced  by  nature  ;  not  factitious  or  ar- 

j     tificial ;  as  native  ore  ;  native  color. 

|3.  Conferred  by  birth ;  as  native  rights  and 

[     |)rivileges. 

4.  Pertaining  to  the  place  of  birth  ;  as  na- 
tive soil ;  native  country  ;  native  graves. 

Shak 

5.  Original  ;  that  of  which  any  thing  is 
!  made  ;  as  man's  native  dust.  Milton 
G.  Born  with  ;  congenial.  Shak 
NA'TIVE,  n.  One  born  in  any  place  is  said 
1     to  be  a  native  of  that  place,  whether  coun 

try,  city  or  town. 
\2.  Offspring.     [Not  in  use.]  Shak. 

iNA'TIVELY,  adv.    By   birth  ;    naturally 
I     originally.  Taylor.     Lighlfoot 

INA'TIVENESS.ti.  State  of  being  produced 

by  nature.  Johnson. 

NATIVITY,  n.  Birth  ;  the  coming  into  life 

or  the  world.     The  feast  of  Christmas  is 

observed  in  memory  of  Christ's  nativity. 

2.  Time,  place  and  manner  of  birtli;  as,  to 
I     calculate  one's  nativity. 

3.  State  or  place  of  being  produced. 

These,  in  their  dark  nativily,  the  deep 
Shall  yield  us  pregnant  with  infernal  flame. 

.fllillon 
NAT'KA, )!.  A  bird,  a  species  of  sin-ike. 

Pennant. 

NA'TROLITE,  ?!.  A  variety  of  mesotype  or 

zeolite,  so  called  by  Klaproth  on  account 

of  the  great  quantity  of  soda  it  contains. 

Diet.  .Vat.  Hist 

NATRON,  JI.  Native  carbonate  of  soda,  or 

mineral  alkali.     [See  JViter.] 
NAT'URAL,  a.   [Fr.  naturel ;  L.  Jiaturalis, 
from   natura,  nature,  from  nascor,  to  be 
born  or  produced.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  nature  ;  produced  or  effect- 
ed by  nature,  or  by  the  laws  of  growth, 
formation  or  motion  impressed  on  bodies 
or  beings  by  divine  power.  Thus  we 
speak  of  the  natural  growtli  of  animals  orj 
plants  ;  the  »io/i))v// motion  of  a  gravitatingj 
body  ;  natural  strength  or  disposition  ;  the 
natural  heat  of  the  body  ;  natural  color  ;i 
natural  beauty.  In  this  sense,  natural  is 
opposed  to  artificial  or  acquired. 

2.  According  to  the  stated  course  of  things. 
Poverty  and  shame  are  the  natural  conse- 
quences of  certain  vices. 

21 


3.  Not  forced ;  not  far  fetched ;  such  as  is 
dictated  by  nature.  The  gestures  of  the 
orator  are  natural. 

4.  According  to  the  life  ;  as  a  natural  repre- 
sentation of  the  face. 

5.  Consonant  to  nature. 

Fire  and  warmth  go  together,  and  so  seem  to 
carry  with  them  as  natural  an  evidence  as  self- 
evident  truths  themselves.  Locke. 
G.  Derived  from  nature,  as  opposed  to  habit- 
ual. The  love  of  pleasure  is  Jin/urai;  the 
love  of  study  is  usually  habitual  or  ac- 
quired. 

7.  Discoverable  by  reason  ;  not  revealed  ;  as 
natural  rehgion. 

8.  Produced  or  coining  in  the  ordinary 
course  of  things,  or  the  progress  of  ani- 
mals and  vegetables ;  as  a  natural  death  ; 
opposed  to  violent  or  premature. 

9.  Tender  ;  affectionate  by  nature.        Shak. 

10.  Unaffected  ;  unassumed  ;  according  to 
truth  and  reality. 

VThat  can  be  more  natural  than  the  circum- 
stances of  the  behavior  of  those  women  who 
had  lost  their  husbands  on  this  fatal  day  ? 

.Addison . 

11.  Illegitimate  ;  born  out  of  wedlock  ;  as  a 
natural  son. 

12.  Native  ;  veraacular  ;  as  one's  natural 
language.  Swift. 

13.  Derived  from  tlie  study  of  the  works  of 
nature  ;  as  natural  knowledge.      Addison. 

14.  A  natural  note,  in  music,  is  that  which 
is  according  to  the  usual  order  of  the  scale  ; 
opposed  to  flat  and  sharp  notes,  which 
are  called  artificial. 

Natural  history,  in  its  most  extensive  sense, 
is  the  description  of  whatever  is  created, 
or  of  the  whole  univei-se,  including  the 
heavens  and  the  earth,  and  all  the  produc- 
tions of  the  earth.  But  more  generally, 
natural  history  is  limited  to  a  description 
of  tlie  earth  and  its  productions,  including 
zoology,  botany,  geology,  mineralogy,  me- 
teorology, &c. 

Natural  philosophy,  tlie  science  of  material 
natural  bodies,  of  their  properties,  powers 
and  motions.  It  is  distinguished  from  in- 
tellectual and  moral  philosophy,  which 
respect  the  mind  or  understanding  of  man 
and  the  qualities  of  actions.  Natural  phi- 
losophy comprehends  mechanics,  hydro- 
statics, optics,  astronomy,  cliimistry,  mag- 
netism, electricity,  galvanism,  &c. 

NATURAL,  n.  An  idiot;  one  born  with- 
out the  usual  powers  of  reason  or  under- 
standing. This  is  probably  elliptical  for 
natural  fool. 

2.  A  native  ;  an  original  inhabitant.  [Not 
in  use.]  Raleigh. 

3.  Gift  of  nature ;  natural  quality.  [Not  in 
use.]  B.  Jonson.     Wotton. 

NAT'URALISM,  n.  Mere  state  of  nature. 

Lavington. 

NAT'URALIST,  ?i.  One  that  studies  natu- 
ral history  and  philosophy  or  physics  ;  one 
that  is  versed  in  natural  history  or  philos- 
ophy. It  is  more  generally  applied  to  one 
that  is  versed  in  natural  history. 

NATURALIZA'TION,  n.  [See  Naturalize.] 
Tlie  act  of  investing  an  alien  with  the 
rights  and  privileges  of  a  native  subject  or 
citizen.  Naturalization  in  Great  Britain 
is  only  by  act  of  parliament.  In  the  United 
States,  it  is  by  act  of  Congress,  vesting 
certain  tribui^als  with  the  power. 


NAT 


N  A  U 


N  A  V 


NAT'URALIZE,  v.  t.  [from  natural,  nature.] 

1.  To  confer  on  an  alien  the  rights  and  priv- 
ileges of  a  native  subject  or  citizen  ;  to 
adopt  foreigners  into  a  nation  or  state,  and 
place  them  in  the  condition  of  natural 
born  subjects. 

2.  To  make  natural  ;  to  render  easy  and  fa- 
miliar by  custom  and  habit ;  as,  custom 
naturalizes  labor  or  study.  South. 

.3.  To  adapt ;  to  make  suitable  ;  to  accli- 
mate; as,  to  naturalize  one  to  a  climate. 

4.  To  receive  or  adopt  as  native,  natural  or 
vernacular ;  to  make  our  own  ;  as,  to  nat- 
uralize foreign  words. 

5.  To  accustom  ;  to  habituate  ;  as,  to  natu- 
ralize the  vine  to  a  cold  climate.      Gibbon. 

NAT'URALIZED,  pp.  Invested  with  the 
privileges  of  natives;  rendered  easy  and 
familiar  ;  adapted  to  a  climate ;  acclimat- 
ed ;  received  as  native. 

NAT'URALIZING,  ppr.  Vesting  with  the 
rights  of  native  subjects ;  making   easy 
acclimating ;  adopting. 

NAT'URALLY,  adv.  According  to  nature  ; 
by  the  force  or  impulse  of  nature ;  not  by 
art  or  habit.  We  are  naturally  prone  to 
evil. 

9.  According  to  nature  ;  without  affecta 
tion  ;  with  just  representation  ;  according 
to  life. 

3.  According  to  the  usual  course  of  things  ; 
as,  the  efl'ect  or  consequence  naturally  fol- 
lows. 

4.  Spontaneously  ;  without  art  or  cultiva- 
tion. Every  plant  must  have  grown  nal 
urally  in  some  place  or  other. 

NAT'URALNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
given  or  produced  by  nature  ;  as  the  nat- 
uralness of  desire.  South. 

2.  Conformity  to  nature,  or  to  truth  and  re- 
ality ;  not  affectation  ;  as  the  naturalness 
of  the  eyebrows.  Dryden. 

NATURALS,   n.  flu.  Among   physicians, 
whatever  belongs  naturally  to  an  animal 
opposed  to  non-naturals.     [It  may  perhaps 
be  sometimes  used  in  the  singidar.] 

NA'TURE,  )i.  [Fr.  id. ;  L.  Sp.  It.  natura ; 
from  natus,  born,  produced,  from  nascor.) 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  whatever  is  made  or 
produced;  a  word  that  comprehends  a" 
the  works  of  God ;  the  universe.  Of  a 
phenix  vfe  say,  there  is  no  such  thing  in 
nature. 

And  look  through  nature  up  tonature's  God. 

Pope. 

2.  By  a  metonymy  of  the  effect  for  the 
cause,  nature  is  used  for  the  agent,  crea- 
tor, author,  producer  of  things,  or  for  the 
powers  that  produce  them.  By  the  ex- 
pression, "trees  and  fossils  are  ]>roduced 
by  nature,"  we  mean,  they  are  formed  or 
produced  by  certain  inh.erent  powers  in 
matter,  or  we  mean  that  they  arc  pro- 
duced by  Go<!,  the  Creator,  the  Author  of 
whatever  is  made  or  produced.  The  opin- 
ion that  things  are  produced  by  inherent 
powers  of  matter,  independent  of  a  su 
prenie  intelligent  author,  is  atheism.  But 
generally  men  mean  by  nature,  thus  used, 
the  Author  i)f  created  things,  or  the  opera- 
tion of  his  power. 

3.  The  es.scnce,  essential  qualities  or  attri- 
butes of  a  thing,  which  constitute  it  what 
it  is;  as  the  nature  of  the  soul;  the  nature 
of  blood;  the  jio/i(ie  of  a  f.uid  ;  iIk  nature 
of  plants,  or  of  a  metal ;  the  nature  of  a  cir- 


cle or  an  angle.  When  we  speak  of  the 
nnfiireof  man,  we  understand  the  pecuhar 
constitution  of  his  body  or  mind,  or  the 
qualities  of  the  species  which  distinguish 
him  from  other  animals.  When  we  speak 
of  the  nature  of  a  man,  or  an  individual  of 
the  race,  we  mean  his  particular  qualities  or 
constitution  ;  either  the  peculiar  tempera- 
ment of  his  body,  or  the  affections  of  his 
mind,  his  natural  appetites,  passions,  dis 
position  or  temper.  So  of  irrational  ani- 
mals. 

4.  The  established  or  regular  course  of 
things;  as  when  we  say,  an  event  is  not 
according  to  nature,  or  it  is  out  of  the  or- 
der of  nature.  Boyle. 

5.  A  law  or  principle  of  action  or  motion  in 
a  natural  body.  A  stone  by  nature  falls, 
or  inclines  to  fall.  Boyle. 

6.  Constitution  ;  aggregate  powers  of  a  body, 
especially  a  living  one.  We  say.  nature 
is  strong  or  weak ;  nature  is  almost  ex- 
hausted. Boyle. 

7.  The  constitution  and  appearances  of 
things. 

The  works,  whether  of  poets,  painters,  mor 
alists  or  historians,  wliich  are  built  upon  general 
nature^  live  forever.  Reynolds 

8.  Natural  affection  or  reverence. 
Have  we  not  seen 

The  murdering  son  ascend  his  parent's  bed, 
Through  violated  nature  force  his  way  ? 

Pope. 

9.  System  of  created  things. 

He  binding  nature  fast  in  fate, 

Left  conscience  free  and  will.  Pope. 

10.  Sort ;  species  ;  kind  ;  particular  charac- 
ter. 

A  dispute  of  this  nature  caused  mischief  to 
a  king  and  an  archbishop.  Dryden. 

11.  Sentiments  or  injagcs  conformed  to  na 
ture,  or  to  truth  and  reality. 

Only  nature  can  please  those  tastes  which 
are  unprejudiced  and  refined.  Addison 

12.  Birtli.     No  man  is  noble  by  nature. 
NA'TURE,   V.   t.    To  eiulow  with  natural 

qualities.     [JVot  in  use.]  Goioer 

NA'TURIST,  n.  One  who  ascribes  eve- 
ry thing  to  nature.  Boyle. 
NATU'RITY,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of  be 
ing  produced  by  nature.  [A  very  bad  word 
and  not  used.]  Brown. 
NAU'FRAliE,  n.  [L.  naufragitim ;  navis,  a 
ship,  and  frango,  to  break.  See  Wreck, 
which  is  from  the  same  root,  break,  L 
fractus.]     Shipwreck.     [Not  in  use.] 

Broum 
NAU'FRAGOUS,    a.    Causing    shipwreck 
[Little  used.]  Taylor. 

NAUGHT,    n.    naut.     [Sax.    naht,    nauht 
compounded  of  ne  and  aught  or  iviht.  a 
creature,  wight;  Goth,  niwaiht.   Jf'aiht  co- 
incides  with  uight,    L.   quid,  quod.     See 
Jlught.]     Nothing. 

Doth  Job  serve  God  for  naught  ?     Job  i. 
Thou  sellest  thy  people  for  nau/^ht.     Ps.  xliv 
To  set  at  naught,  to  slight,  disregard  or  des- 
pise. 

Ye   have  set    at    naught    all   my   counsel. 
Prov.  i. 
NAUGHT,  adv.  naut.  In  no  degree. 

To  wealth  or  sovereign  power  he  naught  ap- 
plied. Fairfax. 

NAUGHT,  a.  naut.  Bad;  worthless;  of  no 
value  or  account. 

Things  naught  and  things  indifferent. 

Hooker. 


adv.    naut'ily.    Wickedly ; 


It  is  naught,  it  is  naught,  says  the   buyer 
Prov.  XX. 
NAUGHTILY, 

corruptly. 

NAUGHTINESS,  n.  naut'iness.  Badness; 
wickedness;  evil  principle  or  purpose. 

I  know  thy  pride  and  the  naughtiness  of  thy 
heart.     1  .Sam.  xvii. 
2.  Slight  wickedness  of  children  ;  perverse- 
ness ;  mischievousness. 

Dn/den.    Shah.     Sidney. 
NAUGHTY,  a.  naut'y.  Wicked  ;  corrupt. 
A  naughty  person,  a   wicked   man,   wadketh 
with  a  froward  mouth.     I'rov.  6. 

2.  Bad  ;  worthless. 
The   other  basket   had  very   naughty  figs. 

Jer.  xxiv. 

3.  Mischievous;  perverse;  froward;  as  a 
naughty  child.  It  is  now  seldom  used  ex- 
cept in  the  latter  sense,  as  applied  to  chil- 
dren. 

NAUL'AliE,  n.  [L.  naulum.]  The  freight 
of  passengers  in  a  ship.     [Little  used.] 

NAU'MACHY,  n.  [L.  naumachia ;  Gr.  j-an- 
HaxM ;  va/vi,  a  ship,  and  t^axi,  fight.] 

1.  Among  the  ancient  Romans,  a  show  or 
spectacle  representing  a  sea-fight. 

2.  The  place  where  these  shows  were  exhib- 
ited. Encye. 

NAU'SEA,  n.  [L.  from  Gr.  ravata,  from 
vavi,  a  ship.] 

Originally  and  properly,  sea-sickness;  hence, 
any  similar  sickness  of  the  stomach,  ac- 
companied with  a  propensity  to  vomit ; 
qualm  ;  lothing  ;  squeamishness  of  the 
stomach. 

NAU'SEATE,  v.  i.  [L.nauseo.]  To  become 
squeamish  ;  to  feel  disgust ;  to  be  inclined 
to  reject  from  the  stomach. 

NAU'SEATE,  v.  t.  To  lothe ;  to  reject 
with  disgust. 

The   patient  tiauseates  and    lothes  whole- 
some foods.  Blackmore. 
Old  age,  with  sileut  pace,  comes  creeping  on, 
A''auseates  the  praise  which  in  lier  youth  she 
won.  Dryden. 

I2.  To  afiect  with  disgust.  Swiff. 

(NAU'SEOUS,  a.  Lnthesome;  disgustful; 
disgusting  ;  regarded  with  abhorrence  ;  as 
a  nauseous  drug  or  medicine. 

NAU'SEOUSLY,  adv.  Lothesomely;  dis- 
gustfully. 

NAU'SEOUSNESS,  n.  Lothesoraeiiess ; 
quality  of  exciting  disgust ;  as  the  nau- 
seo^isness  of  a  drug  or  medicine. 

The  7iauseousness  of  such  company  disgusts 
a  reasonable  man.  Dryden. 

NAU'TIC,        I       [L.  naulicus,  from  nauta, 

iNAU'TI€AL,  S  '  a  seaman,  from  navis,  a 
ship.     See  SVavy.] 

Pertaining  to  seamen  or  navigation ;  as  7iau- 
ticat  skill ;  a  nautical  almanack. 

NAU'TILITE,  »i.  [fromL.  ?i(iu(i7ui,  asliell- 
fish.]     A  fossil  nautilus.      Kirwan.     Diet. 

NAU'TILUS,  n.  [L. ;  Gr.  ravtiJioj,  fromTOv;, 
a  ship.] 

A  genus  of  marine  animals,  whose  shell 
consists  of  one  spiral  valve  divided  into 
several  apartments  by  partitions.  There 
are  many  species.  This  animal,  wjien  it 
sails,  extends  two  of  its  arms,  and  between 
these  supports  a  membrane  that  serves  as 
a  sail.  With  two  other  arms  it  rows  or 
steers.  Encyc. 

l.earn  of  the  little  nautilus  to  sail.         Pope. 

NA'VAL,  (I.  [L.  navalis,  from  navis,  Gr. 
vai'jj  a  ship.] 


N  A  V 


N  E  A 


N  E  A 


).  Consisting  of  ships;  as  a  naval  force  or 

armament. 
2.  Pertaining  to  ships ;  as  naval  stores. 
NA'VALS,  n.  Naval  affairs.     [JVot  used.] 

Clarendon. 
NA'VAReH,  n.  [Gr.  i-omopjros.]     In  ancient 
Greece,  tlie  commander  of  a  Heet. 

Mitford. 

NAV'ARCHY,  n.    [from  L.   navarchus,   an 

admiral. 1     Knowledge  of  managing  ships. 

Pelly. 
NAVE,  n.  [Sax.  nafa,  nafu  ;  Dan.  nav ;  G. 
note ;  Sw.  naf.] 

1.  The  thick  piece  of  timber  in  the  center 
of  a  wheel,  in  which  the  spokes  are  insert- 
ed; calUid  also  the  fcoi. 

2.  The  middle  or  body  of  a  church  extend 
ing  from  the  balluster  or  rail  of  the  door,  to 
the  chief  choir.  Encyc. 

NAVEL,  n.  na'vl.  [Sax.  nafda,  from  nafa, 
nave  ;  D.  navd ;  G.  nabel ;  Sw.  nafle  ; 
Dan.   navte ;   Zend,  nafo ;    Pehlavi,  ran/; 

Sans. TiaiAa  ;  Pers.    ij\.i   naf] 

The  center  of  the  lower  part  of  the  abdo- 
men, or  the  point  where  the  umbilical 
cord  passes  out  of  the  fetus.  The  um- 
bilical cord  is  a  collection  of  vessels  by 
which  the  fetus  of  an  animal  communi- 
cates with  the  parent  by  means  of  the  pla- 
centa, to  which  it  is  attached.  Ena/c. 

NA'VEL-GALL,  n.  A  bruise  on  the  tup"i)f 
the  chine  of  the  back  of  a  horse,  behind 
the  saddle.  Johnson. 

NA'VEL-STRING,  n.  The  umbilical  cord. 
[See  JVavel.] 

NA'VEL-VVORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Cotyledon.  It  has  the  appearance  of 
houseleek.  Miller. 

NAV'EW,  n.  [L.  napus ;  Sax.  n(rpe.]  A 
plant  of  the  genus  Brassica.  It  has  a  spin- 
dle-shaped root,  less  than  the  turnep. 

Encyc.     Miller. 

NAVICULAR,  a.  [L.nowcuia,  a  little  ship.] 

1.  Relating  to  small  ships  or  boats.     Bryant. 

3.  Shaped  like  a  boat ;  cymbiform.  The 
navicular  bone  is  the  scaphoid  bone  of  the 
wrist.  Coxe.     (^uincy. 

NAV'IGABLE,    a.     [L.   navigabilis,    froii 

navigo,  to  sail,  from  navis,  a  ship,] 
That  maybe  navigated  or  passed  in  ships  or 

vessels ;  as  a  navigable  river. 
NAVIGABLENES'S,    n.    The    quality   or 

state  of  being  navigable. 
NAVIGATE,  V.  i.  [L.  navigo,  from  navis. 

a  ship ;  Ir.  snamhaim.] 
To  pass  on  water  in  ships  ;  to  sail. 

The  Phffinicians  navigated  to  the  extremities 
of  the  Western  ocean.  Jlrbuthnot. 

NAV'IGATE,  V.  t.  To  pass  over  in  ships 

to  sail  on  ;  as,  to  navigate  the  Atlantic. 

2.  To  steer,  direct  or  manage  in  sailing  ;  as 
to  navigate  a  ship. 

NAVIGATED,  pp.  Steered  or  managed  in 
passing  on  the  water ;  passed  over  in 
sailing. 

NAVIGATING,  ppr.  Passing  on  or  over  m 
sailing  ;  steering  and  managing  in  sailing. 

NAVIGA'TION,  n.  [L.  riaiigatic]  The 
act  of  navigating;  the  act  of  passing  on 
water  in  ships  or  other  vessels. 

2.  Tlie  art  of  conducting  ships  or  vessels 
from  one  place  to  another.  This  art  com 
prehends  not  only  the  management  of  the 
sails,  but  the  directing  and  measuring  of 


I  the  course  of  ships  by  the  laws  of  geome- 
try, or  by  astronomical  principles  and  ob- 
servations. Encyc. 

3.  Ships  in  general. 

\Aerial  navigation,  the  saiUng  or  floating  in 

'     the  air  by  means  of  balloons. 

Inland  navigation,  the  passing  of  boats  or 

i     small  vessels  on  rivers,  lakes  or  canals,  in 

i     the  interior  of  a  country  ;  conveyance  by 

!     boats  or  vessels  in  the  interior  of  a  coun 

i    try. 

NAVIGATOR,  n.  One  that  navigates  or 
sails  ;  chiefly,  one  who  directs  the  course 
of  a  ship,  or  one  who  is  skillful  in  the  art  of 
navigation.  We  say,  a  bold  navigator,  an 
experienced  navigator,  an  able  navigator. 

NA'VV,  n.  [L.  navis;  Gr.  vauj,  from  jeu,  to 
swim,  L.  no,  nato  ;  Sans,  nau  ;  Armenian 
naw;  Vers,  naodan.  The  elements  of  the 
verb  are  probably  JVd,  coinciding  with 
Eng.  nod,  L.  nuto.  To  swim  then  is  to 
move  up  and  down.  Class  Nd.  No.  3.  9.] 

,1.  A  fleet  of  ships;    an  assemblage  of  mer- 
chantmen, or  so  many  as  sail  in  company. 
The  nary  of  Hiram  brought  gold  from  Ophir. 
1  Kings  X. 

Tlie  whole  of  the  ships  of  war  belonging! 
to  a  nation  or  king.  The  navy  of  Great 
Britain  is  the  defense  of  the  kingdom  and 
its  connnerce.  This  is  the  usual  accept- 
ation of  the  word. 
N.^WL,  n.  An  awl.  [JVol  in  use.] 
NAY,  adv.  [a  contracted  word  ;  L.  nego  ; 
Sw.  ney  or  nej,  from  neka,  to  deny ;  W. 
nac,  from  7iaca,  to  deny.] 

1.  No ;  a  word  that  expresses  negation. 
I  tell  you  nay,  but  except  ye  repent,  ye  shall 

all  likewise  perish.     Luke  xiii. 

2.  It  expresses  also  refusal. 
He  that  will  not  wlien  he  may, 
When  he  would  he  shall  have  nay. 

Proverb. 
[In  these  senses  it  is  now  rarely  used ; 
no  being  substituted. 

3.  Not  only  so ;  not  this  alone ;  intimating 
that  something  is  to  be  added  by  way  of 
amplitication.  He  requested  an  answer; 
nay,  he  urged  it. 

NAY,  n.  Denial;  refusal. 

NAY,  V.  t.  To  refuse.     [N'ol  in  use.] 

NA'YVVARD,  n.  Tendency  to  denial.   [N'ol 

used.]  Shak. 

NA'YWORD,  n.  A  by-word  ;  a  proverbial,^ 

reproach  ;  .a  watch-word.  Obs.     76ni.'lNEAR,  adv 


[This  word  may  belong  to  the 
neb,  nib ;    Ice.  nif,  nose ;    Eth. 


NEAP,  n. 

root  of 
anaf.] 
The  tongue  or  pole  of  a  cart,  sled  or  wag- 
on. A".  England. 
NE-fVP,  a.  [Sax.  hnipan,  to  incline,  to  fall.] 
Low.     The   neap   tides  are   those   which 
happen  in  the  middle  of  the  second  and 
fourth  quarters  of  the  moon.     They  are 
low  tides,  and  opposed  to  spring  tides. 
NE.\P,  n.  Low  water.     [Litlk  used.] 
NE'APED,        }       Left   aground.     A  ship 
BENE'APED,  ^  "•  is   said    to    be    neaped, 
when   left   aground,   particularly   on   the 
highth  of  a  spring  tide,  so  that  she  will  not 
float  till  the  return  of  the  next  spring  tide. 

Mar.  Did. 
NEAPOLITAN,  a.  Belonging- to  Naples,  in 

Italv. 
NEAPOL'ITAN,  n.   An  inliabitant  or  na- 
tive of  the  kingdom  of  Naples. 
NEAP-TIDE,  n.  Low  tide.     [See  AeoD.] 
NEAR,  a.  [Sax.  ner  or  7ieara,  nigher.   This 
seems   to  be    a    contracted   word,    from 
nigher,  the   comparative   of  neh,   nih  or 
nieh,  D.   naauw,  G.  nahe,  Sw.  nar,  Dan. 
nar  ;  VV.  nig,  strait,  narrow  ;  nigiaw,  to 
narrow.] 

1.  Nigh  ;  not  far  distant  in  place,  time  or  de- 
gree. Regularly,  near  should  be  followed 
by  to,  but  this  is  often  omitted.  We  say, 
a  house  stands  near  a  river ;  a  friend  sits 
7iear  me ;  the  man  fell  and  was  near  de- 
struction. 

And  Jacob  went  near  to  Isaac  his  father. 
Gen.  xxvii. 

Now  is  our  salvation  nearer  than  when  we 
believed.     Rom.  xiii. 

2.  Closely  related  by  blood. 
She  is  thy  father's  near  kinswoman.  Lev.  xviii. 

3.  Not  distant  in  affection,  support  or  as- 
sistance ;  present ;  ready  ;  willing  to  aid. 

Call  upon  the  Lord,  while  he  is  near.     Is.  Iv. 

4.  Intimate;  united  in  close  ties  of  affection 
or  confidence  ;  as  a  near  friend. 

5.  Dear;  affecting  one's  interest  or  feelings  ; 
as  a  near  concern. 

My  nearest  life.  Shak. 

G.  Close  ;  parsimonious. 

7.  Close  ;  not  loose,  free  or  rambling ;  as  a 
version  7iear  the  original. 

8.  Next  to  one ;  opposed  to  off;  as  the  near 
horse  or  ox  in  a  team. 

Almost;  within  a  little.     It  i.s 


NAZARE'NE,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  Naza-| 
retli ;  one  of  the  early  converts  to  Chris-il 
tianity  ;  in  contempt.     Acts  xxiv.  |! 

NAZ'ARITE,  n.  A  Jew  who  professed  ex- 
traordinary purity  of  life  and  devotion. 

Encyc. 

NAZ'ARITISM,  n.  The  doctrines  or  prac- 
tice of  the  Nazarites.  Burdcr. 

NE,  [Sax.]  not,  is  obsolete.  We  find  it  in! 
early  English  writers,  prefixed  to  other| 
words;  as  nill,  for  ne  will,  will  not ;  nas,' 
for  ne  has,  has  not ;  m's,  forne  is,  is  not. 

Spenser.] 

NEAF,  n.  [Ice.  neji ;  ScoU  nieve.]  Thefist.i 
Obs.  Shak: 

NEAL,  V.  t.  [Sax.  analan,  to  kindle.]  To| 
temper  and  reduce  to  a  due  consistence 
by  heat.  But  ntal  is  now  rarely  used. 
[See  Anneal.] 

NEAL,  D.  I.  To  be  tempered  by  heat.  [Lit- 
tle used.]    [See  Anneal.]  Bacon. 


near   twelve    o'clock.     The    payment   of 
such  a  sum  would  go  near  to  ruin  him. 

.iddison. 

NE.\R,  t'.  t.  To  approach  ;  to  come  nearer; 
as,  the  ship  neared  the  land  ;  a  seaman's 
phrase. 

NE'AREST,  a.  [superl.  of  near.]  Short- 
est ;  most  direct ;  as  the  nearest  way  to 
London.  So  we  use  nearer  for  shorter. 
[This  use  of  these  words  is  not  correct,  but 
very  common.] 

NE'ARLY,  adv.  At  no  great  distance;  not 
remotely. 

2.  Closely;  as  two  persons  nearh/ related  or 
allied. 

3.  Intimately  ;  pressingly  ;  with  a  close  re- 
lation to  one's  interest  or  happiness.  It 
nearly  concerns  us  to  preserve  peace  with 
our  neighbor. 

4.  Almost ;  within  a  httle.  The  fact  is  near- 
ly demonstrated. 

5.  In  a  parsimonious  or  niggardly  manner. 


NEB 


N  E  G 


NEC 


NE'ARNESS,  n.  Closeness;  small  dis- 
taiice.  The  nearness  of  a  place  to  a  mar- 
ket enhances  the  value  of  lands. 

2.  Close  alliance  by  blood  ;  propinquity  ;  as 
the  7ieamess  of  brothers  and  sisters,  pa- 
rents and  children. 

3.  Close  union  by  affection ;  intimacy  of 
friendship. 

4.  Parsimony  ;  closeness  in  expenses. 

Bacon. 

NEAT,  n.  [Sax.  neat,  neten,  niten,  nylen 
Sw.  no* ;  Dan.  nod.  In  Sax.  geneai  is  a 
herdsman.  In  Spanish,  ganado  is  cattle, 
and  vermin;  doubtless  the  same  word 
with  a  prefix.  In  VV.  cnud  is  a  group 
JVeat  coincides  with  the  root  of  need  in 
elements,  and  if  connected  with  it,  the 
sense  is  a  herd  or  collection,  from  crowd 
ing,  pressing  ;  but  this  is  doubtful.] 

1.  Cattle  of  the  bovine  genus,  as  bulls,  oxen 
and  cows.  In  America,  this  word  is  used 
in  composition,  as  in  neaVs  tongue,  neaVs 
foot  oil,  and  tautologically  in  neat  cattle. 

2.  A  single  cow.  Tusser. 
NEAT,  a.  [It.   netto;    Sp.   neto ;    Fr.  ?ie<; 

Arm.  neat  or  neet;  L.  nitidus,  niteo,  to 
shine,  to  be  clean,  fair  or  fine  ;  W.  nith, 
pure  ;  nilhiaio,  to  purify,  to  wiimow.i 

1.  Very  clean  ;  free  from  foul  or  extraneous 
matter ;  as  neat  clothes.  The  vessels  are 
kept  neat;  the  woman  keeps  her  house 
very  neat. 

2.  Pure  ;  free  from  impure  words  and 
phrases ;  as  a  neat  style. 

3.  Cleanly ;  preserving  neatness  ;  as  a  neat 
woman. 

4.  Pure  ;  unadidterated ;  as  neat  wine.  Obs. 

Chapman. 

5.  Free  from  tawdry  appendages  and  well 
adjusted  ;  as  a  7teat  dress. 

G.  Clear  of  the  cask,  case,  bag,  box,  &c. ;  as 
neat  weight.  It  is  usually  written  net  or 
nett. 

NE'ATHERD,  n.  [Sax.  neathyrd.]  A  per 
son  who  has  the  care  of  cattle ;  a  cow 
keeper.  Dryden. 

NE' ATLY,  adv.  With  neatness ;  in  a  neat 
manner ;  in  a  cleanly  manner ;  as  a  gar 
ment  neatly  washed. 

2.  With  good  taste  ;  without  tawdry  orna- 
ments ;  as  a  lady  neatly  dressed. 

3.  Nicely;  handsomely;  as  a  vessel  neatly 
gilt. 

NE'ATNESS,  n.  Exact  cleanliness ;  entire 
freedom  from  foul  matter ;  as  the  neatness 
of  a  floor  or  of  a  garment. 

2.  Purity  :  freedom  from  ill  chosen  words; 
as  the  neatness  of  style. 

3.  Freedom  from  useless  or  tawdry  orna- 
ments; with  good  adjustment  of  the  seve- 
ral parts;  as  the  neatness  of  a  dress. 

NE'.\TRESS,  Ji.  [from  )iea(,  cattle.]  Afe 
male  who  takes  rare  of  cattle.  [A/ot  used 
in  ike  United  States.]  IVarner. 

NEB,  n.  [Sax.  neb  or  nebbe ;  Ice.  nebbe  or 
nef;  Dan.  ntb,  nab,  and  with  a  prefix, 
.viabel ;  Sw.  naf;  D.  neb,  sneb  ;  G.  schna- 
bel.  In  the  difiereiit  dialects,  it  signifies 
a  bill,  beak,  the  nose,  or  the  face,  from  ex- 
tending or  shooting.  See  Class  Nb.  No 
2.  3.  G.  8.  10.  13.  15.  21.  24.  It  is  also 
written  nib.] 

The  no.se  ;  the  beak  of  a  fowl ;  the  bill ;  the 
moutli. 


NEBULA,  ) 


3. 


[h.  nebula;  Gr.  rffSi  •'**'■ 

NEB'ULE,   ^"'  7.ri;  G.  nebel;  D.nevel;  Ir. 

Ilea//,  ?ieu/,  by  contraction  ;  It.  nebbia;  Sp. 

niebla,  fog,  mist.     Probably  the   primary 

sense  is  thick  or  mixed.] 

1.  A  dark  spot,  a  film  in  the  eye,  or  a  slight 
opacity  of  the  cornea.  Cyc 

2.  In  astronomy,  a  cluster  of  fixed  stars,  not 
distinguishable  from  each  other  or  scarce 
ly  visible  to  the  naked  eye,  and  exhibiting 
a  dim  hazy  light,  appearing  like  dusky 
specks  or  clouds  through  the  telescope. 

Cyc. 
NEBULOS'ITY,  n.  [from  nebulous.]     The 
state  of  being  cloudy  or  hazy. 

Med.  Repos. 
NEB'ULOUS,  a.    [L.  nebulosus.]     Cloudy; 

hazy.     [See  J^ebule.] 
2.  Resembling  a  small  cloud  or  collection  of 

vapor?. 
NECESSA'RIAN,  n.  [See  ATecessary.]     An 
advocate  for  the  doctrine  of  philosophical 
necessity  ;  more  properly  necessitarian. 

Priestley. 
NECESSARIES,  n.  plu.  [from  necessary.] 
Things  necessary  for  some  purpose  ;   as 
the  necessaries  of  life.  Locke. 

NECESSARILY,  adv.  By  necessity ;  in 
such  a  manner  that  it  cannot  be  otherwise. 
Truth  is  necessarily  opposite  to  falsehood. 
A  square  is  necessarily  different  from  a 
circle. 

Indispensably.     Most  men  are  necessarily 
occupied  in  procuring  their  subsistence 
By   unavoidable  consequence.      Certain 
inferences  necessarily  result  from  particu 
lar  premises. 
NECESSARINESS,  n.  The  state  of  beinj 

necessary. 
NECESSARY,  a.  [L.   necessarius.]     That 
must  be  ;  that  cannot  be  otherwise  ;  indis- 
pensably  requisite.     It   is  necessary   that 
every  effect  should  have  a  cause. 
Indispensable  ;  requisite  ;  essential ;  that 
cannot  be  otherwise  without  prcventin 
the  purpose  intended.     Air  is  necessary  to 
support  animal  life ;  food  is  necessa>-y  to 
nourish  the  body  ;  holiness  is  a  necessary 
qualification  for  happiness;  health   is  Jic- 
cessary  to  the  enjoyment  of  pleasure  ;  sub- 
jection to  law  is  necessaty  to  the  safety  of 
persons  and  property. 

Unavoidable ;    as  a  necessa)y   inference 
or  consequence  from  facts  or  arguments. 
4.  Acting  from  necessity  or  compidsion  ;  op- 
posed to  free.     Whether  man  is  a  neces- 
sary or  a  free  agent  is  a  question  much 
discussed. 
NECESSARY,  n.  A  privy. 
NECESSITA'RIAN,  )       One   who  main- 
NECESSA'RIAN,       ^       tains  the  doctrine 
of  philosophical  necessity  in  regard  to  the 
origin  and  existence  of  things.        Beattie. 
NECES'SITATE,  ti. /.  [from  L.  7iecesxi7a».] 
To  make  necessary  or  indispensable ;  to 
render  unavoidable  ;  to  compel. 

The  marquis  of  Newcastle,  being  pressed  on 

both  sides,  was  necessitated  to  draw  all  liis  army 

into  York.  Clarendon. 

Sickness  might  necessitate  his  removal  from 

court.  South 

NECES'SITATED,  pp.    Made   necessary, 

indispensable  or  unavoidable. 
NECES'SITATING,  ppr.  Making  necessa- 
ry or  indispensable. 


NECESSITA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  making 
necessary  ;  compulsion.     [Little  used.] 

Bramhall. 

NECES'SITIED,  a.  In  a  state  of  want. 
[JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 

NECESSITOUS,  a.  Very  needy  or  indi- 
gent ;  pressed  with  poverty. 

There  are  multitudes  of  necessitous  heirs  and 
penurious  parents.  Jirbuthnot. 

2.  Narrow ;  destitute ;  pinching ;  as  necessi- 
tous circumstances. 

NECES'SITOUSNESS,  n.  Extreme  pov- 
erty or  destitution  of  the  means  of  liv- 
ing ;  pressing  want.  Burnet. 

NECES'SITUDE,  n.  Necessitousness ; 
want.     [M>t  used.]  Hale. 

NECES'SITY,  n.  [L.  necessitas.]  That 
which  must  be  and  cannot  be  otherwise, 
or  the  cause  of  that  which  cannot  be  oth- 
erwise. It  is  of  necessity  that  a  thing  can- 
not be  and  not  be  at  the  same  time.  It  is 
of  necessity  that  two  contradictory  propo- 
sitions caunot  both  be  true. 

Irresistible  power;  compulsive  force, 
physical  or  moral.  If  man's  actions  are 
determined  by  causes  beyond  his  control, 
he  acts  from  necessity,  and  is  not  a  free 
agent.  JVecessity  couqielled  the  general  to 
act  on  the  defensive. 

3.  Indispensableness;  the  state  of  being  re- 
quisite. The  necessity  of  funds  to  support 
public  credit,  no  man  questions.  The  ne- 
cessity of  economy  in  domestic  concerns  is 
admitted.  No  man  can  plead  necessity  in 
excuse  for  crimes. 
Extreme  indigence;  pinching  poverty; 
pressing  need. 

The  cause  of  all  the  distractions  in  his  court 
or  army  proceeded  from  the  extreme  poverty 
and  necessity  his  majesty  was  in.      Clarendon. 

5.  Uuavoidableness ;  inevitableness ;  as  the 
necessity  of  a  consequence  from  certain 
premises. 

6.  In  the  plural,  things  requisite  for  a  pur- 
pose. 

These  should  be  hours  for  necessities. 

Not  for  delights.  Shak. 

NECK,  n.  [Sax.  hnece,  hnecca,  necca ;  G. 
nick,  genick,  the  nape  of  the  neck  ;  D.  nek  ; 
Sw.  nacke ;  Dan.  nakke ;  It.  Port.  Sp. 
nuca.  This  word  is  properly  the  nape 
or  vertebrte  of  the  neck  behind,  and  is  so 
rendered  in  other  languages,  L.  nux, 
that  is,  a  knob  or  mass ;  W.  cmvc] 

1.  The  part  of  an  animal's  body  which  is 
between  the  head  and  the  trunk,  and 
connects  them.  In  man  and  many  other 
animals,  this  part  is  more  slender  than  the 
trunk;  hence, 

A  long  narrow  tract  of  land  projecting 
from  the  main  body,  or  a  narrow  tract 
connecting  two  larger  tracts ;  as  the  neck 
of  land  between  Boston  and  Roxbury. 

3.  The  long  slender  part  of  a  vessel,  as   a 
retort ;  or  of  a  plant,  as   a  gourd  ;  or  of 
any  instrument,  as  a  guitar. 
i  stiff  neck,  in  Scripture,  denotes  obstinacy 
In  sin. 

0)1  the  neck,  immediately  after ;  following 
closely. 

First  by  committing  one  sin  on  the  neck  of 
another.  Perkins. 

[This  phrase  is  not  much  used.     We  moro 
frcqupntly  say,  on  the  heels.] 
To  break  the  neck  of  an  affair,  to  hinder,  or  to 
do  the  principal  thing  to  prevent. 


NEC 


NEE 


N  E  G 


laud. 

NECK'VERSE, 

read  to  entitle 

clergy,   saiil  to 


To  harden  the  neck,  to  grow  obstinate  ;  to  bej|NE€'TARlNE,  a. 

more  and  more  perverse  and  rebellious. 

Nell.  ix. 
NECK'BEEF,  »i.  The  coarse  flesh  of  the 

neck  of  cattle,  sold  at  a  low  price. 

As  clieap  as  neckbcef.  Swift. 

NECK'CLOTH,  n.  A  piece  of  cloth  worn 

ou  the  ueck. 
NECK' ED,  o.  Having  a  neck  ;  as  in  stiff- 
necked. 
NECK'ERCHIEF,  ?        A   gorget ;  a  ker- 
NECK'ATEE,         S       chief    for    a    wo- 
man's ueck.     [JVot  in  much  use.]      Bailey. 
NECK'LACE,  n.  A  string  of  beads  or  pre- 
cious stones,  worn  by  women  on  the  neck. 

Arbuthnot. 
NECK'LACED,  a.  Marked  as  with  a  neck- 
lace. Sir  iV.  Jones. 
NECK'LAND,  n.  A  neck  or  loug  tract  ot' 

Hakewill.', 
n.  The  verse  formerly 
a  party  to  the  benefit  of 
be  the  first  verse  of  the 

fifty  first  Psalin,  "  Miserere  mei,  &.c." 

TindaU. 
NECK'WEED,  n.  Hemp  ;  in  ridicule. 
NE€ROLOG'l€AL,    a.    Pertaining  to   or 

giving  an  account  of  the  dead  or  of  deaths 
NECROL'OOIST,    n.    One  who   gives   ar 

account  of  deaths. 
NE€ROL'0(iY,  n.    [Gr.  iixpoi,  dead,  and 

X.oyos,  discourse.] 
An  account  of  the  dead  or  of  deaths  ;  a  reg 

ister  of  deaths. 
NECROMANCER,    n.    [See  JVecromancy.] 

One  who  pretends  to  foretell  future  events 

by  holding  converse  witli  departed  spirits ; 

a  conjurer.  Swijl. 

NECROMANCY,  n.  [Gr.  wxpoj,  dead,  and 

^ovTfia,  divination.] 
1.  The   art   of  revealing  future   events  by 

means  of  a  pretended  coniniunication  with 

the  dead.    This  imposture  is  prohibited 

Deut.  xviii. 
'3.  Enchantment ;  conjuration.  Abbot. 

NE€ROMAN'TI€,  a.  Pertaining  to  necro 

maucy  ;  performed  by  necromancy. 
NE€ROMAN'Tl€,  n.   Trick  ;  conjuration. 

Young 
NE€ROMAN'TICALLY,   adv.   By  necro 

niancy  or  the  black  art ;  by  conjuration. 

Gregoiy. 
NEC'RONITE,  n.  [Gr.  .fxpoj,  dead.]  Fetidj 

feldspar,  a  mineral  which  when  struck  or 

pounded,  exhales  a  fetid  odor  like  that  of 

putrid  flesh.  Hayden. 

NECTAR,  n.  [L.  from  the  Greek.] 

1.  In  fabulous  history  and  poetry,  the  drink  of 
the  gods ;  hence, 

2.  Any  very  sweet  and  pleasant  drink. 
NE€TA'REAN,     )       Resembling   nectar  ; 
NE€TA'REOUS,  S      very  sweet  and  pleas- 
ant. 

The  juice  nectarcotis  and  the  balmy  dew. 

Pope. 

NECTARED,    a.    Imbued    with    nectar; 

mingled   with    nectar  ;    abounding    with; 

nectar.  Milton^] 

NE€TA'RIAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  nectary 

of  a  plant. 

Stamens  inserted  into  the  margin  ofaglandu- 

lous  nectariat  ring.  As.  Ses. 

NECTARIFEROUS,    a.     [nectar  and   L. 

fero.to  bear.] 
Producing  nectar  or  nomus ;  as  a  nectarif- 
erous glandule.  Lee. 


Sweet  as  nectar. 

Milton. 

|NE€'TARINE,  n.  A  fruit,  a  variety  of  the 
peach  with  a  smooth  rind. 

NECTARIZE,  v.  t.  To  sweeten. 

I  Cockeram. 

INEC'TAROUS,  a.  Sweet  as  nectar. 

Milton. 

NECTARY,  n.  [from  nedar.]  In  botany,  the 
melliferous  part  of  u  vegetable,  peculiar 
to  the  flower.  It  usually  makes  a  part  of 
the  corol,  but  is  sometimes  distinct  from  it. 
Sometimes  it  is  in  the  form  of  a  horn  or 
spur :  sometimes  in  that  of  a  cup ;  whence 
it  is  called  the  honey  cup.  Martyn. 

NED'DER,  n.  [W.  nadyr  ;  Sax.  nedder.] 
An  adder.     06*. 

NEED,  Ji.  [Sax.  nead,  neod,  nyd;  D.  nood 

G. noth ;  Sw.  nod ;  Dan.  niid ;  Etli.  iKi 
nadei,  to  be  in  want.  The  primary  sense 
is  to  press.  Class  Nd.  No.  7.  'M.] 
Want :  occasion  for  something  ;  necessi- 
ty ;  a  state  that  requires  supply  or  rehef. 
It  sometimes  expresses  urgent  want  ; 
pressing  exigency. 

What   further  7ieed   have  we  of  witnesses  .' 
Matt.  xxvi. 
For  ye  have  need  of  patience —     Heb.  x. 
2.  Want  of  the  means  of  subsistence ;  pov- 
erty ;  indigence. 

I  know  how  to  abound  and  lo  suffer  need. 
Phil.  iv. 
NEED,    V.  t.    [Sax.  geneadan,  genedan,  to 

compel;  Dan.  noder.'] 
To  want ;  to  lack  ;  to  require,  as  supply  or 
relief. 

They  that  be  whole  need  not  a  physician.bnt 
they  that  arc  sick.     Matt.  ix. 

NEED,  V.  i.  To  be  wanted  ;  to  be  neces- 
sary. 

When  we  have  done  it,  we  have  done  all  (bat 
is  in  our  power,  and  all  that  needs.    \_A'ot  used.'\ 

Locke. 
N'eed  is  often   used   as  an  auxiliary,  or  at 
least  without  the  personal  terniinatioB. 

And  the  lender  need  not  fear  he  shall  be  in- 
jured. Anacharsis,  Trans 
NEEDED,  pp.  Wanted. 
NEE'DER,  n.  One  that  wants. 
NEE'DFUL,  a.  Necessary,  as  supply  or  re- 
lief;  requisite. 

All  things  needful  for  defense  abound. 

Dry  den. 
NEE'DFULLY,  adv.  Necessarily. 

B.  Jonson. 
NEE'DILY,  adv.  [from  needy.]  In  want  or 

poverty. 
NEE'DINESS,   n.    [from   needy.]    W\-int 

poverty  ;  indigence.  Bacon. 

NEE'DING,   ppr.   Wanting  ;  requiring,  as 

supjilv  or  relief. 
NEE'DLK,  n.   [Sax.  nedl,  na:dl  ;  G.  nadel  ; 
Goth,  ndhal  ;  Arm.  nadoz  ;   Ir.  snathad  ; 
W'.nyjwyz,  from  ntod,  something  sharp  or 
pointed.     It  may  be  allied  to  nettle,] 

1.  A  small  instrument  of  steel  pointed  at  one 
end,  with  an  eye  at  the  other  to  receive  a 
thread  ;  used  in  sewing  and  embroidery. 
Needles  are  also  used  by  surgeons  in  sew- 
ing up  wounds. 

2.  A  small  pointed  piece  of  steel  used  in  the 
mariner's  compass,  which  by  its  magnetic 
quality  is  attracted  and  directed  to  the 
pole,  and  thus  enables  navigators  to  steer 
their  ships  the  course  intended. 


|3.  Any  crystalized  substance  in  the  form  of 
a  needle. 

Dipping  needle,  a  magnetic  needle  that  dips 
or  inclines  downwards. 

NEE'DLE,  I',  t.  To  form  crystals  in  the 
shape  of  a  needle. 

NEE'DLE,  f.  i.  To  shoot  in  crystalizatiou 
into  the  form  of  needles ;  as  needled  prisms. 

Fourcroy. 

NEEDLE-FISH,  n.  A  fish  of  the  genus 
Syngnathus.  The  middle  of  the  body  is 
hexangular.     Also,  the  sea-urchin. 

NEE'DLEFUL,  n.  As  much  thread  as  is 
put  at  once  in  a  needle. 

NEE'DLE-MAKER,  \       One  who  manu- 

NEE'DLER,  \  "■  facturcs  needles. 

NEE'DLE-ORE,     n.     Acicular     bismuth 
lance.  Ure. 

NEEDLE-SHELL,  n.  The  sea-urchin. 

Diet.  .Vat.  Hist. 

NEE'DLE-STONE,  n.  A  mineral  of  the 
zeolite  family.  Cleaveland. 

NEE'DLEWdRK,  n.  Work  executed  with 
a  needle  ;  or  the  business  of  a  seamstress. 
It  is  used  particularly  for  embroidery. 

NEEDLE-ZEOLITE,  n.  A  species  of  zeo- 
lite of  a  grayish  white  color.  Ure. 

NEE'DLESS",  a.  Not  wanted;  unnecessa- 
ry ;  not  requisite  ;  as  needless  labor  ;  need- 
less expenses. 

_.  Not  wanting.     Obs.  Shak. 

NEEDLESSLY,  adv.  Without  necessity. 

NEE'DLESSNESS,  n.  Unnecessariness. 

Locke. 

NEE'DMENT,  n.  Something  needed  or 
wanted.     [JVot  used.]  Shak. 

NEEDS,  adv.  [from  Jif erf  ;  Sax.  ?ierffs.]  Ne- 
cessarily ;  indispensably  ;  generally  used 
with  must. 

A  trial  at  law  must  needs  be  innocent  in  it- 
self. Kettlewell. 

NEE'DY,  a.  Necessitous ;  indigent  ;  very 
poor  ;  distressed  by  want  of  the  means  of 
living. 

To  relieve  the  needy  and  comfort  the  afflict- 
ed, are  duties  that  fall  in  our  way  eveiy  day. 

Addison. 
Spare  the  blushes  of  needy  merit.       Dtvighl. 

NE'ER,  a  contraction  of  jieuer. 

NEESE,   v.i.  neez.     [G.    neesen;   D.  nie- 


:en ;  Sw.  niusa  ;  Dan. 


Ar. 


Sherwood. 


nyser;  nr.    -^j 

I    nasbaa ;  hence  sneeze.     Class  Ns.  No.  30.] 

jTo  sneeze.      Obs.     [See   Sneeze,  which  is 

I     formed  on  this  word.] 

JNEE'SEWORT,  n.  A  plant. 

iNEE'SING,  »i.  A  sneezing.     Obs. 

jNEF,  »!.  The  nave  of  a  church.     [JVot  used. 

I     See  JVave.] 

{NEFAND'OUS,  a.  [L.  nefandus,  not  to  be 
spoken.] 

Not  to  be  named  ;  abominable.  Sheldon. 

NEFARIOUS,  a.  [L.  nefirius,  from  nefas, 
unlawful,  or  ne  amlfor.fari,  to  utter.] 

Wicked  in  the  extreme ;  abominable  ;  atro- 
ciously   sinful    or   villainous;   detestably 

NEFA'RIOUSLY,  adv.  With  extreme 
wickedness  ;  abominably.  Milton 

NEGA'TION,  n.  [L.  negatio,  from  nego, 
to  deny,  Sw.  neka,  Dan.  na-gfer,  W.  naca, 
naciiu,  nagu,  Fr.  ?!i>r,  from  L.  ntgo.  The 
sense  is  to  thrust,  to  stop  or  repel ;  for  in 
Italian,  negare  is  to  deny,  and  annegare  is 
to  deny,  and  to  drown,  to  stifle  in  water; 


N  E  G 


N  E  G 


N  E  G 


Sp.  negar,  lo  deny ;  anegar,  to  drown  or 
inundate,  Fr.  noyfr.] 

1.  Denial ;  a  declaration  that  something  is 
not ;  opposed  to  affirmation ;  as,  the  soul  is 
not  matter. 

2.  In  logic,  description  by  denial,  exclusion 
or  exception. 

J\'egation  is  the  absence  of  that  which  does: 
not  belong  to  the  thine  we  are  speaking  of. 

IVatts. 

3.  Argument  drawn  from  denial.  | 

It  may  be  proved  by  way  of  negation,  thati 
they  came  not  from  Europe,  as  having  no  re- 
mainder of  the  arts,  learning  and  civilities  of  it. 

Heylin. 
NEG'ATIVE,  a.  [Fr.  negatif;  L.  negativus.] 

1.  Implying  denial  or  negation ;  opposed  to 
affirmative,  as  a  negative  proposition  is 
that  which  denies.    Matter  is  not  spirit. 

2.  Implying  absence  ;  opposed  to  positive. 

There  is  a  negative  way  of  denying;  Christ, 
when  we  do  not  acknowledge  and  confess  him. 

South. 

3.  Having  the  power  of  stopping  or  restrain-' 
ing.  A  negative  voice  in  legislation  is  aj 
voice  or  vote  to  prevent  the  passing  of  a^ 
law  or  decree. 

JVegative  sign,  in  algebra,  the  sign  of  sub-| 
traction,  a  sign  which  indicates  that  the 
quantity  to  which  it  is  prefixed  is  to  be 
subtracted.  It  is  opposed  to  positive  or 
affirmative ;  as  ab—n. 

JVegative  electricity,  according  to  Dr.  Frank- 
lin, is  a  deficiency  of  the  fluid  in  a  sub-j 
stance,  or  less  than  the  substance  nat-j 
urally  contains.  I 

NEG'ATIVE,  n.  A  proposition  by  which; 
something  is  denied  ;  as,  matter  has  not 
the  power  of  moving  itself. 

2.  A  word  that  denies  ;  as  not,  no. 

3.  In  legislation,  the  right  or  power  of  pre- 
venting the  enaction  of  a  law  or  decree. 
The  governor  has  not  a  negative  on  the 
proceedings  of  the  legislature,  but  each 
branch  has  a  negative  on  the  other. 

JVegative  pregnant,  a  negation  of  one  thing 

implying  the  affirmation  of  another. 
NEG'ATIVE,  v.t.    To  disprove;  to  prove 
the  contrary. 

The  omission  or  infrequency  of  such  recitals 
does  not  negative  the  existence  of  miracles. 

Paley 

2.  To  reject  by  vote  ;  to  refuse  to  enact  or 
sanction.     The  senate  negatived  the  bill. 

3.  To  resist  a  choice  or  what  is  proposed. 
NEG'ATIVELY,  adv.  With  or  by  denial ; 

as,  he  answered  negatively.  Boyle. 

2.  In  the  form  of  speech  implying  the  ab 
sence  of  something;  opposed  to  positively. 

1  shall  show  what  this  image  of  God  in  man 
is,  negatively,  by  showing  wherein  it  does  not 
consist,  and  positively,  by  showing  wherein  it 
it  does  consist.  South. 

3.  Negatively  cliarged  or  electrified.  [See 
Positively.] 

NEG'ATORY,  a.  That  denies  ;  belonging 
to  negation.     [Little  used.] 

NE'GER,  n.  [L.  niger.]  A  black  person  ; 
one  of  the  .African  race.     [See  JVegro.] 

NEGLECT',  1'.  t.  [L.  negleclns,  from  negli- 
go.  In  G.  the  corresponding  word  is] 
nachlassen,  D.  nalaaten,  compounds  of 
nach,  na,  after,  and  lassen,  laaten,  to  let,  to 
leave,  to  snflbr  to  jiass,  Eng.  let,  Fr.  lais- 
ser.  The  srM.sr;  of  the  latter  words  then  is 
to  leave  hoiiind,  or  permit  to  remain  ; 
Dan.  nachtassig,  negligent.     I  suspect  the 


L.  negligo  to  be  composed  of  the  samel 
prefix,  neg  for  nach,  and  linquo,  lictum,  as, 
n  is  not  radical  in  the  latter.  But  of  this  I 
am  not  confident.] 

1.  To  omit  by  carelessness  or  design ;  to  for- 
bear to  do,  use,  employ,  promote  or  attend 
to  ;  as,  to  neglect  duty  or  business  ;  to  neg- 
lect to  pay  honest  debts ;  to  neglect  our  in- 
terest or  policy  ;  to  neglect  the  means  in 
our  power. 
To  omit  to  receive  or  embrace ;  to  slight. 

How  shall  we  escape,  if  we  neglect  so  great 
salvation?     Heb.  ii. 

.3.  To  slight ;  not  to  notice  ;  to  forbear  to 
treat  with  attention  or  respect.  Among 
people  of  good  breeding,  strangers  seldom 
complain  of  being  neglected. 

4.  To  postpone.     [JVot  in  use.]  Shah. 

NEGLECT',  n.  Omission  ;  forbearance  to, 
do  any  thing  that  can  be  done  or  that  re- 
quires to  be  done.  JVeglect  may  be  froini 
carelessness  or  intention.  The  negkct  of 
business  is  the  cause  of  many  failures,  but 
neglect  of  economy  is  more  frequent  and 
more  injurious. 

2.  Slight;  omission  of  attention  or  civilities. 
JVeglect  of  due  notice  and  attention  to 
strangers  is  characteristic  of  ilj  breeding. 

.3.  Negligence ;  habitual  want  of  regard. 

Age  bveeis neglect  in  all.  Denham. 

4.  Stateof  being  disregai-ded. 

Rescue  my  poor  remains  from  vile  neglect. 

Prior. 
NEGLECTED,  p;).    Omitted  to  be  done; 

slighted  ;  disregarded. 
NEGLECT'ER,  n.  One  that  neglects. 
NEGLECT'FUL,    a.    Heedless  ;  careless  ; 
inattentive.  Locke. 

2.  Accustomed  or  apt  to  omit  what  may  or 
ought  to  be  done. 

3.  Treating  with  neglect  or  slight. 

4.  Indicating  neglect,  slight  or  indifference  ; 
as  a  neglectful  countenance.  Locke. 

NEGLECT'FULLY,  adv.  With  neglect; 
with  heedless  inattention  ;  with  careless 
indifference. 

NEGLECT'ING,  ppr.  Omitting  ;  passing 
by  ;  forbearing  to  do  ;  slighting  ;  treating 
with  indifference. 

NEGLECT'INGLY,  adv.  Carelessly ;  heed- 
lessly. Shak. 

NEGLEC'TION,  n.  The  state  of  being 
negligent.     [JVot  wserf.]  Shak. 

NEGLECT'IVE,  a.  Inattentive  ;  regardless 
of.     [Little  tised.]  K.  Charles. 

NEGLIGEE',  n.  A  kind  of  gown  formerly 
worn.  Goldsmith. 

NEG'LIgENCE,  n.  [L.  negligentia.]  Neg- 
lect ;  omission  to  do  ;  more  generally. 
Habitual  omission  of  that  which  ought  to 
be  done,  or  a  habit  of  omitting  to  do 
things,  either  from  carelessness  or  design. 
JVegligence  is  usually  the  child  of  sloth  or 
laziness,  and  the  parent  of  disorders  in 
business,  often  of  poverty. 

NEG'LIGENT,  (I.  Careless  ;  heedless  ;  apt 
or  accustomed  to  omit  what  ought  to  be 
done  ;  inattentive  to  business  or  necessary 
concerns.  It  is  applied  to  a  particular  in- 
stance of  neglect,  or  it  denotes  habitually 
careless  or  inattentive.     2  Chron.  xxix.    'J 

Pet.  i. 

He  that  thinks  he  can  aftbrd  to  be  negligent. 
is  not  far  Iroin  being  poor.  liambltr 

Regardless. 

Be  thou  negligent  of  fame.  Swift 


NEG'LIgENTLY,  adv.  Carelessly;  hee* 
lessly  ;  without  exactness  ;  as  a  person 
negligently  dressed  ;  a  piece  negligently 
written  ;  a  farm  negligently  cultivated. 

2.  With  slight,  disregard  or  inattention. 

NEGOTIABILITY,  n.  The  quaUty  of  be- 
ing negotiable  or  transferable  by  indors- 
ment.  Sewall.     Walsh. 

NEGO'TIABLE,  a.  [from  negotiate.]  That 
may  be  transferred  by  assignment  or  in- 
dorsment;  that  may  be  passed  from  the 
owner  to  another  person  so  as  to  vest  the 
property  in  the  assignee  ;  as  a  negotiable 
note  or  bill  of  exchange.  Walsh. 

NEGO'TIANT,  n.  One  who  negotiates;  a 
negotiator.     [JVot  used.]  Raleigh. 

NEGO'TIATE,  v.  i.  [Unegotior  ;  It.  nego- 
ziare  ;  Sp.  negociar  ;  Fr.  negocier  ;  from 
L.  negotium,  business,  employment  ;  W. 
neges,  an  errand,  business ;  negeseua,  to 
go  on  errands,  to  negotiate.] 

1.  To  transact  business ;  to  treat  with  an- 
other respecting  purchase  and  sale ;  to 
hold  intercourse  in  bargaining  or  trade, 
either  in  person  or  by  a  broker  or  substi- 
tute ;  as,  to  negotiate  urith.  a  man  for  the 
purchase  of  goods  or  a  farm. 

2.  To  hold  intercourse  with  another  respect- 
ing a  treaty,  league  or  convention  ;  to 
treat  with  respecting  peace  or  commerce. 

It  is  a  crime  for  an  embassador  to  betray  his 
prince  for  whom  he  should  negotiate. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

NEGOTIATE,  v.  t.  nego'shate.  To  procure 
by  mutual  intercourse  and  agreement  with 
another  ;  as,  to  negotiate  a  loan  of  money. 
Ship   brokers  and  interpreters  negotiate  af- 
freightments. Walsh. 

2.  To  procure,  make  or  establish  by  mutual 
intercourse  and  agreement  with  others. 
Mr.  Jay  negotiated  a  treaty  with  the  Brit- 
ish ministry  in  1794. 

To  sell ;  to  pass  ;  to  transfer  for  a  valua- 
ble consideration ;  as,  to  negotiate  a  bill  of 
exchange. 

The  notes  were  not  negotiated  to  them  in  the 
usual  course  of  business  or  trade.  Kimt. 

NEGO'TIATED,  pp.  Procured  or  obtained 
by  agreement  with  another ;  sold  or  trans- 
ferred for  a  valuable  consideration. 

NEGO'TIATING,  ppr.  Treating  with; 
transacting  business. 

NEGOTIATION,  n.  The  act  of  negotiat- 
ing ;  the  transacting  of  business  in  traf- 
fick ;  the  treating  with  another  respecting 
sale  or  purchase. 

2.  The  transaction  of  business  between  na- 
tions ;  the  mutual  intercourse  of  govern- 
ments by  their  agents,  in  making  treaties 
and  the  hke  ;  as  the  negotiations  at  Ghent. 

NEGO'TIATOR,  n.  One  that  negotiates ; 
one  that  treats  with  others  either  as  prin- 
cipal or  agent,  in  respect  to  purchase  and 
sale,  or  public  compacts.  Swyi. 

NE'GRESS,  n.  [See  JVegro.]  A  female  of 
the  black  race  of  Africa. 

NE'GRO,  n.  [It.  Sp.  negro,  black,  from  L. 
niger.  It  is  remarkable  that  our  common 
people  retain  the  exact  Latin  pronuncia- 
tion of  this  word,  neger.] 

A  native  or  descendant  of  the  black  race 
of  men  in  Africa.  The  word  is  never 
applied  to  the  tawny  or  olive  colored  in- 
habitants of  the  northern  coast  of  Africa, 
but  to  the  more  southern  race  of  men  who 
are  quite  black. 


N  E  1 


N  E  N 


N  E  P 


NE'GUS,  n.  A  liquor  made  of  wine,  Water, 
sugar,  nutmeg  and  lemon  juice  ;  so  culled, 
it  is  said,  from  its  first  maker,  Col.  JVegus. 

NEIF,  »i.  [Ice.  nfji.]  The  neaf  or  fist.  [JVot 
used.]  *'"'*• 

2.  A  slave.     [JVot  used.] 

NEIGH,  v.i.  na.  [Sax.  hncegan ;  Sv/.gn&g- 
ga  ;  Dan.  knwgger  ;  It.  annuchiare.  In 
W.  cnecu  signilies  to  jar  or  quarrel  ;  cnec, 
a  sharp  noise.] 

To  utter  the  voice  of  a  horse,  expressive  of 
want  or  desire  ;  to  whinny. 

NEIGH,  n.  na.  The  voice  of  a  liorse  ;  a 
whinnving. 

Neighbor,  \         na'bur.      [Sax.     .itlihur, 

NEHBOOR,  S  '  nehgebur,  a  mgli  boor 
a  boor  or  countryman  living  nigh,  [see 
f^igh;]  G.  nachbar;  D.  nnbuur  i  t^w.  na 
bo  ;  Dan.  naboe.  See  Boor.  Tlie  ti  ue  or- 
thography, as  this  word  is  now  pronounc- 
ed, is  nehboor  ;  Sax.  neh,  nigh,  and  boor.^ 

1.  One  who  lives  near  anotlier.  In  large 
towns,  a  neighbor  is  one  who  lives  witlim 
a  few  doors.  In  the  country,  a  neighbor 
may  live  at  a  greater  distance ;  and  in 
new  settlements,  where  the  people  are 
thinly  scattered  over  the  country,  a  neigh- 
bor may  be  distant  several  miles,  eiiicli  is 
the  use  of  the  word  in  tlie  United  Stales. 

2.  One  who  lives  in  familiarity  witli  aiioili 
er;  a  word  of  civility.  Shak. 

3.  An  intimate  ;  a  confidant.     [JVot  used.] 

Shak. 

4.  A  fellow  being.     Acts.  vii. 

5.  One  of  the  human  race  ;  any  one  that 
need.s  our  help,  or  to  whom  we  have  an 
opportunity  of  doing  good.     Luke  x. 

6.  A  country  that  is  near. 
NEIGHBOR,  V.  t.  To  adjoin  ;  to  confine  on 

or  be  near  to. 

These  gi'ow  on  the  hills  that  neighbor  the 
shore.  Saiulys 

2.  To  acquaint  with  ;  to  inake  near  to  or 
make  familiar.     [JVot  rtsed.]  Shak. 

To  neighbor  it,  in  colloquial  language,  to 
cultivate  friendly  intercourse  by  mutual 
visits. 

NEIGHBORHOOD,  n.  A  place  near;  vi- 
cinity ;  the  adjoining  district  or  any  (dace 
not  distant.     He  lives  in  my  neighborhood 

2.  State  of  being  near  each  otiier  :  as  several 
states  in  a  neighborhood.  Swift 

•i.  The  inhabitants  who  live  in  the  vicimty 
of  each  other.  The  fire  alarmed  all  the 
neig'/ifcor/ioorf. 

NEIGHBORING,  a.  Living  or  being  near  ; 
as  the  neighboring  inhabitants ;  neighbor 
ing  countries  or  nations.  Paley. 

NEIGHBORLINESS,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
being  neighborly.  Scott. 

NEIGHBORLY,  a.  Becoming  a  neighbor  ; 
kind  ;  civil. 

Judge  if  tliis  be  neighborly  dealing. 

Arbuthnot. 

2.  Cultivating  familiar  intercourse  ;  inter- 
changing frequent  visits  ;  social.  Friend 
you  are  not  neighborly. 

NEIGHBORLY,  adv.  With  social  civility; 
as,  to  live  neighborly. 

NEIGHBORSHIP,  n.  State  of  being  neigh 
bors.     [JVot  in  use.]  Miss  Baitlie. 

NE'ITHER,  n.  compound  pronoun,  pronom- 
inal adjective,  or  a  substitute.  [Sax.  nather. 
nulhor,  nauther  or  nouthcr  ;  na,  not,  and 
either  or  other,  not  either,  or  not  other.  So 


in  L.  neuter,  ne  and  uter.]     Not   either ; 
not  the  one  nor  the  other. 

1.  It  refers  to  individual  things  or  persons  ; 
as,  which  road  shall  I  take.'  JVeiiher,  take 
««i7/jer  road.  The  upright  judge  inclines 
to  neither  party. 

It  is  used  as  a  substitute;  as,  the  up- 
right judge  inclines  to  neither  of  the  par- 
ties. 

He  neither  loves 

Nor  either  caies  for  hiin.  Shak 

2.  It  refers  to  .i  sentence ;  as,  "ye  shall  not 
cat  of  it,  neither  shall  ye  touch  it."  That 
is,  ye  shall  not  eat,  not  either  or  other  shai 
ye  touch  it  ;  ye  shall  not  eat,  nor  shall  ye 
do  the  other  thmg  here  mentioned,  that  is 
touch  it.     Gen.  iii. 

"  Fight  neither  with  small  nop  great 
save  only  with  the  king  ;"  that  is,  fight 
not,  either  with  small  or  great.  1  Kings 
xxii. 

JVeiiher,  in  the  first  part  of  a  negative  sen 
tence,  is  followed  by  nar,  in  the   subse 
qnent  part.     It  is  neither  the  one  nor  the 
other.     But  or  would  be  most  projier,  for 
the  negative   in   neither,  applies   to  both 
parts  of  tlie  sentence. 

it  is  often  used  in  the  last  member  of  a 
negative  sentence  instead  oi' nor,  as  in  the 
passage  above  cited.  "  Ye  shall  not  eat 
it,  neither  shall  ye  touch  it."  Here  neither 
is  improperly  used  for  nor,  for  not  in  the 
first  clause  refers  only  to  that  clause,  and 
the  second  negative  refers  only  to  the 
second  clause.  '•  Ye  shall  not  eat  it,  rioi' 
shall  ye  touch  it. 

In  the  sentences  above,  neither  is  con- 
sidered to  be  a  conjunction  or  connecting 
word,  though  in  fact  it  is  a  pronoun  or 
representative   of  a  clause  of  a  sentence. 

3.  JVeither  primarily  refers  to  two;  not  eithe 
of  two.  But  by  usage  it  is  applicable  to 
any  number,  referring  to  individuals  sepa- 
rately considered.  Five  or  ten  persons 
being  charged  with  a  misdemeanor  or 
riot,  each  may  say,  neither  of  us  was  pres 
ent. 

4.  A'either  sometimes  closes  a  sentence  in  i 
peculiar  manner,  thus,  "men  come  not  to 
the  knowledge  of  ideas  thought  to  be  in 
nate,  till  they  come  to  the  use  of  reason  ; 
nor  then  neither.'^  Locke. 

That  is,  not  either  when  they  come  to 

the  use  of  reason,  or  before. 

Formerly,  in  English,  as  in  Greek  and 

Frencii,  two  negatives  were  used  for  one 

negation.     But  in    such   phrases   as  that 

above,    good   speakers  now    use    either; 

"  nor  then  either." 
NEM.  CON.  for  nemine  conlradicente.     [L.] 

No  one  contradicting  or  opposing,  that  is, 

unanimously;  without  opposition. 
NEM'OLITE,  n.  [Gr.  .tf.oj,   a  wood,   and 

?.cflo{,  a  stone.]     An  arborized  stone. 

Did.  JVat.  Hist. 
NEM'ORAL,  a.  [L.  nemoralis,  from  nemus, 

a  wood.] 
j Pertaining  to  a  wood  or  grove.  jDi'c^. 

NEM'OROUS,  a.  [h.  nemorosus.]     Woody. 

Evelyn. 
NEIMP'NE,  r.  t.  [Sax.  nemnan,  to  name  or 

call.]     To  call.     Obs.  Chaucer. 

NE'NIA,  71.  [Gr.]  A  funeral   song;  an  ele 

gy.     [JVot  used.] 


NENUPHAR,  n.  The  water  lily  or  water 

rose,  a  species  of  Nympha^a. 
NEOD'AMODE,    n.   [Gr.  itoiauuit,r,  "fJ, 

new,  and  iijfiuiijs,  popular ;  S>;mo5,  people.] 
In  ancient  Greece,  a  person  newly  admitted 
I     to  citizenship.  MitJ'ord. 

NEOLO(i'l€,  \  [from  neology.]  Per- 
NEOLOO'IeAL,  \  "■  taining  to  neology  ; 
I     employing  new  words.  Cliesterfield. 

NEOL'OgISM,  n.  A  new  word  or  express- 
!     ion. 
NEOL'OgIST,  n.  One  who  introduces  new 

words    into   a  language.      Lavoisier  has 

been  a  successful  neologist.        .Wet/.  Rtpos. 
NEOL'OOY,  n.   [Gr.  ifoj,  new,  and  Xoyoj,  a 
'     word.] 
The  introduction  of  a  new  word  or  of  new 

words  into  a  language.  The  present  no- 
I     menclature  of  clrimistry  is  a  remarkable 

instance  of  neology. 
NEONO'MIAN,  n.  [Gr.  t-toj,  new,  and  lojioj, 
I     law.] 

One  who  advocates  new  laws,  or  desires 
i     God's  law  to  be  altered.  Scott. 

NE'OPHYTE,  n.  [Gr.  itoj,  new,  and  (firw,  a 

plant.] 

1.  A  new  convert  or  proselyte;  a  name  giv- 
en by  the  early  christians  to  such  heathens 
as  had  recently  embraced  the  christian 
faith,  and  were  considered  as  regenerated 
by  baptism.  Encyc. 

2.  A  novice  ;  one  newly  admitted  to  the  or- 
der of  priest. 

.3.  A  tyro  ;  a  beginner  in  learning. 

NEOTERIC,        \      [Gr.  .fuTtpixof,  young, 

NEOTER'ICAL,  \  "•  from  vioi,  new  ;  Low 
L.  neotericus.] 

New;  recent  in  origin  ;  modern.  Bacon. 

JNEOTER'IC,  n.  One  of  modern  times. 

Burton. 

NEP,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Nepeta  ;  cat- 
mint. 

NEPEN'THE,  n.  [Gr.  njTtevOjjs ;  ))7,not,  and 
rtcvBo;,  grief] 

A  drug  or  medicine  that  drives  away  pain 

1     and  grief     [Little  used.]  jyiilton. 

iNEPH'ELIN,     I         [Gr.  ti^iT-r,,  a  cloud.] 

NEPH'ELINE,  S    "•   A  mineral  found  mix- 

!  ed  with  other  substances,  primitive  or  vol- 
canic, in  small  masses  or  veins,  grano- 
lamellar  and  in  hexabedral  crystals.  It 
is  while  or  yellow. 

Diet.  .\'at.  Hist.     lire. 

NEPH'EW,  n.  [Ft.  neveu  ;  L.  nepos ;  It. 
nepote  ;  D.  neef;  G.  neffe ;  Sans,  naptri ; 
W.  nai,  contracted.] 

1.  The  son  of  a  brother  or  sister.       Dn/den. 
j2.  A  grandson ;  also,   a  descendant.     [AW 

much  used.]  Hooker. 

NEPHRITE,  n.   [Gr.  yifp^Tr,;,  from  iifpof, 

I     the  kidneys.] 

'A  mineral,  a  subspecies  of  jade,  of  a  leek 
green  color,  massive  and  in  rolled  pieces. 
It  occurs  in  granite  and  gneiss,  and  is  re- 
markable for  its  hardness  and  tenacity. 
It  was  formerly  worn  as  a  remedy  for  dis- 

[     eases  of  the  kidneys,  but  is  now  cut  into 

:     handles  of  sabers  and  daggers. 

Ctcaveland.     Ure.     Cyc. 

JNEPHRIT  IC,        I        [Gr.  »$pirixo5,  from 

iNEPHRIT  ICAL,  J  "•   .t^po;,  the  kidneys.] 

jl.  Pertaining  to  the  kidneys  or  organs  of 
urine  ;  as  a  nephritic  disease. 

2.  Aflected  with  the  stone  or  gravel ;  as  a 
I     nephritic  patient. 


N  E  R 


N  E  S 


NET 


3  Relieving  or  curing  the  stone  or  gravel, 
'  or  disorders  of  the  kidneys  in  general ;  as 
a  nephritic  medicine. 

.Yephritic  stone,  a  stone  of  the  silicious  kind, 
called  jade. 

.Yephritic  wood,  a  species  of  compact  wood  of 
a  fine  grain,  brought  from  New  Spain, 
which  gives  a  blue  color  to  spirit  of  wine 
and  to  water ;  which  color  is  changed  to 
yellow  by  acids,  and  again  to  blue  by  al- 
kalies. JVicholson.     Enci/c. 

NEPHRITIC,  n.  A  medicine  adapted  to 
relieve  or  cure  the  diseases  of  the  kid 
neys,  particularly  the  gravel  or  stone  in 
the  bladder.  Q/<^' 

NEPH'RITIS,  n.  In  medicine,  an  inflamma- 
tion of  the  kidneys. 

NEPHROTOMY,  n.  [Gr.  vf^poj,  a  kidney, 
and  refifu,  to  cut.] 

In  surgery,  the  operation   of   extracting 
stone  from  the  kidney.  Cyc. 

NEP'OTISM,  n.  [Fr.  nepotisme,  from  L.  ne- 
pos,  nephew.] 

1.  Fondness  for  nephews.  Addison. 

2.  Undue  attachment  to  relations;  favorit- 
ism shown  to  nephews  and  other  relations. 

NEPTU'NIAN,  a.  [from  JVepiunus,  the  fa 
bled  deity  of  the  ocean.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  ocean  or  sea. 

2.  Formed  by  water  or  aqueous  solution ;  as 
neptunian  rocks. 

NEPTU'NIAN,  \         One  who  adopts  the 

NEP'TUNIST,  S  "'  theory  that  the  whole 
earth  was  once  covered  with  water,  or 
rather  that  the  substances  of  the  globe 
were  formed  from  aqueous  solution  ;  op- 
posed to  the  Plutonic  theory. 

Pinkerton.     Good. 

NE'REID,  n.  [Gr.  vijfnjiicSjplu.  o{rr,pr;i;,  from 
Nijptvs,,  a  marine  deity ;  Sans,  nara,  wa- 
ter ;  Ar.  Heb.  "irH,  to  flow.  See  JVar- 
rate.] 

In  mythology,  a  sea  nymph.  In  ancient  mon- 
uments,"the  Nereids  are  represented  as 
riding  on  sea  horses,  sometimes  with  the 
human  form  entire,  and  sometimes  with 
the  tail  of  a  fish.  They  were  the  daugh- 
ters of  Nereus,  and  constantly  attended 
Neptune.  Enajc. 

NERF'LING,  n.  A  fresh  water  fish  of  Ger- 
many, of  the  lether-mouthed  kind,  and  ap 
parently  a  variety  of  the  rudd. 
^  Did.  ATat.  Hist. 

NER'ITE,  n.  A  genus  of  univalvular  shells. 

NER'ITITE,  n.  A  petrified  shell  of  the  ge- 
nus Nerita. 
NERVE,  n.  nerv.  [L.  nervus ;  Fr.  nerf;  W 
neiih,  strength  ;  Gr.  revpov,  nerve  ;  proba- 
bly allied  to  ovjjp,  a  man,  L.  vir;    Pers. 


NERVE,  V.  t.  To  give  strength  or  vigor ;  to 
arm  with  force ;  as,  fear  nerved  his  arm. 

Ames. 

NERVED,  pp.  Armed  with  strength. 

2.  a.  In  botany,  having  vessels  simple  and 
unbranched,  extending  from  the  base  to- 
wards the  tip ;  as  a  nerved  leaf 

NERVELESS,  a.  nerv'less.  Destitute  of 
strength ;  weak.  Pope 

NERVINE,  a.  [Low  L.nemn«s.]  That  has 
the  quality  of  relieving  in  disorders  of  the 
nerves. 

NERVINE,  n.  A  medicine  that  affords  re 
lief  from  disorders  of  the  nerves. 

NERVOUS,  a.  [L.  nervosus.]  Strong ;  vig- 
orous ;  as  a  nervous  arm. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  nerves  ;  seated  in  or 
affecting  the  nerves;  as  a  nervous  disease 
or  fever. 

3.  Having  the  nerves  affected  ;  hypochon- 
driac ;  a  colloquial  use  of  the  ivord. 

4.  Possessing  or  manifesting  vigor  of  mind  ; 
characterized  by  strength  in  sentiment  or 
style  ;  as  a  nervous  historian.  Adams. 

NERVOUS,  >       In  botany.     [See  JVen'ed, 
NERVOSE,  S"'  No.  2.] 
NERVOUSLY,  adv.  With  strength  or  vig- 
Q,._  fVaiion. 

NERVOUSNESS,  n.  Strength;  force;  vig- 


j    nar,   the  male  of  any  animal ;  Sans. 

nar,  a  man.  In  Welsh,  ner  denotes  one 
that  possesses  self-energy,  and  hence  an 
epithet  of  God.] 

1.  An  organ  of  sensation  and  motion  in  ant 
nials.  The  nerves  are  prolongations  of 
the  medullary  substance  of  the  brain, 
which  ramify  and  extend  to  every  part  of 
the  body.  Encyc.     Parr. 

2.  A  sinew  or  tendon.  Pope 

3.  Strength ;  firmness  of  body ;  as  a  man  of 
nerve. 

4.  Fortitude  ;  firmness  of  mind  ;  courage 

5.  Strength  ;  force  ;  authority  ;  as  the  nerves 
of  discipline.  Gibbon. 


Jf^arton. 
The  state  of  being  composed  of  nerves. 

Goldsmith 

NERVY,  a.  Strong  ;  vigorous.  Sliak 

NESCIENCE,  n.  nesh'ens.  [L.  ncseiens,  nes- 

CIO ;  ne  and  scio.] 
Want  of  knowledge  ;  ignorance.      Bp.  Hall. 
NESH,  o.  [Sax.  nesc]    Soft;  tender;  nice. 

[J^ot  used.]  Chaucer. 

NESS,  a  termination  of  names,  signifies  a 

promontory,  from  the  root  of  nose,  which 

see. 
NESS,  a  termination  of  appellatives,  [Sax. 

nesse,  nysse,]  denotes  state  or  quality,  as  in 

goodness,  greatness. 
NEST,  n.  [Sax.  G.  D.  id. ;  Sw.  n&ste ;  W, 

nyth;  L.  nidiis ;   Fr.   nid;   It.  Sp.  nido : 

Arm.   neiz  ;  Ir.  nead  ;   Russ.  gnizdo  ;  Gr. 

vtoume,   noaaia,  rsoffia,   unless  the  latter 

are  from  vioc.     In  Persic,  nisini  is  a  nest, 

nashiman,  a  mansion,  and  nishashtan,  to 

sit  down,  to  dwell  or  remain.] 

1.  The  place  or  bed  formed  or  used  by  a 
bird  for  incubation  or  the  mansion  of  her 
young,  until  they  are  able  to  fly.  The 
word  is  used  also  for  the  bed  in  which  cer- 
tain insects  deposit  their  eggs 

2.  Any  place  where  irrational  animals  are 
'  produced.  Bentley. 

3.  An  abode  ;  a  place  of  residence;  a  recep 
tacle  of  numbers,  or  the  collection  itself; 
usually  in  an  ill  sense  ;  as  a  nest  of  rogues. 

A  warm  close  place  of  abode ;  generally 
in  contempt.  Spenser. 

A  number  of  boxes,  cases  or  the  like, 
inserted  in  each  other. 
NEST,  I',  i.  To  build  and  occupy  a  nest. 


The  king  of  birds  nested  with  its  leaves. 

^  Howell. 

NEST'EGG,  n.  An  egg  left  in  the  nest  to 
prevent  the  hen  from  forsaking  it. 

Hudihras. 
NESTLE,  V.  i.  nes'l.  To  settle ;  to  harbor: 
to  lie  close  and  snug,  as  a  bird  in  her  nest. 
Tlie  king-fisher  nestles  in  hollnw  banks. 

L'Estranse 


Their  purpose  was  to  fortify  in  some  strong 
place  of  the  wild  country,  and  there  nestle  till 
succors  came.  Bacon. 

To  move  about  in  one's  seat,  like  a  bird 
when  forming  her  nest ;  as,  a  child  nes- 
tles. 

NESTLE,  V.  t.  nes'l.  To  house,  as  in  a  nest. 

Donne. 

2.  To  cherish,  as  a  bird  her  young. 

Chapman. 

NEST'LING,  n.  A  young  bird  in  the  nest, 
or  just  taken  from  the  nest. 

2.  A  nest.     [JVot  used.] 

NEST'LING,  a.  Newly  hatched;  being  yet 
in  the  nest.  Barringlon. 

NESTO'RIAN,  n.  A  follower  of  Nestorius, 
a  heretic  of  the  fifth  century,  who  taught 
that  Christ  was  divided  into  two  persons. 

NET,  n.  [Sax.  net,  nyt ;  D.  Dan.  net; 
G.  netz ;  Sw.  nS/,  not ;  Goth,  nati,  from 
the  root  of  knit,  Sax.  cnyttan,  whence 
knot,  L.  nodus.] 

1.  An  instrument  for  catching  fish  and 
fowls,  or  wild  beasts,  formed  with  twine 
or  thread  interwoven  with  meshes. 

2.  A  cunning  device  ;  a  snare.    Micah  vii. 
.3.  Inextricable  difiiculty.   Job  xviii. 

Severe  afflictions.    Job  xix. 
NET,  V.  t.  To  make  a  net  or  net-work ;  to 

knot.  Seward. 

NET,  a.   [Fr.   net;    It.   netto.     See   Mat. 

1.  Neat;  pure;  unadulterated.  [Little used. 

2.  Being  without  flaw  or  spot.   [lAttle  used. 

3.  Being  beyond  all  charges  or  outlay ;  as 
net  profits. 

Being  clear  of  all  tare  and  tret,  or  all  de- 
ductions ;  as  net  weight.  It  is  sometimes 
written  netl,  but  improperly.  JVet  is  prop- 
erly a  mercantile  appropriation  of  neat. 

NET,  V.  t.  To  produce  clear  profit. 

NETH'ER,  a.  [Sax.  neother ;  G.nieder  ;  D. 
Dan.  neder.  This  word  is  of  the  compar- 
ative degree  ;  the  positive  occurs  only  in 
composition,  as  in  beneath.  Sax.  neothan. 
It  is  used  only  in  implied  comparison,  as 
in  the  nether  part,  the  7iether  millstone  : 
but  we  never  say,  one  part  is  nether  than 
another.  It  is  not  much  used.] 
Lower;  lying  or  being  beneath  or  in  the 
lower  part ;  opposed  to  iipper;  as  the  neth- 
er millstone. 

Distorted  all  my  nether  shape  thus  grew 
Transform'd.  Milton. 

2.  In  a  lower  place. 
'Twtxt  upper,  nether  and  surrounding  fires. 

Milton . 

3.  Belonging  to  the  regions  below. 

Dryden. 

NETH'ERMOST,  a.  Lowest;  as  the  ne(/i- 
ermost  hell ;  the  nethermost  abyss. 

South.    Milton. 

NETTING,  n.  [from  net.]  A  piece  of  net- 
work. 

2.  A  complication  of  ropes  fastened  across 
each  otlier,  to  be  stretched  along  the  up- 
per part  of  a  ship's  quarter  to  contain 
hunnnocks.  Netting  is  also  employed  to 
hold  the  fore  and  main-top-raast  sails 
when  stowed.  Netting  is  also  extended 
along  a  ship's  gunwale  in  engagements, 
to  prevent  the  enemy  from  boarding. 

Mar.  Did. 

NETTLE,   n.   net'l.    [Sax.  netl,  ndcle ;  D. 
netcl;  G.   nessel ;   Sw.   n'assla ;  Gr.  xvihr^, 
from  the  root  of  xnju,  xmw,  to  scratch.] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Urtica,  whose  prickles 


N  E  U 


N  E  U 


NEW 


fret  the  skin  and  occasion  very  painful 
sensations. 

And  near  the  noisome  nettle  blooms  the  rose. 
Rambler,  motto. 

NET'TLE,  V.  t.  To  fret  or  sting  ;  to  irritate 
or  vex  ;  to  excite  sensations  of  displeasure 
or  uneasiness,  not  amounting  to  wrath  or 
violent  anger. 

The  princes  were  nettled  at  tlie  scandal  of 
this  affront.  L'Estrange. 

NET'TLED, /)/).  Fretted;  irritated. 

NET'TLER,  n.  One  that  provokes,  stings 
or  irritates.  Milton. 

NET'TLE-TREE,  n.  A  tree  of  the  gctius 
Celtis,  whose  leaves  are  deeply  serrated, 
and  end  in  a  sharj)  point.  Encyc. 

NET'TLING,  ppr.  Irritating ;  vexing. 

NET' -WORK,  »i.  A  complication  of  threads, 
twine  or  cords  united  at  certain  distances, 
forming  meshes,  interstices  or  open  spaces 
between  the  knots  or  intersections  ;  retic- 
ulated or  decussated  work.  Addison 

NEUROLOG'l€AL,    a.    [See    Keurologij. 
Pertaining  to  neurology,  or  to  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  nerves  of  animals. 

NEUROL'OtilST,  n.  One  who  descril)cs 
the  nerves  of  animals. 

NEUROLOGY,  >!.  [Gr.  vtvfw,  a  nerve,  and 
>/>yo{,  discourse.] 

A  description  of  the  nci-ves  of  animal  bod- 
ies, or  the  doctrine  of  the  nerves. 

NEU'ROPTER,      \       [Gr.  rtvpo.',  a  nerve 

NEUROP'TERA,  S  ""<!  rtrtpoi,  a  wing.] 
The  neuroplers  are  an  order  of  insects 
liaving  four  membranous,  transparent, 
naked  wings,  reticulated  with  veins. 

NEUROP'TERAL,  a.  Belonging  to  the 
order  of  neuropters. 

NEU'ROSPAST,  n.  [Gr.  tivpo^ftasiu,  to  draw 
with  strings.] 

A  puppet ;  a  little  figure  put  in  motion. 

More. 

NEUROT'I€,a.  [Gr.  >£vpor,  a  nerve.]  Useful 
in  disorders  of  the  nerves. 

NEUROT'Ie,  n.  A  medicine  useful  in  dis- 
orders of  the  nerves.  Encyc. 

NEUROTOM'ICAL,  a.  [See  jVeurotom't/.' 
Pertaining  to  the  anatomy  or  dissection  of 
nerves. 

NEUROT'OMIST,  n.  One  who  dissects  the 
nerves. 

NEUROT'OMY,  n.  [Gr.  rnpo,-,  a  nerve,  and 
■rsjKKj,  to  cut.] 

1.  The  dissection  of  a  nerve.  Core. 

2.  The  art  or  practice  of  dissecting  the 
nerves. 

NEUTER,  a.  nu'ler.  [L. ;  compounded  of 
ne  and  nter,  not  either.] 

1.  Not  adhering  to  either  party  ;  taking  no  part 
with  either  side,  either  when  persons 
are  contending,  or  questions  are  discussed. 
It  may  be  synonymous  with  indifferent,  or 
it  may  not.  The  United  States  remained 
neuter  during  the  French  revolution,  but 
very  few  of  the  people  were  indifferent  as 
to  the  success  of  the  parties  engaged.  A 
man  may  be  neuter  from  feeling,  and  he 
is  then  indifferent ;  but  he  may  be  neu- 
ter in  fact,  when  he  is  not  in  feehng  or 
principle.  A  judge  should  be  perfectly 
neuter  in  feehng,  that  he  may  decide  with 
impartiality. 

2.  In  grammar,  of  neither  gender;  an  epi- 
thet given  to  nouns  that  are  neither  mas- 
culine nor  feminine  ;  primarily  to  nouns 
which  express  neither  sex.  I 

Vol.  II. 


NEU'TER,  n.  A  person  that  takes  no  pan 
in  a  contest  between  two  or  more  indi 
viduals  or  nations  ;  a  person  who  is  either 
indifferent  to  the  cause,  or  forbears  to  in 
terfere. 

3.  An  animal  of  neither  sex,  or  incapable  of 
propagation.     The  working  bees  are  neu 
ters.  Ed.  Encyc. 

J^euter  verb,  in  grammar,  a  verb  which  ex- 
presses an  action  or  state  limited  to  the 
subject,  and  which  is  not  followed  by  an 
object ;  as,  I  go  ;  I  sit ;  I  am  ;  I  run  ;  I 
u'alk.  It  is  better  denominated  intrans- 
itive. 

NEU'TRAL,  a.  [Fr.  neutre  ;  L.  neutralis. 
from  neuter.] 

1.  Not  engaged  on  either  side;  not  taking 
an  active  part  with  either  of  contending 
j)arties.  It  is  policy  for  a  nation  to  be 
neutral  when  other  nations  are  at  war. 
Belligerents  often  obtain  supplies  from 
neutral  states. 

2.  Indifferent ;  having  no  bias  in  favor  of 
either  side  or  party. 

3.  InditTerent ;  neither  very  good  nor  bad 

Some  tilings  good,  and  some   things  ill  do 

seem. 
And  neutral  some  in  her  fantastic  eye. 

Davies 
JVeutral  salt,  in  chimistry,  a  salt  or  body  com- 
posed of  two  primitive  saline  substances 
in  combination,  and  possessing  the  char- 
acter neither  of  an  acid  or  alkaline  salt ; 
or  a  combination  of  an  acid  with  any  sub 
stance  which  destroys  its  acidity  ;  any  salt 
saturated  with  an  alkali,  an  earth  or  a 
metal.  But  it  is  more  usual  to  denominate 
neutral,  a  salt  which  is  united  with  an  al- 
kaline substance,  and  to  call  the  others 
earthy  or  metallic. 

Hooper.    Nicholson.     Encyi 
NEU'TRAL,   n.    A  person  or  nation  that 
takes  no  part  in  a  contest  between  others. 
The  neutral,  as  far  as  his  commerce  extends 
becomes  a  party  in  the  war.         i?.  G.  Harper. 

NEU'TRALIST,  n.  A  neutral.  [LilUeused.] 

NEUTRAL'ITY,  n.  The  state  of  being  un 
engaged  in  disputes  or  contests  between 
others  ;  the  state  of  taking  no  part  on  ci- 
ther side.  States  often  arm  to  maintain 
their  nndrality. 

i.  A  state  of  indifl'ercnce  in  feeling  or  prin 
ciple. 

.3.  Indifference  in  quality  ;  a  state  neither 
very  good  nor  evil.     [Little  used.] 

Donne. 

4.  A  combination  of  neutral  powers  or 
states  ;  as  the  armed  neutrality. 

NEUTRALIZA'TION,  n.  [from  neutralize.] 

1.  The  act  of  neutralizing  or  destroying 
the  peculiar  properties  of  a  body  by  com- 
bination with  another  body  or  substance. 

2.  The  act  of  reducing  to  a  state  of  indif- 
ference or  neutrality. 

NEU'TRALIZE,  v.  t.  To  render  neutral ; 
to  reduce  to  a  state  of  indifference  be-i 
tween  different  parties  or  opinions.  I 

In  chimistry,  to  destroy  or  render  inert  or 
imperceptible  the  peculiar  properties  of  a 
body  by  combining  it  with  a  different  sub- 1 
stance.  Thus  to  neutralize  acids  and  al-|| 
kalies,  is  to  combine  them  in  such  propor- 
tions that  the  compound  will  not  exhibit 
the  qualities  of  either.  This  is  called  a 
neutral  salt.  i 

.3.  To  destroy  the  pccidiar  properties  or  op-' 
0Q 


positc  dispositions  of  parties  or  other 
things,  or  reduce  them  to  a  state  of  indif- 
ference or  inactivity;  as,  to ncu/raZiie par- 
ties in  government ;  to  neutralize  opposi- 
tion. 

TIic  benefits  of  universities — neutralized  by 

moral  evils.  Ch.  Obs. 

A  cloud  of  counter  citations  that  neutralize 

each  other.  E.  Everett. 

NEUTRALIZED,  pp.  Reduced  to  neutral- 
ity or  indifference. 

NEU'TRALlZER,  n.  That  which  neutral- 
izes; that  which  destroys,  disguises  or 
renders  inert  the  peculiar  properties  of  a 
body.     The  base  of  a  salt  is  its  neutralizer. 

NEUTRALIZING,  ]>pr.  Destroying  or 
rendering  inert  the  peculiar  projierties  of 
a  substance ;  reducing  to  indifference  or 
inactivity. 

NEU'TRALLY,  adv.  Without  taking  part 
with  either  side  ;  indiflt-rentlj'. 

NEV'ER,  adv.  [Sax.  nafre;  ne,  not,  and 
cefrc,  ever.] 

1.  Not  ever;  not  at  any  time;  at  no  time. 
It  refers  to  the  past  or  the  future.  This 
man  was  never  at  Calcutta ;  he  will  never 
be  there. 

2.  It  has  a  particular  use  in  the  following 
sentences. 

"  Ask  me  never  so  much  dower  and  gif^." 
Gen.  xxxiv. 

"  Which  will  not  hearken  to  the  voice  of 
charmers,  charming  never  so  wisely."  Ps. 
Iviii. 

"  A  fear  of  battery — though  never  so   well 

grounded,  is  no  duress."  Blaekstone. 

This  is  a  genuine  English  use  of  never, 

found  in  our  Saxon  authors,  and  it  ought 

to  be  retained.     "Ask  me  so  much  dower 

as  never  was  done  ;"  that  is,  dower  to  any 

extent.     The  practice  of  using  ever  in  such 

phrases,  is  corrupt.     It  not  only  destroys 

the  force  but  the  propriety  of  the  phrase. 

Burke.     Camden.     fVashinglon. 

Goldsmith.     Hooke. 

3.  In  no  degree  ;  not. 
Whoever  has  a  friend  to  guide  him,  may  car- 
ry his  eyes  in  another  man's  head  and  yet  see 
never  the  worse.  South. 

4.  It  is  used  for  not.  He  answered  him  nct'er 
a  word ;  that  is,  not  ever.  This  use  is  not 
connnon. 

5.  It  is  much  used  in  composition;  as  in  nev- 
C)--ending,  ncter-failing,  nerer-dying,  never- 
ceasing,  never- fad'wg;  but  in  all  such  com- 
pounds, never  retains  its  true  meaning. 

NEVERTHELESS',  adv.  [never,  the  and 
less.]  Not  the  less  ;  notwithstanding;  tl^at 
is,  in  opposition  to  any  thing,  or  without 
regarding  it.  "  It  rained,  nevertheless,  we 
proceeded  on  our  joinney ;"  we  did  no<  the 
less  proceed  on  our  joiunej'  ;  we  proceed- 
ed in  opposition  to  the  rain,  without  re- 
garding it,  or  without  being  prevented. 

NEW,  a.  [Sax.  neotv;  D.  nieuiv:  G.  neu; 
Sw.  Dan.  )i^  ,•  L.  novus ;  It.  nuovo ;  Sp. 
nuevo ;  Gr.  isoj ;  Fr.  neuf;  Arm.  nci'Cj; 
Ir.  )ma,  tiuadh  ;  W.  neivyz ;  Russ.  novie ; 
Hindoo,    nava,nou;  Sans,   naiva;    Pers. 

p.] 
I.  Lately  made,  invented,  produced  or  come 
into  being ;  that  has  existed  a  short  time 
only  ;  recent  in  origin  ;  novel ;  opposed  to 
old,  and  used  of  things  ;  as  a  new  coat ;  a 
new  house  ;  a  new  book :  a  new  fashion ; 


NEW 


N  I  B 


NIC 


a  new  theory ;  the  new  chiraistry ;  a  new 
discovery. 
9.  Lately  introduced  to  our  knowledge ;  not 
before"  known  ;  recently  discovered  ;  as  a 
new  metal ;  a  new  species  of  animals  or 
plants  found  in  foreign  countries ;  the 
jiciti  continent. 

3.  Modern  ;  not  ancient. 

4.  Recently  produced  by  change ;  as  a  new 
hfe. 

Put  on  the  neiv  man.     Eph.  iv. 

5.  Not  habituated  ;  not  famihar  ;  unaccus- 
tomed. 

Heretics  and  such  as  instill  their  poison  into 

new  minds.  Hooker 

JVew  to  the  plough,  unpracticed  in  the  trace 

Pope 

6.  Renovated;  repaired  so  as  to  recover  the 
first  state. 

Men,  after  long  emaciating  diets,  wax  plump 
fat  and  almost  new.  Bacon 

7.  Fresh  after  any  event. 

JVew  from  her  sickness  to  that  northern  air. 

Dryden 

8.  Not  of  ancient  extraction  or  a  family  of] 
ancient  distinction. 

By  superior   capacity  and  extensive  knowl- 
edge, a  new  man  often  mounts  to  favor. 

Addison. 

9.  Not  before  used  ;  strange  ;  unknown. 

They  shall  speak  with  7iew  tongues.     Mark 
xvi. 

10.  Recently  commenced  ;  as  the  new  year. 

11.  Having  passed  the  change  or  conjunction 
with  the  .sun  ;  as  the  new  moon. 

12.  Not  cleared  and  cultivated,  or  lately 
cleared  ;  as  neio  land.  America. 

13.  That  has  lately  appeared  for  the  first 
time  ;  as  a  netv  star. 

JVew  is  much  used  in  composition  to  qual- 
ify other  words,  and  always  bears  its 
true  sense  of  late,  recent,  novel,  fresh  ;  as 
in  ncm-borii,  neut-made,  new-grov/n,  neio- 
formed,  ncio-found.  In  this  use,  new  mtiy 
be  considered  as  adverbial,  or  as  a  part  of 
the  compound. 

NEW,  V.  t.  To  make  new.     [JVot  used.] 

Cower. 

NEW'EL,  n.  In  archileclure,  the  upright 
post  about  which  are  formed  windin_ 
stairs,  or  a  cylinder  of  stone  formed  by  the 
end  of  the  steps  of  the  winding  stairs. 

2.  Novelty.     [JVot  iised.]  Spenser. 

NEW-FANG'LED,  a.  [new  and /angle.] 
New  made ;  formed  with  the  aflectation 
of  novelty ;  in  contempt. 

J\'ew-fa)isled  devices.  Atterbury. 

NEW-FANG'LEDNESS,  n.  Vain  or  af- 
fected fashion  or  form.       Sidney.     Carew. 

NEW-FASHIONED,  a.  Made  in  a  new 
form,  or  lately  come  into  fashion. 

NEW'ING,  «.  Yeast  or  barm.     Mnsworlh. 

NEWISH,  a.  Somewhat  new;  nearly  new. 

Bacon. 

NEW'LY,  adv.  Lately ;  freshly  ;  recently. 
He  rubb'd  it  o'er  witii  newly  gathered  mint. 

Dryden. 

2.  With  a  new  form,  different  from  the  for- 
mer. 

And  the  refined  mind  doth  newly  fashion 
Into  a  fairer  form.  Spenser. 

3.  In  a  manner  not  existing  before. 
NEW-MOD'EL,  v.  t.  To  give  a  new  form 

to. 

NEW-MOD'ELED,  a.  Formed  after  a  new 
model. 


NEW-MODELING,  ppr.    Giving  a  new 

form  to. 
NEWNESS,   n.    Lateness  of  origin ;    re- 

centness ;  state  of  being  lately   invented 

or  produced;  as  the  newness   of  a  dress; 

the  newness  of  a  system. 

Novelty  ;  the  state  of  being  first  known 

or  introduced.     The  newness  of  the  scene 

was  very  gratifying. 

3.  Innovation ;  recent  change. 

And  happy  newness  that  intends  old  right 

Shak. 

4.  Want  of  practice  or  familiarity. 

His  newness  shamed  most  of  the  others'  long 
exercise.  Sidney 

5.  Different  state  or  qualities  introduced  by 
change  or  regeneration. 

Even  so  we  also  should  walk  in  newness  of 
life.     Rom.  vi. 

NEWS,  n.  [fromnfty;  Fr.  nouvelles.     This 
word  has  a  plural  form,  but  is  almost  a 
ways  united  with  a  verb  in  the  singular.] 

1.  Recent  account ;  fresh  information  of 
sometliing  that  has  lately  taken  place  at 
a  distance,  or  of  sometliing  before  un 
known ;  tidings.  We  have  netvs  from 
Constantinople.  JVeivs  has  just  arrived. 
This  neu'S  is  favorable. 

Evil  news  rides  fast,   while  good  news  baits 

Milton 
It  is  no  netvs  for  the  weak  and  poor  to  be  a 
prey  to  the  strong  and  rich.  L'Estrange 

A  newspaper. 

NEWS'-MONGER,  n.  One  that  deals  in 
news ;  one  who  employs  much  time  in 
hearing  and  telling  news.  Jlrbuthnot. 

NEWS'PAPER,  n.  A  sheet  of  pajier  print 
ed  and  distributed  for  conveying  news;  a 
public  print  that  circulates  news,  adver- 
tisements, proceedings  of  legislative  bod- 
ies, public  docuiiiciits  and  the  like. 

NEWT,  n.  A  small  lizard  ;  an  eft.     Encyc. 

NEWTO'NIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Sir  Isaac 
Newton,  or  formed  or  discovered  by  him; 
as  the  JVeictonian  philosophy  or  system. 

NEWTO'NIAN,  n.  A  follower  of  Newton 
in  philosophy. 

NEW-YEAR'S  GIFT,  n.  A  present  made 
on  the  first  day  of  the  year. 

NEXT,  a.  superl.  of  nigh.  [Sax.  next  or 
7uxsla,  from  neh,  neah,  nigh;  G.  nachst ; 
D.  naast  ;  Sw.  nlist ;  Dan.  na:s.] 

1.  Nearest  in  place ;  that  has  no  object  in- 
tervening between  it  and  some  other;  im 
mediately  preceding,   or  preceding  in   or- 
der.    We  say,  the  next  person  before  or 
after  another. 

Her  princely  guest 
Was  nep:t  her  side,  in  order  sat  the  rest. 

Dryden. 

2.  Nearest  in  time ;  as  the  next  day  or  hour; 
the  next  day  before  or  after  Easter. 

3.  Nearest  in  degree,  quality,  rank,  right  or 
relation ;  as,  one  man  is  next  to  another  in 
excellence  ;  one  is  next  in  kindred  ;  one  is 
7ieit  in  rank  or  dignity.  Assign  the  prop- 
erty to  him  who  has  the  next  claim. 

NEXT,  adv.  At  the  time  or  turn  nearest  or 
immediately  succeeding.  It  is  not  mate- 
rial who  follows  next. 

NIAS,  for  an  eyas,  a  young  hawk. 

B.  Jomon. 

NIB,  71.  [Sax.  neh,  nehb.  See  JVeb,  the  same 
word  differently  written.] 

1.  The  bill  or  beak  of  a  fowl. 

2.  The  point  of  any  thing,  particularly  ofa| 
pen. 


NIB'BED,  a.  Having  a  nib  or  point. 
iMB'BLE,  V.  t.  [from  nib.]  To  bite  by  little 

at  a  time ;  to  eat  slowly  or  in  small  bits. 

So  sheep  are  said  to  nibble  the  grass. 

Sliak. 
2.  To  bite,  as  a  fish  does  the  bait ;  to  carp 

at ;  just  to  catch  by  biting.  Gay. 

NIB'BLE,  V.  i.  To  bite  at ;  as,  fishes  nibble  at 

the  bait.  Grew. 

2.  To  carp  at ;  to  find  fault ;  to  censure  little 

faults. 

Instead  of  returning  a  full  answer  to  my  book, 

he  manifestly  nibbles  at  a  single  passage. 

Tillotson. 

NIB'BLE,  n.  A  little  bite,  or  seizing  to  bite. 
NIB'BLER,  n.    One  that  bites  a  little  at  a 

time  :  a  carper. 
NIB'BLING,    ppr.    Biting   in    small    bits; 

carping. 
NICE,  a.  [Sax.  nesc  or  hnesc  ;  D.  »icsc/i,  soft, 

tender ;    G.   nascheii,   to   eat    dainties   or 

sweetmeats;  Dan.  knws,  dainties.] 

1.  Properly, soft ;  whence, delicate  ;  tender; 
dainty ;  sweet  or  very  pleasant  to  the 
taste  ;  as  a  nice  bit ,  nice  fond. 

2.  Delicate  ;  fine  ;  applied  to  texture,  compo- 
sition or  color  :  as  clotli  of  a  nice  texture  ; 
nice  tints  of  color. 

3.  Acciiiatc  ;  exact;  precise;  as  nice  pro- 
portions ;  nice  symmetry ;  nice  workman- 
slii|i ;  ?iice  rules. 

4.  Requiring  scrupulous  exactness;  as  a 
nice  point. 

5.  Perceiving  the  smallest  diflference  ;  dis- 
tinguishing accurately  and  minutely  by 
perception  ;  as  a  person  of  ?iiee  taste  ; 
iience, 

G.  Perceiving  accurately  the  smallest  faults, 
errors  or  irregularities  ;  distinguishing  and 
judging  with  exactness ;  as  a  nice  judge  of 
a  subject ;  nice  discernment. 

Our  author  happy  in  a  judge  so  tiice.    Pope. 

7.  Over  scrupulous  or  exact. 
Curious,  not  knowing  ;  not  exact,  but  nice. 

Pope. 

8.  Delicate ;  scrupulously  and  minutely  cau- 
tious. 

The  letter  was  no't  nice,  but  full  of  charge 
Of  dear  import.  Shak. 

Dear  love,  continue  nice  and  chaste. 

Donne. 

9.  Fastidious;  squeamish. 
And  to  taste, 

TTiink  not  I  shall  be  nice.  Alilttm. 

10.  Delicate  ;  easily  injured. 
How  nice  the  reputation  of  the  maid  ! 

Boscommon. 

11.  Refined;  as  nice  and  subtle  happiness. 

J^ilton. 

12.  Having  lucky  hits.  [.Yot  used.]        Shak. 

13.  Weak  ;  foolish  ;  efleminate.     Obs. 

Gower. 

14.  Trivial ;  unimportant.  Shak. 
To  make  nice,  to  be  scrupulous.  Shak. 
NI'CELY,  adv.  With   delicate  perception; 

as,  to  be  nicely  sensible. 

2.  Accurately  ;  exactly ;  with  exact  order 
or  |)roportion  ;  as  the  parts  of  a  machine 
or  building  nicely  adjusted  ;  a  shape  nicely 
proportioned ;  a  dress  nicely  fitted  to  the 
body  ;  the  ingredients  of  a  medicine  nicely 
proportioned  and  mixed. 

3.  In  colloquial  language,  well ;  cleverly ; 
dextrously  ;  handsomely  ;  in  the  best 
manner ;  as,  a  feat  is  nicely  done. 

NI'CENE,  a.  Pertaining  to  Nice,  a  town  of 
Asia  Minor.    The  JVicene    creed,  was  a 


NIC 


N  I  E 


N  I  G 


summary  of  christian  faith  composed  by 
the  council  of  Nice  against  Arianism,  A. 
D.  325,  altered  and  confirmed  by  the  coun- 
cil of  Constantinople,  A.  D.  381.  Enajc. 
NI'CENKSS,  n.  Delicacy  of  perception; 
the  fjuality  of  perceiving  small  differences 
as  mceness  of  taste. 

2.  Extreme  delicacy ;  excess  of  scrupulous 
ness  or  exactness. 

Unlike  the  niceitess  of  our  modem  dames. 

Dry  den. 

3.  Accuracy ;  minute  exactness  ;  as  nice- 
ness  of  work ;  niceness  of  texture  or  pro 
portion. 

\Vhere's  now   the  labored   niceness    in  thy 
dress .'  Dryden 

NI'CETY,  n.  Niceness;  delicacy  of  percep- 
tion. 

2.  Excess  of  delicacy ;  fastidiousness 
squeamishness. 

So  love  doth  lothe  disdainful  nicety. 

Spenser. 

3.  Minute  difference ;  as  the  niceties  of 
words. 

4.  Minuteness  of  observation  or  discrimina 
tion;  precision.     The  connoisseur  judges 
of  the  beauties  of  a  painting  with  great 
nicety. 

5.  Delicate  management ;  exactness  in  treat- 
ment. 

Love  such  nicely  requires. 

One  blast  will  put  out  all  his  fires.         SwIJi. 

6.  JViceties,  in  the  plural,  delicacies  for  food  ; 
dainties. 

NICII,     >  J    [Fr.  niche;    Sp.   Port,    nicho , 

NICHE,  ^  ■  It.  nicchia,  properly  a  nook. 
corner,  and  nicchio,  a  shell.  It  seems  to  be 
a  different  orthography  of  nooA.] 

A  cavity,  hollow  or  recess  witliin  the  thick- 
ness of  a  wall,  for  a  statue  or  bust.     Pope. 

NICK,  n.  In  the  northern  mythology,  an  evil 
spirit  of  the  waters ;  hence  the  modern 
vulgar  phrase.  Old  JVick,  the  evil  one. 

NICK,  n.  [Sw.  nick;  Dan.  nik ;  D.  knik,  a 
nod ;  G.  nicken,  to  nod  ;  genick,  the  nape  ; 
geidcke,  a  continual  nodding.  The  word 
seems  to  signify  a  point,  from  shooting 
forward.] 

1.  The  exact  point  of  time  required  by  ne- 
cessity or  convenience  ;  the  critical  time. 

UEstrange. 

2.  [G.  knick,  a  flaw.]  A  notch  or  score  for 
keeping  an  account ;  a  reckoning.     Ob.?. 

Shak. 

3.  A  winning  throw.  Prior. 

NICK,  V.  t.  To  hit ;  to  touch  luckily ;  to  per- 
form by  a  slight  artifice  used  at  the  lucky 
time. 

The  just  reason  of  doing  tilings  must  be  nick- 
frf,  and  all  accidents  improved.      L'Estrange. 

2.  To  cut  in  nicks  or  notches.    [See  jYotch.] 

Shak. 

3.  To  suit,  as  lattices  cut  in  nicks.     Obs. 

Camden. 

4.  To  defeat  or  cozen,  as  at  dice  ;  to  disap- 
point by  some  trick  or  unexpected  turn. 
Obs.  Shak. 

NICK,  V.  I.  [G.  knicken,  to  flaw.]  To  notch 
or  make  an  incision  in  a  horse's  tail,  to 
make  him  carry  it  higher. 

NICKAR-TREE,  n.  A  tree  of  the  genus 
Guilaiidina,  which  grows  in  the  western 
parts  of  the  U.  States,  and  bears  a  nut  of 
the  size  of  a  pignut.  Mease. 

NICK'EL,  n.  .\  metal  of  a  white  or  reddish 
white  color,  of  great  hardness,  very  difii- 


cult  to  be  purified,  always  magnetic,  and 
when  perfectly  pure,  malleable.  It  is 
generally  obtained  from  its  .sulfihiiret. 

NICK'ELlC,  a.  The  nickelic  acid  is  a  satu- 
rated combination  of  nickel  and  oxygen. 

NICK'ER,  n.  One  who  watches  for  oppor- 
tunities to  pilfer  or  practice  knavery. 

Jlrbuthnot. 

NICK'NAME,  n.  [In  Fr.  nique  is  a  terra  of 
contempt.  In  G.  necken  is  to  banter.  In 
Ch.  Iin  signifies  to  surname,  to  call  by  a 
name  of  reproach.] 

A  name  given  in  contempt,  derision  or  re- 
proach ;  an  opprobrious  appellation. 

Bacon. 

NICK'NAME,  V.  t.  To  give  a  name  of  re 
proach  ;  to  call  by  an  opprobrious  appel- 
lation. 

Vou  nickname  virtue  vice.  Shak 

NICK'NAMED,  p-p.  Named  in  derision. 

NICK'NAMING,  ppr.  Calling  by  a  name 
in  contempt  or  derision. 

NICOLA'ITAN,  n.  One  of  a  sect  in  the  an- 
cient christian  church,  so  named  from 
Nicolas,  a  deacon  of  the  church  of  Jerusa 
lem.  They  held  that  all  married  women 
should  be  common  to  prevent  jealousy. 
They  are  not  charged  with  erroneous 
opinions  respecting  God,  but  with  licen 
tious  practices.     Rev.  ii. 

NICO'TIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  denoting 
tobacco  ;  and  as  a  noun,  tobacco  ;  so  call 
ed  from  Nicot,  who  first  introduced  it  in 
to  France,  A.  D.  1560. 

NIC'OTIN,  n.  The  peculiar  principle  in  the 
leaves  of  tobacco  ;  a  colorless  substance 
of  an  acrid  taste.  It  is  precipitated  from 
its  solution  by  the  tincture  of  nutgalls. 

Vauquelin. 

Nie'TATE,  V.  i.  [L.  nicto,  to  wink.]  To 
wink.  Rav. 

NICTATING,        I  Winking. 

NICTITATING,   \    PP- or  «•     The  nicti- 
tating membrane  is  a  thin  membrane  that 
covers  and  protects  the  ej'es  of  some  ani 
mals,    without    entirely    obstructing    the 
sight.  Paley. 

NICTA'TION,  ji.  The  act  of  winking. 

NIDE,  71.  [L.  nidus,  a  nest.]  A  brood ;  as 
a  nide  of  pheasants.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

NIDg'ET,  ji.  a  dastard.     [.Yot  in  use.] 

Camden. 

NID'IFICATE,  v.  i.  [L.  nidifico,  from  nidus, 
a  nest.]     To  make  a  nest. 

NIDIFICA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  operation 
of  building  a  nest,  and  the  hatching  and 
feeding  of  young  in  the  nest.         Derham. 

NID'ING,  n.  [Sax.  nithing ;  Dan.  Sw.  nid- 
ing.]  A  despicable  coward ;  a  dastard. 
Obs. 

NI'DOR,  n.  [L.]  Scent;  savor.   Bp.  Taylor. 

NIDOROS'ITY,  n.  Eructation  with  the 
taste  of  undigested  roast  meat.         Floyer. 

NI'DOROUS,  a.  Resembling  the  smell  or 
taste  of  roasted  meat.  Bacon 

NID'ULANT,  a.  [L.  nidulor,  from  nidus, 
nest.] 

In  botany,  nestling ;  lying  loose  in  pulp  or 
cotton,  within  a  berry  or  pericarp. 

Martyn.     Lee. 

NIDULA'TION,  n.  The  time  of  remaining 
in  the  nest ;  as  of  a  bird.  Brown. 

NIDUS,  n.  [L.]  A  nest ;  a  repository  for 
the  eggs  of  birds,  insects,  &.C. 

NIECE,  JI.  Jicse.  [Fr.  niice ;  Arm.  nizes, 
nyes;  W.  nith;  qu.    Tlie  D.  has  nigt,  and 


the  G.  nichte.]    The  daughter  of  a  brother 
or  sister. 
NIF'LE,  n.  [Norm.]     A  trifle.     Obs. 

Chaucer. 
NIG'GARD,  J!.  [W.  nig,  straight,  narrow, 
or  G.  knicker,    a  niggard,  and  a  nod   or 
nodding ;  knickern,  to  haggle,  to  be   sor- 
didly parsimonious;  l>ar\. gnier,ior gniker 
or  gmger,  a   niggard.     This   word  seems 
to  belong  to  the   family  of  D.  knikken,  G. 
nicken,  Dan.  nikker,   to  nod,   and  this  to 
Dan.  knikker,  to  crack  ;  exhibiting  analo- 
gies similar  to  those  of  wretch,  wreck  and 
haggle.    Ard  is  a  termination,  as  in  dot- 
ard.] 
A  miser ;  a  person  meanly  close  and  cov- 
etous ;  a  sordid  wretch  who  saves  every 
cent,  or  spends  grudgingly. 
Serve  him  as  a  grudging  master. 
As  a  penurious  niggard  oiXus  wealth. 

Milton . 
Be  niggards  of  advice  on  no  pretense. 

Pope. 
NIG'GARD,  a.  Miserly;  meanly  covetous ; 
sordidly  parsimonious.  Dryden. 

2.  Sparing  ;  wary. 

Most  free  of  question,  but  to  our  demands 
JViggard  in  his  reply.  Shak. 

NIG'GARD,  v.  t.  To  stint ;  to  supply  spar- 
ingly.    [Lillle  used.]  Shak. 
NIG'GARDISE,  ji.  Niggardliness.  LVot  in 
use.]                                                  Spenser. 
NIG'GARDISH,  a.  Somewhat  covetous  or 
niggardly.                                        Johnson. 
NIGGARDLINESS,    n.    Mean   covetous- 
ness  ;  sordid  parsimony  ;  extreme  avarice 
manifested  in  sparing  expense. 

jyiggardliness  is  not  good  husbandry. 

Addison . 
NIG'GARDLY.    a.    Meanly    covetous    or 
avaricious;    sordidly    parsimonious;    ex- 
tremely sparing  of  expense. 

Where  the  owner  of  the  house  will  be  boun- 
tiful, it  is  not  for  the  steward  (o  be  niggardly. 

Hall. 
2.  Sparing;  wary;  cautiously  avoiding  pro- 
fusion. Sidney. 
NIG'GARDLY,  adv.  Sparingly  ;  with  cau- 
tious parsimony.  Shak. 
NIG'GARDNESS,  n.  Niggardliness.    [A'o< 
used.  ]                                                    Sidnei/. 
NIG'GARDY,  ji.  Niggardliness.  [Mtused.] 
NIGGLE,  V.  t.  and  i.  To  mock ;  to  trifle 
with.     [.Yot  in  use.]                         Beaum. 
NIGH,  a.  Jii.  [Sax. neah,  neahg,  neh,  for  nig; 
G.  tiahe,  nigh.     This  is  the  G.  nach,  D. 
na,  a  preposition  signifying  to,  on  or  after. 


that  is,  approaching,  pressing  on,  making 

~  VV. 

nig,  strait,  narrow.] 


towards  ;  D.   naaken,  to   approach  ;  VV 


1.  Near  ;  not  distant  or  remote  in  place  or 
time. 

The  loud  tumult  shows  the  battle  nigh. 

Prior. 
WHicn  the  fig-tree  putteth  forth    leaves,  ye 
know  tliat  suminor  is  nigh.     Matt.  sxiv. 

2.  Closely  allied  by  blood;  as  a  nigh  kins- 
man. Knolles. 

3.  Easy  to  be  obtained  or  learnt;  of  easy 
access. 

The  word  is  very  nigh  unto   thee.     Deut. 

XXX. 

4.  Ready  to  support,  to  forgive,  or  to  aid  and 
defend. 

The  Lord  is  nigh  unto  them  who  are  of  a 
broken  heart.     Ps.  xxxiv. 

5.  Close  in  fellowship  ;  intimate  in  relation. 


N  I  G 


Ye  are  made  nigh  by  the  blood  of   Christ.! 
Eph.  ii.  . 

6.  Near  in  progress  or  conilition.     Ueb.  vi. 

NIGH,  adv.  ni.    Near;  at  a  small  distance 
in  place  or  time,  or  in  the  course  of  events. 
He  was  sick,  nigh  to  death.     Phil.  ii. 

9.  Near  to  a  place. 

He  drew  nigh.  Milton. 

3.  Almost  ;  near.     He  was  ni^h  Jead. 

Nigh  is  never  a  preposition.  In  the  phrase, 
"  nigh  this  recess,  with  terror  they  sur- 
vey," there  is  an  ellipsis  of  to.  They, 
nigh  to  this  recess,  survey,  &c. 

NIGH,  V.  i.  ni.  To  approach  ;  to  advance 
or  draw  near.     [.Mot  used.]  Hubberd. 

NIGHLY,  adv.  ni'ly.  Nearly  ;  within  a  lit- 
tle. 

A  cube  and  a  sphere  nighly  of  the  same  big- 
ness.    {JVbt  used.]  Locke. 

NiGHNESS,  n.  ni'ness.  Nearness ;  prox- 
imity in  place,  time  or  degree. 

NIGHT,  71.  nite.  [Sax.  nHU;  Goth,  nahts 
D.  nagt ;  G.  nacht  ;  Sw.  natt ;  Dan.  nat, 
contracted  ;  L.  7iox ;  Gr.  »vS  ;  Sp.  noche  ; 
Port,  noile  ;  It.  notte  ;  Fr.  7iuit ;  Ir.  7iochf 
Russ.  noch  ;  Slav,  nosch  ;  Sans,  nischa. 
The  sense  may  be  dark,  black,  or  it  may 
be  the  decline  of  the  day,  from  declining, 
departing,  like  the  Sheniitic  2"^.] 

1.  That  part  of  the  natural  day  when  the 
sun  is  beneath  the  horizon,  or  the  time 
from  sunset  to  sunrise. 

1.  The  time  after  the  close  of  life ;  death. 
John  ix. 

She  closed  her  eyes  in  everlasting  night. 

bryden 

3.  A  state  of  ignorance  ;  intellectual  and 
moral  darkness ;  heathenish  ignorance. 
Rom.  xiii. 

4.  Adversity  ;  a  state  of  affliction  and  dis 
tress.     Is.  sxi. 

5.  Obscurity  ;  a  state  of  concealment  from 
the  eye  or  the  mind  ;  unintelligibleness. 

Nature  and  nature's  works  lay  hid  in  night. 

Pope 
III  the  night,  suddenly ;  unexpectedly.    Luke 

xii. 
To-night,  in  tliis  night.     To-night  the  moon 

will  be  eclipsed. 

NIGHT-ANGLING,  n.  The  angling  for  or 

catching  fish  in  the  night.  Encyc. 

NIGHT-BIRD,  n.  A  bird  that  flies  only  in 

the  night.  Hall. 

NIGHT-BORN,  a.  Produced  in  darkness. 

NIGHT-BRAWLER,  n.  One  who  excites 

brawls  or  makes  a  tumult  at  night. 

Shalt. 

NIGHT-CAP,  II.  A  cap  worn  in  bed  or  in 

undress.  Simfl 

NIGHT-€RO\V,  n.  A  fowl  that  cries  in  the 

night.  Shak. 

NIGHT-DEW,  )!.   The  dev/  formed  in  the 

uiglit.  Dryden. 

NIGHT-DOG,?!.    A  dog  that  hunts  in  the 

niulit  ;  used  by  deer-stealers.  Shak. 

N'TGIIT-DRESS,  n.  A  dress  worn  at  night 

Pope. 
NKJIITED,  a.  Darkened;  clouded;  black 


NIG 

NIGHT-FLY,  n.  An  insect  that  flies  in  the 
night.  Sliak. 

NIGHT-FOUNDERED,  a.  Lost  or  distress- 
ed in  the  night.  Mlton. 

NIGHT-GOWN,  n.  A  loose  gown  used  for 
undress.  Addison. 

NIGHT-HAG,  n.  A  witch  supposed  to  wan- 
der in  the  night.  Milton. 

NIGHTINGALE,   »i.  [Sax.  nihtegale  ;  Sw. 
nachtergal ;  D.  nagtegaal  ;  G.  nachtigall 
Dan.  nattergal ;    composed  of  night   and 
Sax.  galan,  to  sing.] 

1.  A   small   bird  that  sings  at  night,  of  the 
genus  Motacilla  ;  Philomela  or  Philomel 

Shak.     Waller. 

2.  A  word  of  endearment.  Shak. 
NIGHTISH,  a.   Pertaining  to  night,  or  at 

tached  to  the  night. 
NIGHTLY,  a.   Done  by  night  ;  happening 
in  the  night,  or  appearing  in  the  night;  as 
nightly  sports  ;  nightly  dews. 
2.  Done  every  night.     The  watch  goes  his 

nightly  round. 
NIGHTLY,  adv.  By  night. 

Thee,  Sion,  and  the  flowery  brooks  beneath, 
Mghtly  I  visit.  Milton 

Addison 
removes   filth 


m 


the 
in  the 


[Lillle  used.] 
NIGHTFALL,   n. 

evening. 
NIGHT-FARING, 

night. 
NIGHT-FIRE,  n. 

a  wisp  ;  Jack  with  a  lantern. 
2.  Fire  burning  in  the  night. 


Shak. 
The  close  of  the  day : 

Swiji. 

a.    Traveling    in    the 

Gay. 

Ignis  iatiuis  ;  Will  with 

Herbert. 


2.  Every  night. 
NIGHT-MAN,  n.  One  who 

from  cities  in  the  night. 
NIGHTMAR,    n.     [night  and  Sax.   mara, 
incubus,  nightmar.     Mara  may   be    from 
the  root  of  merran,  to  stop,  to  hinder,  [see 
Moor  ;]  or  it  may  be  the  Rabbinic  N'lD,  an 
evil  spirit  or  demon. J 
Incubus ;  a   sensation  in   sleep    resembling 
the  ]iressure  of  a  weight  on  the  breast  or 
about  the    praecordia.     It  is   usually   the 
effect  of  indigestion  or  of  a  loaded  stom- 
ach. 
NIGHT-PIECE,  n.  A  piece  of  painting  so 
colored  as  to  be  supposed  seen  by  candle- 
light. Addison. 
NIGHT-RAIL,  n.   [night  and  Sax.  regl,  or 

rather  hrcegle,  a  garment  or  robe.] 

A  loose   robe   or   garment   worn   over  the 

dress  at  night.     [JVot  used.]  Addison 

NIGHT-RAVEN,   n.    A   fowl  of  ill   omen 

that  cries  in  the  night.         Spenser.     Shak. 

NIGHT-REST,  n.  Rest  or  repose  at  night. 

Shak. 
NIGHT-ROBBER,    Ji.    One   that  robs  or 
steals  in  the  night.  Spenser. 

NIGHT-RULE, "n.  A  tumult  or  frohck 

the  night.  Shak. 

NIGHTSHADE,  n.  [Sax.  nihtscada.] 
\  plant  of  the  genus  Solanum.  The  deadly 
nightshade  is  of  the  genus  Atropa;  the 
American  nightshade  of  the  genus  Phyto- 
lacca; the  bastard  nightshade  of  the  ge 
nus  Riviua  ;  the  cnchanter^s  nightshade  of 
the  genus  Circiea  ;  the  Malabar  nightshade 
of  the  genus  Basella;  and  t\ie  three-leaved 
nightshade  of  the  genus  Trillium. 

Fnni.  of  Plants. 
NIGHT-SHINING,      a.      Shining    in    the 
night ;  luminous  in  darkness.  Uilkins. 

NIGHT-SHRIEK,  n.  A  shriek  or  outcry 
in  the  night.  Shak. 

NIGHT-SPELL,  n.  A  charm  against  acci- 
dents at  nisht.  Chaucer. 
NIGHT-TRIPPING,  a.  Tripping  about  in 
the  night ;  as  a  night-tripping  fairy. 

Shak. 
NIGHT-VISION,  7J.  A  vision  at  night 
I    Dan.  ii.  ^     . 


N  I  M 

NIGHT-WAKING,  a.    Watching   in   the 

night. 
NIGHT-WALK,  n.  A  walk  in  the  evening 
or  night.  Walton. 

NIGHT-WALKER,  n.  One  that  walks  in 

his  sleep  ;  a  somnambulist. 
2.  One  that  roves  about  in  the  night  for  evil 
purposes.    Alight-walkers  are  punishable 
by  law. 
NIGHT-WALKING,    a.    Roving 

night. 
NIGHT- WALKING,  n.    A   roving 

streets  at  night  with  evil  designs. 
NIGHT-WaNDERER,  n.    One   roving  at 

night.  Shak. 

NIGHT-WANDERING,  a.   Wandering  in 

the  night.  Shak. 

NIGHT- WARBLING,  a.  Warbling  or  sing- 
ing in  the  night.  Milton. 
NIGHTWARD,   a.    Approacliing  towards 

night.  .Milton. 

NIGHT-WATCH,  n.  A  period  in  the  night, 

as    distinguished   by    the   change   of  the 

watch.     JVighl-watches,   however,    in   the 

Psalms,  seeins  to  mean  the  night  or  time 

of  sleep  in  general. 
2.  A  watch  or  guard  in  the  night. 
NIGHT-WATCHER,  n.  One  that  watches 

in  the  night  with  evil  designs. 
NIGHT-WITCH,  n.  A  night  hag  ;  a  witch 

that  appears  in  the  night. 
NIGRES'CENT,  a.    [L.  nigresco,  to  grow 

black. 
Growing  black  ;  changing  to  a  black  color  : 

approacliing  to  blackness. 
NIG'RIN,      (        An  ore  of  titanium,  found 
NIG'RINE,  ii  "■  in   black  grains  or  rolled 

pieces.  lire. 

NIHIL'ITY,  n.  [L.  nihihim,  nihil,  nolhing  ; 

ne  and  hilum.] 
Nothingness  ;  a  state  of  being  nothing. 

Halts. 
NILL,  V.  t.  [Sax.  nillan,  that  is,  ne,  not,  and 

unllan,  to  will ;  L.  nolo  ;  ne  and  volo.] 
Not  to  will ;  to  refuse  ;  to  reject.     Obs. 

Spenser. 
NILL,  V.  i.  To  be  unwilling.  Shak. 

NILL,  n.   The  shining  sparks  of  brass  ia 

trying  and  melting  the  ore.  Johnson. 

NILOM'ETER,    n.    [.We  and   Gr.  fiETpo., 

measure. 
An  instrument  for  measuring  the  rise  of  wa- 
ter in  the  Nile  during  the  flood. 
Nim,  I',  t.  [Sax.   neman,   niman,   Goth.  ?!i- 

man,  D.  neemen,  Gr.  nehmen,  to  take.] 
To  take  ;  to  steal  ;  to  filch.     Obs. 

Hudihras.     L'Estrange. 
NIM'BLE,  a.  [qu.  W.  nwyv,  liveliness.    In 

Dan.  nem  is  sliarp,  acute.] 
Light  and  quick  in  motion ;  moving  with  ease 

and  celerity  ;  lively  ;  swift.     It  is  ap])lied 

chiefly  to  U)otions  of  the  feet  and   hands, 

sometimes  to  other   things;  as   a  nimble 

boy;  the  7iim6/s-footed  deer. 

Through  the  mid  seas  tlie  nimble  pinnace 

"sails.  Pope. 

NIMBLE-FOOTED,    a.     Running    with 

speed  ;  light  of  foot. 
NIM'BLENESS,  n.    Lightne.«s  and   agility 

in   motion  ;  quickness  ;  celerity  ;   speed  ; 

swiftness.    It  implies  lightness  and  spring- 
iness. 

The  stag   thought  it  better   to  trust  to   the 

nimbUness  of  his  leet.  Sidney. 

Ovid  ranged  over  Parnassus  with  great  ni7n- 

blmess  and  agility.  .iddisan. 


N  I  P 


N  I  S 


NIT 


NIM' BLESS,  n.  Nimbleness.     Obs. 

Spenser. 

NIM'BLE-WITTED,  a.   Quick  ;  ready  to 

speak.  ■'*,'"•'"'• 

NIM'BLY,  adv.    With   agility  ;  witli  light, 

quick  inotion. 

He  capers  nimblu  in  a  lady's  chamber. 

Shak. 

NIM'lETY,  n.  [L.  nimietns.]  The  state  of 
being  too  much.     [JVot  in  use.] 

NIM'MEK,  n.  [Sax.  mman,  to  take.]  A 
thief.     [JVot  in  use.]  Hudibras. 

NIN'COMPOOP,  n.  [said  to  be  a  corrup- 
tion of  L.  non  compos,  not  uf  sound  mind.] 

A  fool ;  a  blockliead  ;  a  trifling  dotartl.  [^1 
low  word.]  Addison 

NINE,  a.  [Goth,  niun ;  G.  neun ;  Sw.  nijo  , 
Dan.  »ii;  h.nomis;  probably  contracted, 
as  the  Saxon  is  nigan,  and  the  Dutch  iii 
gen,  Hindoo  noiv,  liurinan  no  or  nonaw. 

Denoting  the  number  compo.sed  of  eight  and 
one  ;  as  nine  men  ;  nine  days. 

NINE,  n.  The  number  composed  of  eight 
and  one  ;  or  the  number  less  by  a  unit 
than  ten  ;  tliree  times  three. 

NI'NE-FOLl),  a.  Nine  times  repeated. 

Milton. 

NINE-HOLES,  n.  A  game  in  which  lioles 
are  made  in  tlie  ground,  into  which  a  pel- 
let is  to  be  bowled.  Drayton. 

NI'NE-PENCE,  n.  Asilvercoin  of  the  val- 
ue of  nine  pence. 

Nl'NE-PINS,  n.  A  play  with  nine  pins  or 
sharpened  pieces  of  wood  set  on  end, 
at  which  a  bowl  is  rolled  for  throwing 
them  down.  We  say,  to  play  at  nine-pins, 
or  a  game  at  nine-pins. 

NI'NE-SCORE,  a.  Noting  nine  times  twen- 
ty, or  one  hundred  and  eighty.  [See 
Score] 

NI'NE-SCORE,  n.  The  number  of  nine 
times  twenty. 

NI'NETEEN,  a.  [Sax.  mg-f(?i(^jie.]  Noting 
the  number  of  nine  and  ten  united  ;  as 
nineteen  year.''. 

NINETEENTH,  a.  [Sax.  nigantothe.]  The 
.   ordinal    of   nineteen  ;  designating   nine- 
teen. 

NI'NETIETH,  o.   The  ordinal  of  ninety. 

NI'NETY,    a.    Nine  times  ten  ;  as   ninctij 


nippers 


years. 

NIN'NY,  n. 

At.  lu: 


[Sp.  niiio  ;  L.  nanus,  a  dwarf 
weak  in  niiiid.l 


A  fool  ;  a  simpleton.  Swift. 

NIN'NYHAMMEK,  n.  A  simpleton.    [Lit 

tie  used.]  Jlrbuthnot. 

NINTH,    a.     [Sax.  nigeiha,  nigotha  ;    but 

ninth,  in  English,  is  formed  directly  from 

nine  ;  Sw.  nijude.] 
The  ordinal  of  nine  ;  designating  the  num 

ber   nine,  the  next  preceding  ten  ;  as  the 

ninth  day  or  month. 
NINTH,  71.  In  music,  an  interval  containing 

an  octave  and  atone. 
NIP,  V.  t.    [D.   knippen,  to  nip,  to  cli)),  to 

pinch  ;  Sw.  knipa  ;  G.   kneif,   a  knife,  a 

nipping  tool ;  kneifen,  to  nip,  to  cut  off,  to 

pinch  ;  kniff,  a  pinch,  a  nipping  ;  knipp, 

a    fillip,   a    snap  ;  W.   cneiviuw,   to    clip. 

These   words   coincide  with   knife,    Sax. 

cnif  Fr.  ganif  or  canif] 
1.  To  cut,  bite  or  pinch  off  the  end  or  nib, 

or  to  pinch  cfi'  with  the  ends  of  the  fin- 


gers. The  word  is  used  in  both  senses ; 
the  former  is  probably  the  true  sense. 
Hence, 

2.  To  cut  off  the  end  of  any  thing  ;  to  clip, 
as  with  a  knife  or  scissors ;  as,  to  nip  off 
a  shoot  or  twig, 

3.  To  blast ;  to  kill  (jr  destroy  the  end  of  any 
thing;  hence,  to  kill ;  as,  the  frost  has  nip- 
ped the  corn  ;  the  leaves  are  nipped  ;  the 
jilaiit  was  nipped  in  the  bud.  Hence,  to 
nip  in  the  bud,  is  to  kill  or  destroy  in  in- 
fancy or  youth,  or  in  the  lirst  stage  of 
growth. 

4.  To  pinch,  bite  or  affect  the  extremities  of 
any   thing  ;  as  a   nipping  frost ;  hence,  to 

t     pinch  or  bite  in  general ;  to  check  growth 

5.  To  check  circulation. 
i  When  blood  is  ?iip(.     [Unusual.]         Shak. 

6.  To  bite  ;  to  vex. 

1  And  shiirp  remorse  his  heart  did  prick   and 

I  nip.  Spenser. 

17.  To  satirize  keenly;  to  taunt  sarcastically. 
I  Hubberd. 

NIP,  n.  A  pinch  with  the  nails  or  teeth. 
I  Ascham. 

9.  A  small  cut,  or  a  cutting  off  the  end. 
pj.  A  blast  ;  a  killing  of  the  ends  of  plants  ; 
I     destruction  by  frost. 

A.   A  biting  sarcasm  ;  a  taunt.  Slepney. 

5.  A  sip  or  small  draught ;  as  a  nip  of  toddy. 
I     [G.  nippen,  Dan.  nipper,  to  sip.] 
NIP'PED,  (  Pinched  ;  bit  ;    cropped  ; 

NIPT,  S   ^'     blasted. 

NIPPER,  n.  A  satirist.     [JVot  uscd.^ 

Ascham. 

3.  A   fore  tooth  of  a  horse.    The 
are  four. 

NIP'PERS,  n.  Small  pinchers. 

NIP'PING,  ppr.  Pinching  ;  pinching  off; 
biting  off  the  end  ;  cropping  ;  clipping  ; 
blasting  ;  killing. 

NIP'PINGLY,  adv.  With  bitter  sarcasm. 

Johnson 

NIP'PLE,  n.  [Sax.  nypele  ;  dim.  of  nib,  neb. 

I.  A  teat ;  a  dug  ;  the  spungy  |)rotuberance 
by  which  milk  is  drawn  from  the  breasts 
of  females.  ^".V-     Encyc' 

The  orifice  at  which  any  animal  liquor  is 
separated.  Derham. 

NIP'PLEWoRT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Lapsana. 

NIS'AN,  n.  .\  month  of  the  Jewish  calen- 
dar, the  first  month  of  the  sacred  year 
and  seventh  of  the  civil  year,  answering 
nearly  to  our  IMarch.  It  was  originally 
called  Abib,  but  began  to  be  called  Nisan 
after  the  captivity.  Encyc. 

NISI  PRIUS,  71.  [L.]  In  law,  a  writ  which 
lies  in  cases  where  the  jury  being  impan- 
neled  and  returned  before  the  justices  of 
the  bench,  one  of  the  parties  requests  to 
have  this  writ  for  the  ease  of  the  country, 
that  the  cause  may  be  tried  before  the 
justices  of  the  same  county.  The  purport 
of  the  writ  is,  that  the  sheriff  is  command- 
ed to  bring  to  Westminster  the  men  im- 
panneled  at  a  certain  day,  before  the  jus- 
tices, nisi  prius,  that  is,  unless  the  justices 
shall  first  come  into  the  county  to  take 
assizes.  Hence  the  courts  directed  to  try 
matters  of  fact  in  the  several  counties  are 
called  courts  of  J^isi  Prius,  or  .Yisi  Prius 
courts.  Ill  some  of  the  United  States, 
similar  courts  are  established,  with  powers 
defined  by  statute. 


|N1T,  n.     [Sax.  hnitu;    G.  niss;   D.  neei; 
Sw.  gnet ;   Dan.    gnid ;  W.  nezen,  )ie:.] 
The  egg  of  a  louse  or  other  small  insect. 

Derham. 
NI'TENCY,  n.   [from   L.   ni7eo,   to  shine.] 

1.  Brightness  ;  luster.     [Little  used.] 

2.  [L.  nitor,  to  strive.]    Endeavor  ;  effort  ; 
spring  to  expand  itself.     [Little  ttsed.] 

Boyle. 
NIT'ID,  a.  [L.  nitidus.]  Bright  ;  lustrous  ; 

shilling.  Boyle. 

2.  Gay  ;  spruce  ;  fine  ;  applied    to   persons. 

[Little  used.]  Heeve. 

Nl'TER,     n.      [Fr.     nitre;    Sp.     It.     m- 

Iro  ;   L.   nitrum  ;   Gr.    rtTpoi'  ;    Heb.  Syr. 


inj;   .\r. 


u}.f 


la  j    nitrona.    In  Hebrew, 


the  verb  under  which  this  word  appears 
signifies  to  spring,  leap,  shake,  and  to 
strip  or  break  ;  in  Gh.  to  strip  or  to  fall 
ofl';  in  Syriac,  the  same  ;  in  Sam.  to  keep, 
to  watch  or  guard  ;  in  Ar.  the  same  ;  iu 
Eth.  to  shine.] 

A  salt,  called  also  salt-peter  [stone-salt,] 
and  in  the  modern  nomenclature  of  chim- 
istry,  nitrate  of  potash.  It  exists  in  large 
fiuaiilities  in  the  earth,  and  is  continually 
formed  in  inhabited  places,  on  walls  shel- 
tered from  rain,  and  in  all  situations  where 
animal  matters  are  decomposed,  under 
stables  and  barns,  &c.  It  is  of  great  use 
in  the  arts  ;  is  the  principal  ingredient  iu 
gunpowder,  and  is  useful  in  medicines, 
in  preserving  meat,  butter,  &c.  It  is  a 
white  substance,  and  has  an  acrid,  bitter- 
ish taste.  Hooper.     Fourcroy. 

NITH'ING,  n.  [Sax.]  A  coward  ;  a  das- 
tard ;  a  poltroon.     [See  .V'irfing-.] 

NI'TRATE,  n.  A  salt  formed  by  the  union 
of  the  nitric  acid  with  a  base  ;  as  nitrate 
of  .soda.  Lavoisier.     Fourcroy. 

NITRATED,  a.  Combined  with  niter. 

Kirwan. 

NITRIC,  a.  Impregnated  with  niter.  A"- 
t lie  acid  is  the  acid  saturated  with  oxygen, 
or  an  acid  composed  of  oxygen  and  nitro- 
gen or  azote. 

NITRITE,  n.  A  salt  formed  by  the  combi- 
nation of  the  nitrous  acid  with  a  base. 

NI'TROgEN,  7!.  [Gr.  «rpo;',  niter,  and 
yfji'ou,  to  produce.] 

The  element  of  niter ;  that  which  produces 
niter;  that  element  or  component  part  of 
air  which  is  called  azote.     [See  .-Izole.] 

NITROg'ENOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  nitro- 
gen ;  producing  niter. 

NITROLEU'CIe,  a.  Designating  an  acid 
obtained  from  leucine  acted  on  by  niter. 

Brnconnet. 

NiTROM'ETER,  n.  [Gr.  nrpo.  and  ^frptu, 
to  measure.] 

An  instrument  for  ascertaining  the  quality 
or  value  of  niter.  Ure. 

NITRO-MURIAT'IC,  a.  Partaking  of  niter 
and  muria  or  sea-salt.  The  nitio-niiiri- 
atic  acid  is  a  combination  or  nii.\ture  of 
nitric  and  muriatic  acid. 

NITROUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  niter ;  partak- 
ing of  the  qualities  of  niter,  or  resembling 
it.  .Wilruus  acid  is  one  of  the  compounds 
formed  of  nitrogen  and  oxygen,  in  which 
the  oxygen  is  in  a  lower  proportion  than 
tl)at_  in  which  the  same  elements  form 
nitric  acid. 


NOB 


NOB 


3. 


,  not  one.    Rom 


NI'TRY,  a.    Nitrous;  pertaining  to   niter; 

prnducing  niter.  Gay. 

NIT'TER,  11.  [from  nil.]    The    horse  bee 

that  deposits  nits  on  horses.     Med.  Repos. 
NIT'TILY,  adv.  [from  niliy.]  Lousily.  [ATot 

used.]  Hayward. 

NIT'TV,  a.  [from  nil.]  Full  of  nits;  aboutid- 

ing  with  nits.  Johnson. 

NIVAL,    a.    [L.    nivalis,   from   nix,  nivis, 

snow.] 
Abounding  with  snow  ;  snowy.     [JVot  used 

Diet. 
Nl'VEOUS,  a.  [L.  niveus.]  Snowy  ;  resem 

bling  snow  ;  partaking  of  the  qualities  of 

snow.  Broivn. 

NO.  an  abbreviation  of  nitmber,  Fr.  nomhre  ; 

as  JVo.  8.  No.  10. 
NO,  adv.  [Sax.  na  or  ne;  W.  na;  Russ.  ne; 

Sans,  na  ;  Pers.  Zend,  id.] 

1.  A  word  of  denial  or  refusal,  expressing  a 
negative,  and  equivalent  to  nay  and  not. 
When  it  expresses  a  negative  answer,  it  is 
opposed  to  yes  or  yea.     VVill  you  go  ?    .Vo. 

It  is  frequently  used  in  denying  propo 
sitions,  and  opposed  to  affirmation  or  con 
cession.  "  Tliat  I  may  prove  tliem,  wheth- 
er they  will  walk  in  my  law,  or  no."  Ex 
xvi.  JVo,  in  this  use,  is  deemed  less  ele- 
gant than  not,  but  the  use  is  very  general 

2.  After  another  negative,  it  repeats  the  ne- 
gation with  great  emphasis. 

There  13  none  righteous,  no 
iii.     1  Cor.  v. 

Sometimes    it    follows  an    affirmative 
proposition  in  like  manner,  but  still  it  de 
nies  with  emphasis  and  gives  force  to  the 
following  negative. 

To  whom  we  gave  place  by  subjection,  no, 
not  for  an  hour.     Gal.  ii. 

Sometimes  it  begins  a  sentence  with  a 
like  emphatical  signification,  strengthen- 
ing the  following  negative. 

JVo,  not  the  bow  which  so  adorns  the  skies 

So  glorious  is,  or  boasts  so  many  dyes. 
.  ^  Waller 

3.  Not  in  any  degree  ;  as  no  longer ;  no 
shorter ;  no  more  ;  no  less. 

4.  When  710  is  repeated,  it  expresses  nega- 
tion or  refusal  with  emphasis  ;  as  no,  no 

NO,  a.  Not  any  ;  none. 

Let  there  be  no  strife  between  thee  and  me. 
Gen.  xiii. 

2.  Not  any  ;  not  one. 

Thou  shall    worship   no  other   God. 
xxxiv. 

3.  When  it  precedes  where,  as  in  no  where,  it 
may  be  considered  as  adverbial,  though 
originally  an  adjective 

NOBIL'IARY,  n.  [SeeJVoiic]  A  history  of] 

noble  families.  Encyc. 

NOBIL'ITATE,  v.t.  [L.  nobilito.     SeeJVo- 

ble.]     To  make  noble  ;  to  ennoble. 
NOBILITA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  making 
noble.  More 

.NOBIL'ITY,  ji.  [L.  nobilitas.]  Dignity  of 
mind  ;  greatness  ;  grandeur  ;  tliat  eleva- 
tion of  soul  which  comprehends  bravery, 
generosity,  magnanimity,  intrepidity,  and 
contempt  of  every  thing  that  dishonors 
t'haracter. 

Though  she  hated  Amphialus,  yet  the  nobili- 
ty of  her  courage  prevailed  over  it.  Sidney 
They   thought  it   great    their  sovereign   to 

control, 
And  named  their  pride,  nobility  of  soul. 

Vryden. 


Ex 


Antiquity  of  family  ;  descent  from  noble! 
ancestors ;  distinction  by  blood,  usually, 
joined  witli  riches. 

When  I  took  up  Boccaee  unawares,  I  fell  on^ 
the  same  argument  of  preferring  virtue  to  jso-j 
bility  of  blood  and  titles,  in  the  story  of  Sigis-i 
munda.  Dryden) 

The  qualities  which  constitute  distinction 
of  rank  in  civil  society,  according  to  the 
customs  or  laws  of  the  country  ;  tliat  em- 
inence or  dignity  which  a  man  derives 
from  birth  or  title  conferred,  and  which 
places  him  in  an  order  above  oommon 
men.  In  Great  Britain,  nobility  is  ex- 
tended to  five  ranks,  those  of  duke,  mar- 
quis, earl,  viscount  and  baron. 

4.  The  persons  collectively  who  enjoy  rank 
above  commoners ;  the  peerage  ;  as  the 
English  »ioij7i7_i/ ;  French,  German,  Rus 
sian  nobility. 

NO'BLE,  a.  [Fr.  Sp.  noble  ;  Port,  nobre  ;  It. 
nobile ;    L.    nobilis,    from   nosco,  novi, 
know.] 

Great ;  elevated  ;  dignified  ;  being  above 
every  tiling  that  can  dishonor  reputation 
as  a  noble  mind ;  a  noble  courage  ;  noble 
deeds  of  valor.  Milton. 

Exalted  ;  elevated  ;  sublime. 

Statues,  with  winding  ivy  crown'd,  belong 
To  nobler  poets  for  a  nobler  song.      Dryden. 
Magnificent ;  stately  ;  splendid  ;  as  a  no- 
ble parade  ;  a  noble  edifice. 
Of  an  ancient  and  splendid  family ;  a 
ble  by  descent. 

5.  Distinguished  from  commoners  by  rank 
and  title  ;  as  a  noble  personage. 

6.  Free ;  generous ;  liberal ;  as  a  7ioWe  heart. 

7.  Principal ;  capital ;  as  the  noble  parts  of 
the  body.  Johnson. 

Ingenuous;  candid;  of  an  excellentdispo- 
sition ;  ready  to  receive  truth.     Acts,  xvii 

9.  Of  the  best  kind;  choice;  excellent;  as  a 
noble  vine.     Jer.  ii. 

NO'BLE,  n.  A  person  of  rank  above  a 
commoner;  a  nobleman;  a  peer;  as  a 
duke,  marquis,  earl,  viscount  or  baron 

2.  In  Scripture,  a  person  of  honorable  family 
or  distinguished  by  station.  Ex.  xxiv. 
Neh.  vi. 

3.  Originally,  a  gold  coin,  but  now  a  money 
of  account,  value  6s.  8d.  sterling,  or  $1 
48  cts.  Camden. 

NO'BLEMAN,  n.  A  noble  ;  a  peer ;  one 
who  enjoys  rank  above  a  commoner,  ei- 
ther by  virtue  of  birth,  by  office  or  patent. 

Dryden 
NO'BLEWoMAN,  n.    A  female   of  noble 
i-ank.  Cavendish. 

NOBLENESS,  n.  Greatness;  dignity;  in- 
genuousness; magnanimity;  elevation  of 
mind  or  of  condition,  particularly  of  the 
mind. 

His  purposes  are  full  of  honesty,  nobleness 
and  integrity.  Taylor 

Greatness  of  mind  and  nobleness  tlieir  seat 
Build  in  her  loveliest.  Milton 

The  noble/iess  of  life  is  to  do  this —       Shak. 
2.  Distinction  by  birth ;  honor  derived  from 

a  noble  ancestry. 
NOBLESS',  n.  [Fr.  noblesse,  from  Sp.  no- 
bleta.] 

1.  The  nobility  ;  persons  of  noble  rank  col- 
lectively, including  males  and  females. 

Dryden 

2.  Dignity  ;  greatness  ;  noble  birth  or  con- 
dition.    [In  these  senses,  not  now  iised.] 

Spenser.    B.  Jonson. 


N  O  C 

NO'BLY,  adv.  Of  noble  extraction  ;  de- 
scended from  a  family  of  rank  ;  as  nobly 
born  or  descended.  Dryden. 

With  greatness  of  soul ;  heroically;  with 
inaa;nanimity  ;  as  a  deed  nobly  Aone.     He 
7iobiy  preferred  death  to  disgrace. 
Splendidly;  magnificently.     He  was  »jo- 
bly  entertained. 

Where  could  an  emperor's  ashes  have  been 
so  nobly  lodged  as  in  the  midst  of  his  metropo- 
lis and  on  the  top  of  so  exalted  a  monument  ? 

.Addison . 

NO'BODY,  n.  [no  and  body.]  No  person ; 
no  one.  Sioi/l. 

NO'CENT,  a.  [L.  nocens,  from  noceo,  to 
hurt,  from  striking,     iiee  Annoy.] 

Hurtful  ;  mischievous  ;  injurious ;  doing 
hurt;  as  noceni  qualities.  Watts. 

NO'OIVE,  a.  [L.  nocivus.]  Hurtful  ;  injuri- 
ous. Hooker. 

NOCK,  n.  A  notch.     Obs.     [See  Notch.] 

NOCK,  t'.  t.  To  place  in  the  notch.     Obs. 

Chapman. 

NOCTAMBULA'TION,  n.  [L.  nox,  night, 
and  ambulo,  to  walk.] 

A  rising  from  bed  and  walking  in  sleep. 

Beddoes. 

NOeTAM'BULIST,  n.  One  who  rises 
fiom  bed  and  walks  in  his  sleep.  Arbuth- 
not  uses  noctambulo  in  the  same  sense; 
but  it  is  a  less  analogical  word. 

NOCTID'IAL,  a.  [L.  nox,  night,  and  dies, 
day.] 

Comprising  a  night  and  a  day.     [Little  used.] 

Holder. 

NOeTIF'EROUS,   a.    [L.   jio.r,  night,  and 

fero,  to  bring.]      Bringing  night.      [Not 

used.]  Diet. 

NOeTIL'UGA,  n.  [L.  nox,  night,  and  luceo, 

to  shine.] 
A  species  of  phosphorus   which  shines  in 
darkness  without  the  previous  aid  of  solar 

Encyc. 
in  the  night. 


NO€TIL'U€OUS,  a. 


Shining 

Pennant. 

[L.  nox,  night,   and 

Wandering  in    the 


NOeTIV'AGANT,  a. 

vagor,  to   wander.] 
night. 
NO€TIVAGA'TION,  n.    A  roving  in  the 
night.  Gaylon. 

NOC'TUARY,  ?!.  [from  L.  nox,  night.]   An 
account  of  what  passes  in  the  night. 

Addison. 
NOC'TULE,    71.    [from  L.  Jiox,  night.]     A 

large  species  of  bat. 

NOC'TURN,    7!.    [L.  nocturnus,  by  night.] 

An  office  of  devotion,  or  religious  service 

by  night.  Stillingjleet. 

NOCTURN'AL,  a.  [L.  ?ioc<un!Ms,  from  Tior, 

night.] 
L  Pertaining  to  night;  as  nocturnal  dark- 
ness. 
2.  Done  or  happening  at  night ;   as  a  noc- 
turnal expedition  or  assault  ;  a  nocturnal 
visit. 

Nightly;  done  or  being  every  night. 
From  gilded  roofs  depending  lamps  display 
Nocturnal  beams,  that  emulate  the  day. 

IJryden. 

NOCTURN'AL,  7!.  An  instrument,  chiefly 
used  at  sea  to  take  the  altitude  of  stars 
about  the  pole,  in  order  to  ascertain  the 
latitude.  This  may  be  a  hemisphere,  or  a 
planisphere  on  the  plane  of  the  equinoc- 
tial. Encyc. 


NOD 


N  O  I 


N  O  M 


NO€'UMENT,  n.  [L.  nocumfntum,  from 
noceo,  to  luirt.]     Harm.     [A'o<  xised.] 

NOD,  V.  i.  [L.  nuto  ;  Cir.  rfvu,  contracted ; 
W.  amnaid,  a  nod  ;  amneidiaw,  to  nod,  to 
beckon,  Iroiii  naid,  a  leap,  a  spring  ;  nei- 
diaw,  to  leap,   to   throb  or   beat,  as  the 

pulse;  Ar.   ^  L;    to  nod,  to  shake;  Heb. 

Ch.  Syr.  nu  to  move,  to  shake,  to  wander. 
It  coincides  in  elements  with  L.  nolo,  to 
swim.    Class  Nd.  No.  3.  9.  10.] 

1.  To  incline  the  head  with  a  quick  motion, 
either  forward  or  sidewise,  as  persons 
nod  in  sleep. 

2.  To  bend  or  incline  with  a  quick  motion  ; 
as  nodding  plumes. 

The  nodding  verdure  of  its  brow. 

Thomson. 

3.  Te  be  drowsy. 

Your  predecessors,  contraiy  to  other  authors, 
never  pleased  their  readers  more  than  when  ihey 
were  nodding.  Addison. 

4.  To  make  a  slight  bow ;  also,  to  beckon 
with  a  nod. 

NOD,  V.  t.  To  incline  or  bend  ;  to  shake. 

Shak. 
NOD,  n.  A  quick  declination  of  the  head. 
A  look  or   a  nod  only  ought  to  coriect  then 
when  Ihcy  do  amiss.  Locke 

3.  A  quick  declination  or  inclination. 
Like  a  drunken  sailor  on  a  mast. 
Ready  with  every  nod  to  tumble  down. 

Shak. 

3.  A  quick  inclination  of  the  head  in  drowsi 
ness  or  sleep.  Locke. 

4.  A  slight  obeisance.  Shak 

5.  A  command  ;  as  in  L.  numen,  for  nuta- 
men. 

NO'DATED,  a.  [L.  nodahis.]  Knotted.    A 

noddled  hyperbola   is  one  that  hy  turning 

round  crosses  itself. 
NODA'TION,  n.  [L.  nodatio,  from  nodn,  to 

tie.] 
The  act  of  making  a  knot,  or  state  of  being 

knotted.     [Lntlk  used.] 
NOD'DEN,  a.  Bent;  iuclined.  [JVolinuse.] 

Thomson. 
NOD'DER,    n.   One  who  nods ;  a  drowsy 

person.  Pope. 

NOD'DING,  ppr.  Inclining  the  head  with  a 

short  quick  motion. 
NOD'DLE,  n.  [qu.  L.   nodnlus,  a  lump  ;  or 

from  tiod.]     The  head  ;  in  contempt. 
Come,  master,  1  have  a  project  in  my  noddle. 
VEstrange. 
NOD'DY,  71.  [qu.   Gr.  i-wSj^s.]  A  simpleton  ; 

a  fool. 

2.  A  fowl  of  tlie  genus  Sterna,  very  simple 
and  easily  taken. 

3.  A  game  at  cards.  B.  Jonson. 
NODE,    n.    [L.    nodus ;    Eng.  knot ;  allied 

probably  to  knit.  Sax.  cnytlan.] 

1.  Properly,  a  knot ;  a  knob  ;  hence, 

2.  In  surgery,  a  swelling  of  the  periosteum, 
tendons  or  bones. 

3.  In  astronomy,  the  poitjt  where  the  orbit  of 
a  ])lanet  intersects  the  ecliptic.  These 
points  are  two,  and  that  where  a  planet 
ascends  northward  above  the  plane  of  the 
ecliptic,  is  called  the  ascending  node,  or 
dragon^s  head;  that  where  a  planet  de- 
scends to  the  south,  is  called  the  descend- 
ing node,  or  dragon''s  tail.  Encyc. 

4.  In  poetry,  the  knot,  intrigue  or  plot  of  a 
piece,  or  the  principal  ditiicidty. 

5.  In  dialing,  a  point  or  hole  in  the  gnomon 


of  a  dial,  by  the  shadow  or  light  of  whicli, 
either  the  hour  of  the  day  in  dials  without 
furniture,  or  llie  parallels  of  the  sun's  de- 
clination and  his  place  in  the  ecliptic,  &c. 
in  dials  with  furniture,  are  shown. 

NODO'SE,  a.  [L.  nodosus,  from  nodus, 
knot.] 

Knotted  ;  having  knots  or  swelling  joints. 

Martyn. 

NODOS'ITY,  »i.  Knottincss.  Broicn. 

NO'DOUS,  a.  [L.nodotus.]  Knotty;  full  of 
knots.  Brown. 

NOD'ULAR,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  in  the 
form  of  a  nodule  or  knot. 

NOD'ULE,  n.  [L.  nodulus.]  A  little  knot  or 
ump. 

NOD'ULED,  a.  Having  little  knots  or 
limps.  Dariein. 

NOG,  n.  [ahbrev.  of  nog-gen.]    A  little  pot 
ilso,  ale.  Skinner.     Swijl. 

NOG'GEN,  a.  Hard;  rough;  harsh.  [JVot 
used.]  A.'i/ig'  Charles 

NOGGIN,  tt.  A  small  mug  or  wooden  cup 

NOG'GING,  n.  A  partition  of  scantlings 
filled  with  bricks.  Mason. 

NOl'ANCE,  n.  [See^nnoy.]    Annoyance 
trouble  ;  mischief;    inconvenience.     [.Not 
\ised.]  Shak. 

^?JiW°l  """''^'  I  are  not  in  use. 

NOILR,  for  annoyer,     >  T,iiier 

NOIOUS,  troublesome,  )  ^  '"^^'^ 

NOISE,  »i.  noiz.  [Fr.  noisp,  strife,  squabble, 

dispute  ;  Arm.   noes.     Class   Ns.   Ar.    11. 

Syr.  24.  and  L.  noxa,  noxia.    Class  Ng 

No.  2.3.] 

1.  Sound  of  any  kind,  or  proceeding  from 
any  cause,  as  the  sound  made  by  the  or- 
gans of  speech,  hy  the  wings  of  an  insect, 
the  rushing  of  the  wind,  or  the  roaring  ol 
the  sea,  of  cannon  or  thunder,  a  low  sound, 
a  high  sound,  &c.  ;  a  word  of  general  sig- 
nification. 

2.  Outcry ;  clamor  ;  loud,  importunate  or 
continued  talk  c,i;pressive  of  boasting, 
complaint  or  quarreling.  In  quarreling,  it 
expresses  less  than  uproar. 

What  noise  have  we  about  transplantation  of 
diseases  and  tr.in«fusiou  of  blood  ?  Baker 

3.  Frecpient  talk ;  much  public  conversa- 
tion. 

Socratos  lived  in  Athens  during  the  c^-eat 
plague  which  has  made  so  much  noise  in  all 
ages,  and  never  caught  the  least  infection. 

Spectator. 

NOISE,  V.  i.  noiz.  To  sound  loud. 

Harm   those   terrors   did   me   none,   though 
noising  loud.  Milton 

NOISE,  V.  t.  naiz.  To  spread  by  rumor  or 
report. 

All   these    sayings    were    noised   abroad — 
Luke  i. 
2.  To  disturb  with  noise.     [.Vo<  authorized.] 

Dry  den. 
NOIS'ED,    pp.  s  as  z.    Spread  by  report  ; 

much  talked  of. 
NOISEFL'L,    a.    noiz'fid.    Loud  ;   clamor- 
ous ;  making  much  noise  or  talk. 

Drydtn. 

NOISELESS,  a.  noiz'less.  Making  no  noise 

or  bustle  ;  silent  ;  as  the   noiseless  foot  of 

time.  Shak. 

So  noiseless  would  I  live.  Dryden. 

NOISE-MAKER, n.  noiz'-maker.  One  who 

makes  a  clasnor.  UBslrange. 

NOISILY,  adv.  noiz'ily.  With  noise;  with 

making  a  noise. 


NOISINESS,  )!.  noiziness.  Tlie  state  of 
being  noisy  ;  loudness  of  sound  ;  clamor- 
ousness. 

NOISING,  ppr.  noiz'ing.  Spreading  by  re- 
port. 

NOISOME,  a.  noi'sum.  [Norm,  noisife;  It. 
nocivo,  noioso.  This  word  is  formed  with 
the  Teutonic  some,  united  with  the  It. 
noiare,  Fr.  nuire,  nuisant,  from  the  L. 
)ioj-a,  7iocfo,  to  hint.     Class  Ng.] 

1.  Noxious  to  health  ;  hurtful ;  mischievous; 
unwholesome  ;  insalubrious  ;  destructive  ; 
as  noisome  winds;  noisome  effluvia  or  mi- 
asmata ;  noisome  pestilence. 

Milton.     Dryden. 

2.  Noxious  ;  injurious. 

3.  Offensive  to  the  smell  or  other  senses ; 
disgusting ;  fetid. 

Foul  breath  is  noisome.  Shak. 

NOI'SOMELY,  adv.  With  a  fetid  stench  ; 

with  an  infectious  steam. 
NOI'SOMENESS,  ji.  Offensiveness  to  the 

smell ;  quality  that  disgusts.  South. 

NOISY,  a.  noiz'y.  [from  noise.]    Making  a 

"oud  sound. 

2.  Clamorous ;  turbulent  ;  as  the  noisy 
crowd. 

3.  Full  of  noise. 
O  leave  the  noisy  town.  Dryden. 

.Xolens  vohns,  [L.]     unwilling   or   willing; 

whether  he  will  or  not. 
NOLI-ME-TANtiERE,    n.    [L.  touch  me 

not.] 

1.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Impatiens,  called  also 
balsamine;  also,  a  |)lant  of  the  genus  Mo- 
mordica,  or  male  balsam  api)le,  one  spe- 
cies of  which  is  called  the  wild  or  spurting 
cucumber.  Encyc. 

2.  Among  physicians,  an  ulcer  or  cancer,  a 
species  of  herpes.  Coxe. 

NOLP'TION,  n.  [L.  nolo,  that  i.s,  ne  volo,  I 
will  not.] 

Unwillingness;  opposed  to  volition.  [Little 
used.]  Hale. 

NOLL,  n.  [Sax.  htwl,  cnoll,  knoll.]  The 
head  ;  the  noddle.     [.Yot  used.] 

NO'MAD,  71.  [Gr.  lo^oj,  tofiaios,  living  on 
pasturage,  from  iiftu,  to  distribute  or  di- 
vide, to  feed.  This  verb  is  connected 
with  itfioi,  L.  nemus,  a  wood,  a  place  over- 
grown with  trees,  and  also  a  pasture,  the 
primary  setise  of  which  is  probably  to 
spring  or  shoot,  for  the  verb  it^u  signifies 
among  other  things,  to  leap,  to  dance,  and 
may  be  allied  to  Eng.  nimble.  Cattle  orig- 
inally subsisted  by  browsing,  as  they  still 
do  ill  new  settlements.] 

One  who  leads  a  wandering  life,  and  sub- 
sists by  tending  herds  of  cattle  whicli 
graze  on  herbage  of  spontaneous  growth. 
Such  is  the  practice  at  this  day  in  the 
central  and  northern  parts  of  Asia,  and 
the  Numidians  in  Africa  are  supposed 
to  have  been  so  called  from  this  practice. 
Tooke.     Encyc. 

NOMAD'IC,  a.  [Gr.  rouoSixoj.]  Pastoral  ; 
subsisting  hy  the  tending  of  cattle,  and 
wandering  for  the  sake  of  pasturage;  as 
the  nomadic  tribes  of  Asia. 

NO'MADIZE,  V.  i.  To  wander  with  flocks 
and  herds  for  the  sake  of  finding  pastur- 
age ;  to  subsist  by  the  grazing  of  herds  ou 
herbage  of  natural  growth. 

The   Vojiules   nomadize    chiefly   about   tlie 
rivers  Irtish,  Oby,  Kama  imd  Volga. 

Tookc. 


N  O  M 

NO'MADIZING,  ppr.    Leading  a  pastoral  1.  To  name 
life  ami  wandering  or  removing  from  place 
to  place  for  the  sake  of  finding  pasture. 

NO'MANCY,  n.  [Gr.  oj-ofio,  L.  nomen,  name, 
and  liavfHa,  divination.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  divining  the  destniy 
of  persons  by  the  letters  which  form  their 
names.  Ihct. 

NOM'BLES,  n.  [Fr.]  The  entrails  of  a  deer. 

Johnson. 

NOM'BRIL,  n.  [Fr.  the  navel.]  The  center 
of  an  escutcheon.  Q/<^- 

NOME,  n.  [Gr.  vo/toj.]  A  province  or  tract 
of  country,  an  Egyptian  government  or 
division.  Maunce. 

2.  In  the  ancient  Greek  music,  any  melody  de- 
termined by  inviolable  rules.  Cyc. 

n.  [L.  )iomen.]  In  algebra,  a  quantity  with  a 
sign  prefixed  or  added  to  it,  by  which  it  is 
connected  with  another  quantity,  upon 
which  the  whole  becomes  a  binomial,  tri- 
nomial, and  the  like.  Q/*^- 

4.  [Gr.  »£,iM,  to  eat.]  In  surgery,  a  phageden- 
ic ulcer,  or  species  of  herpes.  C)/c. 

NOMENeLA'TOR,  n.  [L. ;  Fr.  noviencla- 
teur  ;  L.  nomen,  name,  and  calo,  Gr.  xa'Kiu. 
to  call.] 

1.  A  [lerson  who  calls  things  or  persons  by 
their  names.  In  Rome,  candidates  for 
office  were  attended  each  by  a  nomcncia 
tor,  who  informed  the  candidate  of  the 
names  of  the  persons  they  met,  and  whose 
votes  they  wished  to  sohcit.  Cyc 

2.  In  modern  vsage,  a  person  who  gives 
names  to  things,  or  who  settles  and  ad- 
justs the  names  of  things  in  any  art  or 
science. 

NOMENCLA'TRESS,  n.  A  female  nomen- 
clator.  .Iildison. 

NOMEN€LA'TURAL,  a.  Pertaining  or 
according  to  a  nomenclature.  Barton. 

NO'MENCLATURE,  li.  [L.  nomenclatura. 
See  J^omendalor.] 

1.  A  list  or  catalogue  of  the  more  usual  and 
important  words  in  a  language,  with  their 
significations;  a  vocabulary  or  dictionary. 

2.  The  names  of  things  in  any  art  or  science 
or  the  whole  vocabulary  of  names  or  tech- 
nical terms  which  are  appropriated  to 
any  particular  branch  of  science;  as  the 
nomenclature  of  botany  or  of  chimistry ; 
the  new  nomenclature  of  Lavoisier  and  his 
associates. 

NO'MIAL,   n.    [from  L.  nomen,  name.] 

single  name  or  term  in  mathematics. 
NOM'INAL,  a.  [L.  nominalis,  from  nomen. 

See  .VaJiK?.] 

1.  Titular ;  existing  in  name  only ;  as,  a  nom- 
inal distinction  or  difference  is  a  differ- 
ence in  name  and  not  in  reality. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  name  or  names ;  consist- 
ing in  names. 

NOM'INAL,  }      The  Nominalists  were 

NOM'INALIST,  S  "'  a  sect  of  school  phi- 
losophers, the  disciples  of  Ochani  or  Oc- 
cam, in  the  14th  century,  who  maintained 
that  words  and  not  things  are  tlie  object 
of  dialectics.  They  were  the  founders  of 
the  university  of  Leipsic.  Encyc. 

NOM'INALIZE,  ti.  t.  To  convert  into  a 
noun.     [A'bf  mi  vse  and  ill  formed.] 

NOM'INALLY,  adi:.  By  name  or  in  name 
only. 

NOM'INATE,  V.  I.  [L.  nomino,  from  nomen 
name.     See  JVume.] 


N  O  N 


to  mention  by  name.  H 

}Votton.\\ 
To  call ;  to  entitle ;  to  denominate. 

Spenser. 
To  name  or  designate  by  name  for  an  of- 
fice or  ])lace  ;  to  appoint ;  as,  to  nominate 
an  heir  or  an  executor.  Locke. 

Usually,  to  name  for  an  election,  choice 
or  appointment;  to  propose  by  name,  or 
offer  the  name  of  a  person  as  a  candidate 
for  an  office  or  place.  This  is  the  princi- 
pal use  of  the  word  in  the  United  States ; 
as  in  a  public  assembly,  where  men  are  to 
be  selected  and  chosen  to  office,  any  mem- 
ber of  the  assembly  or  meeting  nominates, 
that  is,  proposes  to  the  chairman  the  name 
of  a  person  whom  he  desires  to  have 
elected. 

NOM'INATED,  pp.  Named ;  mentioned  by 
name  ;  designated  or  proposed  for  an  of- 
fice or  for  election. 

NOM'INATELY,  adv.  By  name  ;  particu- 
lai-ly.  Spelman. 

NOM'INATING,  ppr.  Naming;  proposing 
for  an  office  or  for  choice  by  name. 

NOMINA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  naming  or 
of  nominating :  the  act  of  proposing  by 
name  for  an  office. 

3.  The  power  of  nominating  or  appoint 
ing  to  office. 

The  nomination  of  persons  to  places  being  a 
prerogative  of  the  king —  Clarendon 

3.  The  state  of  being  nominated.  AB  is 
in  nomination  for  governor. 

NOM'INATIVE,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  name 
which  precedes  a  verb,  or  to  the  first  case 
of  nouns  ;  as  the  nominative  case  or  nomi 
vatire  word. 

NOM'INATIVE,  n.  In  grammar,  the  first 
case  of  names  or  nouns  and  of  adjectives 
which  are  declinable. 

NOMINATOR,  n.  One  that  nominates. 

NOMINEE',  n.  In  laio,  tlie  person  wlio 
named  to  receive  a  copy-hold  estate  on  sur- 
render of  it  to  the  lord ;  the  cestuy  que 
use,  sometimes  called  the  surrenderee. 

Blackstone. 

2.  A  person  named  or  designated  by  anoth- 
er. Palcy. 

3.  A  person  on  whose  life  depends  an  an- 
nuity. 

NOMOTIIET'If,        ?   „     [Gr.    yo^toSfrr,!.] 
NOMOTHETICAL,  5         Legislative  ;  en 
acting  laws.  Bp.  Barlow. 

NON,  adv.   [L.]  Not.     This  word  is  used  in 
the  English  language  as  a  prefix  only,  for 
giving  a  negative  sense  to  words  ;  as  in 
non-residence,  non-performance,   non-e\- 
istence,    no7!-payment,    ?ion-concurrence, 
non-admission,    non-appearance,    7ion-at- 
tendance,  non-conformity,  non-compliance 
non-communion,  and  the  like. 
NON-ABIL'ITY,  n.  A  want  of  ability  ;  in 
laiv,  an  exception  taken  against  a  plaintiff" 
in  a  cause,  when  he  is   unable  legally  to 
commence  a  suit. 
NON'.AgE,  n.  [non,  not,  and  age.]  Minori- 
ty ;  the  time  of  life  before  a  person,  ac 
cording  to  the  laws  of  his   country,  be 
comes  of  age  to  manage  his  own  concerns. 
Legal  maturity  of  age  is  different  in  dif- 
ferent countries.     In   this  country,   as  in 
Great  Britain,  a  man's  nonage  continues 
till  he  has  completed  twenty  one  years. 


NON 

Nonage  is  sometimes  the  period  under  14 
years  of  age,  as  in  case  of  marriage. 

Bailey.    Encyc. 
NONAtiES'IMAL,  a.  [L.  nonagesimxis,  nine- 
tieth.] 
Noting  the  90th  degree  of  the  ecliptic ;  be- 
ing in  the  highest  point  of  the  ecliptic. 
NON'AGON,   n.   [L.  nonus,  nine,  and  Gr. 

■yuna,  an  angle.] 
A  figure  having  nine  sides  and  nine  angles. 

.  Bailey. 
NON-APPEARANCE,  «.    Default  of  ap- 
pearance, as  in  court,  to  prosecute  or  de- 
fend. 
NON-APPOINTMENT,  n.  Neglect  of  ap- 
pointment. Franklin. 
NON-ATTEND'ANCE,.n.  A  failure  to  at- 
tend; omission  of  attendance. 
NON-ATTENTION,  n.  Inattention. 

SwiJI. 
NON-BITU'MINOUS,  a.  Containing  no  bit- 
umen. Journ.  oj"  Science, 
NONCE,  n.  Purpose  ;  intent ;  design.    [jVo< 
in  use.]                          Spenser.     B.  Jonson. 
NON'-€LAIM,  n.  A  failure  to  make  claim 
within  the  time  limited  by  law  ;  omi.«.Nion 
of  claim.  Bailey. 
NON-€OMMU'NION,  n.  Neglect  or  failure 
of  communion.                          B.  Trumbull. 
NON-COMPLI'ANCE,   n.  Neglect  or  fail- 
ure of  compliance. 
NON-€OMPLYING,  a.  Neglecting  or  re- 
fusing to  comply.                            Hamilton. 
JVon  compos  mentis,  or  non  compos,    [L.]  not 
of  sound  mind  ;  not  having  the  regular  use 
of  reason  ;  as  a  noun,  an  idiot ;  a  lunatic  ; 
one  devoid  of  reason,  either  by  nature  or 
by  accident. 
NON-€ONDU€T'ING,  a.  Not  conducting  ; 
not  transmitting  another  fluid.     Thus  in 
electricity,  wax  is  a  non-conducting  sub- 
stance. 
NON-€ONDU€'TION,  n.  A  non-conduct- 
ing. Ure. 
NON-€ONDUCT'OR,  n.  Asubstance  which 
does  not  conduct,  that  is,  transmit  another 
substance  or  fluid,  or  which  transmits   it 
with  difficulty.     Thus  wool  is  a  non-con- 
ductor of  heat ;  glass   and  dry  wood  are 
non-conductors  of  the  electrical  fluid. 
NON-€ONFORM'IST,   n.  One  who   neg- 
lects or   refuses  to  conform  to  the  rites 
and  mode   of  worship  of  an  estabhshed 
church.                             Blackstone.     Swift. 
NON-CONFORMITY,  n.  Neglect  or  fail- 
ure of  conformity. 
2.  The  neglect  or  refusal  to  unite  with  an 
established  clnirch  in  its  rites  and  mode  of 
worship.                                         Blackstone. 
NON-CONTA'GIOUS,  a.  Not  contagious. 
NON-CONTA'UIOUSNESS,  n.  The  quali- 
ty or  state  of  being  not  communicable 
from  a  diseased  to  a  healthy  body. 
NON-COTEMPORA'NEOUS,  a.  Not  being 
cotemporary,  or  not  of  cotemporary  origin. 
Journ.  of  Science. 
NON-DESCRIPT',    a.    [L.   non,  not,  and 
descriptus,  descrilied.]     That  has  not  been 
described. 
NON-DESCRIPT',   n.  Any  thing  that  has 
not  been  described.     Thus  a  plant  or  ani- 
mal   newly   discovered  is  called  a  non- 
descript. 
none;,  a.  [Sax.  nan;  ne,  not,  and  ane,  one. 
The  I.,atins  use  nemo,  neminis,  that  is,  ne 
and  man.] 


N  O  N 


N  O  N 


N  O  N 


1.  Not  one ;  used  of  persons  or  things. 

There  is  none  that  doeth  good ;  no,  not  one. 
Ps.  xiv. 

2.  Not  any  ;  not  a  part ;  not  the  least  por- 
tion. 

Six  days  sliall  ye  gather  it,  but  on  the  sev- 
enth <lay,  which  is  the  sabbath,  in  it  there  shall 
be  none.     Ex.  xvi. 

0.  It  was  formerly  used  before  nouns ;  as, 
"  thou  shalt  have  none  assurance  of  thy 
life."  Tills  use  is  obsolete  ;  we  now  use 
no  ,•  thou  shalt  have  no  assurance.  "  This 
is  none  other  but  the  house  of  God  ;"  we 
now  say,  no  other. 

4.  It  is  used  as  a  substitute,  the  noun  beinp 
omitted.  "  fie  walketh  thronf,'b  dry  places,' 
seeking  rest  and  finding  ri07ie ,"  that  is,  no 
rest.    Matt.  xii. 

.■).  In  the  following  phrase,  it  is  used  for 
nothing,  or  no  concern.  "  Israel  would 
none  of  me,"  that  is,  Israel  would  not  lis-j 
ten  to  me  at  all ;  they  would  have  no  con-l 
ccrn  with  me ;  they  utterly  rejected  myl 
counsels. 

C.  As  a  substitute,  none  has  a  plural  signifi- 
cation. 

Terms  of  peace  were  noyie  vouchsafed. 

Afilton 

NON-ELECT',  n.  [L.  non,  not,  and  elecluSy 
elected.]  j 

One  who  is  not  elected  or  chosen  to  salva- 
tion, lliinlington. 

NON-ELEC'TRI€,  a.  Conducting  the  elec-' 
trie  fluid. 

NON-ELECTRIC,  n.  A  substance  that  is' 
not  an  electric,  or  which  transmits  the' 
fluid  ;  as  metals. 

NON-EMPHATIC,        >       Having  no  em- 

NON-EMPHAT'ICAL,  ^  "•  phasis  ;  uneni-j 
phatic.  Beatlie. 

NON-EN'TITY,  n.  Non-existence  ;  the  ne-; 
gation  of  being.  Benlley. 

2.  A  thing  not  existing.  I 

There  was  uo  such  thing  as  rendering  evil  for 

evil,  when  evil  was  a  non-entity.  South.'. 

NON-EPIS'COPAL,  a.  Not  episcopal ;  not 
of  the  episcopal  cluncli  or  denomination.; 

J.M.  Mason. 

NON-EPISCOPA'LIAN,  n.  One  who  does' 
not  belong  to  the  episcopal  church  or  dc-' 
nomination.  J.  M.  JMnson. 

NONES,  n.  ]}hi.  [L.  nonce  ;  perhaps  Goth. 
niun,  Eng.  7iine.] 

1.  In  the  Roman  calendar,iho  fifth  day  of  the 
months  January,  February,  April,  June, 
August,  September,  November  and  De- 
cember, and  the  seventh  day  of  March,' 
May,  July  and  October.  The  nones  were' 
nine  days  from  the  ides. 

2.  Prayers,  formerly  so  called.  Todd.i 
NON-ESSEN'TIAL,  n.  Non-essentials  are' 

things  not  essential  to  a  particular  pur-i 
pose.  J.  M.  Mason!] 

NO'NESUCH,  n.  [none  and  such.]  An  ex-' 
traordinary  thing  ;  a  thing  that  has  not  its| 
equal.  1 

2.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Lvchnis.  Lee: 

ftfON-EXECU'TlON,  n.  Neglect  of  execu- 
tion ;  non-performance. 

NON-EXIST'ENCE,  n.  Absence  of  exist-j 
ence  ;  the  negation  of  being.  I 

2.  A  thing  that  has  no  existence  or  being. 

Broun  i 

NON-EXPORTA'TION,  n.  A  failure  of  ex- 
portation ;  a  not  exporting  goods  or  com- 
nioditics. 

Vol.  n. 


NONIL'LION,  n.  [L.  nanus,  nine,  and  miil- 
ion.]  The  number  of  nine  million  millions. 

NON-IMPORTATION,  n.  Want  or  failure 
of  importation  ;  a  not  importing  goods. 

NON-JU'RING,  a.  [L.  7ion,  not,  and  ji/ro, 
to  swear.] 

Not  swearing  allegiance  ;  an  e[iithet  applici 
to  the  party  in  Great  Rritain  that  would 
not  swear  allegiance  to  the  Hanoverian 
family  and  government. 

NON-J'U'ROR,  n.  In  Grenl  Britain,  one  who 
refused  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to 
the  government  and  crown  of  England  at 
the  revolution,  when  Jan)es  II.  abdicated 
the  throne,  and  the  Hanoverian  family 
was  introduced.  The  non-jurors  were 
the  adherents  of  James. 

NON-MANUFACTURING,  a.  Not  carry- 
ing on  manufactures ;  as  non-manvfactur- 
ing  states.  Hamilton. 

NON-METAL'LIC,  a.  Not  consisting  of 
metal.  Core's  Oifda. 

NON-NAT'URALS,  n.  In  medicine,  things 
which,  l)y  the  abuse  of  them,  become  tlie 
causes  of  disease,  as  meat,  drink,  sleep, 
rest,  motion,  the  passions,  retentions,  ex- 
cretions, &c. 

Functions  or  accidents  not  strictly  be- 
longing to  man.  Parr. 

NON-ORSERV'ANCE,  n.  Neglect  or  fail- 
ure to  observe  or  fulfill. 

J^on  obstante,  [L.  notwithstanding.]  a  clause 
in  statutes  and  letter.*  patent,  importing  a 
license  from  the  king  to  do  a  thing  which 
at  common  law  might  be  lawfully  done 
but  being  restrained  by  act  of  parliament, 
cannot  be  done  without  such  license. 

Encyc 

NONPAREIL,  n.  nonpnreV.  [Fr.  non,  not  or 
no,  and  pared,  equal.] 

1.  Excellence  unequaled.  Shak. 

2.  A  sort  of  apple. 
.3.  A   sort  of  ]irinting  type  very  small,  and 

the  smallest  now  used  except  three. 

NONPAREIL,  a.  nonparel'.  Having  no 
equal;  peerless.  ffhitlock. 

NON-PA'YftlENT,  n.  Neglect  of  payment. 

S.  E.  Dwight. 

NON'PIiUS,  n.  [L. non,  not,  and /)/us,  more, 
further.] 

Puzzle :    insuperable   difficulty  ;    a  state  in 

which  one  is  unable  to  proceed  or  decide. 

Locke.     South. 

NON'PLUS,  r.  t.  To  puzzle ;  to  confound  ; 
to  put  to  a  stand :  to   sto])  by  embarrass- 
ment. Drydcn. 
Your  situation  has  nonptussed  me. 

Th.  Scott. 

NON-PONDEROS'ITY,  n.  Destitution  of 
weiglit ;  levit}'.  Black. 

NON-PON'DEROrS,  a.  Having  no  weight. 

NON-PRODUCTION,  n.  A  failure  to  pro 
ducc  or  exhibit. 

NON-PROFI"CIENCY,  n.  Failine  to  make 
progress. 

NON-PROFI"CIENT,  n.  One  who  has 
failed  to  improve  or  make  progress  in  any 
study  or  pursuit.  Bp.  Hall. 

J^on  Pros,  contraction  of  nolle  prosequi,  the 
plaintif}' will  not  prosecute.  It  is  used  al- 
so as  a  verb. 

NON-REG-ARDANCE,  n.  Want  of  due 
regard.  Diet. 

NON-RENDI  TION,  n.  Neglect  of  rendi- 
tion ;  the  not  rendering  what  is  due. 
The   non-paviiicnt   of  a  debt,  or   the   non- 

■       23 


rendition  of  a  service  whicli  is  due,  is  an  injuiv 
for  which  the  subsequent  reparation  of  die  loss 
sustained — is  an  atonement.         S.  E.  Dwigltt. 

NON-RESEM'BLANCE,n.  sas:.  Unlike- 
ness  ;  dissimilarity. 

NON-RESIDENCE,  n.  s  as  z.  Failure  or 
neglect  of  residing  at  the  place  where  one 
is  stationed,  or  where  official  duties  re- 
quire one  to  reside,  or  on  one's  own  lands. 

Sirifl. 

NON-RESIDENT,  a.  Not  residing  in  a 
particular  place,  on  one's  own  estate,  or 
in  one's  proper  place  ;  as  a  non-resident 
clergyman  or  proprietor  of  lands. 

NON-RES'IDENT,  n.  One  who  does  not 
reside  on  one's  own  lands,  or  in  the  place 
where  ofiicial  duties  require.  In  the 
United  States,  lands  in  one  state  or  town- 
ship belonging  to  a  person  residing  in 
another  state  or  township,  are  called  the 
lands  of  iron-residents. 

NON-RESIST'ANCE,  n.  sas  :.  The  omis- 
sion of  resistance  ;  passive  obedience;  sub- 
mission to  authority,  power  or  usurpation 
without  opposition. 

NON-RESISTANT,  a.  Making  no  resist- 
ance to  power  or  oppression.      Arhidhnot. 

NON-SA'NE,  a.  [L.  non,  not,  and  sanus, 
sound.] 

Unsound  ;  not  perfect ;  as  a  person  of  ncn- 
sane  memory.  Blackstone. 

NON'SENSE,  n.  No  sense ;  words  or  lan- 
guage which  liave  no  meaning,  or  which 
convey  no  just  ideas  ;   absurdity. 

Drrjden. 

2.  Trifles;  things  of  no  importance. 

I  Thomson. 

NONSENS'ICAL,  a.  Unmeaning  ;  absurd  ; 
foolish.  Ray. 

NONSENS'ICALLY.arft).  Absurdly ;  with- 
out meaning. 

NONSENS'ICALNESS,  n.  Jargon;  ab- 
surdity ;  that  which  conveys  no  proper 
ideas. 

NONSENS'ITIVE,  a.  Wanting  sense  or 
perception.  Feltham. 

NON-SOLU'TION,  n.  Failure  of  solution 
or  explanation.  Broome. 

,NON-SOLV'ENCY,  n.  Inability  to  pay 
debts.  "        Swift. 

NON-SOLV'ENT,  a.  Not  able  to  p.ny  debts ; 
insolvent.  Johnson. 

NON-SPA'RING,  a.  Sparing  none  ;  all- 
destroying;  merciless.  Shak. 

NONSUCH.  [See  A'bncsnc/i.] 

NON'St'IT,  >i.  In  law,  the  default,  neglect 
or  non-ajipearance  of  the  plaintiff  in  a  suit, 
when  called  in  court,  by  which  the  ])lain- 

I  tiff  signifies  his  intention  to  drop  the  suit. 
Hence  a  noiuiuit  amounts  to  a  stoppage  of 
the  suit.  A  no)W!(i(  differs  from  a  retrax- 
it;  a  nonsuit  is  the  default  or  neglect  of 
the  plaintiff,  and  after  this  he  may  bring 
another  suit  for  the  same  cause  ;  but  a 
retraxit  is  an  open  positive  renunciation  of 
the  suit,  by  which  lie  forever  loses  his  ac- 
tion.    [See  the  Verb.]  Blackstone. 

NON'SCIT,  r.  t.  To  determine  or  record 
that  the  plaintiff  drops  his  suit,  on  default 
of  appearance  when  called  in  court. 
When  a  plaintiff  being  called  in  court, 
declines  to  answer,  or  when  he  neglects 
to  deliver  his  declaration,  he  is  supposed 


NOR 


NOR 


N  O  S 


to  drop  his  suit ;  he  is  therefore  nonsuited, 
that  is,  his  non-appearance  is  entered  on 
the  record,  and  this  entry  amounts  to  a 
judgment  of  the  court  that  the  plaintiff 
has  dropped  the  suit. 

When  two   are  joined  in  a  writ,  and  one  is 
nonsuited —  Z.  Swift 

NON'SOIT,  a.  Nonsuited. 

The  plaintitr  must  become  nonsuit. 

Tyng's  Rep. 

NON'SCITED,  pp.  Adjudged   to'  have  de 
sorted  tlie  suit  by  defauh  of  appearance  ; 
as  a  plaintiff". 

NON'SUITING,  ppr.  Adjudging  to  have 
abandoned  tlie  suit  by  non-appearance  or 
otiier  neglect ;  as  a  plaintifl'. 

NON-tlSANCE,  71.  non-yu'zance.  Neglect  of 
use.  Broivn. 

NON-CSER,    n.  non-yu'zer.    A  not  usiu 
failure   to  use ;  neglect  of  official   duty  ; 
default  of  performing  the  duties  and  ser 
vices  required  of  an  officer. 

An  office  may  be  forfeited  by  misuser  or  non- 
vser.  Blackstone 

2.  Neglect  or  omission  of  use. 

A  francliise  may  be  lost  by  misuser  or  non- 
tiger.  Supreme  Court,  U.  S. 

NOO'DLE,  n.  A  simpleton.  [A  vulgar 
word.] 

NOQK,  n.  [See  JVYc/i.]  A  corner ;  a  narrow 
place  formed  by  an  angle  in  boilies  or  be 
tween  bodies  ;  as  a  hollow  JiooA".      Milton. 

NOON,  n.  [Sax.  non ;  D.  noen ;  W.  nawn. 
that  is  at  tlie  summit ;  said  to  he  from 
naw,  that  is  up  or  ultimate,  that  limits, 
also  nine.  It  has  been  supposed  that  the 
ninth  hour,  among  the  Romans,  was  the 
time  of  eating  the  chief  meal  ;  this  hour 
was  three  o'clock,  P.  M.  In  Danish,  none 
is  an  afternooning,  a  collation.] 

1.  The  middle  of  the  day;  the  time  when 
the  sun  is  in  the  meridian  ;  twelve  o'clock 

'2.  Dryden  used  the  word  for  midnight.  "  At 
the  noon  of  night." 

NOON,  a.  Meridional. 

How  of  the  Jioyrebell.  Voung. 

NOON'DAY,  n.  Mid-day  ;  twelve  o'clock  in 
the  day.  Boyle. 

NOON'DAY,  a.  Pertaining  to  mid-day ;  me- 
ridional ;  as  the  noonday  heat. 

NOON'ING,  71.  Repose  at  noon  ;  sometimes, 
repast  at  noon.  Mdison. 

NOON'STEAD,  ?i.  The  station  of  the  sun 
at  noon.  Drayton. 

NOON'TIDE,  n.  [See  Tide,  which  signities 
lime.] 

The  time  of  noon  ;  miil-day.  Shak.i 

NOON'TIDE,  n.  Pertaining  to  noon  ;  nie-j 
ridional.  Milton.\ 

NOOSE,  n.  nooz.  [Ir.  nas,  a  band  or  tic ;! 
nasgaini,  to  bind  or  tie.] 

A  rumiing  knot,  which  hinds  the  closer  the 
more  it  is  drawn. 

Where  the  hangman  does  dispose 
To  special  friend  tire  knot  of  noose. 

Hudibras. 

NOOSE,  v.l.  nooz.  To  tie  in  a  noose;  to 
catch  in  a  noose;  to  entrap;  to  ensnare. 

NO'PAL,  n.  A  plant  of  tlie  genus  Cactus,! 
from  which  the  cochineal  is  collected  in 
IMexicn;  Indian  fig  or  raquette.  The  fruir 
resembles  a  fig.  Encyc. 

NOPE,  n.  A  provincial  name  for  the  biill- 
fiiicli  or  red  tail.  Eng.  Diet 

NOR.  connective,  [ne  and  or.]  A  word  thai 
denies  or  renders  negative  the  second  or 


subsequent  part  of  a  proposition,  or  al 
proposition  following  another  negative 
proposition;  correlative   to  neither  or  7io(. 

I  neither  love  nor  fear  thee.  Shak. 

Fight  neither  witli  small  nor  great.  1  Kings 
xxii. 

Eye  hath  not  seen,  nor  ear  heard —  1  Cor.  ii. 

2.  J^or  sometimes  begins  a  sentence,  but  in 
this  case  a  negative  proposition  has  pre- 
ceded it  in  the  foregoing  sentence. 

3.  In  some  cases,  usually  in  poetry,  neither 
is  omitted,  and  the  negation  which  it 
would  express  is  included  in  7ior. 

Simois  nor  Xanthus  shall  be  wanting  there. 

Dryden 

That  is,  neither  Simois  nor  Xanthus. 

4.  Sometimes  in  poetry,  ?ior  is  used  for  nei- 
ther, in  the  first  part  of  tlie  proposition. 

I  whom  nor  avarice  nor  pleasures  move. 

Walsh 

NOR'MAL,  a.  [L.  normalis,  from  norma,  a 
square,  a  rule.] 

1.  According  to  a  square  or  rule  ;  perpen 
dicular ;  forming  a  right  angle. 

2.  According  to  a  rule  or  iiriiiciide. 

3.  Relating  to  rudiments  or  elements ;  teach 
ing  rudiments  or  first  priucijiles  ;  as  nor- 
mal schools  in  France. 

NOR'MAN,  n.  In  seamen's  language,  a  short 
wooden  bar  to  be  thrust  into  a  hole  of  the 
windlass,  on  which  to  fasten  the  cable. 

Mar.  Diet. 

NOR'MAN,  n.  [norlh-mayi  or  nord-?nan.] 
A  Norwegian,  or  a  native  of  Normandy. 

NOR'MAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Normandy ;  as 
the  JVorman  language. 

NOR'ROY,  n.  [north  and  roy,  north  king. 
The  title  of  the  third  of  the  three  kings  at 
arms  or  provincial  heralds.  Burke 

NORTH,  n.  [Sax.  north ;  G.  Sw.  Dan.  nord , 
D.  noord ;  It.  norte  ;  Fr.  norrf ;  Arm.  id.  j 
Sp.  nord,  the  north  wind,  and  norte,  nonh. 
the  arctic  pole,  and  a  rule  or  guide.  I 
know  not  the  origin  of  this  word,  nor  its 
primary  sense.  It  may  have  been  applied 
first  to  the  pole  star,  or  to  the  wind,  like 
Boreas.] 

One  of  the  cardinal  points,  being  that  point 
of  the  horizon  which  is  directly  opposite 
to  the  sun  in  the  meridian,  on  the  left 
hand  when  we  stand  with  the  face  to| 
the  east;  or  it  is  that  point  of  intersection! 
of  the  horizon  and  meridian  which  isl 
nearest  our  pole.  Cyc' 

NORTH,  a.  Being  in  the  north  ;  as  the 
north  polar  star. 

NORTHE'AST,  n.  The  point  between  the 
north  and  east,  at  an  eipial  distance  from 
each. 

NORTHE'AST,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  north- 
east, or  proceeding  from  that  point ;  as  a 
nortlitast  wind. 

NORTH'ERLY,  a.  Being  towards  the 
north,  or  nearer  towards  the  north  than 
to  any  otiier  c.-irdiiial  |ioiiit.  [We  use  this 
word  and  northern  with  considerable  lati- 
tude.] 

NORTH'ERLY,  adv.  Towards  the  north  ; 
as,  to  sail  northerly. 

2.  In  a  northern  direction  ;  as  a  northerly 
coinse. 

3.  Proceeding  from  a  northern  point. 
NORTH'EHN,   a.  Being   in    the   north,  or 

nearer  to  that  point  than  to  the  east  or 
west. 


2.  In  a  direction  towards  the  north,  or  a 
point  near  it ;  as,  to  steer  a  northern 
course. 

NORTH' ERNLY.arfv.  Toward  the  north. 
[jVol  used.]  Hakeivill. 

NORTH'ING,  n.  The  motion  or  distance  of 
a  planet  from  the  equator  northward. 

As  the  tides  of  the  sea  obey  the  southing  and 
northing  of  the  sea —  Darwin. 

2.  Course  or  distance  northward  of  the 
equator. 

NORTH-STAR,  n.  The  north  polar  star. 

NORTH'VVARD,  a.  [Sax.  north  and  weard.] 
Being  towanls  the  north,  or  nearer  to  the 
north  than  to  tlie  east  and  west  points. 

NORTH'WARD,  adv.  Towards  the  north, 
or  towards  a  point  nearer  to  the  north  than 
the  east  and  west  points.     Bacon.    Dri/den. 

NORTHWEST',  n.  The  point  in  the  hori- 
zon between  the  north  and  west,  and 
equally  distant  from  each. 

NORTHWEST',  o.  Pertaining  to  the  point 
between  the  north  and  west ;  being  in  the 
northwest ;  as  the  northwest  coast. 

2.  Proceeding  from  the  northwest ;  as  a 
northwest  wind. 

NORTHWEST'ERN,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
being  in  the  northwest,  or  in  a  directiou 
to  the  northwest  ;  as  a  northwestern 
course. 

NORTH'-WIND,  n.  The  wind  that  blowa 
from  the  north.  H^atts. 

NORWE'uIAN,  a.  Belonging  to  Norway. 

NORWE'GIAN,  n.  A  native  of  Norway. 

NOSE,  71.  s  as  :.  [Sax.  nose,  nase,  nase;  G. 
nuse;  D.  neiis ;  Sw.  nlisa ;  Dan.  nwse; 
h.  7iasus  ;  ll.  naso ;  Fr.  nez  ;  Russ.  nos  ; 
Dalmatian,  nooss ;  Sans.  »iasff.  Qu.  Gr. 
I'jjflos,  an  isle.  It  occurs  in  Peloponnesus, 
the  (iromontory  of  Pelops.  It  seems  to 
be  the  same  word,  or  from  the  same  root 
as  ness,  in  Sheerness.] 

1.  The  )nominent  part  of  the  face  which  is 
the  organ  of  smell,  consisting  of  two  sim- 
ilar cavities  called  nostrils.  The  nose 
serves  also  to  modulate  the  voice  in 
speaking,  and  to  discharge  the  tears 
which  flow  through  the  lachrymal  ducts. 
Through  this  organ  also  the  air  usually 
passes  in  respiration,  and  it  constitutes  no 
small  part  of  the  beauty  of  the  face.  In 
man,  the  nose  is  situated  near  the  middle 
of  the  face;  hut  in  quadrupeds,  the  nose 
is  at  or  near  tlie  lower  extremity  of  the 
head. 

2.  The  end  of  any  thing;  as  the  nose  of  a 
bellows.  Holder. 

3.  Scent ;  sagacity. 

We  are  not  offimded  with  a  dog  for  a  better 
nose  than  his  master.  Collier. 

To  lead  by  the  nose,  to  lead  blindly. 

To  be  led  hy  the  nose,  to  follow  another  obse- 
quiously, or  to  be  led  without  resistance 
or  enquiring  the  reason. 

To  thrust  07!e's  nose  into  the  affairs  of  others, 
to  meddle  oflirjously  in  other  people's 
matters;  to  be  a  busy-body. 

To  put  ont''s  nose  out  of  joint,  to  alienate  the 
atlbctions  from  another. 

NOSF,   V.  t.  To  .smell;  to  scent.  Slmk. 

'<!.  To  face ;  to  oppose  to  the  face.         Wood. 

XOSK,  u.  i.  To  look  big ;  to  bluster.  [JVot 
used.]  Shak. 

NOSEBLEED,  n.  A  hemorrhage  or  bleed- 
ing at  the  nose. 

2.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Achillea. 


NOT 


NOT 


NOT 


NOSED,  a.  Having  a  iioso ;  as  in  long- 

nosed. 
2.  Having  sagacity.  Middleton. 

NO'SE-FISH,    7!.    A   fisii    of  the    letlier 

moiitliod   liiiiil.   Willi  a  flat   blunt   snout; 

called  also  broad-snout.       Did.  ATat.  Hist 
NO'SEGAY,  n.    [nose   and   Celtic  geac,  a 

hough.] 
A  hunch  of  flowers  used  to  regale  the  sense 

of  smelling. 

As  on  the  nosegay  iu  her  breast  reclined. 

Pope. 
NO'SELESS,  a.  Destitute  of  a  nose. 

Shak. 
NO'SE-SMART,  ii.    A  plant,  nasturtium; 

NOSETIIRIL.     [See  J^Tostril.] 

NOS'LE,  re.  [from  nose.]  A  little  nose  ;  the 
extremity  of  a  thing;  as  the  nosle  of  a 
bellows.     [See  .Nozzle.] 

NOSOLOG'ICAL,  a.  [See  JVosology.]  Per- 
taining to  nosology,  or  a  systematic  class- 
ification of  diseases. 

NOSOL'OgIST,  n.  One  who  classifies  dis 
cases,  arranges  them  in  order  and  gives 
them  suitable  names. 

NOSOL'OgY,  n.  [Gr.  wso;,  disease,  and 
>.»)os,  discourse.] 

1.  A  treatise  on  diseases,  or  a  .systematic  ar- 
rangement or  classification  of  diseases 
with  names  and  definitions,  according  to 
the  distinclive  character  of  each  class,  or- 
der, genus  and  species.  Eneijc. 

2.  That  branch  of  medical  science  which 
treats  of  the  classification  of  diseases. 

NOSOPOET'IC,  a.  [Gr.  roso;,  disease,  and 
rtoifu),  to  produce.]  Producing  diseases. 
[Little  ttscd.]  Arbulhnot. 

NOS'TRIL,  n.  [Sax.  nosethyrl,  ncesethyrl. 
Thyrl  or  Ihirel  is  an  ojjening  or  (lerfora- 
tion  ;  thirlian,  thyriian,  to  bore,  to  perfo- 
rate, to  thrill,  to  drill.     See  DnlL] 

An  aperture  or  passage  through  the  nose. 
Tlie  nostrils  are  the  passages  tlirough 
which  air  is  inhaled  and  exhaled  in  respi- 
ration. 

NOS'TRUM,  n.  [I.,  from  noster,  ours.]  A 
medicine,  the  ingredients  of  which  are  kept 
secret  for  the  purpose  of  restricting  the 
profits  of  sale  to  the  inventor  or  proprie- 
tor. Pope. 

NOT,  adi>.  [Sax.  naht  or  noht,  naught,  that 
is,  ne  and  awiU,  not  any  thing;  D.  niet : 
G.  nicht;  Russ.  niete ;  Scot,  nocht.  See 
J^augtit.] 

1.  A  word  that  expresses  negation,  denial  or 
refusal ;  as,  lie  will  not  go ;  will  you  re- 
main? I  will  not.  In  the  tirst  member 
of  a  sentence,  it  may  be  followed  by  nor 
or  neither;  as  not  for  a  jirice  nor  reward  ; 
1  was  not  in  safety,  neither  had  I  rest. 

2.  With  the  substantive  verb  in  the  follow- 
ing phrase,  it  denies  being,  or  denotes  ex- 
tinction of  existence. 

Thine  eyes  are  open  upon  me,  and  I  am  not. 
Jol)  vii. 

NOT' ABLE,  a.  [Fr.  notable;  L.  notabilis, 
from  7iotns,  known  ;  nosco,  to  know.] 

1.  Remarkable  ;  worthy  of  notice ;  memo- 
rable ;  observable  ;  distinguished  or  noted. 

Tliey  bore    two  or   three   charge's    from  llie 

horse  with  notable  courage.  Clarendon. 

Two  young  men  of  notable  strength.    2  Mace. 

2.  Active ;  industrious ;  careful ;  as  a  notable 
woman. 

[In  both  senseSjiMs  word  is  obsolete  in  ele- 


gant style,  or  used  only  in  irony.  The  second 
sense  is  in  colloquial  %ise  inATciv  England.] 

3.  In  Scrijjture,  conspicuous  ;  sightly  ;  as  a 
notable  horn.     Dan.  viii. 

4.  Notorious.     Matt,  xxvii. 

5.  Terrible.     Acts  ii. 

6.  Known  or  apparent.     Acts  iv. 
NOTABLE,  n.  In  France,  the  nobles  or 

persons  of  rank  and  distinction  were  for- 
merly called  notables. 

2.  A  thing  worthy  of  observation.     Addison. 

NOT'ABLENESS,    n.    Activity;    industri 
ousness;  care.     [Lilllc  used.] 

2.  Reiiiarkableness. 

NOTABLY,  adv.  Memorably ;  remarka- 
bly ;  eminently.  Bacon. 

2.  With  show  of  consequence  or  importance. 

Addison. 

NOTA'RIAL,  a.  [from  notary.]  Pertaining 
to  a  notary  ;  as  a  notarial  seal ;  notarial 
evidence  or  attestation. 

2.  Done  or  taken  by  a  notary. 

NO'TARY,  n.  [Ii.  notarius,  from  notus, 
known,  from  nosco.] 

1.  Primarily,  a  person  employed  to  take 
notes  of  contracts,  trials  and  proceedings 
in  courts  among  the  Romans. 

2.  In  modern  usage,  an  ollicer  authorized  to 
attest  contracts  or  writings  of  any  kind, 
to  give  them  the  evidence  of  authenticity. 
Tliis  ofKcer  is  often   styled  notaiy  public. 

NOTA'TION,  n.  [L.  notatio,  from  nolo,  to 
mark.] 

1.  The  act  or  practice  of  recording  any  thing 
by  marks,  figures  or  characters  ;  particu- 
larly in  arithmetic  and  algebra,  the  ex- 
pressing of  numbers  and  quantities  by 
figures,  signs  or  characters  appropriate 
for  the  purpose. 

2.  Meaning  ;  signification. 
Conscience,  according  to  the  very  notation 

of  the  word,  imports  a  double  knowledge.   [  Vn- 
usuaL]  South. 

NOTCH,  J!,  [qu.  G.  knicken,  to  crack  or 
flaw,  Dan.  knikker.  It  seems  to  be  the 
same  word  in  origin  as  niche,  nick.  Class 
Ng.  No.  49.] 

1.  A  hollow  cut  in  any  thing;  a  nick;  an 
indentation. 

And  on  the  stick  ten  equal  notches  makes. 

Swift. 

2.  An  opening  or  narrow  passage  through  a 
mountain  or  hill.  We  say,  the  nofc^  of  a 
mountain.  U.  States. 

NOTCH,  V.  f.  To  cut  in  small  hollows  ;  as 
to  notch  a  stick.  Pope. 

NOTCH-WEED,  n.  A  plant  called  orach 

Johnson 

NOTE,  for  ne  icole,  knew  not  or  could  not. 
Chaucer.  Spenser. 
NOTE,  n.  [L.  nola ;  Fr.  note;  W.  nod; 
from  L.  notus,  nosco,  to  know.] 

1.  A  mark  or  token;  something  by  which  a 
thing  may  be  known  ;  a  visible  sign. 

They  wlio  appertain  to  the    visible  church 
have  all  the  7iotes  of  external  profession. 

Hooker. 

2.  A  mark  made  in  a  book,  indicating  some- 
tiiing  worthy  of  particular  notice. 

3.  A  short  remark  ;  a  passage  or  explanation 
in  the  margin  of  a  book. 

4.  A  minute,  memorandum  or  short  writing 
intended  to  assist  the  memory. 

5.  Notice;  heed. 

Give  order  to  my  scr^'ants  that  they  take 
No  note  at  all  of  our  being  absent  hence. 

Shak. 


G.  Reputation;  consequence;  distinction; 
as  men  of  nofe.     Acts  xvi. 

7.  State  of  being  observed. 

.Small  matters,  continually  in  use  and  note. 
[Little  used.'\  Bacon. 

8.  In  music,  a  character  which  marics  a 
sound,  or  the  sound  itself;  as  a  seraibrevc, 
a  minim,  &c.  Notes  are  marks  of  sounds 
in  relation  to  elevation  or  depression,  or 
to  the  time  of  continuing  sounds. 

9.  Tune;  voice  ;  harmonious  or  melodious 
sounds. 

The  wakeful  bird  tunes  her  nocturnal  note. 

.miton. 
One  common  note  on  cither  lyre  did  strike. 

Dryden . 

10.  Abbreviation  ;  symbol.  Baker. 

11.  A  short  letter  ;  a  billet.  Dryden. 

12.  Annotation  ;  commcntiiry ;  as  the  notes 
in  Scott's  Bible  ;  to  write  notes  on  Ho- 
mer. 

13.  A  written  or  printed  paper  acknowledg- 
ing a  debt  and  promising  payment;  as  a 
promissory  note;  a  bank-?iO?c;  a  nofe  of 
hand  ;  a  negotiable  note. 

14.  JVoks,  plu.  a  writing ;  a  written  dis- 
course ;  applied  equally  to  minutes  or 
heads  of  a  discourse  or  argument,  or  to  a 
discourse  fully  written.  The  advocate  of- 
ten has  notes  to  assist  his  memory,  and 
clergymen  preach  with  notes  or  without 
them. 

15.  A  diplomatic  communication  in  writing; 
an  official  paper  sent  from  one  minister  or 
envoy  to  another. 

My  note  of  January   10th  still  remains  unan- 
swered. Gallatin. 
NOTE,  V.  t.  [L.  nolo.]  To  observe ;  to   no- 
tice  with  particular  care ;  to  heed ;  to  at- 
tend to. 
No  more  of  that ;  I  have  noted  it  well. 

Shak. 
Their  manners  noted  and  their  states  survey 'd. 

Pope. 
2.  To  set  down  in  writing. 

j\'oie  it  in  a  book.     Is.  xxx. 
•3.  To  charge,  as  with  a  crime ;  with  of  or 
for. 

They  were  both  noted  (^incontinency.   Obs. 

Dry  den. 
NOTE,    V.  t.  [Sax.  hnitan.]    To  butt;    to 
push  with  the  horns.     [.Vaf  used.]       Ray. 
NO'TE-BOQK,  n.  A  book  in  which  memo- 
randums are  w  ritten.  Shak. 
2.  A  book  in  which  notes  of  hand  are  regis- 
tered. 
NO'TED,  pp.  Set  down  in  writing. 

2.  Observed ;  noticed. 

3.  a.  Remarkable  ;  much  known  by  reputa- 
tion or  report;  eminent ;  celebrated;  as  a 
no<c(/ author ;  a  ?!ofc(/ commander;  anofcd 
traveler. 

NOTEDLY,  adv.  With  observation  or  no- 
tice. Shak. 

NO'TEDNESS,  n.  Conspicuousness ;  emi- 
nence; celebrity.  Boyle. 

NO'TELESS,  a.  Not  attracting  notice ;  not 
conspicuous.  Decker. 

NO'TER,  n.  One  who  takes  notice ;  an  an- 
notator.  Gregory. 

NOTEWORTHY,  a.  Worthy  of  ob.'^erva- 
tion  or  notice.  Shak. 

NOTHING,  n.  [no  and  thing.]  Not  any 
thing  ;  not  any  being  or  existence  ;  a  word 
that  denies  the  existence  of  any  thing; 
non-entity  ;  opposed  to  somefhing.  The 
wmld  was  created  from  nothing. 


NOT 


NOT 


NOT 


2.  Nou-existence ;  a  state  of  annihilation. 

Shak. 

3.  Not  any  thing  ;  not  any  particular  thing, 
deed  or  event.  JVoihinir  was  done  to  re- 
deem our  character.  He  thought  nothing 
done,  while  any  thing  remained  to  be 
done. 

A  determination  to  choose  nothing  is  a  deter- 
loiaation  not  to  choose  the  truth. 

/.  M.  Mason. 

4.  No  other  thing. 

JS'othing  but  tliis  will  entitle  you   to  God's 
acceptance.  IVakt. 

5.  No  part,  portion,  c[iiantity  or  degree.  The 
troops  manifested  nothing  of  irresolution 
in  the  attack. 

Yet  had  his  aspect  nothing  of  severe. 

Dry  den. 
G.  No  importance  ;  no  value  ;  no  use. 

Behold,  ye  are  of  nothing,  and  your  work  of 
naught.     Is.  xli. 

7.  No  possession  of  estate  ;  a  low  condition. 

A  man  that  from   very  nothing  is  grown   to 
an  unspeakable  estate.  Shak. 

8.  A  thing  of  no  proportion  to  something,  or 
of  trifling  value  or  advantage. 

The  charge  of  making  the  ground,  and  other- 
wise, is  great,  but  nothing  to  the  profit. 

Bacon. 

9.  A  trifle;  a  thing  of  no  consideration  or 
importance. 

'lis   nothing,    says  the  fool ;  but   says  the 

friend, 
Tliis  nothing,  sir,  will  bring  you  to  your  end 

Dry  den. 
To  make  nothing  of,  to  make  no  difficulty  or 
to  consider  us  trifling,  liglit  or  unimpor- 
.    tant. 

We  are  industrious   to   preserve  our  bodies 

from  slavery,  but  we  make  nothing  y/'suffering 

our  souls  to  be  slaves  to  our  lusts.  Jiay. 

NOTHING,  adv.  In  no  degree  ;  not  at  all. 

Adam,  with  such  counsel  nothing  sway'd — 

Milto7i. 

In  the  phrase,  nothing  worth,  the  words 

are  transposed  ;  the  natural  order  being, 

worth  nothing. 

NOTH'INGNESS,    n.    Nihility;  non-e\ist- 

euce.  Donne. 

2.  Nothing;  a  thing  of  no  value.     Uudibras. 

NO'TICE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  notitia,  from  no- 

to  or  jiodts.] 

1.  Observation  by  the  eye  or  by  the  other 
senses.  We  take  notice  of  objects  passing 
or  standing  before  us  ;  we  take  notice  of 
the  words  of  a  speaker  ;  we  take  notice  of 
a  peculiar  taste  of  food,  or  of  the  smell  of 
an  orange,  and  of  our  peculiar  sensations. 
Notice  tiien  is  the  act  by  which  we  gain 
knowledge  of  something  within  the  reach 
of  the  seHses,  or  the  effei-t  of  an  impress- 
ion on  some  of  the  senses. 

2.  Observation  by  the  mind  or  intellectua 
power ;  as,  to  take  notice  of  a  distinction 
between  truth  and  veracity. 

■).  Information  ;  intelligence  by  whatever 
means  cumnumicated ;  kiiowle<lge  given 
or  received  :  as,  I  received  notice  by  a 
messenger  or  by  letter.  He  gave  notice  of] 
his  arrival.  The  bell  gives  notice  of  tin 
hour  of  the  day.  The  merchant  gives  7!0 
lice  that  a  hill  of  exchange  is  not  accept 
ed. 

1.  A  paper  that  communicates  information. 

5.  Attention  ;  respectful  treulniciit ;  civility.' 

C).  Remark ;  observation. 


NO'TICE,  V.  t.  To  observe;  to  see.  We 
noticed  the  conduct  of  the  sjjeaker;  we 
noticed  no  improper  conduct. 

2.  To  heed ;  to  regard.  His  conduct  was 
rude,  but  I  did  not  notice  it. 

3.  To  remark  ;  to  mention  or  make  observa- 
tions on. 

This  plant  deserves  to  be  noticed  in  this 
place.  Tooke. 

Another  circumstance  was  noticed  in  connec- 
tion with  the  suggestion  last  discussed. 

Hamilton. 

4.  To  treat  with  attention  and  civiUties;  as, 
to  notice  strangers. 

~).  To  observe  intellectually. 

NO'TICEABLE,  a.  That  may  be  observed  ; 
worthy  of  observation. 

NO'TICED,  pp.  Observed  ;  seen  ;  remark- 
ed ;  treated  with  attention. 

NO'TICING,  ppr.  Observing;  seeing;  re- 
garding; remarking  on;  treating  with  at 

NOTIFICATION,  n.  [See  jVotify.]  The 
act  of  liotifying  or  giving  notice;  the  act 
of  making  known,  particularly  the  act  of 
giving  official  notice  or  infortnation  to  the 
public,  or  to  individuals,  corporations, 
companies  or  societies,  by  words,  by  wri- 
ting or  by  other  means. 

2.  Notice  given  in  words  or  writing,  or  by 
signs. 

3.  The  writing  which  communicates  infor- 
mation ;  an  advertisement,  citation,  &c. 

NO'TIFIED,  pp.  Made  known  ;  applied  to 
things.  This  design  of  the  king  was  no- 
tified to  the  court  of  Berlin. 

Informed  by  words,  writing  or  other 
means;  applied  to  persons.  The  inhabit- 
ants of  the  city  have  been  notified  that  a 
meeting  is  to  be  held  at  the  State  House. 

NO'TIFY,  v.t.  [Fr.  nollfier ;  It.  notificare ; 
L.  J10/U5,  known,  and_/acio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  make  known  ;  to  declare  ;  to  publish. 
The  laws  of  God  notify  to  man  his  will 
and  our  duty. 

2.  To  make  known  by  private  communica- 
tion ;  to  give  information  of.  The  allied 
sovereigns  have  notified  the  Spanish 
court  of  their  purpose  of  maintaining  le- 
gitimate government. 

3.  To  give  notice  to ;  to  inform  by  words  or 
writing,  in  ijcrson  or  by  message,  or  by 
any  signs  which  are  understood.  The 
constable  has  notified  the  citizens  to  meet 
at  the  City  Hall.  The  bell  notifies  us  of  the 
time  of  meeting. 

The  President  of  the  United  States  has  noti- 
fied the  House  of  Representatives,  that  he  has 
approved  and  signed  the  act. 

Journals  of  the  Senate. 

[JVote.  This  application  of  notify  has  been 

condenmed,  but  it  is  in  constant  good  use  in  the 

U.  States,  and  in  perfect  accordance   with  the 

use  o{  certify.] 

NO'TIFYING,  ppr.  Making  known  ;  giving 
notice  to. 

NO'TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  notio,  from  no- 
tus,  known  ;  nosco,  to  kin)w.] 

l.CiJonception  ;  mental  apprehension  of  what- 
ever may  be  known  or  imagined.  We 
may  liave  a  just  notion  of  power,  or  false 
notions  respecting  spirit. 

.Yution  and  idea  are  primarily  different ; 
idea  being  the  conception  of  somclhiuf 
visible,  as  the  idea  of  a  square  or  a  trian 
glc  ;  and  notion  the  conce|(tion  of  things 


invisible  or  intellectual,  aa  the  notion  we 
have  of  spirits.  But  from  negligence  it; 
the  use  of  idea,  the  two  words  are  con- 
stantly confounded. 

What  hath  been  generally  agreed  on,  I  con- 
tent myself  to  assume  under  tlie  notion  of  prin- 
ciples. J\rewton. 
Few  agree  in  tlieir  notions  about  these  words. 

Cheyne. 
That  notion  of  hunger,  cold,  sound,  color, 
thought,  wish  or  fear,  which  is  in  the  mind,  is 
called  the  idea  of  hunger,  cold,  &c.         IVatts. 
Sentiment  ;  ojiinion  ;    as   the    extrava- 
gant notions  they  entertain  of  themselves. 

Addison . 

3.  Sense  ;  understanding  ;  intellectual  pow- 
er.    [Mtt  used.]  Shak. 

4.  Inclination  ;  in  vidgar  use ;  as,  I  have  a 
notion  to  do  this  (ir  that. 

NO'TIONAL,  a.  Imaginary;  ideal;    exist- 
ing in  idea  only  ;  visionary  ;  fantastical. 
JVotional  good,  by  fancy  only  luade.      Prior. 
A  notional  and  imaginary  thing.        Bentley. 
2.  Dealing  in  imaginary  things;  whimsical; 

fanciful  ;  as  a  notional  man. 
NOTIONAL' ITY,  n.    Empty    ungrounded 
opinion.     [JVot  used.]  Glanville. 

NOTIONALLY,    adv.    In    mental    appre- 
lension  ;  in  conception  ;  not  in  reality. 
Two  faculties  notionalty  or  really  distinct. 

JVorris. 

NO'TIONIST,    n.    One   who  holds  to  an 

ungrounded  opinion.  Bp.  Hopkins. 

NOTORIETY,  n.  [Fr.  notoriety,  from  no- 

toire.     See  .yotorious.] 
1.  Exposure  to  tlie   public  knowledge  ;  the 
state  of  being  pidilicly  or  generally  known; 
as  the  notoriety  of  a  crime. 
Public  knowledge. 

They  were  not  subjects  in  their  own  nature 
so  exjiosed  to  jmblic  notoriett/.  Addison. 

NOTO'RIOUS,  a.  [It.  Sp.  notorio ;  Fr.no- 
toire ;  from  Low  L.  notorius,  from  notus, 
known.] 
1.  Publicly  known;  manifest  to  the  world; 
evident;  usually,  known  to  disadvan- 
tage ;  hence  almost  always  used  in  an  ill 
sense;  as  a  notorious  thief;  a  noforiotts 
crime  or  vice;  a  man  notorious  for  lewd- 
ness or  gaming. 
In  a  good  sense. 

Your  goodness, 
Since  you  provoke  me,  shall  be  most  notori- 
ous. Shak. 
NOTO'RIOUSLY,  adv.  Publicly  ;   openly  ; 
in  a  manner  to  be  known  or  manifest. 

Sieijl.     Dn/den. 
NOTO'RIOUSNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
open  or  known;  notorietv.  Overbury. 

NOTT,  a.  [Sax.  hnot.]     Shorn.     Obs. 

Chaucer. 
NOTT,  i^  t.  To  shear.     OIjs.  Stowe. 

NO'TUS,  n.  [L.]  The  south  wind.    Milton. 
NOT'WHEAT,     n.    [Sax.     hnot,    smooth, 
horn.]     Wheat  not  bearded.  Careiv. 

NOTWITHSTAND'ING,  the  participle  of 
xvithstand,  with  not  prefixed,  and  siginfy- 
ing  not  opposing;  nevcrlhele.-is.  It  re- 
tains in  all  cases  its  participial  significa- 
tion. For  example,  "  I  will  surely  rend  the 
kingdom  from  thee,  and  will  give  it  to  thy 
servant;  notwithstanding,  \\\  thy  <li\ys  I 
will  not  do  it,  fur  David  thy  fiilhcr's  sake." 
I  Kings  xi.  In  this  passage  there  is  an 
ellipsis  nf  that,  after  notwithstanding:  That 
refers  ti)  the  fn-rjier  part  of  the  sentence, 
1  will  rend  the  kingdom  from  thee ;  notwith- 


IN  O  U 


NOV 


NOW 


standing  that  (declaration  or  determina- 
tion,) ill  tiiy  days  I  will  not  do  it.  In  this 
and  in  all  cases,  notwUhslixnding,  eitlier 
witli  or  without  tkal  or  tkia,  constitutes 
the  case  absolute  or  independent. 

"It  is  a  rainy  day,  but  nulwithslanding 
that,  tlie  troofis  must  be  reviewed  ;"  that 
is,  the  rainy  day  not  opposing  or  prevent- 
ing. That,  in  this  case,  is  a  substitute  for 
the  wliole  first  clause  of  the  sentence.  It 
is  to  that  clause  what  a  relative  is  to  an 
antecedent  noun,  and  ivhich  may  be  used 
in  the  place  of  it ;  notwithstanding  which, 
that  is,  the  rainy  day. 

"Christ  enjoined  on  his  followers  not  to 
publish  the  cures  he  wrought ;  but  jio<- 
wilhstandiiig  his  injunclioits,  they  pro- 
claimed them."  Here,  notwithstanding  his 
injunctions,  is  the  case  independent  or  ab- 
solute ;  the  injunctions  of  Christ  not  op 
posing  or  jireventiug. 

This  word  answers  precisely  to  the  Lat 
iu  non  obstante,  and  both  are  used  with 
nouns  or  with  substitutes  for  nouns, 
for  sentences  or  for  clauses  of  sentences. 
So  in  the  Latin  phrase,  hoc  non  obstante, 
hoc  may  refer  to  a  single  word,  to  a  sen- 
tence or  to  a  series  of  sentences. 

NOUGHT.    See  jYaught. 

NOUL,  n.  [Sa.\-. /ino<.J  The  top  of  the  head. 
[JVot  in  Jise.]  Spenser. 

NOULD,  ne  would,  would  not.  Spenser. 

NOUN,  n.  [altered  from  L.  nomen,  name.] 
In  grammar,  a  name;  that  soiiiul  or  com- 
bination of  sounds  by  which  a  thing  is 
called,  whether  material  or  immaterial. 
[SeejVame.] 

NOURISH,  V.  t.  nur'ish.  [Fr.  nourrir;  It. 
nutrire;  Sp.  I'ort.  nutrir ;  from  L.  nutrio. 
The  G.  niihren,  Sw.  n'ara,  Dan.  narer. 
to  nourish,  cannot  be  the  same  word  un- 
less they  have  lost  a  denial,  which  may 
perhaps  be  the  fact.] 

1.  To  feed  and  cause  to  grow;  to  supply  a 
living  or  organized  body,  animal  or  vege- 
table, with  matter  which  increases  its 
bulk  or  supplies  the  waste  occasioned  by 
any  of  its  functions;  to  supply  with  nutri- 
ment. 

%  To  support;  to  maintain  by  feeding.  Gen 
xlvii. 

Wliilst  I  hi  Ireland  nourish  a  mighty  band, 
I  will  slir  up  in  England  some  black  storm. 

S}iak 

3.  To  supply  the  ineans  of  sup))ort  and  in- 
crease ;  to  encourage ;  as,  to  nounsh  re- 
bellion ;  to  nourish  tlie  virtues. 

What  madness  was  it,   witli  such  proofs,  to 
nouriih  their  coutentions  !  Hooker. 

4.  To  cherish  ;  to  coratbrt.     James  v. 

5.  To  educate ;  to  instruct  :  to  promote 
growth  in  attainments.     1  Tim.  iv. 

NOURISH,  V.  i.  nur'ish.  To  promote 
growth. 

Grains  and  roots  nourk'!  more  than  leaves. 
[EUiptical.-i  Bacn. 

2.  To  gain  nourishment.     [Unusual.] 

Bacon. 
NOURISHABLE,  n.  nur'ishable.  Si:scepti- 

ble   of  nomishment ;    as  the   nourishable 

parts  of  the  body.  Grew. 

NOURISHED,    pp.    nur'ished.    Fed;    sup 

plied  wiih  nutriment;  caused  to  grow. 
NOURlSiiER,  71.  nur'isher.  The  person  or 

thing  that  nourishes.  Bacon.    MUlon 


tNOURISHING,  ppr.  nur'ishing.  Feeding ;: 
supplying  with  aliment ;  supporting  with' 
food.  I 

2.  a.  Promoting  growth;  nutritious;  as  aj 
nounshiiig  diet.  1 

NOURISHMENT,  n.  nur'ishmtnl.  That! 
which  serves  to  promote  the  growth  of 
animals  or  plants,  or  to  repair  the  waste 
of  animal  bodies;  food;  sustenance;  nu-j 
triment.  JVeivton^ 

2.  Nutrition;  support  of  animal  or  vegetable 
bodies.  Blackmore.\ 

3.  Instruction,  or  that  which  promotes 
growth  in  attainments;  as  nourishment 
and  growth  in  grace. 

So   they  may  learn  to  seek  the  nourishment 
of  their  souls.  Hooker. 

NOUIUTURE.  [See  JVurture.] 

NOURSLING.  [See  JVursling.] 

NOVA€'ULITE,  n.  [L.  tinvacuta,  a  razor.] 
Razor-stone ;  Turkey-hone ;  coticularl 
shist;  whet-slate,  a  variety  of  argillaceous! 
slate.  Brogniart.     Ure.' 

NOV-A'TLAN,  Ji.  In  church  history,  one  of 
the  sect  of  Novatus  or  Novatianus,  who! 
held  tliat  the  lapsed  might  not  be  received 
again  into  communion  with  the  church, 
and  that  second  marriages  are  unlawful. 

NOVA'TIANISM,  n.  The  opinions  of  the 
Novatians. 

One    Hypolitus,    a   Roman    presbyter,    had; 
been  seduced  into  A'ovalianism.  Jililner. 

Nf (VATION.     [See  Innovalion.] 

NOVATOR.    [See  Innovator.] 

NOV' EL,  a.  [L.  novtUus,  from  novus,  new  ; 
It.  novella  ;  Sp.  novel.]  i 

1.  New;  of  recent  origin  or  introduction; 
not  ancient ;  hence,  unusual  ;  as  a  novel 
heresy;  ?!0iieZ opinions.  The  proceedings! 
of  the  court  were  novel. 

2.  In  the  civil  law,  the  7iovel  constitutions  are 
those  which  are  su])plemcntal  to  the  code, 
and  posterior  in  tune  to  the  other  books. 
These  contained  new  decrees  of  success- 
ive emperors. 

■i.  In  the  common  taw,  the  assize  of  novel  dis- 
seizin is  an  action  in  which  the  demand-' 
ant  recites  a  complaint  of  the  disseizin  in 
terms  of  direct  averment,  whercu))Oii  thei 
sheriff  is  commanded  to  rescize  the  land 
and  chattels  thereon,  and  keep  the  same! 
in  custody  till  the  arrivalof  the  justices  ofi 
assize.  Blackstone.l 

NOVEL,  n.  Anew  or  supplemental  consti-! 
tution  or  decree.     [See  the  Adjective.] 

2.  A  tictitious  tale  or  narrative  in  prose,  in- 
tended to  exhibit  the  operation  of  the  pass- 
ions, and  particularly  of  love. 

The  coxcomb's  novel  and    the    drunkard's 
toast.  Prior: 

NOV'ELISM,  n.  Innovation.    [Little  iised.] 

Bering.) 

NOV'ELIST,  n.  An  innovator  ;  an  assert- 
er  of  novelty.  Bacon.     White!' 

2.  A  writer  of  a  novel  or  of  novels.  j 

Warton.) 

3.  A  writer  of  news.     [J\i'ol  used.]        Taller. 
NOVELIZE,    V.  i.   To  innovate.     [Xot  jnl 

use.]  I 

NOVELTY,    )i.    Newness  ;  recentness  of; 

origin  or  introduction.  Hooker.i 

A'ovelty  is  the  great  parent  of  pleasure.  ! 

South: 

NOVEMBER,  ii.  [L.  froranoue?n,  nine  ;  the 

ninth  month,  according  to  the  ancient  Ro-l 


man  year,  beginning  in  March.]  The 
eleventh  month  of  the  year. 

NO'VENARY,  n.  [I.,  novenarius,  from  ?io- 
vem,  nine.]  The  number  nine  ;  nine  col- 
lectively. 

NOVENARY,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  number 
nine. 

NO'VEN'NIAL,  a.  [L.  novem,  nine,  and  an- 
nus, year.]  Done  every  ninth  year.  Potter. 

NOVER'€AL,  a.  [L.  noverca,  a  step-moth- 
er.] 

Pertaining  to  a  step-mother ;  suitable  to  a 
step-mother ;  in  the  manner  of  a  ste])- 
mother.^  Derham. 

NOVICE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  novitius,  from 
novus,  new.] 

1.  One  who  is  new  in  any  business ;  one 
unacquainted  or  unskilled  ;  one  in  the  ru- 
diments ;  a  beginner. 

I  am  young,  a  novice  in  the  trade.      Dryden. 

2.  One  that  has  entered  a  religious  house, 
but  has  not  taken  the  vow  ;  a  probationer. 

Shak. 

3.  One  newly  planted  in  the  church,  or  one 
newly  converted  to  the  christian  faith.     1 

NOyi'-TIATE,  n.  [Fr.  noviciat ;  It.  novi- 
ziato.  See  A'ovice.] 

\.  The  state  or  time  of  learning  rudiments. 

2.  In  religious  houses,  a  year  or  other  time  of 
probation  for  the  trial  of  a  novice,  to  de- 
termine whether  he  has  the  necessary 
qualities  for  living  up  to  the  rule  to  which 
his  vow  is  to  bind  him. 

NOVP'TIOUS,  a.  [L.  novitius.]  Newly  in- 
vented.    [.Yotused.]  Pearson. 

NOVITY,  n.  [L.  iiovitas.]  Newness.  [Xot 
used.]  Brown. 

NOW,  adv.  [Sax.  D.  Sw.  Dan.  Goth.  nu. 
The  G.  has  nun,  Gr.  nv,  L.  nunc] 

1.  At  the  present  time. 
I  have  a  patient  noiv  living  at  an  advanced 

age,  who  discharged  blood  from  his  liinsjs  thirty 
years  af;o.  "  Jlrbuthnot. 

2.  A  little  while  ago  ;  very  lately. 
Tliey  that  but  now  for  honor  and  for  plate. 
Made  the  sea  blush  with    blood,  resign  their 

hate.  Waller. 

3.  At  one  time  ;  at  another  time. 
J\~ow  high,  now  low,   now  master  up,  now 

mi.ss.  Pope. 

4.  .VoiP  sometimes  expresses  or  implies  a 
connection  betw(^en  the  subsequent  and 
preceding  proposition  ;  ofteu  it  iutrodnces 
an  inference  or  an  explanation  of  what 
precedes. 

Not  this  man,  but  Harabbas  ;  now  BaiTtbbas 
was  a  robber.     John  x\iii. 

Then  said  Micab,  now  I  know  that  the  Lord 
will  do  me  good,  seeing  1  have  a  Levite  for  my 
priest.     Judges  xvii. 

The  other  great  mischief  which  befalls  men, 
is  by  their  being  misrepresented.  Xow  by 
calling  evil  good,  a  man  is  misrepresented  to 
others  in  the  ivay  of  slander —  South. 

After  this  ;  things  being  so. 

How  shall  any  man  distinguish  now  betwi.xt 
a  parasite  and  a  man  of  honor  ?       L'Estran<'e. 
6.  In  supplication,  it  appears  to  be  some- 
what cni|)batical. 

1  beseech  thee,  0  Lord,  remember  now  how 
I  have  walked  before  thee  in  truth  and  with  a 
perfect  heart.  2  Kings  xx. 
.Voic  sometimes  refers  to  a  particular 
time  past  specified  or  understood,  and 
m;iy  be  defined,  at  that  time.  He  was  now 
sensible  of  bis  mistake. 


NUB 


J\/vw  and  then,  at  one  time  and  another,  in-] 
definitely  ;  occasionally  ;  not  often  ;  at 
intervals. 

They  now  and  then  appear  in  offices  of  reli- 
gion. Rogers. 
If  there  were  any  such  thing  as  spontaneou; 
eeneration,  a  new  species  would  now  and  then 
appear. 
2.  Applied  to  places  which  appear  at  inter- 
vals or  in  succession. 

A   mead   here,  there  a  heath,  and  now  and 
then  a  wood.  Drai/lon. 

JVbrv,   now,  repeated,   is  used  to  excite  at- 
tention to  something  immediately  to  hap- 
pen. 
NOW,  n.  The  present  time  or  moment. 
Nothing  is  there  to  come,  and  nothing  past, 
But  an  eternal  noiv  does  ever  last.      Cowley. 
J^ow  a  days,  adv.  In  this  age. 
W\i3t  men  of  spiritnojf  a  days, 
Come  to  give  sober  judgment  of  new  plays? 

Garrick. 
[This  is  a  common  colloquiai  phrase,  but 
not  elee^ant  in  ivriting,  unless  of  the  more 
familiar  kinds.] 
NO'WAY,      }      ,      [no   and   jvay.]     In  no 
NO'WAYS,   \  manner      or       degree 

[These  can  hardly  he  considered  as  com 
pound  words.] 
NOWED,  a.  [Fr.  nouL]  Knotted;  tied  in 
a  knot;  used  in  heraldry.  Encyc. 

NOW'EL,  n.  [Fr.  noel.]  A  shout  of  joy  or 
Christmas  song.     Obs.  Chaucer. 

NOWES,  n.  [Fr.  nou.]  The  marriage  knot. 
Obs.  Crashaw. 

NO'WHERE,    adv.    [no  and  where  ;    Sax. 

na-u'htere.] 
Not  in  any  place  or  state.    Happiness  is  no- 
where  to  he  foimd  but  in  the  practice  of 
virtue. 

But  it  is  better  to  write  no  and  xohcre  as 
separate  words. 
NO'WISE,    adv.    [no   and   wise 

mistake  written  noways.] 
Not  in  any  manner  or  degree. 
NOXIOUS,  a.    nok'shus.    [L. 
noceo,  to  hurt.] 

1.  Hurlfnl  ;  harmfid  ;  baneful 
destructive  ;  unwholesome 
as  no.rious  im;  food,  climate;  pernicious 
corrupting  to  morals  ;  as  7ioxious  practices 
or  examples  ;  iio.rious  haunts  of  vice. 

2.  Guilty  ;  criminal. 

Those  who  are  noxious  in  the  eye  of  the  law. 
[Little  used.]  Bramhall 

3.  Unfavorable  ;  injm-ious. 

Too  frequent  appearance  in  places  of  public 
resort  is  noxious  to  spiritual  promotion. 

Swift. 
NOX'IOUSLY,      adv.     Ilurtfidly  ;    perni- 
ciously. 

NOX'IOUSNESS,  n.  Ilurtfulness  ;  the 
quality  that  injures,  impairs  or  destroys  ; 
insalubrity  ;  as  the  noxiousness  of  foul  air 

2.  The  finality  that  corrupts  or  perverts  ; 
as  the  no.riousness  of  doctrines. 

jVoi/,  noyance,  noyer,  noyfiil,  noyous,  noysance. 
[Sec  Annoy  and  JVnisancc] 

NOYAU,  J!,  noiy'o.  A  rich  cordial. 

NOZ'LE,      )    ■    [from   nose.]     The    nose  ; 

NOZ'ZLE,  \  "■  the  extremity  ofany  tiling; 
the  snout.  Arhulhnol. 

NUP.'BLE,  V.  t.  [fur  knnbble,  from  knob,  the 
fist.] 

To  beat  or  bruise  with  the  fist.     [A''ol  used.] 

.'linsworlh. 


N  U  L 

NUBIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  nuhiftr ;  nubes,  a 
cloud  or  fog,  and  fero,  to  produce.]  Bring- 
ing or  producing  clouds.  Diet. 

NU'BILF.,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  nubilis,  from  nu- 
bo,  to  marry.] 

Marriageable ;  of  an  ago  suitable  for  mar- 
riage. Pnor. 

NU'BILOUS,  a.  [L.  nubilus,  from  nubes.] 
Cloudy.  Bailey. 

NUCIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  nur,  nut,  and  fero, 
to  bear.]     Bearing  or  producing  nuts. 

Diet. 

NU'€LEUS,  n.  [L.  from  mix,  a  nut.] 

1.  Properly,  the  kernel  of  a  nut  ;  but  in 
usage,  any  body  about  which  matter  is 
collected.  n'oodward. 

2.  The  body  of  a  comet,  called  also  its  head, 
which  appears  to  be  surrounded  with 
light. 

NUD.\'TION,  n.  [L.  nudatio,  from  nudo,  to 
I     make  bare.] 

The  act  of  stripping  or  making  bare  or  na- 
ked. 
NUDE,  a.  [L.  mubis.]  Bare. 
2.  In  law,  void  ;  of  no  force.  Blackstone. 

NU'DITY,  n.  [L.  nuditas.]  Nakedness. 

2.  Midities,  in  the  plural,  naked  parts  which 
decency  requires  to  be  concealed 

Dryden. 

3.  In  painting  and  scrdpture,  the  naked  parts 
of  the  hinuan  figure,  or  parts  not  covered 
with  drapery. 


often  by 

Bentley. 
noxius,  from 


pernicious 
:  insalubrious 


according  to  the 
Blackstone. 
from   nugce 


Mtrfum  Pactum,  [L.]  in  laiv,  an  agreement 

that  is  void  or  not  valid 

laws  of  the  land. 
NUGAC'ITY,   n.    [L.  7iugax, 

trifles.] 
Futility  ;  trifling  talk  or  behavior. 

More.     Johnson. 

NUGA'TION,  )i.  [L.  nugor,  to  trifle.]  The 
act  or  practice  of  trifling.     [Little  used.] 

Bacon. 

NU'GATORY,  a.  [h.nugatorius.]  Trifling; 
vain  ;  futile  ;  insignificant.  Bentley. 

2.  Of  no  force  ;  inoperative  ;  ineffectual. 
The  laws  are  sometimes  rendered  nuga- 
tory by  inexecution.  Any  agreement  may 
be  rendered  nugatory  by  something  which 
contravenes  its  execution. 

NU'ISANCE,  ?       [Fr.  nuisance,  from  nuire, 

NU'SANCE,  I  "■  L.  noceo,  to  annoy.  Black- 
stone writes  nusance,  and  it  is  desirable 
that  his  example  may  he  followed.] 

1.  That  which  annoys  or  gives  trouble  and 
vexation  ;  that  which  is  offensive  or  nox 
ious.  A  liar  is  a  nusance  to  society. 
In  law,  that  which  incommodes  or  an- 
noys ;  something  that  produces  inconven- 
ience or  damage.  Nusances  are  public 
or  private  ;  public,  when  they  annoy  ci'  - 
zens  in  general,  as  obstructions  of  ..le 
highway ;  private,  when  they  affect  indi- 
viduals only,  as  when  one  man  erects  a 
house  so  near  his  neighbor's  as  to  throw 
the  water  off  the  roof  upon  his  neighbor's 
land  or  house,  or  to  intercept  the  light 
that  his  neighbor  before  enjoyed. 

Blackstone. 

JVul,  in  law,  signifies  no,  not  any  ;  as  nul  dis- 
seizin ;  nul  tiel  record  ;  nul  tort. 

NULL,  v.  I.  [L.  nullus ;  ne  and  utlus,  not 
any.] 

To  annul ;  to  deprive  of  validity  ;  to  destroy. 
[jVot  much  used.]     [See  Annul.]      Milton. 


N  U  M 

NULL,  «.  [L.  nullus.]  Void  ;  of  no  legal  or 

binding  force  or  validity  ;  of  no  efficacy  ; 

invalid.     The  contract  of  a  minor  is  null 

in  law,  except  for  necessaries. 
NULL,  n.  Something  that  has  no  force  or 

meaning.    A  cipher  is  called  a  nidi.     [J^ot 

used.]  Bacon. 

NULLIFID'IAN,  o.  [L.  nullus,  none,  and 

fdes,  faith.] 
Of  no  faith  ;  of  no  religion  or  honesty.  [JVbf 

used.]  Feltham. 

NULLIFIED,  pp.  Made  void. 
NUL'LIFY,  V.  t.  [L.  nuUua,  none,  and  facio, 

to  make.] 
To  annul ;  to  make  void  ;  to  render  invalid  ; 

to  deprive  of  legal  force  or  efficacy. 

Ames. 
XUL'LITY,    n.    [It.   nullita ;   Fr.   nuUit^  ; 

from  L.  nullus.] 

1.  Nothingness  ;  want  of  existence. 

Bacon. 

2.  Want  of  legal  force,  validity  or  efficacy. 

South. 

NUMB,  a.  num.  [Sax.  numen,  the  parti- 
ciple of  Sax.  Goth,  niman,  to  take,  to 
seize,  whence  beniman  or  benyman,  to  de- 
prive ;  benum,  benuman,  stupefied,  that  is, 
seized,  arrested,  held,  stopped  ;  D.  nee- 
men  ;  G.  nehmen.     Class  Nni.  No.  7.  0.] 

I.  Torpid  ;  destitute  of  the  power  of  sensa- 
tion and  motion  ;  as,  the  fingers  or  litnbs 
are  7iutnb  vvith  cold. 

Producing  numbness  ;  benumbing  ;  as  the 
numb  cold  night,      [JVot  used  nor  proper.] 

Shak. 

NUMB,  V.  t.  num.  To  make  torpid ;  to  de- 
prive of  the  power  of  sensation  or  motion  ; 
to  deaden  ;  to  benumb  ;  to  stupefy. 
For  lazy  winter  numbs  the  laboring  hand. 

Dryden. 
And  numbing  coldness  has  embraced  the  ear. 

Prior. 

NUMBED,  pp.  num'med.  Rendered  torpid. 

NUM'BER,  n.  [Fr.  nombre  ;  L.  numerus ; 
It.  Sp.  Port,  numero  ;  Arm.  W.  niver  ;  Ir. 
nuimhir.  I  know  not  whether  the  ele- 
ments are  JVm,  or  J^b.  Probably  the  radi- 
cal sense  is  to  speak,  name  or  tell,  as  our 
word  tell,  in  the  other  dialects,  is  to  num- 
ber. j\fumber  may  be  allied  to  name,  as 
the  Spaniards  use  nombre  for  name,  and 
the  French  word  written  with  the  same 
letters,  is  number.     Class  Nm.  No.  1.] 

1.  The  designation  of  a  unit  in  reference  to 
other  units,  or  in  reckoning,  counting, 
enumerating  ;  as,  one  is  the  first  lutmber  ; 
a  simple  number. 

An  assemblage  of  two  or  more  imits. 
Two  is  a  number  composed  of  one  and 
one  added.  Five  and  three  added  make 
the  number  eight.  .Yumber  may  be  appli- 
ed to  any  collection  or  multitude  of  units 
or  individuals,  and  therefore  is  indefinite, 
unless  defined  by  other  words  or  by 
figures  or  signs  of  definite  signification. 
Hence, 

3.  3Iore  than  one ;  many. 
Ladies  are  always  of  great  use  to  the  party 

they  espouse,  and  never  fail  to  win  over  ni(»»- 
brrs.  Addison. 

4.  Multitude. 
JVumber  itself  importeth  not  much  in  armies, 

where  the  men  are  of  weak  courage.  Bacon. 
In  poetni.  measure  ;  the  order  and  qunn- 
litv  of  syllables  constituting  ti'Ct,  which 
rciider  verse  iiuisical  to  the  car.  The  liar- 


N  U  31 

mony  of  verse  consists  in  llie  proper  dis- 
tribution of  the  long  and  short  syllables, 
with  suitable  pauses. 

In  oratory,  a  judicious  disposition  ot 
words,  syllables  and  cadences  constitutes 
a  kind  of  measure  resembling  poetic  num- 
bers. 

6.  Poetry  ;  verse. 

I  Usped  in  numbers,  for  the  numbers  came. 
■^  Pope. 

Here  the  first  word  numbers  may  be 
taken  for  -poelnj  or  verse,  and  the  second 
for  measure. 

Yet  should  the  Muses  bid  my  numbers  roll. 

Pope. 

7.  In  grammar,  the  difference  of  termination 
or  form  of  a  word,  to  express  unity  or  plu- 
rality. The  termination  which  denotes 
one  or  an  individual,  is  the  singular  mtm- 
ler  ;  the  termination  that  denotes  two  or 
more  individuals  or  units,  constitutes  the 
plural  number.  Hence  we  say,  a  noun,  an 
adjective,  a  pronoun  or  a  verb  is  in  the 
singular  or  the  plural  number. 

8.  In  mathematics,  number  is  variously  dis 
tinguished.     Cardinal  numbers  are  those 


They  arc  said  to 
but  the  Andiians 
them  from  India. 


which  cxi)ress  the  ainoiml  of  units  ;  as  1. 
2.  3.  4.  5.  ti.  7.  8.  9.  10.  Ordinal  numbers 
are  those  wliicli  express  order;  as  first 
second,  third,  fourth,  &c-. 

Determinate   number,   is  tliat   referred   to   a 
given   unit,  as  a  ternary  or  three  ;  an  in 
determinate  number,  is  referred  to  unity  in 
general,  and  called  quantity. 

Homogeneal  numbers,  are  those  referred  to 
thesame  units  ;  those  referred  to  differ- 
ent units  are  termed  heterogeneal. 

Whole  numbers,  are  called  integers. 

A  rational  number,  is  one  commensurable 
with  unity.  A  number  incoimneiisurable 
with  unity,  is  termed  irrational  or  surd. 

\  prime  or  primitive  number,  is  divisible  only 
by  unity  ;  as  three,  five,  seven,  &c. 

A  perfect  number,  is  that  whose  aliquot  parts 
added  together,  make  the  whole  number, 
as  28,  whose  aliquot  i)arls,  11.  7.  4.  2,  1. 
make  the  number  28. 

.\t\  imperfect  number,  is  that  whose  aliquot 
parts  added  together,  make  more  or  less 
than  the  number.  This  is  abundant  or 
defective  ;  abundant,  as  Vi,  whose  aliquot 
parts,  C.  4.  3.  2.  1.  make  1(1 ;  or  defective, 
as  10,  whose  aliquot  parts,  8.  4.  2.  1.  make 
15  only. 

A  square  number,  is  the  product  of  a  number 
multiplied  by  itself;  as,  16  is  the  square 
number  of  4. 

A  cubic  nuinber,  is  the  product  of  a  square 
number  by  its  root;  as,  27  is  the  product 
of  the  square  number  9  by  its  root  3. 

Encyc. 
Golden  number,  the  cycle  of  the  moon,  or 
revolution  of  19  years,  in  which  time  the 
conjunctions,  oppositions  and  other  as-l|ivuj>iER'l£;^ 
pects  of  the  moon  are  nearly  the  same  as 
they  were  on  the  same  days  of  the  month 
19  years  before. 
NUM'BER,  V.  t.  [L.  nximero.]  To  count ;  to 
reckon  ;  to  ascertain  the  units  of  any  sum, 
collection  or  multitude. 

If  a  man  can  numher  tlie  i!u.«t  of  the  earth, 
then  shall  Uiy  seed  also  be  nwnhcred.  Gen. 
xiii. 

2.  To  reckon  as  one  of  a  collection  or  mul- 
titude. 


N  U  M 

He  was   numbered  wilh   the  tiausgretisors. 
Is.  liii. 

NUM'UERED,  pp.  Counted  ;  enumerated. 
NUM'BEUER,  n.  One  that  numbers. 
NUM'BERING,  h;»-.  Countuig  ;  ascertain- 
ing the  iniits  ol  a  multitude  or  collection. 
NUM'BERLESS,  a.  That  cannot  be  count- 
ed ;  innumerable.  Milton 
NUiVl'BERS,     n.    The  title  of  the   fourth 

book  of  the  Pentateuch. 
NUMBING, /)/«•.  num'ming.  Making  torpid 
NUM'BLES,  ji.  [Vr.nombles.]  The  entrails 
of  a  deer.  Bailey. 

NUMBNESS,    JI.    num'ness.   Torpor  ;  that 
state  of  a  living  body  in  which  it  has  not 
the  power  of  feeling  or  motion,  as  when 
paralytic  or  chilled  by  cold. 
NUMERABLE,    a.  [L.  mtmeralnlis.]  That 

may  be  numbered  or  counted. 
NU'MERAL,  a.  [Fr.  ;  L.  numcralk.}    Per- 
taining to  number  ;  consisting  of  number. 
'I  he  dependence  of  a  long  train  of  numeral 
progressions.  Lucke. 

E.xpressing  number  ;  representing  num- 
ber ;  standing  as  a  substitute  for  figures  ; 
as   numeral  letters  ;  as  X  for    10  ;  L  for 
fifty  ;  Cfor  100  ;  D  for  500;  M  for  1000. 
3.  Expressing  numbers  ;  as  numeral  charac- 
ters.    The  figures  we  now  use  to  e.x|)ress 
numbers   are  1.  2.  3.  4.  5.  G.  7.  8.  9.  0, 
he  of  Arabian  origin 
might    have    received 
This  is  a  controverted 


question. 

NU'MERALEY,   adv.   According  to  num 
her  ;  in  number. 

NU'MERARY,  a.  Belonging  to  a  certain 
number. 

A  supernumerary  canon,  when  he  obtains  i 
prebend,  becomes  a  nwmoa/i/ canon.     Jhjliffe 

NU'MERATE,  v.  t.  To  count  or  reckon  in 
numbers  ;  to  calculate.  [But  enumerate  is 
generally  used.]  Lancaster. 

NUMERA'TION,  Ji.  [L.  numeratio.]  The 
act  or  art  of  numbering. 

A'ltmcraiion  is  but  still  the  adding  of  one 
unit  more,  and  giving  to  the  whole  a  new  name 
or  .sign.  Locke. 

2.  In  nriWwnefic,  notation  ;  the  art  of  express- 
ing in  characters  any  number  proposed  in 
wonls,  or  of  e.xpressing  in  wonis  any  num 
her  pni])oscd  in  characters;  the  ait  or  art 
of  writing  or  reading  numbers.  Thus  we; 
write  1000,  tor  thousand,  and  50,  we  read 
fifty. 

NU'iMERATOR,  n.  [L.]  One  that  num- 
bers. 

2.  In  arithmetic,  the  number  in  vulgar  frac- 
tions which  shows  how  many  parts  of  a 
unit  are  taken.  Thus  when  a  unit  is  di- 
vided into  9  parts,  and  we  take  5,  we  ex- 
press it  thus,  ^,,  that  is,  five  ninths;  5  be- 
ing the  numerator,  and  9  the  denomina- 
tor. 

[It.   numerico ;  Fr.  nu- 

NVMER'lCAh,^"' meriijue  ;  from  L.  nu- 
mfn(S,  number.] 

1.  Belonging  to  mmiber;  denoting  number ; 
consisting  in  niunbers  ;  as  numerical  alge- 
bra ;  numerical  characters. 

2.  J\rumerical  difference,  is  that  by  which 
one  individual  is  distinguished  liom  an- 
other. The  same  numerical  body  is  idcn 
ticallv  the  same. 

NUMERICALLY,  adv.  In  numbers;  as 
parts  of  a  thing  numerically  expressed. 


.\  U  N 

2.  With  respect  to  number  or  sameness  ill 
number ;  as,   a    thing   is  numerically   the 
same,  or  numerically  different. 
NU'MERIST,  71.  One  that  deals   in  num- 
hers.     [Ao<  used.]  Brown. 

NUMEROS'lTY,    n.    The  state  of  being 
numerous.     [J\'ot  used.]  Brown. 

NU'MEROUS,  a.  [L.  numerosus.]  Beiiig^ 
many,  or  consisting  of  a  great  number  of 
individuals;  as  a  numerous  army;  a  nu- 
merous body  ;  a  nutnerous  people. 
Consisting  of  poetic  numbers;  melodi- 
ous; musical.  In  prose,  a  style  becomes 
■numerous  by  the  alternate  dl^positilln  or 
intermixture  of  long  and  short  sjllablcs, 
or  of  long  and  short  words  ;  or  by  a  judi- 
cious selection  and  disposition  of  smooth 
flowing  words,  and  by  closing  tlie  periods 
with  important  or  uell  sounding  words. 

Encyc. 

NU'MEROUSNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing numerous  or  many ;  the  quality  of 
consisting  of  a  great  number  of  inilivid- 
uals  ;  as  the  numerousness  of  an  army  or 
of  an  assembly. 
2.  The  quality  of  consisting  of  poetic  num- 
bers ;  melodiousness ;  musicalness. 

Encyc. 

NUMISMATTC,  a.    [L.   r.umisjita,   money, 

coin  ;  Gr.  i-o^iofia,  from  lofn'iu,  to  suppose, 

to  sanction,  liom  yofio;,   law   or  custom.] 

Pertaining  to  money,  coin  or  medals. 

NUJIISMAT'ICS,  n.  The  science  of  coins 

and  medals. 
NUMISMATOL  OtilST,  n.  One  versed  in 

the  knowledge  of  coins  and  medals. 
NUMISMATOLOGY,  7i.  [Gr.  TOfitof<o,  coin, 

and  ?^/05,  discourse.] 
The  branch  of  historical  science  which  treats 

of  coins  and  meilals. 
NUM'MARY,     i       [L.  jiHm?(i!(,?,   a    coin.] 
NUM'MULAR,  S"'  Pertaining    to    coin  or 
Arbuthnot.     Diet. 
[L.   nuiumus,   money.] 
a   chambered   shell    of 
formerly  mistaken    for 
money.  Ed.  Encyc. 

NUMPS,    Ji.    A   dolt;   a  blockhead.     [.Vol 
used.]  Parker. 

NUM'SKULL,    JI.    [numb   and    skull.]      A 
dunce  ;  a  dolt ;  a  stupid  lidlow.  Prior. 

NUM'SKULLEl),  a.  Dull  in  intellect  :  stu- 
pid ;  dollish.  •hbulhnot. 
NI'N,  JI.  [Sax.   Dan.    jiKJinc  ;    D.   Jion  ;  G. 

nonne  ;  Sw.  nunna  ;  Vr.  jio»nf.] 
A  woman  devoted  to  a  religious  life,  and 
who  lives  in  a  cloister  or  nuiiiieiy,  se- 
cluded from  the  world,  under  a  vow  of 
perpetual  chastity. 
NUN,  n.  A  web-liioted  fiiwl  of  the  size  of  a 
duck,  with  a  white   heatl  and  neck. 

Diet. 
2.  The  blue  titmouse.  S/icritoorf. 

NUN'CIIION,  n.  A  portion    of  food    taken 
between  meal.-;,     [qu.  from  nooJi,  or  ;•.  cor- 
ruption of /luic/ieoii.]  Ainsu-orth. 
NUN'OIATURE,    n.    [See  Kuncio.]     The 
ffice  of  a  nuncio.  Clarendon. 
NUN'CIO,  JI.  I  It.  nitJ!:to,  from  L.  nuncius, 
a  messenger.] 

An  embassador  from  the  pope  to  some 
catholic  prince  or  state,  or  w  ho  attends 
some  congress  or  assembly  as  the  pope's 
representative.  Encyc. 

A  messenger  ;  one  who  brings  inn  lli- 
gence.        "  Shak. 


money. 
NUM'MULITE,  ii. 

Fossil  remains  of 
a  flattened  lurm. 


N  U  R 


NUT 


NUT 


Nl'N'CUPATE,  V.  t.  [L.  nuncupo.]  To  de- 
clare publicly  or  solemnly.     [jVot  used.] 

Barrow. 
NUNCUPA'TION,   n.    A  naming. 

Chaucer. 
NUNCU'PATIVE,  \  {\t.mLncupativo;¥r. 
NUNCU'PATOKY,  S      minrupatlf;  froniL. 

nuncupo,  to  declare.] 
1.  Nominal  ;   existing  only  in  name. 

Encyc. 
8.  Publicly  or  solemnly  declaratory. 

Fotherby. 

3.  Verbal,  not  written.  A  nuncupative  will 
or  testament  is  one  wliicli  is  made  by  tlie 
verbal  declaration  oftlie  testator,  and  de- 
pends merely  on  oral  testimony  for  proof, 
though  afterwards  reduced  to  writing. 

Blackslone. 

NUN'DINAL,  a.  [L.  nundinalis,  from  nun- 
dina,  a  fair  or  market,  ([uasi  novem-dinm, 
every  nine  days.] 

1.  Pertaining  to" a  fair  or  to  a  m.irketday. 

a.  A  nundinal  letter,  among  the  Romans, 
was  one  of  the  eight  first  letters  of  the  al- 
phabet, which  were  repeated  successively 
from  the  first  to  the  last  day  of  the  year. 
One  of  these  always  expressed  the  market 
days,  which  returned  every  nine  days. 

NUN'DINAL,  n.  A  nundinal  letter. 

NUN'DINATE,  v.  i.  To  buy  and  sell  at 
fairs.     [JVot  used.] 

NUNDINA'TION.  n.  Traffick  in  fairs. 
[JVot  used.] 

NUNNA'TION,  «,  In  .irahic grammar,  from 
the  name  of  .V,  the  pronunciation  of  n 
at  the  end  of  words. 

NUN'NERY,  n.  A  house  in  which  nuns  re- 
side ;  a  cloister  in  which  females  under  a 
vow  of  chastity  and  devoted  to  religion, 
reside  during  life. 

NUP'TIAL,  o"  [L.  miptialis,  from  nuplus, 
iiuho,  to  marry.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  marriage ;  done  at  a  wed- 
ding ;  as  nuptial  rites  and  ceremonies ; 
nuptial  torch. 

8.  Constituting  marriage  ;  as  the  nuptial 
knot  or  band. 

The  Bible  has  mitigated  the  horrors  of  war ; 
it  has  given  eftcctuarobligatioii  to  the  nuptial 
vow.  (^-  Spring. 

NUP'TIALS,  n.  plu.  Marriage,  which  see. 

Dryden. 

NURSE,  n.  nurs.  [Fr.  nourrice,  from  nour- 
rir,  to  nourish.] 

1.  A  woman  that  has  the  care  of  infants,  or 
a  woman  employed  to  tend  the  children  of 
others. 

2.  A  woman  who  suckles  infants. 
;5.  A  woman  that  has  the  care  of  a  sick  per- 
son. 

4.  .\  man  who  has  the  care  of  the  sick. 

5.  A  person  that  breeds,  educates  or  |)rotects : 
hence,  that  which  breeds,  brings  up  or 
causes  to  grow;  as  Greece,  the  nurse  of  the 
liberal  arts. 

C.  An  old  woman  ;  in  contempt. 

Blackinore. 

7.  The  state  of  being  ninsed  ;  as,  to  put  a 
child  to  nurse.  Cleaveland. 

8.  In  composition,  that  which  supplies  food  ; 
as  a  Jiurae-pond.  Hallon. 

NURSE,  v.t.  nurs.  To  tend,  as  infants  ;  as, 

to  nurse  a  child. 
2.  To  suckle  ;  to  nourish  at  the  breast. 
a.  To  attend  and  take  care  of  in  child-bed  ; 

as,  to7ii(rse  .'i  winnanin  her  illness. 


To  tend  the  sick  ;  applied  to  males  and  fe- 
males. 

To  feed  ;  to  maintain ;  to  bring  up.     Is. 
Ix. 

().  To  cherish ;  to  foster ;  to  encourage ;  to 
promote  growth  in.  We  say,  to  nurse 
a  feeble  animal  or  plant. 

By  what  hands  lias  vice  been  nursed  into  so 
uncontrolled  a  dominion  ?  Locke. 

7.  To  manage  with  care  and  economy,  with 
a  view  to  increase  ;  as,  to  nurse  our  na- 
tional resources. 

NURS'ED,  pp.  Tended  in  infancy  or  sick- 

I  ness;  nourished  from  the  breast;  main- 
tained ;  cherished. 

NURS'ER,  n.  One  that  cherishes  or  en- 
courages growth. 

NURS'ERY,  n.  The  place  or  apartment  in 
a  house  appropriated  to  the  care  of  child- 
ren. Bacon. 

2.  A  place  where  young  trees  are  propaga- 
ted for  the  purpose  of  being  transplanted  ; 
a  plantation  of  young  trees.  Bacon 

3.  The  place  where  any  thing  is  fostered  and 
the  growth  promoted. 

To  see  fair  Padua,  nursfr)/ of  arts.         Sbak 
So  we   say,   a   nursery  of  thieves  or  of 

rogues.     Alehouses  and    dram-shops  are 

the  mirseries  of  intemperance. 

Christian  families   are  tlie   nurseries  of  the 

church  on  earth,  as  she  is  the  nursery  of  Ihe 

church  in  heaven.  ./.  J\I.  .Mason 

4.  That  which  forms  and  educates.  Com- 
merce is  the  nursery  of  seamen. 

5.  The  act  of  nursing.     [Little  used.]     Shak. 

6.  That  which  is  the  object  of  a  nurse's  care. 

Jililton. 

NURS'ING,  ppr.  Tending  ;  nourishing  at 
the  breast  ;  educating  ;  maintaining. 

NURS'LING,  n.  An  infant ;  a  child. 

Dryden. 

2.  One  that  is  nursed.  Spenser. 

NUR'TURE,  »!.  [Fr.  Jiouriiture,  from  nour- 
rir,  to  nom'ish.] 

1.  Tliat  which  nourishes  ;  food  ;  diet. 

Milton. 

2.  That  which  promotes  growth  ;  education  ; 
instruction.     Epli.vi. 

NUR'TURE,  I',  t.  To  feed  ;  to  nourish. 

2.  To  educate  ;  to  bring  or  train  up. 
He  was  nurtured  where  he  was  born. 

Wotton. 

NUSANCE.     [SeeAWsaiice.] 

NUT,  71.  [Sax. /ini(<;  D.  ?ioo< ;  G.nuss;  Sw. 
no/;  Tis.n.nodd ;  h.cnudh;  \\'.cna,cnau. 
It  seems  to  be  allied  to  knot,  a  bunch  or 
hard  lump.] 

jl.  The  fruit  of  certain  trees  and  shrubs,  con- 
sisting of  a  hard  shell  inclosing  a  kernel. 

1  A  nut  is  properly  the  pericarp  of  the  fruit 
Various  kinds   of  nuts  are  distinguished  ; 

I     as  walnut,  chestnut,  hazlenut,  butternut. 

i2.  In  mechanics,   a  small  cylin<ler   or   other 

I  body,  with  teeth  or  projections  corres- 
ponding with  the  teeth  or  grooves  of  a 
wheel.  U'ilkins.     Raij.\ 

3.  The  projection  near  the  eye  of  an  anchor.l 
[  J\Iar.  Diet.] 
NUT,  V.  t.  To  gather  nuts.  H'ood. 
INUTA'TION,  n.  [L.  nutatio,  a  nodding, 
.  from  mito,  to  nod.] 
In  astronomy,  a  kind  of  tremulous  motion  of 

the  axis  of  the  earth,  by  which  in   its  an- 
nual revolution  it  is  twice  inclined  to  the 
1     ecliptic,  and  as  often  returns  to  its  (bruier 
I     position.  Encyc. 


NUT-BREAKER.     [See  Nutcracker.] 

NUT'-BROWN,  a.  Brown  as  a  nut  long  kept 
and  dried.  Milton. 

NUT'-€RACKEK,  n.  An  instrument  for 
cracking  nuts.  Addison. 

2.  A  bird  of  the  genns  Corvus  ;  the  nut- 
breaker.  Pennant. 

NUT'GALL,  Ji.  An  excrescence  of  the  oak. 

Brown. 

NUT'-HATCII,  n.  The  common  name  of 
birds  of  the  genus  Sitta.  The  common 
Euro[)ean  nut-hatch  is  called  also  nut-joh- 
ber  and  nut-pecker.  Encyc.     Johnson. 

NUT'-HQQK,  n.  A  pole  with  a  hook  at  the 
end  to  pull  down  boughs  for  gathering 
the  nuts ;  also,  the  name  given  to  a  thief 
that  stole  goods  from  a  window  by  means 
of  a  hook.  Shak. 

NUT'MEG,  n.  [L.  nuxmoschata;  It.  noce 
moscada;  Von.  no:  moscada  ;  Fr.  muscade 
or  i(oi,r  wuscade.  But  it  may  be  question- 
ed whether  the  last  syllable  in  English, 
meg,  is  not  from  L.  mncis,  mace,  the  bark 
that  envelops  the  nut.] 

The  fruit  of  a  tree  of  the  genus  Myristica, 
growing  in  the  isles  of  the  East  Indies  and 
South  Sea.  The  tree  grows  to  the  hightli 
of  thirty  feet,  [iroducing  numerous  branch- 
es. The  color  of  the  bark  of  the  trunk  is 
a  reddish  brown  ;  that  of  the  young 
branches  a  bright  green.  Tlie  fruit  is  of 
the  kind  called  drupe,  that  is,  a  pulpy  peri- 
carp without  valves,  containing  a  nut  or 
kernel.  The  covering  of  this  nut  is  the 
mace.  The  nutmeg  is  an  aromatic,  very 
gratefid  to  the  taste  and  smell,  and  much 
used  in  cookery. 

NUTRIC.VTION,  n.  Maimer  of  feeding  or 
being  fed.     [A'ot  in  use.] 

NU'TRIENT,  a.  [L.  nutrio.]  Nourishing ; 
jjiomoting  growth. 

NU'TRIENT,  Jl.  Any  substance  which 
nourishes  by  promoting  the  growth  or  re- 
pairing ihe  waste  of  animal  bodies. 

NU'TRIMENT,  n.  [L.  nutrimentmn,  from 
nutrio,  to  nourish.] 

1.  That  which  nourishes ;  that  which  pro- 
motes the  growth  or  repairs  the  natural 
waste  of  animal  bodies,  or  that  which  pro- 
motes the  growth  of  vegetables  ;  food  ;  ali- 
ment. South. 

2.  That  which  promotes  enlargement  or  im- 
provement :  as  the  nutriment  of  the  mind. 

NUTRIMENT'AL,  a.  Having  the  qualities 
of  food;  alimental.  Arbulhnot. 

NUTRI'TION,  >i.  [L.  nutritin,  from  nutrio, 
to  nourish.] 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  promoting  the 
growth  or  repairing  the  waste  of  animal 
bodies ;  the  act  or  jirocess  of  promoting 
grow  th  in  vegetables.  Daru'iii. 

2.  That  which  nourishes;  nutriment. 
Fixed  like  a  plant  on  his  peculiar  spot, 
To  draw  nutrition,  propagate,  and  rot. 

Pope. 
There  is  no  nulrilion  in  ardent  spirits. 

L.  Beecher. 
NUTRF'TIOUS,    a.    Nourishing;    promo- 
ting the  growth  or  repairing  the  waste  of 
animal  bodies.     Milk  is  very  nutritious. 
NU'TKITIVE,    a.    Having   the   (|u,ility  of 
nourishing;  niitrimental ;  alinienlal  :  as  a 
nutritive  food. 
:|NU'TRITURE,  n.  The  quality  of  nourish- 
'iig.     [.Vc<  ttscd.]  Harvey. 


o 


OAK 


OAT 


NUT'-SIIELL,  n.  The  hard  shell  of  a  nut ; 
the  covering  of  the  kernel. 

3.  Proverbially,  a  thing  of  little  compass  or 
of  little  value.  L' Estrange. 

•VUT'-TREK,  n.  A  tree  that  bears  nuts. 

NUZ'ZLE,  V.  t.  [qu.  from  noursk.]  To 
nurse  ;  to  foster.     [  Vulgar.] 

NUZ'ZLE,  V.  t.  [qu.  from  nose  or  noursk.] 
To  hide  the  head,  as  a  child  in  the  moth- 
er's bosom.  Baiky. 

NUZ'ZLE,  V.  t.  [qu.  noursk  or  neslk.]  To 
nestle ;  to  house  as  in  a  nest. 

NUZ'ZLE,  V.  i.  [qu.  from  nose]  To  go  with 
the  nose  near  the  ground,  or  thrusting  the 
nose  into  the  ground  like  a  swine. 

Arbuthnot.    Pope. 

NYC'TALOPS,  n.  [Gr.  vvx-ca.-ku^;m%,  night, 
and  a\,  the  eye.] 

1.  One  that  sees  best  in  the  night.         Coks. 

a.  One  who  loses  his  sight  as  night  comes 
on,  and  remains  blind  till  mornitig. 


NYC'TALOPY,  n.  The  faculty  of  seeing 
best  in  darkness,  or  the  disorder  from 
which  this  faculty  proceeds.  Todd. 

2.  In  present  usage,  the  disorder  in  which 
the  patient  loses  his  sight  as  night  ap- 
proaches, and  remains  blind  till  morning. 

NYE,  ji.  A  brood  or  (lock  of  pheasants. 

NYL'GAU,  JI.  A  quadruped  of  the  genus 
Bos,  a  native  of  the  interior  of  India,  of  a 
middle  size  between  the  cow  and  tbe  deer. 
Its  body,  horns  and  lail  are  not  unlike 
those  of  a  bull  ;  the  head,  neck  and  legs 
resemble  those  of  the  dcci-.  The  color  is 
an  ash  gray.  Encyc. 

[NYMPH,  n.  [L.  nyinpha;  Gr.  iv(i^.]  In 
mtfthology,  n  goddess  of  the  mountains, 
forests,  meadows  and  waters.  According 
to  the  ancients,  all  the  world  was  full  of 
nymphs,  some  terrestrial,  others  celestial ; 
and  these  had  names  assigned  to  them  ac- 


cording to  their  place  of  residence,  or  the 

parts  of  the  world  over  which  they  were 

supposed  to  preside.  Encyc. 

3.  In  poetry,  a  lady.  Walkr. 

NYMPH,      >      Another  name  of  the  pupa, 

NYMPH'A,  J  "-chrysalis,   or   aurelia  ;    the 

second  state  of  an  insect,  passing  to  it.": 

perfect  form. 

NYMPHE'AN,  a.    Pertaining   to  nymphs; 
inhabited  by  nymphs  ;  as  a  nymphean  cave. 

Faber. 
NYMPIMCAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  nynqihs. 

I'ausanias,  Trans. 
NYMPH'ISn,  a.  Relating  to  nymphs ;  lady- 
like Drayton. 
NYMPH  LIKE,  t  „  Resembling  uvmphs. 
NYMPH  LY,  I  "•  'Drayton. 
NYS,  [ne  and  is.]  None  is ;  is  not.     Obs. 

Spenser. 


o. 


\J  is  the  fifteenth  letter,  and  the  fourth 
vowel  in  the  English  Alphabet.  The 
shape  of  this  letter  seems  to  have  been 
taken  from  the  circular  configuration  of 
the  lips  in  uttering  the  sound.  It  corres- 
ponds in  figure  with  the  Coptic  O,  and 
nearly  with  the  Syriac  initial  and  final 
vau,  and  the  Ethiopic  ain.  In  words  de- 
rived from  the  oriental  languages,  it  often 
represents  the  vau  of  those  languages,  and 
sometimes  the  ain  ;  the  original  soimd  of 
the  latter  being  formed  deep  in  the  throat, 
and  with  a  greater  aperture  of  the  mouth. 

In  English,  O  has  a  long  sound,  as  in  lone, 
hone,  groan,  cloke,  roll,  droll;  a  short 
sound,  as  in  lot,  plod,  rod,  song,  lodge,  and 
the  sound  of  oo,  or  the  Italian  «,  and 
French  ou,  as  in  move,  prove.  This  sound 
is  shortened  in  words  ending  in  a  close 
articulation,  as  in  book,  fool. 

The  long  sound  of  O,  is  usually  denoted 
by  e,  at  the  end  of  a  word  or  syllable,  as 
in  bone,  lonely  ;  or  by  a  servile  a,  as  in  moan, 
foal.  It  is  generally  long  before  II,  as  in 
roll;  but  it  is  short  in  doll,  loll,  and  in 
words  of  more  syllables  than  one,  as  in 
folly,  volley. 

As  a  numeral,  O  was  sometimes  used  by 
the  ancients  for  11,  and  with  a  dash  over 
it,  0,  for  11,000. 

Among  the  Irish,  O  prefixed  to  the  name 
of  a  family,  denotes  progeny,  or  is  a 
a  character  of  dignity  ;  as  O'Neil ;  O'Car 
rol. 

Among  the  ancients,  O  was  a  mark  of 
triple  time,  from  the  notion  that  the  terna- 
ry or  numbers,  is  the  most  perfect  of  num- 
bers, and  properly  expressed  by  a  circle, 
the  most  perfect  figure. 

O  is  often  used  as  an  exclamation,  express- 
ing a  wis!). 

O,  were  he  present.  Dryden. 

It  sometimes  expresses  surjjrise. 

Shakspearo   uses  O   for    a  circle  or   oval. 
Wiihin  this  wooden  O. 


Vol.  II. 


0.  S.  stands  for  Old  Style. 
OAF,  n.  [said  to  be  a  corruption  of  ouph  or 

elf,  a  fairy  or  demon,  and  to  denote  a  fool- 
ish child  left  by  fiiries  in  the  place  of  one 
of  better  intellects  which  they  steal.  John- 
son.] 

1.  A  changeling ;  a  foolish  child  left  by  fai- 
ries in  the  place  of  another.  Drayton. 

2.  A  dolt;  an  idiot;  a  blockhead. 
OAFISH,  a.  Stupid ;  dull  ;  doltish.     [LiUk 

US€(i,  1 

lOAFISHNESS,  n.  Stupidity;  dullness  ;  fol- 

I     ly.     [Link  used.] 

OAK,  n.  [Sax.  ac,  tec;  D.  eik  or  eikboom ; 
G.  eiche  or  eichbaum  ;  Sw.  ek  ;  Dan.  eege- 
trcee,  oak-tree.  It  is  probable  that  the  first 
syllable,  oak,  was  originally  an  adjective 
expiessing  some  quality,  as  hard  or  strong, 
and  by  the  disuse  of  ^-ee,  oak  became  the 
name  of  the  tree.] 

tree  of  the  genus  Quercus,  or  rather  the 
popular  name  of  the  genus  itself,  of  which 
there  are  .several  species.  The  white  oak; 
grows  to  a  great  size,  and  furnishes  a  mostj 
valuable  timber ;  but  the  live  oak  of  the 
United  States  is  the  most  durable  timber! 
for  ships.  In  Hartford  still  stands  the  ven-i 
erable  oak,  in  the  hollow  stem  of  which! 
was  concealed  and  preserved  the  colonial 
charter  of  Connecticut,  when  Sir  E.  An-! 
dros,  by  authority  of  a  writ  of  quo  war-l 
ranto  from  the  British  crow  n,  attempted  toj 
ohiain  possession  of  it,  in  1087.  As  it  was 
then  a  large  tree,  it  must  now  be  nearly 
three  hundred  years  old. 

OAK-APPLE,  n.  A  kind  of  spungy  excres- 
cence on  oak   leaves  or  tender  branches, 
&c.  produced  in  consequence  of  the  punc 
ture  of  an  insect.     It  is  called  also  oak  leaf 
gall,  or  gall-nut.  Baron.     Encyc 

OAKEN,  a.  o'kn.  JMado  of  oak  or  consist- 
ing of  oak  ;  as  un  oaken  plank  or  bench ; 
an  oaken  bower.  Milton. 

2.  Com])osed  of  branches  of  oak ;  as  an  oaken 
carland.  Mdxson. 

24 


lOAKENPIN,  n.  An  apple ;  so  called  from 
its  hardnesss.  Mortimer. 

OAKLING,  n.  A  young  oak.  Evelyn. 

Oakum,  «.  [Sax.  acemba,  a;cumbe,  tow. 
The  latter  part  of  the  word  may  be  Sax. 
cemb,  a  comb.] 

The  substance  of  old  ropes  untwisted  and 
pulled  into  loose  hen)p ;  used  for  calking 
the  .seams  of  ships,  stopping  leaks,  &c. 
That  formed  from  untarred  ropes  is  called 
white  oakum. 

OAKY,  a.  [from  oak.]  Hard;  firm;  strong. 

Hall. 

Oar,  n.  [Sax.  ar;  Sw.  Ura  ;  Norm,  oicer.] 
An  instrument  for  rowing  boats,  being  a 
piece  of  limber  round  or  square  at  one  end, 
and  flat  at  the  other.  The  round  end  is 
the  handle,  and  the  flat  end  the  blade. 

To  boat  the  oars,  in  seamanship,  to  cease  row- 
ing and  lay  the  oars  in  the  boat. 

To  ship  the  oars,  to  place  them  in  the  row- 
locks. 

To  unship  the  oars,  to  take  them  out  of  the 
row-locks.  Mar.  Diet. 

0.\R,  V.  i.  To  row.  Pope. 

Oar,  v.  I.  To  impel  by  rowing.  Shak. 

OARY,  a.  Having  the  former  use  of  an  oar; 
as  the  swan's  oary  feet. 

Milton.    Addison. 

O  A  ^T*    "i 

OST  '  >       fl"'  '^"''  ""^  ^'  "*'"*•]  -^  kiln  to 

OUST  S    '  dry  hops  or  malt.         Mortimer. 

OAT,  n.  [Sax.  ate,  oat  or  cockle,  darnel ; 
Ru.ss.  oves  or  ovelxi.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Avena,  and  more  usu- 
ally, the  seed  of  the  plant.  The  word  is 
commonly  used  in  the  plural,  oats.  This 
plant  flourishes  best  in  cold  latitudes,  and 
degenerates  in  the  warm.  The  meal  of 
this  grain,  oatmeal,  forms  a  considerable 
and  \ery  valuable  article  of  food  for  man 
in  Scotland,  and  every  where  oats  are  ex- 
celler.t  fjod  for  horses  and  cattle. 

0AT€.'\KE,  n.  A  cake  made  of  the  meal  of 
oats.  Peacham. 


O  B  D 


O  B  E 


Made  of  oatmeal;  as  ootenjlOB'DURATE,  v.  t.  To  harden. 


as  an 

Milton} 


OATEN,  a-  o'tn. 

cakes. 
2.  Consisting  of  an  oat  straw  or  stem 

onteu  pipe. 

OATH,  n.  [Sax.  ath;  Goth,  aiths  ;   V.eed; 

G.  ei'l ;  Sw.  ed  ;  Dan.  aed.]  \ 

A  solemn  atiirmation  or  declaration,  made, 

with  an  appeal   to  God  for  the  truth  of 

■what  is  aflirnied.     The  appeal  to  God  in 

an  oath,  implies  that   the   person  impre-j 

Gates  his  vengeance  and  renounces  his  fa-, 

vor  if  the  declaration  is  false,  or  if  the  dc-^ 

claration  is  a  promise,  the  person  invokes 

the  vengeance  of  God  if  he  should  fail  to 

fulfill  it.     A  false  oath  is  called  perjury. 

OATHABLE,  a.  Capahle  of  having  an  oath 

administered  to.     [Not  used.]  Shak. 

OATHBREAKING,  ji.  The  violation  of  an 

oath  ;  perjury.  Shak. 

OATMALT,  ^^.  Malt  made  of  oats. 

Mortimer. 
OATMEAL,  n.  Meal  of  oats  produced  by 
grinding  or  pounding.  Gay. 

2.  A  plant.     [JVot  used.] 
OAT-THISTLE,  n.  A  jilant.     [Not  used.] 

Ainsworth 
OB,    a    Latin    preposition,     signifies     pri-| 
marily,  in  front,  before,  and  hence  against 
towards  ;  as  in  objicio,   to   object,  that  is, 
to  throw  against.     It  has  also  the  force  of 
in  or  on  ;  as  in  obtrude.     In  composition, 
the  letter  b  is  often  changed  into  the  first 
letter  of  the  word  to  which  it  is  prefi.xed  ; 
as  in  occasion,  offer,  oppose 
OBAM'BULATE,  v.  i.  [L.  obambulo.]     To 
walk  about.     [JVot  used.]  Cockeram 

OBAMBULA'TION,  n.  A  walking  about. 
[JVot  used.]  Diet. 

OBBLIGA'TO,  a.  [It.  bound.]     A  term  in 
music,  signifying  on  purpose  for  the  in- 
strument named.  Q/c 
OBCORD'ATE,  a.  [L.  from  ob  and  cor,  the 

heart.] 
In   botany,   shaped   like   a   heart,  with   the 
apex  downward ;    as    an  obcordate  petal 
or  legume.  Marty 

OBDORMI"TION,     ji.     [L.    obdormio,    to 
sleep.]     Sleep;  sound  sleep.  [Little  used. 

Hall. 
OBDU'CE,  V.  t.  [L.  obduco ;   ob  and  duco, 
to  lead.]     To  draw  over,  as  a  covering.! 
[Little  used.]  Hale.\ 

OBDUCT',  V.  t.  [L.  obduco.]  To  draw  over ; 
to  cover.     [JVot  in  use.]  Broivn.] 

OBDUe'TION,  n.  [L.  obductio.]  The  act  of] 
drawing  over,  as  a  covering ;  the  act  of 
laying  over.     [Little  used.]  Cockeram 

OB'DURACY,     n.     [See     Obdurate.]      In- 
vincible hardness  of  heart ;    impenitence 
that  cannot  be   subdued ;    inflexible  per 
sistency  in  sin  ;  obstinacy  in  wickedness. 
God  may  by  almighty  ^race  hinder  the  abso 
lute  completion  of  sin  in  tinal  obduracy. 

South. 

[L.   obdiiro,  to  harden  ; 


OBDURATE, 

ob  and  rfitro.] 

1.  Hardened  in  heart;  inflexibly  hard;  per- 
sisting obstinately  in  sin  or  impenitence. 

2.  Hardened  against  good  or   favor ;  stub- 
born;  unyielding;  inllexiblo. 

The  custorn  of  evil  makes  the  heart  obdu 
rale  against  whatsoever  instructions  to  the  con- 
trai-y.  Hooker 

3.  Harsh  ;  rugged ;    as   an  obdurate   conso- 
nant.    [Link  used.]  Siiiijl 


[JVot  used.] 
More. 
OB'DURATELY,  adv.  Stubbornly  ;  inflexi- 
bly ;  with  obstinate  impenitence. 
OB'DURATENESS,  n.    Stubbornness;  in- 
flexible persistence  in  sin. 
OBDURA'TION,  n.  The  hardening  of  the 
heart;  hardness  of  heart ;  stubbornness. 
Hooker.     Hammond. 
OBDU'RE,  V.  t.  [L.  ohduro.]     To  harden 
to  render  obstinate  in  sin.     [Litile  used.] 

Herbert 

2.  To  render  inflexible.     [Liltle  used.] 

Hall. 
OBDU'RED,  pp.  or  a.  Hardened ;  inflexi- 
ble ;  impenitent.  Mxllon. 
OBDU'REDNESS,  n.  Hardness  of  heart ; 
stubbornness.  [Little  used.]  Hall. 
OBE'DIENCE,  ?i.  [Fr.  from  L.  obedienlia 
I     See  Obey.] 

'Compliance  with  a   command,   prohibition 
j     or  known  law  and  rule  of  duty  prescribed  ; 
I     the  performance  of  what  is  required  or  en- 
joined by  authority,  or  the  abstaining  from 
what   is   prohibited,  in  compliance  with 
the  command  or  prohibition.     To  consti- 
tute  obedience,   the   act   or   forbearance 
to  act  must  be  in  submission  to  authority  ; 
the  command  must  be  known  to  the  per 
son,  and  his  compliance  must  be  in  con- 
sequence of  it,  or  it  is  not  obedience.  Obe 
dience  is  not  synonytnous  with  obsequious 
ness;  the  latter  often  implying  meanness 
or  servility,  and  obedience  being  merely 
a  proper  submission   to  authority.     That 
which  duty   requires   implies   dignity    of 
conduct  rather  than  servility.     Obedience 
may  be  voluntary  or  involuntary.     Volun- 
tary obedience  alone  can  be  acceptable  to 
God. 

Government  must  compel  the  ohedieiue  of 
individuals  ;  otherwise  who  will  seek  its  pro- 
tection or  fear  its  vengeance  ?  Jimes 
OBE'DIENT,  a.  [Uobediens.]  Submissive 
to  authority  ;  yielding  compliance  witl 
commands,  orders  or  injunctions ;  per- 
forming what  is  required,  or  abstaining 
from  what  is  forbid. 

The   chief  his   orders   gives ;    the   obedient 

band, 
With  due  observance,  wait  the  chief's  com- 
mand. Pope 
OBEDIEN'TIAL,  a.  [Fr.  obcdienciel.]   Ac 
cording  to  the  rule  of  obedience  ;  in  com 
pliance   with  commands ;    as    obediential 
submission.                                    Hammond. 
OBE'DIENTLY,     adv.    With    obedience; 
with  due  submission  to  connnands ;  with 
submission  or  compliance  with  orders. 

Tillotson 
OBE'ISANCE,    n.    [Fr.     obeissance,    from 

obeir,  to  obey,  L.  obedio.] 
A  bow  or  courtesy  ;    an   act   of  reverence 
made  by  an  inclination  of  the  body  or  the 
knee.     Gen.  xxxvii. 
OBELIS'CAL,  a.  In  the  form  of  an  obelisk. 

Stukeley 
OB'ELISK,  n.  [L.  obeliscus ;  Gr.  oStUaxoi,'' 
dim.  oi'uSf7.o(,  a  spit.] 
A  truncated,  quadrangular  and  slender 
jiyramid  intended  as  an  ornament,  and  of- 
ten charged  with  inscriptions  or  hiero- 
glyphics. Some  ancient  obelisks  a()pear 
to  have  been  erected  in  honor  of  disiin- 
guished  persons  or  their  achievments. 
Ptolemy  Philadelphus  raised   one  of  88 


O  B  I 

cubits  high  in  honor  of  Arsinoe.  Augus- 
tus erected  one  in  the  Campus  Martius  at 
Rome,  which  served  to  mark  the  hours 
on  a  horizontal  dial  drawn  on  the  pave- 
ment. Encyc. 
In  writing  and  printing,  a  reference  or 
mark  referring  the  reader  to  a  note  in  the 
margin,  thus,  f.  It  is  used  also  for  a  mark 
of  censure,  or  for  designating  obsolete 
words,  or  for  other  purposes  at  the  pleas- 
ure of  the  writer. 

OBEQ'UITATE,  v.  i.  [L.  obequito;  oh  and 
equito,  to  ride  ;  equus,  a  horse.]  To  ride 
about.     [JVot  used.]  Cockeram. 

OBEQUITA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  riding 
about.     [JVot  used.]  Cockeram. 

OBERRA'TION,  n.  [L.  oboro ;  ob  and  er- 
ro,  to  wander.]  The  act  of  wandering 
about.     [Little  used.]  Johnson. 

OBE'SE,  a.  [L-obesus.]  Fat;  fleshy.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Gayton. 

OBE'SENESS,  \       [I.,  obesitas.]  Fatness; 

OBESTTY,  \  fleshiness;  incum- 
brance of  flesh.  Grew. 

OBEY,  V.  t.  [Fr.  obeir,  contracted  from  L. 
obedio.  It.  ubbidire ;  supposed  to  be  con- 
tracted from  ob  and  audio,  to  hear.  See 
Gr.  tlaxovu.] 

1.  To  comply  with  the  commands,  orders 
or  instructions  of  a  sujierior,  or  with  the 
requirements  of  law,  moral,  political  or 
municipal;  to  do  that  which  is  command- 
ed or  required,  or  to  forbear  doing  that 
which  is  prohibited. 

Children,  obey  your  parents  in  the  Lord. 
Eph.  vi. 

Servants,  obey  in  all  tilings  your  masters. 
Col.  iii. 

He  who  has  learned  to  obey,  will  know  how 
to  command. 

2.  To  submit  to  the  government  of;  to  be 
ruled  by. 

All  Israel  obeyed  Solomon.  1  Chron.  xxix. 
Dan.  vii. 

3.  To  submit  to  the  direction  or  control  of. 
Seamen  say,  the  ship  will  not  obey  the  helm. 

Let  not  sin  tberefore  reign  in  your  mortal 
body,  that  ye  should  obey  it  in  the  lusts  thereof. 
Rom.  vi.     James  iii. 

To  yield  to  the  impulse,  power  or  opera- 
tion of;  as,  to  obey  stimulus.  Darivin. 
Relentless  time,  destroying  power. 
Whom  stone  and  brass  obey. 
OBEYED,  pp.   Complied  with  ;  performed; 

as  a  command  ;  yielded  lo. 
OBEYER,  Ji.  One  who  yields  obedience. 
OBEYING,    ppr.     Complying    with    com- 
mands; submitting  to. 
OBFIRM,  I      ,    obfrrm.',      \  To  make 

OBFIRMATE,  S  oh/erm'ate.  <,  firm  ;    to 

harden  in  resolution.     [JVot  used.] 

Hall.     Sheldon. 
OBFUS'CATE,  v.  t.  [L.  oft  and /usco,  to  ob- 
scure.]    To  darken  ;  to  obscure. 

ff'aterhouse. 
OBFUS'€ATED,  pp.  Darkened  in  color. 

Shenstone. 
OBFUS'CATION,  n.  The  act  of  darkening 
or  rendering  obs<-ure  :  a  clouding. 

OhJ'iiM'atians  of  the  fornea.  Varwin. 

OB'IT,  n.  [L.  obiit,  obivit  ;  ob  and  co,  to  go.] 
Properly,  death;  decease  ;  hence,  funeral 
solemnities  or  anniversary  .service  for  the 
soul  of  the  deceased  on  the  day  of  his 
death.  Encyc.     Mount  gu. 

OBIT'UAL,  a.  [L.  obeo,  to  die;  obitus, 
death.] 


OBJ 


O  B  L 


O  B  L 


Pertaining  to  obits,  or  the  days  when  funeral 
solemnities  are  celebrated ;  as  obilual 
days.  Encyc. 

OBIT'UARY,  n.  [Fr.  obUuaire.]     A  list  of] 
the  doiiil,  or  a  register  of  obitiial  anniver 
sary  days,  wiieii  service  is  performed  for 
the  dead.  Encyc. 

2.  An  account  of  persons  deceased  ;  notice 
of  the  death  of  a  person,  often  accompa- 
nied witli  a  brief  biographical  sketch  of 
his  character. 

OBIT'UARY,  a.  Relating  to  the  decease  of 
a  person  or  persons;  as  an  obituary  notice. 

OB'JECT,  n.  [Fr.  objel ;  L.  ohjectam,  objcc 
tus.     See  the  Verb.] 

1.  That  about  which  any  power  or  faculty 
is  employed,  or  something  apprehended 
or  presented  to  the  mind  by  sensation  or 
imagination.  Thus  that  cpiality  of  a  rose 
which  is  perceived  hy  the  sense  of  smell, 
is  an  object  of  |)erception.  When  the  06 
ject  is  not  in  contact  with  the  organ  of 
sense,  there  must  be  some  medium 
through  which  we  obtain  the  perception 
of  it.  The  impression  which  objects  make 
on  the  senses,  must  be  by  the  immediate 
applicationof  thein  to  the  organs  of  sense, 
or  by  means  of  the  medium  that  inter 
venes  between  the  organs  and  tlie  objects. 

2.  That  to  which  the  mind  is  directed  for' 
accomplishment  or  attainment ;  end  ;  ul-| 
timate  purpose.  Happiness  is  the  object  of 
every  man's  desires ;  we  all  strive  to  at- 
tain that  object.  VV'ealth  and  honor  are 
pursued  with  eagerness  as  desirable  06- 
jects. 

3.  Something  presented  to  the  senses  or 
the  mind,  to  excite  emotion,  aflection  or 
passion. 

This  passenger  felt  some  degree  of  concern 
at  the  sight  of  so  moving  an  object.     Jitterbury. 

In  this  sense,  the  word  uttered  with  a 
particular  emphasis,  signifies  something 
that  may  strongly  move  our  pity,  abhor- 
rence or  disgust.     What  an  object! 

4.  In  grammar,  that  which  is  produced,  in- 
fluenced or  acted  on  by  something  else; 
that  which  follows  a  transitive  verb. 
When  we  say,  "  God  created  the  world 
world  denotes  the  thing  produced,  and  is 
the  object  after  the  verb  created.  When 
we  say,  "  the  light  aflTects  the  eye,"  eye  de-i 
notes  that  which  is  aflected  or  acted  on.' 
When  we  say,  "instruction  directs  the 
niintl  or  opinions,"  mind  and  opinions  are 
theobjects  influenced. 

OB'JECT-GLASS,  n.  In  a  telescope  or  mi 
croscope,  the  glass  placed  at  the  end  of  a 
tube  next  the  object. 

OBJE€T',  V.  t.  [L.  objicio ;  ob  and  jacio,  to 
throw  against.] 

1.  To  oppose  ;  to  present  in  opposition. 

Pallas  to  their  eyes 
The  mist  objected,  and  condens'd  the  skies. 

Pope. 

2.  To  present  or  offer  in  opposition,  as  a 
charge  criminal,  or  as  a  reason  adverse] 
to  something  supposed  to  be  erroneous  or 
wrong;  with  (0  or  agauis?. 

The  book — giveth  liberty  to  object  any  crimo] 
against  such  as  are  to  be  ordered.     Whitgifte 

The  adversaries  of  religion  object  against 
professors  the  irregularity  of  their  lives,  and 
too  often  with  justice. 

There  was  this  single  fuilt  that  Erasmus 
though  an  enemy,  could  olject  to  him. 

Alterbiiry 


OBJEeT',  V.  i.  To  oppose  in  words  or  ar- 
guments; to  offer  reasons  against.  The 
council  objected  to  the  admission  of  the 
plaintiff's  witnesses. 

OB.IECT',  (I.  Opposed;  presented  in  oppo- 
sition.    [JVot  used.]  Sandys. 

OBJEeT'ABLE,  a.  That  may  he  opposed. 

Taylor. 

OBJECTION,  n.  [L.  ohjectio.]  The  act  of 
ohjccting. 

2.  That  which    is  jircsented  in   opposition 
adverse   reason   or   argument.     The   de 
fendant  urged   several   objections    to   the 
plaintiffs   claims.     The  ])laintiff  has  re 
moved  or  overthrown  those  objections. 

3.  That  which  may  be  oflored  in  opposition 
reason  existing,  though  not  offered,  against 
a  measure  or  an  opinion.     We  often  have 
objections  in  our  minds  which    we  never 
offer  or  present  in  opposition. 

4.  Criminal  charge  ;  fault  found. 
OB.rE€'TIONABLE,  a.  Justly  liable  to  ob- 
jections ;  such  as  may  he  objected  against. 

OBJECT'IVE,  a.  [Vr.objeclif.]  Belonging 
to  tlie  object;  contained  in  the  object. 

Objective  certainty,  is  when  the  proposition 
is  certainly  true  in  itself;  and  subjective,  when 
we  are  certain  of  the  truth  of  it.  The  one  is  in 
things,  the  other  in  our  minds.  H^atts 

'I.  In  grammar,  the  objective  case  is  that 
which  follows  a  transitive  verb  or  a  pre- 
position ;  that  ca.se  in  which  the  object  of 
the  verb  is  placed,  when  produced  or  af- 
fected by  the  act  expressed  by  the  verb, 
This  case  in  English  answers  to  the  ob- 
lique cases  of  the  Latin.  Loivth. 

OBJECTIVELY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of 
an  object ;  as  a  determinate  idea  objectively 
in  the  mind.  Locke. 

2.  In  the  state  of  an  object.  Broum.l 

OBJECT'IVENESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
an  object. 

Is  there  such  a  motion  or  objectiveness  of  ex- 
ternal bodies,  which  produceth  light  ?         Hale. 

OBJEeT'OR,  )!.  One  that  objects;  one 
that  offers  arguments  or  reasons  in  oppo- 
sition to  a  proposition  or  measure. 

Bentley. 

OBJURGATE,  v.  t.  [L.  objurgo;  ob  and 
jtirgo,  to  chide.]  To  chide ;  to  reprove. 
[.'Vu(  used.] 

OBJURGA'TION,  n.  [L. objurgalio.]  The 
act  of  chiding  hy  way  of  censure  ;  reproof; 
rp[)rehension.     [Little  used.]        Bramhall. 

OBJURGATORY,  a.  Containing  censure 
or  reproof;  culpatory.     [Little  used.] 

Howell.' 

OBLA'DA,  n.  A  fish  of  the  sparus  kind,, 
variegated  with  longitudinal  lines,  and 
having  a  large  black  spot  on  each  side, 
near  the  tail.  Diet.  J^at.  Hist. 

OBLA'TE,  a.  [L.  oblattis,  offero ;  ob  and 
fero,  to  bear.] 

Flattened  or  depressed  at  the  poles ;  as  an 
oblate  spheroid,  which  is  the  figure  of  the 
earth.  Cheyne 

OBLA'TENESS,  n.  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  oblate.  Fleming, 

OBLATION,  n.  [L.  ablatio,  from  offero ;  ob 
i\ui\  fero,  to  hear  or  bring.] 

Any  tiling  offered  or  presented  in  worship 
or  sacred  service ;  an  offering ;  a  sac- 
rifice. 

Bring  no  more  vain  oblations.     Is.  i. 

OBLEC'TATE,  v.  t.  [L.  oblecto.]  To  de 
light ;  to  please  highly.     [.Vo/  used.] 


OBLECTA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  pleasing 
highly  ;  delight.  Feltkam. 

OBLIGATE,  v.t.  [L.  obligo;  06  and  ligo, 
to  bind.] 

To  bind,  as  one's  self,  in  a  moral  and  legal 
sense;  to  impose  on,  as  a  duty  which  the 
law  or  good  faith  may  enforce.  A  man 
may  obligate  himself  to  pay  money,  or 
erect  a  house,  either  by  bond,  by  covenant 
or  by  a  verbal  promise.  A  man  obligates 
himself  only  by  a  positive  act  of  his  own. 
We  never  say,  a  man  obligates  his  heirs  or 
executors.  Until  recently,  the  sense  of 
this  word  has  been  restricted  to  positive 
and  personal  acts ;  and  when  moral  duty 
or  law  binds  a  person  to  dosoin(;tljing,  the 
word  oblige  has  been  used.  But  this  dis- 
tinction is  not  now  observed. 

The  millions  of  mankind,  as  one  vast  fratei- 
nity,  should  feel  obligated  by  a  sense  of  duty 
and  the  impulse  of  alfcction,  to  realize  the 
equal  rights  and  to  subserve  the  best  interests 
of  each  other.  Proudfil. 

That's  your  true  plan,  to  obligate 
The  present  minister  of  state.  Churchill. 

OB'LIGATED,  pp.  Bound  by  contract  or 
promise. 

OBLIGATING,  ppr.  Bound  by  covenant, 
contract,  promise  or  bond. 

OBLIGA'TION,  n.  [L.  obligatio.]  The 
binding  power  of  a  vow,  promise,  oath  or 
contract,  or  of  law,  civil,  political  or  mor- 
al, independent  of  a  promise;  that  which 
constitutes  legal  or  moral  duty,  and  which 
renders  a  person  liable  to  coercion  and 
punishment  for  neglecting  it.  The  laws 
and  commands  of  God  impose  on  us  an 
obligation  to  love  him  supremely,  and  our 
neighbor  as  ourselves.  Every  citizen  is 
under  an  obligation  to  obey  the  laws  of  the 
state.  Moral  obligation  binds  men  with- 
out promise  or  contract. 

2.  The  binding  force  of  civility,  kindness  or 
gratitude,  when  the  performance  of  a  du- 
ty cannot  be  enforced  by  law.  Favors 
conferred  impose  on  men  an  obligation  to 
make  suitable  returns. 

•3.  Any  act  by  which  a  person  becomes  bound 
to  do  something  to  or  for  another,  or  to 
forbear  something.  Taylor. 

4.  In  law,  a  bond  with  a  condition  annexed 
and  a  penalty  for  non-fulfillment. 

OBLIGATO.     [See  Obhligalo.] 

OBLIGATORY,  a.  Binding  in  law  or  con- 
science ;  imposing  duty  ;  requiring  per- 
formance or  forbearance  of  some  act  ;  fol- 
lowed by  on  ;  to  is  obsolete. 

As  long  as  law  is  obligatory,  so  long  our  obe- 
dience is  due.  Taylor. 

OBLI'tiE,  V.  t.  pronounced  as  written,  not 
obleege.  [Fr.  obliger ;  It.  obbligare  ;  Sp. 
obligar;  from  L.  obligo;  ob  and  ligo,  to 
bind ;  Russ.  oblagayu  or  oblegayu,  to  en- 
compass or  surround.] 

1.  To  constrain  by  necessity:  to  compel  by 
physical  force.  .\n  admiral  may  be  obli- 
ged to  surrender  his  ships,  or  he  may  be 
obliged  by  adverse  winds  to  delay  sailing. 

2.  To  constrain  by  legal  force ;  to  bind  in 
law.  We  are  obliged  to  pay  toll  lor  sup- 
porting roads  and  bridges. 

3.  To  bind  or  constrain  by  moral  force.  We 
are  obliged  to  believe  positive  and  unsus- 
pected testimony. 

4.  Tu  bind  in  conscience  or  honor;  to  con- 
strain by  a  sense  of  propriety.     We   are 


O  B  L 


O  B  L 


O  B  S 


often  obliged  to  conform  to  established 
customs,  rites  or  ceremonies.  To  be 
obliged  to  yield  to  f'asliion  is  often  the 
worst  species  of  tyranny. 

5.  To  do  a  favor  to  ;  to  "lay  under  obliga- 
tion of  gratitude  ;  as,  to  oblige  one  with 
a  loan  of  money. 

C.  To  do  a  favor  to ;  to  please ;  to  gratify. 
Oblige  us  with  your  company  at  dinner. 

7.  To  iiidebt. 

To  those  hills  we  are  obliged  for  all  our  mct- 
aJs.  Bentley. 

OBLI'GED,  pp.  Bound  in  duty  or  in  law  ; 
compelled  ;  constrained  ;  favored  ;  in- 
debted. 

OBLIGEE',  n.  The  person  to  whom  an- 
other is  bound,  or  the  person  to  whom 
a  bond  is  given.  Blackslone. 

OBLI'(iEMENT,  n.  Obligation.  [LiUk 
used.']  Milton.     Dryden. 

OBLI'GER,  n.  One  that  obliges. 

OBLI'GING,  ppr.  Binding  in  law  or  con- 
scicnoe;  compelling;  constraining. 

2.  Doing  a  favor  to. 

No  man  can  long  be  the  enemy  of  one  whom 
he  is  in  the  habit  of  obliging.       H.  Humphrei/. 

OBLI'GING,  a.  [Fr.  o'bligeanl.]  Having  the 
disposition  to  do  favors,  or  actually  con- 
ferring them  ;  as  an  obliging  man  ;  a  man 
of  an  obliging  disposition  ;  hence,  civil ; 
complaisant ;  kind. 

Mons.  Strozzi  has  many  curiosities,  and  is 
very  obliging  to  a  stranger  that  desires  the 
sight  of  them.  Addison 

OBLI'GINGLY,  adv.  With  civility  ;  kindly 
coniplaisantly.  Addison.     Swift. 

OBLI'GINGNESS,  n.  Obligation.  [Little 
used.]  Hammond. 

2.  Civility;  complaisance ;  disposition  to  ex- 
ercise kindness.  ff'alton.' 

OBLIGOR',  n.  The  person  who  binds  him- 
self or  gives  his  bond  to  another. 

Blackslone. 

OBLIQUA'TION,  n.  [L.  obli/juo,  from  ob- 
liquus,  oblique.] 

1.  Declination  from  a  strait  line  or  course; 
a  turning  to  one  side  ;  as  the  obliquation 
of  the  eyes.  JVeidon. 

2.  Deviation  from  moral  rectitude. 
OBLI'QUE,  ?        ,,■,,     {'L.obliquus;¥t.ob- 
OBLI'KE,     \  "■  """  '''■  lique.] 
L  Deviating  from  a  right  line  ;  not  direct : 

not  perpendicular :  not  parallel ;  aslant. 

It  has  a  direction  oblique  to  that  of  the  for- 
mer motion.  Cheyne 

An  oblique  angle  is  either  acute  or  ob- 
tuse; any  angle  except  a  right  one. 

An  oblique  line  is  one  that,  falling  on  an- 
other, makes  oblique  angles  with  it. 

Oblique  planes,  in  dialing,  arc  those 
which  decline  from  the  zenith,  or  incline 
towards  the  horizon. 

Oblique  sailing,  is  when  a  ship  sails  up 
on  some  rhomb  between  the  four  cardinal 
points,  making  an  oblique  angle  with  the 
meridian.  Encijc. 

2.  Indirect ;  by  a  side  glance  ;  as  an  oblique 
hint.  Shak. 

3.  In  grammar,  an  oblique  case  is  any  case 
except  the  nominative. 

OBLrClUELY,a(/i'.  In  a  line  deviating  from 
a  right  line  ;  not  directly  ;  not  perjiendic- 
ularly. 

Declining  from  the  noon  of  day. 

The  suu  obliquely  shoots  his  burning  ray. 

Pope. 


Indirectly  ;  by  a  side  glance  ;  by  an  allu- 
sion ;  not  in  the  direct  or  plain  meaning. 
His  discourse  tends  obliquely  to  the  detract- 
ing from  otliers.  Addison. 

OBLI'dllENESS,  n.  Obliquity. 

OBLia'UITY,  n.  [L.  obliquitas;  Fr.  ob- 
liquity.] 

1.  Deviation  from  a  right  line ;  deviation 
from  parallelism  or  perpendicularity  ;  as 
the  obliquity  of  the  ecliptic  to  the  equator. 
Deviation  from  moral  rectitude. 

To  disobey  God  or  oppose  liis   will  in  any 
thing  imports  a  moral  obliquity.  South. 

Irregularity  ;    deviation    from    ordinary 
rules. 

OBLITERATE,  v.  t.  [L.  ohlitero;  oh  and 
litera,  letter.] 

1.  To  efface  ;  to  erase  or  blot  out  any  thing 
written  ;  or  to  eflace  any  thing  engraved. 
A  writing  may  be  obliterated  by  erasure, 
by  blotting,  or  by  the  slow  operation  of 
time  or  natural  causes. 

2.  To  efface ;  to   wear  out ;  to  destroy  by 
time  or  other  means  ;  as,  to  obliterate  ideas 
or  impressions  ;    to  obliterate  the    monu 
ments  of  antiquity  ;  to  obliterate  reproach. 

Hale.     Locke. 

3.  To  reduce  to  a  very  low  or  impercei)tible 
state. 

The  torpor  of  the  vascular  system  and  oblit- 
erated pulse.  Med.  Repos 
OBLITERATED,   pp.    Effaced;    erased 

worn  out ;  destroyed. 
OBLIT  ERATING,;ii/)r.  Effacing ;  wearing 

out ;  destroying. 
OBLITERATION,  n.  The  act  of  effacing, 
effacement  :  a  blotting  out  or  wearing  out ; 
extinction.  Hale 

OBLIVION,  n.  [L.  oblivio.]  Forgetfulness 
cessation  of  remembrance. 

Among  our  crimes  oblivion  may  be  set. 

Dryden. 
2.  A  forgetting  of  offenses,  or  remission  of 
punishment.  An  act  of  oblivion  is  an  am- 
nesty, or  general  pardon  of  crimes  and  of- 
fenses, granted  by  a  sovereign,  by  which 
punishment  is  remitted. 
OBLIVIOUS,  a.  [L.  obliviosus.]  Causing 
forgetfulness.  Shak. 

The  oblivious  calm  of  indifference. 

J.  .M.  Mason. 
Behold  the  wonders  of  th'  oblivious  lake. 

Pope. 
2.  Forgetful.  Cavendish. 

OB'LOeUTOR,  n.  A  gainsayer.  [JVol  in 
use.]  Bull. 

OB'LONG,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  oblongus.]  Long- 
er th.in  broad.  Harris. 
OB'LONG,  n.    A  figure  or  soHd  which  is 

longer  than  it  is  broad. 
OB'LONGISH,  a.  Somewhat  oblong. 
OB'LONGLY,  a.  In  an  oblong  form. 

Cheyne. 
OB'LONGNESS,    n.    The    state   of  bein 

longer  tlian  broad. 
OBLONG-OVATE,  a.  In  botany,  between 
oblong  and  ovate,  but  inchned  to  the  lat- 
ter. Martyu.\ 
OBLO'QUIOUS,  a.  [See  Obloquy.]  Contain-j 
ing  obloquy  ;  reproachful.     [Little  used.]  | 

JVaunton.' 
OB'LOQIIY,  n.  [L.  obloquor ;  ob  and  loquor, 

to  speak.] 
1.  Censorious  speech ;  reproachful  language  ; 
language  that  casts  contenq)l  on  men  or 
their  actions. 


Shall  names  that  made  your  city  the  glory  of 
the  earth,  be  mentioned  wiUi  obloquy  and  de- 
tracUon  ?  '.dddison. 

Cause  of  reproach;  disgrace.  [J^Tot  used.] 

Shak. 

OBLU€TA'TION,  n.  [L.  obluctor;  06  and 
luctor,  to  struggle.] 

A  struggling  or  striving  against ;  resistance. 
[Little  itsed.]  Fotherby. 

OBMUTES'CENCE,  n.  [L.  obmuteaco,  to 
be  silent.] 

1.  Loss  of  speech;  silence.  Brown. 


A  keeping  silence.  Paley. 

OBNOX'IOUS,  a.  [\j.  obnoxius ;  o&  and  nox- 
ius,  hurtful,  from  noceo.] 

1.  Subject;  answerable. 
The  writings  of  lawyers,  which  are  tied  and 

obnoxious  to  their  particular  laws.  Bacon. 

Liable ;  subject  to  cognizance  or  punish- 
ment. 

We  know  ourselves  obnoxious  to  God's  se- 
vere justice.  Calamy. 

3.  Liable ;  exposed  ;  as  friendship  obnorious 
to  jealousies.  Hayward. 

Reprehensible  ;  censurable  ;  not  approv- 
ed ;  as  obnoxious  authors.  Fell. 

5.  Odious  ;  hateful ;  offensive  ;  with  to  ; 
as,  the  minister  was  obnoxious  to  the 
whigs. 

OBNOXIOUSLY,  adv.  In  a  state  of  sub- 
jection or  liability. 

2.  Reprehensiblv  ;  odiously;  offensively. 
OBNOX'IOUSNESS,  n.  Subjection  or  lia- 

bleness  to  punishment.  Hall. 

2.  Odiousness  ;  offensiveness.  The  obnox- 
iousness  of  the  law  rendered  the  legisla- 
ture uiqiopular. 

OBNU'BIL.\TE,  v.  t.  [L.  ohnuhUor;  ob  and 
nuhilo  ;  nubes,  mist,  cloud.] 

To  cloud  ;  to  obscure.  Burton. 

OBNUBILA'TION,  n.  The  act  op  opera- 
tion of  making  dark  or  obscure. 

Beddoes.     Waterhouse. 

OB'OLE,  n.  [L.  obolus.]  In  pharmacy,  the 
weight  often  grains  or  half  a  scruple. 

Encyc. 

OB'OLUS,  n.  [L.  from  Gr.  oSoxoj.]  A  small 
silver  coin  of  Athens,  the  sixth  part  of  a 
drachma,  about  two  cents  in  value,  or  a 
penny  farthing  sterling. 

OBO'V.4.TE,  a.  In  botany,  inversely  ovate  ; 
iiaving  the  narrow  end  downward  ;  as  an 
obovate  leaf  Martyn. 

OBREP'TION,  «.  [h.obrepo;  ob  and  repo, 
to  creep.] 

The  act  of  creeping  on  with  secrecy  or  by 
surprise.  Cudworlh. 

OBREPTI"TIOUS,  a.  [supra.]  Done  or 
obtained  by  smprise  ;  with  secrecy  or  by 
concealment  of  the  truth.  Encyc. 

OBSCE'NE,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  obscienus.]  Of- 
fensive to  chastity  and  delicacy  ;  im[)ure  ; 
expressing  or  presenting  to  the  mind  or 
view  something  which  delicacy,  purity 
and  decency  forbid  to  be  exposed  ;  as  06- 
scene  language  ;  obscene  pictures. 

2.  Foul ;  filthy  ;  oftunsive  ;  disgusting. 

A  girdle  foul  with  grease  binds  his  obscene 
attire.  Dryden. 

Inauspicious ;  ill  omened. 

At  the  cheerful  light, 
The  groaning  ghosts  and  birds  obscene  take 
flight.  Dryden. 

OBSCE'NELY,  adv.  In  a  manner  offensive 
to  chastity  or  purity  ;  impurely ;  unchaste- 
ly.  Milton. 


O  B  S 


O  B  S 


O  B  S 


, )       [Fr.    obscenili ; 
\  "■   ohscatnilas.] 


OBSCE'NENESS 
OBSCENITY, 

1.  Impurity  in  expression  or  representation 
that  quality  in  words  or  things  which  pre- 
sents what  is  offensive  to  chastity  or  pu- 
rity of  mind;  ribaldry. 

Cowley  asserts  plainly  that  obscenity  has  no 

place  in  wit.  Dryden. 

Those  fables  were  tempered  with  the   Italian 

severity,  and  free  from  any  note  of  infamy  or 

obscenenes:.  Dryden 

No  Dardon  vile  obscenity  should  find. 

'  Pope 

2.  Unchaste  actions;  lewdness. 

To  wash  tir  obsce7ilties  of  night  away. 

Dryden 

OBSCURA'TION,  n.  [L.  obscuratio.]    The 

act  of  darkening. 
2.  The  state  of  being  darkened  or  obscured ; 

as  the  obscuration  of   the   moon    in  an 

eclipse. 
OBSeU'RE,   a.    [L.  obscurus;  It.   oscuro.] 

1.  Dark;  destitute  of  light. 

Whoso  cursetli  his  father  or  mother,  his  lamp 
shall  be  put  out  in  obscure  darkness.    Prov.  xx. 

2.  Living  in  darkness  ;  as  the  obscure  bird. 

Shak. 

3.  Not  easily  understood;  not  obviously  in- 
telligible ;  abstruse ;  as  an  obscure  pass- 
age in  a  writing.  Dryden 

4.  Not  nntcli  known  or  observed  ;  retired  ; 
remote  from  observation  ;  as  an  obscure 
retreat. 

5.  Not  noted  ;  unknown  ;  unnoticed  ;  hum- 
ble ;  mean  ;  as  an  obscure  person  ;  a  per- 
son of  obscure  birth.  Atterbury. 

6.  Not  easily  legible  ;  as  an  obscure  inscrip- 
tion. 

7.  Not  clear,  full  or  distinct ;  imperfect ;  as 
an  obscure  view  of  remote  objects.  J 

OBSeU'RE,  V.  t.  [L.  obscuro.]  To  darken  ;1 
to  make  dark.  The  shadow  of  the  earth 
obscures  the  moon,  and  the  body  of  the 
moon  obscures  the  sun,  in  ati  eclipse. 

2.  To  cloud  ;  to  make  partially  dark.  Thick 
clouds  obscure  the  day.  I 

3.  To  hide  from  the  view  ;  as,  clouds  obscure 
the  sun. 

4.  To  make  less  visible. 

Why,  'tis  an  office  of  discovery,  love, 

And  I  should  be  obscured.  Shak. 

5.  To  make  less  legible ;  as,  time  has  ob- 
scured the  writing. 

6.  To  make  less  intelhgible. 

There  is  scarce  any  duty  which  has  been  so 
obscured  b\  the  writings  of  the  learned  as  tliisJi 

Wal;e.\ 

7.  To  make  less  glorious,  beautiful  or  illus-| 
trious. 

— And  see'st  not  sin  obscures  thy  godlikej 
frame  ?  Dryden. 

8.  To  conceal ;  to  make  unknown.     Milton. 

9.  To  tarnish  ;  as,  to  obscure  brightness. 
OBS€U'RELY,  adv.  Darkly  ;  not   clearly  ; 

imperfectly  ;  as  an   object  obscurely  seen ; 
obscurely  visible. 

2.  Out  of  sight ;  in  a  state  not  to  be  noticed  ; 
privately  ;  in  retirement ;  not  conspicu- 
ously. 

There  live  retired. 
Content  thyself  to  be  obscurely  good. 

Mdison. 

3.  Not  clearly ;  not  plainly  to  the  mind ; 
darkly  ;  as  future  events  obscurely  re- 
vealed. 

4.  Not  plainly  ;  iadirectly  ;  by  hints  or  allu- 
sion. 


OBSCU'RENESS,  >      [L.oi«cur£<«M.]Dark-|[OBSERV'ANCE,  n.  s  as  z.   [Fr.  See  Ob- 
OBSCU'BITY,         ^  ""ness;  want  of  light.      serve.] 

We  wait  for  light,  but  behold  obscurity.    Is.  jl.  The  act  of  observing;  the  act  of  keeping 


lix. 

2.  A  state  of  retirement  from  the  world 
state  of  being  unnoticed;  privacy. 

V  ou  are  not  for  obscurity  designed. 

Dryden. 

3.  Darkness  of  meaning;  unintelligibleness; 
as  the  obscurity  of  writings  or  of  a  par 
ticular  pas.sage. 

Illegibleness;  as  the  oiicurii^  of  letters  or 
of  an  inscription. 

5.  A  state  of  being  unknown  to  fame  ;  hum 
hie  condition  ;  as  the  obscurity  of  birth  or 
parentage. 

OB'SECRATE,  i'.  t.  [L.  obsecro.]  To  be- 
seech ;  to  intreat ;  to  supplicate ;  to  pray 
earnestly.  Cockeram. 

OBSE€RA'TION,  n.  Intreaty;  supplica- 
tion. Slillingfleet. 

2.  A  figure  of  rhetoric,  in  whicli  the  orator 
implores  the  assistance  of  God  or  man. 

Encyc' 

OB'SEQUENT,  a.  [L.  obsequens.]  Obedi- 
ent ;  submissive  to.     [Little  used.] 

Fotherby. 

OB'SEQUIES,  n.  plu.  [Fr.  obsiqucs,  from 
L.  obsequium,  complaisance,  from  obsequor, 
to  follow.] 

Funeral  rites  an<l  solemnities  ;  the  last  du- 
ties performed  to  a  deceased  person. 

Dryden 

[Milton  uses  the  word  in  the  singular,  but 

the  common  usage  is  different.] 
OBSE'QUIOUS,    a.    [from  L.    obsequium, 

complaisance,   from  obsequor,  to   follow ; 

ob  and  sequor.] 
1.  Promptly  obedient  or  submissive  to  the 

will   of  another;  compliant;   yielding  to: 

the 


)  desires  of  others,  properly  to  the  willj  oBSKRVA'TION,  n.  s  , 
command  of  a  superior,  but  iii  actual}      o  >     /-)/      ,■(>  1 
3,  it  often  signifies  yielding  to  the  will  or,  ,   "J;.  :'  ,         . 

■  <■        1         u  •   1  .  .     „„„  i  !•   ihc  act  of  observmg 


or 

use 

desires  of  such  as  have  no  right  to  con 

trol. 

His  ser\ants  weeping. 
Obsequious  to  his  orders,  bear  him  hither 

Addison. 

2.  Servilely  or  meanly  condescending ;  com- 
pliant to  excess ;  as  an  obsequious  flatterer, 
minion  or  parasite.  ^ 

3.  Funereal  :  pertaining  to  funeral  rites. 
[.Xot  used.]  Skak. 

OBSEQUIOUSLY',  adv.  With  ready  obe- 
dience ;  with  prompt  compliance. 
They  rise  and  with  respectful  awe. 
At  tlie  word  given,  obsequiously  withdraw. 

Dryden 
With  reverence  for  the  dead.    [.Vo<  used.] 

Shak 
OBSE  QUIOUSNESS,    n.     Ready    obedi 
ence  ;  prompt  compliance  with  the  orders 
of  a  superior. 
2.  Servile   submission ;  mean    or  excessive 
complaisance. 

They  apply  themselves  both  to  his  interest 
and  humor,  with  all  the  arts  of  llattery  and  ob- 
sequiousness. South. 
OBSERVABLE,  a.  s  as  :.    [See  Observe.] 
I.  That  may  be  observed  or  noticed. 
i2.  Worthy  of  observation  or  of  particular 
notice ;  remarkable. 

I  took  a  just  account  of  every  observable  cir- 
cumstance of  Uie  earth,  stone,  metal  or  other 
matter.  JVoodwarJ.i 

OBSERVABLY,  adv.  s  as  :.  In  a  manueri 
worthy  of  note.  Brown.l 


or  adhering  to  in  practice  ;  perforinauce  ; 
as  the  observance  of  rules,  rites,  ceremo- 
nies or  laws. 

Love  rigid  honesty. 
And  strict  observance  of  impartial  laws. 

Roscommon. 

2.  Respect;  ceremonial  reverence  in  jiriic- 
tice. 

To  do  observance  ou  the  morn  of  May. 

Shak. 

3.  Performanceof  rites,  religious  ceremonies 
or  external  service. 

Some  represent  to  themselves  the  whole  of 
religion  as  consisting  in  a  few  easy  observances. 

Rogers. 

4.  Rule  of  practice;  thing  to  be  observed. 

Shak. 

5.  Observation;  attention  to.     [Little  used.] 

Hale. 

6.  Obedient  regard  or  attention. 

Having  had  experience  of  his  fidcUty  and  ob- 
servance abroad.      [A'ot  vsed.^  Tl^otton. 

OBSERVAND'A,n./?/ij.  sasz.  [L.]  Things 
to  be  observed.  Sieifl. 

OBSERVANT,  a.  s  as  :.  Taking  notice  ; 
attentively  view  ing  or  noticing  ;  as  an  ob- 
servant spectator  or  traveler. 
Obedient ;  adhering  to  in  practice  ;  with 
of.  He  is  very  observant  q/'tlie  rules  of  his 
order. 

We  are  told  how  observant  Alexander  was  of 
his  master  Aristotle.  Digby. 

3.  Carefully  attentive  ;  submissive. 

Raleigh. 
OBSERV'ANT,  n.  s  as  z.  A  slavish  attend- 
ant.    [.\'ot  in  use.]  .Shak. 
A  diligent  observer.                           Hooker. 
as  :.   [L.  observatio. 


or  taking  notice ; 
the  act  of  seeing  or  of  fixing  the  mind  on 
any  thing.  We  .'ipply  the  word  to  sim- 
ple vision,  as  when  one  says,  a  spot  on  the 
sun's  disk  did  not  fall  under  his  observa- 
tion ;  or  to  the  notice  or  cognizance  of 
the  mind,  as  when  one  says,  the  distinc- 
tion made  by  the  orator  escaped  his  obser- 
vation. ^^'ilen  however  it  expresses  vis- 
ion, it  often  represents  a  mure  fixed  or 
particular  view  than  a  mere  transient 
sight ;  as  an  astronomical  observation. 

2.  Notion  gained  by  observing;  the  effect 
or  result  of  seeing  or  taking  cognizance  in 
the  iiiiiid,  and  either  retained  in  tlie  mind 
or  exjiressed  in  words:  inference  or  some- 
thing arising  out  of  the  act  of  seeing  or 
noticing,  or  that  which  is  produced  by 
thinking  and  reflecting  on  a  subject ;  note; 
remark  ;  animadversion.  We  often  say, 
I  made  the  observation  iti  my  own  mind  ; 
but  pro|)erly  an  observation  is  that  whicli 
is  expressed  as  the  result  of  viewing  or  of 
thinking. 

In  matters  of  human  prudence,  we  shall  find 
the  greatest  advantage  by  making  wise  obser- 
vations on  our  conduct.  JVatts. 

3.  Observance  ;  adherence  to  in  practice ; 
performance  of  what  is  prescribed. 

He  freed  the  christian  church  from  the  ex- 
ternal observation  and  obedience  of  legal  pre- 
cept-s  not  formally  moral.  White. 

In  navigation,  the  taking  of  the  altitude 


O  B  S 


O  B  S 


O  B  S 


of  the  sun  or  a  star  in  order  to  find  the  lat- 

iniile.  Encyc. 

OBSERVA'TOR,  n.  s  as  z.  [Fr.  observateur.] 

1.  One  that  observes  or  takes  notice.     Hate. 

2.  A  reinarker.  Dryden. 
OBSERVATORY,  n.  s  as  z.  [Fr.  observa- 

toire.] 
•  A  place  or  building  for  making  observations 

^  on  the  heavenly  bodies  ;  as  the  royal  ob- 
servttton/  at  Greenwich. 

OBSERVE,  J).  <.  obzerv'.  [h.ohservo;  06  and 
servo,  to  keep  or  hold.  The  sense  is  to 
hold  in  view,  or  to  keep  the  eyes  on.  See 
Class  Sr.  No.  34.  38.  45.  and  Class  Dr. 
No.  32.] 

1.  To  see  or  behold  with  some  attention  ; 
to  notice  ;  as,  to  observe  a  halo  round  the 
raoon  ;  I  observed  a  singular  phenomenon  ; 
we  observe  strangers  or  their  dress.  I 
saw  the  figure,  hut  observed  nothing  pecul- 
iar in  it. 

2.  To  take  notice  or  cognizance  of  by  the  in- 
tellect. We  observe  nice  distinctions  in 
arguments,  or  a  peculiar  delicacy  of 
thought. 

3.  To  utter  or  express,  as  a  remark,  opinion 
or  sentiment  ;  to  remark.  He  observed 
that  no  man  appears  great  to  his  domes- 
tics. 

4.  To  keep  religiously  ;  to  celebrate. 

A  night  to  be  much  obsei-ved  to  the  Lord. 
Ex.  xii. 

Ye  shall  observe  the  feast  of  unleavened 
bread.     Ex.  xii. 

Ye  observe  days,  and  months,  and  times,  and 
years.     Gal.  iv. 

5.  To  keep  or  adhere  to  in  practice  ;  to 
comply  with  ;  to  obey  ;  as,  to  observe  the 
laws  of  the  state  ;  to  observe  the  rules  and 
regulations  of  a  society. 

Teaching  them  to  observe  all  things  whatso- 
ever I  have  commanded  you.     Matt,  xxvnii. 

6.  To  practice. 

In  the  days  of  Enoch,  the  people  observed 
not  circumcision  or  the  sabbath.  White. 

OBSERVE,    II.   i.   obzerV.    To   remark.     I 
have  heard  the    gentleman's   arguments, 
and  shall  hereafter  observe  upon  them. 
2.  To  be  attentive. 
OBSERVED,   pp.   susz.   Noticed  by  the 

eye  or  the  mind. 
2.  Kept  religiously  ;  celebrated  ;  practiced. 
OBSERV'ER,  n.  sasz.  One  who  observes; 
one  that  takes  notice  ;  particularly,  onei 
who  looks  to  with  care,  attention  or  vigil-1 
ance. 

Careful  obsenyers  may  foretell  the  hour, 
By  sure  prognostic,  when  to  dread  a  shower. 

SwiftA 

Creditors  are  great  observers  of  set  days  and] 

times.  Franklin. 

2.  A  beholder  ;  a  looker  on  ;  a  spectator. 

iSouth. 

3.  One  who  keeps  any  law,  custom,  regula-1 
tion  or  rite  ;  one  who  adheres  to  any! 
thing  in  practice;  one  who  performs;  as 
a  great  observer  of  forms  ;  an  observer  of 
old  customs.  Bacon.l 

4.  One  who  fulfills  or  performs  ;  as,  he  is  a 
strict  observer  of  his  word  or  promise. 

Prior. 

5.  One  who  keeps  religiously  ;  as  an  observ- 
er of  the  sabbath.  AUerbury. 

OBSERVING,  ppr.   s  as  :.  Taking  uoticei 

by  the  eye  or  the  intellect. 
2.  Remarking. 


3.  Keeping;  adhering  to  in  practice;  fulfiU-i 
ing. 

4.  a.  Giving  particular  attention ;  habitually 
taking  notice  ;  attentive  to  what  passes.' 
He  is  an  observing  man. 

OBSERVINGLY,  adv.  sasz.  Attentively;' 
carefully  ;  with  close  observation.     Shak. 

OBSESS',  V.  t.  [L.  obsideo,  obsessus  ;  ob  andj 
sedeo,  to  sit.]     To  besiege.     [.Yol  xised.]     | 

Elyol.l 

OBSESSION,  n.  [L.  obsessio.]  The  act  ofj 
besieging  ;  the  first  attack  of  Satan  ante- 
cedent to  possession.     [Little  tiscd.]  j 

Burton.] 

OBSIDTAN,  n.  A  mineral  of  two  kinds,' 
translucent  and  transparent.  The  trans-' 
lucent  has  a  velvet  black  color  ;  the  trans-, 
parent  is  of  a  dark  blue.  These  occur 
massive  in  porphyry,  gneiss  or  granite,, 
generally  invested  with  a  gray  opake 
crust.  Diet.  ,Yat.  Hist.  Ure.  Kirtvan.'. 
The  fracture  of  obsidian  is  vitreous  orj 
pearly  ;  hence  the  two  varieties,  vitreous^ 
obsidian  and  pearlstone.  Jameson.] 

OBSIDTONAL,  a.  [L.  obsidionalis  ;  06  andi 
ifrfeo,  to  sit.]  Pertaining  to  a  siege.  Broivn.\ 

OB'SIGNATE,  v.  t.  [L.  obsigno ;  ob  and 
signo,  to  seal.]  To  seal  up ;  to  ratify.  [Lit-\ 
tie  used.]  Barrow.' 

OBSIGNA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  sealing  ; 
ratification  by  sealing  ;  confirmation. 

Taylor. 

OBSIG'NATORY,  a.  Ratifying  ;  confirm- 
ing by  sealing.  Ward. 

OBSOLES'CENT,  a.  [L.  obsolesco,  to  go 
out  of  use.] 

Going  out  of  use  ;  passing  into  desuetude. 
All   the   words  compounded   of  here  and    a 
prepoition,  except   hereafter,  are  obsolete  or; 
obsolescent.  Campbell.] 

OBSOLE'TE,  a.  [L.  obsoletus.]  Gone  intol 
disuse  ;  disused  ;  neglected  ;  as  an  obso- 
lete word  ;  an  obsolete  statute  ;  applied 
chiefly  to  words  or  writings. 

Dryden.     Swijl. 
In  botany,  obscure  ;  not  very  (hstinct. 

Eaton. 

OBSOLE'TENESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
neglected  in  use  ;  a  state  of  desuetude. 

Johnson. 

2.  In  botany,  indistinctness. 

OB'STAeLE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  obsto,  to 
withstand  ;  ob  and  sto.] 

That  which  opposes  ;  any  thing  that  stands 
in  the  way  and  hinders  progress  ;  hin- 
derance  ;  obstruction,  either  in  a  physical 
or  moral  sense.  An  army  may  meet  with 
obstacles  on  its  march  ;  bad  roads  are  ob- 
stacles to  traveling  ;  prejudice  is  an  obsta- 
cle to  improvement  ;  want  of  union  is  of- 
ten an  insuperable  obstacle  to  beneficial 
measures. 

OB'STANCY,  n.  [L.  obstantia  ;  ob  and  sto.] 
Opposition  ;  impediment  ;  obstruction. 
[JVot  used.]  B.  Jonson. 

OBSTET'Rie,  a.  [L.  obstetrir,  a  midwife  ; 
06  and  sto,  to  stand  before.] 

Pertaining  to  midwifery,  or  the  delivery  oil 
women  in  childbed  ;  as  the  obstetric  art.      j 

OBSTET'RICATE,  v.  i.  [See  Obstetric.]i 
To  perform  the  office  of  a  midwife.  [Little: 
used.]  Evelyn., 

OBSTET'RICATE,  v.  t.  To  assist  as  a 
midwife.     [Little  used.]  IVaterhouse' 

OBSTETRICA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  as 
sisting  as  a  midwife. 


2.  The  office  of  a  midwife.  Hall. 

OBSTETRl"CIAN,  n.  One  skilled  in  the 
art  of  assisting  women  in  parturition. 

Med.  Repos. 

OBSTET'RICS,  n.  The  art  of  assisting 
women  in  parturition  ;  midwifery.    Encyc. 

OB'STINACY,  n.  [L.  obstinatio,  from  ob- 
sto, to  stand  against,  to  oppose ;  06  and 
sto.] 

1.  A  fixedness  in  opinion  or  resolution  that 
cannot  be  shaken  at  all,  or  not  without 
great  difficulty ;  firm  and  usually  un- 
reasonable adherence  to  an  opinion,  pur- 
pose or  system  ;  a  fixedness  that  will  not 
yield  to  persuasion,  arguments  or  other 
means.  Obstinacy  may  not  always  convey 
the  idea  of  unreasonable  or  unjustifiable 
firmness ;  as  when  we  say,  soldiers  fight 
with  obstinacy.  But  often,  and  perhaps 
usually,  the  word  denotes  a  fixedness  of 
resolution  which  is  not  to  be  vindicated 
under  the  circumstances  ;  stubbornness  ; 
pertinacity  ;  persistency. 

Fixedness  that  will  not  yield  to  applica- 
tion, or  that  yields  with  difficulty  ;  as  the 
obstinacy  of  a  disease  or  evil. 
OB'STINATE,  a.  [L.  obstinalus.]  Stub- 
born ;  pertinaciously  adhering  to  an  opin- 
ion or  purpose  ;  fixed  firndy  in  resolution  ; 
not  yielding  to  reason,  arguments  or  other 
means. 

I  have  known  great  cures  done  by  obstinate 

resolutions  of  drinking  no  wine.  Temple. 

No  ass  so  meek,  no  ass  so  obstinate.      Pope. 

2.  Not  yielding  or  not  easily  subdued  or  re- 
moved ;  as  an  obstinate  fever  ;  obstinate 
obstructions  ;  an  obstinate  cough. 

OB'STINATELY,  adv.  Stubbornly;  per- 
tinaciously ;  with  fixedness  of  purpose 
not  to  be  shaken,  or  not  without  difficulty  ; 
as  a  sinner  obstinately  bent  on  his  own 
destruction. 

Inflexible  to  ill  and  obstinately  just. 

Mdison. 

OB'STINATENESS,  n.  Stubbornness ; 
pertinacity  in  opinion  or  purpose  ;  fixed 
determination.  Hall. 

OBSTIPATION,  n.  [L.  obstipo  ;  ob  and 
stipo,  to  crowd. 

1.  The  act  of  stopping  up  ;  as  a  passage. 

2.  In  medicine,  costiveness. 
OBSTREP'EROUS,     a.      [L.    ohstreperus, 

from  obstrepo,  to  roar  ;  ob  and  strepo/] 

Loud  ;  noisy  ;  clamorous  ;  vociferous  ;  ma- 
king a  tumultuous  noise. 

The  players  do  not  only  connive  at  his  ob- 
streperous approbation,  but  repair  at  their  own 
cost  whatever  damages  he  makes.         Addison. 

OBSTREP'EROrSLY,  adv.  Loudly  ;  clam- 
orously ;  with  tumultuous  noise. 

OBSTREP  EROUSNESS,  n.  Loudness  ; 
clamor;  noisy  turbidence. 

OBSTRIC'TION,  n.  [L.  ob.itrictus,  obstrin- 
go  ;  ob  and  siringo,  to  strain.] 

Obligation  ;  bond.  Milton. 

OBSTRUCT',  v.  t.  [L.  obstruo  ;  ob  and 
struo,  to  set.] 

To  block  up  ;  to  stop  up  or  close  ;  as  a 
way  or  passage  ;  to  fill  with  obstacles  or 
im|)ediments  that  prevent  passing  ;  as,  to 
obstruct  a  roail,  highway  or  channel ;  to  ob- 
.itruct  l\tc  canals  or  fine  vessels  of  the  body. 
To  stop  ;  to  impede  ;  to  hinder  in  pass- 
ing ;  as,  the  bar  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
obstructs  the  entrance  of  ships  ;  clouds  06- 
tl     struct  the  light  of  the  sun. 


O  B  T 


O  B  T 


O  B  V 


3.  To  retard  ;  to  interrupt  ;  to  render  slow. 
Progress  is  often  obstructed  by  difficulties, 
tliuugli  not  entirely  stopped. 

OBSTRUCTED,  pp.  Blocked  up  ;  stop- 
ped ;  as  «  pus.sage. 

2.  Hindered  ;  impeded ;  as  progress. 

3.  Retarded  ;  interrupted. 
OBSTRUCT'ER,  n.  One  that  obstructs  or 

binders. 

OBSTRl'CT'ING,  ppr.  Blocking  up  ;  stop- 
ping ;  impeding  ;  interrupting. 

OBSTRUCTION,  n.  [L.  obslrudio.]  The 
act  of  obstructing. 

2.  Obstacle  ;  inijiedinient  ;    any   thing   that 
stops  or  closes  a  way  or  cliunnel.     Bars  of 
sand  at  the  nioutbs  of  rivers  are  often  ob 
slrudions  lo  navigation. 

3.  That  which  impedes  progress;  liinderance. 
Disunion  and  party  spirit  are  often  ob- 
sti-uclions  to  legislative  measures  and  to 
public  prosperity. 

A.  A  heaj>.  LNot  proper.]  Sliak. 

OBSTRUCTIVE,    a.    [Fr.  obstruclif ;    It 

osstnUlivo.] 
Presenting   obstacles  ;   hindering  ;    causing 

impediment.  Hammond. 

OBSTRUCT'IVE,     n.    Obstacle  ;   impedi 

ment.     [Little  used.]  Iliimmoiu!. 

OB'STRUENT,  a.  [L  obstruens.]  Blockin 

up  ;  lihidering. 
OB'STRUENT,  n.  Any  thing  that  obstructs 

the  natural  passages  in  the  body. 

Quinn/ 
OBSTUPEFAC'TION,  )i.  [L.  obstupefacio.] 

The  act  of  making  stupid  or  insensible. 

[See  Stupefaction,  which  is  generally  used." 
OBSTUPEFAC  TIVE,  a.  [L.  obstupefacio. 

Stupefying  ;  rendering   insensible,   torpid 

or  inert.  [lAltle  used.]     [See  Stupefactive.' 

Abbot 
OBTA'IN,  V.  t.  [L.  ohtineo  ;  ob  and  teneo,  to 

hold  ;  Fr.  obtenir  ;  It.  ottenere.] 

1.  To  get ;  to  gain  ;  to  procure  ;  in  a  gene 
ral  sense,  to  gain  possession  of  a  thing, 
whether  temporary  or  permanent  ;  to  ac- 
quire. This  word  usually  ini[>lies  exertion 
to  get  possession,  and  in  this  it  differs  from 
receive,  which  may  or  may  not  imply  ex 
ertion.  It  diflers  from  acquire,  as  genus 
from  species  ;  acquire  being  properly  ap- 
plied only  to  things  permanently  possess- 
ed ;  but  obtain  is  applied  both  to  things  of 
temporary  and  of  permanent  possession. 
We  obtain  loans  of  money  on  application  ; 
we  obtain  answers  to  letters;  we  obtain 
spirit  from  liquors  by  distillation  and  salts 
by  evaporation.  We  obtain  by  seeking  ; 
we  often  receive  without  .seeking.  We 
acquire  or  obtain  a  good  title  to  lands  by 
deed,  or  by  a  judgment  of  court ;  but  we 
do  not  acquire  spirit  by  distillation  ;  nor  do 
we  acquire  an  answer  to  a  letter  or  an  ap- 
plication. 

He  shall  obtain  the  kingdom  by  flatteries 
Dan.  .\i. 

In  whom  we  have  obtained  an  inheritance. 
Eph.  i. 

2.  To  keep ;  to  hold.  Milton 
OBTA'IN,  I',  t.  To  be  received  in  custom 

ary  or  common  use  ;  to  continue  in  use 

to  be  established  in  practice. 

The  Theodosian  code,  several  hundred  years 
after  Justinian's  time,  obiaimd  in  the  western 
parts  of  the  empire.  Baker. 

2.  To  be  established  ;  to  subsist  in  nature. 


The  general   laws  ot  fluidity,  elasticity  and 
gravity,  obtain  in  anhnal  and  inanimate  tubes. 

Cheyne. 
3.  To  prevail  ;  to  succeed.     [Little  used^ 

Bacon. 
OBTA'INABLE,  a.  That  may  be  obtained  ; 
that  may  be  procured  or  gained. 

Jlrbulhnot.     Ketllewell. 
OBTA'INED,  pp.   Gained  ;  procured  ;  ac- 
quired. 
OBTA'INER,  n.  One  who  obtains. 
OBTA'INING,   ppr.    Gaining;  procuring; 

acquiring. 
OBTA'INMENT,  n.  The  act  of  obtaining, 

Milton. 
OBTEND',  I',  t.    [L.  oblendo  ;  ob  and  tendo ; 
literally,  to  stretch  against  or  before.] 

1.  To  oppose  ;  to  hold  out  in  opposition. 

Dry  den. 

2.  To  pretend  ;  to  offer  as  the  reason  of  any 
thing.     [N'otxised.]  Dryden. 

[  This  word  is  rarely  xised.] 

OBTENEBRA'TION,  n.  [from  L.  ob  and 
tenebrce,  darkness.] 

A  darkening;  act  of  darkening  ;  darkness. 
In  every  megrim  or  vertigo  there  is  an  ubten. 
t'bration  joined  with  a  semblance   ot  turning 
round.     [Little  used.'\  Bacon 

OBTEN'SION,  n.  The  act  of  obtending. 
[ATot  used.] 

OBTEST',   11.  t.  [L.  obtestor  ;  ob  and  tcstor 
to  witness.]     To  beseech  ;  to  sup|)licate. 
Obtest  his  clemency.  Dryden 

OBTEST',  V.  i.  To  i)rotest.         fVaterhouse 

OBTESTA'TION,  n.  Supplication  ;  en- 
treaty. Elyot 

%  Solemn  injunction.  Hall 

lOBTEST'ING,  ppr.  Beseeching  ;  suppli- 
cating. 

OBTRECTA'TION,  n.  [L.  obtrectalio,  iiom 
obtrecto  ;  ob  and  tracto.] 

Slander  ;  detraction  ;  calumny.  [Little  used.] 

Harrow. 

OBTRU'DE,  V.  t.  [L.  obtrudo ;  ob  and  trudo, 

i     Eng.  to  thrust.] 

1.  To  thrust  in  or  on  ;  to  throw,  crowd  or 
thrust  into  any  place  or  state  by  force  or 
imposition,  or  without  sohcitation.  Men 
obtrude  their  vain  speculations  upon  the 
world. 

A  cause  of  common  error  is  the  credulity  of 
men,  that  is,  an  easy  assent  to  wl.at  is  obtrud- 
ed. Brown 

The  objects  of  our  senses  obtnule  their  partic- 
ular ideas  upon  our  minds,  whether  we  will  or 
not.  Locke 

2.  To  offer  with  unreasonable  importunity 
to  urge  upon  against  the  will. 

Why  shouldst   thou  then   obtrude  this  dili- 
gence 
In  vain,  where  no  acceptance  it  can  find 

Milton. 
To  obtrude  o»e'«  self,  to  enter  a  place  where 
one  is  not  desired  ;  to  thrust  one's  self  in 
uninvited,  or  against  the  will  of  the  com- 
pany. 
OBTRU'DE,  V.  i.  To  enter  when  not  invit 

ed. 
2.  To  thrust  or  be  thrust  upon. 
OBTRUDED,  pp.  Thrust  in  by   force  or 

unsolicited. 
OBTRU'DER,  n.  One  who  obtrudes. 

Boyle. 
jOBTRU'DING,  ppr.   Thrusting  in  or  on 
I     enterins  uninvited. 

OBTRUN'CATE,  v.  t.  [L.  oUruyico ;  o6nnd 
trunco,  to  cut  off.] 


To  deprive  of  a  limb  ;  to  lop. 


[Little  used.] 
Cockeram. 

OBTRUNCA  TION,  71.  The  act  of  lopping 
or  cutting  off.     [Little  used.]        Cockeram. 

OBTRUSION,  n.  s  as  z.  [L.  obtrudo,  ob- 
trusus.] 

The  act  of  obtruding  ;  a  thrusting  upon  oth- 
ers by  force  or  unsolicited  ;  as  the  obtru- 
sion of  crude  opinions  on  the  world. 

OBTRU'SIVE,  a.  Disposed  to  obtrude  any 
thing  upon  otheis  ;  inclined  to  intrude  or 
thrust  one's  self  among  others,  or  to  en- 
ter uninvited. 

Not  obvious,  not  vblnisivc,  hut  retired, 
The  more  desirable.  Mlton. 

OBTRUSIVELY,  adv.  By  way  of  obtru- 
sion or  thrusting  upon  others.or  entering 
unsolicited. 

OBTUND',  v.t.  [L.  obtundo;  ob  mtd  tundo, 
to  beat.] 

To  dull;  to  blunt  ;  to  (juell  ;  to  deaden  ;  to 
reduce  the  edge,  pungency  or  violent  ac- 
tion of  any  thing  ;  as,  lo  obtund  the  acri- 
mony of  the  gall.  Harvey. 

OBTURA'TION,  n.  [L.  obturatus,  from  ob- 
turo,  to  stop  up.] 

iTlie  act  of  stopping  by  spreading  over  or 
covering. 

OB'TURATOR,  n.  In  anatomy,  the  obtura- 
tors ai'e  muscles  which  rise  from  the  outer 
and  inner  side  of  the  i>elvis  around  the  fora- 
men thyroideum,  and  are  rotators  of  tlie 
thigh.  If'istar.     Coxe. 

OBTUSANG'ULAR,  a.  [obtuse  and  an- 
gular.] 

Having   angles  that  are   obtuse,   or   larger 

I     than  right  angles. 

OBTU'SE,  a.  [L.  obtusus,  from  obtundo,  to 
beat  against.] 

1.  Blunt;  not  pointed  or  acute.  Applied  to 
angles,  it  denotes  one  that  is  larger  than 
a  right  angle,  or  more  than  ninety  de- 
grees. 

2.  Dull  ;  not  having  acute  sensibility  ;  as 
obtuse  senses.  Milton. 

3.  Not  sharp  or  shrill  ;  dull ;  obscure  ;  as 
obtuse  sound. 

OBTU'SELY,  adv.  Without  a  sharp  point. 
2.  Dully  ;  stupidlv. 

OBTU'SENESS,"  n.  Bluntness  ;  as  the  ob- 
tuseness  of  an  edge  or  a  point. 

2.  Dullness  ;  want  of  quick  sensibility  ;  as 
the  obtuseness  of  the  senses. 

3.  Dullness  of  sound. 
OBTU'SION,  n.  s  as  :.  The  act  of  making 

blunt. 

2.  The  state  of  being  dulled  or  blunted  ;  as 
l\ip  obtusion  of  the  senses. 

jOBUM'BRATE,  v.  t.  [L.  obumbro  ;  ob  and 
umbra,  a  shade.] 

To  shade  ;  to  daiken  ;  to  cloud.  [Little 
used.]  Howell. 

OBUMBRA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  darken- 
ing or  obscuring. 

OBVEN'TION,  n.  [h.  obvenio  ;  ob  and  ten- 
ia, to  come.] 

Something  occasional  :  that  which  happens 
not  regularly,  but  incidentally.  [M>t  used.] 

Spenser. 

OBVERS'ANT,  a.  [L.  obi-ersans,  obversor  ; 
ob  and  versor,  to  turn.]  Con\ersant  ;  fa- 
miliar.    [A'ot  used.]  Bacon. 

OBVERSE,  a.  obvers'.  In  botany,  having 
the  base  narrower  than  the  top ;  as  a  leaf. 

OB  VERSE,  H.  The  face  of  a  coin  ;  oppos- 
ed to  reverse. 


o  c  c 


o  c  c 


o  c  c 


OBVERT',  I',  t.  [L.  obverto ;  oh  uuU  vtrto, 
to  turn.]     To  tiirii  towards.  Watts. 

OBVERTED,  pji.  Turned  towards. 

OBVERT'ING,  ppr.  Turning  towards. 

OB'VIATE,  v.t.  [Fr.  obvier;  It.  omian ; 
Sp.  obviur ;  from  L.  obvius ;  ob  and  via, 
way.] 

Properlj',  to  meet  in  the  way  ;  to  oppo.se ; 
hence,  to  prevent  by  interception,  or  to  re- 
move at  the  beginning  or  in  the  outset; 
}ience  in  present  usage,  to  remove  in  gen 
era),  as  difficulties  or  objections  ;  to  clear 
the  way  of  obstacles  in  reasoning,  deliber 
atiug  or  planning. 

To  lay  down  every  thing  in  its  full  light,  so 
as  to  obviate  all  exceptions.  Woodward. 

OB'VIATED,  pp.  Removed,  as  objections 
or  difficulties. 

OB'VIATING,  ppr.  Removing,  as  objec- 
tions in  reasoning  or  planning. 

OB'VIOUS,  a.  [L.  obvius.     See  the  Verb.] 

J.  Meeting  ;  opposed  in  front. 
I  to  the  evil  turn 
My  obvious  breast.     [A'ot  now  used.'\ 

Mlton 

2.  Open  ;  exposed.     [Little  used.]       Milton. 

3.  Plain;  evident;  easily  discovered,  seen  or 
understood  ;  readily  perceived  by  the  eye 
or  the  intellect.  We  say,  a  phenomenon 
obvious  to  the  sight,  or  a  truth  obvious  to 
the  mind.  Milton.     Dryden 

OB'VIOUSLY,  adv.  Evidenlly  ;  plainly 
apparently ;  manifestly.  Men  do  not  al 
ways  pursue  what  is  obviously  their  inter 
est. 

2.  Naturally.  Holyday. 

3.  Easily  to  be  found.  Selden. 
OB'VIOUSNESS,  n.  State  ofbeing  plain  or 

evident  to  the  eye  or  the  mind.  Boyle 

OB'VOLUTE,     I      [L.  obvolulvs,  obvolvo 
OB'VOLUTED,  (  "•  oh  and  volvo,   to  roll. 
In  botany,  obvolute  foliation  is  when   the 
margins  of  the  leaves  alternately  embrace 
the  straight  margin  of  the  opposite  leaf 

Marty  n. 
OC€A'SION,   71.   s  as  :.    [L.  occasio,   from 
orcido,  to  fall ;  ob  and  cado.] 

1.  Properly,  a  falling,  happening  or  coming 
to  ;  an  occurrence,  casualty,  incident ; 
something  distinct  from  the  ordinary 
course  or  regular  order  of  things.    Hooker. 

2.  Opportunity  ;  convenience  ;  favorable 
time,  season  or  circumstances. 

I'll  take  th'  occasion  which  he  gives  to 
bring 

Him  to  his  death.  Waller. 

Use  not  liberty  for  an  occasion  to  the  flesh. 
Gal.  v. 

Sin  taking  occasion  by  the  commandment,  de- 
ceived me.     Rom.  vii. 

3.  Accidental   cause  ;    incident,    event    or 


fact  giving  rise  to  something  else.    What 
was  the  occasion  of  this  custom  ? 
Her  beauty  was  the  occasion  of  the  war. 

Dryden 

4.  Incidental  need  ;  casual  exigency  ;  op- 
portunity accompanied  with  need  or  de- 
mand.  So  we  say,  we  have  occasion  for 
all  our  resources.  We  have  frequent  oc 
casions  for  assisting  each  other. 

The  ancient  canons  were  well    titted  for  the 
occasion  of  the  church  in  its  purer  ages. 

Baker 

My  occasions  have  found  time  to   use   them 

toward  a  supply  of  money.  Shah. 

OeCA'SION,    V.  t.    [I'r.  occasionner.l     To 

cause    incidentally  ;    to    cause  ;  to    pro 


ducc.  The  ejtpectation  of  war  occasions 
a  depression  in  the  price  of  stocks.  Con- 
sumptions are  often  occasioned  by  colds. 
Indigestion  occasions  pain  ill  the  liead. 
Heat  occasions  lassitude. 

2.  To  influence ;  to  cause. 

If  we  inquire  what  it  is  that  occasions  men  to 
make  several  combinations  of  simple  ideas  into 
distinct  modes —  Locke. 

0€€A'SIONABLE,  a.  s  as  x.  That  may  be 
caused  or  occasioned.     [Little  used.] 

Barrow. 

p€€A'SIONAL,  a.  sasz.  [Fr.  occasionnel. 

[I.  Incidental ;  casual ;    occurring  at  times, 
but  not   regular   or  systematic;  made  or 
happening  as  opportunity  requires  or  ad 
mits.     We   make   occasional   remarks  on 
the  events  of  the  age. 

2.  Produced  by  accident  ;  as  the  occasional 
origin  of  a  thing.  Brown 

3.  Produced  or  made  on  some  special  event ; 
as  an  occasional  discourse. 

0€€A'SIONALLY,  adv.  sasz.  According 
to  incidental  exigence;  at  times,  as  con- 
venience requires  or  opportunity  ofiers  ; 
not  regularly.  He  was  occasionally  present 
at  our  meetings.  We  have  occasionally 
lent  our  aid. 

OC€A'SIONED,  pp.  s  as  z.  Caused  inci- 
dentally ;  cau.sed  ;  produced. 

OeCA'SiONER,  n.  s  as  z.  One  that  causes 
or  produces,  either  incidentally  or  other- 
wise. 

He  was  the  occasiotier  of  loss  to  his  neigh- 
bor. Sanderson. 

0€€x\'SIONING,  ppr.  s  as  z.   Causing  in- 
cidentally or  otherwise. 
OeeA'SIVE,  a.  Falling;  descending;  west- 
ern ;  pertaining  to  the  setting  sun. 

Amplihide  is  ortive  or  occiisive.  Enci/c. 

OeCECA'TION,  )i.     [L.  occa:calio;  ob  and 

caco,  to  blind.] 
Tlie  act  of  mdking  blind.     [Little  used.] 

Sanderson. 
OCCIDENT,  n.  [L.  occidens,  occido,  to  full  ; 

ob  and  cado.] 
The  west ;  the  westei'U  quarter  of  the  hem- 
isphere ;  so  called  from  the  dechne  or  fall 
of  the  sun.  Encyc 

OCCIDENT'AL,  a.  [L.  occidentalis.]  West 
ern  ;   opposed   to   oriental :  pertaining   to 
the  western  quarter  of  the  hemisphere,  or 
to  some  part  of  the  earth  westward  of  the 
speaker  or  spectator ;   as    occidental  cli 
mates;  occidental  peaA  ;  occidental  goU. 

Encyc.     Howell. 
0€CID'UOUS,     a.    [L.    occido',    occiduus.] 

Western.     [Little  used.] 
0€CIP'ITAL,     a.     [from    L.    occiput,   the 

back  part  of  the  head  ;  oh  and  caput.] 
Pertaining  to  the  back  part  of  the  head,  or  to 

the  occiput. 
OCCIPUT,    n.    [L  ob  and    capjil,   head.] 
The  hinder  part  of  the  head,  or  that  part 
of  the  skull  which  forms  the  hind  part  of 
the  head. 
OeCIS'ION,  n.   s  as  z.  [L.  occisio,  from  oc- 
cido, to  kill ;  ob  and  ca:do.] 
A  killing;  the  act  of  killing.     LVot  used.] 

Hall. 
OCCLU'DE,  V.  t.  [L.  occludo  ;  ob  and  cludo, 

claudo,  to  shut.] 
To  shut  up  ;    to  close.     [Little  used.] 

Brown.' 

0€CLU'SE,  a.  [h.  occlitsus.]  Siiut;  closed.! 

[Little  used.]  Holder. 


0€€LU'SION,  n.  s  as  z.  [L.  occlusio.]  A 
shutting  up ;  a  closing.  Howell. 

[This  is  an  elegant  word,  though  little 
used.] 

OCCULT',  a.  [L.  occultus,  occulo ;  ob  and 
celo,  to  conceal.] 

Hidden  from  the  eye  or  understanding  ;  in- 
visible ;  secret ;  unknown  ;  undiscovered ; 
undetected  ;  as  the  occult  qualities  of  mat- 
ter. JVetrfon. 
The  occult  sciences  are  magic,  necro- 
mancy, &c. 

Occult  lines,  in  geometry,  are  such  as 
are  drawn  with  the  compasses  or  a  pencil, 
and  are  scarcely  visible.  Encyc. 

OeeULTA'TION,  n.  [L.  occultatio.]  A 
hiding  ;  also,  the  time  a  star  or  planet  is 
hid  from  our  sight,  when  eclipsed  by  the 
interposition  of  the  body  of  a  planet. 

Encyc. 
In  astronomy,  the  hiding  of  a  star  or  plan- 
et from  our  sight,  by  passing  behind  some 
other  of  the  heavenly  bodies. 

OCCULT'ED,  a.  Hid  ;  secret,     {^t  used.} 

Skak. 

OCCULT'NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  con- 
cealed from  view  ;  secretness. 

OCCUPANCY,  n.  [L.  occupo,  to  take  or 
seize  ;  ob  and  capio,  to  seize.] 

1.  The  act  of  taking  possession. 

2.  In  lau;  the  taking  possession  of  a  thing 
not  belonging  to  any  person.  The  person 
who  first  takes  possession  of  land  is  said 
to  have  or  hold  it  by  right  oC  occupancy. 

Occupancy  gave  the  original  right  to  the 
property  in  the  substance  of  the  earth  itself. 

Blackstone. 

OCCUPANT,  n.  He  that  occupies  or  takes 
possession  ;  he  that  has  possession. 

.3.  In  law,  one  that  first  takes  possession  of 
that  which  has  no  legal  owner.  The  right 
of  property,  either  in  wild  beasts  and 
fowls,  or  in  land  belonging  to  no  person, 
vests  in  the  first  occupant.  The  property 
in  these  cases  follows  the  possession. 

OCCUPATE,  I'.  (.  [L.  occupo.]  To  hold; 
to  possess  ;  to  take  up.     [Not  used.] 

Bacon. 

OCCUPA'TION,  J!.  [L.  occupatio.]  The  act 
of  taking  possession.  Bacon. 

2.  Possession  ;  a  holding  or  keeping ;  ten- 
ure ;  use ;  as  lands  in  the  occupation  of 
AB. 

3.  That  which  engages  the  time  and  atten- 
tion ;  employment ;  business.  He  devotes 
to  study  all  the  time  that  his  other  occupa- 
tions vi\\\  permit. 

The  principal  business  of  one's  hfe;  vo- 
cation ;  calling ;  trade  ;  the  business  which 
a  man  follows  to  procure  a  living  or  ob- 
tain wealth.  Agriculture,  manufactures 
and  commerce  furnish  the  most  general 
occupations  of  lite.  Painting,  statuarj', 
music,  are  agreeable  occupations.  Men 
not  engaged  in  some  useful  occupation  com- 
monly fall  into  vicious  courses. 
OCCUPIER,  )!.  One  that  occupies  or  takes 
possession.  Raleigh. 

2.  One  w  ho  holds  possession. 

3.  One  who  Ibllows  an  employment.  Ezek. 
xxvii. 

OCCUPY,  V.  t.  [L.  occupo  ;  oh  and  capio,  to 

seize  or  take.] 
1.  To  take   possession.      The  person   who 

first  occupies  land  w  hich  has  no  owner,  has 

tlie  right  of  property. 


O  C  E 


OCT 


OCT 


2.  To  keep  in  possession  ;  to  possess ;  to 
hold  or  keep  for  use.  The  tenant  occupies 
a  farm  under  a  lease  of  twenty  one  years. 
A  lodger  occupies  an  apartment ;  a  man 
occupies  the  chair  in  which  he  sits. 

3.  To  take  up ;  to  possess ;  to  cover  or  fill. 
The  camp  occupies  five  acres  of  ground. 
Air  may  be  so  rarefied  as  to  occupy  a  vast 
space.  The  writing  occupies  a  sheet  of 
paper,  or  it  occupies  five  lines  only. 

4.  To  employ  ;  to  use. 

The  archbishop  may  have  occasion  to  oceu- 
jiy  more  chaplains  tlian  six.  Kng.  Statute. 

5.  To  employ ;  to  bu.sy  one's  self.  Every 
man  should  be  occupied,  or  should  occupy 
himself,  in  saiue  useful  labor. 

a.  To  follow,  as  business. 

All  the  ships  of  the  sea  with  their  mariners 
were    in    Ihee    to    vccupy  thy    merchandise 
Ezek.  xx%Ti. 
7.  To  use  ;  to  expend. 

All  the  gold  that  was  occupied  for  the  work- 
Ex.  xxxviii.     [^Vot  now  m  use.] 
OC'€UP'f ,  V.  i.  To  follow  business ;  to  ne- 
gotiate. 

Occufiy  till  I  come.     Luke  xix. 
OCeUPYlNG,    ppr.    Taking    or    keepin; 

possession ;  employing. 
OCCUR',  V.  i.  [L.  occurro ;  oh  and  curro,  to 
run.] 

1.  Primarily, to  meet;  to  strike  against;  to 
clash  ;  and  so  used  by  Bentley,  but  this  ap 
plication  is  obsolete. 

2.  To  meet  or  come  to  the  mind  ;  to  be  pre- 
sented to  the  mind,  imagination  or  memo 
ry.  We  say,  no  better  plan  occurs  to  me 
or  to  my  mind  ;  it  does  not  occur  to  my  re 
collection  ;  the  thought  did  not  occur  to 
me. 

There  doth  not  occur  to  me  any  use  of  this 
experiment  for  profit.  Bacon. 

3.  To  appear  ;  to  meet  the  eye ;  to  be  found 
here   and   there.     This  word    occurs    in 
twenty  places  in  the  Scriptures ;  the  oth 
er  word  does  not  occur  in  a  single  place 
it  does  not  occur  in  the  sense  suggested. 

4.  To  oppose  ;  to  obviate.     [Ao<  used.] 

Bentley. 

OCCURRENCE,  n.  [Fr.]  Literally,  a  com- 
ing or  happening;  hence,  any  incident  or 
accidental  event  ;  that  which  happens 
without  being  designed  or  expected  ;  any 
single  event.  We  speak  of  an  unusual  oc 
currence,  or  of  the  ordinary  occurrences  of 
life. 

fi.  Occasional  presentation. 

Voyages  detain  the  mind  by  the  perpetual  oc- 
currence and  expectation  of  sometliing  new. 

Walts. 

OCCUR'RENT,  n.  Incident ;  any  thing  that 
happens.     Obs.  Bacon. 

OCCUR'SION,  n.  [L.  occumo,  from  occi/rro, 
to  meet.]     A  meeting  of  bodies  ;  a  clash. 

Boyle. 

OCEAN,  n.  o'shun.  [L.  oceanus ;  Gr.  uxia- 
los ;  Fr.  ocean ;  Ir.  ocein,  aigein  ;  W.  ct- 
^aivn,  aig  or  eigion.  In  Welsh,  the  word 
IS  rendered  the  great  source,  the  middle, 
the  abyss  or  great  deep,  and  is  allied  in 
orthography  to  eigian,  force,  or  a  forcing 
out,  a  producing  ;  eigiaw,  to  bring  forth, 
from  aig,  what  brings  forth,  the  female, 
the  womb,  the  sea,  a  shoal  of  fishes,  a 
flock  or  herd.  Bochart  cites  many  author- 
ities to  prove  that  the  ancients  niideretood 
the  ocean  to  encompass  the  earth,  and  he 

Vol.  II. 


supposes  it  to  be  derived  from  the  Hcb. 
Ch.  Syr.  Jin  hog,  to  encompass,  whence  a 
circle.  This  is  probably  an  error.  The 
word  seems  to  have  for  its  origin  great- 
ness or  extent.] 

1.  The  vast  body  of  water  which  covers 
more  than  three  fifths  of  the  surface  of  the 
globe,  called  also  the  sea,  or  great  sea.  It 
is  customary  to  speak  of  the  ocean  as  if 
divided  into  three  parts,  the  Atlantic 
ocean,  the  Pacific  ocean,  and  the  Indian 
ocean  ;  but  the  ocean  is  one  mass  or  body, 
partially  separated  by  tlie  continents  of 
Europe,  Asia  and  Africa  on  one  side,  and 
by  America  on  the  other. 
An  immense  expanse  ;  as  the  boundless 
ocean  of  eternity  ;  oceans  of  duration  and 
space.  Locke. 

OCEAN,  a.  o'shun.  Pertaining  to  the  main 
or  great  sea  ;  as  the  ocean  wave ;  ocean 
stream.  Milton. 

OCEANIC,  a.  oshcan'ic.  Pertaining  to  the 
ocean.  .  Cook. 

O'CELLATED,  a.  [L.  ocellatus,  from  ocel- 
lus, a  little  eye.] 

1.  Resembling  an  eye.  Derham. 

2.  Formed  with  the  figures  of  little  eyes. 
OCELOT,  n.  The  Mexican  panther. 
O'CHER,  n.  [Fr.  oo-e;  h.  ochra  ;  Or.   ujrpo, 

from  "jrpoj,  pale.] 

A  variety  of  clay  deeply  colored  by  the  oxyd 
of  iron.  Its  n)ost  common  colors  are  red, 
yellow  and  brown.  It  is  used  us  a  pig- 
ment. 

O'CHEROUS,  a.  Consisting  of  ocher;  as 
ocherous  matter. 

2.  Resembling  ocher  ;  as  an  ocherous  color. 

OCH'IMY,  n.  [corrupted  from  alchimy.] 
A  mixed  base  metal.  Johnson.     Todd. 

OCHLOCRACY,  n.  [Gr.  oxT-oxfatuj. ;  o;t».of, 
the  people  or  a  multitude,  and  atpaftu,  to 
govern.] 

A  form  of  government  in  which  the  multi- 
tude or  conuiion  people  rule. 

Encyc.    Jones. 

O'CHREY,  a.  Partaking  of  ocher.  [J\ot 
used.]  Woodward. 

OCH'ROITS,  n.  Cerite. 

O'CRA,  ji.  A  viscous  vegetable  substance 
in  the  W.  Indies,  used  in  soups,  &c. 

Encyc. 
It  is  obtained  by  boiling  the  green  pods 
of  the  Hibiscus  esculentus.     Also,  the  name 
of  the  plant  itself 

OCTACHORD,  n.  An  instrument  or  sys 
tern  of  ei^lit  sounds.  Busby. 

OCTAGON,  n.  [Gr.  oxta,  eight,  and  ywto, 
angle.] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  figure  of  eight  sides  and 
eight  angles.  When  the  sides  and  angles 
are  equal,  it  is  a  regular  octagon  which  may 
be  inscribed  in  a  circle.      Harris.     Encyc 

2.  Id  fortificalion,  a  place  with  eight  bastions, 

Encyc. 
jOCTAG'ONAL,  a.  Having  eight  sides  and 
!     eight  angles. 
OCTAHEDRAL,     a.      [See    Octahedron 

Having  eight  equal  sides. 
OCTAHE'DRITE,  n.    Pyramidical  ore  of 

titanium.  Ure. 

OCTAHEDRON,  n.  [Gr.  oxru,  eight,  and 

fSpo,  a  base] 
In  geonulry,  a  solid  contained  by  eight  equal 
I     and  equilateral  triangles.     It  is  one  of  the 
I    five  regular  bodies.  Encyc. 

25 


OCTAN'DER,  n.  [Gr.  oxru,  eight,  and  cwijp, 
a  male.]  In  botany,  a  plant  having  eight 
stamens. 

OCTAN  DRIAN,  a.  Having  eight  stamens. 

OCTANGULAR,  a.  [L.  octo,  eight,  and 
angular.]     Having  eight  angles. 

OC'TaNT,  n.  [L.  octana,  an  eighth  part, 
from  octo,  eight.] 

In  astronomy,  tliat  aspect  of  two  planets  in 
which  they  are  di.stanl  from  each  other 
the  eighth  part  of  a  circle  or  45°. 

Encyc. 

OCTAVE,  a.  [infra.]  Denoting  eight. 

Dry  den. 

OCTAVE,  Ji.  [Fr.  from  L.  oclavus,  eighth.] 

jl.  The  eighth  day  after  a  festival.     Johnson. 

2.  Eight  days  together  after  a  festival. 
!  Ainsuxnih. 

3.  In  music,  an  eighth,  or  an  interval  of 
seven  degrees  or  twelve  semitones.  The 
octave  is  the  most  perfect  of  the  chords, 
consisting  of  sis  full  tones  and  two  semi- 
tones major.  It  contains  the  whole  dia- 
tonic scale.  Encyc. 

OCTA'VO,  n.  [L.  oclavus,  eighth.]  A  book  in 
which  a  sheet  is  folded  into  eight  leaves. 
The  word  is  used  as  a  noun  or  an  adjec- 
tive. We  say,  an  octavo,  or  an  octavo 
volume.  The  true  phrase  is,  a  book  in  oc- 
tavo. 

OCTENNIAL,  a.  [L.  octo,  eight,  and  an- 
nus, year.] 

1.  Happening  every  eighth  year. 

2.  Lasting  eight  years. 
OCTILE,  n.  The  same  as  octant,  supra. 
OCTO'BER,  n.  [L.  from  octo,  eighth;  the 

eighth  month  of  the  primitive  Roman  year 
which  began  in  March.] 

The  tenth  month  of  the  year  in  our  calen- 
dar, which  follows  that  of  Nuraa  and 
Julius  Cesar. 

OCTODEC'IMAL,  a.  [L.  octo,  eight,  and 
decern,  ten.] 

In  crystalography,  designating  a  crj'stal 
whose  prisms,  or  the  middle  part,  has 
eight  faces,  and  the  two  sunnnits  togetlier 
ten  faces. 

OCTODEN'TATE,  a.  [L.  octo,  eight,  and 
dentatus,  toothed.]     Having  eight  teeth. 

OCTOFID,  a.  [L.  octo,  eight,  and/ ju/o,  to 
cleave.] 

In  botany,  cleft  or  separated  into  eight  seg- 
ments ;  as  a  calyx.  Martyn. 

OCTOgENARY,  a.  [L.  odogenmius,  from 
octogeni,  eightv.]     Of  eighty  years  of  age. 

OC'TOGENARV,  n.  A  person  eighty  years 
of  age.  J.Adams. 

OCTOLOCULAR,  a.  [L.  octo,  eight,  and 
locus,  place.]  In  botany,  having  eight  cells 
for  seeds. 

OCTONARY,  a.  [L.  octonarius.]  Belong- 
ing to  the  number  eight. 

OCTONOCULAR,  a.  [L.  octo,  eight,  and 
oculus,  eye.]     Having  eight  eyes. 

Derham. 

OCTOPET'ALOrS.  a.  [Gr.  oxru,  eight, 
and  «traXo>',  a  petal.]  Having  eight  petals 
or  flower-leaves.  Did 

OCTORA'DIATED,  a.  [L.  odo,  eight,  and 
rndius.  rav.]     Having  eight  rays. 

OCTOSPERM'OUS,  a.  [Gr.  oxru,  eight, 
and  aKifj/io.,  seed.]  Containing  eight 
seeds. 

OC'TOSTYLE,  n.  [Gr.  oxfu,  eight,  and 
fv^of,  style.] 


ODD 

In  ancient  architecture,  the  face  of  an  edifice 
adorned  with  eight  columns,  or  a  range  of 
eight  columns.  Encyc. 

OeTOSYL'LABLE,  a.  [L.  octo,  eight,  and 
5i/«aia,  syllable.]  Consisting  of  eight  syl- 
lables. 

OCTUPLE,  o.  [h.ocluplus;  ocio, eight, and 
plico,  to  fold.]     Eight-fold.  I>iet. 

0€'ULAR,  a.  [Fr.  oculaire;  L.  ocularius, 
from  oculus,  eye.] 

Depending  on  the  eye ;  known  by  the  eye  ; 
received  by  actual  sight;  as  ocular  proof; 
ocular  demonstration  or  evidence. 

OCULARLY,  adv.  By  the  eye,  sight  or  ae 
tual  view.  Brotvn. 

OCULATE,  o.  [L.  oculatus.]  Furnished 
with  eyes ;  knowing  by  the  eye.     Johnson. 

0€'UL1F0RM,  a.  [L.  oculus,  eye,  and 
forma,  form.] 

In  the  form  of  an  eye;  resembling  the  eye 
in  form  ;    as  an  oculiforni  pebble. 

Fourcroy. 

0€'ULIST,  n.  [from  L.  oculus,  the  eye.] 
One  skilled  in  diseases  of  the  eyes,  or  one 
who  professes  to  cure  them. 
Oculus  beli,  a  semi-pellucid  gem,  a  variety  of| 
agate  of  a  grayish  white  color,  variegated 
with  yellow,  and  with  a  black  central  nu- 
cleus. Its  variegations  resemble  the  pu- 
pil and  iris  of  the  eye.  £nn/<-- 
Oculus  cati,  cat's  eye  or  asteria,  abeautilul 
gem  approaching  the  nature  of  the  ojial, 
bavin"  a  bright  color  which  seems  to  be 
lodged  deep  in  the  stone,  and  which  shifts 
as  it  is  moved  in  various  directions.  It  is 
larger  than  a  pea,  and  generally  of  a  semi 
circular  form,  naturally  smooth.  It  is 
found  in  the  East  and  West  Indies,  and  in 
Europe.  Encyc. 
Oculus  mundi,  otherwise  called  hydrophane 
and  lapis  mutabilis,  a  precious  stone  of  an 
opake  wliitish  brown  color,  but  becoming 
transparent  by  infusion  in  an  aqueous 
fluid,  and  resuming  its  opacity  when  dry. 
It  is  found  in  beds  over  the  opals  in  Him- 
gary,  Silesia  and  Saxony,  and  over  the 
chalcedonies  and  agates  in  Iceland. 

Encyc. 

ODD,  a.  [Sw.  udda,  odd,  and  udd,  udde,  a 
point ;  Dan.  odd,  a  point  or  tip.  In  W. 
od  is  notable,  singular,  and  odid,  a  rarity 
In  Russ.  odin  or  odno  is  one.] 

1.  Not  even ;  not  divisible  into  equal  num- 
bers ;  as  one,  three,  five,  seven,  &c. 

Good  luck  lies  in  odd  numbers.  Shak 

2.  Left  or  remaining   after  the  union,  csti- 
~'  mate  or  use  of    even   numbers  ;    or  re- 
maining after  round  numbers  or  any  num- 
ber specified  ;  as  the  odd  number ;  the  odd 


O  D  I 


man. 

Sixteen  himdieii  and   odd    years    aitei'  the 
eartli  was  made,  it  was  destroyed  by  a  deluge. 

Burnet. 

3.  Singular;  extraordinaiy ;  differing  from 
what  is  usual ;  strange  ;  as  an  odd  ))hc- 
nomenon.  JVewton. 

It   sometimes   implies  dislike    or   con- 
tempt ;  as  an  odd  fellow. 

4.  Not  noted  ;  unheeded  ;  not  taken  into  the 
common  account. 

There  are  yet  missing  some  few  odd  lads  that 
you  remember  not.  Shak. 

,■).  Uncommon ;  particular. 

The  odd  man  to  perform  all  three  perfectly  is 

Joannes  Sturinius.  Jischam 

6.  Uncommon ;  in  appearance  improper  or 


not  likely  to  answer  the  purpose.     This  is 
an  odd  way  of  doing  things. 

Locke's  Essay  would  be  an  odd  book  for  a 
man  to  make  himself  master  of,  who  would  get 
a  reputation  by  his  critical  writings. 

Spectator. 
Separate  from  that  which  is  regularly  oc- 
cupied ;  remaining  unemployed.  I  will 
take  some  odd  time  to  do  this  business. 
He  may  do  it  at  odd  times. 
ODD'ITY,  n.  Singularity;  strangeness;  as 
the  oddity  of  dress,  manners  or  shape  ; 
oddity  of  appearance. 
2.  A  singular  person  ;  in  colloquial  language 

This  man  is  an  oddity. 
ODD'LY,  adv.  Not  evenly.     [Little  tised.] 
2.  Strangely  ;  unusually  ;  irregularly  ;    sin- 
gularly ;    uncouthly ;    as    oddly   dressed ; 
oddly  formed. 

A  figure  oddly  turned.  Locke. 

A  black  substance  lying  on  the  ground  very 

oddly  shaped.  *'«"/'■ 

ODD'NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  not  even. 

2.  Singularity;    strangeness;   particularity 

irregularity  ;  uncouthness  ;  as  the  oddness 

of  dress  or  shape  ;  the  oddness  of  an  event 

or  accident.  Dryden.     Smft. 

ODDS,  n.  3  as  z.  [It  is  used  both  in  the  sin 

ular  and  plural.] 
L    Inequality  ;   excess  of  either   compared 
with  the  other;  difference  in  favor  of  one 
and  against  another. 

Preeminent  by  so  much  odds.  Milton. 

In  this  exaniple,  much  marks  the  singu 
lar  number,  and  many  cannot  be  used. 
Cromwell,  with  odds  of  number  and  of  fate— 

Waller 
All  the  odds  between  them  has  been  the  dif- 
ferent scope  given  to  their  understandings  to 
range  in.  Locke 

judging  is  balancing  an  account  and  deter- 
mining on  which  side  the  odds  lie.  Locke 
There  appeared   at   least   four  to    one  odds 
against  them.  Swift. 

2.  Advantage  ;  superiority,  Hudihras. 

3.  Quarrel ;  dispute  ;  debate.  Shak. 
It  is  odds,  more  likely  than  the  contrary. 

/( is  odds  that  he  will  find  a  shrewd  tempta- 
tion. South. 
Jit  odds,  w  dispute;  at  variance ;  in  contro- 
versy or  quarrel. 

That  sets  us  all  at  odds.  Shak. 

Or  they  must  always  be  at  odds.  Swift. 

ODE,  n.   [L.  ode ;  Gr.  "Sj;.]     A  short  poem 

or  song ;  a  poetical  composition  proper  to 

be  set  to  music  or   sung ;  a  lyric  poem. 

The  ode  is  of  the  greater  or  less  kind  ;  the 

less   is   characterized    by   sweetness   and 

ease;    the  greater   by  sublimity,   rapture 

and  quickness  of  transition.  Johnson. 

Pindar  has  left  Olympic  odes,  Pythian 

odes,  Neiiiean  odes,  and  Isthinian  odes. 

The  ode  consists  of  unequal  verses  in  stanzas 
or  strophes.  Busby. 

O'DIOUS,  a.  [L.  odiosus,  from  odi,  I  hated, 
Eng.  hale.] 

1.  Hateful ;  deserving  hatred.  It  expresses 
something  less  than  detestable  uiid  abomi- 
nable; as  an  odious  name;  odious  vice. 

All  wickedness  is  odious.  Sprat. 

2.  Offensive  to  the  senses  ;  disgusting;  as  an 
odious  sight ;  an  odious  smell. 

3.  Causing  hate  ;  invidious  ;  as,  to  utter  odi- 
ous truth. 

4.  Exposed  to  hatred. 
He   rendered  hunself  odious  to  the  parlia- 
ment. Clarendon. 


OF 

O'DIOUSLY,  adv.  Hatefully;  in  a  mannef 
to  deserve  or  excite  hatred.  Milton. 

Invidiously ;  so  as  to  cause  hate. 

Dryden. 
O'DIOUSNESS,  n.  Hatefulness  ;  the  quali- 
ty that  deserves  or  may  excite  hatred  ;  as 
the  odiousness  of  sin.  Make. 

2.  The  state  of  being  hated.     [JVot  usual.] 

Sidney. 
O'DIUM,    n.    [L.]    Hatred;    dislike.     This 
measure  brought  a  general  odium  on  his 
government. 

The  quality  that  provokes  hatred  ;  offeus- 
iveness. 

She  threw  the  odium  of  the  fact  on  me. 

Dryden. 
ODONTAL'Gle,  a.  [Gr.  ojov;,  a  tooth,  and 
a'Kyof,  pain.] 

Pertaining  to  the  tooth-ache. 
ODONTAL'Gle,  n.  A  remedy  for  the  tooth- 
ache. 
ODONTAL'GY,  n.  Tooth-ache. 
O'DOR,  )i.  [L.]  Smell ;   scent ;    fragrance ; 
a  sweet  or  an  offensive  smell ;  perfume. 

Bacon.     Addison. 

O'DOR AMENT,  n.  [L.  odoramentum.]     A 

perfimie;  a  strong  scent.  Burton. 

O'DORATE,    a.    [L.  odoratus.]     Scented; 

having  a  strong  scent,  fetid  or  fragrant. 

Bacon. 
O'DORATING,  a.  Diffusing  odor  or  scent; 
!     fragrant. 

ODORIFEROUS,  a.  [L.  odoriferus  ;   odor 
'     and /ero,  to  bear.] 

1.  Giving  scent ;  diffusing  fragrance  ;  fra- 
grant;  perfumed  ;  usually,  sweet  of  scent ; 
as  odoriferous  s|)ices ;  odoriferous  flowers. 

2.  Bearing  scent ;  as  orfon/erous  gales. 
ODORIF'EROUSNESS.  n.  The  quality  of 

diffusing  scent ;  fragrance  ;   sweetness  of 
scent. 
O'DOROUS,  a.  Sweet  of  scent;  fragrant. 

Spenser.      fVnller. 
O'DOROUSNESS,  n.  Fragrance  ;  the  qual- 
ity of  diffusing  scent,  or   of  exciting  the 
sensation  of  smell. 
CECONOMICAL,  (ECONOMY,   (EDEM- 
ATOUS,   OESOPHAGUS.      [See    Econ- 
omical, Economy,  Edematous,  Esophas;us.] 
OEILIAD,    n.    [Fr.  ccillade,   from    ffiV,  the 
eye.]     A  glance ;  a  wink.     [N'ot  English 
nor  used-]  Shak. 

O'ER,  contracted  from  over,  which  see. 
OF,  prep.  ov.  [Sax.  of:  G.  ab  ;  Sw.  Ice. 
Dan.  D.  af;  L.  ab,  but  originally  nf;  Gr. 
arto.  The  primary  sense  is  departing,  is- 
suing or  proceeding  from  ;  but  this  sense 
has  been  modified  by  usage.] 
1.  From  or  out  of;  proceeding  from,  as  the 
cause,  source,  means,  author  or  agent  be- 
stowing. 

I  have  received  of  the  Lord  that  which  also 
I  delivered  to  you.     1  Cor.  xi. 

For  it  was  (if  the  Lord  to  harden  their  hearts. 
Josh.  xi. 

It  is  of  (be  Lord's  mercies  that  we  are  not 
consimied.     Lam.  iii. 

The  whole  disposing  thereof  is  (!/■  the  Lord. 
Prov.  xvi. 

Go,  inquire  of  the  Lord  for  me.  2  Chron. 
xxxiv. 

That  holy  thing  thai  shall  be  born  of  thco. 
Luke  i. 

Hence  of  is  the  sign  of  the  genitive  case, 
the  case  that  denotes  production  ;  as  the 
son  o/"man,  the  son  pidcceding  from  man, 
produced  from  man.    This  is  the  primary 


O  F 


OFF 


OFF 


sense,  although  \vc  now  say,  produced  by 
man.  "  Part  of  these  were  slain  ;"  that  is, 
a  iiumher  seiiarate,  for  part  denotes  a  di- 
vision ;  tlie  scn&e  then  is,  a  nuinher  from 
or  out  of  the  whole  were  slain.  So  also, 
"some  0/ these  were  slain  ;"  that  is,  some 
from  or  out  of  the  others.  "  I  have  known 
him  of  old,  or  of  a  child  ;"  that  is, /com  old 
tinies,/roma  child.  "  He  is  o/the  race  ot 
kiii'fs ;"  tiiat  is,  descended  from  kings. 
"  He  is  o/nohle  blood  or  birth,  or  o/igno 
ble  ori"iii."  "  No  particle  of  matter,  or  no 
body  can  move  of  itself;"  that  is,  by  force 
or  strength  proceeding  from  itself,  derived 
from  itself. 

"  The  quarrel  is  not  now  of  fame  and 
tribute,  or  of  wrongs  done  ;"  that  is,  from 
fame  or  wrongs,  as  the  cause,  and  we  may 
render  it  coiicernitiff,  about,  relating  to. 

"  Of  this  little  In;  had  some  to  spare  ;'' 
that  is,  souie  from  the  whole.  It  may  be 
rendered  out  of. 

"  Of  all  our  heroes  thou  canst  boast 
alone;"  that  is,  thou  alone  from  the  num- 
ber of  heroes.  Tliis  may  be  rendered 
among. 

"The  best  0/ men,  the  most  renowned  0/ 
all ;"  that  is,  the  best  from  the  number  of 
men,  tlie  most  renowned  from  tlie  whole  ; 
denoting  primarily  separation,  like  part. 

"I  was  well  entertained  of  the  English 
Consul ;"  that  is,  entertained  from  the 
Consul ;  my  entertainment  was  from  the 
Consul.  This  use  is  obsolete,  and  we  use 
by  in  lieu  of  it. 

"  This  does  0/ right  belong  to  us  ;"  that 
is,  from,  right,  de  jure ;  our  title  proceeds 
from  right. 

"  Tlie  chariot  was  all  0/ cedar  ;"  that 
made  from  cedar.  So  we  say,  made  of\ 
gold,  made  of  clay  ;  an  application  cor- 
responding with  oiu'  modern  use  ol' from ; 
mannfactured /rom  wool,  or/rom  raw  ma- 
terials. Hence  we  say,  cloth  consisting  of 
wool.  "This  is  a  scheme  ()/■  his  own  de- 
vising;" that  is,  from  his  own  devising  or 
device.  "If  any  man  minister,  let  him  do 
it  as  of  the  ability  which  God  giveth  ;" 
that  is,  as /coin  the  ability,  as  the  source  of 
action. 

"  Of  happy,  he  is  become  miserable ;" 
thatis,/roni  happy  ;/ro7ii  being  happy,  he 
has  passed  to  being  miserable.  "  Q/"  ne- 
cessity this  must  prove  ruinous  ;"  that  is, 
from  necessity,  as  the  cause  or  source. 
"  Of  a  hundred  take  fifty  ;"  that  is,  from  a 
hundred,  or  ojit  of  u.  hundred, /rom  amoi 
a  hundred. 

O/"  sometimes  implies  a  part  or  share. 
It  is  a  duty  to  communicate  0/ those  blessings 
we  have  received.  Pianklin 

From  is  then  the  primary  sense  of  this  prep- 
osition ;  a  sense  retained  in  off,  the  same 
word  differently  written  for  distinction. 
But  this  sense  is  appropriately  lost  in 
many  of  its  applications;  as  a  man  of 
genius,  a  man  of  courage,  a  man  of  rare 
endowments,  a  fossil  of  a  red  color,  or  of 
a  hexagonal  figure,  lie  lost  all  hope  of 
relief.  This  is  an  affair  of  the  cabinet. 
He  is  a  man  q/"decayed  fortune.  What  is 
the  price  of  coru  ?  We  say  that  of,  in  these 
and  similar  phrases,  denotes  property  or 
possession,  making  of  the  sign  of  the  geni- 
tive or  possessive  case.  These  applica- 
tions, however,   all  proceeded  from  the 


ceeds  troni  or  is  produced  by  a  person,  isj 
naturally  the  property  or  |)ossession  of 
that  person,  as  the  son  o/'Jolm  ;  and  this 
idea  of  property  in  the  course  of  time 
woulil  pass  to  things  not  thus  produced, 
hut  still  hearing  a  relation  to  another 
thing.  Thus  wu  say,  the  father  of  a  son, 
as  well  as  the  son  of  a  father.  In  botli 
senses,  other  languages  also  use  the  same 
word,  as  in  the  French  de,  de  la,  and  Ital 
ian  di,  dell.  Of  then  has  one  primary 
sense,  from,,  departing,  issuing,  proceedin 
from  or  out  of,  and  a  derivative  sense  de- 
noting po.ssession  or  property 

OFF,  a.  auf.  Most  distant;  as  the  q^ horse 
in  a  team. 

OFF,  arfr.  auf.  From,  noting  distance.  The 
lOUse  is  a  mile  off. 

2.  From,  with  the  action  of  removing  or 
separating  ;  as,  to  take  q^the  hatorcloke. 
So  we  say,  to  cut  off,  to  pare  off,  to  clip  off, 
to  peel  off,  to  tear  off,  to  march  off,  to  fly  off. 

3.  From,  noting  separation ;  as,  the  match  is 

"/• 

4.  From,  noting  departure,  abatement,  re- 
mission or  a  leaving.  The  fever  goes  off; 
the  pain  goes  off. 

In  painting,  it  denotes  projection  or  relief. 
Tliis  comes  o^well  and  excellent.         Shak. 

(].  From ;  away;  not  towards  ;  as,  to  look  off; 
opposed  to  on  or  toward. 

7.  On  the  opposite  side  of  a  question 

The  questions  no   way  touch  upon   puritan- 
ism,  either  o^  or  on.  Sanderson 

Off  luind,  without  study  or  prejiaration 
She  plays  a  tune  offhand.  He  speaks  flu- 
ently offhand. 

Off  and  on,  atone  time  applying  and  engag- 
ed, then  absent  or  remiss. 

To  be  off,  in  colloquial  language,  to  depart 
or  to  recede  from  an  agreement  or  design. 

To  come  off,  to  escape,  or  to  fare  in  the 
event. 

To  get  off,  to  alight ;  to  come  down 

2.  To  make  escape. 

To  go  (ff,  to  depart ;  to  desert. 

2.  To  take  fire  ;  to  he  discharged  ;  as  a  gun. 
H'ell  off,  ill  off,  badly  off,  having  good  or  ill 

success. 
OFF,  prep.  Not  on  ;  as,  to  be  off  one's  legs 
He  was  not  o^the  bed  the  whole  day. 

3.  Distant  from  ;  as  about  two  miles  off  this 
town.     [A'ot  now  used.]  Mdison. 

OFF.  as  an  exclamation,  is  a  command  to 

depart,  either  with  or  without  contempt  or 

ahliorrcnce. 
OFFAL,    n.    [D.  afval ;  of  and  vallen,   to 

fall;  G.  ahfall;  Dan.   affald ;   Svv.  affall ; 

off -.md  fall.] 

1.  Waste  meat ;  the  parts  of  an  animal 
butchered  which  are  unfit  for  use  or  re- 
jected. Arbidhnot. 

2.  Carrion  ;  coarse  meat.        Milton.     Shak. 

3.  Refuse  ;  that  w  hich  is  thrown  away  as  of 
no  value,  or  fit  only  for  beasts. 

Dryden.     Mortimer. 

4.  An  v  thing  of  no  value  ;  rubbish.         Shak. 
OFFliND'.  1;.  (.  [L.  offendo;  ob  and  fendo, 

obs.  to  strike,  hit,  meet,  or  thrust  against. 
We  use  the  simple  verb  in  fend,  to  fend  off, 
to  fence.] 

1.  To  attack  ;  to  assail.  [M>t  tised.]     Sidney. 

2.  To  displease;  to  make  angry;  to  aflircjiit. 
It  expresses  rather  less  than  make  angry, 
and  without   any  modifying  word,  it  is 


nearly  synonymous  with  displease.  We 
are  offended  by  rudeness,  im-ivility  and 
harsh  language.  Children  offend  their 
parents  by  disobedience,  and  parents  of- 
fend their  children  by  unreasonable  aus- 
terity or  restraint. 

The  emperor  was  grievously  offewttd  with 
them  who  liad  kept  sucli  negligent  watch. 

Sholles. 

A  brother  offended  is  harder  to  be  won  than 
a  strong  city.     Prov.  xviii. 

3.  To  shock ;  to  wound;  as,  to  offend  the 
conscience.  Law. 

4.  To  pain;  to  annoy ;  to  injure;  as,  a  strong 
light  offends  weak  eyes. 

5.  To  transgress ;  to  violate ;  as,  to  offend 
the  laws.  But  we  generally  use  the  intrans- 
itive verb  in  this  sense,  with  against;  to 
offend  against  the  law. 

To   disturb,   annoy,  or  cause  to  fall  or 
stumble. 

Great  peace  have  they  that  love  thy  law,  and 
nothing  shall  offend  them.     Ps.  cxix. 
7.  To  draw  to  evil,  or  hinder  in  obedience  ; 
to  cause  to  sin  or  neglect  duty. 

If  tliy  right  eye  offend  thee,  pluck  it  out — if 
thy  right  hand  offend  thee,  cut  it  otT.    Matt.  v. 
OFFEND',  V.  i.  To  transgress  the  moral  or 
divine  law  ;  to  sin  ;  to  commit  a  crime. 

Whoever  shall  keep  the  whole  law,  and  yet 
offerul  in  one  point,  is  pjuilly  of  all.     James  ii. 
In  many  thint^s  \vc  ojfend  all.     James  iii. 

2.  To  cause  dislike  or  anger. 
I  shall  offend,  cither  to  dctam  or  to  give  it. 

Shak. 
But  this  phrase  is  really  elliptical,  some 
person  being  understood. 

3.  To  be  scandalized  ;  to  be  stumbled. 
If  meat  make  my  brother  to  offend —  1  Cor. 

viii. 
To  offend  against,  to  act  injuriously  or  un- 
justly. 

Nor  yet  against  Cesar  have    I  offended  any 

thing  at  all.     Acts  xxv. 
2.  To  transgress ;  to   violate ;  as,   to  offend 

against  the  laws   of  society,  the  laws  of 

God,  or  the  rules  of  civility  or  propriety. 
We  have  offended  against  tlie  Lord  already. 

2  Chron.  xxviii. 
OFFENDED,  pp.  Displeased. 
OFFENDER,  71.    One   that  offends;   one 

that  violates  any  law,   divine   or  human  ; 

a  criminal ;  a  trespasser;   a  transgressor; 

one  that  does  an  injury.    The  man  who 

robs,  steals,  or  commits  an  assault,  is  an 

offender. 
OFFEND'ING,  ppr.  Displeasing  ;    making 

angry;  causing  to   stumble;    committing 

sin. 
OFFENDRESS,  n.  A  female  that  oflends. 

Shak. 
OFFENSE,  n.  offens'.  [L.  offensus,  offensa ; 

It.  offesa  ;  Sp.  qjfensa  ;  Fr.  offetice.] 

1.  Displeasure ;  anger,  or  moderate  anger. 
He  gave  them  just  cause  of  offense.  He 
took  offense. 

2.  Scandal ;  cause  of  stumbling.  Christ  is 
called  a  stone  of  stumbling  and  rock  of 
offenseto  both  the  houses  of  Israel.  Ps.  viii. 

3.  -'\ny  transgression  of  law,  divine  or  hu- 
man ;  a  crime;  sin;  act  of  wickedness  or 
omission  of  duty. 

Christ  was   delivered   for  our  offenses,  and 
raised  again  for  our  Justification.     Rom.  iv. 

4.  An  injury. 
I  have  given  my  opinion  against  the  authori- 
ty of  two  great  men,  but  I  hope  without  offense 
to  their  memories.  Dryden. 


OFF 


5.  Attack;  assault;  as  a  weapon  of o/eMC. 

Richardson. 


3. 


6.  Impediment.     Matt.  xvi. 

OFFENSEFUL,  a.  offens'ful.  Giving  dis- 
pleasure ;  injurious.     [Jvot  used.]       Shak. 

OFFENSELESS,  a.  offens'less.  Unoffend 
in";  innocent;  inoffensive.  Milton. 

OFFENS'IVE,  a.  [Fr.  offensif;  It.  offen- 
sivo ;  Sp.  ofensivo.) 

1.  Causing  displeasure  or  some  degree  of 
anger ;  displeasing.  All  sin  is  offensive  to 
God.  Rude  behavior  is  offensive  to  men. 
Good  breeding  forbids  us  to  use  offensive 
words. 

2.  Disgusting;  giving  pain  or  unpleasant 
sensations;  disagreeable;  as  an  offensive 
taste  or  smell ;  an  offensive  sight.  Dis- 
cordant sounds  are  offensive  to  the  ears. 

3.  Injurious. 

It  is  an  excellent  opener  for  the  liver,  but  of- 
fensive to  the  stomach.  Bacon. 

4.  Assailant;  used  in  attack;  opposed  to 
defensive ;  as  an  offensive  weapon  or  en- 
gine. fVUkins. 

a.  Assailant ;  invading  ;  making  the  first  at 
tack  ;  opposed  to  defensive  ;  as  an  offensive 
war. 

A  league  offensive  and  defensive,  is  one 
that  requires  both  or  all  parties  to  make 
war  together  against  a  nation,  and  each 
party  to  defend  the  other  in  case  of  being 

OFFENSIVE,  n.  The  part  of  attacking; 

as,  to  act  on  the  offensive. 
OFFENS'IVELY,    adv.    In   a  manner  to 

give  displeasure;  as  language  offensively 

harsh  or  sarcastic. 

2.  Injuriously;  mischievously.  Hooke 

3.  By  way  of  invasion  or  first  attack.    Th 
enemy  was  not  in  a  condition  to  act  offens- 
ively. 

4.  Unpleasantly  to  the  senses. 
OFFENS'IVENESS,  n.  The   quality  that 

offends  or  displeases;  as  the  offetisive7iess 
of  rude  language  or  behavior. 

2.  Injuriousness ;  mischief. 

3.  Cause  of  disgust ;  the  quality  that  gives 
pain  to  tlie  senses,  or  unpleasant  sensa- 
tions ;  as  the  offensiveness  of  smell  or  taste 

OF'FER,  v.  t.  [L.  offero;  ob  and /ero,  to 
bring.] 

1.  Literally,  to  bring  to  or  before;  hence,  to 
present  for  acceptance  or  rejection ; 
exhibit  somethmg  that  may   be  taken 
received   or  not.     He  offered  me  a  sum  of 
money.     He  offered  me  his  umbrella  to  de- 
fend me  from  the  rain. 

The  heathen  women  under  the  Mogul,  offer 
themselves  to  the  flames  at  the  death  of  their 
husbands.  ''»«««'"• 

2.  To  present  in  words  ;  to  proffer ;  to  make 
a  proposal  to. 

I  o^tr  thee  three  things.     2  Sam.  xxiv. 

3.  To  present,  as  an  act  of  worship  ;  to  im- 
molate ;  to  sacrifice ;  often  with  up. 

Thou  shalt  offer  every  day  a  bullock  as  a  sin 
offering  for  atonement.     E.x.  xxix. 

The  one  lamb  shalt  thou  nffei'  iu  the  morn- 
ing.    Ibm. 

A  holy  priesthood  to  offer  up  spiritual  sacri- 
fices.    1  Pet.  2. 

4.  To  prc'scnt  in  prayer  or  devotion. 

Offer  to  God  thanksgiving.     Ps.  1. 

5.  To  bid,  as  a  price,  reward  or  wages ;  as, 
to  offer  ten  eagles  for  a  ring;  to  offer  a 
hundred  dollars  a  year  for  a  laborer ;  to| 
offer  a  salary. 


OFF 

C.  To  present  to  the  view  or  to  the  mind  ; 
as  ideas  which  sense  or  reflection  offers  to 
the  mind.  Locke. 

To  offer  violence,  to  assault ;  to  attack  or  com 

mence  attack. 
OF'FER,  V.  i.  To  present  itself;    to  be  at 
hand. 

Th' occasion  o^^ers  and  the  youth  complies. 

Dry  lien. 
To  present  verbally  ;  to  declare  a  willing- 
ness.    He  offered  to  accompany  his  broth- 
er. 
To  make  an  attempt. 

We  came  close  to  the  shore  and  offered  to 
land.  Bacon. 

Formerly  with  at. 
I  will  not  offer  at  that  I  cannot  master 


Obs 

Bacon. 

OF'FER,  n.  [Fr.   offre.]    A  proposal  to  be 

accepted    or    rejected;     presentation    lo 

choice.      The  prince  made  liberal  offers, 

but  they  were  rejected. 

When  offers  are  disdained,  and  love  deny'd 

Pope. 

2.  First  advance. 
Force  compels  this  offer.  Shak 

3.  The  act  of  bidding  a  price,  or  the  sum 
bid.  By  an  offer  we  manifest  a  desire  to 
buy.  When  the  seller  declines  accepting, 
he  manifests  that  he  thinks  the  offer  not 
sufficient. 

4.  Attempt;  endeavor;  essay. 
It  is  in  the  power  of  every  one  to  make  some 

essay,  some  offer  and  attempt.     [JVearly  obso- 
lete.] South. 
OF'FERABLE,  a.    That  may   be  offered. 

Mounlague. 
OF'FERED,  pp.  Presented  for  acceptance 
or  rejection  ;  presented  in  worship  or  de- 
votion ;  immolated;  bid;  presented  to  the 
eye  or  the  mind. 
OF'FERER,  n.  One  that  offers;  one  that 
sacrifices  or  dedicates  in  worship. 

Chapman.  Hooker 
OF'FERING,  ;>p-.  Presenting;  proposing 
sacrificing ;  bidding ;  presenting  to  the 
eye  or  mind. 
OF'FERING,  n.  That  which  is  presented 
in  divine  service  ;  an  animal  or  a  portion 
of  bread  or  corn,  or  of  gold  and  silver,  or 
other  valuable  articles,  presented  to  God 
as  an  atonement  for  sin,  or  as  a  return  of 
thanks  for  his  favors,  or  for  other  religious 
purpose  ;  a  sacrifice  ;  an  oblation.  In  the 
Mosaic  economy,  there  were  burnt-o.^cr- 
ing.i,  s'm-off'erings,  peace-offerings,  tres- 
nass-offeiings,  thank-offerings,  wave-offer- 
tngs,  and  wood-offerings.  Pagan  nations 
also  present  offerings  lo  their  deities 
Christ  by  the  offering  of  himself  has  su- 
perseded the  use  of  all  other  offerings, 
having  made  atonement  for  all  men. 

When  thou  shalt  make  his  soul  an  offering 

for  sin,  he  shall  see  his  seed —     Is.  liii. 

OF'FERTORY,  n.  [Fr.  offerloire.]  The  act 

of  offering,  or  the  thing  offered.     [Little 

used.]  Bacon.     Fell.] 

1.  Offertory  was  properly  an  anthem  chanted, 
or  a  voluntary  played  on  the  organ  during 
the  ottering  and  a  part  of  the  mass,  in  the 
Catholic  church  ;  but  since  the  refurm.i- 
tion  it  denotes  certain  sentences  in  the 
communion-otfice,  read  while  the  alms  are 
collecting.  Todd.     Cyc. 

2.  Anciently,  the  linen  on  which  the  oHtr- 
ing  was  laid.  Cyc. 


O  F  F 

OF'FERTURE,  n.  Offer;  proposal.  [JVot 
used.]  K.  Charles- 

OF'FICE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  officium;  ob  and 
facio,  to  make  or  do.] 

1.  A  particular  duty,  charge  or  trust  confer- 
red by  pubhc  authority  and  for  a  public 
purpose ;  an  employment  undertaken  by 
coimnission  or  authority  from  government 
or  those  who  administer  it.  Thus  we 
speak  of  the  office  of  secretary  of  state,  of 
treasurer,  of  a  judge,  of  a  sheriff,  of  a 
justice  of  the  peace,  &c.  Offices  are  civil, 
judicial,  ministerial,  executive,  legislative, 
political,  municipal,  diplomatic,  military, 
ecclesiastical,  &c. 

2.  A  duty,  charge  or  trust  of  a  sacred  na- 
ture, conferred  by  God  himself;  as  the  of- 
fice of  priest,  in  the  Old  Testament ;  and 

that  of  the  apostles,  in  the  New  Testa- 
ment. 

Inasmuch  as  I  am  the  apostle  of  the   Gen- 
tiles, I  magnify  my  office.  Rom.  xi. 

3.  Duty  or  employment  of  a  private  nature  : 
as  the  office  of  a  midwife.    Ex.  i. 

4.  That  which  is  performed,  intended  or  as- 
signed to  be  done  by  a  particular  thing,  or 
that  which  any  thing  is  fitted  to  perform ; 
answering  to  duty  in  intelligent  beings. 
We  enjoy  health  when  the  several  organs 
of  the  body  perform  their  respective  of- 
fices. 

In  this  experiment,  the  several  intervals  of 
the  teeth  of  the  comb  do  the  office  of  so  many 
prisms.  JVewton. 

.  Business;  particular  employment. 
Hesperus,  whose  office  is  to  bring 
Twilight  upon  the  earth.  Milton. 

.  Act  of  good  or  ill  voluntarily  tendered ; 
usually  in  a  good  sense ;  as  kind  offices ; 
offices  of  pity  ;  pious  offices. 
.  Act  of  worship.  Shak. 

.  Formulary  of  devotion. 

The  Lord's  prayer,  the  ten  commandments 
and  the  creed,  is  a  very  good  office  for  children 
if  they  are  not  fitted  for  more  regular  offices. 

Taylor. 

9.  A  house  or  apartment  in  which  public  of- 
ficers and  otliers  transact  business  ;  as  the 
register's  office  ;  a  lawyer's  office. 

10.  In  architecture,  an  apartment  appropri- 
ated for  the  necessary  business  or  occa- 
sions of  a  palace  or  nobleman's  house. 
The  word  is  used  also  for  a  building  per- 
taining to  a  farm.  Encyc.     Cyc. 

11.  In  the  canon  law,  a  benefice  which  has 
no  jurisdiction  annexed  to  it.  Encyc. 

12.  The  person  or  persons  entrusted  with 
particular  duties  of  a  pulilic  nature. 

— This  office  [of  quarter-master-general]  not 
to  have  the  disposal  of  public  money,  except 
small  occasional  sums.  Jilarshall. 

OF'FICE,  v.  t.  To  perform;  to  do;  to  dis- 
charge.    [JVot  used.]  Shak. 

OF'FICER,  11.  A  person  commissioned  or 
authorized  to  perform  any  public  duty. 
Officers  arc  civil,  military  or  ecclesiastical. 
There  are  great  officers  of  state,  and  sub- 
ordinate officers.  Military  and  naval  offi- 
cers of  the  same  grailc  usually  take  rank 
according  to  the  dates  of  their  commiss- 
ions. Non-commissioned  o/Zitcra  are  nom- 
inated by  their  captains,  arid  appointed  by 
the  commanding  officers  of  regiments. 

OF'FICER,  I'.  /.  To  furnish  with  officers ; 
to  appoint  oflicers  over. 


OFF 


O  G  I 


O  1  L 


Count  Pulaski  raised  a  legionary  corps,  which| 
he  officered  principally  with  foreigners. 

Marslwll. 
OF'FICERED,  pp.  Furnislied  with  officers. 

Addison. 
OFFI"CI AL,  o.  [Fr.  offldd ;  from  office.]  Per- 
taining to  an  office  or  public  trust.     The 
secretary  is  engaged  in  o£kial  duties.^ 
2.  Derived  from  the  projier  office  or  officer, 
or  from  the  proper  authority;    made  or 
comrrninicated  by  virtue  of  authority  ;  as 
an  oMcial  statement  or  report.     We  liave 
official  intelligence  of  the  battle. 
•3.  Conducive  by  virtue  of  appropriate  pow- 
ers. 

The  stomach  and  other  parts  official  to  nutri- 
tion.    lUnusual.]  Brown. 
OFFI"CIAL,  n.  An  eclesiastical  judge  ap- 
pointed by  a  bishop,  chapter,  archdeacon, 
&c.,  with  charge  of  the  spiritual  jurisdic- 
tion.                                               Blackjitone. 
OFFI"CIALLY,  arfi).  By  the  proper  officer; 
by  virtue  of  the  proper  autliority  ;  in  pur 
suanco  of  the  special  powers  vested  ;  as 
accounts   or  reports   ojficiatly  verified   or 
rendered  ;  letters  ojfkially  communicated  ; 
persons  officially  notified. 
OFFI"ClALTy,  n.  The  charge  or  office  of 
an  official.  ,/lyliffe. 
OFFl"CIATE,  I',  i.   To  act  as  an  officer  in 
his  office  ;  to  transact  the  appropriate  bu 
siness  of  an  office  or  public  trust.     At  this 
court  the  chief  justice  officiated. 

The  bishops  and  priests  officiate  at  the  altar 
Stillingfleel. 

2.  To  perforin  the  appropriate  official  duties 
of  another. 

OFFI'CIATE,!).  /.  To  give  in  consequence 
of  office. 

The  stars  officiate  light.     \_Improper.1 

Mlton 
OFFI"CIATING,  ppr.  Performing  the  ap 
propriate  duties  of  an  office  ;  perforniingi 
the  office  of  another.  I 

OFFICINAL,  a.  [Fr. ;  from  L.  officiiia,  aj 
shop.]  I 

Used  in  a  shop  or  belonging  to  it.  Officinal'^ 
drugs,  medicines  and  simples  are  such  as< 
are  required  to  be  constantly  kept  in  the 
shops  of  apothecaries.  Encyc. 

OFFI"CIOUS,a.  [L.  officiosus.]  Kind  ;  oblig- 
ing ;  doing  kind  oliices. 

Yet  not  to  earth  are  those  bright  luminaries 
Officious.  Milton. 

3.  E.xcessively  forward  in  kindness ;  impor- 
tunately interposing  services. 

You  are  too  officious 
In  her  behalf  that  scorns  your  services. 

Shak. 
3.  Busy ;  intermeddling  in  affairs  in  which 

one  has  no  concern. 
OFFl"CIOUSLY,  adi:    Kindly;   with  so- 
licitous care. 

Let  thy  goats  officiously  be  nurs'd. 

Dt'yden. 

2.  With  importunate  or  excessive  forward- 
ness. 

Flattering  crowds  officiously  appear. 
To  give  themselves,  not  you,  a  happy  year. 

bryden. 

3.  In  a  busy  meddling  manner. 
OFFI"CIOUSN  ESS,  n.  Eagerness  to  serve ; 

usually,  an  e.\cess  of  zeal  to  serve  others, 
or  improper  forwardness,  interposing  in 
afl'airs  without  being  desired,  or  with  a| 
disposition  to  nieddlfe  with  the  concerns  ofi 
others. 


2.  Service.     [Little  used.]  Brown. 
OFF'ING,  n.    [from  ojf.J    That  part  of  the 

sea  which  is  at  a  good  distance  from  the 
shore,  or  at  a  competent  distance,  where 
there  is  deep  water  and  no  need  of  a  pi- 
lot.    We  saw  a  ship  in  the  offing. 

Mar.  Did.     Encyc. 

OFF'SeOURING,  n.[o/ and  scour.]  That 
which  is  scoured  off;  hence,  refuse ;  re- 
jected matter ;  that  which  is  vile  or  de- 
spised.    Lam.  iii.     1  Cor.  iv. 

OFF'SET,  n.  [off  and  set.]  A  shoot;  a 
sprout  from  the  roots  of  a  plant. 

Locke.     Ray. 

1.  In  surveying,  a  perpendicular  let  fall  from 
the  stationary  lines  to  the  hedge,  fence  or 
extremity  of  an  inclosure. 

3.  In  accounts,  a  sum,  account  or  value  set  off 
against  another  sum  or  account,  as  an 
equivalent.  O.  H'olcott. 

JThis  is  also  written  set-off.] 
OFF'SET,  I',  t.  To  set  one  account  against 
another;  to  make  the  account  of  one  par- 
ty pay  the  demand  of  another. 

Judge  Seivall. 

OFF'SPRING,  n.  [offum\  spring!]  A  child 

or  children  ;  a  descendant  or  descendants, 

however  remote   from   the  stock.      Acts 

xvii.     Rev.  xxii. 

2.  Propagation  ;  generation.  Hooker, 
'.i.  Production  of  any  kind.                 Dcnham. 
OFFUSCATE,  OFFUSCATION.  [See  Ob- 
fuscate, Obfuscation.] 

OFF'WARU,  adv.  [off  aud  ward.]  Leaning 
off,  as  a  ship  on  shore. 

OFT,  adv.   [Sax.  oy?;  Sw.  ofta  ;  Dan.  ofle.] 

Often;    frequently;    not   rarely.     It   was 

formerly  used  in  prose  and  may  be  so  used 

still ;  but  is  more  generally  used  in  poetry. 

0/1  she  rejects,  but  never  once  oirends. 

Pope 

OFTEN,  adv.  ofn.  conip.  ojlener ;  superl 
oflenesl.  [Sax.  q/J;  Gol\\.  vjla.]  Frequent- 
ly ;  many  times ;  not  seldom.        Addison. 

OFTEN,  a.  ofn.  Frequent.     [Improper.] 

OFTENNES'S,  )i.  ofnness.  Frequency 
J.Vo(  i/.5e(/.]  Hooker 

OFTENTIMES,  adv.  ofntimcs.  [oflen  and 
times.]  Frequently  ;  oflcn  ;  many  times. 

Hooker.     Atlerbury. 

OFT-TIMES,  adv.  [oft  and  times.]  Fre 
quently ;  oflen.  Milton 

OG.   [See  Ogee.] 

OGDOAS'TICH,  n.  [Gr.  oySoof,  eighth,  and 
(;i.X°(.  a  verse.]  A  poem  of  eight  lines. 
[Little  used.]  Selden 

OciEE',  Ji.  [Fr.  ogive,  augive.]  In  architec- 
ture, a  molding  consisting  of  two  mem- 
bers, the  one  concave,  the  other  convex, 
or  of  a  round  and  a  hollow  somewhat  like 
an  S.  Encyc, 

3.  In  gunnery,  an  ornamental  molding  in 
the  shape  of  an  S,  used  on  guns,  mortars 
and  howitzers.  Cyc. 

OGGANI"TION,  n.  [L.  obgannio,  ogganio, 
to  growl.] 

The  murmuring  of  a  dog ;  a  grumbling  or 
snarling.     [.Vo(  u.ied.]  Mountagu. 

O'GHAM,  JI.  A  particular  kind  of  stenogra- 
phy or  writing  in  cipher  practiced  by  the 
Irish.  Aslle.     Encyc. 

Ogive,  n.  o'jiv.  in  architecture,  an  arch  or 
branch  of  the  Gothic  vault,  which  passing 
diagonally  from  one  angle  to  another 
forms  a  cross  with  the  other  arches.  The 
middle  where  the  ogives  cross  each  other, 


is  called  the  key.    The  members  or  mold- 

j    ings  of   the   ogives    are    called    nerves, 

I  branches  or  reins,  and  the  arches  which 
separate  the  ogives,  double  arches. 

Encye. 

O'GLE,  v.  t.  [from  D.  oog',  the  eye.  Sax. 
eag,  L.  oculus.  See  Eye.] 

To  view  with  side  glances,  as  in  fondness  or 
with  design  to  attract  notice. 

And  ogling  all  their   audience,   then   they 
speak.  Dryden. 

O'GLE,  n.  A  side  glance  or  look.    Addison. 

0'(;LER,  n.  One  that  ogles.  Addison. 

O'GLING,  ppr.  Viewing  with  side  glances. 

O'GLING,  n.  The  act  of  viewing  with,  side 
glances. 

OGLIO,  now  written  olio,  which  see. 

O'GRE,       }       [Fr.  ogre.]     An  imaginary 

O'GRESS,  ^    ■  monster  of  the  East. 

Ar.  .Wights. 

O'GRESS,  n.  In  heraldry,  a  cannon  ball  of 
a  black  color.  .flshmole. 

OH,    cxclam.   denoting  surprise,   pain,  sor- 

[     row  or  anxiety. 

[OIL,  ».  [Sax.  a:l.  It  seems  to  be  named 
from  its  inflammability,  for  celan,  is  to  kin- 
dle, and  to  oil;  hence  aruelan,  to  anneal; 
aled,  fire  ;  Dan.  ild,  whence  the  name  of 
Hildebrand,  Dan.  lldebrand,  lire-brand  ; 
D.oly;  G.  oel;  Sw.  olja  ;  Dau.  olie  ;  Fr. 
huile  ;  It.  olio;  \,.ohum;  Gr.  f^juw;  W. 
olew  ;  Ir.  ola  ;  Arm.  Sp.  Port,  o/eo.j 

An  unctuous  substance  expressed  or  drawn 
from  several  animal  and  vegetable  sub- 
stances. The  distinctive  characters  of  oil 
are  inflammability,  fluidity,  and  niaoluhili- 
ty  in  water.  Oils  are  fixed  or  fat,  ami 
volatile  or  essential.  They  have  a 
smooth  feel,  and  most  of  them  have  little 
taste  or  smell.  Animal  oil  is  found  in 
all  animal  substances.  Vegetable  oils 
are  produced  by  expression,  infiision  or 
distillation.  Encyc.     JVicholson. 

OIL,  v.  t.  To  smear  or  rub  over  with  oil ;  to 
lubricate  with  oil ;  to  anoint  with  oil. 

tf'otton.     Su-ift. 

OIL'-BAG,  n.  A  bag,  cyst  or  gland  in  ani- 
mals containing  oil. 

OIL'-€0LOR,  n.  A  color  made  by  grinding 
a  coloring  substance  in  oil.  Boyle. 

OIL' ED,  pp.  Smeared  or  anointed  with  oil. 

Huloet. 

OIL'ER,  n.  One  who  deals  in  oils  and 
pickles. 

OIL'-G.AS,    n.    IiiHainniable   gas  procured 

[     from  oil,  and  used  f()r  lighting  streets  and 

I     apartments  in  buildings. 

OIL'INESS,  n.  The   quality  of  being  oily  ; 

I     uncluousness  ;    greasiness  ;  a  quality  ap- 

t     preaching  that  of  oil.     Baron,     .hbuthnot. 

OIL'ING,  ppr.  Smearing  or  anointing  wiili 
oil. 

OIL'M.AN,  n.  One  who  deals  in  oils  and 
pickles.  Johnson. 

OEL'-NUT,  n.  The  butternut  of  N.  Ameri- 
ca. Carver. 

OIL'-NUT,      ?       .A  plant,  a  species  of  Ri- 

OIL'-TREE,  S  ciinis,  the  palma  Christi, 
or  castor,  from  which  is  procured  castor 
oil.  Fam.  of  Plants.     Encyc. 

OIL'-SHOP,  ?i.  A  shop  where  oils  and 
pickles  are  sold. 

OIL'V,  a.  Consisting  of  oil  ;  containing  oil ; 
having  the  quahties  of  oU;  as  oily  matter 
or  substance.  Bacon. 


OLD 


O  L  I 


O  L  Y 


2.  Resembling  oil ;  as  an  oUy  appearance. 

3.  Fatty  ;  greasy.  Shak. 
OILY-GRAIN,  re.  A  plant.  Miller. 
OILY-PALM,  n.  A  tree.  Miller. 
OINT,  )'.  /.  [Fr.  oiiidre,  oint ;  Sp.  Port,  im- 

tar     The  French   oiiidre  is  formed  from 
the  L.  ttiigo,  Ukcjoindre  fvom  jungo.] 

To  anoint;  to  sinear  with  an  unctuous  sub- 
stance. 

They  oint  their  naked  limbs  with  mother'd 
oil.  Drifden. 

OINT'ED,  pp.  Anointed;  smeared  with  an 
oilv  or  greasy  matter. 

OINT'ING,  ppr.  Anointing. 

OINT'MENT,  n.  Unguent ;  any  soft,  unc 
tuous  substance   or   compound,  used  for 
smearing,  particularly  the  body  or  a  dis- 
eased part. 

OIS'ANITE,  n.  Pyramidical  ore  of  titani- 
um. Vre. 

OKE,  11.  An  Egyptian  and  Turkish  weight, 

-  equal  to  about  two  pounds  and  three  quar 
tcrs,  English  avoirdupois  weight.      Eton. 

OKER.    [See  Ocher.] 

OLD,  a.  [Sax.  co/rf;  G.alt;  D.  oud ;  Dan 
(eWp,  old  age.] 

1.  Advanced  far  in  years  or  life  ;  having 
lived  beyond  the  middle  period,  or  rather 
towards  tlie  end  of  life,  or  towards  the  end 
of  the  ordinary  term  of  living;  applied  to 
animals  or  plants  ;  as  an  old  man  ;  an  old 
age  ;  an  old  camel  or  horse  ;  an  old  tree. 
This  adjective  is  placed  after  tlie  noun  that 
designates  the  time  lived. 

Ahraham  was  seventy  five  years  old  when  he 
departed  from  Haran.     Gen.  xii. 

2.  Having  been  long  made  or  used ;  decay- 
ed by  time ;  as  an  old  garment ;  an  old 
house. 

3.  Being  of  long  continuance;  begun  Ion 
ago  ;  as  an  old  ac(|uaintance. 

4.  Having  been  long  made ;  not  new  or 
fresh  ;  as  old  wine. 

5.  Being  of  a  former  year's  growth  ;  not  of 
the  last  crop  ;  as  old  wheat ;  old  hay. 

6.  Ancient;  that  existed  in  former  ages;  as 
the  old  inhabitants  of  Britain  ;  the  old  Ro 
mans. 

7.  Of  any  duration  whatever;  as  a  year  oW; 
seven  years  old.     How  old  art  thou  .-' 

8.  Subsisting  before  something  else.  He 
built  a  new  house  on  the  site  of  the  old 
one.     The  old  law  is  repealed  by  the  new. 

9.  Long  practiced.  He  is  grown  old  in  vice. 
He  is  an  old  offender. 

10.  That  has  been  long  cultivated  ;  as  old 
land  ;  an  old  farm ;  opposed  to  new  land, 
land  lately  cleared  and  cultivated.  Amenca. 

11.  More  than  enough  ;   great. 

If  a  man  were  poitev  of  hellgate,  he  should 
have  old  turning  of  the  key.  Shak. 

12.  In  vidgar  language,  crafty  ;  cunnin 
Of  old,  long   ago;   from   ancient  times;  as 

in  days  o/"o/</.  Dn/den. 

We  ap|)ly  old  chiefly  to  things  subject  to 

decay.     We  never  say,  the  old  sun,  or  an 

old  mountain. 
OLDEN,  a.  Old;  ancient.  [Used  in  poetry.] 

Skak. 
OLD-FASHIONED,  a.  Formed  according 

to  obsolete  fashion  or  custom ;  as  an  old- 
fashioned  dress. 

Old-fashioned  men  of  wit.  .'liltlison 

OLDNESS,  n.  Old  age  ;  an  advanced  state 

of  life  or  existence  ;   as  the  oldness  of  a 

man,  of  an  elephant  or  a  tree. 


2.  The  state  of  being  old,  or  of  a  long  eon-j 
tinuance;  as  the  oldness  of  a  building  or  a 
garment. 

3.  Antiquity;  as  the  oWness  of  monuments. 
OLD-WIFE,  n.  A  contemptuous  name  for 

an  old  prating  woman.     1  Tim.  iv. 

2.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Labrus,  and  another 
of  the  genus  Balistes.  Encyc. 

OLEAG'INOUS,  a.  [L.  oleagimis,  from 
oleum,  oil.]  Having  the  qualities  of  oil : 
oily ;  unctuous.  Arhulhnot 

OLEAG'INOUSNESS,    n.    Oiliness. 

Boyle. 

OLEAN'DER,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  IN'e 
rium,  the  rose-bay  or  South  sea  rose ;  a 
beautiful  shrub  with  flowers  in  clusters,  of 
a  fine  purple  color,  but  of  an  indifferent 
smell.  The  plant,  especially  the  bark  of 
the  roots,  is  said  to  be  poisonous.      Encyc. 

OLEAS'TER,  n.  [L.  from  olea,  the  olive 
tree.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Ela-agnus ;  the  wild 
olive.  Miller. 

O'LEATE,  re.  A  compound  of  oleic  acid 
with  a  salifiable  base.  Chevreul. 

OLEF'IANT,  a.  [L.  oleo,  olfacio.]  Olefiant 
gas  is  a  com|)ound  of  one  prime  of  car- 
bon and  one  of  hydrogen,  called  by  Ure 
carbureted  hydrogen,  to  distinguish  it 
from  the  gas  resulting  frotu  one  prime  of 
carbon  and  two  of  hydrogen,  which  lie 
calls  subcarbureted  hydrogen. 

Olefiant  gas,  is  so  called  from  its  property  of 
forming  with  chlorin  a  compound  resem 
bling  oil. 

0'LEI€,  a.  [from  oil.]  The  oleic  acid  is 
obtained  from  a  soap  made  by  digesting 
hog's  lard  in  potash  lye.  Chevreul 

;OLEOS.\e'€HARUM,  re.  A  mixture  of  oil 
and  sugar.  Ure. 

O'LEOSE,  I       [L.   oleosus.]    Oily.     [Link 

O'LEOUS,  S""  used.]  Ray 

OLERA'CEOUS,  a.  [L.  oleraceus,  from 
olus,  oleris,  pot-herbs.] 

Pertaining  to  pot-herbs ;  of  the  nature  or 
qualities  of  herbs  for  cookery. 

Lee,    Broivn 

OLFA€T',  V.  t.  [L.  olfacio,  olfacio ;  oleo,  to 
smell,  and/«CTO,  to  make.] 

To  smell ;  used  in  burlesque,  but  not  other- 
wise authorized.  Hudibras. 

OLFACT'ORY,  a.  [L.  olfacio,  supra.]  Per- 
taining to  smelling  ;  having  the  sense  of 
smelling  ;  as  olfactory  nerves.  Locke. 

ClI»UM,J"[^'-  ^I'J  '"-^-n: 
with  the  adjective  ul,  the,  corrupted  into 
ol.  The  word  signifies  then  frankincense, 
and  it  is  so  named  from  its  whiteness.] 
gum-resin  consisting  of  tears  or  drops, 
of  a  yellow  transparent  color  and  disa- 
greeable smell.  It  is  brought  from  Tur- 
key and  the  East  Indies.  It  is  not,  as 
Linne  supposed,  produced  by  the  Juni 
perus  Lycia,  but  from  a  diflerent  tree 
growing  in  Arabia  and  Hindoostan.  See 
Asiatic  Researches,  9.  377.  In  Arabia, 
luhan  is  applied  to  benzoin,  which  is  gen- 
erally used  for  incense,  and  oliban  is  called 
condur,  whence  Gr.  j^oi'Spo;.  In  medi- 
cine, it  is  used  in  fumigations  as  a  resolv- 
ent. Fotircroy.  Eneyc. 
Thompson  says  olibanum  is  produced 


by  different  trees  and  in  different  couii  • 

tries. 
OL'ID,  >       [L.   olidus,  from    oleo,    to 

OL'IDOUS,  \  "•  smell.]      Fetid  ;    having  a 

strong  disagreeable  smell.     [Little  used.] 
Boyle.     Brown. 
OLIGARCH'AL,      }        [See     Oligarchy.] 
OLIGARCHICAL,  S        Pertaining  to  oli- 
garchy, or  government  by  a  few.     Burke. 
OLIGARCHY,    n.    [Gr.   o>.ty(ip;iMi ;    oJ.iyo5, 

few,  and  ai>x'!,  ride.] 
A  form  of  government  in  which  the  supreme 

power  is  placed  in  a  few  hands  ;  a  species 

of  aristocracy.  Swift. 

OL'IGIST,      I       [Gr.  oxtytfos,  least.]  Oli- 
OLIGIST'IC,  S  "■  gist  iron,   so  called,   is  a 

crystalized  tritoxyd  of  iron. 
O'LIO,  n.  [It.  from  Sp.  olla  ;  Port,   olha,  a 

dish  of  meat  boiled  or  stewed ;  L.  olla,  a 

pot.] 

1.  A  nfixture  ;  a  medley.  Dryden. 

2.  A  miscellany ;  a  collection  of  various 
pieces ;  applied  to  musical  collections. 

OL'ITORY,  a.  [L.  olitor,  a  gardener,  from 
olus,  pot-herbs.] 

Belonging  to  a  kitchen  garden  ;  as  olitory 
seeds.  Evelyn. 

It  may  perhaps  be  used  as  a  noun. 

OLIVA'CEOUS,  a.  [from  L.  oliva,  olive.] 
Of  the  color  of  the  olive.  Pennant. 

OLIVAS'TER,  re.  [Fr.  olivdtre,  from  L. 
o/?ra,  olive.]  Of  the  color  of  the  olive; 
tawny.  Bacon. 

OL'IVE,  n.  [L.  oliva,  from  olea,  an  olive 
tree  ;  Fr.  olive  :  Gr.  fjiaia.     See  Oil.] 

A  plant  or  tree  of  the  genus  Olea.  The 
common  olive  tree  grows  in  warm  cli- 
mates and  rises  to  the  highth  of  twenty  or 
thirty  feet,  having  an  upright  stem  with 
numerous  branches.  Tliis  tree  is  much 
cultivated  in  the  south  of  Europe  for  its 
fruit,  from  which  is  expressed  the  olive 
oil,  and  which  is  used  also  for  pickles. 

Encyc. 

OL'IVED,  a.  Decorated  with  olive  trees. 

ff'arlon. 

OL'IVENITE,  re.  An  ore  of  copper.      Ure. 

OL'IVE-YARD,  re.  An  inclosure  or  piece 
of  ground  in  which  olives  are  cultivated. 
Ex.  xxiii. 

OL'IVIN,     }       [from  olive.]     A  subspecies 

OL'IVINE,  ^  ■  of  prismatic  chrysolite  of  a 
brownish  green,  often  inclining  to  a  yel- 
lowish or  grayish  green,  usually  found  in 
roundish  grains  in  other  stones;  some- 
times in  large  masses,  but  not  crystalized. 
It  is  a  constituent  of  many  lavas  and  fre- 
quently occurs  in  basaltic  rocks. 

Kirwan.     Ure. 

OLYM'PIAD,  re.  [L.  Olympias;  Gr.  OMj^^tjtiaj, 
fi'om  O-Kvurco;,  Olympus,  a  mountain  of 
Macedonia.] 

A  period  of  four  years  reckoned  from  one 
celebration  of  the  Olynqiic  games  to  an- 
other, and  constituting  an  important 
epoch  in  history  and  chronology.  The 
first  Olympiad  commenced  775  years  be- 
fore the  birth  of  Christ,  and  22  years  be- 
fore the  fiiundation  of  Rome.  The  com- 
pulation by  Olympiads  ceased  at  the  three 
iiuiidred  and  sixty  fourth  Olympiad,  in  the 
year  440  of  tho  christian  era.  Encyc. 

OLYM'PEAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Olympus; 
or  to  Olympia,  a  town  in  Greece. 


O  M  I 


O  M  N 


O  i\ 


Olympic  games,  or  Olympics,  solemn  games 
among  tlic   ancient  Greeks,  dedicated  to 
Olympian  Jupiter,  and  celchrated  once  ni 
foiir  years  at  Olynipia.     [Sec  Olympiad.] 
OM'BEU,  (        ll-'r.  from   Up.  hombre,  man, 
OM'BRE,  S""  L.hvmo.] 
A  game  at  cards,  borrowed  from  the  Span- 
iards,  usually  played   by   three   persons, 
though  sometimes  by  two  or  five.     Encyc. 
OMBROM'ETER,  n.  [Gr.  o^Spoj,  ram,  and 

Hctfov,  measure.] 
A  machine  or  instrument   to   measure  the 
quantity  of  rain  that  falls.  Encyr. 

OME'GA,  n.   [Gr.  great  O.]     The  name  of 
the  last  letter  of  the  Greek  alphabet,  as 
Alpha,  A,  is  the  first.     Hence   in   Scrij 
lure,  Mpka  and  Omega   denotes  the  first 
and  the  last,  the  beginning  audthe  ending 
Rev.  , 

OM'ELET,  n.  [Fr.  omelette.]  A  kind  of) 
pancake  or  fritter  made  with  eggs  and 
other  ingredients.  Encyc 

O'MEN,  n.  [L.  omen;  but  according  to 
Varro,  it  was  originally  osmtn,  that  which 
is  uttered  by  thi;  moiith,  denoting  wish  or 
vow,  and  with  him  agree  Eestus  and  No 
nius,  says  Vossius.  Another  author  de- 
rives the  word  from  the  Ueb.  p^T,  an  au- 
gur. Cicero  assigns  to  the  word  the  same 
origin  as  Varro.  "  Voces  homimun,  quiP 
vocent  omina."  But  the  word  came  af- 
terwards to  denote  things  rather  than 
words.] 
A  sign  or  indication  of  some  future  event ; 
a  prognostic.  Superstition  and  ignorance 
multiply  omens  ;  philosophy  and  truth  re- 
ject all  omens,  except  such  as  may  be  call- 
ed causes  of  the  events.  Without  a  mira- 
cle, how  can  one  event  be  the  omen  of  an- 
other with  which  it  has  no  connection  ? 
O'MENED,  a.  Containing  an  omen  or  prog- 
nostic. Pope. 
OMENT'UM,  n.  [L.]  In  anatomy,  the  caul 
orepiploon  ;  a  membranaceous  covering  of 
the  bowels,  being  placed  under  the  perito- 
neum and  immediately  above  the  intes- 
tines. Encyc 
O'MER,  n.  [Ueb.]  A  Hebrew  measure  con- 
taining ten  baths,  or  seventy  five  gallons 
and  five  pints  of  liquids,  and  eight  bushels 
of  things  dry.  It  wa.s  the  largest  measure 
used  by  the  Jews.  It  is  written  also  lio 
mer  and  chomer.  This  word  is  used  by  the 
prophets,  but  the  corresponding  measure 
is  called  by  the  historical  writers  corns. 

Encyc. 
OM'INATE,  t'.  t.    [L.  ominor,  from  omen.] 
To  presage  ;  to  foreshow  ;   to   foretoken. 
[Utile  used.]  Decay  of  Piety. 

OM'INATE,  i>.  i.  To  foretoken. 
OMINA'TION,  )!.  A  foreboding;  a  presag- 
ing :  prognostic.     [Little  used.]       Brown. 
OM'INOUS,  a.  [L.  ominosus.]    Foreboding 
or   presaging    evil  ;    indicating   a    futur 
evil  event ;  inauspicious. 

In   the  heathen  worship  of  God,  a  sacrifice 

without  a  heart  was  accounted  ii7ninous.   Soulli. 

2.  Foreshowing  or  exhibiting  signs  of  good 

Though   he  had  a  good   ominous   name  to 

have  made  peace,  nothing  followed.        Bacon 

OM'INOUSLY,    adv.    With   good  or  bad 

omens.  Fotherbti. 

OM'INOUSNESS,  n.  The  quality  ofbeiiig 

ominous.  Burnet. 

OMISSIBLE,  a.  [L.  omissus.    See    Omit.] 

That  may  be  omitted.  Parkhurst. 


OMIS'SION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  omissiu,  from 
oinitto,  omissus.] 

1.  Neglect  or  failure  to  do  something  which 
a  person  had  power  to  do,  or  which  duty 
required  to  be  done.  Omission  may  be 
innocent  or  criminal  ;  innocent,  when  no 
duty  demands  performance,  bulcriminal 
when  duty  is  neglected. 

The   most   natural  division  of  all  offenses,  is 
into  tliose  o( omission  and  those  o(  commission. 

Jlddismi. 

2.  A  leaving  out ;  neglect  or  failure  to  insert 
or  mention  ;  as  the  omission  of  a  word  or 
clause. 

OMIS'SIVE,  a.  Leaving  out.       Stackhouse. 

OMIT',  V.  t.  [L.  omitto  ;  ob  and  mitio,  to 
send.] 

1.  To  leave,  pass  by  or  neglect  ;  to  fail  or 
forbear  to  do  or  to  use  ;  as,  to  umit  an  op 
portunity   of   writing  a   letter.     To  omit 
known  duty  is  criminal. 

a.  To  leave  out ;  not  to  insert  or  mention 
as,  to  omit  an  important  word  in  a  deed  ; 
to  omit  invidious  comparisons;  to  omi7  a 
|)assage  in  reading  or  transcribing. 

OMIT'TANCE,  »i.  Forbearance  ;  neglect. 
[jVo/  used.]  Shak 

OMITTED,  pp.  Neglected  ;  passed  by  ; 
lel't  out. 

OMITTING,  ppr.  Neglecting  or  failing  to 
do  or  use  ;  passing  by  ;  leaving  out. 

OMNIFA'RIOIJS,  a.  [Low  L.  omnifarius.] 

Of  all  varieties,  forms  or  kinds.  Bentley. 

OMNIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.omnifer;  omnis,  all, 
and/ero,  to  bear.]  All-bearing  ;  produc- 
ing all  kinds.  Diet. 

OMNIF'IC,  a.  [L.  omnis,  all,  and /aci'o,  to 
make.]     All-creating. 

Thou  deep,  peace  ! 
Said  then  th'  omnijic  word,  your  discord  end. 

Aflton. 

OM'NIFORM,  a.  [L.  omnis,  all,  ix\u\  forma, 
fiirui.]   Having  every  form  orshape.     Diet. 

OMNIFORM'ITY,  n.  The  quality  of  hav- 
ing every  form.  More. 

OMNIO'ENOUS,  a.  [L.  omnigcnus ;  om- 
nis, all,  every,  and  genus,  kind.] 

Consisting  of  all  kinds.  Diet. 

OMNIPARITY,  )i.  [L.  omnis,  all,  and  par, 
equal.]     General  ('((ualitv.  Il'liite. 

OMNIPERCIP'IENCE,  «.  [L.  omnis,  and 
percipiens,  [lorceiving.]  Perception  of 
every  thing.  Mon 

OMNIPERCIP'IENT,  a.  Perceiving  every 
thing.  More. 

OMNIP'OTENCE,  )  .      [L.     omnipotens  ; 

OMNIP'OTENCY,  I  "•  omnis,  all,  and 
potens,  powerful.] 

Almighty  power  ;  unlimited  or  infinite  pow- 
er ;  a  word  in  strictness  applicable  only  to 
God.  Hence  it  is  sometimes  used  for 
God.  The  works  of  creation  demon- 
strate the  omnipotence  of  God. 
Will  Oinni-pntence  neglect  to  save 
The  sutTeriug  virtue  of  the  wise  and  brave  ? 

Pope. 

2.  Unlimited  power  over  particular  things ; 
as  the  omnipotence  of  love. 

OMNIP'OTENT,  a.  [supra.]  Almighty; 
possessing  unlimited  power  ;  all  powerful. 
The  being  that  can  create  worlds  must  be 


omnipotent. 
2.  Having  unlimited  power 

kind  ;  as  omnipotent  \ove. 
OMNIPOTENTLY,    adv. 

power. 


OMNIPRESENCE,  n.s  asz.  [L.ojn«w,and 

presens,  present.] 
Presence  in  every  place  at  the  same  time  ; 
unbounded  or   universal   presence  ;   ubi- 
quity.   Omnipresence  is  an  attribute  pecul- 
iar to  God. 
OMNIPRES'ENT,  a.  Present  in  all  places 
at  the  same  time  ;  ubicpiitary  ;  as  the  om- 
nipresent Jehovah. 
OMNIPKESEN'TIAL,  a.  Implying  univer- 
sal presence.  South. 
OMNIS'CIENCE,  ^„    [L.  omnis,  all,   and 
OMNIS'CIENCY,  ^  "■sc!>«;m,  knowledge.] 
The  quality  of  knowing  all   things  at  once  ; 
universal     knowledge  ;    knowledge     un- 
bounded or  infinite.      Omniscience   is  an 
attribute  jieculiar  to  God. 
OMNISCIENT,  a.  Having  universal  knowl- 
edge or  knowledge  of  all  things  ;  infinitely 
knowing  ;  all-seeing ;  as  tlie  omniscimt  God, 
OMNIS'CIOUS,  a.  [L.oni»iw,all,  audscio,  to 
know.)  All-knowing.  \.Vot  used.]   Hakewill. 
OMNIUM,  n.  [L.  omnis,  all.]    The  aggre- 
gate of  certain  portions  of  different  siocks 
in  the  public  funds;  a  word  in  use  among 
dealers  in  the  English  stocks. 

Omnium  denotes  alt  the  particulars  in- 
cluded  in  the  contract  between  govern- 
ment and  the  public  for  a  loan.  Cyc. 
OMNIVOROUS,   a.    [L.    omnivorus  ;    om- 
nis, all,  and  voro,  to  eat.] 
All-devouring  ;  eating  every  thing  indiscrim- 
inately.                                                  Burke. 
OIM'OPLATE,  n.  [Gr.  «/.oj,  shoulder,  and 
«?.aTi.'5,  broad.]      The  shoulder   blade  or 
scapula. 
OM'PIIACINE,    a.     [Gr.   o^^oxiiof,    from 

ofi^a^,  unripe  fruit.] 
Pertaining  to  or  expressed  from  unripe  fruit. 
Omphacine  oil  is  a  viscous  brown  juice  ex- 
tracted from  green  olives.     With  this  the 
wrestlers  in  the  ancient  gynmasiic  exercis- 
es used  to  anoint  their  bodies.  Encyc. 
OM'PHACITE,  n.  A  mineral  of  a  pale  leek 
green  color,  massive  or  disseminated,  and 
in  narrow  radiated  concretions.  lire. 
OMPHALIC,  n.    [Gr.  onfaf.o;,  the   navel.] 
Pertaining  to  the  navel.              Asiai.  lies. 
OMPHALOCELE,  n.   [Gr.  o^ta?.oj,  navel, 
and  xr;^r„  tu/nor.]     A  rupture  at  the  navel. 

Coxe. 

OM'PHALOPTER,  )       [Gr.  o^$ol?.o5,  navel, 

OMPHALOP'TIe,    y'-  and  o.tT.xos,  optic] 

An   ojjtical   glass   that  is   convex   on    both 

sides  ;  commonly  called  a  convex  lens. 

Diet. 
OMPHALOTOMY,    ,i.    [Gr.   ou^-oxos,   the 

navel,  and  rf/xvu,  to  cut.] 
riie  operation  of  dividing  the  navel  string. 
O'MV,  a.  Mellow  ;  as  laud.     [.Vol  in  t/.te.] 

Bay. 
ON,  prep.  [G.  an  ;  D.  aan  ;  Goth,  ana  ;  Gr. 
alio  ;  L.  m  ;  Gr.  id.     The  Sax.  in  is  our 
in,  an<l  un  is  a  negative  ;  but  probably  all 
these  words  arc  radically  the  same.     The 
primary  sense   of  the   verb   from  which 
these  words  must  be  derived,  is  to  pass,  to 
appro.ach,  to  come  to  or  to  meet.     Hence 
they  denote   nearness,  closeness    or  con- 
tiguity,  and  from   meeting    the  Latin  in 
and  tiie   English  un   have  their  power  of 
negation  or  opposing.] 
of  a  particular  |1.  Being  in  contact  witli  the  surface  or  up- 
.Sliuk.       per  part  of  a  thing  and  supported  by  it  ; 
With  almighty       pl.iced  or  lying  in  contact   with  the   sur- 
loiiHg.jj     face  ;  as,  my  book  is  on  the  table  ;  the  table 


O  IN 


ONE 


ONE 


stands  on  the  floor  ;  the  house  leats  on  its 
foundation  ;  we  he  on  a  bed,  or  stand  on 
the  earth. 

2.  Coming  or  falhng  to  the  surface  of  any 
thing  ;  as,  rain  falls  on  the  earth. 

Whosoever  sliall  fall  on  this  stone,  shall  be 
broken.     Matt.  xxi. 

3.  Performing  or  acting  by  contact  with  the 
surface,  upper  part  or  outside  of  any  thing ; 
as,  to  play  on  a  harp,  a  violin,  or  a  drum. 

4.  Noting  addition  ;  as  heaps  on  heajjs  ;  mis 
chief  on  mischief;  loss  on  loss. 

5.  At  or  near.  When  we  say,  a  vessel  is  on 
shore,  we  mean  that  she  is  aground  ;  but 
when  we  say,  a  fleet  or  a  ship  is  on  the 
American  coast,  or  an  isle  is  situated  on 
the  coast  of  England,  we  njean  only  that 
it  is  near  the  coast.  So  we  say,  on  each 
side  stands  an  armed  man,  that  is,  at  or 
near  each  side. 

So  we  say,  Philadelphia  is  situated  on 
the   Delaware  ;  Middlebury  is  on  the  Ot- 
ter Creek  ;  Guilford  stands  on  the  Sound 
that  is,  near  the  river  or  Sound,  instead  of 
on  the  bank,  side  or  shore. 

6.  It  denotes  resting  for  support ;  as,  to  de- 
pend on,  to  rely  on  ;  hence,  the  ground  of 
any  thing  ;  as,  he  will  covenant  on  cer- 
tain considerations  or  conditions ;  the 
considerations  being  the  support  of  the 
covenant. 

7.  At  or  in  the  time  of;  as,  on  the  sabbath 
we  abstain  from  labor.  We  usually  say, 
at  the  hour,  on  or  in  the  day,  in  or  on  the 
week,  month  or  year. 

8.  At  the  time  of,  with  some  reference  to 
cause  or  motive.  On  public  occasions,  the 
officers  appear  in  full  dress  or  uniform. 

9.  It  is  put  before  the  object  of  some  ])ass- 
ion,  with  the  sense  of  towards  or  for. 
Have  pity  or  compassion  on  him. 

10.  At  the  peril  of,  or  for  the  safety  of 

Hence,  on  thy  life.  Dryden. 

11.  Denoting  a  "pledge  or  engagement,  or 
put  before  the  thing  pledged.  He  aflirm- 
ed  or  promised  on  his  word,  or  on  his 
honor. 

12.  Noting  imprecation  or  invocation,  or 
coming  to,  falling  or  resting  on.  On  us 
be  all  the  blame. 

His  blood   be  on  us,   and   on  our  children 
Matt,  xxvii. 

13.  In  consequence  of,  or  immediately  after. 
On  the  ratification  of  the  treaty,  the  ar- 
mies were  disbanded. 

14.  Noting  part,  distinction  or   opposition 
as  on  one  side  and  on  the  other.     On  our 
part,  expect  punctuality. 

On  the  way,  on  the  road,  denote  proceeding, 
traveling,  journeying,  or  making  pro- 
gress. 

On  the  alert,  in  a  state  of  vigilance  or  activ- 
ity. 

On  high,  in  an  elevated  place  ;  sublimely. 

On  fire,  in  a  stale  of  burning  or  inflamma- 
tion, and  metaphorically,  in  a  rage  or  pass 
ion. 

On  a  sudden,  suddenly. 

0)1  the  iidng,  in  flight ;  flying  ;  metaphorical- 
ly, departing. 

On  it,  onH,  is  used  for  of  it.    I  heard  nothing 
onV.    The  gamester  has  a  poor  trade  on'l. 
[This  use  is  now  imlgar.] 

Upon  is  used  in  the  same  sense  with  on 
often  with  elegance,  and  frequently  with- 
out necessity  or  advantage. 


ON,  adv.  Forward,  in  progression  ;  as,  move 

on ;  go  on. 
2.  Forward,  in  succession.     From  father  to 

son,  from  the  son  to  the  grandson,  and  so 

on. 
•3.  In  continuance  ;  without  interruption  or 

ceasing  ;  as,   sleep  on,  take   your  ease  ; 

say  on  ;  sing  on  ;  write  on. 

4.  Adhering  ;  not  oft" ;  as  in  the  phrase, 
"  he  is  neither  on  nor  off,"  that  is,  he  is 
not  steady  ;  he  is  irresolute. 

5.  Attached  to  the  body  ;  as,  his  clothes 
are  not  on. 

To  put  on,  to  attach  to  the  body,  as  clothes 
or  arms. 

On,  when  it  expresses  contact  with  the  sur- 
face of  a  thing,  is  opposed  to  under,  off,  or 
I     ivithin,  and  when  it  expresses  contact  with 
I     the  side  of  a  thing,  is  opposed  to  off. 

On  is  sometimes  used  as  an  e.xclanjation,  or 
rather  as  a  conmiand  to  move  or  proceed, 
I  some  verb  being  understood  ;  as,  cheerly 
1  on,  courageous  friends ;  that  is,  go  on,  move 
i     on. 

ON'AgER,  n.  [L.]  The  wild  ass. 
'ONANISM,  n.  [from  O/mn, in  Scripture.] 
j     The  crime  of  self-pollution. 
ONCE,  adv.  wuns.  [from  07ie.     So  D.  eeiis, 
I     lioin  een,  and  G.  etnst,  from  ein,  one.] 

1.  One  time. 

Trees  that  bear  mast  are  fruitful   but  onee  in 
(wo  years.  Macon. 

2.  One  time,  though  no  more.  The  mind 
once  tainted  with  vice,  is  prone  to  grow 
worse  and  worse. 

3.  At  one  former  time ;  formerly. 

My  soul  had  once  some  foolish  fondness  for 

thee. 
But  hence  'tis  gone.  Addison. 

4.  At  the  same  point  of  time  ;  not  gradually. 

At  once  the  winds  arise, 
The  thundeis  roll.  Dryden. 

At  once,  at  the  same  time  ;  as,  they  all  mov- 
ed at  once ;  hence,  when  it  refers  to  two 
or  more,  the  sense  is  together,  as  one. 

'I'his  hath  all  its   force   at  once,  on  the  first 
impression.  Atteibury. 

Once  is  used  as  a  noun,  when  preceded  by 
this  or  that ;  as  this  once,  that  once. 

ONCE,  n.  ons.  [Fr.]  A  quadruped  of  the 
genus  Felis,  less  than  the  pauther,  of  a 
whitish  gray  color.  It  is  found  in  Africa 
and  Asia,  is  easily  tamed  and  is  employed 
like  a  dog  in  hunting.  Encyc. 

|ONE,  a.  wun.  [Sax.  an,  wn  ;  D.  een ;  G. 
ein;  Sw.  en  :  Dan.  en  or  een  ;  Ice.  einn ; 
W.  un  or  yn  ;  L.  unus  ;  Gr.  iv  \  It.  Sp. 
uno  ;  Port,  hum  ;  Fr.  un  ;  Arm.  unan  ; 
Ir.  an,  aon.] 

1.  Single  in  number  ;  individual  ;  as  one 
man  ;  07ie  book.  There  is  one  sun  only 
in  our  system  of  planets. 

2.  Indefinitely,  some  or  any.  You  will  one 
day  repent  of  your  folly.  But  in  this 
phrase,  one  day  is  equivalent  to  some  future 
time. 

3.  It  follows  any. 
When  any  one  hearcth  the  word  of  tlie  king- 
dom.    Matt.  xiii. 

Different  ;  diverse  ;  opposed  to  another. 
It  is  07ie  thing  to  promise,  and  another  to 
fulfill. 

5.  It  is  used  with  another,  to  denote  mutual- 
ity or  reciprocation.  Be  kind  and  assist 
one  another. 


6.  It  is  used  with  another,  to  denote  average 
or  mean  proportion.  The  coins  one  with 
another,  weigh  seven  penny  weight  each. 

7.  One  of  two  ;  opposed  to  other. 
Ask  from  one  side  of  heaven  to  the  oihei-. 

Deut.  iv. 

8.  Single  by  union  ;  undivided  ;  the  same. 
The   church   is    therefore   one,    though  the 

members  may  be  many.  Pearson. 

9.  Single  in  kind  ;  the  same. 

One  plague  was  on  you  all  and  on  your  lords. 
1  Sam.  iv. 

One  day,  on  a  certain  or  particular  day,  re- 
ferring to  time  past. 

One  day  when  Phoebe  fsiir 
With  all  her  band  was  following  the  chase. 

Spenser. 

2.  Referring  to  future  time ;  at  a  future  time, 
indefinitely.     [See  One,  No.  2.] 

Jit  one,  in  union  ;  in  agreement  or  concord. 
The  king  resolved  to   keep  Ferdinand  and 
Philip  at  OTIC  with  themselves.  Bacon. 

In  one,  in  union  ;  in  one  united  body. 

One,  like  many  other  adjectives,  is  used 
without  a  noun,  and  is  to  be  considered  as 
a  substitute  for  some  noun  understood. 
Let  the  men  depart  one  by  one;  count 
them  one  by  one  ;  every  one  has  his  pecul- 
iar habits  ;  we  learn  of  one  another,  that 
is,  we  learn,  one  of  us  learns  of  another. 

In  this  use,  as  a  substitute,  one  may  be 
plural  ;  as  the  great  ones  of  the  earth ; 
they  came  with  their  little  ones. 

It  also  denotes  union,  a  united  body. 
Ye  are  all  one  in  Christ  Jesus.     Gal.  iii. 

One  o'clock,  one  hour  of  the  clock,  that  is,  as 
signified  or  represented  by  the  clock. 

One  is  used  indefinitely  for  any  person  ;  as, 
one  sees ;  one  knows ;  after  the  French 
manner,  on  voit.  Our  ancestors  used  man 
in  this  manner;  man  sees;  man  knows  ; 
"  man  brohte,"  man  brought,  that  is,  they 
brought.  Snxon. 

This  word  we  have  received  from  the  Latin 
through  the  Italian  and  French.  The 
same  word  from  our  Saxon  ancestors  we 
write  an. 

ONE-BERRY,  n.  wun'-herry.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Paris;  true  love.       Fam.  of  Plants. 

ONE-EYED,  a.  wun'-eyed.  Having  one  eye 
only.  Dn/den. 

ONEIRO€RIT'IC,  n.  [Gr.  oi't.poxptnxoj ; 
oi'ftpoK,  a  dream,  and  xpirixoj,  discerning.] 

An  interpreter  nf  dreams;  one  who  judges 
what  is  .signified  by  dreams. 

Jfarburton.    Addison. 

ONEIROCRIT'IC,  n.  The  art  of  interpret- 
ing dreams.  Jl'arburton. 

ONElROCRIT'l€,       }     Having  the pow- 

ONEIRO€RIT'ICAL,Va.er  of  interpret- 

ONIROCRIT'IC,  )     ing   dreams,    or 

pretending  to  judge  of  future  events  sig- 
nified by  dreams. 

My  oneirocrilical  correspondent. 

Addison. 

ONEIROM'ANCY,  n.  [Gr.  owtpov,  a  dream, 
and  /lorrfio,  divination.]  Divination  by 
dreams.  Spenser. 

ONEMENT,  n.  wun'ment.  State  of  being 
one.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Bp.  Hall. 

ONENESS,  n.  wun'ness.  [from  one.]  Sin- 
gleness in  number;  individuality;  unity; 
the  quality  of  being  one. 

Our  God  is  one,  or  rather  very  oneness. 

Hooker. 

ON'ERARY,  a.  [L.  oneraritts,  from  amis,  a 
load  ;  oncro,  to  load.] 


O  N  T 


O  P  A 


OPE 


I'ilted  or  intended  for  the  carriage  of  bur- 
dens ;  coniprisiiig  a  burden. 

ON'ERATE,  f.  t.    [L.  ontro,  from  onus, 
burden.]     To  load  ;  to  bunleii. 

ONERA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  loading. 

ON'EROUS,  a.  [L.  onerosns,  from  onus,  a 
load.]     Burdensome;  oppressive. 

Jlyliffe.     Burton 

'i.  In  Scots  Imc,  being  for  the  advantage  ofj 
both  parties  ;  as  an  onerous  contract ;  op- 
posed to  grattiitous. 

ONION,  »!.  un'yun.  [Ft.  ognon ;  Arm.  ou- 
ignoun  ;  Ir.  iiinnium.  In  W.  ceninen  is  a 
leek.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Allium ;  and  particu- 
larly, its  bulbous  root,  much  used  as  an 
article  of  food. 

ONKOT'OMY,  n.  [Gr.  oyxoj,  tumor,  and 
tifjivu,  to  cut.] 

In  surgery,  the  opening  of  a  tumor  or  ab- 
scess. Enci/c. 

ONLY,  a.  [Sax.  cenltc,  one-like.]  Hingle  : 
one  alone  ;  as,  John  was  the  only  man 
present. 

0.  This  and  no  other.     This  is  an  only  child. 
3.  This  above   all  others.     He   is  the  only 

man  for  music.  Johnson. 

ONLY,     adv.     Singly  ;  merely  ;  barely  ;  in 
one  manner  or  for  one  purpose  alone. 
I  purpose  my  thoughts  only  as  conjectures. 

Bvrncl. 

And  to  be  loved  himself,  needs  only  to  he 

known.  Drydcn. 

2.  This  and  no  other  wise. 

Every   imaginatiou    of  tlie   Uioughts   of  his 
heart  was  otily  evil  contimially.     Gen.  vi. 

3.  Singly  ;  without  more  ;  as  on/y-begotten. 
ON'OMANCY,   )!.    [Gr.   o.o^ua,  name,   and 

fiavtim,   divination.]      Divination   by   the 

letters  of  a  name. 

Destinies  were  superstiliously,  by  nnomanry, 

deciphered  out  of  mimes.  Camden. 

ONOMAN'TIC,        I    „       Predicting       by 
ONOMAN'TIeAL,  \    "'      names,    or    the 

letters  composing  names.  Cmnden.i 

ON'OMATOPE,  !^  [Gr.    cofmrortocK*  ;' 

ON'OM ATOPY,  S    "■    of'op^a,    name,    and 

rtoifu),  to  make.] 

1.  In  grammar  and  rhetoric,  a  figure  in  which 
words' ai'e  formed  to  resemble  the  sound 
made  by  the  thing  signified ;  as,  to  btnz, 
as  bees ;  to  crackle,  as  burning  thorns  or 
brush.  jEncyc. 

'2.  A  word  whose  sound  corresponds  to  the 
sound  of  the  thing  signified. 

ON'SET,  n.  [on  and  set.]  A  rushing  or  set- 
ting upon  ;  a  violent  attack  ;  assault  ;  a 
storming;  appropriately,  the  assault  of  an 
army  or  body  of  troops  upon  an  enemy  or 
a  fort. 

The  sliout 
Of  battle  now  began  and  rushing  sound 
0[  ousel.  Mllon. 

%  An  attack  of  any  kind  ;  as  the  impetuous 
onse<  of  grief.  Philips. 

ON'SET,  V.  t.  To  assault ;  to  begin.  [JVol 
used.]  Carew. 

ONSLAUGHT,  n.  on'slaitt.  [on  and  slay.] 
Attack  ;  storm  ;  onset.     [JVbt  used.] 

Hudibras. 

ONTOLOG'IC,        }      [See  Ontology.]  Pcr- 

ONTOLOG'l€AL,  ^  "•  taining  to  the  science 
of  being  in  jjeneral  and  its  affections. 

ONTOL'OgIST,  ».  One  who  treats  of  or 
considers  the  nature  and  qualities  of  being 
in  tcncral. 

Vol.  11. 


ONTOL'OgY,  71.  [Gr.  otfa,  from  .i^t,  and 
>.oyoi,  discourse.] 

That  part  of  the  science  of  metaphysics 
which  investigates  and  explains  the  nature 
and  essence  of  all  beings,  tiieir  quaUties 
and  attributes.  Encyc. 

ON'WAHD,  adv.  [Sax.  ondward,andu>eard; 
on  and  veard,  I<.  versits.] 

1.  Toward  the  point  before  or  in  front ;  for- 
ward ;  progressively ;  in  advance  ;  as,  to 
move  onivard. 

Not  one  looks  backward,  onward sliW  he  goes. 

Pope. 

2.  In  a  state  of  advanced  progression. 

3.  A  little  further  or  forward. 
ON'WARD,  a.  Advanced  or  advancing;  as 

an  onward  course. 

2.  Increased  ;  improved.  Sidney. 

3.  (Jonducting  ;  leading  forward  to  perfec- 
tion. Home. 

ON'Y€HA,  n.  [from  Gr.  omjJ.]  Supposed 
to  bn  the  odoriferous  shell  of  the  onyx- 
fish,  or  the  onyx.     Ex.  xxx. 

ON'YX,  n.  [Gr.  oirS,  a  nail,  L.  onyx.]  A 
-semi-pellucid  gem  with  variously  colored 
zones  or  veins,  a  variety  of  chalcodony. 

Encyc.     J'l/'icholson. 

O'OLITE,  n.  [Gr.  uoi',  an  egg,  and  xiffos 
stone,  from  its  resemblance  to  the  roes 
of  fish.] 

Egg-stone,  a  variety  of  concreted  carbonate 
of  lime;  oviform  lhii(;stonc.  Jameson. 

OOZE,  r.  i.  ooz.   [The  origin  of  this  word  is 

not  easily  ascertained.  In  Eth.  dTfhH 
signifies  to  flow.  In  Amharic,  (D  H  0  sig- 
nifies to  sweat.  Ill  Ethiopic,  (D6A  -si^ 
nifies  to  issue,  to  come  or  go  out,  and  this 
is  tlie  Heb.  NX'.  In  Sax.  tva:s  is  water,  G. 
vasser.  These  words  seem  to  be  nearly 
allied.     See  Issue.] 

To  flow  gently  ;  to  ])ercoIate,  as  a  liquid 
through  the  ])ores  of  a  substance,  or 
through  small  openings.  Water  oozes 
from  the  earth  and  through  a  filter. 

The  latent  rill,   scarce   oozing   through  the 
grass.  Thotnson. 

OOZE,  n.  Soft  mud  or  slime  ;  earth  so  wet 
as  to  flow  gently  oreasily  yield  to  pressure. 

Carew. 

3.  Soft  flow  ;  spring.  Prior, 

3.  The  liquor  of  a  tan-vat. 

OOZ'ING,  ppr.  Flowing  gently;  percola- 
ting. 

OOZY,  a.  Miry;  containing  soft  mud; 
resembling  ooze  ;  as  the  oozy  bed  of  a 
river.  Pope. 

O'PACATE,  V.  t.  [L.  opaco.]  To  shade  ;  to 
darken  ;  to  obscure ;  to  cloud.  [J^Tot  used.] 

Boyle. 

OPACITY,!!,  [h.  opacitas.]  Opakeness ; 
the  quality  of  a  body  which  renders  it 
impervious  to  the  rays  of  light ;  want  of 
transparency.  Opacity  may  exist  in  bod- 
ies of  any  color. 

2.  Darkness;  obscurity.  Glanville. 

OPA'€OL'S,  a.  [L.  opacus.]  Not  jiervious 
to  the  rays  of  light ;  not  transparent. 

2.  Dark ;  obscure.     [See  Opake.] 

OPA'COUSNESS,  n.  Imperviousness  to 
light.  Evelyn. 

O'PAH,  J!.    A  fish   of  a  large  kind  with  a 

smooth  skin,  found  on  the  const  of  Guinea. 

Diet.  J\at.  Hist. 

OPA'KE,  a.  [L.  opacus;  Fr.  opaque.]  Im- 
pervious to  the  rays  of  light ;  nottranspa- 

26 


I     rent.     [This  is  the  word  noio generally  xised.] 

\     Chalk  is  an  opake  substance. 

2.  Dark ;  obscure. 

OPAKENESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being 
impervious  to  light ;  want  of  transparen- 
cy ;  opacity. 

O'PAL,  71.  [L.  opalus  or  opalum.]  A  stone 
of  the  silicious  genus,  and  of  several  vari- 
eties. It  is  one  of  tlie  most  beautiful  of 
this  genus,  by  reason  of  its  changcable- 
ness  of  color  by  reflection  and  refraction. 
Kirwan  distributes  opals  into  four  fami- 
lies, opal,  semi-opal,  pitch  stone  [f^ech- 
stein,]  and  ligniform.  Jameson  divides 
opal  into  seven  kinds. 

Encyc:    Kinvan.     JVicholion. 

Opal    is    a    subspecies    of  iiulivisible 

quartz.  fre. 

OPALES'CENCE,  7i.  A  colored  shining 
luster  reflected  from  a  single  spot  in  a 
mineral.  It  is  sometimes  simple  and  sonic- 
times  stellar. 

OPALESCENT,  a.  Re.sembling  opal ;  re- 
flecting a  colored  luster  from  a  single 
spot.  Kirwan. 

O'PALINE,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  like  opal. 

O'PALIZE,  V.  t.  To  make  to  resemble  opal ; 
as  opalized  wood.  Cleaveland. 

OPAQUE.     [See  Opahe.] 

OPAQUENESS.     [Sec  Opakeness.] 

OPE,  o.  Open.     Obs. 

OPE,  v.  t.  To  open  ;  used  only  in  poetry, 
and  probably  a  contracted  word. 

OPEN,  a.  o'pn.  [Sa.x.  D.  ojien;  G.  offen ; 
Sw.  open  ;  Dan.  aaben.] 

1.  Unclosed  ;  not  shut ;  as,  the  gate  is  open ; 
an  o;7C7i  door  or  window ;  an  open  book ; 
open  eyes. 

2.  Spread  ;  expanded.  He  received  his  son 
with  open  arms. 

3.  Unsealed  ;  as  an  open  letter. 

4.  Not  shut  or  fast ;  as  an  open  hand. 

5.  Not  covered ;  as  the  open  air ;  an  open 
vessel. 

6.  Not  covered  with  trees ;  clear ;  as  an 
open  country  or  field. 

7.  Not  stopped  ;  as  an  open  bottle. 

8.  Not  fenced  or  obstructed  ;  as  an  open 
road. 

9.  Not  frosty  ;  warmer  than  usual  ;  not 
freezing  severely  ;  as  an  open  winter. 

An  open  and  warm  winter  portenUeth  a  hot 
and  diy  summer.  Bacon. 

.Tobnson  interprets  opeit,  in  this  passage, 
by  not  cloudy,  not  gloomy.  I  think  the 
definition  wrong.  In  .America,  an  open 
winter  is  one  in  which  the  earth  is  not 
bound  with  frost  and  covered  with  snow. 

10.  Public ;  before  a  court  and  its  suitors. 
His  testimony  was  given  in  open  court. 

11.  Admitting  all  persons  without  restraint ; 
free  to  all  comers.  He  keeps  open  house 
at  the  election. 

12.  Clear  of  ice  ;  as,  the  river  or  the  harbor 
is  open. 

13.  Plain;  apparent;  evident;  public;  not 
secret  or  concealed  ;  as  an  open  declara- 
tion ;  open  avowal ;  open  shame ;  o;7f!i 
defiance.  The  nations  contend  in  open 
war  or  in  open  arms. 

14.  Not  wearing  disguise  ;  frank  ;  sincere ; 
unreserved  ;  candid  ;  artless. 

He  was  held  a  man  open  and   of  good  faiUi. 

Bacon. 
His  generous,  open,  undesigning  heart. 

.AddUon. 


OPE 


OPE 


OPE 


15.  Not  clouded  ;  not  contracted  or   frown 
ill"  ;  having  an  air  of  frankness  and  sin- 
cerity ;  as  an  open  look. 

With  aspect  open  shall  erect  his  head. 

Pope 

16.  Not  hidden;  exposed  to  view. 

We  are  to  exercise  our  thoughts  and  lay  open 
the  treasures  of  divine  truth.  Burnet 

17.  Ready  to  hear  or  receive  what  is  oft'er- 
ed. 

His  ears  are  open  to  their  cry.     Ps.  xxxiv. 

18.  Free  to  be  employed  for  redress  ;  not 
restrained  or  denied  ;  not  precluding  any 
person. 

The  law  is  open.     Acts  xix. 
10.  Exposed  ;    not   jirotectcd  ;  without   de- 
fense.    The  country   is   open  to  invaders. 
— Hath  left  me  open  to  all  injuries.        Shak. 
1Q.  Attentive:  employed  in  inspection. 

Thine  eyes  are  open  upon  all  the  ways  of  the 
sons  of  men —    Jer.  xxxii. 
21.  Clear;  unobstructed;  as  an  open  view. 
23.  Unsettled ;  not  balanced   or  closed  ;  as 
an  open  account. 

Open  accounts  between  merchants. 

Johnson")!  Rep. 

23.  Not  closed  ;  free  to  be  debated ;  as  a 
([ue.stion  open  for  discussion. 

24.  In  music,  an  open  note  is  that  which  a 
string  is  tuned  to  produce.  Bushy. 

OPEN.  V.  I.  o'pn.  [Sax.  optnian  ;  D.  open- 
en;  G.offnen;  Sw.   opna  ;  Dan.  aabner; 

Ar.  •  Ij.     Class  Bn.  No.  3.] 

1.  To  unclose;  to  unbar;  to  unlock;  to  re- 
move any  fastening  or  cover  and  set  open  ; 
as,  to  open  a  door  or  gate ;  to  open  a  desk. 

2.  To  break  the  seal  of  a  letter  and  unfold  it. 

3.  To  separate  parts  that  are  close ;  as,  to 
open  the  lips  ;  to  open  the  mouth  or  eyes 
or  eyelids  ;  to  open  a  book. 

4.  To  remove  a  covering  from  ;  as,  to  open  a 
pit. 

5.  To  cut  through  ;  to  perforate ;  to  lance 
as,  to  open  the  skin  ;  to  open  an  abscess. 

(3.  To  break;  to  divide;  to  split  or  rend  ;  as, 
the  earth  was  oprned  in  many  places  by 
an  earthquake ;  a  rock  is  opened  by  blast 
ing. 

7.  To  clear ;  to  make  by  removing  obstruc 
tions  ;  as,  to  open  a  road  ;  to  open  a  i)ass- 
age;  the  heat  of  spring  opens  rivers  bound 
with  ice. 

8.  To  spread :  to  expand ;  as,  to  open  the 
hand. 

9.  To  unstop ;  as,  to  open  a  bottle. 

10.  To  begin  ;  to  make  the  first  exhibition. 
The  attorney  general  opens  the  cause  on 
the  part  of  the'^king  or  the  state.  Homer 
opens  his  poem  with  the  utmost  simplicity 
and  inodestv. 

11.  To  show";  to  bring  to  view  or  knowl- 
edge. 

The  English  did   adventure   far  to   open  the 
north  parts  of  America.  Abbot. 

12.  To  interpret ;  to  explain. 

— While   he    opened  to   us   the  Scriptures 
Luke  xxiv. 

13.  To  reveal;  to  disclose.  He  opened  his 
mii.d  very  freely. 

14.  To  make  liberal ;  as,  to   open  the  heart 

15.  To  make  the  first  discharge  of  artillery 
as,  to  open  a  heavy  fire  on  the  enemy. 

Ifi.  To  enter  on  or  begin  ;  as,  to  opeii  a  ne- 
gotiation or  correspondence  ;  to  open  i 
trade  with  the  Indies. 


17.  To  begin  to  see  by  the  reinoval  of  some- 
thing that  intercepted  the  view ;  as,  we 
sailed  round  the  point  and  opened  the  har- 
bor. 
OPEN,  V.  i.  o'pn.  To  unclose  itself;  to  be 
unclosed  ;  to  be  parted. 

The  earth  opened  and  swallowed  up  Dathan, 
and  covered  the  company  of  Abiram.  Ps.  cvi. 
To  begin  to  a|)pear.  As  we  sailed  round 
the  point,  the  harbor   opened  to  our  view. 

3.  To  conunence ;  to  begin.     Sales  of  stock 
opened  at  par. 

4.  To  hark  ;  a  term  in  hunting 
OPENED,  pp.  o'pned.  Unclosed;  unbarred;' 

unsealed ;  uncovered  ;  revealed  ;  disclos- 
ed ;  made  plain  ;  freed  from   obstruction. 
OPENER,  n.  o'pner.  One  that  opens  or  re- 
moves any  fastening  or  covering.     Milton. 

2.  One  that  explains ;  an  interpreter. 
'  Shak. 

3.  That  which  separates ;  that  wliich  rends. 

Boyle 

4.  An  aperient  in  medicine. 
OPENEYED,  fl.  o'pneyed.  Watchful ;  vigi- 
lant. Shak. 

OPENIIANDED,    a.    o'pnhanded.     Gener 
ous;  liberal;  munificent.  Rowc. 

OPENHE'ARTED,  a.  o'pnhdrted.  Candid; 
frank  ;  generous.  Dryden. 


OPENHE  ARTEDLY,    adv.    With  frank 
ness  ;  without  reserve. 

Ch.  Relig.  Appeal. 

OPENIIEARTEDNESS,  ji.  Frankness; 
candor;  sincerity;  munificence;  geiieros 
ity.  Johnson. 

OPENING,    ppi:  o'pning.   Unclosing  ;   un 
sealing  ;    uncovering  ;    revealing  ;   inter- 
preting. 

OPENING,  n.o'pning.  A  breach;  an  aper 
lure  ;  a  hole  or  perforation. 

2.  A  place  admitting  entrance ;  as  a  bay  or 
creek. 

3.  Dawn  ;  first  appearance  or  visibleness  ; 
beginning  of  exhibition  or  discovery. 

The  opening  of  your  glory  was  like  that  of 

light.  Dryden. 

OPENLY,   adv.    o'pnly.    Publicly  ;    not   in 

private  ;  without  secrecy  ;  as,  to  avow  our 

sins  and  follies  openly. 

How  grossly  and  openly  do  njany  of  us  con- 
tradict the  precepts  of  tlie  gospel  l.y  our  ungod- 
liness and  wojidly  lusts  !  TiUotson. 

2.  Plainly  ;  evidently  ;  without  reserve  or 
disguise. 

OPENMOUTHED,  a.  b'pnmouthed.  Gree- 
dy ;  ravenous ;  clamorous  ;  as  an  6pen- 
mouthed  lion.  L'E.st range. 

OPENNESS,  Ji.  o'pnness.  Freedom  from 
covering  or  obstruction  ;  as  the  openness 
of  a  country. 

Plainness;  clearness;  freedom  from  ob- 
scurity or  ambiguity  ;  as,  deliver  your  an- 
swers with  more  openness.  Shak. 

3.  Freedom  from  disguise  ;  unrescrvedness; 
plainness.  Felton 

4.  Expression  of  frankness  or  candor  ;  as 
openness  of  countenance. 

5.  Ifnusual  mildness;  freedom  front  snow 
and  frost ;  as  the  openness  of  a  winter. 

OPERA,  n.  [It.  Sp.  Fr.  from  L.  opera. 
work,  labor.] 

A  dramatic  composition  set  to  nuisic  and 
sung  on  the  stage,  accompanied  with  nni- 
sical  instruments  and  enriched  with  mag- 
nificent dresses,  machines,  daucing,  &c. 

Encyc 


OP'ERABLE,  a.   Practicable.     [Xot  used.] 

Brouin. 

pP'ERANT,  n.  [See  Operate.]  Havingpow- 
er  to  produce  an  eftect.  [Not  used.  We 
now  use  operative.]  Sltak. 

OP'ERATE,   t'.  i.    [L.  operor ;  Sp.  operar ; 

Fr.   operer  ;  Eth.  T tI ^  gaber,  to  make, 

do,  form  or  ordain  ;  deriv.  T  T 11 4  tagabar, 
to  work,  to  operate,  to  labor,  to  till;  W. 
goberu,  to  operate ;  Arm.  ober  or  gober, 
to  make;  ober  or  euffr,  work;  Ir.  obair; 
Sp.  Port,  oira  ;  Fr.  eeuvre,  ouvrage.  The 
corresponding  verb  in  Hebrew  and  Chal- 
dee,  lij  signifies  to  be  strong,  to  prevail, 
and  in  Arabic,  to  bind  fast,  to  consoUdate,. 
to  repair.  The  primary  sense  is  to  strain 
or  press,  to  exert  force.  Class  Br.  No. 
14.] 
1.  To  act ;  to  exert  power  or  strength,  phys- 
ical or  mechanical.  External  bodies  ope- 
rate on  animals  by  means  of  perception. 
Sound  operates  upon  the  auditory  nerves 
through  the  medium  of  air.  MedicineB 
operate  on  the  body  by  inoreasiug  or  di- 
minishing organic  action. 

To  act  or  produce  efiect  on  the  mind  ;  to 
exert  moral  power  or  influence.  Motives 
operate  on  the  mind  in  determining  the 
judgment.  Examples  operate  in  produ- 
cing imitation. 

The  virtues  of  private  persons  operate  but  oa 

a  few —  Mterbury. 

A  plain  convincing   reason   operates  on  the 

iidnd  both  of  a   learned  and  an  ignorant  hearer 

as  long  as  he  lives.  Swi/t. 

3.  In  surgery,  to  perform  some  manual  act 
in  a  methodical  manner  upon  a  human 
body,  and  usually  with  instruments,  with 
a  view  to  restore  soundness  or  health  ;  as 
in  amputation,  lithotomy  and  the  like. 

4.  To  act  ;  to  have  agency  ;  to  produce  any 
eftl'Ct. 

OP'ERATE,  v.t.  To  effect;  to  produce  by 
agency. 

'I  he  same  cause   would  operate  a  diminutioa 
of  (he  value  of  stock —  Hamilton. 

[This  use  is  not  fretjuc}}t,and  can  hardly 
be  said  to  be  well  authorized.] 
OPERAT'ICAL,  a.  Pertaining  to   the  ope- 
ra ;  a  ivord  used  by  musicians.  Busby. 
OP'ERATING,  ppr.  Acting  ;  exerting  agen- 
cy  or  power ;  performing  some   manual 
act  in  surgery. 
OPERA'TION,  n.  [h.  operatio.]  The  act  or 
process   of  operating  ;  iigency  ;  the  exer- 
tion  of  power,  physical,  mechanical   or 
moral. 

Speculative  painting  w  ithout  the  assistance 
of  manual  operation,  can  never  attain  to  per- 
fection. Dryden. 
The  pain  and  sickness  caused  by  manna  are 
the  etl'ects  of  its  operation  on  the  stomach. 

Locke. 
So  we  sjieak  of  the  o/jcrn/iO);  of  motives, 
reasons  or  arguments   on   the  mind,   the 
operation  of  causes,  &c. 
Action ;  effect. 
Many  medicinal  drugs  of  rare  operation. 

Heylin. 
Process;  manipulation;  series  of  acts  in 
experiments  ;  as  in  chimistry  or  metallur- 
gy. 

In  surgery,  any  methodical  action  of  tho 
hand,  or  of  the  hand  with  instruments,  on 
the  human  body,  with  a   \  icw  to  heal  a 


O  P  H 


O  P  I 


O  P  I 


part  diseased,  fractured  or  dislocated,  as 
in  amputation,  &c. 

5.  Action  or  movements  of  an  army  or  fleet ; 
as  military  or  naval  operations. 

G.  Movements  of  niacliinery. 

7.  Movements  of  any  pliysical  body. 

OP'ERATIVE,  a.  Having  the  powcrof  act- 
ing ;  exerting  force,  physical  or  moral; 
having  or  exerting  agency  ;  active  in  the 
production  of  effects. 

In  actions   of  religion  we  should  be  zealous, 

active  and  operative,  so   far  as  prudence   will 

permit.  Taylor 

It  holds  iu  all  operative  principles,  especially 

in  morality.  South. 

2.  Efficacious;  producing  the  effect. 

OP'ERATOR,  n.  He  or  that  which  ope- 
rates ;  lie  or  that  wliicli  produces  an  ef- 
fect. 

2.  In  surgert/,  the  person  who  performs  some 
act  upon  tiie  human  body  by  means  of  the 
hand,  or  with  instruments ;  as  a  sl;illful  op- 
erator. 

OPER'€nLATR,     )      [L.operciilatiisjmm 

OPER'€ULATED,  S  ""  operio,  to  cover.]  In 
botany,  having  a  lid  or  cover,  as  a  capsule- 

Marlyn 

OPER'CL'LlFORM,/f.  [L.  operculum,  a  lid, 
and  form.]  Having  tlie  form  of  a  lid  or 
cover.  -^V/y, 

OPERO'SE,  a.  [L.  operosus,  from  opera 
operor.] 

Laborious ;  attended  with  labor ;  tedious. 

Burnet. 

OPERO'SENESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
laborious.  More 

O'PETIDE,  n.  [ope  and  tide.]  The  ancient 
time  of  marriage,  from  Epipliany  to  Ash- 
Wednesday.  J}p.  Hall. 

OPHID'IAN,  a.  [Gr.  oti?,  a  serpent,]  Per- 
taining to  serpents  ;  designating  an  order 
of  vertebral  animals  destitute  of  feet  or  fins. 

OPHID'ION,  11.  [Gr.  from  0^15,  a  serpent.]  A 
fish  of  the  anguilliform  kind,  resembling  the 
common  eel,  but  sirortcr,  more  de]iressed 
and  of  a  paler  color;  found  in  the  j\lediter- 
ranean.  Did.  A'at.  Hist. 

OPHIOLOO'IC,        I      Pertaining  to  ophi- 

OPHIOLOG'ICAL,  I  "■  olon  V. 

OPHIOL'OgIST,  n.  One  versed  iu  the  nat- 
ural history  of  serpents. 

OPHIOL'OOY,  n.  [Gr.  oifij,  serpent,  and 
Myo5,  discourse.] 

That  part  of  natural  history  whicli  treats  of 
serpents,  or  which  arranges  and  describes 
the  several  kinds.  Ed.  Encyc. 

OPHIOM'ANCY,  n.  [Gr.  o^nj,  a  serpent, 
and  /uovrtia,  divination.] 

In  antiquity,  the  art  of  divining  or  predicting 
events  by  serpents,  as  by  their  manner  of 
eating  or  by  their  coils.  Encyc. 

OPHIOMORPH'OUS,  a.  [Gr.  o^is  and 
fiop4»;,  form.]  Having  the  form  of  a  ser- 
pent. Ray. 

OPHIOPH'AGOUS,  a.  [Gr.  o^i;,  a  serpent, 
and  ifayu,  to  eat.]  Eating  or  feeding  on 
serpents.  Brou'n. 

OPHITE,  a.  [Gr.  0^1,-,  a  serpent.]  Pertain- 
ing to  a  serpent.  Holwell. 

OPHITE,  n.  [Gr.  oifi;,  a  serpent,  wlience 

oij)i*)-5,  a  stone  spotted  like  a  serpent.] 
Green  ])orphyry,  or  serpentine  ;  a  variety  of 
greenstone  of  a  dusky  green  color  of  dif- 
ferent  shades,  sprinkled   with  .•^pots  cf  a 


lighter  green  ;  in  other  words,  containing  OPI'NIXG,  ppr.  Thinking.     Ohs 
■     ""■■  OPI'NING,  »i.  Opinion;  notion. 


greenish  white  crystals  of  feldspar. 

Ckaveland. 
OPHIU'CHUS,  n.   [Gr.  o<)>iov;to; ;  o^mj,  a  ser- 
pent, and  fj;w,  to  have.] 
A  constellation  in  the  northern  hemisphere. 

Milton. 
OPHTHAL'Mie,  a.  [See  Ophthalmy.]  Per- 
taining to  the  eye. 
OPHTHALMOSCOPY,    n.    [Gr.  otSoX^oj, 

the  eye,  and  axonno,  to  view.] 
A   branch  of  iihysiognomy   which  deduces 
the   knowledge  of  a   man's   temper   andj 
manner  from  tlic  appearance  of  the  eyes.' 

Encyc. 
OPHTHALMY,    n.     [Gr.   o4i9oX/«o,    from 

o^9a.7.fj.os,  the  eye.] 
A  disease  of  the  eyes ;  an  inflammation  of 
llie  membranes  which  invest  the  eye 

Encyc. 
Inflammation  of  the  eye  or  its  appenda 
ges.  Good. 

O'PIATE,  n.  [from  oyiiiuii.]  Primarily,  a 
medicine  of  a  thicker  consistence  than 
sirup,  prepared  with  npium.  Encyc. 

A  soft  electuary. 
Electuaries  «hen  soft  are  called  opiata. 

Parr. 
But  in  modern  usage  generally, 

2.  Any  medicine  tliat  has  the  quality  of  in- 
ducing sleep  or  repose  ;  a  narcotic. 

Encyc. 
.3.  That  which  induces  rest  or  inaction  ;  that 
which  quiets  uneasiness. 

They  chose  atheism  as  an  opiate.       Bentley 

O'PIATE,  a.  Inducing  sleep;  soporiferous  ; 

somniferous ;  narcotic.  Bacon 

3.  Causing  rest  or  inaction.  Milton. 
OPIF'ICER,  n.  [L.  opifex ;  opus,  work,  and 

fijcio,  to  do.] 

One  who  iicrforms  any  work.     [Jy/ol  used.] 

Bentley. 

OPI'NABLE,  0.  [L.  opinor.]  That  may  be 
thought.     [.Xot  tiscd.]  Did. 

OPINA'TIO.X,  n.  Act  of  thinking;  opinion 
[Xot  used.]  Did. 

OPIN'ATIVE,    a.    Stift"  in  opinion.     [M)t 
sed.]  Burton. 

OPINA'TOR,  n.  One  fond  of  his  own  opin- 
ions ;  one  who  holds  an  opinion.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Glanville. 

OPI'NE,  t'.  i'.  [L.  opinor.]  To  think  ;  to  sup- 
pose.    Obs.  South 

OPI'NED, /I/).   Thought ;  conceived.     Obs. 

OPI'NER,  11.  One  who  thinks  or  holds  an 
opinion.     Obs.  Taylor. 

OPINIAS'TER,       }      [Fr.  opinidtre.]   Vn- 

OPINIAS'TROUS,  Sa.  duly     attached    to 

OPINIA'TRE,  )  one's  own  opinion, 
or  stiff  in  adhering  to  it.     Obs.       Raleigh. 

OPIN  lATE,  v.t.  To  maintain  one's  opin- 
ion with  obstinacy.     Obs.  Barrow. 

OPINTATED,  a.  Unduly  attached  to  one's 

]     own  opinions.  Shen^tone. 

lOPINIA'TER,   a.    Stiff  in   opinion ;  obsti- 


nate.    Obs. 


Obs. 
Taylor. 
OPINION,  n.  opin'yon.  [Fr.  id. ;  L.  opinio, 
from   opinor,  to  think,  Gr.  ertivotu  ;  or  Ar. 

i\    abana,  to   think,   to  suspect.    The 

primary  sense  is  to  set,  to  fbc  in  the  mind, 
as  in  L.  siippoiio.] 

1.  The  judgment  which  the  mind  forms  of 
any  propo.sition,  statement,  theory  orcvent, 
the  truth  or  falsehood  of  which  is  support- 
ed by  a  degree  of  evidence  that  renders  it 
probable,  but  does  not  produce  absolute 
knowledge  or  certainty.  It  has  been  a 
received  opinion  thut  all  matter  is  com- 
prised in  four  elements.  This  opinion  is 
proved  by  many  discoveries  to  bo  false. 
From  circumstances  wo  form  opinions 
respecting  future  events. 

Opinion  is  when  the  assent  of  the  under- 
standing is  so  far  gained  Iiy  evidence  of  proba- 
bility, that  it  rather  inclines  to  one  persuasion 
than  to  anotliei,  yet  not  without  a  mixture  of 
uncertainty  or  doubting.  Hale. 

2.  Tlie  judgment  or  sentiments  which  the 
mind  forms  of  persons  or  their  qualities. 
We  speak  of  a  good  opinion,  a  favorahio 
opinion,  a  bud  opinion,  a  private  opinion, 
and  public  or  general  opinion,  S^c. 

Friendship  gives  a  man  a  peculiar  right  anil 
claim  to  tlie  good  opinion  of  his  friend. 

South. 

3.  Settled  judgment  or  persuasion ;  as  re- 
ligious opinions ;  political  opinion. 

4.  Favorable  judgment ;  estimation. 
In  actions  of  arms,  small  matters  are  of  great 

moment,  esjiecially  when  tliey  serve  to  raise  au 

opinion  of  commanders.  Hayward. 

However,  I  have  no  opinion  of  these  things — 

Bacon. 

OPIN'ION,  v.t.  To  think.     [Xot  used.] 

Brown. 

OPINTONATE,     )      Stiffinojiinion  ;lirm- 
OPIN'IOi\ATED,  ^  "' ly  or  unduly  adher- 
ing to  one's  own   opinion  ;  obstinate   in 
opinion.  Bedell. 

OPINTONATELY,  adf.  Obstinately;  con- 
ceitedly. Feltham. 

OPIN'IONATIVE,  o.  Fond  of  preconceiv- 
ed notions ;  unduly  attached  to  one's  own 
opinions.  Burnet. 

OPIN'IONATIVELY,  adv.  With  undue 
fondness  for  one's  own  opinions ;  stub- 
bornly. 

OPIN'IONATIVENESS,  n.  Excessive  at- 
tachment to  one's  own  opinions  ;  obstinii- 
cy  in  opinion. 

OPIN'IONED,  a.  Attached  to  particular 
opinions ;  conceited.  South. 

OPIN'IONIST,  n.  One  fond  of  his  own  no- 
tions, or  one  unduly  attached  to  his  own 
opinions.  Glanville. 

OPIS'THODOME,  n.  [Gr.  oxiaSioj,  that  is 
behind,  and  bouof,  house.] 


OPIN'IATIVE,  a.  Very  stiff  in  adherence  to 
])reconceivcd  notions.  Sandys. 

i2.  Imaijiiied  ;  not  proved.  Glanvule. 

iOPl.N'i ATIVENESS,  n.  Undue  stiffness  in 
opinion.  Raleigh. 

OPINIA'TOR.  11.  One  unduly  attached  to 
his  own  opinion.     Obs. 

OPIN  lATRY,  n.  Unreasonable  attach- 
ment to  one's  own  notions  :  obstinacy  in 
opinions.     Ohs.  Brown. 


Barrow. 'In  Greece,  a  part  or  place  in  the  back  part  of 


MUford. 
Gr.  ojtior,  from  o«oj. 


a  house. 

OPIUM,  71.  [L.  o^iiuni; 
juice.] 

Opium  is  the  inspissated  juice  of  the  cap- 
sules of  the  papaver  soniniferuni,  or  somni- 
ferous white  poppy  with  which  the  fields 
in  Asia  Minor  are  sown,  as  ours  are  with 
wheat  and  rye.  It  flows  from  hicisions 
made  in  the  heads  of  the  plant,  and  the 
best  flows  from  the  first  incision.     It  is 


O  P  P 


O  P  P 


O  P  P 


imported  into  Europe  ami  America  from 
the  Levant  and  the  East  Indies.  It  is 
Iirought  in  cakes  or  masses  weigliing  from 
eight  ounces  to  a  pound.  It  is  heavy,  of  a 
dense  texture,  of  a  brownish  yellow  color, 
not  perfectly  dry,  but  easily  receiving  an|i 
impression  from  the  finger;  it  has  a  dead 
and  faint  smell,  and  its  taste  is  bitter  and 
acrid.  Opium  is  of  great  use  as  a  medi- 
cine. Hill.     Encyc. 

O'PLE-TREE,  n.  [L.  opulus.]  The  witch- 
hazel.     06s.  Jiinsworth. 

OPOBaL'SAM,  )!.  [L.  Gr.  orfo,-,  juice,  and 
balsamum.] 

The  balm  or  balsam  of  Gilead.  It  has  a  yel- 
lowish or  greenish  yellow  color,  a  warm 
bitterish  aromatic  taste,  and  an  acidulous 
fragrant  smell.  It  is  held  in  esteem  as  a 
medicine  and  as  an  odoriferous  unguent 
and  cosmetic.  The  shrub  or  tree  pro- 
ducing this  balsam  is  of  the  genus  Amyris, 
and  grows  spontaneously  in  Arabia  Felix. 

Encyc. 

OPODEL'DOC,  n.  The  name  of  a  plaster, 
said  to  have  been  invented  by  Mindererus  ; 
but  in  modern  usage, 

2.  A  saponaceous  camphorated  liniment ;  a 
solution  of  soap  in  ardent  spirits,  with  the 
addition  of  camphor  and  essential  oils. 

JVicholson. 

OPO'PANAX,  n.  [L.  ;  Gr.  0,105,  juice,  and 
rtai-ol,  a  plant.] 

\  gura-resin   of  a   tolerably   firm   texture, 
brought  in  loose  granules  or  drops,  some- 
times in  larger  masses.     This  substance  on 
the  outside  is  of  a  brownish   red   color 
with  specks  of  white,   and   within  of  a|i 
dusky  yellow  or  whitish  color.     It  has  ai 
strong  smell  and  an  acrid  taste.     It  is  ob-  | 
tained  Irom  the  roots  of  an  umbelliferous  j 
plant  of  the  genus  Pastinaca  or  parsnop, 
and  is  broughl  from  Turkey  and  the  East 
Indies.  Encyc.     Parr. 

OPOS'SL'M,  n.  A  quadruped  of  the  genus 
Didelphis.  It  has  a  prehensile  tail,  like 
some  of  the  monkeys,  and  is  distinguished 
by  a  pouch  or  false  belly,  in  which  it  pro- 
tects and  carries  its  young.  The  name  is 
also  given  to  other  species  of  the  genus, 
some  of  which  want  the  pouch. 

Encyc.     Ciivier. 

OP'PIDAN,  n.  [L.  oppidanus,  from  oppi- 
dum,  a  city  or  town.]  An  inhabitant  of  a 
town.     [J\ot  used.]  Wood. 

3.  An  appellation  given  to  the  students  of 
Eton  school  in  England-  Mason. 

OP'PIDAN,  n.  Pertaining  to  a  town.  [.Vof 
wscrf.]  Howdl. 

OPPIG'NEPi.\TE,  V.  I.  [L.  oppigncro ;  oh 
and  pii^nero,  to  ploilge,  from  pignus, 
pledge.]  To  pledge  ;  to  pawn.  [N'ol  in 
Hit'.]  Bacon. 

UP'PILATE,  v.l.  [L.  oppilo;  oh  and  pilo, 
to  drive.] 

To  crowd  together;  to  fill  with  obstruc- 
tions. 

OPPILA'TION,  ti.  The  act  of  filling  or 
crowding  togctlier ;  a  .stopping  by  re- 
dundant matter ;  obstructions,  particularly 
in  the  lower  intestines.      Encyc.     Harvey. 

OP'PILATIVE,  a.  [Vt.oppUalif.]  Obstruct- 
ive. Sherwood. 

OPPLE'TED,  a.  [h.  opplehis.]  Filled; 
crowded.     [.Vui  in  use.] 


OPPO'NE,  V.  t.  [L.  oppono ;  ob  and  /wno, 
to  put.]  To  oppose.   [JVotuscd.]   B.Jonson., 

OPPO'NENCY,  n.  [Sec  Opponent]  Thel 
opening  of  an  academical  disputation  ; 
the  proiiosition  of  objections  to  a  tenet ; 
an  exercise  for  a  degree.  [/  believe  not 
used  in  ..Imerica.]  Todd. 

OPPONENT,  a.  [L.  opponens,  oppono ;  ob 
and  pono,  to  set,  put  or  lay,  that  is,  to 
thrust  against;  Ileb.  Syr.  Ch.  Ar.  njl  to 
build,  that  is,  to  set,  io  found,  L.  fundo.] 
Tliat  opposes  ;  opposite ;  adverse.     Prior.' 

OPPO'NENT,  n.  One  that  opposes;  par-, 
ticularly,  one  that  opposes  in  controversy, 
disputation  or  argument.  It  is  sometimes 
applied  to  the  person  that  begins  a  dis-: 
pute  by  raising  objections  to  a  tenet  or| 
doctrine,  and  is  correlative  to  defendant  or, 
respondent.  In  common  usage,  however, 
it  is  applicable  to  either  party  in  a  contro-j 
versy,  denoting  any  person  who  opposes 
another  or  his  cause.  Opponent  may 
sometimes  be  used  for  adversary,  and  for 
antagonist,  but  not  with  strict  propriety, 
as  the  word  does  not  necessarily  imply  en- 
mity nor  bodily  strife.  Nor  is  it  well  used 
in  the  sense  of  rival  or  competitor. 

OPPORTU'NE,  ff.  [L.  opportunus  ;  oh  and 
porto,  to  bear  or  bring  ;  jirobably  from  thci 
root  oCfero  or  porto,  to  bear.  The  sense  of 
the  verb  opporto,  would  be  to  bring  to  or 
upon.  See  Import,  Importune.  In  this 
and  all  words  of  like  signification,  the  pri-! 
mary  sense  is  to  fall,  come  or  bring  to. 
See  Lucl;,  Fortune,  Season.]  j 

Properly,  having  come  or  being  present  at  a 
proper  time;  hence,  seasonable;  timely;' 
well  timed.      It    agrees    with    seasonable 
rather   than   with  convenient,  though  the! 
sense  of  the  latter  may  be  included  in  it.     j 
Perhaps  in  view 
Of  Ihose  bright  confines,  wlieuce  with  neigh- 
boring arms,  1 
And  opportune  excursion,  we  may  chance     | 
Re-enter  heaven.                                    .Milton: 

OPPORTU'NELY,  adv.  Seasonably;  at 
a  time  favorable  for  the  purpose.  It  has 
been  applied  to  place,  as  well  as  to  time, 
but  its  proper  application  is  to  lime,  and, 
hence  it  accords  with  seasonably,  rather; 
than  with  conveniently. 

OPPORTU'NITY,  n.  [L.  opporlunitas.]  Fit 
or  convenient  time ;  a  time  favorable  for 
the  purpose:  suitable  time  combined  with 
other  favorable  circumstances.  Suitable- 
ness of  time  is  the  predominant  significa- 
tion, but  it  includes  generally  circum- 
stances of  place  and  other  conveniences; 
adapted  to  the  end  desired. 

A  wise  man  will  make  more  opportunities 
than  he  finds.  Bacon. 

I  had  an  opportunity  to   see  the   cloud  de- 
scend. Brown 
Neglect  no  opportunity  of  doing  good. 

.flllerbury 

2.  Convenient  means.  I  had  an  opportunity 
of  sending  the  letter,  or  no  opportunity  to 
send  it.  Opportunities  rarely  occur  or  fre- 
quently offer. 

OPPO'SAL,  n.  s  as  :.  0|>position.  [.Vol 
used.]  Herbert. 

OPPO'SE,  t>.  t.  8  as  :.  [Fr.  opposer ;  ob  and 
poser,  to  set ;  L.  oppono,  opposni.  It  is 
doubtful  whether  Vr. poser,  and  the  preter- 
it and  partic  iple  passive  of  the  Latin  vcrl 
belong  to  pono.    The  change  of  n  into  s  is 


unusual.     Two   different  verbs    may   be 
used,  as  in  'L.fero,tuli.     See  Pose.] 

To  set  against ;  to  put  in  oppposition, 
with  a  view  to  counterbalance  or  counter- 
vail, and  thus  to  hinder,  defeat,  destroy  or 
prevent  effect ;  as,  to  oppose  one  argument 
to  another. 

I  may  without  presumption  oppose  my  single 
opinion  to  his.  Locke 

To  act  against ;  to  resist,  either  by  physic- 
al means,  by  arguments  or  otlier  means. 
The  army  opposed  the  progress  of  the  ene- 
my, but  without  success.  Several  mem 
bers  of  the  house  strenuously  opposed  the 
bill,  but  it  passed. 

3.  To  check ;  to  resist  effectually.     The  ar- 
my was  not  able  to  oppose  the  progress  of 
the  enemy. 
To  place  in  front;  to  set  opposite.    ShaJ(. 

5.  To  act  against,  as  a  competitor. 

OPPO'SE,  V.  i.  s  as  ;.  To  act  adversely ; 
with  against ;  as,  a  servant  opposed  against 
the  act.     [jVoJ  used.]  Shak. 

2.  To  object  or  act  against  in  controversj'. 

Johnsmi. 

OPPO'SED,  pp.  Set  in  opposition  ;  resisted. 

2.  a.  Being  in  opposition  in  principle  or  in 
act;  adverse. 

Certain  characters  were  formerly  opposed  to  it 
federalist.  Jay. 
OPPO'SELESS,  a.  Not  to  be  opposed ;  ir- 
esistible.     [JVot  in  use.]  ^lak. 

OPPOSER,  n.  One  that  opposes;  an  op- 
ponent in  party,  in  principle,  in  controver- 
sy or  argument.  We  speak  of  the  oppo- 
sers  of  public  measures  ;  the  opposers  of 
ecclesiastical  discipline ;  an  opposer  of 
Christianity  or  of  orthodoxy. 
One  who  acts  in  opposition  ;  one  who  re- 
sists ;  as  an  opposer  of  law  or  of  the  exe- 
cution of  law. 

An  antagonist;  an  adversary;  an  enemy; 
a  rival. 
OP'POSITE,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  oppositus.] 
Standing  or  situated  in  front ;  facing  ;  as 
an  edifice  opposite  to  the  Exchange. 
Brooklyn  lies  opposite  to  New  York,  or  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  river. 
Adverse ;  repugnant. 

— Novels,  by  which  the  reader  is  misled  into 
another  sort  of  pleasure  opposite  to  that  de- 
signed in  an  epic  poem.  Dryden. 

3.  Contrary  ;  as  words  of  opposite  significa- 
tions ;  opposite  terms.  The  medicine  had 
an  effect  opposite  to  what  was  expected. 

4.  In  botany,  growing  in  pairs,  eacli  pair  de- 
cussated or  crossing  that  above  and  below 
it;  as  opposite  leavci  or  branches. 

Martyn. 

OP'POSITE,  Ji.  An  opponent;  an  adver- 
sary; aiieneiriy  ;  an  antagonist. 

Shak.     Dryden. 
3.  That  which  is  opposed  or  contrary. 
OP'POSITELY,  futv.  In  front;  in  a  situa- 
tion to  face  each  other.  Grew. 
9-  Adversely  ;  against  each  other. 

Winds  from  all  quarters  oppositely  blow. 

.Hay. 
OP'POSITENESS,  )!.  The  state  of  being 

opposite  or  contrary. 
OPPOSITIFO'LIOUS,  a.  [L.  oppo»itus&nA 

folium,  a  leaf] 
In  botany,  opposite  to  the  leaf;  as  an  opposi- 
tifolious  peduncle.  Lee. 

OPPOSP'TION,  n.  [L.  opposiiio.]  Situa- 
tion 50  as  to  front  something  else  ;  a  stand- 


O  P  P 


O  P  T 


O  R 


ing  over  against ;  as  the  opposition  of  two 
mountains  or  buildings. 

2.  The  act  of  opposing ;  attempt  to  check, 
restrain  or  defeat.  He  nialtes  opposition 
to  tlie  measure ;  the  bill  passed  without 
opposition.  Will  any  opposition  be  made 
to  the  suit,  to  the  claim  or  demand.' 

^.  Obstacle.  The  river  meets  with  no  op- 
position in  its  course  to  the  ocean. 

■1.  Resistance;  as  tlie  o/j/jo^iVin/i  of  enemies. 
Virtue  wdl  break  tliiouftli  all  opposition. 

5.  Contrariety;  repugnance  in  i)rinciple;  as 
the  opposition  of  the  heart  to  the  laws  of 
God. 

C.  Contrariety  of  interests,  measures  or  de- 
signs. Tlie  two  parties  are  in  opposition 
to  each  otlu.r. 

7.  Contrariety  or  diversity  of  meaning;  as 
one  term  used  in  opposition  to  another. 

8.  Contradiction  ;  inconsistency.  Locke. 

9.  The  collective  body  of  opposers;  in  Eng- 
land, the  party  in  Parliament  which  o[)- 
poses  the  ministry;  in  America,  the  par- 
ty that  opposes  the  existing  administra- 
tion. 

10.  In  astronom;/,  the  situation  of  two 
heavenly  bodies,  when  distant  from  each 
olher  180  detriees.  » 

Ori'OSl"T10:,'lST,  n.  One  that  belongs  to 
the  party  opposing  the  admini-itration. 

Ol'I'OS  ri'IVK,  a.  That  may  be  put  in  o].- 
position.  Hull. 

OPPRliiSS',  v.i.  [Fr.  opinrsser ;  L.  oppris- 
sus,  from  opprimo  ;  ob  and  /;remo,  to  press.] 

1.  To  load  lU"  burden  with  uiueasonabh!  im- 
positions; to  treat  with  unjust  severity, 
rigor  or  hardship;  as,  to  oppress  a  nation 
with  taxes  or  coTitributions ;  to  oppress 
one  by  compelling  him  to  perform  unreas- 
onable service. 

2.  To  overpower  ;  to  overburden  ;  as,  to  be 
oppressed  with  grief 

3.  To  sit  or  lie  heavy  on ;  as,  excess  of  food 
oppresses  the  stomach. 

OPPRESS'ED,  pp.  Burdened  with  unreas- 
onable impositions ;  overpowered  ;  over 
burdened ;  depressed. 

OPPRESS'ING,  ppr.  Overburdening. 

OPPRES'SJON,  n.  The  act  of  oppressing; 
the  imposition  of  unreasonable  burdens 
either  in  ta.xes  or  services;  cruelty;  se- 
verity. 

'i.  The  state  of  being  oppressed  or  overbur- 
dened ;  misery.  Shak 
The  Lord — saw  the  oppression  of  Israel.  2 
Kings  xiii. 

;).  Hardship  ;  calamity.  Addison 

A.  Depression;  dullness  of  spirits  ;  lassitude 
of  body.  Arbitthnot. 

5.  A  sense  of  heaviness  or  weight  in  the 
breast,  &c. 

OPPRESSIVE,  a.   Unreasonably  burden 
some  ;  unjustly  severe  ;  as  oppressive  taxes ; 
oppressive  exactions  of  service. 

2.  Tyrannical ;    as  an    oppressive   govern 
ment. 

3.  Heavy;  overpowering;  overwhelming, 
as  oppressive  grief  or  wo. 

OPPRESS'IVEl.Y,  adv.  In  a  manner  to 
oppress  ;  with  unreasonable  severity. 

Burke. 

OPPRESS'IVENESS,  n.  The  quality  ofl 
being  oppressive. 

OPPRESS'OR,  n.  One  that  oppresses ;  one 
that  imposes  unjust  burdens  on  others;! 


one  that  harasses  others  with  unjust  laws 
or  unreasonable  severity. 

Power  when  eiiiployed  to  relieve  the  op- 
pressed and  to  puuisli  the  oppressor,  becomes 
a  great  blessing.  Swift. 

OPPRO'BRIOUS,    a.     [See     Opprobrium.] 

1.  Reproachful  and  contemptuous ;  scurri- 
lous; as  opprobrious  language;  opprobri- 
ous words  or  terms. 

2.  Blasted  with  infamy ;  despised  ;  rendered 
hateful ;  as  an  opprobrious  name. 

Milton.     Daniel. 
OPPRO'BRIOUSLY,  adv.   With  reproach 
mingled  with  contempt ;  scurrilously. 

Sknk. 
OPPRO'BRIOUSNESS,    n.     Reproachful- 
ness  mingled  with  contempt ;  scurrility,    i 
OPPROBRIUM,  n.     [L.  ob  and  probrum,\ 
disgrace.]  | 

Reproach   mingled   with   contempt  or  dis- 
dain. 
OPPUGN,  f.  t.    oppu'ne.    [L.  oppugno ;  ob 
and  pugno,  to  fight,  from  pugnus,  the  fist, 
Sp.  puiio,  Fr.  poing.] 
To  attack  ;  to  oppose  ;  to  resist 

They  said  the  manner  of  their  impeachment 

they  could  not  but  conceive  did   oppuf^n  the 

rights  of  parliament.  Clarendon. 

[It  is  never  used  hi  the  literal  sense,  to 

OPl'UG'NANCY,  n.  Opposition;  resist- 
ance. Shak 

OPPUGNA'TION,  n.  Opposition;  resist- 
ance. Hall 

OPPUGNED,     pp.      oppu'ned.     Opposed 
resisted. 

OPPUGNER,  n.  oppu'ner.  One  who  op- 
poses or  attacks  ;  that  which  opposes. 

Boyle. 

OPPUGNING,  ppr.  oppu'ning.  Attacking 
opposing. 

OPSIM'ATHY,  n.  [Gr.  o^inaSaa;  ^f,  late 
and  (uaiOoiw,  to  learn.]  Late  education  ; 
education  late  in  life.     [Little  used.] 

Hales. 

OPSONA'TION,  )i.  [L.  obsono,  to  cater.] 
A  catering;  a  buying  of  provisions.  [j\'ol 
used.]  Diet. 

OP'TABLE,  a.  [L.  optabilis,  from  opto,  to 
desire.]  Desirable.     [.Yot  used.] 

OPTA'TION,  n.  [L.  optulio.]  A  desiring; 
the  expression  of  a  wish.  Peaeham. 

OP'TATIVE,  a.  [L.  oplalivus,  from  opto,  to 
desire  or  wish.] 

Expressing  desire  or  wish.  The  optative 
mode,  in  grammar,  is  that  form  of  the 
verb  in  which  wish  or  desire  is  expressed.! 

OP'TATIVE,  n.  Something  to  be  desired. 


[Gr.  ortnxo;,  from  ortroftaty 
"     Re-i 


[Little  used.] 
OP'Tl€,        ) 
OP'TICAL,  \  ''■  to  see  ;  u4,  the  eye.] 

lating  or  pertaining  to  vision  or  sight, 
2.  Relating  to  the  science  of  optics. 
Optic  angle,  is  that  which  the  optic  axes  of 

the  eyes  make  with  one  another,  as  they 

tend  to  meet  at  some  distance  before  the 

eyes. 
Optic  axis,  is  the  axis  of  the  eye,  or  a  hue 

going  through  the  middle  of  the  pujiil  and 

the  center  of  the  eye.  Encyc. 

OP'TIC,  n.  An  organ  of  sight.       Trumbull. 
OPTI"CIAN,   n.  A   person   skilled  in  the 

science  of  optics.  Smith. 

2.  One  who  makes  or  sells  optic  glasses  aiid 

instruments-  Adams. 


OP'TleS,  n.  The  science  which  treats  of 
light  and  the  phenomena  of  vision. 

Eneyc. 

OP'TIMACY,  n.  [L.  optimates,  grandees, 
from  optimus,  best.]  The  body  of  nobles; 
the  nobility.  Howell. 

OP'TIiMIS.Ai,  n.  [L.  optimus,  best.]  The 
oiiiiiioii  or  doctrine  that  every  thing  in  na- 
ture is  ordered  for  the  best ;  or  the  order 
of  things  in  the  universe  that  is  adajited 
to  produce  the  most  good. 

The   true  and   amiaLile   philosophy   of  opti- 
mism. Wahh. 
A  system  of  strict  optimism  may  be  the  real 
svsteiii  in  both  cases.  Paley. 

OPTIM'ITY,  n.  The  state  of  being  best. 

OP'TION,  ji.  [L.  optio,  from  opto,  to  wish  or 
desire.] 

1.  The  power  of  choosing ;  the  right  of 
choice  or  election  ;  as  the  archbishop's  op- 
tion in  collating  to  a  vacant  benefice. 

There  is  an  option  left  to  the  U.  States  of 
America,  whether  they  will  be  respectable  and 
prosperous,  or  contemptible  and  miserable,  as  a 
nation.  JVashinglon. 

2.  The  power  of  wishing;  wish. 
.3.  Choice  ;  election  ;  preference.     He  ought 

not  to  complain  of  his  lot;  it  was  his  own 
option.     ^V'e  leave  this  to  your  own  option. 

OPTIONAL,  «.  Left  to  one's  wish  or 
choice;  depending  on  choice  or  prefer- 
ence. It  is  optional  with  you  to  go  or  stay. 
Leaving  something  to  choice. 

Original  writs  are  either  optiojiat  or  peremp- 
tory. Ulackstotte. 

OP'ULENCE,  n.  [L.  opulentia,  from  opes, 
wealth.]  Wealth ;  riches ;  affluence. 
[Opuleneii  is  little  used.]  Swift. 

OP  ULENT,  a.  [L.  opulenlus.]  Wealthy: 
rich ;  affluent ;  having  a  large  estate  or 
property.  Bacon.    South. 

OP'ULENTLY,  adv.  Richly;  with  abun- 
dance or  splendor. 

OPUS'eULE,  n.  [L.  opusculum.]  A  small 
work.  Jones. 

OR,  a  termination  of  Latin  nouns,  is  a  con- 
traction of  ri'r,  a  man,  or  from  the  same 
railix.  The  same  word  vir,  is  in  our 
mother  tongue,  wer,  and  from  this  we 
have  the  English  termination  er. 

It  denotes  an  agent,  as  in  arlor,  creditor. 
We  annex  it  to  many  words  of  I'.nglish 
origin,  as  in  lessor,  as  wc  do  er  to  words  of 
Latin  and  Greek  origin,  as  in  astronomer, 
laborer.  In  general,  or  is  annexed  to  words 
of  Latin,  and  er  to  those  of  English  ori- 
gin. 
fiftooji.'iOR,   conj.  [Sax.  other;  G.   oder.     It  seems 


that  or  is  a  triere  contraction  of  o//icr.] 
.V  connective   that    marks   an    alternative. 
"  You  may  read  or  may   write  ;"'   that  is, 
you  may  do  one   of  the  things  at  your 
pleasure,  but  not  both.     It  corresponds  to 
either.     You  may  either  ride  to  London,  or 
to  Windsor.     It  often  connects  a  series  of 
words  or  propositions,  inescnting  a  choice 
of  either.     He   may  study   law  or  medi- 
cine or  divinity,  or  he  may  enter  into  trade. 
Or  sometimes  begins  a  sentence,  but  in  this 
case  it  expresses  an  alternative  with  the 
foregoing  sentence.     Jlatt.  vii.  and  i,x. 
In  poetry,  or  is  sometimes  used  for  either. 
For  thy  vast  bounties  are  so  numberless, 
That  them  or  to  conceal  or  else  to  tell 
Is  equally  impossible.  Cotcley. 


O  R  A 


O  R  A 


ORB 


Or  is  often  used  to  express  an  alternative  of 
terms,  definitions  or  explanations  of  the 
same  tiling  in  different  words.  Thus  we 
sa3',  a  thing  is  a  square,  or  a  figure  un- 
der four  equal  sides  and  angles. 

Or  ever.  In  this  phrase,  or  is  supposed  to  be 
a  corruption  of  ere,  Sax.  (ere,  before  ;  that 
is,  before  ever. 

OR,  in  heraldry,  gold.  [Fr. or,  L.  aurum.] 

OR'ACH,     i      A  plant  of  the  genus  Atri- 

OR'RACll,  I  "■  plex,  used  as  a  substitute  for 
spillage.  Encyc. 

}l'ild  orach  is  of  the  genus  Chenopodium. 

OR'ACLE,  )i.  [Fr.  from  L.  oraculiim,  from 
oro,  to  utter  ;  Sp.  oraculo  ;  Ir.  oracolo.] 

1.  Among  pagans,  the  answer  of  a  god  or 
some  person  reputed  to  be  a  god,  to  an  in- 
quiry made  respecting  some  affair  of  im- 
portance, usually  respecting  some  future 
event,  as  the  success  of  an  enterprise  or 
battle. 

2.  The  deity  who  gave  or  was  supposed  to 
give  answers  to  inquiries;  as  the  Delphic 
oracle. 

3.  The  place  where  the  answers  were  given. 

Encyc. 

4.  Among  christians,  oracles,  in  the  plural, 
denotes  the  communications,  revelations 
iir  messages  delivered  by  God  to  prophets. 
In  this  sense  it  is  rarely  used  in  the  singu- 
lar; but  we  say,  the  oraches  of  God,  divine 
oracles,  meaning  the  Scriptures. 

5.  The  sanctuary  or  most  holy  place  in  the 
temple,  in  which  was  deposited  the  ark  of 
the  covenant.     1  Kings  vi. 

0.  Any  person  or  place  where  certain  decis- 
ions are  obtained.  Pope. 

7.  Any  person  reputed  uncommonly  wise 
whose  determinations  are  not  disputed,  or 
whose  opinions  are  of  great  authority. 

8.  A  wise  sentence  or  decision  of  great  au 
thority. 

OR'ACLE,  ti.  i.  To  utter  oracles.  Milton 
ORACULAR,  )  Uttering  oracles;  as  an 
ORA€'ULOUS,  ^  "•   oracular  tongue. 

The  oraculous  seer.  Pope. 

2.  Grave;  venerable;  like  an  oracle;  as  an 
omci(/«r  shade. 

They  have  something  venerable  and  oracu 
lar  in  tliat  unadorned  gravity  and  shortness  in 
the  expression.  Pope. 

3.  Positive  ;  authoritative ;  magisterial ;  as 
oraculous  expressions  of  sentiments. 

GlanviUe. 

4.  Obscure  ;  ambiguous,  like  the  oracles  of 
pagan  deities.  King. 

ORACULARLY,     )     ,      In  the  manner  of 

ORAC'ULOUSLY,  $  an  oracle. 

Broum. 

2.  Authoritatively ;  positively.  Burke. 

ORAC'ULOUSNESS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing oracular. 

OR'AISON,  n.  [Fr.  oraison;  L.  ora/jo.] 
Prayer  ;  verbal  supplication  or  oral  wor- 
ship; now  written  orison. 

Shah.     Dryikn. 

O'RAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  os,  oris,  the  mouth.] 
Uttered  by  the  mouth  or  in  words ;  sjio 
ken,  not   written  ;  as  oral  traditions  ;  oral 
testimony  ;  oral  law.  Addison. 

O'RALLY,  adv.  By  mouth ;  in  words,  with 
out  writing ;  as  traditions  derived   orally 
from  ancestors. 

OR'ANiiE,  )i.  [Fr.  from  \^.  aurantium ;  so 
named  from  aunim,  gold,   which   the  or 


ange  resembles  in  color;  It.  arancio;  Sp. 
naranjo ;  Port,  laranja ;  D.  oranje ;  G. 
orange.] 

The  fruit  of  a  species  of  Citrus  which  grows 
iu  warm  climates.  The  fruit  is  round  and 
depressed ;  it  has  a  rough  rind,  which 
when  ripe  is  yellow.  This  contains  a  ve- 
sicular pulp  inclosed  in  nine  cells  for  seeds. 
The  tree  producing  oranges  grows  to  thr- 
highth  often  or  twelve  feet  and  bears  the 
.same  name. 

OR'ANgE-MUSK,  n.  A  species  of  pear. 

OR'AN6E-PEEL,  n.  The  rind  of  an  or- 
ange separated  from  the  fruit. 

OR'ANtiERY,  n.  [Fr.  orangerie.]  A  plant- 
ation of  orange  trees.  Johnson. 

OR'ANOE-TAWNY,  a.  Of  the  color  of  an 
orange.  Bacon. 

OR'AN(iE-WIFE,  n.  A  woman  that  sells 
oranges. 

ORANG-OU'TANG,  n.  The  satyr  or  great 
ape  {Simia  satyrus,)  an  animal  with  a  flat 
face  and  deformed  resemblance  of  thehu 
man  form.  These  animals  walk  erect  like 
man,  feed  on  fruits,  sleep  on  trees,  and 
make  a  shelter  against  inclemencies  of  the 
weather.  They  grow  to  the  highth  of  six 
feet,  are  remarkably  strong,  and  wield 
weapons  with  the  hand.  They  ate  solita 
ry  animals,  inhabiting  the  interior  of  Afri- 
ca and  the  isles  of  Sumatra,  Borneo  and 
Java.  Encyc. 

The  orang-outang  is  found  only  in  S. 
Eastern  Asia.  The  African  animal  re- 
sembling it,  is  the  chimpanzee  {Simia 
troglodytes.)  Cavier. 

ORA'TION,  n.  [L.  oratio,  from  oro,  to  pray, I 
to  utter.] 

1.  A  speech  or  discourse  composed  accord- 
ing to  the  rules  of  oratory,  and  spoken  in 
public.  Orations  may  be  reduced  to  three 
kinds;  demonstrative,  dehberative,  and  ju- 
dicial. Encyc. 

In  modern  usage,  an  oration  differs  from 
a  sermon,  from  an  argument  at  the  bar, 
and  from  a  speech  before  a  deliberative 
assembly.  The  word  is  now  applied 
chiefly  to  discourses  pronounced  on  spe- 
cial occasions,  as  a  funeral  oration,  an 
oration  on  some  anniversary,  &c.  and  to 
academic  declamations. 

3.  A  harangue  ;  a  public  speech  or  address. 

OR'ATOR,  n.  [L.]  A  public  speaker.  In 
ancient  Rome,  orators  were  advocates  for 
clients  in  the  forum  and  before  the  senate 
and  people.  They  were  employed  in 
causes  of  importance  instead  of  the  com- 
mon patron.  Encyc. 

2.  In  modern  usage,  a  person  wlio  ])ro- 
nounces  a  discourse  publicly  on  some  spe- 
cial occasion,  as  on  the  celebration  of  some 
memorable  event. 

3.  An  eloquent  public  speaker ;  a  speaker, 
by  way  of  eminence.  We  say,  a  man 
writes  and  reasons  well,  but  is  no  orator. 
Lord  Chatham  was  an  orator. 

4.  In  France,  a  speaker  in  debate  in  a  legis- 
lative body. 

t).  In  chancery,  a  petitioner. 
6.  An  officer  in  the  universities  in  England 
ORATO'RIAL,     }       Pertaining  to  an  ora- 
OR.\TOR'l€AL,  S        tor    or    to    oratory 
rhetorical ;  becoming  an  orator.     We  say, 
a  man  has  many  oratorical  flouiishcs,  or  liei 
speaks  in  an  oratorical  way.  Il'atls.] 


ORATO'RIALLY, 
ORATOR'I€ALLY 


.1 


adv. 


In  a  rhetorical 
manner. 

Taylor. 

ORATO'RIO,  n.  [It.]  In  Italian  music,  a 
sacred  drama  of  dialogues,  containing  re- 
citatives, duets,  trios,  ritornellos,  chorus- 
es, &c.  Tht  subjects  are  mostly  taken 
from  the  Scriptures.  Encyc. 

9.  A  place  of  worship;  a  chapel. 

OR'ATORY,  n.  [Low  L.  omion'a,  from  oro- 
tor.] 

The  art  of  speaking  well,  or  of  speaking 
according  to  the  rules  of  rhetoric,  in  order 
to  persuade.  To  constitute  oratory,  the 
speaking  must  be  just  and  pertinent  to  the 
subject ;  it  must  be  methodical,  all  parts 
of  the  discourse  being  disposed  in  due  or- 
der and  connection  ;  and  it  must  be  em- 
bellished with  the  beauties  of  language 
and  pronounced  with  eloquence.  Ora- 
tory consists  of  four  parts,  invention,  dis- 
position, elocution,  and  pronunciation. 

Encyc.     Cyc. 

2.  Exercise  of  eloquence.  Arbulhnot. 

3.  Among  the  Romanists,  a  close  apartment 
near  a  bed-chamber,  furnished  with  an 
altar,  a  crucifix,  &c.  for  private  devotions. 

4.  A  place  allotted  for  prayer,  or  a  place  for 
public  worship.  Hooker.     Taylor. 

!OR'ATRESS,  ?       A  female  orator. 
|OR'ATRIX,     I  "•  fFarner. 

jORB,  n.    [L.   orbis;    Fr.   It.  Sp.   orbe.]    A 

spherical  body  ;  as  the  celestial  oris. 
i2.  In  astronomy,  a  hollow  globe  or  sphere. 

Encyc. 
A  wheel ;  a  circular  body  that  revolves  or 
rolls  :  as  the  orbs  of  a  chariot.  Milton. 

A  circle;  a  sphere  defined  by  a  line;  as, 
he  moves  in  a  larger  orb. 

Holiday.     Shak. 

A  circle   described     by    any    mundane 

sphere  ;  an  orbit.  Dryden. 

Period;  revolution  of  time.  Shak. 

7.  The  eye.  Milton. 

8.  In  tactics,  the  circular  form  of  a  body  of 
troops,  or  a  circular  body  of  troops. 

Encyc. 

jThe  ancient  asti'onomers  conceived  the 
heavens  as  consisting  of  several  vast  azure 
transparent  orbs  or  spheres  inclosing  one 
another,  and  including  the  bodies  of  the 
planets.  Hutton. 

ORB,  V.  t.  To  form  into  a  circle.        Milton. 

ORB' ATE,  (/.  [L.  orbatus.]  Bereaved;  fa- 
therless ;  childless. 

ORBA'TION,  n.  [L.  orbatio,  from  orbo,  to 
bereave.] 

Privation  of  parents  or  children,  or  privation 
in  general.     [.Not  used.] 

ORB'ED,  a.  Round  ;  circular ;  orbicular. 

Shak. 

2.  Formed  into  a  circle  or  round  shape. 

Milton. 

3.  Rounded  or  covered  on  the  exterior. 
The  wheels  were  orbed  with  gold.    ..Addison. 

ORB'IC,  (I.   Spherical.  Bacon. 

ORBICULAR,  a.   [Fr.  orbiculaire,  from  L. 

orbiculus.]  Sjilierical ;  circular;  in  the  form 

of  an  orb.  Milton.    Addison. 

ORBICULARLY,  adv.  Spherically. 
ORBICULARNESS,    n.     Sphericity;   the 

state  of  being  orbicular. 
ORBICUL.VTE,      )  [L.      orbiculatus.] 

ORBIC'ULATED,  S  "'     Made  or  being  in 

the  form  of  an  orb.     In  botany,  an  orbicu- 


•;. 


ORG 


O  R  D 


<ate  01-  orbicular  leaf  is  oue  tliat  has  the  modern  playhouses,  and  was  occupied  byj 
periplicry  of  a  circle,  or  botli  its  longitu-  senators  and  other  persons  of  distinction.! 
diual  and  transverse  dianiclers  equal.  „   rr.i     u  j       r       i-  •      .  f^ncyc.^ 

Martyn.  <•  The  body  oi  performers  in  the  orehester. 

ORBICULA'TION,  n.  The  state  of  l;e,'"Si  „„,„,,paT,„  . ,  ,  ,  „    .  .  ^"^''i/- 

made  in  the  form  of  an  orb.  jV/ore.  OR'CHLbTRAL,  a.    supra.]  Pertain.nfi  to 

ORB'IS  ?       A  tish  of  a  circular  form,  t     an  orchcsler  ;  suitable  lor  or  purtormcd 


ORH'-FISH,  \  "■  It  is  covered  with  a  firm 
hard  skin  full  of  small  prickles,  but  is  des- 
titute of  scales.     It  is  unfit  for  food. 

Did.  vVat.   Hist. 

ORB'IT,  n.  [Fr.  orbite ;  L.  orbita,  a  trace  or 
track,  from  urbis,  a  wheel.] 

1.  In  astronomy,  the  path  of  a  [ilanet  or  com 
et;  the  curve  line  which  a  pU\net  describes 
in  its  periodical  revolution  rouiul  its  cen- 
tral body;  as  the  orbit  of  Jupiter  or  Mer- 
cury. The  orbil  of  the  earth  is  nearly  one 
hundred  and  ninety  millions  of  miles  in  di- 
ameter. The  orbit  of  the  moon  is  480,000 
miles  in  diameter.  The  orbits  of  the  plan- 
ets are  elliptical 

2.  A  small  orb.     [jVo<  proper.']  Young. 

3.  In  anatomy,  the  cavity  in  which  the  eye 
is  situated. 

ORB  ITAL,     \       Pertaining    to  the  orbit. 

ORBIT'lJAL,  S  -Wcrf.  Rrpos.     Hooper. 

[Orbital  is  the  preferable  word.] 

ORB'ITL'DE,  >         [L.    orbitas.]     Bereave- 

ORB'ITY,  \  "■  nient  by  loss  of  parents 
or  children.     [Little  used.]  Halt. 

ORB'Y,  a.  [froinor6.]  Resembling  an  orb. 

Cliajiman. 

ORC,  n.  [L.  orca ;  Gr.  opvya.]  A  sea-fish, 
a  species  of  whale.  Drayton. 

The  Delphinus  orca  is  the  grampus. 

ORCHAL,   i 

ORCIIEL,  }    [See^rcAiZ.] 

ORCHIL.    S 

OR'CHANKT,  n.  A  plant,  [.inchusatindo- 
ria.]  Jiinsworth 

OR'CHARD,  )i.  [Svi\.  ortgeard ;  Gotb.mir- 
ligards  ;  Dan.  urtegaard  ;  Sw.  brleg&rd  ; 
that  is,  loort-yard,  a  yard  for  herbs.  Tl 
Germans  eajl  it  baumgarten,  tree-garden, 
and  the  Dutch  boomgaard,  tree-yard.  See 
Yard.] 

An  inclosure  for  fruit  trees.  In  Great  Brit- 
ain, a  department  of  the  garden  appropri- 
ated to  fruit  trees  of  all  kinds,  but  chiefiy 


in  the  orchester.  Busby. 

OR'ellly,  n.  [L.  orchis ;  Gr.  ofix^i.]  A  ge-j 
nus  of  plants,  called  Ibol-.stones.       Uncyc. 

ORD,  n.  [Sax.]  An  edge  or  point  ;  as  inj 
ordbdm. 

Ord  signifies  beginning  ;  as  in  ords  and  ends. 

ORUA'IN,  V.  t.  [L.  ordino,  from  orrfo,  order  ; 

i     Fr.  ordonner  ;  It.  ordinare  ;  Sp.   ordenar  ; 

I     Ir.  orduighim.] 

II.  Properly,  to  set;  to  establish  in  a  partic- 

I     ular  otlice  or  order  ;  hence,  to  invest  with 

I  a  ministerial  function  or  sacerdotal  power  ; 
to  introduce  and  estahlisli  or  settle  m  thej 
pastoral  office  with  the  customary  forms 
and  solemnities  ;  as,  to  ordain  a  minister^ 
of  the  gospel.  In  America,  men  arc  or-' 
daintd  over  a  particular  church  and  con-! 
gregation,  or  as  evangelists  without  the 
charge  of  a  particular  church,  or  as  dea- 
cons in  the  episcopal  church. 

2.  To  appoint ;   to  decree. 
Jeroboam    ordained    a  fea«t  in  the  eighth! 

month.     1  Kings  .\ii.  \ 

As  many  as  wen  ordained  to  eternal  life,bo-[ 

lieved.     Acts  xiii.  I 

'1  he  fatal  tent,  | 

Tile  scene   of  death  ami  place  ordained  for 

punishment.  Dryden. 

3.  To  set ;  to  estahlisli ;  to  institute ;  to  con- 
stitute. 

Mulmutius 
Ordained  our  laws.  Shak. 

To  set  apart  for  an  office  ;  to  appoint. 

Jesus  ordained  twelve  that  they  should  be 
with  him.     Mark  iii 
To  appoint  ;  to  prepare. 

I'or  I'ophet  is  oirfaiHeiZ  of  old.     Is.  xxx. 
ORDA'lNABLIi,  a.  That  may  be  appoint- 
ed. Halt: 
ORDA'INED,    pp.    Appointed  ;  instituted  ;' 
established ;  invested  with   ministerial  or! 
pastoral  functions  ;  settled. 
ORDA'INER,    71.    One   who   ordains,   ap- 
points or  invests  with  sacerdotal  powers. 


ORD 

away,  and  in  ordeal  may  denote  ultimate, 
final.  But  the  real  .sense  is  not  obvious. 
The  practice  of  tudeal  however  .seems  to 
ha\e  had  its  origin  in  the  belief  that  the 
substances  used  had  each  its  particular 
presiding  deity  that  iiad  perfect  conlrol 
over  it.] 
I.  All  ancient  form  of  trial  to  determine 
guilt  or  innocence,  practiced  by  the  rude 
nations  of  Europe,  and  still  practiced  in 
the  East  Indies.  In  Ewgland,  the  ordeal 
was  of  two  sorls,fire-ordeal  and  water-orde- 
al ;  the  tormer  being  confined  to  persons 
of  higher  rank,  the  latter  to  the  common 
people.  Both  niiijht  be  performed  by 
deputy,  but  the  principal  was  to  answer 
for  the  success  of  the  trial. 

t'ire-ordeal  was  performed  either  by  tak- 
ing in  the  hand  a  piece  of  red  hot  iron,  or 
by  walking  barefoot  and  hlitidt'old  over 
nine  red  hot  plowshares  laid  lengthwise  at 
tiijcipial  distances  ;  ami  if  the  person  es- 
caped unhurt,  he  was  adjudged  innocent, 
otherwise  he  was  condemned  as  guilty. 

li'ater-ordeal  was  performed,  either  by 
plunging  the  hare  arm  to  the  elbow  in  boil- 
ing water,  or  by  casting  the  person  sus- 
pected into  a  river  or  pond  of  coM  water, 
and  if  he  floated  without  an  effort  to  swim, 
it  was  an  evidence  of  guilt,  but  if  he  sunk 
he  was  acfiuittcd. 

Both  in  England  and  Sweden,  the  cler- 
gy presided  at  this  trial.  It  was  at  last 
condemned  as  luilawliil  by  the  canon  law, 
and  in  England  it  was  abolished  by  an  or- 
der in  council  of  Henry  111.       lilarhsfonc. 

It  is  probable  our  proverbial  phrase,  to 
go  through  Jlre  and  water,  denoting  severe 
trial  or  danger,  is  derived  from  the  ordeal ; 
as  also  the  trial  of  witches  by  water. 
Severe  trial ;  accurate  scrutiny. 


ORDER,  )i.  [L.  on/o; 

ah,  order 
p.  ordtn ; 


to  apple  trees.     In  America,  any  piece  ot||oRDA'lNING,  ;)/)r.  Appointin 
land    set  with  ajiple  trees,  is  called     '  ■ 


chard  ;  and  orchards  are  usually  cultivat- 
ed land,  being  either  grounds  for  mowing 
or  tillage.  In  some  parts  of  the  country, 
a  piece  of  ground  planted  with  peach  trees 
is  called  a  peach-orchard.  But  in  most 
cases,  I  believe  the  orchard  in  both  coun- 
tries is  distinct  from  the  garden. 
OR'CHARDING,  n.  The  cultivation  of  or 
chards.  Evdyn. 

2.  Orchards  in  general.  U.  States. 

OR'CHARDIST,    n.     One  that   cultivates 

orchards. 
OR'tllESTER,  ?       [L.  orchestra;  Gr.  op. 
OR'CHESTRA.  S      ^rpa,  from  opxr;sr:p,  i 
dancer,  from  opjffofioi,  to  dance  ;  original 
ly,  the  place  for  the  chorus  of  dancers.] 
I.  The   part  of  a  theater   or   other   |iublic 
place  appropriated   to  the  musicians.     In 
the  Grecian  theaters,  the  orchester  w  as  a 
part  of  the  stage  ;  it  was  of  a  semicircular 
form  and  surrounded  with  seats,     in  the 
Roman    theaters,  it  was   no  part  of  the 
seena,  but  answered  nearly  to  the  pit  in 


establish-, 
ing  ;  investing  with  sacerdotal  or  pasto- 
ral functions. 
OR'DE.\L,  ».  [Say.  ordal  or  ordal ;  G.  jir- 
theil ;  1).  ordeel.  The  last  syllable  is  deal, 
to  divide  or  distribute.  The  sense  of  the 
prefi.x  is  less  obvious.  Wilkins  supposes 
or  to  signify  without,  as  in  some  Saxon 
words  it  has  that  sense,  and  ordeal  to  si 
nify  without  difference  or  distinction  of| 
persons,  entire  judgment.  In  Saxon,  ort/i 
signifies  origin,  cause,  beginning,  prime. 
Ill  G.  ur  signifies  prime,  very,  original  ; 
urwort,  primitive  word.  In  Dutch,  oor  is 
the  ear  ;  oorlog,  war.  But  this  prefix 
would  seem  to  be  the  same  as  in  furlow 
[furlough]  ;  for  in  G.  urlaub,  1).  oorlof,  Dan.' 
orlov,  Sw .  orlof,  \s  a  furlow,  and  ibis  indi- 
cates that  or  is  a  corruption  of  J'ar  or for.Ai. 
In  Welsh,  this  w  ord  is  gordal,  w  hicfi  Ow-j 
en  compounds  of  gor,  high,  superior,  ex-| 
treme,  above,  and  tdl,  reward,  requital  ; 
and  gordal  signifies  not  only  ordeal,  but  an! 
over-])ayinent,  a  making  satisfaction  over 
and   above.      Or  then  may   signify  oii/,. 


in.  Per?,    s  i_j    ra- 

series  ;]    Fr.  ordre  ;  It.  ordine  ; 

Sw.  Dan.  G.  Russ.  id.  :  Ir.  ord ; 

but  all  from  the  Latin  except  the  Persian.] 

1.  Regular  disposition  or  methodical  ar- 
rangement of  things  ;  n  word  of  extensive 
application  ;  as  the  nrdir  of  troops  on  pa- 
rade ;  the  order  of  brxiks  in  a  library  ;  the 
orf/er  of  proceedings  in  a  legislative  iisscin- 
bly.     Order  is  the  life  of  business. 

(jood  order  is   the   foundation   of  all   good 
things.  Jiurke. 

Proper  state :  as  the  muskets  are  all  in 
good  order.  When  the  bodily  organs  arc 
in  orrftr,  a  per.son  is  iii  health  ;  when  they 
are  out  of  order,  he  is  indisposed. 
Adherence  to  the  point  in  discussion,  ac- 
cording to  established  rules  of  debate  ;  as, 
the  member  is  not  in  order,  that  is,  he 
wanders  from  the  question. 

4.  Established  mode  of  proceeding.  The 
motion  is  not  in  order. 

;>.  Regularity  ;  settled  mode  of  operation. 
This  fact  could  not  occur  in  the  order  of 
nature  ;  it  is  against  the  natural  order  of 
things. 

Mandate  :  precept  ;  command  ;  authorita- 
live  direction.  I  have  received  an  order 
fioni  the  commander  in  chief  The  gen- 
eral gave  orders  to  march.  There  is  an 
order  of  council  to  issue  letters  of  marque. 

7.  Rule  ;  regulation  :  as  the  rules  and  orders 
of  a  lesislativc  hoiu-e. 


O  R  D 


O  R  D 


O  R  D 


8.  Regular  government  or  discipline.  It  is 
necessary  for  society  that  good  order 
should  be  observed.  "  The  meeting  was 
tiubulent ;  it  was  impossible  to  keep  order. 

9.  Rank  ;  class  ;  division  of  men  ;  as  the  or- 
der of  nobles  ;  the  order   of  priests ;  the 
higher  orders  of  society  ;  men  of  the  low 
est  order  ;  order  of  knights  ;  military  or- 
ders, &c. 

10.  A  religious  fraternity ;  as  the  order  of 
Benedictines. 

11.  A  division  of  natural  objects,  generally 
intermediate  between  class  and  genus. 
The  classes,  in  the  Linnean  artificial  sys- 
tem, are  divided  into  orders,  which  include 
one  or  more  genera.  Linne  also  arrang- 
ed vegetables,  in  liis  natural  system,  into 
groups  of  genera,  called  orders.  In  the 
natural  system  of  Jussieu,  orders  are  subdi- 
visions of  classes. 

12.  Measures  ;  care.  Take  some  order  fori 
the  safety  and  support  of  the  soldiers. 

Provide  me  soldiers 
Whilst  I  take  order  for  my  own  aflairs. 

Shak. 

13.  In  rhetoric,  the  placing  of  words  and 
members  in  a  sentence  in  suoji  a  manner 
as  to  contribute  to  force  and  beauty  of  e.\- 
])ression,  or  to  the  clear  illustration  of  the 
subject.  Encyc. 

14.  The  title  of  certain  ancient  books  con 
mining  the  divine  office  and  manner  of 
its  performance.  Encyc. 

1.").  In  architecture,  a  system  of  several  mem- 
bers, ornaments  and  proportions  of  col- 
lunns  and  pilasters  ;  or  a  regular  arrange- 
ment of  the  projecting  parts  of  a  building, 
especially  of  the  columns,  so  as  to  form 
one  beautiful  whole.  The  orders  are  five, 
the  Tuscan,  Doric,  Ionic,  Corinthian,  and 
Composite.  The  order  consists  of  two 
jnincipal  members,  the  column,  and  the 
entablature,  each  of  which  is  composed  pf 
three  principal  parts.  Those  of  the  col- 
umn are  the  base,  the  shaft,  and  the  capi 
tal ;  those  of  the  entablature  are  the  ar 
ehitrave,  the  frize,  and  the  cornice.  The 
bighth  of  the  Tuscan  column  is  14  mod- 
idcs  or  semidianieters  of  the  shaft  at  the 
bottom,  and  that  of  the  entablature  3*. 
'J'he  highth  of  the  Doric  order  is  16  mod 
ules  and  that  of  the  entablature  4  ;  that 
of  the  Ionic  is  16  modules,  and  that  of  the 
fiUablature  44,  that  of  the  Corinthian  or- 
der is  20  modules,  and  that  of  the  entab- 
lature 5.  The  highth  of  the  Composite 
order  agrees  with  that  of  the  Corinthian. 

Encyc. 
In  orders,  set  apart  for  the  performance  of  di- 
vine service  ;  ordained  to  the  work  of  the 
gospel  ministry. 
Jn  order,  for  the  purpose ;  to  the  end  ;  as 
means  to  an  end.  The  best  knowledge' 
is  that  which  is  of  the  greatest  use  in  order, 
toour  eternal  hap])inoss.  I 

General  orders,  the  commands  or  notices' 
which  a  military  commander  in  chief  is- 
sues to  the  troops  under  his  connnand.  1 
OR'ltER,  II.  (.  To  regulate  ;  to  methodize  :', 
to  syslemize  ;  to  adjust  ;  to  subject  to  sys- 
tem in  management  and  execution  ;  ns,' 
to  order  domestic  aflairs  with  prudence,  i 
!}.  To  lead  ;  to  cunduct  ;  to  subject  to  rules 
or  laws. 

To  liim  tliat  ordvrcth  his  convors;ition  ari»Iit. 
will  1  sliow  llie  sLilvaliou  ol"(;oil.     I's.  1. 


3.  To  direct ;  to  command.     TliG  general 
ordered  his  troops  to  advance. 

4.  To  manage  ;  to  treat. 
How  shall  we  order  the  child  ?     Judges  xiii. 

5.  To  ordain.     [Kot  used.]  )thitgijle. 
G.  To  direct ;  to  dispose  in  any  particular 

manner. 

Order  my  steps  in  thy  word.     Ps.  cxix. 

OR'DER,  V.  i.  To  give  command  or  direc 
tion.  Milton. 

OR'DERED,  pp.  Regulated  ;  methodized 
disposed  ;  commanded  ;  managed. 

OR'DERER,  n.  One  that  gives  orders. 

2.  One  that  methodizes  or  regulates. 

OR'DERING,  ppr.  Regulating;  systemiz- 
ng  ;  commanding  ;  disposing. 

OR'DERING,  n.  Disposition;  distribution, 
2  Chron.  xxiv. 

OR'DERLESS,  a.  Without  regularity ;  dis- 
orderly ;  out  of  rule.  Shak. 

OR'DERLINESS,  n.  [from  orderly.]  Reg- 
ularity; a  state  of  being  methodical. 

2.  The  state  of  being  orderly. 

OR'DERLY,  a.  Methodical ;  regular. 

Hooker 

2.  Observant  of  order  or  method. 

Chapman. 

3.  Well  regulated  ;  performed  in  good  or 
der  ;  not  tumultuous  ;  as  an  orderly  march 

Clarendon. 

4.  According  to  established  method. 

Hooker. 

.5.  Not  unridy ;  not  inclined  to  break  from 
inclosures  ;  peaceable.  We  say,  cattle 
are  orderly. 

Orderly  book,  in  military  affairs,  a  book  for 
every  company,  in  which  the  sergeants 
write  general  and  regimental  orders.     Cyc. 

Orderly  sergeant,  a  military  officer  who  at- 
tends on  a  sui)erior  officer. 

OR'DERLY,  fidv.  Methodically  ;  according 
to  due  order  ;  regularly  ;  according  to 
rule.  Shak. 

ORDINABIL'ITY,  »i.  Capability  of  being 
appointed.     [.Vof  used.]  Bull.\ 

OR'DINABLE,  a.  Such  as  may  be  appoint 
ed.     [JVotuscd.]  Hammond}, 

OR'DINAL,  a.  [L.  ordinalis ;  Fr.  ordinal.] 
Noting  order ;  as  the  ordinal  nimibers, 
first,  second,  third,  &c. 

OR'DINAL,  n.  A  nutnber  noting  order. 

2.  A  book  containing  the  order  of  divine  ser- 
vice ;  a  ritual.  Encyc. 

OR'DINANCE,  n.  [It.  ordinanza  ;  Fr.  or- 
donnance.] 

1.  A  rule  established  by  authority;  a  per- 
manent rule  of  action.  An  ordinance  may 
be  a  law  or  statute  of  sovereign  power. 
In  this  sense  it  is  often  used  in  the  Scrip- 
tures. Ex.  XV.  Num.  X.  Ezra  iii.  It 
may  also  signify  a  decree,  edict  or  re 
script,  and  the  word  has  sometimes  been 
applied  to  the  statutes  of  Parliament,  but 
these  are  usually  called  acts  or  laws.  In 
the  United  States,  it  is  never  applied  lo 
the  acts  of  Congress,  or  of  a  state  legis- 
lature. 

2.  Observance  commanded.  Taylor. 

3.  Appointment.  Shak 

4.  Established  rite  or  ceremony.  Ileb.  ix.  In 
this  sense,  baptism  and  the  Lord's  supper 
are  denominated  ordinances. 

OR'DINANT,  a.  [L.  ordinans.]  Ordaining 
decreein;;.     [JVot  used.]  Shak. 

OR'DINARILY,  adv.  Primarily,  according 
to  established  rules  or   settled   method ; 


Lence,  eoinmonly ;  usually ;  in  most  cases 
as  a  winter  more  than  ordinarily  severe. 

Glanvillc. 
OR'DINARY,  a.    [L.  ordinarius.]  Accord- 
ing to  estabhshed  order ;  methodical ;  reg- 
ular; customary:  as  the  ordinary  forms 
of  law  or  justice.  Jiddison. 

2.  Conunon ;  usual. 
Method  13  not  less  requisite  in  ordinary  con- 
versation than  in  writing.  .Madison. 

3.  Of  common  rank ;  not  distinguished  by 
superior  excellence  ;  as  an  ordinary  read- 
er ;  men  of  orA'nari/ judgment.       Hooker. 

4.  Plain  ;  not  handsome  ;  as  an  ordinary 
woman  ;  a  person  of  an  ordinary  form  ; 
an  ordinary  face. 

5.  Inferior  ;  of  little  merit ;  as,  the  book  is 
an  ordinary  performance. 

6.  An  ordinary  seaman  is  one  not  expert 
or  fully  skilled. 

OR'DINARY,  n.  In  the  common  and  canon 
law,  one  who  has  ordinary  or  immediate 
jurisdiction  in  matters  ecclesiastical  ;  an 
ecclesiastical  judge.  In  England,  the 
bishop  of  the  diocese  is  commonly  the  or- 
dinanj,  and  the  archbishop  is  the  ordinary 
of  the  whole  province.  The  ordinary  of  as- 
sizes and  sessions  was  formerly  a  deputy 
of  the  bishop,  appointed  to  give  malefac- 
tors their  neck-verses.  The  ordinary  of 
Newgate  is  one  who  attends  on  condemn- 
ed malefactors  to  prepare  them  for  death. 

Encyc. 

2.  Settled  establishment.  Bacon. 

3.  Regular  price  of  a  meal.  Shak. 

4.  A  place  of  eating  where  the  prices  are 
settled.  Swijt. 

a.  The  establishment  of  persons  employed 
by  government  to  take  charge  of  ships  of 
war  laid  u]>  in  harbors.  Hence  a  ship  in 
ordinary  is  one  laid  up  under  the  direction 
of  the  master  attendant. 

7)1  ordinary,  in  actual  and  constant  service  ; 
statedly  attending  and  serving  ;  as  a  phy- 
.sician  or  chaplain  in  ordinary.  An  em- 
bassador in  ordinary,  is  one  constantly 
resident  at  a  foreign  court. 

OR'DINATE,  V.  t.  To  appoint.  [JVoi  used.] 

OR'DINATE,  a.  [L.  ordinatus.]  Regular; 
methodical.  An  ordinate  figuie  is  one 
whose  sides  and  angles  are  equal. 

Ray. 

OR'DINATE,  n.  In  geometry  and  conic  sec- 
tions, a  line  drawn  from  any  point  of  the 
circumference  of  an  ellipsis  or  other  conic 
section,  perpendicularly  across  the  axis  to 
the  other  side.  Enci/c. 

An  ordinate  is  a  line  drawn  perpendicular 
to  the  axis  of  a  curve  and  terminating  the 
curvilinear  space.         Bp.  Berkley.     Todd. 

Ordinatcs  of  a  curve,  right  lines  parallel  to 
one  another,  terminated  by  the  curve,  and 
bisected  by  a  right  line  called  the  diame- 
ter. Cyc. 

OR'DINATELY,  adv.  In  a  regular  me- 
thodical manner.  Skclton. 

ORDINA'TION,  n.  [L.  ordinalio.]  The 
state  of  being  ordained  or  ap[>ointed  ;  es- 
tablished order  or  tendency  consequent  on 
a  decree. 

Virtue  and  vice  have  a  natural  ordination  to 
the  happiness  and  misery  of  life  respectively. 

A'orrit. 
.  The  act  of  conferring  holy  orders  or  sa- 
cerdotal power  ;  called  also  consecration. 

Encyc. 


ORG 


ORG 


O  R  I 


3.  In  the  presbyierian  and  congrtgational 
churches,  the  act  of  settling  or  establishing 
a  hcensed  clergyman  over  a  cburcli  and 
congregation  with  pastoral  charge  and 
autliority  ;  also,  t)ie  act  of  conferring  on  a 
clergyman  the  powers  of  a  settled  minis- 
ter of  the  gospel,  without  the  charge  or 
oversight  of  a  particular  church,  but  with 
the  general  powers  of  an  evangelist,  who 
is  authorized  to  form  cliurches  and  admin- 
ister the  sacraments  of  baptism  and  the 
Lord's  supper,  wherever  he  may  be  called 
to  officiate. 

OR'UINATIVE,  a.  Directing  ;  giving  or- 
der. Cotgrave. 

ORD'NANCE,  n.  [from  ordinance]  Can- 
non or  great  guns,  mortars  and  howitzers ; 
artillery. 

OR'DONNANCE,  n.  [Fr.]  In  painting,  the 
disposition  of  the  parts  oi' a  picture,  either 
in  regard  to  the  whole  piece  or  to  the  seve- 
ral parts.  Ci/c. 

ORDURE,  n.  [Fr.]  Dung;  excrements. 

Shak. 

ORE,  n.  [Sax.  ore,  ora  ;  D.  erts  ;  G.  en:.  Qu. 
L.  ces,  aris,  brass ;  Rabbinic,  liy  a  mine- 
ral.] 

1.  The  compound  of  a  metal  and  some  other 
substance,  as  oxygen,  sulphur  or  rarbon, 
called  its  mineralizer,  by  whii-h  its  proper- 
ties are  disguised  or  lost.  Metals  found 
free  from  such  combination  and  exhibit- 
ing naturally  their  appropriate  ch.iracter, 
are  not  called  ores,  but  native  metals. 

D.  Olmsted. 

2.  Metal ;  as  the  liquid  ore.  Milton. 
O'READ,  n.  [from  Gr.  opoj,  mountain.]     A 

mountain  nymph.  Milton. 

OR'E-WEED,  I  ^    Sea  weed.  [J^ot  used.] 

OR'E-WQQD,  <,  "•  Carew. 

ORF'GILD,  n.  [Sax.  or/,  cattle,  and  geld, 
payment.] 

The  restitution  of  goods  or  money  stolen,  if 
taken  in  the  day  time.  Ainsivorth. 

OR'FRAYS,  n.  [Fr.  orfroi.]  Fringe  of  gold  ; 
gold  embroideiy.  Chaucer. 

OR'GAL,  Ji.  Argal  ;  lees  of  wine  dried  ; 
tartar.  Encyc. 

ORGAN,  n.  [L.  organum  ;  Gr.  opyoror  ;  S|), 
It.  organo  ;  Fr.  organc  ;  D.  G.  orgel  :  i'ers. 
Ar.  atganon.] 

i.  A  natural  instrument  of  action  or  opera- 
tion, or  by  which  some  process  is  carried 
on.  Thus  the  arteries  and  veins  of  an- 
imal bodies  are  organs  of  circulation  ; 
the  lungs  are  organs  of  respiration  ;  the 
nerves  are  organs  of  perception  and  sens 
ation  ;  the  nuisdes  are  organs  of  motion  ; 
the  ears  are  org'ttHi  of  hearing;  the  tongue 
is  the  organ  of  speech. 

2.  The  instrument  or  means  of  conveyance 
or  communication.  A  secretary  of  state 
is  the  organ  of  communication  between 
the  government  and  a  foreign  power. 

3.  The  largest  and  most  harmonious  of  wind 
instruments  of  music,  consisting  of  pipes 
which  are  filled  with  wind,  and  stops 
touched  by  the  fingers.  It  is  blown  by  a 
bellows.  Johnson.     Encyc. 

OR'GAN-BUILDER,   n.    An  artist  whose 

occupation  is  to  construct  organs. 
ORGAN'Te,        )      [h.organicus.]  Pertain 
ORGAN'IeAL,  ^    ■  ing  to  an  organ  or  to 
organs  ;  consisting  of  organs  or  contain- 

Vol.  II. 


ing  them  ;  as  the  organic  structure  of  the 
human  body  or  of  plants. 

2.  Produced  by  the  organs  ;  as  organic 
pleasure.  Karnes. 

3.  Instrumental ;  acting  as  instruments  of 
natm-e  or  art  to  a  certain  end  ;  as  organic 
arts.  Milton. 

Organic  bodies,  are  such  as  possess  organs, 
on  the  action  of  which  dejiend  their 
growth  and  perfection  ;  as  animals  and 
I>lants. 

ORGANICALLY,  adv.  With  organs  ;  with 
organical  structure  or  disposition  of  parts. 
The  bodies  of  animals  and  plants  arc  or- 
ganically framed. 

2.  By  means  of  organs. 

ORGAN'l€ALNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
organical.  Johnson. 

OR'GANISM,  n.  Organical  structure  ;  as 
the  organism  of  bodies.  Grew. 

OR'GANIST,  71.  One  who  plays  on  the 
organ.  Boyle. 

2.  One  who  sung  in  parts  ;  an  old  musical 
use  of  the  word. 

ORGANIZATION,  n.  The  act  or  process 
of  forming  organs  or  instruments  of  ac- 
tion. 

2.  The  act  of  forming  or  arranging  the  parts 
of  a  compound  or  complex  body  in 
suitable  manner  for  use  or  service  ;  the 
act  of  distributing  into  suitable  divisions 
and  appointing  the  jiroper  officers,  as  an 
army  or  a  government. 

The  first  organization  of  the   general  gov- 
ernmeut.  Pickering. 

3.  Structure  ;  form  ;  suitable  disposition  of 
parts  which  are  to  act  together  in  a  com- 
pound body.  Locke 

OR'GANIZE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  organiser ;  It.  or- 
gaiiizzarc  ;  S[).  organizar.] 

1.  To  form  with  suitable  organs  ;  to  con- 
struct so  that  one  part  may  cooperate 
with  another. 

Those  nobler  faculties  of  the  soul  organized 
matter  could  never  produce.  ^ay. 

2.  To  sing  in  i)arts  ;  as,  to  organize  the  hal- 
leluiah. Busby. 

3.  To  distribute  into  suitable  parts  and  ap- 
point proper  officers,  that  the  whole  may 
act  as  one  body  ;  as,  to  organize  an  army. 
So  we  say,  to  organize  the  house  of  repre- 
.sentatives,  which  is  doiu-  by  the  ap[ioint- 
ment  of  officers  and  verification  of  the 
powers  of  the  several  members.  So  we 
say,  a  club,  a  jiarty  or  a  faction  is  organized, 
wlien  it  takes  a  systemized  form. 

This  original  and  supreme  will  organizes  the 
government.  tV.  Cranch 

OR'GANIZED,  pp.  Formed  with  organs ; 
constructed  organically  ;  systemized  ;  re- 
duced to  a  forth  in  which  all  the  parts  may 
act  together  to  one  end.  Animals  and 
plants  are  organized  bodies.  Minerals  are 
not  organized  bodies. 

OR'GANIZING,  ppr.  Constructing  with 
suitable  organs  ;  reducing  to  system  in  or- 
der to  produce  united  action  to  one  end. 

ORGAN-LOFT,  n.  The  loll  where  an  or- 
gan stands.  Taller. 

ORGANOGRAPII'IC,       \  Pertaining 

ORGANOGRAPll'lCAL,  \  "'  to  organ- 
ography. 

ORGANOGRAPHY,  n.  [Gr.  opyom>  and 
ypa^w.] 

27 


In  botany,  a  description  of  the  organs  of 
plants,  or  of  the  names  and  kinds  of  their 
organs.  DecandoUe. 

ORGAN-PIPE,  n.  The  pipe  of  a  musical 
organ.  Shak. 

OR  GAN-STOP,  n.  The  stop  of  an  organ, 
or  any  collection  of  pipes  under  one  gene- 
ral name.  Busby. 

ORGANY.     [See  Origan.] 

ORGAN'ZINE,  n.  Silk  twisted  into  threads; 
thrown  silk.  Mkin. 

OR'GASM,  n.  [Gr.  o(>yoti^oj,  from  op-ytuo,  to 
swell ;  op-yof Q,  to  irritate.] 

Immoderate  exchement  or  action  ;  as  the 
orgasm  of  the  blood  or  .spirits. 

Blackmore.     Derham. 

OR'GEAT,  n.  [Fr.  from  orge,  Iwirley.]  A 
liquor  extracted  from  barley  and  sweet 
ahnonds.  "  Mason. 

OR'tiElS,  n.  A  fish,  called  a\so  urgan-ling ; 
supposed  to  be  from  Orkneys,  on  the  coast 
of  which  it  is  taken.  Johnson. 

OR'GlES,  n.  phi.  [Gr.  opyio,  from  opyau, 
to  swell ;  opyij,  fury  ;  L.  orgiu  ;  Fr.  orgies.] 

Frantic  revels  at  the  feast  in  honor  of  Bac- 
chus, or  the   feast  itself     This  feast  was 
lield  in  the  night ;  hence  nocturnal  orgies. 
Dn/dcn.     Encyc. 

OKGIL'LOUS,  a.  [Fr.orguciitevx,  from  or- 
gueil,  Sax.  orgel,  pride,  haughtiuci-s  ;  Gr. 
opyou,  to  swell.]  Proud  ;  haughty.  [JVot 
used.]  Shak. 

OR'GUES,  n.  [Fr.]  In  the  military  art,  long 
thick  pieces  of  timber,  pointed  and  slioa 
with  iron  and  hung  over  a  gateway,  to  be 
let  down  in  case  of  attack.  Encyc. 

2.  A  machine  composed  of  several  musket 
barrels  united,  by  means  of  which  several 
explosions  are  made  at  once  to  defend 
breaches.  Cyc. 

OR'l€HAL€H.     )      [L.  orichatcvm,moun- 

ORICHAL'CUM,  S  tain  brass  ;Gr.opos  and 
;i:a7.xo{;  or  auriehalcum,  gold -brass.] 

A  metallic  substance  resembling  gold  in 
color,  but  inferior  in  value;  the  brass  of 
the  ancients.  Spenser.     Encijc.     Ure. 

O'RIEL,  /  ^  [Old  Fr.  orioL]    A  small  apart- 

O'RIOL,  ^  'mentnexta  hall,  where  par- 
ticular persons  dine  ;  a  sort  of  recess.   Obs. 

Coiccl. 

O'RIENCY,  Ji.  [See  Orient.]  Brightness  or 
strength  of  color.     [Little  tised.] 

H'aterhouse. 

O'RIENT,  a.  [L.  oriens,  from  orior,  to  arise.] 

1.  Rising,  as  the  sun. 

— Moon,  that  now  mcet"st  the  orient  sun. 

Milton. 
The  orient  mom.  Milton. 

2.  Eastern ;  oriental. 

3.  Bright  ;  shining  ;  glittering  ;  as  orient 
pearls.  Dryden. 

O'RIENT,  Ji.  The  east ;  the  part  of  the 
horizon  where  the  sun  first  appears  in  the 
morning. 

ORIENT' AL,  a.  Eastern  :  situated  in  the 
east ;  as  oriental  seas  or  countries. 

2.  Proceeding  from  the  east;  as  the  oriental 
radiations  of  the  sun.  Brown. 

ORIENT'AL,  71.  A  native  or  inhabitant  of 
some  eastern  part  of  the  world.  We  give 
the  appellation  to  the  inhabitants  of  Asia 
from  the  Hellespont  and  Mediterranean  to 
Japan. 

ORIENTALISM,  n.  An  eastern  mode  of 
speech  ;  an  idiom  of  the  eastern  langua- 
ges. Warton. 


c^-^ 


^-V^^'"«--    '"' 


•^ 


O  R  I 


O  R  K 


O  R  N 


ORIENT'ALIST,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  the 
eastern  parts  of  the  world.  Peters. 

2.  One  versed  in  the  eastern  languages  and 
literature.  Ouseley. 

ORIENTAL'ITY,  n.  The  state  of  being 
oriental  or  eastern.     [JVot  vsed.]      Brown 

OR'IFICE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  orificium  ;  os, 
oris,  mouth,  and /acjo,  to  make.] 

The  mouth  or  aperture  of  a  tube,  pipe  or 
other  eavitv  ;  as  the  orifice  of  an  artery  or 
vein  ;  the  orifice  of  a  wound. 

The  &rijice  of  Etna.  Addison 

OR'IFLAMB,  n.  [Fr.  onflamme.]  The  an- 
cient royal  standard  of  France. 

Ainstvorth. 

OR'IGAN,         ?        [L.    from  Gr.   o^iyavov. 

ORJGA'NUM,  S  "•  Marjoram,    a  genus   of 
plants.     One   species   of  this  genus   is  a 
rich  aromatic,  excellent  for  culinary  pur 
poses. 

OR'IgENISM,  n.  The  doctrines  or  tenets 
of  Origeu,  who  imited  Platonism  with 
Christianity.  Milner. 

OR'ItiENIST,  n.  A  follower  of  Origen  of| 
Alexandria,  a  celebrated  christian  father. 
The  Origenists  held  that  the  souls  of  men 
have  a  pre-existent  state ;  that  they  are 
holy  intelligences,  and  sin  before  they 
are  united  to  the  body  ;  that  Christ  will 
be  crucified  hereafter  for  the  salvation  of 
devils,  &c.  Encyc. 

ORIGIN,  n.  [Fr.  It.  engine ;  Sp.  origen;!,. 
origo.] 

1.  The  first  existence  or  beginning  of  any 
thing  ;  as  the  origin  of  Rome.  In  history 
it  is  necessary,  if  practicable,  to  trace  all 
events  to  their  origin. 

2.  Fountain  ;  source  ;  cause  ;  that  from 
which  any  thing  primarily  proceeds ;  that 
which  gives  existence  or  beginning.  The 
apostasy  is  believed  to  have  been  the  origin 
of  moral  evil.  The  origin  of  many  of  our 
customs  is  lost  in  antiquity.  Nations,  like 
individuals,  are  ambitious  to  trace  their 
descent  from  an  honorable  origin. 

ORIG'INAL,  n.  Origin.  [See  Ongin,  with 
which  it  accords  in  signification.] 

2.  First  copy  ;  archetype  ;  that  from  which 
any  thing  is  transcribed  or  translated,  or 
from  which  a  likeness  is  made  by  the  pencil, 
press  or  otherwise.  Thus  we  say,  the  trans- 
lation is  not  equal  to  the  original.  If  the 
original  cannot  be  produced,  we  are  per- 
mitted to  offer  an  authenticated  copy. 

ORIG'INAL,  a.  [Fr.  originel;  L.  originalis.] 

1.  First  in  order;  preceding  all  others;  as 
the    original  state  of  man  ;    the  original 
laws  of  a  country  ;  original  rights  orpow 
ers  ;  the  origitial  question  in  debate. 

2.  Primitive  ;  pristine  ;  as  the  original  per 
fection  of  Adam. 

Original  sin,  as  applied  to  Adam,  was 
his  first  act  of  disobedience  in  eating  the 
forbidden  fruit ;  as  applied  to  his  posterity, 
it  is  understood  to  mean  either  the  sin  of 
Adam  imputed  to  his  posterity,  or  that  cor 
ruption  of  nature,  or  total  depravity,  which 
has  been  derived  from  him  in  consequence 
of  his  apostasy.  On  this  subject  divines 
are  not  agreed. 

In  strictness,  original  sin  is  an  improper 
use  of  words,  as  sin,  ea;  vi  termini,  implies 
volition  and  the  transgression  of  a  known 
rule  of  duty  by  a  moral  agent.  But  this 
api)lication  of  I  he  words  has  been  estab 
lishcd  by  long  use.  and  it  serves  to  express 


ideas  which  many  wise  and  good  men  en- 
tertain on  this  subject. 

3.  Having  the  power  to  originate  new 
thoughts  or  combinations  of  thought ;  as 
an  original  genius. 

ORltilNAL'ITY,  n.  The  quality  orstate  of| 
being  original. 

2.  The  power  of  originating  or  producing 
new  thoughts,  or  uncommon  combinations 
of  thought ;  as  originality  of  genius. 

ORIG'INALLY,  adv.  Primarily  ;  from  the 
beginning  or  origin. 

God  is  originally  holy  in  himself.     Pearson 

2.  At  first ;  at  the  origin.  Woodward. 

3.  By  the  first  author ;  as  a  book  originally 
written  by  another  hand.  Roscommon. 

OR  IG' IN  ALNESS,  ?t.  The  quality  or  state 

of  being  original. 
ORWINARY,    a.     [Fr.   originaire.]     Pro 
ductive  ;  causing  existence. 

Tlie  production  of  animals  in  the  originary 
way,  requires  a  certain  degree  of  warmth. 

Cheyne. 

Primitive ;  original.  Sandys. 

[This  tvord  is  little  used.] 
ORlG'INATE,    V.  t.    To  cause  to   be  ;    to 
bring  into  existence  ;  to  produce  what  is 
new. 

The  change  is  to  be  effected  without  a  de- 
composition of  tlie  whole  civil  and  political 
mass,  for  the  purpose  of  originating  a  new 
civil  order  out  of  the  elements  of  society. 

Burke. 
That   matter   which   cannot   think,  will,   or 
originate  motion,  should  communicate  thought, 
volition  and  molivity,  is  plainly  impossible. 

Jjwight. 

ORl6'INATE,  v.i.  To  take  first  existence; 
to  have  origin  ;  to  be  begun.     The  scheme 
originated  with  the  governor  and  council. 
It  originated  in  pure  benevolence. 
ORIG'INATED,    pp.    Brought   into   exist- 
ence. 
ORIG'INATING,  ppr.  Bringing  into  exist- 
ence. 
ORKilNA'TION,  n.   The  act   of  bringing 
or   coming  into   existence  ;    first  produc 
tion. 

Descartes    first  introduced  the  fancy  of  ma 
king  a  world,  and  deducing  the  origination  of 
the  universe  from  mechanical  principles. 

Keil. 
2.  Mode  of  production  or  bringing  into  be- 
ing. 

This  eruca  is  propagated  by  animal  parents, 
to  wit,  butterflies,  after  the  common  origina- 
tion of  all  caterpillars.  Ray. 
ORIL'LON,  n.  [Fr.]  \n fortification,  a  round- 
ing of  earth,  faced  with  a  wall,  raised  on 
the  shoulder  of  those  bastions  that  have 
casemates,  to  cover  the  cannon  in  the  re- 
tired flank,  and  prevent  their  being  dis- 
mounted. Encyc.  Cyc. 
O'RIOLE,  n.  A  genus  of  birds  of  the  order 

of  piece. 
ORI'ON,  n.    [Gr.upiuv;   unfortunately  ac- 
cented by  the  poets  on  the  second  sylla- 
ble.] 
A  con.stellation  in  the  southern  hemisphere, 
containing  seventy  eight  stars.         Encyc. 
OR'ISON,  n.  [Fr.  oraison,   from  L.  oratio, 

from,  oro.] 
A  prayer  or  supplication. 

Lowly  they  bowed  adoring,  and  began 
Their  orisons,  each  morning  duly  paid. 

Milton. 
ORK;  n.  [L.  orca.j  A  fish. 


ORLE,  n.  [infra.]  In  heraldry,  an  orditlarj? 
in  the  form  of  a  fillet,  round  the  shield. 

OR'LET,  \      [Fr.  ourlet.  It.  orlo,  a  hem.  Qu. 

OR'LO,  S  "'  Heb.  nVv,  and  Ch.  Syr.]  In 
architecture,  a  fillet  under  the  ovolo  of  a 
capital. 

OR'LOP,  n.  [D.  overloop,  a  running  over  or 
overflowing,  an  orlop,  that  is,  a  spreading 
over.] 

In  a  ship  of  war,  a  platform  of  planks  laid 
over  the  beams  in  the  hold,  on  which  the 
cables  are  usually  coiled.  It  contains  al- 
so sail-rooms,  carpenters'  cabins  and  oth- 
er apartments.  Mar.  Diet. 
Also,  a  tier  of  beams  below  the  lower 
deck  for  a  like  purpose.  Cyc. 

OR'NAMENT,  n.  [L.  omamenlum,  from 
orno,  to  adorn.  Varro  informs  us  that  this 
was  pnaiitively  osnamtntum;  but  this  is 
improbable.     See  Adorn.] 

\.  That  which  embellishes  ;something  which, 
added  to  another  thing,  renders  it  more 
beautiful  to  the  eye. 

The  chains,  and  the  bracelets,  and  the  muf- 
flers, the  bonnets  and  the  ornaments  of  the 
legs —     Is.  iii. 

2.  In  architecture,  ornaments  are  sculpture 
or  carved  work. 

Embellishment ;    decoration  ;    additional 
beauty. 

— The  ornament  of  a  meek  and  quiet  spirit, 
which  is  in  tlie  sight  of  God  of  great  price.  I 
Pet.  iii. 

OR'NAMENT,  v.  t.  To  adorn ;  to  deck  ;  to 
embellish.  ffarburton. 

ORNAMENT'AL,  a.  Serving  to  decorate  , 
giving  additional  beauty  ;  embellishing. 

Some  think  it  most  ornamental  to  wear  their 
bracelets  on  their  wrists  ;  others  about  their  an- 
kles. Brown 

ORNAMENTALLY,  adv.  In  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  add  eMibellishment. 

ORNAMENTED,  pp.  Decorated;  embel- 
lished ;  beautified.  Shenstone. 

OR'NAMENTING,  ppr.  Decorating  ;  em- 
bellishing. 

OR'NATE,  a.  [L.  ornaftts.]  Adorned;  dec- 
orated ;  beautiful.  Milton. 

OR'NATELY',  adv.  With  decoration. 

Skelton. 

OR'NATENESS,  n.  State  of  being  adorn- 
ed. 

OR'NATURE,  n.  Decoration.  [Little  used.] 

ORNISCOP'leS,  71.  Divination  by  the  ob- 
servation of  fowls.  Bailey. 

ORNIS'COPIST,  n.  [Gr.  opnj,  a  bird,  and 
sxojtscj,  to  view.] 

One  who  views  the  flight  of  fowls  in  order 
to  foretell  future  events  by  their  manner  of 
flight,     [hittle  used.]  Johnson. 

ORNITH'OLITE,  n.  A  petrified  bird. 

ORNITHOLOGICAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  or- 
nithology. 

0RNITH0L'O6IST,  n.  [See  Ornithology.] 
A  person  who  is  skilled  in  the  natural  his- 
tory of  fowls,  who  understands  their  form, 
structure,  habits  and  uses  ;  one  who  de- 
.scribes  birds. 

ORNITHOL'OtiV,  n.  [Gr.  optij,  a  fowl, 
and  xoyoj,  discom"se.] 

The  science  of  fivwis,  which  comprises  a 
knowledge  of  their  form,  structure,  habit» 
and  USPS. 

ORNITH'OMANCY,  n.  [Gr.  opus,  a  fowl, 
and  liaytHo,,  divination.] 


O  R  T 


O  R  T 


O  R  Y 


Augury,  a  species  of  divination  by  means 
of  fowls,  their  flight,  &c.  Encyc. 

OROLO(i'l€AL,  o.  [See  Orolo^j.]  Per- 
taining to  a  description  of  mountains. 

OROL'0(iIST,  n.  A  describer  of  moun 
tains. 

OROL'Ocjy,  n.  [Gr.  opoj,  a  mountain,  and 
^oyof,  discourse.]  The  science  or  de- 
scription of  mountains. 

OR'PHAN,  n.  [Gr.  ojxJkwoj  ;  It.  orfano ;  Fr. 
orphtlinJ] 

A  cliild  who  is  bereaved  of  father  or  mother 
or  of  both. 

OR'PHAN,  a.  Bereaved  of  parents. 

Sidney. 

ORPHANAGE,  \      The  state  of  an  orphan. 

OR'PHANISM,  S  Sherwood. 

ORPHANED,  a.  Bereft  of  parents  or 
friends.  Young. 

ORPHANOT'ROPHY,  n.  [Gr.  opta^-oj,  or- 
plian,  and  rpof  j;,  food.]  A  hospital  for  or- 
phans. Todd. 

ORPHEAN,  )  ^  Pertaining  to  Orpheus,  the 

OR'PHIe,  \  '  poet  and  musician  ;  as  Or- 
phic hymns.  Bn/ant. 

OR'PHEUS,  n.  A  fish  found   in  the  Medi 
terranean,  broad,  flat  and  thick,  and  some 
times  weighing  twenty  pounds.     The  or 
pheus  of  the  Greeks  is  said  to  have  been  a 
different  fish.        Did.  JSTal.  Hist.    Encyc. 

OR'PIMENT,  71.  [L.  auripigmentum ;  aurum, 
gold,  and  pigmentum.] 

Sulphuret  of  arsenic,  found  native  and  then 
an  ore  of  arsenic,  or  artificially  composed. 
The  native  orpinient  appears  in  yellow, 
brilliant  and  seemingly  talcky  masses  of 
various  sizes.  The  red  orpiment  is  called 
realgar.  It  is  more  or  less  lively  andj 
transparent,  and  often  crystalized  inbright! 
needles.  In  this  form  it  is  called  ruby  o/i 
arsenic. 

Fourcroy.     JVicholson.     Enci/c.     Ure. 

OR'PINE,  n.  [Fr.  orpin.]  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Sedum,  lesser  houseleek  or  live-, 
long.  The  bastard  orpine  is  of  the  genus 
Andrachne:  the  teaser  or/)me  of  the  ge- 
nus Crassida. 

ORRA€H.     [See  Orach.] 

OR'RERY,  n.  A  machine  so  constructed 
as  to  represent  by  the  movements  of  its 
parts,  the  motions  and  phases  of  the 
planets  in  their  orbits.  This  machine  was' 
invented  by  George  Graham,  but  Row-I 
ley,  a  workman,  borrowed  one  from  him,j 
and  made  a  copy  for  the  earl  of  Orrery,| 
after  whom  it  was  named  by  Sir  Richardi 
Steele.  Similar  machines  are  called  also 
planctariums.  Cyc. 

OR'RIS,  n.  The  plant  iris,  of  which  orris 
seems  to  be  a  corruption  ;  fleiir  de  lis  or 
flag-flower.  Encyc. 

2.  A  sort  of  gold  or  silver  lace.    Qu.  orfrais. 

Johnson. 

ORT,  Ji.  A  fragment ;  refuse.  Shak. 

OR'TALON,  n.  A  small  bird  of  the  genus 
Alauda.  Encyc. 

OR'THITE,  n.  [Gr.  opSos,  straight.]  A 
mineral  occurring  in  straight  layers  in 
felspath  rock  with  albite,  &:.c.  It  is  of  a 
blackish  brown  color,  resembling  gadoh- 
nite,  but  differs  from  it  in  fusibility. 

Diet.  Mit.  Hist.     Ure.     Cleaveland 

ORTHOCER'ATITE,  n.  [Gr.  opSo;,  straight, 
and  xtpos,  a  horn.] 

The  name  of  certain  fossil  univalve  shells, 


straight  or  but  slightly  curved,  arranged 
by  C'uvier  in  the  genus  Nautilus. 

OR'THODOX,  a.  [See  Orthodoxy.]  Sound  in 
the  cliristian  faith  ;  believing  the  genuine 
doctrines  taught  in  the  Scriptures;  oppo- 
sed to  heretical ;  as  an  orthodox  christian. 

2.  According  with  the  doctrines  of  Scrip 
ture  ;  as  an  orthodox  creed  or  faith. 

OR'THODOXLY,  adv.  With  soundness  of 
faith.  Bacon. 

OR'THODOXNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
sound  in  the  faith,  or  of  according  with 
the  doctrines  of  Scripture. 

OR'THODOXY,  n.  [Gr.  opSoSolio ;  opSos, 
right,  true,  and  8o|a,  opinion,  from  Joxsu, 
to  think.] 

1.  Soundness  of  faith;  a  belief  in  the  genu- 
ine doctrines  taught  in  the  Scriptures. 

Basil  bears  full  and  clear  testimony  to  Grego 
ry's  orthodoTy.  Waterland. 

2.  Consonance  to  genuine  scriptural  doc- 
trines ;  as  the  orthodoxy  of  a  creed. 

ORTHODROM'IC,  a.  [See  OHhodromy.] 
Pertaining  to  orthodromy. 

ORTHODROM'IeS,  n.  The  art  of  sailing 
in  the  arc  of  a  great  circle,  which  is  the 
shortest  distance  between  any  two  points 
on  the  surface  of  the  globe.  Harris. 

OR'THODROMY,  n.  [Gr.  opSoj,  right,  and 
8po;uo5,  course.]  The  sailing  in  a  straight 
course. 

OR'THOEPIST,  n.  [See  Orthoepy.]  One 
who  pronounces  words  correctly,  or  who 
is  well  skilled  in  pronunciation. 

OR'THOEPY,  71.  [Gr.  ofOointia ;  opSoj,  right, 
and  frtof,  word,  or  j«u),  to  speak.] 

The  art  of  uttering  words  with  propriety;  a 
correct  pronunciation  of  words.        .Xares. 

OR'THOGON,  ri.  [Gr.  opSoj,  right,  and 
yuna,  angle.]     A  rectangular  figure. 

Peacham. 

ORTHOG'ONAL,  a.  Right  angled ;  rec- 
tangular. Selden. 

ORTHOG'RAPHER,  n.  [See  OHhography  , 
One  that  spells  words  correctly,  according 
to  common  usage.  Shak. 

ORTHOGRAPHIC,        ?      Correctly  spell 

ORTHOGRAPHICAL,  ^  "'  ed  ;  written 
with  the  proper  letters. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  spelling  of  words;  as, 
to  make  an  orthographical  mistake. 

Orthographic  projection  of  the  sphere,  a  delin- 
eation of  the  sphere  upon  a  plane  that  cuts 
it  in  the  middle,  the  eye  being  supposed  to 
be  placed  at  an  infinite  distance  from  it. 

Bailey. 
A  projection  in  which  the  eye  is  sup- 
posed to  be  at  an  infinite  distance  ;  so  call 
ed  because  the  perpendiculars  from  any 
point  of  the  sphere  will  all  fall  in  the  com- 
mon intersection  of  the  sphere  with  the 
plane  of  the  projection.  Encyc. 

ORTHOGRAPH'ICALLY,  adv.  Accord- 
ing to  tlie  rules  of  proper  spelling. 

2.  In  the  manner  of  orthographic  projec- 
tion. 

ORTHOGRAPHY,  JI.  [GnopSoypcMjito;  op9oj, 
right,  and  ypaf;;,  writing.] 

1.  The  art  of  writing  wonis  with  the  proper 
letters,  according  to  common  usage. 

2.  The  part  of  grammar  which  treats  of  the 
nature  and  properties  of  letters,  and  of  the 
art  of  writing  words  correctly.  Encyc. 

3.  The  practice  of  spelling  or  writing  words 
with  the  proper  letters.  Su>i/l. 


4.  In  geometry,  the  art  of  dehneating  the 
fore  right  plane  or  side  of  any  object,  and 
of  expressing  the  elevations  of  each  part; 
so  called  because  it  determines  things  by 
perpendicular  lines  falling  on  the  geomet- 
rical plane.  Encyc. 

5.  In  architecture,  the  elevation  of  a  build- 
ing, showing  all  the  parts  in  their  true 
proportion.  Encyc. 

6.  In  perspective,  the  fore  right  side  of  any 
plaue,  that  is,  the  side  or  plane  that  lies 
parallel  to  a  straight  line  that  may  be  im- 
agined to  pass  through  the  outward  con- 
vex points  of  the  eyes,  continued  to  a  con- 
venient length.  Encyc. 

7.  In  fortification,  the  profile  or  representa- 
tion of  a  work  in  all  its  parts,  as  they 
would  appear  if  perpendicularly  cut  from 
top  to  bottom.  Cue 

ORTHOL'OUY,  n.  [Gr.  opSoj,  riiiht,  and 
Xoyoj,  discourse.]  The  right  description 
of  tilings.  Fotherby. 

OllTHOM'ETRY,  n.  [Gr.  opSoj,  right,  and 
fifTpOT,  measure.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  constructing  verse 
correctly;  the  laws  of  correct  versifica- 
tion. S.  Jones. 

ORTHOP'NY,  n.  [Gt.  opSottmui. ;  opSoj,  right, 
erect,  and  rtt'otj,  breath  ;  rfnu,  to  breathe.) 

1.  A  species  of  asthma  in  which  respiration 
can  be  performed  only  in  an  erect  posture. 

Harvey. 

2.  .Any  difficulty  of  breathing.  Parr. 

OR'TIVE,  a.  [h.  oriivus,  hom  ortus,  orior, 
to  rise.] 

Rising,  or  eastern.  The  ortive  amplitude  of 
a  planet  is  an  arc  of  the  horizon  intercept- 
ed between  the  point  where  a  star  ri- 
ses, and  the  east  point  of  the  horizon,  the 
point  where  the  horizon  and  equator  in- 
tersect. Encyc. 

OR'TOLAN,  n.  [It.  ortolano,  a  gardener,  an 
ortolan,  L.  hortulanus,  from  hortus,  a  gar- 
den.] 

A  bird  of  the  genus  Emberiza,  about  the  size 
of  the  lark,  with  black  wings.  It  is  found 
in  France  and  Italy,  feeds  on  panic  grass, 
and  is  dehcious  food.  Encyc. 

ORTS,  n.  Fragments  ;  pieces ;  refuse. 

OR'VAL,  71.  [Fr.  orvale.]  The  herb  clarv. 

bid. 

ORVIE'TAN,  71.  [It.  orviftano,  so  named 
from  a  mountebank  at  Orvieto.]  An  an- 
tidote or  counter  poison.     [,Yot  used.] 

Bailey. 

ORYCTOGNOS'TIC,  a.  Pertaining  to 
oryctognosy.  Kirwan. 

ORYCTOG'NOSY,  7i.  [Gr.  ojwxtos,  fossil, 
and  yvtjsif,  knowledge.] 

That  branch  of  mineralogy  which  has  for 
its  object  the  classification  of  minerals,  ac- 
cording to  well  ascertained  characters, 
and  under  appropriate  denominations. 

Cyc. 
Oryctognosy  consists  in  the  description 
of  minerals,  the  determination  of  their 
nomenclature,  and  the  systematic  ar- 
rangement of  their  different  species.  Ir 
coincides  nearly  with  mineralogy,  in  its 
modern  acceptation.  Cleaveland. 

ORYCTOG'RAPHY,n.  [Gr.  opvxro;,  fossil, 
and  ypcKjiu,  to  describe.] 

That  part  of  natural  history  in  which  fossils 
are  described.  Cyc 


O  S  P 


O  S  T 


O  S  T 


ORYeTOL'06Y,  n.  [Gr.  ofvxtos,  fossil,  and 
jLoyof,  discourse.]  Tliat  part  of  pliysics 
wliicii  treats  of  fossils.  Q/c 

OS'€HEOCELE,  n.  [Gr.  os^tor,  the  scro- 
tum, and  xrjXi;,  a  tumor.]     A   rujiture  in 
tlie  scriitum  ;  scrotal  hernia.,  Cyc.     Coxe. 
OS'CILLATE,  V.   i.  [L.  oscillo,  from   ant. 

cilto,  Gr.  xfXXu,  to  move.] 
To  swing  ;  to  move  backward  and  forward; 
to  vibrate.  Chambers. 

OSCILLA'TION,  n.  [h.  oscillaHo.']     Vibra 
tion  ;  a  moving  backward  and  forward,  or 
swinging  like  a  pendulum. 
OS'CILLATORY,    a.    Moving    backward 
and  forward  like  a  pendulum;  swinging; 
as  an  oscillatory  motion.  Arbuthnot. 

OS'CITANCY,  71.  [L.  oscito,  to  yawn,  from 
OS,  the  mouth.]     The   act   of  gaping  or 
yawning. 
%  Unusual  sleepiness ;  drowsiness  ;  dullness. 
It  might  proceed  from  the  oscitancy  of  trans- 
cribers. Addison. 
OS'CITANT,  a.  Yawning;  gaping. 
2.  Sleepy  ;  drowsy  ;  dull ;  sluggish. 

Decay  of  Piety. 
OS'CITANTLY,  adv.  Carelessly.  More. 
OSCITA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  yawning  or 

gaping  from  sleepiness. 
0S€ULA'T10N,  n.  [L.oscuio/to,  a  kissing.] 
In  geometry,  the  contact  between  any  giv- 
en curve  and  its  osculatory  circle,  that  is, 
a  circle  of  the  same  curvature  with  the 
given  curve.  Cyc. 

OS'CULATORY,  a.  An  osculatory  circle,  in 
geometry,  is  a  circle  having  the  same  curv 
ature  with  any  curve  at  any  given  point. 

Cyc. 
OS'CULATORY,  n.  In  church  history,' 
tablet  or  board,  with  the  picture  of  Christ 
or  the  virgin,  &c.  which  is  kissed  by  the 
priest  and  then  delivered  to  the  people  for 
the  same  purpose.  Cyc. 

OSIER,  n.  o'zher.  [Fi:  osier ;  Sax. /lOS.Qu.] 
A  willow  or  water  willow,  or  the  twig  of 
the  willow,  used  in  making  baskets. 

Pope. 
OS'MAZO.ME,  n.  [Gr.  ot/iij,  odor,  and  t^- 

juof,  juice.] 
A  substance  of  an  aromatic  flavor,  obtained 
from  the  flesh  of  the  o.x.  Thenard. 

OS'MIUM,  n.  [Gr.  onu);,  odor.]  A  metal  re- 
cently discovered,  and  contained  in  the 
ore  of  platinum.  A  native  alloy  of  this 
metal  with  iridium  is  found  in  grains  along 
the  rivers  in  Soutli  America.  Osmium  has 
a  dark  gray  color;  it  is  not  volatile  when 
heated  in  close  vessels,  but  heated  in  the 
o|ien  air,  it  absorbs  oxygen  and  forms  a 
volatile  oxyd.  It  is  insoluble  in  the  acids, 
readily  soluble  in  potassa  and  very  vola- 
tile. It  takes  its  name  from  the  singular 
smell  of  its  oxyd. 

Cyc.  Webster's  Manual. 
OS'MUND,  n.  A  plant,  or  a  genus  of  plants, 
osmunda,  nioonvvorl.  The  most  remark 
aV>le  species  is  tlie  osmuud  royal  or  flow 
ering  fern,  growing  in  marshes,  the  root 
of  which  boiled,  is  very  slimy,  and  is  used 
in  stiffening  linen.  Encyc. 

OSNABURG,    )).    ox'nburg.    A   species  of 
coarse  linen  imported  from  Osnaburg,  in 
Gerniany. 
OS'PRA'V,  ».  {V,.  osnifraga  ;  os,  a  bone,  and 

frango,  to  break  ;  the  bone-breaker.] 
The  se:i-eagle,  a  fowl  of  the  genus  Faico  or 
hawk,  of  the  size  of  a  peacock.     Tliis  is 


our  fish  hawk.  It  feeds  on  fish,  which  it 
takes  by  suddenly  darting  upon  them, 
when  near  the  surface  of  the  water. 

Encyc. 

OS'SELET,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  os,  ossis,  a 
bone.] 

A  hard  substance  growing  on  the  inside  of 
a  horse's  knee,  among  the  small  bones. 

Far.  Diet 

OS'SEOUS,  a.  [L.  osseus,  from  os,  a  bone.] 
Bony  ;  resembling  bone.  Parkhurst. 

OS'SleLE,  n.  [L.  ossiculum.]  A  small  bone. 

Holder. 

OSSIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  os,  a  bone,  and/cro, 
to  produce.]  Producing  or  furnishing 
bones.  Buckland. 

OSSIF'IC,  a.  [L.  OS,  a  bone,  and  facia,  to 
nake.] 

Having  power  to  ossify  or  change  carneous 
and  membranous  substances  to  boiie. 

mseman. 

OSSIFICA'TION,  n.    [from   ossify.]     Th 
change  or  process  of  changing  from  flesh 
or  other  matter  of  animal   bodies  into  a 
bony  substance  ;  as  the  ossification  of  an 
artery.  Sharp. 

2.  Theformation  of  bones  in  animals. 

OSSIFIED,  pp.  Converted  into  bone,  or  a 
lard  substan(-e  like  hone. 

OS'SIFRAGE,  n.  [L.   ossifraga.     See   Os 

The  ospray  or  sea-eagle.     In   Leviticus    xi 

13,  it  denotes  a  different  fowl. 
OS'SIFY,  i>.  t.  [L.  OS,  bone,   and  facio,  to 

form.] 
To  form  bone  ;  to  change  from  a  soft  animal 

substance   into  bone,   or   convert   into 

substance  of  the  hardness  of  bones.    This 

is   done  by  the  deposition   of  calcarious 

phosphate  or  carbonate  on  the  part. 

Sharp,      lire. 
OS'SIFV,  J',  i.  To  become  bone;  to  change 

from  soft  matter  into  a  substance  of  bony 

hardness. 
OSSIV'OROUS,  a.  [L.  os,  bone,  and  voro, 

to  eat.] 
Feeding  on  bones  ;  eating  bones  ;  as  ossivo- 

rous  quadrupeds.  Derham. 

OS'SUARY,  n.  [L.  ossuarium.]     A  charnel 

house ;  a  place  where   the   bones  of  the 

dead  are  deposited.  Diet. 

OST,     ?       A  kiln  for  dying  hops  or  malt. 
OUST,  \  "•  Diet.  Eng. 

OSTENSIBIL'ITY,    n.    [See     Oslmsihle.] 

The  quality  or  state  of  appearing  or  being 

shown. 
OSTEN'SIBLE,  a.  [It.  ostensibile,  from  L 

ostendo,  to  show.] 

1.  That  may  be  shown  :  proper  or  intended 
to  be  shown.  IVarton. 

2.  Plausible  ;  colorable.  Poxitnall. 
Ap|iearing  ;   seeming  ;    shown,  declared 

or  avowed.  Wc  say,  the  ostensible  reason 
or  motive  for  a  measure  may  be  the  real 
one,  or  very  different  from  the  real  one. 
This  is  the  conwnon,  and  I  believe  the  only 
sense  in  which  the  word  is  used  in  Amer- 
ica. 

One   of  tho  ostensible  groimils  on  which  the 
proprietors  liatl  obtained  tlieir  charter — 

Rnmsaij. 
OSTEN'SIBLY,  adv.  In  apixarance;   in' 
manner  that  is  declared  or  pretenrlcd. 

An  embargo  and   non-intcrcour^^e  wliioii  to- 
tally defeat  tlu-  interests  they  are  ostensibly  dc: 
tined  to  promote.  fl'alsh. 


OSTEN'SIVE,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  ostendo.] 
Showing ;  exhibiting.  Oslensive  demon- 
stration, is  one  which  plainly  and  directly 
demonstrates  the  truth  of  a  proposition. 

Cyc. 

OS'TENT,  n.  [L.  osientum,  from  ostendo.] 

1.  Appearance;  air;  manner;  mien.  [Little 
used.]  Shak. 

2.  Show ;  manifestation ;  token.  [Little 
used.]  Shak. 

3.  A  prodigy  :  a  portent ;  any  thing  omi- 
nous.    [Little  used.]     Chapman.     Dryden. 

OS'TENTATE,  r. /.  [h.osttnto.]  To  make 
an  ambitious  display  of;  to  show  or  ex- 
hibit boastingJv.  [.Vb<  used.]  Taylor. 
OSTENTA'TION,  n.  [L.  ostenlatio.]  Out- 
ward show  or  appearance.  Shak. 
Ambitious  display;  vain  ^low ;  display 
of  any  thing  dictated  by  vanity,  or  intend- 
ed to  invite  praise  or  flattery.  Ostentation 
of  endowments  is  made  by  boasting  or 
self-commendation.  Ostentation  often  ap- 
pears in  works  of  art  and  sometimes  in 
acts  of  charity. 

He  l<new  that  good  and  bountiful  minds  are 
sometimes  inclined  to  ostentation.    Jltterbury. 
The  painter  is  to  malce  no  ostentation  of  the 
means  by  which  he  strikes  the  imagination. 

Reynolds. 

3.  A  show  or  spectacle.     [N'ol  used.]     Shak. 

OSTENTA'TIOUS,   a.    Making   a  display 

from  vanity  ;  boastful;  fond  of  presenting 

one's  endowments  or  works   to  others  in 

an  advantageous  light. 

Voiir  modesty  is  so    far  from  being  ostenta- 
tious of  tlie  good  yon  do^  Dryden. 
2.  Showy  ;    gaudy  ;  intended   for  vain  dis- 
play ;  as  ostentatious  ornaments. 
OSTENTATIOUSLY,  adv.  With  vain  dis- 
play :  boastfully. 
OSTENTA'TiqUSNESS,  n.  Vain  display  ; 

vanity;  boast  fulness. 
OSTENTA'TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  makes 
a  vain  show  ;  a  boaster.     [Little  used.] 

Sherwood. 
OSTENT'OUS,  a.  Fondof  making  a  show. 
[Little  used.]  Feltham. 

OS'TEOCOL,  I  [Gr.  o^foi,  ahone,  and 
OST  EOCO  L'LA,  Pxo/.?.o.  glue.]  A  car- 
bonate of  lime,  a  fossil  formed  by  incrus- 
tation nil  the  stem  of  a  plant.  It  is  Ibund 
in  hng,  thick,  ami  irregular  cylindric 
pieces,  generally  hollow,  sometimes  filled 
with  calcarious  earth,  and  in  size,  from 
that  of  a  cp'w's  quill  to  that  of  a  man's 
arm.     It  is  always  found  in  sand. 

JVichotson.     Encyc.     Cleaveland. 
This  word  takes  its  name  trom  an  opin- 
ion that  it  has  the  quality  of  uniting  frac- 
tured bones. 
OS'TEOeOPE,  71.  [Gr.  o;iov,  a  bone,  and 

xo«o5,  labor,  uneasiness.] 
Pain  in  the  bones ;  a  violent  fixed  pain  in 

any  part  of  a  bone.  ~    '  ~ 

OSTEOL'OgER 


OSTEOL'OtilST,  ^"' 


Qtiincy.     Coxe. 
[See  Osteology.]  One 
who    describes    the 
Smith. 
Pertaining  to  ade- 
"■  scription    of    the 


bones  of  aiiiiiials. 

OSTEOLOO'IC,       ; 

OSTEOLOti'l€AL, 

bones. 
OSTEOLOG'ICALLY,  adv.    According  to 

osteology.  Lawrence,  Led. 

OSTEOL'OgY,  7!.  [Gr.  ojfo..,  a  bone,  and 

>.oyo5,  discourse.] 
1.  A  ilesrription  of  the  bones;  that  part  of 

anatomy  which  treats  of  the  bones.  Encyc. 


O  T  H 


O  T  T 


O  U  P 


2.  The  system  of  animal  bones. 

OS'TIARY,  n.  [L.  ostium,  mouth.]  The 
mimtli  or  opening  by  whidi  a  river  dis- 
charges its  waters  into  the  sea,  or  into  a 
lake.  Brown. 

OS'l'l,F,R.  [See  HoaUer.] 

OSri.KUY.   [See  HosUery.] 

OST'MKN,  »i.  jdu.  Kast  men  ;  Danish  set- 
tlers in  In  laiiil,  so  called.  Lyllldon. 

OS'TRACl.S.M,  II.  [Gr.  oj-^axmjitoj,  from  oj- 
paxw,  a  shell,  or  potter's  ware. J 

1.  In  Grecian  antiquity,  banishment  by  the 
people  of  Athens,  of  a  persnn  wlius^-  mc  r 
and  inflnence  gave  umbragi!  tn  th.;iii.  It 
takes  this  naiim  from  the  shell  nn  whic 
the  name  or  the  note  of  acipiitt.il  or  con- 
dcjimation  uiis  written.  It  is  however 
most  probahli!  that  this  shell  was  a  piece 
of  baked  earth,  rendered  by  the  Lalin-s 
testa.  Encyc. 

2.  Banishment;  expulsion;  separation. 

Sentenced  to  a  pcr|)Ctual  oslrnnsm  from  the 
esteem  and  confidence,  and  honors  anil  emolu- 
ments of  Iiis  coiinliy.       Federalist,  Hamilton. 
OS'TRACITE,  n.  [Gr.  ofpoxtr^s,  from  of- 

paxoi",  a  shell.] 
An  oyster  shell  in  its  fossil  state,  or  a  stone 
formed  in  the  shell,  the  latter  being  dis 
solved.  This  stone  is  found  in  many  parts 
of  England,  and  has  boon  in  repute  for  its 
efficacy  in  cases  of  the  gravel.  Enci/c 
OS'TllACIZE,  V.  f.  [See  0.s(racwm.]  To 
banish  by  the  popular  vmrc,  particularly 
u  person  eminent  for  public  services,  but 
who  has  lost  his  popularity.  Marvel. 

OS'TRICII,  n.  [¥i.  autrueke  ;  Sp.avestruz; 
Port,  abestruz  ;  It  struzzo  :  G.  strauss ;   D. 
struis  or   struis-vog^t ;   Dan.  struds ;   Sw 
struss  ;  L.  siruthio-camelus ;  Gr.  j-iioiifloj,    u 
sparrow,  and  an  ostrich.     The  niKaninxot 
this  name  is  not  obvious.  The  word  strauss 
in   Gtinnan,   siguilies   a  bush,    a    tuft,   a 
biiueli  ;  bur  the  latter  part  of  this  name 
struz,  struds,  .<itrauss,  coimudes  also  with 
the  Eng.  strut,  Dan.  strutter,  (J.  strotzen : 
and   this   is   the  L.   struthio,    Gr.  fijoi&o;. 
The  first  part  of  the  word  iti  Fr.  Sp.  and 
Port,  is  from  L.  avis.     The  primary  sense 
oi struz,  struthio,  &c.  is  to  reach,  stretch, 
extend  or  erect ;  but  whether   this  name 
was  given    to  the   fowl  from    its  stately 
walk  ov  appearance,  or  from  some  part  of 
its  plumage,  let  the  reader  judge.] 
A  fowl  now  considered  as  constituting  a  dis 
tinct  genus,   the   Struthio.     This   is  the 
largest  of  all   fowls,  being  four  feet  high 
from  the  ground  to  the  top  of  the  back, 
and  seven,  eight,  and  it  is  said  even  ten  to 
the  lop  of  the  head,  when  standing  erect. 
Its  thighs  and  the  sides  of  the  body  are  na 
ked,  and  the  wings  are  so  short  as  to  he  un 
fit  for  flying.  The  plumage  is  elegant,  and 
much  used  in  ornaiiieiital  and  showy  dre.«s. 
The  speed  of  this  fowl  in  rimning  exceeds 
that  of  the  fleetest  horse.  Encyc. 

OTACOUS'Tle,    a.    [Gr.  uro,    ears,   and 
axovu,   to  hear.]     Assisting  the   sense  of 
bearing  ;  as  an  otacoustic  instrument. 
OTAeOUS'TIC,  n.  An  instrument  to  facili 
tate  hearing.  Grew. 

O'FU'ER,    a.    [Sax.    other;    G.   oder ;    Gr. 
fTfpoj.    Qu.  Sp.  otro.     If  the  radical  letters 
are   Ir,   qu.    Heb.   and   Ch.   in',    residue. 
The  French  auti-e  is  from  the  Latin  alter.] 
1.  Not  the  same  ;  different ;  not  this  or  these. 


Then  the  other  company   which  is  left  shall 
escapo.     Gen   xxxii. 

Behold,  it  was  tumeil  again  as  hie  other  flesh 
Ex.  iv. 

Other  lords  betides  thee  have  had  dominion 
over  us      U.  xav'i. 

The.':   ii  Olio  God,  and  there  is   none  other 
but  he.     -Mark  xii 

Not  this,  hut  the  contrary  ;  as,  on  this  side 
of  the  river  stands  Troy,  on  the  other  side 
stands  Albany. 

Wliosoevci    shall   smite   thee   on   thy   right 
cheek,  tuni  to  him  the  other  also.     Malt.  v. 

3.  Noting  something  besides.  To  the  knowl- 
edge of  the  Latin  and  Greek,  join  as  much 
otiier  learning  as  you  can. 

4.  Correlative  to  each,  and  applicable  to  any 
number  of  individuals. 

They  asked  each  other  of  their  welfare.     Ex 
I      xviii. 

5.  Opposed  to  some  :  as,  "  some  fell  among 
thorns — but  other  fell  into  good  groinid.'' 
Malt.  xiii. 

The  next.  Shak. 

The  third  part.  B.  Jonson. 

Other  is  used  as  a  substitute  for  a  noun,  and 
in  this  use  has  the  plural  number,  and  the 
sign  of  the  possessive  case. 

— The  tool  and  the  brutish   person  die,  and 
leave  their  wealth  to  others.     Ps.  xlix. 
What  do  ye  more  than  others?     Matt.  v. 
We  were  children  of  wrath  even  as  others. 
Eph.  ii. 

The  confusion  arises,  when  tlie  one  will  put 
their  sickle  into  the  (i//if;'.s'  harvest.         Lesley 
With  the  sign  of  the  possessive,  other  is 
preceded  by  the,  as  in  the  last  example 
Other  is  sometimes  put  elliptically  for  other 
thing.     From  such  a  man,  we  can  expect 
no  other. 
The  other  day,  at  a  certain  time  past,  not  di: 

tant  hut  inilefinite  ;  not  Ions  ago. 
.OTH'ERGATES,  adv.  [oilier  a.\u\  gate,  for 
wav,  manner.]     In  another  manner.    Oft.s. 

Shak. 
OTII'ERGUISE,    adv.     [other 
manner.]     Of  another  kind. 
l)ronounced  ofherguess.] 
OTHERWHERE,  adv.  [other  and   wlifre. 
In  some  other  place  ;  or  in  other  places. 

Milton 
OTHERWHILE, 
OTII  ERWIHLES, 

OTH'ERWISE,  adv.  [other  aru\  wise,  man 
ner.]     In  a  diflerent  manner. 
Thy  lather  was  a  worthy  prince, 
And  merited,  alas  !  a  better  fale; 
But  heaven  llionghl  otherwise.         Addison 
By  other  causes. 

Sir  John  Norris  failed  in  the  attempt  of  I^is- 
born,  and  returned  with  tlie  loss,  by  sickiies> 
and  olheriviie,  of  SUOO  men.  Raleigh 

3.  In  other  respects. 

It  is  s;iid  truly,  that  tlie  best  men  otherwise 
are  not  always  the  best  in  regard  to  society. 

Hooker 

OT'OMO,  Ji.  A  fowl  of  the  Lagopus  kind, 
about  the  size  of  a  tame  pigeon,  a  native 
of  Germany,  and  highly  esteemed  tor 
food.  Diet.  .Vat.  Hist. 

OT'TER,  I       The  essential  oil  or  essence 

AT'TAR,  S""  of  roses.  .Isiat.  Rc.$. 

OT'TER,  n.  [Sax.  oirr,  nior  or  olter  ;   G.  ot 
ter,  an  otter,   an  addir  or  viper;  1).  otter 
Sw.  utter.     The  Latin  Intra,  Fr.  loutre.  It. 
lontra,   Sp.  nutria,   may  possibly   be  the 
same  word  varied  iu  dialect.] 


and    guise. 
[corruptly 


'     ,  ^    [other  and  while. 
',  At  other  times. 


A  quitdruped  of  the  genus  Mustela,  nearly 
two  feet  in  length,  of  u  brown  color,  with 
short  legs,  amphibious  and  feeding  on 
fish.  It  burrows  in  the  banks  of  rivers  and 
ponds,  and  its  toes  being  webbed,  it  swims 
with  great  rapidity.  Tln^re  are  several  oth- 
er species,  of  which  the  sea  otter  is  the 
Inrjiest,  bein;;  about  three  feet  in  length. 
OT'TER,  n.  The  name  of  a  coloring  sub- 
stance. 
OT'TOMAN,  a.  Designating  something 
that  pertains  to  the  Turks  or  to  their  gov- 
ernment ;  as  the  Ottoman  power  or  empire. 
The  word  originated  in  Otiiman  or  Os- 
luan,  the  name  of  a  sultan  who  assumed 
the  government  about  the  year  1300. 

Eton. 
OUCH,  11.  A  bezil  or  socket  in  which  a  pre- 
cious stone  or  seal  is  set.     Ex.  xxxix. 
2.  Tlie  blow  given  by  a  boar's  tusk.     Obs. 

Ainsworth. 
OUG  HT.  [See  Aught,  the  true  orthography.] 
OUGHT,  V.  imperfect,  aut.  [This  word  seems 
to  he  the  preterit  tense  of  the  original 
verb  to  owe,  that  is,  Sax.  agati,  Goth,  ai- 
gan,  Sw.  (iga,  to  have  or  possess,  the  radi- 
cal sense  being  to  hold,  to  restrain  or 
stop;  hence  the  passive  participle  would 
signify  held,  bound.  In  tliis  sense  it  was 
used  by  Spelman  and  Drydcn.  But  ought 
as  used,  is  irregul.u-,  being  used  in  all  per- 
sons both  in  the  present  and  past  tenses ; 
as,  /  ought,  thou  oughlest,  he  ought ;  we,  ye, 
they  ought.] 
\.  To  be  held  or  bound  in  duty  or  moral  ob- 
ligation. 

These  otight  ye   to   liavc  done,  and  not  to 
leave  the  other  undone.     Matt,  xxiii. 

We  that  are  strong  ought  to  bear  the  infirmi- 
ties of  the  weak.     Rom.  xv. 

Thou  oughtest  therefore  to  have  put  my  mon- 
ey to  the  exchangers.     Matt.  xxv. 

2.  To  be  necessary ;  to  behoove. 
Ought  not  Christ   to   have    suffered   those 

things  and  to  enter  into  glory .'     Luke  xxiv. 

3.  To  be  fit  or  expedient  in  a  moral  view. 
My  brethren,  these  things  ought  not  so  to  be. 

James  iii. 

4.  As  a  participle,  owed  ;  been  indebted  to. 
The  love  and  duty  1  long  have  ought  you. 

Spelman. 
That  followed,  sir,  which  to  myself  1  ought. 

Dryden. 
[In  this  sense,  obsolete.] 

5.  In  Chaucer's  time,  it  was  used  imperson- 
ally. "  WeJ  ought  us  werke,"  that  is,  «  ell 
it  behooveth  us  to  work. 

OUNCE,  Ji.  ou/1.9.  [L.  uncia,  the  twelfth 
part  of  any  thing  ;  Gr.  oi>yy«i ;  but  the 
Greek  is  from  the  Latiu ;  Fr.  once;  It. 
onria,  an  ounce,  and  an  inch;  Sp.  o»:o; 
D.  once  ;  G.  unze.  Inch  is  from  the  same 
root,  being  the  twelfth  part  of  a  foot.] 

1.  .\  weight,  the  twelfth  part  of  a  pound 
troy,  and  the  sixteenth  of  a  pound  avoir- 
dupois. In  troy  weight,  the  ounce  is  20 
pennyweights,  each  of  24  grains. 

2.  An  animal  of  the  genus  Fells.  [See  Once] 
OUND'ED,  I  Waviim.  [Fr.  otide,  L. 
OUND'ING,  S  "•  unda.] "  [.Vol  used.] 

Chaucer. 

OUPHE,  n.  oofy.  [Teutonic,  auff;  but  prob- 
ably contrai'ted  from  elf,  G.  alp.]  A  fairy ; 
a  cobhn  ;  an  elf     Obs.  Shak. 

OUPHEN,  n.    oof  en.  Elfish.     Obs.     Shak. 


OUT 


OUT 


OUT 


OUR,  «•  [Sax.  ure ;  in  the  oblique  cases, 
urum,  urne,  wlience  our  vulgar  oum ;  Sw. 
v?ir;   Dan.  Dor;  Ir.  ar  ;  Basque,  gure.] 

1.  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  us ;  as  out 
country ;  our  rights ;  our  troops. 

2.  Ours,  "which  is  primarily  the  possessive 
case  of  our,  is  never  used  as  an  adjective 
but  as  a  substitute  for  the  adjective  and 
the  noun  to  which  it  belongs.  Yovn- 
house  is  on  a  plain;  ours  is  on  a  hill. 
This  is  good  English,  but  certainly  ours 
must  be  the  nominative  to  is,  or  it  has 
none. 

Their  organs  are  better  disposed  than  ours  for 
receiving  grateful  impressions  from  sensible  ob- 
jects. Atterbury. 
Here  ours  stands  in  the  place  of  our  or- 
gans, and  cannot,  in  conformity  with  any 
rule  of  construction,  be  in  the  possessivei 
case. 

The  same  thing  was  done  by  them  in  suingl 
in  their  courts,  which  is  now  done  by  us  in  su-, 
ing  in  ours.  Kettleworth. 

OURANOG'RAPHY,  n.  [Gr.  ovh^oj,  heav- 
en, and  ypo^u,  to  describe.]  A  description 
of  the  heavens.  Hist.  Roy.  Society. 

OURSELF',  pron.  reciprocal,  [our  and  set/.] 
This  is  added  after  we  and  us,  and  some- 
times is  used  without  either  for  myself,  in 
the  regal  style  only ;  as,  we  ourself  will 
follow.  Shak. 

— Unless  we  would  denude  ourself  of  all 
force  to  defend  us.  Clarendon. 

OURSELVES,  plu.  of  ourself.  We  or  us, 
not  others ;  added  to  we,  by  way  of  em- 
phasis or  opposition. 

We  ourselves  might  distinctly  number  in 
words  a  great  deal  farther  than  we  usually  do. 

Locke. 
Safe  in   otirselves,  while  on  ourselves   we 
stand.  Dryden. 

OUSE,  n.  ooz.  [for  ooze.\    Tanner's  bark. 

Ainsworth. 
OUSEL,  n.  oo'd.  [Sax.  osle.]  The  black 
bird,  a  species  of  the  genus  Turdus.  Shak. 
OUST,  V.  t.  [Fr.  oter,  for  ouster.  It  seems 
to  be  a  contracted  word,  for  in  Norman, 
oghsta  is  ousted.  I  take  this  to  be  our 
vulgar  oost,  used  in  the  sense  of  lift.  The 
usual  signification  then  will  be  that  of  the 
Latin  tollo,  sustuli.] 

1.  To  takeaway;  to  remove. 

Multiplications  of  actions  upon  the  case  were 
rare  formerly,  and  thereby  wager  of  law  ousted. 

Hall 

2.  To  eject;  to  disseize. 

Afterward  the  lessor,  reversioner  or  remain- 
der-man or  any  stranger  doth  eject  or  oust  the 
lessee  of  his  term.  Blackstone 

OUST'ED,   pp.    Taken    away;    removed; 

ejected. 
OUST'ER,  n.  Amotion  of  possession ;  dis- 
seizin ;  dispossession ;  ejection. 

Blackstone 
Ouster   of   the   freehold  is  effected   by 
abatement,  intrusion,  disseizin,  discontin- 
uance or  deforcement.  Ih 
Ouster  le    main,    [ouster  and  Fr.    le  main, 

the  hand.] 
A  delivery  of  lands  out  of  the   hands  of  a 
guardian,  or  out  of  the  king's  hands;  or  a 
judgment  given  for  that  purpose. 

Blackstone.     Encyc. 
OUST'ING,  ppr.  Taking  away  ;  removing; 

ejecting. 
OUT,  adv.    [Sax.  ut;  D.  uit ;  G.  aus  ;  Dan 
ltd ;  Sw.  Mi.     in  Scotland,  it  is  used  as  a 


verb,  to  lay  out.  The  primary  sense  of 
the  verb  must  be  to  issue  forth,  to  depart. 
In  Russ.  ot  signities/ront.] 

1.  Without;  on  the  outside;  not  within  ;  on 
the  exterior  or  beyond  the  limits  of  any 
inclosed  place  or  given  line  ;  opposed  to  in 
or  within ;  as,  to  go  oui  and  come  in ;  to 
rush  oii(. 

2.  Abroad ;  not  at  home.  The  master  of 
the  house  is  out ;  a  colloquial  phrase  lor 
gone  out. 

3.  In  a  state  of  disclosure  or  discovery.  The 
secret  is  out,  that  is,  has  come  out,  is  dis 
closed.     We  shall  find  out  the  rogue. 

4.  Not  concealed. 
When  these  are  gone, 

The  woman  will  be  out.  Shak 

5.  In  a  state  of  extinction.  The  candle  or 
the  fire  is  out. 

6.  In  a  state  of  being  exhausted.  The  wine 
is  out. 

7.  In  a  state  of  destitution.  We  are  out  of 
bread  corn. 

8.  Not  in  office  or  employment.     I  care  not 
who  is  in  or  who  is  out.    He  is  out  of  bu 
siness. 

9.  Abroad  or  from  home,  in  a  party,  at 
church,  in  a  parade,  &c.  He  was  not  out 
to-day.  The  militia  companies  are  otit 
The  man  was  out  in  a  frolick  last  night. 

10.  To  the  end. 
Hear  me  out.  Dryden. 

11.  Loudly;  without  restraint ;  as,  to  laug' 
out. 

12.  Not  in  the  hands  of  the  owner.  The 
land  is  out  upon  a  lease. 

13.  In  an  error. 
As  a  musician  that  will  always  play, 
And  yet  is  always  out  at  the  same  note 

Roscommon. 

14.  At  a  loss ;  in  a  puzzle. 
I  have  forgot  my  part,  and  I  am  out. 

Shak. 

15.  Uncovered  ;  with  clothes  torn  ;  as,  to  be 
out  at  the  knees  or  elbows. 

16.  Away,  so  as  to  consume  ;  as,  to  sleep  out 
the  best  time  in  the  morning. 

17.  Deficient ;  having  expended.  He  was 
out  of  pocket.     He  was  out  fifty  pounds. 

Fell. 

18.  It  is  used  as  an  exclamation  with  the 
force  of  command,  away  ;  begone ;  as 
out  with  the  dog.  Shak 

Out  upon  you,  out  upon  it,  expressions  of  dis- 
Uke  or  contempt. 

Out  is  much  used  as  a  modifier  of  verbs ;  as 
to  come  out,  to  go  out,  to  lead  out,  to  run 
out,  to  leak  out,  to  creep  out,  to  flow  out,' 
to  pass  out,  to  look  out,  to  burn  out,  to  cull 
out,  to  saw  out,  to  grow  out,  to  spin  out,  to 
write  out,  to  boil  out,  to  beat  otit,  &c.[ 
bearing  the  sense  of  issuing,  extending, 
drawing  from,  separating,  bringing  to 
open  view,  or  in  short,  the  passing  of  a 
limit  that  incloses  or  restrains;  or  bearing 
the  metaphorical  sense  of  vanishing,  com-! 
ing  to  an  end. 

Out  of.  In  this  connection,  out  may  be  con- 
sidered as  an  adverb,  and  of  as  a.  preposi- 
tion. 

1.  Proceeding   from  ;    as   produce.     Plant.s] 
grow  out  of  the  earth.     He  paid  me  out  o, 
his  own  funds. 

Keep  thy  heart  with  all  diligence,  for  out  nj 
it  arc  the  issues  of  life.     I'rov.  iv. 

Out  of  the  same  mouth  proceedeth  blessiU] 
and  cursing.  James  iii. 


2.  Prom  or  proceeding  from  a  place,  or  the 
interior  of  a  place  ;  as,  to  take  any  thing 
out  of  the  house.  Mark  xiii. 

3.  Beyond  ;  as  out  of  the  power  of  fortune. 
They  were  a^tl•ai9bed  out  q^measure.  Mark  x, 

4.  From,  noting  taking  or  derivation. 
To    whom   he  expounded  and   testified  the 

kingdom  of  God,  persuading  them  concerning 
Jesus,  both  out  o/the  law  ol  Moses,  and  out  of 
the  prophets.    Acts  xxviii. 

Not  in,  noting  extraordinary  exertion. 
Be  instant  in  season,  out  o/season.    2  Tim.  iv. 

Not  ni,  noting  exclusion,  dismission,  de- 
parture, absence  or  dereliction  ;  as  out  of 
favor  ;  out  of  use  ;  out  of  place  ;  out  of 
fasliion. 

Not  111,  noting  unfitness  or  impropriety. 
He  IS  witty  out  o/"  season.  The  seed  was 
sown  oi(<  o/'seus.in. 

Not  Within,  noting  extraordinary  delay ; 
as,  a  ship  is  out  ufiinie. 

Not  wiiliiu ;  abroad  ;  as  ottt  of  the  door 
or  house. 

10.  From,  noting  copy  from  an  original ;  as. 
to  cite  or  copy  oat  of  Horace. 

11.  From,  noting  rescue  ui  liberation;  as,  to 
be  delivered  out  of  afflictions. 

Christianity  recovered  the  law  of  nature  out 
of  M  those  errors.  Jiddison. 

12.  Not  in,  noting  deviation,  exorbitance  or 
irregularity.  This  is  out  of  all  method; 
out  of  all  rule.  He  goes  out  of  his  way  to 
find  cause  of  censure.     He  is  out  &/"  order. 

13.  From,  noting  dereliction  or  departure. 
He  will  not  be  flattered  or  frightened  out 
q/"  his  duty.  He  attempted  to  laugh  men 
out  q/"  virtue. 

14.  From,  noting  loss  or  change  of  state. 
The  mouth  is  out  q/" taste;  the  instrument 
is  out  of  tune.  Bacon. 

15.  Not  according  to,  noting  deviation  ;  as, 
he  acts  or  speaks  out  q/"  character. 

16.  Beyond ;  not  within  the  limits  of;  as,  to 
be  out  q/" hearing,  om(  q/" sight,  out  q/" reach. 
Time  out  of  mind,  is  time  beyond  the 
reach  of  memory. 

17.  Noting  loss  or  exhaustion ;  as,  to  be  out 
of  breath. 

18.  Noting  loss  ;  as  out  q/'hope. 

19.  By  means  of. 
Out  of  that  will  I  cause  those  of  Cyprus 

to  mutiny.  Shak. 

20.  In  consequence  of,  noting  the  motive, 
source  or  reason. 

What  they  do  not  grant  out  of  the  generosity 
of  their  nature,  they  may  grant  out  q/'mere  im- 
patience. Smalridge. 
So  we  say,  a  thing  is  done  out  of  envy, 
spite  or  ambition. 
Out  of  hand,  immediately,  as  that  is  easily 
used  which  is  ready  in  the  hand. 

Gather  we  our  forces  out  q/"hand.  Shak. 

Out  of  print,  denotes  that  a  book  is  not  in 

market,  or  to  be  purchased ;  the  copies 

printed  having  been  all  sold. 

OUT,  V.  t.  To  eject ;  to   expel ;  to  deprive 

by  expulsion. 

The  French  having  been  outed  of  their  holds. 

Hey  tin. 

In  comjiosition,  out  signifies  bej'ond,  more, 
ejection  or  c.xtcn.^ion. 

For  the  participles  of  the  following  com- 
pounds, see  the  simple  verbs. 


OUT 


OUT 


OUT 


OUTACT',  V.  t.  To  do  beyond  ;  to  exceed 
in  act. 

He  has  made  me  lieir  to  treasures, 
Vi  ould  make  me  outact  a  real  widow's  whin- 
ing. Otway. 
OUTIJAL'ANCE,  v.  t.  To  outweigh  ;  to  ex- 
ceed ill  weight  or  efrcrt. 

Let  dull  Ajax  bear  .iivay  my  right, 
When  all  his  days  imtbalance  this  one  night. 

Dryiltit . 
OUTB'AR,  V.  t.  To  sliut  out  by  bars  or  lor- 
tiiicalioii. 

The.ie  to  outbar  with  painful  pionings. 

Spenser. 
OUTBID',  V.  t.  To  bid  more  than  another; 
to  otTer  a  higher  price. 

For  Indian  spices,  for  Peruvian  gold, 
Prevent  the  greedy  and  outbid  the  bold. 

Pope. 
OUTBID',  I         Exceeded  in  the  price 

OUTBID'DEN,  ^  VP-  offered. 
OUTBID'DER,  n.  One  that  outbids. 
OUTBID'DING,  ppr.  Bidding   a  price  be 

yond  uiiother. 
OUTBLOWN,  pp.    Inflated;  swelled  with 
wind.  Dryden. 

OUTBLUSH',  V.  t.  To  exceed  in  rosy  color. 

Shipman. 
OUT'BORN,  a.  Foreign  ;  not  native.  [LitUe 

used.] 
OUT' BOUND,  a.   Destined   or  proceeding 
from  a  country  or  liarlior  to  a  distant  coun- 
try or  port ;  as  an  oxUbound  ship. 

Dryden. 
[The  usual   phrase   among    seamen  is 
outward  bound.] 
OUTJJ[{A'VE,  V.  t.  To  bear  down  by  more 
daring  or  insolent  conduct. 

I  would  outstare  the  sternest  eyes  that  look. 
Outbrave  the  heart  most  daring  on  the  earth, 
"To  win  thee,  lady.  Shak. 

2.  To  e.xceed  in  splendid  appearance. 

The  towers  as  well  as  men   outbrave  the  sky 

Cmjoley 
OUTBRA'ZEN,  v.  t.  To  bear  down  with  a 

brazen  face  or  impudence. 
OUTBREAK,   n.  A  bursting  forth  ;  erup- 
tion. 

The  flash  and  outbreak  of  a  fiery  mind. 

Shak 
OUTBREAKING,   n.  That   which  bursts 
forth.  Herbert. 

OUTBRE'ATHE,  v.  t.  To  weary  by  having 
better  breath.  Shak. 

2.  To  expire.  Spenser. 

OUTBUD',  V.  i.  To  sprout  forth.       Spenser. 
OUTBUILD,   V.   t.   oHtbild'.    To   exceed  in 

building,  or  in  durability  of  building. 
0UT€ANT',  v.  t.  To  surpass  in  canting. 

Pope. 

OUT'CAST,  pp.  or  a.    Cast  out;    thrown 

away  ;  rejected  as  useless.  Spenser. 

OUT'CAST,  Ji.  One  who  is  cast  out  or  ex-j 

pelled  ;  an  exile ;  one   driven  from  home 

or  country.   Is.  xvi. 

OUTCEPT,  for  except,  is  not  in  use. 

B.  Jonson. 
OUTCLIMB,  V.  i.  To  climb  beyond. 

Davenant. 

OUTeOM'PASS,    V.   t.     To    exceed    due' 

bounds.  Bacon. 

OUTCR'AFT,  V.  i.   To  exceed  in  cunning. 

Shak. 

OUT'CRY,  n.  A  vehement  or  loud  cry  ;  cry' 

of  distress.  Denham. 

2.  Clamor  ;  noisy  opposition  or  detestation. 

South. 


3.  Sale  at  public  auction.  ^inwoffA.nOrTGROWN, //p.  of  ou/grotr. 

OUTDARE,  V.  t.   To  dare  or  venture  be-|  OUT  GUARD,   n.    A  guard  at  a  distance 


yond.  Shak 

OUTDA'TE,  r. /.  To  untiquate  ;  as  outdated 
ceremonies.     [JVot  used.]  Hammond. 

OUTDu,  V.  t.  pret.  outdid  ;  pp.  outdone.  [Siee 
Do.] 

To  excel ;  to  surpass  ;  to  perform  beyond 
another. 

An  imposture  outdoes  the  original. 

L'Estran^e. 
I  grieve  to  be  outdone  by  Gay.  Sicift 

OUTDOING,  p/)r.  Excelling;  surpassing  in 
perforiiiaiice. 

OUTDOING,  n.  Excess  in  performance. 

Pope. 

OUTDONE,  pp.  ofotitdo. 

OUTDRINK',  V.  t.  [See  Drink.]  To  exceed 
in  drinking.  Donne. 

OUTDWELL',  V.  t.  To  dwell  or  stay  be- 
yond. Shiik 

OUT'ER,  o.  [comp.  of  out.]  Being  on  the 
outside  ;  external ;  opposed  to  inner  ;  as 
the  ouicr  wail ;  Uw  outer  part  of  a  thing; 
the  outer  court  or  gate. 

OUT'ERLY,  adv.  Towards  the  outside. 

Grew. 

OUT'ERMOST,  a.  [superl.  from  ou<er.]  Be- 
ing on  the  extreme  extei-nal  part ;  renmt- 
est  from  the  midst ;  as  the  outermost  row. 

Boyte. 

OUTFA'CE,  v.t.  To  brave;  to  hear  down 
with  an  imposing  front  or  with  iiiipu 
dence  ;  to  stare  down.       Shak.     Raleigh. 

OUT'FALI,,  n.  A  fall  of  water  ;  a  canal. 

OUT'FAWN,  V.  I.  To  exceed  in  fawning  or 
adulation.  Hudibras. 

OUTFE'AST,  V.  t.  To  exceed  in  feasting. 

Taylor. 

OUT'FIT,  n.  A  fitting  out,  as  of  a  ship  for 
a  voyage  ;  usually  in  the  plural,  outfits,  the 
expenses  of  ecpiippiiig   and  furnishing  a 


one  army  beyond  thai  of  another. 

OUTFLY,  V.  t.  To  fly  faster  than  another  ; 
to  advance  before  in  flight  or  progress. 

Garth. 

OUTFOOL',  17.  t.  To  exceed  in  folly. 

Young. 

OUT'FORM,  It.  External  appearance. 

B.  Jonson 

OUTFROWN',  V.  t.  To  frown  down  ;  to 
overbear  by  frowning.  Shak. 

OUT'GATE,  n.  An  outlet;  a  passage  out- 
ward. Spenser. 

OUTgEN'ERAL,  V  t.  To  exceed  in  gener- 
alship; to  gain  advantage  over  by  supe- 
rior military  skill.  Chesterfield. 

OUTGIVE,  V.  t.  outgiii'.  To  surpass  in  giv- 
ing. Dryden 

OUTGO',  V.  t.  [See  Go.]  To  go  beyond  ;  to 
advance   before   in   going ;   to  go  faster. 

2.  To  surpass  ;  to  excel.       Caretc.     Dryden. 

3.  To  circumvent;  to  overreach.      Denham. 
OUTGO'ING,  ppr.  Going  beyond. 
OUT'GOING,  n.  The  act  of  going  out. 

2.  The  state  of  going  out.    Ps.  Ixv. 

3.  Utmo.st  border  ;  extreme  limit.  Josh,  xvii 
OUTGRIN',  r.  t.  To  surpass  in  grinning. 

Mdison. 

OUTGROW,  I'.  /.  To  surpass  in  growth. 

2.  To  grow  too  great  or  too  old  for  any 
thing.  Children  outgrow  their  garments, 
and  ineu  ou'grou-  their  usefulness. 


from  the  main  body  of  an  army  ;  or  a 
guard  at  the  farthest  distance;  any  thing 
for  defense  placed  at  a  distance  from  the 
thing  to  he  detended.         Drydin.     South. 

OUTHER'OD,  t;.  (.  To  surpass  in  enormity, 
absurdity  or  cruelty.  Beddoes. 

OUTHOUSE,  n.  A  small  house  or  building 
at  a  little  distance  from  the  main  house. 

OUTJEST',  V.  t.  To  overpower  by  jesting. 

Shak. 

OUTJUG'GLE,  V.  t.  To  surpass  in  juggling. 

OUTKNAVE,  V.  t.  outna've.  To  surpass  in 
knavery.  L'Estrange. 

OUT'LAND,  a.  [Sax.  utUende,  a  foreigner.) 
Fiueign.     06s.  Strutt. 

OUT' LANDER,  n.  A  foreigner;  not  a  na- 
tive.    Obs.  Hood. 

OUTLANDISH,  a.  [Sax.  utlandisc ;  ou(  and 
land.] 

1.  Foreign  ;  not  native.  Donne. 

Nevertheless,  even  him  did   outlandish  wo- 
men cause  to  ?iii.    Neh.  xiii. 

2.  Born  or  produced  in  the  interior  country, 
or  among  rude  people ;  hence,  vulgar ; 
rustic;  rude;  clownish.  [This  is  the  sense 
in  which  the  word  is  among  us  most  general- 
ly used.] 

OUTL'AST,  V.  t.  To  last  longer  than  some- 
thing else  ;  to  exceed  in  duration.  Can- 
dles laid  in  bran  will  outlast  others  of  the 
same  stuff.  Bacon. 

OUT'LAW,  n.  [Sax.  utlaga  ;  out  and  law.] 
A  person  excluded  from  the  benefit  of  the 
law,  or  deprived  of  its  protection.  For- 
merly any  person  might  kill  an  outlaw ; 
but  it  is  now  held  unlawful  for  any  per- 
son to  put  to  death  an  outlaw,  except  the 
sheriff,  who  has  a  warrant  for  that  pur- 
pose. Blackstone. 


ship  for  a  voyage. 
OUTFLANK',  v.  t.  To  extend  the  flank  of  OUT'LAW,  v.t.  [Sax.  utlagian.]  To  deprive 


of  the  benefit  and  protection  of  law ;  to 
proscribe.  Btuckslone. 

OUT'LA  WED,  pp.  Excluded  from  the  ben- 
efit of  law. 

OUT'LA  WING,  ppr.  Depriving  of  the  ben- 
efit of  law. 

OUT'LA  WRY,  n.  The  putting  a  man  out 
of  the  protection  of  law,  or  the  process  by 
which  a  man  is  deprived  of  that  protec- 
tion;  the  punishment  of  a  man  who  when 
called  into  court,  contemptuously  refuses 
to  api>ear.  Blackstone. 

OUT'LAY,  n.  A  laying  out  or  expending  ; 
expenditure. 

OUTLE'AP,  V.  t.  To  leap  beyond  ;  to  pass 
bv  leaping. 

OUT'LEAP,  n.  Sally  ;  flight ;  escape. 

Locke. 

OUT'LET,  n.  Passage  outward ;  the  place 
or  the  means  by  which  any  thing  escapes 
or  is  discharged.  A  gate  is  the  outlet  of  a 
city  or  fort.  The  mouth  of  a  river  is  its 
outlet.  Colonies  are  the  ouUds  of  a  popu- 
lous nation.  Bacon. 

OUT'LICKER,  n.  In  sliii)s,  a  small  piece  of 
timber  fastened  to  the  lop  of  the  poop. 

OUTLI'E,  V.  t.  To  exceed  in  lying.        Hall. 

OUTLIER,  n.  One  who  does  not  reside  in 
the  place  with  which  Ins  office  or  duty 
connects  him.  Frewen. 

OUT'LINE,  n.  Contour;  the  line  by  wliicli 
a  figure  is  defined  ;  the  exterior  line. 


OUT 


OUT 


OUT 


'J.  The  first  sketch  of  a  figure. 

3]  First   general  sketch  of  any  scheme  or 

desig"-  ,  .      ,. 

OUT'LINE,  V.  t.  To  draw  tlie  extenor  line ; 

to  delineate  ;  to  sketch. 

OUTLIVE,  V.  t.  outliv'.  To  live  beyond  ;  to 
survive  ;  to  live  after  something  has  ceas- 
ed ;  as,  a  man  may  outlive  his  children  ;  a 
person  may  outlive  his  estate,  his  fame  and 
his  usefulness. 

They  live  too  long  who  happiness  ovilive. 

Uryden. 

2.  To  live  better  or  to  better  purpose. 

Scott. 

OUTLIV'ER,  n.  A  survivor. 

OUTLQQK',  V.  t.  To  face  down ;  to  brow-j 
beat.  Shak.' 

2.  To  select.     [J^ot  in  ^ise.] 

OUT'LQOK,  n.  Vigilant  watoh;  foresight. 

Young. 
[But  look-out  is  generally  used.] 

OUT'LOPE,  n.  [See  Lope  and  Leap.]  An 
excursion.     [Xot  used.]  Florio. 

OUTLUS'TER,  ?       ,  To  excel  in  briglit- 

OUTLUS'TRE,  S  "ess.  Shak. 

OUTLY'ING,  a.  Lying  or  being  at  a  dis- 
tance from  the  main  body  or  design. 

Temple.     Addison. 

2.  Being  on  the  exterior  or  frontier. 

Gibhon. 

OUTlVrARCH,  V.  t.  To  march  faster  than  ;; 
to  march  so  as  to  leave  behind. 
The  horse  outmarched  the  foot. 

Clarendun. 

OUTMEASURE,  v.  t.  outmezh'ur.  To  ex- 
ceed in  measure  or  extent.  Broton. 

OUT'MOST,  a.  Farthest  outward  ;  most  re- 
mote from  the  middle.  Milton. 

OUTNUM'BER,  v.  t.  To  exceed  in  nun/ber.i 
The  troops  outnumbered  those  of  the  en- 
emy. 

OUTPA'CE,  V.  t.  To  outgo  ;  to  leave  be 
hind.  Chapman}. 

OUTPAR'AMoUR,  v.  i.  [Sec  Paramour.] 
To  exceed  in  keeping  mistresses.       Shak. 

OUT'PARISU,  n.  A  parish  lying  without 
the  walls,  or  on  the  border.  Graunt. 

OUT'PART,  n.  A  part  remote  from  tlie  cen- 
ter or  main  part.  'lyliffe. 

OUTP'ASS,  V.  t.  To  pass  beyond  ;  to  exceed 


ultrajar;  from   the  L.  idlra,  beyond,  It.||     and  give  additional  security  to  the  top- 
oltre,  with   the  common  termination  age  ;1      iiiiir>t._    [See  Prow.]  Mar.  Diet. 

or  more    probably  it  is  a  compound  of  Ol  T'RIGHT,    adv.  Immediately  ;^  without 


in  progress. 


Kirtvan. 


OUTPOISE,  II.  t.  outpoiz'.  To  outweigh. 

Howell. 

OUT'PORCH,  n.  An  entrance.  Milton. 

OUT'POST,   n.  A  post  or  station  without 

the  limits  of    a    camp,  or  at  a  distance 

from  the  main  body  of  an  army. 

2.  The  troops  placed  at  such  a  station. 

Marshall. 
OUTPOUR,  V.  t.  To  pour  out;  to  send  fortl 
in  a  stream.  Milton. 

2.  To  effuse. 

OUT'P0URING,w.  A  pouring  out ;  effusion 
Milncr.     Bogue. 
OUTPRA'Y,  V.  t.  To  exceed  in  prayer  or  in 
earnestness  of  entreaty.  Scott 

OUTPRE'ACIT,  V.  I.  To  surpass  in  preach- 
ing ;  to  produce  more  effect  in  inculcating 
lessons  or  truth. 

And  for  a  villain's  quick  conversion 
A  pill'ry  can  outpreach  a  parson. 

/.  TVumbuU. 
OUTPRI'ZE,  V.  t.  To  exceed  in  value  or  es- 
timated worth.  Shak. 
OUT'RAtiE,  v.t.   [Fr.  outrager;  Arm.  out 
rachi,  oulragi;  It.  oUraggiare ;  Sp.  Port.] 


ultra,  oltra,  outre,   with   the   Sp.   ajar,  to 
S])oil,  to  mar,  to  abuse  with  injurious  Ian 
guage.] 
To  treat  with  violence  and  wrong  ;  to  abuse 
by  rude  or  insolent  langusige  ;  to  injure  by 
rough,  rude  treatment  of  any  kind. 

Base  and  insolent  minds  outrage  men,  when 
they  have  hopes  of  doing  it  without  a  [cturn 

Jltterbury. 
This  interview  outrages  all  decency. 

Broome. 

OUT'RAGE,  V.  i.  To  commit  exorbitan- 
ces ;  to  be  guilty  of  violent  rudeness. 

Ascham 

OUT'RAGE,  n.  [Fr.  id;  It.  oltraggio ;  Sp. 
Port,  idtraje.] 

Injurious  violence  offered  to  persons  or 
things;  excessive  abuse  ;  wanton  mischief 
Rude  abusive  language,  scurrility,  or  op 
inobrious  and  contemptuous  words,  may 
be  an  outrage  to  persons,  or  to  decency 
and  civility.  A  violent  attack  upon  i)er 
son  or  property  is  an  outrage. 

He  wrought  great  outrages,  wasting  all  the 
country  where  he  went.  Spenser. 

OUTRAGEOUS,  a.  [It.  oltraggioso ;  Fr. 
outrageux.  ] 

1.  Violent  :  furious  ;  exorbitant  ;  exceeding 
all  bounds  of  moderation  ;  as  outrageous 
villainies  ;  outrageous  talk  ;  outrageous 
abuse.  Sidney.     Spenser. 

Excessive  ;  exceeding  reason  or  decency  ; 
as  outrageoxts  panegyric.  Dryden. 

Enormous  ;     atrocious  ;    as    outragtous 
crimes.  Shak. 

4.  Tumultuous ;  turbulent. 

OUTRA'GEOUSLY,  adv.  With  great  vio- 
lence ;  furiously  ;  e.xcessively. 

Spenser.     South. 

OUTRA'GEOUSNESS,  )!.  Fury  ;  violence  ; 
enormity.  Dryden 

OUTRA'ZE,  v.  t.  To  raze  to  extermina- 
tion. Sandys. 

OUTRE,  a.  ootray.  [Fr.]  Being  out  of  the 
common  coarse  or  limits  ;  extravagant. 

Geddcs. 

OUTRE'ACH,  v.  t.  To  go  or  extend  be- 
vond.  Brown. 

OUTRE' ASON,  v.t.  To  excel  or  surpass  in 
reasoning.  South. 

OUTRECK'ON,  v.  t.  To  exceed  in  assum- 
ed computation.  Pearson 

OUTREIGN,  V.  t.  To  reign  through  the 
whole  of.  Spenser. 

OUTRIDE,  V.  t.  To  pass  by  riding;  to  ride 
faster  than.  Hall. 

OUTRI'DE,  V.  i.  To  travel  about  on  horse- 
back, or  ill  a  vehicle.  Mdison. 

OUT'RIDER,  n.  A  summoner  whose  office 
is  to  cite  men  before  the  sheriff.  [JVot 
used.]  Diet. 

2.  One  who  travels  about  on  horseback. 

3.  An  attending  servant. 
OUTRIGGER,  n.  In  seamen's  language,  & 

strong  beam  fixed  on  the  side  of  a  ship 
and  projecting  from  it,  in  order  to  seciu'e 
the  masts  in  the  operation  of  careening 
by  counteracting  the  strain  it  suffers  from 
the  effort  of  the  careening  tackle  ;  also,  11 
boom  occasionally  used  in  the  tops  to 
thrust  out  the  breast  back-stays  to  wind 
ward,  to   increase  the   angle  of  tension,' 


delay  ;  at  once.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Cdiiiplelely.  Addison. 

OUTRI' VAL,  V.  t.  To  surpass  in  excellence. 

Addison. 

OUTROAR,  V.  t.  To  exceed  in  roaring. 

Shak. 

OUT'RODE,  n.  An  excursion.     1  Mace.  xv. 

OUTRQQT',  V.  t.   To  eradicate  ;  to  extir- 
pate. Rowe. 

OUTRUN',  V.  t.  To  exceed  in  running  ;  to 
leave  behind  in  running.  Dryden. 

2.  To  exceed  ;  as,  to  outrun  one's  income. 

Addison. 

OUTSA'IL,    v.t.    To  sail   faster  than;  to 
leave  behind  in  sailing.  Broome. 

OUTSCA'PE,  n.  Power  of  escaping.    [J^ot 
used.]  Chapman. 

OUTSeORN',  V.  t.   To  bear  down  or  con- 
front by  contempt  ;  to  despise. 

OUTSCOUR'INGS,  n.  [out  ixnAseour.]  Sub- 
stances washed  or  scoured  out. 

Buckland. 

OUTSELL',  I',  t.  To  exceed  in  amount  of 
sales. 

2.  To  exceed  in  the  prices  of  things  sold. 

.3.  To  gain  a  higher  price.  Shak. 

OUT'SET,  n.  Beginning  ;  first  entrance  on 
any  business.  Mason.    Smith. 

Every  thing  almost  depends  upon  giving  a 
proper  direction  to  this  outset  of  Ui'c. 

J.  Hawes. 

OUTSHI'NE,  V.  t.  To  send  forth  brightness 
or  luster.  Shak. 

2.  To  excel  in  luster  or  excellence  ;  as,  Ho- 
mer outshines  all  other  poets.         Addison. 

OUTSHOOT',  v.t.  To  exceed  in  shooting. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  shoot  beyond.  JVorris. 
OUTSHUT',  V.  t.  To  shut  out  or  exclude. 

Donne. 
OUTSI'DE,     n.    The  external    part   of  a 
thing;  the  part,  end  or  side  which  forms 
the  surface  or  superficies. 

Bacon.  Dryden. 
Superficial  appearance  ;  exterior  ;  as  the 
outside  of  a  man  or  of  manners. 

Created  beings  see  nothing  but  our  ouJsidf. 

Jiddison. 

3.  Person  ;  external  man.        Shak.    Bacon. 

4.  The  part  or   place  that  lies  without  or 
beyond  an  inclosure. 

1  threw  0|ien  the  door  of  my  chamber  and 
found  the  family  standing  on  the  outside. 

Spectator. 

5.  The  utmost.  Mortimer. 
OUTSIT,  v.  t.  To  sit  beyond  the  time  of 

any  thing.  South. 

OUTSKIP',  V.  t.  To  avoid  by  flight. 

B.  Jonsoti. 
OUT'SKIRT,  n.  Border ;  outpost ;  suburb. 

Clarendon. 
OUTSLEE'P,  I'.  /.  To  sleep  beyond. 

Shak. 
OUTSOAR,  V.  t.  To  soar  beyond. 

Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 
OUTSOUND',  V.  t.  To  surpass  in  sound. 

Hammond. 
OUTSPE'AK,   V.  t.    To  speak  something 
beyond  ;  to  exceed.  Shak. 

OUTSPORT,  V.  t.  To  sport  beyond  ;  to  out- 
do in  sporting.  "  Shak. 
OUTSPREAD',  V.  t.  To  extend  :  to  spread  ; 
to  diffuse.  Pope. 


OUT 


OUT 


O  V  E 


OUTSTAND',  v.t.  To  resist  effectually ;  to 
witbstaml  ;  to  sustain  without  yielding. 
[Little  used.]  Hoodwanl. 

2.  To  stand  beyond  tlie  proper  time.     Shak. 

OUTSTAND',  V.  i.  To  project  outwards 
from  llie  main  body. 

OUTSTANDING,  ppr.  Resisting  effectual- 
ly.    [Ldttlt  used.] 

2.  Projecting  outward. 

3.  Not  collected;  unpaid;  as  outstanding 
debts. 

The  whole  amount  of  revenues — as  well  out- 
standing  as  collected.  Hamilton 

OUTBTA'RE,  v.  t.  To  face  down ;  to  brow 
beat  ;  to  outface  with  effrontery  ;  as  we 
say,  to  stare  out  of  countenance.         Shak. 

OUTSTEP',  V.  t.  To  step  or  go  beyond  ;  to 
exceed.  Cumberland 

OUTSTORM',  V.  t.  To  overbear  by  storm- 
ing. 

Insults  the  tempest  and  outstorms  the  skies. 

J.  Barlow 

OUT'STREET,  n.  A  street  in  the  extremi 
ties  of  a  town. 

OUTSTRETCH',  v.  t.  To  extend  ;  to  stretol 
or  spread  out ;  to  expand.  Milton. 

OUTSTRl'DE,  V.  t.  To  surpass  in  striding. 

B.  Jonson. 

OUTSTRIP',  I',  t.  To  outgo  ;  to  outrun  ;  to 
advance  beyond.  South.     Dryden. 

OUTSWEAR,  V.  t.  To  exceed  in  swearing  , 
to  overpower  by  swearing.  Shak. 

OUTSWEE'TEN,  v.  t.  To  exceed  in  sweet 
ness.  Shak. 

OUTSWELL',  V.  t.  To  overflow;  to  ex- 
ceed in  swelling. 

OUTTALK,  1'.  t.  outtauk'.  To  overpower 
by  talking  ;  to  exceed  in  tallving.        Shak. 

OUTTIIROW,  i-.  t.  To  throw  out  or  be- 
yond. Sunk. 

OUTTONGUE,  v.  t.  outtung'.  To  bear 
down  by  talk,  clamor  or  noise.  Shak. 

OUTTOP',  V.  t.  To  overtop.     [jVo<  used.] 

Williams. 

OUTVAL'UE,  V.  t.  To  exceed  in  price  o 
value.  Boyle. 

OUTVEN'OM,  V.  t.  To  exceed  in  poison. 

Shak 

OUTVI'E,  V.  t.  To  exceed  ;  to  surpass. 

Dryden.     Addison. 

OUTVIL'LAIN,  V.  t.  To  exceed  in  villainy 

Shak 

OUTVOICE,  V.  t.  oulvois'.  To  exceed  in 
roaring  or  clamor.     [.Yot  used.]         Shak. 

OUTVOTE,  V.  t.  To  exceed  in  the  num- 
ber of  votes  given  ;  to  defeat  by  plurality 
of  suffrages.  South. 

OUTWALK,  V.  t.  outtvauk'.  To  walk  faster 
than  ;  to  leave  behind  in  walking. 

2.  To  exceed  the  walking  of  a  specter. 

B.  Jonson. 

OUT'WALL,    n.    The  exterior   wall  of 
building  or  fortress. 

2.  Superficial  appearance.     [Unusual] 

Shak. 

OUT'WARD,  a.  [Sax.  utiveard  or  uteweard ; 
ut,  out,  and  weard,  L.  versus.] 

1.  External ;  exterior ;  forming  the  superfi 
cial  part ;  as  the  outward  coat  of  an  onion  ; 
an  outward  garment. 

2.  External  ;  visible;  opposed  to  itiward; 
as  outward  hate. 

3.  Extrinsic ;  adventitious. 

And  outward  honor  for  an  inward  toil. 


Vol.  II. 


Shak 


4.  Foreign ;  not  intestine  ;  as  an  outtoard 
war.  [N'ot  now  used.  We  now  say,  c.r- 
ternal  or  foreign  war.]  Hayward. 

5.  Tending  to  the  exterior  part. 
The  fire  will  force  its  outward  way. 

Dryden. 

C.  In  Scripture,  civil ;  public ;  as  opposed  to 
religious.     1  C'iiron.  xxvi. 

7.  In  theology,  carnal  ;  fleshly  ;  corporeal ; 
not  spiritual  ;  as  tin;  outward  man. 

OUT'WARD,  n.  External  form.  Shak 

OUT'WARD,     I     .     To  the  outer  pans  ; 

OUT'WARDS,  S  •  tending  or  directed 
towards  the  exterior. 

The  light  fallinp;  on  them  [black  bodies]  is 
not  reflected  oulwanls.  A'ewton. 

2.  From  a  port  or  country  ;  as  a  ship  bound 
outwards. 

OUTWARD-BOUND',  a.  Proceeding  from 
a  port  or  countrv. 

OUT^WARDLY,  arfy.  Externally;  opposed 
to  imvardly  ;  as  outwardly  content,  but  in- 
wardly uneasy. 

2.  In  ajipcarance  ;  not  sincerely.  Many  may 
inwardly  reverence  the  goodness  which 
they  outwardly  seem  to  despise. 

OUTWaSH',  v.  t.  To  wasli  out ;  to  cleanse 
from.     [LAttlc  used.]  Donne. 

OUTVVATCH',  v.  t.  To  surpass  in  watch- 
ing. B.  Jonson 

OUTWEAR,  V.  t.  To  wear  out.  [.Vol  used.] 

Donne. 

2.  To  pass  tediously  to  the  end. 
By  the  stream,  if  1  tlie  night  outwear — 

Pope 

3.  To  last  longer  than  something  else.  [TTtis 
is  the  common  signification.] 

OUTWEE'D,  V.  t.  "To  weed  out ;  to  extir 
pate,  as  a  weed.  Spenser. 

OUTWEE'P,  V.  t.  To  exceed  in  weeping 

Dri/den. 
OUTWEIGH,   v.t.   outwa'y.    [See   Weigh.] 

1.  To  exceed  in  weight.  Wilkins. 

2.  To  exceed  in  value,  influence  or  import 
ance. 

One  self-approving  hour   whole  years  out- 
weighs 
Of  stupid  starers  and  of  loud  huzzas.     Pope 
OUTWELL',  V.  t.  or  i.  To  pour  out.     [JVot 
used.]  Spenser. 

OUTWENT',  pret.  of  outgo. 
OUTWHO'RE,  V.  t.  To  exceed  in  lewdness. 

Pope. 
OUTWIN',  V.  t.  To  get  out  of.     [Mt  used.' 

Spenser. 

OUTWIND,  V.  I.  To  extricate  by  winding  ; 
to  unloose.  More. 

OUTWING',  I',  t.  To  move  faster  on  the 
wing  ;  to  outstrip.  Garth. 

OUTWIT',  V.  t.  To  surpass  in  design  or 
stratagem  ;  to  overreach  ;  to  defeat  or 
frustrate  bv  superior  ingenuity.  Dryden. 
OUT' WORK,  n.  The  part  of  a"  fortification 
most  remote  from  the  main  fortress  or  cit 
adel.  Bacon. 

OUTWORN,  pp.  [See  ffear.]  Worn  out ; 
consumed  by  use.  Milton. 

OUTWORTH,  V.  t.  To  exceed  in  value. 

Shak. 

OUTWREST,  V.  t.  oidrest'.   To  extort ;  to 

draw  from  or  forth  by  violence. 

Spenser. 

OUTVVRITE,  V.  I.   oulii'te.   To  surpass  in 

writing.  Addison 

OUTWROUGHT,  pp.  oulrauV.  [See  Work.] 

Outdone ;  exceeded  in  act  or  eflicacy. 

28 


OUTZA'NY,  V.  t.  [See  Zany.]  To  exceed 

in  buffoonery. 
O'VAL,  a.  [Fr.  ovale,  from  L.  mmm,  an  egg.] 

1.  Of  the  shape  or  figure  of  an  egg;  oblong; 
curvilinear ;  I'esenibling  the  longitudinal 
section  of  an  egg.  It  is  sometimes  synon- 
ymous witli  cUtptical ;  but  an  ellijisis  is 
equally  broad  at  both  ends,  and  is  not 
strictly  egg-shaped.  Encyc. 

2.  Pertaining  to  eggs  ;  done  in  the  egg  ;  as 
oval  conceptions.  Brown. 

O'VAL,  n.  A  body  or  figure  in  the  shape 
of  an  egg.  Watts. 

OVA'RIOUS,    a.    Consisting   of  eggs;  as 

I     ovarious  food.  Thomson. 

O'VARV,  11.  [Fr.  ovaire ;  L.  ovarium,  from 
ovum,  an  egg.] 

The  part  of  a  female  animal  in  which  the 

eggs  are  formed  or  lodged ;  or  the  part  in 

which  the  fetus  is  supposed  to  be  formed. 

Encyc.     Coic. 

O'VATE,     }       [L.  ovatus,   from  ovum,  an 

O'VATED,  \  "■  egg.]  Egg-shaped  ;  as  an 
ovate  leaf 

OVATE-LANCEOLATE,  a.  Having  some- 
thing of  the  form  of  an  egg  and  a  lance, 
inclining  to  the  latter.  Martyn. 

OVATK-SUB'ULATE,  a.  Having  some- 
thing of  the  form  of  an  egg  and  an  awl, 
but  most  tending  to  the   latter. 

Martyn. 

OVATION,  n.  [L.  ovatio.]  In  Roman  an- 
tiquity, a  lesser  triumjih  allowed  to  com- 
manders who  had  conquered  without 
blood,  or  defeated  an  inconsiderable  ene- 
my. Encyc. 

OVATO-OB'LONG,  a.  Oblong  in  the  shape 
of  an  egg,  or  with  the  end  lengthened. 

Martyn. 

OVEN,  n.  uv'n.  [Sax.  G.  ofen  ;  D.  oven ; 
Dan.  ovn.  Qu.  Gr.  invo;,  Sw.  ugn.  In 
Russ.  ovini  are  small  wooden  kilns  for 
drying  corn.     Tooke.] 

An  arch  of  brick  or  stone  work,  for  baking 
bread  and  other  things  for  food.  Ovens 
are  made  in  chimneys  or  set  in  the  open 
air. 

O'VER,  prep.  [Sax.  ober,  ofer;  Golh.  vfar ; 
G.  itber ;  D.  Dan.  over ;  Sw.  ofver ;  Gr.  v?tf p, 
whence  probably  L.  super ;  Arm.  uvar, 
var,  oar,  ar  ;  Ir.  ar,  formerly  fair  or  fer  ; 
W.  ar  ;  Corn.  uar.  Qu.  Gr.  rtopo.  This 
word  corresponds  in  sense  ^vith  T3^*  in 
the  Shemitic  dialects,  signifying  to  pass,  in 
almost  any  manner ;  to  pass  over,  as  a  riv- 
er, to  pass  beyond,  to  pass  away,  to  pass 
by  ;  in  short,  to  move,  depart  or  go,  Sax. 
faran,  to  fare.  Hence  the  derivative  sense 
of  beyond,  either  on  the  other  side  or 
above  ;  hence  the  sense  of  excess,  which 
supposes  the  passing  of  a  limit  ;  hence 
the  sense  of  opposite  or  against,  in  the  Gr. 
urtip,  for  the  further  side  of  a  river  is  the 
opposite  side.  We  do  not  use  the  word 
in  this  sense,  except  with  agaiyist.  See 
Class  Br.  No.  23.  The  Persian  corres- 
ponding word  is  I  J,  j  fara,  which  coin- 
cides nearly  with  the  Greek  rta^a,  and  both 
seem  to   be  more  directly  from  the  Ar. 

i\  to  go  beyond.    Class  Br.  No.  37.] 

jL  Across ;  from  side  to  side  ;  implying  a 
passing  or  moving  either  above  the  sub- 


O  V  E 


O  V  E 


O  V  E 


stance  or  thing,  or  on  the  surface  of  it. 
Thus  we  say,  a  dog  leaps  over  a  stream,  or 
over  a  table  ;  a  boat  sails  over  a  lake. 

2.  Above  in  place  or  position  ;  opposed  to 
belmv;  as  the  clouils  over  our  heads.  The 
smoke  rises  over  the  city. 

The  mercy-seat  that  is  over  the  testimony. 
Ex.  x.\x. 

3.  Above,  denoting  superiority  in  e.xcellence, 
dignity  or  value  ;  as  the  advantages 
which  the  christian  world  has  over  the 
heathen.  Surift. 

Young  Pallas  shone   conspicuous   o'er   the 
rest.  Dryden. 

4.  Above  in  authority,  implying  the  right  or 
power  of  superintending  or  governing  ; 
opposed  to  tinder. 

Thou  shall  be  over  my  house.     Gen.  xH. 
I   will  make  thee   ruler  over   many  things. 
Matt.  XXV. 

5.  Upon  the  surface  or  whole  surface  ; 
through  the  whole  extent  ;  as,  to  wander 
over  the  earth  ;  to  walk  over  a  field,  or  over 
a  city. 

C.  Upon.     Watch  oi'fr  your  children. 

Dost  thou  not  watch  over  my  sin  ?     Job  xiv. 
His  tender  mercies  are  over  all  his  works. 
Ps.  cxlv. 

7.  During  the  whole  time;  from  beginning 
to  end  ;  as,  to  keep  any  thing  over  night ; 
to  keep  corn  over  winter. 

8.  Above  the  top  ;  covering  ;  immersing  ; 
as,  the  water  is  over  the  shoes  or  boots. 

Over  night.  In  this  phrase,  over  sometimes 
signifies  before  ;  as,  when  preparing  for  a 
journey,  we  provide  things  necessary  over 
night. 

Over,  in  poetry,  is  often  contracted  into  o'er. 

O'VER,  adv.  From  side  to  side  ;  as  a  board 
a  foot  oi'cr ;  a  tree  a  foot  over,  a  foot  in  di- 
ameter. 

2.  On  the  opposite  side.  The  boat  is  safe 
over. 

3.  From  one  to  another  by  passing ;  as,  to 
deliver  over  goods  to  another. 

4.  From  one  country  to  another  by  passing ; 
as,  to  carry  any  thing  over  to  France,  or 
to  bring  any  thing  over  to  England. 

Bacon 

5.  Oii  the  surface. 

6.  Above  the  top. 

Good  lueasure,  pressed  down  and  shaken  to 
gether,  and  running  over,  shall  men  give  into 
your  bosom.     Luke  vi. 

7.  JMore  than  the  quantity  assigned ;  beyond 
a  limit. 

He   that  gathered  much  had   nothing   over. 
Ex.  xvi. 

8.  Throughout  ;   from  beginning  to  end 
completely;  as,  to  read  over  a  book;  to 
argue  a  question  over  again. 

Over  and  over,  repeatedly  ;  once  and  again. 
And  every  night  review'd  it  o'er  and  o'er. 

Harte 
Over  again,  once  more;  with  repetition. 
O  kill  not  all  my  kindred  o'er  again. 

Dryden 

Over  and  above,  besides  ;  beyond  what  is 

supposed  or  limited. 

He  gained,  over  and  above,  the  good  will  of 
the  people.  L'Estranj^e. 

Over  against,  opposite  ;  in  front. 

Over  against  tliis  church  stands  .1  large  hos- 
pital. Addison. 
Over  is  used  with  rolling  or  turning  from 

side  to  side  ;  as,  to  turn  over  ;  to  roll  over. 
To  give  over,  to  cease  from :  as,  to  give  over 
an  cntcrjirizc. 


2.  To  consider  as  in  a  hopeless  state ;  as,| 
the  physicians  have  given  over  their  i>a- 
tient. 

Over,  in  composition,  denotes  spreading, 
covering  above ;  as  in  overcast,  overfoio ; 
or  across,  as  to  overhear ;  or  above,  as  to 
overhang ;  or  turning,  changing  sides,  as 
in  overturn ;  or  more  generally  beyond, 
implying  excess  or  superiority,  as  in  oDcr- 
act,  overcome. 

OVER,  a.  Past. 

The  Olympic  games  were  over.  Milner 

2.  Upper  ;  covering  ;  as  over-shoes;  over- 
letlier. 

OVERABOUND',  v.  i.  To  abound  more 
than  enough  ;  to  be  superabundant. 

Pope. 

OVERA€T',  V.  t.  To  act  or  perform  to  ex- 
cess ;  as,  he  overacted  his  part. 

Atterbtiry. 

OVERACT',  V.  i.  To  act  more  than  is  ne- 


cessary. 


B.  Jonson 


OVERAG'ITATE,  v.  t.  To  agitate  or  dis- 
cuss beyond  what  is  expedient.  Hall. 

O'VERALLS,  n.  A  kind  of  trowsers. 

OVERANX'IOUS,  a.  Anxious  to  excess. 

OVER'ARCH,  V.  t.  To  arch  over  ;  to  cover 
with  an  arch. 

Brown  with  o'erarching  shades.  Pope 

OVERAWE,  V.  t.  overaw'.  To  restrain  by 
awe,  fear  or  superior  influence. 

The  king  was  present  in  person  to  overlook 
the  magistrates  and  overaive  the  subjects  witli 
the  terror  of  his  sword.  Spenser 

OVERBAL'ANCE,  v.  t.  To  weigh  down  ; 
to  e.vceed  in  weight,  value  or  inqjortancc. 
The  evils  which  spring  from  vice  overbal- 
ance all  its  pleasures. 

OVERBALANCE,  n.  Excess  of  weight  or 
value  ;  something  more  than  an  equiva 
lent  ;  as  an  overbalance  of  exports  ;  an 
overbalance  of  probabilities. 

Temple.     Locke. 

OVERB.\T'TLE,  a.  [qu.  from  the  root  of 
batten,  to  fatten.] 

Too  fruitful  ;  exuberant. 


[Mot  used.] 

Hooker. 
OVERBE.\R,    I',  t.    [See   Bear.]    To   bear 
down  ;  to  repress  ;  to  subdue. 

The  point  of  reputalion,  when  the  news  first 
came  of  the  battle  lost,  did  overbear  the  reason 
of  war.  Bacon 

Yet  fortune,  valor,  all  is  overborne 
By  numbers.  Derhain. 

Till  overborne  witli  weight  the  Cyprians  fell. 

Dryden, 
OVERBEARING,  ppr-  Bearing  down  ;  re- 
pressing. 
2.  a.  Haughty  and  dogmatical ;  disposed  or 
tending  to  repress  or  subdue  hy  insolence 
or  eftVontery. 
OVERBEND',  v.  t.  To  bend  or  stretch   to 
excess.  Donne. 

OVERBID',  v.t.  To  bid  or  offer  beyond. 
2.   To  hid  or  offer   more  thnn  an  (((uivalent. 
OVERBLOW,  V.  i.  Tu  blow  with  too  much 

liolence  ;  a  seaman's  phrase. 
■2.  To  blow  over,  or  be  past  its    violence. 

[J^ot  used.] 
OVERBLOW,  V.  t.  To  blow  away  ;  to  di 

sipate  hy  wind.  H'ldler. 

OVERBLOWN,  pp.    Blown  by  and  g.mc 
blown  away  ;  [lri\  en  by  ;  past.       Dryden. 
And  when  this  cloud  of  sorrow's  overblown 

J  falter 

OVERBOARD,  adv.  [over  and  Fr.  bord,  side.; 

Literally,  over  the  side  of  a  ship ;  hence, 


oat  of  a  ship  or  frora  on  board;  as,  to  fall 
overboard;  which  of  course  is  to  fall  into 
the  water.  Mar,  Did. 

OVERBROW',  v.  I.   To  hang  over. 

Collins. 
OVERBUILT,  pp.  overbiW.  Built  over. 

Milton, 

OVERBULK',    V.  t.    To   oppress  by  bulk. 
[JVot  used.]  Shak. 

OVERBURDEN,   v.  t.   To   load  with  too 
great  weight.  Sidney 

OVERBURDENED,  pp.  Overloaded. 
OVERBURN',  V.  t.  To  burn  too  much. 

Mortimer. 

OVERBUSY,  a.  overbiz'zy.  Too  busy ;  offi- 
cious. Decay  of  Piety. 
OVERBUY',  V.  t.  To  buy  at  too  dear  a  rate. 

Dryden 

0VER€AN'OPY,  v.  t.  To  cover  as  with  a 

canopy.  Shak 

OVERC-VRE,  n.  Excessive  care  or  anxie- 

I.V-  Dryden. 

OVERCA'REFUL,  a.  Careful  to  excess. 

OVERCAR'RY,  v.  I.  To  carry  too  far;  to 

carry  or  urge  beyond  the  proper  point. 

Haytcard. 

OVER€^AST,    V.  t.  To  cloud;  to  darken; 
to  cover  with  gloom. 

The  clouds  that  overcast  our  morn  shall  fly. 

Dryden. 
To  cast  or  compute  at  too  high  a  rate;  to 
rate  too  higli. 

The  king  in  his  account  of  peace  and  calms 
did  much  overcast  his  fortunes —  Bacon. 

:?.  To  sew  over. 

OVERCAST,  pp.  Clouded ;  overspread  with 
clouds  or  gloom. 

The  dawn  is  overcast.  Addison. 

Our  days  of  age  are  sad  and  overcast. 

Raleigh. 
OVERCAU'TIOUS,    a.    Cautious  or   pru- 
dent to  excess.  Addison. 
OVERCH'ARtiE,  v.t.  To  charge  or  load  to 
excess  ;  to  cloy  ;  to  oppress. 

The  heavy  load  of  abundance  with  which  we 
overcharge  nature —  Raleigh. 

To  crowd  too  much. 
Our  language  is  overchargedvii&i  consonants. 

Addison. 
To  burden.  Sliak. 

To  fill  to  excess  ;   to  surcharge  ;   as,  to 
overcharge  tlie  memory.  Locke. 

To  load  with  too  great  a  charge,  as  a  gun. 

Denham. 
To  charge  too  much  ;  to  enter  in  an  ac- 
count more  than  is  just. 
OVERCHARGE,  n.  An  excessive  load  or 

burden. 
2.  A  charge  in  an  account  of  more  than  is 

just. 
',i.  A  charge  beyond  what  is  proper. 
OVERl'I.IMB,  v.t.  Toclinibover.     Surrey. 
OVERCLOUD',  v.t.  To  cover  or  overspread 
with  clouds.  Tickel. 

OVERCLOY',  V.  t.  To  fill  beyond  satiety. 

Shak. 
OVERCOLD,  a.  CoM  to  excess.     Wiseman. 
OVERCOME,   v.t.    [See    Come.]    To  con- 
quer ;  to  vanquish  ;  to  subdue  ;  as,  to  oi'er- 
rome  enemies  in  battle. 

2.  Tosurrndunl  ;  to  get  the  better  of;  as,  to 
overcome  difliculties  or  nhstucles. 

3.  To  overflow ;  to  surcharge.     [JVbt  used.] 

Philips, 

4.  To  come  upon;  to  invade.     f.Vo/  uscrf.] 
OVERcO.^lE,  r.  i.  To  gain  thesupenority ; 

to  be  victorious,     lloni.  iii. 


(). 


O  V  E 


O  V  E 


O  V  E 


OVERCOMER,  n.  One  who  vanquishes  or| 

surmounts. 
OVERCOMINGLY,  adv.  Witli  superiority. 

More. 
OVEReON'FIDENCE,  n.  Excessive  con- 
fidence. 
OVERCORN',  V.  t.  To  corn  to  excess. 

Mdison. 
OVERCOUNT',  V.  t.  To  rate  above  the  true 

value.  Shale. 

0VER€6V'ER,  V.  I.  To  cover  completely. 

Shak. 
OVERCRED'ULOUS,   a.  Too  apt  to  be 

lievc.  Skak. 

OVERCROW,  V.  t.  To  crow  as  in  triumph. 

[Mot  used.]  Spenser. 

OvEReU'RIOUS,   a.     Curious  or  nice  to 

excess.  Bacon. 

OVERDA'TE,    v.  t.    To  date  beyonil   the 

proper  period.  Milton. 

OVERDI'GIIT,  a.  Covered  over.     Obs. 

Spenser. 
OVERDIL'IgENT,  a.  Diligent  to  excess. 
OVERDO,  V.  t.  To  do  or  perform  too  much 

Shak. 

2.  To  , harass  ;  to  fatigue;  to  oppress  by  too 
much  action  or  labor. 

3.  To  boil,  bake  or  roast  too  much.       Swift 
OVERDO,  V.  i.  To   labor   too  hard  ;  to  do 

too  much.  Greiv. 

OVERDONE,  pp.  Overacted ;  acted  to  ex 
cess. 

9.  Wearied  or  oppressed  by  too  much  labor 

3.  Boiled,  baked  or  roasted  too  much. 

Swift. 

OVERDOSE,  n.  Too  great  a  dose. 

OVERDRESS',  v.  t.  To  dress  to  excess  ;  to 
adorn  too  much.  Pope. 

OVERDRINK',  v.  t.  To  drink  to  excess. 

OVERDRIVE,  V.  I.  To  drive  too  hard,  or 
beyond  strength.     Gen.  xxxiii. 

OVERDRY',  V.  t.   To  dry  too  nuich. 

Burton. 

OVERE'AGER.  a.  Too  eager  ;  too  velie- 
ment  in  desire.  Goodman. 

OVERE'AGERLY,  adv.  With  excessive 
eagerness. 

OVERE'AGERNESS,  n.  Excess  of  earn 
estness. 

OVERE'AT,  v.t.  To  eat  to  excess. 

OVEREL'EGANT,  a.  Elegant  to  excess. 

Johnson. 

OVEREMP'TY,  v.  t.  To  make  too  empty. 

Carew 

OVEREyE,  v.  t.  To  superintend  ;  to  in 
spect.     [Lillle  used.] 

2.  To  observe  ;  to  remark.  Shak. 

O'VERFALL,  n.  A  cataract ;  the  fall  of  a 
river.  Raleigh 

OVERFATIGUE,  n.  overfatee'g.  Excessive 
fatigue. 

OVERFATIGUE,  v.  t.  overfatee'g.  To  fa 
tigue  to  excess.  Watts. 

OVERFEE'D,  v.  t.  To  feed  to  excess. 

Dry  den.' 

OVERFILL',  V.  t.  To  fill  to  excess ;  i6  sur- 
charge. Drijden. 

OVERFLOAT,  v.  t.  To  overflow ;  to  inun- 
date. Dryden. 

OVERFLOURISH,  v.  t.  overfiur'ish.  To 
make  excessive  display  or  flourish. 

CoUier, 

OVERFLOW,  V.  t.  To  spread  over,  as  wa- 
ter ;  to  inundate  ;  to  cover  with  water  or 
other  fluid. 

J.  To  fill  beyond  the  brim. 


3.  To  deluge  ;  to  overwhelm  ;  to   cover,  as, 
with  numbers. 

The  northern  nations  overflowed  all  christcn-l 
dom.  Spenser} 

OVERFLOW,  V.  i.  To  run  over  ;  to  swell 
and  run  over  the  brim  or  banks. 

Dryden. 
To  be  abundant ;  to  abound  ;  to  exuber- 
ate ;  as  overjlowing  jilenty.  Rogers. 

O'VERFLOW,  n.  An  inundation;  also,  su- 
perabundance. Bacon. 

OVERFLOWING,  ppr.  Spreading  over,  as 


running  over 


the 


Abundant ;  copious ; 

Exuberance  ;  copi- 
Denham. 
adv.    Exuberantly  ;i 
Boyle. 


a   fluid  ;    inundatin 

brim  or  banks. 
OVERFLOWING,  a. 

exuberant. 
OVERFLOWING,    n. 

ousiiess. 
OVERFLOWINGLY, 

in  great  abundance. 
OVERFLUSH',  v.  t.  To  flush  to  excess. 
OVERFLUSH'ED,  pp.   Flushed  to  excess; 

reddened  to  excess. 
2.  Elated  to  excess.  Mdison. 

OVERFLY',  V.  t.  To  pass  over  or  cross  by 

flight.  Dryden. 

OVERFOR'WARD,  a.  Forward  to  excess. 
OVERFOR'WARDNESS,   a.     Too   great 

Ibrwardness  or  readiness  ;  ofliciousness. 

Hale, 
OVERFREIGHT,     v.  t.     overfra'te.     [See 

Freight.] 
To  load   too   heavily  ;  to  fill  with  too  great 

quantity  or  numbers ;  as,  to  overfreight  a 

boat. 
OVERFRU'ITFUL,   a.    Too   rich  ;  produ- 
cing superabundant  crops.  Dryden. 
OVERGET',   V.  t.    To  reach  ;  to  overtake.! 

[JVot  u-fed.]  Sidney. 

OVERGILD',  v.t.  To  gildover;tovarnisii. 
OVERGIRD',    V.  I.    To   gird   or   bind  too 

closely.  Milton. 

OVERGL'ANCE,  v.t.  To   glance  over ;  to 

run  over  with  the  eye.  Shak. 

OVERGO,'  v.t.  To  exceed  ;  to  surpass. 

Sidney. 
2.  To  cover.     [J^ot  used.]  Cluipman. 

OVERGONE,  pp.   overgawn'.  Injured  ;  ru- 
ned.  Shak. 

OVERGORGE,   v.  t.  overgorj'.  To  gorge  to 

excess.  Shak. 

0VERGR>ASSED,  pp.  Overstocked  with 
rass  :  oversrown  with  grass.  Spenser. 
OVERGREAT,  a.  Toogreat.  Locke. 

OVERGROW,  V.  I.  To  cover  with  growth 

or  herbage.  Spenser. 

2.  To  grow  beyond  ;  to  rise  above. 

Mortimer. 
OVERGROW,  V.  i.  To  grow  beyond  the  fit 

or  natural  size  ;  as  a  huge  overgrown  ox. 

L'Estrange. 
OVERGROWTH,  n.  Exuberant  or  excess- 
ive growth.  Bacon. 
OVERIIALE.     [See  Overhaul.] 
OVERIIAND'LE,  v.  t.  To  handle  too  much ; 

to  mention  too  often.  Shak.\ 

OVERHANG',   v.  t.   To  impend   or  hang! 

over.  ^        I 

2.  To  jut  or  project  over.  Milton.' 

OVERHANG',  v.t.  To  jut  over.         Miltoti.l 
OVERH'ARDEN,  i'.  /.  to  harden  too  mucli  ;| 

to  make  too  hard.  Boyle. 

OVERHASTILY,  adv.   In  too  much  haste. 

Hales. 
OVERHaSTINESS,  ?i.    Too  much  haste; 

precipitation.  Reresby. 


OVERHaSTY,  a.  Too  hasty;  precipitate. 

Hammond. 
OVERHAUL',  V.  t.  To  spread  over. 

Spenser. 

2.  To  turn   over  for  examination ;  to  sepa- 
rate and  inspect. 
•3.  To  draw  over. 

4.  To  examine  agahi. 

5.  To  gain  upon  in  u  chase  ;  to  overtake. 
OVERHEAD,  adv.   overhed'.  Aloft;  above; 

in  the  zenith  or  cieling. 

Milton.     Addison. 
OVERHE'AR,  v.  t.  To  hear   by  accident  ; 
to  hear  what  is  not  addressed  to  the  hear- 
er, or  not  intended  to  he  heard  by  liini. 

Walton.     Milton. 
OVERHE'ARD,  pp.  Heard  by  accident. 
OVERIIE'AT,  v.t.  To  beat  to  excess. 

Addison. 

OVERHE'LE,  v.  t.   To  cover  over.      [Not 

used.]  B.  Jonson. 

OVERHEND',    v.  t.    To   overtake.      [Xot 

used.]  Spenser. 

OVERJOY',  V.  t.  To  give  great  joy  to  ;  to 

traiis|)ort  with  gladness.  Taylor. 

O'VERJOY,  n.  Joy  to  excess  ;  transport. 

OVERLA'BOR,  v.  t.  To  harass  with  toil. 

Dryden. 
2.  To  execute  with  too  much  care. 
OVERLA'DE,  v.  t.  To  load  with  too  great 

I  cargo  or  other  bunh^n. 
OVERLADEN,  pp.   Overburdened  ;  load- 
ed to  excess. 
OVERLA'ID,  pp.  [See  Overlay.]    Oppress- 
ed   with    weight  ;    smothered  ;    Covered 
over. 
OVERL'ARgE,  a.  Too  large  ;  too  great. 

Collier. 
OVERL'ARgENESS,  n.  Excess  of  size. 
OVERLASH',  v.  i.  To  exaggerate.     [Little 
used.]  Barrow. 

2.  To  proceed  to  excess.     [LitUe  used.] 

Boyle. 
OVERLA'Y,  v.  t.  To  lay  too  much  upon  ;  to 
oppress    with   incumbent   weight  ;    as   a 
country  overlaid  with  inhabitants. 

Raleigh. 
Our  sins  have  overlaid  our  hopes. 

IC.  Charles. 
2.  To  cover  or  spread  over  the  surface  ;  as, 
to  overlay  capitals  of  columns  with  silver; 
cedar  overlaid  with  gold. 
.3.  To  smother  with  close   covering ;  as,  to 
overlay  an  infant.  Milto7i. 

To  overwhelm  ;  to  smother. 
A  heap  of  ashes  that  o'erlays  your  fire. 

Dryden. 

To  cloud  ;  to  overcast. 
— As  when  a  cloud  his  beam  doth  overlay. 

Spenser. 

6.  To  cover ;  to  join  two  opposite  sides  by  a 
cover. 

And  overlay 
With  this  portentous  bridge  the  dark  abyss. 

Milton. 

OVERLA'YING,  n.  A  superficial  covering. 
Ex.  .xxxviii. 

OVERLE'.AP,  V.  t.  To  leap  over  ;  to  pass  or 
move  from  side  to  side  by  leaping ;  as,  to 
overleap  a  ditch  or  a  fence.  Dryden. 

OVERLEATHER,  )       The  lether   which 

O'VERLETHER,  S  "■  forms  or  is  intend- 
ed to  form  the  upper  part  of  a  shoe  :  that 
which  is  over  the  foot.  [With  us,  this  is 
called  tipper  lether.]  Shak, 


O  V  E 


O  V  E 


O  V  E 


oVERLEAVEN,  v.  I.  overkv'n.  To  leaven 
too  mucli;  to  cause  to  rise  and  swell  too 
iDUcli.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  To  mix  too  much  with  ;  to  corrupt. 

OVERLIB'ERAL,  a.  Too  liberal ;  too  free 
abundant  to  excess  ;  as  overliberal  diet. 

Bacon. 

OVERLIGHT,  n.  Too  strong  a  light. 

Bacon. 

OVERLIVE,  V.  t.  overliv'.  To  outlive  ;  to 
live  longer  than  another  ;  to  survive.  [We 
generally  use  outlive.]  Sidney. 

OVERLIVE,  D.J.  mierliv'.  To  live  too  long. 

Milton. 

OVERLIV'ER,  n.  One  that  lives  longest ; 
a  survivor.  Bacon. 

OVERLOAD,  V.  t.  To  load  with  too  heavy 
a  burden  or  cargo  ;  to  fill  to  excess  ;  as, 
to  overload  the  stomach  or  a  vehicle. 

OVERLONG',  a.  Too  long.  Boyle. 

OVERLQQK',  II.  t.  To  view  from  a  higher 
place ;  applied  to  persons  ;  as,  to  stand  on 
a  hill  and  overlook  a  city. 

3.  To  stand  in  a  more  elevated  place,  or  to 
rise  so  high  as  to  aft'ord  the  means  of  look- 
ing down  on  ;  applied  to  things.  The 
tower  overlooked  the  town. 

3.  To  see  from  behind  or  over  the  shoidder 
cf  another  ;  to  see  from  a  higher  position  ; 
as,  to  overlook  a  paper  when  one  is  writing. 

Dry  dot. 
1.  To  view  fully  ;  to  peruse.  Shak. 

■'■>.  To  inspect  ;  to  superintend  ;  to  oversee 
implying  care  and  watchfulness. 

He  was  present  in  person  to  overlook  the 
magistrates.  Spenser. 

C.  To  review  ;  to  examine  a  second  time  or 
with  care. 

The  time  and  care  that  are  required 
To  overlook,  and  file  and  polish  well. 

Hoscoiimon 

7.  To  pass  by  indulgently  ;  to  excuse  ;  not 
to  punish  or  censure ;  as,  to  overlook  faults 

Addison. 

8.  To  neglect;  to  slight. 

They  overlook   truth  in  the  judgment  they 
pass  on  adversity  and  prosperity.       Atterbury. 
OVERLQOK'ER,  n.  One  that  overlooks. 
OVERLOOP,     now   written    orlop,   which 

see. 
OVERLOVE,  II.  t.  To   love   to  e.\cess  ;  to 
prize  or  value  too  much.  Hall. 

O'VERLY,  a.  [Sax.  oferlice.']  Careless  ; 
negligent  ;  inattentive.     [J^ot  used.] 

Hall. 

OVERJVrAST,  V.  t.  To  furnish  with  a  mast 

or  with    masts   that  are  too  long   or  too 

heavy  for  tlie  weight  of  keel. 

OVERMASTED,   pp.    Having   masts  too 

long  or  too  lieavy  for  the  shi|). 

Mar.  Did. 
OVERM' ASTER,  v.  t.   To  overpower  ;  to 
subdue  ;  to  vanquish  ;  to  govern.     Milton 
OVERMATCH',  v.  t.   To  be  too  powerfti 
for;  to  conquer;  to  subdue;  to  oppress  by 
superior  force.  Dryden. 

OVERMATCH',  n.  One  superior  in  power 
one  able  to  overcome.     Milton.     Addison. 
OVERM EASURE,    v.  t.    overmezh'ur.     To 
measure  or  estimate  too  largelv-       Bacon. 
OVERM  EASURE,  )i.  overmezh'ur.    Excess 
of  measure  ;   something  that  exceeds  the 
measure  proposed. 
OVERMIX',  V.  t.  To  mix  witli  too  much. 

Creech. 


OVERMOD'EST,    a.    Modest  to    excess; 

i     basliful.  Hales. 

p'VERMOST,  a.  Highest;  over  the  rest  in 

I     authority.  Ainsworth. 

OVERMUCH',    a.    Too   much;   exceeding 
what  is  necessary  or  projjer.  Locke. 

OVERMUCH',  adv.   In  too  great  a  degree. 

Hooker. 

OVERMUCH',  n.  More  than  sufficient. 

Millon 

OVERMUCH'NESS,    n.    Superabundance 
[J^ol  used  and  barbarous.]  B.  Jonson. 

OVERMUL'TITUDE,  v.  t.  To  exceed  in 
nund)er.     [JVot  used.]  Milton. 

OVERNA'ME,  v.  t.  To  name  over  or 
series.     [J\~ot  used.]  Shak. 

OVERNE'AT,  a.  Excessively  neat. 

Spectator. 

OVERNIGHT,  n.  Night  before  bed-time. 
[See  Over,  prep.]  Shak. 

OVERNOISE,  V.  t.  overnoiz'.  To  overpow- 
er by  noise.  Cowley. 

OVEROFFEND'ED,  a.  Offended  to  ex- 
cess. Steele. 

OVEROF'FICE,  v.  t.  To  lord  by  virtue  of 
an  office.     [JVot  used.]  Shak. 

0VEROFFI"CIOUS,  a.  Too  busy  ;  too 
ready  to  intermeddle  ;  too  importunate. 

Collier. 

OVERPA'INT,  V.  t.  To  color  or  describe 
too  strongly.  Hill. 

OVERP'ASS,  V.  t.  To  cross;  to  go  over. 

Dnplen. 

2.  To  overlook  ;  to  pass  without  regard. 
Millon.     Hooker. 

3.  To  omit,  as  in  reckoning.  Raleigh. 

4.  To  omit ;  not  to  receive  or  include. 

Hooker. 

OVERPASSED,^         Passed  by;   passed 
OVERP>AST,        <  PP-  away  ;  gone;   past. 

Shak. 
OVERPA'Y,  I',  t.  To  pay  too  raucli  or  more 

than  is  due. 
2.  To  reward  beyond  the  price  or  merit. 

Prior. 
OVERPEE'R,  v.t.  To  overlook;  to   ho\er 
over.     [JVut  used.]  Shak 

OVERPE'OPLE,  V.  I.  To  overstock  vvitli 
rdiabitants.  Johnson 

OVERPERCH',  v.  t.  To  perch  over  or 
above  ;  to  flv  over.  Shak. 

OVERPERSUA'DE,  v.  t.  To  persuade  or 
influence  against  one's  inclination  oropin- 
ion.  Pope 

OVERPIC'TURE,   I',  t.    To  exceed  tlie  re- 
presentation or  picture.  Shak 
O'VERI'LUS,  n.  [over  an(\  h.  plus,  more,  or 

perhaps  G.  iibcrftuss,  overflow.] 
Surplus;  that  which  remains  after  a  supply, 
or   beyond    a   quantity    proposed.      Take 
what  is  wanted  and  return  the  overplus 

It  wo\ild  look  like  a  fable  to  report  that  thH 
gentleman  gives  away  all  which  is  the  over/ilm 
of  a  great  fortune.  Adiliann 

OVERPLV,  V.  t.   To  ply  to  excess;  to  ex- 
ert with  too  mucli  vigor.  Milton. 
OVERPOISE,  V.  t.  overpoiz'.  To  outweigh. 

Brown. 
OVERPOISE,    n.   overpoiz'.    Prepoiirlerant 
weiffht.  Dn/den. 

OVERPOL'ISH,  V.  t.  To  polish  too  n'luc 

Blackwall. 

OVERPON'DEROUS,  a.   Too  heavy  ;  too 

depressing.  Millon 

OVERPOST,  v.t.  To  hasten  over  quickly 

Shak 


OVERPOWER,  V.  t.  To  affect  with  a 
power  or  force  that  cannot  be  borne  ;  as, 
the  light  overpowers  the  eyes. 

2.  To  vanquish  by  force  ;  to  subdue  ;  to  re- 
duce to  silence  in  action  or  submission; 
to  defeat.  Dryden.     Watts. 

OVERPRESS',  V.  t.  To  bear  upon  witli  ir- 

esistible  force ;  to  crush  ;  to  overwhelm. 

Sidney.     Sunfl. 

2.  To  overcome  by  importunity. 

OVERPRI'ZE,  V.  t.  To  value  or  prize  at 
too  high  a  rate.  IVotton. 

OVERPROMPT',  a.  Too  prompt ;  too  ready 
or  eager. 

OVERPROMPT'NESS,  n.  Excessive 
promptness  ;   precipitation. 

OVERPROPO'RTION,  v.  t.  To  make  of 
too  great  proportion. 

OVERQUI'ETNESS,  n.  Too  much  quiet- 
ness. Brown. 

OVERRA'KE,  v.t.  To  break  in  upon  a 
ship.  When  the  waves  break  in  upon  a 
ship  riding  at  anchor,  it  is  said,  they  over- 
rake  her,  or  she  is  overraked.       Mar.  Diet. 

OVERRAN  K',  a.  Too  rank  or  luxuriant. 

Mortimer. 

OVERRA'TE,  v.  t.  To  rate  at  too  much  ; 
to  estimate  at  a  value  or  amount  beyond 
the  truth.  Dryden. 

OVERRE'ACH,  v.  t.  To  reach  beyond  in 
any  direction  ;  to  rise  above ;  to  extend 
beyond.  Burnet. 

2.  To  deceive  by  cunning,  artifice  or  sagaci- 
ty ;  to  cheat.  Tillotson. 

OVERRE'ACH,  v.  i.  Applied  to  horses,  to 
strike  the  toe  of  the  hind  foot  against  the 
heel  or  shoe  of  tlie  fore  foot. 

OVERRE'ACH,  n.  The  act  of  striking  the 
heel  r)f  the  fore  foot  with  the  toe  of  the 
hind  foot.  Encyc. 

OVERRE'ACHER,  n.  One  that  overreach- 
;  one  that  deceives. 

OVERRE'ACHING,  n.  The  act  of  deceiv- 
mg  ;  a  reaching  too  far. 

OVERRE'AD,  v.  t.  To  read  over;  to  peruse. 
.Yot  u.wd.]  Shak. 

OVERRKD',  v.t.  To  smear  with  a  red 
•nior.      UYot  used.]  Shak. 

OVERRI'DE,  v.t.  To  ride  over.  [.Vot  tised.] 

Chaucer. 

2.  To  ride  too  much  ;  to  ride  beyond  the 
strength  of  the  horse. 

ovkrrId'Den,^^^-^'''"''''''^''- 

OVKRRI'PEN,  v.t.  To  make  too  ripe.   Shak. 

OVERROAST,  v.  t.  To  roast  too  much. 

Shak. 

OVERRU'LE,  v.t.  To  influence  or  control 
by  predominant  power  ;  to  subject  to  su- 
perior authority.  Tlie  law  must  overrule 
all  private  opinions  of  right  and  wrong. 

His  passion  and  animosity  overruled  his  con- 
science. Clarendon. 
To  govern  with  high  authority. 

Haytvard. 
In  lair,  to  supersede  or  reject ;  as,  the 
plea  was  ovtrruhd  Iiv  the  court. 

OVERRtI'LER,  n.  One  who  controls,  di- 
rects or  governs.  Sidney. 

OVERRULING,  ppr.  Controlling;  subject- 
ing to  authority. 

2.  a.  Exerting  siiperiorand  controllingpow- 
er  ;  as  an  overruling  Providence. 

OVERRUN',  V.  t.  To  run  or  spread  over; 
to  grow  over  ;  to  cover  all  over.  The 
sluggard's    farm  is  overrun  with  weeds. 


O  V  E 


O  V  E 


O  V  E 


Some  plants  unchecked  will  soon  overrun 
a  tielti.  Tlie  (Janailu  thistle  is  overrun- 
ning the  northern  parts  of  New  England, 
as  it  haw  overrun  Normandy. 

2.  To  march  or  rove  over;  to  harass  by 
hostile  incursions ;  to  ravage.  Tlie  south 
of  Europe  was  formerly  overntn  liy  the 
Goihs,  Vandal.s  and  other  barbarians. 

3.  To  outrun  ;  to  run  faster  than  another 
and  leave  liini  behind. 

Ahimaaz  ran   by   the   way  of  the  plain,  and 
overran  Cushi.     2  Sam.  xviii. 

4.  To  overspread  with  numbers.  Were  it 
not  for  the  ibis,  it  has  been  supposed 
Egypt  would  be  overrun  with  crocodiles. 

5.  To  injure  by  treading  down. 

a.  Aiming  printers,  to  change  the  disposition 
of  types  and  carry  those  of  one  line  into 
another,  either  in  correction,  or  in  the 
contraction  or  extension  of  columns. 

OVERRUN',  v.i.  To  overflow;  to  run  over. 

Smith. 

OVERRUN'NER,  n.  One  that  overruns. 

OVERRUN'NING,  ppr.  S[)reading  over  ; 
ravaging  ;  changing  the  disposition  of 
types. 

OVERSAT'URATE,   v.  I.    To  saturate  to 

CX(*GSS. 

OVERSAT'URATED,  pp.  More  than  satu 
rated. 

OVERSAT'URATING,  ppr.  Saturating  to 
excess. 

OVERSeRU'PULOUS,  a.  Scrupulous  to 
excess.  Milford. 

OVERSEA,  a.    Foreign  ;  from  beyond  sea. 

fnison. 

OVERSEE',  I',  t.  To  superintend  ;  to  over- 
look, implying  Care. 

2.  To  pass  unheeded  ;  to  omit ;  to  neglect. 
[N'ot  used.}  Hudibras. 

OVERSEE'N,  pp.   Superintended. 

2.  Mistaken  ;  deceived.     [jVut  used.] 

Hooker. 

OVERSEE'R,  n.  One  who  overlooks  ;  a 
superintendent  ;  a  supervisor. 

2.  An  officer  who  has  the  care  of  the  poor 
or  of  an  idiot,  &c. 

OVERSET',  V.  t.    To  turn  IVomi  the  proper 

position  or   basis;  to  turn  upon  the  side. 

or  to  turn  bottom  upwards  ;  as,  to  overset 

a  ooacli,  a  ship  or  a  building. 
'2.  To  sui)vcrt ;  to  overthrow  ;  as,   to  overset 

the  constitution  of  a  state  ;  to   overset  a 

scheme  of  policy. 

3.  To  throw  oft' the  proper  foundation. 

Dryden 

OVERSET',  V.  J.  To  turn  or  be  turned  over ; 
to  turn  or  fall  off  the  basis  or  bottom.  A 
crank  vessel  is  liable  to  overset. 

OVERSHA'DE,  v.  t.  To  cover  with  shade  ; 
to  cover  with  any  thiug  that  causes  dark 
ness  ;  to  render  dark  or  gloomy. 

Bacon.     Dryden. 

OVERSHAD'OW,  v.  t.  To  throw  a  shadow 
over  ;  to  ovcrsliade.  Milton. 

2.  To  shelter;  to  protect ;  to  cover  with  pro- 
tecting influence.  Milton 

OVERSHAD'OWER,  n.  One  that  throws  a 
shade  over  any  thing.  Bacon. 

OVERSHAD'OWING,  ppr.  Throwing  a 
shade  over ;  protecting. 

OVERSHOOT',  V.  t.  To  shoot  beyond  the 
mark.  Tillotson 

2.  To  pass  swiftly  over.  Harte 


To  overshoot  one's  self,  to  venture  too  far ;  tol 
assert  too  much.  Hooker.] 

OVERSHOOT',  V.  i.  To  fly  beyond  the  mark. 

CollierJ] 

OVERSHOT',  pp.  Shot  beyond.  | 

O'VERSHOT,  a.  Au  overshot  wheel  is  one 
that  receives  the  water,  shot  over  the  top, 
on  the  descent.  An  overshot  wheel  is 
moved  by  less  water  than  an  undershot 
wheel. 

OVERSIGHT,  n.  Superintendence;  watch- 
ful care.     1  Pet.  v. 

2.  Mistake;  an  overlooking;  omission;  er- 
ror. Pope. 

OVERSrZE,  v.  I.  To  surpass  in  bulk  or 
size.     [JVot  much  used.]  Sandys. 

2.  To  oover  with  viscid  matter.  Shak. 

OVERSKIP',  V.  t.  To  skip  or  leap  over  ;  to 
pass  by  leaping.  Hooker. 

To  pass  over.  Donne. 

■i.  'J'o  escape.  Shak. 

OVERSLEE'P,  v.t.  To  sleep  too  long ;  as, 
to  oversleep  the  usual  hour  of  rising. 

OVERSLIP',  I',  t.  To  slip  or  pass  without 
notice;  to  pass  undone,  unuoticeil  or  un- 
used ;  to  omit ;  to  neglect  ;  as,  to  overslip 
time  or  op|iortuiiity.  Hammond. 

OVERSLOVV,  V.  t.  To  render  slow;  to 
check  ;  to  curb.     [N'ot  used.]     Hammond. 

OVERSNOW,  V.  t.  To  cover  with  snow. 
[Ao<  much  used.]  Dryden. 

OVERSOLD,  pp.  Sold  at  too  high  a  price. 

Dryden. 

OVERSOON',  adv.  Too  soon.  Sidney. 

OVERSOR'ROW,  v.  I.  To  grieve  or  afflict 
to  excess.  Milton 

OVERSPAN',  v.t.  To  reach  or  extend  over 

OVERSPE'AK,  v.t.  To  si)eak  too  much; 
to  use  too  many  words.  Hales. 

OVERSPENT',  >;>.  [T^ee  Spend.]  Harassed 
or  fatigued  to  an  extreme  degree. 

I  Dryden. 

OVERSPREAD,  v.t.  overspred'.  To  spread 
over;  to  cover  over.  The  deluge  over- 
spread the  earth. 

2.    To  scatter  over. 

OVERSPREAD,  v.  i.  overspred'.  To  be 
spread  or  scattered  over ;  as,  weeds  over- 
spread the  ground. 

OV^ERSTAND',  i-.  t.  To  stand  too  much  on 
price  or  conditions  ;  to  lose  a  sale  by  hold- 
ing the  price  too  high.  Ihi/den. 

OVERST.VRE,  v.t.  To  stare  wildly.  '[AV 
used.]  .hcham. 

OVERSTEP',  v.  t.  To  step  overor  beyond  ; 
to  exceed.  Shak. 

OVERSTOCK',  n.  Superabundai^ce  ;  more 
than  is  sufficient.  Taller. 

OVERSTOCK',  V.  t.  To  till  too  full;  to 
crowd  ;  to  supply  with  more  than  is  want- 
ed. The  world  may  be  overstocked  with 
inhabitants.  The  market  is  often  over- 
stocked with  goods. 

2.  To  furnish  with  more  cattle  than  are 
wanted;  as,  to  overstock  a  farm. 

3.  To  supply  with  more  seed  than  is  wanted  ; 
as,  to  overstock  land  with  clover. 

OVERSTO'RE,  v.  t.  To  store  with  too 
much ;  to  supply  or  till  with  superabun- 
dance. Hale. 

OVERSTRA'IN,  v.i.  To  strain  to  excess; 
to  make  too  violent  eftbrts.  Dryden. 

OVERSTRA'IN,  v.  t.  To  stretch  too  far. 

Jiyliffe. 

OVERSTREW,  )      ,    To  spread  or  scat- 

OVERSTROVV,  y-''    ter  over.         Shak. 


OVERSTRI  KE,  v.  t.  To  strike  beyond. 

Spenser. 
OVERSTROWN,  pp.  Spread  or  scattered 

o\er.  J.  Barlow. 

OVERSCPPLY',  V.I.  To  furnish  more  than 

is  suliiiient.  Melmoth. 

OVERSWA'Y,  V.  I.  To  overrule;  to   bear 

down  ;  to  control.  Hooker. 

OVERS  WELL',  V.  t.  To  swell  or  rise  above ; 

to  overflow.  Shak. 

O'VERT,   a.    [Fr.   ouvert,   from  ouvrir,   to 

open,  It.  nprire,  L.  uperio.] 
Open    to   view  ;  public ;  apparent ;   as  overt 
I     virtues;  an  overt  ennay.     Rut  the  word  is 
I     now  used  chiefly  in  law.     Thus   an  overt 

act  of  treason  is  distinguished  (rom  secret 

design  or  intention  not  carried  into  effect, 

and  even   from  worils  spoken.     A  market 

overt,  is  a  place  where  goods  are   publicly 

exposed  to  sale.     A    pound  overt,  is  one 

open   overhead,  as  distinguished  from  a 
t     ])ouu(l  covert  or  close.  Blackstone. 

OVi:;RTA'KE,  v.  I.  To  come  up  with  in  a 

course,   pursuit,  progress  or  motion;   to 

catch. 
I  The  enemy  said,   I   will  pursue,  I  will  over- 

I      take.     Kx.  xv. 

2.  To  come    upon ;  to   fall   on   afterwards. 
I     Vengeance  shall  overtake  the  wicked. 
■i.  To  take  by  surprise. 

i  Bretliren,  it  a  man  be  overtaken  in  a  fault,  ye 

j       who  .ire  spiritual,  restore  such  one  in  the  spirit 

of  m(*ekness.     fi.il.  vi. 
OVERT\'\SK,  V.  I.  To  impose  too  heavy  a 

task  or  injunction  on.  Harvey. 

[OVERTAX',  1'.  t.  To  tax  too  heavily. 
OVERTHROW,  v.t.  [See  Throic]  To  turn 

upside  down. 
I  His  wife  overthrew  the  table.  Taylor. 

!2.  To  throw  down. 
|3.  To  ruin  ;  to  demolish. 

Wlien  the  walls  of  Thebes  he  overthrew. 

Dryden. 
\i.  To  defeat ;  to  conquer  ;  to  vanquish  ;  as, 
j  to  overthrow  an  army  or  an  enemy. 
5.  To  subvert ;  to  destroy ;  as,  to  overthrow 
j  the  constitution  or  state;  lo  overthrow  re- 
I  liirion. 
p'VERTHROW,    »i.    The   state   of  being 

overtinued  or  turned  off  the  basis. 
2.  Ruin  ;   destruction  ;   as  the   overthrow  of 
!     the  state. 
j3.  Defeat  ;  discomfiture  ;  as  the  overthroiv  of 

enemies.  Dryilen. 

U.  Degradation.  Shak. 

OVERTIIROWER,     n.     One    that     over- 
j     throws,  defeats  or  destroys. 
OVERTHWART',  «.  Opposite ;  being  over 

the  w,-y  or  street.  '  Shak. 

2.  Crossing  at  right  angles. 

3.  Cross  ;  perverse  ;  adverse  ;  contradic- 
tious. Clarendon. 

OVERTHWART',  prep.  Across;  from  side 
to  side. 

OVERTHWART'LV,  adv.  Across;  trans- 
versely. Peacham. 

2.  Perversely. 

OVERTHWART  NESS,  n.  The  state  of 
being  athwart  or  lying  across. 

2.  Perverseness;  pervicacity.  Johnson. 

OVERTI'RE,  v.t.  To  tire  to  excess;  to 
subdue  by  fatigue.  Milton. 

OVERTI'TLE,  v.  t.  To  give  too  high  a  title 
to.  Fuller. 

O'VERTLY,  adv.  Openly;  in  open  view; 
publicly. 


O  V  E 


OWE 


OWN 


OVERTOOK',  pret.  oi  overtake. 
OVERTOP',  I',  t.  To  rise  above  the  top. 

Shak. 

2.  To  excel ;  to  surpass.  Harvey. 

3.  To  obscure ;  to  !nake  of  less  importance 
by  superior  excellence.  Sivi/l. 

OVERTOW'ER,  v.  t.  To  soar  too  high. 

Fuller. 
OVERTRIP',  v.t.  To  trip  over;    to   walk 

nimbly  over.  Shak. 

OVERTRUST',   v.  t.    To   trust  with    too 

nuich  coiitiilence.  Hall. 

O'VERTURE,  n.  [Fr.  ouverture.  See  Overt.] 

1.  Opening;  disclosure;  discovery.  [In this 
literal  sense,  little  used.]  Shak. 

2.  Proposal ;  something  offered  for  consid- 
eration, acceptance  or  rejection.  The 
prince  made  o»ertoresof  peace,  which  were 
accepted. 

3.  The  opening  piece,  prelude  or  symphony 
of  some  public  act,  ceremony  orenlertain- 
ment.  The  overture  in  theatrical  enter- 
tainments, is  a  piece  of  music  usually  end- 
ing in  a  fugue.  The  overture  of  a  jubilee 
is  a  general  procession,  &c.  Encyc. 

OVERTURN',  V.  t.  To  overset ;  to  turn  or 
throw  from  a  basis  or  foundation  ;  as,  to 
overturn  a  carriage  or  a  building. 

2.  To  subvert  ;  to  ruin  ;  to  destroy. 

Locke.     Atterhuri). 

3.  To  overpower  ;  to  conquer.  Milton. 
O'VERTURN,  n.  State  of  being  overturned 

or  subverted  ;  overthrow. 

OVERTURN'ABLE,  a.  Tliat  may  be  over- 
turned.    [JN'ot  much  used.] 

OVERTURN'ED,;)/).  Overset ;  overthrown. 

OVERTURN'ER,  n.  One  that  overturns  or 
subverts.  Swift. 

OVERTURN'ING,  ppr.  Oversetting  ;  over- 
throwing ;  subverting. 

OVERTURN'ING,  n.  An  oversetting ;  sub 
version  ;  change  ;  revolution. 

OVERVAL'UE,  v.  t.  To  rate  at  too  high  a 
price.  Hooker. 

OVERVA'IL,  ^      ,     To   cover;   to   spread 

OVERVEIL,   p'-'-    over.  Shak.' 

OVERVO'TE,  V.  t.  To  outvote;  to  out-, 
number  in  votes  given.  K.  Charles.l 

OVERWaTCH',  v.  t.  To  watch  to  excess; 
to  pubdue  by  long  want  of  rest.      Drydtn.l 

OVERWATCH'ED,  a.  Tired  by  too  much| 
watching.  Sidney. 

OVERVVE'AK,  a.  Too  weak  ;  too  feeble. 

Raleigh. 

OVERWEARY,  v.  t.  To  subdue  with  fa- 
tigue. Dryden. 

OVERVVEATHER,  I'. /.  overtreth'er.  [See 
IVeather.]  To  bruise  or  batter  by  vio- 
lence of  weather. 

OVERWEE'N,  V.  i.  [ween  is  obsolete,  ex- 
cept in  composition.  See  the  word.] 

1.  To  think  too  liighly  ;  to  tiiink  arrogantly 
or  conceitedly. 

2.  To  reach  beyond  the  truth  in  thought ; 
to  think  too  favorably.  Shak.     Milton. 

OVERWEE'NING,  ppr.  Thinking  too  high-i 

ly  or  conceitedly. 
2.  a.  Thin  thinks  too  highly,  particularly  of 

on(;'s  self;  conceited  ;  vain  ;   as  overu-een- 

iiig  piide  ;  an  overweening  brain.       Locka. 
OVERWEE'NINGLY,  adv.  With  too  much 

vanity  or  conceit. 
OVERWIJIGH,  V.  t.  To  exceed  iu  weight; 

to  can.se  to  preponderate  ;   to   outweigh  ; 

to  overbalance.  Hooker. 


OVERWEIGHT,  n.  Greater  weight ;  prc-j 
ponderance.  Bacon.' 

OVERWHELM',  v.  t.  To  overspread  or| 
crush  beneath  something  violent  and 
weighty,  tliat  covers  or  encompasses  the 
whole  ;  as,  to  overwhelm  with  waves. 

2.  To  immerse  and  bear  down  ;  in  a  figura- 
tive sense ;  as,  to  be  overwhelmed  with 
cares,  afflictions  or  business. 

.'?.  To  overlook  gloomily.  Shak. 

4.  To  put  over.     [JVol  used.] 

O'VERWHELM,  n.  The  act  of  overwhelm- 
ing. Young. 

OVERWHELM'ING,  ppr.  Crushing  with 
weight  or  numbers. 

OVERWHELM'INGLY,  adv.  In  a  manner 
to  overwhelm. 

OVERWING',  I',  t.  To  outflank;  to  ex. 
tend  beyond  the  wing  of  an  army. 

Milton. 

OVERWI'SE,  a.  s  as  t.  Wise  to  affecta 
tion.  Ecclus. 

OVERWI'SENESS,  ?;.  Pretended  or  af 
fected  wisdom.  Raleigh. 

OVERWORD',  r.  t.  To  say  too  much. 

OVERWORK',  V.t.  To  work  beyond  the 
strength  ;  to  cause  to  labor  too  much  ;  to 
tire.  South. 

OVERWORN,  a.  Worn  out;  subdued  by 
toil.  Drydtn. 

2.  Spoiled  by  time.  Shak. 

OVERWRESTLE,  v.  t.  overres'l.  To  sub- 
due by  wrestling.  Spenser. 

OVERWROUGHT,  pp.  overraut'.  Labored 
to  excess.  Dryden. 

2.  Worked  all  over ;  as  overwrought  with 
ornaments.  Pope 

OVERYE'ARED,  a.  Too  old.     [Mot  used.] 

Fairfax. 

OVERZE'ALED,  a.  Too  much  excited  with 
zeal ;  ruled  by  too  much  zeal.  Fuller. 

OVERZEALOUS,  a-  overzel'ous.  Too  zeal 
ous  ;  eager  to  excess.  Locke. 

OVI€'ULAR,  a.  [from  L.  ovum,  an  egg.i 
Pertaining  to  an  egg.  Bryant 

0'VIDU€T,  71.  [L.  ovum,  an  egg,  and  duc- 
tus, a  duct.] 

In  animals,  a  passage  for  the  egg  from  the 
ovary  to  the  womb,  or  a  passage  which 
conveys  the  egg  from  the  ovary. 

Hist.  Roy.  Soc. 

O'VIFORM,  a.  [L.  ovum,  egg,  and  forma, 
form.]  Having  the  form  or  figure  of  an 
egg.  Burnet. 

O'VINE,  a.  [L.  ovinus,  from  ovis,  shee|). 
Pertaining  to  sheep;  consisting  of  sheep. 

OVIP'AROUS,  a.  [L.  ovum,  egg,  and  pario, 
to  produce.] 

Producing  eggs,  or  producing  young  from 
eggs.  Fowls  and  reptiles  are  oviparous 
animals. 

O'VOID,  a.  [L.  ovum,  egg,  and  Gr.  «.ioi, 
form.]     Having  the  shape  of  an  egg. 

O'VOLO,  n.  In  architecture,  a  round  mold 
ing,  the  quarter  of  a  circle;  called  also  the 
quarter  round.  Encyc. 

OWE,  1'.  t.  0.  [a  regular  verb,  pret.  and 
])p.  owed;  used  with  the  auxiliary  have 
had,  but  not  with  the  substantive  verb  to 
be.  This  verb  is  doubtless  the  Sax.  agan, 
Goth,  aigan,  Svv.  uga,  Ice.  eg,  to  have  or 
possess,  that  is,  to  hold  or  retain,  coin- 
ciding with  the  Gr.  f  j;u.  The  Saxon  par- 
ticiple agc7i,  Dan.  egen,  is  the  English  own. 
Ought  is  u  derivative  teuse,  and  was  for- 


merly used  in  the  sense  of  owed.  The 
I)roper  sense  of  ou'f,  is  to  be  held  or  bound 
to  ])ay  ;  nearly  as  we  now  use  have  in  the 
phrases,  "  I  have  to  pay  a  sum  of  money 
to-morrow,"  "Ihave  togo  to  town  to-day."] 

1.  To  be  indebted  ;  to  be  obliged  or  bound 
to  )iay.  The  merchants  owe  a  large  sura 
to  foreigners. 

A  6011  uwes  help  and  honor  to  his  father. 

Hotyday. 

One  was  brought  to  him  who  owed  him  lea 
thousand  talents.     Matt,  xviii. 

Owe  no  man  any  tiling,  but  to  love  one  an- 
otlior.     Uoiii.  xiii. 

2.  To  be  obliged  to  ascribe  to  ;  to  be  obliged 
for ;  as,  that  he  may  owe  to  me  all  his  de- 
liverance. Milton. 

3.  To  possess  ;  to  have  ;  to  be  the  owner  of. 
[This  is  the  original  sense,  but  now  obso- 
lete. Iu  place  of  it,  we  use  oion,  from  the 
participle.  See  Own.] 

Thou  dost  here  usurp 
The  name  thou  owesl  not.  Shak. 

4.  To  be  due  or  owing. 

O  deem  thy  tall  not  ow'd  to  man's  decree. 

Pope. 
[This  passive  form  is  not  noiv  used.] 
OWE,  V.  i.  To  be  bound  or  obliged. 

Bp.  Fisher. 
OWING,  ppr.  [This   is   used   in   a   passive 
form,   contrary    to  analogy,  for   owen   or 
owed.    But  the  use  is  inveterately  estab- 
lished.] 

1.  Due;  that  moral  obligation  requires  to  be 
paid ;  as  the  money  owing  to  a  laborer  for 
services,  or  to  another  country  for  goods. 

2.  Consequential  ;  ascribable  to,  as  the 
cause.  Misfortunes  are  often  owing  to 
vices  or  miscalculations. 

3.  Imjiutable  to  as  an  agent.  His  recovery 
from  sickness  is  owiiig  less  to  his  phvsi- 
cian,  than  to  the  strength  of  his  constitu- 
tion. 

OWL,  n.  [Sax.  ula,  ule  :  D.  uil ;  G.  eule  ; 
Sw.  ugla  or  uggla ;  L.  ulula.  The  orthog- 
ra])liy,  except  in  the  Swedish,  coincides 
w  ith  howl,  L.  ululo  ;  but  the  radical  letters 
are  not  obvious.] 

A  fowl  of  the  genus  Stris,  that  flies  chiefly 
in  the  night. 

OWL'ER,  n.  [qu.  from  owl,  or  from  wool.] 
One  that  conveys  contraband  goods. 

Sufifl. 

OWL'ET,  n.  [Fr.  hulotte.]  An  owl,  which 
see. 

OWL'ING,  n.  Tlie  offense  of  transporting 

wool  or  sheep  out  of  England,  contrary  to 

the  statute.  Blackstone. 

[This  explanation  of  owling  favors  the 

derivation  of  the  word  (rom  wool.] 

OWL'-LIGIIT,  n.  Glimmering  or  imperfect 
light.  ff'arburton. 

OWL'-LIKE,  a.  Like  an  owl  in  look  and 
habits.  Donne. 

OWN,  a.  [Sax.  agen ;  Sw.  Dan.  egen ;  D. 
G.eigen;  the  participle  of  Sax.  agan,  to 
possess.  See  Owe  and  Ought.] 

1.  Belonging  to  ;  possessed;  peculiar;  usu- 
ally expressing  property  with  emphasis, 
or  in  express  exclusion  of  others.  It  fol- 
lows my,  your,  his,  their,  thy,  her.  God 
created  man  in  his  own  image.  Adam 
begat  a  son  in  his  own  likeness.  Let  them 
fall  Uy  their  own  counsel.  He  washed  us. 
from  (iiM-  sins  in  his  own  blood.  Scripture. 
In  the  phrases,  his  own  nation,  his  own 


O  X 

country,  the  word  own  denotes  that  the 
person  belongs  to  the  nation  or  country. 
S.   Own  ofti'M  Collovvs  a  verb  ;  as,  the  book  is 
not  my  own,  that  is,  rny  own  book. 

3.  It  is  used  as  a  substitute. 

1  hat  they  uiay  dwell  in  a  place  of  tlieir  own. 
2  Sam.  vii. 
In  this  use,  a  noun  cannot  follow  oi«7i. 

4.  "  He  came  to  h'isown,  and  his  own  roceived 
'  him  not,"  that  is,  his  oivn  nation  or  people  ; 

own  being  here  used  as  a  substitute,  hke 
many  other  adjectives. 
OWN,  V.  t.  [from  the  adjective.]  To  have 
the  legal  or  rightful  title  to;  to  have  the 
exclusive  right  of  possession  and  use.  A 
freeholder  in  the  United  States  owns  hi 
farm.  Men  often  own  land  or  goods  which 
are  not  in  their  possession. 

2.  To  have  the  legal  right  to,  without  the 
exclusive  right  to  use;  as,  amaiiouJii*  the 
land  in  front  of  his  farm  to  the  middle  of 
the  highway. 

3.  To  acknowledge  to  belong  to  ;  to  avow 
or  admit  that  the  property  belongs  to. 

When  you  coine,  tind  me  out 

Ami  own  me  for  your  son.  Dryden. 

4.  To  avow ;  to  confess,  as  a  fault,  crime  or 
other  act ;  that  is,  to  acknowledge  thai 
one  has  done  the  act ;  as,  to  own  the  faults 
of  youth;  to  own  our  guilt.  The  man  is 
charged  with  theft,  but  he  has  not  owned 
it. 

5.  In  general,  to  acknowledge ;  to  confess 
to  avow  ;  to  admit  to  be  true  ;  not  to  de- 
ny ;  as,  to  own  our  weakness  and  frailty 

Many  oitn  the  gospel  of  salvation  nioie  from 
custom  than  conviction.  /.  M.  .Mason. 

OWNED,  pj).  The  legal  title  being  vested 
in ;  as,  the  property  is  owned  by  a  com- 
pany. 

2.  Acknowledged  ;  avowed  ;  confessed. 

OWNKR,  n.  The  rightful  proprietor;  one 
who  has  the  legal  or  rightful  title,  whether 
he  is  the  possessor  or  not. 

The  ox  knowcth  his  owner.     Is.  i. 
The  centurion  believed  the  master  and  owner 
of  the  ship.     Acts  xxvii. 

OWNERSHIP,      n.     Property;     exclusive 
right  of  possession  ;  legal  or  just  claim  or 
title.     The  owner.^liip  of  the  estate  is  in  A 
the  possessicm  is  in  B. 

OWNING,  ppr.  Having  the  legal  or  just  ti 
tie  to. 

2.  Acknowledging;  avowing;  confessing. 

OWRE,  n.  [h.uius.]  A  beast.     [JVotused.] 

./linswoiih 

OWSE,  ji.  Barkof  oak  beaten  or  ground  to 
small  pieces.  ^Ish. 

OW'SER,  n.  Bark  and  water  mixed  in  s 
tan-pit.  .4.s-7( 

OX,  n.  plu.  orcn.  pron.  ox'n.  [Sax.  o:rn , 
G.  och.i,  ochse  ;  D.  os  ;  Sw.  Dan.  oxe  ;  Sans. 
uksha ;  Armen.  os.] 

The  male  of  the  bovine  genus  of  quadru 
peds,  castrated  and  grown  to  his  size  or 
nearly  so.  The  young  male  is  called  in 
America  a  steer.  The  same  animal  not 
castrated  is  called  a  bull.  These  distinc- 
tions are  well  established  with  us  in  re 
gard  to  domestic  animals  of  this  genus, 
When  we  speak  of  wild  animals  of  this 
kind,  ox  is  snnietimes  applied  both  to  the 
male  ami  female,  and  in  zoology,  the  same 
practice  exists  in  regard  to  the  domestic 
animals.  So  in  common  usage,  a  pair  of] 
bulls  yoked  may  be  sometimes  called  or- 


O  X  Y 

en.  We  never  apply  the  name  ox  to  the 
cow  or  lemale  cd'tlie  domestic  kind.  Oxen 
in  the  plural  may  comprehend  both  the 
male  and  temale. 
OX'ALATE,  n.  [See  Oxalic.]  In  chimistry, 
a  salt  formed  by  a  combination  of  the  ox- 
alic acid  with  a  base. 
OXAL'lt;,  a.  [Gr.  o|o>.t{,  sorrel,  from  <j|i!, 

acid.] 
Pertaining  to  sorrel.  The  oxalic  acid  is  the 

acid  of  sorrel. 
OX'BANE,  n.  A  plant,  buphonos. 

Jlinsworlh 
;0X'-EYE,    n.  [ox  and  eye.]    A  plant  of  the 
genus  Buphthalmum  ;  another  of  the  ge- 
nus Anthemis ;  also,  the  ox-eye  daisy  or 
Chrysanthemum.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

OX'EYED,  a.  Having  large  full  eyes,  like 
those  of  an  ox.  Burton. 

OX'FLY,  n.  A  fly  hatched  under  the  skin  of 

cattle. 
OX'GANG,  n.  [ox  and  g-an^,  going.]  In  an 
cientlaivs,  as  much  land  as  an  ox  can  plow 
in  a  year;  said  to  be  fifteen  acres,  or  as 
others  alledge,  twenty  acres. 
OX  HEAL,  n.  A  plant.  Ainsworlh. 

OXIOD'IC,  a.  Pertaining   to   or  consisting 
of  the  compound  of  oxygen  and  iodine 

IVebster's  Manual. 
OX'LIKE,  a.   [ox  and  like.]  Resembling  an 
ox.  Sandys. 

OX'LIP,  n.  A  plant,  the  cowslip. 
OX'STALL,  n.  A  stall  or  stand  for  oxen 
OXTONGUE,  n.   ox'tung.    A  plant   of  the 

genus  Picris. 
OX'Y€RATE,  n.  [Gr.  otv;,  acid,  and  xspau 

to  mix.] 
A  mixture   of  water  and   vinegar.     [Little 
used.]  Wiseman. 

OX'YD,  n.  [Gr.  olij,  acid,  sharp  ;  o|oj,  vine- 
gar. The  true  orthography  of  this  word 
is  oxyd,  as  originally  written  by  Lavoisier 
and  his  associates.  No  analogy  in  the 
language  is  better  established  than  the 
unilbrin  translation  of  the  Greek  v  into  the 
English  1/,  as  in  Latin,  and  it  is  very  ab- 
surd to  preserve  this  analogy  in  oxygen, 
oxymuriate  and  hydrogen,  and  depart  from 
it  in  oxyd.] 
In  chimistry,  a  substance  formed  by  the  com- 
bination of  a  portion  of  oxygen  with  some 
base  ;  or  a  substance  combined  with  oxy- 
gen, without  being  in  the  state  of  an  acid. 
Diet.  ATat.  Hist.  Ure. 
OXYDABIL'ITY,  n.  The  capacity  of  being 
converteil  into  an  oxyd.  Med.  Repos. 

OX'YD.M?LE,  a.  Capable  of  being  convert 

eil  into  an  oxyd. 
OX'YDATE,  V.  t.   To  convert  into  an  oxyd 
as  metals  and  other  substances,  by  conibi 
nation  with  oxygen.     It  ditlers  froui  arid 
ify,  to  make  acid,  or  to  convert  into  an 
acid,  as  in  oxydation  the  acid  that  enters 
into  combination  is  not  sufficient  to  form 
an  acid. 
OX'YDATED,  pp.  Converted  into  an  oxyd. 
OX'YDATING,  jypr.    Converting    into  an 

oxyd. 
OXYDA'TION,   »;.  The  operation  or  pro 
cess  of  converting  into  an  oxyd,  as  metals 
or  other  substances,  by  combining  witl 
them  a  certain  portion  of  oxygen. 

Lavoisier.     Ure. 
OX'YDIZE,  V.  t.  To  oxydate,  which  sec 
OK'YOIZEV,  pp.  Oxydated. 


O  Y  E 

OX'YDJZEMENT,  n.  Oxydation. 
OX'YDIZING,  ppr.  Oxydating. 

[Oiydize  and  its  derivati\es  are  now  more 

generally  used  than  oxydate,  though  there 

seems  to  be  no  ground  fur  the  preference.] 

OX'YtJEN,  71.  [Gr.  o?v5,  acid,  and  yinuu,  to 

generate.) 

In  chimistry,  oxygen  or  oxygen  gas  is  an  el- 
ement or  substance  so  named  from  its 
projierty  of  generating  acids;  it  istheres- 
pirable  part  of  air,  vital  air,  or  the  basis  of 
it ;  it  is  called  the  acidifying  principle,  and 
the  principle  or  support  of  conjbuslion. 
IVhxiern  experiments,  however,  prove  that 
it  is  not  necessary  in  all  cases  to  combus- 
tion or  to  acidity.  Oxygen  is  a  perma- 
nently elastic  fluid,  invisible,  inodorous, 
and  a  little  heavier  than  atmospheric  air. 
In  union  with  azote  or  nitrogen,  it  lijrins 
atmospheric  air,  of  which  it  constitutes 
about  a  fifth  part.  Water  contains  about 
85  per  cent,  of  it,  and  it  exists  in  most 
vegetable  and  animal  products,  acids,  salts 
and  oxyds.  It  tbrins  .50  per  cent,  of  silex, 
47  of  aluniin,  '^8  of  lime,  40  of  magnesia, 
17  of  potash,  and  '2o  of  soda. 

Did.  JVat.  Hist.     Cyc.     Ure.    Phillips. 

OX'YtiENATE,  v.  t.  To  unite  or  cause  to 
combine  with  oxygen,  without  the  evolu- 
tion of  heat  or  light ;  to  acidify  by  oxygen. 

OX'YgENATED.  pp.  United  with  oxygen. 

OX'YCENATING,  ppr.  Uniting  with  ox- 
ygen. 

OXYCiENA'TION,  n.  The  act,  operation  or 
process  of  combining  with  oxygen. 

OX'YCiENIZABLE,a.  Capable  of  being  ox- 
ygenized. 

OX'YtiENIZE,  V.  t.  To  oxygenate,  which 

S66. 

OX'YfiENIZED,;;;).  Oxygenated. 
OX'YgENIZE.MENT,  n.  O.xygenation. 
OX'YliENIZING,p/?r.  O.xygenating. 
OXYti'ENOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  oxygen,  or 

obtained  from  it. 
OX'YGON,  n.  [Gr.  otvj,  sharp,  and  ywiia,  all 

angle.] 
A  triangle  having  three  acute  angles. 

Diet. 
OXY-I'ODINE,  n.  In  chimisti-y,  a  compound 

of  thechloriodic  and  oxiodic  acids.    Davy. 
OX'YMEL,  n.    [Gr.  o^uj,   acid,   and    f*f>.i, 

honey.] 
A  mixture  of  vinegar  and  honey. 

Arhuthnoi. 
OXYMO'RON,   n.   [Gr.  otn/xupor,   a  siiiart 

saying  which  at  first  view  appears  fool- 

isli.] 
A  rhetorical  figure,  in  which  an  epithet  of  a 

quite  contrary  signification  is  added  to  a 

w<ird  ;  as  cruel  kindness. 
Oxyprussie  arid,  chloroprussic  acid. 
OXYIi  RllODINE,   11.  [compounded  of  Gr. 

o^ii;,  acid,  and  poSoi',  rose.] 
\  mixture  of  two  parts  of  the  oil  of  rosea 

with  one  of  the  vinegar  of  roses.      Floycr. 
OX'YTONE,   a.    [Gr.  oiij,  sharp,  and  roroj, 

tone.] 
Having  an  acute  sound.  Walker. 

OX'YTONE,  n.  An  acute  sound. 
OY'ER,  n.  [Norm,  oj/er,  hearing  ;  Fr.  ouir, 

to  hear.] 
In  law,  a  hearing  or  trial  of  causes.    A  court 
1    of  oyer  and  terminer  is  constituted  by  a 


P  A  C 


P  A  C 


P  A  C 


commission  to  inquire,  hear  and  determine 
all  treasons,  felonies  and  misdemeanors. 

Blackslone. 

2.  The  hearing,  as  of  a  writ,  bond,  note  or 
other  specialty ;  as  when  a  defendant  in 
court  prays  oyer  of  a  writing. 

Blackslone. 

OYES,  [Fr.  oyez,  hear  ye.]  This  word  in 
usimI  hy  the  sheriff  or  his  substitute  in 
making  proclamation  in  court,  requirin 


silence  and  attention.    It  is  thrice  repeat- 
ed, :ind  most  absurdly  pronounced,  O  yes. 
OY  LET-HOLE.     [Se>i  Eyelet-hole.] 
OYS'TER,   n.    [G.   auster ;  D.   oester ;  Sw. 
ostra  ;  Dan.  oater  ;  Fr.   huitre  ;  Arm.  his- 
Irenn  or  eistren  ;  Russ.  ystritz ;  Corn,  e.i- 
tren  ;  L.  ostrea ;  Gr.  of pfw  ;  probably  con- 
ne«  fed   in   origin    with   oftw,    bone,  and 
named  from  its  hardness.] 
A  bivalvular  testaceous  animal,  found  adher- 


ing to  rocks  or  other  fixed  substances  in 
salt  water  which    is  shallow,    or  in  the 
mouths  of   rivers.     Oysters  are  deemed 
nourishing  and  delicious  food. 
OYSTER-SHELL,  n.  The  hard  covering 

or  shell  of  the  oyster. 

OYS'TER-\Vl',NCH,>     A  woman  whose 

OYS'TER-WIFR,      Sn.occupation   is    to 

OYS'TER-WOMAN,  )     eell  oysters ;  a  low 

woman.  Shak. 


P. 


P  is  the  sixteenth  letter  of  the  English  Al 
phabet,  and  a  labial  articulation  formed  by 
a  clost-  compression  of  the  anterior  part  of 
the  lips,  as  in  ep.  It  is  convertible  into  6 
and/,  sometimes  into  v,  and  in  Greek,  into 
f.  This  letter  is  found  in  the  oriental 
languages,  from  which  it  was  received  into 
the  Greek  and  Latin  ;  except  however  the 
Arabic,  which  has  not  this  letter,  and  the 
Arabians  cannot  easily  pronounce  it.  In 
some  words  which  we  have  borrowed 
from  the  Greek,  p  is  mute,  as  in  psalm, 
ptisan  ;  but  is  not  silent  in  English  words, 
unless  it  may  be  in  receipt,  and  a  few  ir- 
regular words.  P  aspirated  or  followed 
by  h,  represents  the  Greek  f,  which  ans- 
wers to  the  English/,  as  in  philosophy. 
As  an  abbreviation,  P.  stands  for  Puhlius. 
pondo,  &c. ;  P.  A.  DIG.  for  patricin  di^- 
nitas  ;  P.  C.  for  Patres  Conscripti ;  P.  F 
for  Publius  Fabius ;  P.P.  for  proposilum 
pvblice  ;  P.  R.  for  populus  Romanns ; 
P.  R.  S.  for  prmtoris  sententia ;  P.  R.  S.  P. 
for  priLses  provinciiE. 
P.  M.  stands  for  post  meridiem,  afternoon. 
As  a  numeral,  P,  like  G,  stands  for  one 
hundred,  and  with  a  dash  over  it,  p,  for 
four  hundred  thousand. 
Among  physicians,  P.  stands  for  pugil,  or  the 
eighth  part  of  a  handful :  P.  JE.  tor  partes 
aquales,  equal  parts  of  the  ingredients : 
P.  P.  for  pulvis  patrum,  or  the  Jesuits'  bark 
in  powder ;  and  ppl.  for  prceparatus,  pre 
pared.  Encyc 

PA'A6E,  n.  [Norm,  paage,  payment.    See 

Pay.] 
A   toll   for  passage   over  another  person's 
grounds.     [Mil  used.]  Burke. 

PAB'ULAR,  o.  [L.  pabulum,  food.]   Pertain 

ing  to  food  ;  affording  food  or  aliment. 
PABULA'TION,  n.  [h.  pabulatio,  frompab- 

xdor,  to  feed.] 
The  act  of  feeding  or  procuring  provender. 

Cockeram. 
FABULOUS,  a.    [L.  pabulum,  food.]    Af 
fording  aliment  or  food  ;  alimental. 

Brown. 
PAB'ULUM,  n.    [L.]    Food ;  aliment ;  that 

which  feeds. 
2.  Fuel  ;  that  which  supplies  the  means  of 
combustion.  Encyc. 

PA'CA,  Ji.  A  small  animal  of  America,  bear- 
ing some  resemhlaiice  to  a  hare  and  a  pig. 
It  is  a  species  of  cavy  ;  called  also  the 
spotted  cavy.    Did.  Mtt.  Hist.    Ed.  Encyc. 


PA'CATE,  a.  [L.pacatus.]  Peaceful;  tran- 
quil.    [JVbt  used.] 

PA'€ATED,  a.  Appeased.     [Little  used.] 

Bailey. 

PACA'TION,  n.  [L.  pace,  to  calm  or  ap- 
pease.]    The  act  of  appeasing. 

PACCAN',  n.  An  American  tree  and  its  nut 

PACE,  n.  [Fr.  pas  ;  It.  passo  ;  Sp.  paso  ;  L 
passus,  from  pando,  to  open,  or  Gr.  ttartu, 
to  tread.     See  Pass.] 

1.  A  step. 

2.  The  space  between  the  two  feet  in  walk- 
ing, estimated  at  two  feet  and  a  half  But 
the  geometrical  pace  is  five  feet,  or  the 
whole  space  passed  over  by  the  same  foot 
from  one  step  to  another.  Sixty  thousand 
such  paces  make  one  degree  on  the  equa- 
tor. Encyc. 

3.  Manner  of  walking  ;  gait;  as  a  languish- 
ing/jace;  a  heavy ^ace;  a  quicker  slow 
pace.  .Addison. 

4.  Step  ;  gradation  in  business.  [Little  us- 
ed.] Temple 

5.  A  mode  of  stepping  among  horses,  in 
which  the  legs  on  the  same  side  are  lifted 
together.  In  a  general  sense,  the  word  may 
be  applied  to  any  other  mode  of  stepping. 

G.  Degree  of  celerity.  Let  him  mend  his 
pace. 

To-moii'ow,  and  to-morrow,  and  to-morrow, 
Creeps  in  this  petty  jmce  from  day  to  day — 

Shak. 
To  keep  or  hold  pace,  to  keep  up ;  to  go  or 

m»ve  as  fast  as  something  else. 
PACE,  V.  i.  To  go  ;  to  walk ;  to  move. 

Spenser.    Shak. 
2.  To  go,  move  or  walk  slowly. 
.3.  To  move  by  lifting  the  legs  on  the  same 

side  together,  as  a  horse. 
PACE,  V.  t.   To  measure  by  steps  ;  as,  to 

pace  a  piece  of  ground. 
2.  To  regulate  in  motion. 

If  you  can,  pace  your  wisdom 
In  that  good  path  that  I  woidd  wish  it  go —  j 

Shak., 
PA'CED,  a.  Having  a  particular  gait ;  usedj 

chiefly  in  composition  ;  as  s\o\v-paced. 
'i.  In  composition,  going   all  lengths  ;  as   a 

thorough-;)aced  intriguer. 
PA'CER,  n.  One  that  paces ;  a  liorse  that 

paces. 
PA€HYnERM'ATOUS,a.  [Gr.rta;tvf,thick, 

and  iippa,  skin.] 

Having  a  thick  skin;  an  c|)ithet  applied  to 

an  order  of  animals,  called  Pachydirmataj 

embracing    all    the    hoofed    quadrupeds 


which  do  not  ruminate,  as  the  elephant, 
mastodon  or  N.  American  mammoth,  hip- 
popotamus, SUB  or  hog,  rhinoceros,  tapir, 
and  horse.  Cuvier. 

The  horse  constitutes  a  separate  order, 
(Solipeda.)  Ed.  Encyc. 

PACIF'IC,  a.  [L.  pacijicus,  from  pacijico,  to 
make  peace.     See  Peace.] 

1.  Peace-making  ;  conciliatory  ;  suited  to 
make  or  restore  peace;  adapted  to  reconcile 
differences  ;  mild  ;  appeasing;  as,  to  offer 
pacijic  propositions  to  a  belligerent  power. 
The  measures  proposed  are  in  their  tiature 
pacijic. 

2.  Calm  ;  tranquil  ;  as  a  pacijic  state  of 
things. 

PACIF'IC,  11.  The  appellation  given  to  the 
ocean  situated  between  America  on  the 
west,  and  Asia  ;  so  called  on  account  of 
its  exemption  from  violent  tempests. 

PACIFICA'TION,  n.  [L.  pacificatio.  See 
Pacify.] 

1.  The  act  of  making  peace  between  nations 
or  parties  at  variance.  Bacon.     South. 

2.  The  act  of  appeasing  or  pacifying  wrath. 

Hooker. 

PACIFICA'TOR,  n.  [L.]  A  peace-maker ; 
one  that  restores  amity  between  contend- 
ing parties  or  nations.  Bacon. 

PACIFICATORY,  a.  Tending  to  make 
peace  ;  conciliatory.  Barrow. 

PACIFIED,   pp.    Appeased  ;  tranquilized. 

PACIFIER,  JI.  One  who  pacifies. 

PACIFY,  V.  t.  [Fr.  pacifer ;  Sp.  pacijicar ; 
It.  pacijicare ;  L.  pacijico  ;  pax,  pads, 
peace,  and/ofio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  appease,  as  wrath  or  other  violent  pas- 
sion or  appetite  ;  to  calm  ;  to  still  ;  to  qui- 
et; to  allay  agitation  or  excitement;  as, 
to  pacify  a  man  when  angry,  or  to  pacify 
his  wrath  or  rage  ;  the  word  being  appli- 
ed both  to  the  person  and  to  the  ]iassion. 
So  we  say,  to  pacify  hunger,  to  pacify  im- 
portunate demands. 

2.  To  restore  peace  to  ;  to  tranquilize ;  as, 
to  pacij'y  countries  in  contention. 

Bacon. 
PACIF'i'ING,  ppr.   Appeasing ;    tranquil- 

izing. 
PACK,  n.  [D.  pak;  G.  Sw.pack.    See  the 

Verb.] 
1.  A  bundle  of  any  thing  inclosed  in  a  cover 

or  bound  fast  with  cords ;  a  bale ;  as  a 

pack  of  goods  or  cloth.    The  soldier  bears 

a  pack  on  his  back.! 


P  A  C 


PAD 


PAG 


2.  A  burden  or  Idad  ;  as  a  pack  of  sorrows. 

Shak. 

3.  A  number  of  cards,  or  the  number  used 
in  games ;  so  called  from  being  inclosed 
together.  Addison. 

4.  A  number  of  hounds  or  dogs,  hunting  or 
kept  together,  thut  is,  a  crowd  or  assem- 
blage united.  Dryden. 

5.  A  number  of  persons  united  in  a  bad  de- 
sign or  practice ;  as  a  pack  of  thieves  or 
knaves.  Swi/J. 

6.  A  great  number  crowded  together  ;  as  u 
pact  of  troubles.     [Not  used.]     Ainsworth. 

7.  A  loose  or  lewd  person.  [Sax.  pcecan,  to 
deceive.]     [Not  used.]  Skelton. 

PACK,  V.  I.  [D.  pakken  ;  G.  packen ;  Sw. 
packa  ;  L.  pango,  pactum,  pectus  :  impingo, 
compingo  ;  Gr.  rtjjyinu,  ?taj;i!,  rtijyo;;  Dan. 
pagt,  a  covenant,  a  farm  ;  hence  dispatch, 
to  send  away.  The  sense  is  to  send,  to 
drive,  whence  to  press,  to  make  compact. 
Hence  we  say,  to  pack  off,  B\\.  packa.  that  is, 

to  depart  with  speed ;  Ar.  i^Jlj  bakka,  to 
be  compressed,  to  press,  Ch.  p3N.  Class 
Bg.  No.  18.     See  also  No.  3.3.  CC.  33.] 

1.  To  place  and  press  together  ;  to  place  in 
close  order  ;  as,  to  pack  goods  in  a  bo.\  or 
chest. 

2.  To  put  together  and  hind  fast ;  as,  to 
pack  any  thing  for  carriage  with  cords  or 
straps. 

3.  To  put  in  close  order  with  salt  intermi,\- 
ed  ;  as,  to  pack  meat  or  fish  in  barrels. 

4.  To  send  in  haste.  Shak. 

5.  To  put  together,  as  cards,  in  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  secure  the  game  ;  to  put  together 
in  sorts  with  a  fraudulent  design,  as  cards  : 
hence,  to  unite  persons  iniquitously,  with 
a  view  to  some  private  interest ;  as,  to 
pack  a  jury,  that  is,  to  select  persons  fur  a 
jury  who  may  favor  a  party  ;  to  pack  a 
parliament;  io  pack  ixn  assembly  of  bish- 
ops. Pope.     Butler.     Altcrhunj. 

PACK,  I'.  !.  To  be  pressed  or  close  ;  as, 
the  goods  imck  well. 

2.  To  close  ;  to  shut.  Ctcavcland. 

3.  To  depart  in  haste  ;  with  off. 

Poor  Stella  nuist;iacAr  off  to  town.         Sici/I 

4.  To  unite  in  bad  measures  ;  to  confederate 
for  ill  purposes  ;  to  join  in  collusion. 

Go,  ;)acft  with  him.  Shak 

PACK'AgE,  n.  A  bundle  or  bale ;  a  quan- 
tity pressed  or  bound  together;  as  a  park 
age  of  cloth. 

2.  A  charge  made  for  packing  goods. 

PACK'€L0TH,  n.  A  cloth  "for  packing 
goods,  or  in  which  they  are  tied. 

PACK'ED,  pp.  Put  together  and  pressed 
tied  or  bound  in  a  bundle  ;  put  down  and 
salted,  as  meat ;  sent  off;  united  iniqui 
tously. 

PACK'ER,  n.  One  that  packs;  an  officer 
appointed  to  pack  meat,  as  beef,  pork 
fish,  &c.  Slat,  of  Conn 

PACK'ET,  n.  [Fr.  paquet;  Sp.  Von.  pa- 
quete  ;  from  pact.] 

1.  A  small  pack  or  package ;  a  little  bundle 
or  parcel ;  as  a  packet  of  letters.       Bacon. 

2.  A  dispatch-vessel ;  a  ship  or  other  vessel 
employed  by  government  to  convey  letters 
from  country  to  country  or  from  port  to 
port.  [Originally  packet-boat,  Sp.  paque- 
bote,  Fr.  paquehot.] 

3.  A  vessel  employed  in  conveying  dispatcb- 

Vol.  II. 


es  and  jiassengers  from  place  to  place,  or 
to  carry  passengers  and  goods  coastwise. 

U.  States. 

PACK'ET,  V.  i.  To  ply  with  a  packet  or 
dispatch-vessel.  17.  States 

PACKET-BOAT.     [See  Facte*.] 

PACK'ET-SHIP,  n.  A  ship  that  sails  regu- 
larly between  distant  countries  for  the 
conveyance  of  dispatches,  letters,  passen- 
iiers,  &c. 

PACK'HORSE,  n.  A  horse  employed  in 
carrying  jmcks  or  goods  and  baggage. 

Locke 

2.  A  beast  of  burden. 

PACK'ING,  ppr.  Laying  together  in  close 
order;  binding  in  a  bundle;  putting  in 
barrels  with  salt,  &c.  ;  uniting,  as  men  for 
a  frauihdent  purpose. 

PACKING,/!.  A  trick;  collusion.        Bale. 

PACK'SADDLE,  n.  A  saddle  on  which 
])a(:ks  or  burdens  are  laid  for  conveyance 

PACK'STAFF,  n.  A  staff  on  which  a  trav- 
eler occasionally  supports  his  pack. 

Bp.  Hall. 

PACKTHREAD,  n.  Strong  thread  or 
twine  used  in  tying  up  parcels. 

PACK'-WAX,  n.  A  tendinous  substance  of 
the  neck  of  an  animal.  Ray. 

PA'€0,     )      An  animal  of  South  America, 

PA'€OS,  \  "'resembling  the  camel  in  shape, 
but  much  smaller.  It  is  sometimes  called 
the  Peruvian  sheep,  on  account  of  its  long 
thick  hair.  Encyc. 

PACT,  n.  [Fr. ;  h.  pactum,  from  pango.  See 
Pack.] 

A  contract ;  an  agreement  or  covenant. 

Bacon. 

PA€'TION,  n.  [L.  pactio.  See  Pack.]  An 
agreement  or  contract.  Hayward. 

PA€'TIONAL,  a.  By  way  of  agreement. 

Sanderson 

PACTI'TIOUS,  a.  Settled  by  agreement 
or  stipulation. 

PAD,  II.  [Sax.  paad,  for  path.     See  Path.] 

1.  A  foot  path  ;  a  road.     [Not  norv  used.] 

Prior. 

2.  An  easy  paced  horse.       Addison.     Pope. 

3.  A  robber  that  infests  the  road  on  foot; 
usually  called  a  loot-pad. 

PAD,  )!.  A  suft  saddle,  cushion  or  bolster 
stuffed  with  straw,  hair  or  other  soft  sub 
stance.  Camden. 

PAD,  V.  I.  [Gr.  itartu.  See  Path.]  To  travel 
slowly. 

2.  To  rob  on  foot. 

3.  To  beat  a  way  smooth  and  level. 
PAD'AR,  n.  Grouts  ;  coarse  flour  or  meal. 

[Not  used  in  U.  States.]  Wotton, 

PAD'DER,  n.  A  robber  on  foot  ;  a  high- 
wavman.  Dn/den. 

PAD'DLE,  v.  i.  [The  French  patro'uiller 
signifies  to  paiv,  to  paddle,  and  hence  the 
English  patrol.  This  word  seems  to  be 
from  palle,  a  paw,  allied  perhaps  to  L.pes, 
pedis,  the  foot,  and  this  is  allied  to  the  Gr, 
rtarfu,  to  tread.  To  jiaddle,  then,  is  to 
use  the  paw.  But  perhaps  it  is  from  the 
noun,  which  see.] 

1.  To  row  ;  to  beat  the  water,  as  with  oars. 

Gay 

2.  To  play  in  the  water  with  the  hands,  as 
children  ;  or  with  the  feet,  as  fowls  or 
other  animals. 

3.  To  finger.  Shak. 

29 


PAD'DLE,  V.  t.  To  propel  by  au  oar  or 
paddle. 

PAD'DLE,  n.  [In  L.  halillus  is  a  paddle- 
staff;  in  Gr.  jtarroXo;  is  a  pole;  in  W. 
padell  is  a  pan.  The  latter  would  express 
the  broad  ))art  of  an  oar  ;  but  it  may  have 
no  connection  with  paddle.] 

1.  An  oar,  but  not  a  large  oar.  It  is  now 
applied  to  a  sort  of  short  oar  used  in  pro- 
pelling and  steering  canoes  and  bo.^ts. 

2.  The  blade  or  the  broad  part  of  an  oar  or 
weapon. 

Thou  shall  have  a  paddle  on  thy  weapon. 
Deut.  xxiii. 

PAD'DLER,  n.  One  that  paddles. 

PADDLE-STAFF,  n.  A  staff  headed  with 
broad  iron.  JIall. 

PAD'D0(;K,  n.  [Sax.  pada  or  pud  ;  D. 
pad,  padder.]     A  toad  or  frog. 

Walton.     Dryden. 

PAD'DOCK,  n.  [said  to  be  corrupted  from 
Sax.  parruc,  park.] 

L  A  small  inclosure  for  deer  or  other  ani- 
mals. Johnson. 

2.  All  inclosure  for  races  with  hounds,  &c. 

Encyc. 

PADDOCK-PIPE,  ji.  A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus E(iuisetum. 

PADDOCK-STOOL,  n.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Agaricus  ;  a  mushroom,  vidgarly 
toadstool. 

PADELI'ON,  JI.  [Fr. pas  de  lion,  lion's  foot.] 
A  ])lant.  Ainstvorth. 

PAD'LOCK,  n.  [qu.  V.  padde,  a  toad,  from 
its  shape.] 

A  lock  to  be  hung  on  a  staple  and  held  by  a 
link.  Prior. 

PAD'LOCK,  V.  t.  To  fasten  with  a  pad- 
lock ;  to  stop  ;  to  shut ;  to  confine. 

Bull.    Milton. 

PAD'NAG,  JI.  An  ambling  nag.     Dr.  Pope. 

PAD'OW-PIPE,  n.  A  plant.  [Sec  Paddock- 
pipe. ^ 

PADUASOY',  ?i.  [from  Padua,  in  Italy, 
and  Fr.  soie,  silk.]  A  particular  kind  of 
silk  stuff. 

PiE'AN,  )       Among  the  ancients,  a  song  of 

PE'AN,  ^  '  ■  rejoicing  in  honor  of  Apollo ; 
hence,  a  song  of  tj-iumph.  Pope. 

2.  In  ancieiit  poetry,  a  foot  of  four  syllables  ; 
written  also  pwon.  Of  this  there  are  four 
kinds  ;  the  first  consisting  of  one  long  and 
three  .«hort  syllables,  or  a  trochee  and  a 
pyrrhic,  as  tetnportbiis  ;  the  second  of  a 
short  syllable,  a  long  and  two  short,  or  an 
iambus  and  a  pyrrhic,  as  potenlid  ;  the 
third  of  two  short  syllables,  a  long  and  a 
short  one,  or  a  pyrrhic  and  a  trochee,  as 
an'nmitus  ;  the  fourth  of  three  short  sylla- 
bles and  a  long  one,  or  a  pyrrhic  and  iam- 
bus, as  celfritds.  Encyc. 

PA'GAN,  n.  [L.  paganus,  a  peasant  or 
countryman,  from /?ag-!(5,  a  village.] 

A  heathen  ;  a  Gentile  ;  an  idolater;  one  who 
worships  false  gods.  This  word  was  ori- 
ginally applied  to  the  inhabitants  of  the 
country,  who  on  the  first  propagation  of 
the  christian  religion  adhered  to  the  wor- 
ship of  false  gods,  or  refused  to  receive 
Christianity,  after  it  had  been  received  by 
the  inhabitants  of  the  cities.  In  like  manner, 
heathen  signifies  an  inhabitant  of  the  heath 
or  woods,  and  caffer,  in  Arabic,  signifies 
the  iidiabitant  of  a  hut  or  cottage,  and 
one  that  does  not  receive  the  rehgion  of 
Mohammed.     Pagan  is  used  to  distinguish 


PAG 


P  A  I 


P  A  I 


one  from  a  Christian  and  a  Mohamme- 
dan. 

PA'GAN,  a.  Heathen  ;  heathenish  ;  Gen- 
tile ;  noting  a  person  who  worships  false 
gods. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  worship  of  false  gods. 

PA'GANISH,  a.  [Sax.  paganise]  Heathen- 
ish ;  pertaining  to  pagans.  King. 

PA'GANISM,  n.  [Fr^  paganisme ;  It.  pa 
ganesimo.] 

Heathenism  ;  the  worship  of  false  gods,  or 
the  system  of  religious  opinions  and  wor- 
ship maintained  by  pagans. 

Addison.     Hooker. 

Men  instructed   from  their    infancy    in    the 

principles  and  duties  of  Christianity,  never  sink 

to  the  degradation  of  paganism.       G.  Spring. 

PA'GANIZE,  I',  t.  To  render  heathenish  ; 
to  convert  to  heathenism.  Ch.  Obs. 

PA'GANIZE,  V.  i.  To  behave  hke  pagans. 

Miiton. 

PA'GANIZED,  pp.  Rendered  heathenish. 

PA'GANIZING,  ppr.  Rendering  heathen- 
ish ;  behaving  like  pagans ;  adopting 
heatlieo  principles  and  practice. 

PAGE,  n.  [Fr.  Sp.  page  ;  It.  paggio  ;  Port. 
■pagem  ;  Arm.  puich  ;  Sw.  poike  ;  Dan. 
pog  ;  Russ.  paj,  a  boy,  a  page.  The  Gr. 
Ttaii,  a  boy,  is  undoubtedly  a  contracted 
form  of  tlie  same  word  ;  for  rtaiju,  from 
rtai;,  forms  Jtailu,  TtatxSn;;  hence  it  may 
be  inferred  that  rtaij  was  originally  rtaix'^i. 
The  Eng.  boy  is  a  contraction  of  tliis 
word ;     W.  bacgen,  a  boy,  a  child,  from 


footman 


I. 


hag,  small;  Pers.  -s\*i  faige,  a 
or  lackey.] 

A  boy  attending  on  a  great  person,  rather 
for  formality  or  show,  than  for  servitude. 
He  had  two  pages  of  honor,  on  cither  hand 
one.  Bacon 

'J.  A  boy  or  man  that  attends  on  a  legisla- 
tive body.  In  Massachusetts,  the  page  is 
a  boy  that  conveys  papers  from  the  mem- 
bers of  the  house  of  representatives  to  the 
speaker,  and  from  the  speaker  or  clerk  to 
the  members. 
PAGE,  Ji.  [L.  pagina ;  Fr.  page.]  One  side 
of  a  leaf  of  a  book.  tValts. 

'J.  A   book  or  writing  or  writings ;  as  the 

page  of  history. 
3.  Pages,  in  the  plural,  signifies  also  books 

or  writings  ;  as  the  sacred  pages. 
PAGE,  V.  t.  To  mark  or  number  the  page; 

of  a  book  or  manuscript. 
2.  To  attend,  as  a  page.  Shak. 

PAGEANT,  n.  pa'jent.  [L.  pegma ;  Gr 
rtjjyfia,  something  showy  carried  in  tri 
uinph.] 
1.  A  statue  in  show,  or  a  triumphal  car, 
chariot,  arch  or  other  pompous  thing,  dec 
orated  with  flags,  &r.  and  carried  in  i)uh 
lie  shows  and  processions.  Cyc. 

A  sliow  ;  a  spectacle  of  entertainment ; 
something  intended  for  pomp. 

I'll  play  my  part  in  (ortunc's pageant. 

Shak. 
3.  Any  thing   showy,   without   stability   or 
duration. 
Thus  unlaniented  pass  the  proud  away. 
The  gaze  of  fools,  and  pageant  of  a  day. 

Pope 

PA'CiEANT,  0.    Showy  ;  pompous  ;  ostcii- 

talious.  Dn/den. 

PA'GEANT,  v.t.   To   exhibit  in  show;  to 

represent.  Shak. 


PA'GEANTRY,  n.  Show;  pompous  exhi- 
bition or  spectacle. 

Suc\> pageantry  be  to  the  people  shown. 

Dryden. 
PAG'INAL,  a.  Consisting  of  pages. 

Brown. 

PA'GOD,     ?        [Pers.  pout  ghod,    or    600/ 

PAGO'DA,  ^  "■  khoda,  a   house  of  idols,  or 

abode  of  God  ;  Hind,  boot  kuda.  Thomson. 

Fryer.] 

1.  A  temple  in  the  East  Indies  in  which 
idols  are  worshiped.  Pope. 

2.  An  idol ;  an  image  of  some  supposed  de 
ity.  Stilling Jleet. 

PAGO'DA,  n.  A  gold  or  silver  coin  current 
in  Hindoostan,  of  different  values  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  India,  from  $1  75  cts.  to 
§•2,  or  from  8  to  9s.  sterling. 

PA'GODITE,  n.  A  name  given  to  the  min- 
eral of  which  the  Chinese  make  their  pa- 
godas. It  is  called  also  lardite,  koreite, 
and  agalmatolite. 

PAID,  pret.  and  pp.  of  pay  ;  paid  for  payed. 

PA'IGLE,  )       A   plant  and   flower   of  the 

PA'GIL,  I  "■  genus  Primula  or  prim- 
rose;  cowslip-primrose.      Fam.  of  Plants 

PAIL,  n.  [W.  paeol  ;  Gr.  rtiXka.]  An  open 
wooden  vessel  used  in  families  for  carry- 
ing liquids,  as  water  and  milk,  usually 
containing  from  eight  to  twelve  quarts. 

PAIL-FULL,  71.  The  quantity  that  a  pail 
will  hold. 

PAILMAIL.  [See  PallmalL] 

PAIN,  n.  [W.  poen;  Corn.  Arm.  poan;  Ir. 
pian  ;  Fr.  peine  ;  Norm,  pene,  peine;  D 
pyn  ;  Sax.  pin  or  pine  ;  G.  pein  ;  Dan. 
pine ;  Sw.  pina ;  It.  Sp.  Port,  pena  ;  L. 
pcena ;  Gr.  rtonj,  penalty,  and  rtoroj,  pain. 


2. 


labor  ;  Sans,  pana  ;   Ar.        ;    fanna,   to 

drive,  afflict,  distress.     Class  Bn.  No.  22. 
23.  2ti.     See  the  Verb.] 

1.  An  uneasy  sensation  in  animal  bodies, 
of  any  degree  from  slight  uneasiness  to 
extreme  distress  or  torture,  proceeding 
from  pressure,  tension  or  spasm,  separa 
tion  of  parts  by  violence,  or  any  derange- 
ment of  functions.  Thus  violent  pressure 
or  stretching  of  a  limb  gives  pain  ;  inflaiii- 
niation  produces  pain  ;  wounds,  bruises 
and  incisions  give  pain. 

2.  Labor  ;  work  ;  toil  :  laborious  effort.  In 
this  sense,  the  plural  only  is  used  ;  as,  to 
take  pains  ;  to  be  at  the  pains. 

High  without  taking /lairts  to  rise. 

Waller 
The  same  with^ams  we  gain,  but  lose  with 
ease.  Pope. 

.3.  Labor;  toilsome  effort ;  task;  in  the  sin 
gular.     [JVot  now  used.] 

Spenser.  Waller. 
Uneasiness  of  mind  ;  disquietude  ;  anxie 
ty  ;  solicitude  for  the  future  ;  grief,  sor 
row  for  the  past.  We  suffer  pain  whci 
we  fear  or  expect  evil ;  we  feel  pain  at  the 
loss  of  friends  or  property. 
The  throws  or  distress  of  travail  or  child 
birth. 

She   bowed    herself    and    travailed,    for   her 
pains  came  upon  her.     1  Sam.  iv. 
G.  Penalty  ;   jiunishment    suffered    or    de 
nounced;  suffering  or  evil  inflicted  as  a 
punishment  for  a  crime,  or  nime.xed  to  the 
commission  of  a  crime. 

None  sh.ill   presume  to  (ly   under  pain  of 
death.  .iddison. 


Interpose,  on  pain  of  my  displeasure, 
Betwixt  their  swords.  Ihydeii. 

PAIN,  V.  t.  [W.  poeni ;  Norm,  painer ;  Fr. 

peiner  ;  Sp.  penar ;  It.  penare  ;  D.  pynen; 

Dan.  piner  ;  Sw.  pina ;  Sax.  pinan ;  Gr. 

ftoviu.    The  primary  sense   is  to    strain, 

urge,  press.     See  the  Noun.] 

1.  To  make  uneasy  or  to  disquiet ;  to  cause 
uneasy  sensations  in  the  body,  of  any  de- 
gree of  intensity  ;  to  make  simply  uneasy, 
or  to  distress,  to  torment.  The  pressure 
of  fetters  may  pain  a  limb  ;  the  rack  pain* 
the  body. 

2.  To  afflict ;  to  render  uneasy  in  mind  ;  to 
disquiet;  to  distress.  We  are  pained  at 
the  death  of  a  friend  ;  grief  pains  the 
heart  ;  we  are  often  pained  with  fear  or 
solicitude. 

1  am  pained  at  my  very  heart.     Jer.  iv. 
Reciprocally,  to  pain  one's  self,  to  labor  ; 
to  make  toilsome  efforts.     [Idttle  used.] 

Spenser. 
PA'INFUL,  a.  Giving  pain,  uneasiness  or 
distress  to  thp  body  ;  as  a  painful  opera- 
tion in  surgery. 

Giving  pain  to  the  mind  ;  afflictive  ;  dis- 
quieting ;  distressing. 

Evils  have  been  more  painful  to  us  in  the 
prospect,  than  in  the  actual  pressure. 

Addison. 

3.  Full  of  pain  ;  producing  misery  or  afflic- 
tion. Milton. 

Requiring  labor  or  toil  ;  difficult ;  exe- 
cuted with  laborious  effort  ;  as  a  painful 
service.     The  army  had  a  painful  ntarch. 

5.  Laborious:  exercising  Labor  ;  undergoing 
toil  ;  industrious. 
Nor  must  the  painful  husbandman  be  tired. 

Jiryden. 

PA'INFULLY,  adv.  With  sufferingof  body ; 
with  affliction,  uneasiness  or  distress  of 
mind. 

2.  Laboriously ;  with  toil ;  with  laborious 
effort  or  diligence.  Raleigh. 

PA'INFULNESS,  71.  Uneasiness  or  distress 
of  body.  South. 

2.  Affliction  ;  sorrow  ;  grief;  disquietude  or 
listress  of  mind. 

.3.  Laborious  effort  or  diligence  ;  toil. 

Hooker. 

PA'INIM,  71.  [Norm,  paynim;  Fi:  paien  ; 
contracted  Croiu  pagan.]  A  pagan.  [.\"ot 
used.]  Peacham. 

PA'INIM,  a.  Pagan;  infidel.     [.Xot  used.] 

Milton. 

PA'INLESS,  a.  Free  from  pain.  Fell. 

2.  Free  from  trouble.  Dryden. 

PA'INSTAKER,  n.  A  laborious  person. 

Gay. 

PA'INSTAKING,  a.  Laborious  ;  industri- 
ous. Harris. 

PA'INSTAKING,  n.  Labor;  great  indus- 
try. 

PA'INT,  v.t.  [Fr.  peindre,  peignant,  peint ; 
h.  pingo,  pictus ;  Sp.  pintar  ;  It.  pignere 
or  pingere,  to  tlirow,  to  push,  to  paint. 
The  elements  are  probably  Pg  or  Pk,  as 
wfingo,  fetus.] 

1.  To  form  a  figure  or  likeness  in  colors ;  as, 
to  paint  a  hero  or  a  landscape. 

2.  To  cover  or  besmear  with  color  or  colors, 
either  with  or  without  figures;  as,  to 
paint  a  cloth  ;  to  paint  a  house. 

3.  To  repiesent  by  colors  or  images  ;  to  ex- 
hibit ill  form. 


P  A  I 


PAL 


■When  folly  grows  romantic,  we  muatpaint  it. 

Pope. 

4.  To  represent  or  exhibit  to  the  mind  ;  to 
present  in  form  or  likeness  to  the  intellect- 
ual view  ;  to  describe. 

Disloyal  .' 
— Tlie  word  13  too  good  to  paint   out  her 
wickednes.'f.  Sliak. 

5.  To  color ;  to  diversify  with  colors. 

Spenser. 

6.  To  lay  on  artificial  color  for  ornament. 

Jezebel  painted  her  face  and  tired  her  head, 

2  Kings  ix. 
PAINT,  V.  i.  To  lay  colors  on  the  face.     It 

is  said  the  ladies  in  France  paint. 
2.  To  practice  painting.    The  artist  paints 

well. 
PAINT,  n.  A   coloring  substance  ;  a   sub 

stance  used  in  painting,  either  simple  or, 

compound  ;  as  a  white  paint,  or  red  painl.^ 

2.  Color  laid  on  canvas  or  other  material  j 
color  representing  any  thing.  [ 

Pope.     Addison. 

3.  Color  laid  on  the  face  ;  rouge.         Youn^.\ 
PA'INTED,     pp.     Colored  ;    rubbed   over 

with  paint  ;  as  apainted  house  or  cloth. 

2.  Represented  in  form  by  colors. 

3.  Described. 
PA'INTER,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 

paint ;  one  skilled  in  representing  things 
in  colors. 

PA'INTER,  n.  [qu.  Ir.  painter,  a  snare, 
that  which  holds.] 

A  rope  used  to  fasten  a  boat  to  a  ship  or 
other  object.  Mar.  Diet. 

PA'INTING,  ppr.  Representing  in  colors  ; 
laying  on  colors. 

PA'INTING,  n.  The  art  of  forming  figures 
or  resembling  objects  in  colors  on  canvas 
or  other  material,  or  the  art  of  represent- 
ing to  the  eye  by  means  of  figures  and 
colors,  any  object  of  sight,  and  sometimes 
the  emotions  of  the  mind.  EncyC, 

2.  A  picture  ;  a  likeness  or  resemblance 
in  colors.  Sh/ik. 

3.  Colors  laid  on.  Shak. 
PA'INTURE,  n.  [Fr.  peinture.]  The  art  of 

painting.  Dryden., 

PAIR,  n.  [Fr. pair ;  L.  Sp.  Port,  par ;  It.pari  ;' 
Arm.  par  ;  D.  paar  ;  G.  par,  paar;  Sw.j 
par  ;  Norm,  par  or  peir ;  Ir.  peire  ;  Sax. 
gefera,  with  a  prefix.  In  W.  par  signifies 
what  is  contiguous  or  in  continuity,  ai 
state  of  readiness  or  preparedness,  a  pair, 
fellow,  match  or  couple,  and  para  signifiesj 
to  endure,  to  continue,  to  persevere  ;pan(,l 
to  couple  or  join.  In  this  language,  as  in' 
Spanish, /^o/-,  pair,  is  shown  to  be  connect- 
ed with  the  L.  vara,  to  prepare.  Now  in 
Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  Eth.  13n  signifies  to  join, 
couple  or  associate,  and  the  noun,  an  asso- 
ciate, evidently  this  very  word,  which  goes 
far  to  prove  that  13n  is  a  derivative  of  the 
root  X13,  from  which  the  Latins  probably] 
have  paro.  See  Class  Br.  No.  10.  The 
primary  sense  of  the  root  is  to  throw,' 
strain  and  extend,  and  hence  par,  equal, 
is  extended  to,  near,  contiguous,  or  equal-' 
ly  extended.]  j 

1.  Two  things  of  a  kind,  similar  in  form, 
applied  to  the  same  purpose,  and  suited  to 
each  other  or  used  together  ;  as  a  pair  of 
gloves  or  stockings ;  a  pair  of  shoes  ;  a 
pair  of  oxen  or  horses. 

2.  Two  of  a  SQrt ;  a  couple :  a  brace  ;  as  a 
poir  of  nerves ;  a  pair  of  doves.    Luke  ii 


PAIR,  V.  i.  To  be  joined  in  pairs;  to  coup- 
le ;  as,  birds  pair  in  summer. 
3.  To  suit ;  to  fit ;  as  a  counterpart. 
Ethclinda, 
My  heart  was  made  to  fit  and  pair  with  thine. 

Rowe 

PAIR,  V.  t.  To  unite  in  couples ;  as  minds 

paired  in  heaven.  Dryden. 

To  unite  as  correspondent,   or  rather  to 

contrast. 

Glossy  Jet  is  paired  with  shining  white. 

Pope. 

PAIR,  V.  t.  To  impair.     [See  Impair.] 

PA'IRED,  pp.    Joined   in  couples;  fitted 
suited. 

PA'IRING,  ppr.  Uniting  in  pairs  ;  fitting. 

PAL' ACE,  n.  [Fr.  palais  ;  h.  palatium  ;  It, 
palazzo  ;  Sp.  palacio  ;  G.  pfah,  whence 
pfalzgraf,  palsgrave  ;  W.  plas  ;  Russ.  pa 
iata.] 

1.  A  magnificent  house  in  which  an  empe- 
ror, a  king  or  other  distinguished  persoti 
resides ;  as  an  imperial  palace  ;  a  roya' 
palace ;  a  pontifical  palace  ;  a  ducal  pal- 
ace. 

•2.  A  splendid  place  of  residence  ;  as  the 
sun's  bright  palace.  Addison. 

PAL'ACE-€OURT,  n.  The  domestic  court 
of  the  kings  of  Great  Rritain,  which  ad- 
ininisters  justice  between  the  king's  do- 
mestic servants.  It  is  held  once  a  week 
before  the  steward  of  the  household  and 
knight  marshal  ;  its  jurisdiction  extending 
twelve  miles  in  circuit  from  his  majesty's 
palace.  Black-stone. 

PALA'CIOUS,    a.    [from  palace.]    Royal 
noble  ;  magnificent.     [jYot  used.] 

Graunt. 

PALANKEE'N,  )        [In     Hindoo,    palkee, 

PALAN'QUIN,    I"'  apparently  from  Sans. 

paluk,   a  couch.      But  it    accords  better 

with  Sp.  It.  palanca,  a  pole,  Port,  palan- 

A  covered  carriage  used  in  India,  China, 
&c.  borne  on  the  shoulders  of  men,  and 
in  which  a  single  person  is  conveyed  from 
place  to  place. 

PAL'ATABLE,  a.  [from  palate.']  Agree- 
able to  the  taste  ;  savory.  Addison 

i.  That  is  relished. 

PAL'ATABLENESS,  n.  The  quality  ofl 
l)eing  agreeable  to  the  taste  ;  relish. 

Aikin 

PAL'ATAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  palate  ; 
uttered  by  the  aid  of  the  palate. 

PAL'ATAL,  n.  A  letter  pronounced  by  the 
aid  of  the  palate,  or  an  articulation  of  the 
root  of  the  tongue  with  the  roof  of  the 
mouth  ;  as  g  hard  and  k,  in  eg,  tk. 

PAL' ATE,  n.  [L.  palatum,  properly  the 
arch  or  cope  of  heaven.] 

1.  The  roof  or  upper  part  of  the  mouth. 
The  glands  in  this  part  of  the  mouth  se- 
crete a  mucous  fluid,  which  lubricates 
the  mouth  and  throat,  and  facilitates  de- 
glutition. Encyc. 

2.  Taste. 
Hard  task  to  hit  the  palates  of  such  guests. 

Pope. 
[This   signification  of  the  word  origin- 
ated in  the  opinion  that  the  palate  is  the 
instrument  of  taste.     This  is  a   mistake. 
In  itself  it  has  no  power  of  taste.] 

3.  Mental  relish  ;  intellectual  taste. 
Men  of  nice  palates  could  not  relish  Aristotle. 

as  dressed  up  by  the  schoolmen.  Baker. 


PAL 

PAL  ATE,  V.  t.  To  perceive  by  the  taste. 
[ATot  imd.]  '  Shuk. 

PALA'TIAL,  a.  [from  palate.]  Pertaining^ 
to  the  iJalate  ;  as  the  palatial  retraction  of 
the  tongue.  Barrow. 

PALA'TIAL,  a.  [from  L.  palatium,  palace.] 
Pertaining  to  a  palace  ;  becoming  a  pal- 
ace ;  magnificent.  Drummond. 

PAL'ATIC,  a.  Belonging  to  the  palate. 
[JVo(  used.]  Holder. 

PALATINATE,  n.  [\.\..  palatinato,  from  L. 
palatinus.     See  Palatine.] 

The  province  or  seignory  of  a  palatine  ;  as 
the  Palatinate  of  the  Rhine  in  Germany, 
called  the  upper  and  lower  Palatinate. 

Encyc. 

PAL'ATINE,  a.  [Fr.  palatin  ;  It.  palatino  ; 
from  L.  palatinus,  from  palatium,  palace.] 

Pertaining  to  a  palace  ;  an  epithet  applied 
originally  to  persons  holding  an  ofiice  or 
employment  in  the  king's  palace  ;  hence 
it  imports  possessing  royal  privileges ;  as 
a  count  palatine. 

In  England,  formerly,  were  three  coun- 
ties palatine,  Chester,  Durham  and  Lan- 
caster ;  the  two  former  by  prescription, 
the  latter  by  grant  of  Edward  III.  They 
were  so  tailed,  because  the  i)ro))rictors, 
the  earl  of  Chester,  the  bishop  of  Durljam 
and  the  duke  of  Lancaster,  possessed  royal 
rights,  as  fully  as  the  king  in  his  ))alace. 
Of  these,  the  county  of  Durham  is  the  on- 
ly one  now  remaining  in  the  hands  of  a 
subject.  Blackstotic. 

PAL'ATINE,  n.  One  invested  with  royal 
privileges  and  rights.  A  palatine  or  count 
palatine,  on  the  continent  of  Europe,  is 
one  delegated  by  a  prince  to  hold  courts 
of  justice  in  a  province,  or  one  who  has  a 
palace  and  a  court  of  justice  in  his  own 
house.  In  Poland,  a  palatine  may  be  re- 
garded as  the  governor  of  a  [)rovince. 

Encyc. 

PAL'ATIVE,     a.     Pleasing  to    the  taste. 

[jYot  used.]  Brown. 

PAL' AVER,  n.  [^\).  paJabra,  Port,  palavra, 

a  word.    Qu.  W.  llavar,  utterance  ;  with  a 

prefix.] 

1.  Idle  talk. 

2.  Flattery  ;  adulation.  [This  is  used  with 
us  in  the  vulgar  dialect.] 

3.  Talk  ;  conversation  ;  conference  ;  a  sense 
used  in  Africa,  as  appears  by  the  relations  of 
missionaries. 

PAL- AVER,  I'.  I.  To  flatter.  [In  vulgar 
xise.] 

PALE,  a.  [Fr.  pale,  palir  ;  L.  patleo,  palli- 
dus;  Kass.bielie,  white;  bieliju,  to  whi- 
ten. It  is  probably  allied  to  i^ax.  falewe, 
fealo,  fallow,  pale  red  or  yellow,  D.  vaal, 
from  the  sense  of  failing,  withering;  W. 
pallu,  to  fail.  SeeClass  Bl.  No.  6.  7.  13. 
18.] 

il.  White  or  whitish;  wan;  deficient  in  col- 
or; not  ruddy  or  fresh  of  color;  as  a  pale 
face  or  skin  ;  pale  cheeks.  We  say  also, 
a  pale  red,  a  pcde  blue,  that  is,  a  whitish 
red  or  blue.  Pale  is  not  precisely  synony- 
mous with  white,  as  it  usually  denotes 
what  we  call  ican,  a  darkish  dun  white. 

2.  Not  bright ;  not  shining  ;   of  a  faint  lus- 
ter ;  dim  ;  as  the  pale  light  of  the  moon. 
The    night,  melhinks,    is  but  the  daylight 

sick ; 
It  looks  a  httle  paler.  Shak. 


PAL 


PAL 


PAL 


PALE,  V.  t.  To  make  pale.  Shak.  Prior.] 
PALE,  n.  [Sax.  pal;  G.  pfahl ;  D.  paal ; 
Sw.  p&le ;  Dan.  pwl ;  W.  pawl ;  L.  palus  ; 
coinciding  witli  Ei^^.  pole,  as  well  aspule; 
Riiss.  palitz,  a  stick  or  club.  It  lias  the 
elements  of  L.  pala,  a  spaile  or  shovel,  and 
the  radical  sense  is  probably  an  extended 


thing,  or  a  shoot.     Qu.  Ar.   J.xJ    nabala, 
to  dart.     Class  Bl.  Nn.  18.] 

1.  A  narrow  board  pointed  or  sharpened  at 
one  end,  used  in  fencing  or  inclosing. 
This  is  with  us  more  generally  called  a 
picket. 

9.  A  pointed  stake  ;  hence  to  empale,  which 
see. 

3.  An  inclosnre  ;  properly,  that  which  in- 
closes, like  fence,  limit  ;  hence,  tlie  space 
inclosed.  He  was  born  within  the  pale  of 
the  church  ;  within  the  pale  of  Christiani- 
ty. Atterbitrt). 

4.  District;  limited  territory.  Clarendon 

5.  Ill  heratdri),  an  ordinary,  consisting  of  two 
perpendicular  lines  drawn  from  the  top  to 
the  base  of  the  e.scutcheon,  and   contain 
ing  the  third  middle  part  of  the  field. 

Encyc. 

PALE,  v.t.  [B.paalen;  G.  pfdhlen.]  To  in- 
close with  pales  or  stakes.  Mortimer. 

2.  To  inclose;  to  encompass.  Sliak. 
PALRA'CF^OUS,  a.  [L.  palea,  straw,  chaft'.] 

1.  Chaffy  ;  resembliiig  chaff,  or  consisting 
of  it ;  as  a  paleaceoun  pappus.  Lee. 

9.  Chaffy;  furnished  with  chaff ;  as  a.  palea 
ceous  receptacle.  Maiii/n. 

PA'LED,  pp.  Inclosed  with  pales  or  pick- 
ets. 

2.  Striped. 
PA'LE-EyED,  a.  Having  eyes  dimmed. 

Milton 

PA'LE-FACED,  o.  Having  a  pale  or  wan 

face.  Shak. 

2.  Causing  paleness  of  face  ;  as  pale-faced 

fear.  Shak. 

PA'LE-HE'ARTED,  a.  Dispirited.      Shak. 
PA'LELY,  ado.  Wanly;  not  freshly  or  rud 

dilv. 
PAL' END AR,  n.  A  kind  of  coasting  vessel 

Obs.  Knolles. 

PA'LENESS,  n.  Wanness;  defect  of  color 

want  of  freshness   or  ruddiness  ;  a  sickly 

whiteness  of  look. 

The  blood  the  virgin's  cheek  forsook, 
A  \iv'v\  paleness  spreads  o'er  all  her  look. 

Pope 

2.  Want  of  color  or  luster ;  as  the  paleness] 

of  a  flower.  Shak.\ 

P.\LEOG'RAPHY,  n.  [Or.  rtaTuxioj,  ancient,! 

and  ypoti?,  writing.]  \ 

L  Tlie  art  of  explaining  ancient  writings. 

More  correctly, 
fj.  An  anrioiit  manner  of  writing  ;  as  Punic 
pnlposrrn iih'i  E.  Stiles. 

PALROL'OgIST,    J!.    One  who  writes  on 
aiititpiity,  or  one  conversant  with  antiqui- 
ty. Good. 
I'ALEOL'OtiY,    n.    [Or.   rtaXaio;,   ancient, 

and  Xoyo;,  discourse.] 
A  lii.scouise  or  treatise  on  antiquities,  or  the 

knowl'vlae  of  ancient  things. 

PA'LEOirS,    a.  [L.  ;)a<ea,  chaff]    Chaffy; 

like  chatV.  Brown 

PALES'TRIAN,  ?        [Gr.  jtoXatrp^oj,  from 

PALES'TKIC.     S       ftaxy,,  a  struggling   or 

wrestling  ;  n<Aatu,  to  wrestle,  to  strive.] 


Pertaining  to  the  exercise  of  wrestling. 

Bryant. 
PAL'ET,  n.  [Fr.  pe?o/e,  a  ball.]   The  crown 
f  the  head.     [JVot  used.]  Skelton. 

PALETTE.  [See  Pallet.] 
PaL'FREY,  n.  [Fi:  palefroi ;  h. palafreno  ; 
Sp.  palafren  ;  Port,  palafrcm  ;  W.  palvre. 
Ainsworth  gives  for  the  original  word,  in 
Low  Latin,  paraveredi,  [phi.  of  verediis,] 
horses  of  a  large  size,  used  for  carrying 
the  baggage  of  an  army.] 
L  A  horse  useil  by  noblemen  and  others  for 
state,  distinguished  from  a  war  horse. 

Encyc. 
2.  A  small  horse  fit  for  ladies. 

Johnson.    Spectator. 
PaL'FREYED,  a.  Ridinff  on  a  palfrey. 
PALIFI€A'TlON,    n.     [from    L.  palus,  a 

stake  or  post.] 
The  act  or  practice  of  driving  piles  or  posts 
into  the  ground  for  making  it  firm. 

iVotton. 
PA L'lN DROME,  n.  [Gr.  rta?iir«po^«i;  naUp, 
again,  and  SpojUfu  or  6fif ^u,  it)  ruu,  disused.] 
A  word,  verse  or  sentence  tliat  is  the  same 
when  read  backwards  or  forwards  ;  as 
nmdam,  or  •'  Roma  tibi  subito  niotibus  ibit 
amor."  Encyc. 

PA'LING,  ppr.  Inclosing  with  pales. 
PA'LING,  n.  A  fence  formed  with  pales. 
PALTNODE,    )  [Gr.    rtaUvi^bia.  ;     rtaXiy, 

PAL'INODY,  \  "■  again,  and  U^,  a  song.] 
A  recantation,  or  declaration  contrary  to  a 
former  one.  Encyc.     Sandys. 

PA  LISA' DE,  n.  [Vr.  patissrtde  ;  S\).  paliza- 
da  ;  It.  palizzata  ;  from  pale,  or  the  same 
root.  The  Welsh  has  palis,  a  thin  parti- 
tion of  boards  or  laths,  a  wainscot ;  pa- 
lisaw,  to  wainscot.] 
\  ti-iice  or  fortification  consisting  of  a  row 
of  stakes  or  posts  sharpened  and  set  firm- 
ly in  the  ground.  In  fortification,  the 
posts  are  set  two  or  three  inches  apart 
parallel  to  tlie  parapet  in  the  covered  way, 
to  prevent  a  surprise.  Palisades  serve  al- 
so to  fortify  the  avenues  of  open  forts, 
gorges,  half-moons,  the  bottom  of  ditches, 
&c.  Encyc. 

PALISA'DE,  r.  /.    To  surround,  inclose  or 

fortify  with  stakes  or  posts. 
PA'LISH,  a.  [from  pale.]    Somewhat  pale 
or  wan;  as  n  palish  bhie.  Arhuihnot. 

PALL,  J!.  \\j.  pallium:  Sax.  pcclle ;  ll.  pal- 
lia ;   Arm.  pnllcn  ;  Ir.  peall.] 
L   A  cluke  ;  a  mantle  of  state.  Milton. 

2.  The  manlle  of  an  archbishop.  Aytiffe. 

',i.  The  cloth  tiirown  over  a  dead  body  at  fu- 
nerals. Dryden. 
PALL,  n.  In  heraldry,  a  figure  like  the  Greek 
T.  Encyc. 
PALL,  V.  t.  To  cloke  ;  to  cover  or  invest. 

Sliak. 
PALL,  J>.  t.  [W.  pallu,  to  fail  ;  allied  to  pale, 
and  to  Gr.  rta^am;,  old  ;  Hob.  Cli.  Ar.  nS3  ; 
Heb.  S3J.  See  Fail.  Class  Bl.  No.  (>.  18 
21.] 
I.  To  become  vapid  ;  to  lose  strength,  life, 
spirit  or  taste  ;  to  become  insipid  ;  as,  the 
liquor  palls. 

Beauty  soon  grows  fanilllar  to  the  lover, 
Fades  in  the  eye  and  palls  upon  the  sense. 

Mddison. 
PALL,  V.  t.  To  make  vapid  or  insipid. 

Reason  and  reflection — Iiluiit  the  edge  of  the 
keenest  desires,  aud  pall  all  his  enjoyments. 

.itterbvry. 


j2.  To  make  spiritless  ;  to  dispirit ;  to  de- 
press. 

The  more  we  raise  our  love. 
The  more  we  patl  and  cool  and  kill  his  ardor. 

I>ryden. 

3.  To  weaken  ;  to  impair  ;  as,  to  pall  for- 
tune. Shak. 

4.  To  cloy  ;  as  the  palled  appetite.       TatUr. 
PALLADIUM,  n.  [Gr.  rtaWu»«ior,  from  Pal- 
las, the  goddess.] 

1.  Primarily,  a  statue  of  the  goddess  Pallas, 
which  represented  her  as  sitting  with  a 
pike  in  her  right  hand,  and  in  her  left  a 
distaff  and  spindle.  On  the  preserva- 
tion of  this  statue  depended  the  safety  of 
Troy.     Hence, 

2.  Something  that  affords  effectual  defense, 
protection  and  safety;  as  when  we  s;iy, 
the  trial  by  jury  is  the  palladium  of  our 
civil  rights.  Blackstone. 

3.  A  metal  found  in  very  small  grains,  of  a 
steel  gray  color  and  fibrous  structure,  in 
auriferous  and  platinif'erous  sand.  It  is 
infusible  by  ordinary  heat,  and  when  na- 
tive, is  alloyed  with  a  little  platina  and  irid- 
ium. Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

PAL'LET,  »!.  [Fr.palette;  It. paletta, a  &re- 
shovel  ;  Sp.  paleta ;  t'lom  h.  pala,  W .  pal. 
a  shovel,  a  peel.] 

1.  Among  painters,  a  little  oval  table  or 
board,  or  piece  of  ivory,  on  which  the 
painter  places  the  colors  to  be  used.  On 
the  middle  tlie  colors  are  mixed  to  obtain 
the  tints  required.  Encyc. 

2.  Among  pollers,  crucible  makers,  &c.  a 
wooden  instrument  for  forming,  heating 
and  rounding  their  works.  It  is  oval, 
round,  &c.  Encyc. 

■i.  In  gilding,  an  instrument  made  of  a  squir- 
rel's tail,  to  take  up  the  gold  leaves  from 
the  pillow,  and  to  apply  and  e.xteud 
thetn.  Encyc. 

4.  In  heraldry,  a  small  pale.     [See  Pale.] 

5.  A  small  part  bi'loiiging  to  the  balance  of 
a  watch  ;  the  nut  of  a  watch.  It  is  some- 
times written  pallat. 

:t).  A  measure   formerly    used   by   surgeons, 

contiiiniiig  three  ounces.  Hakewill. 

PAL'LET,  n.    [pailkt,  Chaucer;  Fr.  paille, 

L.  palea,  straw ;  Ir.  peall,   a   couch.]     A 

Milton. 

n.    [L.  pallium,  a  cloke.] 

[.Vol  u.ied.]  Shak. 

|Fr.]    A    lecher  ;  a  lewd 


small  bed. 
PAL'LIAMENT, 

A  dress  :  a  robe. 
PAL'LIARD,    n. 

person.     [.Vo(  used  nor  English.] 
PAL'LIARDISE,     n.     Fornication.      [.Yot 

used.]  Buck. 

PALLIATE,  v.t.  [Fr.  pallier;  Sp.  paliar ; 

ll. pulliare  ;  from  Low  L.^aWto,  from  ^o//t- 

tim,  a  cloke  or  robe.] 

1.  To  clothe.     Ob.f. 

2.  To  cover  with  excuse  ;  to  conceal  the 
enormity  of  offenses  by  excuses  and  apolo- 
gies ;  luiiice,  to  extenuate;  to  lessen  ;  to 
sofleu  by  favorable  representations  ;  as,  to 
palliate  faults,  offenses,  crimes  or  vices. 

Dryden. 

S.  To  reduce  in  violence ;  to  mitigate ;  to 
lessen  or  abate  ;  as,  to  palliate  a  di.sease. 

PAL'LIATE,  a.  Eased;  mitigated.  [J^ol 
used.] 

PAL'LIATED,  pp.  Covered  by  excuses; 
extenuatc<l ;  softened. 

PAL'LIATING,  ppr.  Concealing  the  enor- 
mity or  most  censurable  part  of  conduct ; 
extenuating ;  softening. 


PAL 


PAL 


P  A  M 


PALLIA'TION,  n.  The  act  Of  palliating; 
concealment  of  the  most  flagrant  circum- 
stances of  an  ortense  ;  exteiiuutioii  hy  fa- 
vorable represeniation  ;  as  tlie  palliation  of 
faults,  oBiMises,  vices  or  crimes. 

2.  Mitigation  ;  alleviation  ;  abatement ;  as  of 
a  disease. 

PAL'LIATIVE,  a.  [Fr.  palliatif.]  Extenu- 
ating; ;  servnig  to  extenuate  by  excuses  or 
favoTable  representation.  Warlon. 

2.  Mitigating;  alleviating;  as  pain  or  <lis- 
f^lxsv.  Arbulhnot. 

PAL'LI.VTIVE,  n.  That  which  cxteiniates. 

2.  That  which  mitigates,  alleviates  or  abates 
the  violence  of  pain,  disease  or  other  evil. 

Swift. 

PAL' LID,  a.  [L.  pallidus,  from  palieo,  to 
become  pale.     See  Pate.] 

Pale;  wan;  deficient  in  color  ;  not  high  col 
ored  ;  asayaWirfcountenanre  ;  pallirt  h\yie. 
Spenser.     Thomson.     Hnrte. 

PAL'LIDLY,   adv.    Palely  ;  wauly. 

Taylor. 

PAL'LIDNESS,  n.  Paleness;  wanness. 

PALL'MALL,  n.  [L.  pila,  a  ball,  and  mal- 
leus, mallet ;  It.  palla,  a  ball,  and  malleo,  a 
hannner.] 

A  play  in  which  a  ball  is  driven  through  an 
iron  ring  by  a  mallet;  also,  the  mallet. 

Johnson. 

PAL'LOR,  n.  [L.]  Paleness.  Taijlor. 

PAL\I,  »i. //am.  [L.  palma;  W. palv ;  trotn 
spreading.] 

1.  The  inner  part  of  tlie  hand. 

2.  A  hand  or  hand's  breadth  ;  a  lineal  meas 
ure  of  three  inches.  Holder.     Bacon. 

3.  The  broad  triangular  part  of  au  anchor 
at  the  etid  of  the  arms. 

4.  The  name  of  many  species  of  plants,  but 
particularly  of  the  date-tree  or  great  palm, 
a  native  of  Asia  and  Africa. 

The  palms  constitute  a  natural  order  of 
monocotyledoiious  plants,  with  a  simpi 
cylindric  stem,  terminating  in  a  crown  of 
leaves  or  fronds,  within  which  rises  a  tuft 
of  flowers  and  fruits;  all  natives  of  warm 
climates.  They  vary  in  size  from  2  to 
xiiore  tiian  100  feet  in  highth. 

Jussieu.     Linne 

5.  Branohes  of  the  jialm  being  worn  in  to- 
ken of  victory,  hence  the  word  signifies, 
superiority,  victory,  triunipli.  Tiie  palm 
was  adopted  as  an  emblem  of  victory,  it  is 
said,  because  the  tree  is  so  elastic  as  when 
pressed,  to  rise  and  recover  its  correct  po- 
sition. Encyc. 

Namur  subdued  is  England's  palm  alone. 

Dryden. 

6.  Among  seamen,  an  instrument  used  in 
sewing  canvas  instead  of  a  thimble. 

PALM,  II.  t.  p'am.  To  conceal  in  the  palm  of 
the  hand. 

They  palmed  the  trick  that  lost  the  game 

Prior 

2.  To  imiiose  by  fraud. 

For  you  may  palm  upon  us  new  for  olil. 

Dryden. 

3.  To  handle.  Prior. 

4.  To  stroke  with  the  hand.  Ainsworth. 

PALM-SUNDAV,  n.p'am-sunday.  The  Sun- 
day next  before  Easter  ;  so  railed  in  com- 
memoration of  our  Savior's  triumphal  en- 
try into  Jerusalem,  when  the  nndtitude 
strewed  palm  branches  in  the  way. 

PALM-TREE,  n.  p'nm-tree.  The  date  tree 
or  Phanix  Luctytifera,  a  native  of  Asia  and 


Africa,  which  grows  to  the  highth  of  CO  I     to  touch,  or  to  spring,  to  leap,  allied  to  Gr. 
and  even  of  100  feet,  with  an  iijinght  stem,  |     fJaX>^,  Er.  bailer.]     The  art  oi  feeUiig. 
crowned  withaclusterof  leavcsur  branch-  iP.\LPlTATE,  l:  i.  [L.  pilpitu,  from  palpo. 


es  eight  or  nine  feet  long,  extending  allil 
around  like  an  umbrella.     The  fruit  is  in:| 
shape  somewhat  like  an  acorn.     This  tree - 
transplanted  will  grow  in  Europe,  but  tlie 
fruit  never  ripens.  Encyc. 

This  naiue  is  applied  to  other  species  of 
palms. 

PAL'M.VR,  a.  [L.  palmaris.]  Of  the  breadth 
of  till!  hand.  l^ee. 

P.AL'AI.\TED,  a.  [L.  palmalxis,  from  palma, 
palm. J 

1.  Having  the  shape  of  a  hand  ;  resembling 
a  hand  with  the  fingers  spread  ;  as  palma- 
ted  leaves  or  stones.  Encyc. 

2.  Entirely  webbed  ;  as  the  palmated  feet  of 
aquatic  fowls. 

PALMfjR,  n.  p'amer.  One  that  returned 
from  the  Holy  Land  bearing  branches  of 
palm  ;  a  pilgrim  or  crusader.  Pope. 

PALMER- WORM,  n.  p  amer-wonn.  A  worm 
covered  with  hair  ;  su[)|)osed  to  be  so  call 
ed  because  he  wanders  over  all  plants. 
Joel  i.  .  Johnson. 

PALMET'TO,  n.  A  species  of  palm-tree 
growing  in  the  West  Indies,  of  the  genus 
Chamicrops.  Thomson. 

PALMIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  palma  and /era,  to 
bear.]     licaring  palms.  Diet. 

PAL'MIPED,  a.[L.  palma  and  pes,  i'ooi 
Web-footed  ;  having  the   toes  connected 
by  a  membrane  ;  as  a  water  fowl 

PAL'MIPED,  Ji.  A  fowl  that  has  webbed 
feet,  or  the  toes  connected  by  a  membrane. 

Encyc. 

PAL'MISTER,  71.  [L.  palma.]  One  who 
deals  in  |)alinistry,  or  |)ietends  to  tell  for 
tunes  by  the  palm  of  tlie  hand. 

PAL'MISTRY,  n.  [L.  palma,  palm.]  The 
art  or  practice  of  divining  or  telling  for- 
tunes by  the  lines  and  marks  in  the  palm 
of  the  hand  ;  a  trick  of  imposture,  much 
l)rac.ticed  by  gipseys. 
Addison  uses  it  humorously  for  the  action 
of  the  hand.  Spectator. 

P.\LMY,  a.  p'amy.  Bearing  palms.      Shak. 

PALP,  IV  t.  To  feel.     [.\ot  authorized.] 


Palpito  illustrates    the  pnmary  sense   of 
palpu.] 

I'o  beat  gently  ;  to  beat,  as  the  heart  ;  to 
fhutor,  that  is,  to  move  with  little  throws; 
as  we  say,  to  go  pit  a  pal ;  applied  partic- 
ularly to  a  preternatural  or  excited  move- 
ment of  the  heart. 

PALPITATION,  n.  [L.  palpitatio.]  A 
beating  of  the  heart ;  particularly,  a  pre- 
ternatural beating  or  pulsation  e.vcite<l  by 
violent  action  of  the  body,  hy  fear,  fright 
ordisea.se.  Harvey.     Arbulhnot. 

2.  A  violent,  irregular  motion  of  the  heart. 

Cullen.     Parr. 

PALS'GRAVE,  71.  pawlzgrave.  [G.  pfatz- 
graf,  from  pfalz,  contracted  from  L.  pala- 
tium,  palace,  and  graf,  an  earl;  D.  palts- 
graaf;  Sax.  g'erp/u,  a  recce,  whence  *Aen^.] 

A  count  or  earl  who  has  the  superintend- 
ence of  the  king's  pal  ice.  Diet. 

PAL'SIC/VL,  a.  ,'jasi.  {(rompalsy.]  Affect- 
ed with  palsy  ;  paralytic. 

P.\L'SIED,  a.  [from  palsy.]  Affected  with 
palsy. 

P.vL'SY,  »i.  s  as :.  [supposed  to  be  con- 
tracted from  Gr.  na^iarxiif,  relaxation  ; 
rfapa^iu,  to  loosen  or  relax.] 

The  loss  or  defect  of  the  power  of  voluntary 
muscular  motion  in  the  whole  body,  or  in 
a  particular  part  ;  paralysis.  When  one 
side  only  of  the  body  is  affected,  it  is  call- 
ed hemiplcgy.  When  the  lower  part  of 
the  body  is  paralytic,  it  is  called  paraplegy. 
PaKsy  may  be  a  loss  of  the  power  of  mo- 
tion without  a  loss  of  sensation,  or  a  loss 
of  sensation  without  loss  of  motion,  or  a 
loss  of  both.  Enciir.     Good,     (^uincy. 

P.\L'TER,  r.  i.  [probably  allied  to  faultcr 
or  falter,  W.  pnllu,  Eiig.  fail ;  Sp.  Port. 
fallar,  to  want,  to  fail,  to  miss,  to  balk, 
to  come  short.  See  Fail  and  Pall.] 

To  shift ;  to  dodge  ;  to  play  tricks.   Johnson. 
Rather,  to  fail  ;  to  come  short ;  to  balk. 
Romans,  that  have  spoke  tlie  word 
.■\nd  will  not  palter.  Sliak. 

P,\L'TER,     V.  t.   To  squander.  Qu.     [Xot 

PALPABIL'ITY,  n.  [from  palpable.]    The       "«^'']  Ainsworth. 

quality  of  being  perceptible  by  the  touch.  PaL'TERER,  n.  One  that  palters,  fails  or 


Arbulhnot. 
PAL'PABLE,   n.    [Fr.  from   L.  palpor,   toi 
feel ;  It.  palpabile.] 

1.  Perceptible  by  the  touch  ;  that  may  be 
felt  ;  as  a  palpable  substance  ;  palpable. 
darkness.  Shak.\ 

2.  Gross;  coarse;  easily  perceived  and  de- 
tected ;  as   a  palpable  absurdity. 

TiUotson. 

3.  Plain;  obvious;  easily  perceptible;  as 
palpable  phenomena  ;  palpable  proof. 

Hooker.     Glanville. 

PAL'PABLENESS,  n.  The  (piality  of  be- 
ing palpable  ;  plainness  ;  obviousness  ; 
grossiiess. 

PAL'PABLY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner  as  to 
be  perceived  by  the  touch. 

2.  Grossly  ;  plainly  ;  obviously. 

Clodius  was  acquitted  by  a  corrupt  jury  that 
had  palpably  taken  shares  of  money.      Bacon. 

PALPA'TION,  n.  [L.  palpatio,  from  paipo, 
to  feel,  to  stroke,  from  the  root  offeil,  and 
Gr.  !f<i\7.ui,  to  shake.  Probably  the  pri-l 
mary  sense  is  to  beat  or  strike  gently,  or 


falls  short 

PaL'TRIXESS,  n.  [from  paltry.]  The  state 
of  being  paltry,  vile  or  worthless. 

P.\L'TRY,  a.  [Sw.  palta,  j>\u.  palior,  rags; 
Dan.  piall,  a  rag  ;  pialled,  ragged  :  Scot. 
paltrie  ov  peltrie,  vile  trash;  ll.  paltone,  a 
vagabond.  It  may  be  allied  to  Gr.  (JjovXoj, 
vile,  and  to  fail.  Qu.  Fr.  piHre,  a  con- 
tracted word.] 

Ragged;  mean;  vile;  worthless;  despica- 
ble ;  as  a.  paltry  boy  ;  a  paltry  slave  ;  a  pal- 
try trifle.  Shak.     Addison. 

P.\'LY,  a.  [from  pale.]  Pale;  wanting  col- 
or ;  used  only  in  poetry.  Shak.     Gay. 

2.  In  heraldry,  divided  by  pales  into  four 
equal  parts.  Encyc. 

PAM,  n.  [supposed  to  be  from  palm.,  victo- 
ry.]    The  knave  of  clubs.  Pope. 

P.AM'PER,  v.t.  [from  It.  p«m6crc,  bread  and 
drink:  pamberato,  pampered,  well  fed; 
pane,  bread,  and  bere,  to  drink,  L.  bibo.] 

1.  To  feed  to  the  full ;  to  glut ;  to  saginate  ; 
to  feed  luxuriously  ;  as,  to/>a77i/)er  thebody 
or  the  appetite.  Spenser. 


PAN 


PAN 


PAN 


We  are  proud  of  a  body  fattemng  lor  worms 
and  pampered  for  corruption  and  the  grave. 

Dwight. 

2.  To  gratify  to  the  full ;  to  furnisli  with 
that  which  dehghts ;  as,  to  pamper  the  im- 
agination. 

PAMPERED,  pp.  Fed  high;  glutted  or 
giatifieil  to  the  full. 

PAM'PERING,  ppr.  Glutting ;  feeding  lux- 
uriously ;  gratifying  to  the  full. 

PAjM'PERING,  n.  Luxuriancy.  Fidke. 

PAM'PIILET,  n.  [Sp.  papelon,  from  pa- 
pel,  paper.  The  word  signifies  both  a 
pamphlet  and  a  bill  posted.  Sp.  papeteta, 
a  slij)  of  paper  on  which  any  thing  is  writ- 
ten ;  papel  volatile,  a  small  pamphlet.  It 
lias  also  been  deduced  from  paunjlet,  pa- 
ginajilata,  a  word  said  to  have  been  used 
by  Caxton.] 

A  small  book  consisting  of  a  slieet  of  paper, 
or  of  sheets  stitched  together  but  not 
bound. 

PAM'PIILET,  V.  t.  To  write  a  pamphlet  or 
pamphlets.  Howell 

PAMPHLETEE'R,  n.  A  writer  of  pam 
phlets ;  a  scribbler.  Taller 

PAN,  n.  [Sax.  Sw.  panna;  G.  pfanne ;  D 
pan  ;  W.  id.] 

1.  A  vessel  broad  and  somewhat  hollow  or 
depressed  in  the  middle,  or  with  a  raised 
border ;  used  for  setting  milk  and  other 
domestic  purposes.  Dryden. 

2.  The  part  of  a  gun-lock  or  other  fire-arms 
which  holds  tlie  priming  that  communi- 
cates with  the  charge. 

3.  Something  hollow  ;  as  the  brain  pan. 

4.  Among  farmers,  the  hard  stratum  of  eartli 
that  lies  below  the  soil ;  called  the  hard 
pan. 

5.  The  top  of  the  head.  Chancer. 
PAN,  V.  t.  To  join  ;  to  close  together.    [Lo 

cal.]  Bailey. 

PAN  ACE' A,  n.  [L.  from  Or.  rtavaxna;  nuv 
all,  and  axfojiat,  to  cure.] 

1.  A  remedy  for  all  diseases;  a  imiversal 
medicine.  Warton. 

2.  An  herb.  Ainsicorlk. 
PANA'DA,  ?  [Vr.  panade,  ivom  L.  panis. 
PANA'DO,  I  "'  Sp.  pan.  It.   pane,  bread.] 

A  kind  of  food  made  by  boiling  bread  in 
water  to  the  consistence  of  pulp  and  sweet- 
ened. Wiseman. 
PAN'CAKE,  n.  A  thin  cake  fried  in  a  pan 
Some  folks  think  it  will  never  be  good  times 
till  houses  are  tiled  with  pancakes.     Franklin 
PANCH,  n.  [W.  panu,  to  form  a  texture, 

to  full.] 
Among  seamen,  a  thick  and  strong  mat,  to  be 

fastened  on  yards  to  prevent  friction. 

PANCRAT'I€,        ?        [Gr.   Ttav,    all,    and 

PANCRAT'ICAL,  ^  "■  xparo;,  strength.] 

Excelling  in  all  gymnastic  exercises  ;  very 

strong  or  robust.  Brown. 

PAN'CREAS,   n.    [Gr.  rtav,  all,   and   xpfoj, 

flesh.] 
A  gland  of  the  body  situated   between  the 
bottom  of  the  stoiTiach  and   the  vertebers 
of  the  loins,  reaching  from  the  liver  to  the 
spleen,  and  attached  to  the  peritonai'um 
It  is  two   fingers  in  breadth,  and  six  in 
length,  soft  and  supple.     It  secretes  a  kind 
of  saliva  and  pours  it  into  the  duodenum 
Q^uincy.     Core. 
PANCREAT'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  pan- 
creas; a^  pancreatic  imi;e.  Arbulhnot 
PANCY.  [See  Pans>i.\ 


PAN'DE€T,  n.  [L.  pandecla,  from  Gr. 
Ttoi'Sf xfjjs ;  rtov,  all,  and  &txoiiai,  to  contain, 
to  take.] 

1.  A  treatise  which  contains  the  whole  of 
any  science.  Sivift. 

2.  Pandects,  in  the  plural,  the  digest  or  col-j 
lection  of  civil  or  Roman  law,  made  by 
order  of  the  emperor  Justinian,  and  con-l 
taining  534  decisions  or  judgments  of] 
lawyers,  to  which  the  emperor  gave  the 
force  and  authority  of  law.  This  compi- 
lation consists  of  fifty  books,  forming  the 
first  part  of  the  civil  law. 

PANDEM'IC,  a.    [Gr.  nav,   all,   and  &r,ixos, 

people.] 
Incident  to  a  wliole  people;    epidemic;  as 

a  pandemic  disease.  Harvey.     Parr. 

PAN'DER,  n.  [qu.  It. /^anrfere,  to  set  abroad, 

or    Pandarus,     in     Chaucer.      In    Pers. 

I  j^jl^j  bondar,  is  the  keeper  of  a  ware- 
house or  granary,  a  forestaller  who  buys 
and  hoards  goods  to  enhance  the  price  ; 
answering  to  L.  mango.  But  the  real  ori- 
gin of  the  word  is  not  obvious.] 

A  pimp  ;  a  procurer;  a  male  bawd  ;  a  mean 
profligate  wretch  who  caters  for  the  lust 
of  others.  Dryden.     Shak. 

PAN'DER,  V.  t.  To  pimp;  to  procure  lewd 
women  for  others.  Shak. 

PAN'DER,  v.i.  Toact  as  agent  for  the  lusts 
of  others. 

2.  To  be  subservient  to  lust  or  passion. 

PAN'DERAGE,  n.  A  procuring  of  sexual 
connection.  Ch.  Relig.  Appeal. 

PAN'DERISM,  n.  The  employment  or  vi- 
ces of  a  pander  ;  a  pimping.  Sici/J 

PAN'DERLY,  a.  Pimping;  acting  the  pan- 
der. Shak. 

PANDIGULA'TION,  n.  [L.  pandicuhr,  to 
yawn,  to  stretch.] 

A  yawning  ;  a  stretching  ;  the  tension  of  the 
solids  that  accotnpanies  yawning,  or  that 
restlessness  and  stretching  that  accompa- 
nies the  cold  fit  of  an  intermittent. 

Encyc.     Floyer. 

PAN'DIT,  ?        In   Hindoostan,   a  learned 

PUN'DIT,  \  "•    man. 

PAN'DORE,     )       [Gr.   .-tarjovpo.]    An  in- 

PAN'DORAN,  i  "•  strument  of  nnisic  of 
the  lute  kind  ;  a  bandore.  Draylon. 

PANE,  n.  [Fr.;)n?i,  from  extending,  whence 
panneau,  a  panel ;  Arm.  panell ;  Sp.  en- 
trcpano  ;  D.  paneel.]     A  square  of  glass. 

2.  A  piece  of  any  thing  in  variegated  works. 

Donne. 

PANEgYR'IC,  n.  [Vr.panegyrique;  It.  Sp. 
panegirico ;  L.  panegyricus,  from  the 
Gr.  rtav^jyt'pis,  a  public  meeting  or  cele- 
bration ;  rtas,  ;tai',  all,  and  oyvpis,  an  as 
sembly.] 

1.  An  oration  or  eulogy  in  praise  of  some 
distinguished  person  or  achievment ;  a 
formal  or  elaborate  encomium. 

Stillingjleel. 

2.  An  encomium ;  praise  bestowed  on  some 
eminent  person,  action  or  virtue. 

Dryden. 

PANEuYR'l€,  a.  Containing  praise  or  eu- 
logy ;  encomiastic. 

PANEtiY'RIS,  n.  A  festival;  a  public 
meeting.  Milton. 

PANEgYR'IST,  n.  One  who  bestows 
l)raise;  an  eulogist;  an  encomiast,  either 
by  writing  or  speaking.  Camden. 


PAN'EgYRIZE,  v.  t.  To  praise  highly  ;  to 
write  or  pronounce  an  eulogy  on. 

Ch.  Obs. 

PAN'EgYRIZE,  v.  i.  To  bestow  praises. 

Mitford. 

PAN'EgYRIZED,  pp.  Highly  praised  or 
eulogized. 

PANEGYRIZING,  ppr.  Praising  highly; 
eulogizing. 

PAN'EL,  71.  [Fr.  panneau  ;  Sw. panna,  pan  ; 
pannela,lo  wainscot;  Russ.^aiiei,  ceihng  or 
wainscot ;  probably  named  from  breadth, 
extension.] 

1.  A  square  piece  of  board,  or  other  piece 
somewhat  similar  inserted  between  other 
pieces ;  as  the  panel  of  a  door. 

Addison.     Sunfl. 

2.  A  piece  of  parchinent  or   schedule,  con- 
taining the  names  of  persons  summoned 
by  the  sheriff.     Hence  more  generally, 
The  whole  jury. 

IPAN'EL,  V.  t.  To  form  with  panels ;  as,  to 
1    patiel  a  wainscot.  Pennant. 

[PA'NELESS,  a.  Without  panes  of  glass. 

Skenstone. 
PANG,  n.  [D.  pynigen,  G.  peinigen,  to  tor- 
ture, from  pyn,  pein,  pain  ;  Sax.  pinan. 
See  Pain.] 
Extreme  pain;  anguish;  agony  of  body ; 
particularly,  a  sudden  paroxysm  of  ex- 
treme pain,  as  in  spasm,  or  childbirth. 
Is.  xxi. 

I  saw  the  hoaiy  traitor. 
Grin  in  the  pangs   of  death,  and  bile  the 
ground.  Addison. 

PANG,  V.  t.  To  torture  ;  to  give  extreme 
pain  to.  Shak. 

PAN'GOLIN,  n.  A  species  of  Manis  or 
scaly  lizard,  found  only  in  Hindoostan. 

Encyc. 

PAN'IC,  n.  [Sp.  It.  panico :  Fr.  panique ; 
Gr.  rtoinxoj;  W.  pannn,  to  cause  to  sink, 
to  depress  or  hollow,  to  cause  a  panic. 
The  primary  sense  is  intransitive,  to 
shrink,  or  transitive,  to  cause  to  shrink; 
hence  the  fabled  Pan,  the  frightful  deity 
of  the  woods  or  shepherds.] 
sudden  fright ;  particularly,  a  sudden 
fright  without  real  catise,  or  terror  in- 
spired by  a  trifling  cause  or  misapprehen- 
sion of  danger;  as,  the  troops  were  seized 
with  a  panic  ;  they  tied  in  a  panic. 

PAN'IC,  a.  Extreme  or  sudden;  applied  to 
fright ;  ns  panic  fear. 

PAN'IC,  n.  [L.  panicnm.]  A  plant  and  its 
grain,  of  the  genus  Panicum.  The  grain 
or  seed  is  like  millet,  and  it  is  cultivated  in 
some  parts  of  Europe  for  bread. 

PAN'IC-GRASS,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Panicum. 

PAN'ICLE,  n.  [L.  panicula,  down  upon 
reeds,  cat's  tail,  allied  to  L.  pannus,  cloth  ; 
W.  pan,  nap,  down,  the  fulling  of  cloth  ; 
panu,  to  cover  with  nap,  to  full  or  mill 
cloth,  to  beat,  to  bang.  The  primary 
sense  is  to  drive,  strike  or  press,  hence  to 
full  or  make  thick.] 
n    botany,    a  species  of   inflorescence,  in 


which  the  flowers  or  fruits  are  scattered 
on  peduncles  variously  subdivided,  as  in 
oats  and  some  of  the  grasses.  The  panicle 
is  of  various  kinds,  as  the  dense  or  close, 
the  spiked,  the  squeezed,  the  spreading, 
the  diflUsed,  the  divaricating.         Martyn. 


PAN 


PAN 


PAP 


PAN'ICLED,  a.  Furnished  with  panicles. 

Eaton. 

PANI€'ULATE,     )        Having     branrhes 

PANIC' ULATED,  ^        variously    subdivi 
ded  ;  as  a  panicutate  stern. 

2.  Having  the  flowers  in  panicles;  as  a. 
paniculate  inflorescence.  Lee.\ 

PAN'NADE,  n.  The  curvet  of  a  horse.' 
[See  Panic]  ,  Amsworlh.' 

PAN'NACiK,  n.  [from  L. pants.]  The  food 
of  swine  in  the  woods ;  as  beach  nuts, 
acorns,  &c.  called  also  pawns ;  also,  tlie| 
money  taken  by  agistors  for  the  mast  of; 
the  king's  forest.  Cowel.\ 

PAN'NEL,  n.  [W.  pancZ,  something  plaited' 
or  matted  ;  L.  pannus,  cloth.]  A  kind  iii' 
rustic  saddle.  Tiisser.' 

2.  The  stomach  of  a  hawk.  Ainsivurth. 

PANNELLA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  impan- 
neling  a  jury.     [jVot  used.]  IVood. 

PANNIER,  n.  pan'yer.  [Fr.  panier ;  It. 
paniera ;  Sp.  panera,  a  pannier,  and  a 
granary  ;  from  L.  panis,  bread.] 

A  wicker  basket ;  primarily,  a  bread-basket, 
but  used  for  carrying  fruit  or  other  things 
on  a  horse.  Mdison 

PAN'NIKEL,  n.  The  brain  pan  or  skull. 
[JVol  in  use.]  Spenser. 

PAN'OPLY,  n.  [Gr.  )tavon%ca;  not',  all,  and 
oji^,  arms.] 

Complete  armor  or  defense. 

We  had  need  to  take  the  christian  panoply, 
to  put  on  the  whole  armor  of  God.  Kay. 

PANOR^AMA,  >(.  [Gr.  nav,  all,  and  opa/<a, 
view,  from  opow,  to  see.] 

Complete  or  entire  view  ;  a  circular  paint- 
ing having  apparently  no  beginning  or 
end,  from  the  center  of  which  the  specta- 
tor may  have  a  complete  view  of  the  ob- 
jects presented. 

PANSOPH'l€AL,  a.  [See  Pansophy.]  Pre- 
tending to  have  a  knowledge  of  every 
thing.  li'orthington. 

PAN'SOPHY,  »i.  [Gr.  j(ov,  all,  and  m^ia, 
wisdom.]  Universal  wisdom  or  knowl- 
edge.    [Link  used.]  Hnrtlib., 

PAN'SY,  n.  [Fr  penste,  fancy  or  thought, 
fiom  peiiser,  to  tliiiik.] 

A  plant  and  (lower  of  the  genus  Viola  ;  the 
viola  tricolor,  or  garden  violet. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 

P'ANT,  V.  i.  [Fr.  panteler,  probably  from 
the  root  of  W.  ;<a7iu,  to  beat.  See  Panicle. 
and  qu.  G.  rtifu.] 

1.  To  palpitate;  to  beat  with  preternatural 
violence  or  rapidity,  as  the  heart  in  terror, 
or  after  hard  labor,  or  in  an.xious  desire  or 
suspense. 

Yet  might  her  piteous  heart  he  seen  to  pani 
and  quake.  Spe7iser. 

2.  To  have  the  breast  heaving,  as  in  short 
respiration  or  want  of  breath. 

Pluto  pants  for  hreath  from  out  liis  cell. 

I}ryd(n. 

3.  To  play  with  intermission  or  declining 
strength. 

The  whispering  breeze 
Pants  on  the  leaves  and  dies  upon  the  trees. 

Pupe. 

4.  To  long ;  to  desire  ardently. 

Who  panls  for  glory,  finds  but  short  repose. 

Pope. 

As  the  hart  pantcth  after  the  water  brooks, 

so  pantcth  my   soul   after  (hee,  O  God.     Ps. 

xlii. 

P'ANT,  n.  Palpitation  of  the  heart.     Shak. 


PANTALOON',  n.  [Fr.  pantaton.  Qu.  VV.i 
pnniiu,  to  involve,  or  panu,  to  cover,  audi 
Fr.  talon,  the  heel.] 

1.  A  garment  lor  males  in  which  breeches^ 
and  stockings  are  in  a  piece  ;  a  species  o^ 
close  long  trowsers  extending  to  the  heels.; 

2.  A  character  in  the  Italian  comedy,  and  a] 
buffoon  in  pantomunes ;  so  called  from 
his  close  dress.  Addison. 

PLANTER,  n.  One  that  pants. 

PANT'ER,  71.    [Ir. /«jm(er,  a  snare.]  A  net. 

Chaucer. 

P'ANTESS,  n.  [from  pant.]  The  difficulty 
of  breathing  in  a  hawk.  Ainsworlh. 

PAN'THEISM,  »i.  [Gr.  nav,  all,  and  etc;, 
God,  whence  theism.] 

The  doctrine  that  the  universe  is  God,  or  the 
system  of  theology  in  which  it  is  maintain- 
ed that  the  universe  is  the  supreme  God. 
Encyc.     Asiat.  Res. 

PANTHE'IST,  n.  One  that  believes  the 
uiuverse  to  be  God  ;  a  name  given  to  the 
followers  of  Spinosa. 

The  earliest  Grecian  pantheist  of  whom  we 
read  is  Orpheus.  Uncyc 

PANTHEIS'TIC,        )      Pertaining  to  pan- 

PANTl  1  EIS'TIf  AL,  I  "'  theism  ;  confound- 
ing God  with  the  universe. 

Enfield.     H'aterland. 

PANTHE  ON,  n.  [Gr.  naj,  nav,  all,  and  tiioi, 
God.] 

A  temple  or  magnificent  edifice  at  Rome, 
dedicated  to  all  the  gods.  It  is  now  con- 
verted into  a  church.  It  was  built  or  em 
bellished  by  Agrijiiia,  son-in-law  to  Augus- 
tus, is  of  a  round  (jr  cylindrical  form,  with 
a  spherical  dome,  and  144  feet  in  diameter. 

Encyc. 

PANTHER,  n.  [L.  from  Gr.  naver.f.  Qu. 
S)jp,  a  wild  beast.] 

A  fierce,  ferocious  quadruped  of  the  genus 
Fells,  of  tlie  size  of  a  large  dog,  with  short 
hair,  of  a  yellow  color,  diversified  witi 
roundish  black  s|iot.s.  This  animal  is  car- 
nivorous, and  will  climb  trees  in  pursuit  of 
small  animals.  It  is  a  native  of  Africa. 
The  name  is  also  applied  to  other  species 
<]f  the  genus. 

PAN'TILE,  n.  [qu.  W.  panlu,  to  dimple 
to  sink  in,  to  become  hollow ;  pan,  a 
bowl,  a;;an;  or  Fr.yjtn^e,  a  bending.]  A 
autter  tile.    But  qu.  pentile. 

PLANTING,  /;pr.  [See  Pan f.]    Palpitating; 
breathing  with  a  rapid   succession  of  in 
spirations  and  expirations  ;  longing. 

PLANTING,  n.  Palpitation;  rapid  breath- 
ing ;  louffing. 

P^ANTINGLY,  adv.  With  paliritation  or 
rapiil  breathing. 

PANT'LER,  )i.  [Fr. /janditr,  from  ;jatn,  L. 
panis,  bread.] 

The  ofiicer  in  a  great  family  who  has  charge 
rd'  the  bread.  Shak. 

PAN'TOFLE,  n.  [Fr.  pantoujle;  It.  panto- 
fola,  a  slipper;  Sp.  pantujlo ;  Svv.  tojjla. 
(q^e/,  a  slipper  or  sandal ;  \ia.n.t6fel;  Russ. 
tvfel.]     A  slipper  for  the  foot. 

PAN'TOGR.APH,  n.  [Gr.  «a^ra,  all,  and 
ypaifio,  to  describe.] 

A  mathematical  instrument  so  formed  as  to 
copy  any  sort  of  drawing  or  design. 

PANTOGRAPH'Ie,        {  ,     Pertaining   to 

PANTOGRAPH'I€AL,  S  a  pantograph  ; 
performed  by  a  pantograph. 

PANTOG'RAPllY,  n.  General  description ; 
view  of  an  entire  thing. 


[Gr.  naita,  all,  and 


PANTOM'ETER,  «. 
ftfTpeu,  to  measure.] 

An  instrument  (or  measuring  all  sorts  of 
elevations,  angles  anil  distances.      Bailey. 

PANTOMKT'RIG,       >        Pertaining  to  a 

PANTOM E'J'RICAL,  \  "'  pantometer ; 
perCornicd  by  a  pantometer. 

PAN'TOMIME,  n.  [1..  pantomimus ;  Gr. 
navroiAiiios ;  nu.;,  «a^,  all,  and  fi'MoJ,  a  mim- 
ic] 

1.  One  that  imitates  all  sorts  of  actions  and 
characters  without  speaking ;  one  that 
expresses  his  meaning  by  mute  action. 
The  pantomimes  of  aiiii(|iiity  used  to  ex- 
press in  gestures  and  action,  whatever  the 
chorus  sung,  changing  their  countenance 
and  behavior  as  the  subject  of  the  song  va- 
ried. Encyc. 

2.  A  scene  or  representation  in  dumb  show. 

3.  A  species  of  musical  entertainment. 

Busby. 
PAN'TOMIME,   a.   Representing  only   in 
mute  action.  Smith. 

PANTOMIM'IC,        )       Pertaining  to  the 
PANTOMlM'l€AL,  ^"^  pantomime;    rep- 
resenting characters  and  actions  by  dumb 
show. 
PAN'TON,  I       [()u.     L.  pando,  to 

PAN'TON-SHOE,  I  "•  ojien.]  A  horse 
!  shoe  contrived  to  recover  a  narrow  and 
I     hoof-bound  heel.  Far.  Did. 

PAN'TRY,  n.   [Fr.  panetiire,  a  shepherd's 

scrip;  h.  panarium,  Woin  panis,  bread.] 
An  apartment  or  closet  in  which  provisions 

are  kept. 

PAN't'RtiY,  n.  [Gr.  «o»'ovpyia;  xav,  all,  and 

rpyoi',  work.]     Skill  in  all  kinds  of  work  or 

business ;  craft.  Bailey. 

PAP,  n.  [h.papilla.]  A  nipple  of  the  breast ; 

a  teat.  Dryden. 

PAP,  n.   [Low  h.papa;  It. pappa;  D.pap; 

Pers.  bob,  food.] 

1.  A  soft  food  for  infants,  made  with  bread 
boiled  or  softened  wi(h  water.  Boyle. 

2.  The  pulp  of  fruit.  Ainsworth. 
PAP,  V.  I.  To  feed  with  pap. 

PAPA,  7!.  [L.  Fr.  papa  ;  1).  G.  id. ;  Gr. 
nartnai :  It.  Sp.  papa,  the  pope :  a  word 
used  by  the  ancient  Scythians,  as  also  iti 
the  Syriac  and  Clialdaic]  Father ;  a 
word  with  us  used  by  children.  Stoijl. 

PA'PACY,  n.  [Fr.papaute  ;  ll. papaio ;  from 
papa,  the  pope.] 

1.  The  office  and  dignity  of  the  pope  or  bish- 
op of  Rome;  popedom.  Bacon, 

i2.  Papal  authority.  J\Iilner. 

PA'PAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  pape,  the  pojic.]  Be- 
longing to  the  |)0])e  or  pontifl'  oi'  Rome ; 
popish;    as  papal   authority;    the   papal 

I     chair. 

Proceeding  from  the  jiope  ;  as  a  papal  li- 
cense or  indulgence;  u  papal  edict. 

3.  Annexed  to  the  bishopric  of  Rome. 
PA'PAHN,  71.  A  papist.     [.Vol  used.] 

Herberl. 

PAPAVEROUS,  a.  [L.  papavereus,  from 
paparer,  a  poppy.] 

Resembling  the  poppy: 
qualities  of  poppies. 

PAP.XW',  n.  [Fr.  papayer.]  The  carica  pa- 
paya, a  tree  growing  in  warm  climates  to 
the  liiglith  of  eighteen  or  twenty  feet,  with 
a  soft  herbaceous  stem,  naked  nearly  to 
the  top,  where  the  leaves  iesue  on  every 


of  the 


nature  or 
Brount. 


PAP 


PAR 


PAR 


side  on  long  foot-stalks.  Between  the 
leaves  grow  the  flower  and  the  fruit,  which 
is  of  tiie  size  of  a  melon.  The  juice  is 
acrid  and  milky,  but  the  fruit  when  boiled 
is  eaten  with  meat,  like  other  vegetables. 

Encyc. 

9.  The  papaw  of  North  America  belongs  to 
the  genus  Annona  or  custard  apple. 

PAPE,  n.  The  pope. 

PA' PER,  n.  [Fr.  papier;  It.  papiro ;  Port. 
Sp.  p/ipel ;  D.  G.  papier ;  W.  papyr  ;  Gr. 
Ttaxvpoi;  L.  papyrus,  the  name  of  an 
Egyptian  plant,  from  which  was  made  a 
kind  of  paper.] 

1.  A  substance  formed  into  thin  sheets  on 
which  letters  and  figures  are  written  or 
printed.  Paper  is  made  of  different  mate- 
rials ;  but  among  us  it  is  usually  made  of 
linen  or  cotton  rags.  A  fine  paper  is  made 
of  silk,  particularly  for  bank-notes,  which 
require  to  be  very  thin. 

2.  A  piece  of  paper.  Locke. 

3.  A  single  sheet  printed  or  written  ;  as  a 
liaWy  paper;  a  week\y  paper ;  a  periodical 
paper  ;  referring  to  essays,  journals,  news- 
papers, &c. 

4.  Any  written  instrument,  whether  note, 
receipt,  bill,  invoice,  bond,  memorial,  deed, 
and  the  like.  The  papers  lie  on  the  speak- 
er's table. 

They  brought  apaper  to  me  to  be  signed. 

Dryden. 

5.  A  promissory  note  or  notes  or  a  bill  of 
exchange;  as  negotiable  ;ja/)er.  Kent 

6.  Hangings  printed  or  stamped  ;  paper  for 
covering  the  walls  of  rooms. 

PA'PER,  a.  Made  of  paper;    consisting  of 

paper. 

2.  Thin;  slight;  as  a  paper  wall.        Burnet. 
PA'PER,  v.t.  To  cover  with  paper;  to  fur 

nish  with  ])aper  hangings  ;  as,  to  paper  a 

room  or  a  house. 

2.  To  register.     [JVot  used.]  Shak. 

3.  To  fold  or  inclose  in  paper. 
PAPER-€RED'1T,    n.    Evidences  of  debt; 

promissory  notes,  &c.  passing  current  in 
commercial  transactions. 

3.  Notes  or  bills  emitted  by  public  authority, 
promising  the  payment  of  money.  The 
revolution  in  N.  America  was  carried  on 
by  means  oi  paper-credit. 

PA'PER-FACED,  o.  Having  a  face  as 
white  as  paper.  Shak. 

PA'PER-KITE,  n.  A  light  frame  covered 
with  paper  for  flying  in  the  air  like  a  kite. 

Warton. 

PA'PER-MAKER,  n.  One  that  manufac- 
tures paper. 

PA'PER-MILL,  n.  A  mill  in  which  paper  is 
manufactured. 

PAPER-MONEY,?!.  Notes  or  bills  issued  by 
authority,  and  promising  the  payment  of 
money,  circulated  as  the  representative  of 
coin.  We  apply  the  word  to  notes  or  bills 
issued  by  a  .=tate  or  by  a  banking  corpora- 
tion ;  rarely  or  never  to  private  notes  or 
bills  of  exchange,  though  the  latter  may 
be  included. 

PAPER-STAINER,  n.  One  that  stains,  col- 
ors or  stamps  pajier  for  hangings. 

PAPES'CENT,  a.  [from  pap.]  Containing 
pap;  having  the  (pialities  of  pap. 

Arhuthnot. 
PA'PESS,  n.  A  female  pope.  Hall. 

PAP'lL,  n.  [\,.  papilla.]  A  siriall  pap  or  nip- 
ple. 


PAPIL'IO,  n.  [L.]  A  butterfly.  In  zoology, 
a  genus  of  insects  of  numerous  species. 
These  insects  are  produced  from  the  cater- 
pillar. The  chrysahs  is  the  tomb  of  the 
caterpillar  and  the  cradle  of  the  butterfly. 

Barbut. 

PAPILIONA'CEOUS,  a.  Resembling  the 
butterfly  ;  a  term  in  botany,  used  to  de- 
scribe the  corols  of  plants  which  have  the 
shape  of  a  butterfly,  such  as  that  of  the 
pea.  The  papilionaceous  plants  are  of  the 
leguminous  kind.  Encyc.     Quincy. 

The  papilionaceous corol  is  usually  four- 
petaled,  having  an  upper  spreading  petal, 
called  the  banner,  two  side  petals  called 
wings,  and  a  lower  petal  called  the  keel. 

Martyn. 

PAP'ILLARY,  ^      Pertaining  to  the  pap  or 

PAP'ILLOUS,  I  "•  nipple  ;  resembling  the 
nipple;  covered  with  pupils.  Dcrham. 

PAP'ILLATE,  V.  i.  To  grow  into  a  nipple 

Fleming. 

PAP'ILLOSE,  a.  Nipply;  covered  with 
fleshy  dots  or  points  ;  verrucose  ;  warty  ; 
as  a  papillose  leaf.  Martyn. 

Covered  with  soft  tubercles,  as  tlie  ice- 
plant.  Smith. 

PA'PISM,  ?i.  [from  Fr.  pope,  pope.]  Popery. 

Bedell. 

FA'PiS'\',n.[Fr.papiste;  It.papisla;  from 
Fr.  pape,  pope.] 

A  Roman  catholic;  one  that  adheres  to  the 
church  of  Rome  and  the  authority  of  the 
pope.  Clarendon. 

PAPIS'TIC,         I       Popish  ;  pertaining  to 

PAPISTICAL,  I  "•  popery  ;  adherent  to 
the  church  of  Rome  and  its  doctrines  and 
ceremonies.  Ithilgifle. 

PA'PISTRY,  7i.  Popery  ;  the  doctrines  and 
ceremonies  of  the  church  of  Rome 

Ascham.     liTiilgiJle. 

PA'PIZED,  a.  Conformed  to  popery. 

Fidler. 

PAP'POUS,  a.  [from  h. pappus ;  Gr.  rtaTtno;.] 
Downy  ;  furnished  with  a  pappus,  as  the 
seeds  of  certain  plants,  such  as  thistles, 
dandelions,  &c.  Boy- 

PAP'PUS,  n.  [L.  from  Gr.  rtartnoi,  an  old 
man  or  grandfather,  hence  a  substance 
resembling  gray  hairs.] 

The  soft  downy  substance  that  grows  on  the 
seeds  of  certain  plants,  as  on  those  of  the 
thistle.  Encyc. 

PAP'PY,  a.  [from  pap.]  Like  pap;  soft; 
succulent.  Burnet. 

PAP'ULyE,  n.  [L.]  Pimples;  blisters;  erup- 
tions on  the  skin. 

PAP'ULOSE,  a.  Covered  with  vesicular 
points  or  with  little  blisters ;  as  a  papulose 
leaf  Martyn. 

PAP'ULOUS,  a.  Full  of  pimples  or  pus- 
tules. 

PAPY'RUS,  n.  [L.]  An  Egyptian  plant,  a 
kind  of  reed,  of  which  the  ancients  made 
paper. 

P'AR,  n.  [L.  par,  equal ;  W.  par,  that  is  up- 
on or  contiguous,  that  is  in  continuity,  a 
state  of  readiness  or  jircparcdness,  a  pair, 
a  fellow,  Eng.  peer.  The  word  seeiiis  to 
be  fVirmed  on  the  root  of  L.  paro,  and  the 
Shemitic  N13,  and  the  primary  sense,  to 
extend  or  reach.] 

1.  State  of  eqiuility  ;  equal  value;  equiva- 
lence without  discount  or  premium,  liiljs 
of  exchange  are  at  par,  above  par,  or  be- 


low par.  Bills  are  at  par,  when  they  are 
sold  at  their  nominal  amount  for  coin  or 
its  equivalent. 

2.  Equality  in  condition. 

PAR'ABLE,  a.  [L.  paraUlts.]  Easily  pro- 
cured.    [jVot  used.]  Brown. 

PAR'ABLE,  »i.  [Fr.  parabole,  from  L.  par- 
abola; Gr.  rtafia8o\7j,  from  Jtaf)o5aX>.u,  to 
throw  forward  or  against,  to  compare; 
rtopa,  to  or  against,  and  8axx«,  to  throw ; 
OS  in  confero,  collatum,  to  set  together,  or 
one  thing  with  another.] 

A  fable  or  allegorical  relation  or  representa- 
tion of  something  real  in  life  or  nature, 
from  which  a  moral  is  drawn  for  instruc- 
tion ;  such  as  the  parable  of  the  trees 
choosing  a  king.  Judges  ix. ;  the  parable 
of  the  poor  man  and  his  lamb,  2  Sam.  xii. ; 
the  parable  of  the  ten  virgins.  Matt.  xxv. 

PAR'ABLE,  V.  t.  To  represent  by  fiction  or 
fable.  Milton. 


PARAB'OLA,  n.  [L.  See  Parable.]  A  conic 
section  arising  from  cutting  a  cone  by  a 
plane  parallel  to  one  of  its  sides,  or  paral- 
lel to  a  plane  that  touches  one  of  its  sides. 

Harris. 

PARABOLE,  n.  parab'oly.  [See  Parable.] 
In  oratory,  similitude  ;  comparison. 

Encyc. 

PARABOL'le,        I        Expressed  by  para- 

PARABOL'l€AL,  p-  ble  or  allegorical 
representation  ;  as  parabolical  instruction 
or  description.  Broivn. 

2.  [t'rom  parabola.]    Having  the  form  of  a 
ji     ])araboIa  ;  as  a  parabolic  curve.       Cheyne. 

'PARABOL'l€ALLY,  adv.  By  way  of  para- 
ble. Brown. 

2.  In  the  form  of  a  parabola. 

PARABOL'IFORM,  a.  Having  the  form  of 
a  parabola. 

PARAB'OLISM,  n.  [from  parabola.]  In  al- 
gebra, the  division  of  the  terms  of  an  equa- 
tion by  a  known  quantity  that  is  involved 
or  tnultiplied  in  the  first  term.  Diet. 

PAR.\B'OLOID,  n.  [Gr.  «apa8o)ijj  and  hSo;, 
form.] 

In  geometry,  a  paraboliform  curve  whose  or- 
dinates  are  supposed  to  be  in  thesubtripli- 
cate,  subquadruplicate,  &c.  ratio  of  their 
respective  abscissa-.  Another  species  is 
when  the  parameter  multiplied  into  the 
square  of  the  abscissa',  is  equal  to  the 
cube  of  the  ordinate.  The  curve  is  then 
called  a  senii-cuhical  paraboloid.     Harris. 

A  parabolic  conoid.    [See  Conoid.]         Encyc. 

PARACEL'SIAN,  n.  A  i)hysician  who  fol- 
lows the  practice  of  Paracelsus,  a  Swiss 
physician  of  celebrity,  who  lived  at  the 
close  of  the  fifteenth  centm-v.        Ferrand. 

PARACEL'SIAN,  a.  Denoting  the  medical 
practice  of  Paracelsus.  Hakeuill. 

PARACENTESIS,   ?        [Gr.  rtapaxn  7,73.5; 

PARACEN'TESY,  ^  "•  rtopa,  through, 
and  xntsu,  to  pierce.] 

The  operation  in  surgery  called  tapping. 

Encyc. 

PARACENTRIC,        )        [Gr.    jtapa,    be- 

PARACEN'TRICAL,  S  "■  yond,  and  x«- 
rpoi',  center.] 

Deviating  from  circularity.  Cheyne. 

PARAcil'RONISM,  >i.  [Gr.  «apa,  beyond, 
and  ;fpoi'05,  time.] 

An  error  in  chronology  ;  a  mistake  in  regard 
to  the  true  date  of  an  event.  Encyc. 


PAR 


PAR 


PAR 


PAR'ACHUTE,  »i.  [Gr.  rtapa,  against,  and 
Fr.  chute,  a  fall.] 

In  aerostation,  an  instrument  to  prevent  tlie 
rapiditv  of  descent. 

I'AR'Ae'LETE,  n.  [Gr.  7taf>ax7.r;roi,  from 
rta(iaxaf.iu  ;  rtapo,  to,  and  xaXiu,  to  call.] 

Properly,  an  advocate  ;  one  called  to  aid  or 
support ;  hence,  the  consoler,  comforter 
or  intercessor,  a  term  a|>plied  to  the  Holy 
Spirit.  Pearson.     Bale. 

PARA'DE,  n.  [Fr.  parade,  parade,  and  a 
parrying;  It.parala;  Sp.  parada,  a  stop 
or  stopping,  halt,  end  of  a  course,  a  fold 
for  cattle,  a  relay  of  horses,  a  dam  or  hank, 
a  stake,  bet  or  wager,  a  parade.  This  i.s 
from  the  root  of  L.  paro,  S\>.  parar,  to  pre- 


pare. 


In  militan/  affairs,  the  place  where  troops 
assemble  for  exercise,  mounting  guard  or 
other  purpose.  Encyc. 

2.  Show  ;  ostentation  ;  display. 

Be  ricli,  but  of  your  wealth  make  no  j)arade. 

Swift. 

3.  Pompous  prooession. 

The  rites  jicrlormcd,  the  parson  paid. 

In  state  return'd  tlie  grand  parade.       Swift. 

4.  Military  order  ;  array  ;  as  warlike  pa- 
rade. Milton. 

5.  State  of  preparation  or  ilefense.       Locke. 
C.  The  action  of  parrying  u  thrust.    [Fr.] 

Encyc. 

PARA'DE,  V,  t.  To  assemble  and  array  or 
marshal  in  military  order.  The  general 
gave  orders  to  parade  the  troops.  The 
troops  were,  paraded  at  the  usual  hour. 

2.  To  exhibit  in  a  showy  or  ostentatious 
manner. 

PARA'DE,  V.  i.  To  assemble  and  be  mar- 
shaled in  military  order. 

2.  To  go  about  in  military  procession. 

Scott. 

3.  To  walk  about  for  show. 
PARA'DED,  /);}.  Assembled  and  arrayed. 
PARADIGM,  H.  ^rtr'o(/»m.    [Gr.   rtopaSayfia; 

Aapa  and  iuyiia,  e.\am|)le,  from  biixi-vfi,!,,  to 
show.] 

An  exainple  ;  a  model.  In  grammar,  an  e.x- 
aiTiple  of  a  verb  conjugated  in  the  several 
modes,  tenses  and  persons. 

PARADlGMAT'le,  (  Exemi)lary. 

PARADIGMAT'ICAL,    S  [Little  vsed.] 

More. 

PARADIG'MATIZE,  v.  I.  To  set  forth  as 
a  model  or  example.     [Little  used.] 

Hammond. 

PARA'DING,  ppr.  Assembling  and  array- 
ing in  duo  order  ;  making  an  ostentatious 
show. 

PAR'ADiSE,  )i.  [Gr.  jfapoSnsoj.]  The  gar- 
den of  Eden,  in  whicli  Adam  and  Eve 
were  placed  immediately  after  their  crea- 
tion. Encyc.     Milton. 

2.  A  place  of  bliss;  a  region  of  supreme  fe- 
licity or  delight. 

The  earth 
Shall  all  be  paradise —  .fifdton. 

3.  Heaven,  the  blissful  seat  of  sanctified 
souls  after  death. 

This  day  shalt  thou  be  with  me  in  paradise. 
Luke  xxiii. 

4.  Primarily,  in  Persia,  a  pleasure-garden 
with  parks  and  other  appendages. 

Mitford. 

PARADIS'EA,  n.  Bird  of  Paradise,  a  genus 

of  fowls,  natives  of  the  isles  in  the  East 

Indies  and  of  New  Guinea.  Encyc.' 

Vol.  II. 


PARADIS'EAN,       )      Pertaining  to  Eden 

PARADlf^I'ACAL,  S  "'  or  Paradise,  or  to  a 
place  of  felicity. 

2.  Suiting  paradise  ;  like  paradise. 

PAR'ADOX,n.  [Vr.paradoxe ;  h.paradosso; 
Gr.  rtapaSolia ;  rtapo,  beyond,  and  6o|a, 
opinion  ;  Soxeu,  to  think  or  sujijiose.] 

A  tenet  or  proposition  contrary  to  received 
opinion,  or  seemingly  absurd,  yet  true  in 
fact. 

A  gloss  there  is  to  color  that  paradox,  and 
make  it  appear  in  sliow  not  to  be  altogether  un- 
reasonable. Hooker. 

PARADOXICAL,  a.  Having  the  nature  of 
a  |)aradox.  Brown.     JVorris. 

2.  Inclined  to  tenets  or  notions  contrary  to 
received  opinions ;  applied  to  persons- 

PARADOX  ICALLY,  adv.  In  a  paradox- 
ical manner,  or  in  a  manner  seemingly  ab- 
surd. Collier. 

PARADOX'leALNESS,  «.  State  of  being 
paradoxical. 

PARADOXOL'OtiV,  n.  [paradox  and  Gr. 
xoyos,  discourse.] 

The  use  of  paradoxes.     [JVo<  used.] 

Broicn. 

PARAGOgE,  n.  par'agojy.  [Gr.  rtofoyuyr;, 
a  drawing  out ;  rtapa  and  ayu.] 

The  a<hlition  of  a  letter  or  syllable  to  the 
end  of  a  word  ;  as  dicier  for  did.  This  is 
called  a  figure  in  granmiar.  Encyc. 

PARA(JO('i'l€,        I       Pertaining  to  a  par- 

PARAG0G'I€AL,  S  "'  agoge  ;  lengthening 
a  word  by  the  addition  of  a  letter  or  syl- 
lable. Parkhursf.     Milton. 

PAR'AGON,  n.  [Fr.  parangon,  comparison, 
a  pattern ;  It.  paragone,  from  paraggio, 
comparison  ;  Sp.  paragon,  model ;  from  L. 
par,  equal.] 

1.  A  model  or  pattern ;  a  model  by  way  of 
distinction,  implying  superior  excellence 
or  perfection  ;  as  a  paragon  of  beauty  or 
eloquence. 

2.  A  companion  ;  a  fellow.     Obs.      Spenser. 

3.  Emulation  ;  a  match  for  trial.     Obs. 

Spenser. 

PAR'AGON,  t».  t.  [Sp.  paragonar ;  h.  para 
gonare,  to  compare,  to  equal ;  Fr.  paran 
gonner.] 
To  compare  ;  to  parallel. 

The  picture  of  Pamela,  in  little  form,  he 
wore  in  a  tablet,  purpo'-iiig  to  paragon  the  lit- 
tle one  with  Artesia's  Icngtli.     ILiltle  tised.^ 

Sidney 

To  equal.     [Little  used.]  Shak. 

PAR'AGON,  V.  i.  To  pretend  comparison 

or  equality.     [Lillle  xised.]  Scott. 

PAR'AGRAM,  ?i.    [Gr. /topa-jpa^^ct.]  A  play 

ujjon  words  or  a  pun.  Addison. 

PARAGRAM'MATIST,  n.  A  punster. 

Mdison 
PAR'AGR  APH,  n.  [It.  paragrafo  ;  Fr.  para 
graphe  ;  Gr.  ?rapa»/pa^.  a  marginal  note 
jtopaypaifu,  to   write  near   or   beyond  the 
text ;  rtoptt,  beyond,  and  ypo$«,  to  write.] 
A  distinct  part  of  a  discourse  or  writing ; 
any  portion   or  section  of  a  writing  or 
chapter    which    relates    to   a    particular 
point,  whether  consisting  of  one  sentence 
or  many  sentences.    A  paragraph  is  some 
times  marked   thus,  U.     But  more  gene 
rally,  a  ])aragraph  is  distinguished  only  by 
a  break  in  the  comjiosition  or  lines. 
PARAGRAPH,  i-.  /.  To  form  or  write  par- 
agraphs. 

30 


PARAGRAPHIC,  a.  Consisting  of  para- 
graphs or  short  divisions,  with  breaks. 

PARAGRAPH'ICALLY,  adv.  By  para- 
graphs ;  with  distinct  breaks  or  divisions. 

PARALEP'SIS,  )       [Gr.  «apaxti4if,   omis- 

PAR'ALEPSY,  \  "■  sion  ;  «apa,  beyond  or 
by,  and  Mirta,  to  leave.] 

In  rhetoric,  a  jiretended  or  apparent  omis- 
sion ;  a  figure  by  which  a  speaker  pre- 
tends to  |>ass  by  what  at  the  same  time  he 
really  mentions.  Eneyc. 

PARALIPOM'ENA,  n.  [Gr.  napa^-nrtu,  to 
omit ;  rtapa,  beyond,  and  Uirtu,  to  leave.] 

Thirjgs  omitted  ;  a  sui)[ileinent  containing 
things  omitted  in  the  ])rcccding  work. 
The  books  of  Chronicles  are  so  called. 

Encyc.    Bailey. 

PAR'ALIZE,  I'.  I.  [Gr.  7ta(ia\vJ,  rtapa?.vBi5.] 
To  affect  as  with  palsy ;  to  check  action, 
or  destroy  the  power  of  action. 

PARALLACTIC,        >        [See     Parallax] 

PARALLAC'TICAL,  (,  ""  Pertaining  to  the 
parallax  of  a  heavenly  body. 

PAR'ALLAX,  n.  [Gr.  jtapaxxa^if,  from  jtap- 
oxxauffu,  to  vary,  to  decline  or  wander ; 
rtopo,  beyond,  and  oWaiou,  to  change.] 

In  astronomy,  the  change  of  j)lace  in  a  heav- 
enly body  in  consequence  of  being  viewed 
from  different  points. 

Diurnal  parallax,  the  difference  between  the 
place  of  a  celestial  body,  as  seen  from  the 
surface,  and  from  the  center  of  the  earth, 
at  the  same  instant. 

Annual  parallax,  the  change  of  place  in  a 
heavenly  body,  in  consequence  of  being 
viewed  at  opposite  extremities  of  the 
earth's  orbit. 

PAR'ALLEL,  a.  [Gr.  KapaiJktjXoi  •  rtopa, 
against  or  opposite,  and  aWijXur,  one  the 
other.] 

1.  In  geometry,  extended  in  the  same  direc- 
tion, and  in  all  parts  equally  distant.  One 
body  or  line  is  parallel  to  another,  when 
the  surfaces  of  the  bodies  or  the  lines  are 
at  an  equal  distance  throughout  the  whole 
length. 

2.  Having  the  same  direction  or  tendency ; 
running  in  accordance  with  snincthing. " 

When  honor  runs  parallel  wilh  the  laws  of 
God  and  our  country,  it  cannot  be  too  much 
cherished.  '  Addison. 

3.  Continuing  a  resemblance  through  many 
particulars  ;  like  ;  similar ;  equal  in  ail 
essential  parts  ;  as  a  parallel  case  ;  a  par- 
allel passage  in  the  evangelists.  fl'atts. 

PAR'ALLEL,   n.  A  line  which  throughout 
its  whole  extent  is  equidistant  from  an- 
other line  ;  as  parallels  of  latitude. 
Who  made  (he  spider  parallels  design, 
Sure  as  Dc  Moivre  witliout  rule  or  line  ? 

Pope. 
2.  A  line  on  the  globe  marking  the  latitude. 
•3.  Direction  conformable  to  that  of  another 
line.  Garth. 

Confor.mity  continued  through  many  par- 
ticulars or  in  all  essential  points;  resem- 
blance ;  likeness. 

'Twist  earthly  females  and  the  moon. 

An  parallels  exactly  run.  Swift. 

Comparison  made  ;  as,  to  draw  a  parallel 
between  two  characters.  Addison. 

G.  Any  thing  equal  to  or  resembling  another 
in  all  essential  particulars. 

None  but  tliyself  can  be  thy  parallel. 

Pope. 


PAR 


PAR 


PAR 


the  same  direction,  and  at  an  equal  dis-| 
tanoo  from  something  else.  Brown. 

2.  To  level ;  to  equal.  Fell.     Sliak. 

3.  To  correspond  to.  Burnet. 


Having 


4.  To  be  equal  to  ;  to  resemble  in  all  essen 
tial  points.  Drrjden. 

5.  To  compare.  Locke. 
PAR'ALLELAIJLE,  a.  That  may  be  equal 

ed.     [JVot  much  used.]  Hall. 

PAR'ALLELISM,  n.  State  of  being  paral 
lei.  More. 

2.  Resemblance  ;  equality  of  state  ;  compar 
ison.  IVarton. 

PAR'ALLELLY,  ado.  In   a  parallel  man 
ner  :  with  parallelism.  Scotl. 

PARALLELOGRAM,  n.    [Gr.    mapaxxijXos 

and  ypa^^a.] 
\.  In  geometry,  a   right  lined   quadrilateral 
figure,  whose  opposite  sides  are  parallel 
and  equal.  Harris. 

2.  In  common  use,  this   word   is  applied  to 
quadrilateral  figures  of  more  length  than 
breadth,  and  this  is  its  sense  in  the  pas- 
sage cited  by  Johnson  from  Browu. 
PARALLELOGRAM'IC,        ^ 
PARALLELOGRAM'ICAL,  S  "' 

the  properties  of  a  parallelogram. 
PARALLELOPIP'ED,  n.  [parallel  and  Gr 

srti,  on,  and  ^ti&ov,  a  plain.] 
In  geometry,  a  regular  solid  comprehended 
under  six  jiarallelograms,  the  opposite 
ones  of  which  are  similar,  parallel  ami 
equal  to  each  other,  or  it  is  a  prism  whose 
base  is  a  parallelogram.  It  is  always 
triple  to  a  pyramid  of  the  same  base  and 
liighth.  Or  a  parallelopiped  is  a  solid  fig- 
ure bounded  by  six  faces,  parallel  to  cad 
other  two  and  two.  Harris.     Encyc 

PARALLELOPIPE'DIA,    )i.    A   genus  of] 
spars,  externally  of  a  determinate  and  reg- 
ular figure,   always  found  loose  and  sop 
arate  from  other  bodies,  and  in  the  form 
of  an  oblique  parallelopiped,  with  six  par 
allelograinic  sides  and  eight  solid  angles 

Encyc. 
PARAL'OgISM,  n.  [Gr.  jtapa^oyirr^os ;  jtapa, 
beyond,  and  Xoytrr^oj,  reasoning ;  Xoyoj, 
discourse,  reason.] 
In  logic,  a  fallacious  argument  or  false  rea- 
soning ;  an  error  committed  in  demon- 
stration, when  a  consequence  is  drawi 
from  principles  which  are  false,  or  though 
true,  are  not  ])roved  ;  or  when  a  proposi- 
tion is  passed  over  that  should  have  been 
proved  by  the  way.  Encyc. 

PARALOGIZE,  V.  i.  To  reason  falsely. 

Jlsh. 
PARAL'OGY,  n.  False  reasoning,  [supra.] 

Brown. 

PARAL'YSIS,     n.    [Gr.     xapalvan,     iroiu 

,"tttpa?.K«,  to   loosen,  dissolve  or   weaken ; 

rtapa  and  7.vu.] 

Palsy;  the   loss  of  the  jmwer  of  Uiuscular 

motion,  or  of  the  command  of  the  mus- 

PARALYT'IC,        ?      Affected  with  palsy : 

PARALYT'ICAL,  (,  "■  deprived  of  the  pow- 
er of  muscular  motion  ;  sometimes,  weak; 
trembling  ;  subject  to  an  involuntary 
shaking  ;  as  a  paralytic  arm. 

2.   Inclined  or  tending  to  palsy. 

PARALYT'I€,  n.  A  person  affected  with 
palsy.  Hall. 


PAR'ALLEL,  v.  t.  To  jdace  so  as  to  keepj'PARAM'ETER,   n.  [from  Gr.  HofaniTpia.]] 

"1.  The  latus  rectum  of  a  jjarabola.  It  is  a 
third  proportional  to  the  abscissa  and  any 
ordinate,  so  that  the  square  of  the  or- 
dinate is  always  equal  to  the  rectangle  un- 
der the  parameter  and  abscissa;  but  in  the 
ellipsis  and  hyperbola  it  has  a  difi'erent: 
proportion.  Harris. 

2.  In  conic  sections,  a  third  pro])ortioi  al  to 
any  diameter  and  its  conjug.ite.  In  the 
])arabola,  a  third  proportional  to  any  ab- 
sciss and  its  ordinate. 

PAR'AMOUNT,  a.  [Norm,  pcramont ;  per 
and  mount,  amont  or  monter,  to  ascend.] 

1.  Superior  to  all  others ;  possessing  the 
highest  title  or  jurisdiction  ;  as  lord  para- 
mount, the  chief  lord  of  the  fee,  or  of  lands, 
tenements  and  hereditaments.  In  Eng- 
land, the  king  is  lord  |)aramount,  of  whom 
all  the  land  in  the  kingdom  is  stqiposed  to 
be  held.  But  in  some  cases  the  lord  of 
several  manors  is  called  the  lord  para- 
njount.  Blackstone. 

2.  Eminent;  of  the  highest  order.       Bacon. 

3.  Superior  to  all  others  ;  as,  private  inter- 
est is  usually  paramount  to  all  other  con- 
siderations. 

PAR'AMOUNT,  n.  The  chief;  the  highest 
in  rank  or  order.  Milton. 

PAR'AMoLIR,  n.  [Fr.  par,  L.  per,  and 
amour  ;  Norm,  paraimer,  to  love  aflection- 
ately.] 

1.  A  lover  ;  a  wooer.  Milton. 

2.  A  mistress.  Shak. 
PARANTHINE.     [See  Scapolite.] 
PAR'ANYMPH,  n.  [Gr.  «apa,  by,  and  vii//.J»7, 

a  bride  or  spouse] 

1.  A  brideman  ;  one  who  leads  the  bride  to 
her  marriage.  Milton. 

2.  One  who  countenances  and  supports  an- 


other. 


Taylo 


jPARAPEGM,  n. par'apem.  [Gr.  naf)anr;yua.] 

A  brazen  table  fixed  to  a  jidlar,  on  which 
laws  and  proclamations  were  anciently 
engraved  ;  also,  a  table  set  in  a  public 
j)lace,  containing  an  account  of  the  rising 
and  setting  of  the  stars,  ecli|)ses,  seasons, 
&c.  Phillips 

PAR'APET,n.  [Fr.;Sp.;)ara;)e<o;  ll.parapet- 
to  ;  para, for,  and  petto,  breast,  L. pect^is.] 

Literally,  a  wall  or  rampart  to  the  breast  or 
breast  high  ;  hut  in  practice,  a  wall,  ram- 
part or  elevation  of  earth  for  covering  so 
dicrs  irom  an  enemy's  shot.  Encyc. 

PARAPHER'NA,         }       [Gr.    -tapatfp.'a 

I'ARAPHERNA'LIA,  I  "■  rtopa,  beyond 
and  ff^nr;,  flower.] 

The  goods  which  a  wife  brings  with  her  at 
her  marriage,  or  which  she  possesses  be 
yond  her  dower  or  jointure,  and  wliich 
remain  at  her  disposal  after  her  husband's 
death.  Such  are  her  apparel  and  her  or- 
naments, over  whicli  the  executors  have 
no  control,  unless  when  tlie  as.sets  are  in- 
sufficient to  pay  the  debts.         Blackstone. 

PAR'APHRASE,  n.  sasj.  [Gr.  rtapofpacris; 
rtopa,  beyond,  and  ffaaif,  phrase.] 

An  explanation  of  some  text  or  passage  in  a 
book,  in  a  more  clear  and  .-unple  niann  r 
than  is  expressed  in  the  words  ol'the  au- 
thor. Such  as  the  parajihrasc  of  the  New 
Testament  by  Erasmus. 

\n  parajihraae,  01  translation  witii  latiiade. 
the  aulliui".s  words  arc  not  so  strictly  I'ollowec 
as  his  sense.  Dryden 


PAR'APHRASE,  v.  t.  To  explain,  inter- 
pret or  translate  with  latitude  ;  to  unfold 
tlie  sense  of  an  author  with  more  clear- 
ness and  particularity  than  it  is  expressed 
in  his  own  words. 

PARAPHRASE,  v.  i.  To  interpret  or  ex- 
plain anqily  ;  to  make  a  paraphrase. 

\Vheie  tian^lalion  is  impracticable,  they  may 
paraplirase.  Felton. 

PARAPHRASED,  pp.  Amply  explained 
or  Iran  iated. 

PAR' A  PHRASING,  ppr.  Explaining  or 
translating  amply  and  freelv. 

PAR'APHRAST,  n.  [Gr.  rtapatpofj^j.]  One 
that  paraphrases ;  one  that  explains  or 
translates  in  words  more  ample  and  clear 
than  the  words  of  the  author.         Hooker. 

PARAPI1RAS'TI€,        ^      Free,  clear  and 

PARAP11RAS'TI€AL,  \  "'  ample  in  expla- 
nation ;  explaining  or  translating  in  words 
more  clear  and  ample  than  those  of  the 
author  ;  not  verbal  or  literal. 

PARAPHRAS'TI€ALLY,  adv.  In  a  para- 
phrastic manner.  Howell. 

PARAPHRENITIS,  n.  [Gr.  «apa  and 
ijipfxiri;,  delirium.] 

An  inflammation  of  the  diaphragm. 

Arhuthnot. 

PAR'APLEgY,  n.  [Gr.  «apa,  beyond,  and 
yfkriyr,,  stroke  ;  /t/ujntnj,  to  smite.] 

That  kind  of  palsy  which  affects  the  lower 
part  of  the  body.  Good. 

P.VRAQl'ET',  n.  A  little  parrot.  Shak. 

PAR'.ASANG,  n.  A  Persian  measine  of 
length,  which  Herodotus  states  to  be  thir- 
ty sta(ha,  nearly  four  English  miles ;  but 
in  different  times  and  places,  it  has  been 
30,  40  or  50  stadia. 

Herod.    Euterp.     Encyc. 

PARASCEUAS'TIe,  a.  Preparatory. 

PARASCE'VE,  n.  [Gr.  jtapaaxtvij,  prepara- 
tion.] 

Preparation  ;  the  sabbath-eve  of  the  Jews. 

Todd. 

PARASELE'NE,  n.  [Gr.  rtapa,  about  or 
near,  and  arfKrivr^,  the  moon.] 

,\  mock  moon  ;  a  luminous  ring  or  circle 
encompassing  the  moon,  in  which  some- 
times are  other  bright  spots  bearing  some 
resemblance  to  the  moon.  Encyc. 

PAR'ASITE,  n.  [Fr.  parasite  ;  It.  parassito; 
Sp.  parasilo  ;  L.  parasita  ;  from  Gr.  rtapa- 
dtToj ;  rtapa,  b}',  and  atro$,  corn.] 

1.  In  ancient  Greece,  a  priest  or  minister  of 
the  gods  whose  otfice  was  to  gather  of 
the  husbandman  the  corn  allotted  for  pub- 
lic sacrifices.  The  public  store-house  in 
which  this  corn  was  deposited  was  called 
Ttapaairoi'.  The  parasites  also  superin- 
tended ihe  sacrifices.  Potter's  Antirj. 

2.  In  modern  usage,  a  trencher  friend  ;  one 
that  freijuents  the  tables  of  the  rich  and 
earns  his  welcome  by  (lattery;  a  hanger 
on  ;  a  fawning  tlatterer. 

Milton.    Dryden. 

3.  In  botany,  a  plant  growing  on  the  stem 
or  branch  of  another  plant  and  receiving 
its  nourishment  fiom  it,  as  the  misletoe. 

Encye. 
PARASITIC,  )  Flattering  ;  whecd- 
PARASIT'I€AL,  ^"^  ling  ;    fawning     for 

bread  or  favors. 
2.  Growing  on  the  stem  or  branch  of  anoth- 
er plant  ;  us  a  parasitic  plant. 


PAR 


PAR 


PAR 


PARASIT'IeALLY,  adv.  In  a  flattering  or 
whceilliiig  inuiiiier  ;  by  Uepeiidence  on 
another. 

rAR'ArilTISM,  n.  The  behavior  or  man- 
ners of  a  iiaiusiic.  Milton. 

PARASOL,  n.  [I'V.  Sp.;  It.  parasole ;  Gr. 
rta^a,  against,  or  It.  parare,  to  parry,  anil  L. 
sol,  l''r.  soltil,  It.  sole,  tiie  sun.] 

A  small  umbrella  used  by  ladies  to  defend 
themselves  from  rain,  or  their  faces  from 
the  sun's  rays. 

PAR'AT,  n.  .\  lish  of  the  mullet  kind,  found 
in  Brazil. 

PARAl'H'ESIS,  n.  [Gr.  Jta|)aO£5i«  ;  rtapa, 
aii.l  t/mj.) 

In  grammar,  apposition,  or  the  |)lacing  of 
two  or  more  nouns  in  the  same  case. 

Jonts. 

PAR.'VV.\'IL,  a.  [Norm,  par,  by,  and  availe, 
pro  til.  J 

lu/tiidat  law,  the  tenant /(aravai/,  is  the  low- 
est tenant  holding  under  a  mean  or  medi- 
ate lord,  as  disiingiiished  from  a  tenant 
in  ciipite,  who  holds  immediaicly  of  the 
king.  Btackslone.': 

PAR'AVANT,      I      ,      [Fr. /)ar  and  oiia»< 

PAR'AVAUNf,  \  """•  before.]  In  front  ; 
publicly.     [.Vb/  English  nor  used.] 

Spenser. 

P'ARBOIL,  V.  t.  [Fr.  parbouillir.  tSouUlir 
is  to  boil,  and  in  Ann.  porboUen  is  a  pus- 
tule or  little  push.] 

1.  To  boil  111  part ;  to  boil  in  a  moderate 
degree. 

2.  To  cause  little  pustules  or  pushes  on  the 
skin  by  means  of  heat;  as  parboiled 
wretches.  Donne. 

P>ARBRE.\K,  V.  i.  [See  Break.]  To  vomit. 
Obs.  Skelton. 

P^ARBliCKLE,  n.  Among  seamen,  a  rope 
like  a  pair  of  slings  for  hoisting  casks,  &.c. 

P^AKCEL,  )i.  [Fr.  ^arccWe,  ciiiitracted  prob- 
ably from  L.  parlicula,  particle,  from  pars, 
part.] 

1.  A  part;  a  portion  of  any  thing  taken  sep- 
arately. 

Tlie    same    experiments    succeed    on  two 
parcels  of  the  white  of  an  egg.  Arbuthnoi. 

2.  A  quantity  ;  any  mass.  jVewlon. 
y.  A  part  belonging  to  a  whole;  as  in  law, 

one  piece  of  ground  is  part  and  parcel  of  a 
greater  piece. 

4.  A  small  bundle  or  package  of  goods. 

f).  A  number  of  persons  ;  in  contempt. 

Shak. 

(J.  A  number  or  quantity ;  in  contempt ;  as  a 
parcel  of  fair  words.  U Estrange. 

P'ARCEL,  v.t.  To  divide  into  parts  or  por- 
tions; as,  to  parcel  an  estate  among  heirs. 
These  ghostly   kings    would  parcel   out  my 
power.  Dryden. 

2.  To  make  up  into  a  mass.     [Little  used.] 

Shak. 

To  parcel  a  seam,  in  seamen's  language,  to 
lay  canvas  over  it  and  daub  it  with  pitch. 

Mar.  Did. 

P'ARCELED,  pp.  Divided  into  portions. 

P'ARCELING, /);)r.   Diviiling  into  portions. 

PARCELING,  )!.  Among  seamen,  long 
narrow  slips  of  canvas  daubed  with  tar 
and  bound  about  u  rope  like  a  bandage, 
before  it  is  sewed.  It  is  used  also  to  rai.~e 
a  mouse  on  the  stnvs,  &c.  Mar.  Diet. 

P'ARCENARY,  n.  [Norm,  parcenier.]  Co- 
heirship  ;  the  holding  or  occupation  of] 
lands  of  inheritance  by  two  or  more  per-i 


SODS.  It  differs  from  joint-tenancy,  which 
is  created  by  deed  or  devise  ;  whereas /par- 
cenary, or  co-parcenary,  is  created  by  the 
descent  of  lands  from  an  ancestor. 

Blackstone. 

P'ARCENER,  n.  [Scot. /^arsenere ;  Norm. 
parconnier ;  from  part,  L.  pars.] 

Parcener  or  co-parcencr  is  a  co-heir,  or  one 
who  holds  lands  by  descent  from  an  an- 
cestor in  coiiiiiion  with  another  or  with 
others  ;  as  when  land  descends  to  a  man's 
daughters,  sisters,  aunts,  cousins,  or  their 
representatives.  In  this  case,  all  the 
heirs  inherit  ns  parceners  or  co-heirs. 

Blackstone. 

P'ARCII,  t'.  /.  [I  know  not  from  what 
source  we  have  received  this  word.  It 
corresponds  in  elements  with  the  Italian 
briiciare,u>  burn  or  roast,  du.h.pcraresco.] 

1.  To  burn  the  surface  of  a  thing  ;  to  scorch; 
as,  to  parch  the  skin  ;  to  parch  corn. 

2.  To  dry  to  extremity  ;  as,  the  heat  of  the 
sun's  rays  parches  the  ground;  the  mouth 
is  parched  with  thirst.       .Milton.     Dryden. 

iP  ARCH,  I',  i.  To  be  scorched  or  superfi- 
cially burnt ;  as,  corn  will  dry  ami  parch 
into  barley.  Mortimer. 

2.  To  become  very  dry. 

P^ARCllED,  pp.  Scorched ;  dried  to  ex- 
tremity. 

P-ARCHEDNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
scorched  or  dried  to  extremity. 

P' ARCHING,  ;?/«•.  Scorching  ;  drying  to  ex- 
tremity. 

2.  a.  Having  the  quality  of  burning  or  dry- 
ing ;  as  the  parching  heat  of  African 
sands. 

P'ARCHMENT,  n.  [Fr.  parchemin  ;  It. 
pargameno  ;  Sp.  pargamino  ;  Ann.  parich 
or  parichemin  ;  I),  parkement ;  G.  perga- 
ment ;  L.  pcrgamena  :  supposed  to  be  from 
Pergnmus,  to  whose  king  Eumcnes,  the 
invriitioii  has  been  ascribed.  This  is 
probably  a  mere  conjecture,  originating 
in  a  resemblance  of  orthography ;  sucli 
conjectures  being  very  common.  In 
Spanish,  parche  is  parchmejit,  and  a  pieci: 
of  linen  covered  with  ointment  or  plaster 
It  is  more  probable  that  the  first  syllable 
is  from  some  root  lliat  signifies  to  cleanse, 
purify  or  make  clear,  perhaps  the  root  of 
L.  purgo,  or  the  oriental  pi3  or  JTS.  Se 
Membrane.  See  Class  Br.  No.  t>.  and  Cla.ss 
Brg.  No.  4.  5.] 

The  skin  of  a  sheep  or  goat  dressed  or 
prepared  and  rendered  fit  for  writing  on 
This  is  done  by  separating  all  the  flesh 
and  hair,  rubbing  the  skin  with  pumice 
stone,  and  reducing  its  thickness  will 
sharp  instrmiient.  Vellum  is  made  of  the 
skins  of  abortive  or  very  young  calves. 

Encyc. 

PARCHMENT-MAKER,  n.  One  who 
dre.sses  skins  for  parchment. 

P'.\RD,  n.  [L.pardus;  Gr.  rtapSo;  ;  Syr. 
bardona.  The  word  signifies  spotted,  from 
Tl3  to  hail,  properly  to  scatter  or  sprinkle, 
as  with  hail.] 

The  leopard  ;  or  in  poetry,  any  spotted 
beast.  Instead  of  pard,  we  generally  use 
leopard,  the  lion-pard.  Pardate,  from  the 
Latin  pardalis,  is  not  used. 

P'ARIX^N,  v.t.  [Fr.  pardonner ;  It.  perdo- 
nare  ;  Sp.  perdonar  ;  Port,  perdoar  ;  L. 
per  and  rfo7io,  to  give  ;  per  having  the  sense 


of  the  Engli.sh  /or  in  forgive,  and  re  in  L. 
remitio,  properly  to  give  back  or  away.] 
L  To  forgive  ;  to  remit ;  as  an  offense  or 
crime.  Guilt  imphes  a  being  bound  or 
subjected  to  censure,  penalty  or  punish- 
ment. To  pardon,  is  to  give  up  this  obliga- 
tion, and  release  the  oflender.  We  apply 
the  word  to  the  crime  or  to  the  person. 
We  pardon  an  offense,  wlieii  we  remove  it 
from  the  offender  and  consider  him  as  not 
guilty  ;  wu  pardon  the  offender,  when  we 
release  or  absolve  him  from  his  liability  to 
suffer  punishment. 

1  pray  Ihee,  pardon  my  sin.      1  Sim.  \v. 

2.  To  remit,  as  a  penalty. 
1  ]>ardon  thee  thy  life  before  thou  ask  it. 

Shak. 

3.  To  excuse,  as  for  a  fault.  Dryden. 

4.  Pardon  me,  is  a  phrase  used  when  one 
asks  for  excuse,  or  makes  an  apology,  and 
it  is  often  used  in  this  sense,  when  a  per- 
son means  civilly  to  deny  or  contradict 
what  another  attirms. 

ARUON,  n.  Forgiveness;  the  release  of 
an  offense  or  of  the  obligation  of  the  of- 
fender to  suffer  a  penalty,  or  to  hear  the 
displeasure  of  the  ollended  party.  We 
seek  the  pardon  of  sins,  transgressions 
and  offenses. 

Remission  of  a  penalty.  An  amnesty  is  a 
general  pardon. 

■i.  Forgiveness  received.  South. 

P^ARUONABLE,  a.  That  may  be  pardon- 
ed ;  applied  to  persons.  The  offender  is 
pardonable. 

2.  Venial ;  excusable  ;  that  may  be  forgiven, 
overlooked  or  passed  by  ;  applied  to 
things ;    as  a  pardonable  offense. 

P'ARbONABLENESS,  n.  The  iiuality  of 
being  pardonable;  venialness;  suscepti- 
bility of  forgiveness  ;  as  lUe  pardonabltness 
ofsin.  Hall. 

P'ARDONABLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  admit- 
ting of  pardon  ;  venially  ;  excusably. 

Dryden. 

P'ARDONED,  pp.  Forgiven  ;  excused. 

P-ARUONER,  n.  One  that  forgives  ;  one 
that  absolves  an  offender. 

2.  One  that  sells  the  pope's  indulgences. 

Cotcell. 

PWRDONING,  ppr.  Forgiving;  remitting 
an  offense  or  crime ;  absolving  from  pun- 
ishment. 

PARE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  ;>arer;  Arm.  para,  to  dress, 
to  trim,  to  parry  or  ward  oft,  to  stop  ;  Sp. 
Port,  parar,  to  parry,  lu  stop,  to  prepare  ; 
Port,  aparar,  to  pare,  and  to  parry  ;  L.  parn ; 
W'.par,  a  state  of  readiness,  also  upair ;  pa- 
ra,to  continue,  to  persevere,  to  last,  to  en- 
dure ;  Fr.  purer  des  cuirs,  lo  dress  or  curry 
lether  ;  parer  le  pied  d'un  cheval,  to  pare  a 


horse's  foot  or  hoof;  Pers. 


o   - 


ridan,  to  pare  or  cut  off;  [qu. 


Gr.  Jtifpof, 


lame  ;  rtjjpou,  to  mutilate  ;]  Ar.  \  y  j  to  be 

free,  to  free,  liberate  or  absolve,  to  dis- 
miss, to  remit,  to  create  ;  Heb.  Ch.  Syr. 
Sam.  NID  to  create  ;  Heb.  Ch.  id.  to  cut 
oft'  The  primary  sense  is  to  thrust  or 
drive,  hence  to  drive  iff",  to  separate,  to 
stop  by  setting  or  repelling,  as  in  parry,  or 
to  drive  off  or  out,  as  in  separatina  or 
producing.  In  Portugue.se  and  Welsh, 
it  has  the  sense  of  stretching,  extending. 


PAR 


PAR 


PAR 


and  the  Welsh  unites  par,  equal,  a  pair, 
witli  the  root  of  this  wonl  ;  par,  a  pair, 
what  is  continued  to  or  contiguous.  See 
•\12  and  N13.  Class  Br.  No.  G.  7.  8.  and  10.] 

1.  To  cut  ott"  as  the  superficial  substance  or 
e.xirpmities  of  a  thing  ;  to  shave  off  with 
a  sliarp  instrument;  as,  to  pare  an  apple 
or  an  orange ;  to  pare  the  nails  ;  to  pare 
a  horse's  hoof;  to  pare  land  in  agricul 
ture. 

2.  To  diminish  by  little  and  little. 

The  king  began  to  pare  a  little  the  privilege 
of  clergy.  Bacon. 

Wiicn  pure  is  followed  by  the  thing  dimin 
ished,  the  noun  is  in  the  objective  case ; 
as,  Xo pare  the  nails.    Wlien  the  tiling  sep 
arated  is  the  object,  pare  is  followed  by 
off  or  away ;  as,  to^arco^the  rind  of  fruit; 
to  pare  away  redundances. 

PA'RED,  jip'.  Freed  from  any  thing  super- 
fluous on  the  surface  or  at  the  extremi- 
ties. 

PAREGOR'IC,  a.  [Gr.  rtapjjyoptxoj,  from 
rtapjyyojjfu,  to  mitigate.] 

Mitigating  ;  assuaging  pain  ;  as  paregoric 
eli.xir. 

PAREGOR'Ie,  n.  A  medicine  that  miti- 
gates pain  ;  an  anodyne.  Encyc. 

PAREL'C'OiV,  n.  [Gr.  rtaptTixu,  to  draw 
out.] 

In  grammar,  the  addition  of  a  word  or  sylla- 
ble to  the  end  of  another.  Encyc. 

PAREMBOLE,  n.  parem'boly.  [Gr.  rtapj^u- 
So?.);,  insertion.] 

In  rhetoric,  the  insertion  of  something  relat- 
ing to  the  subject  in  the  middle  of  a  peri- 
od. It  differs  from  the  parenthesis  only  in 
this;  the  parembole  relates  to  the  subject, 
the  parenthesis  is  foreign  from  it. 

Encyc.     Vossius. 

PAREN'€IIYMA,  ?i.  [Gr.  rcapiyxvua,  from 
rtapfyjti""!  to  suffuse.] 

1.  In  anatomy,  the  solid  and  interior  part  of 
the  viscera,  or  the  sidistance  contained  in 
the  interstices  between  the  blood  vessels 
of  the  viscera ;  a  spungy  substance. 

Coxe.    Encyc. 

Parenchyma  is  the  substance  or  basis  of 

the  glands.  Cyc. 

2.  In  botany,  the  pith  or  pulp  of  plants. 

Encyc. 
PARENCHYM  ATOUS,  ?  [See      the 

PARENeHYMOUS,        S  Noun.] 

Pertaining  to  parenchyma  ;  spungy  ;  soft  ; 
porous.  Greio.     Cheyne 

PAREN'ESIS,    n.  [Gr.  rtapai«ait  ;  rtapaiKu), 

to  exhort.] 
Persuasion ;  exhortation.     [Little  used.~\ 

Did. 

PARENET'IC,        \      Hortatory ;  enconr- 

PARENET'I€AL,  ^      aging.  Potter. 

PA 'RENT,  n.  [h.  parens,  i'rom  pario,  to  pro 

ducc  or  bring  forth.  The  regular  (larticiple 

of  pario  is pariens,  and  parens  is  the  regular 

participle  of  pareo,  to  appear.     But    both 

verbs  probably  belong  to  one  family  ;  Eth 

<t4r  fari  or  feri,  to  bear.  Class  Br.  No. 
3.i.  rich,  ma  farah,  id.  No.  .33.] 
I.  A  father  or  niither;  he  or  she  that  pro- 
duces young.  The  duties  of  parents  to 
their  iliildrtii  are  to  maintain,  protect  ami 
educate  them. 


Vihf-W  parents  are  wantin" 
dren  are  wanting  in  duty. 


in  authority,  cliil- 
Jlmes 


2.  That   which   produces;  cause  ;   sourc 
Idleness  is  the  parent  of  vice. 

Regular  industry  is  the  parent  of  sobriety. 

Channinff. : 

PAR'ENTAgE,  n.  [Fr.]  Extraction;  birth;! 
condition  with  respect  to  the  rank  of  pa- 
rents ;  as  a  man  of  mean  parentage  ;  a 
gentleman  of  noble  ^jarenteg'e.  Shak. 

PARENT' AL,  a.  [It.  pare7itale.]  Pertainihg 
to  parents  ;  as  parental  government. 

2.  Becoming  parents  ;  tender  ;  affectionate  ; 
as  parental  care  or  solicitude. 

PARENTA'TION,  n.  [from  L.  parento.] 
Something  done  or  said  in  honor  of  the 
dead.  Potter.     Johnson. 

PAREN'THESIS,  n.  [Gr.  rtaptrSf^s  ;  rtopa 
and  evn9r;iii,  to  insert.] 

A  sentence,  or  certain  words  inserted  in  a 
sentence,  which  interrupt  the  sense  or 
natural  connection  of  words,  hut  serve  to 
explain  or  qualify  the  sense  of  the  prin- 
cipal sentence.  The  parenthesis  is  usual- 
ly included  in  hooks  or  curved  lines, 
thus,  (). 

These  officers,  whom  they  still  call  bishops, 
are  to  be  elected  to  a  pro\ision  comparatively 
mean,  through  the  same  arts,  (thai  is,  election- 
eering arts,)  by  men  of  all  religious  tenets  thai 
are  known  or  can  be  invented.  Burke. 

Do  not  sutler  every  occasional  thought  toj 
carry  you  away  into  a  long  parenthesis. 

Watts. 

PARENTHETT€,        ?       Pertaining   to  a 

PARENTHETICAL,  S  parenthesis;  ex- 
pressed in  a  parenthesis.  Hales. 

2.  Using  parentheses. 

PARENT'ICIDE,  n.  [L.  parens  and  cado.] 
One  who  kills  a  parent.  Bailey. 

PA'RENTLESS,  a.  Deprived  of  parents. 

PA'RER,  ?!.  [from;;are.]  He  or  tliat  which 
pares ;  an  instrument  for  paring. 

Tasscr. 

PAR'ERtiY,  n.  [Gr.  rtapa,  beyond,  and  ifiyoi; 
work.] 

Something  unimportant,  or  done  by  the  by. 
[jYot  used.]  Brown. 

P'ARGASITE,  n.  [from  the  isle  Pargas,  in 
Finland.] 

A  mineral  of  a  grayish  or  bluish  green,  in 
rounded  grains,  with  a  dull,  dun  surface, 
rarely  bright;  or  in  crystals  in  carbonate 
of  lime,  in  little  plates  mixed  with  lamel- 
lar mica ;  a  variety  of  actinolite.  Did. 

P'AROET,  (1.  [Sp.parche,  a  plaster;  empar- 
char,  to  plaster.  Qu.]  Gypsum  or  plaster 
stone.  Encyc. 

2.  Plaster  laid  on  roofs  or  walls.        Spenser. 

3.  Paint.  Drayton. 

Parget  is  applied  to  the  several  kinds  of  gyp- 
sum, which  when  slightly  calcined,  is  call- 
ed plaster  »/'  Paris,  and  is  used  in  casting 
statues,  in  stucco  for  floors,  cielings,  &r. 

Cyc. 

PAR  GET,  r.  t.  To  plaster  walls. 

2.  To  paint  ;  to  cover  with  paint. 

B.  Jonson. 

P'ARgETED,  pp.  Plastered;  stucco(ul. 

P>AR(>ETER,  n.  A  plasterer. 

P'ARtiETING,  ppr.  Plastering;  as  a  noun, 
plaster  or  stucco. 

PARHE'LION,  n.  [Gr.  «apa,  near,  and 
);/.i05.  the  sun.] 

A  mock  sun  or  meteor,  appearing  in  the 
form  of  a  liriirht  light  near  the  sun  ;  -some- 
times tiiigtil  uiih  colors  like  the  rainbow, 
with  a  luminous  train. 


PA'RIAL,  } 

PAIR-ROYAL,  S  " 


Three  of  a  sort  iti  cer- 
tain games  of  cards. 

Batler- 
PA'RIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to   Paros,  an  isle 

in  the  Egean  sea  ;  as  Parian  marble. 
Parian  chronicle,  a  chronicle  of  the  city  of 
Athens,  engraven  on  marble  in  capital  let- 
ters in  the  isle  of  Paros.  It  contains  a 
chronological  account  of  events  from  Ce- 
crops,  1582  years  before  Christ,  to  the  ar- 
chonsliip  of  Diognetus,  264  years  before 
that  era;  but  the  chronicle  of  the  last  W 
years  is  lost.  This  marble  was  procured 
from  Asia  Minor  in  1627,  by  the  earl  of 
Arundel,  and  being  broken,  the  pieces  are 
called  Arundelian  marbles.  They  are  now 
deposited  in  the  university  of  Oxford. 
The  antiquity  of  the  inscription  has  been 
disputed.  Cyc.     Encyc. 

PARIE'TAL,  a.  [from  L.  paries,  a  wall, 
properly  a  partition  wall,  from  the  root  of 
part  or  ^arc]  Pertaining  to  a  wall. 
2.  Tlie  parietal  bones  form  the  sides  and 
upper  part  of  the  skull.  They  are  so  call- 
ed because  they  defend  the  brain  like 
walls.  Parr. 

PARI'ETARY,  n.  [Fr.  parietaire,  from  L. 

paries,  a  wall.] 
A  plant,  the  pellitory  of  the  wall,  of  the  ge- 
nus Parietaria. 
PAR'IETINE,  )i.  [L.  ;janM,  wall.]  Apiece 
of  a  wall.     [.Vot  used.]  Burton. 

PA'RL\(j,  ppr.  Cutting  or  shaving  off  the 

extremities. 
P.\'R1NG,  n.  That  which  is  pared  off;  rind 
sejiarated  from  fruit ;  a  piece  clipped  off. 

Mortimer.     Pope. 
The  act  or  ))ractice  of  cutting  off  the  sur- 
face of  grass  land,  for  tillage. 
PAR'IS,  n.  A  plant,  herb  Paris  or  true-love, 
or  rather  a  genus  of  plants  of  one  species. 

Encyc. 
PAR'ISH,  n.  [Fr.  paroisse ;  It.  parrocchia; 
Sp.  parroquia  ;  Arm.  parres  ;  Ir.  parraiMe  ; 
usually  deduceil  from  the  Low  L.  paro- 
chia,  Gr.  nofoixM,  a  dwelhng  or  near  res- 
idence ;  rtapa,  near,  and  otxos,  house,  or 
otxfco,  to  dwell ;  or  more  probably  from 
the  Greek  rtapo;^)j,  a  salary  or  largess,  an 
allowance  for  support,  from  xa.fitx'^,  to  af^ 
ford,  yield  or  supply,  whence  L.  parocha, 
entertainment  given  to  embassadors  at 
the  public  expense  ;  whence  It.  parrocchii. 
\l' parish  IS  10  be  deduced  from  either  of 
these  sources,  it  is  probably  from  the 
latter,  and  parish  is  equivalent  to  bene- 
fice, living,  as  prebend,  from  L.  prcebeo. 
In  German,  pfarre  signifies  a  benefice  or 
|>arish;  pfarrer  or  pfarrheir,  a  parson,  the 
lord  of  a  living  or  parish,  au<l  this  is  evi- 
dently from  the  same  root  as  parson.  I 
know  nut  thetu'igiu  of  pfarre,  but  it  coiu- 
ci<les  in  elements  with  the  W.  pari,  to 
graze,  Corn,  peuri,  L.  voro,  Gr.  (?opo. 
The  Italian  aiul  Spanish  words  arc  un- 
diiublcdly  tVom  the  Latin  and  Greek,  and 
the  Freiuh  paroisse  nuiy  be  from  the  same 
source.] 

Tiie  precinct  or  territorial  jnris<liction  of 
a  secular  juicst,  or  the  precinct,  the  in- 
habitants of  which  belong  to  the  same 
church. 

,  In  some  of  the  American  states,  p^m/i  is 
an  ecclesiastical  society  not  liouiided  by 
territorial  limits  ;  but  the  inhabitants  of  at 


PAR 


P  A  R 


PAR 


town  belonging  to  one  churcli,  though  re 
siding  piuniiscuou.sly  among  the  people 
belonging  to  another  church,  are  called 
a  parish.  Tliis  is  particularly  the  case  in 
Ma.ssacliusett.s.  In  Connecticut,  the  legal 
appellation  ot' such  a  society  is  ecclesias- 
tical society. 
PAR'ISII,  a.  Belonging  to  a  parish;  having 
the  spiritual  charge  of  the  inhabitants  be- 
longing to  the  same  church  ;  as  a  parish 
priest.  Dryden. 

2.  Belonging  to  a  parish ;  as  aparisk  church  ; 
parish  records. 

3.  JMaintuinetl  by  the  parish  ;  asparish  poor. 

Gay 
PAKISH'IONER,  n.  One  that  belongs  to  a 
parisii.  Addison, 

PARISVLLABIG,        )        [L.   par,    equa 
PARISYl.LAB'iCAL,  S  "'  and  si/ll^iha,  syl- 
lable.]    Having  ecpial  or  like  syllables. 
PAR'ITOK,  n.  [lor  apparitor.]    A    lieadle 
a  suinnioMcr  ol'the  courts  of  civil  law. 

Dryden. 
PAR'ITY,  >!.   [Fr.   pa  rite ;  It.  parila  ;  from 
L.   par,  equal.     See   Pair   and  Peer.] 

1.  K(pialily  ;  a> /);tn7^  of  reason.  South 

2.  Eipiality  ;  hUe  stale  or  degree  ;  as  a  pari- 
ty (d  orders  or  persons. 

P^AliK,  II.  [Sax.  parruc,  pearruc ;  Scot. 
parrol; ;  VV.  pare;  Vr.id.;  It.  parco  ;  Sp. 
parijUf.  ;  Ir.  paire ;  G.  Sw.  park;  U.  perk. 
It  may  be  iVoni  llie  mot  dI' bar,  but  it  coin 
cides  ill  elements  witli  L.  parous,  saving 
and  the  Teutonic  brrgen,  to  keep. J 

A  h.rge  piece  of  ground  inclosed  and  i)rivi 
leged  I'or  wild  lieusts  of  chase,  in  England 
by  the  king's  griuit  or  by  prescription. 
To  constitute  a  park,  three  things  arc  re- 
quired ,  a  royal  :;raiit  or  license ;  incio 
sure  by  pales,  a  wall  or  hedge  ;  and  beasts 
of  clia.-r,  as  deer,  &.c.  Kncyc. 

Park  of  artillery,  or  artillery  park,  a  place  in 
the  rear  of  hotli  lines  of  an  army  for  en- 
camping the  artillery,  which  is  formed  in 
lines,  the  guns  in  fmnt,  the  amnuinition- 
wagons  behind  the  guns,  and  the  pon- 
toons and  tumbrils  forming  tlii^  third  line 
The  whole  IS  .surrounded  with  a  ro|)e. 
The  gunners  and  inanosses  oncanqt  on 
the  flanks;  the  bombardier.s,  pontoon-men 
and  artificers  in  the  rear.  Encyc. 

Also,  the  whole  train  of  artillery  belong- 
ing to  an  army  or  division  of  troops. 

Park  of  provisions,  the  place  where  the  sut- 
lers pitch  their  tents  and  sell  provisions, 
and  that  where  the  bread  wagons  are  sta- 
tioned. 

PWRK,  V.  t.  To  inclose  in  a  park.        Shak. 

P^ARKER,  n.  The  keeper  of  a  park. 

P'ARKLEAVES,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Hypericum.  Ainswortli.     Lee. 

P'ARLANCE,  n.  [Norm,  from  Fr.  parler, 
to  speak ;  part,  parlanf,  It.  parlante.] 
Conversation  ;  discourse  ;  talk. 

Woodeson. 

PARLE,  n.  p^aii.  Conversation ;  talk  ;  oral: 
treatv  or  discussion.  [Ao/  used.]  [See 
Parley.]  ShaV 

P'ARLEY,  V.  i.  [Fr.  parler.  It.  parlare\ 
Sp.  pnrlar,  W.  parliaw,  to  speak ;  Ir.j 
berirla,  langiiagp,  from  bearadh  m-  beirim,' 
to  speak,  to  lull,  relate,  narrate,  to  hear,  to! 
carry  ;  Goth,  hairan.  Sax.  bwran,  to  bear, 
h.fero,  or  pario.  So  we  have  report,  from 
L.  porto.]  I 


III  a  general  sense,  to  speak  with  another  ;  to 
discourse ;  but  appropriately,  to  conferi 
with  on  some  point  of  mutual  concern;  to' 
discuss  orally  ;  hence,  to  confer  with  an 
enemy ;  to  treat  with  by  words ;  as  on  an 
exchange  of  prisoners,  on  a  cessation  of^ 
arms,  or  the  subject  of  peace. 

Knotles.     Broome. 

P'ARLEY,  n.  Mutual  discourse  or  conver- 
sation ;  discussion  ;  but  appropriately,  a 
cont'erence  with  an  enemy  in  war. 

Wc  yield  on  par/ey,  but  are  storm'd  in  vain. 

J>ryden. 

To  beat  a  parley,  in  military  language,  to! 
beat  adrmn  or  sound  a  trumpet,  as  a  sig-[ 
nal  for  holding  a  conference  with  the  en-j 
cmv.  ■ 

PARLIAMENT,  n.  [Fr.  parlement ;  Sp.It.- 
I'ort.  parlainento  ;  Arm.  parlamand  ;  (^om-; 
posed  of  Fr.  parler,  Sji.  parlar,  to  speak, 
and  the  termination  iiient,  as  in  complc- 
JKCH<,  &c.  noting  state.  See  Parley.]  Lit-' 
erally,  a  speaking,  conference,  mutual  dis-| 
course  or  consultation  ;  hence,  j 

1.  In  Great  Britain,  the  grand  a.ssembly  of 
the  three  estates,  the  lords  spiritual,  lords' 
temporal,  an<l  the  (commons ;  tlio  general 
council  of  the  nation  constituting  the  legis-, 
lature,  summoned  by  the  king's  authority 
to  consult  on  the  afl'airs  of  the  nation,  and 
to  enact  and  repeal  laws.  Primarily,  tlie_ 
king  may  bo  considered  as  a  constituent 
branch  of  parliament  ;  but  the  word  is  gen- 
erally used  to  denot<'  the  three  estates 
above  named,  consisting  of  two  distinct 
branches,  the  house  of  lords  and  house  of 
cominons.  ! 

The  word  parliament  was  introduced 
into  England  under  the  Norman  kings. 
The  supremo  council  of  the  nation  was, 
called  umler  the  Saxon  kings,  wittenage-\ 
mote,  the  meeting  of  wise  men  or  sages,     j 

2.  The  supreme  council  of  Sweden,  con-; 
sisting  of  four  estates  ;  the  nobility  ami, 
representatives  of  the  gentry;  the  clergy, 
one  of  which  body  is  elected  from  every! 
rural  deanery  of  ten  jiarishes ;  the  burgh- 
ers, elected  by  the  magistrates  and  coun- 
cil of  every  corporation ;  and  the  peas-! 
ants,  elected  by  persons  of  their  own  or- 
der. 

3.  In  France,  before  the  revolution,  a  conn 
cil  or  court  consisting  of  certain  noble 
men. 

PARLIAMRNTA'RIAN,  /       One  of  t 

PARLIAMENTEE'R,  S"'  who  adhered 
to  the  parliament  in  the  time  of  Charles  I. 

.lubre]/.' 

PARLIAMENTARIAN,  a.  Serving  tile 
parliament  in  opposition  to  king  Charles  I. 

!Vood. 

PARLIAMENTARY,  a.  Pertaining  to  par- 
liament ;  aii  parliamentarij  authority. 

i.  Enacted  or  done  by  pariianient ;  ns  a  par- 
liamentary act. 

3.  According  to  the  rules  and  usages  of  par- 
liament, or  to  the  rules  and  customs  of 
legislative  bodies. 

PWRLOR,  n.  [Fr.  parloir ;  It.  Sp.  parlato- 
rio ;  W.  parlawr ;  from  Fr.  parler,  Sp.  par- 
lar, to  speak.] 

Primarily,  the  apartment  in  a  nunnery  where 
the  nuns  are  permitted  to  meet  and  con-; 
verse  with  each  other;  hence  with  us,  the' 
room  in  a  house  which  the  family  usually 
occupy  when  they  have  no  company,  asi 


distinguished  from  a  drawing  room  in- 
tended for  the  recejjtion  of  company,  or 
from  a  dining  room,  when  a  distinct  apart- 
ment is  allotted  for  that  purpose.  In  most 
houses,  the  parlor  is  also  the  dining  room. 

P'ARLOUS,  a.  [from  Fr.  parler,  to  speak.] 
Keen  ;  .sjirightly  ;  waggish.     [.Yot  used.] 

Dryden. 

PARO  flllAL,  rt.  [from  L. /)«roc/iia.]  Be- 
longing to  a  parish;  as  parochial  clergy; 
parochial  duties.  Jltterbury. 

PAROCHIALITY,  n.  The  state  of  being 
parochial.  Mariot. 

PARO'€IilAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  jiarisb. 

Bacon. 

[supra.]    A  parishioner. 

Burshleti. 

PAROD'IC,        \  ^    [See  Parody.]  Copvinp 

PAROD'l€AL,  \  "■  after  the  manner"  of 
I'arody.  ICarton. 

PAR'ODY,  n.  [Fr.  parodie ;  Gr.  xap^lna: 
ftcuia  and  w^r,  ode.] 


PARO'CHIAN,  n. 


1.  A  kind  of  wriling  in  which  the  wordsof  an 
author  or  bis  thoughts  are,  by  some  slight 
alterations,  adapted  to  adifterent  purpose; 
a  kind  of  poetical  pleasantry,  in  which 
verses  written  on  one  subject,  are  altered 
and  applied  to  another  by  way  of  biir- 
les(|ue.  Johnson.     Encyc. 

'i.  A  popular  maxim,  adage  or  jiroverb. 

Encyc. 

PAR  ODY,  V.  I.  To  alter,  as  verses  or 
words,  and  apply  to  a  purpose  ditierent 
from  that  of  the  original. 

1  liavc  translated,  or  ratlier  parodied  a  poem 
of  Horace.  Pope. 

PAROL,       }^  [W.  parjil;  It.    parola;  Fr. 

PARO'LE,  ^  'parole,  liom  parler,  to  sjieak  ; 
or  contracted  fioin  L.  parabola.] 

1.  Priq)erly,  a  word  ;  hence,  in  a  legal  sense, 
words  or  oral  declaration  ;  word  of 
mouth.  Formerly,  conveyances  were 
made  by  parol  or  word  of  mouth  only. 

Blackstone. 

2.  Pleadings  in  a  suit ;  as  anciently  all  plead- 
ings were  riva  voce  or  ore  tcnus. 

The  parol  may  (ieinur.  Blackstone. 

PAROL,       )       Given  byword  of  moulh  ; 
P.^RO'LE,  ^    ■  oral;  not  written ;  as  parol 
evidence.  Blackstone. 

[It  would  be  well  to  write  this  word  pa- 
role, in  uniformity  with  the  following, 
there  being  no  good  reason  for  a  distinc- 
tion.] 
One  ofthose!iPARO'LE,  Ji.  [See  Puro?.]  Word  of  month. 
In  military  affairs,  a  promise  given  h\  a 
prisoner  of  war,  when  he  has  leave  to  de- 
part from  custody,  that  lu;  will  return  at 
the  time  ap|)oiiitcd,  unless  discharged.  .\ 
parole  is  properly  a  verbal  or  unwritten 
jiroinise,  but  I  believe  it  is  customary  to 
take  a  promise  in  writing. 
A  word  given  out  every  day  in  orders  by 
a  commanding  officer,  in  camp  or  garri- 
son, by  which  fricmls  may  be  distinguish- 
ed from  enemies.  Enci/c. 
PARONOMASIA,^  [from  Gr.  napa- 
PARONOIM  ASY,   S       •o.u,.u,  to  transgress 

law  or  rule.] 

A  rhetorical  figure,  by  which  words  nearly 

alike  in  sound,  but  of  difii;rent  meanings, 

are  affectedly  or  designedly  u.sed  ;   a    play 

iijion  words  :  a  pun.     [See  Pii;i.]      Encyc. 

PAROXOMAS'TIe,        (       Pertaining    to 

PAROi\OMAS'Tl€AL,  \  "'     paronomasy ; 

consisting  in  a  play  upon  words.        More. 


PAR 


PAR 


PAR 


PARONYCH'IA,  Ji.  [Gr.  ?<apun);i;ia ;  J<apa, 
by,  and  oi-nS,  the  nail.]  In  surgery,  a  whit- 
low or  felon.  Encyc.i 

PARON'YMOUS,  n.  [Gr.  Ttafii^vv/tor,  tap"^ 
and  wo/ia.,  name.]  Resembling  another 
word.  If^'atts. 

PAR'OQUl^T,  }       A  small  species  of  par- 

PAR'f)KET,    S"'  rot.  Grew. 

[Ml 're  properly  perroquet,  whicli  see.] 

PAROT'ID,  a.  [Gr.  rtapa,  near,  and  o%i{,  ura, 
ear.] 

Pertaining  to  or  denoting  certain  glands  be- 
low and  before  the  ears,  or  near  the  ar- 
ticulation of  the  lower  jaw.  The  parotid 
glands  secrete  a  portion  of  the  saliva. 

Parr.     Coxe.     Grew. 

PARO'TIS,  n.  [Gr.  Ttapuns.    See  Parotid.] 

1.  The  parotid  gland;  a  secreting  salivary 
conglomerate  gland  below  and  before  the 
car.  P<"'r. 

2.  An  inflammation  or  abscess  of  the  parotid 
gland.  Qidnci) 

PAR'OXYSM,  Ji.  [Gr.  jtapoSvfffioj,  from  nap- 
o^mu,  to  excite  or  sharpen  ;  rtopa  and  o|v5 
sharp.] 

An  exasperation  or  exacerbation  of  a  dis- 
ease ;  a  tit  of  higlier  excitement  or  vio- 
lence in  a  disease  that  has  remissions  oi 
intermissions;  as  the  paroxysm  of  a  fever 
or  gout.  Encyc. 

PARtJXYS'MAL,  n.  Pertaining  to  parox- 
ysm ;  as  a  paroxysmal  disposition. 

Jlsirit.  Res 

PAR'REL,  n.  [Port.  a;)areZAo,  from  npnrcl- 
har,  to  prepare  ;  Sp.  aparejo,  tackle  anil 
rigging,  Ironi  npnrtjur,  to  prepare,  L.  pa-^ 
ro.     It  coincides  with  apparel,  which  see.jj 

Among  seamen,  an  apparatus  or  frame  ttiade 
of  ropes,  trucks  an<l  ribs,  so  contrived  asj 
to  go  round  the  mast,  and  being  fastened 
at  both  ends  to  a  yard,  serves  to  hoist  it. 

Eitcyc. 

PARRICI'DAL,       ?  [See      Parricide.] 

PARRICiniOl'S,  S  Pertaining  to  par- 
ricide ;  containing  the  crime  of  nuirdering 
a  parent  or  child. 

2.  Committing  parricide. 

PARRICIDE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  paricida, 
fron\  pater,  father,  and  ccedo,  to  kill.] 

1.  A  person  who  murders  his  father  or 
mother. 

2.  One  who  murders  an  ancestor,  or  anyonel 
to  whom  he  owes  reverence.  Blackstone! 
applies  the  word  to  one  who  kills  his 
child.  j 

3.  The  murder  of  a  parent  or  one  to  whom 
reverence  is  due.  Bacon.: 

4.  One  who  invades  or  destroys  any  to| 
whom  he  owes  particular  reverence,  asl 
his  country  or  patron. 

PAR'RIED,  pp.  [See  Parry.]   Warded  off; 

driven  aside.  Johnson. 

PAR' ROT,  n.  [supposed  to  be  contracted 

from  Fr.  perroqvel.] 

1.  The,name  of  fowls  of  the  gemis  Psittacus, 
of  nmnerous  species.  The  bill  is  ho(ike(" 
and  the  npjier  mandible   movable.     The 

«  hooked  bill  of  the  parrot  is  used  in  climb 
ing.  These  fowls  are  found  almost  every 
where  in  tro|)ical  climates.  They  breed 
in  hollow  trees  and  subsist  on  fruits  am 
seeds.  They  are  also  reniarkabU'  fir  the 
faculty  of  making  imlislinct  articulation.- 
of  words  in  imilarion  of  llie  human  voice. 

2.  A  fish  found  among  the  Uahama  isles,  es- 


teemed to  be  delicate  food  and  remarkable} 
for  the  richness  of  its  colors.  Pennant.', 

PAR'RY,  V.  t.  [Fr.  parer ;  It.  parnre,  to' 
adorn,  to  parry  ;  Sp.  parar,  to  stop  ;  Port.' 
id.  to  stop,  to  parry ;  from  tlie  root  of 
jiare,  to  cut  off,  to  se|)arate.  See  Pare.]       | 

1.  In  fencing,  to  ward  off;  to  stop  or  to  put, 
or  turn  by  ;  as,  to  parry  a  thrust.  i 

2.  To  ward  off;  to  turn  aside  ;  to  prevent  aj 
blow  from  taking  effect. 

3.  To  avoid  ;  to  shift  off. 
The  French  government  \iZ3parried  the  pay- 
ment of  our  claims.  E.  Everett. 

PARRY,  V.  i.  To  ward  off;  to  put  by 
thrusts  or  strokes  ;  to  fence.  Locke. 

PAR'RYING,  ppr.  Warding  off,  as  a  thrust 
or  blow. 

PARSE,  V.  t.  p'ars.  [from  L.  pars,  part,  or 
one  of  the  Sheniitic  roots,  013  to  divide,  or 
ty\3  to  spread.] 

In  grammar,  to  resolve  a  sentence  into  its 
elements,  or  to  show  the  several  parts  ofj 
speech  composing  a  sentence,  and  their 
relation  to  each  other  by  government  or 
agreement. 

PARSIMO'NIOUS,  a.  [See  Parsimony.^ 
Sparing  in  the  use  or  expenditure  of 
money;  covetous;  near;  close.  It  differs 
from  frugal,  in  implying  more  closeness  or 
narrowness  of  miiul,  or  an  attachment  to 
property  somewhat  excessive,  or  a  dispo- 
sition to  spend  less  money  than  is  neces- 
sary or  honorable. 

Extraordinary  funds  for  one  campaign   may 

sparu  us  llie  expense  of  many  years  ;  whereas 

a  lon^ parsimonious  war  will  drain  us  of  moie 

men  and  money.  Addison. 

[It  is  sometimes  used  in  a  good  sense  for 

frugal] 

PARSIMONIOUSLY,   adv.    With  a   very 

sparin_f  use  of  money  ;  covetously. 
PARSIMO'NIOUSNESS,  n.  A  very  spar- 
ing use  of  money,  or  a  disposition  to  save 
expense. 
P'ARSIMONY,   n.    [L.    pnrsimonia,    from 
parous,    saving,    literally    close.       Parens 
seems  to  be  from  the  root  of  the  G.  D.  te, 
gen,  Sax.  beorgan,  to  save  or  keep,  Eng. 
park.     So  in  Russ.  beregu  is  to   keep  or 
save,    whence     berejlivei,     parsimonious. i 
And   this  seems  to  be  the   root  of  burg,  a 
borough,  originally  a  fortified  hill  or  cas- 

Closeness  or  sparingness  m  the  use  or  ex- 
penditure of  money  ;  sometimes  used  per- 
liaps  in  a  good  sense,  implying  due  or  jus- 
titiable  caution  in  expenditure,  in  which 
sense  it  differs  little  from  frugality  and 
economy.  More  generally,  it  denotes  an  ex- 
cessive caution  or  closeness ;  in  which 
case,  it  is  allied  to  covetousness,  but  it  im- 
plies less  meanness  than  7nggardliness. 
It  generally  implies  some  want  of  honora- 
ble liberality. 

The  ways  to  enrich  are  many ;  parsimony  is 
one  of  the  best,  and  yet  is  not  innocent,  for  it 
withholdeth  men  from  works  of  liberality. 

Bacon 


A  plant  of  the  genns  Apium.     The  leaves  of 

parsley  are  used  in  cookery,  and  the  root 

is  an  aperient  medicine. 
P'ARSNEP,  n.    [The  last  syllable  of  this 

word  is  the  Sax.  nrepe,   L.   napus,   which 

occurs  also  in  turnep.] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Pastinaca.     The  root  of 

the  garden  parsnep  is  deemed  a  valuable 

esculent. 
PARSON,  n.  p''arsn.  [G.  pfarrherr,  pfaner, 

lord  of  the  pfarre,  beuetice   or   living.     I 

know  not  from  what  root  pfarre  is  derived. 

See  Pari.ih.] 

1.  The  priest  of  a  parish  or  ecclesiastical  so- 
ciety ;  the  rector  or  incumbent  of  a  par- 
ish, who  has  the  parochial  charge  or  cure 
of  souls.  It  is  used  in  this  sense  by  all  de- 
nominations of  christians  ;  but  among  in- 
dependents or  congregationalists  it  is 
merely  a  collo(]uial  word. 

2.  A  clergyman;  a  man  that  is  in  orders  or 
has  been  licensed  to  preach.  .STinr*. 

P'ARStJNAGE,  n.  In  America,  the  glebe 
j  and  house  belonging  to  a  parish  or  eccle- 
siastical society,  and  appropriated  to  the 
[  maintenance  of  the  incumbent  or  settled 
j     pastor  of  a  church. 

3.  In  England,  the  benefice  of  a  parish,  or 
the  house  appropriated  to  the  residence  of 
the  incnndjent.  Addison.     Gray. 

Parsonically,  in  Chesterfield,  is  not  an  au- 
thorized word. 

P'ART,  n.  [L.  pars,  partis:  Fr.  part  ;  Sp.  It. 
parte  ;  \V.  purth  :  from  TS,  nr  DID,  orXIS, 
which  in  the  Shemitic  languages  signify 
to  separate,  to  break.] 

1.  A  portion,  piece  or  fragment  separated 
from  a  whole  thing  ;  as,  to  divide  an  or- 
ange into  five  parts. 

2.  A  |)ortion  or  quantity  of  a  thing  not  sepa- 
rated in  fact,  but  considered  or  mentioned 
by  itself  In  what  part  of  England  is  Ox- 
ford situated  ?  So  we  say,  the  i\\)\ier  part 
or  lower  part,  the  fore  part,  a  remote  joari, 
a  small  part,  or  a  great  part. 

I  lie  people  stood  at  the  nether  part   of  the 
mount.     Ex.  xix. 

3.  A  portion  of  number,  separated  or  con- 
sidered by  itself;  as  apart  of  the  nation  or 
congregation. 

4.  A  portion  or  component  particle;  as  the 
component  parts  of  a  fossil  or  metal. 

t).  A  portion  of  man  ;  astlie  maleri.-ilyja;-/ or 
body,  or  the  intellectual   part,   the  soul  or 
understanding;    the  perishable /)uW  ;  the 
immortal  y'ar(. 
G.  A  member. 

All  the  parts  were  formed   in  his  mind  into 
one  harmonious  body.  Locke. 

7.    Particular  division  ;    distinct  species   or 


P>ARSLEY,  n.  [Fr.  persil;  Sp.  pereril:^ 
Port,  perrexil :  It.  petroselino,  corrupted  to^ 
petrosemolo  ;  Sax.  peterselige  ;  G.  petersilii-  ;> 
D.  pieterstlie  ;  Sw.  persilin  ;  Dan.  ptter- 
sille,  persille  ;  Ir.  peir.iil ;  W.  perlh/s  ;  L. 
petroselinon ;  Gr.  TttTpoaAivov ;  rttrpoj,  a 
stone,  and  muvov.  parsley  ;  stone-parsley, 
a  plant  growing  among  rocks.] 


sort  belonging  to  a  whole ;  as  all  the 
parts  of  domestic  business  or  of  a  manu- 
facture. 

8.  Ingredient  in  a  mingled  mass  ;  a  portion 
in  a  compound. 

!).  That  which  falls  to  each  in  division  ; 
share  ;  as,  let  me  bear  my  part  of  the  dan- 
ger. Dryden. 

10.  Proportional  (piaiitily  ;  as  four  parts  of 
lime  with  three  of  .sand. 

11.  Share;  concern;  interest. 

Sheba  said,  we   have    no  part   in  David.     2 
Sam.  XX. 

12.  Side ;  party  ;  interest  ;  faction. 

.\nd  make  whole  kingdoms  take  her  brotherV 
part.  Waller. 


PAR 


1*  A  R 


PAR 


13.  Something  relating  or  belonging  to ; 
that  wliich  concerns ;  as  for  your  pari  ; 
for  ]i\spart ;  for  her  part. 

For  mv  part,  I  have  uo  servile  end  in  my 
labor.  H^"««'- 

14.  Sharoof  labor,  action  or  influence;  [lar- 

ticular  office  or  business. 

Accuse  not  iialiire,  she  hath  doue  her  pert. 
Do  tlioTi  but  thine.  Mtton. 

15.  Character  aiipropriateil  in  a  play.  The 
parts  of  the  comedy  were  judiciously  cast 
and  admirably  performed. 

16.  Action  ;  conduct.  Shak. 

17.  In  matliemalics,  such  a  portion  of  any 
quantity,  as  when  taken  a  certain  num- 
ber of  times,  will  exactly  make  that  quan- 
tity. Thus  :l  is  apart  of  12.  It  is  the  op- 
posite of  multiple. 

Parts,  in  the  plural,  qualities  ;  powers  ; 
faculties ;  accomplishment^;. 

Such  lioenlious  parts  tciul  lur  tlic  most  part 
to  the  hurt  of  the  English—  Spniser 

Parts,  ai)plied  to  place,  signifies  quarters 
regions,  districts. 

When  he  had  gone  over  those  ;)ar(s,  and  had 
given  tliem  much  exhortation,  he  came  into 
Greece.     Acts  xx. 

All  parts  resound  with  tumults,  plaints  and 
fears.  Dryden. 

In  general,  parts  is  used  for  excellent  or 
superior  endowments,  or  more  than  ordi- 
nary talents.  This  is  what  we  under- 
stand by  the  phrase,  a  man  of  parts. 
In  good  part,  as  well  done;  favorably;  ac- 
ceptably ;  in  a  friendly  manner  ;  not  in 
displeasin-e. 

God  acceptcth   it  in  gnod  part   at  the  liands 

of  faithful  man.  Honlier. 

In   ill  part,   as  ill  done ;  unfavorably ;  with 

displeasure. 
For  the  viost  part,  cominoidy ;  oftener  than 
otherwise.  Ha/tin. 

In  part,  in  some  degree  or  extent  ;  partly 
Logical  part,  among   schnolnieii,  a  division 
of  some  universal  as  its  whole  ;  in  which 
sense,  species  are  parts  of  a  genus,  and  in- 
dividuals are  parts  of  a  species.         Encyc. 
Physical  parts,  are  of  two  kinds,  homogen- 
eous and  heterogeneous  ;    the  tirst  is  of 
the  same  denomination  ;    the  second   of 
different  ones. 
Aliquot  part,  is  a  quantity  v^'hidi  being  re- 
peateil   any   number  of   times,    becomes 
equal  to  an  integer.     Thus  G  is  an  aliquot 
part  of  24. 
Aliijuant  part,  is  a  quantity  which  being  re- 
peated  any    niunher  of   times,    becomes 
greater  or  less  than  the  w  hole,  as  5  is  an 
aliquant  part  of  17. 
Part  of  speech,  in  grammar,  a  sort  or  class  of 
words   of  a  particidar   character.     Thus 
the  noun  is  a  part   of  speech,   denoting  the 
names  of  things,  or   those  vocal  sounds 
which  usage  has  attached  to  things.    The 
verb  is  a  part  of  speech  expressing  motion, 
action  or  being. 
P>ART,    V.  t.    [L.  partio  ;  Fr.  partir  ;    W 
pnrt/iu.] 

1.  To  divide,  se|)aratc    or  break ;   to  sever 
into  two  or  more  pieces. 

2.  To  divide  into  shares  ;  to  distribute.  Acts 


3.  To  separate  or  disunite,  as  things  which 
are  near  each  other.     Ruth  i. 

4.  To  keep  asunder;  to   separate.     A  nar- 
row sea  parts  England  from  France. 


5.  To  separate,  as  combatants.     Night  part-\ 
ed  the  armies. 

6.  To  secern  ;  to  secrete, 
'ihe  liver  minds  his  own  at!dir. 
And  parts  and  strains  the  vital  juices. 

Prim-. 

7.  In  seamen's  language,  to  break ;  as,   the 
sh\\>  parted  her  cables. 

8.  To  separate  metals. 
P'ART,  V.  i.  To  be  separated,  removed  or 

detached. 

Powerful  hands  will  not  part 
Easily  from  possession  won  witli  arms. 

Milton. 

2.  To  quit  each  other. 
He   wrung    liassanio's   hand,   and   so   they 

parted.  Shuk. 

3.  To  take  or  bid  farewell.  Sunfl. 

4.  To  have  a  share. 
They  shall  part  alike.     1  Sam.  xxx. 

5.  [Fr.  partir.]  To  go  away  ;  to  depart. 
Thy  father 

Embraced  me,  parting  for  th'  Etrurian  land. 

Dryden. 

C.  To  break ;  to  be  torn  asunder.     The  ca- 
ble parted. 
To  part  with,  to  quit ;  to  resign  ;  to  lose;  to 
be  separated  from;  as,  to  part  with  near 
iriends. 

Celia,  for  thy  sake  1  part 

With  all  Uiat  grew  so  near  my  heart. 

Waller. 

PARTABLE.     [See  Partible.] 
P'ARTAgE,    71.    Division  ;  severance  ;  the 

act  of  dividing  or  sharing  ;  a  French  word. 

[LAttle  used.]  Locke. 

PARTzV'KlO,  II.  t.  pret. partook ;  pp.ynr/iiAt?!. 

\jjart  and  take.] 

1.  To  take  a  part,  portion  or  share  in  com- 
mon with  others  ;  to  have  a  share  or  part ; 
to  partici|iate  ;  usually  followed  by  (f, 
sometimes  less  properly  by  in.  AH  men 
partake  of  lin;  conmion  bounties  of  Provi- 
dence. Clodius  was  at  the  feast,  but  could 
not  partake  of  ihe  enjoyments. 
To  have  something  of  the  property,  na- 
ture, claim  or  right. 

The  attorney  ot  the  duchy  of  Lancaster  par- 
talic.i  partly  of  a  judge,  and  partly  of  an  attor- 
ney general.  Bacun 
3.  To  be  admitted  ;  uot  to  be  excluded. 

Shak. 
PARTA'KE,   v.  t   To  have  a  part  in  ;  to 
share. 

My  royal  father  lives  ; 
Let  every  one  partake  the  general  joy. 

hryden 
[This  is  probably    elliptical,   of  being 
ouiitted.] 

2.  To  admit  to  a  part.     [JVot  used.]        Shak. 
PARTAKEN,    pp.    Shared  with    others  ; 

particijiated. 
PARTA'KER,  n.  One  who  has  or  takes  a 
jiart,  share   or   portion  in  conmion  with 
others;  a  sharer;  a  participator;  usually 
followed  by  of. 

If  the  Gentiles  have  been  made  partakers  of 
their  spiritual  things —     hom.  XV. 
Sometimes  followed  by  in. 
Wish  me  partaker  in  thy  happiness — 

Shak. 
If  we  had  been  in  the  days  of  our  fathers,  we 
would  not   have  been  jiartakers   with  them  in 
the  blood  of  the  prophets.     Matt,  xxiii. 
2.  All  accomplice  ;  an  associate. 

When  thou  sawest  a  thief,  ihou  consentcdst 
with  him,  and  hast  been  partaker  with  adul- 
terers.    Ps.  I. 


PARTA'KING,  ppr.  Sharing  with  otiiers ; 

participating. 

PARTA  KING,  n.  An  associating;  combi- 
nation in  an  evil  design.  Hale. 

P'ARTED,  pp.  Separated;  divided;  sever- 
1.  Sidney. 

P'ARTER,  n.  One  that  parts  or  separates. 

PARTE1{RE,  n.  parla're.  [Fr.]  \\\  garden- 
ing, a  level  division  of  ground  furnished 
with  evergreens  anil  flowers;  sometimes 
cut  into  shell  and  scroll  work  with  alleys. 

Encyc. 

P'ARTIAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  jmrs ;  It.  /«ir- 
ziale.] 

1.  Biased  to  one  party  ;  inclined  to  favor 
one  party  in  a  cause,  or  one  side  of  a  ques- 
tion, more  than  the  other;  not  indilferent. 
It  is  important  to  justice  that  a  judge 
should  not  he  partial. 

Self-love  will    make   men  partial  to   thcin- 
M-lves  and  Iriends.  Loeke. 

2.  Inclined  to  favor  without  reason.  Au- 
thors are  partial  to  their  wit,  and  critics 
to  their  judgment. 

3.  Affecting  a  part  only  ;  not  general  or  uni- 
versal ;  not  total.  It  has  been  much  dis- 
puted whether  the  deluge  was  partial  or 
total. 

All  partial  evil,  universal  good.  Pvpe. 

4.  More  strongly  inclined  to  cue  thing  than 
to  others.     [Colloquial.] 

5.  in  botany,  subordinate;  applied  to  subdi- 
visions ;  as  iipurti(d  umbel  or  umbellicle  ;  a 
partial  peduncle.  A  partial  involucre  is 
placed  at  the  loot  oi'  a  partial  umbel. 

P'ARTIAIdST,  n.  One  who  is  partial. 
lUnusual.]  lip.  .\lorlon. 

PARTIALITY,  n.  parshal'ity.  Inclination 
to  favor  one  party  or  one  side  of  a  (]ues- 
tiun  more  than  the  other;  an  undue  bias 
of  mind  towards  one  party  or  side,  which 
is  apt  to  warp  the  juilguient.  Partiality 
springs  from  the  will  and  atfectinns,  rath- 
er than  from  a  love  of  truth  and  justice. 
A  stronger  inclination  to  one  thing  than 
to  others  ;  as  a  partiality  for  poetry  or 
painting;  a  colloquial  use. 

P'ARTIALIZE,  I',  t.  To  render  partial. 
Wot  used.]  Shak. 

r  ARTIALLY,  adv.  With  undue  bi.is  of 
mind  to  one  party  or  side  ;  with  unjust 
favor  or  dislike  ;  as,  to  judge  partially. 

2.  In  part;  not  totally  ;  as,  the  story  may  be 
partially  iruc ;  tin;  body  may  be  partially 
affected  with  disease  ;  the  sun  and  moon 
are  ol'len  partially  eclipsed. 

PARTI BILITY,  n.  [See  Partible.]  Sus- 
ceptibility of  division,  partitii.n  or  sever- 
ance ;  sc])arability  ;  as  the  ;)ariiii/%  of  an 
inheritance. 

PARTIBLE,  a.  [It.  partibile,  partire,  to 
part.] 

Divisible;  separable;  susceptible  of  sever- 
ance or  partition  ;  as,  an  estate  of  inherit- 
ance may  be  partible.  lilackstone. 

PARTIC'IPABLE,  a.  [See  Participate.] 
That  may  he  participated  or  shared. 

.Yorris. 

PARTICIPANT,  a.  [See  Participate.] 
Sharing  ;  having  a  share  or  part ;  followed 
by  of. 

The  prince  s,iw   he  should  confer  with  one 
participant  of  mote  than  monkish  speculations. 

Wotton. 

PARTICIPANT,  n.  A  partaker;  one  hav- 


ing a  share  or  part. 


Bacon. 


PAR 


PAR 


PAR 


PARTICIPATE,  V.  i.  [L.  parlicipo  ;  pars, 
jiari,  ami  capio,  to  take.] 

1.  To  partake  ;  to  have  a  sliare  in  common 
witli  otheis.  The  heart  of  sensibility  par- 
ticipates in  the  siifTerings  of  a  friend.  It 
is  sometimes  followed  hy  of. 

He  would  participate  of  their  wants. 

Hayward. 

2.  To  have  part  of  more  things  than  one. 

Few  creatures  participate  of  the  nature  of 
plants  and  metals  both.  Bacon 

PARTICIPATE,     V.  t.    To    partake;    to 
share ;  to  receive  a  part  of. 
Fellowship 
Such  as  I  seek,  fit  to  participate 
All  rational  delight—  Milton. 

PARTIC'IPATED,  pp.  Sliared  in  common 

with  others ;  partaken. 
PARTICIPATING,  ppr.  Having  a  part  or 

share  ;  partaking. 
PARTICIPATION,  n.  The  state  of  sharing 

in  common  with  others;  as  a. participation 

of  joys  or  sorrows. 

2.  The  act  or  state  of  receiving  or  having 
part  of  something. 

Tliose  deities  arc  so  by  participation,  and 
subordinate  to  the  Supreme.  Stillingjieet 

3.  Distribution  ;  division  into  shares. 

Raleigh 
PARTICIPATIVE,  a.  Capable  of  partici- 

jiaiing. 
PARTICIPTAL,  a.  [L.  pnrlicipialis.    See 

Participle.^ 

1.  Having  the  nature  and  useof  a  particil)le. 

2.  Formed  from  a  participle  ;  as  a  parlicip 
ial  noun. 

PARTICIPTALLY,  adv.  In   the   sense   or 

manner  of  a  participle. 
P  ARTICIPLE,    n.    [L.  participium,   from 

parlicipo  ;  pars,  part,  and  capio,  to  take.] 

1.  In  grammar,  a  word  so  called  because  it 
partakes  of  tlie  properties  of  a  noun  and  of 
a  verb ;  as  having,  making,  in  English  ; 
habens,  faciens,  in  Latin.  The  English 
participles  having,  making,  become  nouns 
by  prefi.xing  the  to  them  ;  as  the  having  of 
property  :  Ihe  making  of  instruments. 
I5ut  all  participles  do  not  partake  of  the 
pru|jerties  of  a  noun,  as  the  jjassive  parti- 
ciples for  example,  had,  made. 

Participles  sometimes  lose  the  proper- 
ties of  a  verb  and  become  adjectives ;  as 
willing,  in  the  phrase,  a  willinghean ;  en- 
gaging, as en^nr^tHg' manners;  accomplish- 
ed, as  an  accomplished  orator. 

2.  Anv  thing  that  participates  of  different 
things.     [.Vo(  used.']  Bacon. 

P' ARTICLE,  n.  [It.  particola  ;  Fr.  parti- 
culc  ;  L.  parlicula,  from  pars,  part.] 

1.  A  minute  part  or  portion  of  matter ;  as  a 
particle  of  sand,  of  lime  or  of  light. 

2.  In  physics,  a  njinute  jiart  of  a  body,  an 
aggregation  or  collection  of  which  consti- 
tutes the  whole  body  or  mass.  The  word 
is  sometimes  used  in  the  same  sense  as 
atom,  in  the  ancient  Epicurean  philoso- 
phy, and  cor|)Uscle  in  tlie  latter.  In  this 
sense,  particles  are  the  elements  or  con- 
stituent parts  of  bodies.  Encyc. 

3.  Any  very  .small  portion  or  part ;  as,  he 
has  not  a  particle  of  patriotism  or  virtue  ; 
he  would  not  resign  a  particle  of  his  prop- 
erty. 

4.  In  the  Latin  church,  a  crumb  or  little  piece 
of  cousecrateil  bread.  Encyc. 


^.  111  grammar,  a  word  that  is  not  varied  or 
inflected  ;  as  a  preposition. 

Organic  particles,  very  minute  moving  bod- 
ies, perceptible  only  by  the  helj)  of  the 
microscope,  discovered  in  the  semen  of 
animals.  Encyc 

PARTICULAR,  a.  [Sp.  Port.  lU  ,•  It.  par- 
ticolare ;  Fr.  particulier ;  Low  L.  parlicula- 
ris,  from  parlicula.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  single  person  or  thing; 
not  general ;  as,  this  remark  has  a  parlic 
ular  application. 

a.  Iiidivitiual ;  noting  or  designating  a  sin- 
gle thing  by  way  of  distinction.  Each 
plant  has  its  particular  nutriment.  Most 
persons  have  a  particular  trait  of  cliarac 
ter.     He  alludes  to  a  particular  jierson. 

3.  Noting  some  jiroperty  or  thing  peculiar. 

Of  this  prince  tliere  is  little  particular  mem- 
ory. Bacon. 

4.  Attentive  to  things  single  or  distinct ;  mi 
nute.  I  have  been  particular  in  exainin 
ing  the  reasons  of  this  law. 

5.  Single  ;  not  general. 

G.  Odtl;  singular;  having  something  that 
eminently  distinguishes  one  from  others 

7.  Singularly  nice  in  taste;  as  a  man  very 
particular  in  his  diet  or  dress. 

8.  Special  ;  more  than  ordinary.  He  has 
brought  no  particular  news. 

9.  Containing  a  part  only  ;  as  a  parlicula. 
estate,  ]irecedent  to  the  estate  in  remain 
dcr.  Blackstone. 

10.  Holding  a  particular  estate;  as  a /;ar/?Vii- 
lar  tenant.  Blackstone 

PARTICULAR,  n.  A  single  instance  ;  a 
single  point. 

1  must  reserve  some  particulars,  wliirh  il  i; 
not  lawfiil  for  me  to  reveal.  Bacon 

2.  A  distinct,  separate  or  minute  part ;  as, 
he  told  me  all  the  particulars  of  the  .«toiy. 

Mdison 

3.  An  individual ;  a  private  person. 

L'Estrange. 

4.  Private  interest  ;  as,  they  apply  their 
minds  to  those  branches  of  public  prayer, 
wherein  their  own  particular  is  moved. 
[A'ot  in  use.]  Hooker. 

.5.  Private  character;  state  of  an  individual 
For  his  particular,  1  will  receive  him  gladly 
[J\'ot  in  use.']  Shak 

6.  A  minute  detail  of  things  singly  enumera- 
ted. 

The  reader  has  a  particular  of  the  books 
wherein  this  law  was  written.     [A''ot  in  use.'\ 

JinWe- 

In  particular,  specis-Wy ;  peculiarly;  distinct- 
ly. 

This,  in  jiarticular,  happens  to  the  lungs. 

Bhickniorc. 

PARTICULARITY,  n.  Distinct  notice  or 
specification  of  particulars. 

— Even  descending  to  particularities,  what 
kingdoms  he  should  overcome.  Sidney 

2.  Singleness  ;  individuality  ;  single  act 
single  case.  Hooker. 

3.  Petty  account ;  minute  incident. 
To  see  the  titles  that  were  most  agreeable  to 

sucli   an   emperor — with  the  like  particulari- 
ties—  .Addison 

4.  Something  belonging  to  single  persons. 

Shak 

.5.  Something  peculiar  or  singular. 

I  saw  an  old  heathen  altar  wilb  Ibis  particu- 
larity, that  it  was  hollowed  like  a  dish  at  one 
end,  but  not  the  end  on  which  the  fiacrifice  wa' 
laid.  Mdison 


G.  Minuteness  in  detail.  He  related  the  sto- 
ry with  great  particularity. 

PARTICULARIZE,  v.  t.  To  mention  dis- 

t     tinctly  or  in  particulars ;  to  enumerate  or 

I     specify  in  detail. 

He  not  only  boasts  of  his   parentage  as  an 

I  Israelite,  but  particularizes  his  descent  from 
Benjamin.  Atterbury. 

PARTICULARIZE,  i-.  i.  To  be  attentive 

'     to  single  things.  Herbert. 

PARTICULARLY,  adv.  Distinctly ;  singly. 

;  South. 

i2.  In  an  especial  manner. 

This  exact  propriety  of  Virgil  I  particularly 
regarded  as  a  great  part  of  his  character. 

Dry  den. 

PARTICULATE,  to  mention,  is  not  in 
in  use. 

PARTING,  ppr.  [from  paH.]  Dividing  ; 
separating  ;  breaking  in  pieces. 

2.  a.  Given  at  separation  ;  as  a /larttng- kiss 
or  look. 

3.  Departing;  declining;  as  the  parting- day. 

Pope. 
P'ARTING,  n.  Division ;  separation.  Ezek. 
xxi. 

2.  In  chimistry,  an  operation  by  which  gold 
and  silver  are  .separated  from  each  other 
by  different  menstruums. 

3.  In  seamen's  language,  the  breaking  of  a 
cable  by  violence. 

P>ARTISAN,  n.  s  as  :.  [Fr.  from  parti, 
partir.] 

1.  An  adherent  to  a  party  or  faction. 

Mdison. 

2.  In  ifar,  the  commander  of  a  party  or  de- 
tachment of  troops,  sent  on  a  special  en- 
terprise ;  hence, 

3.  By  way  of  distinction,  a  person  able  in 
comnianding  a  [larty,  or  dextrous  in  ob- 
taining intelligence,  intercepting  convoys 
or  otherwise  annoying  an  enemy. 

4.  A  commander's  leading  staff. 

Ainsworth. 

0.  A  kind  of  halbert.  [Fr.  pertuisanc ;  It. 
parligia7io.] 

P'ARTITE,  a.  [L.  partitus,  from  partio,  to 

divide.     See  Part.] 
In  botany,  divided.     A  partite  leaf  is  a  simple 

leaf  separated  down  to  the  base.  Lee. 

PARTL'TION,  n.  [L.  ^;a)/i7i"o,  from  partio, 

to  divide.] 

1.  The  act  of  dividing,  or  state  of  being  di- 
vided. 

2.  Division  ;  separation  ;  distinction. 

And  good  bom  bad  find  no  partition.     Shak. 

3.  Separate  part ;  as  lodged  in  a  small  par- 
tition. Milton. 

4.  That  by  which  different  parts  are  sepa- 
rated ;  as  a  partition  of  wood  or  stone  in  a 
building. 

.5.  Part  where  .separation  is  made. 
No  sight  could  pass 
Ketwixt  the  nice /)nr(j(tons  of  the  grass. 

Dry  den. 

6.  Division  of  an  estate  into  severalty,  which 
is  done  by  deed  of  partition.      Blackstone. 

PARTI'TION,  V.  t.  To  divide  into  dis- 
tinct parts ;  as,  to  partition  the  floor  of  a 
house. 

2.  To  divide  into  shares  ;  as,  to  partition  an 
estate. 

P'.AKTITIVE,  a.  In  g'rammar,  distributive ; 
as  a  noun  prirtitive. 

PAKTITIVELY,  adv.  In  a  partitive  man- 
uer ;  distributively.  JAUy. 


PAR 


PAS 


P^ARTLET,  n.  [from  part.]  A  ruff;  a  band 
or  collar  for  the  neck.     Ol/s.  Hall. 

2.  A  hen.     Obs.  '»^''*- 
PARTLY,  adv.  In  part ;  in  some  measure 

or  degree  ;  not  wholly. 

PARTNER,  n.  [from  part.]  One  who  par- 
takes or  shares  with  another  ;  a  I'artaker  ; 
an  associate  ;  as,  she  is  paHner  ot  my  hte, 
of  my  joys,  of  my  griefs. 

Thoic  of  the  race  of  Shcm  were  no  partners  in 
tlie  unbelieving  work  of  the  tower.        iJa/eigft 

a.  An  associate  in  any  business  or  occupa- 
tion ;  a  joint  owner  of  stock  or  capital, 
employed  in  commerce,  manufactures  or 
other  business.  Men  are  sometimes  paH- 
ners  in  a  single  voyage  or  adventure,  some 
times  in  a  firm  or  standing  company. 

3.  One  who  dances  witli  another,  either 
male  or  female,  as  in  a  contra  dance. 

4.  A  husband  or  wife. 
P^ARTNER,   V.  t.    To  join  ;    to   associate 

with  a  iiartner.     {Little  used.]  Shak. 

Parlnens,  in  a  ship,  pieces  of  plank  nailed 
round  the  scuttles  in  a  deck  where  the 
masts  are  placed  ;  also,  the  scuttles  them- 
selves. Mar.  Diet. 
P^ARTNERSHIP,  n.  The  association  of 
two  or  more  persons  for  the  purpose  of 
undertukinj,'  and  prosccutin;,'  any  busi- 
ness, particularly  trade  or  manufactures, 
at  their  joint  expense.  In  this  case,  the 
connection  is  formed  by  contract ;  each 
partner  furnishing  a  part  of  the  capital 
stock  and  being  entitled  to  a  proportional 
share  of  profit,  or  subject  to  a  proportional 
share  of  loss  ;  or  one  or  more  of  the  part- 
ners may  furnish  money  or  stock,  and  the 
other  or  others  contribute  their  services. 
The  duration  of  the  partnership  may  be 
limited  by  the  contract,  or  it  may  be  left 
indefinite,  subject  to  be  dissolved  by  mu 
tual  agreement.  A  partnership  or  asso- 
ciation of  this  kind  is  a  standing  or  per 
maneiit  company,  and  is  denominated  a 
firm  or  house.  VVe  say,  A  aud  B  entered 
into  partnership  for  the  importation  and 
sale  of  goods,  or  for  manufacturing  cotton 
or  glass. 

f'artnerships  may  be  and  usually  are 
associations  of  i)rivate  persons,  not  incor 
porated.  In  other  cases,  the  company  is 
incorporated.  Banking  companies  in  thci 
United  States  are  usually  incorporated,! 
and  are  essentially  partnerships,  hut  do 
not  bear  that  name.  Manufacturing  com- 
panies are  also  frequently  incorporated. 
9.  Joint  interest  or  property.  Dryden. 

PARTOOK',  pret.  o( partake. 
P'ARTRIDGE,  n.  {Vr.  perdrix -,1^.  pemice; 
Sp.  perdiz  ;  L.  perdix  ;  Gr.  JtspSil ;  D.  pa- 
trys  ;  Ir.  patrisg.] 
A  wild  fowl  of  the  genus  Tetrao.  (Linn.) 
Latham  arranges  the  partridge  and  quail 
in  a  genus  under  the  name  of  Perdix,  and 
assigns  the  grous  to  the  genus  Tetrao. 
The  partridge  is  esteemed  a  great  delicacy 
at  the  table. 

The  term  ^acJrtWg'e  is  applied  in  Penn- 
sylvania to  the  bird  called  quail  in  New 
England,  a  peculiar  species  of  Perdix  ;  in 
New  England  it  is  apphed  to  the  rufled 


PARTU'RIENT,  a.  [L.  parluriens.]  Bring- 
ing forth  or  about  to  bring  forth  young. 

PARTURl'TION,  n.  [L.  partuno.]  The 
act  of  bringing  forth  or  being  delivered  of 
young.  Encyc. 

P>ARTV,  n.  [Kr. />ar/tc,  from  L.  pars.  Sec 
Part.] 

1.  A  number  of  persons  uniteil  in  opinion  or 
design,  in  opposition  to  others  in  the  com 
munity.  It  differs  from  faction,  in  imply 
ing  a  less  dishonorable  association,  or 
more  justifiable  designs.  Parties  exist  in 
all  governments  ;  and  free  governments 
are  the  hot-beds  of  ;(nrt?/.  Formerly,  the 
political  parties  in  England  were  called 
whigs  and  tories. 

One  of  two  litigants ;  the  plaintiff  or  de- 
fendant in  a  lawsuit. 

The  cause  of  both  parties  shall  come  before 
the  judges.     Ex.  xxii. 

One  concerned  or  interested  in  an  affair. 
This  man  was  not  a  party  to  the  trespass 
or  affray.     He  is  not  a  party  to  the  con- 
tract or  agreement. 
.  Side  ;    persons    engaged     against    each 

other. 

The  peace  both  parties  want,  is  like  to  la.st. 

Dryden. 

Small  parties  make  up  in  diligence  what  they 
want  in  numbers.  Johnson. 

.  Cause  ;  side. 

^Egle  came  in  to  make  i\\e:\t  party  good. 

Dryden. 

A  select  company  invited  to  an  entertain- 
ment ;  as  a  dining  party,  a  tea  party,  an 
evening  party. 

A  single  person  distinct  from  or  opposed 
to  another. 

If  the  jury  found  that  the  party  slain  was  of 
English  race,  it  had  been  adjudged  felony. 

Davies 


PAS 

PASCII-EGG,  71.  An  egg  stained  and  pre- 
sented to  young  persons,  about  the  time 
of  Easter.     {Local.] 

PASH,  n.  [Sp./a:,  L.  fadis,  face.]  A  face. 
[JVb<  used.]  Hanmer. 

2.  A  blow.     [JVoi  used.] 

PASH,  V.  t.  To  strike  ;  to  strike  down.  {Xot 
used.]  Dryden. 


6. 


8.  In  military  affairs,  a  detachment  or  sma 
number   of  troops   sent   on   a  particular 
duty,    as  to  intercept    the  enemy's  con 
voy,   to   reconnoiter,    to   seek   forage,   to 
flank  the  enemy,  &c. 

Party  is  used  to  qualify  other  words  and 
may  he  considered  either  as  part  of  a  com 
pound  word,  or  as  an  adjective  ;  as  party 
man,  parti/  rage,  partt)  disputes,  &c. 

P  ARTY-CbLORED, "  a.      Having    divers 
colors ;  as   a  party-colored  plume ;  a  pa 
ty-colorcd  flower. 

P  ARTY-TCRY,  n.  A  jury  consisting  of 
half  natives  and  half  foreigners. 

P'ARTY-MAN,?i.  One  of  a  party;  usually, 
a  factious  man  ;  a  man  of  violent  party 
principles  ;  an  abettor  of  a  party. 

P  ARTY-SPIRIT,  )!.  The  spirit  that  sup- 
ports a  party. 

P' ARTY-WALL,  n.  A  wall  that  separates 
one  house  from  the  next.  Moion 

PAR'U,  11.  A  singular  American  fish. 

P'ARVIS,  n.  [Fr.]  A  church  or  church 
porch.     {Kot  used.]  Chaucer. 

P;ARV1TUDE,J    „. Littleness.  {J\ot  used.] 

PAS,  »!.  [Fr.  pffs,  a  step.]  Right  of  going 
foremost ;  precedence.     {J^'ot  used.] 

.Irbuthnot 
PAS€H,  n.  [See  Paschal.]    The  passover  ;! 
the  feast  of  Easter.     [A'o<  used.]  \ 

[L.    pascha  ;  Gr.  Ttanxo^  v 


PASIIAW,  ti.  [Pers.   liL^.    pashaw.]     In 

the  Turkish  dominions,  a  viceroy,  governor 
or  commander  ;  a  bashaw. 

Castle.    Eaton. 

PASIIAW'LIC,    n.    The  jurisdiction  of  a 

pashaw. 
PASIG'RAPIIY,  n.  [Gr.  nas,  all,  aud  ypa^r;, 

writing.] 
A  system  of  universal  writing,  or  a  manner 
of  writing  that  may   be  understood  and 
used  by  all  nations.  Goorf. 

PASCil.K-FLO\VER,     n.    pask' -fiower.    A 
flower,  a  species  of  anemone. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 

PAS'QUIL,   )        A     mutilated     statue     at 

PAS'QUIN,  <  "■  Rome,  in  a  corner  of  the 

palace  of  Ursini,  so  called  from  a  cobbler 

of  that  name  who  was  remarkable  lor  his 

sneers  and  gibes.     On   this  statue  it  has 

been   customary   to  paste  satiric   papers. 

Hence,  a  lampoon.  Encyc.     Cyc. 

PAS'QUIL,  }  To   lampoon  ;  to 

PAS'ULIN,  >    v.t.   satirize. 

PASUUINA  DE,  )  Burton. 

PAS'CillLER,  71.  A  lampooner.       Burton. 

PASUUINA'DE,  n.  A  lampoon  or  satirical 

writing.  Taller. 

P'ASS,   I',  i.    [Fr.  passer.  It.  passure,    Sp. 

pasar,    Port,    passar,  to   pass  ;    G.    pass, 

fit,  which  is  the  Eng.  pat,  and  as  a  noun, 

a  pass,  a  defile,  an  ambling,  pace  ;  passen, 

to  he  fit,  to  suit  ;  D.  pas,  a  pace,  a  step,  a 

pass,  a  passage,  a  defile,  time,  season  ;  van 

pas,  tit,  convenient, ;7a(  in  time;  passen,  to 

fit,  to  try,  to  mind,  tend,  or  wait  on,  to 

make  ready,  to  pass :  Dan.  pas,  a  pass  or 

passport,  a  mode  or  medium  ;  passer. 


grous,  a  species  of  Tetrao. 
PARTURIATE,    v.  i.    [L.  parturio,   from]|PAS'€HAL,     a. 
partus,  birth,   from  pario,   to   bear.]     To'      from  the  Ileb.] 
bring  forth  young.     [Little  used.]  ilPertaining  to  the  passover,  or  to  Easter. 

Vol.  II.  31 


be  fit,  to  suit,  to  be  applicable  ;  passerer, 
to  pass,  to  come  or  go  over ;  Sw.  pass,  a 
pass  or  passage,  a  passport  ;  passa,  to  fit, 
to  suit,  to  adapt,  to  become  ;  passeru,  to 
pass ;  W.  pas,  that  is  expulsive,  that  caus- 
es to  pass,  a  pass,  an  exit,  a  cough,  hoop- 
ing-cough ;  pasiaw,  to  pass,  to  cause  an 
exit,  to  expel  ;  Sp.  pasar,  to  pass,  go  or 
travel,  to  bring  or  convey,  to  penetrate, 
to  exceed  or  surpass,  to  depart,  to  suffer, 
bear,  undergo,  [L.;)(i(ior,  whence/;aMion,] 
to  happen  or  come  to  pass  ;  pasear,  to 
walk  ;  paseo,  a  walking,  a  gait ;  paso,  a 
pace,  a  step,  gait,  [Gr.  rtattu] ;  It.  passare, 
to  pass ;  passo,  a  jiace,  a  step ;  passabile, 
tolerable  ;  passibile,  suffering.  We  ob- 
serve that  this  word  unites  pass,  the  L. 
potior,  to  suffer,  and  peto,  competo,  in  the 
sense  of /(.  The  Gr.  naftu,  to  walk  or 
step,  and  ftaix",  to  suffer,  are  from  the 
same  root.  The  word  pass  coincides  with 
L.  passus,  a  step,  and  this  is  from  panda, 
to  exteiul :  n  being  casual,  the  original 
word  was  pado.  The  radical  sense  is  to 
stretch,  reach,  extend,  to  open  i  a  pace  is 
the  reach  of  the  foot,  and  fitness  is  from 
reaching  or  coming  to,  like  convenient. 
We  learn  from  this  word  that  the  sense  of 
suffering  is  from  extending,  holding  on,  or 


PAS 


PAS 


PAS 


continuing.    See  t02  in  the  introduction. 


5.  To  die  ;  to  depart  from  life. 


Ar.    Cili    to  pass;  Heb.  noS,  ytaS,   Cli 

y03.     Class  Bd.  No.  45.  64.  and  Bs  or  Bz. 
No.  53.  53.  70.] 

1.  To  move,  in  almost  any  manner ;  to  go 
to  proceed  from  one  place  to  another. 
A  man  may  pass  on  foot,  on  horseback  or 
in  a  carriage ;  a  bird  and  a  meteor  pass 
through  the  air;  a  ship  passes  on  or 
through  the  water ;  light  passes  from  the 
sun  to  the  planets;  it  passes  from  the  sun 
to  the  earth  in  about  eight  minutes. 

2.  To  move  from  one  state  to  another;  to 
alter  or  change,  or  to  be  changed  in  condi 
tion  ;  as,  to  pass  from  health  to  sickness ; 
to  pass  from  just  to  unjust.  Temple 

3.  To  vanish  ;  to  disappear  ;  to  be  lost.  Ii- 
this  sense,  we  usually  say,  to  pass  away. 

Beauty  is  a  charm,  but  soon  tlie  charui  will 
pass.  Dryden 

4.  To  be  spent ;  to  go  on  or  away  progress- 
ively. 

The  time  when  the  thing  existed,  is  the  idea 
of  that  space  of  duration  v/hich  passed  between 
some  fixed  period  and  the  being  of  that  ihing. 

Locke 

[Little  used.] 

Shak. 

6.  To  be  in  any  state  ;  to  undergo  ;  with  un- 
der; as,  to  ^ass  unrfer  the  rod. 

7.  To  be  enacted  ;  to  receive  the  sanction  of 
a  legislative  house  or  body  by  a  majority 
of  votes. 

Neither  of  these  bills  has  yet  passed  the 
house  of  commons.  Swift 

8.  To  be  current ;  to  gain  reception  or  to  be 
generally  received.  Bank  bills  pass  as  a 
substitute  for  coin. 

False  eloquence  passeth  only  where  true  is 
not  understood.  Felton. 

9.  To  be  regarded  ;  to  be  received  in  opin- 
ion or  estimation. 

This  will  not  pass  for  a  fault  in  him,  till  it  is 
proved  to  be  one  in  us.  Atterbury. 

10.  To  occur ;  to  be  present ;  to  take  place ; 
as,  to  notice  what  passes  in  the  mind. 

Waits. 

11.  To  be  done. 

Provided  no  indirect  act  pass  upon  our  pray- 
ers to  defile  Iheni.  Taylur. 

12.  To  determine;  to  give  judginenl  or  sen- 
tence. 

Though  well  we  may  not  pass  upon  his  life 

Hhak 

13.  To  thrust ;  to  make  a  push  in  fencing  or 
figlitin};.  Shak. 

14.  To  omit ;  to  suffer  to  go  unheeded  or 
neglected.  We  saw  the  act,  but  let  it 
pass. 

15.  To  move  through  any  duct  or  opening ; 
as,  substances  in  the  stomach  that  will  not 
passy  nor  be  converted  into  aliment. 

Jirhiithnot. 

16.  To  percohite  ;  to  he  secreted  ;  as  juice.* 
llirit  pass  from  the  glands  into  the  mouth. 

17.  To  be  in  a  tolerable  state. 

A  middling  sort  of  man  was  left  well  enough 
by  his  father  to  2^ass,  but  he  could  never  think 
he  had  enough,  so  long  as  any  had  more. 

VEstrange 

18.  To  be  transferred  from  one  owner  to 
another.  The  land  article  pawerf  by  live- 
ry and  seizin. 

V>.  To  go  beyond  bound.s.  Ohs.  For  this 
we  generally  use  surpass.  Shak 


90.  To  run  or  extend  ;  as  a  line  or  other 
thing.  The  north  limit  of  Massachusetts 
passes  three  miles  north  of  the  Merrimac. 

To  come  to  pass,  to  hajjpen  ;  to  arrive  ;  to 
come ;  to  be  ;  to  e.xist ;  a  phrase  much  us- 
ed in  the  Scriptures. 

To  pass  away,  to  move  from  sight ;  to  van- 
sh. 

2.  To  be  spent ;  to  be  lost. 

A  good  part  of  their  lives  passes  away  with- 
out thinking.  Locke. 

To  pass  by,  to  move  near  and  beyond.  He 
passed  hy  as  we  stood  in  the  road. 

To  pass  on,  to  proceed. 

To  pass  over,  to  go  or  move  from  side  to 
side  ;  to  cross ;  as,  to  pass  over  to  the  other 
side. 

To  pass  into,  to  unite  and  blend,  as  two  sub 
stances  or  colors,  in  such  a  manner  that 
it  is  impossible  to  tell  where  one  ends  and 
the  other  begins. 

P'.-VSS,  V.  t.  To  go  beyond.  The  sun  has 
passed  the  meridian.  The  young  man  has 
not  passed  the  age  of  frivolousness. 

2.  To  go  through  or  over;  as,  to/)ass  a  river. 

■i.  To  spend  ;  to  live  through  ;  as,  to  pass 
time  ;  to  pass  the  night  in  revelry,  and  the 
day  in  sleep. 

4.  To  cause  to  move ;  to  send ;  as,  to  pass 
the  bottle  from  one  guest  to  another ;  to 
pass  a  pauper  from  one  town  to  another 
to  pass  a  rope  round  a  yard  ;  to  pass  the 
blood  from  the  right  to  the  left  ventricle  of 
the  heart.  Derham. 

To  cause  to  move  hastily. 

I  had  only   time  to  pass  my  eye  over  the 
medals,  which  are  in  great  number. 

Addison 

6.  To  transfer  from  one  owner  to  another ; 
to  sell  or  assign  ;  as,  to  pass  land  from  A 
to  B  by  deed ;  to  pass  a  note  or  bill. 

7.  To  strain  ;  to  cause  to  percolate ;  as,  to 
pass  wine  through  a  filter.  Bacon 

8.  Til  utter  ;  to  pronounce  ;  as,  to  pass  com- 
pliments; to  ;)ass  sentence  or  judgment; 
to  pass  censure  on  another's  works. 

fi'atls. 

9.  To  procure  or  cause  to  go. 
Waller  passed  over   five  thousand  horse  anti 

foot  by  Newbridge.  Clarendon. 

10.  To  ])ut  an  end  to. 
This  night 


We'll  pass  the  business  privately  and  well. 

Shak 
11.  To  omit;  to  neglect  either  to  do  or  to 
mention. 

1  pass  their  warlike  pomp,  their  proud  array. 

Dryden 
19.  To  transcend  :  to  transgress  or  go  be 
yond  ;  as,  to  pass  the  bounds  of  modera 
tion. 

13.  To  admit ;  to  allow  ;  to  approve  and  re- 
ceive as  valid  or  just;  as,  to  pass  an  ac- 
count at  the  war-office. 

14.  To  approve  or  sanction  by  a  constitu- 
tional or  legal  majority  of  votes:  as,  the 
house  of  representatives  passed  the  bill 
Hence, 

15.  To  enact;  to  earry  through  all  the 
forms  necessary  to  give  validity  ;  as,  the 
legislature  passed  the  bill  into  a  law. 

16.  To  impose  fraudulently  ;  as,  she  passed 
the  child  on  her  husband  for  a  boy. 

Dryden. 

17.  To  practice  artfully  ;  to  cause  to  sue 
ceed  :  as,  to  pass  a  trick  on  one. 

18.  To  surpass ;  to  excel ;  to  exceed. 


19.  To  thrust ;  to  make  a  push  in  fencing. 
To   see   thee   fight,  to    see   thee   pass   thy 
puncto.  Shak. 

To  pass  away,  to  spend  ;  to  waste ;  as,  to 

pass  away  the  flower  of  life  in  idleness. 
To  pass  by,  to  pass  near  and  beyond. 

2.  'To  overlook  ;  to  excuse  ;  to  forgive  ;  not 
to  censure  or  punish  ;  as,  to  pass  by  a 
crime  or  fault. 

3.  To  neglect ;  to  disregard. 

Certain  passages  of  Scripture  we  cannot  ^Oj^ 
by  without  injury  to  truth.  Burnet. 

To  pass  over,  to  move  from  side  to  side ;  to 
cross  ;  as,  to  pass  over  a  river  or  mountain. 

2.  To  omit ;  to  overlook  or  disregard.  He 
passed  over  one  charge  without  a  reply. 

iP'ASS,  n.  [W.  pas.]  A  narrow  passage,  en- 
trance or  avenue ;  a  narrow  or  difficult 
l)lace  of  entrance  and  exit ;  as  a  pass  be- 
tween mountains.  Encyc.     Clarendon. 

2.  A  passage  ;  a  road.  Raleigh. 

3.  Permission  to  pass,  to  go  or  to  come  ;  a 
license  to  pass  ;  a  passport. 

A  gentleman  had  a  pass  to  go  beyond  the 
seas  Clarendon. 

A  ship  sailing  under  the  flag  and  pass  of  an 
enemy.  Kent. 

An  order  for  sending  vagrants  or  impo- 
tent persons  to  their  place  of  abode. 

Johnson. 

5.  In  fencing  and  fighting,  a  thrust ;  a  push; 
attempt  to  stab  or  strike  ;  as,  to  make  a 
pass  at  an  antagonist. 

6.  State ;  condition  or  extreme  case ;  ex- 
tremity. 

To  what  a  pass  are  our  minds  brought. 

Sidney. 
Matters  have  been  brought  to  this  pass — 

South. 

P'ASS-PARO'LE,   n.  [pass aad parole.]    In 

military  affairs,  a.  command  gi\en   at  the 

head   of  an  army   and   communicateil  by 

word  of  mouth  to  the  rear.  Encyc. 

P'AS!?ABLE,  a.  [It.  passabile.]    That  may 

be   ])asse(l,   traveled    or  navigated.     The 

roads   are   not  passable.     The   stream   is 

1    passable  in  boats. 

2.  Tliht  may  be  penetrated  ;  as  a  substance 
'    passable  by  a  fluid. 

;3.  Current;  receivable;  that  may  he  or  is 
transferred  fmm  hand  to  hand  :  as  hills 
passable  in  lieu  of  coin.  False  coin  is  not 
passable. 

4.  Pdpular  ;  well  received.  Bacon. 

5.  Sujiportable.  [This  should  be  pas.nble.Ti 
j  Dryden. 
P'ASSABLY,  adv.  Tolerably.     [See  Pass- 

ibly.] 
PASSA'DE,  t         .        ,        .t,      . 
PASSA'DO,  \  "•    A  P""''  °''  'h™^'- 
iPASSA'DE,  n.  [Fr.]  In  the  menage,  a  turn 
or  course  of  a  horse  backwards  or  tbr- 
j     wards  on  the  same  spot  of  ground. 
I  Encyc. 

P'ASSAtiE,  n.  [Fr.  passage;  Sp.  pasage  ; 
It.  passaggio.] 

1.  The  act  of  passing  or  moving  by  land  or 
water,  or  through  the  air  or  other  sub- 
stance ;  as  the  passage  of  a  man  or  a  car- 
riage ;  the^rtssage  of  a  ship  or  a  fowl ;  the 
passage  of  light  or  a  meteor;  the  passage 
of  fluids  thri'ugh  the  pores  of  the  body,  or 
from  the  glands.  Clouds  intercept  the 
passage  of  solar  rays. 

2.  The  titiie  of  passing  from  one  place  to 
another.     What  passage  had  you.'    We 


PAS 

had  a  passage  of  twenty  five  days  to 
Havre  de  Grace,  and  of  thirty  eight  days 
from  England. 

3.  Road ;  way  ;  avenue  ;  a  place  where  men 
or  things  may  pass  or  be  conveyed. 

And  with  liis  pointed  dart, 
Explores  tlieuearest/)Ossa^e  to  his  heart. 
■^  Jjryden. 

4.  Entrance  or  exit. 

What!   are   my  doors  opposed  against   my 
passage  ?  fihak. 

5.  Right  of  passing;  as,  to  engage  a.  passage 
on  board  a  ship  bound  to  India. 

6.  Occurrence;  event;  incident;  that  which 
'  happens  ;  as  a  remarkable  passage  in  the 

life  of  Newton.  [See  the  Spanish  verb, 
supra.     This  sense  is  obsolescent.] 

7.  A  passing  away  ;  decay.     [Little  used.] 

Skak. 
Intellectual   admittance  ;   mental   receii- 


8. 


tion. 


Among  whom  I  expect  this  treatise  will  have 
a  fairer  passage  than  among  those  deeply  im- 
bued with  other  principles.  X>i?6y. 

9.  Manner  of  being  conducted  ;  manage- 
ment. 

On  consideration  of  the  conduct  and  passage 
of  affairs  in  former  times —  Davits. 

10.  Part  of  a  book  or  writing  ;  a  single 
clause,  place  or  part  of  indelJnite  e.ictent. 

How  commentators  each  dark  passage  shun. 

Young. 

11.  Enactment;  the  act  of  carrying  through 
all  the  regular  forms  necessary  to  give  va- 
lidity ;  as  the  passage  of  a  law,  or  of  a  bill 
into  a  law,  by  a  legislative  body. 

Hopkinson.  Wheatori's  Rep.l 
Bird  of  passage,  a  fowl  that  passes  at  cer-l 
tain  seasons  from  one  climate  to  another, 
as  in  autumn  to  the  south  to  avoid  the 
winter's  cold,  and  in  spring  to  the  north 
for  breeding.  Hence  the  phrase  is  some- 
times applied  to  a  man  who  has  no  fixed 
residence. 

P>ASSA(iER,Ji.  [Fr.  from  passage;  It.  pas- 
saggiere.] 

A  traveler  or  voyager  ;  one  who  passes  or 
journeys  on  foot,  in  a  vehicle,  or  in  a  ship 
or  boat.  This  word  is  usually  written 
corruptly  passenger,  and  the  first  vowel  is 
oflen  short. 

P'ASSED,  }         Gone  by  ;  done  ;   accom- 

F'AST,        \  PP'  plished;  ended. 

2.  Enacted  ;  having  received  all  the  formal- 
ities necessary  to  constitute  a  law. 

P>ASSEN(SER,  n.  One  who  is  traveling, 
as  in  a  public  coach,  or  in  a  ship,  or  on 
foot.  This  is  the  usual,  though  corrupt 
orthogra|)hy. 

Passenger  falcon,  a  kind  of  migratory  hawk. 

Ainsworth. 

P^ASSER,  n.  One  that  passes  ;  a  passenger 

Rowe 

P'ASSERINE,  a.  [L.  passer,  a  sparrow." 
Pertaining  to  sparrows,  or  to  the  order  of 
birds  to  which  sparrows  belong,  the  Pas 
seres. 

PASSIBIL'ITY,  n.  [Fr.  passibiUti,  from 
passible.  See  Passion.] 

The  quality  or  capacity  of  receiving  impres- 
sions from  external  agents  ;  aptness  to  feel 
or  suffer.  Hfikewilt. 

PAS'SIBLE,  a.  [Fr.  passible  ;  It.  passibile. 
See  Passion.] 

Susceptible  of  feeling  or  of  impressions  from 
external  agents. 


PAS 

Apollinarius  held  even  Deity  to  be  passible. 

Hooker- 

PASSIBLENESS,  the  same  as  passibilily. 

P'ASSING,  ppr.  Moving  ;  proceeding. 
a.  Exceeding ;  surpassing ;  eminent. 

Fairfax. 

.3.  Adverbially  used  to  enforce  or  enhance 
the  meaning  of  another  word  ;  exceeding 
ly  ;  as  passing  fair ;  passing  strange. 

P^ASSING-BELL,  n.  The  bell  that  rings 
at  the  hour  of  death  to  obtain  prayers  for 
the /)nm;ig- soul.  It  is  also  used  for  the 
bell  that  rings  immediately  after  death. 

Suiijl. 

P'ASSINGLY,  adv.  E.\ceedingly.     Obs. 

Wickliffe. 

PASSING-NOTE,  n.  In  mtmc,  a  note  in 
troduced  between  two  others  for  the  pur- 
pose of  softening  a  distance  or  melodizing 
a  passage.  Busby. 

PAS'SION,  n.  [L.  passio,  from  patior,  to 
suffer.] 

1.  Tlie  impression  or  effect  of  an  external 
agent  upon  a  body;  that  which  is  suffered 
or  received. 

A  body  at  rest  affords  us  no  idea  of  any  ac 
live  power  to  move,  and  when  set  in  motion, 
it  is  rather  apassion  than  an  action  in  it. 

Locke 

2.  Susceptibility  of  impressions  from  exter- 
nal agents. 

The  differences  of  moldable  and  not  molda- 
ble,  &C.,  and  many  other  passions  of  matter 
are  plebeian  notioiii.     [Little  used.]        Bacon. 

3.  Suffering;  emphatically,  the  last  sufiering 
of  the  Savior. 

To  whom  also  he  showed  himself  alive  after 
his  passion,  by  many  infallible  proofs.      Acts  i. 

4.  The  feeling  of  the  mind,  or  the  sensible 
effect  of  impression  ;  excitement,  pertur- 
bation or  agitation  of  mind  ;  as  desire, 
fear,  hope,  joy,  grief,  love,  hatred.  The 
eloquence  of  the  orator  is  employed  to 
move  the  passions. 

Violent  agitation  or  excitement  of  mind, 
particularly  such  as  is  occasioned  by  ai 
offense,  injury  or  insult;  hence,  violent 
anger.  If'atts. 

Zeal;  ardor;  vehement  desire. 

When  statesmen  are  ruled  by  faction  and  in- 
terest, they  can  have  no  passion  for  the  glory 
of  their  country.  AMison. 

7.  Love. 

He  owned  \\\s  passion  for  Amestris.  Roive. 
Eager  desire  ;  as  a  violent  ;?aOTJO)i  for  fine 
clothes.  Sieifl. 

PAS'SION,  V.  i.  To  be  extremely  agitated. 
JVot  used.]  Shak. 

PAS'SION-FLOWER,  n.  A  flower  and 
plant  of  the  genus  Passiflora. 

PAS'SION-WEEK,  n.  The  week  iramedi 
ately   preceding   the    festival  of  Easter; 
so  called  because  in  that  week  our  Sav- 
ior's passion  and  death  took  place. 

PAS'SION.\RY,  n.  A  book  in  which  are 
described  the  sufierings  of  saints  and 
martyrs. 

PASSIONATE,    o.     [It 
passionne.] 

1.  Easily  moved  to  anger;  easily  excited  or 
agitated  by  injury  or  insult ;  applied  to  per- 
sons. 

Homer's  Achilles  is  haughty  and  passionate. 

Prior. 

•2.  Highly  excited  ;  vehement;  warm  ;  appli- 
ed to  things;  as  passionate  affection  ;  ;ra*- 
sionate  desire  :  passionate  concern 


H'arton. 
passionato ;    Fr. 


PAS 

3.  Expressing  strong  emotion  ;  animated  ; 
as  passionate  eloquence. 

'AS'SIONATE,  I',  t.  To  affect  with  pas- 
sion ;  to  express  passionately.  [Mot  used.] 
Spenser.     Shak. 

PAS'SIONATELY,  adv.  With  passion; 
with  strong  feeling  ;  ardently  ;  vehement- 
ly; as,  to  covet  any  tUiug  passionately ;  to 
be  passionately  fond. 

2.  Angrily;  wiiii  vehement  resentment ;  as, 
to  speak  Du.s.siona/e/i/. 

PAS'SIONA'1'ENESS,  n.  State  of  being 
subject  to  passion  or  anger. 

2.  Vehemence  of  mind.  Boyle. 

PAS'SIONED,  a.  Disordered;  violently  af- 
fected. Spenser. 
Expressing  passion.  Spenser. 

PAS'SIONLESS,  a.  Not  easily  excitctd  to 
anger  ;  of  a  calm  tein|)er.  Shellon. 

2.  Void  of  passion. 

P'ASSIVE,  a.  [It.  passivo;  Hyi.  pasivo;  Fr. 
passif;  L.  passivus,  from  passus,  patior,  to 
sufl'er.] 

1.  Suffering  ;  not  acting,  receiving  or  capa- 
ble of  receiving  impressions  from  external 
agents.  We  were  passive  spectators,  not 
actors  in  the  scene. 

The  mind  is  wholly  passive  in  the  reception 
of  all  its  simple  ideas.  Locke. 

God  is  not  in  any  respect  passive. 

Bradwardine. 
Unresisting;  not  opposing;  receiving  or 
suffering  without  resistance ;  as  passive 
obedience  ;  passive  submission  to  the  laws. 

Passive  verb,  in  granmiar,  is  a  verb  which 
expresses  passion,  or  the  effect  of  an  action 
of  some  agent;  as  in  L.  doceor,  I  am 
taught ;  in  English,  she  is  loved  and  ad- 
mired by  her  friends ;  he  is  assailed  by 
slander. 

Passive  obedience,  as  used  by  writers  on  gov- 
ernment, denotes  not  only  iiuiet  unresist- 
ing subini.ssion  to  power,  but  implies  tlie 
denial  of  the  right  of  resistance,  or  the  re- 
cognition of  the  duty  to  submit  in  all  ca- 
ses to  the  existing  government. 

Passive  prayer,  among  mystic  divines,  is  a 
suspension  of  the  activity  of  the  soul  or 
intellectual  faculties,  the  soul  remaining 
quiet  and  yielding  only  to  the  impulses  of 
grace.  Encye. 

Passive  commerce,  trade  in  which  the  pro- 
ductions of  a  country  are  carried  by  for- 
eiuners  in  their  own  bottoms.  [See  Active 
commerce.] 

P^ASSIVELY,  adv.  With  a  passive  nature 
or  temper;  with  a  temper  disposed  to  sub- 
mit to  the  acts  of  external  agents,  without 
resistance.  Dryden. 

2.  Without  agency.  Pearson. 

3.  According  to  the  form  of  the  passive  verb. 

Lilly. 

P^ASSIVENESS,  n.  Quality  of  receiving 
impressions  from  external  agents  or 
causes;  as  the  passiveness  of  matter. 

2.  Passibility  ;  capacity  of  suffering. 
We  shall  lose  om  passiveness  with  our  being. 

!  Decay  of  Piety. 

3.  Patience  ;  calmness  ;  unresisting  submis- 
I  sion.  Pell. 
PASSIV'ITY,  )!.  Passiveness,  which  see. 
I  [Little  used.]  Cheyne. 
,2.  The  tendency  of  a  body  to  persevere  in  a 

given  state,  either  of  motion   or  rest,  till 
disturbed  by  another  body.  Good. 

jP'ASSLESS,  a.  Having  no  passage. 

'  Cowley. 


PAS 


PAS 


PAT 


P'ASSOVER,  n.  [pass  and  over.]  A  feaat 
of  the  Jews,  instituted  to  commemorate 
tlie  (jrovidential  escape  of  the  Hehrews, 
in  Kgypt,  when  God  smiting  the  tirst-born 
of  the  Egyptians,  passed  over  the  houses 
of  the  Israelites,  which  were  marked  witli 
the  blood  of  the  pasclial  lamb. 

2.  The  sacrifice  offered  at  the  feast  of  the 
passover. 

P'ASSPORT,  n.  [Fr.  passeport ;  passer,  to 
pass,  and  porter,  to  carry  ;  It.  passaporto  ; 
Sp.  pasaporte.] 

1.  A  written  license  from  a  king  or  other 
proper  authority,  granting  permission  or 
safe  conduct  for  one  to  pass  through  his 
territories,  or  to  pass  from  one  country  to 
another,  or  to  navigate  a  particular  sea 
without  hindrance  or  molestation. 

2.  A  license  for  importing  or  exporting  con- 
traband goods  or  movables  without  pay 
ing  the  usual  duties. 

3.  That  which  enables  one  to  pass  with 
safely  or  certainty. 

His  passport  is  his  innocence  and  grace. 

Iht/ileii. 
PAS'SY-MEA.SURE,    n.     [It.    pasamezzo, 

middle  pace  or  step.] 
An  old  stately  kind  of  dance;  a  cinque-pace. 
Obs.  Shak. 

P'AST,  pp.  of  pass.  Gone  by  or  beyond  ; 
not  present ;  not  future. 

2.  Spent;  ended;  accomplished. 
PWST,   n.    Elliptically,  past   time ;    as   in- 
demnity for  the  past.  Fenton. 

P"AST,  prep.  Beyond  in  time.     Heb.  xi. 

3.  Having  lost ;  not  |)ossessing ;  as,  he  was 
past  sense  of  feeling. 

3.  Beyond;  out  of  reach  of;  as,  he  was  past 
cure  or  help. 

Love,  when  once  ;)ast   government,  is   con- 
sequently pasf  shame.  L' Estrange. 
-I.  Beyond  ;  further  than  ;  as  past  the  bound- 
ary. 
5.  Above  ;  more  than. 

The  northern  Irish  Scots  have  bows  not  past 
three  quarters  of  a  yard  long.  Speriser. 

[JVot  now  used.] 
C.  Alter;  beyond    in  time.      The  company 
assembled  at   half  past  seven,  that  is,  at 
half  an  hour  after  seven. 
P.\STE,  n.  [Fv.  pate,  for  paste  ;  It.  Sp.  pas- 
la.    Q,u.  L. /)is(iis,  or  Gr.   rtasou,  to  sprin- 
kle, or  some  root  which   signifies  to   mix 
anil  knead.] 
1.  .\  soft  composition  of  substances,  as  flour 
moistened  with  water  or  milk  and  knead- 
ed, or  any  kind   of  earth  moistened   and 
formeil  to  the  consistence  of  dough.  Paste 
made  of  flour  is  used   in  cookery  ;  paste 
madi;  of  flour  or  earth,  is  used  in  various 
arts  and  manufactures,  as  a  cement. 
3.  An  artificial  mixture  in  imitation  of  pre 
cious  stones  or  gems,  used  in  the   glass 
trade.  Eiicyc 

3.  In  nmieralogy,  the  mineral  substance  in 

wliii'li  other  minerals  are  imbedded. 
PASTE,  V.  t.  To  unite  or  cement  with  paste; 
to  fasten  with  paste.  Halts. 

PASTEBOARD,  n.  A  species  of  thick  pa- 
per furmed  of  scver.-d  single  sheets  pasted 
one  upon  another,  or  by  macerating  paper 
and  casting  it  in  m'>lds,  &c.  It  is  used  for 
the  covering  of  hooks,  fur  bonnets,  &c. 
PAS'TEL,  n.  A  plant,  the  woad,  of  the  ge 

mis  Isatis.  Ed.  Kin-yc.     JlinsworlhJ 

2.  A  coloring  subsluncc.     [Sp.]  | 


PAS'TERN,  71.  [Fr.  pdluron.]  The  part  of 
a  horse's  leg  between  the  joint  next  the 
foot  and  the  coronet  of  the  hoof      Encyc. 

2.  The  human  leg;  in  contempt.       Dryden. 

PAS'TERN-JOINT,  n.  The  joint  in  a 
horse's  leg  next  the  foot. 

PASTl€'CIO,  n.    [It.]  A  medley ;  an  olio. 

Swinburne. 

PAS'TIL,   n.    [L.  paslillus;    It.   pastiglia ; 
Fr.  pastille.  See  Paste.) 
A  roll  of  paste,  or  a  kind  of  paste  made  of 
dift'erent  colors  ground   with  gum-water 
in  order  to  make  crayons.  Encyc 

2.  In  pharmacy,  a  dry  composition  of  sweet 
smelling  resins,  aromatic  woods,  &c.  burnt 
to  clear  and  scent  the  air  of  a  room 

Encyc. 

P^ASTIME,   n.    [pass    and    time.]     Sport 
amusement;       diversion;      that      which 
amuses   atid   serves   to   make   time   pass 
agreeahlv.  Millon.     Watts 

P' AST! ME,  v.i.  To  sport ;  to  use  diversion, 
[Little  %ised.] 

P'ASTOR,  n.  [L.  from  pasco,  pastum,  to 
feed,  Gr.  fjosxu,  W.  pesgi,  Arm.  pasqa 
Fr.  paitre,  for  paislre,  like  naitre,  from 
li.nasco;  Russ.  pastovw/u,  pasu.  It  seems 
to  be  allied  to  bush,  D.  bosch,  G.  busch,  Sw 
buska.  Dun.  busk,  as  browse  is  to  brush  ; 
It.  brusca  ;  Gr.  (jpujjcw.] 

1.  A  shepherd;  one  that  has  the  care  of 
flocks  and  herds.  Dryden. 

2.  A  minister  of  the  gospel  who  has  the 
charge  of  a  church  and  congregation, 
whose  duty  is  to  watch  over  the  people  of 
his  charge,  and  instruct  them  in  the  sa- 
cred doctrines  of  the  christian  religion. 

South.     Swift. 
PASTORAL,  a.  [h. pastoralis.]  Pertaining; 
to  shepherds  ;  as  a  pastoral  life  ;  pastoral'^ 
manners. 

2.  Descriptive  of  the  life  of  shepherds;  as  a 
pastoral  poem. 

3.  Relating  to  the  care  of  souls,  or  to  the 
pastor  of  a  church  ;  as  pastoral  care  or; 
duties  ;  a  pastoral  letter.  i 

Hooker.     Dryden.] 
Piety  is  the  life  and  soul  o( pastoral  fidelity- 
H  Humptirey.' 
P'ASTORAL.  n.    A  poem   describing     ' 
life  and  manners  of  shepherds,  or  a  poein 
in  imitation  of  the  action   of  a  shepherd, 
and   in    which    the   speakers    take    upon 
thetnselves   the  character   of  shepherds  ; 
an  idyl  ;  a  bucolic.  Pope. 

A  pastnral  is  a  poem  in  which  any  action  or 
passion  is  represented  by  its  effects  on  a  country 
life.  Rambler. 

ASTORATE,  n.    The  ofliee,  state  or  ju- 
risdiction of  a  spiritual  pastor. 

President  Stiles.     Tooke. 


P'ASTORLIKE,   )       Becoming  a  pastor. 
P'ASTORLY,        S  "■  Milton. 

Pv\STORSHIP,  n.  The  office   or  rank  of 

pastor.  BiM.!  3- 

PASTRY,  II.  [from  paste.]  Things  in  gen-l 

eral  which  are  made  of  paste,  orof  whiclij 

])aste  con.stitules  a   principal    ingredient,! 

as  pies,  tarts,  cuke  and  the  like.  ! 

2.  Tlie  place  where  pastry  is  made.      Shak.^ 

PaSTRY-€POK,  n-  O'lo  whose  occnpa-i 
tion  is  to  make  and  sell  articles  made  of 
paste.  .■Irbuthnot.i 

P'ASTURABLE,  a.  [froin  pasture.]  Fit  for| 
pasture.  1 


P'ASTURA(iE,  n.  [Fr. pdturage.  See  Pas- 
ture.] 

1.  The  business  of  feeding  or  grazing  cattle. 

Spenser. 

!2.  Grazing   ground;    land   appropriated   to 

1     grazing.  Addison. 

3.  Grass  for  feed.  Arhuthnot. 

P'ASTURE,  n.  [Ft.  pdture,  for  pasture,  from 
L.  pasco,  pastum,  to  feed,  Gr.  douxu.] 

1.  Grass  for  the  food  of  cattle ;  the  food  of 
cattle  taken  by  grazing.  Brown. 

2.  Ground  covered  with  grass  appropriated 
for  the  food  of  cattle.  The  farmer  has  a 
hundred  acres  nf  pasture.  It  is  sometimes 
called  paslure-laitd. 

3.  Human  culture ;  education.     [JVol  used.] 

Dryden. 

Common  of  pasture,  is  the  right  of  feeding 
cattle  on  another's  ground. 

PASTURE,  V.  t.  To  feed  on  grass  or  to 
supply  grass  for  food.  We  apply  the  word 
to  persons,  as  the  farmer  pas'ures  fifty 
oxen  ;  or  to  ground,  as  the  land  will  pas- 
ture fifty  oxen. 

P^ASTURE,  t'.  i.  To  graze;  to  take  food 
by  eating  grass  from  the  ground.     Milton. 

P.ASTY,  a.  Like  paste ;  of  the  consistence 
of  paste.  Cooper. 

PASTY,  n.  [from  paste.]  A  pie  made  of 
paste  and  baked  without  a  dish. 

Pope.     King. 

PAT,  (I.  [G.pass;  D.pas.  See  Fit  and  Pass.] 
Fit ;  convenient ;  exactly  suitable  either 
as  to  time  or  place.  [Not  an  elegant  word, 
but  admissible  in  burlesque.] 

Atterbury.     Swifl. 

P.\T,  adv.  Fitly;  conveniently.  Shak. 

PAT,  n.  [VV.  fat,  a  blow  ;  fi'tiaw,  to  strike 
lightly,  to  pal.    Qn.  Fr.  patte.] 

A  light  quick  blow  or  stroke  with  the  fin- 
gers or  hand. 

P.\T,  II.  t.  To  strike  gently  with  the  fingers 
or  hand  ;  to  tap. 

Gay  pats  my  shoulder  and  you  vanish  quite. 

Pope. 

PATA'CA,        I  ,,    [from  the  Sp.]    A  Span- 

PATAeOON',  ^  "•  ish  coin  of  the  value  of 
4s.  8d.  sterling,  or  about  $1,04  cents. 

Sp.  Did. 
th"ei;PATA'CHE,    n.    [Sp.]    A  tender  or  small 
vessel  employed    in  conveying  njen  or  or- 
ders from  one  ship  or  place  to  another. 

Sp.  Diet. 

P.\TAVIN'ITY,  n.  The  use  of  local  words, 
or  the  peculiar  style  or  diction  of  Livy, 
the  Roman  historian ;  so  denominated 
from  Patavium  or  Padua,  the  place  of  his 
nativity.  Encyc.     Lempricre. 

P.VTCII,  n.  [It.  pezza,  a  piece,  Fr.  piice, 
Arm.  pez,  Sp.  piezn.     Qu.] 

1.  A  piece  of  cloth  seweil  on  a  garment  to 
repair  it.  Dryden. 

2.  A  small  piece  of  any  thing  used  to  repair 
a  breach. 

A  small  piece  of  silk  used  to  cover  a  de- 
fect on  the  face,  or  to  add  a  charm. 

A  piece  inserted  in  mosaic  or  variegated 
work.  Locke. 

A  small  piece  of  ground,  or  a  small  de- 
tacheil  piece.  Shak. 

A  paltry  fellow.  This  use  is  sometimes 
heard   in  vulgar   language ;    as   a    cross- 


4. 


(J. 


patch. 
P.ATCIl,   !'.    t     To   mend   by  sewing  on    i 

piece  or  pieces;  as,  lo patch  a  coat. 
2.  To  adorn  with  a  jiatch  or  with  patches. 


with  a 
coiriposed 


Shnk. 
piece 


PAT 

In  the  middle  boxes  were  several  ladies  whol 
patched  both  sides  of  their  faces.         Spectator  J 

3.  To  iiiena  with  pieces;  to  repair clumMily-i 

Shak: 

4.  To  repair  with  pieces  fastened  on  ;  as,  to 
patcli  the  roof  of  a  house. 

5.  To  makeup  of  pieces  and  shreds. 

Raleigh.  ^ 

6.  To  dress  in  a  party-colored  coat.       Shak.^ 

7.  To  make  suddetily  or  hastdy;  to  make 
without  regard  to  forms ;  as,  to  patch  up  a 
peace.  . 

PATCU'ED,  pp-  Mrnded   with   a  patch  or 

patches  ;  tiiended  clumsily. 
PATCH'ER,  n.  One  that  patches  orbotches. 
PATCH'ERY,  n.    Bungling    work;  botch- 

ery;  forgery. 
PATCH'ING,  ppr.  Mending 

or  pieces ;  botching. 
PATCH'WORK,    n.    Work 

pieces  of  various  figures  sewed  together. 

Sivifl 
2.  Work  composed  of  pieces  clumsily  put 

together.  Sidjl. 

PATR,  n.  [Qu.  Ir.  balhas,  a  top  ;  or  Sp.   It. 

patena.'\ 

1.  The  licad,  or  rattier  the  top  of  the  head  ; 
applied  to  persons,  it  is  now  used  in  con- 
tempt or  ridicule. 

2.  The  skin  of  a  calf's  head. 

3.  hi  fortification,  a  kind  of  platform  resem- 
bling what  is  called  a  horse  shoe.      Encyc. 

PA'TED,  a.  In  composition,  having  a  pate; 

as     long-p«<erf,    cunning ;    siiMow -pated, 

having  weak  intellect. 
PATEE',      }       III  heraldry,  a  cross  small 
PATTEE',  y^'  in  the  center,  and  widening 

to  the  extremities  which  are  broad. 

Encyc. 
PATEFAC'TION.  n.  [L.  patefactio  ;  pat'eo, 

to  open,  antifrtcio,  to  make.] 
The   act  of  opening   or   manifesting ;  open 

declaration.  Pearson. 

PATEL  l.IFORM,   a.   [L.  patella,   a  dish 

and/orm  ]     Of  the  form  of  a  dish  or  sau 

cer.  Barton. 

PAT'ELLITE,    n.    Fossil   remains  of  the 

patella,  a  shell. 
PAT'EN,  (       [L.  patina.]    A  plate.     [JVot 
PAT'IN,   s"'  used.]  Shak. 

2.  In  the   Romish  cinirch.  the   cover  of  the 

chalice,  used  for  holding  particles   of  the 

host.  '  Bp.  Bedell. 

PAT'ENT,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  palens,  fiom;)a- 

<co,  to  open  ;  Gr. 


PAT 


rtfTouj,  Ch.  nrO  to  open,' 
dilate  or  expand  ;  Syr.  Sam.  id.  Class  Bd.l 
No.  63.  C4.  05.]  Open  ;  spread  ;  expanded. 

1.  In  botany,  spreading  ;  liirming  an  acute 
angle  with  the  stem  or  branch  ;  asapalent 
leaf.  Martyn. 

Q.  Open  to  the  perusal  of  all ;  as  letters /)a<- 
e?i(.     [See  Letter.] 

3.  Appropriated  by  letters  patent. 

M.uiiier — in  the  time  of  Charles  tlie  first,  was 
made  \\ patent  coininodity-  Mortimer.^. 

4.  Apparent ;  conspicuous.  Horsetey. 
PAT'ENT,  n.  A  writing  given  by  the  pnip-j 

er  authority  iiiid  duly  authenticated,! 
granting  a  privilege  to  some  person  or  per-1 
sons.  By  patent,  or  letters  patent,  that  is, 
open  letter.-;,  the  king  of  Great  Brit.ain 
sraiits  hinds,  honors  and  fiuncliises 
PAT'ENT,  V.  I.  To  grant  by  patent. 

2.  To  secure  tlie  exclusive  right  of  a  thing 


PAT'ENTED,  p/>.  Granted  by  patent;  se- 
cured by  patent  or  by  law  as  an  exclusive 
privilege. 
IPATENTEE',  n.  One  to  whom  a  grant  is 
made  or  a  [irivilege  secured  by  patent  or 
by  law. 

PAT'EiN'TING,  ;)/)r.  Granting  by  patent; 
securing  as  a  privilege. 

PATEN'r-ROLLS,  n.  The  records  or  reg- 
isters of  patents. 

PATERN '.A!-,  a.  [Fr.  patemel;  L.  pater- 
nus.  li-uni  pater,  father.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  father;  fatherly;  as  pa- 
ternal care  or  affection;  paternal  favor  or 
admonition. 

2.  Derived  from  the  father  ;  hereditary  ;  as  a| 
paternal  estate.  On/den.     Mdison.] 

PATERN'ITY,  n.  [Ft.paternite  ;  U.  pater- 
nita.]  Falhci-ship  ;  the  relation  of  a  fath- 
er. 

The  world,  while  it  had  scarcity  of  people, 
undeiwciit  no  other  dominion  than  paternity 
anil  eldership.  Rnleinh. 

PA'TERNOSTER,  n.  [L.  our  father.]  The 
Lord's  prayer. 

PWTU,  n.  ("ilii.  paths.  [Sax.  path,  path,  or 
paad.paat :  li.  pad  ;  G . pfad ;  Sum^.  patha  ; 
Gr.  rtaroj,  Irniii  nariw,  to  tread.  Tlic  sense 
of  path  is  beaten,  trod ;  but  the  primary 
sense  of  treacling,  stepping,  is  probably  to 
open,  stretch,  extend.] 

1.  A  way  beaten  or  troilden  by  the  feet  of 
man  or  beast,  or  made  hard  by  wheels ; 
that  part  of  a  higlnvay  on  which  animals 
or  carriages  ordinarily  pass;  applied  to  the 
(ground  only,  and  never  to  a  paved  street  in 
a  city. 

2.  Any  narrow  way  beaten  by  the  foot. 
|3.  The  way,  course  or  track  where  a  body 

moves  in  the  atinnsplicre  or  in  space;  as 
the  path  of  a  planet  or  comet ;  the  path  of 
a  meteor. 

4.  A  way  or  passage. 

5.  Course  of  life. 
He  maikcth  all  my  paths.     Job  xxxiii. 

ti.  Precepts  ;  rules  prescribed. 
]  Uphold  my  goings  in  thy  paths.     Ps.  xvii. 

7.  Course  of  providential  dealings ;  moral 
government. 

All  the  paths  of  the  Lord  are  mercy  and  tnith 

to  such  as  keep  his  covenant.     Ps.  xxv. 

P'ATH,  V.  t.    [Sax.  peththinn.]     To   make 

a  path  by  treading ;  to  beat  a  path,  as  in 

snow.  (J.  States. 

2.  To   push  forward  ;    to   cause   to  go ;   to 

make  way  for.  Shak. 

P>ATII,  v.'i.  To  walk  abroad.  Shak. 

PATllET'Ie,        I         [Gr.  jtoSijrueos,  from 

PATHETTCAL,  ^"'  «a9of,  passion  ;  naax^, 

to  suft"er.] 
Affecting  rjr  moving  the  passions,  particu- 
larly  pity,  sorrow,  grief  or  other  tender 
emotion  ;  as  a  pathetic  song  or  discourse 
pathetic  expostulation.  Spectator. 

No  theory  of  the  passions  can  teach  a  man  to 
be  pathctk.  E.  Porter. 

P.\THET'I€,  n.  Style  or  manner  adapted 
to  awaken  the  [lassions,  especially  tender 
emotions. 

A  musician  at  Venice  is  said  to  have  so  ex- 
celled in  the  pathetic,  as  to  be  able  to  play  any 
of  his  auditors  into  distraction.  Encyc. 

PATHET'ICALLY,  ailv.  In  such  a  manner 


PAT 

P'ATHFL'?,  n.  A  fly  found  in  tbot-paths. 
PATIl'lC,  n.    [from  the  Gr.  naOof.]    A   cat- 
amite;  a  male  that  submits  to  the  crime 
against  nature.  Gillies. 

P'ATIILESS,  a.  Having  no  beaten  way; 
untrodden  ;  as  a  pathless  forest ;  a  pathless 
coast.  Prior. 

PATHOGNOMONIC,  a.  [Gr.  naBoyv^iu)v- 
ijcoj  ;  TtoSoj,  passion  or  suflering,  and 
yvu^fx^v,  troiii  yt^ujixw,  to  know.] 
Indicating  that  which  is  inseparable  from  a 
disease,  being  found  in  that  ami  in  no  oth- 
er; hence,  indicating  that  by  which  a  dis- 
ease may  be  certainly  known  ;  character- 
istic; as pnthuj^nomonic  symptoms. 
PATHOG  NOMY,  n.  [Gr.  Jiaeoj  and  yvupr;, 

sigiiiticatioii] 

Expression  of  the  passions  ;  the  science  of 

the  signs  by  which   human  passions  arc 

indicated.  Goorf. 

PATIIOLOU'IC,        I         [See   Pathology.] 

PATHOLOGICAL,  S         Pertaining  to  pa- 

tliologv. 
PATHOLOGICALLY,  adv.  In  the  manner 

of  |)atliiili>gy. 
PATIKJL'OgIST,  n.  One  who  treats  of  pa- 
thology. 
PATHOLOGY,  n.  [Gr.  «o9o;,  passion,  suf- 
1      Icring,  and  Xoyo;,  discourse.] 
That  part  of  medicine  whicli  explains  the 
nature  of  diseases,  their  causes  anil  synip- 
toms ;  or  the  doctrine  of  the  causes  and 
nature  of  diseases,  comprehending  nosolo- 
gy, etiology,  symptomatology,  and  thera- 
peutics. Encyc.     Core. 
PA'THOS,  n.    [Gr.  from   na^X",  to  suffer.] 
Passion  ;    warmth    or  vehemence,    in    a 
speaker;  or  in  language,  that  which  ex- 
cites emotions  and  [lassions.  Mason. 
PATHWAY,  n.  A  path;  usually,  a  narrow 
way  to  be  passed  on  toot.  Gay. 
2.  Away;  a  course  of  life.   Prov.  xii. 
P.\T'IBLE,  a.   [L.  patibilis,  froia  potior,  to 

suffer.] 
Suffcrable  ;  tolerable  ;  that  may  be  endured. 
I     [.Vol  used.]  Did. 

P.\TIB  LLARY,  a.    [Fr.  patibulaire,  from 
I     L.  patUndum,  a  gallows.] 
Belonging  to  the  gallows,  or  to  execution  oti 
I     the  cross.  Diet. 

P.VriENCE,  n.pa'shens.  [Fr.  from  h.pati- 
entia,  (torn  pallor,  to  suffer;  \t.  pazienza  ; 
Sp.  Port,  paciencia.  The  primary  sense 
is  continuance,  holding  out,  from  extend- 
ing. Hence  we  see  the  connection  be- 
tween pass,  and  L.  pando,  passus,  and  Gr. 
rtoTfu.     See  Pass.] 

1.  The  suffering  of  afflictions,  pain,  toil,  ca- 
lamity, provocation  or  other  evil,  with  a. 
calm,  unruffled  temper  ;  endurance  with- 
out niiirmiiring  or  trcifulness.  Patience 
may  sprinij  from  constimtional  fortitude, 
from  a  kind  of  heroic  pride,  or  from  chris- 
tian siilimission  to  the  divine  will. 

2.  .■V  calm  temper  which  bears  evils  without 


as  to  excite  the  tender  passions, 
to  a  person;  as,  to  patent  an  invention  oVIjPATHET'ICALNESS,  n.   The   quality  of 
an  original  work  to  the  author.  f|     moving  the  tender  passions. 


nnirmurinir  or  discontent. 
.  The  act  or  quality  of  waiting  long  lor  jus- 
tice or  expected  good  without  discontent. 
Have  patience  with  me,  and  I  will  pay  thee 
all.    Malt,  xviii. 

.  Perseverance ;  constancy  in  labor  or  ex- 
ertion. 

He  learnt  veilh  patience,  and  with  meekness 
taught.  Harte 


P  A  T 


P  A  T 


PAT 


5.  The  quality  of  bearing  offenses  and  inju- 
ries without  anger  or  revenge. 

His  rage  was  kindled  and  his  patience  gone. 

Harte 

6.  Sufferance  ;  permission.    [JVot  used.] 

Hooker. 

7.  A  plant,  a  species  of  rumex  or  dock. 

Mortimer. 

PATIENT,  a.  pa'skent.    [Fr.  from  L.  pa- 

tiens.] 

1.  Having  the  quality  of  enduring  evils  with- 
out murmuring  or  fretfulness;  sustaining 
afflictions  of  body  or  mind  with  fortitude, 
calmness  or  christian  submission  to  the  di- 
vine will ;  as  a  patient  person,  or  a  person 
oV patient  temper.  It  is  followed  by  o/"  be- 
fore the  evil  endured  ;  as  patient  of  labor 
or  pain  ;  patient  of  heat  or  cold.  Ray. 

2.  Not  easily  provoked ;  calm  under  the  suf- 
ferance of  injuries  or  offenses ;  not  re- 
vengeful. 

Be  patient  towards  all  men.  1  Thess.  v. 

3.  Persevering;  constant  in  pursuit  or  exer- 
tion ;  calmly  diligent. 

Whatever  I  have  done  is  due  to  patient 
thought.  JVewton 

4.  Not  hasty  ;  not  over  eager  or  impetuous  ; 
waiting  or  expecting  with  calmness  or 
without  discontent. 

J<lol  jiatient  to  expect  the  turns  of  fate. 

Pri<jr. 
PA'TIENT,   n.  A  person  or  thing  that  re- 
ceives impressions  from  external  agents  ; 
he  or  that  which  is  passively  affected. 

Malice  is  a  passion  so  impetuous  and  precip- 
itate, that  it  often  involves  the  agent  and  the 
patient.  Gov.  of\he  Tongue. 

2.  A  person  diseased  or  suffering  bodily  in- 
disposition. It  is  used  in  relation  to  the 
physician  ;  as,  the  physician  visits  his  pa- 
tient morning  and  evening. 

3.  It  is  sometimes  used  absolutely  for  a  sick 
person. 

It  is  wonderful  to  observe  how  inapprehen- 
sive  these  ^a(("t*?i/s  are  of  their  disease. 

Blackmore. 

PA'TIENT,  V.  I.  To  compose  one's  self 
[JVot  used.]  Shak. 

PA'TIENTLY,  adv.  With  calmness  or  com 
posure  ;  without  discontent  or   murmur 
ing.     Submit  ^ah'en%  to  the  unavoidable 
evils  of  life. 

2.  With  calm  and  constant  diligence  ;  as,  to 
examine  a  subject  patiently. 

3.  Without  agitation,  uneasiness  or  discon 
tent;  without  undue  haste  or  eagerness; 
as,  to  wait  patiently  for  more   favorable 
events. 

PATIN.'    [See  Paten.] 

PAT'LY,  adv.  [from  pat.]  Fitly ;  conven' 
iently. 

PAT'NESS,  »i.  [from  pat]  Fitness;  suita- 
bleness ;  convenience.  Barrotv. 

PA'TRIARCH,  71.  [L.  patriarcha  ;  Gr.  rta- 
T'piap;^»;;;  Katpia,  a  family,  from  rtariyp, 
father,  and  op;fos,  a  chief] 

1.  The  fatlier  and  ruler  of  a  family  ;  one 
who  governs  by  paternal  right.  It  is  usu- 
ally applied  to  the  progenitors  of  the  Is- 
raelites, Abraham,  Isaac,  Jacob  and  the 
sons  of  Jacob,  or  to  the  heads  of  families 
before  the  flood  ;  as  the  antediluvian  pa 
triarclis. 

2.  A  learned  and  distinguished  character 
among  the  Jews. 

3.  In  the  christian  church,  a  dignitary  supe 


rior  to  the  order  of  archbishops ;  as  the 
patriarch  of  Constantinoi)le,  of  Alexan- 
dria, or  of  Ephesus. 

PATRIAR€H'AL,  ?       Belonging  to  patri-l 

PATRIAR€H'I€,  ^  "•  archs  ;  possessed  by 
patriarchs;  an  patriarchal  power  or  juris- 
diction; a  patriarchal  see. 

2.  Subject  to  a  patriarch  ;  as  a  patriarchal 
church. 

Patriarchal  cross,  in  heraldry,  is  that  where 
the  shaft  is  twice  crossed,  the  lower  arms 
being  longer  than  the  upper  ones. 

Enci/c. 

PA'TRIARCHATE,    )      The  ofBce,  digiii- 

PA'TRIARCHSHIP,  S"-ty  or  jurisdiction 
of  a  patriarch  or  ecclesiastical  superior. 

Selden.     .lyliffe. 

PA'TRIARCHY,  n.  The  jurisdiction  of  a 
patriarch  ;  a  patriarchate.  Brercwood. 

PATRI"C1AN,  a.  [Fi.  patricien  ;  L.  patri- 
cius,  from  pater,  father.] 

Senatorial ;  noble  ;  not  plebeian.  This  epi- 
thet is  derived  from  the  Roman  patres, 
fathers,  the  title  of  Roman  senators ;  as 
patrician  birth  or  blood  ;  patrician  fam- 
ilies. Addison. 

PATRI"CL\N,  n.  A  nobleman.  In  the  Ro- 
man state,  the  patricians  were  the  de- 
scendants of  the  first  Roman  senators. 

PATRIMO'NIAL,  a.  [Fr.  See  Patrimony.] 
Pertaining  to  a  patrimony  ;  inherited  from 
ancestors  ;  as  a  patnmonial  estate. 

PATRIMO'NIALLY,  adv.  By  inheritance. 

Davenant. 

PAT'RIMONY,  n.  [L.  patrimonium,  from 
pater,  father.] 

1.  A  right  or  estate  inherited  from  one's  an- 
cestors. Dryden. 

2.  A  church  estate  or  revenue  ;  as  St.  Pe- 
ter's patrimony. 

PAT'RIOT,  n.  [Fr.  patriate,  from  L.  pati-ia, 
one's  native  country,  from  pater,  father.] 

A  person  who  loves  his  country,  and  zeal- 
ously supports  and  defends  it  and  its  in- 
terests. 

Such  tears  as  patriots  shed  for  dying  laws. 

Pope.' 

PAT'RIOT,  a.  Patriotic;  devoted  to  the' 
welfare  of  one's  country  ;  as  patriot  zeal,  i 

PATRIOT'IC,  fl.  Full  of  patriotism  ;  actu- 
ated by  the  love  of  one's  country ;  as  a 
patriotic  hero  or  statesman. 

2.  Inspired  by  the  love  of  one's  country ; 
directed  to  the  public  safety  and  welfare ;' 
as  patriotic  zeal.  1 

PATRIOTISM,  n.  Love  of  one's  country  ;■ 
the  passion  which  aims  to  serve  one's! 
country,  either  in  defending  it  from  inva-' 
sion,  or  protecting  its  rights  and  main- 
taining its  laws  and  institutions  in  vigori 
and  purity.  Patriotism  is  the  character- 
istic of  a  good  citizen,  the  noblest  passion 
that  animates  a  man  in  the  character  of  a 
citizen. 

PATRIS'TIC,        )      [from  L.  pater,  patres, 

PATRIS'TICAL,  S  ""  fathers.] 

Pertaining  to  the  ancient  fathers  of  the  chris- 
tian church.  M.  Stuart. 

PATROC'INATE,  t>.  t.  To  patronize.  [Not 

PATROCINA'TION,  n.  Countenance ;  sup- 
port.    [JVot  used.]  Hall.\ 

PATROL,     I      [Fr.patrouille:Sp.patrulta; 

PATROLL,  S  "■  Port,  patrulha.  See  the 
Verb.] 

1.  In  war,  a  round;  a  walking  or  marching 


round  by  a  guard  in  the  night,  to  watch  aed 
observe  what  passes,  and  to  secure  the 
peace  and  safety  of  a  camp  or  other  place. 

|2.  The  guard  or  persons  who  go  the  rounds 
for  observation  ;  a  detachment  whose  du- 
ty is  to  patroll. 

In  \  ranee,  there  is  an  army  of  patrols  to  se- 
cure her  fiscal  regulations.  Hamilton. 

PATROLL,  V.  i.  [Fr.  patrouiller,  to  paddle 
or  puddle,  to  patroll,  to  fumble ;  Sp.  pa- 
trullar.  Hence  the  word  seems  to  be 
formed  from  the  name  of  the  foot,  pad  or 
ped,  paw.  In  our  vulgar  dialect,  pad  is 
used  in  the  sense  of  walking  or  stepping 
about.    It  seems  to  be  allied  to  Gr.  rtortu.] 

To  go  the  rounds  in  a  camp  or  garrison  ;  to 
march  about  and  observe  what  passes  ;  as 
a  guard.  Encyc. 

PATROLLING,  ppr.  Going  the  rounds,  as 
a  guard. 

PAT' RON,  n.  [L.  paironus ;  Gr.  itatpuni,  fronj 
naTtjfi,  father.] 

1.  Among  the  Romans,  a  master  who  had 
freed  his  slave,  and  retained  some  rights 
over  him  after  his  emancipation ;  also,  a 
man  of  distinction  under  whose  protection 
another  placed  himself     Hence, 

2.  One  who  countenances,  supports  and  pro- 
tects either  a  person  or  a  work.         Prior. 

3.  In  the  church  of  Rome,  a  guardian  or  saint, 
whose  name  a  person  bears,  or  imder 
whose  special  care  he  is  placed  and  whom 
he  invokes ;  or  a  saint  in  whose  name  a 
church  or  order  is  founded.  Encyc. 

In  the  canon  or  common  law,  one  who  has 
the  gift  and  disposition  of  a  benefice. 

Encyc. 

5.  An  advocate  ;  a  defender ;  one  that  spe- 
cially countenances  and  supports,  or  lends 
aid  to  advance  ;  as  patrons  of  the  arts  ;  a 
patron  of  useful  undertakings;  the  pat- 
rons of  virtue.  Locke. 

6.  In  seamen''s  language,  the  commander  of 
a  small  vessel  or  passage-boat ;  also,  one 
who  steers  a  ship's  long  boat. 

PATRONAGE,  n.  Special  countenance  or 
support ;  favor  or  aid  afforded  to  second 
the  views  of  a  person  or  to  promote  a  de- 
sign. Sidney. 

2.  Guardianship,  as  of  a  saint.  Addison. 

3.  Advowson  ;  the  right  of  presentation  to  a 
church  or  ecclesiastical  benefice.      Encyc. 

PAT'RONAGE,  v.  t.  To  patronize  or  sup- 
port. [J\'ot  used.]  Shak. 
PAT'RONAL,  a.  Doing  the  office  of  a  pat- 
ron ;  protecting;  supporting;  favoring; 
defending.  [Little  used.]  Broion. 
PATRONESS,  n.  A  female  that  favors, 
countenances  or  supports. 

Now  night  came  down,  and  rose  full  soon 
That  7<a(roncss  of  rogues,  the  moon. 

lyumbiiWs  .WFingal. 

2.  A  female  guardian  saint. 

3.  A  female  that  has  the  right  of  presenting 
to  a  church  living. 

PATRONIZE,  !'.  t.  To  support;  to  coun- 
tenance; to  defend;  as  a  patron  his  client. 

2.  To  favor ;  to  lend  aid  to  j)romote ;  as  an 
undertaking.  Dryden. 

.3.  To  maintain;  to  defend  ;  to  support. 

This  idea  has  been  patronized  by  two  states 
only.  Hamilton. 

!P.\T'RONiZED.  pp.  Defended ;  supported ; 
I     favored ;  promoted. 
P.\TRONIZER,    71.     One    that    supports, 
i     countenances  or  favors. 


P  A  U 

PAT'RONIZING,p/)r.  Defenfling;  support- 
ing ;  favoring  ;  promoting. 
PAT'RONLESS,  a.  Destitute  of  a  patron. 

Shaflsbury. 

PATRONYM'le,  n.  [Gr.  narpu.'v/.ixos ;    L- 

palronijmkus ;  from  Gr.  rto/rr,f,  father,  and 

o^o^a,  nunie.] 
A  name  of  men  or  women  derived  from  that 

of  their  parents  or  ancestors ;  as  Tydides, 

the  son  of  Tydeus  ;  Pdidts,  the  son  of  Pe- 

leus,  that  is,  Acliilles.  Encyc. 

P.VP'TEN,  n.  [Fr.  patin,  probably  from  the 

name  of  the  foot.] 
1.  The  base  of  a  column  or  pillar. 

Ainsworth 
3.  A  wooden  shoe  with  an  iron  ring,  worn 

to  keep  the  shoes  from  the  dirt  or  mud. 
Camden.     Omj 
PAT'TEN-MAKER,   n.   One   that    makes 

pattens. 
PAT'TER,  V.  i.  [from  pa<,  to  strike  gently  ; 

or  Fr.  palie,  the  foot.] 
To  strike,  as  falling  drops  of  water  or  hail, 

with  a  quick  succession  of  small  sounds  ; 

as  pattering  hail.  Dryden. 

The  stealing  shower  is  scarce  to  palter  heaid. 

Thurnsvn. 

PAT'TERING,  ppr.  Striking  with  a  quick 

succession  of  small  sounds. 
PAT'TERN,  n.  [Fr.  patron  ;  Arm.  patroum  ; 

D.  patroon.     See  Patron.] 

1.  An  original  or  model  pro|)o.sed  for  imita 
tion  ;  the  archetype  ;  an  exemplar  ;  that 
which  is  to  he  cojiied  or  imitated,  either  in 
things  or  in  actions ;  as  the  pattern  of  a 
machine ;  a  pattern  of  patience.  Christ 
was  the  most  perfect  pattern  of  rectitude, 
patience  and  submission  ever  exhibited 
on  earth. 

2.  A  specimen ;  a  sample ;  a  part  showing 
the  figure  or  quality  of  the  whole ;  as  a 
pattern  of  silk  cloth. 

3.  An  instance;  an  example.  Hooker. 

4.  Any  thing  cut  or  formed  into  the  shape  of 
something  to  be  made  after  it. 

PAT'TERN,  V.  t.  To  make  in   imitation  of 

some  model ;  to  copy.  Shak 

9.  To  serve  as  an  example  to  be  followed. 

Shak. 
To  pattern  after,  to  imitate  ;  to  follow. 
PAT'TY,  n.  [Ft:  pate,  paste.]  A  little  pie. 
PAT'TY-PAN,  n.  A  pan  to  bake  a  little  pie 

in. 
PAT'ULOUS,  a.  [L.  patuluj,  from  pateo,  to 

be  open.] 
Spreading,  as  a  patulous  calyx  ;  bearing  the 

flowers  loose  or  dispersed,  as  a  patulous 

peduncle.  Lee.     J\Iartyn. 

PAUCIL'OQUY,  n.   [L.  pauais,  few,  and 

loquor,  to  speak.] 
The  utterance  of  few  words.     [L/ittlc   u^ed.] 
PAUTITY,   V.    [L.  paucitas,  from  paucus, 

few.] 

1.  Fewness;  smallness  of  number;   as  the 
pauci/i/ of  schools.  Hooker. 

2.  Smallness  of  quantity  ;  as  paucii)/ of  blood. 

Broivn. 
PAUM,  t'.  t.  To  impose  by  fraud  ;  a  corrup- 
tion of  palm.  Sm/l. 
PAUNCH,  n.   [Fr.  panse  ;    It.   Sp.  panza 
Port,  poll  ca  ;  D.   pens;    Ba.-^que,  pantza 
L.  panter.    Qii.  G.  it^a;(s(.]     The  belly  and 
its  contents. 
The  paunch,  in  ruminating  quadrupeds,  is 


P  A  V 

the  first  and  largest  stomach,  into  which 
the  food  IS  received  belore  rumination. 

Monro. 

PAUNCH,  V.  t.  To  pierce  or  rip  the  belly  ; 
to  eviscerate  ;  to  take  out  the  contents  of 
the  belly.  Hhuk.     Garth. 

PAUP'ER,  n.  [L.  pauper ;  F[.  pauvrt ;  Sp. 
pobre  ;  It.  povtro.] 

A  poor  person  ;  particularly,  one  so  indigent 
as  to  depend  on  the  parish  or  town  lor 
maintenance. 

PAUP'ERISM,  n.  The  state  of  being  poor 
or  destitute  of  the  means  of  support;  the 
state  of  indigent  persons  requiring  sup- 
port from  the  community.  The  increase 
of  pauperism  is  an  alarming  evil. 

PAUSE,  n.  pauz.  [L.  Sp.  It.  pausa  ;  Fr. 
pause;  D.  poos  ;  Hw.paus ;  ii.  Uaii.  pause  ; 
Gr.  novois,  Irom  Jiavup,  to  cease,  or  cause  to 
rest.] 

1.  A  stop ;  a  cessation  or  intermission  o( 
action,  of  speaking,  singing,  playing  or  the 
like  ;  a  tenqiorary  stop  or  rest. 

Hooker.    Locke 

ii.  Cessation  proceeding  from  doubt;  sus- 
pense. 

1  stand  in  pause  where  I  shall  first  begin. 

Shak. 

3.  Break  or  paragraph  in  writing.        Locke 

4.  A  temporary  cessation  in  reading.  The 
use  ol  puiii  Illation  is  to  mark  the  pauses 
in  writing.  In  verse,  there  are  two  kiiidsj 
of  pauses,  the  cesural  and  the  final.  The 
cesural  pause  divides  the  verse  ;  the  final' 
pause  closes  it.  The  pauses  which  mark 
the  sense,  and  which  may  be  called  sen- 
tential, are  the  same  in  prose  and  verse. 

5.  A  mark  of  cessation  or  intermission  of 
the  voice  ;  a  point. 

PAUSE,  V.  i.  pauz.  To  make  a  short  stop  ; 
to  cease  to  speak  for  a  time ;  to  intermit 
speaking  or  uciioii. 

Pausing  a  vvhile,  thus  to  herself  she  mused. 

jruton. 


2.  To  stoji ;  to  wait;  to  forbear  for  a  time. 
Tarry,  pause  a  day  or  two, 

Before  you  hazard.  Shak. 

3.  To  be  intermitted.    The  music  pause*. 
To  pause  upon,  to  deliberate. 

Shak.     KnoUes. 

P.\U.S'ER,  n.  s  as  z.  One  who  pauses;  one 
who  deliberates.  Shak. 

PAUS'ING,  ppr.  Stopping  for  a  time;  ceas- 
ing to  speak  or  act ;  deliberating. 

PAUS'INGLY,  adv.  After  a  pause ;  by 
breaks.  Shak. 

iP.VVAN',  n.  [Sp.  pavana,  from  pavon,  L. 
pavo,  a  peacock.] 

A  grave  dance  among  the  Spaniards.  In 
this  dance,  the  performers  make  a  kind  of 
wheel  before  each  other,  the  gentlemen 
dancing  with  cap  and  sword,  princes  with 
long  robes,  and  the  ladies  with  long  trails  ; 
the  motions  lesembliiig  the  stately  steps 
of  the  peacock. 

Encyc.     Sp.  Diet.     Shak. 

PAVE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  paver ;  L.  pavio,  Gr.  notw, 
to  beat,  to  strike.] 

1.  To  lay  or  cover  with  stone  or  brick  so  as 


P  A  W 

ing^ai'ed  the  way  for  intellectual  improve- 
ment. 

P.^'VED,  pp.  Laid  over  with  stones  or 
bricks  ;  prepared  ;  as  a  way. 

I'A'VI.MENT,  n.  [L. pavimtntum.]  A  floor 
or  covering  coiiBisliiig  of  stones  or  bricks, 
laid  on  the  earth  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
make  a  hard  and  convenieut  passage  ;  as 
a  pavement  of  pebbles,  of  bricks,  or  of  mar- 
ble. 

PA  VEMENT,  V.  t.  To  pave;  to  floor  with 
stone  or  brick.     [  Unusual.]  Bp.  Hall. 

PAVER,     (       One  who  lays   stones  for  a 

PA'VIER,  J  ■  floor,  or  whose  occupation 
is  to  pave.  Gay. 

PAVILION,  71.  panV'^un.  [Fr.  poviWon  ;  Sp. 
pabellon  ;  Port,  pardluim  ;  Arm.  pavilhon  ; 
\V.  pubelt ;  h.  paviglione  and  padiglione; 
L.  papilio,  a  biiiierfly,  and  a  pa\ilioii.  Ac- 
cording to  Owen,  the  \\  elsh  pabell  signi- 
fies a  moving  habitation.] 

1.  A  tent ;  a  tciriporary  movable  habitation. 

2.  In  architecture,  a  kind  of  turret  or  build- 
ing, usually  insulated  and  contained  un- 
der a  single  roof;  sometimes  square  and 
sometimes  in  the  form  of  a  dome.  Some- 
times a  pavilion  is  a  projecting  part  in  the 
front  of  a  building  ;  sometimes  it  flanks  a 
corner.  Encyc. 

3.  Ill  military  affairs,  a  tent  raised  on  posts. 
The  word  is  sometimes  used  for  a  flag,  col- 
ors, ensign  or  banner. 

In  heraldry,  a  covering  in  form  of  a  tent, 
investing  the  armories  of  kings. 
Among  jewelers,  the  under  side  and  cor- 
ner of  brilliants,  lying  between  the  girdle 
and  collet. 

PAVIL'ION,  V.  t.  To  furnish  with  tents. 

Millon. 

'2.  To  shelter  with  a  tent.  Pope. 

PAVILIONED,  pp.  Furnished  with  pavil- 
ions ;  sheltered  by  a  tent. 

PA'VING,  ppr.  Flooring  with  stones  or 
bricks. 

PA'V'ING,  n.  Pavement ;  a  floor  of  stones 
or  bricks. 

PA'VO,  »i.  [L.  a  peacock  ;  W.  paw,  spread- 
ing.] 

A  constellation  in  the  southern  hemisphere, 
consisting  of  fourteen  stars  ;  al.so,  a  fish. 

PAVO'NE,  n.  [L.  pai'o.]  A  peacock.  [Xot 
used.]  Spenser. 

PAVONINE,  a.  [L.  pavoninus,  from  pavo, 
a  peacock.] 

Resembling  the  tail  of  a  peacock ;  irides- 
cent. Clcaveland. 

PAW,  71.  [W.  pawen,  a  paw,  a  hoof;  Arm. 


to  make  a  level  or  convenient  surface  for  PAW,  r.  i.  To  draw  the  fore  foot  along  the 


horses,  carriages  or  foot  passengers  ;  to 
floor  with  brick  or  stone ;  a.o,  to  pave  a' 
street  ;  to  pave  a  side-walk ;  to  pave  a 
court  or  stable. 
.  To  prepare  a  pa.«sage ;  to  facilitate  the 
introduction  of.    The  invention  of  print' 


pau  ;  Hindoo, piiuu',-  Pers.    i^Lj  pai,the 

foot ;  perhaps  contracted  from  pad  or  pal, 

as  the  Dutch  have  poot,  and  the  Fr-patte. 

If  so,  the  word  coincides  in  elements  with 

L.  pes,  pedis,  Gr.  rtov;,  Eng.  foot,  Gr.  «a- 

ftw.] 
,  The  foot  of  beasts  of  prey  having  claws, 

as  the  lion,  the  tiger,  the  dog,  cat,  &c.  Lev. 

xi. 
,  The  hand  ;  in  contempt.  Dryden. 


ground;  to  scrape  with  the  fore  foot;  as 
a  fiery  horse, pau-ijig-  with  his  hoof   Swift. 
He  paweth  in  the  valley.  Job  xxxix. 
PAW,  V.  t.  To  scrape  with  the  fore  foot. 
His  hot  courser  poto'd  th'  Hungarian  plain. 

Ticket. 


P  A  Y 


PAY 


PEA 


1 


2.  To  handle  roughly  ;  to  scratch. 

3.  To  fawn  ;  to  flatter.  Ainsworth. 
PAW'ED,  a.  Having  paws. 
2.  Broad  footed.  Johnson. 
PAWK'Y,  a.  [from  Sax.  pcccan,  to  deceive.] 

Arch  ;  cunning.     [Local.]  Grose. 

PAWL,  ?!.  [VV.  pawl,  Eng.  pole,  L.  palus. 
See  Pole.] 

Among  sea7neii,  a  short  bar  of  wood  or  iron 
fixed  close  to  the  capstan  or  windlass  of  a 
ship  to  prevent  it  from  rolling  back  or 
giving  way.  Mar.  Did 

PAWN,  n.  [D.pand;  G.pfand;  Hw.punt; 
Port,  peiihor ;  It.  pegno ;  S\>.  empelio ;  L, 
pigmis.  The  sense  may  be  that  which  is 
laid  down  or  deposited.] 

1.  Something  given  or  deposited  aa  security 
for  the  payment  of  money  borrowed  ;  a 
pledge.  Pawn  is  applied  only  to  goods, 
chattels  or  money,  and  not   to  real  estate. 

Men  will  not  take  pawns  without  use. 

Bacon. 

2.  A  pledge  for  the  fulfillment  of  a  promise, 

Shak. 

3.  A  common  man  at  chess.     [See  Peon.] 

Cowley. 

In  patvn,  at  pawn,  the  state  of  being  pledged. 
Sweet  wife,  my  honor  is  at  pawn.  Shak. 

PAWN,  21./.  [Tl).  patiikn  ;  i^[>.  einpehar ;  Port. 
empenhar ;  h.  impegnare ;  h.  pignero.] 
To  give  or  deposit  in  pledge,  or  as  securi- 
ty for  the  payment  of  money  borrowed  ; 
to  pledge ;  as,  she  patvned  the  last  piece  of 
plate. 

2.  To  pledge  for  the  fulfillment  of  a  promise  ; 
as,  to  pawn  one's  word  or  honor  that  an 
agreement  shall  be  fulfilled. 

PAWN'-BROKER,  n.  One  who  lends 
money  on  pledge  or  the  deposit  of  goods. 

Jlrbuthnot. 

PAWN'ED,  pp.  Pledged  ;  given  in  securi- 
ty- 

PAWNEE',  n.  The  person  to  whom  a  pawn 

is   delivered   as  securijy  ;  one   that  takes 
any  thing  in  pawn. 

If  the  pawn  is  laid   up  and  the  pawnee  rob- 
bed, he  is  not  answerable.  Encyc 
PAWN'ER,  )i.  One  that  pledges  any  thing 
as  security  for  the  payment  of  borrowed 
money. 
PAWN'ING,  ppr.  Pledging,  as  goods ;  giv 

ing  as  security. 
PAX,  n.  [L.  pax,  peace.]  A  little  image  or 
piece  of  board  with  the  image  of  Christ 
upon  the  cross  on  it,  which  people  before 
the  reformation,  used  to  kiss  after  the  ser 
vice ;  the  ceremony  being  considered  as 
the  kiss  of  peace.  Todd. 

PAY,  V.  t.    prct.  and    pj).  paid.    [Fr.  payer, 
Norm,   pair,   contracted   from   It.  pagure, 
Port.  Sp.    pugar,  Arm.  paca.     Class  Bg. 
From  the  different  applications  of  ;)ai/,  the 
sense  appears  to  be  to  send  or  send  to,  for 
in  our  vulgar  language,  to  pay   on,  is  to 
strike,  to  beat ;  and  to  pay  with   pitch,  is 
to  put   on  or   rub   over.     In  the  sense  of 
strike,  this  coincides  with  the  Greek  rtotw, 
ffirtaiu,  W.  pwyaw.     In  another  seamen's 
phrase,   the   word  signifies  to  loosen   or 
slacken,  as  to  pay  out  cable,  that   is,  to 
send  or   extend.     But   this  word  cannot 
belong  tl)  the  root  of  the  Greek  and  Welsh 
words,   \mless   these  are  contracted  from 
Pg  or  PI;.] 
1 .  To  discharge  a  debt ;  to  deliver  to  a  cred- 
itor the  value  of  the  debt,  cither  in  money 


or  goods,  to  his  acceptance  or  satisfaction,! 

by  which  the  obligation   of  the   debtor  is] 

discharged. 
'2.  To  discharge  a  duty  created  by  promise 
j     or  by  custom  or  by  the  moral  law  ;  as,  to 
I    pay  a  debt  of  honor  or  of  kindness. 

You  have  paid  down 
I  More  penitence,  than  done  trespass.       Skak. 

'3.  To  fulfill ;  to  pertbrm  what  is  promised  ; 
i     as,  to  pay  one's  vows.  Scripture. 

4.  To  render  what  is  due  to  a  superior,  or 
demanded  by  civility  or  courtesy  ;  as,  to 
pay  respect  to  a  magistrate  ;  to  pay  due 
honor  to  parents. 

5.  To  beat. 
For  which,  or  pay  me  quickly,  or  rttpay  you. 

B.  Jonson 

6.  To  reward  ;  to  recompense ;  as,  to  pay 
for  kindness  with  neglect.  Dryden. 

To  pay  for,  to  make  amends  ;  to  atone  by 
suffering.  Men  often  pay  for  their  mis- 
takes with  loss  of  property  or  reputation, 
sometimes  with  life. 

2.  To  give  an  equivalent  for  any  thing  pur- 
chased. 

To  pay,  or  pay  over,  in   seamen's  language, 
to  daub  or    besmear  the  surface  of  any 
body,  to  preserve  it  from  injury  by  water 
ii     or  weather. 

To  pay  the  bottom  of  a  vessel,  to  cover  it  with 
a  composition  of  tallow,  sulphur,  rosin, 
&c. ;  to  bream. 

To  pay  a  mast  or  yard,  to  besmear  it  with 
tar,  turpentine,  rosin,  tallow  or  varnish. 

To  pay   a   scam,  to  pour  melted  pitch  alon 
it,  so  as  to  defend  the  oakum. 

To  pay  off,  to  make  compensation  to  and 
discharge;  as,  to  pay  off  the  crew  of  a 
ship. 

]To  pay  out,  to  slacken,  extend  or  cause  to 
run  out  ;  as,  to  pay  out  more  cable. 

Mar.  Did 

PAY,  V.  i.  To  pay  off,  in  seamen's  language 
is  to  fall  to  leeward,  as  the  head  of  a  shi]) 

Mar.  Diet 

To  pay  on,  to  beat  with  vigor ;  to  redouble 
blows.     [Collorjuial.] 

PAY,  n.  Compensation  ;  recompense  ;  an 
equivalent  given  for  money  due,  goods 
purchased  or  services  performed ;  salary 
or  wages  for  services;  hire.  The  mer 
chant  receives  ^ai/ for  goods  sold  ;  the  sol- 

'     dier  receives /)ui/ for  his  services,  but  the 

i  soldiers  of  the  American  revolution  never 
received  full  pay. 

2.  Compensation ;  reward. 

Here  only  merit  constant  pay  receives — 

Pope. 

PA'YABLE,  a.  [Fr.]  That  may  or  ought  to 
be  ])aid.  In  general,  money  is  payable 
soon  as  it  is  due,  or  at  the  time  payment  is 
stipulated,  or  at  the  expiration  of  thecred 
it ;  but  by  the  usage  of  merchants,  three 
or  more  days  of  grace  are  allowed  to  the 
debtor,  and  a  note  due  at  the  day  when 
payment  is  promised,  is  not  payable  till  the 
expiration  of  the  days  of  grace. 

2.  That  can  be  paid  ;  that  there  is  power  to 
pay. 

Thanks  are  a  tribute  payable  by  the  poorest 

South. 

PA'Y-BILL,  n.  A  bill  of  money  to  be  paid 
to  the  soldiers  of  a  I'ompany. 

PA'YDAY,  n.  The  day  when  payment  is 
to  be  made  or  debts  discharged  ;  the  day 


on  which  wages  or  money  is  stipulated  to 
he  i)aid.  Locke. 

PAYEE',  n.  The  person  to  whom  money  is 
to  be  paid  ;  the  pernon  named  in  a  bill  or 
note  to  whom  the  amount  is  promiBed  or 
directed  to  be  paid. 

PAYER,  ?i.  One  that  pays.  In  bills  of  ex- 
change, the  person  on  whom  the  bill  is 
drawn,  and  who  is  directed  to  pay  the 
money  to  the  holder. 

PAYMASTER,  n.  One  who  is  to  pay ;  one 
from  whom  wages  or  reward  is  received. 

Taylor. 

2.  In  the  army,  an  officer  whose  duty  is  to 
pay  the  officers  and  soldiers  their  wages, 
and  who  is  entrusted  with  money  for  this 
purpose. 

PAYMENT,  n.  The  act  of  paying,  or  giv- 
ing compensation.  Bacon. 

2.  The  thing  given  in  discharge  of  a  debt  or 
fulfillment  of  a  promise.  Shak. 

3.  Reward  ;  recompense.  South. 

4.  Chastisement;  sound  beating.  [JVbtnsed.] 

Mnsworth. 

PAYNIM.     [SeePainim.] 

P.\'Y-OFFICE,  n.  A  place  or  office  where 
payment  is  made  of  public  debts. 

PAYSE,  PAYSER,  for  poise,  poiser,  not 
used.  Spenser. 

PEA,  n.  [Sax.  pisa;  Fr.  pais;  It.  pisello; 
L.  pisum  ;  Gr.  rtisor  ;  W.  pys,  pysen ;  Ir. 
pis.] 

A  plant  and  its  fruit  of  the  genus  Pisum, 
of  many  varieties.  This  plant  has  a  papil- 
ionaceous flower,  and  the  pericarp  is  a 
legume,  called  in  popular  language  a  pod. 
In  the  plural,  we  write  peas,  for  two  or 
more  individual  seeds,  but  pease,  for  an  in- 
definite number  in  quantity  or  bulk.  We 
write  two,  three  or  four^ea*,  but  a  bushel 
of  pease.     [This  practice  is  arbitrary.] 

PEACE,  )!.  [Sax.  Norm,  pais;  Fr.  paix ; 
h.  puce  ;  Sp.  Port,  paz  ;  Arm.  peoch,  from 
peoh  ;  L.  pax.  Qu.  Russ.  pokoi.  The  el- 
ements are  Pg,  or  their  cognates,  for  the 
L.  has  ^aro,  to  appease,  coinciding  with 
the  root  of  pack,  and  signifying  to  press  or 
to  stop.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  state  of  quiet  or  tran- 
quillity ;  freedom  from  disturbance  or  agi- 
tation ;  applicable  to  society,  to  individ- 
uals, or  to  the  temper  of  the  mind. 

2.  Freedom  from  war  with  a  foreign  nation  ; 
public  quiet. 

3.  Freedom  from  internal  commotion  or  civ- 
il war. 

'4.  Freedom  from   private   quarrels,  suits  or 

I     disturbance. 

.5.  Freedom  from   agitation  or  disturbance 

j  by  the  passions,  as  from  fear,  terror,  an- 
ger,  anxiety   or    the   like  ;    quietness   of 

1     mind  ;   tranquillity ;    calmness  ;    quiet   of 

i     conscience. 

I  Great /)e«ce  have  (hey  that  love  Ihy  law.  Ps. 

I      cxix. 

fi.  Heavenly  rest;  the  happiness  of  heaven. 

j     Is.  Ivii. 

7.  Harmony;  concord;  a  state  of  reconcih- 
atlon  between  parties  at  variance. 
Public  tranquillity  ;  that  quiet,  order  and 
security  which  is  guaranteed  by  the  laws; 
as,  to  keep  the  peace  ;  to  break  the  peace. 
This  word  is  used  in  connnanding  si- 
lence or  quiet  ;  as,  peace  to  this  troubled 
soul. 

Peace,  the  loveis  arc  asleep.  Ciashaw. 


PEA 


PEA 


PEA 


To  he  (tl  ptaee,  to  be  reconciled  ;  to  live  in 
harmony. 

To  make  peace,  to  reconcile,  as  parties  at  va- 
riance. 

To  hold  the  -peace,  to  be  silent;  to  suppress 
one's  thougl'ts  ;  not  to  speak. 

PE'ACEABLE,  a.  Free  from  war,  tumult 
or  public  coniniotiou.  We  live  in  peacea- 
ble times.  The  reibrmation  was  introdu- 
ced in  a  peaceable  manner. 

2.  Free  from  private  lends  or  quarrels.  The 
neighbors  are  peaceable.  These  men  are 
peaceable. 

3.  Quiet ;  undisturbed  ;  not  agitated  with 
passion.     His  iniiid  is  very  peaceable. 

4.  Not  violent,  bliiody  or  unnatural;  as,  to 
die  Si  peaceable  dttiith. 

PE'ACEABLF.NEi^S,  n.  The  state  of  being 

peaceable  ;  quietness. 
2.  Disp»isition  to  peace.  Hammond. 

PE'ACEABLY,  adv.  Without  war;  with- 
out tuiiiidt  or  commotion  ;  without  ]irivate 

feuds  and  (piaricls. 
8.  Without   (li^turbaMce  ;   quietly  ;   without 

agitation;  without  interruption. 
PE'ACEBREAKER,  n.  One  that  violates 

or  disturbs  public  peace. 
PE'ACEFUL,  a.    Quiet;  undisturbed;  not 

in  a  state  of  war  or  conunotion  ;  as  apeace 

ful  liino  ;  a  penrrfid  country. 

2.  Pacific  ;  mild  ;  calm;  as  peaceful  words; 
a  peaceful  tpuipcr. 

3.  Removed  from  noise  or  tumult ;  still ; 
undisturbed  ;  as  the  peaceful  cottage  ;  the 
peaceful  scenes  of  rural  life. 

PE'ACEFyLLY,  adv.  Without  war  or 
rommotion. 

2.  Quietly  ;  without  disturbance. 

Our  loved  earth,  where  peacefully  we  slept 

Dryden 

3.  Mildly  ;  gently. 
PE'ACEFyLNESS,     )i.     Quiet;    freedom| 

from  war,  tumult,  disturbance  or  discord.! 

2.  Freedom  from  mental  i)erturbation  ;  as 
peacefulne.is  of  mind. 

PE'AC'ELESS,  a.  Without  peace  ;  disturb- 
ed. Sandys. 

PE'ACEMAKER,  Ji.  One  who  makes  peace 
by  reconciling  parties  that  are  at  variance. 
Blessed  .ire   the  pcuctinakers,  for  they  shall 
be  called  the  children  of  God.     Matt,  v 

PE'ACE-OFFERING,  n.  An  offering  that 
procures  peace.  Among  the  Jews,  an  of-' 
fering  or  sacrifice  to  God  for  atonement 
and  reconcihation  for  a  crime  or  otTense. 

Leviticus. 

PE' ACE-OFFICER,  n.  A  civil  officer  whose 
duty  is  to  preserve  the  public  peace,  to 
prevent  or  punish  riots,  &.C. ;  as  a  sheriff, 
or  constable. 

PEACE-PARTED,  a.  Dismissed  from  the 
world  in  peace.  Shak. 

PEACH,  n.  [Fr.  piche  ;  Ii.  pesca ;  Arm. 
pechesen.] 

A  tree  and  its  fruit,  of  the  genus  Ainygda- 
lus,  of  many  varieties.  This  is  a  delicious 
fruit,  the  produce  of  warm  or  temperate 
climates.  In  America,  the  peach  thrives 
and  comes  to  perfection  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Boston,  northward  of  which  it 
usually  fails. 

PEACH,  for  impeach,  not  used.  Dryden. 

PE'ACH-COLOR,  n.  The  pale  red  color  of 
the  peach  blossom. 

PEA'CH-€f)1.0RED,  a.  Of  the  color  of  a 
peach  blossom.  Shak. 

Vol.  II. 


PE'ACIIER,  n.  An  accuser.     [Xotvsed.] 

Fox. 

PE'ACHICK,  n.  The  chicken  or  young  of 
the  peacock.  Southern. 

PEACH-TREE,  n.  The  tree  that  produces 
the  peach. 

PEACOCK,  n.  [Pea,  in  this  word,  is  from 
h.  pavo.  Hax.patva;  Fr.;)aon,  contracted 
from  ;7ai'07i«  ;  It.  parone  ;  Sp.  paron  ;  D. 
paauw ;  G.  pfau ;  W.  pawan,  from  paw, 
spreading,  extending.] 

A  large  and  beautiful  fowl  of  the  genus  Pa- 
vo, properly  the  male  of  the  species,  but 
in  usage  the  name  is  apphed  to  the  spe- 
cies in  general.  The  fethersof  this  fowl's 
tail  are  very  long,  and  variegated  with 
rich  and  elegant  colors.  The  peacock  is 
a  native  of  India. 

PE'A€OCK-FlSH,  n.  A  fish  of  the  Indian 
seas,  having  streaks  of  beautiful  colors. 

PE'AHEN,  n.  [O.  pfauhenne  or  pfauen  ;  D. 
paauwin.]  The  hen  or  female  of  the  pea- 
cock. 

PEAK,  n.  [Sax.  peac;  W.  pig  ;  Ir.  peac; 
Eng.  pike,  beak  ;  Fr.  pique;  It.  iccco;  Sp. 
pica.  These  are  of  one  family,  signifying 
a  point,  from  shooting  or  thrusting.] 

1.  The  top  of  a  hill  or  mountain,  ending  in  a 
point;  as  the /)eaAof  Teneriffi;. 

2.  A  point  ;  the  end  of  any  thing  tliat  ter- 
minates in  a  point. 

•3.  The  upper  corner  of  a  sail  which  is  ex- 
tended by  a  gaff  or  yard  ;  also,  the  extrem- 
ity of  the  vaid  or  gaff.  Mar.  Did. 

PEAK,        ■   ~ 
used.] 

2.  To  make  a  mean  figure 
used.] 

PEAK,  V.  t.  To  raise  a  gaff  or  yard 

obliquely  to  the  mast.  Mar.  Diet. 

PE'AKIIS'G,    a.    Mean  ;    sneaking  ;    poor. 


I'.  1.  To  look  sickly  or  thin. 
to  sneak. 


[.Vol 
Shak. 

[Ao/ 
Shak. 
more 


[Vulvar.] 
PE'AKISH,  a.  Denoting  or  belonging  to  an 

acuminated  situation.  Drayton. 

PEAL,  n.  [from  L.  pello,  whence  appello,  to 

appeal.     The  sense  is  to  drive  ;  a  peal  is  a 

driving  of  sound.     This   word  seems  to 

belong  to  the  family  of  L.  balo,  and  Eng. 

to  biiul,  jubilee,  bell,  &c.] 
A  loud  sound,  usually  u  succession  of  loud 

sounds,  as  of  bells,  thunder,  cannon,  shouts 

of  a  multitude,  &c. 

Bacon.    Milton.    Addison. 
PEAL,    1'.  i.     To   utter  loud   and  solemn 

sounds  ;  as  the  pealing  organ.  Milton. 

PEAL,  i'.  t.  To  assail  with  noise. 

Nor  was  his  ear  less  pealed.  J\'riHon, 

2.  To  cau.se  to  ring  or  sound  ;  to  celebrate. 
The  warrior's  name 

Though  pealed  and  chimed  on  all  the  tongues 
of  fame.  /.  Barlow 

3.  To  stir  or  agitate.     [JVo<  used.] 

Ainsirorth. 

PEALED,  pp.  Assailed  with  sound  ;  re- 
sounded ;  celebrated. 

PE'ALING,  ppr.  Uttering  a  loud  sound  or 
successive  sounds ;  resounding. 

PE'AN,  ?!.  \h  paun  ;  Gr.  noKw.]  A  song  of 
praise  or  triumph. 

PE'ANIS3I,  n.  The  song  or  shouts  of  praise 
or  of  battle;  shouts  of  triumph.     Milford. 

PE.AR,  >!.  [Siix.  Sp.  Port.  It. /(tea;  D.peer, 
G.  bim  ;  Sw.  phron  ;  Dan.  pare ;  Arm. 
percn  ;  W'.  per ;  L.  pyrnm.] 

iTlie  fiuit  of  the  Pyrus  conwiunis,  of  many 

32 


varieties,  some  of  which  are  delicious  to 

the  taste. 
PEARCH.     [See  Perch.] 
PEARL,  71.  perl.  [Fr.  perle  ;  It.  Sp.  perla; 

ir.  pearla  ;    Sax.  pearl ;    S« .  piirla  ;    D. 

paarl ;  G.  perle;  W.  perlyn.    This  may  be 

radically  the  same   word  as  beryl,  and  so 

named  from  its  clearness.] 

1.  A  white,  hard,  smooth,  shining  body,  usu- 
ally roundish,  found  in  a  testaceous  fish  of 
the  oyster  kind.  The  pearl-shell  is  called 
matrix  perlarum,  mother  of  pearl,  and  the 
pearl  is  found  only  in  the  softer  part  of 
the  animal.  It  is  found  in  the  Persian 
seas  and  in  many  parts  of  the  ocean  which 
washes  the  shores  of  Arabia  and  the  con- 
tinent and  isles  of  Asia,  and  is  taken  by 
divers.  Pearls  are  of  different  sizes  and 
colors;  the  larger  ones  apj)roach  to  the 
figure  of  a  pear  ;  some  have  been  found 
more  than  an  inch  in  length.  They  are 
valued  according  to  their  size,  their  round- 
ness, and  their  luster  or  purity,  which  ap- 
pears in  a  silvery  brightness. 

Cyc.     .\tchobon.     Encyc. 

2.  Poetically,  something  round  and  clear,  as 
a  drop  of  water  or  dew.  Drayton. 

3.  A  white  speck  or  film  growing  on  the  eye. 

Aiusworih. 

PEARL,  V.  I.  perl.  To  set  or  adorn  with 
pearls. 

PEARL,  V.  i.  perl.  To  resemble  pearls. 

Spenser. 

PEARLASH,  71.  perlash.  An  alkali  ob- 
tained from  the  ashes  of  wood  ;  refined 
potash. 

PEARLED,  a.  pcrl'ed.  Set  or  adorned  with 
pearls.  Milton. 

PEARL-EYED,  a.  perl'-eyed.  Having  a 
speck  in  the  eve.  Johnson, 

PEARL-SINTER,  ti.  Fiorite  ;  a  variety  of 
eilicious  sinter,  the  color  gray  and  white. 

Ure. 

iPEARL-SPAR,  n.  peri-spar.    Brown  spar. 

PEARL-STONE,  7i.  A  mineral  regarded  as 
a  volcanic  production.  It  occurs  in  ba- 
saltic and  porphyritic  rocks,  and  is  classed 
with  pitch  stone.  Diet. 

Pearl-stone  is  a  subspecies  of  indivisible 
quartz.  Jameson. 

PEARL-WORT,  }      A  plant  of  the  genus 

PEARL-GRASS,  J  "'  Sagina. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 

PEARLY,  a.  perl'y.  Containing  pearls ; 
abounding  with  pearls  ;  as  pearly  shells  ; 
a  pearly  shore. 

2.  Resembling  pearls  ;  clear  ;  pure  ;  trans- 
parent ;  as  the  pearly  flood  :  pearly  dew. 
Drayton.     Dryden. 

PEARMAIN,  n.  A  variety  of  the  apple. 

PE.\R-TREE,  fi.  The  tree  that  produces 
pears. 

PEASANT,  71.  pez'ant.  [Fr.  paysan  ;  Sp. 
Port. /jowuiio  ;  from  the  name  of  country, 
Fr.  pais  or  pays.  Sp.  Port,  pais.  It.  paise; 
W.  pcues,  a  place  of  rest,  a  country,  from 
^aii,  coinciding  with  Gr.  navu,  to  rest.] 

|.\  countryman  ;  one  whose  business  is  rural 
labor. 

PEAS.'VNT,  a.  pez'ant.  Rustic  ;  rural. 

Spenser. 

PEAS'ANTLIKE,  I       Rude  ;     clownish  ; 

PEAS'ANTLY,  l"'  illiterate;  resemb- 
ling peasants.  Milton. 


PEC 


PEC 


PEC 


PEASANTRY,  n.  pez'antry.  Peasants  ; 
rustics ;  the  body  of  country  people. 

Locke. 

2.  Rusticity.     [M)ttised.]  Butler. 

PE'AS-COD,     >      The  legume  or  pericarp 

PE'A-SHELL,  S  "■  of  the  pea. 

IVallon.     Gay. 

PE'ASTONE,  11.  A  subspecies  of  lime- 
stone. 

PEASE,  n.  Peas  collectively,  or  used  as 
food.     [See  Pea.]  Arbutknot. 

PEAT.  n.  [G.  pfiitze,  a  bog.]  A  substance 
resembling  turf,  used  as  fuel.  It  is  found 
in  low  grounds  or  moorish  lands,  and  is  of 
several  species  ;  one  is  of  a  brown  or  yel- 
lowish brown  color,  and  when  first  cut 
has  a  viscid  consistence,  but  hardens 
when  exposed  to  the  air ;  another  con- 
sists chiefly  of  vegetable  substances,  as 
branches  of  trees,  roots,  grass,  &c. 

Bacon.     JVicholson.     Encyc. 

PEAT.  [Fr.  petit.     See  Pet.] 

PEAT-MOSS,  n.  [peat  and  moss.]  An 
earthy  material  used  as  fuel. 

2.  A  fen  producing  peat. 

PEB'BLE,  }      [Sax.  pabob,  papol- 

PEB'BLESTONE,  i"'s<a)ia.l  In  popular 
usage,  a  roundish  stone  of  any  kind  from 
the  size  of  a  nut  to  that  of  a  man's  head. 
In  a  philosophical  sense,  minerals  distin- 
guished from  flints  by  their  variety  of  col- 
ors, consisting  of  crystaline  matter  debas- 
ed by  earths  of  various  kinds,  with  veins, 
clouds  and  other  variegations,  formed  by 
incrustation  round  a  central  nucleus,  but 
sometimes  the  effect  of  a  simple  conere 
tion.  Pebbles  are  much  used  in  the  pave 
ment  of  streets.  Encyc. 

A  general  term   for   water-worn  mine- 
rals. D.  Olmsted. 

PEB'BLE-€RYSTAL,  n.  Acrystalin  form 
of  nodules,  found  in  earthy  stratums  and 
irregular  in  shape.  Woodward. 

PEB'BLED,  a.  Abounding  with  pebbles. 

Thomson 

PEB'BLY,  a.  Full  of  pebbles ;  abounding 
with  small  roundish  stones. 

PE€'ARY,     )      A   quadruped   of  Mexico, 

PEC€ARY,  ^  "'in  general  appearance  re- 
sembling a  hog,  but  its  body  is  less  bulky, 
its  legs  shorter,  and  its  bristles  thicker 
and  stronger,  like  the  quills  of  the  porcu 
pine.  Its  color  is  black  and  white,  and  it 
has  on  the  hind  part  of  the  back  a  protu 
berauce  like  the  navel  of  other  animals, 
with  an  orifice  from  which  issues  a  liquor 
of  a  very  striing  scent.         Dict.JVal.  Hist. 

f'E€€ABIL'ITY,  »i.  [from  ;)ecc«t/e.]    State 
of  being  subject  to  sin;  capacity   of  sin 
ning.  Decay  of  Piety. 

PE€'€ABLE,  a.  [from  L.  pecco,  "ir.  pea 
chadh  ;  W. pec,pecawd,sin  ;  pecu,  to  sin,  Fr. 
pecher,  It.  peccare,  Sp.  pecar.] 
Liable  to  sin ;  subject  to  transgress  the  di- 
vine law.  Priestley. 
PEeeADIL'LO,  n.  [Sp.  dim.  from  pecado, 
L.  peccatum ;  Fr.  peccadille.  See  Pecca- 
ble.] 

1.  A  slight  trespass  or  offense  ;  a  jietty 
crime  or  lault.  Dri/den. 

2.  A  son  of  slitfruff".  B.  Taylor. 
PECCANCY,  n.  [from  peccant.]  Bad  .pial- 

ity  ;  as  the  peccancy  of  the  humors. 

IVisemaji. 
2.  Offense.  Mountague. 


PECCANT,  a.  [L.  peccans ;  Fr.  peccant. 
See  Peccable.] 

1.  Sinning  ;  guilty  of  sin  or  transgression  ; 
criminal  ;  as  peccant  angels.  Milton. 

3.  Morbid ;  bad  ;  corrupt  ;  not  healthy  ;  as 
peccant  humors.  Jirbiithnut. 

3.  Wrong ;  bad  ;  defective  ;  informal  ;  as  a 
peccant  citation.     [jVbi  used.]  Ayliffe. 

PECCANT,  n.  An  offender.     [JVot  used.] 

Whitlock. 

PECCA'VI.  [L.  I  have  oflfcnded.]  _  A  collo- 
quial word  used  to  express  confession  or 
acknowledgment  of  an  offense.     Aubrey. 

PECH'BLEND,  n.  [G.  pech,  pitch,  and 
blende,  blend.] 

Pitchblend,  an  ore  of  uranium  ;  a  metallic 
substance  found  in  masses,  or  stratified 
with  earths  or  with  other  minerals,  in 
Swedish  and  Saxon  mines.  It  is  <if  a 
blackish  color,  inclining  to  a  deep  steel 
gray,  and  one  kind  has  a  mixture  of  sjiots 
of  red.  JVicholson. 

PECK,  )i.  [Arm. pecA,  a  fourth;  Fr.picotin.] 

1.  The  fourth  part  of  a  bushel ;  a  dry  meas- 
ure of  eight  quarts;  as  a  peck  of  wheat  or 
oats. 

2.  In  lotii  language,  a  great  deal ;  as,  to  be 
in  a  »ecA  of  troubles.    Qu.  pack. 

PECK,  V.  t.  [It.  beccare ;  Sp.  picar ;  Fr. 
becqueter  ;  D.  piken  ;  G.  picken  ;  Dan. 
pikker.  This  verb  is  connected  with  the 
nouns  beak  and  pike.] 

1.  To  strike  with  the  beak;  to  thrust  the 
beak  into,  as  a  bird  that  pecks  a  hole  in  a 
tree. 

2.  To  strike  with  a  pointed  instrument,  or  to 
delve  or  dig  with  any  thing  pointed,  as 
with  a  pick-ax.  Careu: 

3.  To  ])ick  up  food  with  the  beak.     Dryden. 
■1.  To  strike  with  small  and  repeated  blows 

to  strike  in  a  manner  to  make  small  im- 
pressions. In  this  sense,  the  verb  is  gen- 
erally intransitive.     We  say,  to  peck  at. 

South. 

[This  verb   and  pick  are  radically  the 

same.] 

PECK'ED,  pp.  Struck  or  penetrated  with  a 
beak  or  pointed  instrument. 

PECK'ER,  n.  One  that  pecks  ;  a  bird  that 
pecks  liolcs  in  trees ;  a  woodpecker. 

Dryden 

PECK'ING,  ppr.  Striking  with  the  bill ; 
thrusting  the  beak  into  ;  thrusting  into 
with  a  pointed  instrument ;  taking  up  food 
with  the  beak. 

PECKLED,  for  speckled,  not  used,     mdton 

PEC'TINAL,  a.  [L.  pecfen,  a  comb ;  peeto, 
to  comb,  Gr.  rttxTao,  from  rttxu.]  Per- 
taining to  a  comb  ;  resembling  a  comb. 

PEC'TINAL,  n.  A  fish  whose  bones  resem 
ble  the  teeth  of  a  comb.  Broun. 

PECTINATE,      ?         [from    L.   peclen,   a 

PECTINATED,  <,  ""  comb.]  Having  re- 
semblance to  the  teeth  of  a  comb.  In 
botany,  a  pectinate  leaf  is  a  sort  ofpinnait 
leaf,  in  which  the  leaflets  are  toothed  like 
a  comb.  Martyn 

A  mineral  is  pectinated,  when  it  presents 
short  filaments,  crystals  or  branches,  near- 
ly parallel  and  equidistant.  Phillips^ 

PECTINA'TION,  n.  The  state  of  being 
pectinated. 

2.  A  combing  ;  the  combing  of  the  head. 

Cyc. 


PECTINITE,  n.  [L.  pecten,  a  comb.]  A 
fossil  pecten  or  scallop,  or  scallop  petrifi- 
ed. Kirwan 

PECTORAL,  a.  [h.  pectoralis,  from  pectus, 
breast.] 

Pertaining  to  the  breast ;  as  the  pectoral 
muscles  ;  pectoral  medicines.  Milton. 

The  pectoral  fins  of  a  fish  are  situated  ou 
the  sides  of  the  fish,  behind  the  gills. 

PECTORAL,  n.  A  breastplate. 

Encyc.     Johnson, 

2.  A  sacerdotal  habit  or  vestment  worn  by 
the  Jewish  high  priest,  called  in  our  ver- 
sion of  the  Bible,  a  breastplate.         Encyc. 

3.  A  medicine  adai)ted  to  cure  or  relieve 
complaints  of  the  breast  and  lungs. 

PECULATE,  V.  i.  [L.  peculatus,  peculor, 
from  peciUium,  private  property,  from  pe- 
cus,  cattle.] 

1.  To  defraud  the  public  of  money  or  goods 
entrusted  to  one's  care,  by  appropriating 
the  property  to  one's  own  use  ;  to  defraud 
by  embezzlement. 

2.  Among  civilians,  to  steal.  Encyc. 
PECULA'TION,  n.    The   act,  practice   or 

crime  of  defrauding  the  public  by  appro- 
priating to  one's  own  use  the  money  or 
goods  entrusted  to  one's  care  for  manage- 
ment or  disbursement ;  embezzlement  of 
public  money  or  goods. 

PECULATOR,  n.  [h.]  One  that  defrauds 
the  public  by  appropriating  to  his  own 
use  money  entrusted  to  his  care. 

PECU'LIAR,  a.  [L.  peculiaris,  from  peculi- 
um,  one's  own  property,  from  pecus,  cat- 
tle.] 

1.  Appropriate  ;  belonging  to  a  person  and 
to  him  only.  Almost  every  writer  has  a 
peculiar  style.  Most  men  have  manners 
peculiar  to  themselves. 

2.  Singular;  particular.  The  man  has  some- 
thing pecidiar  in  his  deportment. 

3.  Particular ;  special. 

My  late  is  Juno's  most  peculiar  care. 

Dryden. 

[Most  cannot,  in  strict  propriety,  be  pre- 
fixed to  pecidiar,  but  it  is  used  to  give  em- 
phasis to  the  word.] 

4.  Belonging  to  a  nation,  system  or  other 
thing,  and  not  to  others. 

PECU'LIAR,  71.  Exclusive  property;  that 
which  belongs  to  a  person  in  e.xclusion  of 
others.  Milton. 

2.  In  the  canon  law,  a  particular  parish  or 
church  which  has  the  probate  of  wills 
within  itself,  exempt  from  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  ordinary  or  bishop's  court. 

Encyc. 

Court  of  peculiars,  in  England,  is  a  branch 
of  the  court  of  arches.  It  has  jurisdic- 
tion over  all  the  parishes  dispersed  through 
the  province  of  Canterbury,  in  the  midst 
of  other  dioceses,  whicli  are  e.xcmpt  from 
the  ordinary  jurisdiction,  and  subject  to 
the  metropolitan  only.  hlackstonc. 

PECULIAR'ITY,  n.  Something  peculiarto 
a  |]Prson  or  thing  ;  that  which  belongs  to 
or  is  I'ouud  in  one  person  or  thing  and  in 
no  other;  as  a  peculiarity  of  style  or  man- 
ner of  thinkint; ;  peculiariti/  in  dress. 

PEcU'LIARIZIi,  V.  t.  To  "appropriate:  to 
make  ])eculiar.  Smith. 

PECULIARLY,  adr.  Particularly  ;  singly. 

It'oodaard. 

2.  In  a  nianuer  not  common  to  others. 

Drayton. 


P  E  D 


P  E  D 


PEE 


PE€U'LIARNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
peculiar ;  apprupriation.     [Little  used.] 

Mede. 

PECU'NIARY,  a.  [Fr.  pecaniaire ;  ll.  pe- 
cuniale ;  L.  pecunianus,  from  pecunia. 
money,   from  pecus,  cattle.] 

1.  Ri'lating  to  money;  as  pecuniartj  affairs 
or  losses. 

2.  Consisting  of  money;  as  a  pecuniartj 
mulct  or  penalty.  liacon 

PEClJ'NIOUS,  a.  Full  of  money.  [JVot 
used.]  Sherwood. 

FED,  n.  [for^arf.]  A  small  pack-saddle. 

Tusser. 

2.  A  basket ;  a  hamper.  Spenser. 

FEDAGOti'Ie,       )        [from   pedagogue.] 

PEDAGOGICAL,  i  Suiting  or  belong- 
ing to  a  teacher  of  children  or  to  a  peda- 
gogue. 

PED'AGOGISM,  n.  The  business,  charac- 
ter or  muniier."  of  a  pedagogue. 

PEDAGOGUE,  »!.  ped'agog.  [Gr.  rtaiSayu- 
yoj;  rtais,  a  child,  and  otyu,  to  lead.] 

1.  A  teac-iicr  of  children  ;  one  whose  occu 
pation  is  to  instruct  young  children ;    a 
schoolmaster. 

2.  A  pedant. 
PED'AGOGUE,  v.  t.  To  tcacli  with  the  air 

of  a  pedagogue;  to  instructsuperciliously. 

Prior. 

PED'AGOtiY,  n.  Instruction  in  the  first 
rudiments;  preparatory  disciphne. 

South 

PE'DAL,  a.  [I,,  pedalis,  from  pes,  pedis, 
fotit.]     Pertaining  to  a  foot. 

PED',\L,  n.  One  of  the  large  pipes  of  an 
organ,  so  called  because  played  and  stop- 
ped with  the  foot.  Enc;ic. 

2.  A  fixed  or  stationary  base.  Busbi/ 

PEDAL-NOTE,  n.  In  music,  a  holding- 
note.  Busby. 

PEDA'NEOUS,  a.  [L.  pedaneus,  from  pes, 
the  foot.]     Going  on  foot ;  walking. 

Diet. 

PED'ANT,  n.  [Fr.  pedant:  It.  Sp.  Port. 
pedante.  See  Pedagogue.] 

1.  A  schiiohiiasler.  Shak. 

2.  A  person  who  makes  a  vain  display  of  his 
learning.  Mdison. 

PEDAMT'IC,  \  Ostentatious  of  learn- 
PEDANT'leAL,  ^"-  ing  ;_  vainly  display- 
ing or  making  a  show  of  knowledge:  ap- 
plied to  persons  or  things ;  as  a  pedantic 
writer  or  scholar  ;  a  pedantic  description 
or  expression. 

PEDANT  IC ALLY,  ado.  Witli  a  vain  or 
b(jastful  rlisplay  of  learning. 

PED'ANTIZE,  r.  r".  To  play  the  pedant; 
to  domineer  over  lads ;  to  use  pedantic 
expressions.  Cotgrave. 

PED'ANTRY,  n.  [Fr.  pedanterie.]  Vain 
ostentation  of  learning;  a  boastful  display 
of  knowledge  of  any  kind. 

Horace  has  enticed  rae  into  this  pedantry  of 

quotation.  Cmkey. 

Pedantry  is  the  unseasonable  ostentation  of 

learning.  Rambler. 

PEDA'RIAN,  n.  A  Roman  senator  who 
gave  his  vote  by  the  feel, that  is.  by  walk- 
ing over  to  the  side  he  espoused,  in  divis- 
ions of  the  senate.  Enci/c. 

PED'ATE,  a.  [L.  pedalus,  from  pes,  the 
foot.] 

In  botany,  divided  like  the  toes.    A  pedate 


leaf  is  one  in  which  a  bifid  petiole  coil-i 
nects  several  leaflets  on  the  inside  otdy. 

Marty  n.i 

PED'ATIFID,  a.  [L.  pes,  foot,  and  Jindo, 
to  divide.] 

A  pedatijid  leaf,  in  botany,  is  one  whose 
parts  are  not  entirely  separate,  but  con- 
nected like  the  toes  of  a  water-fowl. 

Marlyn. 

PED'DLE,  V.  i.  [perhaps  from  the  root  of 
petty,  W.  pitw,  Fr.  petit,  small.]  To  be 
busy  about  trifles. 

2.  To  travel  about  the  country  and  retail 
goods.     He  peddles  for  a  living. 

PED'DLE,  V.  t.  To  .sell  or  retail,  usually  by 
traveling  about  the  country. 

PED'DLING,  ppr.  Traveling  about  and 
selling  small  wares. 

2.  a.  Trifling;  unimportant. 

PED'ERAST,  n.  [Gr.  na.ib>fa^r,i,  from  HMi,  a 
boy.  and  fpw5,  love.]  A  sodomite.      Kncyc. 

PEDERAS'Tle,  a.  Pertaining  to  pederas- 

t.V- 

PEDERASTY,  n.  Sodomy;  the  crime 
against  nature. 

PEDERE'RO,  n.  [Sip.  pedrero,  (ram  piedra, 
a  stone,  L.  pctra,  Gr.  rttrpof ;  so  named 
from  the  use  of  stones  in  the  charge,  be- 
fore the  invention  of  iron  balls.]  A  swiv- 
el gun  ;  sometimes  written  patercro. 

PED'ESTAL,  n.  [Si^.  pedestal ;  It.  piede- 
stallo  :  Fr.  piedestal ;  L.  pes,  the  foot,  and 
Tent,  stall ;  G.  stetlen,  to  set.] 

In  nrchitectiirc,  the  lowest  part  of  a  column 
or  pillar  ;  the  part  which  sustains  acolumn 
or  serves  as  its  foot.  It  consists  of  three 
parts,  the  base,  the  die  and  the  cornice. 

Addison.     En  eye. 

PEDES'TRIAL,  a.  [L.  pedestris.]  Per- 
tainififf  to  the  foot.  Moseley.' 

PEDES'TRIAN,  a.  [L.  pedestris,  Croin  pes, 
the  foot.] 

Going  on  foot;  walking;  inade  on  foot ;  as 
a  pedestrian  journey. 

PEDES'TRIAN,  n.  One  that  walks  or 
journeys  on  foot. 

2.  One  that  walks  for  a  wager ;  a  remarka- 
ble walker. 

PEDES'TRIOUS,  a.  Going  on  foot ;  not 
winsed.  Brown.l 

PED'ICEL,  I       [L.  pediculus,  from  pes,  thel 

PED'ICLE,  \  "■  foot.]  In  botany,  the  ulti-j 
mate  division  of  a  common  peduncle;  the, 
stalk  that  supports  one  flower  only  when 
there  are  several  on  a  peduncle.     Martyn. 

PEDICELLATE,  a.  Having  a  pedicel,  or 
supported  by  a  pedicel. 

PEDICULAR,    I        [h.  pedicidaris,  from 

PEDICULOUS,^"-  pediculus,  a  lou.se.] 
Lousy  ;  having  the  lousy  distemper. 

PED'IGREE,  n.  [probably  from  L.  pes, 
pedis,  foot,  like  \).,stam,  G.  stamm,  stem, 
stock,  degree.] 

1.  Lineage;  line  of  ancestors  from  which  a 
person  or  tribe  descends  ;  genealogy. 

Alterations  of  surnames — have  obscured    the 
truth  of  oui  pedigrees.  Camden 

2.  An  account  or  register  of  a  line  of  ances- 
tors. 

The  Jews  preserved  tlie  pedigrees  of  their 

several  tribes.  Atterbury 

PEDTLUVY,  )!.  [h.pes.  font,  and  lavo,io 

wash.]     The  b;ithing  of  the  feet;  a  bath 

for  the  fei't. 
PED'IMF.NT,    71.    [from    L.  pes,  the  foot.] 

la  architecture,  an  ornament  that  crowns 


the  ordonances,  finishes  the  fronts  of  build- 
ings and  serves  a.s  a  decoration  over  gates, 
windows  and  niches.  It  is  of  two  forms, 
triangular  and  circular.  A  pediment  is 
properly  the  representation  of  the  roof. 

E7icyc. 

PED'LER,  n.  [from  peddk,  to  sell  by  trav- 
eling ;  or  from  L.  pes,  pedis,  the  foot.] 

A  traveling  foot-trader;  one  that  carries 
about  small  commodities  on  his  back,  or 
in  a  cart  or  wagon,  and  sells  tliem. 

Spenser.     Su^Jl. 

PED'LERESS,  n.  A  female  pedler. 

Overbury. 

PED'LERY,  n.  Small  wares  sold  or  carried 
about  for  sale  by  pedlers. 

PEDOBAP'TISM,  n.  [Gr.  rtau,  rtatSo«,  u 
child,  and  ^artrio^a,  baptism.]  The  bap- 
tism of  infants  or  of  cliildri'u. 

PEDOBAP'TIST,  n.  One  that  holds  to  in- 
fant baptism  ;  one  that  practices  the  bap- 
tism of  children.  Most  denominations  of 
christians  are  pedobaptists. 

PEDOMETER,  n.  [L.  pes,  the  foot,  and 
Gr.  ffrpn^,  measure.] 

An  in.strumcnt  by  which  paces  are  number- 
erl  as  a  person  walks,  and  the  distance 
from  place  to  place  ascertained.  It  also 
marks  the  revolutions  of  wheels.  This  is 
done  by  means  of  wheels  with  teeth  and 
a  chain  or  string  fastened  to  the  foot  or  to 
the  wheel  of  a  carriage  ;  the  wheels  ad- 
vancing a  notch  at  every  step  or  at  everr 
revolution  of  the  carriage  wheel.      Encyc. 

PEDOMETRIeAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
iiieasiired  by  a  pedometer. 

PEDUN'CLE,  n.  [L.  pes,  the  foot.]  hi  bota- 
ny, the  stem  or  stalk  that  supports  the 
fructification  of  a  plant,  and  of  course  the 
fruit.  Martyn. 

PEDUN'€UL.'VR,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  jiediin- 
cle  ;  growing  from  a  peduncle  ;  as  a  pedun- 
cular tendril.  Martyn. 

PEDUNCULATE,  a.  Growing  on  a  pedun- 
cle ;  as  a  pedunculate  flower. 

PEE,  V.  i.  To  look  with  one  eye.  [jyol 
used.]  Ray. 

PEED,  a.  Blind  of  one  eye.     [JSTotused.] 

Ray. 

PEEK,  in  our  popular  dialect,  is  the  same 
as  peep,  to  look  through  a  crevice. 

PEEL,  i\t.  [Fr.  peler,  pUler ;  Sp.  pelar,  pil- 
lar ;  Port,  pelar,  pilhar ;  It.  piglinre  ;  L. 
pilo,  to  pull  offhair  and  to  pillage;  Ann. 
pillM ;  W.  piliaic,  to  take  otT  the  surface 
or  rind.  The  first  verb  pe/er,  pe/or,  seems 
to  be  foruied  from  L.  pilus,  the  hair.  The 
Eng.  peel  is  therefore  from  the  other  verb. 
^ee  Pill.  Class  Bl.  No.  :«.  11.  .51.] 

1.  To  strip  off  skin,  bark  or  mid  without 
a  cutting  instrument ;  to  strip  by  drawing 
or  tearing  off  the  skin  ;  to  bark  ;  to  flay  ; 
to  decorticate.  When  a  knife  is  u.se<l,  we 
call  it  paring.  Thus  we  say,  to  peel  a  tree, 
to  peel  an  orange  ;  but  we  say,  to  pare  an 
apple,  to  pure  land. 

2.  In  a  general  sense,  to  remove  the  skin, 
bark  or  rind,  even  with  an  instrument. 

3.  To  strip;  to  jilundcr;  to  pillage;  as,  to 
peel  a  province  or  conquered  people. 

Milton.     Dryden. 
PEEL,  n.    [L.  peUis,¥T.  peau,  G.  fell,  D. 

vel,  .skin  ;  froiu  peeling.] 
The  skin  or  riud  of  any  thing;  as  the  peel  of 

an  orange. 


PEE 


P  E  K 


PEL 


PEEL,  n.  [Fr.  pelle  ;    L.  Sf).  It.  pala;  W. 

pal;  probably   from  thrusting,  throwing, 

L.  ptUo,  Gr.  ^aM.u,  like  Eng.  shovel,  from 

shove  ;  or  from  spreading.] 
A  kind  of  wooden  shovel  used  by  bakers, 

with   a   broad    palm   and    long    handle  ; 

hence,  in  popular  use   in   America,  any 

large  fire-shovel. 
PEE'LED,  pp.  Stripped  of  skin,   bark   or 

rind  ;  plundered  ;  pillaged. 
PEE'LER,  n.  One  that  peels,  strips  or  flays. 
2.  A  plunderer ;  a  pillager. 
PEE'LING,  ppr.  Stripping  off  skin  or  bark; 

plundering. 
PEEP,  V.  i.  [Ir.  piobam,  to  pipe,  to  peep  ; 

D.  piepen,  to  pipe,   to  chirp  ;  G.  pfeifen ; 

Sw.  pipa ;  Dan.  piper,  plpper ;    L.  pipio. 

The  primary  sense  is  to  open  or  to  shoot, 

to  thrust  out  or  forth  ;  Dan.  pipperfrem,  to 

sprout,  to  bud.     This  coincides  with  pipe, 

fife,  &c.,  Heb.  33'  to  cry  out,  Abib,  &c.] 

1.  To  begin  to  appear  ;  to  make  the  iirst  ap- 
pearance ;  to  issue  or  come  forth  from 
concealment,  as  through  a  narrow  ave- 
nue. 

I  can  see  liis  pride 
Peep  through  each  part  of  him.  Shak. 

When  flowers  first  peeped —  Dri^den. 

2.  To  look  through  a  crevice ;  to  look  nar- 
rowly, closely  or  slyly. 

A  fool  will  peep  in  at  the  door.  Ecclus. 

Thou  art  a  maid  and  must  not  peep.      Prior. 

3.  To  cry,  as  chickens;  to  utter  a  fine  shrill 
sound,  as  through  a  crevice ;  usually  writ- 
ten pip,  but  without  reason,  as  it  is  the 
.same  word  as  is  here  defined,  and  in 
America  is  usually  pronounced  peep. 

PEEP,  »i.  First  appearance ;  as  the  peep  of 
day. 

2.  A  sly  look,  or  a  look  through  a  crevice 

Swift. 

3.  The  cry  of  a  chicken. 
PEE'PER,  Ji.  A  chicken  just  breaking  the 

shell.  Bramston. 

2.  In  familiar  language,  the  eye. 

PEE'P-HOLE,  \        A  hole  or  crevice 

PEE'PING-HOLE,  I  "'  through  which  one 
may  peep  or  look  without  being  discover- 
ed. 

PEER,  n.  [Fr.  pair ;  L.  j)ar;  It.  pari;  Sp 
par.  See  Pair.] 

i.  An  equal ;  one  of  the  same  rank.  A  man 
may  be  familiar  with  his  peers. 

2.  An  equal  in  e.\cellence  or  endowments. 

In  song  he  never  had  his  peer.  Dryden 

3.  A  companion  ;  a  fellow  ;  an  associate. 

He  all  his  j'eers  in  beauty  did  surpass. 

Spenser 

4.  A  nobleman  ;  as  a  peer  of  the  realm  ;  the 
house  of  peers,  so  called  because  noble 
men  and  barons  were  originally  consider- 
ed as  the  companions  of  the  king,  like  L.l 
comes,  count.  In  England,  persons  be- 
longing to  the  five  degrees  of  nobility  are 
all  peers. 

PEER,  I',  i.  [L.  pareo;  Norm,  percr.  See 
Appear.] 

1.  To  come  just  insight;  toappear;  apoetic 
word. 

So  hono^  peereth  in  the  meanest  habit. 

Shak. 
See  how  liis  gorget  peerx  above  his  gown 

B.  Junson. 

2.  To  look  narrowly ;  to  peep ;  as  the  peer 
ing  day.  Millon. 

Peering  in  maps  for  i)orts  and  piers  and  roads 

Shak 


PEE'RA6E,  n.  [See  Peer,  an  equal.]  The 
rank  or  dignity  of  a  peer  or  nobleman. 

Blackstone. 

2.  The  body  of  peers.  Dryden. 

PEE'RDOM,  «.  Peerage.     [JSfot  used.] 

PEE'RESS,  n.  The  consort  of  a  peer;  a 
noble  lady.  Pope. 

PEE'RLESS,  a.  Unequaled ;  having  no 
peer  or  equal ;  as  peerless  beauty  or  majes- 
ty. Dryden. 

PEE'RLESSLY,  adv.  Without  an  equal. 

PEE'RLESSNESS,  n.  The  state  of  having 
no  cqiial. 

PEE'VISH,  a.  [In  Scot,  pew  is  to  complain 
or  mutter.  It  is  probably  a  contracted 
word,  and  perhaps  from  the  root  of  pet, 
petulant.] 

1.  Fretful;  petulant;  apt  to  mutter  and 
complain  ;  easily  vexed  or  fretted  ;  queru- 
lous; hard  to  please. 

She  is  peevish,  sullen,  froward.  Shak. 

2.  Expressing  discontent  and  fretfulness. 
I  will  not  presume 

To  send  such  peevish  tokens  to  a  king. 

Shak. 

3.  Silly  ;  childish.  Shak. 
PEEVISHLY,  adv.  Fretfully;  petulantly; 

with  discontent  and  murmuring. 

Hayward. 
PEE'VISHNESS,    n.     Fretfulness;    petu- 
lance; disposition   to  murmur;   sourness 
of  temper  ;  as  childish  peevishness. 
When  peevishness  and  spleen  succeed. 

Swifl. 
PEG,  n.  [This  is  probably  from  the  root  of 
L.  pango,  pactus,  Gr.  jtijyiv^t ;  denoting 
that  which  fastens,  or  allied  to  beak  and 
picket.] 
1.  A  small  pointed  piece  of  wood  used  in 
fastening  boards  or  otiier  work  of  wood, 
&c.  It  does  the  office  of  a  nail.  The 
word  is  applied  only  to  small  pieces  of 
wood  pointed ;  to  the  larger  pieces  thus 
pointed  we  give  the  name  of  pins,  and 
pins  in  ship  carpentry  are  called  tree-nails 
or  trenails.  Coxe,  in  his  travels  in  Russia, 
speaks  of  poles  or  beams  fastened  into  the 
ground  with  pegs. 

The  pins  of  an  instrument  on  which  the 
strings  are  strained.  Shak. 

3.  A  nickname  for  Margaret. 
To  take  a  peg  lower,  to  depress  ;  to  lower. 

Hudibras. 
PEG,  I'.  /.  To  fasten  with  pegs.  Evelyn. 
PEG'GER,  n.  One  that  fastens  with  pegs. 

Sherwood. 
PEGM,  n.  pern.  [Gr.  ;try/to.]  A  sort  of  mov- 
ing machine  in  the  old  pageants. 

B.  Jonson. 
PEG'MATITE,  ?j.  Primitive  granitic  rock, 
composed  essentially  of  lamellar  feldspai 
and  quartz ;  frequently  with  a  mixture  of 
mica.  In  it  are  found  kaolin,  tin  tour- 
malin, beryl,  aqua  marina,  taiitale,  schee- 
lin  and  other  valuable  minerals.  Diet 

PEIRAS'TK',  a.  [Gr.  .iKpafixcj,   from  «»- 
pau,  to  strain,  to  attempt.]     Attempting; 
making  trial. 
3.  Treating  of  or  representing  trials  or  at- 
tempts ;  as  the  peirastic  dialogues  of  Plato 

Enfield. 

PEISE.  [See  Poise.] 

PEK'AN,  n.  A  species  of  vveasel. 

Buffon.    Pennant. 


PEL'AGE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  pilus,  hair.]  The 
vesture  or  covering   of  wild  beasts,  con- 
sisting of  hair,  fur  or  wool.  Bacon. 
PELA'GIAN,  >         [L.    ptlagus,    the    sea.] 
PEL'AGl€,     ^    ■    Pertaining   to   the    sea ; 
as  pelagian  shells.              Journ.  of  Science. 
PELAGIAN,  n.  [from  Peiog^'us,  a  native  of 
Great  Britain,  who  lived  in  the  fourth  cen- 
tury.] 
A  follower  of  Pelagius,  a  monk  of  Banchor 
or  Bangor,  who  denied  original  sin,  and 
asserted  the  doctrine  of  free  will  and  the 
merit  of  good  works.                     Bp.  Hail. 
PELA'GIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Pelagius  and 
hia  doctrines.  South. 
PELA'GIANISM,  n.  The  doctrines  of  Pe- 
lagius. South. 
PELF,  n.  [probably  allied  to  pUfer.]  Money; 
riches  ;  but   it   often  conveys  the  idea  of 
something  ill  gotten  or  worthless.     It  has 
no  plural. 
PEL'I€AN,  n.  [how  h.  pelicanus ;  Gr.  rtrt- 

txav  ;  Fr.  pelican.] 
1.  A  fowl  of  the  genus  PeUcanus.  It  is  lar- 
ger than  the  swan,  and  remarkable  for  its 
enormous  bill,  to  the  lower  edges  of  the 
under  choj)  of  which  is  attached  a  pouch 
or  bag,  capable  of  being  distended  so  as 
to  hold  many  quarts  of  water.  In  this  bag 
the  fowl  deposits  the  fish  it  takes  for  food! 

En  eye. 
A  chimical  glass  vessel  or  alembic  with  a 
tubulated  cnpital,  from  which  two  oppo- 
site and  crooked  beaks  pass  out  and  enter 
again  at  the  belly  of  the  cucurbit.  It  is 
designed  for  continued  distillation  and  co- 
hobation ;  the  volatile  parts  of  the  sub- 
stance distilling,  rising  into  the  capital  and 
returning  through  the  beaks  into  the  cu- 
curbit. JS/icholson. 
PE'LIOM,  n.  [Gr.  rti-^iwua,  black  color.]  A 
mineral,  a  variety  of  iolite.  Cleaveland. 
PELiSSE,  n.    pelee's.    [Fr.  from    L.  peliis, 

skin.] 
Originally,  a  furred  robe  or   coat.     But  the^ 
name  is  now  given  to  a  silk  coat  or  habit 
worn  by  ladies. 
PELL,  n.  [L.  peliis,  It.  pelle,  a   skin.]     A 

skin  or  hide. 
Clerk  of  the  pells,  in  England,  an  officer  of  the 
exchetiuer,  who  enters  every  teller's  bill 
on  the  parchment  rolls,  the  roll  of  receipts 
and  the  roll  of  disbursements. 
PEL'LET,  ».  [Fr.  pelole ;  W.  pellen,   from 
L.  pita,  a  ball.  It.  palla.]     A  httle  ball ;  as 
a  pe//c<  of  wax  or  lint.     Bacon.     H'iseman. 
2.  .\  bullet ;  a  ball  for  fire-arms.     [JVot  now 
used.]  Bacon.     Ray. 

PELLETED,  a.  Consisting  of  bullets. 

Shak. 
PEL'LICLE,  71.  [L.  pellicula,  dim.  of  peliis, 
skin.]  A  thin  skin  or  film.   Sharp.     Encyc. 
Among  chimists,  a  thin  saline  crust  form- 
ed  ou  the   surface  of  a  solution  of  salt 
evaporated  to  a  certain  degree.     This  pel- 
licle consists  of  saline  particles  crystalized. 
Encyc.     JVicholson. 
PEL'LITORY,    n.    [Sp.  pelltre ;  corrupted 
perhaps  from  h.  parietaria,  the  wall  plant, 
from  paries.] 
The  name  of  several  plants  of  difliereut  gen- 
era.    The  pellitory  of  the  wall  or  common 
ptUilory  is  of  the  genus  Parietaria ;  the 
bastard  pellitory    of  the    genus  Achillea; 
and  the  pellitory  of  Spain  is  the  Antliemia 
pyreturum.  Lee.    Parr. 


PEN 


PELL'-MELL,  adv.  With  confused  violence. 

Shak.     Hudibrns. 

PELLU'CID,  a.  [L.  pellucidus  ;  per  and  lu- 

cidus  ;  very  bright.     See  Light.] 
Perfectly  clear ;  transparent ;  not  opake ;  as 

a  body  as  pellucid  as  crystal.  «  oodward. 
PELLUCID'ITY,  ?„  Perfect  clearness  v 
PELLU'CIDNESS,  S       transparency  ;    as 

the  pellucidilv  of  the  air;  the  pellucidness 

of  a  gem.  ^  ,    p-^*/-     ^f- 

PELT,  n.    [G.  pelz  i  Sp.  pelada  ;  L.  pellis. 

See  FeU.]  .  ,     ..    u  ■ 

1    The  skin  of  a  beast  with  the  hair  on  it ; 
'  a  raw  hide.  Broum 

2.  The  quarry  of  a  hawk  all  torn. 

AinsxvorOi. 

3.  A  blow  or  stroke  from  something  thrown, 
[infra.] 

PELT,  V.  t.  [Fr.  peloter,  from  pelole,  a  bull ; 
or  contracted  from  pellet.  In  Sw.  bulla 
is  to  beat.  The  word  is  from  Er.  pelole,  a 
Utile  ball,  or  from  L.  pello,  Gr.  |3aWiu  ] 
L  Properly,  to  strike  with  something 
thrown,  driven  or  falling;  as,  to  pelt  with 
stones;  pelted  with  hail. 

The  chidiug  liillows  seem  to  pelt  the  clouds 

Shak. 

2.  To  drive  by  throwing  something. 

.Merbury. 
PELT' ATE,      I       [h.  pella,  a  target.]     In 
PELT'ATED,  S  "'  iotam/,  having  the  sliape 
of  a  target  or  niund  sliicid,  as  a  peltate 
stigrna ;  having  the  petiole  inserted  in  the 
disk,  as  a  peltate  leaf  Martjpi. 

PELT'ATELY,  adv.    In  the  form  of  a  tar- 
get. Eaton. 
PELT'ED,    pp.     Struck    with    something 

thrown  or  driven. 
PELT'ER,  Ji.  One  that  pelts  ;  also,  a  pinch- 
penny  ;  a  mean,  sordid  person.         Hulvet. 
PELT  IiXG,  ppi:   Striking  with  somethin 

thrown  or  driven. 
PELTING,  Ji.  An  assault  with  any  thing 
thrown.  Shak.\ 

PELT'ING,  a.   In  Shakspeare,  mean  ;  pal- 
try.    [Improper.] 
PELT'-JMoNGER,  n.  A  dealer  in  pelts  or 

raw  hides. 
PEL'TRY,  n.  [from  pell,  a  skin.]  The  skins 
of  aniinal.s  producing  fur;  skins  in  gene- 
ral, with  the  fur  on  them  ;  furs  in  general. 

Smollett. 
PELVIftl'ETER,    n.     [L.  pelvis  and    Gr. 

ftsfpor,  measure.] 
An  instrument  to  measure  the  dimensions  of 
the  female  ])ph  is.  Coxe. 

PEL'VIS,  n.  [L.  pelvis,  a  bason.]  The  cavi- 
ty of  the  body  lormed  by  the  os  sacrum, 
OS  coccyx,  and  ossa  innoniinata,  forming 
the  lower  part  of  the  abdomen. 
PEN,  >i.  [L.  penna  ;  Sax.  pinn  ;  D.  pen  ;  It. 
penna,  a  fetlier,  a  pen,  and  a  top  ;  VV.  pen, 
top,  summit,  head  ;  Ir.  beann,  beinn,  writ- 
ten also  ben.  The  Celtic  nations  called 
the  peak  of  a  mountain,  ben  or  pen.  Hence 
the  name  .ilpennine,  applied  to  the  moun- 
tains of  Italy.  It  may  belong  to  the  same 
root  as  L.  pinna,  a  Jin,  that  is,  a  shoot  or 
point.] 
L  An  instrument  used  for  writing,  usually 


PEN 

PEN,  n.  [Sax.  pinan,  to  press,  or  pyndan,  to 
pound  or  shut  up  ;  both  probably  from 
one  root.] 

A  small  inclosure  for  beasts,  as  for  cows  or 
sheep. 

PEN,  V.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  penned  or  pent.  To 
shut  in  a  pen ;  to  confine  in  a  small  inclo- 
sure ;  to  coop ;  to  confine  in  a  narrow 
place  ;  usually  followed  by  up,  which  is 
redundant.  Boyle.     Milton. 

PE'NAL,  a.  [Fr.  Sp.  id.  ;  It.  penate ;  from 
L.  pmna,  Gr.  noiijj,  pain,  punishment.  See 
Pai7i.] 

1.  Enacting  punishment  ;  denouncing  the 
punishment  of  offenses ;  as  a  penal  law  or 
statute ;  the  penal  code.  Penal  statutes 
must  be  construed  strictly.         Blackstone. 

2.  Inflicting  punishment. 
Adamantine  chains  and  penal  fire.       Milton. 

'3.  Incurring  punishment ;  subject  to  a  pen- 
alty ;  as  a  penal  act  or  ofiense. 

PENAL'ITY,  n.  Liableness  or  condemna- 
tion to  punishment.     {J*^ol  used.] 

Brown. 

PEN'ALTY,  n.  [It.  penalita ;  Sp.  penali- 
dad.     See  Penal?] 

1.  Tlie  suffering  in  jjerson  or  property 
which  is  annexed  by  law  or  judicial  de- 
cision to  the  commission  of  a  crime,  of- 
fense or  trespass,  as  a  punishment.  A 
fine  is  a  pecuniary  penally.  The  usual 
penalties  inflicted  on  the  person,  are  whip- 
ping, cropping,  branding,  imprisonment, 
liard  labor,  transportation  or  death. 

2.  The  suffering  to  which  a  person  subjects 
himself  by  covenant  or  agreement,  in  case 
of  non-fulfilhnent  of  his  stipulations;  the 
forfeiture  or  sum  to  be  forfeited  for  non- 
payment, or  for  non-compliance  with  an 
agreement ;  as  the  penalty  of  a  bond. 

PEN'ANCE,  n.  [Sp.  pcnante,  from  penar,  It 
penare,  to  sutler  pain.     See  Pain.] 

1.  The  sufl'ering,  labor  or  pain  to  which  a 
person  voluntarily  subjects  himself,  or 
which  is  imposed  on  liim  by  authority  as 
a  punishment  for  his  faults,  or  as  an  e.\ 
pressiou  of  penitence  ;  such  as  fa.sting, 
flagellation,  wearing  chains,  &c.  Penance 
is  one  of  the  seven  sacraments  of  the  Ro-j 
inish  church.  Encyc., 

2.  Repentance. 
PENCE,  n.  pens.  The  plural  ofpennjf,  when 

used  of  a  sum  of  money  or  value.  When 
pieces  of  coin  are  mentioned,  we  use  pen- 
nies. 

PEN'CIL,  n.  [Fr.  pinceau  ;  Sp.  pincel ;  L. 
penicillus.] 

I.  A  small  brush  used  by  painters  for  laying 
on  colors.  The  proper  pencils  are  made 
of  fine  hair  or  bristles,  as  of  camels,  badg-j 
ers  or  squirrels,  or  of  the  down  of  swans,' 
inclosed  in  a  quill.  The  larger  pencils,' 
made  of  swine's  bristles,  are  called  brushes. 

Encyc. 

3.  A  pen  formed  of  carburet  of  iron  or  plum- 
bago, black  lead  or  red  chalk,  with  a  point 
at  one  end,  used  for  writing  and  drawing. 

Encyc. 
3.  Any  instrument  of  writing  without  ink. 

Joh nson 


P  E  N 

2.  Radiated  :  having  pencils  of  rays. 

PENCILING,  ppr.  Painting,  drawing  or 
marking  with  a  pencil. 

PENCIL-SHAPED,  a.  Having  the  shape 
of  a  pencil. 

PENDANT,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  pendeo,  to 
hang,or  Sp. /;endo)!.     See  Pennon.] 

[l.  An  ornament  or  jewel  hanging  at  the  ear, 
usually  composed  of  j)earl  or  some  pre- 
cious stone.  Pope. 

2.  Any  thing  hanging  by  way  of  ornament. 

Jf'allcr. 

3.  In  heraldry,  a  i)art  hanging  from  the  label, 
resembling  the  drops  in  the  Doric  frieze. 

Enoyc. 

4.  A  streamer  ;  a  small  flag  or  long  narrow 
banner  displayed  from  a  ship's  mast  head, 
usually  terminating  in  two  points  called 
the  swallow's  tail.  It  denotes  that  a  ship 
is  in  actual  service.  The  broad  jiendanl 
is  used  to  distinguish  the  chief  of  u  scpiad- 
ron.  Mur.  Dirt. 

A  short  piece  of  rope  fixed  on  each  side 
under  the  shrouds,  mi  the  heads  of  the 
main  and  fore-mast,  having  an  iron  thim- 
ble to  receive  the  hooks  of  the  tackle. 

Mar.  Did. 
There  are  many  other  pendants  consist- 
ing of  a  rojje  or  ro()(:s,  to  wlio.se  lower  ex- 
tremity is  attached  a  block  or  tackle.  The 
rudder-pendant  is  a  rope  made  fast  to  the 
rudder  by  a  chain,  to  prevent  tlie  loss  of 
the  rudder  when  unshipped.  Mar.  Diet. 
(V  pendulum.     [JVot  used.]  Digby. 


made  of  the  quill  of  some  large"fowl,  but  I"*-  An  aggregate  or  collection  of  rays  of  light. | 
it  may  be  of  any  other  material.  |  PEN'CIL,  v.  t.  To  paint  or  draw  ;  to  write 


2.  A  fetlier  ;  a  wing.     [Ao<  %ised.]     Spenser 

PEN,  I',  t.  pret.  and  pp.  penned.  To  write ;  to 

compose  and  commit  to  paper.    Mdison. 


or  mark  with  a  pencil.  Shak.     Harte. 

PEN'CILED,7j;).  Painted,  drawn  or  mark- 
ed with  a  pencil. 


G. 

PEND'ENCE,  n.  [L.  pendens,  pendeo,  to 
hang.]     Slope;  inclination.  IVotion. 

PEND'ENCY,  n.  [L.  pendens,  pendeo,  su- 
pra.] 

Suspense;  the  state  of  being  undecided  ;  as, 
to  wait  during  the  pendency  of  a  suit  or 
petition. 

PEND'ENT,    a.    [L.  pendens.]     Hanging; 
fastened   at    one   end,     the    other    being 
loose. 
With  ribbons  pendent,  flaring  about  her  head. 

Shak. 

a.  Jutting  over;  projecting;  as  a  pendant 
rock.  Shak. 

3.  Supported  above  the  ground.  Milton. 

PEND  ING,  a.  [L.  pendeo,  to  hang;  pen- 
dente lite.] 

De|)ending;  remaining  undecided  ;  not  ter- 
minated. This  was  done,  pending  the 
suit. 

PENDULOS'ITY,        )       [Sec  Pendulous.] 

PEND'ULOUSNESS,  ^  "•  The  state  of 
hanging  ;  suspension.  [The  latter  is  tht 
preferable  icord.] 

PENDULOUS,  a.  [L.  pendtUus,  from  pen- 
deo, to  hang.] 

Hanging  ;  swinging  ;  fastened  at  one  end, 
the  other  being  movable.  The  dewlap  of 
an  animal  Is  pendulous. 

PEND'ULUM,  n.  [L.  pendulus,  pendulum.] 
A  vibr.'iling  body  suspended  from  a  fixed 
point  ;  as  t\>e  pendulum  of  a  clock.  The 
oscillations  of  a  pendidum  depend  on  grav- 
ity, and  are  alwiiys  performed  in  nearly 
equal  times,  supposing  the  length  of  the 
Iienilulum  and  the  gravity  to  remain  the 
same. 
PENETRABIL'ITY,  n.  [from  penetrable.] 
Susceptibility  of  being  penetrated,  or  of  be- 
ing entered  or  passed  through  hv  another 
bodv. 


PEN 


PEN 


PEN 


There  being  no  mean  between  penetrahUily 
and  iinpenetiability.  Cheyiie 

PEN'ETRABLE,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  penetrabi- 
lis.     See  Penetrate.] 

1.  That  maybe  penetrated,  entered  or  pierc- 
ed by  another  body. 

Let  him  try  thy  dart. 
And  pierce  his  only  penetrable  part. 

Dryden. 

2.  Snsreptible  of  moral  or  intellectual  im- 
pression. 

I  am  not  made  of  stone. 
But  penetrable  to  your  kind  entreaties. 

Shak. 
PEN'ETRAIL,  n.  [L.  penetralia.]    Interior 
parts.     [jYot  used.]  Harvey. 

PEN'ETRANCY,  ji.  [L.  penetrans.]  Power 
of  entering  or  piercing;  as  the  penetrnney 
of  subtil  effluvia.  Ray. 

PEN'ETRANT,  a.  [L.  penetrans.]  Having 
the  power  to  enter  or  pierce  ;  sharp  ;  sub- 
til ;  as  penetrant  spirit  ;  food  subtilized 
and  rendered  fluid  and  penetrant. 

Boyle.     Ray. 
PEN'ETRATE,  v.  t.  [L.   penetro,  from  the 
root  of  pen,  a  point.] 

1.  To  enter  or  pierce  ;  to  make  way  into  an 
other  body  ;  as,  a  sword  or  dart  penetrates 
the  body  ;  oil  penetrates  wood  ;   marrow, 
the  most  penetrating  of  oily  substances. 

Arbuthnot 

3.  To  affect  the  mind ;  to  cause  to  feel.  I 
am  penetrated  with  a  lively  sense  of  your 
generosity. 

3.  To  reach  by  the  intellect ;  to  understand  ; 
as,  to  penetrate  the  meaning  or  design  of 
any  tiling. 

4.  To  enter ;  to  pass  into  the  interior ;  as,  to 
penetrate  a  country. 

PENETRATE,  v.  i.  To  pass;  to  make 
way. 

Bom   where  heaven's  influence  scarce  can 
penetrate.  Pope 

2.  To  make  way  intellectually.  He  had  not 
penetrated  into  the  designs  of  the  prince. 

PENETRATED,    pp.    Entered  ;  pierced 

understood  ;  fatliotiiod. 
PEN'ETRATING,;>jt»-.  Entering ;  piercing ; 

understanding. 

2.  a.  Having  the  power  of  entering  or  pierc- 
ing another  body  ;  sharp  ;  subtil.  Oil  is 
a  penetrating  substance. 

3.  Acute  ;  discerning  ;  quick  to  understand  ; 
as  a  penetrating  mind. 

PENETRA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  entering 
a  body.  Milton 

2.  Mental  entrance  into  any  thing  abstruse  ; 
as  a  penetration  into  the  abstruse  difficul 
ties  of  algebra.  Watts. 

3.  Acuteness ;  sagacity ;  as  a  man  of  great 
or  nice  penetration. 

PENETRATIVE,  a.  Piercing  ;  sharp  ; 
subtil. 

l^et  not  air  be  too  gross  nor  too  penetrative. 

Wvtton. 

2.  Acute;  Scigacious;  discerning;  as  pene- 
trative wisdom.  Swift. 

3.  Having  the  power  to  affect  or  impress  the 
mind;  as  penetrative  H\\a.me.  Shak. 

PEN'ETRATIVENESS,  n.  The  quality  of 

being  penetrative. 
PEN'FISH,   n.    A  kind  of  eelpout  with  a 

.smooth  skin.  Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

PEN'GIJIN,  n.  [W.  pen,  head,  and  gwyn, 

white  ;  or  h.  pinguidine,  with  fatness.] 


1.  A  genus  of  fowls  of  the  order  of  Palmi-| 
peds.  The  penguin  is  an  aquatic  fowl 
with  very  short  legs,  with  four  toes,  three 
of  which  are  webbed  ;  the  body  is  clothed; 
with  short  fethers,  set  as  compactly  as  the 
scales  of  a  fish;  the  wings  are  small  like 
fins,  and  covered  with  short  scale-like  feth-' 
ers,  so  that  they  are  useless  in  flight.  Pen- 
guins seldom  go  on  shore,  except  in  the 
season  of  breeding,  when  they  burrow  like 
rabbits.  On  land  they  stand  erect ;  they 
are  tame  and  may  be  driven  like  a  flock 
of  sheep.  In  water  they  swim  with  rapid- 
ity, being  assisted  by  their  wings.  These 
fowls  are  found  only  in  the  southern  lati-j 
tudes.  Encyc. 

2.  A  species  of  fruit.  Miller. 
PEN'ICIL,  n.  [L.  penicillus.     See  Pencil.] 

1.  Among  physicians,  a  tent  or  pledget  for 
wounds  or  ulcers. 

2.  A  species  of  shell. 

PENIN'SULA,  n.  [L.  pene,  almost,  and  in- 
sula, an  isle  ;  It.  penesolo.] 

1.  A  portion  of  land,  connected  with  a  con- 
tinent by  a  narrow  neck  or  isthmus,  but 
nearly  surrounded  with  water.  Thus 
Boston  stands  on  a  peninsula. 

A  large  extent  of  country  joining  the 
main  lanil  by  a  part  narrower  than  the 
tract  itself  Thus  Spain  and  Portugal  are 
said  to  be  situated  on  a  peninsula. 

PENIN'SULAR,  «.  In  the  form  or  state  of 
a  peninsula  ;  pertaining  to  a  peninsula. 

PENIN'SULATE,  v.  t.  To  encompass  al- 
most with  water  ;  to  form  a  peninsula. 

•South  river  peninsxilates    Castle   hill    farm, 
and  at  high  tides,  surrounds  it. 

Bentlei)'s  Hist.  Coll. 

PENIN'SULATED,  pp.  Almost  surround- 
ed with  water. 

PENIN'SULATING,  ppr.  Nearly  surround- 
ing with  water. 

PENITENCE,   \        [Fr.  ;jcm7e»!ce,  from  L. 

PEN'ITENCY,  \  "■  pcEnitentia,  irom  pa:ni- 
teo,  from  pcena,  pain,  punishment.  Seei 
Pain.] 

Repentance;  pain;  sorrow  or  grief  of  heart' 
for  sins  or  offenses;  contrition.  Rea\  peti- 
itence  springs  from  a  conviction  of  guilt 
and  ingratitude  to  God,  and  is  followed 
bv  amendment  of  life. 

PEN'ITENT,   a.    [Fr.   from    L.  panitens.] 

Suffering  pain  or  sorrow  of  heart  on    ac- 
count of  sins,  crimes  or  offenses;  contrite; 
sincerely  affected  by  a  sen.se  of  guilt  and 
resolving  on  amendment  of  life. 
The  proud  he  tam'd,  the  penitent  he  cheer'd. 

Dryden. 

PEN'ITENT,  n.  One  that  repents  of  sin ; 
one  sorrowful  on  account  of  his  transgres- 
sions. 

2.  One  under  church  censure,  but  admitted 
to  penance.  Stillingjleet. 

3.  One  under  the  direction  of  a  confessor. 
Penitents  is  an  appellation  given  to  certain 

fraternities  in  catholic  countries,  distin-| 
guislied  by  their  habits  and  employed  in| 
charitable  acts.  EncycJ 

Order  of  penitents,  a  religious  order  establish-} 
ed  by  one  Bernard  of  Marseilles,  about: 
the  year  1272,  for  the  reception  of  re-i 
formed  courtezans.  The  congregation  of 
penitents  at  Paris,  was  founded  with  a  si 
ilar  view.  Enc>/c.\ 

PENITENTIAL,  a.  [Fr.  penilentiel ;  It. 
penitenziale.] 


Proceeding  from  or  expressing  penitence  or 
contrition  of  heart ;  as  penitential  sorrow 
or  tears.  South. 

PENITEN'TIAL,  n.  Among  the  Roman- 
ists, a  book  containing  the  rules  which  re- 
late to  penance  and  the  reconciliation  of 
penitents.  Encyc. 

PENITENTIARY,  a.  Relating  to  pen- 
ance, or  to  the  rules  and  measures  of  pen- 
ance. BramhttU. 

PENITEN'TIARY,  n.  One  that  prescribes 
the  rules  and  measures  of  penance. 

Bacon.     Ayliffe. 

2.  A  penitent ;  one  that  does  penance. 

Hammond. 

.3.  At  the  court  of  Rome,  an  office  in  which 
are  examined  and  delivered  out  the  secret 
bulls,  graces  or  dispensations  relating  to 
cases  of  conscience,  confession,  &c. 

Encyc. 

4.  An  officer  in  some  cathedrals,  vested  with 
power  from  the  bishop  to  absolve  in  cases 
reserved  to  him.  The  pope  has  a  grand 
penitentiary,  who  is  a  cardinal  and  is  chief 
of  the  other  penitentiaries.  Encyc. 

5.  A  house  of  correction  in  which  offenders 
are  confined  for  punishment  and  reforma- 
tion, and  compelled  to  labor:  a  work- 
house.    A  state  prison  is  &  penitentiary. 

PEN'ITENTLY,     adv.     With    penitence  ; 

with  repentance,  sorrow  or  contrition  for 

sin. 
PEN'KNIFE,    n.   [See  Pen  and  Knife.]   A 

small  knife  used  for  making  and  mending 

pens. 
PEN'MAN,  n.  plu.  penmen.    [See  Pen  and 

Man.] 

1.  A  man  that  professes  or  teaches  the  art 
of  writing.     More  generally, 

2.  One  that  writes  a  good  hand. 

3.  An  author;  a  writer;  as  the  sacred  pen- 
men. Addison. 

PEN'MANSHIP,  n.  The  use  of  the  pea  in 
writing;  the  art  of  writing. 

2.  Manner  of  writing  ;  as  good  or  bad  pen- 
manship. 

PEN'NACHED,  a.  [Vt.  pennache  or  pana- 
che, from  panache,  a  plume  or  bunch  of 
fethers.] 

Radiated  ;  diversified  with  natural  stripes 
of  various  colors ;  as  a  flower.  [Little 
used.]  Evelyn. 

PEN'NANT,  I       [Fr.  fanion,  pennon  ;   It. 

PEN'NON,  S  pennone;  Sp.  pendon  ;  W. 
penwn  ;  Goth,  fana  ;  L.  pannus,  a  cloth.] 

1.  A  small  flag  ;  a  banner.     [See  Pendant.^ 

2.  .\  tackle  for  hoisting  things  on  board  a 
ship.  Ainsworth. 

PEN'NATE,      \       [L.   pennatus,    winged, 
PEN'NATED,  (,  ""  from  penna,  a  quill  or 
wing.] 

1.  Winged. 

2.  In  botany,  a  pennate  leaf  is  a  compound 
leaf  in  which  a  simple  petiole  has  several 
leaflet^  attached  to  each  side  of  it.  [See 
Pinnate.  ] 

PEN  NED,  pp.  Written. 

PENNED,  a.  Winged  ;  having  plumes. 

Huloet. 
PEN'NER,  n.  A  writer. 
2.  A  pen-case.    [Local.]  Ainsworth. 

PEN'NIFORM,  a.  [L.  penna,  a  fether  or 

ipiill,  and  form.] 
Having  the  form  of  a  quill  or  fether. 

Encyc. 


PEN 


PEN 


PEN 


t'EN'NILESS, o.  [from penny.]  Moneyless; 

destitute  of  money  ;  j>oor.  Arbuthnot. 

PEN'NIiNG,  jipr.  (Committing  to  writing. 
PENNON.     [.See  PtnnanL] 
I'EN'NY,  n.  phi.  pennies  or  pence.    Pennies 

denotes  the  number   of  coins ;  pence  the 

amount  of  pennies  in  vahie.     [Sax.penig; 

D.  Sw.  penning;  G.  pfennig;  Dun.  penge, 

money.] 

1.  An  ancient  English  silver  coin  ;  but  now 
an  imaginary  money  of  account,  twelve  of 
which  are  e(|ual  to  a  shilling.  It  is  the 
radical  denomination  from  which  Eng- 
lish coin  is  numbered.  Johnson 

2.  In  ancient  English  statutes,  any  or  all 
silver  money. 

3.  Proverbially,  a  small  sum.  He  will  not 
lend  a  penny. 

4.  Money  in  general. 

Be  sure  to  turn  Ihe  pamy.  Dryden 

PEN'NYPOST,  n.  One  tliat  carries  letters 
from  the  ]K)st  office  and  deUvers  them  to 
the  proper  ]>ersons  for  a  peimy  or  other 
small  compensation. 

PENNYROY'AL,  n.   A  plant  of  the  genus 

Mentha.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

The  English  pennyroyal  is  the  Mentha 

pulegium  ;  the  N.  American  pennyroyal  is 

the  Cunila  pulegioiiks.        Pair.     Bigelow. 

PEN'NYWtHillT,  n.  A  troy  weight  con- 
taining twenty  four  grains,  each  grain  be- 
ing eijual  in  weight  to  a  grain  of  wheat 
from  the  middle  of  tlie  ear,  well  dried.  It 
was  anciently  the  weight  of  a  silver  pen- 
ny, whence  the  name.  T\yenty  penny- 
weights make  an  ounce  troy.' 

PEN'NYWISE,  a.  Saving  small  sums  at 
the  hazard  of  larger ;  niggardly  on  im- 
proper occasions.  Bacon. 

PENNYWORTH,  n.  As  much  as  is  bought 
for  a  pemiy. 

2.  Any  purchase  ;  any  thing  bought  or  sold 
for  money  ;  that  which  is  worth  the  mon- 
ey given.  South. 

3.  A  good  bargain;  something  advantageous- 
ly purchased,  or  for  less  than  it  is  worth. 

Dnjden. 

4.  A  small  quantity.  Stinfl. 
PEN'SILE,  a.  [L.  pensUis,  from  pendeo,  to 

hang.] 
J.  Hanging;  suspended;  as  a ;?C7Mi7e  bell. 

Bacon.     Prior. 

2.  Supported  above  the  ground  ;  as  a  pensile 

garden.  Prior. 

PEN'SILENESS,  n.  The  state  of  hanging. 

Baco7i. 

PENSION,  n.    [Fr.   Sp.  id.;  It.  pensione; 

from  L.  pensio,   from  pendo,  pensum,   to 

pay-] 

1.  An  annual  allowance  of  a  sum  of  money  to 
a  person  by  government  in  consideration 
of  past  services,  civil  or  military.  Men  of- 
ten receive  pensions  for  eminent  services 
on  retiring  from  office.  But  in  particular, 
officers,  soldiers  and  seamen  receive  pen- 
sions when  they  are  disabled  for  further 
services. 

2.  An  annual  payment  by  an  individual  to 
an  old  or  disabled  servant. 

3.  In  Great  Britain,  an  annual  allowance 
made  by  government  to  indigent  widows 
of  officers  killed  or  dying  in  public  service. 

4.  Payment  of  money  :  rent.    1  Esdras. 

5.  A  yearly  payment  in  the  inns  of  court. 

Eng. 


G.  A  certain  sum  of  money  paid  to  a  clergy- 
man in  lieu  of  tithes.  Cyc. 

7.  An  allowance  or  annual  payment,  con- 
sidered in  the  light  of  a  bribe. 

PEN'SION,  V.  t.  To  grant  a  pension  to ;  to 
grant  an  annual  allowance  from  the  pub- 
lic treasury  to  a  person  for  jiast  services, 
or  on  account  of  disability  incurred  in  pub- 
lic service,  or  of  old  age. 

PEN'SIONARY,  a.  Maintained  by  a  pen- 
sion ;  receiving  a  pension  ;  as  pensionary 
spies.  Donne. 

2.  Consisting  in  a  pension  ;  as  a.  pensionary 
provision  for  maintenance. 

PEN'SIONARY,  n.  A  person  who  receives 
a  pension  from  government  for  past  ser- 
vices, or  a  yearly  allowance  from  some 
prince,  company  or  individual. 

2.  The  first  minister  of  the  states  of  the 
province  of  Holland  ;  also,  the  first  njinis- 
ter  of  the  regency  of  a  city  in  Holland. 

Encyc. 

PENSIONED,;;;).  Having  a  pension. 

PENSIONER,  n.  One  to  whom  an  annual 
sum  of  money  is  paid  by  government  in 
consideration  of  past  services. 

2.  One  who  receives  an  annual  allowance 
for  services. 

3.  A  dependant. 

4.  In  the  university  of  Cambridge,  and  in 
that  of  Dublin,  an  undergraduate  or  bach- 
elor of  arts  who  lives  iit  liis  own  expense. 

En  cyc. 

5.  One  of  an  honorable  band  of  gentlemen 
who  attend  on  the  king  of  England,  and 
receive  a  pension  or  an  nuniial  allowance 
of  a  hundred  pounds.  This  band  was  in- 
stituted by  Henry  VII.  Their  duty  is  to 
guard  the  king's  person  in  his  own  house. 

Enryc.     Cyc. 
PEN'SIONING,  ppr.  Granting  aii   annual 

allowance  for  past  services. 
PENSIVE,  a.    [It.  pensivo,  pensieroso;  Sp. 

pensativo  ;  Fr.  pensif  i'rom  penser,  to  tliinkj 

or  reflect ;  L.  penso,  to  weigh,  to  consider  ; 

pendo,  to  weigh.] 

1.  Literally,  thouglitful ;  employed  in  se- 
rious study  or  reflection ;  but  it  often 
implies  some  degree  of  sorrow,  anxiety, 
depression  or  gloom  of  mind  ;  thouglitful 
and  sad,  or  sorrowful. 

Anxious  cares  the  pensive  nymph  oppress'd. 

Pope. 

2.  Expressing  thouglitfulness  with  sadness  ; 
as  pensive  numbers ;  pensive  strains. 

Prior. 

PEN'SIVELY,  adv.  With  thonglnfulness; 
with  gloomy  seriousness  or  some  degree 
of  melancholy.  Spenser. 

PEN'SIVENESS,  n.  Gloomy  thouglitful- 
ness ;  melancholy ;  seriousness  from  de- 
pressed spirits.  Hooker. 

PEN'STOCK,  n.  [pen  and  stock.]  A  narrow 
or  confined  ])lace  formed  by  a  frame  of 
timber  planked  or  boarded,  for  holding  or 
conducting  the  water  of  a  mill-pond  to  a 
wheel,  and  furnished  with  a  flood  gate 
which  may  be  shut  or  opened  at  pleasure. 

PENT,  pp.  of  pen.  Shut  up ;  closely  con- 
fined. 

PENTA€AP'SULAR,  a.  [Gr.  ntvri,  five, 
and  capsular.]  In  botany,  having  five 
capsules. 

PENTACHORD,  n.  [Gr.  .turf,  five,  and 
chord.] 


1.  An  instrument  of  music  with  rive  strings. 

2.  An  order  or  system  of  five  sounds. 

Busby. 
PEN'TA€OC€OUS,  a.  [Gr.  >i««,five,  aiid 

L.  coccus,  a  berry.] 
Having  or  containing  five  grains  or  seeds,  or 

having  five  united  cells  with  one  ceed  in 

each.  Martyn. 

PEN'TA€OSTER,    n.    [Gr.]     In     ancunl 

Greece,  a  military  officer  commanding  fifty 

men  ;  but  the  number  varied.         Mitford. 
PEN'TACOSTYS,  n.  [Gr.]  A  body  of  fifty 

soldiers;  but  the  number  varied. 

Mitford. 
PENTAC'RINITE,  n.  The  fossil  remains 

of  a  zoophyte. 
PENTA€ROS'Tl€,  a.  [Gr.  jt.rrt,  five,  and 

acrostic] 
Containing  five  acrostics  of  the  same  name 

in  five  divisions  of  each  verse. 
PENTACROS'TIC,  n.  A  set  of  verses  so 

disposed  as  to  have  five  acrostics  of  the 

same  name  in  five  divisions  of  each  ver.se. 

Encyc. 
PENTADAC'TYL,  n.  [Or.  miti,  five,  and 

SoxrvXoj,  finger.] 

1.  In  botany,  a  plant  caWcd  fve  fingers ;  a 
name  given  to  the  Ricinus  or  Palina 
Christi,  from  tlie  shape  of  its  leaf. 

Encyc. 

2.  In  ichthyology,  the  five  fingered  fish  ;  a 
name  given  to  a  fi.-li  common  in  the  East 
Indian  seas,  which  has  five  black  streaks 
on  each  side  resembling  the  prints  of  five 
fingers.  Encyc. 

PEN'TAGON,  n.  [Gr.  rcntt,  five,  and  -/uno, 
a  corner.] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  figure  of  five  sides  and  five 
angles.  Encyc. 

2.  In/or/t/?cn<!0)i,  a  fort  with  five  bastions. 

Encyc. 
PENTAGONAL.  >  Having  five  corners 
PENTAG'ONOUS,  \  "•  or  angles. 

Ji'oodicard.     Lee.     Martyn. 
PEN'TAGRAPH,  n.    [Gr.  xi.r,,   five,   and 

7paiJ>u,  to  write.] 
.'\n  instrument  for  drawing  figures   in  any 

proportion  at  pleasure,  or  for  copying  or 

reducing  a  figure,  jilau,  print,  &c.  to  any 

desired  .size. 
PENTAGRAPII'IC,         >        PertainiuL'  to 
PENTAGRAPH  l€AL,  ^    "•  apentagrHph; 

performed  by  a  pentagrapli. 
PEN'TAGYN,  n.   [Gr.  nivTi,  five,  and  yvir;, 

a  female.]     In  botany,  a  plant  having  five 

pistils. 

PENTAGYN'IAN,  a.  Having  five  pistils. 
PENTAHEDRAL,     }      Having  five  equal 
PENTAHE'DROUS,  \  "sides. 
PENTAHEDRON,  n.  [Gr.  m,r,,  five,  and 

ihi>a.,  a  side  or  base.]    A  figure  having  five 

equal  sides. 

PENTAHEXAIIE'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  rtai-t, 
five,  and  heinhedral.] 

In  crystalography,  exhibiting  five  ranges  of 
faces  one  above  another,  each  range  con- 
taining si.\  faces.  CIcaveland. 

PENTAM  ETER,  n.  [Gr.  rtiyn,  five,  and 
fii-ffiny,  measure.] 

In  ancient  poetry,  a  verse  of  five  feet.  The 
two  first  feet  may  be  either  dactyls  or 
spondees;  the  third  is  always  a  spondee, 
and  the  two  last  anapcsts.  A  pentame- 
ter verse  subjoined  to  a  hexameter,  con- 
stitutes what  is  called  elegiac.  Encyc. 


PEN 


P  E  O 


PEP 


PENTAMETER,   a.  Having  five  metrical 

(pet.  Warlon. 

PENTAN'DER,   n.    [Gr.   rtfrft,    five,   and 

ai'jjp,  a  male.] 
In  botany,  a  plant  having  five  stamens. 
PENTAN'DRIAN,  a.  Having  five  stamens. 
PENTAN'GULAR,  a.  [Gr.  rttrrf,  five,  and 

avgular.]    Having  five  corners  or  angles,  l 

Greiv.l 
PENTAPET'ALOUS,  a.   [Gr.   rttrrt,  five, 

and  Httar.op,  a  petal.] 
Having  five  petals  or  flower  leaves.  | 

Encyc 
PENTAPH'YLLOUS,   a.   [Gr.  «»Tf,   five,! 

and  ^\)M.ov,  a  leaf.]     Having  five  leaves.     | 
PEN'TAR€HY,    n.    [Gr.   ntiTt,  five,  andj 

apx'it  rule.] 
A  government  in  the  bands  of  five  persons.. 

Brewer. 
PEN'TASPAST,  n.    [Gr.  jit^ff,  five,  and 

ortau,  to  draw.] 
An  engine  with  five  pulleys.  Did. 

PENTASPERM'OUS,   n.   [Gr.   rtivti,  five, 

and  aitipfia,  seed.]     Containing  five  seeds. 

Encyc. 
PEN'TASTI€H,   n.    [Gr.   rffirt,  five,   and 

;iX°U  verse.] 
A  composition  consisting  of  five  verses. 

Did. 
PEN'TASTYLE,  n.   [Gr.   itivm,  five,  and 

fvXof,  a  column.]  \ 

In  nrchitecture,  a  work  containing  five  rows 

of  ciilumns. 
PEN'TATEU€H,  «.    [Gr.  ««*(,  five,   and, 

tivxo;.  a  book  or  composition.]  i 

The  first  five  books  of  the  Old  Testament.: 
PEN'TECONTER,   n.   [from   the   Greek.] 

A  Grecian  vessel  of  fifty  oars,  smaller  thaii' 

a  trireme.  Mitford. 

PEN'TEeOST,  n.  [Gr.  rttiTixo;r„  rttrTfxofo;, 

fiftieth.] 

1.  A  solenm  festival  of  the  Jews,  so  called 
because  celebrated  on  the  fiftieth  day  af- 
ter the  sixteenth  of  Nisan,  which  was  the, 
second  day  of  the  passover.     It  was  call 
ed  the  feast  of  weeks,  because  it  was  celc 
brated  seven  weeks  after  the  passover.    It 
was  instituted  to   oblige  the  people  to  re 
pair  to  the  temple  of  the  Lord,  there  to  ac 
knowledge  his  absolute  dominion  over  the 
coimtry,  and  ofi'er  him   the  first  frwits  of 
their  harvest ;  also  that  they  might  call  tO| 
mind  and  give  thanks  to  God  for  the  law| 
which  he  had  given  them  at  Sinai  on  the 
fiftieth    day  from    their   departure   from 
Egypt.  Calmet.     Encyc' 

2.  Whitsuntide,  a  solemn  feast  of  the  church, 
held  in  commemoration  of  the  descent  of 
the  Holy  Spirit  on  the  apostles.    Acts  ii. 

PEi\'TE€OSTAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  Whit- 
suntide. Sandersott 

PENTECOS'TALS,  n.  Oblations  formerly 
made  by  parishioners  to  the  parish  ])riest, 
at  the  feast  of  Pentecost,  and  sometimes 
by  inferior  churches  to  the  mother  church. 

Cowd. 

PENT'IIOUSE,  n.  [Pr.  pente,  a  slope,  and; 
house.     In  Welsh,  penty.]  \ 

A  shed  standing  aslope  from  the  main  wall 
or  building. 

PEN'TICE,  n.  [It.  pendice,  a  declivity,  from 
L.  petido,  to  bend.] 

A  sloping  roof.     [Little  used.]  Wotton. 

PEN'TILE,  n.   [Fr.  pente,  a  bending,  and 


A  tile  for  covering  the  sloping  part  of  a 
roof.    [(Xn.  ■pantile.]  Johnson. 

PEN'TREMITE,  n.  A  genus  of  zoophytes 
or  fossil  shells. 

PENULT',  n.  [L.  penullimus;  pene,  almost, 
and  ultimus,  last.] 

The   last   syllable   of  a  word   except   one 

PENULT'IMATE,  a.  [supra.]  The  last  hut 
one  ;  a  word  used  of  the  last  syllable  of  a 
word  except  one.  It  may  be  sometimes 
used  as  a  noun 

PENUM'BRA,  n.  [L.  pene,  almost,  and  um- 
bra, shade.] 

In  astronomy,  a  partial  shade  or  obscurity  on 
the  margin  of  the  perfect  shade  in  an 
eclipse,  or  between  the  perfect  shade 
where  the  light  is  entirely  intercepted,  and 
the  full  light.  Cyc. 

PENURIOUS,  a.  [It.  penurioso,  from  L. 
penuria,  scarcity,  want;  Gr.  /ttiijs,  poor; 
anavos,  rare.] 

1.  Excessively  saving  or  sparing  in  the  use 
of  money;  parsimonious  to  a  fault;  sor 
did  ;    as  a  penurious   man.     It  expresses 
somewhat  less  than  niggardly. 


2.  Scanty  ;  affording  little ;   as  a  penurious 


tile.] 


spring.  Addison. 

PENU'RIOUSLY,  adv.  In  a  saving  or  par 
sinionious  manner;  with  scanty  supply. 

PENU'RIOUSNESS,  n.  Parsimony  ;  a  sor- 
did dispcsition  to  save  money.      Addison. 

'i.  Scantiness;  not  plenty. 

PENURY,  n.  [L.  penuria,  from  Gr.   ntfijs, 
needy.] 

Want  of  property  ;  indigence;  extreme  pov- 
erty. 

All  innocent  they  were  exposed  to  hardship 
and  penury.  Sprat. 

PE'ON,  n.  In  Hindoostan,  a  foot  soldier,  or 

a  footman  armed  with  sword  and  target ; 

said  to  be  corrupted  from  piadah.  [Qu.  L. 

pes,  pedis.]     Hence, 

2.  In  France,  a  common  man  in  chess  ;  usu 

ally  written  and  called  pawn. 
PE'ONY,  n.  [L.  pwonia  ;  Gr.  naiuvia,  from 

naiut;  Apollo.] 
A  plant  and  flower  of  the  genus  Pseonia.    It 

is  written  also  piony. 
PEOPLE,  n.  [Fr.  peuple  ;  h.popidtts;  W. 
pawb,  pob,  each,  every  one ;  poblac,  com- 
mon people;  G.  pobet ;  Ir.  pupal,  pobal ; 
Sp.  pueblo  ;  Russ.  bobiel,  a  peasant.  This 
word  coincides  in  elements  with  babe  and 
pupil,  and  perhaps  originally  signified  the 
children  of  a  family,  likeg'ens.] 
1.  The  body  of  persons  who  compose  a  com- 
munity, town,  city  or  nation.  We  say,  the 
people  of  a  town ;  the  people  of  London  or' 
Paris;  the  English  people.  In  this  sense, 
the  word  is  not  used  in  the  plural,  but  it 
comprehends  all  classes  of  iidiabitants, 
considered  as  a  collective  body,  or  any 
portion  of  the  inhabitants  of  a  city  or 
country. 

The  vulgar;  the   mass  of  illiterate  per- 
sons. 

The  knowing  artist  may  judge  better  than  the 
people.  IValler 

The  commonalty,  as  distinct  from  men 
of  rank. 

Myself  shall  mount  the  rostrum  in  his  favor. 
And  strive  to  gain  his  pardon  iVom  the  peo- 
ple. Mdison 
4.  Persons  of  a  particular  class  ;  a  part  of  a 
nation  or  community ;  as  country  people 


Persons  in  general ;  any  persons  indefi- 
nitely ;  like  on  in  French,  and  man  in  Sax- 
on. 

People  were  tempted  to  lend  by  great  premi- 
ums and  large  interest.  Swift 

C.  A  collection  or  community  of  animals. 
The  ants   are  a  people  not  strong,   yet   they 
prepare  their  meat  in  the  summer.     Prov.  xxx. 
When  people  signifies  a  separate  nation 
or  tribe,  it  has  the  plural  number. 

Thou  must  prophesy  again  before  manypeo- 
jAes.    Rev.  x. 

8.  In  Scripture,  fathers   or  kindred.     Gen. 

9.  The  Gentiles. 

— To  him  shall   die  gathering  of  the  people 
be.   Gen.  xlix. 

PEOPLE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  peupler.]  To  stock  with 
inhabitants.       Emigrants    from     Europe 
have  peopled  the  United  States. 
PEOPLED,  pp.  Stocked  or  furnished  with 

inhabitants. 
PEOPLING,   ppr.    Stocking  with  inhabit- 
ants. 
PEOPLISH,  a.  Vulgar.  Chaucer. 

PEPAS'TIe,  n.  [Gr.  mrtaivu,  to  concoct  or 

mature.] 
A  medicine  that  serves   to  help  digestion ; 
applied  particularly  to  such  medicines  as 
tend  to  promote  the  digestion  of  wounds. 

Coxe. 
PEP' PER,  n.  [L.  piper;  Sax.  peppor;  D. 
peper  ;  Sw.  peppar  ;  G.  pfeffer  ;  Dan.  pe- 
her  ;  Fr.  poivre  ;  It.  pepe  ;  Gr.  rttnipi ;  Hin- 
doo, pipel ;  Sanscrit,  pipali;  Pers.  pilpil.] 
A  plant  and  its  seeil  or  grain,  of  the  genus 
Piper.  The  stem  of  the  plant  is  a  vine  re- 
quiring a  prop,  which  is  usually  a  tree. 
The  leaves  are  oval  and  the  flower  white. 
We  l:ave  three  kinds  of  pepper,  the  black, 
the  white,  and  the  long.  The  black  pep- 
per is  the  produce  of  Java,  Sumatra,  Cey- 
lon, and  other  Asiatic  countries  ;  the  white 
pepper  is  the  black  pe()per  decorticated  ; 
the  long  pep|ier  is  the  fruit  of  a  different 
species,  also  from  the  E.  Indies.  It  con- 
sists of  numerous  grains  attached  to  a 
common  footstalk.  Pepper  has  a  strong 
aromatic  smell  and  a  pungent  taste. 

A.iiat.  Res.     Encyc. 
PEP'PER,  V.  t.  To  sprinkle  with  pepper. 
i.  To  heat ;  to  pelt  with   shot ;  to   mangle 
with  blows.  Shak. 

PEP'PER-BOX,  n.  A  small  bos  with  a  per- 
forated lid,  used  for  sprinkling  pulverized 
pepper  on  food. 
PEP'PER-€AKE,  n.  A  kind  of  spiced  cake 

or  gingerbread. 
PEP'PER-eORN.  n.  The  berry  or  seed  of 

the  pepper-plant. 
2.  Something    of  inconsiderable   value;  as 

lands  held  at  the  rent  of  a  pepper-corn. 
PEPPERED,  ;;;).  Sprinkled  with  pepper; 

I)eltcd ;  spotted. 
PEPPER  GlN'tiERBREAD,  n.  A  kind  of 

cake  made  in  England. 
PEP'PEKGRASS,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Pihilaria  ;  also,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Lepid- 
ium. 
PEPPERING,  ppr.   Sprinkling  with  pep- 
per ;  pelting. 
2.  a.  Hot ;  pungent ;  angry.  Swift. 

PEP'PERMINT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Mentha.  It  is  aromatic  and  pungent.  Al- 
so, a  liquor  distilled  from  the  plant. 


PER 


PER 


PER 


PEP'PERMINT-TREE,  n.  The  Eucalyp- 
tus piperita,  a  native  of  New  Soutti  Wales. 

Encyc. 

PEPPER-POT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Capsicum. 

PEP'PER-TREE,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Vitis. 

PEPPER-WATER,  n.  A  liquor  prepared 
froiri  powdered  black  pepper; used  in  tuic- 
roscopiral  observations.  Enryt. 

PEP'PER-WORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
I.ppidiuni. 

PEP'TI€,  o.  [Gr.  KtrCTixof,  from  rciytru,,  to 
digest.] 

Promoting  digestion  ;  dietetic,  as  peptic  pre- 
cepts. Kilrhener. 

PER,  a  Latin  preposition,  denoting  through, 
passing,  or  over  the  whole  extent,  as  in 
perambvlo.  Hence  it  is  sometimes  equiva- 
lent to  very  in  English,  as  in  pernrutusl 
very  sharp.  As  a  prefix,  in  English,  it  re-j 
tains  these  significations,  and  in  chiniistry 
it  is  used  to  denote  venj  or  fully,  to  the  ut- 
vmst  extent,  as  in  peroryd,  a  substance  ox- 
ydated  to  the  utmost  degree. 

Ptr  is  used  also  for  by,  as  per  bearer,  hy  the 
bearer. 

Per  annum,  [L.]  by  the  year  ;  in  each  year 
successively. 

Perse,  [L.]  by  himself;  by  itself;  by  them- 
selves. 

PERACU'TE, a.  [L.peraeutus ; per,  through, 
and  acutus,  sharp.] 

Very  sharp  ;  very  violent ;  as  a  peracvte  fe- 
ver.    [Little  used.]  Harvey. 

PERADVENT'URE,  adv.  [Fr. par avenlwc  ; 
par,  by,  and  aventure,  from  L.  venio,  to 
come.] 

By  chance  ;  perhaps  ;  it  may  be.         Hooker. 
It  has  been  used  as  a  noun  for  doubt  or 
question,    but    rather    improperly.     The 
word  is  obsolescent  and  inelegant. 

PERAGRATE,  v.  i.  [L.  peragro  ;  per, 
through,  over,  and  ager,  a  field.] 

To  travel  over  or  through  ;  to  wander ;  to! 
ramble.     [Little  used.]  | 

PERAGRA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  passing! 
through  any  space ;  as  the  peragralion  of 
the  moon  in  her  monthly  revolution.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Broivn.     Holder. 

PERAM'BULATE,  v.  t.  [L.  perambulo ;  per 
and  ambulo,  to  walk.] 

To  walk  through  or  over ;  properly  and 
technically,  to  pass  through  or  over  for  the 
purpose  of  surveying  or  examining  some- 
thing ;  to  visit  as  overseers;  as,  to  per- 
ambulate a  parish.  So  in  New  England, 
the  laws  require  the  selectmen  of  towns 
to  appoint  suitable  persons  annually  to 
perambulate  the  borders  or  bounds  of  the 
township,  and  renew  the  boundaries,  or 
see  thai  liie  old  ones  are  in  a  good  state. 

PERAMBULATED,  pp.  Passed  over  ;  in- 
spectcil. 

PERAM'BULATING,ppr.  Passing  over  or 
tljrongh  fur  the  purpose  of  inspection. 

PERASIBULA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  pass- 
ing or  walking  through  or  over.       Bacon 

2.  A  traveling  survey  or  inspection. 

Howell. 

3.  A  district  within  which  a  per.son  has  the 
right  of  inspection  ;  jurisdiction. 

Holidn  II. 

4.  Annual  survey  of  the  bounds  of  a  paris 
in  England,  or  of  a  township  in  America. 

Vol.  11. 


PERAMBULATOR,  n.  An  instrument  or 
wheel  for  measuring  distances,  to  be  used 
in  surveying  or  traveling  ;  called  also  a 
pedometer.  Encyc. 

PERBISUL'PHATE,  n.  A  sulphate  with 
two  proportions  of  sulphuric  acid,  and 
combined  with  an  oxyd  at  the  maximum 
ofoxydation.  Siliiman. 

PER€>AI{BI  RETED,  a.  The  percarbu- 
reted  hydrtJficn  of  the  Erench  chimists  is 
said  to  be  the  oidy  definite  compound  of 
these  two  elements.  Urt. 

PERCA'KE,  adv.  [per  and  ca.ie,  by  case.] 
Perhaps  ;  perchance.     [JVot  used.] 

Bacon. 

PER'CEANT,  a.  [Fr.  per^ant.]  Piercing  ;; 
penetrating.     [jVot  used.]  Speiiser. 

PERCEIVABLE,  a.  [See  Perceive.]  Per- 
ceptible; that  maybe  perceived  ;  that  may 
fall  under  perce|)tion  or  the  cognizance  of 
the  senses  ;  that  may  be  felt,  seen,  heard, 
smell  or  tasted.  We  say,  the  roughness 
of  cloth  is  pcrrcivabtc ;  the  dawn  of  the 
morning  is  pcrreixable  ;  the  sound  of  a  bell 
is  percnvahte  ;  the  scent  of  an  orange  is 
percrirnble :  the  diflference  of  taste  in  an 
apple  and  an  orange  is  perceivable. 

2.  Tliat  may  be  known,  understood  or  con- 
ceived.    [Less  proper.' 


process  of  the  mind  which  makes  known 
an  external  object.  In  other  v»ords,  the 
notice  which  the  mind  takes  of  external 
objects.  We  gain  a  knowledge  of  the 
coldness  and  smoothne^s  of  marble  by 
perception. 

2.  In  philosophy,  the  faculty  of  perceiving  ; 
the  faculty  or  peculiar  part  of  man's  coQ- 
stitution,  by  vvhiih  be  has  kciowleilge 
through  the  medium  or  instrumentality  of 
(he  bodily  organs.  Rcid.     Enryr. 

3.  Notion  ;  idea.  Hall. 

4.  The  state  of  being  aft'ecled  or  capable  of 
being  affected  by  something  external. 

This  experiment  discovers  pcrcepHon  in 
plants.  Bacon. 

PERCEP'TIVE,  a.  Having  the  faculty  of 
perceiving.  Glanville. 

PERCEPTIV  ITV,  n.  The  power  of  per- 
ception or  thinking.  Locke. 

PERCH,  n.  [Vr.perche;  L.  perca ;  G.  hart, 
a  perch,  and  barsch,  sharp,  keen,  pun- 
gent ;  D.  baars ;  Sw.  abbore  :  Uan.  ahorre.  It 
would  seem  from  the  German,  that  this 
fish  is  named  from  its  prickly  spines,  and 
the  name  allied  to  perk.] 

A  fish  of  the  genus  Perca.  This  fish  has  a 
dec|)  body,  \cry  rough  scales,  an  arched 
back,  and  prickly  dorsal  fins. 


PERCE  IVABLY,   adv.   In  such  a  manner'lPI^RCH,  n.  [Vr.perche;  L.pcrtica:  W.perc; 


as  to  be  perceived 

PERCE'IVANCE,  n.  Power  of  |)erceiving. 
LVo/  in  use.]  Milton. 

PERCEIVE,  v.  t.  [h.  percipio  ;  per  and  ca- 
pio,  to  take.] 

\.  To  have  knowledge  or  receive  impres- 
sions of  external  objects  through  the  me-' 
diuni  or  instrumentality  of  the  senses  or 
bodily  organs  ;  as,  to  perceive  light  or  col 
or;  to  perceive  the  cold  of  ice  or  the  taste 
of  honey. 

2.  To  know  ;  to  understand  ;  to  observe 

Till  we  ourselves  see  it  with  our  own  eyes, 
and  perceive  it  by  our  own  understanding,  we' 
are  in  the  dark.  iocAre. 

3.  To  be  affected  by  ;  to  receive  impressions 
from. 

The  tipper  regions  of  the  air  perceive  the  col- 
lection of  the  matter  of  tempests  before  the  air 
below.  Bacon. 

PERCE'IVED,  pp.  Known  by  the  senses; 
felt;  understood;  observed. 

PERCE'lVER,  II.  One  who  perceives,  feels 
or  observes. 

PERCEPTIBILITY,  n.  The  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  perceptible;  as  the  perceph'W/- 
ity  of  light  or  color. 

2.  Peiception.     [Less  proper.]  More. 

PERCEPTIBLE,  a.  [Fr. ;  from  L.  pfrapio, 
perceptu^.] 

1.  That  may  be  perceived  ;  that  may  im- 
press the  bodily  organs  ;  that  may  come 
under  the  cognizance  of  the  senses ;  as  a 
perceptible  degree  of  heat  or  cold  ;  a  per- 
ceptible odor  ;  a  perceptible  sound.  A  thing 
may  be  too  minute  to  be  perceptible  to  thcj 
touch.  I 

2.  That  may  he  known  or  conceived  of. 
PERCEP'f  IBLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  be 

perceived. 

The  «  Oman  decays  perceptibly  every  week. 

Pope. 
PERCEP'TION,  n.  [L.  perceptio.     See  Per- 
ceive.] 
1.  The  act  of  perceiving  or  of  receiving  im- 
pressions by   the  senses;  or  that  act  or 

33 


Arm.  perchen  ;  probably  allied  to  the  for- 
mer w  ord  in  the  sense  of  sharpness,  shoot- 
ing or  extending.     See  Perk.] 

1.  A  pole  ;  hence,  a  roost  for  fowls,  which 
is  often  a  pole ;  also,  any  thing  on  w  Inch 
they  light. 

2.  A  measure  of  length  containing  five  yards 
and  a  half;  a  rod.  In  the  popular  lan- 
guage of  America,  rod  is  chiefly  used  ;  but 
rod,  pole  and  perch,  all  signifying  the  same 
thing,  may  be  used  indifferently. 

PERCH,  v.'i.  To  sit  or  roost  ;  as  a  bird. 

2.  To  light  or  settle  on  a  fixed  body  ;  as  a 
bird. 

PERCH,  V.  t.  To  place  on  a  fixed  object  or 
perch.  More. 

PERCH^ANCE,  adv.  [per  and  chance.]  By 
chance ;  perhaps.  JVotton. 

PERCH'ERS,  n.  Paris  candles  anciently 
used  in  England  ;  also,  a  larger  sort  of  wa.v 
candles  which  were  usually  set  on  the  al- 
tar. Bailey. 

PER€HLO'R.\TE,  n.  A  compound  of 
perchloric  acid  with  a  biise. 

PERCHLO'Rl€,  a.  Perchloric  acid  is  chlo- 
rine converted  into  an  acid  by  combining 
with  a  maximum  of  oxygen.         Siliiman. 

PERCIP'IENT,  o.  [\..perripiens.]  Perceiv- 
ing ;  having  the  faculty  of  perception. 
Animals  are  percipient  beings  ;  nicre  mat- 
ter is  not  percipient.  Benlley. 

PERCIP'IENT,  n.  One  that  perceives  or 
has  the  faculty  of  perception.  More. 

PERCLO'SE,  n.  s  as  :.  Conclusion.  [.Vol 
used.]  Raleigh. 

PER'€OLATE,  v.  t.  [L.  percolo  :  per  and 
Colo,  to  strain  ;  Fr.  couler.  to  flow  or  run.] 

To  strain  through  ;  to  cause  to  pass  through 
small  interstices,  as  a  hquor  ;  to  filter. 

Hale. 

PER'COLATE,  i-.  t.  To  pass  through  small 
interstices;  to  filter;  as,  water  percolates 
through  a  porous  stone. 

PERCOLATED,  pp.  Filtered  ;  passed 
through  small  interstices. 


PER 


PER 


PER 


.  ^  [Fr.  perdu,  lost,  from  per- 
"'  '■  dre,  to  lose,  L.  perdo.'] 


PER'COLATFNG,  ppr.  Filtering. 
PERCOLATION,  n.  The  act  of  straining 

or  filtering;  filtration;  the  act  of  passing 

through  small  interstices,  as  liquor  througl; 

felt  or  a  porous  stone. 

Percolation  is   intended  for  the  purification 

of  liquors.  Bacon 

PER€USS',  t>.  /.  [L.  percuasus,  from  percu- 
tio,  to  strike.]     To  strike.     [Litlle  used.] 

Bacon. 

PEReUS'SION,  n.  [L.  percussio.]  The  act 
of  striking  one  body  against  another,  with 
some  violence ;  as  the  vibrations  excited 
in  the  air  by  percussion.  JVeicton. 

2.  The  impres.sion  one  body  makes  on  an- 
other by  falling  on  it  or  striking  it.  Encyc. 

3.  The  impression  or  effect  of  sound  on  the 
ear.  Rynier. 

PER€U'TIENT,  ??.  [L.  percutiens.]  That 
which  strikes,  or  has  power  to  strike. 

Bacon. 

PER'DIFGIL,  n.  [L.  perdo,  to  lose,  and/o- 
tixtm,  leaf.] 

A  plant  that  annually  loses  or  drops  its 
leaves  ;  opposed  to  evergreen. 

The  passion  flower  of  America  and  the  jas- 
mine of  Malabar,  which  are  evergreens  in  their 
native  climates,  become  perdifoils  when  trans- 
planted into  Britain.  Barton. 

PERDI'TION,  n.  [h.perditio,  from  perdo, 
to  lose,  to   ruin.     Qu.  per  and  do,  or  Gr. 
rtf|j9u.] 
1.  Entire  loss  or  ruin  ;  utter  destruction  ;  as 
the  perdition  of  the  Turkish  fleet.       Shak. 
[In  this  sense,  the  word  is  now  nearly 
or  wliolly  obsolete.] 
9.  The  utter  loss  of  the  soul  or  of  final  hap- 
piness in  a  future  state  ;  future  misery  or 
eternal  death.     The  impenitent  sinner  is 
condemned  to  final  perdition. 

If  we  reject  the  truth,  we  seal  our  own  per- 
dition. J.  jV.  Mason. 
3.  Loss.  [JVof  used.]  Shak. 
PERDU',  ' 
PERDUE 
Close  ;  in  concealment. 

The  moderator,  out  of  \iew, 
Boncath  the  desk  had  lain  perdue. 

Tnmibull's  MTingal. 

PERDU',    n.    One   that   is   placed  on    tlie 

watch  or  in  ambush.  Shak. 

PERDU',  «.  Abandoned;  einploycdon  des 

j]erate  purposes;  accustoined  to  desperate 

purposes  or  enterprises. 

Beaum.  and  Fletcher 
PER'DULOUS.  a.  [Fr.  perdu,  from  L.  per- 
do.]    Lost  ;  thrown  away.     [jVo<  iiscrf." 

Bramhedl. 
PERDU'RABLE,  a.  [Fr.  from  h.  perduro . 

per  and  duro,  to  last.] 

Very    durable  ;    lasting  ;    continuing    long 

\.\'ot  used.]  Shak.     Drayton. 

PERDU'RABLY,  adv.  Very  durably.    [JVol 

used.]  Shak 

PERDURA'TION,    n.   Long   continuance. 

[JVut  used.]  J)insworth. 

PER'DY,  adv.  [ Fr.  ;)ar   Ditu.]    Certainly 

verilv  ;  in  trutli.     Ohs.  Spenser. 

PER'EGAL,    a.    [Fr.  ;)er  and  fg-ai,  ei|ual.] 

Erpial.     [jVot  used.]  Spenser. 

PER'I'.ORIN.VTE,  v.  i.  [L.  peregrinor,  from 

pcregri'.ius,  a  traveler  or  stranger  i^JC/agro, 

to  wander;  pir  and  ager.] 

To  travel  from  place  to  place  or  from  one 

country  to  another;  to  live  in  a  forci 

country.  Did. 


PEREGRINA'TION,  n.  A  traveling  from 
one  country  to  another  ;  a  wandering  ; 
abode  in  foreign  countries. 

Hammond.     Benttey. 

PER'EGRINATOR,  n.  A  traveler  into 
foreign  countries.  Casaubon. 

PER'EGRINE,  a.  [L.  peregrinus.]  Foreign  ; 
not  native.     [Little  iised.]  Bacon. 

Peregrine  falcon^  a  species  of  hawk,  the 
black  hawk  or  falcon,  found  in  America 
and  in  Asia,  and  which  wanders  in  sum- 
mer to  the  Arctic  circle.  Pennant. 

PEREMPT',  v.t.  [L.  peremptus,  perimo,  to 
kill.] 

In  laxv,  to  kill ;  to  crush  or  destroy.  [.Voi 
used.]  Aidiffe. 

PEREMP'TION,  n.  [X,.  percmplio.]  A  kill- 
ing ;  a  quashing  ;    nonsuit.      [JVot  used-] 

Ayliffe 

PER'EMPTORILY,  adv.  [from pmrnptory.] 
Absolutely;  positively;  in  a  decisive  man- 
ner ;  so  as  to  ()reclude  further  debate. 

Never  ynvi^ti  peremptorily  on  iirst  appearan- 
ces. Clarissa. 

PER'EMPTORINESS,  n.  Positiveness  ; 
absolute  decision;  dogmatism. 

Peremptoriuess  is  of  two  sorts  ;  one,  a  ma- 
gisterialness  in  matters  of  opinion  ;  the  other 
a  positiveness  in  matters  of  fact. 

Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

PEREMPTORY,  a.  [Fr.  peremptoire ;  It 
perentorio  :  L.  peremptorius,  from  peremp- 
tus, taken  away,  killed.] 

1.  Express;    positive;    absolute;    decisive; 
authoritative  ;  in  a   manner   to   preclude 
debate   or   expostulation.     The  orders  of 
the  commander  are  peremptory. 
Positive    in   oi)inion   or  judgment.     The 


its  nature  and  kind ;  as  a  perfect  statue  ;  s 
perfect  likeness  ;  a  perfect  work ;  a  perfect 
system. 

As  full,  as  perfect  in  a  hair  as  heart.       Pope. 
'2.  Fully   informed  ;   cotiipletely   skilled ;  as 
men  perfect  in  the  use  of  arms ;  perfect  in 
discipline. 
3.  Complete  in  moral  excellencies. 

Be  ye  therefore  perfect,  even  as  your  Father 
who  is  in  heaven  is  perfect.     Matt.  v. 
•1.  Manifesting  perfection. 

;  My  strength  is  made  perfect  in  weakness.     2 

Cor.  .\ii. 

Perfect  chord,  in  music,  a  concord  or  union 
of  sounds  which  is  perfectly  coalescent 
and  agreeable  to  the  ear,  as  the  fifth  and 
the  octave  ;  a  perfect  consonance. 

Jl  perfect  flower,  in  botany,  has  both  stamen 
and  pistil,  or  at  least  anther  and  stigma. 

Marlyn. 

Perfect  tense,  in  grammar,  tlie  preterit  tense; 
a  tense  which  exi>resses  an  act  comple- 
ted. 

PERFECT,  r.  t.  [L.  perfeclus,  perficio.]  To 
finibh  or  complete  so  as  to  leave  nothing 
wanting ;  to  give  to  any  thing  all  that  is 
requisite  to  its  nature  and  kind  ;  as,  to 
perfect  a  picture  or  statue.     2  Chron.  viii. 

• — Inquire  into  the  nature   and   properties   of 

things,  and  thereby  perfect  oiu-  ideas  of  distinct 

species.  Locke. 

If  we  love  one  another,  God  dnelleth  in  us, 

and  his  love  is  perfected  in  us.     1  John  iv. 

2.  To  instruct  fully  ;  to  make  fully  skillful : 
as,  to  perfect  one's  self  in  the  rules  of  mu- 
sic or  architecture ;  to  perfect  soldiers  in 
discipline. 

PERFECTED,   pp.  Finished  ;  completed. 


genuine  effect  of  sound  learning  is  to  make  PER'FECTER.  ri.'  Cue  that  makes  perfect, 
men  less  peremptory  in   their   determina   '  '  - 

tions. 


3.  Final ;  determinate. 

4.  Peremptory  challenge,  in  law,  a  challenge 
or  rigiit  of  challenging  jurors  without 
showing  cause. 

PEREN'NIAL,  a.  [L.  perennis  ;  per  and 
annus,  a  year.] 

1.  Lasting  or  continuing  without  cessation 
through  the  year.  Cheyne. 

2.  Perpetual ;  unceasing  ;  never  failing. 

Harvey. 

3.  In  botany,  continuing  more  than  two 
years ;  as  a  perennial  stem  or  root. 

Martyn. 

4.  Continuing  without  intermission  ;  as  a  fe- 
ver. Core. 

PEREN'NIAL,  n.  In  botany,  a  ])lant  which 
lives  or  coiuiuues  more  than  two  years, 
whether  it  retains  its  leaves  or  not.  That 
which  retains  its  leaves  during  winter  is 
caWeA  ;\n  evergreen  :  that  which  casts  its 
leaves,  deciduous,  or  a  perdifoit. 

PEREN'NIALLY,  arfu.  Continually  ;  with- 
out ceasing. 

PEREN'NITY,  n.  [h.  perennitas.]  An  en- 
during or  continuing  through  the  whole 
year  without  ceasing.  Derham. 

PERERRA'TION,  n.  [L.  pererro  ;  per  nw\ 
erro,  to  wander.] 

A  wandering  or  rambling  throngh  various 
places.  Howell. 

PER'FECT,  a.  [L.  perfeclus,  pafcio,  to 
complete  ;  per  and  facio,  to  do  or  mr.kc 
through,  to  carry  to  the  end.] 

1.  Finished  ;  complete  ;  consuunuatc  ;  not 
defective ;  having   all  that  is  recpiisite  to 


Broome. 

IPERFECTIBIL'ITY,   n.  [from  perfectible.] 

I     The  capacity  of  becoming  or  being  made 

1     perfect. 

iPERFECT'IBLE,  a.  Capable  of  becoming 

1  or  being  made  perfect,  or  of  arriving  at 
the  utmost  perfection  of  the  species. 

PER'FECTING,  ppr.  Finishing  ;  comple- 
ting :  consuuunating. 

PERFECTION,)!.  [L.  perfectio.]  The  state 
of  being  perfect  or  complete,  so  that  noth- 
ing requisite  is  wanting  ;  as  perfection  iu 
an  art  or  science ;  perfection  in  a  system 
of  morals. 

2.  Physical  perfection,  is  when  a  natural  ob- 
ject has  all  its  powers,  faculties  or  quali- 
ties entire  anil  in  lull  vigor,  and  all  its 
parts  in  due  proportion.  Encyc. 

3.  Metaphysical  or  transcendental  perfection, 
is  the  possession  of  all  the  essential  attri- 
butes or  all  the  parts  necessary  to  the  in- 
tCL'rity  of  a  subslauce.  This  is  absolute, 
where  all  defect  is  (irecluded,  such  as  the 
pcrfvction  of  God  ;  or  according  to  its  kind, 
as  iu  crcatf^d  things.  Encyc. 

■I.  .Moral  jieifection,  \yi  t\ie  complete  posses- 
sion of  all  moral  excellence,  as  in  the  Su- 
preme Being  ;  or  the  possession  of  such 
moral  qualities  and  virtues  as  a  thing  is 
capable  of. 

5.  A  (piahty,  endowment  or  acquirement 
conq>letcly   excellent,   or  of  great  worth. 

In  this  sense,  the  word  has  a  plural. 
Wiat  tongue  can  her  perfections  tell ! 

Sidnej/. 

6.  An  inherent  or  essential  attribute  of  su- 
preme or  iufiuitc  excellence ;  crone  perfect 


PER 


PER 


PER 


;  as  the  perfections  of  God.  The||PER'FORATE,  v.  t.  [L.  per/ore  ;  per  and 
wer,  holiness,  justice,  benevo-il    foro.  Kug.  lo  bore.] 
'  '      '  '  I.  To  bore  tl) rough. 

2.  To  pioTCe  with  a  pointed  instrument;  to 
make  a  liole  or  holes  throuf:h  any  thing 
hy  horing  or  driving  ;  as,  to  perforate  the 
hottotn  of  a  vessel. 

Bored  or   pierced 


in  its  kind 

infinite  power, 

lencc  and  wisdom  of  God  are  donoinina 

ted  his  perfections. 
7.  Exactness  ;  as,  to  imitate  a  model  to  per 

fection. 
PERFEC'TIONAL,  a.  Made  complete. 

/'(Y(rso7..|iPKR'FORATED,    pp. 
PERFEC'TIONATE,  used  by  Drydeii  and,;__throiigh  ;  pierced. 


Tooke,  in  lieu  of  the  verb  to  perfect,  is  a 

useless  word. 
PERFECTIONIST,  n.  One  pretending  to 

perfection  ;  an  enthusiast  in  religion. 

South. 
PERFECT'IVE,    a.    Conducing    to   mukd 

perfect  or  bring   to  perfection;  fullowedj 

Praise  and  adoration  are  actions  perfective  of\ 
the  soul.  More. I 

PERFECT'IVEI.Y,  adi:  In  a  manner  that! 
brings  to  perfection.  Grew. 


PERFORATING,  ppr.  Boring  or  piercing 
throuirh  ;  piercing. 

PERFORATION,  n.  The  act  of  boring  or 
piercing  through. 

3.  A  hole  or  aperture  passing  through  any 
thing,  or  into  the  interior  of  a  substance, 
whether  natural  or  made  by  an  instru- 
ment. 

PER'FORATIVE,  a.  Having  power  to 
pierce:  aw  an  instrument. 

PERFORATOR,  n.  An  instrument  that 
bores  or  perforates.  Sharp. 


PER'FECTLY,  adv.  In  the  highest  degreellPER FORCE,  adv.  [per  and/orcc]  By  force 


Shnk. 
One 


or  violence.  Shak 

PERFORM',  V.  t.  [L.  per  and  formo,  to 
make.] 

1.  To  do;  to  execute;  to  accomplish  ;  as,; 
to  perform  two  days'  labor  in  one  day  ;  to 
perform  a  noble  deed  or  achievnient. 

2.  To  execute  ;  to  discharge;  as,  to  perform 
a  duty  or  office. 

3.  To  fulfill  ;  as,  to  perform  a  covenant, 
pi'oinise  or  contract ;  to  perform  a  vow. 

PERFORM',  V.  i.  To  do  ;  to  act  a  part. 
Tiie  player  performs  weU  in  different  char- 
acters.    The    musician  performs  well   on 

perform'' A  RLE,  a.  That  maybe  done, 
executed  or  fulfilled  ;    practicable. 

Brown. 

PERFORM'ANCE,  ji.  Execution  or  com-| 
pleiion  of  any  thing  ;  a  doing  ;  as  the  per- 
formawe  a(  work  or  of  an  undertaking  ;| 
the  performance  of  duty. 

2.  Action  ;  deed  ;  thing  done.  Shak.\ 

.3.  The  acting  or  exhibition  of  character  onj 
the  stage.  Garrick  was  celebrated  for  his 
theatrical  performanres. 

4.  Composition  ;  work  written. 
Few  of  our  comic  performances  give  good 

examples.  Clariisa. 

j5.  The  acting  or  exhibition  of  feats;  as  per- 
Swif.'    formiinces  of  horsemanship. 
The   (|uality  of  PERFORM  ED, pp.  Done  ;  executed  :  dis- 
charged. 

PERFORMER,  n.  One  that  performs  any 
thing,  particularly  in  an  art  ;  as  a  good 
performer  on  the  viohi)  or  organ  ;  a  cele- 
bratetl  performer  in  comedy  or  tragedy,  or 
in  the  cin'us. 

PERFORMING,  ppr.  Doing;  executing; 
accoinpli>hiiig. 

PERFORMING,  n.  Act  done  ;  deed  :  act 

of  executinsr.  Swift. 

a.      [from    perfume.] 

That  [lerfimies.  Leii^h. 

PFJIFU'ME,  ».  [Fr.parjum;  U.  profnmo  ; 
S\t.  perfume  :  L.  /ler  aiulfumus,  smoke,  or 
fumo,  to  fumigate.] 

1.  A  substance  that  emits  a  scent   or  odor 
which   affects  agreeably    the    organs    of 
smelling,  as  musk,  civet,  spices  or  aromat 
ics  of  any    kind  ;  or  any  composition  of 
aromatic  substances. 
The  scent,  odor  or  volatile  particles  emit 
ted  from  sweet  smelling  substances. 


of  excellence 

2.  Totally  ;  completely  ;  as  work  perfectly 
executed  or  performed ;  a  thing  perfectly 
new. 

3.  Exactly ;  accurately  ;  as  a  proposition 
perferth)  understood. 

PER'FECTNESS,  n.  Completeness  ;  con- 
summate excellence  ;  pertt^ction. 

2.  The  highest  degree  of  goodness  or  holi- 
ness of  which  man  is  capable  in  this  life. 

And  above  all  Ihinfjs  put   on   oliaiity,    which 
is  the  bond  of /jcr/f ctnes.v.     Col.  iii. 

3.  Accurate  skill. 
PERFF'CIENT,    n.    [L.  perfciens 

who  endows  a  charity. 
PERFID'IOIJS,    a.    [L.   perfidus ;  per  and 
fidus,  faithful.     Per  in  this  woril  signifies 
through,  beyond,  or  6^,  aside.] 

1.  Violating  good  faith  or  vows  ;  false  to 
trust  or  confidence  reposed  ;  treacherous; 
as  a  perfdious  agent ;  a  perfidious  t'riend. 
[See  Perfidy.] 

2.  Proceeding  iVom  treachery,  or  consisting 
in  breach  of  faith  ;  as  a  perjidious  act. 

•3.  Guilty  of  violated  allegiance;  as  a  perfid- 
ious citizen  ;  a  man  perfidious  to  his  coun- 
try. 

PERFIDIOUSLY,     adv.     Treacherously  ; 
traitorously  ;  by  breach  of  faith  or  alleg 
ance. 

PERFID'IOUSNESS,    n. 

being  perfidious  ;  treachery  ;  traitorous 
uess  ;  breach  of  faith,  of  vows  or  allegi- 
ance. ! 

PER'FIDY,  n.  [L.  perfdia  ;  per  and  fdes,\ 
faith.] 

The  act  of  violating  faith,  a  promise,  vow  or' 
allegiance;  treachery  ;  the  violation  of  a! 
trust  reposed.  Perfidy  is  not  applied  to! 
violations  of  contracts  in  ordinary  pecun- 
iary transactions,  but  to  violations  of  faith  ,. 

or  trust  in  friendship,  in  agency  and  office,  IPERFF'iMATORY, 
in  allegiance,  in  connubial  engagements,"     ^ 
and  in  the  transactions  of  kings. 

PERFLA'TE,  v.  t.  [L.  perjlo  ;  per  and  flo, 
to  blow.]     To  blow  through.  Harvey 

PERFLA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  blowing 
throuirh.  It'oodward. 

PERFO'LIATE,  a.  [L.  per  and  folium,  a 
leaf] 

In  botany,  a  perfolinte  or  perforated   leaf  isi 
one  iliat  has  the  base  entirely  surrouiidingij3 
the  stem  transversely.  Martyn.u 


No  rich  p«i/times  refresh  the  fruitful  field. 

Pope. 

PERFUME,  V.  t.  To  scent  ;  to   fill  or  im- 
pregnate with  a  grateful  odor;  a.s,  to  per- 
fume  an  apartment ;  to  perfume  a  garment. 
And  Carmel's  flowery  top  perfumes  the  skies. 

Pope. 

PERFU'.'MED,  pp.  Scented ;  impregnated 
with  fragrant  odors. 

PERFU  MER,  n.  He  or  that  which  per- 
fumes. 

2.  One  whose  trade  is  to  sell  perfumes. 

Bacon. 

PERFUMERY,  n.  Perfumes  in  general. 

PERFU'MIN(;,  ppr.  Scenting  ;  impregna- 
ting with  sweet  odors. 

PERFUN€'TORILV,  adv.  [L.  perfunetorie, 
from  perfungor ;  per  and  fungor,  to  do  or 
execute.] 

Carelessly ;  negligently  ;  in  a  manner  to 
satisfy  external  form.  Clarendon. 

PERFUNC'TORINESS,  n.  Negligent  per- 
formance ;  carelessness.  H'hillock. 

PERFUNCTORY,  a.  [m\n-a.]  Slight :  care- 
less; negligent.  fVoodwnrd. 

2.  Done  oidy  for  the  sake  of  getting  rid  of 
the  duty.  Bickersteth. 

PERFUSE,  v.t.  iasz.  [L.  perfusus,  per- 
fundo;  per  ami  fundo,  to  pour.]  To  sprin- 
kle, pour  or  spread  over.  Hurvey 

PER'(;OLA,  n.  [It.]  A  kind  of  arbor. 

Finett. 

PERHAPS',  adv.  [per  and  hap.  See  Hap- 
pen.]    By  chance  ;  it  may  be. 

Perhajis   her    love,    perhaps     her   kingdom 
charmed  him.  Smith. 

PERIANTH,  n.  [Gr.  «fpi,  about,and  a.Soj, 
flower.] 

The  calyx  of  a  flower  when  contiguous  to 
the  other  parts  of  fructification.      Martyn. 

PER'I.APT,  n.  [Gr.  nifnantu,  to  fit  or  tie 
to.] 

An    amulet  ;     a    charm    worn    to    defend 

against  disease  or  mischief.      [.Yot  used.] 

Hanmer.     Shak. 

PERIAUGER,   ^    ra      o-  i 

PERIAGUA.      I    [^''^  Pirogue.] 

PERICARDIUM,  n.  [Gr.  rt.pi,  around,  and 
xafita,  the  heart.] 

.\  membrane  that  incloses  the  heart.  It 
contains  a  liipior  which  prevents  the  sur- 
face of  the  heart  from  becoming  dry  by  its 
continual  motion.  Quincy. 

PERICARP,  n.  [Gr.  «»pt,  about,  and  xopwoj, 
fruit.] 

The  .seed-vessel  of  a  plant ;  a  general  name 
including  the  capsule,  legume,  silique,  fol- 
licle, drupe,  pome,  berry  and  strobile. 

Martyn. 

PERICRA'NIUM,  n.  [Gr.  «<pt,  about,  and 
xpanoi,  the  skull.] 

The  periosteum  or  membrane  that  invests 
the  skull.  Coxe. 

PERIC'ULOUS,  a.  [L.  periculosus.  Sec 
Peril.]     Dangerous  ;  hazardous.     Brown. 

PERIDODECAHE'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  «fp<, 
and  dod'cahedral.] 

Designating  a  crystal  whose  primitive  form 
is  a  four  sided  prism,  and  in  its  secondary 
form  is  converted  into  a  prism  of  twelve 
sides.  Cleaveland. 

PERIDOT,  )i.  [Fr.]  .Another  name  of  the 
chrysolite.  It  may  be  known  by  its  leek 
or  ohve  greeu  color  of  various  shades,  and 


PER 


PER 


PER 


by  its  iiifusibility.     It  is  found  in  grains, 
granular  masses,  and  rounded  crystals. 

Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

PERIE'CIAN,  n.  [Gr-Jifpioixo;.]  An  inhab- 
itant of  llie  (>p|)Osite  side  of  the  globe,  in 
the  same  parallel  of  latitude. 

PER'IGEE,      I       [Gr.  rtfpt,  about,  and  yi;, 

PERIGE'UM,  S  "■  the  lurth.] 

That  point  in  the  orbit  of  the  sun  or  moon 
in  which  it  i.s  at  the  least  distance  fromj 
the  earth  ;  opposed  to  apogee.  Encyc.l 

PER'IGORD-STONE,  n.  An  ore  of  man! 
ganese  of  a  dark  gray  color,  like  basalt 
or  trap  ;  so  called  from  Perigord,  in 
France.  EncycJ 

PER'IGRAPH,  71.  [Gr.  xtpc,  about,  and 
■ypaiji?;,  a  writing.]  I 

1.  A  careless  or  inaccurate  delineation  of 
any  thing.  i 

2.  The  white  lines  or  impressions  that  ap- 
pear on  the  musculus  rectus  of  the  abdo- 
men. Encyc] 

PERIG'YNOUS,  a.  [Gr.  Ttipv,  about,  and 
■yiwij,  female.]  | 

In  botany,  inserted  around  the  pistil,  as  the 
corol  or  stamens  ;  having  the  corolor  sta-, 
mens  inserted  around  the  pistil,  as  a  flow- 
er or  plant.  jussieu.     Smith.] 

PERIHE'LIO^f,  I       [Gr.  rttpt,  about,  and 

PERIHE'LIUM,  I  "•  tj^ioi,  the  sun.]  I 

That  part  of  the  orbit  of  a  planet  or  comet, 
in  which  it  is  at  its  least  distance  from  the 
sun  ;  opposed  to  aphelion.  Encyc. 

PERIHEXAHE'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  «fpt,  and 
hexahedral.] 

Designating  a  crystal  whose  primitive  form 
is  a  four  sided  prism,  and  in  the  secondary 
form  is  converted  into  a  prism  of  six 
sides.  Cleaveland., 

PER'IL,  n.  [Fr. ;  It.  periglio  ;  Sp.  peligro  ; 
Port,  perigo  ;  from  L.  periculum,  from  Gr.j 
.'tfipaw,  to  try,  to  attempt,  that  is,  to  strain  ;j 
nttpa,  an  attempt,  danger,  hazard  ;  allied 
to  rtfipw,  to  pass,  to  thrust  in  or  transfix. 
rtstpa  is  also  the  point  or  edge  of  a  sword, 
coinciding  with  W.  ber  and  ^eV,  a  spit,  a 
spear  or  pike.  Hence  L.  experior,  Eng. 
experience.  Tlie  Greek  rtsipau  is  express- 
ed in  Dutch  by  vaareyi,  to  go,  to  sail,  to 
fare  ;  sevaar,  danger,  peril  ;  G.  gefakr, 
I'vomfahren.     These  words  are  all  of  one 

'  family.  See  Pirate.  The  i)rimary  sense 
of  peril  is  an  advance,  a  pushing  or  goingi 
forward ;  the  radical  sense  of  boldness. 
The  Welsh  has  perig,  perilous,  from  per, 
and  peri,  to  bid  or  command,  the  root  of 
L.  impero,  from  the  same  root.] 

1.  Danger;  risk;  hazard  ;  jeopardy;  partic- 
ular exposure  of  person  or  property  to 
injury,  loss  or  destruction  from  any  causel 
whatever. 

In  perils  of  waters  ;  in  perils  of  roljbers.     2 
Cor.  xi. 

2.  Danger  denounced  ;  particular  exposure.! 
You  do  it  ut  your  peril,  or  at  the  peril  of] 
your  father's  displeasure. 

PER'IL,  V.  i.  To  be  in  danger. 


jYot  used.]', 

Milton.l 

Danger- 

as  a  perit-l 


PERiLOUS,  a.  [Fr.  perileux 
ous;  hazardous;  full  of  risk; 
ous  undertaking  ;  a  perilous  situation.         I 

2.  Vulgarly  used  for  very,  like  mighty ;  as' 
perilous  shrewd.     05s.  Hudibras. 

3.  Smart ;  witty  ;  as  a  perilous  [parlous]  boy. 
[Vulgar  and  obsolete.] 


PER'ILOUSLY,  adv.  Dangerously ;  with 
hazard. 

PER'lLOUSNESS,n.  Dangerousness ;  dan 
ger  ;  hazard. 

PERIMETER,  n.  [Gr.  rt<p.,  about,  and  /tit- 
poi',  measure.] 

In  geometry,  the  bounds  and  limits  of  a 
body  or  figure.  The  ^en'mcfcri  of  surfaces 
or  figures  are  lines ;  those  of  bodies  are 
surfaces.  In  circular  figures,  instead  of 
perinuter,  we  use  circumference  or  periphe- 
ry. Encyc. 

PERIOeTAHE'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  «fp<.  and 
octahedral.] 

Designating  a  crystal  whose  primitive  form 
is  a  four  sided  prism,  and  in  its  secondary 
form  is  converted  into  a  prism  of  eighi 
sides. 

PE'RIOD,  n.  [L.  periodus ;  Fr.  periode ;  It 
Sp.  Port,  periodo ;  Gr.  rt£pto6o5 ;  ?t£pi,  about 
and  oSo;,  way.] 

1.  Properly,  a  circuit  ;  hence,  the  time 
which  is  taken  up  by  a  planet  in  making 
its  revolution  round  the  sun,  or  the  dura- 
tion of  its  course  till  it  returns  to  the  point 
of  its  orhit  where  it  began.  Thus  the  pe- 
riod of  the  earth  or  its  annual  revolution 
is  3G5  days,  0  hours,  9  minutes,  and  30 
seconds.  Encyc. 

2.  In  chronology,  a  stated  number  of  years ; 
a  revolution  or  series  of  years  by  which 
time  is  measured  ;  as  the  Calippic  period; 
the  Dionysian  ^jen'oti  ;  the  Jidian  period. 

3.  Any  series  of  years  or  of  days  in  which  a 
revolution  is  completed,  and  the  same 
course  is  to  be  begun. 

4.  Any  specified  portion  of  time,  designated 
by  year.",  months,  days  or  hours  complete; 
as  a  period  of  a  thousand  years  ;  the  peri- 
od of  a  year  ;  the  period  of  a  day. 

End  ;  conclusion.     Death  puts  a  period  to 
a  state  of  probation. 

6.  An  indefinite  portion  of  any  continued 
state,  existence  or  series  of  events;  as  the 
first  period  of  life  ;  the  last  period  of  a 
king's  reign  ;  the  early  periods  of  history. 

7.  State  at  which  any  thing  terminates  ; 
iinit. 

8.  Length  or  usual  length  of  duration. 
Some  experiments  would  be   made  how  by 

art  to  make  plants  more  lasting  than  their  ordin- 
ary period.  Bacun. 

9.  A  complete  sentence  from  one  full  stop  to 
another. 

Ptriods  are  beautiful  wlien   they  are  not  too 
long.  B.  Jonson. 

10.  The  point  that  marks  the  end  of  a  com- 
plete sentence  ;  a  full  stop,  thus,  (.) 

IL  In  numbers,  a  distinction  made  by  a  point 
or  comma  after  every  sixth  place  or  fig- 
ure. Encyc. 

12.  In  medicine,  the  time  of  intension  and 
remission  of  a  disease,  or  of  the  paroxysm 
and  remission.  Encyc. 

Julian  period,  in  chronology,  a  period  of  7980 
years;  a  ntiinbcr  produced  by  multiplying 
28,  the  years  of  the  solar  cycle,  into  19. 
the  years  of  the  lunar  cycle,  and  their  pro- 
duct by  1.5,  the  years  of  the  Roman  in- 
diction. 

PE'RIOD,  V.  I.  To  put  an  end  to.  [jVol 
used.]  Shak. 

PERIODTC,        I       [It.  periodico;  Fr.  pe- 

PERIOD'ICAL,  \  "■  riodiquc.] 

1.  Performed  in  a  circuit,  or  in  a  regular 
revolution  in  a  certain  time,  or  in  a  series 


of  successive  circuits  ;  as  the  periodical 
motion  of  the  planets  round  the  sun  ;  the 
periodical  motion  of  the  moon  round  the 
earth.  ffatts. 

2.  Happening  by  revolution,  at  a  stated 
time ;  as,  the  conjunction  of  the  sun  and 
inoon  is  periodical. 

3.  Happening  or  returning  regularly  in  a 
certain  period  of  time.  The  Olympiads 
among  the  Greeks  were  periodical,  as  was 
the  jidiilee  of  the  Jews. 

4.  Performing  some  action  at  a  stated  time  ; 
as  the  periodical  fountains  in  Switzerland, 
which  issue  oidy  at  a  particular  hour  of 
the  day.  Addison. 

5.  Pertaining  to  a  period  ;  constituting  a 
complete  sentence.  Mam's  Led. 

6.  Pertaining  to  a  revolution  or  regular  cir- 
cuit. Broum. 

PERIOD'ICALLY,  adv.  At  stated  periods  ; 
as  a  festival  celebrated  periodically. 

PERIOSTEUM,  n.  [Gr.  rtspt,  about,  and 
o;iov,  bone.] 

.'\  nervous  vascular  membrane  endued  with 
quick  sensibihty,  immediately  investing 
the  bones  of  animals.  Encyc.     Coxe. 

The  periosteum  has  very  little  sensibili- 
ty in  a  sound  state,  but  in  some  cases  of 
disease  it  appears  to  be  very  sensible. 

fVistar. 

PERlPATET'IC,a.  [Gr.  rtfpirtar^Tixoj,  from 
Ttfpirtarsu,  to  walk  about ;  rttpc  and  rtortw.] 

Pertaining  to  Aristotle's  system  of  philoso- 
phy, or  to  the  sect  of  his  followers. 

PERIPATETIC,  n.  A  follower  of  Aristot- 
le, so  called  becau.se  the  founders  of  his 
philosophy  taught,  or  his  followers  disput- 
ed questions,  loalking  in  the  Lyceum  at 
Athens.  Encyc. 

2.  It  is  ludicrously  applied  to  one  who  is 
obliged  to  walk,  or  cannot  aflbrd  to  ride. 

Tatler. 

PERIPATET'ICISM,  n.  The  notions  or 
philosophical  system  of  Aristotle  and  his 
followers. 

PERIPHERAL, 

PERIPHERIC, 

PERIPHER'ICAL,  ^  "riphery  ;  "constitut- 
ing a  periphery. 

PERIPHERY,  n.  [Gr.  jtfpt,  around,  and 
<}itpu,  to  bear.] 

The  circumference  of  a  circle,  ellipsis,  or 
other  regular  curvilinear  figure.       Encyc. 

PER'IPHRASE,   n.s  as  :.    [Gr.  Jtfpitpaijis; 
rtfpt,  about,  and  ifpoiio,  to  speak.] 

Circumlocution;  a  circuit  of  words  ;  the  use 
of  more  words  than  are  necessary  to  ex- 
press the  idea;  a  figure  of  rhetoric  em- 
ployed to  avoid  a  common  and  trite  man- 


Barrow. 
Peripheric.  Fleming. 
>      Pertaining  to  a  pe- 


ner  of  expression. 


r.  t. 


Encyc. 
To   express  by  cir- 


V.  i.   To  use  circumlocu- 


PER'IPHRASE 

cunilncutioii. 
PER'IPHRASE. 

tioii. 

PERIPHRASIS.     [See  Periphrase.] 
PERIPHRASTIC,        >      Circumlocutory: 
PERIPHRAS'TICAL,  ^  "■  expressing       or 
expressed  in  more  words  than  are  neces- 
sary ;  expressing  the  sense  of  one  word  in 
many. 
PERIPHRAS'TICALLY,    adv.     AVith  cir- 
cumlocution. Hoswell. 
PER'IPLUS,  n.  [Gr.  Ki^mi^avs ;  rftpi,  about, 
and  na^u,  to  sail.] 


PER 


PER 


PER 


Circumnavigation  ;  a  voyage  round  u  cer- 
tain sea  or  sea  coast.  Vincent. 

PERIPNEUMON'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  peri- 
pneuniouy ;  consisting  in  an  inflammation 
of  tlio  lungs. 

PKRll'NEU'MONY,  n.  [Gr.  rdfi,  about, 
anil  «KV|Utw,  the  lungs.] 

An  inlianimation  of  the  lungs,  or  of  some 
purl  of  ihe  thorax,  attended  with  acute 
fever  and  difficult  respiration.  Encyc. 

PEIUPOLVG'ONAL,  a.  [Gr.rttpt  andpoly- 
gon.] 

Ill  crystalography,  having  a  great  number  of 
sides. 

PERIS'CIAN,  n.  [Gr.  nnfirsxioi ;  rtspt,  around, 
and  axM,  shadow.] 

An  inhabitant  of  a  frigid  zone  or  within  a 
polar  circle,  whose  sliadow  moves  round, 
and  in  the  course  of  the  day  falls  in  every 
point  of  compass.  The  Greek  word  pt- 
riscii,  in  the  plural,  is  generally  used  in 
geographies  ;  but  the  English  word  is 
preferable. 

PER'ISH,  V.  i.  [Fr.  perir,  pcrissanl ;  It.  pc- 
rire  ;  Sp.  perccer  ;  from  L.  pcreo,  supposo<l 
to  be  compounded  of  per  and  eo,  to  go  ; 
literally,  to  depart  wholly.] 

1.  To  die  ;  to  lose  life  in  any  manner ;  ap- 
plied to  animals.  Men  perish  by  disease  or 
decay,  by  the  sword,  by  drowning,  by  hun- 
ger or  famine,  &c. 

2.  To  die ;  to  wither  and  decay ;  applied  to 
plants. 

3.  To  waste  away ;  as,  a  leg  or  an  aim  has 
perished. 

4.  To  be  in  a  state  of  decay  or  passing 
away. 

Duration,  aiul  time  which  is  a  part  of  it,  i» 
the  idea  we  have  of  perishing  distance. 

Locke. 

5.  To  be  destrojed  ;  to  come  to  nothing. 

Perish  the  lore  tliat  deadens  young  desire. 

6.  To  fail  entirely  or  to  be  extirpated.  2 
Kings  ix. 

7.  To  be  burst  or  ruined;  as,  the  bottles 
shall  perish.     Luke  v. 

8.  To  he  wasted  or  rendered  useless.    Jer.  i.x. 

9.  To  be  injured  or  tormented.     1  Cor.  viii. 

10.  To  be  lost  eternally  ;  to  be  sentenced  to 
endless  miserv.     2Pet.  ii. 

PER'ISH,  V.  t.  i'o  destroy.  [Mt  legitimate.' 

PER'ISH  ABLE,  a.  Liable  to  perish  ;  sub 
ject  to  decay  and  desi ruction.  The  bodies 
of  animals  and  plants  are  perishable.  The 
souls  of  men  arc  i\ot  perishable. 

'2.  Subject  to  speedy  dei-ay. 

Property  of  a  perishable  nature,  saved  from  a 
wreck,  may  be  sold  within  a  year  and  a  day. 

Stat,  of  Conn. 

PER'ISHABLENESS,  n.  Liableness  to 
decay  or  destruction.  Locke. 

PER'ISPERM,  ,t.  [Gr.  «..pi,  around,  and 
anffna.,  seed.] 

A  thick,  farinaceous,  fleshy,  horny  or  woody 
part  of  the  seed  of  plants,  either  entirely 
or  only  partially  siirjomiding  the  embryo, 
and  inclosed  within  the  investing  mem- 
brane.    It  corresponds  to  the  aibiimen  of 


iSuperfluous  words ;  much  talk  to  little  pur- 
pose.    [Little  used.]  Campbell 

PERISTALTIC,  a.    [Gr.  rtipiSat.Ti.xu;,  from 
rtfpiffXXw,  to  involve.] 

Spiral ;  vermicular  or  worm-like.   The  peri- 
staltic motion  of  the  intestines  is  performed 
by   the   contraction  of  the   circular   andji 
longitudinal  fd)res  composing  their  lleshy 


tered  in  some  judicial  proceeding,  to  a 
person  who  swears  willfully,  absolutely 
and  falsely  in  a  matter  material  to  the  is- 
sue. Coke. 
PERK,  a.  [W.  perc,  compact,  trim,  perk; 
as  a  noun,  something  that  is  close,  com- 
pact, trim,  and  a  perch.]  Properly,  erect ; 
hence,  smart  ;  trim. 


coals,  by  which  the  chyle  is  driven  into  PERK,  v.i.  [W.  percu,   to   trim 

the  orifices  of  the  lacleals,  and  the  excre-| 

inents  are  protruded  towards  the  anus.      i 

Encyc. 
PERISTE'RION,  »i.  [Gr.]    The  herb  ver-| 

vain.  Dict.\ 

PER'ISTYLE,     )(.      [Gr.    rtjpifiaor ;   ,iipi,[ 

about,  and  fi^.os,  a  column.] 
.\.  circular  range  of  columns,  or  a  building 


to  make 
smart.) 

To  hold  up  the  head  with  affected  smart- 
ness. ^  Pope. 

PERK,  r.  t.  To  dress ;  to  make  trim  or 
smart ;  to  prank.  ^hak. 

PERK'IN,  >i.  Cyderkin;  a  kind  of  cyder 
made  by  sleeping  the  murk  in  water. 

.-     ■  ,  ..       ,  -  '  Encyc. 

encompassed  with  a  row  ol  coliuims  on\>Perlate  acid,    the    acidulous    phosphaie  "of 

soda.  Chi    ' 


the  outside.  Johnson.     Encyc. 

PERISYSTOLE,  n.  perisystoly.  [Gr.  rttpi,'! 

about,  and  av^o-Krj,  contraction.]  I; 

The  pause  or  interval   between  the  systole' 

or  contraction,  and  the  diastole  or  dilala-li 

lion  of  the  heart.  Qi/inciy. > 

PERI'TE,  a.  [L.  peritus.]  Skillful.     [Utlle\ 

used.]  ff'hitaker.u 

PERITO'NEAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  pcri-j| 

toneum. 
PERITONEUM,  n.    [Gr.  rttpirovatov  ;  rtrpt,! 

about,  and  Tomu,  to  stretch.]  I 

A  thin,  smooth,  lubricous  membrane  invest-' 

ing  the  whole  internal  surface  of  the  ab-| 

dnmen,  and   more  or  less  completely,  all; 

the  viscera  contained  in  it. 

Encyc.     Parr.\ 
PER'IWIG,  n.  [Ir.  pereabhic.     Qu.  D.ymr- 

uik ;  G.  perriicke ;  Ban.   perryk  ;  Fr.  pcr-^ 

ruque;  li.  parrucca.]  ; 

A  small   wig  ;  a  kind  of  clo.se  cap  formed 

by  an  iiilertexture  of  false  hair,  worn  by 

men  for  ornament  or  to  conceal  baldness.; 

Periwigs  were  in  fashion  in  the  days  of, 

Addison. 
PER'IWIG,  V.  t.  To  dress  with  a  periwig,! 

or  with  false   hair,  or  with  any  thing  iiij 

like  finin.  Sa-ift.. 

PERIWINKLE,     n.     [Sax.  pernince  ;    It.] 

pervinca ;  Fr.  pervenche  ;  L.   vinca  ;  Sax. 

u'incle,  a  shell  thU.     If  n  is  casual,  vinca] 

may  be  and  probably  is  the  W.  gwic,  for 

Ki'c,  a  squeak,  whence  giviciad,  a  periwin- 
kle] 

1.  A  sea  snail,  or  small  shell  fish. 

2.  .'V  |)Iant  of  the  genus  Vinca. 
PERJURE,   v.l.    per'jur.    [L.  pojuro  ;  per  iPER' MAN ENTLY,  m/u.  With  long  contin 

and  jitro,  to  swear  ;  that  is,  to  swear  aside;' 
or  beyond.] 
Willfully  fo  make  a  false  oath  when  admin- 
istered by  law  lid  authority  or  in  a  court  of 
justice  ;  to  linswear 
imself. 


'iimistry.     .Vichotson. 

Perlaled  acid,  or  ourelic,  biphosphate  of  soda. 

PER'LOUS,  for  perilous,  is  not  used. 

Spenser. 

PERLUSTRA'TION,  n.  [L.  perlustro ;  per 
and  lustra,  to  survey.]  The  act  of  view- 
ing all  over.  Howell. 

PER'MAtiY,  n.  A  little  Turkish  boat. 

Did. 

IPER'MANENCE,  }   „    [See     Permanent.] 

PER'M.VNENCY,  ^  "•  Continuance  in  the 
same  state,  or  without  a  change  that  de- 
stroys the  form  or  nature  of  a  thing  ;  du- 
ration ;  fixedness;  as  the  pcrmnne?ice  of  a 
government  or  state;  the  permanence  of 
institutions  or  of  a  system  of  principles. 

2.  Continuance  in  the  same  place  or  at  rest. 

PERMANENT,  a.  [L.  permanens,  perma- 
neo ;  per  and  maneo,  to  remain.  Class 
Mn.] 

Durable;  lasting;  continuing  in  the  same 
state,  or  without  any  change  that  destroys 
the  form  or  nature  of  the  thing.  The  law  s, 
like  the  character  of  God,  are  unaltera- 
bly permanent.  Unman  laws  and  institu- 
tions may  be  to  a  degree  pirmanent,  hut 
they  are  subject  to  change  and  overthrow. 
We  speak  o(  u  permanent  wall  or  building, 
a  permanent  bridge,  w  hen  ihey  are  so  con- 
structed as  to  endure  long;  in  wdiich  ex- 
amples, ;«nna/ie/i<  is  ecjuivalent  to  durable 
or  lasting,  but  not  to  uuderai/ing  or  unal- 
terable. So  we  say,  a  permanent  residence, 
a  permanent  inlcrcoiime, permanent  friend- 
ship, when  it  continues  a  long  time  with- 
out interrufition. 


jured  1 


as,  the  witness  per- 


Ga^rtner.  Jussieu. 

PERISPHER'IC,  (/.  [Gr.  .ttpt  and 

Globular  ;  having  the  form  of  a  ba 

Journ.  of  Science. 
PERISSOLO(i'I€AL,    a.     Redundant    in 

words. 
PERISSOL'OgY,  n.  [Gr.  rtfp«r5o?u>yia;  rtf- 

pi5TO5,  redundant,  and  >^yo;,  discourse.] 


PER'JURE,  n.    A  perjured  person.     [JVof 
used.]  Shak. 

PERJURED,  pp.  Guilty  of  perjury;  hav- 

inc  sworn  falsely. 
PEli'JURER,  )!.  One  that  willfidly  takes  a[ 
false  oath  lawfully  a<lministered. 


ShuV/j.jPER  JURING,  ppr.    Taking   a   false  oath! 
Taipa.lil     lawfully  administered. 

PERJURIOUS,  a.  Guilty  of  perjury  ;  con-j 
tainiuff  perjury.  Coke.: 

PERJURY,  n.  [I.,  perjurium.]  The  act  or 
crime  of  willfully  making-  a  false  oath, 
when  lawfully  administered  ;  or  a  criniei 
committed  when  a  lawful  oath  is  adininis-| 


nance  ;  durably  ;  in  a  fixed  state  or  place  ; 

as  a  government  permanently  established. 

n.  [L.  permansio.]   Con- 


Brown. 
The  quality 


PERMAN'SION, 

tinuauce.     \.\"ot  used.] 

PERMEABILITY,  n.  [infra 
or  stale  of  being  permeable. 

Journ.  of  Science. 

PERMEABLE,  a.  [L.  permeo ;  per  and 
mco,  to  pass  or  glide.] 

That  may  be  passed  through  without  rup- 
ture or  displacement  of  its  parts,  as  solid 
matter;  applied  particularly  lo  substances 
that  admit  the  passage  of  llnids.  Thus 
cloth,  leiher,  wood  are  permeable  to  water 
and  oil:  glass  ispermeable  to  light,  but  not 
to  water. 

PER'ME.ANT,  3.  [supra.]  Passing  through. 
[.Vot  used.]  Brown. 

PER'MEATE,  v.  t.  [L.  permeo  ;  per  and 
meo,  to  glide,  flow  or  pass.] 


PER 


PER 


PER 


To  pass  through  the  pores  or  interstices  of 
a  buiJy  ;  to  penetrate  and  pass  through  u 
sub:>tanfe  without  rupture  or  displace- 
ment of  its  parts;  applied  particularly  to 
fluids  which  pass  through  substances  ot 
louse  texture  ;  as,  water  permeates  sand  or 
a  tiltering  stone  ;  light  permeates  glass 

PER'MEATED,  pp.  Passed  through,  as  by 
a  fluid. 

PER'MEATING,  ppr.  Passing  through  the 
pores  or  interstices  of  a  substance. 

PERMEA'TJOiN,  n.  The  act  of  passing 
through  the  |)ores  or  interstices  of  a  body 

PERMIri'CIBLE,  a.  [h-permisceo  ;  per  and 
misceo,   to  nii.x.]     That   may    be   mi.\ei: 

PERMIS'SIBLE,    a.    [See   PermiJ.]    That 

may  be  permitted  or  allowed. 
PERMIS'SION,  n.  [L.  permissio,  from  per 

initio,  to  permit.] 

1.  The  act  of  permitting  or  allowing. 

2.  Allowance  ;  license  or  liberty  granted. 

You  have  given  me  your  permission  for  thi 
address.  Drydcii. 

PERMIS'SIVE,  a.  Granting  liberty;  al- 
lowing. Milton. 

2.  Granted ;  sufft-red  without  hinderam-e. 
Thus  1  emboldened  spake,  and  freedom  used 
Permissive,  and  acceplaiicc  louiid.      .MiUnn. 

PERiMIS'SlVELY,  «</!•.  By  allowance; 
witliout  iirohibition  or  hinderance. 

PERMIS'TIOX,  I       [L.  pennistio,  pcniii.r- 

PERMIX'TION,  ^  "•  lio.]  The  act  of  mix- 
ing ;  the  state  of  being  mingled. 

PERMIT,  v.t.  [L.  permitto  ;  per  and  mitto, 
to  send  ;  Vt.permellre;  h.  permettere ;  Sp. 
permilir.] 

1.  To  allow;  to  grant  leave  or  hberty  toby 
express  consent.  He  asked  my  leave  and 
1  permitted  him. 

2.  To  allow  by  silent  consent  or  by  not  pro- 
hibiting ;  to  sufl^er  witliout  giving  express 
authority.  The  laws  permit  us  to  do  what 
is  not  expressly  or  impliedly  forbid. 

What  God  neither  commands  nor  forbids,  he 
permits  with  approbation  to  be  done  or  left  un- 
done. Honker. 

3.  To  afTord  ability  or  means.  Old  age  does 
not  permit  us  to  retain  the  vigor  of  youth. 
The  man's  indigence  does  not  permit  him 
to  indulge  in  luxuries. 

4.  To  leave  ;  to  give  or  resign. 

Let  us  not  aggiavale  our  sorrows, 

But  to  the  gods  permit  the  event  of  things. 

.^Mison. 
[The  latter  sense  is  obsolete  or  obsoles- 
cent.] 
PERMIT',  11.  A  written  license  or  permis- 
sion  from    the  custom    house   oflicer  or 
other  proper  authority,  to  export  or  trans- 
port goods  or  to  land  goods  or  persons. 
2.  Warrant ;  leave  ;  permission. 
PERMIT'T.\NCE,  n.  Allowance  ;  forbear- 
ance of  prohibition ;  permission. 

Derhavi 
PERMIXTION.  [See  Pernmtion.] 
PERMUTA'TION,  n.  [L.   permutatio,  per- 
viuto  ;  per  am\  mnto,  to  change.] 

1.  In  commerrc.  exchange  of  one  thing  for 
another;  barter.  Baron. 

2.  In  the  canon  law,  the  excliange  of  one 
benefice  for  another.  Encyc. 

3.  Ill  alfrebra,  change  or  different  coinhina- 
tion  of  any  niunher  of  (|uantities.      If'allis. 

PKRMU'TE,  v.t.  \\..  permiilo;  per&ndmu- 
lo.  to  change]  To  exchange  ;  to  barter 
[JVot  used.] 


PERMU'TER,  n.  One  that  exchanges.! 
^  /Voi  used.] 

PER'NANCY,  n.  [Norm,  perner,  to  take.] 
A  taking  or  reception,  as  the  receiving 
of  rents  or  tithes  in  kind.  Blackalone. 

PERNI"CIOUS,  a.  [L.  pernieiosus,  from 
pernicies ;  perneco,  to  kill ;  per  and  tier,  ne- 
cis,  death.] 

1.  Destructive;  having  the  quality  of  killing, 
destroying  or  injuring  ;  very  injurious  or 
tiiischievous.  Food,  drink  or  air  may  be 
pernicious  to  life  or  health. 

3.  Destructive;  tending  to  injure  or  destroy. 
Evil  examples  are  pernicious  to  morals. 
Intemperance  is  a  pernicious  vice. 

;i.  \L.pcrnij:.]  Quick.     [jYot  used.]     Milton. 

PERNI'dOlISLY,  adv.  Destructively; 
with  ruinous  tendency  oreftects. 

Ascham 

PERNI"CIOUSNESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  very  injurious,  mischievous  or  de- 
structive. 

PERNIC'ITY,  n.  [L.  pernicitas,  from  per- 
iiir.]  Swiftness  of  motion  ;  celerity.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Ray. 

PERNOCTA'TION,  n.  [h.  pernocto ;  per 
and  nox,  night.] 

The  act  of  passing  the  whole  night ;  a  re- 
maining all  night.  Taylor. 

PEROGIIE.   [See  Pirogue.] 

PERORA'TION,  n.  [L.  peroratio,  from 
peroro  ;  per  and  oro,  to  pray.] 

Tlie  concluding  part  of  an  oration,  in  which 
the  speaker  recapitulates  the  |ninclpal 
ixnuts  of  his  discourse  or  argument,  and 
urges  them  with  greater  earnestness  and 
force,  with  a  view  to  make  a  deep  impres- 
sion on  his  hearers.  Encyc. 

PEROX'YD,  11.  [per  and  ori/d.]  A  sub- 
stance containing  an  unusual  quantity  of 
oxygen.  Davy. 

PEROX'YDIZE,  f.  I.  To  oxydize  to  the 
titinost  degree.  Cuthush 

PERPF2ND',   V.   t.    [L.  perpendo ;   per  and 
pendo,  to  weigh.]     To  weigh  in  the  iniiu' 
to  consider  attentively.     [Little  used.] 

Shak.     Brown. 

PERPEND'ER,  n.  [Fi:  parpaing.]  A  co- 
ping stone.  Johnson 

PERPEND'ICLE,  n.  [Fr.  perpendicule, 
from  L.  pcrpendiculum.] 

Something  hanging  down  in  a  direct  line  ; 
a  plumb  line.  Did. 

PERPENDICULAR,  a.  [L.perpendicularis, 
from  perpcndicxdum,  a  plumb  line  ;  per- 
pendeo  ;  per  and  pendeo,  to  hang.] 

1.  Hanging  or  extending  in  a  right  line  from 
any  point  towards  the  center  of  the  earth 
or  of  gravity,  or  at  right  angles  with  the 
))lane  of  the  horizon. 

2.  In  geometry,  falling  directly  on  another 
line  at  rigiit  angles.  The  line  A  is  per 
pendicutar  to  the  line  B. 

PERPENDICULAR,  n.  A  line  falling  at 
right  angles  on  the  plane  of  the  horizon 
that  is,  extending  from  some  |)nint  in  ii 
right  line  towards  the  center  of  the  earti 
or  center  of  gravity,  or  any  body  standing 
in  that  direction. 

2.  In  geometry,  a  line  falling  at  right  aiiglcf 
on  another  line,  or  making  eipial  anglis 
with  it  on  eucli  side.  Enci/c. 

PERPENDICULARITY,  n.  The  state  of 
being  [lerpendicular.  li'alts. 

PERPENDICULARLY,  adv.  In  a  manner 
to  fall  on  another  line  at  right  angles. 


2.  So  as  to  fall  on  the  plane  of  the  horizon 
at  right  angles ;  in  a  direction  towards  the 
center  of  the  earth  or  of  gravity. 

PERPEN'SION,  n.  [L.  perpendo.]  Consid- 
eration.    [.Vbi  usfrf.]  Brown. 

PERPES'SION,  n.  [L.  perpessio,  perpelior, 
to  suffer  ;  per  and  patior.]  Sufl'ering  ;  en- 
durance.    [JVot  used.]  Pearson. 

PER'PETRATE,  v.t.  [L.  perpetro ;  per  and 
patro,  to  go  through,  to  finish.] 

To  do  ;  to  commit ;  to  perform  ;  in  an  ill 
sense,  that  is,  always  used  to  express  an 
evil  act ;  as,  to  perpetrate  a  crime  or  an 
evil  design.  Dryden. 

PERPETRATED,  pp.  Done;  committed: 
as  an  evil  act. 

PERPETRATING,  ppr.  Committing  ;  as 
a  crime  or  evil  net. 

PERPETRATION,  n.  The  act  of  commit- 
ting a  crime.  Wotton. 

2.  An  evil  action.  A".  Charles. 

PER  PETRATOR,  n.  One  that  commits  a 
crime. 

PERPETUAL,  a.  [Fr.  perpeiuel ;  L.  per- 
petuus, from  perpes,  pcrpetis  ;  per  and  pes, 
from  a  mot  signifying  to  pass.] 

1.  Never  ceasing  ;  continuing  forever  in  fu- 
ture time  ;  destined  to  be  eternal;  as  a 
perpetual  covenant ;  a  perpetual  statute. 
[Literally  true  with  respect  to  the  decrees 
of  the  Supreme  Being.] 

Continuing  or  continued  without  inter- 
mission ;  uninterrupted  ;  as  a  perpetual 
stream  ;  the  perpetual  action  of  the  heart 
and  arteries. 

X  Permanent;  fixed;   not  temporary;  as  a 
perpetual  law  or  edict ;   perpetual  love  or 
amity  ;  pirpctual  incense.     Ex.  xxx. 
.  Everlasting ;  endless. 

Destruclious  are  come  to  a  perpetual  end. 
Ps.  ix. 

5.  During  the  legal  dispensation.     Ex.  xxix. 

Perpetual  curacy,  is  where  all  the  tithes  are 
appropriated  and  no  vicarage  is  endowed. 

Blackstone. 

Perpetual  motion,  motion  that  generates  a 
power  of  continuing  itself  forever  or  indef- 
initely, by  means  of  mechanism  or  some 
application  of  the  force  of  gravity  ;  not  yet 
discovered,  and  probably  impossible. 

Perpetual  screw,  a  screw  tliat  ai'ts  against 
the  teeth  of  a  wheel  and  continues  its  ac- 
tion without  end.  Wilkins. 

PERPETUALLY,  adv.  Constantly;  con- 
tinually ;  ajiplieil  to  things  which  proceed 
without  intermission,  or  which  occur  fre- 
quently or  at  intervals,  without  limitation. 
A  perennial  spring  flows  perpetually ;  the 
weather  varii^s  perpetually. 

The  Bible  and  common  prayer  book  in  the 
vulgar  tongue,  being  perpetually  read  in 
churches,  have  proved  a  kind  of  standard  for 
langu.iije.  Swift. 

PERPETUATE,  v.  I.  [L.  perpetuo.]  To 
make  perpetual  ;  to  eternize. 

2.  To  cause  to  endure  orto  be  continued  in- 
definitely ;  to  j)i-eserve  from  extinction  or 
oblivion ;  as,  to  perpetuate  the  remem- 
brance of  a  great  event  or  of  an  illustrious 
character.  The  monuinent  in  London 
perpetuates  the  remenibrance  of  the  con- 
fla;;ration  in  Ilitifi.  Medals  may  perpetu- 
ate the  glorii^s  of  a  prince.  Mdi.ion. 

.3.  To  continue  by  repetition  without  limita- 
tion. 


PER 


PER 


PER 


PERPET'UATED,  yp.  Made  perpetual; 
continued  through  eternity,  or  for  an  in- 
definite time. 

PERPETUATING,  ppr.  Continuing  for- 
ever or  indefinitely. 

PEUPETUA'TIOxN,  n.  The  act  of  making 
perpetual,  or  of  preserving  from  extinc 
tion  or  oblivion  through  an  endless  exist 
ence,  or  for  an  indefinite  period  of  time. 

Brown. 

PERPETU'ITY,  n.   [L.  perpeluttas.]    End 
less  duration  ;  continuance  to  eternity. 

2.  Continued  uninterrupted  existence,  or  du 
ration  for  an  indefinite  period  of  time  ;  as 
the  perpetuity  of  laws  and  institutions  ;  the 
perpetuity  of  fame. 

3.  Something  of  which  there  will  be  no  end 

South 
PERPHOS'PHATE,    n.    A    phosphate    ir 

which  the   phosphoric  acid    is  combined 

with  an  oxyd  at  the  maximum  of  oxyda 

tion. 
PERPLEX',  V.  I.  [L.  perplexua,   perplexor 

per  and  ptector,  to  twist,  from  the  root  of 

Gr.  rtXfxu,  L.  ptiio,  to  fold.] 

1.  To  make  intricate;  to  involve;  to  entan- 
gle;  to  make  complicrated  and  difliciilt  to 
be  understood  or  uiuaveled. 

What  was  tlioiiglil  olisciirp,  prrplexed  and 
too  hard  for  our  weak  parts,  will  lie  open  to  tire 
understanding  in  a  fair  view.  Locke 

2.  To  euibarrass  ;  to  puzzle  ;  to  distract ;  to 
tease  with  suspense,  anxiety  or  ambiguity. 

We  can  distinguish  no  general  truths,  or  at 
least  sliall  be  apt  to  jnrplcx  the  mind.      Locke. 

We  are  perplexed.,  bul  not  in  despair.     2  Coi 
iv. 

3.  To  jjlague  ;  to  vex.  Glanville. 
PERPLEX',  a.    Intricate ;    difficult.     [^Vo/ 

use/.]  Glanville 

PERPLEX'ED,   pp.    Made  intricate ;    eni- 

barrur-sed  ;  puzzled. 
PERPLEX'EDLY,  adv.  Intricately  ;    with 

involution. 
PERPLEX'EDNESS,  n.    Intricacy  ;   diffi 

culty  from  want  of  order  or  precision. 
2.  Embarrassment  of  mind  from  doubt   or 

uncertainty. 
PERPLEX'ITY,    n.    Intricacy;   entangle 

inent.     The  jm-y  were  embarrassed  by  the 

perplexity  of  the  case. 
2.    Embarrassment   of   mind ;    disturbance 

from  doubt,  conliision,   difficulty  or  anxi- 
ety. 

Perplexity  not  suffering  Iheni  to  be  idle,  they 

tliink  and  do,  as  it  were,  in  a  frenzy.     Hooker. 

PER(iU.\DRISLL'PHATE,  n.  A  sulphate 
with  four  proportions  of  sulphuric  acid 
combined  with  a  maximum  oxyd. 

Silliman 

PER'QIIISITE,  n.  s  as  :.  [L.  perquisitus, 
perquiro  ;  per  and  qucero,  to  seek.] 

A  fee  or  pecuniary  allowance  to  an  officer 
for  services,  beyond  his  ordinary  salary  or 
settled  wages;  or  a  fee  allowed  by  law  to 
an  officer  for  a  specific  service,  in  lieu  of 
an  annual  salary.  [The  latter  is  the  com- 
mon acceptation  of  the  word  in  America.^ 

PER'QUISlTEl),  a.  Supplied  with  perqui 
sites.     [A  bad  uord  and  not  used.\ 

Savage. 

PERQUISP'TION,  n.  s  as  :.  [L.  perquisi- 
tus.]    An  accurate  inquiry  or  search. 

.iinsworth 

PERROQUET',  n.  [Fr.]  A  species  of  par- 
rot ;  also,  the  Alca  Psittacula,  an  aijuatic 


fowl  inhabiting  the  isles  of  Japan  and  the 
western  shores  of  America.  Pennant. 

PER'RY,  n.  [Fr.  poire,  Horn  poire,  W.  pir, 
a  pear.] 

The  juice  of  pears,  which  being  clarified  by 
fermentation,  is  a  pleasant  drink. 

PERSCRUTA'TION,  n.  [L.  per.icrutalio, 
perscrutor.]  A  searching  thoroughly  ;  mi- 
nute search  or  inquiry. 

PERSECUTE.   V.  t.    (Fr.  persecuter ;    It, 

i     perseguitare  ;  Sp.  perseguir ;  L.  persequor ; 

'     per  and  sequor,  to  pursue.    See  Seek  and 

!     Essay.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  to  pursue  in  a  manner 
I     to  injure,  vox  or  afflict ;  to  harass  with  un- 
just punishment  or  penalties  for  siipposcc 

I     offenses ;  to  inflict   pain    from  hatred  or 
'     malignity. 

2.  Appropriately,  to  afflict,  harass  or  destroy 
'  for  adherence  to  a  particular  creed  or  sys- 
I  tem  nf  religious  principles,  or  to  a  mode 
I  of  worship.  Thus  Nero  persecuted  the 
I  Christians  by  crucifying  some,  burning 
!  others,  and  condeuming  others  to  be  wor- 
ried by  dogs.     See  .Arts  xxii. 

3.  To  harass  with  solicitations  or  importu 
nitv. 

PER'SECUTED,  pp.  Harassed  by  troubles 
or  punishments  unjustly  inflicterl,  particu- 
larly for  religious  opinions. 

>ER'SECUTING,  ppr.  Pursuing  with  en- 

I     mity  or  vengeance,    particularly   for   ad- 

'     hering  to  a  particular  religion. 

,PERSH:cU'T10N,  n.  The   act  or  practice 

]  of  persecuting  ;  the  infliction  of  pain,  pun- 
ishment or  death  upon  others  unjustly, 
I)arlicularly  for  adhering  to  a  religious 
creed  or  mode  of  worship,  either  by  way 
of  penalty  or  for  compelling  them  to  re- 
nounce their  principles.  Historians  enu- 
iTieratc  ten  persecutions  sufi'ered  by  the 
Christians,  beginning  with  that  of  Nero, 
A.  D.  31,  and  ending  with  that  of  Uiocle- 
tiaii,  A.  D.  .303  to  31.3. 

2.  The  state  of  being  persecuted. 

Our  necks  are  under  persecution  ;  we  labor 
and  have  no  rest.     Lam.  v. 

PER'SEeUTOR,  n.  One  that  persecutes; 
one  that  pursues  another  unjustly  and 
vcxatiously,  particularly  on  account  of  re- 
ligious principles. 

Henry  rejected  the  pope's  supremacy,  but 
retained  every  corruption  beside,  and  became  a 
cruel  persecutor.  Swift. 

PERSEVERANCE,  n.  [Fr.  from  \,.  perse- 
verantia.  See  Persevere.] 

1.  Persistoice  in  any  thing  undertaken;  con- 
tinued i)ursuit  or  prosecution  of  any  busi- 
ness or  enterirrise  begun  ;  applied  alike  to 
good  or  evil. 

Perseverance  keeps  lionor  biiglit.  Shak, 

Patience    and    peiseverance    overcome    the 

greatest  difficulties.  Clarissa. 

2.  In  theology,  continuance  in  a  state  of  grace 
to  a  state  of  glory  ;  sometimes  calle(l/«a/ 
perseverance,  Hammond. 

PERSEVE'RANT,  a.  Constant  in    pursuit 

I     of  an  undertaking.     [.Vo<  used.] 

Ainsworlk. 

IPERSEVE'RE,  v.i.  [h.persevero.  The  last 
component  part  of  this  word,  severe,  must 
be  the  same  as  in  assevcro,  with  the  radical]  2. 
sense  of  set,  fixed  or  continued.  So  persistA 
is  formed  with  per  and  .?uv(o,  to  stand.  Con-I 
slant  and  continue  have  a  like  primary' 
sense.     So  we  say,  to /ioi<io/!.]  ||3. 


To  persist  in  any  business  or  enterprise  un- 
dertaken ;  to  pursue  steadily  any  design  or 
course  commenced ;  not  to  give  over  or 
abandon  what  is  uudertaken  ;  applied  alike 
to  good  and  evil. 

Thrice  happy,  if  they  know 
Tlieir  happiness,  andpereevere  upiightl 

Milton. 

To  persevere  in  any  evil  course,  makes  you 

unhappy  in  this  life.  IVake. 

jPERSEVE'RlNG,  ppr.    Persisting  in  any 

]     business  or  course  begun. 

2.  a.  Constant  in  the  exerutionof  a  purpose 
or  enterprise  ;  as  a  ;>e)jeucri;ig- student. 

PERSEVE  RINGLY,  adv.  With  perseve- 
rance or  continued  pursuit  of  what  is  un- 
dertaken. 

PER'SIFLAOE,  n.  [Fr.  from  persifer ;  L. 

',     sihilo,  to  hiss.]     A  jeering  ;  ridicule. 

'  H.  More. 

I'ERSIM'MON,  n.  A  tree  and  its  fruit,  a 
species  of  Diospyros,  a  native  of  the  states 

]     soiuli  of  New  York.     The   liuit  is  like  a 

!     plum,  and  when  not  ripe,  very  astringent. 

I  Mease. 

PERSIST',  I",  t.  [L.  persisto ;  per  and  sisto, 
to  stand  or  be  fixed.] 

To  continue  steadily  and  firmly  in  the  pur- 
suit of  anj-  business  or  course  commeticed  ; 
to  persevere.  [Persist  is  nearly  .synony- 
mous whU  persevere  ;  but  ;)cr»isY  frequenlly 

I     implies  more  obstinacy  than /jc/icrerc,  par- 

j     ticidarly  in  that  which  is  evil  or  injurious 

i     to  others.] 

I  If   they  persist   in   pointing   their  batteries 

against  particular  persons,  no  laws  of  war  forbid 

t      the  making  reprisals.  Addison. 

PERSISTENCE,  n.  The  state  of  jiersist- 
ing;  steady  pursuit  of  what  is  undertaken  ; 
perseverance  in  a  good  or  evil  course, 
more  generally  in   that  which  is  evil  and 

'     injurious  to  others,  or  unadvisable. 

3.  Obstinacy  ;  contumacy.  Shak. 
PERSIST'ENT,  I  hibotany,  contimiing 
PERSISTING,   I"-  without      withering; 

opposed  to  marce.icent ;  as  a  persisting 
stigma:  continuing  after  the  corol  is  with- 
ered, as  a  persistent  lalyx  :  continuing  af- 
ter the  leaves  droj)  ofi',  as  a  persistent  stip- 
ule ;  remaining  on  the  plant  till  the  fruit 
is  ripe,  or  till  aAertbe  summer  is  over,  as 
a  persistent  leaf  Ijte.     Marti/n. 

jPERSIST'ING,  ppr.  Contimiing  in  the 
prosecution  of  au  undertaking;  persever- 
ing. 

PERSIST'IVE,  a.  Steady  in  pursuit:  not 
receding  from  a  purpose  or  undertakinir ; 
|)ersevering.  Shak. 

PERSON,  n.  per'sn.  [L.  persona;  said  to 
Ire  compounded  of  per,  through  or  hy,  and 
sonus,  sound  ;  a  Latin  word  signifying 
primarily  a  mask  used  by  actors  on  the 
stage.] 

1.  .\u  individual  human  being  consisting  of 
body  and  soul.  We  apply  the  word  to 
living  beings  only.  pusse.=.sed  of  a  rational 
natUH! ;  the  body  when  dead  is  not  called 
a  person.  It  is  applied  alike  to  a  man,  wo- 
man or  child. 

A  person  is  a  thinking  intelligent  being. 

Locke. 
.\  man.  woman  or  child,  considered  as 
opposed  to  things,  or  distinct  from  them. 
A  zeal  (or  persons  is  far  more  easy  to  be  per- 
verted, than  a  zeal  for  things.  Sprat. 
A  human  being,  considered  with  respect 


PER 


PER 


PER 


to  the  living  body  or  corporeal  existence 
only.     Tlic  form  of  Uer  person  is  elegant. 

You'll  finil  her  j)ersvH  dilficult  to  gain. 

Iky  den 

The  rebels  maintained  the  fight  for  a  small 
time,  anil  for  their  y7Crso7i«  showed  no  want  of 
courage.  Bacon 

4.  A  liuiiian  being,  indefinitely  ;  one;  a  man 
Let  a  person's  attainments  be  never  so 
great,  lie  should  remember  he  is  frail  and 
imperfect. 

5.  A  liiiiiian  being  represented  in  dialogue, 
fiction,  or  on  the  stage ;  character.  A 
player  appears  in  the  person  of  king  Lear. 

These  tables,  Cicero  pronounced  under  Ihe 
person  of  Crassus,  were  of  more  use  and  au- 
thority than  all  the  books  of  the  philosophers. 

Baker. 

6.  Character  of  office. 

How  different  is  the  same  man  from  himself, 
as  he  sustains  the  person  of  a  magistrate  and 
that  of  a  friend.  South. 

7.  In  grammar,  the  nominative  to  a  verb  ;  the 
agent  that  performs  or  the  patient  that 
suffers  any  thing  affirmed  by  a  verb  ;  as,i 
1  write  ;  he  is -smitten  ;  she  is  beloved  ;  the 
rain  descends  in  torrents.  I,  thou  or  you 
he,  she  or  it,  are  called  the  first,  second 
and  third  persons.  Hence  we  apply  tlie 
word  person  to  the  termination  or  modifi 
ed  form  of  the  verb  used  in  connection 
with  the  persons  ;  as  the  first  or  the  third 
person  of  the  verb ;  the  verb  is  in  the 
second  person. 

8.  In  law,  an  artificial  person,  is  a  corpora 
tion  or  body  politic.  Blackslone. 

In  perso7i,  by  one's  self;  with  bodily  pres- 
ence; not  by  representative. 

The  king  in  person  visits  all  around. 

Dryden 

I'ER'SON,  V,  I.  To  represent  as  a  person  ; 

to  make  to  resemble ;  to  image.     [jVoI  in 

PER'SONABLE,  a.  Having  a  well  formed 
body  or  person;  graceful;  of  good  ap- 
pearance ;  as  a  personable  man  or  woman. 

Raleigh. 

9.  In  to!«,  enabled  to  maintain  pleas  in  court. 

Coivel. 
3.  Having  capacity  to  take  any  thing  grant- 
ed or  given.  Plowiten. 
[The  Iwo  taller  senses,  I  believe,  are  little 
used.] 
PER'SONAgE,  n.  [F.personnage.]  A  man 
or  woman  of  distinction  ;  as  an  illustrious 
personage. 

2.  Exterior  appearance;  stature;  air;  as  a 
taW  personage  ;  a  stately  personage. 

Shah.     Hayward. 

3.  Character  assumed. 

The  Venetians,  naturally  ptrave,  love  to  give 
in  to  the  follies  of  such  seasons,  when  disguised 
in  a  false  personage.  Adjlison. 

4.  Character  represented. 

Some  persons  must  be  found,  already  known 
in  history,  whom  we  may  make  the  actors  and 
personages  of  this  fable.  Broome. 

PER'SONAL,  a.  [h. personalis.]  Belonging 
to  men  or  women,  not  to  things;  not  real. 
Kvery  man  so  termed  by  way  of  personal  dif- 
fcreuc-c  oTdy.  Hooker. 

2.  Relating  to  an  imlividual ;  affecting  indi- 
viduals; peculiar  or  proper  to  him  or  her, 
or  to  private  ai-tinns  or  character. 

The  words  arc  conditional ;  if  thou  doest 
well ;  and  so  personal  to  Cain.  Lorkc 


Character  and  success  depend  more  on  per- 
sonal effort  than  on  any  external  advantages. 

J.  Hawes 

So  we  speak  of  personal  pride,  personal 
reflections. 

3.  Pertaining   to   the  cor^ioral   nature ;  ex 
terior  ;  corporal  ;    as  personal  charms  or 
accomplishments.  Jlddison 

4.  Present  in  person ;  not  acting  by  repre- 
sentative;  as  a/ferMnaiiiiterview.  | 

The  immediate  and /(crsonaZ  speaking  of  Godj 
almighty  to  Abraham,  Job  and  Moses.      White.] 

Personal  e«<o<e,  in  law,  movables  ;  chattels;' 
things  belonging  to  the  person  ;  as  money, 
jewels,  furniture,  &c.  as  distinguished  from 
real  estate  in  land  and  houses. 

Personal  action,  in  law,  a  suit  or  action  by 
which  a  man  claims  a  debt  or  personal 
duty,  or  damages  in  lieu  of  it ;  or  wherein 
he  claims  satisfaction  in  dauiages  for  a!i 
injury  to  his  person  or  property  ;  an  action 
founded  on  contract  or  on  tort  or  wrong  ; 
as  an  action  on  a  debt  or  promise,  or  an 
action  for  a  trespass,  assault  or  defamato- 
ry words;  opposed  to  reni actions,  or  such 
as  concern  real  property.  Blackslone. 

Personal  idenlitij,  in  metaphysics,  sameness 
ofljeing,  of  which  consciousness  is  the 
evidence. 

Personal  verb,  in  grammar,  a  verb  conjugated 
in  the  three  persons;  thus  called  in  dis- 
tinction from  an  impersonal  verb,  which 
has  the  third  person  only.  Encyc. 

PER'SONAL,  n.  A  movable.     [J^Tot  in  use.] 

PERSONAL'ITY,  n.  That  which  consti- 
tutes an  individual  a  distinct  person,  or 
that  which  constitutes  individuality. 

The  personality  of  an  intelligent  being  ex- 
tends itself  beyond  present  existence  to  what  is 
past,  only  by  conciousness —  Locke. 

'2.  Direct  application  or  applicability  to  a 
person  ;  as  the  personalily  of  a  remark. 

PER'SONALLY,  adr.  In  person  ;  by  bodi- 
ly presence  ;  not  by  representative  or  sub- 
stitute ;  as,  to  be  personally  present ;  to 
deliver  a  letter  ^cr«o?!o//)/.  They /(crson- 
aib/  declared  their  assent  to  the  measure. 

2.  With  respect  to  an  individual ;  particu- 
larly. 

She  bore  a  niortal  hatred  to  the  house  ot" 
Lancaster,  and  personally  to  \he  king.  Bacon. 
With  regard  to  numerical  existence. 

The  converted  man  is  personalty  the  same 
he  was  before.  Rogers 

PER'SONATE,  v.  t.  To  represent  by  a  fic- 
titious or  assumed  character  so  as  to  pass 
for  the  person  represented.  Bacon 

2.  To  represent  by  action  or  appearance  ; 
to  assume  the  character  and  act  the  part 
of  another. 

3.  To  pretend  hypocritically.     [Utile  used." 

Swiji: 

4.  To  counterfeit ;  to  feign;  as  a  personated 


devotion.  Hammond. 

5.  To  resemble. 

The  lofty  cedar  persojia/es  thee.  Shak. 

C).  To  make  a  representation  of,  as  in  picture. 


SlwL 
[L.  persona.]     \j\'ot 


Obs. 

To  describe.     Obs. 

8.  To  celebrate  loudly.  [1,.  persona.]  LVoi 
ttsed.]  Mllon 

PER'.SONATE,  a.  [L.  persona,a  mask.' 
Masked.  A  personate  corol  is  irregidar 
and  closed  by  a  kind  of  palate;  or  riii- 
geiit,  but  closed  between  the  lips  by  the 
palate-  Smith.     Linne. 


PERSONA'TION,  n.  The  counterfeiting' 
ol  the  person  and  character  of  another.   "^ 

Bcteov. 

PER'SONATOR,  n.  One  who  assumes  the 
character  of  another.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  One  that  acts  or  performs.         B.  Jonson 

PERSONIFICA'TION,  n.  [from personify.] 
The  giving  to  an  inanimate  being  the  figure 
or  the  sentiments  and  language  of  a  ra- 
tional being  ;  prosopopoeia ;  as,  "con/u- 
sioti  heard  his  voice."  Milton 

PERSON  IFIED,  pp.  Represented  with 
the  attributes  of  a  person. 

PERSON'IFY,  t).  t.  [h.  persona  and  facio.] 
To  give  animation  to  inanimate  objects  ;  to 
ascribe  to  an  inaiiinjate  being  the  senti- 
ments, actions  or  language  of  a  rational 
being  or  person,  or  to  represent  an  jnani- 
itiate  being  with  the  affections  and  actions 
of  a  person.  Thus  we  say,  the  plants 
thirst  for  rain- 

The  trees  said  to  the  fig-tree,   come  thou, 
and  reign  over  us.     Judges  ix- 

PERSON'IFYING,  ppr.  Giving  to  an  in- 
animate being  the  attributes  of  a   person 

PER'SONIZE,    v.  t.    To   personify.     [,Voi 

i     much  used.]  Richardson. 

iPERSPEe'TIVE,  a.  [infra.]  Pertainit.g  to 
the  science  of  optics  ;  optical.  Bacon. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  art  of  perspective. 

Encyc, 

PERSPE€'T1VE,  n.  [Fr.  ;  It.  perspettiva; 
^'■p.  perspectiva  ;  from  L.  perspicio ;  per  and 
specio,  to  see.] 

1.  A  glass  through   which  objects  are  view- 
■     e<|.  Temple. 

2.  The  art  of  drawing  on  a  plane  surface 
true  resemblances  or  pictures  of  objects, 
as  the  objects  appear  to  the  eye  from  any 
distance  and  situation,  real  and  imagina- 
ry ;  as  the  rules  of  perspective.  Encyc. 

3.  A  representation  of  objects  in  perspective. 

Etici/c. 

4.  View  ;  vista  ;  as  perspectives  of  pleasant 
shades-  Dryden. 

5.  A  kind  of  painting,  often  seen  in  gardens 
and  at  the  end  of  a  gallery,  designed  ex- 
pressly to  deceive  the  sight  by  represent- 
ing the  continuation  of  an  alley,  a  build- 
ing, a  landscape  or  the  like. 

Aerial  perspective,  the  art  ofgiving  due  dimin- 
ution to  the  strength  of  light,  shade  and 
colors  of  objects,  according  to  their  dis- 
tances and  the  quantity  of  light  falling  on 
them,  and  to  the  medium  through  which 
they  are  seen.  Encyc. 

PERSPEC'TIVELY,  adv.  Optically  ; 
through  a  glass ;  by  representation. 

Shak. 

PER'SPICABLE,  a.  Discernible.     Herbert. 

PERSPICACIOUS,  a.  [L. perspicax,  from 
perspicio.] 

1.  (iuick  sighted  ;  sharp  of  sight. 

2.  Of  acute  discernment.  South. 
PERSPICA'CIOL'SNESS,  n.  Acuteness  of 

sight. 
PERSPICACITY,    n.      [L-  pcrspicacitas.] 

1.  Acuteness  of  sigtit ;  quickness  of  sight. 

2.  Acuteness  of  discernment  or  understand- 
ing. 

PER'SPICACY,  n.  Acutene-ss  of  sight  or 
discernment.  B.  Jonson. 

PER'SPICIL,  71.  [L.  per  and  speculum,  a 
glass-] 

An  optic  glass-     [Little  used.] 

Crashaie.     Glanvilk. 


PER 


PER 


PER 


PERSPICU'ITY,  n.  [Fr.  perspicuM ;  L. 
perspicuitas,  from  perspicio.] 

1.  Transpiirency  ;  clearneas  ;  that  quality 
of  a  substance  which  renders  objects  vis- 
ible tlirough  it.     [Liltle  used.]  Brown. 

2.  Clearness  to  mental  vision  ;  easiness  to 
be  understood;  freedom  from  obscurity 
or  ambiguity  ;  tliat  quality  of  writing  or 
language  which  readily  presents  to  the 
mind  of  another  the  precise  ideas  of  the 
author.  Perspicuity  is  the  first  excellence 
of  writing  or  speaking. 

PERSPI€'UOUS,  a.  [h.perspicuus.]  Trans- 
parent; translucent.    [IMlt  used.] 

Peacham. 

2.  Clear  to  the  understanding ;  that  may  be 
clearly  understood  ;  not  obscure  or  am- 
biguous. Language  is  perspicuous  when 
it  readily  presents  to  the  reader  or  hearer 
the  precise  ideas  which  arc  intended  to 
be  expressed.  Meaning,  sense  or  signifi- 
cation is  perspicuous,  when  it  is  clearly 
and  easily  comprehended. 

PERSPIC'l'Oi:SLY,  adv.  Clearly  ;  plain 
ly  ;  in  a  manner  to  be  easily  understood. 

Bacon. 

PF.RSPIC'IJOUSNESS,  n.  Clearness  to  in- 
tellectual vision  ;  plainness;  freedom  from 
obscurity.  , 

[We  generally  apply  perspicuous  to  objects  of 
intellect,  and  conspicuous  to  objects  of  oc- 
ular sight.) 

PERSPIRABIL'ITY,  v.  [(mm  perspirable] 
The  quality  of  being  perspirable. 

PER'SPIRABLE,  a.  [from  L.  ;^ers:;n>o.  See 
Perspire.] 

1.  That  may  be  perspired  ;  that  may  be 
evacuated  through  the  pores  of  the  skin. 

Arhulhnol. 

2.  Emitting  perspiration.     [JVo/  proper.] 

Bacon. 

PERSPIRA'TION,  n.  [L.  perspiro.  See 
Perspire.] 

1.  The  act  of  perspiring  ;  excretion  by  the 
cuticular  pores  :  evacuation  of  the  fluids 
of  the  body  through  the  pores  of  the  skin. 

Encyc.     Jlrhuihnot. 

2.  Matter  perspired. 
PER'SFIRATIVF,,    a.    Performing  the  act 

of  perspiration. 
PER'SPIRATORV,  a.  Perspirative. 

Berkeley. 

PERSPI'RE,  V.  i.  [L.  per  and  spiro,  to 
breathe.] 

1.  To  evacuate  the  fluids  of  the  body 
through  the  pores  of  the  skin  ;  as,  a  per- 
son perspires  freely. 

2.  To  be  evacuated  or  excreted  through  the 
pores  of  the  skin  ;  as,  a  fluid  perspires. 

PERSPI'RE,   V.  t.     To  emit   or  evacuate 

through  the  pores  of  the  skin.        Smollett 
PERSTRINgE,    v.    t.    perstrinj'.    [L.  per 

siringo  ;  per  and  stringo,  to  graze  or  brush. 

To  graze  ;  to  glance  on.  Burton 

PERSUA'DABLE,  a.  [See  Persuade.]  That 

may  be  persuaded. 
PERSUA'DABLY,  adv.   So  as   to  be  per 

suaded. 
PERSUA'DE,  v.t.    [L.  persuadeo;  per  and 

suadeo,  to  urge  or  incite.] 
1.  To  influence  by   argument,   advice,    in 

treaty   or  expostulation  ;  to   draw  or  in 

cline  the  will  to  a  determination  by  pre 

senting  motives  to  the  mind. 

Vol.  II. 


I  should  be  glad,  if  I  could  persuade  him  to  Q, 
write  such  another  critick  on  any  thing  of  mine.  | 

J^yden. 
AUnost  thou  jiersuadest  me  to  be  a  christian. 
Acts  xxvi. 
2.  To  convince  by  argument,  or  reasons  of- 
fered ;  or  to  convince  by  reasons  suggest- 
ed by  reflection  or  deliberation,  or  by  evi- 
dence presented  in  any  manner  to  the 
mind. 

Beloved,  we  are  persuaded  better  things  of 
you.     Heb.  vi. 

To  inculcate  by  argument   or  expostula- 
tion.    [Little  used.]  Taylor. 
;4.  To  treat  by  persuasion.     [Ao(  in  use.] 

Shak. 
PERSfJA'DED,  pp.  Influenced  or  drawn 
to  an  opinion  or  determination  by  argu- 
ment, advice  or  reasons  suggested  ;  con- 
vinced ;  induced. 
PERSUA'DER,  n.  One  tliat  persuades  or 
influences  another.  Bacon 

2.  That  which  incites. 

Hunger  and  thirst  at  once, 
Powerful  per.siiaders .'  Milton 

PERSUA'DINC,  ppr.   Influencing  by  mo- 
tives presented. 
PERSUASIBIL'ITY,  n.  Capability  of  be 
ing  persuad<^fl.  HidbjweU. 

PERSUA'SIBLE,  a.  [L.persuasiii&.]Thui 
may  be  persuaded  or   influenced    by   rea- 
sons offeied. 
PERSUA'SIBLENESS,  n.  The  quality  of 

being  influenced  by  persuasion. 
PERSUASION,    n.    s  as  z.    [Fr.  from  L. 

per.masio.] 
1.  The  act  of  persuading  ;  the  act  of  influ- 
encing the  mind  by  argurmiits  or  reasons 
oflered,  or  by  any  thin^  llat  mo.  cs  ihe 
mind  or  pa.ssions,  or  inclines  the  will  to  a 
deterniination. 

For  thou  hast  all  (lie  arts  of  fine  persuasion. 

Olu'ay. 
12.  The  state  of  being  persuaded  or  convin- 
ced ;  setllcd  opinion  or  conviction  ]iro- 
ceeding  from  arguments  and  reasons  of- 
fered by  others,  or  suggested  by  one's  own 
reflections. 

When  we  liave  no  other  certainty  of  being 
in  the  riglu,  but  our  own  jierstta.sion  that  we 
are  so —  Gnv.  of  Ihe  Tongue 

3.  A  creed  or  belief;  or  a  sect  or  parly  ad- 
hering to  a  creed  or  system  of  opinions  ; 
as  men  of  the  .same  persuasion ;  all  per- 
siiasiotis  concur  in  the  measure. 

PERSUA'SIVE,    a.    Having  the  power  of| 
persuading  ;  influencing  the  mind  or  pas 
sions  ;  as  persuasive  eloquence  ;  persuasive 
evidence.  Hooker.     SotUlt 

PERSUA'SIVELY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner 
as  to  persuade  or  convince.  Milton 

PERSUA'SIVENESS,  n.  The  quahty  of 
having  influence  on  the  mind  or  passions. 

Taylor. 
PERSUA'SORY,  a.  Having  power  or  ten- 
dency to  jier.suade.  Brotvn. 
PERSPL'PHATE,    n.    A  combination   of 
sulphuric  acid  with  the  peroxyd  of  iron. 
Webster's  Manual. 
PERT,  a.  ( W.  pert,  sirart,  spiuce  ;  proba- 
bly   allicil   to  perk,  primarily  erect,  from 
shooting  up  or  forward.] 
1.  Lively  ;  brisk  ;  smart. 

Awake  the  ]>ert  and  nimble  spirit  of  mirth 

Shak. 
On  the  lawny  .sands  and  shelves, 
Trip  the  pert  fairies,  and  the  dapper  elves. 

Milton 

34 


Forward  ;  saucy  ;  bold  ;  indecorously 
free. 

A  lady  bids  me  in  a  very  pert  manner  mind 
my  own  affairs —  Addison. 

PERTA'IN,  v.i.  [L.  pcr/ineo;  perand  feneo, 
to  hold  ;  It.  pertenere.] 

1.  To  belong  ;  to  be  the  property,  right  or 
duty  of 

Men  liatc  those  who  affect  honor  by  ambi- 
tion, which  ^cr/ai7ie(/i  not  to  them. 

Ilayward. 

He  took  the  foitified  cities  which  pertained 
to  Judah.     2  Kings  xii. 

It  pertains  to  llie  governor  to  open  the  ports 
by  proclamation.  Anon. 

2.  To  have  rehilion  to.     Actsi. 
PERTEREBRA'TION,  n.  [L.  per  and  fer- 

ebratio.]     The  act  of  boring  through. 

Jlinsworlh. 
PERTINACIOUS,     a.    [L.   pertinax ;  per 
and  teneo,  to  hold.] 

1.  Holding  or  adhering  to  any  opinion,  i)ur- 
])ose  or  design  with  obstinacy  ;  obstiuaie  ; 
perversely  resolute  or  persistent ;  as  jirrti- 
naa'ous  in  opinion  ;  a  man  of  pejfinaciou* 
confidence.  WuUon. 

2.  Resolute  ;  firm  ;  constant ;  steady. 
Diligence  is  a  steady,  constant,  pertinneinin- 

study^  South. 

[This  word  often  implies  a  censurable  de- 
gree of  firmness  or  constancy,  like  ob- 
slinacy.'^ 

I^ERTINATIOIISLY,  adv.  Obstinately  ; 
with  firm  or  perverse  adherence  to  opin- 
ion or  purpose.  Me  pertinaciously  main- 
tain^ his  first  opinions. 

PKKTINA'CIOUSNESS,  ^        [L.    perfrna- 

PKKTINAC'ITY.  ^       da.]       F  rm 

or  unyielding  adherence  to  opinion  or  jiur- 
pose  ;  obstinacy.  He  pursues  his  scheme 
with  pertinacity. 

2.  Resolution  ;  constancy. 

PER'TINACY.n.  [supra.]  Obstinacy  ;  stub- 
bornness :  persistency  ;  resolution  ;  stead- 
iness.     [Little  used.]  Taylor. 

PER'TINENCE,  {      [L.  pertinens, pertineo  ; 

PER'TINENCY,  \  per  and  leiieo.  to  hold.] 
Justness  of  relation  to  the  subject  or  mat- 
ter in  hand  ;  fitness  ;  appositenc;ss  ;  suita- 
bleness. 

I  have  shown  the  fitness  and  pertinency  of 
the  apostle's  discourse  to  the  persons  he  ad- 
dressed. Bentlcy. 

PER'TINENT,  a.  [L.  peHinens.]  Related 
to  the  subject  or  matter  in  hand  ;  just  to 
the  purpose  ;  adapted  to  the  end  jiropo- 
."ed  ;  apposite;  not  foreign  to  the  thing 
intended.  VV'e  say,  he  used  an  argument 
not  pertinent  to  his  subject  or  design.  The 
discourse  abounds  with  pertinent  remarks. 
He  gave  pertinent  answers  to  the  ques- 
tions. 

2.  Regarding ;  concerning ;  belonging.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Hooker. 

PER'TINENTLY,  adv.  Appositely  ;  to  the 
purpose.     He  answered  pertinently. 

PER'TINENTNESS,  n.  Ap|iositeiiess. 

PERTIN'gENT,  o.  [L./)crfingc7M.]  Reach- 
ing to. 

PERTLY,  adv.  Briskly.;  smartly;  with 
prompt  boldness. 

2.  Saucily  ;  with   indecorous  confidence  or 

i     boldness.  Sxvifl. 

iPERTNESS,  n.  Briskness;  smartness. 

2.  Sauciness  ;  forward  promptness  or  bold- 
ness ;  implying  less  than  effrontery  or  im- 
pudence. 


PER 


PER 


PES 


Pertness  and  ignorance  may  ask  a  question 

in  three  lines,   which   it  will  cost  learning  and 

inffcnuity  thirty  pages  to  answer.       G.  Spring. 

3.  Petty   liveliness  ;    sprightliness    without 

force,  dignity  or  solidity. 

There  is  in  Shaf'lsbury's  works  a  lively  pert- 
ness and  a  pamde  of  literature.  Wattsj 
PERTURB',           I      ,     [L.  perturbo  ;    per] 
PER'TURBATE,  S       ■    and  iurio,  proper- 
ly to  turn,  or  to  stir  by  turning.] 

1.  To  disturb  ;  to  agitate  ;  to  disquiet. 

2.  To  disorder ;  to  confuse.  Broxvn. 

[This  verb  is  little  used.     The  participle 
is  in  use.] 
PERTURBA'TION,     n.     [L.  perlurhatio.] 

1.  Disquiet  or  agitation  of  mind.  Milton. 

2.  Restlessness  of  passions  ;  great  uneasi- 
ness. 

3.  Disturbance  ;  disorder ;  cominotion  in 
public  atfairs.  Bacon. 

4.  Disturbance  of  passions  ;  commotion  of 
spirit.  B.  Jonson 

5.  Cause  of  disquiet. 

0  polished  perturbation,  golden  care  ! 

Shak. 
PERTURBA'TOR,  f  One  that  disturbs 
PERTURB'ER,        I  ""  or  raises    commo 

tion.     [Little  used.] 
PERTURBED,  pp.    Disturbed  ;    agitated  ; 
disquieted. 

Rest,  rest,  perturbed  spirit.  Shak 

PERTU'SE,     I       [L.  pertusus,  pertundo  ; 
PERTU'SED,  \  "■■  per  and  tundo,  to  beat.' 

1.  Punched  ;  pierced  with  holes. 

2.  In  botany,  full  of  hollow  dots  on  the  sur- 
face, as  a  leaf 

PERTU'SION,  n.  s  as  :.  [L.  pertusus,  per- 
tundo.] 

1.  The  act  of  punching,  piercing  or  thrust- 
ing through  with  a  pointed  instrument. 

The  manner   of  opening  a  vein  in   Hippo- 
crates's  time,  was  by  stabbing  or  perfusion. 

.drbuthnot. 

2.  A  little  hole  made  by  punching  ;  a  perfo- 
ration. Bacon. 

PERU'KE,  »i.  [Fr.  perruque  ;  It.  perrucca  ; 
Sp.  peluca  ;  D.  paruik  ;  G.  perriicke  ;  Sw. 
peruk.] 

An  artificial  cap  of  hair  ;  a  periwig. 

Wiseman. 

PERU'KE-ftlAKER,  n.  A  maker  of  pe- 
rukes ;  a  wig-maker. 

PERU'SAL.  n.  «  as  z.  [from  peruse.]  The 
act  of  reading. 

This  treatise  requires  application  in  the^fni- 
sal.  Woodward. 

2.  Careful  view  or  examination.    [Unusual 

Tallf 

PERU'SE,  V.  t.  s  as  z.  [Soine  of  tlie  senses 
of  this  word  would  lead  to  the  inference 
that  it  is  from  the  IjUtin  perviso.  If  not,  I 
know  not  its  origin.] 

1.  To  read,  or  to  read  with  attention. 

Addison. 

2.  To  observe ;  to  examine  with  careful  sur- 
vey.    06s. 

1  have  perus'd  her  well.  Shak. 
Myself  I  tlien  perus'd,  and  limb  by  limb 
Survey'd.                                                  Milton. 

PERU'SED,  pp.  Read;  observed;  examin- 
ed. 

PERU'SER,  )!.  One  that  reads  or  examines 

It'oodward. 

VEKU'SING,  ppr.  Residing ;  examining 

PERUVIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Peru,  in 
r^outli  America. 


Peruvian  bark,  the  bark  of  the  Cinchona,  a 
tree  of  Peru ;  called  also  Jesuits'  bark. 
The  taste  is  bitter  and  pungent,  and  it  is 
used  as  an  astringent  and  tonic,  in  cases 
of  debility,  aiul  particularly  as  a  febrifuge 
in  intermittents. 

PERVA'DE,  V.  t.  [L.  pervado ;  per  and  va- 
do,  to  go,  Eng.  to  wade.] 

1.  To  pass  through  an  aperture,  pore  or  in 
terstice  ;  to  permeate;  as  liquors  thatper- 
vade  the  pores.  Al'ewton. 

2.  To  pass  or  spread  through  the  whole  ex- 
tent of  a  thing  anil  into  every  minute  part. 

What  but  God 
Pervades,  adjusts  and  agitates  the  whole .' 

Thomson. 

3.  We  use  this  verb  in  a  transitive  form  to 
express  a  passive  or  an  intransitive  signi- 
fication. Thus  when  we  say,  '"the  electric 
fluid  pervades  the  earth,"  or  "  ether  pervades 
the  universe,"  we  mean  only  that  the  fluid 
is  diffused  through  the  earth  or  universe, 
or  exists  in  all  parts  of  them.  So  when 
we  say,  "  a  spirit  of  conciliation  pervades 
all  classes  of  men,"  we  may  mean  tha 
such  a  spirit  passes  through  all  classes,  or 
it  exists  among  all  classes. 

PERVA'DED,  pp.  Passed  through  ;  per- 
meated ;  penetrated  in  every  part. 

PERVA'DING,  ppr.  Passing  through  or 
extending  to  every  part  of  a  thing. 

PERVASION,  n.  s  as  z.  The  act  of  perva 
ding  or  passing  through  the  whole  extent 
of  a  thing.  Boyle 

PERVERSE,  a.  pervers'.  [L.  penersus.  See 
Pervert.] 

1.  Literally,  turned  aside ;  hence,  distorted 
from  the  right.  Milton. 

2.  Obstinate  in  the  wrong ;  disposed  to  be 
contrary  ;  stubborn  ;  untractable. 

To  so  perverse  a  sex  all  grace  is  vain. 

I>ryden 

3.  Cross ;  petulant  ;  peevish  ;  disposed  to 
cross  and  \  ex. 

I'll  frown  and  he  perverse,  and  say  thee  nay. 

Shak. 

PERVERSELY,  adv.  pervers'ly.  With  in- 
tent to  vex  ;  crossly  ;  peevishly  ;  obsti- 
nately in  the  wrong.  Locke.     Sinft. 

PERVERSENESS,  7i.  pervers' ness.  Dispo- 
sition to  cross  or  vex ;  untractableness  ; 
crossness  of  temper  ;  a  disposition  uncom- 
plying, unaccommodating  or  acting  in  op- 
jiosition  to  what  is  proper  or  what  is  de- 
sired by  others. 
Her  whom  lie  wishes  most,  shall  seldom  gain 
Tbiou^h  her  jierverseness.  Afilto?i 

2.  Perversion.     [.Vof  used.]  Bacon 

PERVER'SION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.perversus.] 
The   act   of  perverting ;   a  turning  fron 
truth  or  propriety;  a  diverting  from  the 
true  intent  or   object ;  change   to   some 
thing  worse.     We  speak  ol'  the  perversion 
of  the  laws,  when  they  are  iiiisinteriireted 
or   misapplied  ;    a   perversion  of   reason 
when  it  is  ruisemiiloyed  ;  a  jierversion  of 
Scripture,  when  it  is  willfully   misinter- 
preted or  misapplied,  &:c. 

PERVERS'ITV,  71.  I'erverseness  ;  cross- 
ness ;  disposition  to  thwart  or  cross. 

JVorris. 

PERVERS'IVE,  a.  Tending  to  pervert  or 
corrupt. 

PERVERT',  v.  t.  [L.  perverto  ;  per  and 
t'crfo,  to  turn.] 


L  To  turn  from  truth,  propriety,  or  from  its 
proper  purpose ;  to  distort  from  its  true 
use  or  end  ;  as,  to  pervert  reason  by  mis- 
directing it ;  to  pervert  the  laws  by  misin- 
terpreting and  misapplying  them  ;  to  ^cr- 
verl  justice ;  to  pervert  the  meaning  of  ai» 
author;  to  ;7en'ert  nature  ;  to  perwrf  truth. 
Milton.     Dryden. 

2.  To  turn  from  the  right ;  to  corrupt. 
He  in  the  serpent  had  perverted  Eve. 

Milton. 

PERVERT^ED,  pp.  Turned  from  right  to 
wrong  ;  distorted  ;  corrupted  ;  misinter- 
preted ;  misemployed. 

PERVERT'ER,  n.  One  that  perverts  or 
turns  froiTi  right  to  wrong;  one  that  dis- 
torts, misinterprets  or  misapplies. 

PERVERTIBLE,  a.  That  may  be  pervert- 
ed. Ainsworih. 

PERVERT'ING,  ppr.  Turning  from  right 
to  wrong  ;  distorting  ;  misinterpreting  ; 
misapplying  ;  corrupting. 

[Pervert,  when  used  of  persons,  usually  im- 
plies evil  design.] 

PERVES'TIGATE,  v.  t.  [h.  pervestigo ;  per 
and  vestigo,  to  trace  ;  vestigium,  a  track.] 

To  find  out  by  research.  Cockerani. 

PERVESTIGA  TION,  n.  Diligent  inquiry: 
thorough  research.  Chillinsworth. 

PERVICA'CIOUS,  a.  [L.uemcax;  com- 
posed perhaps  of  ;>er  and  Teutonic  wigan, 
to  strive  or  contend.] 

Very  obstinate  ;  stubborn  ;  willfully  contrary 
or  refractory.  Denham. 

PERVICA'CIOUSLY,  adv.  With  willful 
obstinacy. 

PERVICA'CIOUSNESS,    I         Stubborn- 
PERVICAC'ITY,  \    "■  uess;  will- 

ful obstinacy.  [Little  used.] 
PERVIOUS,  a.  [L.  pervius;  per  and  via, 
way,  or  from  the  root  of  that  word.] 
Admitting  passage  ;  that  may  be  pene- 
trated by  another  body  or  substance  ;  per- 
meable ;  penetrable.  We  say,  glass  is ;7er- 
vious  to  light ;  a  porotis  stone  is  pervious 
to  water  ;  a  wood  is  pervious  or  not  pervi- 
ous to  a  body  of  troops. 

A  country  pervious  to  the  arms  and  authority 
of  the  conqueror.  Gibbon. 

2.  That  may  be  penetrated  by  the  mental 
sight. 

By  darkness  they  mean  God,  whose  secrets 
are  pervious  to  no  eye.  Taylor. 

3.  Pervading:  permeating;  as  pejvious  fire. 
[.Vo(  proper.]  Prior. 

PER'VIOUSNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  ad- 
mitting passage  or  of  being  penetrated  ; 
as  the  ptrviousness  of  glass  to  light. 

Boyle. 

PESA'DE,  n.  [Fr.  passade.  See  Pass.] 
The  motion  of  a  horse  when  he  raises  his 
fore  quarters,  kee[)ing  his  hind  feet  on  the 
ground  without  advancing.  Far.  Diet. 

PE'SO,  n.  [supra.]  A  Spanish  coin  weigh- 
ing an  ounce  ;  a  piaster;  a  piece  of  eight. 

Sp.  Diet. 

PESSARY,  71.  [Fr.  pessaire  ;  ll.  pessario  ; 
L.  pessus.] 

A  solid  substance  composed  of  wool,  lint  or 
linen,  mixed  HJlli  jiowder,  oil,  wax,  &c. 
made  roiuid  and  long  like  a  linger,  to  bo 
introduced  into  the  neck  of  the  matrix  for 
the  cure  of  some  disorder.  Encyc. 

An  instrument  that  is  introduced  into  the  va- 


PES 


PET 


PET 


gina  to  support  tlie  uterus.     It  is  made  of 
wood,  clastic  gum,  waxed  linen,  &.c. 

Jlooptr.  Cooper. 
PEST,  n.  [Fr.  peste;  L.  pestis;  It.  pesle. 
whence  apuestare,  to  iiilecl  or  corrupt,  Sp. 
apestar.  Tiiese  words  may  be  allied  to 
the  lleb.  Ch.  Syr.  Eth.  wxa  to  he  fetid,  Ar, 
to  beat  or  throw  down,  or  to  a  verb  of  that 
family.  The  primary  sense  is  probably  to 
strike  or  beat,  hence  a  stroke.  See  Class 
Bs.  No.  25.  3!).  48.] 

1.  Plague ;  pestilence  ;  a  fatal  epidemic  dis- 
ease. 

Let  fierce  Achilles 
The  god  propitiate,  and  the  pest  assuage. 

Pope. 

2.  Any  thing  very  noxious,  mischievous  or 
destructive.  The  talebearer,  the  gambler, 
the  libertine,  the  drunkard,  are  pests  to  so- 
ciety. 

Of  all  virtues  justice  is  the  best ; 
Valor  without  it  is  a  common  pest. 

Waller 
PEST'ER,  V.  I.  [Fr.  pester.]  To  trouble  ;  to 
disturb  ;  to  annoy  ;  to  harass   with  little 
vexations. 

We  are  pestered  with  mice  and  rats.      More 

A   multitude   of  scribblers   daily  pester  the 

world  with  their  insufferable  stuff.         Drydcn 

2.  To  encumber.  Milton 

PEST'ERED,/»p.  Troubled  ;  disturbed  ;  an 
noyed. 

PEST'ERER,  n.  One  that  troubles  or  har- 
asses with  vexation. 

PEST' ERING, />;)(■.  TrouhlinR;  di.-iturhiiig, 

PEST'EROUS,  a.  Encumbering  ;  burden- 
some.    [Little  used.]  Bacon. 

PEST'HOUSE,  n.  A  house  or  hospital  for 
persons  infected  with  any  contagious  and 
mortal  disease. 

PESTIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  pestis,  plague,  and 
fero,  to  produce.] 

1.  Pestilential ;  noxious  to  health ;  malig- 
nant ;   infectious  ;   contagious. 

Jlrbuthnot. 

2.  Noxious  to  peace,  to  morals  or  to  society ; 
mischievous ;  destructive. 

3.  Troublesome  ;  vexatious.  Shak. 
PEST'lLENCE,  n.  [L.  peslilentia,  from  pes 

tilens  ;  pestis,  plague.] 

1.  Plague,  appropriately  so  called;  but  in  a 
general  sense,  any  contagious  or  infectious 
disease  that  is  epidemic   and  mortal. 

Shak 

2.  Corruption  or  moral  disease  destructive 
to  happiness. 

Profligate    habits    carry  pestilence  into  the 
bosom  of  domestic  society.  J.  M.  Mason 

PEST'ILENT,  a.  [L.  pestilens,  from  pestis, 
plague.] 

1.  Producing  the  plague,  or  other  malignant, 
contagious  disease ;  noxious  to  health  and 
life  ;  as  a  pestilent  air  or  climate.      Bacon. 

2.  Mischievous  ;  noxious  to  morals  or  socie- 
ty ;  destructive ;  in  a  general  sense ;  as 
pestilent  books. 

3.  Troublesome  ;  mischievous ;  making  dis- 
turbance ;  corrupt  ;  as  a  pestilent  fellow. 
Acts  xxiv. 

PESTILEN'TIAL,  a.  Partaking  of  the  na- 
ture of  the  plague  or  other  infectious  dis- 
ease ;  as  a  pestilential  fever. 

2.  Producing  or  tending  to  produce  infec- 
tious disease  ;  as  pestilential  vapors. 

3.  Miscliievous  ;  destructive  :  pernicious. 

South. 


PEST'ILENTLY,  arff.  Mischievously;  de- 
structively. 

PESTILLA'TION,  ?i.  [from  L.  pislillum, 
Eng.  pestle.] 

The  act  of  jjouuding  and  bruising  in  a  mor- 
tar.    [Little  used.]  Brown. 

PF^STI,E,  n.  pes'l.  [L.  pistillum,  and  proba- 
bly pinso,  tor  piso,  to  pound  or  beat;  Sw. 
piika,  to  strike.     Sec;  Pest.] 

An  instrument  for  pounding  and  breaking 
substances  in  a  mortar.  Locke.\ 

Pestle  of  pork,  a  ganmion  of  bacon. 

Ainsworth. 

PET,  n.  [This  word  may  be  contracted  from 
petulant,  or  belong  to  the  root  of  that 
word.     Pecmsh,  which  is  evidently  a  con- 

I  tracted  word,  may  be  from  the  same 
root.] 

A  slight  fit  of  peevishness  or  fretful  discon- 
tent. 

Life  givers  for  noble  purposes  must  not  be 
thrown  away  in  ajp«(,  nor  whined  away  in  love 

Collier. 

PET,  71.  [formerly  peat.  Q,u.  W.  peth,  a  lit- 
tle ;  pethan,  a  babe  or  little  thing ;  D.  bout, 
a  duck  or  dear ;  Ir.  baidh,  love ;  L.  peto,  or 

o  - 
Gr.   fto9os,  xoBiu.     In   Pcrs.    C\j    bat  is 

an  idol,  a  dear  friend,  a  mistress.  In  Russ. 
pitayu  signifies  to  feed,  nourish  or  bring 
up.  The  real  origin  of  the  word  is  doubt- 
ful.] 

1.  A  cade  lamb;  a  lamb  brought  up  by 
hand. 

2.  A  fondling;  any  little  animal  fondled  and 
indulged.  Taller. 

PET,  V.  t.  To  treat  as  a  pet ;  to  fondle  ;  to 
indulge. 

PE'TAL,  n.  [Vr.  petale  ;  Gr.  xira.>jov,  from 
ftetaa,  to  expand,  L.  pateo.  Class  Bd.  No. 
65.  &c.] 

In  botany,  a  flower  leaf.  In  flowers  of  one 
petal,  the  corol  ami  petal  are  the  same.  In 
flowers  of  several  petals,  the  corol  is  the 
whole,  and  the  petals  are  the  parts,  or  the 
petal  is  one  of  the  leaves  of  which  the 
whole  corol  is  comi>osed.  Marti/n 

PET  ALED.     )      Having  petals;  as  a  pet- 

PET' A  LOUS,  ^"'aled  flower;  opposed  to 
apetalous.  This  word  is  much  used  in 
compounds;  as  ono-petaled ;  threc-petaled. 

PET'ALINE,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  petal  ;  at- 
tached to  a  petal ;  as  a  petaline  nectary. 

Barton. 

PET'ALISM,  n.  [Gr.  !tito.\taitos.  See  Petal.] 
A  form  of  sentence  among  the  ancient 
Syracusaus,  by  which  they  proscribed  a 
citizen  whose  wealth  or  popularity  alarm 
ed  their  jealousy,  or  who  was  suspected  of 
aspiring  to  sovereign  power ;  temporary 
proscription,  or  banishment  for  five  years. 
The  mode  was  to  give  their  votes  by  writ- 
ing his  name  on  a  leaf  Petalism  in  Syra- 
cuse answered  to  o.itracism   in  Athens. 

Enci/c.     Vijc. 

PET'ALITE,  n.  [Gr.  Hitaxov,  a  leaf.]  A  rare 
mineral  occurring  in  masses,  having  a  fol 
iated  structure ;  its  color  milk  white  or 
shaded  with  gray,  red  or  green.  The  new 
alkali,  litliia,  was  first  discovered  in  this 
mineral.  CleaveUind. 

PET'ALOID,  a.  [jitlal  and  Gr.  fiSoj,  form.] 
Having  the  form  of  petals. 

Barton.     Rafnesque. 


3L,  }      An  aquatic  fowl  of  the  gc 
'-.,     ^    '  nus  Procellaria. 


PET'AL-SHAPED,  a.  Having  the  shape  of 
a  petal. 

PET'ARD,  n.  [It.  Sp.  petardo;  Fr.  pet- 
ard.] 

An  engine  of  war  made  of  metal,  nearly  in 
the  shape  of  a  hat,  to  be  loaded  with  pow- 
der and  fixcil  on  a  madrier  or  plank,  and 
used  to  break  gates,  barricades,  draw- 
bridges and  the  like,  by  explosion. 

Encyc. 

PETECHIA,  n.  [Sp.  petequia;  It.  peiec- 
chia.] 

Purple  spots  which  appear  on  the  skin  in 
malignant  fevers. 

PETE'€IIIAL,  a.  [Sp.  petequial;  It.  petec- 

chiak.] 
Spotted.     A  petechial  fever  is  a  malignant 

fever  accompanied  with  [uirple  spots  on 

the  skin. 

PETRf'  (    ^^^^  Saltpeter.] 

PET  EREL, 

PET'REL, 

PE'TERPENCE,  n.  A  tax  or  tribute  for- 
merly paid  by  tiie  English  people  to  the 
pope  ;  being  a  penny  for  every  hou.-ie,  pay- 
able at  Lammas  day.  It  was  called  also 
Romescot.  Hall. 

PE'TERWORT,  n.  A  plant. 

PET'IOLAK,     ?        Pertaining  to  a  petiole. 

PET'iOLARY,  S  or  proceeding  from  it; 
as  a  petiolar  tendril. 

2.  Formed  from  a  petiole  ;  as  a  petiolar  bud. 

3.  Growing  on  a  petiole  ;  as  a  />e<iotar  gland. 

Marty  n. 

PET'IOL.'VTE,  >       Growing  on  a  petiole ; 

PET'lOLED,     S  "■  as  a  petiotatc  leaf. 

Martyn. 

PETIOLE,  n.  [L.  petiolus,  probably  a  di- 
minutive from  pes,  pedis.] 

In  botany,  a  leaf-stalk  ;  the  foot-stalk  of  a 
leaf.  Martyn. 

PETIT,  a.  pet'ty.  [Fr.  See  Petty.]  Small ; 
little  ;  mean.  South. 

This  v/ord  petit  is  now  generally  written 
petty. 

Petit  constable,  an  inferior  civil  officer  subor- 
rliriate  to  the  high  constable. 

Petit  jurt/.  n  jury  of  twelve  freeholders  who 
are  cmpanneled  to  try  causes  at  the  bar  of 
a  court ;  so  called  in  distinction  from  the 
grand  jury,  which  tries  the  truth  of  in- 
dictments. 

Petit  larceny,  the  stealing  of  goods  of  the  val- 
ue of  twelve  pence,  or  under  that  amount ; 
opposed  to  grand  larceny. 

Petit  serjeanty,  in  English  law,  the  tenure  of 
lands  of  the  king,  by  the  service  of  ren- 
dering to  him  annually  some  implement  of 
war,  as  a  bow,  an  arrow,  a  sword,  lance, 
&c. 

Petit  treason,  the  crime  of  killing  a  person, 
to  whom  the  offender  owes  duty  or  sub- 
jection. Tiuis  it  is  petit  treason  for  a  wife 
to  kill  her  husband,  or  a  servant  his  lord 
or  master.  Blackstone. 

PETIT- iVIAITRE,  n.  pel'ty-mailre.  [Fr.  u 
little  master.] 

A  spruce  fellow  that  dangles  about  females ; 
a  fop  ;  a  coxcomb.  Mdison. 

PETI  'TION,  n.  [L.  petilio,  from  peto,  to 
ask,  ]>roi)erly  to  urge  or  press,  Sax.  bid- 
dan,  Goth,  bidyan,  G.  bitten,  D.  bidden, 
S\v.  bedia,  Dan.  beder,  Sp.  pedir.  Arm. 
pidi,    Ir.    iinpidhim,   Corn,  pidzha.     Qu. 


PET 


PET 


PEW 


Cli.  U'9  to  supplicate.     See  Class  Bd.  No. 
57.  03.  64.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  request,  supplication 
or  prayer;  but  cliiefly  and  appropriately, 
a  solemn  or  formal  supplication  ;  a  prayer 
addressed  by  a  person  to  the  Supreme  Be- 
ing, for  something  needed  or  desired,  or  a 
branch  or  particular  article  of  prayer. 

Law. 

2.  A  formal  request  or  supplication,  verbal 
or  written  ;  particularly,  a  written  suppli- 
cation from  an  inferior  to  a  superior,  ei- 
ther to  a  single  person  clothed  with  pow- 
er, or  to  a  legislative  or  other  body,  solicit- 
ing some  favor,  grant,  right  or  mercy. 

3.  The  ])aper  containing  a  supplication  or 
solicitation.  Much  of  the  time  of  our  le- 
gislative bodies  is  consumed  in  attending 
to  private  petitions.  The  speaker's  table 
is  often  loaded  with  petitions.  Petitions 
to  the  king  of  Great  Britain  must  contain 
nothing  reflecting  on  the  administration. 

Encyc. 
PETl"TION,  V.  i.  To  make  a  request  to ; 
to  ask  from ;  to  solicit ;  particularly,  to 
make  supplication  to  a  superior  for  some 
favor  or  right ;  as,  to  petition  the  legisla- 
ture ;  to  petition  a  court  of  chancery. 

The  molher petitioned]ter  goddess  to  bestow 
on  them  the  greatest  gift  that  could  be  given. 

Addison. 
PETI'TIONARILY,  adv.   By  way  of  beg- 
ging the  question.  Brown. 
PETi"TIONARY,   a.   Supplicatory ;  com-j 
ing  with  a  petition. 

Panloii  thy /)f/i(io)iari/ countrymen.      tShiik. 
2.  Containing  a  petition  or  request ;  as  a  pe- 
titionary prayer  ;  a  petitionary  epistle. 

Hooker.     Sivijl. 
PETI"TIONER,  )i.  One  that  presents  a  pe- 
tition, either  verbal  or  written. 
PETP'TIONING,  ppr.  Asking  as  a  favor, 

grant,  right  or  mercy  ;  supplicating. 
PETP'TIONING,  n.  The  act  of  asking  or 
soliciting;  solicitation  ;  supplication.  Tu- 
multuous petitioning  is  made  penal  by 
statute. 
PET'ITORY,  a.  Petitioning ;  soliciting.  [Not 
used.]  Brewer. 

PETONG',  n.  The  Chinese  name  of  a  spe- 
cies of  copper  of  a  white  color.  It  is 
sometimes  confounded  with  tutenag. 

Pinkerton. 
PETRE'AN,  a.  [L.  pctra,  a  rock.]  Pertain- 
ing to  rock  or  stone.  Faber. 
PE'i'RES'CENCE,  ?i.  The  process  of  chang- 
ing into  stone.                                       Kirwun. 
PETRES'CENT,  a.   [Gr.  ttitfos,  a  stone,  L. 

pctra.] 
Converting  into  stone ;  changing  into  stony 
hardness.  Boyle. 

PETRIFACTION,  n.  [See  Petrify.]  The 
process  of  changing  into  stono;  ;  the  con- 
version of  wood  or  any  animal  or  vegeta- 
ble substance  into  stone  or  a  body  of  stony 
harilncss. 

When  tlic  water  in  which  wood  h  lodged  is 
slightly  impregnated  witli  petrescent  particles, 
tlie  petrifaction  very  slowly  tal.es  place. 

Kirwan 
2.  That  which  is  converted  from  animal  or 
vegetable  substance  into  stone. 

— The  cak-arioiis  petrifaction  called  ostco- 

colla.  Kirwan. 

An  organized   body  rendered  hard  by 

depositions  of  stony  matter  in  its  cavities. 

Ure 


3.  In  popular  usage,  a  body  incrusted  with 
stony  matter  ;   an  incrustation. 

Ed.  Encyc. 

PETRIFAC'TIVE,  a.  Pertaining  to  petri- 
faction. 

2.  Having  power  to  convert  vegetable  or  an- 
imal substances  into  stone.  Broion. 

PETRIFTC,  a.  Having  power  to  convert 
into  stone.  Milton 

The  cold,  dry,  petrific  mace  of  a  false  and  un- 
feeling philosophy.  Burke 

PET'RIFICATE,  v.  t.  To  petrify.  [JVot 
used.]  Hall. 

PETRIFICATION,  71.  The  process  of  petri- 
fying- 

2.  That  which  is  petrified ;  a  i)etrifaction. 
[The  latter  word  is  generally  used.] 

3.  Obdiuacy  ;  callousness.  Hallywell. 
iPET'RIFIED,  pp.  Changed  into  stone! 

12.  Fixed  in  amazement. 
iPET'RlFY,   V.  t.    [L.  petra,    Gr.     rtfrpoj,  a 
stone  or  rock,  and  facio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  convert  to  stone  or  stony  substance ; 
as  an  animal  or  vegetable  substance. 

North  of  Quito,  there  is  a  river  thdi  petrijiefi 
any  sort  of  wood  or  leaves.  ICirwan 

2.  To  make  callous  or  obdurate  ;  as,  to  pet- 
rify the  heart. 

And  petrify  a  genius  to  a  dunce.  Pope 

3.  To  fi,\ ;  as,  to  petiify  ouo  with  astonish- 
ment. 

PET'RIFY,  V.  i.  To  become  stone,  or  of  a 
stony    hardness,   as  animal  or    vegetable 
substances  by  means  of  calcarious  or  oth 
er  depositions  in  their  cavities. 

PET'RIFYlXG.ppc.  Convening  into  stone 
as  petrifying  operation.  Kirwan. 

PE'TRO'L,  )        [Fr.  petrole,  from   Gr. 

PETRO'LEUM,  \  "•  rtfrpoj,  a  stone,  and 
iXaiov,  oil ;  quasi  petrolaion.] 

Rock  oil,  a  liquid  intiainmable  substance  or 
bitumen  exsnding  from  the  earth  and  col- 
lected on  the  surfai-e  of  the  water  in  wells, 
in  vru'ious  parts  of  the  world,  or  oozing 
from  cavities  in  rocks.  Tiiis  is  essentially 
composed  of  carbon  and  hydrogen. 

Fourcroy.     Kirwan.     Cyc. 

PET'RONEL,  n.  A  horseman's  pistol. 

PET'ROlSILEX,  n.  [L.  pctra,  Gr.  nitpof,  a 
stone,  and  silex,  flint.] 

Rock  stone  ;  rock  flint,  or  compact  feldspar. 

PETROSILI'CIOUS,  a.  Consisting  ofpe 
trosilex  ;  as  pelrosilicious  breccias. 

Kirwan. 

PE'TROUS,  a.  [L.  petra,  a  stone.]  Like 
stone  ;  hard  ;  stony.  Hooper. 

PET'TICOAT,  n.  [Fr.  petit,  petty,  and  coat] 
A  garment  worn  by  females  and  covering 
the  lower  limbs. 

PET'TIFOG,  V.  i.  [Fr.  petit,  small,  and 
voguer,  to  row.  But  in  Nornuin,  voguer\ 
is  rendered  to  call  again,  to  return,  as  if 
from  L.  I'oro,  like  advocate.] 

To  do  small  business;  as  a  lawyer.  [Vid- 
gar.] 

PET'TIFOGGER,  n.  An  inferior  attorney 
or  lawyer  who  is  employed  in  small  or 
mean  business. 

PETTIFOGGERY,  n.  The  practice  of  a 
pettifogger  ;  tricks  ;  quibbles.  Milton. 

PET'TlNESS,  n.  [from  petty.]  Smallness  ; 
littleness.  Shak. 

PET'TISH,  a.  [from  pet.]  Fretful;  peevish; 
subject  to  freaks  of  ill  teiiiper.  Creech. 

PET'TISHLY,  adv.  in  a  jiet  :  with  a  freak 
of  ill  temper. 


PET'TISHNESS,  n.  Fretfulness  ;  petu- 
lance ;  peevishness.  Collier 

PET'TITOES,  n.  [petty  and  toes.]  The  toee 
or  feet  of  a  pig ;  sometimes  used  for  the 
human  feet  iu  contempt.  Shak. 

PETTO,  n.  [It.  from  L.  pectus,  the  breast.] 
The  breast ;  hence, in  petto,  in  secrecy  ;  in 
reserve.  Chesterfield. 

PET'TY,  a.  [Fr.  petit.]  Small ;  little  ;  tri- 
fling ;  inconsiderable ;  as  a  petty  trespass ; 
a  petty  crime.  Miiton. 

2.  Inferior;  as  a peH^  prince.  Denham. 

\Ve  usually  write  petty  constable,  petty 
jury,  petty  larceny,  petty  treason.  [See 
Petit.] 

PET  TYCHAPS,  n.  A  small  bird  of  the  ge- 
nus Motacilla,  called  also  beambird ;  found 
iu  the  north  of  Europe.  Pennant. 

The  beambird  is  the  spotted  fly-catcher, 
of  the  genus  Muscicapa.  Ed.  Encyc. 

PET'TY€OY,  n.  An  herb.  JKnsworth. 

PET'ULANCE,  (      [h.  petulatitia  ;  Fr.  pet- 

PET' UL ANC Y,  p- usance.] 

Freakish  passion  ;  peevishness  ;  jiettishness  ; 
sauciness.  Peevishness  is  not  precisely 
synonymous  with  petulance ;  the  former 
implying  more  permanence  of  a  sour,  fret- 
ful temper;  the  latter  more  temporary  or 
capricious  irritation. 

'I  hat  which  looked  like   pride  in  some,  and 

petulance  in  others.  Clarendon. 

The  pride  and  petulance  of  youth.        fVatIs 

PET'ULANT,  a.  [L.  petulans.]  Saucy  ;  pert 
or  forward  with  fretfulness  or  sourness  of 
temper  ;  as  a  petulant  youth. 

2.  Manifesting  petulance;  proceeding  from 
])ettishness  ;  as  a  petulant  demand ;  a  pet- 
ulant answer. 

3.  Wanton  ;  freakish  in  passion. 
PETULANTLY,    adv.     With    petulance; 

with  saucy  pertness. 

PETUNSE,     )  Porcelain     clay 

PETUNTSE,  }  n.peluns'.  so   called,   used 

PETUNTZE,  )  by  the  Chinese 

in  the  manufacture  of  porcelain  or  china- 
ware.     It  is  a  variety  of  feldspar. 

Encyc.     Cleaveland. 

PEW,  n.  [D.  pui/e;  L.  podium.]  An  inclosed 
.seat  in  a  church.  Pews  were  formerly 
made  square  ;  in  modern  churches  in 
America  they  are  generally  long  and  nar- 
row, and  sometimes  called  slips. 

PEAV,  II.  (.  To  furnish  \vith  pews.  [Little 
used.]  ^sh. 

PE'WET,  n.  An  aquatic  fowl,  the  sea  crow 
or  mire  crow,  of  the  genus  Larus. 

Encyc. 

2.  The  lapwing.  Ainsworth. 

PEW'-FELLOW,  n.  A  companion. 

Bp.  Halt. 

PEWTER,  n.  [It.  peltro  ;  Sp.  peltre,  from 
which  pewter  is  formed  by  a  change  of  I 
into  w,  as  the  French  change  belle  into 
beau.  We  receive  the  word  from  the 
Norm,  peautre.] 

1.  A  coinpii.sition  or  factitious  metal,  consist- 
ing of  tin  and  lead,  or  tin,  lead  and  brass, 
in  the  proportions  of  a  hundred  pounds  of 
tin  to  fifteen  of  lead,  and  si.\  of  brasa. 
This  was  formerly  in  extensive  use  in  do- 
mestic utensils  or  vessels  ;  but  being  a  soft 
composition  and  easily  melted,  is  now  less 
u.sed. 

2.  Vessels  or  utensils  made  of  pewter ;  as 
plates,  dishes,  porringers  and  the  like. 

.Iddison. 


P  H  A 


P  H  A 


P  H  E 


PEW'TERER,  n.  Otie  whose  occupation  is 
to  make  vessels  and  utensils  of  pewter. 

Boyle. 
PHA'ETON,  n.  [Gr.  from  ^oww,  to  shine.] 

1.  In  mylholoffi/,  tlie  son  of  Phuibtis  ami  Cly- 
mene,  or  otX'ephalus  and  Aurora,  that  is, 
the  son  of  light  or  of  the  sun.  This  aspir 
ingyoutli  bcfjged  of  Phoehus  that  he  wouh 
permit  liini  to  guide  the  chariot  of  the  sun, 
in  doing  which  he  nianilested  want  ol 
skill,  and  heing  struck  with  a  thunderbolt 
by  Jupiter,  he  was  hurled  headlong  into 
the  river  Po.  This  fuhle  probably  orig 
inaled  in  the  appearance  of  a  comet  witi 
a  splendid  train,  which  passeil  from  the 
sight  in  the  northwest  of  Italy  and  Greece 

2.  An  open  carriage  like  a  chaise,  on  four 
wheels,  and  drawn  by  two  horses. 

3.  In  ornithology,  a  genus  of  fowls,  the  tropic 
bird. 

PHAGEDEN'le,  a.  [Gr.  ^ythaivixo^,  from 
^oyu,  to  eat.] 

Eating  or  corroding  flesh  ;  as  a  phagedenic 
ulcer  or  medicine. 

Phagedenic  water,  is  made  from  quick  lime 
and  corrosive  sublimate. 

PHAGEDEN'le,  n.  A  medicine  or  applica 
tion   that   eats    away   proud   or   fungous 
flesh.  Encyc.     Hooper. 

PHALAN'(5lOUS,  a.  [Gr.  ^xiXoyywi',  a  kind 
of  spider,  from  ipa%ay%.] 

Pertaining  to  the  genus  of  spiders  denomi- 
nated tpa.'Kayyi.ov,  phalangium.  Broivn. 

PHAL'ANtilTE,  7i.  [Gr.  fa^xvyyit^S,  a  le- 
gionary soldier.] 

A  soldier  belonging  to  a  phalanx.      Mitford. 

PHAL'ANX,  71.  [L. ;  Gr.  ^taayl.]  In  Grecian 
antiquity,  a  square  battalion  or  body  of 
soldiers,  formed  in  ranks  and  files  close 
and  deep,  with  their  shields  joined  and 
pikes  crossing  each  other,  so  as  to  render 
it  almost  impossible  to  break  it.  The 
Macedonian  phalanx,  celebrated  for  its 
force,  consisted  of  8000  men;  but  smaller 
bodies  of  soldiers  were  called  by  the  s;une 
name.  Encyc.     Mitford. 

2.  Any  body  of  troops  or  men  formed  in  close 
array,  or  any  combination  of  people  dis- 
tinguished for  firmness  and  solidity  of 
union. 

3.  In  anatomy,  the  three  rowsof  small  bones 
forming  the  fingers. 

4.  In  natural  history,  a  term  used  to  express 
the  arrangement  of  the  columns  of  a  sort 
of  fossil  corolloid,  called  lithostrotion,  found 
in  Wales.  fVoodward. 

PIIAL'AROPE,  n.  The  name  of  several 
species  of  water  fowls  inhabiting  the 
northern  latitudes  of  Europe  and  America. 

Pennant. 
PHAN'TASM,  ji.  [Gr.  ■jxtt-rai^a,  from  $or- 
raju,  to  show,  from  the  root   of  ijioiru,  to 
shine  ;  tfawufnai,,  to  appear.] 
That  which  appears  to  the  mind  ;  the  image 
of  an  external  object ;  hence,  an  idea   ur 
notion.     It  usually  denotes  a  vain  or  airy 
appearance  ;  something  imagined. 
All  the  intciim  is 
Like  a  phantasm  or  a  hideous  dream.     Shak. 

PUANTAS'TIC,  (  [See  Fantastic  anA  Fan- 

PHAN'TASy.     s      <:y-] 

PHAN'TOM,    n.    [Fr.  fantome,  corrupted 

from  L.  phatitasma.] 
1.  Something  that  apjiears ;  an  apparition 

a  specter. 


Strange  phantoms  rising  as  the  amis  arite. 


Pope. 
2.  A  fancied  vision.  Pope. 

PIIA'RAON,  «.  The  name  of  a  game  of 
chance. 

PHARAON'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Phara 
ohsor  kingsof  Egy|)t,  or  to  the  old  Egyp- 
tians. .Viehuhr. 

PHARISAIC,        I       [from  Pharisee.)  I'cr 

PHARISA'I€AL,  S  taining  to  the  Phari- 
secH ;  resembling  the  Pharisees,  a  sect 
among  the  .lew.s,  distinguished  by  their 
zeal  for  the  traditions  of  the  elders,  and 
by  their  exact  observance  of  these  tradi- 
tions and  the  ritual  law.  Hence  pharisnic 
denotes  addicted  to  external  forms  and 
ceremonies ;  making  a  show  of  religion 
without  the  spirit  of  it ;  as  pharisaic  holi- 
ness. Bacon. 

PHARISA'IeALNESS,  n.  Devotion  to  ex- 
ternal rites  and  ceremonies  :  external 
show  of  religion   without  the  spirit  of  it 

PHAR'ISAISAI,  n.  The  notions,  doctrines 
and  conduct  of  the  Pharisees,  as  a  sect. 

2.  Rigid  observance  of  external  forms  of  re- 
ligion without  genuine  piety  ;  hypocrisy 
in  religion.  Encyc.     Miiner. 

PHARISE'AN,  a.  Following  the  practice 
of  the  Pharisees.  Milton. 

PHAR'ISEE,  Ji.  [Heb.  013,  to  separate. 
One  of  a  sect  among  the  Jews,  whose  re 
ligion  consisted  in  a  strict  observance  of 
rites  and  ceremonies  and  of  the  traditions 
of  the  elders,  and  whose  pretended  holi- 
ness led  them  to  .sci)arate  themselves  as  a 
sect, considering  themselves  as  more  right- 
eous than  other  Jews. 

PHARMACEl'TIC,        )       [Gr   ().ap^ax£v- 

PHARMACEU'TICAL,  S  rixof,  from  tap- 
fiaxd'w,  to  practice  witchcraft  or  use 
meilicinc;  ifajj.uaxoi',  poison  or  meilicine.] 

t'crtaining  to  the  knowledge  or  art  of  phar- 
macy, or  to  the  art  of  preparing  medi- 
cines. 

PHARMACEU'TICALLY,  adv.  In  the 
maimer  of  pharmacv. 

PHARMACEUTICS",  n.  The  science  of 
preparing  and  exhibiting  medicines. 

Parr. 

PHAR'MACOIJTE,  )j.  Arseniatn  of  lime, 
snow  white  or  milk  white,  inclining  to 
re(hlish  or  yellowish  white.  It  occurs  in 
small  reniform,  botryoidal  and  globularj 
masses,  and  has  a  silky  luster.  Dlct.\ 

PHARMACOL'OlilST,  n.  [Gr.  fofuaxo,' 
and  J.fyoJ.] 

One  that  writes  on  drugs,  or  the  composi- 
tion and  preparation  of  medicines. 

Woodward. 

PHARMACOL'OtiY,  n.  [supra.]  The  sci- 
ence or  knowledge  of  drugs,  or  the  art  of 
preparing  medicines. 

2.  A  treatise  on  the  art  of  preparing  medi- 
cines. Encyc. 

PHARMACOPOEIA,  }         [Gr.     ^o^j/hoxo^ 

PHAR'MACOPY,  S  Ji"*!  «""">  1° 
make.] 

!A  dispensatory ;  a  book  or  treatise  describ- 
ing the  preparations  of  the  several  Icinds 
of  medicines,  with  their  uses  and  manner 
of  ai)plication. 

PHARMACOP'OLIST,  n.  [Gr.  ^ap^oxor 
and  rtuiitu,  to  sell.]  One  that  sells  medi- 
cines; an  apothecary. 

PHAR'MACY,  n.  [Gr.  $ap/taxf«i,  a  me- 
dicament, whether  salutary  or  poisonous.] 


iThe  art  or  practice  of  preparing,  preser\iug 


and  compounding  substances,  whether 
vegetable,  mineral  or  animal,  for  the  |)ur- 
poses  of  medicine ;  the  occupation  of  an 
apothecary.  Encyc. 

PIIA'ROS,  n.  [Gr.  $apoj.  This  word  is  geii- 
ernlly  supposed  to  be  taken  from  the  name 
of  a  small  isle,  near  Alexanilria,  in  Egypt. 
But  qu.  is  not  the  word  iVoin  the  root  ot'fire, 
or  from  the  Celtic  fnirim,  to  watch,  and 
the  isU'  so  called  from  the  tower  upon  it.-"] 
1.  A  light-house  or  tower  which  am-iently 
stood  on  a  small  isle  of  that  iiajiic,  adjoin- 
ing the  Egyptian  shore,  over  against  .-Vl- 
exandria.  It  consisted  of  several  stories 
and  galleries,  with  a  lantern  on  the  top, 
I  which  was  kept  burning  at  night  as  a 
guide  to  seamen.  Encyc.     Cyc. 

:2.  Any  light-house  for  the  direction  of  sea- 
!  men;  a  watch-tower ;  a  beacon. 
PIIARYNGOT'OMY,  n.  [Gr.  t°vvy|,  the 
muscular  and  glandular  bag  that  leads  to 
j  the  esophagus,  and  rt^no,  to  cut.] 
The  operation  of  making  an  incision  into 
i  the  pharynx  to  remove  a  tumor  or  any 
j  thing  that  obstructs  the  passage.  C'oje. 
PH-iVSE,  }  phi.  phases.  [Gr.  ijiast;,  from 
PHA'SIS,  \  "■  ^aivui,  :j>ttu,  to  shine.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  an  appearance;  that 
which  is  e.vliibited  to  the  eye;  appropri- 
ately, any  appearance  or  quantity  of  illu- 
mination of  the  moon  or  other  planet. 
The  moon  presents  difl'erent /)A(Mcs  at  the 
full  and  the  quadratures. 

2.  In  mineralogy,  transparent  green  quartz. 

Cyc. 

PHAS'EL,  71.  [Gr.  ^afjr^xoi  or  faito%os.]  The 
French  bean  or  kidney  bean. 

PHASM,      (       [Gr.  from  t<^>'.,(j!au,  su|ira.] 

PHAS'MA,  i"'  Appearance;  fancied  appa- 
rition ;  phantom.     [Little  used.] 

Hammond. 

PHAS'SACHATE,  n.  The  lead  colored 
agate.     [Hec  .igati.]  Encyc. 

PHEASANT,  )(.  phez'ant.  [Fr.  faisnn ;  It. 
fagiano  ;  Sp.  faysan  ;  L.  phasianus  ;  Gr. 
iJ)a5iaio{ ;  Rtiss.  phazan ;  supposed  to  be 
BO  named  from  the  river  Phasis,  in  Asia. 
Rut  is  it  not  from  some  root  signifying  to 
be  spotted^  See  Class  Bs.  No.  3i.] 

A  fowl  of  the  genus  Phasianus,  of  beautifid 
plumage,  and  its  flesh  delicate  food. 

PHEER,  71.  A  coiripanion.  [Sax.  gefera.] 
[See  Peer.] 

PHEESE,  t>.  /.  To  comb.     [See  Fease.] 

PHEN'tilTE,  71.    [(Jr.  tfiT'Ti.  from  ^ty/w, 

to  shine.] 
A  beautiful  species  of  alabaster,  superior  in 

brightness  to  tnostspccies  of  marbles. 

£iic^c. 
PHEN'ICOPTER,     ti.     [Gr.    f'-'^ortftpo;, 

red  winged  ;    ifooaxos-,     red,    and    jtrtpor, 

wing.] 
A   fowl   of  the  genus   Phaenicopterus,  the 

flamingo,  inhabiting  the  warm  latitudes  of 

both  continents.  HaUeu-ill. 

PHE'NIX,  n.  [Gr.  9011.5;    L.   phanix,  the 

palm  or  date  tree,  and  a  fowl.] 

1.  The  fowl  which  is  said  to  exist  single, 
and  to  rise  again  from  its  own  ashes. 

Locke. 

2.  A  person  of  singular  distinction. 
PHENOGAM'IAN,  a.  [Gr.   *o(m  and  ya- 


PET 


PET 


PEW 


Ch.  O'S  to  supplicate.     See  Class  Bfl.  No. 
57.  C,3.  64.] 

1.  Ill  a  general  sense,  a  request,  supplication 
or  prayer;  but  chiefly  and  appropriately, 
a  solemn  or  formal  supplication  ;  a  prayer 
addressed  by  a  person  to  the  Supreme  Be 
ing,  for  something  needed  or  desired,  or  a 
branch  or  particular  article  of  prayer. 

Law. 

2.  A  formal  request  or  supplication,  verbal 
or  written  ;  particularly,  a  written  suppli- 
cation from  an  inferior  to  a  superior,  ei- 
ther to  a  single  person  clothed  with  pow- 
er, or  to  a  legislative  or  other  body,  solicit- 
ing some  favor,  grant,  right  or  mercy. 

3.  The  paper  containing  a  supplication  or 
solicitation.  Much  of  the  time  of  our  le- 
gislative bodies  is  consumed  in  attending 
to  private  petitions.  The  speaker's  table 
is  often  loaded  with  petitions.  Petitions 
to  the  king  of  Great  Britain  must  contain 
nothing  reflecting  on  the  administration. 

Encyc. 
PETl"TION,  V.  t.  To  make  a  request  to  ; 
to  ask  from ;  to  solicit ;  particularly,  to 
make  supplication  to  a  superior  for  some 
favor  or  right ;  as,  to  petition  the  legisla- 
ture ;  to  petition  a  court  of  chancery. 

The  mother  petitioned  her  goddess  to  bestow 
on  them  the  greatest  gift  that  could  be  given. 

Mddison. 
PETI'TIONARILY,  adv.  By  way  of  beg- 
ging the  question.  Brown. 
PETI"T10NARY,   a.   Supplicatory  ;  com- 
ing with  a  petition. 

Pardon  thy  petitionary  countrymen.     Shak. 
2.  Containing  a  petition  or  request;  a.s  a  pe- 
titionary prayer  ;  a  petitionary  epistle. 

Hooker.     Swijl. 
PETP'TIONER,  n.  One  that  presents  a  pe- 
tition, either  verbal  or  written. 
PETP'TIONING,  ppr.  Asking  as  a  favor, 

grant,  right  or  mercy  ;  supplicating. 
PETP'TIONING,  n.  The  act  of  asking  or 
soliciting;  solicitation  ;  supplication.  Tu- 
multuous petitioning  is  made  penal  by 
statute. 
PET'ITORY,  a.  Petitioning ;  soliciting.  [JVot 
used.]  Brewer. 

PETONG',  n.  The  Chinese  name  of  a  spe- 
cies of  copper  of  a  white  color.  It  is 
sometimes  confounded  with  tutenag. 

Piiikerlon. 
PETRE'AN,  a.  [L.  petra,  a  rock.]  Pertain- 
ing to  rock  or  stone.  Faber. 
PET  RES'CENCE,!!.  The  process  of  chang- 
ing into  stone.                                       Kirwan. 
PETRES'CENT,  a.  [Gr.  rtitpos,  a  stone,  L. 

petra.] 
Converting  into  stone;  changing  into  stony 
hardness.  Boyle. 

PETRIFACTION,  n.  [See  Petrify.]  The 
proce-ss  of  changing  into  stone  ;  the  con- 
version of  wood  or  any  animal  or  vegeta- 
ble substance  into  stone  or  a  body  of  stony 
hardness. 

Wlicn  tlio  water  in  which  wood  is  lodged  is 
slightly  iEiipregnated  with  petrescciit  particles, 
the  2'elrifactiun  very  slowly  ta:.es  place. 

JCirwan. 
2.  That  which  is  converted  from  animal  or 
vegetable  substance  into  stone. 

— The  calcarious  petrifaction  called  osteo- 

colla.  Kirwcin . 

An  organized   body  rendered  hard  by 

depositions  of  stony  matter  in  its  cavities. 

Ure. 


3.  In  popular  usage,  a  body  incrusted  with 
stony  matter  ;   an  incrustation. 

Ed.  Encyc. 

PETRIFAC'TIVE,  a.  Pertaining  to  petri- 
faction. 

2.  Having  power  to  convert  vegetable  or  an- 
imal substances  into  stone.  Broivn. 

PETRIF'le,  a.  Having  power  to  convert 
into  stone.  Milton. 

The  cold,  ivy ,  petrifc  mace  of  a  false  and  un- 
feeling philosophy.  Burke. 

^PET'RIFICATE,  v.  t.  To  petrify.  LVo< 
used.]  Hall. 

jPETRIFICA'TION,n. The  process  of  petri- 
fying. 

|2.  That  which  is  petrified ;  a  petrifaction. 
[The  latter  word  is  generally  used.] 

C.^.  Obduracy  ;  callousness.  Hallywcll. 

iPET'RIKIED,  ;);j.  Changed  into  stone. 

2.   Fixed  in  amazeitient. 

PET'RIFY,   V.  t.    [L.  petra,    Gr.    rtitpoi,  a 

i     stone  or  rock,  and  facio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  convert  to  stone  or  stony  substance ; 
I  as  an  animal  or  vegetable  substance. 
I  North  of  Quito,  there  is  a  river  thAt  petrifies 
I       any  sort  of  wood  or  leaves.  Kirwan. 

2.  To  make  callous  or  obdurate  ;  as,  to  pet- 
rify the  heart. 

And  petrify  a  genius  to  a  dunce.  Pope. 

.3.  To  fi.K ;  as,  to  petrify  one  with  astonish- 
ment. 

PET'RIFY,  V.  i.  To  become  stone,  or  of  a 
stony  hardness,  as  animal  or  vegetable 
substances  by  means  of  calcarious  or  oth- 
er depositions  in  their  cavities. 

PET'RIFYIXGjP;*;-.  Converting  into  stone; 
as  petrifying  operation.  Kirwnn. 

PE'TROL,  }        [Fr.  petrole,  frotn   Gr. 

PETRO'LEUM,  \  "■  rttrpo;,  a  stone,  and 
(Xaior,  oil ;  quasi  pelrolaion.] 

Rock  oil,  a  liquid  inflammable  substance  or 
bitumen  e.xsuding  from  the  earth  aud  col- 
lected on  the  suri'ace  of  tiie  water  in  wells, 
in  various  jrarts  of  the  world,  or  oozing 
from  cavities  in  rocks.  This  is  essentially 
composed  of  carbon  and  hydrogen. 

Fourcroy.     Kirwan.     Cyc. 

PET'RONEL,  n.  A  horseman's  pistol. 

PET'ROSILEX,  n.  [L.  petra,  Gr.  rtfTpo;,  a 
stone,  and  siler,  flint.] 

Rock  stone  ;  rock  flint,  or  compact  feldspar. 

PETROSILI'CIOUS,  a.  Consisting  of  pe- 
trosilex  ;  as  petrosilicious  breccias. 

Kirwan. 

PE'TROUS,  a.  [L.  petra,  a  stone.]  Like 
stone  ;  hard  ;  stony.  Hooper} 

PET'TleOAT,  )i.  [Fr.  pe«t<,  petty,  and  coa<.] 
A  garment  worn  by  females  and  covering 
the  lower  limbs.  j 

PET'TIFOG,  V.  i.  [Fr.  petit,  small,  and; 
voguer,  to  row.  But  in  Norman,  voguer\ 
is  rendered  to  call  again,  to  return,  as  if 
from  L.  roco,  like  advocate.] 

To  do  small  business  ;  as  a  lawyer.  [  Vid- 
gar.] 

PET'TIFOGGER,  n.  An  inferior  attorney 
or  lawyer  who  is  employed  in  small  or 
mean  business. 

PETTIFOGGERY,  n.  The  practice  of  a 
pettifogger;  tricks;  quibbles.  Milton 

PET'TINESS,  71.  [from;je%.]  Smallness 
littleness.  Shak. 

PET'TISH,  n.  [I'rom  pet.]  Fretful;  peevish 
subject  to  freaks  of  ill  temper.  Creech. 

PETTISHLY,  adv.  In  a  pet  ;  with  a  freak 
of  ill  temj)cr. 


PET'TISHNESS,  n.  Fretfulness  ;  petu- 
lance ;  peevishness.  Collier 

PET'TITOES,  n.  [petty  and  loes.]  The  toes 
or  feet  of  a  pig;  sometimes  used  for  the 
human  feet  in  contempt.  Shak. 

PETTO,  n.  [It.  from  L.  pectus,  the  breast.] 
The  breast ;  hence,  in  petto,  in  secrecy  ;  in 
reserve.  Chesterfield. 

PET'TY,  a.  [Fr. petit.]  Small;  little;  tri- 
fling ;  inconsiderable ;  as  a  petty  trespass ; 
a  petty  crime.  MUton. 

2.  Inferior;  as  a  petty  jtriuce.  Denham. 

We  usually  write  pelly  constable,  petty 
jury,  petty  larceny,  petty  treason.  [See 
Petit.] 

PET  TYCHAPS,  n.  A  small  bird  of  the  ge- 
nus Motacilla,  called  also  beambird ;  found 
in  the  north  of  Europe.  Pennant. 

The  beambird  is  the  spotted  fly-catcher, 
of  the  genus  Muscicapa.  Ed.  Encyc. 

PET'TYCOY,  n.  An  herb.  Jiinsimrth. 

iPET'ULANCE,  >      [L.  petulantia  ;  Fr.  pet- 

IPET'UL.^NCY,  I  "■  ulance.] 

Freakish  passion  ;  peevishness  ;  pettishness  ; 
sauciness.  Peevishness  is  not  precisely 
synonymous  with  petulance  ;  the  former 
itnplying  more  permanence  of  a  sour,  fret- 
ful temper;  the  latter  more  temporary  or 
capricious  irritation. 

']  hat  which  looked  like   pride  in  some,  and 

jietulance  in  others.  Clarendon. 

The  pride  iimi  petulance  of  youth.        Watts 

PET'ULANT,  a.  [L.  petulans.]  Saucy  ;  pert 
or  forward  with  fretfulness  or  sourness  of 
temper  ;  as  a  petulant  youth. 

2.  Manifesting  petulance ;  proceeding  from 
pettishness;  as  a  petulant  demand;  a  pet- 
ulant answer. 

3.  Wanton  ;  freakish  in  passion. 
PETULANTLY,    adv.     With    petulance  ; 

with  saucy  pertness. 

PETUNSE,      ^  Porcelain    clay 

PETUNTSE,  }  n.petuns'.  so   called,   used 

PETUNTZE,  )  by  the  Chinese 

in  the  manufacture  of  porcelain  or  china- 
ware.     It  is  a  variety  of  feldspar. 

Encyc.     Cleaveland. 

PEW,  n.  [D.  puye ;  L.  podium.]  An  inclosed 
seat  in  a  church.  Pews  were  formerly 
made  square  ;  in  modern  churches  in 
America  tliey  are  generally  long  and  nar- 
row, and  sometimes  called  slips. 

PEW,  V.  t.  To  furnish  with  pews.  [LillU 
used.]  ^Ish. 

PE'WET,  n.  An  aquatic  fowl,  the  sea  crow 
or  mire  crow,  of  the  genus  Larus. 

Encyc. 

2.  The  lapwing.  Ainsworth. 

PEW'-FELLOW,  n.  A  companion. 

Bp.  Hall. 

PEW'TER,  ?i.  [It.  peltro  ;  Sp.  peltre,  from 
which  pewter  is  formed  by  a  change  of  I 
into  It),  as  the  French  change  belle  into 
beau.  We  receive  the  word  from  the 
Norm,  peaiitre.] 

1.  A  composition  or  factitious  metal,  consist- 
ing of  tin  and  lead,  or  tin,  lead  and  brass, 
in  the  (iroportions  of  a  hundreil  pounds  of 
tin  to  fifteen  of  lead,  and  si.\  of  brass. 
This  was  fornterly  in  extensive  use  in  do- 
mestic utensils  or  vessels  ;  but  being  a  soft 
composition  and  easily  melted,  is  now  less 
used. 

2.  Vessels  or  utensils  made  of  pewter ;  as 
plates,  dishes,  porringers  and  the  like. 

Addison. 


P  H  A 


P  H  A 


P  H  E 


PEW'TERER,  n.  Ouc  whose  occupation  is 
to  make  vessels  and  utensils  oC  pewter. 

Boyle 
PHA'ETON,  u.   [Gr.  from  fMvu,  to  sbine.i 

1.  lu  mylholoffy,  the  sou  of  Phu^bus  and  Cly- 
mene,  or  of  (Jephalus  and  Aurora,  that  is, 
the  son  of  light  or  of  the  sun.  This  aspir- 
ing youth  begged  of  Phoebus  that  he  would 
permit  bim  to  guide  the  chariot  of  the  sun, 
in  doing  which  he  manifesteil  want  ol 
skill,  and  being  struck  with  a  thunderbolt 
by  Jupiter,  he  was  hurled  headlong  into 
the  river  Po.  This  tiible  probaldy  orig 
inaled  in  the  ap[)earance  of  a  comet  will 
a  splendid  train,  which  passed  from  the 
sight  in  the  northwest  of  Italy  and  Greece. 

2.  An  open  carriage  like  a  chaise,  on  four 
wheels,  and  drawn  by  two  liorses. 

3.  In  ornithology,  a  genus  of  fowls,  the  tropic 
bird. 

PHAGEDEN'IC,  a.  [Gr.  ^ayiiaivixof,  from 
^ayu,  to  cat.] 

Eating  or  corroding  flesh  ;  as  a  phagedenic 
ulcer  or  medicine. 

Phagedenic  water,  is  made  from  quick  lime 
and  corrosive  sublimate. 

PHAGEDEN'IC,  n.  A  medicine  or  applica 
lion  that  eats  away  proud  or  fungou; 
flesh.  Encyc.     Hooper. 

PHALAN'tilOUS,  a.  [Gr.  ijxiXayywi',  a  kind 
of  spider,  from  fafMy^.] 

Pertaining  to  the  genus  of  spiders  denomi- 
nated 0a^ayyM»',  phalangium.  Brown. 

PIlAL'ANtilTE,  n.  [Gr.  ■^.axoyytr'jjs,  a  le- 
gionary soldier.] 

A  soldier  belonging  to  a  phalanx.      Milford. 

PHAL'ANX,  71.  [L. ;  Gr.  0aXay§.]  In  Grecian 
antiquity,  a  square  battalion  or  body  of 
soldiers,  formed  in  ranks  and  files  close 
and  deep,  with  their  shields  joined  and 
pikes  crossitig  eacli  other,  so  as  to  render 
it  almost  impossible  to  break  it.  The 
Macedonian  phalanx,  celebrated  for  its 
force,  consisted  of  8000  men;  but  smaller 
bodies  of  soldiers  were  called  by  the  s;'nie 
name.  Encyc.     Milford. 

2.  Any  body  of  troops  or  men  formed  in  close 
array,  or  any  combination  of  people  dis- 
tinguished for  firmness  and  solidity  of 
union. 

3.  In  anatomy,  the  three  rowsof  small  bones 
forming  the  fingers. 

4.  In  natural  history,  a  term  used  to  express 
the  arrangement  of  the  columns  of  a  sort 
of  fossil  corolloid,  called  tithostrotion,  found 
in  Wales.  fVoodward. 

PIIAL'AROPE,  n.  The  name  of  several 
species  of  water  fowls  inhabiting  the 
northern  latitudes  of  Europe  and  America. 

Pennant. 
PHAN'T.VSIM,  >i.  [Gr.  tcwra^Ma.  from  $ai- 
raju),  to  show,  from  the  root   of  ifiaiiu,  to 
shine  ;  tfawuinai,  to  appear.] 
That  which  a|)pears  to  the  mind  ;  the  image 
of  an  external  object ;  hence,  an  idea   or 
notion.     It  usually  denotes  a  vain  or  airy 
appearance  ;  something  imagined. 
Ail  the  iatciim  is 
Like  a  phantasm  or  a  hideous  dream.     Shak. 

PHANTAS'TIC,  /  [See  Fantastic  and  Fan- 

PHANTASY.      S       <y-] 

PHAN'TOM,    n.    [Fr.  fantime,  corrupted 

from  L.  phantasma.] 
I.  Something  that  apjjcars ;  an  apparition: 

a  specter. 


Strange  phantoms  rising  as  the  mists  ariire. 

Pope 

2.  A  fancied  vision.  Pope 

PIIA'RAON,  «.  The  name  of  a  game  of 
chance. 

PHARAON'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Phara 
ohs  or  kings  of  Egypt,  or  to  the  olil  Egyp- 
tians. .Vieliuhr. 

PHARISA'IC,        I       [from  Pharisee.]  Per 

PHARISA'ICAL,  ^  "'  taining  to  the  Phari- 
sees ;  resembling  the  Pharisees,  a  sect 
among  the  .Jews,  distinguished  by  their 
zeal  for  the  traditions  of  the  elders,  and 
by  their  exact  observance  of  these  tradi- 
tions and  the  ritual  law.  Hence  pharisnic 
denotes  addicted  to  external  forms  and 
ceremonies ;  making  a  show  of  religion 
without  the  spirit  of  it ;  as  pharisaic  holi- 
ness. Bacon. 

PHARISA'I€ALNESS,  n.  Devotion  to  ex- 
ternal rites  and  ceremonies  :  external 
show  of  religion  without  the  spirit  of  it. 

PH.VR'ISAISM,  n.  The  notions,  doctrines 
and  conduct  of  the  Pharisees,  as  a  sect. 

2.  Rigid  observance  of  external  forms  of  re- 
ligion without  genuine  piety  ;  hypocrisy 
in  religion.  Encyc.     Milner. 

PHARISE'AN,  a.  Following  the  practice 
of  the  Pharisees.  Milton. 

PHAR'ISEE,  Ji.    [Heb.   D-\3,  to   separate. 
One  of  a  sect  among  the  Jews,  whose  re 
ligion  consisted  in  a  strict  observance  of 
tes  and  ceremonies  and  of  the  traditions 


of  the  elders,  and   whose  pretended  hoi 
ncss  led  them  to  .separate  themselves  as  a 
sect, considering  themselves  as  more  right- 
eous than  other  Jews. 

PHARMACEr'TiC,        )       [Gr   ^.ap^axsu 

PHARMACEUTICAL,  S      ^'"o;,  from  tap 
fiaxeiw,    to    practice    witchcrall    or    use 
medicine;  f  p.'"*'">''i  IJoison  or  medicine.] 

i'ertaining  to  the  knowledge  or  art  of  phar 
macy,  or  to  the  art  of  preparing  medi- 
cines. 

PHARMACEL'TICALLY,  adv.  In  the 
maimer  of  pharmacv. 

PHARM.\CEI)'T1CS",  n.  The  science  of 
preparing  and  exhibiting  medicines. 

Parr. 

PHAR'MACOLITE,  n.  Arscniate  of  lime, 
snow  white  or  milk  white,  inclining  to 
reddish  or  yellowish  white.  It  occurs  in 
small  reniform,  botryoidal  and  globular 
masses,  and  has  a  silky  luster.  Did. 

PHARMA€OL'0(iIST,  «.  [Gr.  foiiuaxoy 
and  7.iyu.] 

One  that  writes  on  drugs,  or  the  composi- 
tion and  preparation  of  medicines. 

Woodward. 

PHARMACOL'OtiY,  n.  [supra.]  The  sci- 
ence or  knowledge  of  drugs,  or  the  art  of 
I>reparing  medicines. 

2.  A  treatise  on  the  art  of  preparing  medi- 
cines. Encyc. 

PHARMACOPAl'IA,   ?  [Gr.     -pafnaxm 

PHAR'MACOPY,  S  and  rtoito,  to 
make.] 

A  dispensatory ;  a  book  or  treatise  describ- 

1     ing  the  preparations  of  the  several  kinds 

I     of  medicines,  with  their  uses  and  manner 

I     of  n])plication. 

PHARMACOP  OLIST,  n.  [Gr.  #ap^*o^ 
and  rtuTisu,  to  sell.]  One  that  sells  medi- 
cines; an  apothecary. 

PHARMACY,  n.  [Gr.  ^op^joxtio,  a  me- 
dicament, whether  salutary  or  poisonous.] 


The  art  or  practice  of  preparing,  preserving 
and  compounding  substances,  whether 
vegetable,  mineral  or  ainrnal,  for  the  pur- 
poses of  medicine ;  the  occupation  of  an 
apothecary.  Encyc. 

PHA'ROS,  n.  [Gr.  4>apo5.  This  word  is  gen- 
erally supposed  to  be  taken  from  the  name 
of  a  small  isle,  near  Alexandria,  in  Egypt. 
But  qu.  is  not  the  word  from  the  root  ot'/ire, 
or  from  the  Celtic  fnirim,  to  watch,  and 
the  isle  so  called  from  the  tower  upon  it?] 

1.  A  light-house  or  lower  which  anciently 
stood  on  a  small  isle  of  that  name,  adjoin- 

'  ing  the  Egyptian  shore,  over  against  .\l- 
exandria.  It  consisted  of  several  stories 
and  galleries,  with  a  lantern  on  the  top, 
which  was  kept  burning  at  night  as  a 
guide  to  seamen.  Encyc.     Cyc. 

2.  Any  light-house  for  the  direction  of  sea- 
men ;  a  watch-tower ;  a  bcacou. 

PIIARYNGOT'OMY,  n.  [Gr.  tapvyl,  the 
muscular  and  glandular  bag  that  leads  to 
the  eso[)hagus,  and  t^^uvu,  to  cut.] 
The  operation  of  making  an  incision  into 
I  the  pharynx  to  remove  a  tumor  or  any 
1  thing  that  obstructs  the  passage.  Core. 
PH.\SE,  )  plu.  phases.  [Gr.  <paati,  from 
PHA'SIS,  ^    ■  faw^,  fou,  to  shine.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  an  app;;araiice;  that 
]     which  is  CAliibited  to  the   eye;  appropri- 
j     ately,  any  a|)pearance  or  quantity  of  illu- 
mination  of  the   moon    or  other   planet. 
The  moon  presents  different /jAcwes  at  the 
full  and  the  quadratures. 

2.  In  mineralogy,  transparent  green  quartz. 
I  Cyc- 
PHAS'EL,  n.  [Gr.  taoijXo,-  or  faiioixt;.]  The 

French  bean  or  kidney  bean. 

PIL'VSM,      (        [Gr.  from  tt^ivj^a^isuiira.] 

PHAS'MA,  ^  ■  Appearance ;  fancied  appa- 
rition ;  phantom.     [IMtle  used.] 

Hammond. 

PHAS'SACHATE,  n.  The  lead  colored 
agate.     [See  .Igate.]  Encyc. 

PHEASANT,  n.  phez'atit.  [Fr.  faisan  ;  It. 
Jagiano  ;  Sp.  Jaysati ;  L.  pliasianus  ;  Gr. 
taiiaioj ;  Rass.  phazan ;  supposed  to  bo 
so  named  from  the  river  Phasis,  in  Asia. 
But  is  it  not  from  some  root  signifying  to 
be  spoltcd7  See  Class  Bs.  No.  31.] " 

.\  fowl  of  the  genus  Phasianus,  of  beautiful 
plumage,  and  its  flesh  delicate  food. 

PHEER,  n.  A  companion.  [Sax.  gefera.] 
[See  Peer.] 


PHEESE,  V.  t.  To  comb.     [See  Feaae.] 
PHEN'GITE,  71.    [Gr.  ^nT"''i5>  from  $jy-/<o, 

to  shine.] 
A  beautiful  species  of  alabaster,  .superior  in 

brightness  to  most  species  of  marbles. 

£l!C^C. 

PHEN'ICOPTER,  7i.  [Gr.  ^uvixoTttifo;, 
red  winged  ;  t°"'""'s'>  fsd,  and  Ktifov, 
wing.] 

A  fowl  of  the  genus  Phjenicopterus,  the 
flamingo,  inhabiting  the  warm  latitudes  of 
both  continents.  Hakeuiil. 

PHE'NIX,  n.  [Gr.  toad;  L.  phoenix,  the 
palm  or  date  tree,  and  a  fowl.] 

1.  The  fowl  which  is  said  to  exist  single, 
and  to  rise  again  from  its  own  ashes. 

Loclic. 

2.  A  person  of  singular  distinction. 
PHENOGAM'IAN,  a.   [Gr.   to'^u  and  ya.- 


PHI 


PHI 


P  H  1 


III  botany,  liaving  the  essential  organs  of 
fructification  visible. 

PHENOMENOL'OgY,  n.  [phenomenon 
and  Gr.  :».oyo5,  discourse.]  A  description 
or  history  of  phenomena.  Encyc. 

PllENOM'ENON,  n.  phi.  phenomena.  [Gr. 
^aivoficvov,  from  ^atrofiat,  to  appear.] 

In  a  general  sense,  an  appearance ;  any  thing 
visible  ;  whatever  is  presented  to  the  eye 
by  observation  or  experiment,  or  what- 
ever is  discovered  to  exist ;  as  the  phe- 
nomena of  the  natural  world  ;  the  phenom- 
ena of  heavenly  bodies,  or  of  terrestrial 
substances  ;  the  phenomena  of  heat  or  of 
color.  It  sometimes  denotes  a  remarka- 
ble or  unusual  appearance. 

PHE'ON,  n.  In  heraldry,  the  barbed  iron 
head  of  a  dart. 

I'HI'AL,  n.  [L.  phiala ;  Gr.  t'<»^'! ;  Pers. 
pialah  ;  It.  Jiale  ;  Fr._^o/e.] 

1 .  A  glass  ve.'fsel  or  bottle  ;  in  common 
visage,  a  small  glass  vessel  used  for  hold-; 
ing  liquors,  and  particularly  liquid  medi- 
cines. It  is  often  written  and  pronounced 
vial. 

2.  A  large  vessel  or  bottle  made  of  glass;  as 
the  Lerjden  phial,  which  is  a  glass  vessel 
partly  cuated  with  tinfoil,  to  be  used  in 
electrical  experiments. 

PHI'AL,  V.  t.  To  put  or  keep  in  a  phial. 

Shenstone. 

PIIILADELPH'IAN,  a.  [Gr.  ^aoj  and 
aJfJ.^05.] 

Pertaining  to  Philadelphia,  or  to  Ptolemy 
Philadelphus. 

PIIILADELPII'IAN,  n.  One  of  the  family 
of  love.  TntUr. 

PHILANTHROPIC,        ?„    [See   Phitan- 

PHILANTHROP'ICAL,  ^  "•  thropi/.]  Pos- 
sessing general  benevolence ;  entertaining 
good  will  towards  all  men  ;  loving  man- 
kind. 

2.  Directed  to  the  general  good. 

PHILANTHROPIST,  n.  A  person  of  gen- 
eral benevolence  ;  one  who  loves  or  wishes 
well  to  his  fellow  men,  and  who  exerts 
himself  in  doing  them  good. 

PHILANTHROPY,  n.  [Gr.  ^afu,  to  love, 
or  $ao;,  a  friend,  and  ai^Spujtos,  man.] 

The  love  of  mankind;  benevolence  towards 
the  whole  human  family  ;  universal  good 
will.  It  differs  from  friendship,  as  the  lat- 
ter is  an  affection  for  individuals. 

Encyc.    Mdison. 

PHILIPPIC,  n.  An  oration  of  Demosthe- 
nes, the  Grecian  orator,  against  Philip, 
king  of  Macedon,  in  which  the  orator  in- 
veighs against  the  indolence  of  the  Athe 
niaiis.  llence  the  word  is  used  to  denote 
anv  discourse  or  declamation  full  of  acri- 
monious invective.  The  fourteen  orations 
of  Cicero  against  Mark  Anthony  are  also 
called  Philippics. 

PHIL'H'PIZE,  i\{.  To  write  or  utter  in 
vcctive  ;  to  declaim  against.     [Unusual.] 

liurke 

2.  To  side  with  Philip  ;  to  support  or  advo 

rate  I'liillp.  Sioifl. 

PHILLYRE'A,  n.  A  genus  of  plants,  Mock- 

I)rivet.  Encyc. 

PIHLOLOOF.R,  ?       One   versed    in    the 

I'iHLOl.'OtilS'l',  <i  "•  history  and  constnic- 

lioii  of  language.     Philologist  iH  generally 

ii«rd. 


PHIL0L06'I€,       ?         [See     P/M'WooT/.]ij7.  Calm;  cool;  temperate;   rational;  suci> 
PHILOLOG'ICAL,  I  "■     Pertaining  to  phi-j'     as  characterizes  a  philosopher, 
lology,  or  to  the  study  and  knowledge  of  PHILOSOPH'ICALLY,    adv.    In   a   philo- 


language.  Ifatts. 

PHIL0L'06IZE,  i'.  i.  To  offer  criticisms 

[Little  used.]  Evelyn. 

PHILOL'OGY,  n.  [Gr.   fiXoXoyia;  ^iTuu,  to 

love,  and  ^oyo;,  a  word.] 
1.  Primarily,  a  love  of  words,  or  a  desire  to 

know  the  origin  and  construction  of  lan-j 

guage.     In  a  more  general  sense. 


sopliical   manner;  according  to  the" rules 

or  principles  of  philosophy;  as,  to  argue 

philosophically. 
'2.  Calmly;  wisely;  rationally. 
IPHILOS'OPHISM,  n.    [Gr.  .j.*os,  a  lover, 

and  so^iii^a,  sophism.] 
L  The  love  of  fallacious  arguments  or  false 

reasoninj;. 


2.  That  branch  of  literature  which  compre- 12.  The  practice  of  sophistry.  Ch.  Obs. 

bends  a  knowledge  of  the  etymology  or  PIIILOS'OPHIST,  n.    A  lover   of  sophis- 
origin  and  combination  of  words  ;  grain- 1     try  ;  one  who  practices  sophistry, 
mar,  the  construction  of  sentences  or  uselj  Porteus. 

of  words  in  language;  criticism,  the  in-  pfjjLOSOPHIS'TIC 


terpretation  of  authors,  the  aflinities  of 
different  languages,  and  whatever  relates 
to  the  history  or  present  state  of  languages 
It  sometimes  includes  rhetoric,  poetry 
history  and  antiquities. 

PHI'LOMATH,  71.  [Gr.  <j)*o/ia9)75;  t'^j,  a 
lover,  and  uai'Soiu,  to  learn.]  A  lover  of 
learning. 

PHILOMATH'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  love 
of  learning. 

2.  Having  a  love  of  letters.  Med.  Repos 

PHIL'OMATHY,  n.  The  love  of  learning. 

PHI'LOMEL,       I  [from       Philomela 

PHILOMELA,  \  "•  daughter  of  Pan- 
(lion,  king  of  Athens,  who  was  changed 
into  a  nightingale.]     The  nightingale. 

Pope. 

PHIL'OMOT,  a.  [corrupted  from  Fr.  feu 
ille  morte,  a  dead  leaf.]     Of  tlie  color  of  a 
dead  leaf.  Addison. 

PHILOMU'SIeAL,  a.  Loving  music. 

Busby. 

PHILOPOLEM'IC,  a.  [Gr.  f^o;,  a  lover, 
and  rto>.fjiiij[o;,  warlike.] 

Ruling  over  opposite  or  contending  natures; 
an  epithet  of  Mmerva.     Pausani'tf:,  Trans, 

PHILOS'OPHATE,  v.  i.  [L.  philosophor, 
philosophatus.]  To  play  the  philoso])her  ; 
to  moralize.     [JVol  nsed.]  Barrow. 

PHILOSOPIIA'TION,  n.  Philosophical 
discussion.     [J^ot  tised.]  Petty. 

PHILOS'OPHEME,  n.  [Gr.  f'^ouofij/ia.] 
Principle  of  reasoning  ;  a  theorem.  [Lit- 
tle used.] 

PHILOSOPHER,  n.  [See  Philosophy.]     A 
person  versed    in   philosophy,  or   in   th 
principles   of  nature   and   morality ;   one 
who  devotes  himself  to  the  study  of  phys 
ics,  or  of  moral  or  intellectual  science. 

2.  In  a  general  sense,  one  who  is  profoundly 
versed  in  any  science. 

Philo.'iopheys  stone,  a  stone  or  preparation 
which  the  alchimists  formerly  suughl,  as 
the  instrument  of  converting  the  baser 
metals  into  pure  gold. 

PHILOSOPHTC,        I       Pertaining  to  phi 

PIHLOSOPH'ICAL,  ^°'  losophy;  as  a 
philosophical  experiment  or  problem. 

2.  Proceednig  from  philoso|)hy  ;  as  philo 
sophic  priile. 

3.  Suitable  to  philosophy  ;  according  to  phi 
losophy  ;  as  philosophical  reasoning  or  ar 
guments. 

4.  Skilled  in  philosophy ;  as  a  philosophical 
historian. 

5.  Given  to  philosophy ;  as  a  philosophical 
mind. 

0.  Regulat(^d  by  philosophy  or  the  rules  ol 
reason;  ar' philosophic  (are.  Dryden 


•       Pertaining  to 

PHILOSOPHIS'TICAL,  \  °"  the  love  or 
practice  of  sophistry. 

PHILOSOPHIZE,  V.  i.  [from  philosophy.'. 
To  reason  like  a  philosopher  ;  to  search 
into  the  reason  and  nature  of  things ;  to 
investigate  phenomena  and  assign  rational 
causes  for  their  existence.  Sir  Isaac  New- 
ton lays  down  four  rules  of  philosophizing. 
Two  doctors  of  the  schools  weic  philosophiz- 
in<;  on  the  advantages  of  mankind  above  all 
other  cieaturex.  L'Estrange. 

PIHLOS'OPHIZING,  ppr.  Searching  into 
the  reasons  of  things  ;  assigning  reasons 
for  phenomena. 

PHILOSOPHY,  n.  [L.  pMlosophia;  Gr. 
^I'Koiofi.a  ;  ij)!?.!!,  love  ;  fiy.iu,  to  love,  and 
5o<j)ia,  wisdom.] 

1.  Literally,the  love  of  wisdom.  But  in  mod- 
ern acceptation,  philosophy  is  a  general 
term  denoting  an  explanation  of  the  rea- 
sons of  things  ;  or  an  investigation  of  the 
causes  of  all  phenomena  both  of  mind  and 
of  matter.  When  applied  to  any  particu- 
lar department  of  knowledge,  it  denotes 
the  collection  of  general  laws  or  princi- 
ples under  which  all  the  subordinate  phe- 
nomena or  facts  relating  to  that  subject, 
are  comprehended.  Thus,  that  branch  of 
philosophy  which  treats  of  God,  &c.  is  call- 
ed theology  ;  that  which  treats  of  nature, 
is  called  physics  or  natural  philosophy ;  that 
which  treats  of  man  is  called  logic  and 
ethics,  or  moral  philosophy ;  that  which 
treats  of  the  mind  is  called  intellectual  or 
mental  philosophy,  or  metaphysics. 

The  objects  of  philosophy  are  to  ascer- 
tain facts  or  truth,  and  the  causes  of  things 
or  their  phenomena;  to  enlarge  our  views 
of  God  and  his  works,  and  to  render  our 
knowledge  of  both  practically  useful  and 
subservient  to  human  happiness.  * 

True  religion  and  true  philosophy  must  ulti- 
mately arrive  at  the  same  principle. 

S.  S.  Smith. 

2.  Hypothesis  or  system  on  which  natural 
effects  are  explained. 

We  shall  in  vain  interpret  their  words  by 
the  notions  of  oar  philosophy  and  tlie  doctrines 
in  our  schools.  Locke. 

3.  Reasoning  ;  argumentation.  Milton. 

4.  Course  of  sciences  read  in  the  schools. 

Johnson. 
PHIL'TER,  n.  [Yr. philtre;  h.philtra;  Gr. 
.jsarpo:',  from  ^ixtu,  to   love,  or  ^ixoj.] 

1.  A  potion  intended  or  adapted  to  excite 
love.  Mdison. 

2.  A  charm  to  excite  love. 
PHILTER,   !'.   /.   To   impregnate  with   a 

love-potion;  as,  to  ;)/i!7/<:r  a  draught. 


P  H  L 


P  H  O 


P  H  R 


%  To  charm  to  love ;  to  excite  to  love  ori 
animal  desire  by  a  potion.  I 

PHIZ,  n.  [supposed  to  be  a  contraction  ofi 
physiognomy.]  Tlie  face  or  visage  ;  in  con-j 
tempt.  Stepney., 

I'ULrUSOT'OMIST,  n.  [See  Pldebolomy.l 
One  tliat  opens  a  vein  for  letting  blood  ; 
a  blood-letter. 

PHLEBOTOMIZE,  v.  t.  To  let  blood  from 
a  vein.  Howell. 

PHLEBOTOMY,  n.  [Gr.  ^>.f8oTOftia ;  ^Xf^-, 
a  vein,  and  rtinn^,  to  cut.] 

The  act  or  practice  of  opening  a  vein  for  let- 
ting blood  for  the  cure  of  diseases  or  pre- 
serving health. 

PHLEGM, )       [Gr.   ft-tyiio.,   inflammation, 

PHLEM,     \  "■  and  pituitous  matter,   fron 
ijiKiyu,  to  burn  ;  hence  the  word  must  have 
originally  expressed  the  matter  formed  byj 
suppuration.]  j 

1.  Cold  animal  fluid;  watery  matter;  one^ 
of  the  four  humors  of  which  the  ancients, 
supposed  the  blood  to  be  composed. 

Coxe.     Encyc' 

2.  In  common  usage,  bronchial  mucus;  the; 
thick  viscid  matter  secreted  in  the  throat. 

3.  Among  chimists,  water,  or  the  water  of 
distillation.  Coxe. 

4.  Dullness  ;  coldness ;  sluggishness  ;  indif- 
ference. 

PHLEGMAGOGUE,  ti.  phleg'viogog.  [Gr. 
(STity/jo,  phlegm,  and  ayu,  to  drive.] 

A  term  anciently  used  to  denote  a  medi-j 
cine  supposed  to  possess  the  property  of] 
expelhiig  pldegm.     Obs.     Encyc.     Floyer) 

PHLEGMATIC,      a.      [Gr.      tp^tyinatixoi.] 

1.  Abounding  in  phlegm  ;  as  phlegvialic  hu- 
mors; a  pWfg'mdh'c  constitution.     Harvey. 

2.  Generating  phlegm  ;  as  phlegmatic  meat.] 

3.  Watery.  .Ve»'<o?i. 

4.  Cold;  dull;  sluggish;  heavy;  not  easily 
excited  into  action  or  passion  ;  as  aphleg-, 
matic  temper  or  temperament.       Addison. 

PHLEGMAT  I€ALLY,  adv.  Coldly  ;  heav- 
ily. IVarburton.i 

PHLEG'MON,  n.  [Gr.  ^Jityftowj,  from  ^xtyu, 
to  burn.]  t 

An  external  inflammation  and  tumor,  attend-! 
ed  with  burning  heat.  j 

PHLEGMONOUS,  a.  Having  the  nature 
or  properties  of  a  phlegmon  ;  inllanuna-' 
tory  ;  burning ;   as  a  phlegvwnnus  tumor.l 

Harvey.i 

PHLEME,  n.  [.\rn!.  Jlemm,  a  sharp  point.]] 
[See  Fleam.] 

PHLOGIS'TIAN,  n.  A  believer  in  the  ex-j 
istence  of  i)hlogiston. 

PHL0(5IS'TI€,  a.  [See  Phlogiston.]  Par- 
taking of  phlogiston  :  inflaming.  ! 

.Jdams. 

PHLOGlS'TIC.\TE,  v.  t.  To  combine 
phlogiston  with. 

PIILO(5ISTIeA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  pro- 
cess of  combining  with  i)hlogiston. 

PIILOGIS'TON,  ti.  (Gr.  ^Xoyijoj,  from  ^Xo- 
•yiju,  to  burn  or  inflajne  ;  ipt.tyu,  to   burn.] 

The  principle  of  inlianimabihty  ;  the  matter! 
of  lire  in  composition  with  other  bodies. 
Stalil  gave  this  name  to  an  element  which 
he  supposed  to  be  pure  fire  fixed  in  com- 
bustible bodies,  in  order  to  distinguish  it 
from  fire  in  action  or  in  a  state  of  liberty. 


But  the  theory   has  been  proved   to   be 
false  and  is  generally  abandoned. 

Bartram. 

PHO'LADITR,  n.  A  petrified  shell  of  the 
genus  I'hola.s.  Jameson. 

PHON'ICS,  71.  [Gr.  ^uvtj,  sound.]  The  doc- 
trine or  science  of  sounds;  otherwise  call- 
ed acoustics.  Encyc, 

2.  The  art  of  combining  musical  sounds. 

Bitsln/. 

PHONO€AMP'TIe,  a.  [Gr.  ?«..;,  sound, 
and  xa/iT<ru,  to  inflect.] 

Having  tlie  puwer  to  inflect  sound,  or  turn  it 
from  its  direction,  and  thus  to  alter  it. 

Derham. 

PIION'OLITE,  71.  [Gr.  #(*«?,  sound,  and 
ueo(,  stone.] 

Sounding  stone  ;  a  name  proposed  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  klingstein  [jingling  stone.] 

PHONOLOg'ICAI,,  a.  Pertaining  to  pho- 
nology. 

PHONOL'OgY,  n.  [Gr.  ipavr;,  sound,  voice, 
and  Xoyo;,  discourse.] 

A  treatise  on  sounds,  or  the  science  or  doc- 
trine of  the  elementary  sounds  uttered  by 
the  human  voice  in  speech,  including  its 
various  distinctions  or  subdivisions  of 
tones.  fju  Ponceau. 

PHOS'gENE,  a.  [Gr.  ^uj,  light,  and  yu low, 
to  generate.] 

Generating  light.  Phosgene  gas  is  genera- 
ted by  tlie  action  of  light  on  chlorin  and 
carbonic  oxyd  gas.  Silliman. 

PHOS'PHATE,  n.  [See  Phosphor  and  Phos- 
phortis.] 

1.  A  salt  formed  by  a  combination  of  phos- 

I  phoric  acid  with  a  base  of  earth,  alkali  or 
metal.  Lavoisier 

!2.  A  n;ineral  found  in  Estrcmadiua,  &c. 

PHOSPHITE,  n.  A  salt  formed  by  a  com- 
bination of  phosphorous  acid  with  a  salifi- 
able base.  Lavoisier.] 

PHOS'PHOLITE,  n.  [phosphor  and  Gr.: 
uOoi,  a  stone.]  An  earth  united  wiili  phos- 
phoric acid.  Kirwan. 

PHOS'PHOR,  n.  [Gr.  ^ua^opo;;  ^.w;,  light. i 
from  fcuo,  to  shine,  and  #fpu,  to  bring.  See 
Phosphorus.] 

The  morning  star  or  Lucifer  ;  Venus,  when 
it  precedes  the  sun  and  shines  in  the  morn- 
ing. In  this  sen.se,  it  is  also  written  Phos- 
phonis.  Pope. 

PHOSPHORATE,  v.  t.  To  combine  or  im- 
))regnate  with  phosphorus. 

PHOSPHORATED,  ;;;).  Combined  or  im- 
pregnated with  phosphorus.  ] 

PHOS'PHOKATING,/9/)r.  Combining  with' 
phosphorus. 

PHOSl'HORESCE,  v.i.  phosphoress'.  [See 
Phosphoitis.]  j 

To  shine,  as  phosphorus,  by  exhibiting   a 

faint  light  without  sensible  heat.  t 

Arcuaceous  limestone  phosphoresces  in  tlic' 

(lark,  when  scraped  with  a  knife.  Kirwan.l 

PHOSPHORES  CENCE,  n.  A  faint  light' 
or  luminousnessof  a  body,  unaccompanied 
with  sensible  heat.  It  is  exhibited  byj 
certain  animals,  as  well  as  by  vegetable, 
and  mineral  substances.  ! 

PHOSPHORESCENT,  a.  Shining  with  a 
faint  light ;  luminous  without  sensible 
heat. 

PHOSPHORESCING,  ppr.  Exhibiting 
light  without  sensible  heat.  I 

Cleaveland.i 


PHOS  PHORIC,    a.    Pertaining  to  or  ob 
tained  from   pln)S|)horus.     The  phospho- 
ric acid  is  fonued  by  a  saturated  combi- 
nation of  pnosphorus  and  oxygen. 

PHOSPHORITE,  n.  A  species  of  calcan- 
eus earth ;  a  subspecies  of  apatite. 

Ure. 

PHOSPHORIT'Ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  phos- 
phorite, or  of  the  nature  of  jihosphorite. 

Simltanzani. 

PHOS'PHOROUS,  „.  The  phosphorous 
acid  is  formed  by  a  combination  of  phos- 
(iliorus  with  oxvgen. 

PHOS'PHORLS;?  .    [L.  from  the  Greek. 

PHOS'I'HOR,       I  ''•  aee  Phosphor.] 

1.  The  morninsr  star. 

[3.  Phosphorus,  in  chimistry,  a  combustible 
substance,  hitherto  undecom[iosed.  It  is  of 
a  yellowish  color  and  semi-transparent, 
resembling  fine  wax.  It  burns  in  com- 
mon air  with  great  rapidity  ;  and  in  oxy- 
gen ga.s,  with  the  greatest  vehemence. 
Even  at  the  common  temperature,  it  com- 
bines with  oxygen,  undergoing  a  slow 
combustion  and  emitting  a  luminous  va- 
por. It  is  originally  obtained  from  urine ; 
but  it  is  now  manufactured  from  bones, 
which  consist  of  phosphate  of  lime. 

D.  Olmsted. 

PHOS'PHURET,  n.  A  combination  of  phos- 
pliorus  not  oxygenated,  with  a  base  ;  as 
phosphuret  of  iron  or  copper.  Hooper 

PHOt?  PHURETED,  a.  Combined  with 
a  phosphuret. 

PHO  TIZITE,  n.  A  mineral,  an  oxvd  of 
manganese.  Phillips. 

PHOTOLOti'IC,        I  „     [Sec   Photologu.] 

PHOTOLOg'ICAL,  \  "■  Pertaining  to 
plioiologv,  or  the  doctrine  of  light. 

PHOTOLbliY,  n.  [Gr.  t"«,  light,  and 
7.oyo;,  discourse.] 

The  doctrine  or  science  of  light,  explaining 
its  nature  and  phenomena.  Milchill 

PHOTOMETER,  n.  [Gr.  t«5,  light,  and 
ftiTpoi;  measure.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  the  relative  in- 
tensities of  light.  Rum  ford.     Leslie. 

PHOTOMETRIC,        )       Pertaining  to  or 

PHOTOMETRICAL,  ()°-  made  by  a  pho- 
tometer. 

PHRASE,  >!.  6as:.  [Gr.  tpos'f,  from  tpn^u, 
to  speak.] 

1.  .\  short  sentence  or  expression.  .\  phrase 
may  be  complete,  as  when  it  conveys  com- 
plete sense,  as  humnnnm  est  errnr'c,  to  err 
is  human;  or  it  may  be  incomplete,  as 
when  it  consists  of  several  words  without 
afliriniiig  any  thing,  or  when  the  noun 
and  tlie  verb  do  the  office  of  a  noun  only  ; 
as,  that  which  is  true,  that  is,  truth,  satis- 
fies the  mind.  Encyc. 

2.  A  particular  inode  of  speech  ;  a  peculiar 
sentence  or  short  idiomatic  expres.sion ; 
as  a  Hebrew;;/! rase;  an  Italian  phrase. 

!3.  Style ;  expression. 

I  Tliou  speak'st 

1  In  better /(/irajie.  Shah. 

4.  In  music,  any  regular  .symmetrical  course 

I     of  notes  which  begin  and  complete  the 

intended  expression.  Bvsby. 

PHRASE,  r.i.  To  call ;  to  style ;  to  express 

in  words  or  in  peculiar  words. 
These  suns, 
For  so  they  phrase  them.  Shak. 

PHRA'SELESS,  a.  Not  to  be  expressed  or 

described. 


PHY 


PHY 


PHY 


PllKASEOLOG'Ie,       ?       Peculiar  iii  ex- 
PHRASEOLOG'ICAL,  J    ■  pression  ;  co 

listing  of  a  peculiar  form  of  words. 
PHRAsJEOL'OfiY,  n.    [Gr.  ^paais,  phrase, 

ami  ?.fyu,  to  speak.] 

1.  Milliner  of  expression  ;  peculiar  words 
used  in  a  genteiice  ;  diction. 

2.  A  collection  of  phrases  In  a  language. 

Encyc. 

PHRENET'lC,  a.  [Gr.  ^pivitixo;.  See 
Phrensy.] 

.Sulijoct  to  strong  or  violent  sallies  of  imag- 
ination or  excitement,  which  in  some 
measure  pervert  the  judgment  and  cause 
the  person  to  act  in  a  manner  different 
from  the  more  rational  part  of  mankind  ; 
wild  and  erratic  ;  partially  mad.  [It  has 
been  sometimes  written  phreviic,  but  is 
now  generally  written/rand'c.] 

PlIRENET'le,  n.  A  person  who  is  wild  and 
erratic-  in  his  imagination.  tf'oodwnrd. 

PHR1;N'I€,  a.  [from  Gr.  ^ftus,  the  dia- 
piiragm.] 

Belonging  to  the  diaphragm  ;  as  a  phrenic 
vein. 

PHIiEN'lTIS,  n.  [Gr.  ^ptrtrij,  from  tptyv, 
the  mind.  The  primary  sense  of  the  rout 
of  this  word  is  to  move,  advance  or  rush 
forward  ;  as  in  L.  animus,  animosus,  and 
the  Teutonic  mod,  Eng.  mood.] 

J.  In  medicine,  uti  inflammation  of  the  brain,; 
or  of  the  meninges  of  the  brain,  attended 
with  acute  fever  and  delirium.  Encyc. 

9.  Madness,  or  partial  madness;  delirium  ^ 
phreuzy.  [It  is  generally  written  in  Eng- 
lish, phrensy  «r  frenzy.] 

PHRENOL'OGV,  II.  [Gr.  .^p,?.,  the  mind, 
and  '/.oyo5,  discourse.] 

The  science  of  the  human  mind  and  its  va- 
rious properties.  Ch.  Obs. 

Phrenology  is  now  applied  to  the  science  of 
the  mind  as  connected  with  the  supposed 
organs  of  thought  and  passion  in  the  brain, 
broached  by  Gall. 

PHREN'SV,"?!.  «.  as  r.  [supra.]  Madness; 
deliriiun,  or  that  partial  madness  which 
manifests  itself  in  wild  and  erratic  sallies 
of  the  imagination.  It  is  written  also 
frenzy. 

Demoniac  phrensy  ;  moping  melancholy. 

Milton. 

PHRON'TISTERY,  n.  [Gr.  tpwriuri^pw.., 
fri'iii  ^ponu,  to  think;  tp'?>',  niind.] 

A  school  or  .seminary  of  learning.   [JVot  used.] 

PHRYG'IAN.a.  [from  Phrygia,\a  Asia  Mi- 
nor.] 

Pertaining  to  Phrygia ;  an  epithet  applied  to 
a  sprightly  animating  kind  of  music. 

Jlrbulhnol. 

Phr}j^nn  stone,  a  stone  described  by  the  an 
cients,    used    in  dyeing ;  a   light   spungy 
stone  reseiiibling  a  pumice,  said  to  be  dry- 
ing ai'd  astringent.       Pliny.     Dioscorides. 

PHT1!IS  l€,  n.  tiz'zic.  A  consumption.  [Lit- 
llt  i/.iti/.] 

PHTHISICAL,  a.  tiz'zical.  [Gr.  ^Siuixoi, 
See  Phtbi.tis.] 

Wasting  the  Hesh  ;  as  a  phthisical  consiimp- 

tio'i.  Hnnmi. 

PHTHISIS,  V.  Ihe'sis  or  tlii'.iis.    [Gr.  tS'O'S, 

from  'pOtu,  fOfu,  to  consume.] 

A    consumption    occasioned    by    ulcerated 

\i"<?^.  Encifr.     Core. 

PIIYLAC'TKK,     )      (Gr.$v?.axr'j;i«m.,  Irom 

PHYLACTERY,  S      l>v>.a5ffu,to  defend  or 

guard.] 


1  In  a  general  sense,  any  charm,  spell  or  am- 
ulet worn  as  a  preservative  from  danger 
or  disease. 

2.  Among  Me  Jeivs,  a  slip  of  parchment  on 
which  was  written  some  text  of  Scripture, 
particularly  of  the  decalogue,  worn  by 
ilevout  persons  on  the  foreliead,  breai^t  cr 
neck  as  a  mark  of  their  religion.       Encyc. 

3.  Among  the  primitive  christians,  a  case  inl 
which  they  inclosed  the  relics  of  the  dead. 

Encyc. 

PHYLAC'TERED,  a.  Wearing  a  phylacte- 
ry ;  dressed  like  the  Pharisees.  Green. 

PHYLAC'TERIC,        )         Pertaining      to 

PHYLACTER'I€AL,  ^  ""    phylacteries. 

^Iddison. 

PHYL'LITE,  n.  [Gr.  $i.x?.o.,  a  leaf,  and 
Mdof,  a  stone.] 

A  petrified  leaf,  or  a  mineral  having  the  fig- 
ure of  a  leaf.  Lunier. 

PHYLLOPH'OROUS,  a.  [Gr.  ^vxw,  a 
leaf,  and  fif>u,  to  bear.]  Leaf-bearing ; 
producing  leaves. 

PHYS'ALITE,  n.  [Gr.  $i.rou,  to  swell  or 
inflate,  and  >.tSo5,  a  stone.] 

'\  mineral  of  a  greenish  white  color,  a  sub 
species  of  prismatic  topaz ;  called  also 
pyrophysalite,  as  it  intumesccs  in  heat. 

Jameson.     Phillips. 

PHYSETER.     [See  Cachalot.] 

PHYSIAN'THROPY,  n.  [Gr.  ti-W,  nature, 
and  afSpunoi,  man.] 

The  philosophy  of  human  life,  or  the  doc- 
trine of  the  constitution  and  diseases  of 
man,  and  the  remedies.  Med.  Repos. 

PHYS'IC,  n.  s  as  r.  [Gr.  ^v(j<.xt],  from  i)>t'oi5, 
nature  ;  fiw,  to  produce.] 

\.  The  art  of  healing  diseases.  This  is  now 
generally  called  medicine.  Encyc. 

2.  Medicines  ;  remedies  for  diseases.  We 
desire  ^/i)/sic  only  for  the  sake  of  health. 

Hooker. 

3.  In  popular  language,  a  medicine  that  pur- 
ges ;  a  purge;  a  cathartic.  [In  technical 
and  elegant  language  this  sense  is  not 
used.] 

PIIYS'l€,  V.  t.  To  treat  with  physic;  to 
evacuate  the  bowels  with  a  cathartic  ;  to 

Shak. 
Skak. 

PHYS'ICAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  nature  or 
natural  productions,  or  to  material  things, 
as  opposed  to  things  moral  or  imaginary. 
We  speak  of  physical  force  or  power,  with 
reference  to  material  things  ;  as,  muscu- 
lar strength  is  physical  force  ;  armies  and 
navies  are  the  physical  force  of  a  nation  ; 
whereas  wisdom,  knowledge,  skill,  &c. 
constitute  moral  force.  A  physical  point 
is  a  real  point,  in  distinction  from  a  math- 
ematical or  imaginary  point.  A  physical 
body  or  substance  is  a  material  body  or 
substance,  in  distinction  from  spirit  or 
metaphysical  sub.stance. 

2.  External  ;  perceptible   to  the  senses  ;  as 
the  physiciit  idiaiacters  of  a  mineral  ;  op 
posed  to  chimical.  Phillips. 

3.  Relating  to  the  art  of  healing;  as  aphysi 
cat  treatise. 

4.  Having  the  property  of  evacuating  the 
bowels  ;  as  physical  herbs. 

5.  Medicinal  ;  promoting  the  euro  of  dis- 
eases. 

U.  Resembling  physic  ;  as  a  physical  tnstp. 

Johnson. 


purge. 
2.  To  cure, 


I         [In  the  three  latter  senses,  nearly  obso- 

'     lete  among  professional  men.] 

■Physical  education,  the  education  which  is 

j     directed  to   the  object  of  giving  strength, 

i     health  and  vigor  to  the  bodily  organs  and 

1     powers. 

PUYS'lCALLY,  adv.  According  to  nature; 
by  natural  power  or  the  operation  of  nat- 
ural laws  in  the  material  system  of  things, 
as  distinguished  from  moral  power  or  in- 
fluence. We  suppose  perpetual  motion  to 
be  physically  impossible. 

1  am  not  now  treating  physically  of  light  or 
colors.  Locke. 

2.  According  to  the  art  or  rules  of  medicine. 
Obs. 
He  that  lives  physically,  must  live  miserably. 

Cheyne. 

PHYSI'CIAN,  n.  A  person  skilled  in  the 
art  of  healing  ;  one  whose  profession  is 
to  prescribe  remedies  for  diseases. 

2.  In  a  spiritual  sense,  one  that  heals  moral 
diseases;  as  a  physician  of  the  soul. 

PHYSI€0-LOg'IC,  n.  Logic  illustrated  by 

natural  philosophy. 
PHYSI€0-L0G'I€AL,    a.    Pertaining   to 

physico-logic.     [Little  used.]  Sicijl. 

PHYSI€0-THEOL'OgY,     n.     [physic    or 

physical  and  theology.] 

Theology  or  divinity  illustrated  or  enforced 
by  physics  or  natural  philosophy. 

PHYS'ICS,  n.  s  as  i.  In  its  most  extensive 
sense,  the  science  of  nature  or  of  natural 
objects,  comprehending  the  study  or 
knowledge  of  whatever  exists. 

2.  In  Me  usual  and  more  limited  sense,  the 
.science  of  tlie  material  system,  including 
natural  history  and  philosophy.  This  sci- 
ence is  of  v,-ist  extent,  comprehending 
whatever  can  be  discovered  of  the  nature 
and  pro|ierties  of  bodies,  their  causes,  ef- 
fects, affections,  operations,  phenomena 
and  laws. 

PIIYS10GN0MER.     [See  Physiognomist.] 

PHYSIOUN(!M'l€,        )       5   as   r.      [See 

PHYSIOGNOMICAL,  \  "•  Physiognomy.] 

Pertaining  to  physiognomy;  expressing  the 
temper,  disposition  or  other  qualities  of 
the  mind  by  signs  in  the  countenance: 
or  drawing  a  knowledge  of  the  state  of 
the  mind  from  the  features  of  the  face. 

PIIYSIOGNO.AI'ICS,  n.  Amon^ physicians, 
signs  in  the  countenance  which  indicate 
the  state,  temperament  or  constitution  of 
the  body  and  mind.  Encyc. 

PHYSIOG'NOMIST,  n.  One  that  is  skilled 
in  physiognomy  ;  one  that  is  able  to  jinlge 
of  the  particular  temper  or  other  qualities 
of  the  mind,  by  signs  in  the  countenance. 

Dri/den. 

PHYSIOG'NOMY,  n.  [Gr.  ^vsioy, u^oroa ; 
fvui;,  nature,  and  yiufLovixo;,  knowing; 
yiviof^xu,  ro  know.] 

1.  The  art  or  science  of  discerning  the  char- 
acter of  the  mind  from  the  features  of  the 
face  ;  or  the  art  of  discovering  the  pre- 
dominant temper  or  other  characteristic 
qualities  of  the  mind  by  the  form  of  the 
body,  but  especially  by  the  external  signs 
(d'tlie  countenance,  or  the  C(niibiiiation  of 
the  features.  Bacon.     Lavaler. 

2.  The  face  or  countenance  with  respect  to 
the  temper  of  the  mind  ;  particular  con- 
figuration, cast  or  e.\])rcssion  of  counte- 
nance. Dryden. 


P  I  A 


P  I  C 


PIC 


[  This  word  formerly  comprehended  the  art 
of  Jonidlinfr  the  future  fortunes  of  persons 
bi/  irulieations  of  the  countenance.] 

PHYSIOGRAPHY,  n.  [Gr.  9vw,  nature, 
aii(i  ypct^u,  to  describe.] 

A  (leBcriplion  of  nature,  or  the  science  of 
natural  objects.  Joum.  of  Science. 

PHYSIOL'OtiER,  n.  A  physiologist.  {_The 
latter  is  freneraUy  used.] 

PHYSIOLOO'IC,        \„    [See  Physiology.] 

PIIYSIOLOG'ICAL,  S    •  Pertaining  to; 

physiology  ;  relating  to  the  science  of  tlioi 
properties  and  functions  of  living  beiiigs.i 

PHYSIOLOGICALLY,  adv.  According  toj 

the  principles  of  physiology.  | 

Lawrence^s  Lect.^ 

PHYSIOL'OdlST,  n.  One  who  is  versi^d  in, 
the  science  of  living  beings,  or  in  the  prop-j 


A  keyed  musical  instrument  of  German  ori- 
gin and  of  the  harpsichord  kind,  but 
smaller  ;  so  called  from  its  solter  notes  or 
expressions.  Its  tones  are  produced  by 
hammers  instead  of  quills,  like  the  virgin- 
al and  spinet.  Kncyc.     Cyc' 

PIAS'TER,  n.  [It.  piastra,  a  thin  plate  of 
metal,  or  a  dollar.     See  Flale  ' 

An  Italian  coin  of  about  80  cents  value,  or 
3s.  7d.  sterling.     But  the  value  is  different 
in  different  states  or  countries.     It  is  call 
0(1  also,  apiice  of  eight. 

PIAZ'ZA,  n.  [It.  for  piazza;  Sp.  plaza; 
Port,  praga,  for  plaga  ;  Fr.  place  ;  Kng 
id. ;  i).  plants  ;  G.  platz  ;  l)an.  pluds  ; 
Sw.  plats.] 

In  building,  a  portico  or  covered  walk  sup- 
ported by  arches  or  columns.  Encyc. 


the   Welsh,   a  wind   instrument 
with  a  horn  at  each  end 

PI'15RO€H,  n.  [Gael,  piobaireachd,  pipe- 
music:  Celtic  7)r6, /«oi,  a  pipe.] 

A  wild  irregular  species  of  music,  peculiar  to 
the  Highlands  of  Scotland.  It  is  perform- 
ed on  a  bagpipe,  and  adapted  to  excite  or 
assuage  passion,  and  particularly  to  rouse 
a  martial  spirit  among  troo|)s  going  to 
battle.  Encyc.     Jamicson. 

I'I'€A,  n.  In  ornithology,  the  pie  or  mag- 
pie, a  species  of  Corvii.s. 

2.  In    7ncdicine,   a   vitiated   appetite    which 
makes  the  patient  crave  wliat  is  unfit  for 
food,  as  ch;dk,  ashes,  coal.  &c. 
A  printing  type  of  a  large  size  ;  probably 
named  from  litem   picnta,  a  great  black 


.3. 


ertiesand  functions  of  animals  and  plants.||PIB'-€ORN,     n.    |VV.  iiipe-horn.] 
2.  One  that  treats  of  physiology. 
PHYS10L'0(iY,   71.    [Gr.   ^vuio^ia ;  ^vm, 

nature,  and  >.{yu,  to  discourse.] 

1.  According  to  the  Greek,  this  word  signi- 
fies a  discourse  or  treatise  of  nature,  but 
the  moderns  use  the  word  in  a  more  limited 
sense,  for  the  science  of  the  properties  and 
functions  of  animals  and  plants,  comprc-; 
hending  what  is  common  to  all  aninudsj 
and  plants,  and  what  is  peculiar  to  indi- 
viduals and  species. 

2.  The  science  of  the  mind,  of  its  various 
phenomena,  affections  and  powers. 

B,ou-n.\ 
PHYSY,  for/u»cf.     [jYot  used.]  Locke. 

PHYTIV'OROLfS,   a.    [Gr.  <fvro>,  a   plant, 

and  L.  voro,  to  eat.] 
Feeding  on  plants  or  herbage ;  as  phytivorous 

animals.  Rny. 

PHYTOGRAPII'ICAL,    a.    Pertaining   to 

the  descri])tion  of  plants. 
PHYTOG'RAPHY,  n.  [Gr.  c^rw,  a  plant, 

and  yfo^ri,  description.]     A  description  of 

plants. 
PHYT'OLITE,  n.  [Gr,  ^rm;  a  plant,  and 

>.i9oj,  a  stone.]     A  plant  petrified,  or  fossil 

vegetable. 
PHYTOL'OGIST,  n.  [See  Phytology.]  One 

versed  in  plants,  or  skilled  in  phytology  ; 

a  botanist.  Evelyn. 

PHYTOL'OtiY,  n.  [Gr.  $vro.',  a  plant,  and 

Xoyo;,  discourse.] 
A  discourse  or  treatise  of  plants,  or  the  doc- 
trine of  plants  ;  description  of  the   kinds 

and  properties  of  plants. 
Pia  mater,  [L.]  in   anatomy,   a   thin    mem-i 

brane  immediately  investing  the  brain. 

Coxe. 
PI  ABA,  n.  A  small  fresh  water  fish  of  Bra 

zil,  about  the  size  of  the  minnow,  much  es 

teemed  for  food.  Encyc. 

Pl'.^CLE,  n.    [L.  piaculum.]    An  enormous 

crime.     [JVot  v^ed.]  Hoivett. 

PIA€'ULAR,     I       [L.  piacularis,  from  pio, 
PIAC'ULOUS,  I  "■  to  expiate.] 
1.  Expiatory  ;  having  power  to  atone 


Among 
or   pipe 


fruit  from  trees;  as,  to  pick  apples  oi 
oranges  ;  to  pick  strawberries. 
To  pull  off  or  separate  with  the  teeth, 
beak  (jr  claws;  as,  to  pick  flesh  from  a 
bone ;  hence, 

3.  To  clean  by  the  teeth,  fingers  or  claws', 
or  by  a  small  inslrumcnt,  by  separating 
something  that  adheres  ;  as,  to  pick  a 
bone  ;  to  pick  the  ears. 

4.  To  take  up ;  to  cause  or  seek  industrious- 
ly ;  a>,  to  inck  a  quarrel. 

5.  To  separate  or  jmll  asunder  ;  to  pull  into 
small  parcels  by  the  fingers ;  to  separate 
locks  iijr  loosening  and  cleaning  ;  as,  to 
pick  wool. 

,6.  To  pierce  ;  to  strike  with  a  pointed  instru- 

'     ment ;  as,  to  pick  an  apple  with  a  pin. 

!  Bacon . 

17.  To  strike  with  the  bill  or  beak  ;  to  punc- 

[     ture.     In  this  sense,  we  generally  use  ;)ecA. 

8.  To  steal   by  taking  out  with   the   fingers 

I     or  hanils  ;  as,  to  pick  the  pocket.       South. 

p.  To  open  by  a  pointed  instrument ;  as,  to 
pick  a  lock. 

10.  To  select;  to  cull ;  to  separate  particu- 
lar things  from  others  ;  as,  to  pick  the  best 
men  from  a  conqiaiiy.  In  this  sense,  the 
word  is  ollen  followed  by  out. 

To  jiick  off,  to  separate  by  the  fingers  or  by 
a  small  pointed  instrument. 

To  pick  out,  to  select;  to  separate  individu- 
als from  numbers. 

To  pick  JIB,  to  take  up  with  the  fingers  or 
beak  ;  also,  to  take  particular  things  here 
and  there  ;  to  gather;  to  glean. 

To  pick  a  hole  in  one''s  coat,  to  find  fiiult. 


letter  at  the  bcginiiiiig  of  some  new  order  jPK'K.  v.  i.  To  eat  slowly  or  by  morsels  ;  to 
in  the  liturgy  ;  hence,  |      nibble.  Dryden. 

4.  Pica,  pye   or   pie,  formerly   an  ordinarj',''2.  To  do  any  thing   nicely  or  by  attending 
a  table  or  directory   for  devotional   servi-;i     to  small  things.  Drydtn. 

ces  ;  also,   an    alphabetical   catalogue   ofPK'K,    n.    [Fr.  pique;    D.   pik.]     A   sharp 


2.  Requiring  expiation.  Broirn. 

3.  Criminal ;  atrociously  bad.  Glanville. 

[These  tvords  are  little  jised.]  j 

PI'ANET,  n.    [L.  pica  or  picus.]     A  bird, 

the  lesser  woodpecker.  Bailey} 

2.  The  magpie.  j 

PI'ANIST,   n.    A   performer  on  the  forte-i 

piano,  or  one  well  skilled  in  it.  Busby. 

PIANO-FORTE,    n.    [It.  piano,  from    L.I 

planus,  plain,  smooth,  and  It.  forte,  L.ybr-| 

tis,  strong.]  I 

Vol.  IJ. 


names  and  things  in  rolls  and  records. 

Encyc. 

Pica  marina,  the  sea-pye,  ostralegus,  or  oys- 
ter-catcher; an  aquatic  fowl  of  the  genus 
Haematopus.  This  fowl  feeds  on  oysters, 
limpets  and  marine  insects. 

PICAROON',  n.    [Fr.  picoreur,  from  pico-l 


|)<)iiited  tool   for  digging  or   removing  m 
small  quantities. 

What  the  miners  cill  chert  and  whern — is  so 
hard  that  thepicks  will  not  touch  it. 

WooJicarrf. 

2.  Choice  ;   right   of  selection.      Y'ou   may 

have  your  pick. 

rer,  to  plunder;  Scot. piA-ar^.  rapine  ;  irom;3.  Among  ;)n'n(e«,  foul   matter  which   col- 

ihe  root  of ^iVi,  ;7f<7r,  Sp.  ;)icar.]  j     lects  on  printing  types  fnmi  the  balls,  had 

A  plunderer;  a  pirate.     This  word  is  not  |     ink,  or  from  the  [)a|icr  impressed. 

apjilied  to  a    highway  robber,   but  to  pi- |PICKAPA('K,  adv.    In  manner  of  a  pack. 

rates  and  plunderers  of  wrecks.  '     [Vulgar.]  E'Estrange. 

In  all  wars,  Corsica  and  Majorca  have  been,|PIfK'AX,  n.   [pick  and  ax.]    An  ax  with 


Temple.\\     sharp  point  at  one  end  and  a  broad  blade 

[probably     from     the,     at  the  other.  .1/i7<0)i. 

root    of   pike,  ;)eaA-.]!  PICK'BACK,  a.  On  the  bark.       Hudihras. 

A    high    collar  or   aj  PICK'ED,  pp.  Plucked  off  by   the  fingers, 

H'ilson.W     teeth  or  claws  ;  cleaned  by  picking  ;  open- 

[Norm.    pecker,  to   break|i    ed  by  an  instrument ;  selected. 

J>et  the  stake  be  mnAe  picked  at  the  top. 

Mortimer. 
PICK'EDNESS,  n.  State  of  being  pointed 
at  the  end  ;  sharpness. 
Gr.  Hixu  or  jtfixu :  L.  peclo.     The  verb' 2.  Foppery;  spruceness.  Johnson. 

maybe   radicah  [see  Class  Bg.No.  61.  02.  PICKEF,  R,  v.  I.  [Fr.  picorer  ;  from  pick.] 
C5.]   or    derived     from   the    use    of   thelll.  To  pillage ;  to  pirate.  Hudihras. 

beak  or  any   pointed  instrument.      It  be-j  2.  To  skirmish,  as  soldiers   on   the  outposts 
longs  to  a  numerous  family  of  words,  at  I     of  an  army,  or  in  pillaging  parties, 
least  if  connected  with  ieaA,^{A:p,  &c.]       |,PICK'ER,  n.  One  that  picks  or  culls. 
To  pull   oft'  or   pluck   witii    the   fingers|[  .Mortimer. 

something  that  grows  or  adheres  to  an-j[2.  A   pickax   or  instrument  for  picking  or 
other  thing  ;  to  separate  bv  the  hand,  as  ,     separntin;:. 

35 


nests  o( picaroon 
PIC'CADIL, 
PICCADILLY, 
PICK'ARDIL, 

kind  of  ruff. 
PIC'CAgE,     ji. 

open  ;  from  the  root  of  pick,  peck.] 
Money  paid  at  fairs  for  breaking  ground  for 

booths.  Jiinsworth. 

PICK,     t'.  t.     [Sax.   pycan  ;  D.  pikken  ;  G. 

picken  ;  Dan.  pikker ;  Sw.  picka  ;  W.  pi- 

gaiv,  to  pick  or  peck  ;  Sp.  picar  ;  Fr.  piquer 


.Mortimer. 


PIC 


P  I  E 


PIE 


3.  One  tliat  excites  a  quarrel  between  him- 
self aJi  J  another. 

PICK'EREL,  71.  [from  pike.]  A  small  pike, 
a  fish  of  the  genus  Esox. 

PICK'EREL-WEED,  n.  A  plant  supposed 
to  breed  pickerels.  ff'alton. 

PICK'ET,  n.  [Fr.  piquet ;  Russ.  bekd.]  A 
stake  sharpened  or  pointed ;  used  in  forti- 
fication and  encampments. 

2.  A  narrow  board  pointed ;  used  in  making 
fence. 

3.  A  guard  posted  in  front  of  an  army  to 
give  notice  of  the  approach  of  the  enemy. 

Marshall 

4.  A  game  at  cards.     [See  Piquet.] 

5.  A  punishment  which  consists  in  making 
the  offender   stand    with   one   foot  on 
pointed  stake. 

PICK'ET,  V.  t.  To  fortify  with  pointed 
stakes. 

2.  To  inclose  or  fence  with  narrow  pointed 
boards. 

3.  To  fasten  to  a  picket.  Moore. 
PICK'ETED,  pp.  Fortified  or  inclosed  with 

pickets. 

PICKETING,  ppr.  Inclosing  or  fortifying 
with  pickets. 

PICK'ING,  ppr.  Pulling  off  with  the  fin 
gers  or  teeth  ;  selecting. 

PICK'ING,  )!.  The  act  of  plucking;  selec 
tion  ;   gathering  ;   gleaning. 

PICK'LE,  n.  [D.pikel;  G.  pokel]  Brine 
a  solution  of  salt  and  water,  sometimes 
impregnated  with  spices,  in  which  flesh, 
fish  or  other  substance  is  preserved ;  as 
pickle  for  beef ;  pickle  for  capers  or  for 
cucumbers  ;  pickle  for  herring. 

2.  A  thing  preserved  in  pickle. 

3.  A  state  or  condition  of  difficulty  or  disor- 
der ;  a  word  used  in  ridicule  or  contempt. 
You  are  in  a  fine  pickle. 

How  cam'st  thou  in  tins  pickle  ?  Shak. 

4.  A  parcel  of  land  inclosed  with  a  hedge. 
[Local.] 

PICK'LE,  V.  t.  To  preserve  in  brine  or 
pickle  ;  as,  to  pickle  herring. 

2.  To  season  in  pickle. 

3.  To  imbue  highly  with  any  thing  bad  ;  as 
a  pickled  rogue. 

PICKLE-HER'RING,  n.  A  merry  Andrew  : 
a  zany  ;  a  buffoon.  Spectator. 

PICK'LOCK,  n.  [pick  am\  lock.]  An  instru- 
ment for  opening  locks  without  the  key. 

L'  Estrange.     Arbuthnol. 
9.  A  person  who  picks  locks. 
PICK'NICK,  71.  An  assembly  where   each 
person  contributes  to  the  entertainment. 

Todd. 
PICK'POCKET,  71.   One  who   steals  frmi) 
the  pocket  of  another.  Arbuthnot 

PICK'PURSE,  71.  One  that  steals  from  the 
purse  of  another.  Swift. 

PICK'THANK,  »i.  An  officious  fellow  who 
does  what  he  is  not  desired  to  do,  for  the 
sake  of  gaining  favor;  a  whispering  par- 
asite. South. 
PICK'TOOTII,  11.  An  instrument  for  pick- 
ing or  cleaiiing  the  teeth.  [But  toothpick 
is  more  gcnerallv  used.] 
Pico,  71.  [Sp.     t^ee  Peak.]      A  peak;  the 

pointed  head  of  a  ni<mntaiii. 
PIC'UOl.rrK,  n.  A  mineral  composed  chief- 
ly of  the  carbonate  of  magnesia,  of  a  green 
color.     [See  Pikrolitr.] 
PIC'ROMEL,  71.    [(Jr.  rtutpoj,  bitter.]    The 
characteristic  principle  of  bile.  Ure. 


PICROTOX'IN,  7!.  [Gr.  rtixpoj,  bitter,  and 
L.  toxicum.] 

Tlie  bitter  and  poisonous   principle   of  the 
Cocculus  Indicus.  Vre. 

PI€T,  71.  [L.pirlus,pingo.]  A  person  whose 
body  is  painted. 

PICTORIAL,  a.  [h.  pictor,  a  painter.]  Per 
taining  to  a  painter ;  produced  by  a  paint- 
er. Broum 

PIC'TURAL,  n.  A  representation.     [Ao(  in 
use.]  Spenser. 

PICTURE,  71.   [L.  pictura,  from  pingo,  to 
paint;  It. pittura.] 

1.  A  painting  exhibiting  the  resemblance  of 
any  thing ;  a  likeness  drawn  in  colors 

Pictures   and    shapes  are   but  secondary  ob- 
jects. Bacon. 
3.  The  works  of  painters;  painting. 

Quimilian,  when  he  saw  any  well  express- 
ed iniafje  of  grief,  either  ia  picture  or  sculpture, 
would  usually  weep.  Wotton. 

3.  Any  resemblance  or  representation,  either 
to  the  eye  or  to  the  understanding.  Thus 
we  say,  a  child  is  the  picture  of  his  father  ; 
the  poet  has  drawn  an  exquisite /lidure  of 
grief. 
PIC'TL'RE,  V.  t.  To  paint  a  resemblance 

Love  is  like  a  painter,  who,  in  drawing  the 
picture  of  a  friend  having  a  blemish  in  one  eye 
would  picture  only  the  other  side  of  the  face. 

.Snuth 

2.  To  represent ;  to  form  or  present  an  itleal 
likeness. 

1  do  picture  it  in  my  mind.  Spenser 

PICTURED,  pp.  Painted  in  resemblance 

drawn  in  colors;  represented. 
PICTURESQUE,   )        [Fr.  pittoresque ;  It 
PlCTURESK',        ^       pittoresco  ,  from  the 
L.    pictura,   or    pictor.      In  Knglish,  thi; 
would  be  picturish.] 
Exjiressing   that   peculiar   kind   of    beauty 
which  is  agreeable  in  a  picture,  natural  or 
artificial ;  striking    the   mind    with   great 
power  or  pleasure  in  representing  objects 
of  vision,  and  in  ])ainting  to  the  imagina- 
tion any  circumstance  or  event  as  clearly 
as  if  delineated  in  a  picture.  Gray. 

PlCTURKStiUELY,  ?      .      In    a    pietu'r- 
PICTURESK'LY,        ^  esque  manner. 

•i/oiifg'omcri/. 
PICTURESQUENESS,  ?  ..   The    state  of 


PICTURESK'NESS,  '  \  ""  being  pictur- 
esque. Price 

PID'DLE,  1'.  i'.  [This  is  a  different  spelling 
oi peddle,  or  from  the  same  source.] 

1.  To  deal  in  trifles ;  to   spend  time  in  tri 
fling  objects  ;   to  attend  to  trivial  concerns 
or  the  small  parts  rather  than  to  the  main. 

Ainsworlli. 

2.  To  pick  at  table  ;  to  eat  squeamishly  oi 
without  appetite.  Sirifl. 

PID'DLER,  71.  One  who  busies  himself 
about  little  things. 

2.  One  that  eats  squeamishly  or  without  ap- 
petite. 

PIE,  n.  [Ir.  pighe,  perhaps  from  the  paste  ; 
Gr.  naxvi,  thick  ;  or  from  mixing.] 

An  article  of  tbod  consisting  of  jiaste  baked 
with  something  in  it  or  under  it,  as  apple, 
minced  meat,  &c. 

PIE,  71.  [L.  pica  ;  W.  piog.]  The  magpie, 
a  party-colored  bird  of  the  genus  Corvus. 
It  is  sometimes  written  pye. 

2.  The  old  popish  service  book,  supposed  to 
be  so  called  from  the  ditVerenl  color  of  the 
text  and   rubric,  or  from  litera  picatu,  a 


large  black  letter,  used  at  the  beginning  of 
each  order. 

3.  Printers'  types  mixed  or  unsoned. 

Cock  and  pie,  an  adjuration  by  the  pie  or  ser- 
vice book,  and  by  the  sacred  naiue  of  the 
Deity  corrupted.  Shak. 

Pl'EBALD,  a.  [Sp.  pio,  of  various  colors.] 
Of  various  colors;  diversified  in  color; 
as  a  piebald  horse.  Pope. 

PIECE,  71.  [Fr. pike;  It.  pezzo  ;  Sp.pieza; 
Port,  pefa  ;  Ir.  piosa;  Arm.  pez.  If  the 
elements  of  this  word  are  Bz,  it  may  be 
from  the  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  Ar.  i'M,  to  cut  off 
or  clip.] 

1.  A  fragment  or  part  of  any  thing  separa- 
ted from  the  whole,  in  any  manner,  by 
cutting,  splitting,  breaking  or  tearing  ;  as, 
to  cut  in  pieces,  break  in  pieces,  tear  in 
;ji'ecc«,  pull  in  pieces,  &c. ;  a  piece  of  a 
rock ;  a  piece  of  paper. 

2.  A  part  of  any  thing,  though  not  separa- 
ted, or  sejiarated  only  in  idea ;  not  the 
whole  ;  a  jiortion  ;  as  a  piece  of  excellent 
knowledge.  Tillotson. 

3.  A  distinct  part  or  quantity  ;  a  part  con- 
sidered by  itself,  or  separated  from  the 
rest  only  by  a  boundary  or  divisional  line: 
as  a  piece  of  land  in  the  meadow  or  on 
the  mountain. 

4.  A  separate  part ;  a  thing  or  portion  dis- 
tinct from  others  of  a  like  kind  ;  as  a  piece 
of  timber;  a  piece  of  cloth  ;  a.  piece  of  pa- 
per hangings. 

A  composition,  essay  or  writing  of  no 
great  length  ;  as  a  piece  of  poetry  or  prose ; 
a  piece  of  music. 

A  separate  performance;  a  distinct  por- 
tion of  labor  ;  as  apiece  of  work. 
A  picture  or  painting. 

If  unnatural,  the  finest  colors  are  but  daub- 
ing, and  the  piece  is  a  beautiful  monster  at  the 
best.  Dryden. 

8.  A  coin  ;  as  a  piece  of  eight. 
y.  A  gun  or  single  part  of  ordnance.  \Ve 
apply  the  word  to  a  cannon,  a  mortar,  or 
a  musket.  Large  guns  are  called  batter- 
ing pieces;  smaller  guns  are  called  field 
pieces. 

10.  In /iera?dri/,  an  ordinary  or  charge.  The 
fess,  the  bend,  the  pale,  the  bar,  the  cross, 
the  saltier,  the  chevron  are  called  honora- 
ble pieces. 

11.  Ill  ridicule  or  contempt.  A  piece  of  a 
lawyer  is  a  smatterer. 

12.  A  castle  ;  a  building.     [jYot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

.l-piece,  to  each  ;  as,  he  paid  the  men  a  dollar 

a-piece. 
Of  a  piece,  like  ;  of  the  same  sort,  as  if  taken 
from  the  same   whole.    They  seemed  all 
of  a  piece.     Sometimes  followed  by  with. 

The  poet  must  be  itf  a  piece  with  the  spec- 
tators to  gain  reputation.  Dryden. 

PIECE,  1'.  /.  To  enlarge  or  mend  by  the 
addition  of  a  jiiece  ;  to  patch;  as,  to  piece 
a  garment ;  to  piece  the  time.  Shnk. 

To  piece  out,  to  extend  or  enlarge  by  addi- 
tion of  a  piece  or  pieces.  Temple. 

PIECE,  i\  i.  To  unite  by  coalescence  of 
parts ;  to  be  compacted,  as  parts  into  a 
whole.  Bacon. 

PIK'CED,  pp.  Mended  or  enlarged  by  a 
piece  or  pieces. 

PIE'CELESS,  a.  Not  made  of  pieces  ;  con- 
sisting of  an  entire  thing.  Don^e. 


ti. 


7. 


PIE 


P  I  G 


P  I  K 


PIE'CEMEAL,  adv.  [pitce  and  Sax.  met, 
time.     Qu.] 

1.  In  pieces  ;  in  Tragments. 

On  which  it  ;>icce/nea2  broke.  Chapman. 

2.  By  pieces  ;  by  little  and  little  in  succes- 
sion. 

Piecemeal  they  win  this  acre  first,  then  that. 

Pope. 

PIE'CEMEAL,  a.  Single;  separate  ;  made 
of  parts  or  pieces.  South. 

PIE'CEMEALED,  a.  Divided  into  small 
pieces.  Cotgrave. 

PIE'CER,  n.  One  that  pieces ;  a  patcher. 

PI'ED,  a.  [allied  probably  to  pie,  in  piebald, 
and  a  contracted  word,  perhaps  from  the 
root  of  L.  piclus.] 

Variegated  with  spots  of  different  colors ; 
spotted.  We  now  apply  the  word  cliietly 
or  wholly  to  animals  which  arc  marktui 
with  large  spots  of  different  color.';.  It' 
the  spots  arc  small,  we  use  speckled.  This 
distinction  was  not  formerly  observed,  and 
in  some  cases,  pied  is  elegantly  used  to  ex- 
press a  diversity  of  colors  in  small  spot.-*. 
Meadows)  trim  witfi  daisies  pierf.        Milton. 

PI'EDNESS,  n.  Diversity  of  colors  in  spots 

Shak 

PIE'LED,  a.   [See  Peel.]     Bald  ;  bare. 

PIE'POUDUE,  n.  [Fr.  pied,  fool,  and  poud 
reux,  dusty,  from  poudre,  dust  ;  or  pitd 
puldreaxu,  a  pcdiar.j 

An  ancient  court  of  record  in   England,  in 
cident  to  every  fair  and  market,  of  whiili 
the  steward  of  him   who  owns  or  has  the 
toll,  is  the  judge.     It  had  jurisdictiou  of 
all  causes  arising  in  the  fair  or  market. 

Blacksione. 

PIER,  n.  [Sax.  per,  pert ;  D.  heer,  steene  beer. 
If  this  word  is  from  the  French  pieire,  it 
is  a  contraction  of  L.  petra.  But  more 
probably  it  is  not  from  the  FVencli.] 

1.  A  mass  of  solid  stone  work  for  support- 
ing an  arch  or  the  timbers  of  a  bridge  or 
other  building. 

2.  A  mass  of  stone  work  or  a  mole  project- 
ing into  the  sea,  for  breaking  the  force  of 
the  waves  and  making  a  safe  harbor. 

PIERCE,  1).  t.  pers.  [Fr.  percer ;  Gr.  rtapu. 
The  primary  sense  is  probably  to  thrust  or 
drive,  and  the  word  may  be  connected  in 
origm  with  the  W.  ber  or  pfV,  a  spit,  i 
spear,  Ir.  hior.] 

1.  To  thrust  into  with  a  pointed  instrument 
as,  to  pierce  the   body   with   a   sword  or 
spear  ;  to  pierce  the  side  with  a  thorn. 

2.  To  penetrate  ;  to  enter  ;  to  force  a  way 
into ;  as,  a  column  of  troops  pierced  the 
main  body  of  the  enemy ;  a  shot  pierced 
the  ship. 

3.  To  penetrate  the  heart  deeply ;  to  touch 
the  passiotis ;  to  excite  or  aflFect  the  pas 
sions.     1  Tim.  vi. 

4.  To  dive  or  penetrate  into,  as  a  secret  or 
purpose. 

PIERCE,  V.  i.  pers.  To  enter ;  as  a  pointed 
instrument. 

2.  To  penetrate ;  to  force  a  way  into  or 
through  any  thing.  The  shot  pierced 
through  the  side  of  the  ship. 

Her  tears  will  pierce  into  a  marble  heart. 

Shak. 

3.  To  enter ;  to  dive  or  penetrate,  as  into  a 
secret. 

She  would  not  pierce  further  into  his  mean- 
ing than  himself  should  declare.  Sidney. 
i.  To  affect  deeply. 


PIERCEABLE,  o.  pers'abk.  That  may  be||PI(i'EON-HOLES,  n.  An  old  English  game 
ierced.  Spenser. ',     in  which  balls  were   rolled   through  little 

irches.  Sleevens. 


\> 

PIERCED,  pp.  pers'ed.  Penetrated ;  enter- 
ed by  force;  transfixed. 

Plf^KCER,  7!.  pers'er.  An  instrument  that 
pierces,  penetrates  or  bores. 

2.  One  that  pierces  or  perforates. 

PIERCING,  ppr.  pers'ing.  Penetrating  ; 
entering,  as  u  pointed  instrument;  making 
a  way  by  force  into  another  body. 

2.  Affecting  deeply ;  as  eloquence  piercing 
the  heart. 

3.  o.  Affecting;  cutting;  keen. 
PIERCINGLY,  adv.  pers'ingh/.  With  pen 

etratin^  force  or  oflect ;  sharply.  I 

PIERCINGNESS,  n.  pers'ingness.  The 
power  of  piercing  or  penetrating  ;  sharp- 
ness ;  keemiess.  Derham. 

PI'ETiSM,  n.  [See  Pte<^.]  Extremely  strict 
devotion,  or  affectation  of  piety.  Fre;i. 

PI'ETIST,  n.  One  of  a  sect  professing  great 
strictness  and  purity  of  life,  dcspisingj 
learning,  school  theology  and  ecclesiasti- 

I  cal  polity,  as  also  forms  and  ceremoniesj 
in  religion,  and  giving  themselves  up  to 
mystic  theology.  This  sect  sprung  up 
among  the  protestants  of  Germany,  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  seventeenth  century. 

Enci/c.     Burnet. 

PI'ETY,  )i.  [L.  pietas,  from  puis,  or  its] 
root,  probably  a  contr.icted  word  ;  Fr.j 
pieti  ;  It.  pietii,  piety,  and  pity  ;  Sp.  piedad,', 
piety,  pity,  charity.]  | 

1.  Piety  in  principle,  is  a  compouml  of  vene-1 
ration  or  reverence  of  the  Supreme  Being; 
and  love  of  his  character,  or  veneration 
accompanied  with  love  ;  and  piety  in  prac- 
tice, is  the  exercise  of  these  affections  in 
obedience  to  his  will  and  devotion  to  his) 
service. 

Piely  is  (he  only  proper  and  adequate  relief 
of  decaying  man.  Rambler 

2.  Reverence  of  parents  or  friends,  accom- 
panied with  affection  and  devotion  to  their 
honor  and  happmess 

PIEZOMETER,  n.  [Gr.  rt«fu,  to  press, 
and  jxiTfiov,  measure.] 

An  instrimient  for  ascertaining  the  com- 
pressibility of  water,  and  the  degree  of 
such  compressibility  under  any  given 
weight.  Perkins. 

PJG,  n.  [D.  big.  In  Sax.  pig'a,  Dan.  pjge,  is 
a  little  girl ;  S\v.  piga,  a  maid-servant. 
The  word  signifies  a  little  one,  or  issue.] 

1.  The  young  of  swine,  male  or  female. 

2.  An  oblong  mass  of  unforged  iron,  lead  or 
other  metal.  A  pig  of  lead  is  tlie  eighth 
of  a  fother,  or  2.50  pounds.  Encyc. 

PIG,  V.  t.  or  i.   To  bring  forth  pigs. 

PiG'EON,  n.  [Fr.  id.;  It.  piccione.  This 
word  seems  to  belong  to  the  family  of  pick, 
peck,  pie,  pica.] 

A  fowl  of  the  genus  Columba,  of  several 
species,  as  the  stock  dove,  the  ring  dove, 
the  turtle  dove,  and  the  migratory  or  wild 
pigeon  of  America.  The  domestic  pigeon 
breeds  in  a  box,  often  attached  to  a  build- 
ing, called  a  dovecot  or  pigeon-house.  The 
wild  pigeon  builds  a  nest  on  a  tree  in  the 
forest. 

PIG'EON-FQQT,  n.  \  plant.       Ainsworfh. 

PIG'EON-HEARTED,  a.  Timid;  easily 
frightened.  Beaum. 

PIti'EON-IlOLE,  ?!.  .-V  little  apartment  or 
division  in  a  case  tor  papers. 


cavities  or 
PIO'EON-LIVERED,   a.   Mild  in  temper  ; 

soil ;  (gentle.  .Shuk. 

PiG  EON-PEA,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus 

Cytisus. 
PIG'GIN,  n.  [Scot,  a  milking  pail.]  A  small 

woollen  vessel  with  an  erect  handle,  used 
[     as  a  dipper. 

PIGHEADED,  a.  Having  a  large  head; 
stupid.  B.Jonson. 

PIGIIT, /)/).  pile.  [Scot,  pighl  or  picht ;  from 
pitch.  W.  picinw.]  Pitclied  ;  fixed  ;  de- 
termined.    Obs.  Shak. 

PIGHT,  IT.  t.  [W.  pigaw.]   To  pierce.     Obs. 

m-khfft. 

PIGHTEL,  n.  A  little  inclosure.     [Local] 

PIGME'AN,  a.  [trompigmy.]  Verysiuall; 
like  a  pigmy ;  as  an  image  of  pigmean 
size.  Parkhurst. 

PIG'MENT,  n.  [L.  pigmentum,  from  the 
root  of  pingo,  to  paint. ]^ 

Paint  ;  a  preparation  used  by  painters,  dy- 
ers, &c.  to  impart  colors  to  bodies. 

Encyc. 

PIG'MY,  n.  [It.  Sp.  Port,  pigmeo  ;  L.  pyg- 
ma-us  ,"  Gr.  rivyiuuof,  from  rtviy^ij,  the  fist.] 

A  dwarf;  a  person  of  very  small  stature  ;  a 
name  applied  to  a  fabled  nation  said  to 
have  been  devoured  by  cranes. 

PIG'MY,  a.  Very  small  in  size  ;  mean;  fee- 
ble ;  inconsiderable. 

PIGNORA'TION,  n.  [L.p^nero,  to  pledge.] 
The  act  of  pledging  or  pawning. 

PIG'NORATIVE,  a.  Pledging  ;  pawning. 
[Little  nsed.]  Did. 

PIG'NUT.  n.  [pig  and  nut.]  The  ground 
nut,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Bunium  ;  also,  a 
tree  and  its  fruit  of  the  genus  Juglans. 

PIG'SNEY,  n.  [Sax.  pig-a,  a  little  girl.]  A 
word  of  endearment  to  a  girl.  [LitUt 
used.]  Hudibras. 

PIGTAIL,  n.  [pig  and  tail.]  A  cue;  the 
hair  of  the  head  tied  in  the  form  of  a  pig's 
tail. 

2.  A  small  roll  of  tobacco. 

PIGWID'GEON,  Ji.  [pig  and  widgeon.]  A 
fairy  ;  a  cant  word  for  any  thing  very 
small.  Cleaveland. 

PIKE,  II.  [This  word  belongs  to  a  mimer- 
ous  family  of  words  expressing  something 
pointed,  or  a  sharp  point,  or  as  verbs,  to 
dart,  to  thrust,  to  prick  ;  Sax.  piic,  a  small 
needle  ;  W.  pig,  a  point,  a  pike  ;  pigaw,  to 
prick  ;  piciaw,  to  dart ;  It.  pica,  a  pike ; 
piccare,  to  prick  or  sting  ;  Sp.  pica,  picar  ; 
Fr.  picjue,  piquer  ;  .\rm.  picq,  picqat ;  D. 
pick;  G.pteke;  Hw.  Dsin. pik ;  Eng. peak, 
beak,  Sec.  Class  Bg.] 

1.  A  military  weapon  consisting  of  a  long 
wooden  shaft  or  staff,  with  a  flat  steel 
head  pointed  ;  called  the  spear.  This 
weapon  was  formerly  used  by  infantry, 
but  its  use  is  now  limited  to  officers,  and 
it  is  called  a  sponton  or  spontoon.  Its  use 
among  soldiers  is  superseded  by  the  bayo- 
net. 

2.  A  fork  used  in  husbandry  ;  but  we  now 
use  furk  or  pitchfork.  Tusser. 

3.  Among  turners,   the  iron   sprigs  used  to 
,     fasten  any  thing  to  be  turned.  .Moxon. 

4.  In  ichthyology,  a  fish  of  the  genus  Esox, 
so  named  from  its  long  shape  or  from  the 
form  of  its  snout.     It  is  a  fresh  water  fish. 


P  I  L 


P  I  h 


P  I  L 


living  in  deep  wawr  and  very  voracious/ 

but  very  palatable  food.  j 

The  pike,  the  tyrant  of  the  flood.  Pope. 

PIK'ED,  a.  Ending  in  a  point;  acuminat-j 
ed.  Camden.' 

PI'KEMAN,  n.  A  soldier  armed  with  a  pike. 

Knolles. 

PI'KESTAPF,  n.  Tlie  staff  or  shaft  of  a 
pike.  TatUr.\ 

PIK'ROLITE.n.  [qu.  Gr.  «ixpo{,  bitter,  and 
Xi9o;,  a  stone.] 

A  mineral  found  at  Taberg,  in  Sweden,  sup- 
posed to  be  a  variety  of  serpentine. 

Cteaveland. 

PILAS'TER,  n.  [It.  pilnstro;  Fr.  piliistre ; 
Sp.  pilastra,  from  pita,  a  pile,  whence  pil- 
lar.] 

A  square  column,  sometiines  insulated  ;  but 
usually  pilasters  are  set  within  a  wall,  pro- 
jecting only  one  quarter  of  their  diame- 
ter. Their  bases,  capitals  and  entabla- 
tures have  the  same  parts  as  those  of  col- 
imms.  Eiicyc. 

PILCH,  ti.  [It.  pelliccia;  Fr.  pelisse ;  Sax. 
piika,  pylece  ;  L.  peltis,  a  skin.] 

A  iurred  gown  or  case ;  something  lined 
with  fiu-.     [JVbt  used.]         Chaucer.    Shak. 

PIL'CHARD,  Ji.   [h:  pilseir.]  A  fish  reseiii-j' 
bling  the  herring,  but  thicker  and  round-  j 
er  ;  the  nose  is  shorter  and  turns  up  ;   thcii 
under  jaw  is  shorter;  the  back  more  ele- 
vated, and  the  belly   less   sharp.     These! 
fishes    appear    on   the   Cornish    coast  in! 
England,  about  the  middle  of  July,  in  im- 
mense immbers,  and  furnish  a  considera- 
ble article  of  commerce.  Encyc. 

PILE,  n.  [Sp.  It.  pila  ;  Port,  mlha  ;  Fr.  pile  ; 
from  L.  pila  ;  Gr.  rtaoj.  The  bolei  men- 
tioned by  Pausanias,  were  heaps  of  stones.] 

1.  A  heap  ;  a  mass  or  collection  of  things  inj 
a  roundish  or  elevated  form  ;  as  a  pile  of 
stones  ;  a  pile  of  bricks  ;  a  pile  of  wood  or 
timber;  a.  pile  of  ruins. 

2.  A  collection  of  combustibles  for  burning 
a  dead  body  ;  as  a  funeral  pile. 

3.  A  large  building  or  mass  of  buildings  ;  an 
edifice. 

The  pile  o'erlook'd  the  town  and  drew  the 
sight.  Dry  den. 

4.  A  heap  of  balls  or  shot  laid  in  horizontal 
courses,  rising  into  a  pyramidical  form. 

PILE,  n.  [D.paal;  G.pfahl;  Sw.  Dan.  po/, 
a  pole  ;  L.  palus  :  D.  pyl,  an  arrow  or  dart ; 
Sw.  Dan.  pil,  id. ;  W.'pill,  a  stem.  These 
have  the  same  elements  and  the  like  rad- 
ical meaning,  that  of  a  shoot  or  extended 
thinff.] 

1.  A  large  stake  or  piece  of  timber,  pointed 
and  driven  into  the  earth,  as  at  the  bot- 
tom of  a  river,  or  in  a  harbor  where  the 
"round  is  soft,  for  the  support  of  a  build 
fng  or  other  superstructure.  The  stadt 
lio°ise  in  Amsterdam  is  supported  )>y  piles. 

2.  One  side  of  a  coin  ;  originally,  a  pmicli  or 
puncheon  used  in  stamping  figures  on 
coins,  and  containing  the  figures  to  be  im 
pressed.  Hence  the  arms-side  of  a  coin 
is  called  tlie  pile,  and  the  head  the  cross 
which  was  formerly  in  the  place  of  the 
head.     Hence  cross  and  pile.  Encyc. 

3.  In  heraldry,  an  ordinary  in  form  of  a  point 
inverted  or  a  stake  sharpened. 

PILE,  n.  [1).  /)'/';  I'an.  Sw.  pil;  L. /)i7um.] 

The  head  of  an  aiTuw, 
PILE,   n.    [L.  pil  us ;  G.  boll;  Hindoo,  W  ; 

Gipsey,  hallow.] 


Properly,  a  hair ;  hence,  the  fiber  of  wool, 
cotton  atid  the  like  ;  hence,  the  nap,  tlie 
fine  hairy  substance  of  the  surface  of 
cloth.  j 

PILE,  V.  I.  To  lay  or  throw  into  a  heap  ;  to 
collect  many  things  into  a  mass;  aa,  to! 
pile  wood  or  stones. 

'i.  To  bring  into  an  aggregate ;  to  accumu- 
late ;  as,  to  pile  quotations  or  comments. 
AHerbxiry.     Felton. 

3.  To  fill  with  something  heaped.         Abbot: 

4.  To  fill  above  the  brim  or  top. 

5.  To  break  ofl'the  awns  of  threshed  barley.: 
[Local.]  \ 

PIL'E.'VTG,     \      [L.  pileus,  a  cap.]  Having 

PIL'EATED,  \  "■■  the  form  of  a  cap  or  cov- 
er for  the  head.  IVoodward. 

PI'LEMENT,  n.  An  accumulation.  [JVo( 
used.]  Hall. 

PI'LEK,  »i.  [from  pile,  a  heap.]  One  who, 
piles  or  forms  a  heap.  j 

PILES,  n.  plu.  The  hemorrhoids,  a  disease. 

PI'LEWOKM,  n.  A  worm  found  in  piles  in 
Holland.  I 

PI'LEWORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Ra- 
nunculus. I 

PIL'FER,  V.  i.  [VV.  yspeiliata,  to  pilfer; 
yspeiliau;  to  spoil,  to  ravage  ;  Sp.  pdlizcar, 
to  ()inch,  to  pilfer,  to  take  little  food.  It 
seems  to  be  allied  to  peel,  pillage.] 

To  steal  in  small  quantities;  to  practice  pet- 
ty theft ;  as  a  boy  accustomed  to  pilfer.      : 
A  pilfering  hand.  Dryden. 

PIL'FER,  r.  t.  To  steal  or  gain  by  petty 
theft ;  to  filch. 

He  would  not  pilfer  the  victory,  and  the  de- 
feat was  easy.  Bacon.' 

PIL'FERED,  /)/).  Stolen  in  small  parcels. 

PIL'FERER,  ?i.  One  that  pilfers  or  prac- 
tices petty  theft.  Young. 

PIL'FERI.NG,^;/).  Stealing;  practicing  petty' 
thefts. 

PILFERING,  71.  Petty  theft. 

Pilfering  was  so  universal  in  all  the  South 
sea  islands,  that  it  was  hardly  recognized  in  the 
moral  code  of  the  natives  as  an  offense,  much 
less  a  crime.  J-  Sparks. 

PIL'FERINGLY,  adv.  With  petty  theft  ; 
filchingly. 

PIL-G-AliLICK,  I         [pUled,  peeled, 

PILL'EDGARLICK,  S         ami  garlick.] 

One  who  has  lost  his  hair  by  disease ;  a  poor 
forsaken  wretch.  Stevens: 

PILGRIM,  n.  [G.  pilger ;  Fr.  pelerin  ;  It. 
pellegrino  ;  Sp.  Port,  peregrino ;  L.  pere-\ 
grinus.  (iu.  L.  peragro,  to  wander.  In 
^V.  pererin  is  a  pilgrim,  and  pcllynig  is 
wandering,  far-roaming,  from  pellau,  to 
remove  far,  coinciding  with  the  L.  palor: 
The  Corn,  pirgrin  and  Arm.  pirchirin, 
seem  to  be  the  L.  peregrinn.'!.  The  D. 
palsrok,  a  ))ilgrim's  coat,  anil  pahtcrstok,  a 
pilgrim's  stall',  indicate  that  tlie  first  sylla- 
ble is  from  the  root  of  l^. palor,  to  wander. 
The  uncertainty  of  the  true  original  or- 
thography renders  the  derivation  uncer- 
tain.] 

1.  A  wanderer  ;  a  traveler  ;  particularly,! 
one  that  travels  to  a  distance  from  his  own 
country  to  visit  a  holy  place,  or  to  pay  his 
devotion  to  the  remains  of  dead  saints. 
[See  Pilgrimage.] 

2.  In  Scripture,  one  that  has  only  a  tempo- 
rary residence  on  earth.  Heb.  .\i. 

PIL'GRIM,  V.  i.  To  wander  or  ramble.  [JVo( 
used.]  Greic. 


PIL'GRIMA(5E,  n.  A  long  journey,  particu- 
larly a  journey  to  some  place  deemed  sac- 
red and  venerable,  in  order  to  pay  devo- 
tion to  the  relics  of  some  deceased  saint. 
Thus  in  the  middle  ages,  kings,  princes, 
bishops  and  others  made  pilgrimages  to 
Jerusalem,  in  pious  devotion  to  the  Sav- 
ior. Pilgrims  now  resort  to  Loretto,  in 
Italy,  to  visit  the  chamber  of  the  blessed 
virgin,  and  the  Mohammedans  make  pil- 
grimages to  Mecca,  where  their  prophet 
was  buried. 

2.  In  Scripture,  the  journey  of  human  life. 
Gen.  xlvii. 

3.  Time  irksomely  spent.  Shak. 
PIL'GRIMIZE,  I',  i.  To  wander  about  as  a 

pilgrim.     [ATot  used.]  B.  Jonson. 

PILL,  n.  [L.  pila,  a  ball;  pihda,  a  little  ball ; 
VV.  pel,  a  ball ;  Ir.  pillim,  to  roll.  It  is 
probable  that  this  word  and  ball  are  of 
the  same  family.] 

1.  In  pharmacy,  a  medicine  in  the  form  of  a 
little  ball  or  small  round  mass,  to  be  swal- 
lowed whole.  Bacon. 

2.  Any  thing  nauseous.  Young. 
PILL,  V.  t.  [Fr.  pUler  ;  It.  pigliare  ;  Sp.  pU- 

tar.] 
To  rob ;  to  plunder ;  to  pillage,  that  is,  to 

peel,  to  strip.     [See   Peel,  the  same  word 

in  tlie  proper  English  orthography.] 
PILL,  V.  1.  To  be  peeled  ;   to  come  off  iji 

flakes.  Shak.    Dryden. 

2.  To  rob.     [See  Peel] 
PILL'AgE,  n.  [Fr.  from  pUler,  to  strip  or 

peel.] 

1.  Plunder;  spoil;  that  which  is  taken  from 
another  by  open  force,  particularly  and 
chiefly  from  enemies  in  war. 

2.  The  act  of  plundering. 

3.  In  architecture,  a  square  pillar  behind  a 
column  to  bear  up  the  arches.  Cyc. 

PILL'AgE,  v.  t.  To  strip  of  money  or  goods 
by  open  violence  ;  as,  troops  pillage  the 
camp  or  towns  of  an  enemy  ;  to  plunder ; 
to  spoil.  It  differs  from  stealing,  as  it  im- 
plies open  violence,  and  from  robbery, 
which  may  be  committed  by  one  individ- 
ual on  another  ;  whereas  pillaging  is  usu- 
ally the  act  of  bands  or  numbers.  To 
pillage  and  to  ro6  are  however  sometimes 
used  synonymously. 

PILL'A(iED,  pp.  Plundered  by  open  force. 

PILL'AGER,  n.  One  that  plunders  by  open 
violence;  a  plunderer. 

PILL'AGING,  ;i7)r.  Plundering;  stripping. 

PIL'LAR,  H.  [Fr.  pi/iVr;  Sp.  Port. /JiVnr;  It. 
pila  or  pilicre  ;  L.  pilii,  a  pile,  a  pillar,  a 
inortar  and  pestle.  The  L.  pila  denotes  a 
heap,  or  things  thrown,  |)ut  or  driven  to- 
gether: W.pilcr:  Ir.  pileir  ;  Sw.  pelare  ; 
Dan.  pille  ;  D.pylaar;  G.  pfeiler.] 

Literally,  a  pile  or  heap  ;  hence, 

1.  A  kind  of  irregular  column  round  an  in- 
sulate, but  deviating  from  the  proportions 
of  a  just  column.  Pillars  are  either  too 
massive  or  too  slender  for  regular  archi- 
tecture ;  they  are  not  restricted  to  any 
rules,  and  their  parts  and  proportions  are 
arbitrary.  \  square  pillar  is  a  massive 
work,  called  also  a  pier  or  piedroit,  serving 
to  su]i[)ort  arches,  iVc.  Cyc. 

2.  A  supporter;  that  wliicli  sustains  or  up- 
holds; that  on  which  some  superstructure 
rests.    Gal.  ii.  Shak. 


P  I  L 


P  I  M 


PIN 


^.  A  monument  raised  to  commemorate  any 
lierson  or  remarkable  transaction. 

And  Jacoli   set  a  pillar  on  lier  f;iave.     Ocn. 
XXXV.  2  Saiu.  xviii. 

4.  Something  resenihling  a  pillar  ;  a.s.-i/>i/- 
lar  of  salt.  Gen.  xix. 

So  a  pillar  of  a  cloud,  a  pillar  of  fire. 
Ex.  xiii. 

5.  Foundation  ;  support.  Job  i.x. 

0.  In  ships,  a  Kt|Uure  or  round  timber  fixed 
perpendicularly  under  the  middle  of  the 
beams  for  supporting  the  decks.  Cyc. 

7.  In  the  manege,  the  center  of  the  volta,  ring 
or  manege  groimd,  aroun<l  which  a  horse 
turns.  There  are  also  pdlars  on  the  cir- 
cumference or  side,  placed  at  certain  dis- 
tances by  two  and  two. 

PIL'LARED,  a.  Supported  by  pillars. 

Milton. 

2.  Having  the  form  of  a  pillar.         Thumsun. 

PILL'ER,  n.  One  that  pills  or  plunder.s. 
[Not  used.]  Chaucer. 

PILL'ERY,  n.  Plunder ;  pillage  ;  rapine. 
LVo<  in  use.\  Huloet. 

PlLldON,  n.  pil'yun.  [Ir.  pillin  ;  from  pile, 
L.  pilus,  liair,  or  from  stuffing.  See  Pil 
loiv.] 

1.  A  cushion  for  a  woman  to  ride  on  behind 
a  person  on  horseback.  .Si«n/J. 

2.  A  pad  ;  apannel;   a  low  saddle. 

Spenser. 

3.  The  pud  of  a  saddle  that  rests  on  the 
horse's  back. 

PIL'LORIED,  a.  Put  in  a  pillory. 
PIL' LORY,  II.  [Ir.  pilo7-i,  pioloir ;  Fr.  piloti  ; 
Arm.  bouilhour  ;  from  the  root  of  L.  palus, 
a  stake,  apile,  G.  pfahl.     An  den  pfnhl 
stellen,  to  put  in  the  pillory.] 
A  frame   of  wood  erected    on   po?ts,  with' 
movable  boards  and  holes,  through  which' 
are  put  the  head  and  hands  of  a  criminal; 
for  punishment. 
PIL'LORY,  V.  t.  To  punish  with  the  pillory. 
Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 
PIL'LOW,  n.  [Sax.  piU  or  pylc  ;  Ir.  pilliur  ; 
L.  pulvinar ;  from  L.  piius,  hair,  or  from| 
stutting.]  I 

1.  A  long  cushion  to  support  the  head  of  a^ 
person  when  reposing  on  a  bed  ;  a  sack! 
or  case  filled  with  fethers,  down  or  other: 
soft  material. 
'i.  In  a  ship,  the  block  on  which  the  inner 
end  of  a  bowsprit  is  supported. 

Mar.  Did. 
The  pillow  of  a  plow,  is  a  cross  piece  of  wood 
which  serves  to  raise  or  lower  the  beam. 

Cyc. 
PIL'LOW,  V.  t.  To  rest  or  lay  on  for  sup- 
port. Milton. 
PILLOW-BIER,  I       The  case  or  sack  of 
IML'LOW-CASB,  (,  "•  a  pillow  which  con 
tains  the   fethers.     Pillow-tur  is  tlie  pil- 
\o\v-beiirer. 
PIL' LOWED,  pp.  or  a.  Supported  by  a  pil 

low. 
PILLOWING,  ;);jc.  Resting  or  laying  on; 

pillow. 
PILO'SE,  }        [L.  pilosus,  from  pilus,  hair. 
PI'LOUS,  S       Hairy.     A  pilose  leaf,  in  hot 
any,  is  one   covered   witli    long    distinct 
hairs.     A  pilose  receptacle  has  hairs  be- 
tween the  florets.  Martyn. 
PILOS'ITY,  n.   [supra.]    Hairiness. 

liacon. 

PI'LOT,  n.   [Fr.  pilote  ;  It.  Sp.  Port,  piloto. 

TJie  French  word  pitoter  signifies  to  drive 


in  piles,  as  well  as  to  pilot,  and  pilotage  is  a 
piling,  |>ile-work,  a  foumlation  of  piles ; 
Arm.  pilocha,  to  drive  piles.  The  Y).  loots, 
G.  lothse,  and  Dan.  lods,  are  from  lead ; 
ttie  pilot 
throws  the  lead 

1.  One  who  steers  a  ship  in  a  dangerous 
navigation,  or  rather  one  whose  ortire  or 
occupation  is  to  steer  ships,  particularly 
along  a  coast,  or  into  and  out  of  a  harbor, 
bay  or  river,  where  navigation  is  danger 
ous. 

2.  .\  guide ;  a  director  of  the  course  of  an- 
other person.     {In  collof/uial  use.] 

PI'H)T,  V.  t.  To  direct  the  course  of  a  sliii 
in  any  place  where  navigation  is  danger- 
ous. 
PI'LOTAtiE,  n.  The  compensation  made  or 
allowed  to  one  who  directs  the  course  of 
a  ship. 
2.  The  pilot's  skill  or  knowledge  of  coasts, 
rocks,  bars  and  channels.    [jYot  now  used.] 

Raleigh. 

PI'LOT-FISH,  n.  A  fi.-sh,  a  species  of  Gas- 

terosteus,    called  also  rudder-fish,   of  an 

oblong  shape  ;  so  named  because  it  often 

ae(MiMij)anics  ships.  Encyc. 

PI'LOTING,  ppr.    Steering;  as  a  ship  in 

dangerous  navigation. 
PI'LOTINtJ,  n.  The  act  of  steering  a  ship. 
PI'LOTISW,  I       Pilotage  ;  skill  in  piloting. 
PI'LOTRY,    (  "•  [.Yot  used.] 
Pl'hOVS, a.  [L.  pilosus.  See  Pilose.]  Hairy; 
abounding  with  hair.  Robinson.] 

2.  Consisting  of  hair. 

PIL'SER,  n.  The  moth  or  fly  that  runs  into 

a  flame.  .iinsworth. 

PIM' ELITE,  71.  [Gr.  mfiAr;,  fat,  and  xcSoj, 

stone.] 
A  terrene  substance  of  an  apple  green  col- 
or, fat  and  unctuous  to  the  touch,  tender 
and  not  fusible  by  the  blowpipe.  It  is 
supposed  to  be  colored  by  nickel.  It  is  a 
varintv  of  steatite.  Did.  JVat.  Hist.  Ure. 
PI'MENT,  n 

or  honey.  Chaucer. 

PIMEN'TO,  n.  [Sp. pimienta.]  Jamaica  pep- 
per, popularly  called  allspice.  The  tree 
producing  this  spice  is  of  the  genns  Myr- 
tus,  and  grows  spontaneously  in  Jamaica 
ill  great  abundance.  Encyc. 

PIMP,  n.  A  man  who  provides  gratifications 
for  the  lust  of  others  ;  a  procurer;  a  pau-1 
der.  Addison.l 

PIMP,  I',  i.  To   pander;    to   procure  lewd 
women  for  the  gratification  of  others.         ( 
PIMPERNEL,  /      [L.  pimpinella  ;  Fr.  pim-\ 
PIM'PINEL,      ^      Vi-enelle.]  j 

The  name  of  several  plants  of  dilTerent  gen- 
era. The  scarlet  pimpernel  is  of  the  genus 
Anagallis,  the  water  pimpernel  of  the  genus 
Veronica,  ami  the  i/cllow  piiitpcrncl  of  the 
genus  Lysiniachia.  Lee. 

PIM'PILLO,   Ji.  .\  plant  of  the  genus  Cac- 
tus. 
PIMPINEL'LA,  »!.  A    genus  of  plants,  in- 
cluding the  burnct  saxifrage  and  the  an 
ise.  jEnc^c. 

PIMP'ING,  ppr.  Pandering  ;  procuring  lewd 

women  for  others. 
PIMP'ING,  a.  Little;  petty.  Skinner. 

PIM'PLE,  n.  [Sax.  pinpel ;  probably  from 

pin,  or  its  root." 
A  small  pustule  oil  the  face  or  other  part  of| 
the  body,  usually  a  red  pustule 


PIM'PLED,  a.  Having  red  pustules  on  the 
skin  ;  full  of  piinples. 

PIMP'LIKE,  a.  Like  a  pinip;   vile;  infa- 
mous ;  mean, 
then  is  the  lead-man,  he  tUal  PIN,  n.  [W.  pin,  miin  or  pen  ;  piner,piniaw, 

10  pin  ;  Ir.  pion  ;  Sw.  pimie,  whence  pinn- 
suin,  pin-swine,  the  porcupine!:  Dan.winrf, 
a  sprig ;  pindsviin,  the  porcupine  ;  I'orl. 
pino,  a  peg  ;  D.  pen,  penne,  a  /n'n  or  peg  ; 
G.  pinne,  a  pin  ;  pinsel,  a  [)encil ;  Fr.  epine, 
a  spine,  and  qu.  epingle,  a  pin  ;  L.  penna, 
pinna;  W.  pen,  a  summit;  Sax.  pinn,  a 
]>en,  and  ptnn-treuiv,  the  pine-tree.  See 
Pine,  Fin,  and  Porcupine.  This  word  de- 
notes a  sharp  point  or  end,  or  that  which 
fastens;  Hux.pinan,  pyndan.  If  the  sense 
is  a  point,  it  is  a  shoot.  From  this  is 
formed  spine,  W.  yspin.] 

\.  A  small  pointed  instrument  made  of  brass 
wire  and  headed  ;  used  chiefly  by  females 
for  lastening  their  clothes. 

2.  ."V  piece  of  wood  or  metal  sharpened  or 
pointed,  used  to  fasten  together  boards, 
plank  or  other  timber.  The  larger  pins  of 
metal  are  usually  called  boUs,  and  the 
wooden  pins  used  in  ship  building  are 
c.a.\\r\i\  treenails  [trunnels.]  A  small  wood- 
en pin  is  called  a  peg. 

3.  A  Ihing  of  little  value.  It  is  not  a  pin's 
mailer.     I  care  not  a  pin. 

j4.  A  linchpin. 

|5.  The  lentral  part.  Shak. 

jG.  A    peg   used    in   musical    instruments  in 
1     straining  and  relaxing  the  strings. 

7.  A  note  or  strain.     [I'uJgar  and  Jtot  used.] 
I  L'Estrange. 

8.  A  horny  induration  of  the  membranes  of 
I     the  eye.  Hanmer. 

9.  A  cylindrical  roller  made  of  wood. 

Corbd. 

10.  A  noxious  humor  in  a  hawk's  foot. 

Ainsworth. 

IL  The   pin  of  a  block  is  the  axis  of  the 
sheave. 
Wine  with  a  mixture  of  spice  |PIN,  v.  t.  [W.  piniain.]  To  fasten  with  a  pin 

or  with  pins  of  any  kind;  as,  to  pin   the 
clothes  ;  to  pin  boards  or  timbers. 
2.  To  fasten;  to  make  fast;  or  to  join  and 
fasten  together. 

Our  gates — we  have  but/JimieiZ  with  rushes. 

Shak. 

She  lifted  the  princess  from  the  eartli,  and  so 

locks  her  in  embracing,  as  if  she  wouM  pin  her 

to  her  he.irt.  Shak. 

■i.  To  inclose ;  to  confine.  [See  the  verbs 
Pen  and  Pound.]  Hooker. 

jPINAS'TER,  n.  [L.  See  Pine.]  The  wild 
pine. 

PIN'CASE,  n.  A  case  for  holding  pins. 

PINCERS,  an  erroneous  orthography  of 
pinchers,  which  see. 

PINCH,  r.  t.  [Fr.  pinrcr,  formerly  pinscr  ; 
Arm.  pincza  ;  Sp.  pizcar :  h.  pizzare,  piz- 
zicare.  These  are  evidently  from  the  root 
of  It.  piccare,  to  prick,  smart,  itch,  to  peck, 
to  provoke,  Sp.  Port,  picnr,  to  .sting  or 
prick,  to  peck,  to  dig,  to  bite  or  i)inch,  as 
cold.  The  root  then  is  that  of  peck,  pick, 
pike;  and  pinch  is  primarily  to  press  be- 
tween two  sharp  points,  or  to  prick. 
Hence  its  peculiar  application  to  pressure 
between  the  fingers.] 

1.  To  press  hard  or  squeeze  between  tlip 
ends  of  the  fingers,  the  teeth,  '•laws,  or 
with  an  instrument,  &c. 


PIN 


P  I  N 


PIN 


2.  To  squeeze  or  compress  between  any  two 
hard  bodies. 

3.  To  squeeze  the  flesh  till  it  is  pained  or 
livid. 

4.  To  gripe ;  to  straiten  ;  to  oppress  with 
want ;  as,  to  pinch  a  nation  ;  to  pinch  the 
belly  ;  to  be  pinched  for  want  of  food. 

5.  To  pain  by  constriction  ;  to  distress  ;  as 
pinching  cold.   The  winter  pinches. 

G.  To  press  ;  to  straiten  by  difficulties ;  as, 
the  argument  pinches  the  objector. 

The  respondent  is  pinched  with  a  strong  ob- 
jection. Watts. 
7.  To  press  hard  ;  to  try  thoroughly. 

Collier. 
PINCH,  V.  i.  To  act  with  pressing  force  ;  to 
bear    bard  ;    to   be    puzzling.     You    see 
where  the  reasons  ptncA.  Dnjden. 

9.  To  spare  ;  to  be  straitened  ;  to  be  covet- 
ous. 

The  wretch  whom  avarice  bids  to  pinch  and 

spare, 
Starve,  steal  and  pilfer  to  enrich  an  heir. 

F^ranklin. 

PINCH,   n.  A  close  compression  with  the 

ends  of  the  fingers.  Dryden. 

2.  A  gripe;  a  pang.  Shak. 

3.  Distress  inflicted  or  suffered  ;  pressure ; 
oppression  ;  as  necessity's  sharp  pinch. 

Shak. 

4.  Straits ;  difliculty ;  time  of  distress  from 
want.  Bacon. 

PINCH'BECK,n.  [said  to  be  from  the  name 

of  the  inventor.] 

An  alloy  of  copper ;  a  mixture  of  copper  and 

zink,  consisting  of  three  or  four  parts  of 

copper  with  one  of  zink.  Encyc. 

PINCH' ER,  n.  He  or  that  which  pinches. 

PINCH'ERS,  n.  plu.  [from  pinch,  not  from 

the  French  pincette.] 

An  instrument  for  drawing  nails  from  boards 

and  the  like,  or  for  griping  things  to  be 

held  fast. 

PINCH'PIST, 

PINCH'PENNY, 

PIN'eySHION,   n.    A  small   case  stuffed 

with  some  soft  material,  in  which  females 

stick  pins  for  safety  and  preservation. 

PINDAR'I€,  a.  After  the  style  and  manner 

of  Pindar. 

PINDAR'IC,  n.  An  ode  in  imitation  of  the 
odes  of  Pindar  the  Grecian,  and  prince  of 
the  lyric  poets ;  an  irregular  ode. 

Mdison. 
PIN' DUST,    n.    Small  particles  of  metal 
made  by  pointing  pins.  Digby. 

PINE,  n.  [Fr.  pin  ;  Sp.  It.  pino ;  h.  pinus 
Sax.  pinn-treow,   i)in-tree  ;  D.  pyn-hoom 
W.  pin-bren,  j)in-tiee,  and  pin-gwyz,  pin 
wood.     Tliese   words   indicate    that   this 
name  is  fronf  the  leaves  of  the  pine,  which 
resemble  pins.     But  the  Welsh   has  also 
feinid-tcyz,  from  feinid,  a  rising  to  a  point, 
from /ain,  a  cone,  and  gwyz,  wood.     The 
latter  name  is  from  the  cones.] 
A  tree  of  the  genus  Pinus,  of  many  species 
some  of  which  furnish  timber  of  the  most 
valiiablo  kind.     The  species  which  usual 
ly  bvar  tliis  name  in  tlie  United  States,  are 
the  white  pine,  Pinus  strobus,  the  ])rince  of 
our  forests;  ihc  yellow  pine,  Pinus  resino- 
sa  ;  and  the  pilch  pine,  Pinus  rigida.     The 
other  species  of  this  genus  are  calle<l  by 
other  names,  as  fir,  liemlock,  larch,  spruce, 
&c. 


PINE,  V.  i.  [Sax.  pinan,  to  pain  or  torture, 
and  to  pine  or  languish.  This  verb  in 
the  sense  of  pain,  is  found  in  the  other 
Teutonic  dialects,  but  not  in  the  sense  of 
languishing.    The  latter  sense  is  found  in 


the  Gr.  ><f  o'oo,  tttvu.     See  Ar. 


fanna, 


Class  Bn.  No.  22.  and   ^J,,s  No.  25.  and 
(lji<,No.29. 


n.  A  miser ;  a  niggard, 


To  languish;  to  lose  flesh  or  wear  away 
under  any  distress  or  anxiety  of  mind  ;  to 
grow  lean  ;  followed  sometimes  by  away. 
Ye  shall  not  mourn  nor  weep,  but  ye  shall 
pine  aiimy  lor  your  iniquities.  Ezek.  xxiv. 
To  languish  with  desire;  to  waste  away 
with  longing  for  something;  usually  fol- 
lowed hy  for. 

Unknowing  that  she  pin'd/or  your  return. 

Dryden. 
PINE,  V.  t.   To  wear  out ;  to  make  to  lan- 
guish. 
VVTiere  shivering  cold  and  sickness  pines  the 
clime.  Shak. 

Beroe  pined  with  pain.  Dryden. 

2.  To  grieve  for  ;  to  bemoan  in  silence. 
Abashed  the  devil  stood — 
Virtue  in  her  own  shape  how  lovely,  saw, 
And  pined  his  loss.  Jifdton. 

[In  the   transitive   sense,  this  verb   is  now 
seldom   used,   and  this  use  is   improper, 
except  by  ellipsis.] 
PINE,  )!.  [Sax.  pin,  D.  pyn,  pain;  Gr.  mv- 
ojuai,  «oi'o;.]      Woe;  want;  penury;   mis- 
ery. Sjienser. 
[This  is  obsolete.     See  Pain.] 
PIN'EAL,  a.  [Fr.  pinealc,  from  L.  pinus.] 
The  pineal  gland   is   a  part   of  the    brain, 
about  the  bigness  of  a  pea,  situated  in  the 
third  ventricle  ;  so  called   from  its  shapi 
It  was  considered  by   Descartes  as   the 
seat  of  the  soul. 
PINE- APPLE,  n.  The  ananas,  a  species  of 
Bromelia,  so  called  from  its  resemblance 
to  the  cone  of  the  pine  tree. 

Miller.     Locke. 
PI'NEFUL,  a.  Full  of  woe.     [.Vol  used.] 

Hall. 

PI'NERY,  n.   A  place  where  pine-apples; 

are  raised.  Todd. 

PIN'-FETHER.  n.  A  small  or  short  fether. 

PIN'-FETHERED,  o.  Having  the  feihers 

only  beginning  to  shoot ;  not  fully  fledged. 

Dryden. 
PIN'FOLD,  n.  [pin  or  pen  and /oW;  Dan. 

pindan,  Eng.  to  pound,] 
A  place  in  which  beasts  are  confined.     We 

now  call  it  a  pound. 
PIN'GLE,  n.  A  small  close.     [M'ol  used.] 

Ainsworlh. 
PIN'GUID,  a.  [h.pinguis  ;  Gr.  .-ta;i^s, com- 
pact, L.  pactus,  Eng.  pack.] 
Fat;  unctuous.     [JVot  u.sed.]  Mortimer. 

PIN'HOLE,  Jt.  A  small  hole  made  by  the 
puncture  or  perforation  of  a  pin  ;  a  very 
small  aperture.  H'iseman. 

Vl'NlNG, ppr.  Languishing;  wasting  away. 
PINION,  n.  pin'yon.  [Fr.  pignon,  the  cope 
of  the  ridge  of  a  house ;  Norm.  id.  a  pen  ; 
Sp.  pihon,  pinion ;  from   Celtic  pen,  top, 
summit.] 

1.  The  joint  of  a  fowl's  wing,  remotest  from 
the  body. 

2.  A  fether  ;  a  quill.  Shak. 


A  wing. 
Hope  humbly  then,    on   trembling  pinion! 
soar.  Pope. 

The  tooth  of  a  smaller  wheel,  answering 
to  that  of  a  larger. 
Fetters  or  bands  for  the  arms. 

JKnsworth. 
PINION,  i".  (.  pin'yon.  To  bind  or  conline 
the  wings.  Bacon. 

To  confine  by  binding  the  wings. 

3.  To  cut  off  the  first  joint  of  the  wing. 

4.  To  bind  or  confine  the  arm  or  arms  to 
the  body.  Dryden. 

5.  To  confine  ;  to  shackle  ;  to  chain  :  as,  to 
be  pinioned  by  formal  rules  of  state. 

J^orris. 

6.  To  bind ;  to  fasten  to.  Pope. 
PINIONED,   pp.   Confined  by  the  wings: 

shackled. 

2.  a.  Furnished  with  wings.  Dryden. 

PIN'IONIST,  n.  A  winged  animal ;  a  fowl. 
[JVot  used.]  Broion. 

PINIRO'LO,  n.  A  bird  resembling  the 
sandpiper,  but  larger  ;  found  in  Italy. 

Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

PIN'ITE,  n.  [from  Pint,  a  mine  in  Saxony.] 

A  mineral  holding  a  middle  place  ijetwcen 
steatite  and  mica  ;  the  inicaiel  of  Kirwan. 
It  is  found  in  prismatic  crystals  of  a  green- 
ish white  color,  brown  or  deep  led.  It 
occurs  also  massive.  Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

PINK,  n.  [In  Welsh,  pine  signifies  sinart. 
fine,  gay,  and  a  finch,  and  pincinw,  to 
sprig.  This  is  by  Owen  formed  froniDtit, 
a  pen  or  pin.  But  in  Portuguese,  picar, 
to  sting,  to  prick,  to  peck,  to  nip,  to  pinch, 
to  dig,  to  spur,  and /n'carfo,  pricked,  ^inAerf, 
as  cloth,  are  from  the  root  of  peck,  pick, 
pico,  beak,  pike,  Sp.  picar.  It.  piccare.  The 
latter  would,  with  n  casual,  give  pink,  a 
little  eye  or  perforation,  and  the  sense  of 
pink,  in  pink-sterned.  The  Welsh  gives 
pink,  a  flower.] 

1.  An  eye,  or  a  small  eye  ;  but  now  disused 
except  in  composition,  as  in  pink-eyed, 
pink-eye.  Shak. 

2.  A  plant  and  flower  of  the  genus  Dian- 
thus,  common  in  our  gardens. 

3.  A  color  used  by  painters  ;  from  the  color 
of  the  flower.  Dryden. 

4.  Any  thing  supremely  excellent. 

5.  A  ship  with  a  very  narrow  stern.  [Fr. 
pinqite,  D.  pink,  that  is,  piked,  n  being 
casual ;  hence  pink-sterned.] 

6.  A  fish,  the  minnow.  Ainsicorlh. 
PINK,   r.  t.   To  work  in  eyelet-holes ;    to 

pierce  with  small  boles.        Carew.     Prior. 

2.  To  stab ;  to  ])ierce.  Addison. 

PINK,  V.  i.  [D.  pinken.]  To  wink.  [JVot 
used.]  L'Estrange. 

PINK-EYED,  a.  Having  small  eyes. 

Holland. 

PINK-NEEDLE,  n.  A  shepherd's  bodkin. 

Sherwood. 

PINK-STERNED,  a.  Having  a  very  nar- 
row stern  ;  as  a  ship.  Mar.  Did. 

PIN'-MAKER,  n.  One  whose  occupation 
is  to  make  pins. 

PIN'-Mt')NEY,  n.  A  sum  of  money  allowed 
or  settled  on  a  wife  for  her  private  ex- 
penses. Addison. 

PIN'N.ACE,  n.  [Sp.  pinaza  ;  Fr.  pinasse  ; 
Port,  pinafa.] 

A  small  vessel  navigated  with  oars  and  sails, 
and   having  generally  two  masts  rigged 


P  1  o 

like   those    of  a  scbooner;  also,   a 
usually  rowed  with  eight  ours. 


boat 


Mar.  Did. 

IMN'NACLE,  n.  [Fr.pinacle;  It.  pinacolo  ; 
W.  jjinygyl,  Irom  Celtic  pen,  suiuiuit,  L. 
piiina.] 
1.  A  turret,   or  part   of  a  building  elevated 
above  tlio  tiiaiu  building. 
Some  metropolis 
Witli  elisteriiiK  spires  and  pinnacles  adorn  d. 
°  Milton. 

Cowley. 


a.  A  high  spiring  point  ;  summit. 
PINNACLE,     V.  t.     To   build   or  furnish 
with  pinnacles.  ff'arion. 

PIN'NA€LED,  pp.  Furnished  with  pinna 

PIN'NAgE,  n.   Poundage  of  cattle.     [JVot 

used.]     [See  Pound.] 
PIN'NATE,     )       [L.  pinnatus,  from  pinna, 
PIN'NATED,  S  "'  "  tetlier  or  fin.] 
In  botany,  a  pinnate  leaf  is  a  species  of  com 
pound   leaf  wherein  a  simple  i)etiole  has 
several  leallets  attached  to  each  side  of  it. 

Martyn. 

PIN'NATIFID,  o.  [L.  pnnia,  n  fcther,  and 
findo,  to  cleave.] 

In  botany,  fetlier-cleft.  A  pinnalijid  leaf  is 
a  species  of  simple  lt;af,  divided  trans- 
versely by  oblong  horizontal  segments  or 
jags,  not  extending  to  the  mid  rib. 

Martyn. 

PIN'NATIPED,  a.  [L.  pinna  and  pes,  foot.] 
Fiu-footed  ;  having  tlie  toes  bordered  by 
membranes.  Latham. 

FIN'NED,  pp.  Fastened  with  pins ;  confin- 
ed. 

PIN'NER,  n.  One  that  pins  or  fastens; 
also,  a  pounder  of  cattle,  or  the  pound- 
keeper. 

2.  A  pin-maker. 

3.  The  lappet  of  a  head  which  flies  loose. 

Gay. 
PIN'NITE,  n.  Fossil  remains  of  the  Pinna, 

a  genus  of  shells.  Jameson. 

PIN'NOCK,  n.  A  small  bird,  the  tomtit. 

.'linsworlh. 
PIN'NULATE,  a.  A  pinnulatc  leaf  is  one 

in  which  each  pinna  is  subdivided. 

Martyn. 
PINT,  n.  [D.  pint  ;  Fr.  pinte ;  $p.  pinta.] 
Half  a  quart,  or  four    gills.     In    medicine, 

tw(dve  ounces.      It  is  applied  both  to  ii 

quid  and  dry  measure. 
PIN'TLE,    ?!.  A   little  pin.     In  artillery,  a 

long  iron  bolt. 
PIN'L'LES,  71.  plu.  In  asdonomy,  the  sightsj 

of  an  astrolabe.  Did., 

PIONEER,    n.     [Fr.  pionnier.    contracteil 

I'rom  piochnitr,  from  pioche,  a  pickax  ;  pio- 

cher,  to  dig,  that  is,  to  peck,  W.  pigaiv,  Sp. 

Port,  picar.     The  Italians  use  guaslatore, 

Sp.   gastador,   from  guastare,   gaslar,    to 

waste,  to  wear  away.     The  Germans  use 

schanxgrahcr,   D.  schansgraaver,   a  trench 

digger.] 

1.  In  the  art  and  practice  of  ivar,  one  whose 
business  is  to  march  with  or  before  ani 
army,  to  repair  the  road  or  clear  it  of  ob-! 
struolions,  work  at  intrenchments,  or  form 
mines  for  destroying  an  enemy's  works. 

J3aco7i. 

2.  One  that  goes  before  to  remove  obstruc- 
tions or  prepare  the  way  for  another. 

PI'ONING,  n.  The  work  of  pioneers.  [J\i"ot 
used.]  Spenser. 


PIP 

PI'ONY,   ?        [Sax.  pionie,  from  L.  pceonia  ; 

PEONY,  J  "■  Or.  jiaiuHa,  irom  ftatui/,  Apol- 
lo, a  physician,  and  a  hymn.] 

All  herbaceous  perennial  plant  of  the  genus 
PtBonia,  with  tuberous  roots,  and  bearing 
large  beautiful  red  flowers.  Encyc. 

IM'OlJS,    n.    IL.  pins;    Fr.    pieitx ;  Sp.  It. 
Port.  pio.     In  Sp.  and  It.  the  word  signi 
fies  not  only  pious,  but  niild  and  compas 
siouate,  and  pity  aud  piety  are  expressed 
by  one  and  the  same  word.     Sec  Pity.] 
Goilly  ;    reverencing   and    honoring   the 
Supreme  bomg  in  heart  and  in  the  iirac 
ticc  of  the  duties  he  has  enjoined;  having 
due  veneration  and  affection  for  the  char- 


acter of  God,  and   habitually  obeying  his 
connnands;  religious;  devoted  to  the  ser- 
vice of  God  ;  applied  to  persons. 
2.  Dictated  by  reverence  to  God  ;  proceed- 
ing from  piety  ;  applied  to  things ;  as  pioiis 
awe  ;  pious   services  or   affections  ;  pious 
sorrow. 
;}.  Having  due  respect  and  affection  for  pa 
rents   or   other  relatives  ;  practicing   the 
duties  of  respect   and    affection   towards 
I)arents  or  other  near  relatives. 

Taylor.  Pope. 
Practiced  under  the  pretense  of  religion  ; 
as  pious  frauds. 
PI'OLi'SLY,  adv.  In  a  pious  manner;  with 
reverence  and  affection  for  God  ;  relig- 
iously ;  with  due  regard  to  sacred  things 
or  to  the  duties  God  has  enjoined. 

Hammond 
2.  With  due  regard  to  natural  or  civil   rela- 
tions and  to  the  duties  which  spring  from 
them.  Addison. 

PIP,  n.  \p.  pip  ;    Fr.  pepie.]     A  disease  of 
fowls;  a  horny  pellicle  that  grows  on  the 
tip  of  their  tongue.      Johnson.     Hudibras. 
2.  .\  spot  on  cards.  Addison. 

PIP,  1'.  J.  [L.  pipio  ;  'W.pipian  ;  Dan.  piper.] 
To  cry  or  chirp,  as  a   chicken;  connnonly 
pronounced  ;jfe/).  Boyle. 

PIPE,  ji.  [Sax.  yJijpe;  W.pib;  Ir.  pib,  piob  ; 
Sw.  pip,  pipa  ;  U-pyp  :  G.  pfeife,  whence 
Eng._^e  ;  Dan.  pibe  ;  Port.  It.  Sp.  pipa  ; 
Fr.  pipe  ;  Arm.  pip  or  pimp.] 

1.  A  wind  instrument  of  music,  consisting 
of  a  long  tube  of  wood  or  metal ;  as  a 
rural  pipe.  The  word,  I  believe,  is  not 
now  the  proper  technical  name  of  any 
particular  instrument,  but  is  applicable  to 
any  tubular  wind  instrument,  and  it  oc- 
ciu's  in  bagpipe. 

2.  A  long  tube  or  hollow  body ;  applied  to 
the  veins  aud  arteries  of  tlic  body,  and  to 
many  hollow  bodies,  particularly  such  as 
are  used  for  conductors  of  water  or  other 
fluid 

3.  A  tube  of  clay  with  a  bowl  at  one  end ; 
used  in  smoking  tobacco 


p  I  a 

PIPE,  I'.  J.  To  play  on  a  pipe,  fife,  flute  oi 
other  tubular  wind  instrument  of  music. 

Dryden.     Stcifl. 
WehAve  piped  to  you,  aoJ  ye  have  not  danc- 
ed.   Matt.  xi. 
2.  To  have  a  shrill  sound ;  to  whistle. 

Shak. 
PIPE,  I'.  I.  To  play  on  a  wind  instrument. 

I  Cor.  xiv. 
PI'PED,  a.  Formed  with  a  tube  ;  tubular. 

Kncyc. 

PIPE-FISH,  H.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Syn- 

guathus.  Encyc. 

Pl'PEK,  n.  One  who  plays  on   a  pipe  or 

wind  instrument. 


4.  The  organs  of  voice  and  respiration ;  as 


in  irindpipe.  Peacham. 

5.  The  key  or  sound  of  the  voice.  Shak. 

6.  In  England,  a  roll  in  the  exchequer,  or 
the  exchequer  itself.  Hence,  pipe-nffwe  is 
an  office  in  which  the  clerk  of  the  pipe 
makes  out  leases  of  crown  lands,  accounts 
of  sheriffs,  &c. 

A  cask  containing  two  hogsheads  or  120 
gallons,  used  for  wine  ;  or  the  quantity 
which  it  contains. 

In  mining,  a  pipe  is  where  the  ore  runs 
fbrwarrl  endwise  in  a  hole,  and  does  not 
sink  downwards  or  in  a  vein.  Encyc. 


PIP'EKIDtiE,  n.  A  shrub,  the  berberis,  or 

barberry.  Earn,  of  Plants. 

The  jriperidge  of  New  England  is  the 

nyssa  vitlosa,  a  large  tree  with  very  tough 

wood. 

PIP'EKIN,  n.  A  concretion  of  volcanic 
ashes.  De  Costa.     Kirwan. 

2.  A  peculiar  crystaline  substance  extracted 
from  black  pepper.  The  crystals  of  pipe- 
rin  are  transparent,  of  a  straw  color,  aud 
they  assume  the  tetrahedral  prismatic 
form  with  oblique  summits.         Carpenter. 

PII'E-TKEE,  n.  The  lilac. 

I'I'PING,  ppr.  Playing  on  a  pipe. 

2.  a.  Weak  ;  feeble  ;  sickly.  [Vulgar  and 
not  in  use  in  America.] 

.3.  Very  hot ;  boiling ;  from  the  sound  of 
boiling  fluids.     [Used  in  vulgar  language.] 

PIPIS'TREL,  n.  A  speeies  of  bat,  the  small- 
est of  the  kiud. 

PIP'KIN,  n.  [dim.  of  pipe]  A  small 
earthen  boiler.  Pope. 

PIPPIN,  n.  [D.  pippeling.]  A  kind  of  ap- 
ple;  a  tart  apple.  This  name  in  America 
is  given  to  several  kinds  of  apples,  as  to 
the  Newtown  pippin,  an  excellent  winter 
apple,  and  the  suunncr  pippin,  a  large 
apple,  but  more  perishable  than  the  New- 
town pi|)pin. 
PIQUANCY,  n.  pik'nncy.  [infra.]  Sharp- 
ness ;  pungency  ;  tartness  ;  severity. 

Barroio. 
PIQUANT,  a.  pik'ant.    [Fr.  from  piquer,  to 
prick  or  sting.  It.  piccare,  Sp.  Port,  picar, 
from  the  root  oC pike,  peak.] 

1.  Pricking  ;  stimulating  to  the  tongue  ; 
as  rock  vrnpiijuant  to  the  tongue  as  salt. 

Addison. 

2.  Sharp  ;  tart ;  pungent ;  severe ;  as  pi(j- 
unnt  railleries.  Gor.  of  the  Tongue. 

PIQUANTLY,  adv.  pikantly.  With  sharp- 
ness or  pungency  ;  tartly.  Locke. 
PIQUE,  n.  peek.  [Fr.  S"ee  Piqitani.]  An 
offense  taken;  usually,  slight  anger,  irrita- 
tion or  displeasure  at  persons,  railur  ti'Ui- 
porary  than  permanent,  .and  di?tingui>lH  d 
either  in  degree  or  toiiiporarincss  from 
settled  enmity  or  malevolence. 

Out  of  personal  pique  to  tliosc  in  service,  he 

stands  as  a  looker  on,  when  the  government  i^s 

attacked.  Addison. 

2.  A  strong  passion.  Hudibras. 

■i.  Point ;  nicety  ;  punctilio. 

Add  long  prescription  of  established  laws. 
And  pique  of  honor  to  maintain  a  cause. 

Drydfn . 


PIQUE,  V.  t.  peek.  [Fr.  piquer.  See  Piq- 
uant.] 

1.  To  offend ;  to  nettle  ;  to  irritate;  to  sting  : 
to  fret;  to  excite  a  degree  of  anger.  It 
expresses  less  than  exasperate. 


P  I  R 


PIS 


PIS 


2. 


3, 


Ihc  lady  vras piqued  by  her  iniliflerence. 

Female  Quixote 
To  stimulate ;  to  excite  to  action  ;  to 
touch  with  envy,  jealousy  or  other  passion. 
Piqu'd  by  Protogenes'  fame, 
From  Co  to  Rhodes  Apelles  came —  Prior 
With  the  reciprocal  pronoun,  to  pride  or 
value  one's  self. 

Men  pique  themselves  on  their  skill  in  the 
the  learned  languages.  Locke 

PiQIJED,  pp.  pee'ked.  Irritated  ;  nettled  ; 
(jflended ;  excited. 

PIQIJEKR.     [See  Pickeer.] 

I'lQL'EE'RER,    n.  A     plunderer;  a  free 
hooter.     [See  Pickeerer.]  Steijl. 

PIQUET.     [See  Picket] 

PKiUET,  71.  piktt'.  [Fr.]  A  game  at  cards 
played  between  two  persons,  with  only 
thirty  two  cards ;  all  the  deuces,  threes, 
fours,  fives  and  sixes  being  set  aside. 

Encyc. 

ViQ,VllSG,  ppr.pee'king.  Irritating;  oflend- 
ing;  priding. 

PrRACY,  n.  [Fr.  piraterie ;  L.  piratica 
from  Gr.  rtfiparsto,  from  itnpaw,  to  attempt 
to  dare,  to  enterprise,  whence  I,,  periculum 
experior.  The  primary  sense  of  the  root 
is  to  run,  rush  or  drive  forward  ;  allied  to 
Sax./araji,  Eng.  to  fare    Class  Br.] 

1.  The  act,  practice  or  crime  of  robbing  on 
the  high  seas  ;  the  taking  of  property  from 
others  by  open  violence  and  without  au 
thority,on  thesea ;  a  crime  that  answers 
to  robbery  on  land.        fValler.     Arbuthnot. 

Other  acts  than  robbery  on  the  high 
seas,  are  declared  by  statute  to  be  piracy. 
See  Act  of  Congress,  April  30,  ]7i)0. 

2.  The  robbing  of  another  by  taking  his 
writings. 

PI'RATE,  ?i.  [It.  pirato;  L.Sp.pirata;  G 
rttiparjjt,  from  rtttpou.     See  Piracy.     For- 
merly this  word  signified  a  ship  or  sea 
soldier,  answering  to  the  marine  of  the 
present  day.] 

1.  A  robber  on  the  high  seas;  one  that  by 
open  violence  takes  the  property  of  an 
other  on  tlie  high  seas.  In  strictness,  tlie 
word  pirate  is  one  who  makes  it  his  busi- 
ness to  cruise  for  robbery  or  plunder ;  a 
freebooter  on  the  seas. 

2.  An  armed  ship  or  vessel  which  sails  with 
out  a  legal  conunission.  for  the  purpose  of 
plundering  other  vessels  iudiscrin)inately 
on  the  high  seas. 

3.  A  bookseller  that  seizes  the  copies  or 
writings  of  other  men  without  permission. 

Johnson. 
PI'RATE,  V.  I.  To  rob  on  the  high  seas. 

Jlrbuthnot. 
I'I'RATE,  ('.  t.  To  take  by  theft  or  without 

right  or  permission,  as  books  or  writings. 
Tlicy  advertised  Ihiy  would  pirate  his  edi- 
tion. Pope. 
Pi' RXTEn,  pp.  Taken  by  theft  or  without 

right. 
J'l'llATlNG,    ppr.     Robbing  on   the   Ingli 

seas;  taking  without  right,  as  a  book  or 

writing. 
2.  a.  Undertaken  for  the  sake  of  piracy  ;   as 

a  jnmllnir  expedition.  Milford. 

PIUATK'AL,    a.    [\..  ■piralicvs.]     Robbing 

or  plundering  by   ojicn  violence   on   the 

high  .'^eas;  as  a  piralical   conunander  or 

ship. 
2.    Consisting   in    piracy;   predatory;   rob 

hing  ;  as  a  piralical  \\-m\i-  or  occupation. 


Practicing  literary  theft. 

The  errors  of  the   press   were  multiplied  by 
piratical  printers.  Pope. 

PIRATICALLY,  adv.  By  piracy.     Bryant. 

PIROGUE,  J  Spiro'ge,     [Sp.    piragua. 

PIRAGUA,  S  "•  Ipirau'gtia.  This  word  is 
variously  written,  periagua  or  pirogue.] 
The  former  is  the  spelling  of  Washington 
and   Jefferson;  the  latter  of  Charlevoix] 

1.  A  canoe  formed  out  of  the  trunk  of  a  tree, 
or  two  canoes  united.  Charlevoix. 

2.  In  modern  usage  in  America,  a  narrow 
ferry  boat  carrying  two  masts  and  a  lee- 
board. 

PIR'RY,  n.  A  rough  gale  of  wind;  a  storm. 
[J^ot  used.]  Elyol. 

PIS'C.VRY,  n.  [It.  pescheria,  from  pescare, 
to  fish,  Sp.  pescar ;  Fr.  pecherie,  from  pe- 
cher,  to  fish  ;  L.  piscis,  afish  \piscor,  to  fish.] 

In  laiv,  the  right  or  privilege  of  fishing  in  an- 
other man's  waters.  Blackslove. 

PISCA'TION,  n.  [h.  piscatio.  See  Piscary 
and  Fish.]     The  act  or  practice  of  fishing 

Blown 

PIS'€ATORY,  a.  [h.piscalorius.]  Relating 
to  fishes  or  to  fishing ;  as  a  piscatory  ec- 
logue. Addison 

PIS'CES,  71.  plu.  [L.  piscis.]  In  astronomy. 
the  Fishes,  the  twelfth  sign  or  con-,tella- 
tion  in  the  zodiac. 

PIS'CINE,  a.  [L.  piscis,  a  fish.]  Pertaining 
to  fish  or  fishes  ;  as  piscine  remains. 

Kirwan. 

PISCIV'OROUS,  a.  [L.  piscis,  a  fish,  and 
voro,  to  eat.] 

Feeding  or  subsisting  on  fishes.  Many  spe- 
cies of  aquatic  fowls  are  piscivorous. 

PISH,  exclam.  [perhaps  the  oriental  t;n3  or 
nn.  Class  Bs.  No.  2.  3.] 

A  word  expressing  contempt ;  sometimes 
spoken  and  written  pshaw. 

PISH,  V.  i.  To  express  contempt.  Pope. 

PIS'IFORM,  a.  [L.;«sit»H,  apea.and /onnn, 
form.]     Having  the  form  of  a  pea. 
Masses  o{ pisiform  argillaceous  iron  ore. 

Kirwan. 

PIS'MIRE,  71.  [The  last  syllable  is  the  Sw. 
myra,  Dan.  myre,  D.  mier,  an  ant ;  Sax. 
myra,  tender.  I  know  not  the  origin  or 
meaning  of  the  first  syllable.]  The  insect 
called  the  ant  or  emmet. 

Prior..    Mortimer. 

PIS'OLITE,  n.  [Gr.  /tiao^,  a  pea,  and  'Atfio;, 
a  stone.] 

Peastone,  a  carbonate  of  hme,  slightly  color- 
ed by  the  oxyd  of  iron.  It  occurs  in  little 
globular  concretions  of  the  size  of  a  pea 
or  larger,  which  usually  contain  each  a 
grain  of  sand  as  a  nucleus.  These  con 
cretions  in  union  sometimes  compose  en- 
tire beds  of  secondary  mountains.  It  is 
sometimes  called  calcarious  tufa. 

Did.  JVal.  Hist.     Cleaveland. 

PIS'OPIIALT,  71.  Pea-mineral  or  n)ineral- 
pea  ;  a  soft  bitumen,  black  and  of  a  strong 
pungent  smell.  It  appears  to  be  petrol 
passing  to  asphalt.  It  holds  a  middle 
place  between  petrol,  which  is  liquid, 
and  asphalt,  which  is  dry  and  brittle. 

Did.  AU.  Hist. 

PISS,  11./.  [D.  G.  pissen  ;  Dau.  pisser :  Sw. 

pissa;    Fr.  pisser ;    W.  pisaw ;    Basque, 


pisye  ;  \t.pisciare;  Pers.     A 


J^ 


pishar 


urine.  Class  Br.  No.  CI.  09.] 


To  discharge  the  liquor  secreted  by  the  kid- 
neys and  lodged  in  the  urinary  bladder. 

PISS,  n.  Urine ;  the  liquor  secreted  by  the 
kidneys  into  the  bladder  of  an  animal  and 
discharged  through  the  proper  channel. 

PISS'ABED,  71.  The  vulgar  name  of  a  yel- 
low flower,  growing  among  grass. 

PIS'SASPHALT,  n.  [Gr.  rtw»a,  pitch,  and 
ooijxixros,  asphalt :  Sp.  pisasfatto.] 

Earth-pitch  ;  pitch  mi.xed  with  bitumen, 
natural  or  artificial  ;  a  fluid  opake  mineral 
substance,  thick  and  inflammable,  but 
leaving  a  residuum  afterburning.     Encyc. 

PISS'BURNT,  a.  Stained  with  urine. 

iPIST,     )  ^    [Fr.  piste,  from  Sp.  Port,  pisla, 

PISTE,  ^  ■  from  Sp.  pistar,  to  beat,  or  piso- 
nar,  to  ram  or  drive.] 

jThe  track  or  foot-print  of  a  horseman  on  the 
ground  he  goes  over.  Johnson. 

PISTACHIO,  n.  [Fr.  pistache ;  It.  pistac- 
chio ;    L.    pistachia ;    Gr.   7ti;axta ;    Pers. 

<j  J    (J  J  5    ^  (J  y 

t_itxM>i;  Ar.  i_JiA*».i.] 

The  nut  of  the  Pi^tacia  terehinlhus  or  ttu"- 
pentine  tree,  containing  a  kernel  of  a  jmle 
greenish  color,  of  a  pleasant  taste,  resem- 
bling that  of  the  almoml,  and  yielding  n 
well  tasted  oil.  It  is  wholesome  anrl  nu- 
tritive. The  tree  grows  in  Syria,  Arabia 
and  Persia.  Encyc. 

PIS'TAf  ITE,  ?    re       r    j  .  t 

PIS T AZITe!  \   [^'^'^  Epidote.] 

I'lSTAl.EE'N,  71.  A  siher  coin  of  the  value 
of  17  or  18  ccnt.s,  or  9d.  sterling. 

PIS'TIL,  )(.  [L./!S/r7fom,a  pe-stle.]  In  tof- 
any,  the  pointal,  an  organ  of  female  flow- 
ers adhering  to  the  fruit  for  the  reception 
of  the  pollen,  supposed  to  be  a  continua- 
tion of  the  i)ilh,  and  when  perfect,  con- 
sisting of  three  parts,  the  germ  or  ovarj'. 
the  style,  and  the  stigma.  Marlyn. 

PISTILLA  CEOUS,  a.  Growing  on  the 
germ  or  seed  bud  of  a  flower.  Barlmx. 

PIS'TILL.VTE,  a.  Having  or  consisting  in 
a  pistil. 

PISTILLA'TION,  n.  [L.pistiUum,  a  pestle, 
that  is,  a  beater  or  driver.]  The  act  of 
pounding  in  a  mortar.     [Little  used.] 

PISTILLIF'EROUS,  a.  [pistil  and  L.  fero, 
to  bear.] 

Having  a  pistil  without  stamens ;  as  a  female 
flower. 

PIS'TOL,  7!.  [Fr.  pistole,  pistold ;  It.  Sp. 
pistola,  a  pistol.  This  word,  like  piston 
and  pestle,  signifies  a  driver,  or  a  canal 
or  spout,  from  the  same  root.     Class  Bs.] 

A  small  fire-arm,  or  the  smallest  fire-arm 
used,  differing  from  a  musket  chiefly  in 
size.  Pistols  are  of  diflerent  length.s,  and 
borne  by  horsemen  in  cases  at  the  saddle 
bow,  or  by  a  girdle.  Small  jiistols  are 
carried  in  the  pocket. 

PIS'TOL,  J',  t.  [Fr.  pistoler.]  To  shoot  with 
a  pistol. 

PISTOLE,  71.  [Fr.]  A  gold  coin  of  Spain, 
but  current  in  the  neighboring  countries. 

PIS'TOLET,  71.  [Fr.]  A  little  pistol. 

PIS'TON,  71.  [Fr.  Sp.  pis/o)i,  from  the  root 
of  ^p.  pisar,  pistar,  h.  pinso,  the  primary 
sense  of  which  is  to  press,  send,  drive, 
thriist   or   strike,  like  embolus,   from  Gr. 

A  short  cylinder  of  metal  or  other  solid  sub- 
stance, used  in  pumps  and  other   engines 
i     or  machines  for  various   purposes.     It  is 


PIT 


fitted  exactly  to  tlin  hore  of  another  body 
so  as  to  prevent  llje  oinratice  or  escape  of 
air,  and  i.s  usually  applied  to  tlie  purpose 
of  forcing  koiik;  fluid  into  or  out  of  the  ca- 
nal or  tuhe  which  it  fills,  as  in  pumps. 
fire-t'njL;infs  and  the  like. 
PIT,  n.  [isnx.  jiit  i>r  pi/t ;  1).  pul ;  W.  jnid; 
Ir.  pit;  \ ..  jiuleun  ;  .'•ans.  put,  pultu :  W. 
pydniv,  a  well  or  spriiiff,  an  oozing  fluid 
£t  is  uncertain  wliether  this  word  original- 
ly sigiufied  a  hollow  place  i\up  in  the  earth, 
or  a  natural  spnng  of  water  and  itsbas<in 


PIT 


P  I  T 


See  Ar.   laxj  to    spring,  and  Class  Bd. 

No.  58.  50.  G;{.] 

1.  An  artificial  cavity  made  in  the  earth  by 
digging  ;  a  deep  hole  in  the  earth. 

Bacon.     Slink. 

2.  A  deep  place  ;  an  abyss;  i)rofundity. 

/iito  what  pit  thou  seest 
From  what  hclghl  lallen.  Milton. 

3.  The  grave.     I's.  xxviii.  and  xxx. 

4.  The  area  for  cock-figliting ;  whence  the 
phrase,  v.JI;/  the  pit.        Locke,     lludilnas. 

5.  '1  he  middle  part  of  a  theater.  Dryd 
C.  The  hollow  of  the  body  at  the  stomach. 

We  say,  the  pit  of  the  stomach. 

7.  The  cavity  under  the  shoulder  ;  as  the 
arm-pit. 

8.  A  dint  inaile  by  impression  on  a  soft  sub 
stance,  as  by  the  finger,  &c. 

9.  A  little  hollow  iii  the  flesh,  made  bv  a 
pustule,  as  in  the  sninll  pocks. 

10.  A  hollow  place  in  the  earth  excavated 
for  catching  wild  beasts;  hence  in  Scrip 
ture,  whatever  ensnares  and  brings  into 
calamity  or  misery,  from  which  it  is  difli- 
ciilt  to  escape.  I's.  vii.  Prov.  xxii.  and 
xxiii. 

11.  Great  distress  and  misery,  temporal, 
spiritual  or  eternal.     Is.  xxxviii.     Ps.  xl 

12.  Hell ;  as  the  bottomless  pit.     Rev.  xx. 
PIT,  V.  t.  To  indent ;  to  press  into  hollows. 

2.  To  mark  with  little  hollows,  as  by  vario- 
lous pustules ;  as  the  face  pitted  by  the  small 
pocks. 

3.  To  set  in  competition,  as  in  combat. 

Federalist,  Madison 
PITAHA'YA,    n.     A   shrub   of  California, 
which  yields  a  delicious  fruit,  the   Cactus 
Pttaja>/a.  Enci/c 

PIT'APAT,  adv.   [probably  allied  to  beat.] 
In  a  flutter;  with  palpitation  or  quick  suc- 
cession of  beat.-^ 
pat. 

PIT'APAT,  n.  A  light  quickstep. 

Now    I    hear  the  pitapat   of  a  pretty   foot, 
tlirough  the  dark  .illey.  Drydcn 

PITCH,  n.  [iiax.pic;  D.pik  ;  G.pech;f^w. 
beck  ;  Dan.  icg-  or  beeg ;  Ir.  pic  or  pccli  ■ 
W.  pt/^;  Sp.  pez;  It.  pece  ;  Ii.  poix :  L. 
piT  ;  Gi^.  niana.  or  Xitra;  most  pnjliably 
iiauicd  from  its  thickness  or  inspissatioi'i, 
from  the  root  of  n,jyu,  «»;yviw.  nraau,  L. 
fgo.  See  Class  Bg.  No.  2;{.  'M.  3:3. '(>(].] 

I.  A  thick  tenacious  substance,  the  juice  of  a 
species  of  pine  or  fir  called  abics  picea, 
obtained  by  incision  from  the  bark  of 
tree.  When  melted  and  pressed  in  li.i-r.s 
of  clotli,  ii  is  received  into  bands.  Tins 
is  white  or  Burgmuly  pitch  ;  by  mixtiue 
with  lamiiblack  it  is"con\ertcd  into  Itlack 
pitch.  W  hen  kept  long  in  fiision  with  vin- 
egar, it  becomes  diy  and  brown,  and  tonus 

Vol.  Jl. 


I    colophony.    The  smoke  of  pitch  condensed' 
[     forms  lamj)black.  Fourcroui 

2.  The  resin  of  pine,  or  turpentine,  inspissa-j 
ted  ;  used  in  calking  ships  and  paying  the 
sides  and  bottom. 

PITCH,  n.  [from  the  root  olpike,  peak,  W. 

pig.     Kee  the  Verb.] 
1.  Literally,  a  ])oiiit;  lience,   any   point  or! 
degree  of  elevation  ;  as  a  high  pitch  ;  low- 
est pitch. 

How  high  apitchhis  resolution  soars. 

Shak. 
Alcihiadcs  was  one  of  the  best  orators  of  his 
age,  notwithstanding  he  lived  when  learning 
w:is  at  its  highest  pitch.  Addison. 

3.  Highest  rise.  Shak. 

3.  Size ;   stature. 

So  like  in  |)ersoii,  garb  and  pitch.    Hudibras. 

4.  Degree ;  rate. 
tio pitch  of  glory  from  the  grave  is  free. 

Waller. 
The  point  where  a  declivity  begins,  or  the 
declivity  itself;    descent;    slope;    as  the' 
pitch  of  a  hill. 
().  The  degree  of  descent  or  declivity. 

7.  A  descent ;  a  fall  ;  a  thrusting  down. 

8.  Degree  of  elevation  of  the  key-note  of  a 
tun(!  or  of  any  note. 

PITCH,  v.t.  [formerly  pg-'''-'  W.  mVioii',  to 
dart,  from  pig,  a  point,  a  pike  ;  D.  pikken 
to  peck,  to  pick,  to  pitch;  G.  pichcn  ;  Fr 
fichcr  ;  Arw.  Jicha  ;  coinciding  with  h.ft<ro, 
to  fix,  and  uniting  ;3)'Af,;)!V/«e  with  Jix,  Sp. 
picar.  It.  piccarc,  to  |)rick  or  sting.] 

1.  To  throw  or  thrust,  and  primarily,  to 
thrust  a  long  or  pointed  object ;  hence,  to 
fix  ;  to  plant ;  to  set ;  as,  to  pitch  a  tent  or 
pavilion,  that  is,  to  set  the  stakes. 

rr.  Dryden 

2.  To  throw  at  a  point ;  as,  to  pitch  r|Uoits. 
'.i.  To  throw  headlong ;  as,  to  pitch   one  in 

the  mire  or  down  a  precipice. 

To  throw  with  a  fork;  as,  to  pitch  hay  or 


palpitation  or  rpncK  sue 
as,  his  heart  went  pita 


sheaves  of  corn. 
a.  To  regulate  or  set  the  key-note  of  a  tune 
in  music. 

6.  To  set  in  array;  to  marshal  or  arrange  in 
order;  used  chiefly  in  the  participle;  as  a 
pitched  battle. 

7.  [from  pitch.]  To  smear  or  pay  over  with 
pitch  ;  as,  to  pitch  the  scams  of  a  ship. 

PITCH,  r.  i.  To  light ;  to  settle  ;  to  come  to 
rest  from  flight 

1  ake  a  hi aiich  of  the  tree  on  which  the  bees 
pilch,  and  wipe  the  hive.  Mortimer. 

2.  To  fall  headlong  ;  as,  to  pitch  from  a  pre 
cipice  ;  to  pitch  on  the  head.  Dryden. 

3.  To  plunge  ;  as,  to  pitch  into  a  river. 

4.  To  fall ;  to  fix  choice  ;  with  on  or  upon. 
Pilch  vp&n  the  liest  course  of  life,   ami  cus- 
tom will  render  it  the  most  easy.  Tillotson. 
To  fix  ;i  tent  or  temporary  habitation ;  to 
encamp. 

I.ahan  witli    his    brethren   pitched    in    the 
mount  of  Gilcad.     Gen.  xx.\i. 
In  navigation,  to  rise  and  fall,  as  the  head 
and  stern  of  a  ship  passing  over  waves. 
To  flow  or  fall  precipitously,  as  a  river 

Over  this  rock,  the  n\e\  pilches  in  one  entire 
'^hcot.  B.  Trumbull 

PITCHED,    ;)/). 
thrown  headlong 
with  jiitch. 
PITCH'ER,  Jl.  [Ann. picker ;  Basque, /le^ar 
from  its  spout,  or  from  throwing.] 
An  earthen  vessel  with  a  spout  tor  pour 
iiig  out  liquors.     This  is  its  present  signi- 

36 


Set ;     planted ;      fixed 
,■  set  in  array  ;  smeared 


fication.     It  seems  formerly  to  have  sig- 
nified a  water  pot,  jug  or  jar  with  ears. 

Shak. 
2.  An  Instrument  for  piercing  the  ground. 

AJortimer. 

PITCH-FARTHING,  „.   A   play  in   which 

copper  com  is  pitched  into  a  hole  ;  called 

also   chuck-farthing,    from    the    root    of 

choke. 

PITCHFORK,  ».  [W.pirfurc]     A  fork  or 

farming  utensil  used   in   tlnowing   hay  or 

sheaves  of  grain,  in  loading  or  unloading 

carts  and  wagons. 

PITCH'INESS,  71.  [from  pitch.]  Blackness ; 

darkness.     [Little  used.] 
PITCHING,  ppr.  Setting  ;  jilanting  or  fix- 
ing; throwing  headlong;  [dunging  :  daub- 
ing with  piti:li;  setting,  as  a  tune. 
2.  a.  Declivous  ;  descending ;  sloping ;  as  a 

hill. 
PITCH'ING,  77.  In  navigation,  the  risin" 
j  and  falling  of  the  head  and  stern  of  a  ship, 
as  she  moves  over  waves  ;  or  the  vertical 
I  vibration  of  a  ship  about  her  center  of 
(     gravity.  Mar.  Did. 

TITCH -ORE,  71.   Pitch-blend,  an  ore  of 
I     uranium. 

iPITCH'PIPE,  ?i.    An  instrument  used   bj 
j     choristers  in  regulating  the  pitch  or  eleva- 
tion of  the  key  or  leading  note  of  a  tune. 
'  Spectator. 

PITCH-STONE,  n.  A  mineral,  a  sub- 
species of  quartz,  which  in  luster  and  tex- 
I  ture  reseinhlcs  ])itch,  whence  its  name. 
It  is  soiuetimes  called  resinite.  Its  colors 
are,  several  shades  of  green;  black  with 
green,  brown  or  gray  ;  brown,  tinged  w  ith 
red,  green  or  yellow  ;  sometimes  yellow- 
ish or  blue.  It  occurs  in  large  beds  and 
sometimes  forms  whole  iriountains. 

Cleaveland. 

PITCH'Y,  a.  Partaking  of  the  qualities  of 

pitch  ;  like  pitch.  Jf'oodward. 

2.  Smeared  with  pilch.  Dryden. 

3.  Black;    dark;    dismal;     as    the    pitchy 
inantle  of  night.  Shak. 

PIT'eOAL,  7!.  Fossil  coal ;  coal   dug  from 

the  earth. 
PIT'EOUS,    a.     [See     Pity.-]    Sorrowful; 

mournful;  that  may  excite  pity  ;  &sa.pile- 

ous  look. 

2.  Wretched  ;  miserable  ;  deserving  coin- 
passion  ;  as  a  piteous  condition. 

3.  Compassionate  ;  aflected  by  pity. 

Prior.     Pope. 

4.  Pitiful ;  paltry  ;  poor ;  as  piteous  amends. 

Milton. 
PIT'EOIISLY,  adv.  In  a  piteous  manner; 

with  compassion.  Shak. 

2.  Sorrowfullv  ;  mournfully. 
PIT'EOUSNESS,  71.  Sorrowfulness. 
2.  Tenderness ;  comjiassion. 
PIT'FALL,  71.   A  pit   slightly  covered  for 

concealment,  and  intended  to  catch  wild 

beasts  or  men. 

PIT'FALL,  V.  t.  To  lead  into  a  pitfall. 

Milton. 

PIT-FISH,  7!.  A  small  fish  of  the  Indian 
seas,  about  the  size  of  a  smelt,  of  a  green 
and  yellow  color.  It  has  the  power  of 
protruding  or  retracting  its  eyes  at  jileas- 
ure.  Diet.  J^Tat.  Hist. 

PITH,  77.  [Sax.  pitha  ;  D.  pit,  pith,  kernel.] 

1.  The  soft  spungy  substance  in  the  center  of 
plants  and  trees.  Bacon.    Encyc. 


PIT 


P  I  V 


P  L  A 


2.  In  rtnimnfs,  the  spinal  marrow.  /fi.y- 

3.  Strength  or  force.  Shak.\ 

4.  Energy  ;  cogency  ;  concentrated  force  ; 
closeness  and  vigor  of  thouglit  and  style. 

5.  Condensed  .substance  or  matter ;  quint- 
essence. The  summary  contains  the  pith 
of  the  original. 

6.  Weight ;  moment ;  importance. 

Enterprises  of  great  7^(//i  ami  nioineiit. 

.S7iH/f. 

PITHILY,  adv.  With  strength;  with  close 

or   concentrated    force ;    cogently ;    with 

energy. 
PITII'INESS,    n.    Strength;    concentrated 

force;  as  the  pithiness  of  a  reply. 

Spenser. 
PITH'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  [lith  ;  wanting 

strength. 

2.  Wanting  cogency  or  concentrated  force. 
PIT'HOLE,  n.  A  mark  made  by  disease. 

Obs.     Beaum.\ 
PITHY,  a.  Consisting  of  pith;  containing 
pith;  abounding  with  pith  ;  as  a  ptV^  sub- 
stance ;  a  pithy  stem. 
9.  Containing  concentrated  force  ;   forcible  ;| 
energetic  ;  as  a  pithy  word  or  expression. 
This  ^>i7/(y  speech  prevailed  and  all  agreed. 

hriftlen. 

3.  Uttering  energetic  words  or  expressions. 

In  all  these,   Goodman   Fact  was  very  short, 
but  pithy.  Addison. 

PITIABLE,  a.  [Fr.  pitoyabk:  from  pity.] 
Deserving  pity  ;  worthy  of  compassion  ; 
miserable  ;  as  pitiable  persons  ;  a  pitiable 
condition.  Atlerbury. 

I'lT'IABLENESS,  n.  State  of  deserving 
compassion.  Kettlewell. 

PITIED,  pp.  Compassionated.  [See  the 
verb,  to  piti/.] 

PIT'IFIIL,  a.  [See  Pity.]  Full  of  pity;  ten- 
der; compassionate;  having  a  heart  to 
feel  sorrow  and  sympathy  lor  the  distress- 
ed. James  v.  1  Pet.  iii.  [This  is  the 
proper  sense  of  the  tvord.] 

9.  Miserable;  moving  compassion;  as  a 
sight  most  pitiful;  a  pitiful  condition. 

Shak.     Ray. 
This  is  a  very  improper  use  of  pitiful  for 
pitiable. 

3.  To  be  pitied  for  its  littleness  or  mean- 
ness ;  paltry  ;  contemptible ;  despicable. 

That's  villainous,  ami   shows  a  most  pitiful 
ambition  in  the  tool  that  uses  it.  Shak. 

4.  Very  small  ;  insignificant. 
PIT'IFULLY.    adv.    With   pity  ;    compas- 
sionately. 

Pitifully  behold  the  sorrows  of  our  hearts. 
Com.  Prayer 

2.  In  a  manner  to  excite  pity. 

They  would  sigh  and   groan  as  pitifully  as 
other  men.  Tillotson 

3.  Contemptibly  ;  with  meanness. 

Richardson 

I'lT'lFULNESS,  n.  Tenderness  of  heart 
that  disposes  to  pity  ;  mercy;  compassion 

Sidney. 

2.  Contemptibleness. 

PIT'ILKHS,  a.  Destitute  of  |)ity  ;  lianl- 
hearted  ;  applied  to  persons ;  as  a  pililess 
master. 

2.  Exciting  no  pity  ;  an  ;i  pililess  ^Uite. 

PITILESSLY,  adv.  Without  mercy  or 
C"irip:ission.  Shenvood. 

PIT'ILESSNESS,  n.  Unmercifulness ;  in- 
sensibility to  the  distresses  of  others. 


PITMAN,  n.  The  man  that  stands  in  a  pit 
when  sawing  timber  with  another  man 
who  stands  above.  Moron. 

PIT'-SAW, )!.  A  large  saw  used  in  dividing 
timber,  and  used  by  two  men,  one  of 
whom  staiuls  in  a  pit  below.  Moxon. 

PITTANCE,  n.  \Vr.  pilance  ;  It.  pietanza  ; 
y ort.  piliinca.  The  word  signifies  prima- 
rily, a  portion  of  food  allowed  to  a  monk. 
The  S))anish  has  pilar,  to  distribute  allow- 
ances of  meat,  and  pitancero,  a  person  who 
distributes  allowance.?,  or  a  friar  who  lives 
on  charity.] 

1.  An  allowance  of  meat  in  a  monastery. 

2.  A  very  small  portion  allowed  or  assigned. 

Shak. 

3.  A  very  small  quantity.  Arbuthnot. 
PITU'lTARY,     a.      [L.    piluita,     phlegm, 

rheum  ;  (Jr.  tttvu,  to  spit.] 
That  secretes  phlegm  or  mucus;  as  tliepi7i(- 
ilary  mendnane.  Med.  Repos. 

'riw  pituitary  gland  is  a  small  oval  body 
on  the  lower  side  of  the  brain,  supposed 
by  the  ancients  to  secrete  the  mucus  of 
the  nostrils.  Parr,      (^uincy. 

PIT'lIITE,  n.  [Fr.fromL.pi7i()7n.]  Mucus. 
PITU'ITOUS,  a.  [L.  pituilosus.]  i:onsist- 
ing  of  mucus,  or  resembling  it  in  qual- 
ities. 
PIT'Y,  n.  [Fr.  pitie  ;  h.pietii,  pity  and  piety  ; 
Sp.  jiietad,  pity  anil  piety  ;  Port,  piedade, 
id.  The  Latin,  Italian,  Spanish  and  Por- 
tuguese languages  unite  pity  and  piety  in 
the  same  word,  and  the  wonl  may  be  from 
the  root  of  compassion  ;  L.  patior,  to  suf- 
fer ;  It.  compatire,  Sp.  Port,  compadecersc, 
to  pity.] 
1.  The  feeling  or  suffering  of  one  person,  ex- 
cited by  the  distresses  of  another  ;  sympa- 
thy with  the  grief  or  misery  of  another;! 
compassion  or  rdlow-suftering. 

He  that  hath  pity  upon  the  poor  lendeth  to 
the  Lord.      I'rov.  xix. 

In   Scripture    however,   the  word  pity 

usually  includes  compassion  accomjjanied 

with  some  act  of  charity  or  benevolence, 

and  not  simply  a  fellow  feeling  of  distress. 

Pity  is  always  painful,  yet  always  a;;reeable. 

Kdmes. 
The  ground  or  subject  of  pity;  cause  of 
grief;  thing  to  be  regretted. 
What  pill/  is  it 
Tliat  we  can  die  but  once  to  serve  oiir  coun- 
try !  Jjddison 
That  he  is  old,  the  more  is  the  pity,  his  while 
hairs  do  witness  it.  Shak. 
In  this  sense,  the  word  has  a  irlural.     It 
is  a  thousand  pities  he  shoidd  waste  his 
estate  in  prodigality. 
PIT'Y,  V.  I.  [Fr.  pitoyer.]     To  feel   pain  or 
grief  for  one  in  distress;  to  have  sympa- 
thy for  ;  U)   conqjassioiiate  ;  to   have  ten- 
der feelings  for  one,  cxcit(Ml  by  his  mdiap- 
piness. 

Like  as  a  father   piliclh   his  ohildrcn,  so  the 
Lord /)(()c(/i  Ihem  that  IVar  hiui.     Ps.  ciii. 
Taught  liy  (hal  power  who  pities  me, 
I  learn  to pily  them.  Gold.smilh. 

PIT'Y,  V.  i.  To  be  cotnpassionate  ;  to  exer- 
cise pity. 

I  will  not  pily  nor  spaie,  nor  have  mercy. 
Jer.  xiii. 

[Rut  this  may  be  considered  as  an  ellip- 
tical phrase] 
PIVOT,  n.  [Fr.  In  Italian,  piVo/o  or /niio/o 
is  a  peg  or  pin.]  .\  pin  on  which  anything 
turns.  Drydcn. 


PIX,  n.  [L.pyris.]  A  little  bo.x  or  chest  in 
which  the  consecrated  host  is  kept  in  Ro- 
man catholic  countries.  Hanmer. 

'i.  A  box  used  for  the  trial  of  gold  and  silver 
coin.  Leake. 

PIZ'ZLE,  n.  [D.  pees,  a  tendon  or  string.] 
In  certain  quadrupeds,  the  part  which  is 
oflicial  to  generation  and  the  discharge  of 
urine.  Brown. 

PLACABIL'ITY,      ?         [from     placable.] 

PLA'€ABLENESS,  J  "•  The  quality  of 
being  appeasable;  susceptibility  of  being 
pacified. 

PLA'CABLE,  a.  [It.  placabile ;  Sp.  placa- 
ble ;  L.  placabilis,  from  placo,  to  |)acify ; 
probably  formed  on  the  root  of  lay.  See 
Please.] 

That  may  be  appeased  or  pacified;  appeas- 
able ;  admitting  its  passions  or  irritations 
to  be  allayed  ;  willing  to  forgive. 

Methought  I  saw  him  placable  and  mild. 

Milton . 

PLACARD,  n  [Fr.  placard  ;  Sp.  placarte ; 
D.  plakaat  ;  plakken,  to  paste  or  stick  ;  G. 
Dan.  placat ;  Fr.  plaquer,  lo  c\iip  on,  Arm. 
plucfja.  According  to  the  French  orthog- 
raphy, this  word  is  composed  of  plaquer, 
to  lay  or  clap  on,  and  carte,  card.] 

Properly,  a  written  or  printed  paper  posted 
in  a  pidjlic  place.  It  seems  to  have  been 
fornrerly  the  name  of  an  edict,  proclama- 
tion or  manifesto  issued  by  authority,  but 
this  sense  is,  I  believe,  seldom  or  never 
annexed  to  the  word.  A  placard  now  is 
an  advertisement,  or  a  libel,  or  a  paper 
intended  to  censure  public  or  private  char- 
acters or  pidjIic  measures,  posted  in  a 
|)ublic  place.  In  the  case  of  libels  or  pa- 
pers intended  to  censure  pid)lic  or  private 
characters,  or  the  measiues  of  govern- 
ment, the.se  papers  are  usually  pasted  up 
at  night  forsecrecv- 

PLA'CATE,  v.t.  [L.;>/rtco, to  appease.]  To 
appease  or  pacify  ;  to  conciliate.      Forbes. 

PLACE,  n.  [Fr.  «/. ;  Sp.  plaza;  Pon.  pra- 
ca  ;  It.  piazza,  tiir  piazza;  Arm.  plagz; 
D.  plaats ;  G.  platz  ;  S w.  plats  ;  Dan.  plads. 
Words  of  this  signification  liave  for  their 
radical  sense,  to  lay.] 

1.  A  particular  |iortion  of  space  of  indefinite 
extent,  occupied  or  intended  to  be  occu- 
pied by  any  person  or  thing,  and  consid- 
ered as  the  space  where  a  person  or  thing 
does  or  may  rest  or  has  rested,  as  distinct 
from  space  in  general. 

Look  from  the  place  where  thou  art.  Gen. 
xiii. 

Tlie  place  where  thou  standestis  holy  ground. 
Ex.  iii. 

Every  place  whereon  the  soles  of  your  feet 
shall  tread  shall  be  yours.     Ueut.  xi. 

David's  place  was  empty.     1  Sam.  xx. 

2.  Any  portion  of  space,  as  distinct  from 
space  in  general. 

Enlargement  and  deliverance  shall  arise  to 
the  Jews  liom  another  ^((iff.     E.sth.  iv. 

.3.  Local  existence. 

From  whose  face  the  earth  and  the   Ijeavcn 
lied  away,  and  there  was   found   no  place  for 
them.     Rev.  xx. 
4.  Separate  room  or  apartment. 

His  catalogue  had  an  especial  place  for  se- 
questered divines.  Feli. 

.5.  Scat ;  residence  ;  mansion. 

The  Komans  shall  come  and  take  away  both 
our  place  and  nation.     John  xi. 


P  L  A 


a.  A  portion  or  passage  of  writing  or  of  a 
book. 

The  place  of  the  Scripture  which  he  read  was 
this.     Acts  viii. 

7.  Point  or  degree  in  order  of  proceeding  ; 
as  ill  the  first  place  ;  in  the  second  place  ; 
in  the  last  D/ace.     Hence, 

8.  Rank  ;  order  of  priority,  dignity  or  im- 
portance, lie  holils  the  first  place  in  so- 
ciety, or  in  the  affections  of  tlie  people. 

9.  Ortice  ;  employment ;  official  station.  Tlie 

man  lias  a  place  nnder  the  government. 

Do  you  your  otfice,  or  give  up  your  place. 

Shak. 

10.  Ground  ;  room. 

There  is   no  place  of  doubting  but  that  it  is 
the  very  same.  Hammond. 

11.  Station   in    life  ;    calling ;    occupation 
condition.      All,   in   their   several  places, 
perform  their  duty. 

12.  A  city  ;  a  town ;  a  village.  In  vvliat 
place  does  he  reside  ?  He  arrived  at  this 
place  in  the  mail  coach.     Gen.  xviii. 

13.  In  military  affairs,  a  fortified  town  or' 
post ;  a  fortress  ;  a  fort ;  as  a  strong  place  ; 
a  place  easily  defended.  The  place  was 
taken  l)y  assault. 

14.  A  country  ;  a  kingdom.  England  is  the 
place  of  his  birtli. 

15.  Space  in  general. 

but  she  all  place  within  herself  confines. 

Davies. 
1(3.  Room  ;  stead  ;  with  the  sense  of  substi- 
tution. 

And  Joseph  said  unto  them,  fear  not ;  for  am 
I  in  the  place  of  God  ?     Gen.  1. 

17.  Room  ;  kind  reception. 

My  word  hatli  no  place  in  you.     Jolin  viii. 

18.  The  place  of  the  moon,  in  astronomy,  is 
tlie  part  of  its  orbit  where  it  is  found  at 
any  given  time.  The  place  of  the  sun  or 
a  star,  is  the  sign  and  degree  of  the  zodi- 
ac, in  which  it  is  at  any  given  time,  or  the 
degree  of  the  ecliptic,  reckoning  from  tlie 
beginning  of  Aries,  which  the  star's  circle 
of  longitude  cuts,  and  theretbre  coincides: 
with  the  longitude  of  the  sun  or  star. 

Encyc. 

To  lake  place,  to  come;  to  happen  ;  to  come; 
into  actual  existence  or  operation  ;  as' 
when  we  say,  this  or  that  event  will  or 
will  not  take  place.  The  perfect  e.vemp- 
tioii  of  ni;in  from  calamity  can  never  take 
place  ill  this  state  of  existence. 

2.  To  take  the  precedence  or  priority. 

Addison.     Locke. 

To  lake  the  place,  but  sometimes  to  take  place,] 
omitting  the  article,  is  to  occupy  the  place 
or  station  of  another.  I 

To  have  place,  to  have  a  station,  room  or 
seat.  Such  desires  can  have  no  place  in  a 
good  heart. 

2.  To  have  actual  existence. 

To  give  place,  to  make  room  or  way.  Give', 
place  to  your  superiors. 

2.  To  give  room ;  to  give  advantage ;  toij 
yield  to  the  influence  of;  to  lisicn  to.  j 

Neither  give  place  to  tlie  devil.     Eph.  iv. 

3.  To  give  way  ;  to  yield  to  and  suffer  to 
pass  away. 

High  place,  in  Scripture,  a  mount  on  which 
sacrifices  were  offered. 

PL.\CE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  placer.]     To  put  or  sot  in 
a  particular  jiart  of  space,  or  in  a  particu- 
lar part  of  the  earth,  or  in  something  oiijl 
its  surface  ;  to  locate  :  as,  to  place  a  houseji 


P  L  A 

by  the  side  of  a  stream  ;  to  place  a  book 
on  a  shelf;  to  place  a  body  of  cavalry  on 
each  flank  of  an  army. 
2.  To  a|ipoint,  set,  induct  or  establish  in  an 
oflice. 

Thou  slialt  provide  out  of  all  the  people  able 
men,  such  as  fear  God,  men  of  truth,  hating 
covetousness  ;  and  place  such  over  them  to 
bo  rulers  of  lliousands,  &.c.     Kx.  xviii 

It  is  a  fiigh  moral  duty  of  sovereii^ns  and  su- 
preme maj^islrates  and  councils,  to  place  in  of- 
fice men    of  unquesliijnable  virtue  and  talents, 

.Anon 

"i.  To  put  or  set  in  any  particular  rank,  state 
or  condition.  Some  men  are  placed  in  a 
condition  of  rank  and  opulence,  others  are 
placed  in  low  or  narrow  circumstances  : 
but  in  whatever  sphere  men  are  placed, 
contentment  will  insure  to  them  a  large 
portion  of  happiness. 

4.  To  set ;  to  fix ;  as,  to  place  one's  affec- 
tions on  an  object ;  to  place  confidence  in 
a  friend. 

5.  To  put ;  to  invest ;  as,  to  place  money  in 
the  tiinds  or  in  a  bank. 

ti.  To  put   out  at   interest ;  to  lend  ;  as,  to 


place  money  in  good  hands  or  in  good  se 

ciirity. 
PLA'fJCD,  pp.  Set;  fixed;  located;  estab 

lished. 
PLA'CE-M.VN,  n.  One  that   has   an  office 

under  a  government. 
PI.ACEN'TA,    71.  [L.  ;  probably   from    the 

root  of  D.  plakken,  Fr.  plaquer,  to  stick  or 

clap  together.] 

1.  In  anatomy,  the  substance  that  connects 
the  i'etus  to   the   womb,  a  soft  roundish 
mass  or  cake  by  which  the  circulation  is 
carried  on  between  the  parent  and  the  fe 
tus.  Coxe.     Quijici/. 

2.  The  part  of  a  plant  or  fruit  to  which 
the  seeds  are  attached.  Coxe.     Parr. 

PLACEN'TAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  pla- 
centa. Jf'aterhouse. 

PLACENTA'TION,  n.  In  botany,  the  dis 
position  of  the  cotyledons  or  lobes  in  the 
vegetation  or  germination  of  seeds. 

JVfarf^n. 

PLA'CER,  n.  One  who  places,  locates  or 
sets.  Spenser. 

PL.\C'ID,  a.  [L.  placidus,  from  ;;/aco,  to 
appease.] 

1.  Gentle  ;  quiet  ;  undisturbed  ;  equable  ; 
as  a  placid  motinn  of  the  spirits.       Bacon. 

i2.  Serene  ;  mild  :  umutHed  ;  indicating  peace 
of  mind  ;  as  a  /j/ucirf  countenance  or  smile 

3.  Calm  ;  traiupiil ;  serene  ;  not  stormy  ;  as 
a  placid  sU\'. 

4.  Calm  ;  ipViet  ;  unruffled  ;  as  a  placid 
stream. 

PLACIDLY,  adv.  Mildly;  calmly;  quiet- 
ly; without  disturbance  or  passion. 

PLAC'IDNKSS,  n.  Calmness  ;  quiet ;  tran- 
qiiillilj  ;  uiirufHed  state. 

2.  Mildness;  gentleness;  sweetness  of  dis- 
position. Chandler 

PLAC'IT,  n.  [L./j/nciVion,  that  which  pleas- 
es, a  decree,  from  placeo,  to  please.]  A 
decree  or  determination.     [jVot  in  use.] 

Glanville. 

PL.\CK'ET,  n.  [from  the  Fr.  plaquer,  to 
clap  on.     See  Placard.] 

A  petticoat.  If  this  is  the  sense  of  the  word 
in  Shakspeare,  it  is  a  derivative.  The 
word  signifies  the  opening  of  the  garment ; 
but  it  is  nearly  or  wholly  obsolete. 


P  L  A 

PLA'dlARISM,  n.  [from  plagiary.]  The 
act  of  purloining  another  man's  literary 
works,  or  introducing  jiassages  from  an- 
other man's  writings  and  putting  them  off 
as  one's  own  ;  literary  theft.  Sufifl. 

PLA'(;I.\11IST,  ji.  One  that  purloins  the 
writings  of  another  and  puts  them  off  as 
his  own. 
PL.\'(';IAIIY,  (I.  [L. /j^agaum,  a  kidnapping, 
probably  from  plagm,  nets,  toils,  that 
which  is  layed  or  spread,  from  the  root  of 
Eng.  lay.  The  L.  plaga,  a  stroke,  is  the 
same  woril  differently  applied,  a  laying 
on.] 
1.  A  thief  in  literature  ;  one  that  purloins 
another's  writings  and  offers  them  to  the 
public  as  his  own.  South.     Dryden. 

The  crime  of  literary  theft.     [.Vol  used.] 

Brown. 
PLA'lilARY,  a.  Stealing  men  ;  kidnap- 
ping. [Not  xised.]  Brown. 
Practicing  literary  theft.  Hall. 
PLAGUE,  JI.  plfig.  [Sp.  plaga  or  llaga,  a 
wound,  a  plague  ;  U.  piaga,  for  plaga  ;  G. 
Dan.  plage  ;  Sw.  plaga;  W.  pla,  plague; 
llac,  a  slap  ;  llaciaw,  to  strike,  to  lick,  to 
cudgel ;  Ir.  plaig  ;  L.  plaga,  a  stroke,  Gr. 
rO-riyr;.  See  Lick  and  Lay.  The  primary 
sense  is  a  stroke  or  striking.  So  afflict  is 
from  the  root  of  fog,  and  probably  of  the 
same  family  an  plague.] 

1.  Any  thing  troublesome  or  vexatious  ;  but 
in  this  sense,  applied  to  the  vexations  we 
suffer  from  men,  and  not  to  the  unavoida- 
ble evils  inflicted  on  us  by  Divine  Provi- 
dence. The  application  of  the  word  to 
the  latter,  would  now  be  irreverent  and 
reproachful. 

2.  A  pestilential  disease  ;  an  acute,  malig- 
nant and  contagious  disease  that  often 
prevails  in  Egypt,  Syria  and  Turkey,  and 
lias  at  times  infected  the  large  cities  of 
Europe  with  frightful  mortality. 

3.  A  state  of  misery.     Ps.  xxxviii. 

4.  Any  great  natural  evil  or  calamity ;  as 
the  ten  plagues  of  Egypt. 

PLAGl/E,  r.t.  pldg.  [Sp.  plagar :  W.  pla- 
caw  ;  Xi.piagare  :  Q.plagen;  Dan.  plager ; 
Sw.  plaga  ;   from  the  noun.] 

1.  To  infest  with  disease,  calamity  or  natu- 
ral evil  of  any  kind. 


Thus  were  they  plagued 
And  worn  with  famine.  .Milton. 

2.  To  vex  ;  to  tea.se  ;  to  harass  ;  to  trouble  ; 
to  embarrass  ;  a  very  general  and  indefinite 
signification. 

If  her  nature  be  so. 
That  she  will  plague  the  man  that  loves  her 
most —  Spenser. 

PLAGUEFUL,  a.  Abounding  with  plagues  ; 

infected  with  |)lagues. 
PLAGUILY,  adv.  Vexatiously ;  in   a  man- 
ner to  vex,  harass  or  embarrass  ;  greatly  ; 
horribly.     [/;i  vulgar  tise.] 

Swijt.     Dryden. 
PL.AGUY,  a.  Vexatious ;  troublesome  ;  tor- 
menting.    [I'ulgar.]  Hudibra.s. 
PLAICE,  /      [Fr.  plie ;  Sp.platija  ;  G.ptall- 
PLAISE,  y    eise  ;  Dan.  plat fisk,  im-fish  ; 

from  plat,  flat.] 
A  fish  of  the   genus  Pleuronectes,  growing 
to  the  size  of  eight  or  ten  pounds  or  more. 
This  fish  is  more  flat  and  square  than  the 
halibut. 


P  L  A 


P  L  A 


P  L  A 


I'LAID,  I      [qu.  W.  plaid,   a  partition  ;  di- 

FLAU,  I  ""  versity  of"  colors  being  often 
naiiierl  from  dividing.] 

A  striped  or  variegated  cloth  worn  by  the 
highlanders  in  Scotland.  It  is  a  narrow 
woolen  stuff  worn  round  the  waist  or  on 
the  shoulders,  reaching  to  the  knees,  and 
in  cold  weather  to  the  feet.  It  is  worn  by 
both  sexes.  Pennaiit.\ 

PLAIN,  a.  [Fr. plain;  It. piano;  Sp.  planoj 
llano;  Port,  piano;  from  L.  planus;  G.j 
Sw.  plan  ;  D.  plein;  Sw.  Dan.  D.  G.  plan, 
a  plan  or  scheme  ;  W.  plan,  a  plane,  a 
plantation,  a  shoot  or  cion,  a  ray  of  light, 
whence  plant,  children,  issue  ;  pleiniaw,  to 
radiate ;  plenig,  radiant,  splendid,  whence 
ysplan,  clear,  bright,  splendid,  and  ysplan- 
der,  L.  splendor.  Tlie  Gr.  rtXaiuw,  to  wan- 
der, is  from  the  same  root.  Here  we  havej 
decisive  evidence,  that  plain,  plan,  planl,i 
and  splendor  are  from  the  same  radix. 
See  Plant.     Class  Ln.  No.  4.  6.  7.] 

1.  Smooth;  even;  level;  flat;  without  ele- 
vations and  depressions;  not  rough;  as 
plain  ground  or  land ;  a  plain  surface. 
In  this  sense,  in  phUosophical  writings,  it 
is  written  plane. 

fi.  Open  ;  clear. 

Our  troops  beat  an  aiiny  in  plain   fissht  and 
opun  held.  Feltvn. 

3.  Void  of  ornament ;  simple ;  as  a  plain 
dress. 

Plain  without  pomp,  ^nd  rich  without  a  show. 

Dryden. 

4.  Artless  ;  simple  ;  unlearned  ;  without  dis- 
guise, cunning  or  affectation  ;  without  re- 
finement ;  as  men  of  the  plainer  sort- 
Gen.  XXV.  s  Bacon. 

Plain  but  pious  christians —  Hammond 

5.  Artless;  simple;  unaffected;  unenibcl- 
lished;  as  a  plain  tale  or  narration. 

6.  Honestly  undisguised ;  open  ;  frank ;  sin- 
cere ;  utaeserved.  I  will  tell  you  the 
plain  truth. 

Give  me  leave  to  be;)/ain  witli  you.     Baron. 

7.  Mere  ;  bare  ;  as  a  plain  knave  or  fool. 

Shak.     Pope. 

8.  Evident  to  the  understanding  ;  clear  ; 
manifest ;  not  obscure  ;  as  plain  words  or 
language  ;  a  plain  difference  ;  a  plain  ar- 
gument. 

It  is  plain  in  the  history,  that  Esau  was  nev- 
er subject  to  Jacob.  Locke 

9.  Not  nnich  varied  by  modulations ;  as  a 
plain  song  or  tune. 

10.  Not  high  seasoned  ;  not  rich  ;  not  luxu 
riously  dressed  ;  as  a  plain  diet. 

11.  Not  ornamented  with  figures  ;  as  plain 
muslin. 

12.  Not  dyed. 

13.  Not   ditKcult ;  not   embarrassing  ; 
plain  case  in  law. 

-.14.  F^asily  seen  or  discovered  ;  not  ob.scure 

or  difficidt  to  be  found  ;  as  a  plain  road  or 

jialh.  Om-  couvseU  \ei-y  plain.     I's.  xxvii. 

A  plain  or  plane  figure,   in    geometry,  is  a 

uniform   surface,    from     every    point   of 

whose  perimeter  right  lines  may  bo  drawn 

to  every  other  point  in  the  same.     Encijc. 

A  plain  figure,  in   geometry,  is  a  surface  in 

which,  if  any    two  points   are  takcni,  the 

straight  line  which  joins  them  lies  wholly 

in  that  surface. 

A  plain   angle,  is   one  contained  under  two 

lines  or  siu'fuces,  in  contradistinction  to  a 

solid  angle.  Enci/c. 


PLAIN,  adv.  Not  obscurely  ;  in  a  manner  toi 
be  easily  understood.  | 

2.  Distinctly  ;  articulately  ;  as,  to  speak' 
plain.     Mark  vii. 

3.  With  simplicity  ;  artlessly  ;  bluntly.  1 
PLAIN,  »i.  [Ir.  clnain ;  W.llan;  ¥r.plaine.\ 

See  the  Adjective.]  ' 

1.  Level  land  ;  usually,  an  open  field  with  an 
even  surface,  or  a  surface  little  varied  by 
inequalities;  as  all  the  plain  of  Jordan. 
Gen.  xiii. 

2.  Field  of  battle.  Arhutknol. 
PLAIN,  v.t.  To   level;   to   make  plain    or 

even  on  the  surface.  Haijward. 

PLAI.N,  v.i.  [Fv.  plaindre  ;  h.  plan  go.]  To 
lament  or  wail.  [jYot  used.]  [See  Com- 
plain.} Spejtser. 

PLAIN-DE'ALING,  a.  [plain  an<l  deal.] 
Dealing  or  communicating  with  frank- 
ness and  sincerity  ;  honest  ;  open  ;  speak- 
ing and  acting  withoul  art;  as  a  plain- 
dealing  man.  Shak.     L'Estrange. 

PLAIN  DK'ALING,  n.  A  speaking  or  com- 
municating with  openness  and  sincerity  ; 
management  without  art,  stratagem  or 
disguise  ;  sincerity.  Dryden. 

PLAIN-HEARTED,  a.  Having  a  sincere 
heart ;  communicating  without  art,  re-j 
serve  or  hypocrisy  ;  of  a  frank  disposition. 

Milton. 

PLAIN-HE'ARTEDNESS,  n.  Frankness 
of  disposition  ;  sincerity.  Hallijwell. 

PLAINLY,  adv.  With  a  level  surface. 
Little  used.] 

2.  Without  cunning  or  disguise. 

3.  Without  ornament  or  artificial  embel- 
lishment;  as,  to  be/)/(((H/^  clad. 

4.  Frankly  ;  honestly  ;  sincerelj' ;  as,  <leal 
plainly  with  me.  Pope. 

5.  In  earnest ;  fairly.  Clarendon) 
G.  In  a  manner  to  be  easily  seen  or  compre-^ 

bended.  i 

Thou  shall  write  on  the  stones  all  the  words' 

of  this  law  very  yj/inii/y.     Deut.  xxvii.  \ 

7.  Evidently  ;  clearly  ;  not  obscurely.     The 

doctrines  of  grace   are  plainly   taught  in 

the  Scriptures. 
PL,\'INNESS,    n.    Leveluess  ;  evenness  oi 

surface. 

2.  Want  of  ornament ;  want  of  artificial  show. 
So  moiesi  jilainness  sets  off  s|)rightly  wit. 

Pope. 

3.  Openness  ;  rough,  blunt  or  unrefined 
frankness. 

Your  plainness  and  your  shortness  please  me 
well.  Slwk. 

Artlessness;  simplicity;  candor;  as  un- 
thinking plainness.  Dryden. 
Clearness  ;  openness  ;  sincerity. 

Seeing  then  we  have  such  hope,  He  use  great 
plaitmess  of  speech.     2  Cor.  iii. 

PLATN-SONG,  n.  The  plain,  unvaried 
chant  of  churches;  so  called  in  contra- 
distinction from  the  prick-song,  or  varie- 
gated music  sung  by  note.  Shnl,-.' 

PLATN-SPOKEN,  a.  Speaking  with  plain,! 
unreserveil  sincerity.  Dryden.l, 

PLAINT,  n.  [Fr.  plainte,  from  plaindre,  Ui 
lament,  tVoiri  L.  plango,  to  strike,  to  beat, 
to  lament,  whence  complaint;  Gr.  rtXijiffUjj 
TfKTirru,  to  strike,  from  the  root  rtJ.ijyw,  dis-^ 
u.ied,  whence  rfkr;y);,  a  stroke,  L.  j)laga,t 
Eng.  plague  ;  Goth.Jlekan,  to  lament  ;  Sp,' 
plahir,  from  the  Latin.  The  primary 
sense  is  to  strike,  that  is,  to  drive  or  thrust,j 
applied  to  the  band  or  to  tlie  voice ;  or' 


the  sense  of  complaint  and  lamentation 
is  from  beating  the  breast,  as  in  viulent 
grief;  Sw.  plagga,  to  beat.| 
Lamentation  ;  complaint;  audible  expres- 
sion of  sorrow. 

From  inward  grief 
His  bursting  passion  into  plaints  thus  pour'd. 

JmUon. 
2.  Complaint ;  representation  tnade  of  inju- 
ry or  wrong  done. 

There   are    three  just  grounds  of  war   with 
Spain;  one  oi  plaints ;  two  upon  defense. 

Bacon. 
In  law,  a  private  memorial  tendered  to  a 
court,  in  which  the  person  sets  forth  his 
cause  of  action.  Blackslone. 

4.  In  law,  a  complaint ;  a  formal  accusation 
exhibited  by  a  private  person  against  an 
otTender  for  a  breach  of  law  or  a  public 
offense.  Laws  of  .V.  York  and  Conn. 

PL.'V'INTFUL,  a.  Complainnig  ;  express- 
ing sorrow  with  an  audible  voice;  as  my 
ptaintful  tongue.  Sidney. 

PLA'INTIF,     n.     [Fr.  plaintif,   mournful, 

making  complaint.] 
in  law,  the   person  who  commences  a  suit 
before  a  tribunal,  tor   the  recovery  of  u 
claim  ;  opposed  to  defendant. 

[Pri(n'  uses  this  word  as  an  adjective,  iu 
the  French  sense,  for  plaintive,  but  the 
use  IS  not  autlmrized.] 
PLATNTlVt:,  a.  [Fr.  plaintif.]  Lament- 
ing; coniplaiiiing  ;  e.xpressive  of  sorrow; 
as  a  plaintive  sound  or  song.  Dryden. 

2.  Complaining  ;  expressing  sorrow  or  grief; 
repining. 

To  sooth  the  sorrows  of  her  plaintive  son. 

Dryden . 
PLAINTIVELY,    adv.    In  a  manner   ex- 
pressive of  grief 
PLA'LMTIVENESS,     n.     The    quality   or 

state  iif  expressing  grief. 
PLA'INTLESS,    o.     Without    complaint  ; 

unrepiiiing. 
PLATN-WORK,  n.    Plain   needlework,  as 
distinguished  from  embroidery.  Pope. 

PLAIT,  n.  [W.  pleth,  a  plait  or  \o\A;plethu, 
to  plait  or  braid,  from  lleth ;  Sw.  JVala, 
Dan.  fetter,  to  plait,  braid,  twist,  Russ. 
pletu,  opletayu,  Fr.  plisser,  with  a  dialectical 
change  of  <  to  s.    Qu.  Gr.  x'Ki^B^,  to  twist.] 

1.  A  fold  ;  a  doubling  ;  as  of  cloth. 
It  is  very  dirticult  to  trace  out  the  figure  of  a 

vest  through  all  tlie  plaits  and  folding  of  the 
drapery.  Addison. 

2.  A  braid  of  hair ;  a  tress. 
PL.'^IT,  V.  t.    To  fold;  to  double  in  narrow 

streaks  ;  as,  lo  plait  a  gown  or  a  sleeve. 

Gay. 

2.  To  braid  ;  to  interweave  strands ;  as,  to 
plait  the  hair. 

3.  To  entangle  ;  to  involve.  Shak. 
PLA'ITED,    pp.     Folded  ;  braided  ;  inter- 
woven. 

PLA'ITER,  ?i.  One  that  plaits  or  braids. 

PLATTING,  ppr.  Folding;  doubling;  braid- 
ing. 

PLAN.  n.  [Fr.  G.  D.  Dan.  Sw.  Russ.  plan. 
The  Italian  has  pianta,  a  plant,  and  a 
plan,  and  in  Welsh,  plan  is  a  shoot,  cion, 
plaiitatiiiii  or  planting,  and  a  plane.  Hence 
plan,  plain,  plane  and  plant  are  from  one 
root.  The  primary  sense  of  the  verb  is  to 
extend.] 

1.  .\  draught  or  form  ;  properly,  the  repre- 
sentation of  any  thing  drawn  on  a  plane, 
as  a  map  or  chart,  which  is  a  representa- 


P  L  A 


P  L  A 


P  L  A 


tion  of  some  portion  of  land  or  water. 
Bill  the  word  is  iippiied  purticiilurly  lo  the 
model  of  a  bujldii)j<,  sliowiiig-  tlie  form, 
extent  and  divisions  in  miniature,  anil  it 
may  he  apjilied  to  the  drau^'lit  or  repre- 
sentutii.n  of  .my  projected  work  on  paper 
or  on  a  plain  surface:  as  the  plan  of  a 
town  or  city,  orof  a  liarhor  or  fort.  The 
form  of  a  machine  in  miniature,  is  called 
a  model. 

2.  A  scheme  devised;  a  project;  the  form 
of  something  to  be  done  existing  in  the 
min<l,  with  the  several  parts  adjusted  in 
idea,  expressed  in  words  or  connnitted 
to  writiiifr;  as  t\te  plitn  of  a  constitution  of 
govermiient ;  tlie  plon  of  a  treaty  ;  the 
plan  of  an  expedition. 

PLAN,  11.  t.  To  form  a  draught  or  rejire- 
sentation  of  any  intended  work. 

2.  Toscdieme;  to  devise;  to  form  in  design; 
as,  to  plan  the  comiuest  of  a  country;  to 
plan  a  reduction  of  taxes  or  of  the  nation- 
al debt. 

PLA'NARY,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  plane. 

Did. 

PLANCH,  V.  I.  [Fr.  planche,  a  plank.  See 
Plank.] 

To  plank ;  to  cover  with  planks  or  boards. 

Gorges 
Covered   or    made   of 


PLANCH' ED,   pp. 
plaidis  or  boards. 
PLANCJl'ER,  n.  A 
PLANCIl'KT, 


floor.  Bacon. 

[Fr.    planchetle.      See 


Plank.]     A  flat  piece  of  metal  or  com. 

Kncuc. 

PLANCH'ING,  n.  The  laying  of  floors  in 
a  building;  also,  a  floor  of  boards  or 
planks.  Carew. 

PLANE,  n.  [from  L.planus.  See  Plain.]  In 
geomctn/,  an  even  or  level  surface,  like 
plain  in  popular  laiiKuagc. 

2.  Li  n.itiononii/,  an  imaginary  surface  sup- 
posed to  pas.s  throush  any  of  the  curves 
described  on  the  celestial  sphere  ;  as  the 
plane  of  the  ecliptic  ;  the  plane  of  a  plan- 
et's orbit ;  the  ^ianc  of  a  great  circle. 

.1.  In  mechanics.     [See  Plain  Jigure.] 

4.  In  juim/T/ and  cabinet  icork,  an  in.strument 
consisting  of  a  smooth  piece  of  wood, 
with  an  aperture,  throufih  which  passes 
oblicpieiy  a  piece  of  eilged  steel  or  cliisel, 
used  in  paring  or  smoothing  boards  or 
wood  of  any  kind. 

PLANE,  I'.  I.  To  make  smooth  ;  to  pare  oft 
th(^  inequalities  of  the  surface  of  a  board 
or  other  piece  of  wood  by  the  use  of  a 
plane. 

2.  To  free  from  inequalities  of  sm-face. 

.  Irhiilhnol. 

PLA'NED,  pp.  Made  smooth  with  a  plane  ;i 
leveled. 

PLAN'ET,  n.  [Ft.  planete;  It.  pianela ;  L. 
Sp.  Port.  p/ane(a  ;  W.phuieit;  Gr.  }fKair;Tt;(, 
wanderinj;,  from  nxaiau,  to  wander,  alli- 
ed to  L.  planus,  Vr.loin.     See  Plant.] 

A  celestial  body  which  revolves  about  the 
sun  or  other  center,  or  a  body  revolving 
about  another  planet  as  its  center.  The 
planets  which  revolve  about  the  sun  as: 
their  center,  are  called  primary  planets ; 
those  which  revolve  about  other  planets 
as  their  center,  and  with  them  revolve 
about  the  sun,  are  called  secondary  planets, 
satellites  or  moons.  The  prin,ary  planets: 
are  named  Mercury,  Venus,  Earth,  Mars,| 
Jupiter,  Saturn  and  Herschell.  Four  small-! 


er  planets,  denominated  by  some,  asteroids, 
namely,  Ceres,  I'allas,  Juno  and  Vesta,' 
have  recently  been  discovered  between 
the  orbits  of  Mars  and  Jupiter.  Mars, 
Jupiter, Saturn  and  Ilerschelj,  being  with- 
out the  earth's  orbit,  are  sometimes  called 
the  superior  planets  :  Venus  and  Mercury, 
being  wuliin  the  earth's  orbit,  are  called 
inferior  planets.  The  planets  are  opake 
bodies  which  receive  their  light  from  the 
sun.  They  are  so  named  from  their  mo- 
tioti  or  revolution,  in  distinction  from  the 
fixed  stars,  and  are  distinguished  from  the 
latter  by  their  not  twinkling. 

PLAN  ETA  HIUM,  ti.  An  astronomical  ma- 
chine which,  by  the  movement  ol'  its  jjaits, 
represents  the  motions  and  orbits  of  the 
planets,  agreeable  to  the  Copernican  sys- 
tem. Encyc. 

PLAN'ETARY,  a.  [Fr.  planclaire.]  Per- 
taining to  the  planets;  an  planetary  inhab- 
itants ;  planetary  motions. 

2.  Consisting  of  ])lanets  ;  as  a  planetary  sys- 
tem. 

3.  Under  the  dominion  or  influence  of  a 
planet ;  as  a  planetary  hour.     [Astrology. 

Dryden 

4.  Produced  by  planets;  as  ^fauciory  plague 
or  influence.  Shak. 

5.  Having  the  nature  of  a  planet;  erratic  or 
revolving.  Blackmore. 

Planetary  days,  the  days  of  the  week  as 
shared  among  the  planets,  each  having  its 
day,  as  we  name  the  days  of  the  week 
after  the  planets. 

PLAN'ETED,  a.  Belonging  to  planets. 

Young. 

PLANET'Ie.'VL,  a.  Pertaining  to  jilanets. 
[JVul  used.]  Broivn. 

PLA'NE-TREE,  n.  [L.  platanus ;  Vr.plane, 
platane.] 

A  tree  of  the  genus  Plataims.  The  oriental 
plane-tree  is  a  native  of  Asia  ;  it  rises' 
with  a  straight  smooth  branching  stem  to: 
a  great  highth,  with  pahnated  leaves  and 
long  pendulous  peduncles,  sustaining  sev- 
eral heads  of  small  close  sitting  flowers. 
The  seeds  are  <lowny,  and  collected  into 
rounil,  rough,  hard  balls.  The  occidental 
plane-tree,  which  grows  to  a  great  highth,! 
is  a  native  of  N.  America;  it  is  called 
also  button-wood. 

PLANET-STRUCK,  a.  Affected  by  the 
influence  of  planets  ;  blasted.        SuckJing. 

PLANIFO'LIOUS,  a.  [L.  planus,  jilain,  and 
folium,  leaf] 

In  botany,  a  planifolious  flower  is  one  made 
up  of  plain  leaves,  set  together  in  circular 
rows  round  the  center.  [See  Planipeta- 
lous.]  Diet. 

PLANl.MET  RI€,        I       Pertaining  to  the 
PLANIMET'RICAL,  S       mensuration     of 
plain  surfaces. 

PLANLM'ETRY,  n.  [L.  planus,  plain,  and 

Gr.  lUtrpsio,  to  measure.] 
The  mensuration  of  plain  surfaces,  or  that 

part  of  geometry  which  regards  lines  audi 

plain   figures,   without   considering   their! 

highth  or  depth.  Encyc.\ 

PLANIPET  ALDUS,  a.   [L.  planus,  plain, 

and  Gr.  rtita'Km;  a  petal.]  I 

In    botany,   flat-leafed,   as   when    the  small 

flowers  are  hollow  only  at  the  bottom,  but! 

flat  upwards,  as  in  dandelion  and  succory. 

Diet: 


iPLAN'ISH,  f.  /.  [from  plane.]  To  make 
smooth  or  plain ;  to  polish  ;  used  by  tnan- 
ufacturers.  Henry's  Chim. 

PLAN  ISHED,  pp.  Made  smooth. 

PLANISHING, /(/ir.  Making  smooth  ;  pol- 
ishing. 

PLANISPHERE,  ?i.  [L./>/a;iiw,  plain,  and 
sphere.] 

A  sphere  projected  on  a  plane,  in  which 
sense,  maps  in  which  are  exhibited  the 
meridians  and  other  circles,  are  plani- 
spheres. Encyc. 

PLANK,  n.  [Vr. planche;  Arm. planci/uenn, 
phi.  plencli;  W.  plane;  D.  plank  ;  G.Dan. 
plankc  ;  Sw.  planka  ;  Rnss.  placha,  a 
h'laril  or  [ilank.  Probably  n  is  casual  and 
the  woni  belongs  to  Class  Lg.] 

A  broad  piece  of  sawed  tindier,  ditlerin" 
from  a  board  only  in  being  thicker.  In 
America,  broad  pieces  of  sawed  timber 
which  are  not  more  than  an  inch  or  an 
inch  and  a  quarter  thick,  are  called  boards ; 
like  pieces  from  an  inch  and  a  half  to  three 
or  four  inches  thick,  are  called  planks. 
Sometimes  pieces  more  than  four  inches 
thick  arc  called  planks. 

PLANK,  V.  t.  To  cover  or  lay  with  jilanks ; 
as,  to  plank  a  floor  or  a  ship. 

PLA.N'NED,  /)/;.  Devised;  schemed. 

PL.\N  NER,  n.  One  who  plans  or  forms  a 
plan  ;  a  ))rojector. 

PLAN'NI.N'G,  jypr.  Scheming  ;  devising  ; 
making  a  plan. 

PLANO-€ON'l€AL,  a.  [plain  and  conical.] 
Plain  or  level  on  one  side  and  conical  on 
the  other.  Gmv. 

PLANO-CON'VEX,  a.  [plain  and  convex.] 
Plain  or  flat  on  one  side  and  convex  on 
the  other ;  as  a  plano-convex  lens. 

JSTeuion. 

PLANO-HORIZOXTAL,  a.  HaNing  a 
level  horizontal  surface  or  position.      Lee. 

PLANO-SU15  ULATE,  a.  [Sec  Subulate.] 
Smooth  and  a«l-shaped.  Lee. 

PLANT,  n.  [Fr.  plante ;  It.  pianta ;  L.  Sp. 
Port.  Sw.  pianta;  li:  plaunda  ;  T).  plant ; 
G.  pfanze  ;  Dan.  plante  ;  .Arm.  plantcnn  ; 
W.  plant,  issue,  oftspring,  children,  from 
plan,  a  ray,  a  shout,  a  plantation  or  plant- 
ing, a  plane;  planed,  a  shooting  body,  a 
planet;  pleiniaw,  to  radiate;  plenig,  radi- 
ant, .?;>/en(/iV;  ;;/t)i/,  that  is  rayed;  plen- 
tyn,  a  child ;  pianta,  to  beget  or  to  bear 
children.  In  It.  Sp.  and  Port,  pianta  sig- 
nifies a  plant  and  a  plan.     Here   we   find 

I  plan,  plane,  plant,  planet,  all  from  one 
stock,  and  the  Welsh  pleiniaw,  to  radiate, 
shows  that  the  L.  splendeo,  splendor,  are  of 
the  same  family.  The  f\M\i- clan  is  prob- 
ably the  Welsh  plan,  plant,  with  a  <lifler- 
ent  prefix.  The  radical  sense  is  obvious, 
to  shoot,  to  extend.] 

1.  A  vegetable  ;  an  organic  body,  destitute 
of  sense  and  spontaneous  motion,  adher- 
ing to  another  body  in  such  a  mamior  as 
to  draw  from  it  its  nourishment,  and  hav- 
ing the  power  of  propagating  itself  by 
seeds;  "  whose  seed  is  in  itself"  Gen.  i. 
This  definition  may  not  be  perfectly  cor- 
rect, as  it  respects  all  plants,  for  some  ma- 
rine plants  grow  without  being  attached 
to  any  fixi^d  body. 

The  woody  or  dicotyledonous  pl.mts 
consist  of  three  parts  ;  the  bark  or  exterior 
coat,  wliich  covers  the  wood  ;  the  wood 


P  L  A 


P  L  A 


P  L  A 


planted   with  trees,  as  uii  orchard  or  the! 
like.  Addison. 

3.  Ill  the  United  States  and  the  IVtsl  Indies,  a.\ 
cultivated  estate ;  a  t'ariii.  In  the  United, 
Slates,  this  word  is  applied  to  an  estate,  aj 
tract  of  land  occupied  and  cultivated,  in 
those  states  only  where  the  labor  is  per- 
tbrined  by  slaves,  and  where  the  land  is 
more  or  less  appropriated  to  the  culture 


which  is  hard  and  constitutes  the  princi- 
pal part ;  and  the  pith  or  center  of  the 
stem.  In  monocutyledonous  plants,  the 
ligneous  or  fibiuus  parts,  and  tlie  pithy  or 
parenchymatous,  are  equally  distributed 
throuijh  the  whole  internal  substance  ; 
and  in  the  lower  plants,  funguses,  sea 
weed,  &c.  the  substance  is  altogether  par- 
enchymatous. By  means  of  proper  ves- 
sels, the  nourishing  juices  are  distributed 
to  every  part  of  the  plant.  In  its  most 
general  souse,  plant  comprehends  all  veg- 
etables, trees,  shrubs,  herbs,  grasses,  &c. 
In  popular  language,  the  word  is  general- 
ly applied  to  the  smaller  species  of  vegeta- 
bles. 

2.  A  .sapling.  Dryden. 

3.  In  Scripture,  a  child  ;  a  descendant ;  the 
inhabitant  of  a  country.  Ps.  cxliv.  Jer. 
xlviii. 

4.  The  sole  of  the  foot.     [Lillle  used.] 
Sea-plant,  a  plant  that  grows  in  the  sea  or  in 

salt  water  ;  sea  weed. 
Sensitive  plant,  a  plant  that  shrinks  on  being 

touched,  the  mimosa. 
PLANT,  V.  t.    To  put   in   the   ground   and 

cover,  as   seed   for  growth  ;  as,  to  plant 

maiz. 

2.  To  set  in  the  ground  for  growth,  as  a 
young  tree  or  a  vegetable  with  roots. 

3.  To  engender ;  to  set  the  germ  of  any 
thing  that  may  increase. 

It  engenders  choler,  jtlanteth  anger.      Shak. 

4.  To  set ;  to  fi.x.  j 

His  standard  ^>/a7i(c//  on  Laurentiim's  towers. I 

Dryden. 

5.  To  settle  ;  to  fi.\  the  first  inhabitants;  to 
establish:  as,  to  ;)(o»/ a  colony. 

G.  To  furnish  with  plants;  to  lay  out  and 
prepare  with  plants;  as,  to  plant  a  garden 
or  an  orchard. 

7.  To  set  and  direct  or  point ;  as,  to  plant 
cannon  .against  a  furl. 

8.  To  introduce  and  establish  :  as,  to  plant 
Christianity  among  the  heathen. 

I   have  planted.   ApoHos    watered,  but  God 
gave  the  increase.     1  for.  iii. 

;i.  To  unite  to  Christ  and  fix  in  a  state  of 
fellowship  with  him.     Ps.  xcii. 

PLANT,  V.  i.  To  perform  the  act  of  pl.-mt- 
ing.  Pope. 

PLANT'ABLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  plant- 
ed. Edwards,  IV.  lndie.t. 

PLANT' AGE,  n.  [L.  planlago.]  An  heib, 
or  herbs  in  general.     [JVut  in  rtse.] 

Shak. 

PLANT'AIN,  )i.  [Fr. ;  from  L.  planlago;  It. 
pianlaggine.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Plantago,  of  several 
species.  The  router  plantain  is  of  the  ge 
nus  Alisina.  Encyc. 

PLANT'AIN,  ?        [Sp.  platano.]    A 

PLANT  ./VIN-TREE,  p-  tree  of  the  ge 
nus  Musa,  the  most  remarkable  species  ofi 
which  are,  the  p.iradislaca  or  plantain,  and 
the  sapienluni  or  banana  tree.  The  plaiit-l 
.■tin  rises  with  a  soft  stem  fifteen  or  twenty 
feet  high,  and  the  li-uit  is  a  substitute  fi.r 
breath  Enci/i: 

PLANT' .'VL,  a.  Belonging  to  plants.     [jVot 

u.'!cd.]  Glanville. 

PLANTA'TION,     n.     [L.    planlalio,    fron 

jdanto,  to  plant.] 
1.  The  act  of  planting  or  setting  in  theearti 
for  growth. 


2.  The  place  planted;  applied  to  ground jiPLASH,  v.i.  To  dabble  in  water;  usually 
'      ■    '        ■'  '       '         ■'     '      splash. 

PLASH,  !>.  t.  [Fr.  plisser.  See  Plait.  But 
perhaps  originally  pleach,  from  L.  plico,  to 
fold.] 

To  interweave  branches;  as,  to  plash  a 
hedge  or  quicksets.  [In  New  England, 
to  splice.] 

PLASH' ING,  ppr.  Cutting  and  interweav- 
ing, as  branches  in  a  hedge. 


of  tobacco,  rice,  indigo  and 
is,  from  Maryland  to  Georgia  mclusive, 
on  the  Atlantic,  and  in  the  western  states 
where  the  land  is  appio])riatcd  to  the 
same  articles  or  to  the  culture  of  the  sugar 
cane.  From  Maryland,  northward  and 
eastward,  estates  in  land  are  called /arm*. 

4.  An  original  settlement  in  a  new  country  ; 
a  town  or  village  i)lanted. 

While  these  plantations  were  forming  in  Cou- 

nectieut —  £.  Trumbull. 

A  colony.  Bacon. 

6.  A  first  planting  ;  introduction  ;  establish- 
ment; as  the  plantation  of  Christianity  in 
England.  A'.  Charles. 

PLANT'-CANE,  n.  In  the  Ifest  Indies,  the 
original  plants  of  the  sugar  cane,  produc- 
ed from  gerins  |)laced  in  the  ground  ;  or 
canes  of  the  first  growth,  in  distinction 
from  the  ratoons,  or  sj>routs  from  the 
roots  of  canes  which  have  been  cut. 

Edwards,   If.  Indies. 

PLANT'ED,  pp.  Set  in  the  earth  lor  prop- 
agation ;  set ;  fixed  ;  introduced  ;  estab- 
lished. 

2.  Furnished  with  seeds  or  plants  for 
growth  ;  as  a  planted  field. 

3.  Furnished  with  the  first  inhabitants  ;  set- 
tled ;  as  territory /j^d/Uerf  with  colonists. 

4.  Filled  or  furnished  with  vvhaf  is  new. 
A  man  in   all  the  world's  new  fashion  plant- 
ed.    [.See  iJef.  3.]  Shak. 

PLANT'ER,  n.  One  that  plants, sets,  intro- 
duces or  establishes ;  as  a  planter  of^iuaiz  ; 
a  planter  of  vines ;  the  planters  of  a  colo- 
ny. 

2.  One  that  settles  in  a  new  or  uncultivated 
territory;  as  the  first  ;)/.3«(e(s  in  Virginia. 

3.  One  who  owns  a  plantation  ;  used  in  the 
West  Indies  and  southern  states  of  Ainer- 


4.  One  that  introduces  and  establishes. 

The  apostles  were  the  first  planters  of  Chris- 
tianity. .lYelson.     Addison 

PLANT'ERSHIP,  n.  The  business  of  a 
planter,  or  the  manageuient  of  a  planta- 
tion, as  in  the  West  Indies.  Encyc 

PL.'VNT'I€LE,  n.  A  young  plant  or  plant 
in  embryo.  Darwin 

PLANT'I'NG,  ppr.  Setting  in  the  earth  for 
propagation  ;  setting  :  settling  ;  introduc 
ing;  establishing. 

PLANT'LVG,  n.  The   act  or  operation  of 
setting  in  the  ground  for  propagation,  a; 
seeds,  trees,  shrubs,  &c. 

PL.\NT'-LOUSE,  n.  An  insect  that  infests 
plants;  a  vine  fretter  ;  the  puceron. 

PLaSH,  )(.  [D.y)/as,  a  puddle  ;  G.  pldtsrhern, 
to  plash,  to  dabble;  Dim.  plasker,  to  plash; 
(ir.  7t?ia6oj,  superabundant  moisture.     Qii. 

1.  A  siiiidl  collection  of  standing  wtiter ;  .i 
|iiiddlc.  Huron.      Pope. 

2.  The  branch  of  a  tree  partly  cut  or  loppeil 
and  boimil  to  other  branches.       Mortimer. 


cotton,  that'PLASH'ING,  71.  The  act  or  operation  of 
cutting  and  lopping  small  trees  and  inter- 
weaving thein,  as  in  hedges.  Encyc. 

PLASH'Y,  a.  Watery ;  abounding  with 
puddles.  Sandys. 

PLASM,  n.  [Gr.  rtXaci.ua,  from  jtXairctw,  to 
form.] 

A  mold  or  matrix  in  which  any  thing  is  cast 
or  formed  to  a  particular  shape.  [Little 
used.]  Woodward. 

PLAS'MA,  n.  A  silicious  mineral  of  a  col- 
or between  grass  green  and  leek  green, 
occurring  in  angular  pieces  in  beds,  as- 
sociated with  common  chalcedony,  and 
among  the  ruins  of  Rome.  Ure. 

PLASMATIC,        I       Giving  shape;  hav- 

PL.-^SMAT  I€AL,  S  "■  ing  the  power  of 
giving  form.  More. 

PL'ASTER,  ?!.  [G.  pflasler  ;  D.  pleistre  : 
Sw.  plaster;  Dan.  pla.sler  ;  Fr.  pldtre : 
Mm.  plastr  :  \V.  plaslyr ;  Ir.  plastar,  plas- 
trail ;  Sp.  empln.ito  ;  P.irt.  id.  or  emprasio  ; 
It.  impiastro  ;  L.  empUislrum  ;  Gr.  i/xrt'Mi;- 
pop,  from  t/j-Tf^-aaau,  to  daub  or  smear,  prop- 
erly to  lay  or  spread  on  ;  nXaaau,  to  daub 
or  to  fashion,  mold  or  shape.] 

1.  A  composition  of  lime,  water  and  sand, 
well  mixed  into  a  kiiiil  of  paste  and  used 
for  coating  walls  and  paititions  of  houses. 
This  composition  when  dry  beromiis  hard, 
but  still  retains  the  name  of  plaster.  Plas- 
ter is  sometimes  made  of  different  mate- 
rials, as  chalk,  gypsum,  &.c.  and  is  some- 
times used  to  parget  the  whole  surface  of 
a  building. 

2.  Ill  pharmacy,  an  external  application  of  a 
harder  consistence  than  an  ointment,  to 
be  s|)read,  acconling  to  different  circum- 
stances, either  on  linen  or  letiier.      Encyc. 

Plaster  of  Paris,  a  composition  of  several 
species  of  gypsum  ilug  near  Montmar- 
tre,  near  Paris  in  France,  used  in  building 
and  in  casting  busts  and  statues.  In  pop- 
ular language,  this  name  is  applied  im- 
properly to  plaster-stone,  or  to  any  spe- 
cies of  gypsum. 

PL  ASTER,  V.  I.  To  overlay  with  plaster, 
as  the  partitions  of  a  house,  walls,  &c. 

2.  To  cover  with  plaster,  as  a  wound. 

3.  In  popular  lan::u(ige,  to  smooth  over ;  to 
cover  or  conceal  defects  or  irregularities. 

PL'ASTERED,;;;;.  Overlaid  with  plaster. 

PL\\STERER,  )!.  One  that  overlays  with 
plaster. 

2.  One  that  makes  figures  in  plaster. 

Wotton. 

PL^ASTERING,  ppr.  Covering  with  or  lay- 
ing on  plaster. 

PLWSTERING,  n.  The  act  or  operation  of 
overlaying  with  plaster. 

2.  The  plaster- work  of  a  building  ;  a  cover- 
ing of  plaster. 

PLASTEK  STONE,    n.     Gypsum,  which 

j    .see.     This  when  pulverized  is  extensively 

i     used  as  a  manure. 


P  L  A 


P  L  A 


P  L  A 


I'LAS'TIC,  a.  [Civ.  rt?^j-«o{,  from  jOoktou,  to 
form.] 

Having  tlie  power  to  give  form  or  fashion  to 
a  mass  of  matter;  as  ihn  plastic  hand  of 
the  Creator  ;  the  plastic  virtue  of  nature. 
Prior.     fVoodward. 

PLASTICITY,  n.  The  quahty  of  giving 
form  or  .sljape  to  matter.  Encyc. 

PLAS'TKON,  n.  [See  Piaster.]  A  piece  of 
lether  stuffed ;  used  by  fencers  to  iletend 
the  body  against  pushes.  Drijden. 

PLAT,  V.  t.  [from  plait,  or  plat,  flat. )  To 
weave;  to  form  by  texture.  Malt,  x.xvii. 

Ray.     Spectator, 

PLAT',  I      Work  done  by  platting  or 

PLAT'TING,  I  "'interweaving." 

PLAT,  n.  [Dan.  D.  plat,  llat ;  Fr.  id.;  G. 
platt ;  W.  plad,  phis  ;  Gr.  rt?.ari{,  broad, 
L.  latiis ;  or  from  the  root  oi' place,  G. 
pUtlz.  See  Plot,  the  same  word  diffonnt- 
ly  written.  But  probably  tliese  are  all  of 
one  family.     The  sense  is  laid,  spread.] 

A  small  piece  of  ground,  usually  a  portion  of 
flat  even  ground  ;  as  a  flowery  plat ;  uplat 
of  willows.  Milton.     Spectator. 

PLAT,  a.  Plain  ;  flat.     [JVot  used.] 

Chaucer. 

PLAT,  adv.  Plainly; flatly;  downright.  [.Vol 

used.]  Chaucer. 

2.  Smoothly ;  evenly.  [JVotused.]  Drant. 
PLA'TANE,   n.    [L.  platanus.]    The  pl.me- 

tree,  which  see.  Milton, 

PLAT'BAND,  n.  A   border  of  flowers  in  a 

garden,  along  a  wall  or  the  side  of  a  jiar- 

terre. 

2.  In  architecture,  a  flat  square  moldnig 
whose  liighth  much  exceeds  its  project 
ure,  such  as  the  faces  of  an  architrave. 

3.  Tlio  lintel  of  a  door  or  window. 

4.  A  list  or  fillet  between  the  flutings  of  a 
column.  Ci/c. 

PLATE,  n.  [D.  plaat,  G.  platte,  plate  ;  Sw. 
pliitt ;  Dan.  U.  plat,  G.  plait,  tiat ;  It.  ;;{- 
alto,  Hal,  and  puistra  :  Sp.  plata  ;  Ir.  id.  : 
W.  plud,  a  plate  ;  priibably  allied  to  Gr. 
TtKarvi,  L.  talus,  with  the  railical  si^nse  of 
laid,  spread.  \ 

1.  A  piece  of  metal,  flat  or  extended  in 
breadth.  Bacon,     South 

2.  -Ai  iimr  of  plate,  composed  of  bioad  jiieces, 
and  thus  distinguished  from  mail. 

Spenser. 

3.  A  piece  of  wrought  silver,  as  a  dish  or 
other  ^llallow  vessel:  hence,  vessels  of  si 
ver  ;    wrought  silver  in   general.     Plate, 
by  the  laws  of  some  states,  is  subject  to  a 
tax  by  the  ounce. 

4.  A  small  shallow  vessel,  made  of  silver  or 
other  metal,<)r  of  earth  glazed  and  baked, 
from  whicli  provisions  are  eaten  at  tabic. 
A  wooden  plate  is  called  a  trencher, 

5.  Tlie  prize  given  for  the  best  horse  in  a 
race. 

C.  In  architecture,  tiie  piece  of  timber  which 
supports  the  ends  of  the  rafters.  [See 
Pltlfnrm.] 

PL.VTE,  V.  t.  To  cover  or  overlay  with 
plate  or  with  metal ;  used  particularly  ofi 
silver  ;  as  plated  vessels.  I 

2.  To  arm  with  plate  or  metal  for  defense; 
as,  to  plate  sin  with  gold.  Shak.' 

Why  plated  in  haliiliniciits  of  war  r         Shak.l 

3.  To  adorn  with  plate;  as  a  plated  harness.'' 

4.  To  beat  into  thin  flat  pieces  or  lainens.     I 

Drtjden.    .\'tu'ton\ 


PLA'TED,  pp.  Covered  or  adorned  with 
plate  ;  armed  with  plate  ;  beaten  into 
plates. 

PLAT'EN,  n.  [from  its  Jlatness,]  Among 
l)rinters,  the  flat  part  of  a  press  by  which 
the  iiopiession  is  made. 

PLA'TEY,  a.  Like  a  plate;  flat.       Gregory. 

PLATT'OKAl,  ,1.  [plat,  flat,  and/orm.]  The 
sketch  of  any  thing  horizontally  delineat- 
ed ;  the  ichnography.  Sandys.' 

2.  A  place  laid  out  alter  any  model.      Pope, 

3.  In  the  military  art,  an  elevation  of  earth 
or  a  floor  of  wood  or  stone,  on  wliich  can- 
nous  are  mouuled  to  fire  on  an  enemy. 

Encyc. 

4.  In  architecture,  a  row  of  beams  or  a  piece 
of  timber  which  supports  the  timber-work 
of  a  roof,  and  lying  on  the  top  of  the  wall. 

Encyc. 
This  in   New   England    is    called   the 
plate. 

5.  A  kind  of  terrace  or  broad  smooth  open 
walk  on  the  top  of  a  building,  as  in  the  ori- 
ental houses.  Encyc. 

t).  In  ships,  the  orlop.     [See   Orlop.] 

7.  Any  number  of  planks  or  other  materials 
forming  a  floor  lor  any  purpose. 

Mar.  Diet. 

8.  A  plan  ;  a  scheme  ;  ground-work. 

Bacon. 

9.  In  some  of  the  JVew  England  states,  an  ec- 
clesiastical constitution,  or  a  plan  for  the 
government  of  churches;  as  tlie  Cam- 
bridge or  Saybrook  platform. 

Platic  aspect,  in  astrology,  a  ray  cast  from 
one  planet  to  another,  not  exactly,  but 
witliiii  the  orbit  of  its  own  light.       Bailey. 

PLATI'iNA,       (        [Sp.  p/afiiia,  from /i/a(a 

PLATl  iNLM,  S  "•    silver.] 

A  metal  discovered  in  the  mines  of  Choco 
in  Peru,  nearly  of  the  color  of  silver,  but 
less  bright,  and  the  heaviest  of  the  metals 
lis  specific  gravity  is  to  that  of  water  as 
23  to  1.  It  is  harder  than  iron,  undergoes 
no  alteration  in  air,  resists  the  action  of 
acids  and  alkalies,  is  very  ductile  and  capa- 
ble of  being  rolled  into  thin  plates. 

Encyc 

PLA'TING,  ppr.  Overlaying  with  plate  or 
with  a  metal:  beating  intu  thin  laniens. 

PLA'TING,  ».  The  art  or  operation  ot'cuv 
ering  any  thing  with  plate  or  with  a  met 
al,  p.uiiciilarly  ol  ov(Mlayiiig  a  baser  met- 
al with  a  thin  plate  of  silver.  The  coatin^ 
of  silver  is  soddered  to  the  metal  with  tin 
or  a  mixture  of  three  parts  of  silver  with 
one  of  brass. 

PLATINIF'EROLS,  a.  [platina  and  fero, 
to  produce.] 

Producing  platina;  as /(/afini/eroKS  sand. 

Diet.  .Yat.  Hist. 

PLATON'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  Plato  the  phi 
losopher,  or  to  his  philosophy,  his  school 
or  his  opinions. 

Platonic  love,  is  a  pure  spiritual  afTection 
subsisting  between  the  sexes,  unmixed 
with  carnal  desires,  and  regarding  the 
mind  only  and  its  excellencies;  a  species 
of  love  for  which  Plato  was  a  warm  ad- 
vocate. 

Platonic  year,  the  great  year,  or  a  period  of 
time  determined  by  the  revolution  of  the 
equinoxes,  or  the  space  of  time  in  which 
the  stars  and  constellations  return  to  their 
former  places  in  respect  to  the  equinoxes. 
This  revolution,  which  is  calculated  by  the| 


precession  of  the  equinoxes,  is  accomplish- 
ed in  about  25,000  years.  Encyc. 

PLATON'ICALLY,  adv.  .After  the  manner 
of  Plato.  H'olton, 

PLA  TONISM,  n.  The  philosophy  of  Plato, 
consisting  of  three  branches,  theology, 
physics  ami  mathematics.  Under  theology 
is  included  moral  philosophy-  The  foun- 
dation of  Plato's  theoligy  is  the  opinion 
tliat  there  arc  two  eternal,  primary,  inde- 
pendent and  incorruptible  principles  or 
causes  of  all  tilings,  which  are  Cod,  the 
maker  of  all  things,  and  matter,  from 
wliich  all  things  are  made.  It  was  a  fun- 
damental maxim  with  him  that  from  noth- 
ing, nothing  can  proceed.  While  there- 
fore he  held  (Jod  to  be  the  maker  of  the 
universe,  he  held  matter,  the  substance  of 
wliich  the  universe  was  made,  to  be  eter- 
nal. Enfitld, 

PLA'TONIST,      I      One   that   adheres  to 

PLA'TONIZER,  \  "-the  philosophy  of  Pla- 
to ;  a  follower  ol  Plato.  Hammond. 

PLA'TONIZE,  v,i.  To  adopt  the  opinions 
or  philosophy  of  Plato.  .Milner, 

PLA'TONIZE,  V,  t.  To  explain  on  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  Platonic  school,  or  to  accom- 
modate to  those  principles.  Enfitld, 

PL.\  TO.MZED. /y/>.  Accommodated  to  the 
philosoph\  ol  Plato.  Enfield, 

PLA'TONIZING,  ppr.  Adopting  the  princi- 
ples of  Plato  :  accommodating  to  the  prin- 
cijiles  of  the  Platonic  school.  Enfield, 

PLATOON',)!.  [Fr.pt(o/oii,a  ball  of  thread, 
a  knot  of  men,  from  pelote,  a  ball ;  Sp.  pelo- 
ton.     See  Ball,] 

.\  small  square  body  of  soldiers  or  musket- 
eers, drawn  out  of  a  battalion  of  foot  «  hen 
they  form  a  hollow  square,  to  strengthen 
the  angles ;  or  a  small  body  acting  togeth- 
er, but  separate  fVom  the  main  body  ;  ns, 
to  fire  In  platoons. 

PLAT'TEK,  )i.  [iroM  plate.]  A  large  shal- 
low dish  for  holding  the  provisions  of  a 
table.  Dryden. 

2.  One  that  plats  or  forms  by  weaving.  [See 
Plat.] 

PLAT  TER-FACED,  a.  Having  a  broad 
faci'. 

iPL\T'TING,    ppr.    Weaving;  forming  by 

I     texture. 

I'LAT'YPI'S,  n.  A  quadruped  of  New  IIoI- 

1     land,  whose  jaws  are  eloiigaieil   into  the 

I     shape  of  a  duck's  bill.     The  body  is  cov- 

I  ered  with  thick  hair  and  the  feet  are  web- 
bed. 

This  animal  has  been  arranged  with  the 
.Mammalia,  but  it  is  now  presumed  to  be 
oviparous ;  at  least  its  breasts  have  not 
hitherto  been  observed. 

Ed.  Encyc,     Cuvitr, 

PLAUD'IT,  n,  [L.  plaudo,  to  praise,  said  to 
be  taken  from  plaudite.  a  demand  of  ap- 
lilause  by  players  when  they  lelt  the 
stage.] 

.Applause  :  praise  bestowed.  Denham, 

PLAUSIBILITY,  n,  s  as  :.  [See  Plausi- 
ble,] 

Speciousness  ;  superficial  appearance  of 
right.  Surifl, 

PLAUS'IBLE,  a,  s  as  r.  [L, plausilnlis,  from 
plaudo,  to  clap  hands  in  token  of  approba- 
tion ;  W.  btoez,  an  outcry ;  bloeziaw.  to 
shout ;  blozest,  applause,  acclamation  ;  Ir. 
bladh,  blaodh ;  from  the  root  of  Gr.  xUiu, 
L.  laus,  taudo,  Eng.  loud,] 


P  L  A 


P  L  A 


P  L  E 


J.  That  may  be  applauded;  ibat  may  gain 
favor  or  approbation  ;  hence,  superticiaHy 
pleasing  ;  a])parenlly  riglit  ;  specious  ; 
popular  ;  as  a  plausible  argument ;  a  plaus- 
ible pretext ;  a  plausible  doctrine. 

2.  Using  specious  arguments  or  discourse ; 
as  a  plausible  man. 

PLAU8'lBLENESS,n.  Speciousness;  show 
of  right  or  propriety  ;  as  the  plaitsibleness 
of  Arminianism.  Sanderson. 

PLAUS'IBLY,  adv.  With  fair  show  ;  spe- 
ciously ;  ill  a  manner  adapted  to  gain  fa- 
vor or  approbation. 

They  could  talk  plausibly  about  what  they 
did  not  understand.  Collier. 

PLx\US'IVE,  a.  Applauding ;  manifesting 
praise. 

2.  Plausible.  Shak. 

PLAY,  V.  i.  [Sax.  plegan,  plegian,  to  play, 
to  joke,  to  perform  on  an  instrument  of 
music,  to  move  or  vibrate,  to  clap  or  ap- 
plaud, to  deride  or  make  sport  of;  pleg- 
gan,  to  ply  or  bend  to,  or  to  lean  or  lie  on  ; 

fe-plagan,  to  play,  and  to  dance  or  leap, 
'he  Svv.  leka,  Dan.  leger,  to  play,  are  the 
same  word  witliout  a  prefix,  and  in  the 
northern  counties  of  England,  leka  is  used 
as  it  is  in  Sweden.  This  word  seems  to 
be  formed  on  the  same  root  as  lay.'] 

1.  To  use  any  exercise  for  pleasure  or  re- 
creation ;  to  do  something  not  as  a  task  or 
for  profit,  but  for  amusement ;  as,  to  play 
at  cricket. 

The  people  sat  down  to  eat  and  to  drink,  and 
rose  up  to  play.  Ex.  xxxii. 

2.  To  sport ;  to  IVolick  ;  to  frisk. 

The  lamb  thy  riol  dooms  to  bleed  to  day, 
Had  he  thy  reason,  would  he  skip  and  play  ? 

Pope. 

3.  To  toy  ;  to  act  with  levity.  Millon. 

4.  To  trifle  ;  to  act  wantonly  and  thought- 
lessly. 

Men  are  apt  to  play  with   their  healths  and 
their  lives  as  they  do  with  their  clothes. 

Temple. 

5.  To  do  something  fanciful ;  to  give  a  fan- 
ciful turn  to ;  as,  to  play  upon  words. 

Shak 
Q.  To  make  sport,  or  practice  sarcastic  mer- 
riment. 

1  would  make  use  of  it  rather  to  play  upon 
those  1  despise,  than  trifle  with  those  1  love. 

Pope. 

7.  To  mock ;  to  practice  illusion. 

Art  thou  alive. 
Or  is  it  fancy  plays  upon  our  eyesight  ? 

Shak. 

8.  To  contend  in  a  game;  as,  to  play  at 
cards  or  dice ;  to  play  for  diversion  ;  to 
play  for  money. 

P.  To  practice  a  trick  or  deception. 

His  mother  played  false  with  a  smith. 

Shak. 

10.  To  perform  on  an  instrument  of  music  ; 
as,  to  play  on  a  flute,  a  violin  or  a  harpsi- 
chord. 

Play,  my  friend,  and  charm  the  charmer. 

Granville. 

11.  To  move,  or  to  move  with  alternate  di 
latation  and  contraction. 

Tlio    beart    l)eats,    the  blood  circulates,  the 
\\n\y^9play.  Cheyne. 

12.  To  ojiorate;  to  act.  The  engines  play 
against  a  lire.  I}njden. 

13.  To  move  irregularly;  to  wanton. 

Ev'n  as  the  waving  sedges  play  with  wind 

Shak 


The  setting  sun  | 

Plays  on  their  shining  arms  and  burnish'd 

helmets.  Addisun!\ 

All  fame  is  foreign,  but  of  true  desert,  | 

Plays  round  the  head,  but  comes  not  to  the 

heart.  Popt. 

14.  To  act  a  part  on  the  stage  ;  to  personate 
a  character. 

A  lord  will  hear  you  ptay  to-night.         Shak. 

15.  To  represent  a  standing  character. 
Courts  are  theaters  where  some  men  play. 

Donne. 

IG.  To  act  ill  any  particular  character  ;  as, 
to  play  the  fool ;  to  play  the  woman ;  to 
play  the  man.  Shak. 

17.  To  move  in  any  manner;  to  move  one 
way  and  another ;  as  any  part  of  a  ma- 
chine. 

PLAY,  V.  t.  To  put  in  action  or  motion  ;  as, 
to  play  cannon  or  a  fire-engine. 

2.  To  use  an  instrument  of  music  ;  as,  to 
play  the  flute  or  the  organ.     \  Ulliplical.] 

Gay 

3.  To  act  a  sportive  part  or  cliaracter. 
Nature  here 

Wanton'd  a?  in  her  prime,  and  play'd  at  will 
Her  virgin  fancies.  .Milton 

4.  To  act  or  perform  by  representing  a  char- 
acter ;  as,  to  play  a  comedy  ;  to  play  the 
|>art  of  king  Lear. 

o.  To  act ;  to  ])erform  ;  as,  to  play  our  parts 

well  on  the  stage  of  life. 
6.  To  perform  in  contest  for  amusement  or 

for  a  prize  ;  as,  to  play  a  game  at  whist. 
To  play  off,  to  display;' to    show;  to  put  in 

exercise  ;  as,  to  play  o_^tricks. 
To  play  on  or  upon,  to  deceive  ;  to  mock  or 

to  trifle  with. 
2.  To  give  a  fanciful  turn  to. 
PLAY,  n.  Any  exercise  or  series  of  actions! 

intended   for  pleasure,  amusement  or  di-| 

version,  as  at  cricket  or  quoit,  or  at  blind 

man's  buff. 

2.  Amusement ;  sport ;  frolick  ;  gambols. 

Spen.<ier. 

Two  gentle  fawns  at  play.  Millun. 

3.  Game  ;  gaming  ;  practice  of  contending 
for  victiny,  for  amusement  or  for  a  prize, 
as  at  dice,  cards  or  billiards. 

Practice  in  any  contest ;  as  sv;in\\-play. 

He   was    resolved    not  to    speak    distinctly, 
knowing  his  hestplay  to  be  in  the  dark. 

Tillotson 
John  naturally  loved  rough  play. 

./Irbuthnot. 

5.  Action  ;  use  ;  employment ;  oflice. 
— But  justifies  the  next  who  comes  in  play 

Dry  den. 

G.  Practice  ;  action ;  manner  of  acting  in 
contest  or  negotiation;  as  fair  play;  foul 
play. 

i.  A  dramatic  composition;  a  comedy  or 
tragedy  ;  a  composition  in  which  charac 
ters  are  represented  by  dialogue  and  ac- 
tion. 

A  play  ought  to  be  a  just  image  of  human  na- 
ture. Dryihn. 

8.  Representation  or  exhibition  of  a  coniody 
or  tragedy;  as,  to  he  at  the  play,  lie  at- 
tends every  play. 

9.  Performance  on  an  instrument  of  music. 

10.  Motion  ;  movement,  regular  or  irregu- 
lar; as  the  play  of  a  wheel  or  ))iston. 

11.  State  of  agitation  or  discussion. 
Many  ha\e  been  sav'd,  and  many  may. 
Who  never  heard  this  question  biought  in 

play.  J}rydcn. 


12.  Room  for  motion. 
The  joints  are  let  exactly  into  one  another, 

that  they  have  no  play  between  them. 

Moxon. 

13.  Liberty  of  acting ;  room  for  enlargement 
or  display  ;  scope  ;  as,  to  give  full  play  to 
mirth.     Let  the  genius  have  free  ptay. 

PLA'YBILL,  n.  A  printed  advertisement  of 
a  play,  with  the  parts  assigned  to  the  act- 
ors. 

PLA'YBOOK,  71.  A  book  of  dramatic  com- 
positions. 

PLA'Y-DAY,  /       A  day  given  to  play 

PLA'YING-DAY,  ^  "•  or  diversion  ;  a  day 
exempt  from  work.  Stmft. 

PLA'YDEBT,  n.  A  debt  contracted  by  gam- 
ing. Arbuthnot. 

PLA'YED,  pp.  Acted;  performed;  put  in 
motion. 

PLA'YER,  )!.  One  who  plays  in  any  game 
or  sport. 

2.  An  idler.  Shak. 

3.  An  actor  of  dramatic  scenes  ;  one  whose 
occupation  is  to  imitate  characters  on  the 
stage.  Bacon. 

4.  A  mimic.  Dryden. 

5.  One  who  performs  on  an  instrument  of 
music. 

G.  A  gamester. 

7.  One  that  acts  a  part  in  a  certain  manner. 

Carew. 

PLAYFELLOW,  n.  A  companion  in 
amusements  or  sports.  Sidney. 

PL.^'YFUL,  a.  Sportive  ;  given  to  levity  ;  as 
a  playful  child.  Spectator. 

2.  Indulging  a  sportive  fancy;  as  a  playful 
genius. 

PLA'YFULLY,  adv.  In  a  sportive  manner. 

PLAYFULNESS,  n.  Sportiveness. 

PLAYGAME,?!.  Play  of  children.     Locke. 

PL.l'YHOUSE,  n.  A  house  appropriated  to 
tlie  exhibition  of  dramatic  compositions; 
a  theater.  Pope.     Dryden. 

PLA'YM.^TE,  n.  A  playfellow  ;  a  compan- 
ion in  diversions.  More. 

PLA'Y-PLEASURE,  ».  Idle  amusement. 
[.Vnt  used.]  Bacon. 

PL.VYSOME,  a.  Playful;  wanton. 

Shelton. 

PLA'YSOMENESS,  h.  Playfulness;  wan- 
tonness. 

PLA'YTIIING,  li.  A  toy;  any  thing  that 
serves  to  amuse. 

A  child  knows  bis  nurse,  and  by  degrees  the 
playlhins;s  of  a  little  more  advanced  age. 

Locke. 

PLAYWRIGHT,  n.  A  maker  of  plays. 

Pope. 

PLEA,  n.  [Norm,  plait,  plet,  plaid,  pie ;  plu. 
pliz,  pltylz ;  Fr.  plaider,  to  plead  ;  plai- 
doycr,  a  plea ;  It.  pinlo,  a  plea  ;  piatire, 
to  plead  ;  Sp.  phylo,  dispute  ;»ie)//ear,  to 
plead  ;  pleyteador,  a  pleader  ;  Port,  pleito, 
pleitear ;  D.  plelt,  pleiten.  The  Spanish 
word  plcylo  signifies  a  dispute,  contest, 
debate,  law.suil,  and  a  covenant,  contract 
or  bargain,  and  pleyta  is  a  plaited  strand 
of  brass.  The  Portuguese  verb  pleitear 
signifies  to  plead,  to  go  to  law,  to  strive  or 
vie.  The  elements  of  this  word  are  prob- 
ably Ld  or  Pld.  In  tlu^  sense  of  jileading, 
the  word  acc<irds  with  the  Gr.  Xirij,  and 
in  that  of  striving,  with  the  \..  lis,  litis.] 
1.  I11.V//C,  that  which  is  alledicd  by  a  |)arty 
in  support  of  his  demand ;  but  in  a  more 
limiteil  and  technical  sense,  the  answer  of 


P  L  E 


P  L  E 


P  L  E 


the  defendant  to  the  plaintifs  declaration 
and  demand.  That  which  the  plaintifal- 
ledges  in  his  declaration  is  answered  and 
repelled  or  justified  by  the  defendant's 
plea.  Pleas  are  dilatory,  or  pleas  to  the  ac- 
tion. Dilatory  picas,  are  to  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  court,  to  the  disability  of  the 
plaintif,  or  in  abatement.  Pleas  to  the  ac- 
tion are  an  answer  to  the  merits  of  the 
complaint,  which  confesses  or  denies  it. 
Pleas  that  deny  the  plaintiPs  complaint 
or  den)and,  are  the  general  issue,  which 
denies  the  whole  declaration ;  or  special 
pleas  in  bar,  which  state  something  which 
precludes  the   plaintiPs  right  of  recovery. 

2.  A  cause  in  court  ;  a  lawsuit,  or  a  criminal 
process ;  as  the  pleas  of  the  crown  ;  the 
court  of  common  pleas. 

The  snprcnio  judicial  court  shall  have  cog- 
nizance ot plriix  real,  personal  and  mixed. 

Laws  of  JMiiss. 

3.  That  which  is  alledged  in  defense  or  jus- 
tification ;  an  excuse  ;  an  apology  ;  as  the 
tyrant's  pka. 

When  such  occasions  arc. 
No  plea  must  serve  ;  'tis  cruelty  to  spare 

Denhain. 

4.  Urgent  prayer  or  entreaty. 
PLEACH,  V.  t.  [Fr.  plis.ur,  or  from  the  root 

of  L.  plico,  Gr.  nxixu.]     To  bend  ;  to  in 
terweave.     [.Vo(  in  U3e.]  Shak. 

PLEAD,  V.  i.  [f'ee  Plea.]  In  a  general  sen.ie, 
to  argue  in  support  of  a  claim,  or  in  de 
fense  against  the  claim  of  another. 

2.  In  law,  to  present  an  answer  to  the  decla- 
ration of  a  plaintif;  to  deny  the  plaintiPs 
declaration  and  demand,  or  to  alledge 
facts  which  show  that  he  ought  not  to  re- 
cover in  the  suit.  The  plaintif  declares 
or  alledges ;  the  defendant  pleads  to  his 
declaration.  The  king  or  the  state  prose 
cutes  an  oftender,  and  the  oflfender  pleads 
not  guilty,  or  confesses  the  charge. 

3.  To  urge  reasons  for  or  against ;  to  at- 
teni])t  to  persuade  one  by  argument  or 
supplication;  as,  to  plead  for  the  life  of  a 
criminal ;  to  plead  in  his  favor ;  to  plead 
with  a  judge  or  with  a  father. 

0  that  one  might  plead  for  a  man  with  God 
as  a  m.in  pleadeth  for  liis  ueiglibor !     Job  xvi. 

4.  To  supplicate  with  earnestness. 
.  5.  To  urge ;    to   press  l)y  operating   on  the 

passions. 

Since  you  can  love,  and  yet  your  error  see. 
The  same  resisUess  power  may  ^i«a(/  for  me 

Drt/deti 

PLEAD,  V.  t.  To  discuss,  defend  and  at- 
tempt to  maintain  by  arguments  or  reasons 
offered  to  the  tribunal  or  person  who  has 
the  power  of  determining  ;  as,  to  plead 
a  cause  before  a  court  or  jury.  In  this 
sense,  argue  is  more  generally  used  by 
lawyers. 

2.  To  alledge  or  adduce  in  proof,  support  or 
vindication.  The  law  of  nations  may  be 
pleaded  in  favor  of  the  rights  of  embassa- 
dors. 

3.  To  offer  in  excuse. 

1  will  neither  plead  my  age  nor  sickness  in 
excuse  of  faults.  Dryden 

4.  To  alledge  and  offer  in  a  legal  plea  or  de 
fense,  or  for  repeUiug  a  demand  in  law 
as,  to  plead  usury ;  to  plead  a  statute  ofl 
limitations.  Ch.  Kent. 

5.  In  Scripture,  to  plead  the  cause  of  the 
righteous,  as  God,  is  to  avenge  or  vindi- 

Vol.  II. 


cate  them  against  enemies,  or  to  redreas 
their  grievances.     Is.  li. 

PLE'.ADAIUjE,  a.  'J'hat  may  be  pleaded; 
that  may  be  alledged  in  j)r»'of,  defense  or 
vindication  ;  as  a  right  or  privilege /liearfa- 
bte  at  law.  Dryden. 

PLE'ADKD,  ;)/».  Oflered  or  urged  in  de- 
fense; allcilged  in  proof  or  support. 

PLE'ADEK,  )!.  [Fr.  plaideur.]  One  who 
argues  in  a  court  of  justice.  Swijl. 

2.  One  that  forms  pleas  or  pleadings;  as  a 
special  pleader. 

3.  One  that  offers  reasons  for  or  against  ; 
one  that  attempts  to  maintain  by  argu- 
ments. 

So  fair  z  pleader  any  ea\ise  may  gain. 

Dryden 

PLE'ADING,  ppr.  Oflering  in  defense; 
supporting  by  arguments  or  reasons ;  sup- 
plicating. 

PLE'ADING,  n.  The  art  of  supporting  by 
arguments,  or  of  reasoning  to  persuade. 

PLE'ADINGS,  n.  In  law,  the  mutual  alter 
cations  between  the   plaintif  and  defend 
ant,  or  written  statements  of  the  parties  in 
support  of  their  claims,   comprehending 
the  declaration,  count  or  narration  of  the 
plaintif,    the  plea  of  the  defendant  in  re 
ply,  the  replication  of  the  plaintif  to  the 
defendant's  i)lea,  the  defendant's  rejoin- 
der,  the  plaintifs  sur-rejoinder,   the   de- 
fendatit's  rebutter,  the  plaintirs  sur-rebut- 
ter,  &:.c.  till  the  question  is  brought  to  is- 
sue, that  is,  to  rest  on  a  single  point. 

PLEASANCE,  n.  plez'ance.  [Vr.  plaisance 
See  Please.]  Gayety  ;  pleasantry  ;  mer- 
riment.    Obs.  Spenser.     Shak. 

PLEASANT,  a.  plez'ant.  [Ft.  plaisant.  See 
Please.] 

1.  Pleasing;  agreeable ;  grateful  to  the  mind 
or  to  the  senses;  as  a  pleasant  ride;  a 
pleasant  voyage ;  a  pleasant  view.  Light 
is  pleasant  to  the  eye  ;  an  orange  is  pleas- 
ant to  the  taste  ;  harmony  is  pleasant  to 
the  ear  ;  a  rose  is  pleasant  to  the  smell. 

How  good  and  how  pleasant  it  is  for  bretlr 
ren  to  dwell  together  in  unity  !     Ps.  cxxxiii. 

2.  Cheerful;  enlivening;  as p{ea«an(  society 
or  company. 

3.  Gay  ;  lively  ;  humorous ;  sportive  ;  as  a 
pleasant  companion. 

4.  Trifling;  adapted  rather  to  mirth  than 
use.  Locke. 

5.  Giving  pleasure  ;  gratifying. 
This  word  expresses  less  than  delight- 
ful, to  tlie  mind,  and  delicious,  to  the  taste 

PLEASANTLY,  adv.  plez'antly.  In  such  a 
manner  as  to  please  or  gratify. 

2.  Gayly ;  merrily ;  in  good  humor. 

Clarendon 

3.  Lightly  ;  ludicrously.  Broome. 
PLEASANTNESS,  n.  plez'antness.    State 

of  being  pleasant   or  agreeable  ;    as   the 

pleasantness  of  a  situation.  Sidney. 

2.  Cheerfulness;  gayety ;  merriment ;  as tlie 

pleasantness  of  youth. 
PLEASANTRY,  n.  plez'antry.  [Fr.plaisan- 
terie.]     Gayety  ;  merriment. 

The  harshness  of  reasoning  is  not  a  little  soft- 
ened and  smoothed  by  the  infusions  of  mirth 
and  pleasantry.  .Addison. 

2.  Sprightly  saying  ;  lively  talk ;  effusion  of 
humor. 

The  grave  abound  in  pleasantries,  the  dull  in 
repartees  and  points  of  wit.  Addison.] 

37 


PLEASE,  V.  t.  s  as  z.  [Fr.  plaire,  plaisant, 
from  h.  placere,  placeo ;  Arm.  pligea,plige- 
out ;  It.  piacere  ;  Sp.  placer ;  ( 'orn.  plezia  ; 
formed  perhaps  on  the  root  of  like.  Class 

I*] 

1.  To  excite  agreeable  sensations  or  emo- 
tions in  ;  to  gratify  ;  as,  to  please  the  taste  ; 
to  please  the  mind. 

Their  words  pleased  Hamor,  and  Shechcm, 
Hamor's  son.     Gen.  xxxiv. 
Leave  such  to   trifle  witli  more  grace  than 

ease. 
Whom  folly  pleases,  and  whose  follies  please. 

Pope. 

2.  To  satisfy ;  to  content. 

what  next  I  bring  shall  please 
Thy  wish  exactly  to  thy  heart's  desire. 

Milton. 

3.  To  prefer ;  to  have  satisfaction  in  ;  to 
like  ;  to  choose. 

Many  of  our  most  skilful  painters  were  ;>?cas- 

ed  to  recommend  this  author  to  me.       Dryden. 

To  be  pleased  in  or  with,  to  approve  ;  to  have 

complacency  in.     Matt.  iii. 
To  please  God,  is  to  love   his  character  and 
law  and  perform  his  will,  so  as  to  become 
the  object  of  his  approbation. 

They  that  are  in  the  flesh  cannot /)/ease  God. 
Rom.  viii. 
PLEASE,  r.  i.  s  as  z.    To  like ;  to  choose  ; 
to  prefer. 

Spirits,  freed  from  mortal  laws,  with  ease 
Assume   what   sexes  and  what  shapes  they 
please.  Pope. 

2.  To  condescend ;  to  comply ;  to  be  pleas- 
ed; a  word  of  ceremony. 
Please  you,  lords, 
In  sight  of  both  our  battles  we  may  meet. 

Shak. 

The  first  words  that  I  learnt  were,  to  express 

my  desire  that  he  would  please  to  give  me  my 

liberty.  Surift. 

Please  expresses  less  gratification  than 

delight. 

PLEASED,  pp.    Gratified ;   affected   with 

agreeable  sensations  or  emotions. 
PLE'ASEMAN,  n.  An  officious  person  who 
courts  favor  servilely  ;  a  pickthank.  Shak. 
PLE'ASER,  n.  One  that  pleases  or   grati- 
fies ;  one  that  courts  favor  by  humoring  or 
flattering  compliances  or  a  show  of  obedi- 
ence ;  as  men-pleasers.     Eph.  vi.     Col.  iii. 
PLE'ASING,    ppr.     Gratifying ;    exciting 

agreeable  sensations  or  emotions  in. 
PLE'ASING,  a.  Giving  pleasure  or  satis- 
faction ;  agreeable  to  the  senses  or  to  the 
mind  ;  as  a  pleasing  prospect ;  a  pleasing 
reflection  ;  pleasing  manners. 
2.  Gaining  approbation.     1  John  iii. 
PLE'ASING,  n.  The  act  of  gratifying. 
PLE'ASINGLY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner  as 
to  give  pleasure.  Dryden. 

PLE'ASINGNESS,  ji.  The  quality  of^ giv- 
ing pleasure. 
PLEASURABLE,    a.    plezh'urahU.     [from 

pleasure.] 
Pleasing  ;  giving  pleasure ;  affording  gratifi- 
cation. 

Planting  of  orchards  is  very  profitable  as  well 

2iS  pleasurable .  Bacon. 

PLEAS'URABLY,    adv.    With    pleasure; 

with   gratification  of  the  senses  or  tho 

mind.  Harris. 

PLEAS  URABLENESS,  n.  The  quality  of 

giving  pleasure.  Fettliani. 

PLEASURE,  n.pUzIt'ur.  [Fr.  plawir;  Arm. 

pligeadiir ;  It.  piacere;  Sp.  placer ;    Port. 

prazer.  See  Please.} 


P  L  A 


P  L  A 


P  L  E 


2. 


a 

4. 


1.  That  may  be  applauded;  that  may  gain 
favor  01-  approbation  ;  henre,  superticialiy 
pleasing  ;  ai)parently  riglit  ;  specious  ; 
popular  ;  as  a  plausihle  argument ;  a  plaus- 
ible pretext ;  a  plausible  doctrine. 

2.  Using  specious  arguments  or  discourse ; 
as  a  plausible  man. 

PLAUS'IBLENESS,?!.  Spaciousness;  show 
of  right  or  propriety  ;  as  ihe  plausibleness 
of  Arminianism.  Sanderson 

PLAUS'IBLY,  adv.  With  fair  show  ;  spe- 
ciously ;  in  a  manner  adapted  to  gain  fa- 
vor or  approbation. 

They  could  talk  plausibly  ubout  what  they 

did  not  understand.  Collier. 

PLAUS'IVE,  o.   Applauding;    manifesting 

praise. 
2.  Plausible.  S''"*- 

PLAY,  V.  i.  [Sax.  plegan,  plegian,  to  play, 
to  joke,  to  perform  on  an  instrument  of 
nmsic,  to  move  or  vibrate,  to  clap  or  ap 
plaud,  to  deride  or  make  sport  of;  pleg- 
gan,  to  ply  or  bend  to,  or  to  lean  or  lie  on  ; 
ge-plagan,  to  play,  and  to  dance  or  leap. 
The  Sw.  leka,  Dan.  leger,  to  play,  are  the 
same  word  without  a  prefi.x,  and  in  tlie 
northern  counties  of  England,  leka  is  used 
as  it  is  in  Sweden.  This  word  seems  to 
be  formed  on  the  same  root  as  lay.] 
1.  To  use  any  exercise  for  pleasure  or  re- 
creation ;  to  do  something  not  as  a  task  or 
for  profit,  but  for  amusement ;  as,  to  play 
at  cricket. 

The  people  sat  down  to  eat  and  to  drink,  and 
rose  up  lo  play.  Ex.  xsxii. 
To  sport ;  to  frolick  ;  to  frisk. 

The  lamb  thy  riot  dooms  to  bleed  to  day. 
Had  he  thy  reason,  wouid  he  skip  and  play  ? 

Pope. 
To  toy  ;  to  act  with  levity.  Milton. 

To  trifle  ;  to  act  wantonly  and  thought 

lessly. 

Men  are  apt  to  play  with  their  healths  and 
their  lives  as  tliey  do  witli  their  clothes. 

Temple. 

5.  To  do  something  fanciful ;  to  give  a  fan- 
ciful turn  to ;  as,  to  play  upon  words. 

Shak. 
C.  To  make  sport,  or  practice  sarcastic  mer- 
riment. 

1  would  make  use  of  it  rather  to  play  upon 
those  I  despise,  than  trifle  with  those  1  love. 

Pope. 

7.  To  mock ;  to  practice  illusion. 

Art  thou  alive. 
Or  is  it  Uncy  plays  upon  our  eyesight  ? 

Shak. 

8.  To  contend  in  a  game;  as,  to  play  at 
cards  or  dice  ;  to  play  for  diversion  ;  to 
play  for  money. 

9.  To  practice  a  trick  or  deception. 

His  mother  played  false  with  a  smith. 

Shak 

10.  To  perform  on  an  instrument  of  music; 
as,  to  play  on  a  flute,  a  violin  or  a  harpsi- 
chord. 

Play,  my  friend,  and  charm  the  charmer. 

Granville 

11.  To  move,  or  to  move  with  alternate  di- 
latation and  contraction. 

The    heart    heats,    the  blood   circulates,  the 
lungs  play.  Cheyne 

12.  To  operate;  to  act.  The  engines  play 
against  a  lire.  Dryden. 

13.  To  move  irregularly;  lo  wanton. 

Ev'n  as  the  waving  sedges  play  with  wind 

Shak 


The  settine;  sun  | 

Plays  on  their  sliining  arms  and  burnish'd| 

■  helmets.  Mdisun.l 

All  lame  is  foreign,  but  of  true  desert, 

Plays  round  the  liead,  but  comes  not  to  the] 

heart.  Pope.' 

14.  To  act  a  part  on  the  stage  ;  to  personate 

u  character. 

A  lord  will  hear  you  ;)(ay  to-night.         Shak. 

1.5.  To  represent  a  standing  character. 

Courts  are  theaters  where  some  men  play. 

Ikinne. 
IG.  To  act  in   any  particular  cliai-acter  ;  as, 
to  play  the  fool;  to  play  the  woman;  to 
play  the  man.  S 

17.  'to  move  in  any  manner;  to  move  one 
way  and  another ;   as  any  part  of  a  ma- 
chine. 
PLAY,  V.  (.  To  put  in  action  or  motion  ;  as, 

to  plan  cannon  or  a  fire-engine. 
2.  To  use  an  instrument  of  music  ;  as,  to 
idaii  the  flute  or  the  organ.     [Elliptical 
'    -^  Gay. 

To  act  a  sportive  part  or  character. 
Nature  here 
Wanton'd  as  in  her  prime,  and  play'd  at  will 
Her  virgin  fancies.  Milton. 

To  act  or  perform  by  representing  a  char- 
acter ;  as,  to  play  a  comedy  ;  to  play  the 
part  of  king  Leai-. 

To  act ;  to  perform  ;  as,  to  play  our  parts 
well  on  the  stage  of  life. 
6.  To  perform  in  contest  for  amusement  or 
1     for  u  prize  ;  as,  to  play  a  game  at  whist 
To  play  off,  to  display:  to   show;  to  put  in 
I     exercise  ;  as,  to  ;?/oi/o_/tricks.  ' 

\To  play  on  or  upon,  to  deceive  ;  to  mock  orj 
'     to  trifle  with.  j 

J2.  To  give  a  fanciful  turn  to. 
PL.\Y,  n.  Any  exercise  or  series  of  actions 
intended   for  pleasure,  anuisement  or  di- 
vei-sion.  as  at  cricket  or  quoit,  or  at  blind 
man's  huff. 
Amusement ;  sport ;  frolick  ;  gambols. 

Spenser. 
Two  gentle  fawns  at  play.  Mi  lion. 

Game  ;  gaming  ;  practice  of  contending 
for  victory,  for  amusement  or  for  a  prize, 
as  at  dice,  cards  or  billiards. 
4.  Practice  in  any  contest ;  as  swmH-play. 
He  was   resolved    not  to    speak   distinctly. 
knowing  his  best  vlau  to  be  in  the  dark. 

^  Tillotson 

John  naturally  loved  rough  jilay. 

.Irbulhnot 

,5.  Action  ;  use  ;  employment ;  oflice. 

— But  justifies  the  next  who  comes  in  play. 

JJryden. 

6.  Practice ;    action ;    manner   of  acting  in 

contest  or  negotiation;  as  fair  play;  Ibid 

_  play-, 

I 


12.  Room  for  motion. 
The  joints  are  let  exactly  into  one  another, 

that  they  have  no  play  between  them. 

Moxon. 

13.  Liberty  of  acting;  room  for  enlargement 
or  display  ;  scope  ;  as,  to  give  full  play  to 
mirth.     Let  the  genius  have  free  play. 

PLA'YBILL,  n.  A  printed  advertisement  of 
a  play,  with  the  parts  assigned  to  the  act- 
ors. 

PLA'Y'BOOK,  ?i.  A  book  of  dramatic  com- 
positions. 

PLAY-DAY,  \       A  day  given  to  play 

PLA'YING-DAY,  \  or  diversion  ;  a  day 
exempt  from  work.  Swift. 

PLA'YDEBT,  n.  A  debt  contracted  by  gam- 
ing. Arhuthnot. 

PLA'YED,  pp.  Acted  ;  performed  ;  put  in 
motion. 

)!.  One  who  plays  in  any  game 


PLAYER, 

or  sport. 

2.  An  idler. 

3.  An  actor 


.'A dramatic  composition;  a  comedy  or 
tragedy ;  a  composition  in  which  charac- 
ters are  represented  by  dialogue  and  ac- 
tion- .      . 

A  play  ought  to  be  a  just  image  ol  human  na- 
ture. Ih-yden 

8.  Representation  or  exhibition  ofii  comedy 
I  or  tragedy  ;  as,  to  be  at  the  ;);«iy.  He  at- 
I     tends  every  play. 

9.  Performance  on  an  instrument  ol  music. 

10.  Motion ;  movement,  regular  or  irregu- 
lar; as  the  play  of  a  wheel  or  piston. 

11.  State  of  agitation  or  discussion. 

Many  have  been  sav'd.  and  many  may. 

Who  never  heard  this  question  biou^ht  in 

phiij.  J)rydcn 


Shak. 

of  dramatic  scenes  ;  one  whose 

occupation  is  to  imitate  characters  on  the 

stage.  Bacon. 

4.  .\  mimic.  Drydtn. 

5.  One  who  performs  on  au  instrument  of 
music. 

6.  A  gamester. 
One  that  acts  a  part  in  a  certain  manner. 

Carew. 

PLA'YFELLOW,     n.     A    companion    in 

amusements  or  sports.  Sidney. 

PL.^'YFUL,  a.  Sportive  ;  given  to  levity  ;  as 

a  playful  child.  Spectator. 

2.  Indulging  a  sportive  fancy;  as  a  playful 

genius 
PLAYFULLY,  adv.  In  a  sportive  manner. 
PLAYFULNESS,  n.  Sportiveness. 
PL.A'YGAME.  n.  Play  of  children.  Locke. 
PL.V'YHOUSE,  71.  A  house  appropriated  to 
the  exhibition  of  dramatic  compositions; 
a  theater.  Pope.     Drxjden. 

PLAYMATE,  n.  A  playfellow  ;  a  compan- 
ion in  diversions.  More. 
PL.'V'Y-PLEASIJRE,   n.    Idle  amusement. 

Bacon, 
a.  Plavful;  wanton. 

Shelton. 
PLA'YSOMENESS,  n.  Playfulness;  wan- 
tonness. 
PLAYTHING,  n.  A  toy ;   any  thing  that 
serves  to  amuse. 

A  child  knows  his  nurse,  and  by  degrees  the 
ptaviliings  of  a  little  more  advanced  age. 
^  ^       '  Locke. 

PLAYWRIGHT,  n.  A  maker  of  plays. 

Pope. 

PLEA,  n.  [Norm,  plait,  plet,  plaid,  pie  ;  plit. 
pliz,  pleylz;  Fr.  plaider,  to  ]ilead  ;  p/ai- 
doi/tr,  a  plea ;  It.  piato,  a  plea  ;  piaiire, 
to'plead;  Sp.  pleyto,  dispute  ;»/ei//<'ar,  to 
l>lead  ;  ptei/teador,  a  pleader  ;  Port,  plcito, 
pleitear;  D.  pleit,  pleiten.  The  Spanish 
word  pleyto  signifies  a  dispute,  contest, 
debate,  lawsuit,  and  a  covenant,  contract 
or  bargain,  and  plryla  is  a  plaited  strand 
(if  brass.  The  Portuguese  verb  pleitear 
signifies  to  plead,  to  go  to  law.  to  strive  or 
vie.  The  .■Icinents  of  this  u  ord  are  prob- 
ably Ld  or  Pld.  Ill  ihi'  siiisc  of  pleading, 
thewnnl  accords  wilh  ihi' Gr.  Xirj;,  and 
ill  lliat  of  striving,  wilh  the  L. /i'.<J, ''''"*•] 
1.   In /rue.  that  which  is  alledi;cd  by  a   party 


\,\hl  used.] 
PLA'YSOME, 


ill  support  of  his  dciiiaiul ;  hut  in  a  more 
limited  and  technical  sense,  the  answer  of 


P  L  E 

the  defendant  to  the  plaintiPs  declaration 
and  demand.  That  which  tlin  plaintifal- 
ledges  in  his  declaration  is  answered  and 
repelled  or  justified  by  the  defendant's 
plen.  Pleas  arc  dilalory,  or  pleas  <o  Uic  ac- 
tion. Dilatory  picas,  are  to  the  jurisdic 
lion  of  the  court,  to  the  disability  of  the 
plaintif,  or  in  abatement.  I'leas  to  the  ac- 
tion are  an  answer  to  the  merits  of  the 
complaint,  which  confes.ses  or  deines  it. 
Pleas  that  deny  the  plaintiPs  complaint 
or  demand,  are  the  general  issue,  which 
denies  the  whole  declaration  ;  or  special 
pleas  in  bar,  which  state  something  which 
precludes  l|ie   [ilaintirs  right  of  recovery 

!.  A  cause  in  court ;  a  lawsuit,  or  a  criminal 
process ;  as  the  pleas  of  the  crown  ;  the 
court  of  common  pleas. 

The  supremo  judicial  court  shall  have  cog- 
nizance u(  jiledti  real,  personal  and  mixed. 

LawB  o/Mnss 

1.  That  which  is  alledged  in  defense  or  jus- 
tification;  an  excuse;  an  apology;  as  the 
tyrant's  plea. 

When  such  occasions  are. 
No  plea  must  serve  ;  'tis  cruelty  to  spare. 

Denhain 


P  L  E 


4.  Urgent  prayer  or  entreaty. 

PLRACM,  I'.  (.  [Fr.ftoser,  or  from  the  root 
of  L.  plico,  Gr.  rt>.exu.]  To  bend  ;  to  in- 
terweave.    [JVot  in  use.]  Shuk 

PLEAD,  V.  i.  [See  Plea.]  In  a  general  sense, 
to  argue  in  support  of  a  claim,  or  in  de 
fense  against  the  claim  of  another. 

2.  In  Inn;  to  present  an  answer  to  the  decia 
ration  of  a  plaiutif ;  to  deny  the  plaintirs 
declaration   and  demand,   or    to   alledge 
facts  which  show  that  he  ought  not  to  re 
cover  in  the  suit.     The   plaintif  declares 
or  alledges ;   the  defendant  pleads  to  his 
declaration.     The  king  or  the  state  prose 
cutes  an  offender,  and  the  offender  pleads 
not  guilty,  or  confesses  the  charge. 

3.  To  urge  reasons  for  or  against ;    to  at 
tempt  to  persuade  one   by  argument  or 
supplication;  as,  to  plead  for  the  life  of  a 
crimitial ;  to  plead  in  his  favor;  to  plead 
with  a  judge  or  with  a  father. 

O  that  one  might  plead  for  a  man  with  God 
as  a  man  pleadeth  for  his  neighbor  !     Job  xvi. 

4.  To  supplicate  with  earnestness. 
.  5.  To  urge ;   to   press  by  operating   on  the 

passions. 

Since  you  can  love,  and  yet  your  error  see. 
The  same  resistless  power  may  plead  for  lue 

Dry  den. 

PLEAD,  V.  t.  To  discuss,  defend  and  at- 
tempt to  maintain  by  arguments  or  reasons 
offered  to  the  tribunal  or  person  who  has 
the  power  of  determining  ;  as,  to  plead 
a  cause  before  a  court  or  jury.  In  this 
sense,  argue  is  more  generally  used  by 
lawyers. 

2.  To  alledge  or  adduce  in  proof,  support  or 
vindication.  The  law  of  nations  may  he 
pleaded  in  favor  of  the  rights  of  embassa 
dors. 

3.  To  offer  in  excuse. 

1  will  neither  plead  my  age  nor  sickness  in 
excuse  of  faults.  Dryden 

4.  To  alledge  and  offer  in  a  legal  plea  or  de 
fense,  or  for  repelling  a  demand  in  law 
as,  to  plead  usury;  to  plead  a  stattilc  of|i2. 
limitations.  Ch.  Kent 

5.  In  Scripture,  to  plead  the  cause  of  the 
righteou.«,  as  God,  is  to  avenge  or  vindi 

Vol.  II. 


cat©  them  against  enemies,  or  to  redress 
their  grievance's.     Is.  li. 

PLEADABLE,  a.  That  may  be  pleaded; 
that  may  be  allcdgetl  in  proof,  defense  or 
vindication  ;  as  a  right  or  privilege  nicado- 
ble  at  law.  Dryden. 

PLE'ADED,  pp.  Offered  or  urged  in  de- 
fense;  alledged  in  proof  or  support. 

PL?:'ADEU,  n.  [Vr.  plaideur.]  One  who 
argues  in  a  coint  of  justice.  Sivijl. 

2.  One  that  forms  pleas  or  pleadings;  as  a 
special  pleader. 

3.  One  that  offers  reasons  for  or  against  ; 
one  that  attempts  to  maintain  by  argu- 
ments. 

So  lair  a  pleader  any  cause  may  gain. 

Dryden 

PLE'ADING,  ppr.  Offbring  in  defense; 
supporting  liy  arguments  or  reasons  ;  sup- 
plicating. 

PLE'ADING,  n.  The  art  of  supporting  by 
arguments,  or  of  reasoning  to  persuade. 

PLE'ADINGS,  n.  In  law,  the  mutual  alter 
cations  between  the  plaintif  and  defend 
ant,  or  written  statements  of  the  parties  in 
support  of  their  clainjs,  comprehending 
the  declaration,  count  or  narration  of  the 
plaintif,  the  plea  of  the  defendant  in  re- 
ply, the  replication  of  the  |)laintif  to  the 
defendant's  plea,  the  defendant's  rejoin- 
der, the  plaintiPs  sur-rcjoinder,  the  de- 
fendant's rebutter,  the  ])lainlirs  sur-rebut- 
ter,  &c.  till  the  question  is  brought  to  is- 
sue, that  is,  to  rest  on  a  single  point. 

PLEASANCE,  7i.  plez'ance.  [Fr.  plaisance. 
See  Please.]  Gayety  ;  pleasantry  ;  mer- 
riment.    Obs.  Spenser.     Shak 

PLEASANT,  a.  plez'ant.  [Ft.  plaisant.  See 
Please.] 

1.  Pleasing ;  agreeable ;  grateful  to  the  mind 
or  to  the  senses ;  as  a  pleasant  ride ;  al 
pleasant  voyage  ;  a  pleasant  view.  Light' 
is  pleasant  to  the  eye  ;  an  orange  is  pleas- 
ant to  the  taste  ;  harmony  is  pleasant  to 
the  ear  ;  a  rose  is  pleasant  to  the  smell. 

How  good  and  how  pleasant  it  is  for  breth- 
ren to  dwell  together  in  unity  !     Ps.  cxxxiii. 

2.  Cheerful;  enlivening;  as  pZea»an<  society 
or  cotnpany. 

3.  Gay  ;  lively  ;  humorous ;  sportive  ;  as  a 
pleasant  companion. 

4.  Trifling;  adapted  rather  to  mirth  than 
use.  Locke. 

5.  Giving  pleasure  ;  gratifying. 
This  word  expresses  less  than  delight 

ful,  to  the  mind,  and  delicious,  to  the  taste. 
PLEASANTLY,  adv.  plez'antly.  In  such  a 
manner  as  to  please  or  gratify. 

2.  Gayly;  merrily;  in  good  humor. 

Clarendon. 

3.  Lightly  ;  ludicrously.  Broome. 
PLEASANTNESS,  «.  plez'antness.    State 

of  being  pleasant   or  agreeable  ;    as   the 

pleasantness  of  a  situation.  Sidney. 

2.  Cheerfulness;  gayety ;  merriment ;  as  the 

pleasantness  of  youth. 
PLEASANTRY,  n.plez'antry.  [Fr.plaisan- 
terie.]     Gayety  ;  merriment. 

The  harshness  of  reasoning  is  not  a  Uttle  soft- 
ened and  smoothed  by  the  infusions  of  mirth 
and  pleasantry.  Addison. 

Sprightly  saying  ;  lively  talk;  effusion  of| 
liumor. 

The  grave  abound  \n  pleasantries,  tlie  dull  in 
repartees  and  points  of  wit.  Addison. 

37 


P  L  E 

PLEASE,  v.t.  s  as  r.  [Fr.  plain,  plaisant, 
from  Ij.  placere,  placeo ;  \rm.pligea,plige- 
out;  It.  piacere  ;  i^p.  placer ;  Cori\.  plezta  ; 
formed  perhaps  on  the  root  of  like.  Class 

1.  To  excite  agreeable  sensations  or  emo- 
tions in  ;  to  gratify  ;  as,  to  please  the  taste ; 
to  please  the  mind. 

Their  words  pleased  Hamor,  and  Shechem, 
Hamor's  son.     Gen.  xxxiv. 
Leave  such  to   trifle  witli  more  grace  than 

e;ise. 
Whom  folly  pleases,  and  whose  follies  please. 

Pope. 

2.  To  satisfy  ;  to  content, 
what  next  I  bring  shall  please 

Thy  wish  exactly  to  thy  heart's  desire. 

Milton. 

3.  To  prefer ;  to  have  satisfaction  in  ;  to 
like  ;  to  choose. 

Many  of  our  most  skilful  painters  were  ;)(cas- 

ed  to  recommend  this  author  to  me.       Dryden. 

To  be  pleased  in  or  wiih,  to  approve  ;  to  have 

complacency  in.     Matt.  iii. 
To  please  God,  is  to  love   his  character  and 
law  and  perform  his  will,  so  as  to  become 
the  object  of  his  approbation. 

They  that  are  in  the  flesh  cannot  ;)tease  God. 
Rom.  viii. 
PLEASE,  V.  i.  s  as  z.    To  like ;  to  choose ; 
to  prefer. 

Spirits,  freed  from  mortal  laws,  with  ease 
Assume  what   sexes  and  what  shapes  they 
please.  Pope. 

To  condescend  ;  to  comply  ;   to  be  pleas- 
ed; a  word  of  ceremony. 
Please  you,  lords. 
In  sight  of  both  our  battles  we  may  meet. 

Shak. 

The  first  words  that  I  learnt  were,  to  expres? 

my  desire  that  he  would  please  to  give  me  ray 

liberty.  .Swiji. 

Please  expresses  less  gratification  than 

delight. 

PLEASED,  pp.    Gratified  ;   affected   with 

agreeable  sensations  or  emotions. 
PLE'ASEMAN,  n.  An  officious  person  who 
courts  favor  servilely ;  a  pickthank.  Shak. 
PLE'ASER,  n.  One  that  pleases  or  grati- 
fies ;  one  that  courts  favor  by  humoring  or 
flattering  compliances  or  a  show  of  obedi- 
ence ;  as  men-pleasers.     Eph.  vi.     Col.  iii. 
PLE'ASING,    ppr.     Gratifying;    exciting 

agreeable  sensations  or  emotions  in. 
PLE'ASING,  a.  Giving  pleasure  or  satis- 
faction ;  agreeable  to  the  senses  or  to  the 
mind  ;  as  a  pleasing  prospect ;  a  pleasing 
reflection  ;  pleasing  maimers. 
2.  Gaining  ai>probation.     1  John  iii. 
PLE'ASING,  n.  The  act  of  gratifying. 
PLE'ASINGLY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner  as 
to  give  pleasure.  Dryden. 

PLE'ASINGNESS.  ji.  The  quality  of  giv- 
ing pleasure. 
PLEASURABLE,    a.    plezh'urable.     [fiom 

pleasure.] 
Pleasing ;  giving  pleasure ;  affording  gratifi- 
cation. 

Planting  of  orchards  is  very  profitable  as  well 

AS  pleasurable .  Bacon. 

PLEAS'URABLY,    adv.    With    pleasure; 

with   gratification   of  the  senses  or  tho 

mind.  Harris. 

PLEAS  I'RABLENESS,  n.  The  quality  of 

giving  pleasure.  Feltham. 

PLEASURE,  n.pU-Oi'ur.  [Fr.  plaisir;  Arm. 

pligeadur ;  It.  piacere;  Sp,  placer ;    Port. 

prazer.  See  Please.] 


P  L  E 


P  L  E 


P  L  E 


].  The  gratifiration  of  the  senses  or  of  the 
niiiid  ;  agreeable  sensations  or  emotions  ; 
the  Pxciteinent,  rehsh  or  ha])()iiiess  pro- 
duced by  enjoyment  or  the  expeetation  of 
of  good;  opposed  to  pain.  We  receive 
pleasure  from  the  indulgi'nce  of  appetite  ; 
from  the  viewofa  beautiful  landscape  ;fron: 
the  harmony  of  sounds  ;  from  agreeable 
society  ;  from  the  expectation  of  seeing  an 
absent  friend ;  from  the  prospect  of  gain 
or  success  of  any  kind.  Pleasure,  bodily 
and  mental,  carnal  and  spiritual,  consti 
tutes  the  whole  of  positive  happiness,  as 
pain  constitutes  the  whole  of  misery. 

Pleasure  is  i)roperly  positive  excilenjent 
of  the  passions  or  the  mind  ;  but  we  give 
the  name  also  to  the  absence  of  excite- 
ment, when  that  excitement  is  painful ; 
as  when  we  cease  to  labor,  or  repose  after 
fatigue,  or  when  the  mind  is  tranquilized 
after  anxiety  or  agitation. 

Pleasure  is  susceptible   of  increase  to 
any  degree  ;  but  the  word  when  unquali- 
fied, expresses   less  excitement  or  ba|)pi 
ness  than  delight  or  joy. 

2.  Sensual  or  sexual  gratification. 

3.  Approbation. 

The  Lord  taketh /)?eas«re  in  his  people.     Ps 
cxlvii.  anil  cxlix. 

4.  What  the  will  dictates  or  prefers ;  will 
choice  ;    purpose  ;    intention  ;    comtnand  ; 
as,  use  your  pleasure.  Shak. 

Cyrus,  he  is  my  shepliertl  and  shall  perform 
all  ray  pleasure.     Is.  xliv. 

My  counsel  shall  stand  and  I  will  do  all  my 
pleasure.     Is.  xlvi. 

.">.  A  favor  ;  that  which  pleases. 

Festus,  willing  to  do  the  Jews  a  pleasure,  an- 
swered Paul.     Acts  XXV. 

6.  Arbitrary  will  or  choice.  He  can  vary 
his  scheme  at  pleasure. 

PLEAS'URE,  V.  t.  plezh'ur.  To  give  or  af- 
ford pleasure  to ;  to  please ;  to  gratify. 
[A  word  authorized  bij  some  good  writers, 
but  superfluous  and  not  much  ttsed.] 

Baron.     Shak. 

PLEAS'URE-BOAT,  n.  A  boat  appropri- 
ated to  sailing  for  amusement. 

PLEASURE-CARRIAGE,  n.  A  carriage 
for  pleasure. 

PLEAS'UREFUL,  a.  Pleasant;  agreeable. 
[Little  used.]  Abbot. 

PLEASURE-GROUND,  7i.  Ground  laid 
out  in  an  ornamental  manner  and  appro- 
l)riated  to  pleasure  or  annisemeiit.    Graves. 

PLEAS'URIST,  n.  A  person  devoted  to 
worldly  pleasure.     [Little  used.]      Brown. 

PLEBEIAN,  a.  [It.  plebeio ;  Sp.  plebeyo ; 
L.  plebeius,  from  plebs,  the  common  peo- 
pie.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  common  people;  vid- 
gar;  a^  plebeian  minds  ;  plebeian  .sports. 

9.  Consisting  of  common  people  ;  as  a  jilebe- 
ian  throng. 

PLEBE'IAN,  n.  One  of  the  common  peo- 
ple or  lower  ranks  of  men.  [Usually  ap- 
plied to  the  common  [joople  of  ancient 
Rome.]  Swiff. 

PLKl'.K'IANCE,   n.   The  common   people. 

[JVnt  1)1  use.] 
i'LI'irXiE,  n.  [Fr.  pleige  ;  It.  pieggeria : 
Norm,  plegg.  This  is  evidiMitly  the  (Celtic 
form  of  the  Teutonic  plight.  Sax.  pHht, 
plihtiin.  See  PUl'-IiI.  It  coincides  witli  L. 
pliai.  (Jr.  nXfxu,  W.  pli/gu,  to  told,  proper- 
ly t"  I'l/  to,  lo  put  or  throw  to  or  on.  A 
pledge  is  that  which  is  laid  or  deposited.] 


1.  Something  put  in  jjawn  ;  that  which  is 
deposited  with  another  as  security  for  the 
repajiiient  of  money  borrowed,  or  for  the 
I'erlormance  of  some  agreement  or  obli- 
gation ;  a  pawn.  A  borrows  ten  pounds 
ol  B,  and  dejiosits  his  watch  as  a  pledge 
that  the  money  shall  be  repaid ;  and  by 
repayment  of  the  money,  A  redeems  the 
pledge. 

2.  Any  thing  given  or  considered  as  a  secu 
rity  for  thi^  performance  of  an  act.  Thu; 
a  tnan  gives  his  word  or  makes  a  ])romise 
to  another,  which  is  received  as  a  pledge 
for  fulfillment.  The  mutual  affection  of 
husband  and  wife  is  a  pledge  for  the  faith- 
ful performance  of  the  marriage  cove 
naiit.  Mutual  interest  is  the  best  pledge 
for  the  performance  of  treaties. 

3.  A  surety ;  a  hostage.     Raleigh.     Dryden 

4.  In  law,  a  gage  or  security  real  or  person- 
al, given  for  the  repayment  of  money.  It 
is  of  two  kinds ;  vadium  vivum,  a  living 
pledge,  as  when  a  man  borrows  money 
and  grants  an  estate  to  be  held  by  the 
])ledgee,  till  the  rents  and  profits  shall  re- 
fund the  money,  in  which  case  the  land  or 
pledge  is  said  to  he  living;  or  it  is  vadium 
mortuum,  a  dead  pledge,  called  a  mortgage. 
[See  Mortgage.]  Btackstone. 

5.  Li  laiv,  bail  ;  surety  given  for  the  prosecu- 
tion of  a  suit,  or  for  the  appearance  of  a 
defendant,  or  for  restoring  goods  taken 
in  distress  and  replevied.  The  distress 
itself  is  also  called  a  pledge,  and  the  glove 
formerly  thrown  down  by  a  champion  in 
trial  by  battel,  was  a  pledge  by  which  the 
champion  stipulated  to  encounter  his  an- 
tagonist in  that  trial.  Blackstone. 

C.  A  warrant  to  secure  a  pei-son  from  injury 

in  drinking. 
To  put  in  pledge,  to  pawn. 
To  hold  in  pledge,  to  keep  as  security. 
PLEDGE,  V.  t.    [Fr.  pUiger.     See    Plight.] 

1.  To  deposit  in  pawn;  to  de|)osit  or  leave 
in  possession  of  a  person  something  which 
is  to  secure  the  repayment  ot'  money  bor- 
rowed, or  the  |)erformance  of  some  act. 
[This  word  is  applied  chielly  to  the  de- 
positing of  goods  or  personal  ]iroperty. 
When  real  estate  is  given  as  security  we 
usually  ap|)ly  the  wortl  mortgage.] 

2.  To  give  as  a  warrant  or  scciuily  :  as,  to 
pledge  one's  word  or  honor ;  to  pledge  one's 
veracity. 

3.  To  secure  by  a  pledge. 

1  accept  her. 
And  here  to  pledge  my  vow  I  gi\e  my  hand. 
[C'»»suo/.]  Shak. 

4.  To  invite  to  drink  by  accepting  the  cup 
or  health  after  another.  Johnson.  Or  to 
warrant  or  be  surely  for  a  person  that  he 
shall  receive  no  harm  while  drinking,  or 
from  the  draught;  a  iiraciice  which  orig- 
inated among  our  aiu'cstnrs  in  their  rude 
state,  and  which  was  iiUended  to  secure 
tlje  jiersoii  from  beingstablied  while drijik- 
ing,  or  from  being  ]n^isoMed  by  the  lifpior. 
In  the  first  case,  a  by-stander  pledges  the 
person  thinking;  in  the  latter,  the  persim 
drinking  pledges  his  guest  by  driidiing 
first,  and  then  handing  the  cu|)  to  his 
guest.  The  latter  practice  is  fie(iuent 
among  the  common  people  in  America  to 
this  day  ;  the  owner  ol  the  lirjuor  taking 
the  cup  says  to  his  fiicnd,  I  pledge  i/im, 
and  drinks,  then   hands  the   cup   to   his 


guest ;  a  remarkable  instance  of  the  pow- 
er of  habit,  as  the  reason  of  the  custom  has 
long  since  ceased. 

PLEDG'ED,  pp.  Deposited  as  seciu-ity : 
given  in  warrant. 

PLEDGEE',  71.  The  person  to  whom  any 
thing  is  pledged. 

PLEDG'ER,  n.  One  that  pledges  or  pawns 
any  thing  ;  one  that  warrants  or  secures. 
[Pledgor,  in  Blackstone,  is  not  to  be  coun- 
tenanced.] 

2.  One  that  accepts  the  invitation  to  drink 
after  aimther,  or  that  secures  another  by 
drinking. 

PLEDO'ERY,  n.  A  pledging ;  suretisbip. 
[.Wot  in  use.]  Encyc. 

PLEDti'ET,  71.  [from  folding  or  laying.] 
In  surgery,  a  compress  or  small  flat  tent  of 
lint,  laid  over  a  wound  to  imbibe  the  mat- 
ter discharged  and  kee()  it  clean.     Encyc. 

PLEDti'lNG,  ;)/)r.  Depositing  in  pawn  or  as 
security ;  giving  warrant  for  security  or 
safety. 

PLEIADS,  n.  ye'3/arfs.  [L.  Pleiades;  Or. 
rtJitiaSfj,  su|iposed  to  be  formed  from  xxtu, 
to  sail,  as  the  rising  of  the  seven  stars  in- 
dicated the  time  of  safe  navigation.] 

|In  astronomy,  a  cluster  of  seven  stars  in  the 
neck  of  the  constellation  Taurus.  The 
Latins  called  them  Vergiliei,  from  ver, 
spring,  because  of  their  rising  about  the 
vernal  equinox.  Encyc.     Ainsworth. 

PLE'NAL,  a.  [See  Plenary.]  Full.  [Not 
used.]  Beaumont. 

PLE'NARILY,  adv.  [from  plenary.]  Fully; 
completely.  Ayliffe. 

PLE'NARINESS,  ?i.  Fullness;  complete- 
ness. 

PLEN'ARTY,  «.  The  state  of  a  benefice 
when  occupied.  Blackstone. 

PLE'NARY,  a.  [L.  plenus ;  Fr.  plein ;  It. 
plenario,  pieito ;  Sp.  plena,  lleno ;  W. 
llawn;  Ir.  lain, Ian;  Ann.  lean.  The  Russ. 
has  polnei  and  polon,  full,  and  with  a  pre- 
fix, napolniayu,  to  fill.  Qu.  the  radical  let- 
ters, and  the  identity  of  the  Russ.  with  the 
others.] 

Full;  entire;  complete  ;  as  a  pZcnajT/ license  ; 
plenary  consent ;  plenary  indulgence.  The 
plenary  indulgence  of  the  j)ope  is  an  en- 
tire remission  of  penalties  due  lo  all  sins.    , 

Encyc. 

PLE'NARY,  n.  Decisive  procedure.  [A'ot 
used.]  Ayliffe. 

PLENILU'NARY,  a.  Relating  to  the  full 
moon.  Brown. 

PLEN'ILUNE,  n.  [fj.  plenilunium  ;  plenus, 
fidl,  anil  luna,  moon.]  The  full  moon. 
[.\o/  n.ted.]  B.  Jonson. 

PLENIP'OTENCE,  n.  [i..  plenus,  M\,aru\ 
potentia,  jioxver.]  Fullness  or  complete- 
ness of  ])owcr.  Milton. 

PLENIP'OTENT,  a.  [L.  plenipotens,  su- 
pra.]    Possessing  full  power.  Milton. 

PLENIPOTEN'TIARY,  n.  [Fr.  plcnipo- 
ttntiaire.  See  Pienipotence.] 

A  person  invested  \\\\h  fidl  power  to  trans- 
act any  business;  usnallj,  an  einba.ssador 
or  envoy  to  a  foreign  court,  furnished 
with  full  power  to  negotiate  a  treaty  or  to 
tnmsact  other  bnsini'ss. 

PLENIPOTENTIARY,  a.  Containing  full 
power;  as  plenipotentiary  license  or  au- 
thority. 

'PLENISII,  for  replenish,  not  used. 


P  L  E 


P  L  I 


P  L  I 


PLE'NIST,  n.  [L.  plenus.]  One  who  main- 
tains tliat  all  space  is  full  of  matter. 

Boyle. 

PLEN'ITUDE,  n.  [L.  pkniludo,  from  pie 
nus,  full.]     Fullness ;   as  the  plenitude  of| 
space.  Bentley. 

2.  Repletion ;  animal  fullness ;  pletliura ; 
redundancy  of  blood  and  humors  in  the 
animal  body.  Encyc. 

3.  Fullness ;  complete  competence  ;  as  the 
plenitude  of  the  popcj's  powi;r.  Bacon. 

4.  Completeness;  as  tliepiou'dirfeof  a  man'si 
fame.  Prior. 

PLEN'TEOUS,  a.  [from  plenli/.]  Abun- 
dant; copious;  plentiful;  .sutlicicnt  for 
every  purpose  ;  as  a  plenteous  sup()ly  of 
provisions;  a/)/e«/eous  crop.  Alilton. 

2.  Yielding  abundance  ;  as  a  plenteous  foun- 
tain. 

The  seven  7)/fn^«)vs years.     Gen.  xli. 

3.  Having  an  abundance. 

The  Lord  sliall  iiiuke  thee  plenteous  in  goods. 
Deut.  xxviii. 

4.  Possessing  in  abundance  and  ready  to  be- 
stow liberally.    Ps.  Ix.wvi. 

(This  word  is  loss  used  than  plentiful.] 
PLEN'TEOUS  I, Y,  adv.  In  abundance  ;  co- 
piously ;  plentifidly.  Milton 
PLEN'TKOUSNESS,  n.    .Abundance;  co- 
pious supply  ;  plenty  ;  as  the  seven  years 
of  plenteousness  in  E^'ypt. 
PLEN'TIFUL,  a.  [frorn  plenty.]    Copious  ; 
abundant;  adeiinale  to  every  purpose;  as 
a  plentiful  crop  of  grain  ;  a  plentiful  har- 
vest;  a />/e»/i/it/ supply  of  water  ;  a  plen- 
tiful fortune. 
2.  Yielding  abundant  crops  ;  aftbrding  am- 
ple supply ;  fruitful ;  as  a  plentiful  year. 

Bacon. 
PLEN'TIFULLY,    adv.    Copiously;  abun- 
dantly; with  ample  supply.  Addison. 
PLEN'TIFULNEriS,  n.  The  state  of  being 

plentiful  ;  abundance. 
2.  The  quality  of  art()rding  full  supply. 
PLEN'TY,  n.  [from  L.  plenus.]  ,\buiidanc(! ; 
co|i!otisiiess  ;  full  or  adciiuate  supply  ;  as, 
we  have  a  plcnli/  of  corn  for  bread  ;  the 
garrison  has  a  plenty  of  provisions.     Its 
application  to  persons,  as  a  plenty  of  buy- 
ers or  sellers,  is  ineleirant. 
2.  Fruitfulness  ;  a  poetic  use. 
The  teeming  clouds 
Descend  in  gladsome  plenty  o'er  the  worlil. 

Thomson. 
PLEN'TY,    a.    Plentiful  ;    being  in  abund- 
ance. 

Where  water  is  plenty —  Tusscr. 

If  reasons  were  as  plenty  as  blackberries. 

Shah: 
In  every  countiy  vrhere  liquors  are  plenty. 

Hist.  Collections. 
The  common  sorts  of  fowls  and  the  several 
gallinaceous  species  are  plenty. 

Tooke,  Russ.  Emji. 

A  variety  of  other  herbs  and  roots  wliich  ii.c 

plenty.  Adatr 

They  seem  formed  for  those  countries  where 

shrub's  are  plenty  and  water  scarce. 

Goldsmith. 

When  laborers  are  plenty,  their  wagc^  will  lie 

low.  Friinklin. 

in  the  countiy,  where  wood  is  more  ;)/«!(!/, 

they  make  their  beams  stronger.  Enruc. 

[The  use  of  this  word  as  an  adjective 

seems  too  well   authorized  to  be  rejected. 

It  is  universal  in  common  parlance  in  the 

United  States.] 


PLE'NUM,  n.  [L.]  Fullness  of  matter  in' 
space.  Descartes. 

PLE'ON.\SM,  n.  [L.  plconasmus ;  Gi:  rcu-, 
ovas/ioi,  from  the  root  of  rtXtoj,  full,  aXciov, 
more,  L.  pleo,  in  impteo,  Id  fit.] 

Redundancy  of  words  in  speaking  or  wri- 
ting; the  use  of  more  words  to  express 
ideas,  than  are  necessary.  This  may  be 
justiliable  when  we  intend  to  present 
thoughts  with  particular  perspicuity  or 
force. 

PLE'ONASTE,  n.  [Gr.  «>.foiafo;,  abund- 
ant ;  from  its  four  facets,  sometimes 
found  on  each  solid  angle  of  the  octahe- 
dron.] 

A  mineral,  commonly  considered  as  a  varie- 
ty of  the  spinelle  ruby.     [See  Ceylonite.] 

PLEONAS'Tle,        (      Pertaining  to  pleo- 

PLEONAS'TiCAL,  $  "'  nasm  ;  partaking  of 
pleonasm  ;  redundant.  Blackwall. 

PLEONAS'TICALLY,  adv.  With  redund- 
ancy of  words. 

PLEROPirOIlY,  n.  [Gr.  rt7.);pof opia  ;  «>.);pt;;, 
full,  and  ijifp",  to  bear.] 

Full  persuasion  or  confidence.    [Little  used.] 

Hall. 

PLESH,  for  plash,  not  used.  Spenser. 

PI.FTII'ORA,  n.  [Gr.  TO.rjeofa,  from  ta.r,9oi, 
fullness.]     Literally,  fullness. 

In  medicine,  fullness  of  blood  ;  excess  of 
blood  ;  repletion  ;  the  slate  of  the  vessels 
of  the  human  body,  when  they  are  too  full 
or  overloaded  with  fluid.s. 

Coxe.     Parr.     Encyc. 

PLETII'ORIe,  a.  Having  a  full  habit" of 
body,  or  the  vessels  overcharged  with 
fluids.  Arbulhnot 

PLETH'ORY.     [See  Plethora.] 

PLETH'RON,  I      [Gr.  TtKiBfiov.]     A  square 

PLETH'RUM,  \  "-measure  used  in  Greece, 
but  the  coutents  are  not  certainly  known. 
Some  authors  suppose  it  to  correspond 
with  the  Roman  juger,  or  240  feet ;  others 
alliMlge  it  to  be  double  the  Egyptian  arou- 
r.i,  which  was  the  square  of  a  hundred 
cubits. 

PLEU'RA,  n.  [Gr.  the  side.]  In  anatomy,  a 
thin  membrane  which  covers  the  inside  of 
the  thorax. 

PLEU'RISY,  n.  [Gr.  jtXfvpiT'is,  from  jtXftpa, 
the  side  ;  Fr.  pleurrsie  ;  It.  pleurisia.] 

.\n  inflammation  of  the  pleura  or  membrane 
that  covers  the  inside  of  the  thorax.  It 
is  accompanied  with  fever,  pain,  difficiilt 
respiration  and  cough.  The  usual  reme- 
dies are  venesection,  other  evacuations 
diluents,  &c.  Encyc. 

PLEIJRIT'IC,        I      Pertaining  to   pleuri 

PLEURIT'I€AL,  S  °"  sy ;  as  pleuritic  symjv 
toms  or  affections. 

2.  Diseased  with  pleurisy.  Arbutknol. 

PLEV'IN,  n.  [OldFr.JAwarrant  of  assu- 
rance.     Ohs. 

PLEX'IFORM,  a.  [L.  plerus,  a  fold,  and 
funn.] 

In  the  form  of  net-work;  complicated. 

Quincy, 

PLEX'US,  n.  [L.]  Any  union  of  vessels, 
nerves  or  fibers,  in  the  form  of  net-work. 

Coj-f. 

PLIABILITY,?!,  [from  pliable.]  The  qua 
ity  of  bending  or  yielding  to  pressure  or 
force    without  rupture  ;    flexibility ;  plia- 
bleness. 


PLI'ABLE,  a.  [Fr.  from  plier,  to  bend,  to 
fold  ;  L.  plico,  Gr.  .t7.fxu),  W.  plygu.  It. 
piegare,  to  fold  ;  piegktvole,  pliable.] 

1.  Ea.sy  to  be  bent ;  that  readily  yields  to 
pressure  without  rupture;  flexible;  as, 
willow  is  a  pliable  plant. 

2.  Flexible  in  disposition  ;  readily  yielding 
to  moral  influence,  arguments,  persuasion 
or  discipline  ;  as  a  pliable  youth. 

PLI'ABLE.N'ESS,  n.  Flexibihty  ;  the  qual- 
ity of  yielding  to  force  or  to  moral  influ- 
ence; (diability  ;  as  the  plinbleness  of  a 
plant  or  of  the  disposition.  Hammond. 

PLI'ANCY,  n.  [fromy)/iVi/i/.]  Easiness  to  be 
bent ;  in  a  physical  sense;  as  the  pliancy 
of  a  rod,  of  cordage  or  of  limbs. 

Addison. 

2.  Readiness  to  yiidd  to  moral  influence  ;  as 
pliancy  of  temper. 

PLI'AN'T,  a.  [Fr.]  That  may  be  easily 
bent ;  readily  yielding  to  force  or  jires- 
sure  without  breaking  ;  flexible  ;  flexile; 
lithe;  limber;  as  a /)/inn<  thread. 

Spectator. 

2.  That  may  be  easily  formed  or  molded  to 
a  different  shape  ;  as  pliant  wax. 

3.  Easily  yielding  to  moral  influence;  easy 
to  be  persuaded  ;  ductile. 

The  will  was  then  more  ductile  and  pliant  to 
right  rcTson.  South. 

PLI'ANTNESS,  n.  Flexibility.  Bacon. 

PLI'CA,  n.  [!j.  a  fold.]  The  plica  polonica 
is  a  disease  of  the  hair,  peculiar  to  Poland 
and  the  neighboring  countries.  In  this 
disease,  the  hair  of  the  head  is  matted  or 
clotted  by  means  of  an  acrid  viscid  hu- 
mor which  exsudes  from  the  hair.      Coie. 

PLI'€ATE,     I      [h.plicatus,  plico,  lofo\A.] 

PLI  €ATED,  S  Plaited  ;  folded  hke  a  fan ; 
as  a  plieale  leaf.  Lee.     Murtyn. 

PLI€A'TION,  n.  [from  L.  p/i'co.]  A  folding 
or  fold. 

PLI€'ATURE,    Ji.    [L.  plicalura;  plico,  to 

fold.]     A  fold  ;  a  doubling. 
PLI'ERS,  n.   plu.    [Fr.  plier,   to  fold.     See 

Ply-] 

An  instrument  by  which  any  small  thing  is 
seized  and  bent.  Moxon. 

PLI' FORM,  a.  [Fr.  pli,  a  fold,  and  form.] 
In  the  form  of  a  fold  or  doubling. 

Pennon/. 

PLIGHT,  V.  t.  plite.  [Sax.  plihtan,  to  pledge, 
and  to  expose  to  danger  or  rather  per- 
haps to  perplexity  ;  Sw.  beplichta,  to  bind  ; 
D.  pligl,  duty,  mortgage  ;  G.  pficht,  duty, 
[iledge  ;  Dan.  pligl,  duty,  obligation  ;  plig- 
lig,  bound,  obliged  ;  Sw.  plieht.  This 
seems  to  be  the  Teutonic  form  of  the 
Celtic  pledge,  Fr.  pleige,  pleiger,  L.  plico, 
Gr.  rCKixu,  It.  piegare,  Sp.  plegar,  Fr. 
plier,  Arm.  plega,  W.  plygu,  to  fold ;  Sp. 
pleyto,  a  covenant  or  contract ;  and  the  G. 
fleckten,  to  braid,  coinciding  with  the  L. 
ftecto,  to  bend,  appears  to  be  of  the  same 
family.  If  the  elements  are  Z>g,  as  I  sus- 
pect, pledge  and  plight  arc  formed  on  the 
root  of  lay,  Ann.  lacqacil.  To  pledge  or 
plight  is  to  lay  down,  throw  down,  set  or 
deposit.  Plight  may  however  be  more 
directly  from  the  root  of  L.  ligo,  but  this 
is   of  the   same  family.     See   .illou  and 

Ply-] 

I.  To  pledge;  to  give  as  security  for  tlie 
performance  of  some  act ;  but  never  appli- 
ed to  property  or  goods.     We  say,  he  plight- 


P  L  O 


P  L  O 


P  L  O 


cd  bis  liand,  his  faith,  his  vows,  his  honor, 
his  truth  or  troth.  Pledge  is  apphed  to 
property  as  well  as  to  word,  faith,  truth, 
honor,  &.C.  To  plight  taitb  is,  as  it  were, 
to  deposit  it  in  pledge  for  the  ))erformance 
of  an  act,  on  the  non-performance  of 
which,  the  pledge  is  forfeited. 

2.  To  weave ;  to  braid.         Spenser.    Milton. 
[This  is  the  primary  sense  of  the  word, 
L.  plico,  but  now  obsolete.] 

PLIGHT,  n.  plite.  Literally,  a  state  of  be- 
ing involved,  [L.  plicatus,  implicatus,  im 
plicitus ;]  hence,  perplexity,  distress,  or  a 
distressed  state  or  condition  ;  as  a  misera- 
ble plight.  But  the  word  by  itself  does 
not  ordinarily  imply  distress.     Hence- 

2.  Condition  ;  state  ;  and  sometimes  good 
case  ;  as,  to  keep  cattle  in  plight. 

In  most  cases,  this  word  is  now  acconi 
panied  with  an  adjective  which  determines 
its  signification  ;  as  bad  plight ;  miserable 
or  ivretched  plight ;  good  plight. 

3.  Pledge;  gage. 

The  Lord,  whose  hand  must  take  iiiy  plight. 

Shak. 

4.  A  fold  [L.  plica  ;]  a  double ;  a  plait. 

All  in  a  silken  Camus,  lily  white, 
Purfled  upon  with  many  a  folded  plight.  Obs. 

Spenser. 

5.  A  garment.     [JVot  used.]  Chapman. 
PLIGHTED,  pp.  pli'ted.  Pledged. 
PLIGHTER,  Ji.   pli'ter.    One  that  pledges ; 

that  which  plights. 
PLIGHTING,  ppr.  pli'ling.  Pledging. 
PLIM,  V.  i.  To  swell.     {Mot  in  use.] 

Grose. 

PLINTH,  n.  [Gr.  rtXwSoj,  a  brick  or  tile ;  L. 
plinlhus.] 

In  architecture,  a  flat  square  member  in  form 
of  a  brick,  which  serves  as  the  foundation 
of  a  column  ;  being  the  flat  square  table 
under  the  molding  of  the  base  and  pedes- 
tal, at  the  bottom  of  the  order.  Vitruvius 
gives  the  name  to  the  abacus  or  upper 
part  of  tlie  Tuscan  order,  from  its  resem- 
blance to  the  plinth. 

Plinth  of  a  statue,  is  a  base,  flat,  round  or 
square.  Encyc. 

Plinth  of  a  wall,  two  or  three  rows  of  bricks 
advanced  from  the  wall  in  form  of  a  plat 
band ;  and  in  general,  any  flat  high  mold 
ing  that  serves  in  a  front  wall  to  mark  the 
floors,  to  sustain  the  eaves  of  a  wall  or  the 
larmier  of  a  chimney.  Encyc. 

PLOD,  V.  i.  [D.  plots,  dull,  heavy.  Qu.]  To 
travel  or  work  slowly  or  with  steady  la- 
borious diligence. 

A  plodding  diligence  brings  us  sooner  to  our 
journey's  end,  than  a  fluttering  way  of  advanc- 
ing by  starts.  V Estrange 
Some  stupid,  plodding,  money-loving  wight 

Young. 

2.  To  study  heavily  with  steady  diligence. 

Shak.    Swift. 

3.  To  toil ;  to  drudge. 
PLOD'DRR,   71.    A  dull,   heavy,   laborious 

person.  Shak. 

PLOD'DING,  ppr.  Traveling  or  laboring 
with  slow  movement  and  steady  diligence 
studying  closely  but  heavily. 

2.  a.  Industrious;  diligent,  but  slow  in  con- 
trivance or  execution. 

PLOD'DING,  n.  Slow  movement  or  study 
with  steadiness  or  persevering  industry. 

Prideaux. 


PLOT,  n.  [a  different  orthography  of  plat.] 

1.  A  plat  or  small  extent  of  ground  ;  as  a 
garden  plot.  Locke. 

It  was  a  c\\osenplot  of  fertile  land.     Spenser. 

When  we  mean  to  build, 
We  first  survey  the  plot.  Shak. 

2.  A  plantation  laid  out.  Sidney. 
.3.  A  plan  or  scheme.     [Qu.  the  next  word.] 

Spenser. 

4.  In  surveying,  apian  or  draught  of  a  field, 
farm  or  manor  surveyed  and  delineated 
on  paper. 

PLOT,  V.  t.  To  make  a  plan  of;  to  delineate. 

Careic. 

PLOT,  Ji.  [The  French  retain  this  word  in 
the  compounds  complot,  comptoter ;  Arm 
complod,  complodi.  It  may  he  from  the 
root  of  plait,  to  weave,  Russ.  pletu,  whence 
opktayu,  to  plait,  to  twist,  to  deceive  ;  oplot, 
a  hedge.     See  Plait.] 

1.  Any  scheme,  stratagem  or  plan  of  a  com- 
plicated nature,  or  consisting  of  many 
j)arts,  ada])ted  to  the  accomplishment  of 
some  purpose,  usually  a  mischievous  one. 
A  plot  may  be  formed  by  a  single  person 
or  by  numbers.  In  the  latter  case,  it  is  a 
conspiracy  or  an  intrigue.  The  latter 
word  more  generally  denotes  a  scheme 
directed  against  individuals;  the  former 
against  the  government.  But  this  dis 
tinction  is  not  always  observed. 

0  think  what  anxious  moments  pass  between 
The  birth  of  plots,  and  their  last  fatal  periods  ! 

Jlddiso?i 

In  dramatic  writings,  the  knot  or  intrigue 
the  story  of  a  play,  comprising  a  compli- 
cation of  incidents  which  are  at  last  un- 
folded by  unexpected  means. 

If  the  plot  or  intrigue  must  be  natural,  and 
such  as  sprinecs  from  the  subject,  the  winding 
up  of  the  plot  must  be  a  probable  consequence 
of  all  that  went  before.  Pope 

Contrivance  ;    deep  reach   of   thought 


3. 

ability  to  plot, 

A  man  of  much  plot.  Denham 

PLOT,  V.  i.  To  form  a  scheme  of  mischief 
against  another,  or  against  a  government 
or  those  who  administer  it.  A  traitor 
plots  against  his  king. 

The   wicked  ptotteth  against  the  just.     Ps. 
xxxvii. 

To  contrive  a  plan ;  to  scheme. 
The  prince  did  plot  to  be  secretly  gone. 

IVotton 

PLOT,  V.  I.  To  plan  ;  to  devise  ;  to  contrive ; 
a.s,  to  plot  an  unprofitable  crime.     Dryden. 

PLOT'THD,  pp.  Contrived  ;  planned. 

PLOT'TER,  H.  One  that  plots  or  contrives ; 
a  contriver.  Shak. 

2.  A  conspirator.  Dryden. 

PLOT'TING,  ppr.  Contriving  ;  planning  ; 
forming  an  evil  design. 

PLOUGH.     [See  Plow.] 

PLOVER,  n.  [Vr.plmier,  the  water  bird, 
from  L.  pluvialis,  rainy  ;  pluo,  to  rain.] 

The  connnon  name  of  several  species  of 
birds  tlial  frequent  the  banks  of  rivers  and 
the  sea  shore,  belonging  to  the  genus 
Charadrius.  Encyc. 

PLOW,  n.  [Norm.  Sax.  plage;  D.  ploeg ; 
G.pjlug  ;  Uan.  ploug,  plov  ;  Ice.  plog  ;  Svv. 
id.  ;  liuss.  plug ;  Polish,  plug  ;  Scot. 
pleuch.  pleugh.  It  corresponds  in  elements 
with  plug,  and  both  perhaps  from  thrust- 
ing-] 


1.  In  agriculture,  an  instrument  for  turning 
up,  breaking  and  preparing  the  ground  for 
receiving  the  seed.  It  is  drawn  by  oxen 
or  horses  and  saves  the  labor  of  digging  ; 
it  is  therefore  the  most  useful  instrument 
in  agriculture. 

The  emperor  lays  hold  of  the  plow  and  turns 

up  several  furrows.  Grosier,  Trans. 

Where  fern  succeeds,  ungrateful  to  the  plow. 

Dryden. 

2.  Figuratively,  tillage ;  cultureof  the  earth; 
agriculture. 

3.  A  joiner's  instrument  for  grooving. 
PLOW,  V.  t.  To  trench  and  turn  up  with  a 

plow  ;  as,  to  plow  the  ground  for  wheat ; 
to  plow  it  into  ridges. 

2.  To  furrow  ;  to  divide  ;  to  run  through  in 
sailing. 

With  speed  we  plow  the  watery  wave. 

Pope. 

3.  To  tear ;  to  furrow.  Skak. 

4.  In  Scripture,  to  labor  in  any  calling. 
He  that  plou'eth  shou\d plow  in  hope.  1  Cor. 

ix. 

To  plow  on  the  back,  to  scourge ;  to  mangle, 
or  to  persecute  and  torment.    Ps.  cxxix. 

To  plow  with  one's  heifer,  to  deal  with  the  wife 
to  obtain  something  from  the  husband. 
Judges  .\iv. 

To  plow  iniquity  or  wickedness,  and  reap  it,  to 
devise  and  practice  it,  and  at  last  suffer 
the  punishment   of  it.     Job  xiv.     Hos.  .\. 

To  plow  in,  to  cover  by  plowing ;  as,  to  plow 
in  wheat. 

To  plow  up  or  out,  to  turn  out  of  the  ground 
by  plowing. 

To  put  one's  hand  to  the  plow  and  look  back,  is 
to  enter  on  the  service  of  Christ  and  af- 
terwards abandon  it.     Luke  ix. 

[The  difference  of  orthography  often  made 
between  the  noun  and  verb  is  wholly 
unwarrantable,  and  contrary  to  settled 
analogy  in  our  language.  Such  a  diflfer- 
ence  is  never  made  in  changing  into  verbs, 
plot,  harrow,  notice,  question,  and  most  oth- 
er \vords.     See  Practice.] 

PLOW'-ALMS,  n.  A  penny  formerly  paid 
by  every  plow-land  to  the  church.     Cowel. 

PLOW'-BOTE,  n.  In  English  law,  wooi\  or 
timber  allowed  to  a  tenant  for  the  repair 
of  instruments  of  husbandry. 

PLOW'BOY,  n.  A  boy  that  drives  or  guides 
a  team  in  plowing  ;  a  rustic  boy.       H'atts. 

PLOWED,  pp.  Turned  up  with  a  plow; 
furrowed. 

PLOW'ER,  n.  One  that  plows  land  ;  a  cul- 
tivator. Spenser. 

PLOW' ING,  ppr.  Turning  up  with  a  plow; 

furrowing. 
PLOWING,  ?i.    The  operation  of  turning 
up  ground  with  a  plow ;  as  the  first   and 
second  plotifing ;  three  plowings. 
PLOW-LAND,  n.  Land  that  is  plowed,  or 

suitable  for  tillage. 
PLOW'M.VN,  n.    One   that  plows  or  holds 
a  i)low. 

At  last   the   robber  binds  the  plowman  and 
carries  him  olF  with  the  oxen.  Spelman. 

A  cultivator  of  grain  ;  a  husbandman. 

Temple. 

3.  A  rustic  ;  a  countryman  ;  a  hardy  labor- 
er. Shak.     .'Irbiithnot. 

PLOW-MONDAY,  n.  The  Monday  after 
twelfth-day.  Tusser. 


P  L  U 


P  L  U 


I'LOW'SHARE,  n.  [See  Shear.]  The  part 
of  a  plow  wliicli  cuts  the  giounil  at  the 
bottom  of  the  furrow,  and  raises  the  slice 
to  tlie  niol(i-hoaril,  vvhii^h  turns  it  over. 

PLUCK,  V.  t.  [Sax.  pluccian,  which  seems 
to  bo  llie  same  word,  with  a  prefix,  as  bjc- 
can  or  alucan,  aiucean,  to  i)ull  ofl'  o""  "'"  ' 
G.  pflucken;  D.  plukken  ;  Dan.  plukkcr; 
Svj.plocka;  Fr.  eplucher ;  VV.  phciaw,  to 
pKick,  to  peel ;  plig,  a  peel.] 

1.  To  pull  witli  sudden  force  or  effort,  or  to 
pull  off,  out  or  from,  with  a  twitch.    T' 
we  say,  to  pluck  fethers  from   a  fowl ;  to 
pluck  hair  or  wool  from  a  skin  ;  to  pluck 
grapes  or  other  fruit. 

They  pluck  the   fatherless   from  the  breast. 
Job  xxiv. 

2.  To  strip  by  plucking ;  as,  to  pluck  a  fowl. 

They  that  pas3  by  Ao  pluck  her.     Ps.  Ixxx. 
The  sense  of  this  verb  is  modified  by 
particles. 
To  pluck  away,  to   pull  away,  or  to  separate 
by  pulling  ;  to  tear  away. 

He  shall  pluck  away  his  crop  with  his  feth- 
ers.    Lev.  i. 
To  pluck  down,  to  pull  down  ;  to  demolish 
or  to  reduce  to  a  lower  state.  Shak 

To  pluck  off,  is   to  pull  or  tear  off ;  as,   to 

pluck  offlbe  skin.   Mic.  iii. 
To  pluck  on,  to  pull  or  draw  on.     04s. 

'^  Shak 

To  pluck  up,  to  tear  up  by  the  roots  or  from 
the  foundation  ;  to  eradicate  ;  to  extermin- 
ate ;  to  destroy  ;  as,  to  pluck  up  a  plant ; 
to  pluck  up  a  nation.  Jer.  xii. 
To  pluck  out,  to  draw  out  suddetdy  or  to  tear 
out ;  as,  to  pluck  out  the  eyes  ;  to  pluck  outi 
the  hand  from  the  bosom.  Ps.  Ixxiv. 
To  pluck  up,  to  resume  courage ;  properly,! 
to  pluck  up  the  heart.     [JVol  elegant.] 

Knolles. 
PLUCK,  Ji.  The  heart,  liver  and  lights  of 

an  animal. 
PLUCK' ED,   pp.    Pulled    off;   stripped   of 

Hahersor  hair. 
PLUCK'ER,   n.    One  that  plucks. 

Mortimer. 
PLUCK'ING,  ppr.  Pulling  off;  stripping. 
PLUG,  n.  [D.plug;  Dan.  pi.i/g- ;  Sw.pligg; 
G.  pfock ;  W.   ploc,   a   block  ;  plociaiv,  to 
block,  to  plug.     It  seems  to  be  the  same 
word  radically  as  block,  W.  Woe] 
.\  stopple;  any  piece  of  pointed  woodorolh-i 
er  substance  used  to  stop  a  hole,  but  larg-1 
er  than  a  peg  or  spile.  Boyle.     SimjV 

Hawse-plug,  in  marine  affairs,  a  plug  to  stopi 
a  hawse-hole.  1 

Shot-plug,  a  plug  to  stop  a  breach  made  by  a 
cannon  ball  in  the  side  of  a  ship. 

Mar.  Diet. 
PLUG,  V.  t.  To  stop  with  a  plug  ;  to  make 

tislit  by  stopping  a  hole. 
PLt'M,  71.  [Sax.   plume;  G.  pfiaume;  Dun. 
bloiiime  ;  S\\ .  plommon  :  Corn,  pluman;  Ir. 
ptuma.] 

1.  The  fruit  of  a  tree  belongiug  to  the  genus' 
Prunus.  The  fruit  is  a  drupe,  containing! 
a  nut  or  stone  with  prominent  sutures  and, 
inclosing  a  kernel.  The  varieties  of  the, 
plum  arc  numerous  and  well  known.  j 

2.  A  grape  dried  in  the  sun;  a  raisin. 

3.  The  sum  of  £  100,000  sterling.       London.' 

4.  A  kind  of  l)lay.  Myisworth. 
[Dr.   Johnson   remarks   that    this   word    is 

often   written  improperly  plumb.    This  is 


true,  not  only  of  this  word,   but  of  all 
words  in  which  6  follows  m,  as   in  thumb, 
dumb,  &c.] 
PLU'MAGE,   n.    [Fr.   from  plume.]     The 
fethers  that  cover  a  fowl.  I 

Siiiit  with  her   varying  plumage,  spare  the 
dove.  Pope.\ 

PLUMB,  n.  plum.  [Fr.  plomb;  Sp.  plomo  ;i 
It.  piombo ;  VV.  plwm ;  L.  plumbum,  lead  ; 
probably  a  clump  or  lump.]  1 

A  mass  of  lead  attached  to  a  line,  and  used 
to  ascertain   a   perpendicular  position  of 
buildings  and  the  like.     But   the  word  as 
a  noun  is  seldom  used,  except  in  composi- 
tion.    [See  Plumb-line.] 
PLUMB,  a.  Perpendicular,   that  is,  stand 
ing  according  to  a  plumb-line.     The  post 
of  the  house  or  the  wall  is  plumb.  [This  is 
the  common  language  of  our  mechanics.] 
PLUMB,  adv.  In  a  perpendicular  direction  ; 
in  a  line  perpendicular  to  the  plane  of  the 
horizon.     The  wall  stands  plumb. 

Plumb  down  he  falls.  Milton 

2.  Directly;  suddenly;  at  once;  as  a  fall- 
ing mass;  usually  pronounced  plump.  He 
fell  plumb  into  the  water. 
PLUMB,  V.  t.  To  adjust  by  a  plumb-line  ; 
to  set  in  a  perpendicular  direction  ;  as,  to 
plumb  a  building  or  a  wall. 
2.  [W.  plymiaw.]  To  sound  with  a  plum- 
met, as  the  depth  of  water.    [Litlle  used.] 

Sioift. 
PLUMBAti'INOUS,   a.    Resembling  plum- 
bago ;  consisting  of  plumbago,  or  partak- 
ing of  its  properties. 
PLUMBA'GO,  n.  [L.]  A   mineral  consist- 
ing of  carbon  and  iron;  used  for  pencils 
&c. 
PLUM'BEAN,    I      Consisting  of  lead;   re- 
PLUM'BEOUS,  S  "'  sembling  lead.       Ellis. 
2.   Dull;  heavy  ;  .stupid.  J.P.Smith. 

PLUMBED,  ;;;).  plum'med.    Adjusted   by  a 

plumb-line. 
PLUMBER,  n.  plum'mer.    One  who  works 

in  lead. 
PLUMBERY,  n.plum'viery.  Works  in  lead 
manufactures  of  lead  ;    the  place  where 
lead  is  wrought. 
2.  The  art  of  casting  and   working  lead,  or 

of  making  sheets  and  pipes  of  lead. 
PLUMBIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  plumbum,  lead, 
and /ero,  to  produce.]     Producing  lead. 

Kirwan. 

PLUMB-LINE,  n.  plum'-line.    A   line  per-: 

pendicular  to  the  plane  of  the  horizon ;  or 

a  line  directed  to  the  center  of  gravity  in 

the  earth. 

PLUM-CAKE,  n.  Cake   containing  raisins 

or  currants. 
PLUME,  n.  [Fr.  plume  ;  L.  Sp.  pluma  ;  It. 
piuma  ;  W.  plu,  plui\] 

1.  The  fether  of  a  fowl,  particularly  a  large 
fether.  Shak 

2.  A  fether  worn  as  an  ornament,  particu- 
larly an  ostrich's  fether. 

And   his  high  plume   that   nodded   o'er  his 
head."  Drydm. 

.3.  Pride  ;  towering  mien.  Shak. 

4.  Token  of  honor;  prize  of  contest. 
.\mbiUous  to  win  from  me  some  plume. 

Milton. 

PLUME,        ?       In   botany,  the  ascending 

PLU'MULE,  I  "■  scaly  part   of  the  corcu- 

lum  or  heart  of  a  seed;  the  scaly  part   of 

the  embryo  plant  within  the  seed,  whic''' 


PLU 


extends  itself  into  the  (-avity  of  the  lobes, 
and  is  terminated  by  a  small  branch  re- 
sembling a  fether,  from  which  it  derives 
it.s  name.  Marlyn.     Milne. 

PLUME,  v.t.  To  pick  and  adjust  plumes  or 
fethers. 

Swans  must  be  kept  in  some  inclosed  pond, 
where  they  may  have  room  to  come  on  shore 
an<l  plume  lliemselves.  Mortimer. 

To  strip  of  fethers.  Carnivorous  animals 
will  not  take  pains  to  plume  the  birds  they 
devour. 

To  strip  ;  to  |)eel.  Bacon. 

To  set  as  a  plume  ;  to  set  erect. 

His  stature  reach'd  the  sky,  and  on  his  crest 
Sat  honor /)/um'(Z.  Milioii. 

5.  To  adorn  with  fethers  or  plumes.     Shak. 


tj.  To  pride  ;  to  value;  to  boast.    Hep/umes 
himself  on  his  skill  or  his  prowess. 

PLUME-AL'UM,  n.  A  kind  of  asbestus. 

IVUkins. 

PLU'MELESS,     a.     Without     fethers    or 
plumes.  Eusden. 

PLUMWEROUS,  a.  [L.  phma,  a  fether, 
and  gero,  to  wear.] 

Fethered  ;  having  fethers.  Did. 

PLU'MIPED,  a.  [infra.]  Having  feet  cover- 
ed with  fethers. 

PLU'.MIPKD,  n.  [L.  pZuma,  fether,  and  pes, 
foot.] 

A  fowl  that  has  fethers  on  its  feet.  Diet. 

PLUM'MET,  n.  [Si>.  plomada.  See  Plumb.] 
A  long  piece  of  lead  attached  to  a  line, 
used  in  sounding  the  depth  of  water. 

2.  An  instrument  used  by  carpenters,  ma- 
sons, &c.  in  adjusting  erections  to  a  per- 
pendicular line,  and  with  a  square,  to  de- 
termine a  horizontal  line.  It  consists  of  a 
piece  of  lead  fastened  to  a  line. 

3.  Any  weight.  Wilkins. 

4.  A  piece  of  lead  used  by  school  boys  to 
rule  their  paper  for  writing. 

PLUM'MING,  n.  Among  miners,  the  opera- 
tion of  finding  by  means  of  a  mine  dial 
the  ])lace  where  to  sink  an  air  shaft,  or  to 
bring  an  adit  to  the  work,  or  to  find  which 
way  the  lode  inclines.  Encyc. 

PLU'MOSE,  I        [h.  plumosus.]    Fethcry  ; 

PLU'MOUS,  S  "•    resembling  fethers. 

2.  In  botany,  a  plumose  bristle  is  one  that  has 
hairs  growing  on  the  sides  of  the  main 
bristle.  Plumose  pappus  or  down  is  a  fly- 
ing crown  to  some  seeds,  composed  of 
fethery  hairs.  Martyn. 

PLUMOS'ITY,  n.  The  state  of  having  feth- 
ers. 

PLUMP,  a.  [Dan.  plomp,  plump,  blunt,  un- 
handy, clownish,  rude ;  Sw.  plump  ;  D. 
plomp ;  O.  plump.  The  primary  sense 
seems  to  he  thick,  as  if  allied  lo  lump  and 
clump.     See  the  iNoun.] 

1.  Full  ;  swelled  with  fat  or  flesh  to  the  full 
size;  fat;  having  a  full  skin:  round;  as  a 
plump  boy  ;  a  plump  habit  of  body. 

The  famish'd  crow  grows  plump  and  rounil. 

Swifl. 

2.  Full:  blunt;  unreserved;  unqualified ;  as 
a  plump  lie. 

PLUMP,  n.  A  knot;  a  cluster;  a  clump ;  a 
number  of  things  closely  united  or  stand- 
ing together:  as  a  plump  of  trees  ;  a  phimp 
of  fowls;  a  plu7np  of  horsemen. 

Bacon.     Hayward.     Dryden. 

[This  word  is  not  now  used  in  this  .sense, 
but  the  use  of  it  formerly,  is  good  evidence 


rises  and  becomes  the  stem  or  body.     lt(!     that  plump  is  clump,  with  a  different  pre- 


P  L  U 


P  L  U 


PLY 


fix,  and  both  are  radically  one  word  with 

lump.     Plumh,  L.  plumbum,   is  the  same 

vvoril,  a  lump  or  mass.] 
PLUIVII',   V.  t.     [from   the   adjective]      To 

swell ;  to  extend  to  fuUuess  ;  to  dilate  ;  to 

fatten. 

Tlie  particles  of  air  expanding  themselves, 

plump  out  the  sides  of  the  bladder.  Boyle. 

A  wed(hng  at  our  house   will  j)lump  me  up 

with  good  cheer.      [Colloquial.]      V Estrange- 
PLUMP,  V.  i.  [from  the  noun  ;  G.  plumpen, 

D.  plompen,  Uan.  plomper,  to  plunge.] 

1.  To  plunge  or  fall  like  a  heavy  mass  or 
lump  of  dead  matter;  to  fall  suddenly  or 
at  once. 

2.  To  enlarge  to  fullness ;  to  be  swelled. 

Ainsworth. 

PLUMP,  adv.  Suddenly ;  heavily ;  at  once, 
or  with  a  sudden  heavy  fall.       B.  Jonson. 

PLUMP'ER,  n.  Something  carried  in  the 
mouth  to  dilate  the  cheeks  ;  any  thing  in- 
tended to  swell  out  something  else. 

Swifl. 

2.  A  full  unqualified  lie.     [In  vulgar  uae  ' 

PLUMP'LY,  adv.  Fully  ;  roundly  ;  without 
reserve;  as,  to  assert  a  thing  plumply ;  a 
word  in  common  popular  rise. 

PLUMP'NESS,  n.  Fullness  of  skin  ;  disten 
tion  to  roundness ;  as  the  plumpness  of  a 
•  boy ;  plumpness  of  the  eye  or  cheek. 

JVewloH 

1'LUM-POR'RIDgE,  ?!.  Porridge  witl 
iiiums.  Addison. 

PLUM-PyD'DING,  )(.  Pudding  containing 
raisins  or  currants. 

PLUMP'Y,  a.  Plump  ;  fut ;  jolly.  [J\"ot  ele- 
gant.] Shak 

PLUM-TREE,  71.  [Sax.  plum-lreow.]  A  tree 
that  produces  plums. 

PLU'MULE,   n.   [h.  plumula.]  The  ascend 
ing  scaly  part  of  the  embryo  plant,  which 
becomes  the  stem.     [See  Plume.] 

PLU'MY,  a.  [from  ;7/(tme.]  Fethered  ;  cov- 
ered with  fethers.  Millon 

2.  Adorned  with  plumes  ;  as  a  plumy  crest. 

Addison. 

PLUN'DER,  V.  t.  [G.  plundern  ;  D.  plunder- 
en  ;  Sw.  plundra  ;  Dan.  plyndrer.  Qu 
the  root  of  eloign.] 

1.  To  pillage  ;  to  spoil ;  to  strip  ;  to  take  the 
goods  of  an  enemy  by  open  force.     Neb 
uchadnezzar  plundered  the  temple  of  the 
Jews. 

2.  To  take  by  pillage  or  open  force.  The 
enemy  plundered  all  the  goods  they  found 
We  say,  he  plundered  the  tent,  or  he  plun- 
dered the  goods  of  the  tent.  The  first  ii 
the  proper  use  of  the  word. 

3.  To  rob,  as  a  thief;  to  take  from  ;  to  strip 
as,  the  thief p/«?u/c/-erf  the  house;  the  rob- 
ber plundered  a  man  of  his   money  and 
watch  ;  pirates  plunder  ships  and  men. 

PLUN'DER,  71.  That  which  is  taken  from  an 

enemy  by  force  ;  pillage ;  prey  ;  spoil. 
2.  That  which  is  taken  by  theft,  robbery  or 

fraud. 
PLUNDERED,  pp.  Pillaged  ;  robbed. 
PLUN'DERER,    n.    A   hostile   pillager;  a 

spoiler. 

2.  A  thief;  a  robber.  Addison 

PLUN'DERING,  ppr.  Pillaging;  robbing. 

PLUNt'iE,  v.t.    [V\.  plonger;  \rin.  plungia 

or  phigcin  ;  W.  plwng,  ii  ))lungc,  from  tin 

(same  root  as  llwnc  or  llwng,  the  gullet,  s 


gulp  or  swallow ;  probably  connected  witli 
luncheon.] 

1.  To  thrust  into  water  or  other  fluid  sub- 
stance, or  into  any  substance  that  is  pen- 
etrable ;  to  innnerse  in  a  fluid  ;  to  drive 
into  flesh,  mire  or  earth,  &c. ;  as,  to 
plunge  the  body  in  water  ;  to  plunge  the 
arm  into  fire  or  flame ;  to  plunge  a  dagger 
into  the  breast.  Milton.     Dryden. 

2.  To  thrust  or  drive  into  any  state  in  which 
the  thing  is  considered  as  enveloped  or 
surrounded ;  as,  to  plunge  one's  self  into 
difficulties  or  distress ;  to  plunge  a  nation 
into  war. 

3.  To  baptize  by  immersion. 
PLUNtiE,  v.  i.  To  pitch;  to  thrust  or  drive 

one's  self  into  water  or   a  fluid  ;  to  dive 
or  to  rush  in.     He  plunged  into  the  river. 
The  troops  plunged  into  the  stream. 
His  courser  plung'd, 
And  threw  him  off;  the  waves  whelm'd  over 
liim.  Dryden 

To  fall  or  rush  into  distress  or  any  state 
or  circumstances  in  which  the  person  or 
thing    is    enveloped,    inclosed    or    over- 
whelmed ;  as,  to  plunge   into  a  gulf;  to 
plunge  into  debt  or  embarrassments ;  to 
plunge    into    war ;     a    body    of   cavalry 
plunged  into  the  midst  of  the  enemy. 
3.  To  pitch  or  throw  one's  self  headlong. 
'PLUNuE,   71.  The  act  of  thrusting  into  wa- 
ter or  any  penetrable  substance. 
2.  Difficulty;  strait;  distress;  a  state  of  be- 
ing surrounded  or  overwhelmed  with  dif- 
ficulties. 

People  when   put  to  a  plunge,  cry  out  to 
heaven  for  lielp.  VEstrange 

And  wilt  thou  not  reach  out  a  friendly  arm, 
To  raise  ine  from  amidst  this  plunge  of  sor- 
row :  Addison. 
[In  this  sense,  the  word  is  nolo  Utile  used.] 
PLUNG'ED,  pp.  Thrust  into  a  fluid  or  other 
penetrable  substance;  immersed;   involv- 
ed in  straits. 
PLUN'GEON,  n.  A  sea  fowl.        Ainsworth. 
PLUN(>'ER,  71.   One  that  plunges  ;  a  diver. 
2.  A  cylinder  used  as  a  forcer  in  pump.s. 
PLUNti'ING,  ppr.  Immersing  ;  diving  ;  rush- 
ing headlong. 
PLUNG'Y,  a.  Wet.     [Xot  used.]      Chaucer. 
PLUNK'ET,  71.  A  kind  of  blue  color. 

Ainsworth. 
PLU'RAL,  o.  [h.  pluralis,  t'lom  plus,  pluris 

more.] 
L  Containing  more  than  one  ;  consisting  of 
two  or  more,  or  designating  two  or  more 
as  a  plural  word. 
2.  In  grammar,  the  plural  number   is  that 
which  designates  more  than  one,  that  is, 
any  number  except  one.     Thus  in  most 
languages,  a  word  in  the  plural  niiniberj 
expresses  two  or  more.     15ut  the  Greek 
has  a  dual  number  to  exjiress   two ;  and 
the  plural  expresses  more  than  two.  ] 

PLU'RALIST,7i.  A  clerk  or  clergyman  vvhoj 
holds  more   ecclesiastical  benefices  thai 
one,  with  cure  of  souls.  Juhn-ion 

PLURAL' ITY,  n.  [Fr.  pluraliU,{vo\n  L.plu 
I     ralis.] 
\l.  A  number  consisting  of  two  or  more  of 

the  same  kind ;  as  a  plurality  of  gods 
I     plurality  of  worlds.  Encyc. 

2.  A  state  of  being  or  having  a  greater  niim 
her. 

3.  In  elections,  a  plurality  of  votes  is  when 
!     one  candidate  has  more  votes  than  any 


other,  but  less  than  half  o{  the  whole  num- 
ber of  votes  given.  It  is  thus  distinguish- 
ed from  a  majority,  which  is  more  than  half 
of  the  whole  number. 
4.  Plurality  of  benefices,  is  where  the  same 
clerk  is  possessed  of  more  benefices  than 
one,  with  cure  of  souls.  In  this  case,  each 
benefice  thus  held  is  called  a  plurality. 
PLU' RALLY,    adv.    In    a  sense   implying 

more  than  one. 
PLCRILIT'ERAL,   a.    [L.  plus  and  literit, 
letter.]      Containing    more    letters    than 
three. 
PLCRILIT'ERAL,  n.  A  word  consisting  of 

more  letters  than  three. 
PLU'RISY,    n.    [L.  plus,  pluris.]    Supera- 
bundance.    [jYot  used-]  Shak. 
PLUS,    [L.   more,]    in  algebra,  a  character 
marked  thus,  +,  used  as  the  sign  of  addi- 
tion. 
PLUSH,  71.  [G.  pliisch,  shag  ;  D.  pluis,  flock, 
nap,  plush  ;  pluizen,    to   fray,  pick,  carp, 
fleece.     Qu.  Fr.  peluche.     The  Italian  pe- 
luzzo  signifies  a  little  hair  or  down,  from 
pelo,  hair,  L.  pilus.] 
Shag ;    a   species   of  shaggy  cloth  or  stuflT 
with  a  velvet  nap  on  one   side,  composed 
regularly  of  a  woof  of  a  single  thread  and 
a  doulile   warp  ;    the   one,  wool  of   two 
threads  twisted,    the   other   of  goat's   or 
camel's  hair.     But  some  plushes  are  made 
wholly  of  worsted;  others  wholly  of  hair. 

Encyc. 
PLUSH'ER,  n.  A  marine  fish.  Carew. 

PLUTO'NIAN,  a.  Plutonic,  which  see. 
PLUTO'NL\N,  71.  One  who  maintains  the 
origin  of  mountains,  &c.  to  be  from  fire. 
Journ.  of  Science. 
The  Plutonian  theory  of  the  formation 
of  rocks  and  mounlains  is  opposed  to  the 
JVeptunian. 
PLUTONIC,  a.  [from  Pluto,  in  mythology, 

the  king  of  the  infernal  regions.] 
Pertaining  to  or  designating  the  system  of 
the  Plutonists  ;  as  the  Plutonic  theory. 

Kirivan. 
PLU'TONIST,  71.  One  who  adopts  the  the- 
ory of  the  formation  of  the   world  in  its 
present  state  from  igneous  fusion. 

Good. 
PLU'VL^L,  ^  [L.  plurialis,  from  pbtvia, 
PLU'VIOUS,  S  "■  rain  ;  Fr.  It.  pluviale  ;  Sp. 

plitvial.] 
Rainy  ;  humid.  Brown. 

PLU'VIAL,  n.  [Fr.  pluvial.]  A  priest's  cope. 

Ainsworth. 
PLUVIAM'ETER,  n.   [h.  pluvia,  laio,  and 

Gr.  ^fTpoi,  measure.] 
A  rain  gage,  an  instrument  for  ascertaining 
the  ipiantity  of  water  that  falls  in  rain,  or 
in  rain  and  snow,  in  any  particular  cli- 
mate or  place. 
PLOVIAMET'Rl€AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
phiviameter ;  made  or  ascertained  by  a 
phiviameter.  Journ.  of  Science. 

PLY,  V  t.  [Vr.plier,  to  bend  or  fold,  former- 
ly written  ploycr,  whence  employ;  Arm. 
pUgu,  W.  plygu.  It.  piegare,  Sp.  plegar. 
Port,  pregar,  L.  plico,  Gr.  jtxtxu,  to  fold  ; 
Sax.  pleggan.  to  play  and  to  lie  on  ;  D. 
pleegen,  to  u.sc,  to  exercise;  Dan.  plcjer,to 
exercise,  to  perform  an  oflice,  to  ten<l,  to 
nurse;  G.  pjlegen,  id.;  Sw.  plll^a.  That 
these  words  are  from  the  rootol  lie,  /n^,  is 


P  N  E 


P  O  C 


1'  O  E 


obvious,  for  in  G.  liegeji,  to  lie,  signifies 
also  to  ply,  to  apply.  Tlie  prefix  /)  inay 
be  tiseil  for  the  Teutonic  he ;  be-hegen,  to 
lie  close,  to  heiid  to.     See  Lay  anil  Lie.] 

1.  'I'o  lay  on,  to  put  to  or  on  with  force  and 
repetition  ;  to  apply  to  closely,  with  con-, 
linnation  of  efforts  or  urgency.  | 

And  plies  liiiii  with  redoubled  strokes  | 

'^  Dryden. 

The  hero  from  afar 

Plies  him  witli  darts  and  stones.        Ihryden. 

We   retain    the   precise    sense    in   the 

phrase  to  lay  on,  to  put  it  on  him. 

2.  To  employ  with  diligence  ;  to  apply  close- 
ly and  steadily  ;  to  keep  busy. 

Her  gentle  wil  ihejilies.  Spenser. 

The  wearied  Trojans  ply  their  shattered  oars. 

Dryden. 

3.  To  practice  or  perform  with  diligence. 

Their  bloody  task,  unweari'd,  still  thry  ply. 

Waller. 

4.  To  urge  ;  to  solicit  with  pressing  or  per- 
severing importunity. 

Hn  plies  the  duke  at  morning  and  at  night. 

Shalt. 

5.  To  urge ;  to  press  ;  to  strain  ;  to  force. 
PLY,   V.  i.    Tohend;  to  yield. 

Tlie  viiWovi  j>lied  and  gave  way  to  the  gust. 
V  Estrange. 

2.  To  work  steadily. 

He  was  forced  to  ply  in  the  streets. 

Spectator. 

3.  To  go  ill  haste. 

Thither  he  plies  undaunted.  Milton. 

4.  To  busy  one's   self;    to  be  steadily  em 


ployed.  Dryden. 

5.  To  endeavor  to  make  way  against  the 
wind.  Mar.  Did. 

PLY,  n.  A  fold ;  a  plait.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Bout ;  turn  ;  direction  ;  bias. 

The  late  learners  cannot  so  well  take  iheply. 

Bacon. 

PLY'ER,  n.  He  or  that  which  plies.  In  for- 
tification, plyers  denotes  a  kind  of  balance 
u.-icd  in  ruL-iing  and  letting  down  a  draw- 
bridge, consisting  of  timbers  joined  in  the 
form  i.f  St.  Andrew's  cross. 

PLV'ING,  ppr.  Laying  on  with  steadiness 
or  repetition  ;  applying  closely  ;  employ- 
ing ;  performing;  urging;  pressing  or  at- 
tempting to  make  way  against  tlie  wind. 

PLY'ING,  n.  Urgent  solicitation. 

Hammond. 

2.  Effort  to  make  way  against  the  wind. 

PNr.UMATI€,        )  ,,■      [C.r.Ttviv- 

nikii'iim  .m^  »T     >a.numat'ic.    '■ 
PNLuMATI€.\L,   \)  fiartxoj, 

from  nviviM,  breath,  spirit ;  rti'£u,  to  breathe 
or  blow.] 

L  Consisting  of  air,  as  a  thin  compressible 
substance  ;  opposed  to  dense  or  solid  sub- 
stances. 

The  pneumatic  substance  being,  in  some  bod- 
ies, the  native  spirit  of  the  body.  Bacon. 

2.  Pertaining  to  air,  or  to  the  philosophy  of 
its  pro)ierties;  as  p;ieuma/ic  e.\peiiiiients; 
a  pneumatic  engine.  Locke.     Encyc. 

3.  Moved  or  played  by  means  of  air  ;  as  a 
pneumatic  instrument  of  music. 

PNEUMATICS,  Ti.  In  natural  philosophy, 
thai  branch  vvhicli  treats  of  air.  In  chim- 
istry,  that  brancli  which  treats  of  the 
gases. 

2.  Ill  (/lescAoo/s,  the  doctrine  of  spiritual  sub- 
stances, as  God,  angels,  and  tlie  souls  of 
men.  Diet. 

PNEUMAT  OCELE,  ji. 
and  xT^*;,  a  tumor.] 


In  surgery,  a  distension  of  the  scrotMiii  by 

air.  Coxe. 

PNEUMAT0L06'I€AL,  a.   Pertaining  to 

pneiiinatology.  Davy. 

PNEUMATOL'OGIST,  n.   One   versed  in 

piK'umutulogy. 
I'NLUMATOL'OtiY,    n.    [Gr.   nviv/xa,  air 

and  Jtoyoj,  discourse.] 

1.  The  doctrine  of  the  properties  of  elastic 
fluids,  or  of  spiritual  substances. 

2.  A  treatise  on  elastic  duids,  or  on  spiritual 
suli.stances. 

PJNKUMO'MA,  ?      [Gr.  rtvtv,uuw,  the  lungs,] 
PNEU'MOINY,   J  "•  fiom  jiffw,  to  breathe.]! 

In  medicine,  an  inflammation  of  the  limgs.| 
PNEUMON'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  lungs  ;; 

pulmonic. 
PNKL  MON'l€,n.  A  medicine  for  affections 

of  tlie  lungs.  Coxe. 

POACH,  V.  t.  [Fr.  pocher.     In  Fr.  poche  is  a 

pocket,  a  bag  or  purse  net ;  pocheter  dts 
fruits,  to  mellow   fruit  in  the  pocket ;  Ir. 

boucqaaal    is    to    soften  ;    Sax.   pocca,  aj 

pouch.] 
L  To  boil  slightly.  Johnson. 

2.  To  dress  by  boiling  slightly  and  mixing 

in  a  sofl  mass. 

To  begin  and  not  complete.  Bacon. 

4.  To  tread  soft  ground,  or  snow  and  wa- 
ter, as  cattle,  whose  feet  penetrate  the  soil 

or  soft  substance  and  leave  deep  tracks. 

lyVlsit'  England.] 

To  steal  game  ;  properly,  to  pocket  game, 

or  steal  it  and  convey  it  away  in  a  bag. 

England. 
G.  To  steal ;  to  plunder  by  stealth. 

They  poach   Parnassus,   and   lay   claim  for 


A  [lortable  looking 
The  opening  into  a 


praise. 


Garth. 


POACH,  V.  t.  [Corn,  pokkia,  to  thrust ;  pe 
hajis  Fr.  pocher.     It  seems  to  be  allied  to 
Eiig.  poke,  poker,  Norm,  pouchon,  a  punch- 
eon.   It  so,  it  is  from  the  root  of  L.puugo, 
Eng.  lo punch;  O.pochen,  to  knock.] 

To  stab  ;  to  pierce  ;  to  spear  ;  as,  to  poach 
fish.  England. 

POACH,  I'.  I.  To  be  trodden  with  deep 
tracks,  as  soft  ground.  We  say,  the 
ground  is  soft  in  spring,  and  poaches 
badly. 

Chalky  and   clay  lands  burn  in  hot  weather. 
chap  in  sunnuer,  and  ^oacft  in  winter. 

Jlfortimer 

POACH AUD,  }      [from  poacA.]  A  fresh  wa- 

POCIIAKD,  5""terduck  of  an  excellent; 
taste,  weighing  a  pomid  and  twelve 
ounces.  It  is  the  red  lieaded  duck  of 
Lawson  ;  found  in  America  and  in  the 
north  of  Europe.  Pennant. 

POACHED,  pp.  Slightly  boiled  or  softened  ; 
trodden  with  deep  footsteps ;  stolen. 

POACHER,  n.  One  that  steals  game. 

More. 

POACHINESS,  n.  Wetness  and  softness; 
the  state  of  being  easily  penetrable  by  the 
feet  of  beasts  ;  applied  to  land. 

POACHY,  a.  Wet  and  sofl ;  such  as  the  feet 


named  from  the  pustules,  small  vox,  or  as 
it  ought  to  be  written,  small  pocks. 
POCK'ET,  n.  [Fr.  pochetle,l'r<ju>  poche,  \)uck- 
el,  pouch  ;  Sax.  pocca.] 

1.  A   small    bag    inserted  in  a  garment  for 
carrying  small  articles. 

i.  A  small  bag  or  net  to  receive  the  balls  in 

hilliurds. 
i.  A  certain  (piantity  ;  as  a  pocket  of  hops, 

as  in  other  cases  we  use  sack.     [J\'ot  used 

in  America.]  Johnson. 

POCKET,  V.  t.  To  put  or  conceal  in  the 

pocket ;  as,  to  pocket  a  penknife. 
i.  To  lake  clandestinely. 
To  pocket  an  insxtlt  or  ajfront,  to  receive  it 

without  resenting   it,   or  at   least  without 

.seeking  redress,     [in  popular  use.] 
POCK'ET-B(.)QK,  )i.  A  small  hook  of  paper 

covered    with    leiher ;    used   for  currying 

jiapers  in  the  pocket. 
POCKET-GLASS,  n. 

glass. 
POCK'ET-HOLE,  ii. 

pocket. 
POCKET-LID,  n.  The  flap  over  the  pock- 

el-li(ile. 
POCKET-MONEY,  ji.  Money  for  the  pock- 
et or  for  occasional  expenses. 
POCK'-HOLE,  n.  The  [lit  or  scar  loade  by 

a  pock. 
P0(;K'INESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  pocky. 
POCK'WyOD,  n.  Lignum  vita?,  a  very  hard 

wood. 
POCK'Y,  a.  [irompock.]  Infected  with  the 

small  pocks;  full  of  pocks. 

2.  Vile  ;  rascally  ;  mischievous ;  contempti- 
ble.    [In  vulgar  use.] 

POC'ULENT,  a.  [L.  poculentus,  from  pocv- 
lum,  a  cup.]     Fit  for  drink.     [.Yoi  used.] 

POD,  n.  [In  \\ .  podi  signifies  to  take  in  or 
comprehend  ;  hut  I  know  not  from  what 
source  we  have  this  word.] 

The  pericarp,  ca[isule  or  seed  vessel  of  cer- 
tain plants.  The  silique  or  pod  is  an 
oblong,  membranaceous,  two  valved  peri- 
carp, having  the  seeds  fixed  along  both 
sutures.  A  legume  is  a  pericarp  of  two 
valves,  in  which  the  seeds  are  fixed  along 
one  suture  only.  Marlyn. 

According  to  these  descriptions,  the  seed 
vessels  of  peas  and  beans  are  legumes, 
and  not  pods;  hut  in  (lopular  language, 
pod  is  used  tor  the  legume  as  well  as  lor 
the  silique  or  siliqua.  In  New  England, 
it  is  the  only  word  in  popular  use. 

POD,  V.  i.  To  swell  ;  to  fill ;  also,  to  pro- 
duce pods. 

PODAGRIC,        I      [h.  podagra  ;  Qr.  noi- 

P()I).\G  RICAL,  ^°oypo;  .^ol5,  the  fool, 
and  aypa,  a  seizure.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  gout;  gouty  ;  partaking 
of  the  gout. 

2.  -MHirted  with  the  gout.  Broun. 
PODDED,  a.  Having  its  pods  formed  ;  fur- 
nished with  pods. 

POD  DER,  n.  A  gatherer  of  pods. 


of  cattle  will  penetrate  to  some  depth;  a/j-jlPODtiE,  n.  A  puddle;  a  plash.         Skinner, 
plied  to  land  or  ground  of  any  kind.  i  POEM,    n.    [L.  poema  ;    Gr.  xoiriia,   fmm 

""  '^        '      "^        rtoifu,   to   make,   to   compose    songs.     In 

Russ.  poyu  signifies  to  sing.  The  radical 
sense  is  the  same,  to  strain.] 
1.  A  metrical  composition:  a  composition 
in  which  the  verses  consist  of  certain 
measures,  whether  in  blank  verse  or  in 
rhyme  ;  as  the  poems  of  Homer  or  of  Mil- 
ton ;  opposed  10  prose.  Dryden. 


POCK,  ?i.  [Sax.  poc  or  pace;  D.  pok;  G.i 
pocke  :  Dan.  pukkel :  W.  picg-,  that  swells 
out ;  Ir.  bocam,  to  swell,  coinciding  with 
G.  bauch,  D.  6i<iA-,  Dan.  bug,  the  belly, 
Eng.  big,  &c. ;  probably  all  of  one  fam- 

[Gr.   niivna,  air, !a  pustule  raised  on  the  surface  of  the  body 
ll     in    the   variolous    and  vaccine  diseases,'' 


P  O  I 


P  O  I 


P  O  I 


3.  TIlis  terra  is  also  applied  to  some  compo- 
sitions in  which  the  language  is  that  of  ex- 
cited imagination  ;  as  the  poems  of  Ossian. 

PO'ESY,  n.  [Fr.  poesie ;  L.  poeds;  Gr. 
noi);«i!,  from  «o«u,  to  make.] 

1.  The  art  or  skill  of  composing  poems  ;  as, 
the  heavenly  gift  of  poesy.  Dryden. 

2.  Poetry ;  metrical  composition. 

Music  AnA  poesy  used  to  quicken  you. 

Shah. 

3.  A  short  conceit  engraved  on  a  ring  or 
other  thing.  Shak. 

FO'ET,  n.  \Fv.  poete;  h.  Sp.  h.poeta;  Gr. 
rtoiijrjyj.     See  Poem.] 

1.  The  author  of  a  poem ;  the  inventor  or 
maker  of  a  metrical  composition. 

A  poet  is  a  maker,  as  the  word  signifies  ;  and 
he  who  cannot  make,  that  is,  invent,  hath  liis 
name  for  notliing.  Dryden. 

2.  One  skilled  in  making  poetry,  or  who  lias 
a  particular  genius  for  metrical  composi- 
tion ;  one  distinguished  for  poetic  talents. 
Many  write  verses  who  cannot  be  called 
poets. 

PO'ETASTER,  n.    A  petty  poet;  a  pitiful 
rhymer  or  writer  of  verses.      Roscommon. 
PO'ETESS,  n.  A  female  poet.  Hall. 

POET'IC,        I       [Gr.   HoLr;tixoi;    L.  poeti- 
POET'ICAL,  \  "■  cus  ;  Fr.  poetique.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  poetry  ;  suitable  to  poetry ; 
as  a.  poetical  q^emus;  poetic  turn  or  talent; 
poetic  license. 

2.  Expressed  in  poetry  or  measure  ;  as  a  po 
etical  composition. 

3.  Possessing  the  peculiar  beauties  of  poet 
ry  ;  sublime  ;  as  a  composition  or  passage 
highly  poetical. 

POET'IeALLY,  adv.  With  the  qualities  of 
poetry ;  by  the  art  of  poetry ;  by  fiction. 

Dryden. 

FOET'l€S,  n.  The  doctrine  of  poetry. 

Warton 

PO'ETIZE,  V.  i.  [Fr.  poetiser.]  To  write  as 
a  poet ;  to  compose  verse.  Donne. 

POET-LAUREAT,  n.  A  i)oet  employed  to 
compose  poems  for  the  birth  days  of  a 
prince  or  other  sj)ecial  occasion. 

POET-MUSP'CIAN,  n.  An  appellation 
given  to  the  bard  and  lyrist  of  former 
ages,  as  uniting  tlie  professions  of  poetry 
and  music.  Busby. 

PO'ETRESS,  n.  A  female  poet. 

PO'ETRY,  n.  [Gr.  «oi^rpia.]  Metrical  com 
position  ;  verse  ;  as  heroic  poetry  ;  dramat- 
ic poetry;  lyric  or  Pindaric  poetry. 

'i.  The  art  or  practice  of  composing  in 
verse.     He  excels  in  poetry. 

3.  Poems ;  jjoetical  composition.  We  take 
pleasure  in  reading  poetry. 

4.  Tliis  term  is  also  applied  to  the  language 
of  excited  imagination  and  feeling. 

POIGNANCY,  n.  poin'ancy.  [See  Poign- 
ant.] 

1.  Sharpness;  the  power  of  stimulating  the 
organs  of  taste.  f>iin/i 

2.  Point:  sharpness;  keenness;  the  power 
of  irritation;  asperity;  as  the^oig"nanc^of 
wit  or  sarcasm. 

3.  Severity  ;  acuteness. 

P01GN.\NT,  a.poin'ant.  [Fr. poignant,  par- 
ticiple of  poindre,  from  L.  pungere,  pungo, 
to  prick.] 

1.  Sharp;  stimulating  the  organs  of  taste 
as  poignant  sauce.  Dryden 

2.  Pointed  ;  keen  ;  bitter  ;  irritating  ;  satiri 
cal ;  as  poignant  wit. 


3.  Severe  ;  piercing  ;  very  painful  or  acute  ; 
as  poignant  pain  or  grief. 

J^orris.    South. 

POIGNANTLY,  adv.  poin'antly.  In  a  stim- 
ulating, piercing  or  irritating  manner ; 
with  keenness  or  point. 

POINT,  n.  [Fr.  from  poind;  Sp.  li. punto, 
punta  ;  W.  pwnc ;  from  L.  punctum,  from 
pungo,  to  prick,  properly  to  thrust,  pret. 
pepugi,  showing  that  n  is  not  radical. 
Hence  it  accords  with  Norm,  pouchon,  a 
puncheon,  Fr.  poingon,  Eng.  to  punch,  and 
with  poke,  poker,  Gr.  jt)jy«  vq,  &c.] 

I.  The  sharp  end  of  any  instrument  or  body  ; 
as  the  point  of  a  knife,  of  a  sword  or  of  a 
thorn. 

A  string  with  a  tag ;  as  a  silken  point. 

Shak. 

3.  A  small  cape,  headland  or  promontory  ;  a 
tract  of  land  extending  into  the  sea,  a 
lake  or  river,  beyond  the  line  of  the  shore, 
and  becoming  narrow  at  the  end  ;  as  point 
•Tudith  ;  Montauk  point.  It  is  smaller 
than  a  cape. 

4.  The  sting  of  an  epigram;  a  lively  turn  of 
thought  or  expression  that  strikes  with 
force  and  agreeable  surprise. 

With  peiiods,  points  and   tropes  he  slurs  his 
crimes.  Dryden 

.5.  An  indivisible  part  of  time  or  space.  We 
say,  a  point  of  time,  a  point  of  space. 

Locke.     Dairies. 

6.  A  small  space  ;  as  a  small  point  of  land. 

Pnor. 

7.  Punctilio ;  nicety ;  exactness  of  ceremo- 
ny ;  as  points  of  precedence. 

8.  Place  near,  next  or  contiguous  to  ;  verge  ; 
eve.  He  is  on  the  point  of  departure,  or 
at  the  point  of  death. 

9.  Exact  place.  He  left  off  at  the  point 
where  he  began. 

10.  Degree  ;  state   of  elevation,   depression 
or  extension ;  as,  he  has  reached   an  ex 
traordinary  poiiit  of  excellence.     He  has 
fallen  to  the  lowest  ;7oi»!<  of  degradation. 

II.  A  character  used  to  mark  the  divisions 
of  writing,  or  the  pauses  to  be  observed  in 
reading  or  speaking  ;  as  tlie  comma,  seini 
colon,  colon  and  |ieriod.  The  period  is 
called  a  full  stop,  as  it  marks  the  close  of  a 
sentence. 

12.  A  spot ;  a  part  of  a  surface  divided  by 
spots  or  lines;  as  the  ace  or  sise  point. 

13.  In g'eo^nffri/,  that  which  has  neither  parts 
nor  magnitude.  Euclid. 

A  point  is  that  wliich   lias   position  but   not 
magnitude.  Playfair. 

A  point  is  a  limit  terminating  a  line. 

Legendre. 

14.  In  music,  a  mark  or  note  anciently  used 
to  distinguish  tones  or  sounds.  Hence, 
simple  counterpoint  is  when  a  note  of  the 
lower  part  answers  exactly  to  that  of  the 
upper,  and  figurative  counterpoint,  is  when 
a  note  is  syncopated  and  one  of  the  )inrts 
makes  several  notes  or  iiiHections  of  tlie 
voice  while  the  other  holds  on  one. 

Encijc. 

15.  In  modern  music,  a  dot  jilaced  by  a  note 
to  raise  its  value  or  prolong  its  time  by 
one  half,  so  as  to  make  a  semibreve  eipial 
to  three  minims  ;  a  minim  equal  to  three 
quavers,  &c. 

16.  In  astronomy,  a  division  of  the  great 
circles  of  the  horizon,  and  of  the  marin- 
er's compass.     The  four  cardinal  points, 


are  the  east,  west,  north  and  south.  On 
the  space  between  two  of  these  points, 
making  a  quadrant  or  quarter  of  a  circle' 
the  compass  is  marked  with  subordinate 
divisions,  the  whole  number  being  thirty 
two  points. 

17.  In  a.ilronomy,  a  certain  place  marked  in 
the  heavens,  or  distinguished  for  its  im- 
portance in  astronomical  calculations. 
The  zenith  and  nadir  are  called  vertical 
points ;  the  nodes  are  the  points  where 
the  orbits  of  the  planets  intersect  the 
plane  of  the  ecliptic  ;  the  place  where  the 
equator  and  ecliptic  intersect  are  called 
equinoctial  points  ;  the  points  of  the  eclip- 
tic at  which  tlie  departure  of  the  sun  from 
the  equator,  north  and  south,  is  termin- 
ated, are  called  solstitial  points. 

18.  In  perspective,  a  certain  pole  or  place 
with  regard  to  the  perspective  plane. 

En  eye. 

19.  In  manufactories,  a  lace  or  work  wrought 
by  the  needle;  as  point  le  Venice,  point  de 
Genoa,  &c.  Sometimes  the  word  is  used 
for  lace  woven  with  bobbins.  Point  devise 
is  used  for  needle  work,  or  for  nice  work. 

20.  The  place  to  which  any  thing  is  direct- 
ed, or  the  direction  in  which  an  object  is 
presented  to  the  eye.  We  say,  in  this 
point  of  view,  an  object  appears  to  advan- 
tage. In  this  or  that  point  of  view,  the 
evidence  is  important. 

21.  Particular ;  single  thing  or  subject.  In 
what  point  do  we  differ  ?  All  points  of 
controversy  between  the  parties  are  ad- 
justed. We  say,  in  point  of  antiquity,  in 
point  of  fact,  in  point  of  excellence.  The 
letter  in  every  point  is  admirable.  The 
treaty  is  executed  in  every  point. 

22.  Aim  ;  purpose ;  thing  to  be  reached  or 
accomplislied  ;  as,  to  gain  one's  poi»i<. 

23.  The  act  of  aiming  or  striking. 

What  a  point  your  falcon  made.  Shak. 

24.  A  single  position  ;  a  single  assertion  ;  a 
single  part  of  a  complicated  question  or  of 
a  whole. 

These  arguments  are  not  sufficient  to  prove 
tlie  ^oin(. 

Strange  point  and  new ! 
Doctrine   which    we   would   know   whence 
learneil.  .Milton. 

25.  A  note  or  tune. 

Turning  your  tongue  divine 
To  a  loud  trumpet,  and  a  point  of  war. 

Shak. 

26.  In  heraldry,  points  are  the  several  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  escutcheon,  denoting  the 
local  jiositions  of  figures.  Encyc. 

27.  In  electricity,  the  acute  termination  of  a 
body  which  facilitates  the  passage  of  the 
fluid  to  or  from  the  body.  Encyc. 

28.  Ill  gunnery,  iioiiit-blank  denotes  the  shot 
of  n  gun  levidod  horizontally.  The  pnint- 
hlank  range  is  the  extent  of  the  apparent 
right  line  of  a  ball  discharged.  In  shoot- 
ing poiut-blaiik,  the  ball  is  supposed  to 
move  directly  to  the  object,  without  a 
curve.  Hence  adverbially,  the  word  is 
equiv.ilcnt  to  directly. 

29.  In  marine  language,  ])oints  are  flat  pie- 
<•(  s  of  braided  ciirdage,  tapering  from  the 
middle  towards  each  end  ;  u.sed  in  reefing 
the  courses  and  top-sails  of  square-rigged 
vessels.  Mar.  Diet. 

Point  de  vise,  [Fr.]  exactly  in  the  point  of 
view.  Shak. 


P  O  I 

Vowel-points,  in  the  Hebrew  and  oilier  east- 
ern languages,  are  certain  marks  placed 
above  ur  below  the  consonants,  or  attach- 
ed to  them,  as  in  the  Ethiopic,  represent- 
ing the  vocal  sounds  or  vowels,  which  pre- 
cede or  follow  the  articulations. 

The  point,  the  subject;  the  main  question; 
the  precise  thing  to  be  considered,  deter- 
mined or  accomplished.  This  argument 
may  be  true,  but  it  is  not  to  the  point. 

POINT,  V.  i.  To  sharpen  ;  to  cut,  forge, 
grind  or  file  to  an  acute  end  ;  as,  to  point 
a  dart  or  a  pin  ;  also,  to  taper,  us  a  roiie. 

2.  To  direct  towards  .m  objector  [ilaee,  to 
show  its  position,  or  excite  attention  to  it ; 
as,  to  point  the  finger  at  an  object ;  to 
point  the  tiuger  of  scorn  at  one.  Shak. 

3.  To  direct  the  eye  or  notice. 

Whosoever  should  he  j^uidcd  through  his 
battles  hy  Minerva,  dLtiA  poinled  lo  every  scene 
of  Ihem,  would  see  nothing  but  subjects  of  sur- 
prise. Pope. 

4.  To  aim  ;  to  direct  towards  an  object ;  as. 
to  point  a  musket  at  a  wolf;  to  point  a 
cannon  at  a  gate. 

5.  To  mark  with  characters  for  the  purpose 
of  distinguishing  the  members  of  a  sen- 
tence, and  designating  the  pauses ;  as,  lo 
point  a  written  composition. 

C.  To  mark  with  vowid-points. 

7.  To  appoint.     [.Vo< »)!  use.]  Spenser. 

8.  To  fill   the  joints   of  with   mortar,   and 


P  O  I 


P  O  K 


5.  To  oppress ;  to  weigh  down. 

Lest  leaden  slumber  jioiee  nie  down  to-morrow, 
When  i  should  uouot  on  wings  of  victory. 

Shak. 
POIS'ED,    pp.    Balanced ;  made   equal  in 
weight;  resting  in  equilibrium, 
he  declared  pointedly  he  would  accede  to  [POISING,  ppr.   lialancing. 

POISON,  71.  poiz'7t.  [Fr.  poison ;  Arm.  em- 
Sp.  ponzoha ;  Port. 


POINT'EDLY,  adv.  In  a  pointed  manner;! 

with  lively  turns  of  tbonght  or  expre.ssionJ 

He  often  wrote  too  pointedly  for  his  subject.! 

r/ryden) 

2.  With  direct  assertion  ;  with   direct  leler-' 

ence  to  a  subject;  with   explieitness;  as,; 


the  proposition. 
POINT  KI)NESt«,  n.     Sharpness;  picked- 

ness  with  asperity.  Johnson. 

2.  Epigramniatieal  keenness  or  smartness. 

In  this  you  excel  Horace,  that  you  add  point- 

edness  of  thought.  Vryden. 

POINT'EL,  n.  Something  on  a  point. 

These    poises  or  pnintcls  are,  for    the   most 
part,  little  balls  set  at  the  top  of  a  slender  stalk, 

which  they  can  move  eveiy  way  at  pleasure. 

Derhnm 
2.  A  kind  of  pencil  or  style.  Hiekliffe 

POINT'ER,  n.  Any  thing  that  points. 
2.  The  hand  of  a  timepiece.  Jf'atls. 

,3.  A  dog  that  points  out  the  game  to  .sport 

men.  Go//. 

POINT'ING,    ppr.     Directing   the   finger 

showing  ;  directing. 
'2.  Marking  with  points  ;  as  a  writing. 
'3.  Filling  the  joints  and  crevices  of  a  wal 

with  iiKM-lar  or  cement. 
POINT'ING,  (I.  The  art  of  making  the  di 
I     visions  of  a  writing  ;  punctuation. 
,2.  The  slate  of  being  pointed  with  marks  or 


as,  to  point  a  wall. 
To  point  out,   to  show  by   the   finger  or  by 

other  means. 
To  point  a  sail,  to  affix  points  through  the 

eyelet-holes  of  the  reefs. 
POINT,  V.  i.  To  direct  the  finger  for  desig- 
nating an   object,  and  exciting  attention 
to  it ;  with  at. 
Now  must  the  world  point  at  poor  Catherine. 

Shak. 
Point  at  the  tatter'd  coat  and  ragged  shoe. 

Dry  den. 

2.  To  indicate,  as  dogs  do  to  sportsmen. 

He  treads  with  caution,  and   be  points  with 
fear.  Uo^. 

3.  To  show  distinctly  by  any  means. 

To  point  at  what  time  the  balance  of  power 
was  most  equally  held  hetween  the  lords  and 
commons  at  Rome,  would  perhaps  admit  a 
controversy.  Swi/I 

4.  To  fill  the  joints  or  crevices  of  a  wall 
with  mortar. 

5.  In  tilt  rigging  of  a  ship,  to  taper  the  end 
of  a  rope  or  splice,  and  work  over  the  re 
duced  part  a  small  close  netting,  with 
an  even  number  of  knittles  twisted  from 
the  san:e.  Cyc. 

To  point  at,  to  treat  with  scorn  or  contempt 
bv  pointing  or  directing  attention  to. 

POiNT'AL,  n.  In  botany,  the  pistil  of  a 
plant ;  an  organ  or  viscus  adhering  to  the 
fruit  for  the  reception  of  the  pollen.  Its 
appearance  is  that  of  a  colinnn  or  set  of 
columns  in  the  center  of  the  flower. 

Marty  n. 

POINT' ED,  pp.  Sharpened  ;  formed  to  a 
point ;  directed  ;  aimed 

2.  Aimed  at  a  particular  person  or  transac- 
tion. 

3.  a.  Sharp ;  having   a  sharp  point ;  as 
pointed  rock. 

4.  Epigramniatieal ;  abounding  in  conceits 
or  lively  turns ;  as  pointed  wit. 

Pope 

Vol.  II. 


.pe- 
see 


points. 
,     ,  .,     ,  ...      """[ipoiNT'ING-STOCK,  II.  Anobjeclofridi 

smooth  them  with  the  point  ol  a  trowel ;      ^.^^,^  ^_.  ^^^^^^^  g,^^,^ 

JPOINT'LESS,  a.  Having  no  point;  blunt; 

obtuse  ;  as  a  pointless  sword. 
2.  Having  no  smartness  or  keenness. 
POISE,  n.  poiz.   [W.  pays,   weight ;  Arm 

poes  ;  Vr.poids.     See  the  Verb.] 

1.  Weight ;  gravity  ;  that  which  causes  a 
body  to  descend  or  tend  to  the  center. 

Spenser: 

2.  The  weight  or  mass  of  metal  used  in 
weighing  with  steelyards,  to  balance  the 
substance  weiglied. 

3.  Balance ;  equilibrium ;  a  state  in  which 
things  are  balanced  by  equal  weight  ori 
power ;  equipoise.  The  mind  may  rest! 
in  Bi  poise  between  two  oiiinions. 

The  particles  forming  the  earth,  must  con- 
vene from  all  quarters  towards  the  middle 
which  would  make  the  w-hole  compound  rest 
in  a  jmise.  Bentley. 

4.  A  regulating  power  ;  that  which  balances. 
Men   of  an    unbounded    imagination     often] 

want  the  poise  of  judi;ment.  Dryden. 

POISE,  V.  t.  poiz.  [W.  ptvysaw,  to  throw 
down,  to  press,  to  lean  or  incline,  to 
weigh  ;  Ann.  poesa  ;  It.  pesare ;  Sp.  Port. 
pesar  ;  Corn,  puza  ;  Fr.  peser.] 

1.  To  balance  in  weight;  to  make  of  equal 
weight ;  as,  to  poise  the  scales  of  a  bal- 
ance. 

2.  To  hold  or  place  in  equilibrium  or  equi- 
ponderance. 

Our  nation  with  united  interest  blest. 
Not  now  content  to  poise,  shall  sway  the  rest. 

Dryde7i. 
To  load  with  weight  for  balancing. 
Where  could  they  find  another  foim  so  fit. 
To  poise  with  solid  sense  a  sprightly  wit .' 

Dryden. 
4.  To  examine  or  ascertain,  as  by  the  bal- 
ance ;  to  weigh. 

Ho  cannot  consider  the  strengtli,  ^Joise  the 
weighi,  and  discern  llie  evidence  of  the  clearest 
argumentations,  where  they  would  conclude 
against  his  desires.  South. 

38 


poesoun,  pouison  ;   hp.  ponzona  ; 

fonha.     Qu.  its  alliance  to  L.  pus.     See 

Class  Bs.  No.  2.5.] 

1.  A  substance  which,  when  taken  into  the 
stomach,  mixed  with  the  blood  or  applied 
to  the  skill  or  flesh,  proves  fatal  or  delete- 
rious by  an  action  not  mechanical ;  ven- 
om. The  more  active  and  virulent  pois- 
ons destroy  life  in  a  short  time  ;  others 
are  slow  in  their  operation,  others  pro- 
duce intlammation  without  |)roving  fatal. 
In  the  apjilication  of  poison,  much  de- 
pends on  the  i|ilantity. 

2.  Any  thing  iiilt'ctious,  malignant,  or  no.x- 
ioiis  lo  health;  as  the  poison  of  pestilen- 
tial diseases. 

3.  That  which  taints  or  destroys  moral  pu- 
rity or  health  ;  as  the  poison  of  evil  exam- 
ple ;  ihcpoison  of  sin.  South. 

POIS'ON,  v.t.  To  infect  with  anything  fa- 
tal to  life;  as,  lo  poison  an  arrow. 

2.  To  attack,  injure  or  kill  by  poison. 

He  was  so  discouraged    that  he  poisoned 
liimself  and  died.     2  Mace. 

3.  To  taint;  to  mar;  to  impair;  as,  discon- 
tent poisons  the  happiness  of  life. 

Hast  lliou  not 
With  thy  false  zrts  poison'd  his  people's  loy- 
alty ?  Rowe. 
To   corrupt.      Our  youth    are    poisoned 
with  false  notions  of  honor,  or  with  perni- 
cious maxims  of  government. 

To  sulTer  the   thoughts  to  be  vitiated,  is  to 
poison  the  fountains  of  morality.  Rambler. 

POIS  ONED,  pp.  Infected  or  destroyed  by 
poison. 

POISONER,  n.  One  who  poisons  or  cor- 
rupts ;  that  which  corrupts. 

POIS  ONING,  ppr.  Infecting  with  poison  ; 
corrupting. 

POIS'ONOUS,  a.  Venomous  ;  having  the 
(pialities  of  poison  ;  corrupting  ;  impairing 
soundness  or  purity. 

POIS'ONOUSLY,  a'dv.  With  fatal  or  inju- 
rious effects ;  venomously. 

POIS  ONOUSNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing fatal  or  injurious  to  health  and  sound- 
ness ;  venomousness. 

POISON-TREE,  n.  A  tree  that  poisons 
the  flesh.  This  name  is  given  to  a  spe- 
cies of  Rhus  or  sumac,  the  Rhus  vemix  or 
poison  ash,  a  native  of  America ;  also  lo 
the  bohun  upas  of  Java.  Encyc. 

POI'TREL,  71.  [Fr.  poitrail,  from  L.  pecto- 
7-ale,  from  pectus,  the  breast.] 

1.  Armor  for  the  breast.  Skinner. 

2.  A  graving  tool.     [Ciu.  poinlel.] 

.linsworth. 
POIZE,  a  common  spelling  of  poise.     [See 

Poise.] 
POKE,  71.  [Sax.  pocca,  poha ;  Fr.  poche,  a 

pouch  or  bag.] 
A  pocket ;  a  small  bag ;  as  a  pig  in  a  poke. 

Camden.     Spectator. 
POKE,  }       The  popular  name  of 

PO'KE-^^'EED,  i       a  plant  of  the  genus 

Phytolacca,  otherwise  called  cocum    and 

garget;  a  native  of  N.   America.    As  a 


POL 


POL 


POL 


medicine,  it  has  emetic  and  cathartic  qual- 
ities, and  has  had  some  reputation  as  a 
remedy  tor  rheumatism.  It  was  formerly 
called  m  Virginia,  jtocan.  Bigtloui. 

POKE,    V.  t.    [Corn,  pokkia,   to   thrust  or 
push.     In   Armoric,  pochan   is   one   that 
dives  or  plunges.] 
1.  Properly  ,  to   thrust  ;    hence,  to   feel   or 
search  for  with  a  long  instrument. 

Broivii. 
9.  To  thrust  at  with  tlie  horns,  as  an  ox  ; 
a  popular  use  of  the  word  in  JVew  England 
And  intransitively,  to  poke  at,  is  to  thrust 
the  horns  at. 
POKE,  n.    In  JVeiv  England,  a  machine  to 
prevent  unruly  beasts  from  leaping  fences, 
consisting  of  a  yoke  with  a  pole  inserted, 
pointing  forward. 
POKE,  V.  t.  To  put  a  poke  on  ;  as,  to  poke 
an  ox.  JVew  England. 

PO'KER,  n.  [{rom  poke.]  An  iron  bar  used 
in  stirring  the  fire  when  coal  is  used  for 
fuel.  Smjt. 

PO'KER,    n.    [Dan.  pokker,   the  dnse ;  W 
picca,   a  hobgoblin  ;     bug,  id.  ;  bwgan,   a 
bugbear  ;  bw,  terror,  fright.     These  words 
seem   to  be  allied  to  bnw,  buu'c,  an   ox  or 
cow,   L.  bos,  boi'is,  and  all  perhaps  from 
the  bellowing  of  bulls.] 
.Any  frightful  object,  especially  in   the  dark  ; 
a  bugbear;  a  word  in  common   popular 
use  in  America. 
POKING,  ppr.    Feeling  in  the  dark;  stir- 
ring with  a  poker ;  thrusting  at  with  the 
horns  ;  putting  a  poke  on. 
PO  KING,    a.    Drudging  ;  servile.     [Collo 
quial.]  Gray. 

PO'KING-STICK,  n.  An  instrument  for 
merly  used  in  adjusting  the  plaits  of  ruffs 
then  worn.  Middhlon.     Shak. 

POLA'CRE,  Ji.  [Sp.  id. ;  Port,  j'olaca,  pol- 

hacra  ;  Fr.  polacre,  polaque.] 
A  vessel  with  three  masts,  used  in  the  Med- 
iterranean. The  masts  are  usually  of  one 
piece,  so  that  they  have  neither  tops,  caps 
nor  cross-trees,  nor  horses  to  their  upper 
yards.  Mar.  Did.     Encyc. 

PO'LAR,  a.  [Fr.  polairex  It. polare;  Sp.  po- 
lar. See  Pole] 
1.  Pertaining  to  the  poles  of  the  earth,  north 
or  south,  or  to  the  poles  of  artificial 
globes;  situated  near  one  of  the  poles;  as 
polar  regions ;  polar  seas  ;  polar  ice  or  cli- 
mates. 
9.  Proceeding  from  one  of  the  regions  near 

the  poles;  as /)o/ar  winds. 
3.  Pertaining  to  the  magnetic  pole,  or  to  the 
point  to  which  the  magnetic  needle  is  di- 
rected. 
POLARITY,  n.  That  quality  of  a  body  in 
virtue  <>f  which  peculiar  properties  reside 
in  certain  points;  usually,  as  in  electrified 
or  magnetized  bodies,  properties  of  attrac- 
tion or  repulsion,  or  the  power  of  taking  a 
certain  direction.  Thus  we  sjieuk  of  tjie 
polarity  of  the  magnet  or  magnetic  nee- 
dle, whose  pole  is  not  alwiiys  that  of  the 
earth,  but  a  point  somewhat  easterly  or 
westerly  ;  and  the  deviation  of  the  needle 
from  a  north  and  south  line  is  called  its  va- 
riation. A  mineral  is  said  to  ])Ossess  po- 
larity, when  it  attracts  one  pole  of  a  mag- 
netic needle  and  icpels  the  other. 
POI.ARIZA'TION,  „.  The  act  of  giving 
polarity  to  a  body. 


lion  of  light,  a    change    produced|iPO'LE-AX,    )       An  ax  fixed  to  a  pole  or 
ight  by  the  action  of  certain  rnedia,i  POLE-AXE,  ^    "  handle  ;  or  rather  a  sort 


Polarization 
upon  I 

by  whicli  it  exhibits  the  appearance  ol 
having  polarity,  or  poles  possessing  dif- 
ferent ])roperties.  This  property  of  light 
was  first  discovered  by  Huygens  in  his 
investigation  of  the  cause  of  double  re 
fraction,  as  seen  in  the  Iceland  crystal 
The  attention  of  opticians  was  more  par 
ticularly  directed  towards  it  by  the  discov 
eries  of  Mains,  in  IblO.  The  knowledge 
of  this  singular  property  of  light,  has  af- 
forded an  explanation  of  several  very  in- 
tricate phenomena  in  optics. 

PO'LARIZE,  V.  t.  To  communicate  polari- 
ty to. 

PO'LAR IZED,  pp.  Having  polarity  com- 
municated to. 

POLARIZING,  ppr.  Giving  polarity  to. 

PO'LARY,  a.  [See  Polar.]  Tenumg  to  a 
pole  ;  having  a  direction  to  a  pole. 

Brown 

POLE,  ?i.  [Sax.  pol,  pal ;  G.pfahl;  D.paal; 
Sw.piUe;  Dan.  pid;  W.  pawl;  L.  palus. 
See  Pale.] 

1.  A  long  slender  piece  of  wood,  or  the  stem 
of  a  small  tree  deprived  of  its  branches. 
Thus  seamen  use  poles  for  setting  or 
driving  boats  in  shallow  water;  the  stems 
of  small  trees  are  used  for  hoops  and  ca 
ed  hoop-poles  ;  the  stems  of  small,  but  tall 
straight  trees,  are  used  as  poles  for  support- 
ing the  scafi'olding  in  building. 
A  rod;  a  perch;  a  measure  of  length  of 
five  yards  and  a  half 

[III  New  England,  rod  is  generally  used.] 

,3.  An  instrument  for  measuring.  Bacon. 

Bare  poles.  A  ship  is  under  bare  poles,  when 
her  sails  are  all  furled.  J\]ar.  Diet. 

POLE,  n.  [Fr.  pole  ;  It.  Sp.  polo  :  G.  Dan. 
Sw.pol;  ii.puol;  Ij. polu-s;  Gr.  rto>.o{,  from 
no'Mio,  to  turn.] 

1.  In  astronomy,  one  of  the  extremities  of 
the  axis  on  which  the  sphere  revolves. 
These  two  points  are  called  the  poles  of 
the  world. 

3.  In  spherics,  a  point  equally  distant  from 
every  part  of  the  circumference  of  a  great 
circle  of  the  sphere;  or  it  is  a  point  !)0° 
distant  from  the  plane  of  a  circle,  and 
in  a  line  passing  perpendicularly  througti 
the  center,  called  the  axis.  Thus  the  ze- 
nith and  nadir  are  the  poles  of  the  hori- 
zon. 

Ill  geography,  the  extremity  of  the  earth's 
axis,  or  one  of  the  jioints  on  the  stufaee 
of  our  globe  through  which  the  axis 
passes. 

4.  The  star  which  is  vertical  to  the  pole  of 
tlie  earth  ;  the  pole  star. 

Poles  of  the  ecliptic,  are  two  [ioints  on  the 
surface  of  the  sphere,  93°  30'  distant  from 
the  poles  of  the  world. 

Magnetic  poles,  two  ]ioints  in  a  lodestone, 
corresponding  to  the  poles  of  the  world  ; 
the  one  pointing  to  the  north,  the  other 
to  the  south. 

POLE,  n.  [from  Poland.]  A  native  of  Po- 
land. 

jPOLE,  V.  t.  To  furnish  with  poles  for  sup- 
port ;  as,  to  pole  beans. 

i2.  To  hear  or  convey  ou  poles;  as,  to  pole 
hay  into  a  barn 

3.  To  impel    by  poles,  as  a  boat  ;  to   push 

I     forward  by  the  use  of  poles 


of  hatchet  with  a  handle  about  fifteen 
inches  in  length,  and  a  point  or  claw  bend- 
ing downward  from  the  back  of  its  head. 
It  is  principally  used  in  actions  at  sea,  to 
cut  away  the  rigging  of  the  enemy  at- 
tempting to  board ;  sometimes  it  is  thrust 
into  the  side  of  a  ship  to  assist  in  mount- 
ing the  enemy's  ship,  and  it  is  sometimes 
called  a  boardingax.     Mar.  IMct.     Encyc. 

PO'LE€AT,  n.  [Qu.foul  cat,  or  Gr.  i)>avXoj.] 
A  quadruped  of  the  genus  Mustela  ;  the 
fitcliew  or  fitchet.  Encyc. 

PO'LE-DAVY,  n.  A  sort  of  coarse  doth. 

Jlinsworth . 

POL'EMAR€H,  n.  [Gr.  ifou^ta^^xos;  noxi- 
fios,  war,  and  opj;);,  rule,  or  a(j;to5,  chief] 

1.  Anciently,  a  magistrate  of  Athens  and 
Thebes,  who  had  under  bis  care  all  stran- 
gers and  sojourners  in  the  city, and  all  chil- 
dren of  parents  who  had  lost  their  lives  in 
the  service  of  their  country. 

Encyc.     Milford- 
A  military  officer  in  Laccdsemon. 


POLEM'IC,        )      [Gr.  noX(;Uixo5,  from  rtoji- 
POLEM'It  AL,  I  "-itios,  war.] 

1.  Controversial;  dispiitative;  intended  to 
maintain  an  opinion  or  system  in  opposi- 
tion to  others;  as  a  polemic  treatise,  dis- 
course, essay  or  book;  polemic  divinity. 

2.  Engaged  in  supporting  an  opinion  or  sys- 
tem by  controversy;  as  a  polemic  writer. 

South. 

POLEM'IC,  n.  A  disputant;  a  controver- 
tist ;  one  who  writes  in  support  of  an 
opinion  or  system  in  opposition  to  another. 

Pope. 

POLEM'OSCOPE,  n.  [Gr.  nojit^oj,  war, 
and  nxoHiu,  to  view.] 

An  oblique  perspective  glass  contrived  for 
seeing  objects  that  do  not  lie  directly  be- 
fore the  eye.  It  consists  of  a  concave 
glass  placed  near  a  plane  mirror  in  the 
end  of  a  short  round  tube,  and  a  convex 
glass  in  a  hole  in  the  side  of  the  tube.  It 
is  called  opera-glass,  or  diagonal  opera- 
glass.  Encyc. 

POLE-STAR,  n.  A  star  which  is  vertical, 
or  nearly  so,  to  the  pole  of  the  earth ;  a 
lodestar.  The  northern  pole-star  is  of 
great  use  to  navigators  in  the  northern 
hemisphere. 

2.  That  which  serves  as  a  guide  or  director. 

Burton. 

PO'LEY-GRASS,  n.  A  plant  of  the  t-enus 
Lvthriim.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

PO'LEY-MOUNTAIN,  n.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Teucrium.  lb. 

POLICE,  n.  [Fr.  from  h.polilia;  Gr.  jtoXi- 
tita,  from  nuXif,  city.] 

1.  The  government  of  a  city  or  town  ;  the 
admiiiistriilion  of  the  laws  and  regulations 
of  a  city  or  incorporated  town  or  borough  ; 
as  the  policr  of  London,  of  New  York  or 
UostiMi.  The  word  is  applied  also  to  the 
government  of  all  towns  in  New  England 
which  are  made  corporations  by  a  general 
statuie,  for  certain  purposes. 

2.  The  internal  regulation  and  government 
of  a  kingdom  or  state.  Blackstone. 

3.  The  corporation  or  body  of  men  govern- 
ing a  city.  Jamieson. 

4.  In  Scottish,  the  pleasure-ground  about  a 
gentleman's  seat. 


POL 


POL 


POL 


POL'ICED,  a.  Regulated  by  laws;  furnish- 
ed with  a  regular  system  of  laws  and  ad- 
ministration. Baron. 

POLiCE-OFFICRR,  n.  An  officer  entrust- 
ed with  theexecutionof  thelawsof  acity. 

POL'ICV,  n.  [Fr.  police;  L.  polilia ;  Gr.l 
Ttoutna,  from  noUi,  city,  Sans,  palya.]      \ 

1.  Polia/,  in  its  primary  signification,  is  the; 
Bame'uf>  polity,  comprehending  tlie  funda-| 
mental  constitution  or  frame  of  civil  gov- 
crmni^n  in  a  state  or  kingdom.  But  by 
usafje,  poiici/  is  now  more  generally  used: 
to  d'enote  what  is  included  under  legisla-l 
tioii  and  adminislralion,  and  may  be  de-, 
fined,  the  art  or  mannerof  governing  a  na-| 
tion  ;  or  that  system  of  measures  which 
the  sovereign  of  a  country  adopts  and  pur-! 
sues,  as  best  ada|)ted  to  the  interests  of 
the  nation.  Thus  we  speak  of  domestic 
policij,  or  the  system  of  internal  regula- 
tions in  a  nation ;  foreign  policy,  or  the 
measures  which  respect  foreign  nations  ; 
commtrcial  policy,  or  the  measures  which 
respect  commerce. 

2.  Art,  prudence,  wisdom  or  dexterity  in  the 
management  of  public  affairs ;  applieit  to 
persons  governing.  It  has  been  the  pulicy 
of  France  to  prechnle  females  from  the 
throne.  It  iias  been  the  policy  of  Great 
Britain  to  encourage  her  navy,  by  keeping 
her  carrying  trade  in  her  own  hands. 
In  this  she  manifests  sound  pulicy.  For- 
merly, Enghmd  pi'iniitted  wool  to  be  ex- 
ported and  miiiiufactiired  in  the  Low 
Countries,  which  was  very  had  policy. 

The  policy  of  all  laws  ha.-^  made  some  forms 
necessary  in  Uie  wording  of  last  wills  ant!  tes- 
taments. Stackstone. 

All  violent  policy  defeats  itself.       Hamilton.' 

3.  In  coHimoti  usage,  the  art,  prudence  or 
wisdom  of  individuals  in  the  management 
of  their  private  or  social  concerns. 

4.  Stratagem;  cunning;  dexterity  of  man- 
agement. 

5.  A  ticket  or  warrant  for  money  in  the  pub- 
lic funds.   [It. /Jo/i':ti.] 

6.  [Sp.  poliza.]  Policy,  in  commerce,  the 
writing  or  instrument  by  which  a  contract 
of  indenuiity  is  efi'ected  between  the  in- 
surer anil  the  insured;  or  the  instrument 
containing  the  terms  or  conditions  on 
which  a  person  or  company  undertakes  to 
indemnify  another  person  or  company 
against  losses  of  property  exposed  to  pe-, 
culiar  hazards,  as  houses  or  goods  exposed 
to  tire,  or  ships  and  goods  exposed  to  de-' 
stniction  on  the  high  seas.  This  writing 
is  subscribed  by  tlic  insurer,  who  is  called! 
the  underwriter.  The  terms  policy  of  in- 
surance, or  assurance,  are  also  used  for  the. 
contract  between  the  insured  and  the  un- 
derwriter. I 

Policies  are  valued  or  open  ;  valued,  when 
the  property  or  goods  insured  are  valued 
at  prime  cost ;  open,  when  the  goods  are 
not  valued,  but  if  lost,  their  value  must  he 
proved.  _  Park.     Blackstone. 

Wagering  policies,  which  insure  sums  of 
money,  interest  or  no  interest,  are  illegal. 

All  insurances,  interest  or  no  interest,  or 
without  further  proof  of  interest  than  the  policy 
itself,  are  null  and  void.  Blackstone.. 

The  word  policy  is  used  also  for  the  writing: 
which  insures  against  other  events,  as  well 
as  against  loss  of  property.  I 


PO'LING,  n.  In  g'arrfemng-,  the  operation  of]  POL'ITIC,  o.  [L.politicus 

II    over   the! 


dispersing    the    worm-casts    all    over 
walks,  with  hnig  ash  poles.     Tliis  destroysi 
the   worm-casts  and  is  benehcial  to  the 
walks.  Cue. 

PO'LING,  ppr.  Furnishing  with  poles  for 
support. 
He.iringon  pole.s. 

3.  Pushing  fiirwanl  with  poles,  as  a  boat. 

PO'LISII,    a.     [from   Slav,  pole,    a    plain 
whence  Poland.  See  the  Verb.] 

Pertaining  to  Poland,  a  level  country  on  the 
south  of  Russia  and  the  Baltic 

POL'ISII,  V.  t.  [Fr.  potir,  polissant;    Arm. 
poulifza  ;  It.  polire  or  puHre  ;  Sp.  polir,  pit- 
lir;    L.  polio;  Dan.   polertr;    Sw.  polera 
Kuss.  poliruyit ;  W.  caboli,  with  a  prefix  ; 

Ar.  ^.is.  chafala,  to  polish.  Qu.  its  alli- 
ance to_^/f.] 

1.  To  make  smooth  and  glossy,  usually  by 
friction  ;  as,  to  polish  glass,  marble,  met 
als  and  the  like. 

2.  To  refine;  to  wear  off  rudeness,  rusticity 
and  coarseness ;  to  make  elegant  an(l  po- 
lite; as,  to  polish  life  or  maimers.     Milton 

The  Greeks   were  polished  by    the  Asiatic- 
and  Eeyptians.  '  S.  S.  Smith 

POL'ISII,  v.i.  To  become  smooth;  to  re- 
ceive a  gloss;  to  take  a  smooth  and 
glossy  surface. 

Steel    will  polish  almost  as  white  and  bright 
as  silver.  Bacon. 

POL'ISII,  n.  A  smooth  glossy  surface  pro- 
duced by  friction. 

Another  prism  of  clearer  glass  and  better po/. 
ish  seemed  free  from  veins.  jYewtmi 

2.  Refinement;  elegance  of  manners. 

What  are  these  wond'rous  civilizing  arts. 
This  Roman  polish  ?  Mdison 

POL'ISUABLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  pol 
ished. 

POLISHED,  pp.  Made  smooth  and  glossy ; 
refined. 

POL'ISIIER,  n.  The  person  or  instrument 
that  polishes.  Mdison. 

POLISHING,  ppr.  Making  smooth  and 
glossy  ;  refining. 

POLISHING,  71.  Smoothness;  glossiness; 
refinement.  Goldsmith. 

POLI'TE,  a.  [L.  polilus,  polished,  from  po 
Ho,  supra.] 

1.  Literally,  smooth,  glossy,  and  used  in  this 
sense  till  within  a  century. 

Rays  of  light  falling  on  i  polite  surface. 

JVewton 

[This  application  of  the  word  is,  I  be- 
lieve, entirely  obsolete.] 

2.  Being  polished  or  elegant  in  manners ;  re- 
fined in  behavior;  well  bred. 

He  marries,  bows  at  court  and  grows  polite. 

Pope. 

3.  Courteous;  complaisant;  obliging. 
His  manners  were  warm  without  Insincerity, 

and  polite  without  pomp.  fVirt. 

POLI'TELY,  adv.  With  elegance  of  man- 
ners ;  genteelly ;  courteously. 

POLITENESS,  n.  Polish  or  elegance  of 
manners  ;  gentility  ;  good  breeding  ;  ease 
and  gracefulness  of  manners,  united  with 
a  desire  to  |)lease  others  and  a  careful  at- 
tention to  their  wants  and  wishes. 

2.  Com-teousness ;  complaisance  ;  obliging 
attentions. 


Gr.  jtoXtTtxof, 
from  rtoxtrfia,  from  rtou;,  a  city.  This 
word  in  its  origin  is  the  satnc  as  political, 
and  was  formerly  used  as  synonymous 
with  it.  It  is  so  still  in  the  phrase,  body 
politic.  Burke  used  politic  distinction  for 
political  distinction,  but  present  usage  does 
not  warrant  this  application.] 

1.  Wise  ;  prudeiu  and  sagacious  in  devising 
and  pursuing  measures  adapted  to  pro- 
mote the  pudlic  welfare;  applied  to  per 
sons ;  as  a  politic  prince. 

2.  Well  devised  and  adapted  to  the  public 
prosperity  ;  applied  to  things. 

This  land  was  famously  cmiched 

With  politic  grave  counsel.  Shak. 

3.  Ingenious  in  devising  and  pursuing  any 
scheme  of  personal  or  national  aggrand- 
izement, without  regard  to  the  morality 
of  the  measme  ;  cumiing;  artfid  ;  sajra- 
cious  in  adai)ting  means  to  the  end,  wheth- 
er good  or  evil. 

I  have  been  politic  with  my  friend,  smootli 
with  my  enemy.  Shak.     Pope. 

4.  Well  devised  ;  adapted  to  its  end,  right  or 
wrong. 

POLIT'l€.-VL,  a.  [supra.]  Pertaining  to 
policy,  or  to  civil  government  and  its  ad- 
ministration. Political  measures  or  af- 
fairs are  measures  that  respect  the  gov- 
ermnent  of  a  nation  or  slate.  So  we  say, 
political  power  or  authority  ;  political  wis- 
dom; a  political  scheme;  political  opin- 
ions. A  good  prince  is  lUe  political  father 
of  his  people.  The  founders  of  a  state  and 
wise  senators  are  also  called  political  fa- 
thers. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  nation  or  state,  or  to  na- 
tions or  states,  as  distinguished  from  civil 
or  municipal ;  as  in  the  phrase,  political 
and  civil  rights,  the  former  comprehend- 
ing rights  that  belong  to  a  nation,  or  per- 
haps to  a  citizen  as  an  individual  of  a  na- 
tion ;  and  ihe  latter  comprehending  the 
local  rights  of  a  corporation  or  any  mem- 
ber of  it. 

Speaking  of  the  political  state  of  Europe,  we 
are  accustomed  to  say  of  Sweden,  she  lost  her 
liberty  by  the  revolution.  Paley. 

3.  Pid)lic  ;  derived  from  office  or  connection 
with  government;  as /JoWica/ character. 

4.  Artful ;  skillful.  [See  Politic] 

5.  Treating  of  politics  or  government ;  as  a 
political  writer.  Paley. 

Political  arithmetic,  the  art  of  reasoning  by 
figures,  or  of  making  arithmetical  calcu- 
lations on  matters  relating  to  a  nation,  its 
revenues,  value  of  lands  and  effects,  pro- 
duce of  lands  or  manufactures,  population, 
&c. 

Polilical  economy,  the  administration  of  the 
revenues  of  a  nation  :  or  the  management 
and  regulation  of  its  resources  and  pro- 
ductive property  and  labor.  Political 
economy  comprehends  all  the  measures 
by  which  the  property  and  labor  of  citi- 
zens are  directed  in  tiie  best  manner  to 
the  success  of  individual  industry  and  en- 
terprise, and  to  the  public  prosperity.  Po- 
lilical economy  is  now  considered  as  a 
science. 

POLITICALLY,  adv.  With  relation  to  the 
government  of  a  nation  or  state. 

2.  Artfully  ;  with  address.     Obs.        KnoUes. 

POLIT'ICASTER,  n.  A  petty  politician  ; 
a  pretender  to  politics.  L'Estrange. 


POL 


POL 


POL 


POLITr'CIAN,  a.  Cunning;  using  artifice. 
Obs. 

POLITF'CIAN,  n.  [Fr.  politicien.']  One 
verseil  in  tlie  science  of  government  and 
the  art  of  governing;  one  skilled  in  poli- 
tics. Dryden.     Pope. 

2.  A  man  of  artifice  or  deep  contrivance. 

Soulh. 

POL'ITICS,  71.  [Fr. politique;  Gr.noXi.ti.xri. 
See  Policy.] 

The  science  of  government;  that  part  of 
ethics  which  consists  in  the  regulation  and 
government  of  a  nation  or  state,  for  tlie 
preservation  of  its  safety,  peace  and  pros- 
perity ;  comprehending  the  defense  of  its| 
existence  and  rights  against  foreign  con-! 
trol  or  conquest,  the  augmentation  of  its; 
strength  and  resources,  and  the  protec- 
tion of  its  citizens  in  their  rights,  with  the 
preservation  and  improvement  of  theiri 
morals.  Politics,  as  a  science  or  an  art,  is^ 
a  suhject  of  vast  extent   and  importance. 

POL'lf  IZE,  V.  i.  To  play  the  pohtician. 
[JVot  in  use.]  Milton. 

POL'ITURE,  n.  [See  Polish.]  Polish;  the 
gloss  given  by  polishing.     [Sjot  used.] 

Donne. 

POL'ITY,  n.  [Gr.  rtoT-trtia.]  The  form  or 
constitution  of  civil  government  of  a  nation 
or  state ;  and  in  free  states,  the  frame  or 
fundamental  system  by  which  the  several! 
branches  of  government  are  established, 
and  the  powers  and  duties  of  each  desig- 
nated and  defined. 

Every  branch  of  our  civil  polity  supports  and 
is  supported,  regulates  and  is  regulated  by  the 
rest.  Blackstone. 

With  respect  to  their  interior  polity,  our  col- 
onies are  properly  of  three  sorts  ;  provincial  es- 
tablishments, proprietary  governments,  and 
charter  governments.  BlacUstone. 

The  word  seems  also  to  embrace  legis- 
lation and  administration  of  government. 
2.  The  constitution  or  general  fundamental 
principles  of  government  of  any  class  of 
citizens,  considered  in  an  appropriate 
character,  or  as  a  subordinate  state. 

Were  the  whole  christian  world  to  revert 
back  to  the  original  model,  how  far  more  siur 
pie,  uniform  and  beautiful  would  the  church  eip 
pear,  and  how  far  more  agreeable  to  the  cedes 
iastical  polity  instituted  by  the  holy  apostles. 

President  Stiles. 

POLL,  n.  [D.  hoi,  a  ball,  bowl,  crown,  po 
pate,  bulb.] 

1.  The  head  of  a  person,  or  the  back  part  of 
the  head,  and  in  composition,  applied  to 
the  head  of  a  beast,  as  in  poll-evil. 

2.  A  register  of  heads,  that  is,  of  persons. 

Shak. 

3.  The  entry  of  the  names  of  electors  who 
vote  for  civil  officers.     Hence, 

4.  An  election  of  civil  officers,  or  the  ))lace  ofi 
election.  j 

Our  citizens  say,  at  the  opening  or  close 
of  the  poll,  that  is,  at  the  beginning  of  the 
register  of  voters  and  reception  of  votes, 
or  the  close  of  the  same.  They  .say  al.s<),| 
we  are  going  to  the  poll;  many  voters  ap-! 
pearcd  at  the  poll.  JVew  York. 

3.  A  fish  called  a  chub  or  chevin.  [See  Pol- 
lard.] 

POLL,  I'. /.  To  lop  the  tops  of  trees.     Bacon. 

2.  To  clip;  h>  cut  off  the  ends;  to  cut  otfi 
liair  or  wool ;  to  shear.    The   phrases,  tol 


poll  the  hair,  and   to  poll    the 

liet'ii  used.     The  latter  is  used  in  2  Sam 

.\iv.  26.     To  poll  a  deed,  is  a  phrase  Ktillj. 

used  in  law  language.  Z.  Stmft-.\ 

.'3.  To  mow  ;  to  crop.     [JVot  itsed.]         Shak.' 
4.  To  peel ;  to  strip  ;  to  plunder.     Ob.i. 

Bacon.     SpenserJ 
,5.  To  take  a  list  or  register  of  persons ;  to 

enter  names  in  a  list. 

6.  To  enter  one's  name  in  a  list  or  register. 

Dryden. 

7.  To  insert  into  a  number  as  a  voter. 

Tickel. 

POL'LARD,  n.  [from  poll.]    A  tree  loppeil. 

Bnco?i. 

2.  A  clipped  coin.  Camden. 

3.  The  chub  fish.  .tinsworlh. 

4.  A  stag  that  has  cast  his  horns. 

5.  A  mixture  of  bran  and  meal.     Jlin.vmrth. 
POL'LARU,  V.  t.  To  lop  the  tops  of  trees; 

„,  |,„||.  Evelyn. 

Pf)L'LEN,  n.  [L.  pollen,  pollis,  fine  flotn- ; 
Russ.  pil,picl,  dust,  L.  pulvis.] 

1.  The  feciuidatiiig  dust  or  fine  substance 
like  Hour  or  meal,  contained  in  the  anther 
of  flowers,  whi(-li  is  dispersed  on  the  pistil 
for  impregnation  ;  farin  or  farina. 

Encyc.     Milne.     Miirtyn. 

2.  Fine  bran.  Bailey. 
POL'LENGER,  n.  Brushwood.     Ohs. 

Tusser. 

POL'LENIN,  n.  [from  pollen.]  A  substance 
prepared  from  the  pollen  of  tulips,  highly 
inflammable,  and  insoluble  in  agents 
which  dissolve  other  vegetable  products, 
Exposed  to  the  air,  it  soon  undergoes  pu- 
trefaction. lVebster''s  .Manual. 

POLLER,  n.  [from  poH.]  One  that  shaves 
persons  ;  a  barber.     [.V(;(  used.] 

2.  One  that  lo|)s  or  polls  trees. 

3.  A  pillager;  a  plunderer;  one  that  fleeces 
by  exaction.     [.Yot  used.]  Bacon. 

4.  One  that  registers  voters,  or  one  that  en- 
ters his  name  as  a  voter. 

POLL-EVII>,  n.  [poH  and  ew/.]  A  swelling 
or  inipiisteui  on  a  horse's  head,  or  on  the 
nape  of  the  neck  between  the  ears. 

Far.  Diet. 

POLLICITA'TION,  n.  [h.  pollicitatio.]  A 
promise  ;  a  voluntary  engagement,  or  a 
paper  containing  it.  Henry's  Britain 

POLLINC'TOR.  n.  [L.]  One  that  prepares 

materials  for  embalming  the  dead  ;  a  kind 

"  undertaker.  Greenhill.'i 

POLLINJF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  pollen  and  fero,' 
to  produce.]     Producing  pollen. 

POL'LOtUx,  (       A  fish,  a  species  of  Gadus 

POL'LACK,  (,  "■  or  cod. 

POLLU'TE,  v.t.  [L.polhw;  Fr.  polluer.  If 
this  word  is  compmind,  as  1  suspect,  it 
seems  to  be  com|)osed  of  the  preposition 
po,  which  is  in  the  Russian  language  and 
retained  in  the  L.  poUnceo  and  possideo, 
and  according  to  Ainsworth,  of /««o.  J5ut 
this  conibination  would  not  naturally  give 
the  signification.  If  lire  word  is  simple, 
the  first  syllable  coincides  with/ou/.  But 
neither  is'this  etymology  satisfactory.] 

I.  To  defile  ;  to  make  tbul  or  unclean ;  in  a 
general  sense.  But  appropriately,  among 
the  .lews,  to  make  tuiclean  or  impure,  in 
a  legal  or  ceremonial  sense,  so  as  to  dis- 
qualifv  a  person  for  sacred  services,  or  to 
render  things  unfit  fi)r  sacred  uses.  Niuu. 
xviii.  Ex.  XX.  2  Kings  x.\iii.  2  Cluon 
x.\xvi. 


head,  havej|2.  To  taint  with  guilt. 

Ye  pollute  yourselves  with  all   your  idols. 
Ezek.  XX. 

To  profane  ;  to  use  for  carnal  or  iilola- 
trous  purposes. 

My  sabbaths  they  greatly  polluted.     Ezek. 

XX. 

To  corrupt  or  impair  by  mixture  of  ill, 
moral  or  physical. 

Envy  you  my  pr.aise,  and  would  destroy 
Willi  grief  uiy  pleasures,  3.ni  pollute  my  joy  '. 

Dryden. 

5.  To  violate  bv  illegal  sexual  commerce. 

POLLL'TE.  a.  Polluted;  defiled.      MUton. 

PLLLU'TED,  pp.  Defile.l;  rendered  un- 
clean ;  tainted  with  guilt ;  impaired  ;  pro- 
faned. 

POLLU'TEDNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
polluted  ;  defilement. 

POLLUTER,  n.  A  <lefiler;  one  that  pol- 
lutes or  profanes. 

POLLUTING,  ppr.  Defiling;  rendering 
unclean  ;  corrujiting  ;  profaning. 

POLLU'TION,  n.  [L.  pollatio;  Fr.  pollu- 
tion ;  Sp.  polucion  ;  It.  polluzione.] 

1.  The  act  of  polluting. 

2.  Defilement ;  uncleanness  ;  impurity  ;  the 
state  of  being  polluted. 

3.  In  the  Jewish  economy,  legal  or,  ceremonial 
uncleanness,  which  disc|ualified  a  person 
for  sacred  services  or  for  common  inter- 
course with  the  people,  or  rendered  any 
thing  unfit  for  sacred  use. 

4.  In  medicine,  the  involuntary  emission  of 
semen  in  sleep. 

5.  In  a  religious  .^ense,  guilt,  the  effect  of 
sin ;  idolatry,  &c. 

POL' LUX,  n.  A  fixed  star  of  the  second 
magnitude,  in  the  constellation  Gemini  or 
the  Twins.  Encyc. 

2.  [See  Cn.itor.] 

POLONAISE,?       A  robe  or  dress  adopt- 

POLONE'SE,  (,  "•  ed  from  the  fashion  of 
the  Poles;  sometimes  worn  bv  ladies. 

POLONE'SE,  n.  The  Polish  language. 

£fic^c. 

POLONOISE,  n.  In  music,  a  movement  of 
three  croti-hets  in  a  bar,  with  the  rhuh- 
mical  cesine  on  the  last.  Busby. 

POLT,  n.  [Sw.  bulla,  to  beat.]  A  blow, 
stroke  or  striking  ;  a  ivord  in  common  pop- 
ular !(.?p  in  „\'.  England. 

POLT-FOflT,  »i.  A  distorted  foot.  [.Vol  in 
MSf.]  Herbert. 

POLT-FOOT,        ?       Having  distorted  feet. 

POLT-FQOTED,  I  "'  [.Vol  in  use.]  B.Jon.ion. 

POLTROON",  )i.  [Fr.  pottron  :  U.  poll  rone, 
an  idle  fellow,  a  coward  ;  poltri7-e.  to  sleep, 
to  be  idle,  to  loiter  ;  Sp.  poltron,  idle,  lazy, 
easy,  commodious  ;  Port.  poUram,  an  idler  ; 
poltram,  poltrona.  lazy,  cowardly;  Arm. 
poultroun  ;  certainly  not  from /joWice  <ri«n- 
cato.  The  primary  sense  is  idle,  at  ease, 
whence  lazv  ;  perhaps  from  the  root  of 
fail,  W.  paliu.] 

All  arrant  coward;  a  dastard;  a  wretch 
witlioul  spirit  or  courage.  Dri/den. 

POLTROONERY,  n.  Cowardice;  ba.se- 
ness  of  luiiid;  want  of  spirit. 

POLVERIN,     {       [h.  pulris,  dust;  ll.pol- 

POL'VERINE,  s"'  veriiw.]  The  calcined 
ashes  of  a  plant,  of  the  nature  of  pot  and 
pearl  ashes,  brought  from  the  Levant  and 
Syria.  In  the  manufiictnre  of  glass,  it  is 
preferred  to  other  ashes,  as  the  glass  made 
with  it  is  perfectly  white.  Encyc. 


POL 


'O'LY,     )       [L.  potium;  ( 
•O'i.lOY,  S  "■  to-KiOi,  white.] 


PO 


the 


Gr.  xuT-wv,  from 
PO' i. 10 Y,  i  "■  noTiio;,  white.]     A  plant.   The 

jjolc!/  ^ass  is  (if  tli(^  ■;eiiu^  Lythruin. 
PC)1>Y,  III  ciiinpoumi    words,   is   from 

Greek   no-Kvs,  unil  signifies  7nani/ ;    as  in 

pohif^an,  a  figure  of  many  angles. 
POlA'ACOUSTle,    a.    [Gr.  rtouj,  many, 

atid  axoiiu,  to  hear.] 
Tliat   multinlies    or    magnifies    sound ;    as 

n  nonn,  nn  instrument  to  multiply  sounds. 
POL'YADKLPII,  71.  [Or-  t^i-!.  '"any,  and 

oifAijioj,  hrother.] 
In  hotanu,  a  plant  having  its  stamens  united 

in  three  or  more  bodies  or  bundles  by  the 

filaments.  ,.     .        . 

POLVADELPH'IAN,  a.  Having  its  sta- 
mens united  in  three  or  more  bundles. 

POLYAN'DER,  n.  [Gr.  jtoxvf,  many,  and 
onjp,  a  male.] 

In  hotani),  n  plant  having  many  stamens,  or 
any  niimber  above  twenty,  inserted  in  the 
receptacle. 

POLYAN'DRIAN,  a.  Having  many  sta- 
mens, that  is,  any  number  above  twenty 
inserted  in  the  receptacle. 

POLYAN'DRY,  n.  [supra.]  The  practice 
of  females'  having  more  husbands  thai 
one  at  the  same  time;  plurality  of  hus- 
bands. Forster\i  Ohs. 

POL'YANTH,        I       [Gr.  rtoxv;,  many,  and 

POLYANTH'OS,  S  a'""?,  a  llower.]  A 
plant  of  the  genus  Primula  or  primrose, 
whose  flower  stalks  produce  flowers  in 
clusters.  Encyc. 

POIA'AUTOG  RAPHY,  n.  [Gr.  rtoTii.?,  ma- 
ny, aufos,  ho  himself,  and  yijoujiw,  to  write.] 

The  act  or  practice  of  multiplying  copies  of 
one's  own  handwriting  or  of  manuscripts, 
by  engraving  on  stone  :  a  species  of  li- 
thography. Deln.iteyrie.     Med.  Repos 

POL  Y€HORD,  a.  [Gr.'rtoXvi,  muny,  and 
chord.] 

Having  many  chords  or  strings. 

Ch.  Retig.  .Appeal. 

POL'Y€HRKST,  n.  [Gr.  rtoxuf,  many,  ami 
Xfl^of,  useful.] 

Id  pharmacy,  a  medicine  that  serves  for  ma- 
ny usesj  or  that  cures  many  diseases. 
Obs. 

POL'YCHROITR,  n.  [Gr.  rtoxv,-,  many, 
and  xv°'-i"-  t"  color.]  The  coloring  mat 
tcr  of  saffron.  lire. 

POIA'COTVL'EDON,  n.  [Gr.  rtoAvj,  many, 
and  xotvXjjSw!'.  a  cavity.] 

In  botany,  a  iil.int  that  has  many  or  more 
than  two  cotyledons  or   lobes  to  the  seed. 

jMarlyi:. 

POLYCOTYLED'ONOUS,  a.  Having  more 
than  two  lobes  to  the  seed. 

POI.VEDRIC,      I  [See  PoUihcdron  and  Po- 

POKYEDROUS.  \  lyhedra!.] 

POli'YGAM,  I      [Gr.  ,-(ou;,  many,  and 

POLYGAM'IAN,  ^  "-yafios,  marriage.]  In 
iotoiii/,  aplant  which  bears  hermaphrodite 
flowers,  with  male  or  female  flowers,  or 
both,  not  inclosed  in  the  same  common 
calyx,  but  scattered  either -on  the  same 
])lant,  or  on  two  or  three  distinct  indi- 
dividuals.  Martyn. 

POLYGAM  LAN,  a.  Producing  hermaphro- 
dite flowers,  with  male  or  female  flowers, 
or  both. 

POLYG'AMIST,  n.  [See  Polygamy.]  A  per- 
son who  maintains  the  lawfulness  of  po- 
lygamy. 


POL 

POLYG'AMOUS,  a.  Consisting  of  polyga- 
my. Encyc. 
2.  Inclined  to  polygamy;  having  a  plurality 

of  wives. 
POLYG'AMY,    n.    [Gr.   tto^vs,  many,  and 

ya/ioi,  marriage.] 
A  plurality  of  wives  or  husbands  at  the  same 
time  ;    or  the  having  of  such    plurality.: 
When  a  man  has  more  wives  than  one.  or 
a  woman  more  husbanils  than  one,  at  the 
same  time,  the  oft'ender  is  punishable  for 
polygamy.     Such   is  the  fact   in  christian 
countries.      But  polygamy   is   allowed   hi 
some  countries,  as  in  Turkey. 
POI/YGAR,  n.  In  Hindoostan,  an  inhabit- 
ant of  the  woods. 
POLYu'ENOUS,  a.  [Gr.  xouj,  many,  and 

■yfi'o^,  kind.] 

Consisting  of  many  kinds  ;  as  a  polygenous 

mountain,  which  is  composed  of  strata  of 

diflereiit  species  of  stone.  Kirican. 

POL'YGLOT,    a.    [Gr.   nows,   many,    and 

7>.urra,  tongue.] 
Having  or  containing  many  languages  ;  as 
a  polyglot  lexicon  or  Bible.  ] 

POLYGLOT,  n.  A  book  containing  many 
languages,  particularly  the  Bible  contain- 
ing the  .Scriptures  in  several  languages. 
One  who  understands  many  languages. 
[,Vot  in  use.]  Howell. 

POL'YGON,  71.  [Gr.  jfcXus,  many,  and  yana. 
in  angle.]  ] 

In  geometry,  a  figure  of  many  angles  and 
sides,  and  whose  perimeter  consists  at 
least  of  mure  than  four  sides.  Enci/c. 

POLYG'ONAL,     )      Having  many  angles. 
POLYG'ONOIJS,  S  "•  Lee. 

POLYG'ONUM,  I  [Gr.  7to?.D5,  many,  and 
POL'YGON,  l^- yoii;  knee  or  "knot.] 
Knotgrass,  a  genus  of  plants  so  named 
from  tli(^  nmuerous  joints  in  the  stem. 
POL'YGRAiM,  71.  [Gr.  rto7.t-;,  many,  and 
ypauua.  a  writing.]  A  figure  consisting  of 
many  lines.  Dict.i 

POL'YGR  APH.  71.    [i^ee  Polygraphy.]     An' 
instruiiicnt  for  multiplying  copies  of  a  wri 
ting  wiih  case  and  expedition. 
POLYGRAPnie,        I      Pertaining  to  po 
POLYGRAPII'ICAL,  ^''"  lygraphy  ;   as  al 

polygraphic  instruinent. 
■2.  Done  with  a  polygraph;  as  a  poly  graphic 

copy  or  writing. 
POLYG'RAPIIY,  71.  [Gr.  jto%vi,  many,  and 
yjiaft-,  a  writing  ;  )va<J>"t  to  write.]  | 

The  art  iif  writing  in  various  ciphers,  and  of 
leciphcring  the  same.  Diet.     Encyc.\ 

POL'YgYN,  71.  [Gr.  rtoU'5,  many,  and  yvvr,,\ 
a  female.]     In  botany,  a  plant  having  many 
pistils. 
POLYOYN'IAN,  a.  Having  many  pistils. 
POLYG'YNY,    71.     [Gr.  rtoxvs,   many,   and 

yvirj,  a  female.] 
The  practice  of  having  more  wives  than  one 
at  the  same  time.  Forster's  Obs. 

POLYHA'LITE,  7i.  [Gr.   rtoM?,  many,  and 

aX5,  salt.] 
A  mineral  or  salt  occurring  in  masses  of  a 
fibrous  structure,  of  a  brick  red  color,  be- 
ing tinged  with  iron.  It  contains  sul-^ 
phatesof  lime,  of  magnesia,  of  potash  and; 
ofsoda.  Clcnvcland. 

POLA'HE'DRAL,     ?        [See    Polyhedron.]] 
POLYHE  DROlcJ,  ^  "•  Havingmany  sides ; 
as  a  solid  body.  ' 


POL 

POLYHE'DRON,  7!.  [Gr.  rco>xi,  many,  and 
f  Aptt,  side.] 

In  geometry,  a  body  or  solid  contained  un- 
der many  sides  or  planes. 
in  optics,  a  multiplying  glass  or  lens  con- 
sisting of  several  plane  surfaces  disposed 
in  a  convex  form.  Encyc. 

POLYL'OtiY,  71.  [Gr.  rtoxvj,  many,  and 
?.oyo5,  discourse.] 

A  talking  much  ;  talkativeness ;  garrulity. 
[jYot  in  use.]  Granger. 

POLYMATll'IC,  a.  [See  Potymathy.]  Per- 
taining to  polyinathy. 

POLY  31  ATI  I Y,  71.  [Gr.  rtoUj,  many,  and 
fiaDr^/jii,  learning  ;  ftavOava,  to  learn.] 

The  knowledge  of  many  arts  and  sciences ; 
acquaintance  with  many  branches  of  learn- 
ing or  with  various  subjects. 

Johnson.     Encyc. 

POL'YMNITE,  ?(.  [stone  of  many  marshes.] 
A  stone  marked  with  dendrites  and  Mack 
linos,  and  so  disposed  as  to  represent  riv- 
er.*, marshes  and  ponds.       Did.  JVat.  Hist. 

POLYMORPH,  71.  [Gr.  «o?.v?,  many,  and 
/«op^,  form.] 

\  name  given  by  Soldani  to  a  numerous 
tribe  or  series  of  shells,  which  arc  very 
small,  irregular  and  singular  in  form,  and 
which  cannot  be  referred  to  anv  known  ge- 
nus. Did.  .Yal.  Hist. 

POLY.MORPH'OUS,  a.  [supra.]  Ha%ing 
many  forms.  Bigtlou: 

POL'YNEME,  n.  A  fish  having  a  scaly 
compressed  head,  with  a  blunt  prominent 
nose,  and  pliform  appendages  to  the  pecto- 
ral fins.  Pennant. 

POLYNE'SIA,  71.  s  as  :.  [Gr.  rtoj^vj,  many, 
and  iTjdo;,  isle.] 

A  new  term  in  geography,  used  to  designate 
a  great  number  of  isles  in  the  Pacific 
ocean,  as  the  Pelew  isles,  the  Ladroiics, 
the  Carolines,  the  Sandwich  isles,  the 
Marquesas,  the  Society  isles  and  the 
Friendly  isles.        De  Drosses.     Pinkerton. 

POLYNE'SIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Poly- 
nesia. 

POL'YNOME, 
ovoua,  name.] 

In  algebra,  a  quantity  consisting  of  many 
terms. 

POLYNO'MIAL,  a.  Containing  many 
names  or  terms. 

POLYON'OMOUS,  a.  [Gr.  .fon-j,  matiy, 
and  oioua,  name.] 

Having  many  names  or  titles;  many-titled; 

Sir  }y.  Jones. 

POLYON'OMY,  71.  [supra.]  Variety  of  dif- 
ferent names.  Fnber. 

POLYOP'TRU.'M,  71.  [Gr.  rtoxv,-,  many,  and 
orcrouai,  to  see.] 

A  glass  through  which  objects  appear  mul- 
tiplied. 


[Gr.  rto?.v{,  many,  aiid 


POL'YPE,    I      [Gr.  -toxt-rtovj ;  aoxvi,  many, 

POL'YPI'S,  i  "■  an.l  -tovs,  foot.] 

1.  Something  that  has  many  feet  or  roots. 

•2.  In  zoology,  a  species  of  fresh  water  insect, 
belonging  to  the  genus  Hydra  and  order 
of  zoophytes.  Of  this  animal  it  is  re- 
markable, that  if  cut  into  pieces,  each  part 
will  shoot  out  a  new  head  and  tail  and 
become  a  distinct  animal.  The  general 
character  of  this  animal  is,  it  fixes  itself 
by  its  base,  is  gelatinous,  linear,  naked, 
contractile,  and  capable  of  changing  place. 

Encyc. 


POL 


POM 


P  O  M 


The  common  name  of  all  those  small 
gelatinous  animals,  whose  mouth  is  sur- 
rounded by  tentacuta  or  feelers,  (whence 
the  name,)  and  conducts  to  a  simple  stom- 
ach, or  one  followed  by  intestines  in  the 
form  of  vessels.  They  constitute  a  dis- 
tinct class  or  order  of  zoophytes,  and  in- 
chide  those  compound  animals,  with  a 
fixed  and  solid  stem,  which  were  formerly 
regarded  as  marine  plants  (Ldthophi/les.) 

Cuviei: 

3.  A  concretion  of  blood  in  the  heart  and 
blood  vessels.  Pan 

4.  A  tumor  with  a  narrow  base,  somewhat 
resembling  a  pear  ;  found  in  the  nose, 
uterus,  &c.  Cooper. 

POLYPET'ALOUS,  a.    [Gr.   no%vs,  many, 

and  ttita7.ov,  a  petal.] 
In  botany,  having  many  petals  ;  as  a  poli/pet- 
alous  corol.  Martyn. 

POLYPHONIC,  a.  [infra.]  Havingor  con- 
sisting of  many  voices  or  sounds.      Busby. 
POLYPH'ONISM,  I       [Gr.    jioxi/j,    many 
POLYPH'ONY,       S"'  ai"'    t"*"?-    sound.; 
Multiplicity  of  sounds,  as  in  thereverbera 
tions  of  an  echo.  Derham. 

POLYPH'YLLOUS,    a.    [Gr.  ;io7ivj,  many 

and  ^v^'Kov,  leaf] 
In   botany,   many-leafed  ;  as   a  polypkyllous 

calyx  or  perianth. 
POL'YPIER,  n.    The   name   given  to   the 
habitations  of  polypes,  or  to  the  connnon 
part   of  those  compound    animals    called 
polypes.  Diet.  .IVat.  Hist.     Cuvier. 

POL'YPITE,  n.  Fossil  p.ilypo. 
POL' Y POD E,  )i.  [Gr.  Ttox^j  and  rtwi.]    An 
animal   having  many    feet;  the   millepe 
or  wood-louse.  Core. 

POLYP'ODY,  n.  [h.   polypodium,  from  the 

Greek.  See  Polype.] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Polypodium,  of  the  or- 
der of  Filices  or  ferns.  The  fructifications 
are  in  roundish  points,  scattered  over  the 
inferior  disk  of  the  frons  or  leaf  There 
are  numerous  species,  of  wliicli  the  must 
remarkable  is  the  common  male  fern. 

Encyc. 
POL'YPOUS,    a.    [from  polypus.]    Having 
the  natiu'e  of  the   polypus  ;  having  many 
feet  or  roots,  like  the  polypus  ;  as  a  poly- 
pous concretion.  Arhuthnol 
POL'YSeOPE,    n.    [Gr.  rto%vi,  many,  and 

oxortfco,  to  view.] 
A  glass  which  makes  a  single  object  appear 
as  many.  Diet. 

POL'YSPAST,n.  [Sp.  polispastos  ;  Gr.  «oXt)5, 

many,  and  artau,  to  draw.] 
A  machine  consisting  of  many  pulleys. 

Did 
POL'YSPERM,    n.    [Gr.  Jtoxvj,  many,  and 

erlfpua,,  seed.] 
A  tree  whose  fruit  contains  many  seeds 

Evelyn. 

POLYSPERM'OUS,   a.   Containing  manyl 

seeds ;  as  a  polyspermous  ca[)sule  or  lierry. 

Martyn: 
POLYSYLLAB'TC,        ^      [frotn  poh/s:/lla- 
POLY8VLLA1MCAL,  y  "'  bk.]    Pertaining 
to  a  poly.syllable;  consisting  of  many  syl- 
lables, or  of  more  than  three. 
POL'YSYLLABLE,  n.    [Gr.  noXvs,  many, 

and  rivXhiSri,  a  .syllable.] 
A  word  of  many  syllables,  that  is,  consisting 
of  more  syllables  than  three,  for  words  ofl 


a  less  number  than  four  are  called  mono- 
syllables, dissyllables  and  trisyllables. 

Encyc. 

POLYSYNDETON,  n.  [Gr.  jtoHmrSEfos ; 
HoXvi,  many,  and  amSiroi,  connecting.] 

A  figure  of  rhetoric  by  which  the  copulative 
is  often  repeated ;  as,  "  we  have  ships 
and  men  and  money  and  stores." 

POLYTECHNIC,  a.  [Gr.  TtoXyj,  many,  and 
rexvy;,  art.] 

Denoting  or  comprehending  many  arts  ;  as 
a  polytechnic  school. 

POL'YTHEISM,  n.  [Fr.  polytheisme ;  Gr. 
rtoXvs,  many,  and  Stoj,  God.] 

The  doctrine  of  a  plurality  of  go<ls  or  in- 
visible beings  superior  to  man,  and  having 
an  agency  in  thegovernment  of  the  world. 

Stillingjleet. 

POL'YTHEIST,  n.  A  per.son  who  believes 
in  or  maintains  the  doctrine  of  a  plurality 
of  gods. 

POLYTHEISTIC,         )        Pertaining    to 

POLYTHEIS'TICAL,  ^  ""  polytheism  ;  as 
polytheistic  belief  or  worship. 


2.  Holding  a  plurality  of  gods;  as  a  poly- 


theistic writer.  Miner.     Encyc. 

POMACE,  n,  [from  L.  pomum,  an  apple.  It. 
pome,  Sp.  porno,  Fr.  pomine.] 

The  substance  of  apples  or  of  similar  fruit 
crushed  by  grinding.  In  Atnerica,  it  is 
so  called  before  and  after  being  pressed. 
[See  Pomp  and  Pommel.' 

POMA'CEOUS,  a.  Consisting  of  apples; 
as  pomnceous  harvests.  Philips 

'2.  Like  pomace. 

POMA'DE,  n.  [Fr.  ponimade;  It.  pomala  ; 
Sp.  pomnila,  either  tVom  porno,  fruit,  or 
from  perfuming  ;  poma  signifyinij  in  Span- 
ish, a  perfume-box.]  Perfumed  ointment. 
[Little  used.] 

PO'MANDER,  n.  [Fr.pomme d'ambre.  John- 
son.] 

A  sweet  ball;  a  perfumed  ball  or  powder. 

Bacon.     Shak. 

POMA'TUM,  n.  [Fr.  pommade;  It.  pomata 
Sp.  pomaila.     S^e  Poinride.] 

An  unguent  or  composition  used  in  dressing 
the  hair.     It  is  also  used  in  medicine. 

En  eye. 

POMA'TUM,  V.  t.  To  apply  pomatum  toth. 
hair.  Diet. 

POME,  n.  [L.  pomum.]  In  hotnny,  a  pulpy 
pericarp  without  valves,  containing  a  cap- 
sule or  core,  as  the  apple,  pear,  &-c. 

Martyn. 

POME,  V.  i.  [Fr.  pommer.]  To  grow  to  a 
head,  or  form  a  head  in  growing.  [J^ot 
used.]  Diet. 

POMECIT'RON,  ?!.   A  citron  apple. 

B.  Jonson. 

POMEGRAN'ATE,  n.  [L.  pomum,  an  ap- 
ple, and  granatum,  grained.  See  Grain 
and  Oranate.] 

1.  The  fruit  of  a  tree  belonging  to  the  genus 
Puiiica.      This   fruit    is   as   large   as   an 
orange,  having  a  hard  rind    filled    with 
soft  |mlp  and  numerous  seeds.     It  is  of 
reddish  color. 

2.  The  tree  that  produces  pomegranates. 

3.  An  ornament  resembling  a  ponirgranato, 
on  the  robe  and  ejdiod  oi'the  Jewish  high 
iiriest. 

PoMEGRANATE-TREE,  n.  The  tree 
which  produces  pomegranates 


PO'MEROY,        \  ,,  Royal  apple ;  a  partic- 

POMERO  Y  AL,  \  "•  ular  sort  of  apple. 

Ainsworth. 

PO'ME-WATER,  n.    A  sort  of  apple. 

Shak. 

POMIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  pomum,  an  apple, 
andy>ro,  to  produce.] 

Apple-bearing  ;  an  epithet  applied  to  plants 
which  bear  the  larger  fruits,  such  as  mel- 
ons, gourds,  pumpkins,  cucumbers,  &c. 
in  distinction  from  the  bacciferous  or  ber- 
ry-bearing plants.  Ray.    Arbuthnot. 

PO.\IME,  )      In  heraldry,  a  cross  with 

POMMETTE,  s"'one  or  more  knobs  at 
each  of  the  ends.  Encyc. 

POMMEL,  n.  [Fr.  pommeau;  It.  pomo,  aa 
apple  ;  porno  delta  spada,  the  pommel  of  a 
hilt;  Sp.  porno,  h.  pomum,  an  apple,  or  a 
similar  fruit  ;  VV.  pwmp,  a  round  mass  or 
lump.] 

1.  A  knob  or  ball.     2  Chron.  iv. 

2.  The  knob  on  the  hilt  of  a  sword ;  the  pro- 
tuberant part  of  a  saddle-bow  ;  the  round 
knob  on  the  frame  of  a  chair.  &c. 

POMMEL,  i>.  t.  [from  the  noiin.]  To  beat 
as  with  a  pommel,  that  is,  with  something 
thick  or  bidky  ;  to  bruise. 

[The  French  se  pommeler,  to  grow  dap- 
ple, to  curdle,  is  from  the  same  source  ; 
but  the  sense  is  to  make  knobs  or  lumps, 
and  hence  to  variegate,  or  make  spots  like 
knobs.  The  Welsh  have  from  the  same 
root,  or  pwmp,  a  mass,  pwmpiau;  to  form 
a  round  mass,  and  to  thump,  to  bang,  Eng. 
to  bump.] 

POMMELED,  pp.  Beaten;  bruised. 

2.  In  heraldry,  having  pommels;  as  a  sword 
or  <lag'4er. 

POMME'LION,  n.  [from  pommel]  The 
cascabel  or  hmdmost  knob  of  a  cannon. 

Mar.  Diet. 

PO.MP,  n.  [L.  pompa;  Fr.  pompe  ;  Arm. 
pomp;  pompadi,  to  boast;  It.  Sp.  pompa; 
Svv.  pomp  ,  D.  pomp,  a  pump,  and  pompoen, 
a  gourd,  a  pumpkin  ;  G.  pomp,  show,  and 
pumpe,  a  \n\tu\\.  These  words  appear  to 
be  all  of  one  family,  coinciding  with  L. 
bomhns,  Sp.  bomlia,  Eng.  bomb,  bombdst. 
Tf)c  radical  sense  is  to  swell  or  dilate  ;  Gr. 
riop^Tir^,  ?to_urt£(a,  rtourtfiiuj.] 

1.  .\   procession  distinguished   by   ostenta- 


tion   of  grandeur  and  splendor  ;    as  the 
pomp  of  a  Roman  triumph. 
2.  Show    of  magnificence  ;    parade ;  splen- 
dor. 

Hearts  formed  for  love,  but   doom'd  in  vain 

to  i;h)vv 
In  prisoned  pomp,  and  weep  in  splendid  woe. 
Z).  Humphreys. 

POMPATTC,  a.  [Low  L.  pompaticus,  pom- 
patiis.] 

Pompous  ;  splendid  ;  ostentations.  [JSTot  in 
use.]  Barrow. 

I'OMP'ET,  >!.  The  ball  which  printers  use 
to  black  the  t\  pes.  Cotgrave. 

PO.M'PIIOLY.X,  n.  [L.  from  Gr.  rto/u^oU'i  ; 
7tofi(}>o5,  a  tumor  ;  «fu^c|,  a  blast,  a  pufl",  a 
bubble,  a  pustule.     See  Pomp.] 

The  white  oxyd  which  sublimes  during  the 
combustion  of  ziiik  ;  called  flowers  of 
zink.  It  rises  and  adheres  to  the  dome  of 
the  furnace  and  the  covers  of  crucibles. 

Hill.     JVicholson.     Ure. 

POMP'ION,  71.  [M.  pompoen,  a  pumpkin,  a 
gouni ;  Sw.  pumpa.  See  Pomp  and  Pom- 
ace.] 


PON 


PON 


POO 


A  pumpkin  ;  a  plant  ant!  its  fruit  of  the  ge- 
nus ('ui'urhita. 

POM'I'IKh;,  n.  [L.  pomum,  apple,  and  py- 
rus.  pear.J     A  sort  of  peannaui. 

Jlinsivorih. 

POMl'OS'ITY,   n.  [It.  pomposita.]    Vomy- 

oiisMcss  ;  ustentation  ;  hoiisiuijr.        Jiikin. 

VOMl'-OUS,  «.  [I'r.  pompeux  ;  il.  pomjw.10.] 

1.  Dis|ilayin<r  pnnip  ;  .showy  with  {.'randeur  ; 
splendid  ;  ina^'uificent  ;  as  a  pompous  pro- 
cen.-iidn  ;  a  pompons  triumph. 

2.  O.-tentatious  ;  bcjastful ;  a.s  a  j)ompou«  ac- 
count of  private  adventures. 

POMl"OllSLY,  adv.  With  great  parade  or 
di.splay ;  magnificently  ;  splendidly  ;  os- 
tentatiously. Dryden. 

POMrOUSNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
pompous;  magnificence;  splendor  ;  great 
display  of  show  ;  osteutatiousness. 

Mdison. 

POM'-WATER,  li.  The  name  of  a  large 
apple.  Diet. 

PONO,  n.  [Sp.  Port.  It.  pantano,  a  pool  of 
stagnant  water,  also  in  Sp.  hinderauce, 
obstacle,  difliculty.  The  name  imports 
standing  water,  from  setting  or  confining. 
It  may  be  allied  to  L.  pono  ;  Sa.\.  pijndiin, 
to  pound,  to  pen,  to  restrain,  and  1-.  pon- 
tus,  the  sea,  may  be  of  the  same  family.] 

1.  A  body  of  stagnant  water  without  an  out- 
let, larger  than  a  |)uddlc,  atid  smaller  than 
a  lake  ;  or  a  like  body  of  water  with  a 
small  outlet.  In  the  United  States,  we 
give  this  name  to  collections  of  water  in 
the  interior  country,  which  are  fed  by 
springs,  and  from  which  issues  a  small 
stream.  These  ponds  are  often  a  mile  or 
two  or  even  more  in  length,  and  the  cur- 
rent issuing  from  them  is  used  to  drive 
the  wheels  of  mills  and  furnaces. 

2.  A  collectior]  nt' water  raised  in  a  river  by 
a  dam,  for  the  purpose  of  propelling  mill- 
■whecls.  These  artificial  ponds  are  called 
mill-ponds. 

Pond  for  Jisli.     [See  Fish-pond.] 

PONO,  v.l    [from  the  noim.]    To   make  a 

liDiid  ;  to  collect  in  a  ])oud  by  stopping  the 

current  of  a  river. 
POND,   v.  <.  To  ponder.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 
PON'DER,  V.   t.  [L.  pondero,   from  pondo, 

pondus,  a  pound  ;  pendeo,  pendo,  to  weigh  ; 
—     ,  o 

Pers.  ixiljvij      pindashatan,     and 


)  i^Jj  liX' 


bandazidan,    to    think,  to 


consider.] 
1.  To  weigh  in  the  mind  ;  to  consider  and 
compare  the  circumstances  or  consequen- 
ces of  an  event,  or  the  importance  of  the 
reasons  for  or  against  a  decision. 

Mary   kept   all   those   things,  and  pondered 
them  iu  her  hiart.    Luke  ii. 

'2.  To  view  with  deliberation ;  to  examine. 
Ponder  the  path  of  thy  feet.  Prov.  iv. 
The  Lord  pondereth  the  hearts.   i-*rov.  xxi. 

To  ponder  on,  is  sometiines  used,but  is  not 
to  be  countenanced. 

PON'DERABLE.a.  That  maybe  weighed; 
capable  of  being  weighed.  Brown. 

PON'DERAL,  a':  [from  L.  pondus,  weight.] 
Estimated  or  ascertained  by  weight,  as 
distinguished  from  numeral;  as  a  ponderal 
drachma.  Jlrbuthnot. 


PON'DERANCE,  n.  Weight ;  gravity. 

Gregory. 
PON'DERATE,  v.t  To  weigh  in  the  mind  ; 

to  consider.     [j\'ot  in  use.] 

Ch.  Relie.  Appeal. 
PONDERA'TION,  n.  The  act  ol  weighurg. 

[LiUk  used.]  Jlrhuthnot. 

PON  IJLUED,  pp.  Weighed  in  the  mmd  ; 

coiisidered  ;  examined  by  intellectual  op- 
eration. 
PON'DEKER,  n.  One  that  weighs   in  his 

mmd.  }f  hillock 

PON'DERING,  ppr.    Weighing  iirtellectu- 

ally  ;  consideriirg  ;  deliberating  on. 
PON'DERINGLY,  adv.  With  consideration 

or  deliberatioir.  Hammond. 

PONDEROS  Try,    n.    Weight  ;    gravity  : 

heaviness.  Brown.     Ray. 

POiN'DLROUS,  a.  [L.  ponderosus;   It.  Sp. 

Port,  ponderoso.] 

1.  Very  heavy  ;  weighty ;  as  a  ponderous 
shield  ;  a  ponderous  load. 

2.  Important;  momentous;  as  a  ponderous 
project.  {This  application  of  the  word  is 
unusual.] 

3.  Forcible  ;  strongly   impulsive  ;  as  a  mo 
tion  vehement  or  ponderous ;  a  ponderous 
blow.  Bacon.     Dryden. 

Ponderous  spar,  heavy  spar,  or  baryte. 

|■0^'l)KROLSLV,a(/l'.  With  great  weight. 

PON'DEROL'SNESS,  n.  Weight;  heavi- 
ness ;  gravity.  Boyle. 

POND'-WEED,  n.  [pond  and  tceed.]  A  plant 
of  the  genus   Potanrogeton.     The  Iripli 
headed  pond-weed  is  of  the  genus  Zanni- 
chellia. 

PO'NENT,  a.  [It.  ponente,  the  west;  h.  po- 
nens,  Irom  pono,  to  set.] 

Western;  as  the  po7ieji<  winds.  [Little  used.] 

Milton. 

PON'GO,  n.  A  name  of  the  orang  outaug. 
Diet.  Ai'nt.  Hist. 

The  naine  pongo  was  applied  by  Ruti'on  to  a 
large  species  of  orang  outang,  which  is 
now  ascertained  to  have  been  an  imagin 
ary  aniiual.  It  is  applied  by  Cuvier  to  the 
largest  species  of  ape  known,  which  in- 
habits Borneo,  and  resembles  the  true 
orang  outang  iti  its  general  form  and  erect 
|iosition,  but  has  the  cheek  pouches  and 
lengthened  muzzle  of  the  baboon.  It  has 
also  been  applied  (Ed.  Encyc.)  to  the  Simla 
troglodytes  or  chim]ianzee  of  Cuvier,  a  na- 
tive <jf  W.  Africa.         Curler.     Ed.  Encyc. 

PONIARD,  n.  pon  yard.  [Er.  poignard ;  It. 
pugnale  ;  Sp.  puhal ;  Port,  punhal.  There 
is  an  appearance  of  the  formation  of  this 
word  from  the  name  of  the  fist,  Fr.  poing, 
S\t.  puho,  It.  pug)xo,  h.  pvgnus ;  but  this 
is  not  obvious.] 

A  small  dagger;  a  pointed  instrument  for 
stabbing,  borne  in  the  hand  or  at  the 
girdle,  or  in  the  pocket.  Encyc. 

PONIARD,  !'.  /.  pon'yard.  To  pierce  with  a 
poniard ;  to  stab. 

PONK,  n.  [qu.  W.  pwca,  bwg,  a  hobgoblin  ; 
Ice.  puke.] 

A  nocturnal  spirit ;  a  hag.     [.\'ot  in  use.] 

Shak. 

PONT'AGE,  n.  [L.  pons,  pontis,  a  bridge, 
Sp.  puente,  W.  pont.] 

.\  duty  paid  for  repairing  bridges.       Jlyliffe. 

PONTEE',  n.  In  glass  works,  an  iron  in- 
strument used  to  stick  the  glass  at  the 
bottotn,  for  the  more  convenient  fashion- 
ing the  neck  of  it.  Cyc. 


PONTTe,  a.  [L.  Pontus,  the  Euxine  sea, 
Ur.  novTOi.] 

Pertaining  to  the  Poulus,  Euxine,  or  Black 
Si-a.  J.  Barlow. 

PON  TIF,  n.  [Fr.  ponh/e ;  L.  pon(i/i?r  ;  said 
to  be  from  pOTiS,  a  bridge,  and  Jacio,  to 
make.] 

A  high  priest.  The  Romans  had  a  college 
of  pontifs  ;  the  Jews  had  their  pon  I  if s  : 
and  in  modern  limes,  the  pope  is  called 
pontifor  sovereign  pontif.  Encyc. 

POJ\TIF'l€,  a.  Relating  to  priests:  popish. 
.Milton.     Shenstone. 

PONTIF'l€AL,  a.  [L.  pontif , alts.]  Belong- 
ing to  a  high  j)riest ;  as  ponlifcal  author- 
ity ;  hence,  belonging  to  the  pope  ;  popish. 

Raleigh. 

2.  Splendid;  magnificent.  .Shak. 

3.  Bridge-building.     [JVot  used.]         Milton. 
PONTIF'ICAL,  Ji.  A  book  containing  rites 

and  ceremonies  ecclesiastical. 

South.     Stillingfleet. 

2.  The  dress  and  ornaments  of  a  priest  or 
bishop.  Liowth. 

PONTIFICAL'ITY,  n.  The  state  and  gov- 
ernment ol  the  pope;  the  papacy.  [.Xot 
used.]  Usher. 

PONTIF'ICALLY,  adv.  In  a  pontifical  man- 
ner. 

PONTIFICATE,  n.  [L.  pontifieatus.]  The 
state  or  dignity  of  a  high  priest ;  particu- 
larly, the  oflice  or  dignity  of  the  pope. 

He  turned  hermit  in  the  view  of  being  ad- 
vanced to  the  pontificate.  Addiaun. 

2.  The  reign  of  a  pope. 

Paiutirrg,  sculpture  and  architecture  may  all 
recover  Iheri^sclves  under  tlie  present  pontiji' 
cate.  Jlddi.'^un. 

PONTTFICE,  n.  Bridge-work  ;  structure 
or  edifice  of  a  bridge.     [Little  used.] 

Milton. 

PONTIFI'CIAL,  a.  Popish.  Burton. 

PONTlFI"CIAN,  (I.  Popish;  papistical. 

Hall. 

PONTIFP'CIAN,  n.  One  that  adheres  to 
the  pope  :  a  papi.st.  Mountngue. 

PON'TINE,      /       [L.  pondHff,  a  lake.]   De- 

POMP'TINF:,  ^"' signaling  a  large  marsh 
between  Rome  and  Nai)les. 

PONT'LEVIS,  71.  In  horsemanship,  a  disor- 
derly resisting  of  a  horse  by  rearing  re- 
peatedly on  his  hind  leg.s,  so  as  to  be  in 
danger  of  coming  over.  Bailey. 

PONTOON',  JI.  [Fr.  Sp.  ponton,  from  Fr. 
pont,  L.  pons,  a  bridge,  probably  from  the 
root  of  pono,  to  lay.] 

1.  A  fiat-bottomed  boat,  whose  frame  of 
wood  is  covered  and  lined  with  tin,  or 
covered  with  copper;  used  in  forming 
bridges  over  rivers  for  armie.s.  Encyc. 

2.  A  lighter ;  a  Ion  flat  vessel  resembling  a 
barge,  furnished  with  cranes,  capstans 
and  other  machinery  :  used  in  careening 
ships,  chiefly  in  the  Mediterranean. 

.Mnr.  Diet. 

Pontoon-hridge,  is  a  bridge  formed  with  pon- 
toons, anchored  or  made  fist  in  two  lines, 
about  five  feet  asunder.  Cyc. 

Pontoon-carriage,  is  made  with  two  wheels 
only,  and  two  long  side  pieces,  whose  fore 
ends  are  supported  by  timbers.  Cyc. 

PO'NY,  n.  A  small  horse. 

POOD,  JI.  ."V  Russian  weight,  equal  to  40 
Russian  or  3G  English  pounds. 

POOL.  JI.  [Sax.  pol,  pul ;  Jy.poel;  G.pfuhl; 
Dan.  pol ;  W.  pwll,  a  pool  or  pit :  .^rm. 


POO 


POO 


POP 


poul ;  L-  pah'S  ;  Gr.  rt»iJ.o{ ;  probably  from 
setting,  stiiijtiiiig,  like  L.  skignum,  or  from 
issuing,  as  a  spring.]  1 

A  small  collection  of  water  in  a  hollow  place, 
supplied  by  a  spring,  and  discharging  its 
surplus  water  by  an  outlet.  It  is  smaller 
than  a  lake,  and  in  New  England  is  neverj 
confounded  with  pond  or  lake.  It  signi- 
fies with  us,  a  spring  with  a  small  bason 
or  reservoir  on  the  surface  of  the  earth. 
It  is  used  by  writers  with  more  latitude,' 
and  sometimes  signifies  a  body  of  stag- j 
nant  water.  Milton.     Encyc.     Bacon.W 

POOL,      I      [Fr.  poule.]  The  stakes  played 

POULE,  \  "■  for  in  certain  games  of  cards. 

Southern. 

POOP,  n.  [Fr.  poiipe ;  It.  poppa  ;  Sp.  popa ; 
L.  puppis  ;  probably  a  projection.] 

The  highest  and  aftmost  part  of  a  ship's 
deck.  Mar.  Diet. 

POOP,  V.  t.  To  strike  upon  the  stern,  as  a 
heavy  sea. 

2.  To  strike  the  stern,  as  one  vessel  that 
runs  her  stem  against  another's  stern. 

Mar.  Did. 

POOPING,  n.  The  shock  of  a  heavy  sea  on 
the  stern  or  (piarter  of  a  ship,  when  scud- 
ding in  a  tempest  ;  also,  the  action  of  one 
ship's  running  her  stem  against  another's 
stern.  Mar.  Diet. 

POOR,  a.  [h.pa%tper;  Fr.  paitvre;  Sit.pobre; 
It.  povero ;  Arm.  paour ;  Norm,  pour,  pow- 
er.] 

1.  Wholly  destitute  of  property,  or  not  hav- 
ing property  sufficient  for  a  comfortable 
subsistence ;  needy.  It  is  often  synony- 
mous with  indigent,  and  with  necessitous, 
denoting  extreme  want ;  it  is  also  applied 
to  persons  who  are  not  entirely  destitute 
of  property,  but  are  not  rich  ;  as  a  poor 
man  or  woman  ;  poor  people. 

2.  In  law,  so  destitute  of  property  as  to  be 
entitled  to  maintenance  from  the  i)ul>lic 

3.  Destitute  of  strength,  beauty  or  dignity  ; 
barren  ;  mean  ;  jejune;  as  a  poor  compo 
sition  ;  a  poor  essay  ;  a  poor  discourse. 

4.  Destitute  of  value,  worth  or  importance  ; 
of  little  use  ;  trifling.  | 

That  I  have  wronged  no  man,  will  lie  a  poor^ 
plea  or  apology  at  the  last  day.  C'atainy.i^ 

5.  Paltry  ;  mean ;  of  little  value  ;  as  a  poor, 
coat  -,  a  poor  house. 

C.  Destitute  of  fertility  ;  barren;  exhausted; 
as  poor  land.    The  ground  is  become  poor.^ 

7.  Of  little  w  orth  ;  unimportant ;  as  in  niy 
poor  opinion.  Sunjt. 

8.  Unhappy  ;  pitiable. 

Vex'il  sailors  curse  the  rain 
For  which  poor  shepherds  pray'd  in  vain. 

Waller. 


9.  Mean  ;  depressed  ;  low  ;  dejected  ;  desti 
lute  of  spirit. 

A  soothsayer  made  Antonius  believe  that 
his  a;enius.  which  was  olliurwise  brave,  was,  in 
the 'presence  of  Octavianus, /loor  and  cowardly. 

Bacon. 

10.  Lean;  emaciated;  as  a /)oor  horse.  The 
ox  is  poor. 

11.  Small,  or  of  a  bad  quality;  as  a  poor 
crop  ;  a  poor  harvest. 

12.  I'nconifdrtnble ;    restless;   ill.     The  pa- 
tient has  had  a  poor  night. 

13.  Destitute  of  saving  grace.  Rev.  iii. 

14.  In  general,  wanting  good  qualities,  or 
the  qualities  which  render  a  thing  valua- 


ble, excellent,  proper,  or  sufficient  for  its 
purpose;  as   a  poor  pen;  a  poor   ship;  a 
poor  carriage  ;  jmor  fruit ;  ^oor  bread  ;  poor 
wine,  &c. 
15.  A  word  of  tenderness  or  pity  ;  dear. 

Pour,  little,  pretty,  flutleriog  thing.       Prior. 
1(3.  A  word  of  slight  contempt;  wretched. 
The  poor  monk  never  saw  many  of  the  de- 
crees and  councils  he  had  occasion  to  use. 

Baiter. 

17.  The  poor,  collectively,  used  as  a  noun  ; 
those  who  are  destitute  of  property  ;  the 
indigent;  the  needy;  in  a  legal  sense, 
those  who  depend  on  charity  or  mainten- 
ance by  the  public. 

I  have  observed  the  more  public  provisions 
arc  made  for  the  ^oor,  the  less  they  provide  for 
themselves.  Franklin 

Poor  inspirit,  in  a  Scriptural  sense,  humble  ; 

'     contrite  ;  abased   in  one's  own  sight  by  a 

I     sense  of  guilt.  Matt.  v. 

POOR'JOIIN,  ?i.  A  sort  of  fish  [callanusl 
of  the  genus  Gadus.  Ainsworlh.] 

POOR'LY,  adv.  Without  wealth ;  in  indi- 
gence or  want  of  the  conveniences  and 
comforts  of  life  ;  as,  to  live  poorly. 

Sidney.] 

2.  With  little  or  no  success;  with  little! 
growth,  profit  or  advantage  ;  as,  wheat! 
grows  poorly  on  the  Atlantic  borders  of 
New  England;  these  men  have  succeeded 
poorly  in  business. 

j3.  Meaidy  ;  without  spirit. 

Nor  is  their  courage  or  their  wealth  so  low. 
That  from  his  wars  they  poorly  would  retire. 

Drydcn. 

4.  Without  excellence  or  dignity.     He  per- 
forms poorly  in  elevated  characters. 
POOR'LY,   a.    Somewhat  ill;   indisposed; 
not  in  health  ;  a  common  use  of  the  word  in 
America. 

For   three  or  four  weeks    past  I  have   lost 
ground,  having  been  poorlii  in  healtli. 
^  Th.  Scott. 

POOR'NESS,  n.  De.stitution  of  property  : 
indigence  ;  poverty  ;  want ;  as  the  poor- 
ness of  the  exchequer. 

No  less  1  hate  him  than  the  gates  of  hell. 
That  poorness  can  force  an  untruth  to  tell. 

Chapman 
[In  this  sense,  we  generally  use  poverty.] 

2.  Meanness  ;  lowness  ;  want  of  dignity  ; 
as  the  poorness  of  language. 

3.  Want  of  spirit ;  as  poorness  and  degene 
racy  of  spirit.  Addison. 

4.  Barrenness;  sterility;  as  the  poorness  of 
land  or  soil. 

3.  Unproductiveness  ;  want  of  the  metallic 
substance  ;  as  tlie  poorness  of  ore. 

6.  Smallness  or  bad  qiudity  ;  as  the  poorness 
of  crops  or  of  grain. 

7.  Want  of  value  or  importance ;  as  the 
poorness  of  a  plea. 

Want  of  goo<l  qualities,  or  the  proper 
(pialities  which  constitute  a  thing  good  in 
its  kind ;  as  the  poorness  of  a  ship  or  of 
cloth. 

'J.  Narrowness ;  barrenness  ;  want  of  ca- 
pacity. Spectator. 

Poorness  of  spirit,  in  a  theological  sense,  true 
humility  or  contrition  of  heart  on  accoimt 
of  sin. 

POOR-SPIRITED,  a.  Of  a  mean  spirit; 
cowardly  ;  base.  Dcnham. 

POOR-SPIR'ITEDNESS,  »i.  Mcamiess  or 

1     baseness  of  spirit ;  cowardice.  Soutk 


POP,  n.  [D.  potp.    The  primary  sense  is  to 

drive  or  thrust.] 
A  small  smart  quick  sound  or  report. 

Spectator. 
POP,  V.  i.  To  enter  or  issue  forth  with  a 
quick,  sudden  motion. 

1  startled  at  his  popping  upon  me  unexpect- 
edly. Addison. 
2.  To  dart ;  to  start  from  place  to  place  sud- 
denly. Swijl. 
POP,  ('.  (.  To  thrust  or  push  suddenly  with 
a  quick  motion. 

He  popp'd  a  paper  into  his  hand.        Milton. 

Uid'st  thou  never  pop 
Thy  head  into  a  tinman's  shop  .'  Prior. 

To  pop  off,  to  thrust  away  ;  to  shift  off. 

Locke. 
POP,  arfi'.  Suddenly;  with  sudden  entrance 

or  appearance. 
POPE,  n.  [Gr.  rtartci,  nartrtaj.  rtarato; ;  Low  L. 
papa  ;  Hindoo,  bab ;  Turkish,  baba ;  Bythin- 
iau,  pappus  ;  Sp.  It.  Port,  papa  ;  Fr. pape; 
Scythian,  papa.  The  word  denotes  fath- 
er, and  is  among  the  first  words  articulat- 
ed by  children.] 

1.  The  bishop  of  Rome,  the  head  of  the 
catholic  church.  Encyc. 

2.  A  small  fish,  called  also  a  ruff. 

Walton. 

PO'PEDOM,  n.  The  place,  office  or  dignity 
of  the  pope;  papal  dignity.  Shak. 

2.  The  jurisdiction  of  the  pope. 

PO'PE-JOAN,  n.  A  game  of  cards. 

Jenner. 

PO'PELING,  n.  An  adherent  of  the  pope. 

PO'PERY,  71.  The  religion  of  the  church  of 
Rome,  coinprehending  drictrines  and  prac- 
tices. Swift.     Encyc. 

PO'PE'S-EYE,  n.  [pop  and  p^e.]  The  gland 
surrounded  with  fat  in  the  middle  of  the 
thigh.  Johnson. 

POP'GUN,  n.  A  small  gun  or  tube  used  by 
children  to  shoot  wads  and  make  a  noise. 

Cheyue. 

POPTN.IAY,  n.  [Sp.  papagayo  ;  papa  and 
gayo  ;  Port.  id.  ;  It.  pappagallo.] 

1.  A  (jarrot.  Grew. 

2.  A  woodpecker,  a  bird  with  a  gay  head. 

Peacham. 

The  green  woodpecker,  with  a  scarlet 
crown,  a  native  of  Europe.        Ed.  Encyc. 

3.  A  gay,  trifling  young  man  ;  a  fop  or  cox- 
comb. Shak. 

POPISH,  a.  Relating  to  the  pope ;  taught 
by  the  pope  ;  pertaining  to  the  pope  or  to 
the  churcii  of  Rome ;  as  popisti  tenets  or 
ceremonies. 

PO'PISHLY,  adv.  In  a  popish  manner; 
with  a  tendency  to  popery  ;  as,  to  (be  po- 
pishly  artected  or  inclined. 

POPLAR,  n.  [L.  popH/i/s  ;  Fr.  peuplier ;  It. 
pioppo  ;  D.  poputier  ;  <i.  pappel,  ]>oplar  and 
mallows  ;  S\v.  poppel-trad  ;  Ir.  pobhlar.] 

A  tree  of  the  geims  PopuUis,  of  several  spe- 
cies, as  the  allele,  the  white  poplar,  the 
black  )ioplar,  the  aspen-tree,  ifcc.  It  is 
numliereil  among  the  acpiatic  trees. 

Encyc. 

POP'LIN,  J!.  A  stuff  made  of  silk  and 
worsted. 

I'OPLIT'EAL,  ?  [from    L.  poples,    the 

I'OPLIT'IC,      S    "■    '"""•] 

Pertaining  to  the  ham  or  knee  joint. 

Med.  Repos. 

POPPET.     [See  Puppet.] 


POP 


P  O  R 


P  O  R 


POP'PY,  n.  [Sax.  poptg;  W.  pabi;  Fr. 
pavot ;  L.  papaver  ;  It.  papavero^ 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Papaver,  of  several 
species,  from  one  of  which,  the  snimvi/erum 
or  white  poppy,  is  collected  opiiini.  This 
is  the  milky  j"ice  of  the  capsule  when 
halfgrown,"which  exsudes  from  incisions 
in  the  cortical  part  of  the  capsule,  is 
scraped  oft",  and  worked  in  an  iron  pot  in 
the  sun's  heat,  till  it  is  of  a  consistence  to 
form  cakes.  Eneijc. 

POP'ULACB,  71.  [Fr.  from  the  It.  popolaccto, 
from  L.  populus.     See  People.] 

The  common  people  ;  the  vulgar;  the  mul- 
titude, comprehending  all  persons  not  dis- 
tinguished l>y  rank,  education,  office,  pro- 
fession or  erudition.  Pope.     Stcijl. 

POP'ULACY,  n.  The  populace  or  common 
people.  A"-  Charles. 

POP'ULAR,  o.  [Fr.  popuhiire;  It.  popolare  ; 
Sp.  popular  ;  L.  popularis.     See  People.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  common  people  ;  as  the 
popular  voice  ;  popular  elections. 

Soothe  ^o^JUtar  vote  inclines.  Milton. 

2.  Suitable  to  common  people ;  familiar ; 
plain  ;  easy  to  be  comprehended  ;  not  crit- 
ical or  abstruse. 

Homilies  are  plain  and  pojndar  ini<tiuctioii9. 

Hooker. 

3.  Beloved  by  the  people ;  enjoying  the  fa- 
vor of  the  people  ;  pleasing  to  people  in 
general ;  as  a /*o/>«/ar  governor  ;  a  popular 
preacher;  a  popular  ministry;  a  popular 
discourse;  a  popular  administration;  a 
popular  war  or  peace.  Suspect  the  man 
who  endeavors  to  make  that  popular  which 
is  wrong. 

4.  Ambitious  ;  studious  of  the  favor  of  the 
people. 

A  popular  man  is  in  truth  no  better  than  a 
prostitute  to  common  fame  and  to  the  people. 

Dry  den. 
[This  sen.se  is  not  usual.     II  is  more  cus 
tomarij  to  appli/  this  epilhit  to  a  person  who 
has  alreail;/  gained  the  favor  of  the  people.] 

5.  Prevailing  among  the  people;  extensively 
prevalent ;  as  a  popular  disease. 

G.  In  law,  a  popular  action  is  one  which  gives 
a  penalty  to  the  person  that  sues  for  the 
same.  Blackstone. 

[Note.  Popular,  at  least  in  the  United  State 
is  not  synonymous  with  vulgar;  the  latter 
being  applied  to  the  lower  classes  of  peo 
pie,  the  illiterate  and  low  bred  ;  the  former  is 
applied  to  all  classes,  or  to  the  body  of  the  peo 
pie,  including  a  great  portion  at  least  of  well 
educated  citizens.] 
POPULARITY,  n.  [L.  ;)o/)ij/fln7«s.]  Favor 
of  the  people  ;  the  state  of  possessing  the 
affections  and  confidence  of  the  people  in 
general ;  as  the  popularity  of  the  ministry  ; 
the  popularity  of  a  public  officer  or  of  a 
preacher.  It  is  applied  also  to  things;  as 
the  popularity  of  a  law  or  public  measure ; 
the  popularity  of  a  book  or  i>oem.  The 
most  valuable  trait  in  a  patriot's  character 
is  to  forbear  all  improper  compliauces  for 
gaining  popularity. 

I  have  long  since  learned  the  little  value 
which  is  to  be  placed  in  popularity,  acquired 
by  any  other  way  than  virtue;  I  have  also 
learned  that  it  is  often  obtained  by  other  means, 
P.  Henry,  WirCs  Sketches 
The  man  whose  ruling  principle  is  duty — is 
never  perplexed  with  anxious  corroding  calcu- 
lations of  interest  and  popularity.       J.  Haves 

2.  Representation  suited  to  vulgar  or  com- 

Vol.  II. 


mon  conception  ;  that  which  is  intendedJlPOR'CELAlN,  n.  [Sp.  Port,  poreelatia ;  It. 


or   adapted  to  procure  the  favor  of  the 
people.     [LAltle  used.]  Bacon. 

POP'ULARIZK,  V.  t.  To  make  jiopnlar  or 
common  ;  to  spread  among  the  jieople  ;  as, 
to  popularize  philosophy  or  ]diysics ;  to 
popularizea.  knowledge  of  chimical  princi- 
ples. Beddoes.     Ure. 

POP'ULAR IZED,p;).  Made  |,opular,  or  in- 
troduced among  the  people. 

POPULARIZING,  pjrr.  Making  popular,  or 
introducing  among  the  people. 

POP'ULARLY,  adv.  In  a  popular  manner; 
so  as  to  please  the  populace. 
The  victor  kuight. 
Bareheaded,  ^i)/m/ar/y  low  had  bow'd. 

Dryden 

2.  According  to  the  conceptions  of  the  com 
mon  people.  Brown. 

POPULATE,  V.  i.  [It.  popolare,  from  L. 
popidus.] 

To  breed  peojile  ;  to  propagate. 

\Mien  there  be  great  shoals  of  people  which 
go  on  to  populate.  Bacon, 

POPULATE,  V.  t.  To  people;  to  furnish 
with  inhabitants,  either  by  natural  in- 
crease, or  by  iiiiinigraiion  or  colonization. 

|l'()PULATE,  for  populous,  is  not  now  in 
use. 

POP'ULATED,;)/).  Furnished  with  inhabit- 
ants;  peopled. 

IPOPU  LATINO,  ppr.  Peopling. 

POPULA'TION,  n.  'I'he  act  or  operation  of 
peiipling  or  furnishing  with  inhabitants ; 
multiplication  of  inhabitants.     The  value 


porcellana,  signifying  porcelain  and  purs- 
I     lain,   u   plant  ;    Fr.  porcetaine,   porcelain, 
I     the  sea-snail,  the   purple   fish,  and   purs- 
lain  ;    Arm.    pourcelinnen.     Our  purslain 
\     is  doubtless  from  the    Latin  porlulaca,  as 
Phny  writes    it,   or  porculata,   as   others 
write  it.     But  I  know  not  the  reason  of 
I     the  name.] 

1.  The  finest  species  of  earthern  ware,  origin- 
I     ally    riiiinufactured    in  China   aii<l  .lapan, 

but  now  made  in  several  European  (  oun- 
I  tries.  All  eartliprii  wares  whiih  are  white 
and  semi-transparent,  are  called  |)<irce- 
lains,  but  they  diflcr  much  in  their  fine- 
ness and  beauty.  The  porcelain  of  China 
is  saiil  to  be  made  of  two  species  of  earth, 
the  petuntse,  v/hicli  is  fusible,  and  the  ka- 
olin, which  is  not  fusible,  or  not  with  the 
degree  of  heat  which  fii.ses  the  petuntse, 
and  that  in  porcelain  the  substances  are 
only  seiiii-vitrified,  or  one  substance  only 
is  vitrified,  the  other  not.  Hence  it  is  con- 
cluded that  porcelain  is  an  intermediate 
substance  between  earth  and  glass.  Hence 
the  second  degree  of  fusibility,  of  which 
emotlescence  is  the  first,  is  called  by  Kir- 
wan  the  porcelain  state. 

Diet.  A''at.  Hist,    .\icholson. 
Kinvan.     Knnjc. 

2.  The  plant  called  purslain,  which  see. 

Ainsworth. 

PORCELLA'NEOUS.  a.  [from  porcelain.] 
Pertaining  to  or  resembling  porcelain  :  as 
porcellaneous  shells.  Hatche.lt. 


of  our  western  lands  is  annually  enhancedjpoR'CELLANITE,  n.  A  silicious  mineral, 

a  sjiecies  of  jasper,  of  various  colors.  It 
seems  to  be  formed  accidentally  in  coal 
mines  which  have  indurated  and  semi-vit- 
rified beds  of  coal-shale  or  slate-clay.  It 
is  .sometimes  marked  with  vegetable  im- 
pressions of  a  brick  red  color. 

Kinoan,froni  Peithner. 

Cyc.     Cleaveland. 

PORCH,  n.  [Fr.  porche,   from   L.  porticus, 

from  porta,  a  gate,  entrance  or   passage, 

or  from  partus,  a  shelter.] 

1.  In  architecture,  a  kind  of  vestibule  sup- 
ported by  columns  at  the  entrance  of  tem- 
ples, halls,  churches  or  other  buildings. 

Encyc. 

2.  A  portico  :  a  covered  walk. 

3.  By  way  of  distinction,  the  porch,  was  a 
public  [lortico  in  Athens,  where  Zeno,  the 
philosopher,  taught  his  disciples.  It  was 
called  noi.xi7.r„  the  painted  porch,  from  the 
])ictiires  of  Polygnotus  and  other  eminent 
painters,  with  which  it  was  adorned. 
Hence,  iAe  Porch  is  equivalent  to  the  school 
of  the  Stoics.  Enfield. 

POR'CINE,  a.  [L.  porcinus,  from  porous. 
See  Port.] 

Pertaining  to  swine  ;  as  the  porcine  species 
of  animals.  Gregory. 

POR'€UPINE,  n.  [It.  porco-spinoso,  the 
spinous  hog  or  spine-hog  ;  L.  porcus,  \V. 
pore,  a  pig,  and  L.  s/nna,  a  spine  or  thorn. 
So  in  French,  porc-e/«V,  the  s/;iAc-/iog-;  Sp. 
puerco-espin  :  Port,  porcoespinho  ;  D.i/zer- 
varken,  iron-hog;  G.  stachelschwein,thori\- 
swine  ;  Sw.  pinsinn,  Dan.  pindsviin,  pin- 
swine.] 

In  zoology,  a  quadruped  of  the  genus  Hys- 
trix.  The  crested  porcupine  has  a  body 
about  two  feet  in  length,  fonrtoeson  each 
of  the  fore  feet,  and  five  on  each  of  the 


by  population.  V.  States. 

2.  The  whole  number  of  people  or  inhabit-! 
ants  in  a  country.  Tlie  population  ol  Eng-1 
land  is  estimated  at  ten  millions  of  souls; 
that  of  the  United  Slates  in  I8i3,  was  ten 
millions. 

.\  country  may  have  a  great  population,  and 
yet  not  be  populous.  Tooke. 

3.  The  state  of  a  country  with  regard  to  its 
number  of  inhabitants,  or  rather  with  re- 
gard to  its  numbers  compared  with  their 
expenses,  consumption  of  goods  and  pro- 
ductions, and  ciirnings. 

Neither  is  the  population  to  be  reckoned  on- 
ly by  number  ;  lor  a  smaller  nundier  that  spend 
more  and  earn  less,  do  wear  out  an  estate  sooner 
than  a  greater  number  that  live  lower  and  gath- 
er more.  Bacon. 

POPULOS'ITY,  »!.  Populousness.  [A'o< 
used.]  Brown. 

POP'ULOUS,  o.  [L.  populosus.]  Full  of  in- 
habitants; containing  many  inhabitants  in 
proportion  to  the  extent  of  the  country. 
A  territory  containing  fifteen  or  twenty 
inhabitants  to  a  .square  mile  is  not  a  popu- 
lous country.  The  Netherlands,  and  some 
parts  of  Italy,  containing  a  hundred  and 
fifty  inhabitants  to  a  square  mile,  are 
deemeil  populous. 

POP'ULOUSLY.  adv.  With  many  inhabit- 
ants ill  proportion  to  the  extent  of  coun- 
try. 

POP'ULOUSNESS,  n.  The  state  of  having 
many  inhabitants  in  proportion  to  the  ex- 
tent of  country. 

By  populousness,  in  contradistinction  topop- 
ulafion,  is  understood  the  proportion  the  num- 
ber bears  to  the  surface  of  the  ground  they  live 
on.  tooke. 

POR'CATED.  a.  [L.  porca,  a  ridge.]  Ridg- 
ed ;  formed  in  ridges.  Astat.  Res.W 

39 


P  O  R 


FOR 


P  O  R 


liiml  feet,  a  crested  bead,  a  short  tail,  and 
the  upper  lip  divided  like  that  of  the  hare 
TIjp  body  is  covered  with  prickles  whicl 
are  very  sharp,  and  some  of  them  nine  or 
ten  inches  long ;  these  he  can  erect  at 
pleasure.  When  attacked,  he  rolls  his 
body  into  a  round  form,  in  which  position 
the  prickles  are  presented  in  every  direc 
tion  to  the  enemy.  This  species  is  a  na- 
tive of  Africa  and  Asia.  Enci/c 

POR'eUPINE-FISH,  n.  A  fish  which' is 
covered  with  spines  or  prickles.  It  is  of 
the  diodon  kind,  and  about  fourteen  inches 
in  length.  Did.  jYal.  Hist 

PORE,  n.  [Ft.  pore;  Sp.  It.  poro ;  Gr 
rtopos,  from  the  root  of  rtopsuouot,  to  go,  to 
pass,  S-dX.faran,  Eug.  to  fare.  See  Fare. 
The  word  then  signifies  a  passage.] 

1.  In  anatomy,  a  minute  interstice  in  the  skin 
of  an  animal,  through  which  the  perspira- 
ble matter  passes  to  the  surface  or  is  ex- 
creted. 

2.  A  small  spiracle,  opening  or  passage  in 
other  substances  ;  as  the  pores  of  plants  or 
of  stones.  Quincy.     DryUen.' 

PORE,  V.  i.  [Q.U.  Gr.  f<j>opu,   ('j)opau,   to  in-j 
spect.     In  ii\>.  porrear  IS  to  dwell  long  on, 
to  i)ersist  importunately  ;  ;)orro,  du" 
para,  to  continue,  to  persevere.] 

To  look  with  steady  continued  attention  or 
application.  To  pore  on,  is  to  read  or  ex- 
amine with  steady  perseverance,  to  dwell 
on  ;  and  the  word  seems  to  be  limited  in 
its  application  to  the  slow  patient  reading 
or  examination  of  books,  or  something 
written  or  engraved. 

Painfully  to  pore  upon  a  book.  Shalt 

With  shaipened  sight  pale  antiquaries  ^ore. 

Pope 

PORE-BLIND,  I       [Qu.  Gr.  rtupoj.]  Near- 

PURBLIND,       I"-  sighted;  short-sighted. 

Bacon. 

PO'RER,  n.  One  who  pores  or  studies  dili- 
gently. Temple. 

POR'gV,  n.  A  fish  of  the  gilt-head  kind. 

PO'RINESS,  n.  [from /fori;.]  The  state  of 
being  pory  or  having  numerous  jwres. 

ff'iseman 

PO'RISM,  n.  [Gr.  nopiafios,  acquisition 
from  rtopii^u,  to  gain,  from  rtopoj,  a  passing ; 
rcofiivoiiai,  to  pass.] 

In  geometry,  a  name  given  by  ancient  ge 
ometers  to  two  classes  of  propositions. 
Euclid  gave  this  name  to  propositions  in- 
volved in  others  which  he  was  investiga- 
ting, and  obtained  without  a  direct  view 
to  tlieir  discovery.  These  he  called  ac- 
quisitions, but  such  pro|)ositions  are  now 
called  corollaries.  A  porism  is  dclined,  "a 
proposition  aftirtning  the  possibility  of 
finding  such  conditions  as  will  render  a 
certain  problem  indeternjinate  or  capable 
of  innumerable  solutions."  It  is  not  a 
theorem,  nor  a  problem,  or  rather  it  in- 
cludes both.  It  asserts  that  a  certain 
problem  may  become  indeterminate,  and 
so  far  it  partakes  of  the  nature  of  a  theo- 
rem, and  in  .seeking  to  discover  the  con- 
ditions by  which  this  may  he  effected,  it 
partakes  of  the  nature  of  a  iiroblem. 

Encyc. 

POUIS'TIC,        ?       Pertaining    to    a    pn- 

POKIS'TICAL,  ^"-  rism;  seeking  to  de- 
termine by  what  means  and  in  how  many 
ways  a  problem  may  be  .solved. 


PO'RITE,  n.  plu.  porites.  A  petrified  mad- 
repore. Diet.  jVat.  Hist. 

PORK,  n.  [L.  porcus,  a  hog  or  pig;  Fr. 
pore ;  W.  por<^  ;  Ann.  porcq,  porchell.  Qu. 
from  the  sliape  of  iiis  back,  L.  porca,  a 
ridge ;  or  from  his  snout  and  rooting.  In 
Sax.  berga  is  a  barrow.] 

The  flesh  of  swine,  fresh  or  salted,  used  for 
fo.id. 

POKK-EATER,  n.  One  that  feeds  on 
swine's  flesh.  Shak. 

PORKER,  n.  A  hog;  a  pig.  [J^ot  used  in 
.America.]  Pope. 

PORKET,  n.  A  young  hog.  Drydcn. 

PORKLING,  ji.  A  pig.  Ttisser. 

POROS'ITY,  n.  [from  porous.]  The  quali- 
ty or  state  of  having  pores  or  interstices. 

Bacon. 

PO'ROUS,  a.  [from  pore]  Having  inter- 
stices in  the  skin  or  substance  of  the  body  ; 
having  spiracles  or  ])assages  for  fluid 
as  a  porous  skin  ;  porous  wood ;  porous 
earth.  .Milton.     Chapman. 

PO'ROUSNESS,  Ji.  The  quality  of  having 
pores  ;  porosity  ;  as  the  porousness  of  the 
skin  of  an  ainmal,  or  of  wood,  or  of  lbs 
sils. 
\V.j|2.  The  porous  parts.     [JVol  authorized.] 

Digby. 

POR'PESS,  n.  [It.  porco,  a  hog,  and  pesce, 
fish  ;  hog-fish,  called  by  other  nations,  sea- 
hog,  G.  meerschwein,  Fr.  marsouin,  Dan. 
Sw.  Norwegian,  marsvin,  Sw.  hafssi:in. 
In  W.  morhwc,  sea-hog,  is  the  name  of  the 
dolphin  and  granqjus,  from  the  resem- 
blance of  these  animals  to  the  hog,  proba- 
bly friini  the  roundness  of  the  buck,  as 
they  appear  in  the  water.] 

In  zoology,  a  cetaceous  fish  of  the  genus 
Delphinns,  whose  back  is  usually  black- 
ish or  brown,  whence  it  is  called  in  Dutch, 
bruinviseh,  brown  fish  ;  the  body  is  thick 
towards  the  head,  but  more  slender  to- 
wards the  tail,  which  is  semi-lunar.  This 
fish  preys  on  other  fisli,  and  seeks  food 
not  only  by  swiunning,  but  by  rooting 
like  a  hog  in  the  sand  and  mud,  whence 
some  persons  suppose  the  name  has  been 
given  to  it. 

Of  cetaceous  fi«h,  we  met  with  porpesses,  or 
as  some  sailors  call  them,  sea-hogs. 

Kalm's  Travels. 

PORPHYRlT'Ie,  }       [fitic  Porphyry.] 

PORPHYRA'CEOUS,  (,  "'  Pertaining  to 
porphyry ;  resembling  porphyry. 

2.  Containing  or  composed  of  porphyry  ;  as 
porpht/niceous  mountains.  Kirwan. 

POR'PilYKIZE,  v.t.  To  cause  to  resem- 
ble pivrphyry  ;  to  make  s])otted  in  its  com- 
position. Cooper. 

PORPHYRY,  n.  [Gr.  rtop^v,,a,  purple;  L. 
porphyrilvs  ;  I'r.  porphyre  ;  It.  Sp.  porfido.] 

A  mineral  coiisisling  of  a  homogeneous 
ground  with  crystals  of  some  other  min- 
eral imbedded,  giving  to  the  mass  a 
speckled  conqilexion.  One  variety  of 
Egyptian  porphyry  has  a  purple  ground, 
whence  the  name  of  the  species;  but  the 
hoiriogeneous ground  with  inibedilod  crys- 
tals, being  all  that  is  essential  to  porphyry, 
its  composition  and  colors  are  consei|ucnt- 
ly  various.  //  Olmsted. 

Porphyry  is  very  hard,  and  su.sccptible 
of  a  fine  polish. 

Porphyry  is  composed  ofpaste  in  which 
are  disseminated  a  multitude  of  little  an- 


gular and  granuliform  parts,  of  a  color  dif- 
ferent from  the  ground.      Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

PORPHYRY-SHELL,  n.  An  animal  or 
shell  of  the  genus  Murex.  It  is  of  the  snail 
kind,  the  shell  consisting  of  one  spiral 
valve.  From  one  species  of  tliis  genus 
was  formerly  obtained  a  liquor  that  pro- 
duced the  Tyrian  purple. 

POR'PITE,    /  ,    The  hair-button-stone,  a 

POR'PITES,  ^  "•  small  species  of  fossil 
coral  of  a  roundish  figure,  flattened  and 
striated  from  the  center  to  the  circumfer- 
ence ;  found  immersed  in  stone.       Encyc. 

PORRA'CEOLS,  a.  [L.  porraeeua,  from 
porrum,  a  leek  or  onion.]  Greenish ;  re- 
.sembling  the  leek  in  color.  ff'iseman. 

PORREC'TION,  n.  [L.  porreclio,  porrigo ; 
per  or  por,  Eng.  for,  fore,  and  rego,  Kng. 
to  reach.]  The  act  of  stretching  forth 
[JVol  used.] 

POR'RET,  n.  [L.  porrum  ;  It.  porro,  porret- 
ta,  a  leek.]  A  scallion  ;  a  leek  or  small 
onion.  Broum. 

POR'RIDgE,  n.  [Qu.  pottage,  by  corrup- 
tion, or  L.  farrago,  or  I rom  porrum,  a  leek.] 

A  kind  of  food  made  by  boiling  naeat  in  wa- 
ter ;^  broth.  Johnson. 
This  mixture  is  usually  called  in  Ameri- 
ca, broth  or  soup,  but  not  porridge.  With 
us,  porridge  is  a  mixture  of  meal  or  flour, 
boiled  with  water.  Perhaps  this  distinc- 
tion is  not  always  observed. 

POR'RIDgE-POT,  n.  The  pot  in  which 
flesh,  or  flesh  and  vegetables  are  boiled  for 
food. 

POR  RINGER,  n.  [Qu.  porridge,  or  Fr. 
polager:  Coni.  podzher.] 

1.  A  small  metal  vessel  in  which  children 
eat  porridge  or  milk,  or  used  in  the  nurs- 
ery for  warming  liquors. 

2.  A  head-dress  in  the  shape  of  a  porringer ; 
in  contempt.  Shak. 

PORT,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  partus  ;  Sp.  puerto ; 
It.  porta  ;  Arm.  poi-z  ;  W  porth  ;  from  L. 
porta,  to  carry,  Gr.  i^npfuj,  L.  fera,  Eng.  to 
bear.  The  Welsh  purlh  imites  the  signi- 
fications of  L.  porta  and  partus,  and  the 
Gr.  fopeu  and  ,-topfiouat  are  jjrobablv  of 
one  family.  The  primary  sense  of  L. 
partus,  Eng.  part,\s  probably  an  entrance, 
place  of  entrance  or  passage.] 

1.  A  harbor ;  a  haven  ;  any  bay,  cove,  inlet 
or  recess  of  the  sea  or  of  a  lake  or  the 
mouth  of  a  river,  which  ships  or  vessels 
can  enter,  and  where  they  can  lie  safe  from 
injury  by  storms.  Ports  may  be  natural 
or  artificial,  and  sometimes  works  of  art, 
as  piers  and  moles,  are  added  to  the  nat- 
ural shores  of  a  place  to  render  a  harbor 
more  safe.  The  word  port  is  generally 
applied  to  spacious  harbors  much  resorted 
to  by  ships,  as  the  part  of  London  or  of 
Boston,  and  not  to  small  bays  or  coves 
which  are  entered  occasionally,  or  in 
stress  of  weather  only.  Harbor  includes 
all  places  of  safety  for  shipping. 

2.  A  gate.  [L. porta.] 
From  their  ivory  pari  the  cherubim 

I  Forth  issued.  .^rdlon. 

[-3.  An  embrasure  or  opening  in  the  side  of  a 
ship  of  war,  through  which  cannon  are 
discharged  ;  a  port-hole.  Raleigh. 

4.  The  liil  which  shuts  a  port-hole. 

.Mar.  Diet. 

5.  Carriage  ;  air ;  mien  ;  manner  of  move- 
ment or  walk  ;  demeanor  ;    external  ap- 


P  O  R 


pearance  ;  as  a  proud  port ;  the  port  of  a 
gentleman. 

Their  port  waft  more  than  human.      Milton. 

With  more  terrific /)or< 
Thou  walkest.  ,-P""}'''- 

().  In  seamen's  language,  the  larboanl  or  lett 
side  of  a  ship;  as  in  the  phrase,  "the  ship 
heels  10 port."  "Port  the  helm,"  is  an  or- 
der to  put  the  heltn  to  the  larboard  side. 

7.  A  kind  of  wine  made  in  Portugal;  so 
called  from  Oporto.  Enci/c. 

Port  of  the  voice,  in  music,  the  faculty  or 
habit  of  making  the  shakes,  passages  and 
diminutions,  in  which  the  beauty  of  a  song 
consists.  Enci/c. 

PORT,  V.  t.  To  carry  in  form  ;  as  ported 
spears.  Milton. 

2.  To  turn  or  put  to  the  left  or  larboard  side 
of  a  ship.  See  the  noun,  No.  6.  It  is 
used  in  the  imperative. 

PORTABLE,  a.  [li.porlahile,  from  L.  porto, 
to  carry.] 

1.  That  may  be  carried  by  the  hand  or  about 
the  person,  on  horseback,  or  in  a  traveling 
vehicle;  not  bulky  or  heavy  ;  that  may  be 
easily  conveyed  from  place  to  place  with 
one's  traveling  baggage ;  as  a  portable 
bureau  or  secretary. 

2.  That  may  be  carried  from  place  to  place. 

3.  That  may  be  borne  along  with  one. 

The  pleasure  of  the  religious  man  is  an  easy 
and  portable  pleasure.  South. 

4.  Sufterable  ;  supportable.     [Mit  in  use.] 

Shak. 

PORTABLENESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing portable. 

PORTAGE,  n.  [Fr.  See  Port.]  The  act  of 
carrying. 

2.  The  price  of  carriage.  Fell. 

3.  A  port-hole.     [Unusual.]  Sliak. 

4.  A  carrying  place  over  land  between  nav- 
igable waters.  Jefferson.     Gallatin. 

PORTAL,  n.  [It.  portella  ;  Fr.  portail.]  In 
architecture,  a  little  gate,  where  there  are 
two  gates  of  different  dimensions.     Encyc. 

2.  A  little  square  corner  of  a  room,  separa 
ted  from  the  rest  by  a  wainscot,  and  form 
ing  a  short  passage  into  a  room.      Enci/c. 

3.  A  kind  of  arch  of  joiner's  work  before  a 
door.  Encyc. 

4.  A  gate  ;  an  opening  for  entrance  ;  as  the 
portals  of  heaven. 

PORTANCE,  n.  [from  Fr.  porter,  to  carry.]' 
Air  ;  mien  ;  carriage  ;  port ;  demeanor. 
[Ohs.]  Spenser.     Shak. 

PORTASS,  n.  A  breviary  ;  a  prayer  book. 
[portiiis,  porthose.]     [Not  used.] 

Spenser.     Camden.     Chaucer. 

PORTATIVE,  a.  [Fr.  portatif.]  Portable. 
[Not  used.]  Chaucer. 

PORT-BAR,  n.  A  bar  to  secure  the  ports  of 
a  ship  in  a  gale  of  wind. 

Port-charges,  in  commerce,  charges  to  which 
a  ship  or  its  cargo  is  subjected  in  a  har- 
bor, as  wharfage,  &c. 

PORT-€RA YON,  n.  A  pencil-case.    Encyc. 

PORTCUL'LIS,    n.  [coulisse,  in  French,  is 
from  collier,  to  flow  or  slip  down.     It  si 
nifies  a  groove  or  gutter.  I  think  it  cannot 
be  from  L.  clausus.] 

In  fortification,  an  assemblage  of  timbers 
joined  across  one  anotlier,  like  those  of  a! 
liarrow,  and  each  pointed  with  iron  ;  hung 
over  the  gat^'way  of  a  fortified  tinvn,  to 
be  lot  down  in  case  of  surprise,  to  prevent 
the  entrance  of  an  eueiny.  Encyc. 


P  O  R  P  O  R 

PORTCUL'LIS,  v.t.  To  shut;  to  bar;    tolPORTGRAVE, 

obstruct.  Shak.\  I'OKTGREVE 

PORTCLL'LISED,  a.  Having  a  portcullis.  PORTREEVE 


Shcnstone. 

PORTE,  n.  The  Ottoman  court,  so  called 

from  the  gate  of  the  Sultan's  palace  where 

justice   is   administered;    as  the  Sublime 

Porte. 

PORTED,  a.  Having  gates.     [Not  used.] 

B.  Jonson. 
2.  Borne  in  a  certain  or  regular  order.  Jones. 
PORTEND',  V.  f.  [L.  portendo ;   por,   Eng. 

fore,  and  tendo,  to  stretch.] 
To  foreshow ;    to    foretoken ;     to    indicate 
something  future  by  previous  signs, 

A  moist  and  cool   summer  portends   a  hard 
winter.  Bacon. 

PORTF.ND'ED,  pp.  Foreshown ;  previous- 
ly indicated  by  signs. 
PORTEND'ING,  ppr.  Foreshowing. 
PORTEN'SION,  n.  The  act  of  foreshow- 
ing.    [Not  in  use.]  Brown. 
PORTENT  ,  ?!.  [L.  portentum.]     An  omen 
of  ill;  any  previous  sign  or  prodigy  indi 
eating  the  ajiproach  of  evil  or  calamity. 
My  loss  by  iMreportents  die  god  lorelold. 

Dry  den. 
PORTENT'OUS,  a.  [L. portentosus.)  Omin 
ous  ;  tiireshowing  ill.     linorance  and  su- 
perstition hold  meteors  to  be  portentous 
■2.    Monstrous  ;    prodigious  ;   wonderful ;  tn 
an  ill  sense. 

No  beast  of  more  portentous  size, 
III  the  Herevnian  forest  lit-s.       Roscommon 
PORTER,  n.  [U.  portiere  ;   Fr.  portier ;  Sp. 
portero  ;  from  L.  porta,  a  gate.] 

1.  A  man  that  has  the  charge  of  a  door  or 
gate  ;  a  door-keeper.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  One  that  waits  at  the  door  to  receive  mes- 
sages. Pope. 

3.  [Fr.  porteur,  from  porter,  to  carry,  L.  por- 
ta.] A  carrier;  a  person  who  carries  or 
conveys  burdens  tor  hire.     Howell.   If'atts. 

4.  A  malt  li(iiior  which  differs  from  ale  and 
pale  beer,  in  being  made  with  high  dried 
malt. 

PORTERAtiE,  n.  Money  charged  or  paid 
for  the  carriage  of  burdens  by  a  porte 

Tooke. 

2.  The  business  of  a  porter  or  door-keeper 

Churchill. 

PORTERLV,  a.  Coarse;  vulgar.  [Little 
used.]  Bray. 

PORTESSE.  [See  Portass.] 

PORT-FIRE,  n.  A  composition  for  setting 
lire  to  powder,  &c.  frequently  u.sed  in 
l)rcference  to  a  match.  It  is  wet  or  dry 
The  wet  is  composed  of  saltpeter,  four 
parts,  of  ■iulphurone,  and  of  mealed  pow 


\i,[  n. 


[L.  portus,  a  port,  and 
G.  graf,  D.graaf,  Sax. 
gercfa,    a     count,    an 


earl.] 

Formerly,  the  chief  magistrate  of  a  port  or 
maritime  town.  This  otiicer  is  now  called 
mayor  or  bailif. 

PORT-HOLE,  n.  [port  &nA  hole.]  The  em- 
brasure of  a  ship  of  war.     [See  Port.] 

P0RTl€O,  n.  [It.  portico  ;  L. /JorticM,  irom 
porta  or  partus.] 

In   architecture,   a   kind   of  gallery    on   the 

^  ground,  or  a  piazza  encompassed  with 
arches  supported  by  columns :  a  covered 

i     walk.     The  rouf  is  sometimes  flat ;  soine- 

1     times  vaulted.  Encyc. 

PORTION,  Ji.  [L.  portio,  from  partio,  to  di- 
vide, from  par*,  part.  See  Part.] 

1.  In  general,  a  part  of  any  thing  separated 
from  it.     Hence, 

2.  A  part,  though  not  actually  divided,  but 
considered  by  itself 

These  arc  parts  of  his  ways,  but  how  little  j 
portion  is  heard  of  him.     Job  xxvi. 

3.  A  part  assigned ;  an  allotment ;  a  divi- 
dend. 

How  small 
Aportionio  your  share  would  fall.      Waller. 
The  priests  had  a  portion  assigned  them  of 
Pharaoh.     Gen.  xlvii. 

4.  The  part  of  an  estate  given  to  a  child  or 
heir,  or  descending  to  him  by  law,  and  dis- 
tributed to  him  in  the  settlement  of  the 
estate. 

ii.  A  wife's  fortune. 

PORTION,  I'.  /.  To  divide  ;  to  parcel ;  to 
allot  a  share  or  shares. 

And  portion  to  his  tribes  the  wide  domain. 

Pope. 

2.  To  endow. 

Him  portion'd  maids,   apprentic'd  orphans 
blest.  Pope. 

PORTIONED,  pp.  Divided  into  shares  or 

I     parts. 

2.  Endowed  ;  furnished  with  a  portion. 

PORTION  ER,  n.  One  who  divides  or  as- 
signs in  shares. 

PORTIONING,   ppr.    Dividing;  endowing. 

PORTIONIST,  n.  One  who  has  a  certain 
academical  allowance  or  portion. 

2.  The  incumbent  of  a  benefice  which  has 
more  rectors  or  vicars  than  one. 

I     .  Life  of  .1.  f food. 

PORTLAND-STONE,  n.  A  compact  sand- 

i     stone  from  the   isle  of  Portland  in  Eng- 

j     land,  which  forms  a  calcarious  cement. 

1  Nicholson. 

PORTonfE;  \  "■  '^^'^  gunwale  of  a  ship. 


a  little  lintsced  oil,  and  well  rubbed. 

is  composed   of  saltpeter,   four 

iliiir  one,  mealed  powder  two, 

autimmiy  one.  These  compositions  are 


der  four;    mi.\eil    and    sil\ed,    moistened!  To  lower  the  yards  a  portlast,   is   to    lower 

them  to  the  gunwale. 
To  ride  a  portoise,  is  to  have  the  lower  yards 
and  top-masts  struck   or   lowered  down, 
when  at  anchor  in  a  gale  of  wind. 

Mar.  Diet. 
PORTLID,  n.  The  lid  that  closes  a  port- 
hole. Mar.  Did. 
PORTLINESS,  n.  [from  portly.]  Dignity  of 
mien  or  of  personal  appearance,  consist- 
ing in  size  and  symmetry  of  body,  with 
dignified  manners  and  demeanor. 

Camden. 


with 

The  dry 

parts,  sill 

am 

driven  into  small  papers  for  use.      Encyc. 
P0RTF0I>IO,    «.  [Fr.  parte-feuille  :  porter, 

to  carry,  nndfeuille,  a  leaf,  I.,,  folium.] 
\  case  of  the  size  of  a  large  book,  to  keep 

loose  pajiors  in. 
To  have  or  hold  the  portfolio,  is   to  hold   the 

ofiice  of  ininisicr  of  foreign  affairs. 

E.  Everett. 


PORTGLAVE,  n.  [Fr.  porter,  to  carry,  and,  PORTLY,  a.  [from  port.]  Grand  or  dignifi- 
W.  gtaiv.  a  crooked  sword  ;  llaiv,  a  shave.  I     eil  in   mien  ;  of  a  noble  appearance  and 


Celtic]     A  sword-bearer. 


[A'ot  in  use.]   \ 
Ainsworth.. 


carnage. 
.  Bulky;  corpulent. 


Shak. 
Shak. 


P  o  s 


P  o  s 


P  o  s 


■i. 


PORT-MAN,  n.  [port  anil  man.]  An  inhab-l 
itaiit  or  burgess,  as  of  a  cinque  port.  I 

PORTMAN'TEAU,  ii.  [Fr.  porlc-nuintemi, 
from  porter,  to  carry,  ami  manteau,  a 
a  cioUe,  L.  mnntele.  It.  mantello.  It  is  ofteir 
pronounced  portmantU] 
A  bag  usually  made  ol'  lether,  for  carrying 
apparel  and  other  furniture  on  journeys, 
particularly  on  horseback. 
PORT-MOTE,  n.  [port  and  Sax.  mot,  a 
meeting.]  Anciently,  a  court  held  in  a 
port  town.  Blackstone. 

PORTOISE.     [See  PoHlasL] 
PORTRAIT,  71.  [Fr.  portrait,  from  portraire, 
to  draw,  Eng.  to  portray  ;  pour,  Eng.  for, 
fore,  and  traire,  L.  trahcre,  Eng.  to  draiv 
Arm.  pourtrezi.     The  Italian  is  ritratlo,  Sp. 
Port,  retrato,  from  L.  re  and  trado.] 
A  picture  or  representation  of  a  person,  and 
especially  of  a  face,  drawn  from  the  life. 

In  portraits,  the  grace,  and  we  may  aiiil, 
the  likeness,  consist  more  in  the  general  aii 
than  in  the  exact  similitude  of  every  feature. 

Jieynulds. 
PORTRAIT,    J',  t.   To    portray;  to    draw. 
[JVot  used.]  Spenser 

PORTRAITURE,     n.     [Fr.]     A    portrait 

painted  resemblance.  Milton.     Pope. 

PORTRA'Y,  V.  t.  [Fr.  portraire.     See  Por- 
trait.] 
1.  To  paint  or  draw   the  likeness  of  any 
thing  in  colors;  as,  to  portray  a  king  on 
horseback ;  to    portray  a  city   or   teinjile 
with  a  pencil  or  with  chalk. 
%  To  describe  in   words.     It  belongs  to  the 
historian    to  portray  the  character  of  Al 
exander  of  Russia.     Homer  portrays  the 
character  and  achievments  of  his  heroes 
in  glowing  colors. 
3.  To  adorn  with  pictures;  as  shields  por- 
trayed. Milton. 
PORTRA'YED,  pp.   Painted  or  drawn  to 

the  life  ;  described. 
PORTRA'YER,  n.  One  who  paints,  draws 

to  the  life  or  describes. 
PORTRA'YING,  ppr.  Painting  or  drawing 

the  likeness  of;  describing. 
I'ORTRESS,      I        [from  porter.]  A  female 
PORTERESS,  I       guardian  of  a  gate. 

Milton 
PORTREVE,    n.    [The   modern  orthogra 

phy  ui'  porlgrevc,  which  see.] 
The  "chief  magistrate  of  a  port  or  maritime 

town. 
PORT-ROPE,    ?!.    A   rope   to   draw  up  a 
portlid.  Mar.  Diet. 

POR'WIGI.E,    n.      A   tadpole ;   a    youn 

frog.     [.Yot  u.sed.]  Brown. 

PORY,  u.  [from  pore.]  Full  of  pores  or 
small  interstices.  Dryden. 

POSE,  n.  s  as  z.  [See  the  Verb.]  In  herald- 
ry, a  lion,  horse  or  other  beast  standing 
still,  with  all  his  feet  on  the  ground. 

Encyc 
POSE,  n.  i  as  :.    [Sax.  gepose.]    A  stuffing 
of  the  head  ;  catarrh.     Obs.  Chancer. 

POSE,  v.t.  «  as  :.  [W.  posiaw,  to  pose,  to 
make  an  increment,  to  gather  knowledge, 
to  investigate,  to  interrogate  ;  pos,  a  heap, 
increment,  growth,  increase ;  posel,  cur- 
dled milk,  posset ;  Sax.  gepose,  heaviness 
stiilling  of  the  head.  The  ])rimary  sense 
is  to  set  or  lix,  from  thrusting  or  pressing, 
L.  positi.  Sp.  posnr,  Fr.  poser  ;  hence  the 
sense  of  collecting  into  a  lump  or  fixed 
mass,  Ch.  and  Syr.  yan  to  press,  compress, 


collect,  coagulate.  Class  Bs.  No.  24.  See 
also  Ar.  No.  21.  31.  and  No.  33.  33.  35.| 
and  others  in  that  class.] 
To  puzzle,  [a  word  of  the  same  origin  ;] 
to  set ;  to  put  to  a  stand  or  stop ;  to 
gravel. 
Learning  was  pos'd,  philosophy  was  set. 

Herbert . 
1  design  not  to  pose  them  with  those  common 
enigmas  of  magnetism.  OlaiivUle. 

To  puzzle  or  put  to  a  stand  by  asking 
difficult  questions;  to  set  by  questions; 
hence,  to  interrogate  closely,  or  with  a 
view  to  scrutiny.  Bacon.l 

PO'SED,  pp.    Puzzled;  put  to  a  stand;  in-I 

terrogated  closely. 
PO'SER,   n.    One   that  puzzles  by    asking 

diflicult  questions;  a  close  examiner. 
PO'SING,     ppr.     Puzzling ;    putting    to   a 

stanil  ;  questioning  closely. 
POS'ITEL),  a.    [L.  positus,   from  pono,   toj 
put ;  probably   however,  pono  is  a  differ- 
ent root,  and  positxis  from  the  root  oi pose.]\ 
Put ;  set ;  placed.  Hale. 

POSP'TION,  n.    [L.  posilio,  from  positus. 
See  Pose  ami  Posited.] 
State   of  being   placed;  situation;  often 
with  reference  to  other  objects,  or  to  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  same  object. 

We  have  different  prospects  of  the  same 
thing  according  to  our  liiffereul positions  to  it.  \ 

Locke. < 
Manner  of  standing  or  being  placed  ;  at- 
titude ;  as  an  inclining  position.  \ 
Principle  laid  down  ;  proposition  advanc- 
ed or  atlirmed  as  a  fixed  principle,  orstat-| 
ed  as  the  ground  of  reasoning,  or  to  be' 
proved. 

Let  not  the  proof  of  any  position  depend  on 
the  positions  that  follow,  but  always  on  those' 
which  precede.  M'atts. 

The  advancement  of  any  principle. 

Brown. 
State ;  condition. 

Great  Britain,  at  the  peace  of  1763,  stood  in' 
a  position  to  presciibe  her  own  tonns.  Jimes. 
In  g-camwar,  the  state  of  a  vowel  placed 


between  two  consonants,  as  m  pompous,' 

or  before  a  double  consonant,  as  in  arte. 

In  prosody,  vowels  are  said  to  be  long  orj 

short  by  position. 
POSP'TIONAL,     a.    Respecting   position.' 

[JVot  used.]  Brown. 

POS'ITIVE,    a.    [It.  positive;  Fr.  positif ; 

Low  L.  positivus.] 

1.  Properly,    set  ;   laid    down  ;    expressed  ; 
direct ;  explicit ;  opposed  to   implied  ;  as 
he  told  us  in  positive  words ;  we  have  his 
positive  declaration  to  the  fact ;  the  testi 
iiiony  is  positive. 

2.  Absolute  ;  express  ;  not  admitting  any 
condition  or  discretion.  The  coinmands 
of  the  admiral  are  posfitive. 

Absolute  ;  real ;  existing  in  fact  ;  opposed 
to  negative',  as  positive  good,  which  exists 
by  itself,  whereas  negative  good  is  merely 
the  absence  of  evil ;  or  opposed  to  i-clativc 
or  arbitrary,  as  beauty  is  not  n  positive 
thing,  but  depends  on  the  different  tastes 
of  people.  Locke.     Enrye. 

4.  Direct;  express;  opposed  to  circumstan- 
tial; as  positive  prtmi'.  Blackst()iie.\ 

Confident;  fiilly  assured;  applied  to  per-^ 
sons.  The  witness  is  vr.ry  positive  that  ho 
is  correct  in  liis  testimony.  ^ 

Dogmatic;  over-confidei»t  in  opinion  orj 
I     assertion. 


Some  positive  persisting  fops  we  know, 
That,  if  once  wrong,  will  needs  be  always  so. 

Pope 

7.  Settled  by  arbitrary  appointment;  oppos- 
ed to  natural  or  inbred. 

Inlaws,   that  which  is   natural,  bindeth  uni- 
versally; that  which  ispost(it;<r,  not  so. 

Hooker. 
Although  no  laws  but  positive   are  mutable, 
yet  all  are  not  mutable  which  are  positive. 

Hooker. 

8.  Having  power  to  act  directly;  as  a. posi- 
tive voice  in  legislation.  Swift. 

Positive  degree,  in  grammar,  is  the  state  of 
an  adjective  which  denotes  simple  or  ab- 
solute quality,  without  comparison  or  re- 
lation to  increase  or  diminution  ;  as  wise, 
noble. 

Positive  electricity,  according  to  Dr.  Frank- 
lin, consists  in  a  superabundance  of  the 
fluid  in  a  substance.  Others  suppose  it  to 
consist  in  a  tendency  of  the  fluid  outwards. 
It  is  not  certain  in  what  consists  the  dif- 
ference between;josi(iKe  and  ncg-otive  elec- 
tricity. Positive  electricity  being  produc- 
ed by  rubbing  glass,  is  called  the  vitreous  ; 
negative  electricity,  produced  by  rubbing 
amber  or  resin,  is  called  the  resinoits. 

Encyc. 

POS'ITIVE,  n.  What  is  capable  of  being 
ffirmed  ;  reality.  South. 

2.  That  which  settles  by  absolute  appoint- 
ment. Wdterland. 

3.  In  grammar,  a  word  that  affirms  or  as- 
serts existence.  Harris. 

POS'ITIVELY,  adv.  Absolutely;  by  itself, 
independent  of  any  thing  else ;  not  com- 
paratively. 

Good  and  evil  removed  may  be  esteemed 
good  or  evil  comparatively,  and  not  positively 
or  simply.  Bacon. 

2.  Not  negatively  ;  really  ;  in  its  own  na- 
ture ;  directly  ;  inherently.  A  thing  is 
positively  good,  when  it  produces  happi- 
ness by  its  own  (lualities  or  operation.  It 
is  negatively  good,  wlieii  it  |)revents  an 
evil,  or  does  not  produce  it. 


Certainly  ;  indubitably.    This  is  positivtly 
your  handwriting. 

4.  Directly  ;  explicitly  ;  expressly.  The  wit- 
ness testified  positively  to  the  fact. 

.5.  Peremptorily  ;  in  strong  terms. 

The  divine  law  positively  requires  humility 
and  meekness.  Sprat. 

6.  With  full  confidence  or  assurance.  I 
cannot  speak  positively  in  regard  to  the 
fact. 

Positively  electrified,  in  the  science  of  elec- 
tricity. A  body  is  said  to  be  positively 
electrified  or  charged  with  electric  matter, 
when  it  contains  a  superabundance  of  the 
fluid,  and  negatively  electrified  or  charged, 
when  some  part  of  the  fluid  which  it 
naturally  contains,  has  been  taken  from  it. 

Franklin. 
According  to  other  theorists,  when  the 
electric  fluid  is  directed  outwards  from  a 
body,  the  substance  is  electrified /)osi7ii'e/y  ; 
but  when  it  is  entering  or  has  a  tendency 
to  enter  another  substance,  the  body  is 
supposed  to  be  negatively  electrified.  The 
two  species  of  electricity  attract  each 
other,  and  each  re|>cls  its  own  kind. 
POSTTIVENESS,  n.  Aetualness;  reality 
of  existence;  not  mere  negation. 


P  o  s 


The  poaitiveness  of  sins  of  commission  lies 
bolli  in  llie  liabitude  of  the  will  and  in  tiie  exe- 
cuted act  too  ;  the  positiveness  of  sins  of  omis- 
sion is  in  the  habitude  of  the  will  only. 

JVorm. 

2.  Undoubting  assurance  ;  full  confidence  ; 
pcreinptoriness;  as,  the  man  related  the 
facta  with  poiitiveness-  In  matters  of 
opinion,  positiveness  is  not  an  indication  ot 
prudence. 
POSITIV'ITY,  n.  Peremptoriness.  [Jvot 
used.]  Watts. 

POSITURE,  for  ^os<u«,  is  not  in  use.  [See 

Posture.] 
POS'NET,  11.    [W.  posned,    from    posiaw. 

See  Pose.] 
A  little  basin ;  a  porringer,  skillet  or  sauce- 
nan.  Owen 
POSOLO(5'I€AL,  a.   Pertaining  to  posolo 

gy. 
POSOL'OgY,    71.    [Gr.   rtoTOs,   how   much, 

and  xoyoj,  discourse.] 
In  medicine,  ihe  science  or  doctrine  of  doses. 
Amer.  Dispensnton/. 
POS'POLITE,  n.  A  kind  of  mihtia   in  Po- 
land, consisting  of  the  gentry,  who  in  case 
of  invasion,  are   summoned  to  arms  for 
the  defense  of  the  country.  Coxe. 

Posse  comitatus,  in  law,  the  power  of  the 
country,  or  the  citizens,  who  are  sunnnon 
cd  to  assist  an  officer  in  suppressing  a; 
riot,  or  executing  any  legal  precept; 
wliich  is  forcibly  opposed.  The  word 
comitatus  is  oflen  omitted,  and  pos.'se  alone 
is  used  in  the  same  sense.  Blackstonc.l 

2.  In  tow  language,  a  number  or  crowd  of 

people  ;  a  rabble. 
POSSESS',  V.  t.  [L.  possessus,  possiJeo,  a 
compound  of  po,  a  Russian  preposition, 
perhaps  bi),  and  sedeo,  to  sit ;  to  sit  in  or  on.' 
We  have  this  word  from  llie  Latin,  but 
the  same  compomid  is  in  our  mother 
tongue.  Sax.  besittan,  to  possess ;  be,  by, 
ami  sittan,  to  sit;  gesiitan,  bcscttan,  geset- 
tan,  are  also  used  ;  D.  beiitten ;  G.  besilz- 
en;  Dan.  besidder ;  Sw.  besitta ;  b'l:  pos 
seder;  Arm.  poczedi ;  Sp.  poseer;  It.  pos- 
sedere.] 
1.  To  have  the  just  and  legal  title,  owner 
ship  or  property  of  a  thing;  to  own;  toj 
hohl  the  title  of,  as  the  rightful  |)roprietor, 
or  to  hidd  both  tlie  title  and  the  thing.  A 
man  may  possess  the  farm  which  he  culti- 
vates, or  he  may  possess  an  estate  in  ii 
foreign  country,  not  in  his  own  occupation. 
He  may  possess  many  farms  whirli  are 
occupied  liy  tenants.  In  this  as  in  other 
cases,  the  original  sense  of  the  word  is  en- 
larged, the  holding  or  tenure  being  appli- 
ed to  the  title  or  right,  as  well  as  to  the 
thing  itself 
'^.  To  hold;  to  occupy  without  title  or  own- 
ership. 

1    raise  up   the   Chaldeans,   to  possess   the 
dwelliiifij-places  that  are  not  theirs.     Hub.  i 

Neither  said   any  of  them  that  aught  of  the 
things  which  he  possessed  was  his  own.     Acts 
iv. 
;i.  To  have  ;  to  occiijiy.     The  love  of  the 
worlil  usually  possesses  the  heart. 

4.  To  seize  ;  to  gain  ;  to  obtain  the  occupa- 
tion of. 

The  Knglish  marched  towards  the  river  EskeJ 
intending  to  jmssess  a  hill  called  Under-Eske. 

Hat/ward. 

5.  To   have  power  over;    as   an   invisible 
agent  or  spirit.     Luke  viii. 


POS 

Beware  what  spirit  rages  in  your  breast ; 
For  ten  uispired,  ten  thousand  ate  pusaess'd. 
Roscommon. 
6.  To  affect  by  some  power. 

Let  not  your  ears  despise  my  tongue, 
Wliich  shall  possess  them  with   the  heaviest 

sound 
That  ever  yet  they  heard.  Swift. 

To  possess  of,  or  with,  more  properly  to  possess 
of,  is  to  give  possession,  command  or  oc- 
cupancy. 

Of  fortune's  favor  long  possessed.        Dryden, 
This  possesses  us  of  the  most  valuable  bless- 
i  ng  of  human  life,  friendship. 

Gov.  of  the  Tongue 
To  possess  one^s  self  of,  to  take  or  gain   pos- 
session or  command  ;  to  make  one's  self 
master  of. 

We  possessed  ourselves  of  the  kingdom  of  Na- 
ples, ^^ddison 
To  possess  loith,  to  furnish  or  fill  with  some- 
thing  permanent ;  or  to  be  retained. 

It  is  of  unspeakable  advantage  to  possess  our 
minds  loith  an  habitual  good  intention. 

Jlddison 
If  they  are  possessed  with  honest  minds. 

Jlddison 

POSSESS'ED,  pp.  Held  by  lawful  title; 
occupwed;  enjoyed;  affected  by  demons 
or  invisible  agents. 

POSSESS'ING,  ppr.  Having  or  holding  by 
absolute  right  or  title  ;  occupying  ;  enjoy 
ing. 

POSSES'SION,  ji.  The  having,  holding  or 
detention  of  [iroperty  in  one's  power  or 
command  ;  actual  seizin  or  occupancy, 
either  rightful  or  wrongful.  One  man 
may  have  the  possession  of  a  thing,  and 
another  may  have  the  right  of  possession 
or  property. 

If  the  possession  is  severed  from  the  property  ; 
if  A  has  the  right  of  property,  and  B  by  unlawful 
means  has  gained  possessio7i,  this  is  an  injury  to 
A.     This  is  a  bare  or  naked  possession. 

Blackstone 

In  iaiVmeri/,  the  bailee,  who  receives  goods 
to  convey,  or  to  keep  for  a  time,  has  the 
possession  of  the  goods,  and  a  temporary 
right  over  them,  but  not  the  property. 
Propertij  in  possession,  includes  both  the 
right  and  the  occupation.  Long  un( 
turbed  pos.irssion  is  presumptive  proof  of 
rijrlit  or  property  in  the  possessor. 

The    thing    possessed  ;    land,   estate    or 
goods  owneil ;  as  foreign  possessions. 
The  house  of  Jacob  shall    possess  their  pos 

sessions.     Obad.  17. 

When  the  youns  man   heard  that  saying,  he 

went  away  sorrowful,  for  he  had  great  possess 

ions.     Matt.  xix. 
3.  Any  thing  valuable  possessed  or  enjoyed. 


Christian   peace  of  mind  is  the  best  pos- 
session of  life- 

4.  The  state  of  being  under  the  power  of 
demons  or  invisible  beings  ;  madness  ;  lu 
nacy;  as  demoniacal  ;;ossesyion. 

ffnt  of  possession,  a  precept  directing  a 
sherif  to  put  a  |)erson  in  peaceable  pos- 
session of  property  recovered  in  eject- 
ment. Blackstone 

To  take  possession,  to  enter  on,  or  to  bring 
within  one's  power  or  occupancy 

To  give  possession,  to  put  in  another's  pow- 
er or  occupancy. 

POSSES  SION.  I'.  /.  To  invest  with  prop- 
erty.    [Xot  used.]  Carew 


POS 

POSSES'SIONER,  n.  One  that  has  pos- 
session of  a  thing,  or  power  over  it.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Sidney. 
POSSESS'IVE,  a.  [L.  possessims.]  Per- 
taining to  possession  ;  liaving  possession. 
Possessive  case,  in  English  grammar,  is  the 
genitive  case,  or  case  of  nouns  and  pro- 
nouns, which  expresses,  1st,  possession, 
ownership,  us  Johti's  book  ;  or  2dly,  some 
relation  of  one  thing  to  another,  as  Ho- 
mer's admirers. 
POSSESS'OR,  n.  An  occupant;  one  that 
has  posseshion  ;  a  person  who  holds  in  bis 
hands  or  powr^r  any  species  of  property, 
real  or  persoiud.  Tlie  owner  or  projirie- 
tor  of  projierty  is  the  permanent  possc««or 
by  legal  right;  the  lessee  of  land  and  tho 
bailee  of  goods  are  temporary  possessors 
by  right ;  the  disseizor  of  land  and  the 
thief  are  wrongful  possessors. 
One  that  has,  liolds  or  enjoys  any  good  or 
other  thitig. 

Think  of  the  happiness  of  the  prophets  and 
apostles,  sauits  and  martyrs,  7)osses»ors  of  eter- 
nal glory-  iMtr. 
POSSESS'ORY,  a.  Having  possession;  as 
a  possessory  lord.  Howell. 
Possessory  action,  in  law,  an  atrtion  or  suit 
in  which  the  right  of  possession  only,  ami 
not  that  of  property,  is  contested. 

Blackstone. 
POS'SET,  n.    fW.  posel,  from  the  root  of 
pose,  W.  posiaw,  to  gather.     The  h.  posca 
may  have  the  same  origin.] 
Milk  curdled  with  wine  or  other  liquor. 

Dryden.  Arbuthnot. 
POS'SET,  V.  t.  To  curdle  ;  to  turn.  Shak. 
POSSIBILITY,     n.     [from    possible;    Fr. 

possibilite.  ] 
The  power  of  being  or  existing  ;  the  power 
of  happening  ;  the  state  of  being  possible. 
It  oflen  implies  improbability  or  great  un- 
certainty. There  is  a  possibility  that  a 
new  star  may  ap|)car  this  night.  There  is 
a  possibility  of  a  hard  frost  in  July  in  our 
latilinle.  It  is  not  expedient  to  hazard 
much  on  the  bare  possibility  of  success. 
It  is  prudent  to  reduce  contracts  to  writ- 
ing, anil  to  render  them  so  explicit  as  to 
preclude  the  possibility  of  mistake  or  con- 
troversy. 
POS'SIBLE,  a.  [Fr.  ;  It. possibile ;  Sp.pos- 
ible  ;  from  L.  possibilis,  from  posse.  See 
Power.] 
That  may  be  or  exist ;  that  may  be  now,  or 
may  happen  or  come  to  pass  ;  that  may 
be  done ;  not  contrary  to  the  nature  of 
things.  It  IS  pos.sible  that  the  Greeks  and 
Turks  m.\v  now  be  engaged  in  battle.  It 
is  possible  the  peace  of  Europe  may  con- 
tiiine  a  century-  It  is  not  physically /70jf- 
sible  that  a  stream  should  ,'iscend  a  moun- 
tain, but  it  \s possible  that  the  Supreme  Be- 
ing may  suspend  a  law  of  nature,  that  is, 
his  usual  coiuse  of  proceeding.  It  is  not 
possible  that  2  and  3  should  be  7,  or  that 
the  same  action  should  be  morally  right 
and  morally  wrong. 

This  wonl  when  pronounced  with  a 
certain  emi)hasis,  implies  improbability.  A 
thing  is  possible,  but  very  improbable. 
POS'SlBLY,  adv.  By  any  power,  moral  or 
physical,  really  existing.  Learn  all  that 
can  possibly  be  known. 

Can  we  possibly  his  love  desert  ?         Milton. 
2.  Perhaps ;  without  absurdity. 


P  o  s 


p  o  s 


P  o  s 


Arbitrary  power  tends  to  make  a  man  a  bad 
sovereigo,    who    might  possibly   have    been  - 


15.  In  book-keeping,  to   carry  accounts   from 
the  waste-book  or  journal  to  the  ledger. 


good  one,  had  he  been  invested  with  authority  i  yo /70S<  off,  to  put  off;  to  delay, 
circumscribed  by  laws.  Mdison.\\ 


[J^otused.] 
Shak. 


POST,   a.    [from   Fr.   aposter.]    Suhorned 
hired  to  do  what  is  wrong.      [M>t  in  use. 

Sandys. 

POST,  »i.  [W.  post ;  D.  Dan.  Sw.  post ;  G. 
pfoste,  posten,  and  post  ;  Fr.  paste  ;  Sp. 
poste,  posta ;  It.  posta,  posto ;  L.  poslis, 
from  positus,  the  given  participle  of  pono, 
to  place,  but  coinciding  with  Sp.  posar, 
It.  posare,  to  put  or  set.] 

1.  A  piece  of  timber  set  upright,  usually 
larger  than  a  stake,  and  intended  to  sup- 
port something  else;  as  the  posts  of  a 
house  ;  the  posts  of  a  door  ;  the  posts  of  a 
gate  ;  the  posts  of  a  fence. 

2.  A  military  station  ;  the  place  where  a  sin- 
gle soldier  or  a  body  of  troops  is  station- 
ed. The  sentinel  must  not  desert  his  post 
The  troops  are  ordered  to  defend  thepost. 
Hence, 

3.  The  troops  stationed  in  a  particular  place, 
or  the  ground  they  occupy. 

Marshall.     Encyc 

4.  A  public  office  or  employment,  that  is,  a 
fixed  place  or  station. 

When  vice  prevails   and   impious  men   bear 

sway. 
The  post  of  honor  is  a  private  station. 

Mdison. 

5.  A  messenger  or  a  carrier  of  letters  and 
papers  ;  one  that  goes  at  stated  times  to 
convey  the  mail  or  dispatches.  This  sense 
also  denotes  fixedness,  either  from  the 
practice  of  using  relays  of  horses  stationed 
at  particular  |)laces,  or  of  stationing  niei 
for  carrying  dispatches,  or  from  the  fixed 
stages  where  they  were  to  be  supplied  with 
refreshment.  [See  Stage.]  Xenophon  in- 
forms us  that  Cyrus,  king  of  Persia,  es- 
tablished such  stations  or  houses. 

C.  A  seat  or  situation.  Burnet. 

7.  A  sort  of  writing  paper,  such  as  is  used 
for  letters  ;  letter  paper. 

8.  An  old  game  at  cards. 

To  ride  post,  to  be  employed  to  carry  dis- 
patches and  papers,  and  as  such  carriers 
rode  in  haste,  hence  the  phrase  signifies 
to  ride  in  haste,  to  pass  with  expedition 
Post  is  used  also  adverbially,  for  swiftly, 
expeditiously,  or  expressly. 

Sent  from  Media  post  to  Egypt.  Milton. 

Hence,  to  travel  post,  is  to  travel  expedi- 
tiously by  the  use  of  fresh  horses  taken  at 
certain  stations. 
Knight  of  the  post,  a  fellow  suborned  or  hired 

to  do  a  bad  action. 
POST,   V.  i.   [Fr.  poster ;  Sp.  postear.]     To 
travel  with  speed. 

And  po.it  o'er  land  and  ocean  without  rest. 

Milton. 
POST,  V.  t.  To  fix  to  a  post  ;  as,  to  post  a 

notification. 
9.  To  expose  to  public  reproach  by  fixing 
the  name  to  a  pest ;  to  expose  to  oppro- 
brium by  some  public  action ;  as,  to  post  a 
coward, 
n.  To  advertise  on  a  post  or  in  a  public 
place  ;  as,  to  post  a  stray  horse. 

Laws  of  JVew  England: 
4.  To  set ;  to  place  ;  to  station  ;  as,    to   po.it 
troops  on  a  lull,  or  in  front  or  on  the  Hank 
of  an  armv. 


POST,  a  Latin  preposition,  signifying  n/7fr. 
It  is  used  in  this  sense  in   oomposition  in 
many  English  words. 
POSTABLE,  «.  That  may  be  carried.  [M'ot 
used.  1  Mountague. 

POSTAGE,    n.    The   price   established    by 
law  to  be  paid  for  the  conveyance  of  a  let 
ter  in  a  public  mail. 
2.  A  portage.     [JVot  used.]  Sniollet. 

POSTBOY,  n.  A  boy  that  rides  as  post  ;  a 
courier.  Taller. 

POST-CHAISE,  n.    [See  Chaise.]     A  car- 
riage with  four  wheels  for  the  conveyance 
of  travelers. 
POSTDA'TE,  V.  t.  [L.  post,  after,  and  date, 

L.  datum.] 
To  date  after  the  real  time  ;  as,  to  postdate  a 
contract,  that  is,  to  date  it  after  the  true 
time  of  making  the  contract. 
POSTDILUVIAL,  )      [L.  po.sl,  after,  and 
POSTDILU'VIAN,  J  "'  diluvium,   the    del- 
uge.] 
Being  or  happening  posterior  to  the  flood  in 
Noah's  days.  IVoodward.     Buckland. 

POSTDILU'VIAN,  Ji.  A  person  who  lived 
after  the  flood,  or  who  has  lived  since 
that  event.  Greiv. 

POST-DISSETZIN,  n.  A  subsequent  dis- 
seizin. A  writ  of  post-disseizin  is  intend- 
ed to  put  in  possession  a  person  who  has 
been  disseized  after  a  judgment  to  recov- 
er the  same  lands  of  the  same  person,  un- 
der the  statute  of  Merton.  Blackstone. 
POST-DISSE'IZOR,  n.  A  person  who  dis- 
seizes another  of  lands  which  he  had  be- 
fore recovered  of  the  same  person. 

Blackstone. 
POSTEA.  n.  [L.]    The   record   of  what  is 
done  in  a  cause  subsequent  to  the  joining 
of  issue  and  awarding  of  trial. 

Blacksto7ie 
POSTED,  pp.  Placed  ;  stationed. 

2.  Exposed  on  a  post  or  by  public  notice. 

3.  Carried  to  a  ledger,  as  accounts. 
POSTER,  n.  One  who  posts ;  also,  a  cour- 
ier; one  that  travels  expeditiously. 

POSTE'RIOR,  a.  [from  L.  posterns,  from 
post,  after  ;  Fr.  posterieur.] 

1.  Later  or  subsequent  in  time. 
Hesiod  was  posterior  to  Homer.        Broome 

2.  Later  in  the  order  of  proceeding  or  mov- 
ing ;  coming  after.     [Unfretjuent.] 

POSTERIORITY,    n.      [Fr.   posteriority 
The  state  of  being  later  or  subsequent ;  as 

posteriorili/  of  time  or  of  an  event;  o])|)os- 

ed  to  prioritt/.  Hale. 

POSTE'RIORS,  n.  plu.  The  hinder  parts 

of  an  animal  body.  Swift. 

POSTER'ITY,  n.  [Fr.poslerite  ;  L.  postcri- 

tas,  from  posterns,  from  post,  after.] 

1.  Descendants;  children,  children's  child- 
ren, &;c.  indefinitely  ;  the  race  that  pro- 
ceeds from  a  progenitor.  The  whole  hu- 
man race  arc  the  posterity  of  A<lam. 

2.  In  a  general  sense,  succeeding  genera- 
tions; opposed  to  ancestors. 

To  the  unhappy  that  unjustly  bleed, 
Heav'n  gives  posterity  t'  avenge  the  deed. 

Pope 

POSTERN,  n.  [Fr.  puternc,  for  posterne, 
from  L.  post,  behind.] 


1.  Primarily,  a  back  door  or  gate  ;  a  private 
entrance  ;  hence,   any  small  door  or  gate. 

Dryden.     Locke. 

2.  In  fortification,  a  small  gate,  usually  in  the 
angle  of  the  flank  of  a  bastion,  or  in  that 
of  the  curtain  or  near  the  orillon,  descend- 
ing into  the  ditch.  Encyc. 

POSTERN,  a.  Back  ;  being  behind  ;  pri- 
vate. Dryden. 
POST-EXIST'ENCE,  n.  Subsequent  or 
future  existence.  Addison. 
POST-FINE,  n.  In  English  law,  a  fine  due 
to  the  king  by  prerogative,  after  a  licentia 
concordandi  given  in  a  fine  of  lands  and 
tenements  ;  called  also  the  king's  silver. 

Btackstont. 
POSTFIX,  n.  [L.   post,  after,  and  fix.]     In 
grammar,  a  letter,  syllable  or  word  added 
to  the  end  of  another  word;   a  sufiix. 

Parkhurst- 

POSTFIX',  V.  t.  To  add  or  annex  a  letter, 

syllable  or  word,  to  the  end  of  another  or 

prinoipal  word.  Parkhurst. 

POrtTFIX'ED,  pp.  Added  to  the  end   of  a 

word. 
POSTFIX'ING,  ppr.  Adding  to  the  end  of 

a  word. 
POST-HACK'NEY,  n.  [post  and  hcickney.] 
A  hired  posthorse.  Jf'otton. 

POST-H.\STE,  n.  Haste  or  speed  in  travel- 
ing, like  that  of  a  post  or  courier.  Shak. 
POST-HASTE,  adv.  With  speed  or  expedi- 
tion. He  traveled  post-haste,  that  is,  by  an 
ellipsis,  with  post-haste. 
POST-HORSE,  n.  A  horse  stationed  for  the 
use  of  couriers.  Sidney. 

POST-HOUSE,  n.  A  house  where   a  post- 
office  is   kept  for  receiving  and  dispatch- 
ing letters  by   public  mails  ;  a  post-office. 
[The  latter  word  is  now  in  general  use.] 
POST'HUME,  a.  Posthumous.   [J\"ot  used.] 

Watts. 

POSTHUMOUS,  a.  [L.  po«<,  after,  and /lu- 

mus,  earth  ;  humatus,  buried." 


1.  Born  after  the  death  of  the  father,  or  ta- 
ken from  the  deail  body  of  the  mother; 
as  a  posthumous  son  or  daughter. 

Blackstone. 

2.  Published  after  the  death  of  the  author  ; 
as  posthumous  works. 

3.  Being  after  one's  decease ;  as  aposthuinous 
character.  .Iddison. 

POSTHUMOUSLY",  adv.  After  one's  de- 
cease. 

POSTle,  a.  [L.  posticus.]  Backward.  [.Yot 
used.]  Brown. 

POS'TIL,  n.  [It.  postilla ;  Sp.  poslila ;  ftom 
L.  post.] 

A  marginal  note  ;  originally,  a  note  in  the 
margin  of  the  Bible,  so  called  because 
written  after  the  text.  Encyc. 

POS'TIL,  v.t.  [It.  postillare.]  To  write 
marginal  notes  ;  to  gloss ;  to  illustrate 
with  marginal  notes.  Bacon. 

POS'TILER,  n.  One  who  writes  margin- 
al notes  ;  one  who  illustrates  the  text  of  a 
book  by  notes  in  the  margin. 

POSTILI-ION,  n.  poslit'yon.  [F r. postilion,  & 
postboy,  from /)os/c.] 

One,  that  riiles  and  guides  the  first  pair  of 
horses  in  a  coach  or  other  carriage ;  also, 
one  that  rides  one  of  the  horses,  when  one 
pair  otdy  is  used,  cither  in  a  coach  or  post- 
chaise. 


P  o  s 


P  o  s 


P  O  T 


POSTING,  ppr.  Setting  up  on  a  post ;  ex- 
posing; the  name  or  cliuracter  to  reproach 
by  public  ailveitiseineut. 

2.  Placing  ;  stationing. 

3.  Transferring  accounts  to  a  ledger. 
POSTLIMIN'IAU,     (         [See    Posllimini- 
POSTLIMINIOUS,  \  "■    uin.]     (Contrived, 

done  or  existing  .subsequently  ;  as  a  posl- 
liminious  application. 
POriTLlJMIN'IljM,  (      [L.  post,  after,  and 
POSTLIMINY,       S      limen,  end,  limit.] 
Postliminiura,  among  the  Romans,  was   the 
return  of  a  person  to  his  own  country  who 
had  gone  to  sojourn  in  a  foreign  country 
or  had  been  banished  or  taken  by  an  ene- 
my. 

In  the  modern  law  of  nations,  the  right 
of  posllimin;!  is  that  by  virtue  of  wliici 
persons  and  things  taken  by  an  enemy  in 
war,  are  restored  to  their  former  state, 
when  coming  again  under  the  power  ot 
the  nation  to  which  tliey  belonged.  The 
sovereign  of  a  country  is  bound  to  protect 
the  jierson  and  the  property  of  his  sub 
jects  ;  and  a  sidiject  who  has  suH'ered  the 
loss  of  his  property  by  the  violence  of  war, 
on  being  ri^stored  to  his  country,  can 
claim  to  be  re-estahlislied  in  all  his  rights. 
and  to  recover  his  property,  lint  iliif 
right  does  not  extend,  in  all  cases,  to  per- 
sonal effects  or  movables,  on  account  of 
the  difficulty  of  ascertaining  their  identity. 
Vatttl.  Du  Ponceau. 
POSTMAN,  n.  A  post  or  courier;  a  letter- 
carrier.  Granger. 
POSTMARK,    n.  The  mark  or  stanip  of  a 

post-ofliceon  a  letter. 
POSTMASTER,    «.    The  officer  vvho  has 
the  superintendence   and  direction  of   a 
post-office. 
Postmasler-generaJ ,  is  the  chief  officer  of  the 
post-office   deparlnient,    whose   duty  is  to 
make  contracts  for  the  conveyance  of  the 
public  mails  and  see  that  they  are  execu- 
ted, and  who  receives  the  moneys  arising 
from  the  postage  of  letters,  pays  the  ex- 
jicnsrs,  keeps  the  accounts  of  the    office 
aiul  superintends  the    whole    department 
POSTMERIDIAN,  a.    [L.  postmeridunms.l 

See  Meridian.] 
Being   or   belonging   to   the   afternoon  ;  asj 
postmeridian  slee]).  Bacon. 

POSTNATE,  a.  [L.  post,  after,  and  natus, 
born.]     Subsequent.     [Little  used.] 

Taylor. 
POST-NOTE,  n.    [post  and  note.]    In  com- 
merce, a  bank  note  intended    to  be  trans- 
nfitted  to   a  distant   place   l)y  the  puldic 
mail,  and  made  payalile  to  order.     In  this 
it  differs  from  a  common  hank  note,  w  hie 
is  pavable  to  the  bearer. 
POST-OFFICE,    n.    An  cffice    or    house 
where  letters  are  received  for  delivery  to 
the    persons  to  whom  they  are  addressed, 
or  to  be  transmitted  to  other  places  in  the 
l)ublic  mails  ;  a  post-house. 
POST-PAID,  a.  Having  the   postage  paid 

on  ;  as  a  letter. 
POSTPO'NE,  V.  t.    [L.  postpone ;  post,  af- 
ter, and  pono,  to  put.] 

1.  To  put  off;  to  defer  to  a  future  or  later 
time ;  to  delay ;  as,  to  postpone   the   eon 
sideration  of  a  bill  or  question  to  the  after- 
noon, or  to  the  following  day. 

2.  To  set  lielow  something  else  in  value  or 
importance. 


All  other  considerations  should  give  way  and 
be  postponed  to  this.  Locke.' 

POSTPONED,  pp.  Delayed;  deferred  to  a 
future  tune  ;  set  below  in  value. 

POSTPO'NEMEN'P,  n.  The  act  of  defer- 
ring to  a  future  time  ;  temporary  delay  of 
business.  T.  Pickering.     Kent. 

POSTPO'NENCE,  n.  Dislike.  [jVotinuse.] 

Johnson. 

POSTPO'NING,  ppr.  Deferring  to  a  future 
time. 

POSTPOSI'TION,  n.  [post  and  pofition.] 
The  state  of  being  put  back  or  out  of  the 
regular  place.  Mede. 

POSTREMO'TE,  a.  [post  and  re7no<e.] 
More  remote  in  subse({Uent  time  or  order. 

Uarmn. 

POSTSCRIPT,  n.  [L./ws?,  after,  and  scrtp- 
tum,  wri'ten.] 

A  paragraph  added  to  a  letter  after  it  is  con- 
cluded and  signed  by  tiie  writer ;  or  any! 
addition  made  to  a  book  or  composition 
at'ter  it  had  been  supposed  to  be  fmished, 
containing  something  ountted,  or  some- 
thing new  occurring  to  the  writer. 

Locke.     Addison. 

POST-TOWN,  n.  A  town  in  which  a  post- 
office  is  established  by  law. 
A  town  in  which  post-horses  are  kept. 

POSTULANT,  71.  [See  Postulate.]  One 
who  makes  demand. 

POSTLL.'VTE,  n.  [L. /Jos(uia(um,  from  pos- 
tulo,  to  demand,  I'rom  the  root  of  posco,  to 
ask  or  demand.     The  sense  is  to  urge  or 
push.] 
position  or  supposition   assumed  without 


such  as  are  aesumcd  or  learnt  for  particu- 
lar purposes,  or  in  particular  occupations, 
as  in  dancing,  li^ncing,  &c. 

Addison.     Encyc. 

2.  Situation  ;  condition  ;  particular  state 
with  regard  to  something  else  ;  as  the 
posture  of  public  affairs  befoi-e  or  after  a 
war. 

;}.  Situation  of  the  body  ;  as  an  abject  pos- 
ture. Milton. 

4.  State;  condition.  The  fort  is  in  a  po«/ure 
of  defense. 

5.  The  .situation  or  disposition  of  the  seve- 
ral parts  of  the  body  with  respect  to  each 
other,  or  with  respect  to  a  particular  pur- 
pose. 

He  casts 
His  eyes  against  the  moon   in  most   strange 
postures.  Shak. 

The  posture  of  a  poetic  figure  is  the  descrip- 
tion oC  the  heroes  in  the  perlbimance  of  such 
or  sucii  an  action.  JJryden. 

'(J.  Disposition  ;  frame  ;  as  the  posture  of  the 
soul.  Bailey. 

POS'TLKE,  V.  t.  To  place  in  a  particular 
manner ;  to  dispose  the  parts  of  a  body 
for  a  (larticular  purpose. 

He  was  raw  witli  /)«s/«n'n^  himself  accord- 
ing to  tile  direction  of  the  chiruigeoas. 

Brook. 

POSTURE-MASTER,  n.  One  that  teaches 

or  practices  artificial  postures  of  the  body. 

Spectator. 
PO'SY,  n.  s  as  :.    [Qu.  poesy  ;  or  a  collec- 
tion, a  cluster,  from  the  \\.  posiaii;  to  col- 
lect.    See  Pose.] 
1.  A  motto  inscribed  on  a  ring,  &.C. 


proof,  or  one  which  is  considered  as  self-|  Addison. 

evident,  or  too  plain  to  require  illustration,  f-^-  A  hunch  of  flowers.  Spenser. 

Encyc.  ^P^T^t  "•  [Fr.pot;  Arm.  pod ;  Ir.pota;  Sw. 

'ing  to      potta  :  Dan.  potte  ;  W.  pot,   a  pot,  and  po- 

tel,  a  bottle  ;  potcii,  a  pudding,  the  paunch, 

someiliiiig  liiilging  ;  I).  ]Jot,  a  pot,  a  slake, 

a  hoard  ;  pollen,  to  hoard.] 

1.  A  vessel  more  deep  than  broad,  made  of 
eartli,  or  iron  or  other  metal,  used  for  sev- 
eral domestic  purposes  ;  as  an  iron  pot, 
for  boiling  meat  or  vegetables  ;  a  pot  for 
holding  liipiors  ;  a  cup,  as  a  pot  of  ale  ;  an 
earthern  pot  for  |)lants,  called  a  Jlower  pot, 
&c. 

2.  A  sort  of  paper  of  small  sized  sheets. 
To  go  to  pot,  to  be  destrnyed,  ruined,  wasted 

or  cxpencled.     [Alow phrase.] 
PCT,  r.  t.  To  preserve  seasoned   in  pots ; 
as  jivtied  fowl  and  fish.  Dryden. 

2.  To  inclose  or  cover  in  pots  of  earth. 

Mortimer. 

3.  To  put  in  casks  for  draining  ;  as,  to  pot 
sugar,  by  taking  it  from  the  cooler  and  pla- 
cing it  in  hogsheads  with  peHbrated 
heads,  from  which  the  mclasses  perco- 
lates through  the  spungy  stalk  of  a  plan- 
tain leaf.  Edwards,  Jf.  Indies. 

PO'TABLE,  a.  [Fr. ;  Low  L.  potabilis  ;  It. 
polo,  to  drink  :  polus, 
from  rtnu,  rtioftoi,  to 


A  self-evident  problem,  answerir 
axiom,  which  is  a  self-evident  theorem 

D.  Olmsted) 

POS'TULATE,   v.t.    [supra.]    To   beg  or, 

assume  without  prool'.     [Little  used.]  | 

Brown.\ 

2.  To  invite ;  to  solicit ;  to  require  by  en-' 
treaty.  Burnet.] 

3.  To  assume;  to  take  without  positive] 
consent.  I 

The  Byzantine  emperors  appear  to  have  ex-! 
cicised,  or  at  least  to  liave  postulated  a  sort  of 
paramount  supremacy  over  tiiis  nation. 

Tooke.\ 

POSTULA'TION,  n.  [L.  postulatio.]  The 
act  of  supposing  without  proof;  gratui-, 
tons  assumption.  Hale.\ 

2.  Sujiplication  ;  intercession  ;  also,  suit  ;i 
cause.  Pearson.     Burnet. 

PUS  TULATORY,  a.  Assuming  withoutl 
proof. 

2.   Assumed  without  proof.  Brown. 

POSTULA  TUM,  n.  [I..]  A  postulate,  which 
sec".  Addison.^ 

POS'TURE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  posit ura ;  po-\ 
no,  posilus.]  j 

1.  In  painting  and  sculpture,  attitude  ;  the 
situation  oV  a  figure  with  regard  to  the, 
eye,  and  of  the  several  principal  members 
Willi  regard  to  each  other,  by  which  ac- 
tion is  expressed.  Postures  should  be  ac- 
commodated to  the  character  of  the  fig- 
ure, and  the  posture  of  each  member  to 
its  office.  Postures  are  natural  or  artifi- 
cial. JVatural  postures  are  such  as  our 
ordinary  ai  lions  and  the  occasions  of  life 
lead  us  to  exhibit  ;  artificial  postures  areli 


polabilt ;    from    L. 

drink,    Gr.    «oto{, 

drink.] 
Drinkable  ;  that  may  be  drank;    as  water 

fresh  and  potable.  Bacon. 

Kivcrs  nm  potable  gold.  Jifdton. 

PO'TABLE,    n.    Something  that   may   be 

drank.  Philips. 

PO  TABLENESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 

drinkable. 
POT.XGE,  n.  [from  pot;  Fr.   id.;    It.  po- 

taggio ;  Port,  potagem  ;   W.  poles  ;  Arm. 


POT 


POT 


P  O  U 


podaich .    Tli  is  is  a  more  correct  orthogra- 
phy than  pottage.] 

A  species  of  food  made  of  meat  boiled  to 
softness  in  water,  usually  with  some  veg- 
etables or  sweet  herbs. 

POT'AGER,  71.  [frompoteg-c]  A  porringer. 

Grtw. 

POTAG'RO,  \      A  kind  of  pickle  imported 

POTAR'GO,  \  "■  from  the  West  Indies. 

King. 

PO'TANCE,  n.  With  i«a<c*maJers,  the  stud 
in  which  the  lower  pivot  of  the  verge  is 
placed.  -fl^h.     Scott. 

POT' ASH, n.  [po<  and  ashes;  D.  potasch; 
G.pottasche;  Dan.  votaske;  Fr.  potasse.] 

The  popular  name  ot  vegetable  fixed  alkali 
in  an  impure  state,  procured  from  the  ash- 
es of  plants  by  lixiviation  and  evaporation. 
The  matter  remaining  after  evaporation  is 
refined  in  a  crucible  or  furnace,  and  the 
extractive  substance  burnt  off  or  dissipa- 
ted. Refined  potash  is  called  pearlash. 
The  plants  which  yield  the  greatest  quan- 
tity of  potash  are  wormwood  and  fumito- 
ry. Kirican.  JVkholson.  Encyc. 
By  recent  discoveries  of  Sir  H.  Davy,  it 
appears  that  potash  is  a  metallic  oxyd ; 
the  metal  is  called  potassium,  and  the  al- 
kali, in  books  of  science,  is  called  potassa. 

POTAS'SA,  n.  The  scientific  name  of  veg- 
etable alkali  or  potash. 

POTAS'SIUM,  n.  A  name  given  to  the  me- 
tallic basis  of  vegetable  alkali.  According 
to  Dr.  Davy,  100  parts  of  potash  consist 
of  Sti.l  parts  of  the  basis,  and  13.9  of  ox- 
ygen. Med.  Repos. 

Potassium  has  the  most  powerful  affinity 
for  oxygen  of  all  substances  known  ;  it 
takes  it  from  every  other  compound,  and 
hence  is  a  most  important  agent  in  chim- 
ical  analysis. 

POTA'TION,  n.  [L.  potatio.     See  Potable.] 

1.  A  drinking  or  drinking  bout. 

2.  A  draught.  Shak. 

3.  A  species  of  drink.  ^  Shak. 

POTA'TO,  71.  [Ind.  batatas.]  'A  plant  and  es- 
culent root  of  the  genus  Solanum,  a  na 
tive  of  America.  The  root  of  this  plant, 
which  is  usually  called  potatoe,  constitutes 
one  of  the  cheapest  and  most  nourishing 
species  of  vegetable  food ;  it  is  the  priiici- 
pal  food  of  the  poor  in  some  countries, 
and  has  often  contributed  to  prevent  fam- 
ine. It  was  introduced  into  the  British 
dominions  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  or  other 
adventurers  "in  the   IGth  century;  but 


at  this  day  is 
used  in  some 


came  slowly  into  use,  and 
not   much   cultivated  and 
countries  of  Europe,     in  the  British  do- 
minions and   in  the  United  States,  it  has 
proved  one  of  the  greatest  blessings  be- 
stowed on  man  by  the  Creator. 
POT-BELLIED,   a.  Having  a   prominent 

bellv- 
POT-BELLY,  77.  A  protuberant  belly. 
POTCH,  V.  t.  [Fr.  pocher,  Eng.  to  poke.]  To 

thrust ;  lo  push.     [.Yot  used.]  Shak 

2.  To  poach  ;  to  boil  slightly.     [JVot  used.] 

IViseman. 
POT-COMPAN'ION,    71.    An   associate  or 

companion  in   drinking;  applied  generally 

lo  habitual  hard  drinkers. 
POTELOT,  »i.   lQ,u.  a.  potUolh,  a.  potlood 

black  lead.] 
The  sulphuret  of  molybdcn.  Fourcroy. 


PO'TENCE,  n.  In  heraldry,  a  cross  whose 
ends  resemble  the  head  of  a  crutch. 

Encyc. 

PO'TENCV,  71.  [L.  potentia,  from  polens  ; 
possuTn,  posse.     See  Power.] 

1.  Power;  physical  power,  energy  or  effi- 
cacy ;  strength.  Shak. 

'2.  Moral  power  ;  influence  ;  authority. 
Now  arriving 
At  place  of  potency  and  sway  o'  th'  state. 

Shak. 
PO'TENT,  a.  [L.  potens.]  Pow  erful ;  phys- 
ically strong  ;  forcible  ;  efficacious ;  as  a 
potent  medicine. 

Moses  once  more  Ytis  potent  rod  extends. 

Milton 

2.  Powerful,  in  a  moral  sense;  having  great 
influence;  as  potent  iuteicsl ;  a  potent  ar- 
gument. Decay  of  Piety. 

3.  Having  great  authority,  control  or  domin- 
ion ;  as  a  potent  prince.  Shak. 

PO'TENT,  71.  A  prince ;  a  potentate.  [ATot 
in  use.]  Shak 

2.  A  walking  staffer  crutch.     [M)t  used.] 

Chaucer. 
PO'TENTACY,  n.  Sovereignty.  [JVot  used.] 

Barrow. 
PO'TENTATE,  ?i.   [Fr.  potentat;    It.  po- 

tentato.] 
A  j)erson    who    possesses   great  power  or 
sway ;  a  prince  ;  a  sovereign ;  an  empe- 
ror, king  or  monarch. 

Exalting  him  not  only  above  earthly  princes 
and  potentates,  but  above  Ihe  highest  of  the  ce- 
lestial hierarchy.  Boyle. 
POTEN'TIAL,  a.  [L.  potentialis.]  Having 
power  to  impress  on  us  the  ideas  /f  cer- 
tain qualities,  though  the  qualities  are  not 
inherent  in  the  thing;  as  potential  heat  or 
cold.  Encyc. 
•2.  Existing  in  possibility,  not  in  act. 

This  potential  and  imaginary  materia  prima, 
cannot  exist  without  form.  Raleigh. 

3.  Efficacious;  powerful.     [jVot  in  use.] 

Shak. 

Potential  cautery,  in  medicine,  is  the  consum- 
ing or  reducing  to  an  eschar,  any  part  of 
the  body  by  a  caustic  alkaline  or  metallic 
salt,  &c.  instead  of  a  red  hot  iron,  the  use 
of  which  is  called  actual  cautery.       Encyc. 

Potential  mode,  in  grammar,  is  that  form  of 
the  verb  which  is  used  to  express  the  pow- 
er, possiliility,  liberty  or  necessity  of  an 
action  or  of  being  ;  as,  1  may  go  ;  he  can 
write.  This,  in  English,  is  not  strictly  i 
distinct  mode, but  the  indicative  or  deckir-I 
ative  mode,  affirming  the  power  to  act,  in- 
stead of  the  act  itself  I  may  go  or  can  go, 
are  equivalent  to,  I  have  power  to  go. 

POTEN'TIAL,  71.  Any  thing  that  may  be 
possible.  Bacon. 

POTENTIAL'ITY,  7!.  Possibility;  not  act- 
uality. Taylor.     Bentley. 

POTEN'TIALLY,  adv.  In  possibility  ;  not 
in  act ;  not  positively. 

This  duration  of  human  souls  is  on\y  poten- 
tially infinite.  Bentlei/. 

2.  In  efficacy,  not  in  actuality  ;  as  potentially 

cold.  lioi/le 

PO'TENTLY,  adv.  Powerfully  ;  with  great 
force  or  energy. 

You  are  potently  opposed.  .Slink. 

PO'TENTN  ESS,  n.  Po werfulness ;  strength : 

micht.     {Little  u.ied.] 
PO'TESTATIVE,«.  [from  L.;>o(es(ns.]  .Au- 
thoritative.    [Mttused.]  Pearson 


POTGUN,  for J70;)g-U7i.    [M>t  used.]      SwiJU. 

POT'-H ANGER,  n.  [pot  and  hanger.]  A 
pot-hook. 

POTH'ECARY,  contracted  from  npotheca- 
r^,  and  very  vulgar.     [Sec  the  latter.] 

POTH'ER,  n.  [This  word  is  vulgarly  pro- 
nounced bother.  Its  origin  and  affinities 
are  not  ascertained.] 

1.  Bustle  ;  confusion  ;  tumult; flutter.  [£ow.] 

Shak.     Stoiji. 

2.  A  suffocating  cloud.  Drayton. 
POTH'ER,  V.  i.    To  make  a  blustering  in- 
effectual effort ;  to  make  a  stir. 

POTH'ER,  V.  t.  To  harass  and  perplex  ;  to 
puzzle.  Locke. 

POTHERB,  77.  An  herb  for  the  pot  or  for 
cookery  ;  a  culinary  plant.  Arhuthnot. 

POT'-II0(,)K,  71.  A  hook  on  which  pots  and 
kettles  are  hung  over  the  fire. 

2.  A  letter  or  character  like  a  pot-hook  ;  a 
scrawled  letter.  Dryden. 

PO'TION,  71.  [Fr.  from  L.  polio ;  poto,  to 
drink.] 

A  draught ;  usually,  a  liquid  medicine  ;  a 
dose.  Bacon.    Milton. 

POT'LID,  71.  The  lid  or  cover  of  a  pot. 

Derham. 

POT'-MAN,  71.  A  pot  companion. 

POT'SHERD,  71.  [pot  and  Sax.  sceard, 
a  fragment,  from  scearan,  to  shear;  D. 
poischerf;  G.  scherbe.] 

A  piece  or  fragment  of  a  broken  pot.   Job  ii. 

POT'STONE.  71.  Potstone  appears  to  be  in- 
durated black  taick,  passing  into  serpen- 
tine. It  has  a  curved  and  undulatingly 
lamellarstructure,  passing  into  slaty.    Cyc. 

Potstone  is  of  a  greenish  gray  color.  It  oc- 
curs massive,  or  in  granular  concretions. 

Ure. 

Potstone  is  a  variety  of  steatite. 

Cleaveland. 

POT'TAGE,  71.  Broth;  soup.  [See  Potage, 
the  more  correct  orthography.] 

POT'TED,  pp.  Preserved  or  inclosed  in  a 
pot  ;  tirained  in  a  cask.  Edivards. 

POT'TER,  n.  [from  pot.]  One  whose  occu- 
])ation  is  to  make  earthern  vessels. 

Dryden.     Mortimer. 

POT'TERN-ORE,  ti.  A  species  of  ore, 
which,  from  its  aptness  to  vitrify  like  the 
glazing  of  potter's  ware,  the  miners  call 
by  this  name.  Boyle. 

POTTERY,  7).  [Fr.  ;7o/P7i'f  ;froni;)o«.]  The 
vessels  or  ware  n)ade  by  potters  ;  earthern 
ware,  glazed  and  baked. 

2.  The  place  where  earthern  vessels  are 
manufactured. 

POT'TING,  71.  [from  pot.]  Drinking ;  tip- 
pling. Shak. 

2.  In  the  W.  Indies,  the  jirocess  of  putting 
sugar  in  casks  for  draining.  Edwards. 

POT'TIN(},  ppr.  Preserving  in  a  pot ;  drain- 
ing, as  above ;  drinking. 

POT'TLE,  n.  [W.potel,  a  bottle  ;  from;w«.] 

1.  A  liquid  measure  of  four  pints. 

;2.  A  vessel ;  a  pot  or  tardiard. 

POT-VAL'IANT,  a.  [/lot  and  vatiatit.]  Cour- 
ageous over  the  cup;  heated  to  valor  by 
strong  drink.  Addison. 

POrCIl,  71.  [Fr.  poche,  a  pocket  or  bag,  a 
purse-net,  the  paunch  ;  Ir.  pucan  ;  G. 
bauch,  I),  httik,  Sw.  buk,  Dan.  hug,  the  bel- 
ly, from  bulging  and  extending.] 

1.  A  small  bag:  usually,  a  lethern  bag  to  be 
carried  in  the  pocket.  Swiff. 

2.  A  protuberant  belly. 


P  o  u 


P  o  u 


P  o  w 


y.  The  bag  or  sack  of  a  fowl,  as  that  of  the 

pelican. 
POUCH,   V.  t.   To  pocket ;  to  save. 

Thtsser. 

2.  To  swallow ;  used  of  fowls,  who.se  crop 
is  called  in  Frenclj,  poche.  Derhnm. 

3.  To  pout.     [JVot  vsed.]  AinswoHh. 
POUCH'-MOUTIIED,    a.    Blubber-lipped. 

[Not  XLStd.]  Ainswnrlh. 

POUL'-DAVIS,  n.  A  sort  of  sail  cloth.  [Xot 

used.]  Ainsworth. 

POULK.     [See  PooL] 
POL-LT,  n.  [Fr.  poukt.     See   Poultry.]     A 

youiij;  chicken.     [LiUlc  ustd.]  King. 

POULTKRER,    n.    [Norm.    poUaire.    i*ee 

Poultry.) 

1.  One  who  makes  it  his  business  to  sell 
fowls  for  the  table. 

2.  Formerly,  in  England,  an  officer  of  the 
king's  household,  who  had  the  charge  of 
the  |)oultry. 

POULTICE,  Ji.  [li.polta,  pap,  L.  puls,pullis, 
Gr.  rtowo}.] 

A  cataplasm ;  a  soft  composition  of  meal, 
bran,  or  the  like  substance,  to  be  applied 
to  sores,  inflamed  parts  of  the  body,  &n:. 

Bacon. 

POULTICE,  V.  i.  To  apply  a  cataplasm  to. 

POULTiVE,  for  poultice,  is  not  used. 

Temple. 

POULTRY,  »i.  [from  Fr.  poule,  a  hen,  dim. 
poukt;  It.  ^oMo,  a  chicken  ;  pollnme,  poul- 
try ;  Sp.  polla  :  L.  puUus,  a  chick(!ii,  or 
other  young  animal  ;  allied  to  Eng.  fnal ; 
W.  ehawl,  eboles,  a  filly  or  colt ;  It.  pollarc, 
to  sprout,  L.  pullulo.] 

Domestic  fowls  which  are  propagated  and 
fed  for  the  table,  such  as  cocks  and  hens, 
capons,  turkies,  ducks  and  geese. 

POULTRY-YARD,  n.  A  yard  or  place 
where  tbwls  are  kept  for  the  use  of  tlio 
table. 

POUNCE,  n.  poxms.  [Fr.  pierre-ponce,  pum- 
ice-stone ;  poncer,  to  rub  with  pumice- 
stone;  Arm.  maen-'puncx,  jnunice-stone.] 

1.  Gurn-saiidarach  pulverized,  a  fine  pow- 
der used  to  prevent  ink  from  spreading  on 
jiaper. 

2.  Charcoal  dust  iuclo.scd  in  some  open  stufl', 
as  muslin,  &c.  to  be  passed  over  holes 
j)ricked  in  the  work,  to  mark  the  lines  or 
designs  on  a  paper  underneath.  This 
kind  of  pounce  is  used  by  embroiderers  to 
transfer  their  patterns  upon  their  stutis: 
also  by  lace-makers,  and  sometimes  by 
engravers.     It  is  also  used  in  varnishing. 

Cijc. 

;!.  Cloth  worked  in  eyelet-holes.  Todd. 

POUNCE,  V.  t.  To  sprinkle  or  rub  with 
pounce. 

POUNCE,  n.  [This  word  seems  to  be  con- 
nected with  the  It.  punzone,  a  bodkin,  a 
punch,  a  push,  which  is  from  the  L.  pun 
go,  whence  Sp.  punzar.] 

The  claw  or  talon  of  a  bird  of  prey. 

POUNCE,  V.  i.  To  fall  on  suddenly  ;  to  fall 
on  and  seize  with  the  claw.s ;  as,  a  rapa 
cious  fowl  pounces  on  a  chicken. 

POUNCE-BOX,       {       A  small  box  with  a 

POUN'CET-BOX,  S  "•  perforated  lid.  used 
for  sprinkling  pounce  on  paper.  Shak. 

POUN'CED,  pp.  Furnished  with  claws  or 
talons.  Tliovison 

POUND,  n.  [Sax.  Goth.  Sw.  Dan.  pund ;  D. 
pond ;  G.  pfund ;  L.  pondo,  pondus,  weight, 
a  pound  ;  pendo,  to  weigh,  to  bend.] 

Vol.  II. 


1.  A  standard  weight  consisting  of  twelve 
ounces  troy  or  sixteen  ounces  avoirdu- 
pois. 

2.  A  money  of  account  consisting  of  twenty 
shillings,  the  value  of  which  is  difli'rent  in 
difti^rent  countries.  'I'he  pound  sterling 
is  equivalent  to  84  44.  44  cts.  money  of  the 
United  States.  In  New  England  and  Vir- 
ginia, the  pound  is  equal  to  .*34  ;  in  New 
York  to  .«!24. 

POUND,  n.  [Sax.  pijndan,  pindan,  to  con- 
fine.] 

An  inclosurc  erected  by  authority,  in  which 
cattle  or  other  beasts  are  confined  when 
taken  in  trespassing,  or  going  at  large  in 
violation  of  law  ;  a  pin-fold. 

POUND,  V.  I.  To  confine  in  a  public  pound. 

POUND,  I'.  /.  [Sax.  ;?!'/!iV(?i ;  W .  pu'niaiv,  to 
beat  and  to  load.] 

1.  To  beat ;  to  strike  with  some  heavy  in 
strumcnt,  and  with  rej)eated  blows,  so  as 
to  make  an  impression. 

With  cruel  blows  she  pounds  her  blubber'd 
cheeks.  Dryden. 

2.  To  comminute  and  pulverize  by  beating; 
to  bruise  or  break  into  fine  parts  by  a 
heavy  instrument ;  as,  to  pound  spice  or 
salt. 

l.ouJ  slroktv;  with  pounding  spice  the  fabric 
rend.  Garth. 

POl'ND'AtiE,  n.  [from  pound.]  A  sum  de 
ducted  from  u  poimd,  or  a  certain  sum 
paid  for  each  pound.  Swift. 

2.  In  England,  a  sub.^idy  of  12d.  in  the 
j>ound,  granted  to  the  crown  on  all  goods 
exported  or  imported,  and  if  by  aliens, 
mor<?.  Blackstone. 

POUND  BREACH,  n.  The  breaking  of  a 
public  pound  for  releasing  beasts  confined 
in  it.  Blackstone. 

PffUND  ED,  pp.  Beaten  or  bruised  with  a 
heavy  instrument ;  pulverized  or  broken 
by  [(oimding. 

2.  Confined  in  a  pound  ;  impounded. 

POUND' ER,  n.  A  pestle;  the  instrument 
of  pounding. 

2.  A  person  or  thing  denominated  from  a 
certiiin  number  of  pounds ;  as  a  cannon  is 
called  a  iweUe- pounder  ;  a  person  of  ten 
pounds  annual  income  is  called  a  ten- 
pounder;  a  note  or  bill  is  called  a  ten- 
pounder.  Johnson 

'i.  A  large  pear.  Dryden. 

Pound  fimlir.h.  The  phrase,  penny  wise  and 
pound fuolish,  signifies  negligent  in  the  care 
of  large  sums,  but  careful  to  save  small 
sums. 

POUND'ING,  ppr.  Beating;  bruising;  pul 
verizing ;  impounding. 

P6UPETON,  n.  [Fr.  poupee.]  A  puppet  or 
little  baby. 

PoUPIES,  n.  In  cooicr^,  a  mess  of  victuals 
made  of  veal  steaks  and  shces  of  bacon. 

Baiky. 

POUR,  ]'.  t.  [\V.  biarw,  to  cast,  send,  throw, 
thrust.] 

1.  To  throw,  as  a  fluid  in  a  stream,  either 
out  of  a  vessel  or  into  it ;  as,  to  pour  wa 
ter  from  a  ])ail,  or  out  of  a  pail :  to  pour 
wine  into  a  decanter.  Pour  is  appropri- 
ately but  not  exclusively  applied  lo  fluids, 
and  signifies  merely  to  cast  or  throw,  and 
this  sense  is  modified  by  out, from,  in,into, 
against,  on,  upon,  under,  &c.  It  is  applied 
not  only  to  liquors,  but  to  other  fluicb,  and 

40 


to  substances  consisting  of  fine  particles  ; 
as,  to  pour  a  stream  of  gas  or  air  upon  a 
fire  ;  to  pour  out  sand.  It  expresses  jiar- 
ticidarly  the  hestowing  or  sending  forth  in 
copious  abundance. 

1  will  jiour  out  my  Spirit  upon  all  flesh.  Joct 
ii. 

To  povr  out  dusL     Lev.  xiv. 

2.  To  emit ;  to  send  forth  in  a  stream  or 
continued  succes.sion. 

Luiidoii  doth  pour  out  her  citizens.       Shak. 

3.  To  send  forth  ;  as,  to  pour  out  words, 
prayers  or  sighs;  to  pour  on/ the  heart  or 
sotd.     Ps.  Ixii.  xlii. 

4.  To  throw  in  ])rofusion  or  with  ovci- 
whelmiiig  force. 

I  will  shortly  jtour  nut  iny  fury  on  tliee.  Ezck. 
vii. 
POUR,  V.  i.  To  flow ;  to  issue  forth  in  a 
stream,  or  continued  succession  of  parts  ; 
to  move  or  rush,  as  a  current.  The  tor- 
rent pours  down  from  the  mountain,  or 
along  the  steep  descent. 
2.  To  rush  in  a  crowd  or  continued  pro- 
cession. 

A  ghastly  band  of  giants. 
All  pouring  down  tlie  mountain,  crowd  the 
shore.  Pope. 

jPOURED,  pp.    Sent   forth;   thrown;   as  a 
I     fluid. 

;POURER,  n.  One  that  pours. 
IPOURING,  ppr.  Sending,  as  a  fluid;  driv- 
I     ing  in  a  current  or  continued  stream. 
Pf)URLIEU.     [See  Purlieu.] 
POURPRES'TURE,  n.   [Fr.  pour,  for,  and 

pris,  taken.] 
In  /ait',  a  wrongful  inclosure  or  encroach- 
ment on  another's  property. 

Enci/c.     Cowtl. 
POURSUIVANT.     [See  Pursuivant.] 
POURVEYANCE.     [See  Purveyance.] 
POUSSE,  corrupted  from  pulse,  peas. 

Spenser. 
POUT,  n.  A  fi.«h  of  the  genus  Gadus,  about 
an  inch  in  length  ;  the  whiting  pout. 

Diet.  jVat.  Hisl. 

2.  A  bird.  Carcic. 

3.  .\  fit  of  sullemiess.     [Colloquial.] 
POUT,  V.  i.  [Fr.  bonder;  allied  probably  to 

bud,  pudding,  Gr.  lioravr^,  W.  potcn  ;  from 
the  sense  of  bulging  or  pushing  out.] 

1.  To  thrust  out  the  lips,  as  in  sullenness, 
contempt  or  displeasure ;  hence,  to  look 
sullen.  Shak. 

2.  To  shoot  out ;  to  be  prominent ;  as  pout- 
ing lips.  Dryden. 

POifT'ING,  ppr.  Shooting  out,  as  the  lips. 

2.  Looking  sullen. 

POVERTY,  li.  [Norm.poueri!,- Fr. /jauiTC- 

ti  ;  It.  poverth  ;  Sp.  Port,  pohreza  ;  L.  pau- 

pertas.     See  Poor.] 

1.  Destitution  of  property  ;  indigence ;  want 
of  convenient  means  of  subsistence.  The 
consequence  of  poverty  is  dependence. 

The  di-unkard  aud  the  glutton  shall  come  to 
poverty.  Pro  v.  xxiii. 

2.  Barrenness  of  sentiment  or  ornament  ; 
defect;  as  the  poverty  of  a  composition. 

3.  Want;  defect  of  words;  as  the  porcr/^  of 
language. 

POWDER,  n.  [Vr.poudre,  contracted  from 
pouldre  ;  Arm.  poullra  ;  It.  polvere  ;  Sp. 
polvo ;  L.  pulris.  The  G.  has  puder,  and 
the  D.  poeder,  hut  whether  from  the  same 
source  I  know  not.  Pulvis  is  probably 
from  pulso,  pulto,  to  beat.] 

I.  Any  dry  substauce  composed  of  minute 


p  o  w 


P  o  w 


P  o  w 


particles,  whether  natural  or  artificial  ; 
more  generally,  a  substance  coniiuinuteil 
or  triturated  to  fine  particles.  Thus  dust 
is  the  powder  of  eartli ;  flour  is  tlje  powder 
of  grain.  But  the  word  is  particularly  aj)- 
plied  to  substances  reduced  to  fine  parti- 
cles for  medicinal  purposes. 

2.  A  composition  of  saltpeter,  sulphur  and 
charcoal,  mixed  and  granulated ;  gun- 
powder. 

3.  Hair  powder  ;  pulverized  starch. 

POWDER,  v.  t.  To  reduce  to  fine  parti- 
cles; to  comminvitc;  to  pulverize  ;  to  tri- 
turate ;  to  pound,  grind  or  rub  into  fine 
particles. 

3.  To  sprinkle  with  powder ;  as,  to  powder 
the  hair. 

a  To  sprinkle  with  salt ;  to  corn ;  as  meat. 

Bacon. 

POWDER,  V.  i.  To  come  violently.  [JSTot 
in  use.]  VEslrange. 

POWDER-BOX,  n.  A  box  in  which  hair- 
powder  is  kept.  f'f'y- 

POWDER-€ART,  n.  A  cart  that  carries 
powder  and  shot  for  artillery. 

l^OWDER-CHEST,  n.  A  small  box  or  case 
charged  with  ])Owder,  old  nails,  &.'c.  fast- 
ened to  the  side  of  a  ship,  to  be  discharged 
at  an  enemy  attempting  to  board. 

Mar.  Diet 

POW'DERED,  pp.  Reduced  to  powder 
sprinkled  with  powder  ;  corned  ;  salted. 

POWDER-FLASK,  n.  A  flask  in  which 
gunpowder  is  carried. 

POWDER-HORN,  n.  A  horn  in  which  gun- 
])owder  is  carried  by  sportsmen.        Siinft. 

POWDERING,  ppr.  Pulverizing  ;  sprink- 
ling with  powder  ;  corning  ;  salting. 

POWDERING-TUB,  n.  A  tub  or  vessel 
in  which  meat  is  corned  or  salted. 

2.  The  place  where  an  infected  lecher  is 
cured.  Skak. 

POWDER-MILL,  n.  A  mill  in  wliich  gim- 
powder  is  made.  Arbulhnot. 

POWDER-ROOM,  n.  The  apartment  in  a 
ship  where  gunpowder  is  kept.         fiddlier. 

POWDERY,  a.  Friable;  easily  crumbling 
to  pieces. 

2.  Dusty ;  sprinkled  with  powder. 

3.  Resembling  powder. 
POWDIKE,  71.  A  marsh  or  fen  dike.    [Lo 

fa/.] 
POVV'ER,   n.  [Fr.  pouvoir;  Norm,  povare 
from  the  root  of  Sp.  Port,  poder,  It.  podere  ; 
or  rather  the  same  word  varied  in  orthog- 
raphy.    The  Latin  has  posse,  possum,  pot- 
ts, potentia.      Tlie   primary  sense  of  the 
verb  is  to  strain,  to  exert  force.] 
1.  In  a  philosophical  sense,  the  faculty  of  do- 
ing or  performing  any  thing  ;  tlie  faculty 
of  moving  or  of  producing  a  change  in 
something  ;  ability   or   strength.     A  man 
raises  his  hand  by  his  own  power,  or  by 
power  moves  another  body.     The  exertion 
of  power  proceeds  from  the   will,  and  in 
strictness,  no  being  destitute  of  will  orin- 
teUigence,  can  exert  power.    Power  in  man 
is   active  or  specidative.      Active   power  is 
that   which  moves   the  body  ;  specidative 
power  is  that  V)y  which  we  see,  judge,  re 
metiiber,   or   in     general,    by   which   we 
Ihiiil;. 

Power  may  exist  without  exertion.  We 
have  poiver  to  speak  when  we  arc  silent. 
liockt.     Reid. 


Power  has  been  distinguished  also  into 
active  and  passive,  the  power  of  doing  or 
moving,  and  tlie  power  of  receiving  im- 
pressions or  of  suffering.  In  strictness, 
passive  power  is  an  absurdity  in  terms. 
To  say  that  gold  has  a  power  to  be  melted, 
is  iniproi)er  language,  yet  for  want  of  a 
more  appropriate  word,  power  is  often 
used  in  a  passive  sense,  and  is  considered 
as  two-fold  ;  viz.  as  able  to  make  or  able 
torceewieany  change.  Cyc. 

2.  Force  ;  animal  strength  ;  as  the  power  of 
the  arm,  exerted  in  lifting,  throwing  or 
holding. 

3.  Force ;  strength  ;  energy  ;  as  the  power 
of  the  mind,  of  the  imagination,  of  the 
fancy.  He  has  not  potoers  of  genius  ade- 
quate to  the  work. 

4.  Faculty  of  the  mind,  as  manifested  by  a 
particular  mode  of  operation  ;  as  ihe  pow- 
er of  thinking,   comparing   and  judging 
the  reasoning  powers. 

.').  Ability,  natural  or  moral.  We  say,  a  man 
has  the  power  of  doing  good  ;  his  property 
gives  him  the  power  of  relieving  the  dis- 
tressed ;  or  he  has  the  potcer  to  persuade 
others  to  do  good  ;  or  it  is  not  in  his  poiver 
to  pay  his  debts.  The  moral  poiver  of  man 
is  also  his  poiver  of  judging  or  discern- 
ing in  moral  subjects. 

6.  In  mechanics,  that  which  produces  motion 
or  force,  or  whicli  may  be  applied  to  pro- 
duce it.  Thus  the  inclined  plane  is  called 
a  mechanical  power,  as  it  produces  motion, 
although  this  in  reality  depends  on  gravi 
ty.  The  wheel  and  axle,  and  the  lever, 
are  mechanical  powers,  as  they  may  be 
applied  to  produce  force.  These  poivers 
are  also  called /orcfs,  and  they  are  of  two 
kinds,  moving  power,  and  sustaining  pow- 
er. 

7.  Force.  The  great  power  of  the  screw  is 
of  extensive  use  in  compression.  The 
power  of  steam  is  immense. 

8.  That  quality  in  any   natural  body  which 
produces  a  change   or   makes  an  impres 
sion  on  another  body;  asthe^ouierof  med 
icine  ;    the  poiver  of  heat ;    the  power  of 
sound. 

9.  Force ;  strength ;  momentum ;  as  the 
power  of  the  wind,  which  propels  a  ship  or 
overturns  a  building. 

10.  Influence ;  that  which  may  move  thej 
mind  ;  as  the  power  of  arguments  or  of] 
persuasion.  | 

n.  Command;  the  right  of  governing,  orj 
actual  government;  dominion;  rule;' 
sway;  authority.  A  large  portion  of  Asia 
is  under  the  power  of  the  Russian  empe-| 
ror.  The  power  of  the  British  monarch  is 
limited  by  law.  The  powers  of  govern- 
ment are  legislative,  executive,  judicial,! 
and  ministerial. 

Power  is  no  blessing  in  itself,  but  when  it  isj 

employed  to  protect  the  innocent.  Sivift.] 

Under  this  sense  may  be  comprehendedj 

civil,  political,  ecclesiastical,  and  military 

poiver. 

12.  A  sovereign,  whetlicr  emperor,  king  or 
governing  prince  or  the  legislature  of  a 
state  ;  as  the  powers  of  Europe  ;  the  great 
powers  ;  the  smaller  powers.  In  lliis  sense, 
the  state  or  nation  governed  .^ectiis  to  be 
included  in  I  lie  word  power.  Great  Brit- 
ain is  a  great  naval  jJOicer. 


13.  One  invested  with  authority ;  a  ruler  ;  a 
cImI  magistrate.     Rom.  xiii. 

14.  Divinity  ;  a  celestial  or  invisible  being 
or  agent  supposed  to  have  dominion  over 
some  part  of  creation  ;  as  celestial /lou'er* : 
the  powers  of  darkness. 

15.  That  which  has  physical  power;  an  ar- 
ray ;  a  navy  ;  a  host ;  a  military  force. 

Never  such  a  power — 
Was  levied  in  the  body  of  a  land.  Shak. 

16.  Legal  authority  ;  warrant;  as  a  power  ot 
attorney  ;  an  agent  invested  with  ample 
power.  The  envoy  has  full  poivers  to  ne- 
gotiate a  treaty. 

17.  In  arithmetic  and  algebra,  the  product 
arising;  from  the  multiplication  of  a  num- 
ber or  quantity  into  itself;  as,  a  cube  is  the 
third /iower;  the  biquadrate  is  the  fourth 
power. 

18.  In  Scripture,  right;  privilege.  John  i- 
1  Cor.  ix. 

ll*.  Angels,  good  or  bad.     Col.  i.     Eph.  vi. 
,20.  Violence;  force  ;  compulsion.     Ezek.  iv. 

21.  Christ  is  called  the  power  of  God,  as 
through  him  and  his  gospel,  God  displays 
his  power  and  authority  in  ransoming  and 
saving  sinners.     1  Cor.  i. 

22.  The  powers  of  heaven  may  denote  the 
celestial  luminaries.     Matt.  xxiv. 

23.  Satan  is  said  to  have  tlie  power  of  death, 
as  he  introduced  sin,  the  cause  of  death, 
temporal  and  eternal,  and  torments  meu 
with  the  fear  of  death  and  future  misery. 

24.  In  vulgar  language,  a  large  quantity;  a 
great  number;  as  a  pojoer  of  good  things. 
[This  is,  I  believe,  obsolete,  even  among 
our  common  people.] 

Power  of  attorney,  authority  given  to  a  per- 
son to  act  for  another. 

POWERFUL,  a.  Having  great  physical  or 
mechanical  power:  strong;  forcible; 
mighty ;  as  a  powerful  army  or  navy ;  a 
powerful  engine. 

Having  great  moral  power;  forcible  to 
persuade  or  convince  the  mind  ;  as  a  pow- 
erful reason  or  argument. 

3.    Possessing   great  political   and  military 


power;  strong  in  extent  of  dominion  or 
national  resources  ;  jiotent ;  as  a  powerful 
monarch  or  prince  ;  a  powerful  nation. 

4.  Erticacious  ;  possessing  or  exerting  great 
force  or  producing  great  effects  ;  as  apotc- 
erful  medicine. 

In  general,  able  to  produce  great  effects  ; 
exerting  great  force  or  energy  ;  as  power- 
fid  eloquence. 

The  woi  J  of  God    is   quick    and  powerful. 
Heb.  iv. 

0.  Strong ;  intense  ;  as  a  powerful  heat  or 
light. 

POWERFULLY,  adv.  With  great  force  or 
energy  ;  potently  ;  mightily  ;  with  great 
effect;  forcilily ;  either  in  a  physical  or 
moral  sense.  Certain  medicines  ojieratc 
powerfully  on  the  stomach  ;  the  practice  of 
virtue  is  powerfully  recommended  by  its 
ulilltv- 

POWERFULNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  hav- 
ing or  exerting  great  power  ;  force  ;  pow- 
er ;  might.  Hakewill. 

POW'ERLESS,  a.  Destitute  of  power, 
force  or  energy;  weak;  impotent;  not 
able  to  ]>ro(hi(e  any  effect.  Shak. 

POVVL'DUON,  n.  [Qu.  Fr.  cpaule,  the 
shoulder.] 


P  R  A 


P  R  A 


P  R  iE 


In  heraldry,  that  part  of  armor  which  covers 
the  slioiilders.  Sandys. 

POW'TER,  )       A  variety  of  the  common 

POU'TER,  <i  domestic  pigeon,  with  an 
inflated  breast.  Ed.  Encyc. 

POX,  n.  [ii  corruption  of  pocks,  Sax.  poc  or 
pocc,  D.  pok,  that  is,  a  piish,  eruption  or 
pustule.  It  is  properly  a  plural  word,  but 
by  usage  is  singular.] 

Strictly,  pustules  or  eruptions  of  any  kind, 
but  chiefly  or  wholly  restricted  to  three  or 
four  diseases,  the  small  pox,  chicken  pox, 
the  vaccine  and  the  venereal  diseases 
Pox,  wh«n  used  without  an  epithet,  signi- 
fies the  latter,  lues  venerea. 

POV,  n.  [Sp.  apoyo,  a  prop  or  stay,  Fr.  ap- 
put.  The  verb  signifies  to  bear  or  lean 
upon,  from  the  root  of  poize.]  A  rope 
dancer's  pole. 

POZE,  for  pose,  to  puzzle.  [See  Pose.] 

PRAC'TIC,  ibv  practical,  is  not  in  use.     It 
was  formerly  used  for  practical,  and  Spen 
ser  uses  it  in  the  sense  of  artful. 

PRACTICABILITY,      )        [from    prac- 

PRAC'TICABLENESS,  {  "'    licable.]  The 
quality   or    state    of   being    practicable 
feasibility. 

PRACTICABLE,  a.  [Fr.  praticnUe;  It. 
praticabile ;  Sy.  practicable.    iieL- Practice.' 

\.  That  may  be  done,  effected  or  performed 
by  human  means,  or  by  powers  that  can 
be  applied.  It  is  sometimes  synonymous 
with  possible,  but  the  words  differ  in  this: 
possible  is  applied  to  that  which  might  be 
performed,  if  the  necessary  powers  or 
means  could  be  obtained ;  practicable  is 
limited  in  its  application  to  things  which 
are  to  be  performed  by  the  mean.s  given, 
or  which  may  be  applied.  It  was  possi- 
ble for  Archimedes  to  lift  the  world,  but  it 
was  not  practicable. 

'J.  That  may  be  practiced ;  as  a  practicable 
virtue.  Dryden. 

3.  That  admits  of  use,  or  that  may  be  pass- 
ed or  traveled ;  as  a  practicalde  road 
In  military  affairs,  a  practicable  breach  is 
one  that  can  be  entered  by  troops. 

Mitford. 

PRACTICABLY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner 
as  may  be  performed.  "A  rule  practicably 
applied  before  his  eyes,"  is  not  correct 
language.  It  is  probably  a  mistake  for 
practically.  Rogers. 

PRACTICAL,  a.  [L.  practicus ;  It.  pra- 
tico ;  Fr.  pratique ;  Sp.  practico.  See 
Practice.]  Pertaining  to  practice  or  ac- 
tion. 

2.  Capable  of  practice  or  active  use  ;  oppo- 
sed to  speculative;  as  a  practical  under- 
standing. South. 

3.  That  may  be  used  in  practice  ;  that  may 
be  applied  to  use  ;  as  pradicai  knowledge. 

THllotson. 

■1.  That  reduces  his  knowledge  or  theories 
to  actual  use  ;  as  a  practical  man. 

5.  Derived  from  practice  or  experience  ;  as 
practical  skill  or  knowledge. 

PRACTICALLY,  adv.  In  relation  to  prac- 
tice. 

2.  By  means  of  practice  or  use  ;  by  experi- 
ment ;  as  practically  wise  or  skillful. 

3.  In  practice  or  use ;  as  a  medicine  pracif- 
cally  safe  ;  theoretically  wrong,  but  prac- 
lically  right. 


PRACTICALNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be 
ing  practical. 

PRACTICE,  n.  [Sp.  praclica ;  It.  pratica; 
Fr.  pratique  ;  Gr.  rffiaxtixr;,  fioni  the  root 
of  rtpaiau,  rtfiatTu,  to  act,  to  do,  to  make. 
The  root  of  this  verb  is  rtpay  or  rtpox,  as 
appears  by  the  derivatives  rtya^fia,  «pax- 
fixij,  and  from  the  same  root,  in  other  lan- 
guages, are  formed  G.  brauchen,  to  use  ; 
branch,  use,  practice ;  D.  gebruiken,  to  use, 
employ,  enjoy  ;  bruiker,  a  tenant,  one  that 
occupies  a  farm  ;  Sax.  brucan,  to  use,  to 
enjoy,  to  eat,  whence  Eng.  to  brook,  and 
broker ;  Uan.  bruger,  to  use  or  employ ; 
brug,  use,  practice  ;  Sw.  bruka  ;  L.  jfruor, 
forfrugor  or  J'rucor,  whence  fructus,  con- 
tracted into  /mil  ;  Ir.  freacair,  use,  prac- 
tice,  frequency,  X.-frequens.  Tbn  W .  praith, 
practice,  preithiaw,  to  practice,  may  be  the 
same  word,  with  the  loss  of  the  palatal 
letter  c  or  g.] 

1.  Fre(|uent  or  customary  actions  ;  a  suc- 
cession of  acts  of  a  siuiilar  kind  or  in  a  like 
employment ;  as  the  practice  of  rising  ear- 
ly or  of  dining  lute  ;  the  practice  of  read- 
ing a  portion  of  Scripture  morning  and 
evening  ;  the  practice  of  making  regular 
entries  of  accounts  ;  the  practice  of  virtue 
or  vice.     Habit  is  the  effect  of  practice. 

2.  Use  ;  customary  use. 

Obsolete  words  may  be  revived  when  tliey 
are  more  sounding  or  siguiticant  than  those  in 
practice.  Dryden 

3.  Dexterity  acquired  by  use.     [Unusual.] 

Shak. 

4.  Actual  performance  ;  distinguished  from 
theory. 

There  are  two  functions  of  the  soul,  contem 
plation   and  practice,  according  to  the  general 
division  ot    objects,  some  of  wtiii-h  only  enter- 
tain our  speculations,  others  employ  our  actions 

South 

Application  of  remedies  ;  medical  treat- 
ment of  diseases.  Two  physicians  may 
diflier  widely  in  their  practice. 

6.  Exercise  of  any  profession  ;  as  the  prac 
tice  of  law  or  of  medicine;  the  practice  of] 
arms. 

7.  Frequent  use ;  e.xercise  for  instruction  or 
j  discipline.  The  troops  are  daily  called 
I     out  for  practice. 

8.  Skillful  or  artful  management;  dexterity 
in  contrivance  or  the  use  of  means ;  art  ;| 
stratagem ;  artifice ;  usually  in  a  bad 
sense. 

He  sought  to  have  that  by  practice  which  he 
could  not  by  prayer.  Sidney. 

[This  use  of  the  word  is  genuine  ;  Sp. 
practico,  skillful.  It.  pratico ;  like  expert, 
from  L.  experior.  It  is  not  a  mistake  as 
Johnson  supposes.     See  the  Verb.] 

9.  A  rule  in  arithmetic,  by  which  the  ope- 
rations of  the  general  rules  are  abridged 
in  use. 

PRACTICE,  V.  t.  [From  the  noun.  The 
orthography  of  the  verb  ought  to  be  the 
same  as  of  the  noun  ;  as  in  notice  and  to 
notice.] 

1.  To  do  or  perform  frequently,  customarily 
or  habitually;  to  perform  by  a  succession 
of  acts;  as,  to  pradice  gaming  ;  to  practice 
fraud  or  deception  ;  to  practice  the  virtues 
of  charity  and  beneficence  ;  to  practice  hy- 
pocrisy.    Is.  xxxii. 

Many  praise  virtue  who  do  not  2'ractice  it. 

Anon.: 


i2.  To  use  or  exercise  any  profession  or  art ; 
as,  to  practice  law  or  medicine ;  to  practice 
gunnery  or  surveying. 

3.  To  use  or  exercise  fiir  instruction,  disci- 
pline or  dexterity.  [Iti  this  sense,  the  verb 
is  usually  intransitive.] 

4.  To  commit;  to  perpetrate  ;  ;is  the  horrors 
practiced  at  Wyoming.  Marshcdl. 

5.  To  use;  as  a  practiced  road.     [Unusual.] 

Mitford. 
PRACTICE,  V.  i.  To  perform  certain  acts 
frequently  or  customarily,  either  for  in- 
struction, prolit  or  amusement ;  as,  to 
practice  with  the  broad  sword  ;  to  practice 
with  the  rifle. 

2.  To  form  a  habit  of  acting  in  any  manner. 

Tiny  shall  practice  how  to  live  secure. 

Milton. 

3.  To  transact  or  negotiate  secretly. 
i  have  practical  with  him, 

And  found  means  to  let  the  victor  know 
That  Syphax  and  Sempronius  are  his  friends. 

.iddiaOH . 
To  try  artifices. 
Others,  by  guilty  artitice  and  arts 
Of  promis'd  kindness,  practic'd  on  our  hcart«. 

Granville. 
To  use  evil  arts  or  stratagems. 
If  you  there 
Did  practice  on  my  state —  Shak. 

6.  To  use  medical  methods  or  experiments. 
I  am  littli!  im-lined  to  practice  on  others,  and 

as  little  lliat  others  shouM  practice  on  me. 

Temple. 

7.  To  exercise  any  etnployment  or  profes- 
sion. A  physician  has  practiced  many 
years  with  success. 

PRACTICED,  pp.  Done  by  a  repetition 
of  acts;  customarily  performed  or  used. 

PRAC'TICER,  n.  One  that  practices  ;  one 
that  customarily  jierforms  certain  acts. 

2.  One  who  exercises  a  profession.  In  this 
sense,  practitioner  is  generally  used. 

PRACTICING,  ppj-.  Performing  or  using 
customarily ;  exercising,  as  an  art  or 
profession. 

PRACTISANT,  n.  An  agent.     [M)t  used.} 

Shak. 

PRACTl'TIONER,  n.  One  who  is  engag- 
ed in  the  actual  use  or  exercise  of  any 
art  or  profession,  particularly  in  law  or 
medicine. 

One  who  docs  any  thing  customarily  or 
habitually.  H'hitgifle. 

.3.  One  that  practices  sly  or  dangerous  arts. 

South . 

PR^COG'NITA,n.p/K.  [L.  before  known.] 
Things  previously  known  in  order  to  un- 
derstand something  el.se.  Thus  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  structure  of  the  hinnan  body 
is  one  of  the  pracognita  of  medical  sci- 
ence and  skill. 

PR^MUNI'RE,  n.  [a  corruption  of  the  L. 
prcemoncre,  to  pre-ailmonisli.] 

1.  A  writ,  or  the  offense  for  which  it  is 
granted.  The  offense  consists  in  intro- 
ducing a  foreign  authority  or  power  into 
England,  that  is,  introducing  and  main- 
taining tlie  papal  power,  creating  imperi- 
um  in  imperio,  and  yielding  that  obedi- 
ence to  the  mandates  of  the  pope,  whicli 
constitutionally  belongs  to  the  king.  Botli 
the  offense  and  the  writ  are  so  denomina- 
ted from  the  words  used  in  the  writ,  prir- 
munine  facias,  cause  .\  B  to  be  forewarn 


P  R  A 

e(i  to  appear  before  us  to  answer  tlie  con- 
tempt wherewith  he  stands  charged. 

Blackstone.     Encyc. 

2.  The  penalty  incurred  by  infringing  a 
statute.  South 

PRAGMAT'le,        >         [L.     prairmahcus ; 

PRAGMATICAL,  S  Gr.  rtpoy^anxos 
from  rtjiayna,  business  ;  rtpaauu,  to  do.  See 
Practice.] 

Forward  to  interme<ldle;  mcddUng  ;  imper- 
tinently busy  or  officious  in  the  concerns 
of  others,  witliout  leave  or  invitation. 

The  fellow  grew  so  pragmatical,  that  he  took 
upon  him  the  government  of  my  whole  family 

Jlrbuthnot 

Pragmatic  sanction,  in  the  German  empire 
the  settlement  made  by  Charles  VI.  the 
emperor,  who  in  1732,  having  no  sons, 
settled  his  hereditary  dominions  on  his 
eldest  daughter,  the  archducliess  Maria 
Theresa,  which  settlement  was  confirmed 
by  most  of  the  powers  of  Europe, 
(n  the  civil  law,  pragmatic  sanction  may  be 
defined,  a  rescript  or  answer  of  the  sove- 
reign, delivered  by  advice  of  his  council 
,  to  some  college,  order,  or  body  of  people, 
who  consult  him  in  relation  to  tlie  affairs 
of  their  community.  The  like  answer 
given  to  a  particular  person,  is  called  sim 
ply  a  rescript.  Hottoman.     Encyc. 

PRAGMAT'leALLY,  adv.  In  a  meddling 

manner;  impertinently. 
PRAGMAT'ICALNESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
intermeddling  without  right  or  invitation 
PRAG'MATIST,  n.    One   who  is  imperii 
nentlv  busy  or  meddling.  Reijnolds. 

PR  A' IS  ABLE,  a.  That  may  be  praised. 
[jVot  used.]  fVickliffe. 

PRAISE,  n.  s  as ;.  [D.  prys,  praise  and 
price  ;  G.  preis,  praise,  price,  prize,  value  ; 
Dan.priis.  Sw.  pris,  id.;  W.  pris,  price, 
value  ;  Fr.  prix  ;  It.  prezzo  :  Sp.  precio 
price,  value;  presa,  a  prize ;  W.prid;  L 
pretium  :  Sp.  prez,  glory,  praise ;  Scot 
prys,  praise  and  prize.  See  tlie  Verb.] 
J.  Commendation  bestowed  on  a  person  for 
his  personal  virtues  or  worthy  actions,  on 
meritorious  actions  themselves,  or  on  any 
thing  valuable  :  approbation  expressed  in 
words  or  song.  Praise  may  be  expressed  by 
an  individual,  and  in  this  circumstance  dif 
fersfroin/ame,  renojon,  and  ce/e6n<i/,  which 
are  the  expression  of  the  approbation  of 
numbers,  or  public  commendation.  When 
praise  is  applied  to  the  expres.sion  of  pub- 
lic approbation,  it  may  be  synonymous 
with  renown,  or  nearly  so.  A  man  may 
deserve  the  praise  of  an  individual,  or  of  a 
nation. 

There  are    men   who  always    confoiuul  the 
praise  of  goodness  with  the  practice. 

namhler 

2.  The  expression  of  gratitude  for  i)ers<jnal 

favors  conferred ;  a  glorifying  or  extoll- 


P  R  A 

prezarse,  to  boast  or  glory.  It  appears] 
that  praise,  price,  prize,  are  all  from  one' 
root,  the  primary  sense  of  which  is  to  lifl,| 
to  raise,  or  rather  to  strain.  So  from  L.' 
lotto,  extollo,  we  have  extol.  Now  in  Dan. 
roser,  Sw.  rosa,  signifies  to  praise,  and  it 
may  be  questioned  whether  this  is  praise 
without  a  prefix.  The  Latin  pretium,  W. 
prid,  is  probably  from  the  same  root,  de- 
noting that  which  is  taken  for  a  thing  sold, 
or  the  rising  or  amount,  as  we  use  high  ; 
a  high  value  or  price  ;  corn  is  high.     In 


Pers. 


J'^- 


;  1     afaraz,    is     liigb,    lofty 


u'^^-j'J^ 


^  u  ^ 


afrazidan,   to  extol.      Qu. 


mg. 


month; 


He   hath   put  a  new   song  into  my 
evcu praise  to  our  God.     Ps.  xl. 

:).  The  object,  ground  or  reason  of  praise. 
He  is  thy  praise,  and  he  is  thy  (iod.    Ueut.  x 

PRAISE,  v.t.    (D.  pryzen,   to    praise  ;  pry 
zeeren,  to  estimate  or  value  ;  G.  preisen,  to 
praise  ;  Dan.  priser,  to  praise,  extol  or  lift 
lip  ;  Sw.  prisa  ;   VV.  prisiaw  ;  Arm.  presa 
Fr.  priser,  to  prize,  to  value ;  It.  prezznrc  ; 
Sp.    preciar ;   Port,    prezar,  to  estimate 


Fr.  pn'iner,  for  prosner.] 
1.  To   commend  ;    to  applaud  ;   to  express 
approbation  of  personal  worth  or  actions. 
W'c  praise  not   Hector,  though   his  name   we 

know 
Is  great  m  arms  ;  'tis  hard  to  praise  a  foe. 

IhyJen. 
3.  To  extol  in  words  or  song;  to  magnify  ; 
to  glorify  on  account  of  perfections  or  ex 
cellent  works. 

Praise  him,  all  his  angels,  praise  ye  him,  all 
his  liosts.     Ps.  cxlviii. 

3.  To  express  gratitude  for  personal  favors. 
Ps.  cxxxviii. 

4.  To  do  honor  to;  to  display  the  excellence 
of 

All  thy  works  shall  praise  thee,  0  Lord.     Ps. 
cxlv. 

PRA'ISED,  pp.  Connnended;  extolled. 

PRA'ISEFUL,  a.  Laudable  ;  conunenda- 
hle.     [J\I'oi  used.]  Sidney. 

PRA'ISER,  n.  One  who  praises,  commends 
or  extols;  an  apjilauder;  a  commender. 
Sidney.     Donne. 

PRA'ISELESS,  a.  Without  praise  or  com- 
iniMidation.  Sidney. 

PRAISEWORTIIILY,  adv.  In  a  manner 
<lescrving  of  commeudution.  Spenser. 

PRAISEWORTHINESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
deserving  commendation.  Smith. 

PRAISEWORTHY,  a.  Deserving  of  praise 
or  a|)plause  ;  commendable  ;  as  a  praise- 
U'orthy  action.  Arbuthnot. 

PRA'ISING,  ppr.  Commending;  extolling 
in  words  or  song. 

PRAM,      \       [D.  praam.]  A  flat-bottomcil 

PRAME,  \  "■  boat  or  lighter  ;  used  in  Hoi 
land  for  conveying  goods  to  or   from   a 
ship  in  loading  or  unloading.  Encyc. 

3.  In  inililary  affairs,  a  kind  of  floating  bat- 
tery or  tlat-bottomed  vessel,  mounting 
several  cannon  ;  used  in  covering  the  dis- 
embarkation of  troops.  Encyc.' 

PR^ANCE,  V.  i.  prans.  [W.  pranciaw,  to 
frolick,  to  play  a  prank,  from  rhanc,  a 
reaching  or  craving,  the  same  as  rank ; 
Ir.  rincim,  to  dance  ;  Port,  brincar,  to 
sport ;  Sp.  biincar,  to  leap.  It  is  allied  to 
prank,  which  see.] 
To  spring  or  bound,  as  a  horse  in   high 


P  R  A 

PR'ANCING,  ppr.  Springing;  bounding: 
riding  with  gallant  show. 

PR'ANCING,  n.  A  springing  or  bounding. 
as  of  a  high  spirited  horse.     Judg.  v. 

PR.ANK,  V.  t.  [If  Jt  is  not  radical,  this  word 
coincides  with  G.  pracht,  D.  Dan.  pragt, 
Sw.  prackt,  pomp,  magnificence  ;  also 
with  G.  prangen,  to  shine,  to  make  a 
show ;  D.  pronken ,  to  shine  or  make  a 
show,  to  be  adorned,  to  strut  ;  Dan.  prang- 
er,  to  prance,  to  make  a  show,  to  sell  by 
retail;  the  latter  sense  perhaps  from  break- 
ing ;  Sw.  prunka.  So  in  Port,  brincar,  to 
sport ;  Sp.  id.  to  leap.  These  are  evident- 
ly the   Ar.    ^3    j    to   adorn,  to   lighten. 

Prink  is  probably  from  the  same  root.] 
To  adorn  in  a  showy  manner;  to  dress  or 
adjust  to  ostentation. 

In  sumptuous  tire  she  joyed  herself  to  pra/i/r 

Milton 
It  is  often  followed  by  up. 

— And  me,  poor  lowly  maid. 
Most  goddess-like  pranA'i  up.  Shak. 

PRANK,  )i.  [VV.pranc]  Properly,  a  sudden 
start  or  sally.  [See  Praiice.]  Hence,  a 
wild  flight ;  a  capering;  a  gambol. 
3.  A  capricious  action  ;  a  ludicrous  or  merry 
trick,  or  a  mischievous  act,  rather  for  sport 
than  injury.  Children  often  play  their 
pranks  on  each  other. 

— In  came  the  harpies  and  played  their  ac- 
customed pranks.  Raleigh. 

PRANK,  a.   Frolicksome  ;  full  of  gambols 


pp. 


Adorned  in 


Brewer. 
a    showy 


manner. 
One  that  dresses  ostenta- 


L 

mettle. 

Now  rule  thy  prancing  steed.  ^'".V- 

3.  To   ride  with   hounding  movements;  to 
ride  ostentatiously. 
Th'  insulting  tyrant  jirancmg  o'er  the  field. 

Jlddisoti. 

;).  To  walk  or  strut  about  in  a  showy  manner 
I    or  with  warlike  parade.  SwiJX.\ 


or  tricks. 
PRANK  ED. 
PRANKT, 
PR  ANKER, 

tiously. 
PRANK'ING,  ppr.  Setting  off  or  adorning 

for  display. 

PRANK'ING,    71.    Ostentatious  display   of 

dress.  More. 

PRASE,   n.  s  as  :.   A  silicious  mineral ;  a 

subspecies  of  quartz  of  a  leek  green  color. 

Cleaveland. 
PRASON,  n.  pra'sn.  [Gr.  Xfiasov.]  A  leek  ; 
also,  a  sea  weed  green  as  a  leek. 

Bailey. 
PR.\TE,    V.  i.    [D.   praaten,  to  prate;  Sw. 
prata,    to    tattle;   Gr.  fpaSouo.    Qu.  allied 
perhaps  to  Sax.  raid,  speech.] 
To  talk  much  and  without  weight,  or  to  lit- 
tle   purpose  ;   to   be   loquacious  ;    as   the 
vulgar  express  if,  to  run  on. 
To  prate  and  talk  fur  life  and  honor.       Shak. 
And  made  a  fool  presume  to  prate  of  love. 

Vryden. 
PRATE,  V.  t.  To  utter  foolishly. 

What  nonsense  would   the   fool,  thy  master, 

prntf, 
When  Ihou,  his  knave,  canst  (alk   at  such  a 
rate  ?  Dry  den. 

PR.ATR,   n.    Continued  talk  to   little   pur- 
pose; trilling  talk  ;  unmeaning  loquacity. 
Shak.     Denham. 

PRA'TER,  1!.  One  that  talks  nuich  to  little 
purpose,  or  on  trifling  subjects. 

Southern. 

PRATIC, 

PRATiClUE, 
lice.] 

In  commerce,  primarily,  converse  ;  inter- 
course ;  the  coiMtnunication  between  a 
ship  and  the  port  in  which  she  anivcs. 


}       [It.  proftca;  Sp.practica; 
I  "■  Fr.  pratique.    See  Prac- 


P  R  A 

Jlcnce,  a  license  or  permission  to  hold  in-| 
torcoiirse  ami  trade  with  the  inhabitants] 
ofu|(laco,  after  having  pertorniud  quar- 
antine, or  upon  a  certificule  tliat  the  ship 
did  not  come  from  an  infet-ted  place  ;  a 
term  used  particularly  in  the  smith  of  hu- 
rope,  where  vessels  coming  from  coun- 
tries inlijcted  with  contagions  diseases, 
are  subjected  to  quarantine. 

PRA'TING,  ppr.  Talking  much  on  a  tri- 
fling subject ;  talking  idly. 

I'RA'  riN(jl-Y,  adv.  With  much  idle  talk 
witii  loquacity. 

PRAT'TLE,  V.  i.   Idim.  of  prate.]     To  talk 
much  and  idly;  to  he  loquacious  on  tri- 
fling subjects.  Locke.     Addison 
This  word  is  particularly  applied  to  the 
talk  of  chililren. 

PRAT'TLE,  n.  Trifling  talk;  loquacity  on 
trivial  subjects. 

Merc  prattle  without  practice. 
Is  all  his  soldiership.  Shak 

PRATTLEMENT,  n.  Prattle.  Hayky. 

PK.\T'TLER,  »i.  An  idle  talker.       Ihrbcrt. 

PRAT'TLING,  ppr.  Talking  much  on  triv- 
ial affairs. 

PRAV'ITY,  n.  [L.  pravilas,  from  pravus. 
crooked,  evil.] 

Deviation  from  right  ;  moral  perversion  : 
want  of  rectitude ;  corrupt  state  ;  as  the 
pravity  of  liumuii  nature  ;  the  pravily  of 
the  will.  Millun.     South. 

PR,\WN,  n.  A  small  crustaceoiis  fish  of 
the  genus  (Saucer,  vvitli  a  serrated  snout 
bending  upwards.  Eiicyc. 

PRAX'IS,  n.  [L.  lioin  the  Gr.  See  Prac- 
tice]    U.sc;  practice.  Coventry. 

2.  An  exami)le  or  form  to  teach  practice. 

Lowlh. 

PRAY,  ti.  I.  [Fr.  prier;  \i.  prepare;  L.  prt- 
cor  ;  Ross.  ^rocAu  ;  allied  perhaps  to  the 
Sii\.fnegiiaii,  (i.  fragea,  I>.  vraagen,  Sw. 
fr&ga,  to  ask,  K.  proco.  This  word  be- 
longs to  the  same  family  af,  preach  and  re- 
proach, Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  Elli.  Ar.  pj  to 
bless,  to  reproach  ;  rendered  in  Job  ii.  'J,, 
to  curse;  properly,  to  reproach,  to  rail  at 
or  upbraid,  W.  rhegu.  The  primary  sense 
is  to  throw,  to  pour  fortli  sounds  or 
words;    for    the   same    word    in    Arabic, 


^ 


baraka,  signifies  to  pour  out  water, 


as  in  violent  rain,  Gr.  lipfX'^.  See  Rain. 
As  the  oriental  word  signifies  to  bless, 
and  to  reproach  or  curse,  so  in  Latin  the 
same  word  precor  signifies  to  supplicate 
good  or  evil,  and  precis  signifies  a  prayer 
and  a  curse.  See  Imprecate.  Class  Brg. 
No.  3.  and  see  No.  4.  (j.  7.  8.] 

1.  To  ask  with  earnestness  or  zeal,  as  for  a 
favor,  or  for  something  desirable ;  to  en- 
treat ;  to  supplicate. 

Pray  for  Ilium  who  despitefuUy  use  you  and 
persecute  you.     Matt.  v. 

2.  To  petition ;  to  ask.  as  for  a  favor ;  as  in 
application  to  a  legislative  body. 

3.  In  u'orship,  to  address  the  Supreme  Being 
with  solemnity  and  reverence,  with  ado- 
ration, confession  of  sins,  supplication  for 
mercy,  and  thanksgiving  for  blessings  re- 
ceived. 

When  thou  prauest,  enter  into  tliy  closet,  and 
when  thou  hast  stiut  thy  door,  pray  to  thy  Fa- 
ther who  is  ill  secret,  and  thy  Father  who 
seeth  in  secret,  shall  reward  thee  openly.  Matt. 
vi. 


PRE 

4.  I  pray,t\mt  is,  I  pray  you  tell  me,  or  let  me  [PREACH 
know,  is  a  common  mode  of  introducing  a 
question. 

PRAY,  V.  t.  To  supplicate;  to  entreat;  to 
urge.  j 

We  pray  you  in  Christ's  stead,  be  ye  reconcil- 
ed to  Uod.     2  Cor.  v. 

2.  Li  ivorship,  to  supplicate;  to  implore;  to 
ask  with  reverence  and  humility. 

Repent  therefore  of  lliis  thy  w  ickedncss,  and 
pray  God,  if  perhaps  tlie  thoiighl  of  thy  heart 
may  be  forgiven  thii'.     Aits  viii. 

3.  To  petition.  The  [ilaintif  prays  judg 
nient  of  the  court. 

He  that  will  have  the  benefit  of  this  act, 
must  pray  a  prohibition  before  a  sentence'  in  the 
ecclesiastical  court.  Jlyliffe. 

4.  To  ask  or  iutrcat  in  ceremony  or  form. 

Pray  my  colleague  .\utonius  I  may  speak 
with  him.  li.  Junstin. 

[In  most  instances,  this  verb  is  transitive 
only  by  ellipsis.  To  pray  Cod,  is  used  for 
to  pray  to  God  ;  to  pray  a  prohibition,  is  to 
pray  for  a  prohibition,  &c.] 

To  pray  in  aid,  in  law,  is  to  call  in  for  help 
one  who  has  interest  in  the  cause. 

iPRA'YER,  n.  In  a  general  serise,  the  act  of 

I     asking  for  a  favor,  and   particularly  with 

I     earnestness. 

3.  In  worship,  a  solemn  address  to  the  Su- 
preme Being,  cmisisting  of  adoration,  or 
an  e.vpression  of  our  sense  of  God's  glori- 

1  ous  perfections,  confession  of  our  sins, 
supplication  for  mercy  and  forgiveness, 
intercession  for  blessings  on  others,  and 
thanksgiving,  or  an  expression  of  gratitude 
to  God  for  his  mercies  and  benefits.  A 
prayer  however  may  consist  of  a  single 
petition,  and  it  may  be  extemporaneous, 
written  or  printed. 

|3.  A  formula  of  church  service,  or  of  wor- 
ship, public  or  private. 

4.  Practice  of  supplication. 

As  he  is  famed  for  mildness,  peace  and  prayer. 

Shak 

5.  That  part  of  a  iiiomcuial  or  petition  to  a 
public  boily,  which  specifies  the  request 
or  thing  desired  to  be  done  or  granted,  as 
distinct  from  the  recital  of  facts  or  reas 
ons  for  the  grant.  We  say,  the  prayer  of 
the  petition  is  that  the  petitioner  may 
be  discharged  from  arrest. 

PRA'YER-BQQK,  n.  A  book  containing 
prayers  or  the  forms  of  devotion,  public  or 
private.  Swift. 

PRA'YERFUL,  a.  Devotional;  stven  to 
prayer  ;  as  a  prayerful  frame  of  mind. 

'i.   Using  much  j)rayer. 

PRA'YERFULLY",  arff.  With  much  prayer. 

PRA'YERLESS,  a.  Not  using  prayer  ;  ha 
bitually  neglecting  the  duty  of  jirayer  to 
God  ;  as  a  prayerless  family. 

PRA'YERLESSNESS,  n.  Total  or  habit- 
ual net'lcct  of  praver.  T.  H.  Skinnrr. 

PR.-V'YING,  ppr.    AsUinc  ;  supplicating. 

PRA'YINGLY,  adv.  With  .^supplication  to 
God. 

PRE,  an  English  prefix,  is  the  L.  prw,  be- 

I  fore,  probably  a  contracted  word ;  Russ. 
pred.      It    expresses   iiriority   of  time   or 

I  rank.  It  may  be  radically  the  same  as  the 
Italian  proda,  the  prow  of  a  ship ;  prode, 
profit,  also  valiant,  whence  prowess,  from 
some  root  signifying  to  advance.  It  some- 
times signifies  beyond,  and  may  be  render- 
ed very,  as  in  prepotent. 


P  R  E 

,  1.  [D.  prf.cken  ;  Fr.  pricker, 
(or  preschcr ;  Arm.  prcgnein  or  prezecq  ; 
W.  prcg,  a  greeting ;  pregcth,  a  sermon ; 
prcgethu,  to  iireach,  derived  from  the 
noun,  ami  the  noun  from  r/ifg',  a  sending 
out,  utterance,  a  gift,  a  curse,  imprecation  ; 
rhcgu,  to  send  out,  to  give  or  consign,  to 
curse ;  Heb.  (Jli.  Ar.  "pi  ;  L.  proeco,  a 
crier.  Sax.  fricca  or  fryccca,  a  crier.  This 
is  from  the  same  root  as  Jtray,  L.  precor, 
and  with  s  prefixed,  gives  the  G.  sprechen, 
D.  spreekcn,  Sw.  sprlika,  to  speak  ;  Dan. 
sprog,  speech.     Class  Brg.  \o.  2.  3.  4.  5.] 

1.  To  pronounce  a  public  discourse  on  a  re- 
ligious subject,  or  from  a  tc^xt  of  Scripture. 
Tlic  word  is  usually  applied  to  such  dis- 
courses as  are  formed  from  a  text  of 
Scriptmo.  This  is  the  modern  sense  of 
preach. 

ri.  To  discourse  on  the  gospel  way  of  salva- 
tion and  exhort  to  repentance ;  to  dis- 
course on  evangelical  truths  and  exhort  to 
a  belief  of  them  and  acceptance  of  the 
terms  of  salvation.  This  was  the  extem- 
poraneous manner  of  preaching  pursued 
by  Christ  and  his  apostles.  Matt.  iv.  x. 
A(?ts  X.  xiv. 
PREACH,  I',  t.  To  proclaim  ;  to  publish  in 
religious  discourses. 

AVhat  ye  hear  in  thi^  car,  that  preach  ye  on 
the  liouso-tops.     M.ill.  X. 

The  I.or.l   hath  anointed   me  to  preach  good 
tidiiiijs  to  the  meek.     Is.  Ixi. 
•i.  To  inculcate  in  public  discourses. 

I  have  preached  righteousness  iu  the  great 
congregation.      Ps.  xl. 

He  oft  to  ihempreach'd 
Conversion  and  repentance.  .^fdton. 

To  preach   Christ  or  Christ  crucified,  to  an- 
nounce   Christ  as   the  only  Savior,  ami 
his  atonement  as  the  only  ground  of  ac- 
ceptance with  God.     1  Cor.  i. 
To  preach  up,  to  discour.se  in  favor  of. 
Can  they  preach  up  ecpiality  of  birth  .' 

Dry  den. 

PREACH,  n.  A  religious  discourse.  [AV 
used.]  Hooker. 

PRE'.\("HF.D, /)/).  Proclaimed;  announced 
in  public  discourse  ;  inculcated. 

PRE'ACHER,  n.  One  who  discourses  pub- 
licly on  religious  subjects.  Bacon. 

2.  One  that  inculcates  any  thing  with  earn- 
estness. 

tio  preacher  \i  listened  to  but  time.       Swift. 

PRE'ACIIEKSHIP,  n.  The  oflice  of  a 
preacher.     [.Vo/  used.]  Hall. 

PRE'ACHING,  f/jr.  Proclaiming;  publish- 
ing in  discourse:  inculcating. 

PREACHING,  n.  Tlie  act  of  preaching; 
a  public  religious  discourse.  Milner. 

PRE'.VCHM.VX,  n.  A  [neachcr;  in  con- 
tempt. Howell. 

PRE'ACH.AIENT,  ji.  .A.  discourse  or  ser- 
mon; in  contempt;  a  discourse  afiectedly 
solemn.  Shak. 

PREACQIJA'INTANCE,  »i.  Previous  ac- 
quaintance or  knowledge.  Harris. 

PREACtiUA  INTED,  «.  Previously  ac- 
quainted. Sheridan. 

PREAD'AMITE,»i.  [pre, before,  anil.ldam.] 

An  inhabitant  of  the  earth  that  lived  before 
Adam.  Pereyra. 

PREADAAUTTC,  a.  Designating  what 
existed  before  Adam ;  as  fictitious  pread- 
amitic  period.s.  Kirwan. 


PRE 


PRE 


PRE 


PREADMINISTRA'TION,  n.  Previous 
a<lii)inistration.  Pearson. 

PKEADMON'ISH,  v.  t.  To  admonish  pre- 
viously. 

PREADMONI'TION,  n.  Previous  warn- 
ing or  admonition. 

PREAMBLE,  ji.  [It.  preambolo ;  Sp.  pre- 
ambuto  ;  Fr.  preambule  ;  L.  prw,  before, 
and  amhuto,  to  go.] 

1.  Something  previous ;  introduction  to  a 
discourse  or  writing. 

2.  The  introductory  part  of  a  statute,  which 
states  the  reasons  and  intent  of  the  law. 

Encyc.    Dryden 

PRE'AMBLE,  v.  t.  To  jireface  ;  to  intro 
duce  with  previous  remarks.  Feltkam. 

PREAM'BULARY,  >        Previous  ;     intro 

PREAM'BIJLOUS,  S  "'  ductory.  [Mt  us- 
ed.] Brown. 

PREAM'BULATE,  v.  i.  [L.  pro:,  before, 
and  ambulo,  to  walli.]  To  walk  or  go  he- 
fore.  Jordan. 

PREAMBULA'TION,  71.  A  preamble.  [JVot 
in  use.]  Chancer. 

2.  A  walking  or  going  before. 

PREAM'BULATORY,  a.  Going  before  ; 
preceding.  Taylor. 

PREAPPREHEIN'SION,  n.  [See  Appre- 
hend.] An  opinion  formed  before  exam- 
ination. Brown. 

PREASE,  ?!.  Press  ;  crowd.  [JVot  used. 
See  Press.]  Chapman 

PRE'ASING,  ppr.  or  a.  Crowding.  [jYol. 
used.]  Spenser. 

PREAU'DIENCE,  n.  [See  Audience.]  Pre 
cedence  or  rank  at  the  bar  among  law- 
yers; riglit  of  previous  audience. 

Blackslone. 

PREB'END,  n.  [It.  prebenda,  prebend,  pro- 
vision ;  Sp.  prebenda ;  Fr.  prebende,  from 
L.  prccbeo,  to  afford,  to  allow.] 

1.  The  stipend  or  maintenance  granted  out 
of  the  estate  of  a  cathedral  or  collegiate 
church.  Prebends  are  simple  or  dignita- 
ry ;  simple,  when  they  are  restricted  to  the 
revenue  only,  and  dignitary,  when  they 
have  jurisdiction  annexed  to  them. 

Encyc. 

2.  A  prebendary.     [JVot  in  use.]  Bacon. 
PREBEND' AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  prebend. 

Chesterfield. 

PREB'ENDARY,  n.  [Fr.  prebendier.]  An 
ecclesiastic  who  enjoys  a  prebend  ;  the 
stipendiary  of  a  cathedral  church. 

Surijl. 
A  prebendary  differs  from  a  canon  in 
this;  the  prebendary  receives  his  prebend 
in  consideration  of  his  officiating  in  the 
church  ;  the  canon  merely  in  consequence 
of  his  being  received  into  the  cathedral  or 
college.  Encyc. 

PREB'ENDARYSHIP,  »i.  The  office  of  ji 
prebendary  ;  a  canonry.  ll'otton 

PREeA'RIOL'S,  a.  [L.  precaiius,  from  pre- 
cor,  to  pray  or  entreat ;  primarily,  depend- 
ing on  request,  or  on  the  will  of  another.] 

1.  Depending  on  the  will  or  pleasure  of  an- 
other ;  held  by  courtesy ;  liable  to  be 
changed  or  lost  at  the  pleasure  of  anoih 
or.  A  privilege  depending  on  another's 
\v\\\  is  precaiious,  or  held  by  a  precarious 
tenure.  Addison. 

2.  Uncertain  ;  held   l)y   a   doubtful    tenure 
depending    on    unknown    or   unforeseen 
I'auses  or  events.    Temporal  prosperity 


precarious  ;  personal  advantages,  health, 
strength  and  beauty  are  all  precarious,  de-l 
pending  on  a  thousand  accidents. 

Rogers.] 
We  say  also,  the  weather  is  precarious  ;| 
a  [jhrase  in  whicli  we  depart  not  inore| 
from  the  primary  sense  of  the  word,  than! 
we  do  in  a  large  part  of  all  the  \\ords  in 
the  language. 

PRECA'RIOUSLY,  adv.  At  the  will  or! 
pleasure  of  others;  dependently  ;  by  an 
uncertain  tenure  ;  as,  he  subsists  precari-\ 
ously.  Lesley.     Pope.] 

PRECA'RIOUSNESS,  ji.  Uncertainty  ;  de- 
pendence on  the  will  or  jtleasure  of  oth- 
ers, or  on  unknown  events ;  as  the  preca- 
riousness  of  life  or  health. 

PRE'€ATIVE,    I       [L.  prccor,    to    pray.] 

PRE'CATORY,  ^  Suppliant  ;  beseech- 
in".  Harris.     Hopkins. 

PREeAU'TlON,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  precaulus, 
prcecaveo ;  prw,  before,  and  caveo,  to  take 
care.] 

Previous  caution  or  care ;  caution  previous- 
ly employed  to  prevent  mischief  or  secure 
good  in  possession.  Addison. 

PRECAUTION,  V.  I.  To  warn  or  advise 
beforehand  for  preventing  mischief  or  se- 
curing good.  Locke. 

PRECAU'TIONAL,  a.  Preventive  of  mis- 
chief Atonlague. 

PRECAU'TIONARY,  a.  Containing  pre- 
vious caution  ;  as  precautionary  advice  or 
admonition. 

2.  Proceeding  from  previous  caution  ;  adapt 
ed  to  prevent  nfischief  or  secure  good  ;  as 
prccai(h'o?iaru  measures. 

PRECEDA'NEOUS,  a.  [from  precede,  L. 
prcecedo.] 

Preceding ;  antecedent ;  anterior.  [jVot  u.ied.] 

Hale. 

PRECE'DE,  V.  I.  [L.  prwcedo  ;  pra;  before, 
and  cedo,  to  move.] 

1.  To  go  before  in  the  order  of  time.     Th 
corruption  of  morals  precedes   the  ruin  of 
a  state. 

2.  To  go  before  in  rank  or  importance. 

3.  To  cause  something  to  go  before ;  to 
make  to  take  place  in  prior  time. 

It   is  usual  to  precede  hostililies  by  a  public 
declaration.    [Unusual.]  Jtent. 

PRECEDED,  pp.  Being  gone  before. 
PRECE'DENCE,  )       The  act   or  state  of 
PRECE'DENCY,  (,  "'  going  before  ;  prior- 
ity in  lime  ;  as  the  precedence  of  one  event 
to  another. 

The  state  of  going  or  being  before  in  rank 
or  dignity  or  the  place  of  honor;  the  riglu 
to  a  tnore  honorable  place  in  public  pro- 
cessions, in  seats  or  in  the  civilities  of  life. 
Precedence  depends  on  the  order  of  nature 
or  rank  established  by  God  himself,  as  that 
due  to  age  ;  or  on  courtesy,  custom  or  po 
litical  distinction,  as  that  due  to  a  govern- 
or or  senator,  who,  though  younger  in 
years,  takes  rank  of  a  subordinate  officer, 
though  older;  or  it  is  settled  by  authori- 
ty, as  in  Great  Britain.  In  tlie  latter  case, 
a  violation  of  the  right  of  precedence  is  ac- 
tionable. 

Precedence  went  in  truck, 
And  lie  was  competent  whose  purse  was  so. 

Cnii'jjcr. 

3.  The  foremost  in  ceremony.  .Milton. 

4.  Superiority;  superior  importance  or  in 
flucncc. 


Wliich  of  the  different  desires  has  precedency 
in  determining  the  will  to  the  next  action. 

Locke. 
PRECEDENT,  a.  Going  tefore   in   time  : 
anterior ;  antecedent ;  as  precedent  servi- 
ces; a  precedent  fault  of  the  will. 

The   world,  or  any  pai  t  thereof,  could  not  be 
precedent  to  the  creation  of  man.  Hale. 

A  precedent  condition,  in  law,  is  a  condition 
whicli  must  happen  or  be  performed  be- 
fore an  estate  or  some  right  can  vest,  and 
on  failure  of  which  the  estate  or  right  is 
defeated.  Blackstone. 

PREC  EDENT,  n.  Something  done  or  said, 
that  may  serve  or  be  adduced  as  an  ex- 
ample to  authorize  a  subsequent  act  of  the 
like  kind. 

Examples  for  cases  can  but  direct  as  prece- 
dents only.  Hooker. 
2.  In  law,   a  judicial  decision,  interlocutory 
or  final,  which  serves  as  a  rule  for  future 
determinations  in  similar  or  analogous  ca- 
ses ;  or  any  proceeding  or  course  of  pro- 
ceedings which   may  serve  for  a  rule  in 
subsequent  cases  of  a  like  nature. 
PREC'EDENTED,    a.    Having    a    prece- 
dent ;  authorized  by  an  example  of  a  like 
kind. 
PRECE'DENTLY,   adv.   Beforehand  ;  an- 
tecedently. 
PRECEL'LENCE,    n.    Excellence.     [JVot 
in  use.]                                               Sheldon. 
PRECEN'TOR,  n.  [Low  h.  pra;centor ;  Fr. 
precenteur  ;  It.  precentore  ;  L.  prw,  before, 
and  canto,  to  sing.] 
The  leader  of  the  choir  in  a  cathedral ;  call- 
ed also  the  chanter  or  master  of  the  choir. 

Encyc. 
PRECEPT,  )i.  [Fr.  precepte ;  Sp.precepto; 
It.  precetto ;  L.  pra:replu,m,  front  prcecipio, 
to  command  ;  pro:,  before,  and  capio,  to 
take.] 
1.  In  a  general  sense,  any  commandment  or 
order  intended  as  an  aiulioritative  rule  of 
action;  but  applied  particularly  to  com- 
mands respecting  moral  conduct.  The 
ten  commandments  are  so  many  precepts 
for  the  regulation  of  our  moral  conduct. 

No  arts  arc  without  their  ^)ece7)/s.     Dryden. 
In  law,  a  command   or  mandate  in  wri- 


2. 

ting.  Encyc. 

PRECEP'TIAL,  a.  Consisting  of  precepts. 
^Vot  in  u.'te.]  Shak. 

PRECEP'TION,  n.  A  precept.  [.\'ut  in. 
use.  I  Hall. 

PRECEP'TIVE,  a.  [L.  pro'ceplivus.]  Giv- 
ing precepts  or  commands  for  the  regula- 
tion of  moral  conduct ;  containing  pre- 
cepts ;  as  the  preceptive  parts  of  the  Scrip- 
tures. 

Directing  in  moral  conduct  ;  giving  rules 
or  directions ;  chdactic. 

Tile  lesson  given  us  here  is  preceptive  to  us. 
Z,'Eslrange. 
Preceptive  poetry.  Encyc. 

PRECEPTOR,  n.  [L.  praceptor.  See  Pre- 
cept.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  Wacher  ;  an  instructor. 

2.  In  a  restricted  sense,  tlie  teacher  of  a 
school  ;  sometimes,  the  principal  teacher 
of  an  academy  or  other  seminary. 

PRECEPTORIAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  pre- 
ceptor. Lit.  Magazine. 
PRECEP'TORY,  a.  Giving  precepts. 

Anderson. 

j'PRECEP'TORY,   n.     A   subordinate   reli- 

aious  Iiouse  where  instruction  was  given. 


PRE 


PRE 


PRE 


PRECES'SION,  n.  [Fr. precession ;  It. pre- 
cessione  ;  tioin  the  L.  processus,  prcecedo, 
to  go  before.] 

1.  Literally,  the  act  of  going  licfore,  but  in 
this  sense  rarely  or  never  used. 

2.  Ill  astronomy,  tlie  precession  of  the  equinox. 
is  an  aiuiual  motion  of  the  c(|uinox,  or 
point  when  the  ecliptic  intersects  th 
eqiiutor,  to  the  westward,  atnountiiig  to 
50i''.  This  [ireccssion  was  discovered  by 
Hi|i()anhus,  a  century  and  a  lialf  before 
the  christian  era,  though  it  is  allcdgei" 
that  the  astronomers  of  India  liad  discov- 
ered it  long  before.  At  that  time,  the 
point  of  the  autumnal  equinox  was  about 
six  degrees  to  the  eastward  of  the  star 
called  spica  virginis.  In  1750,  that  is, 
about  nineteen  hundred  years  after,  this 
point  was  observed  to  be  about  20°  21' 
westward  of  that  star.  Hence  it  appears 
that  the  equinoctial  points  will  make  an 
entire  revolution  in  about  25,745  years. 

Ena/c. 
PRE'CINCT,  n.    [L.  pra-cinclus,  pracingo 
to  encompass  ;  pnr  and  cingo,  to  surround 
or  gird.] 

1.  The  limit,  bound  or  exterior  line  encom- 
passing a  place  ;  us  the  precincts   of  light, 

Milto7i. 

2.  Bounds  of  jurisdiction,  or  tlie  whole  ter 
ritory  comprehended  within  the  limits  of 
authority. 

Take  the  body  of  A  B,  if  to  be  found  wKliin 
yom  jirecitiets.  Technical  Law 

3.  A  territorial  district  or  division. 

It  is  to  be  observed  that  this  word  is  gen- 
erally used  in  the  plural,  e.xcept  in  the 
third  sense. 

Ill  case  of  non-acceptance  [of  the  collector] 
the  palish  or  precinct  shall  proceed  to  a  new 
choice.  Law  of  Massachusetts 

PRECIOSITY,  for  preciousness  or  value 
not  used.  Brown.     More. 

PRE"C10US,  a.  [Fr.  precieux  :  L.pretiosus, 
from  pretium,  price.     See  Praise.] 

1.  Of  great  price;  costly;  as  a  precious 
stone. 

2.  Of  great  value  or  worth ;  very  valuable 

She  is  more  preci(nt.s  tlian  rubies.     Prov.  iii 

3.  Highly  valued  ;  much  esteemed. 

The  word  of  the  J^ord  was  precious  in  those 
days  ;  there  was  no  open  vision.     1  Sam.  iii. 

4.  Worthless ;  in  irony  and  contempt. 

Locke. 

Precious  metals,  gold  and  silver,  so  called  on 
account  of  their  value. 

PRE"C10USLY,  adv.  Valuably  ;  to  a  great 
price. 

2.  Contemptibly  ;  in  irony. 

PRE"CIOUSNESS,  n.  Valuableness  ;  great 
value  ;  high  price.  tVilkins. 

PRECIPE,  II.  pres'ipy.  [L.  pracipio.  See 
Precept.'\ 

In  laiv,  a  writ  commanding  the  defend- 
ant to  do  a  certain  thing,  or  to  show  cause 
to  the  contrary  ;  giving  him  his  choice  to 
redress  the  injury  or  to  stand  the  suit. 

Blachslone. 

PRECIPICE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  prmcipitium, 
from  prcFceps,  headlong  ;  prw,  forward, 
and  ceps,  for  caput,  head.     See  Chief] 

1.  Strictly,  a  falling  headlong  ;  hence,  a 
steep  descent  of  land  ;  a  fall  or  descent  of 
land,  perpendicular  or  nearly  so. 

Where  wealth,  like  fruit,  on  precipices  grew 

Vryden.l 


2.  A  steep  descent,  in  general. 

ill  tlie  breaking  of  the  waves   there   is  ever 
a  precipice.  Bacon. 

Swift  down  the  precipice  of  time  it  goes. 

Vniden. 
PRECIP'IENT,    a.     [L.  prxcipicns.      See 

Precept.]     Commanding ;  directing. 
PRECIPITABIL'ITY,  n.    [from  precipita- 
ble.]     The  quality  or  state   of  being  pre- 
cipitable. 
PRECIP'ITABLE,  a.    [from   L.  prxcipilo, 

from  praceps,  headlong.] 
That  may  be  precipitated  or  cast  to  the  bot- 
tom, as  a  substance  in  solution. 
PRECIP'ITANCE,  )        [from   precipitant.] 
PRECIP'ITANCY,  \  "■  Headlong     hurry  ; 
rash  haste  ;  haste  in  resolving,  forming  an 
opinion  or  executing  a  purpose  without 
due  deliberation. 

Hurried  on  by  the  precipitance  of  youth. 

Swift. 
Rashness  and  precipitance  of  judgment. 

Watts. 
2.  Hurry  ;  great  liaste  in  going.  Milton. 

PRECIP'ITANT,  a.  [L.  pracipitans,  prce- 
cipito,  from p)«ce;)s,  headlong.] 

1.  Falling  or  rushing  headlong  ;  rushing' 
down  with  velocity. 

They  leave  their  little  lives 
Above  the  clouds,  precipitant  to  earth. 

Philips. 

2.  Hasty  ;  urged  with  violent  haste. 
Should  he  return,   tliat  troop   so   blithe  and 

bold. 
Precipitant  in  fear,  would  wing  their  (light. 

Pope. 

3.  Rashly  hurried  or  hasty  ;  as  precipitant 
rebellion.  A'.  Charles. 

4.  Unexpectedly  brought  on  or  hastened. 

Taylor. 

PRECIP'ITANT,  n.  In  chimistry,  a  liipior, 
which  when  |)Oured  on  a  solution,  sepa- 
rates w  hat  is  dissolved  and  makes  it  pre- 
cipitate, or  fall  to  the  bottom  in  a  concretCi 
state.  Enciic. 

PRECIP'ITANTLY,  adv.  With  great 
haste  ;  with  rash  unadvised  haste  ;  with 
tumiiliiioiis  hurrv.  Milton.' 

iniEVW  ITA'lE,' V.  t.    [L.  priccipilo,  fromj 

]     praceps,  heaillong.     See  Precipice.] 

1.  To  throw  headlong;  as,  lie  precipitated 
himself  from  a  tock.  Milton.     IJn/dcn. 

2.  To  urge  or  press  with  eagerness  or  vio- 
lence ;  as,  to  precipitate  a  flight.      Drydcn.\ 

3.  To  hasten.  j 

Shorl  intermittent    and    swift  recurrent  pains 
do  precipitate  patients  into  consumptions. 

Harvey. 

4.  To  hurry  blindly  or  rashly. 
If  they  be  daring,  it  may  jtrecipitate  their  de- 
signs and  prove  dangerous.  Bacon. 

5.  To  throw  to  the  bottom  of  a  vessel ;  as  a 
substance  in  solution.  i 

All   metals  may  be  precipitated  by  alkaline 
salts  Enctjc.' 

PRECIP'ITATE,  v.i.  To  fall  headlong. 

Shak. 

2.  To  fall  to  the  bottom  of  a  vessel,  as  sed- 
iment, or  any  substance  in  solution. 

Bacon. 

3.  To  hasten  without  preparation.      Bacon. 
PRECIP'ITATE,    a.    Falling,   flowing   or 

rushing  w  ith  steep  descent. 

Precipitate  the  fuiious  torrent  flows.     Prior. 
2.  Headlong;  over  hasty  ;  rashly  hasty  ;  as, 
the  king  was  too  precipitate  in  declaring 
war. 


3.  Adopted  with  haste  or  without  due  de- 
liberation ;  hasty ;  as  a  precipitate  meas- 
ure. 

4.  Hasty ;  violent  ;  terminating  speedily  in 
death  ;  as  a  precipitate  case  of  disease. 

.Irbuthnof. 
PRECIP'ITATE,  n.  A  substance  which, 
having  been  dissolved,  is  again  separated 
from  its  solvent  and  thrown  to  the  bottom 
of  the  vessel  by  pouring  another  liquor 
upon  it. 


Precipitate  per  se,  }  the  red  oxyd  or_peroxyd 
Red  precijntate,     ^  of  i  "'" 

PRECIPITATED,  pp.  Hurried; 


mercury. 


Thomson. 
hastened 
rashly  ;  thrown  headlong. 

PRECIPITATELY,  adv.  Headlong;  with 
steep  descent. 

2.  Hastily ;  with  rash  haste  ;  without  due 
caution.  Neither  praise  nor  censure  prc- 
civitateli/. 

PRECH"'ITATING,  ppr.  Thowing  head- 
long; hurrying;  hastening  rashly. 

PRECIPITATION,    n.     [L.  pracipitatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  throwing  heaillong.  Shak. 

2.  A  falling,  flowing  or  rushing  down  with 
violence  and  rapidity. 

The  hurrj-,  precipitation  and  rapid  motion  of 
the  water.  Woodward. 

Great   hurry  ;    rash,  tumultuous  haste  ; 
rapid  movement. 

The  precipitation  of  inexperience   is   often 
restrained  by  shame.  Rambler. 

A.  The  act  or  operation  of  throwing  to  the 
bottom  of  a  vessel  any  substance  held  in 
solution  bj'  its  menstruum.  Precipitation 
is  often  effected  by  a  double  elective  at- 
traction. "  Enaic. 

PRECIPITATOR,  n.  One  that  urges  on 
with  vehemence  or  rashness.      Hammond. 

PRECIPITOUS,  a.  [L.  praceps.]  Very 
steep  ;  as  a  precipitous  clifi  or  luounlaiu. 

2.  Headlong;  directly  or  rapidly  descend- 
ing; as  a  precipitous  full.  K.  Charles. 

3.  Hasty  ;  rash  ;  heady. 

Advice  unsafe,  precipitous  and  bold. 

Dryden. 

PRECIPITOUSLY,  adv.  With  steep  de- 
scent ;  in  violent  haste. 

PRECIP'ITOUSNESS,  n.  Steepness  of 
descent. 

2.  Rash  haste.  Hammond. 

PRECI'SE,  a.  [L.  pracisus,  from  prcecido, 
to  cut  off;  pro-  and  cado  ;  literally,  cut  or 
pared  away,  that  is,  pared  to  smoothness 
or  exactness.] 

1.  Exact;  nice;  definite;  ha\  ing  determin- 
ate limitations  ;  not  loose,  vague,  uncor- 
tain  or  equivocal  ;  as  precise  rules  of  mo- 
rality ; /)reme  directions  tor  life  and  con- 
duct. 

The  law  in  this  point  is  precise.  Bacon. 

For  the  hour  p7-ecise 

Exacts  our  parting.  JHlton. 

Formal ;  superstitiously  exact  ;  exces- 
sively nice ;  punctilious  in  conduct  or  cer- 
emony. Addison. 
PRECISELY,  adv.  Exactly  ;  nicely  ;  ac- 
curately ;  in  exact  conformity  to  triith  or 
to  a  tnodel.  The  ideas  are  preciseli/  ex- 
pressed. The  time  of  an  eclipse  may  be 
precisely  determined  by  calculation. 

^Tien  more  of  these  orders  than  one  are  to 
be  set  in  several  stories,  (here  must  be  an  ex- 
quisite care  to  place  the  columns  preciseli/  one 
over  another.  Wotton. 


PRE 


PRE 


PRE 


U.  With  excess  of  formality;  with  scrupu- 
lous exactness  or  punctiliousness  in  be- 
havior or  ceremony. 

PRECrSENESS,  n.  Exactness ;  rigid 
nicety  ;  as  the  preciseness  of  words  or  ex- 
pressions. 

I  will  distinguish  the  cases  ;  though  give  me 
leave,  in  handling  them,  not  to  sever  them  with 
too  much  preciseiiesa.  Bacon. 

2.  Excessive  regard  to  forms  or  rules  ;  rigid 
formality. 

PRECr'SIAN,  n.  s  as  z.  One  that  limits  or 
restrains.  Shak 

2.  One  who  is  rigidly  or  ceremoniously  ex- 
act in  the  observance  of  rules. 

Drayton.     Walls. 

PRECr'SIANISM,    n.     Excessive    exact- 
ness ;  superstitious  rigor.  Milton 
[These  two   words  are,  I  believe,  little 
used,  or  not  at  all.] 

PRECP'SION,  n.  s  as  :.  [Fr.from  L.prffici 
sio.\  E.xact  limitation  ;  exactness;  accina 
cy.  Precisiott  in  the  use  of  words  is  a  prime 
excellence  in  discourse  ;  it  is  indispensa 
ble  in  controversy,  in  legal  instruments 
and  in  mathematical  calculations.  Nei- 
ther perspicuity  nor  precision  should  be 
sacrificed  to  ornament. 

PRECI'SIVE,  a.  Exactly  limiting  by  sepa- 
rating what  is  not  relative  to  the  purpose; 
as  precisive  abstraction.  Walls. 

PRECLUDE,  v.t.  [L.  pra:cludo ;  pros,  be- 
fore, and  cludo,  claudo,  to  shut.] 

1.  To  prevent  from  entering  by  previously 
shutting  the  passage,  or  by  any  previous 
measures  ;  hence,  to  hinder  from  access, 
possession  or  enjoyment.  Sin,  by  its  very 
nature,  precludes  the  sinner  from  heaven  ; 
h  precludes  the  enjoyment  of  God's  favor  ; 
or  it  precludes  the  favor  of  God. 

The  valves  preclude  the  blood  liom  entering 
the  veins.  Danpin. 

2.  To  prevent  from  happening  or  taking 
place. 

PRECLU'DED,  pp.  Hindered  from  enter- 
ing or  enjoyment  ;  debarred  from  some- 
thing bv  previous  obstacles. 

PREeLU'DING,  ;)/)*•.  Shutting  out ;  pre- 
venting from  access  or  possession  or  from 
having  place. 

PRECLUSION,  n.  s  as  :.  The  act  of  shut- 
ting out  or  preventing  from  accessor  pos- 
session ;  the  state  of  beitig  prevented  from 
entering,  possession  or  enjoyment. 

Ramhler. 

PRECLU'SIVE,  a.  Shutting  out,  or  tend- 
ing to  preclude  ;  hindering  by  previous 
obstacles.  Burke. 

PRECLU'SIVELY,  adv.  With  hinderance 
by  anticipation. 

PRECO'CIOUS,  a.  [L.  praxo.r ;  prw,  be- 
fore, and  coquo,  to  cook  or  prepare.] 

J.  Ripe  before  the  proper  or  natural  time; 
as  precocious  trees.  Brown. 

2.  Premature. 

PRECO'CIOUSNESS,  ?        Rapid   growth 

PRECOCITY,  ^"-   and      ripeness 

before  the  usual  time ;    prematureness. 

Hoivell. 
I  cannot  learn  that  he  gave,  in  liis  youth,  any 
evidence  of  that  ;)recofi7^  which  sometimes  dis- 
tinguishes uncommon  genius. 

WirVs  Life  of  P.  Henri/ 

PRECO(i'ITATE,  v.t.  (L.  pracogito ;  prcc\ 
and  cosiito.} 


To  consider  or  contrive  beforehand.  [Little 
used.^  Sherwood. 

PRECOgITA'TION,  71.  Previous  thought 
or  consideration.  Did 

PRECOGNITA.     [See  Pracognito.] 

PRECOGNP'TION,  n.  [L.  prm,  before,  and 
cognitio,  knowledge.] 

1.  Previous  knowledge;  antecedent  exam 
illation.  Fotherby. 

2.  In  Scots  law,  an  examination  of  witnesses 
to  a  criminal  act,  before  a  judge,  justice  of 
the  peace  or  sherif,  before  the  prosecu- 
tion of  the  offender,  in  order  to  know 
whether  there  is  ground  of  trial,  and  to 
enable  the  prosecutor  to  set  forth  tlie  facts 
in  the  libel.  Ena/c. 

PRECOMPO'SE,  V.  t.  [See  Compose.]  to 
compose  beforehand.  Johnson 

PRECOMPO  SED,  pp.  Composed  before 
hand. 

PRECOMPO'SING,;);)r.  Composing  before- 
hand. 

PRECONCE'IT,  n.  [See  Pieconceive.]  An 
opinion  or  notion  previously  formed. 

Hooker. 

PRECONCEIVE,  V.  t.  [h.pra:,  before,  and 
concipio,  to  conceive.] 

To  form  a   conception   or  opinion    before- 
hand ;  to  form  a  previous  notion  or  idea. 
In  a  dead  plain,   the  way  seems  tin-   longer 
because  the  eye  has  jirecunceived  it  shorter  than 
the  truth.  Bacon. 

PRECONCE'IVED,  pp.  Conceived  before- 
hand ;  previously  formed  ;  as  preconceived 
opinions  ;  preconceived  ends  or  i)urposes 

Soidh. 

PRECONCE'IVING,  ppr.  Conceiving  or 
forming  beforehand. 

PRECONCEP'TION,  n.  Conception  or 
opinion  previously  formed.  Hakeioill. 

PRECONCERT',  v.  t.  [pre  and  concert.]  To 
concert  beforehand  ;  to  settle  by  juevious 
agreement. 

PRECONCERTED,  pp.  Previously  con 
ceried  or  settled.  Warton. 

PRECONCERT'ING,  ppr.  Contriving  and 
sett  line  beforehand. 

PRECONIZA'TION,  n.  [Upraconium,  from 
pra'co,  a  crier.] 

A  publishing  by  proclamation,  or  a  proe- 
amation.     [JVol  used.]  Hall. 

PRECONSIGN,  V.  t.  [pre  and  consign.]  To| 
consign  beforehand ;  to  make  a  previous 
consignment  of 

PRECON'STITUTE,  v.  t.  [pre  and  co7isti- 
tutc] 

To  constitute  or  establish  beforehand. 

PRECON'STITUTED,  pp.  Previously  es- 
tablished. Paley. 

PRECON'STITUTING,  ppr.  Constituting 
beforehand. 

PRECON'TRACT,  n.  [pre  and  conlrncl.] 
A  contract  previous  to  another.  Shak. 

PRECONTRACT',  v.  t.  To  contract  or  stij)- 
ulate  previously. 

PRECONTRACT',  v.  i.  To  make  a  lucvi- 
ous  contract  or  agreement. 

PRECONTRACT'ED,  pp.  Previously  con- 
tracted or  stipulated  ;  previously  engaged 
by  contract ;  as  a  woman  precontracted  to 
another  man.  .dyliffr. 

PRECONTRACT' ING,  ppr.  Stipulating  or 
covenanting  beforehand. 

PRECURSE,  n.  precurs'.  [L.  pr<ecursus, pro'- 
curro ;  prw  and  curro,  to  run.] 

A  forerunning.     [JVot  used.]  Shak. 


PRECURS'OR,  n.  [L.  precursor,  supra.] 
A  forerunner;  a  harbinger;  he  or  that 
which  precedes  an  event  and  indicates  its 
approach  ;  as  Jove's  lightnings,  the  pre- 
cursors of  thunder.  Shak. 
A  cloud  ill  the  southwest,  in  winter  is 
often  the  precursor  of  a  snow  storm.  A 
hazy  atmosphere  in  the  west,  at  sunset,  is 
ot'ten  the  precursor  of  a  cloudy  or  of  a  rainy 
tlay  U.  States. 
Evil  thoughts  are  the  invisible,  airy  precurs- 
ors of  all  the  storms  and  tempests  of  the  soul. 

Buckminstej-. 

PRECURS'ORY,  a.  Preceding  as  the  har- 
binger ;  indicating  something  to  follow : 
aa  precursory  symptoms  of  a  fever. 

, Med.  Repos. 

PRECURS'ORY,  n.  An  introduction.  yVot 
lised.]  Hammond. 

PREDA'CEOUS,  a.  [L.  prcedaceus,  from 
prceda,  prey,  spoil.] 

Living  by  prey.  Derham. 

PRE'DAL,  o.  [L.  prcrfa,  prey.]  Pertaining 
to  prey. 

2.  Practicing  plunder.  Bovle 

PREDATORY,  a.  [L.  pradcUorius,  from 
prceda,  prey.] 

1.  Plundering;  pillaging;  characterized  by 
plundering;  practicing  rapine  ;  as  a  pred- 
atory war  ;  a  predatory  excursion  ;  a  pred- 
atory party. 

2.  Hungry;  ravenous;  as  predatory  spirits 
or  appetite.     [Hardly  allowable.]       Bacon 

PREDECEASE,  v.  i.  [pre  and  decease.] 
To  die  before.  Shak 

PR  EDECE'ASED,  a.  Dead  before.      Shak 

PREDECESSOR,  H.  [Fr.  pridicesseur ;  L. 
f)rce  and  decedo,  to  depart.] 

A  person  who  has  preceded  another  in  the 
same  office.  The  king,  the  president,  the 
judge,  or  the  magistrate,  follows  the  steps 
of  h'ln predecessor,  or  he  does  not  imitate  the 
example  of  his  predecessors.  It  is  distin- 
guished from  ancestor,  who  is  of  the  same 
blood ;  but  it  may  jierhaps  be  sometimes 
used  for  it.  Hooker.     Addison 

PREDESIGN,  V.  t.  To  design  or  purpose 
beforehand ;  to  jiredetermine. 

PREDESIGNED,  pp.  Purposed  or  deter- 
mined previouslv.  Mitford. 

PREDESIGNING,  ppr.  Designing 

PREDESTINA'RIAN,  n. 

ale.] 
One  that  believes  in  the  doctrine  of  predes- 
tination. Walton. 
PREDES'TINATE,  a.  Predestinated  ;  fore- 
ordained.                                             Bumel. 
PREDES'TINATE,  v.  t.  [It.  predestinare ; 

Fr.  predesliner  ;    L.  pradestino  ;  pra^  and 

destino,  to  appoint.] 
To  predetermine  or  foreordain  ;  to  appoint 

or  ordain  beforehand  by  an  unchangeable 

purpose. 

Whom  he  did  foreknow ,  he  also  did  predes- 

linate  to  be  coul'orined  to  the  image  of  his  Son. 

Rom.  \iii. 

Ha\m^  predestinated  us  unio  the  adoption 

of  children  by  Jesus  Christ  to  himself.  Eph  i 
PREDESTINATED,  pp.  Prcdetennined ; 

foreordained  ;  decreed. 
PREDESTINATING, p;)r.  Foreordaining; 

decreeing  ;  appointing  beforehand  by  an' 

unchangeable  purpose. 

Holding  predestination. 
.-Vnd  pricks  up  his  predestinating  ears. 

l^ryden. 


previ- 
[See  Predestin- 


PRE 


PRE 


PRE 


PREDESTINA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  de- 
creeing or  foreordaining  events  ;  tlie  de- 
cree of  God  l.y  which  he  hath,  from 
eternity,  iineliangeably  apjminted  or  de- 
termined whatever  comes  to  pass.  It  is^ 
used  particularly  in  theology  to  denote  the 
preordination  of  men  to  everlasting  )iaj>- 
piliess  or  misery.  Encyc. 

Predestination  is  a  part  of  the  unchangeal)le 
plan  of  the  divine  government  ;  or  in  otli-; 
er  words,  the  unchangeable  purpose  of  an 
unchangeable  God. 

PREDES'TINATOR,  n.  Properly,  one  that 
foroordainji. 

9    One  that  holds  to  predestination.     Cowky. 

PKEDES'TINE,  v.  t.  To  decree  before- 
hand :  to  foreordain. 

And  bill  predestintd  empires  rise  and  fall. 

Prior. 

PKEDETERM'INATE,  a.  Determined  be- 
forehand ;  as  tlie  predete nninate  io\\\isc\  ol, 
God.  Parktnirst. 

PREDETERMINA'TION,  n.  [See  Prcdt- 
termine.] 

1.  Previous  determination;  purpose  formed 
beforehand  ;  as  the  predderminntion  of 
God's  will.  Hammond. 

2.  PriJinotion  ;  that  concurriuicc  of  God 
which  determines  men  in  their  actions. 

Encyc. 
PREDETERM'INE,  v.  t.  [pre  and  determ- 
ine.] 
1.  To  determine    beforehand  ;   to  settle  iji 
purpose  or  counsel. 

ll'(io<l  foresees  events,  he  must  have  ]iridt-\ 


We  say,  the  country  is  in  a  singular />r«- 

dicnmeiit. 
PKEDKA MENTAL,   a.   Pertaining  to  a 

predicament.  Hale. 

PRED'ICANT,  ji.    [L.  prmdicans,  pradico.] 

One  that  affirms  any  thing. 
I'ltJ'lD'lCATE,  V.  t.  [L.  pradico;  prte  and 

dico,  to  say.] 
To  affirm  one  thing  of  another  ;  as,  to  pred- 

icntr  whiteness   of  snow.      Reason   itiay 

be  predicated  of  man. 
PRED'RATE,  v.  i.  To  affirm  ;  to  comprise 

an  affirmation.  Halt. 

PRED'ICATP!,  n.  In  logic,  that  wliich,  in 


PREDOMINANCE,  ? 


Hall- 


pra-\ 


tennined  them 
2.  To  doom  by  previous  decree. 
PRE'DIAL,,  a.   [Sp.  predial,  from  L 

dium,  a  farm  or  estate.] 

1.  Consisting  of  land  or  farms;  real  estate. 

Ayliffe. 

2.  Attached    to   land  or   farms;    as  ?""erfiai|'„r)„r,,    _  ,.,, 
slaves.  Encyc.  ■^^^'^"^^^^^^ 

y.  Growing  or  issuing  from  land;  as  predial 

tithes. 
PREDICABIL'ITV,    n.    [from   predicable.] 

The  quality  of  being  predicable,  or  capa-' 

ble  of  being  affirmed  of  something,  or  at-i 

tributed  to  something.  Reid.i 

PRED'ICABLE,   a.    (L.  pj-wdicabilis,  from^ 

pradico,  to  affirm  ;  pne  aiid  dico,  to  say.] 
That  may  be  aflirnied  of  something  ;  that 


])roposition,  is  affirmed  or  denied  of  the 
subject.  In  these  i)roposilion8,  "  paper  is 
white,"  "  j»/i-  is  not  white,"  whiteness  is  the 
predicate  affirme<l  of  paper,  and  denied  of 
iidi.  1  Vails. 

PUKDICA'TION,  »>.  [L.  prcedicatio.]  Af- 
firmation of  something,  or  the  act  of  af- 
firming one  tiling  of  another.  Locke. 

PREO'ICATORY,  a.  Affirmative;  positive. 

Bp.  Hall. 

PREDICT',  V.  I.  [I:  prcedictus,  prwdico; 
pra;  before,  and  dico.  to  tell.] 

To  foretell ;  to   tell    beforehand   something 

I     that   is  to    happen.     Moses  predicted  the 

I     dispersion  of  tlie  Israelites.     Christ  ^rf- 

!     dieted  the  destruction  of  .Jerusalem. 

PI5I:DI€T'I':1),  pp.  Eoret.dd;  told  before 
the-  event. 

I'HEDICT'ING,  ppr.  Foretelling. 

FREPIC'TION,   71.   [L.  pro'dictio.]  A  fore- 

I     telling  ;  a  previous  declaration  of  a  futmc 

event  ;  prophecy.     The  fulfillment  of  the 

predictions  of  the  prophets  is  considered  to 

be  a  strong  argument  in  favor  of  the  di- 

I     vine  origin  (if  the  Scriptures. 

PREDlCT'IVE,  a.  Foretelling  ;  prophetic. 

More. 

n.  A    foreteller ;    one  who 

prophesies.  Sunft. 

PKEDIgES'TION,  )i.  [pre  and  digestion.] 
Too  lijisty  digestion. 

Prcdigrsliiin  tills  the  body  with  crudities. 

Bacon. 

PR  EDI  MICTION,  n.  [Fr. ;  It.  predilezione  ; 
L.  prie,  before,  and  dilectus,  ditigo,  to  love.] 

\  previous  liking  ;  a  prepossession  of  mind 
in  favor  of  something.  IFarton. 


[See  Predomi- 
PREDOM'INANCY,  ^  "'  nant.] 
1.  Prevalence  over  others  ;  superiority  in 
strength,  power,  influence  or  authority  ; 
ascendancy  ;  as  the  predominance  of  a  red 
color  ill  a  body  of  various  colors  ;  thepr«- 
dominance  of  love  or  anger  among  the 
passions;  the  predominance  of  self-interest 
over  all  other  considerations:  theprfrfom- 
innnce  of  imperial  authority  in  the  confed- 
eracy. 

In  astrology,  the  superior  influence  of  a 
planet. 
li  PREDOMINANT,  a.  [Fr.  predominant ;  It. 


may  he  attributed  to.     Animal  is  ;/(prf(Va-  PREDISPO'NENT,  n.  That  which  predis- 
We  of  man.     Intelligence  is  not  predicable ,     poses. 

of  plants.     More  or  less  is  not  predicable'i^'liV.DlSl'O  SE,  v.t.  s  as  z.  [pre  auddispu.ie.] 
of  a  circle  or  of  a  s(|uare.     AVhiteness  is  I-  To  incline  beforehand;  to  give  a  pl■eviou^ 

disposition   to 


not  predicable  of  time. 

PRED  l€AnLE,  n.  One  of  the  five  thnigs 
which  can  be  affirmed  of  any  thing.  Ge- 
nus, species,  diffi'rence,  jiroperty,  and  ac- 
cident are  the  five  predicables.  Halts. 

PREDI€'AMENT,»,.  [Fr.  from  L.  pnrdica- 
mcnttim,  from  prwdico,  to  affirm.] 

i.  In  logic,  u  category  ;  a  series  or  order  of 
all  the  predicates  or  attributes  contained 
under  any  genus.  The  school  philoso- 
phers distribute  all  the  objects  of  our 
thoughts  and  ideas  into  genera  or  classes, 
which  the  Greeks  call  categories,  and  the 
Latins  predicaments.  Aristotle  made  ten 
categories,  viz.  substance,  quantity,  quali-| 
ty,  relation,  action,  passion,  time,  place, 
situation  and  habit.  Enct/c. 

9.  Class  or  kind  described  by  any  definite 
marks  ;  hence,  condition  ;  particular  situ-; 
ation  or  state.  Shak^ 

Vol.  II. 


as,  to  predispose  the  mind 
or  temper  to  friendship.  South. 

2.  To  fit  or  adapt  previously  ;  as,  debility 
predisposes  the  body  to  disease. 

PREDI^;PO'SED,  pp.  Previously  inclined 
or  ada|)teil. 

PREDIt^l'O'SING,  p/)r.  Inclining  or  adapt- 
ing beforehand. 

9.  a.  Tending  or  able  to  give  predisposition 
or  liableness ;  as  the  pedispusing  causes 
of  disease. 

PREDISPOSI  "TION,  n.  Previous  inclina- 
tion or  propensity  to  any  thing  ;  applied 
to  the  mind. 

2.  Pri'vious    fitness  or   adaptation    to    any 
change,  im|iressiou  or  |>urpose  ;  applied  to'^ 
matter:  as  the   predispositioii  of  the  bodyi 
to  disease  ;  the  predisposition  of  the  seas-jjPRE-EM'INENT,  a.  [Ft.;  pre anii eminent ; 
oils  to  generate  diseases.  L.  pra,  before,  and  cmincns,  etnineo.    See 

iristman.    Bacon.]]    Menace.] 

41 


predoniinanie  ;  L.  prce  and  dominans,  dom- 
inor,  to  rule.] 

Prevalent  over  others;  superior  in  strength, 
inllnenci!  or  authority  ;  ascendant ;  ruling  ; 
controlling;  as  a  predominant  color;  pre- 
dominant beauty  or  excellence  ;  a  predom- 
inant passion. 

Those    helps — were    predominant    in    the 

king's  niin<l.  Bacon. 

Foul  siihornation  is  predominnnt.  Shak. 

PREDOMINANTLY,  adv.  With  superior 

}     strength  or  influence.  Brown. 

IPREDOMINATE,  v.  i.  [Fr.  prcdominer : 
S\i.  predominar ;  It.  prcdominare  ;  L.  pra, 
before,  and  dominor,  to  rule,  from  dominvs. 
lord.] 

To  prevail ;  to  surpass  in  strength,  influence 
or  authority:  to  be  superior;  to  have  con- 
trolling influence.  In  some  persons,  the 
love  of  money  predominates  over  all  other 
passions :  in  others,  ambition  or  the  love 
of  fame  predominates ;  in  most  men,  self- 
interest  predominates  over  patriotism  and 
philanthropy. 

So  much  did  love  t'  her  executed  lord 
Predominate  in  this  fair  lady's  heart. 

Daniel. 
The  rays  rellocted  least  obliquely  may  pre- 
dominate o\er  the  rest.  JVewton. 

PREDOMINATE,  v.  t.   To  rule  over. 

PREDOMINATING,  ppr.  Having  supe- 
rior strength  or  influence ;  ruling ;  con- 
trolling. 

PREDOMINATION,  n.  Superior  strength 
or  influence.  Browne. 

PRE-ELECT',  r.  I.  [pre  and  elect.]  To 
choose  or  elect  beforehand.  Diet. 

PRE-ELECTION,  n.  Choice  or  election  by 
previous  determination  of  the  will. 

Prideaur. 

PRE-EMINENCE,  JI.  [Fr.;It.  preeminenza; 
pre  and  eminence.] 

1.  Superiority  in  excellence;  distinction  in 
something  commendable  ;  as  pre-eminence 
in  honor  or  virtue  :  pre-eminence  in  elo- 
quence, in  legal  attainments  or  in  medical 
skill. 

The /)reejnmence  of  Christianity  to  any  other 
religious  scheme —  Jlddison. 

2.  Precedence;  priority  of  place;  superiori- 
ty in  rank  or  dignity. 

That  in  all  tilings  he  might  have  ihepreetn- 
inenee.  Col.i. 
Painful  preeminence .'  yourself  to  view 
Above  life's  weakness  and  its  comforts  too. 

Pope. 
|3.  Superiority  of  power  or  influence. 
I  Hooker. 

'4.  Sometimes  in  a  bad  sense ;  as  pre-eminence 
in  snilt  or  crime. 


PRE 


PRE 


PRE 


1.  Superior  in  excellence;  distinguished  for 
something  cotnmendable  or  honorable. 

In  goodness  and  in  power  preeminent. 

Milton\ 

2.  Surpassing  others  in  evil  or  bad  rjuaU- 
ties  ;  as  pre-eminent  in  crime  or  guilt. 

PRE-EM'INENTLY,  adv.  In  a  preeminent 
degree  ;  with  superiority  or  distinction 
above  others ;  as  pre-eminently  wise  or 
good. 

2.  In  a  bad  sense;  as  pre-eminently  guilty. 
PRE-EMP'TION,   n.    [h.  pra,  before,  and 

emptio,  a  buying  ;  emo,  to  buy.]  The  act 
of  purchasing  before  others. 
■2.  The  right  of  purchasing  before  otlicrs. 
Prior  discovery  of  unoccupied  land  gives 
the  discoverer  the  prior  right  of  occu- 
pancy. Prior  discovery  of  land  inhabited 
by  savages  is  held  to  give  the  discoverer 
the  pre-emption,  or  right  of  purchase  before 
others. 

3.  Formerly,  in  England,  the  privilege  orj 
prerogative  enjoyed  by  the  king,  of  buying: 
provisions  for  his  household  in  preference 
to  others,  abolished  by  statute  19.  Charles 
II. 

PREEN,  n.  [Scot,  prein,  prin,  a  pen  ;  Dan. 
preen,  the  point  of  a  graving  tool,  a  bod- 
kin ;  D.  priem,  a  pin.  a  spike  ;  G.  pfrieme, 
a  punch.  Tliese  are  probably  the  same 
word,  a  little  varied.] 
A  forked  instrument  used   by  clothiers   in 

dressing  cloth. 
PREEN,  V.  t.  [Scot,  proyne,  prunyie  ;  Chau- 
cer, proine.  This  word  is  prcjbably  the 
same  as  the  foregoing,  denoting  the  use  of 
the  beak  in  cleaning  and  composing  the 
fethers.  So  pikith,  in  Chaucer,  is  from 
pike,  pick. 

Ho  kembith  him  ;  he  proinith  him  and 
pikith.  Cant.  Talcs,  9885. 

If  not,  the  word  may  be  contracted  from 
the  Fr.  provigner,  to  propagate  vines  by! 
laying  cuttings  in  the  ground.] 
To  clean,  compose  and  dress  the  fethers,  as' 
fowls,  to  enable  them  to  glide  more  easily 
through  the  air  or  water.  For  this  pur- 
pose they  are  furnished  with  two  glands 
on  their  rump,  which  secrete  an  oily  sub- 
stance into  a  bag,  from  which  they  draw 
it  with  the  bill  and  spread  it  over  their 
fethers.  Bailey.     Encyc. 

PRE-ENGA'GE,  v.  t.  [pre  and  engage.]  To 
engage  by  previous  contract. 

To  t  ipseus  by  his  friends  his  suit  he  mov'd. 
But  he  was  pre-engag'd  hy  former  ties. 

Dryden 
-J.  To  engage  or  attach  by  previous  influ- 
ence. 

The  world  has  the  unhappy  advantage  o{ pre- 
engaging  our  passions.  Rogers. 
3.  To  engage  beforehand. 
PKE-ENGA'(iED,  pp.  Previously  engaged 

by  contract  or  influence. 
PRE-ENGA'tiEMENT,  n.  Prior  engage- 
ment ;  as  hy  stipulation  or  promise.  A 
would  accept  my  invitation,  but  for  his 
prc-engagement  to  B. 
2.  Any  previous  attachment  binding  the  will 
or  affections. 

My  prc-engagenients  to  other  themes  were 
not  unknown  to  those  for  whom  1  was  to  write 

JSoyle. 

■pRE-ENGA'6ING,p;>r.  Previouslv  engag- 
ing. 


PREE'NING,  p;)r.  Cleaning  and  composing 
the  fethers,  as  fowls. 

PRE-ESTABLISH,  v.  t.  [pre  and  establish.] 
To  establish  or  settle  beforehand. 

Coventry. 

PRE-ESTABLISHED,  pp.  Previously  es- 
tablished. 

PRE-ESTABLISHING,  ppr.  Setthng  or 
ordaining  beforehand. 

PRE-ESTAB'LISHMENT,  »i.  Settlement 
bet'orehand. 

PRE-EXAMINA'TION,  n.  Previous  exam- 
ination. 

PRE-EXAM'INE,  v.  t.  To  examine  before 
hand. 

PRE-EXIST',  v.i.  [pre  and  exist.]  To  exist 
beforehand  or  before  sometliing  else.     It 
has  been  believed   by  many  piiilosophers 
that  the  souls  of  men  pre-exist,  that  is,  ex 
ist  hetbre  the  formation  of  the  body. 

PRE-EXIST'ENCE,  n.  Existence  previous 
to  sometliing  else. 

Wisdom    declares    her    antiquity    and   pre 
existence  to  all  the  works  of  tliis  earth. 

Burnet. 

'i.  Existence  of  the  soul  before  its  union  with 
the  body,  or  before  the  body  is  formed  ;  a 
tend  of  eastern  sages.  Addison. 

PRE-EXIST'ENT,  a.  Existing  beforehand 
preceding  in  existence. 

What  mortal  knows  his  pre-existent  state  .' 

Pope 

PRE-EXISTIMA'TION,  n.  Previous  es 
teem.     [.Vo(  in  use.]  Broivn. 

PRE-EXIST'ING,  ppr.  Previously  existing. 

PRE-EXPECTA'TION,  n.  Previous  ex- 
pectation.    [Qu.  is  not  this  tautology  ?] 

Gerard. 

PREF'ACE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  pmfatio;  pro:, 
before,  and  for,fari,fatus,  to  speak.] 

Something  spoken  as  introductory  to  a  dis 
course,  or  written  as  inlroductory  to  al 
book  or  essay,  intended  to  inform  the 
hearer  or  reader  of  the  main  design,  or 
in  general,  of  whatever  is  necessary  to  the 
understanding  of  the  discourse,  book  or 
essay  ;  a  proem  ;  an  introduction  or  series 
of  preliminary  remarks.  Milton. 

PREF'ACE,  V.  t.  To   introduce  by  prelim- 
inary remarks  ;  as,  to  preface  a  book  or 
discourse.     Tlie  advocate  p-efaced  his  ar- 
gument with  a  history  of  the  case. 
To  face  ;  to  cover  ;  a  ludicrous  sense. 
Not  prefacing  old  rags  with  plush. 

Cleaveland. 

PREF'ACE,   V.  i.  To  say  something  intro- 
ductory. Spectator. 
PREF'ACED,  pp.  Introduced  with  prelim- 
inary observations. 

PREF'ACER.n.  The  writer  of  a  preface. 

Dryden. 

PREF'ACING,  ppr.  Introducing  with  pre- 
liminary remarks. 

PREF'ATORY,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  preface  ; 
introductory  to  a  book,  essay  or  discourse. 

Dn/de7i 

PRE'FECT,  n.  [L.  prcefertus;  pra,  bi-thrc, 
ixikI  fartus.  made;  but  directly  from  prrrf- 
cior,  pnrfectiis.] 

1.  In  ancient  Rome,  a  chief  magistrate  who 
governed  a  city  or  ])rovince  in  the  ahscncc 
of  the  king,  consuls  or  enipcrnr.        Encyr.^ 

2.  A  governor,  coniniandrr,  chief  magi.'^tratej 
or  superintendent.      Hammond.    Addison.\ 


magistrate,       com- 


PREFECTURE,'  ^  "" 

niander  or  viceroy. 
2.  Jurisdiction  of  a  prefect. 
PREFER',  V.  I.  \\..  prafero ;  pra,  before,  and 
fero,  to  bear  or   carry ;    Fr.  preferer ;  It. 

preferire ;  Sp.  preferir.] 

1.  Literally,  to  bear  or  carry  in  advance,  in 
the  mind,  affections  or  choice ;  hence,  to 
regard  more  than  another;  to  honor  or 
esteem  above  another. 

It  is  sometimes  followed  by  above,  be- 
fore, or  to. 

If  1  prefer  not  Jerusalem  above  ray  chief  jo}'. 
Ps.  cxxxvii. 

He  that  cometh  after  me,  is  preferred  before 
me.  John  i. 

2.  To  advance,  as  to  an  office  or  dignity  ;  to 
raise  ;  to  exalt ;  as,  to  prefer  one  to  a  bish- 
opric ;  to  prefer  an  officer  to  the  rank  of 
general. 

To  offer ;  to  present ;  to  exhibit ;  usually 
with  solemnity,  or  to  a  public  body.  It  is 
our  privilege  to  enjoy  the  right  of  prefer- 
ring petitions  to  rulers  for  redress  of 
wrongs. 

My  vows  and  prayers  to  thee  preferred. 

Sandys. 

Prefer  a  bill  against  all  kings  and  parliaments 
since  the  conquest.  Collier. 

4.  To  offer  or  present  ceremoniously,  or  ia 
ordinary  familiar  language. 

He   spake,   and  to  her  hand  preferred   the 
bowl.  Pope. 

[This  is  allowable,  at  least  in  poetry, 
though  not  usual.] 

PREFERABLE,  a.  [Fr.]  Worthy  to  be 
I)referred  or  chosen  before  something  else ; 
more  eligible  ;  more  desirable.  Virtue  is 
far  preferable  to  vice,  even  for  its  pleas- 
ures in  this  lite. 

More  excellent;  of  better  quality;  as, 
Madeira  wine  is  preferable  to  claret. 

PREF'ERABLENESS,  n.  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  preferable.  .'V/o«?iteg'i(e. 

PREF'ERABLY,  adv.  In  preference;  in 
such  a  inanner  as  to  prefer  one  thing  ta 
another. 

How  comes  he  to  choose  Plautus  ^re/«a6.'i/ 
to  Terence  .*  Detmis, 

PREF'ERENCE,  v.  The  act  of  preferring 
one  thing  before  anotlierj  estimation  of 
one  thing  above  another;  choice  of  one 
thing  rather  than  anotlier. 

Leave  the  critics  on  eilher  .«ide  to  contend 
about  the  preference  due  to  this  or  that  sort  of 
poclrj-.  Dryden. 

It  has  to,  above,  before,  or  over,  before  the 
thing  postponed.  All  men  give  the  pref- 
erence lo  Homeras  an  epic  poet.  The  hu- 
man body  has  tlie  preference  above  or  be- 
fore those  of  brutes. 

The  knowledge  of  things  alone  gives  a  value 
lo  our  reasonings,  and  preference  of  one  man's 
knowledge  over  another's  Locke. 

PREFER'MENT,  n.  [\i. prefenmento.]  Ad- 
vaiuement  to  a  higher  office,  dignity  or 
station.  Change  of  manners  and  cveji  of 
character  often  fidlows  preferment.  A 
profligate  life  should  be  considered  a  dis- 
(pialilication  for  preferment,  no  less  than 
want  of  ability. 


upirior  place  or  oftice.     .All  preferments 


12.  S 

i     should  be  given  to  competent  men. 

',3.  Preference.     f.Vb^  used.]  Broici'. 


PRE 


PRE 


PRE 


PREFERRED,  pp.   Regarded  above  oth 

ers  ;  elevated  in  station. 

PREFER'RER,  n.  One  who  prefere. 

PREFERRING,  ppr.  ReKarding  above 
others  ;  advancing  to  a  higher  station  ;  of- 
fering ;  presenting. 

PREFiaURATE,  v.  t.  [See  Prefigure.] 
To  show  by  antecedent  rei)rescntation. 
[Little  used.] 

PREFIGURA'TION,  n.  Antecedent  rep- 
resentation by  similitude. 

A  variety  of  prophecies  and  prefigurations 
had  their  punctual  accouiplishmeat  in  the  au- 
tlior  of  this  institution.  JVorris. 

PREFIG'URATIVE,  a.  Showing  by  pre 
vious  figures,  types  or  similitude.  The 
sacrifice  of  tlie  paschal  lamb  was  prefigu 
raliite  of  the  death  of  Christ. 

PREFIGURE,  V.  t.  [L.  prce,  before,  and 
fguro,  to  fashion.] 

To  exhibit  by  antecedent  representation,  or 
by  types  and  similitude. 

In  llie  Old  'I'e.stanient,  tilings  are  prefigured. 
which  are  perfonnid  in  the  New.  Hooker. 

PREFIGURED,  pp.  Exhibited  by  antece- 
dent signs,  types  or  similitude. 

PREFIG'URING,  ppr.  tjhowing  antece 
dently  by  similitude. 

PREFl'NE,  V.  t.  [\^.  prajinio  ;  prm,  before, 
and/nio,  to  limit ;  fnia,  limit.]  To  limit 
beforehand.     [Little  used.]  Knollcs. 

PREFINP'TION,  n.  Previous  limiialiou. 
[Little  used.]  Folherhij. 

PREFIX',  V.  t.  [L.  prccfigo ;  pnv,  before,  and 
figo,  to  fix.] 

1.  To  put  or  fix  before,  oral  the  beginning  of 
another  thing;  as,  lo  prefix  a  syllable  to  a 
word  ;  to  prefix  an  adverlisenicnt  to  a 
book. 

y.  To  set  or  appoint  beforehand  ;  as,  to  pre- 
fix the  liour  of  meeting. 

A  iime  prefix,  and  think  of  me  at  last. 

Sandys. 

3.  To  settle;  to  establish. 

I  would  prefix  some  certain  boundary  be- 
tween the  old  statutes  and  the  new.  Hale. 

PRE'FIX,  n.  A  letter,  syllable  or  word  put 
to  the  beginning  of  a  word,  usually  to  vary 
its  signification.  A  prefix  is  uniic^d  with 
the  word,  forming  a  ])art  of  it;  hcMice  it  is 
distinguished  from  a  preposition  ;  as  pre., 
in  prefix;  con,  in  conjure;  uith,  in  willi- 
stand.  Prefixes  are  sometimes  called  par- 
ticles, or  inseparable  prepositions. 

PREFIX'ED,  pp.  Set  before  ;  appointed  be 
forehand ;  settled. 

PREFIXING,  ppr.  Putting  before  ;  previ- 
ously appointing ;  establishing. 

PREFIX'ION,  n.  The  act  of  prefixing. 

PREFORM',  V.  t.  [jire  auii  form.]  To  form 
beforehand.  Shak. 

PREFORM' ATIVE,  n.  [L.pra,  before,  and 

formative.] 
A  formative   letter   at  the  beginning  of  a 

word.  jyj,  Stuart. 

PREFUL'tJENCY,  n.  [L.  pnvfulgens  ;  prcc, 
before,  aiidfutgeo,  to  shine.] 

Superior  brightness  or  eft'ulgeiicy.     Barrow. 

PREGNABLE,  a.  [Fr.  prcn'abk.]  That 
may  be  taken  or  won  by  force  ;  expuena- 
ble.     [Little  used.]  '  Colgrave. 

PREG'NANCY,  n.  [See  Pregnant.]  The 
state  of  a  female  who  has  conceived,  or 
i.s  with  cliild.  Jlay. 


2.  Fei'tJtity;  fruilfulncss;  inventive  power 
as  the  pregnancy  of  wit  or  invention.  | 

Prior. 

Pregnance,  in  a  like  sense,  is  not  used. 

PREG'NANT,  a.  [li.  prcegnans ;  supposed 
to'  be  compounded  cfprw.  before,  and ^eno, 
Gr.  yfi'TOu,  to  beget;  It.  pregnante;  Sj). 
preTuido.] 

1.  Being  with  young,  as  a  female;  breeding 
teeming. 

2.  Fruitful;  fertile;  impregnating;  as  preg- 
nant streams.  Dryden. 

Full  of  consequence  ;  as  a  pregnant  in- 
stance of  infatuation. 

An  egregious  and  pregnant  instance  how  far 


virtue  surpasses  ingenuity. 

Easy  to  admit  or  receive. 
I  am  pregnant  to  good  pity. 


fVoodward, 


5.  Free ;  kind 
proper.] 

6.  Plain;  clear;  evident 


ready  ;    witty  ;    apt. 


full. 


[A''ot  proper.] 

Shale 

[jYol 

Shak 

[JVot  in  use.' 

Shak. 

PREGNANTLY,  adv.  Fruitfully. 

2.  Fully ;  plainly ;  clearly.     [.\"ot  used.] 

Shak.     South 
PRE'GRAVATE,  v.  t.  [L.  pragravo.]     To 
bear  down  ;  to  depress.  [Not  in  use.] 

Hall. 
PREGRAV  ITATE,  v.  i.    To  descend  by 
gravity.  Boyle. 

PREGUSTA'TION,  n.  [L.  pro:  and  gusto, 
to  taste.]     The  act  of  tasting  before  an- 
other. IHct. 
PREHENSILE,  a.  [L.  prehendo,  to  take  or 

seize  ;  prckciisus.] 
Seizing;    grasping;     .tdapted    to   seize    or 
grasp.     The  tails  of  some   monkeys   are 
prehensile.  A*«(.  Hist.     Encyc. 

PREHEN'SIO.N,  J!.  A  taking  hold  ;  a  seiz 
ing ;  as  with  the  hand  or  other  limb. 

Lawrence. 
PREHN'ITE,  )i.  [from  Prehn,  the  name  of 
the  person  who  first  brought  this  stone 
from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.] 
A  mineral  of  tlie  silicioiis  kind,  of  an  apple 
green  or  greenish  gray  color.  It  has  been 
called  shorl,  emerald,  cbrysoprase,  fel-| 
spath,  chrysolite,  and  zeolite.  It  has  some! 
resemblance  to  zeolite,  but  differs  from  it! 
in  several  particulars,  and  is  therefore 
considered  to  be  a  particular  species. 

Kirwan. 
Prehnitc  is  near  to  stilbite,  and  is  class 
ed  by  the  French  with  the  family  of  zeo 
lites. 

It  is  massive  or  crystalizcd,  but  the 
form  of  its  crystals  cannot  be  determined 
in  consequence  of  their  aggregation. 

Cleaveland. 
PREINSTRUCT',  v.  t.   [pre  and   instruct.] 
To  instruct  previouslv.  More. 

PREINSTRU€T'ED,  'pp.    Previously    in- 
structed or  directed. 
PREINSTRUeT'ING,  ppr.  Previously  in 

.strui'ting. 
PREINTIMA'TION,  n.    [pre   and  intima 

Hon.] 
Previous  intimation  ;    a  suggestion   before- 
hand. "  T.  Scott. 
PREJUDGE,    V.   t.    prejudj'.  [Fr.  prejuger; 
L.  pro:  and  judico.  to  judge.]  I 
1.  To  judge  in  a  cause  before  it  !"  heard,  or' 
before  the  artnimcnts  and  facts  in  the  case' 
are  fully  known.                                             | 


The  committee  of  council  hath  prejudged 
the  whole  case,  by  calUng  tlie  united  !.eii.<c  of 
both  houses  of  parliament  an  universal  clamor. 

Swi/i. 

2.  To  judge  and  determine  before  the  cause 
is  heard  ;  hence  sometimes,  to  condemn 
beforehand  or  unheard.  Milton. 

PREJUDGED,  pp.  Judged  beforehaml ; 
determined  unheard. 

PREJUDG'INt;,  ppr.  Judging  or  deter- 
mining without  a  hearing  or  before  the 
case  is  fully  understood. 

PREJUDti'MENT,  n.  Judgment  in  a  case 
without  a  hearing  or  full  cxaniiiiation. 

Knox. 

PREJU'DICACY,  n.  Prejudice;  prepos- 
session.    [JVot  used.]  Blount 

PREJU'DICATE,  v.  I.  [L.  prm,  before,  and 
judico,  to  judge.] 

To  prejudge ;  to  determine  beforehand  to 
disadvantage. 

Our  dearest  friend 
Prejudicates  the  business.  Shak 

PREJU'^DICATE,  t'.  i.  To  form  a  judg- 
ment without  due  examination  of  the 
facts  and  arguments  in  the  case.      Sidney. 

PREJU'DICATE,  a.  Formed  before  due 
examination.  Walts. 

2.  Prejudiced;  biased  by  opinions  formed 
prematurely  ;  as  a  prejudicate  reatler. 
[Little  used.]  Broun. 

PREJU'DICATED.  pp.  Prejudged. 

PREJU'DI€ATIN(;,  ppr.  Prejudging. 

PREJUDICA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  judging 
without  due  examination  effects  and  cvi''- 
dence.  Sherwood. 

2.  In  Roman  oratory,  prejudications  were  ot' 
three  kinds  ;  first,  precedents  or  adjudged 
ca,ses,  involving  the  same  points  of  law: 
second,  previous  decisions  on  the  same 
question  between  other  parties ;  third, 
decisions  of  the  same  cause  and  between 
the  same  parties,  before  tribunals  of  infe- 
rior jurisdiction.  Mams'  Led. 

PREJU'DICATIVE,  a.  Forming  an  opin- 
ion or  judgment  without  examination. 

More. 

PREJ  UDICE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  frejudicium. ; 
prie  and  jurfico.] 

I.  Prejudgment ;  an  opinion  or  decision  of 
mind,  formed  without  due  examination 
of  the  facts  or  arguments  which  are  ne- 
cessary to  a  just  and  impartial  determina- 
tion. It  is  used  in  a  good  or  bad  sense. 
Innumerable  are  the  prejudices  of  educa- 
tion ;  we  are  accustomed  to  believe  what 
we  are  taught,  and  to  receive  opinions 
from  others  without  examining  the 
grounds  by  which  they  can  be  supported. 
A  man  has  strong  prejudices  in  favor  of 
his  country  or  his  party,  or  the  church  in 
which  he  lias  been  educated ;  and  often 
our  prejudices  are  unreasonable.  A  judge 
should  disabuse  himself  of  ^rc/urfice  in  fa- 
vor of  either  party  in  a  suit. 

My  comfort  is  that  tlieir  manifest  prejudice 
to  my  cause  will  render  their  judgment  of  less 
authority.  Dryden. 

I.  A  previous  bent  or  bias  of  mind  for  or 
against  any  jierson  or  thing  ;  preposses- 
sion. 

There  is  an  unaccountable  prejudice  to  pro- 
jectors of  all  kinds.  Jlddison. 
3.    Mischief;    hurt;  damage ;  injury.    -Vio- 
lent factions  are  a  prejudice  to  the'  author- 
ity of  tlie  sovereign. 


PRE 


PRE 


PRE 


How  plain  this  abuse  is,  and  what  prejitdice\'VUE'L.\TVRE,  ) 

it   does  to    the    understanding    ol"    the    sacied  PRE'LATURESIIIP,  ^ 
Scriptures.  Locke.        --      ■         - 

[This  is  a  sense  of  the  tcord  too  wellestab- 
lished  to  be  condemned.] 

PREJ'UDICE,  V.  t.  To  prepossess  with  un- 
examined opinions,  or  opinions  formed 
without  due  knowledge  of  the  facts  and 
circumstances  attending  the  question ;  to 
bias  the  tnind  hy  hasty  and  incorrect  no 
tions,  and  give  it  an  unreasonable  bent  to 
one  side  or  other  of  a  cause. 

Suffer  not  any  beloved  study  to  prejudice 
your  mind  so  far  as  to  despise  all  other  learn- 
ing. Watts. 

%  To  obstruct  or  injure  by  prejudices,  or  an 
undue  previous  bias  of  the  mind;  or  to 
hurt;  to  damage;  to  diminish  ;  to  impair; 
in  a  very  general  sense.  The  advocate 
who  attempts  to  prove  too  much,  may  prej 
v.dice  his  cause. 

1  am  not  to  prejudice  the  cause  of  my  fellow 
poets,  though  I  abaudon  my  own  defense. 

Dryden. 

PREJ'UDICED,  pp.  or  a.  Prepossessed  by 
unexamined  opinions ;  biased. 

PREJUDI"CIAL,  a.  Biased  or  blinded  by 
prejudices;  a.s  a. prejudicial  eye.  [.Vo(  in 
use.]  Hooker. 

'.I.  Hurtful ;  mischievous  ;  injurious  ;  disad- 
vantageous; detrimental;  tending  to  ob- 
struct or  impair.  A  high  rate  of  interest 
is  prejudicial  to  trade  and  manufactures. 
Intemperance  is  prejudicial  to  health. 

His  going  away  the  nest  morning  with  all  his 
troops,  was  most  prejudicial  to  the  king's  af- 
fairs. Claretuion. 
One  of  the  young  ladies  reads  while  the  oth- 
ers are  at  work ;  so  that  the  learning  of  the 
family  is  not  at  all  prejiulicial  to  its  manufac- 
tures. Addison. 

PREJLfDI"CIALNESS,  n.  The  state  of 
being  prejudicial ;  injuriousness. 

PRE'LACY,  n.  [from  prelate.]  The  office 
or  dignity  of  a  prelate. 

Prelacies  may  be  termed  the  greater  bene- 
fices, -lyliffe. 

1.  Episcopacy  ;  the  order  of  bishops. 

How  many  are  there  that  call  themselves 
protestants,  who  put  prelacy  and  popery  to- 
gether as  terms  convertible  .-'  Swift. 

3.  Bishops,  collectively. 

Diver?  of  the  reverend  prelaci/.  Hooker. 

PRE'L.^TE,  n.  [h'r. prdat;  It.prelaio;  from 
L.  proelalus,  preeftro.] 

.\n  ecclesiastic  of  the  higher  order,  as  an 
archbishoij,  bishop  or  patriarch  ;  a  digni- 
tary of  the  church.  Bacon. 

PRE'LATESHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a  ]nx-- 
late.  Harmar. 

PREL.\T'I€,        I       Pertaining  to  prelates 


PRELAT'I€AL,  S  " 

cal  authority. 
PRELAT'ICALLY, 

to  prelates. 
PRELA'TION 


or  prelacy  ; 
adv.    Will] 


as  prelati 


eference 
Moiion. 
[L.  priBlalio,   privfero.] 
Preference  ;  the  setting  of  one  above  an- 
other.    [Little  used.]  Hale. 
PRE'LATISM,  n.  Prelacy;  episcopacy. 

Millon 
PRE'LATIST,  n.    [Crom  prelate.]     An  ad 
vocate  fur  prelacy  or  the  government  ol 


the    church   by  bishops ;    a    high 
man. 


church 


I  am  an  episcopalian, but  noid. prdntist. 

T.  Scott 


[Fr.    prelaiure.] 

The     state     or 

dignity  of  a  prelate.  Dirt: 

PRE'LATY,  71.  Episcopacy;  prelacy.  [.Vol 
in  use.]  Mdton. 

PRELECT',  V.  t.  [L.  prtzlectus,  prcelcgo ; 
pro:,  before,  and  lego,  to  read.]  | 

To  read  a  lecture  or  public  discourse.  j 

Horsley.l 

PRELECTION,  jj.  [L.  pra:lectio.]  A  lee-' 
ture  or  discourse  read  in  public  or  to  a 
select  company.  Hale.' 

PRELECTOR,  n.  A  reader  of  discourses  ; 
a  lecturer.  Sheldon: 

PRELIBA'TIOiN,  ?i.  [from  L. /*r(/;/(7.o  ; /»■«■, 

before,  and  libo,  to  taste.] 
L  Foretaste  ;  a  tasting  beforehand  or  by  an-; 

I     ticipation. 

The  joy  that  proceeds  from  a  belief  of  pardon 

I     is  a  prelibntion  of  heavenly  bliss. 

|2.  An  effusion  previous  to  tasting.     Qu. 

j  John.ion. 

PRELIM'l.VARY,  a.  [Fr.  preliminairt ;  h. 
preliminare ;  Sp.  preliininar  ;    L.   pra;   be-: 

I     fore,  and  linien,  threshhold  or  limit.] 

Introductory  ;    previous  ;     proernial  ;    that 

j     precedes  the  main  discourse  or  business  ; 

I     as  preliminary  observations  to  a  discourse 

j  or  book  ;  preliminary  articles  to  a  treaty  ; 
preliminari)  measures. 

PRELIMINARY,  n.  That  which  precedes 
the  main  discourse,  work,  design  or  busi- 
ness;  something  previous  or  preparatory; 
as  the  preliminaries  to  a  negotiation  or 
treaty  ;  the  preliminaries  to  a  combat. 
The  parties  met  to  settle  the  prelimina- 
ries. 

PRELUDE,  n.  [Fr.  id.;  It.  Sp.  preludio : 
Low  L.  pnrludium,  from  pneludo  ;  pra', 
before,  and  hido,  to  play.]  i 

'1.  A  short  lliglit  of  music,  or   irregular  air 

played  by  a  musician  before  he  begins  the 

piece  to  be  played,  or  before  a  full  concert. 

Encyr.     Young. 

2.  Something  introductory  or  that  shows 
what  is  to  tbilow;  something  preceding 
which  bears  some  relation  or  resemblance 
to  that  which  is  to  follow. 

The  last  Georgic  was  a  good  prelude  to  the! 
,^neis.  Jlddison.] 

3.  A  forerunner;  something  which  indicates, 
1     a  futiM'e  event.  [ 
iPRELU'DE,  V.  i.   To  introduce  with  a  pre- 
vious performance  ;  to  play  before  ;  as,  to! 
prelude  a  concert  with  a  lively  air. 

2.  To  precede,  as  an  introductory  piece;  as,! 

I     a  lively  a\r  preludes  the  concert.  | 

PRELIT'DB,  V.  i.  To  serve  as  an  introduc-j 

I     tion  to.  Drijden.i 

■PRELU'DEU,  pp.  Preceded   by   an   intro-! 

1     ductory  jinrformance ;    preceded.  [ 

PRE'LUDER,  n.  One  that  plays  a  prelude,' 

or  introduces  by  a  previous  irregular  piece: 

of  music.  I 

PRELU'DING,  ppr.   Playing  an   introduc-l 

tory  air  ;  preceding.  I 

PRELU'DIOUS,  «.  Previous;  introductory. 

Cleaveland. 
PRELU'DIUM,  n.  [Low  L.]     A  prelude. 

Dryden., 

PRELU'SIVE,  «.  Previous;    introductory; 

indicating  that  somelhing  of  a  like  kiml  isj 

to  follow  ;  as  ^/'dusi're  ilrops.        Thomson.' 

PRELU'SORY,  a.  Previous;  introductory:' 

prelusive.  Bacon.\ 


PREiVIATU'RE,  a.  [Fr.  primaluri,  from  L. 
pramaturus;  prie,  before,  and  maturus. 
ripe.] 

1.  Ripe  before  the  natural  or  proper  time  : 
as  the  premature  fruits  of  a  hot  bed. 

Happening,  arriving,  performed  oradojn- 
ed  before  the  proper  time;  as  a  premature 
fall  of  snow  in  autumn  ;  a  premature  birth  ; 
a  premature  opinion ;  a  premature  meas- 
ure. 

3.  Arriving  or  received  without  due  authen- 
tication or  evidence  ;  as  premature  report, 
news  or  intelligence. 

PREMATU'RELY,  adv.  Too  soon;  too 
early  ;  before  the  proper  time  ;  as  fruits 
prematurely  ripened  ;  opinions  prematurely 
Ibi  Mied  ;   u\eainires  prematurely  taken. 

2.  Without  due  evidence  or  authentication  ; 


as  nitelligence  prematurely  received. 
PREMATU'RENESS,  )  ^^     Ripeness 


be- 
fore the  uatu- 


PREMATU'RITY, 

ral  or  proper  time. 

2.  Too  great  haste  ;  unseasonable  earliness. 

H''arton. 

PREMEDITATE,  v.  t.  [Fr.  premediler ; 
It.  premeditare ;  L.  prcemeditor ;  prw,  be- 
fore, and  meditor,  to  meditate.] 

To  think  on  and  revolve  in  the  mind  before- 
hand ;  to  contrive  and  design  previously; 
as,  to  premeditate  theft  or  robbery. 
With  words  premeditated  thus  he  said. 

Dryden. 

PREMED'ITATE,  v.  i.  To  think,  consider 
or  revolve  in  the  mind  beforehand;  to  de- 
liberate ;  to  have  formed  in  the  mind  hy 
previous  thought  or  meditation.      Hooker. 

PREJIED'ITATE,  a.  Contrived  by  previ- 
ous meditation.  Burnet. 

PREMEDITATED,  pp.  Previously  cou- 
sidered  or  meditated. 

2.  Previously  contrived,  designed  or  intend- 
ed;  deliberate;  willful;  as  premeditated 
murder. 

PUEiMED  ITATELY,  adv.  With  previous 
mcduation.  Feltham. 

PREMED'ITATING,;)/)r.  Previously  med- 
itating; contriving  or  intending  before- 
hand. 

PREMEDITA  TION,  n.  [L.  pra-meditatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  meditating  beforehand;  pre- 
vious deliberation. 

A  sudden  thought  may  be  higher  than  nature 
can  raise  without  jiremedilation.  Drydj;n. 

2.  Previous  contrivance  or  design  formed  ; 
as  the  premeditation  of  a  crime. 

PREMER'IT,  V.  t.  [pre  and  merit.]  To 
merit  or  deserve  beforehand.  [Little  used.} 

K.  Charles. 

PREM'ICES,  n.  [Vr.ftMnU  primilice.  pri- 
mus.]    First  iVuiis.     [.Vo(  used.]     Dn/den. 

PRE'MIER,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  primus,  iirst.] 

First ;  chief;  principal ;  as  the  premier 
place;  premier  minister. 

Camden.     Swift. 

PRE  MIER,  J!.  The  first  minister  of  state; 
the  prime  minister. 

1>RE'IM1ERSIIIP,  )i.  The  office  or  dignity 
of  the  first  minister  of  state. 

PREMI'SE,  V.  I.  sasz.  [Ij.  pritmisstis,  pra- 
mitlo,  to  send  before.] 

1.  To  speak  or  write  before,  or  as  introduc- 
tory to  the  main  subject ;  to  otfer  previ- 
ously, as  soiiiclhing  to  explain  or  aid  in 
understanding  what  follows. 


PRE 


PRE 


PRE 


1  premise  these  particulars  that  t)ie  reader 
may  know  that  1  enter  upon  it  as  a  very  iiii- 
gnit.lVil  task.  Addinun. 

2.  To  send  before  the  time.     [M'ol  in  use.] 

Skak. 

3.  To  lay  down  premises  or  first  profiosi- 
tioiia,  on  which  rest  the  subsequent  rea- 
sonings. Burnet. 

4.  To  use  or  apply  previously. 

If  venesection  and  a  cathartic  be  premised. 

Danein. 
PREMISE,  V.  i.  To  state  antecedent  prop- 
ositions. Hwijl. 
PREM'lSiE,  n.  prem'is.    A  first  or  antece- 
dent proposition.     Hence, 
PREAl'lSKS,  n.  [i'r.  premisses ;  h.prcEmis- 
sa.] 

1.  In  loffic,  the  two  first  propositions  of  a 
syllogism,  from  which  the  inference  or! 
conclusion  is  drawn  ;  as, 

All  sinners  deserve  punishment ; 

A  B  IS  a  sinner. 

These  propositions,  which  arc  the  prem 
ises,  being  true  or  admitted,  the  cDnclu 
sion  follows,  that  A  B  deserves  punish 
meut. 

2.  Propositions  antecedently  supposed  or 
proved. 

While  the  premises  stand  firm,  it  is  impossi- 
ble to  shake  the  conclusion.       Demi/  of  Piety. 

3.  In  law,  lunil  or  other  tilings  iiioiitioiied  in 
the  preceding  part  of  a  deed. 

PREMISS,  n.  Antecedent  proposition. 
[Riirclij  used.]  ft'alls.] 

PRE'Mlljitt,  n.  [L.]  Properly,  a  reward  or 
rccoinpense ;  a  prize  to  be  won  by  com- 
petition; the  reward  or  prize  to  be  ad-t 
judged  to  the  best  [lerlorinaiice  or  produc- 
tion. 

2.  The  recompense  or  prize  offered  for  a 
specific  discovery  or  for  success  in  an  en- 
terprise;  as  for  tiie  discovery  of  the  longi- 
tude, or  of  a  northwest  passage  to  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean. 

3.  A  bounty  ;  something  offered  or  given  for 
the  loan  of  money,  usually  a  sum  beyond 
the  interest. 

4.  Tiie  recompense  to  underwriters  for  in- 
surance, or  for  uiulcrtuking  to  indeiiinil'y 
for  losses  of  any  kind. 

5.  It  IS  soinetiiiies  synonymous  with  inter- 
est, but  generally  in  obtaining  loans,  it  is  a 
sum  per  cent,  distinct  from  the  interest. 
The  bank  lends  money  to  govennnent  at 
a  premium  of '.i  per  cent. 

G.  A  bnniiiy. 

The  law  that  oblin;cs  parishes  to  support  the 
poor,  offers  a  inemium  lor  the  encouiageiiicnt| 
ot  idleness.  Franklin. 

PUEMON'ISH,  r.  (.  [h.  prcemoneo  ;  pra  and 
moiteo,  to  warn.]  To  forewarn ;  to  ad- 
monish beforehand. 

PREMON'ISIIEI),  pp.  Forewarned. 

PRI':M0N  ISIIING,  ppr.  Admonishing  be- 
forehand. 

PREJMON'ISHMENT,  n.  Previous  warn- 
ing or  adinointioii  ;  previous  information. 

PREMONI  riON,  Ji.  Previous  warning, 
notice  or  iniormalioii.  Christ  gave  to  his 
disciples  premomtions  of  their  sufferings. 

PREMONITORY,  a.  Giving  previous| 
warning  or  notice. 

PREMO>;'STRANTS,  n.  [L.  prcemon- 
struns.] 

A  religious  order  of  regular  canons  or 
monks  of  Premontre,  in  the  isle  of  France  : 


instituted  by  Norbert,  in  1 120.  They  are 
called  also  white  canons.  These  monks 
were  poor  at  first,  but  within  .'!0  years 
they  had  more  than  100  abbeys  in  France 
and  Germany,  and  in  time  they  were  es- 
Uiblished  in  all  parts  of  Christendom. 

Encyi 

PREMON'STRATE,  v.  t.  [\..  prccmonstro  ; 
pra,  before,  and  monstro,  to  show.]  To 
show  beforehand.     [Lillle  used.] 

Herbert. 

PREMONSTRA'TION,  n.  A  showing  be 
forHliaiid.      [Little  used.]  Shitford. 

PREiVlORSE,  a.  premors'.  [L.  prcemordeo, 
pra  morsus ;  pric  and  mordto,  to  gnaw.] 
Bitten  off. 

Premorse  roots,  in  botany,  are  such  as  are 
not  tapering,  but  blunt  at  the  end,  as  if 
bitten  off  short. 

Premorse  leaves,  are  such  as  end  very  olitusc- 
Iv  with  unequal  notches.  Marliju.' 

PREMO'TION,  n.  [pre  and  motion.]  Pre- 
vious motion  or  excitement  to  action. 

Encye. 

PREMUNl'RE,  n.  [See  Pramunire.  If 
really  anglicized,  premunire  is  the  regularj 
orthography.     But  this  is  not  yet  settled.] 

1.  Ill  lau;  the  offense  of  introducing  foreign 
authiirity  into  England,  and  the  writ^ 
which  is  grounded  on  the  offense. 

2.  The  penalty  incurred  by  the  offense 
above  described. 

Woolsey  incurred  a  premunire,  and  forfeited 

his  honor,  estate  and  life.  Soutlt. 

PREMU.Vr'TION,  n.   [L.  pra-munilio,  from 

prccmujiio.]    An  anticipation  of  objections. 

Diei: 
PRENO'MEX,  n.  [L.  prcmomen.]     Among| 

the  Roinans,  a  name  prefixed  to  the  fiiiiii- 

ly  name,  answering  to  our  christian  name  ; 

as  Cains,  Lucius,  Marcus,  &.c. 
PRENOM'INATE,  v.  t.  [L.  pro:  and  nomi- 

nn,  to  name.]     To  forename. 
PRK.XOM'IiN'ATE,  n.  Forenamed.      Slink. 
PRENOMIN A'TION,  n.  The  privilege  of 

being  naiiicit  first.  Brown.l 

PRENO'TION,  ;i.    [L.  pra:notio  ;  pro:    audi 

J10.9C0,  to  know.] 
A  notice  or  notion   which    precedes  some-l 

thing   else   in    time  ;   previous  notion   or 


PREOCeUPATE,  v.t.  [L.  prceoccupo ;  prie 
andoccupo,  to  seize.] 

1.  To  anticipate;  to  take  before.         Bacon. 

2.  To  prepossess ;  to  fill  with  prejudices. 

H'oflon. 

[Instead  of  this,  preoccupy  is  used.] 

PREOCCUPA'TION,  n.  A  taking  possess- 
ion before  another;  prior  occupation. 

2.  Anticipation. 

.3.  Prepossession.  Barrington. 

4.  Anticipation  of  objections.  South. 

PREOCCUPY,  V.  I.  [L.  prmoccupo;  pra, 
before,  and  occupo,  to  seize.] 

1.  To  take  possession  before  another;  Of, 
to  preoccupy  a  country  or  land  not  before 
occupied. 

2.  To  prepossess  ;  to  occupy  by  anticipation 
or  prejudices. 

I  think  it  more  respectful  to  the  reader  to 
leave  something  to  reflections,  than  to  preoccU' 
PI/  his  judgment.  Arbuthnot. 

PREOM'IN'ATE,  v.t.  [L.  pra  and  ominor, 
to  prognosticate.] 

To  prognosticate ;  to  gather  from  omens 
aiiv  future  event.  Brown. 

PREOPIN'ION,  JI.  [pre  ar)i\  opinion.]  Opin- 
ion previously  formed  ;  prepossession. 

Broii-n. 

PREOP'TION,  n.  [pre  and  option.]  The 
ri<.'ht  of  first  choice.  Stackhouse. 

PREOROA'IN,  v.t.  [pre  and  ordain.  To 
ordain  or  appoint  beforehand ;  to  prede- 
termine. All  things  are  supposed  to  be 
preordained  by  CJod. 

PREORDAINED,  pp.  Antecedently  or- 
dained or  determined. 

PREORDAINING,  ppr.  Ordaining  be- 
forehand. 

PKEOR'DINANCE,  n.  [pre  and  ordinance.] 
Antecedent  decree  or  determination. 

Shnk. 

PREOR'DINATE,  a.  Foreordained.  [Lit- 
tle used.] 

PREORDINATION,  n.  The  act  of  fore- 
ordaining; previous  determination. 

Fotherby. 

I'REPA'RABLE,  a.  [See  Prepare.]  That 
may  be  prepared.  Boyle. 

PREi'AR.V'TION,  n.  [L.  prwparalio.  Sec 
Prepare.] 


thought ;  foreknowledge. 


Bacon.     Brown. 

PRENSA'TION,  n.  [L.  prensatio,  from 
prenso,  to  seize.]  I 

The  act  of  seizing  with  violence.  [Little' 
used.]  Barrow.^ 

PRENTICE,  a  colloquial  contraction  of 
apprentice,  which  see. 

PRENTICESIIIP,  a  contraction  of  appren- 
ticeship, which  see.  Pope.' 

PRENUNCIA'TION,     n.     [L.  pra:nuncio ; 
prcr  and  nuncio,  to  tell.]     The  act  of  te" 
ing  before.     [JVot  used.]  Diet. 

PREOBTA'IN,  v.t.  To  obtain  beforehand. 

PREOBTA  INED,  pp.  Previously  obtain- 
ed. 

PREOe'€UPANCY,   n.    [L.  prwoccupans.] 

1.  The  act  of  taking  possession  before  an-' 
other.  The  property  of  unoccupied  land; 
is  vested  by  preoccupancy.  I 

2.  The  right  of  taking  possession  before  oth-i_ 
ers.     The  first  discoverer  of  unoccupiedi" 
land  has  the  preoccupancy  of  it,  by  the  law]! 
of  nature  and  nations. 


:1.  The  act  or  operation  of  preparing  or  fit- 
ting for  a  particular  purpose,  use,  service 
or  condition  ;  as  the  preparation  of  land 
for  a  crop  of  wheat ;  the  preparation  of 
troops  for  a  campaign  ;  \he  preparation  of 
a  nation  for  war  ;  the  preparation  of  men 
fiir  fiitmc  happiness.  Preparation  is  in- 
tended to  prevent  evil  or  secure  good. 

2.  Previous  inoasurcs  of  ada|)tation. 
I  will  show  what  preparations  there  were  in 

nature  for  this  dissolution.  Burnet. 

3.  Ceremonious  introduction.     [Unusual.] 

Shak. 

4.  That  which  is  prepared,  made  or  com- 
pounded for  a  particular  purpose. 

I  wish  the   cliiinists  had  been  more  sparing, 
who  magnify  thei.  preparations.  Broum. 

5.  The  state  of  being  prepared  or  in  readi- 
ness ;  as  a  nation  in  good  preparation  for 
attack  or  defense. 

(3.  AccompUshment  ;  qualification.  [.Vol  iii 
use.]  Shak. 

In  pharmacy,  any  medicinal  substance  fit- 
ted for  the  use  of  the  patient.  Encyc. 

8.  In  anatomy,  the  parts  of  animal  bodies 


PRE 


PRE 


PRE 


prepared   and    preserved  for  anatomical 
uses.  Encyc. 

Preparation  of  dissonances,  in  music,  is  tlieir 
disposition  in  liarniony  in  sucli  a  manner 
that  by  something  congenial  in  what  pre 
cedes,  they  may  be  rendered  less  harsh 
to  tlie  car  than  they  would  be  without 
such  preparation.  Encyc. 

Preparation  of  medicines,  the  process  of  fitting 
any  substance  for  use  in  tlie  art  of  heal- 
ing. 

PREPARATIVE,  a.  [It.  preparalivo ;  Fr. 
preparatif.'\ 

Tending  to  prepare  or  make  ready  ;  having 
the  power  of  preparing,  qualifying  or 
fitting  for  any  thing  ;  preparatory. 

He   spent  iiiucli  time  in  quest  of  linowiedge 
preparative  to  this  work.  South 

PREPAR'ATIVE,  n.  That  which  has  tlie 
power  of  preparing  or  previously  fitting 
for  a  purpose  ;  that  w  Inch  prepares. 

Resolvedness  in  siu  can  with  no  reason  be 
imagined  ^preparative  to  remission. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

2.  That  which  is  done  to  prevent  an  evil  or 
secure  some  good. 

The  miseries  we  suffer  may  be  preparative  of 
future  blessings.  K.  Charles. 

3.  Preparation ;  as,  to  make  the  nece.s.sary 
preparatives  for  a  voyage.  Dryden. 

i>REPAR'ATIVELY,  adv.  By  way  of 
preparation.  Hale. 

PREPAR'ATORY,  a.  [It.  Sp.  preparatorio  ; 
Fr.  preparatoire.] 

1.  Previously  necessary  ;  useful  or  quali- 
fying;  prejiaring  the  way  for  any  tiling 
by  previous  measures  of  adaptation.  The 
practice  of  virtue  and  piety  is  preparatory 
to  the  happiness  of  heaven. 

2.  Introductory;  previous;  antecedent  and 
adapted  to  what  follows.  Hale. 

PREPA'RE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  preparer;  It.  prepar- 
are  ;  Sp.  Port. preparar  ;  from  L.  prwparo  ; 
pne  and  paro  ;  Russ.  vbirayu  ;  VV.  parodi. 
The  h.paro\s  probably  the  Shemitic  N^3, 

(j.j    to  create  or  bring  forth,  coinciding 

with  English  bear ;  and  from  the  L.  are 
derived  Fr.  ^firer,  Sp.  Port,  parar,  it.  pa- 
rare.  The  sense  of  prepare  is  derived 
iioui  many  kinds  of  actions.  See  N13  in 
the  introduction.] 
1.  In  a  general  sense,  to  fit,  adapt  or  qualify 
for  a  particular  purpose,  end,  use,  service 
or  state,  by  any  means  whatever.  We 
prepare  ground  for  seed  by  tillage ;  we 
prepare  cloth  for  use  by  dressing ;  we  pre- 
pare medicines  by  pulverization,  mixture, 
&c. ;  we  prepare  young  men  for  college 
by  jirevious  instruction  ;  men  are  prepared 
for  professions  by  suitable  study  ;  holiness 
of  heart  is  necessary  to  prepare  men  for 
the  enjoyment  of  happiness  with  holy 
beings. 

3.  To  make  ready ;  as,  to  prepare  the  table 
for  entertaining  company. 

;5.  To  provide;  to  procure  as  suitable  ;  as,  to 
prepare  arms,  ammunition  and  provisions 
for  troops  ;  to  prepare  ships  for  defense. 

AlHaloiii  prepared   him  cluiriots   .and  horses, 
and  fifty  men  to  lun  before  him.     2  Sam.  xv. 

4.  To  set  ;  to  establish. 

The  Lord  hath  prepared  his  throne   in   the 
lioavons.     l*s.  ciii. 

5.  To  appoint. 


It  shall  be  given  to  them  for  whom  it  is  pre- 
pared.    Matt.  XX. 

(J.  To  guide,  direct  or  establish.  1  Chron. 
xxix. 

PREPA'RE,  V.  i.  To  make  all  things  ready ; 
to  put  things  in  suitable  order;  as,prepare 
for  dinner.  Shak. 

9-  To  take  the  necessary  previous  measures. 
Dido  preparing  to  kill  herself.         Peacham 

3.  To  make  one's  self  ready. 

Prepare  to  meet  thy  God,  0  Israel.     .4mosiv. 

PREPA'RE,  71.  Preparation.     [M'ot  in  use.] 

Shak. 

PREPARED,  pp.  Fitted;  adapted;  made 
suitable  ;  made  ready  ;  provided. 

PREPAREDLY,  adv.  With  suitable   pre 
vious  measures.  Shak. 

PREPA  REDNESS,  n.  The  state  of  bein 
prepared  or  in  readiness.  South. 

PREPA'RER,  n.  One  that  prepares,  fits  or 
makes  ready. 

2.  One  that  provides. 

.3.  That  which  fits  or  makes  suitable;  as, 
certain  manures  are  preparers  of  land  for 
particular  crops.  Mortimer. 

PREPA'RING,  ppr.  Fitting  ;  adapting  ; 
making  ready  ;  providing. 

PREPENSE,  a.  prepens'.  [L.  prapensus 
prcependeo ;  proc  and  pendeo,  to  incline  or 
hang  down.]  Preconceived  ;  premedita- 
ted ;  aforethought. 

Malice  prejtense  is  necessary  to  constitute 
murder.  Blackstoiie 

PREPEiNSE,  V.  t.  prepens'.  [supra.]  To 
weigh  or  consider  beforehand.  [JVot  used. 

Elyot. 

PREPENSE,  V.  i.  prepens'.  To  deliberate 
beforehand.     [.Vo(  used.]  Spenser. 

PREPENS'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Previously  con- 
ceived ;  premeditated.  [Little  used.]  [See 
Prepense.] 

PREPOL'LENCE,   )       [h.  prce pollens,  pne- 

PREPOL'LENCY,  \  "•  polleo  ;  pnc  and 
polleo.]  Prevalence  ;  superiority  of  power. 

Coventry 

PREPOL'LENT,  a.  Having  superior  grav 
ity  or  power  ;  prevailing  Boyle 

]PREPOND'ER,  V.  1.  [See  Preponderate.] 
To  outweigh.     [JVol  used.]  IVolton. 

PREPOND'ERANCE,  ^       [See    Prepond- 

PREPOND'ERANCY,  I  "•  eraie.] 

1.  An  outweighing;  superiority  of  weight. 
The  lean  preponderance  of  weight  on  one 
side  of  a  ship  or  boat  will  make  it  incline 
or  heel. 

2.  Superiority  of  power,  force  or  weight ; 
in  a  figurative  sense;  as  a  preponderance 
of  evidence.  hocke. 

PREPONDERANT,  a.  Outweighing. 

Rcid. 
PREPOND'ERATE,  v.  f.   [L.  pnrpondero  ; 
pra;  before,  and  pondero,  to  weigh.] 

1.  To  outweigh  ;  to  overpower  by  weight. 

An  inconsideiable  weight,  by  distance  from 
the  center  of  the  balance,  will  preponderate 
greater  magnitudes.  Glanville. 

2.  To  overpower  by  stronger  influence  or 
moral  power. 

PREPOND'ERATE,    v.  i.    To   exceed    in 

weight ;  hence,  to  incline  or  descend,  as 

the  scale  of  a  balance. 

That  is  no  just  balance  in  vvliicli  the  heaviest 

side  will  not  preponderate.  Jf'ilkins. 

2.  To  exceed  in  influence  or  power ;  hence, 

to  incline  to  one  side. 


By  puttnig  every  argument  on  one  side  and 
the  other,  into  the  balance,  we  must  form  a 
judgment  which  side  preponderates.        Watts. 

PREPOND'ERATING,  ppr.  Outweighing: 
inclining  to  one  side. 

PREPONDERA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  state 
of  outweighing  any  thing,  or  of  inclining 
to  one  side.  Halts. 

PREPO'SE,  V.  t.  s  as  z.  [Fr.  preposer ;  pre 
and  po.<!er,  to  put.]  To  put  before.  [JVbl 
much  used.]  Focaloir. 

PREPOSI  "TION,  n.  s  as  z.  [Fr.  from  L. 
prapositio  ;  prapono,  propositus  ;  pro;  and 
pono,  to  put.] 

In  grammar,  a  word  usually  put  before  an- 
other to  express  some  relation  or  quality, 
action  or  motion  to  or  from  the  thing  spe- 
cified ;  as  medicines  salutary  to  health  ; 
music  agreeable  to  the  ear  ;  virtue  is  val- 
ued/or its  excellence  ;  a  man  is  riding  to 
Oxford  frotn,  London.  Prepositions  gov- 
ern cases  of  nouns,  and  in  English  are 
sometimes  placed  after  the  word  govern- 
ed ;  as,  tvhich  person  do  you  speak  to?  for, 
to  which  person  do  you  speak  ?  This  sep- 
aration of  the  preposition  from  the  gov- 
erned word  is  sometimes  allowable  in  col- 
loquial use,  but  is  generallv  inelegant. 

PREPOSI  "TIONAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
preposition,  or  to  preceding  position. 

Encyc. 

PREPOS'ITIVE,  a.  Put  before ;  as  a  pre- 
positive particle.  Jones. 

PREPOS'ITIVE,  n.  [supra.]  A  word  or 
particle  put  before  another  word.      Jones. 

PREPOS'ITOR,  n.  [L.  pra^posilor.]  A 
scholar  appointed  by  the  instructor  to  in- 
spect other  scholars.  Todd. 

PREPOS'ITURE,  n.  The  oflice  or  place  of 
a  provost ;  a  provostship. 

PREPOSSESS',  v.t.  [pre  and  possess.]  To 
preoccupy,  as  ground  or  land  ;  to  take 
previous  possession  of  Dryden. 

2.  To  preoccupy  the  mind  or  heart  so  "as  to 
preclude  other  things ;  hence,  to  bias  or 
prejudice.  A  mind  prepossessed  with  opin- 
ions favorable  to  a  person  or  cause,  will 
not  readily  admit  unfavorable  opiinons  to 
take  possession,  nor  yield  to  reasons  that 
disturb  the  possessors.  When  a  lady  has 
prepossessed  the  heart  or  utfections  of  a 
man,  he  does  not  readily  listen  to  sugges- 
tions that  tend  to  remove  the  preposses- 
sion. Preposst.'is  is  more  frequently  used 
in  a  good  sense  than  prejudice. 

PREPOSSESS' ED,  pp.  Preoccupied;  in- 
clined previouslv  to  favor  or  disfavor. 

PREPOSSESS'ING,  ppr.  Taking  previous 
|)ossession. 

2.  a.  Tending  to  invite  favor ;  having  pow- 
er to  secure  the  possession  of  favor,  es- 
teem or  love.  The  countenance,  address 
and  manners  of  a  person  are  sometimes 
/)rej)ossessin!r  on  a  first  acquaintatice. 

PREPOSSES'SION,  n.  Preoccupation  ; 
prior  iiossession.  Hammond. 

2.  Preconceived  opinion  ;  the  effect  of  pre- 
vious impressions  on  the  mind  or  heart, 
in  favor  or  against  any  person  or  thing. 
It  is  often  used  in  a  good  sense;  some- 
times it  is  equivalent  to  prejudice,  and  some- 
times a  softer  name  for  it.  In  general,  it 
conveys  an  idea  less  odious  than  prcjit- 
dice  ;  as  the  prepossessions  of  education. 

South. 


PRE 


PRE 


PRE 


PKEPOS'TEROUS,  a.  [L.  pritpoaterus ; 
prii:,  before,  unci  posterns,  latter.] 

1.  Literally,  having '''"t  first  which  ought  to 
be  last  ;  inverted  in  order. 

The  method  1  take  may  be  censured  an  pre- 
posleraus,  because  I  treat  last  of  the  antedilu- 
vian earth,  which  was  fiist  in  the  order  o(  na- 
ture. Woodward. 

2.  Perverted ;  wrong ;  absurd  ;  contrary  to 
nature  or  reason  ;  not  adapted  to  the  end; 
as,  a  republican  government  in  the  hands 
of  females,  is  preposterous.  To  draw  gen- 
eral conclusions  from  particular  facts,  is 
preposterous  reasoning. 

Bacon.     Woodward. 

3.  Foolish ;  absurd ;  applied  to  persons. 

Shak. 

PREPOS'TEROUSLV,  adv.  In  a  wrong 
or  inverted  order ;  absurdly;  foolishly. 

Shak.     Bentley. 

PREPOS'TEROUSNESS,  n.  Wrong  or- 
der or  method  ;  absurdity  ;  inconsistency 
with  nature  or  reason.  Ftttham. 

PREPO'TENCy,  n.  \lu.  prirpotentia  ;  pra- 
and  polenlia,  power.]  Superior  power ; 
predominance.     [Littte  used.]  Brown. 

PREPO'TENT,  a.  [L.  pnepofcns.]  Very 
powerfid.     [Little  used.]  Flaifere. 

PRE'PUCE,  n.    [Fr.    from   L.   pra-putium.] 

The  I'orosUm  ;  a  prolongation  of  the  cutis  oi' 
tlie  penis,  covering  tlie  glans.  Enci/c. 

PREREIVKJ'TE,  a.  [pre  and  remote.]  More 
remote  in  previous  time  or  prior  order. 

In  some  cases,  two  more  links  of  causation 
may  he  introduced  ;  one  of  tliem  may  be  termed 
the  preremotc  cause,  the  other  the  postrcmote 
eflect.  Darwin. 

PREREQUl'RE,  v.  t.  [pre  and  reiiiiire.] 
To  recpiire  previously.  Hammond. 

PREREQ'UIISITE,  a.  s  as:,  [pre  and  re- 
quisite.] 

Previously  required  or  necessary  to  some- 
thing subsequent ;  as,  ccniiin  attainments 
are  prerequisite  to  an   admission  to  orders. 

PREREU'DI^ITE,  n.  Something  that  is 
previously  recpiired  or  necessary  to  the  end 
proposed.  An  acquaintance  with  Latin 
and  Greek  is  a  prerequisite  to  the  admis- 
sion (pf  a  young  man  into  a  college. 

PRERESOLVE,  v.  t.  sasz.  [pre  and  re- 
soloe.]     To  resolve  previously.        Dering 

PRERESOLV'ED,  pp.  Resolved  before- 
hand  ;  previously  determined. 

PRERESOLV'ING,  ppr.  Resolving  before- 
hand. 

PREROG'ATIVE,  n.  [Fr.  irf.;  It.  prfrog-n- 
tivo  ;  Sp.  prerngativa  ;  L.  pra^rogaliva,  pre 
cedence  in  voting;  pra;  before,  and  rogo, 
to  ask  or  demantl.] 

An  exclusive  or  peculiar  privilege.     A  royal 
prerogative,  is  that  special  pre-eminence 
which  a  king   has  over  all  other  person- 
and  out  of  the  coiu'se  of  the  common  l,iw, 
in   right  of  his  regal  dignity.     It  consists 
in  llie  possession  of  certain  rights  which 
tlie  king  may  e.xercise  to  the  exclusion  of 
all  participation  of  his  subjects;  for  when 
a  right   or   privilege  is  held  in   common 
with  the  subject,  it  ceases  to  be  a  preroga 
live.     Thus  the  right  of  appointing  em 
bassadors,  and  of  making  peace  and  war, 
are,   in   Great   Britain,  royal  prerogatives. 
The  right  of  governing  created  beings  is 
the  prerogative  of  the  Creator. 

It  is  the  prerogative  of  the  house  of  peers 
in  Great  Britain  to  decide  legal  questions 


in  the  last  resort.  It  is  the  prerogative  of 
the  house  of  commons  to  determine  the 
validity  of  all  elections  of  their  own  mem- 
bers. It  is  the  prerogative  of  a  father  to 
govern  his  children.  It  is  the  prerogative 
of  the  understanding  to  judge  and  coin- 
l)are. 

In  the  United  States,  it  is  the  preroga- 
tive of  the  president,  with  the  advice  of 
the  senate,  to  ratify  treaties. 

PREROGATIVE-COURT,  n.  In  Grc«/ 
Britain,  a  court  for  the  trial  of  all  testa- 
mentary causes,  where  the  deceased  has 
left  bona  notabitia,  or  cffucts  of  the  value 
of  five  jjounds,  in  two  different  dioceses. 
In  this  case,  the  probatt;  of  the  will  belongs 
to  the  metropolitan  or  urchbisho))  of  the 
province,  and  the  court  where  such  will  is 
proved  is  called  the  jrrerogative-eourt,  as  it 
is  held  by  virtue  of  the  sjiecial  preroga 
five  of  the  metropolitan,  who  ajiiioints 
the  judge.  Blackstone 

PREROG'ATIVED,  a.  Having  preroga- 
tive.    [Little  used.]  Shak. 

PREROGATIVE-OFFICE,  n.  The  otiiee 
in  which  the  wills  proved  in  the  preroga 
tive  court,  are  registered.  Bluekstone 

PRE'SAGE,  ji.  [Fr. ;  Sp.  It.  presagio  : 
licjin  L.  prasagittm  ;  prie,  before,  and  sag- 
10,  to  perceive  or  foretell.] 

Something  which  foreshows  a  future  event  ; 
a   prognostic;  u   ])rescnt  fact    indicating 
sometliing  to  con;e. 
Joy  andslioul.yjrcsafi^e  of  victory.        Milton 

PRESA'GE,  u.  <  To  forebode;  to  foreshow; 
to  indicate  by  some  present  fact  what  is 
to  follow  or  come  to  pass.  A  fog  rising 
from  a  river  in  an  autumnal  morning 
presages  a  pleasant  day.  A  physical  phe- 
nomenon cannot  be  considered  us  presag- 
ing an  event,  unless  it  has  some  connec- 
tion with  it  in  cause.  Hence  the  error  of 
vulgar  superstition,  which  presages  good 
or  evil  from  facts  which  can  have  no  rela- 
tion to  the  future  event. 

2.  To  foretell  ;  to  predict ;  to  prophesy. 

Wish'd  freedom  I  presage  you  soon  will  find. 

liri/den. 

PRESA'tiE,  v.i.  To  form  or  utter  a  predic- 
tion ;  witii  of.  We  may  presage  of  heats 
and  rains.     [.Vo/  common  nor  elegant.] 

Dryden. 

PRI^SA'tiED,  pp.  Foreboded;  foreshown 
foretold. 

PRESA'GEFUL,  a.  Full  of  presages;  con- 
taining presages.  Thomson. 

PRESA'gEMENT,  ?i.  a  foreboding;  fore- 
token. M'otton. 

2.  A  foretelling  ;  prediction. 

PRESA'(iER,  n.  A  foreteller;  a  foresliow- 
er.  Shak. 

PRESA'OING,  ppr.  Foreshowing ;  fore- 
telling. 

PRES'BYTER,  ?i.  [Gr.  7tfi<!,3vtipo{,  from 
rt()fT)3vs,  old,  elder.] 

1.  In  ;/ii'  primitive  christian  church,  an  elder: 
a  person  somewhat  advanced  in  age,  who 
had  authority  in  the  church,  and  whose 
duty  was  to  feed  the  flock  over  which  the 
Holy  S|)irit  had  made  him  overseer. 

2.  A  priest ;  a  person  who  has  the  pastoral 
charge  of  a  particular  church  and  congre- 
gation ;  called  in  the  Saxon  laws,  mass- 
priest.  Hooker. 

3.  A  presbytcriai).  Butler. 


PRESBYTERIAN,  l"'  presbyter,  or  to 
ecclesiastical  government  by  presbyters. 

2.  Consisting  of  presbyters;  as  presbyterian 
government.  The  government  of  the 
church  of  Scotland  \a  presbyterian. 

PRESBYTE'RIAN,  n.  One  that  maintains 
the  validity  of  ordination  and  government 
by  presbyters. 

2.  One  that  belongs  to  a  church  governed 
by  presbyter?. 

PRESBYTE'RIANISM,  n.  The  doctrines, 

principles  and  discipline  or  government  of 

presbyter  ians.  .Iddisou. 

'RES'BYTERY,  n.  A  body  of  elders  in  the 

christian  church. 

Neglect  not  the  gift  that  is  in  thee,  which 
was  given  thee  liy  prophecy,  witli  the  laying  on 
of  the  hands  of  the  jtreshytery.     1  Tim.  iv. 

2.  In  ecclesiastical  government,  a  judicatory 
consisting  of  all  the  pastors  of  churches 
within  a  certain  district,  and  one  ruling 
elder,  a  layman,  from  each  parish,  com- 
missioned to  rejiresent  the  parish  in  con- 
junction with  the  minister.  This  body 
receives  appeals  from  the  kirk-session,  and 
appeals  from  the  presbytery  may  be  carri- 
ed to  the  provincial  synod. 

Encyc.     Scotland. 
The  presbytery  of  the  churches  in  the 
United  States  is  composed  in  a  manner 
nearly  similar. 

3.  The  presbyterian  religion.  Taller. 
PRESCIENCE,  n.   presi'ence  or  pre'shens. 

[Low  L.  prtescientia  ;  pra,  before,  and 
scicntia,  knowledge  ;  Fr.^ccscicncc  ;  It.pre- 
scienza.  The  common  pronunciation  of 
this  word,  pre'shens,  obscures  the  sense.] 

Foreknowledge  ;  knowledge  of  events  be- 
fore they  take  place.  Absolute  prescience 
belongs  to  God  on!}'. 

Of  IhinRs  of  the  most  accidental  and  muli»l)le 
nature,  God'f.  ]>rescie)ice  is  certain.  South. 

PRESCIENT,  a.  president  or  pre'shcni. 
Foreknowing  ;  liaving  knowledge  of 
events  before  they  take  place. 

Who  taught  the  nations  of  the  field  and  wood. 
Prescient,  tlie  tides  or  tempests  to  withstand  ? 

Pope. 

PRESCIND',  V.  t.  [L.  preescindo  ;  pra-  and 
scindo,  to  cut.] 

To  cut  otf;  to  abstract.     [Littleused.] 

.Yorris. 

PRESCIND'ENT,  a.  Cutting  oft";  abstract- 
ing. Cheyne. 

PRE'SCIOUS,  a.  [L.  preescius ;  pro:  and 
scio,  to  know.] 

Foreknowing;  having  foreknowledge;  as 
presfiOHS  of  ills.  Dryden. 

PRESeRI'BE,  V.  t.  [L.  prascribo,  to  write 
belbre.] 

1.  In  medit-ine,  to  direct,  as  a  remedy  to  be 
used  or  applied  to  a  diseased  patient.  Be 
not  offemleil  with  the  physician  who  pre- 
scribes harsh  remedies. 

2.  To  set  or  lay  down  authoritatively  for 
direction  ;  to  give  as  a  rule  of  conduct  ; 
as,  to  prescribe  laws  or  rules. 

There's  Joy,  when  to  wild  will  you  laws  pre- 
scribe. Dryden. 

3.  To  direct. 

Lot  streams  prescribe  their  fountains  where 
to  run.  Dryden. 

PRESCRIBE,  V.  i.  To  write  or  give  medi- 
cal directions  ;  to   direct  what  remedies 


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are  ta  be  used  ;  as,   to  prescribe  for  a  pa 
tieiit  ill  a  fever. 

2.  To  give  law ;  to  influence  arbitrarily. 

A  forwardness  to  prescribe  to  the  opinions  of 
others.  Locke. 

3.  In  laic,  to  claim  by  prescription  ;  to  claim 
a  title  to  a  thing  by  immemorial  use  and 
enjoyment ;  with  for.  A  man  may  be  al- 
lowed to  prescribe  for  a  right  of  way,  a 
conunon  or  the  like  ;  a  man  cannot  pre- 
scribe for  a  castle  ;  he  can  prescribe  only /or 
incorporeal  hereditaments.         Blacl;sto7ie. 

4.  To  influence  by  long  use.     [.Votin  use.] 

Brown. 

PRESCRI'BED,  pp.  Directed  ;  ordered. 

PRES€RI'BER,  n.  One  that  prescribes. 

PRESCRI'BING,  ppr.  Directing  ;  giving  as 
a  rule  of  conduct  or  treatment. 

PRESCRIPT,  a.  [L.prcescriptus.]  Directed; 
prescribed.  Hooker. 

PRE'S€RIPT,  ?!.  [L.  prcBScriplum.]  A  di- 
rection ;  a  medical  order  for  the  use  of 
medicines.  [But  prescnption  is  chiefly 
used.] 

2.  Direction  ;  precept  ;  model  prescribed. 

PRESeRIP'TIBLE,  u.  That  may  be  pre- 
scribed for. 

PR!CS€RIP'TION,  n.  [L.  prascriptio.  See 
prescribe.  ] 

1.  The  act  of  prescribing  or  directing  by 
rules;  or  that  which  is  prescrihed  ;  par- 
ticularly, a  medical  rlirection  of  remedies 
for  a  disease  and  tlie  manner  of  using 
them  ;  a  recipe. 

2.  In  law,  a  prescribing  for  title  ;  the  claim 
of  title  to  a  tiling  by  virtue  of  immemorial 
use  and  enjoyment  ;  or  the  right  to  a 
thing  derived  from  such  use.  Prescription 
differs  from  custom,  which  is  a  local  usage. 
Prescription  is  a  personal  usage,  usage  an- 
nexed to  the  person.  Nothing  but  incor- 
poreal hereditaments  can  be  claimed  by 
prescription.  Blackslone. 

The  use  and  enjoyment  of  navigation 
and  fishery  in  the  sea,  for  any  length  of 
time,  does  not  create  a  title  by  prescrip 
lion.  The  conunon  right  of  nations  to  the 
use  and  enjoyment  of  the  sea  is  impre- 
scriptible :  it  cannot  be  lost  by  a  particu- 
lar nation  for  want  of  use.  Vattel. 

3.  In  Scots  law,  the  title  to  lands  acquired 
by  uninterrupted  possession  for  the  time 
which  the  law  declares  to  lie  sufficient,  or 
40  years.  This  is  positive  prescription. 
JVeiralive  proscription  is  the  loss  or  omis- 
sion of  a  right  by  neglecting  to  use  it  du- 
ring the  time  hniited  by  law.  This  term 
is  also  used  for  limitation,  in  the  recovery 
of  money  due  by  bond,  &c.  Obligations 
are  lost  by  prescription,  or  neglect  of  pros 
ccution  for  the  time  designated  by  law. 

Encyc. 

PRESeRIP'TIVE,  a.  Consisting  in  or  ac- 
quired by  immemorial  use  and  enjoy- 
ment ;  as  a  prescriptive  right  or  title. 

The  right  to   be   drowsy    in   protracted  toil 
lias  become  prescriptive.  J.  JU.  Mason. 

■2.  Pleading  the  continuance  and  authority 
of  custom.  Hurd. 

PRES'EANCE,  n.  [Fr.]  Priority  of  place 
in  sitting.     [.Vo<  in  use.]  Careiv. 

PRES'ENCE,  u.  s  as  :.  [Fr.  from  L.  pra 
sentia ;  pra;  before,  and  esse,  to  be.] 

J.  The  existence  of  a  person  or  thing  in  a 
certain  place  ;  opposed    to   absence.     Th 
event  hap|(encd  during  the  king's  ;/r(se(!Ce 


at  the  theater.  In  examining  the  patient, 
the  presence  of  tever  was  not  observed. 
The  presence  of  God  is  not  hmited  to  any 
place. 

2.  A  being  in  company  near  or  before  the 
face  of  another.  We  were  gratified  with 
the  presence  of  a  person  so  much  respect- 
ed. 

3.  Approach  face  to  face  or  nearness  of  a 
great  personage. 

Men  that  very  presence  fear, 
Which  once  they  knew  authority  did  hear. 

Daniel. 

4.  State  of  being  in  view  ;  sight.  An  acci- 
dent happened  in  the  ;;rfSf  nee  of  the  court. 

5.  By  way  of  distinction,  state  of  being  in 
view  of  a  superior. 

I  know  not  by  what  pow'r  I  am  made  bold. 
In  such  ^presence  here  to  plead  my  thoughts. 

Shak. 

6.  A  number  assembled  before  a  great  per- 
son. 

Odmar,  of  all  this  presence  does  contain, 
Ciive  her  your  wreath  whom  you  esteem  most 
fair.  Dry  den. 

7.  Port ;  mien  ;  air  ;  personal  appearance  ; 
demeanor. 

Virtue  is  best  in  a  body  that  is  comely,  and 
that  has  rather  dignity  of  presence,  than  beauty 
of  aspect.  Bacmi. 

A  graceful  presence  bespeaks  acceptance. 

Collier. 

8.  The  apartment  in  which  a  jirince  shows 
himself  to  his  court. 

An't  please  your  grace,  the   two   great  cardi 

nals 
Wait  in  the  presence.  Shak. 

9.  The  person  of  a  superior.  Milton. 
Presence  of  mind,   a  calm,  collected   state  of 

the  Uiind  with  its  faculties  at  command  ; 
undisturbed  state  of  the  thoughts,  which 
enables  a  person  to  speak  or  act  vvilliout 
disorder  or  embarrassment  in  unexpected 
difhculties. 

Eriors,  not  to  be  recalled,  do  (ind 
Their  best  redress  from  pi-esence  of  the  mind. 

Waller 
PRESENCE-CHAMBER,  }  The  room 
PRESENCE-ROOM,  ^  "'  '»  which  a 

great  personage  receives  company. 

Addison. 

PRESENSA'TION,  n.    [pre  &ni\  sensation.] 

Previous  notion  or  idea.  .l/cc. 

PRESEN'SION,  n.  [L.  prwsensio,  prasen- 

tio  ;  pra'  and  sentio,  to  |ierceive.] 
Previous   perception.     [Little  used.] 

Brown. 
PRES'ENT,  a.  sasz.  [Fr. present ;  L.prw- 
sens  ;  prce  and  sum,  esse,  to  be.] 

1.  Being  in  a  certain  place ;  opposed  to  ab- 
sent. 

2.  Being  before  the  face  or  near;  being  in 
company.  Inquire  of  .some  of  the  gentle- 
men present. 

These  things  have  I  spoken  unto  you,  being 
yet  present  with  you.     John  \iv. 

3.  Being  now  in   view  or   under  consider;] 
tion.     In  the  present  instance,   facts  wi 
not  warrant  the  conclusion.     The  present 
question   must   be     decided   on   different 
jirinciiiles. 

4.  Now  existing,  or  being  at  this  time  ;  nol 
pastor  future;  as  the  present  session  ofj 
congress.  The  court  is  in  session  at  the 
present  time.  We  say,  a  present  good,  the 
present  year  or  age. 

5.  Ready  "at  hand  ;  quick  in  emergency  ;  as 
present  wit. 


'Tis  a  high  point  of  philosophy  and  virtue 
for  a  man  to  be  present  to  himself. 

L'Bstrange. 

I).  Favorably  attentive;  not  heedless;  pro- 
pitious. 

Nor  could  I  hope  in  any  place  but  there 
To  6ntl  a  god  so  present  to  my  prayer. 

D)-yden. 

7.  Not  absent  of  mind  ;  not  abstracted ;  at- 
tentive. 

The  present,  an  elliptical  expression  for  the 
present  time.  Milton. 

M  present,  elliptically  for,  at  the  present  time. 

Present  tense,  in  grammar,  the  tense  or  form 
of  a  verb  which  expresses  action  or  being 
in  the  present  time,  as  I  am  writing ;  or 
something  that  exists  at  all  times,  as  vir- 
tue is  always  to  be  preferred  to  vice;  or 
it  expresses  habits  or  general  truths,  as 
plants  spring  from  the  earth  ;  fishes  sirim  ; 
reptiles  creep ;  birds  fly  ;  some  animals 
subsist  on  herbage,  others  are  carnivorous. 

PRES'ENT,  n.  [Fr.  id.  See  the  Verb.] 
That  which  is  presented  or  given  ;  a  gift : 
a  donative  ;  something  gi\en  orofTcred  to 
another  gratuitously  ;  a  word  of  general 
application.     Gen.  xxxii. 

Presents,  in  the  plural,  is  used  in  law  for  a 
deed  of  conveyance,  a  lea.se,  letter  of  at- 
torney or  other  writing  ;  as  in  the  phiase, 
"  Know  all  men  by  these  presents,"  that 
is,  by  the  writing  itself,  per  presentes.  In 
this  sense,  it  is  rarely  used  in  the  singu- 
lar. 

PRESENT',  v.t.  [Low  L.  prccsento  ;  Fr. 
presenter ;  It.  prtsentare  ;  Sp.  presentar ; 
L.  prasens ;  pnr,  before,  and  sum,  esse,  to 
he] 

1.  To  set,  place  or  introduce  into  the  pres- 
ence or  before  the  face  of  a  superior,  as  to 
present  an  envoy  to  the  king ;  and  with  the 
reciprocal  pronoun,  to  come  into  the  pres- 
ence of  a  superior. 

Now  there  was  a  day  when  the  sons  of  God 
came  to  present  themselces  before  the  Lord. 
Job  i. 

2.  To  exhibit  to  view  or  notice.  The  top  of 
Wi^unt  Holyi  ke,  in  Hampshire  county,  in 
Massachusetts,  presents  one  of  the  finest 
pios]iects  in  America. 

3.  To  oft'er;  to  exhibit. 
O  hear   what  to  my  mind   first  thoughts pre- 

sent.  Milton . 

He  is  ever  ready  to  present  to  us  the  thoughts 
or  observations  of  others.  Watts. 

To  give  :  to  offer  gratuitously  for  recep- 
tion. The  first  President  of  the  Ameri- 
can Bible  Society,  pre.wnted  to  that  insti- 
tution ten  thousand  dollars. 
To  put  into  the  hands  of  another  in  cere- 
mony. 

So  ladies  in  romance  assist  their  knight, 
Present  the  spear,  and  arm  him  for  the  fight. 

Pope. 

6.  To  favor  with  a  gift ;  as,  we  present  a  man 
trith  a  suit  of  clothes.  Formerly  tlie 
phrase  was,  to  present  a  person. 

Oct3\a  presented  the  poet,  for  his  admirable 
elca:y  on  her  son  Marcellus.  Dryden. 

[i'his  use  is  obsolete.] 

7.  To  nominate  to  an  ecclesiastical  benefice  ; 
to  offer  to  the  bishop  or  ordinary  as  a  can- 
didiiti^  for  institution. 

'i'he  patron  of  a  church  miiy  present  his  clerk 
to  a  parsonaj;e  or  vicarage  :  that  is,  may  offer 
him  to  the  bishop  of  the  diocese  to  be  institu- 
ted. Blackstme. 

8.  To  oflcr. 


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He— presented  battle  to  Die  Frencli  navy 
which  was  refused.  ilayward 

9.  To  lay  before  a  public  body  for  consider- 
ation, a«  Iiefore  a  legislature,  a  court  of 
judicutnro,  a  cor])orati<iii,  &c.  ;  as,  to  pre- 
sent a  nioniorial,  petition,  remonstrauce  or 
indictniont. 

10.  To  lay  before  a  court  of  judicature  as 
an  object  of  inquiry  ;  to  give  notice  olTi- 
cially  of  a  crime  or  offense.  It  is  tbe  duty 
of  grand  juries  to  present  all  breacbos  of 
law  within  their  knowledge.  In  Ameri- 
ca, grand  juries  present  whatever  they 
think  to  he  jiublic  injuries,  hy  notifying 
them  to  the  public  with  their  censure. 

11.  To  point  a  weapon,  particularly  some 
species  of  fnc-arrns  ;  as,  to  present  a  mus- 
ket to  the  breast  of  another  ;  in  tuanujil 
exercise,  to  present  arni.s. 

12.  To  inilict :  a  customary  use  of  the  word  in 
the  United  tilales. 

PRESENTABLE,  a.  That  may  be  pre- 
sented ;  that  may  be  exhibited  or  repre- 
sented. Burl.c. 

2.  That  may  be  offered  to  a  church  living; 
as  a  presentable  clerk. 

3.  That  admits  of  the  presentation  of  a 
clerk  ;  as  a  church  presentable.  [Unusual.] 

Auliffe. 

PRESENTA'NEOUS,  a.  [L. prirsentanms.] 

Ready  ;  quick  ;    immediate  ;  as  presenla 

neous  poison.  Harvey. 

PRESENTATION,    ji.    [Fr.]    The  act  of 

presenting. 

Prayers  are  sometimes  a  presentation  of  mere 
desires.  Hooker. 

2.  Exhibition  ;  representation  ;  display  ;  as 
the  presentation  of  fighting  on  the  stage. 

Dry  den. 

3.  In  ecclesiastical  law,  the  act  of  offering  a 
clerk  to  the  bishop  or  ordinary  for  institu- 
tion in  a  benefice.  An  advowson  is  the 
right  oC presentation. 

If  the  bishop  admits  the  patron's  presenta- 
tion, llie  clerk  so  admilted  is  next  to  be  instilii- 
ted  by  liini.  Bluckstone 

1.  The  right  of  presenting  a  clerU.  The 
l)ntron  has  the  presentation  of  the  bene- 
fice. 

PRESENT'ATIVE,  a.  In  ecclesiastical  af- 
fairs, that  has  the  right  of  jiresentation,  or 
ofiering  a  clerk  to  the  bishop  for  institu- 
tion. Advowsons  arc  presentative,  colla- 
tive  or  donative. 

An  advowson  presentative  is  where  the  pat- 
ron hath  a  right  of  presentation  to  the  bishop  or 
ordinary.  Blacksfonc. 

2.  That  admits  the  presentation  of  a  clerk  ; 
as  a  presentative  parsonage.  Spcbnan. 

PRESENT'ED,  pp.  Offered  ;  given  ;  ex- 
hibited to  view  ;  accused. 

PRESENTEE,  n.  One  presented  to  a  ben- 
efice. Aiiliffe. 

PRESENTER,  n.  One  that  presents. 

PRESEN'TIAL,  a.  Supposing  actual  pres- 
ence.    [Little  used.]  JVorris. 

PRESENTIAL'ITY,  n.  The  state  of  being 
present.     [Little  used.]  South. 

PRESEN'TIATE,  i^.  t.  To  make  present. 
[Little  used.]  Greic 

PRESKNTIF'I€,        )       Making    present. 

I'RESENTIF'ICAL,  ^"^   IjVot  in  use] 

PRESENTIF'I€LV,  adv.  In  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  make  present.     [jVo/  in  use.] 


Vol.  II. 


More. 


PRESENT'IMENT,  n.  [pre  and  sentiment,] 

or  Fr.  presseiitiment.] 
Previous  conception,  sentiment  or  opinion  ; 

previous  aj)prehension   of  something  fu 

ture.  liutler. 

PRES'ENTLY,  adv.  s  as  r.  At  present;  at 

this  tinie. 

Tlic   towns   and  forts   you  presently  have. 

01)s.  Sidney 

In  a  short  time  after ;  soon  after. 
Ilim  therel'ore  I    hope   to  send  jtresently,  so 

soon  as  1    sliall  sec  how  it  will  go  with   ine 

Phil.  ii. 

3.  Imnjediately. 
And  presently  the   fig-tree    witlier<'d  away 

Matf.  xxi. 

PRESENTMENT,  n.  s  as  :.  The  act  of 
presenting.  ,Shak 

9.  Ajjpearance  to  the  view  ;  representation. 

Milton. 

•3.  In  law,  a  presentment,  properly  speaking, 
is  the  notice  taken  by  a  grand  jury  of 
any  offense  from  their  own  knowledge  or 
observation,  without  any  hill  of  indict- 
ment liiid  before  them  at  the  suit  of  the 
king  ;  as  the  presentment  of  a  nuisance,  u 
libel  or  the  like,  on  which  the  oflicer  of 
the  court  must  afterwards  frame  an  in 
dictnient,  before  the  Jiarty  presented  cai 
he  put  to  answer  it.  Blackslone. 

4.  In  a  more  general  sense,  presentment  com 
prehends  incjuisitions  of  office  and  indict 
ments.  lilarkstone 

In  the  United  States,  a  presentment  is  ai 
official  accusation  presented  to  a  tribunal 
by  the  grand  jury  in  an  indictment ;  or  it 
is  the  act  of  offering  an  indictment.  If  is 
also  used  for  the  indictment  itself.  The 
grand  jiuy  are  chargeil  to  inquire  and  due 
presentment  make  of  all  crimes,  &:c.  The 
use  of  the  word  is  limited  to  accusations 
by  granil  jurors. 

5.  The  nflicial  notice  in  court  which  the  jii- 
ry  or  homage  gives  of  the  surrender  of  a 
copvhold  estate.  Blackstone. 

PRES'ENTNESS,  n.  s  as:.  Presence;  .-is 
presentness  of  mind,     [^ot  used.] 

Clarendon. 

PRESERV'ABLE,  a.  [See  Preserve.]  That 
mav  be  preserved. 

PRESERVATION,  n.  [from  preserve  ;  It. 
pi-eservnzione  ;  Sp.  preservacion.] 

The  act  of  preserving  or  keeping  safe ;  the 
act  of  keeping  from  injury,  destruction  or 
decay  ;  a.s  the  presenalion  of  life  or 
health  ;  the  preservation  of  buildings  from 
fire  or  decay;  the  preservation  of  grain 
from  insects  ;  the  ^jcseri'aiion  of  fruit  or 
plants.  When  a  thing  is  kept  entirely 
from  decay,  or  nearly  in  its  <iriginal  state, 
we  sav  it  is  in  a  high  state  oi' preservation. 

PRESERVATIVE,  a.  [It.  preservativo  ; 
Fr.  prcservalif] 

Having  the  power  or  quality  of  keeping  safe 
from  injury,  destruction  or  decay  ;  tending 
to  preserve. 

PRESERVATIVE,  n.  That  which  pre- 
serves or  has  the  power  of  preserving  : 
something  that  trials  to  secinc  a  pi'rson  or 
thing  in  a  sound  state,  or  prevent  it  from 
injury,  ilcstructinn,  ilccay  or  corruption  ; 
a  preventive  of  injury  or  decay.  Persons 
formerly  wore  tablets  of  arsenic,  as  p 
soTo/ms  against  the  plague,  (."lolhingis 
a  preservative  against  odd.  Teinperance 
and  exercise  are  the  hesl  preservatives  of 

12 


health.  Habitual  reverence  of  the  Su- 
preme Being  is  an  excellent  preservative 
against  sin  and  the  niiluence  of  evil  exam- 
ples. 

PRESERV'ATORY,  a.  That  tends  to  pre- 
serve. Hall. 

PRESERV'ATORY,  ii.  That  which  has 
the  power  of  preserving;  a  preservative. 

HTtitlock. 

PRESERVE,  V.  t.  prezerv'.  [Fr.  preserver; 
It.  preservare  ;  Sp.  preservar  ;  Low  L.  pra:- 
servo ;  prce  and  servo,  to  keep.] 

1.  To  kee|)  or  save  from  injury  or  destruc- 
tion ;  to  defend  from  evil. 

God  did  send  me  before  you  to/>rf«frre  life. 
Gen.  xlv. 

O  Lord,  preserve  me  from  tlie  violent  man. 
Ps.  cxl. 

2.  To  uphold  ;  to  sustain. 
O  Lord,  thou  j^^'caervest  man  and  beast.     Ps. 

xxxvi. 

3.  To  save  from  decay ;  to  keep  in  a  sound 
state  ;  a.s,  to  preserve  fruit  in  winter.  Sail 
is  used  to  preserve  meat. 

4.  To  season  with  sugar  or  other  substan- 
ces for  preservation  ;  as,  to  preserve  plums, 
quinc(^s  or  other  fruit. 

I.").  To  keep  or  defend  from  corruption  ;  as, 
tfi  preserve  youth  from  vice. 

PRESERVE,  n.  prezerv'.  Fruit  or  a  vege- 
table seasoned  and  kejit  in  sugar  or  sirup. 

Mortimer. 

PRESERVED,  pp.  Saved  from  injury,  de- 
struction or  decay;  kept  or  defended  from 
evil ;  seasoned  with  sugar  for  preserva- 
tion. 

PRESERVER,  n.  The  person  or  thing  that 
preserves  ;  one  that  saves  or  defends  from 
destruction  or  evil. 

What  shall  I  do  to  thee,  O  thou  preserver  of 
men?    Job  vii. 

2.  One  that  makes  preserves  of  fruits. 

PRESERVING,  ppr.  Keeping  safe  from 
injtiry,  destruction  or  decay ;  defending 
from  evil. 

PRESl'DE,  I',  i.  s  as  r.  [L.  prasideo;  prw, 
before,  and  sedeo,  to  sit ;  It.  presidere  ;  Fr. 
presider ;  S\t.  presidir.] 

1.  To  beset  over  for  the  exercise  of  authori- 
ty ;  to  direct,  control  and  govern,  as  the 
chief  officer.  A  man  may  preside  over  a 
nation  or  province  :  or  he  may  preside 
over  a  senate,  or  a  meeting  of  citizens. 
The  word  is  used  chiefly  in  the  latter 
sense.  We  say,  a  man  presides  over  the 
senate  with  dignity.  Hence  it  usuallv  de- 
notes temporary  superintendence  and  gov- 
ernment. 

2.  To  exercise  superintendence ;  to  watch 
over  as  inspector. 

Some  o'er  the  public  magazines /)rejirfe. 

Dryden. 
PRES'IDENCY,  n.   Superintendence ;   in- 
spection and  care.  Ray. 

2.  The  office  of  president.  Washington  was 
elected  to  the  presidency  of  tlie  United 
States  by  a  unanimous  vote  of  the  elec- 
tors. 

3.  The  term  during  which  a  president  holds 
his  office.  President  J.  Adams  died  during 
{Up  presidency  of  his  son. 

4.  The  jurisdiction  of  a  president :  as  in  the 
British  dominions  in  the  East  Indies. 

.^.  The  family  or  suit  of  a  president. 

A  w  01  thy  clergyman  belonging  to  tbe  presi- 
dency of  Fort  St.  George.     Qu. 

Buchanan.  251 


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PRES'IDENT,  n.   [Fr.  from  L.  pmsidens.] 

1.  All  officer  elected  or  appoiiiteil  to  pre- 
side over  a  corporation,  coinpaiiy  or  as- 
sembly of  men,  to  keep  order,  manage 
their  concerns  or  {jovern  their  proceed- 
ings; as  the  ;)resx(/e)i<  of  a  banking  com- 
pany ;  the  president  of  a  senate,  &c. 

2.  An  officer  appointed  or  elected  to  govern 
a  province  or  territory,  or  to  administer 
the  government  of  a  nation.  The  presi- 
dent of  tlie  United  States  is  the  chief  ex- 


ecutive magistrate. 
The  chief  officer  of  a  colleg 


je  or  universi- 
ty. U.  States. 

4.  A  tutelar  power. 

Just  Apollo, /)resi(if;if  of  verse.  Waller 

Vice-president,  one  who  is  second  in  au- 
thority to  the  president.  The  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  United  States  is  president  of 
the  senate  ex  offirio,  and  performs  the  du- 
ties of  president  when  the  latter  is  re 
moved  or  disabled. 

PRKSIDEN'TIAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  pros 
ident ;  as  the  presidential  chair.         finish. 

2.   Presiding  over.  Glartville 

PRESIDENTSHIP,  n.  The  office  and 
place  of  president.  Hooker. 

2.  The  term  for  which  a  president  holds  his 
office. 

PRF.SID'IAL,       }        [L.  pra:sidiu7n,  a  gar- 

PRESID'IARY,  ^  "■  rison  ;  pra  and  sedeo.] 
Pertaining  to  a  garrison ;  having  a  garri- 
son. Hoivell. 

PRESIGNIFICA'TION,    n.    [from  presig- 

Tlie  act  of  signifying  or  showing  before- 
hand. Barrow 

PRESIG'NIFV,  V.  t.  [pre  and  signify.]  To 
intimate  or  signify  beforehand  ;  to  showj 
previou.sly.  Pearson 

PRESS,  V.  t.  [Fr.  presser ;  It.  pressare,  to 
press,  crowd,  urge,  hurry;  D.  G.  presseji 
Svi.prassa;  Dan.  presser ;  W.  bri/siaiv,  to 
liurry,  formed  from  rhys,  extreme  ardency 
a  rushing.  Here  we  have  proof  that  jDcess 
is  formed  from  the  root  of  rush,  with  a 
prefix.  The  Spanish  has  apretar,  prensar 
and  aprensar.  The  L.  pressus  is  from  the 
same  root.] 

1.  To  urge  with  force  or  weight ;  a  word  of 
extensive  use,  denoting  the  application  of 
any  power,  physical  or  moral,  to  some 
thing  that  is  to  be  moved  or  aflected.  We 
press  the  ground  with  the  feet  when  we 
walk  ;  we  press  the  couch  on  which  we 
repose  ;  we  press  substances  with  the 
liands,  fingers  or  arms  ;  the  smith  pirsses 
iron  with  his  vise  ;  we  arc  pressed  with 
the  weight  of  arguments  or  of  care 
troubles  and  business. 

•J.  To  squeeze  ;  to  crush  ;  as,  to  press  grapes. 
Gen.  xl. 

^.  To  drive  with  violence  ;  to  hurry  ;  as,  to 
press  a  horse  in  motion,  or  in  a  race. 

4.  To  urge;  to  enforce;  to  inculcate  witli 
earnestness;  as,  to  ^^ress  divine  truth  on 
an  audience. 

5.  To  embrace  closely  ;  to  hug. 

Leucotlioc  shook 
Anil  press'il  P.iU-inou  closer  in  her  aims. 

Pope 
G.  To  force  intoservice,  particularly  into  na- 
val service ;  to  impress. 

Clarendon.     Drydcn 

7.  To  straiten  ;  to  distress ;  as,  to  be  pressed 

with  want  or  with  difficulties. 


8.  To  constrain  ;  to  compel ;  to  urge  by  au- 
thority or  necessity. 

The  posts  that  rode  on  mules  and  camels 
went  out,  being  hastened  and  pressed  on  by  the 
king's  commandment.     Esth.  viii. 

9.  To  urge ;  to  impose  by  importunity. 

He  jtressed  a  letter  upon  me,  within  this 
hour,  lo  deliver  to  you.  Dryden. 

10.  To  urge  or  solicit  with  earnestness  or 
importunity.  He  pressed  me  to  accept  of 
his  ofl"er. 

11.  To  urge  ;  to  constrain. 

Paul  was  pressed  in  spirit,  and  testified  to 
the  Jews  thai  Jesus  was  Christ.     Acts  xviii. 

Wickedness  pressed  with  conscience,  fore- 
castetli  grievous  things.  Wisdom. 

12.  To  squeeze  for  making  smooth  ;  as  cloth 
or  paper. 

Press  diflcrs  from  dnve  and  strike,  in  usually 
denoting  a  slow  or  continued  application! 
of  force;  whereas  drive  and  strike  denote 
a  sudden  impulse  of  force. 
PRESS,  ji.  i.  To  urge  or  strain  in  motion ; 
to  urge  forward  with  fVirce. 

I  press  towards  tlie  mark  lor  the  prize  of  the 
high  calling  of  God  in  Christ  Jesus.     Phil.  iii. 
Th'  insulting  victor  yiresses  on  the  more. 

Hi'yden. 
3.  To  bear  on  witli  force  ;  to  encroach. 
On  superior  powers 
Were  we  to  press,  interior  might  on  ours. 

Pope. 

3.  To  bear  on  with  force ;  lo  crowd ;  to 
throng. 

Thronging  crowds  press  on  you  as  you  pass. 

D/yden. 

4.  To  approach  unseasonably  or  iniportu-{ 
iiately. 

^or  press  too  near  the  throne.  Dryden. 

5.  To  urge  with  vehemence  and  importu- 
nity. 

He  pressedupon  them  greatly,  and  they  turn- 
ed in  to  hini.     Gen.  xix. 
G.  To  urge  by  influence  or  moral  force. 

When  arguments  press  equally  in  matters 
indifl'erent,  tlic  safest  method  is  to  give  up  our- 
selves to  neitlier.  ,'Iddison 

7.  To  push  with   force;  as,  to  prcM  against 

the  door. 
PRESS,    n.    [It.    prcssa,    ha.ste,    hurry,    a 

crowd;  Sp.  prensa ;    Fr.  pre.ise,  prtssoir; 

Sw.  priiss  ;  Han.  G.  presse.] 

1.  All  instrument  or  machine  by  which  any 
body  is  squeezed,  crushed  or  forced  into 
a  more  compact  form  ;  as  a  wine-press, 
cider-press  or  cheese-press. 

2.  A  niiichine  for  priming;  a  printing-press. 
Great  iniprovcnients  have  been  lately 
made  in  the  coiistructinu  of  presses. 

3.  The  art  or  business  of  printing  and  pub- 
lishing. A  free  press  is  a  great  blessing  to 
a  free  people  ;  a  liccniioiis  press  is  a  curse 
to  society. 

4.  A  crowd ;  a  throng;  a  multitude  of  in- 
dividuals crowded  together. 

And  when  they  could  nut  come  nigh  to  him 
for  the  press —     Mark  ii. 

5.  The  act  of  urging  or  pushing  forward. 

Which  in  their  llirong  and  press  to   the  last 

hold, 
Confound  themselves.  Uliak. 

0.  A  wine-vat  or  cistern.     Hag.  ii. 

7.  A  case  or  closet  for  the  safe  keeping  of 
garments.  Shak 

8.  Urgency;  urgent  demands  of  alfairs;  as 
a  press  of  business. 

9.  A  commission  to  force   men   into  jniblic 


service,   particularly   into  the  navy ;   for 
impress.  Raleigh. 

Press  of  sail,  in  navigation,  is  as  much  sail 
as  the  state  of  the  wind  will  permit. 

Mar.  Did. 

Liberty  of  the  press,  in  civil  policy,  is  the  free 
right  of  publishing  books,  pamphlets  or 
papers  without  previous  restraint;  or  the 
unrestrained  right  w  liich  evei-y  citizen  en- 
joys of  publishing  his  thoughts  and  opin- 
ions, subject  only  to  punishment  for  pub- 
lishing what  is  pernicious  to  morals  or  to 
the  peace  of  the  state. 

PRESS -BED,  71.  A  bed  that  may  be  raised 
and  inclosed  in  a  case. 

PRESS'ED,  pp.  Urged  by  force  or  weight; 
constrained  ;  distressed ;  crowded ;  em- 
brace<l ;  made  smooth  and  glossy  by  press- 
ure, as  cloth. 

PRESSER,  n.  One  that  presses. 

PRESS'-GANG,  n.  [press  and  gang.']  A 
detachment  of  seamen  under  the  com- 
mand of  an  officer,  empowered  to  impress 
men  into  the  naval  service. 

PRE;SS'ING,  ppr.  Urging  with  force  or 
weight ;  squeezing  ;  constraining  ;  crowd- 
ing ;  embracing  ;  distressing  ;  forcing  in- 
to service;  rolling  in  a  press. 

2.  a.  Urgent ;  distressing. 

PRESS'ING,  n.  The  act  or  operation  of 
applying  force  to  bodies.  The  pressing  o{ 
cloth  is  performed  by  means  of  the  screw, 
or  by  a  calendar. 

PRESS'INGLY,  adv.  With  force  or  urgen- 
cy ;  closely.  Howell. 

PRES'SION,  n.  [It.  pressione.]  The  act  of 
pressing.  But  pressure  is  more  generally 
userl.  JVewlon. 

2.  Ill  the  Cartesian  philosophy,  an  endeavor 
to  move. 

PRESS'ITANT,  a.  Gravitating;  heavy. 
[J^tot  in  use.]  More. 

PRESSMAN,  n.  In  printing,  the  man  who 
manages  the  press  and  impresses  the 
sheets. 

2.  One  of  a  press-gang,  who  aids  in  forcing 
men  into  the  naval  service.  Chapman. 

PRESS'-MONEY,  n.  Money  paid  to  a  man 
inqiressed  into  public  service.  [See  Prest- 
monty.]  Gay. 

PRESS^TRE,  n.  [It.  L.  prcssura.]  The  act 
of  ])ressing  or  urging  with  force. 

2.  The  act  of  squeezing  or  crushing.  Wine 
is  obtained  by  the  pressure  of  grapes. 

3.  The  state  of  being  squeezed  or  crushed. 

4.  The  fiuce  of  one  body  acting  on  another 
by  weight  or  the  continued  application  of 
power.  Pressure  is  occasioned  by  weight 
or  gravity,  by  the  motion  of  bodies,  by  the 
expansion  of  fluids,  by  elasticity,  &c. 
Mutual  pressure  may  be  caused  by  the 
meeting  of  moving  bodies,  or  by  the  mo- 
tion of  one  body  against  another  at  rest, 
and  the  resistance  or  elastic  force  of  llie 
latter.  The  degree  of  pressure  is  in  pro- 
portion to  the  v\'eight  of  the  pressing  body, 
or  to  the  power  applied,  or  to  the  elastic 
force  of  resisting  bodies.  The  screw  is  a 
most  powerful  instrument  of  ^resiKrc.  The 
pressure  of  wind  on  the  sails  of  a  ship  is 
ill  proportion  to  its  velocity. 

).  A  constraining  force  or  impulse ;  that 
whiidi  urges  or  compels  the  intellectual  or 
moral  t'aciiltics;  aA  the  pressure  of  iDot'wva 
on  the  mind,  or  of  fear  on  the  conscience. 


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6.  That  which  afflicts  the  body  or  depresses 
the  spirits  ;  any  severe  affliction,  distress, 
culauiity  or  grievance ;  straits,  diliicul- 
ties,  embarrassments,  or  the  distress  thev 
occasion.  We  sjiuak  of  the  pressure  of 
poverty  or  want,  the  pressure  of  debts, 
tlie  pressure  of  taxes,  the  pressure  of  afflic- 
tions or  sorrow. 

My  own  and  my  people's  pressures  are  giiev- 
oug_  A'.  CItarles. 

To  this  consideration  he  retreats  with  com- 
fort in  all  his piessures.  Attnbwy. 

We  observe  that  pressure  is  used  botli 
for  trouble  or  calamity,  and  for  the  dis- 
tress it  produces. 

7.  Urgency  ;  as  the  pressure  of  business. 

8.  Impression;  stamp;  character  impress- 
ed. 

All  laws  of  books,  all   forms,  all  pressures 

past.  Sliak. 

PREST,  sometimes  used  for  pressed.     [See 

Press.] 

PREST,  a.  [Old   Fr.  prest   or  preste,   now 
prit,  prel  or  preste ;  Sp.  It.  presto,  from  I 
prctsto,   to  stand  before  or  forward  ;  prce 
and  sto.] 

1.  Rc-idy  ;  prompt.   Obs.  Fairfax. 

2.  Neat ;  tight.     Obs.  Tusscr. 
PREST,  n.  [Fr.  prU,  supra.]  A  loan.     Obs. 

Bacon 

2.  Formerly,  a  duty  in  money,  to  be  paid 
by  the  sherif  on  his  account  in  the  e.\- 
cheijuer,  or  for  money  left  or  remaining  in 
liis  liands.  2  and  ;J  Edw.  li. 

PREST'-MONEY,  71.  Money  paid  to  men 
impressed  into  the  service.  Encyc 

PRESTA'TION,  n.  [L.  prcostatio.]  For- 
merly, a  payment  of  money  ;  sometimes 
used  for  purveyance.  Encyc 

PRESTA'TION'-MONEY,    n.   A    sum    of 
money   paid   yearly   by  archdeacons  and 
other  dignitaries  to  their  bishop,  pro  exte 
riore  jurisdictione.  Eiici/c. 

PRES'TER,  n.  [Gr.  Ttpjjfijp,  from  rtp>j9u, 'to 
kindle  or  inflame.] 

1.  A  meteor  thrown  from  the  clouds  with 
such  violence,  that  by  collision  it  is  sot  on 
fire.  Encyc. 

2.  The  external  part  of  the  neck,  which 
swells  when  a  person  is  angry.  Encyc. 

PRES'TIgES,  )i.  [L.  pr(estigi(E.]  Jugglitig 
tricks ;  impostures.  Did 

PRESTIGIA  TIOX,  n.  [L.  prcesligiw 
tricks.] 

The  playing  of  legerdemain  tricks;  ajug- 
ghng.  IMct. 

PRESTIiilA'TOR,  n.  A  juggler;  a  cheat. 

More. 

PRESTIG'IATORY,  o.  Juggling;  consist- 
ing of  impostures. 

PRESTIG'IOUS,  a.  Practicing  tricks;  .jug 
gling.  Bale. 

PRES'TIMONY,  n.  [Port.  Si),  prestimonio ; 
L.  prasto,  to  supply  ;  pra  and  sto.]  In 
canon  law,  a  fund  for  the  support  of  a 
priest,  appropriated  by  the  founder,  but 
not  erected  into  any  title  of  benefice,  and 
not  sub|ect  to  the  pope  or  the  ordinary, 
but  of  which  the  patron  is  the  collator. 

Port.  Diet.     Encyc 
But  in   a  Spanish  Dictionary  thus  de- 
fined, "a  prebend  for  the  raaintenaiu^e  of 
poor  clergymen,  on  condition  of  their  say 
ing  pravers  at  certain  stated  times." 

PRES'TO,  adv.  [Sp.  It.  presto,  quick  or 
fjuickly;  h.  prasto.] 


1.  In  music,  a  direction  for  a  quick  lively 
movement  or  performance. 

2.  Uuickly;  immediately;  in  haste.      Swift. 
PKESTRle  T10.\,  n.    [L.  prwstHngo,  pro:- 

strictus.]     Dimness.  Milton. 

PRESU'M.AULE,  a.  s&sz.  [from presume.] 
That  may  be  presumed;  that  may  be  sup- 
posed to  be  true  or  entitled  to  belief,  with- 
out examination  or  direct  evidence,  or  on 
[irobable  evidence. 

PRESUMABLY,  adv.  By  presuming  or 
supposing  something  to  be  true,  without 
direct  proof.  Brown. 

PRESU'ME,  v.t.  sa.sz.    [Pr.  presumer ;  It. 
presumcre ;  Sp.presumir;  from   L.  pra;s 
mo  ;  prie,  beibre,  and  sumo,  to  take.] 

To  take  or  suppose  to  be  true  or  entitled  to 
belief,  without  examination  or  positive 
proof,  or  on  the  strength  of  probability. 
We  presume  that  a  man  is  honest,  wlio  has 
not  been  known  to  cheat  or  deceive  ;  but 
in  this  we  are  sometimes  mistaken.  Ii 
many  cases,  the  law  presumes  full  pay 
ment  where  positive  evidence  of  it  cannot 
be  produced. 

We  not  only  presiinie  it  may  be  so,  but  we 
actually  (inil  it  so.  Gov.  of  the  Tont;ue. 

In  cases  ot  implied  contracts,  the  law  pre- 
sumes that  a  man  has  covenanted  or  contracted 
to  do  what  reason  and  justice  dictate. 

Slackstone. 

PRESU'ME,  V.  i.  To  venture  without  posi- 
tive permission  ;  as,  we  may  presume  too 
far.  Bacon 

2.  To  form  confident  or  arrogant  opinions  ; 
with  on  or  upon,  before  the  cause  of  con- 
fidence. 

This  man  presumes  upon  his  parts.      Locke. 
I  will  not  presume  so  far  upon  myself. 

Drydni 

3.  To  make  confident  or  arrogant  attempts 
In  that  we  presume  to  see  what  is  meet  ami 

convenient,  better  than  God  himself.     Hooker 

4.  It  has  on  or  ^^pon  sometimes  before  the 
thing  supposed. 

V,u\\\eT  presumes  upon  the  gift  of  continency. 

Atterliury 
It  is  sometimes  followed   by  of,  but  im- 
properly. 

PRESU'MED,  ;)/).  Suppo.sed  or  taken  to 
be  true,  or  entitled  to  belief,  without  posi- 
tive proof 

PRESU'MER,  n.  One  that  presumes ;  also, 
an  arrogant  person.  Wotton. 

PRESUMING,  ppr.  Taking  as  true,  or  sup- 
posing to  be  entitled  to  belief,  on  probable 
evidence. 
2.  a.  Venturing  without  positive  permis- 
sion ;  too  confident ;  arrogant ;  unreason- 
ably bold. 
PRESUMP'TION,  ?!.    [Fr. />re«om;)(ton  ,•  L. 

prctsumptio.] 
1.  Supposition  of  the  truth  or  real  existence 
of  something  without  direct  or  positive 
proof  of  the  fart,  but  grounded  on  circum- 
stantial or  probable  evidence  which  en- 
titles it  to  belief.  Presumption  in  law  is 
of  three  sorts,  violent  or  strong,  probable, 
and  light. 

Next  to  positive  proof,  circuTiistantial  evi- 
dence or  tlie  doctrine  of  presumptions  must 
take  place ;  for  when  tlie  fact  cannot  be  de- 
monstratively evinced,  that  which  comes  near- 
est to  the  proof  of  the  fact  is  the  proof  of  such 
circumstances  as  either  neccssaiily  01  iKually 
attend  such  facts.     These  are  called  presump- 


tions.     Violent   presumption  is  many  hmes 
equal  to  full  proof.  Btackstone. 

Strong  probability  ;  as  in  the  common 
|)hrase,  the  presumption  is  that  an  event 
has  taken  place,  or  will  take  place. 
Blind  or  iieadstrong  confidence  ;  unrea- 
sonable adventurousness  ;  a  venturing  to 
undertake  something  without  reascniable 
prospect  of  success,  or  against  the  usual 
probabilities  of  satety  ;  presumptuous- 
ness. 

Let  my  presumption  not  provoke  thy  wrath. 

Shak. 
I  had  tlie  presumption  to  dedicate  to  you  a 
very  unhnished  piece.  Dryden. 

4.  Arrogance.     lie  had  the  presumption  to 

attemj)!  to  dictate  to  the  council. 
').  Unreasonable  confidence  in  divine  favor. 
The  awe  of  his  majesty  will  keep  us  [rom  pre- 
sumption. Rogers. 
PRESUMPTIVE,    a.    Taken  by  previous 
supposition  ;  grounded   on   probable  evi- 
dence. 

Unreasonably  confident;  adventuring 
without  reasonable  grnund  to  expect  suc- 
cess; presmnptuous ;  arrogant.  Brown. 
Presumptive  evidtnce,  in  taw,  is  that  which  is 
derived  from  circumstances  wiiich  neces- 
sarily or  usu.-illy  attend  a  fact,  as  distinct 
from  direct  evidence  or  positive  proof. 

Presumptive  evidence  of  felony  should  be 
cautiou-ly  admitted.  Slackstone. 

Presumptive  lieir,  one  who  would  inherit  an 
estate  if  the  ancestor  should  die  with 
things  in  their  present  state,  but  whose 
right  of  inheritaiice  may  be  defeated  by 
the  biitli  of  a  nearer  heir  before  the  death 
of  the  ancestor.  Thus  the  presumptive  suc- 
cession of  a  brother  or  nephew  may  be 
destroyed  by  the  birth  of  a  child.  Pre- 
sumptive heir  is  distinguished  from  heir 
apparent,  whose  right  of  inheritance  is  in- 
del'easible,  provided  he  outlives  the  an- 
cestor. Blarkstone. 

PRESUMP^TIVELY,  adv.  By  presumption, 
or  supposition  grounded  on  probability. 

Burke. 

PRESUMPTUOUS,  a.  [Fr.  prcsomptueux ; 
It.  Sp.  presuntuoso.] 

1.  Bold  and  confident  to  e.xcess :  adventur- 
ing without  reasonable  ground  of  success  ; 
ha/arding  safety-  on  too  slight  grounds ; 
rash;  applied  lo  persons;  as  a.  presumptu- 
ous commander. 

There  is  a  class  o{ presumptuous  men  whom 
age  has  not  made  cautious,  nor  adversity  wise. 

Buckminster. 

2.  Founded  on  presumption  ;  proceeding 
from  e.xcess  of  confidence  ;  applied  to 
things;  as  presumptuous  hope.         Milton. 

3.  Arrogant;  insolent;  as  a  presumptuous 
priest.  Shak. 

Presumptuous  pride.  Dryden. 

4.  Unduly  confident ;  irreverent  with  re- 
spect to-sacred  things. 

.5.  Willful ;  done  with  bold  design,  rash  con- 
fidence or  in  violation  of  known  duty;  as 
a  presumptuous  sin. 

iPRESUMl'  TUOUSLY,orfu.  With  rash  con- 
fidence. 

2.  .\rrogantly;  insolently. 

3.  Willfully  ;  in  bold  defiance  of  conscience 
or  violation  of  known  duty  ;  as,  to  s\n  pre- 
sumptuously.    Num.  XV. 

4.  With  grotmdless  and  vain  confidence  in 
the  divine  favor.  Hammond, 


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PRESUMP'TUOUSNESS,  n.  Tlie  quality 
of  heing  presiiiiiiituniis  or  rashly  confi- 
dent; groundless  confidence;  arrogance; 
irreverent  boldness  or  Ibrwardness. 

PRESUPPOSAL,  n.  presuppo'zal.  {pre  and 
suppos(tl.\ 

Supposal  previously  formed ;  presupposition. 

Hooker. 

PRESUPPO'SE,  v.t.  presuppo'ze.  [Vr.  prc- 
supposer  ;  It.  presupporre  ;  Eng.  pre  and 
suppose.] 

To  suppose  as  previous;  to  imply  as  ante- 
cedent. The  existence  of  created  things 
presupposes  the  existence  of  a  Creator. 

Each  kind  of  knowledge  presupposes  many 
necessary  things  learned  in  other  sciences  and 
known  beforehand.  Hooker 

PRESUPPO'SED,  pp.  Supposed  to  be  an 
tecedent. 

PRESUPPOSING,  ppr.  Supposing  to  be 
previous. 

PRESUPPOSP'TION,  »i.  Supposition  jire 
viously  formed. 

2.  Supposition  of  something  antecedent. 
PRESURMISE,  n.presurmi'ze.  [pre  and  sur 

mise.] 

A  surmise  previously  forined.  Sliak. 

PRETEND',  v.t.  [L.  prcelendo ;  pro:,  be- 
fore, and  tendo,  to  tend,  to  reach  or 
stretch;  Ft.  pretendre  :  It.  pretendere  ;  Sp 
pretender.] 

1.  Literally,  to  reach   or  stretch    forward 
used  by  Dryden,  but  this  use  is  not  well 
authorized. 

9.  To  hold  out,  as  a  false  appearance  ;  to 
offer  something  feigned  instead  of  that 
which  is  real ;  to  simulate,  in  words  or 
actions. 

This  let  him  know, 
Lest  willfully  transgressing,  he  pretend 
Surprisal.  Milton 

3.  To  show  hypocritically ;  as,  to  pretend 
great  zeal  vvhei;  the  heart  is  net  engaged ; 
to  pretend  patriotism  fir  the  sake  of  gain- 
ing popular  applause  or  obtaining  an  of- 
fice. 

4.  To  exhibit  as  a  cover  for  something  hid- 
den. 

Lest  that  too  heavenly  form,  pretended 
To  hellish  falsehood,  snare  them.        Milton. 
[.\o(  inuse.] 
.5.  To  claim. 

Chiefs  shall   be  grudg'd  the  part  which  they 
pretend.  Dryden. 

In  this  sense,  we  generally  use  pretend  to. 
6.  To  intend  ;  to  design.     [.Vo<  used.] 

Spenser 
PRETEND',  V.  t.  To  put  in  a  claim,  truly 
or  falsely  ;  to  hold  out  the  appearance  of 
being,  possessing  or  performing.  A  man 
niav  pretend  to  be  a  physician,  and  pretendi 
to  iicrforii)  great  cures.  Bad  men  often 
pretend  to  he  patriots. 
PRETEND'ED,  pp.  Held  out,   as  a   false 

appearance;  feigned;  simulated. 
2.  a-  Ostensible  ;  hypocritical ;  as  a  pretend- 
ed reason  or  motive  ;  pretended  zeal. 
PRETEND'EDLY,   adv.  By  false   appear- 
ance or  representation.  Hammond. 
PRETEND'ER,  n.  One  who  makes  a  show 
of  something    not   real ;    one    who    lays 
claim  to  any  thing. 
2.  In  Bnglisli  hislory,  the  heir  of  the  royal 
family  of  Stuari,  who  lays  claim   to  the 
crown  of  Great  Britain,   but   is  excluded 
by  law.  Burnet. 


PRETEND'ERSHIP,  n.  The  right  or  claim 
of  tlie  Pretender.  Swift. 

PRETEND'INCppr.  Holding  out  a  false 
appearance  ;  laying  claim  to,  or  attempt- 
ing to  make  others  believe  one  is  what  in 
truth  he  is  not,  or  that  he  has  or  does 
something  which  he  has  or  does  not: 
making  hypocritical  professions. 

PRETENDINGLY,  arfy.  Arrogantly;  pre- 
sumptuously. 

PRETENSE,  n.  pre<en«'.  [L.  pr(Etensus,prm- 
tendo.] 

1.  A  holding  out  or  offering  to  others  some- 
tliing  false  or  feigned  ;  a  presenting  to 
others,  either  in  words  or  actions,  a  false 
or  hypocritical  appearance,  usually  with  a 
view  to  conceal  wliat  is  real,  and  thus  to 
deceive.  Under  pretense  of  giving  liberty 
to  nations,  the  prince  conquered  and  en 
slaved  them.  Under  pretense  of  patriot- 
ism, ambitious  men  serve  their  own  selfish 
purposes. 

Let  not  Trojans,  with  a  feigned  pretense 
Of  prcffer'd  peace,  delude  the  Latian  prince 

Dryden 
It  is  sometimes  preceded  by  on ;  as  on 
pretense  of  revenging  Cesar's  death. 

Middleton 

2.  Assumption  ;  claim  to  notice. 
Never  was  any  thing  of  this  pretence  more 

ingeniously  imparted.  Evelyn. 

3.  Claim,  true  or  false. 
Primogeniture  cannot  have  any  pretense  to  a 

light  of  solely  inheriting  property  or  power. 

Locke 

4.  Something  held  out  to  terrify  or  for  other 
purpose;  as  a  pretense  of  danger.       Shuk. 

PRETENS'ED,  n.  Pretended;  ti-igncd  ;  asl 
a  ;)rffenserf  right  to  land.     [Little  used.]      j 

Enei/c 

PRETEN'SION,  n.  [It.  pretensione  ;  l-'r. 
pretention.]  j 

1.  Claim,  true  or  false;  a  holding  out  the 
appearance  of  right  or  possession  of  a; 
thing,  with  a  vi^w  to  make  otiiers  believe 
what  is  not  real,  or  what,  if  true,  is  not 
yet  known  or  admitted.  A  man  may 
make  pretensions  to  riglils  wliich  he  can- 
not maintain  ;  he  may  make  pretensions  to 
skill  wliich  lie  does  not  possess;  and  he 
may  make  pretensions  to  skill  or  acquire- 
ments   which     he    really    possesses,   but 


which  lie  is  not  known  to  possess.    Hence,-,    „  m,iii>  « i 

we  speak  of  ill  founded  pretensions,  a„d: '^'^'^.^ '^l*,'^-^  ^  UKAL,  a. 
well  founded  pretensions. 
Claim  to  something  to  be  obtained,  or  a' 
desire  to  obtain  something,  manifested  by 
words  or  actions.  Any  citizen  may  have 
pretensions  to  the  honor  of  representing 
the  state  in  the  senate  or  house  of  repre- 
sentatives. 

The  commons  demand  that  the  consulship 
should  lie  in  common  to  the  pretensions  of  any 
Roman.  Swift. 

Men  indulge  those  opinions  and  practices 
that  (nvoTlheir  pretensions.  L'  E^trunge 

3.  Fictitious  appearance;  a  Latin  phrase,  not 
now  used. 

This  was  hut  an  invention  and  pretension 
given  out  by  the  Spaniards.  Baeon. 

PRETENT'ATIVE,  a.  [L.  prw  and  tento, 

to  try.] 
That  may  be  previously  tried  or  attempted. 

[Little  used.]  U'otton. 

PRETER,  a  Latin  preposition,  [praier.  |  isj 

used  in  some  English  words  as  a  prefix. 


Its  proper  signification  is  beyond,  hence 
beside,  more. 

PRETERIiMPER'FE€T,  a.  [beyond  or  be- 
side unfinished.] 

In  grammar,  designating  the  tense  which  ex- 
presses action  or  being  not  perfectly  past; 
an  awkward  epithet,  very  ill  applied. 

PRETERIT,  a.  [L.  preeteritus,  proUereo ; 
prater,  beyond,  and  eo,  to  go.] 

Past;  applied  to  the  tense  in  grammar  which 
expresses  an  action  or  being  perfectly  past 
or  finished,  often  that  which  is  just  past 
or  completed,  but  without  a  specification 
of  time.  It  is  caliiMl  also  the  pcr/ec<  tense  ; 
as,  scripsi,  I  have  written.  VVe  say,  "I 
have  written  a  letter  to  my  correspondent ;'' 
in  which  sentence,  the  time  is  supposed  to 
be  not  distant  and  not  specified.  But 
when  the  time  is  mentioned,  we  use  the 
imperfect  tense  so  called  ;  as,  "  I  wrote  to 
my  correspondent  yesterday."  In  this  usft 
of  tliepre(en7  or  perfect  tense,  the  English 
differs  from  the  French,  in  which /ai  ecrit 
hier,  is  correct ;  but  I  have  written  yester- 
day, would  be  very  bad  English. 

PRETERI 'TION,  n.  [Ft.  from  h.  pratereo, 
to  pass  by.] 

1.  The  act  of  going  past  ;  the  state  of  beins 
past.  Hall. 

2.  In  rhetoric,  a  figure  by  which,  in  pretend- 
ing to  pass  over  any  thing,  we  make  a 
summary  mention  of  it ;  as,  "I  will  not 
say,  he  is  valiant,  he  is  learned,  he  is  just," 
&.C.  The  most  artful  praises  are  those 
bestowed  bv  wav  of  ;);-e(en<J07i.  Encyc. 

PRE'TEKITiNESS,  n.  [hotn  pretenl.]  The 
state  of  being  past.     [Little  used.] 

Bentley. 

PRETERLAP.S'ED,  a.  [L.  pnrterlapsus, 
pralerlabur ;  prieter  and  tabo>;  to  glide.] 

Past ;  gone  by  ;  as  preterlapsed  ages. 

Walker. 

PRETERLE'GAL,  a.  [h.  pra:ter  and  legal.] 
Exceeding  the  limits  of  law ;  not  legal. 
[Little  used.]  K.  Charles. 

PRETERMISSION,  n.  [L.  pnetermissio, 
from  prieterm'dto.]  A  passing  by  ;  omis- 
sion. 

2.  In  rhetoric,  the  same  as preterition. 

PRETERMIT',  v.  i.  [L.  pnelermilto  ;  pra- 
ter, beyond,  and  niilto,  to  send] 

To  pass  by  :  to  omit.  Bacon. 

[L.  prceter  and 
natural.] 

Beyond  what  is  natural,  or  dillerent  from 
what  is  natural;  irregular.  We  call  iliose 
events  in  the  physical  world  preternatural, 
which  are  extraordinary,  which  are  tleem- 
ed  to  l)c  beyond  or  without  the  ordinary 
course  of  things,  and  yet  are  not  deemed 
miraculous;  in  distinction  from  events 
which  are  supernatural,  which  cannot  be 
produced  by  physical  laws  or  powers,  and 
must  therefore  be  produced  by  a  direct 
exertion  of  omnipotence.  We  aL'^o  apply 
the  epithet  to  things  uncommon  or  irreg- 
ular ;  as  a  preternatural  swelling;  a  pre- 
ternatural pulse  ;  a  preternatural  excite- 
ment or  temper. 

PRETERNATURAL'ITY,  n.  Prcternatn- 
ralness.     [Little  used.]  Smith. 

PRETERNAT'IJRALLY,  adv.  In  a  man- 
\wx  beyond  or  aside  from  the  coniinon  or- 
d("r  of  nature  ;  as  vessels  of  tbe  body  pn- 
ternaturally  distended. 


PRE 


PRE 


PRE 


PRETERNAT'URALNESS,  n.  A  state  or 
muiiiier  different  iVoiti  the  eoiiinioii  order 
of  Mature. 

PRETEKI'ER'FECT,  a.  [L.  prwter  and 
jierj'ectus.  J 

Uaerntiw,  more  than  complete  or  finished  ;  an 
epithet  e(|iiivuleiit  to  ;)re/en7,  applied  ti>  tlie 
tense  of  verha  wtiich  expresses  action  or 
being  absolutely  past.     [Grammar.] 

Spectator. 

PRETERI'LUPER'FECT,  a.  [L.  pntttr, 
hi'.ynmi,  ulus,  iiv<re,  ami  perfedus,  perlectJ 

Ijterully,  beyond  more  than  perfect ;  an  epi- 
thet designating  the  tense  of  verbs  whii-li 
expresses  notion  or  being  past  prior  to  an- 
other past  event  or  tin)e  ;  bettiT  denomi- 
nated the  prior  past  tense,  that  is,  past 
prior  to  another  event. 

PRETEX',  I',  t.  [L.  prceteio  ;  prce  and  texo, 
or  tego,  tend.] 

To  cloak  i  to  Bonccal.     [.Vol  used.] 

Edivards. 

PRETEXT',  »i.  [L.  pra:teitu.i ;  Fr.  prelcrte  ; 
It.  prelesto  ;  Sp.  prelexto.] 

Pretense  ;  false  appearance  ;  ostensible  rea- 
son or  motive  assigned  or  assumed  as  a 
color  or  cover  tor  the  real  reason  or  mo- 
tive, lie  gave  plausible  reasons  for  his 
conduct,  but  these  were  only  a  pretext  to 
conceal  his  real  motives. 

He  iiiailc/)r<'(cx*  that  I  should  only  go 
And    hell)  convey  his  freight ;   hut  thought 
not  so.  Chapman. 

They  suck  the  blood  of  those  they  depend  ou, 
under  a  pretext  of  service  and  kindness. 

L' Estrange. 

PRE'TOR,  n.  [L.  pra:tor,  from  the  root  of 
pra,  before.] 

Among  the  ancient  Romans,  a  judge  ;  an  offi- 
cer answering  to  the  modern  chief  justice 
or  chancellor,  or  to  both.  In  later  times, 
subordinate  judges  appointed  to  distribute 
justice  in  the  provinces,  were  created  and 
called  pretors  or  provincial  prelors.  These 
assisted  the  consuls  in  the  government  of 
the  provinces.  Encyc. 

In  modem  times,  the  word  is  sometimes 
used  for  a  mayor  or  magistrate. 

Dri/den.     Spectator. 

PRETO'RIAL,  a.  Pertainiiig  to  a  pretor  or 
judge  :  judicial.  Burke. 

PRETO'RIAN,  a.  Belonging  to  a  pretor  or 
judge;  judicial  ;  exercised  by  the  pretor; 
as  pretorian  power  nr  authority.       Bacon. 

Pretoririn  bands  or  guards,  in  Roman  histo 
ry,   were    the   emperor's    guards.     Their 
number  was  ultimately  increased   to  ten 
thousand  men.  Encyc. 

PRE'TORSIIIP,  n.  The  office  of  pretor. 

/r«r^o  II. 

PRETTILY,  adi:  prii'tily.  [from  pretty.]  In 
a  pretty  manner  ;  with  neatness  and  taste  : 
pleasingly  ;  without  magnificence  or  splen- 
dor ;  as  a  woiuaii  prettily  dressed  ;  a  par- 
terre prettily  ornamented  vvilli  flowers. 

9.  With  decency,  good  manners  and  deco- 
rum without  dignity. 

Children  kojit  out  of  ill  coiiipanj',  lake  a  pride 
to  heliavf  themselves ;»f((i7i/.  Loclie. 

PRETTINESS,  n.  prit'tiness.  [from  pretty.] 
1.  Diminutive  beauty  ;  a  pleasing  form  with- 
out statelincss  or  dignity  ;  as  the  prettiness 
of  the  face  ;  the  prettiness  of  a  bird  or  oth- 
er small  animal  ;  the  prettiness  of  dress. 

More 


|2.  Neatness  and   taste  displayed  ou   small 

;     objects;  as  the /iref/iness  of  a  fluwer  bed 

'3.  Decency  of  manners ;  pleasing  propriety 

I  without  <lignity  or  elevation  ;  as  the  pret- 
tiness of  a.  chilli's  beliavior. 

PRETTY,  a.  prit'ty.  [Sax.  prate,  adorned: 
pr:ntig,  sly,  crafty  ;  Dan.  pnjilet,  adorned 

.     Sw.  prydd.  id. ;  \V.  pryd,  comilineSH,  beau 

I     ty,  also  that  is  firesent,  stated  tiine,  hour 

I     or  season,  visage,  aspect;  prydain,  exhib- 

J  iting  presence  or  an  open  countenance 
beautiful  ;  pryditiw,  to  represent  an  object, 

I     to  record   an  event,   to  render  seasonable, 

]  to  set  apart  a  time,  to  become  seasona- 
ble. This  word  seems  to  be  connected 
with  priaicd,  appropriate,  proper,  fitting, 
whence  priodi,  to  render  appropriate,  to 
espouse  or  marry,  and  priodverc,  a  bride. 
Hence  it  is  evident,  the  radical  sense  is 
set,  or  as  we  say,  set  off,  implying  enlarge- 
ment.] 

I.  Having  diminutive  beauty  ;  of  a  pleasing 
form  without  the  strong  lines  of  beauty,  or 
without  gracefulness  and  dignity  ;  as  a 
pretty  face  ;  a  pretty  person  ;  a  pretty  flow- 
er. 

The  pretty  gentleman  is  the  most  coinplai- 
sani  creature  in  the  world.  Spectator. 

That  which  is  little  can  be  but  pretti/,  and  by 
claiming  dignity  becomes  ridiculous. 

.fohnsoji. 

i.  Neat  and  appropriate  without  niagnifi- 
ceuce  or  splendor  ;  as  a  pretty  dress. 

3.  Handsome  ;    neatly     arranged    or    orna- 
mented ;  as  a  pretty  flower  bed. 
Neat;  elegant  witiiout  elevation  or  grand- 
cur  ;  as   a  pretty  tale   or  story ;    a  pretty 
song  or  comjiosition. 

5.  Sly ;  crafty  ;  as,  he  has  played  his  friend 
n  pretty  trick.  This  seems  to  be  the  sense 
of  the  word  in  this  phrase,  according  with 
the  Saxon  prnlifr.  And  hence  perhaps  the 
phrase,  a  pretty  /ellow. 
Small;  diminutive  ;  in  contempt.  He  will 
make  a  pretty  ligiire  in  a  triumph. 

7.  Not  very  small ;  moderately  large  ;  as  a 
pretty  way  off. 

Cutoff  the  .stalks  of  cucumbers  immediately 
after  tlieir  beating,  close  by  the  earth,  and  tlicnj 
c.Tst  a  pretty  quantity  of  earth  upou  the  plant, 
and  they  will  bear  next  year  before  the  ordina- 
ly  time.     [A'ot  in  ii.<f.]  Barj>n.' 

PRh'.TTY.  adv.  prit'ty.  In  some  degree ;! 
tolerably  ;  moderately ;  as  a  farm  prcttyl 
well  stocked  :  the  colors  became  pretty 
vivid  ;  I  am  pretty  sure  of  the  fact  ;  the 
wind  is />;e(/i/ fair.  The  English  farthing 
is /ictWi/ near  the  value  of  the  .\mericau 
cent.  In  these  and  similar  phrases,  ^leHy 
expresses  less  than  very. 

■|1ie  wiiter  pretty  iil.iinly  profos,5es  himself  a 
sincere  christian.  Atlcrbury. 

PUKTYP  IFIED,;};;.  [frnm  pretypify.]  Ante- 
ccdentlv  represented  bv  tvpe  ;  prefigured. 

PRETYi""ir\"',  V.  t.  [pre  and  typify.]  To 
prefigure;  to  exhibit  previously  in  a  tyjie. 

Pearson. 

PRETYP'IFYlNG,  ppr.  Prefiguring. 

iPREVA'IL,  v.i.  [Fr.  prevaloir :  It.  preva- 
lere  ;  Sp.  prevalccer  ;  L.  pravaieo  ;  prw,  be- 
fore, and  valeo,  to  be  strong  or  well.  Fateo 
.seems  to  be  from  the  same  root  as  the 
Eng.  well.  The  primary  sense  is  to  stretch 
or  strain  forward,  to  advance.] 

1.  To  overcome;  to  gain  the  victory  or  su- 
periority ;  to  gain  the  advantage. 

\MieD  Moses  held  up  liis  hand,  Israel  ^re- 


vailed ;  when  he  let  down  his  hand,  Amalek 
prevailed.   Ex.  xvii. 
With  oi'er  or  against. 
David  prevailed  over  the  Philistine  with  a 
sling  and  with  a  stone.     1  Sam.  xvil. 

This  kingdom  could  never  prevail  a/^ainat 
the  united  power  of  England.  Swifi. 

'I'o  be   in  force  ;  to  have  efTect,  power  or 
influence. 

This  custom  makes  the  short-sighted  bigots 
and  the  warier  sceptics,  as  fai  as  \i  prevails. 

Ijoekc. 
To  be  prednininant ;  to  extend  over  with 
force  or  eftect.  The  fever //reuaifcrf  Sua 
a  great  part  of  the  city. 
To  gain  or  have  predominant  influence; 
to  operate  with  effect.  Tliese  reasons, 
arguments  or  motives  ought  to  prevail 
with  all  candid  men.  In  this  sense,  it  is 
tbilowed  by  if((/i. 

5.  To  persuade  or  iiiduie  ;  with  on  or  upo)i. 
They  prevailed  on  the  presiilent  to  ratify 
the  treaty.  It  is  also  followed  by  iei(/i. 
They  could  not  prevail  trilh  the  king  to 
pardon  the  oflender.  But  on  is  more  com- 
mon in  modern  practice. 

6.  To  succeed.  The  general  attempted  to 
take  till"  fort  by  a.ssaiilt,  hut  did  not  pre- 
vail. The  most  powerful  arguments  were 
employed,  hut  they  did  not  prevail. 

PREV'.A'ILl.Nfi,  ppr.  Gaining  advantage, 
superiority  or  victory ;  having  effect ;  per- 
suading: succi'eding. 

2.  a.  Predominant;  having  more  influence; 
prevalent;  superior  in  power.  The  love 
of  money  and  the  love  of  power  are  the 
prevailing  passions  of  men. 

3.  Efficacious. 

Saints    shall    assist    thee    with   prerniting 
prayers.  Howe. 

4.  Predominant;  most  general;  as  the  pre- 
vailing disease  of  a  climate  ;  a  prevailing 
opinion.  Iiiteiiiperance  is  the  prevailing 
vice  of  many  countries. 

PREVA'ILMENT,  n.  Prevalence.  [Little 
used.]  Shak. 

PREVALENCE,  ^  Superior  strength,  in- 
PREV'ALENCY,  i;  "flnence  or  efiicacy  ; 
i  most  efficacious  fiirce  in  producing  an  ef- 
fect. 

The  duke   better  knew   what  kind   of  argu- 
ments were  of  prevalence  with  him. 

Clarvntton. 
Predominance;  most  general  reception 
or  practice;  as  \.\\e  prevalence  ofvice,  orof 
corrupt  maxims;  the />rei;aience  of  opinion 
or  fashion. 

3.  Most  general  existence  or  extension;  as 
the  prevalence  of  a  disease. 

4.  Success;  as  the  ;)r<!vi/c)icf  of  prayer. 
PREVALENT,   a.    Gaining  advantage  or 

superiority  ;  victorious- 

Ihennus'  told  the  Roman  embassadors,  that 
prevalent  arms  were  as  good  as  any  title. 

Raleigh. 

2.  Powerful  ;  efficacious  ;  successful  ;  as 
prevalent  supplications. 

3.  Predominant ;  most  generally  received  or 
current ;  as  a  prevalent  opinion. 

fFoodtcard. 

4.  Predominant ;  most  general ;  extensively 
existing  ;  as  a  prevalent  disease. 

PREY  ALENTLY,    adv.    With  predomin- 
ance or  superiority  ;  powcrfullj'. 
The  evening  star  so  falls  into  the  in.aiii 
To  rise  at  mora  more  prevalently  bright. 

Prior. 


P  li  E 


PRE 


P  R  I 


I'RKVAR  ICATE,  v.  i.  [It. prevaricare  ;  Sp. 
prevaricar ;  Fr.  prevanquer ;  L.  prwvari- 
cor ;  pr<£  and  varico,  varicor,  to  straddle.] 

1.  To  shuffle ;  to  quibble  ;  to  shift  or  turn 
from  one  side  to  the  other,  from  the  di- 
rect ourse  or  from  truth  ;  to  play  foul 
plav 

f  would  think  better  of  himself,  than  that  he 
would  wilfully  prevaricate.  Stillingfleet. 

2.  In  the  civil  Imv,  to  collude  ;  as  where  an 
informer  colludes  with  the  defendant,  and 
makes  a  sham  prosecution.  Encyc. 

-"1.  In  English  lato,  to  undertake  a  thing 
falsely  and  deceitfully,  with  the  purpose 
of  defeating  or  destroying  it.  Cowel. 

PREVARICATE,  v.  t.  To  pervert;  to  cor- 
rupt;  to  evade  by  a  quibble.  [But  in  a 
transitive  sense,  this  ivord  is  seldom  or  never 
used.i 

PREVARICA'TION,  n.  A  shuffling  or 
quibbling  to  evade  the  truth  or  the  dis- 
closure of  truth ;  the  practice  of  some 
trick  for  evading  what  is  just  or  honora- 
ble;  a  deviation  from  the  plain  path  of 
truth  and  fair  dealing.  Addison. 

2.  In  the  civil  law,  the  collusion  of  an  ni- 
former  with  the  defendant,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  making  a  sham  prosecution. 

Encyc. 

3.  In  common  lazv,  a  seeming  to  undertake  a 
thing  faUely  or  deceitfully,  for  the   pu 
pose  of  defeating  ordestroying  it.     Cowel. 

4.  A  secret  abuse  in  the  exercise  of  a  public 
office  or  commission.  Encyc 

PREVARICATOR,  n.  One  that  prevari- 
cates; a  shuffler;  a  quibbler. 

3.  A  sham  dealer;  one  who  colludes  with  a 
defendant  in  a  sham  prosecution. 

Civil  Latv. 

3.  One  who  abuses  his  trust. 

PREVE'NE,  V.  t.  [L.  prcevenio  ;  prce,  before, 
and  venio,  to  cojne.] 

Literally,  to  come  before  ;  hence,  to  hinder. 
[M'ot  \ised.]  Philips. 

PREVE'NIENT,  a.  [L.  pra:veniens.]  Go- 
ing before  ;  preceding  ;  hence,  preventive  ; 
as  prevenient  grace.  Milton. 

PREVENT',  V.  t.  [It.  prevenire;  Sp.  Fr 
prevenir  :  L.  pravenio,  supra.] 

1.  To  go  before  ;  to  precede. 

I  prevented  the  dawning  of  the  morning,  and 
cried.     Ps.  cxix. 

2.  To  precede,  as  something  unexpected  or 
unsought. 

The  days  of  my  affliction  jwecenfed  me.    Job 
XXX.     2  Sam.  xxii 

3.  To  go  before  ;  to  precede ;  to  favor  by 
anticipation  or  by  hindering  distress  or 
evil. 

The  God  of  my  mercy  shatt prevent  me.    Ps 
lix. 

Prevent  us,  O   Lord,  in  all  our  doings,  will 
thy  most  gracious  favor.  Common  Prayer. 

4.  To  anticipate. 

Their  ready  guilt  preventing  thy  commands 

Pa/ie 
."j.  To  preoccupy ;  to  pre-engage  ;  to  attempt 
first. 

Thou   hast  prevented   us    with    overtures  of 
love.  K.  Charle 

{In  all  the  preceding  senses,  the  ivord  is 
ohsolHc.] 
6.  To  hinder  ;  to  obstruct ;  to  intercept  the 
approach  or  acc,es.s  of.  TTits  is  now  the 
only  sense.  No  foresight  or  care  will  pre- 
vent every  mi.sforlunc.  Religion  sui)plies 
consolation  uiulor  aflliclions  whieli  cannot 


be  prevented.     It  is  easier  to  prevent  an 
evil  than  to  remedy  it. 

Too  great  confidence  in  success,  is  the  likeli- 
est to  prevent  it.  Atterbury. 
PREVENT',  i>.  i.  To  come  before  the  usu- 
al time.     [JsTot  in  use.']  Bacon. 
PREVENTABLE,  a.  That  may  be   pre- 
vented or  hindered.                        Reynolds. 
PREVENT'ED,  pp.   Hindered  from   hap- 
pening or  taking  effect. 
PREVENT' ER,  n.  One   that  goes  before. 
[JVot  in  use.]  Bacon. 
2.  One  that  hinders  ;  a  hinderer;  that  which 
hinders  ;  as  a  preventer  of  evils  or  of  (lis 
ease. 
PREVENT'ING,  ppr.  Going  before.     Obs. 
2.  Hindering  ;  obviating. 
PREVENT'ING LY,  adv.  In  such  a  man 
ncr  or  way  as  to  hinder.            Dr.  Jfalker. 
PREVENTION,  n.  [Fr.]  The  actof  goin;; 
before.     Obs.  Bacon. 
2.  Preoccupation  ;  anticipation.      [Little  us- 
ft/1                                                      Hammond, 
'■i.  Tlie   act  of  hindering;   liinilerance  ;  ob- 
struction of  .-iccess  or  approach. 

Prevention,  of  sin  is  one  of  the  greatest  mer- 
cies God  can  vouchsafe.  South 
4.  Prejudice;  prepossession;  a  French  sense, 
but  not  in  use  in  English.                 Dryden 
PREVEN'TIONAL,    a.  Tending   to    pre 
vent.  Diet. 
PREVENTIVE,    a.     Tending  to   hinder; 
hindering   the  access   of;  as  a   medicine 
preventive  of  disease.                           Brown 
PREVENTIVE,  n.  That  which  prevents; 
that   which   intercepts  the   access  or  ap 
proach  of     Temperance  and  exercise  arc 
excellent  preventives  of  debility  and  lan- 
guor. 

An  anti<lote  previously  taken.      A  medi- 
cine may  be  taken  as  a  preventive  of  dis- 
ease. 
PREVENTIVELY,  adv.    r>y  way  of  pre- 
vention ;  in  a  manner  that  tends  to  hin- 
der. 
PRE'VIOUS,  a.    [L.  prcevius;  prcr,  before, 
and  via,  way,  that  is,  a  going.  Sax.  jcag-.j 
Going  before  in  time  ;  being  or   happening 
before  something  else  ;  antecedent ;  prior  ; 
as  a  prexnous  intimation   of  a   design  ;  a 
previous  notion  ;  a.  previous  event. 

Sound    from    the   mountain,  jii'evious  to    the 

storm. 
Rolls  o'er  the  mutterinz earth.  Thomson. 

PRE'VIOUSLY,  adv.    In  time   preceding; 
bi'forehand  ;  antecedently  ;  as  a  plan  pre- 
viously formed. 
PREVJOJJSNESS,    n.    Antecedence  ;  pri- 
ority in  time. 
PREVl"SION,  n.  s  as  :.  [\,.  pnivisus.  pro;- 

video  ;  pra,  before,  and  video,  to  see.] 
Foresight ;  foreknowledge  ;  prescience. 

Encyc. 
PREWARN',  v.t.    [See   Warn.]    To  warn 
beforehand  ;  to  give  previous  notice  of 

Bcaum. 
PREY,  n.  {\..pra:da;  h.  preda;  Fr.  proie  ; 
Ann.preyz  or  priih  ;  U.  prooi.  In  Welsh,! 
praiz,  Ir.  prrit,  signifies  booty  or  spoil  of 
cattle  taken  in  war,  als(j  a  fiock  or  herd  ; 
preiziaw,  to  herd,  to  collect  a  herd,  to 
drive  oiVor  make  booty  of  cattle.] 
I.  Spoil;  booty;  plunder;  goods  taken  by 
force  from  an  enemy  in  war. 

And  llicy  brought  the  captives  and  the  /»ri/ 
and  the  spoil  to  Moses  and  Elea/.ar  the  priest. 
Num.  x\xi. 


Ih  this  passage,  the  captives  are  distin  - 
guished  from  prey.  But  sometimes  per- 
sons are  included. 

They  [Judah]  shall  become  a  prey  and  a 
spoil  to  all  their  enemies.     2  Kings  xxi. 

2.  That  which  is  seized  or  may  be  seized  by 
violence  to  be  devoured ;  ravine.  The 
eagle  and  the  hawk  dart  upon  their  prey. 

She  sees  herself  the  monster's  prey.    Dryden. 
The  old  lion  perisheth  for  lack  of  prey.    Job 
iv. 

3.  Ravage  ;  depredation. 
Hog  in  sloth,  fox  in  stealth,  lion  in  prey. 

^  Shak. 

Animal  or  beast  of  prey,  is  a  carnivorous  ani- 
mal ;  one  that  feeds  on  the  flesh  of  other 
anitnals.  The  word  is  applied  to  the  lar- 
ger animals,  as  lions,  tigers,  hawk.s,  vul- 
tures, &c.  rather  than  to  insects ;  yet  an 
insect  feediog  on  other  insects  may  be 
called  an  animal  of  prey. 

PRKY,  v.i.  To  prey  on  or  upon, '\s  to  rob; 
to  plunder;  to  pillage. 

2.  To  feed  by  violence,  or  to  seize  and  de- 
vour. The  wolf  prf)/so»i sheep;  the  hawk 
preys  on  chickens. 

3.  To  corrode  ;  to  waste  gradually  ;  to 
cause  to  pine  away.  Grief  preys  on  the 
body  and  spirits  ;  envy  and  jealousy  prei/ 
on  the  health. 

Language  is  too  faint  to  show 

His  rage  of  love  ;  it  preys  upon  his  life ; 

He  pines,  he  sickens,  he  despairs,  he  dies. 

Addison. 
PREYER,  n.    He  or  that  which  preys ;  a 

plunderer;  a  waster;  a  devourer. 
PREYING,    ppr.     Plundering  ;  corroding  ; 

wasting  gradually. 
PRICE,  n.  [Fr.  prix ;  It.  prezzo  ;  Sp.  pre- 
do;  Arm.  pris  ;  D.  prys ;  G.  preis ;  Dan. 
priis ;  W.  pris  or  prid ;  prisiatv,  to  value, 
to  apprize ;  pridiaw,  to  give  a  price,  value 
or  equivalent,  to  pawn,  to  ransom;  L. 
pretium.     See  Praise.] 

1.  The  sum  or  amount  of  money  at  which 
a  thing  is  valued,  or  the  value  which  a 
seller  sets  on  his  goods  in  market.  A  man 
often  sets  a  pi-ice  on  goods  which  he  can- 
not obtain,  and  often  takes  less  than  the 
price  set. 

2.  The  sum  or  equivalent  given  for  an  arti- 
cle sold ;  as  the  price  paid  for  a  house,  an 
ox  or  a  watch. 

3.  The  current  value  or  rate  paid  for  any 
species  of  goods ;  as  the  market  price  of 
wheat. 

4.  Value  ;  estimation  ;  excellence  ;  worth. 
Who    can   find   a   virtuous  woman  ?  for   her 

price  is  far  above  rubies.     Prov.  xxsi. 
,').  Reward  ;  recompense. 

That  vice  may  merit ;  'tis  the  price  of  toil ; 
The  knave  deserves  it  when  he  tills  the  soil. 

Pope. 
The  price  of  redemption,    is  the  atonement 

of  Jesus  Christ.     1  Cor.  vi. 
A  price  in  the  hands  of  a  fool,  the  valuable 
oft'ers  of  salvation,   which    he    neglects. 
Prov.  xvii. 
PRICE,  V.  t.  To  pay  for.     [.Vol  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

2.  To  set  a  price  on.     [See  Prize.] 

PRICELESS,  a.  Invaluable  ;  too  valuable 

to  admit  of  a  price.  Shak. 

2.  Without  value  ;  worthless  or  unsalable. 

J.  Barlow. 
PRICK,  v. I.  [Sax.priccian ;  D.prikken  ;  Dan. 
jrrikker ;  Sw.  pncka ;  Ir.  priocam.] 


P  R  1 


P  R  I 


P  R  I 


1.  To  pierce  with  a  sharp  pointoil  iiistru- 
iiiCDt  or  substance  ;  as,  to  yrkk  one  with 
a  pin,  a  nei'dlc,  a  thorn  or  the  Uke. 

%  To  erect  a  pointed  thing,  or  with  an  acu- 
minated point;  applied  chiefly  to  the 
ears,  and  primarily  to  the  jiointed  cars  of 
an  animal.  The  horse //m/c*  hia  ears,  or 
pricks  up  his  ears. 

3.  To  fix  by  the  point;  as,  to  prick  a  Undo 
into  a  hoard.  .Vei((u?i. 

4.  To  hang  on  a  point. 

The  cooks  prick  a  slice  on  a  prong  ol  iron. 

Saiulys. 

5.  To  designote  by  a  puncture  or  mark. 

Some  who  are  pricked  for  sherifs,  and  arc  fit, 
set  out  of  the  bill.  Hacon. 

6.  To  spur ;  lo  goad ;  to  incite  ;  sometimes 
with  on  or  off. 

My  duty  pricks  me  on  to  utter  that 
Which  no  worldly  good  should  draw  from  me. 

Shak. 
But  how  if  honor  prick  me  off.  Shak. 

7.  To  affect  with  sharp  jiain  ;  to  sting  with 
remorse. 

When  they  heard  Uiis,  Uiey  were  pricked  in 
theii  hearts.     Acts  ii.     Ps.  Ixxiii. 

8.  To  make  acid  or  pungent  to  the  taste ; 
as,  wine  is  pricked.  Hudibras. 

9.  To  write  a  musical  cotni)ositioii  vvitli  the 
proper  notes  on  a  scale. 

10.  In  seamen's  language,  to  run  a  middle 
seam  through  the  cloth  of  a  sail. 

Mar.  Diet. 
To  prick  a  chart,  is  to  trace  a  ship's  coinse 

on  a  chart.  Mur.  Diet. 

PRK'K,   V.  i.    To   become   acid;  as,   cider 

pricks  in  the  rays  of  the  sun. 

2.  To  dress  one's  self  for  show. 

3.  To  come  upon  the  spur;  to  shoot  along. 

Before  each  van 
Prick  forth  the  airy  knights.  Milton 

4.  To  aim  at  a  point,  mark  or  place. 

Hawkins. 
PRICK,     n.     [Sax.   pricca ;  Sw.   prick  or 

preka  ;  tand-preka,  a  tooth  pick  ;  Ir.  priuea 
J.  A   slender  pointed   instrument    or    sub- 
stance, which  is  hard    enough   to  pierce 
the  skin  ;  a  goad  ;  a  spur. 

It  19  hard  for  thee  to  kick  against  the  pricks 
Acts  ix. 

2.  Sharp  stinging  pain  ;  remorse.  Shak. 

3.  -'V  spot  or  mark  at  which  archers  aim. 

Ciirctv. 

4.  A  point ;  a  fixed  place.  Spenser. 
.5.  A  puncture  or  place  entered  by  a  point. 

Brown. 

6.  The  print  of  a  hare  on  the  ground. 

7.  In  scamen^s  language,  a  small  roll ;  as 
prick  of  spun  yarn  ;  a  prick  of  tobacco. 

PRICK'ED,  pp.  Pierced  with  a  sharp 
point ;  spurred  ;  goaded  ;  stung  with  pain  ; 
rendered  acid  or  pungent ;  marked ;  de- 
signated. 

PRICK'ER,  71.  A  sharp  pointed  instrimient. 

Moxon. 

1.  In  colloquial  use,  a  jirickle. 

J.   .\  light  horseman.     [JVot  inuse.] 

Hayward. 

PRICK'ET,  ji.  A  buck  in  his  second  year. 

.Manwood. 

PRICK'ING,  ppr.  Piercing  with  a  sharp 
point ;  goading ;  affecting  with  j)uiigent 
pain  ;  making  or  becoming  acid. 

PRICK  ING,  n.  A  sensation  of  sharp  pain, 
or  of  being  pricked. 

PRICKLE,  n.  In  botany,  a  small  pointed 
slioot  or  sharp  j)rocess,  growing  from  the 


bark  only,  and  thus  distinguished  from  thel] 
thorn,  whicli  grows  from  the  wood  of  a! 
plant.  Thus  the  rose,  the  bramble,  llie  I 
gooseberry  and  the  barberry  are  armed! 
with^rtcA7cj.  Marlyn.'\ 

2.  A  sharp  pointed  process  of  an  animal.       j 

PKICKLE-BACK,  n.  A  small  fi.-,h,  soji 
named  from  the  prickles  on  its  back  ;  tliei 
stickle-back.  Diet.  .Vat.  Hist. 

PRICK'LINESS,  n.  [from  prickly.]  The 
state  of  having  many  prickles. 

PRICK'LOUSE,  n  A  low  word  in  con- 
tempt for  a  taylor.  L'Kslranj^e. 

PRICK  LY,  a.  Full  of  sharp  points  or  prick- 
les ;  armed  with  prickles ;  as  a  prickly 
shrub.  Martyn.     Swijl. 

PRICK'MADAM,  n.  A  species  of  honse- 
leek.  Johnson. 

PRICK'PIINCH,  n.  A  piece  of  tempered 
steel  with  a  round  point,  to  prick  a  round 
mark  on  eold  iron.  Moxon. 

PRICK'SONG,  n.  A  song  sot  to  music,  or 
a  variegated  song ;  in  distinction  Irom  a 
plain  song.  Shak.     Bale. 

PRICK'WtX'D,  n.  A  tree  of  the  genus 
Euonyinus.  Fain,  of  Plants. 

PRIDE,  n.  [Sax.  pryt,  pryde ;  D.  prat, 
proud.] 

1.  Inordinate  self-esteem;  an  unreasonable 
conceit  of  one's  own  superiority  in  talents, 
beauty,  wealth,  aocoinphshments,  rank  or 
elevation  in  office,  which  manitests  itself 
in  lol'ty  airs,  distance,  reserve,  and  often  in 
contempt  of  others. 

Martial /jride  looks  down  on  industrj'. 

T.  Dawes. 
Pride  goeth  before  destruction.     Piov.  xvi. 
Pride  that  dines  on  vainly,  sups  on  contempt 

Franklin 
All  pride  is  abject  and  mean.  Johnson. 

Those  tliat  walk  in  jiride  he  is  able  to  abase 
Dan.  iv. 

2.  Insolence;  rude  treatment  of  others;  in- 
solent exultation. 

'J'bat  hardly  we  escap'd  tlie  pride  of  France. 

Shak. 

3.  Generous  elation  of  heart ;  a  noble  self- 
[     esteem  springing  from  a  consciousness  of 

worth. 

The  honest  7»-i</e  of  conscious  virtue.  Smith 
Elevation  ;  loftiness. 
A  lalcon  low'iinj  in  her /iriJc  of  place. 

Shak. 

Decoration  ;  ornament ;  beauty  displayed. 

Whose   lofty     trees,    yclad    with     .-'umuier's 

pride.  Spenser. 

lie  his  this  swoid 

Whose  ivorj'  sheath,  inwrought  with  curious 

pride. 
Adds  graceful  terror  to  tlie  wearer's  side. 

Pope. 

6.  Splendid  show  ;  ostentation. 
In  this  array,  the  war  of  either  side 
Tliroui;h  Athens  pass'd  w  itii  military  pride. 

Drijden . 

7.  That  of  which  men  are  proud  ;  that 
which  excites  boasting. 

I  will  cut  ort'  Ibc  pride  of  the  Philistines. 
Zech.  ix.     Zeph.  iii. 

6.  Excitement  of  the  sexual  appetite  in  a 
female  beast.  Shak- 

9.  Proud  persons.     Ps.  xxxvi. 

PRIDE,  It.  (.  With  the  reciprocal  ))ionoun, 
to  pride  one's  self,  to  indulge  priile  ;  to 
take  pride  ;  to  value  one's  self;  to  gratify 
self-esteem.  They  pride  themselves  in  their 
wealth,  dress  or  erpiipage.  He  prides 
himself  in  his  achievmcnts. 


PRI'DP:FUL,  a.  Full  of  pride  ;  insolent  ; 
scornful.  Ricliardson. 

PRI  DELESS,  a.  Destitute  of  pride  ;  with- 
out pride.  Chaucer. 

PRIDING,  ppr.  Indulging  pride  or  self- 
esteem;  taking  pride;  valuing  one's  self. 

PRI'DINGLV,  adv.  With  pride  ;  in  jiride  of 
heart.  Barrow. 

PRIE,  supposed  to  be  so  written  fvrpricet. 

Tuaser. 

PRIE,  for /m/.  Chaucer. 

PRIEF,  for /)roq/;  obsolete.  Chaucer. 

I'Rl'ER,  71.  [Irom  ]n-y.]  One  who  inquires 
narrowly  ;  one  who  searches  and  scruti- 
nizes. 

PRIEST,  71.  [Sax.  preost ;  D.  G.  priester ; 
\)aii.  prwst ;  Fr.  prttre;  h.  prete  :  from  L. 
prcestes,  a  chief,  one  that  |ircsides;  pric,  be- 
fore, and  sto,  to  stand,  or  sisto,  or  Gr. 
ifw-  This  is  probably  the  origin  of  the 
c  -  o  — 

parastash 


word.      In   Persic, 
is   worship  ; 


l***.J.AM  yJ 


Sf.*.^ 


•Jt- 


parastidan,  to 


worship,  to  adore.] 

1.  A  man  who  officiates  in  sacred  offices. 
Among  pagans,  priests  were  persons 
whose  appropriate  business  was  to  offer 
sacrifices  and  ])erl'orin  other  sacred  rites 
of  religion.  In  ])rimitive  ages,  the  fathers 
of  families,  princes  and  kings  were  priests. 
Thus  Cain  and  Abel,  Noah,  Abraham, 
Melchizedeck,  Job,  Isaac  and  Jacob  offer- 
ed their  own  sacrifices.  In  the  days  of 
Moses,  the  office  of  priest  was  restricted 
to  the  tribe  of  Levi,  and  the  priesthood 
consisted  of  three  orders,  the  high  priest, 
the  priests,  and  the  Levites,  and  the  office 
was  made  hereditary  in  the  family  of  Aa- 
ron. 

Every  priest  taken  from  among  men  is  or- 
dained for  men  in  thin=;s  pertaining  to  God,  that 
he  may  ort'ei  botli  gilts  and  sacriiiccs  for  sins. 
Hcb.   v. 

2.  In  the  modern  church,  a  person  who  is  set 
apart  or  consecrated  to  the  mini.stry  of 
the  gospel  ;  a  man  in  orders  or  licensed 
to  preach  the  gospel ;  a  presbyter.  In  its 
most  grmeral  sense,  the  word  includes 
archbishops,  bishops,  patriarchs,  and  all 
subordinate  orders  of  the  clergy,  duly  ap- 
provcil  and  licensed  according  to  the 
forms  and  rules  of  each  respective  denom- 
ination of  christians;  as  all  these  orders 
"are  ordained  for  men  in  things  pertain- 
ing to  God."  Rut  in  (Jreat  Britain,  the 
word  is  understood  to  denote  the  subor- 
dinate orders  of  the  clergy,  above  a  dea- 
con and  below  a  bishop.  In  the  United 
Slates,  the  word  denotes  any  licensed 
minister  of  the  cospel. 

PRIESTCRAFT,  n.  [priest  ■,uu\  crafl.]  Tiie 
stratagems  and  tVauds  of  jiriests ;  fraud  or 
imposition  in  religious  concerns  ;  manage- 
ment of  selfish  and  ambitious  iniests  to 
gain  wealth  and  jKiwer,  or  to  impose  on 
the  credulity  of  others.     Pope.     Spectator. 

PRIE'STESS,  71.  A  female  among  pagans, 
who  officiated  in  sacred  things. 

Mdison.     Swift. 

PRIE  STHOOD,  n.  The  office  or  charac- 
ter of  a  priest.  TFhilgiflc. 

2.  The  order  of  men  set  apart  for  sacred  of- 
fices ;  the  order  composed  of  priests. 

Dry  den. 


P  R  1 

PRIE'STLIKE,  a.  Resembling  a  priest,  or 
tliiit  wliicli  belongs  to  priests.  Shak. 

PRIE'STLINESS,  n.  The  appearance  and 
manner  of  a  priest. 

PRIE'STLY,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  priest  or  to 
priests  ;  sacerdotal ;  as  the  priestly  office. 

2.  Becoming  a  priest;  as  pnestty  sobriety 
and  purity  oflife. 

PRIE'STRIDDEN,  a.  [priest  and  ridden. 
See  Kide.]  Managed  or  governed  by 
priests.  Sivijl. 

PRIEVE,  for  prove.  Spenser. 

PRIG,  n.  [G.  frech,  bold,  saucy,  impudent.] 

1.  A  pert,  conceited,  saucy,  praginatit-al  fel- 
low. Addison.     Swift. 

2.  A  thief. 

PRIG,  V.  i.  To  haggle  about  the  price  of  a 

commodity.     06s"  Ramsay's  Poems. 

PRIG,  i:  t.  "To  tilch  or  steal. 
PRILL,  n.  A  birt  or  turbot.  Ainmorth. 

PRIM,  n.  [Russ.  ;>Hmo  or  ;«w(mo,  in  a  right 

line,    directly  ;   priamti,    straight,   direct, 

tnie,  just.     See  Prime.] 
Properly,   straight  ;  erect  ;    hence,   formal 

precise  ;  aftectedly  nice.  Swift. 

PRIM,  V.  t.    To  deck  with   great  nicety  ;  to 

form  with  affected  preciseness. 
PRIMACY,  n.  [h.  primazia  ;  Fr.  primaiie; 

Sp.  primacia  ;  from  L.  primatus,  from  pri- 

mns,  first.     See  Prime.] 

1.  The  chief  ecclesiastical  station  or  dignity 
the  office  or  dignity  of  an  archbishop. 

Clarendon 

2.  Excellency  ;  supremacy.  Barrow. 
PRI'MAOE,  n.  In  commerce,    a  small  duty 

payable  to  the  master  and  niariner.s  of  a 
ship.  Encyc. 

PRl'MAL,  a.  [See  Prime.]  First.  [JVotin 
use.]  Shak 

PRIMARILY,  adv.  [from  primary.]  In 
the  first  j)lace  ;  originally ;  in  the  first  in- 
tention. The  word  em|)eror  primarily 
signifies  a  general  or  military  commander 
in  chief  In  diseases,  the  pliysician  is  to 
attend  to  the  part  primarily  affected. 

PRI'MARINESS,  ji.  The  state  of  beiiig 
first  in  time,  in  act  or  intention.       J^Tonis. 

PRI'MARY,  a.  [L.primarius.     See  Prime.] 


P  R  1 

PRIME,  a.  [L.  primus ;  Sax.  Goth,  frum, 
beginning,  origin  ;  Goth,  frumist,  fir^t  ; 
Dan.frem,  forward,  straight  on;  fremmer, 
to  forward  or  promote  ;  Hw.fram,frhmjn  : 
W.  priv,  first ;  priviaw,  to  ^row  up,  to  in-| 
crease,  to  i)rosper ;  Ir.  priomh,  first,  aiid 
reamain,  beginning.  See  Class  Rm.  No. 
3.  7.  9.] 

1.  First  in  order  of  time;  original;  as  prime 
fathers ;  prime  creation.  Shiik. 

In  this  sense,  the  use  of  the  word  i.- 
nearly  superseded  by  primitive,  except  m 
the  phrase,  prime  cost. 

2.  First  in  rank,  degree  or  dignity  ;  as  prime 
minister. 

3.  First  in  excellence ;  as  prime  wheat ;  clotl 
of  a  prime  quality.     Humility  and  resigna-j 
tion  are  prime  virtues.  Dryden. 

4.  Early  ;  blooming. 
His  starry  liclni  unbuckl'd,  showed  him  jirimf 
Iniiiaiihouil,  where  youth  ended.         jUilton 

5.  First  in  value  or  importance. 
Prime    number,    in    arithmetic,    a    number 

wliich  is  divisible  only  by   unity,  as  .5.  7. 
11.  Encyc. 

Prime  figure,  in  geometry,  a  figure  whicli 
cannot  be  divifled  into  any  other  figure 
more  sim])le  than  itself,  as  a  triangle,  a 
pyramid,  &c. 
PRIME,  n.  The  first  opening  of  day;  the 
dawn  ;  the  morning. 

Early   and   late   it   ruiiR,  at  evening  and  at 
prime.  Spenser 

The  sweet  hour  of  prime. 
The  l)eginning;  the  early  days. 
In  the  very  prime  of  the  world. 
3.  The  spring  of  the  year. 

Hope  waits  upon  the  flowery  prime 


PRI 


4. 


1.  First  in  order  of  time  ;  original ;  as  the 
church  of  Christ  in  its  primary  institution 

Pearson 
These  I  call  original  or  primary  qualities   of, 
body.  Locke. 

2.  First  in  dignity  or  imjiortancc ;  chief; 
principal.  Our  ancestors  considered  the 
education  of  youth  of  primary  importance. 

3.  Elemental  ;  intended  to  teach  youth  the 
fust  rudiments;  att  primary  schools. 

4.  Raclical ;  original ;  as  the  primary  sense 
of  a  word. 

Primary  planets,  arc  tho.se  whicli  revolve 
about  the  siui,  in  ilistinction  from  the  sec- 
ondary planets,  which  revolve  about  the 
primary. 

Primary  (lualities  of  bodies,  are  such  as  are 
origiiial  and  inseparahli!  from  them. 

PKl'MATE,  n.  [It.  primato ;  Fr.  primal; 
Low  1^.  primus.     See  Prime.] 

The  chief  ecclesiastic  in  tlie  church ;  an 
anhbishop.  Enci/c.     Swift 

PRl'MA'I'KSHIl',  n.  The  office  'or  dignity 
of  :in  urchhishoi). 

PRIMA'TIAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  primate 
lyAnvillc,   Trans. 

PR1IMAT'1C.\L,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  primntt^ 

Barrow 


Milton 


Hooker 


Waller. 
hence,   full 


or 


this  sweet 

Shak 

J}ryden 

Swift 


i.  To  serve  for  the  charge  of  a 
Beaum. 


7. 


The   spring  of  life  ;  youth 
health,  strength  or  beauty. 

That  crop  the  golden  primf 
prince. 

The  prime  ol  youth. 
The  best  part. 

Give  him  always  of  the  prime 
The  utmost  perfection. 

The  plants — would  have  been  all  in  prime. 

IVoodicard. 

In  the  Romish   church,  the  first  canonical 
hour,  succeeding  to  lauds.  Encyc. 

8.  Iti  fencing,  the  first  of  the  chief  guards. 

Ejicyc. 
In  chimistry,  primes  are  numbers  employ- 
ed, in  conformity  with  the  doctrine  of 
definite  proportions,  to  express  the  ratios 
in  which  bodies  enter  into  combination. 
Primes  duly  arranged  in  a  table,  consti- 
tute a  scale'of  chimicaleipiivalents.  They 
also  express  the  ratios  of  the  weights  of 
atoms,  according  to  the  atomic  theory 

Prime  of  the  moon,  the  new  moon,  when  it 
first  appears  after  the  change.  Encyc. 

Prime  vertical,  the  vertical  circle  which  pass- 
es through  the  poles  of  the  meridian,  or 
the  east  and  west  points  of  the  horizon. 
Dials  projected  on  the  plane  of  this  circle, 
are  called  prime  vertical  or  north  and 
south  dials.  Encyc 

PRIME,  )'. /.  To  i)Ut  powder  in  the  pan  of 
a  musket  or  other  fire-arm  ;  or  to  hiy  :i 
train  of  powder  for  communicating  fire  tn 
a  cliarge.  Encyc 

•i.  To  lay  on  the  first  color  in  painting. 

Encyc 


PRIME, 

gun. 

PRI'MED,  pp.  Having  powder  in  the  pan; 
laving  the  first  color  in  painting. 

PRI'MELY,  adv.  At  first;  originally;  pri- 
marily. South. 

'2.  Most  excellently. 

PRl'MENF.SS,  n.  The  state  of  being  first. 

2.  Supreme  excellence.  [Eittle  used  in  ei- 
ther sense.] 

i'Rl'MER,  a.  First;  original.     [Nbtinuse.] 

Drayton. 

PRIM'ER,  n.  A  small  prayer  book  for 
church  service,  or  an  office  of  the  virgin 
Mary. 

2.  A  small  elementary  book  for  teaching 
chililren  to  read. 

PRiMER-FI'NE,  7i.  In  England,  a  fine 
due  to  the  king  on  the  writ  or  commence- 
ment <if  a  suit  by  fine.  Blackstonc. 

PRIMi:'RO,  n.  A  game  at  cards.     [Sp.] 

PRIMER-SE'IZIN,  n.  [prime  and  seizin.] 
\n  feudal  law,  the  right  of  the  king,  when 
a  tenant  in  cupite  died  seized  of  a  knight's 
fee,  to  receive  of  the  heir,  if  of  firll  age, 
one  year's  profits  of  the  land  if  in  pos.ses- 
sion,  and  half  a  year's  profits  if  the  land 
was  in  reversion  exi)ectant  on  an  estate 
for  life  ;  abolished  by  12  Car.  2.        Encyc. 

PRIME'VAL,  0.  I L. /iriHius,  first,  audiEiium. 
age  ;  primaviis.] 

Original;  primitive;  as  the  primeval  inno- 
cence of  man  ;  primeval  day.      Blackmore. 

PKIME'VOLS,  a.  Primeval. 

PRIMIgE'NIAL,  a.  [L.  primigenius;  pri- 
mus, first,  and  genus,  kind,  or  gignor,  to 
beget.]     First  born  ;  original ;  primary. 

Bp.  Hall. 

PRIMIG'ENOUS,  a.  [supra.]  First  formed 
or  generated  ;  original  ;  as  semi-^n»nig-cn- 
ous  strata.  Kirwan. 

PRIMING,  ppr.  Putting  powder  in  the  pan 
of  a  fire  arm. 

2.  Laying  on  the  first  color. 

PRI'jSlING,  ji.  The  powder  in  the  pan  of  a 
gun,  or  laid  along  the  channel  of  a  can- 
non for  conveying  fire  to  the  charge. 
Among  painters,  the   first  color  laid  on 


canvas  or  on  a  building,  &c. 

PRIMING-WIRE,  n.  A  pointed  wire,  used 
to  penetrate  the  vent  of  a  piece,  for  ex- 
amining the  powder  of  the  charge  or  for 
piercing  the  cartridge.  Encyc. 

PR!MH"IL.\R,  a.  [L.  primipilus,  the  cen- 
turion of  the  first  cohort  of  a  RoiTian  le- 
gion.] 

Pertaining  to  the  captain  of  the  vanguard. 

Barrotr. 

PRiMI'TIAL,  a.  Being  of  the  first  pro- 
duction. Ainsworth . 

PRIM  ITI VE,  a.  [It.  primitiro  ;  Fr.  primi- 
iif;   \ .. primitivus  ;  from  primus,  first.] 

1.  ^'crtaiiiing  to  the  beginning  or  origin; 
original;  first;  as  the  primitive  state  of 
Adam  ;  primitive  innocence  ;  primitive 
ages;  the /in'miVifc  chinch  ;  the  primitive 
chrisli.-m  church  or  institutions  ;  the  nrm- 
ilirc  fathers.  ff'hite.     Tdhilson. 

2.  I'ormal  :  aflijctedly  solemn  ;  imitating  the 
siiiiposcd  gravity  of  old  times.       Johnson. 

3.  Original;  primary;  rachcal  ;  not  derived  ; 
as  a  primitive  verb  in  grammar. 

Primitive  rocks,  in  geology,  rocks  suppo.sed 
to  be  first  formed,  being  irregularly  crys- 
talizeil,  and  aggregated  without  a  cement. 


P  R  I 


P  R  I 


P  R  I 


primus,   first. 

first  father  or 

Gayton 

primus,  first, 

tlie  same 


and  containing   no  organic  remains;  as 

griuiitc,  gneiss,  &c 
PRIMITIVE,  n.  An  original  word  ;  a  word 

udt  derived  from  another. 
VRIM'ITIVELY,  orfv.  Originally;  at  first. 

Brown. 

2.  Primarily  ;  not  derivatively. 

a  According  to  the  original  rule  or  ancient 
practice.  South. 

PRIM'ITIVENESS,  n.  State  of  being 
original  ;  antiquity  ;  contbrmity  to  an 
tiquity.  Johnson 

PRIM'ITY,  n.  The  state  of  being  original 
[jVot  used.]  Pearson. 

PRIM'NESS,  n.  [from  prim.]  Aflected 
formality  or  iiiceness  ;  stiffness ;  precise 
ness. 

PRIlV10(iE'NIAL,  a.  [h. primigenius.  See 
Primigenial.] 

First  born,  made  or  generated  ;  original ; 
jtrimary  ;  constituent;  elemental  ;  ixs pri- 
mogeniul  light ;  primogenial  bodies. 

Boyle, 

PRIMOClKN  ITOR,  n.  [L. 
and  genitur,  father.]  The 
forefather. 

PRIMOGENITURE,  n.  [L 
and  genitus,  begotten.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  born  first  o 
parents  ;  seniority  by   birth  among  child- 
ren. 

y.  In  law,  the  right  which  belongs  to  the 
eldest  son  or  daughter.  Thus  in  Great 
Britain,  tlie  right  (if  inheriting  the  estate 
of  the  father  belongs  to  the  eldest  son,  and 
in  the  royal  family,  the  eldest  son  of  the 
king  is  entitled  to  the  throne  by  primogen- 
iture. Among  the  females,  the  crown  de- 
scends by  right  of  primogeniture  to  the 
,  eldest  daughter  only  and  her  issue. 

Blackstone. 
Before  the  revolution,  primogeniture,  in 
some  of  the  American  colonics,  entitled 
the  eldest  son  to  a  double  portion  of  his 
father's  estate,  but  this  right  has  been 
abolished. 

PRIMOuEN'ITURESHIP,  n.  The  right  of 
eldership. 

PRIMOR'DIAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  primordi- 
alis,  primordium  ;  primus,  first,  and  ordo 
order.] 

First  in  order;  original  ;  existing   from   the 


hrenin.  King,   an   exalted  one,    and  ceps. 
Hence  lirennus,  the  name  of  a  celebrated 


Gaulish    commander.      In    Pers. 


^■^^■i 


beginning.  Boyle. 

PRIMOR'DIAL,  Ji.  Origin  ;  first  princi- 
ple (ir  element.  More. 

PRIMOR'DIAN,  n.  A  kind  of  plum. 

PRIMOR'DIATE,  a.  [i^ee  Primordinl. 
Original ;  existing  from  the  first.       Boyle. 

PRIMP,  V.  i.  To  be  formal  or  aflTected 
[JVot  English,  or  local.] 

PRIM' ROSE,  n.  s  as  z.  [L.  primula  veris  ; 
primus,  first,  and  rose  ;  literally,  the  first  or 
an  early  rose  in  spring.] 

\  plain  of  the  genus  Primula,  of  several  va- 
rieties, lis  the  white,  the  red,  the  yellow 
flowered,  the  cowslip,  &c.  Shakspeare 
uses  the  word  for  gay  or  flowery  ;  as  the 
primrose  way. 

PRI'MY,  a.  Blooming.     [A^ofuscd.]     Shak. 

PRINCE,  n.  pnns.  [Fr.  id.  ;  It.  Sp.  prin- 
cipe  ;  L.  princeps  ;  D.  prins  ;  G.  prinz  ; 
Arm.  princ.  This  word  is  probably  com- 
pounded of  primus,  corrupted,  as  the  Gr. 
rt|)ii,  and  ceps,  head,  Fr.  chef;  or  perlia))g 
of  the  Celtic  breen,  summit,  whence  VV. 

Vol.  II. 


barin   signifies   lofty,  or  one  elevated   in 
place  or  oflice.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  sovereign  ;  the  chief 
and  independent  rnler  of  a  nation  orstate 
Thus  when  wespeak  of  llje  ;;riHCfS  of  En- 
rope,  we  include  emperors  and  kings. 
Hence,  a  cliief  in  general  ;  as  a  prince  of 
the  celestial  host.  Milton. 

2.  A  sovereign  in  a  certain  territory  ;  one 
who  has  the  government  of  a  particular 
state  or  territory,  but  holds  of  a  sujjerior 
to  whom  he  owes  certain  services  ;  as  the 
princes  of  the  German  states. 

3.  The  son  of  a  king  or  emperor,  or  the  is- 
sue of  a  royal  faitiily  ;  as  princes  of  the 
blood.  In  England,  the  eldest  son  of  the 
king  is  created  prince  of  Wales.        Encyc. 

4.  The  chief  of  any  body  of  men. 

Peacham 

5.  A  chief  or  ruler  of  either  sex.  Queei 
Elizabeth  is  called  by  Camden  prince,  but 
this  application  is  uimsual  and  harsh. 

Prince  of  the  senate,  in  ancient  Rome,  was 
the  person  first  called  in  the  roll  of  sena- 
tors. He  was  always  of  consular  and 
censorian  dignity.  Encyc 

In  Scripture,  this  name  prince  is  given  to 
God,  Dan.  viii  :  to  Christ,  who  is  called 
the  prince  of  peace.  Is.  ix.  aiul  the  prince 
of  life,  Actsiii.;  to  the  cliief  of  the  priests, 
the  prince  of  the  sanctuary.  Is.  xliii.;  to 
the  Roman  emperor,  Dan.  ix. ;  to  men  of 
superior  worth  and  excellence,  Eccles.  x. 
to  nobles,  counselors  and  officers  of  i 
kingdom.  Is.  x. ;  to  the  chief  men  of  fami- 
lies or  tribes,  Num.  xvii. ;  to  Satan,  who 
is  called  the  pri7ice  of  this  world,  John  xii 
and  prince  of  the  power  of  the  air,  Eph.  ii 

PRINCE,  I',  i.  To  play  the  prince  ;  to  take 
state.  Shak. 

PRINCEDOM,  n.  prins'dom.  The  juris 
diction,  sovereignty,  rank  or  estate  of  a 
prince. 

Under  Ihcc,  as  Iiead  supreme, 
Thrones,  jyrincedoms,  powers,  dominions,  I 
reduce.  Milton 

PRINCELIKE,  a.  prins'like.  Becoming  s 
prince.  Shak 

PRINCELINESS,  «.  prins'llness.  [from 
princely.] 

The  state,  manner  or  dignity  of  a  prince. 

Shericood. 

PRINCELY,  a.  pritis'ly.  Resembling  a 
|)riiice ;  having  the  appearance  of  one 
infill  born;  stately;  dignified;  asapriyice- 
ly  gentleman  ;  a  princely  youth.  Shak. 

Having  the  rank  of  princes  ;  as  a  man  of 
princely  birth  ;  a  princely  dame. 

Sidney.     Jf'aller. 
Beconiing  a   prince  ;  royal  ;    grand  ;  au- 
gust ;  as  a  princely  gift ;  princely  virtues. 
Shak.      ffallcr. 

4.  Very  large  ;  as  a  princely  forjune. 

,').  Magnificent  ;  rich  ;  as  a  princely  enter 
taimiienl. 

PRINCELY,  adv.  prins'ly.  In  a  princelike 
manner.  Johnson 

PRINCES'-FETHER,  71.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Auiaranthus.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

Prince's  metal,  a  mixture  of  copper  and  zink, 
in  imitation  of  gold.  Encyc. 

43 


PRIN'CESS,  n.  A  female  sovereign,  as  aii 
empress  or  queen.  Dryden. 

2.  A  sovereign  lady  of  rank  next  to  that  of 
a  queen.  Johnson. 

3.  The  daughter  of  a  king.  Shak. 

4.  The  consort  of  a  prince ;  as  the  princess 
of  Wales. 

PRIN'CIPAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  principalis, 
from  princeps.] 

1.  Chief;  highest  in  rank,  character  or  re- 
spectability;  as  the  prinripal  officers  of  a 
govermncnt ;  the  principal  men  of  a  city, 
town  or  state.     Acts  xxv.     1  Chron.  xxiv. 

2.  Chief;  most  inijiortant  or  considerable  ; 
as  the  principal  topics  of  debate  ;  the  prin- 
cipal arguments  in  a  case ;  the  principal 
points  of  law  ;  the  principal  beams  of  a 
building  ;  the  principal  productions  of  a 
country. 

Wi-idom  is  the  principal  thing.     Prov.  iv. 

3.  In  laiv,  a  principal  challenge,  is  where  the 
cause  assigned  carries  with  it  prima  facie 
evidence  of  partiality,  favor  or  malice. 

Blackstone. 

4.  In  music,  fundamental. 
PRI.N'CIPAL,  »!.  A  chiofor  head  ;  one  who 

takes  the  lead  ;  as  the  principal  of  a  fac- 
tion, an  insurrection  or  mutiny. 

2.  The  president,  governor,  or  chief  in  au- 
thority. Wc  apply  the  word  to  the  chicl' 
instructor  of  an  academy  or  seminary  of 
learning. 

.3.  In  taw,  the  actor  or  absolute  perpetrator 
of  a  crime,  or  an  abettor.  A  principal  in 
the  first  degree,  is  the  absolute  perpetra- 
tor of  the  crime  ;  a  principal  in  the  second 
degree,  is  one  who  is  present,  aiding  antl 
abetting  the  fact  to  be  done  ;  distinguish- 
ed fiom  an  accessory.  In  treasoii,  all  per- 
sons concerned  are  principals. 

Blackstone. 

4.  In  cojnmcrce,  a   cajiital  sum  lent  on  inter- 
est, due  as   a   debt  or  used  as  a  fund  ;  so 
called  in  distinction  from  interest  or  p>(>fils. 
Taxes  must  be  continued,   because   we  fiavc 
no  other  means  for  paying  off  Uie  principal. 

Swift. 
One  primarily  engaged;  a  chief  party  ; 
in  distinction  from  an  auxiliary. 

AVe  were  not  principals,  but   auxiliaries  in 
the  war.  Swift. 

PRINCIPALITY,      n.    [Fr.   principalite.] 

1.  Sovereignty;  supreme  power. 
Sidney.     Spenser. 

2.  A  prince  ;  one  invested  with  sovereignty. 
I  Tit.  iii.  .Milton. 
,3.  The  territory  of  a  prince  ;  or  the  country 
j  which  gives  title  to  a  prince ;  as  the  prin- 
cipality of  Wales. 

4.  Superiority  ;  predominance.  [Little  used.] 
I  Taylor. 

5.  In  Scripture,  royal  state  or  attire.     Jer. 
I     xiii. 
PRINCIPALLY,  adv.    Chiefly;  above  all. 

'I'hey  mistake   the  nature    of  criticism,  who 
tliink  its  Inisincss  is  principally  to  find  fault. 

PRIN'CIPALNESS,  n.  The  stale  of  'ifeiug 

principal  or  chief. 
PRINCIPATE,   n.    Principahty  ;  supreme 

ride.  Barrow. 

PRINCIP'IA,  n.  p/u.  [L.  principium.]  First 

principles.  .^7,. 

PRINCIPIA'TTON,  n.  [from  L. prinripium.] 
I  Analysis  into  constituent  or  elemental 
'    parts.     [J\'ot  used.]  Bacon. 


P  R  I 

PRIN'CIPLE,  n.  [It.  prtncipio ;  Fr.  prin- 
cipe  ;  L.  principiuvi,  beginning.] 

1  In  a  general  sense,  the  cause,  source  or 
origin  of  any  thing;  that  irom  which  a 
thing  proceeds ;  as  the  principle  of  mo- 
tion ;  the  principles  of  action.  Dryden. 

2.  Element;  constituent  part;  primordial 
substance. 

Modem  philosophers  suppose  matter  to  be 
one  simple  pnnci;)(e,  or  solid  extension  div^ersi- 
fied  by  its  various  shapes.  H'atts. 

.^.  Being  that  produces  any  thing;  operative 
cause. 

The  soul  of  man  is  an  active  principle. 

Tillotson. 

4.  In  science,  a  truth  admitted  either  with- 
out proof,  or  considered  as  having  been 
before  proved.  In  the  former  sense,  it  is 
synonymous  with  axiom;  in  the  latter, 
with  the  phrase,  established  principle. 
.5.  Ground  ;  foundation  ;  that  which  sup- 
ports an  assertion,  an  action,  or  a  scries 
of  actions  or  of  reasoning.  On  what  prin- 
ciple can  this  be  affirmed  or  denied  .;-  Me 
justifies  his  proceedings  on  the  principle 
of  expedience  or  necessity.  He  reasons 
on  sound  principles. 
0  A  general  truth  ;  a  law  comprehending 
many  subordinate  truths;  as  the  principles 
of  morality,  of  law,  of  government,  &r. 
7.  Tenet ;  that  which  is  believed,  whether 
truth  or  not,  but  which  serves  as  a  rule  ot 
action  or  the  basis  of  a  system ;  as  the 
principles  of  the  Stoics,  or  of  the  Epicu 
reans.  .  „ 

8  A  principle  of  human  nature,  is  a  law  ot 
'  action  in  human  beings  ;  a  constitutional 
propensity  common  to  the  human  species. 
Thus  it  is  a  principle  of  human  naturelo 
resent  injuries  and  repel  insults. 
PRIN'CIPLE,  V.  t.  To  establish  or  hx  in 
tenets ;  to  impress  with  any  tenet,  good 
or  ill  ;  chief  y  used  in  the  participle. 

Men  have  been  principled  with  an  opinion, 

that  they  must  not  consult  reason  in  things  oi 

religion.  ,  .     ,  ^'"'l'- 

2   To  establish  firmly  in  the  mind.       Locke. 

PRIN'CIPLED,    pp'.    Established  in  ojiin- 

ion  or  in  tenets ;  firmly  fixed  in  the  mind. 

PRJN'eOCK,  )  „  [Qu.  prink   or  prim  and 

PRIN'COX,     (,       cock.]      A    coxcomb;    a 

conceited  person  ;  a  pert  young  rogue  ;  a 

ludicrous  word.     [Little  vscd.]  Shak. 

PRINK,  v.i.  [D.  proiiif)!,  to  shine,  to  malie 

a  show,  to  strut ;  G.  prangen,  to  shine,  to 

make  a  show  ;  prunken,  id. ;  Dan.pruK/ffc, 

to  make   a  show,   to   strut ;  Sw.  prunkn, 

to  make  a  figure.     If  n   is  casual,   these 

words   are     radically   the   same   as    Sw. 

prackt,  Dan.    D.  pragt,  G.  pracht,   ponip, 

show,  and  all  coinciding  in  origin  with  Ar. 

J     J    baraka,  to   shine,   to  adorn.     See 

Prance  and  Prank.] 

1.  Til  prank  ;  to  dress  for  show. 

'i.  Til  strut ;  to  put  on  stately  airs. 

PRINT,  v.  (.  [\V.  printiaw,  to  iirint ;  Fr. 
imfirimer,  empreinle  ;  Sp.  imprimir  ;  It.im- 
primere  ;  from  L.  imprimo  ;  in  ati(\  ]n-emo, 
to  press  ;  It.  im/jronture,  to  print,  to  im- 
portune, and  this  from  prontnre.  to  impor- 
tune, 1  that  is,  to  press,]  from  /iro/ifo,  ready, 
bnid,  li.  promplus,  tliat  is,  pressed  or  press- 


P  R  I 


ifi.i.i. ...  I'.  — [ — , ......  ..^, ,.-  —  --     , 

ing  forward.     In  W.  print  is  said  by  Ow 
en  to  be  from   rhint,   a   groove  or   notch, 


and  if  this  is  the  original  word,  print  rnnst| 
be  a  different  word  from  the  Fr.  impriiiier.\ 
The  Italian  unites  the  L.  premu  and  promo.] 

1.  In  general,  to  take  or  form  letters,  char-l 
actors  or  figures  on  paper,  cloth  or  other 
material  by  impression.  Thus  letters  are! 
taken  on  paper  by  impressing  it  on  tyjies 
blackened  with  ink.  Figures  are  printed 
on  cloth  by  means  of  blocks  or  a  cylinder. 
The  rolling  press  is  employed  to  take 
prints  on  impressions  from  copper-plates. 
Thus  we  say,  to  print  books,  to  print  cali- 
co, to  print  tunes,  music,  likenesses,  &c. 

To  mark  by  pressing  one  thing  on  anoth- 
er. 

On  his  fiery  steed  betimes  he  rode, 
That  scarcely  prints  the  turf  on  which  he 
trod.  Dryden. 

3.  To  impress  any  thing  so  as  to   leave   its 

form.  ...      , 

Perhaps  some  footsteps  printed  m  the  clay— 
Roscommon 

4.  To  form  by  impression. 
Ye  shall  not  make  any  cuttings  in  yovir  flesh, 

nor  irrint  any  marks  upon  you.     Lev.  xix. 
PRINT,   V.  i.  To  use  or   practice  the  art  of 
typography,  or   of  taking  impressions  of 
letters,  figures  and  the  like. 

2.  To  publish  a  book.     [Elliptical] 
From  the  moment  he  2>rinls,  he  must  expect 

to  hear  no  more  of  truth.  Pope. 

PRINT,  n.  A  mark  made  by  impression  ; 
any  line,  character,  figure  or  indentation 
of  any  form,  made  by  the  pressure  of  one 
body  or  thing  on  another  ;  as  the  print  of 
the  tooth  or  of  the  nails  in  flesh  ;  the  jirint 
of  the  foot  in  sand  or  snow  ;  the  print  of 
a  wheel  ;    the  print  of  types   on    i>aper. 

2.  The  impressions  of  types  in  general,  as 
to  form,  size,  &c.  ;  as  a  smaW  print ;  a 
large  print ;  a  fair  print. 

3.  That  which  impresses  its  form  on  any 
thing  ;  as  a  butter  pn'n( ;  a  wooden  print. 

4.  The  representation  or  figure  of  any  thing 
made  by  impression;  as  the  ;in'/if  of  the 
face  ;  the  print  of  a  temple  ;  prints  of  an- 
tiquities. Dryden. 

5.  The  state  of  being  (irinted  and  published. 
Diffidence  sometimes  prevents  a  man  from 
suffering  his  works  to  appear  in  print. 

I  love  a  ballad  in  print.  Shak 

:5.  A  single  sheet  printed  for  sale;  a  news- 
paper. 

'I  he  prints,  about  three  days  after,  were  liU-i 

ed  wilh  tlie  same  terms.  .iddtson. 

7.  Formal  method.     [M'ot  in  use.]         Locke. 

Out  of  print,  a  phrase  which   signifies  that, 

of  a  printed  and  iiublished  work,  there  are 

no  copies  for  sale,  or  none  for  sale  by  the 

publisher. 

PRINTED,;*/'.  Impressed;  indented. 

PRINT'ER,    n.     One    that    prints    books, 

liamphlets  or  paiiers. 
3.  One  that  stains  or  prints  cloth    Willi  fig- 
ures, as  calico.  . 
3.  One  that  impresses  letters  or  figures  with 

copper-plates. 
PRINTTNG,  ppr.  Impressing  letters,  char-| 
acters  or  figures  on  any  thing;  making 
marks  or  indentations. 
PRINT'ING,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of  im- 
pressing letters,  characters  or  figures  on 
paper,  cloth  or  other  material ;  the  busi- 
ness of  a  printer;  typography. 


P  R  I 

PRINT'ING-INK,  n.  Ink  used  by  printers 
of  books. 

PRINTING-PAPER,  n.  Paper  to  be  used 
in  the  printing  of  books,  pamphlets,  &c. : 
as  distinguished  from  writing-paper,  press- 
paper,  wrapping^-paper,  &c. 

PRINTTNG-PRES.S,  n.  A  press  for  the 
printing  of  books,  &c. 

PRINT'LESS,  a.  That  leaves  no  print  or 
impression  ;  as  printless  feet.  Milton. 

PRIOR,  a.  [L.  conip.  Probably  the  first  syl- 
lable is  contracted  from  pris,prid,rir  some 
other  word,  for  the  Latin  has  prisce,  pris- 
tinus.] 

Preceding  in  the  order  of  time  ;  former;  an- 
tecedent; anterior;  as  a  prior  discovery; 
prior  obligation.  The  discovery  of  the 
continent  of  America  by  Cabot  was  six  or 
seven  weeks  pnor  to  the  discovery  of  it  by 
Columbus.  The  discovery  of  the  Labra- 
dor coast  by  Cabot  was  on  the  11th  of 
June,  149t>;  that  of  the  continent  by  Co- 
lumbus, was  on  the  first  of  August  of  the 
.same  year. 

PRI'OR",  n.  [Fr.  prieur ;  It.  priore ;  L. 
prior.] 

1.  The  superior  of  a  convent  of  monks,  or 
one  next  in  dignity  to  an  abbot.  Priors 
are  claustral  or  convenlical.  The  convent- 
ical  are  the  same  as  abbots.  A  claustral 
prior  is  one  that  governs  the  religious  of 
an  abbey  or  priory  in  commendam,  having 
his  jurisdiction  wholly  from  the  abbot. 

En  eye. 

2.  In  some  churches,  one  who  presides  oyer 
others  in  the  same  churches.  •Hyliffe. 

PRI'ORATE,  n.  Government  by  a  prior. 

Warton. 

PRl'ORESS,  n.  A  female  superior  of  a  con- 
vent of  nuns.  Dryden. 

PRIOR'ITY,  71.  The  state  of  being  antece- 
dent in  time,  or  of  preceding  something 
else  ;  as  priority  of  birth.  The  priority  of 
Homer  or  Hesiod  has  been  a  subject  of 
dispute. 

,.   Precedence  in  place  or  rank.  Shak. 

Priority  of  debts,  is  a  superior  claim  to  pay- 
ment, or  to  p.iyment  before  others. 

PRI'ORLY,  adv.  .Antecedently.  [.4  bad 
word  and  not  used.]  Geddcs. 

PRI'ORSIIIP,    n.    The  state   or   office  of 


prior 
PRIORY, 


^^, ...  A  convent  of  which  a  prior 

is  the  superior;  in  dignity  below  an  abbey. 

Shak. 

■>  Priories  arc  the  cliiirches  given  to  priors 
in  titulum,  M- h\  way  of  title.  -ifUffe. 

PRl'SAtiE,  H.  [Fr.  prise,  from  priser,  to 
prize  or  value.] 

A  right  belonging  to  the  crown  of  England, 
of  taking  two  tons  of  wine  from  every 
ship  importing  twenty  tons  or  more  ;  one 
before  ami  oiie  behind  the  mast.  This 
by  charter  of  Edward  1.  was  exchanged 
into  a  duty  of  two  shillings  for  every  tun 
imported  by  merchant  strangers,  and  call- 
ed butlerage,  because  paid  to  the  king's 
l„i,|,,|..  Btarkslune. 

PRISt  ILLIANIST,  n.  In  church  history, 
one  of  a  sect  so  denominated  I'roiii  Priscill- 
ian,  a  Spaniard,  bishop  of  Avila.  who 
jiracticed  magic,  maintained  the  errors  of 
the  Manichees,  ami  held  it  to  be  lawful 
to  make  false  oaths  in  the  support  of  one's 
cause  and  interest.  Lncyc. 


P  R  I 


P  R  I 


P  R  I 


PRISM,  n.  [Fr.  prisme ;  Low  L.  Sp.  It. 
prisma;  Or.  rtfiii/M,  from  «p«j,  to  cut  with 
a  saw,  to  press  or  strain,  Russ.  pru.] 

A  solid  whose  bases  or  ends  are  any  similar, 
equal  and  parallel  plane  tigures,  and 
whose  sides  are  parallelograms. 

D.  Olmsted. 
A  prism  of  jf lass  is  one  boun<led  by  two 
equal  anil  parallel  triangular  ends  and 
three  plain  and  well  polished  sides  which 
meet  in  three  parallel  line.-i,  running  from 
the  three  angles  of  one  end  to  the  three 
anjiles  of  the  other  end.  M:wlon. 

PRISMATIC,        /       Resembling  a  prism; 

PKlrtMAT'ICAL,  ^       as  a  prismatic  form. 

2.  Separated  or  distributi^d  by  a  prism ; 
formed  by  a  prism  ;  as  prismatic  colors. 

3.  Pertaining  to  a  prism. 
PRISMAT'leALKY,  adv.   In  the  form  or 

manner  of  a  prism.  Boyle 

PRIrtMATOID'AL,  a.  [L.   prisma  and  iSr. 

£i6o{.]     Having  a  prismatic  form.         Ure. 
PRIS'MOID,  71.  [L.  prisma   and   Gr.  E1605, 

form.] 
A  body  that  approaches   to  the  form   of  a 

prism.  Johnson. 

PIIIS'MY,  o.  Pertaining  to  or  like  a  prism. 

Jim.  Review. 
PRISON,  n.  priz'n.  [Fr.  from  pris,  taken, 

from   prendre,   to   take,    L.   prendo ;    Sp. 

prision  ;  Arm.  prisoun.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  any  place  of  confine- 
ment or  involuntary  restraint  ;  but  ap- 
propriately, a  public  building  for  the  con- 
finement or  safe  custody  of  debtors  and 
criminals  committed  by  process  of  law  ;  a 
jail.  Originally,  a  prison,  as  Lord  Coke 
observes,  was  oidy  a  place  of  safe  custo 
dy  ;  but  it  is  now  employed  as  a  place  of 
punishment.  We  have  state-prisons,  for 
the  confinement  of  criminals  by  way  of 
))unishment. 

2.  Anyplace  of  confinement  or  restraint. 

The  tyrant  .Eolus, 
With    power   imperial   curbs   the    struggling 

winds. 
And  soumling  tempests  in  dark  prisons  binds. 

Vryden 

3.  In  Scripture,  a  low,  obscure,  afflicted  con- 
dition.    Eccles.  iv. 

4.  The  cave  where  Davi<l  was  confined 
Ps.  cxlii. 

5.  A  state  of  spiritual  bondage.     Is.  xlii. 
PRIS'ON,  V.  t.  To  shut  up  in  a  prison  ;  to 

confine  ;  to  restrain  from  liberty. 

2.  To  confine  in  any  manner.  Shak. 

3.  To  captivate  ;  to  enchain.  Milton. 

[This  word  is  proper,  but  imprison  is 

more  commonly  used.] 
PRIS'ON-BASE,  n.  A  kind  of  rural  sports 

commonly  called  prison-bars.  Sandys. 

PRIS'ONED,    pp.   Imprisoned;    confined: 

restrained. 
PRIS'ONER,  n.  One  who  is  confined  in  a 

prison  by  legal  arrest  or  warrant. 

2.  A  person  under  arrest  or  in  custody  of 
the  sherif,  whether  in  prison  or  not ;  as 
a  prisoner  at  the  bar  of  a  court. 

3.  A  captive ;  one  taken  by  an  enemy  in 
war. 

4.  One  whose  liberty  is  restrained,  as  a  bird 
in  a  cage. 

PRIS'ON-HOUSE,  n.  A  house  in  which 
prisoners  are  confined ;  a  jail.  Judges 
xvi.  Shak. 


PRIS'ONING,  ppr.  Confining;  imprison- 
ing. 

PRIS'ONMENT,  n.  Confinement  in  a  pris- 
on;  imprisonment. 

[The  latter  is  commonly  used.] 

Shak. 

PRIS'TINE,  a.  [L.  pristinus.  See  Prior 
and  Prie.] 

First ;  original ;  ])rimitive  ;  as  the  pristine 
state  of  innocence;  the  pristine  manners 
of  a  people  ;  the  pristine  constitution  of 
things.  JVewton. 

PRITH'EE,  a  corruption  of  pray  thee,  as  I 
prithee  ;  but  it  is  generally  used  without  the 
pronoun,  prithee. 

PRi'VACV,  71.  [from  private.]  A  state  of 
being  in  retirement  Irom  the  company  or 
observation  of  others;  secrecy. 

2.  A  place  of  seclusion  from  company  or  ob- 
servation ;  retreat ;  solitude  ;  retirement. 

Her  sacred  privacies  all  open  lie.  Hinre 

3.  Privity.     [JVot  used.]     [See  Privity.] 

Arbulhnot. 

\.  Taciturnity.     [.Vo<  used.]  Ainsworth. 

.5.  Secrecy  ;  concealment  of  what  is  said  or 
done. 

PRIVA'DO,  71.  [Sp.]  A  secret  friend.  [.Vo< 
used.]  Bacon. 

PRI'VATE,  a.  [L.  privalas,  from  privo,  to 
bereave,  properly  to  strip  or  se|)arate ; 
prints,  singular,  several,  peculiar  to  one's 
self,  that  is,  separate ;  It.  privare,  Sp.  pri- 
var,  Fr.  priver,  to  deprive.  Privo  is  prob- 
ably from  the  root  of  bereave.  Sax.  bereaf- 
ian  or  ^ereufian,  from  renfian,  to  strip,  to 
spoil,  L.  rapio,  diripio,  erlpio ;  privo  for 
periro  or  berivo  ;  \V  .  rhaib,  a  snatching  ; 
rheibiaw,  to  snatch.  See  Rip,  Reap  and 
Strip.] 

1.  Properly,  separate ;  unconnected  with 
others  ;  hence,  peculiar  to  one's  self;  be 
longing  to  or  concerning  an  individual 
only  ;  as  a  man's  private  opinion,  business 
or  concerns  ;  private  property  ;  the  king's 
private  purse;  a  man's  private  expenses. 
Charge  the  money  to  my  private  account 
in  the  company's  books. 

2.  Peculiar  to  a  number  in  a  joint  concern, 
to  a  company  or  body  politic ;  as  the  pri- 
vate interest  of  a  family,  of  a  company  or 
of  a  state ;  opposed  to  public,  or  to  the 
general  interest  of  nations. 

3.  Sequestered  from  company  or  observa 
tion ;  secret;  secluded;  as  a  private  cell ; 
a  private  room  or  apartment ;  private 
prayer. 

4.  Not  publicly  known  ;  not  open  ;  as  a  pri 
vote  negotiation. 

5.  Not  invested  with  public  oflice  or  employ 
ment ;  as  a  private  man  or  citizen  ;  private 
life.  Shak. 

A  private  person  may  arrest  afelou. 

Blackstone 

6.  Individmil:  personal  ;  in  contradistinction 
from  public  or  national ;  as  private  inter 
est. 

Private  tcay,  in  law,  is  a  way  or  passage  in 
which  a  man  has  an  interest  and  right, 
though  the  ground  may  belong  to  another 
person.  In  common  language,  a  private 
way  may  be  a  secret  way,  one  not  known 
or  public. 

A  private  act  or  statute,  is  one  which  ope- 
rates on  an  individual  or  company  only  ; 
opposed  to  li  grnrral  law,  which  operates 
on  the  whole  community. 


A  private  nusance  or  wrong,  is  one  which  af- 
fects an  individual.  Blackstone. 

In  private,  secretly  ;  not  openly  or  publicly. 

Scripture. 

PRI'V.\TE,  n.  A  secret  message  ;  particu- 
lar business.   [Unusual.]  Shak.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  A  common  soldier. 

PRIVATEER,  n.  [from  private.]  A  ship 
or  vessel  of  war  owned  and  equipped  by 
a  private  man  or  by  individuals,  at  their 
own  expense,  to  seize  or  plunder  the  ships 
of  an  enemy  in  war.  Such  a  ship  must 
be  licensed  or  commissioned  by  govern- 
ment, or  it  is  a  pirate. 

PRIVATEE'R,  i-.  i.  To  cruise  in  a  com- 
missioned private  ship  against  an  encmv, 
for  seizing  their  sliips  or  annoying  their 
commerce. 

PRI' VAT  ELY,  adv.  In  a  secret  manner; 
not  openly  or  publicly. 

2.  In  a  manner  affecting  an  individual  or 
company.     He  is  nol  privatehj  benefited. 

PRI'VATENESS,  n.  Secrecy";  privacy. 

Bacon. 

2.  Retirement ;  seclusion  from  company  or 
society.  H'otton. 

3.  The  state  of  an  individual  in  the  ratik  of 
common  citizens,  or  not  invested  with  of- 
fice. 

PRIVA  TION.  n.  [Fr.from  L.privatio,  from 
privo.     See  Private.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  deprived;  particular- 
ly, deprivation  or  absence  of  what  is  ne- 
cessary for  comfort.  He  endures  his  pri- 
vations with  wonderful  tbrtitude. 

2.  The  act  of  removing  something  possess- 
ed ;  the  removal  or  destruction  of  any 
thing  or  quality.  The  garrison  was  com- 
pelled by  privation  to  surrender. 

For  what  is  this  contagious  sin  of  kind 
But  a  privation  of  that  grace  within  ? 

Davie.1. 

3.  Absence,  in  general.  Darkness  is  a /jn'i'a- 
<7on  of  light.  Encyc. 

4.  The  act  of  the  mind  in  separating  a  thing 
from  something  appendant.  Johnson. 

5.  The  act  of  degrading  from  ranker  office. 

Bacon. 
[But  in  this  sense,  deprivation  is  now 
used.     See  Deprivation.] 

PRIV'ATIVFj,  a.  Causing  privation. 

2.  Consisting  in  the  absence  of  something ; 
not  positive.  Privative  is  in  things,  what 
negative  is  in  propositions ;  as  privative 
blessings,  safeguard,  liberty  and  integrity. 

Taylor. 

PRIV'.\TIVE,  n.  That  of  which  the  es- 
sence is  the  absence  of  something.  Black- 
ness and  darkness  are  privatives.      Bacon. 

2.  In  grammar,  a  prefix  to  a  word  which 
changes  its  signification  and  gives  it  a 
contrary  sense,  as  a,  in  Greek;  oiixo;,  un- 
just; a  and  i<.xr,;  un  and  iti  in  English, 
as  unwise,  inhuman.  The  word  may  also 
be  applied  to  suffixes,  an  less,  in  harmte.is. 

PRIV'ATIVELY,  adv.  By  the  absence  of 
something. 

2.  Negatively. 

The  duty  of  the  new  covenant  is  set   down 
first  privatively.     [  Uiiusual.']  Hammond. 

PRIV'ATIVENESS.  ;i.  Notation  of  the  ab- 
sence of  something.     [Little  used.] 

PRIV'ET,  7!.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Ligus- 
trum.  The  evergreen  privet  is  of  the  genus 
Khamnus.  Mock  privet  is  of  the  genus 
Phillyrea.  Fam.  of  Plants. 


P  R  I 


P  R  I 


PRO 


PRIVILEGE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  privilegium ; 
privus,  separate,  private,  and  lex,  law  : 
originally  a  private  law,  some  public  act 
that  regarded  an  individual.] 

1.  A  particular  and  peculiar  benefit  or  ad- 
vantage enjoyed  by  a  person,  company  or 
society,  beyond  the  common  advantages 
of  other  citizens.  A  privilege  may  be  a 
particular  right  granted  by  law  or  held  by 
custom,  or  it  may  be  an  exemption  from 
some  burden  to  which  others  are  subject 
The  nobles  of  Great  Britain  have  the 
privilege  of  being  triable  by  their  peers 
only.  Members  of  parliament  and  of  our 
legislatures  have  the  privilege  of  e.xemp 
tion  from  arrests  in  certain  cases.  The 
powers  of  a  hanking  company  are  privi- 
leges granted  by  the  legislature. 

He  pleads  the  \ega\  privilege  of  a  Roman. 

KeUlewdl. 

The  privilege  of    birthright   was  a  douhle 

portion.  Locke. 

2.  Any  peculiar  benefit  or  advantage,  right  or 
immunity,  not  common  to  others  of  the 
human  race.  Thus  we  speak  of  national 
privileges,  and  civil  and  political  privileges, 
which  we  enjoy  above  other  nations.  We 
have  ecclesiastical  and  religious  privileges 
secured  to  us  by  our  constitutions  of  gov- 
ernment. Personal  privileges  are  attached 
to  the  person;  as  those  of  embassadors, 
peers,  members  of  legislatures,  &c.  Real 
privileges  are  attached  to  place  ;  as  the 
privileges  of  the  king's  ])alace  in  England. 

3.  Advantage;  favor;   benefit. 

A  nation  despicable   by  its  weakness,  forfeits 
even  the  privilege  of  being  neutral. 

Federalist,  Hamilton. 
Writ    of  privilege,  is    a  writ    to    ileliver    a 
])rivileged  person  from  custody  when  ar- 
rested in  a  civil  suit.  Btackstone. 
PRIV'ILEgE,  v.  t.  To  grant  some  particu- 
lar right  or  e.temption  to  ;  to  invest   with 
a  peculiar  riglit  or  immunity  ;  as,  \.oprivi-\ 
lege  representatives  from  arrest ;  to  privi- 
lege the  officers  and  students  of  a  college 
from  military  duty. 
2.  To  exempt  from  censure  or  danger. 

Tills  place  doth /» ii'i/e^e  me.  Daniel. 

PRIV'ILEgED,  pp.  Invested  with  a  privi- 
lege ;  enjoying  a  peculiar  right  or  immu- 
nity. The  clergy  in  Great  Britain  were 
formerly  a  privileged  body  of  men.  No 
person  is  privileged  from  arrest  for  indicta- 
ble crimes. 
PRIV'ILEgING,  ppr.  Investing  with  a  pe- 
culiar right  or  inmnmity. 
PRIVILY,  adv.  [from  privy.]  Privately  ; 
secretly. 

— False  teaclieis  among  you,  wlio  shaWprivily 
brini;  in  damnable  heresies.     2  Pet.  ii. 
PRIVITY,  n.    [Fr.  privauU.     See  Private 
and   Privy.]      Privacy;    secrecy;    confi- 
dence. 

1  will  to  you.  in  primly,  discover  the  drift  of 
my  purpose.     [Little  «.«•(/.]  Spenser. 

2.  Private  knowledge  ;  joint  knowledge  with 
another  of  a  private  concern,  which  is  of- 
ten supposed  to  imply  consent  or  concur- 
rence. 

All  tli(!  doors  were  laid  open  for  his  depart- 
ure, not  without  Ihe  privity  of  the  prince  of  Or- 
ange, .^wift. 
But  it  is  usual  to  say,  "a  thing  is  done 
with  his  pnmlij  an<l  consent ;"  in  which 
phraye,  privily  signifies  merely  private 
knowlcdirc. 


3.  Privities,  in  the  plural,  secret  parts ;  the 
parts  which  modesty  requires  to  he  con- 
cealed. 

PRIVY,  a.  [Fr.pm-^;  h.  jnivus.  See  Pri- 
vate.] 

^.  Private;  pertaining  to  .some  person  ex- 
clusively ;  assigned  to  private  uses;  not 
jmblic  ;  as  the  privy  purse  ;  the  privy  cof 
for  of  a  king.  Blaekstone. 

2.  Secret;  clandestine;  not  open  or  public 
as  a  privy  attempt  to  kill  one. 

3.  Private ;  appropriated  to  retiretneut ;  not 
shown ;  not  open  for  the  admission  of 
company  ;  as  a  privy  chamber.   Ezek.  xxi. 

4.  Privately  knowing;  admitted  to  the  par- 
ticipation of  knowledge  with  another  of  a 
secret  transaction. 

He  would  rather  lose  half  of  his  kingdom 
tlian  be  privy  to  such  a  secret.  .Swift. 

Myself  am  one  made  privy  to  the  plot. 

Sliak. 
His  wife  also  being  jn-ivy  to  it.     Acts  v. 

5.  Admitted  to  secrets  of  state.  The  privy 
council  of  a  king  consists  of  a  number  of 
distinguished  persons  selected  by  him  to 
advise  him  in  the  administration  of  the 
government.  Btackstone. 

A  privy  verdict,  is  one  given  to  the  judge  out 
of  court,  which  is  of  no  force  mdess  after- 
ward afiirmeil  by  a  |)ublic  verdict  in  comt. 

Btackstone. 

PRIVY,  n.  In  law,  a  partaker;  a  person 
having  an  interest  in  any  action  or  thing; 
as  a  privy  in  blooil.  Privies  are  of  four 
kinds;  privies  in  blood,  as  the  heir  to  his 
father;  privies  in  representation,  as  exe- 
cutors and  administrators  to  the  deceased  ; 
privies  in  estate,  as  he  in  reversion  and 
he  in  remainder ;  donor  and  donee  ;  lessor 
and  lessee  ;  privy  in  tenure,  as  the  lord  in 
escheat.  Eneyc. 

'i.  A  necessary  house. 

Privy  chamber,  in  Great  Britain,  the  private 
apartment  in  a  royal  residence  or  man- 
sion. Gentlemen  of  the  privy  chamber  are 
servants  of  the  king,  who  are  to  wait  and 
attend  on  him  and  the  queen  at  court,  in 
their  diversions,  &c.  They  are  forty 
eight  in  number,  under  the  lord  cham- 
berlain. Encyc. 

PRIVY-eOUN'SELOR,  n.  A  member  of 
the  privy  council. 

Privy-counselors  are  made  by  the  king's 
nominatiou  without  patent  or  grant. 

Blackstone. 

PRIVY-SEAL,        ^         In    England,    the 

PRIVY-SIG'NET,  I  "•  seal  which  the 
king  uses  previously  in  grants,  &c.  which 
are  to  pass  the  great  seal,  or  which  he 
uses  in  matters  of  subordinate  conse- 
quence, which  do  not  require  the  great 
seal. 

2.  Privy-seal,  is  used  elliptically  for  the  prin- 
cipal secretary  of  state,  or  person  entrust- 
ed with  the  privy-seal. 

The  king's  sign  manual  is  the  warrant  to  the 
privy-seal,  who  makes  out  a  writ  or  warrant 
thereon  to  the  chancery.  The  sign  manual  is 
the  warrant  to  the  privy-seal,  and  the  privy- 
seal  is  the  warrant  to  the  great  seal. 

Black.itime. 

PRIZE,  n.  [Fv.  prise,  from  pris.  taken  ;  Sp. 
Port,  presa  ;  G.  preis  ;  I),  prys ;  Dan. 
priis  ;  Sw.  pris.  See  Praise  and  Price.] 
Literally,  that  which  is  taken  ;  Innice, 

1.  That  wliicli  is  taken  from  an  enemy  in 


war ;  any  species  of  goods  or  property 
seized  by  force  as  spoil  or  plunder;  or 
that  which  is  taken  in  combat,  particularly 
a  ship.  A  privateer  takes  an  enemy's 
ship  as  a  prize.  They  make^nze  of  all 
the  property  of  the  enemy. 

2.  That  which  is  taken  from  another;  that 
which  is  deemed  a  valuable  acqui.sitiou. 

I'hen  prostrate  falls,   and  begs   with  ardent 

eyes, 
Soon  to  obtain  and  long  possess  the  prize. 

Pope. 

3.  That  which  is  obtained  or  offered  as  the 
reward  of  contest. 

— I  will  never  wrestle  (or  prize.  Shak. 

I   fought    and  conquer'd,   yet  have  lost  the 

prize.  Dry  den. 

4.  The  reward  gained  by  any  performance. 

Dryden. 

5.  In  colloquial  language,  any  valuable  thing 
gamed. 

6.  The  money  drawn  by  a  lottery  ticket  : 
opposed  to  blank. 

I'RIZE,  )>.  t.  [Fr.  priser,  from  orii,  price,  L. 
prelium  ;  It.  apprezzare  ;  Fr.  apprecier. 
English  analogy  requires  that  the  com- 
pound should  be  conformed  to  the  orthog- 
raphy of  this  word,  and  written  a;)pn':t.] 

1.  To  set  or  estimate  the  value  of;  to  rate  ; 
as,  to  prize  the  goods  specified  in  an  in- 
voice. 

Life  I  prize  not  a  straw.  Shak. 

2.  To  value  highly  ;  to  estimate  to  be  of 
great  worth  ;  to  esteem. 

I  prize  your  person,  but  your  crown  disdain. 

Dryden. 

PRI'ZED,  pp.  Rated;  valued;  esteemed. 

PRIZE  FIGHTER,  n.  One  that  fights  pub- 
licly for  a  reward.  '      Pope. 

PRI'ZER,  n.  One  that  estimates  or  sets  the 
value  of  a  thing.  Shak. 

PRI'ZING,  ppr.  Rating  ;  valuing  ;  esteem- 
ing. 

PRO,  a  Latin  and  Greek  preposition, signify- 
ing/or, before,  forth,  is  [irobably  contracted 
from  jirod,  coinciding  with  It.  proda,  a 
prow,  prode,  brave;  having  the  primary 
sense  of  moving  forward.  See  Prodigal. 
In  the  phrase,  pro  and  con,  that  \s,  pro  and 
conlra,  it  answx'rs  to  the  English/or  ; /or 
and  against.  Prior. 

In  composition,  pro  denotes  fore,  forth,  for- 
ivard. 

PRO'A,  n.  Flying  proa,  a  vessel  used  in  the 
south  seas,  with  the  head  and  stern  ex- 
actly alike,  but  with  the  sides  differently 
formed.  That  which  is  intended  for  the 
lee  side  is  flat,  the  other  rounding.  To 
prevent  oversetting,  the  vessel  is  furnished 
with  a  frame  extended  from  the  wind- 
ward siilc,  called  an  out  rigger.        Encyc. 

PROBABILITY,  n.  [Fr.  probability  ;  L. 
probahililas.     See  Probable.] 

1.  Likelihood  ;  appearance  of  truth  ;  that 
state  of  a  case  or  question  of  fact  which 
residls  from  superior  evidence  or  [rrepon- 
deratiou  of  argument  on  one  side,  inclin- 
ing the  mind  to  receive  it  as  the  truth,  hut 
leaving  some  room  for  doubt.  It  there- 
fore falls  short  of  moral  certainty,  but  pro- 
duces what  is  called  opinion. 

Probability  is  tiie  appearance  of  the  agree- 
ment or  disaiiiceiiu'iit  of  two  ideas,  by  the  in- 
tervi-ulion  of  proofs  whose  coiiuoction  is  not 
constant,  but  appears  for  the  most  part  to  be  so. 

Locke. 


PRO 


P  R  () 


PRO 


Demonstration  produces  science  or  certain 
knowledf^e  ;  proof  produces  belief,  and  proba 
bilitij  opinion.  Encyc. 

2.  Any  tliinfj  that  haR  the  appearance  of 
reality  or  triitli.  In  this  .sense,  tlie  word 
admits  of  the  phiral  nuinher 

Tlic  wliolc  lite  of  man  is  a  perpetual  compari- 
son of  evidence  and  balancing  o{ probabiMies. 

Buckminstn' 
PROB'ABLE,    a.    [Fr.  from  L.  yrnbabilis, 
from  probo.  to  prove,     ^eo  Prave. 

1.  Likely;  liaving  more  evidence  than  the 
contrary,  or  evidence  which  inclines  the 
mind  to  belief,  but  leaves  some  room  for 

doubt. 

That  is  accounted /»o6a6/c,  which  has  liette 
arguments  producible  for  it  thau  can  be  broui;ht 
against  it.  South. 

I  do  not  say  that  the  principles  of  religion 
are  merely  ]irobitblc ;  I  have  before  asserted 
them  to  be  morally  certain.  Tf^ilkins, 

2.  That  renders  something  probable  ;  as 
probable  evidence,  ov probable  presumption. 

BlackMone. 

3.  That  may  be  proved.     [Kot  in  use.] 

Milton. 

PROIVABLY,  adv.    Likely  ;  in    likeli.iood  ; 

with   tlie  appearance  of  truth  or  reality  ; 

as,  the  story  is  probably  true  ;  the  account 

is  probabtji  correct. 

Disuni;ni<b  between  what  may  possibly,  and 

wbal  will  jnvbuhli/  be  done.  V Estrange. 

PRO'BA.N'G,    n.    [.See  Probe.]     In  surgery, 

un   iiislruirjent  of  whalebone  and  spuiige, 

lor  removing  obstructions  in  the  throat  or 

esophagus.  Coxe. 

A    tle.\ible   piece  of  whalebone,   with 

spunye  fi.\ed  to  the  end.  Pnrr. 

PRO'  B.ATE,  n.  [L.  prob.itus,  probo,  to  prove.] 

1.  Tlic  probate  of  a  will  or  testament  is  the 
proving  of  its  genuineness  and  validity,  or 
tlie  exhibition  of  the  will  to  the  proper 
officer,  with  the  witnesses  if  necessary 
and  the  process  of  determining  its  validity, 
and  the  registry  of  it,  and  such  otiicrpro 
ccedings  as  the  laws  prescribe,  as  prelim 
iriary  to  the  execution  of  it  by  the  execu 
tor. 

2.  The  right  or  jurisdiction  of  proving  wills 
In  lOnglund,  the  spiritual  court  has  the 
probate  of  wills  In  the  United  States, 
the  probate  of  wills  belongs  to  a  court  of 
civil  jurisiliction  established  by  law,  usu 
ally  to  a  single  judge,  culled  a  judge  of 
jjrohale,  or  a  surrogate. 

:5.  Proof.     [.Vot  used.]  Skclton. 

PROBA'TION,  n.  [L.  probalio.]  The  act 
of  proving;  |)roof.  li'ilkins.     Locke. 

2.  Trial;  examination;  any  pniceedinjr  de- 
signed to  ascertain  truth;  in 


\6.  In  general,  trial  for  i)roof,  or  satisfactory 

evidence,  or  the  time  of  trial. 
PROBA'TIONAL,  a.  Serving  lor  trial. 

Bp.  Richardson 
PROBA'TIONARY,  a.  Serving  lor  trial. 
All  tlie  probationary  work  of  man  is  ended 
when  death  arrives.  Dwight 

PROBA'TION  ER,  n.  One  who  is  on  trial, 
or  in  a  state  to  give  proof  of  certain  quali- 
fications for  a  place  or  state. 
While  yet  a  young  probationer. 
And  candidate  for  heaven.  Dryden 

2.  A  novice.  Decay  of  Piety. 


3.  In  Scotland,  a  student  in  divinity,  who, 
producing  a  certificate  of  a  professor  in 
an  university  of  his  good  morals  and  qual- 
ifications, is  admitted  to  several  trials,  and 
on  acquitting  himself  well,  is  licensed  to 
preach.  Encyc. 

PROBA'TIONERSHIP,  n.  The  state  of 
being  a  probationer  ;  novitiate.  [Little 
used?]  Locke. 

PROBA'TIONSHIP,  n.  A  state  of  proba- 


1.  Ill  logic,  a  proposition  that  appears  nei- 
ther absolutely  true  nor  false,  and  cunse- 
uuently  may  be  asserted  either  in  the  af- 
firmative or  negative. 

2.  In  geometry,  a  proposition  in  which  some 
operation  or  construction  is  required,  as 
to  divide  a  line  or  an  angle,  to  let  fall  a 

i     perpendicular,  &c.  Encyc. 

3.  In  general,  any  question  involving  doubt 
or  uncertainty,  and  reiiuiring  some  opera- 
tion, experiment  or  further  evidence  for 
its  solution. 

The  problem  is,  whether  a  strong  and  con- 
slant  belief  Uiat  a  thing  will  be,  helps  any  thing 
to  the  eflecting  of  the  thing.  Bacon. 

PROBLEMAT'IeAL,  a.  Questionable  ; 
uncertain  ;  unsettled  ;  disputable ;  doubt- 
ful. 

Diligent  inquiries  into  problematical/  guilt, 
leave  a  gate  wide  open  to  informers.         Sivi/l. 

PROBLEiMAT'ICALLY,  adv.  Doubtfully  : 
dubiously  ;  uncertainly. 

PROB'LEMATIZE,  v.  t.  To  propose  prob- 
lems.    [Ill  formed  and  not  used.] 

B.  Jonson. 

PROBOS'CIS,  n.  [L.  from  the  Gr.  npoSos- 
j!i5  ;  «po,  before,  and  yJoaxu,  to  feed  or 
graze.] 

The  snout  or  trunk  of  an  elephant  and  of 
other  animals,  particularly  of  insects. 
The  proboscis  of  an  elephant  is  a  flexible 
muscular  pipe  or  canal  of  about  8  feet  in 
length,  and  is  properly  the  extension  of 
the  nose.  This  is  the  instrument  with 
which  he  takes  food  and  carries  it  to  his 
mouth.  The  proboscis  of  insects  is  used 
to  suck  blood  from  animals,  or  juice  from 
plants. 

PROeA'CIOUS,  a.  [L.  procaj:  :  pro,  for- 
ward, and  perhaps  the  root  of  It.  cacciare, 
Sp.  cazar,  to  chase,  that  is,  to  [)ush  for- 
ward.] Pert  ;  petulant  ;  suiicy.  [Little 
used.]  Barrow. 

Inipu- 


tioii  ;  novitiate  ;    probation.     [Little  used 
and  unnecessary. 
PRO'B.'VTIVE,  a.  Serving  for  trial  or  proof 

South. 

PROBA'TOR,  11.    [L,]    An   examiner  ;   an 

ajiprover.  Maydman. 

2.  In  law,  an  accuser.  Cowel. 

PRO'B.VrORY,  a.  Serving  for  trial. 

Bramhall. 

2.  Serving  for  proof  Bp.  Taylor. 

3.  Relating  to  [iroof  ({uintitian.  Trans. 

Probatum  est,  [L.  it  is  proved.]  an  expres- 
sion subjoined  to  a  receipt  for  the  cure  ofj 
a  disease,  denoting  that  it  has  been  tried 
or  proved. 

PROBE,  n.  [from  L.  probo  ;  Fr.  eprouvctte, 

a  probe  ;  G.  probe,  proof;  Kuss.  probivayu, 

to  pierce.    The  primary  sense  is  to  thrust, 

to  drive,  from  straining,  exertion  of  force.] 
.\  surgeon's    instrument   for  examining  the 

depth  or  other  circumstances  of  a  wound,!  PROCACTTY,  n.    [L.  procacifas.] 

ulcer  or  cavity,  or  the  direction  of  a  sinus,jl     dence  ;  petulance.     [LittU  used.] 

or  for  searchmg  for  stones  in  the  bladder 

aiul  the  like.  Encyc.     Pom]  PROC.ATARC  TIC 

PROBE,  V.  t.  To   examine  a   wound,  ulcer,      «|5o,  xora  and  a|);^ij,  to  begin. J 

or  some  cavity  of  the  body,  by  the  use  of]  In    niedicine,   pre-existing  or   predisposing  ; 


Burton, 
a.  [Gr.  !(poxarapxrtxo; ; 


an  instrument  thrust  into  the  part. 

South. 

2.  To  search  to  the  bottom  ;  to  scrutinize  ; 
to  examine  thoroughly  into  causes  and 
circuiiisiances. 

PROBE-SCISSORS,  n.  Scissors  used  to 
open  wounds,  the  blade  of  which,  to  be 
thrust  into  the  orifice,  has  a  Imttnii  at  the 
end.  If'iseman. 


the  examination  of  a   student,  as  to  his'PROB'ITY,  n.  [Ij.  probitas,  fi-i>n\ 
qualifications  for  a  degree.  jl     prche  ;  h.  probitii ;  Vr.  probiti.] 

3.  In  a  monastic  sciisc,  trial  or  the  year   oflPriniarily,   tried  virtue  or  integrity,  or 
novitiate,  which  a  person  must  pass  in  ai 
convent,  to  prove  his  virtue  and   his  abili- 
ty to  bear  the  severities  of  the  rule. 

Encyc. 

4.  Moral  trial;  the  state  of  man  in  the  pres- 
ent life,  in  which  he  has  the  opportunity 
of  proving  his  character  and  being  quali- 
fied for  a  happier  state. 

Probation  will  cud  with  the  present  life. 

JVelson. 

5.  In  America,   the  trial   of  a   clergyman's  |PROB'LE.M,  n.    [Fr.   p. 
qualifications  as  a  minister  of  the  gospel, |l     problema  ;  Gi:  rtpoSXrjua, 


preparatory  to  his  settlement.     We  say,  all 
man  is  preaching  on  probation. 


probo,   to 

proved  actions;  but  in  general,  strict  hoii-| 
esty  ;   sincerity  ;   veracity  ;   integrity    inj; 
principle,  or  strict  conformity  of  actionsj 
to  the  laws  of  justice.     Probity  of  mind  orij 
(iriiiciple   is   best   evinced   by 
coiuhict  in  social  dealings,  particularly  in 
adhering  to  strict  integrity  in  the  observ- 
ance  and   performance   of  rights   called 
imperfect,  which   public  laws  do  not  reach 
and  cannot  enforce. 

obleme  ;  L.  It.    Sp. 
from  rt)>otSa?.>,u,  to 


1  remote ;  as  procatarctic  causes  of  a  dis- 
ease, in  distinction  from  immediate  or  ex- 
citing causes.  Tims  heat  may  be  the 
procatarctic,  and  extreme  fatigue  the  im- 

'■     mediate  or  exciting  cause  of  a  fever. 

JPROCATARX'IS,  n.  [Gr.  supra.]  The 
predisposing  caii.se  of  a  disease.      Quiacy. 

PROCEDURE,  71.  [Fr.  Sec  Proceed.]  The 
act  of  proceeding  or  moving  forward ; 
progress  ;  process  ;  operation  ;  series   of 

I  actions ;  as  the  procedure  of  the  soul  in 
certain  actions.  But  it  is  more  generally 
applied  to  persons;  as,  this  is  a  strange 
procedure  in  a  public  body.  The  motions 
of  pliysical  causes  arc  more  generally  de- 
nomin.ited  operations, 
probity  of^  2.  .Alanner  of  proceeding  ;  management  ; 
conduct.  South. 

.3.  That  which  proceeds  from  something  ; 
producje._  [.Ydt  in  use.]  Bacon. 


throw  forward  ;  rtpo  and  t3tt?.Xu,  to  throw, 
L.  pello.]     A  question  proposed 


PROCEE'D,  ^,.   .    [Fr.Sp.  Port,  proccrffr: 
PROCE'DE,  i  '•  '■   It.  procedtre  ;    from   L. 

procedo  :  pro,  forward,  and  cedo,  to  move. 

The  more  correct   orthography  is  procede, 

ill  an.-ilogy   with  precede,  concede,   recede, 

procedure.] 


PRO 


PRO 


PRO 


1.  To  move,  pass  or  go  forward  from  one 
place  to  another  ;  applied  to  persons  or 
things.  A  man  proceeds  on  his  journey ; 
a  slop  proceeds  ot)  her  voyage. 

This  word  thus  used  implies  that  the 
motion,  journey  or  voyage  had  heen  pre- 
viously commenced,  and  to  proceed  is  then 
to  renew  or  continue  the  motion  or  i>ro- 
gress. 


To  pass  from  one  point,  stage  or  topic  to 
another.  The  preacher  proceeds  from  one 
division  of  his  suhject,  and  the  advocate 
from  one  argument,  to  another. 

3.  To  issue  or  come  as  from  a  source  or 
fountain.  Light  proceeds  from  the  sun  ; 
vice  proceeds  from  a  depraved  heart ;  vir- 
tuous affections  proceed  from  God. 

4.  To  come  from  a  person  or  place.  Christ 
says,  "  I  proceeded  forth  and  came  from 
God."     John  viii. 

5.  To  prosecute  any  design. 

He  that  proceeds  on  other  principles  in  his 
inquiry  into  any  sciences,  posts  himself  in  a 
parly.  Locke. 

6.  To  be  transacted  or  carried  on. 

He  will,  after  his  sour  fashion,  teU  you, 
What   hath  proceeded     worthy  note    to-day 
[jVot  now  in  use.]  Sliak. 

7.  To  make  progress ;  to  advance. 

Milton. 

8.  To  begin  and  carry  on  a  series  of  actions 
or  measures.  The  attorney  was  at  a  loss 
in  what  manner  to  proceed  against  the  of- 
fender. In  this  sense,  the  word  is  often 
followed  by  agaitist. 

9.  To  transact ;  to  act ;  to  carry  on  method- 
ically. 

From  them  I  will  not  hide 
My  judgments,  how  with  mankind  I  proceed. 

Milton. 

10.  To  have  a  course. 
This  ride  only  proceeds  and  takes  place,  when 

a  person  cannot  of  common  law  condemn  an- 
other by  liis  sentence.  -^yliffe 

11.  To  issue  ;  to  he  produced  or  propagated 
From  my  loins  thou  shalt  proceed.        Milton 

12.  To  be  produced  by  an  effectual  cause 
All  created  things  proceed  from  God. 

Milton. 
I'ROCEE'DER,  n.  One  wlio  goes  forward, 
or  vvlio  makes  a  progress.  Bacon 

TROCEE'DING,   j'f-     Moving  forward  ; 
passing  on ;  issuing  ;  transacting  ;  carry 
ing  on. 
I'ROCEE'DING,  n.   Process  or  movement 
from  one  thing  to  another;  a  measure  or 
step    taken  in   business  ;  transaction  ;  in 
the  plural,  a  course  of  measures  or  con- 
iluct ;  course  of  dealing  with  others.     We 
s|icak  of  a  legal  or  an  illegal  proceeding,  a 
cautious  proceeding,  a  violent  proceeding. 
in  the  plural,  lUe  proceedings  of  the  legisla- 
ture have  been   wise  and   salutary.     It  is 
our  duty  to   acquiesce   cheerfully    in   a 
dt>iVs  proceedings  towards  us.  | 

'J.  In  law,  the  course  of  steps  or  measures  in 
the  prosecution  of  an  action  is  denomina- 
ted proceedings.     [See  Process.] 
i'ROCEE'DS,    n.    plu.    Issue  ;  rent;    pro- 
duce; as  the  proceeds  of  an  estate. 
2.  In  commerce,  the  sum,  amount  or  value  of 
goods  sold  or  converted  into  money.    Tin. 
consignee  v/as  directed   to  sell  the  cargt 
and  vest  the  proceeds  in  coffee.     The  pro 
reeds  of  the  goods  sold  amounted  to   little 
•  iiorc  than  the  prime  cost  and  charges. 


PROCELEUSMAT'le,  a.  [Gr.  Ttf^oxtXivs- 
^aTixos  ;  Ttfio  and  xe^ivafia,  mandate,  in- 
citement.] 

Inciting  ;  animating  ;  encouraging.  This 
epithet  is  given  to  a  metrical  foot  in  poetry 
consisting  of  four  short  syllables. 

Johnson. 

PROCEP'TION,  n.  Preoccupation.  [Ill 
formed  and  not  in  use.]  K.  Charles. 

PROCER'ITY,  n.  [L.  proceritas,  from  pro- 
cerus, tall.]  Tallness;  highth  of  stature. 
[Little  used.]  Mdison. 

PROCESS,    n.    [Fr.  procis ;  L.  processus, 
from  procedo.     See  Proceed.] 
A  proceeding  or  moving  forward  ;  pro- 
gressive cour.se  ;  tendency  ;  as  the  process 
of  man's  desire.  Hooker 

2.  Proceedings;  gradual  progress;  course 
as  the  process  of  a  war.  Dnjden 

3.  Operations  ;  experiment  ;  series  of  ac- 
tions or  experiments;  as  a  chimical  pro- 
cess. 

4.  Series  of  motions  or  changes  in  growth, 
decay,   &c.   in    physical    bodies  ;  as   the 
process  of  vegetation  or  of  mineralization 
the  process  of  decomposition. 

5.  Course  ;  continual  flux  or  passage  ;  a 
the  profcss  of  time.  Milton.     Boyle. 

0.  Methodical  management;  series  of  meas 
ures  or  proceedings. 

The  process  of  the  great  day — is  described  Iiy 
our  Savior.  A'elsun. 

7.  In  law,  the  whole  course  of  proceedings,  in 
a  cause,  real  or  piisonal,  civil  or  crimi- 
nal, from  the  original  writ  to  the  end  of 
the  suit.  Original  process  is  the  means 
taken  to  compel  the  defendant  to  appear 
in  court.  Mesne  process  is  that  which  is- 
sues, pending  the  suit,  upon  some  collate- 
ral or  interlocutory  matter.  Final  process 
is  the  process  of  execution.        Blackston 

8.  In  anatom;/,  any  protuberance,  eminence 
or  projecting  part  of  a  bone. 

Encyc.     Core. 
PROCESSION,  )i.  [Fr.  from  L.  processio. 
See  Proceed.] 

1.  The  act  of  proceeding  or  issuing. 

Pearson 

2.  A  train  of  persons  walking,  or  riding  oi: 
hor.'ieback  or  in  vehicles,  in  a  fmnial 
march,  or  moving  with  ceiemoninus  so- 
lemnity ;  as  a  processjou  of  clergy  and  peo- 
])le  in  "the  Romish  church  ;  a  triumphal 
procession;  a  funeral  procession. 

Him  all  his  train 
Follow'd  in  bright  profession.  Milton 

PROCES'SIONAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  pro 
cession  ;  consisting  in  a  procession. 

Saurin,  Trans. 
PROCES'SIONAL,  n.   A   bonk  relating  to 
processions  of  the  Romish  church. 

Greg'or^. 

PROCES'SIONARY,  a.  Consisting  in  pro- 
cession ;  as  processionary  service. 

Hooker. 

PROCHEIN,  a.  proshcn.  [Fr.  prochain;  L 
proximus.] 

Next ;  nearest ;  used  in  the  law  phrase,  }iro- 
chein  amy,  the  next  friend,  any  person  who 
undertakes  to  assist  an  infant  or  minor  in 
prosecuting  his  rights.  Blarkstonc. 

PRO'CIIRONISM,  n.  [(Jr.  rtfoxi>«vi^,  to 
precede  in  time ;  rtpo,  before,  and  Xf"'"i^ 
time.] 


An  antedating  ;  the  dating  of  an  event  before 

the  time  it  happened ;  hence,  an  error  in 

chronology.  Gregory. 

PRO'CTDENCE,  n.  [L.  procidentia;  procido. 

to  fall  down.] 
A  falling  down ;  a  prolapsus ;  as  of  the  in- 
testinum  rectum.  Coie.     Parr. 

PROCID'  LOUS,  o.  That  falls  from  its  place. 

Jones. 
PROCIN€T',  n.  [L.  procinctus ;  procingo,to 

prepare,  that  is,  to  gird.] 
Complete    preparation    for   action.     [Liltk 
used.]  Milton. 

PROeLATM,  V.  t.   [L.  proclamo;    pro  and 
clamo,  to  cry  out.     See  Claim.] 
To  promulgate  ;  to  announce  ;  to  publish  ; 
as,  to  proclaim  a  fast ;  to  proclaim  a  feast. 
Lev.  xxiii.    1  Kings  xxi. 

He  hath  sent  me  to  proclaim  liberty  to  the 
captives.    Is.  Ixi. 

To  denounce;  to  give  official  notice  of. 
Heralds  xvere  formerly  employed  to  pro- 
claim war. 

To  declare  with  honor;  as,  to  proclaim 
the  name  of  the  Lord,  that  is,  to  declare 
his  perfections.  E.x.  xxxiii. 
4.  To  utter  openly ;  to  make  public.  Some 
profligate  wretches  openly  proclaim  their 
atheism. 

Most  men  will  proclaim  every  one  his  own 
goodness.    Prov.  xx. 
o.  To  outlaw  by  public  denunciation. 

I  heard  myself  proclaimed.  Shak. 

PRO€LA'IMED,    pp.    Published  officially ; 

promulgated;  made  publicly  known. 
PROCLA'IMER,  n.  One  who  publishes  by 
authority ;  one  that  announces  or  makes 
publiciv  known.  Milton. 

PROCLA'IMING,   ppr.  Publishing  official- 
ly ;  denouncing  ;    promulgating  ;   making 
publicly  known. 
PROCLAMATION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.procla- 
matio,  from  proclamo.] 

1.  Publication   by   authority  ;  official  notice 
given  to  the  public. 

King  Asa  made  a  proclamation  throughout 
all  Judah.   1  Kings  xv. 

2.  In  England,  a  declaration  of  the  king's 
will,  openly  published. 

Proclamations  are  a  branch  of  the   king's 
prerogative,  and  are  binding  on  the  subject. 

Eneyc. 
The  declaration  of  any  supreme  magis- 
trate pnlilicly  made  known  ;  as  the  procla- 
mation of  the  governor  appointing  a  day 
of  thanksgiving. 
4.  The  paper  containing  an  official  notice  to 
a  people.  The  slierif  receives  and  dis- 
tributes the  governor's  proclamations. 

J\rew  England. 
PROCLI'VE,  «.  Proclivous.     [JVot  used.] 
PROtLIV' ITY,  n.  [\^. proclivitas,  proclivis ; 
pro  anil  clivus,  a  cliff'.] 

1.  Inclination;  propensity;  proneness;  ten- 
dency. 

'file  sensitive  appetite  may  engender  a  pro- 
clivity to  steal,  but  not  a  necessity  to  steal. 

Bp.  Halt. 

2.  Readiness;  facility  of  learning. 
He  hail  such  a  dextrous  proclivity,  that  his 

teachers  were  fain  to  restrain  liis  forwardness. 

Wotlon. 
PROCLI'VOUS,  a.   [L.  proclivus,  proclivts, 

supra.] 
liii  lined  ;  tending  by  nature.  Diet. 

iPROCON'SUL,  »i.  [L.  pro,  for,  and  co/isni.] 
I     A   Roman    maiistrato  sent   to   govern  a 


3. 


P  11  o 


PRO 


PRO 


province  with  consular  autliority.  The 
proconsuls  were  appointed  from  the  body 
of  the  senate,  atid  tlieir  autliority  ux|)ired 
at  the  end  of  a  year  from  their  appoint- 
„„,„t.  Encyc. 

I'KOCON'SULAR,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  pro- 
consul ;  as  jirocotisular  powers. 

2.  Un<ler  the  government  of  a  proconsul;  as 
a  proconsular  province. 

PROcON'SULSllIl',"..The  office  of  a  pro 
consul,  or  the  term  of  his  oflicc. 

PROeKAS'TIN  ATE,  v.  I.  [L.  jirocrastinor 
pro  and  crastiiius  ;  eras,  to-morrow.] 

To  put  ofl'  from  day  to  day  ;  to  delay  ;  to  de- 
fer to  a  future  time ;  as,  to  prucraslinaU 
repentance. 

PRO€RAS'TINATE,  v.  i.  To  delay ;  to  be 
dilatory. 

1  procrastinate  more  than  I  did  twenty  yeais 
ago.  Su-'ifl 

PROeRAS'TINATED,  pp.  Delayed ;  de- 
ferred. 

PROCRASTINATING,  ppr.  Delaying  ; 
putting  <ifl'to  a  future  time. 

PROCRASTINATION,  n.  [L. procraslina 
tio.] 

A  putting  oft"  to  a  future  time  ;  delay  ;  dila 
toriricss. 

PROCRAS'TINATOR,  li.  One  that  defers 
the  performance  of  any  thing  to  a  future 
time. 

PRO'eREANT,  a.  [\..  procreans.  See  Pro- 
cnale.] 

Generating  ;  producing  ;  productive  ;  fruit 
ful.  Shak. 

PRO'CREATE,  v.  I.  [L.  procreo;  pro  and 
creo,  to  create  ] 

1.  To  beget;  to  generate  and  produce;  to 
engender  ;  used  properlij  of  uniinals. 

Btntley 

2.  To  produce  ;  used  of  plants,  but  hardly  al- 
lowable. Blarhmore. 

PRO'CKEATED,;;;).  Begotten  ;  generated. 
PRO'CREATING,  ppr.    Begetting;    gene 

rating  ;  as  vonng. 
PROeREA'iTON,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  procrea 

tio.] 
Tlie  act  of  begetting ;  generation  and  pro- 
duction of  yomig.  South. 
PRO'CREATIVE,  a.   Generative;    having 

the  power  to  beget.  Hale 

PRO  CREATIVENESS,   n.   The  power  of 

generating.  Decay  of  Piety. 

PRO'CREATOR,   n.    One   ihiit  begets ;  a 

generator  ;  a  father  or  sire. 
PROCTOR,  n.    [contracted   from    L.  pro 

curator,  from  procure;  pro  and  euro.] 

1.  In  a  f^eneral  sense,  one  who  is  employed 
to  manage  the  affairs  of  another. 

Hooker. 

2.  Appropriately,  a  person  employed  to  man 
age  another's  cause  in  a  court  of  civil  o 
ecclesiastical  law,  as  in  the  court  of  admi 
ralty,  or  in  a  spiritual  court.  Sioijl. 

3.  The  magistrate  of  a  university. 

Halter. 
PROC'TOR,  I',  i.  To  inanage  ;  a  cant  icord. 

Shak. 
PROC'TORAgE,  Ji.  Management;  in  con- 
tempt. Milton. 
PROCTOR'ICAL,   a.  Belonging  to  the  ac- 
ailemical   proctor  ;   magisterial. 

Prideattx. 

PROCTORSHIP,  n.  The  office  or  dignity 

of  the  proctor  of  a  university. 

Clarendoni 


PROCUM'BENT,  a.  [L.  procumbens,  pro 
cumbo  ;  pro  and  cuho,  to  lie  down.]  Lyin- 
down  or  on  the  face  ;  prone. 

2.  In  botany,  trailing  ;  prostrate ;  unable  to 
support   itself,   and   therefore  lying  on  the 
ground,  but   without  [)Utting  forth  roots 
as  a  procumbent  stem.  Martyn. 

PROCURABLE,  a.  [from  procure.]  That 
may  be  procured  ;  obtainable.  lioyle. 

PRO'CURACY,  )i.  [from  h.  procuro.]  The 
management  of  any  thing.     [j\"oi  used.] 

PROCURATION,  n.  [L.  procuratio.  Sec 
Procure.] 

1.  The  act  of  prociu'ing.  [Procurement  is 
generally  u.sed.] 

2.  The  management  of  another's  affairs. 

3.  The  instrtmient  by  which  a  person  is  cm 
powered  to  transact  the  affairs  of  another. 

Encyc 

4.  A  sum  of  money  paid  to  the  bishop  or 
archdeacon  by  incumbents,  on  account  of 
visitations  ;  called  also  proxy.  Todd.l 

PROCURATOR,  n.  The  njanager  of  an- 
other's affairs.     [See  Proctor.] 

Shak.     Taylor.] 

PROCURATO'RIAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a] 
procurator  or  proctor;  made  by  a  proctor. 

Jlyllffe. 

PROCURA'TORSHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a 
procurator.  Pearson. 

PROCU'RATORY,  a.  Tending  to  procura- 
tion. 

PROCU'RE,  V.  t.  [Er.  procurer;  It.  procu- 
rarc  ;  Sp.  procurar ;  L.  procuro ;  pro  and 
euro,  to  take  care.  But  the  French  only 
has  the  sense  of  the  English  word.  In 
the  sense  of  manage,  it  is  never  used.] 

1.  To  get ;  to  gaiti  ;  to  obtain ;  as  by  re- 
quest, loan,  effort,  labor  or  purchase.  We 
procure  favors  by  request ;  we  procure 
money  by  borrowing  ;  we  procure  food  by 
cultivating  the  earth  ;  offices  are  procured 
by  solicitation  or  favor;  we  procure  titles 
to  estate  by  purchase.    It  is  used  of  things' 

I  of  temporary  possession  more  generally 
than  acquire.  We  do  not  say,  we  acquirtdt 
favor,  we  acquired  money  by  borrowing, 
but  we  procured. 

2.  To  persuade  ;  to  prevail  on.  | 

\\'hat  unaccustoiu'd  cause  procures  her  hith- 
er.'     [Unusual]  Shak.' 
.3.  To  cause;  to  bring  about;  to  effect;  to 
contrive  and  effect. 

Proceed,  Salinas,  to  procure  my  full. 

Shak. 

4.  To  cause  to  come  on ;  to  bring  on. 

We  no  other  pains  endure 
Than  those  that  wc  ourselves ^nocu»'e. 

Dryden . 

5.  To  draw  to;  to  attract;  to  gain.  Mod- 
estv  procures  love  and  respect. 

PROCURE,  v.i.  To  pimp.  Dryden. 

PROCU'RED,  pp.  Obtained  ;  caused  to  be 

done  ;  effected  :  brouffht  on. 
PROCUREMENT,  n.  the  act  of  procuring 

or  obtaining;  obtainment. 
2.  A  causing  to  be  effected. 
They  tliiiik  it  done 
By  hex  procurement.  Drydeti. 

PROCU'RER.  n.  One  that  procures  or  ob- 
tains ;  that  which  brings  on  or  causes  to 
be  done.  Walton. 

2.  A  pimp  ;  a  pander.  South. 

iPROCU'RESS,  71.  .\  bawd.  Spectaior. 

!pROCU'RING,  7J;)r.  Getting;  gaining;  ob- 

I     taining. 


2.  Causing  to  conic  or  to  be  done. 

.3.  a.  That  causes  to  cmne ;  bringing  on. 
Sin  is  the  procuring  cause  of  all  our  woes. 

PROD  IGAL,  a.  [Fr.  prodigue  ;  Sp.  It. 
prodigo ;  from  L.  prodigus,  trom  prodigo, 
to  drive  forth,  to  lavish.  The  last  com- 
ponent part  of  the  word  is  ago,  to  drive; 
the  first  I  suppose  to  be  prod,  the  original 
word,  afterwanl  contracted  to  pro.  See 
Pro.  The  Welsh  bradyn,  a  prodigal,  if 
from  the  Latin,  is  doubtless  of  the  same 
origin  ;  but  Owen  deduces  this  from  brad, 
a  breaking,  treachery,  treason,  and  this 
coincides  with  Dan.  hryder,  to  break.  See 
Brittle.] 

1.  Given  to  extravagant  expenditures;  ex- 
pending money  or  other  things  without 
necessity  ;  profuse  ;  lavish  ;  wasteful ;  not 
frugal  or  economical ;  as  a  prodigal  man  ;  ' 
the  prodigal  son.  A  man  may  be  prodigal 
of  Ills  strength,  of  his  health,  of  his  life 
or  blood,  as  well  as  of  his  money. 

2.  Profuse ;  lavish ;  expended  to  excess  or 
without  necessity;  as  prodigal  expenses. 

.3.  V'cry  liberal;  profuse.  Nature  is  prodi- 
gal of  her  bounties. 

PRODIGAL,  Ji.  One  that  expends  money 
extravagantly  or  without  necessity  ;  one 
that  is  ijrotlise  or  lavish ;  a  waster ;  a 
spendthrift.  Dryden. 

PRODIGALITY,  n.  [Fr.  prodigalite ;  It. 
prodigalitti ;  Sp.  prodigalidad.] 

1.  Extravagance  in  the  expenditure  of  what 
one  possesses,  particularly  of  money ;  pro- 
fusion ;  waste  ;  excessive  liberality.  It  is 
opposed  to  frugality,  economy,  and  parsi- 
mony. 

By  the  Houian  law  a  man  of  nolorious prodi- 
gality was  treated  as  iioii  compos.  Encyc. 

The  most  severe  censor  cannot  but  be  pleas- 
ed vfitfi  the  prodigality  of  his  wit.         Dryden. 

2.  Profuse  liberality. 
PROD'IGALIZE,  t-.i.  To  be   extravagant 

in  expenditures.     [.\o(  used.]       Sherwood. 
PRODIGALLY,   adv.    With    profusion  of 
expenses  ;  extravagantly  ;  lavishly  ;  waste- 
fully  ;  as  an  estate  prodigally  dissipated. 
2.  W'ith  liberal  abiiiHlance  ;  profusely. 

Nature  not  liountcous  now,  tiut  lavish  grows. 
Our  paths  with  flow'rs  she  prodigally  Mrows. 

Dryden. 

PRODItiTOUS,  a.    [Sp.  It.  prodigioso ;  Fr. 

prodigieux  ;  L.  prodigiosus.   See  Prodigy.] 

1.  Very  great;  huge;  enormous  in  size, 
quantity,  extent,  <Scc. ;  as  a  mountain  of 
prodigious  size  or  altitude  ;  a  prodigious 
mass  or  quantity  of  water;  an  ocean  or 
plain  of  prodigious  extent.     Hence, 

2.  Wonderful ;  astonishing  ;  such  as  may 
seem  a  prodigy  ;  monstrous  ;  [lortentous. 

It  is  prodigious  to  have  thunder  in  a  clear 

sky.  Jirown. 

Prodigious  to  relate.  Dryden. 

PRODIt'i'IOUSLY,  adv.  Enormously; 
wonderfully  ;  astonishingly  ;  as  a  numt)er 
prodigiously  great.  Ray. 

2.  Very  much  ;  extremely  ;  in  familiar  lan- 
guage.    He  was  prodigiously  pleased. 

PRODIG'IOI  SNESS,  n.  Enormousness  of 
size  ;  the  state  of  having  qualities  that  e.v- 
cite  wonder  or  astonishment.  Hall. 

PROD'lLiY,  »i.  [L.  prodigium,  from  prodigo, 
to  shoot  out,  drive  out,  pn^perly  to  spread 
to  a  great  extent.] 

I.  Any  thing  out  of  the  ordinary  process  of 


PRO 


PRO 


PRO 


nature,  and  so  extraordinary  as  to  excite 
wimder  or  astonishment ;  as  a  prodigy  of 
leiiriiiiig.  Spectator. 

2.  Soinelliing  extraordinary  from  whicli 
omens  are  drawn  ;  portent.  Tlius  eclips- 
es and  meteors  were  anciently  deemed 
prodigies. 

3.  A  monster  ;  an  animal  or  other  produc- 
tion out  of  the  ordinary  course  of  nature. 

B.  Junson. 

PR0DI"T10N,  n.  [h.  proditio,  from  prodo, 
to  betray  ;  supposed  to  be  compounded  of 
pro  and  do,  to  give.  But  in  W.  bradu  is  to 
betrav.] 

Treachery  ;  treason.  AinswoHh. 

PKOD'ITOR,  n.  [L.]  A  traitor.  [jVotiri 
^tse.^  Shak. 

PROblTO'RIOUS,  a.  Treacherous;  per- 
fidious;  traitorous.     [JVb<  in  use.] 

Daniel. 

2.  Apt  to  make  discoveries  or  disclo.sures. 
[JVot  in  use.]  ll'otton. 

PROD'ITORY, a.  Treacherous;  perfidious. 

Milton. 

PRO'DROME,  n.  [Gr.  nfoSpofio; ;  rtpo  and 
■rpfj'",  to  run.] 

A  forerunner.     [JS/otin  use.]  Coles. 

PRODU'CE,  V.  t.  [L.  produco;  pro  and 
diico,  to  lead  or  draw  ;  S;ix.  teognn,  teon, 
to  tug ;  It.  producere,  produrre  ;  Sp.  produ- 
cir  :  Kr.  produire.] 

1.  To  bring  forward  ;  to  bring  or  offer  to 
view  or  notice  ;  as,  lo produce  a  witness  or 
evidence  in  court. 

jPro(/wce  your  cause.  Is.  xli. 

2.  To  exhibit  to  the  public. 

Your  parents  did  not  produce  you  much  into 
the  world.  Su-ift. 

3.  To  bring  forth  ;  to  bear;  as  plants  or  the 
soil.  Trees  produce  fruit ;  the  earth  pro 
duces  trees  and  grass  ;  wheat  produces  an 
abundance  of  food. 

4.  To  bear ;  to  generate  and  bring  forth ;  as 
young.  The  seas  produce  fish  in  abun- 
dance. 

They— 
Produce  prodigious  births  of  body  or  mind. 

Milton 

5.  To  cause;  to  effect;  to  bring  into  exist- 
ence. Small  causes  sometimes  produce 
"reat  effects.  The  clouds  produce  rain. 
The  painter  produces  a  picture  or  a  land- 
scape. The  sculptor  produces  a  statue. 
Vice  produces  misery. 

6.  To  raise  ;  to  bring  into  being.  The  farmer 
produces  grain  enough  for  his  family. 

7.  To  make  ;  to  bring  into  being  or  form. 
The  manufacturer  produces  excellent 
wares. 

8.  To  yield  or  furnish.  Money  produces 
interest  ;  capital  produces  profit.  The 
commerce  of  the  country  produces  a  reve- 
nue to  government. 

9.  In  general,  to  bring  into  existence  or  into 
view. 

10.  To  draw  out  in  length  ;  to  extend  ;  as  a 
line  produced  from  A  to  B.  Geometri). 

PRODUCE,  n.  That  which  is  produced 
brought  forth  or  yielded  ;  product ;  as  the 
produce  of  a  farm  ;  the  produce  of  trees  ; 
the  produce  of  a  country  ;  the  produce  of  a 
manufacture  ;  the  produce  of  the  sea  ;  the 
produce  of  a  tax  ;  the  produce  of  a  mine, 
liut  when  we  si)eak  of  something  formed 
by  an  individual  artisan  t)r  genius,  we  call 
it  a  production. 


PRODU'CED,  pp.  Brought  into  life,  being 
or  view  ;  yielded. 

PRODU'CEMENT,  n.  Production.  [Mt 
used.]  Milton. 

PRODU'CENT,  n.  One  that  exhibits  or  of- 
fers to  view  or  notice.     [Ao(  much  used.] 

Aijliffe. 

PRODU'CER,  71.  One  that  generates  ;  one 
that  produces.  Locke.     Suckling. 

PRODUCIBIL'ITY,  n.  The  power  of  pro- 
ducing.    [Abt  used.]  Barrow. 

PRODU'CIBLE,  a.  [It.  producibile,  produt- 
tibile.] 

1.  That  may  be  brought  into  being;  that 
may  be  generated  or  made ;  as  producible 
salts.  Boyle. 

2.  That  may  be  brought  into  view  or  notice 
that  may  be  exhibited.  Hammond 

PRODU'CTBLENESS,  n.  The  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  producible;  as  the  producible- 
ness  of  salts.  Boyle. 

PRODUCING,  ppr.  Generating  ;  bringing 

into  existence  or  notice. 
PR<iD'U€T,  n.  [L.  productus,  from  produco ; 

Fr.  produit.] 
1.  That  which  is  produced  by  nature,  as 
fruits,  grain,  metals ;  as  the  product  of 
land;  l\te'  products  of  l\ie  season. 
That  which  is  formed  or  produced  by  la- 
bor or  by  mental  application  ;  as  the 
products  of  manulaciurcs,  of  commerce  or 
of  art ;  the  products  of  great  and  wise 
men.  In  the  latter  sense,  production  is 
now  generally  used. 

In  general,  products  comprehends  what- 
ever is  produced  or  made  ;  as  when  we 
sjieak  of  the  products  of  a  country  ex- 
ported. 

The  product  of  the  impost  and  excise. 

Belknap.  A'.  Hanip. 
Effect ;  result ;  something  consequential. 
These  are  the  product 
Of  those  ill  mated  marriages.  Afdton. 

4.  In  arithmetic,  the  amount  of  two  or  more 
numbers  multiplied.  Thus  5X7^35,  the 
])roduct.  Product  results  from  multiplica 
lion,  as  sum  does  from  addition. 
In  geometry,  the  factum  of  two  or  more 
lines. 

PRODU€'TILE,  a.  That  may  be  extended 
in  length. 

PRODU€'TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  h.  productio.] 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  producing,  bringing 
forth  or  exhibiting  to  view. 

2.  That  which  is  produced  or  made  :  as  the 
productions  of  the  earth,  comprehending 
all  vegetables  and  fruits ;  the  productions 
of  art,  as  manufactures  of  every  kind, 
paintings,  sculpture,  &c. ;  the  productions 
of  intellect  or  genius,  as  poems  and  prose 
compositions. 

PRODU€'TIVE,  a.  [It.  produllivo ;  Sp.  pro- 
duclivo.] 

1.  Having  the  power  of  producing  ;  as,  pro- 
ductive labor  is  that  which  increases  the 
number  or  amount  of  |)roriucts;  opposed 
to  unproductive  labor.  The  labor  of  thi 
farmer  and  mechanic  is  productive  ;  the 
labor  of  officers  and  luofessional  men  is 
unproductive  to  the  state.  A  tree  which 
bears  fruit,  and  the  land  which  bears 
grass  or  grain,  is  productive. 
Kertilc ;  producing  good  crops.  We  of- 
ten denote  by  this  word  that  land  or  plants 
yield  large  products. 


to  exist;  efficient;  as  an  age  productive  of 
great  men ;  a  spirit  productive  of  heroic 
achievments. 

1  his  is  turning  Dobility  into  a  principle  of  vir- 
tue, and  making  it  productive  of  merit. 

Spectator. 
And  kindle  with  thy  own  productive  fire. 

Drudeji. 
PRODUCTIVENESS,    n.    The  quality  of 
being  productive  ;  as  the  productiveness  of 
land  or  labor. 
PRt>  EM,   )!.  [Fr.proeme;  il.  Sp.  proemio  ; 
L.   pra-mium:    Gr.   jtpooi|Uio^ ;  rtpo,   betijre, 
and  Mpr^,  oifioi,  way.] 
Preface  ;  introduction  ;  preliminary  observa- 
tions to  a  book  or  writing. 

StoiJI.     Milton. 
PROEM,  V.  t.  To  preface.     [JVot  used.] 

South. 

jPROE  MIAL,  a.  Introductory;  prefatory; 

preliminary.  Hammond.     Johnson. 

PROEMP'TOSIS,  n.  [Gr.  from  Xfotpmnta, 

to  fall  bel'ore.] 
In  chronology,  the  lunar  equation  or  addition 
of  a  day,  necessary  to  prevent  the  new 
moon  from  hajipening  a  day  too  soon. 

Cyc. 
PROFANA'TION,   n.    [Fr. ;   It.  profanazi- 
one ;   Sp.  projanacion ;    from    L.  projano. 
See  Profane.] 

1.  The  act  of  violating  sacred  things,  or  of 
treating  them  with  contempt  or  irrever- 
ence ;  as  the  profanation  of  the  sabbath 
by  sports,  amusements  or  uimecessary  la- 
bor ;  the  profanation  of  a  sanctuaiy  ;  the 
profanation  of  the  name  of  God  by  swear- 
ing, jesting,  &c. 

2.  The  act  of  treating  with  abuse  or  disre- 
spect. 

'Twerc  profanation  of  our  joys 
To  tell  the  laily  our  love.  Donne, 

PROFA'NE,  a.  [h.  profanus  ;  pro  and  fa- 
num,  a  temple  ;  It.  Sp.  profano ;  Fr.  pro- 
fane.] 

1.  Irreverent  to  any  thine  sacred;  applied  to 
persons.  A  man  i.s  profane  when  he  takes 
the  name  of  God  in  vain,  or  treats  sacred 
things  with  abuse  and  irreverence. 

2.  Irreverent;  proceeding  from  a  contempt 
of  sacred  things,  or  implying  it;  as  pro- 
fane words  or  language  ;  profane  swear- 
ing. 

3.  Not  sacred ;  secular ;  relating  to  secular 
things  ;  as  profane  histoi-y. 

4.  Polhited  ;  not  pure. 
Nothing   is  prifine   that   serveth    to    holy 

things.  Raleigh. 

.5.  Not  purified  or  holy ;  allowed  for  com- 
mon use ;  as  a  profane  place.  Ezek.  xhi. 
and  xlviii. 

(i.  Obscene;  heathenish;  tending  to  bring 
reproach  on  religion ;  as  profane  fables. 
1  Tim.  iv. 

Profane  is  used  chiefiy  in  Scripture  in  oppo- 
sition to  holy,  or  (pialified  ceremonially  for 
sacred  services. 

PROFA'NE,  V.  t.  To  violate  any  thing  sa- 
cred, or  treat  it  with  abuse,  irreverence, 
obloquy  or  contemjit ;  as,  to  profane  the 
name  of  God  ;  to  profane  the  sabbath  ;  to 
profane  the  Scriptures  or  the  ordinances 
ofliod.  Dwight. 

To  jwlhite  ;  to  defile  ;  to  apply  to  tempo- 
ral uses;  to  use  asbaseor  connnon.  Ezck. 


13.  Producing ;  bringing 


XXIV. 
.  To  violate. 


Mai.  ii. 


PRO 


PRO 


PRO 


4.  To  pollute  ;  to  debase.    Lev.  xx'i. 

.5.  To  put  to  a  wrong  use.  Shah. 

rUOFA'NKU,   pp.    Violated  ;  treated  with 

irreverence  or  abuse  ;  ajiplied  to  common 

uses ;  polluted. 

PROFA'NRLY,  adv.   With  irreverence  to 

saorod  tliin^^M  or  names. 

Ihc  cliiiraclcr  of  God  profanely  impeached. 

Du'ighf 

2.    With  abuse  or  contempt  for  any  thing 

venerable. 

Thai  proud  scholar — speaks   of  Homer  too 
profanely.  Broome. 

I'ROI''A'NENESS,   n.    Irreverence   of  sa- 
cred thinjfs  ;  particularly,  tht"  use  of  Ian- 
guajje  wliicli  ini|ilie8  irreverence  towards 
God  ;  the  taking  of  God's  name  in  vain. 
Dryden.     jlllerhury.     Dwifrht 
Profaneness  in  men  is  vulnaiand  odious;  ii: 
females,  is  sljocliiiig  and  detestable. 
PROFA'NER,  n.   One    who   by    words  or 
actions,  treats  sacred  thiti!;.s  with  irrever- 
ence ;  one  who  uses  profane  language. 
2.  A  polluter;  adefdcr;  as  a  ;>j-o/aJitr  of  the 
temple.  Hooker. 

PROFA'NING,    ppr.    Violating;     treating 

with  irreverence;   polluting. 
PROFAN'ITY,  n.  Profaneness,  which  see. 
In  a  revel  of  debauchery,  aiiud  tlie  brisk  iii- 
terchanp;e  o( profanity  and  folly,  rclig;ion  inis;lit 
appear  a  duinh,  unsocial  intru<Ier.   BuckmiuMfr. 
PROFEC'TION,  n.  [\..  profidio.]  Agoing 
forward;  advance;  progression.     [J^ulin 
use.]  Brown. 

PRO'FERT,  n.  [L.  .3d.  person  of  profero.] 
In  latv,  the  exhibition  of  a  record  or  paper 
in  open  court. 
PROFESS',  !). /.  [It.  professare ;  Sp.  profe- 
sar ;  Fr.  profesner ;  L.  professus,  projiteor ; 
pro  i\i\i[fal(or.'\ 

1.  To  make  open  declaration  of;  to  avow  or 
acknowledge. 

Let  no  man  who  professes  himself  a  chiistian, 
keep  so  heathenish  a  family  as  not  to  see  God 
be  daily  worshipped  in  it.  Decay  oj  Piety. 

They  jrrofess  that  they  know  God,  but  in 
works  they  deny  him.     Tit.  i. 

2.  To  declare  in  strong  terms. 

Then  will  1  profess  to  them,  I  never  knew 
you.     Matt.  vii. 

3.  To  make  a  show  of  any  sentiments  by 
loud  declaration. 

To  your  professing  bosoms  I  commit  him. 

Shak. 

4.  To  declare  publicly  one's  skill  in  any  art 
or  science,  for  inviting  employment ;  as, 
to  profess  one's  self  a  physician  ;  he  pro- 
_/e,?sc4  surgery. 

PROFESS',  i;.  i.  To  declare  friendship. 
\M>t  in  nse.]  Shak. 

PROFESS'ED,?     „     Opeidy       declared, 

PROFEST',  ^PP-  avowed  or  acknowl- 
edged ;  as  a  professed  foe ;  a  professed 
tyrant ;  a  professed  christian  ;  a  professed 
atheist. 

PROFESS'EDLY,  adi:  By  profession ;  by 
o|)en  declaration  or  avowal. 

t  could  not  grant  too  much  to  men — profess- 
edly my  stdijects.  /T.  Charles. 
England  I  traveled  over,  professedly  search- 
ing all  places  as  I  passed  along.        Woodward. 

PROFESS'ING,  ppr.  Openly  declaring; 
avowing  ;  acknowledging. 

PROFES'SION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  profssio.] 

1.  Open  declaration;  public  avowal  or  ac- 
knowledgment of  one's  sentiments  or  be- 
lief; &»  professions  of  trierulship  or  sincer- 
ity ;  a.  profession  of  faith  or  religion. 

Vol.  II. 


The  profeseritms  of  princes,  when  a  crown  is] 
tlie  bail,  are  a  slender  security.  Lesley. 

The  Indians  quickly  perceive  the  coinci- 
dence or  the  contradiction  heXween  professions 
and  conduct,  and  their  confidence  or  distrust! 
follows  of  course.  J.  Morse\ 

2.  The  business  which  one  professes  to  un 
deistund  and  to  follow  for  subsistence 
calling;  vocation;  employment;  as  the 
learned  professions.     We  speak  of  thepro- 


ence  or  knowledge.;  improvement ;  pro- 
gression in  knowledge.  Students  are  ex- 
amined that  they  may  njanifest  their  pro- 
firimci/  in  their  studies  or  in  knowledge. 
PROFl'ClENT,  n.  One  who  has  made 
consiilerahle  advances  in  any  business, 
art,  science  or  branch  of  Icarnitig;  as  a 
projicient  in  a  trade  or  occupation  ;  a  pro- 
ficient in  mathematics,  in  anatomv,  ' 


-  . '  '"  '""" 

/essioji  of  a  clei-gyiiian,  of  a'lawyer.atid  ot^  p^'^Y,,' ?:•,„,„ 
a  physician  or  .-urgeoii  ;  the  profession  of/  '^  -"^.  V  ^^^°>  "•    [I-  proficuus,  proficui, 
lecturer  on  chimistrv  or  mineralogv.    Rut',,  **'!•'"  ?V  i 

the   word  is  not  applied  loan  occr.pation!:'''"'^';'!,'''' 5    advantageous;   usefuh 


Hit  .¥^l\l     1^       IIVJI     «l|rjllll.(l       lU     till     m,!.   II|741LIU1I|!  FT  w  . 

merely  mechanical.  ;i>wf^i.-.ii  n  ,/.,    rr. 

3.  The  collective  body  of  persons  engaged!'  '  .p^^LE,  «•  profil.  [Yr.  profd; 
in  a  .alluig.  We  speak  of  practices  hon-  >  '  /'•  I'^'f''"  '  ,^1^-  i<''\P"f'l  i 
orable  or  disgraceful  to  a  pro/ession.  ,  •/'''  .'"  -^^  "'"'  "  ""•?''  °''  '""=■] 


1  prof, 
4.  Among  the  Romanists,  the  entering  into  a 
religious  order,  by  which  a  person  oflors 
himself  to  God  by  a  vow  of  inviolable  obe- 
dience, chastity  and  poverty.  Encijc. 
PROFES'SIONAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  pro- 
fession or    lo    a   calling ;    as  professionall'n 
studies,    pursuits,    duties,    engagements;; 
ro/e.'isionat  character  or  skill 


[Lillle 
Harvey, 
pro  and 
per   and 


'i. 


PROFESSIONALLY,  adv.  By  profes.sion 
or  declaration.  He  is/vro/essionaW^afriend 
to  religion. 

2.  By  calling;  as  one  employed  profession- 
all}/. 

PROiFESS'OR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  makes  open 


1       1         .-  J.  t  ■  .  ■    •  ivf  VII  ci^v  III  III  unit:  ; 

declaration  ol  bis  sentiments  or  opinions;'  i)i,r\it?it  i-n  i\ 

.■     I     ,  ,  ,  '        ,  ..  I  1  Kt)'r  ILED,  pp.  J)r 

particularly,    one    who    makes    a    public       side  vew 
avowal  of  his  belief  in  the  Scriptures  and  l„„,,,„,.'    "  „ 


1.  Primarily,  an  (uilliiie  or  contour;  hence, 
in  sculpture  and  painting,  a  head  or  por- 
trait represented  sidewise  or  in  a  side 
view  ;  the  side  face  or  half  face  ;  as,  to 
draw  or  apjiear  in  profile;  the  profile  of 
Pojie  or  Addison. 

In  architecture,  the  contour  or  outline  of  a 
figure,  building  or  member ;  also,  the 
draught  of  a  building,  representing  it  as 
if  cut  down  perpendicularly  from  the 
roof  to  the  foundation.  Encyc. 

PRO'FILE,  v.t.  [Fr.  profiler  ;  It.  profilare  ; 
Sp.  perfilar.] 

To  draw  the  outline  of  a  head  sidewise ; 
t(i^d£a\v  in  piotile  ;  as  a  building. 

awn  so  as  to  present  a 


iptu 
his  faith  in  Christ,  and  thus  unites  himself 
to  the  visible  church.  Bacon.  Hammond. 
One  that  publicly  teaches  any  science  or 
branch  of  learning;  particularly,  an  ofli- 
cer  in  a  university,  college  or  other  semi- 
nary, whose  bu.sincss  is  to  read  lectures 
or  instruct  students  in  a  particular  branch 
of  learning;  as  a  ^ro/essoc  of  theology  or 
mathematics. 

PROFESSO'RIAL,  a.  [L.  professorius.] 
Pertaining  to  a  professor;  as  the  professo- 
rial chair.  Enfield. 

PROFESSORSHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a 
professor  or  public  teacher  of  the  sciences. 

Ifatlon 

PROFESS  ORY,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  pro- 
fessor. 

PROF'FER,  V.  t.  [L.  profero  ;  pro  and  fero, 
to  bear  ;  It.  profferere,  profferire  ;  Sp.  pro 
ferir  ;  Fr.  proferer.] 
To  offer  for  acceptance  ;  as,  to  proffer  a 
gift ;  to  proffer  services  ;  to  proffer  friend 
ship. 

2.  To  essay  or  attempt  of  one's  own  accord. 
None 
So  hardy  as  to  proffer  or  accept 
AUine  the  dreadful  \'oyagc.  Jlfdton 

PROF'FER,  )(.  An  offer  made ;  something 
proposed  for  acceptance  by  another ;  as 
proffers  of  peace  or  friendship. 

He  made  a  proffer  to  lay  down  his  commis- 
sion of  command  in  the  army.  Clarendon. 

2.  Essay  ;  attemjit.  Bacon. 

PROF'FER  ED,  pp.  Offered  for  acceptance. 

PROF'FER  ER,  »i.  One  who  offers  any 
thing  for  acceptance. 

PROFFERING,  ppr.  Offering  for  accept- 
ance. 

PROFI'TIENCE,  )        [from  L.  profciens. 

PROFI"CIENCV,  \  "•  from  proficio,  to  ad- 
vance forward  :  proam\facio,  to  make.] 

Advance  in  the  acquisition  of  any  art,  sci- 

44 


PRO'FILING,  ppr.  Drawing  a  portrait  so 
as  to  represent  a  side  view  ;  drawing  an 
outline.  Encyc. 

PROFIT,  n.  [Fr.  profit;  It.  profitto;  from 
L.  prof'ectus,  proficio,  to  profit,  literally  to 
proceed  forward,  to  advance  ;  pro  andyji- 
cio.  The  primary  sense  offacio  is  to  urge 
or  drive.] 

1.  In  commerce,  the  advance  in  the  price  of 
goods  sold  beyond  the  cost  of  purchase. 
JVet  profit  is  the  gain  made  by  selling 
goods  at  an  advanced  price,  or  a  price  be- 
yond what  they  had  cost  tlie  seller,  and 
beyond  all  costs  and  charges.  The  profit 
of  the  farmer  and  the  manufacturer  is  the 
gain  made  by  the  sale  of  produce  or  man- 
ufactures, after  deducting  the  value  of  the 
labor,  materials,  rents  and  all  expenses, 
together  with  the  interest  of  the  capital 
employed,  whether  land,  machinery, 
buildings,  instruments  or  money. 

Let  no  man  anticipate  imceitain  profits. 

liandiler. 

2.  Any  gain  or  pecuniary  advantage ;  as  an 
office  of  profit  or  honor. 

3.  Any  advantage ;  any  accession  of  good 
from  labor  or  exertion  ;  an  extensive  sig- 
nification, comprehending  the  acquisition 
of  any  thing  valuable,  corporeal  or  intel- 
lectual, temporal  or  spiritual.  A  person 
may  derive  profit  from  exercise,  amuse- 
ments, reading,  stuily,  meditation,  social 
intercourse,  religious  instruction,  &c. 
Every  improvement  or  advance  in  knowl- 
edge is  profit  to  a  wise  man. 

PROF'IT,  i".  /.  [It.  profittare  ;  Fr.  profiler.] 
I.  To  benefit  ;  to  advantage  ;  applied  to  onc^s 
self,  to  derive  some  pecuniary  interest  or 
some  accession  of  good  from  any  thing  ; 
as,  to  profit  one's  self  by  a  commercial  un- 
dertaking, or  by  rending  or  iusfruction. 
In  this  sense,  the  verb  is  generally  used 


PRO 


Intransitively.     AppHtil  lo  others,  to  com-! 
niiinicate  good  to  ;  to  advance  the  interest 

of. 

Brethren,  if  I  come  to  you  speaking  witli 
tongues,  wiiat  shall  1  profit  you  ?     1  <-or.   xiv. 

Whereto  might  the  strength  of  their  hands 
profit  me  ?     Job  xxx. 

2.  To  improve  ;  to  advance. 

It  is  a  great  means  of  profiting  yourself,  to 
copy  diligently  excellent  pieces  and  beaulifnl 
designs.  Dryden 

PROF'IT,  V.  i.  To  gain  advantage  in  pe- 
cuniary interest;  as,  to  profit  by  trade  or 
manufactures. 

1.  To  make  improvement ;  to  improve  ;  to 
grow  wiser  or  better;  to  advance  in  any 
thing  useful ;  as,  to  profit  by  reading  or  by 
ex|)erience. 

She  has  profited  by  your  counsel.      Dryden. 

3.  To  be  of  use  or  advantage  ;  to  bring  good 
to. 

Riches  profit  not  in  the  day  of  wrath.  Prov. 
xi. 
PROFITABLE,  a.  [Fr.]  Yielding  or  bring- 
ing profit  or  gain  ;  gaiidul  ;  lucrative  ;  as 
a  prof  table  trade;  profitable  business;  ;i 
profitable  study  or  profession. 

2.  Useful ;  advantageous. 

What  was  so  profitable  to  the  empire,  he- 
came  fatal  to  the  emperor.  Arbuthnot 
PROF'ITABLENESS,     n.      Gainfidness; 

as  the  profitableness  of  trade. 
2.  Usefulness ;  advantageousness. 

More.     Calumy. 
PROF'ITABLY,  adv.  With  gain  ;  gainful- 
ly.    Our  ships  are  profitably  employed. 
2.  Usefully  ;  advantageously  ;  with  improve- 
ment. Our  time  may  be /jro^fuW^  occupied 
in  reading. 
PROFITED,  pp.  Benefited  ;   advanced  in 
interest  or  happiness  ;  improved. 

What  is  a  man  profiled,  if  he  shall  gain  the 
whole  world   and  lose  his  own  soul .'     Mali, 
xvi. 
PROF'ITING,  ppr.  Gaining  interest  or  ad. 

vantage ;  improving. 
PROF'ITING,    n.    Gain;    advantage;    im 
provenient. 

That  ihy  profiting  may  appear  to  all.     1  Tim 
iv. 
PROFITLESS,  a.  Void  of  profit,  gain  or 
advantage.  Shak. 

PROF'LIGACY,  n.  [See  Profligate.]  A 
profligate  or  very  vicious  course  of  life  ; 
a  state  of  being  abandoned  in  moral  prin- 
ciple and  in  vice.  Barrinftton. 
PROF'LIGATE,  a.  [L.profi.i»:atus,prnfiigo, 
to  rout,  to  ruin  ;  pro  and  fiigo,lo  drive  or 
dash.  The  word  then  signifies  dashed, 
broken  or  ruined  in  morals.  See  Flog  and 
./Ifflict.] 
Abandoned  to  vice;  lost  to  principle,  virtue 
or  decency  ;  extremely  vicious  ;  shame 
less  in  wickedness  ;  as  a  profligate  man  or 
wretch. 

Next  age  will  see 
A  race  more  profligate  than  we. 

Roscommon 
Made  prostitute  and  profligate  the  muse, 
Debas'd  to  each  obscene  ami  impious  use. 

Dryden 

PROF'LIGATE,    n.  An  abaniloned   num 
a   wrelcli  who   has  Inst  all  regard  to  good 
priruiples,  virtue  m  decency. 

How  couM  such  \i  profligate  as  Antony,  or  a 
l)oy  of  cigbtL'cn  like  Octvivius,  ever  dare  to 
dream  of  giving  law  to  such  an  empire  ? 

Swft. 


PRO 

PROFLIGATE,  v.  t.  To   drive   away;    a 

Latin  signification.     [jVot  used.] 
2.  To  overcome.     [JVot  used.]  Harvey. 

PROFLIGATELY,    adv.    Without  princi- 
ple nr  shame.  Swift. 
2.  In  a  course  of  extreme  viciousiiess  ;  as,  lo 

spend  life  profligately. 
PROF'LIGATENESS,  n.  The   quality    or 

state  of  being  lost  to  virtue  and  decency. 

I, utter 
9.    An  abandoned   course  of  life  ;  extreme 

viciousness  ;  profligacy. 
PROFLIGA'TION,  n.  Defeat;  rout.    [Xot 

used.]  Bacon. 

PROF'LUENCE,  n.  [L.  profiuens,  profiuo ; 

pro  am\fiuo,  to  flow.] 
A  progress  or  course.     [Mit  used.]     K'oUon. 
PROF'LUENT,  a.  Flowing  forward  ;  as  a 

profiuent  stream.  MMon. 

PROFOUND',  a.  [Fr.  profond ;  It.  profon- 

do  ;  '^\>.  prof  undo  ;   h.  profundus ;  pro  aui\ 

fundus,  button].     See  Found.] 
1."  Deep;  descending  or  being  fur  below  the 

surface,  or  far  below  the  adjacent  places; 

as  a  gulf;)?-o/oi(nrf.  Milton. 

2.  Intellectually    deep ;    that    enters  deeply 
into  subjects;  not   superficial  or  obvicuij 
to  the  mind  ;  as  a  profound  investigation 
profound  reasoning  ;  a  profound  treatise. 

3.  Iluudde  ;  very  lowly  ;  .submissive  ;  as  e 
profound  reverence  for  the  Supreme  Be- 
ing. Duppa 

Penetrating  deeply  into   science  or  any 
bi-anch  of  learning  ;  as  a  profound  si-hol- 
or  ;  a prq/oMn;/ mathematician  ;  aprofound 
historian. 
Deep  in  skill  or  contrivance. 

The  revolters  are  profound  to  make  slaugh- 
ter.    Hos-  V. 
C.  Having  hidden  qualities. 

Upon  the  corner  of  the  moon 

There  hangs  a  vap'rous  drop  profound. 

Shah: 

PROFOUND',  n.  The  deep;  the  sea;  the 
ocean;  as  the  vast ^ro/ounrf.  Dryden. 

2.  The  abyss. 

1  travel  this  ;.»-o/ow«(i.  Milton 

PROFOUND',  I',  i.  To  dive  ;  to  penetrate 
[JVot  in  use.]  Glanville. 

PROFOUNDLY,  adv.  Deeply;  with  dee| 
concern. 

Why  sigh  you  so  profoundly?  Sbak 

2.  With  deep  penetration  into  science  or 
learning;  with  deep  knowledge  or  in- 
sight ;  as  profoundly  wise ;  profoundly 
skilled  in  nuisic  or  painting.  Dryden. 

PROFOUNDNESS,  n.  Depth  of  place. 

2.  Depth  of  knowledge  or  of  scien<e. 

Hooker. 

PROFUND'ITY,  n.  [It.  profondilh;  Sji. 
profundidad  ;  from  L.  profundus.] 

Depth  of  place,  of  knowledge  or  of  science. 

Milton 

PROFU'SE,  a.  [L.  profusus,  profundo,  U 
pour  out ;  pro  i\in]  j'undo.] 

1.  Lavish;  liberal  to  excess;  prodigal;  as; 
profuse  government  ;  a  profuse  aduiinis 
tration.  Ilcnry  the  eighth,  a  profuse  king, 
dissipateil  the  treasures  which  the  parsi- 
muny  (dhis  father  had  amassed.  A  inanV 
friends  are  gennally  too  profuse  of  praise, 
and  his  eiiemiestoo  s])aring. 

2.  Extravagant;  lavish;  as  ;;ro/use  expendi- 
tures. 


3.  Overabounding :  exuberant. 


PRO 

On  a  green  shady  bank,  profuse  of  flowers — • 

Milton. 

O  liberty !  thou  goddess  heavenly  bright. 

Profuse  of  bliss —  Addison. 

Profuse  ornament  in  painting,  architecture  or 
gaideiiing,  as  well  as  in  dress  or  in  language, 
show^  a  mean  or  corrupted  taste.  Karnes. 

PBOFU'SE,  V.  t.  s  as  :.  To  pour  out. 
I  Little  a.^ed.]  Armstrong. 

2.  Til  .squander.     [Little  used.]  Steele. 

PROFU'SELY.  adr.  Lavishly  ;  prodigally  : 
as  an  mcoiiw  profusely  expended. 

2-  With  exuberance  ;  with  rich  abundance. 
The  earth  is  profusely  adorned  with  flow- 
ers; ortuiments  may  be  lou  profusely  scat- 
tered  over  a  hiiildijig. 

PROFU'SENESS,  71.  Lavishness;  prodi 
gality  ;  extravagant  expenditures. 

Hospitality  sometimes  degenerates  into  pro- 
fuseness.  Attertmry. 

Great  abundance  ;  profusion;  as profuse- 
ness  iif  ornaments. 
PROFUSION,  n.  s  as  z.  [L.  profusioJ] 
1.  Lavishness;  prodigality  ;  extravagance  of 
expenditures;  as,  to  waste  an  estate  by 
profusion. 

What  meant  thy  pompous  progress  through 

the  empire. 
Thy  vast  profusion  to  the  factious  nobles  ? 

Rowe. 
Lavish  effu.sion. 

He  was  desirous  to  avoid  not  only  jsro/usioH, 
but  the  least  effusion  of  christian  blood. 

Hayumrd. 

3.  Rich  abundance  ;  exuberant  plenty.  The 
table  contained  a  profusion  of  dainties. 
Our  country  has  a  profusion  of  food  for 
man  and  beast. 

The  raptur'd  eye 
The  {ixu  profusion,  yellow  autumn,  spies. 

Thomson 

PROG,  v.  i.  [D.  prachgen,  to  beg;  Dan. 
prakker,  id.  ;  Sw.  pracka,  to  n:ake  use 
of  shifts;  h.  proco,procor.] 

1.  To  shilt  meanly  for  provisions;  to  wan- 
der about  and  seek  provisions  where  they 
are  to  be  fiuiiul;  to  live  by  beggarly 
tricks.     [A  low  u'ord.] 

You  are  the  lion  ;  I  have    been  endeavoring 
to  prog  for  you-  Burke. 

PROG,  Ji.  Victuals  or  provisions  sought  by 
begging  or  found  by  wandering  about. 

2.  Victuals  of  anv  kind.     [A  low  word.] 

Swifl. 

PROG,  )i.  One  that  seeks  his  victual.s  by 
wandering  and  begging. 

PROiiEN'ERATE,  f.  i.  [L. prog-enero.]  To 
liegel.     [.Vo(  in  use.] 

PROgENERA  TION,  n.  The  act  of  be- 
getting: priipagation.     [JVot  used.] 

PROGEN'ITt)R!;  n.  [L.  from  progigno ; 
pro  and  gigno,  to  beget,  Gr.  yrvxaw.] 

An  ancestor  in  the  direct  line;  a  forefather. 
Adam  was  the  progenitor  of  the  hnmau 
race. 

I'KOtiEN  ITURE,  n.  A  begetting  or  birth. 
[Little  u.'sed.] 

PROti'E.XY,  n.  [h.  progcnie  ;  h.  progtnies, 
(i-i'tu  progignor.] 

Otlspring  :  race  ;  children  ;  descendants  of 
the  iniinan  kind,  or  offspring  of  other  ani- 
mals; as  thv progeny  Ki'i!  king;  \\ii'  proge- 
ny of  Ailam  ;  the  progeny  of  beasts  or 
liiwls  :  a  word  of  general  application. 

PROGNO'SI."^,  n.  [(Jr.  npoyvi^nLs.  from  nfio- 
yii'uaxu,  to  know  before  ;  .tpo  and  ■)  iruaxw.] 


PRO 


PRO 


PRO 


III  medicine,  the  art  of  foretelling  the  event  of] 
a  (hsease  ;  tlie  jmlifinerit  oC  the  event  of 
a  disease  by  particular  symptoms. 

Coxe.     Hooper. 

PROGNOS'Tle,  a.  Foreshowing  ;  in.liiia- 
tiiig  something  future  hy  signs  or  symp- 
toms; as  tlic  pioi^nostic  symptoms  of  a 
disease  ;  jmif^nostic  signs. 

PKOGNOt5'TI€,  n.  In  medicine,  the  judg- 
ment formed  concerning  the  event  ot  a 
disease  by  means  of  the  symptoms. 

Encyc. 

3.  Something  which  foreshows;  a  sign  by 
which  a  future  event  may  be  known  or 
foretold. 

In  medicine,  a  sign  or  symptom   indica 
ting  tlie  event  of  a  disease.     The  appear- 
ance of  tlie  tongue — is  of  considerable  im- 
portance as  a  prognostic.  Parr. 

.3.  A  foretelling  ;  iirediction.  Swift, 

PROGNOS'TlCABLE,  a.  That  may  be 
foreknown  or  foretold.  lirown. 

PROGNOS'TleATE,  v.  t.  [from  prognos- 
tic ;  It.  prognosticare.] 

1.  To  foreshow ;  to  indicate  a  future  event 
by  present  sign.s.  A  clear  sky  at  sunset 
prognosticates  a  fair  da}'. 

a.  To  foretell  by  means  of  present  signs  ;  to 
predict. 
I  neither  will  nor  can  prognosticate 
To  tlie  young  gaping  heir  his  father's  fate. 

Dry  den 
PROGNOS'TIeATED,    pp.     Foreshown  ; 

foretold. 
PROGNOSTICATING,   ppr.     Foreshow 

ing ;  foretelling. 
PROGNOSTICATION,    n.     The   act    of 
foreshowing  a    future    event   by    present 
signs. 

2.  The  act  of  foretelling  an  event  by  present 
signs.  Burnet. 

3.  A  foretoken  ;  previous  sign.  Shak- 
PROGNOS'TICATOR,    n.    A   foreknowcr 

or  foreteller  of  a  future  event  by  present 
signs. 

PROGRAM'MA,  n.  [Gr.  from  rt|Wypa^u,  to 
write  previously  ;  rtpo  an<l  yH"t">  to  write 

1.  Anciently,  a  letter  sealed  with  the  king's 
seal.  Encyc. 

2.  In  a  university,  a  billet  or  advertisement 
to  invite  persons  to  an  oration.         Encyr 

3.  A  proclamation  or  edict  posted  in  a  pub- 
lic place.  Life  of  A.  Wood. 

1.  That  which  is  written  before  something 
else ;  a  preface.  fVarton. 

PROG'RESS,  n.  [Fr.  progres ;  Sp.  pro- 
greso  ;  L.  progresstts,  progredior  ;  pro  and 
gradior,  to  step  or  go.  See  Grade  and 
Degree.] 

1.  .\  moving  or  going  forward  ;  a  proceed- 
ing onward.  A  man  makes  a  slow  pro- 
gress or  a  rapid  progress  on  a  journey 
ship  makes  slow  progress  against  the  tiile. 
He  watched  the  progress  of  the  army  oi 
its  march,  or  the  progress  of  a  star  or  com 
et. 

2.  Amoving  forward  in  growth;  increase; 
as  the  progress  of  a  plant  or  animal. 

•3.  Advance  in  busmess  of  any  kind  ;  as  the 
progress  of  a  negotiation  ;  the  progress  of 
arts. 

4.  Advance  in  knowledge  ;  intellectual  or 
moral  improvemeiu  ;  proficiency.  The 
student  is  commended  for  his  /irogrcss  in 
learning;  tlie  christian  for  his  progress  iit 
virtue  and  piety. 


5.  Removal ;  passage  from  place  to  |>lace.     | 
From    Egypt    arts   their   progress    made    to, 
Greece.  Denham. 

G.  A  journey  of  state;  a  circuit. 

Btackstone.     .Addison. 
PROGRESS',    V.  i.    To    move   forward   in 
space  ;  to  pass  ;  to  proceed. 

Let  nic  wipe  off  this  honorable  dew 

That  silverly  dolli  progress  on  thy  cheeks. 

Shak. 
— Altlioii>;h  the  popular  blast 
Hath  rear'd  tby  name  up  to  bestride  a  cloud, 
Oi- progress  in  the  (diariot  oi'tho  sun. 

Broken  Heart,  by  Ford,  vol.  1.  p.  .303, 
Oiffm-dS  Ed.  Land.  1827 

[These  authors  accent  the  first  syllable, 
but  the  accent  is  now  on  the  second.] 

2.  To  proceed  ;  to  continue  onward  in 
course. 

After  the  war  had  progressed  for  some  time. 

jMarshall. 

3.  To  advance ;  to  make  improvement. 

Dii  Ponceau.     Bayard. 
PROGRES'SION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  progres-\ 
sio,  progredior.] 

1.  The  act  of  moving  forward ;  a  proceed- 
ing in  a  course  ;  motion  onwards. 

Locke. 

2.  Intellectual  advance  ;  as  tlio  progression 
of  thought.  Locke: 

3.  Course  ;  passage.  Shak. 

4.  In  mathematics,  regular  or  proportional^ 
advance  in  increase  or  decrease"  of  num-, 
bers  ;  continued  proportion,  arithmetical 
or  geometrical.  Continued  arithmetical 
proportion,  is  when  the  terms  increase 
or  decrease  by  equal  differences.     Thus, 

in     s'    r     4      q' \\)y  x\>e  iWi^erence 'i.  \ 

Geometrical  proportion  or  progression,' 
is  when  the  terms  increase  or  decrease: 
by  equal  ratios.  Thus, 
2.  4.  8.  IG.  32.  64.  )  by  a  con-} 
C4.  .32.  16.  8.  4.  2.  \  tinual  mul- 
tiplication or  division  by  2.  Encyc. 

PROGRES'SIONAL,  a.  That  advances; 
that  is  in  a  state  of  advance.  Brown. 

PROGRESS'IVE,     a.     Moving    forwari 
proceeding   onward;  advancing;  as  pro-, 
grcsslve  motion  or  course ;  opposed  to  ret- 
rograite.  Ilacon.     Ray. 

I.  Improving.  The  arts  are  in  a  progressive 
state. 

I'ROfJRESS'IVELY,  adv.  By  motion  on- 
ward ;  bv  regular  advances.  Hooker. 

PROGRESS'IVENESS,  n.  The  state  of 
moving  forward ;  an  advancing;  state  of 
improvement  ;  as  the  progressiveness  of 
science,  arts  or  taste. 

PROHIBIT,  v.t.  [L.  prohibeo  ;  pro  n\u\  ha- 
bco,   to    hold  ;  Fr.  prohiber ;  It.  proibire 
Sp.  prohibir.]  | 

1.  To  tbrbid  ;  to  interdict  by  authority;  ap- 
plicable to  persons  or  things,  but  imjilying 
authority  or  right.  God  prohibited  Adam 
to  eat  of  the  linit  of  a  certain  tree.  The 
moral  law  prohibits  what  is  wrong  and 
cominands  what  is  right.  We  prohibit  a 
person  to  do  a  thing,  and  we  prohibit  the 
thing  to  be  done. 

2.  To  hinder;  to  debar;  to  prevent ;  to  pre- 
clude. I 


Gates  of  burning  adamant,  | 

Ban'd  over  us,  ;>n)/n'6i<  all  egress.       .Wlton. 

PROHIBITED,   pp.    Forbid ;  interdicted  ;1 

hindered.  I 


PROIIIB'ITER,  71.  One  who  prohibits  or 
forbids ;  a  forbidder  ;  an  inlerilieter. 

PROHIBITING,  ppr.  Forbidding  ;  inter- 
diiting  ;  debarring. 

PROIIIBI  "TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  prohibi- 
lio.] 

1.  The  act  of  forbidding  or  interdicting  ;  a 
declaration  to  hinder  some  action  ;  inter- 
dict. 

The  law  of  God  in  the  ten  commandmenLe 
consists  mostly  of  prohibitiorts  ;  "  thou  shall 
not  do  such  a  thing."  7'illolsun. 

2.  In  law,  a  writ  of  prohibition,  is  a  writ  issu- 
ing from  a  superior  tribunal,  directed  to 
the  judges  of  an  inferior  court,  command- 
ing them  to  cease  from  the  (iroseeution  of 
a  suit.  By  ellipsis,  prohibition  is  used  for 
the  writ  itscdf.  Bluckslonc. 

PROHIIMTIVE,    I       Forbidding  ;  imply- 
PROllIB'ITORV,  I  "•  ing  prohibiiion. 

Barrow.     Ayliffe. 
PROIN,  V.  t.  [Fr.  provigner ;  pro  and  vigne, 

vine.]     To  lop  ;  to  trim  ;  to  prune.     Obs. 

[See  Prune.]  B.  Jonson. 

PROIN,  j;.  i.  To  be  employed  in   pruning. 

Obs.  Bacon. 

PRO.IKCT',  v.t.  [h.  projicio  ;  pro,  forward, 

and  Jacio,  to   throw;    It.  progettare ;    Fr. 

projcter  ;  Sp.  proycetar.] 

1.  To  throw  out ;  to  cast  or  shoot  forward. 

Th"  ascending  villas 
Project  long  shadows  o'er  ttie  crystal  tide. 

Pope. 

2.  To  cast  forward  in  the  mind  ;  to  scheme  ; 
to  contrive ;  to  devise  something  to  be 
done ;  as,  to  project  a  jihui  for  paying  ofl' 
the  national  debt ;  to  project  an  expedition 
to  South  America  ;  to  project  peace  or 
war.  Milton. 

3.  To  draw  or  exhibit,  as  the  form  of  any 
thing  ;   to  delineate. 

PROJECT',  II.  i.  To  shoot  forward  ;  to  ex- 
tend beyond  something  else  ;  to  jut;  to  be 
prominent;  as,  the  cornice  y)rojcds. 

PROJ'ECT,  n.  [Fr.  projet.]  A  sclieme ;  a 
design  ;  something  intended  or  devised  ; 
contrivance  ;  as  the  project  of  a  canal  from 
the  Hudson  to  the  lakes;  all  our  projects 
of  happiness  arc  liable  to  be  frustrated. 

2.  An  idle  scheme  ;  a  design  not  practica- 
ble :  as  a  man  given  to  projects. 

PROJECTED,  pp.  Cast  out  or  forward; 
schemed;  devised;  delineated. 

PROJECTILE,  a.  Impelling  forward;  as 
a  projectile  force. 

2. •Given  by  impulse;  impelled  forward;  as 
projectile  motion.  .Irbuthnol. 

PROJECTILE,  n.  A  body  projected,  or 
impelled  forward  by  force,  particularly 
tlirrjugli  the  air. 

2.  Projectiles,  in  mechanical  philosophy,  is 
that  part  which  treats  of  the  motion  of 
biidii's  thrown  or  driven  by  an  imjielling 
loii'o  from  the  surface  of  the  earth,  and 
atlected  by  gravity  and  the  resistance  of 
the  air. 

PROJECTING,  ppr.  Throwing  out  or 
forward  ;  shooting  out  ;  jutting  ;  schem- 
ing :  contriving. 

PROJECTION,  71.  [L.;)ro/fc/io.]  The  act 
of  throwing  or  shooting  forward. 

Brown. 

2.  .\.  jutting  out;  extension  beyond  some- 
thing else. 

3.  The  act  of  scheming;  plan;  scheme;  dc' 
sign  of  something  to  be  executed. 


PRO 


PRO 


PRO 


4.  Plan  ;  delineation  ;  the  representation  of 
something  ;  as  ihe  prelection  of  the  sphere, 
is  a  representation  of  the  circles  on  the 
surface  of  the  sphere.  There  are  three 
principal  points  of  projection  ;  tlie  stereo- 
graphic,  in  which  the  eye  is  supposed  to 
be  placed  on  the  surface  of  the  sphere  ; 
the  orthographic,  in  which  the  eye  is  suj)- 
posed  to  be  at  an  infinite  distance ;  and 
the  gnomonic,  in  which  the  eye  is  placed 
in  the  center  of  the  sphere. 

Encyc. 

In   perspective,  projection   denotes   the 

appearance  or  representation  of  an  object 

on  the  pers])ective  plane.  Encyc. 

.').  In  alchimy,  the  casting  of  a  certain  pow- 
der, called  poioder  of  projection,  into  a  crn- 
cible  or  other  vessel  full  of  some  prepared 
metal  or  other  matter,  which  is  to  be 
thereby  transmuted  into  gold.  Encyc. 

PROJECT'MENT,  n.  Design  ;  contrivance. 
[LAttle  used.]  Clarendon. 

PROJECTOR,  71.  One  who  forms  a 
scheme  or  design.  Addison. 

."J.  One  who  forms  wild  or  impracticable 
schemes.  Pope. 

PROJECT'URE,  n.  A  jutting  or  standing 
out  beyond  the  line  or  surface  of  some- 
thing else.  Encyc. 

PROLAPSE,  n.  prolaps'.  [L.  prolapsus, 
protabor.] 

A  fulling  down  or  falling  out  of  some  part 
of  the  body,  as  of  the  uterus  or  intestines. 

Encyc. 

PROLAPSE,  v.i.  prolaps'.  To  fiill  down  or 
out  ;  to  project  too  much. 

PROLAP'SION,  ^  ra       D    ;         i 

PROLAP'SUS.     \  t^*''^  Prolapse.] 

PROLA'TE,  v.t.  [L.  prolatiim,  profero.]  To 
utter  ;  to  pronounce.     [JVot  used.] 

Howell. 

PRO' LATE,  a.  [supra.]  Extended  beyond 
the  line  of  an  e.xact  sphere.  A  prolate 
spheriod  is  produced  by  the  revolution  of 
a  semi-ellipsis  about  its  larger  diameter. 

Encyc 

PROLA'TION,  n.  [L.  prolatio,  from  profe- 
TO.]  Utterance  ;  pronunciation.  [Little 
zised.]  Ray. 

•J.  Delay;  act  of  deferring.     [JVot  used.] 

.linsworth 

3.  A  method  in  music  of  determining  the 
power  of  semibreves  and  minims. 

Busby 

PROLEGOM'ENA,  n.  plu.  [Or.  rtpoXfyo^- 
ira  ;  rtpo  and  ^tyu,  to  speak.] 

Preliminary  observations;  introductory  re- 
marks or  discourses  prefixed  to  a  book' 
or  treatise.  Widton. 

PROLEP'SIS,  ?        [Gr.  rtvo7.r,^i.i,  from  /tpo- 
I'ROLEP'SY,  ^  "■  /lauflafu;  rtpo  and  Xa/i(Sa- 
nj,  to  take.] 

1.  Anticipation  ;  a  figure  in  rhetoric  by 
which  objections  are  anticipated  or  pre- 
vented. Bramhidl. 

'i.  An  error  in  chronology,  when  an  event 
is  dated  before  the  actual  time  ;  an  anach- 
I'onistn.  Theobald. 

PROLEP'TIe,        >       Pertaining    to    pro- 
PROLEP'TICAL,  \  "■  lepsis     or   anticipa- 
tion. 

2.  Previous;  antocedrnt.  Glanvilk. 

3.  In  medicine,  anticipating  the  usual  time  ; 
nj)plied   to   a  periodical   disease,    whose 


paroxysm   returns   at  an  earlier  hour  ati 
every  repetition.  Encyc\ 

PR0L"EP'TI€ALLY,  adv.  By  way  of  anti- 
cipation. 

PROLETA'RIAN,  a.  [U  proletarius,  itom\ 
proles,  offspring.]  Mean  ;  vile  ;  vidgar.' 
[.'Vb<  used.]  Hudibras. 

PRO'LETARY,  n.  A  common  person. 
[j\'ol  used.]  Burton. 

PROLIF'EROUS,  a.  [infra.]  In  botany, 
prolific  ;  as  a  proliferous  tlower. 

Lee.     Marty  n. 

A  proliferous  stem  is  one  which  puts  forth 
branches  only  from  the  center  of  the  top, 
or  which  shoots  out  new  branches  from 
the  summits  of  the  former  ones,  as  the 
pine  and  fir.  Martyn.     Smith. 

A  proliferous  umbel  is  a  compound  umbel 
which  has  the  umbellicle  subdivided. 

Martyn. 

PROLIF'Ie,        \       [It.   Sp.  prolifieo;   Fr. 

PROLIF'leAL,  S  prolifique  ;  L.  proles, 
offspring,  amifacio,  to  make.] 

1.  Producing  young  or  fruit;  fruitful;  gen 
eiative  ;  productive  ;    applied  to   animals 
and  plants  ;  as  a  prolific  female  ;  a  prolific 
tree. 

2.  Productive;  having  the  quality  of  gene- 
rating; as  a  controversy  prolific  of  evi 
consequences  ;  a  prolific  brain. 

3.  Aprotific  flower,  [prolifir,]  in  botany,  is  one 
which  produces  a  second  flower  from  its 
own  substance,  or  which  has  smaller 
flowers  growing  out  of  the  principal  one. 
But  proliferous  is  commonly  used. 

Encyc.     Martyn. 
PROLIFICACY,     n.     Fruitfulness  ;  great 

productiveness.  Encyc 

PROLIF'ICALLY,    adv.    Fruitfully  ;  witli 

great  increase. 
PROLIFICA'TION,  n.  [See  Prolific]  The 

generation  of  young  or  of  plants. 
2.  In  botany,   the   production  of  a    second 

flower  from    the  substance  of  the    first. 

This  is  either  from  the  center  of  a  simple 

flower,  or  from  the  side  uf  an   aggregate 

flower.  Lee. 

PROLIF'ICNESS,  n.  The   state   of  being 

prolific.  Scott. 

PRO'LIX,  a.  [L.  proliius ;  pro   and  laxus, 

literally  drawn  out.] 

1.  Long ;  e.xteiiilcd  to  a  great  length ;  mi- 
nute in  narration  or  argument ;  applied^ 
only  to  discourses,  speeches  and  uritings  ; 
as  a  prolix  oration  ;  a  prolix  |)oera  ;  a  pro- 
lix sermon. 

2.  Of  long  duration.     [JVot  in  use.] 
PROLIX'ITY,      I       Great  length;  minute' 
PROLIX'NESS,  ^  "•  detail ;  applied  only  to> 

discourses  and  loritings.      Prolixity  is  not 
always  tedious. 

PROLIX'LY,  adv.  At  great  length. 

Dryden. 

PROLOCUTOR,  n.  [L.  proloquor ;  pro  im,\ 
loquor,  to  speak.]  The  speaker  or  chair- 
man ofa  convocation.  Swift. 

PROLOC'UTORSIIIP,  n.  The  office  or 
station  ofa  prolocutor. 

PRO'LOuIZE,  v.i.  To  deliver  a  prologue. 
[JVot  in  use.] 

PROLOGUE,  n.  pro'log.  [Fr.  from  L.  pro- 
logus ;  Gr.  jipo^oyoj;  jtpo  and  f-oyoi,  dis 
course.] 

The  preface  or  introduction  to  a  discourse 
or^perforniancc,  chiefly  the  discourse  or 


poem  spoken  before  a  dramatic  perform- 
ance or  plav  begins.  Encyc. 

PROLOGUE'  v.t.  pro'log.  [ll.  prologare.] 
To  introduce  with  a  formal  preface. 

Shak. 

PROLONG',  v.i.  [Fr. prolonger ;  It.  prolun- 
gare  ;  Sp.  prolongar;  h.  pro  &nd  longus. 
See  Long.] 

1.  To  lengthen  in  time ;  to  extend  the  du- 
ration of.  Temperate  habits  tend  to  pro- 
long life. 

2.  To  lengthen  ;  to  draw  out  in  time  by  de- 
lay ;  to  continue. 

Th'   unhappy  queen  with  talk  prolong'd  the 
night.  Dryden 

3.  To  put  off  to  a  distant  time. 
For  I  myself  am  not  so  well  provided 
As  else  1  would  be,  were  the  day  prolong'd. 

Shak. 

4.  To  extend  in  space  or  length. 
PROLONGATE,  v.  t.  To  extend  or  length 

en  in  space ;  as,  to  prolongate  a  line. 

2.  To  extend  in  time.     [Little  used.] 

PROLO.N  GATED,  pp.  Extendeil  in  space  : 
continued  in  length. 

PROLONGATING,  ppr.  Lengthening  in 
space. 

PRO  LONG  A'TION,  n.  [Fr.]  The  act  of 
Ifngthciiing  in  time  or  space  ;  as  the  pro- 
longation  of  life.  Bacon. 

The  prolongation  ofa  line. 

Lavoisier,  Trans. 

2.  Extension  of  time  by  delay  or  postpone- 
ment ;  as  the  prolongation  of  days  for  pay- 
ment. Bacon. 

PROLONG'ED,  pp.  Lengthened  in  dura- 
tion or  space. 

PROLONGER,  ».  He  or  that  which 
lengthens  m  time  or  space. 

PROLONGING,  ppr.  Extending  in  time; 
coniiniiing  in  length. 

PROLUSION,  n.  »  as  z.  [L.  prolusio,  pro- 
ludo  ;  pro  and  ludo,  to  play.] 

A  prelude  ;  entertainment  ;  diverting  per- 
formance.    [Little  used.]  Hakewill. 

PROMENA'DE,  n.  [Fr.  from  promener; 
pro  and  mener,  to  lead.] 

1.  A  walk  for  amusement  or  exercise. 

2.  A  place  for  walking. 
PROMER'IT,    1!  t.    [L.  ^romecfo,  promeri- 

tum ;  pro  and  mereo,  to  merit.] 

L  To  oblige;  to  confer  a  fiivor  on.         Hall. 

2.  To  deserve  ;  to  procure  by  merit.  Pearson. 
[This  word  is  little  usedor  not  at  all.] 

PROMETHE'AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Prome- 
tliiiis,  who  stole  lire  from  heaven. 

PROMINENCE,   /  [L.     prominentia. 

PKOM'INENCY,  ^  "•  from  promineo  ; 
pro  and  minor,  to  menace,  that  is,  to  shoot 
fiirward.] 

A  standing  out  from  the  surface  of  some- 
thing, or  that  which  juts  out ;  protuber- 
ance ;  as  the  prominence  of  a  joint ;  the 
prominence  of  a  rock  or  clifT;  the  promi- 
nence ni' the  nose.  Small  hills  and  knolls 
are  prominences  on  the  surface  of  the 
earth. 

PROM'INENT,  a.  [L.  prominens.]  Stand- 
ing out  beyond  the  line  or  surface  of 
something;  jutting;  protuberant;  in  high 
relief;  as  a  prominent  figure  on  a  vase. 

2.  Full;  large;  as  a /^comnieH/ eye. 

3.  Eminent  ;  distinguished  above  others  : 
as  a  promlncnl  character. 

4.  Principal ;  most  visible  or  striking  to  the 
eye  ;  conspicuous.    The  figure  of  a  man 


PRO 


PRO 


PRO 


or  of  n  building  holds  a  prominent  place  in 

a  pirtme. 
PROMINENTLY,    adv.    In   a   piomitierit 

inuiiiier;  so  as  to  stand  out  lioyoml   the 

other  |)urts;  eiiiitieiitly  ;  in  a  strikiiigiaaii- 

ner;  coiispicuouBly. 
PROMISCUOUS,    a.    [L.  promiscuus ;  pro 

and  misceo,  to  mix.] 

1.  Min!,'led;  oonsistin- of  individuals  unitt-d 
in  a  hoily  or  niaes  without  order ;  confus- 
ed ;  undistinguished  ;  as  a  promiscuous 
crowd  or  mass. 

A  wild  where  weeds  and  flow'rs  promiscumis 
shoot.  J'"J"- 

2.  Coininon  ;  indiscriminate ;  not  restricted 
to  an  individual ;  as  promiscuous  love  or 
intercourse. 

PROMISCUOUSLY,  adv.  In  a  crowd  or 
mass  without  order  ;  with   confused  mix- 
ture ;  indiscriminately  ;  as  men  of  all  class 
es  promiscuously  assembled  ;  particles  of 
ditferenl  earths  promiscuouslij  united. 

2.  Without  distinction  of  kinds. 

Like   beasts   and   birds    promiacwmsly  tliey 
join.  Pope 

PROMlS'eUOUSNESS,  n.  A  state  of  be- 
inir  ini.ved  without  order  or  distinction. 

Ash. 

PROM'ISE,  n.  [h  promissum,  from  promit- 
to,  to  send  before  or  liirward  ;  pro  and  mil- 
to,  to  send  ;  Fr.  promdlre, promis,  promessc  ; 
It.  promettere,  promessn  ;  Sp.  promtter,  pro 
mcsaS\ 

1.  In  n  general  sense,  a  declaration,   written 
or  verbal,  made  by  one  person  to  another, 
which    binds    the   person    wlio    inak(;s   it, 
either  in   honor,  conscience  or  law,  to  ch 
or  forbear  a  certain  act  spciihed  ;  a  dec- 
laration   which   gives   to   the    person   to 
whom   it  is  made,  a  right  to  e.xjiect  or  to 
claim  the  perforinunce  or  forbearance  of 
the   act.     The    promise  of  a   visit   to  my 
neijflibor,   gives   him  a  right  to  expect  it, 
011(1  1   am  iiound    in  honor  anil   civility  I 
perform  the  promise.     Of  such   a  promise 
hniiiiiii  laws  have  no  cognizance  ;  but  lb 
fulHllment  of  it  is  one  of  the  minor  moral 
itics,   which   civility,  kindness  and  strict 
inicgriiy  require  to  be  ob.scrved. 

2.  In  iitw,  a  declaration,  verbal  or  written, 
made  by  one  person  to  another  for  a  good 
or  valuable  ciuisiileratioii,  in  the  nature  o 
a  covenant,  by  which  the  promiser  bind 
himself,  and  as  the  case  may  be,  his  legal 
representatives,  to  do  or  forbear  some  act  ; 
and  gives  to  the  i)romisee  a  legal  right  to 
demand  and  enforce  a  fulfillment. 

3.  A  binding  declaration  of  something  to 
be  done  or  given  for  another's  benefit;  as 
the  promwe  of  a  grant  of  land.  A  promise 
may  be  absolute  or  conditional ;  lawful  or 
unlanfut ;  express  or  implied.  An  absolute 
promise  must  be  fulfilled  at  all  events. 
Tlie  obligation  to  fulfill  a  conditional  prom 
ise  depends  on  the  performance  of  the  con- 
dition. An  untauful  promise  is  not  bind- 
ing, because  it  is  void  ;  for  it  is  incom[iat 
jble  with  a  prior  paramount  obligation  of 
obedience  to  the  laws.  An  express  promise, 
is  one  expressed  in  words  or  writing.  An 
implied  promise,  is  one  which  reason  and 
justice  dictate.  If  I  hire  a  man  to  perform 
a  day's  labor,  without  any  declaration  that 
I  will  pay  him,  the  lasv  presumes  a  promise 
on  my  part  that  1  will  give  him  a  reasona 


ble  reward,  and  will  enforce  such  implied 
promise. 

Hopes;  expectation,  or  that  which  af- 
fords expectation  of  future  ilistinctioii  ; 
as  a  youth  of  great  promise. 

My    native   country     was    full   of    yoiilliful  | 
promise.  Irving. 

That  which  is  promised  ;  fulfillment  or 
grant  of  what  is  promised 

He  coniiitanded  them  tiiat  they  should  not 
ilcpart  from  Jerusalem,  but  wait  for  the  promiie 
of  the  Father.  Acts  i. 
6.  Ill  Scripture,  the  promise  of  God  is  the 
declaration  or  assurance  which  God  has 
given  in  his  word  of  bestowing  blessings 
on  his  people.  Such  assurance  resting 
on  the  perfect  justice,  power,  benevolence 
and  immutable  veracity  of  God,  cannot 
fail  of  perl'ormance. 

The  Lord  is  not  slack  concerning  his  proml 
ses.  2  Pet.  iii. 
PROM'ISE,  V.  t.  To  make  a  declaration  to 
another,  which  binds  the  promiser  in 
honor,  conscience  or  law,  to  do  or  forbear 
some  act ;  as,  to  promise  a  visit  to  a  friem 
to  promise  a  cessation  of  hostilities  ;  to 
promise  the  payment  of  money. 

2.  To  alTord  reason  to  expect ;  as,  the  year 
promises  a  good  harvest. 

:5.  To  make  declaration  or  give  assurance  of 
some  benefit  to  be  conferred  ;  to  pledge  or 
engage  to  bestow. 

'I'he  pmpnelorfi  promised  large  tracts  of  land 
Charter  of  Dartmouth  College 
PROM'ISE,  V.  i.  To  assure  one  by  a  prom 
ise   or    binding    declaration.      The    man 
promises  fair;  let  us  forgive  him. 
•i.  To  afibrd  hopes  or  expectations ;  to  givej 
ground  to  expect  good.     The  youth  prom-\ 
ises  to   be  an   eminent   man :  the  wheat] 
promises  to   be  a  good  crop;  the  weather 
promises  to  be  ])leasant. 
■i.  In    popular    use,   this     verb    sometimes 
tbrealens  or  assures  of  evil.     The  rogue 
shall  be  punished,  I  promise  you. 

Will  not  the  ladies  l>e  afraid  of  the  lion  ? 
—  1  fear  it,  \  jiromi.se  you.  Shak 

In  the  latter  example,  promise  is  equiva- 
lent to  declare  ;  "  1  declare  to  you." 
I.  To  jiromise  one''s  self,   to  be  assured  or  t 
have  strong  conlideiice. 

I  dare  promise   inyself  you  will   attest    the 

truth  of  all  1  have  advanced.  Rambler. 

PROM'ISE-HRE.\CH,      n.      Violation    of 

Shak. 

n.    A    violator  of 

promises.  Shak. 

PROM'ISED,    pp.    Engaged    by    word   or 

writing ;  stipulated. 
PROMISEE',  ?!.   The  person   to  whom  a 
promise  is  made.  Encyc. 

PROM'ISF^R,  11.  One  who  promises;  one 
who  engages,  assures,  stipulates  or  cov- 
enants. "  Fear,  says  Dryden,  is  a  great 
promiser.  VVe  may  say  that  hope  is  a  very 
liberal  promiser. 

The  import  of  a  promise,  when  disputed,  i- 

not  to  be  determined  by  the  sense  of  the  prmn- 

iser,  nor  by  the  expectations  of  the  ptomisee. 

Paley.     Encyc 

[JVote.     In  law  language,  promisor  is  used,  but 

without  neeesaitv  or  advantage.] 
PROM'ISLXG,  ppr.  Engaging  by  words  or 
writing  ;  stipulating  ;  assuring. 

3.  Attbrding  just  expectations   of  good   o 


promise. 
PR'JM'ISE-BREAKER, 


seme,  the  word  may  be  a  participle   or  an, 
adjective.] 

PROM  ISSORILY,  adv.  By  way  of  prom- 
ise. 

PROM  ISSORY,  a.  Containing  a  promise 
or  binding  declaration  of  something  to  be 
done  or  forborne.  Arbulhnot. 

2.  In  law,  a  promissory  note  is  a  writing 
which  contains  a  promise  of  the  payment 
of  money  or  the  delivery  of  property  to 
another,  at  or  belbre  a  time  specified,  in 
consideration  of  value  received  by  the 
promiser.  In  England,  promissory  notes 
and  bills  of  exchange,  being  negotiable 
for  the  payment  of  a  less  sum  than  twen- 
ty shillings,  are  declared  to  be  void  by 
Stat    15.  Geo.  HI.  lilackstone. 

PROM'ONTORY,  n.  [L.  promontorium  ; 
pro,  forward,  and  mons,  a  mountain  ;  Fr. 
promontoire  ;  It.  S[).  promonturio.] 

In  geography,  a  high  point  of  land  or  rock, 
jirojecting  into  the  sea  beyond  the  liiie  of 
the  coast  ;  a  head  land.  It  differs  from  a 
cape  in  denoting  high  land  ;  a  cape  may 
be  a  similar  projection  of  land  high  or 
low. 

Like  one  that  stands  upon  a  promontory. 

Shak: 
If  you  drink  tea  on  a  promontory  that  over- 
hangs the  sea,  it  is  preferable  to  an  assembly. 

Pope, 

PROMO'TE,  V.  t.  [L.  promotus,  promoveo, 
to  move  forward  ;  pro  and  moi'fo,  to  move  ; 
It.  ;;romorerc  ,-  Sp. /jroniot'er  ;  Fr.  promon- 
roir.  ] 

1.  To  (inward;  to  advance  ;  to  conlribule 
to  the  growth,  enlargement  or  excellence 
of  any  thing  valuable,  or  to  the  increase 
of  any  thing  evil ;  as,  to  promote  learning, 
knowledge,  virtue  or  religion;  to  promote 
the  interests  of  commerce  or  agriculture  ; 
lo  promote  the  arts;  to  promote  civilization 
or  refinement ;  to  promote  the  propaga- 
tion of  the  gos|)el ;  to  promote  vice  ami 
disorder. 

2.  To  excite;  as,  to  promote  mutiny. 

.3.  To  exalt ;  to  eh.'vate  ;  to  raise  ;  to  prefi'r 
in  rank  or  honor. 

I    will  promote   (bcc   to   very  great  honors. 
Num.  xxii. 

Exalt  her,  and  she  shall  promote  thee.    Piov. 
iv. 

PROMO  TF.I),  pp.  Advanced  ;  exalted. 

PROMOTER,  n.  He  or  that  which  for- 
wards, advances  or  promotes;  an  encotir- 
nger  ;  as  a/)roHio(tr  of  charity.  Atterbury. 
One  that  excites ;  as  a  promoter  of  sedi- 
tion. 

■i.  AninP)rmer;  a  make-bate.     Ohs. 

PRO.MO'TINC;.  ppr.  Forwarding;  advanc- 
ing; excitiiii.',  exaltiiiiT. 

PROMOTION,     »i.    [I'r.  ;    from   /)romo<e.] 

1.  The  act  of  promuliiig  :  advanceuieiit ; 
encouragement ;  as  tbe/»o»io/io7!  of  virtue 
or  morals;  the  promotion  of  |)cuce  or  of 
discord. 

2.  Exaltation  in  rank  or  honor ;  prefer- 
ment. 

My  promotion  will  be  thy  destruction. 

.^fitfon. 

Promotion  comcth  neither  from  the  east  nor 

from  die  west,  nor  from  the  south.     Ps.  Ixxv. 

PRO.M<J'TlVE,  a.  Tending  to  advance  or 

pri'iiiote;  tending  to  encourage.        Hume. 


reasonable  ground  of  hope  ;  as   a  /*romi.?-  jPROMoVE,  r.  (.  To  advance.     [.Vol  used.] 
ing  youth :  a  promising  prospect.     [In  iliis\\  Fell.    Suckiittg. 


PRO 


PRO 


PRO 


PROMPT,  a.  [Fr.  prompt;  It.  Sp.  pronto; 
L.  priiiupias,  Iroin  prnmo.^ 

1.  Reiuly  ami  quirk  to  act  as  occasion  de- 
iiiaijfls. 

Very  discerning  and /«o»y)(  in  giving  orders. 
Clarendon . 

2.  Of  a  ready  disposition  ;  actin;^  witli  cheei- 
ful  alaniry  ;  as  prompt  in  obediencu  or 
comiiliaiife. 

Tell  him 
I'm  prompt  to  lay  my  crown  al"s  feet. 

Shale. 

3.  Quick  ;    ready  ;    not  dilatory  ;  applhd  to 
things;  a^,  lie  manifested  a  prompt  obedi 
ence  ;  he  yielded  prompt  assistance. 

When    Washington    heard    the    voice  of  his 
country  in  distress,  his  obedience  was  prompt 

Ames. 

4.  Quick ;  hasty ;  indicating  boldness  or 
forwardness. 

And  you  perhaps  too  prompt  in  your  replies 

Drydtn 

5.  Ready  ;  present ;  told  c'.own  ;  as  prompt 
payment. 

tj.  Easy  ;  unobstructed.  Wotton. 

PROMPT,  v.t.  To  incite;  to  move  or  ex- 
cite to  action  or  exertion;  to  instigate. 
Insults  prompt  anger  or  revenge  ;  love 
prompts  desire  ;  beupvolence  prompts  men 
to  devote  tlieirtitue  and  services  to  spread 
the  gospel.  Ambition  prompted  Alexan- 
der to  wish  for  more  worlds  to  conquer. 

2.  To  assist  a  speaker  when  at  a  loss,  by| 
pronouncing  the  vi'ords  forgotten  or  nextj 
in  order,  as  to  prompt  an  actor  ;  or  to  as- 
sist a  learner,  by  suggesting  something 
forgotten  or  not  understood. 

Ascham.     Shah.     Bacon. 

3.  To  dictate  ;  to  suggest  to  the  nnnd. 

And   whisp'ring  angels  prompt   her   golden 
dreams.  Pope. 

4.  To  remind.     [J^ot  used.']  Brown. 

PROMPT'ED,  pp.  Incited  ;  inoved  to  ac- 
tion ;  instigated ;  assisted  in  speaking  or 
learning. 

PROMPT'ER,  n.  One  that  prompts;  one 
that  admonishes  or  incites  to  action. 

2.  One  that  is  placed  behind  the  scenes  in  a 
play  house,  whose  business  is  to  assist  the 
speakers  wlien  at  a  loss,  by  uttering  the 
first  words  of  a  sentence  or  words  for- 
gotten ;  or  any  person  who  aids  a  public 
speaker  when  at  a  loss,  by  suggesting  the 
next  words  of  his  piece.  Pope. 

PROMPT'ING,  ppr.  Inciting;  moving  to 
action;  aiding  a  speaker  when  at  a  loss 
for  the  words  of  his  piece. 

PROMPT'lTUDE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  prompt- 
us ;  ll.  prontiludine  ;  Sp.  pruntitiid.] 

1.  Readiness;  quickness  of  decision  and  ac- 
tion when  occasion  demands.  In  the  sud- 
den vicissitudes  of  a  battle,  promptitude  in 
a  commander  is  one  of  the  most  essential 
(]uahfications. 

2.  Readiness  of  will  ;  cbeerfid  alacrity  ;  as 
promptitude  in  obe<lience  or  compliance. 

PROMPT'LV,  adv.  Readily;  quickly;  ex- 
pedilifpusly  ;  cheerfully.  Tiii/lor. 

PROMPTNESS,  n.  Readiness;  quickness 
of  decision  or  action.  The  young  man 
answered  questions  with  great  prompt- 
ness. 

2.  Cheerful  willingness  ;  alacrity. 

3.  .Vctivity ;  biiskness;  as  the  proinptness 
of  animal  actions.  ..trhnlhnot. 

PROMI'T'IJARY,  n.  [i;-.  prompt uaire ;  L. 
promptuarium.] 


That  from  which  supplies  are  drawn  ;  a 
storehouse  ;  a  magazine  ;  a  repository. 

ff'oodward. 

PROMPT'URE,  n.  Suggestion  ;  incite- 
ment.    [.Votused.]  Slial:. 

PROiMULGATE,  v.  t.  [L.  promulgo.]  To 
publish  ;  to  make  known  by  open  declara- 
tion ;  as,  to  promulgate  the  secrets  of  a 
council.  It  is  particularly  applied  to  the 
publication  of  laws  anil  the  gospel.  The 
moral  law  was  promulgated  at  mount 
Sinai.  The  apostles  promulgated  the  gos- 
pel. Edicts,  laws  and  orders  are  promul- 
gated by  circular  letters,  or  through  the 
medium  <if  the  public  prints. 

PROMLL'GATED,  pp.  Published  ;  made 
publicly  known. 

PROMULGATING,  ppr.  Publishing. 

PROMULGATION,  n.  The  act  of  promul- 
gating ;  publication  ;  open  declaration  ; 
as  the  promulgation  of  the  law  or  of  the 
gospel. 

PROMULGATOR,  n.  A  publisher  ;  one 
who  makes  known  or  teaches  publicly 
what  was  before  unknown. 

PROMULGE,  i'.  t.  promulj'.  To  promul- 
gate ;  to  publish  or  teach.  [Less  used 
than  promulgate.] 

PROMULti'ED,  pp.  Published. 

PRO.MULG'ER,  n.  One  who  publishes  or 
teaches  what  was  before  unknown. 

Atttrhurij. 

PROMULG'ING,  ppr.  Publishing. 

PRONATION,  »i.  [from  L.  pronus,  having 
the  face  downwards.] 

1.  Among  anatomists,  \\\<xi  motion  of  the  radi- 
us whereby  the  palm  of  the  baud  is  turned 
downwards ;  the  act  of  turning  the  palm 
downwards  ;   opposed  to  supination. 

Encijc.     Core. 

2.  That  position  of  the  hand,  when  the 
thumb  is  turned  towards  the  body,  and 
the  palm  downwards.  Parr. 

PRONA'TOR,  ?i.  A  muscle  of  the  fore 
arm  which  serves  to  turn  the  palm  of  the 
hand  downward ;  opposed  to  supinator. 

Encyc. 

PRONE,  a.  [L.  pronus.]  Bending  forward  ; 
inclined  ;  not  erect.  Milton. 

2.  Lying  with  the  face  downw  ard  ;  contrary 
Va  supine.  Brown. 

.3.  Headlong  ;  precipitous  ;  inclining  in  des- 
cent. 

Oown  thither  ;)ro«e  in  flight.  Milton. 

4.  Sloping;  declivous;  inclined. 
Since  the  floods  demand 
For  their  descent,  a  prone  and  sinking  land. 

Blnekmore. 

.5.  Inclined;  prepense;  disposed;  applied  to 
the  mind  or  affections,  usualli/  in  an  ill 
sense  ;  as  men  prone  to  evil,  prone  to  strife, 
protie  to  intemperance,  prone  to  deny  the 
truth,  prone  to  change. 

PRO'NENESS,  n.  The  state  of  bending 
downward  :  as  the  proneness  of  beasts  that 
look  downwards  ;  opposed  to  the  erectness 
of  man.  Brown. 

2.  The  state  of  lying  with  the  face  down- 
wards; contrary  to  sujnnencss. 

;?.  Descent ;  declivity ;  as  the  proneness  of  a 
hill. 

4.  Inclination  of  mind,  heart  or  temper  ; 
propension  ;  dis|)osition  ;  as  the  pninrues.i'^ 
of  the  Israelites  to  idolatry  ;  pronenc'is  to; 
self-gratilication  or  to  .self-jiistilication  ;| 
proneness    to    comply  with    temptation  ;[ 


sometimes  in  a  good  sense  ;  as  the  prone- 
ness of  good  men  to  commiserate  want. 

Merbury. 
PRONG,  n.  [Possibly  it  is  formed   with  n 
casual,  from  the   W.  prociaw,  to  stab,  or 
Scot.  /)ro^,  brog,  a  sliarp  point.] 

1.  A  sharp  pointed  instrument. 

Prick  it  on  a  prong  of  iron.  Sandys. 

2.  The  tine  of  a  iVirk  or  of  a  similar  instru- 
ment ;  as  a  fork  of  two  or  three  prongs. 
[This  is  the  sense  in  ivhich  it  is  used  in 
America.] 

PRONG'llOE,  ji.  A  hoe  with  prongs  to 
break  the  earth.  Encyc. 

PRONITy,  for  pro7ieness,  is  not  used. 

More. 

PRONOMINAL,  «.  [L.  pronomen.  See 
Pronoun.] 

Belonging  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a  pronoun - 

Lowth . 

PRO'NOUN,  n.  [Fr.  pronom  ;  It.  pronome  ; 
Sp.  pronomhrc  ;  L.  pronomen ;  pro,  for,  and 
nomen,  name.] 

In  grammar,  a  word  used  instead  of  a  noun 
or  name,  to  prevent  the  repetition  of  it. 
The  personal  pronouns  in  English,  are  /, 
thou  or  you,  he,  she,  we,  ye  and  they.  The 
last  is  used  tor  the  name  of  things,  as  well 
as  for  that  of  persons.  Other  words  are 
used  for  the  names  of  persons,  things, 
sentences,  phrases  and  for  adjectives ; 
and  when  they  stand  for  sentences,  phra- 
ses and  adjectives,  they  are  not  strictly 
pronouns,  but  relatives,  substitutes  or  re- 
presentatives of  such  sentences.  Thus  we 
say,  "  the  jury  found  the  prisoner  guilty, 
and  the  court  pronounced  sentence  on 
him.  This  or  that  gave  great  joy  to  the 
spectators."  In  these  sentences,  this  or 
that  represents  the  whole  preceding  sen- 
tence, which  is  the  proper  antecedent. 
We  also  say,  "  the  jury  pronounced  the 
man  guilty,  this  or  that  or  which  he  could 
not  be,  for  he  proved  an  alibi."  In  which 
sentence,  this  or  that  or  which  refers  im- 
mediately to  guilty,  as  its  antecedent. 

PRONOUNCE,  V.  t.  pronouns'.  [Fr.  pro- 
noncer  ;  It.  pronunziarc  ;  S\^.  pronunciar ; 
L.  pronuncio  ;  pro  and  nuncio.] 

1.  To  speak  ;  to  utter  articulately.  The 
child  is  not  able  to  pronounce  words  com- 
posed of  ditlicult  combinations  of  letters. 
Adults  rarely  learn  to  pronounce  correctly 
a  foreign  language. 

2.  To  utter  formally,  oflicially  or  solemnly. 
The  court  pronounced  sentence  of  death 
on  the  crimiinil. 

Then  Barudi  answered  Ihein,  he  pronounced 
all  these  words  to  me  with  his  mouth.  Jer. 
xwvi. 

Sternly  he  pronounced 

The  rigid  interdiction.  .Wilton. 

3.  To  speak  or  utter  rhetorically  ;  to  deliver; 
as,  to  pronounce  an  oratnin. 

4.  To  speak  ;  to  utter,  in  almost  any  man- 
ner. 

5.  To  di'clare  or  affirm,  lie  pronounced  the 
book  to  he  a  libel  ;  he  pronounced  the  act 
to  be  a  I'raiid. 

PRO.\()UNCE,  i».  t.  pronouns'.    To  speak  ; 

to  make  declaration  ;  to  utter  an  opinion. 

How  confidently    soever    men  pronounce  of 

themselves —  Decay  of  Piety. 

PRONOUNCI',.\I{LE,  a.  pronoun.i'abie. 
Thai  may  be  pronounced  or  uttered. 

Pinkerton. 


PRO 


P  11  O 


PRO 


PRONOUN'CED,   pp.    Spoken  ;    uttered  ; 

flei  liiK  rl  sdleiiiiilv. 

PRONOUN'CEK,n.  One  who  utters  or 
fleclares. 

PRONOUN'CING,  ppr.  Speaking;  utter 
iiip  ;  tiecl.iritig. 

2.  n.  Ti'^cliiiifj  pronunciation. 

PRONUNtiA'TlON,  n.  [Vr.  pronondation, 
from  \a.  pronuncintio.] 

1.  Tlie  art  of  uttering  with  articulation  ;  ut 
terance  ;  as  tlie  prouuncinliim  of  syllaliles 
or  words;  distinct  or  indistinct  pronuncia- 
tion. 

S.  The  mode  of  uttering  words  or  senten- 
ces; particuhirly,  the  art  or  manner  of  ut- 
tering a  discouri^e  pubhcly  with  propriety 
and  gracefulness  ;  now  called  ilitivenp 

J.  Q.  Mams. 

PRONUN'CIATIVE,  a.  Uttering  conti- 
deiitly  ;  dogmatical.  Bacon. 

PROOF,  n.    [Sax.   profian,   to   prove ;  Sw. 
prof,   proof;    Dan.   prove ;    D.  proif;    G 
prohe ;  W.  /(r«i(' ;    Fr.  preuve ;  It.  prova 
Sp.  prueba  ,•  Russ.  proba.     See  Prove.] 

1.  Trial ;  essay  ;  experiment  ;  any  effort, 
process  or  operation  tliat  ascertains  triitl 
or  fact.  Thus  the  quality  of  spirit  is  as- 
certained hy  proof:  the  titrciigili  of  gun- 
powder, of  tin?  artns  and  of  cannon  is  de- 
termined hy  proof ;  the  correctness  of  op- 
erations in  arithmetic  is  ascertained  by 
proof. 

2.  Ill  law  and  logic,  that  degree  of  evidence 
which  couviiices  the  mind  of  the  certainty 
of  truth  or  fact,  and  produces  belief 
Proof '\s  derived  from  persoii.il  knowledge, 
or  liom  the  testimony  of  others,  or  from 
conclusive  reasoning.  Proof  differs  from 
demonstration,  which  is  applicable  only  to 
those  truths  of  w  hich  the  contrary  is  in 
conceivable. 

This  has  neitlior  evidence  of  truth,  nor  proof 
sufficient  to  give  it  warrant.  Hooker. 

3.  Firinne.ss  or  hardness  that  resi.sts  impres 
sion,  or  yields  iu)t  to  force  ;  impeiietrabil 
ity  of  physical  bodies;  as  a  wall  that  is  of 
p/oq/" against  shot. 

See  arms  o( proof.  Dryden 

4.  Firmness   of  mind ;    stability   not   to   !» 
shaken;  as  a  mind  or  virtue  that  is  proof 
against  the  arts  of  seduction  and  the  as 
saults  of  temptaticui. 

5.  The  proof  of  spirits  consists  in  little  liul)- 
bles  whicli  appear  (.n  the  top  of  the  liquor 
after  agitation,  called  the  6ta(/,  and  by  the 
French,  rhapelet.     Hence, 

G.  The  degree  of  strength  in  spirit;  as  high 
proof;  Grsl  proof;  second,  third  or  fourth 
proof. 

7.  In  printing  and   engraving,  a   rough   im 
pression  of  a  sheet,  taken  lijr  correction  : 
plu.  proofs,  not  proves. 

8.  Armor  soflicienilv  firm  to  resist  impres- 
sion.    [.Vol  used.]  Sha/c. 

Proof  ia  used  elliptically  for  of  proof. 
1  liuve  fouiiil  llice 
Proo/ against  all  temptation.  Milton. 

It  is  sometimes  followed   by  to,    more 
generally  by  nguinst. 

PROOFLESS,  n.  Wanting  sufficient  evi 
dence  to  induce  belief;  not  proved. 

Boijle. 

PROP,  I'.  /.  fD.  Dan.  prop,  a  stopple,  Sw 
propp  ;  G.  pfropf,  id.  :  D.  proppen  ;  G 
Pfiopfen,   to  stuff  or  thrust  ;    Dan.  prop 


per.    Tliese  are  probably  the  same  word 
differently  applied.] 
!.  To   support  or  prevent  from  falling   by 
placing  something   under   or  against;  as, 
lo  prop  a  fence  or  an  old  building. 

2.  To  support  by  standing  under  or  against. 

'lill  the  bright  mountains  prop  th'  incumbent 
sky.  Pope. 

3.  To  support;  to  sustain;  in  a  general 
sense  ;  as,  to  prop  ii  declining  state. 

I  prop  niyscll  npiin  ibo  f<,w  supports  that  are 
lil'i  me.  Pope. 

PROP,  n.  That  wliich  sustains  an  incum- 
bent weight;  that  on  which  any  thing 
rests  fin- support;  a  support ;  a  stay  ;  as  a 
prop  for  vines  ;  a  prop  for  an  (dd  building. 
An  affectionate  child  is  the /)ro/)  of  declin- 
ing age. 

PROP  AG  ABLE,  a.  [See  Propagate]  That 
may  be  contiiuied  or  miiltifilicd  by  natu- 
ral generation  or  production  ;  applied  to 
ayiimnls  and  vegetables. 

2.  That  may  be  spread  or  extended  by  any 
means,  as  tenets,  doctrines  or  principles. 

PROP'AGANDISM.  v.  [See  Propagate.] 
The  art  or  practice  of  propagating  tenets 
or  principles.  Dwight. 

PHOl'AGAND'IST,  n.  A  person  who  de- 
votes himself  to  the  spread  of  any  system 
of  principles. 

Bonaparte   selected   a  body  to   compose  his 
Sanhedrim  of  yio\\\.\ci\  propagandists.      Walsh. 

PROP'AGATE,  v.t.  [h.  propago  ;  h.  prop- 
aggine ;  G.  pfropf,  a  stopple  ;  pfropfen,  to 
thrust,  also  to  graft.  See  Prop.  'I'he 
Latin  noun  propago,  is  the  English  prop, 
and  the  termination  ago,  as  in  cartdago, 
&c.  The  sense  of  the  noun  is  that  wliicli 
is  set  or  thrust  in. J 

L  To  continue  or  multiply  the  kind  by  gen- 
eration or  successive  production;  applied 
to  animals  and  plants  ;  as,  to  propagate  a 
breed  of  horses  or  sheep  ;  to  propagate  any 
species  of  fruit  tree. 

2.  To  spread  ;  to   extend  ;  to 
tinue  forward  in 
sound  or  light. 

3.  To  spread  Irom  person  to  person;  to  ex- 
tend ;  to  give  biilh  to,  or  originate  and 
spread  ;  as,  to  propagate  a  story  or  report. 

To  carry  from  place  to  place;  to  extend 
by  iiliuiting  and  establishing  in  places  be- 
fore destitute  ;  as,  to  propagate  the  chris- 
liiin  religion. 

a.  To  extend  ;  to  increase. 

(Iricfs  of  my  own  lie  heavy  in  my  l>renst, 
M  bicii  Ibou  wilt  propagate.  fShak 

6.  To  generate  ;  to  )iroduce. 

Superstitious  notions,  propagated  in   fancy, 
are   hardly  ever  totally  eradicated. 

Richanl.'io7i 

PROPAGATE,  V.  i.  To  have  young  or  is- 
sue ;  to  be  produced  or  multiplied  by  een- 
eration.  or  liy  now  shoots  or  (plants.  Wild 
horses  propagate  in  the  forests  of  S.  .\mer- 
ica. 

PROPAGATED,  pp.  Continued  or  inuhi- 
plied  liy  generation  or  production  of  the 
same  kind  ;  spread  ;  extended. 

PROP'.\GATI\(j,  ppr.  t'ontinuing  or  mul- 
tiplying the  kiinl  hy  g<'neration  or  produc- 
tion ;  spreading  and  establishing. 

PROPAGATION,  «.  [Fr.  from  L. propaga- 
tio.] 

1.  The  act  of  propagating  ;  the  continuance 
or  multiplication  of  the  kind  by  genera- 


space 


impel  or  con- 
as,  to  propagate 


tioii  or succes.sive  production;  a8tbe/>ro;>- 

agation  of  animals  or  plants. 

'I'here  is  not  in  nature  any  spontaneous  gen- 
eration, but  all  conic  by  j.ritpagatiim.         Ray. 
2.  The  spreading  or  extension  of  any  thing; 

as  ihe  propagation  ui'  sound  or  of  repcjrts. 
■i.  The   spreading    of  any  tiling  by  planting 

and  establishing  in  places  heloredeslitute  ; 

as  tlie  propagation  of  the  gospel  among 

pagans. 
4.  A  forwarding  or  promotion. 
PROP'AG.ATOR,  n.  One  that  continues  or 

multiplies  his  own   species  by  geueriition. 

2.  One  that  continues  or  multiplies  anv  spe- 
cies of  animals  or  plants. 

3.  One  that  spreads  or  causes  to  circulate, 
as  a  report. 

4.  One  that  plants  and  establishes  in  a 
country  destitute;  as  a  propagator  of  the 
gospel. 

5.  One  that  plants,  originates  or  extends ; 
one  that  promotes. 

PROPEL',  V.  t.  [L.  propello ;  //ro,  forward, 
and  pillo,  to  drive.] 

To  drive  forward  ;  to  urge  or  press  onward 
by  force.  The  w  ind  or  steam  propels  ships ; 
balls  are  propelled  by  the  force  ot  gun- 
powder ;  mill  wheels  are  propelled  hy 
water  or  steam ;  the  blood  is  propelled 
through  the  arteries  and  veins  by  the  ac- 
tion olthe  heart.  [This  word  is  commonly 
applied  to  material  bodies.] 

PROPEL  LED,  pp.  Driven  f(uward. 

PRt)PEL'LI\G,  ;;/))■.   Driving  ti.rward. 

i'KOPEND',  r.  i.  [L.  propendeo ;  pro.  Cor- 
ward,  and  ;;ei!rfco,  to  bang.] 

To  lean  towards  ;  to  incline  ;  to  be  disposed 
in  favor  of  any  thing.     [Little  used.] 

Shak. 

PROPEND'ENCY,  n.   [L.  propendens.]    A 
leaning  towards  ;    inclination  ;    tendency 
of  desire  to  any  thing. 
Preconsideration  ;  attentive  deliberation. 
[Little  used.]  Hale. 

PROPEND'ING, ;)/))■.  Inclining  towards. 

PROPENSE,  a.  propens'.  [L.  propensus.] 
Leaning  towards,  in  a  moral  sense  ;  in- 
clined :  ilispf>sed,  either  to  good  or  evil ; 
as  women  propense  to  Indiness.        Hooker. 

PROPEN'SION,  )         [Fr.  propension  ;  L. 

PKOPEXS  ITY,  ^   "•  propen.<iio.] 

1.  Rent  of  mind,  natural  or  aiipiired  :  iiicli- 
luition  ;  in  a  moral  sense  :  ilispo.-ition  to 
any  thing  good  or  evil,  particularly  to 
evil ;  as  a  propensity  to  sin  ;  the  corrupt 
propensity  of  l\ie  will.  Rogers. 

It  requires  critical  nicety  to  tind  out  the  gen- 
ius or /»<Yicnsiun.s  Ota  cliild.  L' Estrange, 

2.  Natural  tendency  :  as  the  propension  of 
boilies  to  a  particular  place.  Ihghi/, 

[In  a  moral  sense,  propensity  is  now  cliiefiy 
used.) 

PROP  ER,  a.  [Fr.  propre  :  It.  propria cir  pro- 
pio  ;  Up.  propio  ;  L.  proprins,  -.iipposed  to 
be  allied  to  prope,  near  ;  \V.  priuwd,  prop- 
er, appropriate.] 

L  Pecnli.ir;  naturally  or  essentially  belong- 
ing to  a  person  or  thing;  not  common. 
That  is  not  proper,  w  hich  is  common  to 
many.  Every  animal  has  bis  proper  in- 
stincts and  inclinations,  appetitcr  and  hab- 
its. Every  mns<le  i.inl  V(rs^cl  ol'iiie  body 
has  its  proper  office.  Every  i.rt  lia>  its 
proper  rules.  Creation  is  the  proper  work 
of  an  Almighty  Being. 


PRO 


PRO 


PRO 


2.  Particularly  suited  to.  Every  auiinal, 
lives  in  his  proper  element. 

3.  One's  own.  It  may  be  joined  with  any 
possessive  pronoun  ;  as  our  proper  son. 

Shak.i 
Otir  proper  conceptions.  Glanville. 

Now  learn  the  difl'erence  at  your  proper  cost. 

Dryden. 
[Note.     Oum  is  often  used  in  such  phc'ases ; 
"  at  your  own  proper  cost."    This  is  really  tau- 
tological, but  sanctioned  by  usage,  and  expres- 
sive of  emphasis.] 

4.  Noting  an  individual ;  pertaining  to  one 
of  a  species,  hut  not  common  to  the 
whole  ;  as  a  proper  name.  Dublin  is  the 
proper  name  of  a  city. 

5.  Fit ;  suitable  ;  adapted  ;  accommodated. 
A  thin  dress  is  not  [jroper  for  clothing  in  a 
cold  climate.  Stimulants  are  proper  rem- 
edies for  debility.  Gravity  of  manners  is 
very  proper  for  persons  of  advanced  age. 

In  Athens,  all  was  pleasure,  luirth  and  play, 
All  proper  to  the  spring  and  spiightly  May. 

JJryden. 

6.  Correct;  just;  as  a  p)o;)er  word ;  a  proper 
expression. 

7.  Not  figurative.  Burnet. 

8.  Well  formed ;  handsome. 

Moses  was  a yJ/o/Jfc  child.     Heb.  xi. 

9.  Tall;  lusty;  handsome  with  bulk.  [Low 
and  not  used.]  Shak. 

10.  In  vulgar  language,  very ;  as  proper  good  ; 
proper  sweet.  "[This  is  very  improper,  as 
well  as  vulgar.] 

Proper  receptacle,  in  botany,  that  which  sup- 
ports only  a  single  flower  or  fructification  ;■ 
proper  perianth  or  involucre,  that  which  in- 
closes only  a  single  flower;  proper  flower 
or  corol,  one  of  the  single  florets  or  corol 
lets  in  an  aggregate  or  compound  flower  ; 
proper  nectary,  separate  from  the  petals 
and  other  parts  of  the  flower.         Martyn. 

PROP'ERLY,  adv.  Fitly ;  suitably ;  in  a 
proper  manner;  as  a  word  properly  a\)- 
plied  ;  a  dress  properly  adjusted. 

2.  In  a  strict  sen.se. 

The  miseries  of  life  are  not  properly  owing 
to  the  unequal  distiibution  of  things.         Swift 

PROP'ERNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
proper.     [Little  used.] 

2.  Tallness.     [JVot  in  use.] 

3.  Perfect  form  ;  handsomeness. 
PROP'ERTY,  n.  [This  seems  to  be  formed 

directly  from  proper  ;  if  not,  it  is  contract- 
ed. The  Latin  is  frroprietas,  Fr.  propriety, 
from  which  we  have  propriety.] 

1.  A  peculiar  quality  of  any  thing;  that 
which  is  inherent  in  a  subject,  or  natural- 
ly essential  to  it ;  called  by  logicians  an 
es.sential  mode.  Thus  color  is  a  pioperty 
of  light ;  extension  and  figure  are  proper- 
ties of  bodies. 

2.  An  acquired  or  artificial  quality ;  that 
which  is  given  by  art  or  bestowed  by  man. 
The  poem  has  the  properties  which  con- 
stitute excellence. 

3.  Quality  ;  disposition. 

It  is  the  property  of  an  old  sinner  to  find  de- 
light in  reviewing  his  own  villainies  in  others. 

Soulfi 
I.  The  exclusive  right  of  ))0ssessing,  enjoy- 
ing and  disposing  of  a  thing  ;  ownership 
In  the  beginning  of  the  world,  the  Creator 
gave  to  man  dominiiui  over  the  earth 
over  th(!  fish  of  the  sea  and  the  fowls  of] 
the  air,  and  over  every  living  thing.    This 


is  the  foundation  of  man's  property  in  the 
earth  and  in  all  its  productions.  Prior 
occupancy  of  land  and  of  wild  animals 
gives  to  the  possessor  the  property  of  them. 
The  labor  of  inventing,  making  or  produ- 
cing any  thing  constitutes  one  of  the  high- 
est and  most  indefeasible  titles  to  property. 
Property  is  also  acquired  by  inheritance, 
by  gift  or  by  purchase.  Properly  is  some- 
times held  in  common,  yet  each  man's 
right  to  his  share  in  common  land  or 
stock  is  exclusively  his  own.  One  man 
may  have  the  properly  of  the  soil,  and  an- 
other the  right  of  use,  by  prescription  or 
by  purchase. 

5.  Possession  held  in  one's  own  right. 

Dryden 

G.  The  thing  owned  ;  that  to  which   a  per 
son  has  the  legal  title,  whether  in  his  [los 
session  or  not.     It  is  one  of  the  greatest 
blessings  of  civil  society  that  the  property 
of  citixens  is  well  secured. 

7.  An  estate,  whether  in  lands,  goods  or 
money  ;  as  a  man  of  large  property  or  small 
property. 

An  estate  ;  a  farm  ;  a  plantation.  In  thi; 
sense,  which  is  common  in  the  United 
States  and  in  the  West  Indies,  the  word 
has  a  plmal. 

The  slill-houses  on  the  sugar  plantations,  vary 
in  size,  according  to  the  fancy  of  the  proprietor 
or  the  magnitude  of  the  property. 

Edwards,  W.  Indies 

I  sh;dl  confine  myself  to  such  properties  a' 

fall  H  ilhin  die  reach  of  daily  observation.       ib. 

9.  Nearness  or  right. 
Here  I  disclaim  all  my  paternal  care. 
Propinquity  and  property  of  bloofl.  Shali. 

10.  Something  useful ;  an  ap|>eudage  ;  a  the- 
atrical term. 

I  will  draw  a  bill  of  properties.  Shak. 

High  pomp  and  state  are  useful  properties. 

Jhyden 

11.  Propriety.     [J^ol  in  use.]  Camden. 
Lileran/    property,    the    exclusive    right    of 

printing,  publishing  and  making  profit  by 
one's  own  writings.  No  right  or  title  to 
a  thing  can  be  so  perfect  as  that  which  is 
created  by  a  man's  own  labor  and  inven- 
tion. The  exclusive  right  of  a  man  to  his 
literary  productions,  and  to  the  use  of 
them  for  his  own  profit,  is  entire  and  per-! 
feet,  as  the  faculties  employed  and  labor 
bestowed  are  entirely  and  perfectly  hisj 
own.  On  what  principle  then  can  a  legis-l 
lature  or  a  court  determine  that  an  author 
can  enjoy  only  a  temporary  properly  in  his 
own  productions?  If  a  man's  right  to  his 
own  productions  in  wriling  is  as  (leifect  as 
to  the  productions  of  his  farm  or  his  shop, 
how  can  the  former  be  abridged  or  limit- 
ed, while  the  latter  is  held  without  limita- 
tion ?  Why  do  the  productions  of  ntanttal 
labor  rank  higher  in  the  scale  of  rights  or! 
property,  than  the  productions  of  the  intel-< 
led'}  1 

PROP'ERTY,  v.t.  To  invest  with  (pialities,! 
or  to  take  as  one's  own ;  to  a|ipi'o|iriaie. 
[An  awkward  loord  and  not  used.  |        Shak. 

PROPIIANE.     [See  Profane.] 

PUO'PIl ASIS,  n.  [Gr.  rfpo^asi;,  from  rtpo- 
fjjfii,  to  foretell.] 

In  viedicine,  prognohis ;  foreknowledge  of  a 
disease. 


PROPH'ECY,  n.  [Gr.  rtpo^^f«a,  from  Xpo- 
^r;ni,  to  foretell;  «po,  before,  and  fr^/u,  to 
tell.     This  ought  to  be  written  prophesy.] 

1.  A  foretelling;  prediction;  a  declaration 
of  something  to  come.  As  God  only  knows 
future  events  with  certainty,  no  being  but 
God  or  some  person  informed  by  him,  can 
utter  a  real  prophecy.  The  prophecies  re- 
corded in  .Scripture,  when  fulfilled,  afford 
most  convincing  evidence  of  the  divine 
original  of  the  Scriptures,  as  those  who 
uttered  the  prophecies  could  not  have  fore- 
known the  events  predicted  without  su- 
pernatural instruction.    2  Pet.  i. 

2.  In  .Scripture,  a  book  of  prophecies  ;  a  his- 
tory :  as  the  prophecy  of  Ahijah.  2  Chron. 
i.v. 

3.  Preaching;  public  interpretation  of  Scrip- 
ture ;  exhortation  or  instruction.  Prov. 
xxxi. 

PROPHESIED,  pp.  Foretold:  predicted. 
PROPHESIEK,     n.     One    who    predicts 

6V6lltS 

PROPH'ESY,  v.  t.  To  foretell  future  events ; 
to  predict. 

I  hate  him,  for  he  doth  not  prophesy  good 
concerning  me,  but  evil.  I  Kings  xxii. 

2.  To  foreshow.     [Little  used.]  Shak. 

PROPH'ESY,  V.  i.  To  utter  predictions  ;  to 
make  declaration  of  events  to  come.  Jer. 
xi. 

In  Scripture,  to  preach  ;  to  instruct  in  re- 
ligious doctrines  ;  to  interpret  or  explain 
Scripture  or  religious  subjects  ;  to  exhort. 
1  Cor.  xiii.   Ezek.  xxxvii. 

PROPHESYING,   ppr.  Foretelling  events. 

PROPHESYING,  n.  The  act  of  foretelling 
or  of  preaching. 

PROPHET,  n.  '^[Gr.  !tfio^r,fr,s ;  L.  propheta; 
Fr.  prophete.] 

1.  One  that  foretells  future  events ;  a  pre- 
dicter ;  a  foreteller. 

2.  In  Scripture,  a  person  illuminated,  inspir- 
ed or  instructed  by  God  to  announce  fu- 
ture events ;  as  Moses,  Elijah,  David, 
Isaiah,  &c. 

3.  An  interpreter ;  one  that  e.xplains  or  com- 
municates sentiments.     Ex.  vii. 

4  One  who  pretends  to  foretell ;  an  impos- 
ter  ;  as  a  false  prophet.  Acts  xiii. 

School  of  the  prophets,  among  the  Israelites, 
a  school  or  college  in  which  young  men 
were  educated  and  qualified  for  public 
teachers.  These  students  were  called  mjis 
of  the  prophets. 

PROPHETESS,  )!.  A  female  prophet;  a 
woman  who  foretells  future  events,  as 
Miriam,  Iluldah,  Anna,  &c.  Ex.  xv. 
Jufle.  iv.  Luke  ii. 

PROPHET'K',       I       Containing  prophe- 

PROPHET'l€AL,  (,"■  cy  ;  foretelling  fu- 
ture events  ;  as  prophetic  writings. 

2.  Unlblding  future  events  ;  as  prophetic 
dreams. 

It  has  o/" before  the  thing  foretold. 
And  fears  are  oi't  jirophctic  fif  XW  event. 

Vri/den. 

PROPHETICALLY,  ar/i'.  Byway  of  pre- 
diction ;  in  the  manner  of  jirophecy. 

bi-yden. 

PROPH'ETIZE,  V.  i.  To  give  prediction. 
[.^fot  used.] 

PKOPHYLAC'TIC,         )        [Gr.  npo^xax- 

PROPHYLAt'TK'AL,  <,"■  t.«j,  from  rtpo- 
^DXaosu),  to  prevent,  to  guard  against ;  rtpo 
and  4>v>.a(jou,  to  jireserve.] 


PRO 


PRO 


PRO 


III  medicine,  preventive  ;  defending  from  dis- 
ease. Coxe 

PROPHYLA€'Tl€,  n.  A  medicine  wl.icli 
preseiTcs  or  defends  against  diseafe  ;  a 
preventive.  Coxe. 

PROriNATION,  n.  [L.  projrivatio,  pro- 
pino  ;  Gr.  ftfio  and  tttvu,  to  drink.] 

Tlie  act  of  pledging,  or  drinking  first  and 
llien  offering  the  cup  to  another.      Potler. 

PROPI'NE,  V.  I.  [L.  propivo,  supra.]  To 
pledge ;  to  drinii  first  and  then  offer  the 
cup  to  another.     [JVoi  used.] 

2.  To  expose.     [JVot  used.] 

PROPIN'QUITY,  n.  [L.  propinquitas,  from 
propinquvs,  near.] 

1.  Nearness  in  place ;  neighborhood.     Roy. 

2.  Nearness  in  time.  Broun. 

3.  Nearness  of  blood  ;  kindred.  Sliak. 
PROPI"TIABLE,  a.  [See  Propitiate.]  That 

may  be  induced  to  favor,  or  that  may  be 
made  propitious. 

PROPP'TIATE,  V.  t.  [L.propilio.  Qu.  pro, 
and  the  root  of  L.  pio,  Eng.  fnl;/.] 

To  conciliate ;  to  ajjpease  one  offended  and 
render  liiai  favorable  ;  to  make  proiatious. 
Let  fierce  Achilles,  dreadful  in  his  ra^e. 
The  god  propitiate  and  the  jjest  assuage. 

Pope. 

PROPP'TIATED,  pp.  Appeased  and  ren- 
dered favorable ;  conciliated. 

PKOI'l  TIATING,  ppr.  Conciliating;  ap- 
peasing the  wrath  of  and  rendering  favor- 
able. 

PROPITIATION,  n.    propisia'shon.    [Fr. 
from  propitiate.] 

1.  The  art  of  appeasing  wrath  and  concilia 
ting  the  favor  of  an  offended  person  ;  the 
act  of  making  pro])itious. 

2.  In  theology,  the  atonement  or  atoning 
sacrifice  offered  to  God  to  assuage  his 
wrath  and  render  him  propitious  to  sin- 
ners. Christ  is  the  propitiation  for  the 
sins  of  men.     Rom.  iii.     1  John  ii. 

PROPITIA'TOR,  n.  One  who  propitiates 

Sherwood. 

PROPP'TIATORV,  a.  Having  the  power 
to  make  propitious;  as  a propitintori/  sac- 
rifice. Stittins:/Iect 

PROPP'TIATORY,  n.  Among  the  .r.;ws 
the  mercy-seat  ;  tlie  lid  or  cover  of  the 
ark  of  the  covenant,  lined  within  and  with- 
out with  plates  of  gold.  This  was  a  type 
of  Christ.  En'aic. 

PROPP'TIOUS,  a.  [L.  propitius.]  Favora- 
ble ;  kind  ;  applied  to  men. 

2.  Disposed  to  I)e  gracious  or  merciful ; 
ready  to  forgive  sins  and  bestow  bless- 
ings ;  applied  to  God. 

3.  Favorable;  an  a  propilious  season. 
PROPI'TIOUSLY,  adv.  Favorably;  kind- 

'.V.  Rosrommon. 

PROPP'TIOTJSNESS,  n.  Kindness  ;  dis- 
position to  treat  another  kindly;  disposi- 
tion to  forgive. 

2.  Favorablencss ;  as  the  propitiousness  of 
the  season  or  climate.  Temple. 

PRO'PLASM,  71.  [Gr.  rtpo  and  n/\fl«f.o.  a  de- 
vice.]     A  iii(dd  ;  a  matrix.  HooUward. 

PROPLAS'TICE,  n.  [supra.]  The  art  ofl 
making  molds  for  castings. 

PRO' PO  I.  IS,  n.  [Gr.  before  the  city,  or  the 
front  of  the  city.] 

A  thick  odorous  substance  having  some  re- 
setnblanre  to  wax  and  smelling  like  sto- 
rax  ;  used  by  bees  to  stop  the  holes  and 

Vol.  II. 


crevices  in  their  hives  to  prevent  the  en- 
trance of  cold  air,  &c.  Pliny  represents 
it  a.s  the  third  coat ;  tlie  first  he  calls  com 
mosis;  the  secon<l  jiissoceros ;  the  third, 
more  solid  than  the  others,  he  calls /jrouo- 
lis-  ^  Plin.  .Yat.  Hist. 

This  account  of  the  propolis  may  not 
be  i)erfectly  correct,  as  authors  do  not 
agree  in  their  descriptions  of  it. 

PROPONENT,  ji.  [L.  proponens ;  pro  and 
pono,  to  place.] 

One  that  makes  a  proposal,  or  lays  down  a 
proposition.  Dryden. 

PROPORTION,  n.  [L.  proportio  ;  mo  and 
poHio,  part  or  share.  See  Portion.] 

1.  The  comparative  relation  of  any  one  thing 
to  another.  Let  a  man's  exertions  be  in 
proportion  to  his  strength. 

2.  The  identity  or  similitude  of  two  ratios. 
Proportion  diflers  from  ratio.  Ratioh  the 
relation  which  determines  the  quantity  of 
one  thing  from  the  quantity  of  another 
without  the  intervention  of  a  third.  Thus 
the  ratio  of  5  and  10  is  2;  the  ratio  of  8 
and  IG  is  2.  Proportion  is  the  sameness  or 
likeness  of  two  such  relations.  Thus  5  is 
to  10,  as  8  to  16,  or  A  is  to  B,  as  C  is  to  D  ; 
that  is,  5  bears  the  same  relation  to  10,  as 
8  does  to  10.  Hence  we  say,  such  num- 
bers arc  in  proportion.  Encyc. 

Proportion,  in  mathematics,  an  equality 
of  ratios.  Day. 

The  term  proportion  is  sometimes  im- 
properly used  for  ratio.  The  ratio  be- 
tween two  quantities,  is  expressed  by  the 
quotient  of  one  divided  by  the  other :  thus, 
the  ratio  of  10  to  5  is  2,  and  the  ratio  of 
IC  to  8  is  2.  These  two  equal  ratios  con- 
stitute a  proportion,  which  is  expressed  by 
saying,  10  is  to  5  as  16  is  to  8;  or  more 
concisely,  10  :  5  :  :  16  :  8.     [See  Ratio.] 

D.  Olmsted. 

3.  In  arithmetic,  a  rule  by  which,  when  three 
numbers  are  given,  a  fourth  number  is 
found,  which  bears  the  same  relation  to 
the  third  as  the  second  does  to  the  first 
or  a  fourth  munber  is  found,  bearing  the 
same  relation  to  the  second  as  the  first 
does  to  the  third.  The  former  is  called 
direct,  and  the  latter,  inverse  proportion. 

4.  Symmetry ;  suitable  adaptation  of  rine 
part  or  thing  to  another ;  as  the  proportion 
of  one  limb  to  another  in  the  human  body; 
the  jrroportioH  of  the  length  and  breadtl 
of  a  room  to  its  highth. 

Harmony,  with  every  grace, 
Playi?  in  the  (air  proportioyis  of  her  face. 

Mrs.  Carter 

j.  Equal  or  just  share  ;  as,  to  ascertain  the 

proportion  of  profit  to  whicli  each  partner 

in  a  company  is  entitled. 

6.  Fortn  ;  size.     [Little  used.]  Dairies. 

7.  The  relation  between  unequal  things  of 
the  same  kind,  by  which  their  -several  parts 
correspond  to  each  other  with  an  equal 
augmentation  and  diminution,  as  in  re- 
ducing and  enlarging  figures.  Encyc. 

[This  more  properly  belongs  to  ratio.] 
Harmonical  or  musical  proportion,  is  when, 
of  three  numbers,  the  first  is  to  the  third 
as  the  difference  of  the  first  and  second  to 
the  difference  of  the  second  and  third. 
Thus  2.  3.  6.  are  in  harmonical  propor 
ti(ui :  for  2  is  to  (i  as  1  to  3.  So  also  four 
numbers  are  harmonical,  when  the  first  is 
to  the  fourth,  as  tlie  difference  of  the  first 

45 


and  second  is  to  the  difference  of  the  third 
and  fourth.  Thus,  24.  16.  12.  9.  are  har- 
monical, for  24  :  9  :  :  8  :  3.  Encyc. 

Arithmtticed  and  geometrical  proportion.  [See 
Progression,  No.  4.] 

Reciprocal  proportion,  an  equality  between  a 
direct  and  a  reciprocal  ratio.  Thus,  4  : 
2  :  :  i  :  ,' .  [See  Reciprocals,  and  Recip- 
rocal ratio.] 

PROPORTION,  V.  I.  To  adjust  the  com- 
parative relation  of  one  tbinj:  or  one  part 
to  another;  as,  to  proportion  the  size  of  a 
building  to  its  highth,  or  the  thic-kness  of 
a  thing  to  its  length  ;  to  propoHion  our  ex- 
penditures to  our  income. 

In  the  loss  of  an  object,  we  do  not  propor- 
tion our  grief  to  its  real  value,  but  to  the  value 
our  fancies  set  upon  it.  .^ildison. 

2.  To  form  with  symmetry  or  suitableness, 
as  the  parts  of  tlie  body. 

PROPORTIONABLE,  a.  That  may  be  pro- 
portioned or  made  proiiortional. "  This  is 
the  true  sense  of  the  word  ;  but  it  is  erro- 
neously used  in  the  sense  of  proportional, 
being  in  proportion  ;  having  a  due  com- 
parative relation  ;  as  infantry  with  a  pro- 
portionable number  of  horse. 

PROPORTION  ABLY,  adv.  According  to 
proportion  or  comparative  relation  ;  as  a 
large  body,  with  limbs  proportionably  large. 

PROPORTIONAL,  a.  [It.  proporiion^e ; 
Fr.  proportionncl.] 

Haviii}.'  a  due  comparative  relation  ;  being 
in  suitable  proportion  or  degree;  as,  the 
parts  of  an  edifice  are  proportional.  In 
pharmacy,  medicines  are  compounded  of 
certain  proportional  quantities  of  ingredi- 
ents. Tlie  velocity  of  a  moving  body  is 
proportional  to  the  impelling  force,  when 
the  quantity  of  matter  is  given  ;  its  mo- 
mentum is  proportional  to  the  quantity  of 
matter  it  contains,  when  its  velocity  is 
given. 

Proportional,  in  chimistry,  a  term  employ- 
ed in  the  theory  of  definite  proportions,  to 
denote  the  same  as  the  weight  of  an  atom 
or  a  prime.     [See  Prime] 

Proportionals,  in  geometi-y,  are  quantities, 
either  linear  or  numeral,  which  bear  the 
same  ratio  or  relation  to  each  other. 

Encye. 

PROPORTIONALITY,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  in  proportion.  Grew. 

PROPORTIONALLY,  adv.  In  proportion; 
in  due  degree  :  with  suitable  comi)arative 
relation  ;  as  all  parts  of  a  building  being 
proportiunalbj  large. 

PROPORTIONATE,  a.  Adjusted  to  some- 
thing else  according  to  a  certain  rate  or 
comparative  relation  ;  proportional. 

The  connection  between  the  end  and  means 

\s  pritporlinnate.  Grew. 

Piinishnicnt  should  be  proportionate  to  the 

Iransffressinn.  Locke. 

PROPORTIONATE,  v.  t.  To  projiortinn  ; 
to  make  propoitional  ;  to  adjust  acroidin"' 
to  a  settled  rate  or  to  due  comparative  re- 
lation ;  as,  to  proportionate  punisliments 
to  crimes.  [This  verb  is  less  used  than 
proportion.] 

PROPORTIONATELY,  adv.  With  due 
proportion  ;  according  to  a  settled  or  suit- 
able rate  or  degree.  Pearson. 

PIJOPORTION.VTENESS,  n.  The  state 
of  being  adjusted  by  due  or  settled  pro- 


PRO 


PRO 


PRO 


portion   or  comparative   relation ;    suita- 
bleness of  proportions.  Hale. 

PROPORTIOiNED,  pp.  Made  or  adjusted 
with  due  proportion  or  with  syiumetry  of 
parts. 

rRt)P0RTIONING,  ppr.  Making  proper 
lioiial. 

PR(JP0RTIO\LESS,  a.  Without  propor- 
tion ;  without  syninietry  of  parts. 

PROPOSAL,    n.    s   as   :.    [from  propose 

1.  That  which  is  offisred  or  propounded  for 
consideration  or  acceptance  ;  a  scheme  or 
desijrn,  terms  or  conditions  proposed ;  a.s, 
to  make  proposals  for  a  treaty  of  peace ; 
to  oft'er  ^co/^oso/s  for  erecting  a  buii(hng; 
to  make  proposals  of  marriage  ;  proposals 
for  subscription  to  a  h)an  or  to  a  hterary 
work. 

9.  Offer  to  the  mind ;  as  the  proposal  of  an 
agreeable  object.  South. 

PROPO'i«E,  v.t.  sas  z.  [Fr.  proposer;  J.. 
propono,  propositi;  W.  posiuw,  to  pose, 
that  is,  to  seti  literally  to  put  or  throw 
forward.] 

1.  To  offer  for  consideration,  discussion,  ac- 
ceptance or  adoption  ;  as,  to  propose  a  bill 
or  resolve  to  a  legislative  body  ;  to  propose 
terms  of  peace  ;  to  propose  a.  question  or 
subject  for  discussion  ;  to  propose  an  alli- 
ance by  treaty  or  marriage  ;  to  propose  al- 
terations or  amendments  in  a  law. 

2.  To  ofler  or  present  for  consideration. 

In  learning  any  thing,  as  little  as  possible 
shouUl  be  proposed  to  the  mind  at  first.    IVatls. 

To  propose  to  one's  self,  to  intend ;  to  de- 
sign ;  to  form  a  design  in  the  mind. 

PROPO'SE,  v.  I.  To  lay  schemes.  [.Vo(  ih 
use.]  Slink. 

[Propose  is  often  used  for  purpose  ;  as,  li 
propose  to  ride  to  New  York  to-morrow. 
Purpose  and  propose  are  different  forms  of 
the  same  word.] 

PROPO'SED,  pp.  Offered  or  presented  for 
consideration,  discussion,  acceptance  or 
adoption. 

PROPO'SER,  n.  One  that  offers  any  thing 
for  consiilcration  or  ailoption.  Loche. 

PROPO'SING,  ppr.  Offering  for  consider- 
ation, acceptance  or  adoption. 

PROPOi^I'TlON,  11.  s  as  z.  [Fr.  from  L. 
propositio,  from  propositus,  propono.] 

1.  That  wliich  is  pro[)osed ;  that  which  is 
offered  for  consideration,  accei)tuncc  or 
adoption;  a  projiosal;  offer  of  terms. 
The  enemy  made  propositions  of  peace  ; 
the  propositions  were  not  accepted. 

2.  In  logic,  one  of  the  tliree  parts  of  a  regu- 
lar argument ;  the  part  of  an  argument  in 
which  sonje  quality,  negative  or  positive, 
is  allributed  to  a  subject;  as,  "snow  is 
white  ;"  "  water  is  fluid  ;"  "  vice  is  not 
commendable." 

3.  In  mnttiemntics,  a  statement  in  Irrins  of; 
either  a  truth  to  he  (leioiinstrati'd,  or  aijl 
operation  to  be  perOirmed.  It  is  called  a 
theorem,  when  it  is  somelhing  to  be  prov- 
ed ;  and  a  problem,  when  it  is  something 
to  be  <lone.  D.  Olmsted. 

4.  In  oralonj,  that  which  is  oflTered  or  affirm- 
ed as  the  suhjeit  of  the  discourse  ;  any 
thing  stat'^d  or  atlirmed  for  discussion  or 
illilsl  ration. 

5.  \u  portrif.  the  first  part  of  apoen:,  in  which 
the  author  states  the  subject  or  matter  of 
it.  Ilorari-  reiummeMiis  modesty  and 
simplicity  in  the  proposition  of  a  poem. 


PROPOSI'TIONAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
proposition  ;  considered  as  a  proposition  ; 
as  a  propositional  sense.  tfatts. 

PROPOUND',  V.  I.  [L.  propono;  pro  and 
pono,  to  set,  put  or  place.] 

1.  To  propose  ;  to  offer  for  consideration ; 
as,  to  propound  a  rule  of  action.       JVolton. 

The  existence  of  the  church  hath  been  j^ru- 
pounded  as  an  object  of  faith.  Pearson. 

2.  To  offer  ;  to  exliibit ;  to  propose  ;  as,  to 
propound  a  question.  Shak. 

S.  In  congregational  churches,  to  pro|)Ose  or 
name  as  a  candidate  for  admission  to  com 
niunion  with  a  church.  Persons  intend- 
ing to  make  |)ublic  profession  of  their 
faith,  and  thus  unite  with  the  church,  are 
propounded  before  the  church  and  congre- 
gation ;  that  is,  their  intention  is  notified 
some  days  previous,  for  the  pmpose  of 
giving  oii[)ortunity  to  members  of  the 
church  to  object  to  their  admission  to 
such  connnunion,  if  ihev  see  cause. 

PROPOUND'ED,  pp.  Proposed;  offered 
tor  consideration. 

PROPOUND'ER,  7!.  One  that  proposes  or 
offers  for  consideration. 

PROPOUNDING,  ;*;)r.  Proposing;  offi-r- 
ing  for  consideration. 

PR01"PF,D,  7?;;.  [from  prop.]  Supported; 
sustained  by  something  placed  under. 

PROPPING,  ppr.  Sujjporting  by  some- 
thing beneath. 

PROPRE'FE€T,  n.  .Vmong  the  Romans,  a 
prefect's  lieutenant  commissioned  to  do  a 
part  of  the  dutv  of  the  prefect.         Encyc. 

PROPRETOR.n.  [h.  propnrtor.]  Anjonj 
the  Romans,  a  magistrate  who,  having  dis 
charged  the  office  of  pretor  at  home,  was 
sent  irito  a  province  to  conunand  there 
with  bis  former  pretorial  authority  ;  also, 
an  officer  sent  extraortlinarily  into  the 
provinces  to  adnjinister  justice  with  the 
ainhorily  of  pretor.  £ 

PROPRI'ETARY,  n.  [Fr.;)ropn"e<aire,froni 
p7'opriet^:] 

1.  A  proprietor  or  owner;  one  who  has  the 
exclusive  title  ;o  a  thing;  one  wdio  pos- 
sesses or  holds  the  title  to  a  thing  in  his 
own  right.  The  grantees  of  Pemis^lva- 
nia  and  Maryland  and  their  heirs  were 
called  t\\o  proprietaries  of  those  provinces. 

2.  In  mona.fliries,  such  monks  were  called 
proprielurits,  as  had  re.^ervc(l  goods  and 
efl^ects  to  themselves,  notwithstanding 
their  renunciation  of  all  at  the  time  of 
their  prolession.  Eneyc. 

PKOPRl'ETARV,  a.  Relonging  to  a  pro- 
prietor or  own<'r,  or  to  a  proprietary.  The 
governments  of  Pemisylvania  uiiil  Mary- 
land were  formerly  proprietary. 

PROPRIETOR,  n.  [from  L.  praprietas, 
proprius.] 

An  owner  ;  the  person  who  has  the  legal 
riplit  or  exclusive  title  to  any  thing 
whether  in  jiossessioii  or  not ;  as  the //ro- 
prietor  of  a  farm  or  of  a  mill.  I$y  the  gift 
of  God,  man  is  constituted  the  pre>prielor  of 
the  earth. 

PROPRI'ETRESS,  n.  A  female  who  has 
the  exclusive  legal  right  to  a  lliimr. 

V  Estrange. 

PROPRl'IOTY,  n.  [Fr. propriete  ;  L.proprie- 
iiis,  from  propnus.]     ,. 

1.  Property  ;  |)eciihar  or  exclusive  right  of 
possession;  ownership.  |Tliis  priioar\ 
sense  of  the  word,  as  used  by  Locke,  41ii- 


ton,  Dryden,  &c.  seems  now  to  he  nearly 
or  wholly  obsolete.     See  Property.] 

2.  Fitness;  suitableness;  appropriateness; 
consonance  with  established  principles, 
rules  or  customs  ;  justness ;  accuracy. 
Propriety  of  conduct,  in  a  moral  sense, 
consists  in  its  conformity  to  the  moral 
law  ;  propriety  of  behavior,  consists  in  con- 
formity to  the  established  rules  of  deco- 
rum ;  propriety  in  language,  is  correctness 
in  the  use  of  words  and  phrases,  accord- 
ing to  established  usage,  which  constitutes 
the  rule  of  speaking  and  writing. 

."?.  Proper  .state.  Shak. 

PROPT.  [See  Propped.] 

PROPUCiN,  V.  t.  propu'ne.  [L.  propugno; 
pro  and  pugno,  to  tight.] 

To  contend  for ;  to  defend  ;  to  vindicate. 
[Little  used.]  Hammond. 

PROPUG'NA€LE,  n.  [L.  propvgnaculum.] 
A  fortress.     [.\b(  used.]  Howell. 

PROPUGNA'TIO.N,  n.  [L.  propugnulio.] 
Defense.     [.IVot  used.]  Shak. 

PROPUGNER,  n.  propu'ner.  A  defender; 
a  vindii'ator. 

PROPULSA'TION,  n.  [L.  propulsatio,  pro- 
pulso.     See  Propel.] 

The  act  of  driving  away  or  repelling;  the 
keepini:  at  a  distance.  HaU. 

PROPULSE,  I'.  /.  propuls'.  [L.  prop  also : 
pro  and  pulso,  to  siiikc.     See  Propel.] 

To  repel ;  to  drive  off'     [Little  used.] 

Colgrave. 

PROPUL'SION,  n.  [L.  propulsus,  proptlto. 
See  Propel.]     The  act  of  driving  forward. 

iJ«ccm. 

Pro  rata,  [L.]  ill  pro])ortion. 

PRORE,  n.  [L.  prora.]  The  prow  or  fore 
part  of  a  slii|i.  [JVot  in  use,  except  in  poe- 
try.] Pope. 

Pro  re  nata,  [L.]  according  to  exigences  or 
circumstances. 

PROROGATION,  n.  [L.  prorogaiio.  See 
Prorogue.] 

1.  Continuance  in  time  or  duration;  a 
lengthening  or  |>rolongatioi]  of  time;  as 
ihe  prorogation  of  something  alreaiiy  pos- 
sessefl.     [This  use  is  uncommon.]      South. 

2.  In  England,  the  continuance  of  parlia- 
ment from  one  session  to  another,  as  an 
adjiurnment  is  a  continuance  of  the  ses- 
sion from  day  to  day.  This  is  the  estab- 
lished language  with  respect  to  the  par- 
liament ot  Great  Britain.  In  the  I'nited 
States,  the  word  is,  I  believe,  rarely  or 
never  used  ;  adjournment  being  used  not 
only  ill  its  etymological  sense,  but  for ^ro- 
rogalioi!  also. 

PROROGUE,  V.  t.  prorog.  [Fr.  proroger ; 
h.  prorogo ;  pro  i\\ii\  rogu.  The  latter  w(ud 
signifies  to  ask,  or  to  propose  ;  hut  the 
primarv  sense  is  to  reach,  to  stretch  for- 
ward ;  and  this  is  its  import  in  the  deriva- 
tive prorogo.] 

1.  To  pn. tract  ;  to  prolong. 

Mc  proritgutd  lM^  !;oveniinent.  Dryden. 

2.  To  defer  ;  to  delay  ;  as,  to  prorogue  (Uuith. 

Shak. 
[In  the  foregoing  senses,  the  tcord  is  now 
rarely  used  ] 

3.  To  continue  the  parliament  fioin  one 
session  to  another.  Parliament  is  pi-o- 
rogued  by  the  king's  authority,  either  by 
the  lord  chanicllor  in  his  nmjesly's  pres- 
ence, or  by  commission,  or  hy  prochuna- 
tiou.  Blackslone. 


PRO 


PRO 


PRO 


PPtORUP'TION,  n.  (L.  proruplus,  pronm- 
(10 ;  jtru  aiiil  rumpo,  to  burst.] 

Till;  act  of  bursting  forth  ;  u  bursting  out. 

Brown. 

PROSA'l€,  a.  s  as  z.  [L.  prosmcus,  from 
pro.id,  prose  ;  Fr.  prosaique.] 

Pertainiiife'  to  prose;  resembling  prose;  not 
rcstrictcil  by  numbers  ;  applied  to  wnimgs 
ns  a  prosaic  coenposition. 

PRO'SAL,  a.  Prosaic.     [JVot  used.] 

Hrown. 

PROS€RI'BE,  V.  t.  [L.  proscriho  ;  pro  ami 
scriho,  to  write.  Tlie  senst;  of  this  word 
originated  in  the  Ruiuui  pra('tice  of  wri- 
ting tlio  names  of  persons  doomed  to 
death,  and  posting  the  list  in  public.] 

1.  To  doom  to  ilestruction  ;  to  put  one  out 
of  the  protection  of  law,  and  prmnisca  re 
ward  for  his  head.  Sylla  and  Marius  pro- 
scribtd  ea(di  other's  adherenls. 

2.  To  put  out  of  the  prolection  of  the  law. 

Robert  Veie,  ead  of  Oxford,  was  barii-*hcii 
the  lealiii  auJ  proscribed.  SpcnsCr. 

3.  To  denounce  and  condemn  as  dangerous 
and  not  worthy  of  reception  ;  to  reject  ut- 
terly. 

In  the  year  325,  tlie  Aiian  doctrines  were 
proscribed  and  anathcinaiizcd  by  the  council  ul 
Nice.  IVatcrland. 

4.  To  censure  and  condemn  as  utterly  un- 
worthy of  reception.  South. 

5.  To  interdict ;  as,  to  proscribe  the  use  of 
ardent  spirits. 

PROHCRI'UI'U),  pp.  Doomed  to  destruc- 
tion; denounced  as  dangerous,  or  as  ini- 
wortliy  of  reception  ;  condemned ;  ban- 
ished. 

PROSCRI'BER,  n.  One  that  dooms  to  de- 
struction ;  one  that  denounces  as  danger 
ous,  or  as  utterly  unworthy  of  reception. 

PROSeRl'BING,    ppr.    Dcioming     to    do 
strnction ;    denouncing    as   unworthy   of 
protection    or     reception ;    condemning 
banishing. 

PROSeRIP'TION,  n.  [L. proscriptio.]  The 
act  of  proscribing  or  dooming    to   death 
among  Me  Romans,lhii  public  otVer  of  a  re 
ward  for  the  bead  of  a  political  enemy 
Such  were  the  proscriptions  of  Sylla  and 
Marius.     Under  the  triiunvirate,  many  of 
the  best  Roman  citizens  fell  by  proscrip- 
tion. 

2.  A  putting  out  of  the  protection  of  law ; 
condemning  to  exile. 

3.  Censure  and  condemnation  ;  utter  rejec- 
tion. 

PROSCRIP'TIVE,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  con- 
sisting in  proscription  ;  proscribing. 

Burke. 

PROSE,  n.  s  as  ;.  [L.  It.  Sp.  prosa  ;  Fr. 
prose.  Qu.  orient.  D">3,  ]n3  or  tsnS-] 

1.  The  natural  language  of  man  ;  language 
loose  and  imconfined  to  poetical  measure, 
as  opposed  to  verse  or  metrical  composition. 

Things  unattempted  yet  in  prone  or  rhyme. 

Milton 

2.  A  prayer  used  in  the  Romish  church  on 
parlicidardays.  Harmar. 

PR<JSE,  V.  t.  To  write  in  prose.         .Milton 
2    To  make  a  t("dious  relation.  Mason 

PROS'ECUTE,  V.  t.  [L.  prosecutus,  prose 

quor ;  pro  mid  seq nor,  10    follow,    Eug.    to 

seek.     See  Essay.] 
1.  To  jolliiw  or  pursue  with  a  view  to  reach, 

execute  or  accoun>lish ;   to   continue  en 


deavors  to  obtain  or  complete  ;  to  contin- 
ue efforts  already  begun  ;  a.s,  to  prosecute 
a  scheme ;  to  prosecute  an  undertaking. 
The  great  canal  in  tlie  state  of  New  York 
has  been  prosecaied  with  succe8.s. 

That  whiib  is  morally  good  is  to  be  desired 
an<l  prosecuted.  fVilkins. 

Tins  word  .signifies  either  to  be^n  and 
carry  on,  or  simply  to  continue  what  has 
been  begun.  \Vli(>n  I  say,  "  I  havedevis 
ed  a  plan  wliich  I  have  not  the  courage  or 
means  to  prosecute,  "  the  word  signilies  to 
be^n  to  execute.  When  we  say,  "  the 
nation  began  a  war  which  it  had  not 
means  to  prosecute,"  it  signifies  to  continue 
to  carry  on.  The  latter  is  the  gcnuiue 
sen.se  of  the  word,  but  both  are  well  .-ui- 
thorized.  We  prosecute  any  work  of  the 
hands  or  of  the  b'^ad.  VVe  prosecute  a 
purpose,  an  enterprise,  a  work,  studies,  in- 
(piiries,  &c. 

2.  To  seek  to  obtain  by  legal  process;  as, to 
prosecute  a  right  in  a  court  of  law. 

■i.  To  accuse  of  some  crime  or  breach  of] 
law,  or  to  pursue  for  redress  or  punish- 
ment, before  a  legal  tribunal  ;  as,  to  prose- 
cute a  man  for  trespass  or  for  a  riot.  It  is 
applied  to  civil  suits  for  damages,  as  well 
as  to  criminal  suit.s,  but  not  to  suits  for 
debt.  VVe  never  say,  a  man /(rosecute  an- 
other on  a  bond  or  note,  or  in  assumpsit; 
but  he  prosecutes  his  right  or  claim  in  anl 
action  of  debt,  detinue,  trover  or  assump-l 
sit.  So  we  say,  a  man  pro.iecides  another 
for  assault  and  battery,  for  a  libel  or  for 
slander,  or  for  breaking  his  close.  In 
these  cases,  prosecute  .signifies  to  bet^in  and 
to  continue  a  suit.  The  attorney  general 
prosecutes  offenders  in  the  name  of  the 
king  or  of  the  state,  by  inforniation  or  in- 
dictment. ^ 

Prosecute  differs  from  persecute,  as  in  law  it 
is  applied  to  legal  proceedings  only, 
whereas /)ei-«cctt<e  implies  cruelty,  injustice 
or  oppression. 

PROS'ECUTED,  pp.  Pursued,  or  begun 
and  carried  on  for  execution  or  accom- 
plishment, as  a  scheme  ;  pursued  for  re- 
dress or  punishment  in  a  court  of  law,  as  a 
|)erson ;  demanded  in  law,  as  a  right  or 
claim. 

PROS'ECUTING,  ppr.  Pursuing,  or  begin- 
ning and  carrying  on  for  accomplishment ; 
pursuing  for  redress  or  punishment;  suing 
for,  as  a  right  or  claim. 

PROSECU'tlON,  n.  The  act  or  process  of 
endeavoring  to  gain  or  accomplish  some 
thing  ;  pursuit  by  efforts  of  body  or  mind 
as   the  prosecution  of  a  scheme,  plan,  de 
sign    or   undertaking;    the  /)ro.SfCii(io;i  of 
war  or  of  commerce  ;  the  prosecution  of  a 
work,  study,  argument  or  inquiry. 

2.  The  institution  and  carrying  on  of  a  suit 
in  a  court  of  law  or  ecpiity,  to  obtain  some 
right,  or  to  redress  and  [uinisli  some 
wrong.  The  prosecution  of  a  claim  in 
chancery  is  very  expensive.  Malicious 
prosecutions  subject  the  offender  to  punish 
meiit. 

3.  The  institution  or  commencement  and 
continuance  of  a  criminal  suit  ;  the  pro 
cess  of  exhibiting  formal  charges  against 
an  offender  before  a  legal  tribunal,  and 
pursuing  tlieiii  to  final  judgment  ;  as  pros- 
ecutions  of  the  crown  or  of  the  state  by 
the  attornev  or  solicitor  general.     Prose- 


cutions may  be  by  presentment,  informa-' 
ti'in  or  indictment.  lilackstone. 

PROS' ECL'TOR,  n.  One  who  pursnes  or 
carries  on  any  purpose,  plan  or  business. 

2.  Tlie  person  who  institutes  and  carries  on 
a  criminal  suit  ill  a  legal  tribunal,  or  one 
who  exhibits  criminal  charges  against  an 
offender.  The  attorney  general  is  the 
prosecutor  for  the  king  or  slate. 

Blackstone. 

PROSELYTE,  n.  [Fr.  proselyte  ;  ll.  proso- 
lita  ;  (jJr.  ifpoor^y.vTOi ;  npoj  and  f p;to/»ai,  to 
come  ;  t;>.v6ov,  rj'KOof.] 

A  new  convitrt  to  some  religion  or  religious 
sect,  or  to  some  particular  opinion,  system 
or  party.  Thus  a  Gentile  converted  to.Iu- 
daism  is  a  proselyte  ;  a  pagan  converted  to 
Christianity  is  a  proselyte ;  and  we  speak 
familiarly  of  proselytes  to  the  theories  of 
Brcjwn,  of  I5lack,  or  of  Lavoisier.  The 
word  primarily  refers  to  converts  to  sonic 
religious  creed. 

PROSELYTE,  V.  t.  To  make  a  convert  to 
some  religion,  or  to  some  opinion  or  sys- 
tem. Macknight. 

PROS'ELYTISM,  n.  The  making  of  con- 
verts to  a  religion  or  religious  sect,  or  to 
any  opinion,  .system  or  party. 

They  \vert;   possessed  with  a  spirit  of  prosC' 
lytisni  ill  the  most  fanatical  degree.         Burke. 

2.  Conversion  to  a  system  or  creed. 

PROS' ELYTiZE,  to  make  converts,  or  to 
convert,  is  not  well  authorized,  or  not  in 
coimrion  use,  and  is  wholly  unnecessary. 

PROSEMINA'TION,  n.  \\.. proseminatus ; 
pro  and  semino,  to  sow.] 

Propagation  by  seed.     [JVot  used.]  Hale. 

PROSENNEAllE'DRAL.a.  [Gr.  !(fio;,(vvfa 
and  fSpa.] 

In  crystalography,  having  nine  faces  on  two 
adjacent  parts  of  the  crj'stal.- 

PRO  SER,  n.  s  as  :.  [from  prose.]  A  writer 
of  prose.  Drayton. 

2.  In  cant  language,  one  who  makes  a  te- 
dious narration  of  uninteresting  matters. 

PROSO  DIAL,     )       [from  prosody.]    Pcr- 

PROSODT€AL,  ^"^  taining  to  prosody  or 
the  quantity  and  accents  of  syllables;  ac- 
cording to  the  rules  of  prosody. 

Jiarton.     Ed.  Dispens. 

PROSO'DIAN,  J!,  [from  prosody.]  One 
skilled  in  prosody  or  in  the  rules  of  pro- 
nunciation and  metrical  composition. 

PROS ODIST,  n.  [{'mm  prosody.]  One  who 
undersl.inds  prosody.  ftalker. 

PROSODY,  n.  [Vr.  prosodie  ;  h.  prosodia  ; 
Gr.  7t|jo5wSta;  rtpoj  and  w5»;,  an  ode.] 

That  part  of  grammar  which  treats  of  the 
quantity  of  syllables,  of  accent,  and  of  the 
laws  of  versification.  It  incluiles  also  the 
art  of  adjusting  the  accent  and  metrical 
arrangement  of  syllables  in  compositions 
for  the  lyre. 

PROSOPOLEP'SY,  n.  [Gr.  rtpojurtox^+io.] 
Respect  of  persons ;  more  particularly,  a 
premature  opinion  or  prejudice  against  a 
|)erson,  formed  by  a  view  of  his  external 
appearance.  Moore.    Mdison. 

PROSOPOPE  lA,   \         [Gr.  «posu«o,toua  ; 

PROS'OPOPY,  \  "•  ,-tpo7w«o^,  person, 
and  rtoitu,  to  make.] 

A  figure  in  rhetoric  by  which  things  are  rep- 
resented as  persons,  or  by  which  things  in- 
animate are  spoken  of  as  animated  beings, 
or  by  which  an  absent  person  is  introdu- 
ced as  speaking,  or  a  deceased  person  is 


PRO 


PRO 


PRO 


vepresented  ais  alive  and  present.     It  iii-||2.  To  grow  or  increase  ;  to  thrive  ;  to  make 


cliides  personification,  but  is  more  exten- 
sive ill  its  signification.  Encyc. 

PROS'PEeT.  n.  [L.  prospecitis,  prospicio,  to 
look  forward ;  pro  and  specio,  to  see.] 

1.  View  of  things  within  the  reach  of  the 
eye. 

Eden  and  all  the  coast  in  prospect  lay. 

MUton. 

3.  View  of  things  to  come  ;  intellectual 
sight;  expectation.  The  good  man  en- 
joys the  prospect  of  future  felicity. 

3.  That  which  is  presented  to  the  eye  ;  the 
place  and  the  objects  seen.  There  is  a 
noble  prospect  from  the  dome  of  the  state 
house  in  Boston,  a  prospect  diversified  with 
land  and  water,  and  every  thing  that  can 
please  the  eye. 

4.  Object  of  view. 

Man  to  himself 
Is  a  large  prospect.  Denham. 

5.  View  delineated  or  painted  ;  picturesque 
representation  of  a  landscape 

Reynolds. 

6.  Place  which  affords  an  extended  view. 

Milton. 

7.  Position  of  the  front  of  a  building  ;  as  a 
prospect  towards  the  south  or  north.  Ezek. 
x). 

8.  Expectation,  or  ground  of  expectation. 
There  is  a  prospect  of  a  good  harvest.  A 
man  has  a  prospect  of  preferment ;  or  he 
has  little  prospect  of  success. 

fVashington. 

9.  A  looking  forward  ;  a  regard  to  some- 
thing future. 

Is  he  a  prudent  man  as  to  his  temporal  estate, 
who  lays  designs  only  for  a  day,  without  any 
prospect  to  or  provision  for  the  remaining  part 
of  life?     [Little  useil]  Tillotson. 

PROSPEC'TK)N,  n.  The  act  of  looking 
forward,  or  of  providing  for  future  wants. 

Paley 

PROSPEeT'IVE,   a.   Looking   forward  in 

time;  regarding   the   future;   opposed  to 

retrospective. 

The  supporting  of  Bible  societies  is  one  of  the 
points  on  which  the  promises,  at  the  time  of  or- 
dination, had  no  prospective  bearing. 

W.  Jay 

2.  Acting  with  foresight. 

The  French  king  and  king  of  Sweden,  are 
circumspect,  industrious  and  prospective  in  this 
affair.  Child. 

3.  Pertaining  to  a  prospect;  viewing  at  a 
distance.  Milton. 

4.  Furnishing  an  extensive  prospect. 

Dioight. 
PROSPE€T'IVELY,   adv.  With  reference 

to  the  future. 
PROSPE€T'US,  n.  [L.]  The  plan  of  a  lite- 
rary work,  containing  the  general  subject 
or  design,  with  the  manner  and  terms  of 
publication,  and  sometimes  a  specimen 
of  it. 

PROS'PER,  v.t.  [L.  prospero,  from  pro.ipe- 
rus,  from  the  Gr.  rfpoo^fpu,  to  carry  to  or 
toward  ;  jtpoj  and  iftpu,  to  bear.] 
To  favor  ;  to  render  successful. 

All  things  concur  to  prosper  our  design. 

IJryden 
PROS'PER,  V.  i.  To  be  successful ;  to  suc- 
ceed. 

The  Lord  made  all  that  he  did  to  prosper  in 
his  hand.    Gen.  xx.xix. 

He  that  covereth  his  sins,  ahdll  not  prosper. 
Prov.  xxviii. 


gam;  as,  to  yicospcc  in  business.  Our  agri 
culture,  connnerce  and  manufactures  now 
prosper. 

PROS' PERED,/)p.  Having  success ;  favor- 
ed. 

PROS'PERING,  ppr.  Rendering  success- 
ful ;  advancing  in  growth,  wealth  or  any 
good 

PROSPER'ITY,   n.     [L.  prosperitas.]    Ad- 
vance or  gain  in  any  thing  good  or  desira 
ble ;  successful  progress  in    any  business 
or  enterprise  ;  success  ;  attainment  of  th 
object  desired  ;  as   the  prosperity  of  arts  ; 
agricultural  or  coinuiercial  prosperity  ;  na 
tional  prosperity.    Our  disposition  to  abuse 
the  blessings  of  providence  renders  pros- 
perity dangerous. 

The  prosperity  of  fools  shall  destroy  them. 
Prov.  i. 

PROS'PEROUS,  a.  [L.  prospenis.]  Ad- 
vancing in  the  pursuit  of  any  thuig  desir- 
able;  making  gain  or  increase;  thriving; 
successful ;  as  a  prosperous  trade  ;  a  pros- 
perous voyage;  a  prosperous  expedition  or 
undertaking;  a  prosperous  man,  family  or 
nation  ;  a  prosperous  war. 

The  seed  shall  be  prosperous ;  the  vine  shall 
give  her  fruit.  Zech.  viii. 
Favorable ;  favoring  success ;  as   a  pros 


perous  wind.  Denham. 

PROSPEROUSLY,   adv.  With  gain  or  in 
crease ;  successfully.  Bacon. 

PROS'PEROUSNESS,  n.   The  state  of  be 
ing  successful;  prosperity. 

PROSPP'CIENCE,  n.  [I.,  prospiciens.]  The 
act  of  looking  forward.  Did. 

PROS'TATE,  a.  [from  Gr.  ttfoi^rnu,,  to  set 
before.] 

In  anatomy,  the  prostate  gland  is  a  gland  sit- 
uated just  before  the  neck  of  tlie  bladder 
in  males,  and  surrounding  the  beginning  of 
the  urethra.  It  is  situated  on  the  under 
and  posterior  part  of  the  neck  of  the  blad- 
der, so  as  to  surround  the  lower  side  of 
the  urethra.  Encyc.     If'istar. 

PROSTERNA'TION,  ji.  [L.  prostemo,  to 
prostrate  ;  pro  and  sterno.] 

A  state  of  being  cast  down :  dejection  ;  de- 
pression.    [Little  %ised.]  K'iseman 

PROS'THESIS,  I       [Gr.]  In   surgery,  the 

PROTH'ESIS,     \       additi(ui  of  an   artifi- 
cial part  to  supply  a   defect  of  the  body 
as  a  wooden  leg,  &c.  Quincy.     Coxe. 

PROSTHETIC,  a.  [Gr.  j<poa8fT05.]  Prefix- 
ed, as  a  letter  to  a  word. 

PROS'TITUTE,  I'.  (.  [L.  prostituo ;  pro  and 
statuo,  to  set.] 

1.  To  offer  freely  to  a  lewd  use,  or  to  indis- 
criminate lewdness. 

Do  not  prostitute  thy  daughter.  Lev.  xix. 
To  give  up  to  any  vile  or  infamous  pur 
pose  ;  to  devote  to  any  thing  base  ;  to  sel 
to  wickedness ;  as,  to  proslitutc  talents  to 
the  propagation  of  infidel  principles ;  to 
prostitute  tlie  press  to  the  publication  of 
bhispheuiy. 

•3.  To  offer  or  expose  upon  vile  terms  or  to 
unworthy  persons.  Tillotson 

PROS'TITUTE,     a.     Openly    devoteil    to 
lewdness ;  sold  to  wickedness  or  to  inft 
mous  purposes. 

Made  bold  by  want  and  prostitute  lor  brcail. 


PROS'TITUTE,  n.  A  female  given  to  in- 
discriminate lewdness;  a  strum|>et. 

Dry  den. 
2.  A  base  hireling ;  a  mercenary  ;  one  who 
offers  himself  to  infamous   employments 
for  hire. 

No  hireUng  she,  no  prostitute  to  praise. 

Pope. 
PROSTITUTED,  pp.  Offered  to  common 

lewdness  ;  devoted  to  base  purpose.s. 
PROS'TITUTLN'G,  ppr.  Offering  to  indis- 
criminate lewdness;  devoting  to  infamous 

PROSTITUTION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  pros- 
lituo.^^ 

1.  The  act  or  practice  of  offering  the  body 
to  an  indiscriminate  intercourse  with  men  ; 
common  lewdness  of  a  female. 

Spectator. 

2.  The  act  of  setting  one's  self  to  sale,  or  of- 
fering one's  self  to  infamous  employments; 
as  the  prostitution  of  talents  or  abilities. 

PROS'TITUTOR,  n.  One  who  prostitutes; 
one  who  submits  himself  or  offers  anoth- 
er to  vile  purposes. 

PROS'TRATE,  a.  [L.  prostratus,  from 
prostemo,  to  lay  flat ;  pro  and  sterno.] 

1.  Lying  at  length,  or  with  the  body  extend- 
ed on  the  ground  or  other  surface. 

Groveling  and  prostrate  on  yon  lake  of  fire. 

Milton. 

2.  Lying  at  mercy,  as  a  supplicant. 
Shak.    Chapman. 

3.  Lying  in  the  posture  of  humility  or  ado- 
ration. Milton.     Pope. 

PROS'TRATE,  v.  t.  To  lay  flat ;  to  throw 
down  ;  as,  to  prostrate  the  body  ;  to  pros- 
trate trees  or  plants. 

2.  To  throw  down ;  to  overthrow ;  to  de- 
molish ;  to  ruin  ;  as,  to  prostrate  a  village  ; 
to  prostrate  a  government ;  to  prostrate  law 
or  justice;  to  prostrate  the  honor  of  a  na- 
tion. 

3.  To  prostrate  one's  self,  to  throw  one's  self 
down  or  to  fall  in  humility  or  adoration. 

Duppa. 

4.  To  bow  in  humble  reverence. 
.5.  To  sink   totally ;  to  reduce ;  as,  to  pros- 
trate strength. 

PROSTRATED,  pp.  Laid  at  length ;  laid 
flat;  thrown  down;  destroyed. 

PROSTRATING,  ppr.  Laying  flat ;  throw- 
ing down  :  destroying. 

PROSTRATION,  n.  The  act  of  throwing 
down  or  laying  flat;  ns  xhe  prostration  oC 
the  body,  of  trees  or  of  corn. 

2.  The  act  of  falling  down,  or  the  act  of 
bowing  in  humility  or  adoraiion  ;  prima- 
rily, the  act  of  falling  on  the  face,  but  it  is 
now  u.sed  for  kneeling  or  bowing  in  rev- 
erence and  worship. 

3.  Great  depression ;  dejection  ;  as  a  pros- 
triition  of  spirits. 

4.  Great  loss  of  natural  strength  and  vigor; 
that  state  of  the  body  in  disease  in  which 
the  .system  is  passive  ami  requires  power- 
ful stimulants  to  excite  it  into  action. 

Coxe. 
PROSTYLE,  n.    [Gr.  itpoyv^o; ;  rtpo  and  ;v- 

'Koi,  a  cohnun.] 

In   architecture,    a  range  of  columns  in  the 

front  of  a  temple.  Encyc. 

PROSYL'LOGISM,  n.  [pro  and  syllogism.'] 

A  prosyllogism  is  w  hi'ii  twn  or  more  syl- 

I'rior.      logisins  are  so  connected  that  the  conclu- 


P  11  o 


P  11  o 


p  11  o 


sion  of  the  former  is  the  major  or  iniuor 
of  the  fi>lli)wiiig.  Watts. 

PRO'TASIri,  n.  [Gr.  rtporo^rij,  from  TtfioTtivu. 
to  [ireseiit.] 

1.  A  proposition ;  a  maxim.  Johnson. 

2.  Ill  the  ancient  drama,  the  first  part  of  a 
comic  or  tragic  piece,  in  which  tiie  seve- 
ral persons  are  shown,  their  ciiaracters  in- 
timated, and  the  suhject  proposed  and  en- 
tered on.  Tiie  jirotasis  might  extend  to 
two  acts,  where  it  ended,  and  the  epitasis 
commenced.  Encyc. 

PUOTAT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  rtporanxo;.]  Being 
placed  in  the  beginning  ;  previous. 

Dry  den 

PRO'TEAN, a.  Pertaining  to  Proteus;  read- 
ily assuming  ditfereut  shapes.     [See  Pro 
tens.] 

PRO  rE€T',  V.  I.  [L.  proteclus,  protcgo  ;  pro 
and  tego,  to  cover  ;  Gr.  ffyu,  with  a  pre 
fix  ;  Eng.  deck.     See  Deck.] 

To  cover  or  shield  from  danger  or  injury  ;  to 
defend  ;  to  guard  ;  to  preserve  in  safety  ;  a 
word  of  general  import  both  in  a  literal  and 
Jiguralive  sense.  Walls  protect  a  city  or 
garrison;  clothing  is  designed  lo  protect 
the  body  from  lold  ;  arms  may  protect  one 
from  an  assault;  our  houses  protect  us 
from  the  inclemencies  of  the  we'utlier;  the 
law  protects  our  persons  and  property  ;  the 
{alht^r  protects  Ills  cliildren,  and  the  guard- 
ian his  ward  ;  a  shade  protects  us  from  ex- 
treme heat;  a  navy  protects  our  commerce 
and  our  shores  ;  embassadors  are /;ro(cc<erf 
from  arrest. 

PROTECT  ED,  pp.  Covered  or  defended 
from  injury  ;  preserved  in  safety. 

PROTECT'ING, /)/»•.  Shielding  from  inju 
ry  ;  defending  ;  preserving  in  safety. 

PROTECTION,  n.  The  act  of  protecting 
defense;  shelter  from  evil;  preservation 
from  loss,  injury  or  aiiiioyaiice.  We  find 
protection  under  good  laws  and  an  upright 
administration.  How  little  are  men  dis- 
posed to  acknowledge  divine  protection  ! 

2.  That  which  protects  or  preserves  from 
injury. 

Lei  them  rise  up  and  help  you,  and  be  you 
protection.    Deut.  xxxii. 

3.  A  writing  that  protects;  a  passport  or 
other  writing  wiiicli  secures  from  molesta- 
tion. 

4.  Exemption.  Embassadors  at  foreign 
courts  are  entitled  to  protection  from  ar 
rest.  Members  of  parliament,  represent- 
atives and  senators,  are  entitled  to  protec- 
tion from  arrest  during  their  attendance 
on  the  legislature,  as  are  suitors  and  wit- 
nesses attending  a  court. 

IVrit  of  protection,  a  writ  by  which  the  king 
of  Great  Britain  exempts  a  person  from 
arrest.  Blackstone. 

PROTECTIVE,  a.  Affording  protection  ; 
slieltering:  defensive.  Thomson. 

PROTECT'OR,n.  [Fr.  protecteur.]  One  that 
defends  or  shields  from  injury,  evil  or  op- 
pression;  a  defender;  a  guardian.  The 
king  or  sovereign  i.s,  or  ought  to  be,  the 
protector  of  the  nation  ;  the  husband  is  the 
protector  of  his  wife,  and  the  father  of  his 
children. 

3.  Ill  England,  one  who  formerly  had  the 
care  of  the  kingdom  during  the  king's  mi- 
nority; a  regent.  Cromwell  assumed  the 
title  of  lord  Protector. 


3.  In   catholic  countries,  every  nation  and 
every  religious   order  has  a  protector  re 
siding  at  Rome.     He  is  a   cardinal,  and 
called  cardinal  protector. 

PROTECTORATE,  n.  Government  by  a 
protector.  fVcdpole 

PROTECTORSHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a 
protector  or  regent.  Burnet. 

PRO TECT'RESS,  n.  A  woman  or  female 
that  protects.  Bacon.     Addison 

PROTEND',  V.  t.  [L.  protendo ;  pro  and 
lendo,  to  stretch.] 

To  hold  out ;  to  stretch  forth. 

With  his  protended  lauce  he  makes  defense. 

J}ryden 

PROTEND'ED,  pp.  Reached  or  stretched 
forth.  Mitford. 

PROTEND'ING,  ;);?r.  Stretching  forth. 

PliOTENSE,  »i. /Jro/cKs'.  Extension.  [.Vot 
used.]  Spenser. 

PROTERV'ITY,  n.  [L.  protervitas,  Iron 
protervus  ;  pro  and  torvus,  crabbed.]  Peev- 
ishness; petulance.     [Little  used.] 

PROTEST',   V.   i.    [L.  protestor ;    pro   and 
tester,   to  alfirm  ;  It.  proleslare ;  Fr.  pro 
tester;  ii\t.  protestar.] 

1.  To  afiiriii  with  solemnity ;  to  make  a  sol- 
eiiiii  ileclaration  of  a  fact  or  opinion  ;  as, 
I  protest  to  you,  I  have  no  knowledge  of 
the  Iraiisuction. 

i.  To  make  a  solemn  declaration  expressive 
of  opposition  ;  with  against;  as,  he  pro- 
tests against  your  votes.  Uenham. 
The  conscience  has  power  to  protest  a^ninM 
the  exorhilaiioies  of  the  passions.  South 
3.  To  make  a  formal  declaration  in  writing 
against  a  public  law  or  measure.    It  is  tl 
privilege  of  any  lord  in  parliament  lu  pro- 
test against  a  law  or  resolution. 
PRO  TEST',  V.  t.    To  call  as  a  witness  in 
affirining  or  denying,  or  to  prove  an  af 
firmation. 

Fiercely  they  oppos'd 
My  journey  strange,  with  clamorous  uproar 
Protesting  fate  supreme.  Milton 

2.  To  prove  ;  to  show  ;  to  give  evidence  of. 
[JVot  in  use.]  Shak 

3.  In  commerce,  to  protest  a  bill  of  exchnw^e, 
is  for  a  notary  public,  at  the  request  of 
the  payee,  to  make  a  formal  dei-laration 
under  hand  and  seal,  against  the  drawer 
of  the  bill,  on  account  of  non-acceptance 
or  non-paynieiit,  for  exchange,  cost,  com 
mission.s,  damages  and  interest;  of  which 
act  the  iiidorser  must  be  notified  within 
such  time  as  the  law  or  custom  prescribes 
III  like  manner,  notes  of  hand  given  to  a 
banking  corporation  arc  protested  for  non- 
payment. 

PROTEST,  n.  A  solemn  declaration  of 
opinion,  commonly  against  some  act  ;  ap- 
propriately, a  formal  and  solemn  declara- 
tion in  writing  of  dissent  from  the  pro- 
ceedings of  a  legislative  body  ;  as  the  pro- 
test of  lords  ill  parliament,  or  a  like  decla- 
ration of  dissent  of  any  minority  against 
the  proceedings  of  a  majority  of  a  body  of 
men. 

2.  In  commerce,  a  formal  declaration  made 
by  a  notary  public,  under  hand  and  seal, 
at  the  request  of  the  payee  or  holder  of  a 
bill  of  exchange,  for  non-acceptance  or 
non-payment  of  the  same,  prote.stiiig 
against  the  drawer  and  others  concerned, 
for  the  exchange,  charges,  damages  and 
interest.    This  protest  is  written  on  a  copy 


of  the  bill,  and  notice  given  to  the  indorser 
of  the  same,  by  which  he  becomes  liable 
to  pay  the  amount  of  the  bill,  with  char- 
ges, damages  and  interest ;  also,  a  like  dec- 
laration against  the  drawer  of  a  note  of 
hand  for  non-payment  to  a  banking  cor- 
lioratioii,  and  of  the  master  of  a  vessel 
against  seizure,  &.c.  A  protest  is  also  a 
writing  attested  by  a  justice  of  the  peace 
or  consul,  drawn  by  the  master  of  a  ves- 
sel, stating  the  severity  of  the  voyage  by 
which  the  ship  has  suH'ered,  and  showing 
that  the  damage  suffered  was  not  owing 
to  the  neglect  or  misconduct  of  the  mas- 
ter. 

PROTESTANT,  a.  Pertaining  to  those 
who,  at  the  reformation  of  religion,  pro- 
tested against  a  decree  of  Charles  V.  and 
the  diet  of  Spires  ;  pertaining  to  the  ad- 
herents of  Luther,  or  others  of  the  reform- 
ed churches;  as  l\\c  protestanl  religion. 

Addison.     Milncr. 

PROT'ESTANT,  n.  One  of  the  party  who 
adhered  to  Luther  at  the  reformation  in 
1523,  and  protested,  or  made  a  solemn  dec- 
laration of  dissent  from  a  decree  of  the  em- 
peror Charles  V.  and  the  diet  of  ,'SpJres, 
and  appealed  to  a  g(uieral  council.  This 
name  was  afterwards  extended  to  the  fol- 
lowers of  Calvin,  and  Protestants  is  the 
denomination  now  given  to  all  who  be- 
long to  the  reformed  c-liurches.  The  king 
of  Prussia  has,  however,  interdicted  the 
use  of  this  name  in  his  dominions. 

PROTESTANTISM,  n.  The  protestant 
reli^'ioii.  South. 

PROT'ESTANTLY,  adv.  In  conformity  to 
the  protestants.  [A  very  had  word  and 
not  used.]  Milton. 

PROTESTA'TION,  n.  [Fr. ;  from  protest.] 

1.  A  solemn  declaration  of  a  fact,  opinion  or 
resolution.  Hooker. 

2.  .\  solemn  declaration  of  dissent ;  a  pro- 
test ;  as  the  protestation  of  certain  noble- 
men against  an  order  of  council. 

Clarendon. 

3.  In  law,  a  declaration  in  pleading,  by  which 
the  party  interposes  an  oblique  allegation 
or  denial  of  siune  fact,  prolesling  that  it 
does  or  does  not  e.iist.  Tli<^  lor,i  may  al- 
ledge  the  villenage  of  the  plaintif  by  way 
ttf  protestation,  and  thus  deny  the  demand. 

Blackstone. 

PROTEST  ED,  pp.  Solemnly  declared  or 
alledged:  declared  against  for  non-ac- 
ceptance or  noii-pavmeiit. 

PROTESTER,  (I.  One  who  protests;  one 
who  utters  a  soleuiii  declaration. 

2.  One  who  protests  a  bill  of  exchange. 

PROTEST'ING,  ppr.  Solemnly  declaring 
or  aftirming;  declaring  against  for  non- 
acceptaijce  or  non-payment. 

PROTEUS,  n.  [L.  from  Gr.  npwrtvs.]  In 
mythology,  a  marine  deity,  the  son  of 
Oceamis  and  Tethys,  whose  distinguish- 
ing characteristic  was  the  faculty  of  as- 
suming ililfeieiit  shapes.  Hence  we  de- 
nomiiiaie  one  who  easily  changes  bis  form 
or  principles,  a  Proteus. 

PROTHON  OTARISHIP,  .i.  The  office  of 
a  proihoiiotary.  [An  awkward,  harsh  word 
and  little  used.]  Carew. 

PROTHON  OTARY,  ii.  [Low  L.  protono- 
tarius;  Gr.  rtpuro;,  first,  and  L.  notarius.a 
scribe.] 


o 


PRO 


PRO 


1.  Originally,  the  chief  notary ;  and  ancient- 
ly, tlie  title  of  the  principal  notaries  of  the 
emperors  of  Constantinople.     Hence, 

2.  In  England,  an  officer  in  the  court  of 
king's  bench  and  common  pleas.  The 
prothonotary  of  the  king's  bench  recoi-ils 
all  civil  actions.  In  the  common  pleas, 
the  prothonotaries,  of  which  there  ar 
three,  enter  and  enroll  all  declarations, 
pleadings,  judgments,  &-C.,  make  out  judi- 
cial writs  and  exemplifications  of  records, 
enter  recognizances,  &c.  Encyc. 

3.  In  the  United  States,  a  register  or  clerk  of 
a  court.  The  word  however  is  not  ap 
plied  to  any  officer,  except  in  particular 
states. 

Apostolical  prothonotaries,  in  tlie  court  of 
Rome,  are  twelve  persons  constituting  a 
college,  who  receive  iho  last  wills  of  car- 
dinals, make  informations  and  proceed- 
ings necessary  for  the  canonization  of 
saints,  &c.  Encyc. 

PRO'TOCOL,  n.  [Low  L.  prolocollum  :  Gr. 
Ttfiutos,  first,  and  xur.\a,  glue  ;  so  called  per- 
haps from  the  gluing  together  of  pieces 
of  paper,  or  from  the  spreading  of  Jt  on 
tablets.  It  was  formerly  the  upper  part  of; 
a  leaf  of  a  book  on  which  the  title  or  name 
was  written.] 

1.  The  original  copy  of  any  writing.  [Ao( 
now  used.]  Ayliffe. 

2.  A  record  or  registry. 
PRO'TU€OLIST,  ji."ln  Russia,  a  register 

or  clerk.  Tooke. 

PRO'TOI\r  ARTYR,  n.  [Gr.  rt^uroj,  first, 
and  ^oprup,  martyr.] 

1.  The  first  marl>  r ;  a  term  applied  to  Ste- 
phen, Ihe first  christian  martyr. 

2.  The  first  who  sufiers  or  is  sacrificed  in 
anv  cause.  Dryden. 

PRO'TOPLAST,  n.  [Gr.  rtpuro;,  first,  and 

jt^ofo;,  formed.] 
The   original ;  the  thing  first  formed,  as  a 
copy  to  be  imitated.   Thus  Adam  has  been 
called  our  protoplast-         Bri/ant.     Harvey. 
PROTOPLAST]  e,  a.  First  formed. 

Howell. 
PRO'TOPOPE,  n.    [Gr.   jtpuro;,  first,  and 

pope.] 

Chief  pope  or  imperial  confessor,  an  officer 

of  the  holy  directing  synod,  the  supreme 

spiritual  court  of  the   Greek   church   in 

Russia.  Tooke,  Russ. 

PROTOSUL'PILVTE,  n.  In  chiinistry,  the 

combination  of  sulphuric  acid  with  a  prot- 

oxyd. 

PRO'TOTYPE,  ?i.  [Fr.  from  Gr.  rtpurorv- 

rto;;  rtpuTo;,  first,    and   furtoj,   type,   form, 

model.] 

An  original  or  model  after  which  any  thing 

is  formed ;  the  pattern  of  any  thing  to  be 

engraved,  cast,  &c. ;  exemplar;  archetype, 

Jf'otton.     Encyc. 

PROTOX'YD,    n.    [Gr.   rtpuroj,   first,   and 

o|v!,  acid.] 

A  substance   combined   with  oxygen  in  the 

first  degree,   or   an   oxyd   formed  by  the 

first  degree  of  oxydizcment.         Thomson 

PROTOX'YDIZE,  ti.  «.  To  oxydize  in  the 

first  degree. 
PROTRACT',  V.  t.  [L.  protractus,  from  pro 

traho ;  pro  and  trnho,  to  draw.] 
1 .  To  draw  out  or  lengthen  in  tirnc ;  to  con 
tinuc ;  to  prolong ;  as,  to  protract  an  ar 
gument ;  U>  protract  a  discussion;  to  pro 
tract  a  war  or  a  negotiation. 


2.  To  delay;  to  defer  ;  to  put  oflf  to  a  distant 
time ;  as,  to  protract  the  decision  of  a 
question  ;  to  protract  the  final  issue. 

PROTRACT',     n.     Tedious     continuance. 
jVot  used,]  Spenser. 

PROTRA€T'ED,  pp.  Drawn  out  in  time ; 
delayed. 

PROTRACT'ER,  n.  One  who  protracts  or 
lengthens  in  time. 

PROTRA€T'ING,  ppr.  Drawing  out  or 
continuing  in  time;  delaying. 

PR0TRAC'T10x\,  n.  The  act  of  drawing 
out  or  continuing  in  time;  the  act  of  ile- 
laying  the  termination  of  a  thing  ;  as  the 
protraction  of  a  debate. 

PROTRACTIVE,  a.  Drawing  out  or 
lengthening  in  time;  prolonging;  contin- 
uing; delaying. 

fiesurt'ercd  their /)rn(rac<iiie  arts.       Dryden. 

PROTRACTOR,  n.  An  instrument  for  lay- 
ing down  and  measuring  angles  on  paper 
with  accuracy  and  dispatch,  and  by  which 
the  use  of  the  lineof  chords  is  superseded. 
It  is  of  various  forms,  semicircular,  rec- 
tangular or  circular.  Encyc. 

PROTREP'TICAL,  a.  [Gr.  rtporpfrtnios, 
from  rtporpfrtw,  rtporpfrto/iat,  to  e.xhort;  ?tjjo 
and  rpfrtu,  to  turn.] 

Hortatory  ;  suasory  ;  intended  or  adapted  to 
ptM-suade.     [Lillle  used.]  Hard. 

PROTRU'DE,  i'.  t.  [h.  protrudo  ;  pro  and 
trudo,  to  thrust.     See  Thrust.] 

1.  To  thrust  fiirward  ;  to  drive  or  force 
along  ;  as  food  protruded  from  the  stom- 
ach into  the  intestine.  Locke. 

2.  To  thrust  out,  as  from  confinement.  The 
contents  of  the  abdomen  are  protruded  in 
hernia. 

PROTRU'DE,  r.  i.  To  shoot  forward  ;  to 
be  thrust  forward. 

The  pdiTls  protrude  beyon<l  tlie  skin. 

Bacon. 

PROTRU'DED,  pp.  Thrust  forward  or 
out. 

PROTRU'DING,  ppr.  Thrusting  forward 
or  out. 

PROTRU'.SION,  n.  s  as  :.  The  act  of 
thrusting  forward  or  beyond  the  usual 
limit ;  a  thrusting  or  driving  ;  a  jiush. 

Locke. 

PROTRU'SIVE,  a.  Thrusting  or  impellitig 
forward  ;  as  protrusive  motion.       Darwin. 

PROTU'BERANCE,  n.  [L.  proluberans, 
protubero;  pro  and  tuber,  a  puff,  bunch  or 
knob.] 

A  swelling  or  tumor  on  the  body  ;  a  prom- 
inence ;  a  bunch  or  knob;  any  thing 
swelled  or  pushed  beyond  the  surround- 
ing or  adjacent  surface  ;  on  the  surface  of 
the  earth,  a  hill,  knoll  or  other  elevation. 
Hale.     More. 

Protuberance  differs  from  projection,    being 
applied  to  parts  that  rise  fiom  the  surface 
with   a   gradual    ascent  or  small    angle 
whereas  a  projection  may  be  at  a  right  an 
gle  with  the  surface. 

PROTUBERANT,    a.    Swelling;    promi 
iienl  beyond  the  surrounding  surface ;    as 
a  protuberant  joint ;  a  protuberant  eye. 

PROTU' BERATE,  v.  i.    [L.  protubero,  si 
pra.] 

To  swell  or  be  prominent  beyond  the  adja- 
cent surface  ;  to  hiilgi^  out. 

ff  tlie    navel  prulubrratcs,   make    a    small 
inmcturc  with  a  laucet  through  the  skin. 

Shnrp. 


PROTUBERA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  swell- 
ing beyond  the  surrounding  surface. 

Cooke. 

PROTU'BEROUS,  a.   Protuberant. 

Smith. 

PROUD,  a.  [Sax.  pn(? ;  D.  preutsch,  proud, 
prudish,  also  prat,  proud,  ami  pratlen,  to 
fret.  We  find  in  the  Italian,  prode  is  val- 
hmt,  brave ;  proda,  the  prow  of  a  ship ; 
prodezza,  prowess;  probably  of  the  same 
family,  with  the  radical  sense  of  swelling, 
stretching  or  erecting.     See  Prude.] 

1.  Having  inordinate  self-esteem  ;  possess- 
ing a  high  or  unreasonable  conceit  of  one's 
own  excellence,  either  of  body  or  mind. 
A  man  may  hn  proud  of  his  person,  of  his 
talents,  of  his  accomplishments  or  of  his 
achievments.  He  may  be  proud  of  any 
thing  to  which  he  bears  some  relation. 
He  may  be  proud  o/"  his  country,  his  gov- 
ernment, his  equipage,  or  of  whatever 
may,  by  association,  gratify  his  esteem  of 
himself.  Ho  may  even  he  proud  q/"his  re- 
ligion or  q/'his  church.  He  conceives  that 
any  thing  excellent  or  valuable,  in  which 
he   has   a  share,   or   to  which  he  stands 

I  related,  contributes  to  his  own  impor- 
!  tance,  and  this  conception  exalts  hisopin- 
{  ion  of  himself.  Proud  is  followed  by  of, 
j     before  the  object,  supra. 

2.  Arrogant;  haughty;  supercilious. 
A  foe  so  proud  will  not  the  weaker  seek. 

JVRlton. 

3.  Daring;  presumptuous. 
By   liis    undersIandiDg   he    suiiteth  through 

the  proud.     Job  xxvi. 

4.  Lofty  of  mien ;  grand  of  person  ;  as  a 
proud  steed.  Milton. 

5.  Grand;  lofty;  splendid;  magnificent. 
Storms  of  stones    from    the  prnud  temple's 

height.  Dryden. 

■6.  Ostentatious ;  gratid  ;  as  proud  titles. 

Shak. 
Splendid  ;  exhibiting  grandeur  and  dis- 
tinction ;  exciting  pride ;  as  a  proud  day 
for  Rome. 

8.  Excited  by  the  animal  appetite;  applied 
particularly  to  the  female  of  the  canine  spe- 
cies. 

',).  Fungous;  as  prourf  flesh.  Sharp. 

PROUDLY,  adv.  With  an  inordinate  sel?- 
esteem ;  in  a  proud   manner;  haughtily; 
ostentatiously;  with  lofty  airs  or  mien. 
Proudly  he  marches  on  and  void  of  fear. 

Pope. 

PROVABLE,  a.  [See  Prove.]  That  may  be 

I     proved. 

PRoV.'VBLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  capable  of 
proof.  Huloet. 

PRO'VANI),  n.  Provender.     [.Yot  in  use.] 

PROVE,  V.  t.  priiv.  [Sax.  prqfian  ;  D.  proe- 
ven  ;  G.  probiren  ;  Dim.  prOver  ;  Sw.  prof - 
r«  ;  W.  provi :  Arm.  /troui,  prouein  ;  L. 
probo  ;  It.  provare  ;  Sp.  probnr,  to  try  ;  Fr. 
eprouver ;  llur^s.  probuyu,  to  \>ro\e;  probe- 
vayu,  to  pierce,  to  penetrate,  to  senil  by 
force.  The  primary  sense  is  to  strain,  to 
urge  by  force,  or  rather  to  thrust  or  drive. 
Thi!  word  brow  may  be  of  the  same  fami- 
ly, from  its  piojection.     See  Probe.] 

1.  To  try  ;  to  ascertain  some  unknown  qual- 
ity or  truth  by  an  experiment,  or  by  a  test 
or  standard.  Thus  we  prove  the  strength 
of  gunpowder  by  experiment  ;  we  prove 
the  strength  or  solidity  of  cannon  by  ex- 
jieriment.      Wo  prove  the   contents   of  a 


vessel 


PRO 

by  x-onipaiing   it  with  a   standard, 
nicHMire. 

2.  T<.  evince,  establish  or  ascertain  as  truth, 
reahty  or  tact,  by  testimony  or  other  evi-j 
deuce.  The  plaiiiiif  in  a  suit,  must  prove 
the  irutl)  of  his  declaration;  the  prosecu- 
tor must  jjrovt  his  charges  against  the  ac- 
cused. 

3.  To  evince  truth  by  argument,  induction 
or  reasoning;  to  deduce  certam  conclu- 
sions from  propositions  that  are  true  or 
adnutted.  1 1' it  is  admitted  that  every  im- 
moral act  is  dishonorable  to  a  rational  be- 
ing, and  that  dueling  is  an  iujinoral  act; 
tlicn  it  is  proved  by  necessary  inti'reuce 
that  dueling  is  dishonorable  to  a  ratioua 
being. 

4.  To  ascertain  the  genuineness  or  validity 
of;  to  verify  ;  as,  to  prove  a  wi" 

5.  To  e.\|)erience  ;  to  try  by  suHering  or  en- 
countering; to  gain  certain  knowledge  by 
the  operation  oi  something  on  ourselves, 
or  by  some  act  of  our  own. 

Let  him  in  aims  the  power  of  Turniis  prove 

Drijtlen 

6.  In  nrilhinetic,  to  show,  evince  or  ascer- 
tain the  corr<:ctness  of  any  operation  or 
result.  Thus  in  subtraction,  if  the  differ- 
ence between  two  numbers,  added  to  the 
lesser  number,  niaUcs  a  sum  ciiiial  to  the 
greater,  the  corrcclness  ol'  llic  subtrac- 
tion is  proved.  In  other  words,  if  the  sum 
of  the  remainder  and  of  the  subtrahend, 
is  eipial  to  the  miiinend,  the  operation  of 
siibtraclioii  is  proved  to  be  correct. 

7.  To  try  ;  to  examine. 

Prove  your  own  selves.     2  Cor.  xiii. 

8.  Men  prove  God,  when  by  their  provoca- 
tions they  put  his  patience  to  trial,  Ps. 
xcv.;  or  when  by  obedience  they  make 
trial  how  much  he  will  countenance  such 
conduct,  Mai.  iii.  j 

PROVE,  V.  i.  To  make  trial ;  to  essay.  1 

The  sons  prepare —  I 

To^roueby  arms  whose  fate  it  was  to  icio;ii. 

Dryden} 

2.  To  be  found  or  to  have  its  qualities  as- 
certained by  <'\perience  or  trial  ;  as,  a 
plant  or  medicine  proves  salutary. 

3.  To  be  ascc-rtained  by  the  event  or  some- 
thing subscipient ;  as  the  report  proves  to 
be  true,  or  proves  to  be  false. 

When  the  intlaniinalion  ends  in  a  gangrene. 
the  case  proves  moi  tal.  Arbuthnot. 

4.  To  be  found  true  or  correct  by  the  re- 
sult. 

5.  To  make  certain;  to  show;  to  evince. 
This  argumeht  proves  how  erroneous  is 
the  common  opinion. 

6.  To  succeed. 

If  the  experiment  proved  not —  Bacon 

[A'ot  in  me.'\ 

PROVED,  pp.  Tried;  evinced;  experi- 
enced. 

from 
ovide 
See  Provide 

A  purveyor;  one  employed  to  procure  sup 
plies  tor  an  army. 

Proveditor,  in  Venice  and  other  parts  of  Ita- 
ly, is  an  officer  who  superintends  matters 
ofpolicv.  Eneye. 

PROVEN'CIAL,  a.  [Fr.  provengal]  Per- 
taining to  Provence,  in  France. 

PROVENDER,  n.  [Fr.  provemie,  proven- 
der ;  Norm,  provender,  a  prebendai'y ;  pro- 


PRO 

vendre,  a  prebend  ;  D.  prove,  a  prebend  ; 
[qu.  (i.  D.  Sw.  proviant,  provisions;]  It. 
provianda,  victuals;  Ir.  proanlitin,  proven- 
der. The  Italian  provianda  is  probably 
composed  of  pro  and  vivanda,  victuals, 
from  vivere,  L.  vivo,  to  live,  and  from  vi- 
vanda the  French  have  viande,  Eng.  fi- 
and.  Whether  the  French  provende  and 
Norm,  provender  arc  from  the  same  .source, 
may  be  doubted.  'I'he  (lermari  proviant 
may  be  formed  from  the  L.  provideo,  Sp. 
pi-oveer,  Port,  prover.  Qu.  L.  provenlus. 
It  is  said  that  provend,  provender,  original- 
ly signified  a  vessel  containing  a  measure 
of  corn  daily  given  to  a  horse  or  other  beast 


PRO 

Abraham  said,  God  will  provide  himsell  a 
Iamb  lor  a  bumt-ofTering.     Gen.  xxii. 

Provide  neither  gold  nor  silver  nor  brass  in 
your  purses.     Matt.  X. 

Provide  things  honest  in  the  sight  of  all  men. 
Rom.  xii. 
To  furnish  ;  to  supply  ;  followed  by  tvilh. 

Konjc,  hy   the   cure  of  the  magistrates,  wa.s 
well  provided  vith  corn.  .IrbiUhnot. 

Provided  of  la  now  obsolete. 

3.  To  stipulate  previously.     The  agreement 
provides  that  the  party  shall  incur  no  loss. 

4.  To  make  a  previous  conditional  stipula- 
tion.    [See  Provided.] 

a.  To  foresee  ;  a  Lalinism.     [JVo/  in  mjc] 

B.  Jonson. 


l?ut  qu.    JVmay  be  casual  in  provender,  asj  q_  Provide,  in  a  transitive  sense,  is  followed 
m  messenger,  and  the  word  may  be  froiii|      by   against   or  for.      We  provide    warm 

clothing  against  the  inclemencies  of  the 


PROVEDITOR,  I       [It.  proveditore, 
PROVEDO'UE,   S       provedere,  io  pic 


provideo. 

1.  Dry  food  for  beasts,  usually  meal,  or  a 
nii.\tiire  of  meal  and  cut  stiavv  or  hay.  In 
a  more  geniual  sense,  it  may  signify  dry 
food  of  any  kind.  Sudfl.     Mortimer. 

'2.  Provisions;  meat;  food.  Core. 

[JVbt  used  of  food  for  man  in  JVew  Eng- 
land.] 

PR6VEIJ,  n.  One  that  proves  or  tries  ;  that 
which  proves. 

PROV'EKB,  n.  [Fr.proverhe  ;  \t.  proverbio ; 
L.  proverbinin;  pro  and  verbum,  a  word.] 

1.  A  short  sentence  oflcii  n^pcati'il,  express- 
ing a  wt^ll  known  truth  or  common  fact, 
ascertained  bv  exiiericnce  or  observation  ;! 
a  maxim  <il  wisdom. 

The  proverb  is  true,  that  light  gains  make 
heavy  purses,  for  light  gains  come  often,  grcai 
gains  now  and  then.  Bacon. 

A  by-word;  a  name  often  lepcatcd ;  and 
hence  lieipiently,  a  reproach  or  object  of 
contempt.     Jer.  xxiv. 

3.  In  Seripture,  it  sometimes  signifies  a  mor- 
al sentenci^  or  iiia.xim  that  is  enigmatical; 
a  dark  saying  of  the  wise  that  requires 
interpretation.     Prov.  i. 

4.  Proverbs,  a  canonical  book  of  the  Old 
Testament,  containing  a  great  variety  of 
wise  maxims,  rich  in  practical  truths  and 
excellent  rules  for  the  conduct  of  all 
classes  of  men. 

PROVERB,  V.  t.  To  mention  in  a  proverb 
[JVut  in  use.]  .Milton 

2.  To  piovide  with  a  proverb.   [.\o(  in  vsc.] 

Sliak. 

PROVF.RB'I.AE,  a.  iMentioncd  in  a  prov 
erb  ;  as  a  proverbial  cure  or  remedy. 

In  case  of  excesses,  I  take  the  German 
proverbial  cure,  by  a  hair  of  the  same^beast,  lo 
be  the  worst  in  the  world.  Temple. 

2.  Comprised  in  a  proverb ;  use<l  or  current 
as  a  proverb  ;  as  a  proverbial  saying  or 
s|ieecli.  Pope. 

3.  Pertaining  to  proverbs  ;  resembling  a 
priiverb  ;  suitable  to  a  proverb;  as  a  pro- 
verbial nhscnrity.  Broivn. 

IPROVERB'IALIST,  n.  One  who  speaks 
proverbs.  Langhorne. 

PROVERB  lALIZE,  i>.  /.  To  make  a  prov- 
erb; to  turn  into  a  proverb,  or  to  use  pro- 
vei'biallv.     [Uinisual.]  Good. 

PROVERB!  ALLY,  adv.  In  a  proverb  ;  as, 
it  is  proverbially  said.  Broivn. 

PROVIDE,  v.  t.  [L.  provideo,  literally  to 
see  before ;  pro  and  t'lrfeo,  to  see ;  Fi-. 
povrvoir  ;  It.  provvedere ;  S[>. proveer ;  Port. 
prover.] 

1.  To  procure  beforehand  ;  to  get,  collect 
or  make  ready  for  future  use ;  to  prepare. 


weather  ;  we  provide  necessaries  against 
a  time  of  iiceil  ;  or  we  provide  wai-ni 
clotliingybr  winter,  &c. 
PRO\  IDE,  J'.  J.  To  procure  supplies  or 
means  of  defense  ;  or  lo  take  measures  for 
counteracting  or  escaping  an  evil.  The 
sagacity  of  brutes  in  providing  against 
the  inclemencies  of  the  weather  is  won- 
derful. 

Government  is  a  contrivance  of  human  wis- 
dom to  provide  for  human  wants.  Burke. 

PROVIDED,  pp.  Procured  beforehand  ; 
made  ready  for  future  use  ;  supplied  ;  fur- 
nished ;  stipulated. 

2.  Sti|)nhite(l  as  a  condition,  which  condi- 
tion is  expressed  In  the  following  sentence 
or  words;  a>^,  " provided  that  nothing  in 
this  act  shall  pi-ejudice  the  rights  of  any 
person  whate\er."  This  sentence  is  in  the 
nature  of  the  case  absolute,  ilie  clause  or 
sentence  iiulependent;  "this  or  that  being 
provided,  which  f()llovvs ;"  ''this  condition 
being  provided."  The  word  being  is  un- 
derstood, and  the  participle  provided 
agrees  with  the  whole  senlence  absolute. 
"  1'his  eondition  being  previou.ih/  stijiuluted 
or  established."  This  ;ind  that  hire  refer  to 
the  wliiile  niiiiilii.r  cjf  the  senlence. 

PROVIDENCE,  »!.  [Fr.  from  \,.  providen- 
tia.] 

1.  The  act  of  pi'oviding  or  preparing  for  fu- 
ture use  or  application. 

Providenre  tor  war  is  the  best  prevention  of 
it.     [,A  *(>;/•  /////(■  used.']  Bacon. 

2.  Foresight;  limcly  care ;  particularly,  ac- 
tive foresight,  or  foresiglit  accompanied 
with  the  procurement  id'  w  hat  is  necessa- 
ry for  future  use,  or  with  suitable  prepa- 
ration. How  many  of  the  troubles  and 
perplexities  of  life  proceed  fioni  want  of 
providenre  ! 

i.  In  Ikcology,  the  cai-e  and  superintendence 
which  God  exercises  over  his  creatures.  Me 
that  aeknowledges  a  creation  and  denies 
a  providence,  involves  himself  in  a  palpa- 
ble contradiction  ;  for  the  same  power 
w  liicli  caused  a  thing  to  exist  is  necessary 
to  continue  its  existence.  Some  persons 
admit  a  general  providenre,  but  deny  a 
pnrlieulnr  providence,  not  considering  that 
a  general  providence  consists  of  particulars. 
A  belief  in  divine  /(roiiirff  iice,  is  a  source  of 
gieat  consolation  to  good  men.  By  divine 
providence  is  often  understood  God  him- 
self 

4.  Pnidcuce  in  the  management  of  one's 
concerus  or  in  private  economy. 


PRO 


PRO 


PROVIDENT,  a.  Foreseeing  wants  and 
making  provision  to  supply  them  ;  fore- 
casliiig;  cautious:  prudent  in  preparing 
for  future  exigences ;  as  a  provident  man  ; 
a.  provident  animal. 
The  parsinionious  emmet,  provident 
Of  future.  Milton. 

Orange  is  what  Augustus  was. 
Brave    wary,  provident  and  bold.  n  aller. 

PROVIDENTIAL,  a.  Effected  by  the 
providence  of  God;  referable  to  divine 
providence ;  proceeding  from  divine  di 
rection  or  superintendence  ;  as  the  provi 
rfe«(ta2  contrivance  of  things;  a  providen 
tixil  escape  from  danger.  How  much  are 
we  indebted  to  God's  unceasing  providen- 
tial care !  Woodward. 

PROVIDEN'TIALLY,  adv.  By  means  of| 
God's  providence. 

Every  animal  is  providentially  directed   to 
the  use  of  its  proper  weapons.  Say. 

PROVIDENTLY,  adv.  With  prudent  fore- 
sight ;  with  wise  precaution  in  preparing 
for  the  future. 

PROVl'DER,  n.  One  who  provides,  fur- 
nishes or  supplies;  one  that  procures 
what  is  wanted.  Sliak. 

PROVINCE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  provmcin  ; 
usually  supposed  to  be  formed  from  pro 
and  iiMico,  to  conquer.  This  is  very 
doubtful,  as  provinco  was  not  used  by  the 
Romans.] 

1.  Among  the  Romans,  a  country  of  consid- 
erable extent,  which  being  reduced  under 
their  dominion,  was  new-modeled,  sub 
jeoted  to  the  command  of  an  annual  gov- 
ernor sent  from  Rome,  and  to  such  taxes 
and  contributions  as  the  Romans  saw  fit 
to  impose.  That  part  of  Fiance  next  to 
the  Alps,  was  a  Roman  province,  and  still 
bears  the  name  Provence.  Encyc 

2.  Among  the  moderns,  a  country  belonging 
to  a  kingdom  or  state,  either  by  conquest 
or  colonization,  usually  situated  at  a  dis- 
tance from  the  kingdom  or  state,  but  more 
or  less  dependent  on  it  or  subject  to  it. 
Thus  formerly,  the  English  colonies  in 
North  America  were  provinces  of  Great 
Britain,  as  Nova  Scotia  and  Canada  still 
are.  The  provinces  of  the  Netherlands 
formerly  belonged  to  the  house  of  Austria 
and  to  Spain. 

A  division  of  a  kingdom  or  state,  of 
considerable  extent.  In  England,  a  divis- 
ion of  the  ecclesiastical  state  under  the 
jurisdiction  of  an  archbishop,  of  which 
there  are  two,  the  province  of  Canterbury 
and  that  of  York. 

A  region  of  country ;  in  a  general  sense;  a 
tract ;  a  large  extent. 

Over  many  a  tract 

Of  heaven  they  march'd,  and  many  a  province 

wide.  Milton. 

They  never  look  abroad  into  the  provi7ices  of 

the  intfllectual  world.  Watts. 

5.  The  proper  office  or  business  of  a  ])er.son. 

It  is  the  province  of  the  judge  to  decide 

causes  between  individuals. 

The  woman's  province  is  to  be  careful  in  her 
economy,  and  chaste  in  her  affection. 

Taller 
PRtJVlN'CIAL,  a.    Pertaining  to   a  prov- 
ince or  relating  to  it ;  as  a  provincial  gov 
eminent ;  a  provincial  dialect. 
y.  Appendant  to  the  principal  kingdoni  or 
state  ;  as  provincial  dominion  ;  provincial 
Territory.  Brown 


Howell, 
provigner;  pro  and 
a  vine.] 

a  stock  or  branch  of  a  vine  in  the 
Joh7ison. 
ascertaining 


3. 


4. 


Q.  Not  polished  ;  rude  ;  as  provincial  accent 
or  manners.  Dryden. 

4.  Pertaining  to  an  ecclesiastical  province, 
or  to  the  jurisdiction  of  an  archbishop  ; 
not  ecumenical ;  as  a  provincial  synod. 

Ayliffe. 

PROVIN'CIAL,  n.  A  spiritual  governor. 
In  catholic  countries,  one  who  has  the  di- 
rection of  the  several  convents  of  a  prov 
ince.  J^"cyc 

2.  A  person  belonging  to  a  province. 

Burke. 

PROVIN'CIALISM,   n.   A    peculiar   word 
or  manner  of  speaking  in  a  province  <)r 
district  of  country  remote  from  the  prin 
cipal  country  or  from  the  metropolis. 
^  ^  Marsh. 

PROVINCIAL'ITY,  n.  Peculiarity  of  lan- 
guage in  a  province.  ffarton. 

PROVIN'CIATE,  V.  t.  To  oonvert  into  a 
province.     [Unusual.] 

PROVl'NE,   v.i.    [Fr. 
vigne 

To   lay 

ground  for  propagation. 

PROVING,     ppr.     Trying 
evincing;  experiencing. 

PROVP'SION,  n.  s  as  z.  [Fr.  (romL.provi 
sio,  provideo.     See  Provide.] 

1.  The  act  of  providing  or  making  previous 
preparation. 

2.  Things  |)rovided  ;  preparation  ;  measures 
taken  beforehand,  either  for  security,  de- 
fense or  attack,  or  for  the  supply  of  wants 
We  make  provision  to  defend  ourselves 
from  enemies ;  we  make  provision  for 
war ;  we  make  provision  for  a  voyage  or 
for  erecting  a  building  ;  we  make  provis- 
ion for  the  support  of  the  poor.  Govern- 
ment makes  provision  for  its  friends. 

.3.  Stores  provided ;  stock  ;  as  provision  of 
victuals  ;  provision  of  materials. 

KnoUes.  Soiith. 
4.  Victuals;  food;  provender;  all  manner 
of  eatables  for  man  and  beast;  as  provis- 
ions for  the  table  or  for  the  family ;  pro- 
visions for  an  army.  Milton.  Encyc. 
Previous  stipulation;  terms  or  agreement 
made,  or  measures  taken  for  a  future  exi- 
gency. 

In  the  law,  no  provision  was  made  to  abol- 
ish the  barbarous  customs  of  the  Irish. 

Davies. 
Papal  provision,  a  previous  nomination  by 
the  pope  to  a  benefice  before  it  became 
vacant,  by  which  practice  the  rightful  pat- 
ron was  deprived  of  his  presentation. 

Blackstone. 
PROVP'SION,  v.t.  To  supply  with  victuals 
or  food.     The  ship  was  provisioned  for  a 
voyage  of  six  months,     "rhe  garrison  was 
well  provisioned. 
PROVP'SIONAL,  a.  [Fr. prorisiotinel.]  Pro 
vided  for  present  need   or  for  the  occa- 
sion ;  temporarily  established  ;  temporary  ; 
as  a  provisional  government  or  regulation  ; 
a  provisional  treaty. 
PROVP'SIONALLY,  adv.  By  way  of  pro- 
vision ;  temporarily ;  for  the  present  exi- 
gency. Locke. 
PROVI'SIONARY,    a.     Provisional;  pro- 
vided for  the  occasion ;  not  ]iermaiKnt. 

liurke 
PROVrSO,  n.  s  as  2.  [L.  ;)rari'si(s,  ablalivc 

proviso,  it  being  provide<l.] 
An  article   or  clause  in   any  statute,  agree- 


PRO 

ment,  contract,  grant  or  other  writing,  by 
which  a  condition  is  introduced;  a  condi- 
tional stipulation  that  affects  an  agree- 
ment, contract,  law,  grant,  &c.  The 
charter  of  the  bank  contains  a  proviso  that 
the  legislature  may  repeal  it  at  their  pleas- 
ure. 
PROVI'SOR,  n.  [Fr.  proriseur.]  In  church 
affairs,  a  person  appointed  by  the  pope  to 
a  benefice  before  the  death  of  the  incum- 
bent, and  to  the  prejudice  of  the  righllul 
])atrou.  Formerly  the  pope  usiirpe<l  the 
right  of  presenting  to  church  livings, 
and  it  wa.«  his  practice  to  nominate  per- 
sons to  benefices  by  anticipation,  or  he-  ^ 
fore  they  became  vacant ;  the  person  thus 
nominated  was  called  a  provisor.  In  Eng- 
land, this  practice  was  restrained  by  stat- 
utes of  Richard  II.  and  Henry  IV. 

More  sharp  and  penal  laws  were  devised 
against  provisors ;  it  being  enacted  that  who- 
ever disturbs  any  patron  in  the  presentation  to  a 
living  by  virtue  of  any  papal  provision,  such 
provisor  shall  pay  fine  and  ransom  to  the  king 
at  his  will,  and  be  imprisoned  till  lie  renounces 
such  provision.  Blackstone. 

The  purveyor,  steward  or  treasurer  of  a 
religious  house.  Cowel. 

PROVI'SORY,  a.  Making  temporary  pro- 
vision ;  temporary.  State  Papers. 
2.  Containing  a  proviso  or  condition;  condi- 
tional. 
PROVOCA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  h.  provoca- 
tio.     See  Provoke.] 

1.  Any  thing  that  excites  anger;  the  cause 
of  resentment.  1  Kings  xxi. 

Harden  not  your  hearts,  as  in  the  provoca- 
tion.   Ps.  xcv. 

2.  The  act  of  exciting  anger. 
■i.  An  appeal  to  a  court  or  judge.    [A  Latin- 
ism,  not  now  used.]  Ayliffe. 

4.  Incitement.     [JVol  used.]  Hooker. 

PROVOCATIVE,  a.  Exciting;  stimulat- 
ing ;  tending  to  awaken  or  incite  appetite 
or  passion. 
PROVOCATIVE,  n.  Any  thing  that 
tends  to  excite  appetite  or  jiassion  ;  a  stim- 
ulant ;  as  a  provocative  of  hunger  or  of 
lust.  Addison. 

PROVO'CATIVENESS,  n.  The  quality  of 

being  provocative  or  stimulating. 
PROVO'KE,  v.  t.  [L.  provoco,  to  call  forth  ; 
pro   and   I'oco,  to  call;  Fr.  provoquer ;  It. 
provocare  ;  Sp.  provocar.] 
I.  To  call  into  action  ;  to  arouse  :  to  excite; 
as,  to  jirovoke  anger  or  w  rath  by  offensive 
words  or  by  injury  ;  to  provoke  war. 
To  make  angry  ;  to  offend ;  to  incense ; 
to  enrage. 

Ye  fathers,  provoke  not    your   children  to 
wrath.  Eph.  vi. 

Often  provoked  by  the  insolence  of  some  of 
the  bishops —  Clareriilon. 

3.  To  excite;  to  cause;  as,  to  provoke  per- 
spiration; to //roro/re  a  smile.      Arbuthnot. 

4.  To  excite  ;  to  stimulate  ;  to  increase. 
The  taste  of  pleasure  prmokes  the  appetite, 

and  every  successive  indulgence  of  vice  which 
is  to  form  a  habit,  is  easier  than  the  last. 

Buckminster. 
To  challenge. 

He   now  provokes   the   sea-gods    from    the 
shore.  Dryden. 

To  move;  to  incite  ;  to  stir  up  ;  to  indiico 
by  motives.    Rom.  x.  Bacon. 

I.ct  us  consider  one  another  to  provoke  to 
love  and  to  good  works,    lleb.  x. 


PRO 


P  R  U 


P  R  U 


7.  To  incite  ;  to  rouse  ;  as,  to  provoke  one  to 
anftcr.     Deut.  xxxii. 

PKOVO'KE,  V.  i.  To  appeal.  [A  Latin 
is/ii.  not  used.]  Urijdcn. 

PKOVO'KKU,  jip.  Excited;  roused;  in 
Cited;  Miiiile  anfrry;  incensed. 

Pl{OVO'Ki;i<,  n.  One  that  excites  anger  or 
other  passion  ;  one  that  excites  war  or  se- 
dition. 

2.  That  which  excites,  causes  or  proniote.«, 

Shnk. 

PROVO'KING,  j>pr.  Exciting  into  action; 
inciting;  inducing  by  motives;  making 
angry. 

9.  o.  Having  the  power  or  quality  ofexcit 
ing  resentment  ;  tending  to  awaken  jias- 
eion  ;  as  provoking  words ;  provoking  treat- 
ment. 

PROVO'KINGLY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner 
as  to  excite  anger. 

PRO'VOST,  n.'[iiax.  profost,  profast ;  Dan. 
provst ;  G.  probsl,  /iropst ;  Aim.  provost ; 
Ft.  previ'it ;  Port.  Pp.  prelwste  ;  It.  proposlo  : 
from  the  I.,  prrrjiositus,  placed  lietore 
from  pnrpono;  pra'  and  pono,  to  set  or 
place.] 

In  a  general  sense,  a  person  who  is  appoint- 
ed to  superintend  or  preside  over  some- 
thing; the  chief  magistrate  of  a  city  or 
town ;  as  the  provost  of  Edinburgh  or  of 
Glasgow,  answering  to  the  mayor  of  oth 
er  cities  ;  the  provost  of  a  college,  answer- 
ing to  president.  In  France,  formerly,  a 
provost  was  an  inferior  judge  who  had 
cognizance  of  civil  causes. 

The  grand  provost  of  France,  or  of  the  house- 
hold, had  jinisdiction  in  the  king's  house 
and  over  its  oflicers. 

Thf  provo.H  marshal  of  an  army,  is  an  officer 
apjxiinted  to  arrest  and  secure  deserters 
an<l  other  criminals,  to  hinder  the  sol- 
diers from  pillaging,  to  indict  offenders 
and  see  sentence  passed  on  them  and  ex- 
ecuted. He  also  regulates  weights  and 
measures.  He  has  under  him  a  lieuten- 
ant and  a  clerk,  an  executioner,  &c. 

Eneyc. 

The  provost  marshal  in  the  navy,  has  charge' 
of  prisoners,  &c. 

The  provost  of  the  mint,  is  a  particular  judge 
api)ointed  to  apprehend  and  prosecute; 
false  I'oiners.  Encyc. 

Provost  of  the  king's  stables,  is  an  officer  who 
attends  at  court  and  holds  the  king's  stir 
rup  when  he  mounts  his  horse.         Encyc. 

PRO'VOSTSHIP,  )!.  The  office  of  a  pro- 
vost. Hakewill. 

PROW,  n.  [Fr.  ;iroi(p  ;  \t.  prua  and  proda; 
Sp.  proa.  These  may  be  frotn  the  L. 
prora  ;  hut  qii.  is  not  proda  the  original 
word,  and  prora  a  contraction  o{  proderai 
The  primary  sense  is  that  which  projects 
or  stretches  forward.] 

1.  The  forepart  of  a  .ship.  Dryden. 

2.  Ill  scamfn''s  language,  the  beak  or  pointed 
cutwater  of  a  xebec  or  galley.  The  up- 
per part  is  usually  furnished  with  a  grat- 
ing platform.  Mar.  Diet. 

3.  The  name  of  a  partii'ular  kind  of  vessel 
u.sed  in  the  East  Indian  seas. 

PROW,  a.  Valiant.     [M'ot  in  tise.] 

Spenser. 

PROWESS,  n.  [Fr.  prouesse ;  It.  prodetza, 
from  prode,  brave,  and  as  a  noun,  profit, 
benefit ;  Sp.  proeza.     The  primary  sense 

Vol.  II. 


of  the  root  is  to  stretch,  shoot  or  advance 
forward,  and  hence  the  sense  ol  profit.] 
Bravery  ;  valor  ;  particularly,  military  brave- 
ry ;  gallantry:  intrepidity   in    war;    fear- 
lessness of  danger. 

Men  of  such  prnvyess  as  not  to  know  fear  in 
tliemsehes.  Sidney. 

PROW'EST,  a.  [superl.  of  prow.]  Bravest. 
[J^/ot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

PROWL,  V.  t.  [I  know  not  the  origin  of 
this  word,  nor  from  what  source  it  is  de- 
rived. It  may  be  derived  from  the  root 
of  .'itroll,  troll,  with  a  different  prefix.]  To 
rove  over. 

He  prowls  each  place,  still   in  new  colors 
dcck'd.  Sidney 

PROWL,  V.  i.  To  rove  or  wander,  particu- 
larly for  prey,  as  a  wild  beast ;  as  a  prowl- 
ing wolf.  Milton. 

2.  To  rove  and  plunder;  to  prey;  to  plun- 
der. Tusser. 

PROWL,  n.  A  roving  for  ])rcy  ;  colloquial- 
ly, something  to  be  seized  and  devoured. 

I'ROWL'ER,  n.  One  that  roves  about  for 
prey.  Thomson. 

PIJOWL'ING,  ppr.  Wandering  about  in 
search  of  prey  or  pltimler. 

PROX'IMAL.     [See  Proximate.] 

I'ROX'IMATE,  0.  [L.  superl. ;)rorim!(s;  Fr. 
proche  ;  approcher,  to  apjnoach  ;  reprocher, 
to  reproach.  The  primary  sense  of  the 
root  is  to  drive  or  press.     See  Class  Brg.] 

Nearest :  next.  A  proximale  cause  is  that 
which  immediately  precedes  and  produces 
the  effect,  as  distinguished  from  the  re- 
mole,  mediate  or  predisposing  cause. 

mills. 

PROXT]\L\TELY,  adv.  Immediately  ;  by 
immediate  relation  to  or  effect  on. 

Benlley 

PROX'IME,  a.  Next ;  immediately.  [Xot 
used.]  Jfatts. 

PROXIM'lTY,n.  [Fr.  proximite;  L.  prorim- 
Has.] 

The  state  of  being  next;  immediate  near- 
ness  either   in   place,    blood  or  alliance. 
The  succession  to  the  throne  and  to  es 
tales   is  usually  regulated  by  proximity  of 
blood.  Dryden.     Sunfl. 

PROX'Y,  Ji.  [contracted  from  procuracy,  or 
some  word  from  the  root  of  procure,  proc- 
tor.] 

1.  The  agency  of  another  who  acts  as  a 
substitute  for  his  principal;  agency  of  a 
substitute  ;  apjiearance  of  a  representa- 
tive. None  can  be  familiar  by  proxy. 
None  can  be  virtuous  or  wise  by  proxy. 

2.  The  person  who  is  substituted  or  deputed 
to  act  for  another.  A  %vise  man  will  not 
commit  important  business  to  a  proxy., 
when  he  can  transact  it  in  person.  In 
Englanil,  any  peer  may  make  another 
lord  of  parliament  his  proxy  to  vote  for  him 
in  his  absence.  Blackslone. 

3.  In  popular  use,  an  election  or  day  of  vot 
ing  for  officers  of  government. 

PROX'YSHIP,  n.  The  ofiBce  or  agency  of  a 
proxy. 

PRl'CE,  n.  [from  Prussia.]  Prussian  lether. 
[JVot  in  use.]  Dryden. 

PRL'DE,  n.  [Fr.  prude,  wise,  discrete,  sober, 
formal,  precise  ;  D.  preutsch,  prudish,  and 
proud;  Ci.sjn-iide,  a  prude,  and  shy,  cold, 
reserved,  coy,  demure,  and  applied  to  met- 
als, brittle,  friable ;  Dan.  sprodig,  eager, 

46 


brittle,  harsh,  dry,  i-ugged ;  W.  prut, 
[prudh,]  prudent,  discrete,  serious,  sail,  sor- 
rowful ;  Golli.  frods,  prudent ;  Gr.  ^^lahr^, 
prudence  ;  Goth.  /j-aMi,  mind,  intellect; 
friithyan,  to  be  wise,  to  understand.  The 
G.ith.yVorf signifies  both  wise,  prudent,  and 
broken  ;  D.  vrocd,  prudent.  We  see  that 
prude,  prudent,  and  proud  are  from  the 
.same  root.  The  sense  of  brittle  would 
indicate  that  these  words  belong  to  the 
same  family  with  the  Dan.  bryder,  to 
break  ;  and  the  radical  elements  are  the 
same.  The  Welsh  pnn  is  from  tending 
out  or  reaching,  hence  pryder,  anxiety,  a 
stretching   of   the    mind.     TIk;    sense  of 

1  prude  is  probably  from  stretching,  strait- 
ness,  stiffiiess;  and  the  sense  of  i»iV  is  de- 

I     rivativc.     Prudence  is  from  the  same  root. 

]     implying  care,  a  tension  of  mind.] 

A  woman  of  great  reserve,  coyness,  affected 
stifl'ness  of  manners  and  scrupulous  nice- 
ty- 

Les3  modest  than  the  speech  of  prudes. 

Swifl. 

PRU'DENCE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  prudentia  ;  It. 
prudenza  ;  Sp.  pmdencia.     See  Prude.] 

Wisdom  applied  to  practice.  Johnson. 

Prudence  implies  caution  in  deliberating 
and  consulting  on  the  most  suitable  means 
to  accomplish  valuable  purposes,  and  tlie 
exercise  of  sagacity  in  discerning  and  se- 
lecting them.  Prudence  differs  from  wis- 
dom in  this,  that  prudence  implies  more 
caution  and  reserve  than  wisdom,  or  is 
exercised  more  in  foreseeing  and  avoiding 
evil,  than  in  devising  and  executing  that 
which  is  good.  It  is  sometimes  mere  cau- 
tion or  (circumspection. 

Prudence  is  principally  in  reference  to  ac- 
tions to  be  done,  and  due  means,  order,  season 
and  nietliod  of"  doing  or  not  doing.  Hale. 

PRU'DENT,  a.  Cautious  ;  circumspect  ; 
practically  wise;  careful  of  the  conse- 
quences of  enterprises,  measures  or  ac- 
tions ;  cautious  not  to  act  when  the  end  is 
of  doubtful  utility,  or  probably  impracti- 
cable. 

The  prudent  man  looketh  well  to  his  going. 
Prov.  xiv. 

A  prudent  man  foresccth  the  evil  and  hidelb 
liimsclf.    Prov.  xxii. 

2.  Dictated  or  directed  by  prudence ;  as 
prudent  behavior. 

3.  Foreseeing  by  instinct ;  as  the  prudent 
crane.  Milton. 

4.  Frugal ;  economical ;  as  a  prudent  wo- 
man ;  prudent  expenditure  of  money. 

.5.  Wise ;  intelligent. 

PRUDENTIAL,  a.  Proceeding  from  pru- 
dence ;  dictated  or  prescribed  by  |)ru- 
dence;  as  prudential  motives;  prudential 
rules. 

2.  Superintending  the  discretionary  con- 
cerns of  a  society  ;  as  a  prudential  com- 
mittee. jV.  England. 

PRl'DENTIAL'ITY,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing prudential ;  eligibility  on  principles  of 
prudence.     [.Vo<  used.]  Broini. 

PRUDEN'TL\LLY,  adv.  In  conformity 
with  prudence  ;  prudently.  Soulh. 

PRUDEN'TIALS,  n.  ;>/u."  Maxims  of  pru- 
dence or  practical  wisdom. 

Many  stanzas  in  poetic  measures  contain 
niles  relating  to  common  prudentials,  as  well 
as  to  religion.  Watts. 

3.  The  subordinate  discretionary  coBcern? 


P  R  U 


PSA 


P  S  Y 


ami  economy  of  a  company,  society  or 
corporation.  The  board  of  trustees  ap- 
point annually  a  committee  to  manage  tlie 
prudentials  of  the  corporation. 

JV.  England. 

PRU'DENTLY,  adv.  With  prudence  ;  witli 
due  caution  or  circumspection  ;  discrete- 
ly ;  wisely  ;  as  domestic  affairs  prudenlly 
managed;  Xavis  prudently  {r&meA  or  exe 
cuted. 

2.  With  frugality  ;  economically;  as  income 
prudentli)  expended. 

PRU'DERY,    n.     [from    prude.]     Affected 
scrupulousness  ;  excessive  nicety  in  con 
duct ;  stiffness  ;  affected  reserve  or  grav- 
ity; coyness.  Tatler. 

PRij'DISH,    a.    [from    prude.]    Affectedly 
grave  ;  very  formal,  precise  or  reserved  ; 
as  a  prudish  woman  ;  prudish  manners. 
A  formal  lecture,  spoke  whU  prudish  face. 

Garj'ick. 

PRU'NE,  V.  t.  [perliaps  from  Fr.  provigner. 
to  lay  down  vine  stocks  for  propagation. 
If  not,  I  know  not  its  origin.] 

1.  To  lop  or  cut  off  the  superfluous  branch- 
es of  trees,  to  make  them  bear  better  fruit 
or  grow  higher,  or  to  give  them  a  more 
handsome  and  regular  appearance. 

Encijc.    Milton. 

2.  To  clear  from  any  thing  superfluous  ;  to 
dress ;  to  trim. 

His  royal  bird 
Prunes   the    immortal  wing,   and  cloys  hi: 
beak.  Shak 

PRUNE,  V.  i.  To  dress ;  to  prink ;  a  ludi- 
crous word.  Dryden. 
PRUNE,  n.   [Fr.  prune  ;  It.  Sp.  prima  ;  L 
prunum;  T>.  pruim.     In  Latin,  prunus  is  a 
plum  tree,   Gr.    rtpovi)?,    aud  prunum,  tlie 
fruit.] 
A  plum,  or  a  dried  plum.  Bacon. 
PRU'NED,    pp.     Divested    of   superfluous 

branches;  trimmed. 
%  Cleared  of  what  is  unsuitable  or  super- 
fluous. 
PRU'NEL,  n.  A  plant.  Jlinsworth. 

PRUNEL'LO,  n.  A  kind  of  stuff  of  which 
clergymen's  gowns  are  made.  Pope. 

PRUNEL'LO,  n.  [Fr.  prunelle,  from  prune.] 
A  kinil  of  plum.  Jlinsworth. 

PRU'NER,  n.  One  that  prunes  trees  or  re- 
moves what  is  superfluous. 
PRUMF'EROUS,  a.   [L.  prunum,  a  plum, 

and /ero,  to  bear.]     Bearing  plums. 
PRU'NIXG,  ppr.  Lopping   off  superfluous 
branches;  trimming;  clearing  of  what  is 
superfluous. 
PRU'NING,  n.  In  gardening   and  agricul 
ture,    the    lopping     off    the    superfluous 
brandies  of  trees,  either  for  improving  the 
trees  or  their  fruit. 
PRU'NING-HOQK,     ?  An    instrument 

PRU'NING-KNIFE,  ^  '  used  in  pruning 
trees,     it  is  of  various  forms. 

Dn/den.     Philips. 
PRU'RIENCE,  ^        [h.  pruriens,  pnirio,  to 
PKII'RIENCV,  S"'  itch.] 
An   itching,  longing  desire   or  appetite  for 
atiy  thing.  Suijl. 

PRU'ltlENT,   a.  Itching;  uneasy  with  de- 
sire. JVurlon. 
PRURl(';'INOUS,  a.   [h.  pruriginosus,  (roxu 

prurigo,  an  itcliing,  from  prurio,  to  itch.] 
Tending  to  an  itch.  Oreenhill. 

PlirsSIAN,  a.  [from  Prussia.]  Pertaining 
to  Prussia. 


Prussian  blue,  a  coniliination  of  iron  with 
ferrocyanic  acid.  This  is  used  as  a  pig- 
ment of  a  beautiful  blue  color. 

PRCSSIATE,  n.  A  salt  formed  by  the  un- 
ion of  the  prussic  acid,  or  coloring  matter 
of  Prussian  blue,  with  a  salifiable  base 
as  the  prussiate  of  aluniin. 

Lavoisier.     Fourcroy. 

PRCSSle,  a.  The  prussic  acid  is  a  com- 
pound of  kyanogen  or  cyanogen,  prussic 
gas  and  hydrogen,  and  hence  called  hy- 
drocyanic acid.  It  is  one  of  the  strongest 
poisons  known. 

PRY,  V.  i.  [a  contracted  word,  the  origin  of 

I     which  is  not  obvious.] 

To  peep  narrowly  ;  to  inspect  closely ;  tf 
attempt  to  discover  something  with  scru- 
tinizing curiosity,  whether  impertinently 
or  not  ;  as,  to  pry  into  the  mysteries  of  na- 
ture, or  into  the  secrets  of  state. 
Nor  need  we  with  a.  prying  eye  survey 
The  distant  skies  to  find  the  milky  way. 

Creech 

PR^,  n.  Narrow  inspection  ;  impertinent 
peeping.  Smart 

PRY,  V.  t.  To  raise  or  attempt  to  raise  vviti 
a  lever.  This  is  the  conmion  jiopular 
pronunciation  of  prize,  in  America.  The 
lever  used  is  also  called  a  pry. 

VPiY'lTSiG,  ppr.  Inspecting  closely  ;  looking 
into  with  curiosity. 

PRY'INGLY,  adv.  With  close  inspection  or 
impertinent  curiosity. 

PRY'TANE,    )      [Gr  npvfaris.]  In  ancient 

PRYT'ANIS,  S  "■  Greece,  a  president  of  the| 
senate  of  five  hundred. 

Encyc.     .ilnachnrsis. 

[It  is  to  be  noted  that  in  words  beginning 
with  Ps  and  Pt,  the  letter^  has  no  sound.] 

PS.i^LiNL  "•  s\tm.  [L.  pscdmus  ;  Gr.  ^ax^oj, 
from  4<i/.Xu,  to  toucli  or  beat,  to  sing;  Fr. 
psaumt  ;  It.  Sp.  salmo.] 

A  sacred  song  or  liyuin  ;  a  song  composed 
on  a  divine  subject  and  in  praise  of  God. 
The  most  remarkable  [isainis  are  tliose 
composed  by  David  and  other  Jewish 
saints,  a  collection  of  one  hundred  and  fif- 
ty of  which  constitutes  a  canonical  book 
of  the  Old  Testament,  called  Psalms,  or  the 
book  of  Psalms.  The  word  is  also  applied 
to  sacred  songs  composed  by  niodern  po- 
ets, being  versifications  of  the  scriptmal 
psalms,  or  of  these  with  other  parts  of 
Scripture,  composed  for  the  use  of 
churches;  as  the  Psalms  of  TatP.  aui\  Bra 
fly,  (f  Watts,  &c. 

PS'.\LMIST,  n.  A  writer  or  eoinposer  of 
sacred  songs  ;  a  title  particularly  applied 
to  David  and  the  other  authors  of  the 
scriptural  psalms. 

2.  In  the  church  of  Rome,  a  clerk,  precentor, 
singer  or  leader  of  music  in  the  church. 

PSAXMODY,  (1.  The  act,  practice  or  art  of 
singing  sacred   songs.     Psalmody  has  a' 
ways  been  considered  an  important  part 
of  public  worship. 

PSALMOG'KAPIIER,   ?       [See  Psalmog- 

PSALMOG'RAPUIST,  S       raphy.] 

A    writer  of  psalms   or   divine    songs  and 

hvmns. 
PSALMOG'RAPHY,  n.  [Gr.  ■ia^f^oi,  psalm 
and  ypa^u,  to  write.] 

The  act  or  practice  of  writing  psalms  or  sa- 
cred .songs  and  hymns. 
PSAL'TER,  n.  [L. psallerium  ;  Gr. +aX*jjpio>'; 
It.  Sp.  salterio ;  Fr.  psaulier.] 


1.  The  book  of  Psalms;  often  applied  to  a 
book  containing  the  Psalms  separately 
printed. 

2.  In  Romish  countries,  a  large  chaplet  or 
rosary,  consisting  of  a  hundred  and  fifty 
beads,  according  to  the  number  of  the 
psalms. 

PSaL'TERY,  n.  [Gr.  ^aWjjpioi-.]  An  instru- 
ment of  music  used  by  the  Hebrews,  the 
form  of  which  is  not  now  known.  That 
which  is  now  used  is  a  flat  instrument  in 
form  of  a  trapezium  or  triangle  truncated 
at  the  top,  strung  with  thirteen  chords  of 
wire,  mounted  fui  two  bridges  at  the  sides, 
and  struck  with  a  plectrum  or  crooked 
stick.  Encyc. 

Praise  the  Lord  with  harp  ;  sing  to  him  with 
the  psallery,  and  an  instrument  of  ten  strings. 
Ps.  .\.\xiii. 

PSAM'MITE,  n.  [Gr.  4aM,«o5,  sand.]  A  spe- 
cies of  micaceous  sandstone. 

Brongniarl. 

PSEUDO,  Gr.  ^.srSoj,  false,  a  prefix  signify- 
ing false,  counterfeit  or  spurious. 

PSEUDO-APOS'TLE,  n.  A  false  apostle  ; 
one  who  falsely  pretends  to  be  an  apostle. 

PSEUDO-CHI'NA,  n.  The  false  China  root, 
a  plant  of  the  genus  Smilax,  found  in 
America.  Encyc. 

PSEUDO-GALENA,  n.  False  galena  or 
black  jack. 

PSEU'DOGRAPH,     \        [Gr.  ■^tvho;,  false, 

PSEUDOG'RAPHY,  S"'  and  ypo^,  wri- 
ting.] 

False  writing.  Holder. 

PSEUDOL'OgY,  n.  [Gr.  4.fii5oXoyia  ;  ■\tvio;, 
false,  and  ?L»yo;,  discourse.] 

Falseliood  of  speech.  Arbuthnot. 

PSEUDO-METALLIC,  a.  Pseudo-metal- 
lic luster  is  that  which  is  perceinihie  only 
when  held  towards  the  light;  as  in  min- 
erals. Pliillips. 

PSEUDOMORPH'OUS,  a.  [pseudo  and 
Gr.  |Uop$>;,  form.] 

Not  having  the  true  form.  A  pseudomorph- 
ous  mineral  is  one  which  has  received 
its  form  from  some  extraneous  cause,  not 
from  natural  crvstalization. 

PSEUDO-TINEA,  n.  In  natural  history,  ihe 
name  of  a  remarkable  species  of  insect  or 
larva,  resend)ling  a  moth.  It  feeds  on 
wax,  and  is  a  terrible  enemy  to  bees,  as  it 
enters  the  hi\e  aiid  sometimes  compels 
the  bees  to  abandon  it,  being  covered 
with  a  coat  that  is  impervious  to  their 
siiniis.  Encyc. 

PSEUDO- VOLCANIC,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
produced  by  a  pseudo-volcano. 

Clenveland. 

PSEUDO-VOLCA'NO,  n.  A  volcano  that 
emits  smoke  and  sometimes  flame,  but  no 
lava ;  also,  a  burning  mine  of  coal. 

Kirwan. 

PSHAW,  crclam.  An  expression  of  con- 
tem]jt,  disdain  or  dislike. 

PSO'AS,  n.  [Gr.]  The  name  of  two  inside 
muscies  of  the  loins. 

PSO'RA,  n.  [Gr.]  The  itch. 

PSYCHOLOGIC,        )       Pertaining    to    a 

PSYCHOLOt'ICAL,  S  "■  treatise  on  the 
soul,  or  to  the  study  of  the  soul  of  man. 

Literary  .Mag. 
PSYCHOL'OgY,   71.    [Gr.  ^xv,  ^oii],  and 

t.oyoi,  discourse.] 
A  discourse  or  treatise  on  the  liumao  sou! ; 


PUB 


PUB 


P  U  C 


or  the  doctrine  of  the  nature  and  proper- 
tics  of  tlie  soul.  Campbell. 

I'TARMIGAN,  n.  Afowlof  the  genus  Te- 
trao,  the  lagopus  or  white  game.  Tiie 
color  of  tlie  plumage  is  a  pale  brown  or 
ash,  elegantly  crossed  or  mottled  with 
dusky  spots  and  minute  bars ;  the  belly 
and  wings  are  white.  This  fowl  is  seen 
on  the  summits  of  mountains  in  the  north 
of  J^ugland  and  of  Scotland.  £nn/c. 

PTISAN,  n.  liz'an.  [L.  plisana ;  Gr.  Jtri- 
ffCM/i;,  from  Jtriasw,  to  pound.] 

A  decoction   of  barley   with  otlier  ingrcdi 
eiits.  Encuc.     Jlrhutlinot. 

PTOLEMA'Ie,  a.  [from  Ptolemy,  the  geog 
rapher  and  astrologer.] 

Pertaining  to  Ptolemy.  The  Pio/cniatc  sys- 
tem, in  astronomy,  is  tliat  maintained  by 
Ptolemy,  who  supposed  the  earth  to  be 
fixed  in  the  center  of  tlie  iniiversc,  and 
that  the  sun  and  stars  revolve  around  it. 
This  theory  was  received  for  ages,  but  has 
been  rejected  for  the  Copernican  system. 

PTY'ALISM,  n.  [Gr.  rtnuJ-ta/nos,  a  spitting, 
from  nrvaKii^u,  to  spit  often.] 

In  medicine,  saUvation ;  an  unnatural  or  co- 
piovis  flow  of  saliva.  Coxc.     Encuc 

PTVS'MAGOGUE,  n.  [Gr.  KtvafM,  saliva, 
and  ayu,  to  drive.] 

A  medicine  that  promotes  discharges  of  sal- 
iva. Diet. 

PU'BERTY,  n.  [L.  puherlas,  from  pubes., 
The  age  at  which  persons  are  capable  of' 
procreating  and  bciuring  children.  This 
age  is  diflerent  in  different  climates,  but 
is  with  us  considered  to  be  at  fourteen 
years  in  males,  and  twelve  in  females. 

PU'BES,  n.  [L.]  In  botany,  tlie  luiiriness  of 
plants ;  a  downy  or  villous  substance 
which  grows  ou  plants;  pubescence. 

Martyn. 

PUBES'CENCE,  n.  [L.  pubescens,  pubesco, 
to  shoot,  to  grow  mossy  or  hairy.] 

1.  The  state  of  a  youth  who  has  arrived  at 
puberty  ;  or  the  state  of  ])uberty.     Brown. 

2.  In  botany,  hairiness ;  shagginess ;  the 
hairy  or  downy  substance  on  plants. 

PUBESCENT,  a.  Arriving  at  puberty. 

Brown. 

2.  In  botany,  covered  with  pubescence,  such 
as  hair,  bristles,  beard,  dow)i,  &c. ;  as  the 
leaves  of  plants. 

PUBLIC,  a.  [L.  publicus,  from  the  root  of 
popuhis,  people  ;  thai  is.  people-like ;  Sp. 
publico;  It.  piibblico  ;  Fr.  publique ;  VV. 
pobyl,  people ;  pot,  pawb,  each,  every,  ev- 
ery body.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  nation,  state  or  comrauni 
ty  ;  extending  to  a  whole  people  ;  as  a 
public  law,  which  binds  the  people  of  a 
nation  or  state,  as  opposed  to  a  private 
statute  or  resolve,  which  respects  an  indi 
vidual  or  a  corporation  only.  Thus  we 
sav,  public  welfare,  public  good,  public 
calamity,  public  service,  public  property. 

2.  Common  to  many  ;  current  or  circulated 
among  people  of  all  classes  ;  general ;  as 
public  report ;  public  scandal. 

3.  Open  ;  notorious ;  exposed  to  all  persons 
without  restriction. 

Joseph  her  husband  being  a  just  man,  and 
not  willing  to  make  her  u  public  uxatnple,  was 
minded  to  put  her  away  privily.     Matt.  i. 

4.  Regarding  the  community ;  directed 
ft)  the  interest  of  a  nation,  state  or  com- 


munity ;  as  public  spirit ;  public  minded- 
iiess ;  opposed  to  private  or  selfish. 

South. 

5.  Open  for  general  entertainment;  as  a 
public  liou.se. 

G.  Open  to  common  use  ;  as  a  public  road. 

7.  In  general,  public  expresses  something 
conimon  to  mankind  at  large,  to  a  nation, 
state,  city  or  town,  and  is  opposed  to  pri- 
vate, wha^li  denotes  what  belongs  to  an 
individiuil,  to  a  family,  to  a  company  or 
corporation. 

Public  law,  is  often  synonymous  with  the 
law  of  nations. 

PUB'LIe,  n.  The  general  body  of  mankind 
or  of  a  nation,  state  or  community  ;  the 
people,  indefinitely. 

The  public  is  mure  disposed  to  censure  than 
to  praise.  Addison 

In  this  passage,  public  is  followed  by  a 
verb  in  the  singular  number;  but  being  a 
noun  of  multitude,  it  is  more  generally  (bl 
lowed  by  a  plural  verb ;  the  public  are. 

In  public,  in  open  view ;  before  the  people 
at  large  ;  not  in  private  or  secresy. 

Ill  private  grieve,  but  with  a  careless  scorn 
In  public  seem  to  triumph,  not  to  mourn. 

Ur(tnville. 

PUB'LI€AN,  7!.  [L.  publicanus,  from  publi 
cus.] 

1.  .\  collector  of  toll  or  tribute.     Among  tlie 
Romans,  a  publican   was  a  farmer  ot'  the 
taxes  and  public  revenues,  and  the  infe 
rior  officers  of  this  class  were  deemed  op 
pressive. 

As  Jesus  sat  at  meat  in  the  house,  behold, 
many  publicans  and  sinners  came  and  sat  down 
with  him  and  his  disciples.     Matt.  ix. 

2.  The  keeper  of  a  public  house ;  an  inti- 
keeper. 

PUBiJ€A;TION,  n.  [L.  publicatio,  from 
publico,  from  publiciis.] 

1.  The  act  of  publishing  or  offering  to  public 
notice  ;  notification  to  a  people  at  large,  ei- 
ther by  words,  writing  or  priming;  proc- 
lamation ;  divulgntion  ;  promulgation  ;  as 
t\i(i  publication  of  the  law  at  mount  Sinai; 
the  fm6/!Va(ion  of  the  gospel ;  the  publica- 
tion of  statutes  or  edicts. 

2.  The  act  of otTiring  a  book  or  writing  to 
the  public  by  sale  or  by  gratuitous  distri- 
bution. The  author  consented  to  the  pit6- 
licalion  of  his  manuscripts. 

3.  A  work  printed  and  published  ;  any 
pamphlet  or  book  oftiued  for  sale  or  to 
public  notice  ;  as  a  new  publication  ;  a 
nionthlv  publication. 

PUBLIC! I E'ARTED,  a.  Public-spirited. 
[JVot  used.]  Clarendon. 

PUB'LICIST,  )!.  A  writer  on  the  laws  of 
nature  and  nations  ;  one  who  treats  of  the 
rights  ol' nations.  Kent.     Du  Ponceau 

PUBLICITY,  n.  [Fr.  publicite.]  The  state 
of  being  |)ul)lic  or  open  to  the  knowledge 
of  a  community;  notoriety. 

PUB'LICLY,  adv.  Openly;  with  exposure 
to  popular  view  or  notice  ;  without  con- 
cealment;  as  property  pxi/ic/iy  offered  for 
sale;  an  opinion  publicly  uyowcil ;  a  dec-; 
laration  publicly  made. 

2.  In  the  name  of  the  community.  A  re- 
ward is  publicly  offered  for  the  discovery  of 
the  longitude,  or  for  finding  a  northwest-! 
ern  passage  to  Asia. 

PUBLlC-ailNOED,  a.  Disposed  to  pro 
mote  the  public  interest.    [LitUe  vsed.] 


PUB'LIC-MINDEDNESS,  n.  A  disposi- 
tion to  promote  the  public  weal  or  ad- 
vantage.    [LitUe  used.]  South. 

PUB'LICNES.S,  »i.  The  state  of  being  pub- 
lic, or  open  to  the  view  or  notice  of  people 
at  large  :  as  the  publicness  of  a  sale. 

2.  State  of  belonging  to  the  community  ;  as 
the  publicness  of  jiropertv.  Boyle. 

PUBLIC-SPIRITED,  a.  Having  or  exer- 
cising a  disposition  to  advance  the  itiierest 
of  the  community  ;  disposed  to  make  pri- 
vate sacrifices  for  the  public  good  ;  as  pub- 
lic-spirited men.  Drydcn. 

2.  Dictated  by  a  regard  to  public  good  ;  as 
a  public-spirited  project  or  measure. 

Addison. 

PUBLIC-SPIR  ITEDNESS,  n.  A  disposi- 
tion to  advance  the  jiublic  good,  or  a  will- 
ingness to  make  sacrifices  of  private  in- 
terest to  promote  the  common  weal. 

IVhillock. 

PUB'LISH,  V.  I.  [Fr.  puhlier  ;  Sp.  publicar; 
It.  pubblicare  ;  L.  publico.     See  Public] 

1.  To  ili.scover  or  make  known  to  mankind 
or  to  people  in  general  what  before  was 
private  or  unknown  ;  to  divulge,  as  a  pri- 
vate transaction  ;  to  promulgate  or  pro- 
claim, as  a  law  or  edict.  We  publish  a 
secret,  by  telling  it  to  people  without  re- 
serve. Laws  are  published  by  printing  or 
by  proclamation.  Christ  and  bis  apostles 
published  the  glad  tidings  of  salvation. 

Tir  unwearied  sun,  from  day  to  day, 

Does  Ills  Creator's  power  display; 

And  publishes  to  every  land 

The  work  of  an  Almighty  hand.      Spectator. 

2.  To  send  a  book  into  the  world  ;  or  to  sell 
or  offer  for  sale  a  book,  map  or  print. 

3.  To  utter;  to  put  oft'  or  into  circulation; 
as,  to  publish  a  forged  or  counterfeit  pa- 
per. Laws  of  Mass.  and  Conn. 

4.  To  make  known  by  posting,  or  by  reading 
in  a  church  ;  as,  to  publish  banns  of  mat- 
rimony. We  say  also,  the  persons  intend- 
ing marriage  are  published  ;  that  is,  their 
intention  of  marriaje  is  published. 

PUBLISHED,  pp.  Made  known  to  the 
comiiiimity  ;  divulged  ;  [iromulgated  ;  pro- 
claimed. 

PUBLISHER,  n.  One  who  makes  known 
what  was  before  private  or  unknoivn  ; 
one  that  divulges,  promulgates  or  pro- 
claims. MIerbury. 

2.  One  who  sends  a  book  or  writing  into  the 
world  lor  common  use  ;  one  that  offers  a 
book,  pamphlet,  &c.,  for  sale. 

3.  Oil''  who  utters,  pa.^ses  or  puts  into  cir- 
culation a  counterfeit  paper. 

PUBLISHING,  ppr.  Making  known;  di- 
vulging ;  promulgating;  proclaiming;  sell- 
ing or  offering  publicly  for  sale  ;  utter- 
ing. 

PUBLISHMENT,  n.  In  popular  usage  in 
JVew  England,  a  notice  of  intended  mar- 
riage. 

PUCCOON',  n.  A  plant,  a  species  of  San- 

I     giiinaria  ;  the  bluod-root. 

I  Fam.  of  Plants. 

jPUCE,  a.  Of  a  dark  brown  color.  Qu. 

PU'CEL.\tiE,  n.  [Fr.]  A  state  of  virginity. 
[Little  used.]  Robinso'n. 

PU'CERON,  71.  [Fr.  from  puce,  a  flea.]  The 
name  of  a  tribe  of  small  iusecis  which  are 
found  in  great  numbers  on  the  bark  and 


PUD 

leaves  of  plants,  and  live  by  sucking  tliej 
sap  ;  the  Apliis,  vine  tVetter,  or  plant  louse. 

Encyc.i 
PUCK,  n.  [Ice.  Sw.  puke,  a  demon  ;  Scot.] 

puck.] 
A  demon  ;  a  mischievous  spirit.  Shak. 

PUCK'-BALL,  /       [from  puck.]   A  kind  of 
PUCK' -FIST,   ("■  mushroom  full  of  dust. 

DM.\ 
PUCK'ER,  !•.  t.  [Sp.  buche,  a  purse,  rum-j 
pie  or  pucker  ;  bucte,  a  buckle ;  buchar,  toj 
hide.  Buche  signifies  also  a  crop  or  cravi-, 
and  the  breast;  hence  perhaps  L.  pectus ;\ 
Port,  bucho,  the  crop,  the  stumacli.  (iu.  Ir.| 
fighim,  to  weave  ;  G.  farh.  In  Gr.  .tvxa, 
signifies  closely,  densely  ;  rtvxafu,  to  cov- 
Br.  Class  Bg.  The  primary  sense  is  prob- 
ably to  draw,  to  wrinkle.] 
To  gather  into  small  folds  or-  wrinkles ;  to 
contract  into  ridges  and  furrows  ;  to  cor 
rugate. 

His  face   pale   and  withered,   and   his  skin 
puckered  in  wrinkles.  Spectator. 

It  is  usually  followed  by  up  ;  as,  to  puck- 
er up  cloth  ;  but  up  is  superfluous.     It  is  a 
popular  word,  but  not  elegant. 
PUCK'ER,  n.  A  fold  or  wrinkle,  or  a  col- 
lection of  folds. 
PUCKERED,    pp.     Gathered     in    folds ; 

wrinkled. 
PUCK'ERING,  ppr.  Wrinkling. 
PUD'DER,  n.  [This  is  supposed  to  be  the 

same  as  pother.] 
A  tumult;  a  confused  noise  ;  a  bustle.  [Vtd- 
e;ar.]  Shak.     Locke 

POD'DER,  v.  i.  To  make  a  tumult  or  bus- 
tle. Lock 
PUD  DER,  V.  t.  To  perplex  ;  to  embarrass  ; 
to  confuse;  vulgarly  to  6o//ier.  Locke. 
PUDDING,  n.  [W.  paten,  what  bulges  out, 
a  paunch,  a  pudding  ;  F'r.  boudin,  a  pud- 
ding, from  Imuder,  to  poul;  Ir.  boideal;  G. 
Dan.  pudding  ;  Sw.  pudiiig.  Class  Bd.] 
1.  A  species  of  food  of  a  soft  or  moderately 
hard    consistence,   variously    made,    but 
usually  a  compound  of  flour,   or  meal   of 
maiz,  with  milk  and  eggs,  sometimes  en- 
riched with  raisins  and  called  plum-pud- 
ding. 
9.  An  intestine.  Shak. 
3.  An  intestine  stufted  with  meat, ;  &c.  now 

(■ailed  a  sausage. 
1.  Proverbially,  food  or  victuals. 

Eat   youi    jiuddinf^,  slave,   and   hold  youi- 
tongue.  Prior. 

PUD'DING,         }       lu  seamen's  language, 
PiJD'DENING,  I  "■  a  thick  wreath  or  cir 
cle  of  cordage,  tajjcriug  from   the  middle 
towards  the  ends,  and  fastened  about  the 
mast  below  the   trusses,  to   prevent    the 
yards  from  falling  dnwn   when  the  ropes 
sustaining  them  are  shot  away. 
PUD'DING-GRASH,  n.  A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Mentha.  Fam.  of  Plants. 
PUD'DING-GROSS,  n.  A  plant.     Qu. 

John.^on. 

PyI)'DING-PIE,  n.  A  pudding  with  meat 

baked  in  it.  Hudibrcis. 

PUDDING  PIPE-TREE,  n.  A  plant  of  tin 

genus  Cassia.  Fnm.  of  Plants 

PllD'DING-SLEEVE,  n.  A  sleeve  of  the 

full  dress  clerical  gown.  SwiJI. 

PyD'DlN(;-ST()M;,   ji.   Conglomerate  ;  a 

coarse    sandstone    ciiMipusoil    of  sili(■iou^ 

pebbles,  flint,  &c.  united  by  a  comeut. 

Cleuveland. 


P  U  F 


PUG 


PUD'DING-TIME,  n.  The  time  of  dinner,  i4.  Any  thing  light  and  porous,  or  something 
pudding  being  formerly  the   first  di?h  set  I     swelled  and  light  ;  as /«J^-paste.       Taiier. 


on  the  table,  or  rather  iirst  eaten  ;  a  prac-  .'J.  A 

tice  not  yet  ob.solete  among  the  common 

people  of  New  England. 
a.  The  uick  of  time  ;  critical  time. 

Hudihras. 
PUD'DLE,  n.  [Ir.  boidhtia;  O.  pfiitze.]     A 

small   stand   of  dirty     water ;    a   nuiddy 

plash.  Dri/den.     .'litilison.i 

PUD'DLE,  v.t.  To  made  foul  or  muddy  ;  to, 

pollute  with  dirt ;  to  mix  dirt  and  water.' 
Shak.     Dryden.\ 
3.  To  make  thick  or  close. 
PUD'DLED,  pp.  Made  muddy  or  foul. 
PUD'DLING,  ppr.  Making  nuiddy  or  dirty. 
PUD'DLY,  a.  Muddy;  foul;  dirty. 

Carew. 
PUD'DOCK,  ?  [for  paddock  or  parrock, 
PUR'ROCK,  \  "■  i>ark.J  A  small  enclosure. 

[Provincialin  England.] 
PU'DENCY,  n.  [L.  pudens,  pudeo,  to  blush 


or   be   ashamed  ;    Ar.    Jvxc      abada,   to 

worship,  to    prostrate   one's  self,  to  cast 
down,  to  subdue,  to   be  ashamed,  or  Ch 
nnj  to  blush.    Qu.  Heb.  tyi2   in    a  difier-' 
eut  dialect.     The  first  is  the  more  proba- 
ble uftinity.  Class  Bd.  No.  11.  30.] 

Modesty  ;  shamefacedness.  Shak. 

PUDEN'DA,  n.  plu.  [L.]  The  parts  of  gen- 
eration. 

PU'DI€,        ?        [L.  purficits,  modest.]    Per- 

PU'DIeAL,  \  "'  taining  to  the  parts  which 
nuxlesty  requires  to  be  concealed ;  as  the 
pmlic  arterv.  Quinoj. 

PUDIC'ITY,' n.  [¥r.  pudiciii;  L.pudici- 
tia.]     Modesty ;  chastity.  Hotvell. 

PUE-FELLOVV.  [See  Pew-fellow.] 

I'U'ERILE,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  putrilis,  from 
puer,  a  boy.] 

Boyish ;  childish ;  trifling ;  as  a  puerile 
:miusement.  Pope. 

PUERIL'ITY,  n.  [Ft:  pueriliU ;  L.  puerili- 
tas,  from  puer,  a  boy.] 

1.  Childishness;  boyishness;  the  maimers 
or  actions  of  a  boy  ;  that  which  is  triflm 

Brown.     Drydcn. 

2.  In  discourse,  a  thought  or  expression 
which  is  flat,  insipid  or  childish.        Encycj 

PUER'PERAL,  a.  [L.  puerpera,  a  lying-in-] 
woman  ;  puer,  a  boy,  and  pario,  to  bear.] 

Pertaining  to  childhirth ;  as  a  puerperal  fe- 
ver. 

PUER'PEROUS,  a.  [L.  puerpcrus,  supra.] 
Bearing  children  ;  lying  in. 

PUET.  [See  Pcwel.] 

PUFF,  n.  [D.pof;  G.paff.a  inttV,  alhump; 
puffen,  to  cuff,  to  thump,  to  buffet  ;  Dan. 
puff,  a  puff,  blast,  bulfet:  puffir,  to  crack  ; 
\V. /«(/and /«/  Tliis  is  only  a  dialecti- 
cal variation  of  buff,  buffet ;  It.  buffo,  buffa. 
Itnffctto,  beffa,  whence  buffoon  ;  Sp.  hufar, 
to  puft'.  The  radical  sense  is  to  dri\e.  In 
thrust,  hence  to  swell.  See  Buffet  and 
Buffoon.     The  Dutch  orthography  is  prc- 


<ul)staiice    of  loose    texture,    nsfil    to 

sprinkle  powder  on  the  hair.      Mnsworlh. 

6.  A    tuuiid    or   exaggerated   statement  or 

coMunendation.  Vibber. 

PUF'F,  V.  i.    [(r.  puffen,  to  puff,  to  thump, 

to  butfc't ;  verpuffen,  to   detonize;  D.    pof- 

fen  ;   W.  pifiaw,  pufiaw,  to  pilfi';  Fr.  bouf- 

fir,  to  fiuti',  to  swell.     See  the  Noun.] 

To  drive  air  from  the  tnouth  in  a  single 

:md  qULck  blast.  Shak. 

3.  To  suell  the  cheeks  with  air. 
:i.  To  blow   as  an   expression   of  scorn  or 

contempt. 

It  is  really  to  rlefy  heaven,  to  puff  at  damna- 
tion. South. 

4.  To  breathe  with  vehemence,  as  after  vio- 
lent exertion. 

I  he  ass  comes  hack  af;alu,  piiffing  and  blow- 
ing Iroin  the  chase.  ISKslrange. 

5.  To  do  or  move  with  hurry,  agitation  and 
a  tumid,  bustling  appearance. 

'Ihen  came  brave  glory  puffing  by. 

Herbert. 

6.  To  swell  with  air ;  to  dilate  or  inflate. 

Boyle. 

PUFF,  V.  t.  To  drive  with  a   blast   of  wind 

or  air  ;  as,  the  north  wind  puffs  awaj   the 

clouds.  Dryden. 

3.  To  swell ;  to  inflate  ;  to  dilate  with  air  ; 
as  a  bladder  puffed  with  air. 

The  seji  jniffeil  n\>  with  winds.  Shak. 

'■i.  To  swell ;  ti)  inflate;  to  blow  up  ;  aspuff- 
ed  up  with  pride,  vanity  or  conceit;  to 
piff  up  with  jiraise  or  flattery. 

Denham.     Bacon. 

4.  To  drive  with  a  blast  in  scorn  or  con- 
tempt. 

I  ^«Jf  the  prostitute  away.  Dryden. 

5.  To  praise  with  e.\aggeration ;  as,  to  puff 
a  pamphlet. 

PUFF-BALL,  n.    A  fungus  or  mushroom 

full  of  dust,  of  the  genus  Lycoperdon. 

Lee. 
PUFFED,  pp.  Driven  out  suddenly,  as  air 

or  breath;  blown  up;  swelled   with  air; 

inflated  with  vanity  or  pnde  ;  praised. 
PUFFER.    H.    One   lh.it   pufts;    one  that 

praises  with  noisy  commendation. 
PUFF'IN,  n.  A  water   fowl  of  the  genus 

AIca  or  auk. 
■i.  A  kind  of  fish. 

'X  A  kind  of  fiiiiirns  with  dust;  afuzzball. 
PUFFIN-APPLE,   n.    A  sort   of  wpple  so 

called.  ^iinsworth. 

PUFF'ING,    ppr.    Driving  out   the   breath 

with  a  single,  sudden   blast;  blowing  up; 

inflatiui!;    praising  pompously. 
PUFF'INGLY.  adc.  Tumidly;  with   swell. 
3.  With  vehement  brealiiing  or  shortness  of 

breath. 
PUFF'Y,  a.    Swelled   with  air  or  any  soft 

matter;  tumid  with    a  soft  substance;  as 

a  puffy  tumor.  Wisemm. 

3.  Tuunil  ;  turgid;    bombastic;    as  a   p:ffy 

style.  Dryaen. 

PUG,  (i.  [Sax.  Sw.  pig't.  .i  little  girl ;  Dan. 

pige  ;  W   bac,  bycan  ,  i^it.  puco  or  petjneno, 

littl(! ;    Ir.  iifrg,  from  the  root   of  /rig,  mat 

is,  a  shoot,  as  wo  use  imp.     See  Btaglt.] 

1 


ciscly  the  Pers.  ^J^j   put",  a  puff] 

A  suddiHi  an<l  single    emission   of  bre;itli 

from  the  mouth;    a   (piick  forcihh-   l,l:,st  ;jThe  name  given   to    a   liltle   animal   treale. 
.,  whilf  Philips.^     "'l''  familiarity,  as  a  monkey,  a  little  dog, 

'a  sudden  and  short  blast  of  wind.  I     &'<•■  "        Spectator. 

i?a/ci'g-/i.  iPUGGEIlED,  for  puckered,  is  not  in  iim  . 

A  fungous  ball  filled  with  dust.  '<  More. 


P  U  L 


P  U  L 


P  U  L 


PUGH,  exclam.  A  word  used  in  coiueini>t 

or  diiidaiii. 
PU'GlL,  n.  [ll.puffUlo,a  handful;  Fr.  }ni 

gik  ;  L.  jnn^iltum,  Iroui  tliu  root  of  pug 

nus,  tlie   list ;    proljahly   coiiiciiliiig  with 

th(!  Greek  nvxi/uu,  to  make   thick,  tliat  is, 

to  close  or  press.] 
As  much  as  is  taken  up  between  the  thumb 

and  two  lirst  fingers.  Bacon. 

PU'tilLlSM,  n.  [L.  Up.  pugil,^  a  champion 

or  prize-hgliler,  from   the   G\:  rtvxTtj;,  id. ; 

Ttvynri,   the  list ;  «v|,   with  the  list ;  nvxvo^. 

to  close  or  make  fast;  allied   probably  to 

pack,  L.  pango.     Class  Bg.J 
The  practice  of  boxmg  or  lighting  with   the 

fist. 
PU'tilMST,  n.   A  boxer;  one   who  figlits 

with  his  fi.sts. 
Pll(ilLlS'TlC,   a.    Pertaining  to  bo.Ying  or 

fightmg  witli  the  list. 
PUGNA'CIOLS,  a.  [L.  pugnax,  [vompug- 

na,  a  tight ;  troni  pugnus,  the  fist.     See 

Pugil.] 
Disposed    to    fight;   inclined    to    fighting; 

quarrelsome  ;  lighting.  .More 

PUGNACITY,     n.     Inclination    to    fight  ; 

qiiarrelsomeuess.     [Liltle  itstd.]       Bacon 
PUISNE,  a.pu'ny.    [Fr.  puis,  since,  after- 
wards, and  ni,  horn.] 

1.  In  laii>,  younger  or  iid'erior  in  rank;  as  a 
chief  justice  and  llucc  jmisnr  justices  of 
the  court  of  common  pleas  ;  the  puisne 
barons  of  the  court  of  exchequer. 

Blacksto7ie. 

2.  Later  in  date.     [A'ot  used.]  Hale. 
PU'ISSANCE,  )!.  [Fr.   from  pouvoir,  to  he 

able  ;  L.  posse,  possutn,  potes,  potest ;  Sp. 
poder,  power,  ll. podere.\  I'ow  er  ;  strength 
might  ;  force.  Milton.     Shak. 

PU'ISSANT,  a.  Powerful;  strong;  niigli 
ty  ;  forcible  ;  as  a  puissiini  prince  or  em 
pire.  Milton.     Raleigh. 

PU'ISSANTLY,  adv.  Powerfully  ;  with 
great  strength. 

PUKE,  I',  i.  [Heb.  pa  to  evacuate,  to  empty 
L.  vacuo ;  or  m2  to  burst  forth  ;  Ch.  id. 
and  m3-  Ciu.  W.  cyvogi,  to  vomit ;  cy 
is  a  prefix.  Spew  is  probably  from  the 
same  source:  L.  spuo,  for  spuco,  witli  a 
prefix.  The  railical  sense  is  to  throw  o 
drive.]  To  vomit ;  to  eject  from  the 
stomach.  Sliak 

PUKE,  n.  .\  vomit;  a  medicine  which  ex 
cites  vomiting. 

PUKE,  a.  Of  a  color  between  black  and 
russet.  Sliak 

PU'KED,  pp.  Vomited. 

PUKER,  n.  A  medicine  causing  vomiting. 

PU'KING,  ppr.  Vomiting. 

PUL'CHRPrUDE,  n.  [L.  pukhritudo,  from 
pulchti;  beautiful.] 

1.  Beauty  ;  handsomeness  ;  grace  ;  comeli 
iiess ;  that  (iiiality  of  form  which  please: 
the  e)e.  Brown.    More. 

*2.  Moral  beauty;  those  qualities  of  the  mind 
which  good  men  love  and  approve. 

South. 

PULE,  r.  i.  [Fr.  piauler.  This  word  be 
lon;;s  probably  to  the  root  of  laid,  bellow, 
L.  pello.] 

i.  To  cry  like  a  chicken.  Bacon. 

2.  To  whine  ;  to  cry  as  a  complaining 
fhild :  to  whimper. 

To  s|icak  puling  like  a  beegar  at  haliinass. 

Shak 


iPU  Ll€,  n.  A  plant. 


Ainsworth.i 


PU'LICOSE,  ;        [L.  pulicosus,  from  pulei-;. 

PU'LleOUS,  $  "•  a  flea.]  Abounding  with 
fleas.     [JVot  used.]  Diet, 

PU'LING,  ppr.  Crying  like  a  chicken  ; 
whining. 

PU'LL\G,  n.  A  cry,  as  of  a  chicken  ;  a 
whining.  Bacon. 

PU'LLNGLY,  adv.  With  whining  or  com- 
plaint. 

PU  LIOL,  n.  \  i)lant.  .linsworlh. 

iPULK'llA,  11.  A  Lajdanders  traveling  sled 
or  sleigh. 

PULL,   V.  t.    [Sax.  pullian  ;  L.  vello.     Q,u. 

Eth.  O^rh  haleach.  Class  Bl.  No.  7.] 
1.  To  draw  ;  to  draw  towards  one  or  to  make 
I     an  effort  to  draw.  Pull  ditiers  from  draw  ; 

we   use  draw   when   motion    follows  the 

effort,  and  pull  is  used  in  the  same  sense ; 

but   we   may   also  pull   forever    without 
i     drawing  or  moving  the  thing.     This  dis- 
tinction  may    not   be  universal.     PuU  is 

opposed  to  push. 

Then  he  put  forth  his  hand  and  look  her  and 

pulled  her  in  lo  huii  into  the  ark.     {ien.  viii. 
■■i.  To  pluck;  to  gather  by  drawing  or  forc- 
1     iiig  off"  or  out;  as,  to  pull  truit ;  to  pull 
I     flax. 

j3.  To  tear ;  to  rend  ;  but  in  this  sense  fol- 
I  lowed  by  some  qualifying  wrud  or  phrase  ; 
i     as,  to  pull  in  pieces ;  to  pull   asunder   or 

apart.     To  pull  in  two,  is  to  separate  or 

tear  by  violence  into  two  parts. 
To  pulldown,  to  demolish  or  to  take  in  pieces 

by  separating  the  parts;  as,  lu  pull  down 

a  house. 
'i.  To  demolish  ;  to  subvert  ;  to  destroy. 

In  political  artairs,  as  well  as  mechanical,  it  is 

easier  lo  pull  dinvn  than  to  build  up.       Hmvell. 
■i.  To  bring  down  ;  to  degrade ;  to  humble. 
To  raise   the  wretched   and  pull  down  tlie 
I  proud.  Moscoiiimnn. 

To  pull  off,  to  separate  by  pulling;  to  pluck; 
I     also,  to  take  off"  without  force  ;  as,  to  pull 
1     nffii  coat  or  hat. 
To  pull  out,  to  draw  out ;  to  extract. 
To  pull  up,  lo  pluck  lip;  to  tear  up  by  the 

roots  ;  hence,  to  extirpate  ;  to  eradicate  ; 

to  destroy. 
I'ljLl-,  n.    The  act  of  pulling  or  drawing 
I     with  force  ;  an  effort  to  move  by  drawing 
!     towards  one.  Swijl. 

\'i.  A  contest  ;  a  struggle.  Carew. 

'•').   Pluck;  violence  suffered.  Shak.l 

PlJLL'BACK,  n.  That  which  keeps  back,! 
I     or  restrains  from  proceeding.  j 

TVLL'ED,  pp.  Drawn  towards  one  ;  pluck-i 
i     ed.  j 

PULL'EN,  n.  [Fr.  ;(oi(/e,  a  hen,  L.  pullus.l 
I  See  Pi(We(  and  ioa/.]  Poultry.  [.Vol  us-' 
;     ed.]  Bdilei/. 

PULL'ER,  n.  One  that  pulls.  Shnk.\ 

PyLL'ET,  71.  [Fr.  poulet,  dim.  from  poule, 
I     a  hen ;  It.  polio  ;    L.   pullus  ;  Gr.  nuXo;  ; 
\     coinciding  with  Eng.ybn/.] 
,A   young  hen  or  female  of  the  gallinaceous 
'     kind  o("  fowls.  If'iseman. 

|PL'LL'EY,  n.  plu.  pulleys.  [Fr.  poulie  ;  Sp. 

polta;  Li.  polus ;  Gr.  noxo^,  trom  rtoxtu,  to 
I     turn.] 

lA  small  wheel  turning  on  a  pin  in  a  block, 
'     with  a  furrow  or  groove  in  which  runsi 

the  rope  that  turns  it. 

The   pulley  is  one  of  the   mechanical) 

powers.     The  word  is   used  also  in  the 


general  sense  of  tackle,  to  denote  all  parts 
of  the  machine  for  raising  weights,  of 
which  the  |)iilley  forms  a  part. 

PUL'Ll€AT,  Ji.  A  kind  of  silk  handker- 
chief. 

PULL'ING,  ppr.  Drawing;  making  an  ef- 
fort to  draw  ;  plucking. 

PULLULATE,  v.  i.  [L.  puUulo,  from  pul- 
lus, a  shoot.]     To  germinate  ;  to  bud. 

Granger. 

PULLULA'TION,  n.  A  germinating  or 
budding  ;  the  first  shooting  of  a  hud. 

More. 

PULMONARY,  a.  [L.  pulmonarius,  from 
puima,  the  lungs,  from  pelio,  pulsus,  pulso, 
to  drive  or  beat.] 

Pertaining  to  the  lungs  ;  affecting  the  lungs; 
as  a  pulmonary  di.sease  or  consumption  ; 
ll\c  pulmonarij  artery. 

PULMONARY,  n.  [L.  pulmonaria.]  A 
plain,  lungwort.  Ainsworth. 

PULMON'lC,  a.  [Fr.  pulmonique,  from  L. 
pulmo,  the  lungs.] 

Pertaining  to  the  lungs;  affecting  the  lungs; 
as  a  pulmonic  disease  ;  pulmonic  consump- 
tion. 

PULMON'lC,  n.  A  medicine  for  diseases 
of  the  lungs. 

2.  One  affected  by  a  disease  of  the  lungs. 

Arbulhnot. 

PULP,  n.  [Fr.  pulpe;  l^.  pulpn.  Tliis  i3 
probably  allied  to  L.  puis,  pulmentum,  Gr. 
no>.Toi,  from  softness.  Qu.  from  pulsus, 
beaten.] 

1.  .\  soft  mass  ;  in  general. 

i.  The  soft  substance  within  a  bone ;  mar- 
row. Bacon. 

3.  The  soft,  succulent  part  of  fruit ;  as  the 
pulp  of  an  orange. 

4.  The  aril  or  exterior  covering  of  a  cofTee- 
beriy.  Edwards,  If.  Ind. 

PULP,  V.  I.  To  <leprive  of  the  pulp  or  integ- 
uiiKMit,  as  the  cofftje-berry. 

The  other  mode  is  to  jntlp  the  colTuc  imme- 
diately as  it  couies  troiii  the  tree.  Hy  a  simple 
macbtne,  a  man  viiW  pulp  a  bushel  in  a  minute. 
Edward.-<,  ir.  Ind. 
PyL'PIT,  71.  [L. /)i(//Ji7i/m,  asiage,  scuff'okl, 
or  higher  part  of  a  stage  ;  It.  Sp.  pulpito  : 
Fr.  pupitre.] 

1.  .All  elevated  place  or  inclosed  stage  in  a 
church,  in  which  the  preacher  stands.  It 
is  r'alled  also  a  desk. 

2.  In  the  Roman  theater,  the  pnlpitnm  was 
the  place  where  the  players  pcTformed 
their  parts,  lower  than  the  sceiia  and 
higher  than  the  orchestra.  Encyc. 

■i.  .\  movable  desk,  from  which  disputants 
pronounced  their  dissertations,  and  au- 
thors recited  their  works.  Encur 

PULPIT-ELOQUENCE,  )  Eloquence 

PlJLPIT-OR  ATORY,  \  "•  or  oratory 
in  delivering  sermons. 

\Pulpiiicnlly,  in  Chesterfield,  is  not  an  author- 
izeil  word. 

PULPIT-ORATOR,  n.  An  eloquent 
preacher. 

PULP'OUS,  n.  [from  pulp.]  Consisting  of 
pulp  or  resembling  it ;  soft  like  pap. 

Philips. 

PULP'OUSNESS,  )i.  Softness;  the  quality 
of  being  pulpous. 

PULP'V,  a.    Like  pulp;  soft;  fleshy;  .suc- 
culent; as  the  pulpy  covering  of  a  nut; 
l\ic  pulpy  substance  of  a  peach  or  chi-rry. 
Ray.    ,drbuthnot. 


P  U  L 


P  U  M 


PUN 


This  constitutes 


pulsation  as  well  as 
Blackstone 


PULS'ATE,  V.  i.  [L.  pulsatus,  jnUso,  to 
beat,  from  the  root  of  pello,  to  drive.]  To 
beat  or  throb. 

The  heart  of  a  viper  or  frog  will  continue  to 
pulsate  long  after  it  is  taken  from  the  body. 

Darwin. 

PULS'ATILE,  a.  [h.  pulsatilis,  from  pulso, 
to  beat.] 

Tliiit  is  or  may  be  struck  or  beaten  ;  played 
by  heating  ;  as  a  pulsatile  instrument  of 
music.  Mus.  Diet. 

PULSA'TION,  n.  [L.  pulsatio,  supra.]  Tlie 
beating  or  throbbing  of  tlie  heart  or  of 
an  artery,  in  the  process  of  carrying  on 
the  circulation  of  the  blood.  The  blood 
being  propelled  by  tlie  contraction  of  the 
heart,  causes  the  arteries  to  dilate,  so  as 
to  render  each  dilatation  perceptible  to  the 
touch  in  certain  parts  of  the  body,  as  in 
the  radial  artery,  &c. 

■9.  In  law,  any  touching  of  another's  body 
willfully  or  in   anger.  ' 

iaUery. 

By  the  Cornelian   law, 
verberation   is  prohibited. 

PULS'ATIVE,  a.  Beating;  throbbing. 

Encyc. 

PULSA'TOR,  n.  A  beater  ;  a  striker. 

Did. 

PULS'ATORY,  o.  Beating;  throbbing;  as 
the  heart  and  arteries.  Hollon. 

PULSE,  n.  puis.  [L.  pulsus,  from  pdlo,  to 
drive  ;  Fr.  pouls.] 

1.  In  animals,  the  boating  or  throbbing  of 
the  heart  and  arteries;  more  particularly, 
the  sudden  dilatation  of  an  artery,  caused 
by  the  projectile  force  of  the  blood,  which 
is  perceptible  to  the  touch.  Hence  we 
say,  to  feel  the  pulse.  The  pulse  is  frequent 
or  rare,  quick  or  slow,  equal  or  unequal, 
regular  or  intermitting,  hard  or  soft,  strong 
or  weak,  &c.  The  pulses  of  an  adult  in 
health,  are  little  more  than  one  pulse  to  a 
second  ;  in  certain  fevers,  the  number  is 
increased  to  90,  100,  or  even  to  140  in  a 
minute. 
.2.  The  stroke  with  which  a  medium  is  af- 
fected by  the  motion  of  light,  sound,  &c. 
oscillation ;  vibration. 

Sir  Isaac  Newton  demonstrates  that  the  velo 
cities  of  the  puhes  of   an  elastic  fluid  mediuiu 
are  in  a  ratio  compounded  of  half  the  ratio  of 
the  elastic   force  directly,  and  half  the  ratio  of 
the  density  inversely.  Encyc. 

To  feel  one's  pulse,  metaphorically,  to  sound 
one's  opinion  ;  to  try  or  to  know  one's 
mind. 

PULSE,  V.  i.  To  beat,  as  the  arteries.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Ray 

PULSE,  v.t.  [L.  pulso.]  To  drive,  as  the 
pulse.     [Little  used.] 

PULSE,  n.  [Q,u.  from  L.  pulsus,  beaten  out, 
as  seeds ;  or  Heb.  Ch.  '71a  a  bean,  from 
n'7i3  to  separate.] 

Leguminous  plants  or  their  seeds ;  the  plants 
whoso  pericarp  is  a  legume  or  pod,  as 
beans,  peas,  &c.  Milton.     Dn/den. 

PULSIF'IC,  n.  [pulse  and  h.facio,  to  make.^ 
Exciting  the  pulse  ;  causing  pulsation. 

Smith. 

PUL'SION,  n.  [from  L.  pulsus.]  The  act 
of  driving  forward  ;  in  oppojiition  to  suc- 
tion or  traction.     [Little  used.] 

More.     Bcnlley. 


PULTA'CEOUS,   a.   [from  Gr.  rtoWoj,   L. 

puis.    See  Pulp.]     Macerated ;  softened  ; 
nearly  fluid.  Beddoes. 

PUL'VERABLE,  a.  [from  L.  pulvis,  dust, 
])robably  from  pello,  pulso.  or  its  root,  that 
which  is  beaten  fine,  or  that  which  is 
driven.     See  Powder.] 

That  may  be  reduced  to  fine  powder ;  ca- 
pable of  being  pulverized.  Boyle. 

PUL'VERATE,  v.  t.  To  beat  or  reduce  to 
powder  or  dust. 

[But  pulverize  is  generally  used.] 

PUL'VERIN,     )       .  ,        ,.,     .„ 

PUL'VERI.NE,  \  "•  ^^^^^  "'  barilla. 

PULVERiZA'TION,  n.  [from  pulverize. 
The  act  of  reducing  to  dust  or  powder. 

PUL'VERIZE,  V.  t.  [It.  polverizzare  ;  Fr. 
pulveriser.] 

To  reduce  to  fine  powder,  as  by  beating, 
grinding,   &c.      Friable   substances   may 
be  pulverized  by  grinding  or  beating  ;  but 
to  pulverize  malleable  bodies,  other  ineth 
ods  must  he  pursued.  Encyc. 

PUL'VERIZED,  pp.  Reduced  to  fine  pow- 
der. 

PUL'VERIZING,  ppr.  Reducing  to  fine 
(lowder. 

PUL'VEROUS,  a.  Consisting  of  dust  or 
powder  ;  like  powder. 

PULVER'ULENCE,  n.  Dustiness;  abund- 
ance of  dust  or  powder. 

PULVER'ULENT,  a.  Dusty;  consisting  of 
fine  powder ;  powdeiy. 

2.  Addicted  to  lying  and  rolling  in  the  dust, 
as  fowls. 

PUL'VIL,  n.  A  sweet  scented  powder. 
[Little  used.]  Gay. 

PUL'VIL,  V.  t.  To  sprinkle  with  a  perfuiii- 
ed  powder.     [JVot  used.]  Concrete. 

PU'M.-^,  n.  A  rapacious  quadruped  of 
America,  of  the  genus  Felis. 

PUM'ICE,  n.  [L.  pumex,  supposed  to  be 
from  the  root  of  spuma,  foam  ;  G.  bimslein  ; 
D.  ptnmsteen.] 

A  substance  frequently  ejected  from  volca- 
noes, of  various  colors,  gray,  white,  red- 
dish brown  or  black ;  hard,  rough  and 
porous ;  specifically  lighter  than  water, 
and  resembling  the  slag  produced  in  an 
iron  furnace.  It  consists  of  parallel  fibers, 
and  is  supposed  to  he  asbestos  decompos- 
ed by  the  action  of  fire. 

Encyc.     .Nicholson. 
Pumice  is  of  three  kinds,  glassy,  com- 
mon, and  porphyritic.  Ure. 

PUM'ICE-STONE,  n.  The  same  as  pum- 

ICC. 

PUMP'CEOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  pumice  ; 
consisting  of  pumice  or  resembling  it. 

PUMMEL.     [See  Pommel.] 

PUMP,  n.  [Fr.  pompe,  a  pump  and  pomp  ;  D. 
pomp  ;  T)an.  pompe  ;  Sp.  bomba,  a  pump  and 
a  bomb.  VVe  see  that  pump,  pomp,  and  bomb 
are  the  same  word,  differently  applied  byi 
different  nations.  The  L.  bombus  is  of  the 
same  family,  as  is  the  Eng.  bombast;  Ir. 
buimpis,  a  pump  ;  W.  pwmp,  a  round 
mass.  The  primary  sense  of  the  root 
seems  to  be  to  swell.] 

1.  A  hydraulic  engine  tor  raising  water,  by 
exhausting  the  incumbent  air  of  a  tube  or 
])ipe,  in  consequence  of  wliicli  the  water 
rises  in  the  tube  by  means  of  the  pressure 
of  the   air    on    the    surrounding    w.-iter. 


There  is  however  a  forcing  puinji  in  which;!     spirit. 


the  water  is  raised  in  the  tube  by  a  force 
applied  to  a  lateral  tube,  near  the  bottom 
of  the  pump. 

2.  A  shoe  with  a  thin  sole.  Sivijl. 

PUMP,  V.  i.  To  work  a  pump;  to  raise  .wa- 
ter with  a  puinp. 

PUMP,  V.  t.  To  raise  with  a  pump;  as,  to 
pump  water. 

2.  To  draw  out  by  artful  interrogatories;  ag, 
to  pump  out  secrets. 

3.  To  examine  by  artful  questions  for  the 
purpose  of  drawing  out  secrets. 

But  pump  not  me  for  politics.  Otway, 

Chain-pump,  is  a  chain  equipped  with  a  suf- 
ficient number  of  valves  at  proper  distan- 
ces, which  working  on  two  wheels,  jiass- 
es  down  through  one  tube  and  returns 
through  another.  Mar.  Diet. 

PUMP'^BOLTS,  n.  Two  pieces  of  iron, 
one  used  to  fasten  the  pump-spear  to  the 
brake,  the  other  as  a  fulcrum  for  the 
brake  to  work  upon.  Mar.  Diet. 

PUMP  -BRAKE,  n.  The  arm  or  handle  of 
a  pump.  Mar.  Diet. 

PUMP'-DALE,  n.  A  long  wooden  tube, 
used  to  convey  the  water  from  a  chain- 
pump  across  the  ship  and  through  the 
side.  Mar.  Diet. 

PUMP'ER,  n.  The  person  or  the  instru- 
ment that  pumps. 

PUMP'-GEAR,  n.  The  materials  for  fitting 
and  repairing  pumps.  Mar.  Diet. 

PUMP'-IIOQD,  n.  A  semi-cylindrical  frame 
of  wood,  covering  the  upper  wheel  of  s 
chain-pump. 

PUMP'ION,  n.  [D.  pompoen,  Sw.  pomp,  a 

i     gourd.] 

A  plant  and  its  fruit,  of  the  genus  Cucurbi- 

;     ta. 

PUMP'KIN,  n.  A  porapion.  [This  is  the 
common  orthography  of  the  word  in  the 
United  States.] 

PUMP'-SPEAR,  n.  The  bar  to  which  the 
upper  box  of  a  pump  is  fastened,  and 
which  is  attached  to  the  brake  or  handle. 

Mar.  Did. 

PUN,  n.  [Qu.  W. /)im,  equal.]  An  expres- 
sion in  which  a  word  has  at  once  different 
meanings ;  an  expression  in  which  two 
different  applications  of  a  word  present  an 
odd  or  ludicrous  idea  ;  a  kind  of  quibble 
or  equivocation  ;  a  low  species  of  wit.  Thus 
a  man  who  had  a  tall  wife  named  Expe- 
rience, observed  tliat  he  had,  by  lottg  expe- 
rience, proved  the  blessings  of  a  married 
life. 

A  pun  can  be  no  more  engraven,  than  it  can 
be  translated .  Addison, 

PUN,  V.  i.  To  quilible  ;  to  use  the  same 
word  at  once  in  diflercnt  senses. 

Dryden. 

PUN,  V.t.  To  persuade  by  a  pun.     ^Iddison. 

PUNCH,  n.  [W.  pwnr,  a  point  ;  Arm.  poen- 
conn:  Fr.  poincon  ;  Sp.  ;«(?i:on;  h.  punc- 
tum,  jiungo.] 

.\n  iiistniinent  of  iron  or  steel,  used  in  seve- 
ral arts  for  perforating  holes  in  plates  of 
metal,  and  so  contrived  as  to  cut  out  a 
piece. 

PUXCir,  n.  [Sp.  ponche  ;  D.  pons:  G. 
punsrk  ;  Dan.  pons,  polish.] 

.\  drink  compo.scd  of  water  sweetened  with 
su;;ar,  willi  a  mixture  of  lemon  juice  and 


Encyc.    Swifl. 


PUN 

PUNCH,  Ji.  The  buffoon  or  harlequin  of  a 
puppet  show.  [See  Punchinello.] 

PUNCH,  n.  A  well  set   tiorse  with  a  short 
back,  thiti  shoulders,  broad  neck,  ami  we 
covered  witli  flesh.  Far.  Did. 

2.  A  sliort  fat  fellow. 

PUNCH,  v.t.  [Sp.  ^untar;  W .  pynciaiv ;  L. 
pungo.  In  this  word,  n  is  prohahly  casu- 
al, and  the  root  is  Pg,  of  the  saioe  funiily 
as  peg,  pack,  or  pike,  witli  the  primary 
sense  of  rlriving  or  thrusting,  a  point.  ] 

1.  To  perforate  with  an  iron  instrument, 
either  poinle<l  or  not ;  as,  to  punch  a  hole 
in  a  plate  of  metal.  H'iseman. 

2.  In  popular  usiige,  to  thrust  against  with 
something  obtuse  ;  as,  to  punch  one  with 
the  elbow. 

PUNCH' BOWL,  n.  A  howl  in  which  punch 
is  made,  or  from  whicli  it  is  drank. 

PUNCH'ED,  pp.  Perforated  witli  a  punch. 

PUNCH'EON,  n.  [Fr.  poincon,  a  bodkin,  a 
puncheon.] 

1.  A  small  piece  of  steel,  on  the  end  of 
which  is  engraved  a  figure  or  letter,  in 
creu.«  or  relievo,  with  wliicli  impressions 
are  stamped  on  metal  or  other  substance  ; 
used  in  coinage,  in  forming  the  matrices  of 
types,  and  in  various  arts.  Encyc. 

2.  In  carpentry,  a  piece  of  timber  placed  up- 
right between  two  posts,  whose  bearing 
is  too  great  ;  also,  a  piece  of  timber 
set  upright  under  tlie  ridge  of  a  building, 
wherein  the  legs  of  a  couple,  &,c.  are 
jointed.  Encyc. 

3.  A  measure  of  liquids,  or  a  cask  contain- 
ing usually  120  gallons.  Rum  or  spirits 
is  itnported  from  the  West  Indies  in 
puticheons,  but  these  are  often  called  also 
hogsheaJs. 

PUNCH'ER,  n.  One  that  punches. 

2.  A  punch  or  perforating  instrument. 

PUNCIIINEL'LO,  n.  A  punch;  a  buffoon. 

Taller. 

PUNCH'ING,  ppr.  Perforating  with  a 
punch  ;  driving  against. 

PUNCHY,  a    Short  and  thick,  or  fat. 

PUNCTATE,     )        [L.    punctus,    pungo.] 

PUN€'TATEl),  r-    Pointed.        '   ^     ^    ' 

2.  In  bolany,  perforated;  tiijl  of  small  holes; 
having  hollow  dots  scattered  over  the  sur- 

„  face-  Marlmi. 

PUNC'TIFORM,  a.  [L.  punctum,  poi'iit, 
and/orm.]     Having  the  form  of  a  point 

Ed.  Encyc. 

PUNCTIL'IO,  n.  [Sp.  puntilla  ;  It.  punlig 
Ho  ;  froin  L.  punctum,  a  point.] 

A  nice  point  of  exactness  in  conduct,  cere- 
mony or  proceeding;  particularity  or  e.\- 
actness  in  forms  ;  as  the  punctilios  of  a 
public-  ceremony.  Mdison. 

PUNeTIL'IOUS,  a.  Very  nice  or  exact  in 
the  forms  of  behavior,  ceretnony  or  mutu- 
al intercourse  ;  very  exact  in  the  observ- 
ance of  rules  prescribed  by  law  or  cus- 
tom ;   sometimes,  exact  to  excess. 

Rogers. 

PUNCTIL'IOUSLY,  adv.  With  exactness 
or  great  nicety. 

PUN€TIL'IOUSNESS,  n.  Exactnessin  the 
observance  of  forms  or  rules  ;  attentive  to 
nice  points  of  behavior  or  ceremony. 

PUN€'TO,  n.  [Sp.  It.  punto;  L.  punctum, 
irom  pungo,  to  prick.] 


PUN 

|1.  Nice  point  of  form  or  ceremony.     Bacon. 
2.  The  point  in  fencing.  Shak. 

PUNCTUAL,  a.    [Fr.  pondutl ;  It.  jmntu- 

alt ;    Sp.   puntual ;    from   L.   punctum,   a 

point.] 
,1.  Consisting  in  a  point  ;  as  this  punctual 

spot.     [Little  used.]  Milton. 

2.  Exact;  observant  of  nice  points;  punc- 
tilious, particularly  in  observing  tune,  ap- 
pointments or  promises.  It  is  honorable 
in  a  man  to  be  /mnrlual  to  appointments, 
or  to  appointed  hours;  it  is  just  to  be 
punctual  in  paying  debts. 

3.  Exact ;  as  a  punctual  correspondence  be- 
tween a  prediction  and  an  event. 

4.  Done  at  the  exact  time  ;  as  punctual  pay- 
ment. 

PUNe'TUALIST,  n.  One  that  is  very  ex- 
act in  observing  forms  and  ceremonies. 

Milton. 

PUN€TUAL'ITY,  n.  Nicety  ;  scnipulou; 
exactne.-*s.  He  served  his  prince  will 
punctuality.  Howell. 

2.  It  is  now  used  chiefly  in  regard   to  tim< 
He   pays  his  debts  with  punctuality.     H_ 
is  remarkable  for  the  punctuality  of  his  at- 
tendance. 

I'UNC'I  UALLY,  adv.  Nicely  ;  exactly 
with  scrupulous  regard  to  time,  appoint 
ments,  promises  or  rules  ;  as,  to  a  tend  a 
meeting  punctually  ;  to  pay  debts  or  rent 
punctually  ;  to  observe  punctually  one's  en- 
ga};eiiients. 

PUNCTUALNESS,  n.  Exactness ;  punc- 
tuality. Fclton. 

PUNCTUATE,  r.t.  [Fr.  ponctuer,  from  L. 
punctum,  a  point.] 

To  mark   with  points  ;  to  designate  senten 
ces,  clauses  or  other   divisions  of  a  wri- 
ting by    points,  which   mark   the  proper 
Pluses.  M.  Stuart 

IPUNCTUATED,  pp.  Pointed.  Fourcroy. 
|2.  Having  the  divisions  marked  with  points. 
IPUNCTUATING,/)/),-.  Marking  with  points 

PUNCTUA'TION,  n.  In  grammar,  the  act 
or  art  of  pointing  a  writing  or  discourse, 
or  the  act  or  art  of  marking  with  points 
the  divisions  of  a  discourse  into  senten- 
ces and  clauses  or  iiiembers  of  a  sentence. 
Punctuation  is  performed  by  four  points, 
the  period  (.);  the  colon  (:) ;  the  semico 
Ion  (;) ;  and  the  comma  (,).  The  ancients 
were  unacquainted  with  punctuation  ;  they 
wrote  without  any  distinction  of  members, 
periods  or  words. 

PUN€'TULATE,  r.  /.  [L.  punHnluw.]  To 
mark  with  small  spots.     [.Vol  used.] 

If  oodward. 
PUN€'TURE,  n.    [L.  pundura  ;  h.  puntu- 

ra.] 
The  act  of  perforating   with  a   pointed  in- 
strument :    or  a  small  hole  made  by  it ;  as 
the  puncture  of  a  n.nil,  needle  or  pin. 

A  lion  may  pcri.sh  by  the  puncture,  of  an  asp, 

Ramblei' 


pierce 
as,  to 


PUN€'TURE,   V.  t.    To   prick  ;    to 

with  a  small  pointed  instrument 

puncture  the  skin. 
PUNCTURED,  pp.  Pricked  ;  jiicrced  with 

a  sharp  point. 
PUN€'TURING,  ppr.  Piercing  with  a  sharp 

point. 


jPUN'DIT,  n.  [In  Persic,  jsi^  pand,  learn- 
ing.]   In  Hindoostan,  a  learned  Bramin  ; 


3. 


2. 


PUN 

one  versed  in  the  Sanscrit  language,  and 
in  the  science,  laws  and  religion  of  that 
country. 

PUN'DLE,  n.  A  short  and  fat  woman. 
[JVol  used.]  jlinsworth. 

PUN-G.-VR,  n.  A  fish.  Ainsworih. 

PIN  (iENCY,  n.  [L.  pungens,  pungo,  to 
prick.] 

1.  The  power  of  pricking  or  piercing;  as 
the  punginqj  of  a  substance.      .hbuthnot. 

i.  That  quality  of  a  substance  which  pro- 
duces the  sensation  of  pricking,  or  afli;ct- 
ing  the  taste  like  minute  sharp  points; 
'harpness;  acridness. 
Power  to  pierce  the  mind  or  excite  keen 
reflections  or  remorse  ;  as  the  pungency  of 
a  discourse. 

Acrimoniou.sness;  keenness;  as  the  pu7i- 
gency  of  wit  or  of  expressions. 

Stillingjled. 

PUN'(';ENT,  a.  [L. pungens, pungo.]  Prick- 
ing ;  stimulating  ;  as  pungent  snuff. 
The  pungent  grains  of  titillating  Just. 

Pope. 
Acrid  ;  affecting  the  tongue  like  small 
sharp  points  ;  as  the  sharp  and  pungent 
taste  of  acids.  Atirion. 

3.  Piercing;  sharp;  as /)ung-en/ pains  ;  pun- 
^fn'  Kfief.  SwiJ7. 

4.  Acrimonious  :  biting.  Fell. 

PU'MC,  a.  [L.  punicus,  pertaining  to  Car- 
thage or  its  inhabitants,  from  Pani,  the 
Carthuginians  ;  qii.  from  Phani,  as  Car- 
thage was  settled  by  Phenicians.] 

Pertaining  to  the   Carthaginians;  faithless; 

treacherous;  deceitful  ;"'as  ;>aii!'c  faith. 
PU'NIC,  n.  The   ancient  language   of  the 
Carthaginians,   of  which  Plautus  has  left 
a  specimen.  .isiat.  Res. 

PU'NICE,  n.  A  wall-louse  ;  a  bug.  [.Vol 
in  use.]  Mnsworth. 

PUNI'CEOUS,  a.    [L.  puniceus.     See  Pu- 
nic]    Purple.  Did. 
PU'NINESS,  n.    [from  puny.]    Littleness; 

pettii^pss;  smallness  witli  ("eehleness. 
PUNISH,  v.t.  [.Ann.  punicza  :  Fr.  punir, 
punissant;  h.  punire ;  Sp.  punir;  from 
L.  punio,  li-om  the  root  of  pcena,  pain. 
The  primary  sense  is  to  press  or  strain.] 
To  pain  ;  to  afllict  vvith  jiain,  loss  or  ca- 
laniity  for  a  crime  or  (itult ;  primarilv,  to 
artlict  with  bodily  pain,  as  to  punish  a 
thief  with  pillory  or  stripes;  but  the  word 
is  applied  also  to  aflliction  by  loss  of  prop- 
erty, by  transportation,  banisliment,  seclu- 
sion from  society,  &c.  The  laws  require 
munlerers  to  be  punished  with  death. 
Other  oftV;nders  arc  to  be  punished  with 
fines,  imprisonnKMit,  hard  labor,  \-c.  God 
pitnishes  men  for  their  sins  with  calami- 
ties personal  and  national. 
To  chastise  ;  as,  a  (iitlier  punishes  his 
child  for  disobedience. 

3.  To  reward  with  pain  or  suffering  inflict- 
ed on  the  oflender  ;  applied  to  the  crime  ; 
as,  to  punish  murder  or  theft. 

PUNISHABLE,  a.  Worthy  of  punish- 
ment. 

2.  Liable  to  punishment  ;  capable  of  being 
punished  by  law  or  right  ;  applied  to  per- 
sons or  offenses  ;  as,  a  man  is  punishable  for 
robbery  or  for  trespass  ;  a  crime  ispunish- 
able  bv  law. 

PUN'ISHABLENESS,  ,..  The  quality  of 
deserving  or  being  liable   to  punishment. 


PUN 


PUR 


PUR 


PUNISHED,    pp.    Afflicted  with  pain  or 
evil  as  the  retrihution   of  a  critiie  or  of- 
fense ;  chastised. 
PUN'ISHER,  n.  One  that  inflicts  pain,  loss 
or  other  evil  for  a  crime  or  offense. 

Milton. 
PUN'ISniNG,  ppr.  Afflicting  with  pain, 
penalty  or  suffering  of  any  kind,  as  the 
retrihution  of  a  crime  or  offense. 
PUN'ISIIMENT,  11.  Any  pain  or  suffering 
inflicted  on  a  person  for  a  crime  or  of- 
fense, hy  the  authority  to  whicli  the  offend- 
er is  suhject,  either  l)y  the  constitution  of 
God  or  of  civil  .society.  The  punishment 
of  the  faults  and  oftenses  of  cliildren  by 
the  parent,  is  hy  virtue  of  the  right  of  gov- 
ernment witli  wliich  the  parent  is  invested 
by  God  himself  This  species  of  punish- 
ment is  chastisement  or  correction.  The 
punishment  of  crimes  against  the  laws  is 
inflicted  by  the  supreme  power  of  the 
state  in  virtue  of  the  right  of  government, 
vested  in  the  prince  or  legislature.  The 
right  of  punishment  l)elungs  only  to  per- 
sons clothed  with  authority.  Pain,  loss 
or  evil  willfully  inflicted  on  another  for  his 
crimes  or  offenses  by  a  private  unauthori 
zed  person,  is  revenge  rather  than  punish- 
ment. 

Some  punishments  consist  in  exile  or 
transportation,  otliers  in  loss  of  liberty  by 
imprisonment;  some  e.vtend  to  confisca- 
tion by  forfeiture  of  lands  ami  goods,  otli- 
ers induce  a  disability  of  holding  offices, 
of  being  heirs  and  the  like.  Blackstone. 

Divine  pttnishments   are   doubtless   de 
signed  to  secure  t>bedience  to  divine  laws, 
and  uphold  the  moral  order  of  created  in 
telligent  beings. 

The  rewards  and  jiunishments  of  another  life 
which  the  Almighty  has  established  as  the  en- 
forcements of  his  law,  are  of  weight  enough  to 
determine  the  choice  against  whatever  pleas- 
ure or  pain  this  life  can  show.  Locke. 
PUNP'TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  ;)iinjh"o,  from 

puni'o.]     Punishment.     [Little  used.] 

PU'NITIVE,  a.  [It.  punitivo.]  Awarding  or 

inflicting  punishment  ;  that  punishes ;  as 

punitive  law  or  ju.stice.  Hammond. 

PU'NITORY,    a.    Punishing  or  tending  to 

j)unishment. 
PUNK,   n.   A  prostitute  ;  a  strumpet. 

Shak. 
PUN'NER,  n.  A  punster,  which  see. 

Steele. 
PUN'NING,  ppr.  [from  pjm.]  Using  a  word 

at  once  in  different  senses. 
PUN'NING,  )i.  The  art  or  practice  of  using 
puns;  ai)laying  on  words.  Addison. 

PUN'STER,  n.  One  that  puns  or  is  skilled 
in  pmming  ;  a  quibbler  ;  a  low  wit. 

Arbuthnot 
PUNT,  V.  I.  To  play  at  basset  and  omber. 

Addison. 

PUNT,  n.    [Sax.  punt,  L.  pons,  a  bridge.] 

A  flat-bottomed  boat  used  in  calking  and 

repairing  ships.  Mar.  Diet 

PUNT  ER,    n.   One   that   plays    in   basset 

against  the  banker  or  dealer.  Encyc. 

PU'NY,    a.    [contracted    from    Fr.   puisne, 

which  see.] 
I.  Properly,  young  or  younger ;  hut  in  this' 
sense  not  used. 


feebleness;    as   a  puny  animal;   a  fimy 
subject ;  a  puny  power  ;  a  puny  mind. 

Milton.     South.     Dryden. 

PU'NY,  7!.  A  young  inexperienced  person ; 
a  novice.  South. 

PUP,  V.  i.  [This  word  appears  to  be  radical- 
ly the  same  as  the  L.  pupa,  Eng.  babe,  W. 
pob,  the  root  of  populus.] 

To  bring  forth  whelps  or  young,  as  the  fe- 
male of  the  canine  species. 

PUP,  n.  A  puppy. 

PUPA,  n.  [L.  supra.]  In  natural  history,  an 
insect  in  that  state  in  which  it  resembles 
an  infant  in  swaddling  clothes.  As  some 
insects  in  this  state  have  a  bright  exterior. 
as  if  gilded,  it  has  been  called  chrysalis  or 
aurelia,  from  the  Gr.  ^ptiaoj,  and  L.  aurum 
gold ;  but  as  this  gilded  ajipearance  he- 
longs  to  few  in.sects,  the  term  pupa  is  now 
more  generally  used. 

PUPIL,  n.  [L.'pupilla, dim.  or  pupa,pupus. 
See  Pup.] 

The  apjjle  of  the  eye;  a  little  aperture  in  the 
middle  of  the  iris  and  uvea  of  the  eye 
through  which  the  rays  of  light  pass  to 
the  crystaline  humor,  to  be  painted  on  the 
retina.  Encyc. 

PU'PIL,  n.    [Fr.  pupille ;  L.   pupilhis,  din 
of  pupa,  pupus.     See  Pup.] 

1.  A  youth  or  scholar  of  either  sex  imder 
the  care  of  an  instructor  or  tutor.      Loche. 

2.  A  ward  ;  a  youth  or  person  under  the 
care  of  a  guardian.  Drydc 

3.  In  the  civil  law,  a  boy  or  girl  under  the  age 
of  puberty,  that  is,  under  14  if  a  male, 
and  under  12  if  a  female.  Encyc. 

PU'PILAGE,  n.  The  state  of  being  a  schol- 
ar, or  under  the  care  of  an  instructor  for 
education  and  discipline.  Locke. 

2.  Wardship  ;  minority.  Spenser. 

In  this  latter  sense,  the  Scots  use  pujnt- 
arity.  Beatlie. 

PU'P'lLARY,  a.  \Fr.  pvpillaire;  L.  pupilla- 
ris.]     Pertaining  to  a  pupil  or  ward. 

Johnson. 

PUPIV'OROUS,  a.  [pupa  and  L.  i-oro.] 
Feeding  on  the  larvas  and  crysalids  of  in- 
sects. S.  L.  Mitchitl. 

PUP'PET,  n.  [Fr.  poupie  ;  L.  pupus.  See 
Pup.] 

1.  A  small  image  in  the  human  form,  moved 
by   a  wire  in  a   mock  drama  ;  a  wooden 


tragedian. 

2.  A  doll. 

3.  A  word  of  contempt. 
PUP'PETMAN.  I ,, 
PUP'PETMASTER,  \  "■ 


Pope. 

Shak. 
The  master  of  a 
puppet-show. 

Suifl. 
PUPPET-PLAYER,   n.    One   that  mana- 
ges the  motions  of  puppets.  Hales. 
PUP'PETRY,  ??.   Affectation.          Marston. 
PUP'PET-SIIOW,    n.    A  mock  drama  per- 
formed   by   wooden   images    moved    by 
wires.                                         Sn-i/l.     Pope. 
PUP'PY,    )i.     [See   Pup.]     A   whelp  ;    the 
young  progeny  of  a  bitch  or  female  of  the 
canine  species. 
2.  Applied  to  persons,  a  name  cxiiressing  ex- 
j     treme  contempt.                                Addison. 
PUP'PY,  v.t.  To  bring  forth  whelps. 
iPUP'PYISM,  n.  Extreme  meanness. 
2.   Extreme  atfectatiou.  Todd. 


2.  Inferior;  petty;  of  an  under  rate;  smalllPUR,  r.  i.  To  ultor  a  low  mui  mining  con- 
and  feeble.     This  word  genc^rally  includes  I     tinned  sound,  as  a  cat. 
the  signification  of  both    smallness  andliPUR,  v.t.  To  signify  by  purring.  Gray. 


PUR,  n.  The  low  murmuring  continneii 
sound  of  a  cat. 

PURANA,  n.  Among  the  Hindoos,  a  sa- 
cred poem  or  book.  Asiat.  Res. 

PURAN'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  sacred 
|)oems  of  the  Hindoos.  Asiat.  Res. 

PURBECK-STONE,  n.  A  hard  .sandstone, 
the  cement  of  which  iscalcarions. 

JVichotson . 

PUR'BLIND,  a.  [said  to  be  fiom  pore  and 
blind.] 

Near  sighted  or  dim  sighted  ;  seeing  ob- 
scurely ;  as  a  purblind  eye  ;  a  purblind 
mole.  Shak,     Drummond. 

PUR'BLINDNESS,  n.  Shortness  of  sight ; 
near  sightedness;  dimness  of  vision. 

PUR'CHASABLE,o.  [froxu purchase.]  That 
may  be  bought,  purchased  or  obtained  for 
a  consideration. 

PUR'CHASE,  v.  t.  [Fr. pourcha^ser,  to  seek, 
to  pursue  ;  pour  and  chasser,  to  chase.  It. 
cacciare,  Sp.  cazar.  This  word  seems  to 
be  considered  by  Blackstone  as  formetl 
from  the  L.  perquisilio.  This  is  an  errir. 
The  word  is  from  the  roi't  of  chase;  poxir- 
chasser  is  to  pursue  to  the  end  or  object, 
and  hence  to  obtain.  In  law  Latin, /^ur- 
chase,  the  noun,  was  written  purchacium. 
The  legal  use  of  the  word  in  obtaining 
writs,  shows  best  its  true  origin  ;  to  pur- 
chase a  writ,  is  to  sue  out  a  writ,  that  is,  to 
seek  it  out ;  for  sue,  seek,  and  L.  seijuor,  are 
all  of  one  origin,  and  svnonvmous  with 
chase.  See  Blackstone,  B.' 3.  Ch.  18.  Spel- 
man  ad  voc] 

1.  In  its  primary  and  legal  sense,  to  gain, 
obtain  or  acquire  by  any  means,  except 
by  descent  or  hereditary  right. 

Blackstone. 

2.  In  common  usage,  to  buy  ;  to  obtain  prop- 
erty by  paying  an  equivalent  in  money. 
It  differs  from  barter  only  in  the  circum- 
stance, that  in  purchasing,  the  price  or 
equivalent  given  or  secured  is  money  ;  in 
bartering,  the  equivalent  is  given  in  goods. 
We  purchase  lands  or  goods  for  ready 
money  or  on  credit. 

3.  To  obtain  by  an  expense  of  labor,  danger 
or  other  sacrifice  ;  as,  to  purchase  favor 
with  flattery. 

A  world   who   would  not  purchase  with   a 
bruise  ?  .Mitton. 

4.  To  expiate  or  recompense  by  a  fine  or 
forfeit ;  as,  to  purchase  out  abuses  with 
tears  and  prayer.  Shak. 

5.  To  sue  out  or  ]iroruro,  as  a  writ. 
PUR'CHASE,  V.  i.  Ill  seaman's language,to 

draw  in  ;  as,  the  capstern  purchases  a\)iice, 
that  is,  it  draws  in  the  cable  apace,  it  gains 
it.  Encyc. 

PUR'CIL\SE,  n.  [Norm.  Fr.  pourchas  or 
purchas.] 

1.  In  laic,  the  act  of  obtaining  or  acquiring 
the  title  to  hin<lsand  tenements  hy  money, 
deed,  gift  or  any  means,  except  by  de- 
scent ;  the  acquisition  of  lauds  and  tene- 
ments hy  a  man's  own  act  or  agreenient. 
LAillcton.  Blackstone. 
In  lau;  the  suing  out  and  obtaining  a 
writ. 

'3.  In  common  usage,  the  acquisition  of  the 

I  title  or  jiroiiertv"  of  any  thingby  rendering 
an  e(|uivaleut  in  money. 

It  is  loolisli  to  lay  o'lt  money  in  the  purchase 

I      of  repi'iitancc,         "  Franklin 


PUR 


PUR 


PUR 


4.  That  which  is  purchased ;  any  thing  of 
which  tlie  property  is  obtained  by  giving 
an  equivalent  jirice  in  money. 

The  scrip  was  complete  evidence  odiisriglit 
in  Ihc purchase.  fVlieaton.\ 

5.  That  wliich  is  obtained  by  labor,  danger,' 
art,  &c. 

A  beauty  waning  and  distressed  widow 
Made  prize  and  purchase  of  his  wanton  eye — 

ahak. 

6.  Formerly,  robbery,  and  the  tiling  stolen 

Chaucer. 

7.  Any  mechanical  power  or  force  applied 
to  the  raising  or  removing  of  heavy  bod- 
ies. 

PUR'CHASED,  pp.  Obtained  or  acquired 
by  one's  own  act  or  agreement. 

2.  Obtained  by  paying  an  equivalent  m 
money. 

3.  Obtained  by  labor,  danger,  art,  &c. 
PUR'CHASE-MONEY,  n.  The  money  paid 

for  any  thing  bought.  Berkeley. 

PUR'CIIASER,  n.  lu  tatc,  one  who  ac- 
quires or  obtains  by  conquest  or  l)y  deed 
or  gift,  or  in  any  manner  other  than  by 
descent  or  inheritance.  In  this  sense,  the 
word  is  by  some  authors  written  purcha 
sor.  Blackstone. 

2.  One  who  obtains  or  acquires  the  proper 
ty  of  any  thing  by  paying  an  equivalent  in 
money. 

PUR'CHASING,  ppr.  Buying;  obtaining 
by  one's  own  act  or  for  ,i  price. 

PURE,  a.  [h.  punts  ;  It.  S]).  pjiro  ;  Ft: pu 
W.  pur;  Hax.  pur;  Heb.  13.  The  verb 
y^2  signifies  to  separate,  free,  clear  ;  a 
sense  taken  from  driving  oft'.  The  word 
varied  in  orthography,  occurs  in  Ch.  Syr. 
and  Ar.  See  N-i3  in  the  Introduction. 
Class  Br.  No.  7.  and  6.  8.  9.  10.] 

1.  Separate  from  all  heterogeneous  or  extra- 
neous matter ;  clear  ;  free  from  mixture  ; 
as  ptire  water  ;  pure  clay  ;  pure  sand  ;  pure 
air;  pure  silver  or  gold.  Pure  wine  is 
very  scarce. 

2.  Free   from   moral    defilement  ;    without 
spot;  not  sullied  or  tarnished  ;  incorrupt 
undebased  by  moral  turpitud^  ;  holy. 

Tliou  art  of  purer   eyes  llian  to  behold  evil 
Hab.  i.     Prov.  xx. 

3.  Genuine  ;  real ;  true  ;  incorrupt ;  unadul- 
terated ;  as  pure  religion.     James  i. 

4.  Unmixed  ;  separate  from  any  other  sub- 
ject or  from  every  thing  foreign  ;  as  pure 
mathematics. 

5.  Free  from  guilt ;  guiltless;  innocent. 

No  hand  of  strife   is  pure,   but   that  which 
wins.  Daniel. 

G.  Not  vitiated  with  improper  or  corrupt 
words  or  phrases;  as  a;7ure  style  of  dis- 
course or  composition. 

7.  Disinterested  ;  as  pure  benevolence. 

8.  Chaste  ;  as  a  pure  virgin. 
i).  Free  from  vice  or  moral  turpitude.  Tit.  i 

10.  Ceremonially  clean  ;  unpolluted.  Ezra 
vi. 

11.  Free  from  any  thing  improper;  as,  bis 
motives  are  pure. 

12.  Mere;  absolute;  that  and  that  only; 
unconnected  with  any  thing  else;  as  a 
;)ure  villain.  He  did  that  from  pure  com- 
passion, or  »jjjT  good  nature. 

PURE,  V.  t.  To  purify :  to  cleanse.  [A^ot  in 
«««•]  Chaucer. 

Vol.  II. 


PU'RELY,  adv.  In  a  pure  manner  ;  with 
an  entire  sejmraiion  of  heterogeneous  or 
foul  matter.     Is.  i. 

2.  Without  any  mixture  of  improper  or  vi 
ciou.s  words  or  phrases. 

3.  Innocently  ;  without  guilt. 

4.  Merely;  absolutely  ;  without  connection 
with  any  thing  else ;  ccjnq)letely  ;  totally. 
The  meeting  was  purely  accidental. 

PU'RENESS,    n.    Clearness  ;  an  unmixed 

state  ;  separation   or   freedom  from   any 

heterogeneous  or  foreign    matter  ;  as  the 

jmretiess   of  water   or  other   li(]Uor  ;  the 

pureness  of  a  metal ;  the  pxireness  of  marl 

or  clay  ;  the  pureness  of  air. 

2.  Freedom  from  moral  turpitude  or  guilt 

May  we  evermore  serve  thee  in  holiness  and 

pureness  of  livinjf.  Cimi.  Prayer 

J.  Sim|)licity  ;    freedom     from    mixture   or 

composition. 

An  essence  eternal  and  spiritual,  of  absolute 
pureness  and  simplicity.  Raleigh 

4.  Freedom  from  vicious  or.improper  words, 
phrases  or  modes  of  speech  ;  as  pure- 
ness oi' sly\e.  Ascham. 
Pure  villenage,  in  the  feudal  law,  is  a  tenure 
of  lands  by  uncertain  services  at  the  will 
of  the  lord  ;  opposed  to  privileged  villen- 
"ge.  Blackstone. 
PUR'FILE,    n.    [Fr.  pourfiUe ;   pour    and 

flic.] 

A  sort   of  ancient  trimming  for  women's 

gowns,  made  of  tinsel  and  thread,  called 

also  bobbin  work.  Bailey. 

[The  thing  and  the  name  are  ohsolete.' 

PUR'FLE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  pourftler  ;  It.  profilare. 

See  Projile.] 
To  decorate  with  a  wrought  or  flowered  bor 
der;  to  embroider;  as,  to  purjle  with  blue 
and  white,  or  with  gold  and  pearl.     Obs 
Spenser.     Shak.     Milton. 
PUR'FLE,      I  ^   A  border  of  embroidered 
PUR'FLEW,  I  "•  work. 
2.  In  heraldry,  errnins,  peans  or  furs  which 
com[)ose  a  bordure.  Encyi 

PURG'AMENT,  n.  [L.  purgamcn.]      A  ca- 
thartic. Bacon. 
PURGATION,    7!.    [Fr.  from  L.  purgalio. 
See  Purge.] 

1.  Tlie  act  or  operation  of  cleansing  or  pu- 
rifying by  separating  and  carrying  off" im- 
jnuilies  or  w hatever  is  superfluous  ;  ap- 
plied to  the  body ;  as,  the  bowels  are  cleans- 
ed hy  purgation.  So  also  in;)/ia;7nac_y  and 
in  chimistry,  medicines,  metals  and  mine- 
rals are  purified  by  purgation.  Encyc. 

2.  In  taw,  the  act  of  cleansing  from  a  crime, 
accusation   or   suspicion   of  guilt.     This 
was  canonical  or  vidgar.     Canonical  pur- 
gation, prescribed  by  the  canon  law,  was 
performed  before  the  bishop  or  his  deputy, 
and  by  a  jury  of  twelve  clerks.     The  par- 
ty accused  first  made  oath  to  his  own  in- 
nocence, and  then   the  twelve   clerks  or|i 
compurgators  swore  that  they  believed  liei 
spoke  the  truth ;  after  which,   other  wit-|:2. 
nesses  were  examined  upon  oath,  on  be-i 
half  of  the  prisoner  only.     Vulgar  purga-i\ 
lion  was  performed  by  the  ordeal   of  fire 
or  water,  or  by  combat.     [See  Ordeal.] 

Blackstone. 

PURG'ATIVE,  a.  [It.  purgativo  ;  Fr.  purg- 
atif.] 

Having  the  power  of  clean.siug ;  usually, 
having  the  power  of  evacuating  the  bow- 
els ;  cathartic. 

47 


PURG'ATIVE,  n.  A  medicine  that  evacu- 
ates the  bowels;  a  cathartic. 

PIRGATO'RIAL,  )       Pertaining  to  purg- 

Pl'RGATO'RIAN,  \  "'  atory.  Mede. 

PURGATORY,  a.  [L.  purgaioriua,  from 
purgo,  to  purge.] 

Tending  to  cleanse;  cleansing;  expiatory. 

Burke. 

PURG 'ATORY,  n.  [Fr.purgatoire.]  Among 
catholics,  a  supposed  place  or  stale  after 
death,  in  which  the  souls  of  jiersons  are 
purified,  or  in  whicrh  they  expiate  such  of- 
fenses committed  in  this  lile,  as  do  not 
merit  eternal  damnation.  After  this  pur- 
gation from  the  impurities  of  sin,  the  souls 
are  supposed  to  be  received  into  heaven. 
Encyc.     Stiliingfcet. 

PURtiE,  V.  t.  purj.  [L.  purgo;  Fr.  purger ; 
Sp.  purgar ;  It.  purgare ;  [irobably  a  de- 
rivative from  the  root  of  pure.] 

1.  To  cleanse  or  purify  by  separating  and  car- 
rying off"  whatever  is  impure,  heteroge- 
neous, foreign  or  superfluous  ;  as,  to  purge 
the  body  by  evacuation  ;  to  purge  the 
Augean  stable.  It  is  followed  by  airay,  of, 
or  off.  We  say,  to  purge  ateay  or  to  purge 
0^' filth,  and  to  purge  a  liquor  of  its  scum. 

2.  To  clear  from  guilt  or  moral  defilement; 
as,  to  purge  one  o/"guill  or  crime  ;  to  purge 
away  sin. 

Purge  away  our  sins,  for  thy  name's  sake. 
Ps.  Ixxix. 

Purge  me  with  hyssop  and  I  shall  be  clean. 
Ps.  li. 

3.  To  clear  from  accusation 
of  a  crime,  as  in  ordeal. 
To  remove  what  is   oflensive 

away  impurities.     Ezek.  xx. 
To  clarify  ;  to  defecate;  as  liquors. 

PUROE,  !'.  i.  To  become  pure  by  clarifica- 
tion. 

2.  To  have  frequent  or  preternatural  evacu- 
ations by  stool. 

PURGE,  n.  A  medicine  that  evacuates  the 
body  hy  stool ;  a  cathartic.  Arbuthnot. 

PURti'ED,  pp.  Purified  ;  cleansed  ;  evacu- 
ated. 

PURti'ER,  71.  A  person  or  thing  that  purg- 
es or  cleanses. 

2.  A  cathartic. 

PURG'ING,  ppr.  Cleansing  ;  purifying  ; 
carrying  off  itnpurities  or  superfluous 
matter. 

PURG'ING,  n.  A  diarrhea  or  dysentery; 
preternatural  evacuation  by  stool  ;  loose- 
ness of  bowels. 

PURIFl€A'TION,  n.  [Fr.  fiom  L.  puTT/fca- 

tio.     See  Purify.] 

1.  The  act  of  purifying  ;  the  act  or  opera- 
tion of  separating  and  removing  from  any 
thing  that  which  is  heterogeneous  or  fo- 
reign to  it;  as  the  ;7u;T^ca(7'o7i  of  liquors 
or  of  tnctals.  Doyle. 

In  religion,  the  act  or  operation  of  cleans- 
ing ceremonially,  by  removing  any  pollu- 

1  tion  or  defilement.  Purification  by  wash- 
ing or  by  other  means,  was  common  to  the 
Hel;rews  and  to  pagans.     The  Moham- 

I     mednns  iLse  ;)ij7T^ca<jon  as   a  preparation 

I  for  devotion.  2  Chron.  xxx.  Esth.  ii. 
Luke  ii.  Encyc. 

j3.  A  cleatising  from  guilt  or  the  pollution  of 
sin  ;  the  extinction  of  sinful  desires,  appe- 
tites and  inclinations. 


or  the   charge 
to  sweep 


PUR 


PUR 


PUR 


PURTF'T€ATIVE,j^ 


Having    power  to 
purity  ;  tciuling  to 


I'LKIF'ICATORY 

PU'RIFIER,  n.  [from  purify.]  That  wliicli 
purifies  or  cleanses ;  a  cleanser ;  a  refi- 
ner. Fire  was  lield  by  the  ancients  to  be 
an  excellent  purifier. 

PU'RIFORM,  o.  [L.  p-us,  p-uris  and  form 
Like  pus  ;  in  the  form  of  pus. 

Mtd.  Repos. 

PU'RIFY,  V.  t.  [Fr.  purifier ;  L.  purifico  ; 
pvrus,  ])ure,  and /acjo,  to  make.] 

1.  To  make  pure  or  clear ;  to  free  from  ex- 
traneous admixture;  as,  to  purify  Viquop^ 
or  metals ;  to  purify  the  blood  ;  to  purify' 
the  air. 

2.  To  free  from  pollution  ceremonially  ;  to 
remove  whatever  renders  unclean  and  un- 
fit for  sacred  services. 

Purify  yourselves  and  your  captives  on  the 
tliird  day,  and  on  the  seventh  day  purify  "" 
your  raiment.     Num.  xxxi. 

3.  To  free  from  guilt  or  the  defilement  of 
sin  ;  as,  to  purify  the  heart. 

Who  gave  himself  for  us,  that  he  might  re- 
deem us  from  all  iniquity,  and  purify  to  him- 
self a  peculiar  people,  zealous  of  good  works 

Tit.  ii-  -     ■  .      1 

4.  To  clear  from  improprieties  or  barba- 
risms;  as,  to  purify  a  language.  Sprat 

PIJ'RIFY,  V.  i.  To  grow  or  become  pure  or 
clear.     Liquors  will  gradually  purffy. 

Burnet. 
PU'RIFYING,    ppr.    Removing  foreign  or 
heterogeneous  matter ;  cleansing  from  pol- 
lution ;  fining  :  making  clear. 
PURIFYING,  Ji.  The   act  or  operation  of| 
making  pure,  or  of  cleansing  from  extra 
iieous  matter  or  from  pollution. 
PU'RIM,  n.  Among   the   Jews,  the  feast  of 
lots,  instituted  to  commemorate  their  de 
liverance  from  the  machinations  of  Ha- 
inan.    Esth.  ix.  . 
PU'RIST,  n.  [Fr.  puriste.]  One  excessively 
nice  in  the  use  of  words. 

Chesterfield.  Johnson. 
PU'RITAN,  n.  [from  pure.]  A  dissenter 
from  the  church  of  England.  The  puri- 
tans were  so  called  in  derision,  on  account 
of  their  professing  to  follow  the  pure  word 
of  God,  in  ojiposition  to  all  traditions  and 
human  constitutions.  Encyc.\ 

Hume  gives  this  name  to  three  parties  ; 
the  political  puritans,  who  maintained  the 
highest  principles  of  civil  liberty;  the  pu-\ 
ritans  in  disripline,  who  were  averse  to 
the  ceremonies  and  government  of  thei 
episcopal  church  ;  and  the  doctrinal  puri-\ 
tans,  who  rigidly  defended  the  sjieculative, 
system  of  the  first  reformers.  | 

PU'RITAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the_  puritans,; 
or  dissenters  from  the  church  of  England.; 

Sanderson. 
PURITAN'le,        ?      Pertaining  to  the  pu-' 
PURPrANTCAL,  ^      ritans   or   then-    doc- 
trines and  practice;  exact;  rigid  :  as  ;;m- 
rilunical  notions  or  opinions;  puritanical 
manners.  | 

PU'RPrANlSM,  )!.  The  notions  or  practice 
of  puritans.  Mountaguc. 

PURPPANiZE,  V.  i.  To  deliver  the  notions 
of  puritans.  Mountaguc. 

PU'RPPY,  »i.  [Vr.puritc;  L.  purilas,   from 


e,  of  spirit;  the  pt»%  of  drugs  ;  thellPURLOIN'ING,  ".Theft;  plagiansm. 

of  metals.  |  PUR'PARTY,  ?!.  [Fr.  pour  and  jrartic,  part 


of  wine 
purity 

Cleanness  ;     freedom   from   foulness   or; 
dirt ;  as  the  purity  of  a  garment. 

The  purity  of  a  linen  vesture.  Holyday 


purus.] 
\.  Freedom  from  foreign    admixture  or  he 
terogeneous  mailer;  aslhe/iiinV^  of  water, 


Freedom  from  guilt  or  the  defilement  ofi 
sin  ;  innocence  ;  as  pxmty  of  heart  or 
life. 

Chastity  ;  freedom  from  contamination 
by  illicit  sexual  connection.  Shak. 

Freedom  from  any  sinister  or  improper 
views;  as  the  purity  of  motives  or  de- 
signs. 

Freedom  from  foreign  idioms,  from  bar 
barons  or  improper  words  or  phrases ;  as 
punVi/of  style  or  language. 
PURL,  n.  [supposed  to  be  contracted  from 

purfie.     Qu.] 
L  An  embroidered  and  puckered  border. 

Johnson.     Bacon. 
2.  A  kind  of  edging  for  bone-lace.      Bailey. 
PURL,  71.  A  species  of  malt   liquor;  ale  or 
beer  medicated  with   wormwood  or  aro- 
matic herbs.  Bailey.     Johnson. 
PURL,  n.  Two  rounds  in  knitting. 
PURL,  V.  i.  [Sw.  porla  ;  W.freulau;  to  purl, 
to  ripple ;  fraul,  a  rippling.     It  may  be  al- 
lied to  G.  briillcn,  D.   brtdlen,  Dan.  broler, 
to  roar,  and  to  Eng./n7/,  trill  and  roll.] 
To  murmur,  as  a   small  stream  flowing 
among  stones  or  other  obstructions,  which 
occasion   a  continued    series   of   broken 
sounds.      It    is    applied     only    to    small; 
streams.     Large  streams  running  in  like; 
manner,  are  said  to  roar.     In  descriiitionS| 
of  rural  scenery,  the  poets  seldom  omit  aj 
purling  brook  or  stream. 
My  flowery  theme, 
A  painted  mistress  or  a  purling  stream 

Pope. 

3.  To  flow  or  run  with  a  murmuring  sound. 
Around  th'  adjoining  brook  that  purls  along 
The  vocal  grove,  now  fretting  o'er  a  rock. 

Thomson 

PURL,  V.  i.  To  decorate  with  fringe  or  em- 
broidery. B.  Jonson 

PURL,  n.  A  gentle  continued  murmur  of  a 
small  stream  of  rippling  water. 

PURLIEU,  n.  pur'lu.  [Fr.  pur,  pure,  and 
lieu,  jilace.] 

A  border;  a  limit ;  a  certain  limited  extent 
or  district ;  originally,  the  ground  near  a 
royal  forest,  which  being  severed  from  it,| 
was  made  purlieu,  that  is,  pure  or  free 
from  the  lore.st  laws.  Encyc' 

PUR'LIN,  n.  In  architecture,  a  piece  of  tim- 
ber extending  from  end  to  end  of  a  build-; 
ing  or  roof,  across  and  under  the  rafters, 
to  support  them  in  the  middle.  EncTjc. 

PURL'ING,  ppr.  [Irom pwH.]  Murmuring  or 

gurgling,  as  a  brook. 
PURL'ING,  n.  The  continued  gentle  mur 

mur  of  a  small  stream.  , 
PURLOIN',  V.  t.  [Fr.  pour  and  loin,  far  ofl". 
See  Eloign.] 

1.  Literally,  to  take  or  carry  away  for  one's 
self;  hence,  to  steal  ;  to  take  by  thefl. 

Your  butler  purloins  your  liquor. 

.irbulhnol 

2.  To  take   by   plagiarism ;    to   steal   from 
hooks  or  manuscripts.  Drydcn. 

PURLOIN'ED,  pp.  Stolen ;  taken   by   pta- 

giari.sm. 
PURL0IN'J;R,  n.  A  thief;  a  plagiary. 
PURLOIN'ING.  ppr.  Steahng;  committii: 

literary  theft. 


Ill  law,  a  share,  part  or  portion  of  an  es- 
tate, which  is  allotted  to  a  co-parcener  by 
partition.  Cowel. 

PUR'PLE,  a.  [Fr.  pourpre;  L.  purpureas; 
S[>.  pu-rimreo  ;  h.porporino;  (Jr.  rtop<j>vp£o{, 
from  noffiya,  L.  purpura,  a  shell  from 
which  the  color  was  obtained.] 

1.  Designating  a  color  composed  of  red  and 
blue  blended,  much  admired,  and  former- 
ly the  Roman  emperors  wore  robes  of  this 
color. 

2.  In  poe<ri/,  red  or  livid  ;  dyed   with   blood - 
I  view  a  field  of  Idood, 

And  Tyber  rolling  with  a  purple  flood. 

Dry  den. 

PUR'PLE,  n.  A  purple  color  or  dress; 
hence,  imperial  government  in  the  Ro- 
man empire,  as  a  purple  robe  was  the  dis- 
tinguishing dress  of  the  emperors. 

Gihhon. 
2.  A  cardinalate.  .Addison.     Hume. 

PUR'PLE,  V.  t.  [h.purpuro.]  To  make  pur- 
ple, or   to  dye  of  a  red  color  ;  as  hands 
purpled  with  blood. 
Whtn  mom 
Purples  the  east.  Milton. 

Reclinuig  soft  in  blissful  bowers, 
Purpled  sweet  with  springing  flowers. 

Fmton. 

PUR'PLES,  n.  plu.  Spots  of  a  hvid  red  on 
the  body  ;  livid  eruiitions  which  appear  in 
certain   malignant  diseases  ;  a  purple  fe- 


ver. 
PUR'PLIt 


ill,  a.    Somewhat  purple. 

Boyle. 
[Fr.  pour,  for,  and  porter,  to 


PURPORT, 

bear.] 

1.  Design  or  tendency;  as  the  purport  of 
Plato's  dialogue.  jVbrm. 

2.  Meaning;  import;  as  the  purport  of  a 
word  or  phrase. 

PUR'PORT,  V.  t.  To  intend ;  to  intend  to 
show.  Bacon. 

2.  To  mean  ;  to  signify. 

PURPORTED,  pp.  "Designed;  intended; 
meant. 

PURPORTING,  ppr.  Designing;  intend- 
ing ;  importing. 

PUR'POSE,  n.  [Fr.  propos  :  Sp.  It.  proposi- 
to  ;  L.  propositum,  propono ;  pro,  before, 
and  pono,  to  set  or  place.] 

1.  That  which  a  person  .sets  before  himself 
as  an  object  to  be  reached  or  accomplish- 
ed ;  the  end  or  aim  to  which  the  view  is 
directed  in  any  plan,  measure  or  exertion. 
We  believe  the  Supreme  Being  created 
intelligent  beings  for  some  benevolent  and 
glorious  purpose,  and  if  so,  how  glorious 
and  benevolent  must  be  his/)!<(yose  in  the 
plan  of  redemption!  The  ambition  of 
men  is  generally  directed  to  one  of  two 
purposes,  or  to  both  ;  the  acquisition  of 
wealth  or  of  iiower.  We  build  houses  for 
the  purpose  of  shelter ;  we  labor  for  the 
purpose  of  subsistence. 

2.  Intention  ;  design.  This  sense,  however, 
is  hardly  to  be  distinguished  from  the 
former  ;  as  purpose  always  includes  the 
end  in  view. 

Eveiy  purpose  is  established  by  counsel. 
Prov.  XX. 

Being  predestinated  according  to  the  purpose 
of  him  who  worketh  all  things  alter  the  coun- 
sel of  his  own  will.     Eph.  i. 


PUR 


PUR 


PUR 


I   will  also  do   it.     Is. 


3.  End  ;  effect ;  consequence,  good  or  bad. 
What  good  purpose  will  this  answer  ?i 
We  sometimes  labor  to  no  purposi..  Men 
often  employ  their  time,  talents  and  money 
for  very  evil  purposes. 

To  what  purpose  in  this  waste  ?    Matt.  xxvi. 

4.  Instance  ;  (;xam[)le.     [M'ol  in  use.] 
T).  Conversation.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Spenser. 
Of  purpose,   on  purpose,  with  previous  Uc- 

"'sign;  with  the  mind  directed  to  that  ob-' 
jcct.  On  purpose  is  more  generally  usod,| 
but  tlie  trae  phrase  is  of  purpose.  j 

PUR'i'OSE,  V.  t.  To  intend  ;  to  design  ;  to 
resolve ;  to  determine  on  some  end  or  ob 
ject  to  be  accomplished. 

1  have  purposed  it    ' 
xlvi.     Eph.  iii. 

Paul  purposed  in  the  spirit,   when  lie  had 
passed  thiough  Maccdoma   and  Achaia,  to  go 
to  Jerusalem.     Act*  xix. 
PUR'POSED,  pp.  Intended;  designed  ;  a/) 

plied  to  tilings. 
2.  Resolved  ;    having  formed    a  design   or 
resolution  ;  applied  to  persons. 

I  am  purposed  that  my  mouth  shall  not  trans 
gress.      l^s.  xvii. 
rURTOSRLESS,    a.    Having    no    effect. 
[LilUe  xised.]  Hall. 

T'UR'I'OSRLY,  adv.  By  design  ;  intcntion-l 
ally  ;  with  predetermination. 

In  composing  this  diseourse,  I  jrurposcly  de- 
clined all  offensive  and  displeasing  truths. 

Jltterbury. 

So  much  they  scorn  the  crowd,  that  if  the 

tlirong  [ 

By  chance  go  right,  tlieyjmr/iosriy  go  wrong.; 

Pope} 
PUR'PRESTURE,  n.  [from  Fr.  pour  and 

prendre,  pris,  to  take.] 
In  law,  a  nuisance,  consisting  in  an  inclo-i 
sure  of  or  encroachment  on  something' 
that  belongs  to  the  public  ;  as  a  house 
erected  or  iuclosure  made  on  the  king's 
demesnes,  or  of  a  highway,  iStc. 

Blackstone. 
PUR'PRISE,    n.    [Fr.  pourpris,  sujira.]     A 
close  or  iuclosure  ;  also,  the  whole  com-| 
pass  of  a  manor.  Bacon. 

PUR' PUR  ATE,  n.  A  comi>ound  of  purpu- 
ric acid  and  a  salifiable  base.  Vre. 
PUR'PURE,  n.  In  heraldry,  purple,  repre- 
sented in  engraving  by  diagonal  lines. 

Encyc. 

PUR'PURIC,  a.  Purpuric  aciil  is  produced 

by  the  action  of  nitric  acid  upon  the  lithic 

or  uric  acid.  Dr.  ProutJ 

PURR,  V.  i.  To  murmur  as  a  cat.  [See  Pur.] 

PURR,  n.  A  sea  lark.  Ainsworth.^ 

PURRE,  ji.  Cyderkin  or  perkin  ;  the  liquor 

made   by  steeping    the    gross   matter  of, 

inessed  apples.  Encyc. 

PUR'RING,  ppr.  Murmuring  as  a  cat.  ■ 

PURSE,  n.  purs.  [Fr.  bourse;  It.  borsa;  Sp.' 

Port,  bolsa  ;  D.  beurs ;  tJ.  burse  ;  Dan.  burs  ; 

L.  byrsa,  an  ox  hide;  Gr.  jivpsa,  id.     Qu.] 

1.  A  small  bag  in  which  money  is  contained! 
or  carried  in  the  pocket.  It  was  formerly! 
made  of  lether,  and  is  still  made  of  this; 
material  by  common  people.  It  is  usually! 
of  silk  net- work. 

2.  A  sum  of  money  offered  as  the  prize  of 
winning  in  a  horse  race. 

3.  In  Turkey,  a  sum  of  money,  about  £50 
sterling,  or  .S222.  i 

4.  The  public  coffers ;  the  treasury ;  as,  to! 
exhaust  a  nation's  purse,  or  the  public 
purse.  I 


Long  purse,  or  heavy  purse,  wealth  ;  riches. 
Light  purse,  or  empty  purae,  poverty,  or  want 

of  resources. 
Sword  and  purse,  the  military  power  and 

wealth  of  a  nation. 
PURSE,  V.  I.  To  put  in  a  purse. 

Dryden.     Milton. 
2.  To  contract  into  folds  or  wrinkles. 
Thou  didst  contract  and  purse  thy  brow. 

Shak. 

PURS'ED,  pp.  Put  in  a  purse. 

2.  Contracted  into  folds  or  wrinkles. 

PURSENET,  II.  purs'net.  A  net,  the  mouth 

of  which  may  be  closed  or  drawn  together 

like  a  pur.se.  Mortimer.' 

PURSE-PRIDE,  n.  Pride  of  money ;  inso-| 

lenee  proceeding  from  the  possession  of 

wealth.  Hall. 

PURSE-PROUD,  a.  Proud  of  wealth  ;  puH- 

cd  lip  with   tlie  possession  of  money  or 

riches. 

PURS'ER,  71.    In   the  navy,  an  officer  who 

I     has  charge  of  the  provisions  of  a  ship  of 

war,  and  attends  to  their  preservation  and 

distribution  among  the  officers  and  crew. 

I  Mar.  Did. 

jPURSINESS,  a  mistake  for  pussiness.  [See 

Puss)].] 
PURS' LAIN,  n.    [It.  porcellana,  porcelain 
and    purslain ;     Sj).    verdolaga,    purslain, 
which   seems   to    bo    green   leek,   green 
plant.     The  Portuguese  write   very   cor 
ruptly  beldroega.     The  Latin  is  portulaca. 
See  Leek.] 
A   plant  of  the   genus  Portulaca.     The  sea 
purslain   is  of  the  genus   Atriplex.     The 
tree  sea  purslain  is  the  Atriplex  halimits. 
CSee   Purslain  tree.)     The  water  purslain 
is  of  the  genus  Peplis.  Lee. 

PURS'LAIN-TREE,   n.    [L.    halimus.]    A 

shrub  proper  for  hedges. 
PURSU'ABLE,  n.  [from  pursue.]  That  may 
be  pursued,  followed  or  prosecuted 

Shenvood. 
PURSU'ANCE,7U  [from  pursue.]  A  follow 
ing;    prosecution,    process   or   continued 
exertion   to    reach  or  accomplish    some- 
thing ;  as  in  pursuance  of  the  main  design. 
2.  Consequence;  as  in  puriuatice  of  an  or- 
der from  the  commander  in  chief. 
PURSU'.\NT,  a.    [from   pursue,  or  rather 

from  Fr.  poursuivant.] 
Done  in  consequence  or  prosecution  of  any 
thing  ;  hence,  agreeable  ;  conformable. 
Pursuant  to  a  former  resolution,  the  house 
proceeded  to  appoint  the  standing  com- 
mittees. This  measure  was  adopted  pur- 
suant to  a  former  order. 
PURSUE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  poursuivre ;  pour  and 
siiivre,  to  follow,  L.  sequor ;  prosequor,  or 
persequor.     See  Seek.] 

1.  To  follow  ;  to  go  or  proceed  afler  or  in 
alike  direction.  The  captain  pursuerf the 
same  course  as  former  navigators  have  ta- 
ken. A  subsequent  legislature  pursued 
the  course  of  their  predecessors. 

2.  To  take  and  proceed  in,  without  following 
another.  Captain  Cook  pursued  a  now 
and  unexplored  course.  New  circumstan- 
ces often  compel  us  to  pursue  new  ex]>e- 
dients  and  untried  courses.  What  course 
shall  we  pursue  .' 


4.  To  seek;  to  use  measures  to  obtain;  as, 
to  pursue  a  remedy  at  law. 

5.  To  prosecute ;  to  continue.  A  stream 
proccieds  from  a  lake  and  pursues  a  south- 
erly course  to  the  ocean. 

He  that  pursueih  evil,  pursuelh  it  to  liis  own 
death.     Prov.  xi. 

6.  To  follow  as  an  example ;  to  imitate. 
The  fame  of  ancient  matrons  you  pursue. 

Dryden. 

7.  To  endeavor  to  attain  to  ;  to  strive  to 
reach  or  gain. 

We  happiness  pursue ;  we  fly  from  pain. 

Prior. 

8.  To  follow  with  enmity  ;  to  persecute. 
This  verb  is  frequently  followed   by   ajler. 

Gen.  x.xxv. 
PURSCE,  V.  i.  To  go  on;  to  proceed;  to 
continue;  a  Gallicism. 

I  have,  pursues  (^arneadcs,  wondered  chiin- 
ists  stioutd  not  consider —  Boyle. 

PURSU'ED,  pp.  Followed  ;  chased  ;  pros- 
ecuted ;  continued. 

PURSU'ER,  »!.  One  that  follows;  one  that 
chases;  one  that  follows  in  haste  with  a 
view  to  overtake.  Shak.     Milton. 

PURSU'ING, ppr.  Following;  chasing;  has- 
tening after  to  overtake;  prosecuting; 
proceeding  in  ;  continuing. 

PURSCIT,  n.  [Fr.  poursuite.]  The  act  of 
following  with  a  view  to  overtake  ;  a  fol- 
lowing with  haste,  pither  for  sport  or  in 
hostility  ;  as  tlie  pursuit  of  game  ;  the  pur- 
suit  of  an  enemy. 

2.  A  following  with  a  view  to  reach,  accom- 
plish or  obtain  ;  endeavor  to  attain  to  or 
gain  ;  'as  the  pursuit  of  knowledge  ;  the 
pursuit  of  happiness  or  pleasure  ;  the  pur- 
suit of  power,  of  lionor,  of  distinction,  of 

I     a  phantom. 

13.  Proceeding ;  course  of  business  or  occu- 

I     pation ;    continued    employment    with   a 

i  view  to  some  end;  as  mercantile  pursuits ; 
literary  pursuits. 

4.  Prosecution  ;  continuance  of  endeavor. 

Clarendon. 

PUR'SUIVANT,  n.  [Fr.  poursuivant.]  A 
state  messenger  ;  an  attendant  on  the  her- 
alds. Spenser.     Camden. 

PURS'Y,  a  corrupt  orthography.  [Sec 
Pussy.] 

PUR  TENANCE,  n.  [from  the  L.  pertinens, 
perlineo.     See  Appurtenance.] 

Appurtenance ;  but  applied  to  the  pluck  of 
an  animal,    Ex.  xii. 

PU'RULENCE,  I         [L.  purulentus,  from 

PU'RULENCV,  i    "■   pus,  puris,  matter.] 

The  generation  of  pus  or  matter ;  pus. 

t  Arbuthnot. 

PU'RULENT,  a.  Consisting  of  pus  or  mat- 

I     ter  ;  partaking  of  the  nature  of  pus. 

I  Bacon. 

.PURVEY,  V.  t.  [Ft.pourvoir;  pour  and  voir, 

I     to  see ;    L.  provideo ;   It.  provedere ;    Sp. 

;     provecr.] 

1.  To  provide  ;  to  provide  with  convenien- 
ces. Dryden. 

2.  To  procure.  Thomson. 
PURVEY,  I',  i.  To  purchase  provisions ;  to 

|)rovi<le.  Milton. 

PURVEYANCE,  n.  Procurement  of  provis- 
ions or  victuals. 


2.  Provision  ;  victuals  provided.  Spenser. 
To  follow  with  a  view  to  overtake  ;  tovS.  In  English  laws,  the  royal  prerogative  or 
follow  with  haste  ;  to  chase;  as,  to  pursuel  right  of  pre-emption,  by  which  the  king 
a  hare  ;  to  pursue  an  enemy.  |{    was  authorized  to  buy  provisions  and  ne- 


PUS 


P  u 


PUT 


cessaries  for  the  use  of  his  household  at 
an  apprized  value,  in  preference  to  all  his 
subjects,  and  even  without  the  consent  of 
the  owner;  also,  the  rijjhl  of  impressing 
horses  and  carriages,  &c. ;  a  right  abol- 
ished by  Stat.  12.  Charles  II.  34. 
PURVEYOR,  n.  One  who  provides  victuals, 
or  whose  business  is  to  make  provision 
for  the  table  ;  a  victualer.  Raleigh 

2.  An  officer  who  formerly  provided  or  ex- 
acted provision  for  tlie  king's  household. 

England. 

3.  One  who  provides  the  means  of  gratify 
ing  lust ;  a  procurer  ;  a  pimp  ;  a  bawd. 

Dryden.    Addison. 
PUR' VIEW,  n.  [Norm.  Fr.  pourveu,purvieu, 
purvey  ;  Fr.  pourvu,  provided,  from  pour- 
voir.     See  Purvey.] 

1.  Primarily,  a  conditioii  or  proviso ;  hut  in 
this  sense  not  used. 

2.  The  body  of  a  statute,  or  that  part  which 
begins  with  "  Be  it  enacted,"  as  distin- 
guislied  from  the  preamble. 

Cowel.     Encyc. 

S.  In  modern  usage,  the  limit  or  scope  of  a 

statute;  the  whole  extent  of  its  intention 

or  provisions.  Marshall. 

4.  Superintendence. 

The  federal  power — is  confined  to  objects  ol' 
a  general  nature,  more  within  the  purview  of 
the  United  States,  than  of  any  particular  one. 

[  Unv^uaJ.  ]  Ramsay 

.5.  Limit  or  sphere  intended  ;  scope  ;  extent. 
In  deteiinining  the  extent  of  information  re- 
quired in  the  exercise  of  a  particular  authority, 
recourse  must  be  had  to  the  objects  within  the 
purviem  of  that  authority. 

Federalist,  Madison. 

PUS,  n.  [L.]  The  white  or  yellowish  matter 
generated  in  ulcers  and  wounds  in  the 
process  of  healing.  Encyc. 

PUSH,  V.  t.  [Fr.  pousser ;  D.  puis,  a  push  ; 
Svv.  posa,  to  swell  ;  W.  pas,  growth,  in- 
crease ;  posiaio,  to  increase,  or  pwysaw,  to 
press,  to  weigh.  The  sense  is  to  thrust, 
press  or  urge.     See  Class  Bz.] 

I.  To  press  against  with  force  ;  to  drive  or 
impel  by  pressure ;  or  to  endeavor  to  drive 
by  steady  pressure,  without  striking;  op- 
posed to  draw.  We  push  a  thing  forward 
by  force  applied  behind  it ;  we  draw  by 
applying  force  before  it.  We  may  push 
without  moving  the  object. 

■-'.  To  butt ;  to  strike  with  the  end  of  the 
horns;  to  thrust  the  points  of  horns 
against. 

If  the  ox  shall  push  a  man-servant  or  maid 
servant — he  shall  be  stoned.     Ex.  xxi. 

3.  To  press  or  urge  forward  ;  as,  to  push  an 
objection  too  far. 

He  forewarns  his  care 
W  itii  rules  to  push  his  fortune  or  to  bear 

Dryden 

4.  To  urge ;  to  drive. 

Ambition  pushes  the  soul  to  such  actions  as 
are  apt  to  procure  honor  lo  the  actor.   Spectator 

5.  To  enforce  ;  to  press  ;  to  drive  to  a  con- 
clusion. 

We  are  pushed  for  an  answer.  Sti'ifl 

6.  To  importune ;  to  press  with  solicitation  ; 
to  tease. 

To  push  down,  to  overthrow   by  pushing  or 

impulse. 
PySil,  V.  i.  To  make  a  thrust ;  as,  to  push' 

with  the  horns  or  with  a  sword. 

Dryden.    Addison. 


To  make  an  eflbrt. 
At  length 
Both  sides   rosolv'd    to  push,   we   tried   our 
strength.  Dryden. 

3.  To  make  an  attack. 
The   king   of  the  south  shall  ^(its/i  at  him. 

Dan.  \i. 

4.  To  burst  out. 
To  push  on,  to  drive  or  urge   forward ;  to 

hasten.     Push  on,  brave  men. 
PUSH,  n.  A  thrust  with  a  pointed  instru- 
ment, or  with  the  end  of  a  thing. 

Spenser. 

2.  Any  pressure,  impulse  or  force  ai)plied ; 
as,  to  give  the  ball  the  first  push. 

Addison. 

3.  An  assault  or  attack.  fValts. 

4.  A  forcible  onset ;  a  vigorous  effort. 

Addison. 

Exigence;  trial;  extremity. 

When  it  comes  to  the  push,  it  is  no  more 
than  talk.  VEstrange. 

6.  A  surlden  emergence.  Shak. 

A  little  swelling  or  pustule  ;  a  wheal  ;  a 
pimple  ;  an  eruption.  Bacon. 

PUSHED,  pp.  Pressed  ;  urged  ;  driven. 

PUSHER,  Ji.  One  that  drives  forward. 

PUSHING,  ppr.  Pressing;  driving;  urging 
forward. 

2.  o.  Pressing  forward  in  business ;  enter- 
prising ;  driving ;  vigorous. 

PUSHPIN,  n.  A  child's  play  in  which  pins 
are  pushed  alternately.  U Estrange. 

PUSILLANIM'ITY,  n.  [Fr.  pusillanimiU  ; 
L.  pusitlanimitas ;  pusillus,  small,  weak, 
and  animus,  courage] 

Want  of  that  firmness  and  strength  of  mind 
which  constitutes  courage  or  fortitude  ; 
weakness  of  spirit ;  cowardliness  ;  that 
feebleness  of  mind  which  shrinks  from  tri- 
fling or  imaginary  dangers. 

It  is  obvious  to  distinguish  between  an  act 
q( pusillanimity  and  an  act  of  great  modesty  or 
huuiility.  South. 

PUSlLLAN'IMOUS,a.  [Fr.  pusiUanime ;  It. 
pusillanimo,  supra.] 

1.  Destitute  of  that  strength  and  firmness  of 
mind  which  constitutes  courage,  bravery 
and  fortitude ;  being  of  weak  courage  ; 
mean  spirited  ;  cowardly ;  applied  to  per- 
sons ;  as  a  pusillanimous  prince. 

2.  Proceeding  from  weakness  of  mind  or 
want  of  courage  ;  feeble;  as  pusillanimous 
counsels.  Bacon 

PUSILLAN'IMOUSLY,  ffrfit.  With  want  of 

courage. 
PUSILLAN'IMOUSNESS,  n.  Pusillanimi 

ty;  want  of  courage. 
Puss,  n.   [D.  poes,  puss,  a  fur  tippet,  and  a 

kiss  ;  Ir.  pus,  a  cat,  and  the  lip.] 

1.  The  fondling  name  of  a  cat.  Watts. 

2.  The  sportsman's  name  for   a  hare. 

Gay. 

PUS'SINESS,  n.  [from  pussy.]  A  state  of 
being  swelled  or  bloated  ;  inflation  ;  hence, 
shortness  of  breath. 

PUS'SY,  a.  [Fr.  poussif,  from  pousser,  to 
push  ;  Sw.  posa,  to  swell  or  inflate  ;  Ir. 
6aow,  lust,  vanity;  allied  to  boast.  This 
word  has  been  written  pursy,  evidently 
by  mistake.  We  have  the  word  probably 
from  the  French  poussif,  {vom  pousser,  to 
push.] 

Properly,  inflated,  swelled ;  hence,  fat,  short 
and  thick  ;  and  as  persons  of  this  make 
labor  in  respiration,  the  word  is  used  for 
short  breathetl, 


PUS'TULATE,  V.  t.  [L.  pusttdatus.  See 
Pustule.] 

To  form  into  pustules  or  blisters. 

Stackhouse, 

PUSTULE,  n.  pus'l  or  pus'tul  ;  the  former 
is  the  usual  pronunciation  in  America. 
[Fr.  pustule  ;  L.  pustula  ;  from  the  root  of 
push.] 

A  pimple  or  wheal ;  a  small  push  or  erup- 
tion on  the  skin.  Arbuthnot. 

PUS'TULOUS,  a.  [L.  pustulosus.]  Full  of 
pustules  or  pimples. 

PUT,  V.  i.  pret.  and  pp.  put.  [D.pooten,  to 
set  or  plant ;  jmot,  the  foot ;  Dan.  poder,  to 
graft ;  pode,  a  cion ;  Gr.  (Jmu,  contracted 
from  iJivSui  or  ^vtu,  whence  ^tov,  a  germ, 
shoot  or  twig.  VVe  find  the  same  word 
in  the  h.  puto,  to  prune,  that  is,  to  thrust 
oft',  also  to  think  or  consider,  that  is,  to 
set  in  the  mind,  as  we  use  suppose,  L.  sup- 
pono.  But  we  see  the  English  sense  more 
distinctly  in  the  compounds,  imputo,  to 
impute,  that  is,  to  put  to  or  on ;  computo,  to 
compute,  to  put  together.  The  Welsh 
pwtian,  to  poke,  to  thrust,  and  pwtiaw,  to 
butt,  are  doubtless  the  same  word.  The 
L.  posui,  from  pono,  is  probably  a  dialec- 
tical orthography  of  the  same  root.  See 
Class  Bd.  and  Bs.  The  primary  sense  is 
to  thrust,  throw,  drive  or  send.] 

1.  To  set,  lay  or  place;  in  a  general  sense. 
Thus  we  say,  to  put  the  hand  to  the  face; 
to  put  a  book  on  the  shelf;  to  put  a  horse 
in  the  stable  ;  to  put  fire  to  the  fuel ;  to  put 
clothes  on  the  body.  God  planted  a  gar- 
den and  there  he  put  Adam. 

2.  Put  is  applicable  to  state  or  condition,  as 
well  as  to  place.  Put  liim  in  a  condition 
to  help  himself  Put  the  fortress  in  a 
state  of  defense.  The  aj)OStles  were  put 
in  trust  with  the  gospel.  We  are  often 
put  in  jeopardy  by  our  own  ignorance  or 
rashness.  We  do  not  alw.iys  put  the  best 
men  in  office. 

3.  To  repose. 

How  wilt  thou— put  thy  trust  on  Egypt  for 
chariots  .'  2  Kings  xviii. 

4.  To  push  into  action. 

Thank  him  who  puts  me,   loth,  to  this  re- 
venge. Milton. 

5.  To  apply  ;  to  set  to  employment. 

No  man  having  pu(  his  hand  to  the  plow,  and 
looking  back,  is  tit  for  the  kingdom  of  God. 
Luke  ix. 

6.  To  tlirow  or  introduce  suddenly.  He  had 
no  time  to  put  in  a  word. 

7.  To  consign  to  letters. 

He  made  a  proclamation — and  put  it  also  in 
writing.    2  Chron.  xxxvi. 

8.  To  oblige  ;  to  require. 

We  are  put  to  prove  things  which  can  hardly 
be  made  plainer.  Tillotson. 

9.  To  incite  :  to  instigate  ;  to  urge  by  influ- 
ence. The  appearance  of  a  formidable 
enemy  put  the  king  on  making  vigorous 
preparations  for  defense. 

T)iis 2nit  me  upon  observing  the  thickness  of 
the  glass.  A~etcion. 

These  wretches  put  us  upon  all  mischief,  to 
feed  their  lusts  and  exlr.avagances.  Swift. 

10.  To  propose  ;  as,  to  put  a  ([uestion  to  the 
witness  ;  to  put  a  case  in  point. 

11.  To  reach  to  another.    Hab.  ii. 

12.  To  bring  iiuo  a  state  of  mind  or  temper. 

Solyman,  to  jiut  the  Khodians  out  of  all  sus- 
picion of  hivasion —  Knolle?. 


PUT 


PUT 


P  U  T 


13.  To  offer ;  to  advance. 

I  am  ashamed  to  pxit  a  loose  indigested  play 
upon  the  public—  Di-ydtn. 

14.  To  cause. 

The  natural  constitutions  of  men  put  a  wulc 

dilferencc  between  them,  Locke. 

To  put  about,  to  turn ;  to  change  the  course  ; 

to  gibe  .ship. 
To  put  by,  to  turn  away  ;  to  divert. 

The  design  of  the  evil  one  is  to  put  thee  by 
from  thy  spiritual  employment.  Taylor. 

A  frigiit  hath  ;m(  by  an  ague  fit.  Grew. 

2.  To  thrust  aside. 

Jonathan  had  died  for  being  so. 
Had  not  just  Goi  put  by  th'  unnatural  blow. 

Cowley. 
To  put  down,  to  baffle ;  to  repress  ;  to  crush  ; 
as,  to  put  doicn  a  party. 

2.  To  degrade  ;  to  deprive  of  authority,  po  w 
er  or  place. 

3.  To  bring  into  disuse. 

Sugar  hath  put  down  the  use  of  honey.  Obs. 

Bacon 

4.  To  confute ;  to  silence. 

Mark   now  how  a  plain  tale  shall  put  you 
doti'ti.  Shak 

To  put  forth,  to  propose  ;  to  offer  to  notice. 
Sampson  said,  I  will  now  put  fortli  a  riddle 
to  you.    Juilgcs  xiv. 

2.  To  e-ttend  ;  to  reach  ;  as,  to  pui  forth  the 
hand. 

3.  To  shoot  out ;  to  send  out,  as  a  sprout ;  as, 
to  put  forth  leaves. 

4.  To  exert;  to  bring  into  action  ;  as,  to;>!rf 
forth  strength. 

5.  To  publisli,  as  a  book. 

To  put  in,  to  introduce  among  others ;  as, 
to  put  in  a  word  while  others  are  discours- 
ing. 

2.  To  insert ;  as,  to  put  in  a  passage  or 
clause  ;  to  put  in  a  cion. 

3.  To  conduct  into  a  harbor. 

To  put  in  fear,  to  affright;  to  make  fearful. 

To  put  in  mind,  to  remind  ;  to  call  to  remem- 
brance. 

To  put  in  practice,  lo  use;  to  exercise;  as, 
to  put  in  practice  the  ma.xims  of  the  wise 
man. 

To  put  into  another's  hands,  to  trust ;  to  com- 
mit to  the  care  of. 

To  put  off,  to  divest ;  to  lay  aside ;  as,  to  put 
off  a  robe  ;  to  put  q/?' mortality  or  the  mor 
tal  body  ;  to  put  o_/f  iiaughty  airs. 

2.  To  turn  aside  from  a  purpose  or  demand; 
to  defeat  or  delay  by  artifice. 

I  hoped  for  a  demonstration,  but  Themistices 
hopes  to  put  me  off  with  a  harangue.       Boyle. 

This  is  an  unreasonable  demand,  and  we 
might /)«(  him  q^with  this  answer.      Bentley. 

3.  To  delay  ;  to  defer ;  to  postpone.  How 
generally  do  men  put  off  the  care  of  their 
salvation  to  future  opportunities  ! 

4.  To  pass  fallaciously  ;  to  cause  to  be  cir 
culated  or  received  ;  as,  to  put  off  upon  the 
world  some  jilausible  reports  or  ingenious 
theory. 

5.  To  discard. 

The  clothier.s  all  put  off 
The  spinsters,  carders,  fullers,  weavers — 

Shak. 

6.  To  recommend  ;  to  vend  ;  to  obtrude. 

Bacon. 

7.  To  vend  ;  to  sell. 

8.  To  pass  into  other  hands;  as,  to  put  off 
a  counterfeit  coin  or  note. 

9.  To  push  from  land ;  as,  to  put  off  the 
boat. 


To  put  on  or  upon,  to  imi)ute  ;  to  charge ; 
a.s,  to  put  one's  own  crime  or  blame  07i 
another. 

2.  To  invest  with,  as  clothes  or  covering  ;  as, 
to  put  on  a  cloke. 

3.  To  assume ;  as,  to  put  on  a  grave  counte- 
nance ;  to  put  on  a  counterfeit  appearance. 

Mercury — put  on  the  shape  of  a  man. 

V  Estrange. 

4.  To  forward  ;  to  promote. 

This  came  handsomely  to  put  on  the  peace. 
Obs.  Bacon. 

5.  To  impose  ;  to  inflict. 

That  which  thoa  puttest  on  me,  I  will  bear. 
2  Kings  xviii. 
To  be  put  upon,  to  be  imposed  on  ;  to  be  de- 
ceived ;  used  chiefly  in  the  passive  form. 
To  put  over,  to  refer ;  to  send. 

For  the  certain  knowledge  of  that  truth, 
I  put  you  o'er  to  heaven  and  to  my  raotlier. 

Shak 
2.  To  defer ;  to  postpone.    The  court  put 

over  the  cause  to  the  next  term. 

To  put  out,  to  place  at  interest  ;  to  lend  at 

use.    Money  put  out  at  compound  interest, 

nearly  doubles  in  eleven  years. 

2.  To  extinguish ;  as,  to  put  out  a  candle, 
lamp  or  fire  ;  to  put  out  the  remains  of  af- 
fection. Addison. 

3.  To  send ;  to  emit ;  to  shoot;  as  a  bud  or 
sprout ;  as,  to  put  out  leaves. 

4.  To  extend  ;  to  reach  out ;  to  protrude ; 
as,  to  put  out  the  hand. 

5.  To  drive  out ;  to  expel ;  to  dismiss. 
When    I    am  jiut  out   of    the    stewardship 

Luke  xvi. 

6.  To  publisli ;  to  make  public  ;  as,  to  put 
out  a  pamphlet.     [JVoiv  vulgar.] 

7.  To  confuse  ;  to  disconcert ;  to  interrupt ; 
as,  to  put  one  out  in  reading  or  speaking. 

To  put  out  the  eyes,  to  destroy  tlie  power  of 

siglit ;  to  render  blind. 
To  put  to,  to  add  ;  to  unite  ;  as,  to  put  one 

sum  to  another. 

2.  To  refer  to ;  to  expose ;  as,  to  put  the 
fate  of  the  army  or  nation  to  a  battle  ;  to 
p>U  the  safety  of  the  state  to  hazard. 

3.  To  piuiish  by ;  to  tlistress  by ;  as,  to  put 
a  man  to  the  rack  or  torture. 

To  put  to  it,  to  distress ;  to  press  hard  ;  to 
perplex;  to  give  difliculty  to. 

0  gentle  lady,  do  uot  put  me  to  7.  Shak. 
To  be  put  to  it,  in  the  passive  form,  to  have 

difficulty. 

1  shall  be  hard  put  to  it  to  bring  myself  off. 

..'tUdUon. 

To  put  the  hand  to,  to  apply  ;  to  take  bold  ; 

to  begin  ;  to  undertake  ;  as,  to  put  the  hand 

to  the  plow.     See  Deut.  xii.  7. 

2.  To  take  by  theft  or  wrong  ;  to  embezzle. 

Then  shall  an  oath  of  the  Lord  be  between 

them  both,  that  he  hath  not  ptit  his    tiand  to 

his  neighbor's  goods.     Ex.  xxii. 

To  put  to  the  sword,  to  kill ;  to  slay.      Bacon. 

To  put  to  death,  to  kill. 

2J)  put  to  a  stand,  to  stop ;  to  ari-est  by  ob- 
stacles or  difficulties. 

To  put  to  trial,  or  o;i  trial,  to  bring  before  a 
court  and  jury  for  examination  and  decis- 
ion. 

2.  To  bring  to  a  test ;  to  try. 

To  put  together,  to  unite  in  a  sum,  mass  or 
compound  ;  to  add  ;  as,  to  put  two  sums 
together;  put  together  the  ingredients. 

2.  To  unite;  to  comiect.  Pu<  the  two  chains 
together. 

3.  To  place  in  company  or  in  one  society. 


To  put  trust  in,  to  confide  in ;  to  repose  con- 
fidence in. 
To  put  up,  to  pass  imavcnged  ;  to  overlook  ; 
not  to  punish  or  resent;  as,  to  put  up  inju- 
ries; to /)u<  u/;  indignities. 

Such  national  injuries  arc  not  to  be  put  up, 
but  when  the  offender  is  below  resentment. 

Jlddison. 
[I  have  never  heard  this  phra.se  used  in 
America.     We  always  say,  to  put  up  with  ; 
we  cannot  put  up  with  such  injuries.] 

2.  To  send  fortli  or  shoot  up,  as  plants  ;  as, 
to  put  up  muslirooms.     Obs.  Bacon. 

3.  To  expose  ;  to  offer  publicly ;  as,  to  put 
up  goods  to  sale  or  auction. 

4.  To  start  from  a  cover.     Obs.      Spectator. 

5.  To  hoard. 

Himself  never /)u<  up  any  of  the  rent. 

Spelman. 

6.  To  reposit  for  preservation  ;  as,  to  put  up 
apples  for  winter. 

7.  To  [)ack  ;  to  reposit  in  casks  with  salt 
for  preservation  ;  as,  to  put  up  pork,  beef 
or  fish. 

8.  To  liide  or  lay  aside.    Put  up  that  letter. 

Shak. 

9.  To  put  in  a  trunk  or  box ;  to  pack ;  as, 
to  put  up  clothing  for  a  journey. 

PUT,  V.  i.  To  go  or  move ;  as,  when  the 
air  first /)u(«  up.     Obs.  Bacon. 

2.  To  steer. 

His  fury  thus  appeas'd,  he  puis  to  land. 

Dry den. 

.3.  To  shoot;  to  germinate. 

The  sap  7)U(s  downward.  Bacon. 

To  put  forth,  10  shoot ;  to  bud;  to  germinate. 

Take  earth  from  under  walls  where   nettles 

putforth.  Bacon. 

2.  To  leave  a  port  or  haven.  Shak. 

To  put  in,  to  enter  a  harbor;  to  sail  info 
port. 

2.  To  offer  a  claim.  A  puts  in  for  a  share 
of  profits. 

To  put  in  for,  to  offer  one's  self;  to  stand  as 
a  candidate  for.  Locke. 

To  put  off,  to  leave  land. 

To  put  on,  to  urge  motion ;  to  drive  vehe- 
mently. 

To  put  over,  to  sail  over  or  across.         Abbot. 

To  put  to  sea,  to  set  sail ;  to  begin  a  voy- 
age ;  to  advance  into  tlie  ocean.     Drydcn. 

To  put  up,  to  take  lodgings  ;  to  lodge.  We 
put  up  at  the  Golden  Ball. 

2.  To  offer  one's  self  as  a  candidate. 

UEslrange. 

To  put  up  to,  to  advance  to.     [LitUe  used/] 

Swifl. 

To  put  tip  tvith,  to  overlook  or  suffer  without 
recompense,  pujiishmont  or  resentment ; 
as,  to  put  tip  with  an  injury  or  afiront. 

2.  To  take  without  o[)position  or  dissatisfac- 
tion ;  as,  to  put  up  with  bad  fare. 

This  verb,  in  all  its  uses,  retains  its  pri- 
mary sense,  to  set,  throw,  thrust,  send,  Sec. ; 
but  its  signification  is  modified  in  a  great 
variety  of  ways,  by  other  words  standing 
in  connection  with  it. 

Put,  n.  An  action  of  distress;  as  a  forced 
put.  L'Estrange. 

2.  A  game  at  cards. 

PUT,  n.  [Qu.  W.  pwf,  a  short  thick  person.] 
A  rustic  ;  a  clown. 

PUT,  n.  [Fr.pulain;  W.putan;  It.  putta, 
puttano ;  Sp.  puta.]  A  strumpet ;  a  pros- 
titute. 


PUT 


P  Y  G 


P  Y  R 


Put  case,  for  put  the  case,  suppose  the  case  to 
be  so  ;  a  vulgar  or  at  least  inelegant 
pliiase.  Burton. 

PU'TAGE,  n.  [See  Put,  a  prostitute.]  In 
Imv,  prostitution  or  fornication  on  the  part 
of  a  female.  Cowel. 

PU'TANISM,  n.  [Fr.  putanisme.]  Custom- 
ary lewdness  or  prostitution  of  a  female. 

PU'TATIVE,  a.  [Fr.  putatif;  It.  putativo ; 
from  L.  puto,  to  suppose.] 

Supposed;  reputed;  commonly  thought  or 
deemed;  as  the  putative  father  of  a  child. 

PU'TID,  «.  [L.  putidus,  from  puteo,  to  have 
an  ill  smell  ;  W.  pwd.]  Mean  ;  base  ; 
worthless.  U  Estrange.     Taylor. 

PU'TIDNESS,  n.  Meanness;  vileness. 

PUT' LOG,  n.  A  short  piece  of  timber  used 
in  scaffolds.  Moxon. 

PUT-OFF,  n.  An  excuse  ;  a  shift  for  eva- 
sion or  delay.  L'Estrartge. 

PUTRED'INOUS,  a.  [from  L.  putredo, 
from  putreo,  putris.] 

Proceeding  from  putrefaction,  or  partaking 
of  the  putrefactive  process;  having  an  of 
fensive  smell.  Floyer. 

PUTREFACTION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L. /)it(re 
/actio;  pulris,  putrid,  aud facia,  to  niake.J 

A  natural  process  by  which  animal  and  ve- 
getable bodies  are  disorganized  and  dis- 
solved, or  reduced  to  their  original  se])a- 
rate  elements.  Putrefaction  is  greatly  ac- 
celerated by  heat  and  moisture. 

PUTREFACTIVE,  a.  Pertaining  to  putre- 
faction ;  as  the  putrefactive  smell  or  pro- 
cess. 

2.  Tending  to  promote  putrefaction;  caus- 
ing putrefaction.  Brown. 

PU'TREFIED,  pp.  Dissolved;  rotten. 

PU'TREFY,  v.t.  [F.  putrefcr;  L.  pulrefa- 
cio  ;  pu/ris,  iiutrid,  andyiicio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  cause  to  dissolve  ;  to  disorganize  and 
reduce  to  the  simple  constituent  elements, 
as  animal  or  vegetable  bodies ;  to  cause  to 
rot.  Heat  and  moisture  soon  putrefy  dead 
flesh  or  vegetables. 

2.  To  corrupt ;  to  make  foul ;  as,  to  putrefy 
the  air.     [Little  used.]  Sliak 

3.  To  make  morbid,  carious  or  gangrenous  ; 
as,  io  putrefy  an  ulcer  or  wound. 

Wiseman.     Temple. 

PU'TREFY,    V.  i.  To  dissolve   and   return 
to  the  original  distinct  elements,  as   ani- 
mal and  vegetable  substances  deprived  of 
the  living  principle  ;  to  rot. 
PUTRES'CENCE,  n.  [from  L.  putrescens, 

putresco.] 
The  state    of  dissolving,  as    an  animal  or 
vegetable  substance  ;  a  putrid  state. 

Brown. 
PUTRES'CENT,  a.  Becoming  putrid  ;  pass- 
ing from  an  organized  state  into  the  con- 
stituent elements.  Brown. 
2.  Pertaining  to  the  process  of  putrefaction  ; 

as  a  putrescent  smell. 
PUTRES'CIBLE,  a.  That  may  be  putrefi 
ed ;  liable  to   become  putrid ;  as  putresci 
Me  substances.  Ramsay,  Hist. 

PU'TRID,     a.     [Fr.   putride ;    L.   putridus, 

from  pulris,  putreo.] 
1.  In  a  state  of  dissolution  or  disorganiza- 
tion, as  animal  and  vegetable  bodies ;  cor- 
rupt ;  rotten  ;  as  putrid  flesh. 
Indicating  a  state  of  dissolution  ;  tending 
to  disorganize  the  substances  composing 
(he  body;  malignant;  as  a  ;)u/nd  fever. 


3.  Proceeding  from  putrefaction  or  pertain 

ing  to  it;  as  sl putrid  scent. 
PU'TRIDNESS,  I       The  state  of  being  pu 
PUTRIU'ITY,     (,  "•  trid  ;  corruption. 

Floyer. 
PU'TRY,  a.  Rotten.     [.Vo<  used.] 

Marslon 

PUT'TER,  n.  [from  put.]  One  who  puts  or 

places.  L'Estransre. 

PUT'TER-ON,  n.  An  inciter  or  instigator. 

Shak. 
PUT'TING,  ppr.  [from  put.]  Setting  ;  plac- 
ing; laying. 
PUT'TING-STONE,  n.  In  Scotland,  a  stone 
laid  at  the  gates  of  great  houses  for  trials 
of  .strength.  Johnson.     Pop' 

PUT'TOe,  n.  A  kite.  Spenser. 

Puttoc-shrouds,  probably  a  mistake  for  fut 

toc-shrouds. 
PUT'TY,  n.    [Sp.  Port,  potea.]     A  kind  of 
paste  or  cement  compounded  of  whiting 
and  lintseed  oil,  beaten  or  kneaded  to  the 
consistence  of  dough  ;   used   in  fastening 
gla.ss  in  sashes  and  in  stopping  crevices. 
A  powder  of  calcined  tin,  used  in  polish 
ing  glass  and  steel.  Encyc. 

PUZ'ZLE,  V.  t.  [from  the  root  otpose,  which 

see.] 
1.  To  perplex  ;  to  embarrass;  to  ))ut  to   a 
stand ;  to  gravel. 

A  shrewd  disputant  in  those  points,  is  dexter- 
ous in  puzzling  others.  More 
He    is    perpetually  puzzled   and    perplexed 
amidst  his  own  blunders.                         Addison. 
"2.  To  make  intricate ;  to  entangle. 

The  ways  of  heaven  are  dark  and  intricate, 
PuzzVd  in  mazes  and  perplex'd  witli  error. 

Addison 

PUZ'ZLE,  V.  i.    To  be  bewildered  ;  to    be 
awkward.  UEslrange 

PUZ'ZLE,  11.    Perplexity  ;  embarrassment 

Bacon. 

PUZ'ZLED,  pp.   Perplexed  ;  intricate  ;  put 
to  a  stand. 

PUZ'ZLE-HEADED,  a.  Having  the  head 
fidl  of  confused  notions.  Johnson. 

PUZ'ZLER,  n.  One  that  perplexes. 

embarrass 


PUZZLING,  ;;/»•.  Perple.ving  , 
ing ;  bewildering. 

PUZ'ZOLAN,      }       A  loose  porous  volcan- 

PUZZOLA'NA,  S  "'  'C  substance  or  stone 

PYC'NITE,  n.  [Qu.  Or.  .-tvx.o;,  compact.] 

A  mineral,  the  shorhte  of  Kirwan,  or  sljorl- 
ous   topaz    of  Jameson.     It   usually  ap- 
pears in  long  irregular  prisms  or  cylin 
ders,  longitudinally  striated,  and  united  in 
bundles.  Werner.     Clcaveland. 

PYC'NOST\^LE,  n.  [Gr.  nvxm,  thick,  and 
;vXos,  column.] 

In  ancient  architeclure,  a  building  where  the 
columns  stand  very  close  to  each  other 
only  one  diameter  and  a  half  of  the  col 
umn  being  allowed  to  each  intercohnnni 
ation.  Encyc. 

PYE,  n.  [probably  a  contracted  word,  and 
the  same  as  pie,  a  mass. 

A  confused  mass;  the  state  of  printing  types 
when  the  sorts  are  mixed. 

PYE,  H.  A  bird.     [SeePiV.] 

iPY'GARG,         (         [Gr.Ttryapyo;.]    A  fowl  of 
PYG'ARGUS,  ^  "•  the  genus  Faico,  the  fe- 
male of  the  hen  harrier.  Ed.  Encyc 
PYGMEAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  pygmy  oi 
dwarf;  very  small ;  dwarfish.  Milton 


PYG'MY,    n.    [Fr.  pygmie  ;  It.  pigmeo ;  L, 
pjlgm(EUs;  Gr.  rtny/uuo;,   from  nvynr;,  the 
hst ;  as  big  as  the  fist.] 
A  dwarf;  a  person  not  exceeding  a  cubit  in 
highth.     This   appellation  was    given  by 
the  ancients  to  a  fabulous  race  of  beings 
inhabiting  Thrace,  who  waged  war  with 
tlie  cranes  and  were  destroyed.        Encyc. 
PYL'AGORE,  »j.    [Gr.   rtvJwyopaj.]     In  an- 
cient Greece,  a  delegate  or  representative 
of  a  city,  sent  to  the  Amphictyonic  coun- 
cil. Mitfurd. 
PY^LOR'IC,  a.   Pertaining  to  the  pylorus: 

as  the  pyloric  artery. 
PYLO'RUS,  11.  [Gr.  jtrAupos,  from  rtvxij,  a 

gate.] 

The  lower  and  right  orifice  of  the  stomach. 

Coxe. 
PYR'ACANTH,    n.     [Gr.  nvpaxmOa,  fiery 

thorn.] 
A  plant ;  a  kind  of  thorn  of  the  genus  Mes- 
piliis.  Mason.     Lee. 

PYRAL'LOLITE,  n.  [Gr.  rttip,  fire,  aiaoj 
and  XiSos ;  alluding  to  its  changes  of  color 
before  the  blowpipe.] 
A  new  mineral  found  in  Finland,  massive 
and  in  crystals,  friable  and  yielding  to  the 
knife.  Its  color  is  greenish.  Clcaveland. 
PYR'AMID,  n.  [Fr.pyramide  ;  It.  piramide  ; 
L.  pyramis  ;  Gr.  Ttvpafti;.  The  origin  and 
composition  of  this  word  are  not  ascer- 
tained. It  is  supposed  that  the  Gr.  Xvp, 
fire,  forms  one  of  its  component  parts ; 
but  W.  bera  is  a  pyramid,  and  a  stack  of 
corn.] 

A  solid  body  standing  on  a  triangular,  square 
or  polygonal  base,  and  terminating  in  a 
point  at  the  top ;  or  in  geometry,  a  solid 
figure  consisting  of  several  triangles, 
whose  bases  are  all  in  the  same  plane, 
and  which  have  one  common  vertex. 

Encyc. 
The  pyramids  of  Egypt  may  have  been 
erected  ti)  the  sun,  during  the  prevalence 
of  Sahianisni. 

A  pyramid  is  tbrined  by  the  meeting  of 
three  or  more  [ilanes  at  a  point  termed 
the  apex.  Phillips. 

PYRAMIDAL,  a.  [Fr.  pyramidale;  ll.pira- 

midiUe.]     Pyramidical. 
PYRAMID'ICAL,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a 
pyramid. 

Tiie  particles  of  earth  being  cubical,  those 
of  liio,  ji/pimiiiHcal.  Enfield  on  Plato. 

A  pi/ramidical  lock.  Goldsmith. 

PYRAMID'ICALLY',  adv.  In  the  form  of 
a  pyramid.  Bacon. 

PYRAM'IDOID,  I        [pyramid     and     Gr. 
PYR'AMOID,       $  "■   »8o5,  form.] 
A  solid  figure,  formed  by  the  rotation  of  a 
semi-i)arabola  about  its  base  or  greatest 
onlinate. 
PYR'AMIS,  n.  [L.]  A  pyramid.        Bacon. 
PYRE,  n.  [L.  pyra.]  A  funeral  pile  ;  a  pile 
to  hn  burnt.  Pope. 

PYR'ENITE,  n.  A  mineral  of  a  grayish 
black  color,  foiuul  in  the  Pyrenees,  and 
considered  as  a  variety  of  garnet.  It  oc- 
curs in  minute  rhombic  dodecahedrons. 

Cleavelatid. 
PYRETOL'06Y,    n.    [Gr.    rtvfifo;,   fever, 

from  rtvp,  fire,  and  Xoyo;,  discourse.] 
.\  discourse  or  treatise  on  fevers,  or  the  doc- 
iriiH'  of  fevers.  Hooper. 

PYR'GOM,  n.  A  mineral,  called  also  fassa- 
ite. 


P  Y  R 


P  Y  R 


1'   Y  X 


PYR'IFORM,  a.  [L.  pyrum,  a  pear,  and 
form.]     Having  the  form  ofajjcar. 

Gregory. 
PYRITA'CEOUS,  a.    Pertaining  to  pyrite. 

[See  Pipilic]  Lavoisier. 

PYR'lTli,  n.  lAu.  pyrites.  [Gr.  nvpiTtis,  from 

rtiip,  fire.]  j 

Fire-stone;  a  genus  of  inflnmniulile  substan-j 

ces  composeil  ol'siilpliur  and  iron  or  other 

metal;  a  bulpliuret  of  iron  or  other  metal. 

Hence  salile  coal  liis  massy  couch  extends, 

AjiU  stars  of  gold  the  .sparkling  ;/irr((e  blends. 

Vanrin. 

[I  have  anglicized  this  word,  according 
to  Unrwin  and  the  French  mineralogists ; 
making  pyrites  a  regular  phual.] 

PYRIT'IC,        i        Pertaining    to     pyrite  ; 

PYRIT'It'AL,  >  a.  consisting  of  or  re-sem- 

PYR'ITOIJS,   >        bling  pyrite. 

PYRITIF'KR(JUS,  a.  [pyrite  and  h.  fero, 
to  i)roduce.]  Containing  or  producing 
pyrite. 

PYR'ITIZE,  V.  t.  To  convert  into  i>yritc. 

Ed.  Encyc. 

PYRITOL'OgY,  n.  [pyrite  and  Gr.  Xoyoj, 
discourse.]  A  discourse  or  treatise  on  pyr- 
ites. Fourcroy. 

PYR'OGOM,  n.  A  variety  of  diopside. 

Ure. 

PYROL'ATRY,  n.  [Gr.  rtvp,  fire,  and  J.a- 
*pfio,  worship.]     The  worship  of  fire. 

Young. 

PYROLIG'NEOUS,  )        [Gr.  «vp,  fire,  and' 

PYKOLUJ'NIC,         >  a.  L.    ligneus,    from 

PYKOLIG'NOU.S,     )        lignum,  wood.]      | 

Generated  or  i)rocured  by  tlie  distillation  of 
wood  ;  a  term  applied  to  the  acid  obtain- 
ed by  the  distillation  of  wood.     Chimistry. 

PYROLIG'NITE,  n.  [supra.]  A  salt  form- 
ed by  the  combination  of  pyrohguous 
acid  vvitli  anolher  substance. 

PYROLlTH'I€,  a.  [Gr.  nip,  fire,  and  uOof, 
stone.] 

The  pyrolithic  acid  is  an  acid  of  recent  dis- 
covery. It  is  obtained  fron)  the  silvery 
white  plates  which  sulilinic  from  uric  acid 
concretions,  when  distilled  in  a  retort. 

PYROL'OlilST,  ».  [See  Pyrology.]  A  be- 
hever  in  tlie  doctrine  of  latent  heat. 

Black. 

PYROL'OtiY,  n.  [Gr.  .-tip,  fire,  and  ^oyoj, 
discourse.] 

A  treatise  on  heat ;  or  the  natural  history 
of  heat,  latent  and  sensible.  Mitchill. 

PYROM'ALATE,  n.  [See  Pyromatic.]  A 
compound  of  malic  acid  and  a  salifiable 
base.  Ure. 

PtROMA'LIe,   rt.    [Gr.  «rp,  fire,   and   L 

malum,  an  apple.] 
The  ])yromalic  acid  is  a  substance  obtained 

by  distillation  from  the  malic  acid. 
PYR'OMANCY,  n.   [Gr.  rtip,   fire,  and  fiw- 

tna,  divination.]     Di\  ination  by  fire. 

Encyc. 


PYROMAN'TIC,    a.    Pertaining   to   i)yro-| 

mancy. 
PYROMAN'TIC,  n.  One  who  pretends  to 

divine  by  fire.  Herbert.. 

PYROM'ETER,  n.  [Gr.  rtup,  fire,  and /terpoi, 

measure.]  j 

1.  An  instrument  for  measuring  the  expan- 
sion of  bodies  by  heat.  ! 

2.  An  in.strunient  for  measuring  degrees  of 
heat  above  those  indicated  by  the  mercu- 
rial thermometer;  as  the  pyrometer  of 
Wedgewood. 

PYROMU'CITE,  n.  A  combination  of  py-j 
romucous  acid  with  another  substance. 

PYROMU'COUS,  a.  [Gr.  rtvp,  fire,  and  L. 
mucus.] 

The  pyromucous  acid  is  obtained  by  the  dis- 
tillation of  sugar  or  other  saccharine  sub- 
stance. 

I'YR'OPE,  n.  [Gr.  jtupujioj;  rtvp,  fire,  and 
w4,  face.] 

A  mineral  regarded  as  a  variety  of  garnet, 

occurring  in  small  masses  or  grains,  neveri 

in  crystals.     Its  color  is  a  poppy  or  bloodi 

red,  frequently  with  a  tinge  of  orange.       i 

Brochant.     Cleavcland.] 

PYR'OPHANE,  n.  [Gr.  rtip,  fire,  and  ^aroj, 
clear.] 

A  mineral  which  in  its  natural  state  is! 
opake,  but  rendered  transparent  by  heat. 

Kincan 

PVROPII'ANOUS,  a.  Rendered  transparent 

by  heat. 
P\  koPII'OROUS,   a.    Pertaining  to  or  re 

sembling  pyrophorus. 

PYROPH'ORL'S,  n.  [Gr.  rtip,  fire,  and 
ijiopoj,  bearing.] 

\  substance  which  takes  fire  on  e,\i)OSure  to 
air,  or  which  maintains  or  retains  light. 

Thomson. 

PYROPHYS'ALITE.  [See  Topaz  and 
Physalite.]  i 

PYROR'TI  tITE,  71.  A  mineral  little  known,' 
resembling  orthite,  but  very  ditterent  from 
it,  for  it  burns  in  the  flame  of  the  blow-' 
pipe  like  charcoal ;  whereas  orthite  melts. 
Pyrorthite  is  in  black  plates,  thin  and  al- 
most parallel.  Diet.  .Vat.  Hist. 

PYR'OSeOPE,  n.  [Gr.  rtrp,  fire,  and  5xoniu,| 
to  view.]  I 

An  instrument  for  measuring  the  pulsatory 
motion  of  the  air,  or  the  intensity  of  heat 
radiating  from  a  fire.  heslie. 

PYROS'MALITE,  n.  A  mineral  of  a  liver 
brown  color,  or  pistachio  green,  occurring 
in  six  sided  prisms,  of  a  lamellar  struc- 
ture, found  in  Sweden.  Phillips. 

PYROTARTARIC,      /        [Gr.    rtvy.    fire, 

PYROTARTAROUS,  \  "■  and  tartar.] 

Denoting  an  acid  obtained  by  distilling  pure 
tartrite  of  ))otash. 

PYROT-ARTRITE,  n.  A  salt  formed  by 
the  combination  of  pyrotartarous  acid 
with  another  substance.  Hooper. 


)       [Gr.    nvp,    fire, 
^    ■   and   Tfxir,,  art.] 


PYROTECHNIC, 
PYROTECU'MCAL, 

Pertaining  to  fire  works  or  the  art  of  form- 
ing them. 

PYROTECHNICS,?  [supra.]  The  art 
PYR'OTECHNY,  ^  "•  of  making  fire 
works;  or  the  science  which  teaches  the 
management  and  application  of  fire  in  its 
various  operations,  in  gunnery,  rockets, 
&c. 

PYROTECHNIST,  n.  One  skilled  in  pyro- 
techny.  Stevens. 

PYROT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  rtvpou,  to  burn.]  Caus- 
tic.    [See  Caustic] 

PYROT'IC,  n.  A  caustic  medicine. 

PYR'OXENE,  n.  [Gr.  rtvp,  fire,  and  Inos,  a 
stranger;  a  guest  in  fire,  unaltered.] 

Augite.  ire. 

A  species  of  minerals  of  the  class  of  stones, 
which  has  been  natned  volcanic  shorl  ; 
but  it  is  a  family  which  comprehends  ma- 
ny substances  of  diflcrent  appearances. 
It  is  almost  always  crystalized,  but  in 
complicated  forms.  Did.  .\"at.  Hist. 

PYROXEN'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  pyroxene, 
or  partaking  of  its  qualities.         Humboldt. 

PYR'RHIC,  n.  [L.  pyrrhichius ;  Gr.  rtvp- 
P'Z'oj,  from  rtvpfuxV:  "  nindjle  dance.] 

1.  In  poetry,  a  foot  consisting  of  two  short 
syllables. 

2.  An  ancient  military  dance. 

PYRRHON'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  Pyrrhon- 
ism. 

PYR'RHONISM,    n.     [from    Pynho,    the 
founder  of  the  sceptics.]  Sccjiticism  ;  uni- 
.    versal  doubt. 

PYR'RHONIST,  n.    A  sceptic;    one   who 

doubts  of  every  thing. 
PYTHAGO'REAN,  n.    A  follower  of  Py- 
thagoras, the  founder  of  the  Italic  sect  of 
philosophers. 
PYTHAGO  REAN,  )       lielonging   to  the 
PYTHAGOR'IC,        }a.  philosophy  of  Py- 
PYTIIAGOR'ICAL, )       thagoras." 
PYTIIAG'ORISM,  n.  The  doctrines  of  Py- 
thagoras. More. 
PYTII'LVN,  a.  [from  Pythia,  the   i)riestess 
of  Apollo.] 

Pertaining  to  the  priestess  of  Apollo,  who 
delivered  oracles. 

PYTHONESS,  71.  [from  L.  Pytho,  Gr. 
nv9uv,  a  dragon  or  serpent.] 

A  sort  of  witch  ;  also,  the  female  or  priestess 
who  gave  oracular  answers  at  Delphi,  in 
Greece.  Milfurd. 

PYTHON'IC,  a.  Pretending  to  foretell  fu- 
ture events. 

PYTH  ONIST,  ?!.  A  conjurer. 

PYX,  n.  [L.  pyxis  ;  Gr.  ni|i;.]  The  box  in 
which  the  catholics  keej)  the  host. 

Cranmer. 


a. 


a  u  A 


Q  is  the  seventeenth  letter  of  the  EngHsh 
Alphabet ;  an  articulation  borrowed  from 
the  oriental  koph  or  qoph,  Ch.  and  Heb.  p. 

Samaritan  y,   Syriac  oi  Arabic    j"   Kaf. 

It  is  supposed  to  be  an  articulation  more 
deeply  guttural  than  that  of  K ;  indeed  it 
might  have  been  pronounced  as  we  pro- 
nounce qu ;  for  we  observe  that  in  the 
Latin  language,  from  which  the  moderns 
have  borrowed  the  letter,  it  is  always  fol 
lowed  by  u,  as  it  is  in  English.  This  let 
ter  is  not  in  the  Greek  alphabet.  In  our 
mother  tongue,  the  Anglo  Saxon,  this  let- 
ter is  not  used  ;  but  in  the  place  of  qu,  cu, 
or  more  generally,  cw  is  used  ;  as  in  avic, 
quick  ;  cwen,  queen.  This  letter  is  super- 
fluous ;  for  ku  or  koo,  in  English,  have 
precisely  the  same  sounds  as  qu.  It  is  al- 
ledged  that  in  expressing  q,  the  cheeks  are 
contracted,  and  the  lips  put  into  a  canu- 
lar  form,  for  the  passage  of  the  breath ; 
circumstances  which  distinguish  it  from 
k.  This  appears  to  be  a  mistake.  This 
position  of  the  organs  is  entirely  owing  to 
the  following  letter  ii ;  and  kiiestion  &i\(i 
question  are  pronounced  precisely  alike, 
and  with  the  same  configuration  of  the 
organs.  For  qtt  in  English,  the  Dutch 
use  kio,  the  Germans  qu,  the  Swedes 
and  the  Danes  qv,  which  answer  to  our 
ktv.  The  Gothic  has  a  character  which 
answers  to  qu.  It  appears  then  that  q  is 
precisely  k,  with  this  difference  in  use 
that  q  is  always  followed  by  u  in  English, 
and  k  is  not.  Q,  never  ends  an  English 
word.  Its  name  crie,  is  said  to  be  from  the 
French  queue,  a  tail. 
As  a  numeral,  Q.  stands  for  500,  and  with  a 

dash,  Q,  for  500,000. 
Used  as  an  abbreviation,  Q.  stands  for  quan- 
lity,  or  quarduni ;  as  among  physicians,  q. 
pi.  quantum  placet,  as  much  as  you  please; 
q.  s.  quantum  siijficit,  as  much  as  is  requir 
ed,  or  as  is  suflicient. 
Among  mathematicians,  Q.  E.  D.  stands  for 
quod  erat  demonstrandum,  which  was  to  be 
demonstrated  ;  Q.  E.  F.  quod  eratfacien 
dum,  which  was  to  be  done. 
In  the  notes  of  the  ancients,  Q.  stands   for 
Quintus,  or  Qiiinlius  ;   Quint,  for  Qu?n(t7 
ius  ;  aiui  Quffis.  for  quiestor. 
In  English,  Q,.  is  an  abbreviation   for   ques- 
tion. 
UUaB,    n.    [G.  quajipe ;    D.   kwab ;    Dan 

qvabbe.] 

A  fish  of  Russian  rivers,  which  delights  in 

clear  water.  Diet.  J\"at.  Hist. 

(iUACHlL'TO,  n.  A  Brazilian  fowl  of  the 

moor-hen  kind,  of  a  fine  black  color  varie 

gated  with  white.     Its  voice  resembles  the 

crowing  of  acock.  Diet.  J^af.  Hist. 

QUACK,    1'.   i.    [D.   kwaaken,    G.    quaken, 

Dan.  qvnkker,  to  croak.] 
J .  To  cry  like  a  duck  or  goose.  Kin, 


a  u  A 

To  boast ;  to  bounce;  to  talk  noisily  and 
ostentatiously ;  as,  pretenders  to  medical 
skill  quack  of  their  cures.  Hudibras. 

QUACK,  n.  [from  the  verb.]  A  boaster: 
one  who  pretends  to  skUl  or  knowledge 
which  he  does  not  possess.  Felton. 

2.  A  boastful  pretender  to  medical  skill 
which  he  does  not  possess ;  an  empiric ; 
an  ignorant  practitioner.  Addison. 

QUACK'ERY,  n.  The  boastful  pretensions 
or  mean  practice  of  an  ignoramus,  par- 
ticularly in  medicine ;  empiricism. 

QUACK'ISH,  a.  Like  a  quack  ;  boasting 
of  skill  not  possessed;  trickish.        Burke. 

QUACK'ISM,  n.  The  practice  of  quackery. 

Jlsh 

QUACK'LED,      /      Almost  choked  or  suf- 

QUACK'ENED,  S  "'  focated. 

QUACK'SALVER,  n.  [Sw.  qvacksalfvare ; 
quack  and  sah'e.] 

One  who  boasts  of  his  skill  in  medicines  and 
salves,  or  of  the  eflScacy  of  his  prescrip- 
tions ;  a  charlatan.  Broimi.     Burton. 

QUAD,  a.    [D.  kviaad.]    Evil;    bad.     [Xot 
sed.]  Cower. 

QUaD'RAGENE,  n.  [L.  quadrageni.]  A 
papal  indulgence  multiplying  remissions 
by  forties.  Taylor. 

QUaDRAGES'I3IA,  n.  [L.  qvadragesimus, 
fortieth,  from  quatuor,  four.] 

Lent ;  so  called  because  it  consists  of  forty 
days.  Encyc 

QUaDRAgESTMAL,  a.  [supra.]  Belong- 
ing to  Lent ;  used  in  Lent.  Sanderson. 

QUaDRAgES'IIMALS,    7!.    plu.     [supra. 
Offerings   formerly  made  to  the  mother 
church  on  mid-lent  Sunday. 

QUAD'RANGLE,  n.  [h.quadratus,  S(]uave, 
from  quatuor,  four,  and  angulus,  angle.] 

In  geometry,  a  quadrilateral  figure;  a  square; 
a  figure  consisting  of  four  sides  and  four 
angles.  Encyc. 

QUADRANGULAR,  a.  [sui)ra.]  Square 
having  four  sides  and  four  angles. 

If'oodward. 

2.  In  botany,  having  four  prominent  angles, 
as  a  stem  or  leaf  Martyn. 

QUAD'RANT,  n.  [L.  quudrans,  a  fourth.] 

1.  The  fourth  part ;  the  quarter.         Brown. 

2.  In  geomeli-y,  the  quarter  of  a  circle ;  the 
arc  of  a  circle  containing  ninety  degrees; 
also,  the  space  or  area  included  between 
this  arc  and  two  radii  drawn  from  the 
center  to  each  extremity.  Encyc. 

3.  An  instrument  for  taking  the  altitudes  of 
the  sun  or  stars,  of  great  use  in  astronomy 
and  navigation.  Quadrants  are  variously 
made,  hut  they  all  consist  of  the  quarter 
of  a  circle  whose  limb  is  divided  into 
ninety  degrees  ;  or,  as  in  Iladley's  reflect 
ing  quadrant,  an  arc  of  forty  five  de- 
grees is  made  to  serve  the  same  purpose 
as  an  arc  of  ninety  degrees. 

qiuulnmt  of  altitude,  an  ai)pen(lnge  of  the 
artificial  globe,  consisting  of  a  slip  of  brass 
of  the  length  of  a  quadrant  of  one  of  tin 


a  u  A 

great  circles  of  the  globe,  and  graduated. 
It  is  filled  to  the  meridian  and  movable 
roHud  to  all  points  of  the  horizon.  It 
serves  as  a  scale  in  measuring  altitudes, 
azimuths,  &c.  Encyc. 

QUaDRANT'AL,  a.  [supra.]  Pertaining 
to  a  quadrant ;  also,  included  in  the  fourth 
part  of  a  circle  ;  as  quadrantal  space. 

Derham. 

QUADRANT'AL,  n.  [supra.]  A  vessel  used 
by  the  Romans  ;  originally  called  amphora. 
It  was  square  and  contained  80  pounds  of 
water.  Encyc. 

QUaD'RAT,    n.    [L.  quadratus,  squared.] 

L  In  printing,  a  piece  of  metal  used  to  fill 
the  void  spaces  between  words,  &c. 
Quadrats  are  of  different  sizes ;  as  m- 
quadrats,  &c. 

A  mathematical  instrument,  called  also 
a  geometrical  square,  and  line  of  shadows. 

Encyc. 

QUaD'RATE,  a.  Square;  having  four 
equal  and  parallel  sides. 

2.  Divisible  into  four  equal  parts.       Broum. 

3.  Square  ;  equal ;  exact.  Howell. 

4.  Suited;  fitted;  applicable;  correspond- 
ent. Harvey. 

QUaD'RATE,  n.  A  square;  a  surface  with 
four  equal  and  parallel  sides. 

H'otton.     Milton. 

2.  In  astrology,  an  aspect  of  the  heavenly 
bodies,  in  which  they  are  distant  from 
each  other  ninety  degrees,  or  the  quarter 
of  a  circle  ;  the  same  as  quartile.  Diet. 

QU.\D'RATE,  V.  i.  [L.  quadro ;  Fr.  quad- 
rer,  cadrer.] 

To  suit ;  to  correspond  ;  to  agree  with  ;  to 
be  accommodated  ;  followed  by  with. 

Aristotle's  rules  for  epic  poetry — cannot  be 
supposed  to  quadrate  exactly  unth  modern  he- 
roic poems.  Jlddison. 

QUADRAT'le,  a.  Square;  denoting  a 
square  or  pertaining  to  it. 

Quadratic  equation,  in  algebra,  an  equation 
in  which  the  unknown  quantity  is  of  two 
dimensions,  or  raised  to  the  second  power ; 
or  one  in  which  the  highest  power  of  the 
unknown  quantity  is  a  square. 

Encyc.     Bailey. 

QUaD'RATRIX,  n.  A  square  or  squared 
figure.  Bailey. 

2.  liigcometn/,  a  mechanical  line  by  meansof 
which  we  can  find  right  lines  equal  to  the 
circumference  of  circles  or  other  curves 
and  their  several  parts.  Encyc. 

QUaD'RATURE,  n.  [L.  (/Marfra(wra.]  The 
act  of  squaring  ;  the  reducing  of  a  figure 
to  a  square.  Thus  the  finding  of  a  square 
which  shall  contain  just  as  much  area  as 
a  circle  or  a  triangle,  is  the  quadrature  of 
that  circle  or  triangle.  Encyc. 

2.  A  quadrate  ;  a  sriuare.  Milton. 

3.  In  astronomy,  the  aspect  of  the  moon  when 
distant  from  the  sun  !>0  degrees  or  a  quar- 
ter of  the  circle  ;  or  when  the  moon  is  at  an 
equal  distance  from  the  points  of  con- 
jurictioM  and  ojiposition. 


a  u  A 


a  u  A 


a  u  A 


f^uadralure  of  curves,  in  mathematics,  the 
finding  of  rectilineal  figiiren  containing 
the  same  areas  as  figures  hounded  by 
curved  lines.  D.  Olmsted. 

QUaD'REL,  )i.  [It.   (jmdrello.]      In   archi 
tectttre,  a  kind  of  artificial  stone  made   of 
chalky  eartli  and  dried  in  the  shade  for 
two  years  ;  so  called  from  being  square. 

Encyc. 

QUaDREN'NIAL,  a.  [L.  quadriennium ; 
quadra  or  quadrans,  from  qualuorr,  four, 
and  annus,  year.] 

1.  Comprising  four  years  ;  as  a  quadrennial 
period. 

2.  Occurring  once  in  four  years ;  as  quad- 
rennial games. 

QUaDREN'NIALLV,  adv.  Once  in  four 
years. 

QUAD'RIBLE,  a.  [L.  quadro,  to  stjuare.] 
That  may  he  squared.  Derham. 

QUADRle.'VP'SULAR,  a.  [L.  quadra  and 
cajisuta.] 

In  holanij,  having  four  capsules  to  a  flower 
as  a  quadrirapstdar  pericarp.  J\Iartyn 

QUADRIDEC'IIMAL,  a.  [L.  quadra  and 
decern.] 

In  crystalography,  designating  a  crystal 
whose  prism  or  the  middle  part  has  four 
faces  and  twosununits,  containing  togeth- 
er ten  faces. 

QUaDRIDEN  TATE,  a.  [L.  quadra  and 
dentntus,  toothed.] 

In  botany,  having  four  teeth  on  the  edge. 

Marti/n. 

QU.VD'RIFII),  a.  [L.  quadrifidus ;  quadra 
and/nrfo,  to  divide.] 

In  botany,  four-cleft,  as  a  quadrijid  perianth  : 
cut  into   four  segments,  with   linear  sin 
uses  and  straight  margins,  as  a  quadriftd 
leaf  Mnrlyn. 

QUaDRIJU'GOUS,  a.  [L.  quadra  and  'ju- 
gum,  yoke.] 

In  botany,  piimate,  with  four  pairs  of  leaf- 
lets ;  as  a  (/uadrijngous  leaf 

QUADRILATERAL,  a.  [L.  quadra,  or 
quatuor,  four,  and  latus,  side.]  Having 
four  siiles  and  four  angles. 

QU.VDRILATERAL,  n.  A  figure  having 
four  sides  and  four  angles ;  a  quadrangu- 
lar fit'ure.  Encyc. 

QUaDRILAT'ERALNESS,  n.  The  prop- 
erty of  having  four  right  lined  sides,  form- 
ing as  nianv  right  angles.  Diet. 

QUADRILIT'ERAL,  a.  [L.  quadra,  or  qua- 
tuor, foiw,  and  lilcra,  letter.] 

Consisting  of  four  letters. 

Parkhurst.     Asial.  Res. 

QUADRILLE,  n.    quadrW,  or  cadril'.  [Fr.] 

1.  A  game  played  by  fom-  persons  with  40 
cards,  being  the  remainder  of  the  pack  af- 
ter the  four  tens,  nines  and  eights  are  dis- 
carded. Encyc. 

2.  A  kind  of  dance. 

QUAD'RILOBATE,  ?      [L.  quadra,  orqun- 
QUAD'RILOBED,     l"'  tuor,     four,     and 

lobe,  Gr.  >.o(Jo5.] 

In  botany,  having  four  lobes ;  as  a  qnctdritobed 
leaf  Martyn. 

QUADRILOC'ULAR,  a.  [L.  qxtadra,  qua- 
tuor, and  locutus,  a  cell.] 

Having  four  cells;  four-celled;  as  a  quadri- 
locidar  pericarp.  Marlyn. 

QUaD'RIN,  n.  [L.  quadrinus.]  A  mite;  a 
small  piece  of  money,  in  value  about  a 
farihiuij.     [JVbt  in  use.]  Bailey.] 

voi:  II. 


QUADRINO'MIAL,  a.  [L.  quadra,  quatuor, 

and  nomen,  nam(^] 
Con.sisting  of  four  denominations  or  terms. 

Diet. 
QUADRIPARTITE,  a.  (L.  quadra,  qualu 

or,  and  parlitus,  divided.] 
Divided  into  four  parts,  or  consisting  of  four 

corr(!spoiidiiig  parts. 
QUaI)RI1"ARTI'I|;LY,  adv.    In  four  di- 

visifins;  in  a  c|u:iilri|iartite  distribution. 
QUaDR1I'AI!TI"T1<)N,  n.    A  division  by 

four  or  into  four  parts ;  or  the  taking  the 

fourth  part  of  any  quantity  or  number 

Diet. 
QU.\DRn>![  YLI.OUS,  a.  [L.quadra,  qua 

tuor,  t'liur,  and  Ur.  ifiXJ-or,  leaf]     Having 

fom-  leaves. 
QIJaD'RIREME,  n.  [L.  quadriremis ;  qua- 
tuor, four,  and  remus,  oar.] 
A  galley  with  four  benches  of  oars  or  row 

ers.  Milford. 

Qr.\DRISYL'LABLE,  n.  [L.  quadra,  qua 

tuur,  and  syllable.]     A   word  consisting  of 

four  s\llid)les. 
QUaD'RIVALVE.  I      In  tofany,  hav 

QUADRIVALV'ULAR,  (,  "'ing  IburValves 

four-valved  ;  as  a  quadrivalve  pericarp. 

Martyn. 
Qr.\D'RIVALVES,    n.    plu.    [L.    quadra, 

quatuor,  and  vulva,  valve.]     A   door  with 

four  folds  or  leaves. 
QUaDRIV'IAL,  a.    [L.   quadrivium ;    qua- 
tuor, fom ,  and  via,  way.]  IIa\  ing  four  ways 

meeting  in  a  point. 
QUADROON',  )i.  [L.  quadra,  quatuor.]    In 

Spanish  America,  the  oflspring  of  a  nui 

latto   woman  by  a  w  hite  man  ;  a  jierson 

|uarter-lilooded.  Clavigcro. 

QU.\D'RUMAN,  n.  [L.  quadra  and  manus, 

hand.] 
An  animal  having  four  hands  or  limbs  that 

correspond  to  the  hands  of  a  man,  as  a 

monkey.  Lawrence,  Leet. 

Ql'AD'RUMANOUS,  a.  Having  Com-  hands 

four-handed.  iMwrcnee,  Led. 

QU.\D'RUNE,  n.  A  gritstone  with  a  calcari- 

ous  cement. 
QU.\D'RUPED,  a.   [h.  quadrtipes ;  quadra, 

quatuor,  four,  and  pes,  foot.]     Having  four 

legs  and  feet. 
QUaD'RUPED,  n.  An  animal  having  four 

legs  and  feet,  as  a  horse,  an  o.\,  a   lion 

&:c. 
QUaD'RUPLE,  a.  [L.  quadruplus;  quadra. 

quatuor.  and  plico,  to  fold.] 
Fourfolil ;  iVinr  times  told  ;  as,  to  make  quad- 
ruple re.'^tilution  for  trespass  or  theft. 
QUADRUPLE,  n.  Four  times  the  sum  or 

mm. her  ;    as,  to     receive   quadruple    the 

auiomii  in  damaees  or  profits. 
QU.\DRU'PLICATE,    a.     Fourfold  ;    four 

times  repeated  ;  as  a   quadruplicate   ratio 

<ir  proportion. 
QUaDRU'PLICATE,  v.t.  [L.quadrupnco; 

quatuor  and  ptiro,  to  fold.]     To  make  four 

fold  :  to  double  uviie. 
QUaDRUPLICA'TION,  7!.  The  act  of  ma 

king  foiu'fold  and    taking  four   times  the 

simp!:'  sum  or  amount. 
QUaD'RUPLV,  adv.   To  a  fourfold  quanti- 
ty ;  as,  to  be  quadrupty  recompensed. 

Swift. 
QUiERE,    [L.]    inquire  ;     better    written 

qui.r'i.  which  see. 
QUAESTOR.     [See  questor.] 

48 


QU'AFF,  V.  t.  [Fr.  coiffer,  to  cap  or  hood  : 
se  coiffer,  to  fuddle,  or  be  fuddled,  from 
coijfe,  a.  Iiood.     But  qu.     In  the  Ethiopic, 

TlOd*.  (|uaf  or  kwof,  is  to  draw,  to  draw 

out.     Ludolf,  407.     In  Arabic,  ^15  is  to 

drink  largely,  or  to  devour,  as  food.]  To 
drink  ;  to  .swallow  in  large  draughts. 

He  quaffs  the  iimscadel.  Skak. 

They  in  couiumnion  sweet 
Quaff  iiitmoTlAny  iind  joy.  JU'dton. 

QU'AFF,  V.  i.  To  drink  largily  or  luxuri- 
ously, tioidh.     Dryden. 

QU'AFFED,  pp.  Drank  ;  Bwallowcd  in 
large  (Iraughts. 

QU^AFFER,  71.  One  that  quafl^s  or  drinks 
largely. 

QUV'VFFER,  V.  I.  To  feel  out.  [Xot  in  use.] 

Dtrham. 

QU'AFFING,  ppr.  Drinking;  swallowing 
draughts. 

QUAG'GY,  a.  [supposed  to  he  from  the 
root  of  quake.] 

Yielding  to  the  feet  or  trembling  under  the 
foot,  as  soft  wet  earth. 

QUAG'MIRf:,  7t.  [thatis,5«aA:e-wii>c.]  Soft 
wet  land,  w  Inch  has  a  surface  firm  enough 
to  bear  a  person,  but  which  shakes  or 
yields  under  the  feet. 

Tusser.     Sliak.     More. 

QUAH.VUG,  71.  quaw'hog.  In  New  Eng- 
land, the  popular  name  of  a  large  species 
of  clams  oi-  bivulvular  shells. 

[This  name  is  probably  derived  from  the 
natives.] 

QUAID,  a.  or  pp.  [for  quailed.]  Crushed, 
subdued,  or  depressed.     [JVot  iised.] 

Spenser. 

QUAIL,  I'.  {.  [Qi(at7,  in  English,  signifies 
to  sink  or  languish,  to  curdle,  and  to  crush 
or  quell.  The  Italian  has  quagliare,  to 
cunile,  and  the  Sax.  cwellan,  to  quell,  and 
the  D.  kwaed  is  disease.  If  these  are  of 
one  family,  the  primary  sense  is  to  shrink, 
to  withdraw,  and  transitively,  to  heat 
down.  In  W.  cui  signifies  a  flagging  or 
drooping  :  rui/a,  faint,  languid.] 

1.  To  sink  into  dejection  ;  to  languish  ;  to 
fjiil  in  spirits.     [Liltle  used.] 

Shak.     KnoUes. 

2.  To  fade  ;  to  wither.     Obs.  Hakewill. 
QUAIL,  v.i.  {Vr.  cailltr;  Sp.  cuajar ;  Port. 

eoalhnr;  It.  quagliare,  to  curdle  ;  Vi .  caul, 
a  calf's  maw,  rennet,  chyle,  a  curd  ;  ceu- 
law,  to  curdle.  The  sense  is  to  contract.] 
To  curdle  ;  to  coagulate  ;  as  milk. 

Bailey. 

QUAIL,  V.  t.  [Sax.  cwellan.]  To  crush  ;  to 
depress  ;  to  sink  ;  to  subdue.  [This  or- 
thography is  obsolete.  The  word  is  now- 
written  quell.]  Spenser. 

QUAIL,  71.  [It.  quagtia  ;  Fr.  caille;  Arm. 
coaill.] 

A  bird  of  the  gemis  Tetrao  or  grous  kind, 

;  or  according  to  Latham's  arrangement,  of 
the  genus  Perdix,  in  which  he  compre- 
hends the  partridge  and  quail.  In  .Veto 
England,  the  name  is  applied  to  a  pccidiar 
species  of  the  perdix,  which  is  called  part- 
ridge in  the  middle  states,  but  it  is  neither 
the  partridge  nor  quail  of  Europe. 

QUA'ILING,  ppr.  Failing  ;  languishing. 
Obs. 

QUA'ILING,  71.  Tlie  act  of  failing  in  spirit 
or  resolution ;  decav.     Obs.        "      .Sliak. 


U  U  A 

QUA'IL-PIPE,  n.  A  [tipe  or  call  for  allur- 
ing qiiailfs  into  a  net  ;  a  kind  of  letliern 
purse  in  the  shape  of  a  pear,  partly  filled 
with  horse  hair,  with  u  whistle  at  the  end. 

Encyc. 

QUAINT,  a.  [Old  Fr.  mint,  Arm.  coenl, 
coant.  pretty.  In  Norman  French,  coin! 
is  familiar,  "affable,  and  accoinet,  is  very 
necessary  or  familiar.  The  latter  word 
wonld  lead  us  to  refer  quaint  to  the  Latin 
accindus,  ready,  hut  Skinner  thinks  it 
more  probably  iVoni  comptus,  neat,  well 
dressed.] 

I.  Nice;  scrni)ulonsly  and  superfluously  ex 
act ;  having  petty  elegance  ;    as   a  quainti 
phrase  ;    a  quaint  fashion.  I 

Sidney.     Shak.' 
To  show  how  quaint  an  orator  you  are 


a  u  A 

QUaL'IFIABLE,  a.  [from  qualify.]  Tliat^ 
may  be  qualified;  that  may  be  abated  orj 
modified.  Barrow. 

QUALIFl€A'TION,  n.  [Fr.  See  qualify.] 
1.  Any  natural  endowment  or  any  acquire- 
ment which  fits  a  person  for  a  place,  of 
fice  or  enq)loyment,  or  enables  him  to 
sustain  any  character  with  success.  In 
tegrity  and  talents  should  be  considers 
as  indispensable  qualif  cations  for  men  en 
trusted  with  public  alfairs  ;  but  private  in- 
terest and  party-spirit  will  often  dispense 
with  these  and  all  other  qualifiailions. 

There  is  no  qualification  for  government  but 
virtue  and  wisdom,  actual  or  presumptive. 

Burhe. 

as  the  qualif.- 


Shak. 
Chaucer. 


a.  Subtil;  artful.     Obs. 

rt.  Fine-spun  ;  artfully  framed. 

Shak.     Milton. 

4.  Affected  ;  as  quaint  fiipperics.  Suifl. 

5.  In  common  use,  odd  ;  fanciful;  singular; 
and  so  used  by  Chaucer. 

ClUA'INTLY,  adv.  Nicely ;  exactly  ;  with 
petty  neatness  or  .spruceness  ;  as  hair  more 
quaintly  curled.  B.  Jonson.\ 

2.  Artfully.  ; 

Breallie  his  faults  so  quaintly.  Shak. 

3.  Ingeniously  ;  with  dexterity. 

I  quaintly  stole  a  kiss.  Gay. 

QUATNTNESS,  n.  Niceness  ;  petty  neat- 
ness or  elegance. 

There  is  a  majesty  in  simplicity,  which  is  far 
above  the  quaintness  of  wit.  Po^jf . 

2.  Oddness  ;  pecidiarity. 
QUAKE,  V.  i.  [Sax.  cwacian ;  G.  quackeln  ;! 

Eth.  IKD'Tl  liwyk,  to  shake,  to  agitate. ]i 

1.  To  shake;  to  tremble;  to  be  agitated 
with  quick  but  short  motions  continually 
repeated  ;  to  shudder.  Thus  we  say,  a 
person  quakes  with  fear  or  terror,  or  with| 
cold.     Heh.  xii.  I 

2.  To  shake  with  violent  convulsions,  as  well 
as  with  trembling  ;  as,  the  earth  quakes; 
the  mountains  quake.     Neb.  i. 

3.  To  shake,  tremble  or  move,  as  the  earth 
\mder  the  feet  ;  as  the  quaking  mud. 

Pope. 

UUAKE,  V.  I.  To  frigliten  ;  to  throw  into 
agitation.     [M>t  used.]  Shak 

ilUAKE,  n.  A  shake  ;  a  trembling;  a sbud 
der;  a  tremulous  agitation.  Suckling. 

QUA'KER,  n.  One  that  quakes;  but  usual- 
ly, one  of  the  religious  sect  cMi-ilfricnds. 
This  name,  quakers,  is  said  to  have  been 
given  to  the  sect  in  reproach,  on  accomil 
of  some  agitations  which  distinguished 
ihem  ;  but  it  is  no  longer  ap[)ropriated  to 
them  l)y  way  of  reproach. 

QUAKERISM,  n.  The  peculiar  maimers, 
tenets  or  worship  of  the  <|uakers. 

Milner.     Boswell. 

QUA'KERLY,  a.  Resembling  <piakers. 

Goodman 

QUA'KERY,  n.  Quakerism. 
QUA'KlNr;,  ppr.  Shaking  ;  trembling. 
CiUA'KIN(J,  n.  A  shaking;  tremulous  agi 

tatioM  ;  tri'|ii(liition.     Dan.  x. 
QUA'K1NU-(;RASS,  n.  An  herb. 

Ainsworih. 


2.  Legal  power  or  requisite 
cations  of  electors. 

3.  Abatement ;  diminution.  Raleigh 

4.  Modification  ;  restriction  ;  limitation 
Words  or  expressions  may  be  used  in  a 
general  sense,  without  any  qualif  cation. 

QUaLTFIED,  pp.  Fitted  by  accomplish- 
ments or  endowments  ;  modified. 

Qualif  ed  fee,  in  taw,  a  base  fee,  or  an  estate 
which  has  a  qualification  annexed  to  it 
and  which  ceases  with  the  qualification 
as  a  grant  to  A  and  his  heirs,  (cnan<«  of  the 
manor  of  Dale. 

Qualif  ed  negative,  in  legislation,  the  power 
of  negativing  bills  which  have  passed  the 
two  houses  of  the  legislature ;  a  power 
vested  in  the  president,  governor  or  oth- 
er officer,  but  subject  to  be  overruled  and 
defeated  by  a  subsequent  vote  of  the  two 
houses,  passed  in  conformity  with  the  pro- 
visions of  the  constitution. 

U.  States.     II'.  Smith. 

Qualif  ed property,  is  that  which  depends  on 
temporary  possession,  as  that  in  wild  ani- 
mals reclaimed. 

QUaL'IFIEDNESS,  »i.  The  state  of  beinf 
qualified  or  fitted. 

QUaLTFIER,  n.  He  or  that    which  qnali 
fies  ;  that  which  modifies,   reduces,   tem- 
])ers  or  restrains.  Junius. 

QUAL'IFY,  v.t.  [Fr.  qualif  ir;  It.  qualif - 
care ;  Sp.  calif  car  ;  L.  qualis,  such,  and 
facio,  to  make] 

L  To  fit  for  any  place,  office,  occupation  or 
character;  to  furnish  with  the  knowledge, 
skill  or  other  accomiilishnieiit  necessary 
for  a  |iurpose;  as,  to  qualify  a  man  for  a 
judge,  fur  a  minister  of  state  or  of  the 
gospel,  for  a  general  or  admiral,  llrdi- 
ness  alone  can  qucUify  men  for  the  society 
of  holy  beings. 

To  make  capable  of  any  enq)loyment  or 
l)rivilege  ;  to  furnish    with  legal  power  or 
capacity  ;  as,  in  England,  to  qualify  a  mai 
to  kill  game. 
To  abate  ;  to   soften  ;  to  diminish  ;  as,  to 


a  u  A 

furnishing  with  legal  power  ;  abating  ; 
tempering  ;  modifying  ;  restraining. 

QUaL'ITY,  n.  [L.  quaiitas,  from  qualis, 
such  ;  Fr.  quuliti  ;  Sp.  calidad ;  It.  quali- 
tii ;  Ir.  cail.] 

\.  Property  ;  that  which  belongs  to  a  body 
or  substance,  or  can  be  predicated  of  it. 
Qualities  are  natural  or  accidental.  Thus 
whiteness  is  a  natural  quality  of  snow  ; 
softness  is  a  natural  quality  of  wool  and 
fur;  hardness  is  a  nafura/ 7i<uZi(_'/ of  metals 

1     andwooil;  figure  and  dimension    are   the 

i  »ia(ur((/ f/Hu/idVs  of  solids;  but  a  particular 
figure,  as  a  cube,  a  square  or  a  sphere,  is 
an  accidental  or  adventitious  quality.  The 
fluidity  of  metals  is  an  accidental  quality. 
EsseiHial  qualities  are  such  as  are  neces- 
sary to  constitute  a  thing  what  it  is.  Sen- 
sible ([Ualities  are  such  as  are  perceptible 
to  the  senses,  as  the  light  of  the  sun,  the 
color  of  cloth,  the  taste  of  salt  or  sugar, 
&c. 

2.  Nature,  relatively  considered  ;  as  the 
qu(dity  of  an  action,  in  regard  to  right  and 
wrong. 

Other  creatures  have  not  judgaient  to  exam- 
ine the  quality  of  tliat  which  is  done  by   them. 

Hooker. 

3.  Virtue  or  particular  power  of  producing 
certain  effects  ;  as  the  qualities  of  plants 
or  medicines. 


3. 

qualify  the  rigor  of  a  statute 

1  do  not  seek  to  quench  your  love's  hot  fire. 
But  qualify  the  fire's  extreme  rage.       Shak 

1.  To  ease  ;  to  assuage.  Spenser. 

5.  To  modify;  to  restrain;  to  limit  by  ex- 
ceptions; as,  to  qualify  words  or  (expres- 
sions, or  to  qualify  the  sense  of  words  or 
phrases. 

(i.  To  modify;  to  regulate;  to  vary;  as,  to 
qualify  sounds. 

QUAL'iFYlNCi,  ppr.  Furni.-hing  with  the 
necessary  tiualitics,  projicrties  or  accom- 
plishments for  a  place,  station  or  business; 


4    Disposition  ;  tenq)er. 

To-night  we'll   wander  through  the  streets, 

and  note 

The  qtialities  of  people.  .SftaA\ 

Virtue  or  vice;  as  good  qualities,  or  bad 

qualities.  Dryden. 

G.  Ac(|nirenient  ;  accomplishment  ;    as   the 

qualities   of  horsemanship,   dancing    and 

fencing.  Clarendon. 

7.  Character. 

The  attorney  partakes  of  botii  qualities,  that 

of  a  jud^e  of  the  court,  and  that   of  attorney 

general.  Bacon. 

S.  Comparative  rank  ;  condition  in  relation 

to  others;  as  people  of  every  quality. 

We  obtained  acquaintance  with  many  citi- 
zens, not  of  the  meanest  quality.  Bacon. 

9.  Superior  rank  ;  superiority  of  birth  or 
station  ;  as  persons  of  quality  :  ladies  of 
quality. 

10.  Persons  of  high  rank,  collectively. 

1  f-liali  appear  at  the  masquerade  dressed  up  in 
njy  fethers,  that  the  quality  may  see  how  pret- 
ty they  will  look  in  tlicir  traveling  habits. 

Jlddison . 

QU'ALM,  n.  quam.  [D.  kwaal,  disease  ; 
kumalyk,  sick  ;  G.  qualtn,  to  pain  or  vex. 
In  G.  (jualm  is  steam,  vapor,  cxhalatimi ; 
D.  kwalm,  id.  The  Danish  qvalm  signifies 
vapor,  steam,  fiune,  exhalation;  qvulmer, 
to  ramble  ;  </tf  girer  qvatme,  it  rises  in  the 
stomach.    The  latter  is  the  English  word.] 

1.  A  rising  in  the  stomach,  as  it  is  common- 
ly called;  a  fit  of  nausea,  or  a  disposition 
or  effort  of  the  .stomach  to  eject  its  con- 
tents. 

2.  A  sudden  fit  or  seizure  of  sickness  at  the 
stomach  ;  a  sensation  of  nausea  ;  as  qualms 
of  heart-sickagcmy.  Milton. 

Tor  who,  without  a  qualm,  hath  ever  look'd 

Ou  holy  garbage,  though  l>y  Homer  cook'd  .' 

lioscommon. 

S.  A  scruple  of  conscience,  or  uneasiuess  of 
conscience. 


a  u  A 


QUA 


a  u  A 


QU'ALMISH,  a.  iiviimish.  [supra.]  Si<-k  at 
the  Ktoinach  ;  iiuliiieil  to  vomit  ;  udV-ctcd 
witli  naiisnii  or  sickly  lauguor.        Dryden. 

QU  AI.MISIINKSS,  n.  Nausea. 

QUAM'OCLIT,  n.  A  plant  of  tlie  genus 
Ipoinoca.  yam.  of  Plants. 

QUAN'DARY.  n.  Doubt  ;  iiucertainty  ;  a 
state  of  (lifliculty  or  perplexity. 

QUaN'DARY,  v.  t.  To  bring  into  a  state  of 
uncertainty  or  difficulty.     [JVoi  used.] 

Otway. 

QUaN'TITATIVE,  a.  [See  quanlitij.]  Es- 
timable according  to  (juantity.         Tai/lor. 

QUaN'TITIVE,  a.  [See  quantihj.]  Esti- 
mable according  to  quantity.  Dtfibi/. 

QUaN'TITY,  >i.  [Fr.  quantiU  :  It.  quaiititit  ; 
S|).  canlitad  ;  from  L.  quantilns,  from  iiuan- 
lus,    how    miicli,   or   as   irmch   as  ;  I'ers. 


J\A=.  cliand,  how  much;  t?  Jvi:?.  ehaiidi- 

quantity.] 

1.  That  property  of  any  thing   which   may 
be  increased  or  dimiuishcd. 

Cheyne.  Johnson 
This  definition  is  defective,  and  as  uj)- 
plicable  to  many  other  properties  as  to 
quantity.  A  definition  strictly  philosoph 
ical  cannot  be  given.  In  comnjon  usage 
quantity  is  a  mass  or  collection  of  matter 
of  indeterminate  dimensions,  but  consist- 
ing of  particles  which  cannot  be  distin- 
guislied,  or  which  are  not  customarily  dis- 
tinguished, or  which  are  considered  in  the 
aggregate.  Thus  we  say,  a  quantity  of 
earth,  a  quantity  of  water,  a  quantity  of 
air,  of  light,  of  heat,  of  iron,  of  wood,  of 
timber,  of  corn,  of  paper.  But  we  do  not 
say,  a  quantity  of  men,  or  of  horses,  or  of 
houses ;  for  as  these  are  considered  as 
separate  individuals  or  beings,  we  call  an 
assemblage  of  them,  a  number  or  multi- 
tude. 

2.  An  indefinite  extent  of  space. 

3.  A  portion  or  part. 

If  1  were  sawed  into  quantities.  [JVot  inuse.'] 

Shak. 

4.  A  large  portion  ;  as  a  medicine  taken  in 
quantities,  that  is,  in  large  quantities. 

Arbuthnot. 

5.  In  mathematics,  any   thing  which  can  be 
multiplied,  divided  or  measured.  Day. 

Tims  mathematics  is  called  the  science 
of  quantity.  In  algebra,  quantities  are 
known  anil  unknown.  Knoicn  quantities 
qre  usually  represented  by  the  first  letters 
of  the  alphabet,  as  a,  b,  c,  and  unknown 
quantities  are  expressed  by  the  last  letters, 
X,  y,  z,  &c.  Letters  thus  used  to  repre 
sent  quantities  are  themselves  called  quair 
tities.  A  simple  quantity  is  expressed  by 
one  term,  as  -j-a,  or  —  abc  ;  a  conipount' 
is  expressed  by  more  terms  than  one,  con- 
nected by  the  signs, -|- plus,  or — minus, 
as  (1+6,  or  a—b-{-c.  Quantities  which 
have  the  sign  +  prefixed,  are  called  posi- 
tive or  affirmative ;  those  which  have  the 
sign  —  prefixed  are  called  nes;ntivc. 

Day^s  .'Vgehra. 

G.  In  grammar,  the  measure   of  a  syllable 
that  which  determines  the  time  in  which 
it  is  pronounced.  Holder.     Eneyc. 

7.  In  logic,  a  category,  universal,  or  predica- 
ment ;  a  general  conception. 

Bailey.     Enryc. 


8.  In  music,  the  relative  duration  of  a  note] 
or  syllable.  Busby] 

Quantity  (if  matter,  in  a  body,  is  the  measure 
arising  from  the  joint  consideration  of  its 
magnitude  and  density.  Bailey. 

Quantity  of  motion,  in  a  body,  is  the  meas- 
ine  arising  from  the  joint  consideration  of 
its  quantity  of  matter  and  its  velocity. 

Bailey. 

UU.\N'TUM,  n.  [L.]  The  quantity;  the 
amount. 

Quantum  meruit,  in  law,  an  action  grounded 
on  a  promise  that  the  defendant  would 
]iay  to  the  ['laintif  for  his  service  as  much 
as  he  shniiirt  deserve. 

Quantum  valebat,  an  action  to  recover  of  the 
defendant  for  goods  sold,  as  much  as  they 
were  worth.  Blackstonc. 

QIJ.4lR'ANTINE,  n.  [It.  quarantina,  forty  ; 
Sp.  quarentena ;  Fr.  quarantaine  ;  from 
the  root  of  L. ';uor<«5,  fourth,  Fr.  carreau. 
a  square,  career,  to  square.  Arm.  carrea, 
to  s(|uar(!,  \V.  cwiir,  square,  Eng.  quart. 
See  Quart  and  Square.] 

1.  Propiriy.  the  space  of  forty  days  ;  appro- 
priately, the  term  of  forty  days  durini; 
which  a  ship  arriving  in  port  and  suspect- 
ed of  bcnig  infected  with  a  malignant 
contagious  disease,  is  obliged  to  forbear  all 
intercourse  with  the  city  or  place,    llenci 

2.  Restraint  of  intercourse  to  which  a  ship 
is  subjected  on  the  presumption  that  she 
may  be  infected,  either  fir  forty  days  or 
for  any  other  limited  term.  It  is  custom- 
ary for  the  proper  oflicers  to  determine 
the  period  of  restraint  at  their  discretion, 
according  to  circmnstances.  Hence  we 
hear  of  a  quarantine  of  live  days,  of  ten, 
of  thirty,  &c.  as  well  as  of  forty.  \Ve  say,  a 
ship  performs  quarantine,  or  rides  at  ;uar- 
antine.  We  also  apply  the  word  to  per- 
sons. The  passengers  and  crew  perfortn 
quarantine. 

3.  In  law,  the  period  of  forty  days,  during 
which  the  widow  of  a  man  dying  seized 
of  land,  has  the  privilege  of  remaining  in 
the  mansion  house. 

CiUARANTlNE,  v.  t.  To  prohibit  from  in 
tercourse  with  a  city  or  its  inhabitants  ;  to 
compel  to  remain  at  adistance  from  shore 
for  forty  days,  or  for  other  limited  period, 
on  account  of  real  or  supposed  intection  ; 
applied  to  ships,  or  to  persons  and  goods. 

aiJ.VKANTiNED,  pp.  Restrained  from 
communication  with  the  shore  for  a  limit- 
ed |)eriod  ;  as  a  ship  or  its  crew  and  pas 
sengers. 

UlJARANTlNING,  ppr.  Prohibiting  from 
intercourse  with  the  port;  as  a  ship  or  its 
crew  and  passengers. 

QUARRFj,  for  quarry,  not  inuse. 

QUaR'UEL,  n.  [VV.  cweryl;  Fr.  querelle  ; 
L.  It.  querela  ;  S\y  querelta  or  queja  ;  An 
qarell ;  L.  queror,  to  complain,  that  is,  to 
cry  out  with  a  loud  voic-e.  Hence  we  sec 
the  primary  sense  is  the  same  as  brawl.' 
The  L.  queror  coincides  in  elements  with' 
the  Ir.  gairim,  to  call,  to  bawl,  to  shout,, 
and  gcaran,  a  complaint ;  Sax.  ctorian,  to 
conq)lain  or  murmur;  G.  girrcn  and  kir- 
ren;  D.  kirnn  and  korren  ;  Dan.  kirrer. 
The  latter  signifies  to  complain,  to  expos- 
tulate, and  kerrer  sig  eJ7er,  to  care,  or  take 
heed  of,  a  sense  which  would  unite  the 
word  with  the  I-.  euro,  cura ;  and  in  Sax-, 


on,  ecarig- signifies  complaining,  and  care- 
ful, solicitous  ;  Heb.  C'h.  Syr.  Ar.  tCO- 
Class  Gr.  No.  49.  and  see  No.  1.  2.  14.  15. 
1!».  23.] 

1.  A  brawl;  a  petty  fight  or  scuffle;  from 
its  noise  and  uproar.  Shak. 

2.  A  dispute  ;  a  contest. 
On  open  seas  their  quarrels  they  debate. 

Dryden. 

3.  A  breach  of  friendship  or  concord  ;  open 
variatice  between  parties.  Hammond. 

4.  Cause  of  dispute. 
The  king's  quarrel  is  honomlile.  Sliak. 

5.  Something  that  gives  a  right  to  mischief, 
reprisal  or  action. 

He  tliouglit  he  had  a  good  quarrel  to  attack 
hini.     [J\'ut  i/.sk/.]  Holingshed. 

(j.  Objection;  ill  will,  or  reason  to  complain; 
ground  of  objection  or  dispute. 

Herodlas  had  a  quarrel  agaiust  him.     Mark 
vi. 
7.  Something  peevish,  malicious,  or  dispo.s- 
ed  to  make  trouble.      [.Vo(  used.]        Shak. 


lin,  a  kernel ;  cwarelu,  to  dart,  to  kern,  to 
curdle;  from  ^■war,  a  quick  rise,  a  pufl"; 
Fr.  carreau,  a  bolt.  The  primary  sense  is 
to  shoot,  throw  or  drive.] 

1.  An  arrow  with  a  square  head.  [Aofu-sct/ 
unless  in  poitry.]  Camden. 

2.  A  pane  of  glass;  a  square.  [See  Quarry 
and  Square.] 

QUaR'REL,  v.  i.  [Fr.  quereller.  See  the 
Noun.] 

1.  To  dispute  violently  or  with  loud  and  an- 
gry words;  to  wrangle;  to  scold.  How 
odious  to  see  husban<l  and  wife  quarrel ! 

2.  To  fight ;  to  scuftle ;  to  contend  ;  to 
squabble  ;  used  of  two  persons  or  of  a 
small  niiMiber.  It  is  never  used  of  armies 
and  navies  in  cotrdjat.  Children  and  ser- 
vants often  quarrel  about  trifles.  Tavcrn- 
haimters  sometimes  quarrel  over  their 
cups. 

3.  To  fall  into  variance. 
Our  people  quarrel  with  obedience.      Shak. 

4.  To  find  fault;  to  cavil. 
I  will  not  quarrel  with  a  slight  mistake. 

Hoscommon. 

Men  at  enmity  with   tlicir    God.  quarreling 

with  his   attributes — quarreling  with  the  being 

that  made   Ihcm,  and  who   is  constantly  doing 

them  good.  Eliph.  Steele. 

5.  To  disagree ;  to  be  at  variance  ;  not  to 
be  in  accordance  in  form  or  essence. 

Some  things  arise  of  strange  and  quarreling 

kind, 
The  forepart  lion,  and  a  snake  behind. 

Cowley. 
QUAR'REL,  r.  t  To  quarrel  with. 

B.  Jonson. 
2.  To  compel  by  a  quarrel ;  as,  to  quarrel  a 

man  out  of  his  estate  or  rights. 
QUARRELER,    n.     One    who     quarrels, 

wrangles  or  fights. 
QUARRELING,  ppr.   Disputing  with    ve- 
hemence or  loud   angry  words;  scolding; 
wrangling  ;  fighting  ;  finding  fault ;  disa- 
greeing. 
QUARRELING,  n.    [supra.]    Contention; 
dispute  in   angry  words ;  breach  of  con- 
cord ;  a  caviling   or   finding  fault ;    disa- 
greement. ^- 
QUaR'RELOUS,    a.    Apt   or    disposed    to 
I     quarrel ;  petulant ;  easily  provoked  to  en- 
1     niity  or  contention.     [Little  used.]     Shak. 


U  U  A 


a  u  A 


a  u  A 


UUAR'RKLSOME,  a.  Apt  to  quarrel ;  giv- 
en i(>  brawls  and  contiiiition  ;  inclined  to 
petty  tigliting ;  easily  irritated  or  provok- 
ed to  contest;  irascible;  choleric;  petu- 
lant. Bacon. 

aUAll'RELSOMELY,  adv.  In  a  quarrel- 
some manner  ;  with  a  quarrelsome  tem- 
per;  petulanllv-  Hall. 

QUaR  RELSOMENESS,  n.  Disposition  to 
engage  in  contention  and  brawls ;  petu- 
lance. 

QUaR'RIED,  pp.  Dug  from  a  pit  or  cav- 
ern. 

QUaR'RY,  n.  [Fr.  cairi,  for  quarri ;  Arm. 
id.  See  (Quarantine.] 

1.  A  square  ;  as  a  quarry  of  glass.  [JVot  in 
vse.]  Mortimer. 

2.  Anarrow  with  a  square  head.  [See  Q«ar- 
rel.]     [M)t  in  use.]  Fairfax. 

3.  In  falconry,  the  game  which  a  hawk  is 
pursuing  or  has  killed.  [Perhaps  from  L. 
qucero,  Fr.  querir,  to  seek.]  [ 

4.  Among  hunters,  a  part  of  the  entrails  of 
the  beast  taken,  given  to  tlie  hounds. 

Encyc. 
QUaR'RY,  n.  [Fr.  carriere,  formerly  Norm. 
quarrier.  I  know  not  whether  the  origin- 
al sense  of  this  word  was  a  pit  or  mine, 
from  digging,  or  wljether  the  sense  was  a 
place  for  squaring  stone.  The  Fr.  cai-- 
riere  signities  not  only  a  quarry,  but  a  ca- 
rter, course,  race,  from  the  L.  curro,  which 
cannot  be  from  squaring.  If  the  sense 
was  a  pit,  it  may  he  referred  to  the  Heb. 


Ch.  Etli.  mj,  to  dig ;  Ar.    \  j,S 


to  dig. to 


run  violently,  to  leap.  If  the  sense  is  from 
squaring,  see  Square.  See  Class  Gr.  No.' 
35.  36.  53.  57.  63.]  j 

1.  A  place,  cavern  or  pit  where  stones  arel 
dug  from  the  earth,  or  separated  from  a 
large  mass  of  rocks.  We  generally  ap]>ly: 
the  word  mine  to  the  pit  from  which  are 
taken  metals  and  coal;  from  quarries  are 
taken  stones  for  building,  as  marble,  free- 
stone, slate,  &c. 

2.  In  Paris,  the  quarries  are  a  vast  cavern 
under  the  city,  several  miles  in  extent. 

QUAR'RY,  r.  i.  To  prey  upon,  as  a  vultm-e' 
or  harjiy.    [A  low  word  and  not  much  u.sed.] 

U  Estrange. 

QUAR'RY,  v.t.  To  dig  or  take  from  a  quar- 
ry ;  as,  to  quarry  marble. 

(iUAR'RYING,  ppr.  Digging  stones  from 
a  quarry. 

UUaR'RYM.\N,  n.  A  man  who  is  occupied 
i]i  quarrying  stones. 

QUART,  n.  quoii.  [It.  quarta ;  Fr.  quarte,  from 
quart,  a  fourth,  L.  quart u.s ;  D.  kwart ;  G. 
quart ;  from  W.  cwar,  the  root  of  square,  or 
from  the  root  of  G.  apu,  to  fit  or  suit,  to 
square.  We  see  in  the  Amharic,  the  an- 
cient dialect  of  the  Ethiopic,  art  is  four, 
and  arlcn  is  fourtli,  L.  quartus.  Ludolf, 
Atnh.  57.  This  with  the  Celtic  pronun- 
ciation, as  guerre  for  war,  becomes  quart.]' 

1.  The  fourth  part ;  a  quarter.  [JVot  in  use.]' 

Sjienser.i 

2.  The  fourth  part  of  a  gallon  ;  two  pints. 

3.  A  vessel  containing  the  fourth  of  a  gal- 
lon. 

4.  A  sequence  of  four  cards  in  the  game  of 
)(icket. 

QUAKT.\N,  a.  quorl'an.  [L.  quartamis,  the 
fourth.] 


Designating  the  fourth ;  occurring  every 
fourth  day;  as  a  quartan  ague  or  fever. 

QUART'AN,  n.  An  intermitting  ague  that 
occurs  every  fourth  day,  or  with  intermis- 
sions of  seventy  two  hom-s. 

i.  A  measure  containing  the  fourth  part  of 
some  other  measure. 

UUARTA'TION,  n.  In  chimistry  and  met- 
allurgy, the  operation  by  whirh  the  quan- 
tity of  one  thing  is  made  equal  to  the 
fourth  [lart  of  another  thing.  Encyc. 

QU.\RTKK,  n.  quort'er.  [Fr.  quart,  qwtr- 
tier  ;  It.  quarlicre  ;  Sp.  quartet ;  D.  kwar- 
tier ;  Q.  quarlitr  ;  Sw.qvart,qvartal ;  Dan. 
qvarl,  qvartal,  qvartecr  ;  L.  quartus,  the 
fourth  part;  from  W.  cwar,  a  square.] 

1.  The  fourth  part ;  as  the  quarter  of  an 
hour  or  of  a  mile  ;  one  quarter  of  the  ex- 
pense. Living  is  a  quarter  dearer  in  the 
city  than  in  the  country. 

2.  In  weight,  the  foin-th  part  of  a  hundred 
pounds  avoirdupois,  or  of  ll"2lb.,  that  is, 

I     2Slb. ;  as  a  f/imWfTof  sugar. 

•3.  li]  dry  measure,  the  fourth  of  a   tun  in 

weight,  or  eight  bushels;  as  a  quarter  of 

wheat. 

4.  In  aslro7iomy, the  fourth  part  of  the  moon's 
period  or  monthly  revolution;  as  the  first 
quarter  after  the  change  or  full. 

5.  A  region  in  the  hemisphere  or  great  cir- 
cle ;  primarily,  one  of  the  four  cardinal 
points;  as  the  fiiur  quarters  of  the  globe  : 
but  used  indifterenlly  for  any  region  or 
point  of  compass.  F'rom  what  quarter 
does  the  wind  blow  ?     Hence, 

6.  A    particiMar  regio?i  of  a  town,  city  or 
country  ;  as  all  quarters  of  the  city  :  in  ev- 
ery quarter  of  the  coimtry  or  of  the  con 
tinent.     Hence, 
Usually  in  the  plural,  quarters,   the  place 

of  lodging  or  temporary  residence;  ap 
propriately,  the  place  where  oflirers  and 
soldiers  lodge,  but  applied  to  the  loilgiii^js 
of  any  temporary  resident.  He  called  on 
the  general  at  his  quarters  ;  the  place  fur 
nishedgood  winter  quarters  for  the  troops. 
I  saw  the  stranger  at  his  quarters. 

8.  Proper  station. 

Swift  to  their  several  quarters  hasten  then — 

.Wilton. 
Bacon   uses  the  word   in   the   singular. 
"  Make  love  keep  quarter.^' 

9.  On  board  of  ships,  quarters  signifies  the 
stations  or  places  where  the  ofiicers  and 
men  are  posted  in  action.  Pipe  all  hands 
to  quarters. 

10.  In  military  affairs,  the  remission  or  spar- 
ing of  the  life  of  a  ca))tive  or  an  enemy 
when  in  one's  power;  mercy  granted  by  a 
conqueror  to  his  enemy,  when  no  longer 
able  to  defend  himself.  In  desperate  en- 
counters, men  will  sometimes  neither  ask 
nor  give  quarter.  The  barbarous  practice 
of  giving  no  quarter  to  soldiers  in  a  fort- 
ress taken  by  assault,  is  nearly  obsolete. 

He  magnified  his  own  clemency,  now  they 
were  at  his  mercy,  to  oflfer  tliem  quarter  for 
their  lives,  if  they  would  give  up  the  caslle. 

Clarendon. 

Lambs  at  the  mercy  of  wolves  m^ist  expect 
no  quarter.  L'Eslranf^c. 

11.  Treatment  shown  to  an  enemy  ;  indul- 
gence. 

To  the  young,  if  you  give  tolerable  quarter, 
yon  inilulge  tlicm  in  idlencs<;  and  ruin  them. 
lliarely  tised.'\  Collier. 


12.  Friendship  ;  amity ;  concord.  [JVot  in 
««e.]  S)iak. 

13.  In  the  slaughter  house,  one  limb  of  a 
quadruped  with  the  adjoining  parts;  or 
one  fourth  part  of  the  carcase  of  a  quad- 
ruped, including  a  limb  ;  as  a  fore  quarter, 
or  liind  quarter. 

14.  In  the  menage,  the  quarters  of  a  horse's 
foot  are  the  sides  of  the  cotfin,  between 
the  toe  and  the  heel.  False  quarters  are  a 
<5left  in  the  horn  of  the  hoof,  extending 
from  the  coronet  to  the  shoe,  or  from  top 
to  bottom.  When  for  any  disorder,  one  of 
the  quarters  is  cut,  the  horse  is  said  to  be 
quarter-cast.  Encyc. 

15.  In  a  siege,  quarters  are  the  encampment 
on  one  of  the  principal  jjassages  round 
the  place  besieged,  to  prevent  relief  and 
intercept  convoys.  Encyc. 

16.  In  seminaries  of  learning,  a  fourth  j)ari 
of  the  year,  or  three  months.  Tuition  and 
board  at  twenty  five  dollars  the  quarter. 
This  is  a  moderate  quarter  bill. 

17.  The  quarter  of  a  ship,  is  the  part  of  a 
ship's  side  which  lies  towards  the  stern, 
or  the  part  between  the  aftmost  endof  the 
main-chains  and  the  sides  of  the  stern, 
where  it  is  terminated  by  the  quarter- 
pieces.  JMar.  Diet. 

18.  In  heraldry,  one  of  the  parts  or  members 
of  the  first  division  of  a  coat  that  is  divided 
into  foiu'  parts. 

On  the  quarter,  in  seamen's  language,  is  a 
point  in  the  horizon  considerably  abaft 
the  beam,  but  not  in  the  direction  of  the 
stern. 

(Quarter-bill,  among  seamen,  is  a  list  con- 
taining the  ilifferent  stations  where  the- 
officers  and  crew  are  to  take  post  in  time 
of  action,  and  the  names  of  the  men  as- 
signed to  each. 

(luarter-cloths.  long  pieces  of  painted  can- 
vas, extended  on  the  outside  of  the  quar- 
ter-netting from  the  upper  part  of  the  gal- 
lery to  the  gangway. 

(Quarter-deck,  that  part  of  the  deck  of  a  ship 
which  extends  t'rom  the  stern  to  the  main- 
mast. But  in  some  kin<ls  of  vessels,  the 
quarter-deck  does  not  extend  to  the  main- 
niast,  but  is  raised  above  the  main  deck. 

(Quarter-gallery,  a  sort  of  balcony  on  the 
quarters  of  a  ship. 

(^narler-railing,  narrow  molded  planks, 
reaching  from  the  top  of  the  stern  to  the 
gangway,  serving  as  a  fence  to  the  quar- 
ter-deck. 

Q^uarter-masler,  in  an  army,  an  oflicer  whose 
business  is  to  attend  to  the  quarters  for 
the  soldiers,  their  provisions,  fuel,  forage, 
&c. ;  in  the  n.ivy.  an  officer  who  assists  the 
mates  in  tln^ir  duties,  in  stowing  the  hold, 
coiling  the  cables,  attending  the  steer- 
age, and  kee|)ing  time  by  the  watch 
glasses. 

(^uarter-7nastcr-gcnerat,  in  military  affairs,  is 
an  officer  wiiose  duty  is  to  mark  the 
marches  and  encampments  of  an  army, 
the  head-quarters,  the  place  for  the  artil- 
lery, and  procure  supplies  of  provisions 
and  forage,  &c. 

(luarter-stalf,  a  long  staff  borne  by  foresters 
and  park-keepers,  as  a  badge  of  office  and 
a  weapon.  Encyc. 

2.  A  staff"  of  defense.  Dryden. 


a  u  A 


a  u  A 


u  u  E 


i^uarter-scssions,  in  England,  a  general 
court  helrl  ijUiiriurly  liy  llio  justices  of 
peace  of  eacli  louuty,  witi]  jurisdiitiou  to 
try  and  determine  I'eioiiie.s  and  trcs()a.sses; 
l)Ut  capital 'idVeuse.s  are  seldom  or  never 
tried  ill  tliiseourt.  Blackstone. 

({uarkr-rouitd,  hi  arcliitecture,  the  echinus 
or  ovido. 

Head-</uarter3,  the  tent  or  mansion  ol  the 
ciMiiniaiider  inchief  of  an  army. 

QUART  EJl,  V.  t.  To  divide  into  four  e(iual 
parts. 

9.  To  divide  ;  to  separate  into  [larts. 

iSliak. 

3.  To  divide  into  distinct  regions  or  com- 
partments. 

The  sailors  quartered  hcavco.  Brijdtn. 

4.  To  station  solilieis  for  lodf,'ing;  as,  to 
qunrler  troops  in  the  city  or  among  the  in- 
habitant-s,  or  on  the  inhabitants. 

5.  To  lodge;  to  fix  on  a  tetnporary  dwell- 
ing. 

They  mean  this  night  in  Sardis  to  be   quar- 
ter'd.  Shuk. 

6.  To  diet.     [^Vot  in  »we.]  Hiulibnis. 

7.  To  bear  as  an  appendage  to  the  heredi- 
tary arms. 

The  coat  of  Beauchamp — qimrtaid  by  the 
earl  of  Heitlord.  Peacham. 

QUAKT'KK,  V.  i.  To  lodge;  to  have  a 
temporary  residence.  The  general  quar- 
ters at  a  hotel  in  Church  street. 

QUART' ERAGE,  n.  A  quarterly  allow- 
ance, lludibras. 

QUARTER-DAY,  n.  The  day  that  com- 
pletes three  months,  the  (juarter  of  a  year  ; 
the  day  when  quarterly  payments  are 
made  of  rent  or  interest.  Spcetator. 

QUART'ERED,  pp.  Divided  into  lour 
equal  parts  or  quarters;  separated  into 
distinct  parts;  lodged;  stationed  for  lodg- 
ing. 

QUART'ERINQ,  ppr.  Dividing  into  quar- 
ters or  into  distinct  parts  ;  stationing  tor 
lodgings. 

QUART'ERING,  n.  A  station.    Mountasu. 

2.  Assignment  of  iiuarlcis  for  soldiers. 

3.  The  division  of  a  shield  containing  many 
coats.  ^hlimnlc. 

QUART'ERLY,  a.  Containing  or  consist- 
ing of  a  fomili  part ;    as  i/uaiierhj  season--. 

2.  Recurring  at  the  end  of  each  quarter  of 
the  year;  as  ininrlerli/  payments  of  n'lit : 
a  quarterly  visitation  orcxamination.  The 
secretary  requires  quarterly  returns  from 
his  otficeis. 

QUART'ERLY,  adv.  Once  in  a  qu.trtcr  of 
a  year.     The  returns  arc  made  fjunrterti/. 

QUART'ERN,  n.  The  fourth  part  of  a  pint ; 
a  gill. 

QUART'ILE.  7!.  An  aspect  of  the  jilanets, 
when  they  are  distant  from  eacii  other  a 
quarter  of  the  circle,  ninety  degrees  oi 
thie<?  signs.  Hnrn's.     Drydcn. 

QUART'O,  ».  [L.  quarliis.]  A  hook  of  the 
size  of  the  fourth  of  a  sheet;  a  size  made 
by  twice  foMing  a  sheet,  which  then 
makes  four  leaves. 

QU.VRT'O,  a.  Denoting  the  size  of  a  book 
in  which  a  sheet  makes  four  leaves. 

QUARTZ,  J!,  quortz.  [G.  quarlz.]  A  species 
of  silicious  minerals,  of  various  colors, 
white,  gray,  reddish,  yellowish  or  brown- 
ish ;  commonly  amorphous,  and  frequent 
ly  crystalized.  The  subspecies  an<l  vari- 
eties are  numerous.     Kirwan.  Cleaveland, 


QUARTZ'Y,  a.  Tcrtainiiig  to  quartz;  par- 
taking of  the  nature  or  qualities  of  (jiiartz  ; 
resenil.ling  quartz,  [(^uartzy  is  the  regu- 
lar adjective,  and  quartzuse  and  quarlzous 
may  be  dispensed  with.] 

QUAS,  11.  In  Russia,  a  drink  of  common 
domestic  use  ;  being  a  liquor  prepared 
from  pollard,  meal  and  bread,  or  from 
nical  and  malt,  by  an  acid  fermentatio 


quithra,  a  break,  fracture,  failure.  It  co- 
incides in  elemiMits  with  quibble,  quiver, 
ivhijffk,  wabble.  The  primary  sense  is  to 
move,  hence  to  break,  applieil  to  motion 
and  souml.  See  QuiVcr  and  f-lbrale.] 
I.  To  shake  the  voice;  to  utter  or  form 
sound  with  rapid  vibrations,  as  in  sing- 
ing ;  to  sing  with  iremuJous  modulatious 
of  voice.  Bacon. 


QUaSH,  v.  t.  [Sa.\.  cwysan  ;  D.  kwet- 
&en  ;  Q.  quttschen  ;  Fr.  casser  :  It.  squas- 
sare ;  L.  quasso,  qualio.  Class  Gs.  No. 
17.  28.  (JO.  68.  and  Class  Gd.  No.  38.  70 
See  Squeeze.'\ 

1.  Properly,  to  beat  down  or  beat  in  pieces  ; 
to  crush. 

The  whales 
Af^ainst   sharp    rocks,    like    reeling  vessels, 
qiuiaiid.  JJ'aller.. 

2.  To  crush  ;  to  subdue  ;  as,  to  quash  a  re- 
bellion. Jlddison.' 

3.  In  law,  to  abate,  annul,  overthrow  or 
make  void ;  as,  to  quash  an  indictment. 
lie  prays  judgment  of  tlie  writ  or  declara-l 
tion  that  the  same  may  be  quashed. 

Blackstone. I 

QU.VSH,  V.  i.  To  be  shaken  with  a  noise. 

Sharp., 

QU.\SH,  n.  A  species  of  cucurbita  ;  but  in' 
America  pronounced  squash;  so  called 
probably  from  its  softness.  [See  the  Verb.] 

QUASH'ED,  pp.  Crushed;  subdued;  aba- 
te.l. 

QU.\SH  ING,  ppr.  Crushing;  subduing; 
ahating. 

Qt'ASSA'TION,  n.  [h.  quassatio.]  The  act 
of  shaking;  concussion;  the  state  of  be- 
ing shaken.  Gayton 

QU.\S'S1.'V,  11.  A  plant,  or  rather  a  genus 
of  plants  ii{  three  species,  the  amara,  sim- 
aruba,  and  exixlsa  or  polygama,  natives  of 
South  .-Vmerica  and  of  some  of  the  isles 
of  the  West  Indies,  and  possessing  valua- 
ble medicinal  qualities.  Eiicyc. 

QUaT,  n.  A  pustule  or  pimple.  [.Vo(  used.] 

Shak. 

(,ir.\TER-COrSINS,  n.  ka'ter-cuzns.  [L. 
quataor,  four,  and  cousin.] 

Those  within  the  first  four  degrees  of  kind- 
red. Skinner. 

iQUaT'ERN,  a.  [L.  quaterni,  four,  from 
qunluor,  four.] 

Consisting  of  four  ;  fourfold  ;  growing  by 
fours  ;  as  quatern  leaves.  .Marlyn. 


Tooke.i2.  To  tremble  ;  to  vibrate. 


QIATERN'ARY, 

qunluor,  four.] 
The  nuMiher  tour. 
QUATERNARY, 


71.  [E.  quaternaiius,  from 

Boyle. 
Consisliug  of  four. 

Gregory. 
[L.   quaternio,    from 


QUATERNION, 

quatuor,  four.] 

1.  Tlie  number  four.  j\JiUon. 

2.  A  file  of  lour  soldiers.     Acts  xii. 
QUATERNION,  v.  I.  To  divide  into  files 

or  coin|ianies.  .Milton 

QUATERN'ITY,  ?i.  [supra.]  The  number 
four.  Brown 

QrAT'R.\IN,  )).  [Fr.  from  quatre,  L.  qua- 
tuor, four.] 

A  stanza  of  tour  lines  rhyming  alternately 

Dryden 

QUAVE,  for  quaver,  is  not  used. 

QUAVEMIRE,  for  quagmire,  is  not  used. 

QU.\.'VER,  r.  i.  [W.  cwibiau;  to  quaver,  to 
trill;  Sp.  quicbro,  a  musical  shake  or  trill ; 


The  finger — moved  with  a  quavering  inolion. 

J\'ewlon. 

QUA'VRR,  H.  A  shake  or  rapid  vibration  of 
the  voice,  or  a  shake  on  an  instrument 
of  music.  Addison. 

2.  A  note  and  measure  of  time  in  music, 
equal  to  half  a  crotchet  or  the  eighth  of  a 
seinibreve. 

QUA'VERED,  a.  or  jjp.  Distributed  into 
'|i'"veis.  Harmar. 

Ql  A'VEKER,  71.  A  warbler. 

QUA'VERINt;,  ppr.  Shaking  the  voice  or 
the  sound  olaii  instrument. 

QUA'VERLN'G,  n.  The  act  of  shaking  the 
voice,  or  of  making  rapid  vibrations  of 
sound  on  an  instrument  of  music. 

QUAY,  71.  ke.  [Fr.  quai ;  D.  kaai ;  Arm. 
qae :  Ir.  ccigh.  If  this  word  is  radically 
the  same  as  key,  the  sense  is  that  which 
fastens  or  secures.  Class  Cg  or  Gk.] 

A  key  ;  a  mole  m-  wharf,  constructed  in  har- 
bors for  securing  vessels  and  receiving 
goods  unladen  or  to  be  shipped  on  board. 

QUAY,  v.  t.  To  furnish  with  quays. 

J.  Barlow. 

QUEACH,  71.  .\  thick  bushy  plot.     Obs. 

Chapman. 

QUEACH,  V.  i.  To  stir;  to  move.  Obs. 
[See  Qinck.] 

QUE'ACHY,  a.  [from  quearh.]  Shaking ; 
moving,  yielding  or  trembling  under  the 
feet,  as  moist  or  boggy  ground. 

The  queadiy  iens.  Drayton. 

Godwin's  qucarhy  --ands.  lb. 

[This  word  is  still  in  use  in  New  Eng- 
land, and  if  the  word  is  from  the  root  of 
quirk,  we  recognize  the  application  of  it  in 
quirksand.] 

2.  Thick  ;    bushy.     [jVol  in  use.] 

Cockeram. 

QUE.-VN,  n.  [Sa.v.  cwasn  or  cwen,  a  woman. 
See  Qkccii.] 

A  worthless  woman;  a  slut;  a  strumpet. 
\.\'(it  in  common  use.]  Dryden.     Swi/l. 

QUIj'.VSINESS,  77.  s  as  z.  [from  queasy.] 
Nausea ;  qualmishness  ;  inclination  to 
vomit. 

QUF/ASY,  a.  s  as  :.  [allied  perhaps  to  the 
W.  chudy,  [Lhiiyd,]  Corn,  hnedzka.  Arm. 
chueda  or  huqda.  to  vomit.  Class  Gs.  No. 
19.  Class  Gii.  No.  oi.] 

1.  Sick  at  the  stomach:  afl'ected  with  nau- 
sea; inclined  to  vomit.  Sliak. 

2.  Fastidious  ;  squeamish  ;  delicate. 
Sliak.     Dryden. 

3.  Causing  nausea ;  as  a  quca.iy  question. 

Shak. 
QUECK,  v.  i.  [G.  quackeln,  to  quake,  to  bo 

unsettled,  to  Ijinch.] 
To  shrink;  to  flinch.     Obs.  Bacon. 

QUEEN,    n.    [Sax.   cica!7t   or   cwen,    Goth. 

queins,  quens,  Dan.  qvinde,  Sw.  qvinna,  a 

woman;  Sans.  ia7i7/a.     Qii.  Ir.  coinTie  and 

Gr.  yvvr^.] 
1.  The  consort  of  a  king;  a  queen  consort. 


a  u  E 


QUE 


QUE 


2.  A  woman  wlio  is  the  sovereign  of  a  king- 
dom ;  a  (jueeii-regeiit ;  as  Elizabeth,  queeii 
of  Eiiglan<l;  Mary,  cjueen  of  Scotland. 

3.  The  sovereign  of  a  swarm  of  bees,  or  the 
female  of  the  hive. 

A  hive  of  bees  cannot  subsist  without  a  queen. 

Encijc. 

Qiieen  of  the  meadows,  meadow  sweet,  a  plant 
of  the  genus  Spiraea.  Lee. 

QUEEN,  V.  i.  To  play  the  queen ;  to  act 
the  part  or  character  of  a  queen.        Shak. 

QUEEN-APPLE,  n.  A  kind  of  apple,  so 
called.  Mortimer. 

QUE  EN-DO  WAGER,  n.  The  widow  of  a 
king. 

QUEE'N-GOLD,  n.  A  royal  duty  or  reve 
iiue  belonging  to  every  queen  of  England 
during  her  marriage  to  the  king. 

QUEE'NING,  11.  An  apple.  Mortimer. 

QUEE'NLIKE,  a.  Resembling  a  queen. 

Drayton. 

QUEE'NLY,  a.  Like  a  queen  ;  becoming  a 
queen  ;  suitable  to  a  queen. 

QUEER,  a.  [G.  quer,  cross,  oblique,  trav- 
erse ;  querkopf,  a  queer  fellow  ;  querlen,  tu 
twirl.  The  primary  sense  is  probably  to 
turn.] 

Odd;  singular;  hence,  whimsical. 

Spectator. 

QUEE'RLY,  adv.  In  an  odd  or  singular 
manner. 

QUEE'RNESS,  n.  Oddity  ;  singularity ; 
particularity.  \A  familiar,  not  an  elegant 
ivord.] 

QUEEST,  11.  A  ring  dove,  a  species  of  pig- 
eon. Todd. 

QUEINT,  pret.  and  pp.  of  quench.        Gotver. 

QUELL,  V.  t.  [Sax.  cwellan,  to  kill ;  Dan 
qvoeler,  to  stifle,  sufliijcate,  choke,  stop, 
quell,  gall,  tease,  torinrnt,  ve.\  ;  Sw.  qvhl- 
ja,  id. ;  G.  qualen.  The  primary  sense  is 
to  stop,  to  press  or  force  down,  and  thus 
cause  action  or  motion  to  cease.] 

1.  To  crush  ;  to  subdue  ;  to  cause  to  cease 
as,  to  quell  an  insurrection  or  sedition. 

2.  To  quiet  ;  to  allay ;  to  reduce  to  peace  ; 
as,  to  quell  the  tumult  of  the  soul. 

3.  To  subdue  ;  to  reduce. 

This  quelVd  her  pride.  Drqden. 

QUELL,  V.  i.  To  die  ;  to  abate.         Spenser. 

QUELL,  n.  Murder.  [J^Tot  in  use.]         Shak. 

QUELL'ED,  pp.  Crushed;  subdued;  qui- 
eted. 

QUELL'ER,  ?i.  One  that  crushes  or  sub- 
dues. Sliak. 

QUELL'ING,  ppr.  Crushing  ;  subduing 
reducing  to  peace. 

QUELQUE-CIIOSE,  n.  keck-shows.  [Fr. 
something.] 

A  trifle  ;  a  kickshaw.  Donne 

QUEME,  V.  t.  [Sax.  ctveman.]  To  please. 
[Ois.]  Spenser. 

QUENCH,  V.  t.  [Sax.  cwencan.]  To  extin- 
guish ;  to  put  out  ;  as,  to  quench  flame. 

2.  To  still ;  to  quiet ;  to  repress ;  as,  to 
quencli  a  (lassion  or  emotion.  Shak. 

3.  To  allay  or  extinguish ;  as,  to  quench 
thirst. 

4.  To  destroy.  Davies. 

5.  To  check;  to  stifle;  a.S',  to  quench  the 
Spiiit.   I  Thess.  v. 

QUENCH,  J).  J.  To  cool;  to  become  cool. 
DosI  Ihoii  lliiiik,  in  time 
She  will  not  quench  >        _  jSA«A- 

\_JVol  in  use.'] 


QUENCH'ABLE,  a.  That  may  be  quenched 
or  extinguished.  Sherwood. 

QUENCH'ED,  pp.  Extinguished;  allayed; 
repressed. 

QUENCH'ER,  n.  He  or  that  which  extin- 
guishes. 

QUENCH'ING, /)pr.  Extinguishing;  quiet- 
ing ;  stifling  ;  repressing. 

QUENCH'LESS,  a.  That  cannot  be  quench- 
ed or  repressed  ;  inextinguishable  ;  as 
quenchless  tire  or  fury.       Shak.     Crashau: 

QUER'CITKON,  n.  [L.  quercus,  an  oak.] 
The  bark  of  the  yellow  oak,  used  in  dye- 
ing. Bancroft. 

QUER'ELE,  n.  [L.  querela;  Fr.  querelle.] 
A  complaint  to  a  court.  [Abi  in  use.  See 
Audita  querela.]  Ayliffe. 

'QUE'RENT,  n.  [L.  querens,  queror,  to  com- 
plaiu.] 

The  complainant ;  the  plaintif.  [.Not  in 
use.] 

QUE'RENT,  n.  [L.  qiuerens,  qucero,  to  in- 
quire.] 

An  inquirer.     [A^ot  much  used.]  Aubrey. 

QUERL^IO'NIOUS,  a.  [L.  querimonia,  com- 
plaint, from  queror.] 

Coiiq)laiiiing;  querulous;  apt   to    complain. 

QUERIMO'NIOUSLY,  adv.  With  com- 
plaint ;  querulously. 

QUERIMO'NIOUSNESS,  n.  Disposition  to 
eonj|)lairi  ;  a  complaming  temper. 

QUE'RIST,  n.  [from  L.  qucero,  to  inquire.] 
One  who  inquires  or  asks  questions. 

Swift. 

QUERK.     [See  quirk.] 

QUERK'ENED,  a.  Choked.  [Illegitimate 
and  obsolete.] 

QUERL,  V.  t.  [G.  querlen.]  To  twir 
or  wind  round  ;  to  coil  ;  ai 


thread    or  rope.     [This    is    a  I 
English    word,   in   common   use 
England.     It  may  be  a  dialectical  varia-j 
tiou  ofwhirl,  Dan.  hvirvler,  and  IwirL] 

QUERN,  n.  [Sax.  cwyrn,  cweorn ;  Goth. 
quairn  ;  D.  kweern  ;  Dan.  qvcrn  ;  Sw.j 
qvarn.  Qu.  W.  cwyrn,  a  quick  motion,  a 
whirl.] 

A  hand-mill  for  grinding  grain  ;  a  mill,  the 
stone  of  which  was  turned  by  hand,  used 
before  the  invention  of  windmills  and  wa- 
termills.  Shak. 

QUERP'O,  11.  [Sp.  cuerpo,  the  body,  L.  cor- 
pus ;  Sp.  en  cuerpo  de  camisa,  half  dressed, 
having  on  a  shirt  oidy.] 

A  waistcoat  or  garment  close  to  the  body. 

Dryden. 

QUER'QUEDULE,  n.  [L.  querquedula.] 
An  aquatic  fowl,  a  species  of  teal  of  the 
genus  Anas.  '  Encyc. 

QUER'RY,  n.  A  groom.  [See  Equerry.] 

QUER'ULOUS,  a.  [L.  querulus,  from  queror, 
to  complain.     See   (^unrrel.' 

1.  Coni|)laining,  or  habitually  complaining  ; 
disposed  to  murmur ;  as  a  querulous  man 
or  peo])le.  Hooker. 

'i.  Expressing  complaint ;  as  a  querulous  tone 
of  voice. 

QUER'ULOUSLY,  adv.  In  a  compiamuig 
ttianner.  Young; 

QUER'ULOUSNESS,  n.  Dispo.siiiou  to 
complain,  or  the  habit  or  practice  of  nuir- 
mnriiig. 

QUERY,  n.  [from  L.  qucere,  imperative  of 
qumro ;  perhaps  Cli.  Heb.  ^p^  to  seek,  to 


karau,  to  follow,  to  seek.     Class  Gr.  No- 
51.  53.  55.     The  sense  is  to  press  on,  to 
follow,  to  urge.] 
A  question ;  an  inquiry  to    be  answered  or 
resolved. 

I  will  conclude  by  proposing  some  queries. 

J\i~ewt(m. 
QUE'RY,  V.  i.  To  ask  a  question  or  ques- 
tions. 

Three  Cambridge  sophs 
Each  prompt  to  query,  answer  and  debate. 

Pope. 
QUE'RY,  I',  t.  To  seek  ;  to  inquire  ;  as,  que- 
ry the  sum  or  amount ;  query  the  motive  or 
the  fact. 

2.  To  examine  by  questions.  Gavton. 

3.  To  doubt  of. 
QUEST,  11.  [Fr.  quete,  for  queste ;  L.  quaro, 

quaestus.  As  the  letter  r  is  rarely  changed 
into  s,  perhaps  the  L.  quasivi,  quwstus, 
may  be  from  the  root  of  qiuEso,  \V.  cci$- 
iaw,  to  seek,  to  endeavor,  cais,  efibrt. 
See  Class  Gs.  No.  35.] 
The  act  of  seeking  ;  search  ;  as,  to  rove 
in  quest  of  game  ;  to  go  in  quest  of  a  lost 
child  ;  in  quest  of  property,  iic. 

Addison.     Milton. 
Inquest;  a  jury.     [N'ot  used.]  Shak. 

[ATot  used.] 

Shak. 
[J\rot  used.] 

Shak. 
5.  Request;  desire;  solicitation. 

Gad  not  aiiroad  at  every  quest  and  call 
01  an  untrain'd  lio;ie  or  passion.  Herbert. 

QUEST.  V.  i.   To  go  in  search.    [JVot  used.] 
QUEST,  V.  t.  To  search  or  seek  for. 

Herbert 
ro  twnl ;  to  inrniJQUEST'ANT,  n.  [snpra.]  A  seeker.  [AV 
,s  t0  5»cWac<,rd,       „..., 


3.  Searchers,  collectively. 

4.  Inquiry  ;  examination. 


search,   to   inquire 


ip3    id.  ;     .\r.    \ 


,     used.]  Shak. 

egitiuiate:  QUESTION,  n.  mus'chun.  [Fr.  Sp.  question; 
■■  '"   ^'^'''<      L.   .ua-stio.  _  See  Quest.]  '  ^  ^ 

1.  The  act  of  asking;  an  interrogatory;  as, 
to  examine  by  .lucstiort  and  answer. 

2.  That  which  is  asked  ;  something  propos- 
ed which  is  to  be  solved  by  answer.  What 
is  the  question'? 

Inquiry  ;  disquisition  ;  discussion. 

It  is  to  be  put  to  question,  whether  it  is  law- 
ful for  christian  princes  to  make  an  invasive  war, 
simply  for  the  propagation  of  the  faith. 

Bacon. 

4.  Dispute  or  subject  of  debate. 
There    aro..ic    a  question    between    some  ot 

John's  disciples  and  the  Jews,  about  purifying. 
John  iii. 

5.  Doubt;  controversy;  dispute.  The  story 
is  true  beyond  all  question. 

Tliis  docs  not  bring  their  truth  in  question. 

Locke. 
C.  Trial ;  examination  ;  judicial   trial  or  in- 
quiry. 

Ol  the  hope  and  the  resurrection  of  the  dead 
I  am  called  in  qiwstion.    .\ctsxxiii.  xsiv. 

7.  Examination  by  torture. 
Blackstone.     Ayliffe. 

8.  Endeavor  ;  effort  ;  act  of  seeking.  [JVot 
in  use.]  Shak. 

!).  In  logic,  a  proposition  stated  by  way  of 
interrogation. 

In  question,  in  debate  ;  in  the  course  of  ex- 
amination or  discussion  ;  as,  the  matter  or 
point  in  (/ucstion. 

QUES'TIOiN',  r.  i.  To  ask  a  question  or 
(|unstioMs  ;  to  in(|uire  by  interrogatory  or 
proposition  to  be  answered. 

He  that  qucslionrlh  much,  sliall  learn  much. 
'J-'  Bacon. 


a  u  I 


a  u  I 


a  u  1 


9.  To  debate  by  iiUcnogatories.  Sliak. 

QUES'TION,  V.  t.  To  iiniuire  of  by  asking 
questions  ;  to  examine  by  interrogatories  ; 
as,  to  ijuestion  a  witness. 
2.  To  doubt  of;  to  be  uncertain  of. 

And  most  we  qumlioii  wliat  we  most  desire 

Prim\ 
no  confidence  in;  to  treat  as 
If  a  man  is  frustrated  in  his  dc 
tslioned. 


asking 

Pope 

c.\am- 


3.  To   liave 
doubtful. 

signs,  his  prudence  is  ijUt. 
QUi;S'TK)iVABLK,  a.  Tiiat  may  be  ques 
tioned  ;  doubtful ;  uncertain  ;   (bsputable. 
The  deed  is  of  i/uestionablc  authority 

It  is  questimiable  wlielhcr  (ialeii  ever  saw  the 
dissection  of  a  human  body.  Baker. 

2.  Suspicious  ;  liable  to  be  doidited  or  dis- 
puted;  liable  to  sus])ieion.  His  veracity 
is  queslionable. 

Thou  coni'st  in  sucli  a  questionable  shape, 
That  I  will  speak  to  thee.  Shah. 

QUES'TIONABLENESS,  n.  The  (iiiality 
or  state  of  being  doubtful,  questionable  or 
suspicious. 

QUES'TIONARY,    a.    Inquiring 
questions;  as  queslionary  epistles. 

aUES'TIONEI),   pp.  Im'errogated ; 
ined  by  questions. 

2.  Doubted ;  disputed. 

QUES'TIONEK,  n.  One  that  asks  ques- 
tions ;  an  incpiirer. 

QUES'TIONINC;, />;<r.  Interrogating;  call- 
ing in  question  ;  doubting. 

QUES'TIONIST,  n.  A  questioner;  an  in- 
quirer. Hail. 

QUES'TIONLESS,  orfy.  Beyond  a  question 
or  doubt ;  doubtless  ;  certainly. 

Raleigh.     South. 

QUEST'MAN,  )        A  starter  of  law- 

QUEST'MONGER,  ^  "'  suits  or  prosecu- 
tions.    [JVot  used.]  Bacon. 

QUES'TOR,  n.  [L.  qucestor.  See  Quest  and 
query.] 

In  Roman  antiquity,  an  ofl'icer  who  had  the|  j_ 
management  of  the  public  treasure ;  thcj:-> 
receiver  of  taxes,  tribuie,  &c.  || 

QUES'TORSIilP,  n.  The  offieeof  a  questor 
or  Roman  treasmvr. 

2.  The  term  of  u  questor's  office. 

QUES'TRIST,  n.  A  seeker ;  a  pursuer. 
LVot  in  use.]  Shuk. 

aUES'TUARY,  a.  Studious  of  profit. 

Brown. 

QUES'TUARY,  «.  One  employed  to  col- 
lect profits.  Taylor. 

QUEUE.     [See  Cue.] 

QUIB,  jt.  [VV.  curip,  a  tlirt,  a  quirk,  or  gwib,  a 
quick  course  or  turn  ;  cwipittu;  to  move 
quickly,  to  whip  ;  as  we  say,  he  U'hippcd 
round  the  corner.] 

A  sarcasm  ;  a  bitter  taunt ;  a  quip;  a  gibe. 

liUIB  BLE,  n.  [It  seems  to  be  from  the  root 
of  qnib,  supra,  \V.  cwipiaiv,  to  turn  or  move 
rapidly,  or  gwibiau;  to  wander.  See  h'ab-i 
lie.] 

1.  A  start  or  turn  from  the  point  in  question, 
or  from  plain  truth ;  an  evasion  ;  a  cavil ; 
a  pretense  ;  as,  to  answer  a  sound  argu- 
ment by  quibbles. 

Quirks    and   quibbles  have  no  place  in   the 
search  after  trulli.  If'atts. 

2.  A  |)un ;  a  low  conceit.  Mdison. 

QUIB'BLE,  V.  i.  To  evade  the  point  in  ques- 
tion, or  plain  truth,  by  artifice,  play  upon 
words,  caviling  or  any  conceit ;  to  trifle  in 
argument  or  discourse.  IJ Estrange. 

2.  To  pun. 


.QUIB'BLER,    7!.    One   who   evades  plain 

^  truth  by  trifling  artifices,  play  upon  words, 
or  cavils. 

[2.  A  punster. 

QUICK,  V.  i.  [Sax.  cat'c,  alive;  cipicctaji,  to 
vivily.] 

To  stir  ;  to  tnove.     [.Vot  inwe.]        Spenser. 

QUICK,  a.  [Sax.  nOTc,  living,  alive  ;  D.kurik; 
G.  qtmk  ;  DiUi.qiik  ;  H\v.  qvick.  Qu.  W. 
cig,  Arm.  qia/,  llesh.  If  q  is  a  dialectical 
prefix,  as  I  suppose,  this  word  coincides 
with  the  L.  uigeo,  vegeo,  and  vig,  veg,  radi- 
cal, coincide  with  wag.  Now  the  Dutch 
call  a  wagtail,  kwikstaarl.] 

1.  Primarily,  ali\e;  living;  opposed  to  dead 
or  unanimated ;  a.s  r/ut'cA  flesh.    Lev.  xiii. 

The  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  who  shall  judge  the 
quick  and  the  dead.  2  Tim.  iv. 

[In  this  sense,  the  word  is  obsolete,  ex 
cept  in  some  compounds  or  in  particular 
phrases.] 

2.  Swift ;  hasty ;  done  with  celerity  ;  as 
quick  dispatch. 

3.  Speedy ;  done  or  occurring  in  a  short 
time  ;  as  a  quick  return  of  profit.s. 

Oft  he  to  her  his  charge  ot"  quick  return 
Repeated.  Milton. 

4.  Active;  brisk;  nindile ;  pronq)t;  ready. 
He  is  remarkably  quick  in  his  motions. 
He  is  a  man  of  quick  parts. 

5.  Moving  with  rapidity  or  celerity ;  as 
quick  time  in  music. 

Qtiick  with  child,  pregnant  with  a  living 
child.  Blackatone. 

QUICK,  adv.  Nimbly;  with  celerity;  rap- 
idly ;  with  haste  ;  speedily  ;  without  de- 
lay ;  as,  run  quick;  be  quick. 

If  we  consider  how  very  quick  the  actions  of 
the  mind  are  perCormcd.  Locke. 

2.  Soon  ;  in  a  short  time ;  without  delay. 
Go,  and  return  quick. 

QUICK,  n.  [Sw.  qviga,  a  heifer  ;  Dan.  qvceg, 
cattle  ;  that  is,  living.] 
A  living  animal.     Obs.  Spenser. 

The  living  flesh  ;  sensible  parts  ;  as  pen- 
etrating to  the  quick  ;  stung  to  the  quick  ; 
cut  to  the  quick.  Bacon.     Dryden. 

■i.  Living  sluiibs  or  trees ;  as  a  ditch  or 
bank  set  with  quick.  .Mortimer. 

QUICK,  V.  t.  [Sax.  riciVci'a)!.]  To  revive;  to 
niiike  alive.     Obs.  Chaucer. 

QUICK,  V.  i.  To  become  alive.     Obs. 

Chaucer. 

QUICK'-BKAM,        )       A  tree,   the    wild 

QUICK'F.N-TREE,  S  "'  sorb,  a  species  of 

wild  ash.  Mortimer^' 

The  Sorbus  aucuparia,  or  mountain  ash, 

a  species  of  .service  tree.  Lee. 

QUICKEN,  V.  t.  quik'n.  [Sax. cu-iccian;  Dan. 
i/ragi-.r.] 

1.  I'riiuarily,  to  make  alive  ;  to  vivify  ;  to 
revive  or  resuscitate,  as  from  death  or  an 
inanimate  state.  Rom.  iv. 

Hence  flocks  and  herds,  and  men  and  beasts 

and  fowls, 
With  breath  are  quicken'd,  and  attract  their 

soul-.'.  Drydtn. 

2.  To  make  alive  in  a  spiritual  sense  ;  to 
communicate  a  juinciple  of  grace  to. 

Vou  halh  he  quickened,  who   were  dead  in 
trospa'^ses  and  sins.     Eph.  ii. 

3.  To  hasten ;  to  accelerate  ;  as,  to  quicken 
motion,  speed  or  flight. 

4.  To  sharpen  ;  to  give  keener  perception 
to;  toslimulate;  to  incite;  as,  to  quicken 
the  appetite  or  taste  ;  to  quicken  desires. 

South.     Taller. 


5.  To  revive  ;  to  cheer;  to  reinvigorate  ;  to 
refresh    by   new    supplies  of  comfort  or 
grace.     Ps.  cxix. 
QUICKEN,  V.  i.  quik'n.  To  become  alive. 
The  tieart  is  the  first  part  that  quickens,  an<l 
the  last  that  dies.  Ray. 

2.  To  move  with  rapidity  or  activity. 

And  keener  lightning  quickens  in  her  eye. 

Pope. 
QUICKENED,  pp.   Made  ahve;  revived; 
vivified  ;  reinvigorated. 

2.  Accelerated  ;  hastened. 

3.  Stimulated  ;  incited. 
QUICK'ENER,  ji.  One  who  revives,  vivi- 
fies, or  communicates  life. 

2.  That  which  reinvigorates. 

3.  That  which  accelerates  motion  or  increas- 
es activity.  More. 

QUICK'EXING,  ppr.  Giving  life;  accel- 
erating: inciting. 

QUICK'-KYED,  a.  Having  acute  sight ;  of 
keen  and  ready  perception. 

QUICK-GRASS.     [See  quitch-grass.] 

QUICK'LIME,  n.  [See  Lime.]  Any  calca- 
rious  substance  deprived  of  its  fixed  or 
carbonic  air,  or  an  earthy  substance  cal- 
cined;  as  chalk,  limestone,  oyster-shells, 
&c. ;  unslacked  lime.  Calcarious  stones 
and  shells  are  reduced  to  quicklime  by  be- 
ing subjected  for  a  considerable  time  to  in- 
tense beat,  which  expels  the  carbonic  and 
aqueous  matter. 

QUICK'LY,  adv.  Speedily;  with  haste  or 
celerity. 

2.  Soon  ;  without  delav. 

QUICK-MATCH,  n.  [See  Match.]  A  com- 
bustible preparation  formed  of  cotton 
strands  dipped  in  a  boiling  composition  of 
white  vinegar,  saltpeter  and  mealed  pow- 
der ;  used  by  artillerymen.  Encyc. 

QUICKNESS,  n.  Speed;  velocity;  celer- 
ity ;  rapidity  ;  as  the  quickness  of  motion. 

2.  Activity;  briskness;  promptness;  as  the 
quickness  of  the  imagination  or  wit. 

Motion.     Dryden. 

3.  Acuteness  of  perception  ;  keen  sensibil- 
ity;  as  yiirc/ijjess  of  sensation.  Locke. 

4.  Sharpness  :  pungency.  Mortimer. 
QUICKSAND,    n.  Sand   easily   moved  or 

readily  yielding   to  pressure,    loose  sanJ 
abounding  with  water.  Dryden. 

2.  Unsolid  groimrl.  Addison. 

QUICK  SCENTED,  a.  Having  an  acute 
perception  by  the  nose  :  of  an  acute  smell. 

QUICK'SET,"n.  A  hving  plant  set  to  grow, 
particularly  for  a  hedge.  Evelyn. 

QUICKSET,  V.  t.  To  plant  with  living 
shrubs  or  trees  for,  a  hedge  or  li'iice  ;  as, 
to  qitickscl  a  ditch.  Mortimer. 

QUICK'SIGHTEI),  n.  Having  quick  sight 
or  acute  discernment;  quick  to  see  or  dis- 
cern. Locke.     Bentley. 

QUICK'SlGHTEDNESS,  n.  Quickness  of 
sight  or  discermijent ;  readiness  to  see  or 
discern.  Locke. 

QUICK'SILVER,  n.  [that  is,  li\  ing  silver. 
argenlum  iu'Whi.so  called  from  its  fluidity.] 

Mercury,  a  metal  foimd  both  native  and  in 
the  state  of  ore,  in  mines,  in  various  parts 
of  the  world,  and  so  remarkably  fusible  as 
to  be  congealable  only  with  the  intense 
cold  indicated  by  3il°  or  40°  below  zero, 
on  Fahrenheit's  thermometer.  It  is  the 
heaviest  of  the  metals,  next  to  platina  and 
gold.  It  is  used  in  various  arts  and  in 
medicine. 


a  u  I 


a  u  I 


QUI 


QUICKSILVERED, 

niiic-K-J-ilvei-. 
QUICK'-WJTTED,  a. 


a.      Overlaid    with 

JVewton. 

Having  ready  wit. 

Shak. 

QUID,  n.  A  vulgar  jiromiiiciation  of  cud ; 
as  a  f/j(irf  of  tobacco. 

QUI' DAM,  )i.  [L.]  Somebody.  [Mt  in 
use.]  Spenser. 

QUID'DANY,  n.  [G.  fyiwHe,  a  quince ;  L. 
cydonium.] 

Marmalade  ;  a  confection  of  quinces  prepar- 
ed witli  sugar. 

QUID'DATIVE,  a.  Constituting  the  es- 
sence of  a  thing.  Encyc. 

QUID'DIT,  n.  [L.  quidUhel,  or  Fr.  que  dil.] 
Asubtilty;  an  equivocation.  [J\'ol  in  use.] 

Shak. 

QUID'DITY,  n.  [L.  quid,  what.]  A  bar- 
barous term  used  in  school  philosophy 
for  essence,  that  unknown  and  uiidefinable 
something  which  constitutes  its  peculiar 
nature,  or  answers  the  question,  quid 
est'?  The  essence  ofathing  constitutes  it 
tale  quid,  such  a  thing  as  it  is,  and  not  an- 
other. Encyc. 

2.  A  trifling  nicety  ;  a  cavil ;  a  captious  ques- 
tion. Cavuhn. 

QUID'NUNC,  >i.  [L.  what  now.]  One  who 
is  curious  to  know  every  thing  that  pass- 
es ;  one  who  knows  or  pretends  to  know- 
all  occurrences.  Taller. 

Qttid  pro  ijuo,  [L.]  in  law,  an  equivalent; 
something  given  or  ilone  for  another 
thing;  mutual  consideration  and  perform- 
ance. 

QUIESCE,  V.  i.  quiess'.  [L.  quiesco.]  To 
be  silent,  as  a  letter;  to  have  no  sound. 

M.  Stuart. 

QUIES'CENCE,   )       [L.  quiescens,  quiesco. 

QUIES'CENCY,  ^  "'  f^Re  quiet.} 

1.  Rest;  repose  ;  state  of  a  thing  without 
motion.  Glanville. 

2.  Rest  of  the  mind  ;  a  state  of  the  mind 
free  from  agitation  or  emotion. 

3.  Silence  ;  the  having  no  sound ;  as  of  a 
letter. 

QUIES'CENT,  a.  [h.  quiescens.]  Resting; 
being  in  a  state  of  repose;  still;  not  mov 
ing  ;  as  a  quiescent  body  or  fluid.     iNewlon 

2.  Not  ruflled  with  passion  ;  unagitated 
the  mind 


4.  Calm  ;  not  agitated  by  wind  ;  as  a  quiet 
sea  or  atmosphere.  | 

5.  Smooth  ;  unruftled.  Shak.^ 

6.  Undisturbed ;  unmolested  ;  as  the  quiet' 
possession  or  enjoyment  of  an  estate.         i 

Btiickslone.] 

7.  Not  crying;  not  restless  ;  as  a  7«u(chilil.| 
QUI'ET,  n.  [L.  quies.]  Rest;  repose;  still- 
ness ;  the  state  of  a  thing  not  in  motion. 

2.  Tranquility;  freedom  from  disturbance 
or  alarm ;  civil  or  political  repose.  Our 
country  enjoys  quiet. 

3.  Peace;  security.     Judg.  .vviii. 
QUI'ET,  v.t.  To  stop  motion;  to  still;  to 

reduce  to  a  state  of  rest ;  as,  to  quiet  cor- 
])oreal  motion.  Locke. 

2.  To  calm;  to  ai)pease  ;  to  pacify;  to  lull; 
to  traiiquilize;  as,  to  f/!n'e(  the  soul  when 
agitated  ;  to  quiet  the  passions ;  to  quiet 
the  clamors  of  a  nation ;  to  quiet  the  dis- 
orders of  a  city  or  town. 

.3.  To  allay  ;  to  suppress ;  as,  to  quiet  pain 
or  grief. 

QUI'ETED,  pp.  Made  still;  calmed;  paci- 
fied. 

QUI'ETER,  n.  The  person  or  thing  that 
quiets. 

QUI'ETING,  ppr.  Reducing  to  rest  or  sti 
ness  ;  appeasing  ;  tranquilizing. 

QUI'ETISM,  )i.  Peace  or  tranquility  of 
mind  ;  apathy  ;  dispassion  ;  indisturbance  ; 
inaction.  In  history,  quietism  is  the  sys 
tem  of  the  quietists,  who  maijitaincd  tliat 
religion  consists  in  the  internal  rest  or 
recollection  of  the  mind,  enqiloyed  in  con- 
templating God  and  submitting  to  his  will. 

QUI'ETIST,  Ji.  One  of  a  sect  of  mj sties,] 
originated  by  Alolino,  a  Spanish  priest, 
who  maintained  the  principles  of  quiet-' 
ism.  Encyc. 

QUI'ETLV,  adv.  In  a  quiet  state  ;  without 
motion  ;  in  a  state  of  rest ;  as,  to  lie  or  sit 
quietly. 

2.  Without  tumult,  alarm,  di-spute  or  dis- 
turbance ;  peaceably  ;  as,  to  live  quietly. 

3.  Calndy  ;  without  agitation  or  violent 
emotion  ;  patiently.  Submit  quietly  to 
unavoidable  evils. 


3.  Silent;  not  soun<led  ;  having  no  sound  ;| 
as  a  quiescent   letter.     Sow,  mow,  with  u 
quiescent ;  say,  day,  with  y  quiescent. 

M.  Stuart,  Heb.  Gram. 

QUIES'CENT,  n.  A  silent  letter. 

M.  Stuaii. 

QUI'ET,  a.  [Fr.  quiet,  L.  quietus,  It.  quielo, 
quiet ;  quictiire,  to  i)acify,  and  quetare,  to 
quiet,  and  to  accpiit,  to  quit  ;  Sp.  quieto, 
quiet ;  quietar,  t<i  appease  ;  quedo,  quiet, 
and  quedar,  to  sto|),  to  leave,  to  quit ;  Port 
quieto,  quiet ;  queda,  a  fall,  declivity;  que. 
do,  quiet.  Quiet  and  qitit  seem  to  belong  j 
to  one  radix.] 

1.  Still;  being  in  a  state  of  rest;  not  mov 
ing.     Judg.  xvi. 

2.  Still ;  free  from  alarm  or  disturbance ; 
unmi.lested  ;  as  a  quiet  life.  Shall. 

Ill  tii-i  clays  the  land  was  quiet  ten  years.     2 
Chron.  xiv. 

3.  Peaceable;  not  turbnient ;  not  giving  of- 
fense ;  not  exciting  controversy,  disorder 
or  trouble;  mild;  m(!ek  ;  contented. 

The  oniamriit  of  a  meek  and  quiet  spirit.     1 


asjJQUI'ETNESS,  n.  A  state  of  rest ;  stillness. 
2.  Calm  ;   tranquility  ;    as   the   quietness  of 


l\'t.  iii.     I  'I'lie^-^.  iv. 


the  ocean  or  atmosjiliere. 

3.  Freedom    from    agitation    or    emotion 
calmness;   coolness  ;  as  the   quietness   of 
the  mind. 

4.  Freedom  from  disturbance,  disorder  oi 
commotion  ;  peace  ;  tranquility  ;  as  tin 
quietness  of  a  city  or  state. 

QUI'ETSOME,  o.  Calm  ;  still  ;  undisturb 
ed.     [JVot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

QUI'ETUDE,  n.  [Fr.]  Rest;  repose;  qui 
et ;  tranquility.  ft  otton 

QUIE'TUS,  n.  [L.]  Rest;  repose;  death 
hence,  a  final  discharge  or  acquittance 
that  which  silences  claims.  .S7i«/.'. 

QUILL,  n.  [Ir.  cuille,  a  reed  or  quill ;  Corn. 
cuilan  ;  L.  calamus ;  W.  calav  ;  probably 
a  shoot.] 

1.  The  large  strong  fetherof  a  goose  or  oth- 
er large  fowl  ;  used  much  for  wriiiiig- 
pens.     Hence, 

2.  The  instrument  of  writing  ;  as  the  jirop- 
er  subject  of  his  (yM^7^  llotton. 

3.  The  spine  or  prickle  of  a  jiorcupine. 

Encyc. 


4.  A  piece  of  small  reed  or  other  hollow 
plant,  on  which  weavers  wind  the  thread 
which  forms  the  woof  of  doth.       SpeiLfer. 

5.  The  instrument  with  which  musicians 
strike  the  strings  of  certain  instruments. 

Dry  den. 

To  carry  a  good  quill,  to  write  well. 

QUILL,  V.  t.  To  plait,  or  to  form  with  small 
ridges  like  quills  or  reeds  ;  as  a  woolen 
stuff  quilled. 

[In  the  United  States,  this  word  is  gen- 
erally, if  not  universally,  pronounced 
twilled.] 

QUILLET,  7!.  [L.  quidlibet,  what  you 
please.] 

Subtilty  ;  nicety  :  fraudulent  distinction  ; 
petty  cant.     [JVot  much  tised.]  Shak. 

QUILT,  71.  [li.  collre  ;  L.  culcita;  Ir.  cuilt, 
a  bed-tick,  a  bed;  Port.  Sp.  colcha ;  Sp. 
colehar,  ncolchar,  to  quilt ;  perhaps  from 
uniting,  gathering  or  Indiling.] 

A  cover  or  garment  made  by  putting  wool, 
cotton  or  other  sidjstance  between  two 
cloths  and  sewing  them  together  ;  as  beds 
covered  with  irjagnificent  quilts. 

Arhulhnot. 

QUILT,  V.  t.  To  stitch  together  two  pieceB 
of  cloth  with  some  soft  and  warm  sub- 
stance between  them  ;  as  a  quilted  bed- 
cover ;  a  quilled  coat.  Dryden. 

9.  To  sew  in  the  manner  of  a  quilt. 

QUiLT'ED,  pp.  Stitched  together,  as  two 
pieces  of  cloth,  with  a  soft  substance  be- 
tween them. 

QUILTING,  ppr.  Stitching  together,  as 
two  cloths,  with  some  soft  substance  be- 
tween them. 

QUILTING,  n.  The  act  of  forming  a  quih. 

2.  Jij  .Vetc  England,  the  act  of  quilting  by  a 
collection  of  females  who  bestow  their 
labor  gratuitously  to  aid  a  female  friend, 
and  conclude  v\ith  an  entertainirienf. 

QUI'NARY,  a.  [L.  quinarius,  from  quinque, 
five.]  Consisting  of  five  ;  as  a  quinary 
imndier.  Boyle. 

QUI'NATE,  a.  [from  L.  quinque.]  In  hot- 
any,  a  quinate  leaf  is  a  sort  of  digitate  leaf 
having  five  leaflets  on  a  petiole. 

Murtyn.     Lee. 

QUINCE,  n.  quins.  [Fr.  coin  or  coing ; 
.\rm.  aval-couign,  the  cornered  apple  or 
wedge-a|)ple  ;  G.  quitlc  or  quittenapfcl. 
which  seems  to  be  a  different  word,  and 
rather  allied  to  the  L.  cydonius.] 

The  fruit  of  the  Pyrus  cydoniii,  so  named 
from  Cydonia,  a  town  of  Crete,  famous  for 
abounding  with  this  fruit.  One  species 
of  this  fruit  is  of  an  oblong  sha))e,  from 
which  probably  it  has  its  French  name. 

QUINCE.  )       The  tree  which  pro- 

QUINCE-TREE,  ^  "'  duces  the  quince. 

QUINCIl,  i\  i.  [probably  a  vulgar  pronun- 
ciation oC wince  or  icuic/i.]  To  stir,  wince 
or  flounce.     [.Vut  in  use.]  Spenser. 

QUINCUN'CIAL,  a.  [from  L.  quincu7i.T.] 
Having  the  form  of  a  (piincnnx.  Rf'y- 

QUIN'tUNX,  n.  [L.  <-omposed  oC quinque, 
five,  anil  uncia,  ounce.] 

In  gardening,  the  quincunx  order  is  a  plant- 
ation of  trees  disposed  in  a  square,  con- 
sisting of  five  trees,  one  at  each  corner 
and  a  fifth  in  the  middle,  thus  :•:;  which 
order  repeated  ind<'finit(ly,  forms  a  regu- 
lar grove  or  wood,  which  viewed  by  an 


a  u  I 


a  u  I 


QUI 


angle  of  the  square  or  parallelogram,  pre- 
sents pqiml  or  parallel  alleys. 

QUINDEC'AGON,  n.  [L.  quinque,  five,  Gr. 
Sixa,  ten,  and  yiavia,  angle.] 

In  geometry,  a  plain  figure  with  fifteen  sides 
anil  fifteen  angles.  t-ncyc. 

QUINDEC'EMVIR,  n.  [L.  quinque,  five, 
decern,  ten,  and  nV,  man.] 

Jn  Roman  Imlory,  one  of  a  collection  or  body 
of  fifteen  niagistrntcs,  wlioee  husinest.  was 
to  preside  over  the  sacrifices.  Encyc. 

QUINDECEM'VIRATE,  n.  The  body  of 
fifteen  magistrates,  or  their  office. 

QUliSiA,      f        In  pharmiicy,  a   substance 

QUIN'INE,  I  "■  prepared  IV(')ni  yillow  bar' 
(cinchona  cordifcdia,)  p(>ss(;.ssiiig  in  a  con- 
centrated form,  the  tonic  virlnes  of  tin 
bark,  and  capable  of  forming'  sails  witi 
acids.  One  of  these,  thesniphate  uf  ipiin- 
ine,  is  nnicli  employc^l  in  intermittent 
fevers  and  other  diseases,  where  power- 
ful tonics  are  required. 

QUINQUAGES'IMA,  n.  [L.  fifty.]  Qnin- 
qnagcsima  Sunday,  so  called  as  being 
about  the  fiftieth  day  before  Easter  ; 
Shrove  Sunday.  Kna/c. 

QUINQUAN'GULAR,  a.  [L.  quinque,  five, 
and  iwgulus,  angle.]  Having  five  angles 
or  corners.  Hoodu'ard. 

QUINQUARTIC'ULAK,  n.  [L.  quinque, 
five,  and  articulus,  article.]  Consisting  ol 
five  articles.     [Liltle  used.]         Sanderson. 

QUINQUE€AP'SULAR,  a.  [L.  quinque, 
five,  and  cupsutn,  a  little  chest.] 

In  bolany,  having  five  capsules  to  a  flower; 
as  a  quinqueatpsular  pericarp.         Martijn 

QUINaUEDEiN'TATE,  a.  [L.  quinque 
five,  and  dentatus,  toothed  ;  dens,  tooth. 
In  fcoiajij/,  five-toothed. 

QUINaUlCFA'RlOUS,  a.  [h.  quinque,  five, 
and  prubalily  Sax.  faran,  to  go,  Eng.  to 
fare,  or  from  the  root  ofvary.]  In  botany, 
openins  into  five  parts.  Lee. 

QUIN'QUEFin,  a.  [L.  quinque,  five,  and 
fmdo,  ti'  split.] 

In  botany,  five-cleft ;  cut  into  five  segments 
with  linear  sinuses  and  straight  tnargins; 
as  a  leaf  Maiiyn 

QUINQUEFO'LIATED,  a.  [L.  quinque 
five,  aad  folium,  leaf.]  Having  five  leaves 

Johnson. 

QUmaUELIT'ERAL,  a.   [L.  quiiiqve,  five, 
and  <i<era,  letter.]     Consisting  of  five  let 
ters.  J/.  Stuart 

QUIN'QUELOBATE,  )      [L.  quinque,  five 

QUIN'QUELOBED,     ^""and  lobus,  lobe.] 

Five-lobed  ;  divided  to  the  middle  into  five 
distinct  parts  with  convex  margins. 

Marty  n . 

aUINQUELOelJLAR,  a.  [L.  quinque, 
five,  and  lociUus,  a  cell.] 

Five-celled  ;  having  five  cells ;  as  a  peri- 
earp.  Marti/n. 

QUINQUEN'NIAL,  a.  [L.  quinquenndlis, 
quinquennis  ;  quinque,  five,  and  annus, 
year.]  Occurring  once  in  five  years,  oi 
lasting  five  years.  Potter. 

QUINQUEP'ARTITE,  a.  [L.  quinque,6ve, 
and  partitus,  divided.] 

1.  Divided  into  five  parts  almost  to  the  base. 

Marlyn. 

2.  Consisting  of  two  parts. 

QUIN'QUEREWE,  n.  [L.  quinque,  fnc,  and 

rem  us,  oar.] 
A  galley  having  five  seats  or  rows  of  oars. 

Vol.  II. 


)        [L.   quinque, 
I,  J    ■  five,  and  val- 


QUIN'QUEVALVE, 
UUlNUliEVALVULAR, 

vw,  valves.]  Having  five  valves,  as  a  peri- 
carp. 

QUIN'QUEVIR,  n.  [L.  quinque,  five,  and  vir, 

man.]     One  of  an  order  of  five  priests  in 

Rome. 
QUIN'SY,  71.   s  as  z.    [corrupted  from  Fr. 

esquinancie,  .tquinancie  ;  It.    squinanzia  ; 

Sp.  esquiiiancia.] 

1.  An  infiammation  of  the  throat;  a  species 
of  angina  which  renders  respiration  difti- 
cult,  or  intercepts  it. 

2.  An   iiitlammation  of  the  fauces,  particu 
larly  of  the  tonsils.  Hooper 

QUINT,    J),     [from    L.  quinlus,    fifth,    Fr. 

quiiiie.]     A  .set  or  sequence  of  five  ;  as  in 

pi(piet. 
UlJINT'AIN,    ji.    [Fr.   quintaine.]     A  post 

with  a  turning  top.  Shalt. 

(.iUii\'l"'AL,    n.    [Fr.   quintal;  It.  quintale ; 

from  the  root  ol'  L.  centum,  a  hunilred.] 
A  hundred   pounds  in    weight ;  or   a  xv eight 

of  that    numlier   of  pounds  ;   sometimes 

written  and  pronoimced  kenlle. 
UUINTi;S'SENCE,  n.  [L.  quinta  essentia, 

filth  essence.] 

1.  in  altlriiny,  the  fifth  or  last  and  highest  es 
sence  of  power  in  a  natural  body.    Hence, 

2.  An  extract  from  any  thing,  containing  its 
virtues  or  most  essential  part  in  a  small 
quantity. 

Let  lliore  be  light,  said  God  ;  and   forthwith 

light 
Ethenal,  first  of  things,  quintessence  pure, 
Sprung  from  the  deep.  Milton. 

3.  In  chimistnj,  a  preparation  consisting  of 
the  essential  oil  of  a  vegetable  suhstance, 
mixed  and  incorporated  with  spirit  of 
wine. 

4.  The  pure  essential  part  of  a  thing. 

Haketvill. 

[I  have  followed    Baiky    and   Ash  and   our! 
general  nsajre  in  the  accentuation  of  this 
word.     Jameson  has  done  the  same.    The 
accent  on  the  first  syllable  is  very  unnatu 
ral.) 

QUINTESSEN'TIAL,  a.  Consisting  of 
Uiiintessence. 

QUI.NT'ILE,  n.  [L.  quintus,  fiflh.]  The  as- 
jiect  of  planets  when  distant  from  each 
other  the  fifth  part  of  the  zodiac,  or  72 
decrees. 

QIUN'V'IN,  n.  [Fr.  quintaine,  W.  ptvintan, 
a  liyiiieneal  game.] 

An  upright  post  on  the  top  of  which  turned 
a  cross  piece,  on  one  end  of  which  was 
fixed  a  broad  board,  and  on  the  other  a 
sand  bag.  The  play  was  to  tilt  or  ride 
against  the  broad  end  with  a  lance,  and 
pass  without  being  struck  by  the  sand  bag 
heliind.  B,  Jottson. 

QUINTUPLE,  a.  [L.  quintuplus,  fivefold; 
^lUiiilus  and  ptico.] 

Fivefold  ;  containing  five  times  the  amount. 

Graunt. 

QUIP.  n.  [W.  cuip,  n  quick  flirt  or  turn;! 
(wijiow,  to  iiiove  briskly,  to  uhip:  as  we! 
say,  to  iiliip  ri  nnd  a  corner  in  running.] 

A  smart  sarcastic  turn ;  a  taunt  ;  a  severe 
retort.  Milton.     Shak.' 

QUIP,  x\  t-  To  taunt;  to  treat  with  a  sar-' 


castic  retell. 
QUIP,  r.  i.  To  scoff 

49 


.1in.siri.rth 
Sidney. 


QUIRE,  n.  [Fr. choeur;  It. coro;  L. chorus: 
Gr.  ^opoj.] 

1.  A  body  of  singers;  a  chorus.  [See  Cho- 
rus and  Choir.]  Milton. 

2.  The  part  of  a  church  where  the  service 
is  sung. 

QUIRE,  n.  [Qii.  from  the  root  of  chorus,  or 
from  Fr.  cahicr,  a  sheet  of  pa(>er,  or  rather 
a  book  of  loose  sheets.] 

A  collection  uf  paper  consisting  of  twenty 
Ibur  sheets,  each  having  a  single  fold. 

QUIRE,  V.  i.  To  sing  in  concert  or  chorus. 

Shak. 

QUIR'ISTER,  n.  One  that  sings  in  con- 
cert ;  more  generally,  the  leader  of  a 
qiiire,  parlicnlurly  in  di\ine  service;  a 
chorister.  lint  in  America,  this  word  is 
little  used  and  vulgar.  The  word  used  is 
chorister. 

QUIRITA'TION,  n.  [L.  quiritatio,  from 
quirito,  Ironi  qucror.]  A  crying  for  help. 
LXot  u.ied.]  Dp.  Halt. 

QUIRK,  n.  quurk.  [from  the  root  of  W. 
pvired,  a  sudden  start  or  turn,  craft,  deceit ; 
^ivyrn,  a  whirl.] 

1.  Literally,  a  turn  ;  a  starting  from  the 
point  or  line :  hence,  an  artful  turn  for 
evasion  or  siiliterfnge;  asliift;  a  quibble  ; 
as  the  quirks  of  a  pettilbggcr.     U Estrange. 

2.  A  fit  or  iiirn;  a  short  paroxysm;  as  a 
quirk  of  joy  or  grief.  Shak. 

3.  A  smart  taunt  or  retort. 
1  may  chance  lo  have  some  odd  quirks  and 

remnants  of  wit  broken  on  me.  Shak. 

4.  A  slight  conceit  or  quibble.  Watts. 

5.  A  flight  of  fancy.     [JVolin  use.]         Shak. 
().  An  irregular  air  ;  as  light  fUtV^s  of  music. 

Pope. 

7.  In  building,  a  jjiece  of  ground  taken  out 
of  an)  regular  ground-plot  or  floor,  as  to 
make  a  court  or  yard,  &c.  Encyc. 

QUIRK'ISII,  a.  Consisting  of  quirks,  turns, 
(|iiihbles  or  artful  evasions.  JBaiTOw. 

2.   Kesetrdjiing  a  quirk. 

JQUIRP'ELE,  n.  The  Indian  ferret,  an  an- 

I     iinal  of  the  weasel  kind.      Diet.  .Vat.  Hist. 

QUIT,  !'.  /.  pret.  and  pp.  quit  or  quilted. 
[\'r.  quitter ;  It.  quitare  ami  chitare  ;  Port. 
S|).  quitar  ;  D.  kwyten  ;  (S.  quittiren  ;  Dan. 
quitterer ;  Sw'.  quitta  ;  W.  gadu  and  ga- 
daw.  to  quit ;  Ir.  cead,  leave;  cuitighim,  to 
requite.  This  is  the  L.  cedo.  The  sense 
of  quit  is  to  leave,  to  withdraw  from  ;  but 
the  primary  sense  of  the  root  must  have 
been  to  move  or  to  send  ;  for  to  requite  is 
to  send  back.     See  Class   Cd.  and  Cs.] 

1.  To  leave;  to  depart  from,  either  tempo- 
rarily or  forever.  It  does  not  necessarily 
include  the  idea  of  abandoning,  without  a 
qualifying  wonl.  A  man  quits  his  house 
lor  an  hour,  or  for  a  month.  He  quits  his 
native  country  on  a  voyage,  or  he  quits  it 
forever :  he  quits  an  emiiloynient  with 
the  intention  of  resuming  it. 

2.  To  free  ;  to  clear  ;  to  liberate  ;  to  dis- 
charge fnmi. 

To  quit  you   of  this  fear,  you  have   already 
looked  death  in  the  face.     [S'early  obsolete.] 

n'al.c. 

3.  To  carry  through ;  to  do  or  perform 
something  to  the  end,  so  that  noiliing  re- 
mains ;  to  discharge  or  perform  com- 
pletely. 

>tevci  a  worthy  prince  a  day  did  quit 
With  greater  hazard  and  with  more  renown. 

JOamel. 


QUI 


a  u  I 


a  u  o 


4.  To  quil  one's  self,  reciprocally,  to  clear 
one's  self  of  incumbent  duties  by  full  per- 
formance. 

Samson  hath  quit  himself 
Like  Samson.  Milton. 

In  this  sense,  ac<iidt  is  generally  used. 

5.  To  repay  ;  to  requite.  Spenser. 

— Enkindle  all  the  sparks  of  nature 
To  quit  this  horrid  act.  Shale. 

In  this  sen,se,  quit  is  now  rarely  used. 
We  use  requite. 

6.  To  vacate  obligation  ;  to  release  ;  to  free 
from. 

Dangers  of  law, 
Actions,  decrees,  judgments  against  us  quit- 
ted. B.  Sanson. 

7.  To  pay  ;  to  discharge  ;  hence,  to  free 
from  ;  as,  to  quil  the  debt  of  gratitude. 

Milton. 

8.  To  set  free  ;  to  release ;  to  absolve ;  to 
acquit. 

Guiltless  I  quit,  guilty  I  set  them  free. 

Fairfax. 
In  this  sense,  acquit  is  now  used. 

9.  To  leave;  to  give  up;  to  resign;  to  re- 
linquish ;  as,  to  quit  an  office. 

10.  To  pay. 
Before  that  judge  that  quits  each  soul  his  hire. 

[JVot  «s«i.]  Fairfax. 

11.  To  forsake  ;  to  abandon. 

Such  a  superficial  way  of  examining  is   to 
q\ut  truth  for  appearance.  Locke. 

To  quit  cost,  to  pay  ;  to  free  from  by  an] 
equivalent ;  to  reimburse  ;  as,  the  culti-| 
vation  of  barren  land  will  not  always  quit> 
cost. 

To  quit  scores,  to  make  even  ;  to  clear  mu- 
tually from  demands  by  mutual  equiva- 
lents given.  We  will  quit  scores  [marks  of 
charges]  before  we  part. 

Does  not  the  earth  quit  scores  with  all  tlie 
elements  in  her  noble  Iruits  ?  South. 

QUIT,    a.   Free  ;  clear ;  discharged  from  ; 
absolved. 
The  owner  of  the  ox  shall  be  quit.      Ex.  xxi, 
[This  word,  though  primarily   a  parti- 
ciple, and  never  placed  before  its  noun, 
has  properly  the  sense  of  an  adjective.] 

Qui  lam,  [L.]  A  qui  lam  action,  in  law,  is  a 
popular  action,  in  which  a  man  prose- 
cutes an  offender  for  the  king  or  state,  as 
well  as  for  himself. 

QUITCH'-GRASS,  n.  [properly  quick- 
grass,  probably  from  its  vigorous  growth 
or  the  difficulty  of  eradicating  it.] 

Dog-grass ;  a  species  of  grass  which  roots 
deeply  and  is  not  ea.sily  killed. 

(iUIT'CLAlM,  V.  t  [quit  and  claim.]  To 
release  a  claim  by  deed  without  covenants 
of  warranty ;  to  convey  to  another  who 
hath  some  right  in  lands  or  tenements,  all 
one's  riglit,  title  and  interest  in  the  e.state, 
hy  relincpiishing  all  claim  to  llicm.  The 
words  used  in  the  instrument  arc,  "A  hath 
remised,  releaseil  and  forever  quitclaimed 
all  his  right,  title  and  interest  to  a  certain 
estate."  Blackslone. 

QIJIT'CLAIM,  )i.  A  deed  of  release  ;  an 
instrument  by  which  all  claims  to  an  es 
tate  are  relinquished  to  another  without 
any  covenant  or  warranty,  express  or 
implied.  Z.  Swift. 

QIJlTel.ATMEI),  pp.  Released  by  deed. 

QtriT'eLAIMING,  ppr.  Conveying  by  deed 
of  release. 


QUITE,  adv.  [from  quit ;  that  is,  primarily, 
free  or  clear  by  complete  performance.] 

Completely  ;  wholly  ;  entirely  ;  totally  ;  per- 
fectly. The  work  is  not  quite  done  ;  the 
object  is  quite  accomplished. 

He  hath  sold  us  and  quite  devoured  also  our 
money.     Gen.  x.xxi. 

The  same  actions  may  be  aimed  at  different 
ends,  and  arise  from  quite  contrary  principles. 

Spectator 

QUIT'-RENT,  rt.  [L.  quietus  reditus.]  A 
rent  reserved  in  grants  of  land,  by  the 
payment  of  which  the  tenant  is  quieted  or 
quit  from  all  other  service.         Blackslone. 

QUITS,  adv.  [from  quit.]  An  exclamation 
used  when  mutual  demands  are  adjusted 
and  the  parties  are  even,  each  quit  of 
the  other. 

QUIT'TAL,  71.  Return  ;  repayment, 


Shak. 
from 

[.See 


QUIT'TANCE,  n.  [Fr.]  Discharge 
a  debt  or  obligation  ;  an  acquittance, 
Acqtiillance,  whicli  is  chiefly  used.] 

Shak. 
2.  Recoinpense  ;  return  ;  repayment.     Shak. 
QUIT'TANCE,    v.  I.    To  repay.      [JVot  in 
use.]  Shak 

QUIT'TED,    pp.    Left  ;  relinquished  ;    ac- 
quitted. 
QUITTER,  Ji.  One  vvho  quits. 
2.  A  deliverer.     [JVol  in  use.]         Jlinsworth. 
.3.  Scoria  of  tin.  Ainsworth. 

QUIT'TER-BONE,  n.  In  farrier;/,  a  hard 
round  swelling  on  the  coronet,  between 
the  heel  and  the  quarter,  usually  on  the 
inside  of  the  foot.  Far.  Did. 

QUIVER,  )!.  [Qu.  Fr.  CO KtinV,  to  cover.] 
A  case  or  sheath  for  arrows. 

Take  thy  quivi'r  and  thy  bow.     Gen.  xxvii. 
QUIV'ER,  a.  Nimble  ;  active.  [A'bi  in  use. 

Shak. 
QUIV'ER,  ti.  t.  [D. /luu-mn,  to  shiver.  Tlii.-* 
word  seems  to  belong  to  the   family  of 
quaver,    W.    cwibiaiv,   to  trill,   to    quiver, 
cioiv,   a   whirl  or    tmn,   gwiviaw,    to   fly 
aboiil,  to  waudvr,  civipiaio,  to  move  brisk- 
ly, cwi/vaw,  to  stir,  move,  agitate.] 
1.  To  shake  or  tremble  ;  to  quake  ;  to  shud- 
der; to  shiver.     Tiiis  word  expresses  that 
tremulous  motion  of  the  body  whicli  pro- 
ceeds from  loss  of  heat  or  vigor.     Thus 
persons  quiver  with  fear  or  with  cold. 
He  quiver'd  with  his  feet  and  lay  for  dead. 

Dryden 

And  left   the   limbs   still    quiv'ring   on    the 

ground.  Jiddison. 

To  play  or  be  agitated  with  a  tremulous 

motion. 

The  green   leaves  quiver   with   the   cooling 

wind.  Shak. 

The  lakes  that  quiver  to  the  curling  breeze. 

Pope. 
QUIVERED,    a.    [from  the  noun  quiver.] 

1.  Fiu'nished  with  a  quiver;  as  the  quivered 
nymph.  Millon. 

2.  Sheathed  as  in  a  quiver. 
— Whose  quills  stand  quivered  at  his  ear. 

Pope 
QUIVERING,  ppr.  Trembling,  as  v.itli 
cold  or  fear ;  moving  with  a  tremulous 
asjitation. 
QUIVERING,  n.  Tlie  act  of  shaking  or 
trembling  :  agitation  ;  as,  to  he  seized  with 
a  quivering.  Sidney 

QUIXOTIC,   a.    Like   Don   Quixote;   ro- 
mantic to  extravagance. 


QUIX'OTISM,  n.  Romantic  and  absurd 
notions ;  schemes  or  actions  like  those  of 
Don  Quixote,  the  hero  of  Cervantes. 

QUIZ,  n.  [Norm,  quis,  quiz,  sought;  Sp. 
quisicosa ;  from  the  root  of  question.]  An 
enigma  ;  a  riddle  or  obscure  question. 

QUIZ,  V.  t.  To  puzzle.  [A  popular,  but 
not  an  elegant  word.] 

fluo  warranto,  in  Law  Latin,  a  writ  brought 
before  a  proper  tribunal,  to  inquire  by 
what  warrant  a  person  or  corporation  ex- 
ercises certain  powers.  Blackslone. 

QUOB,  v.  i.    [W.  gwapiaw,  to  strike.]     To 

i     move,   as  the   fetus   in    utero ;  to   throb. 

1     [Local,  vulgar,  and  little  used.] 

jQUODLIBET,    n.    [L.  what  you   please.] 

I     A  nice  point  ;  a  subtilty.  Prior. 

QUODLIBETA'RIAN,  n.  One  who  talks 
and  dispiues  on  any  subject  at  pleasure. 

QUODLIBET'ICAL,  a.  Not  restrained  to 
a  particular  subject;  moved  or  discussed 

[     at  pleasure  for  curiosity  or  entertainment. 

|QUODLIBET'I€ALLY,  adv.  At  pleasure  ; 


for  curiosity ;  so  as  to  be  debated  for 
entertainment.  Broxon. 

Did. 

QUOIF,  n.  [Fr.  coiffe.]  A  cap  or  hood. 
[See  Coif.]  Shak. 

QUOIF,  v.  t.  To  cover  or  dress  with  a  coif. 
[See  Coif.]  Addison. 

[Tills  word  may  be  discarded  with  advan- 
tage.] 

QUOIF'FURE,  n.  A  head  dress.     Addison. 

.QUOIL.     [See  Coil,  the  better  word.] 

QUOIN,  n.  [Fr.  coin,  a  corner;  Sp.  curia. 
See  Coin.] 

1.  A  corner.  Mortimer. 

2.  An  instrument  to  raise  any  thing ;  a 
wedge  employed  to  raise  cannon  to  a  prop- 
er level,  and  for  otlier  purposes.  Mar.  Did. 

3.  In  architecture,  the  corner  of  a  brick  or 
stone  wall.  Encyc. 

QUOIT,  JI.  [D.  coitc]  A  kind  of  horse 
shoe  to  be  pitched  or  thrown  at  a  fixed 
object  in  play.  In  common  practice,  a  plain 
flat  stone  is  useil  for  this  purpose. 

2.  In  some  authors,  the  discus  of  the  an- 
cients, thrown  in  trials  of  strength. 

Dryden. 

QUOIT,  V.  i.  To  throw  quoits ;  to  i)liiy  at 
quoits.  Dryden. 

QUOIT,  V.  t.  To  throw.  [Aot  used.]    Shak. 

QUOLL,  n.  An  animal  of  New  Holland, 
resembling  the  ])olecat.        Did.  A'o/.  Hist. 

QUON'DAiM,  used  udjedirely.  [L.]  Having 
been  formerly ;  former ;  as  a  quondam 
king  or  friend.  Shak. 

QUQOK,  pret.  of  quake.     Obs.  Spenser. 

QUO'RUM,  ji.    [L.  gen.  plu.  of  qui.  who.] 

1.  A  bench  of  justices,  or  such  a  number  of 
officers  or  members  as  is  competent  by 
law  or  constitution  to  transact  business; 
as  a  quorum  of  the  house  of  representa- 
tives. A  constitutional  quorum  was  not 
present. 

j2.  A  special  commission  of  justices. 
QUO'T.V,  ?!.  [L.i/uolus;  It.  Sp.  quota;  Ir. 

cod,  cola,  a  ]iart.] 
A  just  part  or  share;  or  the  share,  part  or 

proportion  assigned  to  each.     Each  state 

was  ordered  to  furnish  its  quota  of  troops. 
QUOTA'TION,  n.    [from   quote.]     The  act 

of  quoting  or  citing. 

2.  The  passage  quoted  or  cited  ;  the  part  of 
a  book  or  writing  named,  repeated  or  ad- 
duced as  evidence  or  illustration.     Locke. 


R 


R  A  B 


R  A  C 


3.  In  mercantile  language,  the  naming  of  the 
price  of  commodities  ;  or  the  price  speci 
fiecl  to  a  correspondent. 

4.  Ciuota  ;  share.     [J^Tol  used.] 
QUOTE,  v.t.  [['V.  quoter,  now  coter;  con- 
nected with  qitoth.] 

1.  To  cite,  as  a  passage  from  some  author ; 
to  name,  repeat  or  adduce  a  passage  from 
an  author  or  speaker,  by  way  of  authority 
or  ilUistration  ;  as,  to  quote  a  passage  from 
Homer;  to  quote  the  words  of  Peter,  or  a 
passage  of  Paul's  writings;  to  quote  chap- 
ter and  verso.  Jltterbury.     Swift. 

2.  In  commerce,  to  name,  as  the  price  of  an 
article. 

3.  To  note.  Shak. 


CJUOTE,  n.  A  note  upon  an  author.     Obs. 

Colgrave. 

QUO'TED,  pp.  Cited  ;  adduced  ;  named. 

QUO'TER,  n.  One  that  cites  the  words  of 
an  author  or  speaker. 

QUOTH,  V.  i.  [Sax.  civythnn,  cytlian,  Goth. 
quithan,  to  say,  to  tell ;  VV.  gwed,  gwedyd  ; 
Ir.  ccndach.     Qu.  L.  inquio,  contracted.] 

To  say  ;  to  speak.  This  verh  is  defective, 
being  used  ordy  in  the  first  and  third  per- 
sons in  the  present  and  past  tenses,  as 
quolh  I,  quoth  he,  and  the  nominative  al- 
ways follows  the  verb.  It  is  used  only  in 
ludicrous  language,  and  has  no  variation 
for  person,  number  or  tense. 


QUOTip'IAN,  a.  [L.  quotidtanus ;  quotus 
aniX  dies.]  Daily;  occurring  or  returning 
daily  ;  as   a  quotidian  fever. 

QUOTID'IAN,  n.  A  fever  whose  parox- 
ysms return  every  day. 

2.  Any  thing  returning  daily.  Milton. 

QUO'TIENT,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  quoties,  how 
otton.] 

In  arithmetic,  the  number  resulting  from  tlie 
division  of  one  number  by  another,  and 
showing  how  often  a  less  number  is  con- 
taine<l  in  a  greater.  Thus  3)12(4.  Here 
4  is  the  quotient,  showing  that  3  is  con- 
tained 4  times  in  12.  Or  ijuolient  is  an 
expression  denoting  a  certain  part  of  a 
unit;  as  :]. 


R. 


ri  is  the  eighteenth  letter  of  the  English 
Alphabet,  and  an  articulation  sui  generis, 
having  little  or  no  resemblance  in  pronun- 
ciation to  any  other  letter.  Hut  from  the 
position  of  the  tongue  in  uttering  it,  it  is 
comnmtable  with  I,  into  which  letter  it  is 
changed  in  many  words  by  the  Spaniards 
and  Portuguese,  and  some  other  nations  ; 
as  /  is  also  changed  into  r.  It  is  numbered 
among  the  liquids  and  semi-vowels,  and  is 
sometimes  called  the  canine  letter.  It  i.s 
uttered  with  a  guttural  extrusion  of  the 
breath,  and  in  some  words,  particularly 
at  the  end  or  after  a  labial  and  a  dental  let- 
ter, with  a  sort  of  quivering  motion  or 
slight  jar  of  the  tongue.  Its  English  uses, 
which  are  uniform,  may  be  understood  by 
the  customary  pronunciation  of  rorf,  room, 
rose,  bar,  bare,  barren,  disturb,  catarrh,  free, 
brad,  pride,  drip,  drag,  drown. 

In  words  which  we  have  received  from  the 
Greek  language,  we  follow  the  Latins, 
who  wrote  h  after  r,  as  the  representative 
of  the  aspirated  sound  with  which  this  let- 
ter was  pronounced  by  the  Greeks.  It  is  the 
same  in  the  Welsh  language.  But  as  the 
letter  is  not  aspirated  in  English,  h  is  en- 
tirely superfluous ;  rhapsody,  rheum,  rheto- 
ric being  pronounced  rapsody,  reum,  reto- 
ric. 

As  an  abbreviation,  R.  in  English,  stands  for 
rex,  king,  as  George  R. 

In  the  notes  of  the  ancients,  R.  or  RO. 
stands  for  Roma ;  R.  C.  for  Romana  civ- 
t7«»';  R.  G.  C.  for  re(  gerendie  causa;  R. 
F.  E.  D.  for  recte  factum  et  dictum  ;  R.  G. 
F.  for  regis  ftius  ;  R.  P.  resptibtica,  or  Ro- 
mani  principes. 

As  a  numeral,  R,  in  Roman  authors,  stands 
for  80,  and  with  a  dash  over  it,  R,  for 
80,000.     But   in    Greek,  p,  with   a  small 

mark  over  it,  thus,  p,  signifies  100,  and 
with  the  same  mark  under  it,  it  denoted 
1000X100,  or  100,000.  In  Hebrew,  T 
denoted  200,  and  with  two  horizontal 
points  over  it,  S',  1000X200.  "r  200,000. 
Among  physicians,  R.  stanils  for  recipe,  take. 


RA,  as  an  inseparable  prefix  or  preposition, 
is  the  Latin  re,  coming  to  us  through  the 
Italian  and  French,  and  primarily   signi 
IMng  again,  repetition.     [Sec  Re.] 

RABA'TE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  rabattre  ;  It.  rabbattere ; 
ra  and  battre,  batlere,  to  beat.  See  Beat 
and  Abate.] 

h\  falconry,  to  recover  a  hawk  to  the  fist. 

Ainsworth. 

RABA'TO,  n.  [Fr.  rabat]  A  neckband  or 
ruff.      [N'ot  in  use.] 

RAB'BET,  ti. «.  [rr.rahoter.]  To  pare  down 
the  edge  of  a  board  or  other  piece  of  tim 
ber,  for  the  purpose  of  receiving  the  edge 
of  another  piece  by  lapping  and  thus  unit 
ing  the  two.  Moxon. 

2.  To  lap  and  unite  the  edges  of  boards,  &c. 
In  ship  carpentry,  to  let  the  edge  of  a 
])lank  into  the  keel.  Mar.  Diet. 

RAB'BET,  n.  A  ciu  on  the  side  of  a  board, 
&.C.  to  fit  it  to  another  by  lapping  ;  a  joint 
made  bv  lapping  boards,  &c. 

RAB'BETED,  pp.  Pared  .lown  at  the  edge  ; 
united  by  a  rabbet  joint. 

RAB'BETING,  ;)/»■.' Paring  down  the  edge 
of  a  hoard  ;  imiting  bv  a  rabbet  joint. 

RAB'BET-PLANE,  «."  A  joiner's  plane  for 
paring  or  cutting  scjuare  down  the  edge 
of  u  board,  &c.  Moxon. 

iRAB'BI,      I  S  , 

RAB'BIN,  I  "■  [Ch.  Ml,  Ar.  ^^  lord,  mas- 
ter.] 

A  title  assumed  by  the  Jewish  doctors,  sig- 
nifying master  or  lord.  This  title  is  not 
conferred  by  authority,  but  assumed  or 
allowed  by  courtesy  to  learned  men. 

Encyc. 

RABBIN'I€,        }       Pertaining  to  the  Rab- 

RABBL\'I€AL,  ^"^  bins,  or  to  their  opin 
ions,  |p;irning  and  language. 

RABBINIC,  )i.  The  language  or  dialect  of 
the  R:  bhiijs  ;  the  later  Hebrew. 

RAB'BINISM,  H.  A  Rabbinic  exjiression  or 
phraseology:  a  peculiarity  of  the  lan- 
guage of  the  Rabbins.  Encyc. 

RAB'BINIST,  n.  Among  the  .lews,  one 
who  adhered  to  the  Talmud  and  the  tra- 
ditions of  the  R;dibiiis,  in  opposition  to 
the  r.-.raites,  who  rejected  the  traditions. 

RAB'BINITE,  n.  The  samo  as  rabbinist. 


RAB'BIT,  n.  [said  to  be  from  the   Belgic 

rohbe,  robbeken.] 

A  siriall  ((uadruped  of  the  genus  Lepus, 
which  feeds  on  grass  or  other  herbage, 
and  burrows  in  the  earth.  The  rabbit  is 
said  to  be  less  sagacious  than  the  hare. 
It  is  a  very  prolific  animal,  and  is  kept  in 
warrens  for  the  sake  of  its  flesh. 

RAB'BLE,  n.  [L.  rabula,  a  brawler,  from 
rabo,  to  rave ;  Dan.  raaber ;  D.  rabbelen ; 
connected  with  a  great  family  of  words 
with  these  elements,  Rb,  Rp.  Qu.  Sp. 
rabel,  the  tail.] 

1.  A  tumidtuous  crowd  of  vulgar,  noisy  peo- 
ple ;  the  mob  ;  a  confused  disorderly 
crowd.  Shak. 

2.  The  lower  class  of  people,  without  ref- 
ference  to  an  assembly  ;  the  dregs  of  the 
people.  Addison. 

RABBLE-CHARMING,  a.  Charming  or 
delighting  the  rabble.  South. 

RAB'BLEMENT,  n.  A  tumultuous  crowd 
of  low  people.     [jVot  in  use.] 

Spe7i3er.     Shak. 

RABDOL'0(iY,  n.  [Gr.  paSSos,  a  rod,  and 
Xoyoj,  discourse.] 

A  method  of  performing  mathematical  ope- 
rations by  little  square  rods.  Ash. 

RAB'ID,  a.  [L.  rabidus,  from  rabio,  rabo,  to 
rage  ;  W.  rhaib.] 

Furious;  raging;  mad;  as  a  rabid  dog  or 
wolf  It  is  particularly  applied  to  animals 
of  the  canine  genus,  afl^ected  with  the  dis- 
temper called  rabies,  and  whose  bite  com- 
municates hydrophobia. 

RAB'IDNESS,  n.  Furiousness  ;  madness. 

RAB'INET,  n.  A  kind  of  smaller  ordnance. 

Ainsworth. 

R'ACA,  n.  A  Syriac  word  signifying  emp- 
ty, beggarly,  foolish  ;  a  term  of  extreme 
contempt.     Matt.  v. 

RACE,  n.  [Fr.  race,  from  the  It.  ra::a  ;  Sp. 
raza,  a  race,  a  ray,  and  raiz,  a  root,  L. 
radix ;  Russ.  rod,  a  generation,  race  ;  roju, 
to  beget.  The  primary  sense  of  the  root 
is  to  thrust  or  shoot;  the  L.  radix  and  rarff- 
iii  having  the  same  original.  This  word 
coincides  in  origin  with  rod,  ray,  radiate, 
&c.     Class  Rd.l 


R  A  C 


R  A  C 


R  A  C 


1.  The  lineage  of  a  family,  or  continued  se-i 
ries  of  (leseemlants  fmai  a  parent  who  isj 
called  the  stock.  A  race  is  the  series  of 
descendants  indefinitely.  Tims  all  man- 
kind are  called  the  race  of  Adam  ;  the 
Israelites  are  of  the  race  of  Abraham  and 
Jacob.  Thus  we  speak  of  a  race  of  kings, 
the  race  of  Clovis  or  Charlemagne  ;  a 
race  of  nobles,  &c. 

Hence  the  long  race  of  Alban  fathers  come. 

Dryden. 

2.  A  generation  :  a  family  of  descendants. 

A  race  of  youthlul  and  unliandled  colts, 

Shak. 

3.  A  particular  breed  ;  as  a  race  of  mules  ;  a 
race  of  horses  ;  a  race  of  sheep. 

Chapman. 
Of  such  a  race  no  matter  who  is  king. 

Murphy. 

4.  A  root;  as  roce-ginger,  ginger  in  the  root 
or  not  pulverized. 

5.  A  particular  strength  or  taste  of  wine  ;  a 
kind  of  tartness.  [Uuery,  does  this  be- 
long to  this  root  or  to  the  following  ?] 

Temple.  Massenger. 
RACE,  n.  [D.  ras;  Sw.  resa,  to  go;  Dan. 
rejse,  a  going  or  course  ;  L.  gradior, 
gressus,  with  the  prefi.x  g;  Ir.  ratha,  a 
running  ;  reathaiii,  to  run  ;  VV.  graz,  a 
step,  from  rhaz,  a  going  ;  allied  to  W.  rhed, 
a  race  ;  rhedu,  to  run,  to  race  ;  allied  to 
Eng.  ride.     See  Class  Rd.  No  5.  and  9.] 

1.  A  running  ;  a  rapid  course  or  motion, 
either  on  the  feet,  on  horseback  or  in  a 
carriage,  &c. ;  particularly,  a  contest  in 
running  ;  a  running  in  competition  for  a 
prize. 

The  race  was  one  of  the  exercises  of  the  Gre- 
cian games.  Eiicyc. 
1  wield  the  gauntlet  and  1  run  the  race. 

Pope. 

2.  Any  running  with  speed. 

The  flight  of  many  birds    is  swifter  than  tile 
race  of  any  beast.  Bacon. 

3.  A  progress  :  a  course  ;  a  movement 
or  progression  of  any  kind. 

My  race  of  glory  run.  Pope 

Let  us  run  with  patience  the  race  that  is  set 
before  us.     Heb.  xii. 

4.  Course  ;  train  ;  process ;  as  the  prosecu- 
tion and  race  of  the  war.     [Not  now  used.] 

Bacon. 

5.  A  strong  or  rapid  current  of  water,  or  the 
channel  or  passage  for  such  a  current ;  as 
a  mill-race. 

G.  By  way  of  distinction,  a  contest  in  the  rnn- 
niug  of  horses;  generally  in  the  plural. 
The  races  commence  in  October. 

RACE,  v.i.  To  run  swiftly  ;  to  run  or  con- 
tend in  rimning.  The  animals  raced  over 
the  ground. 

RACE-GlN'liER,  n.  Ginger  in  the  root  or 
not  pidverized. 

RA'CE-HORSE,  n.  A  horse  bred  or  kept 
for  running  in  contest ;  a  horse  that  runs 
in  competition.  Addison. 

RACEM.\'TION,  ii.  [L.  racemus,  acluste 

1.  A  cluster,  as  of  grapes.  Brown. 

2.  The  cultivation  of  clusters  of  grapes. 

Burnel. 

R.AC'EME,  n.  [L.  racemus,  a  bunch  of  ber- 
ries.] 

In  botany,  a  species  of  inflorescence,  con- 
sisting of  a  peduncle  with  short  lateral 
branches.  It  is  simple  or  compound,  na- 
ked or  leafy,  &c.  Murtyn 


RACEMIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  racemus,  a  clus- 
ter, and 7'ero,  to  bear.] 
Bearing  racemes  or  clusters  ;  as  the   race- 

miferous  fig-tree.  Asiat.  Res. 

RAC'EMOUS,  a.    Growing   in  racemes  or 

clusters.  Encyc. 

RA'CER,  n.    [from   race]  A   runner;    one 

that  contends  in  a  race. 

And  bade  the  nimblest  racer  seize  the  prize. 

Pope. 
RA€H,  n.  [Sax.  ra:cc ;  D.  brak  ;  Fr.  bratpic] 

A  setting  dog. 
RA'CINEisS,    n.    [See  Racy.}    The  quality 

of  being  racy. 
RACK,  n.    [U.  rek,  rack,  stretch  ;  rekker,  to 

stretch  ;  Sax.  racan,  rcecan,  Eng.  to  reach  ; 

G.   recken,  to  stretch  ;    reckbank,   a   rack. 

See  Reach  and  Break.     Class  Rg.  No.  18. 

31.  33.] 

1.  An  engine  of  torture,  used  for  extorting 
confessions  from  criminals  or  suspectted 
persons.  The  rack  is  entirely  unknowti 
in  free  countries. 

2.  Torture  ;  extreme  i)ain  ;  anguish. 
.\  fit  of  tlie  stone  puts  a  king  to  the  rack  and 

makes  liiin  as  miserable  as  it  does  the  meanest 
subject.  Temple. 

3.  Any  instrument  for  stretching  or  extend- 
ing any  thing;  as  a  rack  lor  bending  a 
bow.  Temple. 

4.  A  grate  on  wlilcli  bacon  is  laid. 

5.  A  wooden  frame  of  open  work  in  which 
hay  is  laid  for  horses  and  cattle  for  feed- 
ing. 

C.  The  frame  of  bones  of  an  animal;  a  skel- 
eton.    We  say,  ii  rack  of  bones. 
7.  A  frame  of  timber  on  a  ship's  bowsprit. 

Mar.  Diet. 

RACK,    n.     [Sax.   hracca.   the   neck  ;    Gr. 

pa;tts,    the  spine  ;  W.   rhac ;  D.   kraag,  G. 

kriigen,    Sw.    Dan.  krage,    a    collar  ;    Old 

Eng.  critg.\ 

The  neck  and  spine  of  a  forequfirter  of  veal 

or  mutton. 
[The  two  foregoing  words  are  doubtless  from 

one  original.] 
R.ACK,  n.  [Sax.  rec,  steam  ;  recnn,  to  ex- 
hale ;  D.  rook,  rooken  ;  G.  rauch,  rauchen  ; 
Sw.  rok.  roka  ;  Dan.  rog,  roger.  See 
Reck.] 
Properly,  vapor;  hence,  thin  flying  broken 
clouds,  or  any  portion  of  floating  vapor  in 
the  sky. 

The  winds  in  tlie  upper  region,  which  move 
the  clouds  above,  which  we  cull  the  rack — 

Bacon. 
The  great  globe  itself, 
Yea,  all  which  it  inherit,  shall  dissolve. 
And,  like  tliis  unsubstantial  pageant,  faded. 
Leave  not  a  rack  behind.  Shak. 

It  is  disputed  however,  whether  rack  in 
this  passage  should  not  be  wreck. 
RACK,  n.  [i\>r  arrack.  Sec  Arrack.]  Among 
the  Tartars,  a  spirituous  liquor  made  of 
mare's  milk  which  has  become  sotu-  and 
is  then  distilled.  Encyc. 

RACK,  V.  i.  [Sax.   rfcau.     See  the  Noun.] 
1.  Properly,   to   steam  :   to   rise,   as    vapor. 

[See  Reek,  which  is  the  word  used.] 
i.  To  fly.  as  vapor  or  broken  clouds.  Shak. 
RACK,  V.  t.  [from  the  noun.]  To  torture; 
to  stretch  or  strain  on  the  rack  or  wheel ; 
as,  to  rack  a  criminal  or  suspected  ])cison, 
to  extort  a  confession  of  his  guilt,  or  com- 
pel him  to  betray  his  accomplices. 

Dryden. 


2.  To  torment;  to  torture;  to  affect  with 
extretne  pain  or  anguish  ;  as  racked  with 
deep  despair.  Milton. 

3.  To  harass  by  exaction. 
The  landlords   thcie    shamefully  rack  their 

tenants.  Spenser. 

4.  To  stretch  ;  to  strain  vehemently  ;  to 
wrest ;  as,  to  rack  and  stretch  Scripture  ; 
to  rack  invention.         Hooker.     Walerland. 

The  wisest  among  the  heathens  racked  their 
nits —  Tiilotson. 

5.  To  stretch  ;  to  extend.  ShaJc. 

RACK,  V.  t.  [Ar.    o L,    rauka,  to  clear,  to 

strain.     Class  Rg.  No.  8.] 

To  draw  oflf  from  the  lees  ;  to  draw  off,  as 
pure  liquor  from  its  sediment ;  as.  to  rack 
cider  or  wine  ;  to  rack  off  liquor. 

Bacon. 

RACK'ED,/*/?.  Tortured  ;  tormented ;  strain- 
ed to  the  utmost. 

2.  Drawn  ort,  as  liquor. 

RACK'ER,  n.  One  that  tortures  or  tor- 
ments;  one  that  racks. 

RACK'KT,  n.  iTIiis  word  belongs  to  the 
root  q{  crack,  Fr.  craquer.     See  Roiket.] 

1.  .\  cmifused,  clattering  noise,  less  loud 
than  uproar  ;  applied  to  the  confused 
sounds  of  animal  voices,  or  such  voices 
mixed  with  other  sound.  We  say,  the 
children  make  a  racket ;  the  racket  of  a 
flock  of  fowls. 

2.  Clamor  ;  noisy  talk.  Sivifl. 
RACK'ET,  V.  i.  To  make  a  confused  noise 
I  or  clamor  ;  to  frolii-k.  Gray. 
RACK'ET,  H.  [Fr.   raijuette  ;  Sp.   raqueta ; 

G.  racket:   D.  rakct.] 
Tlie  inslrimieni  with  which  players  at  tennis 

strike  the  ball.  Shak.     Digby. 

RACK'ET,  t>.  t.  To  strike  as  with  a  racket. 

Hrwyt. 
R.VCK'ETY,     a.      Making    a    tumultuous 

noise. 
RACK'ING,    ppr.    Torturing;  tormenting; 

strunune  :  drawing  ofl^ 

1.  a.  Tormenting  ;  excruciating;  as  a  rack- 
ing |i;iin. 

R.XCK'ING,  n.  Torture;  a  stretching  on 
tlie  r:ick. 

2.  Tnrnient  of  the  mind;  anguish;  as  the 
7-ackings  of  consi-ience. 

3.  Tlie  act  of  stretching  cloth  on  a  frame 
for  (lr\  ing. 

4.  The  act  of  drawing  from  the  sediment,  as 
liquors. 

RACKING-PACE,  n.  The  racking-pace 
of  a  horse  is  an  amiile,  but  with  a  quicker 
and  shorter  tread.  Far.  Diet. 

RACK'-RENT,  n.  An  annual  rent  of  the 
full  value  of  the  tenement  or  near  it. 

Blackstone. 

RACK'-RENTKD,  a.  Subjected  to  the  pay- 
ment orrack-ient.  Franklin. 

RACK'-RENTER,  n.  One  that  is  subject- 
ed to  pay  rack-rent.  Locke. 

RACOON',  ji.  An  American  quadruped  of 
the  genus  L'rsus.  It  is  somewhat  larger 
than  a  fox,  and  its  fur  is  deemed  valuable, 
next  to  that  of  the  beaver.  This  animal 
lodges  in  a  hollow  tree,  feeds  on  vegeta- 
bles, and  its  flesh  is  iiahitabic  food.  It  in- 
habits North  America  troni  (Canada  to  the 
tropics.  Belknap.     Diet.  A'at.  Hist. 

RA'CY,  a.  [This  word,  il'tlie  sense  of  it  is 
strong,  vigorous,  would  seem  to  belong  to 


RAD 


RAD 


RAF 


the  family  of  Sax.  hras,   force ;  rauan,  to 

rush.     But  the  application  of  it  by  Cow- 
ley ill  the  passage  below,  seems    to   iriili- 

cate  its  c-oiiiiection  with  the  Sp.  Port,  raiz, 

root,  L.  radix.] 
Strong ;  Uuvorous  ;  tasting   of  the   soil  ;  as 

racy  cider  ;  raxy  wine.  Johnson. 

Rich  racy  verses,  in  which  we 

The  soil  I'mm  which  thcv  come,  taste,  smell 

and  sec.  Cuwhif. 

RAD,  \.Ua  old  uret.  oi read.  Sptnser 

RAU,  RED,  ROD,  an    initial  or    teniinia 

ting  syllable  in  names,  is  the  D.  raaU,  (J.  R.\'Dl.V'rED, 

rath,  counsel ;  as  in  Conrad,  powerful   in 

counsel ;  Ethelred,  noble  counsel. 
RAD'DLE,  V.  I.  [probably  li-om  Sa.v.  wned, 

terad  or  wrath,  a  band  or  wrealli,  or  from 

the  same  root.] 
To  twist ;  to  wind  together.     [AV  in  vse.] 

Defoe. 
RAD'DLE,  n.  [supra.]    A   long  stick  used 

in   hedging;  also,  a  hedge   formed   by  in- j     brightness. 

terweaving   tlie  shoots    and    branches    of 

trees  or  shrubs.  Todd. 

[I  believe  the  two  foregoing  words  are 

not  useil  ill  the  United  States,  and  proba- 
bly they  are  local.] 
R.AD'DOCK,  /       [from  red,  ruddy,    which 
RUDDOCK,  S""  see.]     A    bird,    the    red- 
breast. Shak. 
RA'DI.\L,  a.   [from  L.  radius,  a  ray,  a  rod 

a  spoke.     Sec  Radius  and  Ray.] 
Pertaining  to  the  radius  or  to  the   fore  arm 

of  the  human   body  ;  as  the  radial  artery 

or  nerve.  Rush 

The  radial  muscles  are  two  muscles  of 

the   fore  arm,  one  of  which    bends   the 

wrist,  the  other  extends  it. 

Encyc.     Parr. 

Radial  curves,  in  geometry,  curves  of  the 
spiral  kind,  whose  ordinates  all  terminate 
ill  the  center  of  the  inchiding  circle,  and 
appear  like  so  many  semidiuineters. 

Bailey. 
RA'DIANCE,  I  [L.  radians,  radio,  to 
RA'DIANCY,  ^  "'     beam     or    shoot    rays 

See  Radius  and  R'ly.] 
Properly,  brightness    shooting    in    rays   orj 
beams  ;    hence    in    geiioial,    brilliant    or 
sparkling  luster ;  vivid  brigiitncss;  as  the 
radiance  of  the  sun. 
The  Son 
Girt     with     oninipolence,     with     radiance, 

crownM 
Of  majesty  di\iiie  Milton.' 

RA'DIAXT.  a.  rebooting  or  darting  rays  of 
light;  beaming  with  brightness;  emitting 
a  vivid  light  or  splendor;  as  the  rat/i'oni 
sun. 


RA'DIATE,  V.  t.  To  enlighten  ;  to  ilUmiin-| 
ate;  to  sheil  light  or  brightness  on.  [Us-' 
ually  irradiate.]  Hewyl.\ 

RA'DIATE,  a.  In  botany,  a  rayed  or  radiate 
corol  or  tlower,  is  a  compound  Hower  con- 
sisting of  a  disk,  in  which  the  corollets  or 
llorets  are  tubular  and  regular,  and  of  a 
ray,  in  which  the  florets  are  irregular. 

Martyn 

Or  a  flower  with  several  semiflosculous 

I     florets  set  round  a  disk  in  form  of  a  radi 

ant  star.  Encyc. 

pp.   Adorned   with  rays  of 

light.  Addison. 

2.  Having  crystals  diverging  from  a  center. 

Mineralogy. 

RA'DIATING,  ppr.  Darting  rays  of  light  ; 
enlightening ;  as  the  radiating  point  in 
optics. 

RADIA'TION,  n.  [L.  radiatio.]  The  emis- 
sion and  diffusion  of  rays  of  light ;  beamy 


Bacon. 


i.  The  shooting  of  any  thing  from  a  center, 

liki,'  the  diverging  rays  of  liglit. 
RAD'1C.\L,  a.  [Kr.  from  L.  radicalis,  from 

radix,  root.     See  Race  and  Ray. 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  root  or  origin  ;  original ; 
fundamental  ;  as  a  radical  truth  or  error; 
a  radical  evil  ;  a  radical  difference  of  opin- 
ions or  systems. 

2.  Iiiiplaiited  by  nature;  native;  constitu- 
tional ;  as  the  radical  moisture  of  a  boily. 

Bacon. 

3.  Primitive ;  original  ;  underived  ;  uncoin- 
pounded  ;  as  a  radical  word. 

4.  Serving  to  origination. 
.5.  In  botany,    proceeding   immediately  from 

the  root ;  as  a  radical  leaf  or  pedum-le. 

Martyn. 

RAD'ICAL,  )!.  Ill  philology,  a  iirimitivp 
word  ;  a  radix,  root,  or  simple  underived 
iincompotinded  word. 

2.  A  primitive  letter  ;  a  letter  tliat  belongs 
to  the  railix. 

;J.  In  chimistry,  an  element,  or  a  simple  con- 
stitneut  part  of  a  substance,  which  is  inca- 
pable of  decomposition.  Parke. 
Tiiat  which  constitutes  the  distinguish- 
ing part  of  an  acid,  by  its  union  with  oxy- 
gen.                              '  Vre. 

Compound  radical,  is  the  base  of  an  acid 
composed  of  two  or  more  substances. 
Thus  a  vegetable  acid  having  a  radical 
compose. I  of  hydrogen  and  carbon,  is  said 
to  be  an  acid  with  a  compound  radical. 

Radical    (juantities,    in    algebra,    quantities 


,RAD'I€ALNESS,  n.    The  state  of  being 

radical  or  tundamcntal. 
RAD'ICANT,  a.  [L.  radicans.]     In  botany, 

rooting  ;  as  a  radicant  stem  or  leat". 

Lee.    Martyn. 
RADICATE,    V.  t.    [L.   rculicalus,   radicor, 

from  radix,  root.] 
To  root ;  to  plant  deeply  and  firmly  ;  as  radi- 
[     cated  opinions  ;  radicated  knowleilge. 
I  ClunvUte. 

Meditation  will  radicate  these  seeds — 
I  Hammond. 

RAD'ICATE,     I  r.       1       ,     .    1 

RAD  ICATED,  \PP-  "'  "■  ^^"^^^  P'^n'ed. 

— Prejudices  of  a  whole  race  of  people  radica- 
ted by  a  succession  of  ages.  Burke. 

RADICA'TION,  n.  [from  radicate.]  The 
process  of  laking  root  deeply  ;  as  the  rad- 
ication  of  habits. 

2.  In  botany,  the  disposition  of  the  root  of  a 
plant  with  respect  to  the  ascending  and 
df'sceiuling  caude.x  and  the  radicles. 

Lee. 

RAD'ICLE,  n.    [L.   radicula,  from   radix.] 

1.  That  part  of  the  seed  of  a  plant  which 
upon  Vegetating  becomes  the  root. 

£nci/c. 

i2.  The  fibrous  part  of  a  root,  by  which  the 
stock  or  main  body  of  it  is  terminateil. 

Martyn. 

RADIOM'ETER,   n.   [L.  radius,  rod,  and 

Gr.  fttrpov,  measure.] 
The  forestaff,  an  instrument  for  taking  the 

altituiles  of  celestial  bodies.  Ash. 

RADISH,  71.    [Sax.   ra:dic :    D.   radys  ;  G. 

radiess  ;    Corn,  rydhik  ;    Ir.    raidis  ;    W. 

rimzygyl,  from  rhuzyg,  red.     See   Ruddy.] 
A  plant  of  the  gemis  Raplianus,  the  root  of 

which  is   eaten    raw.     Horse-radish    is    of 

the  genus  Coclilearia.     ffater-radish  is  of 

the  genus  Sisymbrium. 
RADIUS,  n.  [L.  id.  a  ray,  a  rod,  a  beam,  a 

spoke,  that  is,   a  shoot ;  radio,    to  shine, 

that  is,  to  dart  beams.     See  Ray] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  right  line  drawn  or  cxtend- 
1  ing  from  the  center  of  a  circle  to  the 
[     jicrijihery,  and  hence  the  semidiameter  of 

tlie  circle.     In  irigonoinotry,  the  radius  is 
the  whole  sine,  or  sine  of  0U°. 

2.  In  anatomy,  the  exterior  bone  of  the  fore 
arm,  descending  along  uitii  the  ulna  from 
the  elbow  to  the  wrist. 

3.  In  botany,  a  ray  ;  the  outer  part  or  cir- 
cumference of  a  compound  radiate  flow- 
er, or  radiated  discous  flower.         Martyn. 


Mark  what  radiant  state  she  spreads. 

MiUon. 
Radiant  in  glittering  arms  and  beamy  i)ride. 

Jfittim. 

RA'DIANT,  »!.  In  optics,  the  himinoiis 
point  or  object  from  which  light  emanates, 
that  falls  on  a  mirror  or  huis. 

RA'DIANTLY,  adv.  With  beaming  bright- 
ness ;  with  glittering  splendor. 

RA'DIATE,  V.  i.  [L.  radio.  See  Ray.]  To 
issue  in  rays,  as  light ;  to  dart,  as  beamsi 
of  brightness  ;  to  shine. 

Li!;lil  radiates  from  luminous  bodies  directly 
to  our  eyes.  Locke 

2.  To  issue  and  proceed  in  direct  lines  from 
a  point. 


whose  roots  iiiay  be  accurately  expressed^  RADIX,  n.    [L.  a  root.]     In  etymology,  a 

other 


in  nnmhers.  The  term  is  soiiietinies  ex- 
tended to  all  quantities  under  the  radical 
sign. 

Radical  sign,  the  sign  -y/  placed  before  any 
quantity,  denoting  that  its  root  is  to  be 
extracted  ;  thus,  v^a  or  v'«+*- 

Encyc.     Bniley. 

RADICAL'ITY,  n.  Origination.        Brown. 

2.  .A  being  radical;  a  quantity  which  has 
relation  to  a  root.  Bailey. 

R.\D'ICALLY,  adv.  Originally  ;  at  the  or- 
igin or  root;  fundamentally;  as  a  scheme 
or  system  radically  wrong  or  defective. 

2.  Primitively;  essentially  ;  originally  ;  with- 
out derivation. 

These  great  orbs  thus  radically  bright. 

Prior. 


spring 


(uimilive  word  from  wliich 
words. 

2.  In  logarithms,  the  base  of  any  -system 
of  logarithms,  or  that  nnniber  whose  log- 
arithm is  unity.  Tims  in  Briggs',  or  the 
comnion  system  of  loffarithins,  the  radix 
is  10;  in  ■  Napier's,  it  is  2.7102818284. 
.All  other  numbers  are  considered  as  some 
powers  or  roots  of  the  radix,  the  expo- 
nents of  which  powei-sor  roots,  constitute 
the  logarithms  of  those  numbers  respect- 
ively. 

.3.  In  algebra,  radix  sometimes  denotes  the 
root  of  a  finite  expression,  from  which  a 
series  is  derived.  Hutton. 

R'AFF,  V.  t.  [G.  raffen,  to  sweep,  to  seize 
or  snatch.     It  seems  to  be  from  the  root  of 


RAF 


RAG 


R  A  I 


Sax.  reqfian,  L.  rapio  ;  Ch.  Syr.  Heb.  tjlj. 


Ar. 


'^"^ 


jarafa,  to  sweep  away  ;  Persic 


^jxij  roftan,  id.] 

To  sweep ;  to  snatch,  draw  or  huddle  to- 
gether; to  take  by  a  promiscuous  sweep. 
Obs. 

Their  causes  and  effects  I  thus  raff  up  to- 
gether. Carew. 

R'AFF,  n.  The  sweepings  of  society  ;  the 
rabble  ;  the  mob  \colhi.vies.'\  This  is  used 
chiefly  in  the  compound  or  duphcate,  riff- 

raff.     [Pers.    y^i  .     roftah,  L.  (^HHsguiVro', 

sweepings.] 

2.  A  promiscuous  lieap  or  collection  ;  a  jum- 
ble. Barrow. 

RAF'FLE,  V.  i.  [Fr.  rafler,  to  sweep  away, 
to  sweep  stakes  ;  D.  ryffekn  ;  Sp.  rifar,  to 
raffle,  and  to  strive,  to  quarrel,  to  dispute, 
and  to  rive,  to  split  a  sail ;  Port,  rifa,  a  set 
of  cards  of  the  same  color,  and  a  raffle  or 
raffling,  also  a  craggy  or  steep  place ;  ri- 
far, to  neigh,  as  a  mettlesome  horse ;  prob- 
ably from  riving,  opening  with  a  burst  ofi 
sound,  or  as  we  say,  to  rip  out  (an  oath.)| 
The  Sp.  rifar,  to  strive,  is  precisely  the 
Heb.  3n,  to  strive  ;  Syr.  to  make  a  tumult 
or  clamor ;  all  from   driving  or  violence. 

O   --    O  .5 

See  Class  Rb.  No.  4.  12.  19.  Pers.       rj^ 

roftan,  to  sweep,  to  clean  the  teeth.     See 
Raff.] 

To  cast  dice  for  a  prize,  for  which  each  per- 
son concerned  in  the  game  lays  down  a 
stake,  or  hazards  a  part  of  the  value  ;  as, 
to  raffte  for  a  watch. 

RAF'FLE,  n.  A  game  of  chance,  or  lottery 
in  which  several  persons  deposit  a  part  of 
the  value  of  the  thing,  in  consideration  of 
the  chance  of  gaining  it.  The  successful 
thrower  of  the  dice  takes  or  sweeps  the 
whole. 

RAF'FLER,  n.  One  who  raffles. 

RAF'FLING,  ppr.  The  act  of  throwing  dice 
for  a  prize  staked  by  a  number. 

R'AFT,  It.  [In  Dan.  rajl  is  a  rack  for  hay; 
in  Sax.  reafian  is  the  L.  rapio  ;  qu.  from 
floating,  sweeping  along,  or  Gr.  pojiru,  to 
sew,  that  is,  to  fasten  together,  and  allied 
to  reeve  ;  or  Gr.  fpf(j)io,  whence  opof);,  a 
flooring.     [See  Rafter  and  Roof] 

An  assemblage  of  boards,  planks  or  pieces 
of  timber  fastened  together  horizontally 
and  floated  down  a  stream  ;  a  float. 

Shah.     Pope. 

R'AFT,  pp.  [Sax.  reaf  an,  to  se\ze,L.  rapio 
hereof  an,  to  snatch  away,  to  bereave.] 

Torn  ;  rent ;  severed.     06*.  Spenser 

R'AFTER,  n.  [Sax.  nefter ;  Gr.  f,«$io.  to 
cover;  opofrj,  a  roof;  Russ.  strop,  a  roof] 

A  roof  timber ;  a  piece  of  timber  that  ex- 
tends from  the  plate  of  a  building  to  the 
ridge  and  serves  to  support  the  covering 
of  the  roof  Milton.     Pope. 

RAFTERED,  a.  Built  or  furnished  with 
rafters. 

R'AFTY,  o.  Damp;  musty.     [Local.] 

Robinson 

RAG,  71.  [^ax.  hrnmtl,tnrn, ragged;  racian, 
to  rake  ;  Dan.  rager,  to  rake  ;  ragerie,  old 
clothes ;  Sw.  raka,  to  shave  ;  ragg,  rougl 


hair;  Gr.  paxoj,  a  torn  garment;  poxou,  to 
tear ;  payaj,  a  rupture,  a  rock,  a  crag ; 
payou,  to  tear  asunder ;  W.  rhwygaw,  to 
rend ;  Arm.  roga,  id.  The  Spanish  has 
the  word  in  the  compounds  andrajo,  a  rag,j 
andrajoso,  ragged ;  It.   straccio,  a  rent,  a 


rag; 


racciare,    to     tear ; 


Ar. 


charaka  or  garaka,  to  tear.  Class  Rg.  No 
34.] 

1.  Any  piece  of  cloth  torn  from  the  rest ;  a 
tattered  cloth,  torn  or  worn  till  its  tex- 
ture is  destroyed.  Linen  and  cotton  rags 
are  the  chief  materials  of  paper. 

2.  Garments  worn  out  ;  proverbially,  mean 
dress. 

Drowsiness    shall  clothe  a  man   with  rags. 
Prov.  xxiii. 

And  virtue,  though  in  rags,  will   keep  ine 
warm.  Dri/den. 

3.  A  fragment  of  dress.  Hudibras. 
RAG,  II.  /.  [Qu.  Sax.   wregian,  to   accuse  ; 

or  from  the  root  of  cage.     The  sense  is  to 
break  or  burst  forth.] 

To  scold  ;  to  rail.     [Local.]  Pegge. 

RAGAiVIUF'FIN,  n.  [Qu.  rag  and  Sp.  mo- 
far,  to  mock,  or  It.  muffo,  musty.] 

A  paltry  fellow  ;  a  mean  wretch.  Sioift. 

RAG'-BOLT,  n.  An  iron  pin  with  barbs  on 
its  shank  to  retain  it  in  its  place. 

Mar.  Diet. 

RAGE,  n.  [Fr.  rage,  whence  enrager,  to  en- 
rage ;  Corn,  arraich ;  Arm.  arragi,  arra- 
gein,  to  enrage.  This  belongs  to  the  fam- 
ily of  Rg,  to  break  or  burst  forth.  See 
Rag.  Perhaps  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  p-tn,  to 
grind  or  gnash  the  teeth  ;  in  Ar.  to  bm-n, 
to  break,  to  crack,  to  grind  t!ie  teeth,  to  be 
angry.  The  radical  sense  of  burn  is  in 
many  cases  to  rage  or  be  violent.  Class 
Rg.  No.  34.] 

1.  Violent  anger  accompanied  with  furious 
words,  gestures  or  agitation ;  anger  ex- 
cited to  fury.  Passion  sometimes  rises  to 
rage. 

Torment  and  loud  lament  and  furious  rage. 

Milton. 

2.  Vehemence    or   violent   exacerbation  of] 
anything  painful;  as  the   rage   of  pain 
the  rage  of  a  fever  ;  the  rage  of  hunger  o 
thirst.  Pope. 

.3.  Fury;  extreme  violence  ;  as  the  rage  of  a 
tempest. 

4.  Enthusiasm ;  rapture. 
Who  brought  green  poesy  to  her  perfect  age. 
Anil  made  that  art  which  was  a  rage. 

Cowley 

5.  Extreme  eagerness  or  passion  directed  to 
some  object ;  as  the  rage  for  money. 

You  purchase  pain  with  all  that  joy  can  give. 
And  die  of  nothing  but  a  rage  to  live. 

Pope 

RAGE,  V.  i.  To  be  furious  with  anger ;  to 
be  exasperated  to  fury ;  to  be  violently 
agitated  with  passion. 

At  this  he  inly  rag'd.  Milton 

2.  To  be  violent  and  tumultuous. 
Why  do  the  heathen  rage?     Ps.  ii. 

3.  To  be  violently  driven  or  agitated;  as  the 
raging  sea  or  winds. 

4.  To  ravage;  to  prevail  without  restraint 
or  with  fatal  effect ;  as,  the  ])lague  rages 
in  Cairo. 

5.  To  be  driven  with  impetuosity ;  to  act  or 
move  furiously. 


The  chariots  shall  rage  in  the  stieets. 
brazen 


Nab, 


The   madding   wheels  of 
rag'd. 
To  toy  wantonly ;  to  sport. 


chariots 

Milton. 

[J^ot  in  use.] 

Gower. 

RA'CiEFUL,  a.    Full  of  rage ;  violent;  fu- 
rious. Sidney.     Hammond. 
RA'GERY,  n.  Wantonness.     [JVot  used.] 

Chaucer. 

RAGG,  n.  Rowley  ragg,  a  species  of  silicious 
stone,  of  a  dusky  or  dark  gray  color,  with 
shining  crystals,  of  a  granular  texture, 
and  by  exposure  to  the  air  acquiring  an 
ochery  crust.  Eneyc. 

RAG'GED,  a.  [from  rag.]  Rent  or  worn 
into  tatters,  or  till  its  texture  is  broken  ; 
as  a  ragged  coat ;  a  ragged  sail. 

Jlrbuthnot. 

2.  Broken  with  rough  edges ;  uneven ;  as  a 
ragged  rock. 

3.  Having  the  appearance  of  being  broken 
or  torn  ;  jagged  ;  rough  with  sharp  or  ir- 
regular points. 

The    moon    appears,     when     looked    upon 
through  a  good  glass,  rude  and  ragged. 

Burnet. 

4.  Wearing  tattered  clothes;  as  a  ragged 
fellow. 

Rough  ;  rugged. 
What  shepherd  owns  those  ragged  sheep  ? 

Drydert. 

RAG'GEDNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
dressed  in  tattered  clothes. 

2.  The  state  of  being  rough  or  broken  irreg- 
ularly ;  as  the  raggedness  of  a  cliff. 

RA'GiNG,  ppr.  [from  rage.]  Acting  with 
violence  or  fury. 

2.  a.  Furious ;  impetuous ;  vehemently 
driven  or  agitated  ;  as  the  raging  sea  or 
tempest. 

RA'GING,  n.  Fury ;  violence  ;  impetuosity, 
.lonah  i. 

RA'GINGLY,  adv.  With  fury;  with  vio- 
lent impetuosity.  Hall. 

RAG'MAN,  n.  A  man  who  collects  or  deals 
in  rags,  the  materials  of  paper. 

Rawlinson. 

RAGMAN'S-ROLL,  n.  A  roH  or  register 
of  the  value  of  benefices  in  Scotland,  made 
by  Ragimund,  a  legate  of  the  pope,  ac- 
cording to  which  the  clergy  were  al'ter- 
wards  taxed  by  the  court  of  Rome.  [See 
Rigmarole.]  Encyc. 

RAGOO',      }       [Fr.  ragout ;  Arm.  ragoud.] 

RAGOUT,  )  '  A  sauce  or  seasoning  for 
exciting  a  languid  appetite ;  or  a  high 
seasoned  dish,  prepared  with  fish,  flesh, 
greens  and  the  like,  stewed  with  salt,  pep- 
per, cloves,  &c.  Encyc. 

RAG'STONE,  «.  A  stone  of  the  silicious 
kind,  so  named  from  its  rough  fracture. 
It  is  of  a  gray  color,  the  texture  obscurely 
lamiiuu-  or  rather  fibrous,  the  lamins  con- 
.sistingof  a  congeriesof  grainsof  a  quartzy 
appearance,  coarse  and  rough.  It  effer- 
vesces with  acids,  and  gives  fire  with 
steel.  It  is  used  for  a  whetstone  without 
oil  or  water,  for  sharpening  coar.^e  cutting 
tools.  Encyc.     J\icholson. 

RAG'WORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Se- 
iierio. 

RAIL,  n.  [G.  ricgel,  rail,  bolt  or  bar;  W. 
rhail.] 

I .  A  cross  beam  fixed  at  the  ends  in  two  up- 
right posts.  Moxon. 


R  A  I 


R  A  1 


R  A  I 


[In  New  England,  this  is  never  called  a 
heam  ;  pieces  oftiniher  of  tlie  proper  size 
for  rails  are  called  scnntiing.] 

2.  In  the  United  Slates,  a  piece  of  timber 
cleft,  hewed  or  sawed,  rc)Uj,'li  or  stnooth, 
inserted  in  upright  posts  for  ll-ncing.  The 
common  rails  among  farmers,  are  rough, 
being  used  as  they  are  split  frorii  the  chest- 
nut or  other  trees.  The  rails  used  in 
fences  of  hoards  or  pid<eis  round  gentle- 
men's houses  and  gardens,  are  usually 
sawed  scantling  and  often  dressed  with 
the  plane. 

3.  A  bar  of  wood  or  iron  used  for  inclosing 
any  place ;  the  piece  into  which  hallusters 
are  inserted. 

4.  A  series  of  posts  connected  with  cross 
beams,  by  which  a  place  is  inclosed. 

Johnson. 
In  New  England  we  never  call  this  se- 
ries a  rail,  hut  hy  the  general  term  railins;. 
In  a  picket  fence,  the  |)ales  or  pickets  rise 
above  the  rails;  in  a  balhislrade,  or  fence 
resembling  it,  the  hallusters  usually  ter- 
minate in  the  rails. 

5.  In  a  ship,  a  narrow  plank  nailed  for  orna- 
ment or  security  on  a  ship's  ujiper  works; 
also,  a  curved  piece  of  timber  extending 
from  the  bows  of  a  ship  to  the  continua 
tionof  its  stern,  to  support  the  knee  of  the 
head,  &c.  Mar.  Did 

RAIL,  ?!.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Rallus,  con- 
sisting of  many  species.  The  water  rail 
has  a  long  slender  body  with  short  con- 
cave wings.  The  birds  of  this  genus  in- 
habit the  slimy  margins  of  rivers  and 
ponds  covered  with  marsh  plants. 

Encyc. 

RAIL,  n.  [Sax.  hratgle,  ragle,  from  wrigan, 
to  put  on  or  cover,  to  rig.\ 

A  woman's  upper  garment  ;  retained  in  the 
word  nightrail,  but  not  used  in  the  United 
States. 

RAIL,  V.  t.  To  inclose  with  rails. 

Carew.     Spectator. 

2.  To  range  in  a  line.  Bacon. 

RAIL,  V.  i.  [D.  rallen,  to  jabber;  Sp.  ral 
lar,  to  grate,  to  molest ;  Port,  ralhar,  to 
swagger,  to  hector,  to  hufl',  to  scold.  Thi? 
corresponds  nearly  with  the  G.  prahten. 
which  may  he  the  same  word  with  a  pre- 
fix, Eng.  to  brawl,  Fr.  brailUr;  Sw.  ralla. 
to  prate ;  Fr.  railler,  to  rally.  In  Dan. 
rfn'Her  signifies  to  drill  and  to  banter.] 

To  utter  rejiroaches  ;  to  scoft';  to  use  inso- 
lent and  reproachful  language;  to  re- 
proach or  censure  in  opprobrious  terms; 
ibllowed  by  at  or  against,  formerly  by  on. 

Shnk 
And  rail  at  arts  he  did  not  understand. 

Dry  den 
Lesbia  forever  oji  nie  rails.  Swijl 

RAIL-BIRD,  n.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Cucu- 
his.  Encyc. 

RA'ILER,  n.  One  who  scoffs,  insults,  cen- 
sures or  reproaches  with  ojiprobrious  lan- 
guage. South.     Thomsoji. 

RA'ILING,  ppr.  Clamoring  with  insulting 
language  ;  uttering  reproachful  words. 

2.  a.  Expressing  reproach;  insulting;  as  a 
roj/ino"  accusation.     2  Pet.  ii. 

RA'ILING,  n.  Reproachful  or  insolentlan 
guage.     1  Pet.  iii. 

RA'ILING,  ppr.  Inclosing  with  rails. 

RA'ILING,  n.  A  series  of  rails;  a  fence. 


2.   Rails   in  general ;   or  the  scantling  for 

rails. 
RAILINGLY,   adv.    With   scoffing  or   in- 
sulting language. 
RA'ILLLRY,    n.    [Fr.   raillerie.]     Banter 
jesting   language  ;   good   humored  pleas- 
antry or  slight  satire  ;  satirical  merriment. 
Let  raillery  be  without  malice  or  heal. 

B.  Jonson. 
— Studies  employed  on  low  objects  ;  the  very 
naming   of  them  is  .sufficient  to  turn  them  into 
raillery.  .Addison. 

RA'ILLEUR,  n.  [Fr.]  Abanterer;  a  jest- 
er ;  a  mocker.     [JVot  English   nor  in  use] 

Sprat. 
jRA'IMENT,  n.  [tor  anayment ;  Norm. ar«- 
er,  to  array  ;  araies,  array,   apparel.     Hee 
Jlrray  anil  Ray.] 

1.  Clothing  in  general ;  vestments;  vesture 
garments.     Gen.  xxiv.     Deut.  viii. 

Living,  both  food  and  raiment  slie  supplies 

JJryden 

2.  A  single  garment.  Sidney. 
[/n  this  sense  it  israrely  used,  and  indeed 

is  improper.] 
RAIN,  t'.  i.  [Sax.   hregnan,  regnan,  renian, 
rinan,   to   rain ;    Goth,   rign,   rain ;    Sax. 
racu,  Cimbric,  raekia,  rain  ;    U.  G.   regtn. 
rain  ;  D.  regenen,  to  rain  ;  Sw.  regn,  rain  ; 
rtgna,  to  rain;  Dan.  regn,  rain;  regner,  to 
rain ;  G.  bcregnen,  to   rain  on.     It  seems 
that  rain  is  contracted   from  regtn.     It  i 
the  Gr.  lipix",  to  rain,  to  water,  which  we 
retain  in  brook,  and  the    Latins,  by  dro| 
ping  the  prefix,  in  rigo,  irrigo,  to  irrigate. 
The  primary  sense  is  to  pour  out,  to  drive 

forth,  Ar.    jjj'jj    baraka,  coinciding  with 

Ilcb.  Ch.  Syr.  -p^.  Class  Brg.  No.  3.] 

1.  To  fall  in  drops  from  the  clouds,  as  wa- 
ter; used  mostly  with  it  for  a  nominative; 
as,  it  rains ;  it  will  rain ;  it  rained,  or  it 
has  rained. 

2.  To  fall  or  drop  like  rain ;  as,  tears  rained 
at  their  eyes.  Milton. 

RAIN,  V.  t.  To  pour  or  shower  down  from 
the  upper  regions,  like  rain  from  the 
clouds. 

Tlicn  said  the  Lord  to  Moses,  l)chold,  I  will 
rain  bread  from  iicaven  for  you.     Ex.  xvi. 

Cod  sliall  cast  the  lury  of  his  vvratli  upon  him 
and  shall  rain  it  upon  him  while  lie  is  eating. 
Job  XX. 

Upon  the  wicked  he  shall  raiji  snares,  fire 
and  brimstone,  and  a  liorrible  tempest.     Ps.  xi 

RAIN,  n.  [Sax.  ragn,  regn,  ren.]  The  de 
scent  of  water  in  ilrops  from  the  cloiuls ; 
or  the  water  thus  falliug.  Rain  is  distin 
guished  from  mist,  by  the  size  of  the 
drops,  which  are  distinctly  visible.  When 
water  falls  in  very  small  drops  or  parti- 
cles, we  call  it  7nlst,  and  fog  is  composed 
of  particles  so  fine  as  to  be  not  only  indis- 
tinguishable, but  to  float  or  be  suspended 
in  the  air. 

RA'INBAT,  a.  Beaten  or  injured  by  the 
rain.     [J\'ot  used.]  Hall. 

RA'INBOW,  ?!.  A  bow,  or  an  arch  of  a 
circle,  consisting  of  all  the  colors  formed 
by  the  refraction  and  reflection  of  rays  of 
light  from  drops  of  rain  or  vapor,  appear- 
ing in  the  part  of  the  hemisphere  opposite 
to  the  sun.  When  the  sun  is  at  the  hori- 
zon, the  rainbow  is  a  semicircle.  The 
rainbow  is  called  also  iris.  .Vewj/on 

The  moon  sometimes  forms  a  bow  or 


arch  of  light,  more  faint  than  that  formed 

by    the   sun,  and    called    lunar  rainboie. 

I  Similar  bows  at  sea  are  calleii  marine 
rainbows  or  sea  bows.  Encyc. 

RAIN-DEER,    n.    [Sax.  hrana ;    Basque, 

;     ore;ia  or  orina.] 

|The  rane,  a  species  of  the  cervine  genus ;  thus 
written  Spect.  No.  4U6.     [See  Rane.] 

|RA'1NINESS,  71.  [from  ramj;.]     The  state 

I     of  being  rainy. 

[RAIN-WATER,  n.  Water  that  has  fallen 

I     from  the  clouds.  Boyle. 

jRA'INY,  a.  Abounding  with  rain;  wet; 
showery;  as  ratnj/ weather ;  a  rainy  day 
or  season. 

jR.-MSE,  V.  t.  raze.  [Goth,  raisyan,  ur-rais- 
yan,  to  raise,  to  rouse,  to  excite  ;  ur-reisan, 
to  rise.  This  word  occurs  often  in  the 
Gothic  version  of  the  gospels,  Luke  iii.  8. 
John  vi.  40.  44.  In  Sw.  resa  signifies  to 
go,  walk  or  travel,  and  to  raise;  Dan.  rej- 
ser,  the  same.  These  verbs  appear  to  be 
the  L.  gradior,  gressus,  without  the  pre- 
fix ;  and  gradior  is  the  Sheniitic  mi, 
which  has  a  variety  of  significations,  but 
in  Syriai',  to  go,  to  walk,  to  pass,  as  in 
Latin.  Whether  the  Swedish  and  Dan- 
ish verbs  are  from  dilTerent  roots,  blended 
by  usage  or  accident,  or  whether  the  dif- 
ferent senses  have  proceeded  from  one 
common  signification,  to  move,  to  open, 
to  stretch,  let  the  reader  judge.] 

1.  To  lift ;  to  take  up;  to  heave;  to  lift  from 
a  low  or  reclining  posture ;  as,  to  raise  a 
stone  or  weight ;  to  raise  the  body  in  bed. 

The  angel  smote  Peter  on  the  side  and  raised 
him  up.     Acts  xii. 

2.  To  set  upright ;  as,  to  raise  a  mast. 

3.  To  set  up  ;  to  erect ;  to  set  on  its  founda- 
tions and  put  together;  as,  to  raise  the 
frame  of  a  house. 

4.  To  build  ;  as,  to  raise  a  city,  a  fort,  a 
wall,  &c. 

I    will   7aise  forts   against  thee.     Is.   xxix. 
Amos  ix. 

5.  To  rebuild. 

Tbcv  shall   raise  up  the   former  desolations. 
Is.  Ixi.' 

6.  To  form  to  some  higlith  by  accunnda- 
I  tion  ;  as,  to  raise  a  heap  of  stones.  Josh. 
I     viii. 

j7.  To  make ;  to  produce  ;  to  amass  ;  as,  to 
I     raise  a  great  estate  out  of  small  profits. 
|8.  To  enlarge  ;  to  amplify.  Shnk. 

9.  To  exalt ;  to  elevate  in  condition  ;  as,  to 
I     raise  one  from  a  low  estate. 

10.  To  exalt;  to  advance;  to  promote  in 
j  rank  or  honor ;  as,  to  raise  one  to  an  of- 
]     fice  of  distinction. 

I  This  gentleman  came  to  be  raised  lo  great 

tides.  Clarendon. 

11.  To  enhance;  to  increase;  as,  to  raise 
the  value  of  coin;  to  raise  the  price  of 
goods. 

12.  To  increase  in  current  value. 

Tlie  plate  pieces  of  eight  were  raised  three 
pence  in  the  piece.  Temple. 

13.  To  excite  ;  to  jmt  in  motion  or  action  ; 
as,  to  raise  a  tempest  or  tumult. 

He   rommandetli    and    raiseth    the  stormy 
wind.    Ps.  cvii. 

14.  To  excite  to  sedition,  insurrection,  war 
or  tumult ;  to  stir  up.    Acts  xxiv. 

.^neas  then  employs  his  pains 
In  parts  remote  to  raise  the  Tuscan  swains. 

Vryden. 


R  A  I 


R  A  K 


R  A  K 


15.  To  rouse  ;  tn  awake  :  to  stir  up. 

■J  hey  shall  not  awake,  nor  be  laised  out  of 
their  sleep.  Job  xiv. 

16.  To  increase  in  strength  ;  to  excite  from 
languor  or  weakness.  The  pulse  is  raised 
by  stinuilants,  sometimes  by  venesection 

17.  To  give  beginning  of  importance  to;  to 
elevate  into  re|)utatioii ;  as,  to  raise  a  fam- 
ily. 

18.  To  bring  into  being. 

God  vouchsafes  to  raise  another  world 
From  him.  Milton. 

19.  To  bring  from  a  state  of  death  to  life. 

He  was  delivered  for  our  otfenscs,  and  raised 
again  for  our  justification.   Rom.  iv.    1  Cor.  xv 

20.  To  call  into  view  from  the  state  of  sep- 
arate spirits  ;  as,  to  raise  a  spirit  by  spells 
and  incantations.  Sandys 

21.  To  invent  and  propagate;  to  originate  ; 
to  occasion  ;  as,  to  raise  a  report  or  story. 

22.  To  set  lip;  to  excite;  to  begin  by  loud 
utterance ;  as,  to  raise  a  shout  or  cry. 

Drtjden. 

23.  To  utter  loudly  ;  to  begin  to  sound  or 
clamor.  He  raised  his  voice  against  the 
measures  of  administration. 

24.  To  utter  with  more  strength  or  eleva- 
tion ;  to  swell.  Let  the  speaker  raise  his 
voice. 

25.  To  collect ;  to  obtain ;  to  bring  into  a 
sum  or  fund.  Government  raises  money 
by  taxes,  excise  and  imposts.  Private  per- 
sons and  companies  raise  money  for  their 
enterprises. 

26.  To  levy ;  to  collect ;  to  bring  into  ser- 
vice ;  as,  to  raise  troops  ;  to  raise  an  army. 

Millon. 

27.  To  give  rise  to.  Milton. 

28.  To  cause  to  grow  ;  to  procure  to  be  pro- 
duced, hreil  or  propagated  ;  as,  to  raise 
wheat,  barley,  hops,  &c. ;  to  raise  horses, 
oxen  or  sheep.  JVew  England. 

[The  Englisli  now  use  grow  in  regard  to 
crops;  as,  to  g-ioi»  wheat.  This  verb  in- 
transitive has  never  been  used  in  New- 
England  in  a  transitive  sense,  until  re- 
cently some  persons  have  adopted  it  from 
the  Englisli  books.  We  always  use  raise, 
but  in  New  England  it  is  never  applied  to 
the  breeding  of  the  human  race,  as  it  is  in 
the  southern  states.] 
99.  To  cause  to  swell,  heave  and  become 
light ;  as,  to  raise  dough  or  paste  by  yeast 
or  leaven. 

iliss  Liddy  can  dance  a  jig  and  raise  paste. 

Spectator. 

30.  To  excite  ;  to  animate  with  fresh  vigor  ; 
as,  to  raise  the  spirits  or  courage. 

31.  To  ordain  ;  to  appoint ;  or  to  call  to  and 
]irepare  ;  to  furnish  with  gifts  and  qualifi- 
cation suited  to  a  purpose  ;  a  Scriptural 
sense. 

I  will  raise  them  up  a  prophet  from  among 
their  brethren.  Deut.  xviii. 

For  lliis  cause  have  I  raised  thee  up,  to  show 
in  thee  my  power.     Ex.  is.  Judg.  ii. 

32.  To  keep  in  remembrance.  Ruth  iv. 

33.  To  cause  to  exist  by  propagation.  Matt, 
xxii. 

34.  To  incite  ;  to  promjjt.    Ezra  i. 

3.5.  To  increase  in  intensity  or  strength  ;  as, 
to  raise  the  heat  of  a  fiu-nace. 

30.  In  seamen's  language,  to  elevate,  as  an 
object  by  a  gradual  approach  to  it ;  ti 
bring  to  lip  .seen  at  a  greater  angle  :  op- 
jiosed  to  laijing;  as,  to  roisc  the  hind  ;  to 
raise  a  point.  Mar.  Did. 


To  raise  a  purchase,  in  seamen's  language,] 
is  to  dispose  instruments  or  machines  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  exert  any  mechanical 
force  required.  Mar.  Diet. 

To  raise  a  siege,  is  to  remove  a  besieging  ar- 
my and  relinquish  an  attnr.pl  to  take  the 
place  by  that  mode  of  attack,  or  to  cause 
the  attempt  to  be  relinquished. 

RA'ISED,  ;;p.  Liltctl  ;  ele\iaed  ;  exalted ; 
promoted  ;  set  upright ;  built ;  made  or 
enlarged  ;  produced  ;  enhanced  ;  excited  ; 
restored  to  life  ;  levied  ;  collected  ;  rous- 
ed ;  invented  and  propagated  ;  increased. 

RA'ISER,  Ji.  One  who  raises;  that  which 
raises  ;  one  that  builds;  one  tliat  leviesur 
collects  ;  one  that  begins,  produces  or 
propagates.  Bacon.     Taylor. 

RAISIN,  n.  rdzn.  [Fr.  Ir.  irf. ;  Arm.  rasir., 
resin;  D.  ruzyn  ;  G.  rosine,  a  raisin,  and 
rosinfarbe,  crimson,  [raisin-color ;]_  Dan. 
rosin.  In  Dan.  and  Sw.  rosen  signifies  the 
erysipelas.  It  is  eviilent  that  the  word  is 
from  the  same  root  as  red  and  rose,  bring 
named  from  the  color.  See  iJerf  ainii?osf. 
This  word  is  in  some  places  pronouucei 
corruptly  ree;n.  The  pronunciation  of 
Sheridan,  Perry  and  Jameson  acconlp 
with  that  which  prevails  in  the  eastern 
states,  which  is  regular,  and  which  I  have 
followed.] 

A  dried  grape.  Grapes  are  suffered  to  re 
main  on  the  vines  till  they  are  perfectly 
ripe,  and  then  dried  in  an  oven,  or  by  ex- 
posure to  the  heat  of  the  sun.  Those  dried 
in  the  sun  are  the  sweetest.  Hill. 

RA'ISING,  ^/)c.  Lifting;  elevating;  setting 
upright ;  exalting  ;  producing  ;  enhancing  ; 
restoring  to  lite  ;  collecting  ;  levying  ; 
))ropagating,  &c. 

RA'ISING,  n.  The  act  of  lifting,  setting  up, 
elevating,  e.xalting,  producing,  or  restoring 
to  life. 

2.  In  New  England,  the  operation  or  work 
of  setting  up  the  frame  of  a  building. 

RA'.IAH,  }        [L.   rei;   regis.]     In   India,  a 

RA'JA,  ^  ■  prince.  Some  of  the  rajahs 
are  said  to  be  independent  princes;  others 
are  tributary  to  the  Mogul.  Enryc. 

RA'JAIISHIP,  n.  The  dignity  or  principal- 
ity of  a  rajah,  jisiat.  Res. 

RAKE,  n.  [.Sax.  »aea,  race  ;  G.  rechcn  ;  Ir. 
raca  ;  W.  rhacai,  rhacan.     See  the  Verb.] 

An  instrument  consisting  of  a  head-piece  in 
which  teeth  are  inserted,  and  a  long  han- 
dle ;  used  for  collecting  hay  or  other  light 
things  which  are  spread  over  a  large  sur- 
face, or  in  gardens  for  breaking  and 
smoothing  the  earth. 

RAKE,  ?i.  [Dm\.  rwkel ;  probably  from  the 
root  of  break.] 

A  loose,  disorderly,  vicious  man;  a  man  ad- 
dicted to  lewdness  and  other  scandalous 
vices.  ,'lddison.     Pope. 

RAKE,  11.  [Sax.  racan,  to  reach.]  The  pro- 
jection of  the  upper  parts  of  a  ship,  at  the 
highth  of  the  stem  and  stern,  beyond  the 
extremities  of  the  keel.  The  distance  be- 
tween R  perpendicular  line  from  the  ex- 
tremity of  stem  or  stern  to  the  end  of  the 
keel,  is  the  length  of  the  rake ;  one  the 
forc-rahc,  the  other  the  rake-a/l. 

2."  The  inclination  of  a  mast  from  a  jierpen- 
dicular  direction.  .War.  Did. 

JK.^KE,  r.  I.  [Sax.  racia?! ;  Bw.raka;  Dan. 
rager,  to  shave,  to  rake;    Corn.  racUan ; 


W.  rhacanu;  Ir.  racam.;  G.  rechen ;  Fr. 
racier;  Arm.  racla.  The  D.  hark,  harken, 
is  our  harroic,  but  of  the  same  family,  the 
great  family  o{ break,  crack,  L./rico.  Class 
Rg.  No.  34.  38. 47.] 

1.  Properly,  to  scrape;  to  rub  or  scratch 
with  something  rough  ;  as,  to  rake  the 
ground. 

2.  To  gather  with  a  rake ;  as,  to  rake  hay  or 
barley. 

3.  To  clear  with  a  rake ;  to  smooth  with  a 
rake ;  as,  to  rake  a  bed  in  a  garden  ;  to 
rake  land. 

To  collect  or  draw  together  something 
scattered ;  to  gather  by  violence ;  as,  to 
rake  together  wealth  :  to  rake  together 
slanderous  tales;  to  raA'e  together  the  rab- 
ble of  a  town. 
'.5.  To  scour;  to  search  with  eagerness  all 
corners  of  a  place. 

The  statesman  rakes  the  town  to  find  a  plot. 

Su-ift. 

a.  In  the  military  art,  to  enfilade  ;  to  fire  in 
a  direction  with  the  length  of  any  thing; 
particularly  in  na\al  engagements,  to  rake 
is  to  cannonade  a  t-liip  on  the  stern  or 
head,  so  that  the  balls  range  the  whole 
length  of  the  deck.  Hence  the  phrase,  to 
rnke  a  ship  line  and  aft. 

To  rake  up,  applied  to  fire,  is  to  cover  the 
fire  with  ashes. 

R.'\KE,  V.  i.  To  scrape  ;  to  .scratch  into  for 
finding  something  ;  to  search  minutely  and 
meanly  ;  as,  to  rake  into  a  dunghill. 

South. 

2.  To  search  with  minute  inspection  into  ev- 
ery part. 

One  is  for  raking  in  Chaucer  for  antiquated 
words.  Dryden. 

3.  To  pass  with  violence  or  rapidity. 

Pas  could  not  stay,  but  over  him  did  rake. 

Sidney. 

4.  To  seek  by  raking ;  as,  to  rake  for  oys- 
ters. 

).  To  lead  a  dissolute,  debauched  life. 

Shenslone. 
,G.  To  incline  from  a  perpendicular  direction  ; 

as,  a  mast  rakes  aft. 
RA'KED,    pp.    Scraped;    gathered   with  a 

rake  ;  cleaned  with  a  rake  ;  cannonaded 

fore  and  aft. 
RA'KEHELL,   n.   [Dan.  rcckel ;   now  con- 
tracted into  rake  ;  properly  rakel.] 
A  lewd,  dissolute  fellow  ;    a  debauchee  ;  a 

rake. 
RA'KEHELLY,  a.  Dissolute  ;  wild. 

B.  Jonson. 
RA'KER,  n.  One  that  rakes. 
RA'KESHAME,  n.  A  vile  dissolute  wretch. 

Jl/i//on. 
RA'KING,  ppr.    Scraping;  gathering  with 

a  rake  ;  cleaning  and   smoothing   with  a 

rake;  cannonading  in  the  direction  of  the 

length  ;  inclining. 

And  raking  chase-guns  through  our  stems 

they  .send.  Dryden. 

2.  a.  That  rakes  ;  as  a  raking  fire   or   shot. 

RAKING,  n.  The  act  of  using  a  rake;  the 

act  or  opcratifjii  of  collecting  with  a  rake, 

or  of  cleaning  and  smoothing  with  a  rake. 
2.  The  space  of  ground  raked  at  once  :  or 

the  quantity  of  hay,  &:c.  collected  by  once 

(inssina  the  rake. 
RAKISH,   a.    Given  to    a    dissolute    life; 

lewd  ;  debauched.  Richardson. 


RAM 


RAM 


RAM 


RA'KISHNESS,  n.  Dissolute  practices. 
RAL'LY,  t>.  t.  [Fr.  raUicr.     This  seems  to 

be  a  compound  of  re,  ra,  and  Her,  L.  ligo, 

to  unite.] 

1.  To  reunite  ;  to  collect  and  reduce  to  or- 
der troops  dispersed  or  thrown  into  con- 
fusion. 

2.  To  collect ;  to  unite ;  as  things  scattered. 

.'Itterbury. 
RAL'LY,  V.  t.    [Fr.  railkr.     See  Raillery.] 
To  treat  with  good  humor  and  pleasantry, 
or  with  slight  contempt  or  satire,  accord- 
in"  to  the  nature  of  the  case, 
"honeycomb  rallies  ine  upon  a  country  life. 

Mdison . 
Strcphon  had  long  confess'd  his  am'rous  pain. 
Which  gay  Corinna  rallied  with  dLsdain. 

Oay. 
RAL'LY,  V.  i.  To  assemble  ;  to  unite. 

Innumerable  parts  of  matter  chanced  then  to 
rally  togeOier  and  to  form  themselves  into  this 
new  world.  T^llotaon. 

2.  To  come  back  to  order. 

The  Grecians  ratty  and  their  pow'rs  unite. 

TJryden 

3.  To  use  pleasantry  or  satirical  merriujent 

Johnson 
RAL'LY,  n.  The  act  of  bringing  disordered 

troops  to  their  ranks. 
2.  Exercise  of  good  humor  or  satirical  mer- 
riment. 
RAM,  n.  [Sax.  D.  ram;  G.  ramvi,  but  ravim 
bock,  ram-buck,  is  used.     See  the  Verb.] 

1.  The  male  of  the  sheep  or  ovine  genus  ;  in 
some  parts  of  England  called  n  tup.  In 
the  United  States,  the  word  is  applied,  I 
believe,  to  no  other  male,  except  in  the 
compound  ram-cat. 

2.  In  astronomy,  Aries,  the  sign  of  the  zodi- 
ac which  the  sun  enters  on  the  Slst  of 
March,  or  a  constellation  of  fixed  stars  in 
the  figure  of  a  ram.  It  is  considered  the 
first  of  the  twelve  signs. 

3.  An  engine  of  war,  nseil  formerly  for  bat- 
tering and  demolishing  the  walls  of  cities; 
called  a  battering-ram.  [See  Battering- 
ram.] 

RAM,  V.  t.  [G.  rammen;  D.rammeijen ;  Dan. 
ramler,  to  ram  or  drive  ;  ravniur,  to  strike, 
to  hit,  to  touch  ;  W.  rham,  rlium,  a  thrust- 
ing, a  projection  forward.  To  the  same 
family  belong  L.  ramus,  a  branch,  that  is, 
a  shoot  or  thrust,  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  noi  ra- 

mah,  to  throw,   to   project,   Etli.    ^"^P 


to    strike ;    Ar. 


ramai,   to 


rami,    ^^    =w,..v,    ....     ^^^ 

shoot,  to  throw  or  dart.     Class  Rm.  No. 
7.  8.  9.     See  Cram.] 

1.  To  thrust  or  drive  with  violence  ;  to  force 
in  ;  to  drive  down  or  together ;  as,  to  rain 
down  a  cartridge ;  to  ram  piles  into  the 
earth. 

2.  To  drive,  as  with  a  battering  ram. 

3.  To  stuff;  to  cram. 
RAM'ADAN,n.  Among  the  Mohammedans, 

a  solemn  season  of  tiisling. 
RAM'AGE,  n.  [L.  ramus,  a  branch,  whence 
Fr.  ramage.] 

1.  Branches  of  trees.     [.Vo(  in  use.] 

2.  The  warbling  of  birds  sitting  on  boughs. 

Druminond. 

3.  [See  Rummage.] 

RAM'BLE,  V.  i.  [It.  ramcngare,  to  ramble, 
to  rove  ;  Arm.  rambrcat,  to  rave  ;  W.  i-he.m- 
jiiaw,  to  run  to  an  extreme,  to  be  infatu- 

Vol.  II 


atcd,  and  rhamu,  to  rise  or  reach  over,  to 
soar.     These  seem  to  be  allied  to  roam. 


romp,  rampant ;  Ar. 


f^- 


to  exceed  or  go 


beyond,  to  depart.     Class  Km.  No.  5.] 

1.  To  rove  :  l(»  vviiiider:  to  walk,  ride  or  sail 
from  place  to  place,  without  any  deterni 
nate  object  in  view  ;  or  to  visit  many 
places  :  to  rove  carelessly  or  irregularly  ; 
as,  to  Tumble  about  the  city  ;  to  ramble  over 
the  country. 

Never  ask  leave  to  go  abroad,  for  you  will  be 
thougbl  an  idle  rambling;  tellow.  Hu'ift. 

2.  To  go  ut  large  without  restraint  and  with 
out  diicctinn. 

3.  To  move  without  certain  direction. 

O'er  his  ample  sides,  the  rumbling  sprays 
I.ii.viiriunt  sboot.  Thomson. 

RAM'IJLE,  »i.  A  roving;  a  wandering;  a 
goini;  or  moving  from  place  to  place  with- 
out any  determinate  business  or  object: 
an  irregular  excursion. 

Coming  home  after  a  sliort  Christmas  ramble 
I  found  a  letter  upon  my  table.  Swift 

RAM'BLEK,  n.  One  that  rambles;  a  rover: 
a  wanderer. 

R.\M'BL1NG,  ppr.  Roving;  wandering; 
moving  or  going  irregularly. 

RAM'lil.ING,  n.  A  roving;  irregular  ex- 
cursion. South 

RAM'BOOZE,  ?        A  drink  made  of  wine, 

RAM'BUSE,  y''  ale,  eggs  and  sugar  in 
winter,  or  of  wine,  milk,  sugar  and  rose 
water  in  summer.  Bailey. 

RAM'EKIN,        I  [Fr.    ramequin.]     In 

RAM'EQUINS,  I  "'  cookery,  small  slices 
of  bread  covered  with  a  farce  of  cheese 
and  eggs.  Bailey. 

RAM'ENTS,  n.  [L.ramenta,  a  chip.]  Scrap- 
ings ;  shavings.     [jYot  used.]  Itict. 

2.  In  botany,  loose  scales  on  the  stems  of 
plants.  LAnne. 

RA'MEOUS,  a.  [L.  ramus,  a  branch.]  In 
botany,  belonging  to  a  branch  ;  growing  on 
or  shooting  from  a  branch.  Lee 

RAMIFI€A'TION,n.  [Fr.  from  h.ramus,a 
braiu-h.] 

1.  The  process  of  branching  or  shooting 
branches  from  a  stenj. 

2.  A  branch  ;  a  small  division  proceeding 
from  a  main  stock  or  channel ;  as  the  ram- 
ijications  of  a  family  ;  the  ramifications  of 
an  artery.  Jlrbuthnot. 

3.  A  division  or  subdivision;  as  the  ramifica- 
tions of  a  subje(!t  or  scheme. 

4.  In  botany,  the  manner  in  which  a  tree 
produces  its  branches  or  houghs.  Lee 

5.  The  production  of  figures  resembling 
brandies.  Encyc 

RAM'IFIED,  pp.  Divided  into  branches. 

RA3I'IF'V,  r.  /.  [Fr.  ramifer ;  L.  ramus,  a 
branch,  and  /((cio.  to  make.] 

To  divide  into  branches  or  parts  ;  as,  to  ram- 
ify an  art,  a  subject  or  scheme.  Boyle. 

RAM  I  FY,  V.  i.  To  shoot  into  branches,  as 
the  stem  of  a  plant. 

When  tlie  asparagus  begins  to  ramify — 

JlTlmthnot. 

2.  To  be  divided  or  subdivided ;  as  a  main 
subject  or  scheme. 

RAMIFYING,  p;)r.  Shooting  into  branches 
or  divisions. 

RAM'ISH,  a.  [Dan.  raw,  bitter,  strong  scent- 
ed.] 

Raidi ;  strong  scented.  Chaucer. 

50 


RAM'ISHNESS,  n.  [from  ram.]  Rankness, 
a  strong  scent. 

RAM'MED,  pp.  [See  Ram.]  Driven  forci- 
bly. 

RAftl'MER,  n.  One  that  rams  or  drives. 

2.  An  instrument  for  driving  any  thing  with 
force  ;  as  a  rammer  for  driving  stones  or 
piles,  or  for  beating  the  earth  to  more  so- 

,     lidity. 

3.  A  gun-stick  :  a  ramrod  ;  a  rod  for  forcing 
t     down  the  charge  of  a  gun. 
RAMMING,  ppr.  Driving  with  force. 
RAMOON',  n.  A  tree  of  America. 
RA'MOUS,  a.    [L.  ramosus,  from  ramus,  a 
I     branch.] 

|1.  In  botany,  branched,  as  a  stem  or  root; 
having  lateral  divisions.  Marlyn. 

2.  Branchy;  consisting  of  branches  ;  full  of 

i     branches.  JVeioton.     K'oodward. 

RAMP,  V.  i.  [Fr.  ramper,  to  creep;  It.  ram- 
pa,  a  paw  ;  rampare,  to  jiaw  ;  rampicare, 
to  creep;  W.  rhamp,  a  rise  or  reach  over; 
rhamant,  a  rising  up,  a  vaulting  or  spring- 
ing ;  rhamu,  to  reach  over,  to  soar,  to 
vault.     See  Ramble  and  Romance.] 

1.  To  climb,  as  a  plant;  to  creep  up. 

Plants  furnished  with  tendrils  calch  hold,  and 
so  ramjying  on  trees,  they  mount  to  a  great 
highlh.  Ray. 

2.  To  s))ring ;  to  leap ;  to  bound  ;  to  prance  ; 
to  frolick. 

1  heir  bridles  they  would  champ — 
And  trampling  the  fine  element,  would  fierce- 
ly ramp.  Spenser. 
Sporting  the  lion  ramp'd.  Milton. 
[In  the  latter  sense,  the  word  is  usually 
written  and  pronounced  romp  ;  the   word 
being  originally  pronounced  with  a  broad.] 
RAMI',?!.  A  leap;  a  spring ;  abound. 
I                                                                   Milton. 
RAMPAL'LIAN,  »i.  A  mean  wretch.  [.Yot 
j     i'l  use.]  Shak. 
jRA.MP'ANCY,  n.  [from  rampant.]  Excessive 
j     growth  or  practice  ;  excessive  prevalence; 
'     exuberance  ;  extravagance  ;    as  the  ramp- 
ancy  of  vice.                                          South. 
RAMPANT,   a.    [Fr.  from   ramper;   Sax. 
I     rempend,  headlong.     See  Ramp  and  Ram- 
ble.] 

1.  Overgrowing  the  usual  bounds;  rank  in 
growth  ;  exuberant ;    as   rampant   weeds. 

Clarissa. 

2.  Overleaping  restrtiint ;  as  rampant  vice. 

South. 

3.  In  heraldry,  applied  to  the  lion,  leopard  or 
other  beast,  rampant  denotes  the  animal 
reared  and  standing  on  his  hind  legs,  in 
the  posture  of  climbing.  It  differs  from 
saliant,  which  indicates  the  posture  of 
springing  or  making  a  sally.  Encyc. 

'I'he  lion  rampant  shakes  his  brinded  mane. 

jWltoti. 

RAM'P.ART,   71.    [Fr.  rcm^arf;  Arm.  ramp- 

arz,  ramparzi :  Fr.  se  remparer,  to  fence  or 

intrench  one's  self;  It.  riparamtnto,  from 

riparare,  to    repair,    to   defend,  to   stop ; 

Port,  reparo  :  reparar,  to   repair,  to  parry 

in  defense.    Hence  we  see  rampart  is  from 

L.  reparo ;  re  and  para.     See  Parry  and 

Repair.] 

1.  lit  fortification,  an  elevation  or  mound  of 

earth  round  a  place,  capable  of  resisting 

cannon   shot,  and  formed  into   bastions, 

curtains,  &c.  Encyc. 

No  standards  from  the  hostile  ramparts  torn. 

Prior. 


RAN 


RAN 


RAN 


2.  That  which  fortifies  and  defends  from  as- 
sault; that  vvhicli  secures  safety. 

RAAI'PART,  v.t.  To  fortify  with  ramparts. 
[Ao(  in  use.]  Shak. 

RAM'PION,  n.  [from  ramp.]  The  name  of 
several  plants ;  as  the  common  esculent 
rampion,  a  species  of  Campanula  ;  the 
crested  rampion,  a  sjiecies  of  Lobelia;  the 
horned  rampion,  a  species  of  Phyteiima. 
Fam.  of  Plants 

RAMP'IRE,  n.  The  same  as  ram/*a»(  ,•  but 
obsolete. 

RAM'SONS,  ?!.  A  plant,  a  species  of  Allium 
Fam.  of  Plants 

RAN,  the  pret.  of  j-un.  In  old  writers,  open 
robbery.  Lambard. 

RANCES'CENT,  a.  [L.  ranceo,  to  be  rank. : 
Becoming  rancid  or  sour.  Encyc. 

RANCH,  V.  t.  [corrupted  from  wrench.]  To 
sprain ;  to  injure  by  violent  straining  or 
contortion.     [JVot  used.] 

Dryden.     Garth. 

RAN'CID,  a.  [L.  rancidus,  from  ranceo,  to  be 
rank.  This  is  the  Eng.  rank,  luxuriant  in 
growth.] 

Having  a  rank  smell;  strong  scented  ;  sour 
musty  ;  as  rancid  oil.  Arbuthnot. 

RANCIDITY,      }         The  quality  of  beuig 

RAN'CIDNESS,  \  "'  rancid  ;  a  stronj 
sour  scent,  as  of  old  oil. 

The  rancidity  of  oils  may  be  analogous  to  the 
oxydation  of  metals.  Ure. 

RAN'COR,  n.   [L.  from  ranceo,  to  be  rank.] 

1.  The  deepest  malignity  or  spite ;  deep 
seated  and  implacable  malice  ;  inveterate 
enmity.  yThis  is  the  strongest  term  for  en- 
mity which  the  English  language  supplies.] 

It  issues  from  the  rancor  of  a  villain.      Shak 

2.  Virulence  ;  corruption.  Shak. 

RAN'COROUS,  a.  Deeply  malignant ;  im- 
placably spiteful  or  malicious;  intensely 
virulent. 

So  flam'd  liis  eyes  with  rage  and  rancorous 

ire.  .Spenser 

Rancorous  opposition  to  the  gospel  of  Chrisi 

tVest 

RAN'COROUSLY,  adv.  With  deep  ma- 
lignity or  spiteful  malice. 

RAND,  n.  [G.  D.  Dan.  rand,  a  border, 
edge,  margin,  brink;  from  shooting  out, 
e.xtending.] 

A  border  ;  edge  ;  margin  ;  as  the  rand  of  a 
shoe. 

UAN'DOM,  n.  [Norm.  Sax.  randun ;  Fr. 
randonnee,  a  rajiid  course  of  water  ;  ran- 
don,  a  gushing.] 

1.  A  roving  motion  or  course  without  di- 
rection ;  hence,  want  of  direction,  rule  or 
method  ;  hazard  ;  chance  ;  used  in  the 
phrase,  at  random,  that  is,  w  ithout  a  settled 
point  of  direction  ;  at  hazard. 

2.  Course  ;  motion  ;  progression  ;  distance' 
of  a  body  thrown  ;  as  the  furthest  ranilom 
of  a  missile  wea|)on.  Digby. 

RANDOM,  a.  Done  at  hazard  or  without 
settled  aim  or  purpose  ;  left  to  chance  ;  as 
a  random  blow. 

2.  Uttered  or  done  without  previous  calcula 
lion  ;  as  a  random  guess. 

RAN'DOM-SHOT,  n.  A  shot  not  directed 
to  a  point,  or  a  shot  with  the  nnizzle  of 
the  gun   elevated  above  a  horizontal  line. 

Mar.  Did. 

RAN'DY,  a.  Disorderly  ;  riotous.  [JVot 
used  or  local.]  Grose. 


RANE,  \      [Sax.  hrana  ;  Fr.  renne  ; 

RANEDEER,  I  "■  D.  rtndier ;  G.  rennthier  ; 
Basque,  arena  or  orina  ;  so  named  proba- 
bly from  running.  The  true  spelling  is 
rane.] 

species  of  deer  found  in  the  northern 
])arts  of  Eurojje  and  Asia.  He  has  large 
l)ranched  palmatcd  horns,  and  travels 
with  great  sjieed.  Among  the  Lapland- 
ers, he  is  a  substitute  for  the  horse,  the 
cow,  the  goat  and  the  sheep,  as  he  fur- 
nishes food,  clothing  and  the  njeans  of 
conveyance.  This  aniujal  will  draw  a 
sled  on  the  snow  more  than  a  hundred 
Uiiles  in  a  day.  Encyc. 

RAN'FORCE,  n.  The  ring  of  a  gun  next 
to  the  vent.  Bailey. 

[I    do  not   find   this   word  in   modern 
books.] 

RANG,  the  old  pret.  of  ring.  [J^early  obso- 
lete.) 

RANGE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  ranger ;  Arm.  rencqa. 
ranqein ;  W.  rhenciau;  from  rhenc,  reng. 
rank,  which  see.] 

1.  To  set  in  a  row  or  in  rows ;  to  place  in  a 
regular  line,  lines  or  ranks;  to  dispose  in 
the  proper  order ;  as,  to  range  troops  in  a 
body  ;  to  range  men  or  ships  in  the  order 
of  battle. 

2.  To  dispose  in  proper  classes,  orders  or 
divisions  ;  as,  to  range  plants  and  animals 
in  genera  and  species. 

3.  To  dispose  in  a  proper  manner ;  to  place 
in  regular  method  ;  in  a  general  sense. 
Range  and  arrange  are  used  indift'erently 
in  the  same  sense. 

4.  To  rove  over  ;  to  pass  over. 
Teach  him  to  range  the  ditch  and   force  the 

brake.  (^ay. 

[This  use  is   elliptical,  over  being  omit- 
ted.] 

5.  To  sail  or  pass  in  a  direction  parallel  to 
or  near ;  as,  to  range  the  coast,  that  is, 
along  the  coast. 

R.\N(jE,  v.i.  To  rove  at  large  ;  to  wander 
without  restraint  or  direction. 

As  a  roaring  lion  and  a  ranging  bear.     Prov. 
xsviii. 

2.  To  be  placed  in  order  ;  to  be  ranked, 
''lis  better  to  be  lowly  bom, 

And  range  with  humble  livers  in  content — 

Shak. 
[In  this  sense,  rank  is  now  used.] 

3.  To  lie  in  a  particular  direction. 
Wbich  way  tliy  forests  range —         Dryden. 
Wo  say,  tlie    front   of  a  house  ranges 

with  the  line  of  the  street. 

4.  To  sail  or  jiass  near  or  in  the  direction  of; 
as,  to  range  along  the  coast. 

RANGE,  n.     [Fr.  rangie.     See   Rank.]     A 
row  ;  a  raidi ;  things  in  a  line  ;  as  a  range 
of  buildings;  a  range  of  moimtains  ;   ran 
ges  of  colors.  J^ewton. 

A  class  ;  an  order. 

The  next  range  of  beings  above  him  are  the 
immaterial  intelligences —  Hale. 

.3.  A  wandering  or  roving  ;  excursion. 
He  may  take  a  range  all  the  world  over. 

South. 

4.  Space  or  room  for  excursion. 
A  man  has  not  enough  range  of  thought — 

Jlddison 

5.  Compass  or  extent  of  excursion  ;  space 
taken  in  by  any  thing  extended  or  rnnl 
ed   in   order ;    as  the   range    of  Newton's 
thought.     No  philoso])her  has  embraced  a 
wider  range. 


Far  as  creation's  ample  range  extends. 

Pope. 

6.  The  step  of  a  ladder.  [Corrupted  in  pop- 
ular language  to  rung.]  Clarendon. 

7.  A  kitchen  grate.  Bacon.     }fotton. 
ly.  A  bolting  sieve  to  sift  meal. 
9.  In  gunnery,  the  i)ath  of  a  bullet  or  bomb, 

or  the  line  it  describes  from  the  mouth  of 
the  piece  to  the  point  where  it  lodges ;  or 
the  whole  distance  which  it  passes.  When 
a  cannon  lies  horizontally,  it  is  called  the 
right  level,  or  point  blank  range  ;  when 
the  muzzle  is  elevated  to  45  degrees,  it  is 
called  the  utmost  range.  To  this  may  be 
added  the  ricochet,  the  rolhng  or  bound- 
ing shot,  with  the  piece  elevated  from 
three  to  six  degrees.      Encyc.     Mar.  Diet. 

RAN6ED,  pp.  Disposed  in  a  row  or  line ; 
placed  in  order  ;  passed  in  roving  ;  pla- 
ced in  a  particular  direction. 

RAJVGER,  n.  One  that  ranges  ;  a  rover  ;  a 
robber.     [JVow  little  ^ised.]  Spenser. 

2.  A  dog  that  beats  the  ground.  Gay. 

3.  In  England,  a  sworn  officer  of  a  forest, 
appointed    by    the   king's   letters    patent. 

j  whose  business  is  to  walk  through  the 
I  Ibrest,  watch  the  deer,  present  trespasses, 
j     &c.  Encyc 

RaNGERSHIP,  n.  The  office  of  the  keep- 
I     er  of  a  Ibrest  or  park. 
RANGING,  ppr.   Placing  in   a  row  or  line  ; 
disposing  in  order,  method  or  classes;  ro- 
ving ;  passing  near  and  in  the  direction 
of 

RANGING,  n.  The  act  of  placing  in  lines 
or  in  order;  a  roving,  &c. 

RANK,  71.  [Ir.  ranc ;  \\. rhenc;  Arm.  rencq  ; 
Fr.  rang,  a  row  or  line  ;  It.  rango,  rank, 
condition  ;  Port.  Sp.  rancho,  a  mess  or  set 
of  persons ;  D.  Dan.   G.  rang.     In  these 

words,  n  is  probably  casual  ;  Ar.  I  <=:, 
to  set  in  order;  Heb.  Cb.  p;' id.  Class 
Rg.  No.  13.  47.  See  also  No.  18.  20.  21. 
27.  46.  The  prinjary  sense  is  probably  to 
reach,  to  stretch,  or  to  pass,  to  stretch  along. 
Hence  rank  and  grade  are  often  synony- 
mous.] 

1.  A  row  or  line,  applied  to  troops :  aline 
of  men  standing  abreast  or  side  by  side, 
and  as  opposed  to  fit.  a  line  running  the 
length  of  a  company,  liattalion  or  regi- 
ment. Keep  yom-  ranks  ;  dress  yoin- 
ranks. 

Fierce  fiery  warriors  fight  upon  the  clouds 
In  ranks   and   squadrons  and   riglit  form   of 
war.  Shak. 

2.  Ranks,  in  the  plural,  the  order  of  com- 
mon soldiers;  as,  to  reduce  an  oflicer  to 
the  ranks. 

:3.  A  row  ;  a  line  of  things,  or  things  in  a 
line  ;  as  a  rank  of  osiers.  Shak. 

4.  Degree  ;  grade  ;  in  military  affairs  ;  as 
the  rank  of  captain,  colonel  or  general ; 
the  rank  of  vice-admiral. 

5.  Degree  of  elevation  in  civil  life  or  station  ; 
the  order  of  elevation  or  of  subordination. 
We  say,  all  ranks  and  orders  of  men ; 
every  man's  dress  and  behavior  should 
correspond  with  his  rank ;  the  highest 
and  the  lowest  ranks  of  men  or  of  other 
intelligent  beings. 

().  Class  ;  order  ;  division  ;  any  portion  or 
number  of  things  to  which  place,  degree 
or  order  is  assigned.     Profligate  men,  by 


RAN 


RAN 


RAN 


iheir  vices,  sometimes  degrade  ihemselves 
to  the  rank  of  hnites. 

7.  Degree  of  dignity,  eininence  or  excel- 
letice  ;  as  a  writer  of  the  first  rank  ;  a 
lawyer  of  higii  raiilc. 

These  are  all  virtues  of  a  meaner  rank. 

Addison. 

8.  Dignity ;  liigli  place  or  degree  in  the  or- 
ders of  men  ;  as  a  man  of  rank. 

Rank  and  file,  the  order  of  common  soldiers. 
Ten  officers  and  three  hundred  rank  and 
file  fell  in  the  action. 

To  fill  the  ranks,  to  supply  the  whole  number, 
or  a  competent  number. 

To  take  rank,  to  enjoy  precedence,  or  to 
have  the  right  of  talcing  a  higher  place. 
In  G.  Britain,  the  king's  sons  take  rank  of 
all  the  other  nobles. 

RANK,  a.  [Sax.  ranc,  proud,  haughty  ;  Sp. 
It.  rancio ;  L.  rancidus,  from  ranceo,  to 
smell  strong.  The  primary  sen.se  of  the 
root  is  to  advance,  to  shoot  forward,  to 
grow  luxuriantly,  vvlience  the  sense  of 
strong,  vigorous  ;  W.  rhac,  rhag,  before 
rhacu,rhaciaw,  to  advance,  to  put  forward 
This  word  belongs  probably  to  the  same 
family  as  the  preceding.] 

1.  Luxuriant  in  growth  ;  being  of  vigorous 
growth  ;  as  rank  grass  ;  rank  weeds. 

Seven  ears  came  up  upon  one  stalk,  rank  and 
good.     Gen.  xii. 

2.  Causing  vigorous  growth  ;  producing  lux 
uriantly  ;  very  rich  and  fertile  ;  as,  land  is 
rank.  Mortimer. 

3.  Strong  scented ;  as  rank  smelling  rue. 

Spenser. 

4.  Rancid;  musty  ;  as  oil  of  a  ratik  snudl. 

5.  Inflamed  with  venereal  appetite.       Ukak. 

6.  Strong  to  the  taste  ;  high  tasted. 

Divers  sea  fowls  taste  rank  of  the  fish  on 
which  Ihey  feed.  Boyle 

7.  Rampant ;  high  grown  ;  raised  to  a  high 
degree  ;  excessive ;  as  rank  pride  ;  rank 
idolatry. 

I  do  forgive 
Thy  rankest  faults.  Shak. 

8.  Gross;  coarse.  Shak 

9.  Strong ;  clinching.  Take  rank  hold 
Hence, 

10.  Excessive  ;  exceeding  the  actual  value  ; 
as  a  rank  modus  in  law.  Rlaekstone. 

To  set  rank,  as  the  iron  of  a  plane,  to  set 
it  so  as  to  take  off'  a  thick  shaving. 

Moxon 
R,ANK,  V.  t.  To  place  abreast  or  in  a  line. 

Milton. 

2.  To  place  in  a  particular  class,  order  or 
division. 

Poets  were  ranked  in  the  class  of  philoso- 
phers. Broome 

Heresy  is  ranked  with  idolatry  and  witch- 
craft. Decay  of  Piety 

3.  To  dispose  methodically  ;  to  place  in  suit- 
able order. 

Who  now  shall  rear  you  to  the  suu,  or  rank 

your  tribes  ?  Milton. 

Ranking  all  things  under  general  and  s|)ectal 

heads.  Watts. 

RANK,  V.  i.   To  be  ranged  ;  to  be  set   or 

disposed  ;  as  in  a  particular  degree,  class, 

order  or  division. 

Let  that  one  article  ia;i/i  with  the  rest. 

Shak 
3.  To  be  placed  in  a  rank  or  ranks. 

Go,  rank  in  tribes,  and  quit  the  savage  wood 

Tate. 


3.  To  have  a  certain  grade  or  degree  of  ele- 
vation in  the  orders  of  civil  or  military 
life.  He  ranks  with  a  major.  He  ranks 
with  the  fust  class  of  poets.  He  ranks 
h\s\\  ill  public  estimation. 

RANK'EU,  pp.  Placed  in  a  line ;  disjiosed 
in  an  order  or  class  ;  arranged  methodi- 
cally. 

RANK'ER,  n.  One  that  disposes  in  ranks  ; 
one  that  arranges. 

RANKING,  ppr.  Placing  in  ranks  or  lines  ; 
arranging  ;  dispo.sing  in  orders  or  classes  ; 
having  a  certain  rank  or  grade. 

RANKLE,  V.  i.  [from  rank.]  To  grow 
more  rank  or  strong  ;  to  be  inflamed  ;  to 
fester  ;  as  a  rankling  wound. 

A  malady  that  burns  and  rankles  inward. 

Rowe. 

2.  To  become  more  violent ;  to  be  inflamed  ; 
to  rage  ;  as  rankling  malice  ;  rankling  en- 
vy.    Jealou.sy  rrini/cs  in  the  breast. 

RANK'LY,  ado.  With  vigorous  growth  ;  a.s. 
grass  or  weeds  grow  rankly. 

2.  Coarsely;  grossly.  Shak. 

RANK'NESS,  n.  Vigorous  growth;  luxu- 
riance ;  exuberance  ;  as  the  rankness  of 
plants  or  herbage. 

3.  Exuberance  ;  excess  ;  extravagance  ;  as 
the  rankness  of  pride;  the  ranAvie**  of  jov. 

Shak. 

3.  Extraordinary  strength. 

The  crane's  pride  is  in  the  rankne.is  of  her 
wing.  V  Estrange. 

4.  Strong  taste  ;  as  the  rankness  of  flesh  or 
fish. 

.5.  Rancidness  ;  rank  smell ;  as  the  rankness 
of  oil. 

(j.  Excessiveness  ;  as  the  rankness  of  a  com- 
position or  modus.  Blacksione. 

RAN'NY,  n.    The  shrew-mouse.        Brown 

RAN'S.\CK,  V.  t.  [Dan.  randsager:  Sw 
ransaka  ;  Gaelic,  ransnchadh.  Rand,  in 
Danish,  is  edge,  margin,  Eiig.  rand,  and 
ran  is  rapine.  The  last  syllable  coincides 
with  the  English  verb  to  sack,  to  pillage, 
and  in  Spanish,  this  verb  which  is  written 
saquear,  signifies  to  ransack.] 

1.  To  plunder ;  to  pillage  comi>letely  ;  to 
strij)  by  phmdering;  as,  to  ransack  a  house 
or  city.  Drydtn. 

Their  vow  is  made  to  ransack  Troy.      Shak. 

2.  To  search  thoroughly  ;  to  enter  and  search 
every  place  or  part.  It  seems  often  to  con- 
vey the  sense  of  opening  doors  and  par- 
cels, and  turning  over  things  in  search  ; 
as,  to  ransack  files  of  papers. 

I  ransack  the  several  caverns.      Woodward. 

3.  To  violate ;  to  ravish  ;  to  deflour :  as 
ransacked  chastity.     [JVbt  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

RAN'SACKED,  pp.  Pillaged  :  searched 
narrowly. 

RANSACKING,  ppr.  Pillaging;  search- 
ing narrowly. 

R.'VN'SfjM,  n.  [Dan.  rajiron;  Sw.  ransoyi ; 
G.  ranzioji ;  Norm,  raancon  ;  Fr.  ran  con 
Arm.  rangzon.  In  French,  the  word  im- 
plies not  only  rcdeiiiptinii,  but  exaction  ; 
but  I  know  not  the  compunent  parts  of  the 
word.     Qii.  G.  sithne,  atonement.] 

1.  The  money  or  price  paid  for  the  redemp 
tioii  of  a  prisoner  or  slave,  or  for  goods 
captured  by  an  i-iieniy  ;  that  which  pro- 
cures the  relcaM-  of  a  prisoner  or  cajitive, 
or  of  captured  property,  and  restores  the 


one  to  liberty  and  the  other  to  the  origiaal 
owner. 

By  his  captivity  in  Austria,  and  the  heavy 
ransom  he  paid  for  his  liberty,  Richard  was  hin- 
dered from  pursuing  the  conquest  of  Ireland. 

Davies. 

2.  Release  from  captivity,  bondage  or  the 
possession  of  an  enemy.  They  were  una- 
ble to  procure  the  ransom  of  the  prison- 
ers. 

3.  In  law,!i  sum  paid  for  the  pardon  of  some 
great  offense  and  the  discharge  of  the  of- 
fender ;  or  a  fine  paid  in  lieu  of  corporal 
punishment.  Encyc.     Blacksione. 

4.  In  Scripture,  the  price  paid  fir  a  forfeited 
life,  or  tor  delivery  or  release  from  capital 
punishment. 

Then  he  shall  give  for  the  ransorn  of  his  life, 
whatever  is  laid  upon  him.     Ex.  K\i. 

a.  The  price  paid  for  procuring  the  pardon 
of  sins  and  the  redemption  of  the  sinner 
from  punishment. 

Deliver  him  from  going  down  to  the  pit;  i 
have  found  a  ransom.    Job  xxxiii. 

The  Son  of  man  came — to  give  his  life  a  ran- 
som for  many.     Matt.  xx.     Mark  x. 

R.^N'SOM,  V.  t.  [Sw.  ransonera ;  Dan. 
ranzonerer  ;  Fr.  ranconner  ;  Arm.  ranc- 
zouna.] 

1.  To  redeem  from  captivity  or  |)unishment 
by  paying  an  equivalent  ;  npplied  to  per- 
sons ;  as,  to  ransom  prisoners  from  an  en- 
emy. 

2.  To  redeem  from  the  possession  of  an  en- 
emy by  paying  a  jirice  deemed  equivalent; 
applied  to  goods  or  property. 

3.  In  Scripture,  to  redeem  from  the  bondage 
of  sin,  and  from  the  punishment  to  which 
sinners  are  subjected  by  the  divine  law. 

The  ransomed  of  the  Lord  shall  return.     Is. 

XXXV. 

4.  To  rescue  ;  to  deliver.     Hos.  xiii. 
RAN'SOIMED,  pp.    Redeemed   or   rescued 

from  captivity,  bondage  or  punishment  by 
the  payment  of  an  equivalent. 

RAN'SOMER,  n.  One  that  redeems. 

RAN'SO.MING,  ppr.  Redeeming  from 
captivity,  bondage  or  punishment  by  giv- 
ing satisfaction  to  the  possessor ;  rescu- 
ing; liberating. 

RAN'SOMLESS,  a.  Free  from  ransom. 

Shak. 

RANT,  V.  i.   [Heb.  Ch.  pi,  Ar.  ^^   ranna, 

to  cry  out,  to  shout,  to  sound,  groan,  mur- 
mur ;  W.  rhonta,  to  frisk,  to  gambol,  a 
sense  of  the  Hebrew  also.] 
To  rave  in  violent,  high  sounding  or  extrava- 
gant language,  without  correspondent  dig- 
nity of  thought  ;  to  be  noisy  and  boister- 
ous in  words  or  declamation  ;  as  a  ranting 
preacher. 

Look  where  my  ranting  host  of  the  garter 
comes.  SImk. 

RANT,  n.  High  sounding  language  with- 
out dignity  of  thought  ;  boisterous,  empty 
declamation  ;  as  the  rant  of  fanatics. 

This  is  stoical  rant,  without  any  foundation 
in  the  nature  of  man,  or  reason  of  things. 

Atierbury: 
|R.\NT'ER,  n.  A  noisy  talker;  a  boisterous 

preacher. 
R.-VNT'ING,  ppr.    Uttering  high  sounding 
words  without  solid  sense;  declaiming  or 
preaching  with  boisterous  empty  words. 


RAP 


RAP 


R  A  R 


RANT'IPOLE,  a.  [from  rant.]  Wild  ;  ro- 
ving'; lakish.     [A  low  word.]        Congrevc. 

RANT'IPOLE,  V.  i.  To  rim  about  vvililly. 
[Low.]  Arbulhiiol. 

RANT'ISM,  )i.  The  practice  or  tenets  of 
ranters.  lip.  Rust. 

RANT'Y,  a.  Wild;  noisy;  boisterous. 

RAN'ULA,  71.  [L.  rana,  a.  frog;  dm.  a  little 
froj;.] 

A  swelling  under  the  tongue,  similar  to  the 
encysted  tumors  in  different  parts  of  the 
bodv.  Coxe. 

RANUN'€ULUS,  n.  [L.  from  rnna,  a  frog.] 

In  botfiny,  crowfoot,  a  genus  of  plants  of  ma- 
ny species,  some  of  them  beautiful  flower- 
ing plants,  particularly  the  Asiatic,  or 
Turkey  and  Persian  ranunculus,  which  is 
diversified   with   many    rich  colors. 

Encyc. 

RAP,  V.  i.  [Sax.  hrepan,  hreppan,  to  touch 
repan,  to  touch,  to  seize,  L.  rapio  ;  Sw 
rappa  ;  Dan.  rapper,  to  .snatch  away,  and 
rapper  sig,  to  hasten  ;  rap,  a  stroke,  Sw 
rapp  ;  Fr.frapper,  to  strike.  The  prima- 
ry sense  of  the  root  is  to  rush,  to  drive 
forward,  to  fall  on,  hence  both  to  strike 
and  to  seize.  That  the  sense  is  to  drive  or 
rush  forward,  is  evident  from  L.  7'apidus, 
rapid,  from  rapio.  See  Class  Rb.  No.  2tj. 
27.  28.  29.] 

To  strike  with  a  quick  sharp  blow  ;  to 
knock  ;  as,  to  rap  on  the  door. 

RAP,  V.  t.  To  strike  with  a  quick  blow  ;  to 
knock. 

With  one  great  peal  they  rap  the  door. 

Prior. 

To  rap  out,  to  utter  with  sudden  violence  ; 
as,  to  rap  out  an  oath.  Addison.  [Sax. 
hreopan,  to  cry  out,  that  is,  to  drive  out 
the  voice.  Tliis  is  probably  of  the  same 
family  as  the  preceding  word.  In  the 
popular  language  of  the  U.  States,  it  is 
often  pronounce<l  rip,  to  rip  out  an  oath; 
L.  crcpo,  Fr.  crever.] 
RAP,  V.  t.  To  seize  and  bear  away,  as  the 
mind  or  thoughts;  to  transport  out  of 
one's  self;  to  affect  with  ecstasy  or  rap- 
ture ;  as  rapt  into  admiration. 

Tin  7'apt  with  joy  to  see  my  Marcia's  tears. 

.dddiso7i. 
Rapt  into  future  times  the  bard  begun. 

Pope. 

2.  To  snatch  or  hurry  away. 

And  rapt  with  whirling  wheels.         Spenser. 
Rapt  in  a  chariot  drawn  by  fiery  steeds. 

Mdlon. 

3.  To  seize  by  violence.  Draijton. 

4.  To  exchange  ;  to  truck.  [Low  and  not 
used.] 

To  rap  and  rend,  to  seize  and  tear  or  strip ; 
to  fall  on  and  pluniler ;  to  snatch  by  vio- 
lence. They  brought  oft'  all  tliey  could 
rap  and  re7id.     [See  Rend.] 

IlAP,  n.  A  quick  smart  blow  ;  as  a  rap  on 
the  knuckles. 

RAl'A'CIOUS,  a.  [L.  rapax,  from  rapio,  to 
seize.     See  JRap.] 

1.  Given  to  plunder;  disposeil  or  accustom- 
ed to  seize  by  violence  ;  seizing  by  force  ; 
as  a  rapacious  enemy. 

Well  may  thy  lord,  appeasM, 
Redeem    thee  quite   from  death's  raparious 
'•laini.  .Milto7i. 

2.  AccuslomiMl  to  seizin  for  food  ;  subsisting 
on  prey  or  animals  seized  by  violence  ;  as 
a  rapacious  tiger ;  a  rapacious  fowl. 


RAPA'CIOUSLY,  adv.  By  rapine  ;  by  vio- 
lent robbery  or  seizure. 

RAPA'CIOUSNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing rapacious;  disposition  to  plunder  or 
to  exact  by  oppression. 

RAPACITY,  n.  [Fr.rapacite;  L.rapacitas, 
irom  rapax,  rapio.] 

1.  Addictedness  to  plunder ;  the  exercise  of 
plunder  ;  the  act  or  practice  of  seizing  by 
force  ;  as  the  rapacity  of  a  conquering  ar- 
my ;  the  rapacity  of  j)irates  ;  the  rapacity 
of  a  Turkish  pashaw  ;  the  rapacity  of  e,\- 
tortioners. 

2.  Raveuousness ;  as  the  rapacity  of  ani- 
mals. 

3.  The  act  or  practice  of  extorting  or  exaot- 
ing  by  oppressive  injustice. 

RAPE,  n.  [L.  rapio,  raptus ;  It.  ratto  ;  Fr. 
rapt ;  W.  rhaib,  a  snatching  ;  rheibiaio,  to 
snatch.     See  Rap.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  seizing  by  violence  ; 
also,  a  seizing  and  carrying  away  by 
force,  as  females.  Mitford. 

2.  Ill  law.  the  carnal  knowledge  of  a  woman 
lijrcibly  and  against  her  will.     Blackst07ie. 

i.  Privation  ;  the  act  of  seizing  or  taking 
away.  Chap/na/t. 

.\nd  ruiii'd  orphans  of  thy  rapes  complain. 

Sandya. 

4.  Something  taken  or  seized  and  carried 
away. 

Where  now  are  all  my  hopes  .-'  oh,  never  more 
Shall  they  revive,  nor  death  her  rapes  restore. 

Sa/idy.'i. 
■5.  Fruit  plucked  from  the  cluster.  Rf.'/- 

0.  A  division  (d'a  county  in  Sussex,  in  Eng- 
land ;  or  an  intermediate  division  between 
a  hundreil  and  a  shire,  and  containing 
three  or  four  hundreds.  Blacksto/ie. 

RAPE,   71.    [If.  raib  ;  L.  rapa,    rapum  ;  Gv 

(jarfi;;    Y).  raap  ;   G.riibe;   Sw.  rq/l'«.] 
A   plant  of  the  genus  Brassica,  called  aisi 

cole-rape  and  cole-seed,  and  of  ndiich  tin 

navevv  or  French  turnip  is  a  variety. 

Lee.     Ed.  Encyc. 
The  hrooi7i-rnpe  is  of  the  genus  Orobanche 
I!  ^ '  P  E  RQQT.     [See  Rape.] 
RA'PESEEI),    n.    The  seed   of  the  rape, 

from  which  oil  is  expressed. 
R.\P'ID,  a.   [L.  rapidus,  from  rapio,  the  pri 

mary  sense  of  which  is  to  rush.] 

Very  swift  or  quick  ;  moving  with  celeri 

ty ;  as  a  rapid  stream  ;  a  rapid  flight ;  a 

rapid  motion. 
Pait  shun  the  goal  with  rapid  wheels. 

Milton. 
Advancing  with  haste  or  speed  ;  speedy 

in  progression  ;  as   rapid  growth  ;  rapid 

improvement. 

Of  quick  utterance  of  words;  as  a  rapid 

speaker. 
RAPID' ITY,  71.  [h.  rapiditas ;  Fr.  rapidity-, 

supra.] 

1.  Swiftness;  celerity;  velocity;  as  the  ra- 
pidity  of  a  current ;  the  rapidity  of  motion 
of  any  kind. 

2  Haste  in  utterance ;  as  the  rapidity  of 
.speech  or  pronunciation. 

3.  Quickness  of  progression  or  advance;  as 
rapidity  of  growth  or  improvement. 

RAP'IDLY,  adv.  With  great  speed,  celeri- 
ily  or  velocity  ;  swiftly  ;  with  quick  pro- 
gression ;  as,  to  run  rapidly ;  to  grow  or 
improve  7-apidly. 

2.  With  quick  utterance ;  as,  to  speak  rap- 
idly. 


RAP'IDNESS,  n.  Swiftness ;  speed  ;  celer- 
ity ;  rapidity. 

RAP'IDS,  n.  plu.  The  part  of  a  river  where 
the  current  moves  with  more  celerity  than 
the  common  current.  Rapids  imply  a 
considerable  descent  of  the  earth,  but  not 
sufficient  to  occasion  a  fall  of  the  water, 
or  what  is  called  a  cascade  or  cataract. 

RAPIER,  n.  [Vr.rapi^re  ;  Ir.  roipeir  ;  from 
thrusting,  driving,  or  quick  motion.]  A 
small  sword  used  only  in  thrusting. 

Shak.     Pope. 

RA'PIER-FISH,  n.  The  sword-fish. 

Grew. 

RAP'IL,        )        Pidverized   volcanic   sub- 

RAPIL'LO,  \  "•  stances. 

R.AP'INE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  rapina ;  rapio,  to 
seize.] 

1.  The  act  of  plundering ;  the  seizing  and 
carrying  away  of  things  by  force. 

2.  Violence  ;  force.  Milton. 
RAP'INE,  i).  t.  To  plunder.  Buck. 
RAPPAREE',  n.  A    wild  Irish  plunderer; 

so  called  from  rapery,  a  half  pike  that  he 
carries.  Todd. 

RAPPEE',  »(.  A  coarse  kind  of  snuff. 

RAP'PER,  n.  [from  rap.]  One  that  raps 
or  knocks. 

2.  The  knocker  of  a  door.  [JVot  in  common 
use.  ] 

3.  An  oath  or  a  lie.  [JVot  in  use.]  Parker. 
RAPPORT,  n.  [Fr.  from  re  and  porter,  to 

bear.]  Relation  ;  proportion.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Te/nple. 

RAPT,  pp.  [from  rap.]  Transported  ;  rav- 
ished. 

R.'iPT,  v.t.  To  transport  or  ravish.  [JVot 
legitimate  or  ui  use.]  Chapman. 

RAPT,  n.  An  ecstasy  ;  a  trance.       JHorton. 

2.   Rapidity.     [JVot  in  use.] 

RAP'TER,  ?        [L.   raptor.]     A  ravisher  ;  a 

RAP'TOR,  J"-  plunderer.  Drayton. 

RAP'TURE,  n.  [L.  raptus,  rapio.]  A  seiz- 
ing by  violence.    [Little  used.]     Chapman. 

2.  Transport ;  ecstasy  ;  violence  of  a  pleas- 
ing passion  ;  extreme  joy  or  pleasure. 

Mu-ic  when  thus  applied,  raises  in  the  mind 
of  the  hearer  great  conceptions  ;  it  streugthene 
devotion  and  advances  praise  into  rapture. 

Spectator. 

3.  Rapidity  with  violence  ;  a  hurrying  along 
with  velocity ;  as  rolling  with  torrent  rap- 
lure.  Milton. 

4.  Enthusiasm  ;  uncommon  heat  of  imagin- 
ation. 

V'ou  grow  correct,  that  once   with  rapture 
writ.  Pope. 

RAP'TURED,  a.  Ravished  ;  transported. 

Thomson. 
[But  enraptured  is  generally  used.] 
RAP'TL'RIST,    n.    An  enthusiast. 

Spe7iser. 

R.\P'TUROL'S,  a.   Ecstatic;  transponing; 

ravishing;  as  /■(rpturous  joy,    pleasure  or 

(hdiglit.  Collier. 

R.VRE,    «.    [L.   rarus,    thin;  Sp.    Port.   It. 

7'aro  ;  Fr.  ra7-e  ;  D.  raar  ;  G.  Dan.  rar.] 

1.  Ilnconimon  ;  not  frequent  ;  as  a  rare 
event  ;  a  ra/'c  phenomenon. 

2.  Unusually  excellent ;  valuable  to  a  de- 
gree seldom  found. 

Rare  work,  all  hll'd  willi  terror  and  delight. 

Cowley. 
Above  the  rest  I  judge  one  beauty  lare. 

Drydcn. 

3.  Thinly  scattered. 


HAS 


HAS 


RAT 


Those  rare  and  solitary,  tliesc  in  flocks — 

Millon 

4.  Thill  ;  porous;  not  dense  ;  as  a  rare  autl 
attenuate  substance. 

WatiT  is  ninetein  limes  lighter  und  hy  conse- 
quence nineteen  times  rartr  tlian  gold. 

JiTewlon. 

5.  [Sax.  /were.]  Nearly  raw  ;  imperfectly 
rousted  or  boiled  ;  as  ran  beef  or  mutton  ;| 
cg^'.s  roasted  rare.  Dr\)dtn.^ 

RA'RKEiSIIOVV,  n.  \rart  and  show.\  A[ 
show  carrii'd  in  a  box.  Pope.\ 

RAKEFAC'TION,    n.     [Fr.     See  Rarefi/.] 

The  act  or  process  of  expatiding  or  distend- 
ing bodies,  by  separating  the  parts  and 
rendering  the  bodies  more  rare  or  poroii 
by  which  operation  they  appear  under  a 
larger  bidk,  or  recpiire  more  room,  with- 
out an  accession  of  new  matter;  opposed 
to  condensation  ;  as  the  rarefaction  of  air. 

Eiicyc. 

RAR'EFIABLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  rare- 
fied. 

RAR'EFY,  v.t.  [Fi:  rarefier;  L.  rarefacio ; 
rams,  rare,  andyiict'o,  to  make,] 

To  make  thin  and  porous  or  less  dense ;  to 
expand  or  enlarge  a  body  without  adding 
to  it  any  new  portion  of  its  own  matter  ; 
oppose([  to  condense.       Encyc.     Thomson. 

RAR'EFY,  II.  i.  To  become  thin  and  porous. 

Dryden. 

RAR'EFYING,  ppr.  Making  thin  or  less 
dense.  j 

RA'RELY,     adv.     Seldom  ;  not   often  ; 
things  rarely  seen. 

2.  Finely  ;  nicely.     [Lillle  used.]  Shnk. 

RA'RENESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  uncom- 
mon ;  uncommoimess;  infreqiiency. 
And  let  the  rareiiess  the  small  gilt  co'mmend. 

Dryden. 

2.  Value  arising  from  scarcity.  Bacon. 

3.  Thinness;  tenuity  ;  as  the  rareness  of  air 
or  vapor. 

4.  Distance  from  each  other ;  thinness. 

Johnson. 
RA'RERIPE,  a.  [Sax.  arceran,  to  excite,  to 

hasten.] 
Early  ripe  ;  ripe  before  others,  or  before  the 

usual  season. 
RA'RERIPE,  Ji.  An  early  fruit,  particular 

ly  a  kind  of  peach  which  ripens  early. 
RAR'ITY,  n.  [Fr.  rorele  ;  L.  raritas.]     Un 
commonness  ;  infrequency. 

Far  from  being  fond  of  a  (lower  for  its  rarity 

Spectator. 

2.  A  thing  valued  for  its  scarcity. 

I  saw  three  rarities  of  different  kinds,  which 
pleased  me  more  than  any  other  shows  in  tlio 
J^^ce.  Addison. 

3.  Tliinness;  tenuity;  opposed  to   density 
as  the  rarity  of  air.  Di«-bi/. 

RAS'€AL,  ?i.  [Sax.  id.     This  word  is  said 

to  signify  a  lean  beast.] 
A   mean    fellow;  a    scoundrel;  in    modern 
usage,    a    trickish     dishonest    fellow  ;    a 
rogue;  particularly   applied    to  men   and 
boys  guilty  of  tlie  lesser  crimes,  rmd  indi- 
cating less  enormity  or  guilt  than  villain. 
I  )iave  sense  to  serve  my  turn  in  store. 
And  he's  a  rascal  who  pretends  to  more. 

Dryden. 
RAS'CAL,  a.  Lean  ;  as  a  rascal  deer. 
3.  Mean;  low.  Spenser. 

RASCAL'ION,  n.  [from  rascal]  A  low 
mean  wretch.  Hiidibras. 

RASGAL'ITY,  n.  The  low  mean  people. 

South. 


2.  Mean  triekishncss  or  dishonesty  ;  base 
fraud.  [This  is  its  sense  in  present  usage 
in  ^Imenra.] 

RAS'CALIjY,  a.  Meanly  trickish  or  dis- 
honest ;  viie. 

2.  Mean  ;  vile  ;  base  ;  worthless ;  as  a  ras- 
cally porter.  Swijl. 

RASE,  D.  (.  s  as  I.  [Fr.  ra«er ;  Sp.  Port.  ra«ar , • 
It.  rasare  uiul  ru^schiare  ;  Arm.  ruia;  L.ra- 
sus,  rudo.  Witli  tliese  words  accord  tht 
W.    rhathu,    to    rub    off,    rhathell,    a  rasp, 

Eth.  ^WT"  to  rub  r)r  wipe.  See  tlie 
verb  to  row,  which  is  radically  the  same 
%vord.  If  g  in  ^rate  is  a  prefix,  the  won 
is  formed  on  the  same  radix.  Class  Rd 
No.  10.  13.  17.  25.  35.  38.  42.  50.  58.  01.  02. 
04.  81.] 

1.  To  pass  along  the  surface  of  a  tlnng, 
with  striking  or  rubbing  it  at  the  same 
time ;  to  graze. 

Might  not  the  bullet  which  rased  his  cheek, 
have  gone  into  his  head  ?      Obs.  South. 

2.  To  erase  ;  to  scratch  or  rub  out ;  or  to 
blot  out ;  to  cancel.  Milton. 

[In  this  sense,  era.9e  is  generally  used.] 
To  h'vel  with  th<!  ground  ;  to  overthrow ; 
to  destroy  ;  as,  to  ra.se  a  city.  Millon. 

|ln  this  sense,  raze  is  generally   used. 
This  orthography,  rase,  may  therefore  be 
considered    as    nearly     obsolete  ;    graze, 
erase  and  raze  having  superseded  it.] 
R.-^SE,  71.  A  cancel  ;  erasure.    [JVotinuse.] 
2.  A  sliglit  wound.     [.Vol  in  use.] 
RASH,  a.  [D.   G.  rasch,  quick  ;  Sw.    Dan. 
rash,  id. ;  Sax.  hrnd,   hra-d,   hrmth,    ()uick, 
hasty,  ready,  and  hrws,  rirs,  impetus,  force, 
and  hreosan,  reosan,  rasan,  to  rush.     Sec 
Ready  and  Rush.     The  sense  is  advanc- 
ing, pushing  forward.  Class  Rd.  No.  5. !».] 

1.  Hasty  in  council  or  action;  precipitate; 
resolving  or  entering  on  a  project  or 
measine  without  due  dclihcration  and 
caution,  and  thus  encountering  imnei^cs- 
sary  hazard  ;  applied  to  persons  ;  as  a  rash 
statesman  or  minister  ;  a  rash  command- 
er. I 

2.  Uttered  or  undertaken  with  too  much! 
haste  or  too  little  reflection ;  as  rash 
words;  rash  measures. 

3.  Reipiiring  haste  ;  urgent. 
I  have  scarce  leisure  to  salute  you. 
My  loatter  is  so  rash.  Shnk. 

4.  Qniek  ;  sudden  ;  as  rash  gunpowder. 
[.Vol  in  use.] 

RASH,  n.  Corn  so  dry  as  to  fall  out  with 
handling.     [Local.]  Grose. 

RASH,  n.   [It.  roiVia.J   Satin. 

2.  All  eruption  or  I'iHoresccnee  on  the  body. 
[In  Italian,  raschia  is  the  itch.] 

RASH,    1'.  /.    [It.    raschiare,    to   scrape    or 
grate  ;  \V.    rhdsg.     rhasgyl.    rhasgliaio 
from   tlie  root  of  rase,  graze.]     To  slice 
to  cut  into  pieces;  to  divide.  Spenser. 

RASH'ER,  n.  A  thin  slice  of  bacon  ;  a  thin 
cut.  Shak. 

RASH'LY,  adv.  With  precipitation;  hasti- 
ly ;  without  due  deliberation. 

He  that   doth  any  thing   rashly,  must  do  it 

willingly.  VEstrange. 

So   rashly  brave,  to  dare  the  sword  of  The- 

'^eu^-  Smith. 

RASH'NESS,  n.  Too  much  haste  in  re- 
solving or  in  undertaking  a  measure;  pre- 
cipitation ;  inconsiderate  readiness  or 
promptness  to  decide  or  act,  implying  dis-j 
regard  of  consequences  or  contempt  of 


danger ;  applied  to  persons.    The  failine  ol 

enterprises  is  often  owing  to  rashness. 
H'e  offend  by  rashness,  wiiieh  is  an  affirming 

or  denying  before  we  have  sufficiently  informed 

ourselves.  South. 

2.  The    quality   of  being   uttered   or  iloiie 

without  due  deliberation;  as  the  rashness 

of  words  or  of  undertakings. 
R'ASP,  n.    [Sw.  D.  rasp;  G.  raspel ;  Dan. 

raspe  ;  Fr.  rape,  for  raspe ;  It.  Sp.   raspa. 

See  Rase.] 
1.  A  large  rough  file  ;  a  grater. 


2.  A  raspberry,  which  see.  Baron. 

irASP,  V.  t.  [D.  raspen  ;  Dan.  rasper ;  Sw. 

raspa  ;  It.  ruspare ;  Sp.  raspar ;  p'r.  rdper  ; 

W.   rhathell,  in   a   diflerent   dialect.     See 

Rase.] 
To  rub  or  file  with  a  rasp ;  to  rub  or  grate 

with  a  rough  file;  as,   to   rasp  wood    to 

make  it  smooth  ;  to  rasp  bones  to  powder. 
IHseman.    Moxon. 
R'ASPATORY,  n.  A  surgeon's  rasp. 

H'iseman. 
R\\SPBERRY,  n.    [from   rasp,  so   named 

from  the  roughness  of  the  brambles ;  G. 

kratzbeere,  from  kratzen,  to  scratch.] 
The  fiuit  of  a  bramble  or  species  of  rubus; 

a  berry   growing  on   a  prickly  plant  ;  as 

the  black  ra.tpberry ;  the  red  uiid  the  white 

raspUerrii. 
R-ASPHERRY-BUSH,     n.     The    bramble 

|)roduciiig  raspberries. 
RA'SIJRE,  n.  s  as  :.  [h.rasura,  from  rado, 

rasus.     See  Rase.] 

1.  The  act  of  scraping  or  shaving ;  the  act 
of  erasing. 

2.  The  mark  by  which  a  letter,  word  or  any 
part  of  a  writing  is  erased,  effaced  or  ob- 
htcrated  ;  an  erasure.  •lyliffe. 

RAT,  n.  [Sax.  rict ;  D.  rat ;  G.  ratze  ;  Fr. 
rat;  Ann.  raz ;  Sp.  rata;  Port.  id.  a  rat, 
and  ratos,  sharp  stones  in  the  sea  that 
wear  cables;  probably  named  from  gnaw- 
ing, and  from  the  root  of  L.  rodo.] 

A  small  quadruped  of  the  genus  Mils,  which 
infests  lioiises,  stores  and  sliijis  ;  a  trouble- 
some race  of  animals. 

To  smell  a  rat,  to  be  su3|iicious,  to  be  on  the 
watch  from  suspicion  ;  as  a  cat  by  the 
scent  or  noise  of  a  rat. 

RA'TABLE,  a.  [from  rale.]  That  may  be 
rated,  or  set  at  a  certain  value  ;  as  a  Dan- 
ish ore  ratable  at  two  marks. 

Camden. 

2.  Liable  or  subjected  by  law  to  taxation ; 
as  ratable  estate.  Stat,  of  Conn. 

RA'TABLY,  adv.  By  rate  or  jiroportion  ; 
proportionally.  Raleigh. 

RATAFIA,  n.  ratafee'.  [Sj).]  A  fine  spirit- 
uous liquor,  prepared  fioin  the  kernels  of 
several  kinds  of  fruits,  particularly  of 
cherries,  apricots  and  peaclic.':. 

Sp.  Diet.     Encyc. 

RATAN',  7!.  [Malay,  rotan  ;  Java,  rotlan'g.] 
A  small  cane,  the  growth  of  India. 

R.\T'-€ATCHE1{,  n.  One  who  makes  it 
his  busine.ss  to  catch  rats. 

RATCII,  11.  In  clock  work,  a  sort  of  wheel 
having  twelve  fangs,  which  serve  to  lift 
the  detents  every  hour  and  thereby  cause 
the  clock  to  strike.  Encyc. 

RATCH'ET,  n.  In  a  watch,  a  small  tooth  at 
the  bottom  of  the  fusee  or  barrel,  which 
stops  it  in  winding  up.  Encyc. 

RATCH'IL,  n.  Among  treiner*,  fragments 
of  stone.  Kirwan. 


RAT 


RAT 


RAT 


RATE,  n.  [Norm,  rate ;  L.  ralus,  reor,  con-l 
tiacteJ  fioiii  retor,  redor  or  resor.  See 
Hntio  uiid  Reason.] 

1.  Ttie  proportion  or  standard  by  which 
quantity  or  value  is  adjusted;  as  silver 
valued  at  the  rate  of  six  shillings  and 
eight  pence  the  ounce. 

The  rate  and  standard  of  wit  vpas  different 
then  from  what  it  is  in  these  days.  South, 

2.  Price  or  amount  stated  or  fi.\ed  on  any 
thing.  A  king  may  pnrcliase  territory  at 
too  dear  a  laie.  The  rate  of  interest  is 
prescribed  by  law. 

3.  Settled  allowance  ;  as  a  daily  rate  of  pro 
visions.     2  Kings  xxv. 

4.  Degree ;  comparative  highth  or  value. 

I  am  a  spirit  of  no  common  rate.  Shak. 

In  this  did  his  holiness  and  godUness  appear 
above  the  rate  and  pitch  of  other  men's,  in  that 
he  was  so  infinitely  merciful.  Calamy. 

5.  Degree  in  which  any  thing  is  done.  The 
ship  sails  at  the  rate  of  seven  knots  an 
hour. 

Many  of  the  horse  could  not  march  at  that 
rate,  nor  come  up  soon  enough.  Clarendon. 
G.  Degree  of  value  ;  price.  Wheat  in  Eng- 
land is  often  sold  at  the  rate  of  fifty  shil- 
lings the  quarter.  Wit  may  be  purchased 
at  too  dear  a  rate. 

7.  A  tax  or  stun  assessed  by  authority  on 
property  for  public  use,  according  to  its 
income  or  value;  as  parish  rates;  town 
rates;  highway  rates. 

8.  In  the  navy,  the  order  or  class  of  a  ship, 
according  to  its  magnitude  or  force.  Ships 
of  the  first  rate  mount  a  hundred  guns  or 
upwards;  those  of  the  second  rate  carry 
from  90  to  98  guns ;  those  of  the  third 
rate  carry  from  (34  to  80  guns ;  those  of 
the  fourth  rate  from  50  to  (50  guns  ;  those 
of  the  fifth  rate  from  32  to  44  guns  ;  those 
of  the  sixth  rate  from  20  to  30  guns.  Those 
of  the  two  latter  rates  are  caUed  frigates. 

Mar.  Diet 
RATE,  V.  t.  To  set  a  certain  value  on  ;  to 
value  at  a  certain  price  or  degree  of  excel- 
lence. 
You  seem  not  high  enough  your  joys  to  rate. 

Dryden 
Instead  of  rating  the  man  by  his  perform- 
ances, we  too  frequently  rate  the  performance 
by  the  man.  Rambler 

2.  To  fix  the  magnitude,  force  or  order,  as 
of  ships.     A  ship  is  rated  in  the  first  class 
or  as  a  ship  of  the  line. 
RATE,  V.  i.  To  be  set  or  considered  in  a 
class,  as  a  ship.     The  ship  rates  as  a  ship 
of  the  line. 
2.  To  make  an  estimate. 
RATE,  i'.  t.    [Sw.  rata,   to  refuse,   to   find 
fault;  ryta,  to  roar,  to  huff;  Ice.  reita,  or 
G.  bereden,  from  reden,  to  speak,  Sa.\.  rie 
dan.     See  Read.     It  is  probably  allied  to 
rattle,  and  perhaps  to  L.  rudo.     See  Class 
Rd.  No.  71.  70.  Ar.] 
To  chide  with   vehemence  ;  to  reprove  ;  to 
scold  ;  to  censure  violently. 
Go,  rate  thv  minions,  proud  insulting  boy. 

Sliak 
An  old  lord  of  the  council  rated  me  the  other 
day  in  the  street  ^ibout  you,  sir.  Shak 

RA'TED,  ;)/).  Set  at  a  certain  value  ;  esti 

mated ;  set  in  a  certain  order  or  rank. 
2.  Chid  ;  reproved. 

RA'TER,  n.    One  who  sots  a  value  on  or 
makes  an  estimate. 


RATH,  n.  [Ir.  rath,  a  hill,  mount  or  for-! 
tress.]     A  hill.      Obs.  Spenser. 

RATH,  a.  [Sax.  rath,  rathe,  hra-.lh,  hrathe, 
hrwd  or  hrad,  quick,  hasty  ;  Ir.  ratham,  to 
grow  or  be  prosperous ;  from  the  same 
root  as  ready  and  rash,  from  the  sense  of 
shooting  forward.  See  Ready.] 

Early ;  coming  before  others,  or  before  the 
usual  time. 

Bring  the  rath  primrose,  that  forsaken  dies. 

Arillon 
We  sometimes  see  the  word  rath-ripe, 
early  ripe,   Sax.   rad-ripe ;  but  it  is  obso 
lete  or   nearly  so.     In  the   United  States, 
I  believe  it  is  not  used  at  all. 

RATH'ER,  adv.  [Sax.  rathor,  hrathor ;  coinp 
of  rath,  quick,  prompt,  hasty,  ready.  So 
we  use  sooner  in  an  equivalent  sense.  I 
would  rather  go,  or  sooner  go.  The  use 
is  taken  from  pushing  or  movuig  forward. 
So  the  Italians  use  aiizi,  [L.  ante,  before.] 
"  Ma  egli  disse,  anzi,  beati  coloro  ch'odo 
no  la  parola  di  Dio,  e  I'osservano."  But 
he  said,  yea  rather,  happy  are  they  iliat 
hear  the  word  of  God  and  keep  it.  Luke 
xi.] 

1.  More   readily   or  willingly  ;    with  better 


liking  ;  with  preference  or  choice. 

My  soul  chooseth  strangling  and  death  rath- 
er than  Ufe.     Job  vii 

Light  is  come  into  the  world,  and  men  loved 
darkness  rather  than  light,  because  their  deeds 
were  evil.     John  iii.     Ps   Ixxxiv. 

2.  In  ])reference ;  preferably  ;  with  better 
reason.  Good  is  rather  to  be  chosen  than 
evil.     See  Acts  v. 

3.  In  a  greater  degree  than  otherwise. 

He  sought  throughout  the  world,  but  sought 

in  vain, 
And  no  where  finding,  rather  fear'd  her  slain. 

Dryden. 

4.  More  properly ;  more  correctly  speaking. 

This  is  an  art 
Which  does  mend  nature,  change  it  rather  ; 

but 
The  art  itself  is  nature.  .S7mfr. 

5.  Noting  some  degree  of  contrariety  in 
fact. 

She   was  nothing  better,   but   rather  grew 
worse.     Mark  v.      \Iatt.  sxvii. 
The  rather,  especially  ;  for  better  reason  ;  for 
particular  cause. 

You  are  coirie  to  me  in  a  happy  lime. 
The  rather  for  I  have  some  sport  in  hand. 

Shak 

Had  rather,  is  supposed  to  he  a  corruption 

of  would  rather. 

I  had  rather  speak  five  words  with  my  un- 
derstanding—     1  Cor.  xiv. 

This  phrase  may  have  been  originally, 
'  I'd  rather,"  for  /  would  rather,  and  the 
contraction  afterwards  mistaken  for  hud. 
Correct  speakers  and  writers  generally 
use  would  in  all  such  phrases  ;  I  would 
rather,  I  prefer  ;  I  desire  in  preferenco 
RATH'OFFITE,  n.  A  mineral  brought 
from  Sweden,  of  the  garnet  kind.  Its  col 
or  is  a  dingy  brownish  black,  and  it  is  ac- 
companied with  calcarious  spar  and  small 
crystals  of  hornblend.  Phillips. 

RATIFI€A'TION,    n.  [Fr.  ;  fiom    ratify.] 

1.  The  act  of  ratifying  ;  confirmation. 

2.  The  act  of  giving  sanction  and  validity  to 
something  done  hy  another  ;  as  the  riitifi- 
cation  of  a  treaty  by  the  senate  of  the  Uni- 
ted States. 

RAT'IFIED,  pp.  Confirmed;  sanctioned; 
made  valid. 


RATTFiER,  n.  He  or  that  which  ratifies 
or  sanctions. 

RAT'IFY,  i;. /.  [Fr.  ratifer;  L.  ratum  facio. 
to  make  firm.]  To  confirm  ;  to  estabhsh; 
to  settle. 

We  have  ratified  to  them  the  borders  of  Ju- 
dea.     1  Mace. 

2.  To  approve  and  sanction ;  to  make  valid  ,- 
as,  to  ratify  an  agreement  or  treaty. 

RAT'IFYING,  ppr.  Confirming;  establish- 
ing ;  approving  and  sanctioning. 

RA'TING,  ;)//i-.  [from  rale.]  Setting  at  a  cer- 
tain value;  assigning  rauk  to  ;  estimating. 

2.  Chiding  ;  reproving. 

RA'TIO,  n.  ra'sho.  [L.  from  ratus,  reor,  to 
think  or  suppose,  to  set,  confirm  or  estab- 
hsh. Reor  is  contracted  from  redor  or  re- 
tor,  and  primarily  signifies  to  throw,  to 
thrust,  hence  to  speak,  to  set  in  the  mind, 
to  think,  like  L.  suppono ;  and  setting 
gives  the  sense  of  a  fixed  rale  or  rule.  See 
Rea.mn.] 

Proportion,  or  the  relation  of  homogeneous 
things  which  determines  the  quantity  of 
one  Irom  the  quantity  of  another,  without 
the  intervention  of  a  third.  Encyc. 

The  relation  which  one  quantity  has 
to  another  of  the  same  kind,  as  expres- 
sed by  the  quotient  of  the  one  divided 
by  the  other.  Thus  the  ratio  of  4  to  2  is 
i,  or  2;  and  the  ratio  of  5  to  6  is  f. 
This  is  geometrical  ratio,  which  is  that 
signified  when  the  term  is  used  without 
distinctitui  ;  but  arithmetical  ratio  is  the 
difference  between  two  quantities.  Thus 
the  arithmetical  ratio  of  2  to  6  is  4. 

Ratio  respects  magnitudes  of  the  same  kind 
only.  One  line  may  be  compared  with 
another  line,  hut  a  line  cannot  be  compar- 
ed with  a  superficies,  and  hence  between  a 
line  and  a  superficies  there  can  be  no  ratio. 

Encyc. 
R.VTIOCINATE,  v.  i.  [h.  ratiocinor,  from 
rnlio,  reason.]  To  reason;  to  argue 
[Lillle  used.] 
RATlOfJINA'TION,  71.  [L.  ratiocinatio.] 
The  act  or  process  of  reasoning,  or  of  de- 
ducing consequences  from  premises.  [See 
Reasoning.]  Brown.     South. 

RATIOC'INATIVE,  a.  Argumentative; 
consisting  in  the  cotnparison  of  proposi- 
tions or  facts,  and  the  deduction  of  infer- 
ences from  the  comparison  ;  as  a  ratiocina- 
tive  process.     [A  bad  word  and  little  used.] 

Hale. 
RA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  ratio,  propor- 
tion.] 
A  portion  or  fixed  allowance  of  provisions, 
drink  and  forage,  assigned  to  each  soldier 
in  an  army  for  his  daily  subsistence  aiid 
for  the  subsistence  of  horses.  Officers 
have  several  rations  according  to  their 
rank  or  number  of  attendants.  Seamen 
in  the  navy  also  have  rations  of  certain 
articles.  Encyc. 

RA'TION.\L,  a.  [Fr.  rationnel;  \t.  razion- 
ale  ;   h.  rntionalis.] 

1.  Having  reason  or  the  faculty  of  reason- 
ing ;  endowed  with  reason ;  opjmsed  to 
irrational ;  as,  man  is  a  rational  being  ; 
brutes  are  not  rational  animals. 

It  is  our  gloiy  and  happiness  to  have  a  ration- 
al naline.  Imw. 

2.  Agreeable  to  reason  ;  opposed  to  absurd ; 
as  a  rational  conclusion  or  inference  ;  ra- 
tional conduct. 


R  A  T 


R  A  V 


R  A  V 


3.  Agreeable  to  reason  ;  not  extravagant. 

4.  Acting  in  conformity  to  reason  ;  wise  ; 
judicious  ;  as  a  rational  man. 

RA'TIONAL,  n.  A  rational  being. 

Young. 
RATIONA'LE,  ii.  A  detail  witli  reasons; 
a  series  of  reasons  assigned  ;  as  Dr.  Spar- 
row's rationale  of  tlie  Common  Prayer. 
2.  An  account  or  solution  of  ibe  [irinciples 
of  sonic  opinion,  action,  liy|)Othesis,  pbe 
nonienon,  &c.  Encyc. 

RA'TIONALIST,  n.  One  who  proceeds  in 
his  disquisitions  and  practice  wholly  upoti 
reason.  Bacon 

RATIONAL'ITY,  n.  The  power  of  reason- 
ing. 

God  has  made  rationality  the  common  por- 
tion of  mankind.  Gov.  of  the  Tongue 
2.  Reasonableness. 

Well  directed  intentions,  \vlio.sc  rationalitifs 
will  not  bear  a  rigid  examinalion.  Brown. 

RA'TIONALLY,  adv.  In  oonsistenoy  with 
reason ;    reasonably.     We   rationally   ex- 
pect every  man  will  pursue  his  own  hap 
piness. 
RA'TIONALNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 

rational  or  consistent  with  reason. 

RAT'LIN,      \         A   small   line   traversing 

RAT'LINE,  S        the   shrouds   of   a    ship, 

making  the  step  of  a  ladder  for  ascending 

to  the  mast-heads.  Mar.  Did. 

RATOON',  n.  [Sp.  retono  ;  retoiiar,  to  sprout 

again.] 

A  sprout  from   the  root  of  the  sugar  cane, 

which  has  been  cut.         Edwards,  W.  Ind. 

RATS'BANE,  n.    [rat  and   bane.]     Poison 

for  rats  :  arsenic.  Swift. 

RATSBANED,  a.  Poisoned  by  ratsbane. 

Junius. 

RAT'-TAIL,  n.  In  farriery,  an  excrescence 

growing  from  the  pastern  to  the  middle  of 

the  shank  of  a  horse.  Encyc. 

RATTEEN',  n.   [Sp.  ratina,  ratteen,  and"  a 

musk  mouse.]     A  thick  woolen  stull'iiuill- 

ed  or  twilled. 

RATTINET',  n. 

than  ratteen. 
RAT'TLE,   V.  i. 
rasseln  ;    Dan. 


a. 


A  woolen   stuff'   lliinner 


[D.  ratclen,  reutelen ;    G. 
raslcr ;    S\v.     rassta  ;    Gr. 
xportu,  xpora^oi",  with  a  pn^fix.  Q.U.  rate.] 

1.  To  make  a  quick  shar|)  noise  rapidly  re 
peated,  by  llie  collisicui  of  bodies  not  very 
sonorous.     When  b<i(lies  are  sonorous,  it 
is  called  jingling.     We   say,   the  wheels 
rattle  over  the  pavement. 

And  the  rude  hail  in  rattling  tempest  forms. 

Jlddison 
He  fagoted  his  notions  as  Ihey  fell. 
And  if  they  rhym'd  and  rattl'd,  all  was  well. 

I}ri/den. 
?..  To  speak  eagerly  and  noisily  ;    to  utter 
words  in  a  clattering  manner. 

Thus  turbulent  in  rattling  lone  she  spoke. 

JDryden. 

He  rattles  it  out  against  popery.  Swift. 

RAT'TLE,  V.  t.  To  cause  to  make  a  rattling 

sound   or  a   rapid   succession    of    sharp 

sounds ;  as,  to  rattle  a  chain.  Dryden. 

2.  To  stun  with  noise  ;  to  drive  with  sharp 
sounds  rapidly  repeated. 

Sound  but  another,  and  another  shall. 
As  loud  as  thine,  rattle  the  welkin's  ear. 

Shak. 

3.  To  scold  ;  to  rail  at  clamorously  ;  as,  to 
rattle  off  servants  sharply.  Arhuthnot. 


jRAT'TLE,  n.  A  rapid  succession  of  .sharpj 
elattenng  sounds  ;  as  the  rattle  of  a  drimi. 

Prior. 
A  rapid  succession  of  words  sharply  ut- 
tered ;  loud  rapid  talk  ;  clamorous  chid-j 
ing. 

An  instrument   with  which  a  elatteringi 
sound  is  made. 

Theia«/fs  of  Isis   and  the  cymbals  of  Bra- 
silea  nearly  enough  resemble  each  other. 

Raleigh 
The  diymes  and  rattles  of  the  man  or  boy. 

Pope. 

4.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Pedicularis,  louse- 
wort.  Fam.  of  Plants. 
Yellow  rattle,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Rhinan 
thus.  Ibm. 
RATTLE-HEADED,     a.    Noisy;   giddy 

unsteady. 

RAT'TLESNAKE,  n.  A  snake  that  has 
rattles  at  the  tail,  of  the  genus  Crotalus. 
The  rattles  consist  of  articulated  horny 
cells,  which  the  animal  vibrates  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  make  a  rattling  sound.  The 
poison  of  the  rattlesnake  is  deadly. 
RATTLESNAKE-ROOT,  n.  A  plant  or 
root  of  the  genus  Polygala,  and  another  of 
the  genus  Prenanihes. 
RATTLESNAKE-WEED,  n.  A  jdant  of 
the  genus  Eryngium.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

RAT'TLING,  ppr.  Making  a  quick  succes- 
sion of  sharp  sounds. 
RAT'TLING,    n.    A    rapid   succession   of 

sharp  sounds.     Nah.  iii. 
RAI''CITY,  n.  [L.  raucus,  hoarse.    Raucus 
is  the  Eng.  rough,  which  see.] 

1.  Hoarseness;  a  loud  rough  sound;  as  the 
raucity  of  a  trunqjet.  Bacon. 

2.  Among  physicians,  hoarseness  of  the  hu- 
man voice. 

RAU'COUS,    a.   Hoarse;    harsh.     [JVol  in 

use.] 
RAUGHT,  the  old  participle  of  reach.    Obs, 
RAUNCH.  [See  ffrench.] 
RAV'AtiE,  »!.    [Fr.   from   ravir,  to  rob   or 

spoil.  L.  ra»io.  See  Class  Rb.  No.  18.  19. 

2»j.  27.] 

1.  SiHiil ;  ruin;  waste;  destruction  by  vio- 
lence, either  by  men,  beasts  or  physical 
causes ;  as  the  ravage  of  a  lion ;  the  r«i'- 
ages  of  lire  or  tempest ;  the  ravages  of  an 
army. 

A\  ould  one  think  'twere  possible  for  love 
To  make  such  ravage  in  a  noble  soul. 

.■lildison 
'i.  Waste;  ruin;    destruction  by  decay;  a: 

the  i-nvages  of  time. 
RAV'AtiE,  V.  t.   [Vr.  rarager.]  To  spoil;  to 
plunder;  to  pillage  ;  to  sack. 
Already  Cesar 
Has  ravaged  more  than  half  the  globe  ! 

.^dilison 

2.  To  lay  waste  by  any  violent  force  ;  as,  a 
flood  or  intindation  ravages  the  meadows. 

The  shatter 'd  forest  and  the  ravaged  vale. 

Thomson 

3.  To  waste  or  destroy  by  eating ;  as  fields 
ravaged  by  swarms  of  locusts. 

RAV'AtiED,  pp.  Wasted  ;  destroyed ;  pil- 
laged. 

RAV'AtiER,  )i.  A  plunderer;  a  spoiler; 
he  or  that  which  lays  waste.  Swifl. 

RAV' Aging,  ppr.  Plundering;  pillaging; 
laying  waste. 

RAVE,  V.  i.  [D.  revclen,  to  rave,  Eng.  to 
revel ;  Sp.  rabiar  ;  Port,  raiimr ;  L.  rabio. 
to  rave,  to  rage  or  be  furious ;  rabies,  rage ; 


It.  rabbia,  whence  arrabhiare,  to  enrage; 
Fr.  rcver,  if  not  a  contracted  word;  Dan. 
raver,  to  reel.  See  Class  Rb.  No.  27.  34.] 

1.  To  wander  in  mind  or  intellect ;  to  be  de- 
lirious; to  talk  irrationally  ;  to  be  wild. 

When  men  thus  rate,  we  may  conclude  their 
brains  are  turned.  Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

2.  "To  utter  furious  exclamations ;  to  be  fu- 
rious or  raging  ;  as  a  madman. 

Have  I  not  cause  to  rave  and  beat  my  breast  ? 

Jldili^ian. 
To  dote ;  to  be  unreasonably  fond  ;  fol- 
lowed by  upon;  as,  to  roue  wpon  antiquity. 
[Hardly  proper.]  Lockt. 

RAVE,  n.  The  upper  side-piece  of  timber  of 
the  body  of  a  cart.  JVtu.'  England. 

RAVEL,  I',  t.  rav'l.  [D.  raaffelen  and  rave- 
len.  See  Class  Rb.  No.  3.  4.  34.  This 
word  is  used  in  opposite  senses.] 

1.  To  entangle;  to  entvvist  together;  to 
make  intricate;  to  involve  ;  to  perplex. 

Wbat  glory's  due  10  liim  that  could  divide 
Such  ravd'd  int'resis,  has  the  kuot  unty'd  ? 

Waller. 

2.  To  untwist ;  to  unweave  or  unknot ;  to 
disentangle ;  as,  to  ravel  out  a  twist ;  to 
ravel  out  a  stocking. 

Sleep,  that  knits  up   the  ravel'd  sleeve   of 
care.  Shak. 

3.  To  hurry  or  run  over  in  confusion.  [.Vol 
in  use.]  Digbi/. 

RAVEL,  V.  i.  rav'l.  To  fall  into  perplexity 
and  confusion. 


Till  by  their  own  perplexities  involv'd. 
They  ravel  ujore,  still  less  resolv'd. 

Milton. 
To  work  in  perplexities  ;  to  busy  one's 
self  with  intricacies;  to  enter  by  winding 
and  turning. 

It  will  be  needless  to  ravel  far  into  the  records 

of  elder  times.  Decay  of  Piety. 

The  humor  of  raveling  into  all  these   mvsti- 

cal  or  entangled  matters — produced  infinitedis- 

putes.  Teniple. 

3.  To  be  unwoven.  Spenser. 

[As  far  as  my  observation  extends,  ravel,  \n 
the  I'nited  States,  is  used  only  in  the  sec- 
ond .sense  above,  viz.  to  uniceave,  to  sep- 
arate the  texture  of  that  which  is  woven 
or  knit;  so  that  raw/ and  unravel  are  with 
us  always  syiumymoiis.  Etymology  proves 
this  to  be  the  true  sense  of  the  word  rav- 
el.] 

RAVELED,  pp.  Twisted  together;  made 
intricate ;  (lisentanitled. 

RAVELIN,  71.  [Fr.  lU  ;  Sp.  rticWin;  Port. 
rebtlim  ;  It.  ravellino.] 

In  fortification,  a  detached  work  with  two 
faces  which  make  a  s.ilieiit  ansle,  without 
any  flanks,  and  raised  beliire  the  counter- 
scarp of  the  place.  In  this  it  difl'ers  from 
a  half  moon,  which  is  placed  before  au 
angle.  Encyc.     Did. 

RAV'ELING,  ppr.  Twisting  or  "weaving ; 
untwisting  ;  disentangling. 

RAVEN,  n.  ra'vn.  [Sax.  hrafn,  lirefn  or 
ra:fn;  G.  rabe ;  D.  raaf.  Clu.  Heb.  3-\;', 
from  its  color.  But  this  may  be  L.  coitus. 
The  Saxon  orthography  would  indicate 
that  this  fowl  is  named  from  [)ilferin'' ; 
hreafian,  rtafian,  to  |)lunder,  to  rob,  L.  m- 
pio.] 

A  large  fowl  of  a  black  color,  of  the  genus 
Gorvus.  Encyc. 

RAVEN,  V.  t.  rav'n.  [G.  raiiben  ;  Dan.  ro- 
ver; Sw.  roffa,  rofva,  to  rob  ;  Sax.  reafav. 


R  A  V 

hreafan.  But  it  is  more  nearly  allied  to  Ar.j 

^j       raffa,  to  eat  much,  to   pluck  off  in 
Class  Rb.  No.  12.  See  No.  18. 19. 


feedin 
34.] 

1.  To  devour  with  great  eagerness;  to  eat 
with  voracity. 

Our  natures  do  pursue, 
Like  rats  that  raven  down  their  proper  bane 
A  thirsty  evil,   and  when  we  drink,  we  die. 

Skak. 
Like  a  roaring  lion,  raveningthe  prey.  Ezek 
xxii. 

2.  To  obtain  by  violence.  HakewiU. 
RAVEN,  V.  i.  rav'n.   To  prey   with   rapa- 
city. 

Benjamin  shall  raven  as  a  wolf.     Gen.  xhx. 

RAVEN,  n.  rav'n.  Prey  ;  pl""der ;  food  ob- 
tained by  violence.     Nah.  ii. 

2.  Rapine;  rapacity.  R"!) 

RAVENED,  pp.  Devoured  with  voracity. 

RAV'ENER,  n.  One  that  ravens  or  plun- 
ders. Goiver. 

RAV'ENING,  ppr.  Preying  with  rapacity  ; 
voraciously    devouring;    as    a    ravening 

wolf. 
RAV'ENING,   n.    Eagerness  for  plunder 

I  IjI(6  XI- 

RAVENOUS,  a.  Furiously  voracious;  hun 
gry  even  to  rage  ;    devouring  with  lapu 
eious  eagerness ;  as  a  ravenous  wolf,  linn 
or  vulture.  Milton. 

2.  Eager  for  prey  or  gratification ;  as  raven 
ous  appetite  or  desire.  Shak 

RAVENOUSLY,  adv.  With  raging  vora- 
city. Burnet. 

RAV'ENOUSNESS,  n.  Extreme  voracity 
rage  for  prey  ;   as  the  ravenousnes.t  of  f 
hon.  Hate 

RAVEN'S  DUCK,  n.  [G.  ravenstuch.]  A 
species  of  sail  cloth.  Tooke. 

RA'VER,  n.  [from  rave.]  One  that  raves  or 
is  furious. 

RAV'ET,  n.  An  insect  shaped  like  a  cock- 
chaffer,  which  infests  the  West  Indies. 

Encyc 

RAVIN.  [See  Raven.] 

RAVIN,  a.  Ravenous.     [jYot  in  use.] 

Shak. 

RAV'IN,    I       [Fr.   ravin,     from   ravir,    to 

RAVINE,  S"'  snatch  or  tear  away.]  Along 
deep  hollow  worn  by  a  stream  or  torrent 
of  water  ;  hence,  any  long  deep  hollow  or 
pass  through  mountains,  &c. 

RA'VING,  ppr.  or  a.  Furious  with  deliri 
um  ;  mad  ;  distracted. 

RA'VINGLY,  adv.  With  furious  wildness 
or  frenzy  ;  with  distraction.  Sidney. 

RAVISH,  v.  t.  [Fr.  ravir;  Arm.  ravipa : 
Sax.  Iireafian ;  W.  rheibiaw ;  L.  rapio. 
See  Class  Rb.  No.  18.  19.  36.  27.] 

1.  To  seize  and  carry  away  by  violence. 

These  hairs  which  thou  dost  ravisli  from  my 

chin. 
Will  f|uieken  and  accuse  thee.  Shak. 

This  hand  shall  ravish  thy  pretended  right. 

I>rydin 

2.  To  have  carnal  knowledge  of  a  woman  hy 
force  and  against  her  consent.  Is.  xiii. 
Zech.  xiv. 

.^.  To  bear  away  with  joy  or  delight ;  to  de- 
light to  c<:sla.-<y  ;  to  transport. 

Thou  hast  ravished  my  heart.  Caul.  iv.  Prov 


RAW 

RAVISHED,  pp.  Snatched  away  by  vio- 
lence ;  forced  to  submit  to  carnal  eiiihrace  ; 
dcliglited  to  ecstasiy. 

RAV'ISHER,  n.  One  that  takes  by  violence. 

Pope. 

2.  One  that  forces  a  woman  to  his  carnal 
embrace. 

3.  One  that  transports  with  delight. 
RAVISHING,  jvpr.  Snatching  or  taking  by 

violence ;  compelling  to  submit  to  carnal 
intercourse  ;  delighting  to  ecstasy. 

2.  a.  Delighting  to  rapture  ;  transporting. 

RAVISHING,  n.  A  seizing  and  carrying 
away  hy  violence 


2.  Carnal"  knowledge  by  force  against  con- 
sent. 

3.  Ecstatic  delight ;  transport. 
RAVISHINGLY,  adv.  To  extremity  of  de- 

li„|,t.  Chapman. 

RAV'ISHMENT,  n.  The  act  of  forcing  a 
woman  to  carnal  connection  ;  forcible  vi- 
olation of  chastity.  Taylor.     Urydev. 

2.  Rapture  ;  transport  of  delight ;  ecstasy  ; 
pleasing  violence  on  the  mind  or  senses. 

All  things  joy  with  ravishment 
Attracted  by  thy  beauty  still  to  gaze. 

JiRUon. 

3.  The  act  of  carrying  away  ;  abduction ;  as 
the  ravishment  of  children  from  their  pa- 
rents, of  a  ward  from  his  guardian,  or  of 
a  wife  from  her  husband.  Blackstone. 

RAW,  a.  [Sax.  hreau;  rcaiv ;  D.  raauw  ;  G 
roh;  Dan.  raa  ;  Sw.  rfl;  L.  erxidus ;  Sp. 
h.  crudo  ;  Fr.  cru  ;  Arm.  criz  or  crih ;  W. 
crau,  blood  ;  cri,  raw.  In  the  TeutoniC| 
dialects,  the  last  radical  is  lost  or  sunk  to 
ic  or  h,  but  the  Saxon  initial  h  represents 


the   L.   c.     Ar. 


A    aradza,  to  eat  or 


corrode,   L.   rodo,    also    to   become 
Class  Rd.  No.  35.] 

1.  Not  altered  from  its  natural  state  ;  not 
roasted,  boiled  or  cooked  ;  not  subdued  by 
heat ;  as  raw  meat.  Spenser. 

2.  Not  covered  with  skin  ;  bare,  as  flesh. 
If  there  is  quick  raw  flesh  in  tlte  risings,  it  is 

an  old  leprosy.    Lev.  xiii. 

3.  Sore. 
And  all  his  sinews  waxen  weak  and  raw 
Through  long  imprisonment.  Spenser 

4.  Immature  ;  unripe  ;  not  concocted. 

Johnson 

5.  Not  altered  by  heat ;  not  cooked  or  dress- 
ed ;  being  in  its  natural  state  ;  as  raiv 
fruit. 

6.  Unseasoned  ;  unexperienced ;  unripe  in 
skill;  as  people  while  young  and  raw. 

South. 
So  we  say,  raw  troops  ;  and  new  seamen 
are  called  raiv  hands. 

7.  New  ;  untried  ;  as  a  raio  trick.  Shak. 

8.  Bleak;  chilly;  cold,  or  rather  cold  and 
damp  ;  as  a  raw  day  ;  a  raw  cold  climate. 

Spenser. 
Once  upon  a  raw  and  gusty  day —         Shak 

9.  Not  distilled  ;  as  raiv  water.     [jVot  used. 

Bacon. 

10.  Not  spun  or  twisted  ;  as  raw  silk 

11.  Not  mixed  or  adulterated;  as  raio  spir- 
its. 

12.  Bare  of  flesh.  Spenser. 

13.  Not  tried  or  melted  and  strained  ;  as  raw 
tallow. 

14.  Not  tanned;  as  rau)  hide^ 
RA  W'-BONED,  a.  Having  little  flesh  on  the 

bones.  Shak. 


R  A  Z 

RAW'HEAD,  n.  Tl  e  name  of  a  specter, 
mentioned  to  frij^hten  children ;  as  roio- 
htad  and  bloody  bones.  Dryden. 

RAW'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  raw;  cool  and 
laii  p.     [AU  mueh  used.]  Marston. 

RAWLY,  adv.  In  a  raw  manner. 

2.  Uiiskillfully  ;  without  experience. 

3.  Newly.  Shak. 

RAWNESS,?!.  The  state  of  being  raw;  un- 
cooked ;  unaltered  by  heat;  as  the  raw- 
ness of  flesh. 

2.  UnskilKiiliiess ;  state  of  being  inexperi- 
enced ;  as  the  rawness  of  seamen  or  troops. 

3.  Hasty  manner.     [.\'ot  legitimate.]      Sliak. 

4.  Chilliness  with  dampness. 
RAY,  n.   [Fr.  raie,  rayon  ;  It.  razzo,  raggio, 

radio ;  Sp.  Port,  rayo  ;  from  L.  radius ; 
W.  rhaiz;  Ir.  rindh;  Ann.  rea.  roudcnn; 
Sans,  radina.  It  coincide.^  with  rod  and 
row,  from  shooting,  extending.  Hence  in 
W.  rhaiz  is  a  spear,  as  well  as  a  ray.] 

1.  A  line  of  light,  or  the  right  line  supposed 
to  be  desciilied  hy  a  particle  of  light.  A 
collection  of  parallel  rays  constitutes  a 
beam  ;  a  collection  of  diverging  or  ci>n- 
vergiiig  rays,  a  pencil.  D.  Olmsted. 

The  mixed  solar  beam  contains,  I.-i.  cal- 
orijic  rays,  producing  heat  and  expansion, 
but  not  vision  and  color;  2d.  cotorijir  rays, 
producing  vision  and  color,  but  not  heat 
nor  expansion  ;  3d.  chimical  rays,  produ- 
cing certain  effects  on  the  composition  of 
bodies,  but  neither  heat,  expansion,  vision 
or  color;  4tli.  a  power  producing  magnet- 
ism, but  whether  a  distinct  or  associated 
power,  is  not  determined.  It  seems  to  be 
associated  with  the  violet,  more  than  with 
the  other  rays.  Silliman. 

2.  Figuratively,  a  beam  of  intellectual  light. 

3.  Light ;  luster, 
'i  he  air  sharpen'd  his  visual  ray.         Milton. 

4.  In  botany,  the  outer  part  or  circumference 
of  a  compound  radiate  flower. 

Martyn. 

5.  In  ichthyology,  a  bony  or  cartilaginous 
ossicle  in  the  fins  of  fishes,  serving  to  sup- 
port the  membrane. 

6.  A  plant,  [lotium.]  Ainsworth. 

7.  Ray,  for  airay.     [A'ot  in  use.] 
Spenser.     B.  Jonson. 

Pencil  of  rays,  a  number  ot'  rays  of  light  is- 
suing from  a  point  and  diverging. 

Encyc. 
RAY,  n.  [Fr.  raie ;  Sp.  raya ;  G.  rocke.] 
A  fish  ;  a  common  name  for  thespeciesof 
the  genus  Raia,  including  the  skate,  thorn- 
back,  torpedo,  stingray,  &c. 
RAY,  V.  t.  To  streak  ;  to  mark  with  long 
ines.  Spenser.     Shak. 

2.  To  foul ;  to  beray.     [JVot  in  %tse.] 

Speriser. 

3.  To  array.     [JVot  in  use.] 

4.  To  shoot  forth.  Thomson. 
R.\'YLESS,  a.  Destitute  of  light ;  dark  ;  not 

illuminated.  Young. 

HAZE,  n.  A  root.  [See  Race-ginger,  under 
Race.] 

RAZE,  V.  t.  [Fr.raser;  h.  rastis,  rado ;  Sp. 
arrasar.     See  Rase  and  Erase.] 

1.  To  subvert  from  the  foundation :  to  over- 
throw ;  to  destroy :  to  demolish  ;  as,  to 
raze  a  city  to  the  ground. 

The  royal  hand  that  raz'd  unhappy  Troy. 

J}ryden. 


R  E  A 


R  E  A 


R  E  A 


2.  To  erase ;  to  efface ;  to  obliterate. 

Razing  the  characters  of  your  renown. 

Shak. 

[In  this  sense,  rase  and  erase  are  now 

used.] 

3.  To  extirpate. 

And  raze  tlieir  factions  and  their  family. 

Shak. 

RA'ZED,  pp.  Subverted  ;  overthrown  ; 
wholly  ruined  ;  erased  ;  e.\tirpated. 

RAZEE',  n.  A  ship  of  war  cut  down  to  a 
smaller  size. 

RA'ZING,  ppr.  Subverting;  destroying; 
erasing;  extirpating. 

RA'ZOR,  n.  [Fr.  rasoir;  It.  ranoio ;  from 
Fr.  rascr,  L.  rasus.  rado,  to  scrape.] 

An  instrument  tor  shaving  ofTbeard  or  hair. 

Razors  of  a  boar,  a  boar's  tusks. 

RA'ZOilABLE,  a.  Fit  to  be  shaved.  [JVot 
in  use]  Sliak, 

RA'ZOR-JULL,  n.  An  aquatic  fowl,  the 
Jllca  tonla  ;  also,  tlie  Rhynchops  nigra  or 
cut-water.  JEd.  Kncyc. 

RA'ZOR-FISII,  n.  A  species  of  fish  with  a 
compressed  body. 

RA'ZTJKE,  n.  [Fr.  rasure;  L.  rasura,  from 
rado.] 

The  act  of  erasing  or  effacing ;  obliteration. 
[See  Rasure.] 

RE,  a  prefix  or  inseparable  particle  in  the 
composition  of  words,  denotes  return,  rep- 
etition, iteration.  It  is  contraolod  from 
red,  which  the  Latin.?  retained  in  words 
beginning  with  a  vowel,  as  in  redumo,  red- 

eo,   redinlegro  ;    Ar.   \,      radda,  to  return, 

restore,  bring  back,  repel,  to  answer. 
Class  Rd.  No.  1.  From  the  Latin  or  the 
original  Celtic,  the  Italians,  Spanish  and 
French  have  their  re,  ra,  as  ])refixes.  In 
a  few  English  words,  all  or  most  of  which, 
I  believe,  we  receive  from  the  French,  it 
has  lost  its  appropriate  signification,  as  in 
rejoice,  7-ecommend,  receive. 

REABSORB',  ii.  t.  [re  and  absorb.]  To  draw 
in  or  imbibe  ai^ain  wliat  has  lieen  eiVused, 
extravasatcd  or  thrown  oft";  used  of  flu- 
ids; as,  to  reabsorb  chyle,  lymph,  blood, 
gas,  &c. 

2.  To  swallow  up  again. 

REABSORB'ED,  pp.  Ind.ibed  again. 

REABSORB  JNG,  ppr.  Reimbibing. 

REABSORI'TION,  n.  The  act  or  process 
of  imbibing  what  has  been  previously 
thrown  off,  effused  or  extravasatcd ;  the 
swallowing  a  second  time.  Lavoisier. 

REACCESS',  n.  [re  and  access.]  A  second 
access  or  approach  ;  a  visit  renewed. 

HahemU. 

REACH,  V.  t.  Uaugld,  the  ancient  preterit, 
is  obsolete.  The  verb  is  now  regular ;  pj). 
reached.  [Sax.  racan,  recan,  ra:can  or 
hrctcan ;  Goth,  rakyan ;  Ir.  righim.  roi- 
chim  ;  Dan.  rekker  :  D.  reiken,  rekken  ;  G. 
reichen,  recken  ;  Sw.  rlicka  ;  Gr.  ojifyu ;  It. 
recere,  to  reach,  retch  or  vomit ;  L.  rego, 
to  rule  or  govern,  to  make  right  or  straight, 
that  is,  to  strain  or  stretch,  the  radical 
sense.  The  English  sense  of  reach  ap- 
pears in  L.  porrigo  andporricio.  We  lind' 
in  the  Sheniitic  languages,  Ch.  Jjl  to 
desire,  to  long  for,  Syr.  .^.  ;  and  ^  ;  j 
to  desire.  This  is  the  Greek  opfyu,  to] 
reach,  to  stretch,  the  radical  sense  of  de- 

Vol.  II.  ' 


siring.  The  latter  Syriac  word  is  the  He 
brew  J1K  to  weave ;  but  the  primary  sense 
is  to  stretch  or  strain.     This  verb  in  Ara- 

bic  \   signifies  to  send  forth  a  grateful 

smell,  to  breathe  fragrance,  the  root  of  the 
L.  fragro.  But  the  primary  sense  is  the 
same,  to  reach,  to  extend,  to  shoot  forth 

The  same  word  in  Ethiopic  4T0  signi- 
fies to  congeal  or  condense,  to  make  stiff 
or  rigid.  This  is  the  L.  rigeo,  Gr.  piyow, 
and  Ijence  h.frigeo,  whence  frigid.  This 
sense  also  is  from  stretching  or  drawing, 
making  tense  or  rigid.  The  radical  sense 
of  ^'pT  is  the  same,  whence  region,  and  the 
1  leb.  ^I'pi  the  expanse  of  heaven  or  the  fir- 
mament. The  L.  rogo  has  the  same  rad- 
ical sense,  to  reach,  to  urge.  See  Class 
Rg.  No.  1.8.  15.  18.  21.] 

1.  To  extend  ;  to  stretch  ;  in  a  general  sense  ; 
sometimes  followed  by  out  and  forth  ;  as, 
to  reach  out  the  arm.     Hence, 

2.  To  extend  to  ;  to  touch  by  extending,  ei- 
ther the  arm  alone,  or  with  an  instrument 
in  the  hand  ;  as,  to  reach  a  book  on  the 
shelf;  I  cannot  reach  the  object  with  my 
cane ;  the  seaman  reaches  the  bottom  of 
the  river  with  a  pole  or  a  line. 

3.  To  strike  from  a  distance. 
O  patron  power,  thy  picsent  aid  afford, 
'I'liat  I  may  reach  tlie  beast.  Dryden 

4.  To  deliver  with  the  hand  by  extending 
the  arm  ;  to  hand.  He  reached  [to]  me  an 
orange. 

He  reached  me  a  full  cup.  2  Esdras 

5.  To  extend  or  stretch  from  a  distance. 

Heach  hither  thy  linger — reach  hitlier  thy 
hand.  John  xx. 

G.  To  arrive  at  ;  to  come  to.  The  ship 
reached  her  port  in  safety.  We  reached 
New  York  on  Thursday.  The  letter 
reached  me  at  seven  o'clock. 

7.  To  attain  to  or  arrive  at,  by  effort,  labor 
or  study ;  lience,  to  gain  or  obtain.  Ev- 
ery artist  should  attempt  to  reach  the  point 
of  excellence. 

The  host  iioootnrts  of  the  appearances  of  na 
ture  whicii  human  penetration  can  reach,  come 
short  of  its  reahty.  Chtyne 

8.  To  penetrate  to. 

Whatever  alterations  are  made  in  the  body,  if 
they  reach  not  the  mind,  there  is  no  perception. 

Locke. 

9.  To  extend  to  so  as  to  include  or  compre 
hend  in  fact  or  principle. 

Tlie  law  reached  the  intention  of  the  pro- 
nioter.s,  and  this  act  fixed  the  natural  price  of 
money.  Locke. 

if  tliesc  examples  of  grown  men  reach  not 
tlie  case  of  children,  let  them  examine. 

Locke. 

10.  To  extend  to. 

Thy  desire  leads  to  no  excess  that  reaches 
hlanie.  JUilton. 

11.  To  extend  ;  to  spread  abroad. 

Trees  reach' d  too  far  their  pampered  boughs 

AFiUon 

12.  To  take  with  the  hand. 

Lust  Ihiicfore  now  his  bolder  hand 
Reach  also  of  the  tree  of  life  and  eat.      [  Un- 
vsital.l  Milton. 

13.  To  overreach  ;  to  deceive.  South 
REACH,  J'.  J.  To  be  extended. 

The  new  world  reaches  quite  across  the  tor- 
rid zone.  Route. 

51 


The  border  shall  descend,  and  shall  reach  to 
the  side  of  the  sea  of  Ciiinnereth  eastward. 
Num.  xxxiv. 

And  behold,  a  ladder  set  on  the  earth,  and 
the  top  of  it  reached  to  heaven.  Gen.  xxviii. 

2.  To  penetrate. 
Ye  have  hlain  them  in  a  rage  that  reacA«(A  to 

heaven.  2  Cliroii.  xxviii. 

3.  To  make  efforts  to  vomit.     [See  Retch.] 

Cheyne. 
To  reach  after,  to  make  efforu  to  attain  to  or 
obtain. 

He  would  be  in  a  posture  of  mind,  reaching 
after  a  positive  idea  of  iulinity.  Locke. 

REACH,  n.  In  o  general  sense,  extension;  a 
stretching;  extent. 

2.  The  power  of  extending  to,  or  of  taking 
by  the  hand,  or  by  any  instrument  man- 
aged by  the  hand.  The  book  is  not  with- 
in my  reach.  The  bottom  of  the  sea  is 
not  within  the  reach  of  a  line  or  cable. 

3.  Power  of  attainment  or  management,  or 
the  limit  of  power,  physical  or  moral.  He 
used  all  the  means  within  his  reach.  The 
causes  of  phenomena  are  often  beyond  the 
reach  of  human  intellect. 

Be  sure  yourself  and  your  own  reach  to  know. 

Pope. 

4.  Effort  of  the  mind  in  contrivance  or  re- 
search ;  contrivance ;  scheme. 

— Drawn  by  others  who  had  deeper  reaches 
than  themselves  to  matters  which  they  least  in- 
tended. IlaywarJ. 

5.  A  fetch;  an  artifice  to  obtain  an  advan- 
tage. 

The  duke  of  Parma  had  particular  reaches 
and  ends  of  his  own  underhand,  to  cross  the 
design.  Racon. 

Q.  Tendency  to  distant  consequences. 
Strain  not  my  speech 
To  grosser  issues,  nor  to  larger  reach 
Than  to  suspicion.  Shak. 

7.  Extent. 
And  on  the  left  hand,  hell 

With  loni;  reach interpos'd.  Milton. 

8.  Among  seamen,  the  distance  between  two 
points  on  the  banks  of  a  river,  in  which 
the  current  flows  in  a  straight  course. 

Mar.  Did. 

9.  An  effort  to  vomit. 

RE' ACHED,  pp.  Stretched  out;  extended; 
touched  by  extending  the  arm  ;  attained 
to  ;  obtained. 

RE'ACHER,  n.  One  that  reaches  or  ex- 
tends; one  that  delivers  by  extending  the 
arm. 

RE'ACIHNG,  ppr.  Stretching  out ;  extend- 
ing ;  touching  by  extension  of  the  arm  ; 
attaining  to;  gaining;  making  efforts  to 
vomit. 

REACT',  V.  t.  [re  and  act.]  To  act  or  per- 
form a  second  time;  as,  to  react  a  play. 
The  same  scenes  were  reacted  at  Rome. 

REA€T',  V.  i.  To  return  an  impulse  orim- 
jiression  ;  to  resist  Uie  action  of  another 
body  by  an  opposite  force.  Every  elastic 
body  rinrts  on  the  body  that  impels  it  from 
its  natural  state. 

2.  To  act  in  opposition;  to  resist  any  influ- 
ence or  power. 

REACT'ED,  pp.  Acted  or  performed  a 
second  time. 

REACT'ING, /)pr.  Acting  again  iJ^hysics, 
resistinirthe  imjiulse  of  another^By. 

REA€'TION,  n.  In  physics,  coun^ffi^rtion  ; 
the  resistance  made  by  a  body  to  the  ac- 
tion or   impulse   of  another  body,   which 


R  E  A 


R  E  A 


R  E  A 


endeavors  to  change  its  state,  either  of 
motion  or  rest.  Action  and  reaction  are 
equal.  JVewion.     Jlrbuthnot. 

2.  Any  action  in  resisting  other  action  or 
power. 

READ,   n.    [Sax.     reed.      See    the    Verb.] 

1.  Counsel.     [Ohs.]  Slernhuld. 

2.  Saying;  sentence.     Obs.  Spenser. 
READ,     V.    t.      The    preterite     and     pp. 

read,  is  pronounced  red.  [Sa.x.  rad,  rad, 
red,  speed),  discourse,  counsel,  advice, 
knowledge,  benefit,  reason  ;  ricdan,  redan, 
to  read,  to  decree,  to  appoint,  to  com 
mand,  to  rule  or  govern,  to  conjecture,  to 
give  or  take  counsel ;  ara:dan,  to  read,  to 
tell,  to  narrate ;  geradan,  to  read,  to  con 
suit;  gerad,  mode,  condition  or  state,  rea- 
son, ratio  or  account,  knowledge,  instruc 
tion  or  learning,  and  as  an  adjective  or 
participle,  knowing,  instructed,  rfarfi/,  suit- 
ed ;  gerad  beon,  to  be  ready,  to  accord  or 
agree  ;  geradod,  cxciteil,  quick.  These 
significations  unite  this  word  with  ready, 
which  see.  G.  rerfe,  speech,  talk,  account ; 
reden,  to  speak ;  D.  rede,  speech ;  reden, 
reason  ;  Dan.  rede,  account,  and  ready  ;  G. 
hereden,  to  berate ;  rath,  advice,  counsel, 
a  council  or  senate ;  ralhen,  to  advise,  to 
conjecture  or  guess,  to  solve  a  riddle  ;  D. 
/aad,  counsel,  advice  ;  raaden,  to  counsel; 
Sw.  rad,  Dan.  raad,  coiuisel ;  rada,  raader, 
to  counsel,  to  instruct  ;  W.  rhaith,  straight, 
right,  that  is,  set  right,  decision,  verdict ; 
rheitheg,  rhetoric,  from  rhaith  ;  Dan.  ret, 
law,  justice,  right,  reaso?i ;  .Sw.  rdit,  ratta, 
id. ;  Ir.  radh,  a  saying  ;  radham,  to  say, 
tell,  relate  ;  W.  adrawz,  to  tell  or  rehearse  ; 
Or.  pfu,  for  ftidu,  to  say  or  tell,  to  flow  ; 
frtjrwp,  a  speaker,  a  rhetorician  ;  Goth,  rod- 
yan,  to  speak.  The  primary  sense  of  rcarf 
is  to  speak,  to  utter,  that  is,  to  push,  drive 
or  advance.  This  is  also  the  i)rimary 
sense  of  ready,  that  is,  prompt  or  advan- 
cing, quick.  The  Sax.  gerad,  ready,  ac- 
cords also  in  elements  with  the  W.  rhad, 
L.  gratia,  the  primary  sense  of  which  is 
pronjpt  to  lavor,  advancing  towards,  free. 
The  elements  of  these  words  are  the  same 
as  those  of  ride  and  L.  gradior,  &c.  The 
sense  of  reason  is  secondary,  that  which  is 
uttered,  said  or  set  forth  ;  hence  counsel 
also.  The  Sw.  r&ita,  Dan.  ret,  if  not  con- 
tracted words,  are  from  the  same  root. 
See  Ready.    Class  Rd.  No.  1.  3.  5.  9.  26.] 

1.  To  utter  or  pronounce  written  or  printed 
words,  letters  or  characters  in  the  proper 
order;  to  repeat  the  nan)es  or  utter  the 
sounds  customarily  annexed  to  words,  let- 
ters or  characters  ;  as,  to  read  a  written  or 
printed  discourse  ;  to  read  the  letters  of 
an  alphabet;  to  read  figures  ;  to  read  the 
notes  of  music,  or  to  read  music. 

2.  To  inspect  and  understand  words  or 
characters;  to  peruse  silently;  as,  to  read 
a  paper  or  letter  without  uttering  the 
words  ;  to  read  to  one's  self. 

3.  To  discover  or  imderstand  by  characters, 
marks  or  features ;  as,  to  read  a  nian't 
thoughts  in  his  countenance. 

To  read  the  interior  structure  of  the  globe. 
Juurn.  of  Science 
All  armed  corse  did  lie, 
111  wliiisc  dead  face  he  read  great  inagnanini- 
i'y-  Spenser. 


4.  To  learn  by  observation. 
'I'hose  about  lier 

From  her  shall  read  the  perfect  ways  of  honor. 

Shak. 

5.  To  know  fully. 
Who  is't  can  read  a  woman  .'  Slink. 

6.  To  suppose  ;  to  guess.     Obs.         Spenser. 

7.  To  advise.     Obs.  Spenser. 
READ,  V.  i.  To  jierform  the  act  of  reading. 

So  they  read  in  the  book  of  the  law  of  God 
distinctly,  and  gave  the  sense.  Neh.  viii. 

2.  To  be  studious  ;  to  practice  much  read- 
ing. 

It  is  sure  that  Fleury  reads.  Taylor. 

3.  To  learn  by  reading. 
I  have  read  of  an  eastern  king  who  put  a 

judge  to  death  for  an  iniquitous  sentence. 

Su-ift. 

4.  To  tell ;  to  declare.     [JVol  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

READ,  pp.  red.  Uttered ;  pronounced,  as 
written  words  in  the  proper  order  ;  as,  the 
letter  was  read  to  the  family. 

2.  Silently  perused. 

READ,  a.  red.    Instructed   or   knowing  by 

reading;  versed  in  hooks;  learned.     Mell 

read  is  the  phrase  conniionly  u?ed  .  as^  well 

read  in  history  ;  icelt  read  in  the  classics. 

A  poet  M'f// Cfoc/in  Longinus —        Addison. 

RE'ADABLE,  a.  That  may  be  read  ;  fit  tr 
be  read.  Hard. 

READEP'TION,  n.  [from  L.  re  and  udeplus, 
obtained.] 

A  regaining  ;  recovery  of  something  lost. 
[JVot  much  used.]  Bacon 

RE'ADER,  n.  One  that  reads ;  any  persoi 
who  pronounces  written  words  ;  particu- 
larly, one  whose  office  is  to  read  prayers 
in  a  church. 

2.  By  way  of  distinction,  one  that  reads 
iinich  :  one  studious  in  hooks. 

RE'ADERSHIP,  )i.  [See  _Rn/rf.]  The  ofllce 
of  reading  prayers  in  a  cliurch.  Swift. 

READILY,  orfy.rerf'iV)/.  [tiee  Ready.]  Quick- 
ly; prom|itly  ;  easily.  I  readily  perceive 
the  distinction  you  make. 

2.  Cheerfully  ;  without  delay  or  objection  ; 
without  reluctance.  He  readily  granted 
my  request. 

READINESS,   n.   rcd'incss.    [frotn    ready.] 

1.  Quickness  ;  promptness  ;  promptitude  : 
facility  ;  freedom  from  liinderance  or  ob- 
strHction  ;  as  readiness  of  speech  ;  readi- 
ness of  thought ;  readiness  of  mind  in  sug- 
gesting an  answer  ;  readiness  of  reply. 

2.  Promptitude;  cheerfulness;  willingness;! 
alacrity  ;  freedom  from  reluctance  ;  as,  to: 
grant  a  request  or  assistance  with  readi-\ 
ness. 

They  received  the  word  with  all  readiness  of 
mind.    Acts  xvii. 

3.  A  State  of  preparation;  fitness  of  condi- 
tion.    The  troops  are  in  readiness. 

RE'ADING,  ppr.  Pronouncing  or  perusing 
written  or  printed  words  or  characters  of 
a  hook  or  writing. 

2.  Discovering  by  marks  ;  understanding. 

RE'ADING,  n.  The  act  of  reading;  pe- 
rusal. 

2.  Study  of  books ;  as  a  man  of  extensive 
reading. 

3.  A  lecture  or  prelection. 

4.  Public  recital. 
The  Jews  had  their  weekly  readings  of  the 

law.  Honker. 

5.  In  criticism,  the  niamier  of  reading  the 
manuscripts  of  ancient  authors,  where  the 


words  or  letters  are  obscure.  No  small 
]iart  of  the  business  of  critics  is  to  settle 
the  true  reading,  or  real  words  used  by 
the  author ;  and  the  various  readings  of 
different  critics  are  often  perplexing. 

C.  A  commentary  or  gloss  on  a  law,  text  or 
passage.  Encyc. 

7.  In  legislation,  the  formal  recital  of  a  bill 
by  the  projjer  officer,  before  the  house 
which  is  to  consider  it.  In  Congress  and 
in  the  state  legislatures,  a  bill  must  usual- 
ly have  three  several  readings  on  different 
days,  before  it  can  he  passed  into  a  law. 

READ.IOURN',  J'. /.  [re  and  adjourn.]  To 
adjourn  a  second  time. 

2.  To  cite  or  summon  again.     [JVot  tised.] 

Colgrave. 

READJUST',  V.  t.  [re  and  adjust.]  To  set- 
tle again  ;  to  put  in  order  again  what  had 
been  discomposed.  Fielding. 

READJUSTED,/)/).  Adjusted  again ;  re- 
settled. 

READJUST'ING,  ppr.  Adjusting  again. 

READJUST'MENT,  n.  A  second  adjust- 
ment. 

READMIS'SION,  n.  [re  and  admission.] 
The  act  of  admitting  again  what  had  been 
excluded  ;  as  the  readmission  of  fresh  air 
into  an  exhausted  receiver ;  the  readmis- 
sion of  a  student  into  a  seminary. 

Jlrbulhnot. 

READMIT',  V.  t.  [re  and  admit.]  To  admit 
again. 

Whose  ear  is  ever  open  and  his  eye 
G}acioii=  {o  readmit  the  suppliant.      Milton. 

READMIT'TANCE,  n.  A  second  admit- 
tance; allowance  to  enter  again. 

READOPT',  V.  t.  [re  and  adopt.]  To  adopt 
again.  Young. 

READORN',  V.  I.  To  adorn  anew;  to  dec- 
orate a  .-econd  time.  Slackmore. 

READVEKT'RNCY,  n.  [re  and  advertency.] 
The  act  of  reviewing.  A'orris. 

READY,  a.  red'y.  [Sax.  rad,  hrad,  Imed, 
quick,  brisk,  proiiipt,  ready  ;  gerad,  pre- 
pared, ready,  prurient,  learned ;  hradian, 
gehradian,  to  hasten,  to  accelerate ;  g-e- 
radinn,  to  make  ready  ;  D.  reeden,  to  pre- 
pare ;  reed,  pret.  ofryden,  to  ride  ;  reede,  a 
road  ;  bereid,  ready  :  berciden,  to  pre|iare  ; 
gereed,  ready ;  G.  bereit,  id. ;  bereiten, 
to  prepare,  and  to  ride ;  reede,  a  road  ; 
Dan.  rede,  ready;  reder,  to  make  the  bed, 
to  rid;  rede,  an  account;  Sax.  rird,  from 
the  root  of  read ;  bereder,  to  prepare  ;  ri- 
der, berider,  to  ride ;  Sw.  reda,  to  make 
ready,  to  clear  or  disentangle,  Eng.  to  rid : 
redo,  ready  ;  rida,  to  ride  ;  bereda,  to  pre- 
jiare ;  Ir.  reidh,  ready;  reidhim,  to  pre- 
)>are,  to  agree  :  Gr.  lajioj,  easy  ;  W.  rhedu, 
to  run.  The  primary  sense  is  to  go,  move, 
or  advance  forward,  and  it  seems  to  be 
clear  that  ready,  ride,  read,  riddle,  are  all 
of  one  family,  and  probably  from  the  root 
of  L.  gradior.  See  Read  and  Red.  Class 
Rd.  No.  2:i] 

1.  Quick;  prompt;  not  hesitating;  as  ready 
wit  ;  a  ready  consent. 

2.  Quick  to  receive  or  comprehend  ;  not  slow 
or  dull;  as  a  ready  apprehension. 

3.  Quick  in  action  or  execution;  dextrous; 
as  an  artist  ready  in  his  business  ;  a  ready 
writer.     Ps.  xlv. 

1.  Prompt  ;  not  delayed  ;  inesent  in  hand. 
He  makes  ready  i)ayment ;  he  pays  rearfi/ 
money  for  every  thing  he  buys. 


R  E  A 


R  E  A 


R  E  A 


3.  Prepared ;  fitted  ;  furnislied  with  what  is 
necessary,  or  disposed  in  a  manner  suited 
to  the  purpose ;  as  a  ship  readii  for  sea. 

My  oxen  ami  fallings  are  killed,  and  all  things 
are  ready.  Matt.  xxii. 
G.  Willing  ;  free ;  cheerful  to  do  or  suffer  ; 
not  liHckward  or  reluctant ;  as  a  prince 
always  read})  to  grant  the  reasonahle  re- 
quests of  his  suhjects. 

The  spirit  is  ready,  but  the  flesh  is  weak. 
Mark  xiv. 

I  am  ready  not  to  be  bound  only,  but  also  to 
die  at  Jerusalem  for  the  name  of  the  Lord  Jesus. 
Acts  xxi. 

7.  Willing ;  disposed.  Men  are  gencrnlly 
ready  to  impute  blame  to  others.  They 
arc  more  ready  to  give  than  to  take  re- 
proof. 

8.  Being  at  the  point ;  near  ;  not  distant ; 
about  to  do  or  suffer. 

A  Syrian  ready  to  perish  was  my  father 
Dcut.  xxvi.     Job  xxix.     Ps.  Ixxxviii. 

9.  Being  nearest  or  at  hand. 

A  sapling   pine  he  wrench'd  from  out  the 

ground. 
The  readiest  weapon  that  his  fury  found . 

Dryden 

10.  Easy  ;  facile  ;  opportune  ;  short  ;  near, 
or   most  convenient  ;   the   Greek    sense, 

Sometimes  the  readiest  way  which  a  wise 
man  has  to  conquer,  is  to  flee.  Hooker. 

Through   the   wild    desert,   not  the  readiest 
way.  Afdtoii. 

Tlie  ready  way  to  be  thought  mad,  is  to  con- 
tend you  are  not  so.  Spectator. 

To  make  ready,  to  prepare  ;  to  provide  and 
put  in  order. 

2.  An  elliptical  phrase,  for  make  things 
ready;  to  make  preparations;  to  prepare. 

READY,  adv.  red'y.  In  a  state  of  prepara- 
tion, so  as  to  need  no  delay. 

We  ourselves  will  go  ready  armed  before  the 
house  of  Israel.     Num.  xxxii. 

READY,  n.  red'}j.  For  ready  money. 

Lord  Stiut  was  not  flush  in  ready,  either  to 
go  to  law,  or  to  clear  old  debts,   [ji'luw  word.] 

Arbuthnot. 

READY,  t>.  I.  red'y.  To  dispose  in  order ; 
to  prepare.     [N'ol  in  use.]  Brooke 

REAFlMRiM',  v.  t.  [re  and  affirm.]  To  af- 
firm a  scoirnd  time. 

REAFFIRM'A.NX'E,  n.  A  second  confirm- 
atr<Mi.  .lyliffe.' 

REA'tiENT,  n.  [re  and  as;eHt.]   In  chimis 
try,  a  substance  employed  to   precipitate 
another  in  solution,  or  to  detect  the  ingre 
dients  of  a  mixture. 

Bergman  reckons  barytic  muriate  to  be  one 
of  the  most  sensible  reagents.  Fourcroy 

REAGGRAVA'TION,  n.  [re  and  aggrava- 
tion.] 

In  the  Romish  ecclesiastical  law,  the  last 
inouilory,  published  after  three  admoni- 
tions and  before  the  last  excommunication. 
Before  they  proceed  to  fulminate  the  last 
excommunication,  they  publish  an  aggra- 
vation and  a  reaggravation.  Encj/c. 

RE.\K,  n.  A  rush.     [jVot  in  use.] 

RE'AL,  a.  [Low  L.  realls ;  It.  reale;  Sp. 
real ;  Fr.  reel ;  from  L.  res,  rei,  Ir.  raod, 
red,  rod.  Res  is  of  tlie  Class  Rd.  from  the 
root  of  read,  ready,  from  rusliing,  driving 
or  falling.  Res,  like  tiling,  is  primarily 
that  which  comes,  falls  nut  or  happens 
corresponding  with  event,  from  L.  evenio'.\ 
Res   then   denotes    that   which    actuallyj 


exists.  The  L.  res  and  Eng.  thing  coin 
cide  exactly  with  the  Heb.  131,  a  word,  a 
thing,  :ui  event.     See  Read  and  Thing.] 

1.  Actually  being  or  existing  ;  not  fictitious 
or  imaginary;  as  a  description  of  real  life. 
The  author  describes  a  real  scene  or 
transaction. 

2.  True;  genuine;  not  artificial,  counterfeit 
or  factitious  ;  as  real  Madeira  wine  ;  real 
ginger. 

3.  True;  geiniine;  not  affected;  not  assum- 
ed. The  woman  appears  in  her  real 
character. 

4.  Relating  to  things,  )iot  to  persons  ;  not 
personal. 

Many  are  perfect  in  men's  humors,  that  are 
not  greatly  capable  of  the  real  part  of  business 
[Little  used  or  obsolete.']  Bacon 

,5.  In  laio,  pertaining  to  things  fixed,  perma- 
nent or  innnovabic,  us  to  lands  and  tene 
ments  ;  as  real  estate,  opposed  to  personal 
or  mox'ahle  property.  Blackstone 

Real  action,  in  law,  is  an  action  which  con- 
cerns real  property. 

Real  assets,  assets  consisting  in  real  estate 
or  lands  atul  tenements  descending  to  an 
heir,  sufficient  to  answer  the  charges  upon 
the  estate  created  by  the  ancestor. 

Chattels  real,  are  such  chattels  as  concern  or 
savor  of  the  reality  ;  as  a  term  for  years  of 
land,  wardships  in  chivalry,  the  next  pre- 
sentntion   to  a  church,   estate  by  statute 
merchant,  elegit,  &c. 

Real  composition,  is  when  an  agreement  is 
made  between  the  owner  of  lands  and  the 
parson  or  vicar,  with  consent  of  the  ordi 
nary,  that  such  lands  shall  be  discharged 
from  payment  of  tithes,  in  consequence  of 
other  laud  or  recompense  given  to  the 
parson  in  lieu  and  satisfaction  thereof. 

Blackstone. 

Real  presence,  in  the  Roraish  cinn-ch,  the  ae 
tual    presence  of  the  body  and  blood  of 
Christ  in  the  eucliarist,  or  the  conversion 
of  the  substance  of  the  bread  and  wine  in 
to  the  real  body  and  blood  of  Christ. 

Encyc. 

IIE'.AL,         X  n    ^   scholastic   philosopher 

RE'ALIST,  \  '  who  maintains  that  things 
and  not  words,  are  the  objects  of  dialect- 
ics; opposed  to  nominal  or  nominalist. 

Encyc. 

RE'AL,  n.  [Sp.]  .\  small  Spanish  coin  of 
the  value  of  forty  maravedis;  but  its  value 
is  different  in  different  provinces,  being 
from  five  or  six  to  ten  cents,  or  six  pence 
sterling.     It  is  sometimes  written  rial. 

RE'.\LGAR,  n.  [Fr.  reagal or  realgal ;  Port 
rosalgar,  red  algar.] 

A  combination  of  sulphur  and  arsenic  ;  red 
sul|)hin-et  of  arsenic.  Realgar  differs  from 
orpiment  in  having  undergone  a  greater 
degree  of  heat.  Chaptal.     JVicholson 

REALITY,  n.  [Fr.  recdite.]  Actual  being 
or  existence  of  any  thing  ;  truth;  fact;  in 
distinction  from  mere  appearance. 

A  man  may    fancy  he  understands   a  critic, 

when  in  reality  he  does  not  comprehend   his 

meaning.  Addi.son 

Something  intrinsically  important,    not 

merely  matter  of  show. 

And  to  realities  yield  all  her  shows. 

JUilton. 

3.  In  the  schools,  that  tnay  exist  of  itself,  or 
which  has  a  full  and  absolute  being  of  it- 


self, and  is  not  considered  as  a  part  of  any 
thing  else.  Encyc. 

4.  In  laic,  immobility,  or  the  fixed,  perma- 
nent nature  of  property  ;  as  chattels  which 
savor  of  the  realty.  [Tliis  word  is  so 
written  in  law,  for  reality.]         Blackstone. 

REALIZATION,  n.  [from  realize.]  The 
act  of  reali/.ing  or  making  real.      lieddoes. 

2.  The  act  of  converting  money  into  land. 

■i.  The  act  of  believing  or  considering  as 
real. 

4.  The  act  of  bringing  into  being  or  act. 

Oluntdlle. 

RE'ALIZE,  v.l.  [Sp.  realizar;  Fr.realiser.] 

1.  To  bring  into  being  or  act ;  as,  to  realize  a 
scheme  or  project. 

We  realize  what  Archimedes  had  only  in  hy- 
pothesis, weighing  a  single  grain  of  sand  against 
the  globe  of  earth.  Glanville. 

2.  To  convert  money  into  land,  or  jiersonal 
into  real  estate. 

3.  To  im[)rcss  on  the  mind  as  a  reality  ;  to 
believe,  consider  or  treat  as  real.  How 
little  do  men  in  full  health  realize  their 
frailty  and  mortality. 

Ia'I  the  sincere  christian  realize  the  closing 
sentiment.  T.  Scott. 

4.  To  bring  home  to  one's  own  case  or  expe- 
rience ;  to  consider  as  one's  own  ;  to  feel 
in  all  its  force.  Who,  at  his  fire  side,  can 
realize  the  distress  of  shipwrecked  mari- 
ners ? 

Tliis  allusion  must  ha\*e  had  enhanced 
strength  and  beauty  to  the  eye  of  a  nation  e.x- 
tensi\'ely  devoted  to  a  pastoral  life,  and  there- 
fore realizing  all  its  fine  scenes  and  the  tender 
emotions  to  which  they  gave  birth.       Dwight. 

5.  To  bring  into  actual  existence  and  pos- 
session ;  to  render  tangible  or  effective. 
He  never  realized  much  profit  from  his 
trade  or  speculations. 

RE'.XLIZEl),  pp.  Brought  into  actual  be- 
ing ;  converted  into  real  estate  ;  impress- 
ed, received  or  treated  as  a  reality  ;  felt  in 
its  true  force;  rendered  actual,  tangible  or 
effective. 

RE'ALIZING,  ppr.  Bringing  into  actual 
being  ;  converting  into  real  estate  ;  im- 
pressing as  a  reality  ;  feeling  as  one's  own 
or  in  its  real  force  ;  rendering  tangible  or 
effective. 

2.  a.  That  makes  real,  or  that  brings  home 
as  a  reality ;  as  a  realizing  view  of  eter- 
nity. 

REALLEDtiE,  v.t.  realUj'.  [re  &nAalhdge.] 
To  alledge  again.  Cotgrave. 

RE' ALLY,  adv.  With  actual  existence. 

Pearson. 

2.  In  truth ;  in  fact ;  not  in  appearance  on- 
ly ;  as  things  really  evil. 

The  anger  of  tlie  people  is  really  a  short  fit 
of  madness.  Swift. 

In  this  sense,  it  is  used  familiarly  as  a 
slight  corroboration  of  an  opinion  or  dec- 
laration. 

Why  really,  sixty  five  is  somewhat  old. 

Young. 

RE.^LM,  n.  relm.  [Fr.  royaume  ;  It.  reame; 
Irom  Fr.  rot.  It.  re,  L.  rex,  king,  whence 
regalis,  royal.] 

1.  A  royal  jurisdiction  or  e.xtentof  govern- 
ment; a  kingdom;  a  king's  dominions; 
as  the  realm  of  England. 

2.  Kingly  government;  as  the  rea/m  of  bees, 
ri^niiii/rt/.]  .Milton. 

RE'ALTY,  n.  [It.  realta,  from  re,  king,  L. 
rer.] 


11  E  A 


R  E  A 


R  E  A 


[.  Loyalty.     [Afot  in  use.]  Milton. 

2.  Reality.     [.Yot  in  use.]  More. 

^.  Iti  law,  imttiobility.     [See  Reality.] 

REAM,  n.  [Sax.  ream,  a  band  ;  D.  riem  ; 
Dan.  rem  or  reem  ;  Sw.  rem  ;  W.  rhwym,' 
a  bond  or  tie.  The  Dutch  word  signities 
a  strap,  thong  or  girdle,  and  an  oar,  L. 
remus.  In  Fr.  rame  is  a  ream  and  an  oar,' 
and  if  the  English  ream  and  the  L.  remus 
are  the  same  word,  the  primary  sense  is  ai 
shoot,  L.  ramus,  a  branch,  for  the  shoots  of 
trees  or  shrubs  were  the  first  bands  used 
by  men.  See  Gird  and  JCithe.  The  Ital- 
ian has  risma,  and  the  Sp.  Port,  resma,  a 
ream,  G.  riess.     See  Class  Rm.  No.  7. 9.] 

A  bundle  or  package  of  paper,  consisting  of 
twenty  quires.  Pope.] 

REAN'IMATE,  v.  t.  [re  and  animate.]  To' 
revive  ;  to  resuscitate  ;  to  restore  to  life  ; 
as  a  person  dead  or  apparently  dead  ;  as,i 
to  reanimate  a  drowned  person. 

2.  To  revive  the  spirits  when  dull  or  lan- 
guid ;  to  invigorate  ;  to  infuse  new  life  or 
courage  into  ;  as,  to  reanimate  dishearten- 
ed troops  ;  to  reanimate  drowsy  senses  or 
languid  spirits. 

REANIMATED,  pp.  Restored  to  life  or 
action. 

REAN'IMATING,  ppr.  Restoring  life  to  ; 
invigorating  with  new  life  and  courage. 

REANIMA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  operation 
of  reviving  from  apparent  death;  the  act 
or  operation  of  giving  fresh  spirits,  cour- 
age or  vigor. 

REANNEX',  V.  t.  [re  and  annex.]  To  an- 
nex again;  to  reunite;  to  annex  what  has 
been  separated.  Bacon. 

REANNEXA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  annex- 
ing again.  Marshall 

REANNEX'ED,  pp.  Aime.xed  or  united 
again. 

RE.A.NNEX'1NG,  ppr.  Annexing  again ; 
reuniting. 

REAP,  V.  I.  [Sax.  rip,  hrippe, gerip,  harvest ; 
i-ipan,  to  reap;  ripe,  ripe  ;  rypan,  to  rip; 
allied  probably  to  reiifian,  to  seize,  spoil, 
lay  waste,  L.  rapio,  G.  rfi/",  ripe,  D.  raapen, 
to  reap,  ryp,  ripe,  Gr.  aprtr,,  a  sickle,  aprtaw. 
to  reap,  L.  carpo,  Eng.  crop.  See  Class 
Rb.  No.  18.  2(j.  27.] 

1.  To  cut  grain  with  a  sickle;  as,  to  reap 
wheat  or  rye. 

When  ye  reap  the  harvest,  thou  shalt  not 
wholly  reap  the  corners  of  thy  field.  Lev. 
xix. 

2.  To  clear  of  a  crop  by  reaping  ;  as,  to  reap 
a  field. 

3.  To  gather;  to  obtain  ;  to  receive  as  a  re- 
ward, or  as  the  fruit  of  labor  or  of  works  ; 
in  a  good  or  bad  sense  ;  as,  to  reap  a  bene- 
fit from  exertions. 

He  that  soweth  to  the  flesh,  shall  of  the  flesh 
reap  corruption.     Gal.  vi. 

Ye  have  plowed  wickedness ;  ye  have  reap- 
ed iniquity.     Hos.  x. 
REAP,  V.  i.  To  perform  tlie  act  or  opera- 
tion of  reaping.     In  New  England,  farm- 
ers reap  in  July  and  August. 
2.  To  receive  the  fruit  of  labor  or  works. 

Tlicy  that  sow  hi  tears,  shall  redji  in  joy.. 
Ps.  cxxvi. 

RE'APED,  pp.  Cut  with  a  sickle  ;  received 

as  the  fruit  nl'  labor  ur  works. 
RE' A  PER,  n.  One  that  cuts  grain  with  a 

sickle. 


RE'APING,  ppr.  Cutting  grain  with  a 
sickle  ;  receiving  as  the  fruit  of  labor  or 
the  reward  of  works. 

RE'APING-HOQK,  n.  An  instrument  used 
in  reaping  ;  a  sickle. 

REAPPAR'EL,  v.  t.  [re  and  apparel.]  To 
clothe  again.  Donne. 

REAPPAR'ELED,  pp.  Clothed  again. 

REAPPAR'ELING,  ppr.  Clothing  again. 

REAPPE'AR,  V.  i.  [re  and  appear.]  To  a[)- 
pear  a  second  time. 

REAPPEARANCE,  n.  A  second  appear- 
ance. 

REAPPE'ARING,  ppr.  Appearing  again. 

REAPPLIeA'TION,  n.  [See  Reapply.]  A 
second  application. 

REAPPLY',  V.  t.  or  i.  [re  and  apply.]  To 
apply  again. 

REAPPLY'ING,  ppr.  Applying  again. 

REAPPOINT',  V.  i.  To  appoint  again. 

REAPPOINTMENT,  n.  Asecoml  appoint- 
ment. 

REAPPORTION,  v.t.  To  apportion  again. 

REAPPORTIONED,      jtp.       Apportioned 
ain. 

REAPPORTIONING,  ppr.  Apportioning 
again. 

REAPPORTIONMENT,  n.  A  second  ap 
portionment.  Madison. 

REAR,  n.  [Fr.  arriere  ;  but  this  is  com 
pound  ;  .\rm.  refr,  rever,  reor,  the  seat,  the 
fundament;  W.  rhev,  something  thick,  a 
bundle  ;  rheiyr,  the  fundament.  Rear  i: 
contracted  from  rever.     Class  Rb.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  that  which  is  behind 
or  backwards;  appropriately,  the  part  of 
an  army  which  is  behind  the  other,  either 
when  standing  on  parade  or  when  march- 
ing ;  also,  the  part  of  a  fleet  which  is  be- 
hind the  other.  It  is  opposed  to  front  or 
van.     Bring  up  the  rear. 

2.  The  last  class;  the  last  in  order. 
Coins  1  place  in  the  rear.  Peacham 

In  the  rear,  behind  the  rest ;  backward,  or  in 
the  last  class.  In  this  plnase,  rear  signi 
fies  the  part  or  place  behind. 

REAR,  a.  [Sax.  hrere.]  Raw ;  rare  ;  not 
well  roasted  or  boiled. 

9.  [Sax.  arxran,  to  hasten  ;  hrcran,  to  ex 
cite.]     Early.     [.,i  provincial  word.] 

REAR,  V.  t.  [Sax.  rceran,  reran,  ar(cran,  to 
erect,  to  e.xcite,  to  hasten  ;  hreran,  to  ex- 
cite ;  Sw.  rbra,  to  move ;  Dan.  rarer,  to 
move,  stir,  shake  ;  riirig,  quick,  lively 
rising  in  the  stomach.] 

1.  To  raise. 

Who  now  .shall  rear  you  to  the  sun,  or  rank 
Your  tribes  ?  Milton. 

3.  To  lift  alter  a  fall, 
ill  adoration  at  his  feet  I  fell 
Snbmiss  ;  he  rear'd  me.  .WItan. 

3.  To  bring  up  or  to  raise  to  maturity,  as 
young;  as,  to  rear  a  numerous  ofl'spriiig. 

Thomson 

4.  To  educate  ;  to  instruct. 
He  wants  a  father  to  protect  his  youth, 
.\nd  rear  him  up  to  virtue.  Southern. 

5.  To  exalt ;  to  elevate. 
Charity,  decent,  modest,  easy,  kind, 
Softens  the  high,  and  rears  the  abject  mind 

Prior 

6.  To  rouse  ;  to  stir  up. 
And  seeks  the  lusky  boar  to  rear.      Dryden. 

7.  To  raise ;  to  breed  ;  as  cattle.  Hartc. 

8.  To  achieve  ;  to  obtain.  Spenser 
To  rear  the  steps,  to   ascend  ;  to  move  up- 
ward. Milton 


REAR-ADMIRAL.     [See  Admiral] 
RE'.'VRED,  pp.  Raised  ;  lifted  ;  brought  up  . 

educated  ;  elevated. 
RE'AR-GU'ARD,  n.  The  body  of  an  army 

that  marches  in  the  rear  of  the  main  body 

to  protect  it. 
RE'.\RING,  ppr.  Raising;  educating;  ele- 
vating. 
RE.VR-LINE,  n.  The  line  in  the  rear  of  an 

army. 
RE'AR-MOUSE,  n.  [Sax.  hrere-mus.]  The 

lether-wiujfed  bat.  Shak.    Abbot. 

REAR-RANK,  n.  The  rank  of  a  body  of 

troops  which  is  in  the  rear. 
RE'ARVVARD,  n.  [from   rear.     See   Rere- 

ward.] 

1.  The  last  troop ;  the  rear-guard. 

2.  The  eud ;  the  tail  ;  the  train  behind. 

Shak- 

3.  The  latter  part.  Shak. 
REASCEND',  v.i.   [re  and  a.9cenrf.]  To  rise, 

mount  or  climb  again.     Milton.     Spenser. 

REASCEND',  v.  t.  To  mount  or  ascend 
again. 

He  mounts  aloft  and  reascends  the  skies. 

.Addison. 

REASCEND'ED,  pp.  Ascended  again. 

RE.\SCEND'ING,  ppr.  Ascending  again. 

REASCEN'SION,  n.  The  act  of  reascend- 
ing  ;  a  remounting. 

REASCENT',  n.  A  returning  ascent;  ac- 
clivity. Cowper. 

REASON,  n.  re'zn.  [Ir.reasun;  W.rheswm; 
Arm.  resoun  ;  Fr.  raison  ;  Sp.  razon  ;  Port. 
razam ;  It.  ragione ;  L.  ratio;  Russ.  ra- 
zum ;  Goih.  rathyo,  an  account,  number, 
ratio  ;  rulhyan,  to  number  ;  garathyan,  to 
number  or  count;  rodyan,  to  speak;  D. 
rede,  speech  ;  reden,  reason,  argument  ; 
redcnkunst,  rhetorii"  ;  G.  rede,  reden  ; 
Sax.  rffirf,  rada,  speech,  reason  ;  rceswian, 
to  reason.  We  find  united  the  Sax.  reed, 
speed),  riedan,  redan,  to  read,  the  Greek 
pEu,  to  say  or  speak,  whence  rhetoric,  and 
the  L.  ratio,  which  is  tVom  ratus,  and 
which  proves  reor  to  be  contracted  from 
redo,  redor,  and  all  unite  with  rod,  L.  radi- 
us, cfcc.  Primarily,  reason  is  that  which 
is  uttered.  See  Read.  So  Gr.  >-oyoj,  from 
^fyio.] 

1.  That  which  is  thought  or  which  is  alledg- 
ed  in  words,  as  the  ground  or  cause  of 
opinion,  conclusion  or  <letermination.  I 
have  reasons  which  I  may  choose  not  to 
disclose.  You  ask  me  my  reasons.  I  free- 
ly give  my  reasons.  The  judge  assigns 
good  reasons  for  his  opinion,  reasons  which 
justify  his  decision.     Ilenoe  in  general, 

2.  The  cause,  ground,  principle  or  motive 
of  any  thing  said  or  done;  that  which  sup- 
ports or  justifies  a  determination,  plan  or 
measure. 

Virtue  and  vice  are  not  arbitrary  things  ;  but 
tljere  is  a  natural  and  eternal  reason  for  that 
goodness  and  virtue,  and  against  vice  and  wick- 
edness.    1  Pet.  iii.  Tillotson. 

3.  Efficient  cause.  He  is  detained  by  rea- 
son of  sickness. 

Spain  is  thin  sown  of  people,  partly  by  rea- 
.son  of  its  sterility  of  soil.  Bacon. 

Tlic  reason  of  the  motion  of  the  balance  in  a 
wheel-watch  is  by  motion  of  the  next  wheel. 

Hale. 
Final  cau,sc. 

Beason,  in  the  Enijlish  language,  is  some- 
times taken  for  true  and  clear  priaciples  ;  some- 


11  E  A 


R  E  A 


11  E  A 


limes  for  clear  and  fair  deductions  ;  sometimes 
for  the  cause,  particularly  the  final  cause. 

Locke. 

5.  A  fiiculty  of  the  mind  by  wbicli  it  distin- 
guishes truth  from  falscliooil,  and  good 
from  evil,  and  which  enahles  the  possessor 
to  deduce  inferences  from  facts  or  from 
propositions.  Encyc. 

Self-love,  the  spring  of  motion,  acts  the  soul, 
Reanon's  comparing  Imlance  rules  the  whole— 
That  aces  immediate  good  by  present  sense, 
Reason  Uie  future  and  the  consequence. 

Pope. 
Reason  is  the  director  of  man's  will. 

Hooker. 
C.  Ratiocination;  the  exercise  of  reason. 

But  when  by  reason  she  the  truth  has  found — 

Bavifs. 

7.  Right;  justice;  that  which  is  dictated  or 
supported  by  reason.  Kvery  man  claims 
to  have  reason  on  his  side. 

I  was  promised  on  a  time 

To  have  reason  for  my  rhyme.  Spenser. 

8.  Reasonable  claim  ;  justice. 

God  brings  good  out  of  evil,  anil  therefore  it 
were  but  reason  wo  should  trust  tiod  to  govern 
his  own  world.  Taylor. 

9.  Rationale  ;  just  accoiuit. 

This  reason  did  the  ancient  fathers  render, 
why  the  church  was  called  catholic.  Pear- 
son.    [See  No.  1.  and  2.] 

10.  Moderation  ;  moderate  demands;  claims 
which  reason  and  ju.stice  admit  or  pre- 
scribe. 

The  most  |)robal)le  way  of  bringing  France  to 
reason,  would  be  by  the  making  an  attempt  on 
tlie  Spanish  West  indies —  AiUlisun. 

In  reason,  in  all  reason,  in  justice ;  with  ra- 
tional groimd. 

"When  any  thing  is  proved  by  as  good  argu- 
ments as  a  thi[ig  of  that  kind  is  capable  of,  we 
ought  not  in  reason  to  doubt  of  its  existence. 

Tillotson. 
RE'ASON,  v.i.  [Fr.   raisonner ;   Sax.   ra:f- 
wian.] 

1.  To  exerci.se  the  faculty  of  reason  ;  to  de- 
duce inferences  justly  from  premises. 
Brutes  do  not  reason  ;  children  reasoti  im- 
perfectly. 

2.  To  argue  ;  to  infer  conclusions  from 
premises,  or  to  deduce  new  or  unkn<iwj 
propositions  from  previous  proposition 
which  are  known  or  evident.  To  reason 
justly  is  to  inli'r  from  pro|)osiiions  which 
are  Unown,  admitted  or  evident,  the  con 
elusions  which  are  natural,  or  which  ne 
cessarily  result  from  them.  Men  may  rea- 
son within  themselves ;  they  may  reason 
before  a  court  or  legislature  ;  they  may 
reason  wrong  as  well  as  right. 

3.  To  debate  ;  to  confer  or  inquire  by  dis- 
cussion or  mutual  communication  of 
thoughts,  arguments  or  reasons. 

And  they  reasoned  among  themselves.  Matt 
xvi. 

To  reason  u'ith,  to  argue  with ;  to  endeavor 
to  inform,  convince  or  ))ersuade  by  argu- 
ment. Reason  with  a  profligate  son,  and 
if  possible,  persuade  him  of  his  errors 

2.  To  discourse  ;  to  talk ;  to  t.ake  or  give  an 
account. 

Stand  still,  that  I  may  reason  with  you  before 
tlie  Lord,  of  all  the  righteous  acts  of  the  Lord. 
Obs.     1  Sam.  xii. 
RE'ASON,  I',  t.  To  examine  or  discuss  by 
arguments ;  to  debate  or  discuss.     1  rett 
sorted  the  matter  with  my  friend. 


When  tliey  are  clearly  discovered,  well  di- 
gested and  well  reasoned  in  every  part,  there  is 
beauty  in  such  a  theory.  Burnet. 

2.  To  persuade  by  reasoning  or  argument; 
a.s,  to  reason  one  into  a  belief  of  truth  ;  to 
reason  one  out  of  his  plan  ;  to  reason  down 
a  passion. 

RE'ASONABLE,  a.  Having  the  faculty  of 
reason  ;  endued  with  reason  ;  as  a  reason- 
able being.  [In  this  sense,  rational  is  now 
generally  used.] 

2.  Governed  by  reason  ;  being  under  the  in- 
fluence of  reason  ;  thinking,  speaking  or 
acting  rationally  or  according  to  the  die 
tates  of  reason;  as,  the  measure  must  sat 
iafy  all  reasonable  men. 

.'3.  Uonformahle  or  agreeable  to  reason  ; 
just ;  rational. 

By  indubitable  certainty,  I  mean  that  which 

does   not   admit   of  any  reasonable  cause    of 

doubting.  Wilkins 

A  law  may  be  reasonable  in  itself,  though  a 

man  does  not  allow  it.  Swift. 

4.  Not  immoderate. 

Let  all  things  be  thought  upon. 

That  may  with  reasunnhle  swiftness  add 

More  feathers  to  our  wings.  Shak. 

5-  Tolerable  ;  being  in  mediocrity  ;  mode- 
rate ;  as  a  reasonable  ipiantity.  Abbot. 

().  Not  excessive;  not  unjust;  as  a  reasona- 
ble fine  :  a  rea.sonable  sum  in  damages. 

RE'ASONAHLENESS,  n.  The  faculty  of 
reason.     [In  this  sense,  little  used.] 

2.  Agreoableness  to  reason  ;  that  state  or 
quality  of  a  thing  which  reason  supports 
or  justifies  ;  as  the  reasonableness  of  our 
wishes,  demands  or  expectations. 

The  reasonableness  and  excellency  of  charity. 

Law. 

3.  Conformity  to  rational  princi])les. 
The  whole   frame  and  contexture  of  a  watch 

carries  in  it  a  reasonableness — the  passive  im- 
pression of  the  reason  or  intellectual  idea  that 
was  in  the  artist.      [Unusual.]  Hale. 

4.  Moderation ;  as  the  reasonableness  of  a 
demand. 

RE'ASONABLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  de- 
gree agreeable  to  reason  ;  in  consistency 
with  reason.  We  may  rca^onni/y  suppose 
self  interest  to  be  the  governing  principle 
of  men. 

2.  Moderately ;  in  a   moderate  degree ;  not 

fully  ;  in  a  degree  reaching  to  nuMliocrity. 

If  we    can   by   industry  make  our   ileaf  and 

dumb  persons  reasonably  perfect  in   the  lan- 

^■Uiigo —  Holder. 

RE'ASONER,  n.  One  who  reasons  or  ar- 
gues ;  as  a  fair  reasoner ;  a  close  reasoner  ; 
a  logical  reasoner. 

RF.' ASONING,  ppi:  Arguing;  deducing  in- 
ferences from  ])reniises ;  debating  ;  dis- 
cussing. 

RE'ASOMNG,  n.  The  act  or  process  of 
exercising  the  faculty  of  reason  :  that  act 
or  operation  of  the  mind  by  which  new  or 
unknown  pro])osilions  are  deduced  from 
previous  ones  which  are  known  and  evi- 
dent, or  vvliich  are  admitted  or  supposed 
for  the  sake  of  argument ;  argumentation  ; 
ratiociimtiori ;  as  fiur  reasoning  ;  false  rcn- 
sonivg;  absurd  reasoning;  strong  or  weak 
reasojiing.  The  reasonings  of  the  advo- 
cate appeared  to  the  court  conclusive. 

RE'ASONLESS,  a.  Destitute  of  reason  ;  as 
a  leasonless  man  or  mind. 

Shak.     Raleigh. 

2.  Void  of  reason ;  not  warranted  or  sup- 
ported by  reason. 


This  proffer  is  absurd  and  reasonless.     Shak. 

REASSEM'BLAOE,  n.  Assemblage  a  sec- 
ond time. 

REASSEMBLE,  v.  t.  [re  and  assemble.] 
To  collect  again.  Jililton. 

REASSEM'BLE,  v.i.  To  assemble  or  con- 
vene again. 

REASSEM'BLED,  pp.  Assembled  again. 

llEASSEM'IJLING,/>/)r.  As.semhling  again. 

REASSERT',  u.  <.  | re  and  assert]  To  as- 
sert again ;  to  maintain  after  suspension 
or  cessation. 

Let  us  hope — we  may  have  a  body  of  authors 
who  will  reassert  our  claim  to  respectability 
in  literature.  fValsh. 

REASSERT'ED,  pp.  Asserted  or  main- 
tained anew. 

REASSERT'ING,  ppr.  Asserting  again ; 
vindicating  anew. 

REASSIGN,  v.  I.  [re  and  assign.]  To  assign 
back;  to  transfer  back  what  has  been  as- 
signed. 

REASSIM'ILATE,  v.  t.  [re  and  assimilate.] 

To  assimilate  or  cause  to  resemble  anew  ; 
to  change  again  into  a  like  or  suitable 
substance.  Kncye. 

REASSIM'ILATED,  pp.  Assimilated 
anew  ;  changed  again  to  a  like  substance. 

REASSIM'ILATING,  ;)/)/■.  Assimilating 
iigain. 

REASSIMILA'TION,  n.  A  second  or  re- 
newed assimilation.  Encyc. 

REASSL'Mi';,  v.t.  [re  anA assume.]  To  re- 
sume ;  to  take  again.  Milton. 

RE.'VSSU'MED,  pp.  Resumed  ;  assumed 
again. 

REASSU'MING,  ppr.  Assuming  or  taking 
again. 

REASSUMP'TION,  n.  A  resuming  ;  a  sec- 
ond assumption. 

REASSURANCE,  n.  [See  Sure  and  ^Ossur- 
ance.] 

A  second  assurance  against  loss  ;  or  the  as- 
surance of  property  by  an  underwriter,  to 
relieve  himself  from  a  risk  he  has  taken. 
Biackstonc.     Park. 

RE.VSSURE,  I'.  /.  rcasshu're.  [re  and  as- 
sure ;  Fr.  rassurer.] 

1.  To  restore  courage  to  ;  to  free  from  fear 
or  terror. 

They  rose  with  fear, 
Till  dauntless  Pallas  reassur'd  the  rest. 

Hi-yden. 

2.  To  Insme  a  second  time  against  loss,  or 
rather  to  insure  by  another  what  one  has 
already  Insured  ;  to  insure  against  loss 
that  ni.iv  be  incurred  by  taking  a  risk. 

REASSU'KED,  pp.  Restored  from  fear: 
re-encouraged. 

2.  Insured  against  loss  by  risk  taken,  as  an 
underwriter. 

RE.A.SSU  REU,  n.  One  who  insures  the 
first  unilerwrlter. 

REASSU'RIXG,  ppr.  Restoring  from  fear, 
terror  or  depression  of  courage. 

2.  Insuring  against  loss  by  insurance. 

RE'ASTINESS,  n.  Rancidness.  [JVot  in 
itse  or  local.]  Colgravc. 

RE'ASTY,  a.  [Qu.  rusty.]  Covered  with  a 
kind  of  rust  and  having  a  rancid  taste  ; 
applied  to  dried  meat.  [.Vot  in  use  or  local.] 

Skelton. 

RE'ATE,  n.  A  kind  of  long  small  grass 
that  grows  In  water  and  complicates  it- 
sell'.     [.Yot  in  use  or  local.]  Walton. 

REATTACH',  v.  t.  [re  and  aUach.\  To  at- 
tach a  second  time. 


R  E  B 


R  E  B 


R  E  B 


REATTACH'MENT,  n.  A  second  attach- 
ment. 

REATTEMPT',  v.  t.  [n  and  attempl.]  To 
atti'inpl  again. 

REAVE,  v.t.  [Sax.  reo^an.]  To  take  away 
by  stealth  or  violence  ;  to  bereave.  Obs 
[See  Bereave.^  Skak.     Spenser. 

REBAP'TISM,  »i.  A  second  baptism. 

REBAPTIZA'TION,  n.  [from  rebnptize.] 
A  second  baptism.  Hooker. 

REBAPTI'ZE,  v.t.  [re  and  baptize.]  To 
baptize  a  second  time.  •Jiyliffe. 

REBAPTI'ZED,  pp.  Baptized  again. 

REBAPTI'ZING,  ppr.  Baptizing  a  second 
time. 

REBATE,  v.t.  [Vv.rebaltrt;  re  and  batlre; 
It.  ribatlere.] 

To  bkmt  ;  to  beat  to  obtuseness ;  to  deprive 
of  keenness. 
He  (loth  rebate  and  blunt  his  natural  edge. 

Shak 
The  keener  edge  of  battle  to  rebate.     Dryden. 

REBATE,  I       r.  . 

REBA'TEMENT,  \  "'  Diminution. 

2.  In  commerce,  abatement  in  price ;  deduc 
tion.  Encyc. 

3.  In  heraldry,  a  diminution  or  abatement  of 
the  bearings  in  a  coat  of  arms. 

Encyc. 

REBATO,  )i.  A  sort  of  ruff.  [See  Rabato.] 

REBECK,    n.    [Fr.  rebec;  It.  ribecca.]     A 

three  stringed  fiddle.     [JVot  much  used.] 

Milton. 
REB'EL,  n.    [Fr.   rehelle,   from   L.  rebellis. 


1 


making  war  again. 


One  who  revolts^  from  the  government  to 
which  he  owes  allegiance,  either  by  open 
ly  renouncing  the  authority  of  that  gov 
eminent,  or  by  taking  arms  and  openly 
opposing  it.  A  rebel  differs  from  an  ene- 
my, as  the  latter  is  one  who  does  not  owe 
allegiance  to  the  government  whicli  he  at- 
tacks.    Num.  xvii. 

2.  One  who  willfully  violates  a  law.     Encyc. 

3.  One  who  disobeys  the  king's  ])roclama- 
tion  ;  a  contemner  of  the  king's  laws. 

British  Laws.     Black.itone. 

4.  A  villain  who  disobeys  his  lord.       Encyc. 
REB'EL,  a.  Rebellious;  acting  in  revolt. 

Milton. 
REBEL',  V.  i.  [L.  rebello,  to  make  war 
again ;  re  and  bello  ;  W.  rhyvela,  to 
make  war  ;  rhy  and  bcl,  war.] 
1.  To  revolt ;  to  renounce  the  authority  of 
the  laws  and  government  to  which  one 
owes  allegiance.  Subjects  may  rebel  by! 
an  open  renunciation  of  the  authority  of 
the  government,  without  taking  arms ;  but' 
ordinarily,  rebellion  is  accompanied  by 
resistance  in  arms. 

Ye  have  built  you  an  altar,  that  ye  might  )•(■■ 
f'e?  this  day  against  the  Lord.     Josh.  xxii.    Is.  i 
3.  To  rise  in  violent  opposition  against  law- 
ful authority. 
How  could  my  hand  rebel  against  my  heart  ? 
How  could  your  heart  rebel  against  your  rea- 
son ?  Dryden 
REBRL'LED, ;;/).  or  a.    Rebelhous  ;  guilty 
of  rebellion.  Milton 
REBEL'LER,  n.  One  that  rebels.         Did 
REBEL'LING,  ppr.    Renouncing   the   au- 
thnrity  of  the  government  to  which  on 
owes  allegiance ;  rising  in  opposition   to 
lawful  authority. 
REBEL'LION,  'n.     [Fr.   from   L.   rebellio. 
.-^mong  the  Romans,  rebellion  was  origin- 


ally a  revolt  or  open  resistance  to  their 
government  by  nations  that  had  been  sub- 
dued in  war.     It  was  a  renewed  war.] 

1.  An  open  and  avowed  renunciation  of  the 
authority  of  the  government  to  which  one, 
owes  allegiance  ;  or  the  taking  of  arms, 
traitorously  to  resist  the  authority  of  law- 
ful government ;  revolt.  Rebellion  differs 
from  insurrection  and  from  mutiny.  In- 
surrictio7i  may  be  a  rising  in  opposition  to 
a  particular  act  or  law,  without  a  desigiV 
to  renounce  wholly  all  subjection  to  the] 
government.  Insurrection  may  be,  but 
is  not  necessarily,  rebellion.  Mutiny  is  an 
insurrection  of  soldiers  or  seamen  against! 
the  authority  of  their  ofBcers. 

No  sooner  is  the  standard  of"  rebellion  dis-j 
played,  than  men  of  desperate  principles  resort 
to  it.  .Smes. 

2.  Open  resistance  to  lawful  authority.  \ 
Commission  of  rebellion,  in  law,  a  commission 

awarded  against  a  person  who  treats  the 
king's  authority  with  contempt,  in  not 
obeying  his  proclamation  according  to  hi.sj 
allegiance,  and  refusing  to  attend  his  sove- 
reign when  required ;  in  which  case,  fouri 
commissioners  are  ordere<l  to  attach  linu; 
wherever  he  may  be  found.        Blackstone.\ 

REBELLIOUS,  a.  Engaged  in  rohelliou  ; 
renouncing  the  authority  and  dominion  of 
the  government  to  which  allegiance  is! 
uue  ;  traitorously  resisting  government  or 
lawful  authority.     Dent.  ix.  xxi. 

REBEL'LIOUSLY,  adv.  With  design  to 
throw  off  the  authority  of  legitimate  gov- 
ernment ;  in  opposition  to  the  govermneiit 
to  which  one  is  bound  by  allegiance;  with 
violent  or  obstinate  disobedience  to  law-] 
ful  authoritv-  Camden. 

REBELLIOUSNESS,  n.  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  rebellious. 

REBEL'LOW,  v.i.  [re  and  bellow.]  To  bel- 
low in  return  ;  to  echo  back  a  loud  roar- 
ing noise. 
I'he  cave  rebellowed  and  the  temple  shook. 

Dryden. 

REBEL'LOWING,  ppr.  Bellowing  in  re- 
turn or  in  echo.  ' 

REBLOS'SOiAI,  v.  i.  [re  and  blossom.]  To 
blossom  again. 

REBOA'TION,   n.    [L.  reboo ;  re  and  boo.] 

The  return  of  a  loud  bellowing  sound.  [JVol 
used.]  Patrick. 

REBOIL',  V.  i.  [L.  re  and  bullio.]  To  take 
fire ;  to  be  hot.  Elyot. 

REBOUND',  V.  i.  [Fr.  rcbondir ;  re  and 
bondir.] 

To  spring  back  ;  to  start  back ;  to  be  rever-! 
berated  by  an  elastic  power  resisting! 
force  or  impulse  impressed  ;  as  arebound- 
ing  echo. 

Bodies  absolutely  hard,  or  so  soft  as  to  he 
void  of  elasticity,  will  not  rebound  from  one 
another.  JM'ewton. 

REBOUND',  V.  t.  To  drive  back  :  to  re>  er- 
berate. 

Silenus  sung  ;  the  vales  his  voice  re6oi//i(/. 

Dri/den. 

REBOUND',  n.  The  act  of  flying  back  in 
resistance  of  the  impulse  of  another  body  ; 
resilience. 

Put  back  as  from  a  rock  with  swift  rebound. 

REBOUND' ING,  ppr.  Springing  or  flying 

back  ;  reverberating. 
REBRA'CE,  V.  t.  [re  and  brace.]  To   bracr 

again.  Cray 


V.  I.  [re  and  breathe.]     To 


REBRE'ATHE, 

breathe  again. 
REBUFF',    n.    [It.  rabbuffo  ;  Fr.  rebuffade  ; 
re  and  It.  buffa,  buffare,  Fr.  bouffer.] 

1.  Repercussion,  or  beating  back ;  a  quick 
and  sudden  resistance. 

The  strong  rffti/jf  of  some  tumultuous  cloud. 

Milton. 

2.  Sudden  check  ;  defeat. 

3.  Refusal;  rejection  of  solicitation. 
REBUFF',  v.t.  To  beat  back  ;  to  offer  sud- 
den resistance  to  ;  to  check. 

REBUILD',  >  ^,  ^  [re  and  build.]    To  build 

REBILD',  ^  ■  ■  again  ;  to  renew  a  struc- 
ture ;  to  build  or  construct  what  has  been 
demolished  ;  as,  to  rebuild  a  house,  a  wall, 
a  wharf  or  a  city. 

REBUILDING,  )  „  ., ,. 

REBILD'ING,     \  fJ"'  budding  again. 

REBUILT',?  Built  again  ;  reconstruct- 

REBILT',     I  PP-  ed. 

REBU'KABLE,  a.  [from  rebuke.]  Worthy 
of  reprehension.  Shak. 

REBUKE,  V.  t.  [Norm,  rebuquer  ;  Arm. 
rebechat,  to  reproach.  Qu.  Fr.  reboueher, 
to  .stop  ;  re  and  boucher,  to  stop.  The  Ital- 
ian has  rimheccare,  to  repulse  or  drive 
back,  to  peck,  from  be.cco,  the  beak.  The 
word  is  a  compound  of  re  and  a  root  in 
Bg,  signifying  to  drive.  See  Pack  and 
Impeach.     Class  Bg.  No.  20.] 

1.  To  chide  ;  to  reprove;  to  reprehend  for 
a  fault;  to  check  by  reproof. 

The  proud  he  tam'd,  the  penitent  he  cheer'd. 
Nor  to  rebuke  the  rich  offender  fear'd. 

Dryden. 
Thou  shall  in  any  wise  rebuke  thy  neighbor. 
Lev.  xix. 

2.  To  check  or  restrain. 

The  Lord  rebuke  thee,  O  Satan.  Zech.  iii.  Is. 
xvii. 

3.  To  chasten ;  to  punish  ;  to  afflict  for  cor 
rection. 

O  I^ord,  rebuke  me  not  in  thine  anger.  Ps.  vi. 

4.  To  check  ;  to  silence. 
Master,  rebuke  thy  disciples.      Luke  xix. 

5.  To  check  ;  to  heal. 
And  he  stood  over  her  and  rebuked  the  fever. 

Luke  iv. 

C.  To  restrain  ;  to  calm. 

He  arose  and  rebuked  the  winds  and  the  sea. 
Matt.  viii. 

REBU'KE,  n.  .V  chiding  ;  reproof  for 
faults;  reprehension. 

Why  bear  you  tiiese  rebukes  and  answer  not : 

Shak. 

2.  In  Scripture,   chastisement;  punishment; 
affliction  for  the  purpose  of  restraint  and 
correction.     Ezek.  v.     Hos.  v. 
Ill  low  language,  any  kind  of  check. 

L^Esirange. 

To  suffer  rebuke,  to  endure  the  reproach  and 
persecution  of  men.     Jer.  xv. 

To  be  without  rebuke,  to  live  without  giving 
cause  of  reproof  or  censure;  to  be  blame- 
less. 

REBU'KED,  pp.  Reproved;  reprehended; 
checked;  restrained;  punished  for  faults. 

llF.nU'KEFyL,  a.  Containing  or  abound- 
ing with  rebukes. 

KEBUKEFULLY,  adv.  With  reproof  or 
reprehension. 

KEBU'KER,  n.  One  that  rebukes;  a  cin- 
der ;  one  that  chastises  or  restrains. 

REBUKING,  ;)/')•.  Chiding  ;  reproving  ; 
checking ;  punishing. 


il  E  C 

REBULLI"TION,  n.  [See  Ehullilion  and 
Boil.]  Act  of  boiling  or  effervescing. 
[lAttle  used.}  IVotlon. 

REBUKY,  V.  I.  reber'ry.  [re  and  lury.]  To 
inter  again.  Jlshmole. 

RE'BUS,  n.  [L.  from  res,  wliich  is  of  tjje 
class  Rd,  Hs,  and  of  the  same  family  as 
riddle.     See  Riddle,  Read  and  Real-] 

1.  An  cnifrmatical  leprcsentation  ot  some 
name,  &^.c.  bv  using  figures  or  pictures 
instead  of  words.  A  gallant  in  love  witli 
a  woman  named  Rose  Hill,  painted  on  the 
border  of  his  gown,  a  rose,  a  hill,  an  eye, 
a  loaf  and  a  well,  which  reads,  ifose  Hill 
Iloveicelt.  Encyc. 

2.  A  sort  of  riddle. 

3.  h\  some  ehimicalivrilers,  sour  mWk;  some- 
times, the  uliiiiiale  matter  of  which  all 
bodies  are  composed.  Encyc. 

4.  In  heraldry,  a  coat  of  arms  which  bears 
an  allusion  to  the  name  of  the  person  ;  as 
three  cups,  for  IJutler.  Encyc. 

REBUT',  v.t.   [Fr.  rebuler;  Norm,  rebutter 
from  the  root  ot'bitl,  I'r.  bout,  end  ;  houter, 
to  put  ;  bonder,  to  pout ;   It.    ributtare,    to 
drive  back,  also  to  vomit.     See  Butt  and 
Pout.     Class  Bd.] 

To  repel ;  to  oppose  by  argument,  plea  or 
countervailing  proof.  [U  is  used  by  law- 
yers in  ageneriil  sense.] 

REBUT',  V.  i.  To  retire  back.     Obs. 

Spenser. 

2.  To  answer,  as  a  plaintif's  sur-rejoinder. 
The  plaintif  may  answer  llic   rejaiiider  by  u 
sui-rejoiiulcr ;  on  which  the  defendant  may  re- 
but. Btachslone. 

REBUTTED,  /)/).  Repelled  ;  answered. 

REBUT'TEK,  n.  In  law  pl.ndiufys,  the  an- 
swer of  u  delendaiit  to  a  plaintif's  siir-re- 
joinder.  Blackstone. 

If  1  grant  to  a  tenant  to  hold  without  iin- 
peachment  of  waste,  and  afterward  injplead 
him  lor  waste  done,  he  may  debar  me  of  Ibis 
action  by  showing  my  giaiit,  which  is  a  rebut- 
ter. Eiici/c. 

REBUT'TING,  ppr.  Repelling;  opposing 
by  argument,  countervailing  allegation 
or  evidence. 

RECALL',  ti.  t.  [re  and  coll.]  To  call  back  ; 
to  take  back ;  as,  to  recall  words  or  decia 
rations. 

2.  To  revoke  ;  to  annul  by  a  subsequent  act ; 
as,  to  recall  a  decree. 

3.  To  call  hack  ;  to  revive  in  memory  :  as, 
torecall  to  mind  what  has  been  forgotten 

Broome 

4.  To  call  back  from  a  place  or  mission;  as, 
to  recall  a  minister  from  a  foreign  court : 
to  recall  troops  from  India. 

RECALL',  n.  A  calling  back  ;  revocation. 
2.  The  power  of  calling  back  or  revoking. 
'Tis  done,  and  since  His  done,  '(is  past  rtrrill 

Dry den 

RECALL'ABLE,  a.  That  may  be  recalled- 

Ramsay 
Delc^iites  recallable  at  pleasure.      Madison 
REeALL'ED.  pp.  Calleil  back  ;  revoked. 
RECALL'ING,  ppr.  Calling  back  ;   revok- 
ing. 
REe.'VNT',  V.  t.  [L.  recanto ;  re  and  canto 

See  Cant.] 
To  retract ;  to  recall ;  to  contradict  a   for- 
mer declaration. 

How  soon  would  ease  recant 
Vows  made  in  pain,  as  violent  as  void. 

Jililton 


R  E  C 


RECANT',  t'.  t.  To  recall  words;  to  revoke 
a  declaration  or  proposition ;  to  unsay 
what  has  been  said.  Convince  me  I  am 
wrong,  and  I  will  recant. 

RECANTA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  recalling  ; 
retraction  ;  a  declaration  that  contradicts 
a  former  one.  Sidney. 

RECANT'ED,  pp.  Recalled  ;  retracted. 

RECANT'EK,  n.  One  that  recants.     Shak. 

RECANT'ING,  ppr.  Recalling;  retract- 
ing. 

iRECAl'AC'ITATE,  v.t.  [re  and  capacitate.] 
To  ((ualify  again ;  to  confer  cajiacity  on 
again.  Jltterbury. 

RECAI'AC'ITATED,  pp.  Capacitated 
again. 

RECAPAC'ITATING,  ppr.  Conferring  ca- 
pacity again. 

RECAPIT'ULATE,  v.  t.  [Fr.  recapituler; 
It.  raccapitolare  ;  re  and  L.  capitulum.  See 
Capitulate.] 

To  repeat  the  princi|ial  things  mentioned  in 
a  preceding  discourse,  argument  or  essay  ; 
to  give  a  summary  of  the  principal  facts, 
points  or  arguments.  Dryden. 

RECAPITULATED,  pp.  Repeated  in  a 
summarv. 

RECAPITULATING,  ppr.  Repeating  the 
))riiicipal  things  in  a  discourse  or  argu- 
ment. 

KECAPITULA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  reca- 
pitulating. 

2.  A  summary  or  concise  statement  or  enu- 
meration of  the  priiici])al  jiomts  or  facts  in 
a  preceding  discourse,  argument  or  essay. 

South. 

RECAPITULATORY,  a.  Repeating  again  ; 
c<inlaiiiing  recapitulation.  Garretson 

RECAP'TION,  n.  [h.  re  and  captio ;  capio, 
to  lake.] 

The  act  of  retaking;  reprisal;  the  retaking 
of  one's  own  goods,  chattels,  wife  or  chil- 
dren from  one  who  has  taken  them  and 
wrongfully  detains  them.  Blackstone. 

Jf'rit  of  recaption,  a  writ  to  recover  property 
taken  by  a  second  distress,  pending  a  re- 
plevin for  a  former  distress  for  the  same 
rent  or  service.  Blackstone. 

RECAP'TOR,  n.  [le  and  <ra;rfor.]  One  who 
retakes;  one  that  takes  a  prize  which  had 
been  previously  taken. 

RECAP'TURE,  n.  [re  and  capture.]  The 
act  of  retaking;  particularly,  the  retaking 
ol'a  prize  or  goods  from  a  captor. 

2.  A  prize  retaken. 

RECAP'TURE,  f.  <.  To  retake;  particu- 
larly, to  retake  a  prize  which  had  been 
previously  taken.  Dti  Ponceau. 

RECAPTURED,  pp.  Retaken. 

RECAP'TURING.  ppr.  Retaking,  as  a 
prize  from  the  captor. 

REC'.^RNIFY,  J!.  /.  [re  and  carnify,  from 
L.  caro,  flesh.] 

iTo  convert  again  into  flesh.  [J\tot  much  tised.] 

HoweU. 

RECAR'RIED,  pp.  Carried  back  or  again. 

RECAR'RY,  V. /.  [re  and  carry.]  To  carry 
back.  Walton. 

RECAR  RYI\G,  ppr.  Carrying  back. 

RECAST,  V.  t.  [re  and  cast.]  To  cast  again  ; 
as,  to  recast  cannon. 

2.  To  throw  again.  Florio 

3.  To  mold  anew.  Burgess. 
To  compute  a  second  time. 

RECAST,  pp.  Cast  again ;  molded  anew. 


R  E  C 

RECASTING,  ppr.  Casting  again ;  mold- 
ing anew. 
RECE'DE,  V.  t.  [L.  recedo ;    re  and   cedo.] 

1.  To  move  back ;  to  retreat ;  to  withdraw. 
Like  the  hollow  roar 

Of  tides  receding  from  tli'  insulted  shore. 

Dryden. 
All  bodies  moved  circularly,  endeavor  lo  re- 
cede from  the  center.  Benlley. 

2.  To  withdraw  a  claim  or  pretension  ;  to 
desist  from  ;  to  reliiKiuisli  wbat  had  been 
proposed  or  asserted  ;  as,  to  recede  from  a 
demand  ;  to  recede  from  terms  or  proposi- 
tions. 

RECE'DE,  V.  t.  [re  aiul  cede.]  To  cede 
back ;  to  grant  or  yield  to  a  Ibrmer  pos- 
sessor ;  as.  to  recede  con(|uered  territory. 

RECE'DED,  pp.  Ceded  back  ;  regranted. 

RECE'DING,  ppr.  Withdrawing;  retreat- 
ing; moving  fjack. 

2.  Ceding  back  ;  regrantiiig. 

RECE'IPT,  I       recee't.  [It.  ricelta,  from  the 

IlECEIT,  ^"'L.  receptus.  This  word 
ought  to  follow  the  analogy  of  conc(i'(,  de- 
ceit, from  L.  conceptus,  deceptus,  and  be 
written  without  p,  receit.] 
The  ai  " 
letter. 

2.  The  place  of  receiving;  as  the  receit  of 
custom.     Matt.  ix. 

3.  Reception  ;  as  the  receit  of  blessings  or 
mercies. 

4.  Reception  ;  welcome ;  as  the  kind  receit 
of  a  friend.     Obs. 

[In  this  sense,  reception  is  now  used.] 

5.  Recipe  ;  prescription  of  ingredients  for 
any  composition,  as  of  medicines,  &c. 

Dryden.     .irbuthnot. 

6.  In  commerce,  a  writing  acknowledging  the 
taking  of  money  or  goods.  A  rei-eit  of 
money  may  he  in  part  or  in  full  payment 
of  a  debt,  anil  it  operates  as  an  acquittance 
or  discharge  of  the  debt  either  in  part  or 
in  full.  A  receit  of  goods  makes  the  re- 
ceiver liable  to  account  for  the  .same, 
according  to  the  nature  of  the  transaction, 
or  the  tenor  of  the  writing.  It  is  custom- 
ary for  sherifs  to  deliver  goods  taken  in 
execution,  to  some  person  who  gives  liis 
recti!  for  them,  with  a  promise  to  redeliver 
them  to  the  sherif  at  or  before  the  lime  of 
sale. 

RECEIPT,?      ^     recee't.  To  give  a  receit 

RECEIT,  ^  ■  ■  for;  as,  to  receit  goods 
delivered  by  a  sherif. 

RECEIVABLE,  a.  That  may  be  received. 

RECE'IVABLENESS,  n.  Capability  of  be- 
ing received.  Ubillock. 

RECE'IVE,  v.t.  [Fr.  recevoir ;  Ann.  receff, 
recevi  ;  It.  ricevere  ;  Sp.  recibir ;  Port,  rc- 
ceber ;  Ij.recipio  ;  re  and  capio,  lotake.] 

1.  To  take,  as  a  thing  oflered  or  sent :  to  ac- 
cept. He  had  the  ofter  of  a  donation,  but 
he  would  not  receive  it. 

2.  To  take  as  due  or  as  a  reward.  He  rf- 
ccived  the  money  on  the  day  it  was  paya- 
ble.    He  received  ample  compensation. 

.3.  To  take  nr  obtain  from  another  in  any 
manner,  and  either  good  or  evil. 

Shall  vrc  receive  coo. I    at  the  liand  of  Goil, 
and  shall  we  not  receive  evil  ?     Job  ii. 

4.  To  take,  as  a  thing  communicated  ;  as,  to 
receive  a  wound  by  a  shot ;  to  receive  a  dis- 
ease by  contagion. 

The  idea  of  solidity  we  receive  by  our  touch. 

Locke. 


R  E  C 


R  E  C 


R  E  C 


5.  To  take  or  obtain  intellectually;  as,  to  re- 
ceive an  o]iinion  or  notion  from  others. 

C.  To  embrace. 

Receive  with  meekness  Uic  engrafted  word. 
James  i. 

7.  To  allow;  to  hold;  to  retain;  as  a  cus- 
tom long  received. 

8.  To  ailnnt. 

Thou  shall  guide  me  with  thy  counsel,  and 
afterward  receive  me  to  glory.     Ps.  Ix.-iiii. 

9.  To  welcome;  to  lodge  and  entertain ;  as 
a  guest. 

They  kindled  a  fire  and  received  us  every  one, 
because  ot  the  present  rain  and  because  of  the 
cold.     ,\cts  xxviii. 

10.  To  admit  into  membership  or  fellow- 
sliip. 

Him  that  is  weak  in  the  faith,  receive  ye. 
Rom.  xiv. 

11.  To  take  in  or  on  ;  to  hold  ;  to  contain. 

The  brazen  altar  was  too  little  to  receive  the 
burnt-otlering.     1  Kin£;s  viii. 

12.  To  be  endowed  with. 

Ye  shall  receive  power  after  that  the  Holy 
Si>irit  has  come  upon  you.     Acts  i. 
1.3.  To  take  into  a  place  or  state. 

After  the  Lord  had  spoken  to  them,  he  was 
received  up  into  heaven.     Mark  xvi. 

14.  To  take  or  have  as  something  ascribed  ; 
as,  to  receive  praise  or  blame.     Rev.  iv.  v. 

15.  To  bear  with  or  suffer.     2  Cor.  xi. 

16.  To  believe  in.     John  i. 

17.  To  accept  or  admit  officially  or  in  an  of- 
ficial character.  The  minister  was  received 
by  the  emperor  or  court. 

18.  To  take  stolen  goods  from  a  thief,  knovv- 
ine  them  to  be  stolen.  Blnchslone. 

RECE'IVED,  p;).  Taken;  accepted;  ad- 
mitted ;  embraced  ;  entertained  ;  believ- 
ed. 

RECE'IVEDNESS,  n.  General  allowance 
or  belief;  as  the  recen'C(/)ie«s  of  an  opinion. 

Boyle. 

RECE'IVER,  n.  One  who  takesor  receives 
in  any  manner. 

2.  An  officer  appointed  to  receive  public 
money  ;  a  treasurer.  Bacon. 

3.  One  who  takes  stolen  goods  from  a  thief, 
knowing  them  to  be  stolen,  and  incurs  the 
guilt  of  partaking  in  the  crime. 

Blackslone 

4.  A  vessel  for  receiving  and  containing  the 
jiroduct  of  distillation. 

.").  The  vessel  of  an  air  pump,  for  containing 
the  thing  on  which  an  experiment  is  to  be 
made. 
G.  One  who  partakes  of  the  sacrament. 

Taylor. 
RECE'IVING,    ppr.    Taking;    accepting; 
admitting;  embracing;  believing;   enter 
laining. 
KECEL'EBRATE,  v.l.  [re  and  celebrate. 
To  celebrate  again.  B.  Jonson. 

RECEL'EBRATED,  pp.  Celebrated  anew. 
RECEL'EBRATING,      -ppr.     Celebrating 

anew. 
IIECELEBRA'TION,  n.  A  renewed  cele- 
bration. 
UE'CENCY,  n.  [L.reccns.]  Newness;  new 
state  ;  late   origin  ;    as   the   recency  of  a 
wound  or  tumor. 
2.  Lali'ness  in  tiiue  ;  freshness;  as   the  re- 
cency (if  a  transaction. 
KECl'.NSK,  V.  t.  rcccns'.    [L.  rccensco ;   re 

and  censeo.] 
To  review  ;  to  revise.  Bcntlty. 


RECENSION,  n.   [L.  recmsio.]    Review; 

examination  ;  enumeration.  Evelyn. 

RECENT,  a.  [L.  recen*.]    New;  being  of 

late  origin  or  existence. 

The  ancients  believed  some  parts  of  Egypt 

to  be  recent,  and  for-med  by  the  mud  disdiarged 

into  the  sea  by  the  Nile.  U'linilii-ard 

2.  Late  ;  modern  ;  as  great  and  worthy  men 

ancient  or  recent.     [Modem  is  now  used.] 

Bacon. 
.3.  Fresh  ;  lately  received ;  as  recent  news  or 

intelligence. 

4.  Late  ;  of  late  occurrence  ;  as  a  recent 
event  or  transaction. 

5.  Fresh  ;  not  long  dismissed,  released  or 
parted  from ;  as  Ulysses,  recent  from  the 
storms.  Pope. 

RE'CENTLY,  adv.  Newly;  lately;   fresh 
ly  ;  not  long  since  ;  as  advices  recently  re 
ceived  ;  a  town  recently  built  or  re(>aired  ; 
an  isle  recently  discovered. 
RE'CENTNESS,  n.  Newness;   freshness; 
lateness  of  origin  or  occurrence  ;  as  the 
recentness  of  alluvial  land ;  the  recentness 
of  news  or  of  events. 
RECEP'TACLE,  n.  [L.  receptaculum,  from 

receptus,  recipio.] 
1.  A  place  or  vessel  into  which  something  is 
received  or  in  which  it  is  contained,  as  a 
vat,  a  tun,  a  hollow  in  the  earth,  &c 
The  grave  is  the  common  receptacle  of  the 
dead. 

In  botany,  one  of  the  parts  of  the  fructifi- 
cation ;  the  base  by  which  the  other  part.' 
of  the  fructification  are  connected.  A 
proper  receptacle  belongs  to  one  fructifica- 
tion oidy ;  a  common  receptacle  connect 
several  florets  or  distinct  fructifications. 
The  receptacle  of  the  fructification  is  con 
mon  both  to  the  flower  and  the  fruit,  or  it 
embraces  the  corol  and  germ.  The  re- 
ceptaale  of  the  flower,  is  the  base  to  which 
the  parts  of  the  flower,  exclusive  of  the 
germ,  are  fixed.  The  receptacle  of  the 
fruit,  is  the  base  of  the  fruit  only.  The 
receptacle  of  the  seeds,  is  the  base  to 
which  the  seeds  are  fixed.  Marty 

.3.  In  anatomy,  the  receptacle  of  the  chyle  is 
situated  on  the  left  side  of  the  ujijjcr  ver- 
teher  of  the  loins,  under  the  aorta  and  the 
vessels  of  the  ]efl  kidney.  Encyc. 

RECEPTAC'ULAR,  a.  In  botany,  pertain- 
ing to  the  receptacle  or  growing  on  it,  as 
the  nectary. 
REC'EPTARY,  n.  Thing   received.     [JVot 
in  use.]  Brown 

RECEPTIBIL'ITY,  n.  The  possibility  of] 
receiving.  Glanville.\ 

[Qu.  The  possibility  of  being  received.] 
RECEPTION,  n.  [Fr. ;   h.  reccptin.]     The 
act  of  receiving  ;  in  a  general  sense  ;  as  the 
reception  of  food  into  the  stomach,  or  of 
air  into  the  lungs. 

2.  The  state  of  being  received.  Milton. 

3.  Admission  of  any  thing  sent  or  comnui- 
nicated  ;  as  the  reception  of  a  letter;  the 
reception  of  sensation  or  ideas. 

Readmissiou. 

All  hope  is  lost 
Of  my  reception  into  grace.  MUon. 

Admission  of  entrance  for  holding  or  con- 
taining ;  as  a  sheath  filled  for  the  reception 
of  a  sword;  a  channel  fiir  the  reception  of 
water. 
0.  A  receiving  or  manner  of  receiving  lor 
entertainment ;  entcrtaiutnent.  The  guests 


were   well   pleased   with  their  reception. 
Nothing  displeases  more  than  a  cold  re- 
ception . 
7.  A  receiving  officially ;  as  the  reception  of 

an  envoy  by  a  foreign  court. 
p.  Opinion  generally  admitted. 

IMiilosophers  who  have   quitted  the  popular 
doctrines  of  their  coimtries,  have  fallen  into  as 
extravagant  opinions,  as    even    common  recep- 
tion countenanced.     l_jVot  in  use.]         Locke. 
9.  Recoverv.     [.Voi  in  use.]  Bacon. 

RECEPTIVE,  a.  Having  the  quahty  of 
receiving  or  admitting  what  is  communi- 
cated. 

Imaginary  space  is  receptive  of  all  bodies. 

Glanvdle. 

RECEPTIV  ITY,  n.  The  state  or  quality 

of  being  receptive.  Fotherby. 

RECEP'TORY,  a.  Generally  or  popularly 

admitted  or  received.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Brown. 
RECESS',  n.  [L.  recessus,  from  recedo.  See 
Recede.] 

1.  A  withdrawing  or  retiring;  a  moving 
back  ;  as  the  recess  of  the  tides. 

2.  A  withdrawing  from  public  business  or  no- 
tice ;  retreat ;   retirement. 

My  recess  hath  given  them  confidence  tliat  I 
may  be  conquered.  K.  Charles. 

And  every  neighbouring  grove 
Sacred  to  soft  recess  and  gentle  love. 

Prior. 
Departiu-e.  Glanville. 

4.  Place  of  retirement  or  secrecy  ;  private 
abode. 

This  happy  place,  our  sweet 
Becess.  JfKlton. 

State  of  retirement ;  as  lords  in  close  re- 
ecss.  Milton. 

In  the  recess  of  the  jury,  tliey  are  to  consider 
their  evidence.  Hale. 

C>.  Remission  or  suspension  of  business  or 
jiroccdure  ;  as,  the   house   of  representa- 
tives had  a  recess  of  half  an  hour. 
Privacy  ;  seclusion  from  the  world  or  from 
company. 

Good  verse  recess  and  solitude  requires. 

Dry den. 

Secret  or  abstruse  part ;  as  the  difficulties 

and  recesses  of  science.  Waits. 

A  withdrawing  from  any  point ;  removal 

to  a  distance.  Brown. 

[Fv.  rece:.]    An  abstract  or   registry  of 

the  resolutions  of  the  imperial  diet.     [.Vol 

ill  use.]  ^lyliffe. 

11.  The  retiring  of  the  shore  of  the   sea  or 

of  a  lake  fnim   the  general   line  of  the 

shore,  forming  a  bay. 

RECESSION,  II.    [L.   recessio.]     The   act 

of  withdrawing,  retiring  or  retreating. 

2.  The  act  of  receding  from  a  claim,  or  of 
relaxing  a  demand.  South. 

3.  A  cession  or  granting  hack  ;  as  the  recess- 
ion of  conquered  territory  to  its  former 
sovereign. 

RECII."\N('iE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  rechanger ;  re   and 

change]     To  change  asain. 
RKCI1AN<;ED,  pp.  Chanced  again. 
RECIlANtiING,  ppr.  Changing  again. 
REClTARtJE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  recliargcr;    re  and 

charge.] 

1.  To  charge  or  accu.se  in  return.       Hooker. 

2.  To  attack  again  ;  to  attack  anew. 

Dryden. 

IIV.CW AKuV.T),  pp.  Accused  in  return: 
attacked  anew. 


;9. 


10. 


R  E  C 


R  E  C 


R  E  C 


RECH'AROINO,  ppr.  Accusing  in  return  ; 
attacking  anew. 

RECHIi'A'l',  !i.  [said  to  be  from  Old 
Fren.-li.) 

Among  hunters,  a  lesson  which  the  hunts- 
man winds  on  the  horn  when  the  hounds 
have  lost  the  game,  to  call  thein  back  from 
pursuing  a  counter  scent.     Biiitey.     Sluik. 

RECHE'AT,  I',  t.  To  blow  the  rechcat. 

Drtiyton. 

RECIIOOSE,  V.  t.  rechooz'.  To  choose  a 
second  time. 

RECHOSEN,  pp.  or  a.  rccho'zn.  He-elect- 
ed ;  chosen  again. 

RECIDIVA'TION,  n.  [L.  rccidivus,  from 
recido,  to  fall  back;  re  and  cado,  to  fall.] 

A  falling  back ;  a  backsliding.  [A"©/  much 
used.]  Hammond. 

RECID'IVOU.S,  a.  [L.  recidivus.]  Sid)ject 
to  backslide.     [Little  used.] 

RECU'E,  n.  res'ipy.  [L.  imperative  of  rc- 
cipio,  to  take.] 

A  medical  |iroscri|ition  ;  a  direction  of  med- 
icines to  be  taken  by  a  jiatient.         Encijr. 

UEtTP'IENT,  ?!.  [L.  recipieris,  rccipio.]  A 
receiver;  the  person  or  thing  that  re- 
ceives; he  or  that  to  which  any  thing  is 
communicated.  Gliinvxllt. 

2.  The  receiver  of  a  still.         Decay  of  I'uti/. 

RECIPROCAL,  a.  [\..  reciprocvs  ;  Sp.  It. 
reciproco ;  Vv.  rcciproque.] 

1.  Acting  ill  vicissitude  or  return  ;  alternate. 

CoiruiJtioiiis  reciprocal  to  goncialion. 

Bacon . 

2.  Mutual;  done  by  each  to  the  other;  as 
re(i;»)oc(// love  ;  reciprocal  benefits  or  fa- 
vors ;  jeei/iroco/ duties;  reciprocal  aid. 

3.  Mutually  interchangeable. 

Tlicsc  two  niltv-  will   render  a  definition  re- 
ciprocal witli  the  thing  defined.  H^atls. 

Reciprocal  terms,  in  logic,  those  terms  that 
have  the  same  signification,  and  conse- 
quently  are  convertible  and  may  be  used 
for  each  other.  Encyc. 

Reciprocal  (jxtantities,  in  mathematics,  are 
those  which,  multiplied  together,  produce 
unity.  Encyc. 

Reciprocal  _/(,gi()&s,  in  geometry,  are  those 
wliich  have  the  antecedents  and  conse-, 
quents  of  the  same  ratio  in  both  figures.    I 

Encyc] 

Reciprocal  ratio,  is  the  ratio  between  the  re-[ 
ciprocals  of  two  (juantities  ;  as,  the  recip- 
rocal ratio  of  4  to  9,  is  that  of  rj  to  i. 

UECTI"RO€AL,  h.  The  rtciprocat  of  any 
<|uantity,  is  unity  <liviil('d  by  that  quantity. 
Thus  the  reciprocal  of  4  is  i.  \ 

KECIPHOCALLY,  adv.  Mutually;  inter-! 
changeably ;  in  such  a  manner  that  each 
aftects  the  other  and  is  equally  affected 
by  it.  { 

These  two   particle.'!   do   reciprocally  affect 
each  other  with  the  same  force.  Btnltai.' 

aECll'KOCALNESS,  n.  Mutual  returii;' 
allernatcness.  Decati  of  Pielu.'. 

RECII"RO€ATE,  D.  1.    [L.  reciproco ;    Vi:\ 

rccipro:juer.]     To  act  interchangeably  ;  to' 

alternate.  j 

One  brawny  smith  the  pufBng  bellows  plies,! 

And  draws  and  blows  reciprocating  air.  | 

Dryden., 

REClP'RO€ATE,  v.  i.  To  exchange;  to! 
interchange  ;  to  give  and  return  mutually  : 
as,  to  reciprocate  favors. 

RECIPROCATED,  pp.  Mutually  given, 
and  returned  ;  interchanged.  I 

Vol.  11. 


RECIP'ROeATING,  ppr.  Interchanging; 
each  giving  or  doing  to  the  other  the  same 

thing. 
REClPROeA'TION,    n.    [L.   rcciprocatio.] 

1.  Inlerchange  of  acts  ;  a  mutual  giving  and 
returning ;  as  the  reciprocaliun  of  kind- 
nesses. 

2.  Alternation ;  as  the  reciprocation  of  the 
sea  ill  the  flow  and  ebb  of  tides.       Broun. 

'3.  Regular  return  or  alternation  of  two 
symptoms  or  diseases.  C'oxe. 

RECIPROCITY,  n.  [Fr.  reciprocity]  Re- 
ciprocal obligation  or  right ;  equal  mutual 
rights  or  beiielits  to  be  yielded  or  enjoyed. 
The  commissioners  offered  to  negotiate  a 
treaty  on  |irinciples  of  reciprocity. 

RECI"SION,  n.  s  as  ;.  [L.  recisio,  from  re- 
cido, to  cut  off";  re  and  caido.] 

The  act  of  cutting  off.  Stherjvood. 

Rl'.Cl'TAL,  11.  [from  recite]  Rehearsal; 
the  repetition  of  the  words  of  another  or 
of  a  writing;  as  the  recital  of  a  deed;  the 
recital  of  testimony.  Encyc. 

2.  Narration;  a  telling  of  the  particulars  of 
an  adventure  or  of  a  scries  of  events. 

Addison. 

3.  Enumeration.  Prior. 
RECITATION,  n.  [L.  recitatio.]  Rehears- 
al; repetition  of  words. 

Hammond.     Temple. 

2.  In  colleges  and  schooh;  the  rehearsal  of  a 
lesson  bv  pupils  betbre  their  instructor. 

RE(  IT.VTIVE,,  a.  [Er.  recitalif;  It.  recit- 
ativo.     See  Hecilc.] 

Reciting  ;  rehearsing  ;  pertaining  to  musical 
pronunciation.  Dryden. 

RECIT'ATIVE,  n.  A  kind  of  musical  pro- 
nunciation, such  as  that  in  which  the  sev- 
eral parts  of  the  liturgy  ar^  rehearsed  in 
churches,  or  that  of  actors  on  the  stage, 
when  they  express  some  action  or  passion, 
relate  some  event  or  reveal  some  design. 

Encyc. 

In  recitative,  the  composer  and  the  perform- 
er endeavor  to  imitate  the  inflections,  ac- 
cent and  emphasis  of  natural  speech. 

Bust)y. 

[Note.  The  natural  and  proper  English  ac- 
cent of  this  word  is  on  the  second  syllable. 
The  foreign  accent  may  well  be  discard- 
ed.] 

RECIT'ATIVELY,  adu.  In  the  manner  of 
recitative. 

Rf^tM'I'E,  V.  t.  [L.  recito ;   re  and  cilo,  to 


i-all  or  name. 


To  rehearse  ;  to  repeat  the  words  of  an- 
other or  of  a  writing ;  as,  to  recite  the 
words  of  an  author  or  of  a  deed  or  cov- 
enant. 

2.  In  jinVi'ng-,  to  copy;  as,  the  words  of  a 
deed  are  recited  in  the  pleading. 

3.  To  tell  over;  to  relate;  to  narrate  ;  as,  to 
recite  past  events  ;  to  recite  tiie  particulars 
of  a  voyage. 

4.  ,To  rehearse,  as  a  lessor  to  an  instructor. 
.5.  To  enumerate. 
RECI'TE,  V.  i.  To  rehearse  a  lesson.     The 

class  will  recite  at  eleven  o'clock. 

.'hnerican  Seminaries. 

RECITE,  for  recital.     [.Vot  in  use.] 

RECI'TED,  pp.  Rehearsed;  told;  repeat- 
ed ;  narrated. 

RECITER,  n.  One  that  recites  or  re- 
hearses ;  a  narrator. 

[RECI'TING,  ppr.  Rehearsing;  telling;  re 

I     peating;  narratins. 

53 


RECK,  V.  i.  [Sax.  recan,  reccan,  to  say,  to 
tell,  to  narrate,  to  rcoioii,  to  care,  to  rule 
or  govern,  L.  refro.  The  primary  sense 
is  to  strain.  Care  is  a  straining  of  the 
mind,  f-ee  Rack  and  Reckon.] 
To  care ;  to  mind  ;  to  rate  at  much ;  as  we 
say,  to  reckon  much  of;  followed  by  of. 
Obs. 

Thon's  but  a  lazy  loorde, 

And  recks  much  <^tliy  swinke.         Spensei. 

I  reck  as  little  nhal  betidcth  me. 

As  much  I  wish  all  good  beforlunc  you. 

Shak. 
Of  night  or  loneliness  it  recks  me  not. 

Milton. 
RECK,  V.  t.  To  heed  ;  to  regard  ;   to  care 
for. 

This  son  of  mine  not  recking  danger. 

Sidney, 
[This  verb  is  obsolete  unless  in  poetry.  Wc 
observe  the  primary  sense  and  application 
in  the  phrase,  "  it  recks  me  not,"  that  is,  it 
(h)csii(it  strain  or  distress  me;  it  does  not 
rack  my  mind.  To  reck  danger  is  a  deriv- 
ative form  of  expression,  and  a  deviation 
from  the  proper  sen.se  of  the  verb.] 
RECK'LESS,  a.  Careless;  heedless;  mind- 
less. 

I  made  the  king  as  reckless,  as  tJiem  diligent. 

Sidney. 
RECKLESSNESS.  ;i.  Heedlessness:  care- 
lessness ;  negligence.  Sidney. 
[These  uwds,    formerly  disused,    have    been 

recently  revived.] 
RECKON,  I'.  /.  rek'n.  [Sax.  recan,  reccan, 
to  tell,  to  relate,  to  reck  or  care,  to  rule,  to 
reckon  ;  I),  rcckenen,  to  count  or  compute  ; 
G.  rechyien,  to  count,  to  reckon,  to  esteem, 
nnd  rerken,  to  stretch,  to  strain,  to  racA; 
Sw.  r'akna,  to  count,  to  tell  ;  Dan.  regner, 
to  reckon,  to  count,  to  rain.  The  Saxon 
word  signifies  not  only  to  tell  or  count, 
but  to  reck  or  care,  and  to  rule  or  govern  ; 
and  tlie  latter  signification  proves  it  to  be 
the  L.  rego,  rectus,  whence  regnum,  regno, 
Eng.  to  reign,  and  hence  Sax.  rehl,  riht, 
Eng.  right,  G.  recht,  &c.  The  primary 
sense  of  the  root  is  to  strain,  and  right  is 
strained,  stretched  to  a  straight  line ; 
hence  we  see  that  these  words  all  coin- 
cide with  reach,  stretch  and  rack,  and  we 
say,  wo  are  racked  with  care.  It  is  proba- 
ble that  wreck  and  irretched  are  from  the 
same  root.  Class  Rg.  No.  18.  21.] 

1.  To  count ;  to  number  ;  that  is,  to  tell  the 
particulars. 

The  priest  shall  reckon  to  him  the  money, 
accoiding  to  the  years  that  remain,  even  to  the 
year  of  jubilee,  and  it  shall  be  abated.  Lev. 
xxvii. 

I  reckoned  above  two  hundred  and  fifly  on 
the  outside  of  the  church.  Mdison. 

2.  To  esteem  ;  to  account ;  to  repute.  Rom. 
viii. 

For  him  I  reckon  not  in  high  estate. 

Milton. 

3.  To  repute;  to  set  in  the  number  or  rank 
of. 

He  was  reckoned  among  the  transgressor.':. 
Luke  xxii. 


4.  To  assign  in  an  account.    Rom.  iv. 

5.  To  compute  ;  to  calculate.  Mdison. 
RECKON,  V.  t.  To  reason  with  one's  self 

and  conclude  from  arguments. 

I  reckoned  till   morning,   that  as  a  lion,  so 
will  he  break  all  my  bones.     Is.  xxsviii. 

2.  To  charge  to  account ;  with  on. 


R  E  C 


11  E  C 


R  E  C 


I  call  posterity 
Into  the  debt,  and  reckon  on  her  head. 

B.  Jonson. 
3.  To   pay  a  penalty  ;    to   be   answerable  ; 
witbjToc. 

If  they  fail  in  their  bounden  duty,  they  shall 
reckon  for  it  one  day.  Sanderson. 

To  reckon  with,  to  state  an  account  with  an- 
other, compare  it  with  his  account,  ascer- 
tain the  amount  of  each  and  the  balance 
which  one  owes  to  the  other.  In  this 
manner  the  countrymen  of  New  England 
who  have  mutual  dealings,  reckon  with 
each  other  at  the  end  of  each  year,  or  as 
often  as  they  think  fit. 

After  a  long;  time  the  lord  of  those  servants 
Cometh,  and  reckoneth  with  them.     Matt.  xxv. 

3.  To  call  to  punishment. 

God  suffers  the  most  grievous  sins  of  particu- 
lar persons  to  go  unpunished  in  this  world,  be- 
cause his  justice  will  have  another  opportunity 
to  meet  and  reckon  with  them.  Tillotson 

To  reckon  on  or  upon,  to  lay  stress  or  de- 
pendence on.  He  reckons  on  the  siipjjort 
of  his  friends. 
RECKONED,  pp.  rek'nd.  Counted  ;  num- 
bered ;  esteemed  ;  reputed  ;  computed ; 
set  or  assigned  to  in  account. 
RECKONER,  Ji.  rck'ner.  One  who  reckons 
or  computes. 

Reckoners   without   their  host   must   reckon 

twice.  Camden. 

RECKONING,    ppr.    rek'ning.    Counting ; 

computing;  esteeming;  reputing;  stating 

an  account  mutually. 

RECK'ONING,  ?i.  The  act  of  counting  or 

computing  ;  calculation. 

2.  An  account  of  time.  Sandys 

S.  A  statement  of  accounts  with  another;  a 

statement   and     comparison   of  accounts 

mutually  for  adjustment ;  as  in  the  prov 

erb,  "  short  reckonings  make  long  friends." 

The  way   to   make  reckonings  even,   is   to 

make  them  often.  Soutli 

4.  The  charges  or  account  made  by  a  host. 

A  coin  would  have  a  nobler  use  than  to  pay 
a  reckoning.  Addison. 

5.  Account  taken.     2  Kings  x.xii. 

6.  Esteem  ;  account ;  estimation. 

You  make  no  further  reckoning  of  beauty, 
than  of  an  outward  fading  beneht  nature  be- 
stowed. Sidney. 

7.  In  navigation,  an  account  of  the   ship's 
course  and  distance   calculated  from   the 
log-board  without  the  aid  of  celestial   ob- 
.servation.     This  account   from   the   In, 
board,  is  called  ti;e  dead  reckoning. 

Mar.  Diet. 

RECK'ONING-BQOK,  n.  AbookinwhicI 

money  received  and  expended  is  entered. 

Johnson. 
RE€LA'IM,  V.  t.  [Fr.  reclamer ;  L.reclamo; 
re  and  clamo,  to  call.  Sec  Claim.] 

1.  To  claim  back:  to  demand  to  have  re- 
turned. The  vender  may  reclaim  the  goods. 

Z.  Swift. 

2.  To  call  back  from  error,  wandering  or 
transgression,  to  the  observance  of  moral 
rectitude  ;  to  reforjn ;  to  bring  back  to 
correct  deportment  or  course  of  life. 

It  is  the  intention  of  Providence  in  its  various 
expressions  of  goodness,  to  reclaim  mankind 

Jtogers. 

3.  To  reduce  to  the  state  desired. 

Much  laljor  is  requir'd  in  trees,  to  tame 
Their  wild  disorder,  aud  in  ranks  reclaim. 

Dryden 

4.  To  call  back  ;  to  restrain. 


Or  is  her  tow'ring  flight  reclaimed 
By  seas  from  Icarus'  downfall  nam'd  .' 

Prior. 

5.  To  recall ;  to  cry  out  against. 
The     headstrong    horses    hurried    Octavius 

along,  and  were  deaf  to   his  reclaiming  them. 
[Unusual.'\  Dryden. 

6.  To  reduce  from  a  wild  to  a  tame  or  do- 
mestic state  ;  to  tame  ;  to  make  gentle  ; 
as,  to  reclaim  a  hawk,  an  eagle  or  a  wild 
beast.  Dryden. 

7.  To  demand  or  challenge ;  to  make  a 
claim  ;  a  French  use. 

8.  To  recover.  Spenser. 

9.  In  ancient  customs,  to  pursue  and  recall, 
as  a  vassal.  Encyc. 

10.  To  encroach  on  what  has  been  taken 
from  one  ;  to  attempt  to  recover  possess- 
ion. 

A  tract  of  land  [Holland]  snatched  from  an 
element  perpetually  reclaiming  its  prior  occu- 
pancy. Coxe.  Switz. 

RECLA'I3I,  JI.  i.  To  cry  out ;  to  exclaim. 

Pope. 

RECLATMABLE,  or.  That  may  be  reclaim- 
ed, reformed  or  tamed. 
RE€LA'1MANT,    ji.     One    tliat    opposes, 
contradicts  or  remonstrates  against. 

tValerland 

REeLATMED,  pp.  Recalled  from  a  vicious 

life  ;    reformed  ;     tamed  ;     domesticated  ; 

recovered. 

REeLATMING,  ppr.  Recalling  to  a  regu- 
lar course  of  life  ;  reforming;  recovering; 
taking ;  demanding, 

RECLAMATION,  n.  Recovery. 

2.  Demand  ;  challenge  of  something  to  be 
restored  ;  claim  made.  Gallatin. 

REC'UNATE,  a.  [L.  reclinatus.  See  Re 
dine.] 

In  botany,  reclined,  as  a  leaf;  bent  down 
wards,  so  that  the  point  of  the  leaf  is  low 
er  than  the  base.  Martyn 

A  reclinate  stein  is  one  that  bends  in  an  arch 
towards  the  earth.  Lee. 

RECLINA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  leaning  or 
reclining. 

RE€L1'NE,  V.  I.  [L.  rcclino ;  re  and  clino, 
to  lean.] 

To  lean  back ;  to  lean  to   one  side   or  side 
wise  ;  as,  to  recline  the  head  on   a  pillow, 
or   on  the  bosom  of  another,   or  ou  the 
arm. 

The  mother 
Reclin'd  her  dying  head  upon  his  breast. 

Dryden. 

RECLI'NE,  I',  i.  To  lean:  to  rest  or  re- 
pose ;  as,  to  recline  on  a  couch. 

RECLI'NE.  a.  [L.  reclinis.]  Leaning  ;  be- 
ing in  a  leaning  posture. 

They  sat  recline 
On  the  soft  downy  bank  daniask'd  with  flow- 
ers.    [Little  used.]  .WIton. 

RECLI'NED,  pp.  Inclined  back  or  side- 
wise. 

RECLI'NING,  ppr.  Leaning  back  or  side- 
wise  ;  resting ;  lying. 

RECLO'SE,  It.  t.  s  as  z.  [re  and  close.]  To 
clo.se  or  shut  again.  Pope. 

RECLO'SED,  pp.  Closed  again. 

REeLO'SING.  ppr.  Closing  again. 

RECLU'DI'".,  I',  t.  [L.  rechido  ;  re  and  claiido, 
cludo.]     To  open.     [Little  used.]     Harrey. 

RECLU'SE,  «.  [Fr.  reclus,i\(>m  L.  )C(/u.sii.s, 
recludo,  but  with  a  signification  directly 
opposite.] 


Shut    up;    sequestered;   retired   from    the 
world  or  from  public  notice;  solitary;  as 
a  recluse  monk  or  hermit ;  a  recluse  life. 
1  all  the  live-long  day 
Consume  in  meditation  deep,  recluse 
From  human  converse.  Philips. 

RECLU'SE,  n.  A  person  who  live  in  re- 
tirement or  seclusion  from  intercourse 
with  the  world ;  as  a  hermit  or  monk. 

2.  A  person  who  confines  himself  to  a  cell 
in  a  monastery. 

RECLU'SELY,  adv.  In  retirement  or  se- 
clusion from  society. 

RECLU'SENESS,  n.  Retirement;  seclu- 
sion from  society. 

RECLU'SION,  n.  s  as  z.  A  state  of  retire- 
ment from  the  world ;  seclusion. 

RECLU'SIVE,  a.  Affording  retirement 
from  society.  Shak. 

RECOAGULA'TION,  n.  [re  and  coagula- 
tion.]    A  second  coagulation.  Boyle. 

RECOCT',  a.  [L.  recoctus,  recoquo.]  New 
vamped.     [JVot  used.]  Taylor. 

RECOGNITION,  7i.  reconish'on  or  recog- 
nish'on.  [L.  recognitio.] 

1.  Acknowledgment  ;  formal  avowal  ;  as 
the  recognition  of  a  final  concord  on  a 
writ  of  covenant.  Bacon. 

2.  Acknowledgment;  memorial.  White. 

3.  Acknowledgment  ;  solenm  avowal  by 
which  a  thing  is  owned  or  declared  to  be- 
long to.  or  by  which  the  remembrance  of 
it  is  revived. 

The  lives  of  such  saints  had,  at  the  time  of 
their  yearly  memorial,  solemn  recognition  in 
the  church  of  God.  Hooker. 

4.  Knowledge  confessed  or  avowed  ;  as  the 
recognition  of  a  thing  present;  memory  of 
it  as  passed.  Grew. 

RECOGNITOR,  n.  recon'ilor.  One  of  a 
jury  upon  assize.  Blackstone. 

RE€OGNIZABLE,  a.  recon'izahle.  [from 
recognize.]  That  may  be  recognized  or 
acknowledscd.  Orient.  Collections. 

RECOGNIZANCE,  ji.  recon'izance.  [Fr. 
reconnoisa7ice.] 

1.  Acknowledgment  of  a  ])erson  or  thing; 
avowal  ;  prol'ession  ;  as  the  recognizance 
of  christians,  by  which  they  avow  ilieir 
belief  in  their  religion.  Hooker. 

2.  In  law,  an  obligation  of  record  which  a 
njan  enters  into  before  some  court  of  rec- 
ord or  magistrate  duly  authorized,  witli 
condition  to  do  some  particular  act,  as  to 
appear  at  the  assizes,  to  keep  the  pence  or 
pay  a  debt.  This  recognizance  difters  from 
a  bond,  as  it  does  not  create  a  new  debt, 
but  it  is  the  acknowledgment  of  a  former 
debt  on  record.  This  is  witnessed  by  the 
record  only,  and  not  by  the  party's  seal. 
There  is  also  a  recognizance  in  the  nature 
of  a  statute  staple,  acknowledged  before 
cither  fd'  the  chief  justices  or  their  substi- 
tutes, the  mayor  of  the  staple  at  West- 
minster and  the  recorder  of  London, 
which  is  to  be  enrolled  and  certified  into 
chancery.  Blackstone. 

3.  The  verdict  of  a  jury  impannelcd  upon 
assize.  Cowell. 

RECOGNIZE,  V.  I.  rec'onize.  [It.  riconoscere  ; 
Sj).  reconoccr ;  Fr.  reconnoitre  :  L.  recognos- 
co  :  re  and  coguosco,  to  know.  The  g  in 
these  words  has  properly  no  sound  in 
English.  It  is  not  a  part  of  the  root  of 
the  woril,  being  written  merely  to  give  to 
con  the  French  sound  ofg'n,  or  that  of  the 


R  E  C 

Spanish  n,  and  this  sound  does  not  prop- 
erly belong  to  our  language.] 
.  To  recollect  or  recover  the  knowledge  of, 
either  with  an  avowal  of  that  knowledge 
or  not.  We  recognize  a  person  at  a  dis- 
tance, when  we  recollect  that  we  have 
seen  him  before,  or  that  we  have  formerly 
known  him.  We  recognize  his  features  or 
his  voice. 

SpcaW,     vassal  ;    recognize   thy    sovcrelsn 

South 


rinculare ;  Sp.  reeu- 


(juecn. 

2.  To  review ;  to  re-examine 

UR€'OGNIZE,  V.  i.  To  enter  an  obligation 
of  record  before  a  proper  tribunal.  A  15 
recoe;mzed  in  the  sum  of  twenty  pounds, 

KECOGNrZED,  pp.  Acknowledged  ;  rec- 
ollected as  known;  bound  by  recogni- 
zance. 

RECOGNIZEE,  n.  recanizee'.  The  person 
to  whom  a  recognizance  is  made. 

Blackslonc. 

RE€'OGNIZING,  ppr.  Acknowledging  ; 
recollecting  as  known  ;  entering  a  recog- 
nizance. 

RECOGNIZOR,  n.  recomior'.  One  who  en- 
ters into  a  recognizance.  Black stoiie.l 

RECOIL',  I',  i.  [Fr.  reader,  to  draw   buck  ; 
recai,   a   recoil  ;   Arm.   arguila  ;    Fr.   cul, 
Sp.  ciUo,  Arm. git,  guil,  the  back  part;  W. 
ciliatv,  to  recede  ;  It. 
lar.] 

1.  To  move  or  start  back  ;  to  roll  back ;  as- 
a  cannon  recoils  when  fired  ;  waves  recoil 
from  the  shore. 

2.  To  fall  back  ;  to  retire.  Milton. 

3.  To  rebound  ;  as,  the  blow  recoils. 

Dn/den. 

4.  To  retire ;  to  flow  back ;  as,  the  blood 
recoils  with  horror  at  the  sight. 

5.  To  start  back  ;  to  shrink.  Nature  recoils 
at  the  bloody  deed. 

6.  To  return.  The  evil  will  recoil  upon  his 
own  head. 

RECOIL',  V.  t.  To  drive  back.     [jVb<  used.] 

Spenser 
RECOIL',  ri.  A  starting  or  falling  back  ;  as' 

the  recoil  of  fire-arms  ;  the  recoil  of  nature 

or  the  blood. 
RECOIL'ING,    ppr.     Starting    or    fallingl 

back  :  retiring  ;  shrinking. 
RECOIL'ING,  71.    The   act   of  starting   or 

falling  back  ;  a  shrinking  ;  revolt.      South. 
RECOIL'INGLY,  adv.  With  starting  back 

or  retrocession. 
RECOIN',  V.  t.  [re  and  coin.]  To  coin  again  ; 

as,  to  recoin  gold  or  silver. 
RECOIN'AGE,  n.  The  act  of  coining  anew. 

2.  That  which  is  coined  anew. 
RECOIN'ED,  pp.  Coined  again. 
RECOIN'ING,  ppr.  Coining  anew. 
RECOLLECT',  v.  I.  [re  and  collect :  L.  re- 

colligo,  recollectus.] 

1.  To  collect  again;  applied  to  ideas  that 
have  escaped  from  the  memory  ;  to  recover 
or  call  back  ideas  to  the  memory.  I  recol- 
lect what  was  said  at  a  former  interview ; 
or  I  cannot  recollect  ^vhat  was  said. 

'i.  To  recover  or  recall  the  knowledge  of; 
to  bring  back  to  the  mind  or  memory.  I 
met  a  man  whom  I  thought  I  had  seen 
before,  but  I  could  not  recollect  his  name, 
or  the  place  where  I  had  seen  him. 
do  not  recollect  you.  sir. 

3.  To  recover  resolution  or  composure  of| 
mind. 


R  E  C 

The  Tyrian  queen  I 

AJmliMhis  fortunes,  more  admir'd  tlie  man,    | 
Then  recollected  stood.  Dryden. 

[In  this  sense,  collected  is  more  general- 
ly used.] 
RE-COLLECT',  v.  t.   To  gather  again  ;  to 
collect  what  has   been   scattered  ;  as,  to 
re-collect  routed  troops. 
RECOLLECTED,    pp.     Recalled   to  the 

memory. 
RECOLLECTING,    ppr.    Recovering   to 

the  memory. 
RECOLLEC  TION,  n.  The  act  of  recall 
ing  to  the  memory,  as  ideas  that  have  es 
caped  ;  or  the  operation  by   which  ideas 
are  recalled  to  the  memory  or  revived  in 
the  mind.    Recollection  differs  from  remem- 
brance, as  it  is  the  consequence  of  volition 
or  an  effort  of  the  mind  to  revive  ideas  ; 
whereas  remembrance  implies  no  such  vo- 
lition.    We  often  remember  things  without 
any  voluntary  effort.     Recollection  is  call- 
ed also  reminiscence. 

The  power  of  recalling  ideas  to  the  mind, 
or  the  period  within  which  things  can  be 
recollected  ;  reniembrauce.  The  events 
mentioned  are  not  within  my  recollection 
3.  In    popular  language,  recollection  is  used 


as  synonymous  with  remembrance. 

RECOLLECT'IVE,  a.  Having  the  power 

of  recollecting.  Foster. 

REC'OLLET,    n.    [Sp.   Port,  recoleto.]     A 

monk  of  a  reformed  order  of  Franciscans. 

RECOMBINA'TION,    n.     Combination   a 

sccoml  time. 
RECOMBI'NE,  v.t.  [re  and  combine.]    To 
combine  again. 
If  we  recombine  these  two  elastic  fluids. 

Lavoisier. 
RECOMBI'NED,  pp.  Combined  anew. 
RECOMBI'NING,  ])pr.  Combining  again 
RECOMFORT,    v.  t.    [re  and  comfort.     To 
comfort  again ;  to  console  anew. 

Sidney. 
2.  To  give  new  strength.  Bacon 

RECOMFORTED,  pp.  Comforted  again. 
RECOMFORTING,  ppr.  Comforting  again. 
RECOMFORTLESS,  a.  Without  comfort. 
LYot  used.]  Spenser. 

RECOMMENCE,  v.t.  recommens'.  [re  and 
commince.]  To  commence  again  ;  to  be- 
gin anew. 
RECOMMEN'CED,p/).  Commenced  anew. 
RECOMMEN'CING,  ppr.  Beginning  again. 
RECOMMEND',    i'. /.     [re  and  commend 

Fr.  recommander.] 
1.  To  praise  to  another ;  to  offer  or  com 
mend  to  another's  notice,  confidence  or 
kindness  by  favorable  representations. 

Maecenas  recommended  Virgil  and  Horace  to 
Augustus.  Dryden. 

[In  this   sense,    commend,   though   less 
common,  is  the  preferable  word.] 
To  make  acceptable. 
A  decent  boldness  ever  meets  with  friends, 
Succeeds,  and  ev'n  a  stranger  recommends. 

Pope. 
3.  To  commit  with  prayers. 

Paul  chose  .Sil.is  and  departed,  being  recom- 
mended by  the  biethren  to  the  grace  of  God 
Acts  XV. 

[Commend  here  is  much  to  be  prefer- 
red.] 
RECOMMEND'ABLE,    a.    That  may   be 
recommended  ;  worthy   of  recommenda- 
tion or  praise.  Olanvilie. 


R  E  C 

RECOMMENDATION,  n.  The  act  of 
recommending  or  of  commending;  tlie 
act  of  rejiresenting  in  a  favorable  manner 
for  the  iiurpose  of  procuring  the  notice, 
confidence  or  civilities  of  anuiher.  We 
iulrodiice  a  friend  to  a  stranger  by  a  rec- 
ommendation of  his  virtues  or  accomplish- 
ments. 
2.  That  which  procures  a  kind  or  favorable 
reception.  The  best  recommendalion  of  a 
man  to  favor  is  politeness.  Misfortune  is 
a  recommendation  to  uur  pity. 
RECOMMEiND'ATOKY,  a.  That  com- 
mends to  another  ;  that  recommends. 

Madison.     Stoifl. 
RECOMMENDED,    pp.     Praised  ;    com- 
mended to  another. 
RECOMMEND'ER,    n.     One    who    com- 
mends. 
RECOMMENDING,  ppr.    Praising  to  an- 
other ;  comineiiding. 
RECOMMIS'SION,    v.t.   [re  and  commis- 
sion.]    To  commission  again. 

Oflicers   whose  time  of  service  had  expired, 

were  to  I)e  recommissivned.  MarshalL 

RECOMMIS'SIONED,  pp.  Commissioned 

again. 
RECOMMIS'SIONING,  ppr.  Commission- 
ing again. 
RECOMMIT',   v.t.    [re   and  commit.]     To 
commit  again  ;  as,  to  recommit  persons  to 
prison.  Clarendon. 

2.  To  refer  again  to  a  committee;  as,  to  re- 
commit a  bill  to  the  same  committee. 
RECOMMIT  MENT,  n.    A  second  or  re- 
newed comniitinent ;  a  renewed  reference 
to  a  committee. 
RECOMMITTED,  pp.   Committed  anew ; 
I     referred  again. 

RECOMMITTING,      ppr.       Committing 
I     again  ;  referring  again  to  a  committee. 
jRECOMMU'NICATE,  v.  i.  [re  and  commu- 
I     nicate.]     To  communicate  again. 
RECOMPACT',  V.  t.  [re  and  compact.]    To 
join  anew. 

Repair 
And  recompact  my  scatter'd  body.        Donne. 
RECOMPENSA'TION,     n.    Recompense. 

jJVol  usedA 
RECOMPENSE,  v.t.  [Ft. recompenser ;  re 

and  compeyiser.] 
1.  To  compensate ;  to  make  return  of  an 
ecpiivalent  for  any  thing  given,  done  or 
suffered  ;  as,  to  recompense  a  person  for 
services,  for  fidelity  or  for  sacrifices  of 
time,  for  loss  or  damages. 

The  word  is  followed  by  the  person  or 
the  service.  We  recompense  a  person  for 
his  services,  or  we  recompense  his  kind- 
ness. It  is  usually  found  more  easy  to 
neglect  than  to  recompense  a  favor. 
To  requite  ;  to  repay  ;  to  return  an  equiv- 
alent ;  in  a  bad  sense. 

Recompense  to  no  man  evil  for  evil.    Rom. 
xii. 

3.  To  make  an  equivalent  return  in  profit  or 
produce.  The  labor  of  man  is  recompens- 
ed by  the  fruits  of  the  earth. 

4.  To  compensate  ;  to  make  amends  by  any 
thing  eipiivalent. 

Solytnaii — said  he   would    hnd  occasion    for 
thcui  to  iccoinpense  that  disgrace.  Knolles. 

5.  To  make  restitution  or  an  equivalent  re- 
!     turn  for.     Num.  v. 

'recompense,  ».  An  equivalent  retiirn- 
!     ed  for  any  thing  given,  done  or  suffered  ; 


R  E  C 


R  E  C 


R  E  C 


compensation  ;  rewarJ ;  amends ;  as  a 
rccunipe.nse  for  services,  for  damages,  for 
loss,  &c.  . 

2.  Requital ;  return  of  evil  or  suffering  or 
oilier  etiuivalent ;  as  a  punishment. 

To  me  belongeth  vengeance  and  recompense. 
Deut.  xxxii. 

And  eveiy  transgression  and  disobedience 
received  a  just  recompense  of  reward.     Heb.  ii 

RECOMPENSED,  pp.   Rewarded;  requi 

ted. 
REC'OMPENSlNG,ppr.  Rewardmg ;  com 

pensatnig  ;  requiting. 

RECOMPI'LEMENT,  n.  [re  and  compile- 
ment.]  New  compilation  or  digest;  as  a 
recompilement  of  laws.  Bacon. 

RE€OMPO'SE,  V.  t.  s  as  :.  [re  and  com- 
pose.] 

1.  To  quiet  anew  ;  to  compose  or  tranquil- 
ize  that  which  is  ruffled  or  disturheil  ;  as 
to  recompose  the  mind.  Tcit/lor. 

2.  To  compose  anew;  to  form  or  adjust 
again. 

We  produced  a  lovely  purple  which  we  can 
destroy  or  reeomjiose  at  pleasure.  Boyle.'^ 

REeOMPO'SED,  pp.  Uuieted  again  afterj 
agitation  ;  formed  anew  ;  composed  a 
second  time. 

REeOMPO'SING,  ppr.  Rendering  tranquil 
after  agitation  ;  forming  or  adjusting 
anew.  .  . 

RECOMPOSP'TION,  n.  Composition  re- 
newed. 

RE€ONCT'L.\BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being 
reconciled  ;  capable  of  renewed  friend- 
ship.    The  parties  are  not  reconcilable. 

2.  That  may  be  made  to  agree  or  be  con- 
sistent; consistent. 

The  diti'eient  accounts  of  the  numbers  of  sliips, 
are  reconcilable.  Arbuthnol. 

3.  Capable  of  being  adjusted  ;  as,  the  differ- 
'  ence  between  the  parties  is  reconcilable,     j 

RECONCI'LABLENESS,  n.  The  qualityj 
of  being  reconcilable;  consistency;  asthe^ 
reconcilabletiess  of  parts  of  Scripture  which 
apparently  disagree. 

2.  Possibility  of  being  restored  to  fi'iendship 
and  harmony. 

RECONCl'LE,  V.  I.  [Fr.  reconcUter  ;  L. 
reconcilio  ;  re  and  concilia  ;  con  and  calo, 
to  calL  fJr.  xaXru.  The  literal  sense  is  to 
call  back  into  union.] 

1.  To  conciliate  anew  ;  to  call  back  into  un- 
ion and  friendship  the  affections  which 
have  been  alienated  ;  to  restore  to  friend-| 
ship  or  favor  after  estrangement  ;  as,  to 
reconcile  men  or  parties  that  have  been  at 
variance. 

Go  thy  way  ;  iirst  be  reconciled  to  thy  broth- 
er—    Matt.  V. 

We  pray  you  in  Christ's  slead,  be  ye  recon- 
ciled to  God.     2  Cor.  v.     Eph.  ii.     Col.  i. 

2.  To  bring  to  acquiescence,  content  or  qui- 
et submission;  with  to;  as,  to  reconciled 
one's  self  to  afflictions.  It  is  our  duty  to 
be  reconciled  to  the  dispensations  of  Provi- 
dence. 

3.  To    make  consistent  or  congruous  ;    to 


Which    but    proportioii'd    to    their  lisht 

place, 
Due  distance  reconciles  to  form  and  j 


fol- 


bring  to  agreement  or  suitableness 
lowed  by  toith  or  to. 

The  ^rcat  men  among  the   ancients   under 
stood  how  to  reconcile  manual  labor  with  aft'airsj 
of  state.  Liicke 

Some   figures  monstrous  and    misshap'd  ap- 
pear. 

Considered  singly,  or  beheld  too  near ; 


race. 
Pope.\ 
4.  To  adjust  ;  to  settle;  as,  to  reconcile  dif-j 
ferences  or  quarrels.  | 

RECONCI'LEU,  pp.  Brought  into  frieinl-; 
ship  from  a  state  of  disagreement  or  en-: 
mity  ;  made  consistent  ;  adjusted.  j 

RECONCI'LEMENT,    n.    Reconciliation; 
renewal  of  friendship.     .Animosities  some- 
times make  reconcilement  iminacticahle. 
2.  Friendship  renewed. 

No  cloud 
Of  anger  shall  remain,  but  peace  assured 
And  reconcilement.  Milton. 

RECONCT'LER,  n.  One  who  reconciles  ; 
(Uie  who  brings  parties  at  variance  into 
renewed  friendship.  f«"- 

2.  One  who  discovers  the  consistence  of 
propositions.  jYorns. 

RECONCILIA'TION,  Ji.  [Fr.  from  L.  re 
:onciliatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  reconciling  parties  at  vari 
ance  ;  renewal  of  friendship  after  disa 
greement  or  enmity. 

Reconciliation  and  friendship  >\  ith  God,  real 
ly  form  the  basis  of  all  rational  and  true  enjoy 
ment.  S.  Miller 

2.  Ill  Scripture,  the  means  by  which  sinnen 
are  reconciled  and  brought  into  a  state  of 
favor  with  God,  after  natural  estrange- 
ment or  enmity;  the  atonement;  expia- 
tion. 

Seventy  weeks  are  determined  upon  thy  peo- 
ple and  upon  thy  holy  city,  to  finish  the  trans- 
gression and  to  make  an  end  of  sin,  and  to| 
make  reconciliation  for  iuiquilv.  Dan.  i.v. 
Heb.  ii. 

3.  Agreement  of  things  seemingly  o))posite, 
ililferent  or  inconsistent.  Rogers. 

RECONCIL'IATORY,  a.  Able  or  tending 
to  reconcile.  Hall. 

REGONCI'LING,  ppr.  Bringing  into  favor 
and  friendship  after  variance  ;  bringing  to 
content  or  satisfaction  ;  showing  to  be 
consistent;  adjusting;  making  to  agree. 

RECONDENSA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  re- 
condensing. 

RECONDENSE,  v.  t.  rccomlens'.  [re  and; 
condense.]     To  condense  again.         Boi/le. 

RECONDENS'ED,  pp.  Condensed   anew. 

REeONDENS'IiXG,  ppr.  Condensing 
again. 

REC'ONEtlTE,  a.  [L.  reconditus,  recondo  ; 
re  and  condo,  to  conceal.] 

1.  Secret  :  hidden  from  the  view  or  intel- 
lect ;  abstruse  ;  as  recondite  causes  of 
things. 

2.  Profound;  dealing  in  things  abstruse ;  as 
recondite  studies. 

RECONU'ITORY,  n.  [supra.]  A  reposi- 
tory ;  a  store-house  or  magazine.  [LiltU 
used.]  Ash. 

RECONDUCT',  V.  I.  [re  and  co)u/i(c/.]  To 
conduct  back  or  again.  Dri/den. 

RECONDUeT'ED,  pp.  Conducted  back 
or  again. 

REeONDUeT'lNG,  ppr.  Conducting  back 
or  again. 

RECONFIRM',  v.  t.  [re  and  conjirm.]  T.i 
confirm  anew.  Clarendon. 

RECONJOIN',  ]'.  (.  [re  and  conjW/i.]  To! 
join  or  conjoin  anew.  Boyli 

RECONJOIN' EI),  pp.  Joined  again. 

RE€0NJ01N'ING,ppr.  Joining  anew. 


nd|  RECONNOIT'ER,  v.  t.  [^Fr.  reconnoitre  ;  re 
and  connoilre,  to  know.] 

To  view  ;  to  survey  ;  to  examine  by  the 
eye  ;  particularly  in  military  affairs,  to 
e.xamine  the  state  of  an  enemy's  army  or 
camp,  or  the  ground  for  military  opera- 
tions. 

RECONNOIT'ERED,  pp.  Viewed  ;  exam- 
ined by  personal  observation. 

RECONNOIT  ERING,  ppr.  Viewing;  ex- 
amining by  personal  observation. 

RE€ON(iUER,  V.  t.  recon'ktr.  [re  and  con- 
quer; Fr.  reeonquerir.] 

1.  To  conquer  again  ;  to  recover  by  con- 
quest. Davies. 

2.  To  recover  ;  to  regain.     [A  French  use.] 
RECON'QUERED,  pp.  Conquered  again  : 

regained. 

RECON'QUERING,  ppr.  Conquering 
again ;  recovering. 

RECON'SECRATE,  v.  t.  [re  and  coiise- 
crate.]     To  consecrate  anew. 

RE€ON'SE€RATED,  pp.  Consecrated 
again. 

RECON'SECRATING,  ppr.  Consecrating 
again. 

RE€ONSE€RA'TION,  n.  A  renewed  con- 
secration. 

RECONSID'ER,  v.  t.  [re  and  consider.]  To 
consider  again  ;  to  turn  in  the  mind 
again  ;  to  review. 

2.  To  annul ;  to  take  into  consideration  a 
second  time  and  rescind ;  as,  to  reconsider 
amotion  in  a  legislative  body;  to  recon- 
sider a  vf)le.  The  vote  has  been  reconsid- 
ered, that  is,  rescinded. 

RECONSIDERATION,  n.  A  renewed 
consideration  or  review  in  the  mind. 

■3-  A  second  consideration  ;  annulment  ;  re- 
■scision. 

RECONSID'ERED,  pp.  Considered  again  ; 
rescinded. 

RECONSID' ERING,  ppr.  Considering 
again  ;  rescinding. 

RECON'SOLATE,  v.  i.  To  console  or  com- 
fort again.      [.Vot  in  use.]  ff'otton. 

RECONVENE,  v.  I.  [re  and  coiu'cnc.]  To 
convene  or  call  together  again. 

RECONVE'.NE,  v.  i.  To  assemble  or  come 
together  again. 

RECONVE'NED,  pp.  .\ssembled  anew. 

RECONVE'NING,  ppr.  .\ssemhling  anew. 

RECONVER'SION,  n.  [re  and  conversion.^ 
A  second  conversion.  H'eever. 

RECONVERT',  I'.  ^  [re  and  cojineri.]  To 
convert  again. 

RECONVERT'ED,  pp.  Converted  again. 

RECONVERT'IN(J,  ppr.  Converting  again. 

RECONVEY,  I',  t.  [re  and  convey.]  Tocon- 
vey  back  lU'  to  its  former  place ;  as,  to 
reconveij  goods. 

2.  To  irunsl'er  back  to  a  former  owner;  as, 
to  reconvfi)  an  estate. 

RECON  VKV  ED,  pp.  Conveyed  back :  trans- 
terri'd  to  a  liirnier  owner. 

RECONVKVIN(il,  ppr.  Conveying  back; 
transferring  to  a  fiirmer  owner. 

RECORD',  I',  t.  [L.  recordor.  to  call  to  mind, 
to  remember,  from  it  and  cor,  cordis,  the 
heart  or  mind  ;  Sp.  rccordar,  to  remind,  also 
to  awake  fnuii  sleep  ;  Port,  to  remind,  to 
con  a  lesson,  or  get  by  heart ;  Fr.  recorder, 
to  con  a  lesson,  also  to  record.] 


R  E  C 


R  E  C 


R  E  C 


1.  To  register  ;  to  enroll ;  to  write  or  enter 
in  a  book  or  on  parclinient,  fur  the  pur 
pose  ol"  preserving'  uutlientic  or  correct 
evidence  of  a  thing ;  as,  to  record  the  pro 
ceedings  of  a  court ;  to  record  a  deed  or 
lease  ;  to  record  historical  events. 

2.  To  imprint  deeply  on  the  mind  or  mem- 
ory ;  as,  to  record  tlie  sayings  of  another 
in  the  heart.  Locke. 

3.  To  cause  to  he  remembered. 

So  ev'n  and  morn  recorded  the  third  day. 

MUton. 

4.  To  recite;  to  repeat.     [J^ol  in  use.] 

Fairfax. 

5.  To  call  to  mind.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

RECORD',  V.  i.  To  sing  or  repeat  a  tune. 
[JVot  in  use.]  Sliak. 

RK€'ORU,  n.  A  register;  an  authentic  or 
official  copy  of  any  writing,  or  account  of 
any  faints  and  proceedings,  entered  in  a 
hooli  f(U'  preservation  ;  or  the  book  con- 
taining such  copy  or  account;  as  the  »-ec- 
ords  of  statutes  or  of  judicial  courts;  the 
records  of  a  town  or  parish.  Records  are 
jjroperly  the  registers  of  official  transac-' 
tions,  ma<lc  by  officers  appointed  for  the! 
purpose,  or  by  the  officer  whose  proceed-] 
ings  are  directed  by  law  to  be  recorded.     | 

9.  Authentic  memorial  ;  as  the  records  ofj 
past  ages. 

Court  of  record,  is  a  court  vvho.sc  ads  and  ju-i 
(licial  proceedings  are  enrolled  on  parch- 
ment (jr  in  hooks  for  a  perpetual  memori- 
al;  and  their  records  aie  the  highest  evi- 
dence of  liicts,  !Mid  their  truth  cannot  be 
called  in  question. 

Deht  of  record,  is  a  <lebt  which  appears  to  be 
due  by  the  evidence  of  a  court  of  record, 
as  upon  a  judgment  or  a  recognizance. 

Blncksione. 

Trial  hjj  record,  is  where  a  matter  of  record 
is  pl<?aded,  and  the  opposite  party  pleads' 
that  there  is  no  such  record.  In  this  case,i 
the  trial  is  by  itispeciion  of  the  record  it- 
self, no  other  evidence  being  admissil)le. 

lilackstonc 

RECORDATION,  n.  [L.  recordatio.]  Re 
memhrancc.     [Not  in  use.] 

Shak.     If'olton. 

RECORD'ED,  pp.  Registered  ;  ofiicially  en- 
tered in  a  book  or  on  parchment ;  iin|)rint- 
ed  on  the  memory. 

RECOR[)'ER,  n.  A  person  whose  official 
duty  is  to  register  writings  or  transactions ; 
one  who  einolls  or  records. 

2.  An  officer  of  a  city  who  is  keeper  of  the 
rolls  or  records,  or  who  is  invested  with 
judicial  powers. 

3.  Formcily,  a  kind  of  flute,  flageolet  or 
wind  instrument. 

The  figures  of  recorders,  flutes  and  pipes  are 

straight ;  but  the  recorder  hatli  a  less  bore  and  n 

greater  above  ami  below.  Bacon. 

REet)RD'lNG,ppr.  Registering;  enroHing; 

imprinting  on  the  memory. 
RECOUCli',  V.  i.   [re  and  couch.]    To  retire 
aiirtin  to  a  lodge,  as  lions.  Wolton 

RECOUNT',  v.i.  [Fr.  reconler  ;  Sp.  reconiar;! 

It.  racconlare  ;  re  and  count.] 
To  relate  in  detail;  to  recite;  to  tell  or  nar- 
rate the  particulars  ;  to  rehearse.  j 
Say  from  these  glorious  seeds  viiiat  harvest, 
flows,  I 
Recount  our  blessings,  and  compare  our  woes. I 

Dryden.' 


RECOIJNT'ED,  pp.  Related  or  told  in  de- 
tail ;  recited. 

RECOL'NT'ING,  ppr.  Relating  in  a  series; 
narrating. 

RECOUNT'lVIENT,  n.  Relation  in  detail : 
recital.     [Little  used.]  Hhak 

RECOURED,  for  recovered  or  recured.  [JVot 
itsed.]      ^  Spenser. 

RECOURSE,  ?;.  [Fr.  recours;  ll.ricorso;  Sp. 
recurso  ;  1,.  rccur.sas  :  re  and  cursus,  curro, 
to  run.]  Literally,  a  running  back;  a  re- 
turn. 

1.  Return  ;  new  attack.     [j\'ot  in  use.] 

Brown. 

2.  A  going  to  with  a  request  or  application, 
as  for  aid  or  [)rolection.  Cliildrcn  have  re- 
course to  their  parents  for  assistance. 

i.  Application  of  effijris,  art  or  labor.  The 
gener.-d  hud  recourse  to  stratagem  to  efl(3ct 
his  purpose. 

Our  last  recourse  is  therefore  to  our  art. 

JJrifden. 
1.  Access.     [Little  used.] 
5.  Frerpient  passage. 
RECOURSE,   I'.  I.  To  return. 


Shak. 

[JVot  used.] 

Fox. 

alterinitely. 

Draijton.' 

ricove 


RECOURSEFIJL,  a.    Moving 
[JVot  in  use.] 

RECOVER,  V.I.   [Fr.  recouvrer;  It 

rare  or  ricuperare ;  Sp.   Port,   recobrar ;  I 
recupcro  ;  re  and  capio,  to  take.] 

1.  To  regain ;  to  get  or  obtain  that  whic 
was  lost;  as,  to  recover  stolen  goods;  to 
recover  a  town  or  tiMritory  whicli  an  ene- 
my had  taken  ;  to  recover  sight  or  senses ; 
to  recover  health  or  strength  after  sick- 
ness. 

Uavid  recovered  all  that  the  Anialekites  had 
carried  away.    1  Sam.  xxx. 

2.  To  restore  from  sickness ;  as,  to  recover 
one  fiom  leprosy.  2  Kings  v. 

:i.  To  revive  from  apparent  death;  as,  tore 
cover  a  drowned  man. 

4.  To  regain  by  reparation  ;  to  repair  the 
loss  of,  or  to  repair  an  injury  done  by  neg 
lect ;  as,  to  recover  lost  time. 

Good  men  have  lap.se,<  and  failings  to  lament 
and  recover.  Rof^ers. 

5.  To  regain  a  former  state  by  liberation 
from  c'lpture  or  possession 

Tliiil  Ibcy  m.iy  recover  themselves  out  of  the 
snare  of  the  devil.  2  I'im.  ii. 
G.  To  gain  as  a  compensation  ;  to  obtain  m 
return  for  injury  or  deht ;  as,  to  recover 
damages  in  trespass ;  to  recover  debt  and 
cost  in  a  suit  at  law. 
To  reach  ;  to  come  to. 

The  forest  is  not  three  leagues  oil"; 

If  we  recover  tliat,  we're  sure  enough. 

Shak. 
8.  To  obtain  title  to  by  judgment  in  a  coint 
of  law  ;  as,  to  recover  lands  in  ejectment  or 
eotnmon  recovery. 
RECOV'ER,  v.i.  To  regain  health  after  sick- 
ness ;  to  grow  well;  followed  by  of  or 
from. 

Go,  int|uire  of  Baalzebub,  the  god   of  Kkron, 
whether  I  shall  recover  o/this  disease.  2  ICings  i. 

2.  To  regain  a  former  state  or  condition  af- 
ter misfortune  ;  as,  to  recover  from  a  state' 
of  poverty  or  depression. 

3.  To  obtain  a  judgment  in  law;  to  succeed 
in  a  lawsuit.  The  plaintif  has  recovered 
in  his  suit. 

RECOVERABLE, a.  That  maybe  regained 
or  recovered.  Goods  lost  or  sunk  in  the 
ocean  are  not  recoverable. 


2.  That  may  be  restored  from  sickness. 

3.  Tiiat  niay  be  brought  back  to  a  former 
condition. 

A  prodigal  course 
Is  like  the  sun's,  but  not  like  his  recoverable. 

4.  Ihatmaybe  obtained  from  a  debtor  or 
possessor.     The  debt  is  recoverable. 

REC0VERI:D,  pp.  Regainc.l;  restored 
obtained  by  jmiicial  decision. 

RECOVERKE',  n.  fn  law,  the  tenant  or 
person  against  whom  a  judgnu^nt  is  ob- 

,,  }?'"Pil ,'"  ';<'i'iinon  recovery.        lilackstone. 

liVui.O\l'Ail\Q,ppr.  Regainmg;  obtaining 
in  returii  or  by  judgment  in  law;  regaiii- 
nig  health. 

RECOVEROR,  n.  In  law,  the  demandant 
or  person  who  obtains  a  judgment  in  his 
favor  in  common  rec-overy.  lilackstone. 

RLCOVERV,  n.  The  act  of  regainimr,  re- 
taking or  obtaining  possession  of  any  thin"- 
lost.  The  crusades  were  intended  for  the 
recover;!  of  the  holy  hind  from  the  Sara- 
cens. We  offi.r  a  reward  for  the  recoveru 
of  stoh'ii  goods. 

2.  Restoration  from  sickness  or  apparent 
<leath.  The  patient  has  a  slow  rccovenj 
(rotn  a  fever.  Recovery  from  a  |)iihnonarV 
aflectioii  issehhnn  to  be  expected.  Direc- 
tions are  given  for  the  rtcoren/ of  drowned 
persons. 

3.  The  cap.-icity  of  being  restored  to  health. 
Tlie  patient  is  past  recovery. 

4.  The  obtaining  of  right  to  somctlfmg  by  a 
verdict  and  judgment  of  court  from  an  op- 
posing party  in  a  sifit ;  as  the  recovery  of 
deht,  damages  and  costs  by  a  plaintif;  the 
recovery  of  cost  by  a  defi-nt'lant ;  the  recot;- 
ery  of  land  in  ejectment. 

Coinmon  recovery,  in  law,  is  a  species  of  as- 
surance by  matter  of  recm-d,  or  a  suit  or 
action,  actual  or  fictitious,  by  which  l:iiids 
are  recovered  against  the  tenant  of  the 
freehold;  which  recovery  binds  all  per- 
sons, and  vests  an  absolute  fee  simple  in 
the  recoveror.  fllackslone. 

REC  RE.WT,  a.  [Norm,  recreant,  coward- 
ly, properly  crying  out,  from  recricr ;  that 
is,  begging.     See  Craven.] 

1.  Crying  for  mercy,  as  a  combatant  in  the 
trial  by  battel;  yielding;  hence,  coward- 
ly ;  mean  spirited.  lilackslone. 

i.  Ajiostate;  false. 

Who  for  so  many  benefits  reeciv'd, 
Turn'd  recreant  to  God,  ingratc  and  false. 

IREC'REANT,  n.  One  who  yield.^  in  com- 
bat and  cries  craven  ;  one  who  betrs  for 
mercy;  hence,  a  mean  spirited,  cowardly 
wretch.  Blackstone. 

RECREATE,  v.  t.  [L.  recreo :  re  and  creo, 
to  create;  Fr.  recreer ;  It.  ricreare ;  Sp. 
recrear.  ] 

1.  To  refresh  after  toil;  to  reanimate,  as 
languid  spirits  or  exhausted  strength  ;  to 
amuse  or  divert  in  weariness. 

raintcrs  when  they  work  on  while  c'ounds, 
place  before  them  colors  mixed  with  blue  and 
green,  to  recreate  their  eyes.  Dniden. 

St.  John  is  sai<l  to  have  recreated  himself 
with  sporting  with  a  tame  partridge.       Taylor. 

2.  To  gratify  ;  to  delight. 

These  ripe  fruits  recreate  the  nostrils  with 

their  aromatic  scent.  Mure. 

i.  To  relieve  ;  to  revive  ;  as,  to  recreate  the 

lungs  with  fresh  air.  Harvey. 


11  E  C 


R  E  C 


R  E  C 


KEC'REATE,  v.  i.  To  take  recreation. 

Addison. 

RE-€REA'TE,  v.  t.  To  create  or  form  anew. 

On  opening  the  campaign  of  1776,  instead  of 

reinforcing,  it   was  necessary  to  re-create  tlie 

army.  Marshall. 

RECREATED,  pp.  Refreshed;  diverted; 
amused ;  gratified. 

RE-CREATED,  pp.  Created  or  formed 
anew. 

RECREATING,  ;);)r.  Refreshing  after  toil ; 
reanimating  the  spirits  or  strength  ;  di- 
verting ;  amusing. 

RE-CRE.VTING,  ppr.  Creating  or  forming 
anew. 

RECREA'TION,  n.  Refreshment  of  the 
strength  and  spirits  after  toil ;  amusement ; 
diversion.  South. 

9.  ReUef  from  toil  or  pain ;  amusement  in 
sorrow  or  (hstress.  Sidney. 

RE-CREA'TION,  n.  A  forming  anew. 

RE€'REATIVE,a.  Refreshing;  giving  new 
vigor  or  animation  ;  giving  relief  after  la- 
bor or  pain  ;  amusing  ;  diverting.    Choose 
such  sports  as  are  recreative  and  healthful. 
Let  the  music  be  recreative.  Bacon. 

RE€'REATIVELY,  adv.  With  recreation 
or  diversion.  Sherwood. 

RE€'REATIVENESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
heing  refreshing  or  diverting. 

RECREMENT,  n.  [L.  recrementum  ;  prob- 
ably re  and  cirno,  to  secrete.] 

Superfluous  matter  separated  from  that 
which  is  useful ;  dross  ;  scoria  ;  spume  ; 
as  the  recrement  of  ore  or  of  the  blood. 

RECREMENTAL,  i     Drossvcou- 

RE€REIVIENT1"TIAL,      [  a.  ^f™^f„>  l}^- 

RECREMENTl'TIOUS,  ^  ^isim,  oi  su 
perfluous  matter  separated  from  that  which 
is  valuable.  Fourcroy. 

RECRIM'INATE,  v.  i.  [Fr.  recriminer ;  L. 
re  and  criminor,  to  accuse.] 

1.  To  return  one  accusation  with  another. 

It  is  not  my  business  to  recriminate. 

Stitlingfleet. 

2.  To  charge  an  accuser  with  the  like  crime. 
RECRIM'INATE,  v.  t.  To  accuse  in  return. 

South. 

RECRIMINATING,  ppr.  Returning  one 
accusation  with  another. 

RECRIMINATION,  n.  The  return  of  one 
accusation  with  another. 

2.  In  law,  an  accusation  brought  by  the  ac- 
cused against  the  accuser  upon  the  same 
fact.  Encyc. 

RECRIMINATOR,  n.  He  that  accuses  the 
accuser  of  a  like  crime. 

RECRIMTNATORY,  a.  Retorting  accusa- 
tion. Burke. 

RECROSS',  V.  t.  To  cross  a  second  time. 

Washinglon. 

RECROSS'ED,  pp.  Crossed  a  second  tiine. 

RECROSS'ING,  ppr.  Crossing  a  second 
time. 

RECRUDES'CENCE,  \       [from  L.  recru- 

RECRUDES'CENCY,  ^  "•  descens;  re  and 
crudesco,  to  grow  raw  ;  crudus,  raw.] 

The  state  of  becoming  sore  again.        Bacon. 

RECRUDES'CENT,  a.  Growing  raw,  sore 
or  painful  again.    . 

RECROIT,  v.t.  [Fr.  rer.ruter ;  It.  reclutare  ; 
Sp.  reclular ;  Port,  reclutar  or  recrnlar ; 
from  the  root  of  Fr.  recrot(r<? ;  re  and  croitre, 
to  grow,  L.  crcsco ;  It.  ricrescerc,  to  in- 
crease.] 
i.  To   repair   by  fresh  supplies  any    thin 


wasted.    We  say,  food  recruits  the  flesh  ; 

fresh  air  and  exercise  recruit  the  spirits. 

Her   cheeks   glow   the   brighter,   recr^titing 

their  color.  Irranville. 

2.  To  supply  with  new  men  any  deficiency 

of  troops  ;  as,  to  recruit  an  army. 
RECRUIT,  V.  i.  To  gain  new  supplies  of 

any  thing  wasted  ;  to  gain   flesh,  health, 

spirits,  &.K. ;  as,  lean  cattle  recruit  in  fresh 

pastures. 
2.  To  gain  new  supplies  of  men  ;  to  rai.se 

new  soldiers.  Addison. 

RECRCIT,    n.    The   supply   of  any  thing 

wasted ;  chiefly,  a  new   raised  soldier   to 

supply  the  deficiency  of  an  army. 
RECRUITED,   pp.    Furnished    with    new 

supplies  of  what  is  wasted. 
RECRUITING,  ppr.  Furnishing  with  fresh 

supplies;  raising  new  soldiers  for  an  ar 

my. 
RECRCITING,   n.  The  business  of  raising 

new  soldiers  to  supply  the  loss  of  men  in 

an  army 
RECRUITMENT,   n.  The  act  or  business 

of  raising  new  supplies  of  men  for  an  ar- 
my. Walsh. 
RECRYS'TALIZE,   v.  i.    To   crystalize  a 

second  time.  Henry. 

RECT'ANGLE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.rectavgidus  ; 

rectus,  right,  and  angidus,  angle.] 

1.  A  right  angled  parallelogram. 

2.  In  arithmetic,  the  product  of  two  lines 
multiplied  into  each  other.  Bailey. 

RECT'ANGLED,  a.  llavitig  right  angles, 
or  angles  of  ninety  degrees. 

RECTANGULAR,  a.  Right  angled  ;  hav- 
ing angles  of  ninety  degrees.  JVotton. 

RECTANGULARLY,  adv.  With  or  at 
right  angles.  Brown. 

RECTIFIABLE,  a.  [from  rectify.]  That 
may  be  rectified  ;  capable  of  being  cor- 
rected or  set  right ;  as  a  rectijiahle  mistake. 

RECTIFICA'TION,   n.  [Fr.    See  Rectify.] 

1.  The  act  or  operation  of  correcting,  amend- 
ing or  setting  right  that  which  is  wrong  or 
erroneous ;  as  the  rectification  of  errors, 
mistakes  or  abuses.  Forties. 
In  chimistry.  the  process  of  refining  or  pu- 
rifying any  substance  by  repeated  distilla- 
tion, which  separates  the  grosser  parts; 
as  the  rectif  cation  of  spirits  or  sulphuric 
acid.                                 JVicholson.     Encyc. 

RECTIFIED,  p;).  Corrected;  set  or  made 
right ;  refined  by  repeated  distillation  or 
sublimation. 

RECTIFIER,  n.  One  that  corrects  or 
amends.  Bailey. 

2.  One  who  refines  a  substance  by  repeated 
distillations. 

3.  An  instrument  that  shows  the  variations 
of  the  compass,  and  rectifies  the  course  of 
a  ship.  Encyc 

RECTIFY,  V.  t.  [Fr.  rectifier;  It.  reltificare  ; 
Sp.  rectificar  ;  L.  rectus,  right,  and /acio,  to 
make.] 

To  make  right ;  to  correct  that  which  is 
wrong,  erroneous  or  false  ;  to  amend  ;  as, 
to   rectify  errors,   mistakes  or   abuses;  to 


|3.  To  rectify  the  globe,  is  to  bring  the  sun's 
place  in  the  ecliptic  on  the  globe  to  the 
brass  meridian.  Bailey. 

RECTIFYING,  ppr.  Correcting;  amend- 
ing; refining  by  lepeated  distillation  or 
sublimation. 

RECTILINEAL,   {  ^  [L.  rectus,  right,  and 

RECTILINEAR,  S      linea,\ine.] 

Right  lined  ;  consisting  of  a  right  line  or  of 
right  lines;  straigln;  as  a  rectilinear  fig- 
ure or  course ;  a  rectilinear  side  or  way. 

JVewton. 

RECTILIN'EOUS,  a.  Rectilinear.     Obs. 

Ray. 

RECTITUDE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  rectus,  right, 
straight;  h.  rettitudine ;  Sp.  rectitud  ;  lit- 
erally straightness,  but  not  applied  to  ma- 
terial things.] 

In  morality,  rightness  of  principle  or  prac- 
tice ;  uprightness  of  mind  ;  exact  conform- 
ity to  truth,  or  to  the  rules  prescribed  for 
moral  conduct,  either  by  divine  or  human 
laws.  Rectitude  of  mind  is  the  disposi- 
tion to  act  in  conformity  to  any  known 
standard  of  right,  truth  or  justice;  recti- 
tude of  condiicl  is  the  actual  contbrmitj' 
to  such  standard.  Perfect  rectitude  be- 
longs only  to  the  Supreme  Being.  The 
more  nearly  the  rectitude  of  men  approach- 
es to  the  standard  of  the  divine  law,  the 
more  exalted  and  dignified  is  their  char- 
acter. Want  of  rectitude  is  not  only  sin- 
ful, but  debasing. 

There  is  a  sublimity  in  conscious  rectitude — 
in  comparison  with  nliich  the  treasures  of  earth 
are  not  worth  naming.  /.  Hawes. 

RECTOR,  )).  [L.  rector,  from  rego,  rectum, 
to  rule  ;  Fr.  recteur  ;  It.  rettore.] 

\.  A  ruler  or  governor. 

God  is  the  supreme  rector  of  the  world. 

Hale. 
[This  application  of  the  ipord  is  utiusual.] 

2.  A  clergyman  who  has  the  charge  and 
cure  of  a  parish,  and  has  the  tithes,  &c.  ; 
or  the  parson  of  an  unimpropriated  par- 
ish. Blackstone. 

3.  The  chief  elective  officer  of  some  univer- 
sities, as  in  France  and  Scotland.  The 
same  title  was  formerly  given  to  the  pres- 
ident of  a  college  in  New  England,  but  it 
is  now  in  disuse.  In  Scotland,  it  is  still 
the  title  of  the  head  master  of  a  principal 
school. 

4.  The  superior  ofliccr  or  chief  of  a  convent 
or  religious  house ;  and  among  the  Jesuits, 
the  superior  of  a  house  that  is  a  seminary 
or  college.  Encyc. 

RECTOR  A  L,    ?       Pertaining  to  a  rector. 

RECTORIAL,  \  "'  Blackstone. 

RECTORSHIP,  n.  The  ofiice  or  rank  of  a 
rector.  Shak. 

RECTORY,  )!.  A  parish  church,  parson- 
age or  spiritual  living,  with  all  its  rights, 
tithes  and  glebes.  Encyc. 

2.  A  rector's  mansion  or  parsonage  house. 

Encyc. 

RECTRESS,  ?      [h.rectri.r.]  A  governess. 

REC'TRIX,     I  "■  B.  Jonson. 

RECTUM,  71.  [L.]    In   anatomy,   the  third 


rectify  the  will,   the  judgment,  oi.iiiions  :|i     •■'""  '"st  of  the  large  intestines.         Enci/c. 
to  rectifi  disorders.  Hooker.     Addison.  RECU15.\'TION,  n.  [L.  recubo ;  re  and  cubo, 

.  In  chiniisln/,  to  refine  by  repeated  distllla-i'     to  lie  down.] 
lion    or   sublimation,   by   which   the    line  The  act  of  lying  or  leaning.     [Little  used.] 
parts  (if  a   substance  are   separated  from 
the  grosser  ;  as,  to  rectify  spirit  or  wine. 

Encyc. 


Brown . 

RECU'LE,  r.i.  To  recoil.     [jYotused.    See 
Recoil.]  Barret. 


R  E  C 


jiosture 
Young: 


REeUMB',  V.  i.  [L.  recumbo ;  re  and  cumJioJ 

to  lie  down.]     To  lean  ;  to  recline;  to  re-| 

pose.  Mien. 

RECUMB'ENCE,  n.  [Irom  L.  recumbens.] 

The  act  of  reposing  or  resting  m   conli- 

dencc  ^-  •^'"■"' 

RECUlviU'ENCY,  n.  The  posture  of  lean 

ing,  reclining  or  lying.  Brown. 

2.  Rest;  repo.se;  idle  state.  iMcke. 

RECUMB'KNT,  a.    [L.  recumbens.]    Lean 

ing;  recliniijg;  as  the  recumbent 

of  the  Romans  at  their  meals. 
2.  Reposing;  inactive;  idle.  .    ,  „ 

RECUPERA'TION,  n.  [L.  recuperatio.\  He 

covery,  as  of  any  thing  lost. 
RECU'PERATIVE,    )      Tending  to  recov- 
REeU'PERATORY,  S  "'  ery  ;  pertaining  to 

recovery. 
REeUR',  i;.  i.  [L.  recurro;  re  and  curro,  to 

run ;  Fr.  recourir.] 

1.  To  return  to  the  thought  or  mind. 

Wlicn  any  word  has  been  useil  to  .signify  an 
idea,  tlie  old  idea  will  recur  in  the  mind,  whei: 
the  word  is  heard.  Watts. 

2.  To  resort;  to  have  recourse. 

If  to  avoid  succession  in  eternal  existence, 
they  recur  to  the  punctum  stans  of  the  schools 
they  will  vciy  little  help  us  to  a  more  positive 
idea  of  infinite  duration.  Locke. 

REell'RE,  V.  t.  [re  and  cure.]  To  cure;  to 
recover.     [Aof  in  use.]  Spenser. 

RKCU'RE,  n.  Cure  ;  recovery.  [Ab«  in 
use.]  Knolles. 

REetf'RELESS,  a.  Incapable  of  cure  or 
remedy.     [jVot  in  iise.]  Bp.  Hall. 

RECURRENCE,  )        [See    Recur.]      Re- 

REeUR'RENCY,  S  turn  ;  as  the  recur 
rence  of  error.  Brown. 

2.  Resort  ;  the  having  recourse. 

REeUR'RENT,  a.   [L.  recurrens.]  Return 
ing  from  time  to  time ;  as  recurrent  pains 
of  a  disease.  Harvey 

2.  In  eri/stalogrnphy,  a  recurrent  crystal  is 
one  whose  faces,  being  counted  in  annidar 
ranges  from  one  extremity  to  the  otlicr, 
furnish  two  difl'iMent  numbers  which  sue 
ceed  each  other  several  times,  as  4,  8,  4, 
8,4. 

3.  In  niio/omi/,  the  reci(rr«»!(  nerye  is  a  branch 
of  the  par  vagum,  given  otf  in  the  upper 
part  of  the  thorax,  which  is  reflected  and 
runs  up  along  the  trachea  to  the  larynx. 

H'istar. 

RECUR'SION,  )!.  [L.  recursus,  recurro ;  re 
and  ctHTO,  to  run.]     Return.    [Little  used.] 

Boyle. 
V.  t.    [L.   recurvo  :    re  and 
To  bend  back. 

Pennant. 

REeURV'ATE,  a.  In  botany,  bent,  bowed 
or  curved  downwards  ;  as  a  recurvatc  leaf". 

Martyn. 

2.  BiMit   outwards  ;  as   a   recurvate   prickle, 

awn,  petiole,  calyx  or  corol.  Martyn. 

RECURVA'TION,  >       A  bending  or  flex- 

RE€lIRV'ITY,        \  "■  ure  backwards. 

Brown. 
RECURVE,  t'.  t.  recurv'.    [L.   recurvo,   su- 
pra.]    To  bend  back. 
RECURV  ED,    pp.    Bent   back   or    down- 
wards; as  a  rfrioTfrf  leaf.  Martyn, 
REcURViROSTER,  ji.  [L.  reciiriw,  bent 

back,  and  rostrum,  a  beak.] 
A  fowl  whose  beak  or  hill   bends  upwards, 
as  the  avoset. 


RED 


[L. 


recurvjis.]      BenV 

Derham. 

Non-conformity.     [See 

Coke. 


RECURV'OUS,    a 

backwards. 
RECUSANCY,  n 

Jlecusant.] 

RECU'S.'VNT,  a.  s  as  z.  [L.  reeusans,  recu- 
so,  to  refuse  ;  re  and  the  root  of  catisa,  sig- 
nifying to  drive.  The  primary  sense  is  to 
repel  or  drive  back.] 

Refusing  to  acknowledge  the  supremacy  of| 
the  king,  or  to  conform  to  the  establish -i 
ed  rites  of  the  church;  as  a  recusant  lord. 

Clarendon. 

RECU'SANT,  Ji.  [supra.]  In  English  his- 
tory, a  person  who  refuses  to  acknowledge 
the  sui)reiiiacy  of  the  king  in  matters  of 
religion  ;  as  a  popish  recusant,  who  ac- 
knowledges the  supremacy  of  the  pope. 

Encyc. 

3.  One  who  refuses  communion  with  the 
church  of  England;  a  non-conformist. 

All  that  are  recusants  of  holy  rites. 

Holy  day. 

RECUSA'TION,  n.  [h.  recusatio.]  Refusal 

2.  In  law,  the   act   of  refusing  a  judge,  or 

challenging  that  he  shall  not  try  the  cause 

on    account    of  his   supposed    partiality 

[This  practice  is  now  obsolete.] 

Blaekstone. 

RECU'SE,  V.  t.  s  as  :.  [L.  rccuso.]  To  re-j 
fuse  or  reject,  as  a  judge;  to  challenge 
that  the  judge  shall  not  try  the  cause., 
[The  practice  and  the  icord  are  obsolete.] 

Uighy.^ 

RED,  a.  [Sax.  red,  read,  and  reod,  rude,  red, 
ruddy;  i).rood;  G.  roth;  Sw.rod;  Dan. 
rod  ;  Corn,  rydh  ;  Ir.  ruadh  ;  Arm.  ruydh; 

j  VV.  rhuz,  red,  ruddy  ;  Sans,  rohida  ;  Russ. 
rdeyu,   to   redden ;    Gr.    fpvSpo;,  red,  and 


Ar. 


RECURVATE, 

luri'o,  to  bend. 


po6or,   a   rose,  from   its  color ;    Ar.    ^    , 

warada,  tobe  present,  to  enter,  to  descend, ^ 
to  come,  to  invade,  to  blossom,  to  stain 
with  a  rose  color,  to  bring   to  be  of  a  red 

So- 
color;  deriv.  .s  ,«  a  rose,   the  Gr.  poSoi'  ; 

Ch.  mi   a  rose  ;  Syr.   nearly  the  same ; 

Eth.  (D4J?  warad,  to  descend,  to  bring 
down.  These  .Arabic  and  Ethiopic  words 
are  the  Ilch.  Ch.  HT  to  descend,  to  bring' 
down,  and  this  is  radically  the  same  asj 
nm  «  hich  is  rendered  in  tlcbrew,  to  de- 
scend or  come  down,  to  decline,  to  bring 
down,  to  subdue,  to  have  dominion  ;  Cli.l 
like  senses,  and  to  correct,  to  chastise,  to 
expand  or  open,  to  flow,  to  plow  :  Syr.  to 
go,  to  walk,  to  journey,  I.,  gradior,  also  to 
correct,  to  teach;  [qu.  L.  erudio.]  Thci 
Arabic  gives  the  sense  of  rose,  which  may 
be  from  opening,  as  blossoms,  a  sense; 
coinciding  with  the  Chaldee  ;  and  red  from 
the  same  sense,  or  from  the  color  of  thcj 
ro.se.  The  Greeks  called  the  .Arabian! 
gulf  the  Krythrean  or  Red  sea,  probably 
from  Edom  or  Idiunea  ;  improperly  ap 
])lying  the  meaning  of  Edoiii,  red,  to  the 
sea,  and  this  improper  ap|)lication  h^ 
come  down  to  the  present  time.] 
Of  a  bright  color,  resembling  blood.  Red  is 
a  simple  or  primary  color,  but  of  several 
different  shades  or  hues,  as  scarlet,  crim 
son,  vermilion,  orange  red,  &c.  We  say 
red  color,  red  cloth,  red  flame,  red  eyes,  red 
cheeks,  red  lead,  &c. 


RED 

Red  book  of  the  exchequer,  an  ancient  Eng- 
lish reconl  or  manuscript  containitig  vari- 
ous treatises  relating  to  the  times  before 
the  coiKiuest.  Encyc. 

Red  men,  red  people,  red  children,  the  aborig- 
inals of  .America,  as  distinguished  from 
the  whites.  "  Rnwle. 

RED,  n.  A  red  color  ;  as  a  brighter  color, 
the  best  of  all  the  rerf*.  J^'ewlon. 

RKDACT',  V.  t.  [L.  redac/tw,  redigo  ;  red,  re, 

and  ago.] 
To  force  ;  to  reduce  to  form.     [.\'ot  used.] 

Drummond. 
RED'AN,  n.  [written  sometimes  redcnl  and 
redens ;  said  to  be  contracted  from  E.  re- 
cedens.  Luiiier.] 
In  fortification,  a  work  indented,  or  formed 
with  salient  and  re-entering  angles,  so  that 
one  part  may  flaidc  and  defend  another. 

Lunier.     Encyc. 
RED'ARGUE,  v.  t.    [L.    redarguo  ;    red,  re, 
and  arguo.]     To  retlitc.     [JS'ot  in  use.] 

Hakewill. 

REDARGU'TION,  n.  [supra.]  Refutation  ; 

conviction.     [.V«(  in  use.]  Bacon. 

RED'-BERRIED,  a.  Having  or  bearing  red 

berries  ;  as  red-berried  shrub  cassia. 

MiUer. 
RED-BIRD,  71.  The  popular  name  of  seve- 
ral birds  in  the  U.  States,  as  the  Tanagra 
astiva  or  summer  red-bird,  the    Tanagra 
rubra,   and  the  Baltimore  oriole  or  hang- 
nest. 
RED  BREAST,  n.  A  bird  so   called   from 
the  color  of  its  breast,  a  species  of  Mola- 
cilla.     In  America,   this  name  is  given  to 
the  robin,  so  called,  a  species  of  Turdus. 
RED'BUD,  n.  A  plant  or  tree  of  the  genus 
Cercis.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

RED-CHALK,    n.    A    kind    of   clay  iron- 
stone ;  reddle.  Ure. 
RED'-COAT,  71.  .A  name  given  to  a  soldier 
who  wears  a  red  coat.                      Dryden. 
REDDEN,  v.  t.  red'n.  [from  red.]  To  make 
red.                                                       Hryden. 
REDDEN,  V.  i.  red'n.   To  grow  or  become 
red. 

— The  coral  redden  and  the  nihy  glow. 

Pope. 

To  bUish. 
Appius  reddens  at  each  word  you  speak. 

Pope. 

REDDEND  I'M,  n.  In  law,  the  clause  by 
which  rent  is  reserved  in  a  lease. 

REDDISH,  a.  Somewhat  red  ;  moderately 
red.     Lev.  xiii. 

RED  DISHNESS,  n.  Redness  in  a  mode- 
rate degree.  Boyle. 

REDDI  TION,  71.  [L.  mWa,  to  return.]  A 
returning  of  anything;  restitution;  sur- 
render. Howell. 

2.  Explanation  ;  representation.  Milton. 

RED  DITIVE,  a.  [L.  redditivus,  from  red- 
do.] 

Returning  ;  answering  to  an  interrogative  ; 
a  term  of  grammar.  Johnson. 

RED'DLErTi.  [from  rcrf.]   Red  chalk,  com- 
monly used  as  a  pigment.     It  is  a  mine- 
ral of  a  florid  color,  but  not  of  a  deep  red. 
Aic/iotson.     Hill- 

REDE,  n.  [Sax.  ra:d.]  Counsel  ;  advice. 
Obs.  .Shak. 

REDE,  r.  i.  To  counsel  or  advise.     Obs. 

Spenser. 

REDEE'JM,  V.  t.  [L.  rcdimo ;  red,  re,  and 
emo,  to  obtain  or  purchase.] 


RED 


RED 


RED 


1.  To  purchase  back  ;  to  ransom ;  to  liber- 
ate or  rescue  from  captivity  or  bondage, 
or  (Vom  any  obligation  or  liability  to  suf- 
fer or  to  lie  forfeited,  by  paying  an  e(|uiv- 
alent ;  as,  to  redeem  ))risoners  or  captured 
goods  ;  to  redeem  a  pledge. 

2.  To  rejiurchase  wliat  has  been  sold  ;  tore- 
gain  possession  of  a  thing  alienated,  by 
repaying  the  value  of  it  to  the  possessor. 

If"  a  man  [shall]  sell  a  dwelling  house  in  a 
walled  city,  then  he  may  redeem  it  within  a 
whole  year  after  it  is  sold.     Lev.  xxv. 

3.  To  rescue  ;  to  recover  ;  to  deliver  from. 

Th'  Almighty  from  the  grave 
Hath  me  redeemed.  Sandi/f 

Redeem  Israel,  O   God,  out  of  all  his  trouli- 

les.     Ps.  .xxv.     Deut.  vii. 

The    mass    of  earth  not  yet  redeemed   from 

chaos.  ■*>'.  S.  fimith. 

4.  To  compensate  ;  to  make  amends  for. 

It  is  a   chance    which  does   redeem  all  .sor- 
rows. Shak. 
By  lesser  ills  the  greater  to  redeem. 

Cryden. 

5.  To  free  by  making  atonement. 

Tliou  hast  one  daughter 
WTio  redeems  nature  from  Uie  general  curse, 

Shak. 

6.  To  pay  the  penalty  of. 

Which  of  you  will  he  mortal  to  redeem 
Man's  mortal  crime  ?  Mdtcni 

7.  To  save. 

He  could  not  have  redeemed  a  portion  of  his 
time  for  contemplating  the  powers  of  nature. 

>S.  S.  Smith 

8.  To  perform  what  has  been  promised  ;  to 
make  good  by  performance.  He  lias  re- 
deemed his  pledge  or  promise. 

9.  In  law,  to  recall  an  estate,  or  to  obtain 
the  right  to  re-enter  upon  a  mortgaged 
estate  by  paying  to  the  mortgagee  his 
principal,  interest,  and  expenses  or  costs 

Blackslone. 

10.  In  theology,  to  rescue  and  deliver  from 
the  bondage  of  sin  and  the  penalties  of 
God's  violated  law,  by  obedience  and  stif- 
fering  in  the  place  of  the  sinner,  or  by  do 
ing  anil  suffering  that  which  is  accepted 
in  lieu  of  the  sinner's  obedience. 

Cliiist  hath  redeemed  us   from  the  curse  of 
the  law,  being  made   a  curse  for  us.     Gal 
Tit.  ii. 

11.  In  commerce,  to  purchase  or  jiay  the 
value  in  specie,  of  any  promissory  note, 
bill  or  other  evidence  of  tlebt,  given  by  the 
state,  by  a  company  or  corporation,  or  by 
an  individual.  The  credit  of  a  slate,  a 
banking  company  or  individuals,  is  good 
when  they  can  redeem  all  their  stock, 
notes  or  bills,  at  par. 

To  redeem  lime,  is  to  use  more  diligence  in 
the  iiiiproveinent  of  it ;  to  be  diligent  and 
active  in  duty  and  preparation.  Eph.  v. 
REDEE'MABLE,  a.  That  may  be  redeem- 
ed ;  ca|)ablc  of  redemption. 
9.  That  may  be  purchasetl  or  paid  for  m 
gold  and  silver,  and  brought  into  the  pos- 
session of  government  or  the  original 
promiser. 

The  capital  of  the  debt  of  the  United  Stat- 
m.iy  be  considered  in   tlic  liizlit    of  an   annnilyi 
redeemable  at  the  [deasurc   of  the  gOK'rnnient.j 

HomUtvn.l 
llEDEE'MABLENESS,    n.    The  state  of 

being  reedeonmlde. 
REDEEMED,    p;,.    Kansomcd  ;  delivered 
from  bondage,  distress,  penalty,   liability, 


or  from  the  possession  of  another,  by  pay- 
ing an  equivalent.  \ 

KEDEE'MER,  n.  One  who  redeems  or: 
ansoms. 

2.  The  Savior  of  the  world,  Jescs  Christ. 

REDEE'MING, /)pr.  Ransoming;  procur-i 
ing  deliverance  from  captivity,  capture, 
bondage,  sin,  distress  or  liability  to  suffer, 
by  the  [jaynient  of  an  equivalent. 

REDELIB'ERATE,  v.i.  [re  and  deliberate.] 
To  deliberate  aeain. 

REDELIB'ERATE,  v.  t.  To  reconsider. 
[JVot  in  use.] 

REDELIVER,  v.  t.  [re  and  deliver.]  To 
deliver  back.  •^yl'ff'^- 

2.  To  deliver  again ;  to  liberate  a  second 
time. 

REDELIV'ERANCE,  n.  A  second  deliv 
erance. 

REDELIVERED,  pp.  Delivered  back 
liberated  again. 

REDELIVERING,  ppr.  Delivering  back 
liberating  again. 

REDELIVERY,  n.  The  act  of  delivering 
back ;  also,  a  second  delivery  or  libera- 
tion. 

REDEM'AND,  v.  t.  [re  and  demand;  Er. 
redemander.] 

To  demand  back  ;  to  demand  again. 

.Iddison. 

REDEM'AND,  n.  A  demanding  hack 
again. 

REDEM'ANDABLE,  a.  That  may  be  de- 
manded back. 

REDEMANDED,  pp.  Demanded  back  or 
again. 

REDEM'ANDING,  ppr.  Demanding  back 
or  again. 

REDEMI'SE,  V.  t.  s  as  z.  [re  and  demise.] 
To  convey  or  transfer  back,  as  an  estate 
in  fee  simple,  fee  tail,  for  life  or  a  term  of 
years.  linci/c. 

REDEMI'SE,  n.  Reconveyance  ;  the  trans- 
fer of  an  estate  back  to  the  person  who 
has  demised  it ;  as  the  demise  and  rede- 
mise of  an  estate  in  fee  siinjile,  fee  tail,  or 
for  life  or  years,  by  mutual  leases. 

Encyc. 

REDEMl'SED,  pp.  Reconveyed,  as  an  es- 
tate. 

REDEMI'SING,  ppr.  Reconveying. 

REDEMP'TION,  »i.  [Fr. ;  It.  redenzionc ; 
Sp.  redeneion ;  from  L.  redemptio.  See 
Redeem.] 

1.  Repurchase  of  cai)tured  goods  or  prison- 
ers ;  the  act  of  procuring  the  deliverance 
of  persons  or  things  from  the  possession 
and  power  of  captors  by  the  payment  of 
an  eipiivalent  ;  ransom  ;  release  ;  as  the 
J•erftm;)/io»^  of  prisoners  taken  in  war;  tl 
redemption  of  a  ship  and  cargo. 

2.  Deliverance  from  bondage,  distress,  or 
from  liability  to  any  evil  or  forfeiture,  ei- 
ther by  money,  labor  or  other  means. 

.3.  Repurchase,  as  of  lands  alienated.  Lev. 
xxv.     Jer.  .\xxii. 

4.  The  liberation  of  an  estate  from  a  mort 
gage;  or  the  purchase  of  the  right  to  re- 
enter uiJiin  it  by  paying  the  principal  stini 
for  which  it  was  inortgageil,  with  interest 
and  cost;  also,  the  right  of  redeeming  and 
re-entering. 

Repurchase  of  notes,  bills  or  other  evi- 
dence of  <lebt  by  paying  their  value  in 
specie  to  tiieir  holders. 


.  In  theology,  the  purchase  of  God's  favor 
by  the  death  and  sufferings  of  Christ;  the 
ran.som  or  deliverance  of  sinners  from  the 
bondage  of  sin  and  the  iienaltiesof  God's 
violated  law  by  the  atonement  of  Christ. 
Dryden.  ATelson. 
In  whom  we  have  redemption  through  his 
blood.     Eph.  i.     Col.  i. 

REDEMP  TIONER,  n.  One  who  redeems 
himself,  or  jiurchases  his  release  from  debt 
or  obligation  to  the  master  of  a  ship  by  his 
services ;  or  one  whose  services  are  sold 
to   pay   the   expenses  of  his  passage   lo 

America. 
REDEMP'TORY,  a.  Paid  for  ransom  ;  as 

Hector's  redempiory  price.  Chapman. 

REDENT'ED,  a.  Formed  like  the  teeth  of 

a  saw ;  indented. 
REDESCEND',  v.  i.    [re  and  descend.]    To 

lescend  again.  Howell. 

REDESCEND'ING,  ;<;»•.  Descending  again. 
RED'EVE,  n.  [red  an<\  eye.]  A  fish  of  a  red 

color,  particularly  the  iris. 
RED'GUIM,  )i.  A  disease  of  new  horn  in- 
fants ;  an  eruption  of  red  pimples  in  early 

infancy.  Good. 

RED-HAIRED,  a.  Having  hair  of  a  red 

or  samlv  color. 
RED'-IU3T,  »!.  Red   with   heat;  heated  to 

rednes.s;  as  rfrf-/io<  iron  ;  red-hot  bsWs. 
RED'lENT,  a.  [L.  rediens,  redeo,  to  return.] 

Returning.  E.  H.  Smith. 

REDIgEST',  v.  t.  To  digest   or   reduce  to 

form  a  second  time.  Kent. 

REDIgEST' ED,  pp.  Digested  again. 
REDIgEST'ING,  ppr.  Digesting  a  second 

time;  reducing  again  to  order. 
REDINTEGRATE,  v.  t.    [L.   redintegro  : 
cd,  re,  and  integro,  from  integer,  whole.] 
To  make  whole  again  ;  to  renew  ;  to  restore 

to  a  perfect  stale.  B.  Jonson. 

REDINTEGRATE,  a.  Renewed ;  restored 

to  wholeness  or  a  (lerfect  state.         Bacon. 
REDINTEGRATED,    pp.    Renewed ;  re- 
stored to  entireness. 
REDINTEGRATING,  ppr.   Restoring  to 

a  perfect  state. 

REDINTEGRATION,  n.  Renovation  ; 
restoration  to  a  whole  or  sound  state. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

2.  In  chimistry,  the  restoration  of  any  mixed 
body  or  matter  to  its  former  nature  and 
constitution.  Coxe. 

REDISBURSE,  v.t.  redisbiirs'.  [re  hm\  dis- 
burse.]    To  reptiy  or  refund.  Upenser. 

REDISPOSE,  V.  t.  s  as  :.  [re  and  dis- 
pose.]    To  dispose  or  ailjust  again. 

Baxter. 

REDISPO'SED,  pp.  Disposed  anew. 

REDISPO'SING,  ppr.  Disposing  or  adjust- 
ing ane\\'. 

REDISSE'IZIN,  )!.  [re  and  disseizin.]  In 
law,  a  lerit  of  redis.ieizin ,  is  a  writ  to  re- 
cover seizin  of  lands  or  tenements 
at'ainst  aredisseizor. 

REDISSE'IZOR,  n.  [re  and  disseizor.]  A 
per.son  who  disseizes  lauds  or  tenements 
a  second  time,  or  after  a  recovery  of  the 
same  from  him  in  an  action  of  novel  dis- 
seizin. Blackstone. 

RE  DISSOLVE,  v.  t.  redizolv'.  [re  and  dis- 
,so/re.1     To  dissolve  again. 

R I. DISSOLVED,  pp.  Dissolved  a  second 
time. 

REDISSOLV'ING,  ppr.    Dissolving  again. 


RED 


RED 


RED 


REDISTRIB'UTE,  ti.  <.  {re  and  diatribule.] 
To  (lisiiibute  again ;  to  deal  back  again. 

Colgrave. 

REDISTRIBUTED,  pp.  Distiibiited  again 
or  hack. 

REniH'J'RIH'UTING,  ppr.  Distributing 
again  III'  hack. 

REDISTRIBUTION,  n.  A  dealing  back, 
or  a  secon<l  distribution. 

RED'-LEAD,  n.  rerf-M.  [red  and  lead.]  Mi- 
nium, or  ruil  ox>'d  of  load,  conijiosed  of 
88  parts  of  lead  and  12  of  oxygen. 

RED'LV,  adv.  With  redness.  Col/xrave. 

RED'NESS,  n.  [Sax.  readnesse.  See /ff</.] 
The  quahty  of  being  red  ;  red  cohn-. 

Spiclitliir. 

RED'OLENCE,  \      [from  redolent.]  Sweet 

REDOLENCY,^"' scent. 

Boyle.     Murlimer. 

RED'OLENT,  a.  [L.  redolens,  redoleo  ;  red, 
re,  and  uteo,  to  smell.] 

Having  or  diffusing  a  sweet  scent. 

Snndys. 

REDOUBLE,  t>.  t.  rediib'l.    [re  and  donbi<  [ 

1.  To  repeat  in  return.  Spetistr. 

2.  To  repeat  often  ;  as,  to  redouble  blows. 

Shak. 

3.  To  increase  by  repeated  or  continued  ad- 
dition.*. 

Ami  /Etna  rages  with  rednuhVd  heat. 

Mdhon. 
REDOUBLE,  v.  i.  redvb'l.  To  become  twice 
us  much. 

l  he  iiigument  redoubles  upon  us. 

Spectator. 
REDOUBLED,    pp.  redub'ld.    Repeated  in 
return;  repeated  over  and   over;  increas- 
ed by  repeiited  or  contimicil  additions. 
REDOUBLING,    ppr.    redub'ling.    Repeat- 
ing in  return  ;  repeating  again  and  again; 
increasing  by  repeated  or  continued  addi- 
tions. 
REDOUND',  V.  i.  [It.  ridondare ;  L.  rcdun- 
do  ;  red,  re,  and  undo,  to  rise  or  swell,  as 
waves.] 

1.  To  be  sent,  rolled  or  driven  back. 

Tlu?  evil,  ^ooii 
Driven  back,  redouuflfd  a^  a  ilooii  on  those 
From  whoni  it  sprvnig.  Alilton. 

2.  To  conduce  in  the  consequence ;  to  con 
tribute  ;  to  result. 

The  lionor  done  to  our  rcliiiion  ultimately  re- 
dound.'i  to  God,  the  author  of  it.  Rogers. 

3.  To  proceed  in  the  consequence  or  effect 
to  result. 

There  will  no  small  use  redound  from  them 
to  that  manufacture.  Addison. 

REDOUND'ING,  ppr.  Conducing  ;  contrib 
uting  ;  resulting. 

REDOUT',  n.  [It.  ridolto,  a  shelter,  a  re 
treat ;  Sp.  reducto  ;  Port,  rcduto,  reducto  or 
redullo  ;  Fr.  redoute,  reduil ;  I,,  rediictus. 
reduco,  to  bring  back  :  literally  a  retreat. 
The  usual  orthography,  redoubt,  is  egre- 
giously  erroneous.] 

in Jhrlifuation,  an  outwork;  a  small  square 
fort  without  any  defense,  except  in  front : 
used  in  trenches,  lines  of  circumvallation, 
contravallation  and  aj)proaeh,  to  defend 
passages,  &c.  Encye. 


1  to  foes ;  as  a  redoubtable  hero.  Hence  the 
I     implied  sense  is  valiant.  Pope. 

REDOUT'ED,  a.  Eormidable.  [.jVol  in  use.] 
Spenser.     Shak. 
RED'POLE,  n.  A  bird  with  a  red  head  or 

poll,  of  the  gctms  Eringilla. 
REDRAI'T,  V.  t.  [re  and  draft.]  Todraw  or 

draft  anew. 
REDRAFT,  n.  A  second  draft  or  copy. 
2.  In  the  French  commernal  code,  a  new  bill 
ofexcharige  which  the  holder  of  a  ])rotest-j 
ed  bdl  draws  on  the  drawer  or  indorscrs, 
by  which  he  reimburses  to  hicnself  thej 
amount  of  the  protested  bill  witli  costs  and| 
charges.  H'alsh.\ 

REDRAFTED,  pp.  Drafted  again ;  trans- 
cribed into  a  new  copv. 
REDR>AFTIN(i,  ppr.  Redrawing;  drafting! 
or  tninscrihing  again.  1 

REDRAW,  I',  t.  [re  and  draw.]  To  drawl 
I  again.  In  comwierce,  to  draw  a  new  billof  1 
I  exchange,  as  tiie  holder  of  a  protested  bill,' 
i     on  tlie  drawer  or  indorsers.  ft'alsh. 

2.  To  draw  a  second  draft  or  copy.  i 

REDRESS',  r.  t.  [Fr.  redresser  ;  re  and 
dress.] 

1.  To  set  right ;  to  amend. 
In  yonder  sprini",  of  roses, 

Find  what  to  redress  tdl  noon.  Milton. 

[In  this   sense,   as    applied    to   material, 
things,  rarely  used.] 
'i.  To  remedy  ;  to  repair ;  to  relieve   from, 
and  sometimes  to  iiidenuiify  for;  as,  to  ce- 
dress  wrongs ;    to  redress  injuries ;  to  re- 
dress grievances.     Sovereigns   are  bound 
to  protect  their  subjects,  and  redress  their 
grievances. 
:J.  To  ease  ;  to  relieve ;  as,  she  labored  to  re- 
'     dress  my  pain.  Sieliicy.  I 

[We  use  this  verb  before  the  person  or  the  "•   J^"*" 

thing.     We  .-ay,  to  redress  an  injured  ^cr- 
.     son,  or  to  redress  the  injury.     The  latter  is 

most  common.] 
REDRESS',  n.  Reformation  ;  amendmoiit. 
I  For  us  the  more  necessary  is  a  speedy  redress'^ 

1       of  ourselves.  Hooker .1 

I         [This  sense  is noiv  unusual.] 

2.  Relief;  remedy  ;  deliverance  from  wrong,; 
j     injury   or   oppression ;  as   the   ledress   of 

grievances.     We  ap|)lied  to  government, 
I     but  could  obtain  no  redress. 

There  is  occasion  for  redress  when  the  cry  is 
univereal.  Davenant. 

3.  Reparation  ;  indemnification.  [This  sense 
is  often  directly  intended  or  implied  in  re- 
dress.] 

4.  One  who  gives  relief. 
Fair  majesty,  the  refuge  and  redress 
Of  those  whom  fate  pursues  and  wants  op- 
press. Dryden. 

REDRESS'ED,  pp.  Remedied;  set  right; 
relieved  ;  indemnified. 

REDRESS'ER,  71.  One  who  gives  redress. 

REDRESS'ING,  ppr.  Setting  right;  reliev- 
ing ;  indemnifying. 

IREDRESS'IVE,  a.  Affording  relief. 

j  Thomson. 

REDRI':SS'LESS,  a.  Without  amendment; 
without  relief  Sherwood. 

REDSE'AR.  V.  i.  [red  and  sear.]  To  break 
or  crack  when  too  hot,  as  iron   under  the 


REDOUT'ABLE,  a.  [Fr.  from  rrrfowYer.  tojl     hammer  :  a  term  of  workmen.  Moion. 

fear  or  dread,  .'Vrm.  dou<ce(t,do>is:rin.    ThejJRED'SHANK,  n.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Sco- 

conunon  orthography   of  this  word  is  in- 1     lopax. 

corre<-t.l  ll2.  A  contemptuous  appellation  for  bare  leg- 

Formidable  ;  that  is  to  be  dreaded ;  terriblej|     ged  persons.  Spenser. 

Vol.  11.  53 


RED'SnORT,  a.  [red  and  shoH.]  Brittle,  or 
breaking  short  when  red  hot,  as  a  metal ; 
a  term  of  workmen. 

REDSTART,  /      [red  and  staH,  Sax.  ateort, 

RED'TAIL.  S  "-a  tail.]  A  bird  of  the  ge- 
nus Molacilla. 

RED'STREAK,  n.  [red  and  streak.]  A  sort 
of  apple,  so  called  from  its  red  streaks. 

Mortimer. 

2.  Cider  pressed  from  the  red  streak  apples. 

Smith. 

REDU'CE,  V.  t.    [L.  redueo  ;  re  and  dueo.  to 

lead  or  bring  ;  1'  r.  reduirc  ;  It.  riduetre  or 

ridurre  ;  Sp.  ridneir.] 

I.  Literally,    to    bring    back ;    as,   to  reduce 

these  bloody  days  again.  Shak. 

[In  this  sense,  not  in  use.] 
To  bring  to  a  former  state. 
It  were  but  Just 
And  equal  to  reduce  me  to  my  dust. 

jmttou  ■ 

3.  To  bring  to  any  state  or  condition,  good 
or  bad  ;  as,  to  reduce  civil  or  ecclesiastical 
affairs  to  order  ;  to  reduce  a  man  to  pov- 
erty ;  to  reduce  a  stale  to  distress;  to  re- 
duce a  substance  to  powder  ;  to  reduce  a 
sum  to  fractions  ;  to  reduce  one  to  despair. 

4.  To  diminish  in  length,  breadth,  thick- 
ness, size,  quantity  or  value  ;  as,  to  reduct 
expenses;  to  reduce  the  quantity  of  any 
thing  ;  t<J  reduce  the  intensity  of  heat;  to 
reduce  the  brightness  of  color  or  light:  to 
reduce  a  smn  or  amount ;  to  reduce  the 
price  of  goods. 

5.  To  lower  ;  to  degrade  ;  to  impair  in  dig- 
nity or  excellence. 

Nothing  so  excellent  but  a  man  may  fasten 
on  something  belonging  to  it,  to  reduce  it. 

Tiltotson. 
bdue  ;  to  bring  into  stdijection.  The 
Romans  reduced  Spain,  Gaul  and  Britain 
by  their  arms. 

7.  To  reclaim  to  order.  Milton. 

8.  To  bring,  as  into  a  class,  order,  genus  or 
species ;  to  bring  under  rules  or  w  ithin 
certain  limits  of  description  ;  as,  to  reduce 
animals  or  vegetables  to  a  class  or  classes; 
to  reduce n^eii  to  tribes;  to  reduce  language 
to  rules. 

0.  In  arithmetic,  to  change  numbers  from 
one  denomination  into  another  without  al- 
tering their  value  ;  or  to  change  numbers 
of  one  denomination  into  others  of  the 
same  value  ;  as,  to  reduce  a  dollar  to  a  hun- 
dred cents,  or  a  himdred  cents  to  a  dollar. 

10.  In  algebra,  to  reduce  eijualions,  is  to  clear 
them  of  all  superfluous  quantities,  bring 
them  to  their  lowest  terms,  and  separate 
the  known  from  the  unknown,  till  at 
length  the  unknown  quantity  only  is  found 
on  one  side  and  the  known  ones  on  the 
other.  Encyc. 

11.  In  metallurgy,  to  bring  back  metallic  sub- 
stances which  have  been  divested  of  their 
form,  into  their  original  state  of  metals. 

Encyc. 

12.  In  surgen/,  to  restore  to  its  proper  place 
or  state  a  r^islocated  or  fractured  bone. 

To  reduce  a  figure,  design  or  draught, lo  make 
a  copy  of  it  larger  or  smaller  than  the 
original,  but  preserving  the  form  and  pro- 
portion. Encyc. 

REDU'CED,  pp.  Brought  back ;  brought  to 
a  former  state  :  brought  into  any  state  or 
condition  ;  diminished  :  subdued  :  impov- 
erished. 


RED 


REE 


REE 


REDU'CEMENT,  n.  Tlie  act  of  biingiiigj 
back  ;  tlie  act  of  diiniiiisliitig ;  tlie  act  of 
subduing ;  reduction.  Bacon. 

[Tliis  word  is  superseded  by  reduction.] 

REDU'CER,  n.   One  that  reduces. 

Sidney. 

REDUCIBLE,  a.  That  may  be  reduced. 
All  the  parts  of  painting  are  reducible  into 
these  mentioned  by  the  author.  Dryden 

REDU'CIBLENESS,  a.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing reducible. 

REDU'CING,  ppr.  Bringing  back ;  bringing 
to  a  former  state,  or  to  a  different  state  or 
form;  diminishing;  subduing;  impover- 
ishing. 

REDU€T',  II.  t.  [L.  reductus,  reduco.]  To 
reduce.     [JVot  in  use.]  Ji'arde. 

REDU€T',  n.  In  building,  a  little  place 
taken  out  of  a  larger  to  make  it  more  reg- 
ular and  uniform,  or  for  some  other  con- 
venience. Chamber.i 

REDU€'TION,  n.  [Fr.   from   L.   rcductio.' 

1.  The  act  of  reducitig,  or  state  of  being  re- 
duced ;  as  the  reduction  of  a  body  to  pow- 
der ;  the  reduction  of  tilings  to  order. 

2.  Diminution  ;  as  the  reduction  of  the  ex- 
penses of  government ;  the  reduction  of  the 
national  debt. 

3.  Conquest ;  subjugation ;  as  the  reduction 
of  a  province  to  the  power  of  a  foreign 
nation. 

4.  In  arithmetic,  the  bringing  of  numbers  of 
diflerent  denominations  into  one  denomi- 
nation ;  as  the  reduction  of  pounds,  ounces 
pennyweights  and  grains  to  grains,  or  the 
reduction  of  grains  to  pounds  ;  the  reduc 
lion  of  days  and  hours  to  minutes,  or  of 
minutes  to  hours  and  days.  The  change 
of  numbers  of  a  higher  denomination  into 
a  lower,  as  of  pounds  into  i)ence  or  far 
things,  is  called  reduction  descending ;  the 
change  of  numbers  of  a  lower  denomina- 
tion into  a  higher,  as  of  cents  into  dimes, 
dollars  or  eagles,  is  called  reduction  as 
cending.  Hence  the  rule  for  bringing  sums 
of  different  denominations  into  one  de 
nomination,  is  called  reduction. 

5.  In  algebra,  reduction  of  equations  is  the 
clearing  of  them  of  all  superfluous  quanti 
ties,  bringing  them  to  their  lowest  terms, 
and  separating  the  known  from  the  un 
known,  till  the  unknown  quantity  alone  is 
found  on  one  side,  and  the  known  ones  on 
t  he  other.  Enc;/c. 

0.  Reduction  of  a  fgnre,  map,  ifc.  is  the 
making  of  a  copy  of  it  on  a  smaller  or 
larger  scale,  preserving  the  form  and  pro 
portions.  Encyc. 

7.  In  surgery,  the  operation  of  restoring  a 
dislocated  or  fractured  bone  to  its  former 
]>lace. 

8.  In  metallurgy,  the  operation  of  bringing 
metallic  substances  which  have  been 
changed,  or  divested  of  their  metallic 
form,  into  their  natural  and  original  state 
of  metals.  This  is  called  also  revirif  cation. 

JVictiolson.     Knci/c. 

REDU€'TIVE,  a.  [Fr.  reductif.]  Having  the 
power  of  reducing.  Brerint 

REDUCTIVE,  11.  Tliat  which  has  the  pow 
er  of  reducing.  Hale 

REDUC'TIVELY,  adv.  By  reduction:  by 
consequence.  Hammond 

REDUND'ANCE,  >        [L.redundantia,rcd- 

REDUND'ANCY,  S"'  ^mdo.  See  Re- 
dound.] 


3.  A  little  tube   through    which  a  hautboy, 

bassoon  or  clarinet  is  blown. 

An  arrow,  as  made  of  a  reed  beaded. 

Prior. 

Thatch.  Jf'est  of  England. 

REEDED,  a.  Covered  with  reeds. 

Tusser. 
2,  Formed   with  channels  and    ridges  like 

reeds. 
REEDEN,  a.  ree'dn.  Consisting  of  a  reed  or 

reeds  ;  as  reeden  pipes.  Dryden. 

REE'DGRASS,  n.  A  plant,  bur-reed,  of  the 

genus  Sparganium. 
RE-EDIFl€A'TJON,)).  [from  re-crfi/i/.]  Act 

or  operation  of  rebuilding;  state  of  being 

rebuilt.  D^Anvilte,  TVans. 

]KE-ED'IFIED,/jp.  Rebuilt. 
RE-ED'IFY,  v.t.  [Fr.  rMifier ;  re  and  erf- 

jTo  rebuild  ;  to  build  again  after  destrnctiou. 

Milton,. 
RE-ED'IFYING,  ppr.  Rebuilding. 
REE'DLESS,a.  Destitute  ofreeds;  asrecrf- 
I     leas  banks.  May. 

REE'DMACE,    n.    A  plant  of   the  genus 
Ty|)ha.  Lee. 

{llEE'DY,   a.  Abounding   with   reeds ;  as  a 
[     reedy  pool.  Thomson. 

superfluously;   Buperabund-j' j^[^p-|,-^   „_   ^q    „^j-.  j),,„    „■;,  r,r  rift ;  Sw. 

These  words  coincide  in  orthography 


1.  Excess  or  superfluous  quantity  ;  super- 
fluity ;  superabundance  ;  as  a  redundancy 
of  bile. 

Labor  throws  o^  redundancies.        Addison. 

2.  In  discourse,  superfluity  of  words. 

JEnc^c. 

REDUND'ANT,  a.  Superfluous;  exceeding 
what  is  natural  or  necessary  ;  sui)erabund- 
ant;  exuberant;  as  a  redundant  i\a&ni\\.y 
of  bile  or  food. 

Notwithstanding  the  redundant  oil  in  fishes, 
they  do  not  encrease  fat  so  much  as  flesh. 

Arbuthnnt. 
Redundant    words,    in    writing  or   dis- 
course, are  such  as  are  synonymous  with 
others  used,  or  such  as  add  nothing  to  the 
sense  or  force  of  the  exjjrcssion. 

2.  Using  more  words  or  images  than  are  ne 
cessary  or  useful. 

Where  an   author  is  redundant,   m-ark   those 
paragraphs  to  be  retrenclicd.  If  aH 

.3.  In  music,  a  redundant  chord  is  one  which 
contains  a  greater  number  of  tones,  semi- 
tones or  lesser  intervals,  than  it  iloes  in  its 
natural  state,  as  from  fa  to  sot  sharp.  It 
is  called  by  some  authors,  a  chonl  ex 
tremely  sharp.  Encyi 

REDUND'ANTLY,   adv.   With  superfluity 
or    excess 
antly. 

REDU'PLICATE,  v.  i.  [L.  reduplico  ;  re 
and  dnplico.     See  Duplicate.] 

To  double.  Pearson. 

REDUPLICATE,  a.  Double. 

REDUPLICA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  doub- 
ling. Dighy. 

REDUPLICATIVE,  a.  Double.  llatis. 

RED'VVING,  »!.  [red  and  mng-.]  A  bird  of 
the  genus  Turd  us. 

REE,  ^       A  small  Portuguese  coin  or  mo- 

RE,  I  "■  ney  of  account,  value  about  one 
mill  and  a  fourth,  American  money 

REE,  )i.  t.  [This  belongs  to  the  root  of  rid, 
riddle,  which  see.] 

To  riddle ;  to  sift;  that  is,  to  separate  or 
throw  oft".     [JVot  in  use  or  local.] 

Mortimer. 

RE-ECH'O,  r.  t.  [re  and  echo.]  To  echo 
back  ;  to  reverberate  again ;  as,  the  hills 
re-echa  the  roar  of  cannon. 

RE-ECHO,  V.  i.  [supra.]  To  echo  back; 
to  return  back  or  be  reverberated  ;  as  an 
echo. 

And  a  loud  groan  re-echoes  from  the  main. 

Pope. 

RE-ECHO,  n.  The  echo  of  an  echo. 

RE-ECH'OED,  pp.  [supra.]  Returned,  as 
sound  ;  reverberated  again. 

RE-ECH'OII\G,  ppr.  Returning  or  rever- 
berating an  echo. 

REECH'Y,  a.  [a  mis-spelling  of  reeky.  See 
Reek.] 

Tarnished  with  smoke;  sooty;  foul;  as  a 
reechy  neck.  Shak. 

REED,  n.  [Sax.  hreod,  read;  G.  rieth  ;  D. 
rift ;  Goth,  raus  ;  Fr.  roseau  ;  Ir.  rcadan  ; 
probably  allied  to  rod.] 

L  The  common  name  of  many  aquatic 
plants  ;  most  of  them  large  grasses,  with 
liollow  jiiinied  stems,  such  .-is  the  com- 
mon reed  of  the  genus  Arundo,  the  bam- 
boo, &c.  The  bur-reed  is  of  the  genus 
Sparganium;  iha  Indian  flowering  reed  of 
the  genus  Carina. 

2.  A  musical  pipe ;  reeds  being  anciently 
used  for  instruments  of  music.        Milton. 


ref. 

with  the  verb  to  rive,  and  if  from  this  root, 
the  jiriniary  sense  is  a  division,  W.  rhiv 
and  rhif.  But  in  Welsh,  rhev  signifies  a 
collection  or  bundle,  and  thick;  rhevu,  to 
thicken  in  conq>ass  :  and  if  from  this  root, 
a  reef  IS  a  fold,  anil  to  reef  in  to  ii_dd.] 

A  certain  portion  of  a  sail  between  the  top 
or  bottom  and  a  row  of  eyelet  holes,  which 
is  folded  or  rolled  up  to  contract  the  sail, 
when  the  violence  of  the  wind  renders  it 
necessary.  Mar.  Diet. 

REEF,  H.  [G.  riff;  D.  Hf  a  reef  or  sand 
bank,  a  carcass,  a  skeleton.  Qu.  W.  rhevu, 
to  thicken,] 

,-\  chain  or  range  of  rocks  lying  at  or  near 
the  surface  of  the  water.  Mar.  Diet. 

REEF,  V.  t.  [from  the  noun.]  To  contract 
or  reduce  the  extent  of  a  sail  by  rolling  or 
folding  a  certain  portion  of  it  and  making 
it  fast  to  the  yard.  Mar.  DicV. 

REE'F-BAND,  n.  .\  piece  of  canvas  sewed 
across  a  sail,  to  strengthen  it  in  the  part 
where  the  eyelet  holes  are  formed. 

REE'FED,  pp.  Having  a  ])ortioii  of  the  top 
or  bottom  t'olded  and  made  fast  to  the 
yard. 

REE  FING,  pjrr.  Folding  and  making  fast 
to  the  yard,  as  a  portion  of  a  sail. 

REE'F-LINE,  n.  A  small  rope  formerly  us- 
ed to  reef  the  courses  by  being  passed 
tliroui;li  the  holes  of  the  reef  spirally. 

Mar.  Did. 

REE'F-TACKLE,  ji.  A  tackle  upon  deck, 
communicating  with  its  pendant,  and  pass- 
ing lliroiigh  a  block  at  the  top-mast  head, 
and  through  a  hole  in  the  top-sail-yard- 
arm,  is  attached  to  a  cringle  below  the 
lowest  reef;  used  to  pull  the  skirts  of  the 
top-sails  close  to  the  extremities  of  the 
yards  to  lighten  the  labor  of  reefing. 

Mar.  Did. 

!REEK,  n.    [Sax.  rec ;  D.  rook ;  G.  ranch  : 

j     Sw.  rok ;  Dan.  rog.] 

\.  Vapor ;  steam. 

2.  A  rick,  which  see.  Sliak. 


REE 

■reek,  v.  i.  [Sax.  recan,  reocan  ;^  D.  rooken, 
ruiktn;  G.  rauchen  ;  Sw.  ruka ;  Uan. 
roger,  ri)ger,  to  reek,  to  smoke  ;  W.  rhogh, 
to  smell.  Tliis  may  be  from  the  same  root 
as  the  L.  fragro,  and  all  coiiioidmg  with 


the  Ar.  ^.\ 


diffuse   odor.     The  pri 


mary  sense  is  to  send  out  or  emit,  to  e.\ 
tend,  to  reach.  Class  Kg.] 
To  steam  ;  to  exhale  ;  to  emit  vapor;  appli- 
ed especially  to  the  vapor  of  certain  moist 
substances,  rather  than  to  the  smoke  ol 
burning  bodies. 

I  found  me  laid 
In  balmy  sweat,  which  with   his  beams  the 

sun 

Soon  dry'd.and  on  the  reeking  moisture  led. 

MIttin. 
Whose   blood  yet  reeks  on    my    avenging 
sword.  Smith 

REE'KING,  pp-.  Steaming;    emitting  va- 
por. 
REEKY,  a.  Smoky ;  soiled  with  smoke  or 
steam;  foul.  Shak 

REEL,   n.    [Sax.   hreol,  reol.    Sec  Red,  to 
stagger.] 

1.  A  frame  or  machine   tiirimii.'  on  an  axis, 
and  on  which  yarn  is  extended  for  wiiu 
in",    cither    into    skains,    or    from   skains 
on" to  spools  and  quills.     On   a  reel  also 
seamen  wind  their  log-lines,  &c. 

2.  A  kind  of  danco. 

REEL,  V.  I.  To  gather  yarn  from  the  spin- 
dle, mikins 

REEL,  t;.  i.  [Sw.  ragla.  Qii.  Class  Rg,  or  Ar 


\s,      ragala,  to  lean.  Class  Rl.  No.  4.] 
To  stagger ;  to  incline  or  move  in  walking, 
first  to  one  side  and  then  to  the  other;  to 
vacillate. 

He  with  heavy  fumes  opprest, 

ReeVd  from  the  palace  and  retir'd  to  rest. 

Pope 
They  reel  to  and  fro,  and  stagger  like  a  drunk- 
en iiinn.     Ps.  cvii. 
RE-ELEeT',  V.  t.   {re  and  elect.]    To  elect 
again;  as,  to  rc-t?ec(  the  former  governor 

RE-ELECT'ED,  pp.  Elected  again ;  rc- 
choscn. 

RE-ELECT' I NG,  ppr.  Electing  again. 

RE-ELECTION,  n.  Election  a  second 
time,  or  repeated  election  :  as  the  re-elec 
lion  of  a  former  representative.  Sidjl. 

RE-ELI<ilBIL  ITY.  n.  The  capacity  of  be- 
ing re-elected  to  the  same  office. 

RE-EL'l(iIBLE,  a.  [re  and  ellgihle.]  Ca- 
pable of  being  elected  again  to  the  satne 
office. 

RE-EMB>.\RK,  v.t.  [re  and  embark.]  To 
embark  or  put  on  board  again. 

RE-EMB'AKK,  v.i.  To  embark  or  go  on 
board  again. 

RE-EMBAKKA'TION,  >i.  A  putting  on 
board  or  a  going  on  board  again. 

RE-EMBAT'TLE,  v.   t.   [re   and  embattle. 
To  army   again   for  battle ;    to   arrange 
again  in  the  order  of  battle. 

RE  EMBATTLED,  pp.  Arrayed  again  for 
battle. 

RE-EiMBAT'TLING,p/>r.  Arranging  again 
in  battle  arrav. 

RE-EMBOD'Y,  v.  t.  [re  and  embody.]  To 
embodv  again. 

RE-ENA€T',  v.  I.  [re  and  enacl.]  To  enact 
again.  Arbuthnot. 


REE 

RE-ENA€T'ED,  pp.  Enacted  again.  I 

RE-ENACT'ING,   ppr.     Enacting   anew  J 

passing  again  into  a  law. 
RE-ENA€'TION,   n.    The  passing  into  a' 
law  again.  | 

RE-ENACT'MENT,  n.  The  enacting  or| 
passing  of  a  law  a  second  time  ;  the  re-l 
nevval  of  n  law.  Key.      H'healon's  R^>- 

RE-ENFORCE,  v.  t.  [re  and  enforce.]  Toj 
strengthen  with  new  force,  a.ssistance  ori 
support,  as  to  re-enforce  an  argument;] 
but  particularly,  to  strengthen  an  army  or 
a  fort  with  additional  troops,  or  a  navy 
with  additional  ships. 
RE-ENFORCE.U,  pp.  Strengthened  by  ad- 
ditional force,  troops  or  ships. 
RE-EXFORCE.MENT,  n.  The  act  of  re- 
enforcing. 

Additional   force  ;  fresh  assistance ;   par- 
ticularly,  additional   troops   or    tbrce    to 
augment  the  strength  of  an   army  or  of 
ships. 
,3.  Any  augmentation  of  strength  or  force  by 

soiiiethins  added. 
KE-ENFOilCING,  ppr.    Strengthening  by 

additional  force. 
RE-ENGA'gE,  v.  t.  To  engage  a  second 

time. 
Rl'.-ENGA'tiE,  V.  i.  To  engage  again;  to 
enlist  a  second  time  ;   to  covenant  again. 

Mitford. 
RE-ENJOY',  I'.  /.   [re  and  enjoy.]  To  enjoy 
anew  or  a  second  time.  Pope. 

I  RIMON.IOY'ED,  pp.  Enjoyed  again. 
RE-ENJOY'ING,  n/7r.  Enjoying  anew 
RE-EN.I0Y'3IENT,    n.    A  second  or  re- 
peated enjoyment. 
RE-ENKIN'DLE,    v.   t.   [re  and  enkindle. 
To  enkindle  ajain  ;  to  rekindle.      Taylor 
RE-ENKINi)LED,  pp.  Enkindled  again. 
RE-ENKINDLING,      ppr.       Enkindling 
anew. 

To  enlist  a  second  time. 


RE-ENLIST',  V. 

[See  Re-inlist.] 
RE-ENTER,  v.  t.  [re  and  en^er.]   To  enter 

again  or  anew. 
RE-ENTER,  v.  i.  To  enter  anew. 
RE-EN'TERED,  })p.  Entered  again. 
RE-EN'TERING,  ppr.  Entering  anew. 
2.  Entering  in  return;  as  salient  and   re-en 

tenng  angles.  Encyc. 

RE-ENTHRO'NE,  v.  t.   [re   and  cnlhrmxe.'^- 

To  enthrone  again  ;  to  replace  on  a  throne.' 

Southern.^ 
RE-ENTHRONED,  pp.    Raised  again  to 

a  throne. 
RE-ENTHRO'NING,   ppr.    Replacing  on 

a  throne. 
RE-EN'TRANCE,    n.    [re   and    entrance.] 

The  act  of  entering  again.  Hooker. 

RE'ER  MOUSE,  n.  [Sax.  hreremu.i.]  A  rear- 

mou.se  ;  a  bat. 
RE-ESTABLISH,  v.  t.   [re  and   cstuUish.] 

To   establish   anew ;    to   fix   or    confirm 

again  ;  as,  to  re-establish  a   covenant ;   to 

re-establish  health. 
RE-ESTABLISHED,  pp.  Established   or 

confirmed  again. 
RE-EST.\B  LISHER,  n.  One  who  estab 

lishes  again. 
RE-ESTAB'LISHING,    ppr.    Establishing 

anew  ;  confirming  again.  j 

RE-ESTABLISH MENT,   n.   The   act  ofj[ 

establishing  again ;    the   state    of   being|| 


R  E  F 

re-established ;    renewed     confirmation  ; 
restoration.  Addison. 

RE-ESTATE,  ».  «.  [re  anA  eslaU.]     Tore- 
establish.     [J^ol  used.]  fValler. 
REEVE,  n.  [Sax.  gerefa;  G.  graf]  A  stew- 
ard.    Obs.                                           Dryden. 
REEVE,  n.  A  bird,  the  female  of  the  ruff. 
REEVE,  J!,  t.  In  seamen's  language,  to  pass 
the  end  of  a  rope  through  any  hole   in  a 
block,  thimble,  cleat,  ring-bolt,  cringle,  &c. 

Mar.  Did. 
RE-EXAMINA'TION,  n.    A   renewed   or 

repeated  examination. 
RE-EXAM'INE,  v.  t.   [re  anA  examine.]  To 
examine  anew.  Hooker. 

RE-EXAMINED,  pp.  Examined  again. 
RE-EX.\M'INING,  pipr.  Examining  anew. 
RE-EXCHANfiE,  n.  [re  and  exchange.]    A 

renewed  exchange. 
2.  In  commerce,  the  excliange  chargeable  on 
the  redraft  of  a  bill  of  exchange. 

The  rate  of  re-exchange  is  regulated  with  re- 
spect to  the  drawer,  at  the  course  of  exchange 
between  the  place  where  the   bill  of  exchange 
was  payable,  and  the  place  where  it  was  drawn. 
Re-exchanges  cannot  be  cumulated.        JValsh. 
RE-EXPORT,  V.  t.  [re  and  export.]    To  ex- 
port again  ;  to  export  what   has  been  ini- 
jiorted.     In    the    United   States,  a    draw- 
back is  allowed  on  commodities  re-export- 
ed. 
RE-EX'I'ORT,  n.  .\ny   commodity   re-ex- 
ported. 
RE-E.KPORTA  TION,  ii.  The  act  of  ex- 
porting what  has  been  imported. 
RE-EXPORTED,   pp.   Exported  after  be- 
ing imported. 
RE-EXPORTING,    ppr.    Exporting    what 

has  been  imported. 
REFECT',  f.  t.  [L.  refedus,  reficio  ;   re  and 

fano,  to  make.] 
To  refresh  ;  to  restore   after  hunger  or   fii- 
tigue.     [JVot  in  use.]  Brown. 

REFECTION,  n.    [Fr.   from    L.   rifedio.] 
1.  Refreshment  after  hunger  or  fatigue. 

South.     Pope. 


2.  A  spare  meal  or  repast. 


Encyc. 


REFECT'IVE,  a.  Refreshing;  restoring. 

REFECT'IVE,  n.  That  which  refreshes. 

REFECTORY,  n.  [Fr.  refedoire.]  A  room 
of  refreshment ;  properly,  a  hall  or  apart- 
ment in  convents  and  monasteries,  where 
a  moderate  repast  is  taken.  Encyc. 

REFEL',  V.  t.  [L.  refello.]  To  refute;  to 
disprove  ;  to  repress  ;  as,  to  refel  the  tricks 
of  a  sophister.     [Little  used.]  Shak. 

REFER',  V.  t.  [L.  refero  ;  re  and  fero,  to 
bear ;  Fr.  referrer ;  It.  referire ;  Sp.  Port. 
referir.] 

I.  To  direct,  leave  or  deliver  over  to  another 
person  or  tribunal  for  information  or  de- 
cision :  as  when  parties  to  a  suit  refer 
their  cause  to  another  court ;  or  the  court 
refers  a  cau.se  to  individuals  for  examina- 
tion and  report.  A  person  whoso  opinion 
is  requested,  sometimes  refers  the  impiirer 
to  another  person  or  other  source  of  iii- 

1     formation. 

i2.  To  reduce  as  to  the  ultimate  end. 

Vou  profess  ami  practice  to   refer   all   things 
to  3fonrseif.  Bacon. 

[3.  To  reduce  ;  to  assign  ;  as  to  an  order,  ge- 
nus or  class.  Naturalists  are  sometimes 
at  a  loss  to  know  to  what  cla.ss  or  genus 
an  animal  or  plant  is  to  be  referred. 


R  E  F 


R  E  F 


R  E  F 


To  rcfir  one's  self,  to  betake ;  to  apply.  [Lit- 
lie  used.]  Shali. 

REFKR',  V.  i.  To  respect ;  to  have  rela- 
tion. Many  passages  of  Scripture  refer  lo 
the  pecuhar  customs  of  the  orientals. 

2.  To  appeal ;  to  have  recourse  ;  to  apply. 

In  suits  it  is  good  to  refer  to  some  IVicnd  of 
trust.  Bacon. 

3.  To  allude ;  to  have  respect  to  by  intimation 
without  naming.  I  refer  to  a  well  known 
fact. 

REF'ERABLE,  a.  That  may  be  referred; 
capable  of  being  considered  in  relation  to 
something  else.  More. 

%  That  may  be  assigned  ;  that  may  be  con- 
sidered as  belonging  to  or  related  to. 

It  is  a  question  among  philosophers,  whether 
all  the  attractions  which  obtain  between  bodies, 
are  referable  to  one  gtMieral  cause.     JVichulson. 

REFEREE',  71.  One  to  whom  a  thing 
referred  ;  particularly,  a  person  appointed 
by  a  court  to  hear,  examine  and  decide  a 
cause  between  parties,  pending  before  the 
court,  and  make  report  to  the  court.  In 
New  England,  a  referee  ditfers  from  an 
arbitrator,  in  being  appointed  by  the  court 
to  decide  in  a  cause  which  is  depending 
before  that  court.  An  arbilrator  is  chosen 
by  parties  to  decide  a  cause  between 
them. 

REF'ERENCE,  n.  A  sending,  disinission 
or  direction  to  another  for  information. 

Swift. 

3.  Relation  ;  respect ;  view  towards. 

The  christian  religion  commands  sobriety, 
temperance  and  moderation,  in  reference  to  our 
appetites  and  passions.  TiUotsnn 

3.  Allusion  to.  In  his  observations  he  ha( 
no  reference  to  the  case  which  has  been 
stated. 

4.  In  law,  the  process  of  assigning  a  cause 
depending  in  court,  for  a  hearing  and  de- 
cision, to  persons  appointed  by  the  cotirt 

REFEREND'ARY,  n.  One  to  whose  de- 
cision a  cause  is  referred.      {J^lol   in  use.' 

Bacon. 

3.  An  officer  who  delivered  the  royal  an 
swer  to  petitiiins.  Harmar. 

REFER'MENT,  n.  Reference  for  decis- 
ion.    [.Vol  used.]  Laud. 

RE-FERMENT',  v.i.  [re  and/ermen/.]  To 
ferment  again.  Blackmore 

REFERRED,  pp.  Distiiissed  or  directed  to 
another;  assigned,  as  to  a  class,  order  or 
cause  ;  assigned  by  a  court  to  persons  a| 
oointed  to  decide. 

UEFER'RIBLE,  a.  That  maybe  referred; 
referable.  Brown. 

REFERRING,  ppr.  Dismissing  or  direct- 
ing to  another  for  information;  alluduig; 
assigning,  as  to  a  class,  (.rder,  cause,  &c. ; 
or  assigning  to  private  persons  for  decis- 
ion. 
RE-FIND,  I'.  <.  [re  nnilfind.]  To  tind  again; 
to  e.\peiience  anew.  Sandys. \ 

REFI'NE,  v.i.  [Fr.  raffiner;  It.  rajjinare ; 
Sp.  Port,  refmar;  re  and_^)ie.] 

1.  To  purify  ;  in  a  general  sense;  applied  to 
liquors,  to  depurate  ;  to  defecate  ;  to  clar- 
ify ;  to  separate,  us  licpior,  from  all  e.\tra- 
neous  matter.  In  this  sense,  the  verb  is 
used  with  propriety,  but  it  is  customary  to 
use^nc. 

2.  Applied  to  metals,  to  separate  the  metallic 
substance  from  all  other  matter,  whethi  1 
another  metal  or  alloy,  or  any  earthy  sub 


stance  ;  in  short,  to  detach  the  pure  met- 
al from  all  extraneous  matter. 

I  will  bring  the  third   part    through   the   fire, 

and  will  rejiiie  them  as  silver  is  refined.     Zech. 

xiii. 

3.  To  purify,  as  manners,  from  what  is 
gross,  clownish  or  vidgar ;  to  polish;  to 
make  elegant.  We  expect  to  see  refined 
manners  in  courts. 

4.  To  i)urify,  as  language,  by  reirioving  vul- 
gar words  and  barbarisms. 
To    purify,   as    taste  ;     to    give    a    tiice 
and  delicate  perception  of  beauty  and  pro- 
priety in  literature  anil  the  art: 

To  purity,  as  the  mind  or  moral  princi- 
ples; to  give  or   ini|ilai!t  in   the  mind 
nice  perception  of  truth,  justice  and  pro- 
priety in  commerce  and  social  intiircourse. 
Tliis  nice  perception  of  what  is  right  con- 
stitutes rectitinle  of  principle,  or  moral  re 
tinemeiit  of  mind  ;   and    a   coricspondenl 
practice  of  social  duties,  constitutes  recti 
turle    of    conduct    or    purity     of    morals. 
Hence  we  speak  of  a  refined  mind,  refined 
morals,  refined  principles 

To  refine  the  heart  or  soul,  to  cleanse  it  from 
all  carnal  or  evil  affections  anil  desii;es, 
and  implant  in  it  holy  or  heavenly  afiec- 
tioiis. 

REFI'NE,  y.  i.  To  improve  in  accuracy 
delicacy,  or  in  any  thing  that  constitute; 
excellence. 


G.  Purity  of  mind  and  morals ;  nice  percep- 
tion and  observance  of  rectitude  in  moral 
principles  and  practice. 

7.  Purity  of  heart ;  the  state  of  the  heart  pu- 
rified from  sensual  and  evil  affections. 
This  refinement  is  the  effect  of  christian 
princif)les. 

8.  Artificial  practice ;  subtilty ;  as  the  rt- 
fineinents  of  cunning.  Rogers. 

9.  Aficctation  of  nicety,  or  of  elegant  im- 
provement; as  the  re^Jiemenis  of  reason- 
ing or  philosophy. 

REFI'N13R,  n.  One  that  refines  metals  or 
other  things.  Bacon. 

2.  An  improver  in  purity  and  elegance  ;  a.« 
a  refiner  of  language.  Sivift. 

3.  An  inventor  of  superfluous  subtiltiesf 
one  is  who  over  nice  in  discrimination,  in 
argument,  reasoning,  philosophy,  &c. 

REFI'NERY,  n.  The  place  and  apparatus 
for  refining  metals. 

REFI'NING,  ppr.  Purifying;  separating 
from  alloy  or  any  extraneous  matter ;  pol- 
ishing ;  improving  in  accuracy,  delicacy 
or  purity. 

REFIT',  v.t.  [re  and/(.]  To  fit  or  prepare 
again  ;  to  repair;  to  restore  after  damage 
or  decay  ;  as,  to  refit  ships  of  war. 

REFIT'TED,  pp.  Prepared  again  ;  repair- 
ed. 
'^ijREFIT'TING,  ppr.    Repairing  after  dam- 
age or  decay. 


Chaucer  rf/;HC(i  on  Boccace  and  mended  his,, j^,,VpLE€T,  v.t.  [L.  refiecto ;  re  mid  flecto, 


stories.  Dryden 

Let  a  lord  but  own  the  happy  lines,  | 

How  the  wit  brightens,  liow  the  sense  re^nes .' 

Pope. 
To  become  pure  ;  to  be  cleared  of  fecu- 
lent matter. 

So  the  pure  limpid  stream,  whfn    foul    with 

stains. 
Works  itscdf  clear,  and  as  it  runs,  refines. 

Addison. 
3.  To  affect  nicety.     Mi.'ii   sometimes  refine 
in  speculation  beyond  the  hunts  of  practi- 
cal truth. 

He  makes  another  paragraph   about  our  re- 
fining in  controversy.  Atterbury. 
REFI'NED,  ;>/>.  Purified;   separated   from 
extraneous  matter ;    assayed,   as  metals ; 
clarified,  as   liquors;  polished;  separated 
from  what  is  coarse,  rude  or  improper. 
REFI'NEOLY,  ado.  With    affected   nicety 
orelegiincr.  Dryden. 
REFI'NEDNESS,    n.    State   of  being  re 
fined;  purity;  refinement;    also,  affected 
puritv.           "  Barrow. 
REFI'NEMENT,  n.  The  act  of  purifying 
by  separating  from  a  substance  all  extra- 
neous matter  ;  a  clearing  from  dros.s,  dregs 
or  recrement ;  as  the  refinement  of  metals 
or  liquors. 
3.  The  state  of  being  pure. 

The  more  bodies  are  of  a  kin  lo  spirit  in  sub- 
tilty and  refinement,  the  moio  ditl'usivc  are 
they.  .Vonis. 

3.  Polish  of  language;  elegance;  purity. 
Vroin    the    civil    war  to   this   time,    I  doubt 

whether  the  corruptions  in  our  language  have 
not  equaUnl  its  refinements.  Swift. 

4.  Polish  of  manners;    elegance ;  nice  ob- 
servance of  the  civilities  of  social   inter- 


to  bend  ;  Fr.  refiechir ;  It.  rifiettere.] 
To  throw    back;  to    return.      In    the   rain- 
bow, the  rays  of  light  are  reflected  as  well 
as  refracted. 

Bodies  close  together  reflect  their  own  color. 

Drydert. 
REFLECT',  v.i.  To  throw  back  light;  to 
return  rays  or  beams  ;  as  a  refiecting  mir- 
ror or  gem.  Shak. 
i2.  To  hend  back.                                   Bentley. 
3.  To  throw  or  turn  back  the  thoughts  ujjou 
the  past  operations  of  the  mind  or  upon 
past  events.     We  reflect  with  pleasure  on 
a  generous  or    heroic   action ;   we   reflect 
with  pain  on  our  follies  and  vices  ;  we  re- 
flect on  our  former  thoughts,   meditations 
and  o|)inions. 
1.  To  coirsider  attentively  ;  to  revolve  in  the 
mind  ;  to  contemplate  ;  as,  I  will  reflect  on 
this  subject. 

And  as  I  much  reflected,  much  I  mourn'd. 

Prior. 
In  every  action,  reflect  upon  the  end. 

Taylor. 
[To  reflect  on  things/»?«rf,  is  not  strictly 
po.ssibic,  yet  the  word  is  often  used  as  sy- 
nonymous with  meditate  and  contemplate.] 
.'>.  To  bring  reproach. 

Errors  of  wives  reflect  on  husband  still. 

Dry  den. 

To  reflect   on,  to  cast  censure  or  reproach. 

1  do   not  reflect  in  the  least  on  the  memory 

of  his  late  majestv.  Sutifl. 

REFLECTED,  pp.  Thrown  back  ;  return- 

eil  ;  as  reflected  light. 
REFLECT'ENT,    a.    Bending    or     flying 
back;  as  the  ray  descendent,  and  ray  rf- 
flectent.  t)igby. 

course  and  of  graceful  rieci.riim.     7f;;^«f-:|RV.FLECT'IBLE,  a.  That   may  be  reflect- 
«ie<i(  of  manners  is  ollcn  found  in  persoiisi      rd  or  thrown  back.  Gregory. 

RKFLECT'IN(;.  ppr.  Throwing  back. 
3.  Turniiig  back,  as 


of  corrupt  morals. 
5.  Purity  of  t.aste  ;  nice  [)erception  of  beau- 
ty and  propriety  in  literature  and  the  arts. 


back,  as   thoughts  upon   them- 
selves or  upon  past  events. 


R  E  F 

3.  Refledht^  on,  casting  rensiii-e  or  reproach. 

REI'LECT'INGLY,  adv.  With  reflection; 
with  ceiisiirc.  Surift. 

REKLEC'TION,  n.  [irom  refect.]  The  act 
of  throwing  hacl<  ;  an  tlm  re/ledion  of  light 
or  colors.  The  angle  of  incidence  and 
the  angle  oV rejltrtion  are  always  equal. 

2.  The  act  of  bending  hack.  Bcuttey. 

3.  That  which  is  reflected. 

As  Ihe  .sun  in  water  we  can  bear, 

Yet  not  tliu  sun,  but  liis  reflection  there. 

Drydai. 

4.  The  operation  of  the  mind  by  which  it 
turns  its  views  back  upon  itself  and  its 
operations  ;  the  review  or  reconsideration 
of  past  thoughts,  opinions  or  decisions  of 
the  mind,  or  of  past  events.  Encyc. 

.5.  Tliouglit  thrown  back  on  it.self,  on  the 
past  or  on  the  absent ;  as  melanclioly  rc- 
Jleclions ;  delightful  rejlrxlions. 

.lob's  reflections  on  his  once  flourishing  es- 
tate, at  the  same  time  atjlicled  anil  encouraged 
him.  Jlllnbun/. 

().  The  expression  of  thought. 

7.  Attentive  consideration  ;  meditation  ;  con- 
templation. 

This  delight  grows  anil  iniiiroves  under 
thought  and  reflection.  South. 

8.  Ceusme  ;  reproach  cast. 

He  died,  and  oh  !   may  no  reflection  shed 
Its  pois'nous  venom  on  the  royal  dead. 

Prior. 
REFLRCT'IVE,    o.    Throwing   back   im- 
ages ;  as  a  reflective  mirror. 

In  Ihc  reflective  stream  the  sighing  bride, 
Viewing  her  charms  imp.iir'd-^  Prior. 

2.  Considering  the  operations  of  the  mind, 
or  things  past ;  as  rejlective  reason. 

REFLECT'OR,  n.  One  who  reflects  or 
consi.h'rs.  Boyle. 

2.   That  which  reflects. 

RE'FLEX,  n.  [L.  rejlcxus.]  Directed  hack  ; 
as  a  reflex  act  of  the  soul,  the  turning  of 
the  intellectual  eye  iiiwani  upon  its  own 
actions.  //„/^ 

2.  Desit-natnig  the  pans  of  a  painting  illu- 
mmalc-d  by  light  refle(!tod  from  amjther 
part  of  the  sanu;  picture.  Encyc. 

3.  In  botimy,  Innn  hack  ;  reflected. 
REFLEX',  n.  Reflection.     [.Vot  used.] 

Hooker 
REFLEX',  V.  t.  To  reflect.  Sliak. 

2.    i'.)  bend  back  ;  to  turn  back.     [Little  us- 
„  *   •  J  Gresroni. 

REFLEXIBIL'ITV,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing reflexihle  or  capahle  of  beiuir  rellect- 
ed  ;  as  the  rejleribilily  nf  lUn  rays' of  light. 

UEFLEX'IBLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  re- 
flected or  thrown  hack. 

The  light  of  the  sun  consists  of   rays  differ- 
ently refranuible  and  rcflctible.  Cheung 
REFLEX'ION.     [&>,<,  Reflection.]  " 
RKl'^LEXTTY,    n.    Capacity  of  being   re- 
flected.                                                    ° 

REFLEXIVE,  a.  Having  respect  to  some- 
thing past. 

Assurance  reflexive  cannot  be  a  divine  faith. 

REFLEX'IVELY,  adv.  In  ^Z^l^,^ 
backward.  Got',  of  the  Tongue 

RE'FLOAT,  n.  [remKlfnat.]  Reflux;  ?bb- 
a  fl'iwuig  back.     [Little  used.]  Bacon 

REFLORESOENCE,  n.  [re  and  fores- 
cence.]     A  blossoming  anew. 


11  E  F 

REFLOURISIi,     i).  (.     refur'ish.     [re.   and 

flourish.]     To  flourish  anew.  Milton 

REFLOUR'ISUING,      ppr.       Flourishing 

again. 
REFLOVV,  u.i.  [«•  andy/oic]  To  flow  back; 

to  ebb. 
REFLOWING,  ppr.  Flowing  back  ;  ebbing. 

„„ .  Darwin. 

REFLUCTUA'TION,  n.   A  flowing  back. 
REF'LUENCE,   )  [from   refue7it.]       A 

REF'LUENCY,  \  "•     llowing  hack. 

Alountague. 
REF'LUENT,  a.  [L.  refuens  ;  re  ami  fuo.] 

1.  Flowing   back;   ebbing;    as   the  refluent 
tide. 

2.  Flowing  back  ;  returning,  as  a  fluid  ;  a 


R  E  F 

re-formation  of  a  column  of  troops  into  a 

i,   ';•'"""■  '^'P'^'c.  Milford. 

jKEFOKM  ED,  ///;.  Corrected  ;  amended  ; 
restored  to  a  good  state  ;  as  a  reformed 
profligate  :   tin;  reformed  church. 

RE-F()R,M|:D,  pp.    Forme.l  anew. 

REFORMER,  ;,.  «)tie  who  eftects  a  refor- 
mation or  amendment;  as  a  reformer  of 
manners  or  of  abuses. 

2.  One  of  those  who  commenced  the  refor- 
mation of  religion  Com  [lopish  corruption  ; 
as  Luther,  jMelancthon,  Zuinglius  and  Cal- 
vin. 

^REFORM'ING,   ppr.    Correcting    what   is 
j     wrong;  amending;  restoring  to   a   good 

,  ,  -- „,  ..- ,  <..-      state. 

rifuettt  blood.  .'Mi«Wi;ioi.(  KE'-FOR^ll.N'G,  ppr.  Forminsr  anew 

REFLUX,    n.    [Fv.  from  L.  refu.rus.]     A  Kl^fORiM'I.ST,  n.   One  who  Ts  of  the  re- 
flowing  back;  the  returning  of  a  fluid  ;  asj      formed  religion.  Howell. 

2.  One   who  proposes  or  favors  a  political 


the  flux  and  reflux o(  the  tides;  the  flux 
and  refux  of  Kuripus.  Brown 

REFO'CILLATE,  v.  t.  [It.  refocillare  ;  S|). 
rrfocilar;  h.  refocillo ;  re  auii  the  root  of 
focus.]  To  refresh ;  to  revive ;  to  give 
new  vigor  to.     [Little  used.]  Aubreu 

REF0C1LLA'T10N,«.  The  act  of  refresh- 
ing or  giving  new  vigor;  restoration  of 
strength  by  refreshment.     [Little  used.] 

Middleton. 

REFOMENT',  v.  t.  [re  m\i\  foment.]  To  fo- 
ment anew  ;  to  warm  or  cherish  again. 

Cotgrave. 

2.  To  excite  anew. 

REFOMENT'ED,  pp.  Fomented  or  incit- 
ed anew. 

REFOMENT'ING,  ppr.  Fomenting  anew  ; 
exciting  again. 

REFORM',  v  t.  [Fr.  reformer;  L.  refor- 
mo  ;  re  and/ormo,  to  form.] 

1.  To  change  from  worse  to  better  ;  to 
amend  ;  to  correct ;  to  restore  to  a  former 
good  state,  or  to  bring  from  a  bad  to  a 
good  state  ;  as,  to  reform  a  profligate  man  ; 
to  reform  corrupt  manners  or  morals. 

The  example  alone  of  a  vicious  prince  will 
corrupt  an  age,  but  that  of  a  good  one  will  not 
reform  it.  Swijl. 

2.  To  change  from  bad  to  good  ;  to  remove 
that  which  is  bad  or  corrupt  ;  as,  to  re- 
form  abuses;  to  reform   the  vices  of  the 

age. 

REFOR.M',  r.i.  To  abandon  that  which  is 
evil  or  corrupt,  and  return  to  a  good  slate; 
to  be  amended  or  corrected.  A  man  of 
settled  habits  of  vice  will  seldom  reform. 

RE'-FORiM,  V.  t.  [re  aiid/orm;  witii  the  ac- 
cent on  the  first  syllable.]  To  form  again  : 
to  create  or  shape  anew. 

REFOR.M',  n.  Reformation  ;  amendment 
of  what  is  (hifectivc,  vicious,  corrupt  or 
depraved  ;  ;is  the  reform  of  parliamentary 
elections;  reform  of  government. 

REF  ORMATION,  n.  The  act  of  reform- 
ing ;  correction  or  amendment  of  life, 
maimers,  or  of  any  thing  vicious  or  cor- 
rupt; as  the  reformation  of  manners;  ref- 
ormation of  the  age  ;  reformation  of  abuses. 
Satire  lashes  vice  into  reforinaiion. 

Drydcn. 
By  way  of  eminence,  the  change  of  reli- 
gion from  the  corruptions  of  popery  to  its 
primitive  ]inrity,  begun  by  Luther,  A.  D 
1517. 

RE-FORMA  TION,  n.  The  act  of  forming 
anew;  a  second  forming  in  order;  as  the 


reform. 
JREFORTIFICA'TION,    n.     A    fortifving 
I     a  second  time.  Milford 

REFOR'TIFf,    v.l.    [re  am\  fortif,.]     -Yo 

fortify  anew.  J      JJ  i 

REFOS'SION,  n.  The  act  of  digging  up. 

REFOUND',  V.L  [re  auA found.]  ToVoimd' 
or  cast  anew.  H'arlon 

REFRACT',  t-.  t.  [L.  refractus,  refringo ;  re 

^     a.ui\frango,  to  break.] 

|To  break  the  natural  course  of  the  rays  of 

I  light  ;  to  cause  to  deviate  from  a  direct 
course.  A  dense  medium  refracts  the 
rays  of  light,  as  they  pa.ss  into  it  from  a 
rare  medium. 

REFRACTA'RIAS,   n.   A  mineral. 

REFRACTED,  pp.  Turned  from  a  direct 
course,  as  rays  of  light. 

2.  a.  In  botany,  bent  back  at  an  acute  angle; 
as  a  refracted  corol.  Martun 

REFRACT'ING,  ;,;>r.  Turning  from  a  di - 
rcct  course. 

2.  a.  That  turns  rays  from  a  direct  course ; 
as  a  refracting  mediuiri. 

jREFRAC'TION,  „.  The  deviation  of  a 
moving  body,  chiefly  rays  of  liirht,  from  a 
direct  course.  This  is  occasioned  bv  tlic 
difllirent  densities  of  the  mediums  throiio-b 
which  light  passes.  ° 

Refraction   out  of  a.   rarer   medium    into    a 
denser,  is  made  towards  the  perpendicular. 

r.  .c     i-  .  .Vewton. 

Jiefraction  may  be  caused  by  a  body's  (allins; 

obliquely  out  of  one  medium  into  another.       '^ 

n  r       •  Encyc. 

Kefraclion  double,  the  separation  of  a  ray' of 

light   into  two  separate   part.s  by   passing 

through  certain  transparent  me'diums.  as 

the  Iceland  crystal.     All   crystals,  except 

those   whose    primitive    form    is  either  a. 

cube    or    a   regular  octahedron,    exhibit 

I     doid)le  refraction. 

jREFRACT'IVE,    a.    That  refracts  or  has 

po\ver  to   refract  or  turn   from  a   direct 

course  ;  as  refractive  densities.        .Vewton 

REFRACT  ORLNESS,  n.  [from  refractory.] 

Perverse  or  sullen  obstinacy  in  opposition  or 

disobedience. 

I    never  allowed   any   man's   refractoriness 
against  the  privileges  and  orders  of  the  house. 

REFRACTORY,  a.  [Fr.  refradai\"-'t. 
rejractanus.  from  refragor,  to  resist;  re 
and  fragor,  from/ra;igo.] 

1.  Sullen  or  perverse  in  opposition  or  diso- 
bedience ;  obstinate   in   non-compliance ; 


R  E  F 


R  E  F 


R  E  F 


as  a  refractory  child  ;  a  refractory  servant. 
Raging  appetites  lliat  are 
Most  disobedient  and  refractory.  Shak. 

2.  Unmanageable  ;  obstinately  unyielding  ; 
as  a  refractory  beast. 

3.  Apidicd  to  metals,  difficult  of  fusion  ;  not 
easily  yielding  to  the  force  of  heat. 

REFRACT'ORY,  n.  A  person  obstinate  in 
opposition  or  disobedience.  Hall. 

2.  Obstinate  opposition.     [jVot  used.] 

Taylor. 

REFRA'GABLE,  a.  [L.  refragor;  re 'and 
frango.] 

That  may   be  refuted,  that  is,  broken. 

REFRA'IN,  V.  t.  [Fr.  re/rf)icr ;  It.  rinfre 
nare ;  L.  refrceno  ;  re  and  frccno,  to  curb 
frtrnum,  a  rein.     See  Rein.] 

To  hold  back ;  to  restrain ;  to  keep  from 
action. 

My  son — refrain  thy  foot  from  tlieir   path 
Prov.  i. 

Then  Joseph  could  notrefrain  himself  before 
all  them  that  stood  by.     Gen.  xlv. 

REFRA'IN,  I',  i.  To  forbear;  to  abstain; 
to  keep  line's  self  from  action  or  interfer- 
ence. 

Refrain  from  these  men  and  let  them  alone 
Acts  V. 

REFRA'IN,  re.  [Fr.  refrein.']  The  burden 
of  a  song  ;  a  kind  of  musical  repetition. 

JMinson. 

REFRA'INED,  pp.  Held  back ;  restrained. 

REFRA'INING,  ppr.  Holding  back  ;  for 
bearing. 

REFRA'ME,  f.  <.  [re  a.m\  frame.]  To  fraiiio 
again.  Hakewill. 

REFRANtilBIL'ITY,  n.  [from  refrangible.] 

The  disposition  of  rays  of  light  to  be  refract- 
ed or  turned  out  of  a  direct  course,  in 
passing  out  of  one  transparent  body  or 
medium  into  another.  JVewton. 

REFRAN'OIBLE,  a.  [L.  re  and  frango,  to 
break.] 

Capable  of  being  refracted  or  turned  out  of 
a  direct  course  in  passing  from  one  medi- 
um to  another ;  as  rays  of  hght.        Locke. 

REFIIENA'TION,  n.  [See  Refrain.]  The 
act  of  restraining.     [J\ot  used.] 

REFRESH',  I',  t.  [Fr.  rafraichir  ;  re  and 
fraichir,  from  fraiche,  fresh  ;  It.  rinfrescare ; 
Sp.  Port,  rc/rcscar.     See  Fresh.] 

1.  To  cool ;  to  allay  heat. 

A  dew  coming  after  a  heat  refresheth.  Ecclus. 

2.  To  give  new  strength  to ;  to  invigorate ; 
to  relieve  after  fatigue ;  as,  to  refresh  the 
body.  A  man  or  a  beast  is  refreshed  by 
food  and  rest.     Ex.  xxiii. 

3.  To  revive ;  to  reanimate  after  depression  ; 
to  cheer ;  to  enliven. 

For  they  have  refreshed  my  spirit  and  yours 
1  Cor.  xvi. 

4.  To  improve  by  new  touches  any  thing 
impaired. 

The  rest  refresh  the  scaly  snakes.       Dryden. 

5.  To  revive  what  is  drooping  ;  as,  rain  re- 
fre.<!hcs  the  plants. 

REFRESH',  n.  Act  of  refreshing.  [JVot 
used.]  Daniel. 

REFRESH'ED,  pp.  Cooled  ;  invigorated  ; 
revived  ;  cheered. 

REFRESHER,  n.  He  or  that  which  re 
freshes,  revives  or  invigorates.     Thomson. 

REFRESH'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Cooling;  invig- 
orating; reviving;  reanimating. 

REFRESH'ING,  n.  Refreshment  ;  relief 
after  fatigue  or  suffering.  Mortimer. 


REFRESH'MENT,  n.  Act  of  rcfre.shing; 
or  new  strength  or  vigor  received  after  fa- 
tigue ;  relief  after  suffering  ;  applied  to  the 
body. 

2.  New  life  or  animation  after  depression  ; 
ipplied  to  the  mind  or  spirits. 

3.  That  which  gives  fresh  strength  or  vigor, 
as  food  or  rest.  South.     Sprat. 

REFRET',  n.  The  burden  of  a  song. 

Dirt. 

REFRIG'ERANT,  a.  [Fr.  See  Refrigerate.] 
Cooling  ;  allaying  heat.  Bacon. 

REFRIG'ERANT,  n.  Among  physicians,  a 
medicine  which  abates  heat  and  refreshes 
the  patient. 

REFRIGERATE,  v.  t.  [L.  refrigero ;  re 
and  frigus,  cold.]  To  cool ;  to  allay  the 
heat  of;  to  refresh.  Bacon. 

REFRIti'ERATED,  pp.  Cooled. 

REFRIG'ER.-VTING,  ppr.  Allaying  heat ; 
cooling. 

REFRIgERA'TION,  71.  The  act  of  cool- 
ing ;  the  abatement  of  heat ;  state  of  be- 
ing cooled.  Bacon. 

REFRIg'ERATIVE,  a.  Cooling. 

REFRRi'ERATIVE,  n.  A  remedy  that  al- 
lavs  heat. 

REFRIG'ERATORY,  a.  Cooling  ;  miti- 
gating heat. 

REFRIti'ERATORY,  n.  In  distillation,  a 
vessel  filled  with  cold  water,  through 
which  the  worm  passes;  by  which  means 
the  vapors  are  condensed  as  they  pa.ss 
through  the  worm. 

2.  Any  thing  internallv  cooling.      Mortimer. 
REFlilGE'RlUM,  n."[L.]  Cooling  refresh- 
ment ;  refrigeration.     [JS/ot  in  use.] 

SoKth. 

RY.FT,  pp.  oC  reave.  Deprived;  bereft.  [JVot 

in  use.]  Shak. 

Q.  pret.  of  reave.   Took  away.     [.Yot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 
REFT,  )i.  A  chink.     [See  Rift.] 
REF'UtiE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  refugium,  refu- 

gio  ;  re  and  fugio,  to  flee.] 
1.  Shelter  or  protection  from  danger  or  dis- 
tress. 
— Rocks,  dens  and  caves,  but  I  in  none  of  these 
Find  place  or  refuge.  .Milton. 

We  have  made  lies  our  refuge.     Is.  xxviii. 
— We  might  have  strong  consolation,  who  have 
fled  for  refuge  to  lay  hold  on  the  hope  set  be- 
fore us.     Heb.  vi. 

That  which  shelters  or  protects  from 
danger,  distress  or  calamity ;  a  strong 
bold  which  protects  by  its  strength,  or  a 
sanctuary  which  secures  safety  by  its  sa- 
credness;  any  place  inaccessible  to  an  en- 
emy. 

The  high  hills  are  a  refuge  for  the  wild  goat.s. 
Ps.  civ. 

The  Lord  also  will  be  a  refuge  for  the  oppress- 
ed.    Ps.  ix. 

3.  An  expedient  to  secure  protection  or  de- 
fense. 

This  last  old  man — 
Their  latest  refuge  was  to  send  to  him. 

Shah 

4.  Expedient,  in  general. 
Light  must  be  supplied,  among  graceful  refu- 
ges, by  terracing  any  story  in  danger  nf  daik- 
ness.  "  M'litton. 

Cities  of  refuge,  among  the  Israelites,  certain 
cities  appointed  to  secure  the  safety  of 
such  persons  as  might  commit  homicide 
without  design.  Of  these  there  were 
three  on  each  side  of  Jordan,    .losh.  xx 


REP'UgE.    v.  t.     To   shelter  ;  to   protect. 

REFUGEE',  n.  [Fr.  refugii.]  One  who 
flies  to  a  shelter  or  place  of  safety. 

Dryden. 

2.  One  who,  in  times  of  persecution  or  polit- 
ical commotion,  flees  to  a  foreign  country 
for  safety  ;  as  the  French  refugees,  who 
left  France  alter  the  revocation  of  the 
edict  of  Nantz,  and  settled  in  Flanders  and 
America ;  the  refugees  from  Hispaniola, 
in  I7!''.i  ;  and  the  American  refugees,  who 
left  their  country  at  the  revolution. 

REFUL'GENCE,  I        [L.  refidgens,   reful- 

REFUL'GENCY,  ^"-  gco  ;  re  and  fulgeo, 
to  shine.]     A  flood  of  light ;  splendor. 

REFUL'GENT,  a.  Casting  a  bright  light: 
shining ;  splendid  ;  as  refulgent  beams  ; 
refulgent  light ;  refulgent  arms. 

A  conspicuous  and  refulsent  truth.        Boyle. 

REFUL'gENTLY,  adv.' With  a  flood  of 
light ;  with  great  brightness. 

REFUND',  V.  t.  [L.  refando  ;  re  and  fundo, 
to  pom.]     To  pour  back. 

Were  the  humors  of  the  eye  tinctured  with 
any  color,  they  would  refund  that  color  upon  the 
object.      \^UnuRual  or  obsolete. '\  ^ay. 

To  repay;  to  return  in  payment  or  com- 
pensation for  what  has  been  taken  ;  to 
restore  ;  as,  to  refund  money  taken  wrong- 
fully; to  refund  luoney  advanced  with  in- 
terest ;  to  refund  the  amount  advanced. 

REFUNDED,  pp.  Poured  back  ;  repaid. 

REFUNDING,  ;)/;r.  Pouring  back;  return- 
ing by  i).iyn)ent  or  compensation. 

REFU'SABLE,  a.  s  as :.  [from  refuse.] 
Tliat  may  be  refused.  Young. 

REFU'SAL,  n.  s  as  ;.  The  act  of  refusing  ; 
denial  of  any  thing  demanded,  solicited 
or  offered  fur  acceptance.  The  first  refu- 
sal is  not  always  proof  that  the  request 
will  not  bo  ultimately  granted. 

2.  The  right  of  taking  in  preference  to  oth- 
ers ;  tlie  choice  of  taking  or  refusing  ;  op- 
tion ;  ine-emption.  We  say,  a  tnan  has 
the  refusal  of  a  farm  or  a  horse,  or  the  re- 
fusal of  an  emploviiient. 

REFU'SE,  t'.  (.  sas;.  [Fr.  refuser ;  Arm. 
reusi,  reusein  ;  It.  rifiuiare,  rifusare ;  Sp. 
rehusar  ;  Port,  refusar  ;  L.  recuso  ;  re  and 
the  root  of  causor,  to  accuse  ;  caxisa, 
cause.  The  primary  sense  of  causor  is  to 
drive,  to  throw  or  thrust  at,  and  recuso  is 
to  drive  back,  to  repel  or  repulse,  the 
sense  of  re/use.] 

1.  To  deny  a  request,  demand,  invitation  oi* 
command  ;  to  decline  to  do  or  grant  what 
is  solicited,  claimed  or  commanded. 

Thus  Edom  rrfifed  to  give  Israel  passage 
through  hi-  l>order-     Num.  xx. 

2.  To  decline  to  accept  what  is  offered  ;  as, 
to  refuse  an  ortice ;  to  refuse  an  offer. 

If  they  refuse  to  take  the  cup  at  thy  hand — 
Jer.  xxv. 

3.  To  reject ;  as,  to  refuse  instruction  or  re- 
proof    Prov.  X. 

The  stone  wdiich  the  builders  refused  is  be- 
come the  head  of  the  corner.     Ps.  cxviii. 

[Note. —  Hefuse    expresses    rejection    more 
strongly  than  decline.'] 
REFU'SE,  1'.  ).  sasr.  To  decline  to  accept ; 
not  to  comply. 
Too  proud  to  ask ,  to  humble  too  refuse. 

Garth. 
KEF'USE,  a.  [Fr.  rc/iw,  refusal,  denial,  and 

that  which  is  denied.] 
Literally,  refused:  rejected;  hence,  worth- 
less; of  no  value  ;  left  as  tmworthy  of  re- 


REG 


REG 


REG 


ception ;  as   the  refuat  parts  of  stone  or 
limber. 
Please  to  bestow  on  him  the  refuse  letters. 

Spectator. 

REF'USE,  n.  That  which  ia  refused  or  re- 
jected as  useless  ;  waste  niattei'. 

Hooker.     Bacon.     Addison. 

REFU'SE,  n.  Refusal.     Obs.  Fairfax. 

REFU'SED,  pp.  Denied ;  rejected ;  not  ac- 
cepted. 

REFU'SER,  »i.  One  that  refuses  or  rejects. 

Taylor. 

REFU'SING,  ppr.  Denying ;  declining  to 
accept ;  rejecting. 

REFU'TAJJLE,  a.  [from  refute.]  That  may 
be  refuteil  or  disproved  ;  that  may  be 
proved  false  or  erroneous. 

REFU'TAL,  n.  Refutation.     [jYot  used.] 

REFUTA'TION,  n.  [L.  refutatio.  See  Re 
fute.] 

The  act  or  process  of  refuting  or  disproving ; 
the  act  of  ])roving  to  be  false  or  errone- 
ous ;  the  overthrowing  of  an  argument, 
opinion,  testimony,  doctrine  or  theory,  by 
argument  or  countervailing  proof 

Bentley. 

REFU'TE,  D.  «.  [Fr.refuler;  L.  refulo ;  're_ 
and  futo,  obs.  The  primary  sense  of 
futo,  is  to  drive  or  thrust,  to  beat  back. 
Class  Bd.] 

To  disprove  and  overthrow  by  argument, 
evidence  or  countervailing  proof;  to  prove 
to  be  false  or  erroneous  ;  to  confute.  We 
say,  to  refute  arguments,  to  refute  testimo- 
ny, to  refute  opinions  or  theories,  to  refute 
a,  dispiJtanl. 

There  were  so  many  witnesses  to  these  two 
miracles,  that  it  is  impossible  to  refute  such 
niultitudes.  Mddisvn. 

REFU'TED,  pp.  Disproved  ;  proved  to  be 
false  or  erroneous. 

REFU'TER,  ti.  One  that  refutes. 

REFU'TING,  ppr.  Proving  to  bo  false  or 
erroneous ;  confuting. 

REGA'IN,  V.  t.  [re  and  gain  ;  Fr.  regagner.] 

To  gain  anew  ;  to  recover  what  has  escap- 
ed or  been  lost.  Milton. 

REGA'INED,  ;)/).  Recovered  ;  gained 
anew. 

REGA'INING,  ppr.  Gaining  anew  ;  recov 
ering. 

RE'GAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  rcgahs,  from  rei, 
Sans,  raja,  connected  with  rcgo,  to  gov 
em;  Sax.  reran  or  reccan,  to  say,  to  reck, 
to  reckon,  to  rule,  to  direct  ;  the  root  of 
right,  L.  rectus,  Sax.  rcht.  See  Reck  and 
Reckon.] 

Pertaining  to  a  king;  kingly;  royal;  as  a 
regal  title ;  regal  authority  ;  i-egal  state, 
pomp  or  splendor  ;  regal  power  or  sway. 
But  we  say,  a  royal  or  kingly  government 
not  a  regal  one.  We  never  say.  a  regal 
territory,  regal  dominions,  regal  army,  or 
regal  navy.  Regal  exjiresses  what  is 
more  personal. 

RE'GAL,  n.  [Fr.  regale.]  A  musical  instru 
ment.  Bacon. 

REGA'LE,  n.  [Fr.  regale.]  The  preroga 
tive  of  monarchy.  Johnson. 

REGA'LE,  n.  [See  the  verb,  below.]  A 
magnificent  entertainment  or  treat  given 
to  embassadors  and  other  persons  of  dis- 
tinction. Eiicijc. 

REGA'LE,  v.t.  [Fr.  regalcr  ;  Sp.  regular, 
to  regale,  to  refresh,  entertain,  caress,  ca- 
jole, delight,  cherish  ;  regalarse,  to  enter- 


tain one's  self,  to  take  pleasure,  also  to  mell, 
to  be  dissolved  ;  Port,  regalar,  to  regale,  to 
treat  daintily,  to  delight;  Jt.  regalare,  lo 
present  with  gifts,  to  regale,  to  season. 
This  word  is  probably  a  compound  of  re 
and  the  root  of  Jt.  galtoria,  a  transport  of 
]oy,  gallare,  to  exult,  g^a/a,  ornament.  Port. 
galhofi,  mirth,  good  cheer,  Sp.  gallardo 
gay,  Fr.  gaillard,  &c.  In  Kuss.  jaluyu 
signifies  to  regale',  to  gratify  with  pros 
ents,  to  visit,  Ate.  'I'hc  primary  sense  is 
to  excite,  to  rouse  and  be  brisk,  or  to  shoot 
leap,  dart  or  rush.  We  probably  see  the 
same  root  in  the  Eng.  gale,  gallant,  Gr. 
ayaXJ-icuo,  Fr.  joti,  Va\<^.  jolly,  and  in  many 
other  words.] 
To  refresh  ;  to  entertain  with  something 
that  delights;  to  gratify,  as  the  senses; 
as,  to  regale  tlie  taste,  the  eye  or  the  ear 
The  birds  of  the  forest  regale  us  with 
their  songs. 
REGA'LE,  v.t.  To  feast;  to  fare  sumptu- 
j     ously. 

IREGA'LED,  pp.   Refreshed  ;  entertained 
I     gratified. 
REGALEMENT,  ji.  Refreshment ;  enter 

tainment  ;  gratification. 
REGA'LIA,  n.  [L.  liom  rex,  king.]  Ensigns 
of  royalty  ;    the  apparatus   of  a  corona- 
tion ;  as  the  crown,  scepter,  &c. 
U.  in  law,  the  rights  and  i)rerogatives  of  a 
king.  Blackslone. 

REG.\'LING,   ppr.    Refreshing ;  entertain- 
ing ;  gratifying. 
REGAL'ITY,  n.  [t'rom  L.  regalis  ;  It.  reallh  ; 
Fr.  ruyaute.]    Royalty  ;  sovereignty  ;  king 
ship. 

He  came  partly  in  by  the  sword  and  bad  bigb 
courage  in  all  points  utrcgality.  Bacon 

iRE'GALLY,  adv.  In  a  royal  manner. 

.Milton 
REGWRD,  v.t.  [Fr.  regarder;  It.  riguar- 
dare  ;  from  Fr.  garder,  to  guard,  keep, 
defend  ;  It.  gunrdare,  to  guard,  to  look, 
view,  behold,  to  beware,  to  take  heed,  lo 
discern.  The  jn-imary  sense  of  guard  is 
to  drive  ofl^  or  repel,  and  thus  to  )>rolcct, 
or  to  holil,  keep,  retain;  probably  the 
former.  To  regard  is  to  extend  or  direct 
the  eye  to  an  object,  or  to  hold  it  in  view. 
We  observe  a  somewhat  similar  |)rocess 
of  deriving  the  sense  of  looking,  in  the  It, 
seorto,  seen,  perceived,  prudent,  guitled 
convoyed,  wary,  crafty,  discerning,  ami 
as  a  noun,  an  abridgment  ;  scorta,a  guide 
an  escort,  a  guard.] 

1.  To  look  towards;  to  point  or  be  direct- 
ed. 

It  is  a  peninsula  which  regarjeth  the  main 
land.  Sandys. 

2.  To  observe ;  to  notice  with  some  partic- 
ularity. 

If  much  you  note  him, 
Vou  offend  him  ;  feed  and  regard  him  not. 

Shak 

3.  To  attend  to  with  respect  and  estimation  ; 
to  value. 

This  aspect  of  mine, 
The  best  regarded  virgins  of  your  clime 
Have  lov'd.  Shak. 

To  attend  to  as  a  thing  that  afl'ects  our 
interest  or  happiness  :  to  fix  the  mind  on 
as  a  matter  of  importance.  He  does  not 
regard  the  pain  he  feels.  He  does  not  re- 
gard the  loss  he  has  suffered.  He  regards 
only  the  interest  of  the  connnunity. 
To  esteem  ;  to  hold  in  respect  and  aflfec 


tion.     The  people  regard  their  pastor,  and 
treat  him  with  great   kindness.     2  Kings 
iii. 
G.  To  keep  ;  to  observe   with   religious  or 
solemn  attention. 

He  that   ref^ardeih  the  day,  regardeth  it  lo 
the  Lord.     Kom.  xiv. 

7.  To  attend  to  as  something  to  influence 
our  conduct. 

He  that  regardeth  tlic  clouds  shall  not  reap. 
Eccles.  xi. 

8.  To  consider  seriously  ;  to  lay  to  heart. 

They  regard  not  the  work  of  the  Lord.   Is.  v. 

9.  To  notice  with  pity  or  concern.  Deut. 
xxviii. 

10.  To  notice  favorably  or  with  acceptance ; 
to  hear  and  answer. 

He  will  regard  the  prayer  of  the  destitute. 
Ps.  cii. 

11.  To  love  and  esteem  ;  to  practice  ;  as,  to 
regard  iniquity  in  the  heart.     Ps.  Ixvi. 

12.  To  resjiect  ;  to  have  relation  to.  The 
argument  does  not  regard  the  question. 

To  regard  the  person,  to  value   for  outward 

honor,  wealth  or  power.     Matt.  xxii. 
REGARD,   n.    [Fr.  regard;  It.   riguardo.] 

1.  Look;  aspect  directed  to  another. 

Hut  her  v\ilb   stern   regard   he  thus  repellM. 
[.\'early  or  iiuite  obsolete.']  Milton. 

2.  Attention  of  the  mind  ;  respect  in  rela- 
tion to  siimething.  He  has  no  regard  to 
the  interest  of  society  ;  his  motives  arc 
wholly  selfish. 

3.  Respect ;  esteem  ;  reverence  ;  that  view 
of  the  mind  which  springs  from  value,  es- 
timabli!  qualities,  or  any  thing  that  excites 
admiration. 

W  illi  some  regard  to  what  is  just  and  riijht 
They'll  lead  their  lives.  Milton. 

To  iiim  they  had  regard,   because  of  long 

time  he  had   bewitched  thein   witfi  sorceries. 

Acts  viii. 

4.  Respect;  account. 
Change  was  lhou;;ht  necessary,  in  regard  of 

the  injury  the  church  received  by  a  number  of 
things  then  in  use.  Hooker. 

5.  Relation  ;  reference. 
To  persuade  Iheru  to  |>ursuc  and  pcreevcrc  in 

virtue,  in  regard  to  themselves;  in  justice  and 
goodness,  in  regard  to  their  neighbors  ;  and 
piily  towards  God.  JVatts. 

C>.  Note  ;  eminence  ;  account. 

Mac  Kcrlagh  was  a  man  of  meanest  regard 
among  Ibem.  Spenstr. 

7.  Matter  demanding  notice.  ,'ipenser. 

8.  Prospect  ;  object  of  sight.  [.Vol  proper 
nor  in  use.]  Shaft. 

0.  In //if /ores/ /flira,  view;  inspection. 

Court  of  regard,  or  surrey  of  dogs,  a  forest 
court  in  l^ngland,  held  every  third  year 
for  the  lawing  or  exjieflitation  of  njastils, 
that  is,  for  cutting  otl"  the  daws  and  ball 
of  the  fore  feet,  to  prevent  them  from  run- 
ning afler  i\eer.  lilackstone. 

REGAKDABLE,  a.  Observable;  worthy 
of  notice.  Broun.     Cnrew. 

REG'ARD.VNT,  a.  In  law,  a  xijlain  re- 
gardant is  one  annexed  to  the  manor  or 
land.  Blackslone. 

2.  In  heraldry,  looking  behind,  us  a  lion  or 
other  beast.  Encyc. 

REGARDED,  pp.  Noticed;  observed;  es- 
teemed ;  respected. 

REG  AKDER.  n.  One  that  regards. 

2.  In  law.  the  regarder  of  the  forest  is  an 
otlicer  whose  business  is  to  view  the  forest, 
inspect  the  officers,  and  inquire  of  all  of- 
fenses and  defaults.  Eng. 


REG 


REG 


REG 


REGARDFUL,   a.    Taking   notice ;  lieed 
All  ;  iibsi'iving  with  care  ;  attentive. 

Let  a  man  he  vei-y  temlci  and  ref^anlful  of 
every  pious  motion  made  by  the  Spirit  of  God 
on  his  heart.  South. 

REGARDFULLY,  adv.  Attentively ;  heed- 
lully. 

2.  Respectfully.  Shak. 

REGARDING,  ppi:  Noticing  ;  consiilei- 
iiig  witli  care  ;  attending  to  ;  observing  ; 
esteeming  ;  caring  for. 

9.  Respectinff  ;  concerning  ;  relating  to. 

REGARDLESS,  u.  Not  looking  or  attend 
ing   to;    lieetlless  ;    negligent;    careless; 
as  regaidtcss  of  life  or  of  health ;  regard- 
less of  danger  ;  regardless  of  consequen- 
ces. 

Regardless  of  the  bliss  wherein  he  sat. 

Mllon 

2.  Not  regarded  ;  slighted.  Spectator.', 

REG^ARDLESSLY,  adv.  Heedlessly  ;  care 
lessly  ;  negligently. 

REG  ARDLESSNESS,  n.  Heedlessness; 
inattention  ;  negligence.  Ithitlock. 

RE(;A'TA.     I      [It.  regatta.]    In  Venice,  a 

REGAT'TA,  ^  ""  grand  rowing  match  in 
which  many  boats  are   rowed  for  a  prize. 

REGATH'ER,  v.  t.  To  gather  or  collect  a 
second  time.  B.  Truinbxdl.\ 

REGATII'ERED,  pp.  Collected  again. 

R1:GATH'ERING,  ppr.  Gathering  a  second 
time. 

REG'EL,  }      A  fixed  star  of  the  first  iuag-| 

REGIE,   \  "■  nitiide  in  Orion's  left  foot. 

RE'tiENCY,  n.  [L.  regens,  from  rfg-o,  to 
govern.] 

1.  Rule;  authority;  government.      Hooker. 

2.  Vicarious  government.  Temple. 

3.  The  district  under  the  jurisdicti<jn  of  a 
vicegerent.  jMillon. 

4.  The  body  of  men  entrusted  with  vicari-| 
ens  government  ;  as  a  regency  constituted 
during  a  king's  minority,  insanity,  or  ab- 
sence from  the  kingdom. 

RE(JEN'ERACY,n.  [See  Regenerale.]  The 
state  of  being  regenerated.  Hammond. 

REGEN'ERATE,  v.  t-  [L.  regenero;  re  and 
genera.     See  Generate.] 

1.  To  generate  or  produce  anew  ;  to  repro- 
duce. 

Through    all    the     soil    a    genial    ferment 

spreads. 
Regenerates  the  plants  and  new  adorns  the 

meads.  Blackmore. 

2.  In  theology,  to  renew  the  heart  by  a 
change  of  affections;  to  change  the  heart 
and  affections  from  natural  enmity  to  the 
love  of  God;  to  implant  holy  affections 
in  the  heart.  Scott.     Addison 

REgEN'ERATE,  a.  {V..  regeneratus.]    Re- 
produced. Shak. 
9.  liornanew;  renovated  in  heart ;  changer 
from  a  natural  to  a  spiritual  state. 

Milton.     IVake. 
REliEN'ERATED,  pp.  Reproduced. 
2.  Renewed  ;  born  again. 
REgEN'ERATENESS,    n.   The  state  of 

being  regenerated. 
REGEN'ERATING,  ppr.  Reproducing. 
2.  Renovating  the  nature  by  the  iinplanta 

tion  of  holy  affections  in  the  heart. 
REgENERA'TION,  n.  Reproduction ;  the 

act  of  producing  anew. 
2.  In   theology,  new  birth   by  the  grace  of 

(Joil  ;  that  change  by   which  the  will  and 

natural  cumity  of  man  to  God  and  his  law 


are  subdued,  and  a  principle  of  supreme 
love  to  God  and  his  law,  or  holy  affec- 
tions, are  implanted  in  the  heart. 

He  saved  us  by  the  washing  of  regeneration 
and  renewing  of  the  Holy  Spirit,     lit.  iii. 

REGEN'ERATORY,  a.  Renewing  ;  having 
the  power  to  renew  ;  tending  to  repro- 
duce or  renovate.  Faher. 

RE'CiENT,  a.  [L.  regens,  from  rego,  to 
rule.] 

[1.  Ruling;  governing;  as  a  regent  principle. 

:  Hale. 

i2.  Exercising  vicarious  authority.       Milton. 

IC^ueen  regent,   a  queen  who  governs;   op- 

i     posed  to  queen  consort. 

RE'GENT,  n.  A  governor  ;  a  ruler  ;  in  a 
geneial  sense ;  as  Uriel,  regent  of  the  sun. 

Milton. 

2.  One  invested  with  vicarious  authority  ; 
one  who  governs  a  kingdom  in  the  minor- 
ity, absence  or  disability  of  the  king. 

Encyc. 

3.  In  colleges,  a  teacher  of  arts  and  sciences, 
having  pupils  under  his  care,  generally  of 
the  lower  classes ;  those  who  instruct  the 
higher  classes  being  called  professors. 

Encyc. 

4.  In  English  universities,  a  master  of  arts 
under  five  years  standing,  and  a  doctor 
liudertwo.  Encyc. 

5.  In  the  state  ofJVew  York,  the  member  of  a 
corporate  burly  winch  is  invested  with  the 
superintendence  of  all  the  colleges,  acade- 
mics and  schools  in  the  state.  This  board 
consists  of  twenty  one  members,  who  are 
called  "  tlie  regents  of  the  university  of 
the  state  of  New  York."  They  are  ap- 
pointed and  removable  by  the  legislatme. 
They  have  power  to  grant  acts  of  incor- 
poration for  colleges,  to  visit  and  inspect 
all  colleges,  academies  and  schools,  and 
to  make  regulations  for  governing  the 
same.  Stat.  .V.  York. 

RE'tiENTESS,  n.  A  protectress  of  a  king- 
dom. Colgrnve. 

RE'gENTSHIP,  n.  The  power  of  govern- 
ing, or  the  oHice  of  a  regent. 

2.  Deputed  authority.  Slink. 

REgERM'INATE,  v.i.  [re  awl  germinate.] 
To  germinate  again. 

Perennial  plants  regerminate  several  years 
successively.  Lee. 

REgERM'I'NATING,  ppr.  Germinating 
anew. 

REgERMINA'TION,  Ji.  A  sprouting  or 
germination  anew. 

REgEST',  71.  A  register.     [jYot  in  use.] 

Milton. 

REG'IBLE,  a.  Governable.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Did. 

REGTCIDE,  n.  [It.  Sp.  regicida  ;  Fr. 
cide  ;  L.  rex,  king,  and  rrrrfo,  to  siny.] 

L  A  king-killer  ;  one  who  murders  a  king. 

Dryden. 

2.  The  killing  or  murder  of  a  king.       Pope. 

REtVIMEN,  ?!.  [L.  from  rcgo,  to  govern.] 

1.  In  medicine,  the  regulation  of  diet  with  aj 
view  to  the  preservation  or  restoration  oil 
health;  or  in  a  more  general  senses,  the' 
regulation  of  all  the  non-natin-als  for  the 
same  purposes.  Encyr. 

2.  Any  regulation  or  remedy  which  is  in- 
tended to  produce  beneficial  effects  byi 
gradual  operation.  Hume.\ 

3.  In  grammar,  government  :  that  ])arf  ofl 
synta.\  or  construction,  which  regulates! 


the  dependency  of  words,  and  the  altera- 
tions which  one  occasions  or  requires  in 
another  in  connection  with  it ;  the  words 
governed. 

4.  Orderly  government;  system  of  order. 

REti'IMENT,  n.  [L.  regimen.]  In  military 
affairs,  a  body  of  men,  either  liorse,  foot 
or  artillery,  commanded  by  a  colonel  or 
lieutenant  colonel  and  major,  and  consist- 
ing of  a  number  of  companies,  usually 
from  eight  to  ten. 

9.  Government ;  mode  of  ruling  ;  rule  ;  au- 
thority ;  as  used  by  Hooker,  Hale  and 
others.     [W holly  obsolete.] 

REG'IMENT,  v.  t.  To  form  into  a  regi- 
ment or  into  regiments  with  proper  offi- 
cers.    [A  military  tise  nfthe  word.] 

Washington.     Smollet. 

REgIMENT'AL,  a.  Belonging  to  a  regi- 
ment ;  as   regimental   officers  ;  regimental 

REGIMENTALS,  n.  plu.  The  uniform 
wiirn  by  the  troo])sof  a  regiment. 

REti'IMENTED,  pp.  Formed  into  a  regi- 
ment ;  incorporated  with  a  regiment. 

Washington. 

RE6ION,  n.  re'jun.  [Fr.  Sp.  region  ;  It.  re- 
gione;  L.  regio  ;  Ir.  crioch,  with  a  prefix  ; 
from  the  root  of  ;frtr/j,  reek,  L.  rego.] 

1.  A  tract  of  land  or  space  of  indefinite  ex- 
tent, usually  a  tract  of  considerable  ex- 
tent. It  is  sometimes  nearly  synonymous 
with  country ;  as  all  the  region  of  Argob. 
Deut.  iii. 

Me  had  dominion  over  all  the  region  on  this 
side  the  river.     1  Kings  iv. 

So  we  speak  of  the  airy  region,  the  ethe- 
rial  regions,  the  upper  regions,  the  lower 
regions. 

2.  The  inhabitants  of  a  region  or  district  of 
country.     Matt.  iii. 

■J.  A  part  of  the  body;  as  the  region  of  the 
heart  or  liver. 

4.  Place  ;  rank. 

He  is  of  too  high  a  region.     [Unusual.'\ 

Shak. 

REG'ISTER,  7i.  [Vt.registre,regitre ;  Low 
L.  regislrum,  from  regero,  to  set  dowu  in 
writing;  re  and  gero,  to  carry.  But  Spcl- 
raan  considers  the  word  as  formed  of  re 
and  Norm,  gister  or  giser,  to  lay,  and 
equivalent  to  repository.] 

1.  A  written  account  or  entry  of  acts,  judg- 
ments or  j)roceedings,  for  preserving  and 
conveying  to  future  times  an  e.xact  knowl- 
edge of  transactions.  The  word  appro- 
priately denotes  an  official  account  of  the 
prrjceeilings  of  a  public  body,  a  prince,  a 
legislature,  a  court,  an  incorporated  com- 
pany and  the  like,  and  in  this  use  it  is  sy- 
nonynious  with  record.  But  in  a  lax 
sense,  it  signifies  any  account  entered  on 
paper  to  preserve  the  remembrance  of 
what  is  done. 

2.  The  book  in  which  a  register  or  record  is 
kept,  as  a  jiarish  register  ;  also,  a  list,  as 
the  register  of  seamen. 

3.  [Low  L.  rrgistrarius.]  The  officer  or  per- 
son whose  business  is  to  write  or  enter  in 
a  book  accounts  of  transactions,  particu- 
larly of  the  acts  and  |ii-ocecdings  of  courts 
or  other  public  bodies  ;  as  the  register  of 
a  court  crf  probate  ;  a  register  of  deeds. 

In  chimistry  and  the  arts,  an  aperture  witli 
a  lid,  stopper  or  sliding  plate,  in  a  furnace, 


REG 


REG 


REG 


stove,  &c.  for  regiilnting  tlin  adniissLou  of 
air  ami  ihe  licat  of  tin;  fire. 

5.  The  innor  jiart  of  the  mold  in  which  types 
are  cast. 

6.  In  printivfr,  tlie  correspondence  of  col- 
umns on  the  opposite  sides  of  the  sheet. 

7.  A  sliding  piece  of  wood,  used  as  a  stop  in 
an  organ. 

Parish  re^ster,  a  hook  in  which  are  record- 
ed the  baptisms  of  children  and  the  mar- 
riages and  burials  of  the  parisli. 

Register  ship,  a  shij)  which  obtains  permis- 
sion to  trade  to  the  Spanish  West  Indies 
and  is  registered  before  sailing.        Encyr.] 

REli'ISTER,  V.  t.  To  record  ;  to  write  in  a 
book  for  preserving  an  exact  account  of 
facts  and  proceedings.  The  Greeks  and 
Romans  rfgisicrerf  the  names  of  all  cliildren 
born. 

3.  To  enroll  ;  to  enter  in  a  list.  Milton. 

REti'ISTERSUlP,  n.  The  office  of  regis- 
ter. 

REO'ISTRAR,  n.  An  ofiitierinthe  English 
universities,  who  has  the  keeping  of  all 
the  public  records.  llncyc. 

REGISTRATION,  n.  The  act  of  inserting 
in  a  register.  }f'alsh. 

REt'J'ISTRY,  ji.  The  act  of  recording  or 
writing  in  a  register. 

2.  The  place  where  a  register  is  kept. 

3.  A  series  of  facts  recorded.  Temple 
[Fr.]  Regulation.    [.Vol 

Bacon, 
•gle,  rule,  L.  re- 


froni 


REG'LEMENT,  n. 

xiseil.] 
REG  LET,  )i.  [Fr. 

gnla,  regn.] 
A  ledge  of  wood  exactly  planed,   used   by 

printers  to  separate  lines   and  make  the 

work  more  open. 
REG'NANT,  a.  [Fr.  from  regner,  L.  regno, 

to  reign.] 

1.  Reigning  ;  exercising  regal  authority ;  as 
a  queen  regnunt.  The  modern  plirase  is 
queen  regent.  If  oHon. 

2.  Ruling;  predonjinant ;  prevalent ;  having 
the  chief  power;  as  vices  regnant.  Wt 
now  say,mg'J!(j|o'  vices.  Smjl. 

REGORGE,  i\  (.  regorj'.  [Fr.  regorger ;  re 
and  gorge.] 

1.  To  vomit  up  ;  to  eject  from  the  stomach  ; 
to  throw  back  or  out  again.  Hnyumrd. 

2.  To  swallow  again.  Dn/den. 

3.  To  swallow  eagerly.  Milton. 
REGRA'DE,  v.  i.  [L.  regredior;  re  and  gra 

dior,  to  go.]    To  retire  ;  to  go  back.     [A'ot 

used.]  Hates. 

REGR'AFT,  v.  t.  [re  and  graft.]    To  graft 

again.  Bacon. 

REGR  AFTED,  pp.  Grafted  again. 
REGR^AFTING,  ppr.  Grafting  anew. 
REGR'ANT,  v.  t.  [re  and  grant.]  To  grant 

back.  •lytiff'^- 

REGR" ANT,  )i.  The  act  of  gra-iting  back 

to  a  former  proprietor. 
REGR>ANTED,  ;)p.  Granted  back. 
REGR'ANTING,  ppr.  Granting  back. 
REGRA'TE,  v.  t.  [Fr.  regratter,  to  scratch 

again,  to  new-vamp,  to  regrale,  or  drive  a 

huckster's  trade  ;  re  and  gratter,  to  grate, 

to  scratch,  to  rake.] 

1.  To  offend  ;  to  shock.     [Little  used.] 

2.  To  buy  provisions  and  sell  them  again  in 
the  same  market  or  fair ;  a  practice  which, 
by  raising  the  price,  is  a  public  offense 
and  punishable.  Regrating  differs  from 
cngrossins  and  monopolizing,  whicli  sJgni- 

Vol.  II. 


fy  the  buying   the  whole  of  certain  arti-f 

cles,  or  large  quantities,  and  tioni  fore-\ 

stalling,  which  signifies  the   purc-hase   of 

provisions  on  the  way,  before  ihcy  reach 

the  market.  Blackslone. 

REGRA'TER,    n.    One   who   buys  provis 

ions  and  sells  them  in  the  same  market  or 

fair. 
REGRA'TING,  ppr.  Purchasing  provisions 

and  selling  them  in  the  same  market. 
REGREE'T,  v.  t.  [re  and  greet.]    To  greet 

again  ;  to  resalute.  Shak. 

REGREET,  n.  A   return  or  exchange  of 

salutation.  Shak. 

REGREE'TED,  pp.    Greeted  again   or  in 

return. 
REGREE'TING,  ppr.  Greeting  again  ;  rc- 

sahiting. 
RE'GKJ)SS,  n.    [Fr.  regiis ;    L.  regressus. 

regredior.] 
i.  Passage  back  ;  return  ;  as  ingress  and  re- 
gress. 
2.  The  i)ower  of  returning  or  passing  back. 
REGRESS',  V.  i.  To  go  hack  ;  to  return  to 
a  former  place  or  stale.  Broun. 

REGREH  SION,    n.    The  act  of   ])assiiig 

hack  or  returning.  Brown. 

REGRESS'IVE,  a.  Passing  back  ;  return 


REGRESS'IVELY,  adv.  In  a  backward 
way  or  manner  ;  by  return.  Johnson. 

RI'.GRET',  n.  [Fr.  regret  ;  either  from  the 
root  of  grate,  or  more  directly  from  the 
root  of  Sp.  Port,  gritar.  It.  gridare,  Sw. 
grSia,  Ice.  groet,  Dan.  grccder,  Goth,  grie- 
tan,  W.  gri/diaw,  to  scream  or  cry  out,  to 
utter  a  rough  sound  ;  in  some  dialects,  to 
weep  or  lament.  But  grate  and  Sp.  gritar 
are  probably  of  the  same  family.] 

1.  Grief;  sorrow;  pain  of  mind.  We  feel 
regret  at  the  loss  of  friends,  regret  for  our 
own  tnisfortunes,  or  for  the  misfortunes  of 
others. 

Never  any  prince  expressed  a  more  lively  re- 
gret for  the  loss  of  a  servant.  Clarendon 
Her  piety  itself  would  blame, 
If  her  regrets  should  waken  thiae.         Prior. 

2.  Pain  of  conscience ;  remorse ;  as  a  pas- 
sionate regret  at  sin.  Decay  of  Piety. 

3.  Dislike;  aversion.  [JVot  proper  nor  in  use.] 

Decay  of  Piety. 
REGRET',  V.  t.  [Fr.  regrelter.]  To  grieve  at ; 
to  lament;  to  be  sorry  for;  to  repent. 
Cilinly  he  look'd  on  either  life,  and  here 
S^iw  nothing  to  regret,  or  there  to  fear. 

Pope 
2.  To  be  uneasy  at.    [.Yot  proper  nor  in  use.] 

Glanville. 
REGRETFUL,  a.  Full  of  regret. 

Fanshaw. 
REGRET'FULLY,  adv.  With  regret. 

Greenhill. 
REGRET'TED,;)/).  Lamented. 
REGRETTING,  ppr.  Lamenting ;  grieving 

at ;  rejientiiig. 
REGUERDON,   n.  regerd'on.    [re  and  Fr. 

guerdon,  a  reward.     See  Reward.] 
A  reward  ;  a  recompense.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Shak. 
REGUERDON,  v.  t.  regerd'on.  To  reward. 
[JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 

REG'ULAR,  a.    [Sp.  id.;   Fr.   regulier;  L. 
regularis,  from  regula,  a  rule,  from  reg-o,  to 
rule.] 
1.  Conformed  to  a  rule;  agreeable  to  an  es- 
tablished rule,  law  or  principle,  to  a  jire- 

54 


scribed  mode  or  to  established  custoinary 
forms  ;  as  a  regular  ejiic  poem  ;  a  regular 
verse  in  poeti-)  ;  a  regular  piece  of  music: 
regular  practice  ol'  law  or  medicine  ;  a  reg- 
ular plan  ;  a  regular  building. 

2.  Go\erne<l  by  rule  or  rules;  steady  oruni- 
form  in  a  course  or  practice  ;  as  regular  in 
diet ;  regular  in  attending  on  divine  wor- 
ship. 

3.  In  geovtftry,  a  regular  figure  is  one  whose 
sides  and  angles  are  equal,  as  a  square,  a 
cube,  or  an  equilateral  triangle.  Regular 
figures  of  more  than  three  or  four  sides 
are  usually  called  regular  polygons. 

Encyc. 

4.  Instituted  or  initiated  according  to  estab- 
lished forms  or  disciiiline;  as  a  regular 
physician. 

5.  -Methodical;  orderly;  as  a  rco-i/?«r  kind  of 
sensuality  or  indulgi^nce.  Law. 

(i.  Periodical  ;as  the  rcg'H/ar  return  of  day  and 
night  ;  a  regular  trade  wind  or  monsoon. 

7.  Pursued  w  ith  uniformity  or  steadiness : 
as  a  regular  trade. 

8.  Belonging  to  a  monastic  order  ;  as  regu- 
lar clergy,  in  distinction  from  the  secular 
clergy. 

Regidur  troops.  Troops  of  a  permanent  army  ; 
opposed  to  vtilltia. 

REG'ULAR,  n.  In  a  monastery,  one  who  has 
taken  the  vows,  and  who  is  bound  to  fol- 
low the  rules  of  the  order.  Encyc. 

2.  A  soldier  beloniring  to  a  jieiniancnt  army. 

REGULAR'ITY,'»i.Agiecahleness  to  a  rule 
or  to  established  order  ;  as  the  regularity 
of  legal  proceedings. 

2.  Blethod  ;  certain  order.  Regularity  is  the 
life  of  business. 

3.  Conformity  to  certain  principles;  as  the 
regularity  of  a  figure. 

4.  Steadiness  or  uniformity  in  a  course;  as 
the  regularity  of  the  motion  of  a  heavenly 
body.  There  is  no  regularity  in  the  vicis- 
situdes of  the  weather. 

REG'ULARLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  accord- 
ant to  a  rule  or  establishe<I  mode  ;  as  a 
physician  or  lawyer  regularly  admitted  to 
I)ractice  ;  a  verse  regularly  tbrmed. 

2.  In  uniform  order ;  at  certain  intervals  or 
periods ;  as  day  and  night  regularly  re- 
turning. 

3.  Methodically;  in  due  order;  as  affairs 
regularly  performed. 

REG  ULATE,  v.  t.  To  adjust  by  rule,  meth- 
od or  established  mode  ;  as,  to  regulate 
weights  and  measures ;  to  regulate  the  as- 
size of  bread  ;  to  regidate  our  moral  con- 
duct by  the  laws  of  God  and  of  society; 
to  regulate  our  manners  by  the  customary 
forms. 

2.  To  put  in  good  order ;  as,  to  regulate  the 
disordered  .state  of  a  nation  or  its  finances. 

.3.  To  subject  to  rules  or  restrictions ;  as,  to 
regulate  trade  ;  to  regulate  diet. 

REG'ULATED,;);!.  Adjusted  by  rule,  meth- 
od or  forms  ;  put  in  good  order;  subjected 
to  rules  or  restrictions. 

REG'l'LATING,  ppr.  Adjusting  by  rule, 
method  or  forms  ;  reducing  to  order;  sub- 
jecting to  rules  or  restrictions. 

REGULATION,  n.  The  act  of  regulating 
or  reducing  to  order.  Ray. 

2.  A  rule  or  order  prescribed  by  a  superior 
for  the  management  of  some  business,  or 
for  the  government  of  a  company  or  so- 
cietv. 


R  E  H 


R  E  I 


R  E  I 


REG'ULATOR,  n.  One  who  regulates. 

2.  The  small  spring  of  a  watch,  which  regu- 
lates its  motions  by  retarding  or  accele- 
rating them. 

3.  Any  part  of  a  machine  which  regulatesj 
its  movements. 

REG'ULINE,  «.  [Si,-e  Regulus.]  Pertaining 
to  regukis  or  pure  metal. 

Bodies  which  wc  can  reduce  to  the  metallic 
or  reguline  state.  Lavoisier. 

REG'ULIZE,  V.  t.  To  reduce  to  reguhis  or 
pure  metal ;  to  separate  pure  metal  from 
extraneous  matter. 

REG'ULUS,  n.  [L.  a  petty  king;  Fr. regule. 
For  the  plural,  some  authors  write  reguli, 
and  others  regutuses.] 

In  chimistrij,  the  finer  or  pure  part  of  a  me- 
tallic substance,  which,  in  the  melting  of 
ores,  falls  to  the  bottom  of  the  crucible. 

Encyc.     Lavoisier. 

REGURG'ITATE,  v.  t.  [Fr.  regorger ;  L.  re 
and  gurges.] 

To  throw  or  pour  back,  as  from  a  deep  or 
hollow  place ;  to  pour  or  throw  back  in 
great  quantity.  Graunl.     Bentley. 

REGURG'ITATE,  v.  i.  To  be  thrown  or 
poured  back.  Harvey. 

REGUR(i'ITATED,;)p.  Thrown  or  poured 
back. 

REGURGITATING,  ppr.  Throwing  or 
pouring  hack. 

REGURGITATION,™.  The  act  of  pouring 
back. 

2.  The  act  of  swallowing  again  ;  reabsorp- 
tion.  Sliarp. 

REHABIL'ITATE,  v.  t.  [Fr.  rehabiliter ;  re 
and  habiliter.] 

To  restore  to  a  former  capacity ;  to  rein- 
state ;  to  qualify  again  ;  to  restore,  as  a 
delinquent  to  a  former  right,  rank  or  jiriv- 
ilege  lost  or  forfeited ;  a  term  of  the  civil 
and  canon  law.  Chambers. 

REHABILITATED,  pp.  Restored  to  a  for 
mer  rank,  right,  privilege  or  capacity  ;  re 
instated. 

REHABILITATING,  ppr.  Restoring  to  a 
former  right,  rank,  privilege  or  capacity  ; 
reinstating. 

REHABILITATION,  n.  The  act  of  rein- 
staling  in  a  former  rank  or  capacity  ;  res- 
toration to  former  rights.  Walsh. 

REHE'AR,  V.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  reheard,  [re 
and  hear.] 

To  hear  again  ;  to  try  a  second  time ;  as,  to 
rehear  a.  cause  in  the  court  of  king's  bench. 

REHE'ARD,  pp.  Heard  again. 

IIEHE'ARING,  ppr.  Hearing  a  second  time. 

REHE'ARING,  )i.  A  second  hearing. 

Mdison. 

2.  In  law,  a  second  hearing  or  trial. 

REHEARSAL,  n.  rehers'al.  [from  rehearse.] 

1.  Recital;  repetition  of  the  words  of  anoth- 
er or  of  a  written  work  ;  as  the  rehearsal 
of  the  Lord's  prayer.  Hook 

'I.  Narration;  a  telling  or  recounting,  as  of 
particulars  in  detail ;  as  the  rehearsal  of  a 
soldier's  adventures. 

■').  The  recital  of  a  piece  before  the  public 
exhibition  of  it ;  as  the  rehearsal  of  a  con 
edy.  Dryden. 

REHEARSE,  v.  t.  rehers'.  To  recite  ;  to  re- 
peat the  words  of  a  passage  or  composi 
tioii ;  to  repeat  the  words  of  another. 

\Vhei\  the  words  were  heard  which  David 
spoke,  ihtiy  rcUeurscd  thcmhelbre  Saul.  1  Sam 
\vii. 


2.  To  narrate  or  recount  events  or  transac 
tions. 

There  shall  they  rehearse  the  righteous  acts 
of  the  Lord.  Judg.  v.  Acts  xi. 

3.  To  recite  or  repeat  in  private  for  experi- 
ment and  improvement,  before  a  public 
representation  ;  as,  to  rehearse  a  tragedy. 

REHEARSED,  pp.  rehers'cd.  Recited  ;  re- 
(jeatcd  ;  as  words  ;  narrated. 

REHEARSER,  n.  rehers'er.  One  who  re- 
cites or  narrates. 

REHEARSING,  ppr.  rehers'ing.  Reciting  ; 
repeating  words  ;  recounting  ;  telling  ; 
narrating. 

RE'IGLE,  n.  [Fr.  regie,  rule.]  A  hollow  cut 
or  channel  tor  guiding  any  thing;  as  the 
reigle  of  a  side  post  for  a  flood  gate. 

Carew. 

RF.IGN,  I!,  i.  rant.  [L.  regno,  a  derivative  of 
rego,  rcgnum  ;  Fr.  regner ;  It.  regnare  ;  Sp. 
rei/nar.] 

1.  'to  po.ssess  or  exercise  sovereign  power 
or  authority  ;  to  rule  ;  to  exercise  govern- 
ment, as  a  king  or  emperor  ;  or  to  hold  the 
supreme  power.  George  the  third  reign- 
ed over  Great  Britain  more  than  fifty 
years. 

Beliold,  a  king  shall  reign  in  righteousness. 
Is.  xxxii. 
To  be  predominant ;  to  prevail. 

Pestilent  diseases  which  couunoiily  reign  in 
simimer  or  autumn.  Bacon 

3.  To  rule;  to  have  superior  or  uncontrolled 

dominion.     Rom.  vi. 
[This  word  is  never  applied  to  the  e.xercise 
of  supreme  power  by  a  legislative    body 
or  the  e.xecutive  administration,  in  the  U. 
States.] 
REIGN,  Ji.  rane.   [Fr.  regne ;    L.  regnum.] 
\.  Koyal  authority;  supreme  power;  sove- 
reignty. 

He  who  Uke  a  father  held  his  reign. 

Pope. 
The  time  during  which  a  king,  queen  or 
emperor  possesses  the  supreme  authority. 
The  Spanish  armada  was  equipped  to  in- 
vade England  in  the  reign  of  queen  Eliz- 
abeth. Magna  Charta  was  obtained  in  the 
reign  of  king  John. 
Kingdom;  dominion. 

Saturn's  sons  received  the  threefold  reign 
Of  heav'n,  of  ocean,  and  deep  hell  beneath. 

Prior. 
Power ;  influence.  Chapman. 

Prevalence. 
REIGNING,  ppr.  ra'ning.  Holding  or  exer- 


3. 


as  king,  queen  or  emperor. 

2.  a.  Predominating  ;  prevailing  ;  as  a  reign- 
ing vice  or  disease. 

REIMBARK.     [See  Re-embark.] 

REIMBOD'Y,  i'.  i.  [re  and  imbody  or  em- 
body.] 

To  imbody  again  ;  to  be  formed  into  a  body 
anew.  Boyle. 

REIMBURS'ABLE,  a.  That  may  be  re- 
paid. 

A  loan  has  been  made  of  two  millions  of  ilol- 
lars,  reinibursahlt  in  ten  years.  Jianiillon. 

REIMBUHSE,  v.t.  reimburs'.  [Fr.  renibonrs- 
er  ;  re  and  einbonrser ;  en,  in,  and  bourse,  u 
purse;  ll.  rimborsare ;    S\i.  re-embotsar.] 

To  refund  ;  ro  reidace  in  a  treasury  or  in  a 
(irivate  coffer,  an  equivalent  to  the  stun 
taken  from  it,  lost  or  expended  ;  as,  to  n  - 
imbursK  the  expenses  of  a  war  or  a  canal. 


The  word  is  used  before  the  person  «x- 
pending,  or  the  treasury  from  which  the 
advances  are  made,  or  before  the  expenses. 
We  say,  to  reimburse  the  jndividual,  to  re- 
imburse the  treasury,  or  to  reimburse  the 
expenses.  To  reimburse  the  person,  is  to 
re|)ay  to  him  his  losses,  expenses  or  ad- 
vances; to  reimburse  the  treasury,  is  to  re- 
fund to  it  the  sum  drawn  from  it;  to rei»n- 
burse  hrsscs  or  expenses,  is  to  repay  tliem 
or  make  them  good. 

REIMBURSED,  pp.  Repaid;  refunded; 
made  good,  as  loss  or  expense. 

REIMBURSEMENT,  n.reimburs'ment.  The 
act  of  repaying  or  refunding  ;  repayment; 
as  the  reimbursement  of  principal  anil  in- 
terest. Hamilton. 

REIMBURS'ER,  n.  One  who  repays  or  re- 
funilh  what  has  been  lo.st  or  expended. 

REIMBURS'ING.  ppr.  Repaying;  refund- 
mg  ;  making  good,  as  loss  or  expense. 

REIMPLANT',  j'.  (.  [re  and  implant.]  To 
implant  again.  Taylor. 

RELMPLANT'ED,  pip.  Implanted  anevv. 

HEIM  PL.'iNT'ING.  ppr.  Inqrlanting  again. 

REIMPORTU'NE,  i-.  t.  [re  and  importune.] 
To  importune  again. 

REIMPORTU  N ED.  pp.  Importuned  again. 

REIMPORTU'NING,  ppr.  Importunuig 
again. 

REIMPREG'NATE,  v.  t.  [re  and  impreg- 
nate.] 

To  iiiipresnate  again.  Brown. 

REIMPREG'NATED,  pp.  Impregnated 
again. 

REIMPREG'NATING,  ppr.  Impregnating 
again. 

REIMPRESS',  V.  t.  [re  and  impress.]  To  im- 
l)ress  anew.  Buckminster. 

REIMPRESS'ED,  pp.  Impressed  again. 

REIMPRESS'ING,  ppr.  Impressing  again. 

REIMPRES'SION,  n.  A  second  or  repeat- 
ed impression. 

REIMPRINT',  V.  t.  [re  and  imprint.]  To 
imprint  again. 

REIMPRINT'ED,pp.  Imprinted  again. 

REIMPRINT'ING,   ppr.  Imprinting  anew. 

REIN,  n.  [Fr.  rene.  from  rcsne.  The  It.  re- 
dine  is  evidently  from  the  L.  retina,  reti- 
naculum, Sp.  rienda.  If  contracted  from 
the  Latin,  it  is  from  retineo,  othern  ise  from 
the  root  o(  arrest.] 

\.  The  strap  of  a  bridle,  fastened  to  the  curb 
or  snaffle  on  each  siile,  by  which  the  rider 
of  a  horse  restrains  and  governs  him. 

2.  The  instrument  of  curbing,  restraining  or 
governing  ;  government.   "  Shak. 

To  give  the  reins,  to  give  license;  to  leave 
without  restraint.  Pope. 

To  take  the  reins,  to  take  the  guidance  or 
government. 

REIN,  V.  t.  To  govern   by  a  bridle. 

.1/17(071. 

2.  To  restrain  ;  to  control.  Shak. 

Klj.lNDEEK,  n.   [Sax.   hrana.     See   Rune.] 

.A.  species  of  the  cervine  genus;  mure  cor- 
rectly written  ranedeer,  or  rather  rane, 
which  is  the  true  name. 

REINFECT',  v.t.  [re  and  !H/re(.]  To  infect 
again. 

REINFECT' ED,  pp.  Infected  again. 

Ri: INFECT' ING,  ppr.  Infecting  again. 

REINFEC'TIOUS,  a.  Capable  of  infecting 
again.  Vaughan.   .Med.  Repos. 

REINFORCE,  v.t.  [re  and  oi/ore<.]  To  give 
ucw  force  to ;  to   strengthen  by  new  as- 


R  E  I 


R  E  J 


R  E  J 


distance  or  supitort.  [It  is  written  also 
rc-tafoTci'  ;  but  rehiforce  seems  now  to  be 
tbo  most  coimnon.] 

RElNFOKClii), /*;>.  Strengthened  by  addi 
tioiml  liirco. 

UKINPORCEMENT,  n.  New  force  added  ; 
fresh  su|)|,hes  of  strengtii  ;  particularly, 
additional  troops  or  ships. 

REINFORCENG,  ppr.  Adding  fresli  force 
to. 

REINGRA'Tl  ATE,w.«.  To  ingratiate  again. 

Mitford. 

REINGRA'TIATE,  v.t.  [re  and  ingrntiate.] 
To  ingratiate  again  ;  to  recommend  again 
to  favor.  Herbert. 

REINGRA'TIATED,  pp.  Reinstated  in  fa- 
vor. 

REINGRA'TIATING,  ppr.  Ingratiatin'j 
again. 

REINHAB'IT,  v.  t.  [re.  and  inhnhit.]  To  in- 
habit again.  Mede. 

REINHAB'ITED,/)/).  Inhabitcil  again. 

REINIIAB'ITING, />/?/•.  Inhabiting  a  second 
time. 

REINLESS,  a.  Without  rein;  witliout  re 
straint;  unchecked. 

REINLIST',  r.  t.  or  i.  [re  and  Mist.']  To  in- 
list  again.  Marshall. 

[It  is  written  also  re-enlisl.^ 

REINLIST'ED.pp.  Inlistcd  anew. 

REINLIST  IN(;.  m>r.   Iidisting  anew. 

REINLIriT'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  inlisting 
anew:  the  act  of  engaging  again  in  niili 
tary  service. 

REINQUI'RE,  V.  t.  To  inquire  a  second 
time.  Brown. 

REINS,  n.  phi.  [Fr.  rein,  rognon ;  L.  ren, 
rents  ;  It.  rene,  arnione  ;  Sp.  rinones.] 

1.  Tlie  kidney.'i;  the  lower  part  of  the  back. 

3.  Ill  Scriphire,  the  inward  parts  ;  the  heart, 
or  seat  of  the  affections  and  passions.  I's, 
Ixxiii. 

REINSERT',  «.  (.  [re  and  tnser*.]  To  insert 
a  second  time. 

REINSERT'ED,  pp.  Inserted  again. 

REINriERT'lNG, /)/»■.   Inserting  again. 

REINSER'TION,  n.  A  second  insertion. 

REINSPECT',  I',  t.  [re  and  inspect.]  To  in- 
spect again,  as  provisions. 

REINSPEC'TION,  n.  The  act  of  inspeetinj 
a  second  time.  Laics  of  Cunn 

REINSPI'RE,  V.  t.  [re  and  inspire.]  To  in- 
spire anew.  Millon. 

REINSPrREI),  pp.  Inspirc<l  again. 

Dryden. 

REINSPI'RING, /jpr.  Inspiring  again. 

REINSTALL',  v.  t.  [re  and  install.]  To  iii 
stall  again;  to  seat  anew.  Milton. 

REINSTALL'ED,  pp.  Installe.l  anew. 

RKINSTALL'ING,  ppr.  Installing  again. 

REINSTALL'MENT,  Ji.  A  second  install 
inent. 

REINSTA'TE,  v.  t.  [re  and  instate.]  To 
I)lace  again  in  possession  or  in  a  former 
state  ;  to  restore  to  a  state  from  which  one 
had  been  removed  ;  as,  to  reinstate  a  king 
in  the  possession  of  the  kingdom;  to  rein- 
stnte  one  in  the  affcrlioiis  of  his  family. 

REINSTA'TED,/*/;.  Replaced  in  possession 
or  in  a  former  stalp. 

REINSTATEMENT,  n.  The  act  of  put 
ting  in  a  former  state  ;  re-establishment. 

Marshall. 

REINSTATING,  ppr.  Replacing  in  a  for- 
mer state ;  putting  again  in  possession. 


REINSU' RANGE,  n.  [re  andinsurance.  See 

Sure.] 
An  insurance  of  property  already  insured  ;  a 

second    insurance  of  the  .same   jiroperty. 

Such    reinsurance    is    i)ermitte<l    by    the 

French  conmiercial  code  ;  but  in  England 

is  prohibited  by  statute,  except  when  the 

first  underwriter  is  insolvent.  H'alsh. 

REINSC'RE,  v.t.  [re  and  t»i«i(rf.]  To  insure 

the  sam(!  property  a  second  time  by  other 

underwriters. 

The  insurer  may  cause  the  property  insured 

to  be  reinsured  by  other  persons. 

Walsh.     French  Com.  Code. 
REINSU'RED,  pp.  Insured  a  second  time 

by  other  persons. 
REINSIT'RING,    ppr.    Insuring   a    second 

time  bv  other  persons. 
KEI.N  TEGRATE,  r.  t.  [Fr.  reintegrer ;  L. 

redintegro ;  red,  re,  and  inlcgro,  from  inte- 
ger.] 
To  renew  with  regard  to  atjy  state  or  quali 

ty  ;  to  restore.     [lAtth  used.l  Bacon. 

REINTER'ROGATE,  v.  t.  [re  and  interro 

gate.] 
To   interrogate   again  ;  to   question  repeat 

ediy.  Cotgrave. 

REINTIiRO'NE,  I'.  «.  [re  and  nt/Arone.  See 

Enthrone.] 
To  replac(;  on  the  throne.  Herbert. 

REINTIIIIO'NED,  pp.  Placed  again  on  the 

throne. 
REINTIIRO'NING,  ppr.  Replacing  on  the 

throne. 
REINTURO'NIZE,    v.  I.    To    reinthrone. 

r  ^^^  in  usf.l 
REINVEST',  v.*.   [re  and  invest.]  To  invest 

anew. 
REINVEST'ED,  pp.  Invested  again. 
REINVEST'ING,  ppr.   Investing  anew. 
REINVEST'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  invest- 
ing anew  ;  a  second  or  repeated  invest- 
ment. 
REINVIG'ORATE,  v.  I.   To  revive  vigor 

ill ;  to  reanimate. 
REIT,  71.  Sedge  ;  sea  weed.  Bailey. 

REITERATE,  v.  t.  [Fr.  reiterer ;  L.  re  and 

itero,] 
To  repeat;  to  repeat  again  and  again;  as 

reiterated  crimes  ;  to  rei<ern<c  requests. 

Milton. 
REIT'ERATED,  pp.    Repeated  again  and 

again. 
REIT'ERATING,    ppr.     Repeating   again 

and  again. 
REITERATION,  n.  Repetition.         Boyle. 
KE.IECT',   v.t.  [L.  rejicio,  rejectus ;  re  and 

jncio,  to  throw.] 

1.  To  throw  away,  as  anything  useless  or 
I     vile. 

2.  To  cast  ofl". 

Have  I  rejected  tlio.se  that  nic  ador'd  ? 

Brown. 
13.  To  cast  oft";  to  forsake.   .Tcr.  vii. 

4.  To  refuse  to  receive  ;  to  slight ;  to  des-j 
pise.  [ 

Because  thou  hast  rejected  knowledge,  I  will 
reject  thee.    Hos.  iv.    1  Sam.  xv.  ' 

5.  To  refuse  to  grant ;  as,  to  reject  a  prayerj 
or  request.  j 

G.  To  refuse  to  accept ;  as,  to  reject  an  offer.] 
iREJECT'ABLE,  a.  That  may  "be  rejecied.j 
REJE€TAMENT'A,  n.  [from  L.  rejeclo.].. 
j  Things  thrown  out  or  away.  [Ill  formed.^\ 
!  Fleming} 


REJE€TA'NEOUS,  a.  [from  the  L.]  Not 
chosen  or  received  ;  rejected.  More. 

REJECTED,  pp.  Tlirown  away  ;  cast  off ; 
refiised;  slighted. 

REJECT'ER,  n.  One  that  rejects  or  re- 
liises.  Clarke. 

REJE€T'  ING,  ppr.  Throwing  away;  casting 
off;  refusing  to  grant  or  accept ;  slight- 
ing. 

RE.lEe'TION,  n.  [h.  rejectio.]  The  act  of 
throwing  .away ;  the  act  of  casting  off  or 
forsaking  ;  refusal  to  accept  or  grant. 

Bacon. 

REJECT'IVE,  a.  That  rejects,  or  tends  to 
cast  off. 

REJE€T'MENT,  n.  Matter  thrown  away. 

Eaton. 

REJOICE,  V.  i.  rcjois'.  [Fr.  rejouir,  rejouis- 
sant ;  re  and  jouir,  to  enjoy  ;  Arm.  joauQ- 
zaal  ;  It.  gioire  ;  Sp.  regocijar,  to  rejoice  : 
Sp.  Port,  gozar,  to  enjoy  ;  gozo,  joy.  In 
most  of  till'  dialects,  the  last  radical  of  jo^ 
is  lost;  but  the  Spanish  and  Portuguese 
retain  it  in  ;,  which  is  a  jialatal  letter. 
Hence  this  word  seems  to  be  the  D.jui- 
chen,  to  rejoice,  to  shout;  G.  jauchzen. 
(in.  the  Dan.  hiijer,  to  rejoice;  huj,  a 
shout,  joy,  ri'joieing,  which  is  the  English 
hue,  in  hue  and  cry  ;  Fr.  hucr  and  huchcr. 
Amidst  such  changes  of  letters,  it  is  not 
easy  to  ascertain  the  primary  elements. 
But  it  is  easy  to  see  that  the  jiriniary 
sense  is  to  shout,  or  to  be  animated  or  ex- 
cited.] 

To  experience  joy  and  gladness  in  a  high 
degree;  to  be  exhilarated  with  lively  and 
]ileasural)le  sensations;  to  exult. 

When  the  righteous  are  in  autliority,  the  peo- 
ple rejoice  ;  but  wlien  the  wicked  heareth  rule, 
the  people  mourn.     Prov.  .\xix. 

I  will  rejoice  in  thy  salvation.     Ps.  ix. 

REJOICE,  V.  I.  rejois'.  To  make  joyful ;  to 
gladden  ;  to  animate  with  lively  jiieasura- 
ble  sensations  ;  to  exhilarate. 

Whoso  loveth  wisdom  rejniceth  his  father. 
Prov.  xxix. 

Wliilc  she,  great  saint,  rejoices  heaven. 

Prior. 
REJOICED,  pp.  Made  glad  ;  exhilarated. 
REJOIC'ER,  n.  One  that  rejoices. 

Taylor. 
REJOICING,   ppr.    Animating  with  glad- 
ness ;  exhilarating  ;  feeling  joy. 
REJOICING,    n.   The   act   of"  expressing 
joy  and  gladness. 

The  voice  of  rejoicing  and  salvation  is  in  tlie 
tabernacles  of  the  righteous.     Ps.  cxviii. 
2.  The  subject  of  joy. 

Thy  testimonies  have  I  taken  as  an  heritage 
forever,  for  they  are  the  rejoicing  of  my  heart. 
Ps.  cxix. 
.3.  The  experience  of  joy.     Gal.  vi. 
REJOICINGLY,  adv.' With  joy  or  exulta- 
tion. Sheldon. 
REJOIN',  V.  t.  [re  and  join;  Fr.  rejoindre.] 

1.  To  join  again;  to  unite  after  separation. 

Broicn. 

2.  To  meet  one  aiiain.  Pope. 
REJOIN  ,  I'.  I.  To  answer  to  a  repl}'. 

Dryden. 

2.  In  low  pleadings,  to  answer,  as  the  de- 
fendant to  the  plaintifs  replication. 

liEJOIND'ER,  71.  An  answer  to  a  reply; 
or  in  general,  an  answer. 

2.  In  law  pleadings,  the  defendant's  answer 
to  the  plaintif's  replication. 


R  E  L 


R  E  L 


11E.T0IN'ED,    pp.    Joined    again;   leuni- 

ted. 
RKJOIN'ING,  ppr.  Joining  again;  answer- 
ing a  plaintif's  replication. 
REJOINT',  V.  t.  [re  and  joint.]  To  reunite 
joints.  Barrow. 

REJOLT,  n.  [re  and  jo/(.]  Areacting  jolt  or 
shock.     [Nol  used.]  South. 

REJOURN,  V.   t.    rrjuni'.    [Fr.   reajourner. 

See  Adjourn.] 
To  adjourn  to  another  hearing  or  inquiry. 
[Not  used.]  Burton. 

REJUDGE,  v.t.  rejuj'.  [re  &nd  judge.]     To 
judge  again;  to  re-examine;   to  review; 
to  call  to  a  new  trial  and  decision. 
Rejudge  his  acts,  and  dignify  disgrace. 

Pope. 
REJUDG'ED,  pp.  Reviewed  ;  judged  again. 
REJUDG'ING,  ppr.  Judging  again. 
REJUVENES'CENCE,  I       [L.  re  and  ju- 
REJIIVENES'CENCY,  S       venescens;  ju- 

venis,  a  youth.] 
A  renewing  of  youth;   the  state   of  bein 

young  again.  Paus.  Trans. 

REKIN'DLE,  v.  t.  [re  and  kindle.]  To  kin- 
dle again  ;  to  set  on  fire  anew.        Cheipie. 
•2.  To  inflame  again  ;  to  rouse  anew.    Pope. 
REKIN'DLED,  pp.  Kindled  again ;  inflam- 
ed anew. 
REKIN'DLING,  ppr.  Kindling  again  ;   in- 
flaming anew. 
RELA'ID,  pp.  Laid  a  second  time. 
RELAND',  V.   t.    [re   and   laiid.]    To   land 
a^ain ;    to  ])ut   on   land  what  had   been 
shipped  or  embarked.  Judge  Seivall. 

RELAND',  V.  i.    To  go  on  shore  after  hav- 
ing embarked. 
RELAND'ED,  pp.  Put  on  shore  again. 
RELAND'ING,  ppr.  Landing  again. 
RELAPSE,  V.  i.   relaps'.  [L.  relapsus,  rela- 

bor,  to  slide  back  ;  re  and  labor,  to  slide.] 
I.  To  slip  or  slide  back;  to  return. 
^).  To  fall  back ;  to  return  to  a  former  state 
or  practice ;  as,  to  relapse  into  vice  or  er- 
ror after  amendment. 
3.  To  fall  back  or  return  from  recovery  or  a 
convalescent  state  ;  as,  to  relapse  into  a 
fever. 
RELAPSE,  n.  relaps'.    A  sliding  or  falling 
back,  particularly  into  a  former  bad  state, 
cither  of  body  or  of  morals ;  as  a  relapse 
into  a  disease  from  a  convalescent  state  ; 
::  relapse  into  a  vicious  course  of  life.     [In 
the  sense  of  a  person  relapsing,  not  used.] 
RELAPS'ER,    n.    One  that   relapses   into 

vice  or  ermr. 
RELAPS'ING,  ppr.  Sliding  or  falling  back, 

as  into  disease  or  vice. 
RELA'TE,  V.  I.   [L.  relatus,  refero ;  re  and 

fero,  to  produce.] 
I.  To  tell ;  to  recite  ;  to  narrate  the  partic-j 
ulars  of  an  event;  as,  to  relate  the  story  of 
Priam  ;  to  relate  the   adventures  of  Don 
Quixote. 
3.  To  bring  back  ;  to  restore.     [.Vol  in  use.] 
:5.  To  ally  by  connection  or  kindred. 
To    relate    one's    self,  to  vent    thoughts  in 

words.     [III.] 
RELA'TE,  V.  i.  To  have  reference   or  re- 
spect ;  to  regard. 

All  negative  words  relate  to  positive  ideas. 

Locke. 

RELATED,  pp.  Recited  ;  narrateii. 
y.  a.  Allied  by  kindred  ;  connected  by  blood 
or  alliance,  particularly  by  consanguinity  ; 


in  the  first   or  second 


relation   or   reference ;    con- 
n.  [Fr.   from    L.  relalio,   Te- 


as a  ijerson  related 
degree. 

RELA'TER,  n.  One  who   tells,  recites  or 
narrates;  a  historian.  Milton.     Swift. 

RELA'TING,  ppr.  Telling;    reciting;  nar- 
rating. 

2.  a.  Having 
cerning. 

RELATION, 

fero.] 
I.  The  act  of  telling;  recital;  account;  nar 

ration  ;  narrative  of  facts  ;  as  a  historical 

relation.     We  listened  to   the  relation  of 

his  adventures. 

3.  Respect ;  reference  ;  regard 
I  have  been  importuned    to   make   some  oli- 

servations  on  this  art,  in  relation  to  its  agree- 
ment with  poetry.  Dryden. 
Connection  between  things;  mutual  re- 
spect, or  what  one  thing  is  with  regard  to 
another ;  as  the  relation  of  a  citizen  to 
the  state  ;  the  relation  of  a  subject  to  the 
supreme  authority  ;  the  relation  of  hus- 
band and  wife,  or  of  master  and  servant ; 
the  relation  of  a  state  of  probation  to  a 
state  of  retribution. 

4.  Kindred  ;  alliance  ;  as  the  relation  of  pa- 
rents and  children. 

Belations  dear,  and  all  the  charities 
Of  father,  son  and  brother,  first  were  known. 

Alilton. 
A  person  connected  by  consanguinity  or 
aflinity ;  a  kinsman  or  kinswoman.  He 
passed  a  mouth  with  his  relations  in  the 
country. 

Resemblance  of  jihenomena  ;  analogy. 
7.  In  o-fo»ie(n/,  ratio;  proportion. 
REL.A'TIONAL,  a.  Having  relation  or  kin- 
dred. 

We  might  be  tempted  to  take   these  two  na- 
tions for  relational  stems.  Tookc. 
RELATIONSHIP,  n.  The  state  of  being 
related  by  kindred,  aflinity   or  other  alii 
ance.       "                                              Mason 
[This  word  is  generally  tautological  and 
11  fclcss  1 
REL'ATIVE,  a.  [Fr.  relaiif;  L,   relatiinis.] 

1.  Having  relation ;  respecting.  The  argu- 
ments may  be  good,  but  they  are  not  rela- 
tive to  the  subject. 

2.  Not  absolute  or  existing  by  itself;  con- 
sidered as  belonging  to  or  respecting  some- 
thing else. 

Every  thing  sustains  both  an  absolute  and  a 
relative  capacity ;  an  absolute,  as  it  is  such  a 
thing,  endued  with  such  a  nature  ;  and  a  rela- 
tive, as  it  is  a  part  of  the  universe,  and  so  stands 
in  such  a  relation  to  die  whole.  South.' 

3.  Incident  to  man  in  society ;  as  relative 
rights  and  duties. 

4.  Particular  ;  positive.     LVot  in  tiss.] 

Shak. 

Relative  mode,  in  music,  the  mode  which  the 
composer  interweaves  with  the  principal 
mode  in  the  flow  of  the  harmony. 

Encyc. 

Relative  terms,  in  logic,  terms  which  imply 
relation,  as  giianiian  and  ward ;  master 
and  servant;  luisband  and  wife. 

Relative  word,  in  grannnar,  a  word  wliicl 
relates  to  another  word,  called  its  antece- 
dent, or  to  a  sentence  or  member  of  a 
sentence,  or  to  a  series  of  sentences. 

REL'ATIVE,  71.  A  person  connected  by 
blood  or  affinity  ;  strictly,  one  allied  by 
blood  ;  a  relation ;  a  kinsman  or  kii>swo 
Dian. 


R  E  L 

Confining  our  care  either  to  ourselves  and 
relatives.  Fell. 

2.  That  which  has  relation  to  something 
else.  Locke. 

3.  In  grammar,  a  word  which  relates  to  or 
represents  another  word,  called  its  ante- 
cedent, or  to  a  sentence  or  iriember  of  a 
sentence,  or  to  aseriesof  sentences,  which 
constitutes  its  antecedent.  "He  seldom 
lives  frugally,  who  lives  by  chance."  Here 
ivho  is  the  relative,  which  represents  he, 
the  antecedent. 

"Judas  declared  him  innocent, icfttcA he 
could  not  be,  had  he  deceived  his  disci- 
ples." Porteus.  Here  ivhich  refers  to  i«- 
nocent,  an  adjective,  as  its  antecedent. 

"Another  reason  that  makes  me  doubt 
of  any  innate  practical  principles,  is,  that 
I  think  there  cannot  any  one  moral  rule 
be  proposed,  whereof  a  man  may  not  just- 
ly demand  a  reason  ;  ivhich  would  he  per- 
fectly ridiculous  and  absurd,  if  they  were 
imiate,  or  so  much  as  self-evident,  which 
every  innate  principle  must  needs  be." 

Locke. 
If  we  ask  the  question,  what  would  be 
ridiculous  and  absuid,  the  answer  must 
be,  whereof  a  man  may  justly  demand  a  rea- 
son, and  this  part  of  the  sentence  is  the 
antecedent  to  which.  Self-evident  is  the 
antecedent  to  which,  near  the  close  of  the 
sentence. 
RELATIVELY,  adv.  In  relation  or  re- 
spect to  something  else;  not  absolutely. 

Consider  the  absolute  aflections  of  any  being 

as  it  is  in  itself,  before  you  consider  it  relative- 

ly.  Watts. 

REL'ATIVENESS,  n.  The  state  of  having 

relation. 
RELATOR,  n.  In  law,  one  who  brings  an 
information  in  the  nature  of  a  quo  warran- 
to. Blackstone. 
RELAX',  v.t.  [L.  relaxo  ;  re  and  la.xo,  to 
slacken  ;  Fr.  rehicher,  retascher ;  It.  rilas- 
sare  ;  Sp.  relaiar.     See  Lax.] 

1.  To  slacken  ;  to  make  less  tense  or  rigid ; 
as,  to  relax  a  rope  or  cord ;  to  relax  the 
muscles  or  sinews  ;  to  relax  the  reins  in 
rifling. 

2.  To  loosen  ;  to  make  less  close  or  firm  ; 
as,  to  relax  the  joints.  Milton. 

3.  To  make  less  severe  or  rigorous ;  to  re- 
mit or  abate  in  strictness  ;  as,  to  relax  a 
law  or  rule  of  justice  ;  to  relax  a  demand. 

Swift. 

4.  To  remit  or  abate  in  attention,  assiduity 
or  labor  ;  as,  to  relax  study  ;  to  relax  ex- 
ertions or  efforts. 

.5.  To  unbend;  to  ease;  to  relieve  from  close 
attention  ;  as,  conversation  relaxes  the 
student  or  the  mind. 

t>.  To  relieve  from  consti[>ation ;  to  loosen; 
to  open  ;  as,  medicines  relax  the  bowels. 

7.  To  open  ;  to  loose.  Milton. 

8.  To  make  lancnid. 


REL.AX',  V.  i.  To  abate  in  severity  ;  to  be- 
come more  miki  or  less  rigorous. 
In  others  she  relax'd  again. 
And  govevu'd  with  a  looser  rein.  Prior. 

2.  To  remit  in  close  attention.     It  is  uscfid 
for  the  student   to  relax  often,   and  give" 
himself  to  exercise  and  annisements. 
RELAX',  n.  Relaxation.     [Xot  used.] 

Feltham. 
RELAX' ABLE,  a.  That  may  bo  remitted. 
[j  Barrow. 


11  E  L 

RELAXA'TION,  n.  [Fr.fcomL.relaxatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  slackoning  or  remitting  ten-| 
sioii ;  as  a  relaxation  of  the  imisclos,  fihers' 
or  iiurves  ;  a  relaxation  of  th«  whole  sys- 
tem. Bacon.     Encyc. 

2.  Cessation  of  restraint.  Burnet. 

3.  Keinission  or  abatement  of  rigor ;  as  a 
relaxation  of  the  law.  Sivijl.'. 

4.  Remission  of  attention  or  application;  as 
a  relaxation  of  mind,  study  or  business. 

.').  An  opening  or  loosening.  I 

RELA.X'A'nVE,  a.  Having  the  quality  of 
relaxing.     [See  Laxative.]  B.  Jonson. 

REI.AX'ED,  j>p.  Slackened  ;  loosened  ;  nt-, 
mitted  or  abated  in  rigor  or  in  closeness  ;' 
made  less  vigorous;  languid. 

RELAX'ING,  /)/))■.  Slackening;  loosening; 
remitting  or  abating  in  rigor,  severity  orj 
attention ;  rendering  languid. 

REL.\'Y,  n.  [Fr.  retold.]  A  supply  of  horses 
placed  on  the  road  to  be  in  readiness  to 
reli(!ve  others,  that  a  traveler  may  proceed 
without  delay. 

2.  Hunting  dogs  kept  in  readiness  at  certain 
places  to  pursue  the  game,  when  the  dogs' 
that  have  been  in  pursuit  arc  weary.  | 

RELAY,  V.  (.  [re  aiH\  lai/.]  To  lay  again  ; 
to  lay  a  second  time  ;  as,  to  relai/  a  |)avc-' 
mcnt.  Smollett. 

RELA'YING,  ppr.  Laying  a  second  time. 

RELE'ASE,  V.  t.  [This  is  usually  derived 
from  Er.  reldcher,  to  slacken,  to  relax,  It.i 
rilassarc  and  rilasciare,  and  these  wonls 
havf  the  s(;nsc  of  release  ;  but  the  English! 
word  has  not  the  sense  of  relax,  but  of  cf 
and  lea,ie,  from  Fr.  laisser,  Eng. /e<,  a  word 
that  has  no  coimection  with  relax.  So  in 
G.  freilassen,  1).  vrijlaaten ;  free  and  let.i 
If  it  is  from  relach.tr,  it  has  undergone  a! 
strange  alteration.]  1 

\.  To  set  free  from  restraint  of  any  kind,  ei- 
ther physical  or  moral ;  to  liberate  from 
prison,  confinement  or  servitude.  Matt. 
XV.     i\Iaik  XV. 

2.  To  free  from  pain,  care,  trouble,  grief, 
&c. 

'3.  To  free  from  obligation  or  penalty  ;  as, 
to  release  one  from  debt,  from  a  protnisej 
or  covenant.  | 

1.  To  (juit ;  to  let  go,  as  a  legal  claim ;  as,: 
to  release  a  debt  or  forfeiture.     Dent.  .\v. 

.").  To  discharge  or  relin(|uisli  a  right  to! 
lands  or  tenements,  by  conveying  it  to  an- 
other that  has  some  right  or  estate  in  pos- 
session, as  when  the  person  in  remainder 
releases  his  right  to  the  tenant  in  posses- 
sion ;  when  one  co-jiarcener  releases  his; 
right  to  the  other ;  or  the  mortgagee  re-! 
leases  his  claim  to  the  mortgager.  I 

(i.  To  relax.     [.Vo(  hi  use.]  Hooker. 

RELE'ASE,  n.  Liberation  or  discharge 
from  restraint  of  any  kind,  as  from  con- 
finement or  bondage. 

2.  Liberation  from  care,  pain  or  any  bin-! 
den.  [ 

3.  Discharge  from  ohiigation  or  responsibil- 
ity, as  from  debt,  penalty  or  claim  of  any' 
kind ;  acquittance.  \ 

4.  In  law,  a  release  or  deed  of  release  is  a 
conveyance  of  a  man's  right  in  lands  or] 
tenements  to  another  who  has  some  es-l 
tate  in  possession  ;  a  quitclaim.  The  ef- 
ficient words  in  such  an  instrument  are,| 
"remised,  released,  and  forever  quitclaim-l 
ed."  Blackstone), 


R  E  L 

RELE'ASED,  jwp.  Set  free  from  confine-, 
ment ;  freed  from  obligation  or  liability  ; 
freed  from  pain  ;  quitclaimed. 

RELE'ASE.MENT,  n.  The  act  of  releasing 
from  confinement  or  obligation.       Milton. 

RELE'ASER,  n.  One  who  releases. 

RELE'ASING,  ppr.  Liberating  from   con 
finement  or  restraint ;    freeing  from  obli- 
gation or   responsibility,  or  from  pain  or 
other  evil ;  quitclaiming. 

REL'EGATE,  v.  t.  [U.  relego ;  re  ami  lego. 
to  send.]     To  banish  ;  to  send  into  exile. 

REL'EGATED,  pp.  Sent  into  exile. 

REL'EGATLIVG,  ppr.  Banishing. 

RELEGA'TION,  n.  [L.  relegatio.]  The 
act  of  banishment;  exile.  Jlyliffe. 

RELENT',  v.i.  [Vr.ralentir;  Sp.  relenter ; 
It.  rallentare  ;  Sp.  ablnndar  ;  I'ort.  ahran 
dar ;  the  two  latter  from  blando,  L.  blan 
dus,  which  unites  the  L.  hlandus  with  len 
tits.     The  English  is  from  )t  and  L.lenliis. 
gentle,  pliant,  slow,  the   primary  sense  of 
which  is  soft  or  yielding.     The  L.  Ie7us  isj 
|>robably  of  the  same  family.    See  Bland.]\ 

1.  To  soften  ;  to  become  less  rigid  or  hard  ; 
to  give. 

In  some  houses,  sweetmeats  will  relent  inore 
than  in  others.  Bacon. 

Wlicn  op'ning  buds  salute  the  welcome  day, 
j\»d  earth  reUniing  feels  the  genial  ray. 

Pope. 
[This  sense  of  the  word  is  admissihle  in 
poetry,  but  is  not  in  common  vse.] 

2.  To  grow  moist ;  to  deliques(;e  ;  applied' 
to  .salts  ;   as  the  relenting  of  the  air.  ] 

Bacon.\ 

Sail  of  tartar — placed  in  a  cellar,  will  begin  to: 
ruhiil.  Boyle. 

[This  sense  is  not  in  use.] 
To  become  less  intense.     [Little  used.] 

Sidney.] 
4.  To   soften  in   temper  ;  to   become   morej 
mild   and    tender  ;    to    feel    compassion. 
[Thisis  the  usual  sense  of  the  iford.] 
Can  you  bt-liold 
Mv  tears,  and  not  once  relent  ?  Shak. 

RELENT',  V.  t.  To  slacken. 

.\nd    oftentimes    he  would  rchiU   his   pace. 
()!).■<.  .Sjicn.ier. 

2.  To  soften  ;  to  mollify.     Obs.  Spenser. 

RELENT',  pp.  Dissolved.     Obs. 
REI.,E.\T',  ?i.  Remission  ;  stay. 


R  E  L 


Ob.t.         I 

Spenser.' 

RELEXT'ING,   ppr.    Softeifing  in  temper  : 

becoming  more  mild  or  compassionate.      | 

RELENT'ING,    n.    The  act   of  becoming 

more  mild  or  compa.ssionate. 
RELENTLESS,  a.  I'nmoved  by  pity  ;  mi-' 
pitying ;    insensible    to   the   distresses  of 
others;  destitute  of  tenderness;  as  a  prey 
to  relentless  despotism. 

For    this    th'   avenging  pow'r     employs   his 
darts,  '     ''  I 

Thus  will  persist,  relenllcs.i  in  his  ire. 

Dryden.l 

Relentless  thoughl.^,  in  Milton,  may  sig-{ 
nify  unremitted,  intently  fixed  on  disqui-l 
eting  objects.  Johnson.^ 

[This  sense  of  the  uord  is  unusual  and 
not  to  be  countenanced.] 
RELESSEE',  n.    [See  Release.]     The  per 

son  to  whom  a  release  is  executed. 
RELESSOR',  >!.  The  person  who  executes 
a  release. 

There  must  be  a  privity  of  estate  between 
the  relessor  and  relessee.  Blackstone. 


REL'EVANCE,   )        [See  Relevant.]     The 

RELEVANCY,  ^ "'  state  of  being  rele- 
vant, or  of  afTording  relief  or  aid. 

2.   I'ertiiM'ncc  ;  applicableness. 

•3.  In  Scots  law,  sufficiency  to  infer  the  con- 
clusion. 

REL'EVANT,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  relever,  to 
relieve,  to  advance,  to  raise  ;  re  and  lever, 
to  raise.] 

L  Relieving  ;  lending  aid  or  support. 

Pownall. 

2.  Pertinent ;  applicable.  The  testimony  is 
not  relevant  to  the  case.  The  argument 
is  not  relevant  to  the  question.  [This  is 
the  sense  in  which  the  word  is  now  generally 
used.] 

3.  Sufficient  to  support  the  cause. 

Scots  Law. 

RELEVA'TION,  n.  A  raising  or  lifting  up. 
[.Vo<  in  use.] 

RELI'ANCE,  n.  [from  re/i/.]  Rest  or  re- 
])Ose  of  mind,  resulting  from  a  full  belief 
of  the  veracity  or  integrity  of  a  person,  or 
of  the  certainty  of  a  fact;  trust;  confi- 
dence ;  dependence.  We  may  have  per- 
fect reliance  on  the  promises  of  God  ;  wo 
have  reliance  on  the  testimony  of  witness- 
es ;  we  i)lacc  reliance  on  men  of  ktiown 
integrity,  or  on  the  strength  and  stability 
of  goveriunent. 

REL'IC,  n.  [Fr.  reliefue ;  L.  reliquue,  from 
relini/uo,  to  leave;  re  and  linrjuo.] 

1.  That  which  remains;  that  which  is  left 
after  the  loss  or  <lecay  of  the  rest ;  as  the 
relics  of  a  town  ;  the  relics  of  magnifi- 
cence ;  the  rc/ics  of  antiquity.  The  rf/i'ts  of 
saints,  real  or  pretendcil.  are  held  in  great 
veneration  by  the  catholics. 

2.  The  body  of  a  deceased  person  ;  a  corpse. 
[Usu(Uly  in  the  plural.]         Dryden.     Pope. 

REL'ICT,  n.  [L.  relictus,  relicta,  from  relin- 
quo,  to  leave.] 

A  widow;  a  woman  whose  husband  is doail. 

.Vy>/-o/.     Garth . 

RELIE'F,  )i.  [Fr.  relief;  It.  rilevo,  rilievo, 
from  rilcvare,  to  raise,  to  lift,  to  remove  ; 
Sp.  relieve,  rclrvar ;  re  and  Ihvar,  to  raise.] 

L  The  removal,  in  whole  or  in  part,  of  any 
evil  that  atilicts  the  body  or  mind  ;  the 
removal  ur  alleviation  of  pain,  grief,  want, 
care,  anxiety,  toil  or  distress,  or  of  any- 
thing opprcs^•ive  or  bunlensome,  by  which 
some  ease  is  obtained.  Rest  gives  relief 
to  the  body  when  weary  ;  an  anodyne 
gives  relief  from  pain  ;  the  .sympathy  of 
friends  .-itfords  some  relief  to  the  distress- 
ed ;  a  loan  of  money  to  a  man  embarrassed 
may  aflbril  him  a  temporary  relief;  med- 
icines which  will  not  ciM"ca  disease,  some- 
times give  a  partial  relief.  \  complete  re- 
lief from  the  troubles  of  life  is  never  to  bo 
expected. 

That  which  mitigates  or  removes  piiin, 
grief  or  other  evil.  Dryden. 

3.  Th(!  dismission  of  a  sentinel  from  his  post, 
whose  place  is  supplied  by  another  sol- 
dier ;  also,  the  person  who  takes  his 
place. 

In  sculjiture,  &c.  the  projecture  or  prom- 
inence of  a  figure  above  or  beyond  the 
ground  or  plane  on  which  it  is  formed. 
Relief  is  of  three  kinds;  high  relief  [alto 
relievo  :]  low  relief  [basso  reliei-o  ;]  and 
demi  relief  [rffmf  relievo.]  Tlie  difierence 
is  in  the  degree  of  projecture.    High  relief 


R  E  L 


R  E  L 


R  E  L 


is  flirmeJ  from  nature,  as  when  a  figure 
projects  as  much  as  the  life.  Low  relief  \s 
when  the  figure  projects  but  hltle,  as  in 
medals,  festoons,  foliages  and  other  or- 
naments. Demi  relief  is  when  one  half 
of  the  figure  rises  from  the  plane. 

Encyc. 

5.  In  painting,  the  appearance  of  projection, 
or  the  <Iegree  of  boldness  which  a  figure 
exliibits  to  the  eye  at  a  distance. 

6.  In  feudal  law,  a  fine  or  composition  whicli 
the  heir  of  a  tenant,  holding  by  knight's 
service  or  other  tenure,  paid  to  the  lord 
at  the  death  of  the  ancestor,  for  the  privi- 
lege of  taking  up  the  estate  whicli,  on 
strict  feudal  principles,  had  lapsed  or  fall- 
en to  the  lord  on  the  death  of  the  tenant. 
This  relief  consisted  of  horses,  arms,  mon- 
ey and  the  like,  the  amount  of  which  was 
originally  arbitrary,  liul  afterwards  fi.\ed 
at  a  certain  rate  by  law.  It  is  not  paya- 
ble, unless  the  heir  at  the  death  of  his 
ancestor  had  attained  to  the  age  of  twenty 
one  years.  Blackstone.     Kncyc. 

7.  A  remedy,  partial  or  total,  for  any  wrong 
suffered  ;  redress  ;  indenniification.  He 
applied  to  chancery,  but  could  get  no  re- 
lief. He  petitioned  the  legislature  and 
obtained  relief. 

8.  The  exposure  of  any  thing  by  the  prox- 
imity of  something  else.  Johnson. 

KELI'ER,  n.  [fi-om  rely.]  One  who  relies, 
or  places  full  confidence  in. 

IIELIE'VABLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  re- 
lieved ;  that  may  receive  relief  Hale. 

RELIEVE,  I'.  I.  [Fr.  relever  ;  L.  relevo. 
See  Relief] 

1.  To  free,  wholly  or  partially,  from  pain 
grief,  want,  anxiety,  care,  toil,  trouble, 
burden,  oppression,  or  any  thing  that  is 
considered  to  be  an  evil ;  to  ease  of  any 
thing  that  pains  the  body  or  distresses  the 
mind.  Repose  relieves  the  wearied  body  ; 
a  supply  of  provisions  relieves  a  family  in 
want ;  medicines  may  relieve  the  sick  man, 
even  when  they  do  not  cure  him.  We  all 
desire  to  be  relieved  from  anxiety  and  from 
heavy  taxes.  Law  or  duty,  or  both,  re- 
quire that  we  should  relieve  the  poor  and 
destitute. 

2.  To  alleviate  or  remove  ;  as  when  we  say, 
to  relieve  pain  or  distress ;  to  relieve  the 
wants  of  the  poor. 

3.  To  dismiss  from  a  post  or  station,  as  sen- 
tinels, a  guard  or  ships,  and  station  oth- 
ers in  their  ])lace.  Sentinels  are  generally' 
j'e/icyei/ every  two  hours;  a  guard  is  usu-l 
ally  relieved  once  in  twenty  four  hours.       ! 

4.  To  right ;  to  ease  of  any  burden,  wrong' 
or  oppression  by  judicial  or  legislative 
interposition,  by  the  removal  of  a  griev- 
ance, by  indemnification  for  losses  and 
the  like. 

.").  To  abate  the  inconvenience  of  any  thing 
by  change,  or  by  the  inter|iosition  of  some- 
thing dissimilar.  The  mrxm  relieves  the 
luster  of  the  sun  with  a  niikler  light. 

The  poet  must  not  encumber  his  poem  witli 
too  inucli  business,  but  sometimes  reliene  the 
subject  with  a  moral  reflection.  Addison 

(j.  To  assist ;  to  support. 

Parallels  or  like  relations  alternately  relieve 
each  other ;  wlien  neitlicr  will  pass  asunder 
yet  are  they  plausible  to^etlier.  Brown. 


RELIE'VED,  pp.  Freed  from  pain  or  oth- 
er evil ;  eased  or  cured  ;  aided  ;  succor- 
ed ;  dismissed  from  watching. 

3.  Alleviated  or  removed  ;  as  pain  or  dis- 
tress. 

RELIEVER,  n.  One  that  relieves  ;  he  or 
that  which  gives  ease. 

RELIE'VIlXG,  ppr.  Removing  pain  or  dis- 
tress, or  abating  the  violence  of  it ;  eas- 
ing; curing;  assisting;  distuissing  from  a 
post,  as  a  sentinel ;  supporting. 

RELIE'VO,  n.  [It.]  Relief;  prominence  of 
figures  in  statuary,  architecture,  &.c. ;  ap- 
parent prominence  of  figures  in  painting. 

RELIGHT,  V.  t.  reli'le.  [re  and  light.]  To 
light  anew  ;  to  illuminate  again. 

i.  To  rekindle  ;  to  set  on  fire  again. 

RELIGHTED,   pp.    Lighted  anew;  rekin 

(lied.  ; 

RELIGHTING,  ppr.  Lighting  again;  re- 
kindling. 

RELItJION,  n.  relij'on.  [Fr.  Sp.  religion ; 
It.  retigione  ;  L.  religio,  from  religo,  to  bind 
anew  ;  re  and  ligo,  to  bind.  This  word 
seems  originally  to  have  signified  an  oath 
or  vow  to  the  gods,  or  the  obligation  of 
such  an  oath  or  vow,  which  was  held 
very  sacred  by  the  Romans.] 

1.  Religion,  in  its  most  comprehensive  sense, 
includes  a  belief  in  the  being  and  perfec- 
tions of  God,  in  the  revelation  of  his  will 
to  man,  in  man's  obligation  to  obey  his 
commands,  in  a  state  of  rewanl  and  i)un- 
ishment,  and  in  man's  accountableness  to 
God  ;  and  also  true  godliness  or  piety  of 
life,  with  the  practice  of  all  moral  duties. 
It  therefore  comprehends  theology,  as  a 
system  of  doctrines  or  principles,  as  well 
as  practical  piety ;  for  the  practice  of 
moral  duties  without  a  belief  in  a  divine 
lawgiver,  and  without  reference  to  his 
will  or  connnands,  is  not  religion. 

2.  Religion,  as  distinct  from  theology,  is  god- 
liness or  real  piety  in  jn-actice,  consisting 
in  the  performance  of  all  known  duties  to 
God  and  our  fellow  men,  in  obedience  to 
divine  command,  or  from  love  to  God  and 
his  law.     James  i. 

Religion  will  attend  you — as  a  pleasant  and 
useful  companion,  in  every  proper  place  and 
every  temperate  occupation  of  life. 

Buckininsler. 

3.  Religion,  as  distinct  from  virtue,  or  moral- 
ity, consists  in  the  performance  of  the  du-[ 
ties  we  owe  directly  to  God,  from  a  \n\n-\ 
ciple  of  obedience  to  his  will.  Hence  we| 
oi\eu  speak  of  religion  and  virtue,  as  dif- 
ferent branches  of  one  system,  or  the  du- 
ties of  the  first  and  second  tables  of  the 
law.  ! 

T.et  us  w  itii  caution  indulge  the  supposilion,' 
that  morality  can  be  maintained  without  relisi-, 
ion.  U'd^liiii^tnn: 

4.  Any  system  of  faith  and  worship.  In  this 
sense,  religion  comprehends  the  belief  and 
worship  of  pagans  and  iVIulmnunedans,' 
as  well  as  of  christians  ;  any  religion  con- 
sisting in  the  belief  of  a  superior  power  or 
])Owers  governing  the  workl,  and  in  the 
worship  of  such  power  or  powers.  Thus 
we  speak  of  the  religion  of  the  Turks,  of 
the  Hindoo.s,  of  the  Indians,  &c.  as  widl 
as  of  the  christian  )c/tgio».  We  spe;ik  of 
false  religion,  as  well  as  of  true  religion. 

5.  The  ritesof  religion  ;  in  the  plural.  | 

Milton. 


RELIG'IONARY,  a.  Relating  to  religion  ; 
pious.     [JVot  used.]  Bp.  Barlow. 

RELIO'lONIST,  n.  A  bigot  to  any  relig- 
ious persuasion.  Swift. 

RELIG'IOUS,  a.  [Fr.  religieux ;  L.  relig- 
iosus.] 

1.  i'ertaining  or  relating  to  religion  ;  as  a 
religious  society ;  a  religious  sect ;  a  re- 
ligiojis  place  ;  religious  subjects. 

2.  Pious  ;  godly  ;  loving  and  reverencing 
the  Supreme  Being  and  obeying  his  pre- 
cepts ;  as  a  religious  man. 

3.  Devoted  to  the  practice  of  religion  ;  as  a 
religious  life. 

4.  Teaching  religion :  containing  religious 
subjects  or  the  doctrines  and  precepts  of 
religion,  or  the  discussion  of  topics  of  re- 
ligion ;  as  a  religious  book. 

5.  Exact;  strict;  such  as  religion  requires; 
as  a  religious  observance  of  vows  or  |)rom- 
ises. 

0.  Engaged  by  vows  to  a  monastic  life ;  as 
a  religious  order  or  fraternity. 

7.  Appropriated  to  the  performance  of  sa- 
cred or  religious  duties;  as  a  religions 
house.  Law. 

RELIG'IOUS,  n.  A  person  bound  by  mo- 
nastic vows,  or  sequestered  from  secular 
concerns  and  devoted  to  a  life  ofpiety  and 
devotion;  a  monk  or  friar;  a  nun. 

RELIli  lOUSLY,  adv.  Piously  ;  with  love 
and  reverence  to  the  Supreme  Being ;  in 
obedience  to  the  divine  commands. 

Drayton. 

2.  According  to  the  rites  of  religion.     Shak. 

3.  Reverently  ;  with  veneration.         Duppa. 

4.  Exactly ;  strictly  ;  conscientiously  ;  as  a 
vow  or  promise  religiously  observed. 

RELIGIOUSNESS,  n.  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  religious. 

RELIN'aUISH,  v.t.  [L.  relinquo ;  re  and 
linijuo,  to  leave,  to  fail  or  faint ;  from  the 
same  root  as  liqueo,  liquo,  to  melt  or  dis- 
solve, deliquium,  a  fainting,  Ir.  leagham, 
to  melt.  Hence  the  sense  is  to  withdraw 
or  give  way  ;  to  relinquish  is  to  recede 
from.  It  is  probably  allied  to  fag  and 
slack ;  W.  llac,  llaciaiv,  to  slacken  ;  llegu, 
to  flag.     Class  Lg.] 

1.  To  withdraw  from  ;  to  leave  ;  to  quit.  It 
may  be  to  forsake  or  abandon,  but  it  does 
not  necessarily  express  the  sense  of  the 
latter.  A  man  may  relinqtiish  an  enter- 
prise for  a  time,  or  with  a  design  uever  to 
resume  it.  In  general,  to  relinquish  is 
to  leave  without  the  intention  of  resum- 
ing, and  equivalent  to  forsake,  but  is  less 
emphatical  than  abandon  and  desert. 

They   placed   Iri-^h  tenants   on  the  lands  re* 
Ihiquislied  by  the  English.  Davies. 

2.  To  forbear  ;  to  withdraw  from  ;  as,  to 
relimiui.'ih  the  practice  of  intemperance  ; 
to  relinquish  the  rites  of  a  church. 

Hooker. 

3.  To  give  up;  to  renounce  a  claim  to  ;  as, 
to  relinquish  a  debt. 

To  relinijuish  back,  or  to,  to  give  u]);  to  re- 
lease; to  surrender;  as,  to  relinquish  a 
cluim  to  another. 

RELINUUISIIKD,  p;j.  Left:  (|uitted  ;  giv- 
en up. 

RELINQUISHER,  n.  One  who  leaves  or 
quits. 

RELIN'QUISHLNG,  ppr.  Quitting;  leav- 
ing ;  giving  up. 


»,  E  L. 

RELINQUISHMENT,  n.  The  act  of  leav- 
ing or  quitting  ;  a  forsaking  ;  the  renounc- 
ing ii  claim  to. 

REJ.'IUL'ARY,  n.  [Fr.  rtliqmire,  from  L. 
rc/i/i'/uo.J 

A  depository  for  relics;  a  casket  in  which 
reli.w  an;  kept.  .    £"^2/C: 

RELIU'UIUATE,    v.  t.    [re  aad  hquidate.\ 

To  li<iui(l,it(;  anew ;  to  adjust  a  second  time. 

REl.lU'UllJATED,  pp.    Liquidated  again. 

RELIU'L'l  DATING,      ppr.       Liquidating 

RKLICiUIDA'TION,  n.  A  second  or  re- 
newed liquidation  ;  a  renewed  adjust- 
ment. Hamilton. 

RELISH,  n.  Taste;  or  rather,  a  pleasing 
taste  ;  that  sensation  of  tlie  organs  which 
is  experienced  when  we  take  food  or 
drink  of  au  agreeahle  flavor.  Difleirnt 
persons  have  differeiit  rdishis.  Relish  is 
often  iiatnial,  and  often  the  eftect  of  habit. 

2.  Liking  ;  delight ;  appetite. 

We  Ikivc  such  a  relislt  for  faction,  as  to  liavc 
lost  that  of  wit.  JldiUsun 

3.  Sense;  the  faculty  of  perceiving  excel- 
lence ;  tasle  ;  as  a  rdish  for  fine  writing, 
or  a  relish  of  tine  writing.  Addison  uses 
both  of  M\i\for  after  relish. 

4.  That  which  gives  pleasure  ;  the  power  of 
pleasing. 

When  liberty  is  gone, 
Life  grows  insipid  and  has  lost  its  rdish. 

Addismi 

5.  Cast ;  manner. 

It  preserves  souie  rdish  of  old  writing. 

Pope 

6.  Taste;  a  small  quantity  just  perceptible. 

Devotion,  palience,  courage,  fortitude, 
I  have  no  rdifh  of  them.  Shak 

REL'ISH,  V.  I.  To  give  au  agreeable  taste 
to. 
A  sav'ry  bit  that  serv'd  to  rdish  wine. 

Dry  lien. \ 

2.  To  like  the  taste  of;  as,  to  relish  venison. 

3.  To  be  gratified  with  the  enjoyment  or 
use  of. 

He  knows  how  to  prize  his  advantages  and 
to  relish  the  honors  which  he  enjoys. 

Mierhurii. 

Men  of  nice  palates  would  not  relish  .\rislot- 

le,  as  dressed  up  by  the  schoolmen.  Baker. 

REL'ISH,  V.  i.    To  have  a  pleasing  taste. 

The  greatest  dainties  do  not  always  relish. 

2.  To  give  pleasure. 

Had  I  been  the  finder-out  of  this  secret,  it 
would  not  have  relished  among  my  other  (lis 
credits.  Shak. 

3.  To  have  a  flavor. 

A  theory  which,  how  much  soever  it  may  rd- 
ish of  wit  and  invention,  hath  no  foundation  in 

H  'oodward. 

having 


R  E  M 


R  E  M 


RELU'CENT,   a.    [L.   rtlucens,  reluceo;  rtj  REMA'IN,  f.  i 

and  luceo,  to  shine.] 
Shining  ;  transjiarent  ;  clear  ;   pellucid  ;  as 

a  relucenl  stream.  Thomson 

RELL'CT',  V.  I.  [L.  reluctor  ;  re  and  ludor, 

to  struggle.]  To  strive  or  struggle  against. 

[I/iltle  used.] 


[L. 


rcvianeo 

o   - 


re  and  maneo. 


Gr.  itno,  ftiiiu  ;  Pers.    •  JvJL-«   mandan, 


:iiid 


\*.jl.x  manidaii,    to    remain,  to 


RELUCT'ANCE,  )       [literally  a  straining 
RELUCT'ANCY,  S  "'  or  striving  against.] 
Unwillingness;  great   opposition   of  mind; 
repugnance  ;  with  to  or  against ;  as,  to  un- 
dertake a  war  with  rtliidance.     He  has  a 
great  reluctance  to  this  measure. 
Bear  witness,  hcav'n,  with  what  rduciancy 
Her  helpless  innocence  1  doom  to  die. 

Dryden. 

RELUCT'ANT,  a.  Striving  against;  un- 
willing :  much  opposed  in  heart. 

Reluctant  now  1  touch'd  the  trembling  string. 

Tickdl. 

2.  Unwilling  ;  acting  with  slight  repug- 
nance ;  coy.  Milton 

3.  Proceeding  from  an  unwilling  mind  ; 
granted  with  reluctance  ;  as  reluctant  obe- 
dience. Mitford. 

RELUeT'ANTLY,  <«/!■.  With  opposition 
of  heart;  unwillingly.  What  is  uiiderta 
ken  reluctantly  is  seldom  well  performed. 

RELUCT'.\TE,  v.  t.  To  resist ;  to  struggle 
against.  Decay  of  Pietij. 

RELUCTA'TION,  n.  Repugnance  ;  resist 
ance.  Bacon. 

RELUCT'ING,  ppr.  Striving  to  resist. 

2.  a.  Averse ;  unwilling. 

iRELU'ME,  v.t.  [Vv.rallumer;  L.  re  and /u 
men,  light.]     To  rekindle  ;  to  light  again. j 

Pope:^ 

RELUMED,  pp.  Rekindled  ;  lighted  again., 
RELU'MINE,  v.t.    [It.  ralluminure ;  L.  rc- 

lumino;  re  and  lumen,  light,  from  luceo,  to 

shine.] 

1.  To  light  anew;  to  rekindle.  Shak. 

2.  To  illiiininate  again. 
RELU'MINED,   jip.    Rekindled;    ilhimina- 

tcd  anew. 
RELU  MING,    ppr.     Kindling   or   lighting 
anew. 


Gnstablc ; 


nature. 
REL'ISHABLE,    a. 

agreeable  taste. 
RELISHED,    pp.     Giving    an    agreeable 

taste  ;  received  with  pleasure. 
RELIVE,  V.  i.  reliv'.  [re  and  live.]     To  live 

again  ;  to  revive.  Spenser. 

RELIVE,    ti.  /.    reliv'.     To   recall   to  life. 

[J\'ot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

RELO.'VN,  r.  (.  [re  and  loan.]  To  loan  again  : 

to  lend  what  has  been  lent  and  repaid. 
RELOAN,  n.  A  second  lending  of  the  same 

monev.  President's  Message 

RELO.VNED,  pp.  Loaned  again. 
RELO.VNING,  ppr.  Loaning  again. 
RELOVE,  V.  t.  [re  and  love.]  To  love  in  re- 
turn.   l.\~ot  in  use.]  Boyle. 


RELU'MINTNG,  ;)pr.  Rekindling;  enlight- 
ening anew. 

RELY',  V.  i.  [re  and  lie,  or  from  the  root  of 
He,  lay.] 

To  rest  on  something,  as  the  mind  when 
satisfied  of  the  veracity,  integrity  or  abili- 
ty of  persons,  or  of  the  certainty  of  facti 
or  of  evidence  ;  to  have  confidence  in  ;  to 
trust  in;  to  depend  ;  with  o».  W'c  i-ely  on 
the  promise  of  a  man  who  is  known  to  be 
upright ;  we  relij  on  the  veracity  or  fideli- 
ty of  a  tried  friend;  a  prince  relies  on  ihej 
affections  of  his  subjects  for  support,  and 
on  the  strength  of  his  army  for  success  in 
war:  above  all  things,  we  relfionihe  mer- 
cy and  promises  of  God.  That  which  is 
the  ground  of  confidence,  is  a  certainty  or' 
full  conviction  that  satisfies  the  mind  and: 
leaves  it  at  rest,  or  undisturbed  by 
doubt. 

Because  tliou  hast  rdied  on  the  king  of  .Syria, 
and  not  relied  on  the  Lord  thy  God —  2 
Chron.  xvi. 

RELY'ING,  ppr.  Kejiosing  on  something, 
as  the  mind  ;  confiding  in  ;  trusting  in  ; 
depending. 

REM.A'DE,  prcl.  and  pp.  of  remake. 


be  left,  to  delay,  to  be  like,  to  dismiss,  to 
leave.  The  sense  seems  to  be  to  draw- 
out  in  time,  or  to  be  fixed,  or  to  continue. 
See  analogies  in  leave.  The  sense  of  like- 
ness may  be  a  drawing.] 

1.  To  continue;  to  le.st  or  abide  in  a  place 
for  a  time  indefinite.  They  remained  a 
month  in  Rome.  We  remain  at  an  inn 
for  a  night,  for  a  week,  or  a  longer  time. 

liemuin  a  widow  at  thy  father's  house,  till 
Shelah  my  son  he  grown.     Gen.  .xxxviii. 

2.  To  be  left  after  others  have  withdrawn  ; 
to  rest  or  abide  in  the  .same  place  when 
others  remove,  or  are  lost,  destroyed  or 
tiikcn  away. 

Noah  only  remained  alive,  and  they  that  were 
with  him  in  the  ark.     (ieii.  \ii. 

3.  To  be  left  after  a  part  or  others  have  past. 
Let  our  remaining  time  or  years  be  em- 
ployed in  active  duties. 

4.  To  continue  unchanged,  or  in  a  particu- 
lar state.  He  nmani*  stupid  ;  he  remains 
ill  a  low  state  of  health. 

.■).  Not  to  be  lost ;  not  to  escape  ;  not  to  be 
forgotten. 

All  my  w isdom  remained  with  ine.  Ecdu-i. 
To  be  left,  out  of  a  greater  number  or 
quantity.  Part  of  the  debt  is  paid  ;  that 
which  rimaitis  will  be  on  interest. 

That  which  remaineth  over,    lay   up  for  you 
to  be  kept  till  the  morning.     Ex.  xvi. 
To  be  left  as  not  included  or  comprised. 
There  remains  one  argument  which  has 
not  been  considered. 

That  an  elder  brother  has  power  over  his 
brethren,  remains  to  be  [irovcd.  Locke. 

To  continue  in  the  same  state. 
Childless  thou  art,  childless  remain. 

Jilillon. 

REMA'IN,  r.  /.  To  await;  to  be  left  to;  as, 
j     the   easier   conipiest   now   remains   thee. 
I     [This  is  elliptical  for  remains  to  thee.     Re- 
main is  not  |)roperly  a  transitive  verb.] 
REM.\  IN,  Ji.  That  which  is  left ;  a  corpse; 

also,  abode.     [.\'ot  used.] 
REMA  INDER,  n.  .\ny  thing  left  after  the 
separation  and  removal  of  a  part. 

If  these  decoctions  be  repeated  till  the  water 
comes  ofl"  clear,  the  remainf/er  yields  no  salt. 

..Irbuthnot. 
The  last  remainders  of  unhappy  Troy. 

Dryden. 

2.  Helics  ;  remains  ;  the  corpse  of  a  human 
being.     [.\o/  noic  used.]  Shak. 

3.  That  w  hich  is  left  after  a  part  is  past ;  as 
the  remainder  of  the  day  or  week  ;  the 
remainder  of  the  year;  the  remainder  o( 
life. 

4.  The  sum  that  is  left  after  subtraction  or 
after  any  deduction. 

In  law,  an  estate  limited  to  take  effect  and 
be  enjoyed  after  another  estate  is  deter- 
mined. A  grants  land  to  15  for  twenty 
years;  remainder  to  I)  in  fee.  If  a  mail 
by  deed  or  will  limits  his  books  or  furni- 
ture to  A  for  life,  with  remainder  to  B,  this 
remainder  is  good.  Blackstone. 

A  writ  of  formedon  in  remainder,  is  a  writ 
which  lies  where  a  man  gives  lands  to  an- 
other for  life  or  in  tail,  with  remainder  to 


REM 


REM 


REM-ARKABLENESS,  n.  Observable- 
ness  ;  worlliiness  of  remark  ;  the  quality 
of  deserving  particular  notice. 

Hammond. 
this  case,  the  'reniahider'-|  REM^ARKABLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  de- 
bis  writ  of  forniedon  in 
Blackstone. 


a  third  person  in  tail  or  in  fee,  and  he  who, 
has  the  particular  estate  dies  without  is- 
sue heritable,  and  a  stranger  intrudes  uponj 
him  in  remainder  and  keeps  him  out  of 
possession  ;  in 
man  shall  have 
the  remainder. 
REMAINDER,  a.  Remaining ;  refuse  ;  left ; 
as   the    remainder  biscuit;    the  remainder 
viands.     Ohs.  Shak. 

REMAINDER-MAN,  n.  In  law,  he  who 
has  an  estate  after  a  particular  estate  is 
determined.  Blaekstone. 

REMAINING,  ppr.  Continuing;  resting; 
abiding  for  an  indefinite  time  ;  being  lelt 
after  separation  and  removal  of  a  part,  or 
after  loss  or  destruction,  or  after  a  part  is 
passed,  as  of  time. 
REMA'INS,  ji.  phi.  That  which  is  left  af- 
ter a  part  is  separated,  taken  away  or  de- 
stroyed ;  as  the  remains  of  a  city  or  house 
demolished. 
2.  A  dead  body  ;  a  corpse.  Pope. 

The  singular,  remain,  in  the  like  sense, 
and  in  the  sense  of  abode,  is   entirely  ob- 
solete. Shak. 
REMA'KE,  V.  t.   pret.  and  pp.  remade.    [ 

and  make.]     To  make  anew. 
REMAND,  V.  t.   [Ft.    remander ;  L.  re  and 

mando.] 
To  call  or  send  back  him  or  that  which  is 
ordered  to  a  place  ;  as,  to  remand  an  offi- 
cer  from  a  distant  place;  to   rema^id  an 
envoy  from  a  foreign  court. 
REM'ANDED,  pp.  Called  or  sent  back. 
REM'ANDING,    ppr.    Calling   or   sending 

back. 
REM'ANENT,  n.  [L.remanens.]    The  part 
remaining.     [Little  used.     It  is  contracted 
into  remnant.] 
REM'ANENT,  a.  Remaining.  [Little  used.] 

Taylor. 
REM' ARK,  n.   [Fr.  remarque  ;  re  and  mark.] 
Notice  or  observation,  particularly  notice 
or  observation  expressed  in  words  or  wri 
ting  ;  as  the  remarks  of  an  advocate  ;  the 
remarks  made   in  conversation  ;  the  judi- 
cious or  the  uncandid  remarks  of  a  critic 
A  remark  is  not  always  expressed,  for  we 
say,  a  man  makes  his  remarks  on  a  preach- 
er's sermon  while  he  is  listening  to  it.    In 
this  case  the  notice  is  silent,  a  mere  act  of 
the  mind. 
REM'ARK,  V.  t.   [Fr.  remarqxter.]    To   ob- 
serve; to  note  in   the   mind;  to  take  no- 
tice of  without   expression.     I   remarked 
the   manner   of  the   speaker ;  I  remarked 
his  elegant  expressions. 
2.  To  express  in  words  or  writing  what  one 
thinks  or  sees;  to  express  observations; 
as,  it  is  necessary  to  repeat  what  has  been 
before  remarked. 
X  To   mark  ;  to  point  out  ;  to   distinguish. 
[.Wit  in  use] 

His  manacles  remark  him.  Milton. 

REM>ARKABLE,  a.  [Fr.  remarijuahle.]  Ob- 
servable ;  worthy  of  notice. 

'Tis  remarkable  that  they 
Talk  most,  who  have  the  least  to  say. 

Prior. 
'.'.  Extraordinary  ;  luiusual  ;  that  deserves; 
j)articular  notice,  or  that  may  excite  ad- 
miration or  \von<ler ;  as  the  remarkable 
prcsirvation  of  lives  in  shipwreck.  The 
lUuk  day  in  iMay,  1790,  ^vas  a  remarkable 
uhetiomcuon. 


gree  worthy  of  notice ;  as,  the  winters  of 
1825,  1826  and  1828  were  remarkably  free 
from  snow.  The  winter  of  1827  was  re 
markable  for  a  great  (juantity  of  snow. 

2.  In  an  extraordinary  manner. 

REMARKED,  pp.  Noticed ;  observed  ;  ex 
pressed  in  words  or  writing. 

REM'ARKER,  n.  An  observer  ;  one  wlioj 
makes  remarks.  If  atts., 

REMARKING,  ppr.  Observing  ;  taking 
notice  of;  expressing  in  words  or  wri- 
ting. 


pp. 


Married   again    or  a 


REMARRIED, 

second  time. 

REMAR'RY,  v.  i.  [re  and  marry.]  To  mar- 
ry again  or  a  second  time.  Tindal 

REMAR'RYING,  ppr.  JIarrying  again  or 
a  secon<l  time. 

REMAS'TI€ATE,  v.  t.  [re  and  maslicale. 
To  chew  or  masticate  again  ;  to  chew 
over  and  over,  as  in  chewing  the  cud. 

REMAS'TIeATED,  pp.  Chewed  again  or 
repeatedly. 

REMAS'TIeATING,  ppr.  Chewing  again 
or  over  and  over. 

REMASTICA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  masti- 
cating again  or  repeatedly. 

REME'DIABLE,  a.  [from  remedy.]  That 
may  be  remedied  or  cured.  The  evil  is 
believed  to  be  remediable. 

REME'DIAL,  a.  [L.  remedialis.]  Aflbrding 
a  remedy  ;  intended  for  a  remedy,  or  for 
the  removal  of  an  evil. 

The  remedial  part  of  law  is  so  necessary  a 
consequence  of  the  declaratory  and  dlrectoiy 
that  laws  without  it  must  be  very  vague  and  iui- 
perfect.     Statutes  are  declaratory  or  remedial. 

Blackstone 

REME'DIATE,  in  the  sense  of  remedial,  is 
not  in  use. 

REM'EDIED,  pp.  [from  remedy.]  Cured 
healed  ;  repaired. 

REMED'ILESS,  a.  [In  modern  books,  the 
accent  is  placed  on  the  first  syllabic,  whicl 
would  be  well  if  there  were  no  deriva- 
tives ;  but  remedilessly,  remedilessness,  re- 
quire the  accent  on  the  second  syllable.] 

1.  Not  admitting  a  reniedy  ;  incurable  ;  des 
perate  ;  as  a  remediless  disease. 

]2.  Irreparable  ;  as,  a  loss  or  damage  is  remedi- 
less. 

3.  Not  admitting  change  or  reversal  ;  as  a 
remediless  doom.  Milton. 

4.  Not  admitting  recovery  ;  as  a  remediless 
delusion.  Soulk. 

REMED'ILESSLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or 
degree  that  precludes  a  remedy. 

Clarendon. 
REMED'ILESSNESS,    n.    Incurableness, 
REM'EDY,  JI.  [L.  remedium  ;  re  and  merfeor, 
to  heal  ;  Fr.  remede.' 
That  which  cures   a  disease;  any  medi- 
cine or  application  which  inits  an   end  to! 
disease  and   restores  healtli  ;  with/or;  as 
a  remedy  for  the  gout. 
That  which  counteracts   an  evil  of  any 
kind  ;  with/or,  to  or  against ;  usually  with 
fur.     (.'ivil  government    is  the   remedy  for 
the  evils  of  natural  liberty.     What  remedy 
can     be     provided   for    cMravagniice     in 
dress?     Ti:e  man  who  shall  invent  an  el' 


REM 

fectual  remedy  for  intemperance,  will  de- 
serve every  thing  from  his  fellow  men. 

3.  That  which  cures  uneasiness. 
Our  griefe  how  swift,  our  remedies  hovi  sXov,- . 

Prim- 

4.  That  which  repairs  loss  or  disaster ;  repa- 
ration. 

In  tlie  death  of  a  man  tliere  is  no  remedy. 

U'isdom. 
REiM'EDY,  V.  t.  [Ft.  remedier.']    To  cure ; 
to  heal ;  as,  to  remedy  a  disease. 

2.  To  cine ;  to  remove,  as  an  evil ;  as,   to 
remedy  grief;  to  remedy  the  evils  of  a  war. 

3.  To  repair  ;  to  remove  mischief;  in  a  very 
general  sense. 

REM'EDYING,  ppr.  Curing;  healing;  re- 
moving ;  restoring  from  a  bad  to  a  good 
state. 
REMELT',  V.  t.  [re  and  melt.]    To  melt  a 

second  time. 
REMELT'ED,  pp.  Melted  again. 
REMELT' IN G,  ppr.  Melting  again. 
REMEMBER,  r.t.  [Norm.  ren?c»nfrre ;  Low 
L.  )-tmemoror ;  re  and  mcmoror.     See  Mem- 
ory.] 
1.  To  have  in  the  mind  an  idea  which  had 
been  in   the  mind  before,   and  which  re- 
curs to  the  mind  without  effort. 

We  are  said  to  remember  any  thing,  when  the 
idea  of  it  arises  in  the  mind  with  the  conscious- 
ness  that  we  have  had  this  idea  before. 

Watfs. 
When  we  use  eft'ort  to  recall  an  idea,  we 
are  said  to  recollect  it.  This  distinction  is 
not  always  observed.  Hence  remember  is 
often  used  as  synonymotis  with  recollect, 
that  is,  to  call  to  mind.  We  say,  we  can- 
not remember  a  fact,  when  we  mean,  we 
cannot  rerollecl  it. 

Remember  the  days  of  old.     Deut.  xxxii. 
To  bear  or  keep  in  mind ;  to  attend  to. 
Remember  what  I  warn  thee  ;  shun  to  taste. 

Milton. 

4.  To  preserve  the  memory  of;  to  preserve 
from  being  forgotten. 

Let  them  have  their  wages  duly  paid, 
And  something  over  to  remetnber  me. 

Shak. 

5.  To  mention.     [.Yot  in  use.]  Ayliffe. 
G.  To  put   in  mind  ;  to  remind ;  as,  to   re- 
member one  of  his  duty.     [J^'ot  in  use.] 

Clarendon. 

7.  To  think  of  and  consider;  to  ineditate. 
Ps.  Ixiii. 

8.  To  bear  in  mind  with  esteem  ;  or  to  re- 
ward.    Eccles.  ix. 

9.  To  bear  in  mind  with  praise  or  admira- 
tion ;  to  celebrate.     1  Chron.  xvi. 

10.  To  bear  in  mind  with  favor,  care,  and 
regard  for  the  safety  or  deliverance  of 
anyone.     Ps.  Ixxi\.     Gen.  viii.     Gen.  xix. 

11.  To  hear  in  mind  with  intent  to  reward 
or  punish.     3  .lohu  10.     Jer.  xxxi. 

12.  To  bear  in  mind  w  ith  confidence ;  to 
trust  in.     Ps.  xx. 

1.3.  To  bear  in  mind  with  the  purpose  of  as- 
sisting or  relieving.     Gal.  ii. 
14.  To   bear  in   njind  with  reverence  ;    to 


otiey. 

Hnnember  lliy   Creator  in  the   days  of  thy 
youth.     Eccles.  xii. 
15.  To  bear  in  mind  with  regard;  to  keep 
as  sacred  ;  to  oliserve. 

Remember  the  .•^ahhath  day,  to  keep  it  holy. 
Ex.  XX. 
To  remember  merry,  is  to  exercise  it.    Hnb. 
iii. 


R  E  M 

REMEMBERED,  pp.  Kept  in  mind ;  re- 
Cdllii  ted. 

REMEMBERER,  n.  One  that  remembers. 

IVotton. 

REMEMBERING,  ppr.  Having  in  mind. 

REMEM'BRANCE,  n.  [Fr.]  Tlie  retain- 
ins  i.r  liaving  in  mind  an  idea  whu-h  lad 
been  present  l)eforc,  or  an  idea  wliicli  had 
been  previously  received  from  an  object 
when  present,  and  vvliich  recurs  to  the 
mind  afterwards  witliout  the  presence  ot 
its  object.  Technically,  rimemhrance  dif- 
fers from  reminiscence  and  recollection,  as 
the  former  implies  that  an  idea  occurs  to 
the  mind  spontaneously,  or  without  much 
mental  exertion.  The  latter  imply  the 
power  or  the  act  of  recalling  ideas  which 
do  not  spontaneously  recur  to  the  mind. 

The   righteous   shall  be   in  cveilastiLg  re- 
memhranee.     Ps.  cxii. 

Remembrance  is  when  tlio  same  idea  recurs 
without  the  operation  of  the  like  object  on  the 


extcnral  sensory. 


Locke. 


Transmission  of  a  fact  from  one  to  an 
other. 

Titan 
Among  the  heav'iis  th'  immortal  fact  dis- 

play'd, 
Lest  the  remembrance  of  his  grief  should  fail. 

..itidisan. 

3.  Account  preserved;  sometliiug  to  assist 
the  memory. 

Those  proceedings  and  remembrances  are  in 
the  Tower.  -ffa/e. 

4.  Memorial. 

But  in  remembrance  of  so  brave  a  deed, 
A  tomb  and  funeral  honors  1  decreed. 

Dryden. 

5.  A  token  by  which  one  is  kept  in  the  mem- 
ory. 

Keep  this  remembrance  for  thy  Julia's  sake.] 

Shak.\ 

6.  Noticeof  something  absent. 

Let  your  remembrance  still  apply  to  Banquo. 

Shak. 

7.  Power  of  remembering  ;  limit  of  time 
within  which  a  fact  can  be  remembered  ; 
as  when  we  say,  an  event  took  place  be- 
fore our  remembrance,  or  since  our  remem- 
brance. 

8.  Honorable  memory.     [JK'ot  in  use.] 

Shak. 

9.  Admonition.  Shak. 

10.  Memorandum  ;  a  note  to  lielp  the  mem- 
ory. Chillingicorlli. 

REMEMBRANCER,  n.  One  that  rettiinds, 

or  revives  the  remembrance  of  any  thing. 

God  is  present  in  the    consciences    of  good 

and  bad  ;  he  is  there   a   remembrancer  to  call 

our  actions  to  mind.  Taylor. 

a.  An  officer  in  the  exchequer  of  England, 
whose  business  is  to  record  certain  pa- 
pers and  proceedings,  make  out  processes, 
&c.  ;  a  recorder.  The  officers  bearing 
this  name  were  formerly  called  clerks  of 
the  remembrance.  Encyc. 

REMEM'ORATE,  v.t.  [L.  rememoraJus,  re- 
memoror.] 

To  remember ;  to  revive  in  the  memory. 
f.Vof  in  use.] 

REMEMORA'TION,  n.  Remembrance. 
f  JVo/  in  vse 


REM 

To  remove  back  again  to  a  former  place  or 
state  ;  to  return.     [See  Migrate.]      Boyle. 

REMUJKA'TION,  n.  Renjoval  back  again  ; 
a  migration  to  a  former  place.  Hale. 

REMIND,  v.t.  [re  and   mi7ul.]    To  i)Ut 
mind ;  to  bring   to  the   remembrance  of; 
as,  to  remind  a  person  of  his  promise 

2.  To  bring  to  notice  or  consideration.  The 
infirmities  of  old  age  remind  us  of  our 
niortalitv. 

REMINDED,  pp.  Put  in  mind. 

REMIiVDlNG,  ppr.  Putting  in  mind;  call- 
ing attention  to. 

REMliVIS'CENCE,  ri.  [Fr.  from  L.  remin- 
iscens,  rcminiscor,  Gr.  firaonai.  i^ee  Mem- 
ory.] 

1.  That  facidty  of  tlie  mind  by  which  ideas 
formerly  received  into  it,  but  forgotten, 
are  recalled  or  revived  in  the  memory. 

£7ic^c.' 

2.  Recollection  ;  recovery  of  ideas  that  had 
escaped  from  the  memorv-  Hale. 

REMINISCEN'TIAL,  a.  "Pertaining  to  re- 
ininisi'ence  or  recollection.  Jiroivn. 

REMISE,  t'.  t.  s  aa  z.  [Fr.  remise,  from  re- 
mettre  ;  L.  remissns,  remillo ;  re  and  miHo,jl 
to  send.] 

To  give  or  grant  back  ;  to  release  a  claim ; 
to  resign  or  surrender  by  deed.     A  B  hathl'g 
remised,  released,  and  forever  tiuitc-liiimed[| 
to  BC,  all  his  riglit  to  the  manor  of  Dale. j 

Blackstone. 

REMI'SED,  pp.   Released. 

REMI'i^lNG,  ppr.  Surrendering  by  deed. 

REMl.SS',  a.  [Fr.  remis ;  L.  remissus,  su- 
pra.] 

I.  Slack  ;  dilatory  ;  negligent ;  not  perform- 
ing duty  or  business;  not  complying  with 
engageinents  at  all,  or  not  in  due  time  ;  as 
to  be  remiss  in  attendance  on  official  du- 
ties ;  remiss  in  pavment  of  debts. 

•2.  Slow  ;  slack ;  languid.  JFoodward. 

,3.  Not  iiiten.-^e. 

These  nervous,  bold  ;  those  languid  and  re- 

\  miss.  lioscummnn . 

iREMISS'lBLE,  a.  That  may  be  remitted 
or  for>;ivi-n.  Frlthnm. 

REMISSION,  71.  [Fr.  from  L.  remissio, 
from  remillo,  to  send  back.] 

1.  Abatement;  relaxation  :  moderation;  as' 
the  remission  of  extreme  rigor.         Bacon.] 


REM 

business,  duty  or  engagement  in  the  prop- 
er tmie  or  with  the  requisite  industry. 

Denhnm.     Arbuthnot. 
REMIT',  V.  I.  [L.  remillo,  to  send  back;  re 
and  milto,  to  send  ;  Fr.  rem.ettre ;  It.  rimet- 
tere ;  Sp.  rtmitir.] 

1.  To  relax,  as  intensity  ;  to  make  less  tense 
or  violent. 

So  willingly  doth  God  remit  his  iie. 

Milton . 

2.  To  forgive ;  to  surrender  the  right  ol 
I  pmiisliing  a  crime  ;  as,  to  remit  jiunish- 
1  nient.  Dnjden. 
j3.  To  pardon,  as  a  fault  or  crime. 

Whose  soever  sins  ye  remit,  tliey  are  remit- 
I      ted  to  them.     John  xx. 
4.  To  give  up  ;  to  resign. 

In  grievous  and  inhuman  crimes,  offenders 
should  be  remitted  to  tlieir  prince.  Hayward. 
To  refer  ;  as  a  clause  that  remitted  all  to 
the  bishop's  discretion.  Bacon. 

To  send  back. 

The  pris'uer  was  remitted  to  the  guard. 

Dryden . 
To  transmit  money,  bills  or  other  thing  in 
payment  for  goods  received.  Aniericaii 
merchants  remit  money,  bills  of  exchange 
or  some  species  of  stock,  in  payment  for 
British  goods. 
To  restore. 

In   ibis  case,  the  law  remits  him  to  his  an- 
cient and  more  certain  right.  Blackstone. 
REMIT',  I',  i.  To  slacken  ;  to  become  less 
intense  or  rigorous. 

When  our  passions  remit,  the  vehemence  of 
our  speech  remits  too.  Broome. 

So  we  say,  cold  or  heat  remits. 
2.  To  abate  in  violence  for  a  time,  without 
intermission  ;  as,  a  fever  remits  at  a  certain 
hour  every  day. 
REMIT'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  remitting  to 
!     custody. 

|2.  Forgiveness  ;  pardon.  Milton. 

iREMlT'TAL,  n.  A  remitting;  agivingup; 
surrender ;    as   the   remittal    of   the   first 
1     fruits.  Swift. 

REMITTANCE,  n.  In  commerce,  the  act 
I  of  transmitting  money,  bills  or  the  like,  to 
I  a  distant  place,  in  return  or  payment  for 
I     goods  purcba.sed. 

2.  The  sum  or  thing  remitted  in  payment. 

Mdison. 


7. 


REMER'CIE,  ( 
REMER'CY, 


v.t. 


REM'IGRATE,  v.  i. 
migro,  to  migrate.] 

Vol.  II. 


[Fr.     rcmercier.]      To 

thank.     [j\'ot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

[L.  rcmigro;   re   and 


sion  of  colli  ;  the  remission  of  close  study 
or  of  labor.  Woodicard.     Locke. 

3.  Release  ;  discharge  or  relinquishment  of 
a  claim  or  right;  as  the  remission  of  a  tax 
or  duty.  Mdison. 

4.  In  medicine,  abatement ;  a  temporary  sub- 
sidence of  the  force  or  violence  of  a  dis- 
ease or  of  jjuin.  as  distinguished  from  jn- 
termission,  in  which  tlie  disease  leaves  the 
patient  entirely  for  a  time. 


Abatement ;  diminution   of  intensity ;  aSjREMlT'TED,     pp.     Relaxed;    forgiven; 
the  remission  of  the  sun's  heat ;  the  remis-       pardoned  ;  sent  back  ;  referred  ;  given  up; 

transmitted  in  payment. 
REMIT  TER,  n.  One  who  remits,  or  makes 

remittance  tor  payment 
.1 


In  laic,  tlic  restitution  of  a  more  ancient 
and  certain  right  to  a  person  who  has 
right  to  lands,  but  is  out  of  possession  and 
hath  aflerwards  the  freehold  cast  upon 
him  by  some  subsequent  defective  title, 
by  virtue  of  which  he  enters.  Blackstone. 
One  tliat  pardons. 


Forgiveness;  pardon;  that  is,  the  giving  REM'N.^NT,  n.  [contracted  from  remanent 
upof  tlie  punishment  due  to  a  crime;  asjl     See  iJemain.] 

the  remmion  of  sins.     Matt.  xxvi.     Ileb.,  1.  Residue;  that  which  is  left  afterthe  sep- 
aration, removal  or  destruction  of  a  part. 

The  remnant  that  arc  left  of  the   captivity. 
Nch.  i. 

That  which  remains  after  a  part  is  done, 
performed,  told  or  pas.sed. 
j       The  remnant  of  my  tale  is  of  a  length 

1  o  tire  your  patience.  Dryden. 

I       M  here  I  may  iliink  the  remnant  of  my  thoughts. 
I  Shak. 

IREM'NANT,  a.  Remaining;  yet  left. 


0.  The  act  of  sending  back.     [AoU"«  i/«e.] 
REMISS  LV,    adv.    Carelessly  ;  negligent-: 

ly  ;  wilhuut  close  attention.  Hooker.. 

2.  "Slowly  ;  slackly  ;  not  vigorously  ;  not  wiilil 

ardor.  Clarendon.i 

REMISS'NF.SS,  n.    Slackness  :  slowtiess  ;( 

carelessness  :  negligence  ;  want   of  ardor 

or  vigor  ;  coldness;  want  of  aider  ;  want 

of  punctuality 


want  of  attention  to  any 


R  E  M 


R  E  M 


REM 


And  quiet  dedicate  her  remnant  life 
To  the  just  duties  of  a  humble  wile.     [Little 
vscd.'l  Prior. 

RE.AIOD'EL,  !'.  t.  [re  and  model]  To  mod- 
el or  fashion  anew. 

REMOD'ELED,  pp.  Modeled  anew. 

REMOD'KLLXG,  ppr.  MtMlolins  again. 

REMOLD,  V.  I.  [re  and  mold.]  To  mold  or 
shape  anew. 

REMOLDED,  pp.  Molded  again. 

J.  Barlow. 

REMOLDING,  ppr.  Molding  anew. 

REMOLTEN,  a.  or  pp.  [re  and  molten,  from 
viell.]     Melted  again.  Bacon. 

REMON'STRANCE,  n.  [Fr.  remontrance. 
See  Remonstrate.] 

1.  Show;  discovery.     [J^ot  in  rise.]       Shak. 

2.  E.xpostiilation ;  strong  representation  of 
reasons  against  a  irieasure,  either  piihlic 
or  private,  and  when  addressed  to  a  pnb- 
lic  body,  a  prince  or  magistrate,  it  may  he 
accompanied  with  a  petition  or  snpplica- 
tion  for  the  removal  or  prevention  of  some 
evil  or  inconvenience.  A  party  aggrieved 
presents  a  remonstrance  to  the  legisla- 
ture. 

3.  Pressing  suggestions  in  opposition  to  a 
measure  or  act;  as  the  remonstrances  of 
conscience  or  of  justice.  Rogers. 

4.  Expostulutory  counsel  or  advice  ;  re- 
proof Enci/c. 

REaiON'STRANT,  a.  E.xpostnlatory ;  urg- 
ing strong  reasons  against  an  art. 

REMON'STRANT,  n.  One  wlio  remon- 
strates. The  appellation  of  remonstrants 
is  given  to  the  Arminians  who  remon- 
strated against  the  decisions  of  the  Synod 
of  Dort,  in  l(il8.  Encyc. 

REMON'STUATE,  v.i.  [L.  remonstro ;  re 
and  monstro,  to  show  ;  Fr.  remontrcr.  See 
Muster.] 

1.  To   exhibit   or    present   strong   reasons 
against  an  act,  measure  or  any  course  of 
proceedings;   to    expostulate.      Men    re 
monstrale   by    verbal  argimient,   or   by  a 
written  exjiosition  of  reasons. 

2.  To  suggest  urgent  reasons  in  opposition 
to  a  measure.  Conscience  remonstrates 
against  a  profligate  life. 

REMON'STRATE,  v.  t.  To  show  by  a 
strung  representaiinn  of  reasons. 

REMON'STRATIiNG,  ppr.  Urging  strong 
reasons  against  a  measure. 

REMONSTRA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  re- 
monstrating.    [Little  used.] 

REMON'STRATOR,  n.  One  who  remon 

strates. 
REM'ORA,  n.  [L.  from   re  and   moror,   to 

delay.] 

1.  Delay;  obstacle;  hinderancc.  [JVot  in 
use.] 

2.  The  sucking  fish,  a  species  of  Erlieneis, 
which  is  said  to  attach  itself  to  the  bottom 
or  side  rif  a  ship  and  retard  its  motion. 

REM'ORATE,  v.  t.  [L.  remoror.]  To  hin- 
der ;  to  delay.     [JVot  in  use.] 

REMORD',  V.  t.  [L.  reviordeo ;  re  and  mor- 
dco,  to  gnaw.] 

To  rebuke  ;  to  excite  to  remorse.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Skelton. 

REMORD',  V.  i.  To  feel  remorse.     [JVot 
use.]  Ebjot. 

REMORD'ENCY,  n.  Compunction;  re- 
morse.  Killingbeck 


remors'.  [h.  rcmorsvs,  from  REMOVABIL'ITY,  ii.  The  capacity  of  be- 
ing removable  from  an  oflice  or  station ; 
capacity  of  being  displaced. 

REMOVABLE,  a.  [fromremoTC.]  Thatmay 
be  removed  from  an  office  or  station. 

Such  curate  is  removable  at  the   pleasure  of 
the  rector  of  the  mother  church.  Ayliffe. 

i2.  That  may  be  removed  from  one   place  to 
another. 

REMOVAL,    71.    The  act  of  moving  from 
one  place  to  another  ibr  residence  ;  as  the 

j     removal  of  a  family. 

|2.  The  act  of  displacing  from   an  office  or 
post. 

3.  The  act  of  curing  or  putting  away ;  as  tbe 
j'rmoi'a/ of  a  disease. 

4.  The  state  of  being  removed;  cliange  of 
j)lace.  Locke. 

5.  The  act  of  putting  an  end  to ;  as  the  re- 
moval of  a  grievance. 

REMOVE,  V.  t.  [L.  rcmoDco;  re  and  moveo, 
to  move;  Fr.  remuer ;  It.  rimuovere ;  Sp. 
remover.] 
L  To  cause  to  change  place  ;  to  put  from  its 
place  in  any  manner;  as,  to  remoi'e  a 
liiiilding. 

Tlioii  slialt  not  remove  thy  neighbor's  land- 
mark. Deut.  xix. 
2.  To  displace  from  an  office. 
:i.  To  take  or  put  away  in  any  manner;  to 
cause  to  leave  a  person  or  thing;  to  ban- 
ish or  destroy  ;  as,  to  remove  a  disease  or 
complaint. 

Bemore  sorrow  from  thine  heart.     Eccles.  xl. 

4.  To  carr)'  from  one  court  to  another  ;  as, 
to  remove  a  cause  or  suit  by  appeal. 

5.  To  take  from  the  present  state  of  being; 
as,  to  remove  one  by  death. 

REMOVE,  j;.   i.  To  change    place   in   any 
manner. 

2.  To  go  from  one  place  to  another.     Prior. 

3.  To  change  the  place  of  residence ;  as,  to 
remove  from  New  York  to  Philadelphia. 

[A^ofe.  The  verb  remove,  in  most  of  its  applica- 
tions, is  synonymous  with  move,  but  not  in  all. 
Thus  we  do  not  apply  remove  to  a  mere  change 
of  posture,  without  a  chani^e  of  place  or  the 
seat  of  a  thing.  A  man  moves  his  bead  when 
he  turns  it,  or  his  finger  when  he  bends  it,  but 
he  does  not  remove  it.  Bemove  usually  or  al- 
ways denotes  a  change  of  place  in  a  body,  but 
we  never  apply  it  to  a  regular  continued  course 
or  motion.  ^V  e  never  say,  the  wind  or  water 
or  a  shin  removes  at  a  certain  rale  by  the  hour ; 
but  we  cay,  a  ship  was  removed  from  one  place 
in  a  harbor  to  another.  Afove  is  a  generic  term, 
incluciing  the  sense  of  remove,  which  is  more 
generally  applied  to  a  cbani;e  from  one  station 
01  permanent  position, stand  or  seat,  to  anotlier 
station.] 

REMOVE.  71.  Cliange  of  place.     Chapman. 

2.  Translation  of  one  to  the  (jlace  of  another. 

Shak. 

3.  State  of  being  removed.  Loike. 

4.  Act  of  moving  a  man   in  chess  or  other 
game. 

Di'partm-e  ;  a  going  away.  IValhr. 

The  act  of  changing  place;  removal. 

Bacon. 
A  step  in  any  scale  of  gradation. 

A  freeholder  is  but  one  remove  from  a  legis- 
lator. .Iddi.son. 
8.  Any  indefinite   distance;   as  a  small  or 
great  remove.  Rogers. 
as,  to  remounl'i).  The  act  of  putting  a  horse's  shoes  on  dif- 
I     ferent  feet.  Swift. 
10.  A  dish  to  be  cliimged  while   the  rest  of 
the  course  remains.                         Johnson. 


REMORSE,  71. 

remordco.] 

1.  The  keen  pain  or  anguish  excited  by  a' 
sense  of  guilt ;  compunction  of  conscience 
for  a  crime  committed.  Clarendon. 

2.  Sympathetic  sorrow;  pity;  comiiassion. 

Curse  on  th'  unpard'niiig  prince,  whom  tears 

can  draw 
To  no  remurse.  Drydfn. 

[This  sense  is  ncarhj  or  quite  obsolete.] 
REMORS'ED,  a.  Feeling  remrjrse  or  com- 
punction.    [Ao<  used.]  Bp.  Hall. 
REMORSEFUL,  o.  remors'/ul.  Full  of  re- 
morse. Bp.  Hull. 

2.  Compassionate  ;  feeling  tenderly.  [A'ot 
in  use.]  Shak. 

3.  Pitiable.     [JVot  in  use.]  Chapman. 
REM0RSELE;SS,  a.   remors'less.     Unpity- 

ing ;  cruel;  insensible  to  distress;  as  the 

remorseless  deep.  JMilton. 

Hemorseless  adversaries.  South. 

REMORSELESSLY,  adv.  remors'lessti/. 
Without  remorse.  South. 

REMORSELESSNESS,  n.  re7nors'lessne,is. 
Savage  cruelty  ;  insensibility  to  distress. 

Beaum. 
REMO'TE,  a.  [L.  remains,  rcmoveo  ;  re  and 

?not'fO,  to  move.] 
L  Distant  in  place  ;  not  near  ;    as   a   remote 
country  ;  a  remote  people. 

Give  me  a  life  remote  from  guilty  courts. 

Granville. 

2.  Distant  in  time,  past  or  future  :  as  remote 
antiquity.  Every  man  is  apt  to  think  the 
time  of  his  dissolution  to  be  remote. 

3.  Distant ;  not  inunediate. 

It  is  not  all  remote  and  even  apparent  good 
that  affects  us.  Locke. 

4.  Distant;  primary;  not  proximate;  as  the 
remote  cau.scs  of  a  disease. 

5.  Alien;  foreign;  not  agreeing  with;  as  a 
proposition  remote  tVom  reason.         Locke. 

G.  Abstracted  ;  as  the  mind  i)laced  by 
thought  amongst  or  remote  Irom  all  bodies. 

Locke. 

7.  Distant  in  consanguinity  or  afllnity ;  as  a 
remote  kinsman. 

8.  Slight;  inconsiderable;  as  a  remote  anal- 
ogy between  c.ises  ;  a  remote  resemblance 
in  form  or  color 

REMO'TELY,  «(/r.  At  a  distance  in  space 

or  time  ;  not  nearly. 
:2.  At  a  distance  in  consanguinity  or  affin 

ity- 

3.  Slightly  ;  in  a  small  degree  ;  as,  to  be  re 
moteli/  aflicted  by  an  event. 

REMO'TENESS,  n.  State  of  being  distant 
in  space  or  time  ;  distance;  as  the  remote 
jiess  of  a  kingdom  or  of  a  star;  the  cetnofc 
7ieM  of  the   deluge  frotn  oiu' age  ;  there 
moleness  of  a  future  event,  of  an  evil  or  of 
success. 
2.  Distance  in  consanguinity  or  aflinity 
•3.    Distance  in    O|ieration   or  efficiency;  as 
the  remoteness  of  Ciiu.-:es. 

4.  Slightness  ;  siiiallni^ss;  as  remoteness  of] 
rcsemlilaix'c. 

REMO'TIO.N,  n.  The  act  of  removing  ;  the 
state  of  being  removed  to  a  distance. 
[Little  used.]  Shak.     Brown 

REMOUNT',  V.   t.    [Fr.   rcmonter ;    re   ami 
?Kon(cr.]     To  mount  again 
a  horse. 

REMOUNT',  V.  i.  To  mount  again  ;  tore- 
ascend,  fi  oodward. 


REN 


REN 


REN 


1. 


3. 


7. 


8. 


,      rx;- II  UKMAVIGATE     V    I     fre   and   navisale.\Y\.  To  nuike  or  cause  to  be,  by  some  iiiflu- 
SusceptibiUty  of  being  -'"ovea.  J^Vo'  KbjNAV  1^^^^^^^^  enco  upon  a  thing,   or   by  some  change; 

t^lanvme.,     pj^^.-,;,,  ,^,,g.,„  "  °  as.  to  rtnrfcr  a  person  more  Kule   or  more 

RENAV'IGATED,   pp.   Navigated  again; 

sailed  over  anew. 
RENAV'KJATING,  ppr.  Navigating  again 
RENCOIJN'TER,  7i.  [Vr.  rmconlre;  re  and 
enconlrt ;  tn  and   conlrc,   against.]     Lite- 
rally, a  ineelin;;  of  two  bodies.     Hence, 
A  meeting  in  opposition  or  contest. 
The  josllini^  ehicl's  in  ludc  icHco»»!(f)' join. 

Glanville  ! 
A  casual  eondiat  ;  a  sudden  contest  or 
fight  without  prcnicdiiation  ;  as  between 
individuals  or  small  parties. 
A  casual  action  ;  an  engagement  between 
armies  or  tl(!ets. 

The  confederates  fliould— outnumber  the  ene 
my  in  all  rencoiinltrs  and  cng;igenienls. 

Jldcluion 
4.  Any  cond)at,  action  or  engagement. 
RENCOUN'TER,  r.  t.  To  meet   unexpect- 
edly  without  enmity   or  hostility.     [This 
use  is  found  in  some  recent  publications, 
but  is  not  comnu)n.] 
■2.  To  attack  hand  to  hand.  Spenser. 

RENeOUN'TER,  i'.  i.  To  meet  an  enemy 

une.\pecledly. 
2.  To  clash  ;  to  come  in  collision. 
'3.  To  sUirn)ish  with  another. 
!4.  To  fii;ht  hand  to  hand.  Johnson. 

REND,  »'.  /.  prct.  and  pp.  rent.  [Sax.  ren- 
dan,  hrcnil'in  ;  Ir.  rannam.  rnmiaim  ;  W. 
rhfinu  ;  Arm.  ranmi,  to  divide,  and  crenna 
to  abridge,  whence  Eng.  entnny,  L.  ere- 
na.  Qu.  L.  ccrno,  Gr.  xfivu.  Class  Rn.  No. 
4.  8.  13.  1(!.] 
1.  To  sejiarate  any  substance  into  parts  with 
force  orsiulden  violence  ;  to  tear  asunder  : 
to  split ;  as,  powder  rends  a  rock  in  blast- 
ing ;  lightning  rends  an  oak. 
An  empire  from  its  old  foundation  rent. 

Vri/den. 

I  rend  my  tresses,  and  my  breast  I  wound. 

Po])e 

Neither  rend  your  clothes,  lest  ye  die.  Lev.  x. 
I3.  To  separate  or  part  with  violence. 

I  will  surely  rend  the  kingdom  from  thee. 
1  Kings  xi. 
To  rend  the  heart,  in  Scripture,  to  have  bitter 

sorrow  for  sin.     Joel  ii. 
To  rend  the  heavens,  to  appear  in  majesty 

Is.  Ixiv. 
Rend  ditVers  somewhat  from  lacerate.     AVel 
never  sav,  to  lacerate  a  rock  or  a  kingdoni, 
when  wc  mean  to  express  splitting  or  di- 
vision.    Lacerate  is  properly  ajiplicable  to 

the  tearing  off  of  small  pieces  of  a  thing,  „.  ^,„ 

as    to  lacerate   the  body  with  a   whip  or  Ire]\j/deZVOUS,  r.  <.  To  assemble  or  bring 
scourge  ;  or  to  the  tearing  of  the  flesh  or  j     together  at  a  certain  place.  Echard. 

other  thing  without  entire  separation.  reN'DEZVOU.-=IXG,  ppr.  Assembling  at  a 

END'ER,  ...  [from  rend.]    One  that  tears'l     |,„rticular  place. 

by  violence.  I  REN'DIBLE,   a.  That  may  be  yielded  or 

EN'DER,  V.  t.  [Fr.   rendre;    It.   rcndere;       ,„,,endered. 

Sp.rendir;  Port,  render.     This  is   proba-|  .^    'i<i,.,t  may  be  translated.     [Little  used  in 
blv  the  L.  reddo,  with  n  casually  inserted.]  1   '  ^.^f^^^  sense.')  Howell. 

To  return  ;  to  pay  back.  | 

See  that  none  render  evil  for  evil  to  any  man. 
1  Thcss.  V. 
,  To  intlict,  as  a  retribution. 

I    will   render  vengeance   to   my    enemies. 

Dent,  xxxii. 

.  To  give  on  demand  ;  to  give  ;   to   assign. 

The  slu'>sard  is  wiser  in  his  own  conceit,  than 

seven   nien^that   can   render  a  reason.     J'rov. 

xxvi. 


n. 

in  use.  J  , 

REMOVED,  pp.  Changed  in  place  ;  carrie.l 
to  a  distance  ;  displaced  from  office  ;  pla- 
ced far  off. 
2.  a.  Remote  ;  separate  from  others. 

REMdVEDNESS,    n.  State  of  being   le- 
ninved;  remotenes.s.  '»'""' 

REMOVER,  n.  One  that  removes ;  as  a  re 
mot-er  of  landmarks.  Uacon. 

REMOVING,  ppr.  Changing  place;  carry- 
ing or  going  from  one  place  to  another; 
displacing;  banishing. 
REMUNERABILTTY,  n.  The  capacity  of 

being  rewarded. 
REMU'NERABLE,  a.    [from   remunerate.] 
That  may  be  rewarded  ;  lit  or  proper  to 
bo  recompensed. 
REMU'NERATi;,  v.  t.    [L.   remunero;    re 

and  munero,  from  muims,  a  gili.] 
To   reward;  to  recomi)cn.sc;  to  requite;  in 
a  good  sense  ;  to  jjay  an  equivalent  to  for 
any  service,  loss,  expense  or  other  sacri- 
fice ;  as,  to   remunerate  llic  troops  of  an 
army  for  their  services  and  sulTerings;  to 
remunerate  men  for  labor.     The  i)ious  suf- 
ferer in  ihi.;  life  will  be  remunerated  in  the 
life  to  come. 
REMU'NERATED,  pp.  Rewarded  ;    com- 
pensated. 
REMUNERATING,  ;);)r.  Rewarding;  re 

compeiising. 
REMUNER.VTION,  »i.    Reward;    recom 
peiise  ;  the   act  of  paying   an  equivalent 
for  services,  loss  or  sacrifices.  Shak 

2.  The  equivalent  given  for  services,  loss  01 

sufiFerings. 
REMU'NERATIVE,    a.   Exercised   in   re- 
warding; that   bestows  rewards;    as   re 
munerative  justice.  Boyle. 

REMU'NERATORY,  a.   Affording  recom- 
pense ;  rewarding.  Johnson. 
REMUR'MUR,  v.  t.  [L.  remurmuro  ;  re  and 

murnmro.] 
To    utter   back    in  murmurs;    to  return   in 
murmurs  ;  to  repeat  in  low  hoarse  sounds. 

Dry  den 

The  tremblini;  trees  in  every  plain  and  wood, 
Her  fate  remurmur  to  the  silver  flood. 

Pope. 

REMUR'MUR,  v.  i.  To    murmur  back  ;  to 
returner  echo  in  low  rumbling  sounds. 
The  realms  of  Mars  reiiiurmur'd  all  around. 

Dnjden. 

REMUR'MURED,  pp.  Uttered  back  in  mur- 
murs. 

REMUR'MURING,  ppr.  Uttering  back  in^ 
low  sounds. 

RE'NAL,  a.  [L.  renalis,  from  renes,  the  kid- 
neys.] 

Pertaining  to  the  kidneys  or  reins;  as  the 
renal  arteries. 

REN'ARD,  11.  [Fr. ;  G.rcineke.]  A  fox ;  a 
name  used  in  fables,  but  not  in  common 
discourse.  Dryden. 

RENAS'CENCY,  n.  The  state  of  springing 
or  being  produced  again.  Brown 

RENAS'CENT,  a.  [h.  renascens,  renascor 
re  and  nascor,  to  he  born.] 

Springing  or  rising  into  being  again  ;  repro- 
duced. 

RENAS'CIBLE,  a.  That  may  be  repro- 
duced :  that  may  spring  again  into  being. 


unsafe  ;  to  render  him  solicitous  or  cau- 
tious ;  to  render  a  fortress  more  secure  or 
impregnable  ;  to  render  a  ferocious  ani- 
mal more  mild  and  tractable. 
To  translate,  as  from  one  language  into 
anothiM-;  as,  to  render  Latin  into  English. 
We  say,  to  rentier  a  word,  a  sentence,  a 
book,  or  an  author  into  a  diti'erent  lan- 
guage. Locke. 
l6.  To  surrender;  to  yield  or  give  up  the 
command  or  |K)s.session  of ;  as,  to  render 
one's  self  to  his  enemies. 

K.  Charles.     Clarendon. 
[Less  used  than  surrender.] 
To   afford  ;   to   give  for  use  or  benefit. 
Washington  rendered  great  service  to  his 
country. 
To  represent  ;  to  exhibit. 

He  did  render  him  the  most  unnatural 
That  liv'd  amongst  men.     [ JVot  in  use.] 

Shal:. 
To  render  back,  to  return  ;  to  restore. 
RENDER,  n.  A  surrender;  a  giving  up. 

Shak. 
■2.  A  return  ;  a  payment  of  rent. 

Ill  those  early  tiiiies,  the  kind's  household 
was  supported  hy  specilic  renders  of  corn  and 
other  victuals  from  the  tenants  of  the  demains. 

Blachstone. 
,3.  An  account  given.  Shak. 

REN'DERABLE,  a.  That  may  be  render- 
ed. Sherwood. 
RENDERED,  pp.  Returned  ;    paid   back ; 
given  ;  assigned  ;  made  ;  translated  ;  sur- 
rendered ;  afforded. 
REN'DERING,    ppr.     Returning  ;     giving 
hack;    assigning;    making;    translating; 
surrendering ;  affording. 
[RENDERING,  n.  Version  ;  translation. 

Lowth. 

REN'DEZVOUS,n.  [Fr.  rctidez  vous,reudey 

yourselves,  repair  to  a  |)lace.     This  word 

is  anglicized,  and  may  well  be  pronounced 

as  an  English  word.] 

1.  A  place  appointed  for  the  assembling  of 
troops,  or  the  place  where  they  assemble ; 
or  the  port  or  place  where  sliijis  are  or- 
dered to  join  company. 

2.  A  place  of  meeting,  or  a  sign  that  draws 
men  together.     [Rarely  used.]  Bacon. 

3.  An  assembly;  a  meeting.     [Rarely  used.] 
REN'DEZVOUS,  v.  i.  To  assemble  at  a  par- 
ticular place,  as  troops. 

The  place   where  the  Gauls  and  Bruti  had 
i      remtezvoused.  Alfred's  Orosiius,  Trans. 

B.  Trumbull.     HuuU.  Horn.  Hist. 


RENDL'TION,  n.    [from  render.]  The  act 
of  yielding  possession  ;  surrender. 

Fairfax. 
2.  Translation.  South. 

REN'EG.\DE,  I      [Sp.  Port. rcneg-arfo,  from 
iRENEGA'DO,  \"-renegar,  to  deny;  L.  re 
I     and  iieg-o,  to  deny  ;  It.  ri;ieg-a(o;  Fr.   reni- 
(     gat :  primarily  an  apostate.] 
II.  An  apostate  from  the  faith.  Addison. 


REN 


2.  One  who  deserts  to  an  enemy  ;  a  deserter. 

.^rbuthnot.i 

3.  A  vagabond.     [This  is  the  sense  in  which 
'  tkis  word  is  mostly  used  in  popular  lan- 
guage.] 

RENE'GE,  v.  t.  [L.  renego.]  To  deny,  to 
disown.     Obs.  Shak. 

RENE'tiE,  V.  i.  To  deny.     Obs.  Shak. 

RENERVE,  V.  t.  renerv'.  [re  and  nerve.]  To 
nerve  again  ;  to  give  new  vigor  to. 

J.  Barloiv. 

RENERV'ED,  pp.  Nerved  anew. 

RENERV'ING,  ppr.  Giving  new  vigor  to. 

RENEW,  V.  t.  [L.  renovo ;  re  and  novo,  or 
re  and  new.] 

1.  To  renovate  ;  to  restore  to  a  former  state, 
or  to  a  good  state,  after  decay  or  deprava- 
tion; to  rebuild;  to  repair. 

Asa  renewed  the  altar  of  the  Lord.   2  Chron. 
sv. 

2.  To  re-establish  ;  to  confirm. 

Let  us  go  to  Gilgal  and  renew  the  kingdom 
there.  1  Sam.  xi. 

3.  To  make  again  ;  as,  to  renew  a  treaty  or 
covenant.  .  , 

4.  To  repeat;  as,  to  renew  expressions  ol 
friendship;  lo  renew  a  promise;  to  renew 
an  attempt.  ,        ,     •        r 

5.  To  revive ;  as,  to  renew  the  glories  ot  ai 
ancestor  or  of  a  former  age.  Shak 

6.  To  begin  again.  ^  .  ^, , 

The  last  great  age  renews  its  hnish  d  conrse. 

Dri/ilen . 

7.  To  make  new  ;  to  make  fresh  or  vigor- 
*  ous  ;  as,  to  renew  youth  ;  to  renew  strength  ; 

to  renew  the  face  of  the  earth.  Ps.  ciii.  Is. 
xl.    Ps.  civ. 

8.  In  theologt/,  to  make  new  ;  to  renovate  : 
to  transform  ;  to  change  from  natural  en- 
mity to  the  love  of  God  and  his  law  ;  to  o 
implant   holy  affections  in   the  heart ;  to 
regenerate. 

Be  ye  transformed  by  the  renewing  of  your 

mind."  Rom.  xii.  Eph.  iv. 
RENEW'ABLE,  a.  That  may  be  renewed  ; 

as  a  lease  renewable  at  pleasure.         Swifl.' 
RENEWAL,  n.  Tlie  act  of  renewing  ;  the 

act  of  forming  anew;  as  the  renewal  of  a 

treaty. 

2.  Renovation;  regeneration. 

3.  Revival ;  restoration  to  a  former  or  to  a 
good  state. 

RENEWED,  p;j.  Made  new  again;  repair- 
ed ;  re-established  ;  repeated  ;  revived  ; 
renovated  ;  regenerated. 


IIENEW'EDNESS,   n.  State  of  being  re-1 

newed.  Hammond.i 

REN  EWER,  n.  One  who  renews.  | 

Sherwood.^ 
RENEWING,  ppr.  Making  new  again ;  re-I 

pairing  ;    re-establishing  ;   repeating  ;   re 

viviiig  ;  renovating. 
2.  n.  Tending  or  adapted  to  renovate. 
RENEWING,   n.  The  act  of  making  new 

renewal. 
REN'IEORM,  a.  [L.  nnes,  tlie  kidneys,  and 

form.] 
Having  the  former  sliape  of  the  kidneys. 

Kirwan. 
REN'ITENCE,  I  [L.  renilens,  rcnilnr,  to 
REN  ITENCY,  I"'  resist;  re  and  7iilor,  to 

struggle  m-  strive.] 
1.  The  resistam-t;  of  a  body  to  pressure  ;  the 
eifi'rt  of  matter  to  resume  the  place  or 
form  from  which  it  lias  been  driven  by  the 


REN 

impulse  of  other  matter  ;  the  effect  of  elas 
ticity.  quincy 

2.  Moral  resistance  ;  reluctance. 

We  find  a  renitency  in  ourselves  to  ascribe 
life  and  irritability  to'thu  cold  and  motionless 
fibers  of  plants.  Darwin. 

REN'ITENT,  a.  Resisting  pressure  or  the 
etTect  of  it ;  acting  against  impulse  by  elas- 
tic force.  Ii"ll- 
RENNET,  71.  [G.  rinnen,  to  run,  to  cur- 
dle ;  D.  nmnen,  ronnen,  to  curdle  or  coag- 
ulate ;  Sa.\.  gerunncn,  coagulated.] 
The  concrete<rmilk  found  in  the  stomach  of 
a  sucking  quadruped,  particularly   of  tin 
calf     It  is  also  written  runnel,  and  this  is 
the  preferable  orthography.               Eneyc. 
RENNET,           l„     A  kind  of  apple. 
REN'NETING,  ^  "•                          MoHimer. 
jRENOUNCE,  V.  t.  renoims'.   [Fr.  renoncer 
1     L.   renunciu :  re   and  nuncio,   to   declare, 
!     from  the  root  oi'nomea,  name.] 
\l.  To  disown;  to  disclaim;  to   reject;  as    a 
j     title  or  claim  ;  to  refuse  to   own   or  ac- 
I     knowledge  as  belonging  to  ;  as,  to  renounci 
a  title  to  land  or  a  claim  lo  reward  ;  to  re- 
nounce all  pretensions  to  appUiuse. 
To   deny;  to  cast  oft";  to  reject;  to  dis- 
claim; as  an  obligation  or  duty  ;  as,  lo  re- 
nounce allegiance. 

To  cast  ofl'  or  reject,  as  a  connection  or 
po.ssession  ;  to  forsake  ;  as,  to  renounce  the 
world  and  all  its  cares.  Shik. 

We  have  renounced  the  hidden  things  of  dis- 
honesty. 2  Cor.  iv. 
RENOUNCE,  i;.  i.  renouns'.  To  declare  a 
renunciation. 

He  of  my  sons  who  fails  to  make  it  good, 
By  one  rfebellious  act  renounces  to  my  blood 
[LVot  in  use.]  Dryden 

In  cards,  not  lo  follow  suit,  when  the  per 
son  has  a  card  of  the  same  sort. 
RENOUNCE,  ji.  renouns'.  The  dechning  lo 

follow  suit,  when  it  can  be  done. 
RENOUN'CED.pp.  Disowned  ;  denied  ;  re 

jecte<l :  disclaimed. 
RENOUNCEMENT,  n.  renouns' ment.  The 
act  of  disclaiming  or  rejecting  ;  reminria- 
tion.  Shak.\\ 

RENOUN'CER,  n.  One  who  disowns  or  dis- 
claims. 
RENOUN'CING,  ppr.  Disowning ;  disclaim- 
ing ;  rejertiiig. 
RENOUN'CING,  n.  The  act  of  disowning 
1     disclaiming,  denying  or  rejecting.   • 
jREN'OVATK,  r.  I.  [L.  rtHOi'o  ;  re  and  noi'o. 


REN 

from  the  extensive  praise  of  great  achiev- 
ments  or  accomplishments. 

Giants  of  old,  men  of  renown.  Gen.  vi.  Num. 


to  make  new  ;  novus,  new.] 
To  renew  ;  to  restore  to  the  lirst  state,  or  to 
a  good   slate,  after  decay,  destruction  or 
depravation.     It  is  synonymous  with  re- 
new, except  in  its  fourth  definition,   supra. 

RENOVATED,/)/'-  Renewed;  made  new, 
fresh  or  vigorous. 

REN'OVATING,  ppr.  Renewing. 

RENOVA'TION,  n.  [Er.  IVom  \..  renovatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  renewing  ;  a  imikiug  new  aftcir 
decay,  destruction  or  depravation  ;  re- 
newal ;  as  the  renovation  of  the  heart  by 
grace. 

There  is  something  inexpressibly  pleasing  ir 
the  annual  renovation  of  the  world.       Jiamhicr 

A  slate  of  being  renewed. 

Bacon.     .Milton 
RENOWN',  11.  [Fr.  renomnU:e  ;  re  and  nom 

mcr,  to  name  ] 
Fame  ;  celebrity ;  exalted  reputation  derived 


RENOWN',  V.  t.  To  make  famous. 
Soft  elocution  does  thy  style  renown. 

Dry  din. 
A  bard  whom  pilfer'd  pastorals  renown. 

Pope 
[This  verb  is  nearly  or  quite  obsolete.] 
RENOWN'ED,  a.  Famous  ;  celebrated  for 
I     great  and  lieroic  acliievments,  for  distin- 
guished  qualities  or   for  grandeur  ;  emi- 
nent ;  as  renowned  men  ;  a  renowned  king: 
a  renowned  city.  Milton.     Dryden. 

RENOWN'EDLV,   adv.  With  fame  or  ce- 
lebrity. 
RENOWN'LESS,  a.  Without  renown  ;  in- 
I     glorious. 
RENT,/)/),  of  n)i(/.  Torn  asunder;  split  or 

burst  by  violence  ;  torn. 
RENT,   n.    [from  reud.]   A  fissure ;  a  break 
j     or  breach  made  by  force;  as  ii  rent  made 

in  the  earth,  in  a  rock  or  in  a  garment. 
2.  A  schism  ;  a  separation ;  as  a  rent  in  the 
'     church.  If^ite. 

RENT,  V.  t.  To  tear.     [See  Rend.] 
RENT,    r.  i.    To  rani.     [Abi  in  use.] 
i  Hudibras. 

IrENT,  n.   [Fr.  rente,  from  rendre ;  It.   reji- 
j     dita  ;  .Sp.   renta ;  D.  Dan.  G.  rente ;  Sw. 

ranta.] 
:A  sum  of  money,  or  a   certain   amount  of 
other  valuable  thing,  issuing  yearly  from 
lands  iir  tenements  ;  a  compensalion  or  re- 
turn, in  the  nature  of  an  acknowledgment, 
for  the  possession  of  a  corporeal  inherit- 
ance. Blacksione. 
Rents,  at  common  law,  are  of  three  kinds  ; 
rent- service,     rent-charge,     and     rent-seek. 
Rent-service  is  when  some  corporal  service 
is  incident  to  it,  as  by  fealty  and  a  sum  of 
money  ;  rent-charge  is  when  the  owner  of 
the  rent  has  no  future  interest  or  reversion 
expeclaut  in  the  land,  but   the   rent   i.s' re- 
served  in  the  deed  by  a  clause  of  distress 
for  rem  in   ariear;  rent-seek,  dry  rent,  is 
rent  reserved   by   deed,  but  without  any 
clause  of  distress.     There  are  also  rents  of 
assize,  certain  established    rents   of  free- 
holders and  co|)y-lioldeis  of  manors,  which 
cannot   be   varied  ;  railed   also   quit-rcid.i. 
These   when    payable   in  silver,  are  called 
white  rents,  in  contradislini-lion  to  rents  re- 
served in  work  or  the  baser  metals,  called 
black  rents,  or  blaik  mnil.     Rack-rent  is  a 
rent   of  the  I'uH  value  ol"tlie  tenement,  or 
near  it.     A  fee  farm  rent  is  a  rent-charge 
issuing  out  i)f  an  estate  in  fee,  of  at  least 
one  fourth  of  the  value  of  the  lands  at  the 
time  of  its  reservation.  Bliickstone. 
RENT,  V.  t.  To  lease ;  to  grant  the  posses- 
sion and  enjoyment  of  lands  or  teneinenls 
fur  a  i-onsideratlon  in   the  nature  of  rent. 
The  owner  of  an  estate  or  house  rents  it  to 
a  tenant  for  a  term  nf  years. 
2.  To  take  ami  ludd  by  lease  the  possession 
of  land  or  a  tenement,  for  a  consideration 
in  the  nutun!  of  rent.     The  tenant  rents 
his  estate  for  a  vear. 
RENT,  V.  i.   To  "be  leased,  or  let  for  rent ; 
as,  an  estate  or  a  tenement  rents  for  five 
1      hundred  dollars  a  year. 
iRENT'AHLE,  a.  That  inav  be  rented. 
iRENT'AtiE,  «.  Rent.     [.Vot  used.] 


II  E  P 


REP 


R  E  P 


RENT'AL,  n.    A  scliednlc  or  account  of 

rents. 
RENT'ED,  ;*;>.  Leased  on  rent. 
RENTER,  n.  One  wlio  leases  an  estate; 

more  generally,  the   lessee  or  tenant  who; 

takes  an  estate  or  tenement  on  rent. 
RENT'ER,  V.  I.    [Fr.  rcntmire  ;  L.  relraho, 

retrnhert;  re  ami  traho,  to  draw. J 

1.  To  fine-draw  ;  to  sew  to-jetlier  the  e<lgesl 
of  two  [Hcces  of  cloth  without  donbling 
them,  so  that  the  soani  is  scarcely  visihie.l 

2.  In  tapeslni,  to  work  new  warp  into  a 
piece  ol  damaged  tapestry,  and  on  this  to 
restore  the  original  pattern  or  design. 

Encyc. 

3.  To  sew  up  artfully,  as  a  rent. 
REN'TEREU,  ;)/).  Fine-drawn;  sewed  art- 
fully together. 

REN'TERER,  »i.  A  fine-drawer. 
REN'TERING,  ppr.  Fine-drawing  ;  sewing 

artfully  together. 
RENT'ING,  ppr.  Leasing  on  rent;  taking 

on  rent. 
RENT-ROLL,   n.   [rent  and  roll.]  A  rental 

a  list  or  arcount  of  rents  or  income. 
RENUNCLA'TKjN, /(.  [L.rcnunnatw.]  The 
act  of  renouncing;    a  disowning;  rejec 
lion.     [See  Renounce.]  Taylor. 

RENVERSE,  II.  /.  reavers'.  [F'r.  rtnverser.] 
To  reverse.     [J^ol  used.]  Spenser. 

RENVERSE,  o.   renvcrs'.    In  heraldrtj,   in- 
verted ;  set  with   the   head   downward   or 
contrary  to  the  natural  posture.        Encyc. 
RENVERSEMENT,  n.  renvers'ment.   The 
act  of  reversing.     [.Vot  m  use.]       Slnkcly. 
REOBTA'IN,  V.  t.   [re  am\  obtain.]  To  ob- 
tain again. 
REOBTA'INABLE,  a.  That 

tained  again. 
REOBTA'INED,  pp.  Obtained  again. 
REOBTA'INING,  ppr.  Obtaining  again. 
REOIM'O'SE,  V.  f.  s  as  :.  To  oppose  ag.iin 
RICORDA'IN,  t;.  t.  [re  and  ordain;  Fr.  rt-\ 

ordon  ner.  ] 
To  ordain  again,  as  when  the  first  ordina- 
tion is  defective. 
REORDA'INED,  pp.  Onlaincd  arain. 
REORDATMNG,  ppr.  Ordamins" again. 
REORDINA'TION,  n.    A   second  ordina- 
tion. Merhuni. 
REORGANIZATION,   n.  The  act  of  or- 
ganizing  anew  ;   as  repeatcid  reor^anixa- 
lion  of  the  troops.  Mnrshall. 
REOR'GANiZE,  v.t.  [re  and  organize.]  Tc 
organize  anew  ;  to  rc<luce  again  to  a  reg- 
idar  body,  or  to  a  system  ;  as,  to  reorgan- 
ize a  society  or  an  anny. 
KEOR'GANIZED,  pp.  Organized  anew. 
REOK'GANIZING,  ppr.  Organizing  anew 
REPAU'IFIED,  pp.    I'acified  or  appeased 

again. 
REFAC'IFY,  v.t.  [re  and  pacify.]  To  paci- 

fv  aiiain. 
REPAC'IFYING,  ;>;»■.  Pacifying  again. 
REPACK;,  V.  t.   [re  and  pack.]    To   pack 
second  lime;  as,  to  repack  beef  or  pork. 
REPACK' ED,;?p.  Packed  again. 
REPACK'ER,  n.  One  that  repacks. 
REPACKING,  ppr.  Packing  anew. 
REPA'ID, /j;).  oi' repay.  Paid  back. 
REPA'IR,  11.  t.  [Fr.  reparer;  L.  rcparo ;  re 

and  puro,  to  prepare.     See  Pare.' 
1.  To  restore  to  a  soinid  or  good  state  after 
decay,  injury,  dilapidation  or  partial  de 


struction;  as,  to  repair  a  house,  a  wall  or|iREP.^RTEE',  n.  [Fr.  rcparlie,  i'rom  rcpurlir, 


may   be  ob- 

Sltcrwood. 


a  .ship  ;  to  repair  roads  and  bridges.  Tei 
perance  anil  diet  may  repair  a  broken  orl 
enfeebled  constitution.     Food  repairs  the! 
daily  waste  of  the  body. 

2.  To  rebuild  a  part  decayed  or  destroyed ; 
to  fill  up  ;  as,  to  repair  a  breach. 

3.  To  make  amends,  as  for  an  injury,  by  an 
e(juivalent ;  to  indemnify  for;  as,  to  repair 
a  loss  or  damage. 

REPA'IR,  n.  Restoration  to  a  sound  or  good 
state  after  decay,  waste,  injiu'y  or  partial 
destruction;  supply   of  loss;    reparation 
as,  materials  are  collected  for  the  repair  of 
a  clnn'ch  or  a  city 

REPA'IR,   1'.  i.  [Fr.  repairer.]  To  go  to  ;  to 
betake  one's  self;  to  resort;  as,  to  repair 
to  a  sanctuary  for  safety. 
Go,  aiuanl  llic  winds  iiad  to  the  shades  repair. 

Pope 

REPA'IR,  n.  The  act  of  betaking  one's  self 
to  any  place  ;  a  resorting  ;  abode, 

Dryden. 

REPAIRABLE,  a.  That  may  be  repaired  ; 
reparable. 

REPA'IRED,  pp.  Restored  to  a  good  or 
sound  state;  rebuilt;  made  good. 

REPA'IRER,  n.  One  who  repairs,  restores 
or  makes  amends ;  as  the  repairer  of  de- 
cay. Dryden. 

REPA'IRING,  ppr.  Restoring  to  a  sound 
slate;  rebuilding;  making  amends  for  loss 
or  injury. 

REP,VND',  a.  [L.  repandus.]  In  botany,  a 
repand  leaf  is  one,  the  rim  of  which 
terminated  by  angles  having  siinises  be- 
tween tlicm,  inscribed  in  the  segment  of  a 
circle;  or  which  has  a  bonding  or  waved 
margin,  wilhout  any  angles;  or  which  is 
bordered  with  numerous  minute  angles 
and  small  segments  of  circles  alternately 
Martyn.     Lee.     Smith 

REPAND'OUS,  a.  [supra.]  Bent  upwards  ; 
conve.vedlv  crooked.  Brown 

REP'ARABLE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  reparabitis. 
See  Repair.] 

1.  That  may  be  rejiaired  or  restored  to  a 
sound  or  good  state  ;  as,  a  house  or  wall 
is  not  reparable. 

2.  That  may  be  retrieved  or  made  good;  as, 
the  loss  is  reparable. 

3.  That  may  lie  siipjilicil  by  an  equivalent; 
as  a  reparable  injury. 

REP'ARABI.Y,  adv.  In  a  manner  .idmit- 
ting  of  restoration  to  a  gooil  slate,  or  ol 
aniemls,  siip|)ly  or  indemnification. 

REPARA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  repairing; 
restoration  to  soundness  or  a  good  state  ; 
as  the  reparation  of  a  bridge  or  of  a  high- 
way. 

'2.  Supply  of  what  is  wasted  ;  as  the  repara- 
tion of  decaying  health  or  strength  after 
disease  or  exhaustion. 
Amends;  indemnification  for  lo.ssordam- 
.age.  A  loss  may  be  too  great  for  repura 
lion. 
Amends;  satisfaction  for  injm\v. 

I  am  sensible  of  llic  sciindal  I  luivc  given  by 
my  loose  writini^s,  and  make  what  reparation  I 
a  111  able.  Dryden. 

REPARATIVE,  a.  That  repairs;  restoring 
to  a  sound  or  good  state;  that  amends  de- 
fect or  makes  good.  Taylor. 

REPARATIVE, )!.  That  which  restores  to 

a  good  state ;  that  which  makes  amends 

Wollon.     Keltkwell 


3. 


4. 


to  divide,  to  share,  to  reply  ;  re  and  partir 

to  divide.] 
A  smart,  ready  and  witty  reply. 
Cupid  was  as  bail  a.s  he ; 
Hear  but  Ihc  youngster's  repartee.        Prior. 
REPARTEE',  v.  i.  To  make  smart  and  witty 

leplies.  Prior. 

REP'.XSS,  v.t.  [Fr.  repaiser ;  It.  ripassare ; 

re  and  pass.] 
To  pass  again  ;  to  pass  or  travel  back  ;  as,  to 
I     repass  a  bridge  or  a  river ;  to  repa.is  the 
I     sea.  Pope. 

REPASS,   V.  i.  To   pass   or  go   back  ;    to 
I     move  back  ;  as  troops  passing  and  repass- 
I     ing  before  our  eves. 
REP'ASSED,  /j/j. "Passed  or  traveled  back. 
REP'ASSIN(;.  ppr.   Passing  back. 
REP' .AST,  n.  [Fr.  repas,  from  repailre  ;  L.  re 

and  pasco,  to  feed.] 

1.  The  act  of  taking  food  ;  or  the  food  taken  ; 
a  meal. 

From  dance  to  sweet  repast  they  turn. 

Milton. 
A  repast  without  luxury.  Johnson, 

2.  Food  ;  victuals. 
Go,  and  get  me  some  repast.  Shak. 

REP'AST,  V.  t.  To  feed  ;  to  feast.         Shak. 

REPASTURE,    11.    Food ;   entertainment. 

[JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 

REP.\'Y,  V.  t.   [Fr.  rcpayer;    re  and  pay.] 

1.  To  pay  back;  to  refund;  as,  to  repay 
money  borrowed  or  ailvanced. 

2.  To  make  return  or  requital ;  in  a  good  or 
bad  sense  ;  as,  to  repay  kindness  ;  to  repay 
an  injury. 

Benefits  which  cannot  be  repaid — are  not 
commonly  I'ound  to  increase  affection. 

Rambler. 

3.  To  recompense,  as  for  a  loss.  Milton. 

4.  To  compensate ;  as  false  honor  repaid 
in  contempt.  Bacon. 

REPAYABLE,  a.  That  is  to  be  repaid  or 
refunded  :  as  money  lent,  repayable  at  the 
end  of  si.\ty  days. 

REPA'VING,  ppr.  Paying  back;  compen- 
sating ;  requiting. 

REPA'YMENT,  7i.  The  act  of  paying  back  ; 
reimbursement. 

2.  The  money  or  other  thing  repaid. 

RF.P1'.'.\L,  r.  t  [Fr.  xippeler,  to  recall  ;  re 
and  appcler.   L.  appello  ;  ad  and  pctlo.] 

1.  To  recall.   [OhsoUle  as  it  respect.1  persons.] 

Shak. 

i2.  To  recall,  as  a  deed,  will,  law  or  statute  ; 
to  revoke ;  to  abrogate  by  an  authorita- 
tive act,  or  by  the  same  power  that  madi; 
or  enacted  ;  as,  the  legislature  may  repeal 
at  one  session,  a  law  enacted  at  a  preced- 
ing one. 
REPEAL,  n.  Recall  from  e.\ile.  [Xol  in 
'     use.]  Shak. 

2.  Revocation ;  abrogation  ;  as  the  repeal  of 
a  statute. 

REPEALABIL'ITY,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing repcalable. 
iREPEA'LABLE,  a.  Capable   of  being  re- 
pealed ;  revocable  by  the  same  power  that 
1     enacted.     It  is  held  as  a  sound  principle, 
I     that  charters  or  grants  which  vest  rights 
I     in  individuals  or  corporations,  are  not  rc- 
I    pcalable  without  the  consent  of  the  grant- 
ees, unless  a  clause  reserving  the  right  is 
inserted  in  the  act. 
REPE  ALED,  pp.  Revoked  ;  abrogated. 


REP 


REP 


REP 


REl'E'ALER,  n.  One  that  repeals. 
REPEALING,   ppr.    Revoking  ;   abrogat- 

intf. 
R1':PE'AT,  v.  I.  [Ft.  repeler  ;  It.  ripetere ; 
Sp.  repetir  ;  L.  repeto  ;  re  and  peto,  to  make 
at  or  ilrive  towards.  This  verb  ought  toj 
he  written  repcte,  in  analogy  with  compete,] 
and  with  repetition.] 

1.  To  do,  make,  attempt  or  utter  again  ;  toj 
iterate ;  as,  to  repeat  an  action  ;  to  repeat] 
an  attempt  or  exertion  ;  to  repeat  a  word 
or  diseuurse ;  to  repeat  a  song  ;  to  repeal 
an  argument. 

3.  To  try  again. 

I  the  danger  will  repeat.  Dryden. 

3.  To  recite  ;  to  rehear.se. 

He  repeated  some  lines  of  Viigil.         Waller. 

To  repeat  signals,  in  the  navy,  is  to  make  the 
same  signal  which  the  admiral  or  com- 
mander has  made,  or  to  make  a  signal 
again.  Mar.  Diet. 

REPE'AT,  71.  In  music,  a.  mark  directing  a 
l)art  to  be  repeated  in  performance. 

2.  Repetition. 

REPE'ATED,  pp.  Done,  attempted  or  spo- 
ken aaain  ;  recited. 

REPE'ATEDLY,  adv.  More  than  once; 
again  and  again,  indefinitely.  He  has 
been  repeatedly  warned  of  his  danger. 

REPE'ATER,  n.  One  that  repeats ;  one 
that  recites  or  rehearses. 

2.  .V  watch  that  strikes  the  hours  at  will,  by 
the  compression  of  a  spring. 

REPE'ATING,  ppr.  Doing  or  uttering 
again. 

REPED.VTION,  n.  [Low  L.repedo;  re  and 
pes,  the  foot.]  A  stepping  or  going  back. 
[.IVot  in  use.]  More. 

REPEL',  V.  t.  [L.  reptllo  ;  re  and  pello,  to 
drive.] 

1.  To  drive  back;  to  foixe  to  return  ;  to 
check  advance ;  as,  lo  repel  an  enemy  or 
an  assailant. 

Hippomedon  repetVdlhe  hostile  tide.      Pope. 
And  virtue  may  repel,  though  not  invade. 

Drydeyi. 

2.  To  resist ;  to  oppose  ;  as,  to  repel  an  ar- 
gument. 

REPEL',  t'.  i.  To  act  with  force  in  opposi- 
tion to  force  impressed.  Electricity  some- 
times attracts  and  sometimes  repels. 

2.  In  medicine,  to  check  an  afflu.x  to  a  part 
of  the  body. 

REPELLED,  pp.  Driven  back;  resisted. 

REPEL'LENCY,  n.  The  principle  of  re 
])ulsion  ;  the  quality  of  a  substance  whicl 
expands  or  separates  particles  and  enlar 
ges  the  volume  ;  as  the  repeltency  of  heat. 

Black. 

2.  The  quality  that  repels,  drives  back  or 
resists  approach  ;  as  the  rcpellency  of  the 
electric  fluid. 

3.  Repulsive  quality.  Forster. 
REPEL'LENT,  a.    Driving  back;  able  orl 

tending  to  repel. 
REPEL'LENT,  7i.  In  7nedicine,  a  medicine 

which  drives  back  morbid  humors  into  the 

mass  id'  the  blood,  from  which  they  were; 

unduly  secreted  ;  or  which   |)rcvents  such 

an  alilux  of  fluid  to  a  part,  as  would  raise 

it  to  a  tumor  ;  a  discutient. 

ICnci/r.  Quinct/.  Parr^ 
REPEL'LER,  n.  He  or  that  which  repel.-i. 
REPELLING,  ;);»•.    Driving   back;resist- 

iirg  advance  or  approach  eliectually. 


RE'PENT,  a.  [L.  repo,io  creep.]  Creeping;] 
as  a  repent  root.  1 

REPENT',  V.  i.  [Fr.  repentir  ;  It.  pentire,, 
pentirsi;  Sp.  arrepentirse  ;  L.  re  and  /)ffin-| 
j(co,  from  pezna,  pain,  Gr.  noivtj.  See 
Pain.] 

1.  To  feel  pain,  sorrow  or  regret  for  some- 
thing done  or  spoken ;  as,  to  repent  that 
we  have  lost  irmch  time  in  idleness  or 
sensual  jileasurc ;  to  repent  that  we  have 
injured  or  wounded  the  feelings  of  a 
friend.  A  person  repents  only  of  what  he 
himself  has  done  or  said. 

2.  To  ex])ress  sorrow  for  something  past. 

Enobarbus  did  before  thy  face  repent. 

Slmk. 
To  change  the  mind  in  consequence  of: 
the  inconvenience  or  injury  done  by  past 
conduct.  I 

Lest  peradventure  the  people  repent  wheni 
they  sec  war,  and  they  return.     Ex.  xiii.  [ 

4.  Jipplicd  to  the  Supreme  Being,  to  change 
the  course  of  providential  dealings.  Gen. 
vi.     Ps.  cvi. 

In  theology,  to  sorrow  or  be  pained  for 
sin,  as  a  violation  of  God's  holy  law,  a' 
dishonor  to  his  character  and  govern-! 
ment,  and  the  foulest  ingratitude  to  a 
Being  of  infinite  benevolence. 

Except  ye  repent,  ye  shall  all  likewise  perish. 
Luke  xiii.  Acts  iii. 
REPENT',  v.t.  To  remember  with  sorrow; 
as,  to  repent  rash  %vords  ;  to  repent  an  in- 
jury done  to  a  neighbor ;  to  repent  follies 
and  vices.  [See  Repentance.] 
With  the  rccij)rocal  pronoun.  [Fr.  se  re- 
pentir.] 

No  man  repented  him  of  his  wickedness. 
Jer.  viii. 
[This  form  of  expression  is  now  obsolete.] 
REPENT'ANCE,  n.  [Fr.]  Sorrow  for  any 
tiling  done  or  said  ;  tlic  pain  or  grief  wliicjy 
a  person  experiences  in  consequence  of 
the  injury  or  inconvenience  produced  by 
his  own  conduct. 

In  theology,  the  pain,  regret  or  allliction 
which  a  person  feels  on  account  of  his 
past  conduct,  because  it  exposes  him  to 
punishment.  This  sorrow  proceeding 
merely  from  the  fear  of  punishment,  is 
called  legal  repentance,  as  being  excited  by 
the  terrois  of  legal  penalties,  and  it  may 
exist  without  an  amendment  of  lile. 

3.  Real  penitence  ;  sorrow  or  deep  contri- 
tion for  sin,  as  an  ofiense  and  dishonor  lo 
God,  a  violation  of  his  holy  lau-,  and  the 
basest  ingratitude  towards  a  Being  of  in- 
finite benevolence.  This  is  called  cvan 
gelical  repentance,  and  is  accompanied  and 
followed  by  amendment  of  life. 

Repentance  is  a  change  of  mind,  or  a  conver- 
sion from  sin  to  God.  Hammond. 

Godly  sorrow  workelh  repentance  to  salva^ 
tion.     2  Cor.  vii.     Matl.  iii. 

Repentance  is  the  relinquishment  of  any 
practice,  from  conviction  that  it  has  odcnded 
God.  Johnson 

REPENT'ANT,  a.  [Fr.]  Sorrowful  for  past, 
conduct  or  words. 

2.  Sorrowful  for  sin.  Milton. 

3.  Expressing  or  showing  sorrow  for  sin; 
as  repentant  tears;  repentant  ashes:  re- 
pentant sighs.  Shak.     Pope., 

REPENT' .\NT,    n.    One  who  repents  ;  a 

penitent.  [ 

2.  One  that  exjiresscs  sorrow  for  sin.  | 

Lightfoot.: 


REPENT'ER,  n.  One  that  repents. 

REPENTING,  ppr.  Grieving  for  what  is 
past ;  feeling  pain  or  contrition  for  sin. 

REPENT'ING,  n.  Act  of  repenting.  Hos. 
xi. 

REPENT'INGLY,  adv.   With  repentance. 

REPEOPLE,  V.  I.  [re  and  people ;  Fr.  re- 
peupler.] 

To  people  anew ;  to  furnish  again  with  a 
stock  of  people.  The  world  after  tiie 
flood  was  repeopled  by  tlie  descendants  of 
one  family. 

REPEOPLED,  pp.  Stocked  anew  with  in- 
habitants. 

REPeOPLING,  ppr.  Furnishing  again  with 
a  stock  of  inhabitants. 

REPEOPLING,  n.  [supra.]  The  act  of 
furnishing  again  with  iidiabilaiits. 

Hale. 

REPEReUSS',  V.  t.  [L.  repercutio ;  re  and 
percutio  :  per  and  quatio,  to  shake,  to  beat.] 
To  beat  back.  Bacon. 

REPEReUS'SION,     n.      [L.    repercussio.] 

1.  The  act  of  driving  back  ;  reverberation  ; 
as  the  repercussion  of  sound. 

2.  In  music,  frequent  repetition  of  the  same 
sound.  Encyc. 

REPERCUSS'IVE,  a.  Driving  back  ;  hav- 
ing tiie  power  of  sending  back  ;  causing  to 
reverberate  ;  as  repercussive  rocks. 

Paltison. 

2.  Repellent ;  as  a  repercussive  medicine. 
[JVot  in  use.]  Bacon. 

3.  Driven  back  ;  reverberated.         Thomson. 
REPERCUSS'IVE,  n.  A  repellent.     Ohs. 

Bacon. 
REPERTI"TIOUS,  a.  [from  L.  repertus,  re- 

perio.]     Found  ;  gained  by  finding.     [J\'ot 

in  use.]  Did. 

REPERTORY,  n.  [Fr.  repertoire ;  L.reper- 

torium,  from  reperio,  to  find  again  ;  re  and 

aperio,  to  uncover.] 

1.  A  jilacc  in  which  things  are  disposed  in 
an  orderly  manner,  so  that  they  can  be 
easily  found,  as  the  index  of  a  book,  a 
common-place  book,  &c. 

2.  A  treasury  ;  a  magazine. 
REPETEND',    ii.    [L.   repelendus,   ripeto.] 

The  parts  of  decimals  continually  repeat- 
ed. 
REPETI"TIOi\,  n.  [L.  repetitio.     See  Re- 
peal. ] 

1.  The  act  of  doing  or  uttering  a  second 
time  ;  iteration  of  the  same  act,  or  of  the 
same  words  or  sounds.  Hooker. 

2.  The  act  of  reciting  or  rehearsing;  the 
act  of  reading  over.  Shak. 

3.  Recital.  Chapman. 


4.  Recital   from  memory,  as   distinct  from 
reading. 

5.  In  mujic,  the  art  of  repeating,  singing  or 
playing  the  same  part  a  second  time. 

Ena/c. 
tj.  In  rhetoric,  reiteration,  or  a  repeating  the 

same  woril,  or  tlu;  same  sense  in  dilferent 

words,  for  the  purpose  of  making  a  deeper 

iivi|ircssion  on  the  audience. 
REPETI'TIONAL,      )      Containing  rep- 
REPETI"TIONARY,  J  "' etiiion.     [Little 

used.] 
REPI'NE,  V.  i.  [re  and  pine.]  To  fret  one's 

self;  to  be   discontented  ;  to    feel    inward 

discontent   which   preys   on   the   spirits  ; 

with  at  or  again.it.     It  is  our  duty  never  to 
I     repine  at  the  allotments  of  Providence. 


REP 


REP 


REP 


2.  To  complain  discontentedly;  to  mnrmur.j 

jMiiltiluiJc's  r(j)ine  ul  the  want  of  that  winch, 
nothing  but  idleness  hinders  them  from  enjoy- 
ing Kamblerj 

3.  Tti  envy.  Johnson.' 
REl'I'NER,  n.    One  that  repines  or  mur- 
murs. ,/.    /-    1  I 

REl'I'NING,  ppr.  Fretting  one's  self;  feel-; 

iiig   (llsrontent  that   preys  on  the  spirits  ; 

compiainiMf^ ;  niurnuirinf;. 
2.  a.  Disposed  to  murmur  or  complain  ;  as 

a  repining  temper. 
REl'I'NING,  n.  The  act  offretting  or  feel- 
ins  discontent  or  of  murmuring. 
^  Burnet.] 

REPl'NINGLY,  adv.  Witli  murmuring  orj 

romplaint.  Hall.\ 

REPl.A'CE,     1'.  t.     (Fr.    replacer :   re   and 

place.  ] 
1.  To  put  again  in  the  former  place  ;  as,  to 

replace  a  liook. 

The  earl — was  replaced  in  his  government. 

Bacon. 


REPLE'TF,  «    [L.  rf;)/f(u6-,  )c  and  pIco,  toj  REPLYING,    p/ir.    Answering    eillier  in 
fill.]     Completely  llllcd  ;  full.  :     words  or  writing. 

His  woids  «;//«(«  with  guile.  ^///(o,,.  REPOL'lSIl,  v.i.  [Fi:  repolir ;  re  and  pol- 

REPLE'TION,    n.    [Fr.    from   L.   npltlio.]       ish.]     To  polisli  again.  Z>o;iiie. 

1.  The  state   ol  lieing  completely  filled;  or  REPOL'ISliEI), /);y.  Poh^hcd  again. 

lundant  fullness.  Bacon.  KEPOL'l.SllJiNG,  ppr.  Polishing  anew. 


2.  To  put  in  a  new  place.  Dryden. 

3.  To  repay  ;  to  refiiiid  ;  as,  to  replace  a  sum 
of  money  horrowed. 

4.  To  put  a  competent  siilistitutc  in  the  place 
of  another  displaced  or  of  sometliiiig  lost. 
The  paper  is  lost  and   cannot  he  replaced. 

REPL.'V'CED,  jip.  Put  again  in  a  former 
place;  supplied  hy  .i  suhstitute.  Thus  in 
petrifaction,  the  animal  or  v<:getablc  siih- 
staiice  gradually  wastes  away,  and  is  re- 
placed by  sile.x. 

REPLA'CEMENT,  n.  The  act  of  replac- 
ing. 

REPLACING,  ppr.  Putting  again  in  a 
former  place  ;  supplying  the  jilace  of  with 
a  substitute. 

REPLA'IT,  t'.  t.  [re  ami  plait]  To  plait  or 
fold  again  ;  to  fold  one  part  over  anoth(!r' 
again  and  again.  Dryden.\ 

REPLA'lTEi),  /)/).  Folded  again  or  often. 

REPLA'ITING,  ppr.  Folding  again  or  of- 
ten. 

REPLANT',  r.  t.  [Fr.  replanler ;  re  and 
plant.]     To  plant  again.  Bacon. 

REPLANT'ABLE,  a.  That  may  be  plant- 
ed again.  Colfrave. 

REPLANTA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  planting 
again. 

REPLANT'ED,  pp.  Planted  anew. 

REPLANT'ING,  ppr.  Pluniinff  airain. 

REPLE'AU,  V.  t.  [re  and  plead.]  To  plead 
again. 

REPLE'ADER,  )i.  In  law.  a  second  plead- 
ing or  course  of  pleadings;  or  the  power 
of  pleading  again. 

Whenever  a  repleader  is  granted,  (ho  plead- 
ings must  begin  de  novn.  Blackstone. 

REPLEN'1811,  V.  t.  [Norm,  replener,  to  till ; 
It.  riempire;  L.  re  imA plemts,  full.] 

1.  To  fill;  to  stock  with  numbers  or  abund- 
ance. The  magazines  are  replenished 
with  corn.  The  springs  are  replenished 
with  water. 

Multiply  and  replenish  the  earth.     Gen.  i. 

2.  To  finish  ;  to  complete.     [JVot  in  %ise.] 

Shak. 

REPLEN'ISH,  v.i.  To  recover  former  full- 
ness. Bacon. 

REPLEN'ISIIED,  pp.  Filled  ;  abundantly 
supplied. 

REPLEN'ISIIING,  pp-.  Filling;  supplying 
with  abundance. 


superabu 

2.  In  ?ne(iianc,  fullness  of  blood  ;  plethora. 

Coze. 

REPLE'TIVE,  a.  Filling  ;  replenishing. 

C'o(grai'c. 

REPLP:V'IABLE,  «.  [Hce Replevy.]  Inlaw, 
that  may  be  rei)levied. 

REPLEV'IED,  pp.  Taken  by  a  writ  of  re- 
plevin. 

REPLEVIN,  n.  [See  Replevy.]  An  action 
or  remedy  granted  on  a  distress,  by  which 
a  |)erson  whose  cattle  or  goods  are  dis- 
trained, has  them  returned  to  his  own' 
possession  upon  giving  security  to  try  tliej 
right  of  taking  in  a  suit  at  law,  and  if  that 
should  be  determined  against  liim,  to  re- 
turn the  cattle  or  goods  into  the  possession 
of  the  distrainor.  Blackstone. 

2.  The  writ  by  which  a  distress  is  replevied. 

REPLEV'ISARLE,  a.  That  may  be  re- 
plevied ;  liiit  little  used,  being  sui.erseded 
by  repleviablc. 

REPLI'.V'V,  V.  t.  [re  and  pledge,  Norm. 
}degg  ovplcvy,  whence  in  Law  L.  replegiab- 
ilis  and  rt ptvgiare.] 

To  take  back,  by  a  writ  for  ihat  purpose, 
cattle  or  goods  that  have  b(!en  distrained, 
upon    giving 
distraining   i 


REPORT,  v.t.  [Vr.rapporler:  L.  reporto,  liy 
can  y  back  ;  re  and  porlo,  to  hear.] 

1.  To  bear  or  bring  back  an  aiisw  er,  or  to  re- 
late what  li.is  been  iliscovcred  b_\  a  person 
sent  to  examine,  explore  or  investigate; 
as,  a  messenger  reports  to  liis  employer 
what  he  has  seen  or  ascertained.  The 
committee  reported  the  whole  number  of 
votes. 

2.  To  give  an  account  of;  to  relate  ;  to  tell. 

They  reported  his  good  deeds  before  nie. 
Nell.  vi.     Acts  iv. 

3.  To  tell  or  relate  from  one  to  another  ;  to 
circulate  i)ublicly,  as  a  story  ;  as  in  the 
common  phrase,  it  is  reported. 

It  is  reported  among  the  liealhen,  and  Gash- 
mu  saith  it,  that  thou  and  the  Jews  tliiiik  to 
rebel.     Nch.  vi. 

In  this  form  of  expression,  it  refers  to 
the  suh.sequent  clause  of  the  sentence  ; 
"  that  thou  and  the  Jews  think  to  rebel,  is 
reported.'''' 

4.  To  give  an  official  account  or  statement ; 
as,  the  secretary  of  the  treasury  reports  to 
congress  annually  the  amount  of  revenue 


and  expenditure. 

5.  To  give  an  account  or  statement  of  ca.ses 

ecunty   to  try  the  right  of      and  decisions  in  a  court  of  law  or  chan- 

a  suit  at  law,  and  if  tliatll     eery. 


should  be  determined  against  the  plaintif,!  t 
to   return    the   cattle   or   goods   into   the 


To  return,  as  sound  ;  to  give  back. 


Bacon. 


hands  of  the  distrainor.  In  this  case,  the 
person  whose  goods  are  distrained  be- 
comes the  plaintif,  and  the  person  dis- 
training the  ilefendaiU  or  avowant. 

Blackstone. 

•2.  To  bail. 

REPLEV  VING,  ;y)r.  Rct.iking  a  distress. 
[See  Rej)lcry.] 

REPLK'A'TION,  n.  [L.  replicatlo.  See 
Repli/.]  An  answer ;  a  reply.  Particu- 
larly", 

2.  iu'laiv  pleading.';,  the  reply  of  the  plaintif 
to  the  defendant's  plea. 

3.  Return  or  reiiercussion  of  sound.  [A'o/ 
vscd.]  Shak 

REPLI'ER,  n.  One  who  answers;  he  that' 
speaks  or  writes  in  return  to  something 
spoken  or  w  ritlen. 

REPLY',  J',  i.  [Vr.  repliquer ;  J,.replico;  re 
and  plica,  to  fold,  that  is,  to  turn  or  send 
to;  l[.  rrplicnre  ;  Sp.  rcpficar.  '^cc  .Ipply, 
Employ  and  Ply.] 

1.  To  answer;  to  make  a  return  in  winds 
or  writing  to  something  said  or  written  by 
another. 

O    man,  who  art   thou  that  readiest  against 
God  ?     liom.  ix. 

2.  In  law,  to  answer  a  defendant's  plea. 
The  defendant  (deads  in  bar  to  the  plain- 
tif's  declaration  ;  llie  plaintif  re;)/if«  tothe 
defendant's  plea  in  bar. 

REPLY',  V.  I.  To  return  for  an  answer. 
He  knows  not  what  to  reply. 

REPLY',  n.  [Fr.  repliijue;  \t.  replica.]  An 
answer;  that  which  is  said  or  written  in 
answer  to  wliat  is  said  or  written  by  an- 
other. 

2.  .\  book  or  pamphlet  written  in  answer  to 
auotlier. 


To  he  reported,  or  usually,  to  he  reported  of,  to 
be  well  or  ill  spoken  of;  to  be  mentioned 
with  rcs[iect  or  reproach.  Acts  xvi.  Rom. 
iii. 

REPORT.  V.  i.  To  make  a  statement  of 
facts.  The  committee  will  report  at  twelve 
o'clock. 

REPORT,?!.  An  account  returned  :  a  state- 
ment or  relation  of  diets  given  in  reply  to 
inquiry,  or  by  a  person  authorized  to  ex- 
amine and  make  return  to  his  employer. 
From  Thetis  sent  as  spies  to  make  report. 

Waller. 

2.  Rumor;  common  fame  ;  story  circulated. 
Report,  though  often  originating  in  fact, 
soon  becomes  incorrect,  and  is  seldom  de- 
serving of  credit.  When  we  have  no  evi- 
dence but  popular  report,  it  is  prudent  to 
suspend  our  opinions  in  regard  to  the 
facts. 

3.  Repute  ;  public  character  ;  as  evil  report 
and  good  report.     2  Cor.  vi. 

Cornelius   was   of  good  report   among   the 
I      Jews.     Acts  X. 
14.  Account ;  story  ;  relation. 

It  was  a  true  report  that  I  heard  in  my  own 
land  of  thy  acts  and  of  tliy  wisdom.     1  Kings  x. 
i5.  Sound  ;  noise;  as  the  report  of  a  pistol  or 
cannon.  Bacon. 

G.  .\ii  account  or  statement  of  a  judicial 
I  opinion  or  decision,  or  of  a  case  argued 
I  and  determined  In  a  court  of  law,  chance- 
I  ry,  &.C.  The  books  containing  such  state- 
ments are  also  called  reports. 
An  official  statement  of  facts,  verbal  or 
written  ;  imrlicularly,  a  statement  in  writ- 
ing of  proceedings  and  facts  exhibited  by 
an  otTicer  to  his  superiors;  as  ihe  reports 
of  the  heads  of  departincuts  to  congress. 


R  E  P 


REP 


REP 


of  a  master  in  chancery  to  the  court,  of 
committees  to  a  legislative  bodv  and  the 
like. 

REPORTED,  pp.  Told,  related  or  stated  in 
answer  to  inquiry  or  direction  ;  circulat- 
ed in  popular  rumors ;  reputed  ;  stated 
officially. 

REPORTER,  n.  One  that  gives  an  ac 
count,  verbal  or  written,  official  or  unoffi- 
cial. 

3.  An  officer  or  person  who  makes  state- 
ments of  law  proceedings  and  decisions 
or  of  legislative  debates. 

REPORTING,  ppr.  Giving  account ;  relat- 
ing ;  presenting  statements  of  facts  or  of 
adjudged  cases  in  law. 

REPORTINGLY,  adv.  By  report  or  com- 
mon fame. 

REPO'SAL,  Ji.  s  as  z.  [from  repose.]  The 
act  of  reposing  or  resting.  Shak. 

REPO'SE,  V.  t.  s  as  z.  [Fr.reposer;  re  and 
poser,  to  put;  It.  riposare  ;  Sp.  reposar; 
L.  repotio,  reposui.] 

1.  To  lay  at  rest. 

— After  the  toil  of  battle,  to  repose 

Your  wearied  virtue.  Millon. 

2.  To  lay  ;  to  rest,  as  the  mind,  in  confidence 
or  trust ;  as,  to  repose  trust  or  confidence 
in  a  person's  veracity. 

;J.  To  lay  up;  to  deposit;  to  lodge  ;  as  peb- 
bles reposed  in  cliffs.  IVoodward. 

4.  To  place  in  confidence. 
REPO'SE,  V.  i.  To  lie  at  rest ;  to  sleep. 

Within  a  thicket  I  repos'J.  Chapman. 

2.  To  rest  in  confidence.  I  repose  on  the 
faith  and  honor  of  a  friend. 

3.  To  lie  ;  to  rest;  as  trap  reposing  on  sand. 
REPO'SE,  n.  [Fr.  repos.]  A  lying  at  rest. 

2.  Sleep  ;  rest  ;  cpiiet.  Milton.     Shak. 

3.  Rest  of  mind;  tranquillity;  freedom  from 
uneasiness. 

4.  Cause  of  rest. 

After  great  lights    must   be  great    shadows, 
which  we  call  reposes.  Dryden. 

5.  In  poetry,  a  rest ;  a  pause.  Encyc. 

6.  In  painting,  harmony  of  colors,  as  when 
nothing  glaring  appears.  Gilpin. 

REPO'SED,  pp.  Laid  at  rest  ;  placetl  in 
confidence. 

REPO'SEDNESS,  n.  State  of  being  at 
rest. 

REPO'SING,  ppr.  Laying  at  rest ;  placing 
in  confidence;  Iving  at  rest  ;  sleeping. 

REPOS'IT,  )'. /.  [h.\epositus,  repuno.]  To 
lay  up  ;  to  lodge,  as  for  safety  or  preser- 
vation. 

Others  reposit  their  young  in  holes. 

Dtrham 

REPOS'ITED,  pp.  Laid  up ;  deposited  for 
safety  or  preservation. 

REPOS'ITING,  ppr.  Laying  up  or  lodging 
for  safety  or  iireservation. 

REPOSP'TION,  n.  The  act  of  replacing; 
as  the  reposition  of  a  bone.  IViseman. 

REPOS' ITORY,  n.  [L.  repositorium,  from 
repono.] 

A  place  where  things  are  or  may  be  deposit- 
ed for  saffty  or  preservation.  A  granary 
is  a  rejio.iitory  I'ur  corn,  an  arsenal  for  arms. 
The  mind  or  memory  is  called  the  reposi 
lory  of  ideas.  Locke 

REI'OSSESS',  V.  t.  [re  and  possess.]  To 
possess  again. 

Nor  .sh.ill  my  (iilhcr  repossess  the  land. 

Pope 


To  repossess  one'j  eclj]  to  obt.iin  possession 
again. 

REPOSSESS'ED,  pp.  Possessed  again. 

REPOSSESS'ING,  ppr.  Possessing  again 
obtaining  possession  again. 

REPOSSES'SION,  n.  The  act  of  possess- 
ing again  ;  the  state  of  possessing  again 

REPOUR,    V.  I.    [re  and  pour.]      To  pour 
again. 

REPREHEND',  v.t.  [I.,  reprehendo ;  re  and 
prehendo,  to  seize;  Fr.  reprendre.] 

1.  To  chide  ;  to  reprove. 

Pardon  ine  lor  reprehending  thee.  Shak. 

2.  To  blame  ;  to  censure. 
1  nor  advise,  nor  reprehend  the  choice. 

Philips. 

•3.  To  detect  of  fallacy. 

This  color  will  be  reprehended  or  encounter- 
ed, by  iinpuling  to  all  excellencies  in  composi- 
tions a  kind  of  poverty.     [jVut  in  iise.l 

Bacon. 

4.  To  accuse  ;  to  charge  with  a  fault ;  with 
of;    as  Aristippus,    being  reprehended   of 


luxury.  Bacon 

REPREHENDED,  pp.  Reproved  ;  bla- 
med. 

REPREHEND'ER,  n.  One  that  repre- 
hends ;  one  that  blames  or  reproves. 

Hooker. 

REPREHEND'ING,  p;)r.  Reproving;  bla- 
ming. 

REPREHENSIBLE,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  re- 
prehensus.] 

Blamable  ;  culpable  ;  censurable  ;  deserv- 
ing reproof;  applied  to  persons  or  things  ; 
as  ri  reprehensible  person  ;  reprehensible 
conduct. 

REPREHEN'SIBLENESS,  n.  Blamahlc- 
ness ;  culpableness. 

REPREHEN'SIBLY,  adv.  Culpably;  in  a 
maimer  to  deserve  censure  or  reproof 

REPREHENSION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  repre- 
hensio.] 

Reproof;  censure  ;  open  blame.  Faults  not 
punishable,  mav  deserve  reprehension. 

REPREHEN'SIVE,  a.  Containing  reproof 

South. 

REPREHEN'SORY,  a.  Containing  reproof 

Boswell. 

REPRESENT',  v.t.  sas:.  [Vt.representer; 
L.  reprcesento  ;  re  and  Low  L.  preesento, 
from  prasens,  present.] 

1.  To  show  or  exhibit  by  resemblance. 

Before  him  burn 
Seven  lamps,  as  in  a  zodiac,  representing 
TTie  heavenly  fires.  Milton. 

2.  To  describe  ;  to  exhibit  to  the  mind  in 
words. 

The  managers   of  the  bank  at  Genoa  have 
been  represented  as  a  second  kind  of  senate. 

Jlddisiin. 

3.  To  exhibit ;  to  show  by  action ;  as  a 
tragedy  well  represented.  Johnson. 

4.  To  personate  ;  to  act  the  character  or  to 
fill  the  place  of  another  in  a  play  ;  as,  to 
represent  the  character  of  king  Richard. 

5.  To  supply  the  ])lace  of;  to  act  as  a  sub- 
stitute ibr  another.  The  parliament  of 
Great  Britain  represents  the  nation.  The 
congress  of  the  United  States  represents 
the  ])eople  or  nation.  The  senate  is  con- 
sidered as  representing  the  slates  in  their 
corporate  capacity. 

C.  To  show  by  arguments,  reasoning  or 
statement  of  facts.     The  memorial  repre- 


sents the  situation  of  the  petitioner.  He- 
present  to  your  son  the  danger  of  tin  idle 
life  or  proffigate  comjiany. 

7.  I'o  stand  in  the  place  of,  in  the  right  of 
inheritance. 

All  the  branches  inherit  the  same  share  that 
their  root,  whom  they  represent,  would  have 
done.  Blackstone. 

REPRESENT'ANCE,  n.  Representation; 
likeness.     [JVbt  used.]  Donne. 

REPRESENT' ANT,  n.  A  representative. 
LVotinuse.]  H'otton. 

REPRESENTATION,  n.  The  act  of  re- 
])resenting,  describing  or  showing. 

2.  That  which  exhibits  by  resemblance  ; 
image,  likeness,  picture  or  statue  ;  as  re- 
presentalio7is  of  God.  Siillingfeet. 

).  Any  exhibition  of  the  form  or  operations 
of  a  thing  by  something  resembling  it. 
A  map  is  a  representatiern  of  the  world  or 
a  part  of  it.  The  terrestrial  globe  is  a 
representation  of  the  eanh.  An  orrery  is 
a  representation  of  the  planets  and  their 
revolutions. 

4.  Exhibition,  as  of  a  play  on  the  stage. 

5.  Exhibition  of  a  character  in  theatrical 
performance. 

G.  Verbal  description  ;  statement  of  argu- 
ments or  facts  in  narration,  oratory,  de- 
bate, petition,  admonition,  &c.  ;  as  the 
representation  of  a  historian,  of  a  witness 
or  an  advocate. 

7.  The  business  of  acting  as  a  substitute  for 
another  ;  as  the  representation  of  a  nation 
in  a  legislative  body. 

8.  Representatives,  as  a  collective  body.  It 
is  expedient  to  have  an  able  representation 
in  both  houses  of  congress. 

ji).  Public  exhibition. 

|I0.  The  standing  in  the  place  of  another,  as 
an  heir,  or  in  the  right  of  taking  by  in- 
heritance. Blackstone. 

REPRESENT' ATIVE,  a.   [Fr.  representa- 

«!7-l 
I.  Exhibiting  a  similitude. 


They  own  the  legal  sacrifices,  though  repre- 
sentative, to  be  proper  and  real.  Mterbnry. 
Bearing  the  character  or  power  of  anoth- 
er ;  as  a  council  representative  of  the  peo- 
ple. Swifl. 

REPRESENTATIVE,  n.  One  that  e.v- 
liibits  the  likeness  of  another. 

A  stalue  of  Rumor,  whispering  an  idiot  in  the 
ear,  who  was  the  representative  of  credulity. 

Addison. 

I.  In  legislative  or  other  business,  an  agent, 
deputy  or  substitute  who  supplies  the 
place  of  another  or  others,  being  invest- 
ed with  his  or  their  authority.  An  attor- 
ney is  the  representative  of  his  client  or 
em|>loyer.  A  member  of  the  house  of 
conunons  is  the  representative  of  his  con- 
stituents and  of  tlic  nation.  In  matters 
c<inccrning  his  conslituents  only,  he  is 
supposed  to  be  bound  by  their  instructions, 
but  in  the  enacting  of  laws  for  the  nation, 
he  is  supposed  not  to  he  bound  by  their 
instructions,  as  he  acts  for  the  whole  na- 
tion. 

3.  In  tair,  one  that  .stands  in  the  jiloce  of  an- 
other as  heir,  or  in  the  right  of  succeed- 
ing to  an  estate  of  inheritance,  or  to  a 
crown. 

4.  That  by  which  any  thing  is  exhibited  or 
shown. 


REP 

This   doctrine  supposes  the   perfcctious   of| 
God  10  be  the  representalives  to  us  of   what- 
ever we  perrcivf  in  the  creatures.  Locke. 
REPRESENTATIVELY,    adv.     In    the 
character  of  another ;  by  a  represeiitaiive. 

Barrow. 

2.  By  substitution  ;  by  delegation  of  power. 

•'  Sandys. 

REPRESENTATIVENESS,  v.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  represeiitutive. 

Dr.  Burnet  observes  that  every  thought  is  at- 
tended with  consciousness  and  representative- 
ness  Spectator. 

REPRESENT'ED,  pp.  Shown  ;  exhibited  ; 
personated;  described;  stated;  havnig 
sub.stitutes. 

REPRESENT'ER,  n.  One  who  shows, 
exhibits  or  describes. 

3.  A  representative  ;  one  that  acts  by  dei)\i- 
tation.     [Liltle  xmd.]  Smjl. 

REPRESENT'ING,  ppr.  Sliowins  ;  ex- 
hibiting ;  describing  ;  noting  in  another's 
character  ;  acting  in  the  place  of  another. 

REPRESENT'MENT,  n.  Representation: 
image  ;  an  idea  proposed  as  exhibiting  the 
likeness  of  something.       Taylor.     Brown. 

REPRESS',  V.  t.  [L.  repressus,  reprivio  ;  re 
and  premu,  to  i)ress.] 

1.  To  crush;  to  quell  ;  to  put  down;  to  sub 
due  ;  to  suppress ;  as,  to  rejiress  seditioti 
or  rebellion  ;  to  repress  the  hrst  risings  of 
discontent. 

2.  To  check  ;  to  restrain. 

Such  kings 
Favor  the  innocent,  repress  the  bold. 

Waller. 


REP 


REPRESS',  n.  The  act  of  subduing.     [JVo/ 

in  use.] 
REPRESSED,  pp.  Crushed;  subdued. 
REPRESS'ER,  n.  One  that  crushes  or  suh 

dues. 

REPRESS'ING,  ppr.  Crushing ;  subduing  ; 
checking. 

REPRES'SION,  n.  The  act  of  subduing: 
as  the  repression  of  tumults.       K.  Charles 

2.  Check  ;  restraint. 

REPRESS'lVE,  a.  Having  power  to  crush 
tending  to  subdue  or  restrain. 

REPRIE'VAL,  n.  Respit;  reprieve.  [Ao( 
in  use.]  Overbury. 

REPRIE'VE,  V.  t.  [I  know  not  the  origin 
of  this  word,  unless  it  is  the  French  re- 
prendre,  repris.  In  Norm,  rcpriont  is  ren- 
dered reprieved  deductions,  and  reprises 
deductipns  and  duties  yearly  paid  out  of 
lauds.] 

1.  To  respit  after  sentence  of  death  ;  to  sus- 
pend or  delay  the  execution  of  for  a  time  ; 
as,  to  reprieve  a  criminal  for  thirty  days. 

He  reprieves  the  sinner  from  time  to  time. 

Rogers. 

2.  To  grant  a  respit  to  ;  to  relieve  for  a  time] 
from  any  suffering. 

Company,  though  it  may  reprieve  a  man 
from  his  melancholy,  yet  cannot  secure  a  niau 
from  his  conscience.  South. 

REPRIE'VE,  n.  The  temporary  suspen- 
sion of  the  execution  of  sentence  of  death 
on  a  criminal.  Clarendon. 

2.  Respit ;  interval  of  ease  or  relief 
All  tliat  I  ask  is  but  a  shorl  reprieve. 
Till  I  forget  to  love,  and  leam  to  grieve. 

Denham. 

REPRIE'VED,  pp.  Respited  :  allowed  a 
longer  time  to  live  than  the  sentence  of 
death  permits. 

Vol.  II. 


REPRIE'VING,  ppr.  Respiting  ;  suspend- 
ing the  execution  of  (i>r  a  time. 

REP'RIMAND,  V.  I.  [Fr.  reprimander.  If 
this  word  is  from  L.  reprimo,  it  must  be 
fornied  from  the  piirtici|)le  reprimendus.] 

1.  To  rc|.rove  severely  ;  to  reprehend ;  to 
chide  for  a  fault. 

(icrmanicus  was  severely  reprimanded  by 
Titieiius,  lor  traveling  into  lig>pt  without  bis 
permission.  Jirhvlhnot. 

2.  To  reprove  publicly  and  officially,  in  exe- 
cinioii  of  a  sentence.  The  court  ordered 
the  (illiccr  to  be  reprimanded. 

REPRIMAND,  n.  Severe  reproof  for  a 
liiult ;  ie])rehension,  private  or  public. 

Spectator. 

REP'KIMANDED,  pp.  Severely  reproved. 

REPRIMANDING,  ppr.  Reproving  se- 
verely. 

REPKiNT',  V.  t.  [re  and  print.]  To  priiit 
again  ;  to  print  a  second  or  any  new  edi- 
tion. Pope. 

2.  To  renew  the  imiiression  of  any  thing. 
'I'lie    business   of  redemption  is — to  reprint 
(Jod's  image  on  the  soul.  South 

RE'PRINT,  71.  A  second  or  a  new  edition 
of  a  book.  Review  of  (Iriesbach. 

REPRINT'ED,  pp.  Printed  anew;  impress- 
ed again. 

REPRINTING,  ppr.  Printing  again;  re 
newing  an  impression. 

REPRl'SAL,  71.  s  as  z.  [Fr.  represaiUes ; 
It.  ripresaglia  ;  Sp.  represalia  ;  Fr.  repren- 
dre,  repris,  to  retake  ;  re  and  prendre,  L 
prendo.] 

1.  The  seizure  or  taking  of  any  thing  from 
an  enemy  by  way  of  retaliation  or  indem- 
nification for  something  taken  or  detained 
by  him. 

2.  That  which  is  taken  from  an  enemy  to 
indemnify  an  owner  for  something  of  his 
which  the  enemy  has  seized.  Reprisals 
may  consist  of  persons  or  of  goods.  Let- 
ters of  marque  and  reprisal  may  be  ob- 
tained in  order  to  seize  the  bodies  or 
goods  of  the  subjects  of  an  offending  state, 
until  satisfaction  shall  be  made. 

Blackslojte 

.■3.  Recaption  ;  a  retaking  of  a  man's  own 
goods  or  any  of  his  family,  wife,  child  or 
servniit,  wrongfully  :aken  from  him  or  de 
tained  by  another.  In  this  case,  the  own- 
er may  retake  the  goods  or  persons 
wherever  he  finds  them.  Blackslone. 

Letters  of  marque  and  reprisal,  a  commis 
sion  granted  by  the  supreme  authority  of  a 
state  to  a  subject,  empowering  him  to 
pass  the  frontiers  [marque,]  that  is,  enter 
an  enemy's  territories  and  capture  the 
goods  and  persons  of  the  enemy,  in  return 
fVir  goods  or  persons  taken  by  him. 

4.  The  act  of  retorting  on  an  enemy  by  in- 
flicting suffering  or  death  on  a  prisoner 
taken  from  liini^  in  retaliation  of  an  act  of 
inhumanitv.  Vattet. 

REPRI'SE,"™.  s  as  :.  [Fr.]  A  taking  by 
way  of  retaliation.     Obs.  IJryden. 

REPill'SE,  V.  t.  s  ast.  To  take  again.  Obs. 

Spenser. 

2.  To  recompense  ;  to  pay.     Obs.        Grant. 

REPRI'ZES,  n.  phi.  In '/oic,  yearly  deduc- 
tions out  of  a  manor,  as  rent-charge,  rent 
seek,  &c.  Jones. 

REPRO.VCH,  V.  t.  [Fr.  reprocher  ;  It.  rini- 
procciare  ;  from  the  same  root  as  approach, 
and  Fr.  proche,  near,  L.  prox,  in  proximus. 

56 


REP 

from  a  root  in  Class  Brg,  signifying  to 
thrust  or  drive  ;  probably  pi.] 

1.  To  censure  in  terms  of  opprobrium  or 
contempt. 

Mezenlius  with  his  ardor  warni'd 
His  fainung  friends,  rcprvach'd  their  shame- 
ful flight, 
Repell'd  Uic  victors.  Drijden. 

2.  To  charge  with  a  fault  in  severe  lan- 
guage. 

Tliat  shame 
There  sit  not,  and  reproach  us  as  unclean. 

Milton. 

3.  To  upbraid  ;  to  suggest  blame  for  any 
thing.  A  man's  conscience  will  reproach 
him  for  a  criminal,  mean  or  unworthy  ac- 
tion. 

4.  To  treat  with  scorn  or  contempt.     Luke 


REPROACH,  n.  Censure  mingled  with  con- 
tempt or  derision;  coiitiiinclious  or  op- 
probrious language  towards  any  i)erson  ; 
abusive  reflections  ;  as  foul-mouthed  re- 
proach. Shak. 

2.  Shame  ;  infamy  ;  di.sgrace. 
Give  not  thine  heritage  to  reproach.    Joel  ii. 

Is.  iv. 

3.  Object  of  contempt,  scorn  or  derision. 
Come,  and  let  us  build  up  llie  wall  of  Jeru- 
salem, ihat  we    may    be  no   more  a  reproach. 
Nell.  ii. 

4.  That  which  is  the  cause  of  shame  or  dis- 
grace.    Gen.  XXX. 

REPROACHABLE,  a.  Deserving  reproach. 

2.  Opprobrious;  scurrilous.     [J\'ot proper.] 

Elyot. 

REPROACHED,  pp.  Censured  in  terms  of 
contempt ;  upbraided. 

REPROACHFUL,  u.  Expressing  censure 
with  contempt  ;  scurrilous  ;  opprobrious; 
as  reproachful  words.  Shak. 

2.  Shameful  ;  bringing  or  casting  reproach  ; 
infamous  ;  base  ;  vile  ;  as  reproachful  con- 
duct ;  a  reproachful  life. 

REPROACHFULLY,  adv.  In  terms  of  re- 
proach ;  opprobriously  ;  scurrilously.  1 
Tim.  v. 

2.  Shamefully  ;  disgracefully  ;  contemptu- 
ously. 

REPROBATE,  a.  [L.  reprobatus,  reprobo, 
to  disallow  ;  re  and  probo,  to  prove.] 

1.  Not  enduring  proof  or  trial  ;  not  of  stand- 
ard (lurity  or  fineness;  disallowed;  re- 
jected. 

Reprobate  silver  shall  men  call  them,  because 
tlic  Lord  hath  rejected  them.     Jer.  vi. 

2.  Abandoned  in  sin  ;  lost  to  virtue  or 
grace. 

They  profess  that  they  know  God,  but  in 
works  deny  him,  being  abonjinable  and  disobe- 
dient, and  to  every  good  work  reprobate.  Tit.  i. 

3.  Abandoned  to  error,  or  in  apostasy.  2 
Tim.  iii. 

REP  RORATE,  n.  A  person  abandoned  to 
sin  :  one  lost  to  virtue  and  religion. 

1  acknowledge  myself  a  reprobate,  a  villain, 
a  traitor  to  the  king.  Raleigh. 

REP  ROBATE,  v.  t.  To  disapprove  with 
detestation  or  marks  of  extreme  dislike; 
to  disallow  :  to  reject.  It  expresses  more 
than  disapprove  or  disallow.  We  disap- 
prove of  slight  faults  and  improprieties; 
we  reprobate  what  is  mean  or  criminal. 
2.  In  a  milder  sense,  to  disallow. 

Such  an  answer  as  this,  is  reprobated  and 
disallowed  of  in  law.  Jlyliffe. 


REP 


REP 


REP 


3   To  abandon   to  wickedness  and  eternal 
'  destruction.  Hammond. 

4.  To  abandon  to  liis  sentence,  without  bope 
of  pardon. 

Drive  him  out 
To  reprobated  exile.  Southern. 

REPROBATED,  pp.  Disapproved  with  ab- 
horrence ;  rejected  ;  abandoned  to  wick- 
edness or  to  destruction. 

REP'ROBATENESS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing reprobate. 

REP'ROBATER,  71.  One   that  reprobates. 

REP'ROBATING,  ppr.  Disapproving  witl] 
extreme  dishke  ;  rejecting  ;  abandoning 
to  wickedness  or  to  destruction. 

REPROBATION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  rcpro 
batio,] 

1.  The  act  of  disallowing  with  detestation, 
or  of  expressing  extreme  dislike. 

2.  The  act  of  abandoning  or  state  of  being 
abandoned  to  eternal  destruction. 

When  a  sinner  is  so  hardened  as  to  feel  no 
remorse  or  misgiving  of  conscience,  it  is  con- 
sidered as  a  sign  of  reprobation.  Encyc. 

3.  A  condemnatory  sentence  ;  rejection. 

Set  a  brand  of  reprobation  on  dipt  poetry 
and  false  coin.  Dryden. 

REPROBA'TIONER,  n.  One  who  aban- 
dons others  to  eternal  destruction. 

South. 
REPRODU'CE,  V.  t.  [re  and  produce.]    To 
produce  again  ;  to  renew  the  production 
of  a  thing  destroyed.     Trees  are  reprodu 
ml  by  new  shoots  from  the  roots  or  stump  ; 
.ind  certain  animals,  as  the  polype,  are  re- 
produced from  cuttings.  Encyc. 
llEPRODU'CED,  pp.  Produced  anew. 
REPRODU'CER,  11.  One  or  that  which  re- 
produces. Burke 
REPRODU'CING,  ppr.  Producing  anew. 
REPRODU€'TION,  n.  The  act  or  process 
of  reproducing  that   which  has  been  de- 
stroyed ;  as  the  reproduction  of  plants  or 
animals  from  cuttmgs  or  slips.     The  re- 
production of  several  parts  of  lobsters  aiid 
crabs  is  one  of  the  greatest  curiosities  in 
natural  history.  Encyc. 
REPROOF',  n.  [from  reprove.]    Blame  ex- 
pressed to  the  face  ;  censure  for  a  fault : 
reprehension. 
Those  best  can  bear  reproof,  who  merit  praise. 

Pope. 
He  that  hateth  reproof  is  brutish.     Pros.  xii. 
2.  Blame  cast  ;  censure  directed  to  a  per- 
son- ,    ,,, 
REPROVABLE,  a.    [from  reprove.]    Wor- 
thy of  reproof;  deserving   censure;  bla- 
mablo.  Taylor. 
REPROVE.  V.  t.  [Fr.  rcprouver  ;  L.  reprobo  ; 
re  and  probu,  to  prove.] 

1.  To  blame;  to  censure. 

1  will  not  reprove   tliec   for  thy  sacrifices— 
Ps.  1. 

2.  To   charge  with   a   fault  to  the  face ;  to 
chide  ;  to  rcpreliciul.     Luke  iii. 

3.  To  blame  for  ;  with  nf;  as,  to  reprove  one 
0/ laziness.  Careu: 

4.  To  convince  of  a  fault,  or  to  niake  it  man 
ifcst.     Jolin  xvi. 

5.  To  refute;  to  disprove,     [yot  in  use.] 

Skak.i 
(J.  To  excite  a  sense  of  guilt.     Tlic  heart  or 

conscience  reproves  us. 
7.  To    manifest    silent    disapprobation     or 
blame. 

The  vicious  cannot  bear  the  presence  of  (lie 
good,   whoso   very   looks  reprove    them,   anil 


whose  life  is  a   severe,  though  silent   admom-||  Unless,  subsequent  to  the  purchase  or  cort; 

lion.  Buckminster.'A      tract,  the  devisor  republishes  his  will. 

REPROVED,   pp.    Blamed;    reprehended;  Blackstone. 

convinced  of  a  fault.  REPUB'LISHED,  pp.  Published  anew. 

REPROVER,  n.  One  that  reproves;  he  or  IREPUB'LISHER,  n.  One  who  repubhshes. 

that  wliich  blames.     Conscience  is  a  bold  JREPUB'LltiHING,  ppr.  Publishing  again. 
■rprorer.  6'o«(ft.|!REPU'DlABLE,  a.  [from  repudiate.]  That 


REPROVING,  ppr.  Blaming;  censuring. 
REPRU'NE,  v.l.  [re  anA  prune.]  To  prune] 

a  second  time.  Evelyn. 

REPRU'NED,  pp.  Pruned  a  second  time. 
REPRU'NING,    ppr.     Pruning    a    second 

lime. 
REPTILE,  a.  [Fr.  from   L.  reptilu,  from 

repo,  to  creep,  Gr.   f  prtu ;    It.  rtttile  ;   Sp. 

reptil.     See  Creep.     The  primary  sense  is 

probably  to  rub  or  scrape,  or  to  seize  " 


Creeping;  moving  on  the  belly,  or   with 
many  small  feet. 

2.  Groveling;  low  ;  vulgar  ;  as  a re;)We  race 
or  crew  ;  reptile  vices.  Burk 

REP'TILE,  n.  An  animal  that  moves  on 
its  belly,  or  by  means  of  small  short  legs, 
as  earth-worms,  caterpillars,  snakes  and 
the  like. 

In  zoology,  the  reptiles  constitute  an  or- 
der of  the  class  Amphibia,  including  all 
such  as  are  furnished  with  limbs  or  artic- 
ulated extremities,  as  tortoises,  lizards 
and  frogs.  Linne. 

A  groveling  or  very  mean  person  ;  a  term 
of  contempt. 

REPUB'LK;,  n.  [L.  respuUica;  res  and 
publica ;   public  affairs.] 

1.  A  commonwealth  ;  a  state  in  which  the 
exercise  of  the  sovereign  power  is  lodged 
in  representatives  elected  by  the  ])eople. 
In  modern  usage,  it  differs  from  a  ilemoc- 
racy  or  democratic  stale,  in  which  the 
people  exercise  the  powers  of  sovereignty 
in  person.  Vet  the  democracies  of  Greece 
are  often  called  republics. 

Common  interest ;  the  public.  [JVot  in 
use.l  ■^-  Jonson. 

Republic  of  letters,  the  collective  body  of 
learned  men. 

REPUB'LICAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  repub- 
lic; consisting  of  a  conimonvvealth  ;  as  a 
republican  constitution  or  government. 

2.  Consonant  to  the  principles  ot  a  republic  ; 
as  republican  sentiments  or  opinions  ;  re- 
publican manners. 

REPUB'LICAN,  n.  One  who  favors  m 
prefers  a  republican  form  of  govern 
ment. 

REPUBLICANISM,  n.  A  republican  form 
or  system  of  government. 

2.  Attachment  to  a  republican  form  of  gov- 
ernment. Burke. 

REPUB'LICANIZE,  v.  t.  To  convert  to  re- 
publican principles;  as,  to  repnblicanixe 
the  rising  generation.  Ramsay. 

REPUBLICATION,  n.  [re  and  publica- 
tion.] 

L  A  second  publication,  or  a  new  publica- 
tion of  something  before  published. 

3.  A  second  publication,  as  of  a  former  will, 
renewal. 

If  there  be  many  testaments,  the  last  over- 
throws all  the  former ;  but  the  republimtiou  o( 
a  foniier  will,  revokes  one  of  a  later  date,  and 
establishes  the  first.  Jllackstone. 

REPUB'LISH,  J'.  /.  [re  and  publish.]  To 
publish  a  second  time,  or  to  publish  a 
new  edition  of  a  work  before  published 

i2.  To  publish  anew. 


may  be  rejected  ;  fit  or  projier  to   be  put 

away. 
REPUDIATE,  v.t.  [Fr.   repudier ;    L.  re- 
pudio  ;  re  and  one  of  the  roots  in  class  Bd, 

wliich  signifies   to   send  or  thrust.]     To 

cast  away  ;  to  reject ;  to  discard. 
Atheists — repudiate  all  title  to  the  kingdom  of 

heaven.  Bentley. 

2.  Appropriately,  to  put  away;  to  divorce; 

as  a  wife. 
REPUDIATED,    pp.    Cast  off;  rejected; 

discarded ;  divorced. 
REPUDIATING,  ppr.  Casting  off;  reject- 
ing ;  divorcing. 
REPUDIATION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  repudia- 

tio.]     Rejection. 
2.  Divorce  ;  as  the  repudiation  o{  n  wife. 

Arbuthnot. 
jREPUGN,  n.  repu'ne.  [L.  repugno ;  re  and 

pugno.] 
ITo  oppose  ;  to  resist.     [JVo<  used.]        Elyot. 
REPUG'NANCE.  ^        [Fr.  repugnaiice  ;  It. 
REPUG'NANCY,  P'  n>Mj?)mjiia,-    L.    re- 

pugnantia,  from  repugno,  to  resist;  re  and 

pugno,  to  fight  ^ 
1 


Opposition  of  mind  ;  reluctance  ;  unwill- 
ingness. Shak.  Lhyden. 
2.  Opposition  or  struggle  of  passions  ;  resist- 
ance. South. 
Opposition  of  principles  or  qualities;  in- 
consistency ;  contrariety. 

But  where  difference  is  without  repugnancy, 

that  which  hath  been  can  be  no    prejudice  to 

that  which  is.  Hooker. 

REPUGNANT,    a.    [Fr.   from    L.   repug- 

nayis.] 

1.  Opposite  ;  contrary  ;  inconsistent ;  prop- 
erly followed  by  to.  Every  sin  is  repug- 
nant to  the  will  of  Cod.  Every  thing 
morally  wrong,  is  repugnant  both  to  the 
honor,  as  welfas  to  the  interest  of  the  of- 
fender. 

2.  Disobedient :  not  obsequious.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Shak. 

R  r.PUG'NANTLY,  adv.  With  opposition; 
n  coin radif  til  n.  Brotcn. 

REPUL'LUl.ATE.  r.  i.  [L.  re  and  pullulo, 
to  bud.]     To  bull  again.  Hoioell. 

REPULLULA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  bud- 
ding again. 

REPULSE,  n.  rejiuls'.  [L.  repulsa,  from  re- 
pello  ;  re  and  jiello,  to  drive.] 

1.  A  being  checked  in  advancing,  or  driven 
back  bv  force.  The  enemy  met  with  a 
repidse  and  retreated. 

3.  Refusal ;  denial.  Bailey. 
REPULSE,  I!,   t.   repuls'.    [L.   repulsus,  re- 

pcllo.] 
To  repel ;  to  bcr.t  or  drive  back ;  as,  to  re- 
pulse an  assailant  or  advancing  enemy. 

Knolles.     ^lilton. 

REPULS'ED,  pp.  Repelled;  driven  back. 
ItEPULS'ER,    n.     One   that    repulses    or 

drives  back.  Sherwood. 

REPULS'ING,  ppr.  Driving  back. 
REPUL'SION,  n.  In  phti-fics,  the  power  of 

repelling  or  driving  off';   that  property  of 


REP 

bodies  which  causes  them  to  recede  from 
each  other  or  avoid  coming  in  contact. 

Enci/c.\ 

2.  The  act  of  repelling.  .  „ 

REPULSIVE,  a.  llepelUng;  driving  oH, 
or  keei)ing  from  approach.  The  repulsive 
imwer  of  tlic  electric  fluid  is  remarkable. 

2.  Cold  ;  reserved  ;  forbidding ;  as  repulsive 
manners.  „,  ,.       ., 

REPULS'lVENESS,  n.  The  quahty  of  be- 
ing repulsive  or  forbidding.     ,      .      .      , 

REPULS'ORY,  a.  Repulsive;  drivingback. 

REPUR'CHASE,  v.  t.  [re  and  purchase.] 
To  buy  again  ;  to  buy  back  ;  to  regain  by 
purchase  or  expense.  Hale. 

REPUR'CHASE,  »i.  The  act  of  buying 
again ;  the  purchase  again  of  what  has 
been  sold. 

REPURCHASED,    pp.    Bought   hack    or 
a"ain;  regained  by  expense  ;  as  a  throne 
repurchased  with  the  blood  oi"  enemies. 
'  Sliak. 

REPUR'CHASING,  ppr.  Buying  back  or 
again;  regaining  by  the  payment  of  a 
price. 

REP'UTABLE,  o.  [from  rcpule.]  Being  in 
good  repute  ;  held  in  esteem  ;  as  a  reputa 
hie  man  or  character ;  reputable  conduct. 
It  expresses  less  than  respectable  ami  Hon 
arable,  denoting  the  good  opinion  of  men, 
without  distinction  or  groat  qualities. 

2.  Consistent  with  reputation  ;  not  mean  or 
disgraceful.     It  is  evidence  of  extreme  dc 
pravity  that  vice  is  in  any  case  reputable. 

In  the  article  of  danger,  it  is  as  reputable  to 
elude  an  enemy  as  to  defeat  one.  Broome 

REP'UTABLENESS,  n.  The  quahty  of 
being  reputable. 

REP'UTABLY,  adv.  With  reputation; 
without  disgrace  or  discredit ;  as,  to  fill  an 
office  reputablij. 

REPUTA'TION,  n.   [Fr.  from  E.  reputatio.] 

1.  Good  name  ;  the  credit,  honor  or  charac- 
ter which  is  derived  from  a  favorable  pub- 
lic opinion  or  esteem.  Reputation  is  a  va 
uable  species  of  property  or  right,  which 
should  never  be  violated.  With  tlie  loss 
of  reputation,  a  man  and  especially  a  wo 
man,  h>ses  most  of  the  enjoyments  of  life. 

The  best  evidence  of  reputation  is  a  man's 
whole  life.  Jlmes. 

2.  Character  by  report ;  in  a  good  or  bad 
sense ;  as,  a  man  has  the  reputation  of 
being  rich  or  poor,  or  of  being  a  thief 

Mdison. 
REPU'TE,  V.  t.  [L.  reputo ;  re  and  puto,  to 

think ;  Fr.  reputer.] 
To  think  ;  to  account ;  to  hold  ;  to  reckon. 
The  king  was  reputed  a  prince  most  prudent 

Shak 
Wherefore  are  we  counted  as  beasts,  and  re- 
puted vile  in  your  sight .'     Job  xviii. 
REPU'TE,  n.  Reputation  ;  good  character: 
the  credit  or  honor  derived  from  common 
or  public  opinion;  as  men  of  repute, 

2.  Character ;  in  a  bad  sense  ;  as  a  man  held 
in  bad  repute. 

3.  Established  opinion ;  as  upheld  by  old 
repute.  MUton 

REPU'TED,  pp.  Reckoned  ;  accounted. 
REPlI'TEDIiY,  adv.  In   common   opinion 

or  estimation.  Barrow. 

REPU'TIOI.ESS,     a.    Disreputable;      dis 

graceful.  Shak 


R  E  a 


4. 


REPU'TING,  ppr.   Thinking;   reckoning: 
accounting. 


REQUEST',  n.  [Fc.requele ;  L.  requisitits, 
requiro  ;  re  and  quwro,  to  seek  ;  It.  richies- 
ta  ;  Up.  requesta.  See  Quest,  (Question.] 
The  expression  of  desire  to  some  person 
for  something  to  be  granted  or  done  ;  an 
asking  ;  a  peiilion. 

H  trnan  sioud  u])  to  make  request  for  his  life 
to  Esther  the  queen.     Esth.  vii. 
Prayer;  the  expression  of  desire  to  a  su 
perior  or  to  the  Almighty.     Phil.  iv. 
3.  The  thing  asked  for  or  requested. 

1  will  both  hear  and  );rant  you  your  requests. 

Shali. 
He  g.ive  (hem  their  request ;  but  sent  lean- 
ness ialo  tlieir  soul.  Ps.  cvi. 
A  state  of  being  desired  or  held  In  such 
estimation  as  to  be  sought  after  or  pursu- 
ed. 

Knowledge  and   fame  were    in  as  great  re- 
quest  as  wealth  among  us  now.  Temple. 

In  request,  in  demand  ;  in  credit  or  reputa- 
tion. 

Coriolanus  bcinj;;  now  in  no  request.      Shale. 
Request  expresses  less  earnestness  than  en 
treaty  and    supplication,    and    supposes    a 
right  in  the  iierson  requesteil  to  deny  or 
refuse  to  grant.     In  tliis  it  differs  from  de- 
mand. 
REQUEST',  V.  I.  [Fr.  requHer.]     To  ask 
to  solicit;  to  express  desire  for. 

The  weight  of  the  golden  ear-rings  which  he 
requested,  was  a  thousand  and   seven  liundied 
shekels  of  gold.     Judges  viii. 
2.  To  express  desire  to  ;    to  ask.     Wo  re- 
quested a  friend  to  accompany  us. 
Court   of  requests,  in    England,   a  court   of 
equity  for  the  relief  of  such  persons  as  ad- 
dressed his  majesty  by  supplication  ;  abol- 
ished by  Stat.  IC  and  17  Ca.  1.         Encyc. 
2.  A  court  of  conscience  for  the  recovery  of 
small  debts,   held  by  two  aldermen  and 
four  commoners,  who  try  causes   by  the 
oath  of  parties  and  of  other  witnesses. 

Blackstone. 
REQUEST'ED,  ;)p.  Asked;  desired  ;  soh 

cited. 
REQUEST'ER,  n.  One   who   requests;   a 

p;'tltloner. 
REQUESTING,  ppr.  Asking;  petitioning. 
REQUICK'EN,  v.  t.  [re  and  quicken.]     To 
n  .iniinate  ;  to  give  now  life  to.  Shak. 

REQUICK'ENED,  pp.  Reanimated. 
REQUICK'ENING,  ppr.  Reanimating ;  in- 
vigorating. 
RE'QUIEM,  n.  [L.]  In  the  Romish  church, 
a  hymn  or  mass  sung  for  the  dead,  for  the 
rest  of  his  soul ;  so  called  from  the  first 
word.  Encyc. 

Rest ;  quiet ;  peace.     [M)t  in  use.] 

Sandys. 
REQUI  ETORY,  n.  [how  h.requietorium.] 
A  scpulcher.     [jVot  in  use.]  Jf'eever. 

REQUI'RABLE,  a.  [from  require.]  That 
may  be  required  ;  fit  or  proper  to  be  de 
manded.  Hale. 

REQUI'RE,  V.  t.  [L.  requiro  ;  re  and  qum 
ro,  to  seek  ;  Fr.  Sp.  requerir.  See  Query.] 
1.  To  demand  ;  to  ask,  as  of  right  and  by 
authority.  We  require  a  person  to  do  i 
tiling,  and  we  require  a  thing  to  be  done. 
Why  then  doth  my  lord  require  this  thing 
1  Chron.  xxi. 

To  claim;  to  render  necessary  ;  as  a  du- 
ty or  any  thing  indispensable  ;  as,  the  law 
of  God  requirc.i  strict  obedience. 
To  ask  as  a  favor  ;  to  request. 


3. 


R  E  a 

I  was  ashamed  to  require  of  the  king  a  hand 
of  soldiers  and  Iiorsemcn  to  lielp  us  against  the 
enemy  in  the  way.     Ezra  viii. 
[//(  this  sense,  the  word  is  rarely  used.] 
j4.  To  call  to  account  for. 

I  will  require  my  flock  at  their  hand.     Ezek. 
I      xxxiv. 

5.   To  make   necessary;    to   need;    to  de- 
!     mand. 

I  The  king's  busmess  required  haste.     1  Sam. 

I      xxi. 
G.  To   avenge ;   to  take  satisfaction  for.     1 

Sam.  XX. 
REQUI'RED,    pp.     Demanded;     needed; 

necessurv. 
REQUI' REM ENT,   7i.    Demand;    requisi- 
tion. Scott.     Chalmers. 
This  ruler  was  one  of  those  who  believe  that 
they  can  till  up  every  requirement  contained  in 
the  rule  of  righteousness.  J.  M.  Mason. 
The  Bristol  water  is  of  service  where  the  se- 
cretions exceed  the  requirements  of  health. 

Encyc. 

REQUI'RER,  n.  One  who  requires. 

REQUIRING,  ppr.  Demanding  ;  needing. 

REQ'UISITE,  a.  sasz.  [h.  requisiius,  from 
requiro.] 

Required  by  the  nature  of  things  or  by  cir- 
cumstances ;  necessary;  so  needful  that 
It  cannot  be  dispensed  with.  Repentance 
and  faith  are  requisite  to  salvation.  Air  Is 
requisite  to  support  life,  lleat  is  requisite 
to  vegetation. 

REQ'UISITE,  n.  That  which  is  necessary; 
something  indispepsable.  Contentment 
is  a  requisite  to  a  happy  life. 

God  on  his  part  has  declared  the  requisites 
on  ours ;  what  we  must  do  to  obtain  blessings, 
is  the  great  business  of  us  all  to  know.     Wake. 

REQ'UISITELY,  adv.    Necessarily;   in   a 

I     requisite  manner.  Boyle. 

jREQ'UISITENESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 

!     requisite  or  necessary ;  necessity.     Boyle. 

REQUISI'TION,  71.  [Fr. ;  \X..  requisizione. 
See  Require.] 

Demand;  application  made  as  of  right.  Un- 
der the  old  confederation  of  the  American 
stat(!s,  congress  often  made  requisitions 
on  the  states  for  money  to  supply  the 
treasury  ;  but  they  had  no  power  to  en- 
force their  requisitions,  and  the  states  neg- 
lected or  partially  complied  with  therii. 

Hamilton. 

REQUIS'ITIVE,  a.  Expressing  or  Imply- 
ing demand.  Harris. 
REQUIS'lTORY,  a.  Sought  for;  demand- 
ed.    [Little  used.] 
REQUI'T.\L,  »i.  [from  requite.]  Return  for 
any  office,  good  or  bad  ;  in  a  good  sense, 
compensation  ;  recompense  ;  as  the  requi- 
tal of  services ;  in  a  bad  sense,  retaliation 
or  punishment,   as    the    requital   of   evil 
deeds. 
2.  Return  ;  reciprocal  action. 

No  merit  their  aversion  can  remove. 
Nor  ill  requital  can  efface  their  love. 

Waller. 

REQUITE,  v.t.  [from  quit,  L.  cedo;  Jr. 
cuitighim,  to  requite;  cuileach,  recom- 
pense.] 
I.  To  repay  either  good  or  evil ;  in  a  good 
sense,  to  recompense  ;  to  return  an  equiv- 
alent in  good  ;   to  reward. 

i  also  will  requite  you  this  kindness.  2  Sam, 
ii.     1  Tim.  V. 


RES 


RES 


RES 


In  a  bad  sense,  to  retaliate  ;  to  return 
evil  for  evil  ;  to  punish. 

Jo^epli    will  certainly  requite  us  all  the  evil 
which  we  did  to  him.     Gen.  1. 
2.  To  do  or  give  in  return. 

He  hath  requited  nie  evil  for  good.     1  Sam. 

XXV. 

REQUl'TED,  pp.  Repaid;  recompensed; 
rewnrdtMl. 

REQUI'TER,  n.  One  who  requites. 

REUUl'TING,  ppr.  Recompensing;  re- 
warding; giving  in  return. 

RE'RE  MOUSE,  71.  [Sax.  hreremus.]  A  bat 
fSee  Rear-moiise.] 

Rfi-RESOLVE,  V.  t.  re-rezolv'.  To  resolve 
a  seeond  time. 

RE'RE-WARl),  n.  [rear  and  ward.]  The 
part  of  an  army  that  marches  in  the  rear, 
as  the  guard  ;  the  rear  guard.  [The  latter 
orthography  is  to  be  preferred.]  Num.  x. 
Is.  Hi. 

RESA'IL,  V.  .  or  i.  [re  and  sail.]  To  sail 
back.  Pope 

RESALE,  n.  [re  and  sale.]  A  sale  at  sec- 
ond hand.  Bacon 

2.  A  second  sale;  a  sale  of  what  was  before 
sold  to  the  possessor. 

RESALU'TE,  v.  t.  [L.  resaluto ;  re  and  sa- 
Into,  to  salute  ;  Fr.  resaliier.] 

1.  To  salute  or  greet  anew.  Millon 

2.  To  return  a  salutation. 
RESALU'TED,  pp.  Saluted  again. 
RESALU'TING,  ppr.  Saluting  auew. 
RESCIND',  v.t.  [L.  rescindo ;  re  and  scin- 

do,  to  cut ;  Fr.  rescinder.] 

1.  To  abrogate;  to  revcike  ;  to  annul;  to 
vacate  an  act  by  the  enacting  authority  or 
by  superior  authority ;  as,  to  rescind  a 
law,  a  resolution  or  a  vote  ;  to  rescind  an 
edict  or  decree;  to  rescind  a  judgment. 

2.  To  cut  otr.     [JVot  used.] 
RESCISSION,  n.  resizh'on.    [Fr.  rescision, 

from  L.  rescissus.] 

1.  The  act  of  abrogating,  annulling  or  va- 
cating ;  as  the  rescission  of  a  law,  decree 
or  judgmeiit. 

2.  A  cutting  off. 
RESCIS'SORY,  a.  [Fr.  rescisoire.]  Having 

power  to  cut  off  or  to  abrogate.       Selden 
RES'€OUS,  in  law.    [See  Rescue.] 
RESCRl'BE,  V.  I.  [L.  rescribo  ;  re  and  scri 

bo,  to  write.] 
1.  To  write  back.  •'illliff^- 

'Z  To  write  over  again.  Howell.] 

RE'SCRIPT,  n.  [L.  rescriplum,  rescribo.]] 
The  answer  of  an  emperor,  when  con- 
sulted by  particular  persons  on  some  dif- 
ficult question.  This  answer  serves  as  a 
decision  of  the  question,  and  is  therefore 
equivalent  to  an  edict  or  decree.  Encyc. 
RESCRIP'TIVELV,  adv.  By  rescript.  [Un- 
usual.] Burke. 
RES'CUABLE,  a.  That  may  be  rescued. 

Gayton. 
RESCUE,  V.  t.  res'cu.  [Norm,  resrure,  to 
rescue  ;  rcscous,  retaken,  rescued,  relieved  ; 
Fr.  recourre,  recous ;  (|u.  from  recouvrer,  to 
recover.  The  Italian  riscattare,  Sp.  res- 
catar,  Port,  resgatar,  to  redeem,  to  rescue, 
is  cojnpoinided  of  re  and  cattnre,  to  gel 
The  Fr.  recous  is  evidently  the  It.  riscossa, 
recovery,  riscosso,  recovered,  from  riscuo- 
lere,  to  redeem,  ransom,  regain,  esca])e 
exact,  or  recover,  contracted  in  Fr.  re- 
courre, from  ri  or  re  and   It.     scuotere.  to 


shake  :  scoMrt,  a  shaking;  L.  re  and  ^un-nRESE'IZING,  ppr.  Seizing  again. 
lio.]  I'RESEIZURE,  n.  rese'zhur.  A  second  Seiz- 

To  free  or  deliver  from   any  confinement,:!     ure  ;  the  act  of  seizing  again.  Bacon. 


violence,  danger  or  evil  ;  to  liberate  from' 
actual  restraint,  or  to  remove  or  withdraw 
from  a  state  of  exposure  to  evil;  as,  to 
rescue  a  prisoner  from  an  officer;  to  res- 
cue seamen  froin  destruction  by  ship- 
wreck. 

So  the  people  rescued  Jonathan  that  he  died 
not.     1  Sam.  xiv.     xxx.     Ps.  xxxv. 

Cattle  taken  by  distress  contrary  to  law,  may 
be  rescued,  by  the  owner,  while  on  tlieir  way  to 
the  poimd.  Blackstone 

Estimate  the  value  of  one  soul  rescued  from 
eternal  guilt  and  agony,  and  destined  to  grow 
forever  in  the  knowledge  and  likeness  of  God. 
.i.  Dickinson 
RES'CUE,  n.  [See  the  Verb.]  Deliverance 
from  restraint,  violence  or  danger,  by 
force  or  by  the  interference  of  an  agent. 
3.  In  law,  rescue  or  rescous,  the  forcible  re- 
taking of  a  lawful  distress  from  the  dis- 
trainor, or  from  the  custody  of  the  law  ; 
also,  the  forcible  liberation  of  a  defend- 
ant from  the  custody  of  the  officer,  in 
which  cases,  the  remedy  is  by  writ  of  res- 
cous. But  when  the  distress  is  unlawful- 
ly taken,  the  owner  may  lawfully  make 
rescue. 

The  rescue  of  a  prisoner  from  the  court,  is 
punished  with  perpetual  imprisonment  and  for- 
feiture of  goods.  Blackstone. 

RES'CUED,  pp.  Delivered  from  confine- 
ment or  danger ;  or  forcibly  taken  from 
the  custody  of  the  law. 

RES'CUER,  n.  One  that  rescues  or  retakes. 

Kent. 

RES' CVl^G,  ppr.  Liberating  from  restraint 
or  danger  ;  forcibly  taking  from  the  cus- 
tody of  the  law. 

RESEARCH,  n.  reserch'.  [Fr.  recherche.] 
Diligent  inquiry  or  examination  in  seeking 
facts  or  principles  ;  laborious  or  continued 
search  after  truth  ;  asresearchcs  of  human 
wisdom.  Rogers. 

RESEARCH,  t'.  t.  reserch'.  [Fr.  rcchercher  ; 
re  and  chercher.] 

1.  To  search  or  examine  with  continued 
care;  to  seek  diligently  for  the  truth. 

It  is  not  easy  to  research  with  due  distinc- 
tion, in  the  actions  of  eminent  personages,  both 
liow  much  may  have  been  blemished  by  the  en- 
vy of  others,  and  what  was  corrupted  hy  their 
own  felicity.     lUitusual.]  IVotton. 

2.  To  search  again  ;  to  examine  anew. 
RESEARCHER,  n.  reserch'er.  One  who  dil- 
igently inquires  or  examines. 

RESE'AT,  V.  t.  [re  and  seat.]  To  seat  or 
set  again.  Dryden. 

RKSK.\TRD.  pp.  Seated  again. 
RESE'ATING,  ppr.  Seating  again. 
RESECTION,  n.   [L.  rescclio,  rescco.]  The 
act  of  cutting  or  paring  off.  Cotgravc. 

RESF^E'K,  V.  t.  pret.  and  i)p.  resought.  [re 

and  seek.] 
To  seek  again.  J.  Barlow 

RESE'IZE,  V.  t.   [re  and  seize.]     To   seize 
again  ;  to  seize  a  second  time.        Spen.ser. 
2.  In  law,   to   take   possession   of  lainls  and 
tenements  which  have  been  disseized. 

Whereupon  the  sherif  is  commanded   to  ? 
seize  the  land  and  all  the  chattels  thereon,  ai 
keep  the  same  in  his  cvistody  till  the  arrival  of 
the  justices  of  assize.  BlackstoJie. 

RESEIZED,  pp.  Seized  again. 
IRESE'IZER,  Ji.  One  who  seizes  again. 


RESELL',  V.  t.  To  sell  again  ;  to  sell  what 
has  been  bought  or  sold.       HTieaton,  v.  4. 

RESEMBLABLE,  a.  [See  Resemble.]  That 
may  be  compared.     [JVb<  in  use.] 

Gower. 

RESEM'BLA.\CE,  it.  [Fr.  ressemblance.  See 
Resemble.] 

1.  Likeness ;  similitude,  either  of  external 
form  or  of^ qualities.  We  observe  a  resem- 
blance between  persons,  a  resemblance  in 
shape,  a  resemblance  in  manners,  a  resem- 
blance in  dispositions.  Painting  and  po- 
etry bear  a  great  resemblance  to  each  other, 
as  one  object  of  both  is  to  please. 

Dryden. 

2.  Something  similar;  similitude ;  represent- 
ation. 

These  sensible  things  which  religion  hath 
allowed,  are  resemblances  formed  according  to 
things  spiritual.  Hooker. 

Fairest  resemblance  of  thy  Maker  fair — 

JUUton. 
RESEM'BLE,  v.t.  sasz.  [Ft. ressembler ;  It. 
rassembrare  ;  Sp.  asemejar  ;    Port,  assemel- 
har.     See  .Similar.] 

1.  To  have  the  likeness  of;  to  bear  the  si- 
luilitiule  of  something,  either  in  form,  fig- 
ure or  qualities.  One  man  may  resemble 
another  in  features ;  he  may  resemble  a 
third  person  in  temper  or  deportinent. 

Kach  one  resembled  the  children  of  a  king. 
Judges  viii. 

2.  To  liken ;  to  compare ;  to  represent  as 
like  something  else. 

The  torrid  parts  of  Africa  are  resembled  to  a 
libbard's  skin,  the  distance  of  who.se  spots  rep- 
resents the  dispersed  situation  of  the  habita- 
tions. Brerewood. 

RESEM'BLED,  pp.  Likened;  compared. 

RESEMBLING,  ppr.  Having  the  fikeuess 
of;  likening;  ciuiiparing. 

RESEND',  V.  I.  pret.  and  ])p.  resent,  [re  and 
send.] 

To  send  again;  to  send  back.     [,Vo<  in  xise.] 

Shak. 

RESENT',  V.  I.  s  as  :.  [Fr.  ressentir,  to  per- 
ceive again,  to  have  a  deep  sense  of;  re 
and  senlir,  to  perceive,  L.  sentio  ;  It.  risen- 
tire,  to  resent,  to  hear  again,  to  resound  ; 
Sp.  resentirse,  to  resent,  also  to  begin  to 
give  way  or  to  fail;  resenlimiento,  resent- 
ment, a  flaw  or  crack.] 

1.  To  take  well;  to  receive  with  sati.sfac- 
tion.     Obs.  Bacon. 

2.  To  take  ill ;  to  consider  as  an  injury  or 
affront ;  to  be  in  some  degree  angry  or 
provoked  at. 

Thou  with  scorn 
And  anger  would'st  resent  the  offer'd  wrong. 

Milton. 

RESENT  ED,  pp.  Taken  ill ;  being  in  some 
measure  angry  at. 

RESENT'ER,  n.  One  who  resents;  one 
that  feels  an  injury  deeply.  M'otton. 

2.  In  the  sense  of  one  that  takes  a  thing 
well.     06s. 

RESENTFUL,  a.  Easily  provoked  to  an- 
ger;  of  an  irritable  temper. 

RESENT'ING,  ppr.  Taking  ill ;  feeling  an- 
gry at. 

RESENT'INGLY,  adv.  With  a  sense  of 
wrong  or  affront ;  with  a  degree  of  anger. 

2.  With  deep  sense  or  strong  perception. 
Obs.  More. 


RES 

RESKNT'IVE,  a.  Easily  provoked  or  irri- 
tated ;  quick  to  feel  an  iujury  or  nf'-""'- 
^  Thomson 

RESENT'MENT,  n.   [Fr.  reaaentimenl ;  It. 
riserdimento ;  Sp.  resentimienlo.] 

I.  Tilt;  excitement  of  passion  which  pro 
cee.ls  fn.n,  a  sense  of  wrong  "ffere.l  to 
ourselves,  or  to  thoso  who  rtre  connected 
with  us;.inK.T.  Tins  word  usual  y  ex- 
presses less  exciten.ent  thar.  antra;  though 
it  is  often  synonymous  with  it.  It  ex- 
presses nuich  less  than  .oralh,em>,perahon, 
knd  Mienation.  In  tins  use,  rcscn(Hie«<  is 
not  the  sense  or  perception  o(  mjury,  hut 
the  excitement  which  is  the  effect  ot  it. 
Can  heavenly  minds  such  high  resmtmeni 
show .'  Ihiidtii. 

2   Strong  perception  of  good.     [JVo(  in  use  ^ 

More. 
RESERVA'TION,  n.  s  as  z.  [Fr.  from  L 
reseivo.] 

1.  The  act  of  reserving  or  keeping  back  or 
in  the  mind ;  reserve ;  concealment  or 
withholding  from  disclosure;  as  mental 
reservation. 

2.  Something  withheld,  either  not  expressed 
or  disclosed,  or  not  givcm  up  or  brought 
forward. 

With  reservation  of  a  huniiicil  knights. 

Shak. 
In  the  United  States,  a  tract  of  land  not 
sold  with  the  rest,  is  cnlled  a  reservntion. 

3.  Custody  ;  state  of  being  treasureil  up  or 
kept  in  store.  Shak. 

4.  In  law,  a  clause  or  part  of  an  instrument 
by  which  something  is  reserved,  not  con- 
ceded or  granted  ;  also,  a  proviso. 

Mental  reservation  is  the  withholding  of  ex- 
pression or  disclosure  of  something  that 
affects  a  proposition  or  statement,  and 
which  if  disclosed,  would  materially  vary 
its  import.  , 

Mental  reservations  are  the  refuge  ol  hypo- 
crites. Eneyc. 

RESERV'ATIVR,   a.  Keeping;  reserving. 

RESERV'ATORY,  n.  [from  reserve.]  A 
place  in  which  things  are  reserved  or  kept. 

Woodward. 

RESERVE,  D.  I.  rezerv'.  [Fr.  reserver ;  L.  re 
servo  ;  re  and  servo,  to  keep.] 

1.  To  keep  in  store  for  future  or  other  use  ; 
to  withhold  from  present  use  for  another 
purpose.  The  farmer  sells  his  corn,  re- 
serving only  what  is  necessary  for  his  fam 

ily. 

Hast  thou  seen  the  treasures  of  hail,  which  1 
liave  reserved  against  the  day  of  trouble  ?    Job 
xxxviii. 
3.  To  keep;  to  hold;  to  retain. 

Will  he  reserve  his  anger  for  ever  .'  Jer.  iii. 
3.  To   lay  up  and   keep  for  a  future  time 
2  Pet.  ii. 

Reserve  your  kind  looks  and  language  for 
private  hours.  Swift. 

RESERVE,  11.  reie»-u'.  That  which  is  kept 
for  other  or  future  use;  that  which  is  re- 
tained from  present  use  or  disposal. 

The  virgins,   besides  the  oil  in   tlieir  lamps, 

carried  likewise  a  reserve  in  some  other  vessel 

for  a  continual  supply.  TUlotson 

%  Something   in  the   mind    withheld   from 

disclosure. 

However  any  one  may  concur  in  the  general 
scheme,  it  is  still  with  certain  reserves  and  rievi 
ations.  Addison 


RES 


|3.  Exception ;  something  withheld. 
Is  koowledge  no  de»pis'd.' 
Or  envy,  or  what  reserve  forbids  to  taste  ? 

Milton. 
4.  Exception  in  favor. 

Eacli  has  some  darling  lust,  which  pleads  for 
a  reserve.  Rogers 

,5.  Restraint  of  freedom  in  words  or  actions; 
backwardness  ;  caution  in  personal  be- 
havior. Reserve  may  proceed  from  mod- 
esty, bashfuhiess,  jirudence,  prudery  or 
sullenness.  .  .  •  , , 

My  soul  surpiis'd,  and  from  her  sex  disjoin  d, 
Left  all  reserve,  and  all  the  sex  behind. 

Prior 

6.  In  laiv,  reservation.  . 

In  reserve,  in  store ;  in  keeping  for  other  or 
future  use.  He  has  large  quantities  of 
wheat  in  reserve.  He  has  evidence  or  ar 
guments  in  reserve.  1 

Body  of  reserve,  in  military  affairs,  llie  third 
or  last  line  of  an  army  drawn  up  for  bat-| 
tie,  reserved  to  sustain  the  other  lines  as: 
occasion  may  require ;  a  body  of  troops 
kept  for  an  exigency. 
RESERV'ED,  pp.  Kept  for  another  or  fu 

tore  use ;  retained. 
3.  a.  Restrained  from  freedom  in  words  or 
actions  ;  backward   in  conversation  ;  not 
I     free  or  frank. 

To  all  obliging,  yet  reserved  to  all.       Walsli 
Notliine  reserv'd  or  sullen  was  to  see. 

Dryden 

RESERVEDLY,  adv.  With  reserve;  with 
backwardness  ;  not  with  openness  or 
frankness.  fVoodward. 

•2.  Scrupulously  ;    cautiously  ;   coldly. 
i  Pope. 

IrESERV'EDNESS,  ?i.  Closeness;  want 
frankness,  openness  or  freedom.     A  man 
may  guard  himself  by  that  silence  and  re- 
servediiess  which  every  one  may  innocent- 
ly practice.  South. 
iRESEKV'ER,  n.  One  that  reserves. 
JRESERV'ING,  ppr.  Keeping  back;  keep 
ing  for  other  use  or  for  use  at  a  future 
time  ;  retaining. 
RESERVOIR',  n.  [Fr.]  A  place  where  any 
thins  is  kept  in  store,  particularly  a  place 
where  water  is  collected  and  kept  for  use 
when  wanted,  as  to  supply  a  fountain,  a 
canal  or  a  city  by  means  of  aijuediiots,  or 
to  drive  a  mill-wheel  and  the  like;  a  cis- 
tern ;  a  mill-pond  ;  a  bason. 
RE'SET,  11.  Ill  Scots  law,  the  receiving  am' 
harboring  of  an  outlaw  or  a  criminal. 

Eneyc. 

RESET  TLE,  v.  t.  [re  and  settle.]  To  settle 

Kgain.  Swijt 

To  install,  as  a  minister  of  the  gospel. 

RESET'TLE,  v.  i.  To  settle  in  the  ministry 

a  second  time  ;  to  be  installed. 
RESET'TLED,  pp.  Settled  again  ;  install- 
ed- ,.       ,. 
RESET'TLEMENT,  n.  The  act  of  settling 

or  composing  again. 

The  resctttemcnt  of  my  discomposed  soul. 

A''orris 

•2.  The  state  of  settling  or  subsiding  again 
as  the  rcseWemcni  of  lees.  Mortimer. 

3.  A  second  settlement  in  the  ministry. 

RESETTLING,  ppr.  Settling  again;  in 
stallins. 

RESHIP  ,  I'.  (.  [re  and  ship.]  To  ship  again 
to  ship  what  has  been  conveyed  by  wate 
or  imported  ;  as  coffee  and  sugar  imported 


RES 

into  New  York,  and  reshipped  for   Ham- 

liuri.'.  „  .  .     . 

RESUIP'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  shipping  or 
loading  on  board  of  a  ship  a  second  time  ; 
the    shipping   for  exportation    what  has 
been  imported. 
•i.  That  which  is  rcshipjied. 
RESIHP'PEI). /)/'■  Shipped  again. 
RESIIIP'PINU, /<wr.  Shipping  again. 
JKE'SIANCE,  n.  (Hee  Resiant.]  Residence; 
'     abode.     Obs.  Bacon. 

RE'SIANT,  a.  [Norm,  resiant,  resseanl,  from 

the  L.  resideo.     See   Reside.] 
IResident;    dwelling;   present    in    a    place. 
Otis.  Knolles. 

RESl'DE,  v.i.  »as2.  [Vr.  resider ;  U  resi- 
deo, resido  ;  re  and  .ledeo,  to  sit,  to  settle.] 
L  To  dwell  permuiioiuly  or  for  a  length  of 
time;  to  have  a  settled  aho<le  for  a  time. 
The  peculiar  uses  of  this  word  are  to  be 
noticed.  When  the  word  is  applied  to  the 
natives  of  a  state,  or  others  who  dwell  in 
it  as  permanent  citizens,  we  use  it  only 
with  reference  to  the  part  of  a  city  or 
country  in  which  a  man  dwells.  We  do 
not  sav  generallv,  that  ICnglislimen  re^de 
in  England,  hut'a  particular  citizen  resides 
in  London  or  York,  or  at  such  a  house  in 
such  a  street,  in  the  Strand,  &c. 

When  the  word  is  applied  to  strangers 
or  travelers,  we  do  not  say,  a  man  resides 
in  an  inn  for  a  night,  but  he  resided  in 
Londcui  or  Oxford  a  month  or  a  year ;  or 
he  may  reside  in  a  foreign  country  a  great 
i)art  of  his  life.  A  man  lodges,  stays,  re- 
mains, abiiles,  for  a  day  or  very  short 
time,  but  reside  implies  a  longer  time, 
though  not  definite. 
[2  To  sink  to  the  bottom  of  liquors;  to  set- 
'tle.     Obs.  Boyle. 

[In  this  sense,  subside  is  now  used.] 
IRES'IDENX'E,  «.  [Fr.]  The  act  of  abiding 
or  dwelling  in  a  jilace  for  some  continu- 
ance of  time;  as  the  jtsWenceof  an  Amer- 
ican in  France  or  Italy  for  a  year. 

The   ronfessor  had  often  made  considerable 
residences  in  Normandy.  Hale, 

■i.  The  place   of  abode  ;  a  dwelling ;  a  hab- 
itation. . 

Caprca  had  been— the  residence  of  Tibenus 

for  several  years. 

I3.  That  which  falls  to  the  bottom  of  liquors. 

Oli.i.  Bacon. 

I.  Ill  Me  canon  and  common  law,  the  abode 

of  a  jiaison  or  incumbent  on  his  benefice  ; 

opposeil  to  non-residence.  Blarkstone. 

RES'IDENT,  n.   [\..  residens  ;  Fr.  resident.] 

Dweirmg  'U-  having  an  abode  in   a  place  for 

a  continuance  of  time,  hut  not  definite  ;  as 

a    minister   resident    at   the    court  of  St. 

James.      -V  U   is  now    resident  in  South 

America. 

RES  lUENT,  11.  One  who  resides  or  dwells 

in  a  ])lace  for  some  time.      A  B  is  now  a 

resident  in  London. 

A  public  minister  who  resides  at  a  foreign 
court.  It  is  usually  applied  to  ministers 
of  a  rank  inferior  to  that  of  embassadors. 

Kncyc. 
RESIDENTIARY,  a.  Having  residence. 

More. 
RESIDEN'TL\RY,  n.  An  ecclesiastic  who 
keeps  a  certain  residence. 

Ecdes.  Canons. 
RESIDER,  n.  One  who  resides  in  a  partic- 
I    ular  place.  S<"f- 


RES 


RES 


RES 


RESIDING,  ppr.  Dwelling  in  a  place  fori 
some  contiuuatice  of  time. 

RE.-^ID'UAL,  a.  Remaiiiing  after  a  pan  is 
taken.  Davy. 

RESID'UARY,  a.  [L.  residuus.  See  Re- 
side.] 

Pertaining  to  the  residue  or  part  remaining ; 
as  the  residuary  advantage  of  an  estate. 

Ayliffe. 

Residuary  legatee,  in  law,  the  legatee  to 
whom  is  bequeathed  the  part  of  goods  a/id 
estate  which  remains  after  deducting  all 
the  debts  and  specific  legacies. 

Blackstone. 

RES'IDUE,    n.    [Fr.  residu ;  L.  residuus.] 

1.  That  which  remains  after  a  part  is  taken, 
separated,  removed  or  designated. 

The  locusts  shall  eat  the  residue  of  that  which 
has  escaped.    Ex.  x. 

The  residue  of  them  will  I  deliver  to  the 
sword.     Jer.  xv. 

2.  The  balance  or  remainder  of  a  debt  or  ac- 
count. 

RESID'UUM,  n.  [L.]  Residue  ;  that  which 
is  left  after  any  process  of  separ.ition  or 
purification.  Chimislry.     Metallurgy. 

2.  In  law,  the  part  of  an  estate  or  of  goods 
and  chattels  remaining  after  the  payment 
of  debts  and  legacies.  Blackstone. 

RESIE'GE,  v.  t.  [re  and  siege.]  To  seat 
again  ;  to  reinstate.     Obs.  Spenser. 

RESIGN,  V.  t.  rezi'ne.  [Fr.  resigner ;  L.  re- 
signo ;  re  and  signo,  to  sign.  The  rad- 
ical sense  of  5tg->i  is  to  send,  to  drive,  hence 
to  set.  To  resign  is  to  send  back  or  send 
away.] 

1.  To  give  up ;  to  give  back,  as  an  oflSce  or 
commission,  to  the  person  or  authority 
that  conferred  it ;  hence,  to  surrender  an 
office  or  charge  in  a  formal  manner;  as,  a 
military  officer  resigns  his  commission  ;  a 
prince  resigns  his  crown. 

Phoebus  resigns  his  darts,  and  Jove 

His  thunder,  to  the  god  of  love.       Denham. 

2.  To  withdraw,  as  a  claim.  He  resigns  all 
pretensions  to  skill. 

3.  To  yield;  as,  to  resign  the  judgment  to 
the  direction  of  others.  Locke 

4.  To  yield  or  give  up  in  confidence. 

What  more  reasonable,  than  that  we  should  in 
all  things  resign  ourselves  to  the  will  of  God  ? 

TVlotson. 

5.  To  submit,  particularly  to  Providence. 

A  firm,  yet  cautious  mind  ; 
Sincere,  though   prudent ;  constant,  yet  re- 
sign'd.  Pope. 

ti.  To  submit  without  resistance  or  murmur. 

Shak. 

RE'SIGN,  V.  t.  To  sign  again. 

RESIGN,  71.  Resignation.     Obs. 

RESIGNA'TION,  n.  [Fr.]  The  act  of  re- 
signing or  giving  up,  as  a  claim  or  pos- 
session ;  as  the  resignation  of  a  crown  or 
commission. 

2.  Submission  ;  unresisting  acquiescence  ; 
as  a  blind  resignation  to  the  authority  of 
other  men's  opinions.  Locke. 

y.  Quiet   submission  to  the   will  of  Provi 
<lence ;  submission  without  discontent,  and 
with  entire  acquiescence  in  the  divine  dif 
•   ]i(;ns;uions.     Tliis  is  christian  resignation. 

RESIGNED,  pj).  Given  up;  surrendered; 
yiehieil. 

2.  o.  Submissive  to  the  will  of  God. 

RESIGNEDLY,  ndi:   With  submission. 


RESIGNER,  n.  One  that  resigns. 

RESIGNING,  ppr.    Giving  up  ;  surrender 
ing  ;  submitting. 

RESIGNMENT,  n.  The  act  of  resigning. 
Obs. 

RES'ILAH,  )(.  An  ancient  patriarchal  com. 

RESIL'iENCE,  )       s  asz.  [L.  resilient,  re 

RESIL'IENCY,  ^  "'  silio;  re  and  salio,  to 
spring.] 

The  act  of  leaping  or  springing  back,  or  the 
act  of  rebounding ;  as  the  resilience  of  a 
ball  or  of  sound.  Bacon. 

RESIL'IENT,  a.  [L.  resilicns.]  Leaping  or 
starling  back  ;  rebounding. 

RESILL'TION,  n.  [L.  resilio.]  The  act  of 
springing  back  ;  resihence. 

RES'IN,  71.  s  as  :.  [Fr.  resine;  L.  It.  Sp.  res- 
ina  ;  Ir.  roisin  ;  Gr.  pijr'inj,  probably  from 
psu,  to  flow.] 

An  inflammable  substance,  hard  when  cool, 
but  viscid  when  heated,  exsuding  in  a  fluid 
state  from  certain  kinds  of  trees,  as  pine 
either  spontaneously  or  by  incision.  Res 
ins  are  soluble  in  oils  and  alcohol,  and  are 
said  to  be  nothing  but  oils  concreted  by 
combination  with  oxygen.  Resins  differ 
from  gums,  which  are  vegetable  mucilage  ; 
anil  they  are  less  sweet  and  odorous  than 
balsams.        Eneyc.    J\''icholson.    Fourcroy. 

RESINIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  resinaa.xiAfero,  lo 
produce.] 

Yielding  resin  ;  as  a  resiniferous  tree  or  ves 
sels.  Gregory. 

RES'INIFORM,  a.  Having  the  form  of  res- 
in. C'ic. 

RESINO-ELEeTRle,    a.    Containing  or 
exhibiting  negative  electrieity,or  that  kind 
which  is  produced  by  the  friction  of  resin 
ous  substances.  Ure. 

RES'INO-EXTRAC'TIVE,  a.  Designating 
extractive  matter  in  which  resin  predoni 
inates. 

RES'INOUS,  a.  Partaking  of  the  qualities 
of  resin;  like  resin.  iJcsinows  substances 
are  combustible. 

Resinous  electricity,  is  that  electricity  which 
is  excited  oy  rubbing  bodies  of  the  resin 
ous  kind.     This  is  generally  negative. 

RES'INOUSLY,  adv.  By  means  of  resin  ; 
as  resinousbj  electrified.  Gresrory. 

RES'INOUSNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
resinous.  > 

RESIPIS'CENCE,  n.  [Fr.  from  h.resipisco, 
from  resipio  ;  re  and  sapio,  to  taste.] 

Properly,  wisdom  derived  from  severe  expe- 
rience ;  hence,  repentance.     [Little  i(*t' 

RESIST,  V.  t.  rezisV.  [L.  resisto;  re  and 
sisto,  to  stand  ;  Fr.  resister ;  Sp.  resistir ; 
It.  resistere.] 

1.  Literally,  to  stand  against;  to  withstand  : 
hence,  to  act  in  opposition,  or  to  oppose 
A  dam  or  mound  resists  a  current  of  wa- 
ter passively,  by  standing  unmoved  and  in- 
terrupting its  progress.  An  army  resists 
the  progress  of  an  enemy  actively,  by  en 
countering  and  defeating  it.  We  resist 
measures  by  argument  or  remonstrance. 

Why   doth  he  yet  find  fault .'   for  who  hath 
resisted  his  will  ?     Rom.  ix. 

2.  To  strive  against ;  to  endeavor  to  coun- 
teract, defeat  or  frustrate. 

Ye  do  always  resist   the  Holy  Spirit.     Acts 
vii. 

3.  To  batflo  ;  to  disajipoint. 
God  resistetli  the  proud,  but  givoth  grace  to 

the  humble.     James  iv. 


RESIST',  V.  i.  To  make  opposition.     Shak. 

RESIST  ANCE,  n.  The  act  of  resisting ; 
opposition.  Resistance  is  passive,  as  that 
of  a  fixed  body  which  interrupts  the  pas- 
sage of  a  moving  body ;  or  active,  as  in 
the  exertion  of  force  to  -slop,  repel  or  de- 
feat progress  or  designs. 

2.  The  quality  of  not  yielding  to  force  or 
external  impression  ;  that  power  of  a 
body  which  acts  in  opposition  to  the  im- 
pulse or  pressure  of  another,  or  which 
prevents  the  effect  of  another  power;  as 
the  resistance  of  a  ball  which  receives  the 
force  of  another  :  the  resistance  of  wood 
to  a  cutting  instrument;  the  resistance  of 
air  to  the  motion  of  a  cannon  ball,  or  of 
water  to  the  motion  of  a  ship. 

RESIST' ANT,  n.  He  or  that  which  resists. 

Pearson. 

RESIST'ED,  pp.  Opposed;  counteracted; 
withsiiinil. 

RESIST'ER,  n.  One  that  opposes  or  with- 
stands. 

RESISTIRII/ITY,  n.  The  quality  of  re- 
sisting. 

The  name  body,  being  the  complex  idea  of 
extension  and  resistibUity  together  in  the  same 
subject —  Locke. 

2.  Qiiaiity  of  being  resistible;  as  the  resisti- 
bUity of  grixre.  Hammond. 

RESIST'IBLE,  a.  That  may  be  resisted  ; 
as  a  resistible  force ;  resistible  grace. 

Hale. 

RESIST' ING, p;7r.  Withstanding; opposing. 

Resisting  inedium,  a  substance  whicli  oppos- 
es the  pa.ssage  of  a  body  through  it. 

RESISTIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  to  re- 
sist. B.  Jonson. 

RESIST'LESS,  a.  That  cannot  be  efl'ectu- 
ally  opposed  or  withstood  ;  irresistible. 
Mesistless  in  her  love  as  in  her  hate. 

Dry  den. 

2.  That  cannot  resist ;  helpless.         Spenser. 

RESIST'LESSLY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be 
opposed  or  denied.  Blnckwall. 

RESOLD,  pp.  of  resell.  Sold  a  second  time, 
or  sold  after  being  bought. 

RES'OLUliLE,  a.  s  as  :.  [re  and  L.  solubi- 
lis.     See  Re.'iolve.] 

That  may  he  melted  or  dissolved  ;  as  bodies 
resoluble  by  fire.  Boyle. 

RESOLUTE,  a.  [Fr.  resolu;  It.  resoluto. 
The  Latin  resolutus  has  a  diflerent  signi- 
fication.    See  Re.iolve.] 

Having  a  fixed  purpose  ;  determined  ; 
hence,  bold  ;  firm ;  steady  ;  constant  in 
pursuing  a  purpose. 

Edward  is  at  hand, 
Ready  to  fight;  therefore  be  resolute.     Shak. 

RES'OLTJTELY,  adv.  With  fixed  purpose  : 
firmly  ;  steadily  ;  with  steady  ])ersever- 
ance.  Persist  resolutely  in  a  course  of 
virtue. 

2.  Boldly  ;  firmly. 

Some  of  these  facts  he  examines,  some  he 
resolutely  denies.  Swift. 

RES'OLUTENESS,  n.  Fixed  purpose; 
firm  determination  ;  unshaken  firmness. 

RESOLUTION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  resolutio. 
See  Resolve.] 

|1.  Tlie  act,  operation  or  process  of  separat- 
ing the  jmrts  v\  hich  compose  a  complex 
idea  or  a  mixed  Imdy  ;  the  act  of  reducing 
any  compound  or  combination  to  its  com- 
ponent iiarts  ;  analysis  ;  as  the   resolutio'i 


RES 


RES 


RES 


oi  complex  ideas  ;  tlie  resolution  of  any 
material  siibstuiice  by  cliiniical  operations. 

2.  The  act  or  process  of  unravoliiif;  or  <lis- 
einaiigliiif;  pcrplexitie^',  or  of  dissipating 
obscurity  in  moral  subjects  ;  as  the  resolu- 
tion ol  (lifiicull  questions  in  moral  science. 

3.  Dissolution;  the  niuural  process  of  sepa- 
rating the  component  parts  of  bodie.s. 

Digby. 

4.  In  music,  the  tesolutiim  of  a  dissonance, 
is  the  carrying  of  it,  according  to  rule, 
into  a  consonance  in  the  subsequent 
chord.  Enajc. 

5.  In  mediciJie,  the  disappearing  of  any  tu- 
mor without  coming  to  suppuration  ;  tiie 
dispersing  of  inflammation. 

Encyc.     Coxe. 
<i.  Fixed  purpose  or  determination  of  mind  ; 
as  a  resolution  to  reform  our  lives;  a  res- 
olution to  undertake  an  expedition. 

Locke. 
7.  The   effect   of  fixeil   purpose  ;  firmness, 
steadiness  or  constancy  in  execution,  ini 
plying  courage. 

They  who  governed  the  parliament,  had  the 
resoluti&n  to  act  those  monstrous  things. 

Claraidvn. 

S.  Determination  of  a  cause  in  a  court  of 

justice  ;  as  a  judicial  resolution.  Hale. 

[Ihit  this  word  is  now  seldom  used  to 

express  the  decision  ofu  judieiul  tribunal. 

We  use  judgment,  decision  or  decree.] 

9.  The  determination  or  decision  of  a  legis- 
lative body,  or  a  formal  proposition  ofltjr- 
ed  for  legislative  determination.  We  call 
that  a  resolution,  which  is  reduced  to 
form  and  ofl'crcd  to  a  legislative  house  for 
consideration,  and  we  call  it  a  resolution 
when  adopted.  We  say,  a  member  mov- 
ed certain  resolutions  ;  the  house  ])roceed- 
ed  to  consider  the  resolutions  offered 
they  adopteil  or  rejected  the  resolutions. 

10.  The  formal  determination  of  any  corpo- 
rate body,  or  of  any  association  of  indi- 
viduals ;  as  the  resolutions  of  a  town  or 
other  meeting. 

11.  In  algebra,the  resolution  of  an  ef|ualion, 
is  the  siiiiie  as  reduction;  the  bringing  of 
the  unknown  tjuainity  by  itself  on  one 
side,  and  all  the  known  quantities  on  the 
other,  without  destroying  the  equation,  by 
which  is  found  the  value  of  the  unknown 
quantity.  Day's  .filgebra. 

12.  Relaxation  ;  a  weakening.   Obs.   Brown. 
RE^jOLU'TlONER,  n.    One  who  joins  in 

the  declaration  of  others.     [JVo<  in  use.] 

Burnet. 
RES'OLUTIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  to 

dissolve  or  relax.  [^jXul  muchuscd.] 

Johnson 
RESOLVABLE,  a.  That  may  be  resolved 

or  reduced  to  first  principles. 
RESOLVE,  v.t.  rezolv'.  [h.  resolvo  ;  re  and 

solvo,  lo  loose  ;  Fr.  resoudre  ;  It.  risolvtre 

Sp.  rcsolver.] 

1.  To   separate  the   component   parts  of  a 
compound   substance ;  to   reduce  to   fir 
priiici|iles ;  as.  to  resolve  a  body    into  its 
component  or  constituent  parts  ;  to  resolve 
a  body  into  its  elements. 

2.  To  separate  the  parts  of  a  complex  idea ; 
to  reduce  to  simple  parts  ;  lo  analyze 

'i.  To  separate  the  parts  of  a  complicated 
question  ;  to  unravel  ;  to  disentangle  of 
perplexities;  to  remove  obscurity  by  anal- 
ysis ;  to  clear  of  difliculties ;  to  explain ; 


as,  to  resolve  questions  in  moral  science  a 
to  resolve  doubts;  to  resolve  a  riddle. 

4.  To  inlbrin  ;  to  free  lioiii  doubt  or  per 
plexity  ;  us,  to  rewtoethe  conscience. 

Hcsolve  iiie,  strangers,  whence  and  what  you 
are  ?  iJryUt-n. 

5.  To  settle  in  an  opinion  ;  to  make  certain. 
Long  since  wc  v»ert  reaolv'd,  cl  your  truth, 
Your  laidilul  sci  vice  and  yotii  toil  in  war. 

ShaS. 
C.  To  confirm  ;  to  fix  in  constancy. 

Quit  presently  (he  chapel,  or  renolvc  you 
I'or  more  amazement.     \^Unu»ual.\       Shak. 

7.  To  melt ;  to  dissolve.  Jlrbuthnul. 

8.  To  tiDriii  or  constitute  by  resolution,  vote 
or  determination  ;  as,  the  bouse  resolved 
itsell  into  a  committee  of  the  whole. 

y.  In  music,  to  resolve  a  discoid  or  disso- 
nance, is  to  carry  it,  according  to  rule 
into  a  consonance  in  the  subsequent 
chord.  Rousseau.     Encyc 

10.  In  medicine,  to  disperse  or  scatter;  to 
discuss  ;  as  inflammation  or  a  tumor. 

11.  To  relax  ;  to  lay  at  ease.  fipenser. 

12.  In  algebra,  to  resolve  an  equation,  is  lo 
bring  all  the  known  quantities  to  one  side 
of  the  equation,  and  the  unknown  quanti- 
ty to  the  other. 

RESOLVE,  v.i.  rezolv'.  To  fix  in  opinion! 
or  purpose  ;  to  determine  in  mind,  llei 
resolved  to  abandon  his  vicious  course  of 
life. 

2.  To  determine  by  vote.     The  legislature 
resolved  to  receive  no  petitions  after  a  cer- 
tain day. 
To  melt ;  to  dissolve  ;  to  become  fluid. 

\\'Iien  llic  blood  stagnates  in  any  part,  it  fir.st 
coagulates,  then  resulves  and  turns  a!kalir4c 

.^rbulhiiot. 
To  separate  into  its  component  parts,  or 
into  distinct  principles ;  as,  water  resolves 
into  vapor  ;  a  substance  resolves  into  gas. 

5.  To  be  settled  in  opinion. 

Let  men  resolve  of  that  as  they  please.     [  Un- 
nstial.]  Locke. 

RESOLVE,    71.    rezolv'.    Fixed  purpose   of 

mind  ;  settled  determination  ;  resolution.  1 

He  strait  revokes  his  bold  resulre.      JJenhoiti.l 

2.  Legal  or  oflicial  determination  ;  legisla-, 
tive  art  concerning  a  private  person  or; 
corporation,  or  concerning  some  private, 
business.  Public,  acts  <d'  a  legislature  re-' 
ppect  the  state,  and  to  give  them  validity,' 
the  bills  for  such  ads  must  ]iass  through! 
all  the  legislative  lorms.  Ilcsulves  are 
usually  private  acis,  ami  are  often  passed] 
with  less  formality.  Resolves  may  also 
be  the  acts  of  a  single  branch  of  the  legis-i 
latiirc  ;  w  hereas  public  acts  must  be  pass- 
ed by  a  majority  of  both  branches.  | 
^m.  Legislatures.'. 

■i.  The  determination  of  any  corporation  or 
association  ;  resolution. 

RESOLV'ED,  pp.  Separated  into  its  com- 
piniciit  parts;  analyzed. 

2.  Determined  in  purpose  ;  as,  I  am  resolved 
not  to  keep  company  with  gamesters. 
This  phrase  is  properly,  '•  1  liave  resolved ;" 
as  we  say,  a  jicison  is  deceased,  for  has 
deceased ;  he  is  retired,  for  has  retired. 
In  these  phrases,  the  participle  is  rather 
an  adjective. 

3.  Determined  oflicially  or  by  vote. 
RESOLVEDLY,    adv.    With  firmness  of! 

purpose.  Grew.] 

RESOLV'EDNESS,  7i.  Fixedness  of  pur- 
pose; firmness ;  resolution.  Decay  of  Piety. \ 


RESOLVENT,  n.  That  which  has  the 
power  of  causing  solution.  In  medicine, 
that  which  has  power  to  disperse  inflam- 
mation andjireveut  the  suppuration  of  tu- 
mors ;  a  discutient.  C'oxc     Encyc. 

RESOLV  ER,  n.  One  that  resolves  or 
lorms  a  firm  purpose. 

RESOLV  'iNG,  ppr.  Separating  into  cofn- 
poneni  puns;  analyzing;  removing  per- 
plexities or  obscurity ;  discussing,  as  tu- 
mors; determining. 

RESOLV 'I^G,  ji.  The  act  of  determining 
or  lorming  a  fixed  purpose;  a  resolution. 

Clarendon. 

RES'ONANCE,  n.  a  as  :.  [L.  resonans.]  A 
resounding  ;  a  sound  returned  from  the 
sides  of  a  hollow  instrument  of  music ; 
reverberated  sound  or  sounds.  Encyc. 

'i.  A  sound  returned. 

RES'ONANT,  a.  [h.  resonans ;  re  and  sono, 
to  sound.]  Resounding  ;  returning  sound  ; 
echoing  back.  Milton. 

RESORB',  v.t.  [L.  rcsorbeo ;  re  and  sorbeo, 
to  drink  in.]     To  swallow  up.         Young. 

RESORB'ENT,  a.  Swallowing  up. 

M'oodhull. 

RESORT',  v.i.  sasz.  [Fr.ressorlir;  re  and 
sortir,  to  go  or  come  out.] 

1.  To  have  recourse ;  to  apply  ;  to  betake. 

The  king  thought  it  time  to  resort  to  other 
couasels.  Clarendon. 

2.  To  go  ;  to  repair. 

The   people  resort  to   him   again.     Mark  x. 
John  xviii. 

3.  To  fall  back. 

The  inheritance  of  tlic  son  never  resorted  to 
the  mother.     Obs.  Hale. 

RESORT',  71.  The  act  of  going  to  or  mak- 
ing application  ;  a  betaking  one's  self ; 
as  a  resort  to  other  means  of  defense  ;  a 
resort  to  subterfuges  ibr  evasion. 

2.  Act  of  visiting. 

Join  w  ith  me  to  forbid  him  her  resort.     Shak. 

3.  Assembly  ;  meeting.  Dryden. 

4.  Concourse ;  frequent  assembling ;  as  a 
place  ol' resort.  Swijl. 

."5.  The  place  frequented ;  as,  alehouses  are 
the  resorts  of  the  idle  and  dissolute. 

().  Spring ;  active  power  or  movement ;  a 
Valticism.     [.\'ot  in  use.]  Bacon. 

Last  resort,  ultimate  means  of  relief;  also, 
final  tribunal ;  that  from  which  there  is 
no  appeal. 

RESORT'ER,  n.  One  that  resorts  or  fre- 
quents. 

RESORT'ING,  ppr.  Going  ;  having  re- 
course ;  betaking ;  frequenting. 

RESOUND',  V.  t.  s  as  z.  [L.  resono  ;  re  and 
sono,   to   sound;  Fr.   resonncr ;  It.   risuo- 
nure  ;  Sp.  resonar.]    To  send  back  soiind ; 
to  echo. 
And  Albion's  cliffs  resound  the  rural  lay. 

Pope. 

2.  To  sound ;  to  jiraiso  or  celebrate  with 
the  voice  or  the  sound  of  instruments. 

.Vi7/o)i. 

3.  To  praise  ;  to  extol  with  sounds  ;  to 
spread  the  fame  of. 

The  man  for  wisdom's  various  arts  renowTi'd, 
Long  exercis'd  in  woes,  0  muse,  resound. 

Pope. 

RESOUND',  V.  i.  To  be  echoed  ;  to  be  sent 

back,   as   sound  ;   as,   common   fame   rr- 

sounds  back  to  them.  South. 

•2.  To  be  much  and  loudly  nientioned. 

'  Millon. 


RES 


RES 


RES 


RE'SOUND,  V.  t.  [re  and  sound ;  with  the 
accent  on  the  first  syllable.]  To  snuiiil 
again.  Jones. 

RESOUND',  n.  s  as  z.  Return  of  sound ; 
echo.  Beaum. 

RESOUND' ED,  pp.  Echoed  ;  returned,  as 
sound  ;  celebrated. 

RESOUNDING,  ppr.  Echoing;  returning, 
as  sound. 

RESOURCE,  ?i.  [Fr.  ressource  ;  re  and 
source.] 

1.  Any  source  of  aid  or  support;  an  expe- 
dient to  which  a  person  may  resort  tor 
assistance,  safety  or  supply  ;  means  yet 
untried  ;  resort.  An  enterprising  man 
finds  resources  \n  his  own  mind. 

Pallas  view'd 
His  foes  pursuing  ami  liis  friends  pursu'd, 
Used  threat'nings  iriix'd  with  prayers,  his  last 
resource.  JJryden. 

2.  Resources,iu  the  plural,  pecuniary  means ; 
funds ;  money  or  any  jiroperty  that  can 
be  converted  into  supplies  ;  means  of 
raising  money  or  supplies.  Our  national 
resources  for  carrying  on  war  are  abund- 
ant. Commerce  and  manufactures  fur- 
nish ample  resources. 

RESOURCELESS,  a.  Destitute  of  resour- 
ces.    [A  ivord  not  to  be  countenanced.] 

Burke. 

RESOW,  V.  t.  pret.  resolved ;  pp.  resowed  or 
resown.     [re  and  sow.]     To  sow  again. 

Bacon. 

RESOWED,  >  a 

RESOWN,     \  PP-  S°"^"  ''"''^^- 

RESPE'AK,  v.t.  pret.  respoke;  pp.  respo- 
ken,  respoke.     [re  and  speak.] 

1.  To  answer  ;  to  speak  in  return  ;  to  reply. 
[Uttle  used.]  Shak. 

2.  To  speak  again  ;  to  repeat. 
RESPECT',  V.  t.    [L.  respecto,  or  respectus, 

from  respicio ;  re  and  specio,  to  view  ;  Fr. 
respecter  ;  It.  rispeitare  ;  Sp.  respetar.] 

1.  To  regard ;  to  have  regard  to  in  design 
or  pmpose. 

In  orchards  and  gardens,  we  do  not  so  much 
respect  beauty,  as  variety  of  ground  for  fruits, 
trees  and  herbs.  Bacon. 

2.  To  have  regard  to,  in  relation  or  connec- 
tion ;  to  relate  to.  The  treaty  particularly 
respects  our  commerce. 

3.  To  view  or  consider  with  some  degree  of 
reverence  ;  to  esteem  as  possessed  of  real 
worth. 

I  always  loved  and  respected  Sir  William. 

Su'ifi. 

4.  To  look  towards. 

Palladius  adviseth  the  front  of  his  house 
should  so  respect  the  soulli.     [JVut  in  use.] 

Brown. 
To  respect  the  person,  to  suffer  the  opinion 
or  judgment  to  be  influenced  or  biased  by 
a  regard  to  the  outward  circumstances  of 
a  ])erson,  to  the  prejudice  of  right  and 
equity. 

Thou  shalt  not  respect  the  person  of  the  poor. 
Lev.  xix. 

Neither   doth    God   respect  any  person.      2 
Sam.  \iv. 
RESPECT',  ?!.    [L.  respectus ;  Fr.  respect.] 

1.  Regard;  attention.  Shnk. 

2.  Th.Tt  estimation  or  honor  in  which  men 
liold  the  distinguished  worth  or  substan 
ti;il  good  ipialitics  of  others.  It  expressc; 
le:-s  than  nvcrrnre  and  veneration,  wliich 
regard  ciders  and  superiors  ;  whereas 
respect  muy  regard  juniors  and  inferiors. 


iiespect  regards  the  qualities  of  the  mind 
or   the  actions  which  characterize  those 
qualities. 
Seen  without  awe,  and  serv'd  without  respect. 

Prior. 

3.  That  deportment  or  course  of  action 
which  proceeds  from  esteem  ;  regard  ; 
due  attention  ;  us,  to  treat  a  person  with 
respect. 

These  same  men  treat  the  sabbath  with  lit- 
tle respect.  jVclson 

4.  Good  will ;  favor. 

The  Lord  had  respect  to  Abel  and  his  offering 
Gen.  iv. 

5.  Partial  regard ;  undue  bias  to  the  preju- 

j     dice  of  justice  ;  as  the  plirase,  respect  of 

I     persons.     1  Pet.  i.     James  ii.     Prov.  .\.\iv 

it).  Respected  character ;  as  persons  of  the 
best  respect  in  Rome.  Shak. 

'7.  Consideration  ;  motive  in  reference  to 
something. 

AVhatever  secret  respects  were  likely  to  move 
them —  Hooker 

8.  Relation  ;  regard  ;  reference  ;  followed 
by  of,  but  more  properly  by  to. 

They  believed  but  one  Supreme  Deity 
which,  with  respect  to  the  benefits  men  receiv 
cd  from  him, hud  several  titles.  TiUotson. 

RESPECTABIL'ITY,  n.  State  or  quality 
of  being  respectable ;  the  state  or  quali- 
ties which  deserve  or  command  respect. 
CumherUind.     Kelt. 

RESPECT' ABLE,  a.  [Fr.;  It.  rispeltahik; 
Sp.  respetahle.] 

1.  Possessing  tlie  worth  or  qualities  which  de- 
serve or  command  re.spect ;  worthy  of  es- 
teem and  honor  ;  as  a  respectable  citizen  ; 
respectable  company. 

No  government,  any  more  than  an  individual, 
will  long  be  respected,  without  bemg  truly 
respectable.  Federalist,  Madison. 

2.  In  popxdar  language,  this  word  is  much 
used  to  express  wliat  is  moderate  in  de- 
gree of  excellence  or  in  number,  but  not 
despicable.  We  say,  a  respectable  dis- 
course or  performance,  a  respectable  audi- 
ence, a  respectable  number  of  citizens  con- 
vened. 

RESPECT'ABLENESS,  n.  Respectability. 

RESPECTABLY,  adv.  With  respect  : 
more  generally,  in  a  manner  to  merit  res- 
pect. 

2.  Moderately,  but  in  a  manner  not  to  be 
despised. 

RESPECT'ED,  pp.  Held  in  honorable  es- 
timation. 

RESPECT'ER,  m.  One  that  respects  ; 
chiefly  used  in  the  phrase,  respecter  of  per- 
sons, which  signifies  a  person  who  re- 
gards the  external  circumstances  of  others 
in  his  judgment,  and  suffers  his  opinion 
to  be  biased  by  them,  to  the  prejudice  of 
candor,  justice  and  equity. 

I  perceive  that  God  is  no  respecter  of  persons. 
Acts  X. 

RESPECT'FUL,  a.  Marked  or  character- 
ized by  respect ;  as  respectful  deportmetit. 
AVith  humble  Joy  and  with  respecifid  fear. 

Prior. 

RESPECTFULLY,  adv.  With  re.spect;  in 
a  manner  comporting  with  due  estima- 
tion. Drijdcn. 

RESPECT'FULNESS,  n.  The  (juality  of 
being  respectful. 

RESPECT'ING,  ppr.  Regarding;  having 
regard  to  ;  relating  to.  Tliis  word,  like 
concerning,  has  reference  to  a  single  word 


or  to  a  sentence.  In  the  sentence,  "his 
conduct  respecting  us  is  con.n.endal)le," 
respecting  has  reference  to  conduct.  But 
when  we  say,  "respectit.g  a  further  iippro- 
pnaiiou  of  money,  it  is  to  be  observed, 
tliat  the  resi'urces  of  the  country  are  inad- 
etpiate,"  respecting  hiis  relerence  to  the 
«  hole  subsequent  clause  or  sentence. 
RESPECT'IVE,  a.  [Fr.  respectif;  It.  m- 
pettivo.  ] 

1.  Reliitive  ;  having  relation  to  something 
else;  not  absolute ;  as  the  respective  con- 
nections of  society. 

2.  Particular  ;  relating  to  a  particular  per- 
son or  thing.  Let  each  man  retire  to  his 
respective  ))lace  of  aboile.  The  officers 
were  (bund  in  their  respective  quarters ; 
they  ajipeared  at  the  head  of  their  respect- 
ive regiments.  Let  each  give  according 
to  his  respective  proportion. 

3.  Worthy  of  respect.     [JVot  in  use.]     Shak. 

4.  Careful ;  circumspect  ;  cautious  ;  atten- 
tive to  consequences  ;  as  respective  and 
wary  men.     [JVot  in  use.]  Hooker 

RESPECT'IVELY,  adv.  As  relating  to 
each;  particularly;  as  each  belongs  to 
each.  Let  each  man  respectively  perform 
his  duty. 

The  iinpressioDsfrom  the  objects  of  the  senses 
do  mingle  respectively  every  one  with  its  kind. 

Bacon . 

2.  Relatively  ;  not  absolutely.  Raleigh. 

•3.  Partialiv  :  with  respect  to  private  views. 
Obs. 

4.  With  respect.     Obs.  Shak. 

RESPECT'LESS,  a.  Having  no  respect; 
without  regard  ;  without  reference.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Drayton. 

RESPECT'LESSNESS,  n.  The  slate  of 
having  no  respect  or  regard ;  regardless- 
liess.     [Little  used.]  Shelton. 

RESPERSE,  v.  t.  respers'.  [L.  respersus, 
respergo  ;  re  and  spargo,  to  sprinkle.]  To 
sprinkle.     [Rarely  used.]  Taylor. 

RESPER'SION,  n.  [L.  rc«^crsto.]  The  act 
of  sprinkling.  Johnson. 

RES'PIRABLE,  a.  [from  respire.]  That 
may  be  breathed  ;  fit  for  respiration  or 
for  the  support  of  animal  life  ;  as  respira- 
ble  air.    Azotic  gas  is  not  respirable. 

RESPIRATION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  respira- 
tio.] 

1.  The  act  of  breathing  ;  the  act  of  inhaling 
air  into  the  lungs  anrl  again  exhaling  or 
expelling  it,  by  which  animal  life  is  sup- 
ported. The  respiration  of  fishes,  [for 
these  caiuiot  live  long  without  air,]  ap- 
pears to  be  performed  by  the  air  contain- 
ed in  the  water  acting  on  the  gills. 

2.  Relieffniui  toil.  Mlton. 
RESPIRATORY,  a.  Serving  for   respira- 
tion :  as  respiratory  organs.         Asiat.  Res. 

RESPI  RE,  J'.  ('.  [Fr.  respirer ;  L.  respiro ; 
re  and  spiro,  to  breathe.] 

1.  To  breathe  ;  to  inhale  air  into  the  lungs 
and  exhale  it,  for  the  purpose  of  maintain- 
ing animal  life. 

2.  To  catch  breath.  Spenser. 

3.  To  rest ;  to  take  rest  from  toil.       Milton. 
RESPIRE,   V.  t.    To  exhale  ;    to   breathe 

out ;  to  send  out  in  exhalations. 

B.Jonson. 


RESPl'RED,   pp.    Breathed;  inhaled   and 

exlialeil. 
RESPIRING,     ppr.      Breathing;    taking 

breath. 


RES 


RES 


RES 


llES'PIT,  n.  [Vr.repit.]  Pause;  tempora- 
ry iuterniission  of  labor,  or  of  any  process 
or  operation  ;  interval  of  rest. 

Some  pause  and  respit  only  1  require. 

Denhain. 

2.  In  law,  reprieve  ;  temporary  suspension 
of  the  execution  of  a  capital  ofl'onder. 

Milton.     Prior. 

3.  Delay  ;  forbearance  ;  proloiiftation  of  time 
for  the  payment  of  a  debt  beyond  the  le- 
gal time. 

4.  The  ilelay  of  appearance  at  court  grant- 
ed to  a  jury,  beyojid  tlie  proper  term. 

Blackstone. 
RES'PIT,  V.  t.  To  relieve  by  a  pause  or  in- 
terval of  rest. 

To  respit  his  day-labor  with  repast. 

Arilton 

2.  To  suspend  the  execution  of  a  crimiiiul 
beyond  the  time  limited  by  the  sentence  ; 
to  delay  for  a  time.  Clarendon. 

3.  To  give  delay  of  appearance  at  (■<)iirt  ;  as, 
to  respit  a  jury.  lilackstone. 

RES'PITED,  pp.  Relieved  from  labor;  al- 
lowed a  temporary  suspension  of  execu- 
tion. 

RES'PITING,  ppr.  Relieving  from  labor ; 
suspending  the  execution  of  a  capital  of- 
fender. 

RESPLEN'DENCF:,  )       [L.    resplcmlens, 

RESPLENDENCY,  S  "■  resplendco  ;  re  and 
sptendeo,  to  shine.] 

Brilliant  luster  ;  vivid  brightness  ;  splen- 
dor. 

Son  !  thou  in  whom  my  glory  I  behold 
In  full  resplendence,  heir  of  all  my  might. 

Milton. 

RESPLEN'DENT,  a.  [supra.]  Very  bright; 
shining  with  brilliant  luster. 

With  royal  arras  and  resplendent  gold. 

.Spenser. 

RESPLEN'DENTLY,  adv.  With  brilliant 
luster  ;  with  great  brightness. 

RESPLIT',  i;.  t.  [re  and  split.]  To  split 
again. 

RESPOND',  V.  i.  [Fr.  repondre  ;  It.  rispon 
dere  ;  Sp.  responder ;  L.  respondeo  ;  re  and 
spondee,  to  promise,  that  is,  to  send  to 
Hence  respondeo  is  to  send  back.] 

1.  To  answer  ;  to  re|)ly. 

A  new  alfliction  strings  a  new  chord  in  the 
heart,  which  re.Hponds  to  some  new  note  of 
complaint  within  the  wide  scale  of  human  woe. 

JSuckminslei- 

2.  To  correspond  ;  to  suit. 

To  every  theme  responds  thy  various  lay. 

Urounif: 

3.  To  be  answerable  ;  to  be  liidile  to  make 
payment  ;  as,  the  defendant  is  held  to 
respond  in  dam.iges. 

RESPOND',  tJ.  t.  To  answer  ;  to  satisfy  by 
payment.  The  surety  was  held  to  respond 
the  judgment  of  court.  The  goods  at- 
tached sliall  be  held  to  nspond  the  judg- 
ment. Seds:wicl{,  jMnss.  Rep 
RESPOND',  71.  A  short  antli(-m  interrupt- 
ing the  njiddle  of  a  chapter,  which  is  not 
to  proceed  till  the  anthem  is  ended. 

Wheatly. 
2.  An  answer.     [JVot  in  ^lse.^ 

Ch.  Reli^.  Appeal 
RESPOND'ED,  pp.    Answered  ;    satisfied 

bv  |iaym<'iit. 
RESPOND'ENT.  a.   Answering;  that  an- 
swers to  ilemand  or  expectation. 

— W  oalth  respondent  to  payment  and  contri 
butions.  Macon 

Vol.  II. 


RESPONDENT,  n.  One  that  answers  in 
a  suit,  particularly  a  chancery  suit. 

2.  In  the  .Hchools,  one  who  maintains  a  thesis 
in  reply,  and  whose  ])rovince  is  to  refute 
objections  or  overthrow  arguments. 

ffatts. 

RESPOND'ING,  ppr.  Answering;  corres- 
pondii]g. 

RESPONS'AL,  a.  Answerable ;  responsi- 
ble.    [Ao(  in  use.]  Heylin. 

RESPONS'AL,  n.  Response;  answer. 

Brevint. 

2.  One  who  is  responsible.     [A'ot  in  vse.] 

Barroic 

RESPONSE,  ?i.    respons'.    [L.  respon.tnm. 

1.  An  answer  or  reply  ;  particularly,  an 
oracular  answer. 

The  answer  of  the  people  or  congrega- 
tion to  the  priest,  in  the  litany  and  other 
jiarts  of  divine  service.  Addison. 

3.  Reply  to  an  objection  in  a  formal  dispu- 
tation. Halls. 

4.  Ill  the  Romish  church,  a  kind  of  antliem 
sung  after  the  morning  lesson. 

.■).  In  afiigite,  a  rcpolitiDii  of  the  given  sub- 
ject by  another  p;irt.  Busby. 
RI'.SI'ONSIBIL'ITY,  n.  [from  responsible.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  accountable  nr  an- 
swerable, as  for  a  trust  or  office,  or  for  a 
debt.  Burke.     Paley. 

It  is  used  in  the  jilural ;  as  heavy  respon- 
sibilities. Johnson's  Rep. 

2.  Ability  to  answer  in  payment;  means  of 
paying  contracts. 

RESPONS'IBLE,  a.  [from  L.  responsus, 
respondeo.] 

1.  Liable  to  account ;  accountable  ;  answer- 
able ;  as  for  a  trust  reposed,  or  for  a  debt. 
We  are  all  i-esponsible  for  the  talents  en 
trusted  to  us  by  our  Creator.  A  guardian 
is  responsible  for  the  faithful  discharge  of 
his  duty  to  his  ward.  The  surety  is  re 
sponsible  for  the  debt  of  his  principal. 

2.  Able  to  discharge  an  obligation  ;  or  hav 
ing  estate  adequate  to   the  payment  of  i 
debt.     In  taking  bail,  the   officer  will  as- 
certain whether   the  proposed  surety  is  a 
responsible  man. 

RESPONS'IBLENESS,  n.  State  of  being 
liable  to  answer,   repay  or  account 
sponsibility. 

2.  Ability  to  make  payment  of  an  obligation 
or  demand. 

RESPON'SION,  n.  [L.  response]  The  act 
of  answering.     [JVot  used.] 

RESPONSIVE,  a.  Answering  ;  making 
reply. 

2.  Correspondent ;  suited  to  something  else. 
The  vocal  lay  responsive  to  the  stiings. 

Pope 

RESPONS'ORY,  a.  Containing  answer. 

RESPONS'ORY,  n.  A  response;  the  an- 
swer of  the  peojile  to  the  priest  in  the  al 
ternate  speaking,  in  church  service. 

REST,  n.  [Sax.  rest,  rcesl,  quiet  or  a  lying 
down  ;  Dan.  G.  Sw.  rast ;  D.  rust.  The 
German  has  also  rvhe,  Sw.  ro,  Dan.  roc, 
rest,  repose.  In  W.  araus,  and  arosi,  sig- 
nify to  stay,  stop.  wait.  This  Teutonic 
word  cannot  be  the  L.  resto,  if  the  latter 
is  a  compound  of  re  and  sto  ;  but  is  an 
original  word  of  the  Class  Rd,  Rs.  See 
the  Verb.] 

1.  Cessation  of  motion  or  action  of  any 
kind,  and  applicable  to  any  body  or  being; 
as  rest  frotn  labor  ;  rest  from  mental  eser- 

67 


tion  ;  rest  of  body  or  mind.  A  body  is  at 
rest,  when  it  ceases  to  move  ;  the  riiind  is 
at  rest,  when  it  ceases  to  be  di.sturbed  or 
agitated;  the  sea  is  never  at  re.e<.     Hence, 

2.  Quiet ;  repose  ;  a  state  free  from  motion 
or  disturbance  ;  a  state  of  reconciliation 
to  God. 

I.eam  of  nie,  for  I  am  meek  and  lowly  in 
heart;  and  ye  shall  find  rest  to  your  souls. 
Matt.  xi. 

3.  Sleep  ;  as,  retire  to  rest. 

4.  Peace;  national  quiet. 
The  land   had  rest  eighty  years.     Judg.  iii. 

Deut.  xli. 

5.  The  final  sleep,  death.  Dn/den. 
f).  A  place  of  quiet ;  permanent  habitation. 

Ve  are  not  as  yet  come  to  tlie  rest,  and  to  the 
inheritance  which  the  Lord  your  God  giveth 
you.     Ueut.  xii. 

7.  Any  place  of  repose. 
I  In  dust,  our  hnal  rest,  and  native  home. 

Milton . 

8.  That  on  which  any  thing  leans  or  lies  for 
support.     1  Kings  vi. 

Their  \izorri  clos'd,  their  lances  in  the  rest. 

Dry  den. 
1).   In   podry,  a  short  pause  of  the  voice  in 
rea<ling ;  a  cesiira. 

10.  In  philosophy,  the  continuance  of  a  body 
in  the  same  place. 

11.  Final  hope. 
Sea   lighls  have  been   final  to  the  war  ;  but 

this  is,  when  princes  set  up  their  rest  upon  the 
battle.     Obs.  Bacon. 

12.  Cessation  from  tillage.     Lev.  .\xv. 

13.  The  gospel  church  or  new  covenant 
state  ill  which  the  people  of  God  enjoy 
repose,  and  Christ  shall  be  glorified.  Is. 
xi. 

14.  In  music,  a  pause ;  an  interval  during 
which  the  voice  is  intermitted  ;  also,  the 
mark  of  such  intermission. 

REST,  n.  [Fr.  reste,  from  rester,  to  remain, 
L.  resto.] 

1.  That  which  is  left,  or  which  remains  af- 
ter the  separation  of  a  part,  either  in  fact 
or  in  contemplation  ;  remainder. 

Religion  gives  part  of  its  reward  in  hand,  the 
present  comfort  of  having  done  our  duty,  and 
for  the  rest,  it  offers  us  the  best  security  that 
heaven  can  give.  7\llntsnn. 

2.  Others ;  those  not  included  in  a  proposi- 
tion or  description.  [In  this  sense,  rest  is 
a  noun,  hut  with  a  singular  termination 
expressing  plurality.] 

Plato  and  the  rest  of  the  philosophers — 

Slillingfleet. 
Arm'd  like  the  rest,  the  Trojan  prince  appears. 

Dryden. 
The  election  hath  obtained  it  and  the  rest 
were  blinded.  Rom.  xi. 
REST,  !'.  i.  [Sax.  restan,  hrestan,  to  pause, 
to  cease,  to  be  quiet ;  D.  ru.^ten  ;  G.  ras- 
ten  ;  Sw.  rasta.  See  Class  Rd.  No.  81. 
82.] 

1.  To  cease  from  action  or  motion  of  any 
kind  ;  to  stop  ;  a  word  applicable  to  any 
body  or  being,  and  to  any  kind  of  motion. 

2.  To  cease  from  labor,  work  or  perform- 
ance. 

God  rested  on  the  seventh  day  from  all  his 
woik  which  he  had  made.     Gen.  ii. 

So  the  people  rested  on  the  seventh  day.  Ei. 
xvi. 
To  be  quiet  or  still ;  to  be  undisturbed. 

There  rest,  if  any  test  can  haibor  there. 

Milton . 
To  cea.se  from  war  ;  to  be  at  peace. 

And  the  land  resfeij  from  war.    Josh.  xi. 


RES 


RES 


RES 


8, 


•>, 


All  who  before  him  dil  ascend  the  tlirone,      I 

LaboiM  to  draw  three  res(i«e  nations  on.         ] 

Jioscunimon.\ 

2.  Unyielding;  as resfi/' stubbornness. 

L'Estrange. 

3.  Being  at  rest,  or  less  in  action.     [J\'ot  in] 
vse.]  Broimi: 

REf^t'IF,  n.  A  stubborn  horse, 
the  final  sleep;  to   die  or   beJREST'lPNKSS,  n.  Obstinate  reluctance  or; 

indisposition  to  move.  [ 

2.  Obstinate  unwillingness.  Bacon.i 

KKSTINC'TION,  n.    [L.   restindio,  reatin  j 
guo  ;  re  an(\  eitinguo.]  The  art  of  quench- 
ing or  extinguisbnig. 
REST'ING,  ppr.  Ceasing  to   move  or  act  ; 
ceasing  to  be  moved   or    agitated  ;  lying  ; 
leaninn  ;  standing  ;  depending  or  relying. 
REST'l'NG-PI.ACE,  n.  A  place  Tor  rest. 
as,  to  res(  RESTINGUI^H,    v.  t.    [L.  rtstinguo  ;    re 
To  quench  or  extinguish. 


To  he  quiet  or  tranquil,  as  the  mind  ;  not 
to  he  agitated  by  fear,  anxiety  or  other 
passion. 

To  lie  ;  to  repose  ;  as,  to  rest  on  a  bed. 
To  sleep  ;  to  slumber. 
Fancy  then  retires 
Into  her  private  cell,  when  nature  rests. 

Milton 

To   slee| 
dead. 

Glad  I'd  lay  me  down. 
As  in  my  mother's  lap  ;  there  I  should  rest. 
And  sleep  secure.  Milton. 

To  lean  ;  to  recline  for  support  ;  as,  to 
rest  the  arm  on  a  table.  The  truth  of  re- 
ligion rests  on  divine  testimony. 

10.  To  stand  on  ;  to  be  supported  by  ;  as,  a 
column  rests  on  its  pedestal. 

11.  To  be  satisfied  ;  to  acquiesce 
on  heaven's  determination.  Jlddison. 

12.  To  lean  ;  to  trust ;  to  rely  ;  as,  to  rest  on 
a  man's  promise. 

13.  To  continue  fixed.     Is.  li. 

14.  To  terminate  ;  to  come  to  an  end.  Ezek. 


15.  To  hang,  lie  or  be  fixed. 

Over  a  tent  a  cloud  shall  rest  by  day. 

Milton 

16.  To  abide  ;  to  remain  with. 

They  said,  the  spirit  of  Elijah    doth  rest  on 
Elisha.     2  Kings  ii.     Eccles  vii. 

17.  To  be   calm   or   composed   in  mind ;  to 
enjoy  peace  of  conscience. 

REST,  V.  i.  [Fr.  rester.]     To  be  left ;  to  re- 
main.    Obs.  Milton. 
REST,  V.  t.  To  lay  at  rest ;  to  quiet. 
Your  piety  has  paid 
All  needful  rites,  to  rest  my  wandering  shade. 

Dryden. 
2.  To  place,  as  on  a   support.     We  rest  our 
cause  on  the  truth  of  the  Scripture. 
Her  weary  head  upon  your  bosom  rest. 

Waller 
RESTAG'NANT.  a.  [L.  restagnans.]  Stag- 
nant;  remainiug  without   a  flow  or  cur- 
rent.    [jVot  much  used.]  Boyle. 
RESTAG'NATE,  v.  i.  [L.restagno;  re  and 

stagno,  to  stagnate.] 
To  stand  or  remain  without  flowing. 

Wiseman 

[This  word  is  superseded  by  stagnate.' 

RESTAGNA'TION,  n.  Stagnation,  which 

see. 
REST' ANT,  rt.   [V..  restans,  resto.}    \nhota- 
n;i,  remaining,  as  footstalks  after  the  fruc- 
tification has  fallen  off.  Lee.t 
KESTAURA'TION,  n.    [L  restauro.]  Res- 
toration to  a  former  good  state.  I 
[The  present  orthography  is  restoration' 
which  see.] 
REST'ED,  pp.  Laid  on  for  support. 
RESTEM',  V.  t.    [re  and   stem.]    To   force 


and  extinguo.] 

Field. 
RES'TITUTE,    v.  t.    [L.   restiluo ;    re  and 

staluo,  to  set.] 
To  restore  to  a  former  state.     [Aoi  vsed.] 

Ui)cr. 
RESTITUTION,  n.  [L.  restitutio.]  The 
act  of  returmng  or  restoring  to  a  person 
s(Mne  thing  or  right  of  whicli  lie  has  been 
unjustly  deprived;  as  the  resi)7uh'o(i  of  an- 
cient rights  to  the  crown.  .Spenser. 
Rtstitulion  is  made  by  restoring  a  spe- 
cific thing  taken  away  or  lost. 

2.  The  act  of  making  good,  or  of  giving  an 
equivalent  for  any  loss,  damage  or  injury  ; 
indemnification. 

He  restitution  to  the  value  makes.  ! 

Sandys. 

3.  The  act  of  recovering  a  former  state  or 
posture.     [Umisual.]  Grew.' 

Restitution  of  all  things,  the  putting  the, 
world  in  a  holy  and  happy  state.     Actsiii.' 

RES'TITUTOR,  )(.  One  who  makes  resli-! 
tution.     [Little  used.] 

RESTIVE,  RESTIVENESS.  [See  Res- 
lif.] 

REST'LESS,  o.  [from  rest ;  Sax.  restleas.] 


continuallv   moving 


[ 
back  against  the  current.  Shal;.\ 

REST'FIjL,  a.  [from  rest.]  Quiet ;  being  at 
rest.  Skak, 

REjvT'FULLY,  adv.  In  a   state   of  rest  or 
quiet.  Herbert. 

REST-HARROW,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Ononis. 

REST'IF,  a.  [Fr.  relif;  It.   reslivo,  reslio 
fniin  L.  resio.] 

1.  llnwilhng  to  go,  or  only   running  back 
obstinate  in   refusing  to   move  forward 
stuhborn  ;    as   a  resiif  steed.      It   seems 
originally  to  have  been  used  of  liorses  that 
would  not  be  driven  forward.     It  is  some- 
times written  restive^ 


1.  Unquiet ;    uneasy 
as  a  restless  child. 

2.  Being  witliout  sleep  ;  uneasy. 
Restless  he  pass'd  the  remnant  of  the  night. 

Dryd£ti 

3.  Passed    in   unquietness  ;  as,   the   patient 
as  had  a  restless  night. 

4.  Uneasy  ;  unquiet ;  not  satisfied  to  be  at 
rest  or  in  peace  ;  as  a  restless  prince  ;  rest- 
less ambition  ;  restless  passions. 

Uneasy  ;  turbulent ;  as  restless  subjects, 
tj.  Unsettled  ;     disposed    to     wander   or   to 
change  place  or  condititui. 

— Uestless  at  home,  and  ever  prone  to  range 

Dryden 

REST'LESSLY,  adv.  Without  rest ;  un- 
([uietly. 

When  the  mind  casts  and   turns   itself  rest- 
lessly from  one  thing  to  another.  South. i 

REST'LESSNESS,  n.  Uneasiness;  un-' 
quietness  ;  a  state  of  disturbance  or  agi- 
tation, either  of  body  or  mind. 

2.  Want  of  sleep  or  rest ;  uneasiness.  i 

Harvey 

3.  Motion  ;  agitation  ; 
the  magnetic  needle 

RESTO  RABLE,  a. 
1     may  be  rcsmreil    to 


as  the  restlessness  ol" 

Ifvyle. 

[from  restore.]    Thai 

a  former  good  coiidi- 


lion  ;  as  rcstorable  land. 


i>u-ijl 


RESTO'RAL,  n.  Restitution.  [Ao<  in  use.] 

Barrow. 

RESTORA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  restauration;  L, 
restavro.] 

1.  The  act  of  replacing  in  a  former  state. 

Beliold  the  different  cluiies  agree. 
Rejoicing  in  thy  restoration.  Dryden. 

So  we  speak  of  the  restoration  of  a  man 
to  his  ofiice,  or,to  a  good  standing  in  so- 
ciety. 

2.  Renewal  ;  revival  ;  re-establishment ;  as 
the  restoration  of  friendship  between  ene- 
mies ;  the  restoration  of  peace  after  war ; 
the  restoration  of  a  declining  commerce. 

3.  Recovery;  renewal  of  health  and  sound- 
ness ;  as  restoration  from  sickness  or  from 
insanity. 

Recovery  from  a  lap.se  or  any  bad  state; 
as  the  restorntion  of  man  from  apostasy. 

5.  In  theology,  universal  restoration,  the  final 
recovery  of  all  men  from  sin  and  aliena- 
tion I'roni  God.  to  a  state  of  happiness; 
universal  salvation. 

In  England,  the  return  of  king  Charles 
11.  in  K.riO,  and  the  re-estabhshment  of 
iiioiiarihy. 

RE,STO'KATIVE,  o.  That  has  power  to 
renew  sneiiiith  and  vigor.  Encyc. 

RESTORATIVE,  n.  A  medicine  effica- 
cious in  restoring  strength  and  vigor,  or  in 
recruiting  the  vital  powers.        Arbuthnot. 

RESTO'RE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  restaurer  ;  It.  restau- 
rare  ;  Sp.  Pfiit.  restaurar  ;  L.  restnuro. 
This  is  a  compound  of  re  and  the  root  of 
store,  story,  history.  The  primary  sense  is 
to  set,  to  lay  or  to  throw,  as  in  Gr.  sipio;, 
solid.) 

To  return  to  a  person,  as  a  specific  thing 
w  liich  he  has  lost,  or  w  liich  has  been  ta- 
ken from  him  and  unjustly  detained.  We 
restore  lost  or  stolen  goods  to  the  owner. 

Now  therefore  restore  to  the  man  his  wife. 
Gen.  XX. 

2.  To  replace ;  to  return  ;  as  a  person  or 
tiling  to  a  former  place. 

Pharaoh  shall  restore  thee  to  thy  place. 
Gen.  xl. 

3.  To  bring  back. 
The  fadicr  banish'd  virtue  shall  restore. 

Dryden. 

4.  To  bring  back  or  recover  from  lapse,  de- 
generacy, declension  or  ruin  to  its  former 
state. 

— Loss  of  Eden,  tUl  one  greater  man 

Restore  it,  and  regain  the  blissful  scat. 

Milton. 

— Our  fortune  restored  after  the  severest  af- 
flictions. Prior. 
To  heal ;  to  cure  ;  to  recover  from  dis- 
ease. 

His  hand  was  restored  whole  like  as  the  oili- 
er.    Matt.  xii. 
G.  To  make  restitution  or  satisfaction   for  a 
tiling  taken,  by  returning  something  else, 
or  something  of  difi'ereiit  value. 

Ho  shall  restore  five    oxen    for  an  ox,   and. 
four  sheep  for  a  sheep.     Ex.  xxii. 
To   give    for   satisfaction    for   pretended 
wrongs  somethitig  not  taken.     Ps.  Ixi.\. 
t<.  To  repair;  to  nhiiilil  ,  .is,  to  restore  autj 
to  build  Jerusalem.     Dan.  i.v. 

9.  To  revive;  to  resuscitate;  to  bring  back 
to  life. 

Whose  son  he  had  restored  to  life.     2  Kings 
viii. 

10.  To  return  or  bring  back  after  absence. 


Heb.  xiii. 


RES 

11.  To  brine  to  a  sense  of  sin  and  amend- 
ment of  lite.     Gal.  vi. 

12.  To  renew  or  re-establish  after  interrup- 
tion ;  as,  |ieace  is  restored.  Friendslni) 
between  the  parlies  is  restored. 

13.  To  recover  or  renew,  as  passages  of  an 
author  obscured  or  corrupted  ;  as,  to  re- 
store the  true  reading. 

RE'-STOllE,  v.t.  [re  and  store.]  To  store 
again.  The  goods  taken  out  were  re- 
stored. 

IIESTO'REI),  pp.  Returned;  brought 
back;  retrieved;  recovered;  cured;  re- 
newed ;  re-established. 

UESTO'REiMENT,  n.  The  act  of  re.stor- 
ing:  restoration.     [JVot  used.]  Brown. 

REt5"TO'REK,  n.  One  that  restores  ;  one 
that  returns  what  is  lost  or  unjustly  de- 
tained ;  one  who  repairs  or  re-establishes. 

RESTO'RING,  ppr.  Returning  what  is  lost 
or   taken;    bringing     back;    recovering 
curing;   renewing;    repairing;    re-estab- 
lishing. 

RESTR.\'IN,  v.t.  [Fr.  restraindre  :  It.  ris- 
trignere,  restringere ;  Sp.  restrihir,  res- 
Iringer ;  L.  restringo ;  re  an<l  stringo,  to 
strain.  The  letter  .g  appears  from  the  par- 
ticiple to  be  casual ;  stringo,  for  strigo. 
Hence  strictus,  strict,  stricture,  if  the  two 
letters  st  are  removed,  the  word  rigo  coin- 
cides exactly,  in  primary  sense,  with  L. 
rego,  rectus,  rigid,  and  the  root  of  reach, 
stretch,  straight.] 

1.  To  liold  back ;  to  check  ;  to  hold  from 
action,  proceeding  or  advancing,  either 
by  physical  or  moral  force,  or  by  any  in- 
terposing obstacle.  Thus  we  restrain 
horse  by  a  bridle  ;  we  restrain  c.ittle  from 
wandering  by  fences  ;  we  restrain  water 
by  dams  and  dikes ;  we  restrain  men 
from  crimes  and  trespasses  by  laws;  wc 
restrain  young  people,  when  we  can,  by 
arguments  or  counsel;  we  restrain  men 
and  their  passions  ;  we  restrain  the  ele- 
ments ;  we  attempt  to  restrain  vice,  but 
not  always  with  success. 

li.  To  repress ;  to  keep  in  awe ;  as,  to  re- 
strain offenders. 

3.  To  suppress ;  to  hinder  or  repress ;  as, 
to  restrain  excess. 

4.  To  abridge ;  to  binder  from  unlimited 
enjoyment ;  as,  to  restrain  one  of  his 
pleasure  or  of  his  liberty. 

Clarendon.     Shak. 

5.  To  limit ;  to  confine. 

Not  only  a  luetapliysical  or  natural,  but  a 
moral  universality  is  also  to  be  restrained  by  a 
part  of  the  predicate.  Watts. 

G.  To  withhold  ;   to  forbear. 

Tlioii  restrainest  prayer  before  God.     Job  xv. 

RESTR.^'IN.'VBLE,  a.  Capable  of  being 
restrained.  Brown. 

RESTRAINED,  pp.  Held   back  from  ad 
vancing   or    wandering ;    withheld  ;     re-l 
pressed;  suppressed;  abridged  ;  confined. 

RESTRA'INEDLY,  arfu.  With  restraint; 
with  limitation.  Hammond. 

RESTRA'INER,  n.  He  or  that  which  re- 
strains. Brown. 

RESTRAINING,  ppr.  Holding  back  from 
proceeding  ;  checking  ;  repressing  ;  hin- 
dering frotn  motion  or  action  ;  suppress- 
ing. 

2.  a.  .Abridging;  limiting;  as  a  restraining 
statute. 


RES 

RESTRAINT,    n.    [frotn    Fr.   restreint.] 
1.    Tire  act  or  operation  of  holding   back  or 

hindering  from   motion,  in  any  manner 

hinderaiice  of  the   will,  or  of  any  action, 

physical,  moral  or  mental. 
i.  Abridgment  of  hberty  ;  as  the  restraint  of 

a  man  by  imprisonment  or  by  duress. 

3.  Prohibition.  The  commands  of  God 
should  be  efiectual  restraints  upon  our  evil 
passions. 

4.  Limitation  ;  restriction. 
If  all  were  "ranted,  yet  it  must  be  maintained, 

williin  any  bold  restraints,  far  otherwise  than 
it  is  received.  Broum. 

5.  That  which  restrains,  hinders  or  re 
presses.  The  laws  &rerestraints  upon  in 
justice. 

RESTRICT',  I!,  t.  [L.  restrictus,  from  re- 
sliingo.  See  Restrain.] 

To    limit;    to  confine;    to   restrain    within 
bounds;  as,  to  restrict  words  to  a  particii 
lar  meaning  ;  to  restrict  a  patient  to  a  cer- 
tain diet. 

RESTRICTED,  pp.  Limited ;  confined  to 
bounds. 

RESTRICTING,  ppr.  Confining  to  limits, 

RESTRICTION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  restric- 
tus.] 

1.  Limitation  ;  confinement  within  bounds. 
This  is  to  have   lire    same  restriction    .as   all 

other  recreations.  Gov.  of  the  Tonf;ue. 

Restriction  of  u^ords,  is  the  limitation  of 
their  signification  in  a  particular  manner 
or  degree. 

2.  Restraint ;  as  restrictions  on  trade. 
RESTRICT'IVE,  a.  [Fr.  restrictif]  Having 

the  quality   of  limiting   or  of  expressing 
limitation  ;  as  a  reslrirtive  particle. 

2.  Imposing  restraint;  as  restrictive  laws  of 
trade. 

3.  Styptic.     [Not  used.]  Wiseman 
RESTRICT'IVELY,  adv.   With  limitation. 

Got',  of  the  Tongue 

RESTRINuE,  V.  t.  restrinj'.  [L.  restringo, 
supra.]  To  confine  ;  to  contract;  to  as 
tringe. 

jRESTRlN'OENCY,  n.  Tlie  quality  or  pow- 
er of  contracting.  Petty. 

RESTRIN'gENT,  (t.  Astringent;    styptic, 

RESTRlN'fiENT,  n.  A  medicine  that  op- 
erates as  an  astringent  or  styptic.     Harvey. 

RESTRI'VE,  II.  i.  [re  a.ni\  strive.]  To  strive 
anew.  SackvUle. 

REST'Y,  a.  The  same  as  restive  or  restif, 
of  which  it  is  a  contraction. 

RESUBJEC'TION,  n.  [re  and  suhjeclion.] 
A  .second  subjection.  Bp.  Hall. 

RESITBLIM.VTION,  n.  A  second  sublima- 
tion. 

RESUBLI'ME,  v.  t.  [re  and  sublime.]  To 
sublime  again  ;  as,  to  rcsu6/imc  mercurial 
sublimate.  N'ewton. 

RESl  BLI  MED,  pp.  Sublimed  a  second 
time. 

RESUBLI'MING,  ppr.  Subliming  again. 

^RESUDA'TION,  n.  [L.  resudatus,  resudo : 
re  anil  sudo,  to  sweat.]  The  act  of  sweat- 
in?  again. 

RESULT',  v.i.  s  as  :.  [Fr.  resulter ;  L.  re- 
sulto,  resilio ;  re  and  salio,  to  leap.]  To 
leap  back  ;  to  rebound. 

The   huge  round   stone,  resulting    with    a 
bound—  Pope 

2.  To  proceed,  spring  or  rise,  as  a  conse- 
quence, from  facts,  arguments,  premises, 
combination  of  circumstances,  consulta- 


RES 

tion  or  meditation.  Evidence  results  from 
testimony,  or  from  a  variety  of  concurring 
circumstances;  pleasure  results  from 
friendship  ;  harmony  results  from  certain 
accordances  of  sounds. 

Pleasure  and  peace   naturally  result  from  a 
holy  and  good  life.  Tillolson. 

To  come  to  a   conclusion  or  determina- 
tion.    The  council  resulted  in  recommend- 
ing harmony  and  peace  to  the  parties. 
RESULT',    n.    Resilience;    act   of    flying 
back. 

Sound  is  produced  between   the  string  and 
the  air,  by  the  return  of  the  result  of  the  string. 

Bacon. 

2.  Consequence  ;  conclusion  ;  inference  ef- 
fect;  tiiat  which  proceeds  naturally  or 
logically  from  facts,  premises  or  the  state 
of  things;  as  the  resii// of  reasoning;  the 
result  of  reflection ;  the  result  of  a  consul- 
tation or  council ;  the  result  of  a  legisla- 
tive debate. 

3.  Consequence  or  effect. 
The  misery  of  sinners  will  be  the  natural  re- 
sult ot  iheir  vile  affections  and  criminal  indul- 
gences. J-  Lathrop. 

4.  The  decision  or  determination  of  a  coun- 
cil or  deliberative  assembly  ;  as  the  result 
of  an  ecclesiastical  council. 

.Vei»  England. 

RESULT'ANCE,  n.  The  act  of  resulting. 

RESULT'ANT,  n.  In  mechanics,  a  force 
which  is  the  combined  eflect  of  two  or 
more  forces,  acting  in  different  direc- 
tions. 

RESULT'ING,  ppr.  Proceeding  as  a  con- 
sequence, effect  or  conclusion  of  some- 
thing ;  coming  to  a  determination. 

2.  In  law,  resulting  use,  is  a  use  which  re- 
turns to  him  who  raised  it,  after  its  expi- 
ration or  during  the  impossibility  of  vest- 
ing in  the  person  intended. 

RESU'MABLE,  a.  s  as  ;.  [from  resume.] 
That  may  be  taken  back,  or  that  may  be 
taken  up  again. 

RESU'ME,  V.  t.  s  as  :.  [L.  resumo ;  re  and 
sumo,  to  take.] 

1.  To  take  back  what  has  been  given. 
The  sun,  like  this  from  which  our  sight  we 

have, 
Gaz'd  on  too  long,  resumes  the  light  he  gave. 

Denham. 
To  take  back  what  has  been  taken  away. 
They  resume  what  has  been  obtained  fraudu- 
lently. Davenant. 

3.  To  take  again  after  absence ;  as,  to  re- 
sume a  seat. 

Reason  resum'd  lier  place,  and  passion  fled. 

Dryden, 

4.  To  take  up  again  after  interruption;  to 
begin  again  ;  as,  to  resume  an  argument  or 
discourse.  [This  is  now  its  most  frequent 
use.] 

RESU'MED,  pp.  Taken  back  ;  taken  again  ; 

begun  again  after  interruption. 
RESU'MING,  ppr.    Taking   back;    taking 

again  ;  beginning  again  after  interruption. 
RESUM'MON,    V.  t.    To   summon  or  call 

again. 

2.  To  recall ;  to  recover.  Bacon. 
RESUM'MONED,  pp.   Summoned  again  ; 

recovered 

RESUM'MONING,  ppr.  Recalling;  recov- 
ering. 

RESUMPTION,  Ji.  [Fr.  from  L.  resump- 

I    tus.] 


RET 


RET 


RET 


The  act  of  resuming,  taking  back  or  taking 
affain  ;  as  the  rtsumplion  of  a  grant. 

RESL'MP'TIVE,  a.  Taking  back  or  again. 

RESU'PINATE,  a.  [L.  resupinatus,  resupi- 
no ;  re  and  sxipino,  supinus,  lying  on  tlie 
back.] 

In  botany,  reversed ;  turned  upside  down. 
A  resupinate  corol  is  when  the  upper  lip 
faces  the  ground,  and  the  lower  lip  the 
sky.  A  resupinate  leaf  is  when  the  upper 
surface  becomes  the  lower,  and  the  con 
trary ;  or  when  the  lower  disk  looks  up- 
ward. Martyn.     Lee. 

aESUI'INA'TION,  n.  [supra.]  the  state 
of  lying  on  the  back  ;  the  state  of  being 
resupinate  or  reversed,  as  a  corol. 

RESU'PINE,  a.  Lying  on  the  back. 

RESURRECTION,  n.  s  as  :.  [Fr.  from 
L.  resurrectus,  resurgo ;  re  and  surgo,  to 
rise.] 

\  rising  again ;  chiefly,  the  revival  of  the 
dead  of  the  human  race,  or  their  retiun 
from  the  grave,  particularly  at  the  general 
judgment.  By  the  resurredion  of  Christ 
we  have  assurance  of  the  future  resurrec- 
lion  of  men.     1  Pet.  i. 

In  the  resurrection,  tliey  neither  marry,  nor 
are  given  in  marriage.     Matt.  xxii. 

RESURVEY,  v.  t.  [re  and  survey.]  To  sur- 
vey again  or  anew  ;  to  review.  Shale. 

RESUR'VEY,  n.  A  second  survey. 

RESURVEYED,  pp.  Surveyed  again. 
RESURVEYING,    ppr.    Surveying   anew; 
reviewing. 

RESUS'CITATE,  v.i.  [L.  resuscito ;  re  and 
suscito,  to  raise.] 

1.  To  revivify;  to  revive;  particularly,  to 
recover  from  apparent  death  ;  as,  to  re- 
suscitate a  drowned  [lerson  ;  to  resuscitate 
withered  plants. 

3.  To  reproduce,  as  a  mixed  body  from  its 
ashes.  Chimistry. 

RESUSCITATED,  pp.  Revived;  revivi- 
fied ;  reproduced. 

RESUS'CITATING,  p/«-.  Reviving;  re- 
vivifying ;  reproducing. 

RESUSCITA'TION.  n.  The  act  of  reviv- 
ing from  a  state  of  apparent  death ;  the 
state  of  being  revivified.  Pope. 

2.  The  reproducing  of  a  mixed  body  from  its 
ashes.  Chimislry. 

HESUS'CITATIVE,  a.    Reviving;    revivi- 
fying ;  raising  from  apparent  death  ;  rc- 
])roducing. 
ft  ETA' I L,  (      ,    [Fr.  retainer  ;  re  and  tail- 
IIE'TAIL,  \  "■      ler,  to  cut ;  It.  i-ilagliare.] 
i.  To  sell   in   small   quantities  or   parcels, 
from  the  sense  of  cutting  or  dividing;  op- 
posed to  selling  by  ichoksale ;  as,  to  retail 
cloth  or  groceries. 
)>.  To  sell  at  second  hand.  Pope. 

3.  To  tell  ill  broken  parts;  to  tell  to  many; 
as,  to  redri/ slander  or  idle  reports. 

RE'T.ML,  n.  The  sale  of  commodities  in 
small  quantities  or  parcels,  or  at  second 
hand.  Addison. 

UF.T.\'ILKD,  pp.   Sold  in  small  quantities. 

RIl'A'lLER,  (         [This    word,    like    the 

RIVTAILER,  <!  "'  noun  retail,  is  often, 
perhaps  generally  accented  on  the  first 
syll.ible  ill  Aniorica.] 

One  who  sells  goods  by  small  quantities  or 


pii 


,rls 


RETAILING,  ppr.  Selling  in  small   quan 
titles. 


RETA'IN,  V.  t.  [Fr.  reltnir ;  It.  ritenere  ;^ 
^\i.  relener ;  L.  retineo ;  re  and  leneo,  toi 
hold.]  I 

1.  To  hold  or  keep  in  possession  ;  not  toi 
lose  or  part  with  or  dismiss.  The  mcmo-l 
ry  retains  ideas  which  facts  or  arguments 
have  suggested  to  the  mind.  ' 

They  did  not  lilve  to  retain  God  \a  theiri 
knowledge.     Rom.  i.  i 

2.  To  keep,  as  an  associate  ;  to  keep  from 
departure. 

Whom   I   would   have   retained    with    n 
Phil.  U. 

3.  To  keep  back ;  to  hold. 

An  executor  may  retain  a  debt  due  to  him 
from  the  testator.  Blockstonf. 

To  hold  from  escape.  Some  substances 
retain  heat  much  longer  than  others 
Metals  readily  receive  and  transmit  heat 
but  do  not  long  retain  it.  Seek  cloths 
that  retain  their  color. 
To  keep  in  pay  ;  to  hire. 

A  Benedictine  convent  has  now  retained  the 
most  learned  lather  of  their  order  to  write  in  its 
defense.  Adilison 

To  engage  ;  to  employ  by  a  fee  paid  ;  as, 
to  retain  a  counselor. 
RETA'IN,  V.  i.  To  belong  to  ;   to  depend 
on  ;  as  coldness  ini.\ed  with  a  somewhat 
languid  relish  retaining  to  bitterness. 

Boyle. 
[Not  in  use.     We  now  use;)er/atn.] 
2.  To  keep;  to  continue.     [JSi'ot  in  use.] 
RET  A' IN  ED,  pp.   Heid;    kept  in  possess- 
ion ;  kept  as  an  associate ;  kept  in    pay ; 
kept  from  escape. 
RETA'INER,  n.  One  who  retains;  as  an 
executor,  who  retains  a  debt  due  from  the 
testator.  Blackslune. 

2.  One  who  is  kept  in  service  ;  an  attend- 
ant ;  as  the  retainers  of  the  ancient  princes 
and  nobility. 

3.  An  adherent;  a  dependant ;  a  hanger  on. 

Shak. 

4.  A  servant,  not  a  domestic,  but  occasion- 
ally attending  and  wearing  his  master's 
livery.  Encyc.     Cowel. 

Among  lawyers,  a  fee  paid  to  engage  a 
lawyer  or  counselor  to  maintain  a  cause. 
The  act  of  keeping  dependants,  or  being 
in  dependence.  Bacon. 

RETA'INING,  ppr.  Keeping  in  possession; 
keeping  as  an  associate ;  keeping  from 
escape  ;  hiring  ;  engaging  by  a  fee. 

RETA'IvB,  II.  1.  pret.  retook  ;  pp.  retaken, 
[re  and  take.]  To  take  again.      Clarendon. 

2.  To  take  from  a  captor ;  to  rcca|iture  ;  as, 
to  retake  a  ship  or  prisoners. 

RETA'KER,  n.  One  who  takes  again  what 
has  been  taken  ;  a  recaptor.  Kent. 

RETA'KING,  ppr.  Taking  again  ;  taking 
from  a  captor. 

RETA'KING,  ji.  A  taking  again  ;  recap- 
ture. 

RETAL'IATE,  v.  t.  [Low  L.  retalio ;  re 
and  tatio,  from  talis,  like.] 

To  return  like  for  like  ;  to  repay  or  requite 
by  an  act  of  the  same  kind  as  has  been 
received.  It  is  now  seldom  used  except 
in  a  bad  sense,  that  is,  to  return  evil  for 
evil ;  as,  to  retaliate  injuries.  In  war,  en- 
emies often  retaliate  the  death  or  inhuman 
treatment  of  prisoners,  the  burning  of 
towns  or  the  plunder  of  goods. 

It  is  unlucky  to  be  obliged  to  retaliate  the 
injuries  of  authors,  whose  works  arc   so  soon 


forgotten  that  we  are   in   danger  of  appearing 

the  first  aggressors.  Swift. 

RETAL'L\TE,  v.  i.  To  return  like  for  like : 

as,  to  retaliate  upon  an  enemy. 
RETAL'IATED,  pp.  Returned,  as  like  for 

like. 
RETAL'IATING,  ppr.  Returning,  like  for 

like. 
RETALIATION,  n.  The  return  of  like  for 

like  ;  the  doing  that  to  another  which  he 

has  ilone  to  us;  requital  of  evil.         South. 
2.  In  a  good  sense,  return  of  good  for  good. 
God  takes  what  is  done  to  others  as  done  to 

himself,  and  by  protnise  obliges  himself  tc  full 

retaliation .  Calamy. 

[This,  according  to  modern  usage,  is 
harsh.] 

RETALIATORY,  a.  Returning  like  for 
like;  as  retaliatory  measures;  retaliatory 
eilicts.  Canning.     H'alsh. 

RET'ARD,  v.t.  [Fr.  retarder;  L.  retardo ; 
re  and  ta.'do,  to  delay ;  tardus,  slow,  late. 
See  Target.] 

1.  To  diminish  the  velocity  of  motion  ;  to 
hinder  ;  to  render  more  slow  in  progress  ; 
as,  to  retard  the  march  of  an  army  ;  to  re- 
tard the  motion  of  a  shiji.  The  resist- 
ance of  all  retards  the  velocity  of  acannon 
ball.     It  is  opposed  to  accelerate. 

2.  To  delay  ;  to  put  oti";  to  render  more 
late  ;  as,  to  retard  the  attacks  of  old  age  ; 
to  retard  a  rupture  between  nations.  My 
visit  was  retarded  by  business. 

RET'ARD,  V.  i.  To  stay  back.  [ATot  in 
Mse.]  Brown. 

RETARDATION,  n.  The  act  of  abating 
the  velocity  of  motion ;  hinderance ;  the 
act  of  delaying  ;  as  the  retardation  of  the 
motion  of  a  ship  ;  the  retardation  of  hoary 
hairs.  Bacon. 

RETARDED,  pp.  Hindered  in  motion: 
delayed. 

RET>ARDER,  n.  One  that  retards,  hinders 
or  flelays. 

RETARDING,  ppr.  Abating  the  velocity 
of  motion;  hindering;  delaying. 

RETARDMENT,  n.  The  act  of  retarding 
or  delaying.  Cowley. 

RETCH,  V.  i.  [Sax.  hrescan  ;  Dan.  rekker, 
to  reach,  to  stretch,  to  retch,  to  vomit;  the 
same  word  as  reach  ;  the  present  orthogra- 
phy, retch,  being  wholly  arbitrary.  See 
Reach.] 

To  make  an  effort  to  vomit ;  to  heave  :  as 
the  stomach;  to  strain,  as  in  vomiting; 
properly  to  reach. 

RETCHLESS,  careless,  is  not  in  use.  [See 
Reckless.]  Dryden. 

RETEC'TION,  n.  [L.  retectus,  from  relego, 
to  uncover  ;  re  and  iego,  to  cover.] 

The  act  of  disclosing  or  producing  to  view 
something  concealed  ;  as  the  retection  of 
tht;  native  color  of  the  bod  v.  Boyle. 

RETENT',  ?i.  That  which  is  retained. 

Kinoan. 

RETENTION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  relentio,  re- 
tineo ;  re  and  teneo,  to  hold.]  The  act  of 
retaining  or  keeping. 

2.  The  power  of  retaining ;  the  faculty  of 
the  mind  by  which  it  retains  ideas. 

Locke. 

3.  In  medicine,  the  power  of  retaining,  or 
that  state  of  contraction  in  the  solid  or 
vascular  ])urts  of  the  body,  by  which  ihcy 
hold  their  proper  contents  and  prevent  iu- 


il  E  T 

vohiiuary   evacuations;    uiid^ie  retention 
of  some  natural  discharge. 

Encyc.     Coxe. 

4.  Theactof  witliliolding;  restraint.     Shak. 

5.  Custody  ;  coiifiiioniont.     LVot  in  use.] 

RETEN'TIVE,   a.   [Fr.  retentif.]     Having 
tlie  power  to  retain  ;  as  a  retentive  memo- 
ry ;   the   retenlive    faculty  ;     tlie    retentive 
force  of  the  stomach ;  a  body  retentive  ol 
heat  or  moisture. 
RETEN'TIVKNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  re- 
tention ;  as  retcniiveness  of  memory. 
RET'ICENCE,  {       [Fr.  reticence,  from   L. 
RET'ICENCY,  ^       »c<tcc(i<;a,    reticeo ;      re 

and  <oceo,  to  he  silent.] 
Concealment  by  silence.  In  rhetoric,  aposi- 
opesis  or  suppression  ;  a  figure  liy  which 
a  person  really  speaks  of  a  thing,  while 
he  makes  asliow  as  if  he  would  say  noth- 
ing on  the  subject.  Encyc. 
RET'I€LE,  n.     [L.  reticulum,  from  rete,  a 

net.]    A  small  net. 
2.  A  contrivance  to  measure  the  quantity  ofj 
an  eclipse  ;  a  kind  of  micrometer.        Jlsh.i 
RETICULAR,  «.  [supra.]  Having  the  form 
ofanetorof  net-work;  formed  with  in- 
terstices ;   as  a  reticular   body    or   mem- 
brane. Encyc. 
In  anatomy,  the  reticvlar  body,  or  rete  muco- 
sum,  is  the  layer  of  the  skin,  intermediate 
between  the    cutis  and  the   ciiticle,   the 
principal  seat  of  color  in  man  ;  the  reticu- 
lar membrane  is  the  same  as  the  cellular 
membrane.  Par 
RETICULATE,      }       [L.  reticulatus,  from 
RETI€'ULATED,  ^  "•  rete,   a   net.]     Net- 
ted ;    resembling   net-work  ;   having   dis 
tinct  veins  crossing  like  net-work  ;  as   a 
reticulate  corol  or  petal.                     Martyn. 
RETICULA'TION,  n.    Net-work  ;  organi- 
zation of  substances  resembling  a  net. 

Darwin. 
RET'IFORM,  a.  [L.  retiformis ;  rete,  a  net. 

amiforma,  form.] 
Ha\ing  the  form  of  a  net  in  Icxtme  ;  com- 
posed of  crossing  lines  and  interstices;  as 
the  reliform  coat  of  the  eye.  Ray. 

RET'INA,  n.  [L.  from  re(e,  a  net.]  \n  a7mt- 
omy,  one  of  the  coats  of  the  eye,  being  an 
expansion  of  the  optic  nerve  over  the 
bottom  of  the  eye,  where  the  sense  of  vis- 
ion is  first  received.  Encyc. 
RETINASPHALT',  n.  A  bituminous  "or 
resinous  substance  of  a  yellowish  or  red- 
dish brown  color,  found  in  irregular  pie- 
ces very  light  and  shining.  [See  Retinile.]] 
RET'INiTE,  n.  [Or.  pjjnr,,  resin.]  Pitch- 
stone  ;  stone  of  fusible  pitch,  of  a  resinous 
appearance,  compact,  brown,  reddish,! 
gray,  yellowish,  blackish  or  bluish,  rarely 
homogeneous,  and  often  containing  crys- 
tals of  feldspar  and  scales  of  inica.  It  is 
the  pechstein  porphyry  or  obsidian  of  the 
Germans.     It  is  called  also  retinasphalt. 

Ure.     Cyc.i 
RET'INUE,  n.  [Fr.  retenue,  from  retenir,  to 
retain,  L.  retineo  ;  re  and  teneo,  to  hold.]     1 
The  attendants  of  a  prince  or  distinguishedj 
personage,  chiefly  on  a  journey  or  an  e.\- 
cursicin  ;  a  train  of  persons.  Dryden. 

RETIRA'DE,  n.  [Fr.  from  retirer,  to  with- 
draw ;  Sp.  rcfirada.  a  retreat.] 
In  forlijication,  a   kind  of  retrenchment  in 
the   body   of  a   bastion   or  other  work. 


RET 

which  is  to  be  disputed  inch  by  inch,  af- 
ter the  defenses  are  dismantled.  It  usu- 
ally consists  of  two  faces,  which  make  a 
re-entering  angle.  Encyc. 

KETI'RE,  V.  i.  [Fr.  retirer ;  re  and  tirer,  to 
draw  ;  It.  rilirare  ;  Sp.  retirar.] 

1.  To  withdraw  ;  to  retreat ;  to  go  from  com- 
pany or  from  a  public  place  into  privacy ; 
as,  to  retire  from  the  world;  to  retire  from 
notice. 

2.  To  retreat  from  action  or  danger;  as,  to 
retire  from  battle. 

3.  To  withdraw  from  a  public  station.  Gen. 
Washington,  in  171)0,  retired  to  private 
life. 

4.  To  break  up,  as  a  eotnpany  or  assembly 
The  company  retired  at  eleven  o'clock. 

To  depart  or  withdraw  for  safety  or  for 
pleasure.  Men  retire  from  the  town  in 
summer  for  health  and  pleasure.  But  in 
South  Carolina,  the  planters  retire  fron 
tlieir  estates  to  Charleston,  or  to  an  isle 
near  the  town. 
(5.  To  recede ;  to  fall  back.     The  shore  of 

the  sea  retires  in  bays  and  gulfs. 
RETI'RE,     V.  t.     To    withdraw  ;    to  take 
away. 

He  retired  himself,  his  wife  and  children  into 
a  forest.  Sidney. 

.\s  when  the  sun  is  present  all  the  year, 
.\nd  never  doth  retire  his  golden  ray. 

Davies. 
[This  transitive  use  of  retire  is  now  ob- 
solere.] 
RETI'RE,  n.    Retreat;  recession;  a  with- 
drawing.    Obs.  Shak.     Bacon. 
'i.  Retirement;  place  of  privacy.     Oh.i. 

Milton. 
RETI'RED,  a.  Secluded  from  nnicli  socie- 
ty  or   from    public   notice  ;  private.     He 
lives  a  retired  life;  he  has  a  retired  situa- 
tion. 
2.  Secret  ;  private  ;  as  retired  speculations. 
■i.  Withdrawn.  Locke. 

RETI'REDLY,  «f/i'.  In  solitude  or  privacy. 

Sherirood. 

RETI'REDNESS,  n.  A  state  of  retirement; 

solitude  ;  ))rivacy  or  secrecy.       .Itlirbun/. 

RETI'REMENT,  n.  The  act  of  withtlraw- 

ing  from  company  or  from  public  notice 

or  station.  Milton. 

2.  The   state  of  being  withdrawn  ;  as   the 
retirement  of  the  mind  from  the  senses. 

Locke. 

3.  Private  abode ;  habitation  secluded  from 


much  society  or  from  public  life. 

Caprea  had  been  the  retirement  o(  .\a!i»»iui. 

.iddison. 
Retirement  is  as  necessary  to  me  as  il   will 
be  welcome.  Washington. 

Private  way  of  life. 
Retirement ,  rural  quiet,  friendship,  books, 
Piogrcssive  virtue  aud  approving  heaven. 

Thomson 
RETIRING,   ppr.   Withdrawing  ;  retreat- 
ing ;  going  into  seclusion  or  solitude. 
2.  a.  Reserved  ;  not  forward  or  obtrusive  : 

as  retiring  modesty  ;  retiring  manners. 
RETOLD,  pre/,  and  pp.  of  retell ;  as  a  story 

retold. 
RETORT',  v.t.   [L.   retortus,   relorqueo ;  re 
and  torqueo,  to  throw.] 

1.  To  throw  hack  ;  to  reverberate. 

And  thev  retort  that  heat  again 

To  the  first  giver.  Shak. 

2.  To  return  an  argument,  accusation,  een- 


RET 

sure  or  incivility ;  as,  to  retort  the  charge 
of  vanity. 

He  pass'd  through  hostile  scorn  ; 
.\nd  with  retorted scotn,  his  back  he  tum'd. 

Afilton. 

3.  To  bend  or  curve  back ;  as  a  retorted  line. 

liacon. 

RETORT',  V.  i.  To  return  an  argument  or 
charge  ;  to  make  a  severe  reply.  He  re- 
torted upon  his  adversary  with  severity. 

RETORT',  n.  The  return  of  an  argument, 
charge  or  incivility  in  reply ;  as  the  re(orf 
courteous.  Shak. 

2.  In  chimistry,  a  spherical  vessel  with  its 
neck  bent,  to  which  the  receiver  is  fitted  ; 
used  in  distillation.  Enci/c 

RETCmT'ED,  pp.  Returned  ;  thrown  back  : 
bent  back. 

RETORT'ER,  n.  One  that  retorts. 

RETORT'ING,  ppr.  Returning  ;  throwing 
back. 

RETORTION,  n.  The  act  of  retorting. 

Spenser. 

RETOSS',  I',  t.  [re  and  toss.]  To  toss  back. 

;  Pope. 

RETOSS'ED,  pp.  Tossed  back. 

RETOSS'ING,  ppr.  Tossing  back. 

RETOUCH,  v.t.  retuch'.  [re  ai^d  touch.]  To 
improve  by  new  touches;  as,  to  retouch  a 
picture  or  an  essay.  Dryden.     Pope. 

RETOUCHED,  pp.  retuch'ed.  Touched 
again  ;  improved  bv  new  touches. 

RETOUCHING,  pp'r.  retuch'ing.  Improv- 
ing by  new  touches. 

RETRA'CE,  v.t.  [Fr.  retracer ;  re  and  tra- 
cer, to  trace.] 

1.  To  trace  back;  to  go  back  in  the  same 
path  or  course  ;  as,  to  retrace  one's  steps  ; 
to  retrace  one's  proceedings. 

2.  To  trace  back,  as  a  line. 
I        Then  if  the  line  of  Turnus  you  retrace. 

He  springs  from  Inachus  of  Argive  race. 

Dryden. 
RETRA'CED.   pp.  Traced  back. 
RETRA'CING,  ppr.  Tracing  hack. 
RETRACT',  v.t.    [Fr.  relracter ;  Norm,  re- 
I     traicter ;  L.  retraclus,  retraho ;  re  aiul  iraho, 
[     to  draw.] 

1.  To  recall,  as  a  declaration,  words  or  say- 
1     ing  ;  to  disavow;  to  recant  ;  as,  to  retract 
an  accusation,  charge  or  assertion. 

I  would  as  freely  have  retracted  the  charjc  of 
idolatry,  as  I  ever  made  il.  Slillini^ett. 

To  take  back  ;  to  rescind.    [Littit  used.] 

H'oodicard. 

3.  To  draw  back,  as  claws. 
RETRACT',  V.  i.  To  take  back  ;  to  unsay  ; 

to  withdraw  concession  or  declaration. 
She  will,  and  she  will  not ;  she  grants,  denies. 
Consents,  retracts,  advances,  and  then  flies. 

Granoille. 
RETRACT',  »i.  Among  Aoraemeij,  the  prick 

of  a  hor.se's  foot  in  nailing  a  shoe. 
RETRACTABLE,  a.  That  may  be  retract- 
ed or  recalled. 
RETRACTA'TION,  n.  TFr.  from  L.  rctrac- 

taiio.] 
The  recalling  of  what  has  been   said  ;  re- 
cantation ;  change  of  opinion  declared. 

South. 
RETRACT'ED,   pp.    Recalled  ;  recanted  ; 

disavowed. 
RETRACT'IBLE,  a.  That  may  he  ilrawn 
hack  ;  retractile.  Journ.  o/ Science. 

RETRACT'lLE,     a.     Capable    of   being 
I    drawn  back. 


RET 


RET 


RET 


A  walrus  with  fiery  eyes — retractile  from  ex- 
ternal injuries.  Pennant. 

RETRACT'ING,  ppr.  Recalling;  disavow- 
ing ;  recantinf;. 

RETRACTION,  n.  [from  retract.]  The 
act  oi  withdrawing  something  advanced, 
or  changing  something  done. 

Woodward. 

9.  Recantation  ;  disavowal  of  the  truth  of 
what  has  been  said  ;  declaration  of  change 
of  opinion.  Sidney. 

3.  Act  of  withdrawing  a  claim. 

Other  men's  insatiable  desire  of  revenge 
hath  beguiled  church  and  state  of  the  benetit 
of  my  retractions  or  concessions. 

K.  Charles 

RETRACT'IVE,  a.  Withdrawing;  taking 
froiti. 

RETRACT'IVE,  n.  That  which  withdraws 
or  takes  from. 

RETRA'ICT,  71.  Retreat.  Obs.  [See  Re 
treat.]  Bacon 

RETRA'IT,  n.  [It.  rilratto,  from  ritrarre,  to 
draw.]  A  cast  of  countenance  ;  a  picture 
Obs.  Spenser 

RETRAX'IT,  n.  [L.  rctrnho,  retraxi]  In 
law,  the  withdrawing  or  open  renuncia 
tion  of  a  suit  in  court,  by  which  the  plain- 
tif  loses  his  action.  Blackstone 

RETRE'AT,  n.  [Fr.  retraite,  from  retraire  ; 
re  and  traire,  to  draw  ;  L.  retractus,  retra- 
ho  ;  re  and  traho  ;   It.  ritratta.] 

1.  The  act  of  retiring  ;  a  withdrawing  of] 
one's  self  from  any  place. 

But  beauty's  triumph  is  well  tim'd  retreat. 

Pope. 

2.  Retirement ;  state  of  privacy  or  seclusion 
from  noise,  bustle  or  company. 

Here  in  the  calm  still  mirror   of  retreat. 

Pope. 

3.  Place  of  retirement  or  privacy. 

He  built  his  son  a  house  of  pleasure — and 
spared  no  cost  to  make  it  a  delicious  retreat 

L'Estrange 

4.  Place  of  safety  or  security. 

That  pleasing  shade  they  sought,  a  soft  re- 
treat 

From  sudden  April  show'rs,  a  shelter  from 
the  heat.  Dryden 

5.  In  militani  affairs,  the  retiring  of  an  army 
or  body  of  men  from  the  face  of  an  ene 
mv  or  from  any  ground  occupied  to  a 
greater  distance  from  the  enemy,  or  froii 
an  advanced  position.  A  retreat  is  prop- 
erly an  orderly  march,  in  which  circum- 
stance it  differs  from  sxjlight.  Enci/c 

0.  Tlie  withdrawing  of  a  ship  or  fleet  from 
an  enemy;  or  the  order  and  disposition 
of  ships  declining  an  engagement. 

7.  The  beat  of  the  drum  at  the  tiring  of  the 
evening  gun,  to  warn  soldiers  to  forbear 
firing  and  the  sentinels  to  challenge. 

Encyc. 

RETRE'AT,  v.  i.  To  retire  from  any  posi- 
tion or  place. 

2.  To  withdraw  to  a  private  abode  or  to 
any  secluded  situation.  Milton. 

3.  To  retire  to  a  place  of  safety  or  security ; 
as,  to  retreat  into  a  den  or  into  a  fort. 

4.  To  move  back  to  a  place  before  occupi 
ed  ;  to  retire. 

The  rapiil  currents  drive, 
Towards  the  retreating  sea,  their  furious  tide. 

.Milton 

5.  To  retire  from  an  enemy  or  from  any  ad- 
vanced position. 


RETRE'ATED,  as  a  passive  participle, 
though  used  by  Milton,  is  not  good  Eng- 
lish. 

RETRENCH',  v.  I.  [Fr.  relrancUr ;  re  and 
Irancker,  to  cut ;  It.  trincea,  a  trench  ;  trin- 
cerare,  to  intrench  ;  trinciare,  to  carve;  W. 
irycu,  to  cut.] 

1.  To  cut  off;  to  pare  away. 

And  thy  exuberant  parts  retrench.  Denham. 
To  lessen  ;  to  abridge  ;  to  curtail ;  as,  to 
•etrench  superfluities  or  e.\penses. 

Merbury. 

3.  To  confine;  to  limit.     [JVol prope    \ 

Addison. 

RETRENCH',  v.  i.  To  live  at  less  expense 
It  is  more  reputable  to  retrench  than  to 
live  embarrassed. 

RETRENCH'ED,  ;)j9.  Cut  oft";  curtailed; 
liminished. 

RETRENCH'ING,  ppr.  Cutting  off;  cur- 
tailing. 

RETRENCH'MENT,  n.  [Fr.  relranche- 
meat ;  Sp.  atrincheramiento.] 

I.  The  act  of  lopping  ofl";  the  act  ofremov 
ing  what  is  superfluous;  as  the  retrench 
ment  of  words  or  lines  in  a  writing. 

Dryden.     Jlddison. 
The  act  of  curtailing,  lessening  or  abridg 
ing  ;  diminution  ;  as  the   retrenchment  of 
expenses. 

3.  In  military  affairs,  any  work  raised  to 
cover  a  post  and  fortify  it  against  an  en- 
emy ;  such  as  fascines,  gabions,  sand- 
bags and  the  like.  Ena/c. 
Numerous  remains  of  Roman  retrenchments, 
constructed  to  cover  the  countiy — 

D'Mnville,  Trans. 

RETRIB'UTE,  v.  t.    [Fr.  retribuer ;  L.   re- 

tribuo ;  re  and  Iribuo,  to  give  or  bestow.] 
To  pay  back  ;  to  make  payment,  compensa- 
tion or  reward  in  return ;  as,  to  retribute 
one  for  his  kindness  ;  to  retribute  to  a 
criminal  what  is  proportionate  to  his  of- 
fense. Locke. 
RETRIB'UTED,  pp.    Paid  back  ;  given  in 

return  ;  rewarded. 
RETRIB'UTER,  n.  One  that  makes  retri- 
bution. 
RETRIB'UTING,  ;)p/-.  Requiting;  makinj 

repayment  ;  rewarding 
RETRIBUTION,    n.    [Fr.]     Repayment 
return  accommodated  to  the  action  ;  re- 
ward ;  com|)ensation. 

In  good  offices  and  due  retributions,  we  may 
not  be  pinching  and  niggardly.  Hall. 

A   gratuity  or  present  given  for  services 
in  the  place  of  a  salary.  Encyc. 

3.  The  distribution  of  rewards  and  punish- 
ments at  the  general  judgment. 

It  is  a  strong  argument  for  a  state  o(  retribu- 
tion hereatler,  that  in  this  norlil  virtuous  per- 
sons are  very  often  unfortunate,  and  vicious 
persons  prosperous.  Spectator. 

RETRIB'UTIVE,    }       Repaying  ;reward- 

RETRIB'UTORY,  (,  "'  ing  for  good  deeds, 
and  punishing  for  offenses ;  as  retributire 
justice.  ■ 

RETRIE'VABLE,  a.  [from  rttiievc.]  That 
may  he  retrieved  or  recovered.  Gray. 

RETRIE'VE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  rctrouver,  to  fnid 
again;  ll.  ritrovare.     See  Troner.] 

1.  To  recover  ;  to  restore  from  loss  or  injury 
to  a   former  good  state  ;  af,  to  retricrc  the 
credit  of  a   nation ;  to  retrieve  one's 
acter  ;  to  retrieve  a  decayed  fortune. 

''2.  To  repair. 


Accept  my  sorrow,  and  retrieve  my  fall. 

Prior 
To  regain. 
With  late   repentance   now   they   would  re- 
trieve 
The  bodies  they  forsook,  and  wish  to  live. 

Dryden . 
To  recall ;  to  bring  back ;  as,  to  retrieve 
men  from  their  cold  tiivial  conceits. 

Berkeley 
RETRIE'VE,  n.   A  seeking  again;  a  dis- 
coverv.     [JVol  in  use.]  B.  Jonson 

RETRIEVED,  pp.    Recovered  ;  repaired  : 

regained ;  recalled. 
RETRIEVING,  ppr.   Recovering  ;  repair- 
ing ;  recalling. 
RETROACTION,  n.    [L.  retro,  backward, 
and  action.] 

1.  Action  returned,  or  action  backwards. 

2.  Operation  on  something  past  or  preced- 
ing. 

RETROACTIVE,  a.  [Fr.  retroactif;  L. 
retro,  backward,  and  active.] 

Operating  by  returned  action  ;  affecting 
what  is  past ;  retrospective.  Beddoes. 

A  retroactive  law  or  statute,  is  one  which 
operates  to  affect,  make  criminal  or  pun- 
ishable, acts  done  prior  to  the  passing  of 
the  law. 

RETROACTIVELY,  adv.  By  returned 
action  or  operation  ;  by  ojierating  on 
something  past.  H'heaton. 

RETROCE'DE,  v.  I.  [L.  retro,  back,  and 
cedo,  to  give  ;  Fr.  relroceder.] 

To  cede  or  giant  back;  as,  to  relrocede  a  ter- 
ritory to  a  furmcr  proprietor. 

RETROCE'DED,  pp.  Granted  back. 

RETROCE'UING,  ppr.  Ceding  back. 

RETROCES'SION,  n.  A  ceding  or  grant- 
ing back  to  a  former  proprietor. 

Jim.  State  Papers. 
The  act  of  going  back.  More. 

RETRODUCTION,  n.  [L.  retroduco  ;  retro, 
hack,  and  d^(.co,  to  lead.]  A  leading  or 
bringing  hack. 

RET'ROFLEX,  a.  [L.  retro,  back,  and 
Jtexus,  bent.] 

In  botany,  bent  this  way  and  that,  or  in  dif- 
ferent directions,  usually  in  a  distorted 
manner  ;  as  a  retro/lex  branch.         Mnrtyn. 

RET'ROFRAGT,  /        [L.    retro,   hack, 

RETROFRACT'ED,  S  and/mdu*,  bro- 
ken.] 

Reduced  to  hang  down  as  it  wore  by  force 

so  as  to  appear  as  if  broken  ;  as  a  retro- 

fract  peduncle.  Mnrtyn. 

Bent  back  towards  its  insertion,  as  if  it 

were  broken.  Lee. 

RETROGRADA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  See  Retro- 
grade.] 

1.  The  act  of  moving  backwards;  applied 
to  the  apparent  motion  of  the  planets. 

Ray. 

2.  A  moving  backwards  ;  decline  in  excel- 
lence. .V.  Chipman. 

RETROGRADE,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  retro- 
gradior  ;  retro,  backwards,  and  gradior, 
to  go.] 

1.  Going  or  moving  backwards.  Bacon. 

2.  In  astronomy,  apiuircntly  moving  back- 
waril  and  ciuitrary  to  the  succession  of 
the  signs,  as  a  plan'et.  Harris. 

3.  Declining  tVom  a  better  to  a  worse  state. 
char-'IRET'ROGRADE,   v.  i.     [Fr.   retrograder  ; 

|]     L.  relrogradior ;  retro  and  g-mrfjor,  to  go.] 
i!     To  go  or  move  backward.  Bacon. 


RET 


R  E  T 


R  E  U 


RETROGRES'SION,  n.  The  act  of  going 
Jiuikw.iid.  Brown 

RETK0(;RESS'IVE,  a.  Going  or  moving 
Ijackward  ;  dei-liniiig  from  a  more  (jerfect 
to  II  less  perli'ct  state. 

Geography  Is  at  tiiacs  retrogressive. 

Pinkerlon. 

RETROMIN'gENCY,  n.  [L.  relro,  back- 
ward, and  mingo,  to  discharge  urine.] 

Tlie  act  of  ((nahty  of  discliarging  the  con- 
tents of  tlie  bladder  backwards. 

Brown. 

RETROMIN'(iENT,  a.  Discharging  the 
urine  biickwanls. 

RETROMIN'(';ENT,  n.  In  zoologtj,  an  an- 
imal that  discharges  its  urine  backwards. 
The  retromiiigents  are  a  division  of  ani 
inals  whose  chajacteristic  is  that  they 
disiharge  their  urine  backwards,  botli 
mah'  and  female.  Encyc. 

RETROPUL'SIVE,  a.  [L.  retro,  back,  and 
pulsus,  pello,  to  drive.]  Driving  back  ;  re- 
pelling. Mtd.  Repos. 

RETROR8ELY,  ttdv.  rdrors'hj.  [L.  ntror- 
sum,  backward.]  In  a  backward  direction  ; 
as  a  stem  retrorsely  aculeate.  Eaton. 

Ri:T'R()SPEeT,  n.  [L.  retro,  back,  and 
spi.iio,  to  look.] 

A  looking  back  on  things  past ;  view  or  con-, 
teiiipliitiiin  of  something  past.  The  retro- 
spect of  a  lilc  well  spent  aftbrds  peace  of 
mind  III  (dil  aac. 

RETROSI'EC'TION,  »i.  The  act  of  look- 
ing back  on  things  past. 

2.  The  faculty  of  looking  back  on  past 
tfinigp.  Swijl. 

RETROSPE€T'IVE,  a.  Looking  back  onj 
pa>t  events  ;  as  a  retrospective  view. 

2.  Having  reference  to  what  is  past ;  affect-i 
ing  things  past.  A  penal  statute  can  have! 
no  retrospective  eftecl  or  operation.  ' 

RETROSPECTIVELY,  adv.  By  way  of 
retrospect 

RETROVER'SION,  n.  A  turning  or  falling 
backwards  ;  as  the  retroversion  of  the  ute- 
rus. 

RKT'ROVERT,  v.  t.  To  turn  back. 

RET'ROVERTED,  o.  [L.  retro,  back,  and 
verto,  to  turn.]     Turned  back. 

Lawrence,  Lect.     Med.  Repos. 

RETRU'DE,  t!  /.  (  L.  relrvdo  ;  re  and  trudo, 
to  thrust.]     To  thrust  back.  More.' 

RETUND',  V.  t.  [L.  retundo  ;  re  and  tundo, 
to  beat.] 

To  blunt;  to  turn;  as  an  edge;  to  dull;  as, 
to  retund  the  edge  of  a  weapon.  Ray. 

RETURN,  v.i.  [Fr.  retourner ;  re  and  tuiir- 
ner,  to  turn,  L.  torno ;  It.  ritornare ;  Sp. 
retornar.^ 

\.  To  come  or  go  back  to  the  same  place. 
The  gentleman  goes  from  the  country  to 
London  a.\u\returns,  or  the  citizen  of  Lon- 
don rides  into  the  country  and  returns. 
The  blood  propelled  from  the  heart,  pass- 
es through  the  arteries  to  the  extremities 
of  the  body,  and»e(i(ri!s  through  the  veins. 
Some  servants  are  good  to  go  on  errands, 
but  not  good  to  return. 

2.  To  come  to  the  same  state ;  as,  to  return 
from  bondage  to  a  state  of  freedom. 

Locke. 

3.  To  answer. 

He  saiil,  and  thus  the  queen  of  heaven  re- 
luni'il.  Pope. 

4.  To  come  again  ;  to  revisit. 


Thou  to  mankind 
Be  good  and  friendly  still,  and  oft  return. 

Milton. 
To  appear  or  begin  again  after  a  period- 
ical revolution. 

With  the  year 
Seasons  return,  but  not  to  me  returns 
Day—  Milton. 

6.  To  show  fresh  signs  of  mercy. 

Return,  O  Lord,  deliver  my  soul.    Ps.  vi 
To  return  to  God,  to  return  jrom  ivickedncss, 
to  repent  of  sin  or  wandering  from  duty. 

•Scripttirc. 
RETURN',  V.  t.  To   bring,  carry   or   send 
back ;  as,  to  return  a  borrowed  book  ;  to 
return  a  liired  horse. 

2.  To  repay  ;  as,  to  return  borrowed  money. 

3.  To  give  In  recompense  or  requital. 
In  any  ytXse,  return  him  a  trespass-offering. 

1  Sam.  vi. 

The  Lord  shall  return  thy  wickedness  upon 
thy  own  head.    1  Kings  ii. 

4.  To  give  back  in  reply  ;  as,  to  return  an 
answer. 

5.  To  tell,  relate  or  communicate. 
And  Moses  relumed  llie  words  of  the  people 

to  the  Lord.  Kx.  xix. 

To  retort ;  to  recriminate. 

If  you  are  a  malicious  reader,  you  return  up- 
on me,  that  1  affect  to  be  thought  more  impar- 
tial than  t  am.  Dry  den. 

To  render  an  account,  usually  an  ofScial 
account  to  a  superior.  Officers  of  the  ar- 
my and  navy  return  to  the  commander  the 
mimber  of  men  in  companies,  regiments, 
&c. ;  they  return  the  number  of  men  sick 
or  capable  of  duly  ;  they  return  the  quan- 
tity of  ammunition,  provisions,  &c. 

8.  To  render  back  to  a  tribunal  or  to  an  of- 
fice;  as,  to  return  a  writ  or  an  execution. 

9.  To  report  oHicially  ;  us,  an  ofticer  returns 
his  proceedings  on  the  back  of  a  writ  or 
precept. 

10.  To  send  ;  to  transmit ;  to  convey. 
Instead  of  a  ship,  he  should  levy  money  and 

return  the  same  to  the  treasurer  for  his  majes- 
ty's use.  Clarendon. 
RETURN',  71.  The  act  of  coming  or  going 
back  to  the  same  place. 
Takes  little  journeys  and  makes  quick  return.''. 

Dry  den. \ 
i.  The  act  of  sending  back  ;  as  the  return  of; 
a  borrowed  book  or  of  money  lent. 
The  act  of  putting  In  the  former  place. 

4.  Retrogression  ;  the  act  of  moving  back.    ! 

5.  The  act  or  process  of  coming  back  to  a 
former  state  ;  as  the  refiirn  of  health. 

6.  Revolution  ;  a  periodical  coming  to  the 
same  point ;  as  the  return  of  the  sun  to  the' 
tropic  of  Cancer.  } 

7.  Periodical  renewal  ;  as  the  return  of  the 
seasons  or  of  the  year.  j 

8.  Repayment;  reimbursement  in  kind  or  in 
something  equivalent,  for  money  expend-) 
ed  or  advanced,  or  for  labor.  One  occu-' 
patlon  gives  quick  returns;  in  others,  the! 
returns  are  slow.  The  returns  of  the  cargo! 
were  in  gold.  The  farmer  has  jefurni  in' 
his  crops. 

9.  Profit  ;  advantage. 

From  these  few  hours  we  spend  in  prayer,  the 
return  is  great.  Taylor. 

10.  Remittance  ;  payment  from  a  distant 
place.  Shak. 

11.  Repayment;  retribution;  requital. 

Is  no  return  due  from  a  grateful  breast  ? 

Dryden.' 


12.  Act  of  restoring  or  giving  back ;  restitu- 
tion. Soutfi. 

13.  Either  of  the  adjoining  sides  of  the  front 
of  a  house  or  ground-plot,  is  called  a  rc- 
turn  side.  Moion. 

14.  Ill  law,  the  rendering  back  or  delivery 
of  a  writ,  precept  <ir  execution,  to  the 
proper  ofhcer  or  court ;  or  the  certificate 
of  the  oflicer  executing  it,  indorsed.  We 
call  the  transmission  of  the  writ  to  the 
proper  officer  or  «ourt,  a  return  ;  and  we 
give  the  same  name  to  the  certificate  or  of- 
ficial account  of  the  officer's  service  or 
proceedings.  The  sherif  or  his  subordi- 
nate officers  make  return  of  all  writs  and 
precepts.  We  use  the  same  language  for 
the  sending  back  of  a  commission  with 
the  certificate  of  the  commissioners. 

1.5.  A  day  In  bank.  The  day  on  which  the 
d(-fendant  Is  ordered  to  appear  In  court, 
and  the  sherif  is  to  bring  in  the  writ  anil 
report  his  proceedings,  is  called  the  return 
of  the  writ.  Blackstone. 

IG.  In  mililary  and  naval  affairs,  an  official 
account,  report  or  statement  rendered  to 
the  conimaniler;  as  the  return  of  men  fit 
for  duty  ;  the  return  of  the  number  of  the 
sick  ;  the  return  of  provisions,  ammuni- 
tion, &c. 

RETURNABLE,  a.  That  may  be  returned 
or  restored. 

2.  In  law,  that  Is  legally  to  be  returned,  de- 
hvered,  given  or  rendered  ;  as  a  writ  or 
precept  returnable  at  a  certain  day  ;  a  ver- 
dict returnable  to  the  court  ;  an  attach- 
ment returnable  to  the  king's  bench. 

RETURN'-DAY,  n.  The  day  when  the  de- 
fendant is  to  appear  In  court  and  the  sherif 
is  to  return  the  writ  and  his  proceedings. 

RETURN'ED,  pp.  Restored  ;  given  or  sent 
back  ;  repaid  ;  brought  or  rendered  to  the 
proper  court  or  officer. 

RETURN'ER,  n.  One  who  returns;  one 
that  repays  or  remits  money. 

RETURN'ING,  ppr.  Giving,  carrying  or 
sending  back  ;  coming  or  going  back  ; 
making  report. 

RETURN'ING-OFFICER,  n.  The  officer 
whose  duty  It  is  to  make  returns  of  writs, 
precepts,  juries,  &c. 

RETURN'LESS,  a.  Admitting  no  return. 
[Little  used.]  Chapman. 

RETU'SE,  a.  [L.  retusus,  relundo.]  In  hot- 
any,  a  r</Hse  leaf  is  one  ending  in  a  blunt 
sinus,  or  whose  apex  is  bhmt.  This  term 
is  ap]>lied  also  to  the  seed. 

Martyn.    Lte. 

REUNION,  n.  A  second  union:  union 
formed  anew  after  separation  or  di.scord  ; 
as  a  reunion  of  parts  or  particles  of  mat- 
ter ;  a  reunion  of  jiarlies  or  sects. 

2.  In  medicine,  union  of  parts  separated  by 
wounds  or  accidents.  Parr. 

RETjNI'TE.  r.  t.  [re  and  unite.]  To  unite 
again;  to  join  after  separation.  Shak. 

2.  To  reconcile  alter  variance. 

REUNITE,  v.  i.  To  be  united  again;  to 
join  and  cohere  again. 

REUNITED,  pp.  United  or  joined  again; 
reconciled. 

REUNITING,  ppr.  Uniting  again  ;  recon- 
ciling. 

RI'.US'SITE,    n.    [from    Reuss,  the    place 

vvliere  it  is  found.] 
A  salt  found  in  the  form  of  a  mealy  efflor- 


REV 


REV 


REV 


oscGDce,  or  crystalized   in   flat  six  sided 
prisms,  and  in  acicular  crystals.  Cyc. 

REVK,   n.    [Sax.  gerefa.]    The   bailif  of  a 
It  is  usually  written 


reveler ;  L.  revelo  ;  re 


South. 

I  [Fr.  reveillcr,  to  awake  ;  re 
■  n.  and  veillcr,  to  watch  ;  con- 
(       trncted    from   L.    vigilo 


[Sax, 
franchise  or  manor, 
reeve. 
REVE'AL,  V.  t.   [Fr 
and  t'f/o,  to  veil.] 

1.  To  di&close  ;  to  discover;  to  show;  to 
mnke  known  something  before  unknown 
or  concealed  ;  as,  to  reveal  secrets. 

2.  To  di.sclose,  discover  or  make  known  from 
heaven.  G(jd  has  been  pleased  to  reveal 
his  will  to  man. 

'J  he  wiath  of  God  is  revealed  from  heaven 
against  all  ungodliness  and  unrighteousness  of 
men.  Kora.  i. 

REVE'AL, n.  A  revealing;  disclosure.  [JMol 
in  use.]  Brown. 

REVE'ALED,  pp.  Disclosed;  discovered; 
made  known  ;  laid  open. 

REVE'ALER,  n.  One  that  discloses  or 
makes  known. 

2.  One  that  brings  to  view.  Dryden. 

REVE'ALING,  ppr.  Disclosing  ;  discover 
iiig  ;  making  known. 

REVE'ALMENT,  n.  The  act  of  revealing. 
[Little  xised.] 

REVEILLE,  , 

REVEILLE', 

REV'ELLY,  ' 
See  IVatch.] 

In  military  affairs,  the  beat  of  drum  about 
break  of  day,  to  give  notice  that  it  is  time 
for  the  soldiers  to  rise  and  for  the  senti- 
nels to  forbear  challenging.  Encyc 

[This  word  might  well  bo  anglicised  rev'- 
ellij.] 

RE^'EL,  V.  i.  [D.  revelen,  to  rave  ;  from  the 
root  of  L.  rabo,  rabio,  to  rage,  whence 
rabies,  rabid;  Dan.  raaben,  to  bawl,  to 
clamor  ;  Sw.  ropa  ;  allied  to  rove,  rapio  ;  Ir. 
rioboid,  a  spendthrift ;  lioboidim,  to  riot  or 
revel.] 

1.  To  feast  with  loose  and  clamorous  mer- 
riment ;  to  carouse  ;  to  act  the  bacchan- 
alian. 

Antony,  that  revels  long  o'uights.  Shak. 

2.  To  move  playfully  or  without  regularity. 
REV'EL,  n.  A  feast  with  loose  and  noisy 

jollity.  Shak. 

Some  men  ruin  the  fabric  of  their  bodies  by 

incessant  revels.  Rambler. 

REVEL',  V.  t.  [L.  revello;  re  and  vello,  to 

To  draw  back  ;  to  retract ;  to  make  a  revul- 
sion, Harvey.     Friend. 
REVELA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  revelaitcs, 

revelo.  See  Reveal.] 
].  The  act  of  disclosing  or  discovering  to 
others  what  was  before  unknown  to  them 
appropriately,  the  disclosure  or  communi- 
cation of  iruth  to  men  by  God  himself,  or 
by  his  authorized  agents,  the  prophets  and 
apostles- 

How  that  by  revelation  he  made  known  to 
me  the  mystery,  .as  1  wrote  before  in  few  words. 
Eph.  iii.  2  Cot.  xii. 
;>.  That  which  is  revealed ;  appropriately, 
the  sacred  truths  which  God  has  commu- 
nicated to  man  for  his  instruction  and  di- 
rection. The  revelntions  of  God  are  con- 
tained in  the  Old  and  New  Testament. 
3.  The  Apocalypse  ;  the  last  book  of  the 
sacred  canon,  containing  the  prophecies  of 
St.  .lohn. 


IREV'ELER,  n.  [See  Revel]  One  who  feasts 
with  noisy  merriment.  Pope. 

REVELING,    ppr.    Feasting    with    noisy 

merriment ;  carousing. 
REVELING,  n.  A  feasting  with  noisy  iner- 

iment ;  revelry.    Gal.  v.    1  Pet.  iv. 
REV'EL-ROUT,  n.  [See  Rout.]  Tumultu- 
ous festivity.  Rowe. 
2.  A   mob ;   a   rabble  tuiriultuously   assem- 
bled ;  an  unlawful  assembly.       Ainsworth. 
REVELRY,  ?i.  Noisy  festivity  ;  clamorous 
jollity.                                                    Milton. 
REVEN'DICATE,  v.  I.  [Fr.  revendiquer;  re 
and  vendiquer,  to  claim  or  challenge,  L. 
vindico.     See  Vindicate.] 
To  reclaim  what  has  been  taken  away ;  to 
claim    to  liave   restored   what  has  been 
seized. 

Should  some  subsequent  fortunate  revolution 
deliver  it  from  the  conqueror'.s  yoke,  it  can  re- 
vendicate  them.  Vattel,  Tians. 

REVEN'DICATED,   pp.     Reclaimed;   re- 
gained :  recovered. 
REVEN  DI€ATING,  ppr.  Reclaiming;  re- 

deinanding;  recovering. 
REVENDI€A'T10N,   n.    [Fr.]  The  act  of 
reclaiming  or  demanding  the  restoration 
of  any  thing  taken  by  an  enemy ;  as  by 
right  of  postliminium. 

The  endless  disputes  which  would  spring  from 
the  revendication  of  them,  have  introduced  a 
contrary  practice.  Vattel,  Trans. 

REVENGE,  v.  t.  revenj'.  [Fr.  revancher,  ven- 
ger  ;  Sp.  vengar ;  Port,  vingar;  L.  vindei, 
vindico  ;  It.  vendicare.     See  ^'indicate.] 
\.  To  inflict  |>ain   or  injury  in  return  for  an 
injury  received. 

[J^'ote.  This  word  and  avenge  were  formerly 
used  as  synonymous,  and  it  is  so  used  in  the 
common  version  of  the  Scripture,  and  applied 
to  the  Supreme  Being.  "  O  Lo\ti— revenge  me 
of  my  persecutors.''  Jer.  xv.  In  consequence 
of  a  distinction  between  avenge  and  revenge, 
which  modern  usage  has  introduced,  the  appli- 
cation of  this  word  to  the  Supreme  Being  ap- 
pears extremely  harsh,  irreverent  and  offensive. 
Revenge  is  now  used  in  an  ill  sense,  for  the  in 
fliction  of  pain  maliciously  or  illegally  ;  avenge 
for  inflicting  just  punishment.] 
According  to  modern  usage,  to  inflict  pain 
deliberately  and  maliciously,  contrary  to 
the  laws  of  justice  and  humanity,  in  re- 
turn for  injury,  pain  or  evil  received  ;  to 
wreak  vengeance  spitefully  on  one  who 
injures  or  ofiends.  We  say,  to  revenge  an 
injury  or  insult,  or  with  the  reciprocal 
pronoun,  to  revenge  ourselves  on  an  enemy 
or  for  an  injury,  that  is,  to  take  vengeance 
or  satisfaction. 
3.  To  vindicate  by  punishment  of  an  enemy 
The  gods  are  just  and  will  revenge  our  cause. 

Dryden 
[According    to    modern   usage,  avenge 
should  here  be  substituted  for  revenge.] 
REVENGE,  n.  retJenj'.  [Vr.  revanche  ;  Arm 
revanch.] 

1.  Return  of  an  injury;  the  deliberate  inflic 
tion  of  pain  or  injury  on  a  i)ersoii  in  return 
for  an  injury  received  from  liim. 

J\[ilton.     Dryden. 

2.  According  to  modern  usage,  a  malicious  or 
spiteful  infliction  of  pain  or  injury,  con- 
trary to  the  laws  of  justice  and  Christian- 
ity, "in  return  for  an  injury  or  ofl'en.sc.  Re- 
venge is  dictated  by  passion  ;  vengeance  by 
justice. 

3.  The  passion  which  is  e.\cited  by  an  nijury 


done  or  an  affront  given  ;  the  desire  of  in- 
flicting pain  on  one  who  has  done  an  in- 
jury ;  as,  to  glut  revenge. 

Revenge,  as  the  word  is  now  under- 
stood, is  always  contrary  to  the  precepts 
of  Christ. 

The  indulgence  o[  revenge  tenis  to  make  men 
more  savage  and  cruel.  Karnes. 

REVENti'ED,  pp.  Punished  in  return  for  an 
njury;  spitefully  punished.  The  injury  is 
revenged. 
REVENGEFUL,  a.  revenj'ful.  Full  of  re- 
venge or  a  desire  to  inflict  pain  or  evil 
for  injury  received  ;  spiteful  ;  malicious ; 
wreaking  revenge. 

If  thy  revengeful  heart  cannot  forgive. 

Shak. 
2.  Vindictive  ;  inflicting  punishment. 
May  my  hands 
Never  brandish  more  revengeful  steel. 

Shak. 
REVENGEFULLY,  adv.   revenj'fully.    By- 
way of  revenge  ;  vindictively ;    with   the 
spirit  of  revenge.  Dryden. 

REVENgEFULNESS,  n.  revenj'fulness. 
Vindictiveness.  More. 

REVENGELESS,  o.  revenj'less.  Um-eveng- 
ed.  Marsion. 

REVEN()EMENT,n.  revenj'ment.  Revenge : 
return  of  an  injury.     [lAttle  used.] 

Spenser. 
REVENG'ER,  n.  One  who  revenges  ;  one 
who  inflicts  pain  on  another  spitefully  in 
return  for  an  injury.  Spenser. 

2.  One  who  inflicts  just  punishment  for  in- 
'     juries.     [Less  proper.]  Bentley. 

REVENtJ'lNG,  ppr.  Inflicting  pain  or  evil 

spitefully  for  injury  or  aiTront  received. 
2.  Vindicating ;  punishing. 
REVENG'INGLY, adv.  With  revenge ;  with 
the  spirit  of  revenge  ;    vindictively. 

Shak. 

REV'ENUE,  )i.  [Fr.  revenu,  from  revenir,  to 

return,  L.  revenio  ;  re  and  venio,  to  come.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  the  annual  rents,  prof- 
its, interest  or  issues  of  any  species  of 
property,  real  or  personal,  belonging  to  an 
individual  or  to  the  public.  VVhen  used 
of  individtials,  it  is  equivalent  to  income. 
In  modern  usage,  income  is  applied  more 
generally  to  the  rents  and  profits  of  indi- 
viduals, and  revenue  to  those  of  the  state. 
In  the  latter  case,  revenue  is 

2.  The  annual  jiroduce  of  taxes,  excise,  cus- 
toms, duties,  rents,  &c.  which  a  nation  or 
state  collects  and  receives  into  the  treas- 
ury for  public  use. 

3.  Return ;  reward  ;  as  a  rich  revenue  of 
praise. 

4.  A  fleshy  lump  oii  the  head  of  a  deer. 

Encyc. 

REVERB',  V.  t.  To  reverberate.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Shak. 

REVERBERANT,  «.  [h.  reverberans.  See 
Reverberate.] 

Returning  sound  :  resounding  ;  driving  back. 

Shak. 

REVERBERATE,  v.  t.  [L.  reverbero ;  re 
ami  verlie.ro,  to  beat.] 

1.  To  return,  as  sound;  to  send  back;  to 
echo  ;  as,  an  arch  reverberates  the  voice. 

Shak. 

2.  To  send  or  beat  back  ;  to  repel ;  to  re- 
flect :  as,  to  reverberate  rays  of  light. 

Stvtfl. 


REV 


3.  To  send  or  drive  back ;  to  repel  from  side 
to  'ide  ;  as  flume  reverberated  m  a  furnace. 

REVERB'ERATK,  v.i.  To  be  .irlvcn  back  ; 
to  be  repelled,  as  rays  olllgbt,  or  »^^^'^ 

2.  To  resound.  .  , , 

And  even  at  han.l,  a  drum  is  ready  brae  d, 
T)mt  shiJl  reverberate  all  as  well  as  1'"'|^^^ 

REVERBERATE,  a.   I^^"^''''^'^"'- ^Aat. 

REVERB' ERATED,;>p.  Driven  back;  sent 
back;  driven  fin.n  side  to  side. 

REVF:RB'ERATING,;>;)r.  Driving  or  send- 
ing back  ;  reflecting,  as  light ;  ecbomg,  as 

REVERBERA'TION,  n.  [Fr. ;  from  reverb 

Tbe  act  of  driving  or  sending  back  ;  particii 
larly,  the  act  of  reflecting  light  and  beat 
or  repelling  sound.  Tims  we  speak  c.ti 
the  reverberation  of  the  rays  ol  light  troni 
an  object,  the  reverberation  of  sound  in 
echoes,  or  the  reverberation  of  heat  or 
flame  in  a  furnace. 
REVERB'ERATORY,  a.  Returning  or 
driving  back ;  as  a  reverberatory  furnace  or 
kiln.  •^"^o" 

REVERB'ERATORY,  n.  A  furnace  with  a 
kind  of  dome  that  rcflect-s  the  flame  upon 
a  vessel   placed   within   it,  so  as  to  sur- 
round it.  JVicholson. 
REVE'RE,  V.  I.  [Ft.  reverer;  It.rewnje;  L. 

revertor ;  re  and  rercor,  to  f(?ar.] 
To  regard  with  fear  mingled    with  respect 
and  afledion  ;  to  venerate  ;  to  reverence 
to  honor  in  estimation. 

Marcus  Aurelius,  whom  he  rather  revered  as 
his  father,  than  treated  as  his  partner  in  the  em- 
pire- ,    ,  Mdison. 
REVE'RED,  pjt.  Regarded  with  fear  ming 

led  with  respect  and  affection. 
REV'ERENCE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  rewerenda.J 
1.  Fear  mingled  with  respect  and  esteem; 
veneration. 

When  quarrels  and  factions  are  carried  opcn-| 
Iv  it  is  a  si"n  that  the  reverence  of  government 

is  lost'  •^'"''•"• 

The  fear  acreptabie  to  God,  is  a  filial  fear,  an 
awful  reverence  of  the  divine  nature,  proceeding 
from  a  just  esteem  of  his  perfections,  which  pro- 
duces in  us  an  inclination  to  his  service  and  an 
unwillingness  to  otl'end  him.  Rogers. 

Reverence  is  nearly  eiiuivalent  to  venera- 
tion, but  expresses  something  less  of  the 
same  emotion.  It  diftcrs  from  awe,  which 
is  an  emotion  compounded  of  fear,  dread 


REV 

Tliey  will  r«ticrcnce  my  son.  Matt.  xxi. 
Let  the  wife  sec  that  she  reverence  her  bus 

band.  Eph.  v.  .    ,      .  ,    , 

REVERENCED,   pp.  Regarded  with  fear 

mingled  with  respect  and  afl'cction. 
REV'ERENCER,  n.  One  that  regards  with 

reverence.  fiwiji. 

REV'ERENCINO,   ppr.    Regarding    with 
!     fear  mixed  with  respect  and  affcclion. 
IREV'EREND,  a.   [Fr.  from  L.  reverendus.} 

1.  Worthy  of  reverence  ;  entitled  to  respect 
'  minirled  with  fear  and   affection  ;  as  rev- 
erend anil  gracious  senators.  Shnk. 

A  reverend  sire  anions  them  came.     Milton. 

[This  epithet  is,  1  believe,  never  applied 
to  the  Supreme  15eing,  or  to  his  laws  or 
institutions.     In  lieu  of  it  we  use  venera- 

2.  A  title  of  resjiect  given  to  the  clergy  or 
ecclesiastics.     We  style  a  clergyman  rev 
erend;  a  bishop   is   styled   right  reverend 
an  archbishop  hios<   reverend.     The   lelig 
ions  in  catholic  countries,  are  .«tyled  rerer 
end  fathers  ;  abbesses,  prioresses,  &,c.  rev 
erend   mothers.       In    Scotland,    as    in    tbe 
United  States,  the  clergy  are  indiviilually 
styled  reverend.     A   synod  is   styled    veri/ 
reverend,  !i\u\  the  general  assembly  vciitra- 

bte.  ■E"<-.r- 

REVERENT,  n.  Expressing  reverence, 
venerution  or  submission  ;  as  reverent 
words  or  terms  :  a  reverent  posture  in 
prayer ;  reverent  behavior. 
2.  Sui)missive  ;  humble  ;  impressed  with 
reverence. 

'Ihcv  prostrate  fell  before  him  reverent. 

•'  "^  MUton. 

JREVEREN'TIAL,  a.  [fromrewroice.]  Pro- 
ceeding from  reverence,  or  expressing  it  • 
as  reverential  fear  or  awe  ;  reverential  grat 
itude  or  esteem. 

Religion— consisting  in  a  reverential  esteem 
of  things  sacred.  f^outh. 

REVEREN'TIALLY,    adv.     With    rever- 
ence, or  show  of  reverence.  lirown 


REV'ERENTLY,    adv.    With    reverence 
with  respectful  regard. 

Chide  him  for  faults,  and  do  it  reverently. 

Shak 

With  veneration  ;  with  fear  of  w  hat   i: 
great  or  terrifying. 

So  revcrcndij  men  quit  the  open  air. 
When  tiiund'cr  speaks  the  angry  Gods  abroad. 

Drt/dcn. 
REVERER,  «.  One  who  reveres  or  vene- 
rates. 
REVERIE.     [See  i?frc(7/. 


is  an  emotion  compounded  of  fear,  dread  i^^'^^;l  Re>arding   with   fear 

or  terror,  -Uh  ad.niration  o     somed^^^  ,„^,  affection  ;  vene- 


great,  but  not  necessarily  implying  love  or| 
affection.  We  feel  reverence  tor  a  parent. 
and  for  an  upright  magistrate,  but  we 
stand  in  nice  of  a  tyrant.  This  distinction 
may  not  always  be  observed. 

2.  An  act  of  respect  or  obeisance; 
courtesy.     2  Sam.  ix.      Dryden 

3.  A  title  of  the  clergy. 

4.  A  poetical  title  of  a  father. 
REV'ERENCE,  v.  t.  To  recard 


a  bow  or 

.    Fairfax. 

Shak 

Shak 

with  rev 


erence ;  to  regard  with  fear  mingled  with 
respect  and  atfectiou.  We  reverence  supe 
riors  for  llieir  age,  their  authority  and 
their  virtues.  We  ought  to  nrercnrc  par- 
ents and  upright  judges  and  magistrates. 
We  ought  to  reverence  the  Supreme  Be- 
ino-,  his  word  and  his  ordinances. 
'Those  that  1  reverence,  those  1  fear,  the  wise 

Shak 

Vol.  II. 


mixed  with  respect  and  affection  ;  vene- 
rating. 

REVFRS'AL,  a.    [See  Reverse.]    Intende 
to  reverse;  implving  reverse.  Bnnicl. 

REVERS'AL,  ji.  "[from  reverse.]  A  change 
or  overthrowing  ;  as  the  reversal  <f  - 
judgment,  which  amounts  to  an  oflicia 
declaration  that  it  is  false.  So  we  speak 
of  the  reversal  of  an  attainder  or  of  an 
outlawry,  by  which  the  sentence  is  ren- 
dered void.  Blaekslone. 

REVERSE,  V.  t.    revers'.     [L.  reversus,  re- 
verto  ;  re  anri  verto,  to  turn.] 

1.  To  turn    ujiside  down;  as,   to 
pvramid  or  cone.  -      , 

o    To  overturn;  to   subvert;  as,   to  reverse 
the  state.  ''»/'«• 

3.  To  turn  back ;  as  with   swift  wheel   re- 
verse. •*^'^''"'- 

58 


REV 

4.  To  turn  to  the  contrary ;  as,  to  rtverse  the 
i     scene. 
i  Or  affeclatiops  quite  reverse  the  soul. 

Pope. 

5.  To  put  each  in  the  place  of  the  other : 
as,  to  rcrtrse  the  distinctions  of  -good  and 
evil.  Rogers. 

G.  In  law,  to  overthrow  by  a  contrary  de- 
cision ;  to  make  void  ;  to  annul ;  as,  to  re- 
verse a  judgment,  sentence  or  decree. 
Judgmenis  are  reversed  by  writs  of  error: 
and  for  certain  causes,  may  be  reversed 
without  such  writs. 

7.  To  recall.     [Xot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

REVERSE,  V.  i.  revers'.    To  return.     [Xot 

i     in  use.]  Spenser. 

REVERSE,  n.  revers'.  Change  ;  vicissi- 
tude ;  a  turn  of  affairs  ;  in  a  good  sense. 

By  a  strange  reverse  of  things,  Justinian's 
law,  which  for  many  ages  was  neglected,  now 
obliiins-  Baker. 

2.  Change  for  the  worse  ;  misfortune.  By 
an  unexpected  rever.ie  of  circumstances, 
an  aflluent  man  is  reduced  to  poverty. 

3.  A  contrary  ;  an  opposite. 
The  performances  to  which  God  has  annexed 

the  promi.ses  of  eternity,  are  just  the  reverse  of 
all  the  pursuits  of  sense.  Rogers. 

4.  [Fr.  revers.]  The  reverse  of  a  medal  or 
coin  is  the  second  or  back  side,  opposite 
to  that  on  which  the  head  or  principal 
figure  is  impressed.  Encyc. 

REVERSED,  pp.  Turned  side  for  side  or 
I     end  for  end  ;  changed  to  the  contrary. 
j2.  In  laiv,  overthrown  or  annulled. 
|3.  a.  In  botany,  resupinaie;  having  the  upper 
1     lip  larger  aud    more  expanded   tb.-in    the 
lower;  as  a  rererserf  cor<d.  Bigtlnu: 

REVERS'EDLY,  adv.  In  a  reversed  man- 
1     ner.  '''""th. 

JREVERSELESS,  n.   revers'lcss.    Not  to  he 
I     reverserl :  irreversible.  Seward. 

jREVERSELY,  adv.   revers'ly.    On  the  oth- 
er hand  :  on  the  opposite.  Pearson. 
REVERSIBLE,  a.  That  may  be  reversed  ; 

as  a  reversible  judcment  or  sentence. 
REVERS  ING,  ppr.  Turning  upside  down  ; 
subverting;    turning  the  contrary   way; 
anmillitiff. 
REVERSION,    n.    [Fr.  from  L.   rerersio.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  returning;  appropri- 
ately, in  law,  the  returning  of  an  estate  to 
thegratitor  or  his  heirs,  after  a  particular 

]     estate  is  ended.     Hence, 

2.  The  residue  of  an  estate  left  in  the  graiit- 
I     or,  to   commence  in  possession  after  tbe 

determination  of  the  particular  estate 
granted.  Thus  when  there  is  a  gift  in 
I  Tail,  the  reversion  of  the  fee  is,  without  any 
special  reservation,  vested  in  the  doii(  r  by 
act  of  law.  Btackstone. 


Z  ^rU.^<:i":7:i  3.  S;ic;e:;ion  ;  nght  to  mture  possession  or 
-^„:_i  !     enjovment. 

4.  Ill  algebra,  reversion  of  series,  a  kind  of 
i     reversed  operation  of  an  intinite  series. 

Encyc. 

REVERSIONARY,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  re- 

j     version,   that  is,  to  he  enjoyed  in  silices- 

I     sion,  or  after  the  determination  of  a  partic- 

rnierse  a!     ular  estate;  as  a  reversionary  interest   or 

Tnnple.l      right. 

REVER  SIONER.  n.  The  person  who  has 
a  reversii-n,  or  who  is  entitled  to  lands  or 
tenements,  after  a  particular  estate  grant- 
ed is  determined.  Btackstone. 


REV 


REV 


REV 


REVERT',  v.t.  [L.  reverto  ;  re  and  verto,  to 
turn.] 

1.  To  turn  back  ;  to  turn  to  the  contrary  ;  to 

reverse. 

Till  happy  chance  revert  the  cruel  scene. 

Prinr 

[Instead  of  revert,  in  this  sense,  reverse  is 
generally  used.] 

2.  To  drive  or  turn  back  ;  to  reverberate ; 
as  a  stream  reverted.  Thomson. 

REVERT',  V.  i.  To  return ;  to  fall  bark. 

1.  In  law,  to  return  to  the  proprietor,  after 
the  determination  of  a  particular  estate. 
A  feud  granted  to  a  man  for  life,  or  to  liini 
and  liis  issue  male,  on  his  death  or  failure 
of  issue  male,  reverted  to  the  lord  or  pro- 
prietor. 

REVERT',  n.  In  musk,  return  ;  recur- 
rence;  antistrophy.  Peacham. 

REVERT'ED,  pp.  Reversed;  turned  back 

REVERT'ENT,  n.  A   medicine   which  re 
stores  the  natural   order  of  the  inverted 
irritative  motions  iir  the  animal  system. 

Darwin. 

REVERT'IBLE,  a.  That  may  revert  or  re- 
turn. 

REVERT' ING,  ppr.  Turning  back  ;  re- 
turning. 

REVERT'IVE,  a.  Clianging  ;  reversing. 

Thomson 

REV'ERY,  n.    [Fr.   reverie,  from   rever,   to 
dream,  to  rave,  to  be  light  headed.     It  i 
often  written  in  English  as  in  French.] 

1.  Properly,  a  raving  or  delirium  :  but  its 
sense,  as  generally  used,  is  a  loose  or  ir- 
regular train  of  thoughts,  occurring  in 
musing  or  meditation  ;  wild,  extravagant 
conceit  of  the  fancy  or  imagination.  There 
are  reveries  and  extravagancies  which  pass 
through  the  minds  of  wise  men  as  well  as 
fools.  Addison. 

2.  A  chimera;  a  vision. 
REVEST',  !'.  ;.  [Fr.revHir;  Low  L.  renes- 

tio  ;  re  and  vestio,  to  clothe.] 

1.  To  clothe  again.  Ifotton. 

'i.  To  reinvest ;  to  vest  again  with  posses- 
sion or  office  ;  as,  to  revest  a  magistrate 
with  authority. 

3.  To  lay  out  iii  something  less  fleeting  than 
money  ;  as,  to  revest  money  in  stocks 

REVEST',  V.  i.    To  take  effect  again,  as  a 

title  ;  to  return  to  a  former  owner  ;  as,  the 

title  or  right  revests  in  A,  after  alienation. 

REVEST'ED,  pp.  Clothed  again;  invested 

anew. 
REVEST'IARY,  Ji.  [Fr. revestiaire,  from  h. 

rei'estio.] 
The  place  or  apartment  in  a  church  or  tem- 
ple where  thedrcss(;s  arc  deposited  ;  now 
contracte<!  into  vesln/.  Camden. 

REVET'MENT,  n.  [Fr.  revUerrtent,  the  li 

ning  of  a  ditch,  from  revetir,  supra.] 
In  fortification,  a  strong  wall  on  the  outside 
of  a    r.inipart,   intended  to    support    the 
earth. 
REVl'KUATE,    v.i.    [re   and  vibrate.^    To 

vibrate  hack  or  in  return. 
REVIHUA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  vibrating 

back. 
REVIG'TION,  n.  [L.   re   and   vivo,  victum, 
to  live.]     Return  to  life.     [JVot  used.] 

Brown 
REVICTUAL,  V.  t.  revit'l.    [re  and  victual.' 
To  furnish  again  with  provisions. 

Raleigh. 


iREVICTUALED,    pp.  reviVld.    Furnished 

'      with  victuals  again. 

REVICTUALING,  ppr.  revit'ling.  Supply- 
ing again  with  provisions.  { 

REVI'E,  v.t.  [re  and  I't'c]  To  accede  to  the 
proposal  of  a  stake  and  to  overtop  it ;  an 
old  phrase  at  cards.     Obs.  li.  Jonson. 

REVI'E,  V.  i.  To  return  the  challenge  of  a 

wager  at  cards  ;  to  make  a    ri'tort.     Ohs.\ 

Trial  of  the  seven  Bishops. 

REVIEW,  \\  t.  mm',  [re  and  it'eic ;  or  Fr. 
revoir,  rent.] 

1.  To  look  back  on.  Denham. 

|2.  To  see  again. 

1  shall  revieiv  Sicilia.  .Shak. 

3.  To  view  and  examine  again  ;  to  recon- 
sider ;  to  revise  ;  as,  to  review  a  manu- 
script. It  is  said  that  Virgil  was  prevent- 
ed by  death  tiom  reviewing  the  jEneis. 

A.  To  retrace. 

Shall  1  the  long  laborious  scene  review? 

Pope. 

~).  To  survey  ;  to  inspect  ;  to   examine   the 

state  of  any  thing,  particularly  of  troops; 

as,  to  review  a  regiment. 

REVIEW,  n.  rem'.  [Fr.  rciiHf,  from  reuoir; 

re  and  voir,  from  L.  video,  to  sec.] 

1.  A  second  or  repeated  view  ;  a  re-exam- 
ination ;  resurvey  ;  as  a  review  of  the 
works  of  nature  ;  a  review  of  life. 

2.  Revision  ;  a  second  exanjination  with  a 
I  view  to  amendnient  or  improvement;  asl 
I  an  author's  rciuVic  of  his  works. 
!3.  In  military  affairs,  an  examination  or  in-1 
I  spection  of  troo|>s  under  arms,  by  a  gene- 
I  ral  or  connnander,  for  the  ])urpose  of  as- 
j  certaining  the  state  of  their  discipline, 
I     equipments,  &c. 

4.  In  literature,  a  critical  examination  of  a 
new  publication,  with  remarks. 

5.  A  periodical  pamphlet  containing  exam- 
inations or  analyses  of  new  publications  ; 
as  the  Critical  lieview. 

Commission  of  review,  a  commission  granted 
by  the  British  king  to  revise  the  seiucnce 
of  the  court  of  delegates.  Encyc. 

REVIEW'ED,  pp.  Resurveyed  ;  re-cxam- 
itied  ;  inspected  ;  critically  analysed. 

REVIEWER,  n.  One  that  reviews  or  re- 
examines;  an  iiisi)cctor  ;  one  that  critical- 
ly examines  a  new  publicatiiJii,  and  com- 
niuiucates  his  opinion  upoii  its  merits. 

REVIEW'ING,  ppr.  Lookmg  hack  on  ;  see- 
ing again  ;  revising  ;  re-examming  ;  in- 
specting, as  an  army  ;  critically  examin- 
ing and  remarking  on. 

REVIG'ORATE,  v.  t.  [re  and  vigor.]  To 
give  nesv  vigor  to.     [.Vot  in  use.] 

REVI'LE,  11.  (.  [re  and  vile.  Kivilant  is 
found  in  the  Norman.] 

To  reproach ;  to  treat  with  opprobrious  and 
contemptuous  language. 

She  revitelh  him  to  his  face.  SwiJI. 

Thou  shall  not  revile  the  s;od9.     Ex.  xxii. 
Blessed  are  ye    when   men    shall   rivite  you. 
Matt.  v. 

REVI'LE,  n.  Reproach  ;  contumely  ;  con- 
temptuous language.     [J^'ol  in  use.] 

jMilton. 

REVl'LED,  pp.  Reproached;  treated  with 
opprobrioiis  or  contemptuous  language.     ] 

REVI'LEMENT,  n.  Reproach;  coiiteiupt- 
uous  language.  -Wore] 

REVI'LER,  ?i.  One  who  reviles  auoth  r; 
one  who  treats  another  with  cuntcinptuous 
language. 


REVI'LING,  ppr.  Reproaching;  treating: 
with  language  of  contempt. 

REVI'LING,  n.  The  act  of  reviling  or  treat- 
ing with  reproachful  words.     Is.  li. 

REVl'LINGLY,  adv.  With  reproachful  or 
contemptuous  language  ;  with  opprobrium. 

REVIN'UI€ATE,  v.t.  To  vindicate  again; 
to  reclaim  ;  to  demand  and  lake  back 
what  has  been  lost.  Mtford. 

REVI'SAL,  II.  [fromrmse.]  Revision;  the 
act  of  reviewing  and  re-examining  for 
correction  and  improvement :  as  the  re- 
visal  of  a  manuscript  ;  the  reviaal  of  a 
proof  sheet. 

REVI'SE,  v.t.  s  as  z.  [h.  revisus,  reviso,  to 
revisit;  re  and  viso,  to  see,  to  visit.] 

1.  To  review ;  tore-examine;  to  look  over 
with  care  for  correction  ;  as,  to  revise  a 
writing  ;  to  revise  a  proof  sheet.         Pope. 

2.  To  review,  alter  and  amend  ;  as,  to  revise 
statutes. 

REVI'SE,  n.  Review  ;  re-examination. 

Boyle. 

3.  Among  printers,  a  second  proof  sheet;  a 
proof  sheet  taken  after  the  first  correc- 
tion. 

REVI'SED,  pp.  Reviewed  ;  re-examined 
for  correction. 

REVI'SER,  n.  One  that  revises  or  re-ex- 
iiniiies  for  correction. 

REVrsliXG,  ppr.  Reviewing;  re-examin- 
ing for  correction. 

REVI'SION,  n.  [Fr.]  The  act  of  reviewing; 
review  ;  reexaminaiiou  for  correction  ;  as 
the  revision  of  a  book  or  writing  or  of  a 
prool'sheet;  a  revision  of  statutes. 

2.  Enumeration  of  inhabitants.  Tooke. 

REVI'SIONAL,      {         Pertaining   to   re- 

KEVI'SIONARY,  S   "'    vision. 

REVIS'IT,  v.  t.  4  as:.  [Fr.  revisiter ;  L. 
revisito  ;  re  and  visilo,  from  viso,  to  see  or 
visit.]     To  visit  again. 

Let  the  pale  sire  revisit  Thebes.  Pope. 

REVISITA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  revisit- 
ing. 

REVIS'lTED,  pp.  Visited  again. 

REVIS'ITIiNG,  ppr.  Visiting  again. 

REVI'SOR,  H.  Ill  Russia,  one  who  has  ta- 
ken the  iiumher  ol'  inluihitants.         Tooke. 

REVI'VAL,  n.  [from  revive.]  Return,  re- 
call or  recovery  to  life  from  death  or  ap- 
parent death  ;  as  the  revival  of  a  drowned 
person. 

2.  Return  or  recall  to  activity  from  a  state  of 
languor;  as  the  revival  of  spirits. 

3.  Recall,  return  or  rcco\ery  from  a  state  of 
neglect,  oblivion,  obscurity  or  depression  ; 
as  the  revival  of'lcttcr^  or  learning. 

4.  Renewed  and  more  active  attention  to 
religion;  an  awakening  of  men  to  their 
s])irilual  concerns. 

REVIVE.  1'.  J.  [Fr.  revivre;  L.  revivisco ; 
re  and  I'iro,  to  live.] 

1.  To  return  to  life;  to  recover  life. 
The  soul  of  the  child  came   into  him  again, 

and  he  rt-vivnl.     1  Kin^.s  xvii.     Kom.  xiv. 

2.  To  recover  new  life  or  vigor ;  to  be  re- 
animated alter  depression. 

Whi'n  he  saw  the  wagons  which  Joseph  had 
sent  to  carry  him,  the  spirit  ol"  Jacob  their  fa- 
ther revived,     (ien.  xlv. 

3.  To  recover  from  a  state  of  neglect,  ob- 
livion, obscurity  or  (lcpi(!ssion.  Learning 
revived  in  l''.uro)ie  after  the  middle  ages. 

4.  In  chiinl.itry,  to  recover  it.s  natural  state, 
us  a  metal. 


REV 


REV 


REV 


Sin  revives,  when  the  conscience  is  awaken- 1     we  speak  of  the  revocation  of  a  will,  of  aj 

ed  by  a  conviction  of  eiiilt.     Rom.  vii.         I     "•"*';  "'•'"'^^'^'^'ff''^- 
REVI'VK,  V.  t.  To  bring  ;igain  to   life  ;  to  RLVO'Kb,  v.  I.   [It.  rtvoquer ;    L.  reroco; 

roiiiiiinato.  Milton.       re  and  voco,  to  call.]  ' 

2.  To  raise  from  languor,  depression  or  dis-  1.  1  o  recall ;  to  repeal ;  to  reverse.  A  law, 
courageinent ;  to  rouse  ;  as,  to  revive  the  decree  or  scriteiice  is  revoked  by  the  saraej 
spirits  or  courage.  authority  which  enacted  or  passed  it.     A 

3.  To  renew  ;  to  "bring  info  action  after  a  1  charter  or  grant  which  vesu-i  rights  in  aj 
suspension';  as,  to  revive  a  project  or  j  corporation, cannot  !..■  legally  rfnofrcrf  vvith-i 
scheme  that  had  been  laid  aside.  out  the  conscuit  ol  the  corporation.     A  de- 

4.  To  renew  in  the  mind  or  memory;  to  re-      vise  may  be  revokid  by  the   devi.sor,  a  use 
'  pjjji  by  the  grantor,  and  a  will  by  the   testator. 

The  mind  has  the  power  in  many  cases  to  2-   T-  check  ;  to  repress;  as,  to  ret«.*e  rage. 
revive  ideas  or  perceptions,  which  it   has  once  I      [Ao/  in  use.]  itpenser. 

1,3^  Locke.  3.  To  draw  back. 

5.  To'recover  fi-om  a  state  of  neglect  or  de-  j  ^-;"S::;-J"l;^ir^l:r^,^i„. 
pression  ;  as,  to  revive  letters  or  learning.  1      „.„„^.„„,  ,     "  i)a^>s. 

6.  To   recomfort;    to  quicken;    to   "-efresh  li^pjy^),^^,  ■'^.  ,.    To  renounce  at  cards. 

with  joy  or  hope.  .    ,     „    ,  IllKVO'KK,  n.   The   act   of  renouncing  at 

Wilt  thou  nol  iTDire  us  again  ?     Ps.  Ixxxv.  .i 

7.  To  bring  again  into  notice.  RKVo'kKD.  pp.  Repealed  ;  reversed. 

iJeiiwe  thehbels  born  to  die.  ^""^-  RFA'O'KEMENT,    n.    Revocation  ;  rever 

8.  In  chimistri),  to  restore   or  reduce  toils:     sji|.     \  Little  used.]  Shak. 
natural  state  or  to  its  metallic  state;  as,  IREVO'KING,  ppr.  Reversing;  repealing, 
to  revive  a  metal  after  calcination.                 REVOLT',  ii.  i.  [Fr.   revolter  ;  It.  rivoltare 

REVI'VED,  pp.  Brought  to  life  ;  reanima- 1     ri  anAvoltare,  to  turn  ;  from  L.  revolvo ;  re 

ted  ;    renewed  ;    recovered  ;    quickened  ;  j     and  volvo,  to  turn,  Eng.  wallow.] 

cheered  ;  reduced  to  a  metallic  state.  1.  To  fall  off  or  turn  from  one  to  another. 

REVl'VER,  n.    That  which  revives  ;  that  Stiak 

which  invigorates  or  refreshes  ;  one  that  2.  To  renounce  allegiance  and  subjection  to 

redeems  from  neglect  or  depression.  one's  prince  or  state  ;  to  reject  the  autlior- 

REVIV'IFl€ATE,    v.t.  [Fr.   revivifier  ;  L.       ity   of  a  sovereign;  as   a' province  or 

re  and   vivifico ;  vivus,  alive,  and  facio,  to      number  of  people.     It  is  not  applied  to  in- 

make.]  dividuals. 

To  revive  ;  to  recall  or  restore  to  life.     [Lit-  Tijg  Edomitcs  revolted  from  under  the  hand 

«c  u.serf.]  ofJu.lah.     2  Chron   xxi. 

REVIVIFICA'TIOX,  n.  Renewal  of  life  ;  3.  To  chanse.     [jVot  iji  use.]  Shak. 

restoration  of  life:  or  the  act  of  iecHllingll4    In  Scripture,  to  disclaim   allegiance  and 

to  life.  Spectator.      subjection  to  God  ;  to  reject  the  govern- 

2.  In  chvnisiry,  the  reduction  of  a  metal  to      nient  of  the  King  of  kings.     Is.  xx.xi. 

its  metallic  state.  I  REVOLT',  v.  t.  To  turu  ;  to  put  to  flight ; 

REVIV'IFY,  v.  t.  [Fr.  revivifier.]    To  recall       to  overturn.  Burke. 

to  life  ;  to  reanimate.  Stackhouse.  o.  To  shock;  to  do  violence  to;  to  cause  to 

2.  To  give  new  life  or  vigor  to.  |      shrink  or  turn  awav  with  abhorrence  ;  as, 

REVI' VINO,  ;;;)r.  Bringing  to   life  again  ;      to  i-fTO/<  the  mind  or  the  feelings.  j 

reanimating  ;  renewing  ;  recalling   to  the!  -^,,,1^  ,,„nest  pride  of  their  purer  religion  had 

memory  ;  iccovcriiig  Irom   neglect  or  de-        retvlteil  the  Babylonians.  Mitford. 

pression;  icfrcsliing  with  joy  or  hope  ;  re-  REVOLT',  re.  Desertion;  change  of  sides  ; 

ducing  to  a  metallic  state.  nwre.  correctly,  a  renunciation  of  allegi- 

REVIVlS'CENCE,  r    Renewal  of  life;  re-       ^^^e  and   subjection     to  one's   prince  or 
REVIVIS'CENCY,  S    ■tuintohfe.  government:  as  the  m'oM  of  a  province  of 

Burnet.'      {|,p  Roman  empire. 
REVIVIS'CENT,    a.    Reviving  ;  regaining  o    Gross  dei)arture  from  duty.  Shak 

or  restoring  life  or  action.  Darwin.  •:^_  \n  g„ipture,  a   rejection  'of  divine   gov- 

REVrVOR,  )i.  In   law,   the   reviving  of  a  1     ernment;  departure  from  God;  disobedi- 

suit  which  is  abated  by  the  death  of  anyi      ence.     Is.  lix. 

of  the  parties.     This  is  done  by   a    hill   of  4.  A  revolter.     [JSTolinuse.]  Shak. 

revivor.  B'«e*s'one.  iRiivOLT'ED.    pp.    Having  swerved  from 

REVOCABLE,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  ;ci'OcaWK«.  I     allegiance  or  duty.  Milton. 

See  Revoke.]  ij.j    shocked;  grossly  oflTended. 

That  may  be  recalled  or  revoked;  that  may  REVOLTER,  n.  One  who  changes  sides; 

be   repealed   or  annulled;  as  a   revocable)     a  deserter.  Mterbun/. 

edict  or  grant.  |2    One  who  renounces  allegiance  ami  suh- 

REV'OeABLENESS,    n.    The   quality  of     jection  t<i  his  prince  or  state. 

being  revocable.  3    j„  Scripture,  one  who  renounces  the  au- 


REV'OCATE,  V.  t.  [L.  rcvoco :  re  and  voco, 
to  call.l     To  recall ;    to  call   back.     [J\ot 


tlinrity  aiul  laws  of  God.     Jer.  vi.  Ilos.  ix. 
^       „      ,    ,  .         REVOLT  ING,  ;)/)r.  Changing  sides ;   de- 

m  use.     see  Revoke.]  j     gprtiii''. 

REVOCA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  revocatio.]  2.  Disclaiming  allegiance  and  subjection  to 

1.  The  act  of  recalling  or  calling  back  ;  as  j     a  prince  or  state, 
the  revocation  of  Calvin.  Hooker.  ,'.i.  Rejecting  the  authority  of  God 

2.  State  ofhring  recalled.  Hoieell.  i.  a.  Doing  violence,  as  to  the  feelings;  ex- 

3.  Repeal;  reversal;  as  the  refoca/iW  of  tlie||     citing  abhin-rence. 
edict  of  Nantz.     A  law  may  cease  to  ope-jjREV'OLUTE.    a.    [L.  revolutus,   from   re 
rate  without   an   express   revocation.     I^o }    volvo.] 


In  botany,  rolled  back  or  downwards;  as 
revolute  foliation  or  leafing,  when  the  sides 
of  the  leaves  in  the  bud  are  rolled  spi- 
rally back  or  towards  the  lower  surface ; 
a  revolute  leaf  or  tendril ;  a  revolute  corol 
or  valve.  Martyn      Lee. 

REVOLUTION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  revoluius, 
revolvo.] 

\.  In  physics,  rotation  ;  the  circular  motion 
of  a  boily  on  its  axis;  a  course  or  motion 
which  brings  every  point  of  the  surface 
or  periphery  of  a  l3orly  back  to  the  place 
at  which  it  began  to  tnove  ;  as  the  revolu- 
tion of  a  wheel ;  the  diurnal  revolution  of 
the  earth. 

2.  The  motion  of  a  body  round  any  fixed 
point  or  center;  as  the  annual  revolution 
of  the  earth  or  other  planet  in  its  orbit 
round  the  center  of  the  system. 

3.  Motion  of  any  thing  which  brings  it  to 
the  same  point  or  state  ;  as  the  revolution 
of  day  and  night  or  of  the  seasons. 

4.  Continued  course  marked  by  the  regular 
return  of  years ;  as  the  revolution  of  ages. 

5.  Space  measured  by  some  regular  return 
of  a  revolving  body  or  of  a  state  of  things  ; 
as  the  revolution  of  a  day.  Dryden. 

(5.  In  politics,  a  material  or  entire  change  in 
the  constitution  of  government.  Thus  the 
revolution  in  England,  in  1688,  was  pro- 
duced by  the  abdication  of  king  James  II. 
the  establishment  of  the  house  of  Orange 
upon  the  throne,  and  the  restoration  of 
the  constitution  to  its  primitive  state.  So 
the  revolutions  in  Poland,  in  the  United 
States  of  America,  and  in  France,  con- 
sisted in  a  change  of  constitution.  We 
shall  rejoice  to  hear  that  the  Greeks  have 
effected  a  revolution. 
Motion  backward.  .Milton. 

This  word  is  used  adjectively,  as  in  the 
phrase,  revolution  principles. 

Mdison.     Smollet. 

REVOLUTIONARY,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
revolution  in  government ;  as  a.  revolution- 
ary war  ;  revolutionary  crimes  or  disasters. 

Burke. 

2.  Tending  to  produce  a  revolution  ;  as  rev- 
otntionnri/  measures. 

REVOLU  TIONER,  n.  One  who  is  enga- 
ged in  effecting  a  revolution ;  a  revolu- 
tionist. Ramsay. 

2.  In  England,  one  who  favored  the  revo- 
lution in  1088.  Smollet. 

REVOLUTIONIST,  n.  One  engaged  in 
effecting  a  change  of  government ;  the  fa- 
vorer of  a  revolution.     Burke.   S.S.Smith. 

REVOLUTIONIZE,  r.  t.  To  effect  a 
change  in  the  form  of  a  political  constitu- 
tion ;  as,  to  revolutionize  a  government. 

Ames. 

2.  To  effect  an  entire  change  of  principles  in. 

'I  he  i^ospel,  if  received  in  truth,  has  rerolu- 

iionized  his  soul.  /.  -V.  .\fason. 

REVOLUTIONIZED,  pp.  Changed  in 
constitutional  form  and  principles. 

REVOLUTIONIZING,  ppr.  Changing  the 
form  and  principles  of  a  constitution. 

REVOLV'ENCY,  n.  State,  act  or  principle 
of  revolving;  revolution. 

Its  own  revottency  upholds  the  world. 

Cowper. 

REVOM'IT,  V.   t.    [re   and  vomit;    Fr.  re- 

j'omi'r.] 
To  vomit  or  pour  forth  again  ;  to  reject  from 

the  stomach.  HakewiU. 


R  E  W 

REA^OM'ITED,  pp.  Vomited  again. 
REVOM'ITING,  ppr.  Vomiting  again. 
REVUL'SION,  n.    (Fr.   iVoin   L.    revulms 
revello ;  re  ami  veUo,  to  pull.] 

1.  Ill  medicine,  the  ai-t  of  turning  or  diverting 
a  flux  of  humors  or  any  cause  of  disease, 
from  one  part  of  the  body  to  another. 

En  eye. 

2.  The  act  of  holding  or  drawing  back. 

Brown. 
REVUL'SIVE,  a.  Having  the  povv'er  of  re- 
vulsion. 
REVUL'SIVE,  »i.  That  which  has  the  pow- 
er of  diverting  humors  from  one  part  to 
another. 
2.  That  which  has  the  power  of  withdraw- 
ing. F^il- 
REW,  n.  A  row.     [Mt  in  tise.         Spenser. 
REWARD',  V.  t.  a  as  aw.   [Norm,  regardcr, 
to  allow  ;  regardes,  fees,   allowances,  per- 
quisites, rewards;  .'-fgari/fi,  awarded.     In 
these  words  there  appears  to  be  an  alli- 
ance with  regard.     But   in   the   Fr.  and 
Norm,  guerdon,  a  reward,  and  guerdonncr, 
to  reward,  this  alliance  iloes    not  appear. 
So  the  Italian  gwiderdonare,  to  reward,  isj 
evidently  a  compound  of  the  L.  dono  with 
another  word,  .ind   apparently    with   the 
Sax.  wither,  G.  wider  and   ivieder,  D.  we- 
der,  answering  to  L.  re,   denoting  return. 
The    Spanish    and    Portuguese  have  the 
Latin  word  with    a  different  prefix ;  Sp. 
galnrdon,  a  reward;  galardonar,  to  reward  ; 
Port,  gatardam,   galadoar.     The   Armorie 
has  garredon,  garredoner.    Rew-ard  appears 
to  be  from  the  Norman.]  ] 
To  give  in  return,  either  good  or  evil. 

Thou  hast  rewarded  me  good,  whereas  I 
have  rewarded  thee  evil.     1  Sam.  xxiv. 

Hence,  when  good  is  returned  for  good, 
reward  signifies  to  repay,  to  recompense, 
to  compensate.  When  evil  or  sufteriiig  is 
returned  for  injury  or  wickedness,  reioard 
signifies  to  punish  with  just  retribution, 
to  take  vengeance  on,  according  to  the 
nature  of  the  case. 

I  will  render  vengeance  to  my  enemies ;  and 
will  reward  them  that  hate  me.     Deut.  xxxii. 

The  Son  of  man  shall  come  in  the  glory  of 
his  Father,  with  his  angels,  and  then  he  shall 
reward  every  man  according  to  his  works. 
Matt.  xvi. 

In  the  latter  ])assage,  reward  signifies  to 
render  both  good  and  evil. 
REWARD',  71.  Recompense,  or  equivalent 
return  for  good  done,  fm-  kindness,  for 
services  and  the  like.  Rewards  may  con- 
sist of  money,  goods  or  any  return  of  kind- 
ness or  happiness. 

The  laborer  is  worthy  of  his  reward.  1 
Tim.  v. 

Great  is  your  reward  in  heaven.  Matt.  v. 
Rewards  and  punishments  presuppose 
moral  agency,  and  something  voluntarily 
doni,  well  or  ill;  without  which  respect, 
though  we  may  receive  good,  it  is  oidy  a 
benefit  and  not  a  reward. 
',1.  The  fruit  of  men's  labor  or  works. 

The  dead  know  not  any  thing,  neither  have 
they  any  more  a  reward      Eccles.  ix. 
:i.  A  bribe  ;  a  gift  to  pervert  justice.     Deut. 

xxvii. 
4.  A  sum  of  money  offered  for  taking  or  de 
tecting  a  criminal,  or  for  recovery  of  any 
thing  lost. 


R  H  E 


5.  Punishment;  a  just  return  of  evil  or  suf- 
I     fering  tin-  wickedness. 

Only  with  thine  eyes  shalt  thou  behold  and 
see  the  reward  of  the  wicked.     Ps.  xci. 

0.  Return  in  human  applause.     Matt.  vi.       i 

7.  Retin-u  in  jov  and  comti>rt.     Ps.  xix.         j 

REWARD'AB'LE,    a.    That    may   be    re-: 

j     warded  ;  worthy  of  recompense.  [ 

Hooker.     Taylor. 

REWARD'ABLENESS,  n.  The  state  of 
being  worthy  of  reward.  Goodman. 

REW.IrD'ED,  pp.  Requited;  recom- 
pensed or  punished. 

REWARD' ER,  n.  One  who  rewards;  one 

that  requites  or  recompenses.     Heb.  xi.     | 

Addison.     Swift.\ 

REWARD'ING,  ppr.  Making  an  equiva- 
lent return  for  good  or  evil;  requiting; 
recompensing  or  punishing. 

■REWORD,  v.f.    [re  and  word.]     To  repeat 

I     in  tlie  s.-iine  words.      [jVot  in  use.]      Shak. 

REVVRl'TE.  V.  I.  To  write  a  second  time. 

REWRIT'TEN,  pp.  Written  again.  ! 

Kent. 

IrEYS,  n.  The  master  of  an  Egyptian  bark 

RHAB'ARBAR.\TE,  a.  [See  Rhubarb.] 
Impregnated  or  tinctured  with  rhubarb. 

Floi/er.: 

RHABDOL'OUV,  n.  [Gr.  paS8os,  a  stufl'  or 

wand,  andXoyoj,  discourse.]  j 

The  act  or  art  of  computing  or  numbering, 

by  Napier's  rods  or  Napier's  bones. 

Jones.' 

RHAB'DOMANCY,  n.  [Gr.  paSSoj,  a  rod, 
and  ixavtiia,  divination.] 

Divin.uion  bv  a  rod  or  wand.  Brown. 

IRHAPSOD'le,        I  „      [from       rhapsody.] 

'RllAPSOD'I€AL,  ^  "■     Pertaining     to     or 

I     consisting  of  rhapsody  ;  unconnected. 

]  Mason.     Martin. 

RHAP'SODIST,  n.  [from  rhapsody.]  Onej 
that  writes  or  speaks  without  regular  de-' 
pendence  of  one  part  of  his  discourse  on 
another.  ffatts.' 

One  who  recites  or  sings  rhapsodies  tor  a[ 
livelihood  ;  or  one  who  makes  and  repeatsi 
verses  extempore. 

3.  .\nciently,  one   whose  profession  was  to] 
recite  the  verses  of  Homer  and  other  po-, 
ets. 
RHAP'SODY,  n.  [Gr.  po+wSia ;    pa.tru,   to 

sew  or  unite,  and  iobrj,  a  song.] 
Originally,  a  discourse  in  verse,  sung  or  re- 
hearsed by  a  rhapsodist ;  or  a  collection 
of  verses,  particularly  those  of  Homer.  In 
modern  usage,  a  collectiun  of  passages, 
thoughts  or  authorities,  composing  a  new 
piece,  hut  without  necessary  dependence 
or  natural  connection.  Locke,     ffatts. 

RHEIN-BERRY,  n.  Buckthorn,  a  plant. 

Johnson. 

RHE'NISH,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  river 
Rhine,  or  to  Rheims  in  France  ;  as  Rhem.sh 
wine  ;  as  a  noun,  the  wine  |)rndnced  on 
the  hills  about  Rheims,  which  is  reniark- 
able  as  a  solvent  of  iron.  Encyc. 

RHE'TIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  ancient 
Rhieti,  or  to  Rhajtia,  their  country  ;  as  the 
Rliitian  .\lps,  now  the  country  of  Tyrol 
and  the  Grisons. 

RHE'TOR.  n.  [L.  from  Gr.  pijrwp,  an  ora-j 
tor  or  speaker.] 

A  rlietorician.     [Little  used-]        Ilatmnond. 


R  H  I 

iRHET'ORle,  n.  [Gr.  p^ropixij,  from  pfo,  to 
s|)eak,  to  flow,  contracted  from  ptruj  or 
pf9u,  Eiig.  to  read.  Tlie  primary  sense  is 
to  drive  or  send.  See  Read.] 
1.  The  art  of  speaking  with  propriety,  ele- 
gance and  force. 

Locke.     Dryden.     Encyc. 
3.  The  power  of  persuasion  or   attraction  ; 
that  which  allures  or  charms.     We  speak 
of  the  rhetoric  of  the  tongue,  and  the  red- 
one of  the  heart  or  eyes. 

Sweet  ^ilent  rhetoric  of  persuading  eyes. 

Daniel. 

RHETORICAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  rhetoric  : 

as  the  rhetorical  art. 


2.  Containing  the   rules  of  rhetoric;  as  a 
rhetorical  treatise. 

3.  Oratorial ;  as  a  rhetorical  flourish.     More. 
RHETOR'le.\LLY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of 

rhetoric;  according  to  the  rules  of  rheto- 
ric ;  as,  to  treat  a  subject   rhetorically  ;  a 
discourse  rhetorically  delivered. 
RHETOR'IC.VTE,  v.  i.  To  play  the  orator. 
[JVot  in  use.]  Decay  of  Piety. 

RHETORICA'TION,  n.  Rhetorical  am- 
plification. LYot  in  use.]  JVaterland. 
RHETORP'OIAN,  n.  [Fr.rhetoricitn.]  One 
who  teaches  the  art  of  rhetoric,  or  the 
principles  and  rules  of  correct  and  elegant 
speaking. 

The  ancient  sophists  and  rhetoricians,  who 
had  young  auiUtOrs,  lived  till  they  were  a  hun- 
dred year.s  old.  Bacon. 
3.  One  well  versed  in  the  rules  and  princi- 
ples of  rhetoric. 
3.  .'Vn  orator.     [Less  proper.]              Dryden. 
RHETORI'CIAN,    a.     [See    the    Noun.] 
Suiting  a  master  of  rhetoric.   [JVot  in  use.] 

Blacktnore. 
RHET'ORIZE,  v.  i.  To  play  the  orator. 

Cot  grave. 
RHET'ORIZE,  v.  t.  To  represent  by  a  fig- 
ure of  oratory.  Milton. 
RHEUM,  n.   [Gr.  ptvua,  from  psu,  to  flow.] 
1.  An  increased  and  often  inflammatory  ac- 
tion of  the  vessels  of  any  organ  ;  but  gen- 
erally applied  to  the  inflammatory  action 
of  the  mucous  glands,  attended  with  in- 
creased discharge  and  an  altered  state  of 
their  excreted  fluids.  Parr. 
A  thin  serous  fluid,  secreted  by  the  mu- 
cous "lands,  &,c. ;  as  in  catarrh.        Shak. 
RHEFMAT'lC,    a.    [L.   rhcuinaticus ;    Gr. 
pfvuarixoi,-,  from  prv/io,  rheum,  which   see.] 
Pertaining  to   rheumatism,  or  partakins  of 
its  nature  ;  as  rheumalic   paius  or   ati'cc- 
tions. 
RHEU'M.\TISM,  n.  [L.  rhcumatismus  ;  Gr. 
pft'^aTiofioj,   from  pfv.ua,   a  watery  humor, 
from  ptio,  to  flow ;  the  ancients  supposing 
the  disease  to  inoceed  from  a  defluxion  of 
humors.] 
.\    painful   disease    affecting    muscles    and 
joints   of  the  human    body,    chiefly    the 
larger  joints,  as  tlie  hips,  knees,  shoulders, 
&c.                                            Eniyc.     Parr. 
RIIEU'MY,  a.  [from  r/ieum.]  Full  of  rheum 
or  watery  matter  ;  consisting  of  rheum  or 
pan;ikin'.'  of  its  nature. 
3.  .\lTcctcd  with  rheum.                       Drydt-n. 
3.  Abounding  with  sharp  moisture;  causing 
rheum.  Shak. 
RIHME.  [See  Rliyme.] 
RHI'NO,  n.  A  cant  word  for  gold  anil  sil- 
ver, or  money.                              tragsiaffc. 


R  H  U 


R  II  Y 


R  I   B 


UHINOCE'RIAL,     a.     [from     rhinoceros.] 

Peiliiiiiiiig  to  llie  rhinoceros;  resembling 
tli<;  ihinciceros.  Tatter. 

RHlN(JC'KROS,  «.  [Fr.  rhinoceros  or  rhi- 
nocerot  ;  h.  S\i.  riiioccronl>i ;  L.  rhinoceros ; 
Gr.  (jiroxtfjuj,  iiose-liorii  ;  p"',  tlie  nose,  W. 
rhi/n,  a  |n)iiit,  ;iii(l  xit>ai,  a  liorii.] 

A  gciiuti  of  quudrupeils  oflwo  species,  one 
of  wlni-li,  tlie  unicorn,  lias  a  single  liorn 
growing  alinnst  erect  froin  the  iiose.  This 
animal  when  full  (.'riiwn,  is  said  to  be  Vi 
feet  in  lengtli.  There  is  another  species 
with  two  horns,  the  bicornis.  They  are 
natives  (if  A.-ia  ■■mil  Aliioa.  Enci/c 

RHINOCEROS  hllM),  «.   A  bird    of   the 
genus  Buceros,  having  a  crooked  horn  on 
the  forehead,  joined  to  the  upper  mandi 
ble. 

RHO'DIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Rhodes,  an 
isle  of  the  Mediterranean ;  as  Rhodian 
laws. 

RHO'DIUM,  n.  A  metal  recently  discover- 
ed among  grains  of  crude  platinum. 

RHODODENDRON,  n.  [Gr.  (loior,  a  rose 
and  bivhfjoi',  a  tree.] 

The  dwarl'rosi-bay.  Evelijn. 

RHO'DONITE,  n.  A  mineral  of  a  red,  rid 
dish,  or  yellowish  while  color,  and  splin 
tery  fracture,  occurring  compact  or  fi- 
brous in  the  Hartz,  at  Strahlberg,  &c. 

Phillip.1. 

RHOR'TIZITE,  I  ^     A    mineral  occurring 

RHET'IZITE,  \  "■  in  masses  or  in  radia- 
ted concretions,  ami  of  a  white  i-olor. 

RHOMB,  n.  [Vr.  rhombc ;  E.  rhombus;  Gr. 
pouSoi,  from  (ifuSio,  to  turn  or  whirl  round, 
to  wander,  to  roam  or  rove  ;  literally,  a  de- 
viating square.] 

In  geometry,  an  oblique  angled  parallelo- 
gram, or  a  qua<lrilateral  figure  whose 
sides  are  equal  and  parallel,  but  the  an- 
gles unequal,  two  of  the  angles  being  ob- 
tuse and  two  acute.  It  cmisists  of  two 
equal  and  right  cones  imited  at  the  has(-. 
Encijc.     Harris. 

RHO.'\lB'le,  a.  Having  the  figure  of  a 
rhomli.  Grew. 

RHOiVl'BO,  n.  A  fish  of  the  turlmt  kind. 

Did.  .Vat.  Hist. 

RHOM'BOID,  n.  [Gr.  po.uffoj,  rhomb,  and 
iiiof,  form.] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  figme  having  some  resem- 
blance to  a  rlionih  ;  or  a  (puulrilateral  fig- 
ure whose  opposite  sides  and  angles  are 
equal,  but  which  is  neither  equilateral  nor 
eipiiangular.  Encyc.l 

2.  a.   In   anatomy,  the  rhomhnij  muscle  is  a! 
thin,  broad    and   obliquely    square   flesliy 
muscle,  between  the  basis  of  the  scapula  I 
and  the  spina  ilorsi.  Enri/c.'i 

RHOMBOID'AL,  a.  Haviiig  the  shape  oia 
rhomboid,  or  a  shape  approachins  it. 

fVoodward. 

KHO!\lB-SPAR.  n.  A  mineral  of  a  grayish 
white,  occurring  massive,  disseminated 
and  crystalized  in  rhomboids,  imbedded 
in  chlorite  slate,  limestone,  &c.  It  con- 
sists chiefly  of  carbonates  of  lime  and 
magnesia.  (Jre. 


bard  ;  the  palmated,  or  true  Chinese  rhu-j 
barb;  the  compact  or  Tartarian;  the  un- 
dulated, or  waved-lealecl  Clnnese  rhu- 
barb; and  the  rihe.H,  or  currant  rlinbarh  of 
mount  Eibanus.  Tlie  root  is  medicinal 
anil  much  used  as  a  moilerate  cathartic. 


RHYTHM,  }  „    [Gr.  pve^oj.]    In  mujriV, 

RHVTH'MUS,  S  "•  variety  in  the  move- 
ment as  to  quickness  or  slowness,  or 
length  and  shortness  of  the  notes  ;  or  rath- 
er the  proportion  which  the  parts  of  the 
motion  have  to  each  other.  Encyc. 


RHUB'.VRBARIN  E,  n.    .\   vegetable  sub-  2.  Meter;  verse;  number. 

stance  ohtained  from  rhubarb.  ! 

Journ.  oj" Science. 

RHUMB,  n.  [from  rhomb.]  In  navigation, 
a  vertical  circle  of  any  given  |ilace,  or  the 
inter.section  of  such  a  circle  wilh  the  hori- 
zon ;  in  which  last  serine,  rhumb  is  the 
same  as  a  point  of  the  compass. 

RHUMB-LINE,    n.    In    navigation,   a    line 


Howell. 
pvOfuxoi ;     L. 


RHU'BARB,    n.    [Pers.     Os3  0,    rawand.  i^^"^'.'^'f"'LKSS,  «.  Destitute  of  rhyme;  not 

.5  J  Ij     havmg  consonance  ol  sound.  Hall. 

In  Syr.  raiionV.     It  seems  to   be  a  coni-j  RHV'MEu,       i      One  who  makesrhymes; 

pound  word,  latinized  rhaharbanim.]  RHY'MIST,       >  ii.a  versifier;  a  poor  poet. 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Rheum,  of  several  spe-  RHY'M.^TER,  )  Johnson.     Dryden.i 

cies;  as  the  rhapontic,  or  common  rhu- JRUY'MIC,  a.  Pcrtaiuing  to  rhyme.  | 


RHYTHMICAL,     a.     [Gr. 

rhythmiciis.] 
Having  proportion  of  sound,  or  one  Eoiind 
proportioned  to  another  ;  liarmonical. 

Johnson. 
Duly   regulated   by   cadences,   accents 
I      and  quantities.  Busby. 

REAL,  n.  .A  Spanish  coin.     [See.  Real.] 
prolonged  from  any  point  of  the  compass^  REAL,  n.  [from   royal.]    A   royal;   a   gold 
on  a  nautical  chart,  e.fcept  from  the  tinn-      coin  of  the  value  often  shillings  .■•terline, 
cardinal  points.  i      fonrierly  current  in  Britain.  Encyc. 

RH^  ME,  /       [Sa.\.  rim  aiulgerim,  number  ;'  RIANT,  «.  [Er.  from  nVe,  to  laugh.]  Laugh- 
RIME,       J    '  riman,  10  number  ;  ^e-ri»Ha»!, I]     ing  ;  exciting  laughter.      [.Yot  anglicized.] 
id. ;    riman  and  ryman,  to   give   place,  to'I  Jiuck. 

open  a  way,  to  make   room;    Sw.    Dan.  RIB,  n.  [Sax.  n'i  or  ribb ;  Ice.  rif;  G.  rip- 
■"'    •'■-'■■•   '■•    -'  ■'       /)C  ;  D.  ni,  a  rib  or  rafle:- ;  Sw.  ri/icji,  rib 
or  side  bone  ;  Dan.   rlbbe    or  ribbeen,   rib- 
bone ;    Riiss.    rebro,    a    rib   or  side.     This 
word,  like  the  L.  casta,  signifies  side,  bor- 
der, extremity,  whence   the  compound  in 
Sw.  Dan.  i-ib-bone,  that    is,  side-bone.     It 
may  be  allied  to  the  L.  ripa.     The   sense 
of  We  is  generally  from  extending.] 
1.  A  bone   of  animal  bodies  which  forms  a 
part  of  the  frame  of  the  thorax.     The  ribs 
in  the  human  body    are   twelve  on   each 
side,   proceeding    from   the   spine  to   the 
sternmn,  or  towards  it,  and  serving  to  in- 
close and  jirotect  tin-  heart  and  lungs. 
In  ship  biiUJing,  a  piece  of  timber  which 
j     forms  ur  strengthens  the  side  of  a  ship. 
j  Ribs   of  a   parrel,    aie    short    pieces  of 

I     plank,    having  holes   through  which   are 
[     reeved  the  two  parts  of  the  parrel-rope. 
I  Mar.     Did. 

3.  In  botany,  the  continnaiioii  of  the  petiole 
along  the  middle  of  a  leaf,  and  from  which 
the  veins  take  their  rise.  Martyn. 

4.  In  clolh,  a  prominent  line  or  rising,  like  a 
rib. 

.5.  Something  long,  thin  and  narrow;  a 
strip.     [W.rhib.] 

RIB,  r.  t.  To  furnish  with  ribs.  In  7;wnH- 
faclures,  to  form  with  rising  lines  and 
channels;  as,  to  rib  cloth;  whence  we 
say,  ribbed  cloth. 

"2.  To  inclose  with  ribs.  Shak. 

n.  [Er.  riband;  It.  ribnldo,  a 
rogue,  and  as  an  adjective,  poor,  beggarly  ; 
Arm.  riband,  a  fornicator.  Qii.  D.  rabout, 
rabanw,  a  rogue  or  rascal.  .-Vccording  to 
the  Italian,  this  word  is  a  compound  of  ri 
or  re,  and  baldo.  bold,  oi  Sp.  Laldio,  idle, 
lazy,  vagrant,  untillcd.  But  the  real  com- 
position of  the  word  is  not  ascertained.] 

.•V  low,  vulgar,  brutal  wretch  ;  a  lewd  fellow. 
Shak.     Spenser.     Pope. 

RIB'ALD,  a.  Low;  base;   mean.         Shak. 

RIB'ALDISH,  a.  Disposed  to  ribaldry. 

Hall. 

RIBALDRY,  n.  [It.  ribalderia.]  Mean, 
vulgar  language ;  chiefly,  obscene  lan- 
guage. Dryden.     Swift. 

RIB'.\N,  )(.  In  heraldry,  the  eighth  part  of 
a  bend.  Encyc. 

RIBBED,  pp.  or  a.  Furnished  with  ribs; 
as  ribbed  with  steel.  Sandys. 

3.  Inclosed  as  with  ribs.  Shak. 


nni ;  D.  rym  ;  (i.  reim ;  ^V.  rhiv  ;  Ir.  rimli 
or  reomh.  The  Welsh  word  is  rendered 
also,  that  divides  or  separates,  and  the 
Sax.  rim  seems  to  be  conni'cted  with  room, 
from  opening.spreading.  The  deduction  of 
this  word  from  the  Greek  ^ivOnoi,  is  a  pal- 
pable error.  The  true  orthography  is' 
rime  or  ryme  ;  but  as  rime  is  hoar  I'rost,  and 
rhyme  gives  the  true  pronunciation,  it  may; 
be  convenient  to  continue  the  jiresent  or- 
thography.] 

,  In  poetry,  the  correspondence  of  sounds 
in  the  terminating  words  or  .'iyllahles  of 
two  verses,   one   of  which   succeeds    the 
other   immediately,   or  at   no   great    dis-  "-, 
lance. 

For  rhyme  wilh  reason  may  dispense. 

And  soiind  has  right  to  govern  sense. 

Prior. 

To  constitute  this  correspondence  in 
single  words  or  in  syllahles,  it  is  nece.-J.sa- 
ry  that  the  vowel,  and  the  final  articula- 
tions or  consonants,  should  he  the  same, 
or  have  nearly  the  same  sound.  The  ini- 
tial consonants  may  be  dill'erent,  as  in 
find  and  mind,  jitiv  and  drew,  cause  and 
laws. 
A  liarmonical  succession  of  sounds. 

Tlie  youth  with  song-*  and  rhymes. 

Some  dance,  sonic  haul  the  rope.     Dcnham. 
'i.  Poetry  :  a  poem. 

He  knew 

Himself  to  sing,  and  build  the  lofty  rhyme.    I  ■,,,,,,  ,  ,, 

4.  A  word  of  sound  to   answer  to  another 

word. 
Rhyine  or  reason,  number  or  sense. 
liiU  Iroin  that  lime  unto  tlii-*  season, 
!  Ikk!  noitlu-T  rfii/me  nor  reason. 
RHYME,  I',  i.  To  accord  in  sound. 
Hut  fiigolcd  his  iioljoiis  as  tlicy  t'eli. 
And  if  they  rliym'd  and  lattl'd,  all  was  well 

Ztryden 
2.  To  make  verses. 

There  march'd  the  bard  and  blockhead  side 

by  side. 
Who    rhym'd  for  hire,    and   ]>atroniz'd    for 
pride.  Pope. 

RHYME,  V.  t.  To  luit  into  rhyme.     If'ilson. 


Youns 


Spenser. 


R  I  C 


li  I  C 


R  I  C 


3.  Marked  or  formed  with  rising  lines  and 
channels  ;  as  ribbed  cloth. 

RIB'IN,  n.  [W.  ihibin,  a  row  or  streak,  a 
dribblet;  rhib,ii\.;  jr.  ruibin  :  Fr.ruban; 
Arm.  rubanou.  Tliis  word  has  no  connec- 
tion with  band,  and  the  common  orthog- 
raphy is  grossly  erroneous.] 

1.  A  fillet  of  silk  ;  a  narrow  weh  of  silk  us- 
ed for  an  ornament,  as  a  badge,  or  for  fast- 
ening some  part  of  female  dress. 

Dry  den. 

2.  In  naval  architecture,  a  long  narrow  flexi- 
ble piece  of  timber,  nailed  upon  the  out- 
side of  the  ribs  from  the  stem  to  the  stern- 
post,  so  as  to  encompass  the  ship  length- 
wise ;  the  principal  are  the  floor  ribin  and 
the  breadth-ribin.  Mar.  Diet. 

RIB'IN,  I'.  (.  To  adorn  with  ribins. 

Beau  in. 

RIB'ROAST,  V.  t.  [rib  and  roast.]  To  beat 
sonndlv  ;  «  burlesque  word.  Butler. 

RIB'ROASTED, /'/J-  Soundly  beaten. 

RIB  ROASTING,  ppr.  Beating  soundly. 

RIBWORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Plant- 
ago. 

Rie,      ?    as  a  termination,  denotes  jurisdic- 

RICK,  S  ti""i  "I"  •'1  district  over  wliich  gov- 
ernment is  exercised,  as  in  bishoprick ;  Sax. 
qjne-ric,  king-ric.  It  is  the  Gothic  reiki, 
dominion,  Sax.  rice  or  ric  ;  from  the  same 
root  as  L.  rego,  to  rule,  and  region. 

RIe,  as  a  termination  of  names,  denotes  rich 
or  poweiful,  as  in  Alfric,  Frederick,  like 
the  Greek  Poli/criiles  and  Plutarrhus.  It 
is  the  first  syllable  of  Richard;  Sax.  nc, 
rice.     [See  Rich.] 

RICE,  Ji.  [Fr.  riz  or  ris;  It.  riso;  Sp.  Port. 
arroz  ;  G.  reis  or  reiss  ;  D.  ryst ;  Dan.  ris  ; 

5j£ 

L.  oryza ;  Gr.  opvfa;    Eth.  rez;   Ar.    ;  ,\ 

—  f 
arozon,  from  the  verb    •.\ 

contracted,  or  to  be  firmly  fixed.  The 
word  is  common  to  most  of  the  Asiatics. 
Persians,  Turks,  Armenians  and  Tartars.] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Oryza,  and  its  seed. 
The  calyx  is  a  bivalvular  uniflorous  glume  : 
the  corol  bivalvular,  nearly  equal,  and  ad- 
hering to  the  seed.  There  is  only  one 
species.  This  plant  is  cultivated  in  all 
warm  climates,  and  the  grain  forms  a 
large  portion  of  the  food  of  the  inhabit- 
ants. In  America,  it  grows  chiefly  on  low 
moist  land,  which  can  be  overflowed.  It 
is  a  light  food,  and  said  to  be  little  apt  to 
produce  acidity  in  the  stomach.  Indeed 
it  seems  intended  by  the  wise  and  benev- 
olent Creator  to  be  the  proper  food  of  men 
in  warm  climates. 
RICE-BIRD,  I      A  bird  of  the  United 

RICE-BUNTING,  S  ""  States,  the  Emberiza 
oryzivora ;  so  named  from  its  feeding  on 
rice  in  the  S.  Stales.  In  New  England, 
it  is  called  bob-lincoln.  tVilson. 

RICH,  a.  [Fr.  nclic  ;  Sp.  rico  ;  It.  ricco ;  Sax. 
ric,  rice,  ricca ;  I),  ryk  ;  G.  reich  ;  Sw.  rik  ; 
Dan.  rig,  ritg.  This  word  in  Saxon  sig- 
nifies great,  noble,  jiowerful,  as  well  as 
rich.  It  is  probable  therefore  it  is  con- 
nected witli  ric,  dominion,  L.  rego,  regnum, 
Eiig.  reach,  region,  from  eitending.] 
1.  Wealthy  ;  opident ;  possessing  a  largo 
portion  of  land,  goods  or  money,  or  a 
larger  portion   than  is  connnon  to  other 


JJ 
araza,  to  be 


9. 

s 
10. 


men  or  to  men  of  like  rank.  A  farmei* 
may  be  rich  with  property  which  would 
not  make  a  nobleman  rich.  An  annual  in- 
come of  £500  sterling  would  make  a  rich 
vicar,  but  not  a  rich  bishop.  Men  more 
willingly  acknowledge  others  to  be  richer, 
than  to  be  wiser  than  themselves. 

Ahrain  was  very  rich  in  cattle,  in  silver  and 
in  gold.     Gen.  .xiit. 

2.  Splendid  ;  costly  ;  valuable  ;  precious  ; 
sun]ptuous;  as  a  ricft  dress;  an'cA  border; 
a  rich  silk  ;  rich  furniture;  a  rich  present. 

3.  Abundant  in  materials;  yielding  great 
rpiantities  of  any  thing  valuable  ;  as  a  rich 
mine ;  rich  ore. 

4.  Abounding  in  valuable  ingredients  or 
qualities;  as  a  rich  odor  or  flavor;  rich 
sjiices.  Waller.     Baker. 

So   we  say,  a  r(c/t  description ;  a  dis 
course  rich  in  ideas. 

5.  Full  of  valuable  achievments  or  works. 
Each  minute  shall  be  rich  in  some  great  ac- 
tion. Rome 

G.  Fertile  ;  fruitful ;  capable  of  producin" 
l.irge  crops  or  quantities  ;  as  a  rich  soil  ; 
rich  land  ;  rich  mold.  Philips. 

7.  Abundant ;  large  ;  as  a  rich  crop. 

8.  Abundant ;  affording  abundance  ;  plenti- 
ful. 

The  gorgeous  East  with  richest  hand 
Pours  on  her  sons  barbaric  pearl  and  gold. 

.l\Iiltmi. 
Full  of  beautiful  scenery  ;  as  a  rich  land- 
irape  ;  a  rich  prospect. 

Abounding  with  elegant  colors;  as  a  n'c^ 
picture. 

11.  Plentifully  stocked;  as  pastures  rich  in 
flocks. 

12.  Strong  ;  vivid  ;  perfect ;  as  a  rich  color. 

13.  Having  something  precious;  as  a  grove 
of  rich  trees.  .Milton. 

14.  Abounding  with  nutritious  qualities;  as 
a  rich  diet. 

15.  Highly  seasoned;  as  rich  paste;  a  rich 
dish  of  food. 

16.  Abounding  with  a  variety  of  delicious 
food  ;  as  a  rich  tabic  or  entertainment. 

17.  Contaming  abundance  beyond  wants;  as 
a  rich  treasury. 

18.  In  music,  full  of  sweet  or  harmonious 
sounds. 

19.  In  Scripture,  abounding;  highly  endow- 
ed with  spiritual  gifts;  as  rich  in  faith 
James  ii. 

20.  Placing  confidence  in  outward  prosper 
ity.    Matt.  xix. 

21.  Self-righteous  ;  abounding,  in  one's  own 
I     opinion,  with  spiritual  graces.     Rev.  iii. 

Rich  in  mercy,  spoken  of  God,  full  of  mercy, 
I  and  ready  to  bestow  good  things  on  sinfu 
j     men.    Eph.  ii.    Rom.  x. 

The  tick,  used  as  a  noun,  denotes  a  rich  man 
I  or  person,  or  more  frequently  in  the  i)lu- 
I     ral,  rich  men  or  persons. 

The  rich  hath  many  friends.   Prov.  xiv. 
RICH,  V.  t.  To  enrich.    [J\/'ot  used.  See  En- 
rich.] Gower. 
RICH'ED.  pp.  Enriched.     [JVol  used.] 

Shak 

RICH'ES,  71.  [Fr.  richesse  ;  h.ricchezza  ;  Sp 

riqueza.     This  is  in  the  singular  immber 

in  fact,  but  treated  as  the  plural.] 

I.   Wealth  ;  opulence  ;  affluence  ;  possessions 

of  l.iiid,  goods  or  money  in  abundance 

Riches  do  not  consist  in  having  more  gold  anc 
silver,  but  in  having  more  in  proportion  than  our] 
neighbors.  Locke. 


2.  Splendid  sumptuous  appearance. 

The   riches    of  heav'n's  pavement,  trodden 
gold.  Milton. 

3.  In  Scripture,  an  abundance  of  spiritual 
blessings.    Luke  xvi. 

The  riches  of  God,  his  fullness  of  wisdom, 
power,  mercy,  grace  and  glory,  Eph.  i.  ii. ; 
or  the  abundance  supplied  by  his  works. 
Ps.  civ. 

The  riches  of  Christ,  his  abundant  fullness  of 
spiritual  and  eternal  blessings  for  men. 
Eph.  iii. 

The  riches  of  a  state  or  kingdom,  consist  less 
in  a  full  treasury  than  in  the  proiluctive- 
ness  of  its  soil  and  manufactures,  and  in 
the  industry  of  its  inhabitants. 

RKyll'LY,  «(/i'.  With  riches;  with  opulence; 
with  abundance  of  goods  or  estate;  with 
ample  funds ;  as  a  hospital  richly  endow- 
ed. 

In  Belmont  is  a  lady  richly  left.  Shak. 

2.  Gayly;  splendidly;  magnificently;  asrich- 
ly  dre.«sed  ;  richly  ornamented. 

3.  Plenteously  ;  alMindanlly  ;  amply  ;  as,  to 
be  richly  paid  fur  services.  The  reading 
of  ancient  authors  will  richly  reward  us 
for  the  perusal. 

4.  Truly  ;  really  ;  abundantly  ;  fully  ;  as  a 
chastisement  richly  deserved.         Addison. 

RICII'NESS,  n.   Opulence  ;  wealth. 

Sidney. 

2.  Finery  ;  splendor.  Johnson. 

3.  Fertility  ;  fecundity  ;  fruitfulness  ;  the 
qualities  which  render  productive  ;  as  the 
n'cAiiess  of  a  soil.  Addison. 

4.  Fullness  ;  abundance;  as  the  n'cAneis  of  a 
treasury. 

o.  Quality  of  abounding  with  something  val- 
uable ;  as  the  richness  of  a  mine  or  an 
ore  ;  the  richness  of  milk  or  of  cane-juice. 

6.  Abundance  of  any  ingredient  or  quality  ; 
as  the  richness  of  spices  or  of  fragrance. 
Abundance  of  beautiful  scenery  ;  as  the 
richness  of  a  landscape  or  prospect. 

8.  Abundance  of  nutritious  qualities  ;  as  the 
richness  of  diet. 

9.  Abundance  of  high  seasoning;  as  the  rich- 
tiess  of  cake. 

10.  Strength;  vividness;  or  whatever  con- 
stitutes perfection  ;  as  the  richness  of  color 
or  coloring. 

11.  Abundance  of  imagery  or  of  striking 
ideas;  as  richness  of  description. 

RICK,  n.  [Sax.  hreac  or  hrig ;  Ir.  cruach ; 
W.  crug,  a  rick,  an  impostem,  a  heap,  a 
stack,  a  hillock  ;  crngaw,  to  heap  or  pile,  to 
swell,  to  grow  into  an  impostem.  It  co- 
incides with  the  G.  riicken,  D.  rug,  the 
back,  Eng.  ridge.] 

A  heap  or  pile  of  grain  or  hay  in  the  field  or 
open  air,  but  sheltered  with  a  kind  of  roof. 
In  America,  we  usually  give  this  name  to 
a  long  pile;  the  round  and  conical  pile  be- 
ing culled  stark.  In  the  north  of  Eng- 
land, it  is  said  this  name  is  given  to  small 
piles  of  corn  in  the  field.  Mortimer. 

RICK'ETS.  )i.  [In  technical  language, racA- 
itis,  Gr.  pa;);iri5,  from  pa;);!?,  back  or  spine, 
Eng.  rack,  applied  to  the  neck  piece  of 
meat ;  S().  raquitio,  the  rickets.  See  Rack 
and  Ridge.] 

A  disease  which  aft'ects  children,  and  in 
which  the  joints  become  knotted,  and  the 
legs  and  spine  grow  crooked.  As  the 
child  advances  in  life,  the  head  iscnlarg 


R  I  D 


RID 


RID 


ed,  the  lliorax  is  compressed  on  the  sides, 
and  iIjc;  !<tRriiuiii  rises.  Encyc. 

RICK'KTY,  a.  Attected  with  rickets. 

Jhhuthnot. 

2.  Weak  ;  feeble  in  the  joints  ;  ini|)(M  feet. 
RlC'OCHKT,  n.  [Fr.  ilu.  k  and  drake.)     In 

gunnery,  the  firing  of  fjuns,  moilars  nr 
howitzers  with  small  charges,  and  ele- 
vated a  few  degrees,  so  as  to  carry  the 
balls  or  shells  just  over  the  parapet,  Jind 
cause  them  to  roll  along  the  opposite  ratii- 
parl.  This  is  called  ricochet-firing,  and 
the  batteries  are  called  ricochet-batteries. 

Eticyc. 

R}t),pret.ofride. 

RID,  V.  t.  prel- rid;  pp.  id.  [Sax.  ohreddan 
or  hreddan;  1).  redden;  <«.  retten  or  erret 
ten;  Dan.  redder;  allied  j)ruhal)ly  to  W. 
rhidiaw,  to  secrete,  to  drain,  that  is,  to  se| 
arate  or  drive  off,  whence  riddle.  See 
Class  Rd.  No.  63.  CO.] 

1.  To  free ;  to  deliver ;  properly,  to  sepa- 
rate, and  thus  to  deliver  or  save. 

That  he  might  rid  hiin  out  of  their  liaml.x. 
Gen.  xxxvii. 

1  will  n'J  you  out  of  their  bondage.  Ex.  vl. 

3.  To  separate  ;   to  drive  away. 

I  will  rid  evil  beasts  out  of  the  land.    Lev 
xxvi. 
[This  use  is  not  common.] 

3.  To  free;  to  clear;  to  disencumber  ;  as,  to 
rid  one  of  his  care.  It  is  not  easy  to  rid 
the  sea  of  pirates.  B.  Jonson. 

Resolv'd  at  once  to  rid  himself  of  pain. 

l>ryden 

4.  To  dispatch. 

For  willingness  rids  away.  Shak 

.J.  To  drive  away;  to  remove  by  violence; 

to  destroy. 

Ah  death's   men  !  you  have   rid  this  .sweet 

young  prince.  Sliak. 

RID,  pp.  or  a.  Free  ;  clear  ;  as,  to  be  rid  of 

trouble. 
To  get  rid  of,  to  free  one's  self.  Addison. 

RID'DANCE,  n.  Deliverance  ;  a  setting 
free;  as  riddance  from  all  adversity. 

Hooker 

2.  Disencumbrance.  Shnk. 

3.  The  act  nf  clearing  away.  Millun.\ 

Thou  shalt  not  make  clean  riddance  of  llic 
corners  of  thy  field.  Lev.  xxiii. 
RIDDEN,  ((  f.  ., 

KID,  IPP-oCnde. 

liWDlKG,  ppr.  Freeing;  cleoring  ;  disen- 

cumheriiig. 
RID'DLE,  »i.  [Sax.  hriddd;  W.  rhidyU,from 

rhidiuw,    to    secrete,    to    separate  ;    Corn. 

ridar  itr  krodar ;  Arm.  rw/e// or  croezr  ;  Ir. 

criatlinr,  a  riddle  ;  cnilham,   to   shake  ;  G. 

ridtetn,  to  shake,  to  riddle;  W.  rri/du,  to 

shake;  allied   to  rid  and  to  cradle,   from 

driving.     See  Cradle.] 
An  iiistrnmeiit  for  cleaning  grain,  being  a 

large    sieve    with    a   perforated    bottom, 

which  permits  the  grain   to  pass  througl 

it,  but  retains  the  chaff. 
RID'DLE,  V.  t.  To  separate,  as  grain  Iron 

the  chaff  with  a  riddle  ;  as,  to  riddle  wheat. 

[JVote.  The  machines  now  used  have  near- 
ly superseded  the  riddle.] 

RID'DLE,  n.  [Sr\.  radelse  ;  D.raadzel;  G 
rdlhsel ;  from  Sax.  rav/en,  1).  raaden,  G 
rnlhen,  to  counsel  or  advise,  also  to  guess. 
See  Read.] 

1.  An  enigma  ;  something  proposed  for  con- 
jecture, or  that  is  to  be  solved  by  conject 


ure  ;  a  puzzling  question  ;  an  ambiguous] 
proposition.  Judges  xiv.  Milton\ 

2.  Any  thing  ambiguous  or  puzzling.  { 

Hudibras.\ 

RID'DLE,  V.  t.  To  solve;  to  explain;  but 
we  generally  use  unriddle,  which  is  more 
proper. 

liiddle  me  this,  and  guess  him  if  you  can. 

Dryden 

RID'DLE,  V.  i.  To  speak  ambiguously,  ob- 
scHirely  or  enigmatically.  Shak. 

KIDDLER,  II.  One  who  speaks  ambigu- 
ously or  obscurely.  Home. 

RID'DLINGLY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a 
ridille  ;  secretly.  Donne. 

RIDE,  V.  i.  pret.  rode  or  rid  ;  pp.  rid,  rid- 
den. [Sax.  ridan  ;  G.  reiten  ;  D.  rydcn  ;  Sw. 
rida  ;  Dan.  lider ;  VV.  rhedu,  to  run;  L. 
rheda,  a  chariot  or  vehicle  ;  Hindoo,  ralha,\ 
id. ;  Sax.  rad,  a  riding  or  a  rood  ;  Ir.  ratba,\ 
riadh,  a  running  ;  reatham,  to  run  ;  ridire,\ 
a  knight ;  allied  to  reaAy,  G.  bereit ;  bereiteii,] 
to  ride,  and  to  get  ready.  See  Ready.  Class 
Rd.  No.  5.  and  9.]  [ 

1.  To  be  carried  on  horseback,  or  on  any 
beast,  or  in  any  vehicle.  We  ride  on  a 
horse,  on  a  camel,  in  a  coach,  chariot, 
wagon,  &c. 

2.  To  be  borne  on  or  in  a  fluid.  A  ship  rides^ 
at  anchor ;  the  ark  rode  on  the  flood;  aj 
balloon  rides  in  the  air.  | 

Jle  rode  on  a  cberub  and  did  lly  ;  yea,  he  didl 
fly  on  the  wint^s  of  the  wind.     Ps.  x\iii.  ' 

3.  To  be  supported  in  motion. 

Strong  as  the  axle-tree  I 

On  which  heaven  rides.  Shak.l 

4.  To  practice  riding.  He  rides  often  for  his, 
health.  | 

5.  To  manage  a  horse  well.  i 
He  rode,  he  fenc'd,  he  mov'd  with  graceful 

ease.  IJryden.\ 

G.  To  be  supported  by  something  subser- 
vient ;  to  sit. 

On  whose  foolish  honesty  ! 

My  practices  rid  easy.  Shak. 

To  ride  easy,  in  seaman^s  language,  i.s  when 
a  ship  does  not  labor  or  feel  a  great  strain 
on  her  cables. 

To  ride  hard,  is  when  a  ship  pitches  violent- 
ly, so  as  to  strain  her  cables,  masts  and 
liull. 

To  ride  out,  as  a  gale,  signifies  that  a  ship 
does  not  drive  during  a  storm.  • 

RIDE,  V.  t.  To  sit  on,  so  as  to  be  carried  ;' 

as,  to  ride  a  horse.  I 

They  ride  the  air  in  whirlwind,  .Milton.l 

2.  To  manage  insolently  at  will :  as  in  priesl-i 
ridden.  \ 

The  nobility  could    no  longer  endure  to  be 
ridden   by  bakers,  coblers  and  brewers.  j 

Swift.] 

3.  To  carry.     [Local.]  ' 

RIDE,  n.  An  excursion  on  horseback  or  in 
a  vehicle.  ! 

2.  A  sadille  horse.     [Local.]  Grose. 

■i.  A  road  cut  in  a  wood  ortlirough  a  ground 
for  the  amusement  of  riding;  a  riding. 

RIDER,  «.  One  who  is  borne  on  a  horse  or; 
other  beast,  or  in  a  vehicle. 

2.  One  who  breaks  or  manages  a  horse. 

Shak. 

3.  The  matrix  of  an  ore.  Gregory. 

4.  An  inserted  leaf  or  an  additional  clause, 
as  to  a  bill  in  parliament.  | 

5.  In  ship  building,  a  sort  of  interior  rib  fixedi 
occasionally  in  a  ship's  hold,  opposite  to' 


some  of  the  timbers  to  which  they  are 
bolted,  aiiiJ  reaching  from  the  keel^on  to 
the  beams  of  the  lower  deck,  to  strengthen 
her  frame.  .Mar.  Diet. 

RIDiiE,  71.  [Sax.  rig,  ricg,  hric,  hricg,  the 
baik  ;  Sw.  rygg ;  D.  ntg ;  G.  rucken  ;  Ice. 
hriggur.  The  Welsh  have  rhig,  a  notch 
or  groove,  and  rhyc,  a  trench  or  furrow 
between  ridges.  '1  he  Dutch  has  rttA*,  a 
ridge,  chain  or  series,  and  the  Dan.  rcKe 
is  a  row,  rank,  range,  a  file,  and  a  ridge, 
from  the  root  of  reAAcr,  to  reach.  If  con- 
nected with  the  latter  word,  the  primary 
sense  is  to  draw  or  stretch,  L.  ru^o.] 

1.  The  back  or  top  of  the  back.      Hudibras. 

2.  A  long  or  continued  range  of  hills  or 
mountains:  or  the  upper  part  of  such  a 
range.  We  say,  a  long  nVg-e  of  hills,  or 
the  highest  ridge.  Milton.     Ray. 

3.  A  steep  elevation,  eminence  or  protuber- 
ance. 

Part  rise  in  crystal  wall,  or  ridge  direct. 

Afilton. 
A  long  rising  land,  or  a  strij)  of  ground 
thrown  up  by  a  plow  or  left  between  fur- 
rows. I's.  Ixv.  Mortimer. 
The  top  of  the  roof  of  a  building. 

Mozon. 

(>.  Any  long  elevation  of  laud. 

7.  Ridges  of  a  horse's  mouth,  are  wrinkles 
or  risings  of  flesh  in  the  roof  of  the  tnouth. 

Far.  Diet. 

RID(;E,  r.  t.  To  form  a  ridge;  as  bristles 
that  ridge  the  back  of  a  boar.  Milton. 

2.  In  till'ige,  to  form  into  ridges  with  the 
plow.  The  farmers  in  Connecticut  ridgt 
their  land  for  maiz,  leaving  a  balk  be- 
tween two  ridges. 

.3.  To  wrinkle.  Cou'per. 

RIDti  IL,         }       The   male   of  any   beast 

RIDfi  LING,  S  "■  half  gelt.  Encyc. 

RlDti  Y,  a.  Having  a  ridge  or  ridges;  ris- 
ing in  a  ridge.  Dryden. 

RIp'KULK,  )i.  [Fr.  from  L.  ridicutum, 
from  rideo,  to  laugh  or  laugh  at ;  Fr.  rider, 
to  wrinkle,  to  bend  the  brow ;  Arm.  reden- 
7ia.] 

1.  Conteinptueus  laughter  ;  laughter  with 
some  degree  of  contempt  ;  derision.  It 
expresses  less  than  scorn.  Ridicule  is 
aimed  iit  what  is  not  only  laughable,  but 
improper,  absurd  or  despicable.  Sacred 
subjects  should  never  be  treated  with  rirf- 
icule.     [See  Ludicrous.] 

Ridicule  is  too  rough  an  entertainment  for  the 
polished  and  refined.  It  is  banished  from 
France,  and  is  losing  ground  in  England. 

I^amea. 

2.  That  species  of  writing  which  excites 
contempt  with  laughter.  It  differs  from 
burles<jue,  which  may  e.xcite  laughter  with- 
out coiUen;pt,  or  it  may  provoke  derision. 

Ridicule  and  derision  are  not  exactly  the 
same,  as  derision  is  applied  to  persons 
only,  and  ridicule  to  persons  or  things. 
We.  deride  the  man,  but  ridicule  the  man 
or  his  performances. 

RID  leULE,  V.  t.  To  laugh  at  with  expres- 
sions of  contempt :  to  deride. 

2.  To  treat  with  contemptuous  merriment , 
to  expose  to  contempt  or  derision  by 
writing. 

RID'ICI'LE.  a.  Ridiculous.     [.Vot  in  use.] 

RIDICULED,  pp.  Treated  with  laughter 
and  comenipt ;  derided. 


R  I  F 


RIG 


RID'I€ULER,  n.  One  that  ridicules. 

"■  Chesterjidd 

RID  leULING,  ppc.  Laughing  at  in  con- 
teiii|it;  exposing  to  contempt  and  dens- 
ion.  ..     ,         ,       ... 

RIDl€'ULOUS,  a.  [h.  ndicuhis ;  It.  ndico- 

loso.] 

That  may  jnstlv  excite  laughter  with   con 
tempt ;  as    a  ridiculous   dress ;  ridiculous 
behavior.     A  fop  and  a  dandy  are  ridicu 
lous  in  their  dress. 

RIDICULOUSLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  wor 
thy  of  contemptuous  merriment ;  as  a  man 
ridicuhusli)  vain.  , 

RIDl€'ULOUSNESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  ridiculous;  as  the  ridiculousiiess  of 
worshiping  idols. 

Rl'DING,  ppr.  [from  ride. \  Passing  or  trav- 
eling on  a  beast  or  in  a  vehicle  ;  floating. 

2.  a.  Employed  to  travel  on  any  occasion. 

No   suffragan   bishop  shall   have  more    than 
one  riding  a\>\rintor.  ^'inj'ff' 

Rl'DING,  ?i.  A  road  cut  in  a  wood  o 
tlirough  a  ground,  for  the  diversion  of  ri 
ding  therein.  Sidnei/.     Enajc. 

3.  [corrupted  froin  Irithing,  third.)  One  ot 
the  three  intermediate  iiirisdirtions  be- 
tween a  three  and  a  hundred,  into  which 
the  county  of  York,  in  England,  is  divid- 
ed, anciently  under  the  governinent  ot  a 
reeve.  Blackstonc. 

RI'DING-CLERK,  n.  In  England,  one  of 
the  six  clerks  in  chancery.  -^sh. 

RI'DING-eOAT,  Ji.  A  coat  for  riding  on  a 
journey.  Swift. 

Ri'DING-HABIT,  n.  A  garment  worn  In 
females  when  they  ride  or  travel. 

Guardian. 

RI'DING-HOOB,  "•  A  hood  used  by  fe- 
males when  they  ride ;  a  kind  of  cloke 
with  a  hood. 

RI'DING-SCHOOL,  n.  A  school  or  place 
where  the  art  of  riding  is  taught.  It  may 
in  some  places  be  called  a  riding-house. 

RIDOT'TO,  n.  [It.  from  L.  reductus.]  A 
public  assembly. 

,  A    musical    enlu —  \.  . 

singing  and  dancing,  in  the  latter  of  which 
the'~whole  company  join.  Busby 

RIE.     [See  Rye.] 

RIFE,  a.  [Sa.x.  ri^f .     Qu.  Heb.  n3T  to  mul 

'ip'y-l  .,    .  J     c      ■  ; 

Prevailing  ;  prevalent.     It  is  used  ot   epi-, 

demic  diseases. 

The  plague  was  then  rife  in  Hungary. 

'     "  Knotles. 

RI'FELY,  adv.  Prevalently;  frequently. 

It  was  rifely  reported  that  the  Turks  were 
coming  in  a  great  fleet.  Fnolles. 

RI'FENESS,  n.  Frequency  ;  prevalence. 

,flrbuthnot. 

RIFF'RAFF,  n.  [Fr.  rifler ;  G.  rnffen,  to 
sweep  ;  Dan.  rips,  raps.]  Sweepings  ;  ref- 
use. .„  W"" 

RI'FLE,  r.  I.  [Fr.  rifler,  to  rtfe,  to  sweep 
away ;  allied  probably  to  friper  and  gn- 
veler  ;  G.  raffen,  to  sweep  ;  riffeln,  to 
hatchd.  Tliis  is  one  of  the  family  of  »-i;>, 
rive,  reap,  ruffe,  L.  rapio,  W.  rheibiaw,  D 
JT/1C7I,  to  grate,  Eng.  rub,  &c.] 

1.  To   seize   and  bear   away   by    force;  to 
snatch  away. 

Till  tiim'  sliall  rifle  ev'rj'  youthful  grace. 

Pope. 

2.  To  strip;  to  rob  ;  to  pillage  ;  to  plunder. 

■Noil  have  riy/tJ  my  master.  VEflrunge. 


RIG 

a.    Wanton  ;  lewd. 


RI'FLE,  7>.  [Dan.  ri^e  or  ry??c,  the  n/e  of  a;  RIG'GISH,    a.    Wanton  ;  lewd.     [^Tot  in 
fham^'lfr^:  ^'^rwo^"  .^  "'  R^^f  (^LE    .  .To  move  one  way  and  tLc 

Jl^be'3  t^j'^^r^^^^  r/g'hT,  f  ^<fie^...  ...,  D.  r^, 

groove.) 
A  gun  about  the  usual  length  and  size  of  a 


M.usket,  the  inside  of  whose  barrel  is  n 
fled,  that  is,  grooved,  or  formed  with  spi- 
ral channels. 

RI'FLE,  V.  t.  To  groove  ;  to  channel. 

RI'FLED,  pp.  Seized  and  carried  away  by 
violence;  pillaacd;  channeled. 

RI'FLEMAN,  n.  A  man  armed  with  a  ri- 

RIFLER,  n.  A  robber;  one  that  seizes  and 

hears  away  bv  violence. 
RI'FL1NG,>;)V.    Plundering;  seizing  and 

carrying  away  by  violence;  grooving. 
rift;  «.    [fromrire.]    A    cleft ;  a   fissure; 
an  opening  made  by  riving  or  splitting. 
'  MMon.     Dnjden. 

RIFT  J'  (.  To  cleave;  to  rive;  to  split;  as, 
to  rifl  an  oak  or  a  rock.        Milton.     Pope. 
RIFT,  V.  i.  To  burst  open  ;  to  split. 
Timber— not  apt  to  rift  with  ordnance. 

Bacon. 

2.  To  belch  ;  to  break  wind.     [Local] 

RIFT'ED,  pp.  Split:  rent:  cleft. 

RIFTING,  p/^r.  Splitting;  cleaving;  burst- 
ing. 

RIG,  n.  [Sax.]  A  ridge,  which  see. 

iRlG,  V.  I.  [Sax.  wrigan,  to  put  on.  to  cover 
whence  Sax.  hragle,  a  garment,  contract- 
ed into  rail,  in  night-rail.] 
To  dress;  to  put  on  ;  when  ajiphcd  to 
persons,  not  elegant,  but  rather  a  ludicrous 
word,  to  express  the  putting  on  of  a  gay, 
flaunting  or  unusual  dre.=s. 

Jack   was  rigged  out  in  his  gold   and  silver 
lace,  with  a  fether  in  his  cap.  V Estrange. 

2.  To  furnish  with  apparatus  or  gear  :  to  fit 
with  tackling 


G.  recW  ;  Dan.  rigtig ;  Sw.  ricktig  :  It. 
retio  ;  Sp.  recto  ;  L.  rectus,  iVoni  the  mot  of 
rego,  properly  to  strain  or  stretch,  whence 
straight ;  Sax.  recan.  See  Class  Rg.  No. 
IK  -iti.  47.] 
Properly,  strained  ;  stretched  to  straigbt- 
ness ;  lience, 

1.  Straight.  A  right  line  in  geometry  is  the 
shortest  line  that  can  be  drawn  or  ima- 
gined between  two  points.  A  right  line 
may  be  horizontal,  perpendicular,  or  in- 
clined to  the  plane  ol  the  horizon. 

2.  In  morals  and  religion,  just;  equitable: 
accordant  to  the  standard  of  truth  and 
justice  or  the  will  of  God.  That  alone  is 
right  in  the  siglit  of  God,  which  is  conso- 
nant to  his  will  or  law  ;  this  being  the 
only  perfect  standard  of  truth  and  justice. 
In  social  ami  ))olitical  affairs,  thai  is  right 
which  is  consonant  to  the  laws  ami  cus- 
toms of  a  country,  provided  these  laws 
and  customs  are  not  repugnant  to  the  l.iws 
of  God.  A  man's  intentions  may  bert^W, 
though  his  actions  may  be  wrong  in  con- 
sequence of  a  defect  in  judgment. 

3.  Fit  ;  suitable  ;  proper  ;  becoming.  In 
I  things  indifferent,  or  which  are  regulated 
;     by  no    positive   law,  that  is  right   which  is 

best  suited  to  the  character,  occasion  or 
purpose,  or  which  is  fitted  to  produce 
some  good  effect.  It  is  right  for  a  rich 
man  to  dress  himself  and  his  family  in  ex- 
pensive clothing,  which  it  wiuild  not  be 
right  for  a  poor  man  to  jiurchase.  It  is 
right  for  every  man  to  choose  his  own 
time  for  eating  or  exercise. 

i?ig;i(  is  a  relative  term  ;  what  may  be 
right  for  one  end,  may  be  wrong  for  an- 
other. 


3    To  rig  a  sliFp,  in  seamen's  language,  is  to  4    l„-,wful ;  as  the  right  heir  of  an  estate. 


fit  the  shrouds,  stays,  braces,  &c.  to  then 
puniic  assemoiy.  ji     respei-tive  masts  and  yards.        Mar.  Diet. 

2.  A    musical    entertainment   consisting   of  rig,  n.  [See  the  Verb.]    '^'■■■ 
_-..,„:„„  or,,)  .Innnlnor  ill  the  latter  of  which  I     ^^^. 


Dress;  also,  blus-li 


2.  A  romp  ;  a  wanton  ;  a  strumpet. 

To  run  the  rig.  to  play  a  wanton  trick. 

To  run   the  rig  ttpon,' to  practice  a  sportive 

trick  on. 
RIG,  v.i.  To  play  the  wanton. 
RIGADOON',     «.     [Fr.  rigodon.]     A    gay 
brisk  dance  performed  by  one  couple,  and 
said  to  have  been  borrowed  from   Prov- 
ence in  France.  Encyc. 
RIGA'TION,  n.  [L.  rigatio,  from  rigo,  Gr. 

fi^iXi-'.     See  Rain.] 
The  act  of  watering  ;  but  irrigation  is  gene- 

rallv  used. 
RIG'GED,    pp.    Dressed  ;   furnished   wilfi 

shrouds,  stavs,  &c.  as  a  ship. 
RIG'GER,  Ji.'Onc  that  rigs  or  dresses;  out 
whose  occupation  is  to  fit  the  rigging  of  1 

RIG'GING,    ppr.     Dressing  ;    fitting   witl 
dirouds,  braces,  &c.  . 

RIG'GING,  n.  Dress;  tackle;  particularly, 
the  ropes  which  support  the  masts,  ..xlrnd 
and  contract  the  sails.  &c.  of  a  ship,  i  Ins 
is  of  two  kinds,  !<landing  riirgmg,  as  the 
shrouds  and  stav.s.  and  rijn"i»a-  rigging, 
such  as   braces,   sheets,   halliards,   clcw- 

;     ,-      „    c,„  .liar.  Uict. 

I     lines,  &c. 


Tine;  not  erroneous  or  wrong;  accord- 
ing to  fact. 

11  there  be  no  prospect  beyond  the  grave,  the 
intercnce  is  certainly  light,  "  let  us  eat  and 
drink,  for  to-morrow  we  die."  Locke. 

Correct  ;  passing  a  true  judgment  ;  not 
mistaken  or  wrong. 

You  are   right,  justice,  and  you   weigh   this 

well.  Shak. 

Not  left ;  most  convenient  or  dextrous ; 

as  the  right  hand,  which  is  generally  most 

strong  or  most  convenient  in  use. 

.  Most  favorable  or  convenient. 

The  lady  has  been  disappointed  on  the  right 
side.  Spectator. 

9.  Properly  jilaced,  disposed  or  adjusted  ; 
orderly :  well  regulated. 

10.  Well  performed,  as  an  art  or  act. 

11.  Most  direct ;  as  the  right  way  from  Lon- 
don to  Oxford. 

12.  Riing  on  the  same  side  as  the  right 
blind  ;  as  the  right  side. 

13  Reing  on  the  right  hand  of  a  person 
whose  face  is  towards  the  mouth  of  a 
river:  as  the  rig/i(  hank  of  the  Hudson. 

RIGHT,  adv.   In  a  right  or  straight  line; 

]     directly. 

1  l,rt  thine  eyes  look  riff')/ on.     Prov.  iv. 

2.  Accordini:  to  the  law  «r  will  of  God,  or 
to  the  standard  of  truth  and  justice;  as,  to 

I     judge  right. 


R  I  G 


R  I  G 


R  I  G 


3.  According  to  auy  rule  of  art. 

You  with  strict  discipline  instructed  right. 

Roscommon. 

4.  According  to  fact  or  trutb  ;  as,  to  tell  a 
story  right. 

5.  In  a  great  degree;  very;  as  right  hum- 
ble ;  right  noble  ;  right  valiant.  [Obsoles- 
cent or  inelegant.] 

6.  It  is  prefixed  to  titles ;  as  in  right  honora- 
ble ;  right  reverend. 

RIGHT,  is  used  clliptically  for  it  is  right, 
what  you  say  is  right,  it  is  true,  &c. 

Bight,  cries  hi."  lordship.  Pope. 

On  the  right,  on  the  side  with  the  right  band. 

RIGHT,  n.  Conformity  to  the  will  of  God, 
or  to  his  law,  the  perfect  standard  of 
truth  and  justice.  In  the  literal  sense, 
right  is  a  straight  line  of  conduct,  and 
wrong  a  crooked  one.  Right  therefore  is 
rectitude  or  straightness,  and  perfect  rec- 
titude is  found  only  in  an  infinite  Bcii 
and  his  will. 

2.  Conformity  to  human  laws,  or  to  other 
human  standard  of  truth,  propriety  or 
justice.  When  laws  are  definite,  right 
and  wrong  are  easily  ascertained  and  un- 
derstood. In  arts,  there  are  some  princi- 
ples and  rules  which  determine  what  is 
right.  In  many  things  indifferent,  or  left 
without  positive  law,  we  are  to  judge 
what  is  right  by  fitness  or  propriety,  by 
custom,  civility  or  other  circum.stances. 

3.  Justice;  that  wlijch  is  due  or  proper;  as, 
to  do  right  to  every  man. 

Long  love  to  her  has  borne  the  faithful  knight 

done  hill 


had   fortune 

Dry  (ten. 
conformity    witl 


And   well   deservM, 
right. 

4.  Freedom   from   error ; 
truth  or  fact. 

Seldom  your  opinions  err. 

Your  eyes  are  always  in  the  right.  Pruyr. 

5.  Just  claim  ;  legal   title  ;  ownership  ;  the 
.   legal  power  of  exclusive  possession  and 

enjoyment.  In  hereditary  iiionarcliies, 
right  to  the  throne  vests  in  the  heir  on  the 
decease  of  the  king.  A  deed  vests  the 
right  of  possession  in  the  purchaser  of 
land.  Right  and  possession  are  very  dif- 
ferent things.  We  often  have  occasion  to 
demand  and  sue  for  rights  not  in  possess- 
ion. 

6.  Just  claim  by  courtesy,  customs,  or  the 
principles  of  civility  and  decorum.  Every 
man  has  a  right  to  civil  treatment.  The 
magistrate  has  a  right  to  respect. 

7.  Just  claim  by  sovereignty;  prerogative. 
God,  as  the  author  of  all  things,  has  a 
right  to  govern  and  dispose  of  them  at  his 
pleasure. 

8.  That  which  justly  belongs  to  one 

Born  free,  he  eous;ht  his  right.  Dryden. 

9.  Property  ;  interest. 

A  subject  in  his  prince  may  claim  a  right. 

Dryden 

10.  Just  claim  ;  immunity;  privilege.  All 
men  have  a  right  to  the  secure  enjoyment 
of  life,  personal  safety,  liberty  and  proper- 
ty. We  deem  the  right  of  trial  by  jury 
invaluable,  particularly  in  the  case  of 
crimes.  Rights  are  natural,  civil,  polit- 
ical, religious,  personal,  and  public. 

11.  Authority;  legal  power.  AVe  have  no 
right  to  disturb  others  in  the  enjoyment  of 
their  religious  opinions. 

12.  In  the  United  Stales,  a  tract  of  land  ;  or  a 
share  or  proportion  of  property,  as  in  a 
mine  or  manufactorv. 

Vol.  II. 


13.  The  side  opposite  to  the  left  ;  as  on  the 
right.     Look  to  the  right. 

To  rights,  in  a  direct  line;  straight.  [L'n- 
risual.]  H'oodward. 

2.  Directly  ;  soon. 

To  set  to  rights,   )  to  put  into  good  order  ;  to 

To  put  to  rights,  I  adjust ;  to  regulate  what  is 
out  of  order. 

Bill  of  rights,  a  list  of  rights  ;  a  paper  con- 
taining a  declaration  of  rights,  or  the  dec 
laration  itself. 

H'rit  of  right,  a  writ  which  lies  to  recover 
lands  in  fee  simple,  unjustly  withheld  from 
the  true  owner.  Blackslone. 

RIGHT,  V.  t.  To  do  justice  to;  to  relieve 
from  wrung ;  as,  to  right  an  injured  per 
son.  Taylor. 

2.  In  scanten^s  language,  to  right  a  ship,  is  to 
restore  her  to  an  upright  position  from  a 
careen. 

To  rigid  the  helm,  to  place  it  in  the  middle  of 
le  ship. 

RIGHT,  r.  i.  To  rise  with  the  masts  erect, 
a  ship. 

RIGHTED,  pp.  Relieved  from  injustice ;  set 
upright. 

RIGHTEN,  V.  t.  [SsiX.  gerihtan.]  To  do  jus- 
tice to.     Obs. 

RIGHTEOUS,  a.  ri'chus.  [Sax.  rihlwise  , 
right  and  ivise,  manner,  as  in  otherwise, 
lengthwise.] 

1.  Just  ;  accordant  to  the  divine  law.  Ap 
plied  to  persons,  it  denotes  one  who  is  ho- 
ly in  heart,  and  observant  of  the  divine 
commands  in  practice  ;  as  a  righteous  man 
Applied  to  things,  it  denotes  consonant  to 
the  divine  will  or  to  justice  ;  as  a  righteous 
act.  It  is  used  chiefly  in  theology,  and 
applied  to  God,  to  his  testimonies  and  to 
his  saints. 

The  rigldeous,  in  Scripture,  denote  the 
servants  of  God,  the  saints. 

3.  Just;  equitable;  merited. 
And  1  thy  righteous  doom  will  bless. 

Dryden. 

RiGHTEOUSLY,  adv.  ri'chtisly.  Justly  ;  in 
accordance  with  the  laws  of  justice  ;  equi- 
tably ;  as  a  criminal  righteously  condemn- 
ed. 

Thou  slialt  judge  the  people  righteously.  Ps 
Ixvii. 

RIGHTEOUSNESS,  n.    ri'chusness.    Puri 
ty  of  heart  and  rectitude  of  life  ;  conform 
ity  of  heart  and  life   to    the  divine  law. 
Righteousness,  as   used    in  Scripture  am 
theology,   in  which   it  is  chiefly   used,  is 
nearly    equivalent    to   holiness,   coinpre 
bending  hidy  jirinciples  and  aflections  of 
heart,  and  conformity  of  life  to  the  divine 
law.     It  includes  all  we  call  justice,  hon 
esty  and   virtue,   with   holy  affections ;  in 
short,  it  is  true  religion. 

2.  Applied  to  God,  the  perfection  or  holinr 
of  ids   nature  ;  exact   rectitude;  faithful- 
ness. 

3.  The   active    and    passive    obedience    of 
Christ,  by  which  the  law  of  God  is  fulfilled 
Dan.  ix. 

}.  Justice  ;  equity   between  man  and  man. 

Luke  i. 
.5.  The  cause  of  our  justification. 

The  Lord  our  righteouJiness.     Jer.  xxiii. 
RIGHTER,    n.    One  who  sets  right;    one 

who  dies  justice  or  redresses  wrong. 
RIGHTFUL,  a.  Having  the  right   or  just 

claim   according  to  established   laws ;  as 

59 


the  rightful  heir  to  a  throne  or  an  estate. 

2.  Being  by  right,  or  by  just  claim;  as  a 
rightful  lord  ;  rightful  property  ;  rightful 
judge. 

3.  Just;  consonant  to  justice  ;  as  a  rightful 
cause  :  a  ng/i(/u/ war.  Prior. 

RIGHTFULLY,  adv.  According  to  right, 
law  or  justice  ;  as  a  title  rightfiUly  vested. 

RIGHT!' ULNESS,  Ji.  Justice;  accordance 
with  the  rules  of  ri};ht ;  as  the  rightfulness 
of  a  claim  to  lands  or  tenements. 

2.  Moral  rectitude. 

But  still  althoURh  we  fail  of  perfect  rig/i</ti/- 
ness.     {.Vol  usual.]  Sid7iey 

RIGHT-HAND,  n.  The  hand  opposite  to 
the  left,  usually  the  .strongest,  most  con- 
venient or  dextrous  band,  and  hence  its 
name  in  other  languages,  as  well  as  in 
ours. 

RIGHTING,  ppr.  Doing  justice  to  ;  setting 
upright. 

RIGHTLY,  adv.  According  to  .justice  ;  ac- 
cording to  the  divine  will  or  moral  recti- 
tude ;  as  duty  rightly  performed. 

2.  Properly ;  fitly ;  suitably  ;  as  a  person 
rightly  named. 

.3.  According  to  truth  or  fact  ;  not  erro- 
neously.    He  has  rightly  conjectured. 

4.  Honestly  ;  uprightly.  Sha/i. 

5.  Exactly. 
Thou  didst  not  rightly  sec.  Dryden. 

6.  Straightly  ;  directly.     [A'ot  in  use.] 

Ascham. 

RIGHTNESS,  n.  Correctness  :  conformity 
to  truth  or  to  the  divine  will,  which  is  the 
standard  of  moral  rectitude.  It  is  impor- 
tant that  a  luan  should  have  such  persua- 
sion of  the  righlness  of  his  conscience  as  to 
exclude  rational  doubt.  South. 

2.  Straightness;  as  the  righlness  of  a  line. 

Bacon. 

RIG'ID,  a.  [Fr.  rigide :  It.  Sp.  rigido ;  L. 
rigidus,  from  ri'gfo  ;  Gr.  ptyou,  to  he  stiff; 
piyio;,    stiff,    whence  h.  frigeo,  frigidus : 

Eth.  4  TO,  Heb.  i'jl  to  be  still,  to  be  stifi" 
or  rigid.  Class  Rg.  No.  3.  27.  The  pri- 
mary sense  is  probably  to  strain  or  ex- 
tend.] 

1.  Stiff;  not  pliant;  not  easily  bent.  It  is 
applied  to  bodies  or  substances  that  are 
naturally  soft  or  flexible,  but  not  fluid. 
We  never  say,  a  rigid  stone  or  rigid  iron, 
nor  do  we  say,  rigid  ice  ;  but  we  .say,  an 
animal  body  or  lind),  when  cold,  is  rigid. 
Rigid  is  then  opposed  to  flexible,  but  ex- 
piesses  less  than  ivflexible. 

2.  Strict  in  opinion,  practice  or  discipline  ; 
severe  in  temper  :  opjiosed  to  lax  or  in- 
dulgent ;  as  a  rigid  father  or  master ;  a 
rigid  officer. 

3.  Strict ;  exact ;  as  a  rigid  law  or  rule  ; 
rigid  discipline;  rigid  criticism. 

Seveiely  just  ;    as   a   rigid  sentence   or 

judgment. 
5.  Exactly  according  to  the  sentence  or  law ; 

as  rigid  execution. 
RIiilD'ITY,  n.  [Fr.   rigidile;  h.  rigiditas.] 

1.  StiflTness  ;  want  of  pliability  ;  the  cpiality 
(.f  not  being  easily  bent.  Arhulhnot. 

2.  A  brittle  hardness,  as  opposed  to  ductility, 
malhability  and  sojlness.  Ena/c. 

3.  Si  iflhess  of  appearance  or  manner ;  want 
of  ease  or  airv'  elegance.  Jt'otton. 

RIG'IDLY,  adv.  Stiffly  :  iinphantly. 


R,  I  L 


R  I  N 


R  I  N 


2.  Severely ;  strictly ;  exactly  ;  without  lax- 
ity, indulgence  or  abatement ;  as,  to  judge 
rigidly  ;  to  criticize  rigidly  ;  to  execute  a 
law  rigidly. 

.RIG'IDNESS,  n.  Stiffness  of  a  body;  the 
quality  of  not  being  easily  bent  ;  as  the 
■rigidness  of  a  limb  or  of  flesh. 

2.  Seventy  of  temper;  strictness  in  opinion 
or  practice ;  but  expressing  less  thau  inflex- 
ibility. 

RIG'LET,  ?!.  [Fr.  from  l..regula,rego.]  A 
flat  thin  piece  of  wood,  used  for  picture 
frames;  also  used  in  printing,  to  regulate 
the  margin,  &c. 

RIG'MAROLE,  n.  A  repetition  of  stories; 
a  succession  of  stories.  Goldsmith. 

RIG'OL,  n.  A  circle  ;  a  diadem.  Shnk. 

RIG'OLL,  n.  A  musical  instrument  consist- 
ing of  several  sticks  bound  together,  but 
separated  by  beads.  Encyc. 

RIG'OR,  n.  [L.  from  ng-eo,  to  be  stiff';  Ft. 
rigueur.] 

1.  Stiffness;  rigidness;  as  Gorgonian  ngor. 

Mitton. 

2.  In  mtdicine,  a  sense  of  chilliness,  with  con- 
traction of  the  skin  ;  a  convulsive  shucl- 
deriug  or  slight  tremor,  as  in  the  cold  fit 
of  a  fever.  Coxe.     Encyc.     Parr. 

?,.  Stiffness  of  opinion  or  temper;  severity; 
sternness. 

All  his  rigor  is  turned  to  grief  and  pity. 

Denhnin. 

4.  Severity  of  life  ;  austerity ;  voluntary  sub- 
jnission  to  pain,  abstinence  or  mortifica- 
tion. Fdl. 

5.  Strictness  ;  exactness  without  allowance, 
latitude  or  indulgence  ;  as  the  rig-orof  crit 
icism;  to  execute  a  law  witli  rigor;  to  en 
force  moral  duties  with  rigor. 

C.  Violence  ;  fury.     [M>t  in  use.]      Spenser 

7.  Hardness  ;  solidity.      [Unusual.] 

Dryden. 

8.  Severity;  asperity;  as  t)ie  rigors  of  a  cold 
winter. 

RIG'OROL'S,  a.  [Fr.   rigoureux.]    Severe 
allowing  no  abatement   or  mitigation  ;  as 
a  rigorous  officer  of  justice. 

9.  Severe  ;  exact ;  strict  ;  without  abate- 
ment or  relaxation  ;  as  a  rigorous  execu- 
tion of  law  ;  an  enforcement  of  rigoi-ous 
discipline. 

.J.  Exact ;  strict ;  scrupulously  accurate ;  as 

a  jTg'oroKS  definition  or  demonstration, 
•i.  Severe  ;  very  cold  ;  as  a  rigorous  winter. 
RIG'OROUSLY,    adv.    Severely  ;    without 
relaxation,  abatement  or  mitigation  ;  as  a 
sentence  rigorously  executed. 
X  Strictly  ;  exactly ;  with  scrupulous  nicety ; 
rigidly. 

The  people  would  examine  his  works  more 
rigorously  tljaii  liiinself.  Dryden 

RIG'OROUSNESS,    n.     Severity   without 
relaxation  or  mitigation  ;  exactness. 

^sh. 
2.  Severity. 

RILL,  n.  [In  G.  rille,  W.   rhill,  is  a  groove 
trench,  channel,  the  root  of  drill.     In  Sw. 
strila  is   to   run   or   glide  ;  Dan.  ryller,  to 
ramble.] 
A  small  brook ;  a  rivulet ;  a  streamlet. 

Milton 
RILL,  1'.  i.  To  run  in  a  small  stream,  or  in 
(iticanilets.  Prior. 

lllLL'l'7r,  n.  A  small  stream  ;  a  rivulet. 

Drayton. 


5. 


RIM,  n.  [Sax.  rima  and  rcoma,  a.  riui,  a 
ream  ;  W.  rhim  and  rhimp,  a  rim,  edge, 
termination  ;  hence  crimp,  a  sharp  ridge ; 
crimpiaw,  to  form  into  a  ridge,  also  lo 
pinch.  Rim,  like  ramp,  ramble,  is  from  ex- 
tending ;  the  extremity.  In  Kuss.  kroma 
is  a  border.] 

1.  The  border,  edge  or  margin  of  a   thing 
as  the  rim  of  a  kettle  or  bason  ;  usually 
applied  to  things  cireidar  or  curving. 

2.  The  lower  part  of  the  belly  or  abdomen. 

Broivn. 

RIM,  V.  t.  To  put  on   a  rim  or  hoop  at  th< 

border. 
RIME,  n.  [Sax.  rim,  nimdier  ;  W.  rhir 
This  is  the  more  correct  orthography,  but 
I  rhyme  is  commonly  used,  which  see.] 
RIME,  n.  [Sax.  him  ;  Ice.  hrym  ;  D.  rym 
\  The  French  write  this/nmus,  Anu.frim  ; 
I     probably   allied  to  cream.     In  G.  it  is  reif, 

1).  ryp.] 
White  or  iioar  frost ;  congealed  dew  or  va- 
por. Bacon. 
RIME,  n.  [L.  rima;  Sw.  remna,  whence 
I  remna,  to  split ;  perhaps  from  the  root  of 
!  rive.] 
A  chirdi ;  a  fissure  ;  a  rent  or  long  aperture. 

[J\ot  inuse.] 
'RIME,  V.  i.  To  freeze  or  congeal  into  hoar 
I     frost. 

IRl'MOSE,  ?      [L.  rimosus.  from  riina.]     In 
!RI'W(  >US,  I  "■  botany,  chinky  ;    abDOuding 
I     witli  clefts,  cracks  or  chinks;  as  the  hark 
!     of  trees. 
RIM'PLE,  n.    [Sax.   hrympelli.]    A  fold  or 

wrinkle.     [See  Rumple.] 
RIM'PLE,  I',  t.  To  rumple  ;  to  wrinkle. 
RIM'PLiNG,  n.  Undulation. 
RI'MY,    a.    [from  rime.]    Abounding   with 
rime;  frosty.  Harvey 

RIND,  n.  [Sslx.  rind  orhrind  ;G.rinde  ;  Gs: 

ptio;;   \V.  nof)i,  skin.] 
The    bark   of  a  plant ;  the    skin    or  coat  of 
fruit  that  may  be  pared  or  peeled  off;  al- 
so, the  inner  bark  of  trees. 

Dryden.     Milton.     Encyc 
RIND,  11.  t.  To  bark  ;  to  decorticate.     [JVot 

in  w.se.] 
RIN'DLE,  11.  [from  the  root  of  run ;  Dan. 
rinder,  to  flow.]     A  small  water  course  or 
gutter.  Ash 

RING,  n.  [Sax.  ring  or  hring ;  D.  ring  or 
kring  ;  G.  D.  S w.  ring,  a  circle ;  Sw.  kriiig. 
about,  around.  This  coincides  with  ring. 
to  sound,  and  with  wring,  to  twist  ;  G. 
ringen,  to  ring  or  sound,  and  to  wrestle. 
The  sense  is  to  strain  or  stretch,  and  »i  is 
probably  not  radical.  The  root  then  be- 
longs to  Class  Rg.] 
1.  A  circle,  or  a  circular  line,  or  any  thing  in 
the  form  of  a  circular  liiieiir  hoop.  Thus 
we  say  of  men,  they  formed  themselves  in- 
to aring,  to  see  a  wrestling  match.  Rings 
of  gold  were  made  for  the  ark.  Ex.  xxv. 
Rings  of  gold  or  other  material  are  worn 
on  the  fingers  and  sometimes  in  the  ears, 
as  ornaments. 
8.  A  circular  course. 

I'lace  me,  O  place  me  in  the  dusty  ring. 
Where  youthful  chaiinteers  contend  for  j;lorv. 

.Smith. 
RING,  n.  [from  the  verb.]    .\  sound  ;  par- 
ticularly, the  soimd  of  metals;  as  then'/igjio 
of  a  bell. 
'i.  Any  loud   sound,   or  the  sounds  of  nu 
nierous  voices ;  or  sound  continued,   re 


peated  or  reverberated  ;  as  the  n'ng- of  ac- 
clamations. Bacon. 

3.  A  chime,  or  set  of  bells  harmonically 
tuned.  Prior. 

RING,  V.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  rung.  [Sax.  rin- 
gan,  hringan  ;  G.  D.  ringen  ;  Sw.  ringa  : 
Dan.  ringer.] 

To  cause  to  sound,  particularly  by  striking 
a  metallic  body  ;  as,  to  ring  a  bell.  This 
word  expresses  appropriately  the  sound- 
ing of  metals. 

RING,  v.l.  [from  the  noun.]  To  encircle. 

Shak. 

2.  To  fit  with  rings,  as  the  fingers,  or  as  a 
swine's  snout.  Farmers  ring  swine  to 
prevent  their  rooting. 

And  ring  these  fingers  with  thy   household 
worms.  Shak. 

RING,  V.  i.  To  sound,  as  a  bell  or  other  so- 
norous body,  particularly  a  metallic  one. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  practice  the  art  of  making  music  with 
bells.  Holder. 

3.  To  sound ;  to  resound. 
With  sweeter  notes  each  rising  temple  rwng. 

Pope. 
To  utter,  as  a  bell;  to  sound. 

The  shardborii  heetle  with  his  drowsy  hums. 
Hath  rung  night's  yawning  peal.  Shak. 

To  tinkle ;  to  have  the  sensation  of  sound 
continued. 

My  ears  still  ring  with  noise.  Dryden. 

To  be  filled   with   report   or   talk.     The 
whole  town  rings  witli  his  fame. 

RING'-BOLT,  n.  An  iron  bolt  with  an  eye 
to  which  is  fitted  a  ring  of  iron. 

Mar.  Did. 

RING-BONE,  n.  A  callus  growing  in  the 
hollow  circle  ^nf  the  little  pastern  of  a 
horse,  just  above  the  coronet.      Far.  Diet. 

RING'Dt)VE,  n.  [G.  ringeltanbe.]  A  spe- 
cies of  pigeon,  the  Columba  palumbus,  the 
largest  of  the  European  species.       Enci/c. 

RIN^'ENT,  a.  [L.  ringor,  to  make  wry  fa- 
ces, that  is,  to  wring  or  twist.] 

In  botany,  a  ringcnt  or  labiate  corol  is  one 
which  is  irregular,  monopetalous,  with 
the  border  usually  divided  into  two  parts, 
called  the  upper  and  lower  lip  ;  or  irregu- 
lar and  gaping,  like  the  mouth  of  an  ani- 
mal. Martyn.     Smith. 

RINGER,  n.  One  who  rings.  [In  the 
sense  ni' ivringer,  not  used.] 

RING'ING,  ppr.  Causing  lo  soimd,  as  a 
bell:  sounding:  fitting  with  rings. 

RING'ING,  ?i.  The   act   of  sounding  or  of 


To   conduct.      [lAtth 


causing  to  sound. 
RING'LEAD,    v.  t 

used.  ] 
RINGLEADER,  n.  [ring  am]  leader.]  The 
leader  of  any  association  of  men  engaged 
in  violation  of  law  or  an  illegal  enter- 
prise, as  rioters,  mutineers  and  the  like. 
This  name  is  derived  from  the  practice 
which  men  associating  too])pose  law  have 
sometimes  adopted,  of  signing  their  names 
to  articles  of  agreement  in  a  ring,  that  no 
one  of  their  number  might  be  distinguish- 
ed as  the  leader. 
RING' LET,  11.  [(/nil.  of  ring.]  A  small  ring. 

Pope. 
\  curl  ;  particularly,  a  curl  of  hair. 
He  golden  tresses  in  wanton  ringlets  wav'd. 

.Villon . 
A  circle. 


b3. 


R  I  O 

To  dance  our  ringleta  in  tlie  whisUin?  wind. 

Shak. 


IIING'-OUSEL,  n.  A  bird  of  the  genus 
TurJus,  (T.  torquaius,)  iiil;al>itlng  the 
hilly  and  mountainous  parts  of  G.  Britain. 

Ed.  Encyc. 

RING'-STREAKED,  a.  [ring  and  streak.] 
Having  cinular  streaks  or  lines  on  the 
bodv ;  as  ring-streaked  goals.     Gen.  xxx. 

RING'-TAIL,  n.  [ring  and  tail]  A  kind  ol 
kite  with  a  wfiitish  tail.  Bailcij 

2.  A  small  quadrilateral  sail,  set  on  a  small 
mast  on  a  ship's  tafterel. 

IIING'-WORM,  n.  [ring  and  worm.]  A  cir- 
cular eruption  on  tlie  skin  ;  a  kind  of  tet- 
ter.   [We/yes  serpigo.  Sauvages.] 

H'iseman.     Purr. 

KINSE,  V.  I.  rins.  [Sw.   rensa  or   rena,  to 
cleanse  or  purify  ;  Dan.  renser,  to   clean 
to  purge,  to  purify,  to  scour  ;  Sax.  D.  G. 
rein,   clean;  Fr.  rincer ;  Arm.  rinsa,  rin 
sein.      Our  common    people    pronounce 
this  word  rcns,  retaining  their  native  pro 
nunciation.     This   is  one   of  a  thousand 
instances  in  wliich  the  purity  of  our  ver- 
nacular language  has  been  corrupted  by 
those  who  have  understood  French  bettor 
than  their  mother  tongue.] 

1.  To  wash  ;  to  cleanse  by  washing.  But 
in  present  usage, 

2.  To  cleanse  with  a  second  or  repeated  ap- 
plication of  water,  after  washing.  We 
distinguish  washing  from  rinsing.  Hash- 
ing is  performed  by  rubbing,  or  with  the 
use  of  soap ;  rinsing  is  perforu)ed  with 
clean  water,  without  much  rubbing  or  the 
use  of  soap.  Clothes  are  rinsed  by  dip- 
ping and  dasliiug.;  and  vessels  are  rinsed 
by  dashing  water  on  them,  or  by  slight 
rubbing.  A  close  barrel  may  be  rinsed, 
but  cannot  well  be  ivashed. 

RINS'ED,  pp.  Cleansed  with  a  second  wa- 
ter ;  cleaneil. 

RINS'ER,  n.  One  that  rinses. 

UlNS'ING,  ppr.  Cleansing  with  a  second 
water. 

RIOT,  n.  [Norm,  riotli  ;  It.  riutla  ;  Fr. 
riote,  a  brawl  or  tumult.  The  W.  hrotli. 
brioth,  commotion,  may  be  from  the  same 
root  with  a  prefix,  which  would  connect 
this  word  with  bn/dia7t,  hri/diitw,  to  li(;at,  to 
boil.  The  Spanish  has  albvnilo,  and  Fort 
alvoroto,  in  a  like  sense.  In  Uanish,  ridter 
is  to  drink  hard,  to  riot.  The  primary 
sense  is  probably  noise  or  agitation.] 

1.  In  a  g'e»ien(/.9eH.5f,  tumult ;  uproar  ;  hence 
technically,  In  Itiiix,  a  riotous  as.sembling  of 
twelve  persons  or  more,  and  not  dispers- 
ing upon  proclamation.  Blackstone. 

The  detinition  of  riot  must  depend  on 
the  laws.  la  Connecticut,  the  assend)ling 
of  three  persons  or  more,  o  do  an  unlaw- 
ful act  by  violence  against  the  pers^m  or 
property  of  another,  and  not  dispersing 
upon  proclamation,  is  declared  to  be  a  riot. 
In.  Massachusetts  and  New  Hampshire, 
the  nund)er  necessary  to  constitute  a  riot 
is  twelve. 

2.  Uproar ;  wild  and  noisy  festivity. 

Milton. 

3.  Excessive  and  expensive  feastins.  2 
Pet.  ii.  ^ 

4.  Luxury. 

The  Iamb  thy  riot  dooms  to  bleed  to-day. 

Pope. 


R  I  P 

Brought  to  j>erfection  in  growth  Or  to  tlie 
best  state  ;  mature  ;  fit  Jbr  use  ;  as  ripe 
fruit ;  ripe  corn. 

Advanced  to  perfection  ;  matured  ;  as 
n'/;e  judgment,  or  ripe  in  judgment. 

3.  Finished;  consummate  ;  as  a  rt/;t  scholar. 

4.  Brought  to  the  point  of  takmg  etVect  ; 
matured  ;  ready  ;  prepared  ;  as  things  just 
ripe  for  war.  Addison- 

5.  Fully  fjualilied  by  improvement ;  prepar- 
ed ;  as  a  student  ripe  for  the  university  ;  a 
sainl  ripe  for  heaven.  Fell.     Uryden. 

().  Resembling  the  ripeness   of  fruit  ;  as  a 

ripe  lip.  Shuli. 

7.  Complete  ;  proper  for  use. 
When  lime  is  ripe.  Shak. 

8.  Maturated  ;  suppurated;  as  an  abscess  or 
tumor. 

RIPE,  I',  i.  To  ripen  ;  to  grow  ripe ;  to  be 
matincd.     [.Yot  used.    See  Ripen.] 

Shak. 
RIPE,  V.  t.  To  mature  ;  to  ripen.     [J\'ot  us- 
ed.] Shak. 
RIPELY,  cuiv.  Maturely;  at  the  fit  time. 

Shak. 
RIPEN,  V.  i.  ri'pn.  [Sax.  ripian  ;  D.  rypen  : 
G.  reifen.] 

1.  To  grow  ripe;  to  be  matured;  as  grain 
or  fruit.  Grain  ripens  best  in  dry  weather. 

2.  To  ai)|)roach  or  come  to  perfection  ;  to 
be  fitted  or  prepared  ;  ns,  a  project  is  ri- 
pening for  execution. 

RIPEN,  V.  t.  ri'pn.  To  mature  ;  to  make 
ripe  ;  as  grain  or  fruit. 

'i.  To  mature  ;  to  fit  or  prepare  ;  as,  to  ripeyi 
one  for  heaven. 

3.  To  bring  to  perfection  ;  as,  to  ripen  the 
judgment. 

RI'PP^.NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  ripe  or 
brought  to  that  state  of  perfection  which 
fits  for  use :  maturity  ;  as  the  ripeness  of 
grain. 

2.  Full  growth. 
Time  which  made  tJiem  their  fame  outlive. 
To  Cowley  scarce  did  ripeness  give.  Denhain. 

3.  Perfection  ;  completeness  ;  as  the  ripeness 
of  virtue,  wisdom  or  judgment. 

4.  Fitness;  qualification.  Shak. 

5.  Complete  maturation  or  suppuration,  as 
of  an  ulcer  or  abscess. 

C.  A  state  of  preparation  ;  as  the  liptness  of 
a  project  for  execution. 

RIPHEAN,  a.  An  epithet  given  to  certain 
mountains  in  tlie  north  of  Asia,  probably 
signifving  snowy  mountains. 

RIPil'.R.  >        In  old  laics,  one  who  brings 

RIPPER,  S  "■  fisli  to  market  in  the  inland 
country.  Cowel. 

RIPPED,  pp.  Torn  or  cut  off  or  out;  torn 
open. 

RIP'PER,  n.  One  who  tears  or  cuts  open. 

RI1"PI.\'G,  ppr.  Cutting  or  tearing  off  or 
open  ;  tearing  up. 

RIP' PING,  )i.   A  tearing. 

2.  A  discovery.     Obs.  Spenser. 

RIPPLE,  r.i.  [In  Dan.  ripper  is  to  stir  or 
agitate  ;  in  G.  ri^c  is  a  hatchel  ;  and  rif- 
feln,  to  hatchel ;  in  Sax.  gerljitd  is  wrink- 
led.    Ripple  is  probably  allied  to  rip.] 

iTo  fret  on  the  surface ;  as  water  when  agi- 
tated or  running   over  a  rough    bottom, 
appears  rough  and  broken,  or  as  if  ripped 
RIPE,     a.     [Sax.   7-ipe,  gerip :    D.  iijp ;    G.  |     or  torn. 

reif.     The  Saxon  word  signifies  harvest,!  RIPPLE,  v.  f.    [G.  ri^c/ii,  to  hatchel.]     To 
a  reap  or  reaping  :  n'/)a,  a  h.-iiulful  of  corn  ;       <'lean,  as  fiax.  Rf'V- 

ripan,  to  rea[) :  ripian,  to  ripen.]  \\2.  To  agitate  the  surface  of  water. 


R  I  P 

To  run  riot,  to  act  or  move  without  Control 
or  restraint.  Swift. 

RI'OT,  V.  i.  [Fr.  rioter;  It.  riotture.]  To 
revel  ;  to  run  to  excess  in  feasting,  drink- 
ing or  other  sensual  indulgences. 

2.  To  luxuriate  ;  to  be  highly  excited. 

No  pulse  ihat  riots,  and  no  blood  that  glows. 

Pope 

3.  To  banquet  ;   to  live  in  luxury  ;  to  en- 
joy- 
How  base   is   tlic  ingratitude  which  forgets 

tlic  benefactor,  while  it  is  rioting  on  the  bene 
lit !  Dwight. 

To  raise  an   uproar  or  sedition. 

Johnson. 

RI'OTER,  n.  One  who  indulges  in  loose 
festivity  or  excessive  feasting. 

2.  Ill  law,  one  guilty  of  meeting  with  others 
to  do  an  unlawful  act,  and  declining  tore- 
tire  upon  |)roclamation. 

RIOTING,  ppr.  Reveling  ;  indulging  in 
excessive  feasting. 

RI  OTING,  n.  A  reveling. 

RI'OTISE,  »i.  Dissoluteness;  luxury.  [M)t\ 
in  u.ii.]  Spenser.\ 

RIOTOUS,    a.    [It.  riottoso.]     Luxurious 
wanton  or  licentious  in    festive  indulgen- 
cies  ;   as  riotous  eaters  of  flesh.     Prov 
xxiii. 

2.  Consisting  of  riot ;  tumultuous  :  parta- 
king of  the  nature  of  an  unlawful  assem- 
bly ;  seditious. 

3.  Guilty  of  riot;  applied  to  persons. 
RI'OTOUSLY,  ndi:  With  excessive   or  li- 
centious luxury.  Eeclus. 

2.  In  the  manner  of  an  unlawful  assembly  ; 
tiimultuou.sly  ;  seditiously. 

RI'OTOUSNESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  riotous. 

RIP,  V.  t.  [Sax.  i-^jpan,  ri/ppan,  hri/pan  ;  Sw. 
rifv'i ;  Dan.  river.  This  belongs  to  the 
great  family  of  Sax.  renjian,  L.  rapio,  Ir 
rcab'im,  Eiig.  rtnpand  rive;  allied  perhaps 
to  the  L.  crepo,  Fr.  crcver.] 

I.  To  separate  by  cutting  or  tearing  ;  to 
tear  or  cut  open  or  off;  to  tear  off  or  out 
by  violence ;  as,  to  rip  open  a  garment  by 
culting  the  stitches  ;  to  rip  off  the  skin  of 
a  beast ;  to  rip  open  a  sack  ;  to  rip  off 
the  shingles  or  ilupboards  of  a  house  ;  to 
rip  up  a  floor.  We  never  use  Ulcerate  in 
these  seiLses,  but  apply  it  to  a  partial  tear- 
ing of  the  skin  anti  fiesh. 
To  take  out  or  away  by  cutting  or  tear- 
ing. Otway. 
He'll  rl})  the  fat,-!!  secret  from  her  heart. 

Granville. 

3.  To  tear  up  for  search  or  disclosure  or  for 
alteration  ;  to  search  to  the  bottom  ;  witi 


2. 


up. 
Y  ou  rip  tip  tlie  original  of  Scodand. 

Spenser. 
They  ripped  tip  all   that  had   been  done  from 
the  bcsjinning  of  the  rebellion.  Clarendotl. 

4.  To   rip  out,  as  an  oath.     [This  .seems  to 
be  the  D.  rocpen.  Sax.  hreopan,  to  cry  out 
allied  to  L.  nepo,  Vr.  crever.] 
RIP.  n.    .\   tearing  ;  a  place  torn  ;  lacera- 
tion. Mdison. 

2.  A  wicker  basket  to  carry  fish  in 

Coicc^ 

3.  Refuse.     [J\'ot  in  use  or  local. 
[Sax.   ripe,  gerip :    D.  ryp ;    G. 


R  I  S 


R  I  S 


R  I  S 


RIP'PLE,  n.  Tlie  fretting  of  the  surface  of 
WMter;  little  curling  waves.  1 

2.  A  large  comb  or  hatchel  for  cleaning;! 
flax.  1 

RIPPLING,  ppr-   Fretting  on  the  surface. 

RIP'PLING,  n.  The  ripple  dashing  on  the' 
shore,  or  the  noise  of  it.  Pennant. 

9.  The  act  or  method  of  cleaning  flax;  a 
hatcheling. 

RIPT,  pp.   for  ripped. 

RIP'TOVVELL,  )i.  A  gratuity  given  to  ten- 
ants after  they  had  reaped  their  lordV 
corn.  Bailey.     Todd. 

RISE,  V.  i.  rize.  pret.  rose  ;  pp.  risen  ;  pron. 
roze,  rizn.  [Sax.  arisaii ;  D.rijzen  ;  Goth. 
reisan,  in  ur-reisan,  to  rise,  and  ur-raisyan, 
to  raise.     See  Raise.] 

1.  To  move  or  pass  upward  in  any  manner ; 
to  ascend ;  as,  a  fog  rise*  from  a  river  or 
from  low  ground  ;  a  fish  rises  in  water; 
fowls  me  in  the  air  ;  clouds  rise  from  the 
horizon  towards  the  meridian;  a  balloon 
rises  above  the  clouds. 

2.  To  get  up;  to  leave  the  place  of  sleep 
or  rest ;  as,  to  rise  from  bed. 

3.  To  get  up  or  move  from  any  recuinbent 
to  an  erect  posture  ;  as,  to  rise  after  a  fall 

4.  To  get  up  from  a  seat ;  to  leave  a  sitting 
posture  ;  as,  to  rise  from  a  sofa  or  chair. 

5.  To  spring  ;  to  grow  ;  as  a  plant ;  hence, 
to  be  high  or  tali.  A  tree  rises  to  the 
highth  of  UO  feet. 

6.  To  swell  in  quantity  or  extent ;  to  be 
more  elevated ;  as,  a  river  rises  after  a 
rain. 

7.  To  break  forth  ;  to  appear  ;  as,  a  boi 
rises  on  the  skin. 

8.  To  appear  above  the  horizon  ;  to  shine 
as,  the  sun  or  a  star  rises. 

He  maketh  his  sun  to  rise  on  the  evil  and  on 
the  good.     Matt.  v. 

9.  To  begin  to  exist ;  to  originate  ;  to  come 
into  being  or  notice.  Great  evils  some- 
times rise  from  small  imprudences. 

10.  To  be  excited  ;  to  begin  to  move  or  act; 
as,  the  wind  rose  at  12  o'clock. 

11.  To  increase  in  violence.  The  wind  con- 
tinued to  rise  till  3  o'clock. 

12.  To  appear  in  view  ;  as,  to  rise  up  to  the 
reader's  view.  Addison. 

13.  To  appear  in  sight ;  also,  to  appear  more 
elevated;  as  in  sailing  towards  a  sliore, 
the  land  rises. 

14.  To  change  a  station ;  to  leave  a  place  ; 
as,  to  rise  from  a  siege.  Knolles 

15.  To  spring ;  to  be  excited  or  produced. 
A  thought  now  rises  in  my  mind. 

16.  To  gain  elevation  in  rank,  fortune  or 
public  estimation ;  to  be  promoted.  Men 
may  rise  by  industry,  by  merit,  by  favor, 
or  by  intrigue. 

Some  rise  by  sin,  and  some  by  virtue  fall. 

Shak 
When  the  wicked  rise,  men  hide  themselves. 
Prov.  xxviii. 

17.  To  break  forth  into  public  commotions  ; 
to  make  open  opposition  to  goverrunent 
or  to  assemble  and  oppose  government 
or  to  assemble  in  arms  for  attacking  an- 
other   nation.      The   Greeks    have   risen 
against  their  oppressors. 

No  moto  sliall  nation  against  nation  rise. 

Pope 

18.  To  be  e.vcited  or  roused  into  action. 
Rise  up  to  the  battle.     Jcr.  xlix. 


19.  To  make  a  hostile  attack ;  as  when  a 
man  riselh  against  his  neiglibor.  Deut. 
x.xii. 

Also,  to  rebel.     2  Sam.  xviii. 

20.  To  increase  ;  to  swell ;  to  grow  more  or 
greater.  A  voice,  feeble  at  first,  rises  to 
thunder.  The  price  of  goods  rises.  The 
heat  rises  to  intensity. 

21.  To  be  improved  ;  to  recover  from  de- 
pression ;  as,  a  family  may  rise  after  mis- 
fortune to  o|)ulence  anri  splendor. 

22.  To  elevate  the  style  or  manner;  as,  to 
rise  in  force  of  expression;  to  rise  in  elo 
quence. 

33.  To  be  I 


evived  from  death. 
The  dead  in  Christ  shall  rise  first.     1  Thess. 
iv. 

24.  To  come  by  chance.  Spenser 

25.  To  ascend  ;  to  be  elevated  above  the 
level  or  surface;  as,  tlie  ground  rises  grad 
ually  one  hundred  yards.  The  Andes 
rise  more  than  20,000  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  ocean  ;  a  mountain  in  Asia  is  said 
to  rise  still  higher. 

2C.  To  proceed  from. 

A  scepter  sliall  rise  out  of  Israel.    Num.  xxiv. 

27.  To  have  its  sources  in.  Rivers  me  in 
lakes,  ponds  and  springs. 

28.  To  be  moved,  roused,  excited,  kindled 
or  inflamed,  as  passion.  His  wrath  rose 
to  rage. 

20.  To  ascend  in  the  diatonic  scale  ;  as,  to 
rise  a  tone  or  semitone. 

30.  To  amount.  The  public  debt  rises  to  a 
hundred  millions. 

31.  To  close  a  session.  AVe  say,  congress 
will  rise  on  the  4th  of  Marcli ;  the  legisla- 
ture or  the  court  will  rise  on  a  certain 
day. 

This  verb  is  written  also  arise,  which  see. 
In  general,  it  is  indifferent  which  orthog- 
raphy is  used;  but  custom  lias,  in  some 
cases,  established  one  to  the  exclusion  ol 
the  other.  Thus  we  never  say,  the  price 
of  goods  arises,  when  we  mean  advances, 
but  we  always  say,  the  |irice  rises.  We 
never  say,  the  ground  arises  to  a  certain 
altitude,  and  rarely,  a  man  arises  into  an 
office  or  station.  It  is  hardly  possible  to 
class  or  define  the  cases  in  which  usage 
has  established  a  difference  in  the  ortlioj^ 
raphy  of  this  verb.  A  knowledge  of 
these  cases  must  be  acquired  by  observa 
tion. 

RISE,  Ji.  rise.  The  act  of  rising,  either  in 
a   literal   or   figurative  sense;  ascent;  a; 
the  rise   of  vapor   in  the  air ;  the  7-ise  ol' 
mercury  in  the  barometer  ;  the  rise  of  wa- 
ter in  a  river. 

i.  The  act  of  springing  or  mounting  from 
the  ground  ;  as  tlie  rise  of  the  feet  in  leap- 
ing. 

3.  Ascent ;  elevation,  or  degree  ot  ascent  ; 
as  the  rise  of  a  hill  or  mountain. 

4.  Spring  ;  source  ;  origin ;  as  the  rise  of  a 
stream  in  a  mountain.  All  sin  has  its 
rise  in  the  heart. 

5.  Any  place  elevated  above  the  common 
level ;  as  a  rise  of  land. 

6.  Appearance  above  the  horizon;  as  the 
rise  of  the  sun  or  a  star. 

7.  Increase  ;  advance;  as  a  rise  in  the  price 
of  wheat. 

8.  Advance  in  rank,  honor,  property  or 
fame.     Observe  a   man  after   his  rise  to 


■    ofBce,  or  a  family  after  its  rise  from  obscu- 
rity. 

9.  Increase  of  sound  on  the  same  key ;  a 
swelling  of  the  voice. 

10.  Elevation  or  ascent  of  the  voice  in  the 
!     diatonic  scale  ;  as  a  rise  of  a  tone  or  semi- 
tone. 

11.  Increase;  augmentation. 

12.  [D.  rys ;  from  the  verb.]  A  bough  or 
branch.     [.Not  in  use.^  Chaucer. 

RIS'EN,  pp.  [See  Rise'.] 

'Rl'SER,    n.    One  that   rises;  as   an  early 

j     riser. 

j2.  Among  joiners,  the   upright   board   of  a 

I     stair. 

RISIBILITY,  n.  [from  mi6/e.]  The  quaU- 
ty  of  laughing,  or  of  being  capable  of 
laughter.  Risibility  is  peculiar  to  the  hu- 
man species. 

2.  Proiieness  to  laugh. 

RI'SIBLE,  a.  [Fr.  risible  ;  L.  risibilis,  from 
rirfeo,  rist,  to  laugh.     Hec  Ridiculous.] 

1.  Having  the  faculty  or  power  of  laughing. 
Man  is  a  risible  animal. 

Laughable  ;  capable  of  exciting  laughter. 
The  description  of  FalstaflTin  Sirakspeare, 
exhibits  a  risi6/e  scene.  Risible  differs 
from  ludicrous,  as  species  from  genus ; 
ludicrous  expressing  that  which  is  play- 
ful and  sportive  ;  risible,  that  which  may 
excite  laughter.  Risible  differs  from  ri- 
diculous, as  the  latter  implies  something 
mean  or  contemptible,  and  risible  does  not. 
RI'SING,  ppr.  Getting  up  ;  ascending  ; 
mounting  ;  springing  ;  proceeding  from  ; 
advancing  ;  swelling  ;  increasing;  appear- 
ing above  the  horizon  ;  reviving  from 
death,  &c. 

2.  Increasing  in  wealth,  power  or  distinc- 
tion ;  as  arisin/^  state  ;  a  rising  character. 

RI'SING,  n.  The  act  of  getting  up  from 
any  recumbent'  or  sitting  posture. 

2.  The  act  of  ascending ;  as  the  rising  of 
vapor. 

3.  The  act  of  closing  a  session,  as  of  a  public 
body  ;  as  the  risi7ig  of  the  legislature. 

4.  The  a|)pearance  of  the  sun  or  a  star 
above  the  horizon. 

5.  The  act  of  reviving  from  the  dead  ;  res- 
urrection.    Mark  ix. 

t).  A  tumor  on  the  body.     Lev.  xiii. 

7.  An  as.sembling  in  opposition  to  govern- 
ment ;  insurrection  ;  sedition  or  mutiny. 

RISK,  n.  [Pr.  risipie  ;  Ann.  risql ;  Sp  ricsgo  ; 
Port,  risco;  It.  risrkio,  risk,  danger,  peril  ; 
Fr.  risquer,  Arm.  risqla,  Sp.  arriesgar,  Port. 
arriscar,  to  risk.  Tin;  sense  is  a  pushing 
forwani,  a  rushing,  as  in  rnsh.  Qii.  Dan. 
dristig,  bold,  rush;  drisler,  to  dare:  Sw. 
drisla,  to  trust,  to  he  hold,  hardy  or  rash. 
Ill  Portuguese,  risco  signifies  not  only 
hazard,  but  a  stroke,  a  dash,  and  with 
painters,  delineation  ;  riscar  signifies  to 
dash  or  strike  out  with  a  pen,  to  erase. 
The  -primary  sense  then  is  to  throw  or 
dash,  or  to  rush,  to  drive  forward.  See 
Peril,  Rash  and  Rush.] 
I.  Hazard  :   danger  ;    peril  ;    exposure    to 


harm,  lie,  at  the  risk  of  his  life,  saved  a 
drowning  man. 
2.  In  commerce,  the  hazard  of  loss,  either  of 
ship,  goods  or  other  property.  Hence, 
risk  signifies  also  the  degree  of  hazard  or 
danger  ;  fi)r  the  premiums  of  insurance 
are  calculated  upon  the  risA'.  The  uinler- 
writers  now  take  risks  at  a  low  premium. 


R  I  V 


R  I  V 


R  O  A 


To  run  a  risk,  is  to  incur  hazard  ;  to  encoua 

ter  ilaiigor. 

RISK,  V.  I.  To  hazard;  to  endimjjer ;  toex- 
posu  to  injury  or  loss  ;  ns,  to  risk  (foods  on 
board  of  a  ship ;  to  risk  one's  person  in 
battle  ;  to  risk  one's  fame  by  a  publica- 
tion;  to  risk  life  in  defense  ofrijjhts. 

3.  Ti)  venture  ;  to  dare  to  undertake  ;  as,  to 
risk  a  buttle  or  cotnbat. 

RISK'KD,  pp.  Hazarded;  exposed  to  inju- 
ry or  loss. 

RISK'ER,  n.  One  who  hazards. 

RlriK'lNG,  ppr.  Hazarding;  exposing  to 
injury  or  loss. 

RISSE,  obsolete  pret.  of  rise.         B.  Jonson. 

RITIi,  n.  [Fr.  rit,  rite;  L.  ritus ;  It.  Sp. 
rito  ;  Sans,  riti,  service.] 

The  manner  of  performing  divine  or  solenni 
service  as  eslublished  by  law,  precept  or 
custom  ;  formal  act  of  religion,  or  other 
solemn  duty.  The  rites  of  the  Israelites 
were  numerous  and  expensive  ;  the 
n'te*  of  modern  churches  are  more  simple. 
Funeral  rites  are  very  different  in  differ- 
ent countries.  The  sacrament  is  a  holy 
rite.  Hammond. 

RITORNEL'LO,  n.  [It.  from  ritoruo,  re- 
turn, or  ritontare,  to  return.] 

In  viusic,  a  repeat;  the  burden  of  a  song,  or 
the  repetition  of  a  verse  or  strain. 

RIT'UAL,  a.  [It.  rituale.]  Pertaining  to 
rites;  consisting  of  rites  ;  as  n7un<  service 
or  sacrifices.  Prior. 

2.  Prescribing  rites  ;  as  the  ritual  law. 

RIT'UAL,  n.  A  book  containing  the  rites 
to  be  observed,  or  the  manner  of  perform- 
ing divine  service  in  a  particular  church, 
diocese  or  the  like.  Enctjc. 

RIT'UALIST,  n.  One  skilled  in  the  ritual. 

Gres^orijJ^ 

RIT'UALLY,  adv.  By  rites;  or  by  a  par- 
ticular rite.  .Seidell. 

RIV'AuE,  n.  [Fr.  from  rive,  bank.]  A 
bank,  shore  or  coast.     [jVol  in  use.] 

Spoiser. 

RI'VAL,  n.  [I,,  rivnlls ;  Fr.  Sp.  rival;  h. 
rivate ;  Ir.  rwblach  :  Heb.  3n  to  conteiul 
to  strive  ;  Dan.  rives,  to  strive  ;  Sp.  rifa 
strife,  raffle  ;  rifar,  to  dispute,  quarrel  oi 
raffle,  and  to  split  a  sail.  Ciu.  to  rive  or 
rip.     See  Raffle.] 

1.  One  who  is  in  puistiit  of  the  same  object 
as  another ;  one  .striving  to  reach  or  oh 
tain  something  which  another  is  attempt 
ing  to  obtain,  and  which  one  only  can 
possess;  a  competitor ;  as  rivals  in  love; 
nvo/*fora  crown.  Love  will  not  patient 
ly  l)ear  a  rival. 

2.  One  striving  to  equal  or  exceed  another 
in  excellence;  as  two  rivals  in   eloquence. 

.3.  An  antagonist;  a  competitor  in  any  pur 

suit  or  strife. 
RI'VAL,  a.  Having  the  same  pretensions  oi 
claims  ;  standing  in  competition  for  supe 
riority  ;  as  rival  lovers  ;  rival  claims  or  pro 
tensions. 

Equal  in  years  and  rival  in  renown. 

Dryden 
RI'VAL,  V.  t.  To  stand  in  competition  with 
to  strive  to  gain  the  object  which  another 
is  contending  for;  as,  to  rival  one  in  love. 
2.  To  strive  to  equal  or  excel;  to  emulate. 
To  rival  tliiindei  in  its  i-apiil  course. 

Dry  den. 

RI'VAL,  V.  i.  To  be  competitors,     {^iot  in 

use.]  Shak. 


RIVAL'ITY,  n.  Rivalry.     [JVot  in  nse.] 

Sliak. 

RI'VALRY,  n.  [from  nVa/.]  Competition  ;  a 
strife  or  effort  to  obtain  an  object  which 
another  is  pursuing  ;  us  rivalry  ni  love  ;  or 
an  endeavor  to  equal  or  surpass  another 
in  some  excellence  ;  emulation  ;  as  rivalry 
for  superiority  at  the  bar  or  in  the  senate. 

Rl'VALSHIP,  ;i.  The  state  or  character  of 
a  rival.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  Strife  ;  contention  for  superiority  ;  emu- 
lation ;  rivalry. 

RIVE,  V.  t.  pret.  rived;  pp.  rived  or  riven. 
[Dan.  revner,  to  split;  river,  to  pluck  off  or 
away,  to  rake ;  Sw.  rifva,  to  pull  asunder, 
to  burst  or  rend,  to  rake,  to  tear ;  Ice. 
ri/a,  Sw.  refva,  a  chink  or  crevice  ;  Fr. 
crever,  whence  creunssf, crevice;  Russ.  rvu  ; 
allied  to  L.  rumpo,  rnpi.  It  may  be  allied 
to  the  family  of  L.  rapio,  reap,  rip.] 

To  split;  to  cleave  ;  to  rend  asunder  by 
force;  as,  to  rive  timber  for  rails  or  shin- 
gles with  wedges ;  the  riven  oak ;  the  riven 
clouds.  Dnjden.    Milton. 

Tlie  scolding  winds 
Have  riv'd  the  knotty  oaks.  Shak. 

RIVE,  V.  i.  To  be  split  or  rent  asunder. 

Freestone  rives,  splits  and  breaks  in  any  di- 
rection. fVoodward. 

RIV'EL,  V.  t.  [Sax.  gerijled,  wrinkled  ;  tVom 
the  root  of  Dan.  river,  to  draw,  to  wrest, 
Sw.  rifva.  This  word  is  obsolete,  but 
shrivel,  from  the  same  root,  is  in  use.  It 
may  be  allied  to  ruffle.] 

To  contract  into  wrinkles  ;  to  shrink  ;  as  riv- 
eted fruits ;  rii'cled  flowers. 

Dryden.     Pope. 

RIV^'EN,  pp.  of  rii^e.  Split;  rent  or  burst 
asuiKler. 

RI'VER,  n.  One  who  rives  or  splits. 

RIV'ER,  n.  [Fr.  riviere;  Arm.  rifyer;  Corn. 
njvier  ;  It.  riviera  ;  from  L.  rivus,  rivulus  ; 
1).  rivier.  The  Italian  word  signifies  a 
river,  and  a  bank  or  shore,  L.  ripa,  Sp.  ri 
hera. ] 

1.  A  large  stream  of  water  flowing  in  a  chan- 
nel on  land  towards  tlie  ocean,  a  lake 
or  another  river.  It  is  larger  than  a  rivu- 
let or  brook  ;  but  is  ap|)lied  to  any  stream 
from  the  size  of  a  mill-stream  to  that  of 
the  Danube,  Maraiion  and  Mississippi. 
We  give  this  name  to  large  streams  which 
admit  the  tide  and  mingle  salt  water  with 
fresh,  as  the  rivers  Hudson,  Delaware  and 
St.  Lawrence. 

2.  A  large  stream  ;  copious  flow ;  abund- 
ance;  as  ritif  r.s  of  blood  ;  ni'era  of  oil. 

RIV'ER-DRAGO^f.  n.  A  crocodile;  a  name 
given  by  Milton  to  the  king  of  Egypt. 

RIVERET,  n.  A  small  river.  [.\ot  in  use.] 

RIV'ER-GOD,  n.  A  deity  supposed  to  pre- 
side over  a  river,  as  its  tutelary  divinity  ; 
a  naiad.  Lempriere. 

RIV  ER-IIORSE,  n.  The  hippopotamus,  an 
iiniiiial  iiiliabitins;  rivers.  JMiltonJ 

RIV'ER- WATER,  ii.  The  water  of  a  river, 
as  distinguished  from  rain-water. 

RIV'ET,  V.  t.  [It.  rihadire ;  Port  rebitar. 
These  are  compounds  of  a  verb  with  re  tor 
a  prefix.  The  Spanish  has  roblar.  The 
French  river,  and  Arm.  riva  or  rinva, 
would  seem  to  be  the  Heb.  2n  to  drive.] 
To  fasten  with  a  rivet  or  with  rivets;  as, 
to  rivet  two  pieces  of  iron. 
To  clinch ;  as,  to  rivet  a  pin  or  bolt. 

Moxon. 


3.  To  fasten  firmly  ;  to  make  firm,  stroug  ot 
immovable;  as,  to  rivet  frieudsliip  or  af- 
fection. Alterbury. 
Rivet  and  nail  me  where  I  stand,  ye  pow'rs. 

'  Congreve. 

RIV'ET,  n.  A  pin  of  iron  or  other  metal 
with  a  head,  driven  through  a  piece  of 
timber  or  metal,  and  the  point  bent  or 
spread  and  beat  down  fast,  to  prevent  its 
being  drawn  out  ;  or  a  pin  or  bolt  clinch- 

I     ed  at  both  ends. 

RIV  ETKll  pp.  Clinched;  made  fast. 

RIVETING,  ppr.  Clinching  ;  fastening 
firmly. 

RIVULET,  n.  [L.  rivulus.]  A  small  stream 
or  brook  ;  a  streamlet. 

By  fountain  or  by  shady  rivulet, 

He  sought  them.  Milton. 

RIXA'TION,  n.  [L.  rixaiio,  from  rizor,  to 
brawl  or  ijuarrcl.] 

A  brawl  or  (jiiarrel.     [.Vol  in  use.] 

,RIX-DOL'LAR,n.  [G.  reichslhaler ;  D.ryks- 
daalder  ;  Sw.  riksdaltr ;  Dan.  rigsdaler  ; 
the  dollar  of  the  realm.] 

A  silver  coin  of  Germany,  Denmark  and 
Sweden,  of  diflerent  value  in  different 
places.  In  Hainlnirg  and  some  other  parts 
of  Germany,  its  value  is  the  same  as  the 

I     American  dollar,  or  4-(Jd.  sterling.    In  oth- 

[     er  parts  of  Germany,  its  value  is  ii-tid.  sler- 

1     ling,  or  about  78  cents. 

R0A(,'H,  n.   [Sax.  reohrhe,  hrcoce  ;  G.  roche  ; 

I     Dan.  rokke  ;  Sw.   rocka  ;  Fr.  rougel,  from 

I     the  root  of  rouge,  red.] 

A  fish  of  the  genus  Cyprinus,  found  in  fresh 

;  water,  easily  caught  and  tolerably  good 
for  food. 

.Js  sound  as  a  roach,  is  a  phrase  supposed  to 

I     have  been  originally,  as  sound  as  a   rock, 

'     (Fr.  roche.) 

jRO.AD,  71.  [Sax.  rod,  rade,  a  ride,  a  passing 
or  traveling  on  horseback,  a  way,  a  road, 

[  corresponding  with  the  G.  reise,  D.  reis, 
Dan.  rejse,  Sw.  rtsa  ;  but  in  the  sense  of  a 
place  for  anchoring  ships,  the  Fr.  has  rade, 

j     Sp.  rada,  G.  D.  reede,  Sw.  redd,  Dan.  rede, 

[  reed.  In  the  sense  of  way,  the  Spanish 
has  rauta,  \V.  rhawd,  all  connected  with 
ride,  W.  rhedu,  to  run,  and  L.  gradior, 
W.  rhodiau;  to  walk  or  go.  The  Slavonic 
has  brud,  and  the  Bohemian  brod,  a  way. 
See  Grade.] 

1.  An  open  way  or  public  passage;  ground 
appropriated  for  travel,  forming  a  commu- 
nication between  one  city,  town  or  place 
and  another.  The  word  is  generally  ap- 
plied to  highways,  and  as  a  generic  term 
it  includes  highway,  street  and  lane.  The 
military  roads  of  the  Romans  were  paved 
with  stone,  or  I'ormed  of  gravel  or  peb 
bles,  and  some  of  them  remain  to  this  day 
entire. 

2.  A  place  where  ships  may  ride  at  anchor 
at  some  distance  from  the  shore  ;  some- 
times called  roadstead,  that  is,  a  place  for 
riding,  meaning  at  anchor. 

3.  A  journey.  [Not  used,  but  we  still  use 
ride  as  a  noun  ;  as  a  long  ride  ;  a  short 
ride;  the  same  word  differently  written.] 

Milton. 

4.  An  inroad  ;  incursion  of  an  enemy.  [.Vot 
in  use.]  Shak. 

On  the  road,  passing  ;  traveling.  Law. 

ROADER,       )       Among  seamen,  a  vessel 

ROADSTER,  ^    '  riding  at  anchor  in  a  road 

or  bay.  Mar.  Did. 


li  O  A 


ROB 


ROB 


KOADJfTEAl).     [See  Road.] 
llOAOWAY,  n.  A  bighvvay.  [Tautological.] 

Shak. 
ROAM,  V.  i.  [If »«  is  radical,  this  word  seems 

to  he  coiinecled  with  ramble,  L.  ramus.  In 

W.  rhamu  is  to  rise  over,  to  soar,  to  vault ; 

whence  rhamani,  a  rising  boldly,  romance  ; 

rhem,  rhum,  something  projecting ;  rhim, 


Ar. 


Class  Rm.  No.  5. 


rim,  the  exterior  part  of  a  thin 

to  exceed,  to  depart 

See  also  No.  9.  and  2.3.]  j 

To  wander;  to  ramble;  to  rove;  to  walk  or, 
move  about  from  i)lace  to  place  withouti 
any   certain   purpose   or   direction.     The 
wolf  and  the  savage  roam  in  the  forest. 
Daplme  roaming  through  a  thorny  wood. 

Shak. 

ROAM,  V.  t.  To  range  ;  to  wander  over  ;  as, 
to  roam  the  woods ;  but  the  phrase  is  el- 
liptical. Milton. 

ROAMER,  n.  A  wanderer ;  a  rover :  a  ram- 
bler ;  a  vagrant. 

ROAMING,  ;)pr.  Wandering;  roving. 

ROAMING,  n.  The  act  of  wanflering. 

ROAN,  a.  [Fr.  rattan.]  A  roan  horse  is  one! 
that  is  of  a  bay,  sorrel  or  dark  color,  with 
spots  of  gray  or  white  thickly  interspersed.! 

Far.  Did.' 

ROAN-TREE,  n.  A  tree  of  the  genus  Sor-1 
bus  ;  the  mountain  ash.  Lee.l 

ROAR,  V.  i.  [Sax.  rarian,  to  roar  ;  W.  rkawr,' 
the  roaring  of  the  sea.] 

1.  To  cry  with  a  full,  loud,  continued  sound  ; 
to  bellow,  as  a  beast;  as  a  roaring  bull ;  a 
roaring  lion.  Shak.     Dryden. 

2.  To  cry  aloud,  as  in  distress. 

The  suff'ring  chiet" 
lioar'd  out  for  anguish.  Dryden. 

3.  To  cry  aloud  ;  to  bawl ;  as  a  child. 

4.  To  cause  a  loud  continued  sound.  We 
say,  the  sea  or  the  wind  roars  ;  a  company 
roar  in  acclamation. 

5.  To  make  a  loud  noise. 

The  brazen  throat  of  war  had  ceas'd  to  roar. 

Milton. 
ROAR,  n.  A  full  loud  sound  of  some  con 
tiuuancc  ;  the  cry  of  a  beast ;  as  the  roar 
of  a  lion  or  bull. 

2.  The  loud  cry  of  a  child  or  person  in  dis- 
tress. 

3.  Clamor  ;  outcry  of  joy  or  mirth  ;  as  a  roai\ 
of  laughter.  He  set  the  comi)any  in  a 
roar. 

4.  The  loud  continued  sound  of  the  sea  in  a: 
storm,  or  the  bowling  of  a  tempest. 

Philips., 

.5.  Any  loud  sound  of  some  continuance;  asi 

the  roar  of  cannon.  1 

ROARER,  n.  One  that  roars,  man  or  bcast.j 

ROARING,  ppr.  Crying  like  a  bull  or  lion  ; 

uttering  a  deep  loud  sound.  I 

ROARING,  n.  The  cry  of  a  lion  or  other! 

beast ;  outcry   of  distress.   Job   iii. ;  loud 

contiiMied  sound  of  the  billows  of  the  sea 

or  of  u  tempest.  Is.  v. 

ROARY,  a.  Uewy  ;  more  properly  rory. 

ROArfT,   V.  t.    [W.  rhostiaw  ;    Ir.   rostam  ,' 

Arm.    rosia;    Fr.   ri'ilir ;    It.    arrostire ;  D. 

rooslcn  ;  G.   rostcn  ;  Sw.  rosta  ;  Dan.   ris-\ 

/(■)•,  to  roast,  and  risi,  a  gridiron,   (J.   rost. 

If  Ihc  verb   is  from  the  noun,  the  sense  is 

to  dre.ss  or  cook  on  a  gridiron  or  grate,  and 

rist,  rost,   coincide  in  cleuients    with    L. 

rastdlum,  a  rake.     If  the  verb  is  the  root, 


tlie  sense  probably  is  to  contract  or  ciisp, 
or  to  throw  or   agitate,   hence    to  make 
rough.     The   Welsh   has    also  crasu,    to! 
roast,    from    eras.    This    coincides  with 
crisp.] 
I.  To  cook,  dress  or  prepare  meat  for  the  ta- 
ble by  exposing  it  to  heat,  as  on  a  spit,  in 
a  bake-pan,  in  an  oven  or  the  like.     We 
now  say,  to  roast  meat  on  a  spit,  in  a  pan 
or  in  a  tin  oven,  &c. ;  to  bake  meat  in  an| 
oven  ;  to  broil  meat  on  a  gridiron. 
To  prepare  for  food  by  exposure  to  heat; 
as,  to   roast  apples  or  potatoes ;  to  roast 
eggs. 

3.  To  heat  to  excess  ;  to  heat  violently 
Roasted  in  wrath  and  lire.  Shak. 

4.  To  dry  and  |)arch  by  exposure  to  heat ; 
as,  to  roast  coffee. 
In  metallurgy,  to  dissipate  the  volatile 
parts  of  ore  by  heat. 

6.  In  common  discourse,  to  jeer ;  to  banter 


severely. 
ROAST,  71. 
ROAST,  a. 

beef. 
ROAST,  n, 


Scott. 
That  which  is  roasted, 
[for  roasted.]  Roasted ;  as  roast 


In  the  phrase,  to  rule  the  roast, 

this  word  is  a  corrupt  pronunciation   of 

the  G.  rath,  counsel,  Dan.  D.  raad,  Sw. 

rild. 
RO.ASTED,  pp.  Dressed  by  exposure  to  heat 

on  a  spit. 
ROASTER,  n.  One  that  roasts  meat ;  also, 

a  gridiron. 
2.  A  pig  for  roasting. 
ROASTING,  ppr.  Prei)aring  for  the   table 

by  exposure  to  heat  on  a  spit;  drying  and 

parching. 
2.  Bantering  with  severity. 
ROASTING,  n.  A  severe  teasing  or  banter- 


ROB,  n.   [Sp.  rob;  Ar.    ^\,    rauba,  to  be 

thick.] 
The  inspissated  juice   of  ripe   fruit,    mixed 

with  honey  or  sugar  to  the  consistence  of 

a  conserve.  Sp.  Diet. 

ROB,  I',  t.  [G.  rauben  ;  D.  rooven  ;  Sw.  rnffa 

and   rbfva ;    Dan.  rOi'er ;    It.  rubare ;  Sp 

robar ;  Vort.  roubar ;    Pers. 


B'BINS,  I      [rope  ami  bands.]  Short 

PE-BANDS,  ^"-flat    plaited    pieces  of 


bodan.  This  word  has  the  elements  of  W. 
rhaib,  a  snatching.  Sax.  reajian,  L.  rapio, 
Fr.  ravir.  Class  Rb.  No.  26.  27.  29.  30.] 
I.  In  law,  to  take  from  the  person  of  another 
feloniously,  forcibly  and  by  putting  him 
in  fear  ;  as,  to  ro5  a  passenger  on  the  road 

Blackstone 
.  To  seize  and  carry  from  any  thing  by  vi- 
olence and  with  felonious  intent ;  as,  to 
rob  a  coach  ;  to  rob  the  mail. 
.   To    plunder;  to    strip  unlawfully;  as,  to 
rob  an  orchard;  to  rob  a  man  of  his  just 
|(raise. 
.  To  take  away  by  oppression   or  by  vio- 
lence. 

Rob  not  the  poor  because  he  is  poor.  Prov 
xxii. 
.  To  take  from ;  to  deprive.  .A  large  tree 
robs  smaller  plants  near  it  of  their  nour- 
ishment. 
G.  In  a  loose  sense,  to  steal ;  to  take  pri- 
vately without  permission  of  the  owner. 

Tooke. 
i7.  To  withhold  what  is  duo.  Mai.  iii. 


ROBAL'LO,  «.  A  fish  found  in  Mexico, 
which  affords  a  most  delicate  food. 

Clavigero- 

ROB'BE,  n.  [G.]  The  sea  dog  or  seal. 

ROB'BED,  pp.  Deprived  feloniously  and  by 
violence;  plundered;  seized  and  carried 
away  by  violence. 

ROB'BER,  n.  In  laio,  one  that  takes  goods 
or  money  from  the  person  of  another  by 
force  or  menaces,  and  with  a  felonious  in- 
lent.  Blackstone. 

2.  In  a  looser  sense,  one  who  takes  that  to 
which  he  has  no  right ;  one  who  steals, 
plunders  or  strips  by  violence  and  wrong. 

ROB'BERY,  71.  In  law,tl\e  forcible  and  felo- 
nious taking  from  the  person  of  another  an} 
money  or  goods,  putting  him  in  fear,  that 
is,  by  violence  or  by  menaces  of  death  or 
personal  injury.  ffoMtn/ differs  from Mf/?, 
as  it  is  a  violent  telonious  taking  from  the 
person  or  presence  of  another ;  whereas 
thejl  is  a  felonious  taking  of  goods  pri- 
vately from  the  person,  dwelling,  &c.  of 
another.  These  words  should  not  be  con- 
founded. 

2.  A  plundering  ;  a  pillaging  ;  a  taking  away 
by  violence,  wrong  or  oppression. 

ROB'BING,  ppr.  Feloniously  taking  from 
the  person  of  another;  putting  biui  in 
fear;  stripping;  plundering;  taking  from 
another  unlawfully  or  by  wrong  or  op- 
pression. 

ROB'] 

ROP 

rope  with  an  eye  in  one  end,  used  in  pairs 
to  tie  the  upper  edges  of  square  sails  to 
their  yards.  jMar.  Diet. 

ROBE,  n.  [Fr.  robe  ;  Sp.  ropa  ;  Port,  roupa; 
Ir.  ro6«  ;  It.  ro6a,  a  robe,  and  goods  or  es- 
tate ;  far  roba,  to  get  money ;  robone,  a 
long  gown ;  robbiccia,  trifles,  idle  stuff 
The  Spanish  and  Portuguese  words  signi- 
fy clothing  in  general,  cloth,  stuff,  wear- 
ing apparel,  also  a  loose  garment  worn 
over  the  rest,  a  gown  ;  Sp.  ropage  is  wear- 
ing apparel,  drapery;  roperia,  the  trade  of 
dealers  in  clothes.  In  Sp.  and  Port,  then 
the  word  coincides  with  the  Fr.  drap,  Eng. 
drapery  am\  frippery .  In  Sax.  reaf'is  cloth- 
ing in  general,  and  spoil,  phmder,  from 
reqfian,  to  roi.  From  these  facts,  let  the 
reader  judge  whether  this  word  hail  its 
origin  in  rubbing,  like  wearing  apparel,  or 
from  stripping,  the  name  being  originally 
given  to  skins,  the  primitive  clothing  of 
ru<le  nations.] 

1.  .\  kind  of  gown  or  long  loose  garment 
worn  over  other  dress,  particularly  by  per- 
sons in  elevated  stations.  The  robe  is 
properly  a  dress  of  state  or  dignity,  as  of 
princes,  judges,  priests,  &c.  See  Ex.xxix. 
55.  I  Sam.  xxiv.  4.  Matt,  xxvii.  28. 

2.  A  splendid  female  gown  or  garment. 
2  Sam.  xiii. 

3.  An  elegant  dress;  splendid  attire. 

4.  In  Scripture,  the  vesture  of  purity  or  right- 
eousness, and  of  hapi)iness.  Job  xxix. 
Luke  XV. 

ROBE,  II.  /.  To  put  on  a  robe ;  or  to  dress 
with  magnificence  ;  to  army. 

Pope.     Thomson. 
2.  To  dress;  to  invesst,   as  with   beauty  or 
elegance  ;  as  fields  cofctrf  with  green. 

Such  was  his  power  over    die  expression  of 
his  countenance,  that  he  could   in  an  inst;nit 


ROC 

shake  off  the  sternness  of  winter,  and  robe  it  in 
the  brightest  piniles  of  spring.         ^  Wirt. 

RO  BED,  pp.  Dressed  with  a  robe ;  arrayed 
with  elegance. 

ROIVERSMAN,     (       Jii   the    old    statutes 

ROH'KRTSMAN,  p-  of  England,  a  bold 
stout  robber  or  iiit:bt  thief,  said  to  be  so 
called  from  Hobinhood,  a  famous  robber. 

Johnson. 

ROB'ERT,  }„    A  plantofthegetius 

HKKB  ROBERT,  S  Genmium  ;  stork's 
bill.  Fam.  of  Plants.     Ainsivorth. 

ROB'ERTINE,  n.  One  of  an  order  of 
monks,  so  callfil  from  Robert  Flower,  the 
founder,  A.  D.  1187. 

ROB'IN,  n.  [L.  ruhemla,  from  rubeo,  to  be 
red.] 

1.  A  bird  of  the  genns  Motacilla,  called  also 
redbreast.  This  is  the  English  application 
of  the  word. 

i.  In  the  United  States,  a  bird  with  a  red 
breast,  a  species  of  Turdus. 

ROBIN-GyyUFELLOVV,  n.  An  old  do- 
mestic goblin.  Dering 

ROB'ORANT,  o.  [L.  roborans,  roboio.] 
Slreiif;lbciiing. 

ROB'ORANT,  11.  Amedicine  that  strength- 
ens; but  conuhorant  is  gcncrully  used. 

ROHORA'TION,  n.  [from  L.  roboro,  from 
robur,  strengtb] 

A  strengtliening.     [Litlle  used.]  Coles. 

ROBO'REOlJS,  a.  [L.  roboreus,  from  robur, 
strength,  and  an  oak.] 

IMade  ofOak.  Diet- 

ROBUST',  a.  [L.  robustus,  from  robur, 
strength.] 

1.  Strong;  lusty;  sinewy;    muscular;   vig 
orous  ;  tbreeful ;  as  a  robust  body  ;  robust 
youth.     It   implies    full 
healtli. 

2.  Sound  ;  vigorous  ;  as  robust  health 

3.  Violent ;  rough  ;  rude. 

Roiup  loving  ihiss 
Is  haul' J  about  in  gallantry  robust. 

Thomscn. 

4.  Requiring  strength  ;  as  robust  employ- 
ment. Locke. 

[Note.  This  is  one  of  the  woids  in  which  « c 
observe  a  strong  tendency  in  practice  to  ac- 
centuate the  first  syllable,  as  in  oecesf  ;  and 
there  are  many  sitnations  of  the  word  in  which 
this  is  the  preferable  pronunciation.  Mobus- 
iious  is  extremely  vulgar,  and  in  the  U.  Stales 
nearly  obsolete.] 

ROBUST'NESS,  n.  Strength;  vigor,  or 
the  condition  of  the  body  when  it  has  full 
firm  flesh  and  sound  health.         .Irbuthnol. 

RO€'AMBOLE,  }        [from     the    French.] 

ROK'AMBOLE,  \  "'  A  sort  of  wild  garlic, 
the  Allium  scorodoprasum,  growing  natu- 
rally in  Denmark  and  Sweden.  It  has  a 
heart-shaped  root  at  the  side  of  the  stalk. 

Encijc.l 

ROCHE-ALUM,  )!.  [Fr.  rochc,  a  rock.  '  It 
oiiiiht  to  be  written  and  called  rock-alum.] 

Rock-alum,  a  purer  kind  of  alum. 

Morlhner. 

Rochdle  salt,  tartrate  of  jiotasli  and  soda. 

ROCIl'ET,  n.  [Fr.  roc/id  ;  It.  roccetto,  rnc-\ 
chctto  ;  Sax.  rocc  ;  G.  rock  ;  D.  rok.  Thirs 
coincides  in  origin  w\l]>  frock.] 

A  stnplice  ;  the  white  upper  garment  of  a 
priest  worn  while  officiating.     Cleaveland. 

ROCH'ET,  Ji.  A  fish,  the  roach,  which 
see. 

ROCK,  II.  [Fr.  roc  or  rocht  ;  It.  rocca,  a 
rock,  and  a  distaff;  Sp.  roca :  Port,   roca, 


ROC 


ROD 


rocha;  Arm.roch;  Basque, arroca.     Drop- 'ROCK-tRYS'TAL,  n.    The  most  i<eifect 


ping  the  first  letter  of  crag,  rcjck  would 
seem  to  be  the  same  word,  and  so  named' 
from  brciiking  and  the  consequent  rough- 
ness, corresponding  with   Gr.   poj;ia,    as 


crag'  does  with  crack  ;  Ar. 


garaka. 


to  burst,  crack,  tear,  cfi^c.  So  L.  rupes 
from  the  root  of  rumpo,  to  break  or  burst 
If  this  is  not  the  origin  ofrork,  1  know  not 
to  what  root  to  assign  it.  Sec  Class  Rg. 
No.  :?4.] 

1.  A  large  mass  of  stony  matter,  usually 
compounded  of  two  or  inore  simple  min- 
erals, either  bedded  in  the  earth  or  resting 
on  its  surface.  Sometimes  rocks  compose 
the  principal  part  of  huge  mountains ; 
sometimes  huge  rocks  lie  on  the  surface  of 
the  earth,  in  detached  blocks  or  masses 
Under  this  term,  mineralogists  class  all 
mineral  substances,  coal,  gypsum,  salt, 
&c. 

2.  In  Scripture,  figuratively,  defense  ;  means 
of  safety  ;  protection  ;  strength  ;  asylum. 

The  Lord  is  my  nick.     2  Sam.  xxii. 

3.  Firmness;  a  firm  or  immovable  founda 
tion.     Ps.  xxvii.     Malt.  vii.  and  xvi.  j 

4.  A  species  of  vultur  or  condor.  Encyc' 

5.  A  fabulous  bird  in  the  Eastern  talcs. 
ROCK,  n.  [Dan.  ro/c  ;  Sw.  roc*;  D.rokken; 

G.  rocken  ;  It.  rocca  ;  Sp.  rueca.  The  lat- 
ter is  rendered  a  distaff,  a  winding  or 
twisting,  and  the  fish  of  a  mast  or  yard. 
The  sense  is  probably  a  rack  or  fraiiie.] 
A  distaff  used  in  spinning  ;  the  slalV  or  frame 
about  which  flax  is  arrangeil,  from  wliicli 
the  thread  is  drawn  in  spiiming 


variety  of  silicious  earth  or  quartz  ;  limpid 
quartz.  When  purest  it  is  white  or  color- 
less, but  it  is  found  of  a  grayish  or  yellow- 
ish white,  ])ale  yellow  or  citrine.  Its  most 
usual  form  is  that  of  hexagonal  jjrisms, 
surmounted  by  hexagonal  jiyramids. 

Kincan.     Cltaveland. 

ROCK'-DOE,  ti.  A  species  of  deer.     Greiv. 

liOCK'KD,  pp.  [from  roct,  the  verb.]  Mov- 
ed one  way  and  the  other. 

ROCK'ER,  n.  One  who  rocks  the  cradle; 
also,  the  curving  piece  of  wood  on  which 
a  cradle  or  chair  rocks. 

ROCK'ET,  /!.  [Dan.  raA-c^  raAcHe,  a  rocket, 
cracker  or  squib ;  G.  rackelc ;  probably 
from  the  root  of  crack  and  racket,  Fr. 
craipier,  craqucter.] 

An  artificial  fire-work,  consisting  of  a  cylin- 
drical case  of  pajier,  filled  with  a  compo- 
sition of  combustible  ingredients,  as  niter, 
charcoal  and  sulphur.  This  being  tied  to 
a  stick  and  fired,  ascends  into  the  air  and 
bursts.  Encyc. 

R()CK'P;T,  n.  [L.  eruca.]  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Brassica.  There  is  also  the  fcojs- 
/«r(/ roe/ic/, of  the  genus  Reseda;  the  corn 
rocket  and  the  sta  rocket,  of  the  genus  Bu- 
nias ;  the  marsh  rocket,  the  water  rocket, 
and  the  winter  rocket,  of  the  genus  Sisym- 
brium ;  and  the  dame's  violet  rocket,  of  the 
genus  Ilesperis.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

ROCK'-FISH,  n.  A  species  of  Gobius. 

ROCK'INESS,  n.  [from  rocky.]  State  of 
abounding  with  rocks. 

ROCK'ING,  ppr.  Moving  backwards  and 
forwards. 

IIOCK'LESS,  a.  Being  without  rocks. 

Dryden. 


rocquer  or  roqutr ;  S\v.  raglu,  to  reel;  W. 
rhocian,  to  rock  ;  rhoc,  a  shooting  or  mov- 


flesh  and   sour,d  R^t'K,   v    t.    [Dan.   rokker,   to   move    stir, 

waj;,  rack,  advance:  G.  rucken  ;   Old    r^>;-j  ROCK'-OIL,  n.  Another   name  for   petrol 

or  petroleum. 

ROCK -PItiEON,  n.  A  pigeon  that  builds 
her  nest  on  a  rock.  Mortimer. 

ROCK' -ROSE,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Cistus. 

ROCK-RUBY,  n.  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  garnet,  w  hen  it  is  of  a  strong,  but 
not  a  deep  red,  and  has  a  cast  of  blue. 

HiU. 

ROCK'-SaLT,  n.  Fossil  or  mineral  salt ; 
salt  dug  from  the  earth  ;  muriate  of  soda. 
But  in  America,  this  name  is  sometimes 
given  to  salt  tliat  comes  in  large  crystals 
from  the  West  Indies,  which  salt  is  form- 
ed by  evaporation  from  sea  water,  in 
large  basons  or  cavities,  oil  the  islos.  Hex- 
ahedral  rock-salt  occurs  foliateil  and  fi- 
brous. Urc. 

ROCK'-WOQD,  n.  Liguiform  asbestus. 

Cyc. 

ROCK'-WoRK,  n.  Stones  fixed  in  mortar 
in  imitation  of  the  asperities  of  rocks, 
foruiiiig  a  wall. 

2.  A  natural  wall  of  rock.  Addison. 

ROCK'Y,  a.  [from  ror*.]  Full  of  rocks;  as 
a  rocky  mountain  ;  a  rocky  sliore. 

2.  Resembling  a  rock  ;  as  the  rocky  orb  of  a 
ibield.  Milton. 

'3.  Very  hard  ;  stony  ;  obdurate ;  insuscep- 
tible of  impression  ;  as  a  rocky  bosom. 

Shak. 

ROD,  n.  [Sax.  rorf;  Dan.  rode;  D.  roede, 
roe  ;  G.  ruthe  and  rcis.  In  Danish,  rod  is  a 
root;  and  I  suppose  rod.  root,  L.  radius, 
ray,  radijc,  root,  and  Dan.  Su\  rad,  to  be 
of  one  fainiiv.     The  sense  is  a  shoot,  from 


ing  different  ways;    Ar.     „  ,    to   shake, 

to  tremble,  to  agitate.  This  latter  verb  in 
Ch.  Syr.  signifies  to  desire,  to  long  for, 
that  is,  to  reach  or  stretch,  Gr.  optyu;  and 
it  may  be  a  different  word.] 
To  move  backward  and  forward,  as  a 
boily  resting  on  a  foundation  ;  as,  to  rock 
a  cradle  ;  to  rock  a  chair;  to  rock  a  moun-l 
tain.  It  differs  from  shake,  as  denoting  al 
slower  and  more  uniform  motion,  or  larg- 
er movements.  It  differs  from  swing,] 
which  expresses  a  vibratory  motion  of 
something  suspemled. 

A  rising  earthquake  rock'd  the  ground. 

Dryden 

.To  move  backwards  and   forwards  in  ai 

cradle,  chair,  &c.;  as,  to  rock  a   child  to 

sleep.  Dryden.: 

3.  To  lull  to  quiet.  I 

Sleep  rocA- thy  brain.     [Vnusual.'\        Shak.] 

ROCK.  I'.  I.  To  be  moved  backwards   andj 

forwards;  to  reel. 

The  rocking  town 
Suppl.iuts  their  footsteps.  Philips. 

ROCK'-ALUM,  JI.  The  purest  kind  of  alum. 

[See  Rorhc-alum.] 

ROCK'-BASO.N',  7i.  A  cavity  or  artificial'; 
bason  cut  in  a  rock  lor  the  purpose,  as  is|i 
supposed,  of  collecting  the  dew  or  rain  for' 
ablutions  and  purifications  prescribed  by  I 
the  druidical  religion.         Grosier.     Encyc.\ 

ROCK  BUTTER,  n.  A  snbsulphite  ofahi-i 
mil),  oozing  from  aluminous  rocks.      O'/c.l 


ROE 


R  O  I 


R  O  L 


extending.     Tlie  Russ.  prut,  a  rod,  is  prob-j 
ably  the  same  word  with  a  prefix.]  j 

1.  The  shoot  or  long  twig  of  any  woodyj 
plant ;  a  branch,  or  the  .stem  of  a  shrub  j 
as  a  rod  of  hazle,  of  birch,  of  oak  or  hicko- 
ry.    Hence, 

2.  An  instriinient  of  punishment  or  correc- 
tion ;  chastisement. 

I  will  chasten  him  with  the  rod  of  men.     2 
Sam.  vii.     Prov.  x. 

3.  DiscipUne ;  ecclesiastical  censures.  1 
Cor.  iv. 

4.  A  kind  of  scepter. 

The  rod  and  bird  of  peace.  Shak. 

5.  A  pole  for  angling ;  something  long  and 
slender.  Gay. 

6.  An  instrument  for  measuring  ;  but  more 
generally,  a  measure  of  length  containing 
five  yards,  or  sixteen  feet  and  a  half;  a 
pole;  a  perch.  In  many  parts  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  rod  is  universally  used  for  pole 
or  perch. 

7.  In  Scripture,  a  staflf  or  wand.  1  Sam. 
xiv. 

8.  Support. 

Thy  rod  and  thy  staff,  they  comfort  me.     Ps. 
xxiii. 

9.  A  shepherd's  crook.     Lev.  xxvii. 

10.  An  instrument  for  threshing.     Is.  xxviii. 

11.  Power;  authority.     Ps.  cxxv. 

12.  A  tribe  or  race.     Ps.  Ixxiv. 

Rod  of  iron,  the  mighty  power  of  Christ. 
Rev.  xix.     Ps.  ii. 

RODE.  pret.  of  ride ;  also,  a  cross.  [See 
Rood.] 

ROD'OMONT,  n.  [Fr.  id.;  Ir.  rodomonle, 
a  bully;  Ir.  raidhmeis,  silly  stories,  rodo- 
montade ;  roithre,  a  babbler,  a  prating  fel- 
low ;  roifhreachl,  silly  talk,  loquacity,  rhet- 
oric ;  from  radham,  to  say,  tell,  relate,  VV. 
adrawz.  The  Ir.  radh.  radham,  are  the 
Sax.  reed,  speech,  and  rcedan,  to  read.  See 
Read.  The  last  syllable  may  be  the  Fr. 
monter,  to  mount,  and  the  word  then  sig- 
nifies one  that  speaks  loftily.  Hence  the 
name  of  Ariosto's  hero.] 

A  vain  boaster.  Herbert. 

ROD'OMONT,  a.  Bragging  ;  vainly  boast 

'•IR. 
RODOMONTA'DE,  n.  [Fr.  id.;    It.  rodo- 

montata.     See  Rodomont.] 
Vain  boasting ;  empty  bluster  or  vaunting ; 

rant. 

I  could  show  that  the  rodomontades  of  Al- 
manzor  are  neither  so  irrational  nor  impossible 

Vryden. 

RODOMONTA'DE,    v.  i.    To    boast;    to 

brag  ;  to  bluster  ;  to  rant. 
RODOMONT'ADIST,  ?        A      blustering 
RODOMONTA'DOR,  i        boaster;      one 

that  brags  or  vaunts.  Terry.     Todd. 

ROE,  ?        [Sax.   ra   or  raa,  rage  or 

ROEBUCK,  \  "■  hnrge  ;  G.  reh  and  rehbock  ; 

Dan.  raa  or  raabuk  ;  Sw.  rSbock.] 

1.  A  species  of  deer,  the  Cervus  capreolus, 
with  erect  cylindrical  branched  horns, 
forked  at  the  simimit.  This  is  one  of  the 
smallest  of  the  cervine  genus,  but  of  ele 
gant  shape  and  remarkably  nimble.  It 
])refers  a  mountainous  country,  and  herds 
in  families.  Encyc. 

2.  Hot,  the  feiiiale  of  (lie  Imrt.  Sandys.\ 
ROl',  n.  [G.  rogcri  ;   Dan.  rogn,  rami ;  thatj 

which    IS   ejected.      So    in  Dan.    roge    is: 
spittle.] 
The  seed  or  spawn  of  fishes.    The  i-oe  of  the 


male  is  called  soft  roe  or  milt ;  that  of  the 

female,  hard  roe  or  spawn.  Encyc. 

RO'E-STONE,  71.  Called  also  oolite,  which 

see. 
ROGA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  rogoiio ;  rogo, 

to  ask.] 

1.  Litany ;  supplication. 

He  pcrlecteth  the  rogations  or  litanies   be- 
fore in  use.  Hooker. 

2.  In  Roman  jurisprudence,  the  demand  by 
the  consuls  or  tribunes,  of  a  law  to  he 
passed  by  the  people. 

ROGATION-WEEK,  n.  The  second  week 
before  Whitsunday,  thus  called  from  the 
three  fasts  observed  therein  ;  viz.,oii  Mon- 
day, Tuesday,  and  Wednesday,  called  ro- 
gation-days, "because  of  the  extraordinary 
prayers  then  made  for  the  fruits  of  the 
earth,  or  as  a  preparation  for  the  devotion 
ofthe  Holy  Thursday.  Did. 

ROGUE,  n.  rOg.  (Sax.  earg,  arg,  idle,  stu- 
pid, mean ;  eargian,  to  become  dull  or 
torpid ;  D.  G.  Sw.  Dan.  arg,  evil,  crafty, 
wicked;  Gr.  apyoj.  Hence  Cimbric  argur, 
and  Eng.  rogue,  by  transposition  of  let- 
ters. The  word  a'rga,  in  the  laws  of  the 
Longohards,  denotes  a  cuckold.  Spel. 
voc.  Jlrga.] 

1.  In  law,  a  vagrant;  a  sturdy  beggar;  a 
vagabond.  Persons  of  this  character  were, 
by  the  ancient  laws  of  England,  to  be  pun- 
ished by  whipping  and  having  the  ear 
bored  with  a  hot  iron.       Encyc.     Spenser. 

2.  A  knave ;  a  dishonest  person ;  applied 
now,  I  believe,  exclusively  to  males.  This 
word  comprehends  thieves  and  robbers, 
but  is  generally  applied  to  such  as  cheat 
and  defraud  in  mutual  dealings,  or  to 
counterfeiters. 

The  rogue  and  fool  by  tits  is  fair  and  wise. 

Pope 

3.  A  name  of  slight  tenderness  and  endear- 
ment. 

Alas,  poor  rogue,  I  think  indeed  she  loves. 

Shak 

4.  A  wag.  Shak 
ROGUE,  V.  i.  rog.  To  wander ;  to  play  thej 

vagabond.     [Litlh  used.]  Spenser.', 

2.  To  play  knavish  tricks.     [Little  used.]      j 

Johnson. 
ROGUERY,  n.  The  life  of  a  vagrant.  [A'bu: 

little  used.]  Donne. 

2.  Knavish  tricks;  cheating;  fraud;  dis- 
honest practices. 

'  i  is  no  scandal  grown, 
For  debt  and  roguery  to  quit  the  town. 

Drydeti. 

3.  Waggery ;  arch  tricks ;  mischievousness. 
ROGUESHIP,  n.  The  qualities  or  person- 
age of  a  rogue.  Dryden. 

ROGUISH,  a.  Vagrant;  vagabond.  [J^'ear- 
ly  obsolete.]  Spenser. 

2.  Knavish  ;  fraudulent ;  dishonest.  [This 
is  the  present  sense  ofthe  tvord.]  Swift. 

3.  Waggish  ;  wanton  ;  slightly  mischievous. 

Mdison. 

ROGUISHLY,  adv.  Like  a  rogue  ;  knav- 
ish I  v  ;  wantonly. 

ROGUISHNESS,  n.  The  qualities  of  a 
rogue  ;  knavery  ;  mischievousness. 

12.  Archness ;  sly  cunning ;  as  the  roguish- 
ness  of  a  look. 

ROGUY,  a.  Knavish ;  wanton.  [Ao<  iti 
jiic.l  L' Estrange. 

ROIL,  V.  t.  [Tliis  is  the  Ann.  Irella.  I'r. 
brouiller,  embrouiller,  It.  biogtiare,  iinbrog- 


liare,  Sp.  embrollar.  Port,  embrulhar ;  pri 
marily  to  turn  or  stir,  to  make  imricate, 
to  twist,  wrap,  involve,  hence  to  mix,  con- 
found, perplex,  whence  Eng.  broil,  Fr. 
brouillard.  mist,  fog.  In  English,  the  pre- 
fix or  first  letter  is  lost.J 

1.  To  render  turbid  by  stirring  up  the  dregs 
or  sediment ;  as,  to  roil  wine,  cider  or  other 
liquor  in  casks  or  bottles. 

2.  To  excite  some  degree  of  anger;  to  dis- 
turb ihe  passion  of  resentment.  [Th^ese 
senses  are  in  common  use  in  New  England, 
and  locally  in  England.] 

.3.  To  perplex.     {Local  in  England.] 

ROIL'ED,  pp.  Rendered  turbid  or  foul  by 
disturbing  the  lees  or  sediment;  angered 
slightly;  disturbed  in  mind  by  an  offense. 

ROlL'iNG,  ppr.  Rendering  turbid;  or  ex- 
citing the  passion  of  anger. 

[J\'ote.  This  word  is  as  legitimate  as  any  in  the 
language.] 

ROINT.  [See  jiroynt.] 

ROIST,  >  .  [Arm.  reustla,  to  em- 
KOIST'ER,  S  "■  *•  broil.  This  word  be- 
longs to  the  root  of  rustle,  brustle.  Sax. 
hrysan,  to  shake,  to  rush,  W.  rhysiaw,  to 
rush,  to  straiten,  to  entangle,  rhysu,  id.] 
To  bluster ;  to  swagger ;  to  bully  ;  to  be 
bold,  noisy,  vaunting  or  turbulent.  [Not 
in  use.]  Shall.     Swijl. 

ROISTER,        

ROIST'ERER, 
use.] 

a.    [See    Reek.]    Misty ;     foggy ; 

[Not  in  use.]  Ray- 

t.  [D.  G.  rollen  ;  Sw.  nUla  ;    Dan. 

W.   rholiaw ;    Fr.    router ;    Arm. 

and    roUa  ;  It.    rullare ;    Ir.    rolam. 


A  bold,  blustering,  tur- 
bulent fellow.     [Not  in 


RO'KY, 

cloudy. 
ROLL,  )>. 
ruller  ; 
riiilha 

It  is  usual  to  consider  this  word  as  formed 
by  contraction  from  the  Latin  rotula,  a  lit- 
tle wheel,  from  rota,  W.  rhod,  a  wheel. 
But  it  is  against  all  probability  that  all  the 
nations  of  Europe  have  fallen  into  such  a 
contraction.  Roll  is  undoubtedly  a  primi- 
tive root,  on  which  have  been  formed  troll. 
and  stroll.] 

1.  To  move  by  turning  on  the  surface,  or 
with  a  circular  motion  in  which  all  parts 
ofthe  .surface  are  successively  applied  to 
a  plane ;  as,  to  roll  a  barrel  or  puncheon  ; 
to  roll  a  stone  or  hall.  Sisyphus  was  con- 
demned to  roll  a  stone  to  the  top  of  a  hill, 
which,  when  he  had  done  so,  rolled  down 
again,  and  thus  his  punishment  was  eter- 
nal. 

2.  To  revolve  ;  to  turn  on  its  axis  ;  as,  to 
roll  a  wheel  or  a  planet. 

3.  To  uiove  in  a  circular  direction. 
To  dress,  to  troll  the  tongue  and  roll  the  eye. 

Afilton. 

4.  To  wrap  round  on  itself;  to  form  into  a 
circular  or  cylindric.il  body  ;  as,  to  roll  a 
]>iece  of  cloth  ;  to  roll  a  sheet  of  paper  ;  to 
roll  parchment  ;  to  roll  tobacco. 

).  To  enwrap;  to  binder  involve  in  a  band- 
age or  the  like.  If'iseman. 
G.  To  form  by  rolling  into  round  masses. 

Peacham. 

7.  To  drive  or  impel  any  body  with  a  circu- 
lar motion,  or  to  drive  forward  with  vio- 
lence or  in  a  stream.  The  ocean  rolls  its 
billows  to  the  shore.  A  river  rolls  itE 
waters  to  the  ocean. 

8.  To  spread  with  a  roller  or  roiling  pin ;  as. 
to  roll  paste. 


R  O  L 


ROM 


ROM 


t>.  To  produce  a  periodical  revolution. 
Heav'n  shone  and  roll'd  her  niotions. 

Milton. 

10.  To  press  or  level  with  a  roller ;  as,  to 
roll  a  field. 

To  roll  one's  self,  to  wallow.     Mic.  i. 

KOLL,  V.  i.  To  move  by  liiriiin^'  on  tlio  sur- 
face, or  with  the  successive  application  of 
all  parts  of  the  surface  to  a  plane  ;  as,  a 
ball  or  a  wheel  rolls  on  the  earth  ;  a  body 
rolls  on  an  inclined  plane. 

'1.  To  move,  turn  or  run  on  an  axis  ;  as  a 
wheel.  [In  this  sense,  revolve  is  more 
generally  used.] 

3.  To  run  on  wheels. 

And  to  ll)c  rolling  chair  is  bound.      Dryden. 

4.  To  revolve  ;  to  perform  a  periodical  rev- 
olution ;  as  the  rolling  year.  Ages  roll 
away. 

5.  To  turn  ;  to  move  circularly. 

And  his  red  eyeballs  roll  with  living  fire. 

Dryden. 

6.  To  float  in  rough  water  ;  to  be  tossed 
about. 

Twice  ten  tempestuous  nights  I  roll'd — 

POJK. 

7.  To  move,  as  waves  or  billows,  with  al- 
ternate swells  and  depressions.  Waves 
roll  on  waves. 

8.  To  fluctuate ;  to  move  tumultuously. 

AVhat  difl'rent  sorrows  did  within  thee  roll. 

Prior. 

9.  To  be  moved  with  violence  ;  to  be  hurl- 
ed. 

Down  they  fell 
By  thousands,  angel  on  archangel  roll'd. 

Milton. 

10.  To  be  formed  into  a  cylinder  or  ball ;  as, 
the  cloth  rolls  well. 

11.  To  spread  under  a  roller  or  rolling  pin. 
The  paste  rolls  well. 

12.  To  wallow  ;  to  tumble  ;  as,  a  horse  rolls. 

13.  To  rock  or  move  from  side ;  as,  a  ship 
rolls  in  a  calm. 

14.  To  heat  a  drum  with  strokes  so  rapid 
that  they  can  scarcely  be  distinguished  by 
the  ear. 

ROLL,  n.  The  act  of  rolling,  or  state  of  be- 
ing rolled  ;  as  the  roll  of  a  ball. 

2.  The  thing  rcilling.  Thomson. 

3.  A  mass  made  roimd  ;  something  like  a 
bailor   cylinder;  as   a  roll  of  fat;  a   roll 

•»  of  wool.  Mdison.     Mortimer. 

4.  A  roller  ;  a  cylinder  of  wood,  iron  or 
stcine  ;  as  a  roll  to  break  clods.     Mortimer. 

5.  A  i]iiantity  ofchith  wound  into  a  cylindri- 
cal i'orin  ;  as  a  roll  of  wiioleu  or  satin  ;  a 
roll  of  hico. 

0.  A  cyliiidiical  twist  of  tnbacco. 

7.  An  official  writing ;  a  list  :  a  register  ;  a 
catalogue;  as  a  muster-ro// ;  a  court-ro//. 

8.  The  beating  of  a  drum  with  strokes  so 
rapid  as  scarcely  to  be  distinguished  by 
the  ear. 

9.  Rolls  of  court,  of  parliament,  or  of  any 
public  body,  lue  the  parchments  on  which 
are  engrossed,  by  the  proper  officer,  the 
acts  and  proceedings  of  that  body,  and 
which  being  kept  in  rolls,  constitute  the 
records  of  such  public  body. 

10.  In  antiquily.  a  volume  ;  a  book  consist- 
ing of  leaf,  bark,  paper,  skin  or  other  ma- 
terial on  which  the  ancients   wrote,   and 


ih  being  kept  rolled  or  foldc 


wascall- 


wliK- 

ed    in   l^atin   volumen,  from  volvo,  to  roll. 

Hence, 

Vol.  II. 


11.  A  chronicle;  historj'  ;  annals.  jj 
Nor  nanjcs  more   noble  graced   the   rolls  of 

fame.  Ji.  Trumtnill.'] 

12.  Part ;  oflice  ;  that  is,  round  of  duty,  like 
turn.     Obs, 

ROLLRI),  /)/).  Moved  by  turning  ;  formed 
into  a  roun<l  or  cylindrical  body  ;  leveled 
with  a  roller,  as  land. 

ROLLER,  n.  That  which  rolls;  that  which 
turns  on  its  own  axis  ;  particularly,  a 
cylinder  of  wood,  stone  or  metal,  used  in 
husbandry  and  the  arts.  Rollers  are  of 
various  kinds  aiul  used  for  various  pur- 
poses. 

A  bandage;  a  fillet ;  jiroperly,  a  long  and 
broad  bandage  used  in  surgery. 
A  bird  of  the  niagl)ye  kind,  about  the  size 
of  a  jay.  Diet.  M  Hist. 

A  bird  of  the  genus  Coracias,  found  in 
Europe  ;  called  also  the  German  parrot. 

Ed.  Encyc. 

ROLLING,  ppr.  Turning  over;  revoMiig; 
forming  into  a  cylinder  or  round  mass; 
leveling,  as  land. 

ROLLING,  »!.  The  motion  of  a  ship  from 
side  to  side. 

ROLLING-PIN,  »i.  A  round  piece  of  wood, 
tapering  at  each  end,  with  which  paste  is 
molded  and  reduced  to  a  proper  thickness. 

If'iseman. 

ROLLING-PRESS,  n.  An  engine  consist- 
ing of  two  cylinders,  by  which  cloth  is 
calendered,  waved  and  tabbied  ;  also,  an 
engine  for  taking  impressions  from  copper 
plates  ;  also,  a  like  engine  for  drawing 
plates  of  metal,  &c. 

UOLLY  POOLY,  n.  [said  to  bo  roll  and 
pool,  or  roll,  ball  and  pool.] 

A  game  in  which  a  ball,  rolling  into  a  certain 
place,  wins.  Arbulhnot. 

ROMAGE,  n.  Bustle  ;  tumultuous  search. 
(See  Rummage.]  Shak. 

ROMAL,  n.  romavV.  A  species  of  silk 
handkerchief 

RO'M.'VN,  a.  [L.  Romanus,  froin  Roma,  the 
principal  city  of  the  Romans  in  Italy 
Rome  is  the  oriental  name  Rarnah,  eleva- 
ted, that  is,  a  hill ;  for  fortresses  and  towns 
were  often  placed  on  hills  for  security; 
Ileh.  (."h.  an  to  be  high,  to  raise.  Class 
Rill.  No.  a] 

1.  Pertaining  to  Rome,  or  to  the  Roman 
people. 

2.  Romish  ;  popish  ;  professing  the  religion 
of  the  |)o]ie. 

Roman  ratlwlir,  as  an  adjective,  denoting  the 
religion  professed  by  the  people  of  Rome 
and  of  Italy,  at  the  head  of  which  is  the 
pope  or  bishop  of  Rome  ;  as  a  noun,  one 
who  adheres  to  the  jiapal  religion. 

RO'MAN,  n.  A  native  of  Rome. 

2.  A  citizen  of  Rome  ;  one  enjoying  the 
privileges  of  a  Roman  citizen. 

3.  One  of  the   christian  church   at  Rome  to 
which  Paul  addressed  an  epistle,  consist 
ing  of  converts  from  Judaism  or  pagan- 
ism. 

ROMANCE,  n.  roman.t',  ro'mans.  [Fr.  ro 
man  :  It.  romanzo  ;  Sp.  romance,  the  com 
mon  vulgar  language  of  Spain,  and  ro 
mance  ;  Port.  id.  any  vulgar  tongue,  and  a 
species  of  poetry  :  W.  rham,  a  rising  over  : 
rliamnnt,n  rising  over,  a  vaulting orspring- 
ing,  an  omen,  a  figurative  expression,  ro- 
mance, as  an  adjective,  rising  boldly,  ro- 
mantic ;  rliamuntu,  to  rise  over,  to  soar,  to 

60 


reach  to  a  distance,  to  divine,  to  romance, 
to  allegorize  ;  rhamanltt,  to  use  figurative 
or  high  flown  language,  &c.  The  Welsh 
retains  the  signification  of  the  oriental 
word  from  which  Rome  is  derived,  and  in- 
deed the  sense  of  romance  is  evidently 
from  the  ]irlniiiive  sen^e  of  the  root,  rath- 
er than  from  the  use  of  the  Ronmn  lan- 
guage. The  Welsh  use  of  the  word 
proves  also  the  correctness  of  the  forego- 
ing derivation  of  Roma,  and  overthrows 
the  fabulous  account  of  the  origin  of  the 
word  Ihinri  Ronuilus  or  Kcniiis.  It  is 
jirobahle  that  this  word  is  allied  to  7o;n6/e.] 

1.  A  fabulous  relation  or  story  ol'aiUentures 
and  incidents,  designed  for  the  entertain- 
ment of  readers ;  a  l.ile  of  extraordinary 
adventures,  fictitious  and  often  extrava- 
gant, usually  a  tale  of  love  or  war,  sub- 
jects interesting  the  sensibilities  of  the 
heart,  or  the  pa.ssions  of  wonder  and  cu- 
riosity. Romance  difi'ers  from  the  novel, 
as  it  treats  of  great  actions  and  extraordi- 
nary adventures  ;  that  is,  according  to  ihe 
Welsh  signification,  it  vaults  or  soars  be- 
yond the  limits  of  fact  and  real  life,  and 
often  of  probability. 

The  first  romances  were  a  monstrous  assem- 
blage of  hlf^tories,  ill   which  Initli  and  fiction 
wore  blended  without  probaljility  ;  a  composi- 
tion   of  amorous  adventures    and  the  e.xlrava- 
I      gaiit  ideas  of  chivalry.  Kncyc. 

2.  A  fiction.  Prior. 
ROMANCE,  V.  i.romans', ro'mans.  To  forge 
I  and  tell  fictitious  stories;  to  deal  in  e.x- 
1  travagant  stories.  Richardson. 
ROMAN'CER,  }  One  who  invents  ficti- 
iRO'MANCER,  i  "■  tious  stories. 
'  L'Estrange. 
2.  A  writer  of  romance.  Aubrey. 
ROMAN'CING,  )  Inventing  and  telling 
iRO'MANCING,  <,  Pf^'  fictitious  tales  ;build- 
1     ing  castles  in  the  air. 

[ROMANTY,  a.  Romantic.  [Xot  proper.] 
.RO'MANISM,  n.  The  tenets  of  the  chiircli 
'      of  Rome.  Brtvint. 

RO  MANIST,  71.  An  adherent  to  the  papal 
1     religion  ;  a  Roman  catholic.  Encyc. 

ROMANIZE,  f.  /.  To  latinize;  to  fill  with 
i     Latin  words  or  modes  of  speech. 
\  Dryden . 

|2.  To  convert  to  the  Roman  catholic  reli- 
I     gion,  or  to  papistical  opinions. 
ROMANIZE,  V.  i.    To  conform  to  Romish 
j     opinions,  customs  or  modes  of  speech. 
RO'MANIZED,  pp.  Latinized. 
ROMANSir,  n.  Tho  language  of  the   Gri- 
j     sons  in  Switzerland,  a  corruption   of  the 
I     Latin. 

RO!\IAN'Tl€,  a.  Pertaining  to  romance,  or 
1     resembling   it;  wild;    fimciful ;    extrava- 
gant; as   a  romantic   taste;  romantic   no- 
tions ;    romantic    expectations  ;    romantic 
zeal. 

2.  Improbable  or  chimerical  ;  fictitious  ;  as 
a  romantic  tale. 

3.  Fanciful;  wild  ;  full  of  wild  or  fantastic 
scenery  ;  as  a  rnmonlic  prospect  or  land- 
scape :  a  romantic  situation. 

ROMANTICALLY,  adv.   Wildly;  extrav- 


at'antlv 

ROMAN'TICNESS,  n.  Wildness 
I     agancc  ;  fancifiilness. 
2.  \V  ildness  of  scenery. 
ROMAN'ZOVITE,    n. 
!     ered   mineral   of  the 


Pope. 
extrav  - 


A  recently  discov- 
garuet   kind,   of  a 


R  O  O 


11  O  0 


R  O  O 


brown  or  brownish  yellow  color;  name<l! 
from  roimt  Roinanzoff.  Ckaveland. 

ROVIKPENNY.  ^       [ftome,  and    Sax.  pen - 

ROMESeOT,  ^  "•  Kt>.irscea(.]  A  tax  of 
a  penny  on  a  honse,  formerly  paid  by  the 
people  of  Euf^lnnd  to  the  chinch  of  Rome. 

RO'MISH,  a.  [from  Rome.\  Belonging  or 
relating  to  R  pme,  or  to  the  religion  pro- 
fessed by  the  people  of  Rome  and  of  the 
westfrn  empire,  of  which  Rome  was  the 
metropolis;  catholic;  popish  ;  as  the  Ro- 
mish church  ;  the  Romish  religion,  ritual 
or  ceremonies. 

RO'MIST,  ;i.  A  papist.  South. 

ROMP,  n.  [a  difTcreiit  spelling  of  ramp  ; 
VV.  rham,  a  rising  over;  rhamu,  to  reach 
over,  to  soar,  to  vault.  See  Ramp  and 
Romance.] 

1.  A  rude  girl  who  indulges  in  boisterous 
play.  Addison. 

2.  Rude  play  or  frolick. 

Honip  lovinj;  miss 
Is  haul'd  about  in  gallantly  robust. 

Thonuon. 

ROMP,  V.  i.  To  play  rudely  ynd  boister- 
ously ;  to  leap  and  frisk  about  in  play. 

Richardson . 
ROMP' ING,  ppr.  Playing  rudely  ;  as  a  noun, 

rude  boisterous  play. 
ROMP'ISU,  a.  Given  to  rude  play;  inclin- 
ed to  romp.  Ash. 
ROMP'ISHNESS,  n.    Disposition    to  rude 
boisterous  play  ;  or  the  practice  of  romp- 
ing.                                                         Steele. 
ROM'PU,      )        [L.  nimpo,   to  break.]     In 
ROMPEE',  S  "■  heraldri/,   an  ordinary  that 
is  broken,  or  a   chevron,   a    bend  or  the 
like,  whose  upper  points  are  cut  off. 

Encyc. 

RONDEAU,  I        [Fr.   rondeau,   from  rond, 

RON'DO,       ^"-  round.]     A  kind  of  poetry, 

'    commonly  consisting   of  thirteen    verses, 

of  which  eight  have  one  rhyme,   and  five 

another.     It  is  divided  into  three  couplets, 

and  at  the  end   of  the  second  and  third, 

the  beginning  of  the  rondeau  is  repeated 

in  an  equivocal  sense,  if  possible. 

IVarton.     Trevoui. 

3.  In  music,  the  rondo,  vocal  or  instrumental, 
generally  consists  of  three  strains,  the  first^ 
of  which  closes  in  the  original  key,  whilei 
each  of  the  others  is  so  constructed  in 
modulation  as  to  reconduct  the  ear  in  an 
easy  and  natural  manner  to  the  first  strain. 

Busby. 
n.  A  kind  of  jig  or  lively  tune  that  ends  with! 

the  first  strain  repeated.  Todd.l 

UON'DLE,  ?i.   [{'rom  round.]  A  round  mass. 

f.iVo(  in  u.ie.]  Peacham.i 

IION'DURE,  )i.  [Vr.rondeur.]    Around;  a' 

circle.     [JVot  in  use.]  Shak.' 

RONG,  the  old  pret.  and  pp.  of  rt'n^,  now 

rung.  Chaucer. 

ROXION,  n.  run'yon.  [Fr.  rog'non,  kidney.] 

A  fat  bulky  woman.     [.Yotinuse.]     Shak. 
RONT,  n.  An  animal  stinted  in  its  growth. 

[Now  written  and  ))ronounced  runt.] 

Spenser. 
ROOD,  n.  [a  different  orthography  of  rod, 

which  see.] 

1.  The  fourth  part  of  an  acre,  or  forty  square 
rods.     [See  Acre.] 

2.  A  pole  ;  a  measure  of  five  yards  ;  a  rod 
or  [lercdi.  [J\i',t  u.ml  in  America,  and  prob- 
ably local  in  England.] 


ROOD,  Ji.  [Sax.  rode  or  rod.]  The  cross  ;| 
or  an  image  of  Christ,  of  the  virgin  Mary 
and  a  saiut  or  St.  John,  on  each  side  of  it. 

Shak. 

ROOD'LOFT,  n.  A  loft  or  gallery  in  aj 
church  on  which  relics  and  images  werei 
set  to  view.  Jvhnson.l 

ROOF,  n.  [Sax.  rof,hrof;  Gr.  opo^j;,  ojjoijicj, 
from  t))f(}>u,  to  cover.  Qu.  Russ.  krov^ 
Slav,  strop.  See  the  Ar.  Class  Rb.  No. 
12.  and  Syr.  No.  40.] 

1.  The  cover  or  upper  part  of  a  house  or 
other  building,  consisting  of  rafters  cover- 
ed with  boards,  shingles  or  tiles,  with  a 
side  or  sides  sloping  from  the  ridge,  for 
the  purpose  of  carrying  oft' the  water  that 
falls  in  rain  or  snow.  In  Asia,  the  roofs 
of  houses  are  flat  or  horizontal.  The 
same  name,  roof,  is  given  to  the  sloping 
covers  of  huts,  cabins  and  ricks  ;  to  the 
arches  of  ovens,  furnaces,  &c. 

2.  A  vault ;  an  arch ;  or  the  interior  of  a 
vault;  as  the  roq/"  of  heaven. 

3.  The  vault  of  the  mouth  ;  the  upper  pan 
of  the  mouth;  the  palate. 

If  I  do  not  icmember  thee,  let  my  tongue 
cleave  to  the  ri^o/* of  ray  mouth.     Ps.  cxxxvii. 

ROOF,  V.  t.  To  cover  with  a  roof. 

I  have  not  seen  the  remains  of  any  Roman 
buildings,  that  have  not  been  roofed  willi  vaults 
or  arches.  Addison. 

2.  To  inclose  in  a  house  ;  to  shelter. 

Here  had  we  now  our  country's  lionor  roo/V. 

Shak. 

ROOF'ED,  pp.  Furnished  or  covered  with 
a  roof  or  arch. 

ROOF'ING,  ppr.  Covering  with  a  rnof 

ROOF'ING,  n.  The  materials  of  which  a 
roof  is  composed  ;  or  materials  for  a  roof. 

Encyc. 

ROOF'LESS.  a.  [Sax.  »o/tasf.]  Having  no 
roof;  as  a  roof  ess  house. 

2.  Having  no  house  or  home;  unsheltered. 

ROOF'Y,  a.  Having  roofs.  Dryden. 

ROQK,  n.  [Sax.  Aroc  ;  G.  roche  ;  Dan.  roge, 
raage,  a  rook,  and  krage,  a  crow.  This 
w-ord  belongs  to  the  root  of  crow,  or  is 
rather  the  same  word  dialectically  vari- 
ed ;  Dan.  krage  ;  Sw.  kraka  :  G.  krdhe  ; 
D.  krnai  ;  li-graculus;  probably  from  its 
voice ;  Ir.  grag,  gragam.  See  Crow  and 
Croak.] 

1.  A  fowl  of  the  genus  Curvus,  the  fowl 
mentioned  by  Virgil  under  this  name. 
This  fowl  resendjjes  the  crow,  but  difiers 
from  it  in  not  feeding  on  carrion,  but  on 
insects  and  grain.  Iji  crows  also  the  nos- 
trils and  root  of  the  bill  are  clullicd  with 
fethers,  but  in  rooks  the  same  parts  are! 
naked,  or  have  only  a  few  bristly  hairs. 
The  rook  is  gregarious.  Encyc. 

2.  A  cheat ;  a  trickish,  rapacious  fillow. 

iy'/li-hcrtey.i 
ROQK,  71.   [It.  rocco,  a  bishop's  slatT.  a  cro-i 

sier,  a  rook  at  chess.]     A  connnon  m.in  ;ii 

chess.  Encyc. \ 

RQOK,  V.  i.  To  cheat  ;  to  defraud.     Locke.\ 
RQf.)K,  V.  I.  To  cheat;  to  defraud  by  cheat-j 

ing.  Aubrey. 

ROQK,  V.  i.  To  squat.     [See  Ruck.] 
ROOK'ERY,   n.    A  nursery  of  rooks. 

Pope. 
2.  In  loio  language,  a  brothel. 
ROOK'Y,   a.   Inliabited  by  rooks  ;   as   the 

rooky  wood.  Shak. 


ROOM,  n.  [Sax.  Dan.  Sw.  rum;  D.  ruim i 
G.  raum ;  Goth,  runiis,  room,  place  ;  Ir. 
)-unt,  a  floor  or  room ;  G.  riiumen.  Sax. 
rmnian,  ryman,  to  give  place,  to  amplify, 
to  enlarge ;  Sax.  rum-gifa,  liberal.  It 
niav  be  allied  to  roam,  ramble.     Class  Rm. 

N(>:  4.  y.] 

1.  Space  ;  compass  ;  extent  of  jdace,  great 
or  small.  Let  the  words  occupy  as  Utile 
room  as  possible. 

2.  Sjiace  or  place  unoccupied. 

Lord,  it  is  (lone  as  thou  hast  commanded,  and 
yet  ihcie  is  room.     Luke  xiv. 

'^^.  Place  for  rece|)tion  or  admission  of  any 
thing.  Ill  I  his  case,  there  is  no  room  for 
doubt  or  for  argument. 
Place  of  amtlier;  stead;  as  in  succession 
or  substitution.  One  magistrate  or  king 
conies  ill  ilie  room  of  a  former  one.  We 
often  plai  e  one  thing  iti  the  room  of  an- 
other.    I  Kings  XX. 

Unoccupied  opportunity.  The  eager  pur- 
suit of  wealth  leaves  little  room  for  serious 
reflecliou. 

0.  All  jipartiiient  in  a  house  ;  any  division 
separated  from  the  rest  by  a  partition;  as 
a  parlor,  ilrawing  room  or  bed-room  ;  also, 
an  apartment  in  a  ship,  as  the  cook-roo(n, 
bread-room,  gun-room,  &c. 

7.  A  seat.     Luke  xiv. 

To  make  room,  to  open  a  way  or  passage;  to 
free  iiom  obstructions. 

To  make  room,  to  open  a  space  or  [tiace  for 
any  thing. 

To  give  room,  to  withdraw  ;  to  leave  space 
unoccupied  for  others  to  pass  or  to  be  seat- 
ed. 

ROOM,  t'.  i.  To  occupy  an  apartment ;  to 
lodge  ;  an  academic  use  of  the  uord.  A  B 
rooms  at  iNo.  /. 

ROOM'AtiE,  ».  [from  room.]  Space  ;  place. 
[A^otused.]  If'otton. 

ROOM'FUL,  n.  Abounding  with  rooms. 

Donne. 

ROOMINESS,  )!.  Space;  spaciousness; 
large  extent  of  .space. 

Roomth,  sjiace,  and  roomthy,  spacious,  are  ill 
tiirmed  words  and  not  used  in  the  United 
Slates. 

ROOM'Y,  a.  Spacious;  wide;  large;  hav- 
ing ample  room;  as  a  roomy  mansion  ;  a 
roomy  deck.  Dryden. 

ROOST,  n.  [Sax.  hrost ;  D.  roest,  roo.st  : 
roesten,  to  roost.] 

The  pule  or  other  support  on  which  fowls 
re.st  at  night. 

He  cl.rpp'd  his  wini^s  upon  his  roost. 

Ihyden. 

At  roost,  in  a  .state  for  rest  and  .sleep. 

ROOST,  V.  i.  To  sit,  rest  or  sleep,  as  fowls 
on  a  pole,  tree  or  other  thing  at  night. 

2.  T"  lodge,  in  burlesipie. 
UOOST'I.N'G,  })pr.  Sitting  for  rest  and  sleep 

I     al  night. 

iROOT.^  H.  [Dan.  ro(/ ;  Sw.  rot ;  L.  radix  ;  It. 
radicc ;  Sp.  riiiz  ;  Ir.  raidis;  W.  rhaiz,  a. 
ray  or  spear,  whence  gwraiz,  a  root.  A 
root  is  a  shoot,  and  only  a  difl'erent  appli- 
cation of  rod,  L.  radius.) 

1.  That  part  of  a  plant  which  enters  and  fix- 
es il.self  in  the  earth,  and  serves  to  support 
the  plant  in  an  erect  position,  while  by 
means  of  iis  filirils  it  imbihes  nutriment 
for  the  stem,  branches  and  liuil. 

3.  The  part  of  any  thing  that  resembles  the 


R  O  O 


R  O  P 


R  O  S 


roots  of  a  plant  in  manner  of  growth  ;  ai 
the  roots  of  a  cancer,  of  teeth,  6ic. 

3.  The  hottoin  or  lower  part  of  any  thing. 

Deep  to  the  rootx  of  hell —  Afilton 

Burnet  uses  root  of  a  mountain,  but  we 

now  say,  base,  foot  or  bottom.     See   Job 

xxviii.  9. 

4.  A  plant  whose  root  is  esculent  or  the 
innst  useful  jiart  ;  as  beets,  carrots,  &c. 

5.  The  orifjiual  or  cause  of  any  thing. 

The  love  of  money  is  the  root  of  all  evil. 
Tim.  vi. 
G.  The  first  ancestor. 

Tliey  were  the  roots  out  of  which  spiunj;  two 
distinct  people —  Locke. 

7.  In  arithmetic  and  algebra,  the  root  of  any 
quantity  is  such  a  (juanlity  as,  when  mul- 
tiplied into  itself  a  certain  luuuber  of 
times,  will  exactly  [jroduce  that  quantity. 
Thus  2  is  a  root  of  4,  because  when  multi- 
plied into  itself,  it  exactly  produces  4. 

8.  Means  of  growth,  "lie  hath  no  root  in 
himself;"  that  is,  no  soil  in  which  grace  can 
grow  and  tlourish.     Matt.  xiii. 

9.  h\  music,  the  fundaujental  note  of  any 
(^I'o'il-  Busbi/. 

Root  of  bitterness,  in  Scripture,  any  error, 
sin  or  evil  that  produces  discord  or  im- 
morality. 

To  take  mot,  to  become  planted  or  fixed  ;  or 
to  he  establishe<l ;  to  increase  and  spread. 

To  take  deep  root,  to  be  firmly  planted  or  es- 
tablished ;  to  he  deeply  impressed. 

D       m        •  Dryden 

ROOT,  v.i.  To  fix  the   root;  to  enter  tlit 
earth,  as  roots. 
In  deep  grounds,  the  weeds  rout  deeper. 

Mortimer. 
4.  lobe  firmly  fixed;  to  be  establisheil. 

The  luulliplyinf;  brood  of  the  ungodly  shall 
not  (alee  deep  rooting.  Wisdom. 

3.  To  sink  deep. 

If  any  en  or  chanced— to  cause  misapprehen- 
sions, he  gave  theui  not  leave  to  root  and  fasten! 
by  concealment.  Felli 

IlOtJT,  v.t.  To  plant  and  fix  deep  in  the! 
earth;  used  clindly  in  the  ])artioiple;  as 
rooted  trees  or  fincsts.  Dn/den. 

2.  To  plant  deeply  ;  to  impre.ss  deeply  and! 
durably.  Let  the  leading  truths  of  the! 
gospel  be  deepli/  rooted  in  the  mind  ;  letlj 
holy  .lilectious  be  well  rooted  in  the  heart.! 

3.  In  Scripture,  to  be  rooted  and  grounded  in 
Christ,  is  to  be  firmly  uniteil  to  him  by 
faith  and  love,  and  well  established  in 
the  belief  of  his  character  and  doctriues. 
Eph.  iii. 

RQQT,  I',  j".  or  t.  [Sax.  ivrot,  a  snout  or  pro- 
boscis ;  wrotan,  lo  dig  or  root;  D.  wrneten, 
G.  reuten,  Uaii.  roder,  Sw.  rota,  to  root!, 
This  seems  to  be  of  the  same  family  as  the' 
former  word  and  rod,  from  the  use  of  the' 
snout.]  I 

To  turn  up  the  earth  with  the  snout,  as' 
swnie.  Swine  root  to  find  worms  ;  they' 
root  the  ground  wherever  they  come. 

To  root  up  or  out.  to  eradicate  ;  to  extirpate ; 
to  remove  or  d<vstrov  root  and  branch  ;  to 
exterminate.      Ueiit.  xxix.     Job  \x.vi 

ROyT'-BOUND,  a.  Fixed  to  the  eart'h  by 
roots.  Milton 

ROOT'-BUFLT,  a.  Built  of  roots. 

«       _  Shenstone.] 

ROOTED,  pp.  Having  its  roots  planted  or 

fixed   in  the  earth  ;"hence,   fi.xed  ;  deep;l 


radical ;  as  rooted  sorrow  ;  rooted  aversion ; 
rooted  prejudices. 

RtpOT'EULY,  adv.  Deeply ;  from  the  heart. 

Shot. 

RQOT'ER,  71.  One  that  roots  ;  or  one  that 
tears  up  by  the  roots. 

ROOT'-llOUriE,  n.  A  house  made  of  roots. 

Dodsley. 

KOQT'INti,  ppr.  Striking  or  taking  root 
tuniin|;  up  with  the  snout. 

RQoT'-LEAF,  n.  A  leaf  growing  immedi 
ately  from  the  root.  Martyn. 

R0(,1T'LET,  n.  A  radicle;  the  fibrous  part 
of  a  root.  Martyn 

KQQT'Y,  a.  Full  of  roots;  as  rooty  grounil, 

Matns. 

ROPAL'IC,  a.  [Gr.  porta>io..,  a  club.]  Club- 
formed  ;  increasing  or  swelling  towards 
the  end. 

ROPE,  ?i.  [Sax.  rap;  Sw.  rep;  Dan.  reeb; 
W.  rkaf;  Ir.  ropa,  roihin.] 

I.  A  large  string  or  line  comjiosed  of  several 
strands  twisted  together.  It  differs  from 
cord,  line  and  siring,  only  in  its  size ;  be- 
ing the  name  given  to  all  sorts  of  cord- 
age above  an  inch  in  circumference.  In- 
deed the  smaller  ropes,  when  used  for 
certain  purposes,  are  called  tines. 

Ropes  are  by  seamen  ranked  under  two 
descriptions,  cable-laid,  ami  hawser  laid  ; 
the  former  composed  of  nine  strands,  or 
three  great  strands,  each  consisting  of 
three  small  ones;  the  latter  made  with 
three  strands,  each  composed  of  a  certain 
number  of  rope-yarns.  Mar.  Diet. 

'i.  A  row  or  string  consisting  of  a  number  of 
things  united  ;  as  a  rope  of  onions. 

3.  Ropes,  [Sax.  roppas,]  the  intestines  of 
birds.  l,ye 

Rope  of  sand,  proverbially,  feeble  union  oi 
tie  ;  a  band  easily  broken.  Locke. 

ROPE,  V.  i.  To  draw  out  or  extend   into  i 
filament  or  thread,  by  means  of  any  glut 
inous  or  adhesive  quality.     Any  glutinous 
substance  will  rope  considerably  before  it 
will  part. 

ROPE-BAND.     [See  Robbin.] 

ROPE-DANCER,    n.     [rope   and  dancer.] 
lOne  that  walks  on  a  rope  suspended. 

Addison. 

ROPE-LADDER,    n.     A  ladder  made   of| 
1     ropes. 

ROPE-MAKER,  n.  One  whose  occupa- 
tion is  to  make  ropes  or  cordage.  [1  do 
not  know  that  roper  i.s  ever  used.] 

RO'PE-M.AKINt;,  ,1.  The  art  or  business 
of  manufacturing  ropes  or  cordage. 

RO'PERY,  ».  A  place  where  ropes  are 
made.     [JVot  used  in  the  United  Stales.] 

i.    \  trick  thai  deserves  the  halter.        Sliak.l 

ROPE-TRICK,  n.  A  trick  that  deserves! 
the  halter.  ghak 

RO  PE-WALK,  n.  A  long  covered  walk, 
or  a  long  building  over  smooth  ground 
where  ropes  are  manufactured. 

RO'PE  V.ARN,  (I.  Yarn  for  ropes,  consist- 
ing of  a  single  thread.  The  threads  arc 
twisted  into  strands,  and  the  strands  into 
rof)es. 

UO'PINESS,  n.  [from  rnpy.]  Stringiness,  or 
aptness  to  draw  out  in  a  string  or  thread 
without  breaking,  as  of  glutinous  substan- 
ces; viscosity;  adlnsiveness. 

ROPY,  a.  I  from  rope.]  ."-tringy  ;  adhesive; 
that  may  be   drawn  into  a  thread ;  as  a 


dew.     [.Vol  used^ 
RO'RID,    a.    [L.  roridus.]     D 


glutinous  substance  ;  viscous  ;  tenacious : 
glutinous ;  as  ropy  wine  ;  ro;>;i/  lees. 

Dryden.  Philips. 
ROQ'UELAUR,  n.  [from  Fr.  ;  Dan.  rofc- 
kelor ;  G.  rock,  a  coat,  D.  rok.  Sax.  rocc, 
whence  frork,  Sp.  roclo.  Qu.  the  last 
syllable,  or  is  the  word  derived  from  a 
duke  of  this  name  ?]     A  cloke  for  men. 

Gay. 

RO  RAL,  a.    [L.   roralis,   from   ros,   dew.] 

I  ertainmg  to   dew   or  eoiijisting   of  dew  ; 

•'«^^y-  Green. 

RORA'TION,  „.  TL.  roratio.]    A  falling  of 

Diet. 
ewy. 

Granger. 

RORIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  ros,  dew,  and  fero, 

to  produce.]      Generating   or   producing 

dew.  oicl 

RORIF'LUENT,  a.  [L.  ros,  .lew,  an.l  Jtuo, 
to  flow.]     Flowing  with  dew.     [.Vol  used.] 

Did. 

ROSA'CEOUS,  a.  s  as  :.  [L.  rosacea.  See 
Rose.] 

Rose-like ;  composed  of  several  petals,  ar- 
ranged in  a  circular  form:  as  a  rosaceous 
corol.  Martyn.     Encyc. 

ROSARY,  n.  s  as  :.  [L.  rosarium.  See 
Rose.  ] 

1.  A  bed  of  roses,  or  place  where  roses 
grow. 

2.  A  chaplet.  Taylor, 
i.  A  string  of  beads  used  by  Roman  catho- 
lics, on  which  they  count  "their  prayers. 

ROSAS'l€,  a.  The  rosasic  acid  is  obtained 
from  the  urine  of  persons  affected  with 
intermitting  and  nervous  fevers.  Ure. 

ROS'CID,  a.   [L.  roscidus,   from  ros,  dew.]' 

Dewy ;  containing  dew,  or  consisting  of 
dew.     [jVot  used.]  Bacon. 

ROSE,  n.  s  as  :.  [Fr.  rose  ;  L.  It.  Sp.  rosa; 
G.    Dan.   rose ;  D.    roos,   rooze ;  Sv 
Arm.  rosen  ;   Ir 


rooze ;  Hw.   ros 
ros  or  rosa  ;  VV.  rhos  ;  Gr 
fioiov  ;  from    the    root   of  red,    ruddy,    VV 
rhux.     SeeiJerf.]  " 

1.  A  plant  and  flower  of  the  genus  Rosa,  of 
many  species  and  varieties,  a,s  the  wild 
canine  or  dog-rose,  the  white  rose,  the  red' 
rose,  the  cinnamon  rose,  the  eglantine  or 
sweet  briar,  &c.  There  are  five  petals- 
the  calyx  is  urceolate,  quimpiefid,  and' 
corneous  ;  the  seeds  are  numerous,  his- 
pid, and  fixed  to  the  inside  of  the  calyx. 

2.  A  knot  of  ribin  in  the  form  of  a  rose 
used  as  an  ornamental  tie  of  a  shoe.  ' 

Under  the   rose,   in   secret  ;  privately  ;  in  a 
t     manner  that  forbids  disclosure. 
\Rose  of  Jericho,  a  plant  growing  on  the  plain 

of  Jericho,  the  .Inastatica  hierochuntica. 
ROSE,  pret.  ofrise. 

RO'SE.'VL,  a.  [L.  roseus.]  Like  a  rose  in 
smell  or  color.  £;;^g, 

RO'SEATE.  a.  [Fr.  rosat.]     Rosy  ;  full  of 
i     roses  ;  as  roseate  bowers.  Pope 

;2.  Blooming  ;  of  a  rose  color  ;  as  roseate 
^'■''"'y-  Boyle. 

RO'SER-^Y,  n.  A  plant,  the  .Verium  olean- 
der. The.  dioarf  rosebay  is  the  Rhododen- 
'^'■°"-  Lee 

nn'fp  o  C;  F'''"'S°n'=''  5  An^hed.         Shak. 
KU  hh,-tr.VLL,  n.   An  excrescence  on  the 
dog-rose.  fl,,r. 


R  O  S 


ROT 


ROT 


JIOSE-MALLOW,  »i.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Alcea,  larger  than  the  common  mallow. 

Milter. 

RO'SEMARY,  re.  [L.  rosmarinus,  sea-rose  ; 
rosa  anil  mariiuis.  So  in  W.  rhoa-mari, 
and  in  Ir.  balh-ros,  sea-rose.] 

A  verticillate  plant  of  the  genus  Rosmarinus, 
growing  naturally  in  the  southern  part  of 
France,  Spain  and  Italy.  It  has  a  fragrant 
smell  and  a  warm  pungent  bitterish  taste. 

JSnci/c. 

nO'SE-NOBLE,  71.  A  ancient  English  gold 
coin,  stamped  with  the  figure  of  a  rose, 
first  struck  in  the  reign  of  Edward  III. 
and  current  at  6s.  8d.  or  according  to 
Johnson,  at  10  shillings. 

ROSE-QUARTZ,  n.  A  subspecies  ol^ 
quartz,  rose  red  or  milk  white.  ' 

RO'SE-RQOT,  )!.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Rhodiola. 

RO'SET,  li.  [Fr.  rosetle;  from  rose.]  A  red 
color  used  by  painters.  Pediham. 

RO'SE-VVATER,  n.  Water  tinctured  with 
rcses  by  distillation.  Enci/c. 

KO'SE-VVOQD,  n.  A  plant  or  tree  of  the 
genus  Aspalathus,  growing  in  warm  cli- 
mates, from  which  is  obtained  the  oleum 
rhodii,  an  agreeable  perfume,  used  in 
scenting  pomatum  and  liniments. 

Encyc. 

ROSICRU'CIAN,  n.  [L.  ros,  dew,  and  crur, 
cross;  deiv,  the  most  powerful  dissolvent 
of  gold,  according  to  these  fanatics,  and 
cross,  the  emblem  of  light.] 

The  Rosicrucians  were  a  sect  or  cabal  of 
hermetical  philosophers,  or  rather  fanatics, 
who  sprung  up  in  Germany  in  the  four- 
teenth century,  and  made  great  preten- 
sions to  science  ;  and  among  other  things, 
pretended  to  be  masters  of  the  secret  of 
the  philosopher's  stone.  Encyc. 

ROSICRU'CIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Rosicrucians,  or  their  arts.  Hudibras. 

ROSIER,  n.  ro'zhur.  [Fr.]  A  rose  bush.  [Xol 
in  use.]  Spenser. 

ROS'IN,  n.  s  as  z.  [This  is  only  a  different 
orthography  of  resin  :  Ir.  roisin  ;  Fr.  re- 
sine  ;  L.  resina.     See  Resin.] 

1.  Inspissated  turpentine,  a  juice  of  tlie 
pine.  Garth. 

2.  Any  inspissated  matter  of  vegetables  that 
dissolves  inspirit  of  wine.  Arhulhnot. 

ROS'IN,  V.  t.  To  rub  with  rosin.  Gay 

RO'SINESS,  n.  s  as  z.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing rosy,  or  of  resembling  the  color  of  the 
rose.  Davenanl.} 

ROS'INY,  a.  Like  rosin,  or  partaking  of  its 
qualities.  Temple. 

ROS'L.AND,  n.  [W.  rhos,  peat,  or  a  moor.] 
Heathy  land;  land  full  of  ling;  moorish  or 

watery  land. 
ROS'PO,    n.    A   fish  of  Mexico,   perfectly 
round,  without  scales,  and  good  for  food. 

Ctavigero. 

ROSS,  71.  [Qu.  G.  graus,  rubbish.]  The 
ro\igli  scaly  matter  ou  the  surface  of  the 
bark  of  certain  trees.  J^/ew  England. 

ROSS' EL,  n.  Light  land.  [M'ot  used  in 
.Imericn.]  Mortimer. 

ROSS'ELLY,  a.  Loose ;  light.  [.Vol  in 
use.]  Mortimer. 

ROS'SET,  71.  The  large  ternate  bat. 

ROS'SIGNOL,  71.  [Fr.  id.,-  It.  rosignuolo.] 
The  niglitingale.  Asiat.  Res. 


ROS'TEL,  n.     [L.  rostellum,  dim.  of  ros-\S.  Dry  rot,  in  timber,  the  decay  of  the  wood 
Iruin,  a  beak.]  ■      without  the  access  of  water. 

In  botany,  the  descending  plane  part  of  thej  RO'l'A,  n.  [L.  rota,  W.  rhod,  a  wheel ;  alli- 
corcle  or  heart,  in  the  first  vegetution  of  a^      ed  to  rhedu,  to  run.     See  Rotary.] 
seed.  Martijn.  1.  An  ecclesiastical  court  of  Rome,  compos- 

ROS'TER,  71.  In   military  affairs,  a  plan 


table  by  which  tlie  duty  of  officers  is  reg- 
ulated. Bril.  Mil.  Journal 

In  Massachusetts,  a  list  of  the  officers  of 
a  division,  briga<le,  regiment  or  battalion 
containing  under  several  heads  their 
names,  rank,  the  corps  to  which  they  be- 
long, date  of  coatmission  and  place  of 
abode.  These  are  called  ilivision  rosters, 
brigade  rosters,  regimental  or  battalion 
rosters. 

The  word  is  also  used  frequently  instead 


ed  of  twelve  prelates,  of  whom  one  must 
be  a  German,  another  a  Frenchman,  and 
two  .Spaniards ;  the  other  eight  are  Ital- 
ians. This  is  one  of  the  most  august  tri- 
biuials  in  Rome,  taking  cognizance  of  all 
suit.*  in  the  territory  ot  the  church  by  ap- 
))cal,  and  of  all  matters  beneficiary  and 
patriMiiiiiial.  Encyc. 

Ill  English  history,  a  club  of  politicians, 
who,  In  the  lime  of  Charles  I.  contempla- 
ted an  equal  government  by  rotation. 

Hudibras. 


of  register,  which  conqirehends  a  gener.ilj  RO'TALITE,  77.  A  genus  of  fossil  shells, 
list  of  all  the  officers  of  the  state,  from  the;  RC'l'ARY,  u.  [L.  rofd,  a   wheel,  W.  rhod, 
commander  in  chief  to  the  lowest  ill  com-,      fip_     rueda,    Port,    roda,    .Arm.     rod,    Fr. 
mission,    under     the    same     appropriaieij     roue,  G.  D.   riul  ;  Malayan,  rata,  a  chari- 


heads,  with  an  additional  column  for  not- 
ing the  alterations  which  take  place. 

fy.  H.  Sumner. 


ROS'TRAL,    a.    [from    L.   rostrum,    beak.] 

1.  Resembling  the  beak  of  a  ship.         Taller. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  beak. 
ROS'TllATE,     I       [L.  rostratus.]     In  bot- 
ROS'TRATEI),  S  "'  any,    beaked  ;   having 

a  process  resembling  the  beak  of  a  bird. 

Martyn. 
2.  Furnished   or   adorned   with    beaks  ;  as 

rostrated  cralleys. 
ROS'TRUM,  77.  [L. ;  VV.  rhetgyr,  a  snout, 

or  rhethren,  a  pike.] 

1.  The  beak  or  bill  of  a  bird. 

2.  The  beak  or  head  of  a  ship. 

3.  In  ancient  Rome,  a  scaffold  or  elevated 
place  in  the  forum,  where  orations,  plead 
ings,  funeral  harangues,  &c.,  were  deliv- 
ered. 

4.  The  pipe  which  conveys  the  distilling 
liquor  into  its  receiver,  in  the  common  al- 
embic. 

5.  A  crooked  pair  of  scissors,  used  by  sur- 
geons for  dilating  wounds. 

Coxe.     Quincy. 
RO'SY,  a.   [from  rose.]    Resembling  a  rose 
in    color    or    qualities ;   blooming  ;   red  ; 
blushing ;  charming. 
While  blooming  youth  and  gay  delight 
Sit  on  thy  rosy  cheeks  confest. 

Prior. 

The  rosy  morn  resigns  her  light.  Waller. 

2.   Made  in  the  form  of  a  rose.       B.  Jonson. 

iROT.  i>. t.   [Sax.  rotiati ;  D. rotten;  Sw.rota; 

Dan.  raadner.] 
To  lose  the  natural  cohesion  and  organiza- 
tion of  parts,  as  animal  and  vegetable 
substances  ;  to  be  decomposed  and  resolv- 
ed into  its  original  component  parts  by 
the  natural  process,  or  the  gradual  opera- 
tion of  heat  and  air;  to  puticfv. 
ROT,  1).  t.  To  make  putrid  ;  to  cause  to  be 
decomposed  by  the  natural  opeialion  of 
air  and  heat;  to  bring  to  corniptiou. 
ROT,  71.  A  fatal  distemper  imidinit  to 
sheep,  usually  supposed  to  be  owing  to 
wet  seasons  and  moist  pastures.  The  im- 
mediate cause  of  the  mortality  of  sheep, 
in  this  disease,  is  found  to  he  a  great 
number  of  small  animals,  called  flukes. 
(Fasciola,)  found  in  the  liver,  and  supposed 
to  be  produced  from  eggs  swallowed  with 
their  food.  Enryr. 

Putrefaction  ;  putrid  decay.  Philips. 


ot ;  allied  to  W.  rhedu,  to  run.     So  car  is 

allied  to  L.  CU7T0.] 
Turning,  as  a  wheel  on  its  axis  ;  as  rotary 

motion. 
RO'T.\TE,    a.     In   botany,   wheel-shaped  ; 

monopetalous,  spreading  flat,  without  any 

tube,  or  expanding  into  a  flat  border,  with 

scarcely  any  tube  ;  as  a  rotate  corol. 

Martyn.     Smith. 
RO'TATED,  a.  [L.  rotalus.]  Turned  round, 

as  a  wheel. 
ROT.V'TION,  71.   [L.  i-olatio,  from  roto,  to 

turn  ;  rota,  a  wheel.] 

1.  The  act  of  turning,  as  a  wheel  or  solid 
body  on  its  axis,  as  distinguished  from 
the  progressive  motion  of  a  body  revolv- 
ing round  another  body  or  a  distant  |>oint. 
Thus  the  daily  turning  of  the  earth  on  its 
axis,  is  a  rotation  ;  its  annual  motion 
round  the  sun  is  a  revolution. 

2.  Vicissitude  of  succession ;  the  course  by 
which  officers  or  others  leave  their  places 
at  certain  times  and  are  succeeded  by 
others  ;  applied  also  to  a  change  of  crops. 

ROTATIVE,  a.  Turning,  as  a  wheel;  ro- 
tary.    [Little  used.] 

ROTA'TO  PLANE,  o.  In  botany,  wheel- 
shaped  and  flat,  without  a  tube  ;  as  a  ro- 
tfito-plane  corol.  Lee. 

ROTA'Tt)R,  71.  [L.]  That  which  gives  a 
circular  or  rolling  motion  ;  a  muscle  pro- 
ducing a  rolling  motion.  Coxe. 

RO'TATORY,  a.  [from  rotator.]  Turning  on 
an  axis,  as  a  wheel  ;  rotary. 

,'i.  Going  in   a  circle;  following   in   succes- 

I     sioii  :  as  rotatory  assemhlles.  Burke. 

[This  word  is  ot'len  used,  probably  by  mis- 
take, for  rotary.  It  may  be  regularly 
formed  trom  rotator,  but  not  with  the  ex- 
act sense  in  which  it  is  used.  With  rota- 
tor for  its  original,  it  would  signify  cau.ting 
rather  than  being  in  a  circular  motion. 
The  true  word  is  rotary.] 


f-i 


contraction   of   crowd,   W. 
cruit.]     A  kind  of  violin  or  harp. 

[L.  rola,  a  wheel,  whence  Fr. 


ROTE, 

I     cru'lh,  Ir 

I    ms. 

[rote,  n. 

I     routine.] 

Properly,  a  round  of  words;  frequent  rcpe- 
1  tition  of  words  or  sounds,  without  aticnd- 
I  ing  to  the  signification,  or  to  principles 
j     aiid     rules  ;    n     practice    that     impres.ses 

I  words  in  the  memory  without  an  ctfort  of 

II  the  understanding,  and  without  the  aid  of 


R  O  U 


R  O  U 


R  O  U 


rules.  Tlius  children  learn  to  speak  by 
role;  they  ofleii  rfpt-at  what  lliuy  hear, 
till  it  bocciines  familiar  to  theiii.  So  we 
leuni  to  .sing  by  rutt,  as  wc  hear  notes  re- 
peateil,  and  soon  learn  to  repeat  tbeni 
ourselves. 

ROI'K,  II.  t.  To  fix  ill  the  memory  by 
iDeaus  of  frequent  reprtitioii  ourselves,  or 
by  hearing  the  repetition  of  others,  with- 
out an  eftiirt  of  the  uudeistuiidinj:  to  coiii- 
prcliend  what  is  repeated,  and  without 
the  aid  of  rules  or  principles.  [Liltle  us-\ 
ed.)  Shak.\ 

UOTE,  V.  i.  To  go  out  by  rotation  or  suc-j 
oessiou.     [Little  used.]  Grey.l 

ROTll'KK-BKASTS,  n.  [Sax.  hrylher,  a! 
quadruped.] 

Cattle  of  tlie  bovine  genus;  called  in  Eng- 
land black  cattle.     [JVbt  iised  in  Jlmeiica.]  j 

Golding,' 

ROTH'ERNAILS,  n.  [corrupted  from! 
rudder-nails.]  ! 

Among  shii)wrights.  nails  with  very  full 
heads,  used  for  fastening  the  ruilder  irons 
of  ships.  liailiij. 

ROTH'OFFITE,  n.  A  variety  of  grenut'e,) 
brown  or  black,  found  in  S\ve<len.  It  has 
a  re.sembluiice  to  melaiiite,  another  varie-j 
ty,  but  differs  from  it  in  having  a  small 
portion  of  aluniin.  Cyc. 

UO'TOCO,  n.  An  eastern  weight  of  51bs. 

Entick. 

UOTTCN,  a.  rot'n.  [Sw.  rntteii.]  I'utritl  ;l 
carious;  decomposed  by  the  natural  pro- 
cess of  decay  ;  as  a  rotten  plank. 

2.  Not  firm  or  trusty  ;  unsound  ;  defective 
in  principle;  treacherous  ;  deceiiliil. 

3.  Defective  in  substance  ;  not  soimil  or 
hard.  Knotlcs. 

4.  Fetid  ;  ill  smelling.  .S'/i«/ir. 

ROT'TENNESS,  n.  State  of  being  decay- 
ed or  putrid  ;  caiiousness ;  putrefaction  ; 
imsnundness. 

ROTTEN-STONE,  n.  A  soft  stone  or  min- 
eral, called  alsoTripoli,  terra  Tripoliiana, 
from  the  country  troni  which  it  w.is  for- 
merly brought.  It  is  used  in  all  sorts  of 
finer  grinding  aiul  polishing  in  the  arts, 
and  for  cle.iiiing  (urnitiire  ofinelullic  sub-i 
stances.  The  rotten-stone  of  Derbyshire,' 
in  England,  is  a  Tripoli  niLxed  w  ilh  calca-j 
rioiis  earth.  jYicholsoi).     Encyc' 

ROTUND',  a.  [L.  rotundus.  probably  formed, 
on  rota,  a  wheel,  as  jocitndus  on  jonts.]       \ 

1.  Round  ;  circular  ;  spherical.         Addison., 

M.  Ill  botany,  circumscribed  by  one  nnhrokeni 
curve,  or  without  angles ;  as  a  rotund  leaf.i 

Li  line. 

ROTUNDIFO'LIOnS,  a.  [L.  rotundas, 
round,  aiuiyb/iuHi,  a  leaf.]  Having  round 
leaves.  I 

ROTUND'ITY,  n.  Roundness  ;  sphericity  ; 
circularity  ;  as  the  rolundily  of  a  globe."    ' 

Bentley. 

ROTl'NDO,  n.  [h.rotondo,  round.]  A  round 
building;  any  liiiilding  that  is  round  both 
on  the  outside  and  inside.  The  most  cel- 
cbrateil  edifice  of  this  kind  is  the  Pantheon 
at  Rome.  Encyc. 

ROUCOU,  n.  roo'coo.  A  substance  used  in 
dyeing  ;  the  same  as  anotta. 

ROUGE,  ri.  rooih.  [Fr.]  Red.  Davies. 

ROUGE,  )i.  roozh.  Red  paint;  a  substance, 
used  for  painting  the  cheeks. 

ROUGE,  v.i.  [supra.]  To  paint  the  face,  or 
rather  the  cheeks.  1 


ROUGE,  V.  t.  [supra.]  To  paint,  or  tinge, 
with  red  paint.  I 

ROUGH,  a.  ruf.  [Sax.  hreog,  hreoh,  hrug,\ 
reoh,  rug,  ruk,  href,  hreof;  D.  ruig,  rough, j 
shaggy,  whence  our  rug, rugged;  G.  rank,' 
rough,  and  rauch,  hoarse,  U.  raucus,  It. 
rauco  ;  Sw.  ru^g-,  entangled  hair  .  ruggig, 
rugged,  shaggy  ;  Dan.  rog,  rug,  rye";  W.j 
crec  and  cryg,  rough,  rugged,  hoarse,  curl- 
ing, and  crecian,  to  creak,  to  scream,  Eng. 
shriek ;  creg,  hoarse,  from  cryg,  or  the 
same  wont  varied.  Cryg  is  from  rhyg, 
Eng.  rye,  that  is,  rough  ;  [crwca,  crooked, 
is  jirohably  from  the  same  source  ;]  Sax. 
racn,  hraca,  a  cough  ;  L.  ruga,  a  wrinkle  ; 
W.  rhofi,  to  grunt  or  growl  ;  rhwc,  what 
is  rougli,  irregular,  a  grunt;  rhiccinw,  to 
grunt ;  rituwc,  a  rug,  a  rough  garment,  an 
exterior  coat ;  rhuc,  a  coat,  husk  or  .shell  ; 
rhwnc,  a  snoring,  snorting,  or  rattling 
noise.  The  latter  is  probably  from  the 
.same  root,  from  roughness,  and  this  is  the 
Gr.  fiiyx'^,  to  snore ;  Arm.  rochat  or  di- 
rochut,  to  snore ;  diroch,  snoring.  The 
Welsh  unites  rough  witli  creak  shriek;  and 
shrug  is  fijrmed  on  l\w  root  of  L.  ruga,  a 
wrinkle,  a  nV/g-c.  See  Ridge.  The  primary 
sense  is  to  stretch  or  strain  ;  but  applied  to 
roughness  or  wrinkling,  it  is  to  draw  or 
contract,  a  straining  together.] 

I.  Having  inequalities,  small  ridges  or  points 
on  the  surface  ;  not  smooth  or   plane  ;  as 

j     a  rough  boai  il ;  a  rough  stone  ;  rough  cloth 
'i.    Stony  ;     abounding     with    stones     and 

stumps;  as  rough  land;   or   simply  with 

stones  !  as  a  rough  road. 

3.  Not  wrought  or  [lolished  ;  as  a  roug^/i  dia- 
I     niond. 

4.  Thrown  into  huge  waves;  violently  agit- 
ated ;  as  a  rough  sea. 

5.  Teinpestuous  ;    stormy  ;    boisterous  ;   as 
j     rough  weather. 
G.  Au..^lerc  to    the   taste ;  harsh  ;    as   rough 

v/ine. 

7.  Harsh  to  the  ear;  grating;  jarring ;  un- 
hartuonious ;  as  rough  sounds ;  rough  num- 

j     bers.  Pope. 

8.  Rugged  of  temper;  severe;  austere; 
rude ;    not  mild   or   courteous. 

A  tiuiitl,a  fury,  pitiless  ,inil  rough.         Shak. 
!).  Coarse  in  manners  ;  rude. 

.\  surly  boatman,  rough  as  seas  and  wind. 

Prior. 

10.  Harsh;    violent;   not  easy;  as  a  rough 

reineily.  Clarendon. 

II.  Harsh;  severe;  uncivil ;  as  rou£f/i  usage. 

Locke 

12.  Hard  featured  ;  not  delicate  ;  as  a  rough 
visage.  Drydcn. 

ly.  Terrible ;  dreadful. 

tin  the  rough  edge  of  battle,  ere  il  join'd, 
Satan  advane'd.  Jifilton. 

14.  Rugged  ;  disordered  in  appearance  ; 
coarse. 

Rough  from  the  tossing  surge  Ulysses  moves. 

Pope. 

15.  Hairy  ;  shaggy  ;  covered  with  hairs, 
bristles  and  the  like. 

ROUGH-€AST,  v.  t.  ruf -cast,  [rough  and 
cast.] 

1.  To  form  in  its  first  rudiments,  without  re-; 
vision,  correction  and  polish.  Dryden.^ 

2.  To  molil  without  nicety  or  elegance,  or 
to  form  with  asperities.  Cleaveland\ 

3.  To  cover  with  a  mixture  of  plaster  andi 


shells  or  pebbles  ;  as,  to  rough-cast  a  build- 
'     iiiK- 

RUUGH-CAST,  n.  ruf -cast.  A  rude  model ; 
I  the  form  of  u  thing  in  its  first  rudiments, 
1     unfinished.  Digby. 

2.  A  plaster  with  a  mixture  of  shells  or  ])eb- 

liles,  u.sed  for  covering  buildings. 

ROUGH-DRAUGHT,      n.      ruf-drajl.     A 

draught  in  its  rudiments;  a  draught  not 

perfected  ;  a  sketch.  Dryden. 

ROUGH-DRAW,    v.  t.  ruf -draw.  To  draw 

or  delineate  coarsely.  Dri/den. 

ROUGH-DRAWN,  pp.  ruf-draum.  Coarsely 

drawn. 

ROUGHEN,  v.t.  rufn.    [from   rough.]  To 

make  rough.  Swift. 

ROUGHEN,  I',  i.  rufn.  To  grow  or  become 

rough.  Thomson. 

ROUGH-FQOTED,   a.  ruf -footed.  Fetlier- 

footed  ;  as  a  rough-footed  dove. 

Sherwood. 
ROUGH-HEW,  V.  t.  ruf-hm:    [rough  and 

hew.] 
il.  To  liew  coarsely  without  smoothing;  as. 

to  rough-hew  timber. 
2.  To  give  the  first  form  or  shaf)e  to  a  thing. 
There's  a  divinity  that  shapes  our  ends, 
Rough-hew  ilieiii  how  «  e  will.  Shuk. 

ROUGH-HEWN, /y.  or  a.  ruf-keum.  Hewn 
I     coarsely  w  ithout  smoothing. 
2.  Rugged  ;  unpolished  ;  of  coarse  manners  : 
j     rude. 

I  A  rough-hewn  seaman.  Bacon. 

].'{.  Unpolished;  not  nicely  finished.  Howell. 
ROUGlHNG.'i,  11.  rufiiigs.  Grass  after  mow- 
I  ing  or  reaping.  [Local.] 
iROUGHLY,  adv.  rufly.  With  uneven  sur- 
face ;  with  asperities  on  the  surface. 
2.  Harshly;  uncivilly;  rudely;  as,  to  be 
I     treated  roughly. 

j3.    Severely  ;    without   tenderness  ;    as,    to 
blame   too  roughly.  Drydcn. 

4.  Austerely  to  tiie  taste. 

5.  Boisterously ;  tempestuously. 
i6.  Harshly  to  the  ear. 
'7.   Violently  :  not  gently. 
ROU(iliNESS,  n.  rufness.  Unevenncss  of 

surfai-e,  occasioned  by  small  prominences; 
asperity  of  surface;  as  the  roughness  of  a 
boartl,  of  a  floor,  or  of  a  rock. 

2.  .'Vustereness  to   the  taste;  as  the  rough- 
ness of  sloes.  Brown. 

;3.  Taste  of  astringency.  Spectator. 

4.  Harshness  to  the  ear  ;  as  the  roughness  of 
sounds.  Steifl. 

.5.  Ruggedness  of  temper;  harshness;  aus- 
terity. Addison. 

().  Coarseness  of  manners  or  behavior ;  rude- 
ness. 

Severity  brecdeth  fear;  but  roughness  brced- 
clh  hate.  Bacon 

7.  Want  of  delicacy  or  rcfincnicnt ;  as  mili- 
tary roughness. 

8.  Severity  ;  harshness  or  violence  of  disci- 
pline. 

9.  \iolence  of  operation  in  medicines. 

10.  Un|K)lished  or  unfinished  state;  as  the 
i     roughness  of  a  gem  or  a  draught. 

11.  Ini'legance  of  dress  or  appearance. 
:I2.  Tempestuoiisncss ;  boisterousness;  asof 
'     winds  of-  weather. 

1.3.  Violent  .agitation  by  wind;  astheroiig'/i- 

ncss  of  the  sea  in  a  slorni. 
14.  Coarseness  of  features. 
,ROUGH-SIK)D.    a.  ruf -shod.   Shod   with 
!    shoes  armed  with  points;  as  a  roughshod 


R  O  U 


R  O  L 


R  O  U 


lioi-ff.     [This  word  is  not  generally  used 

in  America.     In  New-England,  instead  of 

roiijfli-sliod,  calked  is  used.] 
ROIIGHT,  for  raug-W  ;  itrel.  of  reach.   Ohs. 

Shak 
ROUGH-WORK,  v.  t.  ruf-work.  [mig-^and 

li'ork.] 
To  work  over  coarsely,  without    regard  to 

nicetv,  smoothness  or  finish.  Moxon. 

ROUG"H-\VROL'GHT,a.ru/-rau<.  Wrought 

or  done  coarsely. 
ROULEAU,   n.   roolo'.  [Fr.]  A  little  roll ;  a 

roll  of  guineas  in  paper.  Pope. 

ROUN,  r.  i.  [G.  raunen  ;  Sax.  runian,  from 

run,  runa,  mystery  ;  whence  runic.] 
To  whisper.     Obs.  Gower. 

ROUN,   V.  t.  To  address  in  a  whisper.  Obs. 

Bret. 
ROUNCE,  n.  roims'.  The  handle  of  a  print- 
ing press. 
ROUN'CEVAL,n.  [from  Sp.  Roncesvalles,  a 

town  at  the  foot  of  the  Pyrenees.] 
A  %ariety  of  pea,  so  called.  Tusser. 

ROUND,  a.  [Fr.  7-ond ;  It.  Sp.  Port.  ro7ir/«, 

a  round  ;  Arm.  roundt ;  G.  Dan.  Sw.  riind  ; 

D.  rond.    Q.U.    W.   crwn,  It:  cruin,  Arm. 

cren.] 

1.  Cylindrical;  circular;  spherical  or  glob- 
ular. Round  is  applicable  to  a  cylinder 
as  well  as  to  a  globe  or  sphere.  VVe  say,! 
the  barrel  of  a  musket  is  round;  a  ball  is 
round;  a  circle  is  round. 

2.  Full ;  large  ;  as  a  round  sum  or  price 

Mdison. 

3.  Full ;  smooth  ;  flowing  ;  not  defective  or 
abrupt. 

In  his  satires,  Horace  is  quick,  round  and 
pleasant.  Peachmn. 

His  style,  though  round  and  comprehens-l 
ive —  Fell. 

4.  Plain;  open;  candid;  fair. 

Round  dealing  is  the  honor  ot  man's  nature. 

Bacon. 
Let  her  be  round  with  him.  Shak. 

;j.  Full;  quick;  brisk;  as  a  »0Mn(/ trot. 

Addison, 
(i.  Full;  plump;  bold;  positive;  as  sl  round 

assertion. 
.1  round  number,  is  a  number  that  ends  with 
a  cypher,  and  may  be  divided  by  10  with- 
out a  remainder;  a  con]plete  or  lull  mun- 
ber.  It  is  remarkable  that  the  W.  cant,  a 
hundred,  the  L.  centum,  and  Sax.  hund,' 
signify  properly  a  circle,  and  this  use  of 
round  may  have  originated  in  a  like  idea. 
HOUND,  n.  A  circle  ;  a  circular  thing,  or  a 
circle  in  motion. 

With  rounds  of  waxen  tapers  on  their  heads 

Shak 
Knit  your  hands,  and  beat  the  ground 
In  a  light  fantastic  round.  Milton 

2.  Action  or  performance  in  a  circle,  or  pass- 
ing tlimugli  a  series  of  hands  or  things, 
and  coming  to  the  point  of  beginning;  or 
the  time  of  such  action. 

Wonjen  to  cards  may  be  compared ;  we  play 
\  ioH/«/or  two ;  when  used,  we  throw  away. 

Granville. 

The  feast  wasserv'd;  the  bowl  was  crown'd  ; 

To    Ihc  king's  pleasure    went    the    mirthful 

rouiul.  Prior. 

So  we  say,  a  round  of  labors  or  duties. 

VVe  run  the  daily  rou«f/.  Mdison. 

3.  R'tution  in  office;  succession  in  vicissi 
»"*'e.  Holyday. 


A  rundle  ;  the  step  of  a  ladder. 
All  the  rounds  like  Jacob's  ladder  rise. 

Dryden. 
A  walk  performed  by  a  guard  or  an  offi- 
cer round  the  rampart  of  a  garrison,  or 
among  sentinels,  to  see  that  tiie  sentinels 
are  faithfid  and  all  things  safe.  Hence  the! 
officer  and  men  who  perform  this  duty: 
arc  called  the  rounds.  Enci/c.\ 

A  dance  ;  a  song ;  a  roundelay,  or  a  spe-' 
cies  of  fugue.  Davies. 

A  general  discharge  of  fire-arms  by  a 
body  of  troops,  in  which  each  soldier  fires 
once.  In  volleys,  it  is  usmd  for  a  compa-j 
ny  or  regiment  to  fire  three  rounds.  1 

Jl  round  of  cartridges  and  bads,   one  cart-] 
ridge  to  each  man ;  as,  to  supply  a  regi-' 
inent  with  a  single  round  or  with  twelve 
roitnds  of  cartridges. 
ROUND,  adv.  On  all  sides.  ' 

Thine  enemies  shall  cast  a  trench  about  thee, 
and  compass  thee  round.    Luke  xix. 

2.  Circularly  ;  in  a  circular  form  ;  as,  a  wheel! 
turns  round.  I 

.3.  From  one  side  or  party  to  another ;  as,! 
to  come  or  turn  round.  Hence  these  ex-l 
pressions  signify  to  change  sides  or  opin-\ 
ions, 

4.  Not  in  a  direct  line  ;  by  a  course  longer 
than  the  direct  course.  The  shortest 
course  is  not  the  best ;  let  us  go  round. 

Ml  round,  in  common  speech,  denotes  over 
the  whole  place,  or  in  every  direction.        j 

Round  about  is  tautological.  I 

ROUND,  prep.  On  every  side  of;  as,  the 
people  stood  round  him ;  the  sun  sheds 
light  round  the  earth.  In  thissense,  around 
is  much  used,  and  all  is  often  userl  to  mod- 
ify the  word.  They  stood  all  round  or 
around  him. 

2.  About ;  in  a  circular  course,  or  in  all 
parts ;  as,  to  go  round  the  city.  He  led 
his  guest  round  his  fields  and  garden.  He 
wanders  round  the  world. 

f>.  Circularly;  about;  as,  to  wind  a  cable 
round  the  windlass. 

To  come  or  get  round  one,  in  popidar  lan- 
guage, is  to  gain  advantage  over  one  by 
flattery  or  deception  ;  to  circumvent. 

ROUND,  V.  t.  To  make  circular,  spherical  orl 
cylindrical ;  as,  to  round  a  silver  coin  ;  to 
round  the  edges  of  any  thing.  | 

Worms  with  many  feet,  that  round  them-! 
selves  into  balls,  are  bred  chiefly  under  logs  of 
timber.  Bacoti. 

2.  To  surround  ;  to  encircle  ;  to  encompass.' 
Th'  inchisive  verge  j 

Of  golden  metal  that  must  round  my  brow. 

Shak. 
Our  litllf  life  is  rounded  witJi  a  sleep. 

Shak.' 

3.  To  form  to  the  arch  or  figure  of  the  sec- 
tion of  a  circle. 

The  figures  on  our  modern  medals  are  raised 
and  rounded  to  very  great  perfection. 

Jldili.'Mn 

4.  To  move  about  any  thing  ;  as,  the  snn,  in 
polar  regions,  rounds  the   horizon. 

Milton. 

5.  To  make  full,  smooth  and  flowing;  as,  m 
lonnd  periixis  in  vvi  iting.  Swi/I. 

To  round  in,  among  scuinen,  to  pull  upon  a, 
slack  rope,  which  passes  tlnotigh  one  or 
more  blocks  in  a  direction  nearly  horizon- 
tal. Mar.  DicU 


ROUND,  V.  i.  To  grower  become  round. 
The  queen,  your  mother,  rounds  apace. 

2.  lo  go  round,  as  a  guard. 

— They  nightly  rounding  walk.  Milton. 

To  round  to,  in  sailing,  is  to  turn  the  head  of 

the  ship  towards  the  wind. 
ROUND,  I',  i.   [a  corruption  of  roun;  Sax. 

runian ;  G.  raunen.] 
To  whisper ;  as,  to  round  in  the  ear.     Obs. 

Bacon. 
ROUND-ABOUT,  a.  [round  and  about.]  In- 
direct ;  going  round  ;  loose. 

Paraphrase  is  a  roundabout  way  of  translat- 
ing- Felton. 
5    Ample  ;  extensive  ;  as  roundabout  sense. 
.  Locke. 

3.  Encircling;  encompassing.  Taller. 
[In  any  sense,  this  word  is  inelegant.] 
ROUNDABOUT,  n.  A  large  strait  coat. 
ROUNDEL,         )         rr-             j  ,        .. 
ROUND' ELAY,  V  n.    t^'"-    ''""delet     from 
ROUND'O,           ^        '■"""'  ""ound.] 

L  Asort  of  ancient  poem,  consisting  of  thir- 
teen verses,  of  which  eight  are  in  one  kind 
of  rhyme,  and  five  in  another.  It  is  di- 
vided into  couplets;  at  the  end  of  the  .sec- 
ond and  third  of  which,  the  begiiming  of 
the  poem  is  repeated,  and  that,  if  possible, 
in  an  equivocal  or  punning  sense. 

Trevoux.     Encyc. 

2.  [Fr.  rondtlle,  a  little  shield.]  A  round  form 
or  figure.     [JVot  used.]  Bacon. 

ROUND'ER,  n.  [See  Rondure.]  Circumfer- 
ence; inclosure.     [A'ot  in  use.]  Shak. 

ROUND'HEAD,  n.  [round  and  head.]  A 
name  formerly  given  to  a  puritan,  from 
the  piacti<'e  which  prevailed  among  the 
puritans  of  cropping  the  hair  round. 

Spectator. 

ROUND'HEADED,  a.  Having  a  round 
head  or  top.  Lowth. 

ROUNDHOUSE,  n.  A  constable's  prison  ; 
the  prison  to  secure  persons  taken  up  bv 
the  night-watch,  till  they  can  be  examined 
by  a  magistrate.  Encyc. 

2.  In  a  ship  of  war,  a  certain  necessary  near 
the  head,  for  the  use  of  particular  officers. 

3.  In  large  merchantmca  and  ships  of  tear,  a 
cabin  or  apartniPut  in  the  after  part  of  the 
quarter-deck,  having  the  poop  for  its  roof; 
sometimes  called  the  coach.  It  is  the 
master's  lodging  room. 

Mar.  Did.     Encyc. 
ROU'ND'ING,  ppr.  Making  round  or  circti- 

ar. 
2.  Making  full,  flowing  and  smooth. 

ROU.ND'ING,  a.  Round  or  roundish  ;  near- 
ly round. 

ROUNDING,  )!.  .\rnong  seamen,  old  ropes 
wiimid  about  the  part  of  ihe  cable  which 
lies  in  the  hawse,  or  athwart  the  stem,  to 
prevent  its  chafing. 

Rounding  in,  u  pulling  upon  a  slack  rope, 
which  p:i,s.ses  throiigli  one  or  more  blocks 
in  a  direction  nearly  horizontal.  Round- 
ing uj)  is  a  pulhng  in  like  manner,  when  a 
tackle  hangs  in  a  perpendicular  direction. 

.Mar.  Diet. 

ROUND'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  round  ;  ne.uly 
niund  ;  as  a  roundish  seed  ;  a  roundiih  fig- 
me.  lioyie. 

ROUND'ISHNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 

rounilish. 
ROUND'LET,  n.  A  little  circle.      Gregory. 


R  O  U 


In  a  round  form  or  man-l 


ROUNDLY,  adt< 
n<!r. 

2.  Openly  ;  boldly  ;  without  rei^erve  ;  per- 
emptorily. 

He  aiririiiH  every  thing  roundly.       Mdison. 

3.  Plainly;  fully.  He  gives  them  roundly'^ 
to  understand  that  their  duly  is  submis- 
sion. 

i.  Briskly  ;  with  speed. 

W  hen  the  mind  has  brought  itself  to  atten- 
tion, it  will  be  able  to  cope  with  difficulties  and 
master  them,  and  dien  it  may  go  on  roundly. 

Ldckc. 
5.  Completely  ;  to  the  purpose  ;  vigorously  ; 
in  earnest.  Shak.     Dnincs. 

ROUNU'NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being 
round,  circular,  spherical,  globular  or  cy- 
lindrical ;  circularity  ;  sphericity ;  cylin- 
drical form ;  rotundity  ;  as  the  roundness 
of  the  globe,  of  the  orb  of  the  sun,  of  a 
ball,  of  a  bowl,  &c.  M'uils. 

2.  Fullness;  smoothness  of  flow;  as  the 
7-oundness  of  a  period. 

3.  Openness ;  plainness ;  boldness  ;  posi 
tiveness;  as  the  roundness  of  an  asser 
tion. 

ROU.\l)'RlD(iE,  V.  t.    [round  and   ridge. 
In  tillage,  to  form  round  ridges  by  plow- 
ing. Kdiriinh,  H'.  Ind. 

ROt'ND'KOBIN,  n.  [Fr.  rond  and  niban. 
Todd.] 

A  written  petition,  memorial  or  remon- 
strance signed  by  names  in  a  ring  or  I'ir 
cle.  "  Forbes. 

ROUNDS,  »i.  plu.  [See  Round,  n.   No.  3.] 

2.   Konnd-top.  [See  Top.] 

ROUSE,  V.  t.  rout.  [This  word,  written 
also  arouse,  seems  to  belong  to  the  family 
of  raise  or  ru.^h.  See  Raise.  In  Sa.\. 
hrysan,  to  shake  and  to  rush  ;  Goth.  Art's- 
yan,  to  shake.] 

1.  To  wake  from  sleep  or  repose.  GiMi.  xlix. 

2.  To  excite  to  thought  or  action  liom  a 
state  of  idleness,  languor,  stupidity  or  in- 
attention. Jlddison.     Jilltrburtj. 

'i.  To  put  into  action  ;  to  agitate. 

Blusi'iiiig  winds  that  rous'd  the  sea. 

Milton. 

4.  To  drive  a  beast  from  his  den  or  place  of 
rest.  Denham.     Pope. 

ROUSE,  t'.  t.  To  awake  from  sleep  or  re- 

po.-ip. 

Moijiheus  roust:s  from  his  bed.  Pope, 

'i.  To  be  excited  to  ihouglit  or  action  from 
a  .state  of  indolence,  sluggishness,  languor 
or  inattention. 

ROUSE,  V.  i.  In  seamen''s  language,  to  pull 
together  upon  a  cable,  &c.  without  the 
assistance  of  tackles  or  other  mechanical 
power.  Mar.  Diet. 

ROUSE,  71.  rout.  [D.  roes,  a  bumper ;  G. 
raiiseh,  drunkenness  ;  rausehen,  to  rush,  to 
nisile.] 

A  full  glass  of  liquor;  a  bumper  in  honor  of 
a  health.     Obs.  Skak. 

ROI'S'HI),  p]).  Awakened  from  sleep;  ex- 
cited to  thought  or  action. 

ROUS'ER,  71.  One  that  rouses  or  excites. 

ROrS'ING,  ppr.  Awaking  from  sleep;  ex- 
citing ;  calling  into  action. 

2.  o.  Having  power  to  awaken  or  excite. 

ri.  Great;  violent;  m  a  rousing  fire.  [Vul- 
gar] 

~  ,  D.  rol,  Dan.  rode,  a  set, 


K  O  V 

senible,  and  to  rot;  W.  rhawter,  a  crowd jjl 
Fr.  ruta,  a  herd.  tin.  from  the  root  ofj 
crowd,  or  from  breaking,  bursting,  noise.] 

1.  A  rabble;  a  clamorous  multitude;  a  tu- 
multuous crowd  ;  as  a  rout  of  people  as- 
sembled. 

The  endless  routs  of  » retched  thralls. 

Spenser. 

2.  In  law,  a  rout  is  where  three  persons  or 
more  meet  to  do  an  unlawful  act  upon  a 
common  quarrel,  as  forcibly  to  break  down 
fences  on  a  right  claimed  of  common  or  of 
way,  and  make  some  advances  towards  it. 

Blackstone 

3.  A  select  company  ;  a  party  for  gaming. 

ROUT,  71.  [Fr.  derouie;  It.  rotta,  a  break- 
ing, a  defeat,  a  rout ;  rollo,  broken,  defeat- 
ed ;  rollura,  a  rupture ;  Sp.  rota,  roto. 
This  is  a  corruption  of  the  L.  ruplus,  from 
rumpo,  to  break.  Class  Rb.] 

The  breaking  or  defeat  of  an  army  or  band 
of  troops,  or  the  disorder  and  confusion  of 
troops  thus  defeated  and  put  to  flight. 

Milton 

ROUT,  V.  t.  To  break  the  ranks  of  troops 
and  put  them  to  flight  in  disorder;  to  de- 
feat ami  throw  into  confusion. 

The  king's  horse — routed  and  defeated  the 
whole  army.  Clarendon.^ 

ROUT,  I'.  {.  To  assemble  in  a  clamorous 
and  tumultuous  crowd.     [.Vo/  in  use.] 

Bacon. 

ROUT,  »?.  [Fr.  route;  Sp.  rauta ;  Arin.| 
roii(/,-  VV.  rhatvd,  a  rout  or  way  ;  rhodiaw,, 
to  w  alk  about  ;  Eng.  road.  See  Roadl 
It  belongs  to  the  family  of  ride  and  L. 
gradinr  ;  pro]ierly  a  going  or  passing.] 

The  course  or  w  ay  which  is  traveled  or  pass- 
ed, or  to  be  passe<l ;  a  passing;  a  course  ; 
a  march. 

Wide  through  the  furzy  Celd  their   rout  they 
take.  Gay. 

Rout  and  road  are  not  synonymous. 
We  say,  to  mend  or  repair  a  road,  but  noi 
to  mend  a  row?.  We  use  rout  for  a  course  of 
passing,  and  not  without  reference  to  the 
passing  of  some  person  or  body  of  men  ; 
but  rout  is  not  the  road  itself. 

ROUT,  v.i.  [Sax.  Anifnn.]  To  snore.     Obs. 

Chaucer. 

ROUT,  V.  t.  [for  root.]  To  turn  up  the 
ground  with  the  snout ;  to  search.  [.Vo( 
7(1  use.] 

ROUTINE,  n.  rootee'n.  [Fr.  from  L.  rota,  a 
wheel.] 

1.  A  round  of  business,  amusements  or  pleas- 
lire,  daily  or  frequently  pursued  ;  particu- 
larly, a  course  of  business  or  ofKcial  du- 
ties, regularly  or  frequently  returning. 

2.  Any  regular  habit  or  jiractice  not  accom- 
modated to  circumstances. 

ROVE,  V.  i.  [Dan.  rover,  to  rob  :  Sw.  r'ofra. 
This  corresponds  with  the  Sax.  reajian 
and  L.  rapio,  Fr.  raxnr.  In  Sw.  strofva,  to 
rove  or  wander,  appears  to  be  formed  on 
this  root.  In  D.  rooi'fn,  G.  rauben,  signify 
to  rob.] 

To  wander  ;  to  ramble  ;  to  range  ;  to  go, 
move  or  pass  without  certain  direction  in 
any  manner,  by  walking,  riding,  flying  or 
otherwise. 

For  who  has  power   to  walk,  has  power  to 
rove.  Arbuthnot 


ROUT,  71.  [G.  rolte 

gang,   rabble;   Dan.  rotlir.    G.   rotten,   to'ROVE,  v.  t.  To  wander  over;   as  7-oiii7i/g|- a 
combine  together,  to  plot ;  D.  roWeii,  to  as-|l    field  ;  roving  the  town.    This  is  an  ellip- 


ROW 

tical  form  of  expression,  lor  roving  oetr, 
through  or  about  the  town. 

RO\E,  I'.  (.  [Ciu.  rfei'f.]  To  draw  a  thread, 
string  or  cord  through  an  eye  or  aper- 
ture. 

RO'VER,  n.  A  wanderer;   one   who  ratn- 

I     bles  about. 

■2.  A  fickle  or  inconstant  person. 

3.  A  robber  or  pirate ;   a  freebooter.     [So 

,     corsair  is  from  L.  cursus,  curro,  to  run.) 

!  Bacon. 

JU  rovers,  without  any  particular  aim  ;  at 

I     random  ;  as  shooting  at  rovers. 

]  South.     Mdison. 

[I  never  heard  tliis  expression  in  the  U. 
States.] 

RO'VING,  ppr.  Rambling;  wandering; 
passing  a  cord  through  an  eye. 

ROW^,  71.  [Sax.  7"aM'n  ;  O.reihe;  D.  rfi.  The 
Welsh  has  rhes.  It  is  a  contracted  word, 
and  probably  the  elements  are  Rg ;  the 
same  as  of  rank.  The  primary  sense  is 
probably  to  stretch,  to  reach.     K  the  ele- 

I     ments  are  Rd,  it  coincides  with  rod  ;  Sw. 

rad,  a  row.] 
A  scries  of  persons  or  things  arranged  in  a 

I  continued  line ;  a  line  ;  a  rank  ;  a  file  ;  as 
a  roiD  of  trees  ;  a  roiv  of  gems  or  jicarls  ; 
a  roic  of  houses  or  columns. 

[  Where  the  bright  Seraphim  in  burning  rojf. 

I  Milton. 

ROW,  I',  t.  [Sax.   rouan,   reotcan  ;  Sw.   ro ; 

\  Dan.  roer;  D.  roeijtn  ;  the  latter  signifies 
to  roic  and  to  guagc;  G.  ruder,  an  oar; 
rudern,  to  row  ;  Sax.  rolher,  an  oar ;  (Jr. 
tpirru,  fpEuou,  to  row;  fp<rf<05,  an  oar.  If 
the  noun  is  the  primary  word,  ruder  and 
rather,  an  nar,  may  be  from  the  root  of 
rod,  L.  radius,  or  fioiii  the  root  of  r<idu,  to 
rub,  grate,  sweeji.  If  the  vi'tb  is  the  pri- 
mary word,  the  sensi;  is  to  sweep,  to  urge, 
drive,  impel.  Class  Rd.     See  Rudder.] 

1.  To  impel,  as  a  boat  or  vessel  along  the 
surface  of  water  by  oars;  as,  to  roto  a 
boat. 

2.  To  transport  by  rowing;  as,  to  row  the 
captain  ashore  in  his  barge. 

RU\V.  V.  i.  To  labor  wiih  the  nar:  as,  to 
row  will:   to  roic  with  oars  inutlled. 

ROWAIiLE,  «.  Capable  of  being  rowed  or 
rowed  upon.     [jYot  in  use.]  B.  Jonson. 

ROWED,  pp.  Driven  by  oars. 

ROW' EL,  n.  [Old  Fr.  roudte ;  G.  radd; 
Sp.  rodiija,  a  small  wheel,  a  row  el ;  rueda, 
a  wheel,  L.  rota,  W.  rhod.  The  French 
rouelle  is  a  tliminutive  of  roue,  contracted 
from  ro^a.] 

1.  The  little  wheel  of  a  spur,  formed  with 
sharp  points. 

2.  Anioiig/«rn>r.9,  a  roll  of  hair  or  silk,  used 
as  an  issue  on  horses,  answering  to  a  se- 
toii  in  surgery.  Encyc. 

3.  A  little  Hat  ring  or  wheel  of  plate  or  iron 
on  horses'  bits.  Spenser. 

ROW'EL,  V.  I.  To  insert  a  rowel  in:  to 
jiierce  the  skin  and  keep  open  the  w;  iind 
by  a  rowel.  Mortimer. 

ROW 'EN,  n.  [Qu.  Heb.  pn,  to  be  green,  to 
thrive.] 

Rowen  is  a  field  kept  np  till  after  Michael- 
mas, that  the  corn  left  on  the  ground  may  -prout 
into  green.  jVotes  on  Tusser. 

Turn  your  cows  that  give  milk  in'o  you  row- 
ens,  'ill  snow  comes.  .\l.iii-mer. 

2.  In  .Vew  England,   the  second  grow  th  of 


grass  in  a  season.    We  never  apply  the 


RUB 


RUB 


RUB 


word  to  a  field,  nor  to  a  growth  of  corn, 
after  liarvest,  nor  is  the  word  ever  used  in 
the  phu-al.  The  first  growth  of  grass  for 
mowing  is  called  the  first  crop,  and  the 
second  rowen. 

ROWER,  n.  One  that  rows  or  manages  an 
oar  in   rowing. 

ROWING,  ppr.  Impelling,  as  a  boat  by 
oars. 

ROWLEY-R.\GG.  [See  Ragfr.] 

ROW-LOCK,  n.  That  part  of  a  boat's  gun-j 
wale  on  which  the  oar  rests  in  rowing. 

Mar.  Did: 

llOW-PORT,  n.  A  little  square  h(de  in  the 
side  of  small  vessels  of  war,  near  the  sur- 
face of  the  water,  for  the  use  of  an  oar  fori 
rowing  in  a  calm.  Mar.  Dict.\ 

ROY'AL,  a.  [Fr.roijal;  U.  rente  ;  Sp.  l'oit.| 
real ;  contracted  from  L.  rtgalis,  from  re.T,; 
king.     See  Reck  and  Right.]  I 

J.  Kingly;  pertaining  to  a  king;  regal;  as^ 
royal  power  or  prerogative  ;  a  royal  gar- 
den i  royal  donmins;  the  royal  family. 

2.  Becoming  a  king  ;  magnificent ;  as  royal 
state. 

3.  Noble;  illustrious. 

How  doth  that  royal  merchant,  good  Anto- 
nio ?  -SAaA-- 
ROY'AL,  n.  A  large  kind  of  paper.     It  is 
used  as  a  noun  or  an  adjective. 

2.  Among  seameyi,  a  small  sail  spread  imme- 
diately above  the  top-gallant-sail ;  some- 
times "termed  the  top-gallant-royal. 

Mar.  Diet. 

3.  One  of  the  shoots  of  a  stag's  head.  | 

Bailey. 

4.  In  artillenj,  a  small  mortar.  j 

5.  In  England,  one  of  the  soldiers  of  tliej 
first  regiment  of  foot,  called  the  royals, 
and  supposed  to  be  the  oldest  regnlari 
corps  in  Europe.  James.' 

IIOY'ALISM,  n.  Attachment  to  the  princi- 
ples or  cause  of  royalty,  or  to  a  royal  gov- 
ernment. Madison. 
ROY'ALIST,  n.  An  adherent  to  a  king,  or 
one  attached  to  a  kingly  government. 
Where   Candish  fought,   the   r<p»/a/is(.s   pre- 
vail'd.  IValler. 
IIOY'ALIZE,  V.  t.  To  make  royal.      Slmk. 
ROY'ALLY,  adv-  In  a  kingly  manner  ;  like 
a  king  ;  as  becomes  a  king. 

His  body  shall  be  royally  inlerr'd.     Dryiien. 
ROY'ALTY,  n.    [Fr.  roynute ;    It.   realta.] 

1.  Kingship;  the  character,  state  or  officej 
of  a  king.  j 

Royalty  by  birth  was    the  sweetest    way    of| 
majesty.  Holyday.^ 

2.  Royalties,  plu.  emblems  of  royalty  ;  rega-; 
lia."  Milton.l 

3.  Rights  of  a  king;  prerogatives.       Encyc. 
ROYNE,    V.  t.   [Fr.    rogner.]    To   bite;    to 

gnaw.     [JVo(  in  use.]  Spenser. 

ROYN'ISII,  a.  [Fr.  rogneux,  mangy;  Sp. 
roiioso ;  It.  rognoso.] 


the  word   in   scrape,   scrub,  L.  scribo,  Gr.l 
ypoijiu.     Class  Rb.  No.  30.]  | 

\.  To  move  somethiug  along  the  surface  of; 
a  body  with  pressure ;  as,  to  rxib  the  face 
or  arms  with  the  hand  ;  to  rub  the  body 
with  flannel.  Vessels  are  scoured  or 
cleaned  by  rubbiyig  them. 

2.  To  wipe;  to  clean;  to  scour;  but  rub  is 
a  generic  term,  applicable  to  friction  for 
every  purpose. 

3.  To  touch  so  as  to  leave  behind  something 
which  touches;  to  spread  over;  as  to  n(i 
any  thing  with  oil. 

4.  To  polish  ;  to  retouch  ;  with  over. 

The  whole  business  of  our  redemption  is  to 
rnb  uetr  the  defaced  copy  of  the  creation. 

South. 

5.  To  obstruct  by  collision.     \Umisual.'\ 

Shak.. 
In  popular  language,  ruh  is  used  for  teasing, 

fretting,  upbraiding,  reproaching- or  vexing! 

with  gibes  or  sarcasms. 
Tu  rub  down,  to  clean  by  rubbing  ;  to  comb 

or  curry,  as  a  horse.  Dryden. 

To  rub  off,  to  clean  any  thing  by  rubbing  ;  to 

separate  by  friction  ;  as,  to  nib  off  run. 
To  rub  out,  to  erase  ;  to  obliterate  ;  as,  to  rub 

out  marks  or  letters. 
2.  To  remove  or  separate  by  friction ;  as,  to 

rub  out  a  stain. 
To  rub  upon,  to  touch  hard.  Sidney. 

To  rub  up,  to  burnish  ;  to  polish  ;  to  clean. 
2.  To  excite ;   to  awaken  ;  to  rouse  to   ac- 
tion ;  as,  to  rub  up  the  memory. 
RUB,  V.  i.  To  move  along  the  surface  of  a 

bo<ly    with    pressure  ;    as,    a    wheel   rubs 

against  the  gate-]>ost 


India  rubber,  elastic  resin,  or  caoutchouc,  a 
substance  produced  from  the  syringe  tree 
of  South  America;  a  substance  remarka- 
bly pliable  and  elastic.  Encyc. 

RUB'BISH,  n.  [from  rub  ;  properly,  that 
which  is  rubbed  off;  but  not  now  used  in 
this  limited  sense.] 

1.  Fragments  of  buildings;  broken  or  im- 
perfect pieces  of  any  structure  ;  ruins. 

He  saw  the  towns  one  half  in  rubbish  lie. 

Dry  den 

2.  AVasto  or  rejected  matter  ;  any  tiling 
worthless. 

3.  Mingled  mass;  confusion.  Arhuthnot. 
RUB'BLE-STONE,  n.    A  stone,  so  called 

from  its  being  rubbed  and  worn  by  water  ; 
gravwacke.  H'oodward. 

RU'BEFACIENT,  a.  [L.  rubefaeio,  infra.] 
Mnking  red. 

RU'BEFACIENT,  n.  In  medicine,  a  sub- 
stance or  external  application  which  ex- 
cites redness  of  the  skin. 

RU'BELLITE,  n.  [from  L.  ruheus,  red.]  A 
silicions  mineral  of  a  red  color  of  various 
shades;  the  red  sliorl  ;  siberite.  It  oc- 
curs in  uccunmlated  groups  of  a  middle 
or  large  size,  with  straight  tubular-like 
stria.  In  a  red  heat,  it  becomes  snow- 
white  and  seems  to  phosphoresce. 

Kirwan. 
Rubellite  is  red  tourmalin.      Vre.     Cyc. 

RUBES't.'ENT,  a.  [L.  ruhescens,  rubesco, 
from  rnbeo,  to  redden  or  to  he  red.] 

Growing  or  becoming  red  ;  tending  to  a  red 

color. 
jjRU'BICAN,  a.  [Fr.    from   L.   rubeo,   to  be 


2.  To  fret ;  to  chafe  ;  as,  to  rut  upon  a  sore.'l     •■e|'-J 

Dryden.  Rubn  an  color  of  a  horse,  is  a  bay,  sorrel  or 

3.  To  move  or  jjass  with  difficulty  ;  as,  to 
rub  through  woods,  as  huntsmen;  to  rub 
through  the  world. 

Chapman.     VEstrange. 
RUB,  n.  The  act  of  rubbing;  friction. 
3.  That  which  renders  motion   or  progress 

difficult;  collision;  hinderance  ; 

tion. 


black,  with  a  light  gray  or  white  upon  the 
flanks,  but  the  gray  or  white  not  predom- 
inant there.  Far.  Diet. 
RU'BICI:L,  n.     [L.   rubeo,  to  be   red.]     A 
gem  or   mineral,   a   variety  of  ruby  of  a 
reddish  color,  from  Brazil.          JVicholson. 
obstruc-l  RU'l$I€lJNl),    a.    [L.  rubicundus.]    Inclin- 
!      ing  to  redness. 


Now  every  ri(&  is  smoothed  irj  our  way.         j;RL''15Ht.L),  a.  Red 

ShoU.'. 

Upon   this    rub    the    English    embassadors! 

thought  fit  to  dennir.  Hayward.\ 

All  sort  of  rubs  w  ill  be  laid  in  the  way.  | 

Davenant., 


a   ruby  ;  as  a  rubied 

lip  ;  rubied  nectar.  Milton. 

RUBIF'IC.  a.  [L.  r«6er  and /acio.]  Making 

red  ;  as  rubific  rays. 

RUBIFICA'TION,  n.  The   act  of  making 

red.  Chimistry. 

Inequality  of    ground  that  iiinders  the' RU'BIFORM,  a.  [L.  niifr,  red,  and  form.] 

motion  of  a  bowl.  Shak.       Having  the  form  of  red  ;  as,  the  rubiform 

4.  Uitficulty  ;  cause  of  uneasiness;  pinch.  rays  of  the  sun  are  least  refrangible. 

To  sleep,  perchance    to   dream ;  ay,    there's  _  A'ewton. 

the  rub.  Shak.  RU'BIFY,  v.  t.  [L.  iiiber,  red,  and  facio,  to 

&.  Sarcasm  ;  joke ;  something  grating  to  the      make.]     To  make  red.     [Little  used.] 

feelings.  Brown. 

RUB,  ?       [ntiands/oHf.]  Astone,  RTI'BIOUS,    a.    [L.   rubeus.]     Red ;  ruddy. 

RUB'-STONE,  i"'  usually    some    kind    of|     LYotinusc]  Sfui'k. 

sandstone,  used  to  sharpen   instruments ;'  RU'BLE,  n.    roo'bl.   [Russ.  from  rublyu,  to 


a  whetstone. 
RIBBAtiE, 


Mean  ;  paltry  ;  as  the  roynish  clown.     [jVo'  jRUBBIDgE, 
in  use.l  '  Shak.  RUBBLE 

ROV'TELET,  n.  [Fr.  roitelvt,  from  roi„ 
king.]     A  little  king.     [JVo(  in  use  ] 

Hey  I  in. 

ROY'TISH,  a.  Wild  ;  irregular.  [jVot  in 
use.]  Bcaum. 

RUB,  V.  t.  [W.  rlnvbiaw  ;  D.  wryven  ;  G.  rei- 
ben,  to  rnh,  to  grate,  also  tn  uplnaid  ;  reibe, 
a  grater,  (in.  L.  probrum,  cxprobro  :  Gr. 
rpifiu,  to  rub.     We  have  the   elements  of 


for  rubbish,  vulgar  and  not 
used. 


RUB'BER,  n.  One  that  rubs. 
3.  The  instrument  or  thing  used  In  riibbing| 
or  cleaning.  Sivift. 

3.  A  coarse  file,  or  the  rough  part  of  it. 

Moxon.' 

4.  A  whetstone  ;  a  rubstone.  i 

5.  In  gaming,  two  games  out  of  three  ;  or 
the  game  that  decides  the  contest ;  or  a 
contest  consisting  of  three  games. 


cut.] 

•\  silver  coin  of  Russia,  of  the  value  of  about 
fifty  seven  cent.s.  or  two  shillings  and 
seven  pence  sterling;  in  Russia,  a  him- 
dred  kopecks ;  originally,  the  fourth  part 
of  a  grivna  or  pound,  which  wus  rut  into 
four  I'lpial  ])arts.  Russ.  Diet.     Tookc. 


V- 


RU'BRI€;  n.   |Fr    nibrif/ue  ;  L.   It.  S: 
hrica  :  from  L.  rubeo,  to  be  red. 

1.  In  the  rnuon  law,  a  title  or  article  in  cer- 
tain ancient  law  books;  so  called  because 
written  in  red  letters.  Encyc. 

2.  Directions  printed  in  prayer  books. 


R  U  D 


R  U  D 


R  U  D 


Red. 


Ill))' 


'I  lie  rubric  and  the  rules  relating  to  the  lituf' 
gy  :hi'  usialilislied  by  royal  authority,  as  well 
as  the  lltiiisy  itself.  JVeUon. 

RUBRIC,  V.  t.  To  adorn  with  red. 

RUBRIC,        {  , 

RUBRICAL,  5  "■ 

RU'BRICAL,  a.  Placed  in  rubrics. 

RU'BRICATK,  V.  t.  [L.  rubricatus.]  To 
njiirk  or  .listinguisli  with  red.         Herbert. 

RU'BRICATi;,  a.  Marked  with  red. 

Spelman. 

RU'BV,  n.  [Vr.rubis;  Sp.  rult ;  Port,  rwfci, 
rubim;  It.  ntbhw  ;  D.robyn;  G.  Dan.  Svv. 
rubin  ;  Ir.  id. ;  Iroin  I.,  rubeo,  to  be  red.] 

1.  A  precious  stone  ;  a  mineral  of  a  carmine 
red  color,  sometimes  verging  to  violet,  or 
intermediate  between  carmine  and  hya- 
cinth red  ;  but  its  parts  vary  in  color,  and 
hence  it  is  called  sapphire  ruby  or  orange 
red,  and  by  some  vermeille  or  rubicel. 

Kirumn. 

There  are  two  kinds  of  ruby,  the  orien- 
tal or  corundum,  and  the  s|)inelle.  The 
latter  is  distinguishable  from  the  formiM 
by  its  color  and  crystalization.       Phillips. 

The  ruby  is  ne.\t  in  hardness  and  valii 
to  the   diamond,   and  highly  esteemed  in 
jewelry. 

2.  Redness  ;  red  color.  Shnk. 

3.  Any  thing  red.  Millun 

4.  A  blain  ;  a   blotch  ;    a  carbuncle.     (Tin 
ruby  is  said  to  be  the  stone  called  by  P 
a  carbuncle.^ 

Ruby  of  arsenic  or  sulphur,  is  the  realgar,  or 
red  combination  of  arsenic  and  sidj)bur. 

Encyc.     JVicholsoii. 

Rubyofzink,  is  the  red  blend. 

Rork  niby,  the  amethystizontcs  of  the  an- 
cients, is  the  most  valued  species  of  gar- 
net. Enci/c. 

RU'BY,  V.  t.  To  make  red.  Pope. 

RUBY,  a.  Of  the  color  of  the  ruby  ;  reil ; 
as  ruby  lips. 

RUCK,  I'.  (.  [L.  rwg'o,  to  wrinkle,  to  fold; 
rug;a,  a  fold.] 

1.  To  cower  J  to  bend  and  set  close.  [Ao( 
in  use.]  Gotcer. 

'3.  To  wrinkle  ;  as,  to  ruck  up  cloth  or  u  gar- 
ment. 

[In  this  sense,  the  word  is  still  used  by 
the  common  people  of  New  England.] 

RI'CK,  n.  A  wrinkle;  a  fold;  a  plait. 

RUCTA'TION,  n.  [L.  n(c(o,  to  belch.]  The 
act  of  belching  wind  from  the  stomach. 

RUD,  to  make  red,  used  by  Spenser,  is  i 
difierent  spelling  of  red.  Obs.  [See  Rud 
dy.] 

RUD,  n.  [Sax.  rude.    See  Red  and  Ruddy.] 

1.  Redness;  blush  ;  also,  red  ocher. 

2.  The  fish  rndd. 
RUDD,  n.  [probably   froin  red,   ruddy.]    A 

fish  of  the  geiuis  Cyprinus,  with  a  dee| 
body  like  the  bream,  but  thicker,  a  promi- 
nent back,  and  small  head.  The  bark  i; 
of  an  olive  color  ;  the  sides  and  belly  yel 
low,  marked  with  red  ;  the  ventral  and 
anal  fins  and  tail  of  a  deep  red  color. 

Diet.  j\:  Hist 

RUD'DER,  n.  [G.  ruder,  an  oar  and  a  rud- 
der ;  Sax.  rother,  an  oar  ;  D.  roer,  for 
roeder ;  Sw.  roder  ;  Dan.  roer.  See  Row 
The  oar  was  the  first  rudder  used  by  man, 
and  is  still  the  instrument  of  steering  cer 
tain  boats.] 

I.  In  navigation,  the  instrument  by  which  a 
ship   is  steered  ;    that   part  of  tlie  helm 

Vol.  11. 


which  consists  of  a  piece  of  timber,  broadljS.  Artless;  inelegant;  not  polished  ;    as 


at  the  bottom,  which  enters  the  water  and 
is  attached  to  the  stern-post  by  hinges,  on 
which  it  turns.  This  timber  is  managed 
by  means  of  the  tiller  or  wheel. 

Mar.  Diet. 

2.  That  which  guides  or  governs  the  course. 
For  rhyme  the  rudder  is  of  verses. 

Httdibras. 

3.  A  sieve.     [Ijocal.     See  Riddle.] 
Rudder  perch,   a   small  fish    with   the  upper 

part  of  the  body  brown,  varied  with  large 
round  spots  of  yellow,  the  belly  and  sides 
streaked  with  lines  of  while  ami  yellow. 
This  fish  is  said  to  follow  the  rudders  of 
ships  in  the  warm  parts  of  the  Atlantic. 

Catesby.     Pennant. 

RUD'DINESS,  )i.  [from  ruddy.]  The  state 
of  being  ruddy  ;  redness,  or  rather  a  live- 
ly flesh  ei'lor  ;  that  degree  of  redness 
which  characterizes  high  liealth  ;  applied 
chiefly  to  the  complexion  or  color  of  the 
human  skin  ;  as  the  ruddiness  of  the 
cheeks  or  lips. 

RUD'DLE,  n.  [yV.rhuzell;  from  the  root  of| 
red,  ruddy.] 

The  name  of  a  species  of  chalk  or  red  earth, 
colored  bv  iron.  Woodward. 

RUO'DLE-'MAN,  n.  One  who  digs  ruddle. 

'RUD'DOC,  71.  [Sax.  ri((/(/uc ;  from  the  root 

1     ofred,  ruddy.] 

.A  bird  ;  otherwise  called  red-breast. 

Careu'. 

RUD'DY,  ft.  [Sax.  rude,  rudii,  read;  D. 
rood  ;  G.  roth  ;  W.  rhuz  ;  Or.  tpvApoj ; 
Sans,  rudhira,  blood.  This  seems  to  be 
a  dialectical  orthography  of  red,  which 
see.] 

1.  Of  a  red  color;  of  a  lively  flesh  color,  or 
the  color  of  the  human  skin  in  high  health. 
Thus  we  say,  ruddy  cheeks,  ruddy  lips,  a 
ruddy  face  or  skin,  a  ruddy  youth  ;  and  in 
poetic  language,  ruddy  fruit.  But  the 
word  is  chiefly  applied  to  the  human  skin. 

Dryden.     Otway. 

2.  Of  a  bright  yellow  color;  as  ruddy  gold. 
Unusual.]  Dryden. 

RUDE,  fl.  [Fr.  riirfc  ;  It  rude  and  rozzo  ;  Sp 
rudo  ;  L.  rudis  ;  D.  ruw  ;  G.  roh,  raw, 
crude  ;  Arm.  rust.  The  sense  is  probably 
rough,  broken,  and  this  word  may  be  alli- 
ed to  raw  and  crude.  See  Class  Rd.  No. 
3,').  38.. 

1.  Riiugh  ;  uneven  ;  rugged  ;  unformed  by 
art ;  as  mde  workmanship,  that  is,  rough 
ly  finished  ;  rude  and  unpolished  stones. 

Stiltingfcet. 

2.  Rough;  of  coarse  manners;  unpolished; 
uncivil ;  clownish  ;  rustic  ;  as  a  rude  coun 
trynian ;  rude   behavior;  rude  treatment; 
a  rude  attack. 

RiiHian,  let  go  that  rude  uncivil  touch. 

Shak 

3.  Violent;  tumultuous;  boisterous:  turbu- 
lent ;  as  rnde  winds;  the  rude  agitation  of 
the  sea.  Boyle. 

4.  Violent ;  fierce  ;  impetuous  ;  as  the  rude 
shock  of  armies. 

5.  Harsh  ;  inclement ;  as  the  rude  winter. 

fVaUer. 

6.  Ignorant;  untaught;  savage ;  barbarous; 
as  the  rude  natives  of  .-\merica  or  of  New 
Holland  ;  the  ntrfeancestorsof  the  Greeks. 

Ruw  ;  mitaught ;  ignorant ;  not  skilled  or 
practiced  ;  as  rude  in  speech  ;  rude  in 
arms.  fVotton. 

61 


rude  translation  of  Virgil. 


Dryden. 


Tlie 
to  be 
coarsely  ; 


as, 


RU'DELY,    adv.    With   roughness  ; 
mountain  rudely  formed. 

2.  Violently  ;  fiercely  ;   tumultuously. 
door  was  rudely  as.saulted. 

3.  In  a  rude  or  uncivil  manner ; 
rudely  accosted. 

4.  Without  exactness  or   nicety  ; 
as  work  rudely  executed. 

I  that  am  rudely  stanip'd,   and  want  love's 

majesty 
To  strut  before  a  wanton  ambling  nymph. 

alujk. 

5.  UnskillfuUy. 
My  muse,  though  rudely,  lias  reslgn'd 
Some  faiut  resemblance  of  his  godlike  mind. 

Ihyden. 
(>.  Without  elegance. 

RU'DENESS,   n.   A   rough   broken   state; 
unevenness  ;  wildness  ;  as  the  rudeness  of 
a  mountain,  country  or  landscape. 
Coarseness  td'  manners  ;  incivility  ;  rus- 
ticity ;  vulgarity. 

And  kings   the   rudeness  of  their  joy  must 
bear.  Dryden. 

3.  Ignorance;  unskillfulness. 
What  he  did  amiss  was  rather  through  rude- 
ness and  want  of  judgment —  Hayward. 

4.  Artlessncss  ;  coarseness  ;  inelegance  ;  as 
the  rudeness  of  a  painting  or  piece  of 
sculpture. 

5.  Violence  ;  impetuosity  ;  as  the  rudeness 
of  an  attack  or  shock. 

6.  Violence  ;  storminess  ;  as  the  rudeness  of 
winds  or  of  the  season. 

RU'DENTURE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  rudens,  a 
rope.] 

In  architecture,  the  figure  of  a  rope  or  staft", 
plain  or  carved,  with  which  theflutings  of 
colunms  are  sometimes  filled.  liaitey. 

RU'DERARY,  a.  [Low  L.  ruderarius ;  from 
the  root  of  rudts,  and  indicating  the  pri- 
mary sense  oi' rude  to  be  broken.]  Belong- 
ing to  rubbish.     [J^ot  used.]  Diet. 

RUDERA'TION,  n.  [L.  ruderatio,  from  ru- 
dero,  to  pave  with  broken  stones.] 

The  act  of  paving  with  pebbles  or  little 
stones.     US/ot  used.]  Bailer/. 

RU'DESBY,  n.  An  uncivil  turbulent  fel- 
low.    [JVot  in  use.]  Skak. 

RU'DIMENT,  71.  [Fr.  froniL.  rudimenlum. 
If  connected  with  erudio,  it  denotes  what 
is  taught,  and  erudio  may  be  connected 
with  the  Goth,  rodyan,  to  speak.  Sax. 
radan,  to  read.  But  the  real  origin  is  not 
obvious.  It  may  have  been  formed  from 
some  word  in  Rd,  signifying  to  shoot  or 
sfiriiig.] 

A  first  principle  or  element;  that  which 
is  to  be  fust  leurnt ;  as  the  rudiments  of 
learning  or  science.  Articulate  sounds 
are  the  rudiments  of  language  ;  letters  or 
characters  are  the  rudiments  of  written 
language;  the  primary  rules  of  any  art  or 
science  are  its  rudimeytts.  Hence  instruc- 
tion in  the  rudiments  of  any  art  or  science, 
constitutes  the  beginning  of  education  in 
that  art  or  science. 

The  original  of  any  thing  in  its  first  form. 
Thus  in  botany,  the  germen,  ovary  or 
seed-bud,  is  the  rudiment  of  the  fruit  yet 
in  endiryo  ;  and  the  seed  is  the  rudiment 
of  a  new  plant.  Martyn. 

Rudiment,  in  natural  history,  is  also  an 
imperfect  organ  ;  one  which  is  never  fully 


1. 


R  U  F 


R  U  F 


RUG 


Sw.  rofva,  Uaii.  rover.  _ 

is  a  worthless  fellow.     In  It.  rujjiuno  is  aljRUF'FING, 


formed.  Thus  the  flowers  in  the  genus 
Pentstemon,  have  four  stamens  anil  a  ru- 
diment of  a  fifth,  (a  simple  filament  with- 
out an  anther.) 

God  beholds  the  first  imperfect  rudiments  of 
virtue  in  the  soul.  Spectator 

RU'DIMENT,  V.  t.  To  furnish  with  first 
principles  or  rules ;  to  ground  ;  to  settle  in 
first  principles.  Gnylon 

RUDIMENT'AL,  a.    Initial ;  perlainiuf;  to 

rudiments,   or   consisting   in   first  prinoi-j      ous;  a»  ri(/^a?t  riiire.  Pope.'^ 

pies;  as  ritrfimenfaf  essays.  Spectator.  KVF'FIA.N,  v.  i.    To   play   the  ruffian  ;  to 

RUE,  V.  t.  ru.  [Sax.  reoivian,  hreowian  ;  VV.j      rage  ;  to  rai^e  tumult.  Shak. 

rhuaw,  rhuadu  ;  D.  rouwen,   G.   reuen,   to  RUF'FIAN-LIKE,  a.  Like  a  ruffian;  hold 
repent ;  Dan.  Sw.  ruelse,  contrition.    This!      j,,  crimes  ;  violent ;  licentious.  Fulkt. 

is  the  L.  rudo,   to   roar,  to   bray.     Cla.ss  RUF'FLE,  v.  t.  [Belgic,   rmiffden,Xo  vvrin 


RUF'FIAN,  11.  [If  this  word  signifies  pri-,|RUF'FLING,  ?  Beating  a  roll  of 'the 

inarily  a  robber,  it  is  from  the  root  of  ro6,l  RUF'FING,     i"^  '   drum. 

In   Scottish,  ru^'e.jKUF'FLING,  \  ^    A  particular  beat  or  roll 


])imp,  Sp.  nifian,  Port,  ruftam ;  U.  roffuian, 

id.] 

A  boisterous,  brutal  fellow;  a  fellow  ready 
fi)r  any  desperate  crime  ;  a  robber  ;  a  cut- 
throat;  a  murderer.  Addison. 

RUF'FIAN.  a.    Brutal 
ous ;  a»  rujjian  rage. 

'     ■""       ■        the 


1- 


of  the  drunj,  usedoncer- 


To  lament ;  to  regret  ;  to  grieve  for  ;  as,  to 
rue  the  commission  of  a  crime  ;  to  me  the 
day. 

Thy  will 
Chose  freely  what  it  now  so  justly  rues. 

Milton. 

RUE,  V.  i.   To   have   compassion.     [JVot  in 

use.]  Ckaucer 

RUE,  71.  Sorrow;  repentance.   [Mitinuse.] 


Shak. 
ru.  [Sax.  rude  ;  D.  mil ;  G.  raute  ; 


3. 


5. 


RUE,  n. 

Dan.  rude ;  Gr.  fvrrj ;  L.  It.  rata  ;  Sp.  ru- 
da;  Fr.  rue;  Arm.  ry ;  Ir.  ruith,  raith; 
Corn.  ryle.  Rue  is  a  contracted  word. 
Qu.  from  its  bitter  taste,  grating,  rough- 
ness.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Ruta,  of  several  spe- 
cies. The  common  garden  rue  is  medici- 
nal, as  a  stimulant  and  detergent. 

Encyc. 

RUEFUL,  a.  ru'ful.  [rue  and  full.]  VVoful  ; 
mournful  ;  sorrowful ;  to  be  lamented. 
Spur  them  to  rueful  work.  Shak. 

2.  Expressing  sorrow. 

He  sigh'd  and  cast  a  rueful  eye.        Dryden 

RU'EFULLY,  adv.  Mournfully  ;  sorrowful- 
ly. More 

RU'EFULNESS,  n.  Sorrowfulness;  mourn- 
fulness. 

RU'EING,  n.  Lamentation.  Smith 

RUELLE,  n.  ruel'.  [Fr.  a  narrow  street, 
from  rue,  a  street.] 

A  circle ;  a  private  circle  or  assembly  at  a 
private  house.     [JVof  in  tise.]  Drydi 

RUFES'CENT,  a.  [L.n(/csco,togrow  red.] 
Reddish  ;  tinged  with  red.         Ed.  Encyc. 

RUFF,  n.  [.\nt\.  rouffenn,  a  wrinkle  ;  VV. 
rhevu,  to  thicken.] 

I.  A  piece  of  plaited  linen  worn  by  females! 
around  the  neck.  Mdi.ion. 

'2.  Something  puckered  or  plaited.         Pope. 

a 

A  bird  of  the  genus  Tringa,  with  a  tufi  of|  RUFF, 


kle.  t'haucer  has  lireling,  wriiiUhng,  and 
Spclmaii  cites  nfflura  or  rufflura  from 
Bracton,  as  signifying  in  law  a  breach  or 
laceration  of  the  skin,  made  by  the  stroke 
of  a  stick.] 

1.  Properly,  to  wrinkle;  to  draw  or  contract 
into  wrinkles,  open  plans  or  folds 

Addison. 

2.  To  disorder  by  disturbing  a  smooth  sur- 
face :  to  make  uneven  by  agitation;  as, 
to  ruffie  the  sea  or  a  lake. 

She  .smooth'd  the  rvffl'd  seas.  Dryden. 

To  discompose  by  disturbitig  a  ealm>tate 
of;  to  agitate  ;  to  disturb;  as,  to  ruffle  the 
mind  ;  to  ruffle  the  passions  or  the  temper. 
It  expresses  less  than/rcf  and  vex. 
To  throw  into  disorder  or  confusion. 
— Where  best 
He  might  the  ruffl'd  foe  invest.      Hiulibras 

To  throw  together  in   a   disorderly  man 
ner. 

I  ruffl'd  up  fall'n  leaves  in  heap.     [  Unusual] 

Chapman 


6.  To  furnish    with  rufHes  ;    as,  to  ruffle 

shirt. 
RUF'FLE,  r.  i.  To  grow  rough  or   turbu- 
lent; as,  the  winds  ni^e.  Shak. 
To  play  loosely  ;  to  flutter. 

On  bis  right  shoulder  his  thick  mane  reclin'd, 
Ruffles  at  speed  and  dances  in  (he  wind. 

Dryden. 

3.  To  be  rough  ;   to  jar  ;  to  be  in   conten- 
I     tion. 

They  would  ruffle  with  jurors.  Obs. 

I  Bacon . 

RUF'FLE,  II.  A  strip  of  plaited  cambric  or 

I     other  fine  cloth  attached  to  some  border 

of   a    garment,   as    to  the  wristband   or 

bosom.      That   at    the    bosom    is   some- 

j     times  called  by  the  English,  a  frill. 

3.  Disturbance;  agitation  ;  commotion;  as, 

to  put  the  mind  or  temper  in  a  ruffle. 

A  small  fish,  a  species  of  Perca.     Jf'attun.\  RUFJ^'LE,  ^  „    A  particular  beat  or  roll  of 

■ ^     ■   the  drum,  u.sed   on    certain 


fethers   arotmd    the    neck    of  the   mal 
whence  the  name.     The  female  is   called 
reeve.  Ed.  Encyc. 

5.  A  state  of  roughness.    [Sax.  hreof]     Obs. 

Chapman. 

t).  Pride;  elevation;  as  princes  in  the  )w//'of 
all  their  glory.  U Estrange. 

7.  A  particular  species  of  pigeon. 

8.  At  cards,  the  act  of  wiiming  the  trick  by 
tnunping  the  cards  of  another  suit.  [D. 
trorf,  (roej'cn.] 

[lUFF,  t'.  t.    To  ruffle  ;  to  disorder. 

Spenser. 
■i.  To  trump  any  othcrsuit  of  cards  at  whist 
[D.  lroeve7i.] 


occasions  ui  military  affairs,  as  a  mark  of 
respect.  Lieutenant  Generals  have  thrcr 
ruffles,  as  they  pass  by  the  regiment, 
guard,  &c.  Major  generals  have  two, 
brigadiers  one,  &c.  Encyc. 

RUF'FLE,  I  To  heat  the  rufT  or  roll  of 

liUFF,         S"'       '''c  ilium. 

RUFFLED,  pp.  Disturbed;  agitated;  fur- 
ni-ilu'd  with  ruffles. 

RUF'FLER,  n.  A  bully  ;  a  swaggerer.  [j\bt 

I     1/1  use.] 

RUF'FLING,  ppr.  Disturbing;  agitating; 
liirnishing  with  ruffles. 

iRl'l'^'FLING,  ji.  Coramotiuii ;  disturbance  ; 
agitation. 


tain  occasions  as  a  mark  of  respect. 

RUFOUS,  a.    [h.  rufus ;    Sp.   rufo  ;    Port. 
ruivo  ;  prohalily  from  the  root  of  L.  rubeo.] 

Reddish  ;  of  a  reddish  color,  or  rather  of  a 

yellowish  red. 

savagely   boistcr-j  RUF'TER-IIOQD,  n.  In  falconry,  a.  hoot\  to 

be  worn  by   a   hawk    when   she   is  first 

drawn.  Bailey. 

RUG,  n.  [D.  ruig,  G.  ranch,  rough,  hairy, 
shaggy;  Hn.  rugg,  entangled  hair:  riig.- 
gig,  rugged,  shaggy.  This  coincides  with 
Dan.  rug,  W.  rhyg,  rye,  that  is,  rough; 
W.  rhug,  something  abounding  with 
points,  in  W.  brycan  is  a  rug-,  a  clog,  a 
brogue  for  the  feet,  a  covering.  This  be- 
longs to  the  great  family  uf  rough,  L.  ruga, 
raucus.] 
1.  A  coarse  nappy  woolen  cloth  used  for  a 
be<l  cover,  and  in  modern  times  particu- 
larly, for  covering  the  carpet  before  a 
fire-place.  This  name  was  formerly  giv- 
en to  a  coarse  kind  of  frieze  used  t"or  win- 
ter garments,  and  it  may  be  that  the  poor 
in  some  countries  still  wear  it.  But  in 
America,  I  believe  the  name  is  applied 
only  to  a  bed  cover  for  ordinary  beds,  and 

I  to  a  covering  before  a  fire-place. 
'2.  A  rough,  woolly  or  shaggy  dog. 
RUG'GF.D,  a.  [from  the  root  of  rug-,  rough, 

which  see.] 

1.  Rough  ;  full  of  asperities  on  the  surface; 
broken  into  sharp  or  irregular  points  or 
crags,  or  otherwise  uneven ;  as  a  rugged 
mountain  ;  a  rugged  road. 

2.  Uneven  ;  not  neat  or  regular. 
His  well  proportion'd  beard  made  rough  and 

rus^ged.  Shak. 

3.  Rough  in  temper ;  harsh ;  hard ;  crab- 
lied  ;  austere.  South. 

4.  Stormy ;  turbulent ;  tempestuous ;  as 
rugged  weather  ;  a  rugged  season. 

Rou;rh  to  the  ear;  harsh;  grating;  as  a 
rugged  verse  in  poetry  ;  ntgged  pro.se. 

Dryden. 
C.    Sour;   surly;    frowning;    wrinkled;    as 
rugged  looks. 
Violent;  rude;  boisterous.  Hudibras. 

8.  Rough  ;  shaggy  ;  as  a  rugged  bear. 

Fairfax. 

9.  In  botany,  scabrous;  rough  with  tuber- 
cles or  stiff"  points  ;  as  a  leaf  or  stem. 

.Martyn. 

RUG'GEDLY,  adv.  In  a  rough  or  rugged 
manner. 

RUG'CIEDNESS,  n.  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  rugged;  roughness;  asperity  of 
surface  ;  as  the  ruggedness  of  land  or  of 
roads. 

'I.  Roughness  of  temper;  harshness;  surli- 
ness. 

;!.  Coarseness;  rudeness  of  manners. 

4.  Storminess;  boisterousness ;  as  of  a  sea- 
sun. 

RUG'GOWNED,  a.  Wearing  a  coarse 
gown  or  rug.  Beaum. 

iRUG'IN,  n.  A  nappy  cloth.      [.Vol  used.] 

fyiseinan. 

RU'GlNE,  Ji.  [Fr.]  .\  surgeon's  rasp. 

Sharp. 

RU'GOSE,  I       [L.  rugosus,   from   rucca,  a 

IrU'GOUS,  ^  "•  wrinkle.]     Wrinkled;     full 

II  of  wrinkles.  fiiseman. 


R  U  I 


R  U  L 


RUM 


'i.  In  botany,  a  rugose  leaf  is  when  tlio  veins 
are  more  contracted  than  the<hsk,  so  that 
the  latter  rises  into  little  inequalities,  as 
in  sage,  priiinosu,  cowslip,  &.c. 

Marli/n.     Smith. 

RUGOS'lTY,  n.  A  state  of  being  wrinkleil. 
[Little  used.]  Smith. 

nU'lN,  n.  [Fr.  ruinc,  from  L.  Sp.  ruina;  It. 
ruirw,  and  rovina  ;  from  L.  ruo,  to  full,  to 
rush  down  ;  VV.  rhewin,  a  sudden  glide, 
slip  or  fall,  ruin  ;  rhew,  soinethnigslijjpery 
or  smooth,  ice,  frost;  rheu,  to  move  or  be 
active ;  rheb,  a  rmming  off;  rhehyz,  a  de- 
stroyer. Perhaps  tlie  latter  words  are  of 
another  family.] 

1.  Destruction  ;  fall  ;  overthrow  ;  defeat ; 
that  change  of  any  thing  which  destroys 
it,  or  entirely  defeats  its  object,  or  unfits  it 
for  use;  as  the  ruin  of  u  house  ;  the  ruin 
of  a  ship  or  an  army  ;  the  ruin  of  a  con- 
stitution of  governn:ent ;  the  ruin  of 
health ;  the  ruin  of  commerce  ;  the  ruin 
of  public  or  private  happiness  ;  the  rum  of 
a  project. 

2.  Mischief;  bane  ;  that  which  destroys. 

The  errors  of  young  men  arc  the  ruin  of  bu- 
siness. Bacon. 

3.  Ruin,  more  generally  ruin.i,  the  remains 
of  a  decayed  or  demolished  city,  house, 
fortress,  or  any  work  of  art  or  other  thing; 
as  the  ruins  of  Balbec,  I'almyraor  Perse- 
polis;  the  ruins  of  a  wall ;  a  castle  in  ru-\ 
ins. 

The  labor  of  a  day  will  not  build  up  a  virtu- 
ous habit  on  the  ruins  of  an  old  and  vicious 
character.  Buchninstcr. 

4.  The  decayed  or  enfeebled  remains  of  a 
natural  object ;  as,  the  venerable  old  man 
presents  a  great  mind  in  ruins. 

5.  The  cause  of  destruction. 

They  were  t)ie  ruin  of  hiui  and  of  all  Israel. 
2  Chron.  xxviii. 
RU'IN,  V.  t.  [iPr.  ruiner.]    To  demolish;  to 
pull  down,   burn,  or   otherwise  destroy; 
as,  to  ruin  a  city  or  an  nlitice. 

2.  To  subvert ;  to  destroy  ;  as,  to  ruin  a 
stale  or  government. 

3.  To  destroy ;  to  bring  to  an  end ;  as,  to 
ruin  commerce  or  manufactures. 

4.  To  de.stroy  in  any  manner :  as,  to  cum 
health  or  happiness  ;  to  riiiii.  reputation. 

5.  To  counteract ;  to  defeat ;  as,  to  ruin  a 
plan  or  project. 

6.  To  deprive  of  felicity  or  fortune. 

By  thee  rais'd  I  ruin  all  my  foes.         Milton. 
Grace  with  a  nod,  and  ruin  with  a  frown. 

Dri/tlen. 

7.  To  impoverish ;  as,  to  be  ruined  by  spec- 
ulation. 

The  eyes  of  other  people  are  the  eyes  that 
""■«  us.  Franklin. 

8.  To  bring  to  everlasting  misery;  as,  to 
ruin  the  soul. 

RU'IN,  V.  i.  To  fall  into  ruins.  Milton. 

2.  To  run  to  ruin ;  to  fall  into  decay  or  be 
dilapidated. 

Though  he   liis  house   of   polish'd    marble 

build. 
Yet  shall  it  ruin  like  the  moth's  frail  cell. 

Sandys. 

3.  To  be  reduced ;  to  be  brought  to  poverty 
or  misery. 

If  we  are  idle,  and  disturb  (he  industrious  in 
tlieir  business,  we  shall  ruin  the  faster. 

Locke. 
[JVote.  Tliis  intransitive  use  of  the  verb  is  now  im 
usual.] 


RU'INATE,  v.t.  To  demolish;  to  subvert;: 
to  destroy  ;  to  reduce  to  poverty.  [This 
word  is  ill  formed  and  happily  is  become  ob- 
solete.] 

RUINATION,  n.  Subversion;  overthrow; 
demolition.     [Inelefrant  and  obsolete.] 

RU'INEU,  pp.  Demolished;  destroyed; 
subverted  ;  reduced  to  poverty  ;  undone. 

RU'INER,  n.  One  that  ruins  or  destroys. 

Chapman. 

RU'INIFORM,  a.  [L.  ruina  and  form.] 
Having  the  appearance  of  ruins,  or  tlie 
ruins  of  houses.  Certain  minerals  are 
said  to  he  ruiniform. 

RUINING,  ppr    " 

destroying  ;  reducing  to   poverty  ;  bring 
ing  t<i  endless  miser)'. 

RII'INOUS,  a.  [h.  ruinosus  ;   Fr.  ruineux.] 

1.  Faliefi  to  ruin  ;  entirely  decayed  ;  demol 
ishcd  ;  dilapidated  ;  as  an   edifice,  bridge 
or  wall  in  a  ruinous  state. 

2.  Destructive  ;  banefid  ;  pernicious  ;  bring- 
ing or  tending  to  bring  certain  ruin.  Who 
can  describe  the   ruinous  practice  of  in 
temperance  .-' 

3.  Composed  of  ruins;  consisting  in  ruins; 
as  a  ruinous  heap.     Is.  xvii. 

RU'INOUSLY,  adv.  In  a  ruinous  manner; 
destructively. 

RU'INOUSNESS,  n.  A  ruinous  state  or 
quality. 

RULE,  n.  [W.rheol:  Arm.reol;  Sax.regol, 
reof;ol ;  Sw.  Dan.  (J.  D.  refuel ;  Fr.  resale  ; 
Sp.  res^la  ;  Port,  revolt,  regra  ;  It.  repola  ; 
L.  regula,  from  rego,  to  govern,  that  is,  to 
stretch,  strain  or  make  straight.  1  sup- 
pose the  Welsh  rheol  to  be  a  contracted 
word.]  I 

1.  Government;  sway;  empire;  control; 
sujjreme  command  or  authority. 

A  wise  servant  siiall   have  rule  over   a  son 
that  causeth  shame.      Prov.  xvii. 

And  his  stern  rule  the  groaning  land  obey'd. 

Pope. 
That  which  is  established  as  a  principle, 
statnhird  or  directory;  tliat  by  which  any 
thing  is  to  be  adjusted  or  regulated,  or  to 
which  it  is  to  be  conformed  ;  that  which 
is  .settled  by  authority  or  custom  for  guid- 
ance and  direction.  Thus  a  statute  or 
law  is  a  rule  of  civil  conduct ;  a  canon  is 
a  rule  of  ecclesiastical  govermnent;  the 
precept  or  comtnand  of  a  father  is  a  rule 
of  action  or  obedience  to  children;  prece- 
dents in  law  are  rules  of  decision  to 
judges  ;  maxims  and  customs  furnish 
rules  for  regulating  our  social  opinions  and 
manners.  The  laws  of  God  are  rtiles  for 
directing  us  in  life,  paramount  to  all  oth- 
ers. 

A  rule  which  you  do  not  apply,  is  no  rule  at 
all.  /.  M.  Mason. 

3.  An  instrument  by  which  lines  are  drawn. 
A  judicious  artist   will   use   his   eye,   but   lie 

will  trust  only  to  his  rule.  South. 

4.  Established  mode  or  course  of  proceed- 
ing prescribed  in  private  life.  livery  man 
should  have  some  fixed  rules  for  manag- 
ing his  own  affairs. 

5.  In  literature,  a  maxim,  canon  or  precept 
to  be  observed  in  any  art  or  science. 

Encyc. 

6.  In  monasteries,  corporations  or  societies,  a 
law  or  regulation  to  he  observed  by  the 
society  and  its  particular  members. 

7.  In  courts,  rules  are   the  determinations 


and  orders  of  court,  to  be  observed  by  its 
officers  in  conducting  the  business  of  tlie 

court. 

S.  In  arithmetic  and  algebra,  a  determinate 
mode  prescribed  for  iierforming  any  ope- 
ration and  producing  a  certain  result. 

0.  In  grammar,  an  established  form  of  con- 
struction in  a  particular  class  of  words: 
or  the  expression  of  that  form  in  words: 
Thus  it  is  a  rule  in  English,  that  s  or  e.i, 
adrhid  to  a  noun  in  the  singular  luiinber, 
forms  the  plural  of  that  noun ;  but  man 
forms  its  plural  men,  and  is  an  exception 
to  the  rule. 

Rule  of  three,  is  that  rule  of  arithmetic  whicli 
directs,  when  three  terms  are  given,  how 
to  find  a  fourth,  which  shall  have  the  same 
ratio  to  the  third  term,  as  the  second  has 
to  the  first. 

RULE,  V.  t.  To  govern;  to  control  the 
will  and  actions  of  others,  either  by  arbi- 
trary power  and  authority,  or  by  establish- 
ed laws.  The  emperors  of  the  east  rule 
their  subjects  without  the  restraints  of  a 
constitution.  In  limited  governments, 
men  are  ruled  by  known  laws. 

If  a  man  know  not  liow  to  rule  his  own 
house,  how  shall  he  take  care  of  the  church  of 
God  ?    1  Tim.  iii. 

2.  To  govern  the  movements  of  things ;  to 
conduct;  to  manage;  to  control.  That 
God  rules  the  world  he  has  created,  is  a 
fundamental  article  of  belief. 

.3.  To  manage ;  to  conduct,  in  almost  any 
manner. 

4.  To  settle  as  by  a  rule. 
Tfiat's  aruied cAsc  with  the  schoolmen. 

.^Iterbury. 

5.  To  mark  with  lines  by  a  ruler;  as,  to  rtile 
a  blank  book. 

0.  To   establish  by  decree  or  decision  ;  to 

determine  ;  as  a  court. 
RULE,  V.  i.  To  have  power  or  command ; 
to  exercise  supremo  authority. 
By  ine  princes  rule.     Prov.  viii. 
It  is  often  followed  by  over. 
They  shall  ruJe   over  their   oppressors.     Is. 

XIV. 

We  subdue  and  rule  over  all  other  creatures. 

Ray. 
RU'LED,  pp.  Governed ;  controlled ;  con- 
ilucted  ;  managed  ;  established  by  decis- 
ion. 
RU'LER,  n.  One  that  governs,  whether 
emperor,  king,  pope  or  governor;  anyone 
that  exercises  supreme  power  over  others. 

2.  One  that  makes  or  executes  laws  in  a 
limited  or  free  government.  Thus  legis- 
lators and  magistrates  are  called  rulers. 

3.  -X  rule  ;  an  instrument  of  wood  or  metal 
with  straight  edges  or  sides,  by  which 
lines  are  drawn  on  paper,  parchment  or 
other  substance.  W^hen  a  ruler  has  the 
lines  of  chords,  tangents,  sines,  &c.  it  is 
called  a  plane  scale.  Encyc. 

RU'LING,  ppr.  Governing;  controlling  the 
will  and  actions  of  intelligent  beings,  or 
tlie  Miovcineiits  of  other  pliysical  bodies. 

2.  iMarkingby  a  ruler. 

3.  Deciding;  determining. 

4.  a.  Predominant;  chief;  controlling;  as  a 
ruling  passion. 

RU'LY,  a.  [from  ru?c.]  Orderly;  easily  re- 
strained.    [.Vol  in  use.]     (See  Unruiy.] 

RUM,  71.  Spirit  distilled  from  cane  juice  ;  or 
the  scuraniings  of  the  juice  from  the  boil- 


RUM 


RUM 


RUN 


ihg  house,  or  from  the  treacle  or  melasses; 
■wUic'.i  drains  from  sugar,  or  from  dunder, 
tiie  lees  of  former  distillations. 

Edwards,  W.  Ind. 
In  the  United  States,   rum  is  distilled 
from  melasses  only. 
2.  A  low  cant  word  for  a  country  parson 

Swift. 
RUM,  a.  Old   fashioned  ;    queer.     [M'ol   in 

itse.] 
RUM'BLE,  V.   i.    [D.   rommelen ;    G.    nim-'^ 
meln ;  Dan.  ruinler ;  It.   rombare.     If  Riif 
are  the   radical  letters,  this  word  may  liej 
referred  to  the   Oli.   Syr.  Heb.   Etii.  D])^^ 
raam,  Class  Km.  No.  U.     With  a  prefix,, 
grumble,  Gr.  fipffiu,   L.  fremo,    Ir.   cru,im. 
thunder,  G.  brununen.  D.   brommen,  brem- 
men,  &c. ;  Sw.  rliinn,  to  bellow.] 
To  make   a  low.   heavy,  continued  so\ind ; 
as  thunder  rumbles  at  a  distance,  but  when 
near,  its  sound  is  sharp  and  rattling.     A 
heavy  carriage  rumbles  on  the  pavement. 
RUM'BLER,  n.  The  person  or  thing  that 

rumbles. 
RUM'BLING,  ;)pr.    Making   a  low,    heavy 
continued   sound ;    as    rumbling  thunder 
A  rumbling  noise  is  a  low,  heavy,  continu 
ed  noise. 
RU.M'BLING,  n.  A  low,  heavy,  continued 

sound.  Jer.  xlvii. 
RUM'BUD,  n.  A  grog  blossom ;  the  popu- 
lar name  of  a  redness  occasioned  by  the! 
detestable  practice  of  excessive  drinking.j 
Rumburts  usually  appear  first  on  the  nose, 
and  gradually  extend  over  the  face. 

Rush. 
RU'MINANT,    a.    [Fr.  from    L.    rumino.]\ 
Chewing  the  cud  ;  having  the  property  of 
chewing  again  what  has  been  swallowed 
as  ruminant  animals.  Ray. 

RU'MINANT,  11.  An  animal  that  chews  the 
cud.  Ruminants  are  four  footed,  hairy 
and  viviparous.  Encyc.  Ray.  Derham. 
RU'MINATE,  v.i.  [Fr.  ruminer;  h.  rumi- 
no,  from  rumen,  the  cud  ;  W.  rhum,  that 
swells  out.] 
T.  To  chew  the  cud  :  to  chew  again  what 
has  been  slightly  chewed  and  swallowed 
Oxen,  sheep,  deer,  goats,  camels,  hares 
and  squirrels  ruminate  in  fact ;  other  ani- 
mals, as  mnles,  bees,  crickets,  beetles, 
crabs,  &c.  only  appear  to  ruminate. 

Peyer.  Encyc. 
The  only  animals  endowed  with  the 
senuine  faculty  of  rumination,  are  the 
Ruminantia,  or  cloven-hoofed  quadrupeds 
(Peccra,  Linne  ;)  hut  the  hare,  although  its 
stomach  is  diflTerently  organized,  is  an  oc- 
casional and  partial  ruminant. 

Ed.  Ency: 
•2.  To  muse;  to  ineditate  ;    to  think   again 
and  again  ;  to  ponder.     It  is  natural  to  ru 
minate  on  misfortunes. 

He  practices  a   slow  meditation,  and   rumi- 
jjofcs  on  ihe  subject.  Watts. 

•RII'MIN.VTE,  V.  i.  To  chew  over  again. 
'i.  To  muse  on  ;  to  meditate  over  and  over 


■2.  The  power  or  property   of  chewing  thellRUMP'LESS,   «.    Destitute  of  a  tail;  as  u 
,    I    r  I      I  rumpless  lowl.  Lawrence. 

Rumination  is  given  to   animals,  to  enable  jRUMP'LlNG,  ppr.  Making  uneven, 
them  at  once  to  lay  u|)  a  great  store  of  lood,  JRUN,  «.  i.  [itel.  ran  or  run  ;  pp.   run.     [Sax. 
and  afterwards  to  chew  it.  Arbulhmt  ' 


3.  A  musing  or  continued  thinking  on  a 
subject ;  deliberate  meditation  or  reflec- 
tion. 

Retiring  full  o(  rumination  sad.      Thomson.^ 

RU'MINATOR,  n.  One  that  ruminates  or 
muses  on  any  subject ;  one  that  pauses  to 
deliberate  and  consider.  Cotgrave. 

RUM  MAtiE,  n.  A  searching  carefully  by 
lookin^r  into  every  corner  and  by  tumbling 
over  tilings. 

aUM'MAGE,  V.  I.  [Qu.  L.  rim,or,  or  Fr.  re 
muer.] 

To  search  narrowly  by  looking  into  every 
corner  and  turning  over  or  removing 
goods  or  other  things. 

Our  greedy  seamen  rummage  every  hold 


again. 

Mad  with  desire, 


,  she  ruminates  her  .-in. 

Dryden 
RU'MINATED,  ;>;).  Chewed  again;  mused 

on. 
RU'MINATING,  ppr.   Chewing   the   cud  ; 

musing. 
RUMINA'TION,  n.  [I,,   ruminatio.]      Th 
act  of  chewing  the  cud. 


Dryden 
RUM'MA<iE,  v.i.  To  search  a  place  nar- 
rowly by  looking  among  things. 

I  have  often  rummaged  for  old  books  in  Lit- 
tIe-Brit.iiii  and  Duck-Lane.  Swift. 

RUMMAGED,  pp.  Searched  in  every  cor- 
ner. 
RUM'MAGING,    ppr.    Searching  in  every 

corner. 
RUM'MER,   n.    [D.  roemer,   a  wine   glass, 

from  roemen,  to  vaunt,  brag  or  praise.] 
A  glass  or  drinking  cup.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Philips. 
RU'MOR,  n.    [L.]    Flying   or   popular   re- 
port: a  current   story  passing  from 
person   to  another,  without   any    known 
authority  for  the  truth  of  it. 
Rumor  next  and  cliance 
And  tumult  and  confusion  all  imbroil'd. 

.Milton. 
When  yc  .shall  hear  of  wars  and   rumors  of 
wars,  be  "ye  not  troubled.     Mark  xiii. 

2.  Report  of  a  fact ;  a  story  well  authorized 
This  rumor  of  him  went  forth  throughout  all 

Judea.     Luke  vii. 

3.  Fame  ;  reported  celebrity. 
Great  is  the  rumor  of  this  dreadful  knight. 

.Shak. 

RU'MOR,  v.t.  To  report;  to  toll  or  circu- 
late a  report. 

^'I'vvas  rwnor'd 
My  father  'scap'd  from  out  the  citadel. 

Dryden, 

RU'MORED,  pp.  Told  among  the  people; 
reported.  | 

RU'MORER,  n.  A  reporter;  a  teller  of 
news.  Shak. 

RU'MORING,  ppr.  Reporting ;  telling  news. 

RUMP,  n.  [G.  rumpf;  Sw.  rumpa  ;  Dan. 
rumpe  or  ronipe.] 

1.  The  end  of  the  back  bone  of  an  animal 
with  the  parts  adjacent.  Among  the 
Jew.s,  the  rump  was  esteemed  the  most 
delicate  part  of  the  animal.  Encyc. 

•2.  The  buttocks.  Hudibras. 

RUM'PLE,  V.  t.  [D.  rompekn,  to  rumple: 
Sax.  hrympclle,  a  fold  ;  probably  connect- 
ed with  crumple,  W.  crwm,  crom,  crookeil, 
crymu,  to  beuil.) 

To  wrinkle;  to  make  uneven;  to  form  into 
irregular   inequalities;   as,   to  rumpli^ 
apron  or  a  cravat.  Swift. 

RUM'PLE,  n.  A  fold  or  plait.  Dryden 

RUM'PLED,  pp.  Formed  into  irregular 
wrinkles  or  folds. 


rennan  ;  and  with  a  transposition  of  let- 
ters, icrnan,  arnian,  yrnan  ;  Goth,  rinnan ; 
D.  renntn  ;  G.  renaen,  rinnen  ;  Dan.  rin- 
dtr  ;  Sw.  ranna.  The  Welsh  has  rhin,  a 
running,  a  channel,  hence  the  Rldne.\ 
1.  To  move  or  puss  in  almost  any  manner, 
as  on  the  feet  or  on  wheels.  Men  and  other 
animals  run  on  their  feet ;  carriages  run 
on  wheels,  and  wheels  run  on  their  axle- 
trees. 

To  move  or  pass  on  the  feet  with  celeri- 
ty or  rapidity,  by  leaps  or  long  quick 
steps  ;  as,  men  and  quadrupeds  run  when 
in  haste. 

3.  To  use  the  legs  in   moving;  to  step;  as, 
children  run  alone  or  run  about.       Locke. 

4.  To  move  in  a  hurry. 
The  priest  and  people  run  about.     B.Jonson. 

To  proceed  along  the  surface  ;  to  extend; 
to  spread  ;  as,  the  fire  runs  over  a  field  or 
forest. 

The  fire  ran  along  upon  the  ground.  Ex.  ix. 
To  rush  with  violence;  as,  a  ship  runs 
against  a  rock;  or  one  ship  runs  against 
another. 

7.  To  move  or  pass  on  the  water  ;  to  sail ; 
as,  ships  run  regularly  between  New 
York  and  Liverpool.  Before  a  storm, 
run  into  a  harbor,  or  under  the  lee  of 
the  land.  The  ship  has  ran  ten  knots  an 
hour. 

B.  To  contend  in  a  race;  as,  men  or  horsee 
run  for  a  prize. 

[t.  To  fiee  for  escape.  When  Gen.  Wolfe 
was  dying,  an  officer  standing  by  hiin 
exclaimed,  see  how  they  run.  Who  run  ? 
said  the  (lying  hero.  The  enemy,  said 
the  officer.  Then  I  die  happy,  said  the 
general. 

10.  To  depart  privately;  to  steal  away. 
My  conscience    will  serve   me    to  run  from 

this  Jew,  my  master.  Shak. 

11.  To  flow  in  any  manner,  slowly  or  rapid- 
ly ;  to  move  or  pass ;  as  a  fluid.  Rivers 
run  to  the  ocean  or  to  lakes.  The  Con- 
necticut runs  on  sand,  and  its  water  is 
remarkably  pure.  The  tide  runs  two  or 
three  miles  an  hour.  Tears  run  down 
the  cheeks. 

12.  To  emit  ;  to  let  flow. 
1  command  that  the  conduit  run  nothing  but 

claret.  Shak. 

Rivers  run  potable  gold.  .Milton. 

But  this  form  of  expression  is  elliptical, 
with  being  omitted ;  •'  rivers  run  with  po- 
table gold." 

13.  To  be  liquid  or  fluid. 
As  wax  dissolves,  as  ice  begins  to  run — 

Addison. 

14.  To  be  fusible  ;  to  melt. 
Sussex  iron  ores  run  freely  in  the  fire. 

Wbodicard. 

to  melt. 

Voiir  iron  must  not  burn  in  the  fire,  that  is, 

run  or  melt,  for  then  it  will  be  brittle.     Mo.von. 

as,  a  wheel  runs  on  an  axis  or 


15.  To  fuse  ; 


IG.  To  turn 
on  a  pivot. 

17.  To  pass  ;  to  proceed  ;  as,  to  run  through 
a  course  of  business;  to  run  through  life; 
to  rioi  in  a  circle  or  a  line;  to nui  through 
all  degrees  of  proiiiotiou. 

18.  To  flow,  as  words,  language  or  periods. 
1     The  hues  run  smoothly. 


R  U  M 


RUN 


RUN 


19.  To  pass,  as  time.  | 

As  last  as  our  time  runs,  we  should  be  glad! 

inmost  iiailof  our  lives  that  it  ran  much  Castei. 

Addison. 

90.  To  have  a  legal  course;  to  be  attachedi 
to  ;  to  have  h><;al  effect.  J 

Customs  run  only  upon  our  goods  imi>ortcU| 
or  exported,  and  that  hut  once  for  all ;  whereas, 
interest  runs  as  well  uj.on  our  ships  as  goods, 
and  mint  he  yearly  paid.  Lliiias. 

21.  To  have  a  course  or  direction. 

Where  the  generally  allowed   pracUce  rum 

counter  to  it.  .         ,     „■   ,/•""■'""■ 

Little  is  the  wisdom,  where  the  fhght 

So  runs  against  all  reason.  .SVi«/f . 

^.  To  pu,ss  ill  thoiif^ht,  speech  or  practice  ; 

as,  to  run  through  a  series  of  arguments  ; 

to  run  from  one  topic  to  another. 

Virgil,  in  his  lirst  Georgic,  has  run  into  a  set 
of  precepts  foreign  to  his  suhjcct.         Addison 

33.  To  be  mentioned  cursorily  or  in  few 
words. 

The  whole  runs  on  short,  like  articles  in  an 
account.  Arbuthnol 

34.  To  have  a  continued  tenor  or  course. 
The  conversation  ran  on  the  affairs  of  the 
Greeks. 

The  king'.s  ordinary  style  runneth, "  our  sove 
reign  lord  the  king."  Sanderson. 

25.  To  lie  in  nnition  ;  to  speak  incessantly. 
Her  tongue  runs  continually. 

26.  To  ho  busied  ;  to  dwell. 

When  we  desire  any  thing,  our  minds  run 
wholly  on  the  gooil  circumstances  of  it ;  when 
it  is  obtained,  our  minds  run  wholly  on  the  bad 
ones.  *'Wi'- 

27.  To  be  popularly  known. 

Men  gave  them  their  own  names,  by  which 
they  run  a  great  while  in  Rome.  Temple 

28.  To  be  received  ;  to  have  reception,  suc- 
cess or  continuance.  The  pamphlet  ru7is 
well  among  a  certain  class  of  people. 

29.  To  proceed  in  succession. 
She  saw  with  joy  the  line  immortal  j-mm. 
Each  sire  impress'd  and  glaring  in  his  son. 

Pojic 

30.  To  pass  from  one  state  or  condition  to 
another;  as,  to  run  into  confusion  or  er- 
ror ;  to  run  ilistracted.  Addison. 

31.  To  proceed  in  a  train  of  conduct. 
You  should  nm  a  certain  course.  Shak. 

32.  To  be  in  force. 

1  he  owner  hath   incurred  the   forfeiture  of 

eight  years  profits  of  his  lands,  before  he  cometh 

to  the  knowledge  of  the  process  that  runneth 

against  him.  Bacon. 

•33.  To  be  generally  received. 

He  was  not  ignorant  what  report  run  of  him  • 
self.  Knolles 

34.  To  be  carried  ;  to  e.vtcnd  ;  to  rise ;  as, 
debates  run  high. 

In  popish  countries,  the  power  of  the  clergy 
runs  higher.  -^yliff^ 

35.  To  have  a  track  or  course. 

Searching  the  ulcer  with  my  probe,  the  sinus 
run  up  above  the  orifice.  Ifiseman 

36.  To  extend  ;  to  lie  in  continued  length. 
Veins  of  silver  run  in  differeiit  directions. 

.37.  To  have  a  certain  direction.  The  line 
runs  east  and  west. 

38.  To  pass  ill  an  orbit  of  any  figure.  The 
planets  riiii  their  periodical  courses.  The 
comets  do  not  run  lawless  through  the 
regions  of  space. 

39.  To  tend  in  growth  or  progress.  Pride 
is  apt  to  inn  into  a  contempt  of  others. 

40.  To  grow  exuberantly.  Young  persons 
of  10  or  12  years  old,  soon  run  up  to  men 
and  women. 


If  the  richness  of  the  ground  cause  turaeps  to  I  To  run  over,    to  overflow;  as,  a  eup  run* 
run  to  leaves,  treading  down  the  leaves   will  1     over;  or  the  liquor  runa  ODCr. 
help  their  looting.  .Wur<i/H<?r.j  y,,  ^itn  out,  to  come  to  an  end;  to  expire; 

41.  To  discharge  pus  or  other  matter;  us,K     ,,s_  ^  1^^^^  ^un*  out  at  Michaelmas, 
an  ulcer  runs.  2.  To  spread  exuberantly  ;  as,  insertile  ani- 

42.  To  reach  ;  to  extend  to  the  remembranceil     ,„.,[s  r„„  „^(  „„^,  ,y„^  Hammond. 

into  beauti- 


1.  To  reach  ;  to  extend  to  the  remembrance      ,„.,[g  ^^„  „^(  j^j^  |j.„j." 

of;  as  time  out  of  mind,  the  memory  of\\^_  Xo  e.xpatiate  ;  as,  to  run  out 


which  runneth  not  to  the  contrary 

43.  To  continue  in  time,  before  it  becomes 
due  and  payable;  as,  a  note  runs  thirty 
days ;  a  note  of  six  months  has  ninety 
days  to  run. 

44.  To  continue  in  eflect,  force  or  operation. 
The  statute  may  be  prevented  from  running 

— by  the  act  of  the  creditor. 

Ihipkinson.      M^heatun's  Rep 

45.  To  press  with  numerous  demands  of 
|)ayment;  as,  to  riui  upon  a  bank 

46.  To  pass  or  fall  into  fault,  vice  or  misfor- 
tune ;  as,  to  run  into  vice ;  to  run  into 
evil  practices  ;  to  run  into  debt  ;  to  run 
into  mistakes 

47.  To  fall  or  pass  by  gradual  changes ;  to 
make  a  transition ;  as,  colors  run  one  into 
another. 

48.  To  have  a  general  tendency, 
Temperate  climates  run  into  moderate  gov- 
ernments. Swift. 

49.  To  proceed  as  on  a  ground  or  principle. 
Obs. 

50.  To  pass  or  proceed  in  conduct  or  man. 
agcment. 

Tarquin,   running  into  all   the   methods  of 
tyranny,  after  a  cruel  reign  was  expelled. 

Stvifi 

51.  To  creep  ;  to  move  by  creeping  or 
crawling  ;  as,  serpents  run  on  the  ground. 

52.  To  slide;  as,  a  sled  or  sleigh  runs  on  the 
snow. 

53.  To  dart ;  to  shoot ;  as  a  meteor  in  the 
sky. 

.54.  To  fly  ;  to  inove  in  the  air;  as,  the 
clouds  rail  from  N.  E.  to  S.  W. 

55.  Ill  Scripture,  to  pursue  or  practice  the 
duties  of  religion. 

Ye  did  run  well ;  who  did  hinder  you  ?  Gal 

56.  In  elections,  to  have  interest  or  favor  ;  to; 
be  supported  by  voles.  The  candidatei 
will  not  run,  or  he  will  run  well. 

To  run  after,  to  pursue  or  follow. 

2.  To  search  for;  to  endeavor  to  find  orob-j 
tain  ;  as,  to  run  after  similes.  Locke.\ 

To  run  at,  to  attack  with  the  horns,  as  al 
hull.  ' 

To  run  auiuij,  to  flee  ;  to  escape. 

To  run  away  with,  to  hurry  without  delibe- 
ration. Locke. 

2.  To  convey  away  ;  or  to  assist  in  escape 
or  elopement. 

To  run  in,  to  enter  ;  to  step  in. 

To  run  into,  to  enter  ;  as,  to  ruti  into  danger. 


ful  digressions.  He  runs  out  in  praise  of 
Milton.  Mdison. 

To  be  wasted  or  exhausted;  as,  an  estate 
managed  without  ecouomv,  will  soon  run 
out. 

5.  To  become  poor  by  extravagance. 
And  had  her  stock  been  less,  no  doubt 
She  must  have  long  ago  run  out.      Dryden. 

To  run  tip,  to  rise ;  to  swell ;  to  amount. 
Accounts  of  goods  credited  run  up  very 
fast. 

RUN,  V.  I.  To  drive  or  push  :  in  a  general 
sense.  Hence  to  ran  a  sword  through  the 
body,  is  to  stab  or  pierce  it. 

2.  To  drive  ;  to  force. 
.\  talkative  person  runs  himself  upon  great 

inconveniences,  by  blabbing  out  his  own  or 
others'  secrets.  ^".V. 

Others  accustomed  to  retired  speculations, 
run  natural  philosophy  into  metaphysical  no- 
tions. Locke. 

3.  To  cause  to  be  driven. 
They  ran  the  ship  aground.     Acts  xxvii. 

4.  To  melt ;  to  fuse. 
The  purest  gold  must  be  ruti  and  washed. 

Felton. 

5.  To  incur;  to  encounter;  to  run  the  risk 
or  hazard  of  losing  one's  property.  To 
run  the  danger,  is  a  phrase  not  now  iti 
use. 

6.  To  venture  ;  to  hazard. 
He  would  himself  be  in  the  Highlands  to  re- 
ceive them,  and  run  his  fortune  with  them. 

Clarendon. 

7.  To  smuggle;  to  import  or  export  without 
paying  the  duties  required  by  law  ;  as,  to 
run  goods. 

3.  To  pursue  in  thought;  to  carry  in  con- 
templation ;  as,  to  run  the  world  back  to 
its  first  original.  South. 

1  would  gladly  understand  the   formation  of 
a  soul,  and  run  it  up  to  its ptmctu/n  saliena. 

Collier. 

D.  To  push ;  to  thrust ;  as,  to  run  the  hand 
into  the  pocket  or  the  bosom;  to  run  a 
nail  into  the  foot. 

10.  To  ascertain  and  mark  by  metes  and 
hounds;  as,  to  run  a  line  between  towns 
or  states. 

11.  To  cause  to  ply  ;  to  maintain  in  running 
or  passing  ;  as,  to  run  a  .stage  coach  from 
London  to  Bristol ;  to  run  a  line  of  pack- 
ets from  New  Haven  to  New  York. 

To  run  in  trust,  lo  run  in  debt ;  to  get  cred- ij2.  To  cause   to   pass;  as,   to  run   a  rope 

it.     [JVot  in  use.]  !      through  a  block. 

To  run   in   with,   to   close;  to  comply;  to  13.  Totbund;  to  shape,  form  or  make  in  a 


agree  with.     [Unusual.]  Baker. 

2.  To  make  towards ;  to  near ;  to  sail  close; 

to  ;  as,  to  ritn  in  tcith  the  lantl ;  a  scaman^s 

phrase. 
To  run  down  a  coast,  to  sail  along  it 
To  run  on,  to  be  continued.  Their  accounts 

had  ran  on  for  a  year  or  two   without  a 

settlement. 
2.  To  talk  incessantly. 
.3.  To  continue  a  course.  Draifton. 

4.  To  press  with  jokes  or  ridicule  ;  to  abuse 

with  sarcasms ;  to  bear  hard  on. 


mold  ;  to  cast ;  as,  to  run  buttons  or  balls. 
To  run  down,  in   hunting,  to  chase  to  weari- 
ness ;  us,  to  run  down  a  stag. 

2.  In  nungation,  to  ran  down  a  vessel,  is  to 
run  against  her,  end  ou,  and  sink  her. 

Afar.  Diet. 

3.  To  crush  ;  to  overthrow  ;  to  overhear. 

Religion  is  run  down  by  the  license  of  tiiese 
limes.  Berkley. 

To  run  hard,  to  press  with  jokes,  sarcasm 
or  ridicule. 

2.  To  urge  or  press  importunately. 


RUN 


RUN 


R  U  S 


To  run  over,  to  recount  in  a  cursory  man-] 
iier ;  to  narrate  liaslily  ;  as,  to  run  over 
the  particulars  of  a  story. 

•2.  To  consider  cursorily. 

3.  To  pass  the  eye  over  hastily. 

To  run  out,  to  thrust  or  push  out;  to  ex- 
tend. 

2.  To  waste  ;  to  exhaust ;  as,  to  run  oxU  an 
estate. 

To  run  through,  to  expend  ;  to  waste ;  as,  to 
run  through  an  estate. 

To  run  up,  to  increase  ;  to  eiilar^'e  by  addi- 
tions. A  man  who  takes  goods  on  credit, 
is  apt  to  lun  up  his  account  to  a  large 
sum  before  he  is  aware  of  it. 

2.  To  thrust  up,  as  any  thing  long  and  slen 
der. 

RUN,  n.  The  act  of  running. 

2.  Course  ;  motion  ;  as  the  run  of  humor. 

Bacon. 

3.  Flow  ;  as  a  run  of  verses  to  please  the 
ear.  Broome 

4.  Course  ;  process  ;  continued  series ;  as 
the  run  of  events. 

5.  Way;  will;  uncontrolled  course. 

Our  family  must  have  tlieii-  run.      JJrbulhnot 

6.  General  reception  ;  continued  success. 

It  is  hnpossible  for  detached  papers  to  have 
a  general  run  or  long  continuance,  if  not  diver- 
sifieil  with  humor.  Addison 

7.  Modish  or  popular  clamor ;  as  a  violent 
run  against  university  education. 

Swift 

8.  A  general  or  uncommon  pressure  on  a 
bank  or  treasury  for  payment  of  its  notes 

9.  The  aftinost  part  of  a  ship's  bottom. 

Mar.  Did 

10.  The  distance  sailed  by  a  ship ;  as,  we 
liad  a  good  run. 

11.  A  voyage;  also,  an  agreement  among 
sailors  to  work  a  passage  from  one  place 
to  another.  J\Iar.  Did 

12.  A  pair  of  rnill-stones.  A  mill  has  two 
four  or  six  runs  of  stones. 

13.  Prevalence  ;  as,  a  disease,  opinion  or 
fashion  has  its  run. 

14.  In  the  middle  and  southern  states  of 
America,  a  small  stream  ;  a  brook. 

In  the  long  run,   \al  the  long  run,  not  so  gen 
erally  used,]  signifies  the  whole  process 
or  course  of  things  taken  together  ;  in  the 
final  result ;  in  the  conclusion  or  end. 

The  run  of  mankind,  the  generality  of  people. 

RUN' AGATE,  n.  [Fr.ninagal.]  A  fugitive 
an  apostate  ;  a  rebel ;  a  vagabond. 

Sidney.     Shak. 

RUN' AWAY,  Ji.  [run  and  a«)oi/.]  One  that 
flies  from  danger  or  restraint ;  one  that 
deserts  lawful  service  ;  a  fugitive.      Shak. 

RUNCA'TION,  n.  [l^.runcalio.]  A  weed 
ing.     [JVol  in  ttse.]  Evelyn. 

RUN'CINATE,  a.  [L.  runcina,  a  saw.]  In 
botany,  a  runcinate  leaf  is  a  sort  of  pinna- 
tilul  leaf,  with  the  lobes  convex  before  and 
straight  behind,  like  the  teeth  of  a  double 
saw,  as  in  the  dandelion.  Martyn 

Lion  toothed  ;  cut  into  several  transver.se 
acute  segments,  pointing  backwards. 

Smith. 

RUND'LE,  71.  [from  round,  G.  ru7id.]  A 
round;  a  step  of  a  ladder.  Diippa. 

2.  Something  put  romul  an  axis  ;  a  perifro- 
chium;  as  a  cylinder  with  a  rundle  about 
it.  inikins. 

RUND'LET,  r     [from    round.]     A     small 
RUN'LET,     j  "•  barrel  of   no   certain   di- 


inensions.    It  may  contain   from  3  to  20; 

gallons.  Encyc 

RUNE,  H.  [See  Runic.]    The  runic  letter  or! 

character.  Temple.] 

RU'NER,  n.  A  bard  or  learned  man  among 

the  ancient  Goths.     [See  Runic.] 

Temple. 

RU'NES,  n.  plu.  Gothic  poetry  or  rliyiries.J 

Temple. 

RUNG,  pret.  and  pp.  of  ring.  \ 

RUNG,  n.  A  floor  timber  in  a  ship,  whence 
the  end  is  called  a  rung-head ;  more  prop- 
erly afloor-head.  Mar.  Did. 

RU'NI€,  a.  [W.  rhin,  Ir.  run,  Goth.  runa,\ 
Sax.  run,  a  secret  or  mystery,  a  letter.]      I 

An  epithet  applied  to  the  language  and  let- 
ters of  the  ancient  Goths.  [In  Russ. 
chronoyu  is  to  conceal.]  I 

RUN'NEL,  Ji.  [from  run.]  A  rivulet  or^ 
small  brook.     [.Vot  in  use.]  Fairfax.. 

RUN'NER,  ?i.  [{rom  run.]  One  that  runs  ;; 
that  which  runs. 

2.  A  racer.  Dryden.] 

3.  A  messenger.  Swifl.\ 

4.  A  shooting  sprig. 

In  every  root  there  will  be  one  runner,  with 
liltle  buds  on  it.  Alortimer.', 

5.  One  of  the  stones  of  a  mill.  Ih., 

6.  A  bird.  .iin.tworlh. 

7.  A  thick  rope  used  to  increase  the  me- 
chanical power  of  a  tackle.         Mar.  Did. 

RUNNET,  n.  [D.  rutizel,  from  run)ien,ron- 
ntn,  to  curdle  ;  G.  rinncn,  to  curdle,  and  tO| 
run  or  flow  ;  Sax.  gerunnen,  coagulated- 
It  is  sometimes  written  rennet.] 

The  concreted  milk  found  in  the  stom-j 
achs  of  calves  or  other  sucking  quailru- 
peds.  The  same  name  is  given  to  a  liq-, 
uor  prepared  by  steeping  the  inner  Euem-j 
brane  of  a  calf's  .stomach  in  water,  and  to 
the  membrane  itself.  This  is  use<l  for  co- 
agtilating  milk,  or  converting  it  into  curd 
in  the  making  of  cheese.  Encyc.^ 

RUN'NING,  ppr.  Moving  or  going  with 
rapidity  ;  flowing. 

2.  a.  Kept  for  the  race  ;  as  a  running  horse. 

haw. 

3.  In  succession  ;  without  any  intervening 
lay,  year,  &-c. ;  as,  to  visit  two  days  run- 
ling  ;  to  sow  land  two  years  running. 

4.  Discharging  pus  or  other  matter;  as  a 
running  sore. 

RUN'NING,  n.  The  act  of  running,  or  pass- 
ing with  speed. 

2.  That  which  runs  or  flows ;  as  the  first 
running  of  a  still  or  of  cider  at  the  mill. 

3.  The  discharge  of  an  ulcer  or  other  sore. 
RUN'NING-FIGHT,  n.  A  battle   in  whirh 

one  party  flees  and  the  other  pursues,  but 
the  party  fleeing  keeps  up  the  contest. 

RUNNING-RIGGING,  n.  That  part  of  a 
ship's  rigging  or  ropes  which  passes 
through  blocks,  &c. ;  in  distinction  from 
Stan  ding  -  rigging. 

RUNNING-TITLE,  n.  inprinling,  the  title 
of  a  book  that  is  continued  from  page  to 
page  (in  the  upper  margin. 

KUN'NION,  n.  [Fr.  rogner,  to  cut,  pare  orj 
shred.]     A  paltry  sciuvy  wretch.       Shak.^ 

RUNT,  »!.  [In  I),  rund  is  a  bull  or  cow  ;  in 
Sent,  runt  is  the  trunk  of  a  tree,  a  hardmi- 
ed  stem  or  stalk  of  a  plant,  an  old  wither- 
ed woman  It  may  be  from  D.  runnen, 
to  contract.     See  Runnel.]  I 


Any  animal  small  below  the  natural  or  usual 
size  of  the  species. 

Of  tame  pigeons,  are  croppers,  carriers  and 
rujits.  Walton. 

RUPEE',  n.    [Pers.     *^  ropah,  silver, 

and  ropiah  is  a  thick  round  piece  of  money 

in  the  Mogul's  dominions,  value  24  stivers. 

Castle.] 
A  silver  coin  of  the  East  Indies,  of  the  value 

of  2s.  4d.  or  2s.  (id.  sterling;  about  52  or 

5(j  cents. 
RUP'TION,  n.  [L.  ruptio,  rumpo,  to  break.] 

Breach  ;  a  break  or  bursting  open. 

ff^iseman. 
RUP'TURE,  n.   [Fr.  from  L.  ruptus,  rumpo, 

to  break.] 

1.  The  act  of  breaking  or  bursting  ;  the  state 
of  being  broken  or  violently  parted  ;  as  the 
rupture  <t'  the  skin  ;  the  rupture  of  a  ves- 
sel or  fiber.  ,.'lrbuthnot. 

2.  Hernia;  a  preternatural  protrusion  of  the 
contents  of  the  abdomen. 

3.  Breach  of  peace  or  concord,  either  be- 
tween individuals  or  nations  ;  between  na- 
tions, open  hostility  or  war.  We  say,  the 
parties  or  nations  have  come  to  an  open 
rupture. 

He  knew  that  policy  would  disincline  Napo- 
leon from  a  rupture  with  his  family. 

E.  Everett. 

RUP'TURE,  V.  t.  To  break  ;  to  burst  ;  to 
part  by  violence ;  as,  to  rupture  a  blood 
vessel. 

RUP'TURE,  V.  i.  To  suflTer  a  breach  or  dis- 
ruption. 

RUP'TURED./H).  Broken;  burst. 

RUP'TURE- WORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Ilerniaria,  and  another  of  the  genus 
Lirnun.  Fatn.  of  Plants. 

RUi"TURING,;)pr.  Breaking;  bursting. 

RU'RAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  ruralis,  from  rus, 
rlie  coimtry.] 

Pcriaiuing  to  the  country,  as  distinguished 

ti-iim  a  city  or  town  ;  suiting  the  country, 

or  resembling  it ;  as  rural  scenes;  a  rural 

prospect ;  a  rural  situation  ;  rural  nmsic. 

Sidney.     Thomson. 

RU'RALIST,  )i.  One  that  leads  a  rural  life. 

Coventry. 

RU'RALLY,  adv.  As  in  the  country. 

H^akefield. 

RU'RALNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
rural.  Did. 

RURl€'OLIST,  )i.  [L.  ruricola ;  rus,  the 
country,  and  colo,  to  inhabit.] 

An  inhabitant  of  the  country.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Did. 

RURIO'ENOUS,  a.  [L.  rus,  the  country, 
and  gignor,  to  be  born.] 

Born  in  the  country.     [.\'ot  in  use.]        Diet. 

RUSE,  n.  [Fr.]  .\rtifice  ;  trick  ;  stratagem  ; 
wile  ;  fraud  ;  deceit.     [J\'ot  English.] 

Ray. 

RUSH,  n.  [Sax.  rics  or  rise;  probalily  L. 
rusnis.  The  Swedish  corresponding  word 
is  saf.  the  Hebrew  =]1D,  usually  rendered 
sea-weed,  and  applied  to  the  Arabic  gulf. 
Dent.  i.  I.  Numb.  xxi.  14.  This  corres- 
])ondence  deserves  notice,  as  illustrating 
ccM-min  passages  in  the  Scriptures.) 

I.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Juncus,  of  many 
species.     The  pith  of  the  rush  is  uscil   in 
.some  places  for  wicks  to  lamps  and  rush 
lights.  Encyc. 


R  U  S 


R  U  S 


RUT 


•i.  Any  thing  proverbially  worthless  or  of 
trivial  value. 

Jolm  Uull's  friendship  is  not  worth  a  rush. 

Arbuthnot. 

RUSH,  V.  i.  [Sax.  reoaan,  hreosan  or  riLsan  ; 
Sw.rusa;  O.rauschen;  U.  ruischen ;  Or. 
poSfu.  The  G.  lias  also  brausin,  the  Dutch 
biuissckeii,  to  rush  or  roar  ;  Dan.  brustn, 
to  rush.  The  Welsh  has  bn/siaw  and  cnjs- 
iatv,  to  hurry,  to  hasten  ;  l.oth  (rom  rkys, 
a  rushing;  rlujsiaw,  to  rush.  We  have 
rustle  and  brukle  prohahly  from  the  same 
source.  The  Welsh  brysiaio  seems  to  be 
the  l^ujj'lish  press.  See  Class  Rd.  No.  5. 
9.  &c.] 

1.  To  move  or  drive  forward  v\ith  impetu 
osity,  violence  and  tumultuous  rapidity; 
as,  armies  rush  to  battle  ;  waters  rush  down 
a  precipice;  winds  rus/t  through  the  for- 
est. We  ought  never  to  rush  into  conipa 
ny,  much  less  into  a  religious  assembly. 

2.  To  enter  with  undue  eagerness,  or  with- 
out due  deliberation  and  preparation  ;  as, 
to  rush  into  business  or  speculation  ;  to 
rush  into  the  ministry.  Sprat. 

RUSH,  V.  t.  To  push  forward  with  violence. 

\J\fot  used.] 
RUSH,  n.  A  driving  forward   with  eager 
nessand  haste  ;  a  violent  inolion  or  course 
as  a  rush  of  troops  ;  a  rush  of  winds. 
RUSH-CANDLi:,  n.    A  small   blinking  ta- 
per made  by  stripping  a  rush,  except  one 
small   strip  of  the  bark   which    holds  the 
pith  together,  and  dipping  it  in  tallow. 

Johnson.     Milton. 
RUSH'ED,  a.  Abounding  with  rushes. 

li'arton. 
RUSH'ER,  11.  One  who  rushes  forward. 

fndtlock. 

2.  One  who  formerly  strewed  rushes  on  the 

floor  at  dances.  H-  Jonson. 

RUSH'INESS,   n.    [from  rushy.]  The  state 

of  abounding  with  rushes.  Scoll. 

RUSH'ING,  ppr.  Moving  forward  with 

petuosity. 

A   violent   driving  of 
or   tumultuous   course 


any 
L 


RUSH'ING,  n. 

thing ;    rapid 

xvii. 
RUSH  LIGHT. 

candle  ;  a  small  feeble  light 
2.  A  rush-candle. 
RUSH'-LIKE,rt.  Resembling  a  rush  ;  weak. 

RUSH'Y,  a.  Abounding  with  rushes. 

Mortimer. 
Ticket. 


n.    The   light   of  a  rush- 
Encyc. 


2.  Made  of  rushes. 

My  rusby  couch  and  frugal  fare 


Goldsmith 


RUSK,  n.  A  kind  of  light  cake. 

a.  Hard  bread  for  stores.  Raleigh 

RUS  MA,  n.  A   brown  and   light  iron  sub 
stance,     with    half   as   much     quicklime 
steeped  in   water,  of  which   the  Turkish 
women  make  their  psilothron  to  take  ofT 
their  hair.  Grew. 

RUSS,  n.  roos.  [Sw.  ryss.]  Pertaining  to  the 
Russ  or  Russians.  [The  native  word  is 
Russ.  We  have  Russia  from  the  south  of] 
Europe.] 

RUSS,  n.  roos.  The  language  of  the  Russ  or 
Russians. 

RUS'SET,  a.  [Fr.  rouz,  rousse,  red  ;  It.  rosso  ; 
Sp.  roso,  roxo  ;  L.  russus.  See  Red  and 
Ruddy.] 

I.  Of  a  reddish  brown  color ;  as  a  russet 
mantle. 


Our  summer  such  a  russet  livery  wears. 

Dry  dun. 

2.  Coarse  ;  homespun  ;  rustic.  tihak. 

RUS'SET,  n.  A  country  dress.  Dryden. 

RUS'SET,  /        A   kind  of  apple  of  a 

RUS'SETING,  I  "■  russet  color  and  rough 
skin.  [1  have  never  known  a  pear  so  call- 
ed in  America,  though  it  seems  that  in 
England  pears  have  this  name.] 

RUSSIAN,  a.  roo'.'(/i«n.  Pertaining  to  Russia. 

RU.-5SIAN,  n.  rou'sban.  A  native  of  Russia. 

KUST,  n.  [Sax.  ru.ft ;  i).  rotst ;  G.  Sw.  rost ; 
Dmi.  rust ;  W.  rhwd  ;  Gr.  ifivaiSrj ;  proba- 
bly from  its  color,  and  allied  to  ruddy,  red, 
as  L.  rubigo  is  from  rubeo.     See  Ruddy." 

1.  The  oxjd  ol'  a  metal;  a  substance  com- 
posed of  oxygen  combined  with  a  metal, 
and  forming  a  rough  coat  on  its  surliice 
All  metals  exceiit  gold   are  liable  to  rust. 

2.  Loss  of  power  by  inactivity,  as  metals  lose 
their  brightness  and  smoothness  when  not 
used. 

3.  Any  foul  matter  contracted ;  as  rust  on 
corn  or  salted  meat. 

Foul  extraneous  matter  ;  as  sacred  truths 
cleared  from  the  rust  of  human  mixtures. 
A  disease  in  grain,  a  kind  of  dust  whicli 
gatiiers  on  the  stalks  and  leaves. 

Ed.  Encyc. 
RUST,  ii.  J.  [Sax.  ruslian;    W.  rhydu.]  To 
contract  rust ;   to   be  oxydized  and  con- 
tract a  roughness  on  the  surface. 

Our  armors  now  may  rust.  Dryden. 

2.  To  degenerate  in  idleness  ;  to  become 
dull  by  inaction. 

Must  1  rusl  in  Egypt  ?  Dryden. 

3.  To  gather  dust  or  extraneous  matter. 
RUST,  V.  t.  To  cause  to  contract  rust. 

Keep  up  your  bright  swords,  for  the  dew  will 
rusl  them.  Shak. 

2.  To  impair  by  time  and  inactivity. 
RUST'ED,  pp.  Aflected  with  rust. 
KUST'le,        /      [L.  rusticMS,  from  ru*,  the 
RUST'I€AL,S"' country.] 

1.  I'ertaining  to  the  country  ;  rural ;  as  the 
ritsd'c  gods  of  antiquity.  Encyc 

2.  Rude  ;  unpolished  ;  rough  ;  awkward  ;  as 
rustic  manners  or  behavior. 

3.  Coarse  ;  plain ;  simple  ;  as  rustic  enter- 
tainment ;  rustic  dress. 

4.  Simple;  artless;  unadorned.  Pope. 
Rustic  work,  in  u  building,  is  when  the  stones, 

&c.  in  the  face  of  it,  are  hacked  or  pecked 

so  as  to  be  rough.  Encyc 

RUSTTC,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  the  country  ; 

a  clown. 
RUSTICALLY,    adv.    Rudely:   coarsely; 

without  refinement  or  elegance. 

Dryden. 
RUST'ICALNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 

rustical;  rudeness  ;  coarseness;    want  of 

refinement. 
RUSTICATE,  V.  i.  [L.  nisd'cor,  from  rus.] 

To  dwell  or  reside  in  the  country.      Pope. 
RUST'ICATE,  V.  t.  To  compel  to  reside  in 

the  country  ;  to   banish  from   a   town  or 

college  for  a  time.  Spectator. 

RUST'ICATED,  pp.  Compelled   to   reside 

in  the  countrv. 
RUST'IeATING,  ppr.  Compelling  to  reside 

in  the  countrv- 
RUSTICA'TION,  n.  Residence  in  the  coun- 


try. 
2.  In   universities  and  colleges,  the  punish- 
ment of  a  student  for  some  oUensc,  by 


eoinpelling  him  to  leave  the  institution  and 
reside  for  a  time  in  the  country. 

RUSTICITY,  71.  [Uruslicitas;  Fr.nuttc- 
ile.] 

The  qualities  of  a  countryman  ;  rustic  man- 
ners ;  rudeness;  coarseness;  simplicity; 
artlessness.  Addison.     Uoodward. 

RUSTTLY,  adv.  In  a  rusty  state.       Sidney. 

RUSTTN  ESS,  n.  [from  rusty.]  The  state  of 
being  rusty. 

RUST'ING,  p/)r.  Contracting  rust ;  causing 

I     to  rust. 

JRUSTLE,  v.  1.  rus'l.  [Sax.  hrisllan;  G.  ras- 
seln;  Sw.  rossla,  to  rattle.] 

To  make  a  quick  succession  of  small  sounds, 

like  the  rubbing  of  silk  cloth  or  dry  leaves  ; 

as  a  rustling  silk  ;  rustling  leaves  or  trees; 

rustling  wings.  Milton. 

He  is  coming ;  I  hear  the  straw  rustle. 

Shak. 

RUS'TLING,p;)r.  Making  the  sound  of  silk 
cloth  when  rubbed. 

RUS'TLING,  71.  A  quick  succession  of  small 
sounds,  as  a  brushing  among  dry  leaves 
or  straw. 

RUST'Y,  a.  Covered  or  aflected  with  rust ; 
as  a  rusty  knife  or  sword. 

2.  Hull  ;  impaired  by  inaction  or  neglect  of 
use.  Shak. 

.3.  Surly;  morose.  Guardian. 

4.  Covered  with  foul  or  extraneous  matter. 

RUT,  71.  [Fr.  rut ;  Arm.  nit,  the  verb,  rudal, 
rutein ;  probably  allied  to  G.  retzen,  to  ex- 
cite, or  Sw.  ryta,  to  bellow.]  The  copula- 
tion of  deer. 

RU"T,  V.  i.  To  lust,  as  deer. 

RUT,  71.  [It.  rotaia,  from  L.  rota,  a  wheel.] 
The  track  of  a  wheel. 

RUTA  BAGA,  ji.  The  Swedish  turnep. 

ROTH,  71.  [from  rue.]  Mercy  ;  pity  ;  teniler- 
ness ;  sorrow  for  the  misery  of  another. 
Obs.  Fairfax. 

2.  Misery ;  sorrow.     Obs.  Spenser. 
RUTHENUS,  71.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Acci- 

penser.  Encyc. 

ROTHFUL,  a.  Rueful  ;  woful ;  sorrowful. 

Obs.  Carew. 

3.  Merciful.     Obs. 
RCTHFULLY,  a(/t'.  Wofully  ;  sadly.     Obs. 

Knolles. 
2.  Sorrowfully  ;   mournfully.     Obs. 

Spenser. 
RCTHLESS,  a.  Cruel ;  pitiless  ;  barbarous ; 
insensible  to  the  miseries  of  other.*. 
Tlicir  rage  the  hostile  bamls  restrain, 
All  but  the  iiilhless  monarch  of  Uic  main. 

Pope. 

RUTHLESSLY,  adv.  Without  pity  ;  cru- 
elly ;  barbarously. 

RCTHLESSNESS,  71.  Want  of  compas- 
sion ;  insensibility  to  the  distresses  of  oth- 
ers. 

RU'TIL,     I      Sjjhene,  an  oxvd  of  titanium, 

RU'TILE,  (,  "'.Tf  a  dark  red'  color,  or  of  a 
light  orbiowiiisli  red.  It  occurs  massive, 
disseminuted,  membranous,  and  in  crys- 
tals. Cyc. 

RU'TILANT,  a.  [L.  rutilans,  ruiilo,  to  shine ; 
perhaps  from  the  root  of  red,  ruddy.] 

Shining.  Evelyn. 

RU'TILATE,  V.  i.  [I..  ru(i7o.]  To  shine  ;  to 
emit  rays  of  light.     [.Vo(  t<5e</.]  lire. 

RUT'TER,  71.  [G.  reiier,  D.  rm7fr,  a  rider. 
See  Ride.] 


SAB 


SAB 


SAB 


A  horseman  or  trooper.     [JVot  in  use.] 
RUT'TERKIN,  n.  A  word  of  Lonteiupt ;  an 
old  crafty  fox  or  beguiler.    [M'ot  in  use.] 

RUT'TIER,  n.  [Fr.  routier,  from  route.]  Di- 
rection of  tlie  road  or  course  at  sea ;  an 
old  traveler  acquainted  with  roads;  an  old 
soldif-r.     [Xot  in  use.]  Cotgrave. 

RUT'TISH,  (I.  [fromnit.]  Lustful;  Ubidin- 
ous.  Shak. 


RUT'TLE,  for  rattle,  not  much  used. 

Burnet. 
RY'AL,  n.  A  coin.     [See  Rial.] 
RY'DER,  n.  A  clause  added  to  a  bill  in  par- 
liament.    [See  Rider  and  Ride.] 

RYE,   n.    [Sax.  )-yge  ;  D.  rogge  ;  G.  rocken  ; 

Dan.  rog  or  rvg;  Sw.  rug  or  rog  ;  \V.  rhyg. 

This  word  is  the  English  rough.] 
1.  An  esculent  grain  of  the  genus  Secale,  of 


a  quality  inferior  lo  wheat,  but  a  species 
of  grain  easily  cultivated,  and  constituting 
a  large  portion  of  bread  stuff. 

9.  A  disease  in  a  hawk.  Ahiaivorth. 

RYE-GRASS,  n.  A  species  of  strong  grass, 
of  the  genus  Hordeum.  Encyc. 

RYOT,  n.  In  Hindoostan,  a  renter  of  land 
by  a  lease  which  is  considered  as  perpet- 
ual, and  at  a  rate  fixed  by  ancient  surveys 
ami  valuations.  Jlsiat.  Res.    Encyr. 


N. 


S,  the  nineteenth  letter  of  the  English  Al- 
phabet, is  a  sibilant  articulation,  and  num- 
bered among  the  semivowels.  It  repre- 
sents the  hissing  made  by  driving  the 
breath  between  the  end  of  the  tongue  and 
the  roof  of  the  mouth,  just  above  the  up- 
per teeth.  It  has  two  uses;  one  to  e.\- 
prehs  a  mere  hissing,  as  in  sabbath,  sack, 
sin,  this,  thus;  the  other  a  vocal  hissin 
precisely  like  that  of  z,  as  in  muse,  ivlse, 
pronounced  muze,  tvize.  It  generally  has 
its  hissing  sound  at  the  beginning  of  all 
proper  English  words,  but  in  the  middle 
and  end  of  words,  its  sound  is  to  be  known 
only  by  usage.  In  a  few  words  it  is  si 
lent,  as  in  isle  and  viscount. 

In  abbreviations,  S.  stands  for  socictas,  soci- 
ety, or  socius,  fellow  ;  as  F.  R.  S.  fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society.     In  medical  |)rescrip 
tions,  S.  A.  signifies  secimdem  artem,  ac 
cording  to  the  rules  of  art. 

In  the  notes  of  the  ancients,  S.  stands  for 
Sextus  ;  SP.  for  Spurius  ;  S.  C.  for  sena-\ 
tus  consuUum  ;  S.  I'.  Q.  R.  for  senatus 
popidusque  Romanus ;  S.  S.  S.  for  stratum 
super  stratum,  one  layer  above  another 
alternately  ;  S.  V.  B.  E.  E.  Q.  V.  for  si 
vales,  bene  est,  ego  quoque  valeo. 

As  a  numeral,  S.  denoted  sei-eri.  In  the  Ital- 
ian music,  S.  signifies  solo.  In  books  of 
navigation  and  in  common  usage,  S. 
stands  for  south  ;  S.  E.  for  south-east  ; 
S.  W.  for  south-west ;  S.  S.  E.  for  south 
south-east;  S.  S.  W.  for  south  south-west, 
&c. 

SAB'AOTH,  n.  [Heb.  niN3X  armies,  from 
S3X  to  assemble,  to  fight.  The  jirimary 
sense  is  to  drive,  to  urge  or  crowd.] 

Armies;  a  word  used,  Rom.  ix.  29.,  James 
v.  4,  "  the  Lord  of  Sabaoth." 

SABBATA'RIAN,  ?i.  [from  sabbath.]  One 
who  observes  the  seventh  day  of  the 
week  as  the  sabbath,  instead  of  the  first 
A  sect  of  baptists  are  called  Sabbatarians 
They  maintain  that  the  Jewish  sabbatli 
has  not  been  abrogated.  Encyc 

SABBATA'RIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  those 
who  keep  Saturday,  or  the  seventh  day  ofl 
the  week,  as  the  sabbath.  Mountagu.l 

SABB.VrA'RIANlSM,  n.  The  teiiets  ofl 
Sabbatarians.  Bp.  ffard.] 

SABBATH,  n.  [Heb.  nTwV  to  cease,  to  resl.| 
as  a  noun,  oessalion,  rest,  L.  subbatum ; 

Ar.    iI^A«,.l 
I.  The  day  which  God  appointed  to  be  ob- 


served by  the  Jews  as  a  day  of  rest  from 
all  secidar  labor  or  employments,  and  to 
be  kept  holy  and  cun>ecraled  to  his  ser- 
vice and  worship.  This  was  originally 
the  seventh  day  of  the  week,  the  day  on 
which  God  re.^ted  from  the  work  of  crea- 
tion ;  and  this  day  is  still  observed  by  the 
Jews  and  some  christians,  as  the  sabbatli. 
But  the  christian  church  very  early  begun 
and  still  continue  to  observe  the  first  day 
of  the  week,  in  commemoration  of  the 
resurrection  of  Christ  on  that  day,  by 
which  the  work  of  redemption  was  com- 
pleted. Hence  it  is  often  called  the  Lord's 
day.  The  heathen  nations  in  the  north  of 
Europe  dedicated  this  day  to  the  suii.and 
hence  their  christian  descendants  contin- 
ue to  call  the  day  Sunday.  But  in  the 
United  States,  christians  have  to  a  great 
extent  discarded  the  heathen  name,  and 
adiipted  the  Jewish  name  saljbath. 
Intermission  of  pain  or  sorrow  ;  time  of 
rest. 

Peaceful  sleep  out  the  sabbath  of  the  lorub. 

Pope 
3.  The  sabbatical  year  among  the  Israelites. 

Lev.  XXV. 
SAB'BATH-BREaKER,    n.    [sabbath   and 

break.] 
One  who  profanes  the  sabbath  by  violating 
the  laws  of  God  or  man  which  enjoin  the 
religious  observance  of  that  day. 
SABBATH-BREAKING,  n.  A  profanation 
of  the  sabbath  by  violating  the  injunction 
of  the  fourth  commandment,  or  tlie  mu- 
nicipal laws  of  a  state  which   require  the 
observance  of  that  day  as  holy  time.     All 
unnecessary  secular  labor,  visiting,  trav- 
eling, sports,  amusements  and  the  like  are 
considered  as  sabbath-breaking. 
SAB'BATHLESS,  a.  AVithout  intermission 
of  labor.  Bacon. 

SABBATT€,        ?      [Fr.sabbatique;  h.sab- 
SABhATlCAh,  I  °"  baticus.]    Pertaining  to 

the  sabbath. 
2.  Resembling    the    sabbath  ;    enjoying   or 
bringing  an  intermission  of  labor. 

Gregory. 
Sabbatical  year,  in  the  Jewi.sh  economy,  was 
every  seventh  year,  in  which  the  Israelites 
were  conmiamled  lo  sutler  their  fields  ami 
vineyards  to  rest,  or  lie  without  tillage, 
and  thi^  year  next  fiillowing  every  sevcTHh 
sabbatical  year  in  succession,  that  is,  every 
fiftieth  y(^ar,  was  the  jubilee,  which  was 
also  a  year  of  rest  to  the  lands,  and  a  year 
of  redemption  or  release.  Lev.  xxv. 


SAB'BATISM,  «.  Rest;  intermission  of  la 
bor. 

SABEAN.     [See  Sabian.] 

SA'BEISM,  n.  The  same  as  Sabianism. 

D'Anville. 

SABELLIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  heresy 
of  Sabellius. 

SABEL'LIAN,  n.  A  follower  of  Sabellius,  a 
philosopher  of  Egypt  in  the  third  centu- 
ry, who  openly  taught  that  there  is  one 
person  only  in  the  Godhead,  and  that  the 
Word  anil  Holy  Spirit  are  only  virtues, 
emanations  or  functions  of  the  Deity. 

Encyc. 

SABEL'LIANISM,  n.  The  doctrines  or 
tenets  (if  Sahelhus.  Barruu: 

SA'BER,  (      [Fr.  sabre  ;  Arm.  sabrenn,  sci- 

SA'bRE,l"-abla;  Sp.  sable ;  D.  sabel;  G. 

I    sdbel.     Qu.  Ar.  i^^  sabba,  to  cut. J 

A  sword  or  cimitar  with  a  broad  and  heavy 
j  blade,  thick  at  the  hai  k,  and  a  little  fal- 
I    cated  or  hooked  at  the  point;  a  faulchion. 

Encyc. 
SA'BER,  i:  t.  To  strike,  cut  or  kill  with  a 
j  saber.  A  small  party  was  surprised  at 
I  niglii  and  almost  every  man  sabered. 
SA'BIAN,  )  Pertaining  to  Saba,  in  Ara 
SABE'AN,  ^  "■  bia,  celebrated  for  producing 

aromatic  plants. 
SA'BIAN,  a.    [Heb.  N3S  an  army  or  host.] 
The  Sabian  worship  or  religion  consisted 
in  the  v\tirsliip  of  the  sun  and  other  heav- 
enly bodies.  Encyc. 
SA'BIAN,  n.  A  worshiper  of  the  sun. 
SA'BIANISM,  n.  That  species  of  idolatry 
which   consisted   in   worshiping  the  sun, 
moon  and  stars.     This  idolatry  existed  in 
Chaldea  or  Persia  at  an  early  period  of 
the  world,  and  was  propagated  by  the  in- 
habitants  who    migrated    westward    into 
Europe,  and  continued  among  our  ances- 
tors till  they  embraced  the  christian  reli- 
gion. 
SAB'INE,  71.  A  plant;  usually  written  «ai'- 

in,  which  see. 
SABLE,  n.  [Rus.s.  sobol ;  G.  :o6f/,-  Sw. 
Dan.  D.  sabel;  Fr.  zibetine  ;  It.  zibellino ; 
Si),  ctbetlina ;  L.  zoboia  or  zobola,  an  er- 
mine. This  word  and  the  animal  were 
probably  not  known  to  the  Greeks  and 
Romans  till  a  late  period.  Jornandes 
mentions  the  sending  to  Rome,  in  the  Cth 
century,  saphilinas  pvlles,  sable  skins;  and 
Marco  Polo  calls  them  trWines  and  zovt- 
bolines.     Peimant,  1.  93.] 


SAC 


SAC 


SAC 


1.  A  smali  animal  of  the  weasel  kind,  the 

vmsUlit  zibeltina,  iuund  in  the  jiortlicin 
latiiiKies  ol  AiMTicii  aiut  Asia.  It  resein 
bles  the  inaitin,  bui  has  a  longer  head  and 
cars.  Its  Iiair  is  cincicoiis,  liiil  blfK  k  at 
the  tips.  'I'hit  animal  Ipuridws  in  the 
earth  or  under  tribes  ;  in  winici-  and  siini- 
inf-r  suhsiMini;  on  small  animals,  and  in 
awtumn  on  berries.  The  fur  is  very  valu- 
able. Encyc. 

2.  The  fur  of  the  sable. 
SA'BLE,  a.  [Fr.   Qii.  Gr.  ^0^05,  darkness. 

See  the  Noun.] 
Ulack  ;  dark ;  used  chiefly  in  poetry   or  in 

heraldry  ;  as  nifrht  with  her  sable  mantle; 

thi^  sable  throne  of  night. 
SAB'LIERE,  n.  [Fr.   (rom  sable,  sand,  L. 

sabulum.] 

1.  A  sand  pit.     [J\'ol  much  vsecL]         Bailey 

2.  In  carpenin/.  a  piece  of  timber  as  lonj:, 
but  not  so  thick  as  a  beam.  Bailey. 

SABOT,  n.  [Fr.  snbol ;  Sp.  zapnio.]  A 
wooden  shoe.     [JVot  English.]     Bramhalt. 

SABULOS'ITY,  n.  [from«aiii/ous.]  Sandi- 
ness  ;  j,'riltiness. 

SAB'ULOUS.  a.  [L.  sabulosvs,  from  sabu- 
lum, sand.]     Sandy  ;  gritty. 

SAC,  n.  [Sax.  sac,  saca,  sace  or  sacu,  con- 
tention. This  is  the  English  sake,  vvhicli 
see.] 

In  English  law,  the  privilege  enjoyed  by  the 
lord  of  a  njanor,  of  holding  courts,  trying 
causes  and  imposing  fines.  Cou-el. 

SAC€A'DE,  n.  [Fr.  a  jerU.]  A  sudden  vio- 
lent check  of  a  horse  by  drawing  or 
twitching  the  reins  on  a  siulden  and  with 
one  |)ull ;  a  correction  used  when  the 
hor.«e  bears  heavy  on  the  hand.  It  sljould 
be  used  discretely.  Encyc. 

SA€€HARIF'EROFS,  a.  [L.  saccharum, 
sugar,  andyero,  to  produce.] 

Producing  sugar ;  as  saccharifcrous  canes. 
The  maple  is  a  sacchnriferovs  tree. 

SA€'€HAR1NE,  a.  [from  Ar.  Pers.  sakar, 
L.  saccharum,  sugar.] 

Pertaining  to  sugar ;  having  the  qualities  of 
sugar ;  as  a  saccharine  taste :  the  saccha- 
rine matter  of  the  cane  juice. 

SAC€HOLA€TlC,  a.  [L.  saccharum,  su- 
gar, and  lac,  niilk.l 

A  term  in  the  new  cliimistry,  denoting  an 
acid  obtained  from  the  sugar  of  milk  ;  now 
called  mucic  acid.  Fourcroy.     Vrc. 

SAC'CIIOLATE,  n.  In  chimistry,  a  salt 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  saccholactic 
acid  with  a  base.  Fourcroy. 

SACERDO'TAL,  a.  [L.  sacerdolalis,  froln 
sacerdos,  a  priest.     See  Sacred.] 

Pertaining  to  priests  or  the  priesthood  ; 
priestly  ;  as  sacerdotal  dignity  ;  sacerdotal 
functions  or  garments;  sacerrfo/a/ charac- 
ter. Stillingfeet. 

SACH'EL,  n.  [L.  snccitiu*,  dim.  of  saccus  ; 
W  safcll ;  Fr.  sachet] 

A  small  sack  or  bag ;  a  bag  in  which  law- 
yers and  children  carry  papers  and  books. 

SACHEM,  n.  In  America,  a  chief  among 
some  of  the  native  Indian  tribes.  [See 
Sagamore.] 

SACK,  n.  [Sax.  sa:c,  sacc  ;  D.  zak,  sek  ;  G. 
sack  ;  Dan.  sak  ;  Sw.  sack :  W.  saf  :  Ir. 
sac;  Corn.zah;  Arm.  sach  ;  Fr.  sac;  It. 
saccn  ;  Sp.  saco,  saca  ;  Port,  saco,  sacco  ; 
l..  saccus  ;  G.  aaxxo;;  Hungarian,  soak; 
Slav,  shakel;  Heb.  pw.  See  the  verb  to 
sack.]  '  1 

Vol.  II. 


1.  A  bag,  usually  a  large  cloth  bag,  used  forl;SACK'€LOTH,  n.  [sack  and  clolh.]    Cloth 


holding  and  conveying  corn,  small  wares 
wool,  cotton,  hops,  and  the  like.  Gen  xlii. 
Sack  of  irool,  in  Eiigland,  is  22  stone  of 
141b.  ea(li,or308pouiuls.  li;  Scolhiiid,  it  is 
24  stone  of  l(i  |)ouiidscach,or;!W  pounds. 
^  suck  of  cotton,  contaii/s  iiMiully  about 
3001b.  but  it  iijay  be  Irom  ISO  to  400 
poimds. 

Sack  of  earth,  in  fortification,  is  a  canvas 
bag  filled  vijih  earth,  used  in  making  re- 
trenchtiients  in  haste.  Encyc. 

2.  The  measure  of  three  bushels.     Johnson. 
SAC  K,  Ji.  [Fr.  sec,  seche,  dry.]    A  species  of 
sweet  wine,  brought  chiefly  tiom  the  Can- 
ary isles.  Encyc.     /V.  Diet. 
SACK,    n.    [L.  sagum,   whcni  e  Gr.   aayof. 
But  the  word  is  C-'eltic   or  Teutonic ;  W . 
segan,  a  covering,  a  cloke.] 
Among  our  lude  ancestors,  a  kind  of  cloke 
of  a  square  form,  worn  over  the  shoulilcrs 
and  body,  and  fastened  in  fiont  by  a  clasp 
or  thorn.     It  was  originally  made  of  skin 
afterwards  of  wool.     In    modern    times, 
this  name  has  been  given    to  a  woman's 
garmei  t,  a  gown  with  loose  plaits  on  the 
back  ;  but  no  garment  of  this  kind  is  now 
worn,  and   the    woni  is  in   disuse.     [See 
Varro,  Strabo,  Cluvcr,  Bochart.] 
SACK,  V.  t.  To  put  in  a  sack  or  in  hags. 

Bctlerlon. 
SACK,  V.  t.  [Arm.  sacqa  ;    Ir.  sacham,   to' 
attack  ;  Sp.  Port,  snyuear,  to  plunder  or] 
pillage ;  Sp.  to  ransack  ;    Sp.  Port,  sacar, 
to  pull  out,  extort,  dispossess;  It.  saccheg- 
giare,  to  sack  ;   Fr.  saccager,   to  pillage ; 
saccadc,  a  jerk,  a  sudden  pull.     From  com-|l 
paring  this  word  and  sack,  a  bag,  in  sev-i|3 
era!   languages,  it   appears  that   they  are  * 
both  from  one  root,  and  that  the  primary! 
sense  is  to  strain,  pull,  draw  ;  hence  sack, 
a  bag,  is  a  tie,  that  wliith  is  tied  or  drawn 
together ;.  and  sac^,  to  pillage,  is  to  pull, 
to  strip,  that  is,  to  take  away  by  violence. 
See    Class  Sg.  No.  5.   15.   IG.  J8.  30.  74. 
77.  &c.] 
To  plunder  or  pillage,  as  a  town  or   city. 
Rome  was  twice  taken  and  sucked  in  the 
reign  of  one  pope.     This  word  is  never,  I 
believe,  applied  to  the  rohhing  of  persons, 
or  pillaging  of  single   houses,   but  to  the 
pillaging  of  towns  and  cities;  and  as  townsj 
are  usually  or  often  saeked,v,Uen  taken  by 
assault,  the  word  may  sometimes  include 
the  sense  of  taking  by  storm. 

The  Romans  lay  under  the   apprehension  of 
seeing  their  city  sacked  by  a  barbarous  cnoniy. 

.^ddisun. 

SACK,  n.  The  pillage  or  plunder  of  a  town 

or  city  ;  or  the  storm    and    plunder  of  a 

town  ;  as  the  sncA:  of  Troy.  Dryden. 

SACK'AgE,  n.  The  act  of  taking  by  storm 

and  pillaging.  Roscoe. 

SACK'BUT,  n.  [Sp.  sacabuche,   the  lube  or 

pipe  of  a  pump,  and  a  sackbut ;  Port,  saca- 

biixa  or  saqvebuTo  ;    Fr.  saijutbntc.     The 

Dutch  call  tt  schuif -trumpet,  the  shove-trum-. 

pet,  the  trumpet  that  may  be  drawn  out  or. 


shortened.  Sack  then  is  of  the  same  fam 
ily  as  the  preceding  word,  signifying  to 
pull  or  draw.  The  last  syllable  is  the  L. 
buxus.] 
A  wind  instrument  of  music;  a  kind  of 
triimpft,  so  contrived  that  it  can  he  length- 
ened or  shortened  according  to  the  tone 
required.  Encyc. 

62 


•  '!   which   sacks  are  nade  ;  coarse   cloth. 

This  word  is  chiefly  used  in    Scrijiture  to 

denote  a  cloth  or  garment  h  orn  in  niourn- 
!     ing,  distress  or  mortification. 
I  Cird  you  with  suckcluth  and  nioum  before 

Abncr.     2  Sam.  iii.     Esth.  iv.     Job  xvi. 
,SACK'€L6TI1ED,    a.    Clothed    in    sack- 
I      cloth.  •  }JuU. 

SACKED,    pp.     Pillaged;    stormed    and 

I     plundered. 

SAC  K'ER,  n.  One  that  takes  a   town   or 

plunders  it. 
SAC  K'l  UL,  n.  A  full  sack  or  bag.    SiW/7. 
SACK'ING.   ppr.   Taking   by   assault   and 

plundering  or  pillaging. 
SACK'ING,  JI.  The  act  of  taking  by  storm 
I     and  (liil.'iging. 
SACK'IISG,    n.    [Sax.   scecciitg,  from   scec. 

sacc] 

1.  Cloth  of  which  sacks  or  bags  are  made. 

2.  The  coarse  cloth  or  canvas  fastened  to  a 
bedstead  lor  sujiporting  the  bed. 

SACK'LESS,  a.  [Sax.  sacleas,  from  sac. 
contention,  and  leas,  less.] 

Quiet ;  peaceable  ;  not  quarrelsome  ;  harm- 
less; innocent.     [Local.] 

SACK-POSSET,  n.  [sack  and  posset.]  A 
posset  made  of  sack,  milk  ami  some  other 
ingredients.  Swift. 

SACRAMENT,  n.  [Fr.  sacremenl :  It.  .Sp. 
Sacramento ;  from  L.  sacrumtntum,  an 
oath,  liom  sacer,  sacied.] 

1.  Among  ancient  christian  tcriiers,  a  myste- 
ry.    [Mt  in  use.] 

2.  An  oath ;  a  ceremony  producing  an  obli- 
gation ;  but  not  used  in  this  general  sense. 

In  present  usage,  an  outward  and  visible 
sign  of'  iiiw.ird  and  spiritual  grace ;  or 
more  particularly,  a  solemn  religious  cer- 
emony enjoined  by  Christ,  the  head  of 
the  christian  church,  to  he  observed  by  his 
followers,  by  which  their  special  relation 
to  him  is  created,  or  their  obligations  to 
him  renewed  and  ratified.  Thus  baptism 
is  called  a  sacrament,  for  by  it  persons  are 
separated  from  the  world,  brought  into 
Christ's  visible  church,  and  laid  under 
particular  obligations  to  obey  his  pre- 
cepts. The  eucharist  or  communion  of 
the  Lord's  supper,  is  also  a  sacrament,  for 
by  commemorating  the  death  and  dying 
love  of  Christ,  christians  avow  their  "spe- 
cial relation  to  him,  and  renew  their  obh- 
gations  to  be  faithful  to  their  divine  Mas- 
ter. When  we  use  sacrament  without 
any  qualifying  word,  we  mean  by  it, 

4.  The  eucharist  or  Lord's  supper. 

Mdison. 

SACRAMENT,  r.  t.  To  bind  by  an  oath. 
[.\'ot  used.]  Laud. 

SACRAMENTAL,  a.  Constituting  a  sac- 

i     rament  or  pertaining  to  it ;  as  sacramental 

I     rites  or  elements. 

SACRAMENTAL,  n.  That   which  relates 

I     to  a  sacrament.  Morion. 

SACRAMENT'ALI.Y,  adv.  Aflerthe  man- 
ner of  a  sacrament,  fjiill 

SACR.VMENTA'RIAX,  n.  One  that  dif- 
fers from  the  Ronii>h  chiinh  in  regard  to 
the  sacraments,  or  to  the  Lord's  supper  ; 
a  word  applied  by  the  catholics  to  protestants. 

Encyc. 

SACRAMENT'ARV,  n.  An  ancient  book 
of  the  Romish  church,  written  by  pope 
Gelasius,    and     revised,    corrected     and 


SAC 


SAC 


SAD 


abridged  by  St.  Gregory,  in  which  were 
contained  all  the  ])rayerfi  and  ceremonies 
practiced  in  the  celebration  of  the  sacra- 
ments. Encyc. 

2.  A  sacramentarian ;  a  term  of  reproach 
apphed  by  papists  to  protestauts. 

Staple.ton. 

SACRAMENT'ARY,       (       Pertaining    to 

SA€RAMENTA'RIAN,  ^  sacrainentari- 
ans  and  to  their  controversy  respecting 
the  eucharist. 

SA€RE.  [See  Saker.] 

SA'CRED,  a.  [¥r.  sacri ;  Sp.  It.  Port,  sa- 
cra ;  from  L.  sacer,  i^acrcd,  holy,  cursed, 
daiimable ;  W.  segyr,  tliat  keeps  apjirt, 
from  Sfg-,  that  is  witlunit  access  ;  segru,to 
secrete,  to  separate.  We  here  see  the 
connection  between  sacredness  and  secrecy. 
Tlie  sense  is  removed  or  se|uirated  fronj 
that  which  is  common,  vulgar,  polluted,  or 
open,  public  ;  and  accursed  is  separated 
from  society  or  the  privileges  of  citizejis. 
rejected,  banished.] 

1.  Holy;  pertaining  to  God  or  to  his  wor- 
ship; separated  from  common  secular 
uses  and  consecrated  to  God  and  his  ser- 
vice ;  as  a  sacred  place ;  a  sacred  day  ;  a 
sacred  feast ;  sacred  service ;  sacred  or 
ders. 

9.  Proceeding  from  God  and  containing  re 
ligious  precepts  ;  as  the  sacred  hooks  of 
the  Old  and  New  Testament. 

3.  Narrating  or  writing  facts  respecting  God 
and  holy  things  ;  as  a  sacred  historian. 

4.  Relating  to   religion   or  the   worship   of 
God  ;  used  for  religious  purposes ;  as  sa 
cred  songs  ;  sacred  nnisic  ;  sacred  history. 

5.  Consecrated  ;  dedicated  ;  devoted  ;  with 
to. 

A  temple  sacred  to  the  queen  of  love. 

Dry  den. 

6.  Entitled  to  reverence ;  venerable. 

Poet  and  saint  to  thee  alone  were  given, 
The   two   most   sacred  names  of  earth  and 
heav'n.  Coivley. 

7.  Inviolable,  as  if  appropriated  to  a  supe- 
rior being  ;  as  sacred  honor  or  promise. 

Secrets  of  marriage  still  are  sacred  held. 

Dryden. 

Sacred  majesty.  In  this  title,  sacred  has  no 
definite  meaning,  or  it  is  blasphemy. 

Sacredplace,  in  the  civil  law,  is  that  where  a 
deceased  person  is  buried. 

r^A'CREDLY,  adv.  Religiously  ;  with  due 
reverence  as  of  something  holy  or  conse- 
crated to  God  ;  as,  to  observe  the  sab- 
bath sacredly  ;  the  day  is  sacredly  kept. 

'i.  Inviolably  ;  strictly  ;  as,  to  observe  one's 
word  sacredly;  a  secret  to  be  sacredly 
kept. 

SA'eREDNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  sa- 
cred, or  consecrated  to  God,  to  his  wor- 
ship or  to  religious  uses  ;  holiness  ;  sanc- 
tity ;  as  the  sacredtiess  of  the  sanctuary  or 
its  worship;  the  sacredness  of  the  sab- 
bath ;  the  srirredness  of  the  clerical  office. 

'J.  Inviolableness;  as  the  sacredness  of  mar- 
riage vows  or  of  a  trust. 

SACRIKIe,        )        [h.  sacriftcus.  See  Sac- 

SAeRIF'ICAL,  S  ri^cf.]  Employed  in 
sacrific-e.  Johnson. 

SACRIF'ICABLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  of 
fered  in  sacrifice.  [Ill  formed,  harsh  and 
not  iLicil.]  Brown. 

SACR1F;ICANT,  «.  [L.  sacrificans.]     One 

Hallywell 


that  offers  a  sacrifice. 


lSA€RIFl€A'TOR,  n.  [Fr.  sacrijicateur.\ 
A  sacrificer ;  one  that  oflers  a  sacrifice. 
[N'ol  userf.]  Brown. 

SA€R1F'I€AT0RY,  a.  Offering  sacrific  e.i 
I  Sherwood. 

SA€'RIFICE,  V.  t.   sac'rifize.    [L.  sacrijko  ;l 
I     Fr.  sacnyier ;  f'p.  sacrificur  ;  It.  sacHJicare ;' 

L.  sate;-,  .-^acred,  ami  J'acio,  to  make.] 
il.  To  offer  to   God  in  homage  or  worship, 
I     by  killing  and  consuming,  as  victims  nn  an 
altar;  to   immolate,  either   as   an  atone-j 
ment  for  sin,  or  to  procure  favor,  or  to  e,\ 
press  thaiiktulness  ;  as,  to   sacrifice    an  ox 
or  a  lamb.     2  Sam.  vi. 
2.  To  destroy,  surrender  or  suffer  to  be  lost 
for  the  sake  of  obtaining  something;  as, 
to  sacrifice  the  peace  of  the   church   to  a 
little    \ain    curiosity.     We    should    never 
sacrifice  liealth  to  pleasure,  nor  mtegrity  to 
fame. 
:i.  To  devote  with  loss. 

Condemn'd  to  sacri^ce  his  childish  years 
'i'o  babbling  ignorance  and  to  empty  fears. 

Prior 

4.  To  destroy;  to  kill. 

SACRIFICE,  V.  i.  To  make  offerings  to 
God  by  the  slaughter  and  burning  of  vic- 
tims, or  of  some  part  ol'them.     Ex.  iii. 

S.'VC'RIFK'E,  n.  [Fr.  fi'om   L.  sacrificinm. 

1.  An  offering  miide  to  God  by  killuig  and 
burning  some  animal  upon  an  altar,  as  an 
acknowletlginent  of  his  power  and  provi- 
dence, or  to  make  atonenient  for  sin,  ap 
[lease  his  wrath  or  conciliate  his  favor,  or 
to  express  thankfulness  for  his  benefits. 
Sacrifices  have  been  nimiiioii  to  most  na- 
tions, and  have  been  offered  to  false  gods, 
as  well  as  liy  the  Israelites  to  Jehmah.  A 
sacrifice  differs  from  an  oblation  ;  the  latter 
being  an  oft'ering  of  a  thing  entire  or 
without  change,  as  tithes  or  first  fruits  ; 
whereas  sacrifice  implies  a  destruction  or 
killing,  as  of  a  beast.  Sacrifices  are  expi- 
atory, impetratory,  and  eucharistical ;  that 
is,  atoning  for  sin,  seeking  favor,  or  ex- 
pressing thanks. 

Human  sacrifices,  the  killing  and  offering 
of  human  beings  to  deities,  have  been 
practiced  by  some  barbarous  nations. 

2.  The  thing  offered  to  God,  or  immolated 
by  an  act  of  religion. 

My  life  if  thou  preserv'st,  my  life 

Thy  sacrifice  shall  be.  Jlddisun. 

3.  Destruction,  surrender  or  loss  made  or 
incurred  for  gaining  some  object,  or  for 
obliging  another  ;  as  tlie  sacrifice  of  inter- 
est to  pleasure,  or  of  pleasure  to  interest. 

Any  thing  destroyed. 

SACRIFICED,  pp.  Oflered  to  God  upon 
an  altar  ;  destroyed,  surrendered,  or  suf- 
fereil  to  be  lost. 

SA€'RIFICER,  n.  One  that  sacrifices  or 
immolates.  Dnidcn. 

SACR1FI"CIAL,  a.  Performing  sacrifice: 
included  in  sacrifice  ;  consisting  in  sacri- 
fice. Shak.     Taylor. 

SAC'RILEliE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.OTfn7<g(''»m  ; 
sacer,  sacred,  and  les^o,  to  take  or  steal.] 

The  crime  of  violating  or  profaning  sacred 
tilings  ;  or  the  alienating  to  laymen  or  to 
common  purposes  what  has  been  appro- 
priated or  consecrated  to  religious  per- 
sons or  uses. 

And  the  hit!  treasures  in  her  sacred  tomb 
With  sacrilege  to  dig.  Spender. 


jSA€RILE'GlOUS,  a.  [L.  sacrilegus.]  Vio- 
lating  sacred    things;  polluted    with    the 

I     crime  of  sacrilege. 

I  Above  the  reach  of  sacrilegious  hands. 

1  Pope. 

2.  Containing  sacrilege;  as  a sacnVegiou*  at- 
tempt or  act. 

SA€RII.EulOUSLY,  adv.  With  sacri- 
lege; in  violation  of  sacred  things ;  as 
sacriltgiously  invading  the  property  of  a 
church. 

SA€RILE'(;10USNESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  sacrileuii.us. 

2.  Disposition  to  sacrilege.  Scotf. 

SACRlLECilST,  n.  One  who  is  guilty  of 
sacrile^^e.  Spelman. 

SA  €R1NG,  yjpr.  [from  Fr.  «acrcr.]  Conse- 
crating.    [jVot  in  use.]         Temple.     Shak. 

SA'€R1NG-BELL,  n.  A  bell  rung  before 
the  host.  Oict. 

SA'€RIST,  n.  A  sacristan ;  a  per.«on  re- 
tained in  a  cathedral  to  copy  out  mu>ic  for 
the  choir,  and  take  care  of  the  books. 

Busby. 

SA€'R1STAN,  n.  [Fr.  sacrwtain  ;  It.  sacris- 
tano ;  Sp.  sacristan ;  from  L.  sacer,  sa- 
cred.] 

An  officer  of  the  church  who  has  the  care  of 
the  utensils  or  movables  of  the  church. 
It  is  now  corrupted  into  sexton. 

SACRISTY,  n.  [F"r.  sacristie  ;  Sp. It. socris- 
lia  ;  from  L.  sacer,  sacred.] 

All  apartment  in  a  church  where  the  sacred 
utensils  are  kept;  now  calleil  the  vestry. 
Dryden.     Addison. 

SACROSANCT,  a.  [L.  sacrosanclus  ;  sacer 
and  sanctus,  holy.]  Sacred  ;  inviolable. 
[.Vot  in  use.]  More. 

SAD,  a.  [Ill  W.  sad  signifies  wise,  prudent, 
sober,  permanent.  It  is  probable  tliis  word 
is  from  the  root  of  set.  1  have  not  found 
the  word  in  the  English  sense,  in  any  oth- 
er language.] 

1.  Sorrowful  ;  affected  with  grief;  cast 
down  with  affliction. 

Th'  angelic  guards  ascended,  mute  and  sad. 

Milton. 
Sad  for  their  loss,  but  joyful  of  our  life. 

Pope. 

2.  Habitually  melancholy;  gloomy ;  not  gay 
or  cheerful. 

Sec  in  her  cell  sad  Eloisa  spread.  Pope. 

•3.  Downcast  ;  gloomy  ;  having  the  external 
appearance  of  sorrow ;  as  a  sad  counte- 
nance.   Matt.  vi. 

4.  Serious  ;  grave ;  not  gay,  light  or  vol- 
atile. 

Lady  Catherine,  a  sad  and  religious  woman. 

Bacon. 

5.  Afflictive  ;  calamitous  ;  causing  sorrow  ; 
as  a  sad  accident  ;  a  sad  misfortune. 

G.  Dark  colored. 

Wo.id  or  wade  is  used  by  the  dyers  to  lay  the 

fouiiiUilion  of  all  sad  colors.  Mortimer. 

[This  sense  is,  I  believe,  entirely  obsolete.) 

7.  Bad;  vexatious;  as  a  «arf  husband.  [Col- 

Uxjuial.]  Addison. 

a.   Heavy  ;  weighty  ;  ponderous. 

\N  ilh  that  his  hand   more  sad  than  lump  of 
lead.     Ubs.  Sjienser. 

9.  Close  ;  firm  ;  cohesive  ;  opposed  to  light 
or  friable. 

t'hull<y  lands  are  naturally  colil  and  sad. 
Ohs.  .^[ortinier. 

[The  two  latter  senses  indicate  that  the 
primary  sense  is  set,  fixed  ;  W.  sadiaw,  to 
make  firm.] 


S  A  F 


S  A  F 


SAG 


SADDEN,  i;.  t.  sad'n.  To  make  sad  orsor 
rowl'ul ;  also,  to  make  iiielaiiclioly  or 
gloomy.  Pope 

2.  To  make  dark  colored.     Obs. 

3.  To  make  heavy,  lirii)  or  coliesivc. 

Mad  is  biiuliuK,  anil  mdilaunff  of  land  is  the 
great  pnyudice  it  dolli  to  clay  laiiils.      Obs. 

Mortimer 

SAD'DENED,  pp.  Made  sad  or  gloomy. 
SADDENING,  ppr.  Making  sad  or  gloomy 
Saddle,  n.  sml'l.  [Sa.\.  satlel,  sadl ;  D.  za-^ 

del ;  (Jr.  saltel ;  Dati.  Sw.  sadel ;  W.  sadelt  ; 

Iv.siidhall;  Rua^.  scdlo  or  siedlo  ;  from  tlie 

root  of  sit,  set,  L.  sedeo,  sedite.] 

1.  A  seat  to  be  placed  on  a  horse's  back  for 
the  rider  to  sit  on.     Saddles  are  variously 
made,    as    the  comtnon   saddle   and   the 
bunting  saddle,  and  for  females  the  .side 
saddle. 

2.  Among  seamen,  a  cleat  or  block  of  wood 
nailed  on  the  lower  yard-arms  to  retain 
the  studding  sail-boonis  in  their  place. 
The  name  is  given  also  to  other  circular' 
pieces  of  wood  ;  as  the  saddle  of  the  bow- 
sprit. Mar.  Did. 

SAD'DLE,  ti.  t.  To  put  a  saddle  on. 

Abraham  roso  early  in  the  morning  and  sad- 
dled his  ass.  (icn.  xxii. 

8.  To  load  ;  to  fix  a  burden  on ;  as,  to  be 
saddled  with  the  expense  of  bridges  and 
highways. 

SADDLE-BACKED,  a.  Having  a  low  back 
and  an  elevated  neck  and  head,  as  a 
horse.  Far.  Diet. 

SAD'DLE-BOVV,  n.  [Sax.  sadl-boga.]  The 
bows  of  a  saddle,  or  the  pieces  which  form 
the  front. 

SAD'DLE-M.VKER,  )       One  whose  occu- 

SAD'DLEK,  ^  "■  pation  is  to  make 

s:»ldles. 

SADDUCE'AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Sad- 
ducees,  a  sect  among  the  ancient  Jews, 
who  denied  the  resurrection,  a  future 
state,  and  the  existence  of  angels.  Acts 
xxiii. 

SAD'DUCISM,  n.  The  tenets  of  the  Sad- 
ducees.  More. 

SADLY,  arfr.  Sorrowfully;  niournfidly. 

He  sadly  suffers  in  ihcir  grief.  Drydm. 

2.  In  a  calamitous  or  miserable  manner. 
The  misfortunes  which  others  experience 
we  may  one  day  sadl;/  feel. 

3.  In  a  <lurk  color.     Ohs.  13.  Jon  son. 
SAD'NESS,   n.  Sorrowfulness;    inournful- 

ness  ;  dejection  of  mind;  as  grief  and  «arf- 
ness  at  the  memory  of  sin. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

2.  A  melancholy  look ;  gloom  of  counte- 
nance. 

Dim  sadness  did  not  spare 
Celestial  visages.  Milton. 

S.  Seriousness ;  sedate  gravity.  Let  every 
thing  in  a  mournful  subject  have  an  air  of 
sadness. 

SAFE,  a.  [Fr.  «ait/,  ictuue,  contracted  from 
L.  salvus,  from  salus,  safety,  health.] 

1.  Free  from  danger  of  any  kind;  as  safe 
from  enemies ;  .safe  from  disease  ;  safe 
from  storms;  safe  Irom  the  malice  of  foes. 

8.  Free  from  hurt,  injury  or  damage  ;  as,  to 
walk  safe  over  red  hot  plowshares.  We 
brought  the  goods  safe  to  land. 

3.  Conferring  safety;  securing  from  harm; 
as  a  safe  guide ;  a  safe  harbor  ;  a  safe 
bridge. 

4.  Not  exposing  to  danger.  Phil.  iii. 


5.  No  longer  dangerous ;  placed  beyond  the 
power  of  doing  liarm  ;  a  ludicrous  meaning. 
Banquo*s  safe. 
— Aye,  my  goorl  lord,  safe  in  a  ditch.     Shak. 
SAFE,  n.  A  place  of  safety  ;  a  [ilace  for  se- 
curing provisions  from  noxious  aiiiiiials. 
SAFE,  V.  i.  To  render  safe.     [J^ol  in  use.] 

Skak. 
SAFE-€ON'DUCT,  n.   [safe  and  conduct; 

Ft.  sauf  conduit.] 
That  which  gives  a  safe  passage,  either  a 
convoy  or  guard  to  protect  a  person  in  an 
enemy's  country  or  in  a  Ibreign  country, 
or  a  writing,  a  pass  or  warrant  of  securi- 
ty given  to  a  person  by  the  sovereign  of 
a  country  to  enable  him  to  travel  with 
safety. 
SA'FEGU'ARD,  n.  [safe  antlguard.]  He  or 
that  which  defends  or  protects  ;  defense  ; 
protection. 

The  sword,   the  safeguard  of  thy  brother's 
throne.  Granville. 

2.  A  convoy  or  guard  to  protect  a  traveler. 

3.  A  passport ;  a  warrant  of  security  given 
by  a  sovereign  to  protect  a  stranger  with- 
in his  territories ;  formerly,  a  protection 
granted  to  a  stranger  in  prosecuting  his 
rights  in  due  course  of  law.  Encyc. 

4.  An  outer  petticoat  to  save  women's 
clothes  on  horseback.  Mason, 

SA'FEGLIWRD,  !•.  t.  To  guard;  to  pro- 
tect.    [Little  used.]  Shak 

SAFE-KEE'PING,  n.  [safe  and  keep.]  The 
act  of  keeping  or  ]ire.serving  in  sall'ty  from 
injury  or  from  escape. 

SAFELY,  adv.  In  a  safe  manner  ;  without 
incurring  danger  or  hazard  of  evil  conse- 
quences. We  may  Sf{/e'^  proceed,  or  safely 
conclude. 

2.  Without  injury.  We  passed  the  river 
safely. 

3.  Without  escape  ;  in  close  custody  ;  as,  to 
keep  a  prisoner  safely. 

SA'FENESS,  n.  Freedom  from  danger;  as 

the  safeness  of  an  experiment. 
9    The  state  of  being  safe,  ur  of  conferring 

safiity  ;  as  the  safeness  of  a  bridge  or  of  a 

boat. 
SA'FETY, )!.  Freedom  from  danger  or  haz 

nnl;  as  the  safely  of  an  electrical  experi 

iiieiit;  the  sri/di/ of  a  voyage. 

1    '.as  not  in  safety,  nor  liad  1  rest.  Job  iii. 

2.  Exemption  from  hurt,  injury  or  loss.  We 
crossed  the  Atlantic  in  safety. 

3.  Preservation  from  escape  ;  close  custody  ; 
as,  to  keep  a  prisoner  in  safety. 

4    Preservation  from  hurt.  Shak. 

SA'FETY-VALVE,  n.  A  valve  by  means 
of  which  a  boiler  is  preserved  from  burst- 
ing by  the  force  of  steam. 

SAF'FLOW,        I      The  plant,  bastard  sat- 

SAF'FLOWER,  S  "■fron,  of  the  genus  Car- 
thamus.  Petty. 

SAF' FLOWER,  n.  A   deep  red  fecula  se| 
arated  from  orange-colored  flowers,  par- 
ticularly those  of  the  Carlhamus  linctorius  ; 
called  also  Spanish  red  and  China  lake. 

Encyc.     Ure 
The  dried  flovversof  the  Carlhamus  linc- 
torius. Thomson. 

SAF'FRON,  n.  [W.  safnon,  safyr  ;  Fr.  saf- 
ran  ;  Arm.  zafron  ;  It.  zafferano  :  Sp.  azaf- 
ran;  Povt.  acafram  ;  D.saffraan;  G.  Sw. 

Dan.  saffron;   Turk,  zafrani;  Ar.    »«.*£' 
to  be  yellow,  to  be  empty  ;  the  root  of  ci- 


pher.   The  radical  sense  then  is  to  fail,  or 
to  be  hollow,  or  to  be  exhausted.] 

1.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Crocus.  The  bas- 
tard saffron  is  of  the  genus  Carthamus. 
and  the  meadow  saffron  of  the  genus  Col- 
chiciim. 

2.  In  the  materia  medica,  saflron  is  formed  of 
the  stigmata  of  the  Crocus  officinalis,  dried 
on  a  kiln  and  pressed  into  cakes.      Encyc. 

SAF'FRON,  a.  Having  the  color  of  saflron 
flowers  ;  yellow  ;  as  a  saffron  face  ;  ix  saf- 
fron streamer.  Shak.     Dri/den. 

SAF'FRON,  V.  t.  To  tinge  with  saflron: 
to  make  yellow;  to  gild.  Chaucer. 

SAG,  11.  i.  [a  different  spelling  of  swag, 
which  see.] 

1.  To  yield  ;  to  give  way ;  to  lean  or  incline 
from  an  upright  position,  or  to  bend  from 
a  horizontal  position.  Our  workmen  say, 
a  Imilding  sags  to  the  north  or  south  ;  or 
a  beam  sags  by  means  of  its  weight. 

2.  In  sailing,  to  incline  to  the  leeward ;  to 
make  lee  way.  Mar.  Diet. 

S.\(j,  V.  t.  To  cause  to  bend  or  give  way : 
to  load  or  burden. 

SAG,\'CIOUS,  a.  [L.  sagax,  from  sagus, 
wise,  foreseeing ;  saga,  a  wise  woman  : 
sagio,  to  perceive  readily  ;  Fr.  sage,  sa- 
gesse  ;  S\t.  saga,  sagaz  ;  It.  saggio.  The 
latter  signifies  wise,  prudent,  sage,  and  an 
essay,  which  unites  this  word  with  seek, 
and  L.  Sf^uor.] 

1.  (iuick  of  scent ;  as  a  sagacious  hound  ; 
siricily  perhaps,  following  by  the  scent, 
which  sense  is  connected  with  L.  sequor; 
with  of;  as  sagacious  of  his  (pmrry. 

Milton. 

2.  Quick  of  thought ;  acute  in  discernment 
or  penetration  ;  as  a  sagacious  head  ;  a  sa- 
gacious mind.  Locke. 

1  would  give  more  for  the  criticisms  of  one 
sagacious  enemy,  than  for  those  of  a  score  of 
admirers  H.  Humphrey. 

SAG.^'CIOUSLY,  adv.  With  quick  scent. 

2.  With  quick  iliscernment  or  penetration. 

SAGA'CIOUSNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing sagacious  ;  quickness  of  scent. 

2.  Ciuickness  or  acuteness  of  discernment. 

SAGACITY,  n.  [Fr.  sagacile ;  L.  sagaci- 
tas.] 

1.  (Quickness  or  acuteness  of  scent ;  applied 
to  atiimab. 

2.  Quickness  or  acuteness  of  discernment  or 
penetration  ;  readiness  of  apprehension  ; 
the  faculty  of  readily  discerning  and  dis- 
tinguishing ideas,  and  of  separating  troth 
from  falsehood. 

Sagacity  linds  out  the  intermediate  ideas,  (o 
discover  what  connection  there  is  in  each  link 
ofthecliain.  Locke. 

SAG'.AMORE,  n.  Among  some  tribes  of 
American  Indians,  a  king  or  chief.  [In 
Sax.  sigora  is  a  concpieror.] 

S.'\G'.\PEN,  }       in  pharmacy,  a  gum- 

SAGAPE'NUM,  \  "'  resin,  brought  from 
Persia  and  the  East  in  granules  or  in 
masses.  It  is  a  compact  subsiance,  heavy, 
of  a  reddish  color,  with  small  whitish  or 
yellowish  specks.  It  is  an  attenuant,  ape- 
rient and  discuticnt.  Enci/c. 

SAG'ATHY,  71.  A  kind  of  serge  ;  a  sliL'ht 
woolen  stuff.  Tatler. 

S.\(iE,  n.  [Fr.  sauge  ;  Ar.  saoch.]  A  plant  of 
the  genus  Salvia,  of  several  species  ;  as 
the  officinalis,  or  common  large  sage,  of 
several    varieties ;  the   tomentosa  or  bal- 


S  A  I 


S  A  I 


S  A  1 


samic  sage  ;  the  aunculata,  or  sage  of  vir- 
tue ;  .111(1  the  pomifera.  Encyc. 
SAGK,  a.  [V\:  sage  ;  It.  saggio  ;  L.  saga,  sa- 

gu.i,  sagio.     See  Sagacious.] 
I. "Wise  r having  nice  cliscernment  and  povif- 
ers  of  judging  ;  prudent;  grave ;  as  a  sag-e 
counselor. 
2.  Wise ;  judicious ;  proceeding   from    wis- 
dom ;  well  judge<l ;  well   adapted  to  the 
purpose  ;  as  sage  counsels. 
SAGE,  n.  A    wise   man  ;  a  man  of  gravity 
and  wisdom ;  jiarticularly,  a  man  venera- 
ble for  years,  and  known  as   a  man  of 
sound  judgment   and   prudence;  a  grave 
philosopher. 

At  his  birth  a  star  proclaims  him  come. 
And  guides  the  eastern  sages.  Milton. 

Groves  where  immortal  sages  taught. 

Pope 
SA'GELY,  adu.  Wisely;  with  just  discern- 
ment and  prudence. 
SAgE'NE,  n.  A  Russian  measure  of  about 

seven  English  feet.     [See  Sajene.] 
SA'GENESS,   n.    Wisdom  ;  sagacity  ;  pru 
dence;  gravity.  J}scham. 

SAG'ENITE,  n.  Acicular  rutile.  Ure. 

SAG'ITTAL,  a.  [L.  sngitlalis,  from  sagitla, 
an  arrow  ;  that  wiiich  is  thrown^  or  driv- 
en, probably  from  the  root  of  say  and 
sing.] 
Pertaining  to  an  arrow  ;  resembling  an  ar- 
row ;  as  sagittal  bars  of  yellow. 

Pennant. 
In  anatomy,  the  sagittal  suture  is  the  suture 
which  unites  the    parietal   bones   of  the 
skull.  Coi-e. 

SAGITTA'RIUS,  n.  [L.  an  archer.]  One  ofj 
the  twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac,  which  the 
sun  enters  Nov.  22. 
SAG'ITTARY,  n.  [supra.]  A  centaur,  an 
animalhalf  man,  half  horse,  armed  with  u 
bow  and  quiver.  Shak. 

SAti'ITTATE,  a.  In  botany,  shaped  like  the 
head  of  an  arrow  ;  triangular,  hollowed  at 
the  base,  with  angles  at  the  hinder  part ; 
or  with  the  hinder  angles  acute,  divided 
by  a  sinus  ;  applied  to  the  leaf,  stipula  or 
anther.  Martyn. 

SA'UO,  n.  A  dry  mealy  substance  or  gran- 
ulated paste,  imported  from  Java  and  the 
Philippine  and    Molucca  isles.     It  is  the 
pith  or  inarrow  of  a  species  of  palm  tree 
.aid  much  used  in  medicine  as  a  restora- 
tive diet.  Fourcroy.     Encyc. 
SAGOIN',  n.  The  Sagoins  form  a  division 
of  the  genus  Simla,  including  such  of  the 
monkeys  of  America  as  have  hairy  tails, 
not  prehensile.  Encyc. 
.■^A'GY,  a.  [from  sage.]  Full  of  sage  ;  seas- 
oned with  sage. 
SAU'LITE,  71.  A  mineral  named  from  the 
mountain  Salda,  in   VVestermatiia,  where 
it  was  discovered.     It  is  of  a  light  green- 
ish jiray  color,  occurs  massive,  and  com- 
posed of  coarse  granular  concretions.     It 
13  called  also  inulacolite  ;  a  subspecies  or 
variety  of  augite.                 Thomson.     Ure. 
SAIC,     71.   A  Turkish  or    Grecian    vessel, 
very  common   in  the  Levant,   a  kind  of 
ketch  which   has  no  top-gallaiit-sail,  nor 
niizcn-lnp-sail.                                 .Mar.  Diet. 
SAID,  prel.  and  p;).  of  say ;  so  written   for 

sai/ed.     Di'clared  ;  uttered;  reported. 
3.   Al"oresai<l  ;  hi^fore  mentioned. 
HAIL,  71.  [Sax.  O.  Sw.  .■legel  ;  Dan.  sejl  ;  D. 
zeit ;  W.  hwyl,  a  sail,  a  course,  order,  stale 


journey  ;  hwyliaw,  to  set  in  a  course,  train 
or  order,  to  direct,  to  proceed,  to  sail,  to 
attack,  to  butt.  The  VVelsh  appears  to 
be  the  same  word.  So  hal  is  the  L.  sal,\ 
salt.]     _       _  ! 

1.  In  navigation,  a  spread  of  canvas,  or  an 
assemblage  of  several  breadths  of  canvas,; 
[or  some  substitute  for  it,]  sewed  together; 
with  a  double  seam  at  the  borders,  and 
edged  with  a  cord  called  the  bolt-rope, 
to  be  extended  on  the  masts  or  yards  for' 
receiving  the  impulse  of  wind  by  which  a 
ship  is  driven.  The  principal  sails  are  the 
courses  or  lower  sails,  the  lop-sails  ami 
top-gallant-sails.  .Mar.  Diet. 

2.  In  poetry,  wings.  Spenser. 

3.  A  ship  or  other  vessel  ;  used  in  the  singu- 
lar for  a  single  ship,  or  as  a  collective 
name  for  many.  We  saw  a  sail  at  the 
leeward.  We  saw  three  saU  on  our  star- 
board quarter.  The  fleet  consists  of 
twenty  sail. 

To  loose  sails,  to  unfurl  them. 

To  make  sail,  to  extend  an  additional  quan-! 

tityofsail. 
To  setsail,  toexpand  orspread  the  sails  ;  and 

hence,  to  begin  a  voyage. 
To  shorten  sail,  to  reduce  the  extent  of  sail, 

or  take  in  a  part. 
To  strike  sail,  to  lower  the  sails  suddenly,  as| 

in  saluting  or  in  sudden  gusts  of  wind.       j 

2.  To  abate  show  or  pomp.     [Colloiiitial.] 

Shak. 

SAIL,  1?.  i.  To  be  impelled  or  driven  for- 
ward by  the  action  of  wind  upon  sails,  as 
a  ship  on  water.  A  ship  sails  from  New- 
York  for  Liverpool.  She  sails  ten  knots 
an  hour.  She  sails  well  close-hauled. 
To  be  conveyed  in  a  vessel  on  water  ;  to 
pass  by  water.  We  sailed  from  London 
to  Canton. 

3.  To  swim. 
— Little  dolphins,  when  they  sail 

In  the  vast  shadow  of  the  British  wliale. 

Dryden. 

4.  To  set  sail ;  to  begin  a  voyage.  W"e  sail- 
ed from  New  York  for  Havre,  June  15, 
18-J4.  We  .lailed  from  Cowes  for  New 
York,  May  10,  1825. 

D.  To  be  carried  in  the  air,  as  a  balloon. 
G.  To  pass  smoothly  along. 

.\s  is  a  wing'd  messenger  from  heaven,  ; 

When  he  bestrides  the  lazy  pacing  clouds,     ; 

And  sails  upon  fhe  bosom  of  the  air.      Shak. 

7.  To  fly  without  striking  with  the  v/ings. 

S.AIL,   V.  t.  To  pass  or  move  upon  in  a  ship,! 

by  means  of  sails. 

A  thousand  ships  were  mann'd  to  ^ai/lhe  sea. 

Dryden . 
[This  use  is  elliptical,  oti  or  over  being 
omitted.] 

2.  To  fly  through. 

Sublime  she  sails 
Th'  aerial  space,   and   mounts   the   v.iagcd 
gales.  l^ope. 

SA'ILABLE,  a.  Navigable;  that  may  be 
passeil  bv  ships.  Cotgravc. 

SA'lL-BOilNE,  a.  Borne  or  conveycil  by 
sails.  J.  Barlow. 

SA'IL-BROAD,  a.  [See  Broad.]  Spreading 
like  a  sail.  .Ui7(oii. 

SA'ILED,  pp.  Passed  in  ships  or  other  wa- 
ter crat't. 

SA'ILER,  Ji.  One  that  sails;  a  seaman  ; 
usually  sailor. 

|2.  A  ship  or  other  vessel,  with  reference  to 


her  manner   of  sailing.     Thus  we  say,  a 
heavy  sailer;  a  fast  sailer;  a  prime  «ai7er, 

S.4'ILING,  ppr.  Moving  on  water  or  in  air  ; 
passing  in  a  ship  or  other  vessel. 

SA'ILLNG,  71.  The  act  of  moving  on  water ; 
or  the  movement  of  a  ship  or  vessel  im- 
[iclled  or  wafted  along  the  surface  of  wa- 
t(!r  hy  the  action  of  wind  on  her  .sails. 

Mar.  Diet. 

2.  Movement  through  the  air,  as  in  a  bal- 
loon. 

3.  The  act  of  setting  sail  or  beginning  a 
voyage. 

SA'IL-LOFT,  71.  A  loft  or  apartment  where 
sails  are  cut  out  and  made. 

SA'IL-M.\KER,  71.  One  whose  occupation 
is  to  make  sails. 

2.  An  officer  on  board  ships  of  war,  whose 
business  is  to  repair  or  alter  sails. 

Mar.  Did. 

SA'IL-MAKING,  n.  The  art  or  business  of 
making  sails. 

SA'ILOR,  71.  [a  more  common  spelling  than 
sailer.] 

A  mariner  ;  a  seaman  ;  one  who  follows  the 
business  of  navigating  ships  or  other  ves- 
sels, or  one  who  understands  the  manage- 
ment of  ships  in  navigation.  This  word 
however  does  not  by  itself  express  any 
particular  skill  in  navigation.  It  denotes 
any  person  who  follows  the  seas,  and  is 
chiefly  or  wholly  applied  to  the  common 
hands.     [See  Seaman.] 

SA'IL-YARD,  71.  [Sax.  segl-gyrd.]  The 
yard  or  spar  on  which  sails  are  extended. 

Dryden. 

SAIM,  71.  [Sax.  seim ;  W.  saim ;  Fr.  sain- 
doux.  Qu.  L.  sebum,  contracted.]  Lard. 
[Local.] 

SAIN,  fiir  sayen,  pp.  of  say.     Obs.         Shak. 

SA'INFOIN,     I      [Fr.  sainfoin  ;  saint,  sa- 

SA'INTFOIN,  S  "■  cred,  and  Join,  hay.)  A 
plant  cultivated  for  fodder,  of  the  genus 
Hcdysarum. 

SAINT,  71.  [Fr.  from  L.  sanctus  ;  It.  Sp. 
santo.] 

1.  A  person  sanctified;  a  holy  or  godly  per- 
son ;  one  eminent  fiir  piety  and  virtue. 
It  is  particularly  applied  to  the  apostles 
and  other  holy  persons  mentioned  in  Scrip- 

I  ture.  A  hypocrite  may  imitate  a  saint. 
Ps.  xvi.  ^Iddison. 

2.  One  of  the  blessed  in  heaven.   Rev.  xviii. 

3.  The  holy  angels  are  called  saints,  Dcut. 
xxxiii,  Jucle  14. 

4.  One  canonized  by  the  church  of  Rome. 

Encyc. 

S.\INT,  V.  t.  To  nuniher  or  enroll  among 
saints  by  an  ofiicial  act  of  the  pope  ;  to 
canonize. 

Over  against  Uie  church  stands  a  large  hos- 
pital, erected  hy  a  shoemaker  who  has  been 
beatified,  tlioiigli  never  sainted.  .Iddison. 

SAINT,  V.  i.  To  act  with  a  show  of  piety. 

Pope. 

SA'INTED,  pp.  Canonized  ;  enrolled  among 
the  saints. 

2.  a.  Holy  ;  pious  ;  as,  thy  father  was  a 
most  sainted  king.  Shak. 

3.  Sacred  ;  as  the  gods  on  sainted  liills. 

Milton. 

SA'INTESS,  71.  A  female  saint.  Pi.iher. 
ISAINT  JOHN'S  BREAD,  n.  A  plant  of 
I     ilic  '.'cmis  Ccr.iIoMia. 

SAI.N'IMOilN'S  WORT,  ii.  A  plant  of  the 
I     genus  Hypericum.  ' 


SAL 


SAL 


SAL 


SA'INTLIKE,  a.  [saiHt  amllike.\  Uesoin- 
bling  a  suint ;  as  a  saintlike  prince. 

Bacon. 

3.  Suiting  a  suiiit  ;  beoDinInf;  a  saint. 

dloss'd  over  only  with  a  naitUHkc  show. 

Brydeu.l 

SA'INTLY,  a.  Like  a  saint  ;  hecoming  a 
holy  person ;  as  wrongs  with  saintly  pa- 
ticncc  DoriiG.  ktIiiiOiI' 

SAINT  I'ETbiirS  VVoRT,  n.  A  plant  ot" 
the  genus  AMi-yruin,  ami  unotlior  of  the  ge- 
nus HyperiiMiin. 
SA'INT'S  BELL,  n.  A  small  bell  rung  in 
churches  when  the  priest  repeats  the 
words  sande,  sonde,  snnde,  Dens  sabaotli, 
that  persons  absent  might  I'all  on  their 
knees  in  reverence  of  the  holy  office. 

Bp.  Hall. 
SA'INT-SEEMING,    a.     Having   the   ap- 
pearance of  a  .saint.  Mountagu. 
SA'INTSllIl",  n.   The  character  or  quali- 
ties of  a  saint. 
SA.IE'NE,  II.  [written  also  sagene.    Tooke 

writes  it  snjeiie.] 
A  Russian  measure  of  length,  equal  to  seven 

feet  English  measure. 
.SAKE,  n.  [Sa.\.  sac,  sacn,  sare,  sacu,  con- 
tention, discord,  a  suit  or  action  at  law, 
cause  in  (tourt,  hence  the  privilege  which 
a  lord  had  of  taking  cognizance  of  suits  in 
his  own  manor  ;  sncan,  to  contend,  to 
strive  ;  Goth,  sakan,  to  rebuke,  chide,  u))- 
braid  ;  D.  zank,  cause,  case,  thing,  busi- 
ness, aflair;  G.  sacAc,  matter,  thing  ;  dues 
sackc  fdhren,  to  plead  one's  cau^e  ;  ursnche, 
cause,  reason,  motive  ;  Sw.  sak  and  orsak, 
id.;  Dan.  ^ng^,  cause,  thing,  alfair,  matter, 
case,  suit,  action  ;  Ch.  poy  to  contend,  tn 
strive,  to  seek  ;  Heb.  ptyj'  to  press  or  op- 
press ;  Ch.  to  accuse,  to  criminate.  Class 
Sg.  No.  40.  0'2.  The  primary  sense  is  to 
strain,  urge,  press  or  drive  forward,  am 
this  is  from  the  same  root  as  seek,  essay 
,ind  I.,  sequor.  whence  we  have ^oiiraite  and 
prosecate.  We  have  analagous  words  in 
cause,  thing,  and  the  L.  res.  Its  Saxon 
sense  is  no  longer  in  use,  that  is,  cause, 
.action,  suit,  a  seeking  or  demand  in  court ; 
but  wc  use  it  in  a  sense  nearly  similar, 
though  differently  applied.] 
T.  Final  cause;  end:  purpose;  or  rather 
the  purpose  of  obtaining.  I  open  a  win- 
dow for  the  sake  of  air,  that  is,  to  obtain 
it,  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  air.  I 
read  for  the  sake  of  instruction,  that  is,  to 
obtain  it.  Sake  then  signifies  priniarily 
rfforl  to  obtain,  and  secondarily  purpose  o{ 
obtaining.  The  hero  fights  for  the  sake  ofi 
glory ;  men  labor  for  the  sake  of  subsist- 
ence or  wealth. 
•J.  Account  ;  reg-ird  to  any  person  or  thing. 
I  will  not  .-igain  curse  the  ground  any  more 
for  man's  sake.     Gen.  viii. 

Save  mo  for  (liy  mercies'  sake.     Ps.  vi. 
SA'KER,  n.  [Fr.  sacre.]    A   hawk;  a  spe- 
cies of  falcon. 
'2.  A  piece  of  artillery.  Hudibras. 

SAK'ERET,  n.   Tlie   male   of  the   saker- 
hawk.  Bailey. 

SAL,  n.    [See   Salt.]    Salt ;  a  word   much 

used  in  chiniistry  and  pharmacy. 
SA'LVBLE,  a.  [i'l-om  sale.]    Tliat   may  be 
sold  ;  that  finds  a  ready  market;  being  in 
good  demand. 
SA'L.\BLENESS,  n.   The  state  of  being 
salable. 


SA'LABLY,  adv.  In  a  salable  manner. 

SALA'C'IOUS,  a.  [L.  sala.r,  from  the  root 
of  «a/,  salt;  the  primary  sense  of  which  is 
shooting,  jienetrating,  pungent,  coinciding 
probably  with  L.  snlio,  to  leap.  Salacious 
then  is  highly  e.vcited,  or  prompt  to  leap.] 
Lustful  ;  lecherous.  Dryden. 

SALA'CIOU.SLY,  u</c.  Lustfully;  with  ea- 
ger animal  a|)petite. 

SALA'CIOIJSNESS,  )       Lu.st  ;  lecherous 

SALACITY,  (,"■  ness;  strong  pro- 

pensity to  venery.  Brown 

SAL'.\l),  7i.    [Kr.  salade ;    Arm.  aatadenn 
It.  insalata ;  Sp.  cnsalada,  that  is  literally, 
salted;  D.  salaad.e  ;  G.   Sw.   salat  ;  Dan.' 
salad.] 

Raw  herbs,  usually  dressed  with  salt,  vine- 
gar, oil  or  spices,  and  eaten  for  giving  a 
relish  tn  other  food. 

Leaves  eaten  raw,  are  termed  salad. 

IVatts. 

S.\L'ADING,  n.  Vegetables  for  salads. 

Cheyne. 

SAL-ALEMBROTH,  n.  A  compound  mu- 
riate of  mercury  and  atnmonia.  Ure.i 

SALAM',  )i.  [Oriental,  peace  or  safety.]  A 
salutation  or  compliment  of  ceremony  or 
respect.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Herbert. 

SAL'AMANDER,  n.  [L.  (Jr.  salamandra.] 
An  animal  of  the  genus  Lacerta  or  Liz- 
ard, one  of  the  smalhn-  .species  of  the  ge- 
nus, not  being  more  than  six  or  seven! 
inches  in  lengtli.  It  has  a  short  cylindrical 
tail,  four  toes  on  the  four  feet,  ami  a  na- 
ked body.  The  skin  is  furnished  with 
small  excrescences  like  teats,  which  are 
full  of  holes  from  which  oozes  a  milky 
liquor  that  spreads  over  the  skin,  forming 
a  kind  of  transparent  varnish.  The  eyes 
are  placed  in  the  upper  part  of  the  head. 
The  color  is  dark,  with  a  bluish  cast  on 
the  belly,  intermixed  with  iri-egular  yel- 
low spots.  This  animal  is  oviparous,  in- 
habits cold  damp  |)laces  among  trees  or 
hedges,  avoiiling  the  heat  of  the  sun.  The 
vulgar  story  of  its  being  able  to  endure 
fire,  is  a  mistake.  Encyc. 

Salamander^s  hair  or  icool,  a  name  given  to 
a  species  of  asbestos  or  mineral  flax ;  I 
believe  no  longer  used. 

SALAMAN'DRINE,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
resembling  a   salamander;  enduring  fire. 

Spectator. 

Sal  ammoniac,   muriate  of  ammonia.     The 
native  sal  ammoniac  is  of  two  kinds,  vol 
canic  and  conclioidal.  lire 

SAL'ARIED,  a.  Enjoying  a  salary. 

SAL'ARY,  n.  [Fr.  salairc  ;  It.  Sp.  salario 
L.  salarium  ;    said    to  be   from  sal,   salt, 
which  was  part  of  the  pay  of  Roman  sol- 
diers.] 

The  recompense  or  consideration  stipti 
lated  to  he  paid  to  a  person  for  services, 
usually  a  fixed  sum  to  be  paid  by  the  year, 
as  to  governors,  magistrates,  settled  cler 
gymen,  instructors  of  seminaries,  or  oth- 
er officers,  civil  or  ecclesiastical.  When 
wages  are  stated  or  stipulateil  by  the 
month,  week  or  day,  we  do  not  call  the 
compensation  salary,  but  pay  or  wages  : 
as  in  the  case  of  mditary  men  and  lahor- 
ers. 

SALE,  »!.  [W.  sal,  a  pass,  a  cast  or  throw, 
a  sate  ;  Sax.  saJ,  sale  ;  seltan,  sylan,  syllan, 
gesyllaa,  to  give,  yield,  grant,  impart,  de- 
liver, also  to  sell.  The  primary  sense  of  sell, 


is  simply  to  deliver  or  cause  to  pass  from 
one  person  to  another ;  Sw.  sbtja,  Dan. 
salger,  to  sell.] 

1.  The  act  of  selling  ;  the  exchange  of  a 
commodity  for  money  of  equivalent  value. 
The  exchange  of  one  commodity  for  an- 
other is  barter  or  permutation,  .and  sale 
differs  from  barter  only  in  the  nature  of 
the  equivalent  given. 

2.  Vent ;  power  of  selling  ;  market.  He 
went  to  market,  but  found  no  sale  for  his 
goods. 

3.  Auction  ;  public  sale  to  the  highest  bid- 
der, or  exposure  of  goods  in  market. 
[Little  used.]  Temple. 

■1.  State  of  being  venal,  or  of  being  offered 
to  bribery  ;  as,  to  set  the  liberty  of  a  state 
to  sale.  Mdison. 

.5.  A  wicker  basket.  [Qu.  Sax.  sa:lan,  to 
bind.]  Spenser. 

SALE,  a.  Sold  ;  bought  ;  as  opposed  to 
homemade.     [Colloquial.] 

SALEBROS'lTY,  n.  [See  Salcbrous.] 
Roughness  or  ruggedness  of  a  place  or 
road.  Feltham. 

SALT'^BROUS,  a.  [h.  salebrosus,  (nim  sale- 
bra,  a  rough  place  ;  probably  allied  to 
salio,  to  shoot  out.]  Rough  ;  rugged  ;  un- 
even.    [Little  used.] 

SAL'EP,  ti.  [said   to  be  a   Turkish  word; 
written  also  .wlop,  sntoop  iini\  saleb.] 
n  (Ac  materia  medica,  the   dried  root  of  a 
species  of  orchis ;  also,   a   preparation  of 
this  loot  to  be  used  as  food. 

Fourcroy.     Parr. 

SA'LESMAN,  n.  [sak  and  man.]  One  that 
sells  clothes  ready  made.  Swijl. 

SA'LEWORK,  n.  Work  or  things  made 
for  sale ;  hence,  work  carelessly  done. 
This  last  sense  is  a  satire  on  man.       Shak. 

S.\L'IC,  a.  [The  origin  of  this  word  is  not 
ascertained.] 

The  Salic  law  of  France  is  a  fundamental 
aw,  by  virtue  of  which  males  only  can 
nlicrit  the  throne. 

S.\'L1ENT,  a.  [L.  saliens,   salio,  to   leap.] 

L  Leaping;  an  epithet  in  heraldry  applied 
to  a  lion  or  other  beast,  representeil  in  a 
leaping  posture,  with  his  right  foot  in  the 
dexter  point,  and  his  hinder  left  foot  in 
the  sinister  base  of  the  escutcheon,  by 
which  it  is  distinguished  from  lampant. 

Harris. 

2.  In  fortification,  projecting  ;  as  a  salient 
angle.  A  salient  angle  points  outward, 
and  is  opposed  to  a  re-eiUering  angle, 
which  points  inward.  Encyc. 

SA'LIEiNT,  a.  [L.  saliens,  from  salio,  to  leap 
or  shoot  out.] 

L  Leaping;  moving  by  leaps;  as  frogs. 

Brown. 

2.  Beating;  tlnobbing;  as  the  heart. 

Blackmore. 

3.  Shooting  out  or  up;  springing;  darting; 
as  a  salient  sprout.  Pope. 

S.VLIF  EROUS,  a.  [L.  sal.  salt,  ami  fero, 
to  [iroduce.] 

Producing  or  bearing  salt  ;  as  '^saliferous 
rock.  Eaton. 

SAL'H'iABLE,  a.  [from  salify.]  Capable 
of  becoming  a  salt,  or  of  combinin;;  with 
an  acid  to  form  a  neutral  salt.  Salifuible 
bases  are  alkalies,  earliis  and  metallic 
oxvds.  Lavoi.iier. 

SALIFICA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  sahfy- 
ing. 


SAL 


SAL 


SAL 


SAL'IFiED,  pp.  Formed  into  a  neutral 
salt  by  coinbination  with  an  acid. 

SAL'IFV,  V.  t.  [L.  sal,  salt,  and  facio,  to 
iiiuke.] 

To  form  into  a  neutral  salt,  by  combining 
an  acid  with  an  alkali,  earth  or  metal. 

SAL'IFYING,  ppr.  Forming  into  a  salt  by 
combination  with  an  acid. 

SAL'IGOT,  71.  [Fr.]  A  plant,  the  water 
thistle. 

SALINA'TION,  n.  [L.  sal,  salt;  salinalor, 
a  salt  maker;  Fr.  satin,  salt,  brinish.] 

The  act  of  washing  with  salt  water. 

Greenhill. 

SALI'NE,       I        [Fr.  satin,   from    L.   sal, 

SALI'NOUS,  I  "■  salt.]  Consisting  of  salt, 
or  constituting  salt  ;  as  saline  particles  ; 
saline  .substances. 

2.  Partaking  of  the  qualities  of  salt;  as  n  sa- 
line taste. 

SALI'NE,  n.  [Sp.  It.  salina  ;  Fr.  saline.] 
A  salt  spring,  or  a  place  where  salt  water 
is  collected  in  the  earth  ;  a  name  given  to 
the  salt  springs  in  the  U.  States. 

SALINIF'EROUS,  «.  [L.  sal,  sntinum,  am\ 
fero,  to  produce.]     Producing  salt. 

SALIN'IFORM,  a.  [L.  sat,  satinum,  and 
form.]     Having  the  form  of  salt. 

SALINO-TERRENE,  a.  [L.  sal,  salinum, 
and  terrenus,  from  terra,  earth.]  Denoting 
a  compound  of  salt  and  earth. 

SAL'ITE,  V.  t.  [L.  salio,  from  sal,  salt.]  To 
salt ;  to  impregnate  or  season  with  salt. 
[Little  used.] 

SALI'VA,  t      [L.  saliva;  Ir.  seile  ;  W.  ha- 

SAL'IVE,  ^  '/im,  as  if  connected  with  fcd/, 
salt.  The  Irish  has  sitim,  to  drop  or  dis- 
till, and  siteadli,  saliva.] 

The  fluid  which  is  secreted  by  the  salivary 
glands,  and  which  serves  to  moisten  the 
mouth  and  tongue.  It  moistens  our  food 
also,  and  by  being  mixed  with  it  in  masti- 
cation, promotes  digestion.  When  dis- 
charged from  the  mouth,  it  is  called  spit- 
tle. 

SAL'IVAL,      }      [from  saliva.]   Pertaining 

SAL'IVARY,  ^  "■  to  saliva  ;  secreting  or 
conveying  saliva  ;  as  sa/ii'ar^  glands  ;  sal- 
ivary ducts  or  canals. 

Enrt/c.     Arbuthnot. 

SAL'IVATE,  V.  t.  [from  saliva  ;  Fr.  sali-] 
ver.]  I 

To  e,\cite  an  unusual  secretion  and  dis-1 
charge  of  saliva  in  a  person,  usually  by 
mercury  ;  to  ])ro(luce  ptyalism  in  a  per-j 
son.  Physicians  s«Wt'a(e  their  patients  in 
diseases  of  the  glands,  of  the  liver,  in  the 
venereal  disease,  in  yellow  fever,  &c. 

SAL'IVATED,  pp.  Having  an  increased 
secntion  of  saliva  from  medicine. 

SAL'IVATING,  ppr.  Exciting  increased 
secretion  of  saliva. 

SALIVA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  process  of, 
promoting  ptyalism,  or  of  producing  an 
increased  secretion  of  saliva,  for  the  cure 
of  disease. 

SAIiI'VOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  saliva;  par- 
taking of  the  nature  of  saliva.       IVisLinan. 

SAl.  LET,  n.  [Fr.  salade.]  A  head-piece  or 
helmet.  Chaucer. 

SAL'LF.T,  1       [corrupted   from  salad. 

SAL'LETING.  ^"^  .V«(  i«  use.] 

SAL'LIANCK,  n.  [from  «a//i/.]  An  issuing 
forih.     [.V«(  in  use]  '  Spenser. 

SAL'LOVV,  n.  [riax.  salh,  salig;  Ir.sail; 
Fr.saule;  It.  satcio  ;  Sp.  sake;  h.  satix ; 


W.  helig.  Qu.  from  its  color,  resembling 
brine.]  A  tree  of  the  willow  kind,  or  ge- 
mis  Salix. 

SAL'LOVV,  a.  [Sax.  salowig,  sealwe,  from 
salh,  L.  salix,  the  tree,  supra.]  | 

Having  a  yellowish  color;  of  a  pale  sickly, 
color,  tinged  with  a  dark  yellow  ;  as  a  sul-\ 
low  skin. 

SAL'LOVVNESS,  n.  A  yellowish  color  ;j 
paleness  tinged  with  a  dark  yellow ;  as 
sultowness  of  complexion. 

SAL'LY,  n.  [Ft:  saillie;  It.  salita  ;  Sp.sati- 
da ;  Port,  sahida.  See  the  Verb.]  In  a 
general  sense,  a  spring ;  a  darting  or  shoot- 
ing.    Hence, 

1.  An  issue  or  rushing  of  troops  from  a  be- 
sieged place  to  attack  the  besiegers. 

Bacon. 

2.  A  spring  or  darting  of  intellect,  fancy  or 
imagination  ;  flight  ;  siiriglitly  exeriion. 
We  sny,  sallies  of  wit,  sallies  of  imagina- 
tion. 

3.  Excursion  from  the  usual  track ;  range. 

He  who  often  makes  sallies  into  a  country, 
and  tiaverses  it  up  and  down,  will  know  it  bet- 
ter than  one  that  goes  always  round  in  the  same 
track.  Locke. 

4.  Act  of  levity  or  extravagance  ;  wild  gaye- 
ty  ;  frolick  ;  a  hnunding  or  darting  be- 
yond ordinary  rules  ;  as  a  snlli/  of  youth  ; 
a  saWi/ of  levity.  It'dtlon.     Swift. 

SALLY,  V.  i.  [Fr.  saillir  ;  Artu.  saillia  ; 
It.  satire  ;  Sp.  salir ;  Port,  sahir,  [t  lost,] 
L.  salio.     Q.U.  Gr.  aXKo/iai,  which  is  allied 

to  the  Ar.  J|  alia,   or  V^  halla,  both  of 

which  signify  to  impel,  to  shoot.  See  So- 
lar, from  L.  sol,  W.  haul,  Gr.  ijXio;.] 

1.  To  issue  or  rush  out,  as  a  body  of  tronjjs 
from  a  fintified  place  to  attack  besiegers. 

They  break  the  truce,  and  salty  out  by  night. 

Dry  den. 

2.  To  issue  suddenly  ;  to  make  a  sudden 
eru|)tion. 

SAL'LYING,  p;?/-.  Issuing  or  rushing  out. 

SAL'LY-PORT,  n.  In  fortification,  a  pos- 
tern gate,  or  a  passage  under  ground  from 
the  inner  to  the  outer  works,  such  as  from 
the  higher  flank  to  the  lower,  or  to  the 
tenaille.s,  or  to  the  comnuinication  from 
the  middle  of  the  curtain  to  the  ravelin. 

Encyc. 

2.  A  large  port  on  each  quarter  of  a  firc- 
shij)  for  the  escape  of  the  men  into  boats 
when  the  train  is  fired.  .Mar.  Diet. 

SALMAGUN'DI,  n.  [Sp.  salpicon,  corrupt- 
ed.    See  Salplcoji.] 

A  mixture  of  chopped  ineat  and  pickled  her- 
ring with  oil,  vinegar,  pepper  and  onions. 

Johnson. 

Saliniac,  a.  contraction  of  sal  ammoniac. 

SALMON,  n.  sam'mon.  [h.  salmo  ;  Fr.sau- 
mon.] 

A  fish  of  the  genus  Salmo,  found  in  all  the 
northern  climates  of  America,  Europe  and 
Asia,  ascending  the  rivers  for  spawning 
in  spring,  and  penetrating  to  their  head 
streams.  It  is  a  remarkably  strong  fish, 
and  will  even  leap  over  considerable  falls 
which  lie  in  the  way  of  its  progress.  It 
has  been  known  to  grow  to  the  weight  of 
75  poimds  ;  more  generally  it  is  from  1.5 
to  '2,5  poimds.  It  furnishes  a  delicious 
dish  for  the  table,  and  is  an  article  of 
commerce.  ' 


SALMON-TROUT,  n.  sam'mon-trout.  A 
species  ol' trout  resembliug  the  salmon  in 
color.  Ifalton. 

S.\LOON',  n.  [It.  salone,  from  sola,  hall  ; 
Sp.  Fr.  salon.     See  Hall.] 

In  architecture,  a  lofty  spacious  hall,  vaulted 
at  the  top,  and  usually  comprehending 
two  stories,  with  two  ranges  of  windows. 
It  is  a  magnificent  room  in  the  middle  of  a 
building,  or  at  the  head  of  a  gallery,  &c. 
It  is  a  state  room  much  used  in  palaces  in 
Italy  for  the  reception  of  embassadors  and 
other  visitors.  Encyc. 

SALOOP,  (  ,^      ,.  ,     , 

SALOP.  '  ^  [f">e  ■&«'«'/'•] 

S.AL'PICON,  71.  [Sp.  from  salpicar,  to  be 
sprinkle  ;  Port,  to  corn,  to  powder,  to  spot ; 
from  sat,  salt.] 

Stufling  ;  farce  ;  chopped  meat  or  bread. 
&c.  used  to  stuff  legs  of  veal ;  called  also 
salmagujidi.     [I believe  not  used.]      liacon. 

SALSAMENTA'RIOUS,  a.  [L.  salsamen- 
tarius.]  Pertaining  to  salt  things.  [.\'ot 
in  use.]  Did. 

SAL'SIFY,  n.  [Fr.  salsifs.]  Goat's  beard, 
a  plant  of  the  genus  Tragopogon. 

Mortimer. 

SALSOAC'ID,  a.  [L.  salsus,  salt,  and  acid- 
us,  acid.] 

Having  a  taste  compounded  of  saltness  and 
aciilness.     [Lillte  used.]  Flayer. 

!ALSU'l;IN(-)US,  a.  [from  L.  salsugo, 
from  ia/,  salt.]     Saltish;  somewhat  salt. 

Boxjle. 

Salt,  n.  [Sax.  salt,  sealt  ;  Goth.  Sw.  Dan. 
suit;  G.salz;  D.sout;  Rims,  sol ;  It.  sale  ; 
Fr.  set;  L.  Sp.  Port,  sal;  Gr.  axj  ;  W. 
halen  ;  Corn.  Arm.  halinn,  from  W.  hul, 
salt,  a  pervading  sul>staiice.  The  radical 
sense  is  pioliahly  pungent,  and  if  s  is  rad- 
ical, the  word  belongs  to  the  root  of  L. 
salio  ;  but  this  is  uncertain.] 

1.  Common  salt  is  the  muriate  of  soda,  a 
substance  used  for  seasoning  certain 
kinds  of  food,  and  for  the  preservation  of 
meat,  &c.  It  is  found  native  in  the  earth, 
or  it  is  produced  by  evaporation  and  crys- 
talization  liom  water  impregnated  witli 
saline  particles. 

2.  In  chimistry,  a  body  compounded  of'an 
acid  united  to  some  base,  which  may  be 
either  an  alkali,  an  earth,  or  a  metallic 
oxyd.  .Accordingly,  salts  are  alkaline, 
earthy,  or  metallic.  Many  compounds  of 
this  kind,  of  which  common  salt,  (muriate 
of  soda,)  is  the  most  distinguished,  exist 
in  nature  ;  but  most  of  these,  together 
with  many  others  not  known  in  nature, 
have  been  formed  by  the  artificial  conihi- 
uatioii  of  their  elements.  Their  entire 
numlier  exceeds  2000.  When  the  acid 
and  base  mulually  saturate  each  other, 
so  that  the  individual  properties  of  each 
are  lost,  the  compound  is  a  neutral  salt; 
when  the  acid  predominates,  it  is  a  super 
salt;  and  when  the  base  predominates,  it 
is  a  sul/  salt-  Thus  we  have  a  subcarbo- 
iiate,  a  carbonate,  and  a  supercarhonatc 
of  potash.  D.  Olmsted. 

3.  Taste  ;  sapor  ;  smack. 

We  have  some  salt  of  our  youth  in  us. 

Shak. 

4.  Wit;  poignancy;  as  Attic  so//. 

SALT,  a.  Having"  the  taste  of  salt;  impreg- 
nated with  salt ;  as  salt  beef;  sali  water. 


SAL 


SAL 


SAL 


9.  Abounding  witli  salt;  aa  a  salt  land.  Jer. 

xvii. 
3.  Overflowed  witli  salt  water,  or  impreg- 

nateil  wiili  it ;  au  a  sail  iiiarsli. 

1.  Growiiifi  on  salt  luarsli  or  meadows  and 
liaving  llie  taste  of  salt;  as  salt  grass  or 
hay. 

5.  Producing  salt  water  ;  as  a  salt  spring. 

6.  Li'ilierous  ;  .salacious.  ishak. 
SALT,  n.  The  part  of  a  river  near  the  sea, 

where  the  water  is  salt.  Beverly. 

2.  A  vessel  for  holding  salt. 

SALT,  V.  t.  To  sprinkle,  inii)regiiate  or  sea- 
son with  salt ;  as,  to  salt  tish,  beef  or 
pork. 

2.  To  fill  with  salt  between  the  timbers  and 

plunks,  as  a  ship,  Jbr  the  preservation  of 

the  timber. 
SALT,  V.  I.  To  deposit   salt  from  a  saline 

substance  ;  as,   \\tc    brine  begins   to   salt^ 

[U-stU  by  nuinnficlurers.] 
SALT,  n.  I^Fr.  saul,   from  saillir,  to  leap.] 

A  leap;  the  act  of  jumping.    [jVol  in  use.] 

B.  Jonson. 
S.\LT'ANT,  a.   [L.   saltans,  from  salto,  to 

leap.]     Leaping  ;  jumping  ;  dancing. 

Did. 
SALTA'TION,  n.  [L.  saltatio,  from  salto,  to 

leap.] 

1.  A  leaping  or  jumping.  Brown, 

2.  Beating  or  palpitation  ;  as  the  saltation 
of  the  great  artery.  Hiseman. 

SALT'€AT,  n.  A  lump  or  heap  of  salt 
made  at  the  salt-works,  which  attracts 
pigeons.  Mortimer 

S.\LT'-CELLAR,  n.  [salt  and  cellar.]  A 
small  vessel  used  for  holding  salt  on  tlir 
table.  Swift. 

SaLT'ED,  pp.  Sprinkled,  seasoned  or  im- 
pregnated with  salt. 

SaLT'ER,  n.  One  who  salts  ;  one  whd 
gives  or  applies  salt. 

2.  One  that  sells  salt.  Camden. 

■SALT'ERN.  )i.  a  salt-work;  a  building  in 
which  salt  is  maile  by  boiling  or  evapora- 
tion. Encyc. 

SALT'IER,  n.  [Kr.  sautoir,  from  sauter,  L. 
salto,  to  leap.] 

In  heraldry,  i>]H'  of  ilic  lionnralile  ordinaries, 
in  the  form  of  St.  Andrew's  cross. 

Encyc. 

SALT'INBANCO,  n.  [Fr.  saltimbanqiie ; 
It.  saltare  in  banco,  to  leap  on  the  bench,  to 
mount  on  tlu!  bench.]  A  mountebank  ; 
a  quack.     [wVo(  in  use.]  Brown. 

SALT'ING,  ppr.  Sprinkling,  seasoning  or 
impregnating  with  salt. 

SALT'ING,  »i.  The  act  of  sprinkling  or  im- 
pregnating with  salt. 

S.\LT'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  salt  ;  tinctured 
or  impregnated  moderately  with  salt. 

S.\LTTSHLY,  adv.  With  a  moderate  de 
gree  of  saltness. 

SALTTSIINESS,  n.  A  moderate  degree  of 
saltness 

S.\LT'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  salt  ;  insipid 

S.VLT'LY.  adv.  With  taste  of  salt;  inasalt 
maimer. 

SaLT'-MINE,  n.  A  mine  where  fossil  salt 
is  obtained. 

SaLT'NESS,  ?i.  The  quality  of  being  im 
pregnatcd    with  salt;    as  the   saltness  of] 
sea  water  or  of  provisions. 

2.  Taste  of  salt. 


SALT  -PAN,  i 


SALT'-PIT,   I" 


A  pan,  bason  or  pit  where 
salt  is  obtained  or  maile. 
Bacon.     H'ouUwurU. 

SALTPE'TER,  i        [salt  and  Gr.  ntr^oi,  a 

SaLTPE'TUE,  I  "■  stone.]  A  neutral  salt 
lormed  by  the  nitric  acid  in  cotnbination 
with  potash,  and  hence  denominated  ni- 
trate of  potash.  It  is  found  native  in  the 
East  Indies,  in  S|)am,  In  Naples  and  other 
places.  It  is  also  found  on  walls  shelter 
ed  from  rain,  and  it  is  extracted  by  lixivia 
tion  from  the  earths  uinler  cellars,  stables 
and  barns,  <Sic.  Hooper.     Eavoisier. 

SALTPE'TROUS,  a.  Perlamiiig  to  salt 
peter,  or  partaking  of  its  qualities;  im- 
pregnated with  saltpeter.  Med.  Repoa. 

SALTS,  n.  The  salt  water  of  rivers  enter 
ing  from  the  ocean.  S.  Carolina. 

SALT'-WATER,  n.  Water  impregnated 
with  salt ;  sea  water 

SALT-WORK,  n.  A  liouse  or  place  where 
salt  is  made. 

SALT'-WORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Sali<-orma  ;  jointed  glasswort. 

SALUBRIOUS,  a.  [L.  saluber,  salubriS: 
trom  satus.     See  Safe.] 

Favorable  to  health  ;  healthful ;  promoting 
health;  as  salubrious  air  or  water ;  a  sa 
lubrious  climate. 

SALU'BRIOUSLY,  adi:  So  as  to  promote 
ealth.  Burke 

SALU'BRITY,  n.  [L.  salubritas.]  Whole- 
someness;  healthfulness  ;  favorableness  to 
the  preservation  of  health  ;  as  the  salubri- 
ty of  air,  of  a  country  or  climate. 

SAL'UTARINESS,     »i.       [See    Salutan/. 

1.  Wholesomeiiess ;  the  quality  of  contrib 
iiring  lo  health  or  safety. 

2.  The  quality  of  promoting  good  or  pros 
perity. 

.SAL'UT.^RY,  a.  [Vr.  salutaire ;  L.  saluta- 
ris,  from  saliis,  health.] 

1.  Wholesome;  healthful;  ])romotiug health 
Diet  and  exercise  arc  salutary  to  men  of 
sedentary  habits. 

2.  Promotive  of  public  safety  ;  contributing 
to  some  beneficial  purpose.  The  strict 
discipline  of  youth  has  a  salutary  effect  on 
society. 

SALUTA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  satutatio 
See  Salute.] 

The  act  of  saluting  ;  a  greeting;  the  act  of 
paying  respect  or  reverence  by  the  cus- 
tomary words  or  actions  ;  as  in  impiiring 
of  persons  their  welfare,  e.xpn^ssing  to 
them  kind  wishes,  bowing,  &c.  Luke  i. 
Mark  xii. 

In  all  public  meetings  and  private  addresses, 
use  the  forms  of  salutation,  reverence  and  de- 
cency usual  among  the  most  sober  people. 

Tayltn\' 

SALU'TE,  I'.  <.  [L.salulo;  It.  salutare ;  f^p. 
saludar ;  Fr.  saluer  ;  from  L.  salus  or  sal- 
vus.] 

1.  To  greet ;  to  hail ;  to  address  with  ex- 
pressions of  kind  wishes. 

If  ye  salute  yonr  brethren  only,  what  do 
ye  more  than  others  .'     Matt.  v. 

2.  To  please;  to  gratify.     [Unusual.]  I 

Shak. 

Is.  To  kiss. 

4.  In  military  and  naval  affairs,  to  honor 
some  person  or  nation   by  a  discharge  of: 


SALU'TE,  II.  The  act  of  expressing  kind 
wisiiea  or  respect ;  salutation;  greeting. 

South.     Mdison. 

2.  A  kiss.  Roscommon. 

'S.  In  military  affairs,  a  discharge  ol  raniioa 
or  small  arms  in  honor  ot  .■.ome  distin- 
guislied  personage.  A  salute  is  some- 
times performed  by  lowermg  the  colors  or 
beating  the  drums.  The  otiicers  also  sa- 
lute each  other  by  bowing  their  half  pikes. 

Encyc, 

4.  In  the  navy,  a  testimony  of  respect  or  def- 
erence rendered  by  the  ships  of  one  na- 
tion to  the  ships  of  another,  or  by  ships  of 
the  same  nation  to  a  superior  or  equal. 
This  is  performed  by  a  discharge  of  can- 
non, volleys  of  small  arms,  striking  the 
colors  or  top-sails,  or  by  shouts  of  the  sea- 
men mounted  on  the  masts  or  rigging. 
When  two  squadrons  meet,  the  two 
chiefs  only  are  to  exchange  salutes. 

Encyc. 

SALUTED,  pp.  Hailed  ;  greeted. 

SALU'TER,  n.  One  who  salutes. 

SALUTIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  salutifer  ;  salus, 
health,  and  fero,  to  bring.]  Bringing 
health  ;  healthy  ;  as  saluliferous  air. 

Dennis. 

SALVABILTTY,  n.  [from  salvaUe.]  The 
possibility  of  being  saved  or  admitted  to 
everlasting  life.  Saunderson. 

S.\LV'ABLE,  a.  [h.  salvus,  safe;  salvo,  Xo 
save.] 

That  may  be  saved,  or  received  to  everlast- 
ing happiness. 

SALV'AgE,  ?i.  [Fr.  salvage,  sauvage,  from 
L.  salvus,  salvo.] 

In  commerce,  a  reward  or  recompense  allow- 
ed by  law  for  the  saving  of  a  ship  or  goods 
from  loss  at  sea,  either  by  shipwreck  or 
other  means,  or  by  euemies  or  pirates. 

Park. 

SALV'AtiE,  for  savage,  not  used.  [See 
iSnt'og-cJ 

S.\LVA'TION,  )i.  [It.  salvazione ;  Sp.  sal- 
vacion  ;  from  L.  salvo,  to  save.] 

1.  Tlie  act  of  saving;  preservation  from  de- 
struction, danger  or  great  calamity. 

2.  Appropriately  in  theology,  the  redemp- 
tion of  man  from  the  bondage  of  sin  and 
liability  to  eternal  death,  and  the  confer- 
ring on  him  everlasting  happiness.  This 
is  the  greu(  salvation. 

Godly  sorrow  workcth  repentance  to  salvQ' 
tion.     2  for.  vii. 

3.  Deliverance  from  enemies;  victory.  Ex. 
xiv. 

4.  Remission  of  sins,  or  saving  graces.  Luko 
xix. 

>.  The  author  of  man's  salvaliiui.    Ps.  xxvii. 
Ci.  A  term  of  praise  or  benediction.     Rev. 

xix. 
SALV'ATORY,  n.  [Fr.  salvaloire.]  A  place 

where  things  are  preserved  ;  a  repository. 

HaU. 
S.\LVE,  n.  sao.  [Sax.  scal/'c  ;  from  L.  salvus.] 

1.  A  glutinous  conifiosilion  or  substance  to 
be  applied  to  vvoumls  or  sores  ;  when 
spread  on  lether  or  cloth,  it  is  called  a 
plaster. 

2.  Help;  remedy.  Hammond. 
S.\LVE,  v.  t.  sav.  To  heal  by  applications 

or  medicaments.     [Little  used.] 

Spenser.     Hooker. 


cannon  or  smal! 
by  shouts,  &c. 


arms,  by  striking  colors,  i2.  To  help  ;  to  remedy.     [Little  used.] 


Sidney. 


SAM 


SAN 


S  A  N 


3.  To  help  or  rcmetly  by  a  salvo,  excuse  oii  4 
reservation.     [Little  used.] 

Hooker.     Bacon. 

4.  To  salute.     [JVo(  in  use.]  Spenser. 
SAL'VER,  ?i.  A  piece  of  plate  with  a  loot  ; 

or  a  plate  on  which  any   thing  is  present- 
ed. Mdison.     Pope. 

SALVIF'le,  a.  [L.  salvus  ami /acio.]  Tend- 
ing to  save  or  secure  safety.  \A  bad  word 
and  not  used.]  Ch.  Relig.  Appeal. 

SAL'VO,  7!.  [from  the  L.  salvo  jure,  an  ex- 
pression used  in  reserving  rights.]  An  e.x- 
ception  ;  a  reservation  ;  an  excuse. 

They  admit  many  salvos,  cautions  and  reser- 
vations. X.  Charles. 

SALVOR,  n.  One  who  saves  a  ship  or 
goods  at  sea.  H'h^aton's  Rep. 

SAMAR'ITAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Samaria, 
the  principal  city  of  the  ten  tribes  of  Is- 
rael, belonging  to  the  tribe  of  Ephraim,  gjj\](j(j]vi 
and  after  the  captivity  of  those  trihe-s,  re- 
peopled  by  Cutliites  from  Assyria  or  Chal- 
dea. 

2.  Denoting  the  ancient  characters  and  al- 
phabet used  by  the  Hebrews. 

SAMAR'ITAN,  n.  .\n  inhabitant  of  Sama- 
ria, or  one  that  bel<ingcd  to  the  sect  which 
derived  their  appellation  from  that  city. 
The  Jews  had  no  dealings  with  the  Sa 
inaritans. 

2.  The  language  of  Samaria,  a  dialect  of 
the  Chaldean. 

S.\M'BO,  n.  The  offspring  of  a  black  per- 
son and  a  mulatto.  W.  Indies. 

SAME,  a.  [Sax.  same;  Goth,  soma,  samo ; 
Dan.  samtne,  same,  and  sammen,  together; 
Sw.  snr7ime,  same  ;  Dan.  snmler,  forsamler, 
to  collect,  to  assemble  ;  S w.  samla,forsmala. 
id.;  D.  zaam,  zamen,  together;  zameten 
to  assemble  ;  G.  sanuneln,  id. ;  Sax.  sa- 
mod,  L.  simul,  together;  Sax.  samnian, 
semnian,  to  nsseinble,  to  sum  ;  W.  sum, 
sum,  anjpiitude ;  swm,  the  state  of  being 
together  ;  swmer,  that  supports  or  keeps 
together,  a  beam,  Eng.  summer,  in  build- 
ing. We  observe  that  the  Greek  a^ia 
agrees  in  signification  with  the  L.  simul 
and  Sax.  samod.  Sans,  sam,  together. 
Shall  we  suppose  then  that  s  has  passed 
into  an  aspirate  in  this  word,  as  in  salt.  Gr. 
aXs,  or  has  the  Greek  word  lost  s  ?  The 
word  same  may  be  the  h.idem  or  dem,  dia 
lectically  varied.  The  primary  sense  is 
to  set,  to  place,  to  put  together.     See  Ar. 


Equal  ;  exactly  similar.  One  ship  will 
not  run  the  same  distance  as  another  in 
the  same  time,  and  with  the  same  wind. 
Two  balls  of  the  same  size  have  not  al- 
ways the  same  weight.  Two  instruments 
will  not  always  make  the  same  sound. 
SAME,  adv.  [Sax.  sam.]    Together.     Obs. 

Spenser. 

SA'MENESS,  n.  Identity;  the  state  of  be 

ing  not  different  or  other  ;  as  the  sameness 

of  an  unchangeable  being. 
2.   Near      resemblance  ;     correspondence 

similarity  ;  as  a  sameness   of  manner;   a 

sameness   of  sound ;  the  sameness  of  oh 

jects  in  a  landscape. 
Samian  earth.     [Gr.  Samos,  the   isle.]     The 

name  of  a  marl  of  two  species,  used  in 

medicine  as  an  astringent. 
SA'MIEL,  („    [Ar.    ,  ^^_    samom.  The 


•'.['■ 


f>*' 


Ar.     *.4.<w    signifies  to  be  thin,  or  to  be- 
come thin  or  pale,  and  to  suffer  the  heat 


of  the  simoom,  and 


signifies  to  poi 


^  ^    dhamma,  to  draw  together,  to  set 

together,  to  join,  to   collect.     Class   Sii 
No.  33.  and  see  No.  43.  44.] 
.  Identical ;  not  different  or  other. 

Thou  art  the  same,  and  thy  years  shall  have 
no  end.     Ps.  cii. 

The  Lord  Jesus,  the  same  night  in  which  he 
was  betrayed,  took  bread.  1  Cor.  xi. 
!.  Of  the  identical  kind  or  species,  though 
not  the  specific  thing.  VVe  say,  the  horse 
of  one  country  is  the  same  animal  as  the 
horse  of  another  country.  The  same 
plants  and  fruits  are  produced  in  the  some 
latitudes.  We  see  in  men  in  all  countries, 
the  same  passions  and  the  same  vices. 
Th'  etherial  vijior  is  in  all  the  same. 

Dryden. 
3.  That  was  mentioned  before. 

Do  Imt  Ibiiik  how  well  Uic  same  he  spends, 
Who  spends  his   blood  his  country  to  relievo. 

Daniel. 


son.     This   word   signifies   probably   that 
which  is  deleterious  or  destructive.] 

A  hot  and  destructive  wind  that  sometimes 
blows  in  Arabia. 

SAM'ITE,  7!.  [Old  Fr.]  A  species  of  silk 
stuff'.     Obs,  Chaucer. 

SAM'LET,  71.  A  little  saliuon.  Walton. 

SAMP,  71.  A  species  of  food  composed  of 
maiz  broken  or  bruised,  boiled  and  mixed 
with  milk ;  a  dish  borrowed  from  the  na- 
tives of  America,  but  not  much  used. 

J\"ew  England. 

SAMP'ANE,  n.  A  kind  of  vessel  used  by 
the  Chinese.  Mar.  Diet. 

SAM'PllIRp;,  7!.  [said  to  be  a  corruption 
of  Saint  Pierre.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Crithmum.  The  g'oWfTi 
samphire  is  of  the  genus  Inula. 

Pam.  oj"  Plants. 

Samphire  grows  on  rocks  near  the  sea  shore, 
where  it  is  washed  by  the  salt  water.  It 
is  used  for  pickling.  Miller. 

SAMPLE,  71.  [L.  exemplum  ;  Sp.  Port,  tx 
emplo  ;  It.  esempio  ;  Fr.  eiemple  ;  Arm. 
egzempl  ;  Ir.  somplar,  samhtachas,  from 
samhail,  similar.] 

L  A  specimen  ;  a  part  of  any  thing  present 
ed  for  inspection  or  intended  to  be  shown 
as  evidence  of  the  quality  of  the  whole; 
as  a  sample  of  cloth  or  of  wheat.  Goods 
are  often  purchased  in  market  by  samples. 
I  design  this  as  a  sample  of  what  I  hope 
more  fully  to  discuss.  Ji'oodicard. 

2.  Example;  instance.  Mdison. 

SAM'PLE,  V.  t.  To  show  something  simi- 
lar. Ainsworth 

SAM'PLER,  71.  [L.  exemplar,  supra.]  A 
pattern  of  work;  a  specimen  ;  particular- 
ly, a  piece  of  needle  work  by  young  girls 
for  improvement.  Shak.     Pope. 

SAM'SON'S-POST,  n.  In  ships,  a  notched 
post  used    instead   of  a    ladder ;  al.'io, 
piece  of  titnber  that  forms  a  return  for  a 
tackle  fall.  Mar.  Dirt. 

SAN'ABLE,  a.   [L.  sanabiiis,  from  sano,  to 
leal;  sainis,  sound.     See  Sound.] 

That  may  be  healed  or  cured ;  susceptible 
of  remedy.  .More. 


SANA'TION,  71.  [L.  sanatio,  from  sa7io,  to 
heal.]  The  act  of  healing  or  curin". 
[J^ot  used.]  JVUemuri. 

SAN'ATiVE,  a.  [L.  .sojio,  to  heal.]  Havui-' 
the  |)owerto  cure  or  heal;  healing:  teud^ 
ing  to  heal.  "  Bacon. 

SAN'ATIVENESS,  ti.  The  power  of  heal- 
ing. 

SANc  TIFI€ATE,  v.  t.  To  sanctify.  [Mt 
in  use.]  Barrow. 

SAN€TIFI€A  TION,  ti.  [Fr.  from  Low  L. 
sanctificalio,  from  sanctijieo.  See  Sanctify.] 

1.  The  act  of  njaUing  holy.  In  an  evangel- 
ical sense,  the  act  ot  God's  grace  by  which 
the  affections  of  men  are  purified  or  al- 
ienated from  sin  and  the  world,  and  exalt- 
ed'to  a  supreme  love  to  God. 

God  hath  from  the  bei;irining  chosen  you  to 
salvation,  through  sunctification  of  the  Spiril 
and  beliel  of  the  Uutli.     2  Thess.  ii.     1   Pet.  i. 

2.  The  act  of  consecrating  or  of  setting 
apart  for  a  sacred  purpose  ;  consecration. 

Stillingjleet. 

SAN€'TIFIED,  pp.  Made  holy  ;  consecra- 
ted ;  set  apart  for  sacred  services. 

2.  Affectedly  holy.  Htime. 

SANC'TIFIER,  7i.  He  that  sanctifie.s  or 
makes  holy.  In  theology,  the  Holy  Spirit 
is,  by  way  of  eminence,  denominated  the 
Sanclifier. 

SANCTIFY,  v.t.  [Fr.  sanclifier;  It.  sn7i/t- 
ficare ;  Sp.  sanlificar ;  Low  L.  sanctifico  : 
from  sanctiis,  holy,  and/acio,  to  make.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  to  cleanse,  purify  or 
make  holy.  Mdison. 

2.  To  separate,  set  apart  or  appoint  to  a  ho- 
ly, sacred  or  religious  use. 

God  blessed  the  seventh  day  and  sanctified 
it.     Gen.  ii. 

So  under  the  Jewish  dispensation,  to 
sanctify  the  altar,  the  temple,  the  priests, 
&c. 

3.  To  purify  ;  to  |)repare  for  divine  service, 
and  for  partaking  of  li'ly  things.    Ex.xix. 

4.  To  separate,  ordain  and  a|)point  to  the 
work  of  redemption  and  the  government 
of  the  church.     John  x. 

To  cleanse  from  corruption ;  to  purify 
from  sin  ;  to  make  holy  by  detaching  the 
afiectioiis  from  the  world  and  its  defile- 
ments, and  e.xahing  them  to  a  supreme 
love  to  God. 

Sanctify  Ihcm  through  thy  truth  ;  thy  word 
is  truth.     John  xvii.     Eph.  v. 
0.  To  make  the  means  of  holiness;  to  ren- 
der productive  of  holiness  or  piety. 

Those  judsmenis  of  God  are  the  more  wel- 
come, as  a  means  which  his  mercy  halh  sanc- 
tified so  to  me,  as  to  make  me  repent  of  that 
unjust  act.  A'.  Charles. 

7.  To  make  free  from  guilt. 
That  holy  man,  amaz'd  at  what  he  saw, 
Made  baste  to  sanctify  the  bliss  by  law. 

Dryden. 

8.  To  .secure  from  violation. 
Truth  guards  the  poet,  sanctifies  the  line. 

Pope. 

To  sanctify  God,  to  praise  and  celebrate  him 
as  a  holy  being:  to  acknowledge  and 
honor  his  holy  majesty,  and  to  reverence 
his  chanicter  and  laws.     Is.  viii. 

God  sanctifies  himself  ki  his  name,  by  vindi- 
cating his  honor  from  the  rcjiroaches  of 
the  wicked,  and  manifcsling  his  glory. 
Ezek.  xx.wi. 

SANCTIFYING,  /);)»■,  Making  holy;  pu- 
riljiug  from  the  defilements  of  sin:  sepa- 
ratinir  to  a  holv  use. 


SAN 

2.  a.  Tending  to  sanctify;  adapted  to  in- 
crease holiness. 

SANtTIMO'NIOUS,  a.  [L.  sanctimonia, 
from  sanctus,  holy.] 

Saintly;  having  the  appearance  of  sanctity; 
as  a  sanctimonious  pretense.     L'Estrange. 

SANCTIMONIOUSLY,  adv.  With  sancti- 

SANCTIMO'NIOUSNESS,  n.  State  of  be- 
ing sunctitnoiiious ;  sanctity,  or  the  ap- 
pearance of  it ;  dcvoutness. 

SANCTIMONY,  n.  [L.  sanctimonia.]  Ho- 
liness; devoutness;  scrnpulous  austerity  ; 
sanctity,  or  the  appearance  of  it.  [Liltle 
used.]  Shak.     Raleifch 

SANCTION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  sanctio,  from 
sanctus,  holy,  solemn,  established.] 

1.  Ratification  ;  an  official  act  of  a  superior 
by  which  he  ratifies  and  gives  validity  to 
the  act  of  some  other  person  or  body.  A 
treaty  is  not  valid  without  the  sanction  of 
the  president  and  senate. 

2.  Authority ;  confirmation  derived  from 
testimony,  character,  influence  or  custom. 

The  stiictcst  professors  of  reason  have  added 
the  sanction  of  their  testimony.  IValts. 

3.  A  law  or  decree.     [Improper.]       Denham. 
SANCTION,  V.  t.  To   ratify  ;  to  confirm  ; 

to  give  validity  or  authority  to.         Burke. 

SANCTIONED,  ;)p.  Ratified;  confirmed; 
authorized. 

SANCTIONING,  ppr.  Ratifying ;  author- 
izing. 

SANCTITUDE,  n.  [h.  sanctus,  sanctitudo.] 
Holiness;  sacredness.  Milton. 

SAN€'TITY,  n.  [L.  sanclitas.]  Holiness; 
state  of  being  sacred  or  holy.  Gnd  at- 
tributes no  sanctity  to  place.  Milton. 

2.  Goodness;  purity;  godliness;  as  the 
sanctity  of  love  ;  sanctity  of  manners. 

Shak.     Addison 

3.  Sacredness ;  solemnity ;  as  the  sanctity 
of  an  oath. 

4.  A  saint  or  holy  being. 

About  him  alltlie  sanctities  of  heav'n — 
{rniisval]  Milton 

SANC'TUARIZE,   i'.   t.    [from  sanctuary. 
To  shelter  by  means  of  a  sanctuary  or  sa- 
cred privileges.  \ji  bad  word  and  not  used.] 

Sliak. 
SANCTUARY,  n.  (Fr.  sancluaire  ;  It.  Sp. 
saritiKirio ;   L.  sanctuarium,  from  sanctus, 
sacred.] 

1.  A  sacred  place  ;  particularly  among  the 
Israelites,  the  most  retired  part  of  the 
temple  at  Jerusalem,  calleil  the  Holy  of 
Holies,  in  which  was  kept  the  ark  of  the 
covenant,  and  into  which  no  person  was 
permitted  to  enter  except  the  high  priest, 
and  tliat  only  once  a  year  to  intercede  for 
the  people.  The  same  name  was  given 
to  the  most  sacred  part  of  the  tabernacle. 
Lev.  iv.     Heb.  ix. 

2.  The  temple  at  .Jerusalem.     2  Chron.  xx. 

3.  A  house  consecrated   to  the  worship  of 
Gnd  ;  a  place  where  divine  service  is  per 
formed.     Ps.  Ixxiii. 

Hence  sanctuary  is  used  for  a  church. 

4.  In  catholic  churches,  that  part  of  a  church 
where  the  altar  is  placed,  encompassed 
with  a  ballnstrade.  Encyc. 

5.  A  place  of  protection  ;  a  sacred  asylum, 
Hence  a  sanctuary-maji  is  one  that  resorts 
to  a  sanctuary  for  protection. 

Bacon.    Shak 

6.  Shelter;  protection. 

Vol.  11. 


SAN 

Some  relics  of  painting  took  sanctuary  under 
ground.  Dryden 

SAND,   n.    [Sax.   G.   Sw.   Dan.  sand;    D 
Zand.] 

1.  Any  mass  or  collection  of  fine  particles 
of  stone,  particularly  of  fine  particles  of 
silicious  stone,  but  not  strictly  reduced  to 
powder  or  dust. 

That  finer  matter  called  sarul,  is  no  other 
than  very  small  pebbles.  IVoodward. 

2.  Sands,  in  the  plural,  tracts  of  land  con- 
sisting of  sand,  like  the  ileserts  of  Arabia 
and  Africa  ;  as  tlie  Lybian  sands.     Milton. 

SAND,  V.  t.  To  sprinkle  willi  sand.  It  is 
customary  among  the  conjmon  people  in 
Aiiierica,'to  sand  their  floors  with  white 
sand. 

2.  To  drive  upon  the  sand.  Burton. 

SAN'DAL,  n.  [Fr.  sandale ;  It.  sandalo  , 
Sp.  sandalia  ;  L.  sandalium  ;  Gr.  cavba- 
%iov.  Qu.  Syr.  j.^]  san,  to  shoe.  Class 
Sn.  No.  9.]  '^ 

1.  A  kind  of" shoe,  consisting  of  a  sole  fas- 
tened to  the  foot.  The  Greek  and  Ro- 
man ladies  wore  sandals  made  of  a  ricli 
stuff,  ornamented  with  gold  or  silver. 

Pope.     Encyc. 

2.  A  shoe  or  slipper  worn  by  the  pope  and 
otiicr  Romish  prelates  when  they  offi- 
ciate. A  like  sandal  is  worn  by  several 
congregations  of  monks.  Encyc. 

SAN'ioAL,  )  5 

SAN'DAL-WQOD,    [    n.    [Ar.      ULa>^; 
SAN'DERS,  i  ^, 

O     J    O  J 

Pcrs.     J^.\;.=.    jondul.] 

A  kind  of  wood  which  grows  in  the  East  In- 
dies and  on  some  of  the  isles  of  the  Pa 
cific.  It  is  of  three  kinds,  the  white,  the 
yellow,  and  the  red.  The  tree  which 
(aodiices  the  two  former  is  of  the  genus 
Santalum.  It  grows  to  the  size  of  a  wal- 
nut tree.  Its  wood  has  a  bitter  taste  and 
an  aromatic  smell.  The  oriental  nations 
burn  it  in  tijcir  houses  for  the  sake  of  its 
tnigraiit  odor,  and  with  the  powder  of  it  a 
paste  is  prepared,  with  which  they  anoint 
their  biddies.  Tlii'  white  and  the  yellow 
sandal-wood  are  different  parts  of  the 
same  tree  ;  the  while  is  the  wood  next  to 
the  bark  ;  the  yellow  is  the  inner  part  of 
the  tree.  The  red  sandal-wood  isi>btaiii- 
ed  liiiiii  a  difleient  tree,  the  Ptemcarpu.t 
santolitius.  It  is  of  a  dull  red  color,  has 
little  taste  or  smell,  and  is  principally  used 
as  a  coloring  drug.  Encyc.     Parr. 

SAN'DARA€,     f        ,. 

SAN'DARA€H,  ^  "•    ^^' 

sandros.] 


sandaraca ;     Ar 


1  4^  A't 


U~5J 

A  resin  in  white  tears,  more  transparent 
than  those  of  mastic  ;  obtained  from  the 
juniper  tree,  in  which  it  occupies  the 
place  between  the  bark  and  the  unod.  It 
is  used  in  powder  to  prevent  ink  from 
.sinking  or  s|jieadiiig.  This  is  the  sub 
stance  denoted  by  the  Arabic  word,  and 
it  is  also  called  rarnish,  as  it  enters  into 
the  preparations  of  varnish.  For  distinc 
tion,  this  is  called  gum  sandarac  or  sanda- 
ric.  Fourcroy. 

The  sanilaiach  is  obtained  from  tli 
TIntya  artirvlnta.  (Thomson  ;)  from  the  Ju 
7iiperus  cedrus,  {Parr  ) 

63 


SAN 

2.  A  native  fossil ;  also,  a  combination  ol' 

arsenic  and  sulphur;  orpiineiit. 

J^lcholson.     Encyc. 
SAND'-BAG,  n.  A   bag   filled  with   sand; 

used  in  fortification. 
SAND'-BATH,  7i.  A  bath  made  by  warm 

sand,  with  wliicli  sometliing  is  enveloped. 
SAND'-BLIND,     a.    Having    a   defect    of 

sight,  by  means  of  which  small  particles 

appear  to  fly  before  the  eyes.  Shak. 

SAND'-BOXJ  n.  A  box  with  a  perforated 

top  or   cover,  for  sprinkling  paper  with 

sand. 
2.  A  tree  or  plant  of  the  genus  Hiira.     It  is 

said  that   the   pericarp  of  the  fruit   will 

I     burst  in  the  heat  of  the  day  with  a   h'ud 

I     report,  and  throw  the  seeds  to  a  distance. 

Fam.  of  Plants.     Miller. 

SAND'ED,  pp.  Sprinkled  with  sand  ;  as  a 

sanded  floor. 

2.  a.  Covered  with  sand  ;  barren. 

Mortimer. 

3.  Marked  with  small  spots ;  variegated 
with  spots  ;  speckled  ;  of  a  sandy  color, 
as  a  hound.  Shak. 

'A.  Short  sighted.  Shak. 

SAND'-EEL,  Ji.  Theammodyte,  a  fish  that 
resembles  an  eel.  It  seldom  exceeds  a 
foot  ill  length ;  its  head  is  compressed, 
the  upper  jaw  larger  than  the  under  one, 
the  body  cylindrical,  with  scales  hardly 
perceptible.  There  is  one  species  oulj,  a 
native  of  Europe.  It  cods  with  its  head 
in  the  center,  and  penetrates  into  the 
sand  ;  whence  its  name  in  Greek  and  Eng- 
lish.    It  is  delicate  food.  Encyc. 

SAND'ERLING,  n.  A  bird  of  the  plover 
kind.  Carew. 

SANDERS.  [See  Sandal.] 

SAN'DEVER,/        [Fr.   sain   de    verve,    ox 

iSAN'DIVER,  ^  "'  saint  de  rerre,  dross  or 
recrement  of  glass.] 

Glass-gall  ;  a  whitish  salt  which  is  cast  up 
from  the  materials  of  glass  in  fusion,  and 
floating  on  the  top,  is  skimmed  off.  A 
similar  substance  is  thrown  out  in  erup- 
tions of  volcanoes.  It  is  used  by  gilders 
of  iron,  and  in  the  fusion  of  certain  ores. 
It  is  said  to  be  good  for  cleansing  the 
skin,  and  taken  internally,  is  detergent. 

Encyc. 

SAND'-FLOOD,  n.  A  vast  body  of  sand 
moving  or  borne  along  the  deserts  of  .Ara- 
bia. Bruce. 

SAND -HEAT,  n.  The  heat  of  warm  sand 
in  chimical  operations. 

SAND'INESS,  n.  [(rom  sandy.]  The  state 
(if  being  sandy  ;  as  the  sandiness  of  a  road. 

2.  The  state  of  being  of  a  sandy  color. 

SAND'ISH,  a.  [from  sand.]  Approaching 
the  nature  of  sand  ;  loose;  not  compact. 

Evelyn. 

SAND'IX,  n.  A  kind  of  minium  or  red  had, 
made  of  ceruse,  but  inferior  to  the  true 
niiiiiuin.  Encyc. 

SAND  PIPER,  n.  A  bird  of  the  geiius 
Tringa. 

SAND'STONE,  n.  [sand  anA  stone.]  Sand- 
stone is,  in  most  cases,  composed  chiefly 
of  grains  of  quartz  united  by  a  cement, 
calcarious,  marly,  argillaceous,  or  even 
silicious.  The  texture  of  sonic  kintis  is 
loose,  of  (libel's  close ;  tlie  fracture  is 
granular  orcarthy.  Cleaveland. 

Sandstones  usually  consist  of  the  niate- 

1    rials  of  older  rocks,  as  granite,  broken  up 


SAN 


SAP 


SAP 


and  comminuted,  and  afterwards  deposit 
ed  aiiaiii.  D.  Olmsted. 

SAND-WORT,  n.  A  plant. 

SAND'V,  a.  [Sax.  sanUig.]  Abounding  with 
sand;  full  of  sand  ;  covered  or  sprinkled 
with  sand  ;  as  a  sandy  desert  or  plain ;  a 
sandy  mad  or  soil. 

2.  Consistinir  of  sand  ;  not  firm  or  solid  ;  as 
a  sandy  foundation. 

3.  Of  the  color  of  sand  ;  of  a  yellowish  red 
color;  as  sandy  hair. 

SANE,  a.  [L.  sanus,  Eng.  sound;  D.gtzond; 
G.  gesund.  This  is  the  Eiig.  sound,  Sax. 
sund.     See  Sound.] 

1.  Sound  ;  not  disordered  or  shattered ; 
healthy  ;  as  a  sane  body. 

9.  Sound;  not  disordered  ;  having  the  regu- 
larexercise  of  reason  and  other  facidtiesof 
the  mind  ;  as  a  sane  person  ;  a  person  of  a 
sane  mind. 

SANG,  pret.  of  sing. 

SANG  FROID,  n.  [Fr.  cold  blood.]  Cool- 
ness ;  freedom  from  agitation  or  excite- 
ment of  mind. 

2.  Indifference. 

SAN'(iIA€,  n.  A  Turkish  governor  of  a 
province. 

SANGUJF'EROUS,  a.  [h.  sangiiifer  ;  san- 
guis, blood,  and fero,  to  carry.] 

Conveying  blood.  The  sanguiferous  vesseks 
are  the  arteries  and  veins. 

SANGUIFI€A'T10N,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  san- 
guis, blood,  ami  facio,  to  make.] 

In  the  animal  economy,  the  production  of 
blood  ;  the  conversion  of  chyle  into  blood. 

Jlrbuthnot. 

SAN'GUIFIER,  n.  A  producer  of  blood. 

Ftoyer. 

SANGUIF'LUOUS,  a.  [L.  sanguis,  blooil, 
and  Jluo,  to  flow.]  Floating  or  running 
with  blood. 

SAN'GUIFY,  v.i.  To  produce  blood.  Hale. 

SAN'GUIFVING,  pjir.  Producing  blood. 

SAN'GUINARY,  a.  [Fr.  sntiguinaire ;  L. 
sanguinarius,  from  sanguis,  blood.] 

1.  Bloody ;  attended  with  much  bloodshed  ; 
murderous  ;  as  a  sanguinary  war,  contest 
or  battle. 

2.  Blood  thirsty  ;  cruel ;  eager  to  shed  blood. 

Passion — makes  us  brutal  and  sang^iinary. 

Broome 
SAN'GUINARY,  n.  A  plant.        Ainsworth 
SAN'GUINE,  ?        [Fr.   sanguin; 
SAN'GUIN,     \  "'  guineas,    from 
blood.] 

1.  Red;  having  the  color  of  blood  ;  as  a  san- 
guine color  or  countenance. 

Dryden.     Milton 

2.  Abounding  with  blood  ;  plethoric  ;  as  a 
sanguine  h.ibit  of  body. 

•3.  Warm  ;  ardent;  as  a  sanguine  temper. 

4.  Confident.  He  is  sanguine  in  his  expect- 
atiiins  of  success. 

SAN'GUINE,  n.  Blood  color.  [JVotinuse.] 

Spenser. 
SAN'GUINE,  t'.   t.    To   staia   with    bloo.l. 

[But  ensanguine  is  generally  uj^ed.] 
2.  To  stain  or  varnish  with  a  blood  color. 
SAN'GUINELES!^,  a.  Destitute  of  blood: 

pale.     [A  bad  word  and  tittle  used.] 
SAN'GUINELY,  adv.  Ardently;  with  con 

fiilence  of  success.  Chesterfield. 

PAN'GUINF.NESS,  n.  Redness;    color  of 

blood    III   tho   skin ;    as   sanguineness  of 

countenance. 


L.  sail- 
sanguis. 


2.  Fullness  of  blood;  plethory ;  assanguine- 

ness  of  habit. 
'■i.  Ardor;  heal  of  temper;  confidence. 

Decay  of  Piety. 
SANGUIN'EOUS,      a.      [L.    sanguineus.] 

1.  Abounding  with  blood  ;  plethoric. 

Arbulhnot. 

2.  Constituting  blood.  Brown. 
SANGUIN'ITY,  for  sanguineness,  is  nut  in 

use.  Swift. 

SAN'OUISUoE,  n.  [L.  sanguisuga;  san- 
liuis,  blood,  and  sugo,  to  suck.] 

The  blood-sucker  ;  a  leech,  or  horse  leech. 

Encyc. 

SAN'HEDRIM,  n.  [Low  L.  synedriu'm ; 
Gr.  rtmibfiiov;  aw,  with,  together,  and  cAjJa, 
seat.] 

The  great  council  of  seventy  elders  among 
the  Jews,  whose  jurisdiction  extended  to 
all  important  affairs.  They  received  ap- 
peals from  inferior  tribunals,  and  had 
power  of  life  and  death.  Encyc. 

SAN'IeLE,  n.  [from  L.  sano,  to  heal.] 
Self-heal,  a  plant  or  genus  of  plants,  the 
Sanicula  ;  also,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Sax- 
ifraga.  The  American  bastard  sanicle  is 
of  tlie  genus  Mitella,  and  the  iear's  ear 
sanicle  of  the  genus  Cortusa. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 

SANID'lUM,  n.  A  genus  of  fossils  of  the 
class  of  selenites,  composed  of  plain  flat 
plates  Encyc. 

SA'NIES,  n.  [L.]  A  thin  acrid  discharge 
from  wounds  or  sores ;  a  serous  matter, 
less  thick  and  white  than  pus. 

Coj-e.     Encyc. 

SA'NIOUS,  a.  [from  sanies.]  Pertaining 
to  sanies,  or  partaking  of  its  nature  and 
appearance;  thin;  serous;  as  the  sanions 
matter  of  an  ulcer. 

2.  Running  a  thin  serous  matter;  iis  a  sani- 
ous  nicer.  ffiseman. 

SAN'ITY,  n.  [L.  sanilas.  See  Sane.] 
Soundness;  particularly,  a  sound  state  of 
mi"d  ;  the  state  of  a  mind  in  the  perfect 
exercise  of  reason.  Shuk. 

SANK,  pret.  oi'sink,  but  nearly  obsolete. 

SAN'NAH,  n.  The  name  of  certain  kinds 
of  India  muslins. 

SANS,  prep.   [Fr.]  Without.  Shak. 

SAN'SCRIT,  n.  [According  to  H.  T.  Cole- 
brooke,  Sanscrit  signifies  the  polished 
dialect.  It  is  sometimes  written  .Shanscrit, 
and  in  other  ways.     Asiat.  Res.  7,200.] 

The  ancient  language  of  llindoostan,  from 
which  are  formed  all  the  modern  lan- 
guages or  dialects  of  the  great  peninsula 
of  India.  It  is  the  language  of  the  Bra 
mills,  and  in  this  are  written  the  ancient 
books  of  the  country  ;  hut  it  is  now  obso- 
lete. It  is  from  the  same  stuck  as  the 
ancient  Persic,  Greek  and  Latin,  and  all 
the  present  languages  of  Europe. 

SANTER.  [See  Saunter.] 

SANT'ON,  n.  A  Turkish  i>riest  ;  a  kind  of 
ilervis,  regarded  by  the  vulgar  as  a  saint. 

Herbert. 

SAP,  n.  [Sax.  Sffi/>;  D.  zap;  G.  saft ;  Sw 
snft.safvc;  \)ai\.  saft, save;  Fr.  sere  ;  Arm 
sabr ;  probably  from  softness  or  flow- 
ing. Qu.  Pera.    ^j  \    zabah,  a  flowing. 

1.  The  juice  of  plants  of  any  kind,  which 
flows  chiefly  between  the  wood  and  the 


bark.  From  the  sap  of  a  species  of  ma- 
ple, is  made  sugar  of  a  good  quality  by 
evaporation. 

2.  The  alburnum  of  a  tree  ;  the  exterior 
part  of  the  wood,  next  to  the  bark.  [A 
sense  in  general  use  in  J^ew  England.] 

SAP,  V.  t.  [Fr.  saper ;  It.  zappare ;  Arm. 
sappa  ;  It.  zappa,  a  spade  ;  zappone,  a  mat- 
toe.  The  primary  sense  is  probably  to  dig 
or  to  thrust.] 

1.  To  undertnine  ;  to  subvert  by  digging  or 
wearing  away  ;  to  mine. 

Iheir  dwellings  were  sapp'd  by  floods. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  undermine  ;  to  subvert  by  removing 
the  foundation  of  Discontent  saps  the 
foundation  of  happiness.  Intrigue  and 
corruption  sap  the  constitution  of  a  free 
government. 

SA  P,  V.  i.  To  proceed  by  mining,  or  by  s«- 
cretly  undermining. 

Both  assaults  are  carried  on  by  sapping. 

Tatter 

SAP,  n.  In  sieges,  a  trench  for  undermin- 
ing ;  or  an  approach  made  to  a  fortified 
place  by  digging  or  under  cover.  The 
single  sap  has  only  a  single  parapet ;  the 
double  has  one  on  each  side,  and  the -fly- 
ing is  made  with  gabions,  &c.  In  all  saps, 
traverses  are  left  to  cover  the  men. 

Encyc. 

SAP'AJO,  n.  The  sapajos  form  a  division 
of  the  genus  Simla,  including  such  of  the 
monkeys  of  America  as  have  prehetisile 
tails.  Encyc. 

,SAP'-€OLOR,  n.  An  expressed  vegetable 
juice  inspissated  by  slow  evaporation,  for 

'     the  use  of  painters,  as  sap-green,  &c. 

1^  Parke. 

SAP'ID,  a.  [L.  sapidus,  from  sapio,  to 
taste.] 

Tasteful  ;  tastable  ;  having  the  power  of  af- 
fecting the  organs  of  taste  ;  as  sapid  wa- 
ter. Brawn.     Arbutknot. 

SAPID'ITY,      I       Taste  ;  tastefulness ;  sa- 

SAP'IDNESS,  ^  "•  vor;  the   quality   of  af- 

i  fecting  the  organs  of  taste  ;  as  the  sapid- 
ncss  of  water  or  fruit.  Boyle. 

SA'PIENCE,    n.    [Fr.   from     L.  sapientia, 

I     from  sapio.  to  taste,  to  know.] 

Wisdom,  sageness  ;  knowledge. 
—  Still  ha-:  ijratitiide  and  sapience 
To  spare  tlie  folks  tiiat  give  him  ha'  pence. 

Swift. 

S.\'PIENT,  a.  Wise  ;  sage  ;  discerning. 
There  the  sa2iient  king  held  dalliance. 

Milton. 

SAPIEN'TIAL.    a.    Affording  wisdom    or 

instructions  for  vvisdoiu.    |  Aci(  vnirh  used.] 

Bp.  Richardson. 

!SAP'LESS,  a.  [IVom  .sao.]  Destitute  of  sap; 
as  a  sapless  tree  or  branch. 

Swift.     Shak. 

2.  Dry;  old;  husky;  as  a  sapless  usurer. 

I  Dryden. 

SAP'LING,  n.  [from  sa;?.]  A  young  tree. 
Nurse  the  .'iaplin^s  tall.  Milton. 

SAPONA'CEOUS.  a.  [from  L.  sapo,  .soap.] 
Soa|>y  ;  rcsrmbling  soap;  having  the  qual- 
ities of  soap.  Saponaceous  bodies  are  of- 
ten foiiiied  by  oil  and  alkali. 

,SAP'ONARV,"n.  Saponaceous. 

jSAPONIFlCA'TION,    n.    Conversion  into 

1     soap. 

jSAPON'IFY,  V.  t.  [L.  sapo,  soap,  and  facia, 

I     to  make.] 


S  A  R 


S  A  R 


S  A  R 


To  convert  into  soap  by  combination  with 

nn  alkali.  Ure. 

SAP'ONULE,  n.  A  combination  of  volatile 

or  essential  oil  with  some  base. 
SA'POR,  n.  [L.]  Taste  ;  savor  ;  relish;  the 
power  of  affecting  the  organs  of  taste. 
'I'lieie  is  some  sap</r  in  all  alimeuW. 

Brown. 

SAPORIF'IC,  a.  [Fr.  saporifique ;  from  L. 
aapnr  and/acto,  to  make.] 

Having  the  power  to  produce  taste  ;  prortu- 
cin"  taste.  Bailey.     Johnson. 

SAPOROS'ITY,  n.  The  quality  of  a  body 
by  which  it  excites  the  sensation  of  taste. 

SA'POROUS,  a.  Having  taste;  yiel.ling 
some  kind  of  taste.  Bailey. 

SAPO'TA,  ».  In  botany,  a  tree  or  plant  of 
the  genus  Achras. 

SAPPADIL'LO  TREE,  >       A  tree  of  tlie 

SAPADIL'LO-TREK,     S      genus  Sloanea 
Fatn.  of  Plants.     Lee 

SAP'PARE,  n.  A  mineral  or  species  oil 
earth,  the  kyanite ;  called  by  HaOy,  dis- 
thene.  Ure. 

SAP'PED,  pp.  Undermined  ;  subverted. 

SAP' PER,  Ji.  One  wlio  sai)s.  In  an  army 
sappers  and  minors  are  employed  in  work- 
ing at  saps,  to  protect  soldiers  in  their  ap- 
proach to  a  besieged  place,  or  to  under- 
mine the  works. 

SAPPHIC,  o.  snfic.  Pertaining  to  Sappho, 
a  Grecian  poetess ;  as  Sapphic  odes  ;  Sap- 
phic verse.  The  Sapphic  verse  consists 
of  eleven  syllables  in  live  feet,  of  which 
the  first,  fourth  and  fifth  are  trochees,  the 
second  a  spondee,  and  the  third  a  dactyl 
in  the  first  three  lines  of  each  stanza,  with 
a  fourth  consisting  only  of  a  dactyl  and  a 
spondee. 

SAP'PHIRE,  n.  [L.  sapphirus  ;  Gr.  aartfet- 


scornfully  severe  ; 


pos ;  from  the  Ar. 


safara,  to  scrape. 


to  shine,  to  be  fair,  open,  beautiful  ;  Ch. 
Syr.  Sam.  to  scrape,  to  shave.] 
A  species  of  silicious  gems  or  minerals,  of 
several  varieties.  In  hardness  it  is  infcri 
or  to  the  diamond  only.  Its  colors  are 
blue,  red,  violet,  yellow,  green,  white,  or 
limpid,  and  one  variety  is  chatoyant,  and 
another  asteriated  or  radiated. 

C'leavdand. 
Sapphire  is  a  subspecies  of  rhomboidal 
corundum.  Ure.     Jameson. 

The  oriental   ruby  and  topaz  are  sap- 
phires. Ure.'i 
Sapphire   is   employed   in  jewelry  and 
the  arts.  I 
.SAP'PllIRINE,   a.    Resembling   sappliire;; 
made  of  sapphire;  Iraving  the  qualities  of 
sapphire.                                                Boyle. 
SAP'PINESS,  n.  [from  sappy.]    The  state 
or  quality  of  being  full  of  sap ;  succulence  ; 
juiciness. 
SAP'PY,  a.  [Sax.  S(i:pig.]    Abounding  with 
sap  ;  juicy  ;  succulent.                   Mortimer. 

2.  Young  ;  not  firm  ;  weak. 

Wlicn  he  had  passed  this  weak  and  sappy 
age —  Hayward. 

3.  Weak  in  intellect.  | 
SAP'PY,     a.    [Qu.   Gr.   arjnu,   to  putrefy.]: 

Mnstv  ;  iainted.     [.\'otin  use.] 
SAR'ABAND,  n.  [Sp.  znrahanda  ;  Port.  It. 

snrnbanda  ;  Fr.  sarabande.] 
A  dance  and  a  tune  used  in  Spain,  said  to 

be  derived  from  the  Sarai'ens. 

Sp.  Did.    Encyc. 


SARACEN'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Sara-iSARCOPH'AcY,  n.  [supra.]  The  practicL 

"      j     of  eating  flesh.  Broiim. 

SAR€OT'l€,  o.  [Gr.  aap?,   flesh.)    In  sur- 
j     l^ery,  producing  or  generating  tiesh. 
|SAR€OT'l€,  JI.  A  medicnie  or  application 
which  promotes  the  growth  of  flesh  ;  an 
I     incarnative.  C'oie. 

S'ARI)A€HATE,  n.  The  clouded  and  spot- 
ted agate,  of  a  pale  flesh  color. 
S'ARDAN,  71.  A  fish  resembling  the   her- 
ring. Did.  .Vat.  Hist. 
S\\RDE,       ?  ^    A   mineral,    a    variety    of 
S'AKDOIN,^    ■  carnelian,    which  displays 
on  its  surface   a   rich  reddish   brown,  hut 
when  held  between  the  eye  and  the  light, 
appears  of  a  deep  blood  red.  Ure. 
SWRDEL,    i       [L.   sardius;    Gr.   aofBiop; 
S'ARUINE,  >  n.  from  Sardis,  in  Asia  Minor, 
iS'ARDIUS,  )       now    Sart.]       A    precious 
!     stone.     One  of  this  kind  wasset  in  Aaron's 
breastplate.     Ex.  xxviii. 

S.^RDO'NI.AN,  )       Sardonian   or  sardonic 
SARUON'l€,     S       laughter,  a   cnvni^ive 
involuntary  laughter,  so  called  from    the 
herba  sardonia,  a  species  of  ranunculus, 
which  is  said  to  produce  such  convulsive 
I     motions  in  the  cheeks  and  lips  as  are  ob- 
.served  during  a  fit  of  lauglilcr.         Encyc. 
SARDON'Ie,  a.  Denoting  a  kind  of  linen 
made  at  Colchis.  Bryant. 

S'ARDONYX,  Ji.  [\i.  sardonychts,  frmnGr. 
.     oa|)6o>v|,  from  Sardis,  a  city'of  Asia  Minor, 
and  oit|,  a  nail;  so  named,  according  to 
Pliny,  from  the  resemblance  of  its  color  to 
!     the  flesh  under  the  nail.     Plin.  Lib.  37.  6.] 
A  silicious  stone  or    gem,    nearly   allied  to 
1     carnelian.     Its  color  is  a  reddish  yellow, 
I     or  nearly  orange.     We  are  informed  that 
I     the  yellow  or  orange  colored  agate,  with 
I     an  undulating  surface,  is  now  olten  called 
sanlony.v.  Encyc.     Ckavtland. 

S' ARGUS,  n.  A  fish  of  ihcMcditpnancan, 
whose  bod}'  is  vaiiegated  with  brown 
transverse  rings,  resembling  the  variega- 
tions of  the  percli.  This  is  also  a  naiiip  of 
the  gardon.  Diet. 

S'ARK,  ?i.  [Sax.  si/rc]  In  Scotland, a  shirt. 
i2.  A  shark.     [Xol  used.] 
S'ARL.\C,  n.  The  grunting  ox  of  Tartary. 
iSARMA'TIAN,  /      Pertaininff  to  Sarmatia 
iSARMAT'Ie,     S      ""'I  its  inhabitants,  the 

ancestorsof  the  Russians  and  Poles. 
SARiMENT'OUS,  a.   [L.  sanncnlosus,  from 

sarmentum,  a  twig.] 

\  sarmentous  stem,  in  botany,  is  one  lliat  is 

filiform  and  almost  naked,  or  having  only 

leaves  in  bunches  at   the  joints  or  knots, 

«  here  it  strikes  root.  Marlyn. 

SARON'IC,  a.  Denoting  a  gulf  of  Greece 

between  Attica  and  Sparta.         D\'lnviUe. 

IS'ARPLAR,  71.  A  sarjilar  of  wool  is  a  sack 

j     containing  80  tod  ;    a  tod   contains  two 

I     stone  of  14  pounds  each.  Encyc. 

SARPLIER,    n.    [Fr.  serpillihe.]    Canvas, 

i     or  a  packing  cloth.  Bailey. 

SAR'ASIN,        t  ^^    A  plant,  a  kind  of  birth 

^    ■  wort. 


cens,   inhabitants   of    Arabia  ;    so   called 
from  sara,  a  desert. 

'i.  Denoting  the  architecture  of  the  Sara- 
cens, the  modern  Gothic.  Johnson. 

SAR'AGtJY,  n.  The  opossutn  of  the  Mo- 
lucca isles. 

S'.'VRCASM,  7!.  [L.  sarcasmus ;  Gr.  aapxat- 
jioi,  from  ffttpxa^'u,  to  deride  or  sneer  at, 
primarily  to  llay  or  phick  olf  the  skin.] 

A  keen  reproachful  expression  ;  a  satirical 
remark  or  expression,  uttered  with  some 
degree  of  scorn  or  contempt ;  a  taunt ;  a 
gibe.  Of  this  wo  have  an  example  in  the 
remark  of  the  Jews  respei-ting  Christ,  on 
the  cross,  '•  He  saved  others,  himself  he 
cannot  save 

SAR€AS'Tle,         X        Bitterly    satirical  ; 

SARCAS'TICAL,  S   "'  sci      " 
taunting 

What  a  fierce  anil  sarcastic  reprehension 
would  this  h'ive  drawn  from  the  friendship  ol 
the  world  !  South 

SARCAS'TICALLY,  adv.  In  a  sarcastic 
manner  ;  with  scornful  satire.  South 

S'ARCF^NET,  7i.  [(in.  saracenicum  or  Sar- 
acen, silk.]  A  species  of  fine  thin  woven 
silk.  Dryden. 

S>AR€OCELE,  n.  [Gr.  uap?,  flesh,  and  xtjXt;, 
tumor.] 

A  spurious  rupture  or  hernia,  in  which  the 
testicle  is  swelleil  or  indurated,  like  a 
scirrhus,  or  enlarged  by  a  fleshy  excres- 
cence much  beyond  its  natural  size. 

Encyc. 

S'ARCOCOL,         I      [Gr.   compounded  of 

S^ARCOeOL'LA,  ^  "'oapl,  flesh,  and  xowa, 
glue.] 

A  semi-transparent  solid  substance,  import- 
ed from  Arabia  and  Persia  in  grains  of  a 
light  yellow  or  red  color.  It  is  sometimes 
called  a  gum  rosin,  as  it  partakes  of  the 
qualitiesof  boih  gum  and  resin.  It  has  its 
name  from  its  use  in  healing  wounds  and 
ulcers.  Encyc. 

SAReOLITE,  71.  [flesh-stone.]  A  siib- 
stance  of  a  vilieons  nature,  and  of  a  rose 
flesh  color,  fonnd  near  Vesuvius.  The 
French  call  it  hydrolite,  water  stone. 

Did.  JVal.  Hist. 
Sarcolite  is  a  variety  of  analcime. 

Ure. 
a.    Pertaining  to  sar- 

[Gr.   (jopi,    flesh,  and 


SARCOLOG'ICAL 

oology. 
SARCOL'OtiY,    71 

xoyoj,  discourse.] 
Tliat  pait  of  anatomy   which  treats  of  the 

soft  parts  of  the  body,  as  the  muscles,  fat 

intestines,  vessels,  «tc.  Encyc 

SARCO'MA,  71.  [Gr.  from  sapl,  flesh.]  Any 

fleshy  excrescence  on  an  animal  boily. 

Encyc. 
SAR€OPH'AGOUS,  a.  [See  Sarcophagus.] 

Feeding  on  flesh;  flesh-eating.  Diet. 

SAR€OPH'AGUS.  ?j.  [L.  from  Gr.aopxo^a- 

yo;  ;  aap?,  flesh,  and  ^a-yu,  to  eat.] 
I.  .\  species  of  stone  used  among  the  Greek: 


vt 


Bailey. 
A  plant,  a  species 


f  Sniilax,  valued 


their  sculptures,   which   was  .so    called ^•'^•^^■'^''I'^E, 
because  it  consumed  the   flesh   of  liddiesj--  ^  Pcrtcullis  or  herse 
dejii'silod  in  it  within  a   few  weeks.     It  is  SWRSA, 
otherwise    callcrl   lapis  Assius,  and   saidi  S'.ARS.AP.^RIL'L.A 

to  be   found  at    Assos,   a  city   of  Lycia.ij     in  meilicine  for  its  mucilaginous  and  fari- 
Heiice,  I     naceous  or  demulcent  quahties.        Eneyc. 

.  A  stone  coflln  or  grave  in  which  the  an-  S'ARSE,  ti.  [Qn.  sarcenet,  or  Fr.  sas.]  A 
cients  ('eposited  bodies  which  they  choseij  fine  sieve  ;  usually  written  searce  or  iear«e, 
not  to  burn.  Encyc.n     [Lillle  used.] 


SAT 

SPARSE,   V.  t.    [from  the   noun.]    To   sift 

tlmiugli  a  sarse.     [Little  used.] 
S'ART,  n.  A  piece  of  woodland  turned  in- 
to arable.     [JVot  used  in  Jlmerica.] 

Bailey. 
SASH,    n.    [an   Arabic   word  signifying   a 

band/ 
I.  A  belt  worn  for  ornament.  Sashes  are 
worn  by  military  officers  as  badges  of 
distinction,  round  the  waist  or  over  the 
shoulders.  They  are  usually  of  silk,  va- 
riously made  and  ornamented. 
!J.  The  frame  of  a  window  in  which  the 
lights  or  panes  of  glass  are  set. 

She  ventures  now  to  lift  the  sash.         Swift. 
SASH'OON,  )i.  A  kind   of  lether  stuffing 
put  into  a  boot  for  the  wearer's  ease. 

Mnsworth 
SAS'SAFRAS,  n.  [L.  saxifraga  ;  saxum,  a 

stone,  andyj-ang'o,  to  break.] 
A  tree  of  the  genus  Laurus,  whose  bark  has 

an  aromatic  smell  and  taste. 

SASSE,  n.  [D.  sas.]  A  sluice,  canal  or  loci 

on  a  navigable  river;  a  word  found  in  old 

British  statutes.  Todd. 

SAS'SOLIN,      ?         Native    boracic    acid. 

SAS'SOLINE,  ^  "■    found  in  saline  incrus 

tations  on  the  borders  of  hot  springs  near 

Sasso,  in  the  territory  of  Florence. 

Klaproth.  Cyc. 
SAS'SOROL,  )  A  species  of  pigeon 
SASSOROL'LA,  <  "'  called  rock  pigeon. 

Diet.  ATat.  Hisl. 
SAS'TRA,  n.  Among  the  Hindoos,  a  sa- 
cred book  ;  a  book  containing  sacred  or 
dinances.  The  six  great  Sastras,  in  the 
opinion  of  the  Hindoos,  contain  all  knowl-l 
edge,  human  and  divine.  These  are  the 
Veda,  Upavcda,  Vedanga,  Purana,  Dlier- 
ma,  and  Dersana.  Asial.  Res. 

SAT,  pret.  of  sit. 

SA'TAN,  n.  [Heb.  an  adversary.]  The 
grand  adversary  of  man  ;  the  devil  or 
prince  of  darkness;  the  chief  of  the  fallei 
angels. 
SATAN'I€,  \  Having  the  qualities  of 
SATAN'ICAL,  \  "'  Satan  ;  resembling  Sa 
tan  ;  extremely  malicious  or  wicked  ;  dev 
ilish  ;  infernal. 

Detest   the   slander   which  with   a  satanic 
smile,  exults  over  the  character  it  has  ruined. 

Du'ight 
>^  \TAN'I€ALLY,  adr.    With  the   wicked 
and  malicious  spirit  of  Satan  ;  diabolical- 
ly. Hammond. 
S.VTANISM,  n.    The   evil   and    malicious 

disposition  of  Satan  ;  a  diabolical  spirit. 
- A'TANIST,    n.    A   very   wicked   person 

[Link  used.] 
•SATCH'EL,  n.  [See  SocftcM    A  little  sack 

or  bag. 
SATE,  V.  t.    [L.  salio  ;   It.  saziare  ;    Port. 
Sp.   saciar ;  Fr.  rassasier  ;    allied   to   set. 
The  primary  sense  is  to  stuff,  to  till,  from 
crowding,  driving.] 
To  satiate ;  to  satisfy  appetite  ;  to  glut  ;  to 
feed  beyond  natural  desire. 
While  the  vultures  sale 
Their  inaws  with  full  repast.  Philijts 

SA'TED,  pp.  Filled;  glutted;  satiated. 
SA'TELESS,  a.  Insatiable  ;  not  capable  of 

being  satisfied. 
SAT'ELLITE,  n.  [Vv.  h. satellite;  L.satel 

les.     Qu.  its  alliance  to  sit  or  side.] 
I.  A  secondary   planet   or   moon  ;  a   small|i 


S  A  T 

solar  system,  eighteen  satellites  have  been' 
discovered.  The  earth  has  one,  called  the 
moon,  Jupiter  four,  Saturn  seven,  and 
Herschel  six.  Morse. 

2.  A  follower ;  an  obsequious  attendant  or 
dependant.  i 

SATELLP'TIOUS,  a.  Consisting  of  satel- 
lites. Cheyne. 

SATIATE,  V.  t.  sa'shate.  [L.  satiatus,  from 
satio.     See  Sate.] 

1.  To  fill ;  to  satisfy  appetite  or  desire  ;  to 
feed  to  the  full,  or  to  furnish  enjoyment  to 
the  extent  of  desire  ;  as,  to  satiate  appe- 
tite or  sense. 

2.  To  fill  to  the  extent  of  want ;  as,  to  sa- 
tiate the  earth  or  plants  with  water. 

3.  To  glut ;  to  fill  beyond  natural  desire. 

He  mav  be  satiated,  but  not  satisfied. 

JVurris. 

4.  To  gratify  desire  to  the  utmost. 
1  may  yet  survive  the  malice  of  my  enemies 

althoui'h   they  should   be   satiated    with    my 
blood.  ^-  Charles 

5.  To  saturate.  [Now  unusual.  See  Satu- 
rate.] Newton. 

SATIATE,  a.    Filled  to  satiety;  glutted 

followed   by  ivith   or  of.     The  former  it 

most    common  ;    as  satiate    of  applause 

[Unusual.]  fope. 

SATIA'TION,  n.  The  state  of  being  filled. 

fVhitaker. 
SATI'ETY,  n.  [Fr.  satiele  ;  L.  satietas.  See 

Sate.] 
Properly,  fullness  of  gratififation,  either  of^ 
the  appetite  or  any  sensual  desire  :  but  it 
usually  implies  fullness  beyond  desire  ; 
an  excess  of  gratification  which  excites 
wearisomeness  or  lothing  ;  state  of  being 
glutted. 

In  all  pleasures  there  is  satiety.       Hakewill. 
— But  thy  words,  with  grace  divine 
InibuM,  bring  to  their  sweetness  no  satiety. 

Milton. 

SAT'IN,  n.  [Fr.  satin;  W.   sidan,  satin  or 

silk  ;  Sw.  siden  ;  Port.  Sp.  seda  ;  It.  seta  ; 


Gr.  L.aindon  ;  Ch.  Heb.pD  ;  Ar.  ^i^  j^^ 

of  a   thick, 


planet  revolving  round  another.     In  «he||     sa(i;is<  ofliis  time. 


A  species  of  glossy  silk   clotl 
close  texture. 

SATINET',  Ji.  A  thin  species  of  satin. 

2.  A  particular  kind  of  woolen  cloth. 

SAT'IN-FLOWER,  n.  A  plant  of  the  ge 
nus  Lunaria. 

SAT'IiN-SPAR,  71.  A  mineral,  fibrous  lime 
I     stone.  Ure. 

SATIRE,  ?i.  [Fr.  satire;  Sp.  L.  satira  ;  so 
named  from  sharpness,  pungency.  See 
Satyriasis.] 

A  discoui-se   or   poem  in  which   wicked- 
ness or  folly  is  exposed  with  severity.      It 
differs  liom  lampoon  and   pasquinade 
being  general  rather  than  personal. 

Johnson. 

2.  Severity  of  remark.  It  differs  from  sar- 
casm, in  not  expressing  contempt  or  scorn 

SATIR'IC,        /        [L.   satiiicus  ;  fr.  satir- 

SATIR'ICAL,  I  "•  ique.]  Belonging  to  sat- 
ire ;  conveying  satire  ;  as  a  satiric  style. 

2.  Censorious  ;  severe  in  language.     Jiacon 

SATIR'ICALLY,  adv.  With  severity  of  re- 
mark ;  with  invective  ;  with  intention  to 
censure. 

SATIRIST,  II.  One  who  writes  satire. 

Wycherly,    in   his   writings,   is  the  sharpi- 

tjranmlle. 


SAT 

SAT'IRIZE,  v.t.  [Fr.  satiriser.]  To  cen- 
sure with  keenness  or  severity. 

It  is  as  hard  to  satirize  well  a  man  of  distin- 
guished vices,  as  to  praise  well  a  man  of  distin- 
guished virtues.  Surifl. 

S.^T'IRIZED,  pp.  Severely  censured. 

S,\T'IRIZING,  ppr.  Censuring  with  sever- 

ty- 

SATISFACTION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  satis- 
factio  ;  It.  soddisfazione.     See  Satisfy.] 

1.  That  state  of  the  mind  which  results  from 
the  full  gratification  of  desire  ;  repose  of 
mind  or  contentment  with  present  pos- 
session and  enjoyment.  Sensual  pleasure 
affords  no  permanent  satisfaction. 

2.  The  act  of  pleasing  or  gratifying. 
The  mind  having  a  power  to  suspend  the  exe- 
cution and  satisfaction  of  its  desires —     Locke. 

3.  Repose  of  the  mind  on  the  certainty  ot 
any  thing ;  that  state  which  results  from 
relief  from  suspense,  doubt  or  uncertain- 
ty ;  conviction. 

What  satisfaction  can  you  have  ?  Sha!;. 

4.  Gratification  ;  that  which  pleases. 
Exchanging  solid  quiet  to  obtain 
The  windy  satisfaction  of  the  braiu. 

Dryden . 

5.  That  which  satisfies;  amends  ;  recom- 
pense ;  compensation  ;  indemnification  ; 
atonement.  Satisfaction  for  damages,  must 
be  an  equivalent;  but  satisfaction  in  many 
cases,  may  consist  in  concession  or  apolo- 
gy- 

(J.  Payment ;  discharge ;  as,  to  receive  a 
sum  in  full  satisfaction  of  a  debt ;  to  enter 
satisfaction  on  record. 

SATISFACTIVE,  o.  Giving  satisfaction. 
[Little  used  or  not  at  all.]  Brown. 

SATlSFA€TOKILY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to 
give  satisfaction  or  content. 

2.  In  a  manner  to  impress  conviction  or  be- 
lief    The  crime  was  satisfactorily  proved. 

SATISFAC'TORINESS,  ,1.  The  power  of 
satisfying  or  giving  content ;  as  the  satis- 
facloriness  of  pleasure  or  enjoyment. 

BoyU. 

SATlSFA€'TORY,  a.  [Fr.  satisfactoire ; 
S|i.  satisfactiirio.] 

1.  Giving  or  producing  satisfaction ;  yield- 
ing content ;  particularly,  relieving  the 
mind  from  doubt  or  uncertainty  and  en- 
abling it  to  rest  with  confidence  ;  as,  to 
give  a  satisfactory  account  of  any  remark- 
able transaction.  A  judge  seeks  for  satis- 
factory evidence  of  guilt  before  ho  con- 
demns. 
Making   amends,  indemnification  or  re- 


2. 

compense ;  causing  to  cease  from  claims 
and  to  rest  content :.  atoning;  as,  to  make 
satisfacto)^  compensation,  or  a  satisfactory 
apology  for  an  offense. 

— A  most  wise  and  sufficient  means  of  salva- 
tion by  the  satisfactory  and  meritorious  death 
and  obedience  of  the  incarnate  Son  of  God,  Je- 
sus (Jhrist.  Sanderson. 

SAT'ISFIED,  pp.  Having  the  desires  fully 
gratified;  made  content. 

SAT'ISl'IER,  n.  One  that  gives  satisfac- 
tion. 

S.VT'ISFY,  v.  t.  [h. satisfacio  ;  satis,  enough, 
and/«cio,  to  make  ;  b  r.  satisfaire  ;  It.  sod- 
disfare  ;  Sp.  satisfacer  ;  G.  salt,  U.  zat, 
Dan.  sat,  filled,  satisfied.] 

1.  To  gratily  wants,  wishes  or  desires  to  the 
full  extent ;  to  supjjly  pu.ssession  or  enjoy- 
ment till  no  more  is  desired.     The  de- 


SAT 

inands  of  hunger  may  be  easily  satisfied ; 
but  who  cat!  sidisfy  the  passion  for  money 
or  honor  ? 

2.  To  supply  fully  what  is  necessary  and 
deiiiaiiileil  hy  natural  laws  ;  as,  to  satisfy 
wilh  rain  the  desolate  and  waste  ground. 
Jol>  xxxviii. 

a  To  pay  to  content ;  to  recompense  or  in- 
demnify to  the  full  extent  of  clanns  ;  as, 
to  sa<u/V  demands.  ,    ,.   , 

He  is  well  paid,  that  is,  well  satisfied. ^^^^ 

4    To  appease  by  punishment ;  as,  to  satisfy 

riKor.  ■^^'"""• 

5.  To  free  from  doubt,  .suspense  or  unccr- 
tainty  ;  to  cause  the  mind  to  rest  in  confi- 
dence by  ascertainiuji  the  truth  ;  as,  to  «a<- 
ts/}/one'sself  by  inquiry.  .-.,<■ 

Q.  "To  convince.  A  jury  must  be  satisfied  of 
the  guilt  of  a  man,  before  they  can  justly 
condemn  him. 

The  stamling  evidences  of  the  tmtli  of  the 
gospel  are  in  themselves  most  firm,  solid  and 
satwfyiiig.  Mterburi/ 

7.  To  pay ;  to  discharge ;  as,  to  satisfy  an 
execution. 

Debts  due  to  the  United  States  are  to  be  hrst 
satisfied.  ^'r'- 

SATISFY,  V.  i.  To  give  content.  Earthly 
gooil  never  satisfies. 

2.  To  feed  or  su|iplv  to  the  full. 

3.  To  make  paytnunt.  [I5ut  the  uitransitive 
use  of  this  verb  is  generally  elliptical.] 

SAT'lSFVlNG, />/)r.  Giving  coiiKMit ;  fi'i-d- 
in"  or  supplying  to  the  full  extent  of  de- 
sire ;  convincing ;  paying. 

SA'TIVE,  a.  [L.  sativus,  from  sero,  .mtum. 
to  sow.]     Sown  in  gardens.  Evelyn. 

SAT'RAP,  n.  In  Persia,  an  admiral ;  more 
generally,  the  governor  of  a  province. 

Encyc. 

SAT'RAPAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  satrap  or 
a  sntnrpy.  Milford 

SAT'RAPESS,  n.  A  female  satrap. 

Mitford. 

SAT'RAPY,  n.  The  government  or  jnri.s 
diction  of  a  satrap.         DMnvilte.     Milton. 

SAT'IIR.\BLE,  a.  [See  Saturate.]  That 
niav  be  saturated  ;  capable  of  saturation. 

Greip. 

SAT'URANT,  a.  [L.  saturans.]  Saturating  ; 
iin|>rigii  iiing  to  thi^  full. 

SAT'URA.NT,  n.  In  medicine,  a  subs'tance 
which  neutralizes  the  acid  in  the  stom- 
ach ;  an  absorbent.  Coxe. 


S  A  U 


3. 


SAT'URATR,  v.  t.  [L.  saluro,  from  satur, 
filled  ;  satio,  to  feed  to  the  full.    SeeS«/c.] 

1.  To  impregnate  or  unite  with,  till  no  more 
can  be  received.  Thus  an  acid  saturates 
an  alkali,  and  an  alkali  saturates  an  acid, 
when  the  solvent  can  contain  no  more  ol 
the  dissolving  body. 

2.  To  supply  or  fill  to.fuUness.        Thomson. 
SAT'URATED.  pp.  Supplied  to  fullness. 
SAT'dR.VTlNG,  ppr.  Supplying  to  fullness 
SATURATION,  n.    In  a  general  .lense,  a 

filling  or  supply  to  fullness.  In  chimislry. 
the  union,  combination  or  impregnation 
of  one  body  with  another  by  natural  at- 
traction, affinity  or  mixture,  till  the  re- 
ceiving body  can  contain  no  more ;  or  so- 
lution contimied  till  the  solvent  can  con- 
tain no  more.  The  saturation  of  an  alkali 
by  an  acid,  is  by  affinity  ;  the  saturation 
of  water  by  salt,  is  by  solution. 


SAT'URDAY,  n.  [Sax.  Sakr-dceg;  D.  Satur- 

dag;  Saturn's  day.] 
The  last  (lay  of  the  week  ;  the  day  next  pre- 
ceding the  sabbath. 
SATIJ'RITY,  n.    [L.   saturitas.     See  Satu- 
rate. ] 
Fullness  of  supply  ;  the  state  of  being  satu- 
rated.    [Little  used.] 
SAT'URN,  n.  [L.  Saturnus.]   In  mythology, 
one  of  the  olitest  and  principal  deities,  the 
son    of  Co'lus   and   Terra,   (heaven  and 
earth,)  and  the  father  of  Jupiter.     He  an- 
swers to   the  Greek    Xpoioj,  Chronus   or 
Time. 

In  astronomy,  one  of  the  planets  of  the, 
solar  system,  less  in  magnitude  than  Ju- 
piter, but  more  remote  from  the  sini.  Its 
diameter  is  seventy  nine  thousand  miles, 
its  mean  distance  from  the  sun  sotnewhat 
more  than  nine  Inuidri'd  millions  of  miles, 
and  its  year,  or  perioilical  revolution  round 
the  suni  nearly  twenty  nine  years  and  a  half 
:3.  In  the  old  cinmistry,  an  appellation  given 

to  lead. 
4.  In  heraldry,  the  black  color  in  blazoning 

the  arms  of  sovereign  princes. 
SATURN  A' LI  AN,   a.   [from  L.  saturnalia, 

feasts  of  Saturn.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  festivals  celebrated  in 

honor   of  Saturn,  Dec   IC,   17  or    18,  in 

which  men   indulged  in  riot   without  re-| 

straint.     Hence,  1 

•>.   Loose  ;  dissolute  ;  sportive.  Burke.l 

SATURN'IAN,  a.  In  fabulous  history,  per-j 

taining    to   Saturn,    whose    age  or   reign, 

fnnn  the  miMness  and  wisdom  of  his  gov- 

einmerit,  is  called  the  g<dden  age;  hence, 

golden;  happy;  distinguished  for  purity, 

integrity  and  simplicity. 

Th'  Augustu.^,  born  to  bring  Saturnian  times. 

Pope. 
SAT'URNINE,  a.   [Fr.  saturnien,  from  L. 
S'lturnus.]  , 

1.  Supposed  to  be  under  the  influence  of 
Saturn.     Hence,  | 

'2.  Didl;  heavy  ;  grave;  not  readily  suscep-i 
tilile  of  excitement ;  phlegmatic ;  as  a  s«<ur-j 
nine  person  or  temper.  .iddison. 

AT'URNIST,  n.  A  person  of  a  dull,  grave, 
irloomy  temperament.  Browne. 

SirUliNITE,  n.  A  metallic  substance  of 
recent  discovery,  separated  fjom  lead  in 
torrefaction,  resend)ling  lead  in  its  color, 
weight,  solubility  in  acids,  &c.  but  nu)re  ' 
fusible  and  brittle ;  easily  scorifieil  and 
volatilized.  Kirwun.  JVichoLion.  Encyc, 
SA'TYR,  n.  [L.  salyrus  ;  Gr.  aarupoj,  a  mon-l 
key,  a  fawn.]  | 

In  mythology,  a  sylvan  deity  or  dcmi-god, 
represented  as  a  monster,  half  man  and 
half  goat,  having  horns  on  his  head,  a, 
hairy  body,  with  the  feet  and  tail  of  a 
goat.  Satyrs  are  usually  foun<l  in  the 
train  of  Bacchus,  and  have  been  distin- 
guished for  lasciviousness  and  riot.  They 
have  bi.'en  represented  as  remarkable  for 
their  piercing  eyes  and  keen  raillery. 

Encyc. 
JSATYRI'ASIS,  n.  [Gr.  oarvviasij.  We  ob- 
j  serve  in  this  word  a  cotmection  ivith  sat- 
j  tVe,in  the  sense  of  excitement,  pungency.] 
I  Immoderate  venereal  appetite.  Coxe. 

SATYR'ION,  n.  A  plant.  Pope. 

iS.AUCE,  II.  [Fr.  sauce  or  sausse,  from  L.  sal- 
sus,  salt,  from  sal;  Arm.  sous;   It.  Sp. 
;      m/so.] 


S  A  U 

1.  A  mixture  or  composition  to  be  eaten 
with  food  for  improving  its  relish. 

Hifrli  sauces  and  rich  spices  are  brought  Ironi 
die  Indies.  Baker. 

2.  In  New  England,  culinary  vegetables  and 
roots  eaten  with  flesh.  This  application 
of  the  word  falls  in  nearly  with  the  defi- 
nition. 

Roots,  herbs,  vine-fruits,  and  sallad-flowers — 
they  dish  up  various  ways,  and  find  tliem  very 
delicious  sauce  to  their  meats,  both  roasted  and 
boiled,  fresh  and  salt. 

Beverly,  Hist.  Virginia. 

Sauce  consisting  of  stewed  apples,  is  a  great 

article  in  some  parts  of  New  England  ;  but 

cranberries  make  the  most  delicious  sauce. 

To  serve  one  the  same  sauce,  is  to  retaliate  one 

injury  with  another.     [Vulgar.] 
SAUC.'H,    V.  t.    To    accompany    meat  with 

sometliing  to  give  it  a  higher  relish. 
2.  To  gratify  with  rich  tastes ;  as,  to  sauce 
the  palate.  Shak. 

To  intermix  or  accompany  with  any  thing 
good,  or  ironically,  with  any  thing  bad. 

Then    fell  she  to    sauce  her    desires    with 
thrcatenings.  Sidney. 

Thou  say'st  his  meat  was  sauc'd  with  thy 
upbraidings.  Shak. 

4.  To  treat  with  bitter,   pert   or    tart    lan- 
guage.    [  Vulgar.] 
SAUCE-BOX,  n.   saus'-hoi.    [from  sauaj.] 
I     A  saucy  impudent  fellow.  Spectator. 

SAUCE-PAN,  n.  snus'-pan.  A  small  pan  for 
sauce,  or  a  small  skillet  with  a  long  han- 
I     die,   in  which  sauce  or  small  things  are 
!     boiled.  Siiift. 

'S.AU'CER,  n.  [Fr.  saudere  or  satissiere.]  A 
i     small  pan  in  which  sauce  is  set  on  a  table. 

Bacon. 
2.  A  piece  of  china  or  other  ware,  in  which 

a  tea  cup  or  coffee  cup  is  set. 
SAU'CILY,  adv.  [from  saucy.]    Impudently ; 
j      with  impertinent  boldness;  petulantly. 
I  Addison. 

SAU'CINESS,  n.  Impudence  ;  impertinent 
boldness;  petulance;  contempt  of  superi- 
ors. Bramhall.     Dryden. 
SAU  CISSE,     )       [Fr.  saitcisse,  a  sausage  ; 
SAU'CISSON,  S  "■  fiom  sauce.] 
In  mining  or  gunnery,  a  long  pipe  or  bag, 
made  of  cloth   well  pitched,  or  of  lether, 
filled  w  iih    powder,  and  extending  from 
the  chamber  of  the  mine  to  the  entrance 
of  the  gallery.     To  preserve  the  powder 
from  dampness,  it  is  generally  placed  in  a 
wooden  pipe.     It  serves  to  communicate 
fire  to  mines,  caissons,  bomb-chests,  &c. 

Encyc. 
S.VU'CY,  a.  [from  sauce ;  L.  sahus,  salt  or 
salted.  The  use  of  this  word  leads  to  the 
primary  sense  of  salt,  which  must  be 
shooting  forward,  penetrating,  pungent, 
fin-  boldness  is  a  shooting  forward.] 

1.  Impudent;  bold  to  excess  ;  rude;  trans- 
gressing the  rules  of  decorum  ;  treating 
superiors  with  contempt.  It  expresses 
more  than  perl ;  as  a  saucy  boy  ;  a  saucy 
fellow. 

2.  Expressive  of  impudence ;  as  a  saucy  eye ; 
saucy  looks. 

S.'VUL,  an  old  spelling  of  sou/. 
S.Al'NDERS.     [See''Sandal  and  Sanders.] 
SAUNTER,  r.  i.  s'anter.  To  wander  about 
idiv;  as  sauntering  from  place  to  jilace. 

Drydtn. 


S  A  V 


S  A  V 


S  A  V 


SJ.  To  loiter  ;  to  linger. 

This  must  not  run  it  into  a  lazy  sauntering 
alioui  onliciary  things.  Locke 

S'AUNTERER.n.  One  that  wanders  about 
idlv. 

SAUNTERING,  p/)r.  Wandering  about  la- 
zily or  idly  ;  loitering. 

SAU'RIAN,  a.  [Gr.  oaupoj,  a  lizard.]    Per 
taining  to  lizarils;  designating  an  order  of 
reptiles.  Ed.  Encyc. 

SAUS'.'VgE,  n.  [Fr.  saucisse;  from  sauce,  L. 
Sdtsus.] 

The  inte.stine  of  an  animal  stuffed  with 
minced  meat  seasoned. 

SAIJS'SURITE,  »i.  A  mineral  so  named 
from  Saussure,  the  discoverer,  of  a  white 
gray  or  green  color,  found  at  tlie  foot  of 
mount  Rosa.     It  approaches  andalusitc. 

KlnpTolh.     Jameson. 

SA'VABLE,  «.  [from  satie.J  Capable  of  be- 
ing saved.  Chiltingworth. 

SA'VABLENESS,  n.  Capability  of  being 
saved.  Jb 

SAV'AGE,  a.  [Fr.  saxtvage  ;  Arm.  saimich  : 
It.  selvaggio  ;  Sp.  salvage ;  from  L.  silva, 
a  wood,  or  silvicola,  an  inhabitant  of  a 
wood,  or  silvaticus.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the   torest ;   wild  ;   remote 
from  human  residence  and  improvements 
uncultivated  ;  as  a  savage  wilderness. 

Cornels  and  savage  berries  of  the  wood. 

Dryden 

2.  Wild  ;  untamed  ;  as  savage  beasts  of 
prey. 

3.  Uncivilized;  untaught;  unpolished  ;  rude; 
as  savage  life;  savage  manners.     Raleigh 

What  nation  since  the  commencement  of  the 
christian  era,  ever  rose  from  savage  to  civilized 
without  Christianity  ?  E.  V.  Griffin 

4.  Cruel;  barbarous;  fierce;  ferocious;  in- 
human ;  brutal  ;  as  a  savage  spirit. 

SAV'.'VgE,  n.  A  human  being  in  his  native 
state  of  rudeness;  one  who  is  untaught, 
uncivilized  or  without  cultivation  of  mind 
or  manners.  The  savages  of  America, 
when  uncorrupteil  by  the  vires  of  civilized 
men,  are  remarkable  for  their  hospitality 
to  strangers,  and  for  their  truth,  fidelity 
and  gratitude  to  their  friends,  but  impla- 
cably cruel  and  revengeful  towards  their 
enemies.  From  this  last  trait  of  the  sav 
age  character,  the  word  came  to  signify, 

2.  A  man  of  extreme,  unfeeling,  brutal  cru- 
elty ;  a  barbarian. 

3.  The  name  of  a  genus  of  fierce  %orarious 
flies.  Diet.  JVai.  Hist 

SAV'AgE,  v.  t.  To  make  wild,  barbarous 
or  cruel.  [JVot  well  authorized  and  little 
used.]  Tliomson. 

SAV'A(5ELY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a  sav- 
age ;  cruelly;  inhumanly.  Shak. 
SAV'AGENESS,  n.  Wildness;  an  untamed, 
uncultivated  or  uncivilized  state ;  barba- 
rism.    Hence, 
2.  Cruelty ;  barbarousness. 

Wolves  and  hears,  they  say. 
Casting  their  savageness  aside,  have  done 
Like  offices  of  pity.  Shak. 

SAVAGERY,  n.  Wild  growth,  as  of  plants. 

Shak. 
2.  Cruelty  ;  barbarity.  Shak 

SAV'AGISM,  n.  The  state  of  rude  uncivil- 
ized men  :  the  sttiii;  (if  mcii  in  their  na- 
tive wilduess  and  rudeness. 

S.  S.  Smith.     Walsh 


The  greater  part  of  modern  philosophers  have 
declared  for  the  original  savagism  of  men. 

Kncyc. 

SAXAN'NA,  n.  [In  Spanish,  sahaiia  is  a 
sheet  for  a  bed,  or  a  large  plain  covered 
with  snow.] 

An  extensive  open  plain  or  meadow,  or  a 
plain  destitute  of  trees.  Locke. 

SAVE,  V.  I.  [Fr.  sauver,  from  L.  salvo,  It. 
salvare,  Sp.  salvar.  As  salve  is  used  in 
Latin  for  salutation  or  wishing  health,  as 
hail  is  in  English,  I  suspect  this  word  to 
be  from  the  root  of  heal  or  hail,  the  first 
letter  being  change<l,  as  in  Gr.  at.^,  W. 
halen,  salt.     See  Salt.] 

1.  To  preserve  from   injury,  destruction  or 
evil  of  any  kind  ;  to  rescue  from  danger; 
a.s,  to  save  a  house  from  the   Hanies ;  to 
save  a  man  from  drowning  ;  to  save  a  fam 
ily  from  ruin  ;  to  save  a  state  from  war. 

He  cried,  saying.  Lord,  suite  uie.    Matt,  .xiv 
I      Gen.  xlv. 

2.  To  preserve  from  final  and  everlasting 
destruction  ;  to  rescue  from  eternal  death. 

Christ  Jesus  came  into  the  world  to  save  sin- 
ners. 1   I'iin.  i. 

3.  To  deliver  ;  to  rescue  from  the  power  and 
pollution  of  sill. 

He  shall  save   his    people   from   their  sins. 
Matt.  i. 

4.  To  hinder  from  being  spent  or  lost  ;  as, 
to  save  the  expense  of  a  new  garment. 
Order  in  all  affairs  saves  time. 

5.  To  prevent.  Method  in  affairs  saves  much 
perple.fity. 

6.  To  reserve  or  lay  by  for  preservation. 
I  Now  save  a  nation,  and  now  save  a  groat. 
[  Pope. 

7.  To  spare;  to  prevent ;  to  hinder  from  oc- 
currence. 

Will  you  not  speak  to  save  a  lady's  blush  ? 

Dryden . 
Silent  and  unobserv'd,  to  save  his  tears. 

Dryden. 

8.  To  salve ;  as,  to  save  appearances. 
I  Milton. 

9.  To  take  or  use  opportunely,  so  as  not  to| 
lose.     The  ship  sailed  in  time   to  save  the 

1     tide. 

10.  To  except ;  to  reserve  from  a  general 
admission  or  account. 

Israel  burned  none  of  them,  save  Hazor  only. 
Josh.  xi. 

Of  the  Jews  five  times  received  I  forty  stripes, 
save  one.     2  Cor.  xi.  j 

[Satie  is  here  a  verb  followed  by  an  ob- 
ject.    It  is  the  imperative  used  without  ai 
specific  nominative  ;  but  it  is  now  less  fre- 
quently used  than  except.] 
SAVE,  v.  i.  To  hinder  expense. 

Brass  ordnance  saveth  in  die  quantity  of  the 
material.  Bacon. 

SA'VEALL,  n.  [save  and  all.]  A  small  pan 
inserted  in  a  candlestick  to  save  the  ends 
of  candles.  Johnson. 

SA'VED,  pp.  Preserved  from  evil,  injury  or 
destruction  ;    kept  frugally  ;    prevented  ; 
spared  ;  taken  in  time. 
SA'VELIN,  n.  A  fish  of  the  trout  kind,  hav- 
ing very  small  scales  and  a  black  back. 

Did.  Xat.  Hist. 

SA'VER,  n.  One  that   saves,  preserves  or 

rescues  from  evil  or  destruction;  as  the 

jrtiJtrofthe  country.  Swift. 

2.  One  that  escapes  loss,  but  without  gain. 

Dryden. 


3.  One  that  is  frugal  in  expenses;  an  econ- 
onii.<t.  H'otton. 

SAV'IN,  n.  [Fr.  saviiiier;  L.  Sp.  sabina.'l 
A  tree  or  shnib  of  the  genus  Juniperus. 
The  savin  of  Europe  resembles  the  red 
cedar  of  America,  and  the  latter  is  some- 
times called  savin.  Bigelow. 

SA'W^G,  ppr.  Preserving  from  evil  or  de- 
struction ;  hindering  from  waste  or  loss; 
sparing  ;  taking  or  using  in  time. 

2.  Excepting. 

3.  a.  Frugal  ;  not  lavish  ;  avoiding  unne- 
cessary ex|>enses  ;  economical ;  parsimo- 
nious. But  it  implies  less  rigorous  econo- 
my than  parsimonious ;  as  a  saving  hus- 
bandman or  housekeeper. 

4.  That  saves  in  returns  or  receipts  the  prin- 
cipal or  sum  employed  or  expended  ;  that 
incurs  no  loss,  though  not  gainfiil ;  as  a 
saving  bargain.  The  ship  has  made  a 
saving  voyage. 

5.  That  .secures  everlasting  salvation  ;  as 
saving  grace. 

SA'VING,  n.  Something  kept  from  being 
expended  or  lost. 

By  reducing  the  interest  of  the  debt,  the  na- 
tion makes  a  saving. 

2.  Exception  ;  reservation. 

Contend  not  with  those  that  are  too  strong 
for  us,  but  still  with  a  saving  to  honesty. 

L'Estrange. 
SA'VINGLY,  adv.   With  frugality  or  parsi- 
mony. 
2.  So   as  to   be  finally  saved    from  eternal 

death  ;  as  .'iavingly  converted. 
SA'VINGNESS,  n.  Frugality;  parsimony, 
caution  not  to  expend  money  without  ne- 
cessity or  use. 
2.  Tendency  to  promote  eternal  salvation. 

Johnson. 
SA'VINGS  BANK,  n.  A  bank  in  which  the 
savings  or  earnings  of  the  poor  are  depos- 
ited and  put  to  interest  for  their  benefit. 
S.WIOR,  n.  sdvyur.  [Fr.  sauveur.]  One  that 
saves  or  preserves  ;  but   properly  applied 
only  to  Jesus  Christ,  the  Redeemer,  who 
has  opened  the  way  to  everlasting  salva- 
tion by  his  obedience  and  death,  and  who 
is  therefore  called  the  Savior,  by  wav  of 
distinction,  the  Savior  of  men,  the  Savior 
of  the  world.     Gen.  Washington  may  be 
called   the  saver,  but  not  the  savior  of  his 
country. 
S.\'VOR,  11.  [Fr.  sniviir;  L.  sapor;  W.  sa- 
ivyr  ;  Ann.  saour  ;  from  h.sapio,  to  taste.] 
1.    Taste    or    odor  ;    .sometliiiig    that    per- 
ceptibly affects  the  organs  of  taste  and 
smell;  as  the  savor  of  an  orange  or  rose ; 
an  ill  savor  ;  a  sweet  savor. 

I  smell  sweet  savors —  Shak. 

In  Scripture,  it    usually  denotes   smell, 
scent,  odor.    Lev.  xxvi.    Eccles.  x. 
The  quality  which  renders  a  thing  valua- 
ble ;  the  quality  which  renders  other  bod- 
ies agreeable  to  the  taste. 

If  the  salt  hath  lost  its  sniior —  Matt.  v. 
.3.  In  Scripture,  character  ;  reputation.  Ex.  v. 
4.  Cause  ;  occasion.  2  Cor.  ii. 
Sweet  savor,  in  Scripture,  denotes  that  which 
renders  a  thing  accc]ital>le  to  God,  or  his 
acceptance.    Hence,  to  smell  a  sivcet  savor, 
is  to  accept  the  offering  or  service.    Gen. 
viii. 
S.-\'VOR,  V.  i.  To  have  a  particular  smell 
or  taste. 


SAW 

'I.  To  partake  of  the  quulitv  <>v  nature  of;  ori  SAW-WREST,  n.  An  instrument  used  to 
to  liavu  the  U|)|i.;ui<infe  of.  Tlie  iuiswersj  wrest  or  turn  the  teeth  of  .-aws  u  little 
sauor  of  a  liunibie  spirit;  or  they  «ai.'or  of  outwanls,  that  they  may  make  a  kerf 
piiily.  tVoltun.     Milton.  \     somewhat  wider  tlian  the  thickness  of  tlie 

1    have  rejected  every  tliiug   lliul  savurs  of  ]      l)la(l 


party.  Addiaon 

SA'VOR,  V.  I.  To   like  ;    to   taste  or  smell 

vi'ith  pleasure  Shak. 

2.  'J'o  like  ;  to  delight  in  ;  to  favor.  Matt.  xvi. 
SA'VORILV,  adv.  [from  savory.]  With  gust 

or  appetite.  Dnjden. 

2.  With  a  pleasing  relish.  Unjdtn. 

SA'VORINKSS,  n.  Pleasing  taste  or  smell; 

as   the   savoriness  of  a   pine  apple    or  a 

peach. 
SA'VORLESS,  a.    Destitute    of   smell  or 

tasie ;  insipid.  H(dl. 

SA'VORLY,   a.    Well   seasoned;    of  good 

taste. 
SA'VORLY,  adv.  With  a  pleasing  relish. 

Barroiv. 
SA'VORY,  a.   [from  savor.]   Pleasing  to  the 

organs  of  smell  or  taste  ;  as  a  savory  odor 

Milton. 
Make  me  savory  meat.    Gen.  xxvii. 
SA'VORY,  n.    [b'r.  savorie.]  A  plant  of  the 

genus  Satureia. 
SAVOY',  n.  A  variety  of  the  common  cab 

bage,  (Brassica  oleracea.)  much  cultivated 

for  winter  use.  Ed.  Encyc. 

SAW,  prtt.  of  sec. 
SAW,  n.  [Sax.  saga;  G.sd^e;  D.zaag;  Sw 

saga  ;  Dan.  saug  ;  Fr.  scie  ;  It.  sega.    See 

the  Verb.] 

1.  A  culling  instrument  consisting  of  a  blade 
or  thin  plate  of  iron  or  steel,  with  one  edge 
dentated  or  toothed. 

2.  A  saymg;  proverb ;  ma.xim;  decree.  Obs. 
[See  Hay.]  Shak. 

SAW,  v.  t.  pri't.  sawtd  ;  p\).  sawed  or  sawn. 
[G.  sagen  ;  D.  zaagen  ;  Sw.  sliga ;  Dan. 
sauger  ;  Norm,  seguar  ;  It.  sigarc,  ro  saw, 
cut,  reap ;  L.  seco ;  Fr.  scier  ;  allied  to 
sickle.] 

1.  To  cut  witli  a  saw  ;  to  separate  with  a 
saw  ;  as,  to  saw  timber  or  marble. 

'i.  To  form  by  cutting  with  a  saw  ;  as,  to  saw 
boards  or  planks,  that  is,  to  saw  timber 
into  boarils  or  planks. 

SAW,  v.  i.  To  use  a  saw  ;  to  |)ractice  saw- 
ing; as,  a  man  saws  well 

:}.  To  cut  with  a  saw  ;  as,  the  mill  saws  fast 
or  well. 

.'}.  To  be  cut  with  a  saw  ;  as,  the  timber 
saws  smooth. 

SAW'-DUST,  n.  Dust  or  small  fragments 
of  wood  or  stone  made  by  the  attrition  ol' 
a  saw.  Mortimer. 

SAW'ED,  pp.  Cut,  divided  or  formed  with 

a  s;iW. 

SAW'ER,  n.  One  that  saws;  corrupted  into 
sawyer. 

SAW'-FlSll,  n.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Pristis, 
which  has  a  long  beak  or  snout,  with 
spines  growing  like  teeth  on  both  edges, 
and  four  or  iive  spiracles  or  breaihing 
holes  in  the  sides  of  the  neck.  Encyc. 

SAW'-FLY,  n.  A  genus  of  flies,  (Tenthred'o,) 
having  a  serrated  sting.  Enci/c. 

SAW'-PIT,  n.  A  pit  o\er  which  timber  is 
sawed  by  two  men,  one  standing  below 
the  timber  and  the  other  above. 

Mortimer. 

SAW'-WORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Serratula,  so  nanie(i  from  its  serrated 
leaves. 


SAY  S  C  A 

what  I  should  do  in  a  similar  case.  Say 
thus  precedes  a  sentence,  bul  it  is  per- 
haps impracticable  to  reduce  the  peculiar 
anil  ajipropnate  uses  oi' say,  speak  anil  leU, 
to  general  riili;s.  They  can  be  learnt  only 
by  observation. 

'2.  To  declare.     Gen.  x.YXvii. 

'.i.  To  utier;  to  pronounce. 

Say  now  Sliiliboledi.     Judg.  xii. 
To  utter,  as  a  command. 
(Joil  said,  let  Ihi're  be  light.     Gen.  i. 

5.  To  Utter,  as  a  promise.     Luke  xxiii. 

0.  To  utter,  as  a  question  or  auBwer.  Mark 
xi. 

7.  To  aflirm  ;  to  teach.     Matt.  xvii. 

H.  To  confess.     Luke  xvii. 

[).  To  testify.     Acts  xxiv. 

10.  To  argue  ;  to  alledge  by  way  of  argu- 
ment. 

Alter  all  that  can  be  said  against  a  thing — 

Tillutsou. 

11.  To  repeat;  to  rehearse;  to  recite;  as, 
to  say  a  lesson. 

12.  To  pronounce  ;  to  recite  without  sing- 
ing. Then  shall  be  said  or  sung  as  fol- 
lows. 

i;j.  To  report;  as  in  the  phrases,  it  is  said, 
tliey  say. 

M.  To  answer;  to  utter  by  way  of  reply; 
to  tell. 

Say,  Stella,  feel  you  no  content, 

Rellccting  on  a  life  well  spent  ?  Swift. 

[Note. — This  verb  is  not  properly  intransitive. 
In  the  phrase,  *' as  when  we  say,  Hlalo  is  no 
fool,"  the  last  clause  is  the  object  after  the 
verb  ;  that  is,  "  we  say  what  follows.'  If  this 
verb  is  properly  intransitive  in  any  case,  it  is  in 
the  plirase,  "  that  is  to  say,"  bul  in  such  cases, 
the  subsequent  clause  is  tlie  object  of  tlie  verb, 
being  that  which  is  said,  uttered  or  related.] 

SAY,  »i.  [Sax.  saga,  sagu.]  .\  speech  ; 
something  said.  [In  popular  use,  hut  not 
elegant.] 

SAY,  n.  [for  assay.]     A  sample.     Obs. 

Sidney. 

2.  Trial  by  sample.     Obs.  Boyle. 

SAY,  n.  [Fr.  «o!f.]  A  thin  silk.     Obs. 

S.'VY,     ?        Ill   commerce,   a   kind  of  serge 

SAVE,  ^"'  used  for  linings,  shirts,  aprons, 
&c.  Encyc. 

S.'V'YING,      ppr.      Uttering    in     articulate 
sounds   or  words;  speaking;  telling;  re- 
Goth,  sig'ca?!.     The  sense  of  the  root  is  to'     laliiig  ;  ri-cilitig. 
throw  (ir  thrust.     Class Sg.  No.  28.    Pers.:  S.V'YING,    n.    An   expression;  a  scntenee 


SAW'^'ER,  )i.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 
saw  timber  into  plunks  or  boards,  or  toj 
saw  wood  for  fuel. 

2.  In  Amtrica,  a  tree  which,  being  under-i 
mined  by  a  cmreiit  of  w aier,  and  tallingi 
into  the  stream,  lies  with  its  branches 
above  water,  which  are  continually  raised 
and  depressed  by  the  tiirceof  the  current, 
from  which  circumstance  the  name  is  de- 
rived. The  sawyers  in  the  Mississippi 
render  the  navigation  dangerous,  and 
frequently  sink  boats  which  run  against 
them. 

SAX'IFRAfiE,  n.  [\j.  saxifraga  ;  composed 
of  saxum,  a  stone,  aui\  frango,  to  break.] 

A    medicine  that  has  the  property  of  hreak- 

I  iiig  or  dissohiiig  the  stone  in  the  bladder. 
Rut  ill  boluny,  a  genus  of  plants  of  many 
species.  The  burnet  saxifrage  is  of  the 
genus  Pimpinella  ;  the  golden  saxifrage  is 
of  the  genus  Chrysoplemiim  ;  the  miadow 
saxifrage  is  of  tlie  genus  Peucedaniim. 

Encyc.\ 

SAXIF'RAGOUS,  o.  Dissolving  the  stone. 

Brown. 

SAX'ON,  n.  [Sax.  seax,  a  knife,  sword  or 
dagger,  a  Saxon.] 

1.  One  of  the  nation  or  people  who  formerly: 
dwelt  in  the  northern  part  of  Germany, 
and  who  invaded  and  conquered  England 
in  the  fifth  and  sixth  centuries.  The 
Welsh  still  call  the  English  Sasons. 

2.  The  language  of  tlie  Saxons. 
SAX'ON,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Saxons,  to 

their  country,  or  to  their  language. 
IS.VX'ONISM,  n.   An   idiom  of  the  Saxon 

language.  ff'arton. 

SAX'ONIST,  n.  One  versed  in  the  Sasonj 

language.  I 

SAY,   V.  t.    pret.  and  pp.   said,  contracted 

from  sayed.   [Sax.  S(rgan,  sacgan  ;  G.  sa- 

gen ;  D.  zcggen  ;  Sw.  S(:iga  ;  Dan.  sigcr  ; 

Ch.  niD  or  no  to  speak  or  say.     The  same 

verb   in    Arabic,   ^{.^  signifies  to  sink, 


sachaii,  a  word,  speech.] 
I.  To  speak  ;  to  utter  in  words;  as,  he  said] 
nothing;  he   said  many    things;  he   says' 
not  a  word.     Say  a  good  word  for  me.       ' 

It  is  observable  that  although  this  won! 
is  radically  synonymous  with  speak  and 
tell,  yet  the  uses  or  applications  of  tliesej 
words  are  different.  Thus  we  say,  to' 
speak  an  oration,  to  tell  a  story  ;  but  ini 
these  phrases,  say  cannot  be  used.  Yeti 
to  say  a  lesson  is  good  English,  though  not 
very  elegant.  We  never  use  the  phrases, 
to  say  a  sermon  or  discourse,  to  say  an  ai^ 
gument,  to  say  a  speech,  to  say  testuiiony. 

A  very  general  use  of  say  is  to  iiitro-,[o 
diice  a  relation,  narration  or  recital,  ei- 
ther of  the  speaker  himself  or  of  sonie-l 
thing  said  or  done  or  to  be  done  by  anoth-i 
er.  Thus  Adam  said,  this  is  bone  of  my 
bone ;  Noah  said,  blessed  be  the  Lord' 
God  of  Shein.  If  we  say  we  have  no  sin, 
we  deceive  ourselves.  Say  to  the  cities 
of  Judab,  behold  your  God.    I  cannot  say', 


uttered  ;  a  declaration. 
Moses  flcil  at  this  saying.     Acts  vii. 
Cicero  treasured  up  the  sayings  of  ScKvoIa. 

jWddleton . 
.•\  i>roverbial  expression.  Many  are  tho 
sayings  of  the  wise.  Milton. 

C.\H,  )i.  [Sax.  .scat,  seeb;  G.  schabe  ;  Sw. 
skabb  ;  Dan.  skab  ;  L.  scabies  ;  ll.  scabbia. 
It  seems  to  bo  connected  with  L.  scabo,  to 
ruh  or  scratch,  G.  schaben,  to  shave,  W. 
ysgubaw,  to  sweep,  L.  scaber,  rough,  D. 
srhob,  a  scale.] 

.•\ii  incrnsied   substance,  dry  and  rough, 
formed  over  a  sore  in  healing. 
The  itch  or  mange  in  horses ;  a  disease  of 
sheep. 
3.  A  mean,  dirty,  paltry  fellow.     [Low.] 

Shak. 
SCAB'BARD,  «.  The  sheath  of  a  sword. 

Drydcn. 
S€AB'BARD,  v.  (.  To  put  in  a  sheath. 
SCABBED,    a.     [from  scab.]    AboiiiHling 
with  scabs ;  diseased  with  scabs.     Bacon. 


S  C  A 


S  C  A 


S  C  A 


2.  Mean  ;  paltry ;  vile  ;  worthless.     Dryden. 

SCAB'BEDNliriS,  n.  Tlie  state  of  being 
scabbed. 

SCAB'BINESS,  >i.  [from  scabby.]  The  qual- 
ity of  being  srabliy. 

SCAB' BY,  a.  [from  scab.]  Afiected  with 
pcabs;  full  of  scabs.  Dryden. 

2.  Diseased  with  the  scab  or  mange  ;  man- 
gy. S"ift- 

SCA'BIOUS,  a.  [L.  scabiosus,  from  scabies, 
scab.] 

Consisting  of  scabs  ;  rough  ;  itchy  ;  leprous  ; 
as  scabious  eruptions.  Arbutlmol. 

S€A'B10US,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Sca- 
biosa. 

SCAKRED'ITY,  n.  [1,.  scabredo,scabTilies.] 
Roughness  ;  ruggeduess.     [.\o(  in  use.] 

Burton. 

SeA'BROUS,  a.  [L.  scabrosus,  scaber,  from 
scabies,  scab.] 

1.  Rough  ;  rugged  ;  having  sharp  points. 

^rbuthnot. 

2.  Harsh;  unmusical.  B.Junson. 
SCABROUSNESS,    n.    Roughness  ;  rug- 

gednes.s. 

SCAB'WORT,  n.  A  plant,  a  species  of 
Helenium. 

S€AD,  n.  A  fish,  the  shad,  which  see. 

Careu). 

2.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Caranx,(Scom6cr /racA- 
urus.  Linne.)  Ed.  Encyc. 

SCAF'FOLD,  n.  [Fr.  echafaud;  Ami.  cha- 
fod;  Ir.  scafal  ;  It.  scaffale  ;  D.  schavot  ; 
G.  schafot ;  Dan.  skafot ;  perhaps  from  the 
root  of  shape,  as  form  is  used  for  bench. 
The  last  syllable  is  the  L.  fala.  In  Cor- 
nish, skaval  is  a  bench  or  stool,  and  this 
word,  schavot,  in  Dutch,  signifies  a  tailor's 
bench,  as  well  as  a  scaffold.] 

1.  Among  builders,  an  assemblage  or  struc- 
ture of  limbers,  boards  or  planks,  erected 
by  the  wall  of  a  building  to  support  the 
workmen. 

2.  A  temporary  gallery  or  stage  raised  ei- 
ther for  shows  or  spectators.  Milton. 

3.  A  stage  or  elevated  platform  for  the  exe- 
cution of  a  criminal.  Sidney. 

SCAF'FOLD,  V.  t.  To  furnish  with  a  scaf- 
fold ;  to  sustain  ;  to  uphold. 

SCAF'FOLDAgE,  n.  A  gallery  ;  a  hollow 
floor.  Shak. 

S€  \F'F0LDING,  n.  A  frame  or  structure 
fur  support  in  an  elevated  place. 

2.  That  which  sustains;  a  frame;  as  the 
scaffolding  of  the  body.  Pope. 

3.  Temporary  structure  for  support.     Prior. 

4.  Materials  for  scaffolds. 
SeA'LABLE,  a.  That  may  be  scaled. 
SCALA'DE,  I       [Fr.  scalade  ;  Sp.  scalado 
SCALA'DO,  \  "■  from   L.  scala,  a   la<lder. 

See  Scale.] 
A  storm  or  assault  on  a  fortified  place,  in 
which    the   soldiers    enter  the    place  by 
means  of  ladders.     It  is  written  also  esca- 
lade. 
SCA'LARY,  a.  Resembling  a  ladder  ;  form- 
ed with  steps.     [Little  used.]  Brown. 
SCALD,    V.  t.    [It.  scaldare;  Sp.   Tort,  es 
caldnr ;  Fr.  echaudtr,  for  eschalder ;    Sw. 
skolla  ;  Dan.  skaalder  ;  Ir.  sgnllnim  ;  from 
the  root  of  L.  caleo,  calda,  calidus.     I  sup 
pose  the  )irimury  sense  of  caleo  is  to   con 
trad,  to  draw,  to  make  hard.] 
1.  To  burn  or  painfully  affect  and  injure  by 
immersion  in  or  contact  with  a  liquor  of  a 


boiling  heat,  or  a  heat  approaching  it ;  as, 
to  scald  the  hand  or  foot.  We  scald  the 
part,  when  the  heat  of  the  liquor  ajipiied 
is  so  violent  as  to  injure  the  skin  and  flesh. 
Scald  is  sometimes  used  to  express  the 
eflect  of  the  heat  of  other  substances  than 
liquids. 
Here  the  blue  flames  of  scalding  biimstonpi 
fall.  CouUy 

To  expo.se  to  a  boiling  or  violent  heatj 
over  a  fire,  or  in  water  or  other  liquor ; 
as,  to  scald  meat  or  njilk. 

SCALD,  ?i.  [>upra.]  A  burn,  or  injury  to  the 
skin  and  flesh  by  hot  liquor. 

SCALD,  n.  [Qu.  Sax.  scy/,  a  shell.]  Scab; 
scurf  on  the  head.  Spenser. 

SCALD,  a.  Scurvy;  paltry;  poor;  as  «rnW 
rhymers.  Shak. 

SCALD,  n.  [Dan.  «HoW)fr,  to  make  verses, 
also  a  poet.  The  primary  sense  is  proba- 
bly to  make  or  to  sing.  If  the  latter,  we 
find  its  athnities  in  G.  schalkn,  D.  schellen, 
Sw.  skalla.] 

Among  the  ancient  Scandinavians,  a  poet 
one  wliose  occupation  was  to  compose 
poems  in  honor  of  distinguished  men  and 
their  achievirients,  and  to  recite  and  sing] 
them  on  public  occasions.  The  scalds  oft 
Denmark  and  Sweden  answered  to  tl 
bards  of  the  Britons  or  Celts.  Mallet. 

SCALD'ED,  pp.  Injured   by   a  hot  liquor 
exposed  to  boiling  heat. 

SCALD'ER,  n.  A  scald;  a  Scandinavian 
poet. 

SCALD'HEAD,  n.  [See  Scald.]    A   lothe 
some  art'ection  of  the  head,  in  which  it  is 
covered  with  a  continuous  scab.   Johnson. 

SCALD'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  scalds  or 
poets  of  antiquity  ;  composed  by  scalds. 

K'arton. 

SCALD'ING,  ppr.  Burning  or  injuring  by 
hot  liquor. 

2.  Exposing  to  a  boiling  heat  in  liquor. 

SCALD'ING-HOT,  a.  So  hot  as  to  scald 
the  skin. 

SCALE,  n.  [Sax.  scale,  sceale  ;  D.  schaal,  a 
scale,  a  howl,  saucer  or  dish,  and  a  shell, 
uniting  the  Sax.  scale  and  scell;  G.  schale, 
a  scale  or  balance,  a  dish,  bowl,  shell,  peel 
or  paring;  Dan.  skal,  a  shell;  .^kaler,  tf>] 
shell,  peel  or  pare  ;  skiel,  a  fish  scale  ;' 
Sw.  skal.  a  shell ;  Fr.  ecaille  ;  ecailler,  to[ 
scale  or  peel ;  ecale,  a  .^hell ;  ecaler,  to  shell  ;\ 
echelle,  a  scale  or  ladder;  ll.  scaglia,  the 
scale  of  a  fish  ;  scala,  a  ladder  ;  L.  id.,  Sp. 
escala.  Scale,  a  shell  and  a  dish,  is  prob- 
ably from  peeling  or  paring,  that  is,  sepa- 
rating ;  but  whether  a  simple  or  com 
pound  word,  [es-cal,  ei-cal,]  I  do  not 
know.  If  the  sense  is  to  strip,  it  coincides 
with  the  Gr.  ax^yju^,  to  spoil.] 

1.  The  dish  of  a  balance;  and  hence,  the 
balance  itself,  or  whole  instrument;  as, to 
turn  the  scale. 

Long  time  in  even  scale 
The  battle  hung.  Milton 

But  in  general,  we  use  the  plural,  scales. 
for  the  whole  instrument. 
The  scales  are  turn'd ;  her  kindness  weighs  no 

more 
Now  than  my  vows.  Waller. 

2.  The  sign  of  the  balance  or  Libra,  in  the 
zodiac.  Creech.' 

3.  The  small  shell  or  crust  which  composes 
a  part  of  the  covering  of  a  fish  ;  and 
hence,  any  thin  layer  or  leaf  exfoliated  or 


separated  ;  a  thin  lamin  ;  as  scales  of  iron 
or  olbone.  Sharp. 

Tl  e  scales  of  fish  consist  of  alternate 
layers  of  membrane  and  phosphate  of 
lime.  The  scales  of  serpents  are  Compos- 
ed of  a  horny  membrane,  without  the  cal- 
carious  jihosphate.  lire. 

A  ladder;  series  of  steps ;  means  of  as- 
cending. [L.  scala.]  Addison. 
,5.  The  act  of  storming  a  place  by  mounting 
the  wall  on  ladders ;  an  escalade,  or  sca- 
lade. Milton. 

6.  A  mathematical  instrument  of  wood  or 
metal,  on  which  are  marked  lines  and  fig- 
ures for  the  purpose  of  measuring  distan- 
ce.s,  extent  or  proportions  ;  as  a  plain 
scale  ;  a  diagimal  scale. 

Regular  gradation  ;  a  series  rising  by 
steps  or  degrees  like  those  of  a  ladder. 
Thus  we  speak  of  the  scale  of  being,  in 
which  man  occupies  a  higher  rank  than 
brutes,  and  angels  a  higher  rank  than 
man. 

8.  Any  instrument,  figure  or  scheme,  gradu- 
ated for  the  purpose  of  measuring  extent 
or  proportions ;  as  a  map  drawn  by  a 
scale  of  half  an  inch  to  a  league. 

y.  In  music,  a  gamut;  a  diagram;  or  a  se- 
ries of  lines  and  spaces  rising  one  above 
another,  on  whicli  notes  are  placed  ;  or  a 
scale  consists  of  the  regular  gradations  of 
sounds.  A  scale  may  be  limited  to  an  oc- 
tave, called  by  the  Greeks  a  tetrachord,  or 
it  may  extenil  to  the  compass  of  any 
voice  or  instrument.  Encyc. 

10.  Any  thing  graduated  or  marked  with 
degrees  at  equal  distances. 

SCALE,  V.  t.  [It.  scalare,  from  scala,  a  lad- 
der.] 

1.  To  climb,  as  by  a  ladder;  to  ascend  by 
steps;  and  applied  to  the  walls  of  a  fudijied 
place,  to  mount  in  assault  or  storm. 

Of'  have  1  scaVd  the  craggy  oak.       Spenser. 

2.  [from  scale,  a  balance.]  To  measure ;  to 
coiripare  ;  to  weigh. 

Scaling  his  present  bearing  with  his  past. 

Shak. 

3.  [from  scale,  the  covering  of  a  fish.]  To 
strip  or  clear  of  scales ;  as,  to  scale  a  fish. 

4.  To  take  ofl'in  thin  lamins  or  scales. 
To  pare  off  a  surface. 

ft   all   the   mountains   were  scaled,   and    the 
earth  made  even —  Burnet. 

().  In  the  north  of  England,  to  spread,  as  ma- 
nure or  loose  substances;  also,  to  dis- 
per.se ;  to  waste. 

7.  In  gunnery,  to  clean  the  inside  of  a  can- 
non by  the  explosion  of  a  small  quantity 
of  powder.  Mar.  Diet. 

SCALE,  V.  i.  To  separate  and  come  off  in 
thin  layers  or  lamins. 
The  old  shells  of  the  lobster  scale  off. 

Bacon. 

SCA'LED.  pp.  Ascended  by  ladders  or 
steps  ;  cleared  of  scales  ;  pared  ;  scatter- 
ed. 

2.  a.  Having  scales  like  a  fish;  squamous; 
as  a  scaled  snake.  Shak. 

SC.'V'LELESS,  a.  Destitute  of  scales. 

5.  M.  MilchiU. 

SCALE'NE,        )        [Gr.   exaXr^vos,   oblique, 

SCALE'NOUS,  ^""  unequal,  allicil  proba- 
bly to  oxoXioj ;  G.  schil.  schiel,  V.  scheel, 
squinting  ;  Dan.  skicler,  to  squint.) 

.\  scalene  triangle,  is  one  whose  sides  and 
angles  are  unequal. 


S  C  A 


S  C  A 


S  C  A 


S€ALE'NE,  n.  A  scalene  triangle. 
S€A'1.INESS.   n.    [from  acaly.]     The  state 

cit'heiiijr  scaly  ;  roughness. 
SCALING,  ppr.  Ascending  by  ladders  or 

steps  ;  storming. 

2.  Stripping  of  scales. 

3.  Peeling  ;  paring. 
SCALING  LADDER,  n.    A  ladder  made 

for  enabling  troops  to  scale  a  wall. 
SCALL,    n.    [See    Scald    and    Scaldhead. 
Scab;  scabbiness;  leprosy. 

It  is  a  dry  scall,  even  a  leprosy  on  the  head 
Lev.  xiii. 
SCAL'LION,  n.  [It.  scalogno  ;  L.  ascalonia ; 

Ft.  echalole,  whence  our  shalot;  so  named 

probably  from  its  coats,  shell,  scale.] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Allium  ;  a  variety  of 

the  common  onion,  which  never  forms  a 

bulb  at  the  root.  Encyc.     Ed.  Encyc. 

SCAL'LOP,  >!.    [This   is  from  the  root  of 

shell,  scale ;  coinciding  with  scalp,  D.  schulp, 

a  shell.] 

1.  A  shell  fish,  or  rather  a  genus  of  shell 
fish,  called  pecten.  The  shell  is  hivalvu- 
lar,  the  liinge  toothles.s,  having  a  sma 
ovated  hi)llr)w.  The  great  scallop  is  ruj 
gedaiid  imbricated  with  scales,  grows  to  a 
large  size,  and  in  some  countries  is  taken 
and  barreled  for  market.  Encyc. 

2.  A  recess  or  curving  of  the  edge  of  any 
thing,  like  the  segment  of  a  circle;  writ- 
ten also  scollop.  1 

SCAL'LOP,  V.  t.  To  mark  or  cut  the  edge| 
or  border  of  any  thing  into  segments  ofj 
circles.  Gra^.j 

SCALP,  n.  [D.  sckelp  or  schulp,  a  shell. 
The  Gerniiiii  has  hirnschnlt,  brain-shell. 
Sec  Scale.  But  qu.  the  Ch.  Syr.  Ar.  tjSp' 
to  peel,  to  bark,  and  L.  scalpo.]  1 

1.  The  skin  of  the  toi>  of  the  head  ;  as  a' 
hairless  scalp.  Shak. 

2.  The  skin  ot  the  top  of  the  head  cut  or 
torn  ivfF.  A  scalp  among  the  Indians  ofj 
America  is  a  trophy  of  victory.  ' 

SCALP,  V.  t.  To  deprive  of  the  scalp  or  in- 
teguments of  the  head.  Sharp.' 

SCALP'ED,  pp.  Deprived  of  the  skin  of  the 
head. 

SCALP'EL,  n.  [L.  scalpellutn,  from  scalpo,] 
to  scrape.] 

In  surgeiy,  a  knife  used  in  anatomical  dis- 
sections and  surgical  operations.      Encyr. 

SCALP'ER,  ?         An      in.strumcnt 

SCALP'ING-IRON,  S"'  of  surgery,  u.^cd 
in  scraping  foul  and  carious  bones ;  a 
raspatory.  Encyc.     Parr. 

SC.ALP'ING,  ppr.  Depriving  of  the  skin  of 
the  top  of  the  head.  j 

SCA'LY,  a.  [from  scale.]  Covered  or, 
abounding  with  scales  ;  rough  ;  as  a  scaly: 
fish  ;  the  scaly  crocodile.  Milton. 

2.  Resembling  scales,  lamina  or  layers. 

3.  In  botany,  composed  of  scales  lying  over 
each  other,  as  a  scaly  bulb ;  having  scales 
scattered  over  it,  as  a  scaly  stem.  j 

MaiiynJ 
SC-AM'BLE,  V.  I.  [D.  schommelen,  to  stir,  to 
shake.] 

1.  To  stir  quick  ;  to  be  busy  ;  to  scramble  ;' 
to  be  bold  or  turbulent.  Shak.\ 

2.  To  shift  awkwardly.  More.] 
SCAM'BLE,  V.  t.  To  mangle  ;  to  maul.       | 

Mortimer.: 
SCAM'BLER,  n.  A  bold  intruder  upon  the: 
generosity  or  hospitality  of  others. 

Steevens.' 

Vol  II. 


ISCAM'BLING,  ppr.  Stirring;  scrambling; 
intruding. 

SCAM'BLINGLY,  adv.  With  turbulence! 
and  noise  :  with  bold  intrusiveness.  j 

SCAM'MEL,  n.  A  bird.  I 

SCAMMO'NIATE,  a.  [from  scammony.] 
Made  with  scammony.     [JVot  used.]  \ 

H'iseman.i 

SCAM'MONY,  71.  [L.  «cammonia,  liom  the 
Persian.]  A  plant  of  the  genus  Convol- 
vulus. 

2.  A  gum  resin,  obtained  from  the  plant  of 
that  name,  of  a  blackish  gray  color,  a 
strong  nauseous  smell,  and  a  bitter  and 
very  acrid  taste.  The  best  scammony 
comes  from  Alepjio,  in  light  spungy 
masses,  easily  friable.  That  of  Smyrna 
is  black,  ponderous,  and  mixed  with  ex- 
traneous matter.  Fonrcroy.     Encyc. 

SCAMP'ER,  V.  i.  [D.  schampen,  to  slip 
aside;  Vr.  escamper ;  It.  scampare,  to  es 
cape,  to  save  one's  self;  «cawi/)o,  safety ; 
campare,  to  preserve,  to  fly,  to  escape  ;  Sp. 
tscumpar,  to  clear  out  a  place.) 

To  run  with  speed  ;  to  hasten  escape. 

Addison . 

SCAMP'ERING,  ppr.  Running  with  speed  ;' 
hastening  in  flight. 

,SC.'\N,  t'. /.  [Fr.  scnnder;  Sp.  escander ;  It. 
scandire,  scandere,  to  climb,  to  scan.  The| 
Italian  is  the  L.  ascendo.     See  Ascend.]      i 

1.  To  examine  with  critical  care  ;  to  scruti- 
nize. 

The  actions- of  men  in  high   stations  are   al! 
conspicuous,  and  liable  to  be  scanned  Aoti  sifted. 

.Ilterlniry.i 

2.  To  examine  a  verse  by  counting  the  feet ;! 
or  according  to  modern  usage,  to  recite 
or  measure  verse  by  distinguishing  the 
feet  in  pronunciation.  Thus  in  Latin  and 
Greek,  a  hexameter  verse  is  resolved  into 
six  feet  by  scanning,  and  the  true  quan-| 
tities  are  determined. 

SCAN'D.AL,  71.  [Fr.  scandale  ;  It.  scandalo  ; 
Sp.  e.fcandalo :  L.  scandalum  ;  Gr.  axai6a- 
?.oi' ;  Ir.  sconimiV,  slander.     In  Greek,  thisi 


I  do  fawn  on  men,  and  hug  them  hard. 
And  after  scandal  them.     iLiltle  used.] 

Shah. 
2.  To  scandalize  ;  to  offend.     [Ao<  used.] 

Bp.  Story. 
SCANDALIZE,  v.  t.    [Gr.   sxaviaxi^u ;   L. 
scandatizo;  Sp.   escandalizar ;  It.  scanda- 
lezzare  ;  Fr.  scajidaliicr.] 

1.  To  offend  by  some  action  supposed  crim- 
inal. 

I  demand  wlio  they  are  whom  we  scandalize 
by  using  liarndoss  things  >.  Hooker. 

2.  To  reproach;  to  disgrace;  to  defame; 
as  a  scandalizing  libeler.  Addison. 

SCANDALIZED,  pp.  Offended  ;  defamed; 

disgraced. 
SCAN'DALIZING,  ppr.  Giving  offense  to; 

disgracing. 
SCAN'D.'\LOUS,    a.    [It.   scandaloso ;    Sp. 
escandaloso;  Fr.  scandaleux ;  Sw.  skande- 
lig.]     Giving  offense. 

Nothing  scandalous  or  offensive  to  any. 

Hooker. 

2.  Opprobrious;  disgraceful  to  reputation; 
that  brings  shame  or  infamy ;  as  a  scan- 
dalous crime  or  vice.  How  pervencd 
must  be  the  mind  that  considers  seduction 
or  dueling  less  scandalous  than  larceny  ! 

3.  Defamatory. 
SCANDALOUSLY,   adv.   Shamefully;    in 

a  manner  to  give  offense. 

His  discourse  at  table  was   scandalousli/  un- 
becoming the  dignity  of  his  station.  Swift. 

2.  Censoriously  ;  with  a  disposition  to  find 
fault  ;  as  a  critic  scundalouslii  nice.     Pope. 

SCAN'DALOUSNESS,  ti.  The  quality  of 
being  scandalous  ;  the  quality  of  giving  of- 
fense, or  of  being  disgraceful. 

Scandalum  mugnatum,  in  law,  a  defamatory 
speech  or  writing  made  or  jiublished  to 
the  injury  of  a  person  of  dignity.      Encyc. 

SCAND'ENT,  a.  [L.  scandens,  scando,  to 
climb.] 

Climbing,  either  with  spiral  tendrils  for  its 
support,  or  by  adhesive  fibers,  as  a  stalk  ; 
climliing  :  performing  the  oflice  of  a  ten- 
dril, as  a  petiole.  Smith.     Bigelow. 


word  signifies  a  stumbling-block,   some-  js^.^]y,j^T£u_  Critically  sifted  or  exam- 

thmg  against  which  a  person  mq.inges,  or  J     i„g,|  .   resolved  into  feet  in  recital, 
which  causes  him  to  tall.     In  bax.  5c«7irf(,  g^  ^p^-^-j^r^j^  Critically   examining  ; 

sconde,    signifies^  shame,   contusion,    dis-l|     res(dvi.ig  into  feet,  as  verse. 

SCANSION,  11.  The  act  of  scanning. 

Percy. 
SCANT,  V.  t.  [Dan.  s*aane/,  from  skaaner,  to 

spare.] 
To  limit ;  to  straiten :    as,  to  scant  one  io 
provisions  ;  to  scant  ourselves  in  the  use  of 
necessaries;  to  scant  a  garment  in  cloth. 


honor,  infamy  ;  D.  schnnde,  id. ;  schandaal, 
reproacli,  scandal;  G.  schnnde,  shame: 
schiindcn,  to  mar,  disfigure,  spoil,  violate  ;j 
Dan.  skiendcr,  to  abuse,  defame,  &c. ; 
Sans,  schiande  or  ishiaiida,  scandal.  Iiii 
Arm.  scandal  is  a  cpiarrel.  The  primary! 
sense    of  the    root    must    be   to  drive,  to 


thrust,  or  to  strike  or  cast  down.] 

1.  Offense  given  by  the  faults  of  another. 

His  lustful  orgies  he  enlarg'd 
Even  to  the  hill  of  scaiidal.  Milton 

[In   this  sense,  we  now  generally  use 
offense.] 

2.  Reproachful  aspersion  ;  opprobrious  cen 
sure  ;  defamatory  speech  or  report :  some- 
thing uttered  which  is  false  and  injurious 
to  reputation. 

My  known  virtue  is  from  scandal  free. 

Dryden 

3.  Shame ;  reproach ;  disgrace.  Such  is 
the  perverted  state  of  the  human  mind 
that  some  of  the  most  hainous  crimes 
bring  little  scandal  upon  iheoffeniler.         i 

SCANDAL,  V.  t.  To  treat  oppmhriously  ; 
to  defame;  to  asperse;  to  traduce;  to| 
blacken  character.  I 

64 


I  am  scanted  in  the  pleaj*ure  of  dwelling  on 
your  actions.  Dryden. 

SCANT,  I'.  I.  To  fail  or  become  less  ;  as,  the 
wind  scants. 

SCANT,  a.  Not  full,  large  or  plentiful; 
scarcely  sufficient ;  rather  less  than  is 
wanted  for  the  purpose  ;  as  a  scant  allow- 
ance of  provisions  or  water;  a  scant  pat- 
tern of  cloth  fi'r  a  garment. 

2.  Sparing ;  parsimonious ;  cautiously  af- 
fording. 

Be  somewhat  scanier  of  your  maiden  pres- 
ence.    [jVot  in  use.]  Shak. 

3.  Not  fair,  free  or  favorable  for  a  ship's 
course  ;  as  a  scant  wind.  Mar.  Diet. 

SCANT,  adv.  Scarcely  ;  hardly  ;  not  quite. 

I  he  people^ — received  of  the   bankers  scant 

twenty  shillings  for  thirty.     [Obsolete  or  eul- 

gar.]  Camden. 


S  C  A 


S  C  A 


S  C  A 


-^CANT'ILY,  adv.  [from  scanty.]  Not  fully  ; 

'  uot  plpiitifiilly.  The  troops  were  scantily 
siipiilied  with  flour. 

o.  Sparingly;  niggardly;  as,  to  speak  5ca««- 
i;,/ of  one.     [Unusual.]  »'"'-*J 

SCANTINESS,  n.  Narrowness;  want  otj 
space  or  compass  ;  as  the  scantiness  of  om 
heroic  verse.  Drydm. 

2.  Want  of  amplitude,  greatness  or  abund 
ance;  limited  extent. 

Alexander  was  much  troubled  at  the  scanti- 
ness of  mlwe  itseU.  >"^'" 

a  Want  of  fullness;  want  of  sufficiency  ;  as 
the  sOTn(i"e*«  of  supplies. 

S€ANT'LE,  V.  t.  To  be  deficient ;  to  iail. 

Drayton., 

S€ANT'LE,  V.  i.  To  divide  into  thin  or 
smallpieces;  to  shiver.  Chesterfdd 

S€ANT'lET,  71.  [See  Scantling.]  A  small 
pattern  ;  a  small  quantity.     [J^ot  in  usej^ 

SCANTLING,  n.  [Fr.  echantillon,  a  i>at- 
tern  •  Sp.  escantillon  ;  Port,  escantilham.] 

1.  A  pattern;  a  quantity  cut  fo";  "Pf ■'"""- 
lar  purpose.  V Estrange. 

2.  A  s^nall  quantity  ;  -  --^^^f  ."f^:',, 
3  A  certain  proportion  or  quantity.  Shak. 
i    In  the  United  States,  timber  sawed  or  cut 

into  pieces  of  a  small  size  as  for  studs 
rails  &c.  This  seems  to  be  allied  to  the 
L  scandula,  and  it  is  the  sense  m  which 
I  have  ever  heard  it  used  in  this  country 
5.  In  seamen's  language,  the  dimensions  of  a 
piece  of  timber,  with  regard  to  'J^^breadth 

ScrNTUNG!'  a.    Not    plentiful ;    small 

LVotinuse.]  ,        ,       .,  ^'^f^/' 

St^ANT'LY,  ad..  Scarcely;   hardl^^J6. 

2  Not  fully  or  sufficiently  ;  narrowly  ;  pen- 
uriously  ;  without  amplitude.  Dryden. 

SCANT'NESS,  n.  [from  scant.]     Narrow 

SCANT'Y,^ «.  [from  scant,  and  having  the 

same  signification.] 
1.  Narrow';  small:   wanting   amplitude  or 

''''hU  doroinious  were  very  narrow  and  scant^y^ 

Now  scantier  limits  the  proud  arch  <^onfine-^ 

->    Poor;  not  copious  or   full;   not   ample 
~'  hardly  sufficient ;  as  a  scanty   language  ; 

ri  scanty  supply  of  words  ;  a  scn«<i/ supply 

of  bread. 
•>   Si.arinff  ;  niggardly  ;  parsimonious. 
-  ^Cnlst'ratilg  a  point  oV  dilficuhy,  be  noM^oo 
scnnfu  of  words.  ,.  ," 

SCAP'AISM,  II.  [Gr.(jxartru,todigormakc 

Amonrihe  Persians,  a  barbarous  punish- 
ment inflicted  on  criminals  by  confining 
tliem  in  a  hollow  tree  till  ihey  died  ^ 

SCAPE,    V.   t.    To   escape;    a    contracted 
word,  not  now  used  except  in  poetry,  and 
with  a  mark  of  elision.     [See  Escape.^ 
SCAPE,  n.  An  escape.     [See  Escape^ 
■i.  Means  of  escape;  evasion.  t,','"f' 

;<.  Freak  ;  abcrraiion  ;  deviation.  Ma* 

4.  Loose  act  of  vice  or  lewdness.  Shak. 

[Obsolete  in  all  its  senses.] 
SCAPE,  71.  [L.  scapiis;  probably  allied  to 
'    scipio,  and  the  Gr.  uxijrtrpor,  scepter.] 


Iln  lo(a>,v,  a  stem  bearing  the  fructif.cationi:SCARCE,  a.   [It.  scarso  ;T).  schuarsch. 
"     "  ,  "^     , „_   i-^.u^   ..„,...=.„..   nu,\:      Arm.  icarr  IS  short,  and  perhaps  the  \ 


111 


SCAP'ULA,  71.  [L.]  The  shoulder 


without  leaves,  as  in  the   narcissus  and 
hyacinth.  Marlyn. 

SCA'PE-GOAT,  7!.  [escape  and  goat]  In 
the  Jewish  ritual,  a  goat  which  was 
brought  to  the  door  of  the  tabernacle, 
where  the  high  priest  laid  his  hands  upon 
him,  confessing  the  sins  of  the  people, 
and  putting  them  on  the  head  of  the  goat ; 
after  which  the  goat  was  sent  into  the 
wilderness,  bearing  the  iniquities  of  the 
people.     Lev.  xvi.  ,    ,     ,  , 

SCA'PELESS,  a.  [from  scape.]   In  botany, 

destitute  of  a  scape. 
SCA'PEMENT.  71.    The  method   of  com- 
municating the  inqiulse  of  the  wheels  to 
the  pendulum  of  a  clock.  Chambers. 

SCA'PIIITE,  71.  [L.scapha.]  Fossil  remains 

of  the  scapha. 
SCAP'OLITE,  71.  [Gr.  axanof,   a  rod,  and 

USos,  a  stone.] 
A  mineral  which  occurs  massive,  or  more 
con.monly  in  four  or  eight  sided  prisms, 
terminated  by  four  sided  pyramids.  It 
takes  its  name  from  its  long  crystals,  often 
marked  with  deep  longitudinal  channels, 
and  collected  in  groups  or  masses  ot  par 
allel,  diverging  or  intermingled  prisms.  It 
is  the  radiated,  foliated  and  couqiact 
scapolite  of  Jameson,  and  the  parantliine 
and  Wernerite  of  HaUy  and  Brongmart. 

Cleaveland 

blade. 

Co.ve. 

SCAP'ULAR,  a.  [L.  scapularis.]  Pertain- 
ing to  the  shoulder,  or  to  the  scapula  ;  as: 
the  scapular  arteries.  i 

SCAP'ULAR,  71.  [supra.]  In  anatomy,  the 
name  of  two  pairs  of  arteries,  and  as  ina-i 
nv  veins.  ,     Encyc. 

2  in  ornithology,  a  fether  which  springs 
from  the  shoulder  of  the  wing,  and  lies 
along  the  side  of  the  back.  Encyc. 

SCAP'ULAR,  }„  A  part  of  the  habit  of 
SCAP'ULARY,  S  certain  religious  orders 
in  the  Romish  church,  consisting  ot  two 
narrow  slips  of  cloth  worn  over  the  gown, 
covering  the  back  and  breast,  and  extenil- 
ing  to  the  feet.  This  is  worn  as  a  badge 
of  peculiar  veneration  for  the  virgin  JMa 
ry.  Encyc. 

SCAR,  71.  [Fr.  escurre ;  Arm.  scarr  or 
yscar;  h.escura;  Gr.  ta;(rapa:  Dan.  skar; 
■probablv  from  the  root  of  shear,  share,  to 
cut.  Sax.  sciran,  scearan,  whence  Dan.' 
skaar,  a  notch.] 

A  mark  in  the  skin  or  flesh  of  an  anima! 
made  by  a  wound  or  an  ulcer,  and  re 
maining  after  the  wound  or  ulcer  is  heal- 
ed.    The  soldier  is  proud  of  his  scars. 

2.  Any  mark  or  injury  ;  a  blemish. 
■|hc    earth   bad   the    beauty    of  youth— and 

not  a  wrinkle,  scar  or  fracture  ou  its  body. 

Burnet 

3.  [L.  scarus  ;  Gr.  oxapos.]    A  fish  of  ihe  La 
bruskiud.  Did.J^at.His. 

SC>  AR,  V.  t.  To  mark  with  a  scar.  khak. 
SCAR'AB,  ?  [L.  scarabaus,  from  (Jr. 
SCAR'ABEE,  S  "■  oxup,  Sax.«cfnnt,fimiis.] 
A  beetle;  an  insect  of  the  genus  Scarabteus, 

whose  wings  are  cased.     [See  Beetle.] 
IscAR'AMOUCH,  Ji.  [Fr.  escarmouchc  ;  ll. 
I     scaramuccio  ;  Sp.  fscaranitira,  a  sku^ush.] 
Ia  buffoon  in  motley  dress.  tolUcr. 


Arm.  scarz  is  short,  and  perhaps  the  word 
is  from  the  root  of  shear,  to  cut.  The 
Spanish  equivalent  word  is  escaso,  and  it 
is  observable  that  some  of  our  common 
people  pronounce  this  word  scase.] 

1.  Not  plentiful  or  abundant ;  being  in  small 
quantity  in  proportion  to  the  demand. 
We  say,  water  is  scarce,  wheat,  rye,  bar- 
ley is  scarce,  money  is  scarce,  when  the 
quantity  is  not  fully  adequate  to  the  de- 
mand. 

2.  Being  few  in  number  and  scattered;  rare: 

uncommon.     Good  horses  are  scarce. 

The  scarcest  of  all  is  a  Pescennius  Niger  on 
a  medallion  well  preserved.  Addison 

ilciRCELY,  !«''"•    Hardly  ;  scantly. 
We  scarcely  think  our  miseries  our  toes. 

"  Shak 

2.  Hardly  ;  with  difficulty. 

Slowly  he  sails,  and  scarcely  stems  the  tides 

Dryden 
SCARCENESS,  }  Smallness  of  quantity, 
SC.\RCITY,  y  or  smallness  in  propor- 
tion to  the  wants  or  demands  ;  deficiency  ; 
defect  of  plenty  ;  penury  ;  as  a  scarcity  of 
grain ;  a  great  scarcity  of  beauties ;  a 
scarc7<!/ of  lovely  women.  Dryden. 

Praise,  like  gold  and  diamonds,  owes  its  val- 
ue to  its  scarcity.  Rambler. 
A  scarcity  of  snow  would   raise  a  mutiny  at 
Naples.  Addison. 
2.  Rareness ;  infrequency. 

The  value  of  an  advantage  is  enhanced  by 
its  scarceness.  Collier. 

Root  of  scarcity,  the  mangold-wurzel,  a  va- 
riety of  the  white  beet;  G.  mangold-wur- 
zel, beel  root,  corrupted  into  mangel-wur- 
zel ;  Fr.  racine  de  disette,  root  of  want  or 
scarcity.  Ed-  Encyc. 

SCARE,  r.t.   [In  W.  es^rnr  is  to  separate; 
ill   It.  scorare  is  to  dishearten,  from   L.  ex 
and  C07-,  heart ;  but  qu.] 
To   fright;  to   terrify   suddenly;    to   strike 
with  sudden  terror. 

The  noi-^e  of  tby  cross-bow 
Will  score  the  herd,  and  so  my  shot  is  lost. 

Shak. 
To  scare  aicoi/,  to  drive  away  by  frightening. 
SCARF.CRO'W,  71.  [scarf  and  crow.]  Any 
frightful  thing  set  up  to  frighten  crows 
or  other  tbvvls  from  corn  fields  ;  hence, 
any  thing  terrifying  without  danger;  a 
vain  terror. 

A  scarecrvu'  set  to  frighten  fools  away. 

Dryden. 

2.  A  fowl   of  the  sea    gull  kind  ;  the   black 

„„|1.  Diet.  A'at.  Hist.     Pennant. 

SCARED,  pp.  Frightened ;  suddenly  terri- 

1     fied. 

SCAREFIRE,  71.  A  fire  breaking  out  so  as 
to  frighten  people.  [.Yot  used.]  Holder. 
SCARF,  71.  phi.  scarfs.  [Fr.  echarpe  ;  It. 
ciarpa  :  Sax.  sccarf  a  fragment  or  piece  ; 
from  the  root  iii'shear.] 
Something  that  hangs  loose  upon  the  shoul- 
ders; as  a  piece  of  cloth. 

Put  on  your  booil  and  scarf.  Swift. 

SCARF,  V.  t.  To  throw  loosely  on.     Shak. 

2.  To  dress  in  a  loose  vesture.  Shak. 

SCARF,  V.  t.  [Sw.  skarfva  ;    Sp.  escarpar.] 

Toif]in;  to  piece  ;  to  unite  two  pieces  of 

timi)cr  at  the  ends,   by  letting    the  end  of 

one  into  the  end  of  the  other,  or  by  laying 

the  two   cikIs   together   and  fasiening  a 

third  piece  to  both.  .V«r.  Did. 


S  C  A 


S  C  A 


S  C  E 


Se>ARFSKIN,  »i.  [scarf  and  skin.]  The 
cuticle;  the  epidermis;  the  outer  thin  iri- 
tefTument  of  thcbody.  Cheynt. 

SCARIFICA'TION,  n.  [L.  scarijicatio.  See 
Scarify.] 

In  surgery,  the  operation  of  making  several 
incisions  in  the  skin  with  a  laticet  or  other 
cutting  instrument,  particularly  the  cup- 
ping instrument.  Encyc. 

SCARIFICA  TOR,  n.  An  instrument  used 
in  scarification. 

S€AR'IFIER,  n.  [from  scarify.]  The  per- 
son who  scarifies. 

2.  The  instrument  used  for  scarifying. 

SCARIFY,  V.  I.  [Fr.  scarifier  ;  L.  scarifico. 
Q,u.  scar,  Gr.  f9z»pai  and  L./acto,  to  make. 
But  the  Greek  is  axapwfiao^ai,  from  axapifot, 
a  pointed  instrument,  or  a  sharj)  pointed 
piece  of  wood.] 

To  scratch  or  cut  the  skin  of  an  animal,  or 
to  make  small  incisions  by  means  of  a  lan- 
cet or  cupping  instrument,  so  as  to  draw 
blood  from  the  smaller  vessels  without 
opening  a  large  vein.  Encyc. 

SCAR'IFi'ING,  ppr.  Making  stnall  incis- 
ions in  the  skin  with  an  instrument. 

S€A'RIOUS,  a.  [Low  L.  scarrosus,  rough.] 
In  botany,  tough,  thin  and  semi-transpa- 
rent, dry  and  sonorous  to  the  touch  ;  as 
a  perianth.  Martyii. 

SCARLATl'NA,  n.  The  scarlet  fever  ;  call- 
ed in  popular  language,  the  canker  rash. 

SCARLAT'INOUS,  a.  Of  a  scarlet  color; 
pertaining  to  the  scarlet  fever. 

SCARLET,  n.  [Fr.  ecarlate  ;  Arm.  scar- 
ladd;  \t.  scarlalto  ;  i^\i.  esrarlata  ;  Ir.scar- 
loid ;  W.  ysgarlad,  the  effusion  of  a 
wound,  scarlet,  from  ysgar,  to   separate, 

iSee  Shear;]  D.  scharlaken  ;  G.  scharlack  ; 
)an.  skarlagen.  Qu.  Ch.  "ipD,  to  color,  as 

a  derivative,  minium  ;  Ar.   »ji^  shakara, 

to  be  red.] 

1.  A  beautiful  bright  red  color,  brighter  than 
crimson.  Encyc. 

2.  Cloth  of  a  scarlet  color. 

All  her  household  are  clothed   with  scarlet. 
Piov.  xxxi. 

SC>ARLET,  a.  Of  the  color  called  scarlet; 
of  a  bright  red  color;  as  a  scarlet  cloth  or 
thread  ;  a  scarlet  lip.  Shak. 

Se^ARLET-BEAN,  n.  A  plant ;  a  red  bean. 

Morlimer. 

S€'ARLET-FE'VER,  n.  [scarlatina.]  A  dis- 
ease in  which  the  body  is  covered  with  an 
efflorescence  or  red  color,  first  appearing 
about  the  neck  and  breast,  and  accom- 
panied with  a  sore  throat. 

SC'ARLET-O.'XK,  n.  A  species  of  oak,  the 
(^nercus  coccifera,  or  kermes  oak,  produc- 
ing small  glandular  excrescences,  called 
kermes  or  scarlet  grain.  Enci/c. 

SCARMAgE,  i   peculiar  modes  of  spelling 

SC'AR.MOUE,  i  skirmish.     [J\rot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

SeWRN,  n.  [Sax.  scearn.]  Dung.  [.Not  in 
use  or  local!]  Roy- 

SC\-VRN-BEE,  n.  A  beetle.  [JSTot  in  use  or 
local.]  Ray 

S€~ARP,  n.  [Fr.  escarpe  ;  It.  Scarpa,  a  scarp, 
a  shoe,  a  slope;  Sp.  escarpn.] 

\x\  fortification,  llii>  interior  talus  or  slope  of 
the  ilitch  next  the  place,  at  the  foot  <if  the 
rampart.  Encyc. 


SCARP,  n.  In  heraldry,  the  scarf  which 
military  commanders  wear  for  ornament ; 
borne  somewhat  like  a  battoon  sinister, 
but  broailer,  and  continued  to  the  edges 
of  the  field.  Encyc. 

SCA'RUS,  n.  A  fish.     [See  .Scar.] 

SCA'RY,  n.  Barren  land  having  only  a  thin 
coat  of  grass  upon  it.     [Local.] 

SC.\TCH,  n.  [Fr.  escacheJ]  A  kind  of  horse- 
bit  for  bridles.  Bailey. 

SCATCII'ES,  n.  p/u.  [Fr.  cc^iasscs.]  Stilts 
to  put  the  feet  in  for  walking  in  dirty 
pla-es.  Bailey. 

SCATE,  71.  [D.  schaals;  Ice.  skid.  This 
word  tnay  belong  to  the  root  of  shoot,  and 
L.  scateo.] 

A  wooden  shoe  furnished  with  a  steel  plate 
for  sliding  on  ice. 

SCATE,  V.  i.  To  slide  or  move  on  scates. 

SCATE,  n.  [Sax.  sceadda  ;  L.  squalina, 
st/uatus.]     A  fish,  a  species  of  ray. 

SCA'TEBROUS,  a.  [L.  scatebra,  a  spring  ; 
scateo,  to  overflow.]  Abounding  with 
sjirings.  Diet. 

SCATH,  v.t.  [Sax.  scalhinn,  sceathian,  to 
injure,  to  damage,  to  steal ;  D.  schanden  ; 
G.  schaden  ;  Sw.  skada ;  Dan.  skader.] 
To  damage  ;  to  waste  ;  to  destroy.  [Little 
nsed.]  Milton. 

SCATH,  n.  Damage;  injury  ;  waste  ;  harm. 
[Little  used.]  Spenser. 

SC.VTH'FUL,  n.  Injurious;  harmful;  de- 
structive.    [Little  KSff/.]  Shak. 

SC.\TH'LESS,  a.  Without  waste  or  ilam- 
age.     [Little  used.]  Chancer. 

SCAT'TER,  t'.  t.  [Sax.  scaferan,  to  pour  out, 
to  disperse  ;  L.  scateo  ;  Gr.  axtSau,  to  scat- 
ter, to  discuss,  L.  discutio.  This  word 
may  be  formed  on  the  root  of  discutio. 
The  primary  sense  is  to  drive  or  throw.] 

1.  To  disperse;  to  dissi|)ate  ;  to  separate  er 
remove  things  to  a  distance  from  each 
other. 

Fiom  thence  did  the  Lord  scatter  them 
abroad  upon  the  face  of  all  the  earth.     Gen.  xi. 

I  will  scatter  you  ajnong  the  heathen.  Lev. 
xxvi. 

2.  To  throw  loosely  about ;  to  sprinkle  ;  as, 
to  scatter  seed  in  sowing. 

Teach  the  glad  lionrs  to  scatter,  as  they  fly, 
Soft  quiet,  gentle  love  aud  endless  joy. 

Prior. 

3.  To  spread  or  set  thinly. 

M'hy   should   my  muse   enlarge    on   Libyan 

swains. 
Their  scalter'd  cottages,  and  ample  plains. 

I)ri/den. 
SCAT'TER.  V.  i.    To  be   dispersed  or  dis- 
sipated.    The  clouds  scatter  after  a  storm. 
2.  To  he  liberal  to  the  poor;  to  be  charita- 
ble.    Prov.  xi. 
SCAT'TERED,  pp.  Dispersed  :  dissipated  ; 
thinly  spread  ;  sprinkled  or  thinly  spread 
over. 
2.  In   botany,    irregular    in    position ;  with- 
out any  apparent  regular  order  ;  as  scat- 
tered branches. 
SCAT'TEREDLY,     adv.     In    a   dispersed 
manner  ;  separately.     [ATot  much  used.] 

Clarke. 
SCAT'TERING,  ppr.  Dispersing  ;  spread- 
ing thinly;  sprinkling. 
2.  a.  Not  united  ;  divided  among  many  ;  as 

scattering  voles. 
SCAT'TERINGLY,    adv.     Loosely;   in    a 
dispersed  njanner  :  thinly  ;  as  habitations 
scatteringly  placed  over  the  country. 


SCAT'TERLING,  n.  A  vagabond  ;  one 
that  has  no  fixed  habitation  or  residence. 

[Little  u.«-rf.] 

SCA'I'U'RIENT,  o.  [L.  scaturiens.]  Spring- 
ing, as  the  water  of  a  liauntain.  [j\'ot  us- 
erf.f  Diet. 

SCATURKi'INOUS,  a.  [L.  scatiiHgo.] 
Abounding  with  springs.     [Abt  used.] 

Diet. 

SCAUP,  n.  A  fowl  of  the  duck  kind. 

Encyc. 

SCAV'.AgE,  n.  [Sax.   sccatrian,   to   show.] 

In  ancient  customs,  a  toll  or  duly  exacted  of 
merchant-strangers  by  mayors,  sherifs, 
&c.  for  goods  shown  or  oft'ered  for  sale 
within  their  precincts.  Cowel. 

SCAV'ENgER,  n.  [Sax.  scafan,  to  scrape, 
to  shave,  G.  schaben,  Sw.  skafca,  Dan. 
skaver,  L.  scabio.] 

A  person  who.se  employment  is  to  clean  the 
streets  of  a  city,  by  scraping  or  sweeping 
and  carrying  off  the  filth. 

SCEL'ERAT,  71.  [Fr.  from  L.  sceleralus.] 
A  villain  ;  a  criminal.     [.Vof  in  use.] 

Cheyne. 

SCENE,  n.  [Fr.  id.  ;  L.  scena  ;  Gr.  oxijiij ; 
Ileb.  p'lO  to  dwell ;  Ch.  to  subside,  to  set- 


tle ;  Syr.  to  come  or  fall  on  ;  Ar. 


US- 


sakana,  to  be  firm,  stable,  quiet,  to  sei  or 
establish,  to  quiet  or  cause  to  rest.  Class 
Gn.  No.  4'!.  44.  The  Greek  word  signi- 
fies a  tent,  hut  or  cottage.  In  L.  it  is  an 
arbor  or  stage.  The  primary  sense  is  to 
set  or  throw  down.] 

1.  A  stage  ;  the  theater  or  place  whore  dra- 
matic pieces  and  other  shows  are  exhibit- 
ed. It  does  not  appear  that  the  ancients 
changed  the  scenes  in  different  parts  of  the 
play.  Indeed  the  original  scene  ihr  act- 
ing was  an  open  plat  of  ground,  shaded  or 
slightly  covered.  Encyc. 

2.  The  whole  series  of  actions  and  events 
connected  and  exhibited  ;  or  the  whole 
as.semhiage  of  objects  displayed  at  one 
view.  Thus  we  say,  the  execution  of  a 
malefactor  is  a  melancholy  scene.  Tlie 
crucifixion  of  our  Saviour  was  the  most 
solcnm  scene  ever  presented  to  the  view  of 
man. 

\Ye  say  al.so,  a  scene  of  sorrow  or  of  re- 
joicing, a  noble  scene,  a  sylvan  scene. 
A  charming  scene  of  nature  is  display 'd. 

Dry  den. 

3.  A  part  of  a  play  ;  a  division  of  an  act.  A 
play  is  divided  into  acl.s,  and  acts  are  di- 
vided into  scenes. 

4.  So  much  of  an  act  of  a  play  as  represents 
what  passes  between  the  same  persons  in 
the  same  place.  Dryden. 

5.  The  place  represented  by  the  stage.  The 
scene  was  laid  in  the  king's  palace. 

G.  The  curtain  or  hanging  of  a  theater 
adapted  to  the  play. 

7.  The  place  where  any  thing  is  exhibited. 
The  world  is  a  vast  scene  of  strife. 

J.  M.  Mason. 

8.  Any  remarkable  exhibition. 
The  shepherds,  while  watching  their  flocks 

upon  the  plains  of  Bethlehem,  were  suddenly 
interrupted  by  one  of  the  most  sublime  and  sur- 
prising scenes  which  have  ever  been  exhiMted 
""  c.irth.  IV.  B.  Sprague 

SCE'NERY.  n.  The  appearance  of  a  place, 
or  of  the  various  objects  presented  to 
view :  or  the  various  objects  themselves 


Ji  C  E 


S  C  H 


S  C  H 


as  seen  together.  Thus  we  may  say,  the 
scenert)  ol'  tlip  landscape  presented  to  the 
view  frciiii  nidunt  Hnlyoko,  in  Hampshire 
county,  Mussaohusetls,  is  highly  pictur- 
esque, and  exceeded  only  by  the  scenen/ 
of  Boston  and  its  vicinity,  as  seen  from 
the  State  house. 

Never  need  an  American  look  beyoml  his 
own  country  for  the  sublime  and  beautiful  of 
natural  scenery.  Irving 

2.  Tlie  representation  of  the  place  in  whrcl 
an  action  is  performed.  Pope 

3.  Tlie  disposition  and  consecution  of  tlif 
scenes  of  a  play.  Dryden. 

4.  Tlie  paintings  representing  the  scenery 
of  li  play. 

SCEN'I€,        \        [L.  scemcits.]    Pertaining 

SCENTCAL,  \  "■  to  scenery  ;  dramatic  ; 
theatrical. 

SCENOGRAPH'IC,        }        [See    Sceno^- 

SCENOGRAPH'ICAL.  p-  raphy.']  Per- 
taining to  scenography  ;  drawn  in  per 
spective. 

SCENOGRAPH'ICALLY,  adv.  In  perspec 
tive.  Mortimer. 

SCENOGRAPHY,  n.  [Gr.  oxiji'ij,  scene 
and  ypwjiu,  to  describe.] 

The  representation  of  a  body  on  a  perspec- 
tive plane  ;  or  a  description  of  it  in  all  its 
dimensions  as  it  ajjpears  to  the  eye. 

Encyc. 

SCENT,  n.  [Fr.  senteur,  from  sentir,  L.  sen- 
tio,  to  perceive.] 

1.  Odor;  smell;  that  substance  which  issu- 
ing from  a  body,  affects  the  olfactory  or- 
gans of  animals;  as  the  scent  of  an  or- 
ange or  an  apple  ;  the  scent  of  musk.  The 
word  is  applicable  to  any  odor,  agreeable 
or  offensive. 

2.  The  power  of  smelling;  the  smell;  as  a 
hound  of  nice  scent. 

•3.  Chase  followed  by  the  scent ;  course  of 
pursuit ;   track. 

He  travelled  upon  the  same  scent  into  Ethio- 
pia. Temple. 

SCENT,  V.  t.  To  smell;  to  perceive  by  the 
olfactory  orgatis ;  as,  to  scent  game,  as  a 
Iiound. 

2.  To  perfume ;  to  imbue  or  fill  with  odor, 
good  or  had.  Aromatic  plants  scent  the 
room.  Some  persons  scent  garments  with 
musk  ;  others  scent  their  snuff. 

.SC'ENT'FyL,  a.  Odorous;  yielding  much 
smell.  Drriyton.l 

'i.  Of  quick  smell.  Browne.', 

SCENT'LESS,  a.  Inodorous;  destitute  of 
sitiell. 

.SGEP'TER,  n.  [Fr.  sceptre;  L.  sccptrum  ; 
Gr.  axrjTtijiov,  I'nmi  axijitru,  to  send  or 
thrust ;  coinciding  with  L.  scipio,  that  is, 
a  shoot  nr  rod.] 

1.  A  staff  or  batoon  borne  by  kings  on  sol- 
emn otxasions,  as  a  badge  of  authority. 
Hence, 

'I.  The  appropriate  ensign  of  royalty  ;  an  en- 
sign of  higher  antiquity  than  the  crown. 
Hence, 

3.  Royal  power  or  authority  ;  as,  to  assume 
the  scepter. 

The  scepter  shall  not  depart  from  Judah,  nor 
a  lawgiver  from  between  his  feet,  till  Shiloh 
come.     Gen.  xlix. 

4.  A  constellation. 

SCEPTER,  V.  t.  To  invest  with  royal  au- 
thority, or  with  the  ensign  of  authority. 

Hall. 


SCEP'TERED,  a.  Bearing  a  scepter;  as  an     metal  of  a  grayish  white  color,  and  brilf-- 

sceptered  prince.  |l     iant.  £Ke/. 

To    Britain's   queen  the  scepter'd  suppliant  SCHE'MATISM.  n.   [Gr.  axrinaTiatioi   from 

bends.  Tickel.       oxni^-     ^ee  Scheme.]  '  ' 

Gold-sce/-«..<iJuno.  ■P«'-'""j  1.  Combination  of  the  aspects  of  heavenly 

bodies. 


SCEP'TIC,  n.  [Gr.  axinti-xoi;,  from  axcjtro- 


^m,  to  look  about,  to  consider,  to  specu-:  o  Particular  form  or  disposition  of  a  thinff 
late  :  Sax.  sceaman,  to  look  about,  to  see,i      y]  xvord  not  much  used.]  Creedi 

also  to  show,     isce  Show.]  I  oi-uir,iii  A-niu-r         a  . 

One  who  doubts  the  truth  and  reahty  of  ^*^"'^  *^^  ^'*'^,'  "•  A  projector;  one  given 
anv  principle  or  system  of  principles  or!  '"  t""'"'!?  schemes.  [Schtmer  is  more 
doctrines.     In    philosophy,    1    PyrrhonistI  _,  generally  used.] 

or  follower  of  Pyrrho,  "(lie  founder  of  al^^GHEME,  n.  [h.  schema  :  Gr.  nxyjiia,  from 
sect  of  sceptical  philosophers,  who  main-ji  'A:f",  a  contracted  word,  probably  from 
tained  that  no  certain   inferences  can  hell     '^X^Bu,,  to  have  or  hold.] 


drawn  from  the  reports  of  the  senses,  and 
who  therefore  doubted  of  every  thing. 

Enfield. 
.  In  theology,  a  person  who  doubts  the  ex- 
istence and  [)erfections  of  God,  or  the 
truth  of  revelation  ;  one  who  disbelieves 
the  divine  original  of  the  christian  reli 
gion. 

Suffer  not   your  faith   to  be   shaken   by   the 

sophistries  of  sceptics.  Clarice 

SCEP'TI€,        I       Doid>tiiig;  hesitating  to 

SCEP'TICAL,  \  "■  admit   the  certainty'  of| 

doctrines  or  principles;  doubting  of  every 

thing. 

Doubting  or  denying  the  truth  of  revela 
tion. 


The  sceptical  system 
foundation  of  morals. 


subvert: 


the    whole 
Sob.   Hall. 

doubt 


m  a 


SCEPTICALLY,   adv.    With 
doubting  manner. 

SCEP'TICISM,  )!.  [Fr.  scepticismc.]  The 
doctrines  and  opinions  of  tlie  Pyrrhonists 
or  sceptical  philosophers  ;  utiiversal  doubt; 
the  scheme  of  philosophy  which  denies 
the  certainty  of  any  knowledge  respecting 
the  phenomena  of  nature. 

2.  In  theology,  a  doubting  of  the  truth  of  rev- 
elation, or  a  denial  of  the  divine  origin  of 
the  christian  religion,  or  of  the  being,  per- 
fections or  truth  of  God. 
Irreligious  scepticism  or  atheistic  profaneness 

.Milner. 

Let  no    despondency    or    timidity    or  secret 

scepticism  lead  any   one  to  doubt  whether  this 

blessed  prospect  will  be  realised.  S.  Miller. 

SCEP'TICIZE,  v.i.  To  doubt;  to  pielenil 
to  doubt  of  every  thing.     [Little  used.] 

Shii/lesbiirt/. 

SCHAALSTETN,   )       A  rare  mineral,  ci.fl 

SCA'LE-STONE,  I  "'  ed  also  tafeispath 
and  tabular  spar,  occurring  in  niass( 
composed  of  thin  lamins  collected  into 
large  prismatic  concretions  or  hexahedial 
prisms.  Its  color  is  grayish  or  pearly 
white,  tinged  with  green,  yellow  or  red. 

C/coi.'e/a/i(/. 

SeHED'ULE,  71.  [L.  schedida,  (ri>ni  schedn, 
a  sheet  or  leaf  of  paper:  Gr.  exi^i,  fmiii 
aX'^i'^i  to  cut  or  divide  ;  L.  scindo,  fur  set  Jo. 
The  pronunciation  ought  to  follow  the 
analogy  of  so/ieme,  &c.] 

1.  A  small  scroll  or  piece  of  paper  or  parch- 
ment, containing  some  writing. 

Honker. 

2.  A  piece  of  paper  or  parchment  annexed 
to  ;i  larger  writing,  as  to  a  will,  a  deed, 
a  lease,  &c.  Eticyc. 

i.  A   piece  of  paper  or  parchment  contain 


ing  an  inventory  of  goods.  Encyc. 

SCHKE'lJN,   )        A    different     name    of 
SeHE'LlUM,  S  "■    tungsten,  a  hard  brittle 


I.  Apian;  a  combination  of  things  connect- 
ed and  adjusted  by  design  ;  a  system. 

We  shall  never  be  able  to  give  ourselves  a 
satisfactory  account  of  the  divine  conduct  with- 
out forming  such  a  scheme  of  things  as  shall 
take  in  lime  and  eternity.  Atterbury. 

3.  A  project ;  a  contrivance  ;  a  plan  of  .some- 
thing to  be  done  ;  a  design.  Thus  we  .say, 
to  form  a  scheme,  to  lay  a  scheme,  to  con- 
trive a  scheme. 

The  stoical  sclieme  of  supplying  our  wants  by 
lopping  off  our  desires,  is  like  cutting  off  out 
feet  when  we  want  shoes.  Swift. 

i.  A  representation  of  the  aspects  of  the  ce- 
lestial bodies  ;  any  lineal  or  mathematical 
diagram.  Brown.     Hudibras. 

SCHEME,  V.  t.  To  plan  ;  to  contrive. 
SCHEME,  V.  i.   To  form  a  plan  ;  to   con- 
trive. 
SCHE'MER,  n.  One  that  contrives ;  a  pro- 
jector;  a  contriver. 
SCHE'MING,  ppr.  Planning;  contriving. 
3.  a.  Given  to  forming  schemes;  artful. 
SCIIE'MIST,  n.  A  schemer;  a  projector. 

Coventry. 

SeHENE,  n.  [L.  schccnos  ;  Gr.  uxo'^oi.]  An 

Egyptian  measure  of  length,  equal  to  sixty 

stadia,  or  about  74  miles.  Herodotus. 

iSCHE'SIS,  n.   [Gr.  aj;tai;,  from  a;tfu,  fi;^t9u, 

to  have  or  hold.] 
Habitude  ;  general   state   or   disposition   of 
the  body  or  mind,  or  of  one  thing  with  re- 
gard to  other  things.  J^J'orris. 
SCHILLER-SPAR,  7i.  A  mineral  contain- 
ing two  subsjiecics,  bronzile  and  coriimon 
.scliiller-spar. 
SCHIS.Vl,   'I.  sizm.  [\j.  achisma  ;  Gr.  «;i;iff,ua, 
fniiii  '^x'-i'^-  '"  divide,  L.  scindo.  Sax.  s^ca- 
dnn,  D.  scheicn,  .icheiden,  G.   scheiden,  to 
Sep  iiate,  to  part.] 
I.   In  a  general  .sen.fe,  division  or  separation  ; 
but  appropriately,  a  division  or  separation 
in  a  church  or  diniomination  of  christians, 
occasioned     by     diversity     of    opinions  ; 
breach  of  unity  among  people  of  the  same 
religious  faith. 

— Set  bounds  to  our  passions  by  reason,  to  our 
errors  by  truth,  and  to  our  schisms  by  chaiity. 

A'.  Charles. 
In  Scripture,  the  word  seems  to  denote 
a  brcncli  of  charity,  rather   than  a  differ- 
ence of  doctrine. 
3.  Separation  ;   division 
classes  of  people. 

SCHISMATIC,        )        .-ii-.mat'i 

SCHISMAT  ICAL,  ^  "•  sizmat', 

ing  to  schism  ;  implying  schism  ;  partak- 
ing of  the  nature  of  schism  ;  tending  to 
schism  ;  as  schismatical  opinions  or  propo- 
sals. A'.  Charles.     South. 


among    tribes    or 


t'ic,      I 
I'ical.   S 


Per- 
tain- 


S  C  H 


S  C  H 


S  C  H 


SCHISMAT'lC,    n.     One   who    separates! 

Iroiu   ail   ustalilislieil   cliuivli   or   religiousj 

fiutli,  on  account  of  a  (liversily  of  o|jinion-".j 

Blackslone.     Swift.) 

SCHISM/VT'ICALLY,  adv.  Jn  a  8clii.-i„at-| 
ical  manner  ;  Ijy  sc|>araUon  lioni  a  churcli 
on  account  of  a  ilivcrHity  of  opuiions. 

SCIHSiVlAT'lCAI.NKriS,  u.  Tlie  state  of 
licnig  M'liisiiiatical. 

SCUlri'MA'l'IZt;,  v.i.  To  connnit  or  prac- 
tice s(;lnsin ;  to  niuke  a  breach  of  com- 
munion in  the  ctmrch.  Johnson. 

SClllSM'Ll'^SS,  a.  Free  from  schism;  not 
affected  hy  scliism.     [Little  used]  Milton. 

SCill.ST      [See  SUist.] 

SeHOL'AK,  n.  [Low  L.  schotaris,  from 
schola,  a  school  ;  Hi:  txo'^l-,  leisure,  a 
school;  Vr.  ecolicr  ;  D.  schuoticr ;  O.  schii- 
ler ;  Dan.  skotelwid.  The  Danish  word 
signifies  school-learned.     8ee  t)chool.] 

1.  One  who  learns  of  a  teacher;  one  who  is 
under  the  tuition  of  a  preceptor ;  a   pupil 
a  disciple  ;  hence,  any   memlier  of  a  eol 
lege,   academy   or   school  ;  applicable   to 
the  learner  of  any  art,  science  or  branch 
of  literature. 

2.  A  man  of  letters.  Locke. 

3.  Umphaticalli)  used,  a  man  eminent  for  er- 
udition ;  a  person  of  high  attainments  in 
science  or  literature. 

4.  One  that  h-arns  any  thing  ;  as  an  apt 
scholar  in  the  school  of  vice. 

5.  A  pedant;  a  man  of  books.  Bacon. 

[But  the  word  scholar  seldom  conveys 
the  idea  of  a  pedant,  j 

S€HOLAR'ITy,  n.  Scholarship.  [jYot 
used.i  B.  Jonaon. 

S€UOL'AR-LlKE,  a.  Like  a  scholar ;  be- 
coming a  scholar.  Bacon. 

SCHOL'ARSIIII*,  n.  Learning;  attainments 
in  .science  or  literature  ;  as  a  man  of  great 
scholarship.  Pope. 

2.  Literary  education ;  as  any  other  house 
ol' scholarship.     [Unusual.]  Milton. 

3.  ExInhitiDii  (If  mainleiiance  fir  a  scholar; 
foundation  for  the  support  of  astuilent. 

^■liiisworth. 

SeHOLAS'Tle,        )         [L.     scholaslicus.] 

S€HOLAS'TICAL.  5"-  Pertaining  to  a 
scholar,  lo  a  school  or  to  schools;  as 
scholastic  manners  or  pride  ;  scholastic 
learning. 

■J.  Sciiolar-like  ;  boconhng  a  .scliolar  ;  suitOr 
ble  to  schools;  H!i scholastic  precision. 

3.   Pedantic  ;  foiinal. 

Sclto'iistic  divinity,  that  species  of  divinity 
taught  in  some  schools  or  colleges,  which 
consists  in  discussing  and  settling  points 
by  reason  and  argument.  It  has  now 
fallen  into  contempt,  except  in  some  uni- 
versities, where  the  charters  require  it  to 
ho  taught.  Encyc. 

SCHOLAS'TIe,  n.  One  who  adheres  to  the 
nietliod  or  sulitillies  of  the  schools. 

Millon. 

SeHOLAS'TICALLY,  adv.  In  the  manner 
of  schools  ;  according  to  the  niceties  or 
method  nf  the  schools. 

SCHOLA.S'TICIS.W,  n.  The  method  or 
siihtilties  of  the  schools.  ffarton. 

The  spirit  of  the  old  scholasticism,  which 
spumed  lahorious  investigation  and  slow  induc- 
tion— J.  P.  Smith 

SCHOLIAST,  »f.  [Gr.  axo-Kta;r;i.  See  Scho- 
liuiit.] 

A   commentator    or    annotator  :  one    who 


writes  notes  upon  the  works  of  another 
for  illustrating  his  writings.  Dryden. 

SCHO'LIAZE,  t).  t.  To  write  notes  on  an 
author's  works.     [jVot  used.]  Milton. 

SCHO'LICAL,  a.  Scholastic.    [ATot  in  use.] 

Hales. 

SCHOLIUiM,  n.  plu.  scholia  or  scholiums. 
[L.  scholion  ;  Gr.  axuXwv,  from  axil^r^,  leis- 
ure, lucubration.] 

In  mo(/iC)n.«<ic.«,  a  remark  or  observation  sub- 
joined to  a  demonstration. 

SCIIO'LY,  n.  A  scholium.     [J^olin  use.] 

Hooker. 

SCHO'LY,  v.i.  To  write  comments.  [JVol' 
in  use.]  Hooker.' 

SCHOOL,  n.  [L.  schola;  Gr.  axoXrj,  leisure,! 
vac^atiun  from  business,  lucubration  at! 
leisure,  a  place  where  leisure  is  enjoyed,! 
a  school.  The  adverb  signifies  at  ease,' 
leisurely,  slowly,  hardly,  witli  labor  or  dif- 
ficulty. In  Sa.x.  sceol  is  a  rrowil,  a  multi- 
tude, a  school  [shoal,]  as  of  fishes,  and  a 
school  for  instruction.  Soulsoico^  scolu,\ 
a  school  ;  hut  the  latter  sense,  I  think, 
must  have  been  derived  from  the  Latin. 
IJ.  school,  an  .-icademy  and  a  crowd  ; 
schooten,  to  flock  tog(!thcr ;  G.  schule,  a 
school  for  instruction;  I),  skole  :  Sw.  sko- 
la;  VV.  ysgitl ;  Arm.  scol ;  Vr.  ecole  ;  It. 
scuola ;  Sp.  escueta  ;  Port,  escola  ;  Sans.l 
schata.  This  word  seems  originally  to 
have  denoted  leisure,  freedom  from  busi- 
ne.«s,  a  time  given  to  sports,  games  or  ex- 
ercises, and  afterwards  time  given  to  lite- 
rary studies.  The  sense  of  a  crowd,  col- 
lection or  slwat,  seems  to  be  ilerivative.] 

1.  A  place  or  house  in  which  persons  are  in- 
structed in  arts,  science,  languages  or  any 
species  of  learning  ;  or  the  pupils  assem- 
bled for  instruction.  In  American  usage, 
school  more  generally  denotes  the  collec- 
tive body  id"  pupils  in  any  place  of  instruc- 
tion, and  under  the  direction  anil  disci- 
pline of  one  or  more  teachers.  Thus  we 
say,  a  school  consists  of  fifty  pupils.  The 
preceptor  has  a  large  school,  or  a  small 
school.  His  discipline  keeps  the  school 
well  regulated  and  ipiiet. 

2.  The  instruction  or  exercises  of  a  collec- 
tion of  pujiils  or  students,  or  the  collective 
body  of  pupils  while  engaged  in  their 
stiulics.  Tlius  we  say.  the  school  begins 
or  opens  at  eight  o'clock,  that  is,  the  pu- 
pils at  that  hour  begin  their  studies.  So 
we  say,  the  teacher  is  now  in  school,  the 
school  liours  are  from  nine  to  twelve,  and 
from  two  to  five. 

3.  The  stale  of  instruction. 

Set  liini  betimes  to  school.  Dryden. 

4.  A  plaic  of  education,  or  collection  of  pu- 
pils, of  any  kind;  as  tbe4r/ioo/.sof  the  proph- 
ets. Ill  modern  usage,  the  word  «cAoo/coin- 
preheiuls  every  place  of  education,  as  uni- 
versity, lollege,  academy,  common  or  pri- 
mary schools,  dancing  schools,  riding 
schools,  &.C.  ;  but  ordinarily  the  word  is 
applied  to  seminaries  inferior  to  universi- 
ties and  colleges. 

AVliat  is  the  great  community  of  christians, 
bu(  one  of  the  inuumeralde  schiiols  in  the  vast 
plan,  wliicli  God  has  instituted  for  the  educa- 
tion of  various  intelligences?         Buckmitister. 

5.  Separate  denomination  or  sect ;  or  a  sys- 
tem of  doctrine  taught  by  particular  te.icli- 
ers,  or  peculi.ir  to  any  denomination  of 
christians  or  philosophers. 


J.et  no  m.in  be  lens  confident  in  liis  t'aitb — 
hy  reason  of  .any  difference  in  the  several 
schools  ot'cliricitians —  Tat/tor. 

Thus  we  say,  the  Socratic  school,  the 
Platonic  school,  the  Peripatetic  or  Ionic 
school;  by  which  we  understand  all  those 
who  adopted  and  adhered  to  a  j)articular 
system  of  u|iinion.s. 

C.  The  seminaries  for  teaching  logic,  meta- 
physics and  theology,  which  were  formed 
in  the  middle  ages,  and  which  were  char- 
acterized by  academical  disputations  and 
subtilties  of  reasoning  ;  or  the  learned 
men  who  were  engaged  in  discussing  nice 
points  in  metaphysics  or  theology. 

The  supreme  authority   of  Aristotle    in  the 

schools  of  theology  as  well  as  of  philosophy 

Henry. 
Hence,  school  divinity   is    the   divinity 
which  discusses  nice   points,  and  proves 
every  thing  by  argument. 

7.  Any  place  of  improvement  or  learning. 
The  world  is  an  excellent  .school  to  wise 
men,  but  a  school  of  vice  to  fools. 

SCHOOL,  V.  t.  To  instruct ;  to  train  ;  to 
educate. 

He's  gentle,  never  school'd,  yet  leamM. 

Shah: 

2.  To  teach  with  superiority  ;  to  tutor ;  to 
chide  and  admonish  ;  to  reprove. 
School  your  child, 
And  ask  why  tioil's  anointed  he  revil'd. 

Dryden. 

SCHOOL'-BOY,  n.  [Sec  Boy.]  A  boy  be- 
longing to  a  school,  or  one  who  is  learning 
rudiment.s.  SiviO. 

SCHOOL-DAME,  n.  [See  Dame.]  The  fe- 
male teacher  of  a  school. 

SCHOOL'-UAY,  71.  [See  Day.]  The  age  in 
which  youth  are  sent  to  school.  [.Vol  now 
used.]  Shak. 

SCHOOL -DISTRICT,  n.  A  division  of  a 
town  or  city  for  establishing  and  conduct- 
ing schools.     [U.  Stales.] 

SCHOOL'ERY,  n.  Something  taught;  pre- 
cepts.    [.\o(  used.]  Spenser. 

SCHOOL'-FELLOW,  n.  [See  FeUow.]  One 
bred  at  the  same  school  ;  an  associate  in 
school.  Locke. 

SCHOOL'-HOUSE,  n.  [See  House.]  A 
house  appropriated  for  the  use  of  schools, 
or  for  instruction  ;  but  applied  only  to 
buildings  tor  subordinate  schools,  not  to 
colleges.  In  Coijiiecticiit  and  some  other 
states,  every  town  is  divided  into  .school- 
districts,  and  each  district  erects  its  own 
school-house  by  a  tax  on  the  inhabitants. 

SCHOOL'ING, p;w.  Instructing;  teaching; 
reproving. 

Schooling,  ?!.  instruction  in  school; 
tuition. 

2.  Compensation  for  instruction;  price  or 
reward  paid  to  an  instructor  for  teaching 
pupils. 

■i.  Reproof;  reprimand.  He  gave  his  son  a 
gO(3d  schooling. 

SCHOOL'MAID,  »i.  [See  Maid.]  A  girl  at 
school.  Shak. 

SCHOOLHIAN,  n.  [See  Man.]  A  man 
versed  in  the  niceties  of  academical  dispu- 
tation or  of  school  divinity. 

Unleam'd,  he  knew  no  schoolman's  subtil 
art.  Pope. 

•2.  A  writer  of  scholastic  divinity  or  philos- 
ophy. 
Let  subtil  schoolmen  teach  these  Ctiends  to 
fight.  Pope. 


.SCI 


SCI 


SLA 


SeHOOL'MASTER,  n.  [See  Master.]  The  5.  One   of  the  seven   liberal    branches    of  !SCIOP'TIC,  n.  A  r^phere  or  globe  with  a 


man  wlio  i>resiiles  over  and  teaches  u 
school  ;  a  teacher,  instructor  or  preceptor 
of  a  school.  [Applied  now  only  or  chiefly 
to  the  teachers  of  primary  schools.]  | 

Adrian   VI.  was   sometime   schoolmaster  to; 
Charles  V.  Knolles. 

2.  He  or  that  which  disciplines,  instructs  and 
leads. 

The  law  was  our  schoolmaster  to  bring  us  to 
Chri^it.     Gal.  ill. 

SCHOOLMISTRESS,  n.  [See  Mistress.] 
A  woman  who  governs  and  teaches  a 
school.  Gay. 

SCHOON'KR,  n.  [G.  schoner.]  A  vessel  with 
two  masts,  whose  main  sail  and  fore-sail 
are  suspended  by  gaffs,  like  a  sloop's  main- 
sail, and  stretched  below  by  booms. 

Mir.  Diet.     Eiicyc. 

SCHORL.     [See  Shori] 

SCIAGRAPH'ICAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  sci- 
agraphy. 

SCIAG'RAPHY,  n.  [Gr.  axvar^pa^ia ;  axca,  a 
shadow,  and  ypo^iu,  to  describe.]  The  art 
of  sketching  or  delineating. 

2.  In  architecture,  the  profile  or  section  of  a 
building  to  exhibit  its  interior  structure 

Bailey. 

•1.  In  astronomy,  the  art  of  finding  the  hour 
of  the  day  or  night  by  the  shadows  of  ob 
jects,  caused  by  the  sun,  moon  or  stars  ; 
the  art  of  dialing.  Jlsh.     Bailey 

SCIATHER'I€,        ?      [Gr.  wia,  a  shadow, 

SClATHER'IeAL,  S      and   9rif>a.,   a  catch 

ing-] 
Belonging  to  a  sun-dial.     [Little  used.] 

Brown. 
SCIATHER'leALLY,  adv.  After  the  man-! 

ner  of  a  sun-dial.  Gregory. 

SCIATIC,       )  [L.  sciatica,   from    Gr. 

SCIAT'ICA,    I      '   laxMbixo;,  from  icxm;,  a 

pain   in   the   hips,    from    lazi-or,  the  hip, 

from  tsxi'i,  the  loin.]     Rheumatism  in  the 

hip.  Coie. 

SCIAT'IC.        I      Pertaining  to  the  hip  ;  as 
SCIAT'ICAL,  ^  "•  the  sciatic  arlery. 
2.  Affecting  the  hip  ;  as  sciatic  pains. 
SCJ'ENCE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  scientia,  from 

scio,  to   know;    Sp.  ciencia ;    It.   scienza. 

Scio  is  probably  a  contracted  word.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  knowledge,  or  certain 
knowledge  ;  the  comprehension  or  under- 
standing of  truth  or  facts  by  the  mind. 
The  science  of  God  must  be  perfect. 

2.  In  philosophy,  a  collection  of  the  general 
pririciples  or  leading  truths  relating  to  any 
subject.  Pure  science,  as  the  mathemat- 
ics, is  built  on  self-evident  truths;  but  the 
term  science  is  also  applied  to  other  sub 
jects  founded  on  generally  acknowledged 
truths,  as  metaphysics  ;  or  on  e.xperiraent 
and  observation,  as  chimistry  and  natural 
philosophy  ;  or  even  to  an  assemblage  of 
the  general  principles  of  an  art,  as  the  sci- 
ence of  agriculture;  the  science  ofnamga 
tion.  Arts  relate  to  practice,  as  painting 
and  sculpture. 

A  principle  in  science  is  a  rule  in  art. 

Playfair 

3.  Art  derived  from   precepts  or  built  on 
principles. 

Science  perfects  genius.  Dryden 

4.  Any  art  or  species  of  knowledge. 

No  science  doth  mako  known  the  first  princi- 
ples on  which  it  buildelh.  Hooker. 


kiiHwIt'ilge,  viz.  grammar,  logic,  rhef'tic,  j     lens  made  to  tmii   like  the  eye;  used  in 
aritlimetic,  geometry,  astronomy  and  inu-  ]     experiments  with  the  camera  obscura. 
sic.  Bailey.     Johnson.  SCIOP'TICS,   n.    The   science  of  exhibit- 

l^JVote. — Authors  have  not  always  been  careful  to  i  ing  images  of  external  objects,  received 
use  the  terms  art  and  science  with  due  discrimi-:  throii^'li  a  double  convex  glass  into  a 
nation  and  precision.     Music  is  an  art  as  well  |     tlarkeiied  room. 

as  a  science.     In  general,  an  art  is  (hat  which  gCiRE  FA'CIAS,  n.  [L.]  In  law,  a  judicial 

writ  suiintjiiniiig  a  |ierson   to  show  cause 


depends  on  practice  or  performance,  and  science 
that  which  depends  on  abstract  or  speculative 
principles.  The  theory  of  music  is  a  science  ;' 
the^rac/iceof  it  an  ar^]  j 

SCI'ENT,  a.  [L.sciens.]  Skillful.  [.Yotused.] 

Cockeram.\ 
SCIEN'TI.\L,  a.  Producing  science. 

Milton. 
SCiENTIF'Ie,        )        [Fr.  scientijifpie  ;  h. 
SCIENTIF'ICAL,  ]  ""  scientifico  ;  Sp.  cien- 
tlfico;  h.  scientia  and  facio,  to  make.] 

1.  Producing  certain  knowledge  or  demon- 
stration ;  as  scientijic  evidence.  Sotith. 

2.  According  to  the  rules  or  ])rinciples  of 
science ;  as  a  scientific  arrangement  of 
fossils. 

3.  Well  versed  in  science  ;  as  a  scientific  pliy-j 
sician.  ■ 

SCI ENTIF'I CALL Y,  adv.  In  such  a  man-' 

ner  as  to  produce  knowledge.  i 

it  is  easier  to  believe,  than  to  be  scientifically 

instructed.  Locke., 

2.  According  to  the  rules  or  principles  of 
science.  I 

SCIL'LITIN,n.  [See  S^in'H.]  A  white  trans-! 
puieut  acrid  substance,  extracted  fromi 
squills  by  Vogel.  Ure.\ 

SCIM'ITAR.     [See   Cimiter.]  1 

SCINK,  u.  A  cast  calf  [jVo<  in  use  orlocal.Y 

Ainsivorth. 

SCIN'TILLANT,  a.  [See  Scintillate.]  Emit-! 
ting    sparks    or    fine   igneous    particle: 
sparkling. 

SCIN'TILLATE,  v.  i.  [L.  scinlillo.  This 
word  seems  to  be  a  diminutive  formed  on 
the  Teutonic  scinan,  Eng.  to  shine.] 

1.  To  einit  sparks  or  fine  igneous  particles.! 
Marbles  do  not  scintillate  with  steel. 

Fourcroy.' 

2.  To  sparkle,  as  the  fixed  stars.  j 

SCIN'TILLATING,  ppr.  Emitting  sparks  ; 
sparkling. 

SCINTILLATION,  n.  The  act  of  emitting 
sparks  or  igneous  particles ;  the  act  of 
sparkling.  Broivn.     Glanville. 

SCI'OLISM,  n.  [See  Sciolist.]  Superficial 
knowledge.  Brit.  Critic. 

SCI'OLIST,  n.  [L.  sciolus,  a  diminutive 
formed  on  scio,  to  know.] 

One  who  knows  little,  or  who  knows  many 
things  superficially  ;  a  smatterer. 

These   passages   in   that  book,   were  enough 

I  to  humble  the  presumption  of  our  modem  sci- 
olists,  if  their  pride  were  not  as  great  as  their  ig- 
norance. Temple. 

SCI'OLOUS,  rt.  Superficially  or  imperfectly 

knowing. 
SCIOM'ACHY,  n.  [Gr.  axux,  a  shadow,  and 

fiaxr;,  a  battle.] 
A  battle  with  a  shadow.     [Little   used.] 

Cowley. 
SCION.     [See  Cion.] 
SCIOI"TIC,   a.    [Gr.    nxm,    shadow,    and 

ortrojitai,   to  see.] 
Pertaining  to  the  camera  obscura,  or  to  the 

art  of  exhibiting  images  through  a  hnic  in 

u  darkcued  room.  Bailey., 


to  the  court  why  something  should  not 
be  done,  as  to  require  sureties  to  show 
cause  why  the  plaiutif  should  not  have 
execution  against  them  for  debt  and  dam- 
ages, or  to  require  a  third  person  to  show 
cause  why  goods  in  his  hands  by  replevin, 
should  not  be  delivered  to  satisfy  the  exe- 
cution, &c.  Blackstone. 

SCI'ROe,  }  [It.  scirocco.]  In   Italy. 

SCIROC'CO,    S  a   south-east  wind ;  a 

hot  suffocaling  wind,  blowing  from  the 
burning  deserts  of  Africa.  This  name  is 
given  also,  in  the  north-easi  of  Italy,  to  a 
cold  bleak  wind  from  the  Alps.        Encyc. 

SelRROS'ITY,  »!.  [See  Scirrus.]  An  indu- 
ration of  the  glands.  Arbuthnot. 

SClR'ROUS,  a.  Indurated  ;  hard  ;  knotty  ; 
as  a  gland. 

2.  Proceeding  from  scirrus ;  as  scirrous  af- 
fections ;  scirrous  disease. 

SCIR'RUS,  n.  [It.  scirro;  Sp.  escirro ;  L. 
scirrus ;  Gr.  oxrppoj.] 

In  surgery  and  medicine,  a  hard  tumor  on 
any  part  of  the  body,  usually  proceeding 
from  the  induration  of  a  gland,  and  often 
terminating  in  a  cancer.         Encyc.    Coze. 

SCISCITA'TION,  n.  [L.  sdscitor,  to  inquire 
or  demand.] 

The  act  of  inquiring  ;  inquiry  ;  demand. 
[Little  used.]  Hall. 

SCIS'SIBLE,  a.  [L.  sci.ssus,  scindo,  to  cut.] 
Capable  of  being  cut  or  divided  by  a  sharp 
instrument;  as  scissible  matter  or  bodies. 

Bacon. 

SCIS'SILE,  a.  [L.  scissilis,  from  scindo,  to 
cut.] 

That  may  be  cut  or  divided  by  a  sharp  in- 
strument. Arbuthnot. 
CISSION,  n.  ^zh'on.  [Fr.  from  L.  scissio, 
scindo,  to  cut.] 

The  act  of  cutting  or  dividing  by  an  edged 
instrument.  Wiseman. 

SCISSORS,  n.  siz'zors.  plu.  [L.  scissor,  from 
scindo,  to  cut,  Gr  <sx'^^,  Sax.  sceadan.] 

A  cutting  instrument  resembling  shears,  but 
siTialler,  consisting  of  two  cutting  blades 
movable  on  a  pin  in  the  center,  by  which 
they  are  fastened.  Hence  we  usually  say, 
a  pair  oC  scissors. 

SCIS'SURE,  )i.  [L.  scissura,  from  scindo,  to 
cut.] 

A  longitudinal  opening  in  a  body,  made  by 
cutting.  [This  cannot  legitimately  be  a 
crack,  rent  or  fissure.  In  this  use  it  may 
be  an  error  of  the  press  for  fissure.  Decay 
of  Piety.] 

SCITAiVllN'EOUS,  a.  Belonging  to  the 
ScitaminecB,  one  of  Liune's  natural  orders 
of  plants.  Asiat.  Res. 

SCLAVO'NIAN,  \      [from  Sclavi,  a  people 

SLAVON'IC,  S  "'  of  t'lc  "orth  of  Eu- 
rope.] 

Pertaining  to  the  Sclavi,  a  people  that  in- 
habited the  country  biuween  the  rivers 
Save  and  Drave,  or  lo  their  language. 
Hence  the  word  came  to  denote  the  Ian- 


SCO 


SCO 


SCO 


guage  which  is    now  spoken   in   Poland, 

Rupsia,  Hungary,  Boheniiii,  &c. 
S€LKROT'l€,  a.  [Gr.  axx^poj,  hard ;  axJ-r 

porijj,  hardness.] 
Hard  ;  firm  ;  as  ihc  sclerotic  coat  or  tunirle 

of  the  i-ve.  f^'"J- 

SCLEROT'le,    Ji.    The   firm  white  outer 


coat  of  the  eye. 


Coxe. 


2.  A  medicine  which  hardens  and  consoli- 
dates the  parts  to  which  it  is  applied. 

(^uincy.     Coxe. 

SeOAT.     [See  Scot] 

SeOB'IFORM,  a.  [L.  scobs,  saw  dust,  and 

fonn.] 
Hiivinj;  the  form  of  saw  dust  or  raspmgs. 
StOBS,  71.  (L.  from  scabo,  to  scrape.]  Rasp 
inps  of  ivory,  hartshurn  or  other  hard  sub- 
stance ;  dross  of  metals,  &c.        Chumbers. 
S€OFF,   V.  i.  [Gr.  nxunru.     The    primary 
sense  is  probalily  to  throw,  in  which  sense 
it  coincides  with  the  D.  schoppen,  G.schup 
pen,  to  push,  to  shove.     But  I  do  not  find 
the  word  in  the  F.nglish  and  Greek  sense 
in  any  modern  language  except  the  Eng- 
lish.] 
To  treat  with  insolent  ridicule,  mockery  or 
contumelious  lanj;na},'e  ;  to  manifest  con- 
tempt by  derision  ;  with  at.     To  scoff  at 
religion  and  sacred  things   is  evidence  of 
extreme  weakness  and  folly,  as  well  as  of 
wickedness. 

They  shall  scoff  at  the  kings.    Hab.  i. 
SeOFF,  V.  t.  To  treat  with  derision  or  scorn. 

Fotherby. 
SCOFF,  n.  Derision,   ridicule,  mockery  or 
reproach,  expressed  in  language  of  con- 
tempt ;  expression  of  scorn  or  cflintempt. 
With    scoffs   and   scorns    and    contumelious 
taunts.  Shak. 

SCOFF'ER,  n.  One  who  scoffs;  one  that 
nnicks,  derides  or  reproaches  in  the  lan- 
guage of  contempt;  a  scorner. 

There  shall  come  in  the  last  days  scoffers, 

walking    after    their    own    lusts,    and    saying, 

"■  Where  is  the  promise  of  his  coming  ?'*  2  Pet. 

iii. 

SCOFFING,  ppr.    Deriding  or   mocking ; 

treatuig  with  reproachful  language. 
SCOFF'INGLY,  adv.  In   mockery  or  con- 
tempt;  by  way  of  derision. 

Aristotle  applied  this  hemistich  scoffingly  to 
the  sycophants  at  Athens.  Broome. 

SCOLD,  V.  i.  [D.  schelden;  G.schetten  ;  Dan. 
skielder,  to  rail,  to  scold  ;  Sw.  skalla,  ti 
soutid  or  ring;  sktiltra,  to  snap  or  crack 
sktilta,  to  hark,  to  srold.  It  seems  to  he 
formed  on  the  root  of  G.  schdle,  a  bell, 
jingle,  a  box  on  the  car  ;  scheUetr,  sch'dleii, 
to  ring;  D.  schel,  schetlen.  It's  is  a  prefix, 
this  word  coincides  with  call,  and  Sax. 
galan,  to  »\itg,gyllan,  gielan,  to  yell.] 
To  fiu<l  fault  or  rail  witli  rude  clamor ;  to 
brawl ;  to  utter  railing  or  harsh,  rude, 
boisterous  rebuke  :  witli  al;  ns,  to  scold  at 
a  servant.  A  scolding  tongue,  a  scolding 
-.vile,  a  scolding  husband,  a  scolding  mas- 
ter, who  can  endure  ? 

Pardon  me,  'tis  (he  first  time  that  ever 

I'm  forc'd  to  srold.  Shak. 

SCOLD,   V.  I.  To  chide  with  rudeness  and 

boisterous  clamor  ;  to  rate.  Boswell. 

[The  transitive  use  of  this  word  is  of  recent 

origin,  at  least  within  my  knowledge.] 
SCOLD,  n.  A  rude,  clamorous,  foul-mouthed 
woman. 

Scolds  answer  foid-inouth'd  scolds.       Swifi. 
3.  A  scolding  ;  a  brawl. 


SCOLDER,  n.  One  that  scolds  or  rails. 

SCOLDING,  ppr.  Railing  with  chiMior;  ut- 
tering rebuke  in  rude  and  boisterous  lan- 
guage. 

2.  a.  Given  to  scolding. 

SCOLDING,  n.  The  uttering  of  rude,  clam- 
orous language  by  way  of  rebuke  or  rail- 
ing ;  railing  language. 

ISCOLDINGLY;  adv.  With  rude  clamor  or 
railing. 

SCOLLOP,  n.  A  pectinated  shell.  [See 
Scallop.  ] 

i2.  An  indenting  or  cut  like  those  of  a  shell. 

[SCOL'LOP,  I!,  t.  To  form  or  cut  with  scol 

I     lops. 

iSCOLOPEN'DRA,  n.  [Gr.  Txo?.ortf.«po.]  A 
venomous  serpent.  Johnson. 

2.  A  genus  of  insects  of  the  order  of  Apters, 
destitute  of  wings.  These  insects  have  as 
many  feet  on  each  side  as  there  are  seg- 
ments in  the  body.  There  are  severa 
species.  Diet.  .Yat.  Hist. 

3.  A  plant.  [L.  scolopendrium.]       Ainsworth 
SCOMM,  n.    [L.  scomma  ;  Gr.  axuitfia,  from 

(jxujtTu).     See  -Sco^'.] 

1.  A  buffoon.     [jYotinuse.]         L'Estrange. 

2.  A  flout ;  a  jeer.     [JVot  in  use.] 
SCONCE,  n.    [D.   schans;    G.  schanze;   D 

skands  ;  Sw.  ska7i$,  a  fort  or  castle,  a  for- 
tification.] 

1.  A  fort  or  bulwark  ;  a  work  for  defense, 
Obs.  Shak 

2.  A  hanging  or  projecting  candlestick,  gen 
erally  with  a  mirror  to  reflect  the  light. 

Uoldcn  sconces  hang  upon  the  walls. 

Dryden 

3.  The  circular  tube  with  a  brim  in   a  can 
dleslick,   into   which     the    candle   is    in 
scrted.  that  is,  the  support,  the  holder  ofj 
the  caiKlle;  and  from  this  sense  the  can- 
dlestick, in  the  preceding   definition,  has 
its  name. 

4.  A  fixed  scat  or  shelf     [Local. 


SCONCE,  n.  [Dan.  sktOnner,  to  judge,  to 
discern  ;  sA'io/iiOHi,  judicious.] 

1.  Sense  ;  judgment  ;    discretion  or  under 
standing.      This  sense  has  been  in  vulgar 
use  in  New  England  within  my  memory. 

2.  The  head  ;  a  low  word.  SItak. 
:i.   A  undct  or  fine.   [Qu.  poll-tax.] 
SCONCE,  I',  t.  To  mulct ;  to  fine.  [,'}  low 

u'ord  and  not  in  use.]  Warlon. 

SCOOP,  »i.  [D.  srhop,  a  .scoop,  and  a  shove 

G.  schitptpe  ;  schuiip,  a  shove;  schnpptn, lo 

push  or  shove  ;  bw.  sktiff]  a  shove  ;  Dan 
I     slutffe,  a  scoop,  a  shovel,  a  box  or  drawer 

I),   srhuif,  schuivcn,  to   shove;  Fr.   ecope 

.Arm.  csgop  or  scop.] 

1.  A  large  ladle;  a  vessel  with  a  long  ban 
die  fastened  to  a  dish,  used  for  dippingj 
li(luors  :  also,  a  little  hollow  piece  of  wood 
for  bailing  boats. 

2.  An  instrument  of  surgery.  Sharp. 

3.  .\  sweep ;  a  stroke  ;  a  swoop.  Shak.] 
SCOOP,  !'.  t.  To  lade  out ;  properly,  to  take 

out  willi  a  scoop  or  with  a  sweeping  mo- 
tion. 

He  scoop'd  the  water  from  the  crystal  flood. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  empty  by  lading  ;  as,  he  scooped  it  dry. 

Mdison. 

3.  To  make  hollow,  as  a  scoop  or  dish  ;  to 
excavate  ;  as,  the  Indians  scoop  the  trunk 
of  a  tree  into  a  canoe. 

Those  railmncles  the  Indians  will   scoop,  fc 
as  to  hold  above  a  pint.  .^rbxtthnot 


To  remove,  bo  as  to   leave  a  place  hol- 
low. 

A  spectator  would  think  this  circular  mount 
had  been  actually  scooped  out  of  that  hollow 
spare.  Spectator. 

SCOOPED,  pp.  Taken  out  as  with  a  scoop 
or  ladle ;  hollowed  ;  excavated  ;  removed 
so  as  to  leave  a  hollow. 

SCOOP' ER,  n.  One  that  scoops;  also,  a 
water  fowl. 

SCOOP'ING,  ppr.  Lading  out ;  making  hol- 
low ;  excavating  ;  removing  so  as  to  leave 
a  hollow. 

SCOOP'-NET,  n.  A  net  so  formed  as  to 
sweep  the  bottom  of  a  river. 

SCOPE,  n.  [L.  scojnts  ;  Gr.  uxojtoj,  from 
oxo«tu),  to  see  or  view  ;  Ileb.  HpE'  to  see, 
to  behold  ;  Ch.  to  drive  or  strike.  Class 
Gb.  No.  85.  The  primary  sense  is  to 
stretch  or  extend,  to  reach  ;  properly,  the 
whole  extent,  space  or  reach,  hence  the 
whole  space  viewed,  and  hence  the  limit 
or  ultimate  end.] 

1.  Space  ;  room  ;  amplitude  of  intellectual 
view  ;  as  a  free  scope  for  inquiry ;  full  scope 
for  the  fancy  or  imagination  ;  ample  scope 
for  genius. 

2.  The  limit  of  intellectual  view;  the  end  or 
thing  to  which  the  mind  <lirects  its  view  ; 
that  which  is  purposed  to  be  reached  or 
accomplished  ;  hence,  idtimate  design, 
aim  or  purpose;  intention;  drift.  It  ex- 
presses both  the  purpose  and  thing  pur- 
posed. 

Your  scope  is  as  mine  own, 
So  to  enforce  and  qualify  the  laws. 
As  to  your  soul  seems  good.  ShaJc. 

The  scope  of  all  their  pleading  against  man's 
authority,  is  lo  overthrow  such  laws  and  con- 
stitutions of  the  church —  Hooker. 

3.  Liberty ;  freedom  from  restraint ;  room 
to  move  in.  Hooker. 

4.  Liberty  beyond  just  limits;  license. 
Give  him  line  and  scttpe.  Shak. 

5.  Act  of  riot ;  sally  ;  excess.     Obs.      Shak. 
(j.  Extended  quantity ;  as  a  scope  of  land. 

Obs.  Daines. 

7.   Length  ;  extent ;  sweep ;  as  scope  of  ca- 
ble. jMar.  Language. 
SCO'PIFORM,  a.  (L.  «co;>a,  a  broom,  and 
form.]     Having  the   form  of  a   broom  or 
besom. 

Zeolite,  stelliform  or  scopiform,         Kirwan. 
SCOP'PET,  V.  t.  To  lade  out.  [.Yotin  use.] 

Bp.  Hall. 

SCOP'TICAL,  a.  [Gr.  ffxurtrtxof.]  Scofting. 

[.Vo/  in  use.]  Hammond. 

SCOP'ULOUS,  «.  [L.  scopulosus.]    Full   of 

rocks ;  roitky.     [.\"ot  in  use]  Did. 


SCORBUTE,  n.  [L.  scorbulus.]  Scurvy. 
[Mot  in  use.]  Purchas. 

SCORBU'TIC,        I      [Fr.scorbutique,from 
SCORBU'TICAL,  S      L.«cor5it(nj,  the  scur- 
vy.    See  Scurf,  Scun-;/.] 

1.  Affected  or  diseased  with  scurvy;  as  a 
scorbutic  person. 

2.  Pertaining  to  scurvy,  or  partaking  of  its 
nature ;  as  scorbutic  complaints  or  symp- 
toms. 

3.  Subject  to  scurvy  ;  as  a  scorbutic  habit. 

SCORBL'TICALLY,  adv.  With  the  scur- 
vy, or  with  a  tendency  to  it  ;  as  a  woman 
scorbutically  affected.  Jfiseman. 

SCORCE.     [See  Scorse.] 
SCORCH,  V.  t.  [D.   schroeijen,  schrooken,  to 
scorch.     If  this  ia  the  same  word,   there 


SCO 


SCO 


SCO 


1. 


iias  been  a  transposition  of  the  vowelJ 
Tlie  Siixmi  lias  scorcned,  the  participle.; 
But  it  is  probable  the  Dutch  is  the  true: 
orthography,  and  the  word  is  to  be  refer- 
red to  the  Ch.  pn,  Ar.    c3j.=.    haraka  or, 

charaka,  to  burn,  singe  or  roast.  Class 
Rg  No.  3a34.] 

To  burn  siiperticially  ;  to  subject  to  a  de- 
gree of  heat  that  clianges  the  color  of  a 
thing,  or  both  the  color  and  texture  of  the 
surface.  Fire  will  scorch  linen  or  cottonj 
very  s|ieedily   in  extremely  cold  weather.! 

2.  To  burn;  to  afl'ect  painfully  with  heat. 
Scorched  with  the  burning  sini  or  burning! 
sands  of  Africa. 

SCORCH,  D.  I.  To  be  burnt  on  thesurface;; 
to  be  parched  ;  to  be  dried  up. 

Scatter  a  little  mungy  straw  and  fern  among! 
jour  seedlings,  to  prevent  the  roots  from  scorch- 
ing. Mortimer. 

SCORCH'ED,  pp.  Burnt  on  the  surface; 
pained  by  heat. 

S€ORCH'iNG,  ppr.  Burning  on  the  sur-1 
face  ;  paining  bv  heat.  I 

S€ORCH'ING-FENNEL,  n.  A  plant  of 
the  genus  Thapsia  ;  deadly  carrot.      Lee. 

SCOR'DIIIM,  n.  [L.]  A  plant,  the  water- 
germander,  a  species  of  Teucriuni. 

Encyc. 

SCORE,  n.  [Ir.  scor,  a  notch  ;  sgoram,  to 
cut  in  [lieces ;  Sax.  s  or,  a  score,  twenty  ; 
Ice.  skora,  from  the  root  of  shear,  share, 
shire.] 

1.  A  notch  or  incision  ;  hence,  the  number; 
twenty.  Our  ancestors,  before  the  knowl-, 
edge  of  writing,  numbered  and  kept  ac- 
counts of  numbers  by  cutting  notches  on! 
a  stick  or  tally,  and  making  one  notch  the' 
representative  of  twenty.  A  simple  mark 
answered  the  same  purpose. 

2.  A  line  drawn. 

3.  An  account  or  reckoning  ;  as,  he  paid  his 
score.  Shafc. 

4.  An  account  kept  of  something  i)ast ;  an 
epoch  ;  an  era.  Tillolson. 

5.  Debt,  or  account  of  debt.  Shak. 
Account ;  reason  ;  motive. 

But  left  the  trade,  as  many  more 
Have  lately  done  on  the  same  score. 

Hvdibras.' 

7.  Account;  sake. 

You  act  your  kindness  on  Cydaria's  score. 

Drydeji. 

8.  In  music,  the  original  and  entire  draught 
of  any  coiuposition,  or  its  transcript. 

Busby.: 
To  quit  scores,  to   i)ay  fully  ;  to   make   eveni 

by  giving  an  equivalent.  | 

A  song  in  score,  tlie  words  with  tlie  musicalj 

notes  of  a  song  annexed.  Johnson. 

SCORE,  V.  t.  To  notch  ;  to  cut  and  chip  for 

the  pur|)ose  of  preparing  for  hewing ;  as, 

to  score  timber.  ! 

2.  To  cut ;  to  engrave.  Spenser. 

3.  To  mark  by  a  line.  Sandys. 

4.  To  set  down  as  a  debt. 

Madam,  I  know  when, 
Instead  of  five,  you  scored  me  ten.        Swift. 

5.  To  set  down  or  take  as  an  account  ;  to 
charge  ;  as,  to  score  follies.  Dn/den. 

C.  To  form  a  score  in  umsic.  Busby. 

SCO'RED,  pp.  Notched;  set  down ;  mark- 
ed ;  prepared  for  hewing. 

In  botany,  a  scored  stem  is  marked  with 
parallel  lines  or  grooves.  Martyn. 


6. 


SCO'RIA,  n.  [L.  from  the  Gr.  sxopta,  ost«p, 
rejected  matter,  that  which  is  tlirown  off. 
Class  Gr.] 

Dross;  the  recrement  of  metals  in  fusion,  or 
the  mass  produced  by  nielling  metals  and 
ores.  J^ewton.     Encyc. 

SCOKIA'CEOUS,  a.    Pertaining  to  dross 
hke  dross  or  the  recrement  of  metals ;  par- 
taking of  the  nature  of  scoria. 

SCORIFICA'TION,  n.  In  metallurgy,  the 
act  or  operation  of  reducing  a  body,  ei- 
ther wholly  or  in  part,  into  scoria. 

Encyc. 

SCO'RIFIED,  pp.  Reduced  to  scoria. 

SCO'RIFORM,ri.  [h.  scoria  aw  A  form.]  Like 
scoria;  in  the  form  of  dross.  Kirwan. 

SCO'RIFY,  V.  t.  To  reduce  to  scoria  or 
drossy  matter. 

SCO'RlFYlNG,  ppr.    Reducing   to  scoria, 

SCO'RING,  ppr.  Notching  ;  marking  ;  set 
ting  down  as  an  account  or  debt;  form- 
ing a  score. 

SCO'RIOUS,  a.    Drossy  ;    recrementitious. 

Brown. 

SCORN,  )!.  [S[>.  escarnio,  scorn  ;  escarnecer, 
to  mock;  rort.  escarneo,  escaritecer ;  It. 
scherno,  schernire  ;  VV.  ysgorn,  ysgorniaiv.] 

1.  Extreme  contempt  ;  that  disdain  which 
springs  from  a  person's  opinion  of  the 
ineatmess  of  an  object,  and  a  conscious- 
ness or  belief  of  his  own  superiority  or 
worth. 

He  thought  scorti  to  lay  hands  on  Mordecai 
alone.     Esth.  iii. 

Every  sullen  frown  and  bitter  scorn 
But  fann'd  the  fuel  thai  too  fast  did  burn. 

Drydeti. 

2.  A  subject  of  extreme  contempt,  di.«dain 
or  derision  ;  that  which  is  treated  with 
contempt. 

Thou  niakest  us  a  reproach  to  our  neighbor.s, 
a  scorn  and  a  derision  to  them  that  are  around 
us.     Ps.  xliv. 
To  think  srorn,  to  disdain ;  to  despise.      Obs. 

Sidney. 

To  laugh  to  scorn,  to  deride  ;  to  make  a  mock 
of;  to  ridicule  as  contemptible, 
'lliey  laughed  us  to  scorn.     Neh.  ii. 
,SCORN,  V.  t.  To  liold  in  extreme  ciuitenjpt ; 
to  despise  :  to  contenm  ;  to  disdain.     Job 
xvi. 

Surely  he  scorneth  the  scorner ;  but  he  giv- 
etti  grace  to  the  lowly.     Prov.  iii. 

2.  To  think  unworthy  ;  to  disdain. 
Fame  that  delights  around  the  world  to  stray, 
Scorns  not  to  take  our  Argos  in  her  way 

Pope. 

3.  To  slight ;  to  disregard  ;  to  neglect. 
This   my  long    suff'rance   and   my   day    of 

grace. 
Those  who  neglect  and  scorn,   shall  never 
taste.  .Milton. 

SCORN,  r.  i.  To  scorn  at,  to  scoff  at  ;  to 
treat  with  contumely,  derision  or  reproach. 
Obs.  Shak. 

SCORN'ED,  pp.  Extremely  contemned  or 
despised  ;  disdained. 

SCORN'ER,  n.  One  that  scorns  ;  a  con- 
tenuier  ;  a  despiser. 

They  are  great  scorners  of  death.       Spenser. 

2.  A  scoffer ;  a  derider ;  in  Scriptinc,  one 
who  scoffs  at  religion,  its  ordinances  and 
teachers,  and  who  makes  a  mock  of  sin 
and  the  judgments  and  threatenings  of 
(jod  against  sinners.     Prov.  i.     xix. 

SCOP.N'FUL,  a.  Contemptuous;  disdain- 
ful ;  entertaining  scorn  ;  insolent. 


Th'  enamor'd  deity 
The  scornful  damsel  shuns.  Dryd^ii. 

2.  Acting  in  defiance  or  disregard. 
Scornful  of  winter's  frost  and  summer's  sun. 

Prior. 

3.  In  Scripture,  holding  religion  in  contempt; 
treating  with  disdain  religion  and  the  dis- 
pensations (.f  God. 

SCORNFULLY,  adv.  With  extreme  con- 
tempt; coniemptuoiisly ;  insolently. 

The  sacred  nghts  of  the  christian  church  are 
scornfully  trampled  on  in  print —      Atterbury. 

SCORNFULNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing scornful. 

SCORNING,  ppr.  Holding  in  great  con- 
tempt;  despising;  di.sdaining. 

SCORN'ING,  71.  The  act  of  contemning; 
a  treating  with  contempt,  slight  or  dis- 
dain. 

How  long  will  the  scorners  delight  in  their 
scorning?     Prov.  i.     Ps.  cxxiii. 

SCORPION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  scorpio ;  Gr. 
oxoprtio;;  probably  altered  from  the  Orien- 
tal 3"ipi'.  The  Arabic  verb  to  which  this 
word  belongs,  signifies  to  wound,  to  strike, 
&c.] 

1.  In  zoology,  an  insect  of  the  genus  Scor- 
pio, or  rather  the  genus  itseli^  ccmtaining 
several  species,  natives  of  southern  or 
warm  climates.  This  animal  has  eight 
feet,  two  claws  in  front,  eight  eyes,  three 
on  each  side  of  the  thorax  and  two  on  the 
back,  and  a  long  jointed  tail  ending  in  a 
pointed  weapon  or  sting.  It  is  found  in 
the  south  of  Europe,  where  it  seldom  ex- 
ceeds four  inches  in  length.  In  tropical 
climates,  it  grows  to  a  foot  in  length,  and 
resembles  a  lobster.  The  .sting  of  this  an- 
imal is  sometimes  fatal  to  life.  Encyc. 

2.  In  Scripture,  a  painful  scourge  ;  a  kind  of 
whip  armed  with  points  like  a  scorpion's 
tail.     1  Kings  xii. 

Malicious  and  crafty  men,  who  delight 
in  injuring  others,  are  compared  to  scor- 
pions,    Ezek.  ii. 

In  astronomy,  the  eighth  sign  of  the  zodi- 
ac, which  the  sun  enters,  Oct.  2:3. 

4.  A  sea  fish.     [L.  scorpius.]  Ainsworth. 
Water  scorpion,  an  aquatic  insect  of  the  ge- 
nus Nepa. 

SCOB'PION-FLY,  n.  An  insect  of  the  ge- 
nus Pannriui,  having  a  tail  which  resem- 
bles that  of  a  scorpion. 

SCOR'PION-GRASS,  ?        A   plant   of  the 

SCOR'PION'S  TAIL,  \  "■  genus  Scorpiu- 
rus,  with  trailing  herbaceous  stalks,  and 
producing  a  pod  resembling  a  caterpillar, 
whence  it  is  called  caterpillars.  Encyc. 

The  mouse-ear  scorpion-grass,  is  of  the 
genus  Myosotis. 

SCOR'PION-SENNA,  n.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Coronilla. 

SCOR'PION'S-THORN,  n.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Ulex. 

SCOR'PION-WORT,  n.  A  plant,  the  Or- 
nithovus  scorpioides.  Parr. 

SCORSE,  n.  [It.  scorsa,  a  course  ;  L.  ex 
and  cursus.]  A  course  or  dealing  ;  barter. 
Obs.  Spenser. 

SCORSE,  1'.  t.  To  chase.     Obs.       Spenser. 

2.  To  barter  or  exchange.     Obs.        Spenser. 

SCORSE,  V.  i.  To  deal  for  the  purchase  of 
a  horse.     Obs.  B.  Jonson. 

SCORT'ATORY,  a.  [L.  scorlator,  from 
scortor.]  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  in 
lewdness. 


SCO 


SCO 


SCO 


[Qu.  It.  scoria,  bark  ;  L.  ex 

In  mineralogy,  a  variety  "f 

Urt. 


)      ,   rArni.  scoat,  the  sliouliler, 


SCOR'ZA,  M 
and  carter.] 
epidote. 

S€OT 

SCOTCH,  \  "•  '•  Whence  scoazya,  to  shoul- 
der np,  to  prop,  to  support;  W.  ysguyz,  a 
sliouldnr ;  ysi^vyzatr,  to  slinulder,  vvhici; 
is  suit!  to  be  from  cimjz,  a  fall.] 

To  support,  as  a  wheel,  by  j)lacing  some  ob 
stacle  to  prevent  its  rolling.  Our  wagon- 
ers and  oartmen  scot  the  wheels  «i  thiur 
wat'ons and  carts,  when  in  ascending  a  hill 
they  .stop  to  give  their  team  rest,  or  for 
other  purpose.  In  Conneeticirt,  I  have 
"enerally  heard  this  word  pronounced 
scot,  in  Massacliu.setis,  scotch. 

SCOT,  n.  [Sax.  sceal,  a  part,  portion,  angle 
or  bay,  a  garment  or  vest,  a  towel,  cloth 
or  sheet ;  sceut,  sceata,  sceatt,  money,  tax, 
tribute,  toll,  price,  gift  ;  sceta,  scyta,  a 
sheet.  This  is  the  English  shot,  in  the 
phrase,  he  paid  his  shot ;  and  scot,  in  scot 
and  hi.  Ice.  skot,  D.  schot,  a  wainscot, 
shot,  scot;  school,  a  sheet,  a  shoot,  a  shot, 
a  sprig,  a  bolt,  the  lap,  the  womb ;  G. 
schoss,  scot,  a  shoot,  and  schooss,  lap, 
womb  ;  Sw.  skatt,  tax,  tribute,  rent,  Eng, 
scot;  Uan.  sAof,  skat,  id.;  skiod,  the  lap, 
the  bosom,  the  waist  of  a  coal  ;  Fr.  ecot, 
shot,  reckoning.  It.  scotlo  ;  Sp.  racotc,  shot, 
reckoning,  a  tucker,  or  small  piece  of  lin- 
en that  shades  a  woman's  breast,  also  the 
sloping  of  a  garment ;  escota,  a  sheet,  in 
seamen's  language  ;  I'orl.  escota  ;  escole, 
shot,  club.  This  word  coincides  in  ele- 
ments with  shade,  scud,  shoot,  shed  and 
sheet,  all  of  wiiich  convey  the  sense  of 
driving,  or  of  separating,  cutting  off. 

In  law  anil  English  history,  a  portion  of 
money,  assessed  or  paid  ;  a  customary 
tax  or  contribution  laid  on  subjects  ac- 
cording to  their  ability;  also,  a  tax  or 
custom  paid  for  the  use  of  a  sherif  or  bai- 
lif  Hence  our  modern  shot ;  as,  to  pay 
one's  shot. 

Scot  and  lot,  parish  payments.  When  per- 
sons were  taxed  unequally,  they  were  said 
to  pay  scot  and  lot.  Encyc. 

SCOT,  ji.  [Sax.  scotta,  scotte  ;  W.  ysgniiad, 
a  woodsman,  a  Scut,  frtitx  ysgiiwd,  a  shade  ; 
ysgodi,  to  shade,  to  shelter,  Eng.  shade, 
which  see.  'I'his  word  signifies,  accord- 
ing to  the  Welsh,  an  inhabitant  of  the 
woods,  and  from  the  same  root  probably 
as  Scythian,  Scythia.]  A  native  of  Scot- 
land or  North  Britain. 

SCOT'AL,     )        [scot  and  ale.]    In  latv,  the 

SCOT'ALE,  ^  ■  keeping  of  an  alehouse  by 
the  officer  of  a  forest,  and  drawitig  peo- 
ple to  spend  their  money  for  liquor,  for 
fear  of  his  displeasure. 

SCOTCH,  a.  Pertaining  to  Scotland  or  its 
irdiabitants.     [See  Scotish.] 

SCOTCH.   [See  Scot,  the  verb.] 

SCOTCH,  V.  t.  [Uu.  Arm.  sqeigea,  or  Sax. 
sceadan.  This  cannot  be  from  Fr.  ecor- 
cher,  to  flay  or  peel ;  ecorce,  bark.] 

To  cut  with  shallow  incisions.     Obs. 

Sliak. 

SCOTCH,  Ji.  A  slight  cut  or  shallow  in- 
cision. Shak.     Ifalton. 

SCOTCH-COLLOPS,        )       Veal  cut  into 

SCOTCHED-COI.LOPS,  S 

SCOTCH-HOPPER,  n.  A 
boys  hop  over  scotches 
ground. 

Vol.  II. 


small  pieces. 

play    in   which 

or   lines   in  the 

Locke. 


SCO'TER,  n.  The  black  diver  or  duck,  a 
species  of  Anas. 

SCOT'FREE,  a.  Free  from  payment  or 
scot ;  untaxed. 

2.  Unhurt  ;  clear;  Safe. 

SCO'TIA,  71.  in  architecture,  a  semicircular 
cavity  or  chafuiel  between  the  tores  in 
the  bases  of  columns. 

SCOT'ISH.     I       Pertaining  to  the  inbabi- 

SCOT'TISH,  S  tanis  of  Scotland,  or  to 
their  country  or  language  ;  as  Scottish  in- 
dustry or  economy  j  a  Scottish  chief;  the 
Scotti.'ih  dialect. 

SCO'TIST,  71.  [from  Buns  Scotus,  a  Scot- 
ish cordelier.] 

One  of  the  followers  of  Scotus,  a  sect  of 
school  divines  who  maintained  the  im 
maculate  conception  of  the  virgin,  or  that 
she  was  born  without  original  sin ;  in  op- 
position to  the  Thomists,  or  followers  of 
Tlioirias  Aquinas. 

SCOT'OMY,  71.  [Gr.  axorw|ua,  vertigo,  from 
Bjiorow,  to  darken.] 

Dizziness  or  swimming  of  the  head,  with 
dinmcss  of  sifiht. 

SCOT'TERING,  ?i.  A  provincial  word  in 
Herefordshire,  England,  denoting  the 
burning  of  a  wad  of  pease  straw  at  the 
end  of  harvest.  Bailey.     Johnson 

SCOT'TICISM,  71.  An  idiom  or  peculiar 
expression  of  the  natives  of  Scotland. 

Beaitie, 

SCOTTISH.     [See  Scotish.] 

SCOIJN'DREL,  71.  [said  to  be  from  It 
scondartiote,  a  lurker,  one  that  sculks  liom 
the  roll  or  muster,  from  L.  abscondo.  The 
Italian  signifies  properly  the  play  hood 
niari-blind,  or  fox  in  the  hole.] 

A  mean,  worthless  fellow;  a  rascal;  a  low 
petty  villain  ;  a  man  without  honor  or  vir 
tne. 

Go,  if  your  ancient  hut  ignoble  blooil 
Has  crept  through  scoundrels  ever  since  the 
flood.  Pope. 

SCOUNDREL,  a.  Low;  base;  mean;  un- 
principled. 

SCOUN  DRELISM,  ti.  Baseness;  turpi- 
tiiile ;  rascality.  Cotgrave 

SCOUR,  V.  t.  [Goth.  .sAaiiroTt,  to  scour;  Sax 
scur,  a  scourin;; ;  I),  schuurcn  ;  G.  scheu- 
em  ;  Dan.  sktircr ;  Sw.  skura  ;  Arm.  scar- 
hein,  srurhdn  or  scurya  ;  Fr.  ecurer,  to 
scour  ;  Sp.  escurar.  See  the  roots  TU 
and  j?lj.     Class  Gr.  No.  5.  and  8.] 

1.  To  rub  hard  with  something  rough,  for 
the  purpose  of  cleaning  ;  as,  to  scour  a 
kettle ;  to  scour  a  musket ;  to  scour  ar- 
mor. 

2.  To  clean  by  friction ;  to  make  clean  or 
bright. 

3.  To  purge  violently. 

4.  To  remove  by  scouring. 

Never  came  lefoiniation  in  a  flood 
With  such  a  heady  current, scouring  faults. 

Shak. 

5.  To  range  about  for  taking  all  that  can  be 
found  ;  as,  to  scour  the  sea  of  pirates. 

6.  To  pass  swiftly  over  ;  to  brush  along;  as, 
to  scour  the  coast.  Milton. 

Not  so  when  swift  Camilla  scours  the  plain. 

Pope. 
SCOUR,  V.  I.  To  perform  the  business  of 
cleaning  vessels  by  rubbing.  Shak.' 

2.  To  clean. 

Warm  water  is  soflcr  than  cold,  for  it  seour- 
cth  better.  Bacon! 

65 


•3.  To  be  purged  to  excess. 

Bacon.    J)Iorliinei. 

4.  To  rove  or  range  for  sweeping  or  taking 
something. 

]3arbaro9sa,  thus  scouring  along  the  coast  of 
Italy —  KtiolUt. 

5.  To  mil  with  celerity  ;  to  scamper. 

.So  four  tierce  couiscrs,  starting  lo  the  race. 
Scour  through  the  plain,  and  lengthen  everj' 
pace.  Drydcn. 

SCOUR'ED,    }ip.  Rubbed    wilh  something 
rough,  or  made  clean  by  rubbing  ;  severe- 
ly purged ;  brushed  along. 
SCOUU'ER,  71.  One  tliat  scours  or  cleans 

by  rubbing. 
2.  A  drastic  cathartic. 
.3.  One  that  runs  with  speed. 
SCOURtiE,    n.    skurj.    [Fr.  escourgee  ;   It. 
scoreggia,  a  lether  thong  ;  from  L.  corrig- 
gia,  trom  corrigo,  to  straighten.] 

1.  A  whi|i;  a  lash  consisting  of  a  strap  or 
cord  ;  an  instrument  of  punishment  or 
discipline. 

A  scourge  of  small  cords.     .lohn  ii. 

2.  A  punishment ;  vindictive  affliction. 

Famine  and  plague  are  sent  as  scourges  for 
amendment.     2  Esdras. 

3.  He  or  that  which  greatly  afllicts,  harass- 
es or  destroys:  parlicidarly,  any  continu- 
ed evil  or  calamity.  Attila  was  called  the 
scourge  of  God,  for  the  miseries  he  in- 
flictecl  in  his  conquests.  Slavery  is  a  ter- 
rible scourge. 

4.  A  whip  for  a  top.  Locke. 
SCOURgE,  v.  t.  skurj.  [It.  scoreggiare.]  To 

whip  severely  ;  to  lash. 

Is  it  law  lul  for  you  to  scourge  a  man  that  Is  a 
Roman  .'     Acts  xxii. 

2.  To  punish  with  severity  ;  to  chastise;  lo 
afflict  for  sins  or  faults,  and  with  the  pur- 
pose of  correction. 

He  will  scourge  us  for  our  iniquities,  and  « ill 
have  mercy  again.  Tubit. 

Whom  the  Lord  loveth  he  chasteneth,  and 
aeourgeih  every  son  whom  he  receiveth.  Hcb. 
xii. 

3.  To  afflict  greatly  ;  to  harass,  torment  or 
injure. 

SCOURG'ED,  pp.  Whipped;  lashed;  pun- 
ished severely  ;  hara.ssed. 

SCOURG'ER,  7!.  One  that  scourges  or  pun- 
ishes ;  one  that  afflicts  severely. 

SCOURG'ING,  ppr.  Whipping  ;  lashing 
with  severity  ;  punishing  or  afflicting  se- 
verely. 

SCOUR'ING,  ppr.  Rid)bing  hard  with  some- 
thing rough  ;  cleaning  by  rubbing  ;  cleans- 
ing with  a  drastic  cathartic ;  ranging  over 
for  clearing. 

SCOUR'ING,  71.  A  rubbing  liard  for  clean- 
ing ;  a  cleansing  by  a  drastic  ])urge;  loose- 
ness ;  flux.  Bacon. 

SCOURSE.     [See  Sforse.] 

SCOUT,  71.  [Fr.  ecout ;  ecouler,  to  hear,  to 
listen  ;  Norm,  escoult,  a  hearing;  ll.scolta, 
a  watch  ;  scollare,  lo  listen  ;  L.  auscuUo; 
Gr.  oti,  the  ear,  and  L.  culto,  coto.] 

1.  In  military  affairs,  a  person  sent  before 
an  army,  or  to  a  distance,  for  the  purpose 
of  observing  the  motions  of  an  enemy  or 
discovering  any  danger,  and  giving  no- 
tice to  the  general.  Horsemen  are  gene- 
rally employed  as  scouts.  Encyc. 

2.  A  high  rock.     [.\'ot  in  use.] 

SCOUT,  V.  i.  To  go  on  the  business  of 
watching  the  motions  of  an  enemy  ;  to 
act  as  a  scout. 


SCR 


SCR 


SCR 


With  obscure  wing 
Scout  far  aud  wide  into  the  realm  of  night. 

Milton. 

SCOUT,  r.  I.  [perhaps  Svv.  skiuta,  to  shoot, 
to  thrust,  that  is,  to  reject.] 

To  sneer  at  ;  to  treat  witli  disdain  and  con- 
tempt. [This  word  is  in  good  use  in  Amer- 
ica.] 

SCO'VEL,  n.  [W  ysgubell,  from  ysgub,  a 
broom,  L.  scopa.] 

A  mop  for  sweeping  ovens ;  a  manikin. 

Ainsworth.     Bailey. 

Scow,  n.  [D.  schouw  ;  Dan.  skude  ;  Svv. 
skuta.] 

A  large  flat  bottomed  boat  ;  used  as  a  ferry 
boat,  or  for  loading  and  unloading  vessels. 
[A  word  in  good  use  in  JVew  England.] 

SCOW,  V.  t.  To  transport  in  a  scow. 

SCOWL,  V.  i.  [Sax.  scul,  in  scul-eaged, 
scowl-eyed  ;  probably  from  tlie  root  of  G. 
schel,  schiel,  D.  scheel,  distorted  ;  schielen, 
Dan.  skieler,  to  squint ;  Gr.  oxo7.cow,  to 
twist.     See  Class  Gl.  No.  59.] 

1.  To  wrinkle  the  brows,  as  iu  frowning  or 
displeasure  ;  to  put  on  a  frowning  look ; 
to  look  sour,  sullen,  severe  or  angry. 

She  scowl'd  and  frown'd  with  frowaid  coun- 
tenance. Spenser 

2.  To  look  gloomy,  frowning,  dark  or  tem- 
pestuous ;  as  the  scowling  heavens. 

Thomson 

SCOWL,  V.  t.  To  drive  with  a  scowl  or 
frowns.  Milton. 

SCOWL,  n.  The  wrinkling  of  the  brows  in 
frowning  ;  the  expression  of  disi)leasure, 
sulleimess  or  discontent  in  the  counte- 
nance. 

2.  Gloom;  dark  or  rude  aspect  ;  as  of  the 
heavens.  Crashaw. 

SeOWL'ING,  ppr.  Contracting  the  brows 
into  wrinkles;  frowning;  expressing  dis- 
pleasure or  sulleimess. 

SeOWL'INGLY,  adv.  With  a  wrinkled, 
frowning  aspect ;  with  a  sullen  look. 

SCIIAB'BLE,  V.  i.  [D.  krabbelen,  to  scrape, 
to  scribble  ;  krabben,  to  scrape  ;  G.  krnb- 
beln,  graben.  This  word  belongs  to  the 
root  of  scrape,  L.  scribo,  Eng.  grave,  en- 
grave, &c.     See  Scrape.] 

1.  To  scrape,  paw  or  scratch  with  the  hands  ; 
to  move  along  on  the  hands  and  knees  by 
clawing  with  the  hands  ;  to  scramble  ;  as, 
to  scrabble  up  a  clifi'or  a  tree.  [Axoord  in 
common  popular  use  in  JVeio  England,  but 
not  elegant.] 

2.  To  make  irregular  or  crooked  marks  ;  as, 
children  scrabble  when  they  begin  to  write  ; 
hence,  to  make  irregular  and  unmeaning 
marks. 

David — scrabbled  on  the  doors  of  the  gate 
1  Sam.  xxi. 
SCRAB'BLE,  v.  t.  To  mark  with  irregidar 
lines  or  letters;  a^,  to  scrabble  pajjcr. 

SCRAB'BLING,  ppr.  Scraping;  scratch- 
ing ;  scrambling  ;  making  irregidar  njarks. 

SCKAG,  n.  [This  word  is  formed  from  the 
root  of  rng,  crag,  Gr.  pax^a,  po;!;i5,  rack. 
Class  Rg.] 

Something  thin  or  lean  with  roughness.  A 
raw  boned  person  is  called  a  scrag,  but 
the  word  is  vulgar. 

t^<;li'\t;'GED,  I  ^    [supra.]  Rough  with  ir- 

SCRAG'GY,  ^  •  regular  points  or  a  bro- 
ken surface  ;  as  a  scraggy  hill ;  a  scragged 


SCRAG'GEDNESS,  ?      Leanness,  or  lean- 

SCRAG'GINESS,  ^  "■"«*«  with  rough- 
ness ;  ruggedness ;  roughness  occasioned 
by  broken  irregular  points. 

SCRAG'GILY,  adv.  With  leanness  and 
roughness. 

SCR AM'BLE,  v.  i.  [D.  schrammen,  to  scratch. 
It  is  not  improbable  that  this  word  is  cor- 
rupted from  the  root  of  scrape,  scrabble.] 
To  move  or  climb  by  seizing  objects  with 
the  hand,  and  drawing  the  body  forward  ; 
as,  to  scramble  up  a  cliff. 

2.  To  seize  or  catch  eagerly  at  any  thing 
that  is  desired  ;  to  catch   with   haste  pre- 


The  chiming  clocks  to  dinner  call ; 
A  hundred  footsteps  scrape  the  marble  hall. 

Pope 
To  scrape   off,   to  remove   by  scraping ;  to 

clear  away  by  rubbing. 
To  scrape  together,  to  gather  by  close  indus- 
try or  small  gains  or  savings  ;  as,  to  scrape 
together  a  good  estate. 
SCRAPE,  V.  i.  To  make  a  harsh  noise. 

2.  To  plaj  awkwardly  on  a  violin. 

3.  To  make  an  awkward  bow. 

To  scrape  acquaintance,  to  make  one's  self 
acquainted  ;  to  nirry  favor.  [A  low  phrase 
introduced  from  the  practice  of  scraping 
in  bowing.] 

[Dan.  scrab  ;  Sw.   skrap.]     A 


ventive  of  another;  to  catch   at   without 
ceremony.     Man   originally    was  obliged  SCRAPE, 
to  scra7ii6<c  with  wild  beasts  for  nuts   and[|     rubbing. 

acorns.  |2.  The  sound  of  the  foot  drawn  over  the 

Of  other  care  they  little  rcck'ning  make, 


Thau  how  to  scramble  at  Uie  shearer's  feast. 

Milton. 

SCRAM'BLE,     n.    An   eager   contest   for 


floor. 

3.  A  bow. 

4.  Difficulty  ;     perplexity  ;     distress  ; 
which  harasses.     [A  low  zvord.] 


that 


something,  in  which  one  endeavors  to  getj'SCRA'PED,    pp.    Rubbed    on    the  surface 


back  bone. 


2.  Lean  with  roughness. 


the  thing  before  another. 

The  scaicity  of  money    enhances  the  price  | 
and  increases  the  scramble.  Locke.  > 

]2.  The  act  of  climbing  by  the  help  of  the 
hands. 

SCRAMBLER,  n.  One  who  scrambles ; 
one  who  climbs  by  the  help  of  the  hands. 

SCRAM'BLING,  ppr.  Climbing  by  the  help 
of  the  hands. 

2.  Catching  at  eagerly  and  without  ceremo- 
ny. 

SCRAM'BLING,  n.  The  act  of  climbing  by 
the  helj)  of  the  hands. 

2.  The  act  of  seizing  or  catching  at  with  ea- 
ger haste  and  without  ceremony. 

SCR'ANCH,  V.  t.  [D.  schranssen  ;  from 
cranch,  craunch,  by  prefixing  s.] 

To  grind  with  the  teeth,  and  with   a  crack- 

1  ling  soimd  ;  to  craunch.  [This  is  in  rut- 
gar  use  in  America.] 

SCRAN'NEL,  a.  [Qu.  broken,  split;  from 
the  root  of  cr«H»,i/.]     Slight;  poor. 

Grate  on  their  scrannel  pipes  of  wretched 
straw.     [A'ot  in  use.]  Milton. 

SCRAP,  n.  [from  scrape.]  A  small  piece ; 
properly  something  scraped  off,  but  used 
for  any  thing  cut  off;  a  fragment ;  a 
cruiTi ;  as  jcrn/;s  of  meat.  Shak. 

2.  A  part  ;  a   detached    piece ;  as  scraps  of 
history  or  poetry  ;   scraps    of   antiquity 
scrap*  of  authors.  Locke.     Pope. 

3.  A  small  piece  of  paper.  Pope. 
Ilf  used  tor  script,  it  is  improper" 

SCRAPE,  V.  t.  [Sax.  screopun  ;  D.  schraapen, 
schrabben  ;  G.schrapeii ;  Sw.  skrapa  ;  Dan. 
skraber ;  Ir.  scriobam,  sgrabam  ;  Russ.sA; 
bu  and  ogrebayu  ;  L.  scribo,  Gr.  ypa4>u,  to 
write  ;  W.  ysgravu,  to  scrape,  frnm  cruvu 
to  scrape,  from  crai',  claws.  Owen.  But 
probably  from  the  general  root  of  grace 
In  Ch.  and  Syr.  2^^  signifies  to  plow ;  ir 
Ar.  to  strain,  distress,  gripe.     Sec  GraiY.]; 

1.  To  rub  the  surface  of  any  thing  with  ai 
sharp  or  rough  instrument,  or  wilb  some- 
thing hard;  as,  to  scrape  the  floor;  to 
scrape  a  vessel  for  cleaning  it  ;  to  scrape 
the  earth  ;  to  scrape  the  body.     Job  ii. 

2.  To  clean  by  scraping.     Lev.  xiv. 

3.  To  remove  or  take  nft'hy  rubbing. 
I  will  uUo  scra/ie  her  dust  from  licr,  and  make 

her  lik<^  the  top  of  a  rock.     Kzck.  xxvi. 

4.  To  act  upon  the  surface  with   a  grating 
Arbuthnot.^     noise. 


with  a  sharp  or  rough  instrument ;  clean- 
ed by  rubbing  ;  cleared  away  by  scraping. 
SCRA'PER,  n.  An  instruujent  with  which 
any  thing  is  scraped  ;  as  a  scraper  for 
shoes. 

2.  An  instrument  drawn  by  oxen  or  horses, 
and  used  for  scraping  earth  in  making  or 
repairing  roads,   digging   cellars,   canals, 

&.C. 

3.  An  instrument  having  two  or  three  sides 
or  edges,  for  cleaning  the  planks,  masts  or 
decks  of  a  ship.  Sec. 

4.  A  miser  ;  one  who  gathers  property  by 
peiuiiious  diligence  and  snjall  savings  ;  a 
scrape-penny. 

5.  An  awkward  fiddler. 
SCRA'PING,    ppr.     Rubbing   the   surface 

with  something  sharp  or  hard  ;  cleaning 
by  a  scraper  ;  removing  by  rubbing  ;  play- 
ing awkwardly  on  a  violin. 
SCRAT,    1'.  t.  [formed   on  the   root  of  L. 
rado.]     To  scratch.     [.Vot  in  use.] 


SCRAT,  V.  i.  To  rake ;  to  search. 


.  1 


Burton. 
[.Yot  in 


SCRAT,    n.    An   hermaphrodite.     [A'ot  in 

use.]  Skinner. 

SCRATCH,  V.  t.  [G.  krat:en,ritzen,kritzetn; 

D.   kratsen ;  Sw.  kratsa  ;    Dan.   kradser  ; 

probably  Iroin  the  root   of  grate,  and  L. 

rado.     See  Class  Rd.  No.  4(>.  49.  56.  58. 

50.] 

1.  To  rub  and  tear  the  surface  of  any  thing 
with  something  sharp  or  ragged  ;  as,  to 
scratch  the  cheeks  with  the  nails  ;  loscratch 
the  earth  with  a  rake  ;  to  scratch  the  hands 
or  face  by  riding  or  running  among  bri- 
ers. 

A  sort  of  small  sand-colored  stones,  so  hard 
as  to  scratch  glass.  Grew. 

2.  To  wound  slightly. 

3.  To  rub  with  the  nails. 

Ho  mindful,  when  invention  fails. 

To  scratch  your  head  and  bite  your  nails. 

Swijt. 

4.  To  write  or  draw  nwkw.irdly  ;  as,  to 
scratch  out  a  pamphlet.     [A'o<i»i  use.] 

Sioi/i. 

5.  To  dig  or  excavate  with  the  claws.  Some 
animals  scratch  holes  in  which  they  bur- 
row. 

To  scratch  out,  to  erase ;  to  rub  out  ;  to  ob- 
literate. 


SCR 


SCRATCH,  V.  i.  To  use  the  claws  in  tcar- 
iuf?  the  surface.  The  galhnaceous  hen 
scratches  lor  her  chickens. 

— Uull  tame  things  that  will  neither  bite  nor 
scratch.  ^o"- 

SCRATCH,  n.  A  rent ;  a  break  in  the  sur- 
face of  a  thing  made  by  scratching,  or  by 
rubbing  with  any  thing  pointed  or  rag- 
ged ;  as  a  scratch  on  timber  or  glass. 

The  coarse  hie— makes  deep  scratches  in  the 

work.  Moxon. 

These  nails  with  scratches  shall  deform  my 

breast.  •P""''- 

2,  A  slight  wound. 

Hcav'n  forbid  a  shallow  scratch  should  drive 
The  prince  of  Wales  from  such  a  field  as  this. 

Shak. 

3.  A  kind  of  wig  worn  for  covering  baldness 
or  gray  hairs,  or  for  other  purpo-se.  I 

SmoUet. 

SCRATCHED,  pp.  Torn  by  the  rubbing 
of  something  rough  or  pointed. 

SCRATCH' ER,;i.  He  or  that  which  scratch- 
es. 

SCRATCH' ES,  n.  plu.  Cracked  ulcers  on 
a  horse's  foot,  just  above  the  hoof. 

SCRATCH'ING,  ppr.  Rubbing  with  some- 
thing pointed  or  rough  ;  rubbing  and  tear- 
ing the  surface. 

SCRATCH'IMGLY,  adv.  With  the  action 
of  scratching.  Sidiiei). 

SCRAVV,  n.  [Irish  and  Erse.]  Surface;  ciit 
turf.     [Not  ill  use.]  Sieifl. 

Scrawl,  v.  t.  [Qu.  from  cratvl,  or  its  root, 
or  from  the  D.  schravelen,  to  scratcli  or 
scrape.     Both  may  he  from  one  root.] 

1.  To  draw  or  mark  awkwardly  and  irregu- 
larly. Swijl. 

2.  To  write  awkwardly. 
SCRAWL,  V.  i.  To   write  unskillfully  and 

inelegantly. 

Though  with  a  golden  pen  you  scrawl. 

Swift. 
2.  To  creep ;  to  crawl.     [This  is  from  crawl, 

but  I  know  not  that  it  is  in  use.] 

AinswoHh. 
SCRAWL,  n.  Unskillful   or  inelegant  wri- 
ting; or  a  piece  of  hasty  bad  writing. 

Pope. 
2.  In  New  England,  a  ragged,  broken  branch 

of  a  tree,  or  other  brush  wood. 
SCR.^WL'ER,    n.    One    who   scrawls  ;    a 

hasty  or  awkward  writer. 
SCRAY,  n.  A  fowl  called  the  sea  swallow, 

\hirundo  marina,]  of  the  genus  Terna. 
SCRR'ABLE,  a.  [L.  screabitis,  from  srreo, 

to  spit  out.]     Tiiat  may  be  spir  out.    Ohs. 
SCRE.AK,  V.  i.  [Sw.  skrika  ;  hun.  skriger  ; 

W.  ysgregian,  from   crecian,   to  creak,  to 

shriek,  from  crec,  cryc,  rough,  roughness, 

or  its  root.     This  word  is  only  a  difierent 

orthograpliy  of  screech  and   shriek,  but  is 

not  elegant.] 
To  utter  suildenly  a   sharp   shrill   sound  or 

outcry  ;  to  scream  ;  as  in  a  sudden  fright ; 

also,  to  creak,  as  a  door  or  wheel.     [See 

Screech.^ 

[When  applied  to  things,  we  use  creak, 

and  when  to  persons,  s/irieA:,  both  of  which 

are  elegant.] 
Screak,  n.  a  creaking;  a  screech. 
SCREAM,  r.  i.    [Sax.  rcomian,  hrisman  or 

hreman  ;  W.  ysgarmu,  to  set  up  a  scream 


SCR 

from  schtrm,  a  fence  or  skrecn ;  srhermen, 
to  fence.  The  primary  sense  is  to  thrust, 
drive  or  force  out  or  away,  to  .separate. 
See  Class  Rni.  No.  11.] 
To  cry  out  with  a  shrill  voice  ;  to  utter  a 
sudden,  sharp  outcry,  as  in  a  fright  or  in 
extreme  pain  ;  to  shriek. 

The  fearful  matrons  raise  a  screaming  cry. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  utter  a  shrill  harsh  cry ;  as  the  jcreani- 
jng'  owl. 

SCREAM,  n.  A  shriek  or  sharp  shrill  cry 
uttered  suddenly,  as  in  terror  or  in  pain: 
or  the  shrill  cry  of  a  fowl ;  as  screatns  of] 
horror.  Pope. 

SCREAMER,  n.  A  fowl,  or  genus  of  fowls, 
of  the  grullic  order,  of  two  species,  na- 
tives of  America. 

SCRE'AMING,  ppr.  Uttering  suddenly  a 
sharp  shrill  cry  ;  crying  with  a  shrill 
voice. 

SCRE'AMING,  n.  The  act  of  crying  out 
with  a  shriek  of  terror  or  agony 

SCREECH,  v.i.  [Sw.  skrika;  Dan.  skri- 
ger ;  G.  schrcicn  ;  W.  ysgrcoian,  from 
crepnn,  to  creak  ;  Ir.  screachaim.  See 
Screak  and  Shriek,  and  Class  Rg.  No.  1.  4. 
4!).  50.] 

1.  To  cry  out  with  a  sharp  shrill  voice;  to 
utter  a  sudden  shrill  cry,  as  in  terror  or 
acute  pain  ;  to  scream  ;  to  shriek. 

Bacon. 

2.  To  utter  a  sharp  cry,  as  an  owl  ;  thence 
called  screcch-otvl. 

SCREECH,  n.  A  sharp  shrill  cry  uttered 
in  acute  pain,  or  in  a  sudden  fright. 

2.  A  harsh  shrill  cry,  as  of  a  fowl.  Pope. 

SCREE'CIHNG,  ppr.  Uttering  a  shrill  or 
harsh  cry. 

SCREECH-OWL,  ji.  An  owl  that  utters 
a  harsh  disagreeable  cry  at  night,  no  more 
ominous  of  evil  than  the  notes  of  the 
nightingale. 

SCREED,  n.  With  plasterers,  the  floated 
work  behind  a  cornice.  Encyc. 

SCREEN,  JI.  [Fr.  ecran.  This  word  is  ev- 
idently from  the  root  of  L.  cerno,  crcerno, 
Gr.  xfiwu),  to  separate,  to  sift,  to  judge,  to 
fight,  coiiteiiil,  skirmish  ;  Sp.  harnero,  a 
sieve.  The  primary  sense  of  the  root  is 
to  separate,  to  drive  or  force  asunder, 
hence  to  sift,  to  discern,  to  judge,  to  sepa- 
rate or  cut  oil' danger.] 

1.  Any  thing  that  separates  or  cuts  off  in- 
convenience, injury  or  danger;  and  hence, 
that  which  shelters  or  protects  from  dan- 
ger, or  prevents  inconvenience.  Thus  a 
screen  is  used  to  intercept  the  sight,  to  in- 
tercept the  heat  of  tire  or  the  light  of  a 
candle. 

Some  ambitious  men  seem  as  screens  to  prin- 
ces in  matters  of  danger  and  envy.  Bacon. 
A  riddle  or  sieve. 

SCREEN,  V.  t.  To  separate  or  cut  off  from 
inconvenience,  injury  or  danger  ;  to  shel- 
ter; to  protect;  to  protect  by  hiding;  to 
conceal ;  as  fruits  screened  from  cold  winds 
by  a  forest  or  hill.  Our  houses  and  gar- 
ments screen  us  from  cold  ;  an  umbrella 
screens  us  from  rain  and  the  sun's  rays 
Neither  rank  nor  money  should  screen 
from  punishment  the  man  who  violates 
the  laws. 


or  shout.     It  appears  from  tlio  Welsh  that  2.  To  sift  or  riddle  ;  to  separate  the  coarse 


this  is  also  the  English  skirmish,   Sp.  es 
caramuzar,  which  in  D.  is  schermiUselen,\\ 


part  of  any  thing  from  the 
worthless  from  the  valuable. 


fine,  or  the 
Evelyn. 


SCR 

SCREE'NED,  pp.  Protected  or  sheltered 

from  injury  or  danger  ;  sifted. 

SCREE'NING,  ppr.  Protecting  from  injury 
or  danger. 

SCREW,  n.  [D.  schroef;  G.  schraube ;  Dan. 
skntve  or  skrue  ;  Sw.  skruf.  The  primary 
sen.se  is  probably  to  turn,  or  rather  t& 
strain.     Class  Rb.] 

L  A  cylinder  of  wood  or  metal,  grooved 
spirally  ;  or  a  cylinder  with  a  spiral  chan- 
nel or  thread  cut  in  such  a  mamicr  that  it 
is  equally  inclined  to  the  base  of  the  cylin- 
der throughout  the  whole  length.  A 
screw  is  male  or  female.  In  the  male 
screw,  the  thread  rises  from  the  surface  of 
the  cylinder  ;  in  the  female,  the  groove  or 
channel  is  sunk  below  the  surface  to  re- 
ceive the  thread  of  the  male  screw. 

2.  One  of  the  six  mechanical  powers. 

SCREW,  V.  t.  To  turn  or  apply  a  screw  to ; 
to  press,  fasten  or  make  tirni  by  a  screw ; 
as,  to  screw  a  lock  on  a  door ;  to  screw  a 
press. 

2.  To  force  ;  to  squeeze  ;  to  press. 

3.  To  oppress  by  exactions.  Landlords 
sometimes  scretv  and  rack  their  tenants 
without  mercy. 

4.  To  deform  by  contortions  ;  to  distort. 
He  screw'd  his  face  into  a  harden'd  smile. 

Dryden. 

To  screw  out,  to  press  out ;  to  extort. 

To  screw  up,  to  force  ;  to  bring  by  violent 
pressure  ;  as,  to  screw  up  the  pins  of  pow- 
er too  high.  Howell. 

To  screw  in,  to  force  in  by  turning  or  twist- 
ing. 

SCREWED,  pp.  Fastened  with  screws; 
pressed  with  screws  ;  forced. 

SCREW'ER,  n.  He  or  that  which  screws. 

SCREWING,  ppr.  Turning  a  screw;  fas- 
tening or  pressing  with  a  screw. 

SCREW'-TREE,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Helicteres,  of  several  species,  natives  of 
warm  climates.  They  are  shrubby  plants, 
with  yellow  flowers,  and  capsules  intorted 
or  twisted  inwards.  Encyc. 

SCRIBBLE.  V.  t.  [L.  scribillo,  dim.  ofscribo, 
to  write,  W.  ysgrivaw.     See  Scribe.] 

1.  To  write  with  haste,  or  without  care  or 
regard  to  correctness  or  elegance  ;  as,  to 
scribble  a  letter  or  pamphlet. 

2.  To  fill  with  artless  or  worthless  writing. 

MUton. 

SCRIBBLE,  t'.  t".  To  write  without  care  or 
beauty. 

If  Ma^vius  scribble  in  Apollo's  spite.      Pope. 

SCRIB'BLE,  n.  Hasty  or  careless  writing  ; 
a  writing  of  little  value  ;  as  a  hasty  scrib- 
ble. Boyle. 

SCRIBBLED,  pp.  Written  hastily  and 
without  care. 

SCRIB  BLER,  n.  A  petty  author;  awriter 

of  no  reputation. 

The  scribbler  pinch'd  with  hunger,  writes  to 

dine.  Granville. 

•SCRIBE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  scn'in,  from  scnio, 

to  write ;  formed  probably  on  the  root  of 

grave,     scrape,    scrub  ;    I),   schryven ;    G. 

schreiben  ;  Sw.  skrifva  ;  Dan.  skrivcr  ;  W. 

ysgrivaw,  ysgriienu,  whince  scrivener ;  It. 

scrivere  ;    Sp.  cscribir  ;  Port,  escrever  ;  I'r. 

ecrire,  ecrivant :  Arm.  scriva,  scrifan  :  Gr. 

ypa^u  ;  Ir.  grafadh,  to  write,  and  sgrioliam, 

sgrabam,  to   scrape,    engrave    or   w  rite ; 

Uuss.  skrebit,  sgrebayu,  to  scrape,  scrub. 


SCR 


SCR 


SCR 


lake.    Class  Rb.    Tlio  first  writing   was 
prohably  engraving  on  wood  or  stone.] 

1.  Ill  a  general  sense,  a  writer.     Hence, 

2.  A  notary  ;  a  publie  writer. 

3.  In  ecclesiastical  meetings  and  associa- 
tions in  America,  a  secretary  or  clerk ; 
one  who  records  the  transactions  of  an 
ecclesiastical  body. 

4.  In  Scripture  and  the  Jewish  history,  a  clerk 
or  secretary  to  the  king.  Seraiah  was 
scribe  to  king  David.     '2  Sarn.  viii. 

5.  An  otiicer  who  enrolled  or  kept  the  rolls 
of  the  army,  and  called  over  the  names 
and  reviewed  them.    aCh.  .x.xvi.  :i  Kings 

XXV. 

0.  A  writer  and  a  doctor  of  the  law ;  a  man 
of  learning;  one  skilled  in  the  law;  one 
who  read  and  explained  the  law  to  the 
people.     Ezra  vii. 

SeRIBE,  V.  t.  To  mark  by  a  model  or  rule 
to  mark  so  as  to  fit  one  piece  to  another; 
a  term  used  by  carpenters  and  joiners. 

SCRI'MER,  n.  [Fr.  escrimeur.  See  Skir- 
mish.]   A  fencing-master.      Obs.         Shak. 

SCRIMP,  V.  t.  [Sw.  skrumpen,  shriveleil ; 
D.  krimpen,  to  shrink,  crimp,  shrivel  ;  G. 
schrumpfen  ;  W.  criinpiaw,  to  pinch.] 

To  contract ;  to  shorten  ;  to  make  too  small 
or  short ;  to  limit  or  straiten  ;  as,  to  scrimp 
the  pattern  of  a  coat.  JVew  England. 

SCRIMP,  a.  Short;  scanty. 

SCKIMP,  n.  A  pinching  raiser;  a  niggard  ; 
a  close  fisted  person.  .Yew  England. 

SCRINE,  n.  [L.  scrinium ;  Norm,  escrin  ; 
probably  Ironi  L.  cerno,  secerno.] 

A  shrine  ;  a  chest,  book-case  or  other  place 
where  writings  or  curiosities  are  deposi- 
ted. [See  Shrine,  which  is  generally 
used.] 

SCRINGE,  v.i.  To  cringe,  of  which  this 
word  is  a  corruption. 

SCRIP,  n.  [W .  ysgrab,  ysgrepan,  something 
puckered  or  drawn  together,  a  wallet,  a 
scrip ;  Sw.  skrtippa.  This  belongs  to  the 
root  of  gripe,  our  vulgar  grab,  that  is,  to 
seize  or  press.] 

.\  small  bag ;  a  wallet  ;  a  satchel.  David 
put  five  smooth  stones  in  a  scrip.  1  Sam. 
xvii.  Matt.  x. 

SCRIP,  n.  [L.  scriplum,  scriplio,  frotu  scribo, 
to  write.] 

A  small  writing,  certificate  or  schedule;  a 
piece  of  paper  containing  a  writing. 

Bills  of  exchange  cannot  pay  our  debts 
.ibroad,  till  scrips  of  paper  can  be  made  current 
coin.  Locke. 

A  certificate  of  stock  subscribed  to  a 
hank  or  other  company,  or  of  a  share  of 
other  joint  property,  is  called  in  America; 
a  scrip. 

SCRIP'PAtiE,  n.  That  which  is  contained 
in  a  scrip.     [JVot  in  use.]  Diet. 

SCRIPT,  )i.  A  scrip.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Chaucer. 

SCRIP'TORY,     a.     [L.    scriplorius.      See 

Scribe.] 
Written  ;  expressed  in  writing  ;  not  verbal. 
{Link  used.]  Swift. 

SCUIP'TURAL,  a.  [from  scripture.]  Con- 
taineil  in  the  Scriptures,  so  called  by  way 
of  eminence,  that  is,  in  the  Bible  ;  as  a 
scriptural  word,  expression  or  phrase. 
•X  According  to  the  Scriptures  or  sacred  or- 
acles ;  as  a  scriptural  doctrine. 


SCRIP'TURALIST,  n.  One  who  adheres 
literally  to  the  Scriptures  and  makes  them! 
the  foundation  of  all  philosophy.  j 

SCRIP'TURE,  n.  [L.  scriptura,  from  scribo, 
to  write.] 

1.  In  its  primary  sense,  a  writing ;  any  thing 
written.  Raleigh. 

2.  Jipproprialely,  and  by  way  of  distinction, 
the  books  of  the  Old  and  New  Testament ; 
the  Rible.  The  word  is  used  either  in  the 
singular  or  plural  uinnber,  to  denote  the| 
sacred  writings  or  divine  oracles,  culled 
sacred  or  holy,  as  proceeding  from  God 
and  containing  sacred  doctrines  and  pre- 
cepts. 

There  is  not  any  actiou  that  a  man  ought  to 
do  or  forbear,  but  the  .'Scripture  will  give  him 
a  clear  precept  or  prohibition  for  it.  South. 

Compared  with  the  knowledge  which  the 
Scriptures  contain,  every  other  subject  of  hu- 
man inquiry  is  vanity  and  emptiness. 

Buckminster. 

SCRIP'TURIST,  n.  One  well  versed  in  the 

Scriptures.  JVewcombe. 

SCRIV'ENER,    n.    [VV.    ysgrivemor,   from 

ysgrivenu,  to  write ;  It.  scrivano  ;  Fr.  ecri- 

vain.     See  Scribe.] 

1.  A  writer;  one  whose  occupation  is  to 
draw  contracts  or  other  writings.     Encyc. 

2.  One  whose  business  is  to  place  money  at 
interest.  Dryden. 

SCROF'ULA,  n.  [L.  In  G.  kropf  is  crop, 
craw,  and  scrofula.  In  D.  it  is  kropzeer, 
neck-sore.] 

A  disease,  called  vulgarly  the  king's  evil, 
characterized  by  hard,  scirrous,  and  often 
imlolent  tumors  in  the  glands  of  the  neck, 
under  the  chin,  in  the  arm-pits,  &c. 

Encyc. 

SCROF'ULOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  scrofula, 
or  partaking  of  its  nature ;  as  scrofulous 
tumors  ;  a  scrofulous  habit  of  body. 

2.  Diseased  or  affected  with  scrofula. 

Scrofulous  persons  can  never  be  duly  nour- 
ished. Arbulhnot. 

SCROLL,  n.  [probably  formed  from  roll,  or 
its  root  ;  Fr.  ecroue,  a  contracted  word, 
whence  escrow.] 

\  roll  of  paper  or  parchment;  or  a  writing 
formed  into  a  roll. 
Here  is  the  scroll  of  every  man's  name.SAaA:. 
The   heavens  shall  be  rolled  together  as   a 
scroti.     Is.  xxxiv. 

SCRO'TUM,  n.  Thebag  which  contains  the 
testicles. 

SCROYLE,  n.  [In  Fr.  ecrouelles,  the  king's 
evil ;  or  D.  schranl,  thin,  lean,  meager.] 

A  mean  fellow  ;  a  wretch.     [A"o(  in  use] 

Shak. 

SCRUB,  V.  t.  [Sw.  skrubba,  to  scrub,  to  re- 
buke ;  Dan.  skrubber  ;  D.  schrobben ;  G. 
schrubben.  This  word  is  probably  funned 
on  rub,  or  its  root,  and  perhaps  scrape,  L. 
scribo,  may  be  from  the  same  radix ;  Ir. 
scriobam.] 

To  rub  hurd,  either  with  the  hand  or  with  a 
cloth  or  an  instruiiient ;  usually,  to  rub 
hard  with  a  brush,  or  wiih  something 
course  or  rough,  for  the  purpose  of  clean- 
ing, scouring  or  making  bright ;  us,  to 
scrub  a  floor  ;  to  scrub  a  deck  ;  to  scrub  ves- 
sels of  brass  or  other  metal. 

SCRUB,  V.  i.  To  be  diligent  and  penurious  ; 
as,  to  scrub  hard  for  a  living. 

SCRUB,  n.  A  mean  fellow;  one  that  labors 
haril  and  liies  meanly. 

2.  Something  small  and  lueai). 


No  little  scrub  joint  shall  come  on  my  board. 

■i.  A  worn  out  brush.  AinswoHh. 

SCRUB'BED,  /        Small  and  mean  ;  stunt- 

SCRUB'BY,  i  "■  ed  in  growth  ;  as  a 
scrubbed  boy  ;  a  scrubby  cur ;  a  scrubby 
tree.  Shak.    Swifl. 

SCRUF,  for  scmf,  not  in  use. 

SCRU'PLE,  n.  [Fr.  scrupule,  from  L.  scru- 
pulus, -d  i\ouhl;  scrupulum,  the  third  jiart 
of  a  chain,  from  scrupus,  a  chess-man ; 
probably  a  piece,  a  small  thing,  from  scrap- 
ing, like  scrap.  Qii.  Gr.  axfuSij;.  Is  not 
the  sense  of  doubt  from  being  very  nice  ?] 

1.  Doubt;  hesitation  from  the  difficulty  of 
determining  what  is  right  or  expedient; 
backwardness  ;  reluctance  to  decide  or  to 
act.  A  man  of  fashionable  honor  makes 
no  scruple  to  take  another's  life,  or  expose 
his  own.  He  bus  no  scruples  ol' conscience, 
or  he  despLses  them. 

i.  A  weight  of  twenty  grains,  the  third  part 
of  a  dram  ;  among  goldsmiths,  the  weight 
of  24  grains. 

3.  Proverbially,  a  very  small  quantity. 

4.  In  Chaldean  chronology,  the  j  „-V  o  part  of 
an  hour;  a  division  ol  time  used  ii\  the 
Jew.s,  Arabs,  &c.  Encyc. 

Scruple  of  half  duration,  an  arch  of  the 
moon's  orbit,  which  the  moon's  center  de- 
scribes fruni  the  beginning  of  an  echpse 
to  the  midille. 

Scruples  of  immersion  or  incidence,  an  arcb  of 
the  moon's  orbit,  which  her  center  de- 
scribes from  the  beginning  of  the  eclipse 
to  the  time  when  its  center  falls  into  the 
shadow. 

Scruples  of  etnersion,  an  arch  of  the  moon's 
orbit,  which  her  tenter  describes  in  the 
time  from  the  first  cinersion  of  the  moon's 
limb  to  the  end  of  the  echpse.  Encyc. 

SCRU'PLE,  v.i.  To  doubt  ;  to  hesitate. 
He  scrupi'd  not  to  eat, 
Against  his  better  knowledge.  Milton. 

SCRU'PLE,  V.  t.  To  doubt ;  to  hesitate  to 
believe ;  to  question  ;  as,  to  scruple  the 
truth  or  accuracy  of  an  account  or  calcu- 
lation. 

SCRU'PLED,  pp.  Doubted  ;  questioned. 

SCRU'PLER,  n.  A  doubter;  one  who  hes- 
itates. 

SCRU'PLING,  ppr.  Doubting;  hesitating; 
questioning. 

SCRUPULOS'ITY,  n.  [L.  scrupulosilas.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  s<rupulous; 
doubt ;  doubtfulni^ss  respecting  some  dif- 
ficult point,  or  proceeding  lioni  the  diffi- 
culty or  delicacy  of  determining  how  to 
act ;  hence,  the  caution  or  tenderness 
arising  from  the  fear  of  doing  wrong  or 
offending. 

I'he  first  sacrilege  is  looke<i  upon  with  some 
horror ;  but  when  tboy  have  once  made  the 
breach,  their  scrHpulo:nty  soon  retires. 

Vecny  of  Piety. 

2.  Nicety  of  doubt;  or  nice  regard  to  exact- 
ness and  propriety. 

.So  caiilul,  ivcn  to  scrupulosity,  were  they 
to  kicp  tlieii  sabliath.  '  South- 

;{.  Niceiiess  ;  preciseness.  Johnson. 

SCRUPULOUS,  a.  (L.  scrupulosus ;  Fr. 
scrupuUu.r.] 

1.  Nicely  doubtful ;  hesitating  to  determine 
or  to  act ;  cautions  in  decision  from  a 
fearof  (iflijiHling  or  doing  wrung.  Be  care- 
ful in  mural  cunduct,  nut  to  offend  scru- 
pulous brethren. 


S  C  L 

%  Given  to  making  objections ;  captious. 

Equality  of  two  domestic  pow'rs 
Breeds  scrupulous  fdctioii.  S}uik. 

3.  Nice  ;  (ioiilnlul. 

Tlic  justice  of  that  cause  ouglit  to  be  evi- 
dent ;  not  obscure,  not  scrupulous.  [JVo<  in 
use.]  Sacyn. 

4.  Careful  ;  cautious  ;  exact  in  regarding 
facta.  Woodward. 

5.  Nice  ;  exact ;  as  a  scrupulous  abstinence 
from  labor.  ''"''.V- 

SCHU'PULOUSLY,  adv.  With  a  nice  re- 
gard to  minute  particulars  or  to  exact 
propriety. 

Tlie  duty  consists  not  scrupulously  in  min- 
utes and  half  hours.  Taylor. 
Henry  was  scrupulously   carelul  not  to  as- 
cribe the  .success  to  himself.                  Ad<lison. 

SCRU'PULOUSNESS,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  scrupulous;  niceness,  ex- 
actness or  caution  in  dnlerinining  or  in 
acting,  from  a  regard  to  truth,  propriety 
or  expeiliciice. 

S€RII'TABLE,  a.  [See  Scrutiny.]  Discov 
crable  by  inquiry  or  critical  exainiiiatioti. 
Decay  of  Piety. 

SCRUTA'TION,  n.  Search ;  scrutiny.  [JVot 
used.  ] 

SCKUTA'TOK,  n.  [L.  from  scrutor.]  One 
that  scrutinizes  ;  a  close  examiner  or  in- 
(|uirer.     [  Utile  used.]  -Hyliffe 

SCKU'TINIZIC,  v.t.  [from  scrutiny.]  V< 
search  closely  ;  to  examine  or  inquire  into 
critically ;  as,  lo  scrutinize  the  measures 
of  ailminislnitioii  ;  to  scrutinize  the  private 
comhict  or  nnitives  of  individuals. 

SeRU'TINIZED,  pp.   Examined  closely. 

SCRUTINIZING,  ppr.  Inquiring  into  witl 
critical  miiuiteness  or  exactness. 

SCRU'TINIZER,  n.  One  who  examines 
with  critical  care. 

SGRU'TINOUS,  a.  Closely  inquiring  or 
exaiiiiiiiiig  :  captious.  Dcnhnm. 

SCRU'TINY,  n.  \Vr.  scrutin;  h.  scrulinio 
Sp.  escrutinio ;  Low  L.  scrutiniuin,  from 
scrutor,  to  search  closely,  to  pry  into  ;  Sax. 
scrudnian ;  Ir.  scrudam.] 

1.  Close  search  ;  minute  inquiry  ;  critical 
examination;  as  a  scruh'ii  i/ of  votes;  nar- 
rower scrutiny.  In  the  heat  of  debate, 
observations  may  escape  a  prudent  man 
which  will  not  bear  the  test  of  scrutiny. 

2.  Ill  the  primitive  church,  an  examination  of 
catechumens  in  the  last  week  of  Lent, 
who  were  to  receive  baptism  on  Easter- 
day.  This  was  performed  with  prayers, 
exorcisms  and  many  other  ceremonies. 

Encyc. 

3.  In  the  canon  tare,  a  ticket  or  little  pape 
billet  on  which  a  vote  is  written.      Encyc. 

SCRUTOIR,  n.  [Fr.  ecriloire,  from  ecrire, 
to  write.    See  Scribe.] 

A  kind  of  desk,  case  of  drawers  or  cabinet, 
witli  a  lid  opening  downward  for  the  con- 
venience of  writing  on  it.  Prior. 

SCROZK;,  v.  t.  To  crowd;  to  squeeze.  [A 
low  word  of  local  use.]  Spenser. 

S€UD,  1'.  J.  [This  is  shoot,  or  from  the  same 
root ;  Dan.  skyder,  to  shoot;  skud,  a  shot ; 
Sw.  skudda,  to  throw  or  poiir  out ;  Sax. 
sceotan,  to  shoot,  to  flee  or  haste  away  ;j 
W.  yss:wdu,  to  push  or  thrust ;  ysgudaw} 
ysguthaip,  to  whisk,  to  scud,  to  whir! 
ahoui.     See  Shoot.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  to  be  driven  or  to  flee 
or  fly  with  haste.    In  seamen's  language, 


s  c  u 


s  c  u 


to  be  driven  with  precipitation  before  a:j5.  A  shoal  or  multitude  of  fish.  [Hax.  sceoU.] 

tempest.     This  is  done  with  a  sail  extend-       [.\'ot  in  use.] 

ed  on    the  foremast  of  the  ship,  or  when  StL'LL,  i-.  t.  To  impel  a  boat  by  moving 


the  wind  is  too  violent,  without  any  sail 
set,  which  is  called  scudding  under  bare, 
pole.i.  Mar.  Dict.l 

To  run  with  precipitation  ;  to  fly. 

Dry  den. 

S€UD,  n.  A  low  thin  cloud,  or  thin  clouds 
driven  by  the  wind.  Mar.  Did. 

A  driving  along  ;  a  riisliing  witli  precip- 
itation, ('"y- 

SCUD'UING,  ppr.  Driving  or  being  driven 
belijre  a  tempest ;  running  with  fleetness. 

SeUD'DLE,  V.  i.  To  run  with  a  kind  of  af- 
fected haste;  commonly  pronounced  scut- 
tle.    [JI  low  word.] 

S€UF'FLE,  n.  [This  is  a  different  orthog-j 
raphy  of s/ut/^/c  ;  from  sAoi'c,  or  its  root;] 
Sw.  skuff.  a  push  ;  skujfa,  to  push,  thrust, 
shove  ;  Dan.  skuffe,  a  drawer,  a  scoop,  a 
shovel  ;  skuffer,  to  shujjlc,  to  cheat ;  D. 
schuiven,  to  shove,  push  or  draw  ;  G.  schie- 
hen.] 

1.  X  contention  or  trial  of  strength  between 
two  persons,  who  embrace  each  other's 
bodies  ;  a  struggle  with  close  embrace,  to 
decide  which  shall  throw  the  other  ;  in  dis- 
tinction from  wrestling,  whicdi  is  a  trial  of 
strength  and  dexterity  at  arm's  length. 
Amiing  our  common  people,  it  is  not  unu- 
sual for  two  persons  to  commence  a  con- 
test by  wrestling,  and  at  last  close  in,  as  it  is 
called,  and  decide  the  contest  by  a  scuj/le. 

2.  A  confused  contest ;  a  tumultuous  strug- 
gle for  victory  or  sujieriority  ;  a  fight. 

The  dog  leaps  upon  the  serpent  and  tears  it 
lo  pieces  ;  but  in  the  scuffle,  the  cradle  happen- 
ed to  be  overturned.  V Estrange. 
SCUF'FLE,  V.  i.  To  strive  or  struggle  with 
close  embrace,  as  two  men  or  boys.  ! 
2.  To  strive  or  contend  tumultuously,  as 
small  parties. 

A  gallant  man  prefers  to  tight  to  j;reat  disad- 
vantages in  the  field,  in  an  orderly  way,  rather 
than  to  scuffle  with  an  undisciplined  rabble. 

A'.  Charles.] 
SCUF'FLER.  Ji.  One  who  scuffles.  j 

SCUF'FLING,  ppr.  Striving  for  superiority^ 
with  close   embrace ;  struggling  or  con- 
tending witliout  order. 
SCUG,  V.  I.  [Uan.  .iki/gger,  to   shade:  Sw. 
skugga,a  slijido.]  To  hide.  [Local.]   Grose 
Sel'LK,  V.  i.  [U-Jii.  skiuler ;  Sw.  skyla  ;  D. 
schuilen,  to  hide,  shelter,  sculk  ;  the  Eng. 
shelter.     It  is  also  written  skulk.] 
To  retire  into  a  close  or  covered   place  for 
concealment;  to   lurk;  to  lie    close  from 
shame,  fear  of  injury  or  detection. 
No  news  of  Phyl !  the  bridegroom  came, 
.\ud  tliought  his  bride  had  sculk'd  for  shame.: 

Swifi.] 
— And  sculk  behind  the  subterfuge  of  art.       ] 

Prior. 
SCULK'ER,  n.  A  lurker ;  one  that  lies  close 

fir  hiding. 
S€ULK'ING,  ppr.  Withdrawing  into  a  close 
or  covered  place   for  concealment;  lying 
close. 
SeULL,  n.  Tlie  brain  pan.     [See    Skull] 

2.  A  boat;  a  cock  boat.     [See  Sculler.] 

3.  One  who  sculls  a  boat.     But  properly, 

4.  A  short  oar,  whose  loom  is  only  equal  in 
length  to  half  the  breadth  of  tlie  boat  to 
be  rowed,  so  that  one  man  can  manage 
two,  one  un  each  side.  Mar.  Diet.' 


and  turning  an  oar  over  the  stern. 

Mar.  Did. 

SeULL'-CAP.     [See  Skull-cap.] 

S€ULL'ER,  n.  A  boat  rowed  by  one  man 
with  two  sculls  or  short  oars. 

2.  Om:  that  sculls,  or  rows  with  sculls  ;  one 
that  impels  a  boat  by  an  oar  over  the  stern. 

SeULL'ERY,  71.  [probably  from  the  root  of 
shell,  scale,  Fr.  ecuelle  ;  Scot,  skul,  skoU,  a 
bowl ;  Dan.  skaal,  a  drinking  cup  ;  skat,  a 
shell,  skull ;  G.  schale,  a  scale,  n  shell,  a  dish 
or  cup;  I),  sehall,  schil.  Skulls  and  shells 
were  the  cups,  bowls  and  dishes  of  rude 
men.] 

A  place  where  dishes,  kettles  and  other  cu- 
linary utensils  are  kept. 

SeULL'lON,  n.  [Ir.  squille,  from  the  root 
of  the  preceding.] 

A  servant  that  cleans  pots  and  kettles,  and 
does  other  menial  services  in  the  kitchen. 

S€ULL'10NLY,  a.  Like  a  scullion  ;  base; 
low;  mean.     [JVot  used.] 

SCULP,  I',  t.    (L.   sculpo,   scalpo.     Qu.  Gr. 


yXvijiw  ;  root  tiSj,  f'lass  Lb.  No.  27  ;  or  gall, 
L.  catvus.  Class  Gl.  No.  8.] 

To  carve  ;  to  engrave.     [.Vol  in  use.] 

Sandy's. 

SCULP'TILE,  a.  [\...iculplilis.]  Formed  by 
carving  ;  as  sculptile  images.  Brown. 

SCULP  TOR,  n.  [L.  See  Sculp.]  One  whose- 
occupation  is  to  carve  wood  or  stone  into 
images  ;  a  carver.  Encyc. 

SeULP'TURE.  ji.  [Fr. ;  L.  scidptura.]  The 
art  of  carving,  cutting  or  hewing  wood  or 
stone  into  images  of  men,  beasts  or  other 
things.  Sculpture  is  a  generic  term,  in- 
cluding carving  or  statuary  and  engrav- 
ing. 

2.  Carved  work. 

'I'here  too,  in  living  sculpture,  might  be  seen 
The  mad  aliiiction  of  the  Cretan  queen. 

Di-i/den. 

:3.  The  art  of  engraving  on  copper. 

SCULP'TURE,"».  t.  To  carve  ;  to  engrave ; 
to  form  images  or  figures  with  the  chisel 
on  wood,  stone  or  metal. 

SCULPTURED,  pp.  Carveil ;  engraved; 
as  a  sculptured  va.se  ;  sculptured  marble. 

SCULP'TURING,7>pr.  Carving  ;  engraving. 

SCUM,  n.  [Fr.  ecume  ;  It.  schiuma  ;  Sw. 
Dan.  s/nuii ;  T).  schuim  ;  G.  schaum.] 

1.  The  extraneous  matter  or  impurities 
which  rise  to  the  surface  of  licjuors  in 
boiling  or  fermentation,  or  which  form  on 
the  surface  by  other  means.  The  word  is 
also  applied  to  the  scoria  of  metals. 

Encyc. 

2.  The  refuse  ;  the  recrement ;  that  which 
is  vile  or  worthless. 

The  great  and  the  innocent  are  insulted  by 
the  scum  and  refuse  of  the  people.       Jldilison. 
SeUM,  V.  t.  To   take   the   scum   from  :   to 
clear  off  the  impure  matter  from  the  sur- 
face ;  to  skim. 

You  that  scum  the  molten  lead.         Dnjden. 
SCUM'BER,  n.  The  dung  of  the  fox. 

Ainsivorth. 
pp.  Cleared  of  scum  ;  skim- 


SeUM'MED, 

med. 
SCUM  MER, 

inent    used 


liquors ;  a  skimmer. 


)i.    [Fr.  ecwmoirc]  .An  instru- 
for   taking  off  the  scuro  of 


s  c  u 


s  c  u 


SEA 


SCUM'MING,  ;>;))•.  Cleariugof  scum  ;  skim-l 

Mllllg. 

SCUM'MINGS,  n.plu.  The  matter  skimmed! 
from  boiling  liquors  ;  as  tlie  sciimmings  of 
the  boiling  house.         Edwards,  tV.  Indies. 

SCUPPER,  n.  [Sp.  escupir,  to  spit,  to  eject, 
to  discharge.] 

The  scuppers  or  scupper  holes  of  a  ship,  are 
channels  cut  through  the  water  ways  and 
sides  of  a  ship  at  proper  distances,  and 
lined  with  lead  for  carrying  off  the  water 
from  the  deck.  Mar.  Did. 

SCUP'PER-HOSE,  (1.  A  lethern  pipe  at- 
tached to  the  mouth  of  the  scuppers  of  the 
lower  deck  of  a  ship,  to  prevent  the  water 
from  entering.  Encyc. 

SeUP'PER-NAIL,  n.  A  nail  with  a  very 
broad  head  for  covering  a  large  surface  of 
the  hose.  Mar.  Did. 

SCUP'PER-PLUG,  n.  A  plug  to  stop  a 
scupper.  Mar.  Did. 

SCURF,  n.  [Sax.scurf;  G.schorf;  D.  schurjl ; 
Dan.  skurv  ;  Sw.  skorf;  li-e.  skaifa;  L. 
scorbutus.  In  D.  scheuren  is  to  rend  or 
crack,  and  scheurbmk  is  scurvy,  Dan.  ski- 
urbug,  from  skiiir,  brittle.  In  Ir.  gearbh  is 
rough.  It  is  uamed  from  breaking  or 
roughness.] 

1.  A  dry  miliary  scab  or  crust  formed  on  the 
skin  of  an  animal. 

2.  The  soil  or  foul  remains  of  any  thing  ad- 
herent ;  as  the  scurf  o{  crimes.  [JVot  com- 
mon nor  degani.\  Dryden. 

3.  Any  thing  adhering  to  the  surface. 

There  stood  a  hill,  whose  grisly  lop 
Shoiie  with  a  glossy  scnrf.  Milton. 

SCURFF,   n.  Another  name  for   the   bull- 
trout. Diet.  J\rat.  Hist. 
SCURF'INESS,    n.    The    state    of   being 

scurfy. 
SCURF' V,  a.  Having  scurf;  covered  with 

scurf. 
2.  Resembling  scurf. 
SCUR'RIL,  a.    [L.  scurrilis,  from  scurra,  a 

buffoon;  G.  scheren,  D.  scheeren,  to  jeer.] 
Such  as  befits  a  buffoon  or  vulgar  jester ; 
low  ;  mean  ;  grossly  opprobrious   in   lan- 
guage ;  scurrilous;  as  scumt  jests;  scur- 
ril  scoffing  ;  scurril  taunts. 

Shali.     Dryden. 
SCURRILITY,  n.  [L.  scurrititas  ;  Fr.  scur- 

riliti.] 
Such  low,  vulgar,  indecent  or  abusive  lan- 
guage as  is  used  by  mean  fellows,  buf- 
foons, jesters  and  the  like  ;  grossness  of 
reproach  or  invective;  obscene  jests,  &c. 
Banish  scurrility  and  profaneness.  j 

Dryden. 
SCURRILOUS,   a.  Using  the  low  and  in-i 
decent   language   of  the  meaner  sort  of 
people,  or  such  as  only  the  licence  of  buf- 
foons can  warrant;  as  a  scurrilous  fellow. 
2.  Containing    low    indecency    or    abuse  ; 
mean;  foul;   vile;  obscenely  jocular;  as 
scurrilous  language. 
r^CUR'RILOUSLY,   adu.    With    gross  re- 
proach ;  with  low  indecent  language. 

1 1  is  barI>arous  incivility,  scurrilously  to  sport 
with  what  others  count  religion.  Tillotson. 

riCUR'RILOUSNESS,  n.  Indecency  of  lan- 
guage ;  vulgarity  ;  baseness  of  manners. 

SeUllVILY,  adv.  [from  scurvi;.]  Basely; 
nieardy  ;  with  coarse  and  vulgar  incivil- 
ity. 

The  clergy  were  never  more  learned,  or  so 
scurvily  treated.  Swift. 


SCUR'VINESS,  n.  [from  scui-vy.]  The  state 
of  being  scurvy. 

SCUR'VOGEL,  n.  A  Brazilian  fowl  of  the 
stork  kind,  thejabiru  guacu. 

Diet.  ATat.  Hist. 

SCUR'VY,  n.  [from scurf ;  scurvy  for  scurfy; 
Low  L.  scorbutus.] 

A  disease  characterized  by  great  debility,  a 
pale  bloated  face,  bleeding  spongy  gums, 
large  livid  tumors  on  the  body,  offensive 
breath,  aversion  to  exercise,  oppression 
at  the  breast  or  difficult  resi)iration,  a 
smooth,  dry,  shining  skin,  &c. ;  a  disease 
most  incident  to  persons  who  live  confin- 
ed, or  on  salted  meats  without  fresh  vege- 
tables in  cold  climates.  Coxe.     Encyc. 

SCUR'VY,  o.  Scurfy  ;  covered  or  affected 
by  scurf  or  scabs;  scabby  ;  diseased  with 
scurvy.  Leviticus. 

2.  Vile;    mean;    low;    vulgar;    worthless 
contemptible  ;  as  a  scurvy  fellow. 
He  spoke  scitrvy  and  provoking  terms. 

Shalt. 
That  scurvy  custom  of  taking  tobacco. 

Swi/^. 

SCUR'VY-GRASS,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Cochlearia ;  spoonwort.  It  grows  on  rocks 
near  the  sea,  has  an  acrid,  bitter  taste,  and 
is  remarkable  as  a  remedy  for  the  scurvy. 
It  is  eaten  raw  as  a  salad.  Encyc. 

'SCCSES,  for  excuses.  Shak. 

SCUT,  n.  [Ice.  skott  ;  W.  cwl,  a  tail  or 
rump;  cuito,  short.] 

The  tail  of  a  hare  or  other  animal  whose 
tail  is  short.  Brown.     Swift. 

SCU'TA6E,  n.  [Law  L.  scutagium,  from 
scutttm,  a  shield.] 

In  English  history,  a  tax  or  contribution  lev- 
ied upon  those  who  held  lands  by  knight 
service  ;  originally,  a  composition  for 
personal  service  which  the  tenant  owed 
to  his  lord,  but  afterward  levied  as  an  as- 
sessment. Blackstone. 

SCUTCHEON,  a  contraction  of  escutcheon, 
which  see. 

SCUTE,  n.  [L.  scutum,  a  buckler.]  A  French 
gold  coin  of  .3*.  id.  sterling.  Encyc. 

SCU'TELLATED,  a.  [L.  scutella,  a  dish. 
See  Scuttle.] 

Formed  like  a  pan  ;  divided  into  small  sur- 
faces ;  as  the  scutellated  bone  of  a  sturgeon. 

li'oodward. 

SCU'TIFORM,a.  [L.  scutum,  a.  buckler,  and 
form.]  Having  the  form  of  a  buckler  or 
shield. 

SCUT'TLE,  n.  [L.  scutella,  a  pan  or  sau- 
cer ;  W.  ysgudell ;  Sax.  scutel,  scuttel,  a 
dish.) 

A  broad  shallow  basket ;  so  called  from  its 
resemblance  to  a  dish. 

SCUT'TLE,  )i.  [Fr.  ecoutiUe  ;  Arm.  scoulilh  ; 
Sp.  escotilla;  Sax.  scyttel,  a  bcdt  or  bar ; 
scjfttan,  to  bolt,  to  shut.     See  S/iuf.] 

1.  In  ships,  a  small  hatchway  or  opening  in 
the  deck,  large  enough  to  admit  a  man, 
and  with  a  lid  for  covering  it ;  also,  a  like 
hole  in  the  side  of  a  ship,  anil  through  the 
coverings  of  her  hatchways,  &c. 

2.  A  sfpiare  hole  in  the  roof  of  a  house,  with 
a  liil. 

3.  [from  scud,  and  properly  scuddle.]  A  quick 
pace  ;  a  short  run.  Spectator. 

SCUT'TLE,  V.  i.  To  run  with  affcct.^l  pre- 
cipitation. Arbuthnot. 


SCUT'TLE,  V.  t.  [from  the  noun.]  To  cut 
large  holes  through  the  bottom  or  sides  of 
a  ship  for  any  purpose. 

2.  To  sink  by  making  holes  through  the 
bottom  ;  as,  to  scuttle  a  ship. 

SCUT'TLE-BUTT,  /  ^^  A  butt  or  cask  hav- 

SCUT'TLE-CASK,  ^  "ing  a  square  piece 
sawn  out  of  its  bilge,  and  lashed  upon 
•  leek.  Mar.  Diet. 

SCUTTLED,  pp.  Having  holes  made  in 
the  bottom  or  sides ;  sunk  by  means  of 
cutting  holes  in  the  bottom  or  side. 

SCUT'TLE-FISH,  n.  The  cuttle-fish,  so 
called.     [See  Cuttle-Jish.] 

SCUT'TLING,  ppr.  Cutting  holes  in  the 
bottom  or  sides;  sinking  by  such  boles. 

SCYT'ALE,  n.  A  species  of  serpent. 

Did.  JVat.  Hist. 

SCYTHE,  a  wrong  spelling.  [See  Sythe.] 

SCYTH'IAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Scytbia,  a 
name  given  to  the  northern  part  of  Asia, 
and  Europe  adjoining  to  Asia. 

SCYTH'IAN,  n.  [See  Scot.]  A  native  of 
Scythia. 

SDAIN,  for  disdain.  [It.  sdegnare.]  [jy/ot  in 
use.]  Spenser. 

SDEINFUL,  for  disdainful.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

SEA,  n.  see.  [Sax.  see,  secge  ;  G.  see ;  D.  zee  ; 
Sw.  siS,  the  sea,  a  lake  or  pool ;  Basque, 
sah ;  contracted  from  sag,  sieg.  Hence 
Sax.  garsege,  garsecge,  garsegg,  the  ocean. 
This  word,  like  lake,  signifies  primarily  a 
seat,  set  or  lay,  a  repository,  a  bason.] 

1.  A  large  bason,  cistern  or  laver  which  Sol- 
omon made  in  the  temple,  so  large  as  to 
contain  more  than  six  thousand  gallons. 
This  was  called  the  brazen  sea,  and  used 
to  hold  water  for  the  priests  to  wash 
themselves.  1  Kings  vii.  2  Chron.  iv. 

2.  A  large  body  of  water,  nearly  inclosed  by 
land,  as  the  Baltic  or  the  Mediterranean ;  as 
the  sea  of  Azof.  Seas  are  properly  branch- 
es of  the  ocean,  and  upon  the  same  level. 
Large  bodies  of  water  inland,  and  situ- 
ated above  the  level  of  the  ocean,  are 
lakes.  The  appellation  of  sea,  given  to 
the  Caspian  lake,  is  an  exception,  and  not 
very  correct.  So  the  lake  of  Galilee  is 
called  a  sea,  from  the  Greek. 

3.  The  ocean  ;  a.s,  to  go  to  sea.  The  fleet 
is  at  sea,  or  on  the  high  seas. 

4.  A  wave  ;  a  billow  ;  a  surge.  The  vessel 
shipped  a  sea. 

5.  The  swell  of  the  ocean  in  a  tempest,  or 
the  direction  of  the  waves ;  as,  we  head 
the  sea. 

C.  Proverbially,  a  large  quantity  of  liquor ; 

as  a  sea  of  blood. 
7.  A  rouglhor  agitated  place  or  element. 

In  a  troubled  sea  of  passion  tost.        Miltttn. 
Half  seas  over,  half  drunk.  [A  low  phrase.] 

Spectator. 
On  the  high  seas,  in  the  open  sea,  the  com- 

iiion  highway  of  nations. 
SEAANElM'ONY,   n.  The  animal  flower, 
j     which  see. 
iSE'A-APE,  n.    [sea  and  ape.]    The   name 

given  to  a   marine    animal   which  plays 

tricks  like  an  ape.  Encyc. 

SE'A-BANK,  n.  [sea  and  bank.]  The  sea 
j     shore.  Shak. 

2.  A  b:ink  or  mole  to  defend  against  the  sea. 
SE  A  BAR,  H.  [sea  and  bar.]  The  sea-swal- 
i     low,  [Hirundo  piscis.]  Johnson, 


SEA 


SEA 


SEA 


SE'A-COB,  n.  [sea  and  cob.]  A  i'o«l,  called. 

also  sea-gull.  I 

SE'A-€OLE\\0RT,  n.  Sea-cale,  which  seeJ 
SE'A-COMPASS,  n.  [sea  ani\  comjinss.]  The; 

mariner's  card   and   needle  ;  the  compass: 

constructed  for  use  at  sea.  Camden. 

SE'A-COOT,  71.  [sea  and  coot.]  A  sea  fowl, 

[Fulica  marina.]  i 

SEA-tOll'MORANT,  n.   [sea  and 

rant.] 

The  sea-crow  or  sea-drake,  [Corvua  mari- 

nus.] 
SE'A-€OW,  71.  [sea  and  cow.]  The  Triche- 

chus  manatus,  or  manali.   [See  Manati. 
SE'A-€KOW,  7!.   [sea -MMi  croiu.]  A   fowl' of 

the  gull  kind  ;  the  niire-crow  or  pewct. 

Enctjc. 
SE'A-DEVIL,  n.  [sea  and  devil]  The  fi.sh- 

ing  frog  or  toad-fish,  of  the  genus  Lophi- 


tjE'A-BAT,  n.  [sea  and  bat.]  A  sort  of  flying 
fish.  Colgrave. 

SEA-IJA'THED,  a.  [sea  and  bathe.]  Bathed, 
dipped  or  washed  in  the  sea.  Sandys. 

SE'A-BEAR,  71.  [*(u  and  bear.]  An  animal; 
of  the  hear  kind  that  frequents  the  sea  : 
the  white  or  jiolar  hear ;  also,  the  ursine 
seal. 

SE'A-BEARD,  n.  [sea  and  beard.]  A  marine 
plant,  Conferva  rtipestris.  Lee. 

SE'A-BEA.ST,  71.  [sea  and  beast.]  A  beast 
or  monstrous  animal  of  the  sea.       Milton. 

SE'A-BEAT,        )      [sea  and  beat.]  Beaten 

SE'A-BEATEN,  S  °"^y  the  sea;  lashed  by 
the  waves. 

Along  the  sea-beat  shore.  Pope. 

SE'ABOARD,  71.  [sea  and  Fr.  bord,  side.] 
The  sea  shore. 

SE'ABOARD,  adv.  Towards  the  sea. 

SE'A-BOAT,  n.  [sea  and  boat.]  A  vessel 
that  bears  the  sea  firmly,  without  labor- 
ing or  straining  her  masts  and  rigging. 

Mar.  Diet. 

SE'A-BORD,  I      [sea  and  Fr.  iorrf, 

SEA- BORD' BRING,  ^  "'  border.]  Border- 
ing on  the  sea  or  ocean. 

SE'A  BORN,  a.  [sea  and  fcorn.]  Born  of  the 
sea ;  produced  by  the  sea ;  as  Neptune 
and  his  sea-born  niece.  hatter. 

2.  Born  at  sea. 

SE'A-BODNU,  I         [sea  and  bound.] 

SE'ABOUNDED,  ]  "'  Bounded  by  the 
sea. 

SE'A-BOY,  71.  [sea  and  boy.]  A  boy  em- 
ployed on  shipboard. 

SE'A-BREACH,  n.  [sea  and  breach.]  Irrup- 
tion of  the  sea  by  breaking  the  banks. 

L'Estrange. 

SE'A-BREAM,  7i.    [sea  and  bream.]  A  fish 

of  the  Sparus  kind.  />id.  .Vai.  //is<.|:SEA-ENClR'€LED,  a.   [sea  anA  encircled.] 

SE'A-BREEZE,  n.  [sea  and  breeze.]  A  windij     Encompas.sed  by  the  sea.  Thomson. 


SE'A-Gll'ASS,  n.  [sea  and  grass.]  A  plaui 
growing  on  the  sea  shore  ;  an  aquatic 
plant  of  the  genus  Ruppia.  Liee. 

SK'A-GREEN,  a.  [sea  and  g-ree7i.]  Having 
the  color  of  sea  water ;  being  of  a  faint 
green  color.  Locke.     Pope. 

SL'A-GREEN,  n.  The  color  of  sea  water. 

2.  A  plant,  the  sa.xifrage. 

SE'A-GULL,  71.  [sea  and  gu//.]  A  fowl  of 
the  genus  Larus;  a  species  of  gull ;  called 
also  sea-crow. 

SE'A-HARE,  71.  [sea  and  hare.]  A  marine 
animal  of  the  genus  Lajilysia,  whose  body 
is  covered  with  membranes  reflected  ;  it 
has  a  lateral  pore  on  the  right  side,  and 
four  feelers  resembling  ears.  The  body 
is  nearly  oval,  soft,  gelatinous  and  punc- 
tated. Its  juice  is  poisonous,  and  it  is  so 
fetid  as  to  cause  nausea.  Encyc. 


us;  a  fish  of  a  deformed  shape,  resem-|  SEA-IIEDGEHOG,  n.  A  sea  shell,  a  spe- 
bling  a  tadpole,  growing  to  a  large  size,'  cies  of  Echinus,  so  called  from  its  prickles, 
with  a  head  larger  than  the  whole  body.  Ii     which   reseml)le  in  some  measure    those 

E7ic^c.  I     of  the  hedgehog  or  urchin.  Carew. 

SE'A-DOG,   77.  [sea  and  rfog-.]  A  fish,  per-  SE'A-IIEN,  7i.  [sfa  and /icTi.]  Another  name 


haps  the  shark.  Pope.     Roscommon 

|2.  The  sea-calf  or  common  seal. 

iSE'ADRAGON,  71.  [sen  and  rfrag-07i.]  Ania- 
rine  monster  caught  in  England  in  1749, 
resembling  in  some  degree  an  alligator,! 
but  having  two  largo  fins  which  served 
for  swimming  or  flying.  It  had  two  legs 
terminating  in  hoofs,  like  those  of  an  ass. 
Its  body  was  covered  with  impenetrable 
scales,  and  it  had  five  rows  of  teeth,  (iu. 
(ient.  Magazine. 

SE'A-EAR,  71.  [sea  and  ear.]  A  sea  plant, 
[Auris  marina,  j  Johnson. 


of  the  guilleriKit. 
SE'A-HOG,  n.  [sea  and  hog.]  Theporpess, 

which  see. 
SE'A-IIOLLY,  n.  [sea  and  holly.]    A  plant 

of  the  genus  Eiyngium.  Lee. 

SE'A-IIOLM,  71.    [sea  and   Dan.   holm,  an 

isle.]     A  small  uninhabited  isle. 
2.  Sea-holly.  Carew. 

SE'A-HORSE,  71.  [sea  and  horse.]    In  icA- 

thyology,  the  morse,  a  species  of  Triche- 

chus  or  walrus.  Woodward. 

2.  The  hiiipopotamus,  or  river-horse. 

Dry  den. 


SE'A-EEL,  71.  [sea  and  eel.]  An  eel  caught,  3.  A  fish  of  the  needle-fish  kind,  four  or  live 
n  salt  water  ;  the  conger.  |i     inches  in  length,  and  half  an  inch  in  diam- 

eter. Hill. 

A  fish   of  the  genus  Syngnathus.     (S. 
SE'A-FARER,  71.   [sea  ami /are.]  One  thath     hippocampns,  Linne.) 

follows  the  seas  ;  a  mariner.  /'o/je.' SE'A-LE<;S,  ?i.  [sea  and /eff.]     The  ability 

SE'A-FARING,   a.   [sujira.]  Following  the  '     to  walk  on  a  ship's  deck  when  pitching  or 

business   of  a   seaman  ;  customarily  em-jl     rolling.  Mar.  Did. 

ployed  in  navigation.  Arbulhnoti  SE'A-I.E.MON,  71.  \sea  and  lemon.]    A  ma- 

SE'A-FENNEL,   71.    [sea  and /c7i7ic^]  Thei     rine  animal  of  the  genus  Doris,  having  an 

.]"'     same  as  .samphire.  l|     oval  body,   convex,    marked   with  nuniei- 

a  SE'A-FIGHT,  71.    [sea  a.x^<\  Jight.]    An  en- 1     ous  punclures,  and  of  a  lemon  color. 

gagement  between  ships  at  sea ;  a  naval;[  Eneyc. 

action.^  fiacon.)  SE'A-LIKE,  a.  [sea  and  We.]  Rcspmbling 

SE'.\-F1SII,  7!.    [sea  anAJish.]  Any  niarinei      the  sea.  Thomson. 

fish;  any  fish  that  lives  usually  in  salt  wa-  SE'A-LION,  71.  [sea  and  Hon.]     .An  animal 
tf".  ji     of  the  genus  I'hoca  or  seal,   which  has  .1 

71.   [sea  and  fowl.]  A  marine       mane  like  a  lion,  the  Phoca  jubnta. 
fowl  ;  any  fowl  that  lives  by  the  sea,  and  >  Encyc.     Ed.  Eneyc. 

procures  its  food  from  salt  water.      Pope.  SE'A-MAID,  71.   [sea  and  maid.]   The  mer- 
SE'A-FOX,  7(.  A  species  of  squalus,  having!,     maid.     [See  .VtrmaiV.]  Shak. 

a  tail  longer  than  the  bodv.  |  2.  A  sea  nvmph. 

Diet.  J^at.  Hist.  SE'A-AIALL,  (       A  fowl,  a  species  of  gull 
SE'A-GAgE,  71.  [sea  and  g-ng-e.]  The  depth  SEA-MEW,   ^  "•  or  Earns, 
change  wrought  by  the  sea.  |j     that  a  vessel  sinks  in  the  water.       £"»ici/c.;  SE'.-\MAN,  n.  [sea  and  man.]    A' sailor;  a 

SE'.A-Cir.XRT,  71.  [sen  and  c/iar(.] /V  chart  or  jSE'A-G'ARLAND,   71.    [sea   and  g-a)-/a7i<i.]j!     mariner;  a  man   whose  occupation  is  to 


or  current  of  air  blowing  from  the  sea 
upon  land  ;  for  the  most  part  blowing  dur- 
ing the  ilav  only,  and  subsiding  at  night. 

SE'A-BUILT,   o.    [sea  and  built.]  Built  for 
the  sea;  as  sea-4ut'W  forts,  [ships.] 

Dri/den. 

SEA-CAB'BA(iE,  )  [sea  and   cabbage' 

SE'A-€ALE,  S    "'     Sea-colewort, 

plant  of  the  genus  Crambe. 

Encyc.     Miller. 

SE'A-C'ALF,  71.    [sea  and  calf]    The  com- 
mon seal,  a  species  of  Phoca. 

SE'A-CAP,  71.  [sea  and  cap.]  A  cap  made  to  \ 

be  worn  at  sea.  .S/iot.;  SE'A-FOWL, 

SE'A-C'ARD,  71.  [sea  and  card.]  The  mari-: 
tier's  card  or  compass. 

SE'.A-C'ARP,   71.  [seo  and  carp.]  A  spotted 
fisli  living  among  rocks  and  stones. 

Johnson. 

SE'A-ClIANuE,    n.   [sea  and  change.]     A 


map  on  which  the  line  of  the  shore,  isles, 

shoals,  harbors,  &c.  are  delineated. 
[J\^ote.  This  word  has  become  useless,  as  we  now 

use  chart  for  a  representation  of  the  sea  coast, 

anil  map  for  a  representation  of  the  land  ] 
SE'A-CIRCLED,   a.   [sea  and  circle]  Sur- 

roimded  by  the  sea.  Sandys. 

SE'A-CO.\L,  71.  [sea  and  coai.]  Coal  brought 

by  sea  ;  a  vulgar  name  for  fossil  coal,  in 

distinction  from  charcoal. 
SE'A-COAST,  n.  [sea  and  coast.]  The  shore 

or  border  of  the  land  adjacent  to  the  sea 

or  ocean. 


SE'A-GIUDLES,  71.  [sea  anil  girdle.]  A  sort'  2.  By  way  of  distinction,  a  skillful  mariner 
of  sea  mushroom. 


A  plant. 


assist  in  the  management  of  slii|)s  at  sea. 


Fungus  phasganoides. 
Johnson.'l 
SE'A-GIRT,  a.  [sea  and  ^>/.]    Surrouiided;| 

by  the  water  of  the   sea  or  ocean  ;  as  a'! 

sea-girt  isle.  Milton.'i',] 

SE'A-GOD,  )i.  [sea  and  god.]  A  marine  de-j 

ity  ;  a  fabulous  being  supposed  to  preside  SE'.'\M.\NSHIP 

over  the  ocean  or  sea  :  as  Neptune. 
SE'A-GOWN,  n.  [sea  and  g-oicii.]    A  gown 

or  garment  with  short  sleeves,   worn  by 

mariners.  Shak. 


also,  a  man  who  is  well  versed  in  the  art 
of  navigating  ships.  In  this  sense,  it  is 
applied  both  to  ofiiccrs  and  common  mar- 
iners. 

Merman,  the  male  of  the  mermaid.  [Lit- 
tle ti.icd.]  Locke, 
n.  The  skill  of  a  good 
seaman;  an  acquaintance  with  the  an  of 
managing  and  navigating  a  ship:  applica- 
ble both  to  officers  and  to  men.  A'aval  skiO, 
is  the  art  of  managing  a  fleet,  particularly 


SEA 


SEA 


SEA 


in  an  engagement ;  a  very  different  thing 
from  seamanship. 

SE'A-lVrARK,  n.  [sea  am]  mark.]  Any  ele- 
vated object  on  land  wliicb  serves  for  a 
direction  to  mariners  in  entering  a  har- 
bor, or  in  sailing  along  or  approaching  a 
coast ;  a  beacon  ;  as  a  hgbt-house,  a 
mountain,  &c.  Encyc. 

SE'A-MEVV,  n.  A  fowl,  a  species  of  gull  or 
Larus. 

SE'A-MONSTER,  n.  [sea  and  momter.]  A 
huge  marine  animal.     Lan;.  iv. 

SE'A-MOfcJS,  71.  [sea  and  moM.]  A  name 
given  to  coral.     [See  Coral.] 

SE'A-MOIISE,  n.  [sea  and  mouse.]  A  ma- 
rine animal  of  the  genus  Ajjhrodita. 

Encyc. 

SEA-NAVELWORT,  n.  [sea,  navel  and 
woii.] 

A  plant  growing  in  Syria,  which  is  said  to 
effect  great  cures.     [L.  androsaces.] 

Johnson. 

SE'A-NEEDLE,  n.  [sea  and  ■needle.]  A 
name  of  the  gar  or  garfish,  of  the  genus 
Esox.  This  fish  has  a  slender  body,  with 
long  pointed  jaws  and  a  forked  tail.  Its 
back  is  of  a  fine  green  color,  and  when  in 
the  water,  its  colors  are  extremely  beau- 
tiful. 

SE'A-NET'1'LE,  n.  [sea  and  nettle.]  An- 
other name  of  the  animal  flower,  or  sea- 
anemoiiy.  Encyc. 

SE'A-NURSED,  a.  [sta and  nursed.]  Nurs- 
ed by  the  sea.  J.  Barloti'. 

SE'A-NYMl'H,  n.  [sea  and  nymph.]  A 
nymph  or  goddess  of  the  sea.         Broome. 

SE'A-ONION,  n.  [sea  and  onion.]    A  plant. 

Jlinsicorth. 

SE'A-OOZE,  n.  [sea  and  ooze.]  The  soft 
mud  on  or  near  the  sea  shore.     Mortimer. 

SE'A-OTTER,  n.  [sea  and  otter.]  A  spe- 
cies of  otter  that  has  hind  feet  like  those 
of  a  seal.     It  feeds  on  shell  fish. 

Did.  JVat.  Hist. 

SE'A-OWL,  n.  [sea  and  owl.]  Another  name 
of  the  lump-fish.  Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

SE'A-PAD,  n.  The  star-fish.  [Stella  marina.] 

Johnson. 

SE'A-PANTHER,  n.  [sea  and  panther.]  A 
fish  like  a  lam|)rey.  Johnson. 

SE'A-PHEASANT,  n.  [sea  and  pheasant.] 
The  pin-tailed  duck.  Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

SE'A-PIE,   I        [sea  and  pie,  pii'a.]    A  fowl 

SE'A-PYE,  I  "■  of  the  genus  Ha;malopus, 
and  grallic  order;  called  also  the  oyster- 
catcher,  from  its  thrusting  its  beak  into 
oysters  when  open,  and  taking  out  the  an- 
imal. 

SE'A-PIE,  n.  [sea  and  pie.]  A  dish  of  food 
consisting  of  paste  and  meat  boiled  to- 
gether: so  named  because  connnon  at  sea. 

SE'A-PIECE,  n.  [sea  and  piece.]  A  picture 
representing  a  scene  at  sea.  Addison. 

SE'A-PLANT,  n.  [sea  and  plant.]  A  plant 
that  grows  in  salt  water,  as  tlie/ucux,  con- 
ferva, &c. 

SE'A-POOL,  n.  [sea  and  7^00/.]  A  lake  of 
salt  water.  Spenser. 

SE'APORT,  »i.  [sea  and  port.]  A  harbor 
near  the  sea,  formed  by  an  arm  of  the  sea 
or  by  a  l)ay. 

2.  A  city  or  town  situated  on  a  harbor,  on  or 
near  the  sea.  We  call  a  town  a  seaport, 
instead  of  a  seaport  loion. 

SEA-RESEM'BLINC,  «.  Like  the  sea; 
sea-liUc.  Sandys. 


SE'A-RISK,  n.  [sea  and  risk.]  Hazard  or 
risk  at  sea  ;  danger  of  injury  or  destruc-] 
tion  by  the  sea. 

SE'A-R015BER,  n.  [sea  and  robber.]  A  pi- 
rate ;  one  that  robs  on  the  high  seas. 

SE'A-ROCKET,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Buiiias.  Lee.    Miller. 

SE'A-ROOM,  )!.  [sea  and  room.]  Anijile 
space  or  distance  from  land,  shoals  or 
rocks,  suflicient  for  a  ship  to  drive  or  scud 
without  danger  of  shipwreck. 

Mar.  Diet 

SE'A-ROVER,  n.  [«ea  and  roi'er.]  A  pirate 
one  that  cruizes  for  plunder. 

2.  A  ship  or  vessel  that  is  employed  in  cruiz- 
ing for  plunder. 

SE'A-RUFF,  n.  A  kind  of  sea  fish.  [L. 
orphus.]  Johnson. 

SEA-SCOR'PION,  n.  [sea  and  scorpion.] 
Another  name  for  the  I'atherlasher. 

Did.  JVat.  Hist. 

SE'A-SERPENT,  n.  [sea  and  serpent.]  A 
huge  animal  like  a  serpent  inhabiting  the 
sea.  Guthrie. 

SE'A-SERVICE,  n.  [sea  and  service.]  Na 
val  service;  service  in  the  navy  or  in 
ships  of  war. 

SE'A-SH'ARK,  ji.  [sea  and  shark.]  A  rav 
enous  sea  fish.  Shak. 

SE'A-SHELL,  n.  [sea  and  shell.]  A  marine 
shell ;  a  shell  that  grows  in  the  sea. 

Mortimer. 

SEA-SHO'RE,  n.  [sea  and  shore.]  The 
coast  of  the  sea  ;  the  land  that  lies  adja- 
cent to  the  sea  or  ocean.  Locke. 

SE'A-SICK,  a.  [sea  and  sick.]  Aflin-ted 
with  sickness  or  nausea  by  means  of  the 
pitching  or  rolling  of  a  vessel. 

Dryden.     Strijl. 

SE'A-SICKNESS,  n.  The  sickness  or  nau- 
sea occasioned  by  the  pitching  and  rolling 
of  a  ship  in  an  agitated  sea. 

SE'A-SIDE,  n.  [sea  and  side.]  The  land 
bordering  on  the  sea  ;  the  country  adja- 
cent to  the  sea,  or  near  it. 

Scripture.     Pope. 

SE'A-ST'AR,  n.  [sea  and  star.]  The  star- 
fish, a  genus  of  marine  animals,  called 
technically  A.'^terias. 

SEA-SUR'GEON,  n.  [sea  and  surgeon.]  A 
surgeon  employed  on  shipboard. 

fViseman. 

SEA-SURROUND'ED,  (I.  [sea  and  sur- 
round.]    Encompassed  by  the  sea. 

SE'A-TERM,  J!,  [sea  and  term.]  A  word  or 
term  used  appropriately  by  seamen,  or 
peculiar  to  the  art  of  navisjation. 

SE'A-THIEF,  n.  [sea  and'thief.]    A  pirate. 
Up.  of  Chichester. 

SE'A-TOAD,  »i.  [sea  and  toad.]  An  ugly 
fish,  so  called.  Colgravc. 

SE'A-TORN,  a.  [sea  and  torn.]  Torn  by  or 
at  sea.  Browne. 

SEA-TOSSED,  a.  [sea  and  tossed.]  Txs^vd 
by  the  sea.  Shak. 

SE'A-URCHIN,  n.  [sea  and  urchin.]  A  ge- 
nus of  marine  animals,  the  Echinus,  of 
many  species.  The  body  is  roundish, 
covered  with  a  bony  crust,  and  often  set 
with  movable  prickles.  Enn/c. 

SE'A-VVALLEI>,  a.  [sea  and  u-alled.]  Sur- 
rounded or  defended  by  the  sea.  Shak. 

SE'AVVARI),  a.  [sea  and  tcard.]  Uirenril 
lowaiils  the  sea.  Donne. 

SE'AWARD,  adv.  Towards  the  sea. 

Drayton. 


SE'A-'WATER,  n.  [sea  and  water.]  Water 
of  the  sea  or  ocean,  which  is  salt.     Bacon. 

SE'A-WEED,  71.  [*ea  and  uiecrf.]  A  marine 
plant  of  the  genus  F"ucus,  used  as  manure, 
and  for  making  glass  and  soap.  A  com- 
mon name  for  the  marine  algse,  and  some 
other  plants  growing  in  salt  water. 

'SE'A-WITHWIND,  n.  Bindweed. 

SE  A-AVOLF,  n.  [sea  and  uotf.  See  Ji'olf.] 
A  fish  of  tlie  genus  Anarrbicas,  found  in 
northern  latitudes,  about  Greenland,  Ice- 
land, Norway,  Scotland,  England,  &c. 
This  fish  is  so  named  from  its  fierceness 
and  ravenousness.  It  grows  sometimes 
to  the  length  of  four  and  even  seven  feet, 
and  feeds  on  crustaceous  animals  and  shell 
fish.  Encyc. 

SEA-WORM'WQQD,  n.  A  sort  of  worm- 
wood growing  in  the  sea,  the  Artemisia 
maritima.  Johnson.     Lee. 

SE'AWORTHY,  a.  [sea  and  worthy.]  Fit 
for  a  voyage  ;  worthy  of  being  trusted  to 
transport  a  cargo  with  safety ;  as  a  sea- 
worthy  ship. 

SEA1>,  n.  [Sax.  seol,  sele,  gyle;  Sw.  sibl.] 
The  common  name  for  the  species  of  the 
genus  Phoca.  These  animals  are  am- 
phibious, most  of  them  iidiabiting  the  sea 
coasts,  particularly  in  the  higher  latitudes. 
They  have  six  cutting  teeth  in  the  upper 
jaw,  and  four  in  the  lower.  Their  hind 
feet  are  placed  at  the  extremity  of  the 
body,  in  the  same  direction  with  it,  and 
serve  the  purpose  of  a  caudal -fin;  the 
fore  feet  are  also  adapted  for  swimming, 
and  furnished  each  with  five  claws;  the 
external  ears  are  either  very  small  or 
wanting.  There  are  numerous  species; 
as  the  leonina,  sometimes  18  feet  in  length, 
and  the  jvhain,  sometimes  25  feet  iu 
length,  with  a  mane  like  a  liiMi.  both  call- 
ed sea-lion,  and  found  in  the  southern 
seas,  and  also  in  the  N.  Pacific  ;  the  ursi- 
na,  or  sea  bear,  8  or  9  feet  in  length,  and 
covered  with  long,  thick  and  bristly  hair, 
foimd  in  the  N.  Pacific  ;  and  the  common 
seal  (P.  ritulinu.)  from  4  to  6  feet  iw 
length,  found  generally  throughout  the 
Atlantic  and  the  seas  and  hays  conununi- 
cating  with  it,  covered  with  short,  stifi^ 
glossy  hair,  with  a  smooth  head  without 
external  ears,  and  with  the  fore  legs 
deeply  innnerscd  in  the  skin.  Seals  are 
much  sought  after  for  their  skins  and  fur. 
Ed.  Encyc.     Encyc. 

SEAL,  JI.  [Sax.  sigel,  sigle ;  G.  siegel ;  D. 
zeget ;  Dan.  seigl,  .icgl ;  Fr.  sceau ;  Arm. 
syetl ;  L.  sigillum  ;  It.  sigillo ;  Sp.  sigilo. 
It  is  uncertain  what  was  the  original  sig- 
nification of  seal,  whether  an  iniage,  or 
some  ornai7ient.  In  Saxon,  the  word  sig- 
nifies a  necklace,  or  ornament  for  the 
neck,  a  stud  or  boss,  a  clasp,  and  a  seal.] 

1.  A  piece  of  metal  or  other  hanl  substance, 
usually  round  or  oval,  on  which  is  en- 
graved some  image  or  device,  and  some- 
times a  legend  or  inscription.  This  is 
used  by  individuals,  corporate  bodies  and 
states,  for  making  imjiressions  on  wax 
upon  instruments  of  writing,  as  an  evi- 
dence of  their  authenticity.  Tlic  king  of 
England  has  his  great  seal  and  his  privy 
seat.     Seals  are  sometimes  worn  in  rings. 

2.  The  wax  set  to  an  instruniint,  and  im- 
pressed or  stamped  with  a  seal.  Thus  we 
give  a  deed  under  hand  and  seal.     Wax  is 


SEA 


SEA 


SEA 


generally  used  in  sealing  instruiur  nts,  but 
otiior  substances  may  be  used. 

'J.  Tlie  wax  or  wafer  that  makes  fast  a  let- 
ter or  other  paper. 

4.  Any  act  of  eontirmation.  Milton. 

T).  That  which  confirms,  ratifies  or  makes 
stable  ;  assmance.     2  Tjni.  ii. 

C.  That  which  cfiectually  shuts,  confines  or 
secures  ;  that  which  makes  fast.     Rev.  xx. 

SEAL,  V.  t.  [Sw.  besegla,  forsegla  ;  Dan. 
hcseglcr,  forsegkr  ;  G.siegetn;  D.  zcgckn. 
The  root  signifies  [irobably  to  set,  to  (i\, 
to  impress,  or  to  cut  or  engrave.]  I 

1.  To  fasten  with  a  seal ;  to  attach  togetlii-r 
with  a  wafer  or  vvitii  wax ;  as,  to  seal  a 
letter. 

2.  To  set  or  affix  a  seal  as  a  mark  of  au- 
thenticity ;  as,  to  seal  a  deed.     Hence, 

3.  To  confirm  ;  to  ratify  ;  to  establish. 

Ami  Willi  my  hand  1  seal  our  true  hearts' 
love.  Shak. 

When  therefore  I  have  performed  this,  and 
have  sealed  to  tlicin  this  fruit,  I  will  conic  by 
you  into  Spain.      Hoiii.  xv. 

4.  To  sliut  or  keep  close ;  sometimes  with 
i(n.     Seal  your  lips;  seal  up  vour  lips. 

Shak. 

Open  your  cars,  and   seal  your  bosom  upon 

the  secret  concerns  of  a  friend.  Dwighl. 

5.  To  make  fast. 

So  tlicy  went  and  made  the  scpulcher  sure, 
scaling  the  stone  and  setting  a  watch.  Matt. 
xxvii. 

6.  To  mark  with  a  stamp,  as  an  evidence  ofl 
standard  exactness,  legal  size,  or  incr-; 
chantable  quality.  By  our  laws,  weights 
and  measures  arc  to  be  scaled  by  an  offi-' 
cer  appointed  and  sworn  for  that  purpose  ; 
and  lether  is  to  be  scaled  by  a  like  otiicer, 
as  evidence  that  it  has  been  inspected  and 
found  to  be  of  good  quality. 

Laws  of  Conn. 

7.  To  keep  secret. 

Shut  up  the  words,  and  seal  the  book.  Dan 
xii.     Is.  viii. 

8.  To  mark  as  one's  property,  and  secure 
from  danger.     Cant.  iv. 

9.  To  close ;  to  fulfill ;  to  complete ;  with 
up.     Dan.  ix. 

10.  To  imprint  on  the  mind  ;  as,  to  seal  in- 
struction.    Job  xxxiii. 

H.  To  inclose  I  to  hide;  to  conceal.  Job 
xiv. 

12.  To  confine  ;  to  restrain.     Job  xxxvii. 

13.  In  architecture,  to  fix  a  piece  of  wood  or 
iron  in  a  wall  with  cement.  Encyc. 

SEAL,  V.  i.  To  fix  a  seal. 

1  will  seal  unto  this  bond.     [  Unusual.] 

Shak. 

SE'ALED,  pp.  Furnished  with  a  seal  ;  fas- 
tened with  a  seal ;  confirmed  ;  closed. 

SE'ALER,  »i.  One  who  seals  ;  an  oflicer  in 
chancery  who  seals  writs  and  instru- 
ments. 

3.  In  JVew  England,  an  ofiicer  appointed  by 
the  town  or  other  proper  authority,  to  ex- 
amine and  try  weights  and  measures,  and! 
set  a  stamp  on  such  as  are  according  to  the 
.standards  established  by  the  state  ;  also, 
an  officer  who  inspects  lether  and  stamps 
such  as  is  good.  These  are  called  sealers 
of  weights  and  measures,  and  sealers  of 
lether. 

SE'ALING,  ppr.  Fixing  a  seal;  fastening 
with  a  seal;  confirming  ;  closing;  keeping 
secret ;  fixing  a  piece  of  wood  or  iron  in 
a  wall  with  cement. 

Vol.  II. 


SE'ALING,  n.  [from  .sea/,  the  animal.]  The;  I 
operation  of  taking  seals  and  cuiing  their 
.<.kins. 

SK'ALIXG-VOYAgE,  n.  A  voyage  for  the 
purpo.se  of  killing  seals  and  obtaining  their 
skins. 

SE'ALING-WAX,  n.  [seal  and  wax.]  A 
compound  of  gum  lac  and  the  red  oxyd  of 
mercury  ;  used  for  fastening  a  foliled  hot- 
ter and  thus  concealing  the  writing,  and 
for  receiving  impressions  of  seals  set  to 
instruments,  dealing  wax  is  hard  or  soft, 
and  may  be  of  any  color. 

SEAM,  n.  [Sax.  «eum  ;  D.  room  ;  G.  sauin; 
Dan.  sijm ;  Sw.  som,  a  seam,  ii  suture; 
soma,  to  sew.  The  G.  saum  signifies  a 
hem  or  border.  The  word  probably  sig- 
nifies the  uniting  by  sewing.  In  Danish, 
sommcr  signifies  to  hern,  and  to  beseem,  to 
be  seemly,  to  become,  to  be  suitable.  We 
see  then  that  seam  and  seem,  are  from  one 
root.  The  primary  sense  is  to  meet,  to 
come  or  put  together.  See  Same  and  ^s- 
semble.  Class  Sm.  No.  33.  40.] 
The  suture  or  uniting  of  two  edges  of 
cloth  by  the  needle.  Dryden. 

The  coal  was  without  seam,  woven  from  the 
top  throughout.  .John  xix. 
The  joint  or  juncture  of  planks  in  a  ship's 
side  or  deck  ;  or  rather  the  intervals  be 
twecn  the  edges  of  boards  or  planks  in  a 
floor,  &c.  The  seams  of  ships  are  filled 
with  oakum,  and  covered  vvitli  pitch. 

3.  In  mines,  a  vein  or  stratum  of  metal,  ore, 
coal  and  the  like.  Encyc.     Kirwan. 

4.  A  cicatrix  or  scar. 

5.  A  measure  of  eight  bushels  of  corn  ;  or 
the  vessel  that  contains  it.  [JVot  used  in 
.^Imcnca.] 

A  seam  of  glass,  the  quantity  of  120  pounds, 
or24  stone  of  five  pounds  each.  [Ao(  used 
in  America.]  " 

seim ;  Vf.saim.] 
[JVot  in  use.] 

Shak. 


SEAM,  n.  [Sax. 
grease  ;  lard. 


Encyc. 
TalloW  ; 


form 


Dryden. 


a  seam ;  to  sew   or 


SEAM,  V.  t.  To 

otherwise  unite. 

2.  To  mark  with  a  cicatri.x  ;  to  scar  ;  as 
seamed  with  wound.s.  Pope. 

SEAMAN.   [See  under  Sea.] 

SE'AMED,  pp.  Marked  with  scams;  hav- 
ing seams  or  scars. 

SE'AMING,  ppr.  Marking  with  scars ; 
making  seams. 

SE'AMLESS,  a.  Having  no  seam ;  as  the 
seamless  garment  of  Christ. 

SEAM-RENT,  n.  [seam  and  rent.]  The 
rent  of  a  seam ;  the  separation  of  a  su- 
ture. 

iSE'AMSTER,  n.  One  that  sews  well,  or 
whose  occupation  is  to  sew. 

SEAMSTRESS,  ?!.  [that  is,  seamstcress; 
Sax.  seamcstre.]  A  woman  whose  occu- 
pation is  sewing. 

SE'AMY,  a.  Having  a  seam;  containing 
seams  or  showing  them.  Sluik. 

SE.AN,  n.  A  net.     [See  Seine.] 

SE'.^POY,  (        [Vera,  sipahi ;  Hindoo,  sep- 

SE'POY,      \"-  ahai.]     A  native  of  India 

in   the  military  service   of  an  EuropeanjiSEARCHABLE,    a.    serch'able. 

power,  and  disciphned afterthe  Europeans      be  searched  or  explored. 

manner.  iSEARClIED,    pp.    serch'ed.    Looked 

SEAR,  V.  t.  [Sax.  ifrtran;  Gr.a^rpfu),  todry;  I     carefidly  :  explored;  examined. 

Ii^paiju,  to  dry,  to  parch  ;  |j;po;,  dry;  attp,!  SEARCHER,  n.  serch'er.  One  who  search- 
es, explores  or  examines  for   the  purpose 


To  burn  to  dryness  and  hardness  the 
surface  of  any  thing;  to  cauterize  ;  to  ex- 
])ose  10  a  degree  of  heat  that  changes  the 
color  of  the  surface,  or  makes  it  hard  ;  as, 
lo  sear  the  skin  or  flesh. 

I'm  fiear'il  willi  buniiug  ."ilecl.  Bince. 

Sear  is  allied  to  scorch  in  signification  ; 
but  it  is  applied  primarily  to  animal  flesh, 
and  has  special  relerence  to  the  efl^ect  of 
heat  in  making  the  surface  hard.  Scorch 
is  applied  to  ficsh,  cloth  or  any  other  sub- 
stance, and  has  no  reference  "to  the  effect 
of  hardness. 

2.  To  wither;  to  dry.  Sliak. 

3.  To  make  callous  or  insensible. 
Having  Ibcir  conscience  seareii   with  a   hot 

iron.     1  Tim.  iv. 
To  sear  up,  lo  close  by   searing  or  cauteri- 
zing ;  to  stop. 

Cherish  veins  of  good    humor,  and  sear  ttp 

those  of  ill.  Temple. 

SEAR,  a.  Dry  ;  withered.       Milton.     Itay. 

SEARCE,  11.  t.  scrs.    To  sift  ;   to  bolt  ;   to 

separate  the  fine  part   of  meal  from  the 

coarse.     [Little  tised.]  Mortimer. 

SEARCE,  n.  sers.  A  sieve  ;  abolter.    [Lit 

tie  used.] 
SE.'VRCER,    n.    sers'er.    One  that  sifts  or 

bolts.     [Little  used.] 
SEARCH,  11.  t.  serch.  [Fr.  chercher  ;  It.  ccr- 

care  ;  Arm.  kerchat,  to  seek,  to  ramble.] 
L  To  look  over  or  through  for  the  purpose 
of  finding  something;  to  explore  ;  to  ex- 
amine by  inspection  ;  as,  to  search  the 
bouse  for  a  hook ;  to  search  the  wood  for 
a  thief 

Send  thou  men,  that  they  may  search  tin- 
land  of  Canaan.     Num.  xiii. 

2.  To  inquire  ;  to  seek  for. 
Enough  is  left  besides  to  search  and  know. 

JMtmi. 

3.  To  probe  ;  to  seek  the  knowledge  of  by 
feeling  with  an  instrument ;  as,  to  search 
a  wound.  Shak. 

4.  To  examine  ;  to  try.     Ps.  cxxxix. 
To  search  out,  to   seek  till  found,  or  to  find 

by  seeking  ;   as,  to  search  out  truth. 

If'atis. 
SEARCH,  v.i.  serch.  To  seek;  to  look  for; 
to  make  search. 

Once  more  search  witli  me.  Shak. 

To  make  inquiry  ;  to  inquire. 

It  suliiees  that  ibcy  have  once  with  care  sift- 
ed the  matter,  and  searched  Into  all  the  partic- 
ulars. Locke. 
To  search  for,  to  look  for ;  to  seek  ;  to  try  to 
find  ;  as,  to  search  for  a  gentleman  now  in 
the  house.  Shak. 
SEARCH,  71.  serch.  A  seeking  or  looking 
for  something  that  is  lost,  or  the  place  of 
which  is  unknown ;  with  for  or  after  ;  as 
a  search  for  lost  money  ;  a  search  for  mines 
of  gold  and  silver;  a  searcA  q/Jer  happi- 
ness or  knowledge. 

Inquiry;  a  seeking.     He  spent  bis  life  in 
search  of  truth. 
Quest ;  pursuit  for  finding. 

Nor  did  my  searoh  of  liberty  begin. 

Till  my  black  hairs  were  chang'd   upon  my 

chin.  Dryden. 

That  may 

Co^g-ratie. 


the  sun  ;  sftpfu,  to  diy.  Qu.  L.  torreo,  in  a 
different  dialect.] 


of  finding  something. 


SEA 


SEA 


SEA 


'2.  Aspeker:  :iii  iiKjuirer.  fFatts.\ 

H.  An  examiner:  a  trier  ;  as  the  Searcher  o{ 
hearts. 

4.  An  ofticor  in   J.oiulon,  apiiointed  to  ex 
nriiiiio  tlie  liudii-s  of  tlie  dead,  and  report 
the  cause  of  i heir  deatli.  Craunt. 

5.  An  officer  of  the  customs,  vvliose  busi- 
ness is  to  search  and  examine  ships  out- 
ward bounil,  to  ascertain  whether  they 
have  prohibited  goods  on  board,  also 
baggage,  goods,  &c. 

G.  An  inspector  of  lether.     [Local.] 

7.  In  military  affairs,  an  instrument  for  ex- 
amining ordnance,  to  ascertain  whether 
guns  have  any  cavities  in  them.        Eneyc. 

8.  An  instrument  used  in  the  inspection  of 
butter,  &c.  to  ascertain  the  quality  of  that 
which  is  contained  in  firkins.     [Local.] 

Mass. 
SEARCHING,  ppr.  scrch'ing.  Looking  into 
or  over  ;  exploring  ;    examining  ;  inquir- 
ing ;  seeking ;  investigating. 

2.  a.  Penetrating  ;  trying  ;  close  ;  as  asearch- 
ing;  discour.<e. 

SEARCHING,  n.  serch'iiig.  Examination; 
severe  inquisition.     Juilges  v. 

SEARCHLE.'^S,  a.  scrch'less.  Inscrutable  ; 
eluding  sciuch  or  investigation. 

SE'AK-€LOTH,  n.  [Sas.  sar-claUi,  sore- 
cloth.] 

A  cloth  to  cover  a  sore  ;  a  plaster. 

Mortimer. 

SE'ARED,  pp.  [from  sear.]  Burnt  on  the 
surface  ;  cauterized  ;  hardened. 

SE'AREIJNESS,  n.  The  stale  of  being 
seared,  cauterized  or  hardened  ;  hard- 
ness ;  hence,  insensibility.  Bp.  Hall. 

SE'ASON,  n.  se'zn.  [Fr.  saison  :  Arm. 
sasonn,  saczun  ;  Port,  sazam,  sezam,  sea- 
son, proper  time,  state  of  being  seasoned  ; 
sazuaar,  to  season,  ripen,  temper,  sweeten, 
bring  to  maturity  ;  Sp.  sazon,  season,  ma- 
turitv,  taste,  relish  ;  sazonar,  to  season. 
The  primary  sense,  like  that  of  time  and 
opportunity,  is  to  fall,  to  come,  to  arrive, 
and  this  word  seems  to  be  allied  to  seize 
and  assess;  to  fall  on,  to  set  on.] 

Season  literally  signiiies  that  which  comes 
or  arrives  ;  and  in  this  general  sense,  is 
synonymous  with  time.     Hence, 

1.  A  fit  or  suitable  tinje  ;  the  convenient 
time  ;  the  usual  or  appointed  time  ;  as, 
the  messenger  arrived  in  season  ;  in  gooi 
season.     This  fruit  is  out  of  season. 

Q.  Any  time,  as  distinguished  fVom  others. 
The   season   prime  for  sweetest   scents  and 
aiis.  Milton. 

3.  A  time  of  some  continuance,  but  not 
long. 

Thou  shall  be  blind,  not  seeing  the  sun  for  a 
season.     Actsxiii. 
1.  One  of  the   four  divisions   of  the   year, 
spring,   summer,  autumn,   winter.      The 
season  is  mild  ;  it  is  cold  for  the  season. 

We  saw,  in   six  days"   traveling,  the  several 

seasons  of  ihe  year  in  tiieir  beauty.      Addison 

We  distinguish  the  season  by  prefixing 

its  appropriate  nam»,  as  the  spring-season 

summer  season,  &c. 

To  bt  in  season,  to  be  in  good  time,  or 
sufficiently  early  for  the  pur|)Ose. 

To  he  on(  i>f  season,  to  be  too  late,  be 
yonil  the  pr(i|ier  lime,  or  beyond  the  usu 
ul  oi  nppoiiiieil  time. 

From  ihe  sense  of  convenience,  is  deri- 
ved the  following. 


5.  That  which  matures  or  prepares  for  the: 
taste  ;  that  which  gives  a  relisli. 

Vou  lack  the  season  of  all  nature,  sleep. 


But  in  this  sense,  we 


Shak. 
now  use  stason- 


ing. 
SE'ASON,  v.t.  [¥r.  assaisonner ;  Sp.  Port. 
sazonar.] 

1.  To  render  palatable,  or  to  give  a  higher 
relish  to,   by    the  aildition  or    mixture  of 
another  substance  more  pungent  or  picas 
ant;  as,  to  season  meat  with  salt;  to  seo 
son  any  thing  with  spices.     Lev.  ii. 

"2.  To  render  more  agreeable,  pleasant  or 
delightful  ;  to  give  a  relish  or  zest  to  by 
something  that  excites,  animates  or  ex- 
hilarates. 

you   season  still   with    sports    your  serious 
hours.  Dryden. 

The  proper  use  of  wit  is  to  season  con\  trsa- 
tjon  Tillotson. 

:?.  To  render  more  agreeable,  or  less  rigor- 
ous and  severe  ;  to  temper  ;  to  moderate  ; 
to  qualify  by  admixture. 

\Vben  luercy  seasons  justice.  Shak. 

4.  To  imbue  ;  to  tinge  or  taint. 
Season  their  younger  years  with  pmdent  and 

pious  principles.  Taylor. 

5.  To  fit  for  any  use  by  time  or  habit;  to 
mature;  to  prepare. 

Who  in  want  a  hollow  friend  doth  try, 
Directly  seasons  him  an  enemy.  Shak. 

C).  To  prepare  for  use  by  drying  or  harden- 
ing; to  lake  out  or  suffer  to  escape  the 
natural  juices  ;  as,  to  season  timber. 
To  ])repare  or  mature  for  a  climate  ;  to 
accustom  to  and  enable  to  endure  ;  as,  to 
season  the  body  to  a  particidar  climate. 
Long  residence  in  the  West  Indies,  or  a 
fever,  may  season  strangers. 

SE'ASON,  V.  i.  To  become  mature  ;  to 
grow  fit  for  use  ;  to  become  adajited  to  a 
climate,  as  the  human  body. 

2.  To  become  dry  and  hard  by  the  escape  of 
the  natural  juices,  or  by  being  penetrated 
with  other  substance.  Timber  seasons 
well  under  cover  in  the  air,  and  ship  tim- 
ber seasons  in  salt  water. 

To  betoken  ;  to  savor.     Obs.  Beaum. 

SE'ASONABLE, a.  Opportune;  that  comes, 
happens  or  is  done  in  good  time,  in  due 
season  or  in  iin))ier  time  for  the  jiurpose; 
as  a  seasonable  supply  of  rain. 

Mercy  is  seasonable  in  the  time  of  affliction. 

Ecclus. 

SE'ASONABLENESS,  n.  Opportune- 
ness of  time  ;  the  state  of  being  in  good 
time,  or  in  time  convenient  for  the  pur- 
pose or  suilirientiv  earlv.  Jlddison. 

SE'ASONABLY,  'ailv.  In  due  lime  ;  in 
time  convenient;  siifhcieiitly  early  ;  as,  to 
sow  or  plant  seasonabhi. 

SE'ASONAGE,  n.  Seasoning;  sauce.  [.Vo/ 
used.]  South. 

SE'ASONED,  pp.  Mixed  or  sprinkled  with 
something  that  gives  a  relish  ;  tempered  ; 
moderated  ;  qualified  ;  mature<l  ;  dried 
and  hardened. 

SE'.'\SONER,  n.  He  that  seasons;  that 
which  seasons,  matures  or  gives  a  relish. 

SE'ASON  ING,  ppr.  Giving  a  relish  by 
somelhiiig  addod  ;  modeniting  ;  (pialily-i 
ing:  maturing;  drying  and  hardening; 
fittiiiL'  by  h.-ibit. 

'SE'ASO.\'lNG,  71.  That  wiiicli  is  added  to 

I     imj  specii'S  of  food  lo  give  it  a  liigli<-rrcl- 


I     ish  ;  usually,   something  pungent  or  aro 


matic  ;  as  salt,  spices  or  other  aromatic 
herbs,  acids,  sugar,  or  a  mixture  of  seve- 
ral things.  .'Irbnthnot. 

2.  Something  added  or  mixed  to  enhance  the 
pleasure  of  enjoyment;  as,  wit  or  humor 
may  serve  as  a  seasoning  to  eloquence. 

Political  speculations  are  of  so  dry  and  aus- 
tere a  naluie,  that  they  will  not  go  down  with 
the  public  without  frequent  seasonings. 

Addison. 

SEAT,  Ji.  [It.  scdia  ;  Sp.  sede,  silio,  from  L. 
sedes,  situs  ;  Sw.  side  ;  Dan.  seede  ;  G. 
sitz;  D.zetel,zilplaats  ;  "W .  sez  ;  ir.saidh; 
W.  with  a  prefix,  gosod,  vvlience  gosodi,  to 
set.  See  Set  and  Sit.  The  Engli^li  seat 
retains  the  R(unan  pronunciation  of  situs, 
that  is,  scf<»s.] 

1.  That  on  which  one  sits:  a  chair,  bench, 
stool  or  any  other  thiug  on  which  a  per- 
son sits. 

Christ — overthrew  the  tables  of  the  money 
changers  and  the  seats  of  them  that  sold  doves. 
Malt.  xxi. 

2.  The  place  of  sitting  ;  throne;  chair  of 
state  ;  tribunal ;  post  of  authority  ;  as  the 
seal  of  justice;  judgnieiit-sfa/. 

3.  Mansion  ;  residence  ;  dwelling  ;  abode  ; 
as  Italy  the  seat  of  empire.  The  Greeks 
sent  colonies  to  seek  a   new  seal  in  Gaul. 

In  Alba  he  shall  fix  his  royal  seat. 

Dryden. 

4.  Site  ;  situation.  The  scat  of  Eden  has 
never  been   incontrovertibly   ascertained. 

5.  That  part  of  a  saddle  on  which  a  person 
sits. 

6.  In  horsenwn.ihip,  the  posture  or  situation 
of  a  person  on  horseback.  Encyc. 

7.  A  pew  or  slip  in  a  church  ;  a  place  to 
sit  in. 

8.  The  place  where  a  thing  is  settled  or  es- 
tablisiied.  London  is  the  seat  of  business 
and  opulence.  So  we  say,  the  seat  of  the 
muses,  the  seat  of  arts,  the  seat  of  com- 
merce. 

SE.\T,  V.  t.  To  place  on  a  seat ;  to  cause  to 
sit  down.  We  seal  ourselves;  we  scat 
our  guests. 

The  guests  were  no  sooner  sealed  but  Ihey 
entered  into  a  waim  debate.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  To  place  in  a  post  of  authority,  in  office 
or  a  place  of  ilistinction.  He  seated  his 
son  in  the  professor's  chair. 

Then  high  was  king  Richard  sealed.      Shak. 

.3.  To  settle ;  to  fix  in  a  (larticidar  place  or 
country.  A  colony  of  Greeks  scnterf  them- 
selves ill  the  .south  of  Italy  ;  another  at 
Massilia  in  Gaul. 

4.  To  fix  ;  to  set  firm. 
From  their  foundations,  loosening  to  and  fro. 
They  pluck'd  the  scaled  hills.  Milton. 

5.  To  place  in  a  church  ;  to  assign  seats  to. 
In  New  England,  where  the  pews  in 
churches  are  not  private  jiroperty,  it  is 
customary  to  seat  families  for  a  year  or 
longer  time  ;  that  is,  assign  and  appropri- 
ate seats  to  their  use. 

().  To  appropriate  the  pews  in,  to  particular 
families  ;  as,  lo  scat  a  chinch. 

7.  To  re]iair  by  making  the  seat  new;  as, 
lo  seat  !\  garment. 

8.  To  settle  ;  to  plant  with  inhabitants;  as, 
to  seal  a  country.     [.Vol  much  ii.-ied.] 

Stith,  Virg. 

SE.\T,  V.  i.  To  rest  ;  to  lie  down.     [Xot  in 

■use.]  Spenser. 


SEC 


8  E  C 


SEC 


SE'ATED,  pp.  Placed  in  a  cliair  or  on  aj 
beiicli,  &.C.  ;  set ;  lixed  ;  settled  ;  estal)-| 
lislied;  Ciiniislied  witli  u  scat.  j 

SIi'ATli\(j',  jipr.  Placing  on  a  seat;  set- 
ting; settling;  luriiisliing  with  a  seat; 
liaviiig  its  siNils  assigned  tu  individuals,  as 
a  cluirch.  ! 

SEAVE.-!,  71.  pill,  [iriw.s&f;  Dan.  sty ;  Ileb. 
«]1D  suf.]     Rushes.     [Local.]  j 

SE'AVY,  a.  Overgrown  with  rushes.  [Lo-i 
cat.] 

SEUA'CEOUS,  a.  [J.ow  L.  schaceus,  from, 
stbum,  sevum,  tallow,  \V.  saim.  iln.  Etii.' 
scbndi,  tat.]  Made  of  tallow  or  fat  ;  per-j 
tnining  to  fat.  I 

Sebaceous  liuiiwr,  n  suet-like  or  glutinous 
matter  secreted  by  the  sebaceous  glands, 
which  serves  to  defend  the  skin  and  keep 
it  soft.  Cure.     Parr.' 

Sebaceous  glands,  small  glands  seated  in  the 
cellular  membrane  under  the  skin,  which 
secrete  the  sebaceous  humor.  Purr. 

SEIJAC'IC,  a.  [supra.]  In  cldmistry,  per-; 
tainiug  to  fat;  obtained  from  fat  ;  as  the 
Sfiacu- acid.  Lavoisier. 

SE'BATE,  n.  [supra.]  In  cMmislry,  a  salt 
formed  by  the  sebacic  acid  and  a  "base. 

Hooper.     Lavoisier. 

SERES'TEX,  n.  The  Assyrian  plmn,  a 
]ilant  of  the  genus  Cordia,  a  species  of 
jujidie.  Lee.     Coxe. 

SE'CANT,  a.  [L.  secajis,  seco,  to  cut  or 
cut  otr,  coinciding  with  Eng.  .saw.]  Out- 
ting  ;  dividing  into  two  parts. 

SE'CANT,  n.  [It.   Fr.   Sp.   sccaute,  suj)ra.] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  line  that  cuts  another,  or 
divides  it  into  parts.  The  secant  of  a  cir- 
cle is  a  line  drawn  from  the  circumfer- 
ence on  one  side,  to  a  point  without  the 
circumference  on  the  other.  In  Irigoyiom- 
etry,  a  secant  is  a  right  line  drawn  from 
the  center  of  a  circle,  which,  cutting  the 
circuinference,  proceeds  till  it  meets  with 
a  tangent  to  the  same  circle.  Encyc. 

2.  In  trigonometry,  the  secant  of  an  arc  is  a 
right  line  drawn  from  the  center  through 
one  end  of  the  arc,  and  terminated  by  a 
tangent  drawn  through  the  other  end. 

SECfi'DE,  V.  i.  [L.  secedo  ;  se,  from,  and 
cedo,  to  move.  Se  is  an  inseparable  pre- 
position or  prefix  in  Latin,  but  denoting' 
departure  or  separation.]  | 

To  withdraw  from  fellowship,  communion 
or  association  ;  to  separate  one's  self;  as, 
certain  ministers  seceded  from  the  church 
of  Scotland  about  the  year  1733. 

fc^ECE'DER,  n.  One  who  secedes.  In  Scot- 
land, the  seccders  are  a  numerous  body  of 
inesbyterians  who  seceded  from  the  com- 
munion of  the  established  church,  about 
the  year  1733. 

SECE'DING,  ppr.  Withdrawing  from  fel- 
lowship or  communion. 

SECERN',  V.  t.  [L.  secerno  ;  se  and  cerno, 
to  separate.]  In  the  animal  economy,  to 
secrete. 

The  mucus  secerned  in  the  nose — is  a  laiula- 
ble  humor.  Arbuthnot. 

SECERN'ED,  pp.  Separated  ;  secreted. 

SECERN'ENT,  n.  Tliat  which  i)romotes 
secretion;  that  which  increases  the  irrita- 
tive motions,   which  constitute  secretion. 

D'irwin. 

SECERN'ING,  ppr.  Separating;  secreting;! 
as  secerning  vessels.  I 


SECES'SION,  n.  [L.secessio.    Heo  Secede.]\ 
1.  The  act  of  withdrawing,  particularly  from| 

fellowship  and  communion.  Encyc.\ 

'2.  The  act  of  departing  ;  departure. 

Brown. 
SE'CLE,   n.    [Vr.  siecle ;    L.  seculum.]     .\ 

century.     [JVot  in  use.]  Hammond. 

SE€LU'I)E,  V.  t.  [I,,   secludo ;  se  and  clau- 

do,  cludo,  to  shut.] 

1.  To  separate,  as  from  company  or  society,' 
and  usually  to  keep  apart  tor  some  length 
of  time,  or  to  confine  in  a  separate  state; 
as,  persons  in  low  spirits  seclude  them- 
selves from  society. 

Let  eastern  tyrants  from  the  light  of  heav'n 
Seclude  their  bosoin  slaves.  Thomson. 

2.  To  shut  out ;  to  prevent  from  entering ; 
to  preclude. 

Inclose  your  tender  plants  in  your  conserva- 
tory, secluding  all  entrance  of  cold.       JSi'eh/n. 

SEc.l,IJ'l)l'',l),  pp.  Separated  from  others; 
living  in  retirt^nieiit ;  shut  out. 

SECLli'UINli,  ppr.  Sejjarating  from  oth- 
ers ;  confming  in  solitude  or  in  a  separate 
state;  preventing  entrance. 

SECLUSION,  )i.  s  as  :.  The  act  of  sepa- 
rating from  society  or  connection  ;  the 
state  of  being  separate  or  apart ;  separa- 
tion ;  a  shutting  out ;  as,  to  hve  in  seclu- 
sion. 

SECLU'SIVE,  a.  That  secludes  or  seques- 
ters ;  that  keeps  separate  or  in  retire- 
ment. 

SECOND,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.secundus;  It.  se- 
condo  ;  Sp.  Port,  scgundo  ;  from  h.se(juor, 
to  follow.     See  SeeA.] 

1.  That  immediately  follows  the  first ;  the 
next  following  the  first  in  order  of  placi 
or  time  ;  the  ordinal  of  two.  Take  the 
second  book  from  the  shelf.  Enter  the 
second  house. 

AnJ  he  slept  and  dreamed  the  second  time 
Gen  xli. 

2.  Next  in  value,  power,  excellence,  dignity 
or  rank;  interior.  The  silks  of  China  are 
second  to  none  in  quality.  Lord  Chatham 
was  second  to  none  in  eloquence.  Dr. 
Johnson  was  second  to  none  in  intellcctu 
al  powers,  but  second  to  many  in  research 
and  erudition. 

Second  knns,  in  algebra,  those  where  the  un 
known  (piantity  has  a   degree   of  power 
le.ss  than    it  has  in    the  term  where  it  is 
raised  to  the  highest.  Encyc. 

It  second-hand,  in  the  second  place  of  or- 
der; not  in  the  first  place,  or  by  or  from 
the  first ;  by  transmission  ;  not  primarily  ; 
not  originally  ;  as  a  report  received  at 
second-hand. 

In  imitation  of  preacliers  at  second-hand,  I 
shall  transcribe  from  Bruycrc  a  piece  of  raillery. 

Taller. 

SECOND,  n.  One  who  attends  another  in 
a  iluel,  to  aiil  him,  mark  out  the  ground  or 
distance,  ami  see  that  all  proceedings  be- 
tween the  parties  are  fair. 

Jfatts.     Addison. 

2.  One  that  supports  or  maintains  another: 
that  which  supports. 

Being  sure  enough  of  seconds  after  the  first 
onset.  Wutton. 

.3.  The  sixtieth  part  of  a  minute  of  time  or 
of  a  degree,  that  is,  the  second  miniite  or, 
small  division  next  to  the  hour.  Sound 
moves  above  li40  English  feet  in  a  «ec- 
ond. 

4.  In  miwic,  an  interval  of  a  conjoint  degree, 


being  the  difference  between  any  sound 
and  the  next  nearest  sound  abo\eorbe- 
lo\v  it.  Bushy.     Encyc. 

SECOND,  V.  t.  [L.  secundo  ;  I'v.  seconder; 
It.  secondare.] 

1.  To  folliiw  ill  the  next  place. 

I  Sin  is  seconded  with  sin.    [Little  used.] 

I  South. 

2.  To  support;  to  lend  aid  to  the  attempt  of 
another ;  to  assist ;  to  forward  ;  to  pro- 
mote ;  to  encourage  ;  to  act  as  the  muiii- 

i     tainer. 

Wc  have  supplies  to  second  our  attempt. 

Sha.'i. 

The  attempts  of  Austria   to  circumscribe  the 

confjuests   of   Buonaparte,  were   seconded  by 

Russia.  Jlnon. 

.In  Cod's,  one  single  can  its  ends  produce. 

Yet  serves  to  second  too  some  other  use. 

Pope. 

3.  In  legislation,  to  support,  as  a  motion  or 
the  mover.  VVe  say,  to  second  a  motion 
or  proposition,  or  to  second  the  mover. 

SECONDARILY,  adv.  [from  secondary.] 
Ill  the  second  degree  or  second  order  ;  not 
primarily  or  originally  ;  not  in  the  first  in- 
tention. Duties  on  imports  serve  prima- 
rily to  raise  a  revemie,  and  secondarily  to 
encourage  domestic  manufactures  and  in- 
dustry. 

SEC'OlVDARINESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
secondary.  J\lorris. 

SECOND.VRY,  o.  [L.  secundarius,  from«f- 
cundus.] 

1.  Su<-ceeding  next  in  order  to  the  first;  sub- 
ordinate. 

Where  there  is  moral  right  on  the  one  hand, 
not  secondary  right  can  discharge  it. 

L'Eslrange. 

2.  Not  primary  ;  not  of  the  first  intention. 

Two  are  the  radical  differences  ;  the  second- 
ary differences  are  as  four.  Bacon. 

3.  Not  of  the  first  order  or  rate  ;  revolving 
about  a  primary  planet.  Primary  planets 
revolve  about  the  sun  ;  secondary  planets 
revolve  about  the  primary. 

4.  Acting  by  deputation  or  delegated  au- 
thority ;  as  the  work  of  secondary  hands. 

Milton. 

5.  Acting  in  subordination,  or  as  second  to 
another  ;  as  a  secondary  officer.        Encyc. 

Secondary  rocks,  in  geology,  are  those  which 
were  formed  after  the  primary.  They  are 
always  situated  over  or  above  the  primi- 
tive and  transition  rocks ;  they  abound 
with  organic  remains  or  petrifactions,  and 
are  supposed  to  be  mechanical  deposits 
from  water.  Cleaveland. 

A  secondary  fever,  is  that  which  arises  after 
a  crisis,  or  the  disoharge  of  some  morbid 
matter,  as  after  the  declension  of  the  small 
))ox  or  measles.  Qia'ncy. 

Seiondary  circles,,  or  secondaries,  in  astrono- 
my, circles  passing  through  the  poles  of 
any  of  the  great  circles  of  the  sphere,  per- 
pendicular to  the  planes  of  those  circles. 

Secondary  qualities,  are  the  qualities  of  bodies 
which  are  not  inseparable  from  them,  but 
which  proceed  from  casual  circumstances, 
such  as  color,  taste,  odor,  &c. 

Seconda ry  formations,  in  geology,  formations 
of  substances,  subsequent  to  the  primitive. 

SECONDARY,  n.  A  delegate  or  deputy ; 
one  who  acts  in  subordination  to  another; 
as  the  secondaries  of  the  court  of  king's 
bench  and  of  comtnon  pleas.  Encyc. 


SEC 

2.  A  fether  growing  on  the  second  bone  of  a 

fowl's  wing. 
SECONDED,  pp.  Supported  ;  aided. 
SE€'ONDER,   n.  One  that  supports  what 
another  attempts,  or  what  he  affirms,  or 
what  he  moves  or  proposes ;  as  the  sec- 
onder of  an  enterprise  or  of  a  motion. 
SECOND-HAND,  n.   Possession    received 
from  the  first  possessor.  Johnson. 

SECOND-HAND,  a.  Not   original  or  pri- 
mary; received  from  anotlier. 

They   have    but   a  second-hand   or  implicit 

knowledge.  Locke. 

2.  Not  new  ;  that  has  been  used  by  another ; 

as  a  seco7id-hand  book. 
SECONDLY,  adv.  In  tlie  second  place. 

Bacon. 
SECOND-RATE,  n.  [second  and  rate.]  The 
second  order  in  size,  dijiniiy  or  value 
They  call  it  thunder  of  the  second-rate 

jlddison. 
So  we  say,  a  ship  of  the  second-rate. 
SECOND-RATE,  a.  Of  the  second  size, 
rank,   quality  or    value;  as   a   second-rate 
ship ;    a  second-rate   cloth  ;   a  second-rate 
champion.  Dryden. 

SE€ONDSiGHT,  n.  The  power  of  seeing 
things  future  or  distant  :  a  power  clauried 
by  some  of  the  highlanders  in  Scotland. 
^  Addison. 

Nor  less  avail'd  his  optic  sleight, 
And  Scottish  gifi  of  second-sight. 

Trumbull's  M'Fingal. 

SECOND-SIGHTED,  a.  Having  the  i)ow 
er  of  second-sight.  Addison. 

SE'CRECY,   71.   [from  secret.]    Properly,  a 
hence,  concealment 


SEC 

There  secret  in  her  sapphire  cell,  j 

,  He  with  the  Nais  wont  to  dwell.        Fenton. 

3.  Removed  from  sight;  iirivale;  unknown. 
Abide  in    a    secret  place,  and  hide  thyself 

1  Sam.  xix.  | 

4.  Keeping  secrets ;  faithful  to  secrets  en- 
trusted ;  as  secret  Romans.  Shak. 

[Unusual.] 

5.  Private  ;  aflbrding  privacy.  Milton. 
C>.  Occult;  not  seen;  not   apparent;  us  the 

secret  operations  of  physical  causes. 
Known  to  God  only. 

Secret  things  belong  to   the  Lord  our   God. 
Oeiit.  x.vix. 

Not  proper  to  he  seen ;  kept  or  such  as 
ought  to  be  kept  from  observation. 
'SE'CRET,  )i.  [Fr.  from  h.  seen  turn.]  Some- 
thing studioiislv  concealed.  A  man  who 
cannot  keep  his  own  secrets,  will  hardly 
keep  the  secrets  of  others. 

To  tell  our  own  secrets  is  often  folly  ;  to  com- 
municate those  of  others  is  treachery. 

Hammer 
A  talebearer  revealeth  secrets.  Prov.  xi. 
2.  A  thing  not  discovered  and  therefore  un-j 
I     known. 

i  All  secrets  of  the  deep,  all  nature's  works. 

1  Milton.' 

1  Hast  thou  heard  the  secret  of  God  .'  Job  xv. 

b.  Secrets,  pin.,  the  parts  which  modesty  and 
1     propriety  require  to  be  concealed. 
In  secret,  in  a  private  place  ;  in  privacy  or  se- 
crecy ;  in  a  state  or  place  not  seen  ;  pri- 
vately. 

Bread  eaten  in  secret  is  pleasant.  Prov.  ix. 

SECRET,  II.  t.  To  keep  private.  [JVo<  used.] 

Bacon. 
SE€'RETARISHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a  sec- 
retary. Swift. 


state   of  separation  ,  

from  the  observation   of  others,  or  fron 

the  notice  of  any  persons  not  concerned  Jj  gg^-'RETARY.   n.   [Fr.  secretaire  ;  Sp.  It 
privacy;  a  state  of  being  hid  from  view.'  .     •       i-.  .„  i    .,.„  ....„..<>#.  r.r;nr;„ 


VVhen^  used  of  an  individual,  secrecy  im- 
plies concealment  from  all  others ;  when 
used  of  two  or  more,  it  implies  conceal- 
ment from  all  persons  except  those  con- 
cerned. Thus  a  company  of  counterfeit- 
ers carry  on  their  villainy  in  secrecy. 
The  lady  Anne, 
Whom  the  king  hath  in  secrecy  ]on^  married. 

2.  Solitude;  retirement;  seclusion  from  the 
view  of  others.  Milton. 

3.  Forbearance  of  disclosure  or  discovery. 

It  is  not  with  public  as  with  private  prayer; 
in  this,  rather  secrecy  is  commanded  than  out- 
ward show.  Hooker. 

4.  Fidelity  to  a  secret;  tlie   act  or  habit  of 
keeping  sei^ets. 

For  secrecy  no  lady  closer.  Sliak. 

SE'CRET,  a.  [Fr.  secret ;  It.  Sp.  Port,  secreto  ; 
h.secretus.  This  is  given  as  the  participle 
of  secerno,  but  it  is  radically  a  different 
word  ;  VV.  segyr,  that  is  apart,  inclosed  or 
sacred ;  segru,  to  secrete  or  put  apart  ;  scg, 
thai  is  without  access.  The  radical  sense 
of  sfg  is  to  separate,  as  in  L.  seco,  to  cut 
off;  and  not  improbably  this  word  is  con- 
tracted into  the  Latin  se,  a  prefix  in  se- 
gri'go,  separo,  &c.] 

1.  Priipcrly,  separate  ;  hence,  hid;  conceal- 
ed from  ihe  notice  or  knowledge  of  all 
persons  except  ihe  individual  or  individu- 
als concerned. 

1    have    a    secret   errand   to  thee,    O    king. 
Judges  iii. 

2.  Unseen  ;  private  ;  secluded ;  being  in  re- 
tirement. 


secretario  ;  from  L.  secretus,  secret ;  origin 
ally  a  confident,  one  entrusted  with  se 
crets.] 

1.  A  person  employed  by  a  public  body,  by 
a  company  or  by  an  individual,  to  write 
orders,  letters,  dispatches,  public  or  pri-j 
vate  papers,  records  and  the  like.  Thus' 
legislative  bodies  have  secretaries,  whose 
business  is  to  record  all  their  laws  and  re- 
solves.    Embassadors  have  secretaries. 

2.  An  officer  whose  business  is  to  superin- 
tend and  manage  the  affairs  of  a  particu- 
lar department  of  government ;  as  the  sec- 
relari/  of  state,  who  conducts  the  corres- 
poiuience  of  a  state  with  foreign  courts  : 
the  scccdnriyof  the  treasury,  who  manages 
the  department  of  finance  ;  the  «ecic(ar^ of 
war,  of  the  navy,  &c. 

SECRE'Tt^,  V.  t.  To   hide  ;  to  conceal  ;  to 
remove  from   observation    or  the  know! 
edge  of  others;  as,  to  secrete  stolen  goods 

2.  To  secreto  one's  self;  to  retire  from  no- 
tice into  a  private  place;  to  abscond. 

3.  Ill  the  animal  economy,  to  secern  ;  to  pro- 
duce from  the  blood  substances  different 
from  the  blood  itself,  or  from  any  of  it- 
constituents  ;  as  the  glands.  The  liver 
secretes  bile  ;  the  salivary  glands  secrete  sa- 
liva. ^"''-  Encyc. 

SECRE'TED,  pp.  Concealed  ;  secerned. 

SECRE'TING, /)/jr.  Hiding;  soccrning. 

SEeRE'TION,)!.  The  act  of  secerning;  the 
act  of  producing  from  the  blood  substan- 
ces different  from  the  blood  itself,  or  from 
any  of  its  constituents,  as  bilo,  saliva,  mu- 
cus, urine,  &c.     This  ^vas  considered  by 


SEC 

the  older  physiologists  as  merely  a  sepa- 
ration from  the  blood  of  certain  substan- 
ces previously  contained  in  it;  the  literal 
meaning  of  secrcd'on.  But  this  opinion  is 
now  generally  exploded.  The  organs  of 
secretion  are  of  very  various  form  and 
structure,  but  the  most  general  are  those 
called  glands.  Ed.  Eacyc. 

The  matter  secreted,  as  mucus,  perspira- 
ble matter,  &c. 
SE'CRETIST,  ?i.  A  dealer  in  secrets.  [J^ot 
in  use.]  Boyle. 

SECRETP'TIOUS,  a.  Parted  by  animal  se- 
cretion. Floyer. 
ISE'CRETLY,  a(/i'.  Privately;  privily;  not 
openly;  withmit  tlie  knowledge  of  others; 
as.  to  dispatch  a  messenger  secretly. 
2.  Inwardly  ;  not  aiiiiarently  or  visibly  ;  la- 
tently. 

Now  secretly  with  inward  grief  she  pin'd. 

..Iddison. 
SE'CRETNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  hid 

ur  concealed. 

2.  The  quality  of  keeping  a  secret.      Donne. 

SE'CRETORY,  a.  Performing  the  office  of 

secretion  ;  as  secretory  vessels.  Roy. 

SECT,  n.  {Fr.secte;  h.  sella  ;  L.  Sp.  secta : 

from  L.  seco,  to  cut  off,  to  separate.] 

1.  A  body  or  number  of  persons  united  in 
tenets,  chiefly  in  philosophy  or  religion, 
but  constituting  a  distinct  jiarty  by  hold- 
ing sentiments  different  from  those  of  otli- 
er  men.  Most  sects  have  originated  in  a 
particular  person,  who  taught  and  propa- 
gated some  peculiar  notions  in  philosophy 
or  religion,  and  who  is  considered  to  have 
been  its  founder,  .\mong  the  Jews,  the 
principal  sects  were  the  Pharisees,  Saddu- 
cees,  and  Essenes.  In  Greece  were  the 
Cynic  sect,  founded  by  Aiitisthenes ;  and 
the  Academic  sect,  by  Plato.  The  Acad- 
emic sect  gave  birth  to  the  Peripatetic,  and 
the  Cynic  to  the  Stoic.  Etifeld. 

2.  A  cutting  or  cion.     [J^ot  used.]  Shak. 
SECTA'RIAN,  a.  [L.  sectanus.]  Pertaining 

to  a  sect  or  to  sects  ;  as   sectanan  princi- 
ples or  prejudices. 

SECTA'RIAN,  II.  One  of  a  sect;  one  of  a 
party  in  religion  which  has  separated  it- 
self from  the  established  church,  or  which 
holds  tenets  different  from  those  of  the 
prevailing  denomination  in  a  kingdom  or 
state. 

SECT.V'RIANISM,  n.  The  disposition  to 
dissent  from  the  established  church  or  pre- 
dominant religion,  and  to  form  new  sects. 

SECT'ARISM,  n.  Sectarianism.  [Lillle 
used.] 

SF^CT'ARIST,  n.  A  sectary.  [M'ot  much 
used.]  n'arton. 

SECT'ARY,  n.  [Fr.  s(claire.]A  person  who 
separates  from  an  established  church,  or 
from  the  ]>revailiiig  denomination  of  chris- 
tians ;  one  that  belongs  to  a  sect ;  a  dis- 
senter. 
A  follower ;  a  ])upil.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

SECTA'TOR,  >i.  [Fr.  sectatcur.]  A  follower; 
a  disciple ;  an  adherent  to  a  sect.  [.Vb< 
now  used.]  Baleigh. 

SECT'lLE,  a.  [L.  sectilis.  from  .leco,  to  cut.] 
A  seclile  mim-ral  is  one  that  is  midway 
between  the  brittle  and  the  malleable,   as 


soapstone  and  i 


iluiiibago. 


Phillips. 


SEC 


SEC 


S  E  D 


SECTION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.aeclio;  seco,  to 
cut  oir.J 

1.  TIjc  act  of  ciittiii),'  or  of  separating  by 
cutting;   as  tli(!  si:dio7i  of  Ijodies. 

/(■'ottoii. 

2.  A  part  separated  from  tho  rest;  a  divis- 
ion. 

3.  In  hooks  and  wrUings,  a  distinct  part  or 
portion;  llic  subdivision  of  a  cliapter  ;  tlie 
division  of  a  law  or  otiior  writing  or  in- 
strument. Jn  laws,  a  seclion  is  sonielinies 
called  a  paragraph  or  article. 

Boyle.     Locke. 

4.  A  distinct  part  of  a  city,  town,  country  or 
people;  a  part  <if  territory  separated  Ij\ 
geographical  lines,  or  of  a  [leople  consiil-j 
ered  as  distinct.  Thus  we  say,  the  north- 
ern or  eastern  section  of  the  United  States, 
the  miil,dle aeciion,  the  southern  or  western 
section. 

5.  Ing'comdcj/,  a  j^ide  or  surface  of  a  body  or 
figure  cut  olT  by  another ;  or  the  place 
where  lines,  planes,  &c.  cut  each  other. 

Encyc. 
SE€'TIONAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  section  or 
distinct  part  id'  a  hH-;;cr  body  or  territory. 
SE€T  OR,  )i.  |^l''r.sc'Ye«r,  from  L.  ,9<'ro,  to  cut. 

1.  In  geomi-lry,   a  part   of  a  circle  compre 
liended  between   two  radii   and  the  arch 
or  a  mixed  triangle,  formed  by  two  radii 
and  the  arch  of  a  circle.  Encyc. 

2.  A  mathematical  instrument  so  marked 
with  lines  of  sines,  tangents,  secants, 
chords,  &c.  as  to  lit  all  radii  and  scales, 
and  useful  in  finding  the  proportion  be 
tween  quantities  of  the  same  kind.  The 
sector  is  founded  on  the  fourth  proposition 
of  the  sixth  book  of  Euclid,  where  it  is 
proved  that  similar  triangles  have  their 
homologous  sides  proportional.         Encyc. 

SEe'ULAR,  a.  [Fr.  seculairc ;  It.  secolare ; 
Sp.  secular ;  L.  sccularis,  from  seculum,  the 
world  or  an  age.] 

1.  Pertaining  to   this  present  world,  or  to 
things  not  spiritual  or  holy  ;   relating  to 
things  not  immediately  or  primarily  re- 
specting the  soul,  but  the  body  ;  worldly 
The  stcular  concerns  of  life  res|)ect  mak- 
ing provision  for  the  .support  of  life,  the 
preservation  of  health,  thi^  temporal  pros 
j)erity  of  mo'i,  of  stales,  &c.    StcuUir  povv 
er  is  that  which  superintends  and  governs 
the  temporal  afiairs  of  men,  the  civil  or; 
political  power;  and  iscorilrailistinguished 
i'roin  spiritual  <>i-  ecctesiaMical  power. 

2.  Among  culholics,  not  regular;  not  bound 
by  monastic  vows  or  rules;  not  confmeil 
to  a  monastery  or  subject  to  the  rules  of  a 
religious  community.  Thus  we  say,  the 
secular  clergy,  and  the  regular  clergy. 

Temple. 

:i.  Coming  once  in  a  century  ;  as  a  secular 
year. 

.'Secular  games,  \n  Rome,  were  gaines  cele- 
brated once  in  an  age  or  century,  whicli| 
lasted  three  days  and  nights,  witli  sacri- 
fices, theatrical  shows,  combats,  sports, 
&-C.  Valerius  Maximus. 

Secular  music,  any  music  or  songs  not  adapt- 
ed to  sacred  uses. 

Secular  song  or  poem,  a  song  or  poem  com- 
posed for  the  secular  games,  or  sung  or 
reliearse<l  at  those  games. 

SEC'ULAK,  )!.  A  church  ofiicer  or  officiate 
whose  functions  are  confined  to  the  vocal 
department  of  the  choir.  Busby. 


SECULAR'ITY,  7i.  VVorldliness ;  siiprcmei2.  To  make  certain  ;  to  put  beyond  hazard. 


attention  to  the  things  of  the  ])rcsent  life 

Buchanan. 
.SECIJLAKIZA'TION,  n.  [from  secularize.] 
The  act  of  converting  a  regular  person, 
place  or  benefice  into  a  secular  one.  Most 
cathedral  churches  were  formerly  regular, 
that  is,  the  canons  were  of  religious  or 
monastic  orders  ;  but  they  have  since  been 
secularized.  For  the  secularization  of  a|i 
regular  church,  there  is  wanted  the  au-| 
tliorily  of  the  pope,  lliat  of  the  prince,  thel 
bishop  of  the  place,  the  patron,  and  eveiilj4 
the  consent  of  the  people.  Encyc. 

SECULARIZE,  v.l.  [Vi:  scculariscr;  from 
secular.] 

1.  To  make  secular;  to  convert  from  spirit- 
ual appropriation  to  secular  or  common 
use  ;  or  to  convert  that  which  is  regular 
or  monastic  into  secular;  as,  the  ancient 
regular  cathedral  churches  were  secular- 
ized. 

At  the  reformaliou,  the  abbey  was  secular- 
ized. Coxe,  Switz. 

2.  To  make  worldly. 

SECULARIZED,/)/).  Converted  from  reg- 
ular to  secular. 

SECULARIZlNix,  ppr.  Converting  from 
regular  or  monastic  to  secidar. 

SEC'UL.ARL^',  adv.  In  a  worldly   manner 

SECULARNESS,  n.  A  se<-ular  disposition  ; 
worldliness;  worldly  mindcdness 

SECUNDINE,  II.  [Fr.  secondines  ;  from 
secotid,  L.  secundus,  from  sequor,  to  fol- 
low." 

Secundines,  in  the  plural,  as  generally  used, 
are  the  several  coats  or  iriembranes  in 
which  the  fetus  is  wrapped  in  the  womb; 
the  after-birth.  Coxe.     Encyc. 

SECU'RE,  «.  [L.  securus;  It.  sicuro  ;  Sp, 
seguro.  It  coincides  in  elements  with  the 
oriental  "MO  and  -\:>D  to  shut  or  inclose,  to 
make  fast. 

1.  Free  fiom  danger  of  being  taken  by  an 
enemy  ;  that  may  resist  .assault  or  attack. 
The  place  is  wiiil  fortified  and  very  se- 
cure. Gibraltar  is  a  secure  fortress.  In 
this  sense,  secure  is  followed  by  sgainst  or 

from  ;  as  secure  against  attack,  oyfrom  an 
enemy. 

2.  Free  from  danger  ;  safe  ;  applied  to  per- 
sons; with  from. 

Free  from  fear  or  a[iprehension  of  dan- 
ger ;  not  alarmed  ;  not  disturbed  by  fear  ; 
coiifiilent  of  safety  ;  hence,  careless  of  the 
means  ol"defcnse.  IMen  are  often  most  in 
danger  when  they  feel  most  secure. 
Confulcnce  then  bore  thee  on,  secui'C 
To  meet  uo  danger.  Afillon. 

4.  Confident ;  not  distrustful ;  with  of. 

I!ut  thou,  secure  «/"soul,  unbent  with  woes. 

Vrydcn. 

It  concei-as  the   most  secure  of  his  strono;tli, 

to  pray  to  God  not  to  expose  him  to  an  enemy. 

Rogers. 
la.  Careless  ;  wanting  caution.  [See  No.  .3.] 
6.  0;rtain  ;  very  confident.  lie  is  secure  ofi 
I     a  welcome  reception. 

SE€lJ'RE,  V.  I.  To  guard  etlectually  from 
danger;  to  make  safe.  Fortifications  may 
secure  a  city ;  ships  of  war  may  secure  a; 
harbor. 

I  spread  a  cloud  before  the  victor's  sight,       I 
Sustained   the   vanqulsh'd,  and    sceur'd  his 


Liberty  and  fi.veil  laws  secure  to  every  cit- 
izen due  protection  of  person  and  prop- 
erty. The  first  duty  and  the  highest  in- 
terest of  men  is  to  secure  the  favor  of  God 
by  repentance  and  faith,  and  thus  to  se- 
cure to  themselves  future  felicity. 
To  inclose  or  confine  cllectually ;  to  guard 
cfi'ectually  from  escape ;  sometimes,  to 
seize  and  confine;  as,  to  secure  a  pris- 
oner. The  sherif  pursued  the  thief  with 
a  warrant,  and  secured  him. 
To  in.ike  certain  of  p;iyment ;  as,  to  se- 
cure a  debt  by  mortgage. 

5.  To  make  lertain  of  receiving  a  precarious 
debt  by  giving  bond,  bail,  surety  or  othcr- 
wi.-ie  ;  a.s,  to  secure  a  creditor. 

fl.  To  insure,  as  property. 

7.  To  make  fast ;  as,  to  secure  a  door  ;  to  se- 
cure a  rafter  to  a  plute ;  to  secure  the 
hatches  of  a  ship. 

iSEcU'REU,  pp.  Effectually  guarded  or 
[jrotected  ;  made  certain  ;  put  beyond  haz- 

I     ard  ;  effectually  confined  ;  made  fast. 

SECU'RELV,  u'dr.  Without  danger;  safe- 
ly ;  as,  to  pass  a  river  on  ice  securely.  Rut 
safely  is  generally  used. 

2.  Without  fear  or  apprehension  ;  careless- 
ly ;  in  an  unguared  state  ;  in  confidence 
of  safety. 

His  diiring  foe  securely  him  defy'd.     Milton. 
Devise  not  evil  against  thy  neighbor,  seeing 
he  dwellcth  securely  l)y  thee.     Prov.  iii. 

SECU'REMENT,  n.  Security;  protection. 
[./Vo/  u.ied.]  Brown. 

SECU'RENESS,  n.  Confidence  of  safety ; 
exemption  from  fear;  hence,  want  of  vig- 
ilance or  caution.  Bacon. 

SECURER,  n.  He  or  that  which  secures 
or  protects. 

SECURIFORM,  a.  [L.  securis,  an  ax  or 
hatchet,  and  form.] 

In  botany,  having  the  form  of  an  ax  or 
hatchet.  Lee. 

SECU'RITY,  n.  [Fr.  sccuriti  ;  L.  secvritas.] 

1.  Protection ;  effectual  defense  or  safety 
from  danger  of  any  kind ;  as  a  chain  of 
forts  erected  for  the  security  of  the  frontiers. 

2.  That  which  protects  or  guards  from  dan- 
ger. .\  navy  constitutes  the  security  of 
Great  Britain  from  invasion. 

3.  Freedom  iVoni  fear  or  apprehension ; 
confidence  of  safety  ;  whence,  negligence 
in  providing  means  of  defense.  Security 
is  dangerous,  for  it  exposes  men  to  attack 
when  unprepared.  Security  in  sin  is  the 
wcnst  condition  of  the  sinner. 

1.  Safety  ;  certainty.  We  have  no  security 
for  peace  with  .Vlgicrs,  but  the  dread  of 
our  navy. 

J.  Any  thing  given  or  deposited  to  secure 
the  payment  of  a  debt,  or  the  performance 
of  a  contract;  as  a  bonil  with  siu'ety,  a 
mortgage,  the  indorsement  of  a  responsi- 
ble man,  a  pledge,  &c.  Blackstone. 

0.  Something  given  or  done  to  secure  ])cace 
or  good  behavior.  Violent  and  danger- 
ous men  arc  obliged  to  give  security  for 
their  good  behavior,  or  for  keeping  the 
peace.  This  security  consists  in  being 
bound  with  one  or  more  sureties  in  a  re- 
cognizance to  the  king  or  state. 

Blackstone. 

SEDAN',  n.  [Fr.  from  llie  L.  sedeo ;  like  L. 
esseda.] 


fiighl. 


Dryden.'  A  portable  chair  or  covered  vehicle  for  car- 


S  E  D 


S  E  D 


SEE 


yy'ms  a  single  person.  It  is  borne  on  poles 
by  two  men.  Dryden.     E:icyc.[ 

SEDA'TE,  «.  [L.  siditlus,  iioni  sedo,  to| 
calm  or  appease,  that  is,  to  set,  localise  to; 
subside.] 

Settled  ;  composed  ;  calm ;  quiet ;  tran- 
quil ;  still;  serene;  unruffled  by  passion; 
undisturbed;  as  a  sedate  soul,  mind  or 
temper.  So  we  say,  a.  sedate  look  orcoun- 
tenance.  Dryden.     Watts, 

SEDA'TELY,  adv.  Calmly;  without asita- 
tionofmind.  Locke. 

SEDA'TENESS,  n.  Calmness  of  mind, 
manner  or  countenance ;  freedom  from 
agitation  ;  a  s<'ttled  state  ;  composure  ; 
serenity  ;  tranquillity  ;  as  seduteness  of  tem 
per  or  soul;  seduteness  of  countenance; 
sedateness  of  conversation.  Addison 

SEDA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  calming.  [Xot 
in  use.}  Coles. 

SED'ATIVE,  a.  [Fi:  sedatif,  from  h.  sedo, 
to  calm.] 

In  medicine,  moderating  muscular  action  or 
animal  energy.  Quinry.     Core 

SED'ATIVE,  n.    A    medicine   that   mode- 
rates muscular  action  or  animal  energy. 
Qtiincy.     Coxe. 

Se  defendendo,  in  defending  himself ;  the  plea 
of  a  person  charged  with  murder,  who  al- 
ledges  that  he  committed  the  act  in  his 
own  defense. 

SED'ENTARILY,  adv.  [from  sedentary.] 
The  state  of  being  sedentary,  or  living 
without  much  action. 

SED'ENTARINESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
sedentary. 

SED'ENTAEY,  a.  [Fr.  sedentaire ;  It.  Sp. 
sedentario;  L.  sedentarius,  from  sedens, 
sedeo,  to  sit.] 

1.  Accustomed  to  sit  much,  or  to  pass  most 
of  the  time  in  a  sitting  posture  ;  as  a  sed- 
entary man.  Students,  taylors  and  women 
are  sedentary  persons. 

2.  Requiring  much  sitting;  as  a  sedentary 
occupation  or  employment. 

:J.  Passed  for  the  most  part  in  sitting  ;  as  a 
sedentary  life.  Arhuthnol. 

4.  Inactive;  motionless;  sluggish;  as  the 
sedentary  earth.  Milton. 

The  soul,  considered  abstractly  from  its  pas- 
sions, is  of  a  remiss  sedentary  nature. 

Spectator. 

SEDgE,  n.  [Sa.\.  secg;  perhaps  from  the 
root  of  L.  seco,  to  cut ;  that  is,  sword  grass, 
like  L.  gladiolus.] 

1.  A  narrow  flag,  or  growth  of  such  flags  ; 
called  in  the  north  of  England,  seg  or  sag. 

Johnson.     Barret. 

2.  In  A'ctc  England,  a  species  of  very  coarse 
grass  growing  in  swamps,  and  forming 
bogs  or  clumps. 

SEDG'ED,  a.  Composed  of  flags  or  sedge. 

Shak. 

SEDti'Y,  a.  Overgrown  with  sedge. 

On  the  gentle  Severn's  sedgy  bank.       Shak. 

SED'IMEIVT,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  sedimentum, 
from  sedeo,  to  settle.] 

The  matter  which  subsides  to  the  bottom  of 
liquors;  settlings;  lees;  dregs.         Bacon. 

SEDI"TIO!V,  n.  [Fr.  from  h.  seditio.  The 
sense  of  this  word  is  the  contrary  of  thai 
■which  is  naturally  deducible  from  sedo,  or 
sedeo,  denoting  a  rising  or  raging,  rather 
than  an  appeasing.  liut  to  set  is  really  to 
throvv  down,  to  drive,  and  sedition  may  be 
a  setting  or  rusliing  together.] 


\  factious  conniioiion  of  ilie  pcoj)le,  or  a 
tumultuous  assembly  of  men  rising  in  op- 
position to  law  or  the  administration  of 
justice,  and  in  disturbance  of  the  public 
peace.  Sedition  is  a  rising  or  commotion 
of  less  extent  than  an  in.virrection,  ami 
both  are  less  than  rebellion:  but  some 
kinds  of  sedition,  in  Great  Britain,  amount; 
to  high  treason.  In  general,  .sedition  is  ai 
local  or  limited  insurrection  in  opposition; 
10  civil  authority,  as  mutiny  is  to  military.'. 
Ezra  iv.     Luke  xxiii.     Acts  xxiv.     Encyc.] 

SEOI'TIONARY,  n.  An  inciter  or  pro-} 
muter  of  sedition.  Bp.  Hall.' 

SEDI'TIOUS,  a.  [Fi:  sedilietix ;  h.seditio- 

\     sns.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  sedition  ;  partaking  of  the 
nature  of  sedition  ;  as  seditious  behavior; 
seditious  strife. 

2.  Tending  to  excite  sedition  ;  as  seditious^ 
words. 

3.  Disposed  to  excite  violent  or  irregulari 
opposition  to  law  or  lawful  authority  ;  tur-] 
bulent;  factious,  or  guilty  of  sedition  ;  asj 
scdiliou.')  I'ilizens. 

SEDP'TIOUSLY,  adv.  With  tumultuous 
oppnsiiion  to  law;  in  a  manner  to  violate 
the  public  peace.  | 

SEDI  "TIOUSNESS,  n.  The  disposition  to; 
excite  popular  commotion  in  opposition 
to  law ;  or  the  act  of  e.xciting  such  com- 
motion. 

SEDU'CE,  V.  t.  [L.  seducn  ;  se,  from,  and 
duco,  to  lead  ;  Fr.  seduire ;  It.  sedurre  ;  Sp. 
seducir.] 

1.  To  draw  aside  or  entice  from  the  path  of 
rectitude  and  duty  in  any  manner,  by  flat- 
tery, promises,  bribes  or  otherwise ;  to 
tempt  and  lead  to  iniquity ;  to  corrupt ; 
to  deprave. 

Me  the  gold  of  France  did  not  seduce.     Shak. 

In  the  latter  times,  some  sliall  depart  from 
the  faith,  giving  heed  to  seducing  spirits.  1 
Tim.  iv. 

2.  To  entice  to  a  surrender  of  chastity.  He 
that  can  seduce  a  female  is  base  enough 
to  betray  her. 

SEDU'CED,  pp.  Drawn  or  enticed  from 
virtue;  corrupted;  depraved. 

SEDU'CEMENT,  n.  The  act  of  seducing; 
seduction. 

2.  The  means  employed  to  seduce  ;  the  arts 
of  flattery,  falsehood  and  deception. 

Pope. 

SEDUCER,  n.  One  that  seduces;  onethat 
by  temptation  or  arts,  entices  anotiier  to 
depart  from  the  path  of  rectitude  and  du- 
ty ;  pre-eminently,  one  that  by  flattery, 
promises  or  falsehood,  persuades  a  female 
to  surrender  her  chastity.  The  seducer  ol' 
a  female  is  little  less  criminal  than  the 
murderer. 

That  which  leads  astray ;  that  which  en- 
tices to  evil. 

He  whose  firm  faith  no  reason  could  remove. 
Will  melt  before  that  soft  seduce);  love. 

Ihydcn 

SEDU'CIBLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  drawn 
aside  from  the  jiath  of  rectitude  ;  corrupt- 
ible. Brown. 

SEDU'CING,  ppr.  Enticing  from  the  path 
of  virtue  or  chastity. 

SEDrC'TlON,  n.  [Fr.   from   L.   scductio.] 

1.  Tlie  act  of  seducing,  or  of  enticing  tiom 
the  path  of  duty  ;  in  a  general  sense. 

Hammond. 


2.  .Appropriately,  the  act  or  crime  of  persuad- 
ing a  leniale,  by  flattery  or  deception,  to 
surreiKler  her  chastity.  A  woman  who  is 
above  flattery,  is  least  liable  to  seduction  ; 
but  the  best  safeguard  is  principle,  the  love 
of  purity  and  holiness,  the  fear  of  God  and 
reverence  for  hi.s  commands. 

SEDUCTIVE,  a.  Tending  to  lead  astray; 
apt  to  mislead  by  flattering  appearances. 

Stephens. 

SEDU'LITY,  n.  [L.  sedulitas ;  It.  sedulita. 
See  Sedulous.] 

Diligent  and  assiduous  application  to  liusi- 
ness  ;  constant  attention  ;  unremitting  in- 
dii.stry  in  any  pursuit.  It  ilenotes  constan- 
cy tuui  perseverance  rather  than  intenseness 
of  application. 

Let  tliere  be  but  the  same  propensity  and 
bent  of  will  to  religion,  and  there  will  be  the 
same  sedulity  and  indefatigable  industry  in 
men's  inquiries  into  it.  South. 

SED'ULOUS,  a.  [L.  sedidus,  from  the  root 
of  sedeo,  to  sit ;  as  assiduous,  from  as- 
sideo.  ] 

Literally,  sitting  close  to  an  employment ; 
hence,  assiduous  ;  diligent  in  application 
or  pursuit ;  constant,  steady  and  perse- 
vering in  business  or  in  endeavors  to  ef- 
fect an  object ;  steadily  industrious  ;  as 
the  sedulous  bee.  Prior. 

Wbat  signifies  the  sotuid  of  words  in  prayer, 
without  the  affection  of  the  heart,  and  a  sedu- 
lous application  of  the  proper  means  that  may 
lead  to  such  an  end  ?  L' Estrange. 

SED'ULOUSLY,  adv.  A.ssiduously ;  indus- 
triously; diligently;  with  constant  or  con- 
tinued application. 

SED'ULOUSNESS,  n.  Assiduity;  assidu- 
ousness; steady  diligence  ;  continued  in- 
dustry or  effort. 

SEE,  n.  [Fr.  siege;  Scot,  sege  ;  Arm.  sicA.] 

1.  The  seat  of  episcopal  power  ;  a  diocese  ; 
the  jurisdiction  of  a  bishop.  Swi/l. 

2.  The  seat  of  an  archbishop  ;  a  province  or 
jurisdiction  of  an  archbishop  ;  as  an  archi- 
episcopal  see.  Shak. 

.3.  The  seat,  |>lace  or  office  of  the  pope  or 
Roman  pontif ;  as  the  papal  see. 

4.  The  authority  of  the  pope  or  court  of 
Rome  ;  as,  to  appeal  to  the  see  of  Rome. 

Mdison. 

SEE,  V.  t.  pret.  saiv ;  pp.  seen.  [Sax.  seoti, 
seogan,  geseon ;  G.  sehen ;  D.  zien,  pret. 
zag,  saw  ;  Dan.  seer  ;  Sw.  se.  Tiiis  verb 
is  contracted,  as  we  know  by  the  Eng. 
sight,  Dan.  sigt,  G.  gesichf,  D.  zigt,  gezigt. 
<  'h.  NDO,  n3D  or  OD.  to  see.  Class  Sg.  No. 
;M.  In  O.  besuchen  is  to  visit,  to  see,  and 
this  is  from  suchcn,  which  is  the  Eng.  to 
seek,  and  to  seek  is  to  look  for.  In  G.  ge- 
such  is  a  suit,  a  seeking,  demand,  petition  ; 
and  versuchen  is  to  try,  Eng.  essay.  We 
have  then  decisive  evidence  that  see,  seek, 
L.  sequor,  and  Eng.  essay,  are  all  from  the 
same  radix.  The  inimary  sense  of  the 
root  is  to  strain,  stretch,  extend ;  and  as 
applied  to  see.  the  sense  is  to  extend  to,  to 
reach,  to  strike  with  the  eye  or  sight.] 

1.  To  perceive  by  the  eye;  to  have  knowl- 
eilge  of  the  existence  and  apparent  quali- 
ties of  objects  by  the  organs  of  sight ;  to 
behold. 

1  will  now  turn  aside  and  see  this  great  sight. 
Ex.  iii. 

We  have  seen  the  land,  and  behold,  it  is  very 
good.     Judges  xviii. 


SEE 


SEE 


SEE 


2.  To  observe  ;  to  note  or  notice;  to  know; 
to  regard  or  lonk  to ;  to  tuke  care  ;  to  at 
tend,  as  to  tlic  execution  of  ponic  order,  or 
to  tlie  iKMi'orinancc  of  .soiiielliin};. 

Oivr.  tliL-iii  lirst  one  simple  iilea,  and  see  that 
ttu-y  fully  comprehend  before   you  go    any 

farlher.  Lvcke. 

.See  that  ye  fall  not  out  by  the  way.  Uen. 
xlv. 

3.  To  discover;  to  de?ery;  to  undcrstanil. 
Win.  so  dnil  as  not  to  see  the  device  or 
stratagem  ?  Very  noble  actions  often  lose 
nincli  of  tlieir  excellence  wlieii  the  mo- 
tives are  stcji. 

4.  To  converse  or  have  intercourse  with. 
We  im|)rove  by  seeing  men  of  dill'erent 
habits  and  tempers. 

5.  To  visit ;  as,  to  cull  and  see  a  friend.  The 
physician  sees  his  p.itient  twice  a  day. 
1  Sam.  XV.     1  (,'or.  xvi. 

C.  To  attend  :  to  remark  or  notice. 

I  bad  a  mind  lo  see  liiin  out,  and  (bcrefore 
did  not  care  to  contradict  hiin.  Milisvn. 

7.  To  behold  with  |)atienco  or  snflerance ; 
lo  endure. 

It  was  not  meet  for  us  to  see  the  king's  dis- 
honor.    Ezra  iv. 

8.  In  Scripture,  to  bear  or  attend  to. 

1  turned  to  see  the  voice  that  spoke  with  nic. 
Rev.  I. 
0.  To  feel  ;  to  sufTiM- ;  to  experience. 

Make  uh  ^lad  according  to  Ibe  days  wherein 
thou  hast  afflicted  us,  and  the  years  in  which 
we  have  seeii  evil.     Ps.  .\c. 

If  a  man  shall  keep  my  saying,  he  shall  never 
see  death.     John  \iii.     Luke  ii. 

10.  To  know  ;  to  learn. 

Go,  I  pray  thee,  see  whether  it  be  well  with 
thy  brethren.     Gen.  .\xxvii. 

11.  To  perceive;  to  understand;  to  com- 
prehend. 1  see  the  train  of  argument;  I 
see  bis  motives. 

12.  To  perceive;  to  understand  experimen- 
tally. 

I  see  another  law  in  my  members.     Rom.  vii. 

13.  To  beware. 

■See  thou  do  it  not.     Rev.  xix. 

14.  To  know  by  revelation. 

The  word  that  Isaiah,  the  son  of  .\mo7.,  saw 
concerning  .ludali  and  Jerusalem.      Is.   ii.  xiii. 

15.  To  have  faith  in  and  reliance  on. 

Seeing  him  who  is  invisible.     Meb.  xi. 

10.  To  enjoy  ;  to  have  fruition  of 

Blessed  are  the  pme  in  heart,  for  they  shall 
see  God.     Matt.  v. 
SEE,  II.  t.  To  have  the  power  of  perceiving 

tb 


of  others  to  an  object  or  a  subject.     <S'ee,' 
I    see,  how  the  balloon  ascends.  I 

j  See  what  it  is  lo  have  a  poet  in  your  house. 

SEED,  ?7.  [Sax.  sird ;  G.  sanl;  D.  zaud ;' 
])im.s<td;  Sw.  siid ;  from  the  verb  sow.' 
Qu.   VV.  Iiihl,  Arm.  had.] 

I.    The    substance,    animal    or    vegetable, 

1  which  natiuc  prepares  for  the  reproduc- 
tion ami  conservation  of  the  species.  The 
seeds  of  plants  are  a  deciduous  part,  con- 
taining the  rudiments  of  a  new  vegetable. 

'  In  siirue  ca.ses,  the  seeds  couslitute  the 
fruit  or  valuable  part  of  plants,  as  in  ibe 
case  ol"  wheat  and  other  esculent  grain; 
sometimes  the  seeds  are  inclosed  in  the 
fruit,  as  in  apples  and  melons.  When  ap- 
|)lied  to  animal  mailer,  it  has  no  plural. 

'i.  That  from  which  any  thing  sjiririgs  ;  first 
]irinciple;  original;  as  the  Jjcei/s  of  \irlue 
or  vice.  Hooker.' 

3.  I'rinciple  of  production.  | 

I'raise  of  great  acts  he  scatters  as  a  seed.         | 

I  JVallcr. 

■I.  Progeny  ;  offspring  ;   children  ;    descend- 

j  ants;  as  the  wfrf  of  Abrahan) ;  l\ie  seed  at' 
David.  In  this  sense,  the  word  is  applied 
to  one  person,  or  to  any  number  collect- 
ively, anil  admits  of  the  plural  form;  but 
rarely  used  in  the  plm-al.  , 

5.  Race;  generation;  birth. 

Of  mortal  seed  they  were  not  held.      Waller., 

jSEED,  V.  i.  To  grow  to  maturity,  so  as  to 

I     produce  seed.     Maiz  will  not  seerf  in  a  cool 

1     climate.  Stvifl. 

•i.  To  shed  the  seed.  Mortimer. 

SEED,  V.  t.  To  sow  ;  to  sprinkle  with  seed, 
which  germinates  and  takes  root. 

Belli  nap^ 

SEE'D-BUD,  n.  [seed  and  bud.]  The  germ, 
germen  or  rudiment  of  the  fruit  in  em- 
bryo, j 

SEE'D-CAKE,  n.  [seed  txni  cake.]  .\  sweet 
cake  containing  aromatic  seeds.       Tussir.\ 

SEE'D-€OAT,  n.  In  botany,  the  aril  orj 
outer  coat  of  a  seed.  Martijn.' 

SEE'D-LE.VF,  n.  In  botany,  the  priin.iry 
leaf.  The  seed  leans  are  the  ccjtyledous 
or  lobes  of  a  seed  expanded  and  in  vegeta- 
tion. Marlyn: 

SEE'DMNG,  n.  A  young  plant  or  root 
just  s|irnng  from  the  seed.  Erdi/n. 

SEE'DI.II',    ?       A  vessel  in  which  a  sovv- 

SEE'D-LOP,  S  "■  cr  carries  the  seed  to  be 


icv  of  another;  lo  see  into  arti'ul  schemes]  ^i 


,  ,.      dispersed.     '  England. 

by  the  proper  organs,  or   the   power   of  gj-£!jj,(jBE,  n.   The  lobe  of  a  seed;  a! 
sight.     Son.e  aummis,  it  is  sai.l,  are  ublei;     co„,ie,|„„,  ,vbicb  see.  I 

to  «ec  best  111  the  night.  1  SEEDNESS,  h.  Seed-time.     [.Vo/ in  i/se.l' 

To  discern  ;  to  have  inte  lec.ua  sight  ;  to  gEE'D-PEARL,  n.   [seed  and  pearl.]    Small 
penetrate;  to   understand;    with  //,ro«-/,|     ^rainsof pearl.  Bo,/!,'. 

SEE'DPLOT,  ^    ■  ground  on  which  seeds 
are  son  11  to  produce  plants  for  transplant- 
ing ;  hence, 
2.  A  nursery  ;  a  place  where  any  thing   is 
I     sown  or  planted  for  cultivation. 
I  Hammond. 

SEE'DSMAN,  n.  [seed  and  man.]     .\  per- 
I     son  who  deals  in  seeds ;  also,  a  sower. 
I  Did. 

SEE'D-TIME,  n.  [seed  aniMimc.]  The  sea- 
j     son  proper  lor  sowing. 


Tillotson. 
See  whether  tliei 


Shak. 


ing. 
thcicfore 


and  pretensions. 

3.  To  examine  or  inquire, 
estimate  is  correct. 

4.  To  be  alleiilive. 
J.  To  have  full  understani: 

But  now  ye  say,  we  see, 
reinainelh.     John  xix. 

,Siee  to  it,  look  well  to  it;  atten 

take  care. 
Let  me  see,  let   us  see,   are  used   to  express 

consideration,  or  lo  introduce  the  particu 

lar  consideration  of  a   subject,   or  some 

scheme  or  calculation. 
See  is  used  imperatively,  to  call  the  attention 


consider ; 


While  the  earth  remaineth,  seed-time  and 
harvest,  and  cold  and  heal,  and  summer  and 
winter,  and  day  and  niirht.  shall  not  cease.  Ccn. 
viii. 


SEE'D-VESSEL,  n.  In  toJany,  the  pericarp 

which  contains  the  seeds. 
SEE'DY,  a.    [from  seed.]    Abounding  with 

si!eds.  Diet. 

2.  Having  a  peculiar  flavor,  snp[iosed  to  be 

derived  from  the  weeds  growing  among 

the  vines  ;  applied  to  Frencli  brandy. 

Encyc. 

SEE'ING,  ppr.  [from  see.]  Perceiving  by 
the  eye  ;  knowing;  uiiderstauding  ;  ob- 
serving ;  beboliling. 

lA'ote.  'Ibis  pailiciplc  appears  to  be  used  indefi- 
nitely, or  wilhout  direct  reference  to  a  person  or 
persons.  "  Wherefore  come  ye  to  me,  seeing 
ye  hate  me :"  Gen.  xxvi.  That  is,  since,  or 
the  fact  being  that  or  thus  ;  because  that.  In 
ibis  form  of  phraseology,  thai  is  underslood  orim- 
jilied  after  seeing  ;  why  come  ye  to  ine,  seeing 
that,  ye  bate  me  .'  The  resolution  of  the  phrase  or 
scnlince  is,  ye  bale  me  ;  that  fact  being  seen 
or  known  by  you,  why  come  ye  to  me  ?  or,  why 
come  ye  to  me,  ye  seeing  [knowing]  that  fact 
which  follows,  viz.  ye  hate  me.  In  diis  case, 
seeing  retains  its  participial  character,  although 
it.s  relation  to  the  pronoun  is  somewhat  obscur- 
ed. Originally,  seeini;,  in  this  use,  had  direct 
relation  lo  the  speaker  or  to  some  other  person. 
"Now  I  know  that  thou  fearest  God,  seeing 
thou  hast  not  withheld  thy  son."  Gen.  xxii. 
Here  seeing  refers  lo  /,  or  according  lo  the  lan- 
guage of  syntax,  agrees  or  accords  with  J.  I 
know  tbou  fearest  God,  for  I  see  thou  hast  not 
W'illibeld  thine  only  son;  I  know  thou  fearest 
God  by  seeing,  in  conse(pience  of  seeing  this 
fact,  Hum  hast  not  willdu  Id  Ibine  only  son.  But 
the  use  oi seeing  is  extended  to  cases  in  uhicli 
it  cannot  be  referred  to  a  speeihc  person  or  per- 
sons, in  which  cases  it  expresses  the  notoriety 
or  admission  of  a  fact  in  genera),  and  is  fcft, 
like  the  French  on,  in  the  phrases  on  dit,  on 
voit,  wiUiout  appUcation  to  any  particular  pc:- 
son.] 

SEEK,  V.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  sought,  pronoun- 
ced sawt.  [Sax.  secan,  sacan,  to  seek,  to 
come  to  ;  asecan,  to  rerpure  ;  gesecan,  to 
seek,  to  come  to  ;  forsaean,  forsacan,  to 
forsake  ;  G.  suchen,  to  .-ieek  ;  abi^ichen,  to 
picdv  otT:  bisurhen,  to  visit,  to  see  ;  gesuch, 
suit,  petition  ;  gesurhe,  a  continued  seek- 
in.i;  versuchen.  tii  try,  prove,  tempt,  essay, 
strive ;  rcrsHcft,  trial,  essay ;  D.  zocken,  to 
seek,  lo  look  for,  to  try  or  endeavor  ;  be- 
zoeken,  to  visit,  to  try  ;  gezoek,  a  seeking ; 
opzoekcn,  to  seek  ;  verzoeken,  to  request, 
desire,  invite,  try,  tempt,  to  visit ;  Dan. 
Soger,  to  seek,  to  endeavor;  bcsijger,  to  vis- 
it ;  forsoger,  to  try,  to  essay,  lo  experiment, 
to  tempt ;  opsiiger,  lo  seek  or  search  after  ; 
Sw.  siikd,  to  seek,  lo  sue,  to  court ;  suka 
en  tagligen,  to  sue  one  at  law  ;  bcseka,  to 
visit ;  fiirsitka,  to  try.  to  essay,  to  tempt. 
These  words  .ill  accord  willi  L.  sequor, 
Ir.  seiehim,  to  follow  ;  I'or  to  seek  is  to  go 
alter,  tmd  the  primary  sense  is  to  advance, 
to  press,  to  drive  forwuni,  as  in  the  L. 
peto.  .See  Essay,  from  the  same  roof, 
through  the  Italian  and  French.  Now  in 
Sax./orswciji, /br.jfcrnn,  is  to  forsake  ;  .«a- 
f(/7i  is  to  strive,  conlend,  whence  English 
sake,  and  .^trcan,  scccn,  is  to  seek.  But  in 
Swedish,  yTirsntn,  to  forsake,  to  renounce, 
is  from  scrk.  thing,  cause,  suit,  Sax.  saea, 
r'nglish  sake  ;  in  Danish,  forsagir,  to  re- 
nounce, is  from  sigT,  to  say  ;  sag,  a  thing, 
cause,  matter,  ^uh;  sagd,  a  saying;  G. 
rersngen,  to  deny,  to  renotincc,  from  sagen, 
to  say,  to  tell ;  D.  verzaaken,  to  deny,  to 
forsake,  to  revoke,  from  zaak,  thing,  cause. 


S  E  D 


S  E  D 


SEE 


yyhig  a  ohigle  person.  It  is  borne  on  poles 
b)'  two  men.  Dryden.     Kucyc, 

SED.\'TE,  a.  [L.  sedntus,  i'roni  sedo,  to| 
calm  or  appease,  that  is,  to  set,  localise  to 
subside.]  i 

Settled  ;  composed  ;  calm ;  quiet ;  tran- 
quil ;  still ;  serene  ;  unruffled  by  passion  ;' 
undisturbed;  as  a  sedate  soul,  mind  or 
temper.  So  we  say,  a  sedate  look  or  coun- 
tenance. Dryden.      ft'atts. 

SEDA'TELY,  adv.  Calmly;  without apita- 
tionofniind.  Locke. 

SEDA'TENESS,  n.  Caltmiess  of  mind, 
manner  or  countenance ;  freedom  from 
agitation  ;  a  si'ttled  state  ;  composure  ; 
serenity  ;  tranquillity  ;  as  sedateness  of  tem- 
per or  soul;  sedateness  of  countenance; 
sedateyiess  of  conversation.  Addison. 

SED.A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  calming.  [.Vot 
in  use.]  Coles. 

SEDATIVE,  a.  [Fr.  sedatlf,  from  h.  sedo, 
to  calm.] 

In  medicine,  moderating  muscular  action  or 
animal  energy.  Qiiincy.     Core. 

SED'ATIVI],  n.  A  medicine  that  mode- 
rates muscular  action  or  animal  energy. 

Qitincy.     Coxe. 

Se  deftndendo,  in  defending  himself ;  the  plea 
of  a  person  charged  with  murder,  who  al- 
ledges  that  he  committed  the  act  in  his 
own  defense. 

SED'ENTARILY,  adv.  [from  sedentary.] 
The  state  of  being  sedentary,  or  living 
without  much  action. 

SED'ENTARINESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
sedentary. 

SED'ENTARY,  «.  [Vr.  sedentaire ;  It.  Sp. 
sedentario;  L.  sedeiitarius,  from  sedens, 
sedeo,  to  sit.] 

1.  Accustomed  to  sit  much,  or  to  pass  most 
of  the  time  in  a  sitting  posture  ;  as  a  sed- 
entary man.  Students,  tay  lors  and  women 
are  sedentary  persons. 

2.  Requiring  much  sitting;  as  a  sedentary 
occupation  or  employment. 

3.  Passed  for  the  most  part  in  sitting  ;  as  a 
sedentary  life.  Arhuthnot. 

4.  Inactive;  motionless;  sluggish;  as  the 
sedentary  earth.  Milton. 

The  soul,  considered  abstractly  from  its  pas- 
sions, is  of  a  remiss  sedentary  nature. 

Spectator. 
SEDgE,  n.  [Sax.  secg;  perhaps   from  the 
root  of  L.  seco,  to  cut ;  that  is,  sword  grass, 
like  L.  gladiolus.] 

1.  A  narrow  flag,  or  growth  of  such  flags  ; 
called  in  the  north  of  England,  seg  or  sag. 

Johnson.     Barret. 

2.  JnJVew  England,  a  species  of  very  coarse 
grass  growing  in  swamps,  and  forming 
bogs  or  clumps. 

SEDG'ED,  a.  Composed  of  flags  or  sedge. 

Shak. 

SEDu'Y,  a.  Overgrown  with  sedge. 

On  the  gentle  Severn's  sedgy  bank.      Shak. 

SED'IMENT,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  sedimentum, 
from  sedeo,  to  settle.] 

The  matter  which  subsides  to  the  bottom  of 
liquors;  settlings;  lees;  dregs.         Bacon. 

SEDI"TI0N,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  seditio.  The 
sense  of  this  word  is  the  contrary  of  thai 
■which  is  naturally  deducible  from  sedo,  or 
sedeo,  denoting  a  ri.«ing  or  raging,  rather 
than  an  appeasing.  But  to  set  is  really  to 
throw  down,  to  drive,  and  sedition  may  be 
a  setting  or  rusliing  together.! 


A  lactious  commoiioii  of  the  people,  or  a 
tumultuous  assembly  of  men  rising  in  op- 
position to  law  or  the  administration  of 
justice,  ami  in  disturbance  of  the  public 
peace.  Sedition  is  a  ri?iii^  or  commotion 
of  less  extent  than  an  in.iurrerlion,  and 
both  are  less  than  rebellion :  but  some 
kinds  of  .sedition,  in  Great  Britain,  amount; 
to  high  treason.  In  general,  .sedition  is  a^ 
local  or  limited  insurrection  in  op|iosltioni 
to  civil  authority,  as  mutiny  is  to  military.! 
Ezra  iv.     Luke  xxiii.     Acts  xxiv.     Encyc.\ 

SEni'TIONARY,  n.  An  inciter  or  pro-j 
moter  of  sedition.  Bp.  Hall. 

SEDITIOUS,  a.  [Fe.scdilieux;  h.seditio- 

!     stis.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  sedition  ;  partaking  of  the 
nature  of  sedition  ;  as  seditious  behavior; 
seditious  strife. 

2.  Tending  to  excite  sedition  ;  as  seditious 
words. 

3.  Disposed  to  excite  violent  or  irregulari 
opposition  to  law  or  lawful  authority  ;  tor-! 
buleiit;  factious,  or  guilty  of  sedition;  asj 
seditious  citizens. 

SEDP'TIOUSLY,  adv.  With  tumultuous 
opposiiion  to  law;  in  a  manner  to  violate 
the  public  peace.  | 

SEDI'TIOUSNESS,  v.  The  disposition  to; 
excite  popular  commotion  in  opposition, 
to  law ;  or  the  act  of  e.xciting  such  com- 
motion. 

SEDU'CE,  V.  t.  [L.  seducn  ;  se,  from,  and 
rfufo,  to  lead  ;  Pr.seduire;  It.  sedurre  ;  Sp. 
seducir.] 

1.  To  draw  aside  or  entice  from  the  path  of 
rectitude  and  duty  in  any  manner,  by  flat- 
tery, promises,  bribes  or  otherwise ;  to 
tempt  and  lead  to  iniquity ;  to  corrupt ; 
to  deprave. 

Me  the  gold  of  France  did  not  seduce.     Shak. 

In  the  latter  times,  some  shall  depart  from 
the  faith,  giving  heed  to  seducing  spirits.  1 
Tim.  iv. 

2.  To  entice  to  a  surrender  of  chastity.  He 
that  can  seduce  a  female  is  base  enough 
to  betray  her. 

SEDU'CED,  pp.  Drawn  or  enticed  from 
virtue  ;  corruiited  ;  depraved. 

SEDU'CEMENT,  n.  The  act  of  seducing; 
seduction. 

2.  The  means  employed  to  seduce  ;  the  arts 
of  flattery,  falsehood  and  deception. 

Pope. 

SEDUCER,  n.  One  that  seduces;  onethat 
by  temptation  or  arts,  entices  another  to 
depart  from  the  path  of  rectitude  and  du- 
ty ;  pre-eminently,  one  that  by  flattery, 
promises  or  falsehood,  persuades  a  female 
to  surrender  her  chastity.  The  seducer  of 
a  female  is  little  less  criminal  than  the 
murderer. 

That  which  leads  astray ;  that  which  en- 
tices to  evil. 

He  whose  firm  faith  no  reason  could  remove. 
Will  melt  before  that  soft  seducer,  love. 

Dryden 

SEDU'CIBLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  drawn' 
aside  from  the  path  of  rectitude  ;  corrupt- 
ible. Brown. 

SEDU'CING,  ppr.  Enticing  from  the  path 
of  virtue  or  chastity. 

SEDPC'TION,  n.  [Fr.   from   L.   scductio.] 

1.  The  act  of  seducing,  or  of  enticing  li-oni 
the  path  of  duty  ;  in  a  general  sense. 

Hammond. 


2.  .Ipproprialely,  the  act  or  crime  of  persuad- 
ing a  female,  by  flattery  or  decejjtion,  to 
surrender  her  chastity.  A  woman  who  is 
above  flattery,  is  least  liable  to  seduction  ; 
but  the  best  safeguard  is  principle,  the  love 
of  purity  and  holiness,  the  fear  of  God  and 
reverence  for  his  commands. 

SEDUCTIVE,  a.  Tending  to  lead  astray ; 
apt  to  mislead  by  flattering  appearances. 

Stephens. 

SEDU'LITY,  n.  [L.  sedulitas ;  It.  sedulita. 
See  Sedulous.] 

Diligent  and  assiduous  application  to  liusi- 
ness  ;  constant  attention  ;  unremitting  in- 
dustry in  any  pursuit.  It  denotes  constan- 
cy mni  perseverance  rather  than  intenseness 
of  application. 

Let  there  be  but  the  same  propensily  and 
bent  of  will  to  religion,  and  there  will  be  the 
same  sedulity  and  indefatigable  industry  iu 
men's  inquiries  into  it.  South. 

SED'ULOUS,  a.  [L.  sedulus,  from  the  root 
of  sedeo,  to  sit ;  as  assiduous,  from  as- 
sideo.  ] 

Literally,  sitting  close  to  an  employment ; 
hence,  assiduous  ;  diligent  in  application 
or  pursuit ;  constant,  steady  and  perse- 
vering in  business  or  in  endeavors  to  ef- 
fect an  object ;  steadily  industrious  ;  as 
the  sedulous  bee.  Prior. 

What  signifies  the  sound  of  words  in  prayer, 
without  the  affection  of  the  heart,  and  a  sedu- 
lous application  of  the  proper  means  that  may 
lead  to  such  an  end  .'  L'Estran^e. 

SED'ULOUSLY,  adv.  A.ssiduously ;  indus- 
triously; diligently;  with  constant  or  con- 
tinued application. 

SED'ULOUSNESS,  n.  Assiduity;  assidu- 
ousness; steady  diligence  ;  continued  in- 
dustry or  effort. 

SEE,  n.  [Fr.  siVg-e  ;  Scot,  sege  ;  Arm.  sick.] 

1.  The  seat  of  episcopal  power  ;  a  diocese  ; 
the  jurisdiction  of  a  bishop.  Swift. 

2.  The  seat  of  an  archbishop  ;  a  province  or 
jurisdiction  of  an  archbishop  ;  as  an  archi- 
episcopal  see.  Shak. 

3.  The  seat,  place  or  ofiice  of  the  pope  or 
Roman  pontif ;  as  the  papal  see. 

4.  The  authority  of  the  pope  or  court  of 
Rome  ;  as,  to  appeal  to  the  see  of  Rome. 

Mdison. 
SEE,  V.  t.  pret.  sato ;  pp.  seen.  [Sax.  seon, 
seogan,  geseo7i ;  G.  sehen  ;  D.  zien,  pret. 
zag,  saw  ;  Dan.  seer  ;  Sw.  se.  This  verb 
is  contracted,  as  we  know  by  the  Eng. 
sight,  Dan.  sigt,  G.  gesicht,  D.  zigt,  gezigt. 
Ch.  NDO,  njo'or  Od!  to  see.  Class  Sg.  No. 
34.  In  G.  bes^tchen  is  to  visit,  to  see,  and 
this  is  from  suchen,  which  is  the  Eng.  to 
seek,  and  to  seek  is  to  look  for.  In  G.  g-e- 
such  is  a. fill/,  a  seeking,  demand,  petition; 
and  versuchen  is  to  try,  Eng.  essay.  We 
have  then  decisive  evidence  that  see,  seek, 
L.  sequor,  and  Eng.  essay,  are  all  from  the 
same  radix.  The  jnimary  sense  of  the 
root  is  to  strain,  stretch,  extend ;  and  as 
applied  to  see,  the  sense  is  to  extend  to,  to 
reach,  to  strike  with  the  eye  or  sight.] 
.  To  perceive  by  the  eye;  to  have  knowl- 
edge of  the  existence  and  apparent  quali- 
ties of  objects  by  the  organs  of  sight ;  to 
behold. 

I  will  now  turn  aside  and  see  this  great  sight. 
Ex.  iii. 

We  have  seeyi  the  land,  and  behold,  it  is  very 
good.     Judges  xviii. 


SEE 


2.  To  observo  ;  to  note  or  not ioc;  to  know; 
to  icgurd  or  look  to ;  to  take  care  ;  to  at- 
tend, as  to  tlic  execution  of  .•■■onic  order,  or 
to  tlie  iieii'orinancc  of  soiiietliiri^'. 

V.'tvi:  tliciii  first  one  simple  idea,  :iiiil  see  that 
thi-y  I'ully  coiHiiifln-'iid  licfore  you  go  any 
failhur.  Lvclie. 

See  that  ye  fall  not  out  by  the  way.  Cien. 
xlv. 

3.  To  discover;  to  de?cry;  to  understand. 
Who  so  dull  as  not  to  see  llie  device  or 
stratagem  .=  Very  noble  actions  ofteji  lose 
niiicli  of  their  excellence  when  the  mo- 
tives are  seen. 

4.  To  converse  or  have  intercourse  with. 
We  im|irove  by  seeing  men  of  dillerent 
habits  and  tempers. 

5.  To  visit;  as,  to  call  and  see  a  friend.  Th(^ 
physician  sees  his  patient  twice  a  day. 
1  Sam.  XV.     I  ("or.  xvi. 

C.  To  attend  ;  to  remark  or  ncjtice. 

I  had  a  niiiid  to  see  him  out,  and  (licreroie 
(lid  not  caie  to  contradict  him.  ^hlilisim. 

7.  To  behold  with  patience  or  snfl'eraiice ; 
lo  ciuime. 

It  was  not  meet  for  us  to  see  the  king's  dis- 
honor.    Kzra  iv. 

8.  In  Scripture,  to  bear  or  attend  to. 

1  turned  to  see  the  voice  that  spoke  with  mc. 
Rev.  i. 
0.  To  feel  ;  to  stifR^' ;  to  experience. 

Make  us  tflad  according  to  (lie  days  wherein 
thou  hasl  afflicted  us,  and  the  years  in  wluch 
wc  have  seen  evil.     Ps.  xc. 

If  a  man  shall  keep  my  saying,  he  shall  never 
see  death.     John  \  iii.     Luke  ii. 

10.  To  know  ;  to  learn. 

Go,  1  pray  thee,  see  whether  it  he  well  with 
thy  brethren.     Gen.  xxxvii. 

11.  To  perceive;  to  understand;  to  com- 
prehend. I  see  the  train  of  argument;  I 
see  bis  motives. 

12.  To  [rerceive;  to  understand  experimen- 
tally. 

I  see  another  law  in  my  members.     Rom.  vii. 

13.  To  beware. 

.S'ce  thou  do  it  not.     Rev.  xi.v. 

14.  To  know  by  revelation. 

The  word  that  Isaiah,  the  son  of  .Xmoz,  saw 
concerning  .ludali  and  Jerusalem.      Is.   ii.  xiii. 

15.  To  have  faith  in  and  reliance  on. 

Seeing  hinr  who  is  invisible.     Mel),  xi. 

10.  To  enjoy  ;  to  have  fruition  of. 

Ulessed  are  the  pure  in  heart,  for  they  sliall 
see  God.     Matt.  v. 

SEE,  V.  i.  To  have  the  power  of  perceiving 
by  the  proper  organs,  or  the  power  ofi 
sight.  Some  animals,  it  is  said,  arc  able; 
to  see  best  in  the  night. 

'i.  To  discern  ;  to  have  intellectual  sight  ;  to 
penetrate;  to  understand;  nitli  tlirovgh', 
or  tji^o  ;  as,  to  see  Ihrough  the  plans  or  pol- 
icy of  another;  to  see  into  ani'ul  schemes 
and  pretensions.  Tillotson. 

3.  To  examine  or  inquire.  See  whether  the 
estimate  is  correct. 

4.  To  be  altciilive.  Sliak. 
o.  To  have  full  understanding. 

IJul  now  ye  say,  we  .see,   thciefore   your  sin 

remaineth.     Jolin  xix. 
See  <o  i7,  look  well  to  it;  atteinl;  consider; 

take  care. 
Let  me  see,  let   us  see,   are  used   to  express 

consideration,  or  lo  introduce  the  particu 

lar  considcralion  of  a   subject,   or  some 

scheme  or  calculation. 
See  is  used  imperatively,  to  call  the  attention 


SEE 

,  of  others  to  an  object  or  a  subject.  See,'^ 
see,  how  the  balloon  ascends.  I 

i  Sec  what  it  is  (o  have  a  poet  in  your  house. 

SEED,  n.  [Sax.  so'd ;  G.  saal;  D.  zuuU ;' 
Man.  sad;  Sw.  slid;  from  the  verb  sow. 
Qii.   W.  hihl,  Arm.  had.] 

'1.  The  suhslaiicc,  animal  or  vegetable, 
which  iiatmi^  prepares  for  the  re|pro(liic- 
tion  ami  conservation  of  the  species.  The 
seeds  of  plants  are  a  deciduous  part,  con- 
taining the  rudiments  of  a  new  vegetable.. 

'  In  some  cases,  the  seeds  constitute  the; 
fruit  or  valuable  part  of  plants,  as  in  the 
case  of  wheat  and  other  esculent  grain: 
sometimes  the  seeds  are  inclosed  in  the 
fruit,  as  in  apples  and  melons.  When  ap- 
plied to  animal  matter,  it  has  no  plinal. 

2.  That  from  which  any  thing  springs  ;  fn-st| 
principle;  original;  as  the  seei/s  of  virlue 
or  vici>.  HookerJ 

3.  Principle  of  production.  i 
J'raise  of  great  acts  he  scatters  as  a  seed. 

IValler. 

4.  Progeny  ;  offspring  ;  children  ;  descend- 
ants ;  as  the  OTfrf  of  Abrahan) ;  the  .see;/ of 
David.  In  this  sense,  the  word  is  applied 
to  one  person,  or  to  any  number  collect- 
ively, anil  ailiiiitsof  the  plural  form  ;  but 
rarely  used  in  the  plural.  j 

5.  Ilace;  generation;  birth. 
Of  mortal  seed  they  were  not  held.      Waller. 

SEED,  V.  i.  To  grow  to  maturity,  so  as  to 
produce  seed.  Maiz  will  not  seed  in  a  cool 
climate.  Sivifl. 

•2.  To  shed  the  seeil.  Mortimer. 

SEED,  1'.  t.  To  sow  ;  to  sprinkle  with  seed,! 
which  germinates  ami  takes  root.  I 

BelUnap.' 

SEE'D-BUD,  n.  [seed  and  hud.]  The  germ, 
germen  or  rudiment  of  the  fruit  in  em- 
bryo, i 

SEE'D-CAKE,  n.  [scc(/ and  caA-e.]  .\  sweet 
cake  containing  aromatic  seeds.       Tussrr. 

SEE'D-€OAT,  n.  In  botanij,  the  aril  ov\ 
outer  coat  of  a  seed.  Martyii.' 

SICE'D-LE.\F\  71.  Ill  hotany,  the  primary 
leaf  The  seed  leaves  are  the  cotyledons 
or  lobes  of  a  seed  expanded  and  in  vegeta- 
tion. Miirlyn.] 

SEE'DLING,  V.  A  young  plant  or  root 
just  sprung  from  the  seeil.  Evili/n. 

SEE'D-1,I1',    }       A  vessel  in  which  a  sow- 

SEE'D-LOP,  ^"'  er  carries  the  seed  to  be 
dispersed.  England. 

SEED- LOBE,  n.  The  lobe  of  a  seed;  aj 
cotyledon,  which  see. 

SEE'DNESS,  n.  Seed-time.     [Xot  in  use.]i 

SEED-PEARL,?!,  [seerf  and  ;)enW.]  Small; 
grains  of  pearl.  Boi/U'. 

SEE'D-PLAT.  (        [.leed   and  plal.]      The 

SEE'DPLUT,  <,  "■  ground  on  which  seeds 
are  sown  to  produce  jilants  for  transplant- 
ing ;  hence, 

2.  A  nursery  ;  a  place  where  any  thing   is 

i     sown  or  planted  for  cultivation. 

I  Hammond. 

SEE'DSMAN,  n.  [seed  and  man.]     A  per- 

!     son  who  deals  in  seeds ;  also,  a  sower. 

I  Diet. 

SEE'D-TIME,  n.  [seed  and  time.]  The  sea- 
son |)ioper  lor  sowing. 

While  the  earth  remaineth,  seed-time  and 
harvest,  and  colil  and  heat,  and  summer  and 
winter,  and  day  anil  niirhl.  shall  not  cease  Gen. 
viii. 


SEE 

SEE'D-VESSEL,  h.  In  Wany,  the  pericarp 

which  contains  tlic  seeds. 
SEE'DY,  a.    [from  seed.]    .Miounding  with 

si!eds.  Did. 

2.  Having  a  peculiar  flavor,  supposed  to  be 

derived  from  the  weeds  growing  amonj; 

the  vines  ;  applied  to  French  brandy. 

£nfi/c. 

SEE'ING,  ppr.  [from  see.]  Perceiving  by 
the  eye  ;  knowing;  uiidcrstauding  ;  ob- 
serving ;  bi'bolding. 

lA'ote.  This  paiiieiplc-  appears  to  be  used  indefi- 
nitely, or  without  direct  reference  to  a  person  or 
persons.  "  Wherefore  come  ye  to  me,  seeing 
ye  hate  mc :"  Gen.  xxvi.  That  is,  since,  or 
the  fact  being  that  or  thus  ;  because  that.  In 
this  form  of  phraseology,  that  is  understood  or  im- 
jilicd  after  seeiiis  ;  why  come  ye  to  mc,  seeing 
tlutt.yv  hate  me  i  The  resolution  of  t!ie  phi^ase  or 
senlcnee  is,  ye  hate  ine  ;  that  fact  being  seen 
or  known  by  you,  why  come  ye  to  me  ?  or,  why 
come  ye  to  ine,  ye  seeing  [knowing]  that  fact 
which  follows,  viz.  ye  hate  me.  In  this  case, 
seeing  retains  its  participial  character,  although 
it.s  relation  to  the  pronourr  is  somewhat  obscur- 
ed. Originally,  seeing,  in  this  use,  had  direct 
relation  to  the  speaker  or  to  some  other  person. 
"Now  I  know  that  thou  fearest  God,  seeing 
thou  hast  not  withheld  thy  son."  Gen.  xxii. 
Here  seeing  refers  to  /,  or  according  lo  the  lan- 
guage of  syntax,  agrees  or  accords  with  7.  I 
know  thou  fearest  God,  for  1  see  thou  hast  not 
willibelil  thine  only  son;  I  know  thou  fearest 
God  by  seeing,  in  consecpience  of  seeing  this 
fact,  thou  hast  not  withheld  thine  only  son.  But 
the  use  oi seeing  is  extended  to  cases  in  which 
it  cannot  be  referred  to  a  specihc  person  or  per- 
sons, in  which  cases  it  expresses  the  notoriety 
or  admission  of  a  fact  in  genera),  and  is  left, 
like  the  French  on,  in  the  phrases  on  dit,  on 
twit,  without  application  to  any  particular  pet- 
son.] 

SEEK,  r.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  sought,  pronoun- 
ced saict.  [Sax.  secan,  sa-ean,  to  seek,  to 
come  to  ;  asecan,  to  rerpiire  ;  gesecan,  to 
seek,  to  come  to  ;  fursacan,  forscecan,  to 
forsake  :  G.  suclien,  to  seek  ;  absuehen,  to 
pick  otf:  bisurhen,  to  vi?it,  to  see  ;  gesueh, 
suit,  iiciiticui :  gesiuke,  a  continued  seek- 
ing; rtrsuchen.  to  try,  prove,  tempt,  essay, 
strive;  fersuch,  trial,  fssai/ ;  D.  zoeken,  to 
sr'ck,  to  look  for,  to  try  or  endeavor  ;  be- 
zocken,  to  visit,  to  try  ;  gezoek;  a  seeking ; 
opzoeken,  to  seek  ;  verzoeken,  to  request, 
desire,  invite,  try,  tempt,  to  visit ;  Dan. 
Sliger,  to  seek,  to  endeavm-;  bcsuger,  to  vis- 
it ;  forsitgtr,  to  try,  to  essay,  lo  experiment, 
to  tempt;  opsi'igrr,  to  seek  or  search  after; 
Sw.  s'okd,  lo  seek,  lo  sue.  In  court ;  stika 
en  Idgligen,  to  sue  one  at  law  ;  bcsi'ka,  to 
visit ;  fiirshkn,  to  try.  to  essay,  to  tempt. 
These  words  alt  accord  wilh  L.  sequor, 
Ir.  seieliini,  to  follow  ;  for  to  seek  is  to  go 
after,  and  the  primary  sense  is  to  advance, 
to  press,  to  drive  forwanl,  us  in  the  L. 
peln.  See  Esisny,  from  the  same  root, 
through  the  Italian  and  French.  Now  in 
SiW.  fursar.tn,  for.^Kcan,  is  In  forsake  ;  sa- 
can  is  to  strive,  contend,  whence  Englisli 
sake,  and  .<!a-ean,  secan,  is  to  seek.  Rut  in 
Swcilish, /i'irsnA;«,  to  forsake,  to  renounce, 
is  from  sak.  thing,  cause,  suit,  Sax.  saea, 
I'nglish  sake ;  in  Danish,  forsrigrr.  to  re- 
noinico,  is  from  siger,  to  s.iy  ;  sag,  a  thing, 
cause,  matter,  suit ;  .fogi/,  a  saying;  G. 
rtrsngen,  to  deny,  to  renounce,  from  sagen, 
to  say,  lo  tell:  D.  vei-zaakm,  to  deny,  to 
forsake,  to  revoke,  from  zaak,  thing,  cause. 


S  E  D 


S  E  D 


SEE 


lyiii^  a  single  person.  It  is  borne  on  poles 
b)'  two  men.  Dri/den.     Em-yc.] 

SEi).\'TE,  a.  [L.  sedntus,  iioni  sedo,  to[ 
calm  or  appease,  lliat  is,  to  set,  localise  to 
subside.]  j 

Settled  ;  composed  ;  calm ;  quiet ;  tran- 
quil ;  still ;  serene  ;  unruffled  by  passion  ;' 
undisturbed;  as  a  sedate  soul,  mind  or 
temper.  So  we  say,  a  sedate  look  or  coun- 
tenance. Dryden.      Walts, 

SEDA'TELY,  adv.  Calmly;  without  agita- 
lion  of  mind.  Locke. 

SEDA'TENESS,  n.  Calmness  of  mind, 
manner  or  countenance ;  freedom  from 
agitation  ;  a  si'ttled  state  ;  composure  ; 
serenity  ;  tranquillity  ;  as  seduteness  of  tem- 
per or  soul;  seduteness  of  countenance; 
sedateyiess  of  conversation.  Addison 

SEDA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  calming.  [Xot 
in  itse.]  Coles. 

SED'ATIVE,  a.  [Fr.  sedatif,  from  h.  sedo, 
to  calm.] 

In  medicine,  moderating  muscular  action  or 
animal  energy.  Quinry.     Core 

SED'ATIVE,  n.    A    medicine   that   mode- 
rates muscular  action  or  animal  energy. 
Qiiincy.     Coxe 

Se  defendendo,  in  defending  himself ;  the  plea 
of  a  person  charged  with  murder,  who  al- 
ledges  that  he  committed  the  act  in  his 
own  defense. 

SED'ENTARILY,  ado.  [from  sedentary.] 
The  state  of  being  sedentary,  or  living 
without  much  action. 

SED'ENTARINESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
sedentary. 

SED'ENTAEY,  a.  [Fi:  sedentaire;  It.  Sp. 
sedentario;  L.  sedentamis,  from  sedens, 
sedeo,  to  sit.] 

1.  Accustomed  to  sit  much,  or  to  pass  most 
of  the  time  in  a  sitting  posture  ;  as  a  sed- 
entary man.  Students,  taylors  and  women 
are  sedentary  persons. 

2.  Requiring  much  sitting;  as  a  sedentary 
occupation  or  employment. 

3.  Passed  for  the  most  part  in  sitting ;  as  a 
sedentary  life.  Arhuthnol. 

4.  Inactive;  motionless;  sluggish;  as  the 
sedentary  earth.  Milton. 

The  soul,  considered  abstractly  from  its  pas- 
sions, is  of  a  remiss  sedentary  nature. 

Spectator. 
SEDgE,  n.  [Sax.  secg;  perhaps   from  the 
root  of  L.  seco,  to  cut ;  that  is,  sword  grass, 
like  L.  gladiolus.] 

1.  A  narrow  flag,  or  growth  of  such  flags  ; 
called  in  the  north  of  England,  seg  or  sag. 

Johnson.     Barret. 

2.  In  New  England,  a  species  of  very  coarse 
grass  growing  in  swamps,  and  forming 
bogs  or  clumps. 

SEDG'ED,  a.  Composed  of  flags  or  sedge. 

Shak. 

SEDU'Y,  a.  Overgrown  with  sedge. 

On  the  gentle  Severn's  sedgy  bank.      Shak. 

SED'IMENT,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  sedimentum, 
from  sedeo,  to  settle.] 

The  matter  which  subsides  to  the  bottom  of 
liquors;  settlings;  lees;  dregs.         Bacon. 

SEDI"TIOIV,  n,  I  Fr.  from  L.  seditio.  The 
sense  of  this  word  is  the  contrary  of  that 
which  is  naturally  deducible  from  sedo,  or 
sedeo,  denoting  a  ri.«ing  or  raging,  rather 
than  an  appeasing.  I5ut  to  set  is  really  to 
throw  down,  to  drive,  and  sedition  may  be 
a  setting  or  ruslung  together.] 


A  factious  comnioiion  of  the  people,  or  a 
tumultuous  assetiilily  of  men  rising  in  o[)- 
position  to  law  or  the  administration  of 
justice,  and  in  disturbance  of  the  pid)lic 
peace.  Sedition  is  a  ri^iuL'  or  commotion 
of  less  extent  than  an   i>t.<iurrection,   ami 

i  both  are  less  than  rebellion :  but  some 
kinds  of  sedition,  in  Great  Britain,  amount; 
to  high  treason.  In  general,  sediiion  is  a 
local  or  limited  insurrection  in  opposition! 
to  civil  authority,  as  mutiny  is  to  military. 
Ezra  iv.     Lnkexxiii.     Actsx.\iv.     Encyc. 

SEni'TIONARY,  n.  An  inciter  or  pro- 
moter of  sedition.  Bp.  Hall. 

SEDI'TIOUS,  a.  [Fe.sedilieiix;  h.seditio- 

I     sus.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  sedition  ;  partaking  of  the 
nature  of  sedition  ;  as  seditious  behavior; 
seditious  strife. 

2.  Tending  to  excite  sedition  ;  as  seditious 
words. 

3.  Disposed  to  excite  violent  or  irregular 
opposition  to  law  or  lawful  authority  ;  tnr-j 
bulent;  factious,  or  guilty  of  sedition  ;  as| 
seditious  citizens. 

SEDP'TIOUSLY,  adv.  With  tumultuous 
opposition  to  law;  in  a  manner  to  violate! 
the  public  peace.  | 

SED1"T10USNESS,  v.  The  disposition  to; 
excite  popular  commotion  in  opposition 
to  law ;  or  the  act  of  e.xciting  such  com- 
motion. 

SEDU'CE,  V.  t.  [L.  seduco  ;  se,  from,  and 
duco,  to  lead  ;  Fr.  seduire ;  It.  sedurre  ;  Sp. 
seducir.] 

1.  To  draw  aside  or  entice  from  the  path  of 
rectitude  and  duty  in  any  manner,  by  flat- 
tery, promises,  bribes  or  otherwise ;  to 
tempt  and  lead  to  iniquity ;  to  corrupt ; 
to  deprave. 

Me  the  gold  of  France  did  noiseduce.     Shak. 

In  the  latter  times,  some  sliall  depart  from 
the  faith,  giving  heed  to  seducing  spirits.  1 
Tim.  iv. 

2.  To  entice  to  a  surrender  of  chastity.  He 
that  can  seduce  a  female  is  base  enough 
to  betray  her. 

SEDU'CED,  pp.  Drawn  or  enticed  from 
virtue  ;  corrupted  ;  depraved. 

SEDU'CEMENT,  n.  The  act  of  seducing; 
seduction. 

2.  The  means  employed  to  seduce  ;  the  arts 
of  flattery,  falsehood  and  deception. 

Pope. 

SEDU'CER,  n.  One  that  seduces;  onethat 
by  temptation  or  arts,  entices  another  to 
depart  from  the  path  of  rectitude  and  du- 
ty ;  pre-eminently,  one  that  by  flattery, 
promises  or  falsehood,  persuades  a  female 
to  surrender  her  chastity.  The  seducer  of 
a  female  is  little  less  criminal  than  the 
murderer. 

2.  That  which  leads  astray  ;  that  which  en- 
tices to  evil. 

He  whose  firm  faith  no  reason  could  remove, 
Will  melt  before  that  soft  seduce);  love. 

Dryden 

SEDU'CIBLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  drawn^ 
aside  from  the  path  of  rectitude  ;  corrupt- 
ible. Brown. 

SEDU'CING,  ppr.  Enticing  from  the  path 
of  virtue  or  chastity. 

SEDFC'TrON,  n.  [Fr.   from   L.   scductio.] 

1.  The  act  of  .seducing,  or  of  enticing  from 
the  path  of  duty ;  in  a  general  sense. 

Hammond. 


2.  Appropriately,  the  act  or  crime  of  persuad- 
ing a  female,  by  flattery  or  deception,  to 
surrender  her  chastity.  A  woman  who  is 
above  flattery,  is  least  liable  to  seduction  ; 
but  the  best  safeguard  is  principle,  the  love 
of  [inrity  and  holiness,  the  fear  of  God  and 
reverence  for  his  commands. 

SEDLff'TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  lead  astray; 
apt  to  mislead  by  flattering  appearances. 

Stephens. 

SEDU'LITY,  n.  [L.  sedulitas ;  It.  sedulith. 
See  Sedulous.] 

Diligent  and  assiduous  application  to  busi- 
ness;  constant  attention  :  unremittirig  in- 
dustry in  any  pursuit.  It  denotes  constan- 
cy^ ami  perseverance  rather  than  intenseness 
of  application. 

Let  there  be  but  the  same  propcnsily  and 
boat  of  will  to  religion,  and  there  will  be  the 
same  sedulity  and  indefatigable  industry  in 
men's  inquiries  into  it.  South. 

SED'ULOUS,  a.  [L.  sedulus,  from  the  root 
of  sedeo,  to  sit ;  as  assiduous,  from  as- 
sidco.] 

Literally,  sitting  close  to  an  employment : 
hence,  assiduous  ;  diligent  in  application 
or  pursuit ;  constant,  steady  and  perse- 
vering in  business  or  in  endeavors  to  ef- 
fect an  object ;  steadily  industrious  ;  as 
the  sedulous  bee.  Prior. 

What  signifies  the  sound  of  words  in  prayer, 
without  the  affection  of  the  heart,  and  a  sedu- 
lous application  of  the  proper  means  that  may 
le.ad  to  such  an  end  ?  L' Estrange. 

SED'ULOUSLY,  adv.  A.ssiduously ;  indus- 
triously; diligently;  with  constant  or  con- 
timied  application. 

SED'ULOUSNESS,  n.  Assiduity;  assidu- 
ousness; steady  diligence  ;  continued  in- 
dustry or  efl^ort. 

SEE,  n.  [Fr.  siege;  Scot,  sege  ;  Arm.  sich.] 

1.  The  seat  of  episcopal  power  ;  a  diocese  ; 
the  jurisdiction  of  a  bishop.  Swi/l. 

2.  The  seat  of  an  archbishop  ;  a  province  or 
jurisdiction  of  an  archbishop;  as  an  archi- 
episcopal  see.  Shak. 

3.  The  seat,  place  or  ofiice  of  the  pope  or 
Roman  pontif ;  as  the  papal  see. 

4.  The  authority  of  the  pope  or  court  of 
Rome  ;  as,  to  appeal  to  the  see  of  Rome. 

Mdison. 

SEE,  V.  t.  pret.  sntv ;  pp.  seen.  [Sax.  seon, 
seogayi,  geseon  ;  G.  sehen ;  D.  zien,  pret. 
:ag,  saw;  Dan.  seer;  Sw.  se.  This  verb 
is  contracted,  as  we  know  by  the  Eng. 
sight,  Dan.  sigt,  G.  gesicht,  D.  zigt,  gezigt. 
<  'h.  N30,  HDD  or  OD.  to  sec.  Class  Sg.  No. 
34.  In  G.  besuchen  is  to  visit,  to  see,  and 
this  is  from  suchcn,  which  is  the  Eng.  to 
seek,  and  to  seek  is  to  look  for.  In  G.  g-e- 
such  is  a  suit,  a  seeking,  demand,  petition  ; 
and  versuchen  is  to  try,  Eng.  essay.  We 
have  then  decisive  evidence  that  see,  seek, 
L.  sequor,  and  Eng.  essay,  are  all  from  the 
same  ra<lix.  The  jnimary  sense  of  the 
root  is  to  strain,  stretch,  extend ;  and  as 
apfilied  to  see,  the  sense  is  to  extend  to,  to 
reach,  to  strike  with  the  eye  or  sight.] 

1.  To  perceive  by  the  eye;  to  have  knowl- 
edge of  the  existence  and  apparent  quali- 
ties of  objects  by  the  organs  of  sight ;  to 
behold. 

1  will  now  turn  aside  and  see  this  great  sight. 
Ex.  iii. 

We  have  seen  the  land,  and  behold,  it  is  very 
good.     Judges  xviii. 


SEE 


SEE 


SEE 


2.  To  obsorvc  ;  to  note  or  notice;  to  know; 
to  icf,'ui(l  1)1-  look  to ;  to  tiiku  care  ;  to  at- 
tend, as  to  tlic  execution  of  some  order,  or 
10  tlie  poii'oripiance  of  soiijetliiii;,'. 

0\vi:  tlictn  first  one  simple  iiloa,  and  see  that 
thfy  fully  coiinirclieiid  before   you  go    any 

lailher.  Lvcke. 

See  that  ye  fall  not  out  by  the  way.  t^eii. 
xlv. 

3.  To  discover;  to  descry;  to  umlcrstand. 
Whi.  so  <lull  as  not  to  see  the  device  or 
stratagem  ?  Very  noble  actions  oftoji  lose 
niiicli  of  their  exeellence  when  the  mo- 
tives are  seen. 

4.  To  converse  or  have  intcrconrsi!  with. 
We  improve  by  seeing  men  of  dillerent 
habits  and  tempers. 

5.  To  visit ;  as,  to  cull  and  see  a  friend.  The 
physician  sees  his  patient  twice  a  day. 
I  riam.  XV.      I  Cor.  xvi. 

C.  To  attend  ;  to  remark  or  notice. 

I  bad  a  mind  to  see  bim  out,  and  tbercfoie 
did  nut  care  to  contradict  him.  jhltUson. 

7.  To  behold  with  patience  or  snflerunce ; 
lo  endure. 

It  was  not  meet  for  us  to  see  t!ie  king's  dis- 
honor.    Ezra  iv. 

8.  In  Scripture,  to  liear  or  attend  to. 

1  turned  to  see  the  voice  that  spoke  with  nic. 
Rev.  i. 
0.  To  tee.]  ;  to  suffer  ;  to  experience. 

Make  us  ^lad  according  to  Ibe  days  wherein 
thou  hast  afflicted  us,  and  the  years  in  which 
we  have  seen  evil.     Ps.  xc. 

If  a  man  shall  keep  my  saying,  he  shall  never 
see  death.     John  \'iii.     Luke  ii. 

10.  To  know  ;  to  learn. 

Go,  I  pray  thee,  see  whether  it  be  wcW  with 
thy  brethren.     Gen.  xxxvii. 

11.  To  perceive;  to  understand;  to  com- 
prehend. 1  see  the  train  of  argument;  I 
see  his  motives. 

12.  To  perceive;  to  understand  experimen- 
tally. 

I  .sec  another  law  in  my  members.     Rom.  vii. 

13.  To  beware. 

Hee  thou  do  it  not.     Rev.  .xix. 

14.  To  know  by  revelation. 

The  word  that  Isaiah,  the  son  of  .\mo7.,  sate 
concerning  .ludab  and  Jerusalefn.      Is.   ii.  xiii. 

15.  To  have  faith  in  and  reliance  on. 

Seeing  him  who  is  invisible.     Ileb.  xi. 

IG.  To  enjoy  ;  to  have  fruition  of. 

lilcssed  are  the  pure  in  heart,  for  they  shall 
see  God.     Matt.  v. 

SEE,  V.  i.  To  have  the  power  of  perceiving 
by  the  proper  organs,  or  the  power  of 
sight.  Some  aninnils,  it  is  said,  arc  able: 
to  see  best  in  the  night. 

'2.  To  discern  ;  to  have  intellociual  sight ;  to 
penetrate;  to  understand;  with  Ihrotigh 
or  into  ;  as,  to  see  tliruugh  the  plans  (U'  pol- 
icy of  another;  to  see  into  arli'ul  schemes 
and  pretensions.  Tillotson. 

3.  To  examine  or  inquire.  See  whether  the 
estimate  is  correct. 

4.  To  be  allcniive.  Shak. 
o.  To  have  full  understanding. 

Hut  now  ye  say,  we  see,  theiefore  your  sin 
renuiineth.     John  xix. 

See  to  it,\o6k  well  to  it;  attend;  consider; 
take  care. 

het  me  see,  let  us  see,  are  used  to  express 
consideration,  or  lo  introduce  the  particu- 
lar consideration  of  a  subject,  or  some 
scheme  or  calculation. 

See  is  used  imperatively,  to  call  the  attention 


of  others  to  an  object  or  a  subject.  See,'^ 
I    see,  how  the  balloon  ascends.  I 

I  See  what  it  is  to  have  a  poet  in  your  house.  ] 

I  Pope.\ 

SEED,  )7.  [Sax.   Sird ;    G.  sanl;    D.   zaitJ ; 

Mau.sad;  Sw.  slid;  from  the   verb  sow. 

Qu.   VV.  Iwd,  Arm.  had.] 

1.  The    substance,    animal    or    vegetable, 
I     which  natme  prepares  for  the    reproduc- 
tion anil  conservation  of  the  species.    The 
seeds  of  plants  are  a  deciduous  part,  con- 
taining the  rudiments  of  a  new  vegetable., 

'  In  siirne  cases,  the  seeds  constitute  the 
fruit  or  valuable  part  of  plant.s,  as  in  the 
ease  of  wheat  and  other  esculent  grain; 
sometimes  the  seeds  are  inclosed  in  the 
fruit,  as  in  apples  and  melons.  When  ap- 
jrlied  to  animal  matter,  it  has  no  plural. 

'i.  That  from  which  any  thing  springs  ;  fust 
principle;  original;  as  the  seerfs  of  virtue 
or  vici:.  Hooker.' 

3.  Principle  of  production.  j 
Praise  of  gnat  acts  he  scatters  as  a  .seed.         | 

j  Waller. 

4.  Progeny  ;  offspring  ;  children  ;  descen<l- 
ants  ;  us  the  werf  of  Abrahan) ;  thesce(/of 
David.  In  this  sense,  the  word  is  applied 
to  one  person,  or  to  any  number  collect- 
ively, anil  admits  of  the  plural  form  ;  but 
rarely  used  in  the  plural.  , 

5.  Ilace;  generaticm  ;  birth. 
Of  mortal  seed  they  were  not  held.      Waller. 

SEED,  V.  i.  To  grow  to  maturity,  so  as  to 
produce  seed.  Maiz  will  not  seed  iti  a  cool 
climate.  Swift. 

•i.  To  shed  the  seed.  Mortimer. 

SEED,  I',  t.  To  sow  ;  to  sprinkle  with  seed,! 
which  germinates  and  takes  root.  I 

Belknap^ 

SEE'D-BUD,  n.  [seed  and  hud.]  The  germ, 
geriiien  or  rudiment  of  the  fruit  in  em- 
bryo. 1 

SEE'D-€AKE,  n.  [seed ani  cake.]  .\  swcet^ 
cake  containing  aromatic  seeds.       Tussrr. 

SEE'D-€OAT,  ».  In  bolanij,  the  aril  or; 
outer  (^oat  of  a  seed.  Martijii. 

SEE  D-LE.\F',  n.  In  halany,  the  priin.ny 
leaf.  The  seed  leaves  are  the  cotyledruis 
or  lobes  of  a  seed  expanded  and  in  vegeta- 
tion. .Miirl;in. 

SEEDLING,  n.  A  young  platit  or  root 
just  sprung  from  the  seed.  Erdi/n. 

SEE'D-LII*,    ?       A  vessel  in  which  a  sow- 

SEE'D-LOP,  ^"'  er  carries  tlie  seed  to  be 
dispersed.  England. 

SEED-LOBE,  )).  The  lobe  of  a  seed;  a! 
cotyledon,  which  see.  | 

SEE'DXESS,  )!.  Seed-time.     [Xot  in  vse.]'< 

SEE'D-PEARL,  ti.  [seed  aud  pearl.]  Small 
crainsof  pcju'l.  Uoijle. 

SEE'D-PLAT.  I        [seed  and  plat.]      the' 

SEE'D-PLUT,  \  "'  ground  on  which  seeds| 
are  sown  to  produce  plants  for  trjuisplant- 
ing;  hence,  i 

2.  A  nursery  ;  a  place  where  any  thing  is 
sown  or  planted  for  cultivation. 

Hammond. 

SEE'DSMAN,  ii.  [seed  and  man.]     \  per-| 

son  wlio  deals  in  seeds ;  also,  a  sower.       ' 

Diet.' 
SEE'D-TIJIE,  n.  [seed  andlime.]  The  sea- 
son |)roper  lor  sowing. 

While  the  earth  remaincth,  seed-time  and 
harvest,  and  colil  and  heat,  and  summer  and 
winter,  and  day  and  niirhl.  shall  not  cease.  Gen. 
viii. 


SEE'D-VESSEL,  n.  In  to/ani/,  the  pericarp 

which  coutains  the  seeds. 
SEE'DY,  a.    [from  seed.]    Abounding  with 

si^eds.  Diet. 

2.  Having  a  peculiar  flavor,  stipjiosed  to  be 

derived  from  the  weeds  growing  among 

the  vines  ;  applied  to  French  brandy. 

Enojc. 

SEE'ING,  }ipr.  [from  see.]  Perceiving  by 
the  eye  ;  kin)wing;  uiidcrstauding  ;  ob- 
serving ;  beholding. 

lA'ote.  'Ibis  pailiciplc  appears  to  be  used  indefi- 
nitely, or  wilbout  <lirect  reference  to  a  person  or 
persons.  "  Wherefore  come  ye  to  me,  seeing 
ye  hate  me  r"  Gen.  xxvi.  That  is,  since,  or 
the  fact  being  that  or  thus  ;  because  that.  In 
this  form  of  phraseology,  that  is  understood  or  im- 
plied after  seeins; ;  why  come  ye  to  me,  seeing 
that,  ye  bate  me  i  The  resolution  of  tlic  phrase  or 
sentence  is,  ye  hate  me  ;  that  tact  being  seen 
or  known  by  yon,  why  couie  ye  to  me  ?  or,  why 
come  ye  to  ine,  ye  seeing  [knowing]  that  fact 
which  follows,  \iz.  ye  hate  me.  In  this  case, 
seeing  retains  its  participial  character,  although 
it.s  relation  to  the  pronoun  is  somewhat  obscur- 
ed. Originally,  sccr/ig,  in  this  use,  had  direct 
relation  to  the  speaker  or  to  some  other  person. 
"  Now  1  know  that  thou  fearest  God,  seeing 
thou  hast  not  withheld  thy  son."  Gen.  xxii. 
Here  seeing  refers  lo  /,  or  according  lo  the  lan- 
guage of  syntax,  agrees  or  accords  with  J.  I 
know  ibou  fearest  God,  for  I  see  thou  hast  not 
withheld  thine  only  son;  I  know  thou  fearest 
(jod  by  seeing,  in  conseipicnce  of  seeing  this 
fact,  thou  hast  not  withheld  thine  only  son.  But 
the  use  oi  seeing  is  extended  to  cases  in  whicli 
il  cannot  be  referred  to  a  speciljc  person  or  per- 
sons, in  which  cases  it  expresses  the  notoriety 
or  admission  of  a  fact  in  genera),  and  is  feft, 
like  the  French  ml,  in  the  phrases  on  dit,  on 
twit,  without  application  to  any  particular  pec- 
son.] 

SEEK,  r.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  sought,  pronoun- 
ced saict.  [Sax.  secan,  S(ecan,  to  seek,  to 
come  to  ;  asfcnri,  to  renu'ne  ;  gesecan,  to 
seek,  to  come  to  ;  fursacan,  forsacan,  to 
forsake  ;  G.  suchen,  to  seek  ;  absuehrii,  to 
|iick  oil":  bisurhen,  to  visit,  to  see  ;  gesucli, 
sifit,  peiitiini ;  gesii'he,  a  continued  seek- 
ing ;  vtrsnchen.  to  try,  prove,  tempt,  essay, 
strive;  fersuch,  trial,  fssni/ ;  D.  zoeken,  to 
seek,  lo  look  for,  to  try  or  endeavor  ;  he- 
zocken,  to  visit,  to  try  ;  gezoek,  a  seeking ; 
opzoeken,  to  seek  ;  verzoeken,  to  request, 
desire,  invite,  try,  tempt,  to  visit ;  Dan. 
Soger,  to  seek,  to  endeavm- ;  besoger,  to  vis- 
it ;  for.ioger,  lo  try,  to  essay,  lo  experiment, 
to  tempt ;  ojisiigrr,  lo  seek  or  search  after  ; 
Sw.  .^e/.o,  to  seek,  to  sue,  to  court ;  soka 
en  lagligen,  to  sue  one  at  law  ;  bcsoka,  to 
visit  ;  fiirsiika,  to  try,  to  essay,  to  tenqit. 
These  words  ;dl  accord  ^^■ilh  L.  sequor, 
Ir.  seichitn,  to  follow  ;  I'or  to  seek  is  to  go 
alter,  and  the  primary  sense  is  to  advance, 
to  press,  to  drive  forwanl,  as  in  the  L. 
pelo.  See  Essay,  from  the  same  root, 
through  tlie  Italian  and  French.  Now  in 
S:\\.forsaean,for.i(eean,\s  to  forsake  ;  .^a- 
ean  is  to  strive,  contend,  whence  English 
sake,  and  sercan,  secan,  is  to  seek.  But  in 
Swedish, /Tirsnin,  to  forsake,  to  renounce, 
is  from  sak.  thing,  cause,  suit,  Sax.  sneer, 
I''nglisli  sake  ;  in  Danish,  forsagir,  to  re- 
nounce, is  from  siger,  to  s.iy  ;  sag,  a  thing, 
cause,  matter,  fii'it ;  sagd.  a  saying;  G. 
rersngen,  to  deny,  to  renrnitice,  from  sagen, 
to  say,  to  tell;  D.  verznakin,  to  deny,  to 
forsake,  to  revoke,  from  zaak,  thing,  cause. 


SEE 


SEE 


S  E  G 


Cr.  pop  to  seek,  to  strive.     Class 


46.  and  see  No.  30.  Ar.     The  English  verb 
see  seems  to  be  from  the  same  root.] 

1.  To  go  in  search  or  quest  of;  to  look  for ; 
to  search  for  by  going  from  place  to 
place. 

The  man  asked  him,  .«aying,  what  seekest, 
thou  .'  And  he  said,  I  seek  my  brethren.  Gen. 
xxxvu. 

2.  To  inquire  for;  to  ask  for;  to  solicit;  to 
endeavor  to  find  or  gain  by  any  means. 

The  young  lions  roar  after  their  prey,  anil 
seek  their  meat  from  God.     Ps.  civ. 

He  found  no  place  for  repentance,  though  he 
sought  it  carefully  with  tears.     Heh.  xii. 

Others  tempting  him,  sovght  of  him  a  sign. 
Luke  xi. 

3.  Seek  is  followed  sometimes  by  out  or  after. 
To  seek  out,  i)roperly  imjjlies  to  look  for  a 
specific  thing  among  a  number.  But  in 
general,  the  use  of  out  and  after  witli  seek, 
is  unnecessary  ami  inelegant. 

To  seek  God,  his  name,  or  his  face,  in  Scrip- 
ture, to  ask  for  bis  favor,  direction  and 
assistance.  Ps.  Ixiii.  Ixxxiii. 
God  seeks  men,  when  he  fixes  his  love  on 
them,  and  by  liis  word  and  Spirit,  and  the 
righteousness  of  Christ,  reclaims  and  re- 
covers them  from  their  miserable  condi- 
tion as  sinners.  Ezek.  xxxiv.  Ps.  cxix. 
Luke  XV. 

To  seek  after  the  life,  or  soul,  to  attempt  by 
arts    or  machinations;  or   to  attempt  to 
destroy  or  ruin.     Ps.  xxxv. 
To  seek  peace,  or  judgment,  to  endeavor  to 
promote  it  ;  or  to  practice  it.     Ps.  xxxiv. 
Is.  i. 
To  seek  an  altar,  temple,  or  habitation,  to  fre- 
quent it ;  to  resort  to  it  often.    2  Chron.  i. 
Amos  V. 
To  seek  out  God''s  ivorks,  to  endeavor  to  un- 
derstand them.     Ps.  cxi. 
SEEK,  t'.  i.  To  make  search  or  inquiry  ;  to 
endeavor  to  make  discovery. 

Seek  ye  out  of  the  book  of  the  Lord,  and 
read.     Is.  xxxiv. 
2.  To  endeavor. 

Ask  not  what  pains,  nor  further  seek  to  know 
Their  process,  or  the  forms  of  law  below. 

Dryden 
To  seek  after,  to  make  pursuit ;  to  attempt  to 

find  or  take.     [See  No.  3,  supra.] 
To  seek  for,  to  endeavor  to  find.         Knolles. 
To  seek    to,  to   apply   to ;  to   resort  to.     1 

Kings  X. 

To    seek,    at   a   loss  ;    without   knowledge, 
measures  or  experience. 

Unpractic'd,  unprepai'd  and  still  to  seek. 

Milton. 
[This  phrase,  I  believe,  is  wholly  obso- 
lete.] 
SEE'KER,  71.  One  that  seeks;  an  inquirer ; 

as  a  seeker  of  truth. 
2.  One  of  a  sect  that  profess  no  determinate 
religion.  Johnson. 

SEE'K-SORROW,  n.  [seek  and  sorrow.] 
One  that  contrives  to  give  himself  vexa- 
tion. [Litlle  used.]  Sidney. 
SEEL,  V.  t.  [Fr.  sceller,  to  seal.]  To  close 
the  eyes  ;  a  term  of  falconry,  from  the 
practice  of  closing  the  eyes  of  a  wild 
hawk.  Bacon. 


and  zeggen  is  to  say  or  tell,  which  is  tbehSEEL,  v.i.  [Sax.  .lylan,  to  give.    See  Sell.] 
Sax.  secean,  to  say.  These  close  affinitiesji     To  loan  ;  to  incline  to  one  side.     Ohs. 
prove  that  seek,  essay,  say,  and  L.  scquor,.\  Bacon. 

are  all  from  one   radix,  coinciding   withSEEL,  }       The  rolling  or  agitation  of 

Ss.  No.liSEE'LING,  ^    '  a  ship  in  a  storm.     Obs. 

Ainsworth . 
SEEL,  n.    [Sax.  sa^l.]  Time  ;  opportunity  ; 
season.     Ohs.  Roy- 

SEE'LILY,  adv.  In  a  silly  manner.    Ohs. 
SEE'LY,  a.  [from  see/.]  Lucky;  fortunate. 
Obs.  Spenser. 

2.  Silly  ;  foolish  ;  simple.     Obs.  [See  Silly.] 

Tusser. 
SEEM,  V.  i.  [G.  :(emen,to  become,  to  he  fit 
or  suitable ;  geziemen,  to  become,  to  be- 
seem, to  be  meet,  decent,  seemly.  In  1). 
zweemen  is  to  be  like,  to  resemble,  and  taa- 
men  is  to  fit  or  suit,  to  become.  In  Dan. 
sOm  is  a  seam,  and  sommer,  signifies  to  hem, 
and  also  to  become,  to  beseem,  to  be  suita 
ble,  decent  or  seemly.  This  is  certainly 
the  G.  zitmen ;  hence  we  see  that  seam 
and  seem  are  radically  the  same  word  ;  It. 
sembrare,  to  seem  ;  sembiante,  like,  similar, 
resembling  ;  rassembrare,  to  resemble  ;  Sp. 
semejar,  to  be  like ;  Fr.  sembler,  to  seem, 
to  appeaj'.  These  words  seem  to  be  of 
one  family,  having  for  tlieir  radical  sense, 
to  extend  to,  to  meet,  to  unite,  to  come  to- 
gether, or  to  press  together.  If  so,  the 
Dutch  taamen  leads  us  to  the  oriental 
roots,  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  riDT  damah,  to  be 

like;Eth.   iSK'^   adam,    to    please,    to 


suit  ;  Ar.   ^  i  i     adama,  to  add,  to  unite> 


to  agree,  to  suit,  to  conciliate,  to  confirm 
concord.  Class  Dm.  No.  5  and  7.  These 
verbs  are  radically  one,  and  in  these  we 
find  the  primary  sense  oi Adam;  likeness, 
or  form.] 

1.  To  appear  ;  to  make  or  have  a  show  or 
semblance. 

Thou  art  not  what  thou  seem'st.  Shak. 

All   seem'd    well    pleas'd ;   all  seem'd,  but 

were  not  all.  Milton 

2.  To  have  the  appearance  of  truth  or  fact 
to  be   understood   as  true.     It  seems  that 
the  Turkish  power  is  on  the  decline. 

A  prince  of  Italy,  it  seems,   entertained  his 
mistress  on  a  great  lake.  Mdison 

SEEM,  V.  t.  To  become  ;  to  befit.     Obs. 

Spenser. 
SEE'MER,  n.  One  that  carries  an  appear- 
ance or  semblance. 

Hence  we  shall  sec, 
If  pow*r  change  purpose,  what  our  seemers 
be.  Shak. 

SEE'MING,  ppr.    Appearing ;    having   the 
appearance  or  semblance,  whether  real  or 
not. 
2.  a.  Specious. 

SEE'MING,   71.   Appearance ;  show  ;  sem- 
blance. 

2.  Fair  appearance. 
These  keep 

Seeming  and  savor  all  the  winter  long. 

Shak. 

3.  Opinion  or  liking;  favorable  opinion. 

Nothing  more  clear  to  their  seeming. 

Hooker. 

His  persuasive  words  impregn'd 
With  reason  to  her  .scfHjix^''.     Obs.     Miltoti. 
SEE'MINGLY,    adv.    In   appearance  ;    in 
show  ;  in  semblance. 

This  the  father  seemingly  complied  with. 

Mdison. 


Tliey  depend  often  on  remote  and  seemingh/ 
dispioponioncd  causes.  Jitterbury. 

SEE'MiNGNESS,     n.     Fair   appearance  ; 
plausibility.  Dighy. 

SEE'MLESS,  a.  Unseemly;  unfit;  indeco- 
rous.    Ohs.  Spenser. 
SEE'MLINESS,  n.    [from  seemly.]    Come- 
liness ;  grace;  fitness;  propriety;  decen- 
cy ;  decorum. 

When  seemlitiess  combines  with  portliness. 

Camden. 
SEE'MLY,   a.    [G.  ziemlich;  B.taamelyk; 

Dan.  siimvielig.] 
Becoming ;  fit ;  suited  to   the  object,  occa- 
sion, purpose  or  character  ;  suitable. 

Suspense  of  judgment  and  exercise  of  chari- 
ty were  safer  and  .'ifemlier  for  christian  men, 
than  the  hot  pursuit  of  these  controversies. 

Hooker. 
Honor  is  not  seemly  for  a  fool.     Prov.  xxvi. 

SEE'MLY,    adv.    In  a  decent  or  suitab!« 
manner.  Pope. 

SEE'MLYHED,  ».  [See  Head  and  Hood.] 
Come!}'  or  decent  appearance.     Obs. 

Chaucer. 
SEEN,  pp.  wf  see.    Beheld  ;  observed  ;  un- 
derstood. 
'4.  a.  Versed  ;  skilled. 

Noble  Boyle,  not  less  in  nature  seeti —    Obs. 

Dryden. 

SEER,  ?!.  [from  see.]    One  who  sees  ;  as  a 

«ccc  of  visions.  Spectator. 

2.  A  prophet;  a  person  who  foresees  future 

events.     1  Sam.  ix. 
SEER-WOQD.    [See  Sear,  and  Sear-wood, 

dry  wood.] 
SEE'-SAW,  n.  [Qu.  saiv  and  saw,  or  sea  and 

saw.] 
A  vibratory  or  reciprocating  motion.    Pope. 
SEE'-SAW,  r.  i.    To  move  with  a  recipro- 
cating  motion ;  to   move   backward   and 
forward,  or  upward  and  downward. 

Arbuthnot. 
SEETHE,  V.  t.  pret.  seethed,  sod;  pp.  seeth- 
ed, sodden.  [Sax.  seathan,  seothan,  sythan  ; 
D.  zieden  ;  G.  siedcn  ;  Sw.  siuda;  Dan. 
syder  ;  Gr.  ftu,  contracted  from  iffSu , 
Heb.  nil  to  seethe,  to  boil,  to  swell,  to  be 
inflated.  Class  Sd.  No.  4.] 
To  boil ;  to  decoct  or  prepare  for  food  in 
hot  liquor  ;  as,  to  seethe  flesh. 

Thou  slialt  not  seethe  a  kid  in  its  mother's 
milk.     Ex.  xxiii. 
SEETHE,  I',  j".    To  be  in  a  state  of  ebulli- 
tion ;  to  be  hot.  Spenser. 
[This  word  is  rarely  used  in  the  common 
concerns  of  life.] 
SEE'THEi),  /)/).  Boiled;  decocted. 
SEE'TllER,  71.  A  boiler;  a  pot  for  boiling 
things.  Dryden. 
SEE'THING,  ppr.  Boiling;  decocting. 
SEG,  71.  Sedge.     [.Vo<  in  use.] 
SEG'HOL,  7!.   .\  Hebrew   vowel-point,  or 
short  vowel,  thus  •.•,  indicating  the  sound 
of  the  English  e,  in  mm.              M.  Stuart. 
SEG'IIOL.'VTE,  «.  Marked  with  aseghol. 
SEG'MENT,  71.    [Fr.  from    L.  segmentum, 
from  seco,  to  cut  off.     We   observe  liere 
the  Latin  lias  scg,  for  sec,  like  the  It.  se- 
Sn.  seirar.     and   like  the  Teutonic 


jiroperly,   a  piece 


gnre,   pp.  scgar, 
sageit,  zaagcn.  to  saw 
cut  off.] 

1.  In  griimetry,  tliat  part  of  the  circle  con- 
taiiieil  between  a  chord  and  an  arch  of 
that  circle,  or  so  much  of  the  circle  as  is 
cut  ofl' by  the  chord.  .Wewton. 


S  E  I 


S  E  I 


S  E  L 


2.  In  genera/,  a  part  cut  off  or  divided  ;  as 
tlie  segmenls  of  a  calyx. 

SEG'NITY,  n.  [from  L.  gegnis.]  Sluggish- 
ness ;  dullness  ;  inactivity.  (JVo<  used.] 

Did. 

SEG'REGATE,  v.  t.  [L.  segrego ;  ae,  from, 
and  grex,  flock.] 

To  separate  from  otiiers;  to  set  apart. 

Sherwood. 

SEG'REGATE,  a.  Select.    [Little  used.] 

H  oiton. 

Segregate  polygamy,  (Polygamia  segregata, 
Linne,)  a  mode  of  inflorescence,  when  sev- 
eral florets  comprehended  within  a  com- 
mon calyx,  are  furnished  also  with  their 
proper  perianths.  Martyn. 

SEGREGATED,  pp.  Separated ;  parted 
from  other.'i. 

SEGREGATING,  ppr.  Separating. 

SEGREGA'TION,  n.  [Fr.]  Separation 
from  others;  a  parting.  Shak. 

SEIGNEURIAL,  a.  semi'rial.  [Fr.  See 
Seignior.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  lord  of  a  manor  ;  man- 
orial. 

2.  Vested  with  large  powers ;  independent. 

Temple. 

SEIGNIOR,  n.  sec'nyor.  {Pr.  seigneur ;  It 
signore  ;  Sp.  senor  ;  Port,  senhor  ;  f iom  L. 
senior,  elder  ;  senei,  old,  Ir.  scan.] 

A  lord  ;  the  lord  of  a  manor ;  but  used  also 
in  the  south  of  Europe  as  a  title  of  honor 
The  sultan  of  Turkey  is  called  the  Grand 
Seignior. 

SEIGNIORAGE,  n.    see'nijorage.    A  roya 
right  or  prerogative  of  the  king  of  Eng- 
land, hy  which  he  claims  an  allowance  of 
gold  and  silver  brought  in  the  mass  to  be 
exchanged  for  coin.  Encyc 

SEIGNIO'RIAL,  the  same  as  seigneurial. 

SEIGNIORIZK,  V.  t.  see'nyorize^ To  lord  it 
over.    [Little  used.]  Halifax. 

SEIGNIORY,  n.  see'nyory.  \Fr.  seigneurie.' 

1.  A  lordship ;  a  manor.  Davits.  Encyc. 

2.  The  power  or  authority  of  a  lord  ;  domin- 
ion. 

O'Neal  never  had  any  seignory  over  that 
country,  but  what  he  got  by  encroachment  upon 
the  English.  Spenser 

SEIN,  n.  [Sax.  segue  ;  Fr.  seine ;  Arm. 
seigne  ;  L.  sngena  ;  Gr.  eayr;vr;.] 

A  large  net  for  catching  fi.sh.  The  seins  used 
for  taking  shaii  in  the  Connei'ticut,  some 
times  sweep  nearly  the  whole  breadth  of 
the  river. 

SE'INER,  n.  A  fisher  with  a  sein  or  net. 
[JVot  much  iised.]  Careiv. 

SE'ITY,  n.  [L.  sc,  one's  self]  Something 
peculiar  to  a  man's  self.  [.Yot  ifetl  author- 
ized.] Taller. 

SE'IZABLE,  a.  That  may  be  seized  ;  liable 
to  be  taken. 

SEIZE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  saisir ;  Arm.  stsiza  or 
sesya  :  probably  allied  to  assess,  and  to  sit, 
set.  The  sense  is  to  fall  on,  to  throw  one's 
self  on,  which  is  nearly  the  primary  sense 
of  set.  It  must  be  noticed  that  this  word, 
in  writers  on  law,  is  usu.illy  written  seise; 
as  also  in  composition,  disseise,  disseisin, 
redisseise.  But  exi-ept  in  law,  it  is  usually 
or  always  written  seize.  It  is  desirable 
that  the  orthography  should  be  uniform.] 

1.  To  fall  or  rush  upon  suddenly  aud  lay 
hold  on  ;  or  to  gripe  or  grasp  suddenly. 
The  tiger  rushes  fiom  the  thicket  and 
seizes  his  prey.     A  dog  seizes  an  atiimal  by 

Vol.  II. 


the  throat.     The  liawk  seizes  a  chicken 
with  his  claws.     The  officer  seizes  a  thief  ^ 

2.  To  take  possession  by  force,  wither  with- 
out right. 

At  last  they  seize 
The  scepter,  and  regard  not  David's  son. 

Milton. 

3.  To  invade  suddenly ;  to  take  hold  of;  to: 
come  upon  sudderdy  ;  as,  a  fever  seizes 
the  patient.  | 

And  hope  and  doul>t  alternate  seize  her  soul. 

Pope. 

4.  To  take  possession  by  virtue  of  a  warrant 
or  legal  authority.  The  sherif  seized  the 
debtor's  goods  ;  the  whole  estate  was 
seized  and  confiscated.  We  say,  to  arresti 
a  person,  to  seize  goods. 

5.  To  fasten  ;  to  fix.  In  seaman's langu(^e,\ 
to  fasten  two  ropes  or  different  parts  of 
one  rope  together  with  a  cord. 

Mar.  Diet. 

To  be  seized  of,  to  have  possession  ;  as  ai 
griffm  seized  of  his  prey.  A  B  was  seized 
and  jHissessed  of  the  manor  of  Dale- 

Spctiser. 

To  seize  on  or  upon,  is  to  fall  on  and  grasp ;' 
to  take  hold  on  ;  to  take  possession.  Matt, 
xxi. 

SEIZED,  pp.  Suddenly  caught  or  grasped; 
taken  by  force  :  invaded  suddenly  ;  taken 
possession  of;  fastened  with  a  cord  ;  hav- 
ing po.sscssion. 

SE'IZER,  11.  One  that  seizes 

SE'IZIN,  n.  [Fr.  saisine.]  In  law,  posses- 
sion. Seizin  is  of  two  sorts,  seizin  in  deed 
or/at/,  and  seizin  in /air.  Seizin  inyoc(ori 
deed,  is  actual  or  corporal  possession  ;  sei-! 
zin  in  law,  is  when  something  is  done 
which  the  law  accounts  possession  or  sei-; 

I  zin,  as  enrollment,  or  when  lands  descend 
to  an  heir,  but  he  has  not  yet  entered  on' 

:  them.  In  this  case,  the  law  considers  the 
heir  as  seized  of  ilie  estate,  and  the  person! 

!     who  wrongfully  enters  on  the  land  is  ac- 

1     counted  a  disseizor.  Coivel.     Enci/e. 

2.  The  act  of  taking  possession.  [J\'ot  used 
except  in  law.] 

|.S.  The  thing  possessed  ;  possession.      Hale. 

Livery  of  seizin.     [See  Lirery.] 

Primer  seizin.     [See  Primer.] 

SE'IZING,  ppr.    Falling   on  and  grasping 
suddeidy  :  laying  hold  on  suddenly  ;  tak- 
ing  possession     by    force, 
warniiit  ;  fastening. 

SE'IZING,  ji.  The  act  of  taking  or  grasp 
iug  suddenly. 

2.  In   scamen^s  language,  the  operation   of 


Let  there  be  no  sudden  seizure  of  a  lapseii 
syllable,  to  play  upon  it.  Watts. 

SE'JANT,  a.  In  heraldry,  sitting,  like  a  cat 
with  the  fore  feet  straight  ;  applied  to  a 
lion  or  other  beast.  Encyc. 

SEJU'GOUS,  a.  [L.  sejugis  ;  sex,  six,  and 
jugum,  yoke.] 

In  botany,  a  sejugous  leaf  is  a  pinnate  leaf 
having  six  pairs  of  leaflets.  Martyn. 

SEJUNC'TION,  Ji.  [L.  sejunctio  ;  ae,  from, 
andjinig-o,  to  join.] 

The  act  of  disjoining  ;  a  disuniting  ;  sepa- 
ration.    [Little  used.)  Pearson. 

SEJUNC'IBLE,  a.  [supra.]  That  may  be 
disjoined.     [Little  used.]  Pearson. 

SEKE,  for  sick,  obsolete.     [See  Sick.] 

Chaucer. 

SEL'COUTII,  a.  [Sax.  ael,  seld,  rare,  aud 
couth,  known.] 

Rarely  known  ;  unusual ;  uncommon.    Obs. 

Spenser. 

SEL'DOM,  adv.  [Sax.  aelden,  seldon  ;  D. 
zelden ;  G.  sdten  ;  Dan.  selsom,  aeidsom  ; 
Sw.  shllan,  siUlsam.  In  Danish,  selskab, 
[set  and  shape,]  is  a  i-ompany,  fellowship, 
or  club.  Sei  probably  signifies  separate, 
distinct,  coinciding  with  L.  solus.]  Rare- 
ly ;  not  often  ;  not  frequently. 

Wisdom  and  youth  are  seldom  joined  in  one- 

UiHilier. 

SEL'DOM,    a.    Rare ;  unfrequent. 

used.] 
SEL'DOMNESS,    n.     Rareness; 

nionness  ;  infrequencv. 

SELD't^HOVVN,  a.  [Six.  seld  and 
Rarely  shown  or  exhibited.     [.V'o/ 

Shak 

SELE€T',  I',  t.  [L.  selectus,  from  setigo  ;  se, 
from,  and  lego,  to  pick,  cidl  or  gather.] 

To  choose  and  take  from  a  nundier;  to  take 
by  preference  from  among  others;  to  pick 
out  ;  to  cull ;  as,  to  select  the  best  antliors 
for  perusal ;  to  select  the  most  Interesting 
and  virtuous  men  for  associates. 

SELECT',  u.  Nicely  chosen  ;  taken  from  a 
nutnber  by  preference  ;  choice  :  whence, 
preferable  ;  more  valuable  or  excellent 
than  others;  as  a  body  of  select  troops  ;  a 
select  company  or  society  ;  a  hbrary  con- 
sisting of  select  authors. 

SELECTED,    pp.   Chosen   and  taken  by 
preference  from  among  a  number ;  pick- 
or    taking   by  I     ed  :  culled. 

SELE€T'EDLY,  adv.  With  care  in  selec- 
tion. Haywood. 

SELECT'ING,  ppr.  Choosing  and  taking 
from  a  number  ;  picking  out ;  culling 


[Little 
Milton. 
uncom- 
Huoker. 
shown.] 
'  in  use.] 


fastening  together  ropes  with  a  cord;  al-- SELECTION,  n.  [h.  selectio.]    The  act  of 


so,  the  cord  or  cords  used  for 
ing. 


ucli  fasten 
Mar.  Dict.\ 

SE'iZOR,  ?i.  One  who  seizes.        H'heitton.' 

SE'IZITRE,    )i.   The   act  of  seizing  ;    the 

act    of  laying  hold   on  suddenly ;  as  the 

seizure  of  a  thief 


choosing  and  taking  from  among  a  num- 
ber ;  a  taking  from  a  number  by  prefer- 
ence. 

.  A  number  of  things  selected  or  taken 
from  (itliers  hy  pretiprence.  I  have  a  small 
but  valuuble  selection  of  books. 


2.  The  net  of  taking  possession  by  force;  as 'SELE€T'IVE,    a.    Selecting;    tending   to 
the  .«fi:i()T  of  hinds  or  goods  :"tlie  seiiKrc'i     select.     [Unusual.]  FUmiiig. 

of  a  town  by  an  enemy  ;  tbeseitureofajSELECT'MAN,    n.    [select   and   man.]    lu 


throne  hy  an  usurper.  1 

3.  The  act  of  tiiking  by  warrant  :  as   the 
siiziire  of  coiitiab.ind  goods. 

4.  The  thing  taken  or  seized.  Milton. 

5.  Gripe;  grasp;  possession. 

And  give  me  seizure  of  the  mighty  wealth. 

Diydm. 
C.  Catch  ;  a  catching. 

67 


JVerc  England,  a  town  oflicer  chosen  an- 
nually to  manage  the  concerns  of  the 
town,  provide  for  the  poor,  &c.  Their 
nuuiher  is  usually  from  three  to  seven  in 
each  town,  and  these  constitute  a  kind  of 
executive  autlioritv. 

SELECT'NESS.  n.'  The  state  of  being  se- 

I    lect  or  well  chosen. 


S  E  L 


,S  E  L 


S  E  L 


SELECT'OR,  n.  [L.]  One  that  selects  or 

clidoses  from  among  a  number. 
SfXE'NIATE,  n.  A  compound  of  selenic 

ariil  will)  a  base. 
SELEN'Je,  a.  Pertaining  to  selenium,  or 

e.xtracted  from  it :  as  selenic  acid. 
SEL'ENITE,  n.  [Gr.  aiXrjvtrrif,  from  at\ririi, 
the  moon  ;  so  called  on  account  of  its  re- 
flecting the  moon's  light  with  brilliancy.] 
Foliated  or  crystalized  sulphate  of  lime 
Selenite  is  a  subspecies  of  sulphate  of  lime 
of  two  varieties,  massive  and  acicular. 

Cleaveland.  Kirwan.  J\Picholson 
SELENIT'Ie,  I  Pertaining  to  selen- 
SELENIT'IeAL,  ^""  ite;  resembling  it,  or 

partaking  of  its  nature  and  properties. 
SELE'NIUM,  n.  [supra.]  A  new  elementa- 
ry body  or  substance,  extracted  from  the 
pyrite  of  Fahlun  in  Sweden.  It  is  of  a 
giay  dark  brown  color,  with  a  brilliant 
metallic  luster,  and  slightly  translucent. 
It  is  doubted  whether  it  ought  to  be  cla.«s- 
ed  with  the  metals.  Phillips.     Ure. 

SELENIU'RET,  /       A   newly    discovered 
SELENU'RET,    I  "'  mineral,  of  a  shining 
lead  gray  color,  with  a  granular  texture. 
It  is  composed  chiefly  of  seleniunj,  silver 
and  copper.  Cleaveland.     Phillips. 

SELENOGRAPH'IC,        f        [infra.]    Be- 
SELENOGRAPll'ICAL,  S  "'    longing     to 

selenography. 
SELENOG'RAPHY,    n.    [Gr.   artijuj,    the 

moon,  and  ypa^u,  to  describe.] 
.\  description  of  the  moon  and  its  phenom- 
ena ;  a  branch  of  cosmography.  Encyc. 
SELF,  a.  or  pron.  plu.  stives ;  used  chiefly 
in  composition.  [Sax.  self,  sylf;  Goth,  sil- 
ha  ;  Sw.  sielf;  Dan.  selv  :  G.  selbsl ;  D. 
zelf.  I  know  not  the  primary  sense  of 
this  word;  most  probably  it  is  to  set  or 
unite,  or  to  separate  from  others.  See 
Selvedge.] 

I.  In  old  authors,  this  word  sometimes  sig- 
nifies particular,  very,  or  same.  "  And  on 
iham  sylfan  geare  ;"  in  that  same  year, 
I  hat  very  year.  Sax.  Chron.  A.  D.  1053, 
I06I. 

Shoot  another  arrow  that  self  way.         Shak 
On  these  sf// hills.  Raleigh 

At  that  «f(/'niomeut  enters  Palamon. 

Dryden 
In  this  sense,  self  is  an  adjective,  and  is 
now  obsolete,  except  when  followed  by 
.■iiime ;  as  on  the  selfsame  day  ;  the  self-\ 
same  hour;  the  selfsame  thing;  which  is 
(autology.  Matt.viii. 
'-'.  In  present  usage,  self  is  united  to  certain' 
personal  pronouns  and  pronominal  adjec- 
tives, to  express  emphasis  or  distinction  ; 
also  when  the  pronoun  is  used  reciprocal- 
ly. Thus  for  emplia.sis,  I  myself  will, 
write  ;  I  will  examine  for  myself.  Thou 
thyself  s\rAt  go  ;  thou  shalt  see  for  thyself.l 
You  i/oursf//" shall  write  ;  you  shall  see  for 
yourself.  He  himself  aUwW  write  ;  he  shall 
examine  for  himself.  She  herself  shall 
write  ;  she  shall  examine  for  herself.  The 
child  itself  shall  be  carried  ;  it  shall  be 
present  itself. 

Reciprocally,  I  abhor  myself;  thou  en- 
lichest  thyself;  he  loves  himself;  she  ad- 
mires herself;  it  pleases  itself;  we  value 
ourselves  ;  ye  hurry  yourselves  ;  they  see 
themselves.  I  did  not  hurt  him,  he  hurt 
himself;  he  did  not  liurt  me,  I  hurt  my- 

Mlf 


[self  and   accuse 
as   a  self  accusing 
Sidney, 
[self  and   artivity.] 


Except  when  added  to  pronouns  used 
reciprocally,  self  serves  to  give  emphasis 
to  the  pronoun,  or  to  render  the  distinc- 
tion expressed  by  it  more  emphatical.  "  / 
myself  \v\\\  decide,"  not  only  expresses  uiy 
determination  to  decide,  but  the  deter- 
mination that  no  other  shall  decide. 

Himself,  herself,  themselves,  are  used  in 
the  nominative  case,  as  well  as  in  the  ob- 
jective. 

Jesus  Atmse//"  baptized  not,  but  his  disciples. 
John  iv.     See  Matt,  xxiii.  4 

3.  Self  is  sometimes  used  as  a  noun,  noting 
the  individual  subject  to  his  own  conteni- 
])lation  or  action,  or  noting  identity  of  per- 
son. Consciousness  makes  every  one  to 
be  what  he  calls  self. 

A  man's  selfmsiy  be  the  worst  fellow  to  con- 
verse with  in  the  world.  Pope. 

4.  It  also  signifies  personal  interest,  or  love 
of  private  interest;  selfishness. 

The  fondness  we  have  for  se^^— furnishes  an- 
other long  rank  of  prejudices.  Watts. 
Self  is  mui-h  used  in  composition. 
SELF-ABA'SED,  a.  [self  ant\  abase.]  Hum- 
bled by  conscious  guilt  or  shame. 
SELF-ABA'SEMENT,    n.    Humiliation  or 
abasement  proceeding  from  consciousness 
of  inferioritv,  cuilt  or  shame.            Milner. 
SELF-ABA'SING,    a.     Hnnd.ling   by    the 

consciousness  of  guilt  or  by  shame. 
SELF-ABU'SE,  »i.   [self  and   ethuse.]    The 
abuse  of  one's  own  person  or  powers. 

ShaK 
SELF-A€€U'SING,   a. 
Accusing   one's  self; 
lock. 
SELF-ACTIVITY,   n. 

Self-motion,  or  the  power  of  moving  one 

self  without  foreigir  aid.  Bentley. 

SELF-ADMIRA'TION,    n.    Admiration  of 

one's  self  Scott, 

SELF-ADMI'RING,  a.  Admiring  one's  self 

Scott. 
SELF-AFFA'IRS,  n.  plu.  [seZ/and  a/ajV.] 
One's  own  private  business.  Shak, 

SELF-AFFRIGHTED,     a,    [self  and  n/- 
fright.]     Frightened  at  one's  self      Shak. 
SELF-APPLAUSE,  n.   self-applau-J .     Ap- 
plause of  one's  self. 
SELF-APPROVING,  a.    That  approves  of 

one's  own  conduct.  Popi 

SELF-ASSU'MED,    a.    Assumed   by  one's 
own  act  or  without  authority.         Mitford. 
jSELF-BAN'ISHED,  a.    [self  and   banish.' 
I     Exiled  vohmtarilv. 
SELF-BEGOT'TEN,    a.    [self  and   beget.] 

Begotten  by  one's  own  powers. 
SELF' -BORN,  a.  [selfiuul  born.]    Born    or 

produced  by  one's  self. 
SELF-t"EN'TERED,    a.    [self  and  center.] 
Centered  in  itself 

The  eatih  self-ccnier'd  Anii  unmov'd. 

Dryden 

SELF-CHAR'ITY,   n.    [self  and    chanty.] 

Love  of  one's  self.  Shak, 

SELF-€OMMlI'NI€ATIVE,   a,    [self  and 

communicative,] 
Imparted  or  communicated  by  its  own  pow- 
ers. J\rorris. 
SELF-€ONCE'IT,  n.  [self  and  conceit.]  A 

high  opinioti  of  one's  self;  vanity. 
[SELF-CONCEITED,    a.    Vain  ;  having  a 
high  or  overweening  opinion  of  one's  own 
person  or  merits.  VEstrangc. 


SELF-CONCE'ITEDNESS,  n.  Vanity  ;  an 
overweening  opinion  of  one's  own  person 
or  accomplishments.  Locke. 

SELF-CON'FIDENCE,  n.  [self  and  corifi- 
dence.] 

Confiilence  in  one's  own  judgment  or  abili- 
ty ;  reliance  on  one's  own  opinion  or  pow- 
ers, without  other  aid. 

SELF-CONFIDENT,  a.  Confideiit  of  one's 
own  strength  or  powers ;  relying  on  the 
correctness  of  one'sown  judgment,  or  the 
competence  of  one's  own  powers,  without 
other  aid. 

SELF-CONFIDING,  a.  Confiding  in  one'.'? 
own  judgment  or  powers,  without  the  aid 
of  others.  Pope. 

SELF-CON'SCIOUS,  a.  [self  and  con- 
scious.]    Conscious  in  one's  self.     Dryden. 

SELF-CON'SCIOUSNESS,  n.  Conscious- 
ness within  one's  self  Locke 

SELF-CONSIDERING,  a.  [self  &uA  con- 
sider. ] 

Considering  in  one's  own  mind  ;  delibera 
ting.  Pope. 

SELF-CONSUMING,  a.  [self  and  con- 
sume.]    That  consumes  itself  Pope. 

SELF-CONTRADICTION,  n.  [self  and 
contradiction.] 

The  act  of  contradicting  itself;  repugnancy 
in  terms.  To  be  and  not  to  lie  at  the 
same  time,  is  a  self-contradiction  ;  a  prop- 
osition consisting  of  two  members,  one  of 
which  contradicts  the  other. 

SELF-CONTRADICTORY,  a.  Contra- 
dicting itself.  Spectator. 

SELF-CON  VICT'ED,  a.  [self  aru\  convict.] 
Convicted  by  one's  own  consciousness, 
knowledge  or  avowal. 

SELF-CONVIC'TION,  n.  Conviction  pro- 
ceeding from  one's  own  consciousness, 
knowledge  or  confession.  Swift. 

SELF-CREA'TED,  a.  Created  by  one's 
self;  not  formed  or  constituted  by  anoth- 
er. Milner. 

SELF-DECE'IT,  n.  [self  and  deceit.]  De- 
ception respecting  one's  self,  or  that  origi- 
nates from  one's  own  mistake  ;  self-de- 
ception. Spectator. 

SELF-DECE'IVED,  a.  [self  and  deceive.] 
Deceived  or  misled  respecting  one's  self 
by  one's  own  mistake  or  error. 

SELF-DECEIVING,  a.  Deceiving  one's 
self 

SELF-DECEP'TION,  n.  [supra.]  Decep- 
tion concerning  one's  self,  proceeding 
from  one's  own  mistake. 

SELF-DEFENSE,  Ji.  self- dcf ens' .  [self  and 
defense.] 

The  act  of  defending  one's  own  person, 
property  or  repul.ilion.  .\  man  juay  be 
justifiable  in  UilliMg  another  in  self-defense. 

SELF-DELUSION,  n.  [self  and  delusion.] 
The  delusion  of  one's  self,  or  respecting 
one's  self  South. 

SELF-DENI'AL,  n.  [self  and  denial]  The 
denial  of  one's  sell ;  the  forbearing  to 
gratify  one'sown  appetites  or  desires. 

South. 

SELF-DENY'ING,  a.  Denying  one's  self; 
a  forbearing  to  indulge  one's  own  appe- 
tites or  desires. 

SELF-DEPENDENT,  )       Depending  on 

SELF-DEPENDING,  l"'  one's  self 

Scott. 

SELF-DESTRUC'TION,  n.    [self  and  de 

I     struction.] 


S  E  L 

The  destruction  of  one's  self;  voluntary  de-j 
strurtioii. 

SELF-DESTRUCTIVE,  a.  Tendit)g  toj 
the  destruction  of  one's  self.  i 

SELF-DETERMINATION,  n.  [self  and 
determination.] 

Determination  by  one's  own  mind  ;  or  deter- 
mination by  its  own  powers,  without  ex- 
traneous impulse  or  inlluence. 

SELF-DETERMINING,  a.  Determinnig 
by  or  of  itself;  determining  or  decidmg 
without  extraneous  power  or  influenre  ; 
an  the  self  determining  power  o)    the  wdl. 

SELF-DEVO'TED,  a.  [self  and  devote.] 
Devoted  in  person,  or  voluntarily  devo- 
ted in  person. 

SELF-DEVO'TE.MENT,  n.  The  devotuig 
of  one's  person  and  services  voluntarily  to 
any  difficult  or  hazardous  enii)loyinent. 
Memoirs  of  Buchanan 

SELF-DEVOUR'ING,  a.  [se//and  devour. 
Devouring  one's  self  or  itself.        Denham 

SELF-DIFFU'SIVE,  a.  [self  arn\  diffusive.] 
Having  power  to  diffuse  itself;  tliat  diflu- 
ses  itself  A'bmi 

SELF-ENJOY'MENT,  n.  [self  and  enjoy 
ment.]     Internal  satisfaction  or  pleasure. 

SELF-ESTEE'M,  n.  [self  mul  esteem.]  The 
esteem  or  good  opinion  of  one's  self. 

Milton 

SELF-ESTIMA'TION,  n.  The  esteein  or 
gond  opinion  of  one's  self.  Milnet 

SELF-EVIDENCE,  n.  [self  ami  evidence. ^ 
Evidence  or  certainty  resulting  from  a 
proposition  without  proof;  evidence  that 
ideas  offer  to  the  mind  upon  bare  state- 
ment. Locke. 
SELF-EVIDENT,  a.  Evident  without 
proof  or  reasoning;  that  produces  cer- 
tainty or  clear  conviction  upon  a  bare  pre- 
sentation to  the  mind  :  as  a  self-evident 
proposition  or  truth.  That  two  and  three 
make  five,  is  self-evident. 
SELF-EV  IDEINITLY,   adv.    By   means  of 

self-evidence. 

SELF-EX.\LTA'TION,  n.  The  exaltation 

of  one's  self.  Scott. 

SELF-EXAl.T'ING,  a.  Exalting  one's  self 

SELF-EXAMINA'TION,  n.  [self  and  c.r 

aminntion.] 
An  examination  or  scrutiny  into  one's  own 
state,  conduct  and  motives,  particularly  in 
regard  to  religious  affections  and  duties. 

South. 

SELF-EX€U'SING,  o.  Excusing  one's  self 

Scott. 
SELF-EXIST'ENCE,  n.  [self  and  exist- 
ence.] 
Inherent  existence  ;  the  existence  possessed 
by  virtue  of  a  being's  own  nature,  and  in- 
dependent of  any  other  being  or  cause  ; 
an  attribute  peculiar  to  God. 

Blackmore 

SELF-EXIST'ENT,  a.  Existing  by  its  owi 
nature  or  essence,  independent  of  any  oth- 
er cause.  God  is  the  only  self-eiistent  be- 
ing. 

SELF-FLAT  TERING,  a.  [self  anA flatter.] 
Flattering  one's  self. 

SELF-FLAT'TERY,  n.  Flattery  of  one's 
self. 

SELF-GLORIOUS,  a.  [self  i\n({  glorious.] 
Sprint'ing  from  vain  glory  or  vanity ;  vain  : 
boastful.  Dryden. 


S  E  L 


SELF-H'ARMING,  a.  [«?/and  harm.]  In- 

iurinj;  or  hurting  one's  self  or  itself. 

•*  Sharp. 

SELF'-IIEAL,  n.  [self  ani\  heal.]    A   plant 

of  the  genus  Sumcula,  and  another  of  the 

genus  Prunella.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

SELF-HE'ALING,o.  Having  the  power  or 

property  of  healing  itself   The  self-healing 

power  of  living  animals  and  vegetables  is 

a  property  as  wonderful  as  it  is  indicative 

of  ilivine  goodiii^ss. 

SELF-IIOM'ICIDE,  n.  [self  and  homicide.] 

Tlie  killing  of  one's  self  Hakewill. 

SELF-I'DOLIZED,  a.  Idolized  by  one's  self. 

Cowper. 
SELF-IMP'ARTING,  a.   [self  an<\  impart.] 
'mparting  by  its  own  powers  and  will. 

J'iA>rris. 
SELF-IMPOS'TURE,  n.  [self  and  impos- 
ture.] 
Imposture  practiced  on  one's  self.         South. 
IsELF-IN'TEREST,  n.   [self  and  interest.] 
Private  interest ;  the  interest  or  advantage 
of  one's  self. 
SELF-IN'TERESTED,    a.     Having   self- 
interest;  particularly  concerned  for  one's 
.self 
SELF-JUS'TIFIER,  n.  One  who  excuses 
or  justifies  himself.  J-  M.  Mason 

SELF-KIN'DLED,n.  [self  and  kindle.]  Kin- 
dled of  itself,  or  without  extraneous  aid  or 
power.  Dryden 

SELF-KNOWING,  a.  [self  and  know.] 
Knowing  of  itself,  or  without  communi- 
cation from  another. 
SELF-KNOWLEDGE,  n.  The  knowledge 
of  one's  own  real  character,  abilities, 
worth  or  demerit. 
SELF-LOVE,  n.  [self  and  love.]  The  love  of 
one's  own  person  or  happiness. 

Self-love,  the  spring  of  motion,  acts  the  soul. 

Pope. 
SELF-LOVING,  a.  Loving  one's  self 

tValton.^ 
SELF'-METAL,  n.   [self  and  metal.]     Thej: 
same  metal.  | 

SELF-MO'TION,  n.  [se7/and  motion.]  Mo- 
tion given    liy  inherent   powers,  without 
external  impulse;  ;  spontaneous  motion.     I 
Matter  is  not  endued  with  setf-mnlkm. 

Cheyne. 

SELF-MOVED,  a.  [self  and  more.]  Moved 
by  inherent  power  without  the  aid  of  ex- 
ternal impulse.  Pope. 

SELF-MOVING,  a.  Moving  or  exciting  to 
action  by  inherent  power,  without  the  im- 
pulse of  another  body  or  extraneous  in- 
fluence. Pope. 

SELF-MUR'DER,!i.  [sf//and  murrfer.]  The 
murder  of  one's  self;  suicide.       v   ^• 

SELF  MURDERER,  n.  One  who  vblun-j 
tariiy  destroys  his  own  life.  "^ 

SELF-NEGLECT'ING,  n.  [self  and  neg-' 
lect.]     A  neglecting  of  one's  self 

Self-love  is  not  30  great  a  sin  as  self-neglect- 
in<r.  Shak. 

SELF-OPIN'ION,  71.  [self  and  opinion.] 
One's  own  opinion.  Collier.     Prior. 

SELF-OPIN'IONED,  a.  Valuing  one's  ownj 
opinion  hiifhiy.  ] 

SELF-PARTIAL' ITY,  n.  [sef/'and  paHial- 
ity.]  I 

That  partiality  by  which  a  nijin  overrates 


8  E  L 

I    his  own  worth  when  compared  with  oth' 
ers.  Kames. 

'SELF-PLE'ASING,  a.  [self  and  please.] 
I  Pleasing  one's  self;  gratifying  one's  own 
I     wishes.  Bacon. 

SELF-PRAISE,  n.   [self  and  praise.]  The 

praise  of  one's  self;  self-ajjplause. 
I  Broome. 

SELF-PREFERENCE,  n.  [«e//and  prefer- 
ence.]    The   preference    of  one's   self  to 
others. 
SELF-PRESERVA'TION,    n.     [self  and 
1     preservation.) 

The    preservation  of  one's   self   from  de- 
I     struction  or  injury.  Milton. 

SELF-REPEL'LENCY,  n.  [self  and  repel- 
t     lency.] 

The  iidierent  power  of  repulsion  in  a  body. 

Black. 
SELF-REPEL'LING,  a.   [.^elf  and  repel.] 

Repelling  by  its  own  inherent  power. 
SELF-REPR6VED,   a.   [self  and  renrore.] 
Reproved  by  consciousness  or  one  s  own 
sense  of  guilt. 
SELF-REPROVING,  a.  Reproving  by  con- 
sciousness. 
SELF-REPR6VING,  n.  The  act  of  reprov- 
ing bv  a  conscious  sense  of  guilt.       Shak. 
SELF-RESTRAINED,    a.    [self  and    re- 
strain.] 
Restrained  by  itself,  or  by  one's  own  power 
or  will ;  not  controlled  by  external  force 
or  authority.  Dryden. 

SELF-RESTRAINING,  a.  Restraiinng  or 

controlling  itself. 
SELF'-SAME,  a.  [self  and  same.]   Numeri- 
cally the  same;  the  very  same  ;  identical. 

Scripture. 
SELF'-SEEKING,  a.  [self  and  seek.]  Seek- 
ing one's  own  interest  or  happiness  ;  self- 
isli.  Arhuthnot. 

SELF-SLAUGHTER,  n.  self-slau'ter.  [self 

and  slaughter.] 
The  slaughter  of  one's  self  Shak. 

;SELF-SUBDU'ED,    a.    [self  and   subdue.] 
Subdued  by  one's  own  power  or  means. 

Shak. 
SELF-SUBVERS'IVE,  a.  Overturning  or 
subverting  itself.  J.  P.  Smith. 

SELF-SUFFI"CIENCY,  n.  [self  and  suffi- 
ciency.] 
An    overweening    opinion    of   one's    own 
strength   or  worth  ;  excessive  confidence 
in  one's  own  competence  or  sufliciency. 

Dryden. 
SELF-SUFFI  "CIENT,  a.  Having  full  con- 
fidence in  one's  own  strength,  abilities  or 
endowments  ;    whence,   haughty  ;    over- 
bearing. H'atts. 
SELF-TORMENT'ER,    n.  One  who  tor- 
j     ments  himself 

SELF-TORMENTING,  a.    [self  and   tor- 
ment.] 
Tormenting  one's  self;  asse(/'-(onKen/tng'sin. 
'  Crashitw. 

SELF-VAL'UING,  a.  Esteeming  one's  self. 

Parnell. 
SELF-WILL',  n.  [self  aad  tmU.]  One's  own 

will  ;  olistinacy. 
SELF-WILL  ED,  a.  Governed  by  one's 
own  will ;  not  yielding  to  the  will  or  wish- 
es of  others  ;  not  accommodating  or  com- 
pliant :  obstinate. 
iSKLF-WRONG',  n.  [self  and  wrong.] 
Wrong  done  by  a  person  to  himself 

Shak 


S  E  L 


8  E  M 


S  E  M 


SELF'ISH,  a.  Regarding  one's  own  inter- 
est cliiefly  or  solely  ;  influenced  in  ar-tions 
by  a  view  to  private  advantage.     Spectator.', 

SELF'ISHLY,  adv.  In  a  selfish  manner ;' 
with  regard  to  private  interest  only  or, 
chiefly.  Popc.\ 

SELF'ISHNESS,  n.  The  exclusive  regard} 
of  a  person  to  his  own  interest  or  happi- 
ness ;  or  that  supreme  self-love  or  self- 
preference,  which  leads  a  person  in  his 
actions  to  direct  his  purposes  to  the  ad- 
vancement of  his  own  interest,  power  or 
happiness,  without  regarding  the  interest 
of  others.  Selfishness,  in  its  worst  or  un- 
qualified sense,  is  the  very  essence  of  hu- 
man depravity,  and  stands  in  direct  oppo- 
sition to  benevolence,  which  is  the  essence 
of  the  divine  character.  As  God  is  love, 
so  man,  in  his  natural  state,  is  selfishness. 

SELF'NESS,  n.  Self-love  ;  selfishness.  UVol 
in  use.]  Sidney. 

SELL,  for  self;  and  sells  for  selves.  [Scot.] 

B.  Jonson! 

SELL,  n.  [Fr.  selle  ;  L.  sella.]  A  saddle,' 
and  a  throne.     Obs.  Spenser., 

SELL,  V.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  sold.  [Sax.  selan, 
sellan,  sylan  or  si/llan,  to  give,  grant,  yield,; 
assign  or  sell;  syllan  to  bote,  to  give  in 
compensation,  to  give  to  boot  ;  Sw.  sMia  ; 
Ice.  selia  ;  Dan.  scelger ;  Basque,  saldu. 
The  primary  sense  is  to  deliver,  send  or 
transfer,  or  to  put  oflT.  The  sense  of  sell, 
as  we  now  understand  the  word,  is  wholly 
derivative  ;  as  we  see  by  the  Saxon  phra- 
ses, syllan  to  agenne,  to  give  for  one's  own  ; 
syllan  to  gyfe,  to  bestow  for  a  gift,  to  be- 
stow or  confer  gratis.] 

1.  To  transfer  property  or  the  exclusive 
right  of  possession  to  another  for  an  equivJ 
alent  in  money.  It  is  correlative  to  buy, 
as  one  party  buys  what  the  oi\\pr  sells.  It 
is  distinguished  from  exchange  or  barter,  in 
which  one  commodity  is  given  for  anoth- 
er; whereas  in  setting  the  consideration 
is  money,  or  its  representative  in  current 
notes.  To  this  distinction  there  may  be 
exceptions.  "Esau  soW  his  birthright  to 
Jacob  fi)r  a  mess  of  pottage."  But  this  is 
unusual.  "  Let  us  sell  Joseph  to  the  Ish- 
maeliles — And  they  sold  him  for  twenty 
pieces  of  silver."     Gen.  xxxvii. 

Among    the    Hebrews,     parents     had 
power  to  sell  their  children.  ; 

■i.  To  betray ;  to  deliver  or  surrender  for 
money  or  a  reward  ;  as,  to  sell  one's  coun-, 

"7-  i 

:<.  To  yielil  or  give  for  a  consideration.  Thel 
troops  fought  like  lions,  and  sold  their 
lives  dearly  ;  that  is,  they  yieldeil  their- 
lives,  but  first  destroyed  many,  which 
made  it  a  dear  purchase  for  their  enemies. 
4.  In  Scripture,  to  give  up  to  be  harassed  and 
made  slaves. 

He  sold  Oiem  into  the  hands  of  their  cne-i 
mic's.     Judg.  ii. 
T}.  To  part  with  ;  to  renounce  or  forsake. 

Buy  the  truth  and  sell  it  not.  Prov.  xxiii.  \ 
To  sell  one'' s  self  to  do  evil,  to  give  up  one's 
self  to  be  the  slave  of  sin,  and  to  work 
wickedness  without  restraint.  I  Kings^ 
xxi.  2  Kings  vii. 
SELL,  V.  i.  To  have  commerce ;  to  practice 
selling.  Shak. 

2.  To  be  sold.     Corn  sells  at  a  good  price. 
BEL'LANDFR,   n.  A  dry  scab  in  a  horse's] 
bough  or  pastern.  Ainsworth 


SELL'ER,  n.  The  person  that  sells ;  a  vender. 

SELL'ING,  ppr.  Transferring  the  property 
of  a  thing  for  a  price  or  equivalent  in 
money. 

2.  Betraying  for  money. 

SELVEDGE,  n.  [D.  zelf-kani,  self-border; 
G.  saM-leiste,  hall-list.  The  first  syllable: 
appears  to  be  self,  and  the  last  is  edge.]. 

The  edge  of  cloth,  where  it  is  closed  by  com-j 
plicating  the  threads  ;  a  woven  border,  or 
border  of  close  work.   Ex.  xxvii. 

SELV'EDgED,  a.  Having  a  selvedge. 

SELVES,  ;>/«.  of  sc//. 

SEM'BLAHLE,  a.  [Fr.]  Like;  similar;  re- 
sembling.    [jVo(  in  use.]  Shale] 

SEM  BLABLY,  adv.  In  like  manner.  [j\i"ut 
in  use.]  Shak. 

SEiM'BLANCE,  n.  [Fr.  id. ;  It.  sembianza  ; 
Sp.  semeja  and  semejanza ;  from  the  root 
of  similar.] 

1.  Likeness  ;    resemblance  ;    actual    simili 
tude  ;  as  the  semblance  of  worth  ;  semblance 
of  virtue. 

'I'hc  semblances  and  imitations  of  shells. 

tVoodward. 
Appearance;  show;  figure;  form. 

1  heir  semblance  kind,  and  mild    their  ges- 
tuiL's  were.  Fairfax 

SEM'BLANT,  n.  Show;  figure;  resem- 
blance.    [J^ot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

SEM'BLANT,  a.  Like;  resembling.  [JVot 
in  use.]  Prior. 

SEM'BLATIVE,  o.  Resembling;  fit;  suit- 
able ;  according  to. 

And  all  is  semblative  a  woman's  part.     Shak. 
[jV'o(  in  use.] 

SEM'BLE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  sembler.]  To  imitate 
to  represent  or  to  make  similar. 

Where  sembling  art  may  carve  the  fair  effect. 
[JVot  in  u.se.]  Prior 

SEM'I,  L.  semi,  Gr.  jjfti,  in  composition,  sig- 
nifies half. 

SEMI-ACIDIFIED,  o.  or  pp.  Half  acidified. 
[See  Jhidify.] 

SEMI-AMPLEX'ICAUL,  a.  [L.  semi,  am 
plexus,  or  amplector,  to  ecnbrace,  and  caulis 
stem.] 

In  botany,  embracing  the  stem  half  way,  as 
a  leaf.  Martyn. 

SEMI-AN'NUAL,  a.  [semi  and  annual.' 
Half  yearly. 

SEMI-AN'iNfUALLY,  adv.  Every  half  year. 

SEMI-AN'NULAR,  a.  [L.  semi  and  annulus 

'^  ■■'""'■]      .  ^  ^    . 

Having  the  figure  of  a  half  circle ;  that  is, 

half  round.  Grew. 

SEMI-AP'ERTURE,  n.  [semi  awA  aperture.] 
Tlie  lialf  ofan  a|perture. 

SEMI-A'RIAN,  )i.  [See  Arian.]  In  ecclesi- 
astical history,  tlie  Semi-arians  were  a 
branch  of  the  .'Vrians,  who  in  appearance 
condennied  the  errors  of  .Arius,  but  anpii- 
esced  in  some  of  Ins  principles,  disgiiisnig 
them  under  more  moderate  terms.  They 
did  not  acknowledge  the  Sou  to  be  con- 
substantial  witli  the  Father,  that  is,  of  the 
same  substance,  but  admitted  him  to  be  of 
a  like  substance  with  the  Father,  not  by 
nature,  but  by  a  peculiar  privilege. Enci/c. 

SEMI-A'RIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  semi-arian- 
ism. 

SEMI-A'RIANISM,  n.  The  doctrines  or 
tenets  of  the  Semi-arians.  The  semi 
nrianism  of  modern  times  consists  in 
maintaining  the  Son  to  have  been  from 


all  eternity  begotten  by  the  will  of  the 
Father.  Encur. 

SEMI-BARBA'RIAN,  a.  [semi  and  barba- 
rian.]    Half  savage;  partially  civilized. 

Mitford. 
SEM'IBREVE,  n.  [semi  and  breve  ;  formerly 
written  semibref] 

In  music,  a  note  of  half  the  duration  or  time 
of  the  breve.  It  is  now  the  measure  note 
by  which  all  others  are  regulated.  It  con- 
tains the  time  of  two  minims,  four  crotch- 
ets, eight  ((uavers,  sixteen  seiniquavers 
and  thirty  two  demisemiquavers. 

SEMI-€AL'C'INED,  a.  [semi  and  calcine.] 
Half  calcined  ;  as  semi-calcined  iron. 

Kirwan. 

SEMI-€AS'TRATE,  v.t.  To  deprive  of  one 
testicle. 

SEMI  CASTRATION,  n.  Half  castration  ; 
deprivation  of  one  testicle.  Brown. 

SEM' [CIRCLE,  n.  [semi  and  circle.]  The 
half  of  a  circle;  the  part  of  a  circle  com- 
prehended between  its  diameter  and  half 
of  its  circiimterence.  Encyc. 

'2.  Any  body  in  the  form  of  a  half  circle. 

SEM'ICIRCLED,     (      Having  the  form  of 

SEMICIR'CULAR,  S  "■  a  half  circle.  [Semi- 
circular is  generally  used.]  Addison. 

SEM'leOLON,  n.  [semi  and  co^on.]  Ingram- 
mar  and  punctuation,  the  point  [;J  the 
mark  of  a  pause  to  be  observed  in  reading 
or  speaking,  of  less  duration  than  the  co- 
lon, double  the  duration  of  the  comma,  or 
half  the  duration  of  the  period.  It  is  used 
to  distinguish  the  conjunct  members  of  a 
sentence.  Encyc. 

SEMI-COLUM'NAR,  a.  [semi  and  colum- 
nar.] 

Like  a  half  column;  flat  on  one  side  and 
round  on  the  other  ;  a  term  of  botany,  ap- 
plied to  a  stem,  leaf  or  petiole.        Martyn. 

SKMI-COM'PACT,  a.  [semi  and  compdd.] 
Ilall'compait ;  imperfectly  indurated. 

Kirwan. 

SEMI-CRUSTA'CEOUS,  a.  [semi  and  crus- 
tareous.]     Half  criistaceous.         A'at.  Hist. 

SF.MICYLIN'DRIC,        (        [semi  niiil  cyl- 

SEMI  CYLINDRICAL,  S  indric]  Half 
cviinilrii'al.  Lee. 

SKMI-UEIS'TICAL,  a.  Half  deistical;  bor- 
ileriiii:  un  ilcisin.  S.Miller. 

SEMI-blAM'ETER,  n.  [semi  and  diame- 
ter.] 

Half  the  diameter;  a  rij:lit  line  or  the  length 
of  a  right  line  ilrawn  from  the  center  of  a 
circle  or  sphere  to  its  circumference  or 
periphery  ;  a  radius.  Encyc. 

SEMI-I)lAP.V'SO.\,  n.  [semi  and  diapa.ion.] 
In  music,  un  imperfect  octave,  or  an  oc- 
tave diminished  by  a  lesser  semitone. 

Encyc. 

SEMI-DIAPEN'TE,  n.  An  imperfect  fifth  ; 
a  lieiiii-diapente.  Busby. 

SEMI-DIAPIIANE'ITY,  n.  [See  Semidi- 
aplinnous.] 

Half  or  imperfect  transparency.  [Litlleused.] 

Boyle. 
[Instead  of  this,  translucency  is  now  used.] 

SEMI-DIAPH'ANOUS,  a.  [semi  and  diaph- 
anous.]   Half  or  imperfectly  transparent. 

If'oodward. 
[Instead  of  this,  fransiucenf  is  now  used.] 

SEMI-Di.\TES'SARON,  n.  [semi  and  dia- 
tessnron.] 

In  music,  an  imperfect  or  defective  fourth. 


S  E  M 


S  E  M 


S  E  M 


BBM'I-DITONE,  n.  [semi  and  It.  ditono.] 
Ill  music,  a  IcHser  third,  havitig  its  terms 
as  Ci  to  5  ;  a  liumi-ditonc.  Encyc. 

SEM'l-DOUBLt:,  n.  [semi  and  double.]  In 
the  Romish,  breviary,  an  oflice  or  feast  cele- 
brated with  less  solemnity  than  the  double 
ones,  but  with  iiioro  thaji  the  single  ones. 

Bniley. 

SEM'IFl.ORHT,  n.  [semi  aiul  floret.]  A  half 
floret,  which  is  tubulous  at  the  beginning, 
like  a  floret,  and  afterwards  expanded  in 


the  form  of  a  tonf;iie. 


Baii 


<■.'/• 


SEMIFLOS'tjULOUS,  a.  [semi  and  L.flos 
cuius,  a  little  Uower.  Scmijloscular  is  also 
used,  but  is  less  analogical.]  [ 

Composed  ofsemiflorets  ;  ligiilate  ;  as  a  semi- 
floscidous  flower.  Martyn. 

SEMl-FLU'lD,  o.  [semi  a.i\ifl,uid.]  Imper- 
fectly fluid.  Arbuthnol. 

SEM'I-FORMED,  a.  [semi  and  formed.] 
Half  formed  ;  imperfectly  lormed  ;  as  sani-\ 
formed  crystals.  Edwards,  fV.  Indies.] 

SEMI-IN'DUKATED,  a.  [semi  and  indu- 
rated.] Imperfectly  indurated  or  hard-, 
ened.  ' 

SEMI-LAPID'IFIED,  a.  [semi  and  lapidi-\ 
Jied.]    Imperfecily  cluiiiged  into  stone.        | 

Kirwan.i 

SEMI-LENTICULAR,  a.  [semi  and  /e»i(ic-| 
utar.  ] 

Half  lenticular  or  convex  ;  imperfectly  re- 
sembling a  lens.  Kirwan. 

SEiMILU'NAR,      /      [Fr.   stmilunaire  ;    L.' 

SEMILU'NARY,  \  "'  semi  and  luna,  mo<>ii.]| 
Resembling  in  form  a  half  moon.       Grew. 

SEM'I-METAL,  n.  \_semi  and  metal.]  An! 
imperfect  metal,  or  rather  a  metal  th;it  is, 
not  malleable,  as  bismuth,  arsenic,  nickel,! 
cobalt,  zink,  antimony,  manganese,  tung-i 
sten,  molybden,  and  uranite.  The  name 
however  is  usually  given  to  the  regiilusi 
of  these  substances.  JVictiolson. 

SEMI-lMETAL'LlC,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
senii-rnetal,  or  partaking  of  its  nature  and 
qualities.  Kirwan.' 

SEM'INAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  seminalis, 
frotii  semen,  seed  ;  from  the  root  of  soui.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  seed,  or  to  the  elements  of^i 
production.  I 

2.  Contained  in  seed  ;  radical  ;  rudimental  ;| 
original;  as  scmiiirt?  principles  of  genera 
tion  ;  seniiniil  virtue.  Glanmlle.    Swijl.\ 

Stminrd  leaf,  the  same  as  seed-leaf.  ' 

SF.VI'INAL,  II.  Seminal  state.  Brown. 

SEMINAL'ITY,  n.  The  iiatm-e  of  seed;  or 

the  power  at'  being  proilured.  Brown. 

SEM'INARIST,/!.  [from seminary.]  A  Rom- 

i<\i  priest  educated  in  a  seminary.  Sheldon. 
SF'M'INARV,  n.  [Fr.  seminnire  ;  L.  semina- 

riiim,  from   semen,  seed  ;  scinino,  to  sow.] 

1.  A  seed-plat ;  ground  where  .seed  is  sown 
for  producing  plants  for  transplantation  ; 
a  nursery ;  as,  to  transplant  trees  from  a 
seminary.  Mortimer. 

[In  this  sense,  the  word  is  not  used  in 
America;  being  superseded  by  nursery.] 

2.  The  place  or  original  stock  whence  any 
thing  is  brought. 

This  stratum,  t)eing  the  seminary  or  proropt- 
uary,  furnishing  matter  for  tlie  formation  of  ani- 
mal and  vey;eiable  bodies —  Woodward. 

[jVot  in  use] 

3.  Seminal  state.     [JVot  in  use.]  Brown. 

4.  Stiurce  of  propagation.  Harvey. 

5.  A  place  of  education;  any  school,  acade- 
my, college  or  uuiversity,  in  which  young 


perEons  are  instructed  in  tlic  several 
branches  of  learning  which  may  ipialify 
thoin  for  their  future  employments.  I  7'/ii« 
is  the  only  signiflcation  of  the  word  in  the 
Uiiileil  Stales,  at  least  as  far  as  my  knowl- 
edge extends.] 

G.  A  Romish  priest  educated  in  a  seminary  ; 
a  seminarist.  B.  Jonson. 

SEM'INARY,  a.  Seminal;  belonging  to 
seed.  Smith. 

SEM'INATE,  V.  t.  [L.  semino.]  To  sow  ;  t<i 
spread  ;  to  propagate.  Ifaterho/use. 

SEMINA'TION,  n.  [h.  seminalio.]  The  ad 
of  sowing.  H'otton 

2.  In  botany,  the  natural  dispersion  of  seeds 

Martyn. 

SEM'INED,  a.  Thick  covered,  as  with 
seeds.      Obs.  B.  Jonson. 

SEMINIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  seme7i,  seed,  and 
fero,  to  produce.] 

Seed-bearing;  producing  seed.  Darwin. 

SEMINIFTe,        I        [L.  stmtn,  seed,  and 

SEMIMFTCAL,  l  "'  facio,  to  make.] 

Forming  i>r  producing  seed.  Brown. 

SEiMhN'IFICA'TION,  n.  Propagation  from 
the  seed  or  seminal  parts.  Hale. 

SEMI-OPA'KE,  [       [L.  ,w»i  and  o>ja- 

SEMI-OPA'COUS,  \'^-  cus.]  Half  trans- 
parent <iiily.  Boyle. 

SEM'I-OP.-VL,  Ji.  A  variety  of  opal. 

Jinneson. 

SFMI-ORBIC'ULAR,  a.  [semi  and  orbicu- 
lar.] 

Having  the  shape  of  a  half  orb  or  sphere. 

Marli/n. 

SEMI-OR'DINATE,  n.  [semi  and  ordinate.] 
In  eonic  sections,  a  line  drawn  at  riijht  an- 
gles to  and  bisected  by  the  axis,  aiid 
leaching  from  one  side  of  the  section  to 
the  other  ;  the  half  of  which  is  properly 
the  semi-ordinatc,  but  is  now  culli'd  the 
ordinate. 

SEMI-OS'SEOUS,  a.  [semi  and  osseous.] 
Half  as  hard  as  bono. 

Med.  and  Phys.  Journal. 

SEMI-OVATE,  a.  [semi  and  ovale.]  Half 
e^'g-sliaped.  Lee. 

SEMI  OX'y(iEi\ATEI>,  a.  Ilalfsaturatcd 
with  oxygen.  Kirwan. 

SKMI-PAL'MATE,      )        [semi    and    pnl- 

SEMI-PAL'MATKI),  ],"■  male.]  Half  pal- 
mated  or  webbed,  .'\i</.  Hist. 


iSEMI-PELLUCIUrrV,  ji.  The  quality  01 

I     state  of  being  imperl'ectly  transparent. 

SEMI-PERSPIC'UOLS,  a.  [semi  and   per- 

'     spicuous.] 

Half  transparent ;  imperfectlv  clear.     Grew. 

SEMl-PllLOtilS'TItATEU,  a.  [ami  and 

I    phlogisticated.]  Partially  impregnated  with 

1     phlogiston. 

SEMl-PRIMI(i'ENOUS,  a.  [««mi  and  pri- 
migenons.] 

In  geoloL,y,  of  a  middle  nature  between  sub- 
stances of  primary  and  secondary  forma- 
tion. Kirwan. 

SEMI-PROOF,  n.  [«mtand  proof]  Half 
proof;  evidence  from  the  testimony  of  a 
single  witiK'ss.     j  Little  used.]  Bailey. 

SEMI-PRO'TOLITE,  n.  [semi  and  Gr. 
rtpuTo;,  lirst,  and  XiSo,-,  stone.] 

A  species  of  fossil  of  a  middle  nature  be- 
tween substances  of  primary  and  those  of 
.secondarv  formation.  Kirwan. 

SEMI-UlJAD'KATE,   )        [L.    semi     and 

SEMI-UUAR'TILE,  S  "'  quadralus,  or 
quartiis,  lijiirth.] 

.\n  asjiect  of  the  planets,  when  distant  from 
each  other  the  half  of  a  quadrant,  or  forty 
five  degrees,  one  sign  and  n  half.     Bailey. 

SEM'UIUAVER,  n.  [semi  ami  quaver.]  in 
music,  a  note  of  half  thi'  dmutioii  of  the 
(pniver  ;  the  sixteenth  of  the  seinibreve. 

SEM  KilAVER,  v.  I.  To  sound  or  .sing  in 
semiquavers.  Cowper. 

SE.MI-UUIN'TILE,  n.  [L.  semi  and  quin- 
lilis.] 

An  aspect  of  the  jdanets,  when  distant  frotn 
each  other  half  of  the  ipiintile,  or  thirty 
si.v  degrees.  Bailey. 

SEMI-SAV'A(iE,  a.  [semi  and  savage.] 
Half  savage;  half  barbarian. 

SEMI-SAV'AtJE,  n.  One  who  is  half  sav- 
ai.'e  or  imperfectlv  civili/ed.        J.  Barlow. 

SEMI-SE.\'T1LE;  n.  [semiimd  sextile.]  An 
aspect  of  the  planets,  when  they  are  dis- 
tant from  each  other  the  twelfth  part  of  a 
circh',  or  thirry  degrees.  Bailey. 

SE.MI  SPHERIC,        {       [temi nnd spheri- 

SEMI-SPHEK'l€AL,  ^"^  cat.]  Havingtlie 
fiiriire  of  a  half  s|ihere.  Kirwan. 

SEMISrilKROID  AL,  a.  [.wiit  and  sphe- 
roidid.]     Formed  like  a  half  spheroid. 
1;IM1TER'TIAN,  n.    [semi    and    tertian.] 


nipoiinded  of  a  tertian  and  quotidian 


SEM'H'ED,  )!.  [semi   and   L.  pes,  a   foot.] 

A  half  loot  ill  poetry.  j  SE.MITER'TIAN,  n.  An  intermittent  com- 

SF.MIl'E'DAL,  a.  Coiitainiiiir   a  half  foot. It     pounded  of  a  tertian  and  a  quotidian. 

SEMI-PELA'(ilAN,  n.  \n  ercksiasliralhis-^\  Bailey. 

<on/,  the  Semi-pelagians  are  persons  \viioj,SI'..MlTONE,  n.  [semi  and  tone.]  \nmusic, 
retain  some  tincture  of  the  iloctrines  ol 
Pelngius.  See  Pclai;:ianism.  Tliey  hold 
that  God  has  not  by  predestination  dis- 
pensed his  grace  to  one  more  than  to  an- 
other ;  that  Christ  died  for  all  men  ;  that 
the  grace  purchased  by  Christ  and  iieces 


sary  to  salvation,  is  offered  to  all  men  ;  that 

man,  before  he  receives  grace,  is  capable 

of  faith  and  holy  desires;   and  that  man 

being  born  free,  is  capable   of  accepting 

grace,  or  of  resisting  its  influences. 

Encyc. 
SEMl-PEL.\'GlAN,  a.    Pertaining   to   the 

Semi-pelagians,  or  their  tenets.  I 

SEMI-PELA  GlANIS.M,  n.  The  doctrines 

or  tenets  of  the  Semi-pelagians,  supra. 
SEMl-PELLU'CID,  a.  [.?fm!:  and  pellucid.] 

Half  clear,  or  imperfectly  transparent ;  asjJSEMI-VIT'REOUS,  a.  Partially  vitreous. 

a  semi-pellucid  gem.  If'oodward.n  Bigelow. 


half  a  tone  ;  an  interval  of  sound,  as  be- 
tween mi  undft  in  the  <liatonic  .scale, 
which  is  only  half  the  distance  of  the  in- 
terval lietwecn  ul  and  re,  or  sol  and  la.  It 
is  the  smallest  interval  adniitteil  in  mod- 
ern tnusic.  Encyc.  Busby. 
SEMITON'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  semitone; 
consisting  of  a  semitone. 

SEMI-TRANSEPT,  n.  [semi  aiu]  tra7isept ; 
L.  trans  and  septum.]  The  half  of  a  tran- 
sept or  cross  aisle. 

SEMI-TRANSPA'RENT,  a.  [semi  and 
transparent.]  Half  or  imperfectly  trans- 
parent. 

EMI-TRANSPA'RENCY,     n.   Imperfect 
transparency  ;  partial  opakeness. 


SEN 


SEN 


SEN 


SEMI-VITRIFleA'TION,  ti.  [sejni  an(\vU- 
T-ifiialion.]  Tlie  stute  of  being  imperfectly 
vitrified. 

2.   A  substance  imperfectly  vitrified. 

SEMI-VIT'RIFIKD,  a.  [See  Vitrify.]  Half 
or  impertectly  vitrified  ;  partially  convert- 
ed into  glass. 

SEM'I-VO€AL,  a.  [semi  and  vocal]  Per- 
taining to  a  semi-vowel;  half  vocal ;  im- 
perfectly sounding. 

SEMI-VOWEL,  n.  [semi  and  vowel.]  In 
grammar,  a  half  vowel,  or  an  articulation 
which  is  accompanied  with  an  imperfect 
sound.  Thus  el,  em,  en,  though  uttered 
with  close  organs,  do  not  wholly  interrupt 
the  sound  ;  and  they  are  called  semi-vowels. 

SEMPERVraENT,  a.  [L.  «em;)er,  always, 
and  virens,  flourishing.] 

Always  fresh  ;  evergreen.  Lee. 

SEM'PERVIVE,  n.  [L.  semper,  always,  and 
vivus,  alive.]     A  plant.  Bacon. 

SEMPITERN'AL,  a.  [Fr.  sempiiernel;  L. 
sempilernus  ;  semper,  always,  and  eternus, 
eternal.] 

1.  Eternal  in  futurity  ;  everlasting;  endless; 
having  beginning,  but  no  end. 

2.  Eternal  ;  everlasting.  Btackmore. 
SEMPITERN'ITY,    n.    [L.   sempilernitns.] 

Future  duration  without  end.  Hate. 

SEM'STER,  n.  A  seamster;    a   man  who 

uses  a  needle.     [JVot  in  use.] 
SEN,  adv.  This  word   is   used   by  some  of 

our  common  people  for  since.     It  seems 

to  be  a  contraction  of  since,  or  it   is  the 

Sw.  sen,  Dan.  seen,  slow,  late. 
SEN'ARY,  a.  [L.  seni,  senarius.]     Of  six  ; 

belonging  to  six  ;  containing  six. 
SEN'ATE,  n.  [Fr.  senat ;    It.   senato ;  Sp. 

senado;    L.  senatus,  from  senex,  old,   Ir, 


sean,  W.  hen  ;  Ar. 


.    sanna,  or     j^X^ 

sanah,  to  be  advanced  in  years.  Under 
the  former  verb  is  the  Arabic  word  signi 
fying  a  tooth,  showing  that  this  is  only  a 
dialectical  variation  of  the  Heb.  piff.  The 
primary  sense  is  to  extend,  to  advance  or 
to  wear.  A  senate  was  originally  a  coun- 
cil of  elders.] 

1.  An  assembly  or  council  of  senators;  a 
body  of  the  principal  itdiabitants  of  a  city 
or  state,  invested  with  a  share  in  the  gov 
ernment.  The  senate  of  ancient  Rome 
was  one  of  the  most  illustrious  bodies  of 
men  that  ever  bore  tliis  name.  Some  of 
the  Swiss  cantons  have  a  senate,  either 
legislative  or  executive. 

2.  Ill  the  United  States,  senate  denotes  the 
higher  branch  or  house  of  a  lejiislature 
Such  is  the  senate  of  the  United  States,  or 
upper  house  of  the  congress;  and  in  most 
of  the  states,  the  higher  and  least  numer- 
ous branch  of  the  legislature,  is  called  the 
senate.  In  the  U.  States,  the  senate  is  an 
elective  body. 

3.  In  a  looser  sense,  any  legislative  or  delib- 
erative body  of  men ;  as  the  eloquence  of 
the  senate. 

SEN'ATE-HOUSE,  n.  A  house  in  which  a 
senate  meets,  or  a  place  of  public  council. 

Shak. 

SEN'ATOR,  II.  A  member  of  a  senate.  In 
Rome  one  of  the  qualifications  of  a  senator 
WHS  the  possession  of  property  to  the 
amount  of  80,000  sesterces,  uhmit  £7000 
Bterling,  or  thirty   thousand  dollars.     Ii 


Scotland,  the  lords  of  session  are  called 
senators  of  the  college  of  justice. 
A  counselor  ;  a  judge  or  magistrate. 
Ps.  cv. 
SENATO'RIAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  senate ; 
becoming  a  senator ;  as  senatorial  robes; 
senatorial  eloquence. 

2.  Entitled  to  elect  a  senator;  as  a  senatori- 
al district.  U.  States. 

SENATO'RIALLY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of 

a  senate  ;  with  dignity  or  solemnity. 
SEN'ATORSHIP,  n.  The  office  or  dignity 

of  a  senator.  Careio. 

SEND,  V.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  sent.  [Sax.  send- 

an  ;  Golh.  sandyan  ;  D.zenden;  G.  send- 

en  ;  Sw.  sanda  ;  Dan.  sender.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  to  throw,  cast  or  thrust ; 
to  impel  or  drive  by  force  to  a  distance, 
either  with  the  hand  or  with  an  instru- 
ment or  by  other  means.  We  send  a  ball 
with  the  hand  or  with  a  bat ;  a  bow  seiids 
an  arrow;  a  cannon  senrfs  a  shot ;  a  trum- 
pet sends  the  voice  much  farther  than  the 
unassisted  organs  of  speech. 
To  cause  to  be  conveyed  or  transmitted ; 
as,  to  send  letters  or  dispatches  from  onei 
country  to  another. 

3.  To  cause  to  go  or  pass  from  place  to 
place  ;  as,  to  send  a  messenger  from  Lon- 
don to  Madrid. 

4.  To  commission,  authorize  or  direct  to  go 
and  act. 

I  have  not  sent  these  prophets,  yet  they  ran. 
Jcr.  xxiii. 
a.  To  cause  to  come  or  fall ;  to  bestow. 

He  scndeth  rain  on  the  just  and  on  the  un- 
just.    Matt.  v. 
G.  To  cause  to  come  or  fall ;  to  inflict. 

The  Lord  shall  send  upon  thee  cursing,  vex- 
ation and  rebuke.     Deut.  xxviii. 

If  1  setid  pestilence  among   my  people.     2 
Chron.  vii. 
7.  To  propagate  ;  to  difiuse. 

Cherubic   songs  by   night  from  neighb'ring 

hills 
Aeiial  music  semi.  Jifiltnn 

To  send  away,  to  dismiss ;  to  cause  to  de- 
part. 
To  send  forth  or  out.  to  produce  ;  to  put  or 
bring  forth ;  as,  a  tree  sends  forth  branches. 

2.  To  emit ;  as,  flowers  send  forth  their  fra 
grance.     James  iii. 

SEND,  V.  i.  To  dispatch  an  agent  or  mes- 
senger for  some  purpose. 

See  ye  how  this  son  of  a  murderer  hath  seni 
to  take  away  my  head .'     2  Kings  vi. 

So  we  say,  we  sent  to  invite  guests  ;  we 
sent  to  inquire  into  the  facts. 

To  send  for,  to  request  or  require  by  mes- 
sage to  come  or  be  brought ;  as,  to  send 
for  a  physician  ;  to  send  for  a  coach.  But 
these  expressions  are  elliptical. 

SEN'DAL,  n.  [Sp.  cendal]  A  light  thini 
stuft'of  silk  or  thread.     [JVotinuse.] 

Chaucer.] 

SEND'ER,  n.  One  that  sends.  Shak.' 

SEN'EGA,  I       A  plant  called  rattlesnake, 

SEN'EKA,  I  "■  root,  of  the  genus  Poly-I 
gala. 

SENES'CENCE,  n.  [L.  senesco,  from  senex, 
old.     See  Senate.] 

The  state  of  growing  old  ;  decay  by  time. 

H'oodward.^ 

SEN'ESCHAL,  n.  [Fr.  sen^chal ;  h.sinis- 
cnlco ;  Sp.  senescal ;  G.  seneschcdl.  The 
origin  and  signification  of  the  first  part  of 
the  word  are  not  ascertained.     The  latter 


part  is  the  Teutonic  schalk  or  scealc,  a  ser- 
vant, as  in  marshal.] 

steward ;  an  officer  in  the  houses  of 
princes  and  dignitaries,  who  has  the 
superintendance  of  feasts  and  domestic 
ceremonies.  In  some  instances,  the  sene- 
schal is  an  officer  who  has  the  dispensing 
of  justice,  as  the  high  seneschal  of  Eng- 
land, &c.  Encyc. 

SEN'GREEN,  n.  A  plant,  the  houseleek, 
of  the  genus  Sempervivum. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 

SE'NILE,  a.  [L.  senilis.]  Pertaining  to  old 
age  ;  proceeding  from  age.  Boyle. 

SENIL'ITY,  n.  Old  age.     [Mt  much  used.] 

Boswell. 

SENIOR,  a.  see'nyor.  [L.  senior,  comp.  of 
sentx,  old.     See  Seno<e.] 

Elder  or  older;  but  as  an  adjective,  it  usu- 
ally signifies  older  in  office ;  as  the  seiiior 
pastor  of  a  church,  where  there  are  col- 
leagues ;  a  se7iior  *;ounsel(»r.  Ill  such  use, 
senior  has  no  reference  to  age,  for  a  senior 
counselor  may  be,  and  often  is  the  young- 
er man. 

SENIOR,  n.  see'nyor.  A  person  who  is  old- 
er than  another ;  one  more  advanced  in 
life. 

2.  One  that  is  older  in  office,  or  one  whose 
first  entrance  upon  an  office  was  anterior 
to  that  of  another.  Thus  a  senator  or 
counselor  of  sixty  years  of  age,  often  has 
a  senior  who  is  not  fifty  years  of  age. 

3.  An  aged  person  ;  one  of  the  oldest  in- 
habitants. 

A  senior  of  the  place  replies.  Dryden. 

SENIORITY,  n.  Eldership;  superior  age; 
priority  of  birth.  He  is  the  elder  brother, 
and  entitled  to  the  place  by  seniority. 

2.  Priority  in  office  ;  as  the  seniority  of  a 
pastor  or  counselor. 

SEN'NA,  n.  [Pers.  Ar.  Li^  sana.  Qu.  from 

Ch.  Syr.  pD.  to  strain,  purge,  purify.  The 
common  pronunciation,  seena,  is  incor- 
rect.] 

The  leaf  of  the  cassia  senna,  a  native  of  the 
east,  used  as  a  cathartic. 

SENNIGHT,  n.  sen'nit.  [contracted  from 
seveiniight,  as  fortnight  from  fourteen- 
night.] 

The  space  of  seven  nights  and  days  ;  a  week. 
The  court  will  be  held  this  day  sennight, 
that  is,  a  week  from  this  day  ;  or  the  court 
will  be  held  next  Tuesday  sennight,  a  week 
from  next  Tuesday. 

SENOC'ULAR,  a.  [L.  seni,  six,  and  ocu- 
ius,  the  eye.]     Having  six  eyes. 

Most  animals  are  binocular,  spiders  octonoc- 
nlar,  and  some  senocular.  Derham. 

SENS' ATED,  a.  [See  .Sense.]  Perceived  by 
the  senses.     [A^o/  used.]  Hooke. 

SENSA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  ;  It.  se7isazione ;  Sp. 
sensacion  ;  from  L.  sensus,  sentio,  to  per- 
ceive.    See  Sense.] 

The  perception  of  external  objects  by  means 
of  the  senses.  Encyc. 

Sensation  is  an  exertion  or  change  of  the  cen- 
tral parts  of  the  sensorinm,  or  of  the  whole 
of  it,  beginning  at  some  of  those  extreme 
parts  of  it  which  reside  in  the  muscles  or 
organs  of  sense.  The  secretion  of  tears 
in  grief  is  caused  by  the  sensation  of  pain. 
Efforts  of  the  will  are  frequently  accom- 


SEN 


SEN 


SEN 


•panied  by  painful  or  pleasurable  sensa 
tiot^s.  Darwin. 

SE^SE,  n.  sens.  [Fr.  sens  ;  It.  senso  ;  Sp, 
senlido ;  from  L.  sexsus,  from  sentio,  to 
feel  or  perceive;  W.  syniaw,  id.;  syn 
sense,  feelinj;,  perception  ;  (J.  sitm,  sense, 
niiiid,  intention  ;  D.  ztn  ;  Hw.sinne;  Dan. 
sind,  sands.] 

1.  Thefa.iiJty  of  the  soul  by  which  it  per- 
ceives cxteriiii  I  objects  by  means  of  im- 
pressions made  on  certain  organs  of  the 
body.  Enrtjc. 

Sense  is  n  lirnnch  of  perception.  The 
five  senses  of  animals  are  sight,  hearing, 
touch,  smell  and  taste. 

2.  Sensation  ;  perceiJtion  by  the  senses. 

Bacon. 

3.  Perception  by  the  intellect ;  apprehen- 
sion ;  discernment. 

This  Basiiius,  having  the  quick  sense  of  a 
lover —  Sidney. 

4.  Sensibility  ;  quickness  or  acuteness  of 
perception.  Shak. 

5.  Understandinj;;  soundness  of  faculties; 
strength  of  natural  reason. 

Oppicst  nature  sleeps  ; 

This  rest  luighl  yet  have  balm'd  thy  broken 

senses.  Shak. 

6.  Reason  ;  reasonable  or  rational  mean- 
ing. 

lie  raves  ;  his  words  are  loose 

As  heaps  of  sand,   and   scattering  wide  from 

sense.  Dryden. 

7.  Opinion  ;  notion  ;  judgment. 

1  speak  my  private  but  impartial  sense 

With  Irccdojii.  Roscommon. 

8.  Consciousness;  conviction  ;  as  a  due «cjisc 
of  our  weakness  or  sinfulness. 

9.  Moral  perception. 

Some  are  so  hardened  in  wickedness,  as  to 
have  no  sense  of  the  raost  friendly  offices. 

L'Estrange. 

10.  Meaning ;  import ;  signification  ;  as  the 
true  sense  of  words  or  phrases.  In  inter- 
pretation, we  are  to  examine  whether 
words  are  to  be  understood  in  a  literal  or 
figurative  sense.  So  we  speak  of  a  legal 
sense,  a  grammatical  sense,  an  historical 
sense,  S(C.  \ 

Common  sense,  that  power  of  the  mind  which,! 
by  a  kind  of  instinct,  or  a  short  proce.ss  ofj 
reasoning,  perceives  truth,  the  relation  of 
things,  cause  and  eflecl,  &c.  and  liencel 
enables  the  possessor  to  discern  what  is; 
right,  u.seful,  expedient  or  proper,  and 
adopt  the  best  means  to  accomplish  his! 
purpo.se.  This  power  seems  to  be  the 
gift  of  nature,  improved  by  experience  and 
observation. 

.Moral  sense,  a  determination  of  the  mind  to 
be  pleased  with  the  contemplation  of  those 
aftections,  actions  or  characters  of  ration 
al  agents,  which  are  called  good  or  virtu 
ous.  Encyc. 

SENS'ED,  pp.  Perceived  by  the  senses, 
U\tol  in  tise.]  Glanville. 

SENSEFUL,  a.  sens'ful.  Reasonable;  ju- 
dicious.    LVot  in  use.]  JVorris. 

SENSELESS,  a.  sens'less.  Wanting  the 
faculty  of  perception.  The  body  when 
dead  is  senseless  ;  hut  a  limb  or  other  part 
of  the  body  may  be  senseless,  when  the! 
rest  of  the  body  enjoys  its  usual  sensibil- 
ity- 

2.  Unfeeling;  wanting  sympathy. 

The  senseless  grave  feels  not  your  pious  sor- 
rows. Bowe. 


3.  Unreasonable;  foolish;  stupid.  j 

They  woul"!  repent  (his  tUeir  senseless    pcr- 
vcrscness,  when  it  would  be  too  late.  ] 

Clarendim.] 

4.  Unreasonable;  stupid;  acting  wilhouti 
sense  or  judgment. 

'Ihrj  were  a  senseless  stupid  race.        Su'ifl. 

5.  Contrary  to  reason  or  sound  judgment  ; 
as,  to  destroy  by  a  senseless  fondness  the 
hap|)inesa  of  children. 

(i.  Wanting  knowledge  ;  unconscious;  with 
of;  as  libertines,  senseless  o/aiiy  charm  in 
love.  Southern. 

7.  Wanting  sensibility  or  quick  perception. 

Peacham. 

SENSELESSLY,  adv.  sens'lessly.  In  a 
senseless  manner;  stupidly;  unreasona- 
bly ;  as  a  man  senselessly  arrogant. 

SENSELESSNESS,  n.  sens' lessness.  Un- 
reasonableness ;  folly  ;  stupidity  ;  absurd- 
ity. Grew. 

SENSIBIL'ITY,  n.  [Fr.  sensibiliU ;  from 
sensible.] 

1.  Susceptibility  of  impressions;  the  capa- 
city of  feeling  or  perceiving  the  impress 
ions  of  external  olijcds  ;  applied  to  animal 
bodies  i  as  whe4i  we  say,  a  frozen  limb  has 
lost  its  seJisibility. 

2.  Acuteness  of  sensation ;  applied  to  the 
body. 

3.  Capacity  or  acuteness  of  perception  ;  that 
quality  of  the  soul  which  renders  it  sus- 
ceptible of  impressions ;  delicacy  of  feeling  ; 
as  sensibility  to  pleasure  or  pain  ;  sensibilily 
to  shame  or  praise  ;  exquisite  sensibility. 

4.  Actual  feeling. 

This  adds  greatly  to  my  sensibility.      Jlurhe. 
[This  word  is  often  used  in  this  manner 
for  scjisu/ioji.] 

5.  It  is  sometimes  used  in  the  plural. 

His  sen.*<ibjlitics   sccin  ratliur   to   have  been 
those  of  patriotism,  than  of  wounded  pride. 

Marshall 
Sensibilities  unfriendly  to  happiness,  may  be 
acquired.  Kncyc 

C.  Nice  perception,  so  to  speak,  of  a  balance; 
that  quality  of  a  balance  which  renders  it 
movable  with  the  smallest  weight,  or  the 
quality  or  state  of  any  instnmient  that 
renders  it  easily  atVected  ;  as  the  sensibili- 
ty of  a  balance  or  of  a  thermometer. 

LMVoisier. 
SENS'IBLE,  a.    [Fr.  Sp.  id. ;  It.  sensibile.] 

1.  Having  the  capacity  of  receiving  impress- 
ions from  external  objects;  capable  ot 
perceiving  by  the  instrumentality  of  the 
proper  organs.  We  say,  the  body  or  the 
ilesii  is  sensible,  when  it  feels  the  impulse 
of  an  external  body.  It  may  be  more  or 
less  ,'{Misi"We.  Darwin. 

2.  Perceptible  by  the  senses.  The  light  of 
the  moon  ("nrnislics  no  sensible  heat. 

Air  is  setisible  to  the  touch  by  its  motion. 

Jtrbuthtwt. 

3.  Perceptible  or  perceived  by  the  mind. 

The    disgrace   was   more   sensible   than    the 
pain.  Temple. 

4.  Perceiving  or  having  perception,  either  by 
the  mind  or  the  senses. 

.•\   man  cannot  think   al  any  time,  waking  or 
sleeping,  without  being  .■ie/i^ifc/e  of  it.       Locke 

5.  Having  moral  perception;  capable  of  be- 
ing affected  by  moral  good  or  evil. 

If  thou  weit  sensible  of  courte.sy , 
I  should  not  make  so  great  a  show  of  zeal. 

Sliak 


6.  Having  acute  inlellectuul  fcefing ;  being 
easily  or  strongly  affected  ;  as,  to  be  sen- 
sible of  wrong.  Dryden. 

7.  Perceiving  so  clearly  as  to  be  couvmced  ; 
j  satisfied  ;  persuaded.  BosweU. 
I  They  aic  now  sensible  it  would  have  been 
1       better  to  comply,  than  to  refuse.            Mdison. 

8.  Intelligent  ;  discerning  ;  as  a  sensible 
njan. 

1).  Moved  by  a  very  suirII  weight  or  im- 
pulse ;  as,  as(«siWe  balatice  is  neces.-ary 
to  ascerlam  exact  weight.  Lavoisier. 

10.  Afii^cted  by  a  slight  degree  of  heat  or 
cold  ;  as  a  sensible  thermometer. 

Thomson. 

IL  Containing  good  sense  or  sound  reason. 
He  addressed  t  laudius  in  the  following  sen- 
sible and  nuble  speech.  Henry. 

Sensible  note,  in  music,  that  which  consti- 
tutes a  third  major  above  the  dominant, 
and  a  senjitoue  beneath  the  tonic.    Encyc. 

SENS'IBLE,  n.  Sensation  ;  also,  whatever 
may  be  perceived.     [Little  used.] 

SENS'iBLENESS,  n.  Possibility  of  being 
perceived  by  the  senses;  as  the  sensible- 
ncss  of  odor  or  sound. 

2.  Actual  perception  by  the  mind  or  body; 
as  the  sensibleness  of  all  impression  on  the 
organs.   [But  qu.] 

3.  Sensibility  ;  quickness  or  acuteness  of 
perception  ;  as  the  sensibleness  of  the  eye. 

Sharp. 

4.  Siisccpiibility  ;  capacity  of  being  strongly 
j     affected,  or  actual  feeling  ;  consciousness  ; 

as  the  sensii^eness  of  the  soul  and  sorrow 
for  sin.  Hammond. 

5.  Intelligence  ;  reasonableness  ;  good  sense. 

6.  Susceptibility  of  slight  impressions.  [See 
[     Senst'6/e,  No.9,  10.] 

SENS'IBLY,  adv.  In  a  tnanner  to  be  per- 
ceived by  the  senses;  perceptibly  to  the 
senses  ;  as  pain  sensibly  increased  ;  inotioji 
sensibly  accelerated. 

2.  With  ]ierception,  either  of  mind  or  body. 
He  feels  his  lo.ss  very  sensibly. 

3.  Externally  ;  bv  affecting  the  senses. 

!  ■  Hooker. 

4.  With  quick  intellcctu.il  perception. 

.5.  With  intelligence  or  good  sense  ;  judi- 
ciously.    The  man  converses  very  senjt- 

1     bh/  on  all  common  topics. 

SENS'ITIVE,  n.  [lt.Sp.sf?isi7iVo;  Fr.seti- 
sitif;  L.  sensitivus,  from  sensus,  senlio.] 

1.  Having  sense  or  feeling,  or  having  the  ca- 
pacity of  perceiving  impressions  from  ex- 
ternal objects;  as  sensitive  soul;  sensitive 
appetite  ;  soisi/ire  t'aiMilty.    Ray.    Dryden. 

2.  Tliat  affects  the  senses ;  as  sensitive  ob- 
jects. Hammond. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  senses,  or  to  sensation  ; 
depeniling  on  sensation  ;  as  sensitive  mo- 
tions ;  sensitive  muscular  motions  excited 
by  irritation.  Darwin. 

SENS'ITIYELY,  adv.  In  a  sensitive  inan- 

1     ner.  Hammond. 

SENS'lTIVE-PLANT,  n.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Mimosa  [mimic,]  so  called  from  the 
sensibilily  of  its  leaves  and  footstalks, 
which  shrink,  contract  and  fall  on  being 
sligbily  touched.  Encyc, 

SENSO'RLAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  senso- 
ry   or   scnsorium  ;  as  sensorial  faculties; 

!     sensorial  motions  or  powers.  Daruin. 

SENSO'RIUM,  I  „    [from  L.  sensus, sentio,] 

SENS'ORY,  \  "■  The  seat  of  sense  ;  the 
brain  and  nerves.  Darwin  uses  sensoriuc] 


SEN 


SEN 


SEP 


to  express  not  only  the  medullary  part  of 
tlie  biaii).  spinal  innrrow,  nerves,  orjian- 
of  sense  ami  ot'tlie  niusrles,  bin  nlsci  thai 
living  principle  or  spirit  of  animation 
which  resides  ihroujriiout  the  body,  with- 
out beiiie  cognizable  to  our  senses,  except 
by  its  effects.  The  chaiiires  which  occa- 
sionally take  place  in  the  sensoriuin,  as 
dnrinir  exertions  of  volition,  or  the  sensa- 
tions of  pleasure  and  pain,  he  terinssf»!SO- 
riiil  molions. 

2.  Organ  of  sense  ;  as  double  sensories.  two 
eves,  two  ears,  &c.  Benttey. 

SENSIJAL,  a.  [It.  sensuale  ;  Sp.  sensual; 
Fr.  sensiiel;  from  L.  sensiis.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  senses,  as  distinct  from 
the  mind  or  soul. 

Far  as  creation's  ample  range  extends, 
The  scale  o(  sensual,  mental  pow'rs  ascends 

Pope 

2.  Consistinj;  in  sense,  or  depending  ou  it ; 
as  sensuai  appetites,  hunger,  lust,  &c 

3.  Affectmg  the  senses,  or  derived  from 
them  ;  as  sensual  pleasure  or  gratification. 
Hence, 

4.  In  theology,  carnal ;  pertaining  to  the 
flesh  or  body,  in  opposition  to  the  spirit ; 
not  spiritual  or  holy  ;  evil.  James  iii. 
Jude  19. 

5.  Devoted  to  the  gratification  of  sense ; 
given  to  the  indulgence  of  the  appetites  ; 
lewd ;  luxurious. 

No  small  part  of  virtue  consists  in  abstaining 
from  that  in  which  sensual  men  place  Iheir  feli- 
(■ity.  Atterbury. 

SENSU'ALIST,  n.  A  person  given  to  the 
indulgence  of  the  appetites  or  senses;  one 
who  places  his  chief  happiness  in  carnal 
pleasures.  South. 

SENSUAL'ITY,  n.  [It.  sensualitd ;  Sp.  sen- 
sualidad ;  Fr.  sensualilL] 

Devotedness  to  the  gratification  of  the  bodily 
appetites;  free  indulgence  in  carnal  or 
sensual  pleasures. 

Those  pamper'd  animals 
That  rage  in  savage  sejisuality.  Shak. 

They  avoid  dress,  lest  they  should  have  atltc- 
tions  tainted  by  any  sensuality.  Addison. 

SENS'TJALIZE,  v.  t.  To  make  sensual ;  to 
subject  to  the  love  of  sensual  pleasure  ;  to 
debase  by  carnal  gratifications ;  as  sensu 
alized  by  pleasure.  Pope. 

By  the  neglect  of  prayer,  the  thoughts  are 
sensualized.  T.  H.  Skinner. 

SENS'lJALLV,  adv.  lu  a  sensual  manner. 

SENS'IJOUS,  a.  [from sense.]  Tender;  pa- 
thetic.    [M'ol  in  use.]  Milton. 

SENT,  pret.  and  pp.  of  send. 

SEN'TENCE,  n.  [Fr.  :  It.  senlenza;  Sp, 
sentencia  ;  from  L.  sententia,  from  sen- 
iio,  to  think.] 

1.  In  law,  a  judgment  pronounced  by  a  court 
or  judge  upon  a  criminal;  a  judicial  de- 
cision publicly  and  officially  declared  in  a 
criminal  prosecution.  In  technical  lan- 
guage, sentence  is  used  only  for  the  de- 
claration of  judgment  against  one  con- 
victed of  a  crime.  In  civil  cases,  the  de- 
cision of  a  court  is  called  a  judgment.  In 
criminal  cases,  sentence  is  a  judgment  pro- 
nounced ;  iloom. 

2.  In  language  not  technical,  a  determination 
or  decision  given,  particularly  a  decision 
that  condemns,  or  an  unfavorable  deter- 
iniuution. 


Let  hiiti  set  out  some  of  Luther's  works, 
that  by  Ihem  we  may  pass  sentence  upon  hi- 
doctrines.  Atterburt/. 

■i.  An  opinion  ;  judgment  concerning  a  con- 
troverted point.     Acts  XV. 

4.  A  maxim  ;  an  axiom  ;  a  short  saying  con- 
taining moral  instruction.  Broome.' 

i5.  Vindication  of  one's  innocence.     Ps.  xvii.i 

6.  In  grammar,  a  period  :  a  number  of  words 
containing  conjplete  sense  or  a  sentiment, 
and  followed  by  a  full  pause.  Sentences 
are  simple  or  compound.  A  simple  sen- 
tence consists  of  one  sid^ject  and  one  finite 
verb;  as,  "the  Lord  reigns."  A  compound 
sentence  contains  two  or  more  subjects 
and  finite  verbs,  as  in  this  verse, 

He  fills,  he  bounds,  comiects  and  equals  all. 

Pvj)e, 

A  dark  sentence,  a  saying  not  easily  explain- 
etl.     Uan.  viii. 

SEN'TENCE,  v.  t.  To  pass  or  pronounce 
the  judgment  of  a  court  on  ;  to  doom  ;  as, 
to  sfntencc  a  convict  to  death,  to  transport- 
ation, or  to  imprisonment. 

2.  To  condemn  ;  to  doom  to  punishment. 
Nature  herself  is  sentenc'd  in  your  doom. 

Ihyden 

SENTEN'TIAL,  a.  Comprising  sentences 

JVewcome 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  sentence  or  full  period; 
as  a  sentential  pause.  Sheridan. 

SENTEN'TIOUS,  o.  [Fr.  senlentieux;  It- 
sentenzioso.] 

1.  Abounding  with  sentences,  axioms  and 
maxims;  short  and  energetic;  as  a  sen- 
tentious style    or    discourse  ;    sententious 

Waller. 


truth. 

How  he  apes  his  sire, 
Ambitiously  sententious.  Addison. 

2.  Comprising  sentences  ;  as  sententious 
marks.  Grew. 

fTliis  should  be  sentential.] 
SEN'TEN'TIOUSLY,  adv.  In  short  expres- 
sive periods  ;  with  striking  brevity. 

Nausicaa  delivers  her  judgment  sententioits- 
ly,  to  give  it  more  weight.  Broome. 

SENTEN'TIOUSNESS,  n.  Pithiness  of 
sentences  ;  brevity  witli  strength. 

The  Medea  1  esteem  for  its  gravity  and  sen- 
tentiousness.  Dryden. 

Senlerji,  and  senb-y,  are  corrupted  from  sen- 
tinel. 
ISENTIENT,  a.  sen'shent.   [L.  sentiens,  sen- 

tio.] 
That  perceives ;  having  the  faculty  of  per- 
;     ception.     Man  is  a  sentient  being  ;  he  pos- 
I     sesses  a  sentient  principle. 
SEN'TIENT,  n.    A  being   or  person   that 
1     has  the  faculty  of  perception. 
J2.  He  that  perceives.  Glanvillc. 

IsEN'TIMENT,  n.  [Fr.irf.  ,■  It.  sentimen to  ; 
I     Sp.  sentimienlo ;   from  L.   sentio,   to   feel, 
perceive  or  think.] 

1.  Properly,  a  thought  prompted  by  passion 
or  feeling.  _  Karnes. 

2.  In  a  popular  sense,  thought ;  opinion ;  no- 
tion ;  judgment;  the  decision  of  the  mind 
formed  by  deliberation  or  reasoning. 
Thus  in  deliberative  bodies,  every  man 
has  the  privilege  of  delivering  his  senti- 
ments upon  questions,  motions  and  bills. 

3.  The  sense,  thought  or  opinion  containei' 


iSENTIMENT'AL,  a.  Abounding  with  sen- 
I     timenl,  or  just  opinions  or  reflertious;  as 
I     a  sentimental  discourse. 
19.   Expressing  quick  intellectual  feeling. 
|3.  Affecting   sensibility  ;  in   a   contemptuous 
I     sense.  Sheridan. 

iSENTlMENT'ALlST,  n.  One  that  aftects 
I     sentiment,  fine  feeling  or  exquisite  sensi- 
bility. 
SENTIMENTALITY,    n.    Affectation   of 
fine  feeling  or  exquisite  sensibility. 

IVarion. 
SENT'INEL,   n.    [Fr.  sentinelle ;  It.    Port 
sentinella;  Sp.  centinela ;  from  L.  sentio,  to 
perceive.] 
In  military  affairs,  a  soldier  set  to  watch  or 
guard  an  army,  camp  or  other  place  from 
surprise,  to  observe  the  approach  of  dan- 
ger and  give  notice  of  it.     In  popular  use, 
the  word  is  contracted  into  sentry, 
SEN'TRY,  n.  [See  Sentinel.] 
i.  Guard  ;  watch  ;  the  duty  of  a  sentinel. 

O'er  my  slumbers  sentry  keep.  Brown 

SENTRY-BOX,  n.  A  box  to  cover  a  sen- 
tinel at  his  post,  and  shelter  him  from  the 
weather. 
SE'PAL,  n.  [from  L.  sepio.]   In  hotany,  the 
small  leaf  or  part  of  a  caly.x.  JVecker. 

Decandolle. 
EPARABIL'ITY,  »i.  [frow  separable.]  The 
quality  of  being  separable,  or  of  admitting 
separation  or  disuuion. 

Separability  is  the  greatest  argument  of  real 

distinction.  Glanville 

SEP'ARABLE,  a.    [Fr.  from  L.  separabilis. 

See  Separate.] 
That  may  be  separated,  disjoined,  disunited 
or  rent;  as  the  separable  parts  of  plants; 
qualities  not  separable  from  the  substance 
in  which  they  exist. 
SEP'ARABLENESS,  n.  The  quahty  of  be- 
ing capable  of  separation  or  disunion. 

Trials  permit  me  not  to  doubt  of  the  separa- 
bleness  of  a  yellow  tincture  from  gold.      Boyle. 

SEP' AR  ATE,  v.t.  [L.  separo;  Fr.  separer; 
It.  separare  ;  Sp.  separar  ;  Russ  razbernyu. 
The  Latin  word  is  conipoimded  of  se,  a 
prefix,  and  pnro,  evidently  coinciding  with 
the  oriental  N^3  or  113.  the  sense  of  which 
is  to  throw  or  drive  off.  Class  Br.  No.  7. 
8.  It.  10.     See  Pare  and  Parry.] 

1.  To  disunite  ;  to  divide;  to  sever  ;  to  jjart, 
in  almost  any  manner,  either  things  natu- 
rally or  casually  joined.  The  parts  of  a 
solid  substance  may  be  separo/erf  by  break- 
ing, cutting  or  splitting,  or  by  fusion,  de- 
composition or  natural  di.s.solution.  A 
compound  body  may  be  separated  into  its 
constituent  parts.  Friends  may  be  sepa- 
rated by  necessity,  and  must  be  separated 
by  death.  The  prism  separates  the  seve- 
ral kinds  of  colored  rays.  A  riddle  sepa- 
rates the  chaff  from  the  grain. 

2.  To  set  a])art  from  a  number  for  a  partic- 
ular service. 

Separate  me  Barnabas  and  Saul.     Acts  \'m. 

3.  To  disconnect ;  as,  to  separate  man  and 
wife  by  divorce. 

4.  To  make  a  space  between.  The  Atlantic 
separates  Europe  from  America.  A  nar- 
row strait  separate."!  Europe  from  Africa. 


in  words,  but  considered  as  distinct  from  fg  srpnrate  one's  self,   to  withdraw  ;  to  de- 


ihem.     VVe  may  like  the  sentiment 
wo  dislike  the  language, 


4.  Sensibility  ;  feeling. 


when 
Sheridan 


part. 

Separate  thyself,  I  pray  thee,  from  me.  Gen 
xiii. 


SEP 


SEP 


s  E  a 


SEPARATE,  V.  i.  To  part ;  to  bo  disuni- 
ted ;  to  he  discoiiiiccted  ;  to  withdraw 
from  each  other.  Tlie  parties  separated, 
and  each  retired. 

9.  To  cleave  ;  to  open  ;  as,  the  parts  of  a  sub- 
stance separate  by  drying  or  fieezinft. 

SEP'ARATE,  a.  [L.  sr.paratus.]  Divided 
from  the  rest ;  beiii;;  parted  from  anoth- 
er ;  disjoined  ;  disconnected  ;  iiseil of  Ihinf^s 
that  have  been  untied  or  conntcUd.  Gen. 
xlix.     'i  Cor.  vi. 

2.  linconnected  ;  not  united  ;  distinct ;  used 
of  things  that  have  notbeen  connected. 

Clirist   was   holy,   harmless,   unilefiled,  and 
separate  from  siuners.     Heb.  vii. 

3.  Disunited  from  the  body  ;  as  a  separate 
spirit  !   the  separate  state  oi'  souls. 

Locke. 

SEP'ARATED,  pp.  Divided ;  parted  ;  dis- 
united ;  disoonncrted. 

SEP'ARATELY,  adv.  In  a  separate  or  un- 
connected state  ;  apart;  distinctly ;  singly 
The  opinions  of  the  council  were  sepa- 
ratelij  taken. 

SEP'ARATENESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
separate. 

SEP'ARATING,  ppr.  Dividing  ;  disjoin 
ing;  putting  or  driving  asunder ;  discon 
necting  ;  decomposing. 

SEPARA'TION,  n.  [I'r.  from  L.  ieparaito; 
It.  separazione  ;  Sp.  separneionJ] 

1.  The  act  of  separating,  severing  or  dis- 
connecting ;  disjunction  ;  as  the  separation 
of  the  soul  from  the  body. 

2.  The  state  of  being  separate ;  disunion  ; 
disconnection. 

All  ilie  days  of  his  separation  he  is  holy  to 
the  Lord.     Num.  vi. 

3.  The  operation  of  disuniting  or  decompo- 
sing substances ;  chimical  analysis. 

Bacon 

4.  Divorce;  disunion  of  married  persons. 

SShnk 
SEP'ARATIST,  n.  [Fr.  separalhte.]  One 
that  withdraws  from  n  church,  or  rather 
from  an  established  church,  to  which  he 
has  belonged  ;  a  dissenter  ;  a  seceder  ;  a 
schismatic  ;  a  sectary.  Bacon 

SEP'AKATOR,  n.  Oiie  that  divides  or  dis- 
joins ;  a  divider. 
SEP'ARATORY,  a.  That  separates  ;  as 
separntort/ i\t\(-t>'.  [Little  used.]  Cheyne 
gSEP'ARATORY,  n.  A  chimical  ve.s.sel  foi 
sejiarating  liquors  ;  and  a  surgical  instru- 
ment for  separating  ilie  pericranium  fron 
the  cranium.  Parr. 

SEP  AWN',  ?      A  species  of  food  consisting 
SEPON',      ^"- of  meal   of  maiz   boiled  in 
water.     It  is  in  New  York  and    Pennsyl- 
vania what  hasty-pudding  is  in  New  Eng- 
land. 

i^EP'LMENT,  n.  [h.  sepimentum,  {vom  sepio, 

to  inclose.] 
A   hedge  :  a  fence  ;  sometliing   that  sepa- 
rates or  defends. 
SEPO'SE, r.  t.  sepo'ze.  [L.sepono,  sepositus.] 

To  set  apart.     [JVot  in  use.]  Donne 

SEPOSP'TION,  n.  The  act  of  setting  apart 

segregation.     [JVot  in  use.]  Taylor. 

SE'POY,  7!.  A  native  of  India,  employed  a; 

a  soldier  in  the  service  of  European  pow 

ers. 
SEPS,  )i.  [L.  from  G;    o)j«u.     Cnvier.]     A 

species  of  veuoinous  eft  or  lizard. 

Did.  JVat.  Hist. 

Vol.  II. 


A  genus  of  lizards,  the  efts,  closely  re- 
sendiling  the  serpents,  from  which  they 
scarcely  ditter,  except  in  their  short  and 
often  indistinct  feet,  and  the  marks  of  an 
external  auditory  orifice.  Ed.  Encyc. 

SEPT,  «.  \Q.<i.  snpia,  in  the  L.  prosapia  ;  or 
Ileb.  E)3t!/      See  Class  Sb.  No.  2;?.] 

A  clan,  nice  or  family,  proceeding  from  a 
common  progenitor  ;  used  of  the  races  or 
families  in  Ireland.  Spenser.     Davits. 

SEPTAN'GULAR,  a.  [L.  septan,  seven, 
and  angulus,  angle.]  Having  seven  an- 
gles or  sides. 

SEPTA'RIA,  n.  [L.  sepia,  partitions.]  A 
name  given  to  nodules  or  spheroidal 
masses  of  calcarious  marl,  whose  interi- 
or presents  numerous  fissures  or  seams 
of  some  erystalized  substance,  which  d 
vide  the  mass.  Clcaveland. 

SEPTEM'BER,  n.  [L.  from  septem,  seven 
Fr.  septembre  ;  It.  settembre  ;  Sp.  septiem- 
bre.] 

The  seventh  month  from  March,  which  was 
formerly  the  first  month  of  the  year 
September  is  now  the  ninth  month  of  the 
year. 

SEPTEM'PARTITE,  a.  Divided  into  seven 
parts.  Joum.  of  Science 

SEP'TENARY,  a.  [Fr.  scptenaire;  It.  set- 
tenario ;  Sp.  seplenario  ;  L.  sepienarius, 
from  .upteni,  seven.] 

Consisting  of  seven  ;  as  a  septenary  number. 

ff'atts. 

SEP'TENARY,  n.  The  number  seven. 

Btirnet 

SEPTEN'NIAL,  a.  [L.  septennis ;  septem, 
seven,  and  annus,  year.] 

1.  Lasting'  or  continuing  seven  years;  as 
septenmal  parliament.s. 

2.  Happening  or  returning  tjnce  in  every 
seven  years  ;  as  septennial  elections  in 
Enjfland. 

SEPTEN'TRION,n.[Fr.fromL.sf;)/e»/no. 

The  north  or  northern  regions.  Sh(i/i 

SEPTRN'TRION,        ;       [L.  seplentriona 
SEPTENTRIONAL,^"-  tis.]    Northern 

pertaining  to  the  north. 

— Kioin  rnlil  xrptentrion  blasts.  .WUon. 

SEPTENTRIONAL'ITY,     n.      Northerli- 

ness.     [.1  bad  word.] 
SEPTEN'TRIONALLY.   adr.    Northerly 

towards  the  north.     [A  bad  word.] 

Brown. 
SEPTEN'TRIONATE,  v.  i.  To  tend  nortl 

eriy.  Brown. 

[This  word  septentrion   and    its   derivatives 

are  hardly  anglicized  ;  they  are  harsh,  nn 

necessary  and  little  used,   and   may  wel 

be  suftered  to  pass  into  disuse.] 
SEPT'FOIL,    n.    [L.    septem  and  folium 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Tor 


seven  leafed.] 

mentilla. 
SEP'TI€,        ) 
SEP'TICAL,  S  " 

er  to    promote 


[Gr.  sr^rtTixos,  from  0)jrtu 
to  putrefy.]  Having  pow- 
piitrefaction.  Many  ex- 
periments were  made  by  Sir  John  Prin- 
gle  to  ascertain  the  septic  and  antiseptic 
virtues  of  natural  bodies.  Encyc. 

2.  Proceeding  from  or  generated  by  putre- 
faction ;  as  septic  acid.  S.  L.  Mitchill. 
SEP'TIC",  n.    A    substance   that   promotes 
the  putrefaction  of  Ijodics.  Encyc. 
SEPTIC'ITY,  n.  Tendency  to  putrefaction. 

Fourcroy:. 

SEPTILATERAL,    a.    [L.  septem,  sexen, 

and  lattis,  side.]  ] 

68 


Having  seven  sides  ;  as  a  septilateral  figure. 

Brown . 
SEPTIN'SULAR,  a.  [L.  sep«em,  seven,  and 

iusiiln,  isle.] 
Consisting  of  seven  isles ;  as  the  seplinsular 
republic  of  the  Ionian  isles. 

^lart.  Rev. 

SEPTUA6'ENARY,  a.  [Fr.  septuag^naire  ; 
L.  septuagcnarius,  from  se/j<i(agin/a,  seven- 
ty]    Consisting  of  seventy.  Brown. 

SEPTUAg  ENARY,  n.  A  person  seventy 
years  of  age. 

SEPTUAgES'IMA,  n.  [L.  septuagesimus, 
seventieth.] 

riie  third  Sunday  before  Lent,  or  before 
Quadragesima  Sunday,  supposed  to  be  so 
called  because  it  is  about  seventy  days  be- 
fore Easter.  Encyc. 

SEPTUAtES'IMAL,  a.  [supra.]  Consist- 
ing of  seventy. 

Our  abridged  and  septuagesinial  age. 

Brown. 

SEP'TUAGlNT,  »t.  [L.  sepluaginta,  seven- 
ty ;  septem,  seven,  and  some  word  signify- 
ing ten.] 

A  Greek  version  of  the  Old  Testament,  so 
called  because  it  was  the  work  of  seventy, 
or  rather  of  seventy  two  interpreters. 
This  translation  from  the  Hebrew  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  made  in  the  reign  and 
by  the  order  of  Ptolemy  Pliiladelphus, 
king  of  Egypt,  about  two  hundred  and 
seventy  or  eighty  years  before  the  birth  of 
Christ.  Encyc. 

SEP'TUAGlNT,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Sep- 
tuagint  ;  contained  in  the  Greek  copy  of 
the  Old  Testament. 

The  Septua^int  chronology  makes  fifteen 
hundre<l  years  more  from  the  creation  to  Abra- 
ham, than  the  present  Hebrew  copies  of  the  Bi- 
ble. Encyc. 

SEP'TUARY,  71.  [L.  sep/m, seven.]  Some- 
thing composed  of  seven  ;  a  week.  [LitUe 
u.ied.]  Jlsh.     Cole. 

SEPTUPLE,  a.  [\^o\v  V..  septuple! ;  septem, 
seven,  and  plico.  to  fold.]  Seven  fold ; 
seven  times  as  much. 

SEP'ULGIIER,  71.  [Fr.septi/cftre;  Sp.  Port. 
sepulcro  ;  It.  sepolcro  ;  fi-om  L.  .Hpulchrum, 
from  sepelio,  to  bury,  which  seems  lo  be 
formed  with  a  prefix  on  the  Goth,  flhan, 
to  bury.] 

A  grave ;  a  tomb ;  the  place  in  which  the 
dead  body  of  a  human  l)cing  is  interred, 
or  a  place  destined  for  that  purpose. 
Among  the  Jews,  sepulchers  were  ofteii 
excavations  in  rocks.  Is.  xxii.  Matt. 
xxvii. 

SEP'ULeHER.  v.t.  To  bury;  to  inter;  to 
entomb  :  as  obscurely  sepulchered.     Prior. 

SEPUL'CHRAL,  a.  [L.  sepulchratis,  from 
sepulchrum.] 

Pertaining  to  burial,  to  the  grave,  or  to  mon- 
imients  erected  to  the  memory  of  the 
dead  :  as  a  sepiilrhrnl  stone  :  a  sepulchral 
statue  :  a  sepulchral  inscription.       .Viiton. 

SEP  ULTIRE,  71.  [Fr.  from  L.  stpuliura, 
from  sepelio.] 

Burial:  interment;  the  act  of  depositing  the 
dead  body  of  a  human  being  in  the  grave. 
Wiere  we  may  royal  sepulture  prepare. 

Dry  den. 

SEQUA'CIOUS,  a.  [I,.  sfquax,froTnsequor, 
to  follow.  See  Seek.]  Following  :  attend- 
ant. 


s  E  a 


S  E  li 


S  E  R 


Trees  uprooted  left  their  place, 
Sequacious  ot  the  lyre.  Dryden. 

The  fond  sequacious  herd.  Thomson. 

2.  Ductile ;  pliant. 

The  Ibrge  was  easy,  and  the  matter  ductile 
and  sequacious.     [Little  ttserf.]  -fl"^. 

SEQUA'CIOUSNESS,  n.  State  of  being 
sequacious  ;  disposition  to  follow. 

Taylor. 
SEQUAC'ITY,  n.  [supra.]  A  following,  or 

disposition  to  follow. 
2.  Ductility  ;  pliableness.     [lAtile  used.] 

Bacon. 
SE'QUEL,  11.  [Fr.  s^quelle ;  L.   It.   Sp.  «e- 
queta  ;  from  L.  sequor,  to  follow.] 

1.  That  which  follows ;  a  succeetiing  part ; 
as  the  seqiielofa  man's  adventures  or  his- 
tory. 

2.  Consequence  ;  event.  Let  the  sun  or 
moon  cease,  fail  or  swerve,  and  the  sequel 
would  be  ruin.  Hooker. 

3.  Consequence  inferred  ;  consequentiahiess. 
[Little  used.]  H'hitfrijle. 

SE'QUENCE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  sequens,  se- 
quor; It.  segiienza.] 

1.  A  following,  or  that  which  follows  ;  a  con- 
sequent. Brown. 

2.  Order  of  succession. 

How  art  thou  a  king 
But  by  fair  sequence  and  succession  .' 

Shak. 

3.  Series  ;  arrangement ;  method.       Bacon. 

4.  In  musk,  a  regular  alternate  succesfiioii 
of  similar  chords.  Busby. 

SE'aUENT,  a.  [supra.]  Following  ;  suc- 
ceeding. Skak. 

2.  Consequential.     [Little  tised.] 

SE'QUENT,  n.   A  follower.     [JVot  in  tise.] 

Shak. 

SEQUES'TER,  v.  t.  [Fr.  siquestrer  ;  It. 
sequestrare  ;  Sp.  sequeslrar  ;  Low  L.  se 
questro,  to  sever  or  separate,  to  put  into 
the  hands  of  an  indifferent  person,  as  a 
deposit ;  sequester,  belonging  to  mediation 
or  umpirage,  and  as  a  noun,  an  umjiire, 
referee,  mediator.  This  word  is  probably 
a  compound  of«e  and  the  root  of  quaslus, 
quasitus,  sought.     See  Question.] 

1.  To  separate  from  the  owner  for  a  time; 
to  seize  or  take  possession  of  some  proper 
ty  which  belongs  to  another,  and  hold  it 
till  the  profits  have  paid  the  demand  for 
which  it  is  taken. 

Formerly  the  goods  of  a  defendant  in  chan- 
cery, were,  in  the  last  resort,  sequestered  and 
detained  to  enforce  the  decrees  of  the  court 
And  now  the  profits  of  a  benefice  are  sequester 
td  to  pay  the  debts  of  ecclesiastics. 

Slacltstone. 

2.  To  take  from  parties  in  controversy  and 
put  into  the  possession  of  an  indif}i>rent 
person.  Encyc. 

3.  To  put  aside  ;  to  remove  ;  to  separate 
from  otlier  things. 

1  had  wholly  sequestered  my  civil  atfairs. 

Bacon. 

4.  To  sequester  o?ic's  self,  to  separate  one's 
self  from  society  ;  to  withdraw  or  retire  ; 
to  seclude  one's  self  for  the  sake   of  pri 
vacy  or  solitude  ;  as,  to  sequester  one's  self 
from  action.  Hooker. 

5.  To  cause  to  retire  or  withdraw  into  ob 
scurity. 

It  was  his  taylor  and  Ids  cook,  his  fine  fash 
ions  and  his  French  ragouts  which  sequestered 
him.  South 


SEQUES'TER,  v.  i.  To  decline,  as  a  widow, 
any  concern  with  the  estate  of  a  husband. 

SEQUES'TERED,  pp.  Seized  and  detain- 
ed for  a  time,  to  satisfy  a  demand  ;  sepa- 
rated ;  also,  being  in  retirement ;  secluded  ; 
private  ;  as  a  sequestered  situation. 

SEQUES'TRABLE,  a.  That  may  be  se- 
questered or  separated  ;  subject  or  liable 
to  sequestration. 

SEQUES'TRATE,  v.  t.  To  sequester.  [It 
is  less  used  than  sequester,  but  exactly  sy- 
nonymous.] 

SEQUESTRA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  tak- 
ing a  thing  from  parties  contending  for 
it,  and  entrusting  it  to  an  indifferent  per- 
son. Enryc. 
In  the  civil  law,  the  act  of  the  ordinary, 
disposing  of  the  goods  and  chattels  of  one 
deceased,  whose  estate  no  one  will  med- 
dle with.  Encyc. 

3.  The  act  of  taking  property  from  the  own- 
er for  a  time,  till  the  rents,  issues  and 
profits  satisfy  a  demand. 

4.  The  act  of  seizing  the  estate  of  a  delin- 
quent for  the  use  of  the  state. 

5.  Separation  ;  retirement ;  seclusion  from 
society.  So\tth. 

6.  State  of  being  separated  or  set  aside. 

Shak. 

7.  Disunion;  disjunction.     [J^fol  in  use.] 

Boyle. 

SEQUESTRA'TOR,  n.  One  that  .seques- 
ters property,  or  takes  the  possession  of  it 
for  a  time,  to  satisfy  a  demand  out  of  its 
rents  or  profits.  Taylor. 

2.  One  to  whom  the  keeping  of  sequestered 
pnqierty  is  committed.  Bailey. 

SE'QUIN,  n.  A  gold  coin  of  Venice  and 
Turkey,  of  different  value  in  different  pla- 
ces. At  Venice,  its  value  is  about  Os.  2d. 
sterling,  or  $2,04.  In  other  parts  of  Ita- 
ly, it  is  stated  to  be  of  9s.  value,  or  $2.  It 
is  sometimes  written  chequin  and  zechin. 
[See  Zechin.] 

SERAGLIO,  )i.  seral'yo.  [Fr.  serail ;  Sp. 
serratlo  ;  It.  serraglio,  from  serrare,  to  shut 
or  make  fast,  Fr.  serrer  ;  perhaps  from  IX' 
or  liy.     Castle   deduces   the   word   from 


lj.*g    sarai,  serai,  a  great 


the  Persian 

house,  a  palace.  The  Portuguese  write 
the  word  cerralho,  and  Fr.  serrer,  to  lock, 
they  write  cerrar,  as  do  the  Spaniards.] 

The  palace  of  the  Grand  Seignior  or  Turk- 
ish sultan,  or  the  palace  of  a  prince.  The 
seraglio  of  the  sultan  is  a  long  range  of 
buildings  inhabited  by  the  Grand  Seign 
ior  and  all  the  officers  and  dependents  of 
his  court ;  and  in  it  is  transacted  all  the 
business  of  government.  In  this  also  are 
confined  the  females  of  the   harem. 

Eton. 

SER'APH,  n.  plu.  seraphs;  but  sometimes 
the  Hebrew  plural,  seraphim,  is  used, 
[from  Heb.  niiy,  to  burn.]  An  angel  of 
the  highest  order. 

As  full,  as  perfect  in  vile  man  that  mourns, 
As  the  rapt  seraph  that  adores  and  burns. 

Pope. 

SERAPH'I€,        }       Pertaining   to   a  ser- 

SERAPH'ICAL,  S  apb  ;  angelic;  sub- 
lime ;  as  seraphic   purity  ;  seraphic  fervor. 

2.  Pure ;  refined  (Vom  sensuality.  Sirifl. 

[3.  Burning  or  inflamed  with  love  or  zeal. 


Thus  St.  Bonaventure  was  called  the  se- 
raphic ilocior.  Encyc. 
SER'APlllM,    n.    [the   Hebrew   plural  of 

seraph.] 
Angels  of  the   highest  order  in  the  celestial 

hierarchy.  Com.  Prayer. 

[It  is  sometimes  improperly  written  se- 

raphims.] 
SERAS'KIER,    n.    A  Turkish  general   or 

commander  of  land  forces. 
SERASS',  n.  A  fowl  of  the  East  Indie.s,  of 

the  crane  kind.  Diet.  JVat.  Hisl. 

SERE,  a.  Dry  ;  withered  ;  usually  written 

sear,  which  see. 
SERE,  Ji.  [Qu.  Fr.  serrer,  to  lock  or  make 

fast.]     A  claw  or  talon.     [j\~ol  in  use.] 

Chapman. 
SERENA'DE,  n.  [Fr.  from  It.  Sp.  sereHata, 

from  L.  serenus,  clear,  serene.] 

1.  Properly,  music  performed  in  a  clear 
night ;  hence,  an  entertainment  of  music 
given  in  the  night  by  a  lover  to  his  mis- 
tress under  her  window.  It  consists  gen- 
erally of  instrumental  njusic,  but  that  of 
the  voice  is  sometimes  added.  The  songs 
composed  for  these  occasions  are  also  call- 
ed serenades.  Encyc. 

2.  Music  performed  in  the  streets  during  the 
stillness  of  the  night;  as  a  midnight  seren- 
ade.  Addison. 

SERENA'DE,  v.  t.  To  entertain  with  noc- 
turnal music.  Spectator. 

SERENA'DE,  v.  i.  To  perform  nocturnal 
music.  Taller. 

SERENA  GUTTA.     [See  Gutta  Serena.] 

SERENA'TA,  n.  A  vocal  piece  of  music  on 
an  amorous  subject.  Busby. 

SERE'NE,  a.  [Fr.  serein  ;  It.  Sp.  sereno ; 
L.  serenus  ;  Russ.  ozariayu,  Heb.  Ch. 
Syr.  Ar.  ^nI  to  shine.  Class  Sr.  No.  2, 
23.  47.] 

1.  Clear  or  fair,  and  calm  ;  as  a  serene  sky; 
serene  air.     Serene  imports  great  purity. 

2.  Bright. 
The  moon,  serene  in  glory,  mounts  the  sky. 

Pope. 

.3.  Calin  ;  unruffled  ;  undisturbed  ;  as  a  ie- 
re?ie  aspect;  a  serene  sou\.  Milton. 

4.  A  title  given  to  se\eral  princes  and  ma- 
gistrates in  Europe  ;  as  sot  He  highness; 
most  serene. 

SERE'NE,  n.  A  cold  damp  evening.  [JVot 
in  use.]  B.  Jonson. 

SERE'NE,  J,',  t.  To  make  clear  and  calm; 
to  quiet. 

2.  To  clear  ;  to  brighten.  Philips 

SERE'NELY,  adv.  Cahnly  ;  quietly. 

'J  he  setting  sun  now  shone  serenely  bright. 

Pope. 

2.  With  unruffled  temper  ;  coolly.         Prior 

SERE'NENFSS,  n.  The  state  of  being  se- 
rene ;  serenity. 

SEREN'ITUDE,    n.    Calmness. 
use.] 

SERENITY,   n. 
tas.] 

1.  Clearness  and  calmness 
of  the  air  or  sky. 

2.  Calmness  ;  quietness  ;  stillness  ;  peace. 

A  general  peace  and  serenity  newly  succeed- 
ed general  trouble.  Temple. 

3.  Calnmess  of  mind  ;  evenness  of  temper; 
undisturbeil  state  :  coolness. 

I  cannot  sec  how  any  men  should  transgress 
those  moral  rules  witli  coufidence  and  serenity. 

Locke 


[JVbt  in 
Motion. 
[Fr.  serenity ;  L.   sereni- 

as   the  serenity 


S  E  R 


S  E  R 


4.  A  tiile  of  resi)ect.  MiUonAi    same  order,  and  bearing  the  same  relation 

SEKF    n    [Kr  serf;  L.  seruus.     See  StrveM     to  eacli  other;  as  a  series  of  kings  ;  a  se- 

A  servant  or  slave  employed  in  husband-      ncs  of  successors. 

ry,  and  in  some  countries,  attached  to  thc}l2.  be<,uonce;  order;  course^  success^.,  of 

soil  and  transfencd  with  it.     The  strfs  in 

Poland  are  slaves.  Core. 

SERUE,  n.  [Fr.  serge  ;   Sp.   xerga,   coarse 

freeze,  ami  jargon  ;   It.  sargia,  a  coverlet ;, 


D.  sergie.\  .       1 

A  woolen  quilted  stuff  maiiulactured  m  aj 
loom  with  four  treddles,  after  the  maii-| 
ner  of  ratteens.  Encyc. 

SERtiEANT,  n.  s'arjent.  [Fr.  sergent ;  It. 
sergente  ;  S[>.  Von.  sargento  ;  from  L.  scr- 
viens,  serving,  for  so  was  this  word  writ- 
ten in  Latin.  But  Castle  deduces  the  word 

-  o  - 
from  the  Persian    ^X^j.^  sarchank  or 

sarjank,  a  prefect,  a  subaltern  military  of- 
ficer. .See  Cast.  Col.  ;336.  If  this  is  eor 
rect,  two  difft'ient  words  are  blended.] 

1.  Foniierly,  an  officer  in  England,  nearly 
answering  to  the  more  modern  bailif  of 
the  hundred ;  also,  an  officer  whose  duty 
was  to  attend  on  the  king,  and  on  the 
lord  high  steward  in  court,  to  arrest  trai 
tors  and  other  offenders.  This  officer  is 
now  calletl  Serjeant  at  arms,  or  mace. 
There  are  at  |)resent  other  officers  of  an 
inferior  kind,  who  attend  mayors  and 
magistrates  to  execute  their  orders. 

2.  In  military  affairs,  a  non-commissioned 
officer  in  a  company  of  infantry  or  troop 
of  dragoons,  armed  with  a  lialbert.  whose 
duty  is  to  see  discipline  observed,  to  order 
and  form  the  ranks,  &c. 

3.  In  England,  a  lawyer  of  the  highest  rank, 
and  answering  to  tlie  doctor  of  the  civil 
law.  Blackstone. 

4.  A  title  sometimes  given  to  the  king's  ser- 
vants ;  as  sergeant  surgeon,  servant  sur- 
geon. Johnson. 

SER(iEANTRY,  n.  s'arjenlry.  In  Eng 
land,  sergeautry  is  of  two  kinds ;  grand 
sergeantry,  and  petit  sergeatitry.  Grand 
sergeautry,  is  a  particular  kind  of  knight 
service,  a  tenure  by  which  the  tenant  was 
bound  to  do  some  special  honorary  service 
to  the  king  in  person,  as  to  carry  his  ban- 
ner, his  sword  or  the  like,  or  to  be  his  but- 
ler, his  champion  or  other  officer  at  his 
coronation,  to  lead  his  host,  to  be  his  mar- 
shal, to  blow  a  horn  when  an  enemy  ap- 
proaches, Sec.  Coivel.  Blackstone.\ 
Petit  sergeantry,  was  a  tenure  by  whicb| 
the  tenant  was  bound  to  render  to  the] 
king  annuallv  some  small  implement  of 
war,  as  a  bow,  a  pair  of  spurs,  a  sword,  a 
lance,  or  the  like.  Littleton. 
SER(iEANT6llIP,    n.    s'argentship.     The 

offii'e  of  a  sergeant. 
SERtiE-MAKER,   n.    A   manufacturer  of 

serges. 
SERI"CEOUS,  a.  [L.  serieus,  from  sericum, 

silk  ; 
Pertaining  to  silk  ;  consisting  of  silk  ;  silky. 
Ill   botany,   covered  with  very  soft  hairs 
pressed  close  to  the  surface ;  as  a  sericeous 
leaf.  Martyn. 

SE'RIES,  n.  [L.  This  word  belongs  proba- 
bly to  the  Shemitic  liy,  -\ra,  TkV',  the  pri- 
mary  sense   of    whidi    is   to   stretch    or 
strain.] 
1.  A  continued  succession  of  things  in  the 


things  ;  as  a  series  of  calamitous  events, 
lu  natural  history,  an  order  or  subdivision 
of  some  class  of  natural  bodies.  Encyc. 
In  arithmetic  and  algebra,  a  number  of 
terms  in  succession,  increasing  or  dimin- 
ishing in  a  oertain  ratio;  as  arithmetical 
series  and  geometrical  series.  [See  Pro- 
gression.\ 

SER'IN,  n.  A  song  bird  of  Italy  and  Ger- 
many. 

SE'RIOUS,  a.  [Fr.  serieux;  Sp.  serio;  It. 
serio,  serioso  ;  L.  strius.\ 

1.  Grave  in  manner  or  disposition ;  solemn  ; 
not  light,  gay  or  volatile ;  as  a  serious 
man  ;  usenous  habit  or  disposition. 

3.  Really  intending  what  is  said ;  being  in 
earnest ;  not  jesting  or  making  a  false  pre 
tense.     Are  you  serious,  or  in  jest  ? 

3.  Important ;  weighty  ;  not  trifling. 
The   holy   Scriptures  biiiig   to  our   cars  the 

most  seriouK  tilings  in  the  world.  Young. 

4.  Particularly   attentive    to  religious  con- 


cerns or  one's  own  religious  state. 

SERIOUSLY,  adv.  Gravely  ;  solemnly  ; 
in  earnest;  without  levity.  One  of  the 
fir.st  duties  of  a  rational  being  is  to  imiuire 
seriously  why  he  was  created,  and  what 
he  is  ti)  do  to  answer  the  purpose  of  his 
creation. 

SE'RIOUSNESS,  n.  Gravity  of  manner  or 
of  mind  ;  solemnity.  He  spoke  with  great 
seiiottsness,  or  with  an  air  of  seriousness. 

2.  Earnest  attention,  particularly  to  reli- 
gious concerns. 

Tliat  spirit  of  religion   and   seriousness  van- 
ished all  at  once.  Atterbury 

SERMOCINA'TION,  n.  Speech-making 
[JVo<  used.']  Peacham. 

SERMOCINA'TOR,  n.  One  that  makes 
sermons  or  speeches.     [jVo(  in  use.'\ 

SER'MON,  ?i.  [Fr.  from  L.  sermo,  from  the 
root  of  scro,  the  primary  sense  of  which 
is  to  throio  or  thrust.     See  Assert,  Insert.] 

1.  A  discourse  delivered  in  public  by  a  li- 
censed clergyman  for  the  purpose  of  reli- 
gious instruction,  and  usually  grounded 
on  some  text  or  passage  of  Scripture. 
Sermons  are  extemporary  addresses,  or 
written  discourses. 

His  preaching  mucli,  but  more  his  practice 

wrought, 
A  living  sermon  of  the  truths  he  taught. 

Dry  lien. 

2.  A  printed  discourse. 
SER'MON,  V.  t.  To  discourse  as  in  a  ser- 
mon.    [Little  used.] 

2.  To  tutor;  to  lesson;  to  teach.  [Little 
used.]  Shak. 

SER'MON,  V.  i.  To  compose  or  deliver  a 
sermon.     [Little  used.]  .Milton 

SER'MONING,  n.  Discourse;  instruction 
a^lvice.     [JVot  in  use.]  Chaucer. 

SER'MONIZE,  V.  i.  To  preach. 

Bp.  .Vicholson 


S  E  R 

SERMONIZING,  ;7pr.   Preaching;   incui 
eating   rigid    precepts;    composing    ser- 
mons. 

SER'MOUNTAIN,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Laserpitium  ;  laserwort ;  seseli. 

Lee.     Johnson. 

SEROON',  n.  [Sp.  seron,  a  frail  or  ba^ket.] 

1.  Aseroonof  almonds  is  the  quantity  ol'iwo 
hundred  pounds  ;  of  anise  seed,  from  three 
to  four  hundred  weight ;  of  Castile  soap, 
from  two  hundred  and  a  half  to  three 
hundred  and  three  quarters.  Encyc. 

2.  A  bale  or  package. 

SEROS'ITY,  n.  [Fr.  serosili.  See  Serum.] 
In  medicine,  the  watery  part  of  tlie  blood. 

Encyc. 
SER'OTINE,  n.  A  species  of  bat. 
SE'ROLS,    a.    [Fr.    sireux.     See    Serum.] 

1.  Thin;  watery;  like  whey;  used  of  that 
part  of  the  blood  which  separates  in  co- 
agulation from  the  grumous  or  red  part. 

2.  Pertaining  to  serum.  Arbulhiiot. 
SER'PENT,  n.  jL.  sc/^jens, creeping ;  se(7)o, 

to  creep.  Qu.  Gr.  tpTtu  ;  or  from  a  root  in 
Sr.  In  Welsh,  sarf,  a  serpent,  seems  to 
be  from  sdr.  The  Sanscrit  has  the  word 
sarpa,  serpent.] 

1.  An  animal  of  the  order  Serpentes,  [creep- 
ers, crawlers,]  of  the  class  Amphibia. 
Serpents  are  amphibious  animals,  breath- 
ing through  the  mouth  by  means  of  lungs 
only  ;  having  tapering  bodies,  without  a 
distinct  neck  ;  the  jaws  not  articulated, 
but  ililatable,  and  without  feet,  tins  or 
ears.  Serpents  move  along  the  earth  by 
a  winding  motion,  and  with  the  head  ele- 
vated. Some  species  of  them  are  vivipa- 
rous, or  rather  ovi-viviparous  ;  others  arc 
oviparous  ;  and  several  species  are  ven- 
omous. Encifc. 

2.  In  astronomy,  a  constellation  in  the  north- 
ern hemisphere,  containing,  acconling  to 
the  Briti.sh  catalogue,  sixty  lour  stars. 

3.  An  instrument  of  music,  serving  as  a  base 
to  the  cornet  or  small  shawm,  to  sustain  a 
chorus  of  singers  in  a  large  edifice.  It  is 
so  called  from  its  folds  or  wreaths. 

Encyc. 

4.  Figuratively,  a  subtil  or  malicious  per- 
son. 

5.  In  mythology,  a  symbol  of  the  sun. 
Serpent  stones  or  snake  stones,  are  fossil  shells 

of  ilifferent  sizes,  found  in  strata  of  stones 

and  clays.  Encyc. 

SERPENT-eCCUMBER,    n.    A   plant   of 

I     the  genus  Trichosanthes. 

SERPENT-EATER,  n.  A  fowl  of  Africa 

that  devours  serpents. 

iSER'PENT-FISH,  n.  A  fish  of  the  genus 

Tajiiia,  resembling  a  snake,  but  of  a  red 

color.  IJict.  .Vat.  Hist. 

[Qu.  Cepola  tania  or   rubisccns,    Liiine, 

the  band-fish,  Fr.  ruban.] 

SER'PENT'S-TONGUE,  n.  A  plant  of  the 

genus  Ophioglossum. 
SERPENTA'RIA,  7i.  A  plant,  called  also 
snake  root;  aspecies  of  .Vristolocliia. 

Encyc. 


2.  To  inculcate  rigid  rides.        "  C/ics/cr^cW.  SERPENTA  RIUS,  n.    A   constellation   in 

3.  To  make  sermons ;  to  compose   or  write  [     the     northern     hemisphere,     containing 
a  sermon  or  sermons.     [This  is  the  sense  |     seventy  four  stars. 
in  which  this  verb  is  generally  used  in  (/lej  SER'PENTINE,  a.    [L.   serpentinus,   from 

serpens.] 
1.  Rescnibhns 


U.  Slates.] 
SER'MONIZER, 
sermons. 


One   that   composes 


a  serpent ;  usually,  winding 
or  turning  one  way  and  the  other,  like  a 


8  E  R 


S  E  R 


S  E  R 


species| 
of  talck  or 


aioviiig  serpent ;  anfractuous 
penline  road  or  course. 

2.  Spiral ;  twisted  ;  as  a  serpentine  worm  of 
a  still. 

3.  Like  a  serpent ;  having  the  color  or  prop 
erties  of  a  serpent. 

Serpentine  tongue,  in  the  manege.   A  horse  is 

said  to  have  a  serpentine  tongue,  when  he 

is   constantly  moving  it,  and  sometimes 

passing  it  over  the  bit.  Encyc. 

Serpentine  verse,  a  verse  which  begins  and 

ends  with  the  same  word. 
SERPENTINE,  )       A 

SERPENTINE-STONE,   S       o< 

magnesian  stone,  usually  of  an  obscure 
green  color,  with  shades  and  spots  re- 
sembling a  serpent's  skin. 

Did.  M'at.  Hist. 
Serpentine  is  often  nearly  allied  to  the 
harder  varieties  of  steatite  and  potstone. 
It  presents  two  varieties,  precious  serpen-' 
tine,  and  roinmon  serpentine.  Cteaveland.^ 
SER'PENTiZE,  v.  t.  To  wind  ;  to  turn  or, 
bend,  first  in  one  direction  and  then  in  the 
opposite  ;  to  meander. 

The  road  seipentized  through  a  tall  shrub- 
bery. Barrow,  Trav.  in  Africa. 
SER'PET,  n.  A  basket.     [S^ot  in  «se.] 

Ainsworlh. 
SERPIGINOUS,  a.  [from  h. serpigo,  from 

serpo,  to  creep.]     Atfected  with  serpigo. 
SERPIGO,  n.    [L.    from  .^erpo,   to   creep.] 
A  kind  of  herpes  or  tetter,  called  in  pop- 
ular language,  a  ringworm.  Encyc. 
SER'PULITE,  n.  Petrified  shells  or  fossil 
remains  of  the  genus  Serpula.       Jameson. 
SERR,  V.  t.  [Fr.  serrer ;  Sp.   Port,  cerrar.] 
To  crowd,  press  or  drive  together.     [Mit 
in  use.]                                                  Bacon. 
SER'RATE,      )        [L.  serratus,  from  serro, 
SERRATED,  ^  "'  to  saw  ;   serra,  a  saw.' 
Jagged  ;  notched  ;  indented  on  the  edge, 
like    a    saw.     In    botany,    having    sharp 
notches  about  the  edge,  pointing  towards 
the  extremity ;  as  a  serrate  leaf 

When  a  serrate  leaf  has  small  serrature 
upon  the  large  ones,  it  is  said  to  be  doubly 
serrate,  as  in  the  elm.     We  say  also,  a  ser 
rate  calyx,  corol  or  stipule. 
A  serrate-ciliate  leaf,  is  one  having  fine  hairs, 

like  the  eye  lashes,  on  the  serratures- 
A  serralure-loothed  leaf,   has  the  serratures 

toothed. 
A  serrulate  leaf,  is  one  finely  serrate,  with 
very  small  notches  or  teeth.  Mnrtyn. 

SERRA'TION,  n.  Formation  in  the  shape 

of  a  saw. 
SER'RATURE,  n.  An  indenting  or  inden- 
ture in  the  edge  of  any  thing,  like  those  of 
a  saw.  Marty n. 

SER'ROUS,  a.  Like   the  teeth  of  a  saw: 
irregular.     [Little  used.]  Brown 

SER'RULATE,  a.  Finely  serrate  ;   having 
very  minute  teeth  or  notches.         Martyn. 
SER'RY,  V.  t.  [Fr.  serrer.]    To  crowd  ;   to 
press  together.     [JVol  used.]  Milton. 

SE'RUM,  n.  [L.]  The  thin  transparent  part 

of  the  blood. 

2.  The  thin  part  of  milk;  whey. 

SER'VAL,  n.  An  animal  of  the  feline  genus, 

resembling  the  lynx  in  form  and  size,  and 

the  panther  in  spots  ;  a  native  of  Malabar. 

Did.  M'at.  Hist. 

SERV'ANT,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  servans,  from 

servo,  to  keep  or  hold ;  properly  one  that 


waits,  that  is,  stops,  holds,  attends,  or  one[ 
that  is  bound.]  ] 

1.  A  person,  male  or  female,  that  attends  an-, 
other  for  the  purpose  of  performing  meni- 
al offices  for  him,  or  who  is  employed  by 
another  for  such  otfices  or  for  other  labor, 
and  is  subject  to  his  command.  The  word 
is  correlative  to  master.  Servant  dift'ers 
from  slave,  as  the  servant's  subjection  to  a 
master  is  voluntary,  the  slave's  is  not. 
Every  slave  is  a  servant,  but  every  ser- 
vant is  not  a  slave. 

Servants  are  of  various  kinds  ;  ashouse- 
hold  or  domestic  servants,  menial  servants  ;' 
laborers,  who  are  hired  by  the  day,  week 
or  other  term,  and  do  not  reside  with  their 
employers,  or  if  they  board  in  the  same 
house,  are  employed  abroad  and  not  in 
domestic  .services ;  apprentices,  who  are 
bound  for  a  term  of  years  to  serve  a  mas- 
ter, for  the  purpose  "of  learning  his  trade 
or  occupation. 

In  a  legal  sense,  stewards,  factors,  bai- 
lifs  and  other  agents,  are  servants  for  the 
time  they  are  employed  in  such  character, 
as  they  act  in  subordination  to  others. 

2.  One  ill  a  state  of  subjection. 

■i.  In  Scripture,  a  slave  :  a  bondman  ;  one  pur- 
chased for  money,  and  who  was  compelled 
to  serve  till  the  year  of  jubilee  ;  also,  one 
purchased  for  a  term  of  years.  Ex.  xxi. 
The  subject  of  a  king  ;  as  the  servants  of 
David  or  of  Sauk 


,5. 


The  Syrians  became  servants  to   David. 
Sam.  viii. 


A  person  who  voluntarily  serves  another 
or  acts  as  liis  uiinisler  ;  us  Joshua  was  the 
servant  of  Moses,  and  the  apostles  the  ser 
vants  of  Christ.  So  Christ  himself  is  call- 
ed a  servant.  Is.  xlii.  Moses  is  called  the 
servant  of  the  Lord,  Dent,  xxxiv. 
6.  A  person  employed  or  used  as  an  instru 
inent  in  accomplishing  God's  purposes  i>( 
mercy  or  wrath.  Sn  Nebncliadnezzar  is 
called  the  servant  of  God.     Jer.  xxv. 

One  who  yields  obedience  to  another 
The  saints  are  called  the  servants  of  God, 
or  of  righteousness ;  and  the  wicked  are 
called  the  servants  of  sin.     Rom.  vi. 

That  which  yields  obedience,  or  acts  in 
subordination  as  an  instrument.     Ps.  cxix. 

9.  One  that  makes  painful  sacrifices  in  com- 
pliance with  the  weakness  or  wants  of 
others.     1  Cor.  ix. 

10.  A  person  of  base  condition  or  ignoble 
spirit.      Ecdes.  x. 

11.  A  word  of  civility.  I  am,  sir,  your  hum- 
ble or  obedieLit  servant. 

Our  bettei-s  tell  us  they  are  our  humble  ser- 
vants, but  understand  us  to  be  their  slaves. 

Swift. 

Servant  of  servants,  one  debased  to  the  low- 
est condition  of  servitude.     Gon.  ix. 
SERV'ANT,  v.t.  To  subject.     [jVotinuse.' 

Shak 

SERVE,  v.t.  serv.  [Fr.  servir ;  It.  servire, 
S\}.servir;  from  L.  servio.  This  verb  is 
supposed  to  he  from  the  noim  servus.  a 
servant  or  slave,  and  this  from  servo,  to 
keep.  W servus  originally  was  a  slave,  In: 
was  probably  so  named  from  being  pre- 
served and  taken  prisoner  in  war,  or  moni 
probably  iVom  being  bound,  and  perhapsj 
from  tlie  Shcmitic  llX,  -n:f,  to  bind.  But 
the  sense  of  savant  its  generally  a  waiter,| 


one  who  attends  or  waits,  and  from  the 
sense  of  stopping,  holdmg,  remaining.] 

1.  To  work  tor;  to  bestow  the  labor  of  body 
and  mind  in  the  employment  of  another. 

Jacob  loved  Rachel  and  said,  I  will  seme 
thee  seven  years  Cor  Rachel  thy  younger  dau^h' 
ter.     Gen.  xxix. 

No  man  can  serve  t^vo  masters.     Matt.  »i. 

2.  To  act  as  the  miiuster  of;  to  perform  of- 
ficial duties  to  ;  as,  a  minister  serves  his 
prince. 

Had  I  served  God  as  diligently  as  I  have 
served  the  king,  he  would  not  have  given  me 
over  in  my  gray  hairs.  Cardinal  Woolsey. 

3.  To  attend  at  command  ;  to  wait  on. 

A  goddess  among  gods,  adoi'd  and  serv''d 
By  angels  numberless,  thy  daily  train. 

Miltoix. 

4.  To  obey  servilely  or  meanly.  Be  not  to 
wealth  a  servant.  Denham. 

5.  To  supply  with  food  :  as,  to  be  served  in 
I  plate.  Dryden. 
,(j.  To  be  subservient  or  subordinate  to. 

Bodies  briglu  and  greater  should  not  serve 
'J  he  less  not  bright.  Milton. 

7.  To  perform  the  duties  required  in ;  as, 
the  curate  served  two  churches. 

8.  To  obey  ;  to  perform  duties  in  the  em- 
ployment of;  as,  to  serve  the  king  or  the 
country  in  tlie  army  or  navy. 

9.  To  be  suliicieni  to,  or  to  promote ;  as,  to 
serve  one's  tmii,  end  or  purpose.        Locke. 

10.  To  help  by  good  offices;  as,  to  serve 
one's  country.  Tate. 

11.  To  comply  with  ;  to  submit  to. 
They   ihiiik    lierein  we    serve  the   time,  be- 
cause  thereby  we  either  iiold  or  seek  prefer- 
ment. Hooker. 

12.  To  be  sufficient  for;  to  satisfy;  to  con- 
tent. 

One  half  pint  bottle  serves  them  both  to  dine, 
And  is  at  once  their  vinegar  and  wine. 

Pope. 

13.  To  be  in  the  place  of  any  thing  to  one. 
A  sofa  sen'es  the  Turks  for  a  seat  and  a 
couch. 

14.  To  treat ;  to  requite ;  as,  he  served  me 
ungratefidly  ;  he  served  me  very  ill.  We 
say  also,  he  served  me  a  trick,  that  is,  ne 
deceived  me,  or  practiced  an  artifice  upon 

WP. 

15.  In  Scripture  and  theology,  to  obey  and 
worship  ;  to  act  in  cruiformity  to  the  law 
of  a  superior,  and  treat  him  with  due  rev- 
erence. 

Fear  the  Lord,  and  serve  him  in  sincerity  and 
truth.  As  for  me  and  my  house,  we  will  .leme 
the  Lord.     Josh.  xxiv. 

16.  In  a  bad  sense,  to  obey  ;  to  yield  compli- 
ance or  act  accnrding  to. 

Serving  divers  lusts  and  pleasures.     Tit.  iii. 

17.  To  worship ;  to  render  homaseto;  as, 
to  serve  idols  or  false  gods.     Ezek.  x\. 

18.  To  be  a  slave  to  ;  to  be  in  bondage  to. 
Gen   XV. 

19.  To  serve  one's  self  of,  to  use;  to  make 
use  of;  a  Gallicism,  [sc  servir  de.] 

1  will  serve  nty.<<elf  of  ibh  concession. 

Chillingworth, 

20.  To  use ;  to  manage ;  to  apply.  The 
gims  were  well  served. 

21.  Iji  seamen's  language,  to  wind  something 
round  a  rope  to  pre\cMt  friction. 

To  serve  up,  to  prepare  and  present  in  a 
dish  ;  as,  to  serve  up  a  sirloin  of  beef  in 
plate  ;  figuratively,  to  prepare. 


S  E  R 


S  E  R 


S  E  S 


To  serve  in,  as  used  by  Sliakspearc,   lor  lot}.  Attendance  on  a  superior. 

fcnng- SH,  us  meat  by  an  attendant,   I  have  Mailam,  I  entreat  Uiie  pe;ice  ol  you, 

never  known  to  be  nscd  in  America.  Wliicli  I  will  purchase  with  my  Juteous  sen- 

To  serve  out,  to  distribute  in  portions;  as,  to  I  .'"'•  Shak. 

serve  out  provisions  to  soldiers.  I'*  session  of  respect  uttered  or  sent. 

To  serve  a  writ,  to  reaci  it  to  tbc   defendant  ;L        P'^y  do  my  sm-ice  to  his  majesty.         Shak. 

or  to  leave  unattested  copy  at  his  usiialjl"-  Actual  duty  ;  that  which  is  rcpiired  to  be 

"     done  ni  an  olhce  ;  as,  to  perform  the  serv- 


plaoe  of  abode. 

To  serve  an  aUachment,  or  writ  of  allachmenl 
to  levy  it  on  the  person  or  goods  by  seiz- 
ure ;  or  to  seize. 

To  serve  an  execution,  to  levy  it  on  lands, 
goods  or  person  by  seizure  or  taking  pos- 
session. 

To  serve  a  warrant,  to  read  it,  and  to  seize 
the  person  against  wliom  it  is  issued. 

In  general,  to  serve  a  process,  is  to  read  it  so 
as  to  give  due  notice  to  the  party  con- 
cerned, or  to  leave  an  attested  copy  with 
Lim  or  bis  attorney,  or  at  his  usual  place 
of  abode. 

To  serve  an  office,  to  discharge  a  public  duty. 
[This  phrase,  I  believe,  is  not  used  in 
America.  We  say,  a  man  serves  in  an  of-, 
fire,  that  is,  serves  the  public  in  an  ottice.]! 

SERVE,  V.  i.  serv.  To  be  a  servant  or  slave.! 
The  Lord  shall  fjive  thee  rest  from   thy  sor- 


jcfts  of  a  clerk,  a  shcrif  or  judge. 
0.  That  w  hich  God  requires  of  man ;  wor- 
ship ;  obedience. 

God  requires  no  man's  service  upon  hard  and 
unreasonable  terms.  Tillolson. 

10.  Employment;  business;  office;  as,  to 
qualify  a  man  for  public  service. 

11.  Use;  purpose.  The  guns  are  not  fit  for 
public  service. 

12.  Military  duty  by  land  or  sea  ;  as  milita- 
ry or  naval  service. 

13.  A  military  achievment.  S!inl;. 

14.  Useful  office  ;  advantage  conferred;  that 
which  promotes  interest  or  happiness.' 
Medicine  often  does  no  service  to  the  sick  ; 
calunmy  is  sometimes  oC  service  to  an  au- 
thor. 

15.  Favor. 

To  thee  a  woman's  services  are  due.     Shak. 


SERV'IENT,  a.  [L.  serviens.]  Subordinate. 

[jVot  in  use.]  Dyer. 

SLRV'ILE,  a.   [Fr.  from  L.  servUis,  from 

servio,  to  serve.] 

1.  Such  as  [lertains  to  a  servant  or  slave  ; 
slavish  ;  mean  ;  such  as  proceeds  from  de- 
pendence ;  as  servile  fear ;  servile  obedi- 
ence. 

2.  Held  in  subjection  ;  dependent. 

Ev'n  fortune  rules  no  more  a  servile  land. 
o    /-.  ■  Pope. 

3.  Cringing;  fawning;  meanly  submissive; 
as  servile  flattery. 

She  must  bend  the  servile  knee. 

Thomson. 

SERVILELY,    adv.     Meanly;     slavishly; 

with  base  submission  or  obsequiousness. 
■2.  With    base  deference  to  another ;  as,  to 

copy  servileli/  ' 

SEKVILENfc 

si;rvility 


Slavery 
tion    of 


the  condi- 
a    slave  or 


row,  and  from  thy  fear,  and  from  the  hard  bond-ilG.  The   duty  which  a   tenant  owes   to  h 


ai;e  wherein  thou  wast  made  to  serve.   Is.  \iv. 

2.  To  he  employed  in  labor  or  other  busi- 
ness for  another.  Geo.  xxi.v. 

3.  To  br.  in  subjection.  Is.  .xliii. 

4.  To  wait ;  to  attend  ;  to  perform  domestic 
offices  to  another.    Luke  x. 

5.  To  perform  duties,  as  in  the  army,  navy 
or  in  any  office.  An  officer  serves  five 
years  in  India,  or  umler  a  particular  com- 
muMiler.  The  lute  secretary  of  the  colo- 
ny, and  afterwards  state,  of  Comiecticul, 
was  ainuially  appointed,  aud  served  in  the 
office  sixty  years. 

6.  To  answer  ;  to  accomplish  the  end. 

She  feared  that  all  would  not  serve. 

Sidney. 

7.  To  be  sufficient  for  a  purpose. 

This  little  brand  will  serve  to  light  your  fire. 

Jiryden. 

8.  To  suit ;  to  be  convenient.  Take  this, 
and  use  it  as  occasion  serves. 

0.  To  conduce  ;  to  be  of  use. 

Our  victory  only  served  to  lead  us  on  to  fur- 
ther visionary  prospects.  Stvijl. 

10.  To  officiate  or  minister;  to  do  the  hon- 
ors of;  as,  to  serve  at  a  public  diiuier. 

SERVED,  p/>.  .■\ttended  ;  waited  on  ;  wor- 
shiped; levied. 

SERVICE,  II.  [Fr.;  \i.  servizio ;  Sp.  serui- 
cio  ;  from  L.  scrvitiiuii.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  labor  of  body  or  of 
body  and  mind,  performed  at  the  com- 
mand of  a  superior,  or  in  pursuance  of  du- 
ty, or  for  the  benefit  of  another.  Service 
is  voluntary  or  involuntary.  Voluntary 
service  is  that  of  hired  servants,  or  of  con- 
tract, or  of  persons  who  spontaneously 
perform  something  for  another's  benefit. 
/nt'o?u/i/ari/ service  is  that  of  slaves,  who 
work  by  compulsion. 

2.  The  business  of  a  servant ;  menial  office. 

.Shak. 
■i.  Attendance  of  a  servant.  Shak. 

4.  Place  of  a  servant ;  actual  employment  of 
asi'rvant;  as,  to  be  out  ofsercjce.       Shak.' 

5.  .Any  thing  done  by  way  of  duty  to  a  supe- 
rior. 

This  poem  was  the  last  piece  of  service  I  did 
for  my  master  king  Charles.  Dryden. 


lord  for  his  fee.     Personal  service  consists 
Ju  homage  and  fealty,  &c. 

17.  Public  worship,  or  office  of  devotion. 
Divine  service  was  interrupted. 

18.  .\  musical  church  conqiosition  consisting] 
of  choruses,  trios,  duets,  solos,  &c. 

19.  The  official  duties  of  a  minister  of  the' 
gospel,  as  in  church,  at  a  funeral,  mar-' 
riage,  &c. 

20.  Course;  order  of  dishes  at  table. 

There  was  no  extraordinary  service  seen  on 
die  board.  JIakewiU. 

31.  In  seaman'' slanguage,  the  materials  used 
for  serving  a  rope,  as  spun  yarn,  smalli 
lines,  &c. 

22.  A  tree  and  its  fruit,  of  the  genus  Sorbus.l 
Tlie  ivild  serrice  is  of  the  genus  Cratiegus. 

Service  of  a  writ,  process,  ifc.  the  reading  of 
it  to  the  person  to  whom  notice  is  intend- 
ed to  be  given,  or  the  leaving  of  an  attest- 
ed copy  with  the  person  or  his  attorney,! 
or  at  his  usual  place  of  abode. 

Service  of  an  ailachmenl,  the  seizing  of  the 
person  or  goods  according  to  the  direc- 
tion. 

The  service  of  an  erccution,  the  levying  of  it 
upon  the  goods,  estate  or  person  of  the  de- 
fi'ndant.  I 

SERVICEABLE,  a.    That  does  service  ;l 
that  promotes  happine.ss,  interest,  ailvant-' 
age  or  any  good  ;  usefid  ;  beneficial ;  ad- 
vantageous.    Rulers  may  be   very  service- 
able to  relision  by  their  example.     The  at- 
tentions of  my  friends  were  very  service- 
able to  nie  when  abroad.  Rain  and  luanure 
are  serviceable  to  laud. 
Active;  diligent;  officious. 
1  know  thee  ncll,  a  serviceable  villain. 
[Unusual.]  Shak. 

SERV'ICEABLE.NESS,  n.  Usefulness  in 
promoting  good  of  any  kind ;  beneficial- 
ncss. 

All  action  being  for  some  end,  its  aptness  to 
be  commanded  or  forbidden  must  be  founded^ 
upon  its  serviceablenes  or  disserviceableness  to 
some  end.  ^Vorris. 

2.  Officiousness ;  readiness  to  do  service. 

Sidney. 


o\>y  servileli/ ;  to   adopt  opinions  iemVt/i/. 

KV  ILE^t-aa   '        ci„..L._  .  .,  .■! 

RVILI' 
bondman 

To  be  a  queen  in  bondage,  is  more  vile 
Than  is  a  slave  in  base  servility.  Shak. 

2.  Mean  submission  ;  baseness;  slavishness. 

3.  Mean  obsequiousness  ;  slavish  deference  ; 
as  the  common  servility  to  custom  ;  to  copy 
niauners  or  opinions  with  servility. 

SERVING,  ppr.  Working  for;  acting  in 
subordination  to  ;  yielding  obedience  to  ; 
worshiping ;  also,  performing  duties  ;  as 
serving  in  the  army. 

SERVING-MAID,  n.  A  female  servant;  a 
menial. 

SERVING-MAN,  n.  A  male  servant ;  a 
menial. 

SERVITOR,  n.  [It.  sei-vitore  ;  Sp.  servidor ; 

I     Fr.  serviteur;  from  L.  servio,  to  serve.] 

!l.  A  servant ;  an  attendant.  Hooker. 

|2.  One  that  acts  under  another  ;  a  follower 
or  adherent.  Davies. 

■i.  One  that  |)rofesses  duty  and  obedience. 

I  _  Shak. 

In  the  university  of  Orford,  a  student  who 
attends  on  another  for  bis  maintenance 
and  learning;  such  as  is  called  in  Cam- 
bridge, a  sizrr.  Encyc. 

SERVITORSHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a  .serv- 
itor. Boswell. 

SERVITUDE,  n,  [Fr.  from  L.  servitudo  or 
servitus;   ll.  servilii.     S<;e  Serve.] 

1.  The  condition  of  a  slave;  the  state  of  in- 
voluntary subjection  to  a  master;  slavery  ; 
bondage.  Such  is  the  state  of  the  slaves 
in  .\nierica.  A  large  portion  of  the  hu- 
man race  are  in  servitude. 

2.  The  state  of  a  servant.  [Less  common  and 
less  proper.  ] 

3.  The  conilition  of  a  cmiquered  coiintrj'. 

4.  A  state  of  slavish  dependence.  Some  per- 
sons may  be  in  love  with  splendid  servi- 
tude. South. 

5.  Servants,  collectively.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Shak. 

SES'AME.      )  ^j  [Fr.  se.iame  ;  It.  sesamo  ;  L. 

SES'.AMUM,  ^  'sesama;  Gr.  (tijtouij,  ojjjo- 
ftov.] 

Oily  grain  ;  a  genus  of  annual  herbaceous 
plants,  from  the  seeds  of  which  an  oil  is 
expressed.  One  species  of  it  is  cultivated 
in  Carolina,  and  the  blai'ks  use  the  seeds 
for  food.     It  is  called  there  6ciie. 

Ennjc.     Beloe. 

SES'BAX,  )i.  .\  plant :  a  species  of  .•Eschy- 
nomene  or  Bastard  sensitive  plant. 

Encyc. 


S  E  S 


SET 


SET 


SES'ELI,  n.  [L.  Gr.  seselis.]  A  genus  of 
plants;  meadow  saxifrage  ;  hartwort. 

Encyc. 
SESQUIAL'TER,        )        [L.  from  sesqui, 
SESaUIAL'TERAL,  ^  °'    the    whole   and 
half  as  much  more,  and  alter,  other.] 

1.  In  geometry,  designating  a  ratio  where 
one  quantity  or  numher  contains  another 
once,  and  half  as  much  more;  as  9  con- 
tains 6  and  its  half.  Bentley. 

2.  A  sesquialteral  floret,  is  when  a  large  fer- 
tile floret  is  accompanied  with  a  small 
abortive  one.  Martyn. 

SESaUlDU'PLICATE,  a.  [L.  sesqui,  supra, 
and  duplicatus,  double.] 

Designating  the  ratio  of  two  and  a  half  to 
one,  or  where  the  greater  term  contains 
the  lesser  twice  and  a  half,  as  that  of  50 
lo  20. 

SESQUIP'EDAL,  }        [L.  sesqui,  one 

SESQUIPEDA'LIAN,  ^  and  a  half,  and 
pedalis,  from  pes,  a  foot.] 

Containing  a  foot  and  a  half;  as  a  sesquipe 
dalian  pigmy.  Arbulhnot. 

Addison  uses  sesquipedal  as  a  noun. 

SESQUIP'LICATE,  a.  [L.  sesqui,  one  and 
a  half,  and  plicatus,  plica,  to  fold.] 

Designating  the  ratio  of  one  and  a  half  to 
one  ;  as  ihe  sesqui  plicate  proportion  of  the 
periodical  limes  of  the  planets.        Cheyne. 

SESQUITER'TIAN,        \      [V,.  sesqui,  owe 

SESQUITER'TIONAL,  \  ""  and  a  half,  and 
lertius,  third.] 

Designating  the  ratio  of  one  and  one  third. 

Johnson. 

SES'QUITOiVE,  n.  In  music,  a  minor  third, 
or  interval  of  tliree  semitones.  Busby. 

SESS,  ».  [L,.  .sessi'o.]  A  ta.\.  [Little  used  or 
not  at  all.     See  Jlssessment.] 

SES'SILE,  a.  [L.  sessilis.  See  Set.]  In  hot- 
am/,  sitting  on  the  stem.  A  sessile  leaf  is 
sues  du-ectly  from  the  stem  or  branch 
without  a  petiole  or  footstalk.  A  sessile 
flower  has  no  peduncle.  Sessile  pappus 
or  down  has  no  stipe,  but  is  placed  imme 
diately  on  the  seed.  Martyn 

SES'SION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  sessio,  from  se- 
deo.     See  Set.] 

1.  A  sitting  or  being  placed  ;  as  the  ascension 
of  Christ,  and  his  session  at  the  right  handi 
of  God.  Hooker.] 

2.  The  actual  sitting  of  a  court,  council,  le-j 
gislature,  &,c. ;  or  the  actual  assembly  of 
the  members  of  these  or  any  similar  body 
for  the  transaction  of  business.  Thus  we 
say,  the  court  is  now  in  session,  meaning 
that  the  members  are  assembled  for  busi- 
ness. 

3.  The  time,  space  or  term  during  which  a 
court,  council,   legislature   and    the  like, 
meet  daily  for  business;  or  the  space  of 
lime  between  the    first   meeting  and  the 
prorogation  or  adjournment.     Thus  a  ses- 
sion of  parliament  is  opened  with  a  speech 
from  the  throne,  ami  closed  by  proroga- 
tion.    The   session  of  a  judicial  court  is 
called  a  term.     Thus  a  court  may  have 
two    sessions    or   four    sessions  annually. 
The  supreme  court  of  the   United  States 
lias  one  annual  session.     The  legislatures 
of  most  of  the  states  have  one  annual  ses- 
sion only  ;  some    have   more.     The    con- 
gress of  the  United  Stales  has  one  only. 

4.  Sessions,  in  some  of  the  states,  is  particu- 
larly used  for  a  court  of  justices,  held  for 


granting  licenses  to  innkeepers  or  tavern- 
ers,  for  laying  out  new  highways  or  alter- 
ing old  ones  and  the  like. 

(Quarter  sessions,  in  England,  is  a  court  held 
once  in  every  quarter,  by  two  justices  of 
the  peace,  one  of  whom  is  of  the  quorum 
for  the  trial  of  small  felonies  and  misde- 
meanors. 

Sessions  of  the  peace,  a  court  consisting  of 
justices  of  the  peace,  held  in  each  county 
for  inquiring  into  trespasses,  larcenies 
forestalling,  &c.  and  in  general,  for  the 
conservation  of  the  peace. 

La  It's  of  JVew  York 

SESS'-POOL,  )i.  [sess  and  pool.]  A  cavity 
sunk  in  the  earth  to  receive  and  retain  the 
sediment  of  water  conveyed  in  drains. 
Sess-pools  should  be  placed  at  proper  dis- 
tances in  all  drains,  and  particularly 
should  one  be  placed  at  the  entrance 

Encyc.'^ 

SES'TERCE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  sestertius. 
A  Roman  coin  or  denomination  of  money, 
in  value  the  fourth  part  of  a  denarius,  and 
originally  containing  two  asses  ami  a 
half,  about  two  pence  sterling  or  four! 
cents.  The  sestertium,  that  is,  sestertium 
pondus,  was  two  pounds  and  a  half,  or 
two  hundred  and  fifty  denarii ;  about  sev- 
en pounds  sterling,  or  thirty  one  dollars. 
One  qualification  of  a  Roman  knight  was 
the  possession  of  estate  of  the  value  of  four 
hundred  thousand  sesterces  ;  that  of  a  sen- 
ator was  double  this  sum. 

Authors  mention  also  a  copper  sesterce, 
of  the  value  of  one  third  of  a  penny  ster- 
ling. 

Sesterce  was  also  used  by  the  ancients 
for  a  thing  containing  two  wholes  and  a 
half;  the  as  being  taken  for  the  integer. 

£nn/c. 
SET,  V.  I.  pret.  pp.  set.  [Sax.  scelan,  setan, 
settan,  lo  set  or  ()lace,  to  seat  or  fi.x,  to  ap- 
pease, to  calm,  L.  sedo  ;  to  compose,  as  a 
book,  to  dispose  or  put  in  order,  to  estab 
lish,  found  or  institute,  to  possess,  to  cease 
G.  setzen,  to  set,  to  risk  or  lay,  as  a  wager, 
to  plant,  to  appoint,  to  leap  or  make  an 
onset;  D.zetlen;  Sw.  sldla:  Dan.  setter; 
\V.  sodi,  to  fix,  to  constitute  ;  gosodi,  to 
set,  to  lay,  lo  put,  to  establish,  to  ordain 
gosod,  a  setting  or  placing,  a  site,  a  statute, 
an  onset  or  assault ;  L.  sedo,  sedeo  and 
sido,  coinciding  with  si7,  but  all  of  one; 
family.  From  the  Norman  orthography! 
of  this  word,  we  have  assess,  assise.  See! 
Assess.  Heb.  Ch.  nO'  and  nw  to  set,  to^ 
place;  Syr.  Z.Aa>  to  found,  to  establish. 
Class  Sd.  No.  31.  50.  The  primary  sensel 
is  to  throw,  to  drive,  or  intransitively,  to 
rush.] 

1.  To  put  or  place;  to  fix  or  cause  to  resti 
in  a  standing  posture.  We  set  a  house  onj 
a  wall  of  stone  ;  we  set  a  book  on  a  shelf  I 
In  this  use,  set  differs  from  lay  ;  we  set  al 
thing  on  its  end  or  basis;  we  lay  it  on  its. 
side.  I 

2.  To  put  or  place  in  its  proper  or  natural 
posture.  We  set  a  chest  or  trunk  on  its, 
bottom,  not  on  its  end  ;  we  sel  a  bedstead 
or  a  table  on  its  feet  or  legs. 

3.  To  put,  place  or  fix  in  any  situation.  (Joi 
set  the  sun,  moon  and  stars  in  the  (irnia- 
ment. 

I  do  set  my  bow  in  the  cloiul.  Ocn.  ix 


4.  To  put  into  any  condition  or  state. 

The  Lord    thy  God  will  set  thee  oil  higl.- 
Deut.  xxviii. 


I  am  come  to  set  a  man  at  variance  against 
his  father.  Matt.  x. 

So  we  say,  to  set  in  order,  to  set  at  ease. 
to  set  to  work,  or  at  work. 

5.  To  put ;  to  fix  ;  to  attach  to. 
The  Lord  set  a  mark  upon  Cain.  Gen.  iv. 
So  we  say,  to  set  a  label  on  a  vial  or  a 

bale. 

6.  To  fix ;  to  render  motionless ;  as,  the 
eyes  are  set ;  the  jaws  are  set. 

7.  To  put  or  fix,  as  a  price.  We  set  a  price 
on  a  house,  farm  or  horse. 

8.  To  fix ;  to  state  by  some  rule. 
The  gentleman  spoke  with  a  set  gesture  and 

countenance.  Carew. 

The  town  of  Berne  has  handsome  fountains 

planted  at  set  distances  from  one  end  of  the 

street  to  the  other.  Jiddison. 

9.  To  regulate  or  adjust ;  as,  to  set  a  time- 
piece by  the  sun. 

He  sets  his  judgment  by  his  passion. 

Prior 

10.  To  fit  to  music ;  to  adapt  with  notes ;  as, 
to  set  the  words  of  a  psalm  to  music. 

Set  tliy  own  songs,  and  sing  them  to  thy  lute. 

Drydeti. 

11.  To  pitch  ;  to  begin  to  sing  in  public. 
He  set  the  hundredth  psalm.  Spectator. 

12.  To  plant,  as  a  shrub,  tree  or  vegetable. 

Prior. 

13.  To  variegate,  intersperse  or  adorn  with 
something  fixed ;  to  stud ;  as,  to  set  any 
thing  with  diamonds  or  pearls. 

High  on  their  heads,  with  jewels  richly  set. 
Each  lady  wore  a  radiant  coronet. 

Dry  den. 

14.  To  return  to  its  proper  place  or  state; 
to  replace  ;  to  reduce  from  a  dislocated  or 
fractured  state ;  as,  to  set  a  bone  or  a  leg. 

15.  To  fix;  to  place  ;  as  the  heart  or  affec- 
tions. 

Set  your  affections  on  things  above.    Col.  iii. 
— Minds  altogether  set  on  trade  and  profit. 

Addison. 

16.  To  fix  firmly  ;  to  predetermine. 
The  heart  of  the  sons   of  men  is  fuUy  set  in 

them  to  do  evil.    Eceles.  viii. 

Hence  we  say,  a  thing  is  done  of  sel 
purpose  ;  a  man  is  set,  that  is,  firm  or  ob- 
stinate in  his  opinion  or  way. 

17.  To  fix  by  appointment ;  to  appoint;  to 
assign  :  as,  to  set  a  time  for  meeting  ;  to 
set  an  hour  or  a  day.  Bacon.     South. 

18.  To  place  or  station  ;  to  appoint  to  a  par- 
ticular duty. 

Am  I  a  sea  or  a  whale,  that  thou  settest  a 
watch  over  me  ?    Job  vii. 

19.  To  stake  at  play.     [Little  used.] 

Prior. 

20.  To  offer  a  wager  at  dice  to  another. 
[Little  used.]  Shak. 

21.  To  fix  in  metal. 
And  him  too  rich  a  jewel  to  be  set 
In  vulgar  inolal  for  a  vulgar  use.         Dryden. 

22.  To  fix;  to  cause  to  stop;  to  obstruct; 
as,  to  set  a  coach  in  the  mire.  The  wagon 
or  the  team  was  set  at  the  hill.  In  some 
of  the  states,  stall  is  used   in  a  like  sense. 

23.  To  embarrass  ;  lo  perplex. 
They  are  hard  set  to  represent   tlie  bill  as  a 

grievance.  .Addison. 

24.  To  put  in  good  order;  to  fix  for  u.se  ;  to 
bring  to  a  llni'  ni^r. ;  as,  to  set  :i  razor. 

2.">.  To  loose  anil  extend  ;  to  spread  ;  a^  to 
I     set  the  sails  of  a  ship. 


S  E  T 


SET 


SET 


26.  To  point  out  without  noise  or  disturb- 
aufe  ;  as,  a  dog  sets  birds.  Johnson. 

27.  'I'o  oppose. 

Will  you  set  your  wit  to  a  fool's  ?  Shale. 

S8.  To  prnpuro  with  ruiiiiet  lor  cheese ;  as, 

to  set  milk. 
29.  To  dim  ;  to  darken  or  extinguish. 

Aliijah  could  not  sec ;  tor  his  eyes  were  set 
by  reason  ol  liis  age.    1  Kings  xiv. 
To  set  by  the  compass,  among  seamen,  to  ob- 
serve tlie  hearing  or  situation  of  a  distant 
object  by  the  compass. 
To  set  about,  to  begin,  as  an  action  or  enter- 
prise ;  to  apply  to.     He  has  planned  liis 
enterprise,  and  will  soon  set  about  it. 
To  .set  one's  self  against,  to  jtlace  in  a  state  of 
enmity  or  opposition. 

The  king  of  Bahylon  set  himself  against  Je- 
rusalem this  same  day.  Ezek.  xxiv. 
To  set  against,  to  oppose  ;  to  set  in  compar- 
ison, or  to  oppose  as  an  equivalent  in  ex- 
change;  as,  to  set  one  thing  against  an 
other ;  or  to  sft  off  one  thing  against  an- 
other. 
To  set  apart,  to  separate  to  a  particular  use  ; 

to  separate  from  the  rest. 
2.  To  neglect  lor  a  time.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Knolles. 

To  set  aside,  to  omit  for  the  present ;  to  hiy 

out  of  the  cpiostion. 

Setting  aside  all  other  considerations,  1  will 
endeavor  to  know  the  truth  and  yield  to  that. 

Till0tSU7l. 

2.  To  reject. 

1  embrace  that  of  the  deluge,  and  set  aside 
all  the  rest.  IVoodward. 

3.  To  annid  ;  to  vacate.  The  court  set 
aside  the  verdict,  or  the  judgment. 

To  set  abroach,  to  spread.  Sliak. 

To  set  a-going,  to  cause  to  begin  to  move. 
To  set  by,  to  set  apart  or  on  one  side  ;  to  re- 
ject.    [In  tliis  sense,  by  is  emphatical.] 

Bacon. 

2.  To  esteem;  to  regard;  to  value.  [In 
this  sen.«e,  set  is  pronounced  with  more 
emphasis  than  by.] 

To  set  down,  to  place  upon  the  ground  or 
floor. 

3.  To  enter  in  writing  ;  to  register. 

Some  rules  were  to  be  set  down  for  tlie  gov 
eminent  of  the  army.  Clarendon. 

-3.  To  explain  or  relate  in  writing. 

4.  To  fix  on  a  resolve.     [Little  used.] 

Knolles. 
.5.  To  fix  ;  to  establish  ;  to  ordain. 

This  law   we  may   name  eternal,  being  that 

order  which  (iod   hath  set  ihwn  with  himself, 

for  himself  (o  do  all  things  by.  Hooka'. 

To  set  forth,  to  manifest ;  to  ofler  or  present 

to  view.     Kom.  iii. 

2.  To  publish  ;  to  promulgate  ;  to  make  ap 
pear.  Jf'aller. 

3.  To  send  out ;  to  prepare  and  send. 

The  Venetian  admiial  had  a  fleet  of  sixty  gal. 
leys,  set  forth  by  the  Venetians.     Obs. 

Knolles 

4.  To  display ;  to  exhibit ;  to  present  to 
view  ;  to  show.  Drydcn.     Milton 

To  set  forward,   to  advance;  to  move  on; 

also,  to  promote.  Hooker. 

To  set  in,  to  put  in  the  way  to  begin. 

If  you  plca.«e  to  assist  and  set  me  in,  I  will 
recollect  myself.  Collier. 

To  set  off,  to  adorn  ;  to  decorate  ;  to  embel 
lish. 

They  set  off  the  worst   faces  with  the   be.st 
ahs.  Mdison 


2.  To  give  a  pompous  or  flattering  descrip- 
tion of;  to  eulogize  ;  to  recommend ;  as, 
to  set  off  a.  character. 

,3.  To  place  against  as  an  equivalent;  as, 
to  set  off  one  man's  services  against  an- 
other's. 

4.  To  separate  or  assign  for  a  particular 
purpose  ;  as,  to  set  off  a  portion  of  an 
estate. 

To  set  on  (IT  upon,  to  incite  ;  to  instigate  ;  to 
animate  to  action. 

Thou,  traitor,  hast  set  on  thy  wife  to  this. 

Shak. 

2.  To  assault  or  attack  ;  seldom  used  tran- 
sitively, but  the  |)assivc  form  is  often  used. 

Alphonsus — was  set  upon  by  a  Turkish  pirate 
and  taken.  Knolles. 

3.  To  employ,  as  in  a  task. 
Set  on  thy  wife  to  observe.  Shak. 

4.  To  fix  the  attention  ;  to  determine  to  any 
thing  with  settled  purpose. 

It  becomes  a  true  lover  to  have  your  heart 
more  set  upon  her  good  than  your  own. 

Sidney. 
To  set  out,  to  assign  ;  to  allot ;  as,  to  set  out'i 
the  share  of  each  proprietor  or  heir  of  an 
estate  ;  to  set  out  the  widow's  thirds. 

2.  To  publish.     [JVot  elegant  nor  common.] 

Hwijl. 

3.  To  mark  by  boundaries  or  distinctions  of 
space. 

— Determinate  portions  of  those  infinite 
abysses  of  space  and  duration,  set  out,  or 
supposed  to  be  distinguished  from  all  the  rest 
by  known  boundaries.  I^cke. 

4.  To  adorn  ;  to  embellish. 

An  ugly  woman  in  a  rich  habit,  set  out  witli 
jewels,  nothing  can  become.  Dryden. 

5.  To  raise,  equip  and  send  forth  ;  to  fur- 
nish. 

The  Venetians  pretend   tliey  could   set   out, 
in  case  of  great  necessity,  thirty  men  of  war. 
[JVot  elegant  and  little  used.'\  Miiison. 

ij.  To  show  ;  to  display  ;  to  recommend ;  to 
set  oft". 

1  could  set  out  that  best  side  of  Lulher. 

Jitterbury. 

7.  To  show  ;  to  prove. 

Those  very  reasons  set  out  how  hainous  his 
sin  was.     ILittle  used  and  not  elegant.} 

JUterbury. 

8.  Ill  law,  to  recite ;  to  state  at  large. 

Judge  Sidgii-ick. 
To  set  up,  to  erect ;  as,  to  set  up  a  building  ; 
to  set  up  a  post,  a  wall,  a  pillar. 

2.  To  begin  a  ncw^  institution  ;  to  institute  ; 
to  establish  ;  to  found  ;  as,  to  set  up  a  manu- 
factory ;  to  set  up  a  school. 

3.  To  enable  to  commence  a  new  business ; 
as,  to  set  up  a  son  in  trade. 

4.  To  raise  ;  to  exalt  ;  to  put  in  pow-er ;  as, 
to  set  up  the  throne  of  David  over  Israel. 
2  Sam.  iii. 

5.  To  place  in  view  ;  as,  to  set  up  a  mark. 

6.  To  raise  ;  to  utter  loudly  ;  as,  to  set  up  the 
voice. 

l"ll  set  up  such  a  note  as  she  shall  hear. 

Dryden. 
To  advance  ;  to  propose  as  truth  or  for 
reception ;  as,  to  set  up  a  new  opinion  or 
doctrine.  Burnet. 

8.  To  raise  from  depression  or  to  a  sufticicnt! 
fortune.  This  good  fortune  quite  «c<  hinij 
up. 

9.  In  seaman's  language,  to  extend,  as  the 
shroiwls,  stays,  &c. 

To  set  at  naught,  to  undervalue :  to  contemn ; 
to  desi>ise.  \ 


Ye  have  set  at  naught    all    uiy  counsel 
Prov.  i. 

To  set  in  order,  to  adjust  or  arrange ;  to  re- 
duce to  method. 

The  rest  will  1  set  in  order  when  I  come.    1 

Cor.  xi. 

To  set  eyes  on,  to  see  ;  to  behold  ;  or  to  fix  the 
eyes  in  looking  on  ;  to  fasten  the  eyes  on. 

To  set  the  teeth  on  edge,  to  affect  the  teeth 
with  a  painful  sensation. 

To  set  over,  to  appoint  or  constitute  as  super- 
visor, inspector,  ruler  or  cotiimander. 

2.  To  assign  ;  to  transfer;  to  convey. 

To  set  right,  to  correct ;  to  put  in  order. 

To  set  at  ease,  to  quiet ;  to  trun(iuili/.e  ;  as,  to 
set  the  heart  at  case. 

To  set  free,  to  release  from  confinemeni,  im- 
prisonment or  bondage  ;  to  liberate  ;  to 
emancipate. 

To  set  at  work,  to  cause  to  enter  on  work  or 
action  ;  or  to  direct  how  to  enter  on  work. 

Locke. 

To  set  on  fire,  to  communicate  fire  to;  to  in- 
flame; and  figuratively,  to  enkindle  the 
passions  ;  to  make  to  rage  ;  to  irritate  ;  to 
fill  with  disorder.     James  iii. 

To  set  before,  to  oflTer  ;  to  propose  ;  to  present 
to  \iew.     Dent.  xi.  xxx. 

To  set  a  trap,  snare  or  gin,  in  place  in  a  situ- 
ation to  catch  prey  ;  to  spread  :  figura- 
tively, to  lay  a  plan  to  deceive  and  draw 
into  the  power  of  another. 

SET,  V.  i.  To  decline ;  to  go  down  :  to  pass 
below  the  horizon  ;  as,  the  sun  sets ;  the 
stars  set. 

2.  To  be  fixed  hard  ;  to  be  close  or  firm. 

Baron. 

3.  To  fit  music  to  words.  Uliuk. 

4.  To  congeal  or  concrete. 

That  fluid  substance  in  a  few  niinules  begins 
to  set.  Boyle. 

5.  To  begin  a  journey.  The  king  is  set  from 
London.  [This  is  obsolete.  We  now 
s.ny,  to  set  out.] 

().  To  plant ;  as,  "  to  sow  drv,  and  to  set  wet." 

Old  Prorerb. 

7.  To  flow  ;  to  have  a  certain  direction  in 
motion  ;  as,  the  tide  sets  to  the  east  or 
north  ;  the  current  sels  westward. 

S.  To  catch  birds  w  ith  a  dog  that  sets  them, 
that  is,  one  that  lies  down  and  points  them 
out,  and  with  a  large  net.  Boyle. 

To  set  one's  self  about,  to  begin ;  to  enter 
upon  ;  to  take  the  first  steps. 

To  set  one's  self,  to  apply  one's  self. 

To  set  about,  to  fall  on  ;  to  begin  ;  to  take 
the  first  steps  in  a  business  or  enterprise. 

.itterbury. 

To  set  in,  to  begin.  Winter  in  New  Eng- 
land, usually  sets  in  in  December. 

2.  To  become  settled  in  a  particular  slate. 
When  the  weather  was  At/  in  to  be  very  bad. 

Mdisnn. 

To  set  forward,  to  move  or  march  ;  to  begin 
to  march  ;  to  advance. 

The  sons  of  .\aron  and  the  sous  of  Alcnui  set 
forward.     Num.  x. 

To  set  on,  or  upon,  to  begin  a  journey  or  an 
enterprise. 

He  that  would  seriously  set  upon  the  search 
of  truth —  Locke. 

2.  To  assault;  to  make  an  attack.         Shak. 

To  set  out,  to  begin  a  journey  or  course  ;  as, 
to  set  out  for  London  or  from  London  :  to 
set  out  in  business  ;  to  set  out  in  life  or  the 
world. 

2.  To  Iiave  a  beginning.  Broum. 


SET 


SET 


SET 


To  set  lo,  to  apply  one's  self  to. 

Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

To  set  up,  to  begin  bnsiness  or  a  sclienie  of 
life ;  as,  to  set  up  in  trade  ;  to  set  up  for 
one's  self. 

2.  To  profess  openly  ;  to  make  pretensions. 
He  sets  vp  for  a  man  of  wit ;  lie  sets  up  to 
teach  morality.  Dn/den. 

SET,  pp.  Placed;  put;  located;  fixed;  ad- 
justed ;  composed  ;  studded  or  adorned ; 
reduced,  as  a  dislocated  or  broken  bone. 

2.  a.  Regular  ;  uniform  ;  formal  ;  as  a  set 
speech  or  phrase ;  a  set  discourse  ;  a  set 
battle. 

3.  Fixed  in  opinion  ;  determined  ;  firm;  ob- 
stinate ;  as  a  man  set  in  his  opinions  or 
way. 

4.  Established  ;  prescribed  ;  as  set  forms  of 
prayer. 

SET,  n.  A  number  or  collection  of  things 
of  the   same  kind    and  of  similar  form 
which  are  ordinarily  used  together  ;  as  a 
set  of  chairs;  a  set  of  tea  cups;  a  set  of 
China  or  other  ware. 

2.  A  number  of  things  fitted  to  be  used  to- 
gether, though  different  in  form  ;  as  a  set 
of  dining  tables. 

A  set  implies  more  than  two,  which  are 
called  a  pair. 

3.  A  number  of  persons  customarily  or  offi- 
cially associated,  as  a  set  of  men,  a  sd  of 
officers  ;  or  a  number  of  persons  having  a 
similitude  of  character,  or  of  things  which 
have  some  resemblance  or  relation  to  each 
other.  Hence  our  common  phrase,  a  set 
of  opinions. 

This  falls  into  diflferent  divisions  or  sets  of 
nations  connected  under  particular  religions, 
&,c.  JVard's  Imw  ofA^ations 

4.  A  number  of  particular  things  that  are 
miited  in  the  formation  of  a  whole;  as  a 
set  of  features.  Addison 

5.  A  young  plant  for  growth ;  as  sets  of 
white  thorn  or  other  shrub.  Encyc. 

6.  The  descent  of  the  sun  or  other  luminary 
below  the  horizon  ;  as  the  set  of  the  sun. 

Atterbury. 

7.  A  wager  at  dice. 

That  was  but  civil  war,  an  equal  set. 

Drydcn. 

8.  A  game. 

We  will,  in  France,  play  a  set 
Shall  strike  his  father's  crown  into  the  haz 
ard.  Shak.\ 

SETA'CEOUS,  a.  [L.  seia,  a  bristle.]  Brist-J 
ly ;  set  with  strong  hairs ;  consisting  of 
strong  hairs;  as  a  stiff  sefoceoiis  tail. 

Derham. 
2.  In    botany,    bristle-shaped  ;    having    the 
thickness   and   length  of  a  bristle  ;  as  a' 
setaceotts  leaf  or  leaflet.  Maityn. 

Setaceous  wonn,  a  name  given  to  a  water 
worm  that  resembles  a  horse  hair,  vul- 
garly supposed  to  be  an  animated  hair. 
But  this  is  a  mistake.  Enci/c. 

SET-rOIL.  [See  Sept-foil.] 
SE'TIFORM,    a.    [L.   seta,   a   bristle,   and 

form.] 
Having  the  form  of  a  bristle. 

Journ.  of  Science. 
SET'-OFF,  .1.  [«;ando/.l  The  act  of  ad- 
mitting one  claim  to  counterbalance  an- 
other. In  a  stt-off,  the  defendant  acknowl- 
edges the  justice  of  the  plaintil''s  demand, 
but  sets  up  a  demand  ,,f  his  own  to  coun- 
terbalance it  iu  whole  or  in  part. 


The  right  of  pleading  a  set-off  depends  on 
statute.  Blaclcstone. 

Note. — In  New  England,  offset  is  sometimes 
used  for  set-off.  But  offset  has  a  ditVereiit 
sense,  and  it  is  desirable  that  the  practice  should 
be  uniform,  wherever  the  English  language  is 
spoken. 

SE'TON,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.se<a,  a  bristle.]  In 
surgery,  a  few  horse  hairs  or  small 
threads,  or  a  twist  of  silk,  drawn  through 
the  skin  by  a  large  needle,  by  which  a 
small  opening  is  made  and  continued  for 
the  discharge  of  humors.  Encyc.    (^uincy. 

SE'TOUS,  a.  (It.  setoso;  L.  setosus,  from 
seta,  a  bristle.] 

In  botany,  bristly  ;  having  the  surface  set 
with  bristles  ;  as  a  setous  leaf  or  recepta- 
cle. Marlyn. 

SETTEE',  n.  [from  set.]  A  long  seal  witl 
a  back  to  it. 

2.  A  vessel  with  one  deck  and  a  very  long 
sharp  prow,  carrying  two  or  three  masts 
w  ith  lateen  sails  ;  used  in  the  IVIediterra- 
iiean.  -I^l'"'-  ■^"■''    Encyc 

SET'TER,  11.  One  that  sets  ;  as  a  setter  on, 
or  inciter  ;  a  setter  up  ;  a  setter  forth,  &c 

2.  A  dog  that  beats  the  field  and  starts  birds 
for  sportsmen. 

3.  A  man  that  performs  the  office  of  a  set- 
ting dog,  or  finds  persons  to  be  plundered. 

South. 

4.  One  that  adapts  words  to  music  in  com- 
position. 

.5.  Whatever  sets  off,  adorns  or  recommends. 

[Kot  used.]  ffTiitlock. 

SET'TER-WORT,  n.  A  plant,  a  species  of 

Hellehorus.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

SET'TING,  ppr.  Placing  ;  iintting  ;  fixing  ; 

studding  ;  appointing  ;  sinking  below  the 

horizon,  &c. 
SET'TING,  11.  The  act  of  putting,  iilaciiig, 

fixing  or  establishing. 

2.  The  act  of  sinking  below  the  horizon. 
The  setting  of  stars  is  of  thr(!c  kinds,  cos- 
mical,  acronical,  and  heliacal.  [See  these 
words.] 

3.  The  act  or  manner  of  taking  birds  by  a 
setting  dog. 

4.  Inclosure  ;  as  settings  of  stones.  Ex 
xxviii. 

.5.  The  direction  of  a  current  at  sea. 
SET'TING-DOG,  n.  A  setter  ;  a  dog  train- 
ed to  find  and  start  birds  for  sportsmen. 
SET'TLE,  n.  [Sax.  sell,  settl  ;  G.sessel;D. 

zetel ;  L.  sedite.    See  Set.] 
A  seat  or  bench  ;  something  to  sit  on. 

Dry  den. 
SET'TLE,  V.  t.    [from   set.]    To  place  in  a 
permanent  condition  after  wandering  or 
fluctuation. 

I  will  settle  you  after  your  old  estates.  Ezek. 
xxsvi. 

2.  To  fix ;  to  establish  ;  to  make  permanent 
in  any  place. 

1  will  settle  him  in  my  house  and  in  my  king- 
dom foiever.     1  Chrou.  xvii. 

3.  To  establish  in  business  or  way  of  life  ; 
as,  to  settle  a  son  in  trade. 

4.  To  marry  ;  as,  to  settle  a  daughter. 
)  ').  To  establish  ;  to  confirm. 

Her  will  alone  could  settle  or  revoke.  Prior. 

C.  To  determine   what  is  uncertain;  to  v.s- 

tahlish  ;  to  free  from  doubt ;  as,  to  setlli:, 

questions  or  points  of  law.     The  su])reme 

court  have  settled  the  question. 


7.  To  fix  ;  to  establish  ;  to  make  certain  or 
permanent ;  as,  to  settle  the  succession  to 
a  throne  in  a  particular  family.  So  we 
speak  of  se(Wed  habits  and  se((/ec(  opinions. 

8.  To  fix  or  establish  ;  not  to  suffer  to  doubt 
or  waver. 

It  will  settle  the  wavering  and  confirm  the 
doubtful.  Swifl. 

9.  To  make  close  or  compact. 
Cover  ant-hills  up  that  the  rain  may  settle 

the  turf  before  the  spring.  Mortimer. 

10.  To  cause  to  subside  after  being  lieaved 
and  loosened  by  frost ;  or  to  dry  and  har- 
den after  rain.  Thus  clear  weather  settles 
the  roads. 

11.  To  fix  or  establish  by  gift,  grant  or  any 
legal  act ;  as,  to  settle  a  pension  on  an  offi- 
cer, or  an  annuity  on  a  child. 

12.  To  fix  firmly.  Settle  your  mind  on  val- 
uable objects. 

13.  To  cause  to  sink  or  subside,  as  extrane- 
ous matter  in  liiiuois.  In  fining  wine,  we 
add  something  to  settle  the  lees. 

14.  To  compose  ;  to  traiiquilize  what  is  dis- 
turbed ;  as,  to  settle  the  thoughts  or  mind 
when  agitated. 

15.  To  establish  in  the  pastoral  office;  to 
ordain  over  a  church  and  society,  or  par- 
ish ;  as,  to  settle  a  minister. 

U.  States.  Boswell. 
1(3.  To  plant  with  inhabitants ;  to  colonize. 
The  French  first  settled  Canada  ;  the  Pu- 
ritans settled  New-  England.  Plymouth 
was  settled  in  1620.  Hartford  was  settled 
in  lt;3().  VVethersfield  was  the  first  settled 
town  in  Connecticut. 

17.  To  adjust ;  to  close  by  amicable  agree- 
ment or  otherwise  ;  as,  to  settle  a  coiiiro- 
versy  or  dispute  by  agreement,  treaty  or 
by  force. 

18.  To  adjust;  to  liquidate;  to  balance,  or 
to  pay  ;  as,  to  settle  accounts. 

To  .leltle  the  land,  among  seamen,  to  cause  it 
to  sink  or  appear  lower  by  receding  from 
it. 

SET'TLE,  v.i.  To  fall  to  the  bottom  of 
liquor  ;  to  subside  ;  to  sink  and  rest  on  the 
bottom ;  as,  lees  or  dregs  settle.  Slimy 
particles  in  water  settle  and  form  mud  at 
the  bottom  of  rivers. 

This  word  is  used  of  the  extraneous 
matter  of  liquors,  when  it  subsides  spon- 
taneously. But  in  chimical  operations, 
when  substances  mixed  or  in  solution  are 
decomposed,  and  one  component  part 
subsides,  it  is  said  to  be  precipitated.  But 
it  may  also  he  said  to  settle. 
To  lose  motion  or  fermentation  ;  to  de- 
posit, as  feces. 

A  government  on  such  occasions,  is  always 
thick  before  it  settles.  .Addison. 

3.  To  fix  one's  habitation  or  residence. 
Belgians  had  settled  on  the  southern  coast 
of  Britain,  before  the  Romans  invaded  the 

i.-ilc. 

4.  To  marry  and  establish  a  domestic  state. 
Where  subsistence  is  easily  obtained, 
children  sritle  at  an  early  period  of  life. 

I'o  heconic  fixed  after  change  or  fiiicliia- 
tion ;  as,  the  wind  came  about  and  settled 
in  the  west.  Bacon. 

I'o  become  stationary  :  to  quit  a  rambling 
or  irregular  course  for  a  permanent  or 
methodical  one. 


5. 


(!. 


'ila- 


Shak. 


SET 

7.  To  become  fixed  or  permanent ;  to  take  a 
lasting  form  or  state ;  as  a  seliled  convic- 
tion. 

C'liyle — runs  through  the  intermediate  color 
till  it  sclllea  in  an  intense  red.  Arbuthnot 

8.  To  rt'sl  ;  to  repose. 

When  time  hath  worn  out  their  natural  vani 
ty,  and   taustit   ihcin  discretion,   their  fondness 
stllles  on  its  proper  object.  Spectator. 

9.  To  become  calm  ;  to  cease   from   a 
tion. 

Till  the  fury  of  his  highness  settle, 
Come  not  hiforc  him. 

10.  To  make  a  jointure  for  a  wife. 

lie  -liehs  with  ii)0.''t  success  that  settles  well. 
'  ^  Garth. 

11.  To  sink  by  its  weight ;  and  in  loose  bod- 
ies, to  become  more  conjpact.  Wtt  say,  a 
wall  settles ;  a  bouse  settles  upon  its  foun- 
dation ;  a  mass  of  sand  settles  and  becomes 
more  firm. 

12.  To  sink  ufter  being  beaved,  and  to  dry  ; 
as,  roads  settle,  in  .spring  after  fro.st  ant' 
rain. 

13.  To  he  ordained  or  installed  over  a  par- 
isb,  cliinrb  or  congregation,  A  B  was 
invited  to  .<!itlle  in  the  first  society  in  New 
Haven.  N  D  setlled  in  the  ministry  when 
very  ymmg. 

14.  To  adjust  differences  or  accounts;  to 
come  to  an  agreement,  lie  lias  settled 
with  bis  creditors. 

15.  To  make  a  joiniin-e  for  a  wife.        Garth. 
SET'TLED,   pp.    I'laccd;  establisbed ;  fix- 
ed :  detcriiuiipf! ;  composed  ;  adjusted. 

SET'TI.EDNESS,  ji.  The  state  of  being 
settled  ;  confirmed  state.     [Little  used.] 

K.  Charles. 

SET'TLEMENT,  n.  The  act  of  settling,  or 
state  of  being  settled. 

2.  The  falling  of  the  foul  or  foreign  matter  of 
liquors  to  the  bottom;  subsidence. 

3.  The  matter  that  subsides  ;  lees ;  dregs 
[Not  used.     For  this  we  use  settlings.] 

Mortimer. 

4.  The  act  of  giving  possession  by  legal 
sanction. 

My  flocks,  my  fields,  my  woods,  my  pastures 

lake, 
With  setlleinetit  as  good  as  law  can  make. 

Dryi/eii 

5.  A  jointure  granted  to  a  wife,  or  the  act  of 
granting  it.  We  say,  the  wife  has  a  compe- 
tent settlement  for  lier  maintenance  ;  or 
she  bas  provision  made  for  her  by  the 
settlement  of  a  jointure. 

6.  The  act  of  taking  a  domestic  state;  the 
act  of  marrying  and  going  to  housekeep 
ing. 

7.  A  becoming  stationary,  or  taking  a  per 
manent  residence  after  a  roving  course  of 
life.  L'Estrange. 

8.  The  act  of  planting  or  establishing,  as  a 
colony  ;  also,  the  place,  or  the  colony 
establislied  :  as  the  British  settlements  in 
America  or  India. 

0.  Adjustment ;  liquidation  ;   the  ascertain 
ment  of  just  claims,  or  payment  of  the 
balance  of  an  account. 

10.  Adjustment  of  differences;  pacification; 
rectmciliation  :  as  the  settlement  of  disputes 
or  controversies. 

11.  The  ordaining  or  installment  of  a  cler- 
gyman over  a  parish  or  congregation. 

12.  A  sum  of  money  or  other  property  grant- 
ed to  a  minister  on  his  ordination,  exclu- 
sive of  his  salary. 

Vol.  11. 


S  E  V 

13.  Legal  residence  or  establishment  of  al 
person  in  u  particular  parish  or  town, 
which  entitles  him  to  maintenance  if  a 
pauper,  and  subjects  the  parish  or  town  to 
his  support.  In  Englatid,  the  poor  aro| 
supported  by  the  parish  wbeie  iliey  liavC| 
a  settlement.  In  New  England,  they  are 
supported  by  the  town.  In  England,  the 
statutes  Vi  Richard  11.  and  19  Henry  VII. 
seem  to  be  the  first  riidinic'ins  of  parish 
settlements.  By  statute  13  and  14  Cb. 
n.  a  legal  seUtemenl  is  declared  to  be 
gained  by  birth,  by  inhabitancy,  by  ap- 
prenticeship, or  by  service  fi)r  forty  days. 
But  the  gaining  of  a  settlement  by  so  short 
a  resideni-e  produced  great  evils,  which 
were  remedied  by  statute  1  James  II. 

Blackslone. 

14.  Act  of  settlement,  in  British  history,  the 
statute  of  12  and  13  William  III.  by  which 
the  crown  was  linjileil  to  his  present  ma- 
jesty's bouse,  or  the  house  of  Orange. 

Blackslone. 

SET'TLING,  ppr.  Placing;  fixing;  estab- 
lishing; regulating;  adjusting;  planting 
or  colonizing;  snbsiditig;  composing;  or- 
daining or  installing;  becoming  the  pastor 
of  a  parish  or  church. 

SET'TLING,  »!.  The  act  of  making  a  set- 
tlement ;  a  planting  or  colonizing. 

a.  The  actof  subsiiling.  as  Ices. 

:j.  The  adjustment  of  differences. 

4.  Settlings,  plu.lees;  dregs;  sediment. 

SET'WALL,  n.  [set  and  wall]  A  plant. 
Tlieg-arf/cK  settvall  is  a  species  of  Valeriana. 

SEVEN,  a.  sev'n.  [Sax.  seofa,  seofan  ;  Goth. 
sihun  ;  1).  zeeven  :  G.  sieben  ;  Sw.  siu  ;  Dan 
syv  ;  L.  seplem,  whence  Fr.  sept.  It.  selte 
Sp.  siete,  [or  the  two  latter  are  the  W. 
saith.   Arm.   sailh  or  .seiz  ;J    Sans,  sapta  ; 

Pers.  Ci^i^ii  hafat ;  Zend,  ftop<e;  Pehlavi, 


Gr.  iTita  ;  Ar. 


Heb.   Cb 


hafl  ;   ur.  iJira.  ;  /vr.    ^ 

Syr.  Eth.  I'ai?.  In  Cb.  and  Syr.i»3D  sig- 
nifies to  fill,  to  satisfy  ;  in  Ar.  seven,  and 
to  make  the  number  seven.     In  Heb.  and 


Cli.j'3ty  is  seven  ;  Ar. 


KX. 


to  fill.     With 


S  E  V 

SEVENFOLD,  a.  [seven  and/oW.]  Repeat- 
ed seven  times  ;  doubled  seven  times  ; 
increased  to  seven  times  the  size  or 
amount ;  as  the  sevenfold  shield  of  Ajax  ; 
sevuifold  rafie.  Milton. 

SEV'L.NFOLD,  adv.  Seven  times  as  much 
or  often. 

W  hoever  slayelh  Cain,  vengeance  shall  be 
taken  on  him  snirii/bM.     Gen.  iv. 

SEV'ENMGHT,  n.  [seven  mid  night.]  A 
week;  the  period  of  seven  dajs  and 
nights;  or  the  time  from  one  day  ot  the 
week  to  the  next  day  of  the  same  denom- 
ination preceding  or  following.  Our  an- 
cestors mimbered  the  diurnal  revfdulions 
of  the  earth  by  nights,  as  they  reckoned 
the  annual  revolutions  by  winters.  Seven- 
night  is  now  contracted  into  sennight, 
which  see. 

SEV'ENSCORE,  n.  [seven  and  score,  twen- 
ty notches  or  marks.] 

Seven  times  twenty,  that  is,  a  hundred  and 
forty. 

llie  old  countess  of  Desmond,  who  liveil 
sevenscore  years,  dcntized  twice  or  thrice. 

Bacon. 

SEVENTEEN,  a.  [Sax.  seofontyne  ; 
seven — ten.]     Seven  and  ten. 

SEVENTEENTH,  a.  [from  seventeen. 
The  Saxon  seofon-teotha  or  seofon-teogethu 
is  ditlercntly  formed.] 

The  ordinal  of  seventeen;  the  seventh  after 

I     the  tenth. 

On  the  seventeenth  day  of  the  second  moDth — 

j      all  the   fountains   of  the   great  deep  were  bro- 

1      ken  up.     Gen.  vii. 

SEVENTH,  a.  [Sax.  seofetha.]  The  ordi- 
nal of  seven  ;  the  first  after  the  sixth. 

On  the  seventh  day  God  ended  his  work 
which  he  had  made,  and  he  rested  on  the 
severith  day  from  all  his  work  which  he  had 
made.     Gen.  ii. 

3.  Containing  or  being  one  part  in  seven ; 
as  the  seventh  part. 

SEVENTH,  n.  The  seventh  part  ;  one 
part  in  seven. 

2.  In  music,  a  dissonant  interval  or  hepta- 
chord. An  interval  consisting  of  four 
tones  and  two  major  semitones,  is  called 
a  seventh  minor.  .An  interval  composed 
of  five  tones  and  a  major  semitone,  is  call- 
ed a  seventh  major.  Encyc.     Busby. 

SEVENTHLY,  ctrfi'.  In  the  seventh  place. 

Bacon. 


this  orthography  coincides  the  spelling  ofi 

the  Teutonic  and  Gothic  words,   whose!  SEVENTIETH,    a.    [from  seventy.]    The 


elements  are  Sb,  or  their  cognates.  But 
the  Latin  and  Sanscrit  have  a  third  radical 
letter,  as  has  the  Persic,  viz.  t,  and  these 

coincide   with  the  Ar.  il^,x*u  sabata,  to 

observe  the  sabbath,  to  rest,  Heb.  Ch. 
Syr.  n3E?. 

It  is  obvious  then  that  seven  had  its 
origin  in  these  verbs,  and  if  the  Persic  and 
Greek  words  are  from  the  same  source, 
which  is  very  probable,  we  have  satisfac- 
tory evidence  tliat  the  sibilant  letter  s  has 
been  changed  into  an  aspirate.  And  this  !  Greek  language, 
confirms  my  o[)inion  that  a  similar  change  SEV'EK,  v.t.  [Fr.  server ; 


ordinal  of  seventy;  as  a  man  in  the  seven- 
tieth year  of  h\i^  age.  The  seventieth  year 
begins  immediately  after  the  close  of  the 
sixty  ninth. 

SEVENTY,  a.  [D.  zeventig  ;  Sax.  seofa, 
seven,  and  tig,  ten  ;  Goth,  (ig-,  Gr.  Stxa, 
ten  ;  but  the  Saxon  writers  prefixed  hand, 
as  hund-seofontig.  See  Lye  ad  voc.  atid 
Sax.  CInon.  A.  D.  1083.]  Seven  times  ten. 
That  he  would  accomplish  seventy  years  in 
the  desolations  of  Jerusalem.     Dan.  ix. 

SEVENTY,  7!.  The  Septuagint  or  seventy 
translators  of  the  Old  Testament  into  the 


has  taken    place   in  the   Gr.  aX;,  salt,  W. 
hakn,  and  in  many  other  words.]  | 

Four  and   three :  one  more  than  six  or  less 
than  eight.     Seven  daysconstitntc  a  week.  I 
We  read  in   Scripture  of  seven  years  of 
plenty,  and  seven  years  of  famine,  seven  ! 
trumirets,  seven  seals,  seven  vials.  &c.         ■ 

69 


It.  seirare.  There 
may  be  a  doubt  whether  sever  is  derived 
from  the  Latin  separo.  The  French  has 
both  sevrer,  as  well  as  separer ;  and  the 
Italian,  sevrare,  scevrare  and  sceverare,  as 
well  as  sepnrare.  The  It.  scevrare  coin- 
cides well  in  orthography  with  Eng.  shiv- 
er, and  this  with  Heb.  "QV,  Ch.  Syr.  Ar. 


S  E  V 


S  E  V 


SEW 


•^an  to  break.  T)ie  latter  are  the  same 
wiird  with  (Mfferent  prefixes.  See  Class 
Br.  No.  26.  27.] 

1.  To  part  or  divide  by  violence  ;  to  sepa- 
rate by  cutting  or  rending  ;  as,  to  sever  the 
body  or  the  arm  at  a  single  stroke. 

2.  To  part  frnni  the  rest  by  violence ;  as,  to 
sever  the  head  from  the  body. 

3.  To  separate;  to  disjoin,  as  distinct  things, 
but  united  ;  as  the  dearest  friends  severed 
by  cruel  necessity. 

4.  To  separate  and  put  in  different  orders 
or  places. 

The   angels  shall   come  forth  and  never  the 
wicked  from  among  the  ju'=t.     Matt.  xiii. 

5.  To  disjoin  ;  to  disimitc ;  in  a  general 
sense,  but  usually  implying  violence. 

6.  To  keep  distinct  or  apart.     Ex.  viii. 

7.  In  law,  to  disunite;  to  disconnect;  to 
part  possession  ;  as,  to  sever  an  estate  in 
joint-lcnancy.  Blaekstone. 

SEV'ER,  V.  I.  To  make  a  separation  or  dis- 
tinction ;  to  distinguish. 

The  Lord   will  sever  between  the  cattle  of 
Israel  and  the  cattle  of  Egypt.     Ex.  ix. 

3.  To  sutier  disjunction  ;  to  be  jjarted  or 
rent  asunder.  Shak. 

SEVERAL,  a.  [from  sever.]  Separate; 
distinct ;  not  common  to  two  or  mure  ;  as 
a  several  fishery  ;  a  several  estate.  A  sev- 
eral fishery  is  one  held  by  the  owner  of 
the  soil, or  by  title  derived  from  the  owner. 
A  several  estate  is  one  held  by  a  tenant  in 
his  own  right,  or  a  distinct  estate  uncon- 
nected with  any  other  person. 

Blaekstone. 

2.  Separate  ;  different ;  distinct. 

Divers   sorts    of  beasts    came    from   several 
parts  to  drink.  Bacon. 

Four  several  armies  to  the  field  are  led. 

Drt/ilen 

3.  Divers  ;  consisting  of  a  number  ;  more 
than  two,  but  not  very  many.  Several 
persons  were  present  when  the  event 
took  place. 

4.  Separate  ;  single  ;  particular. 

Each  several  ship  a  victory  did  gain. 

Dry  den . 

5.  Distinct;  appropriate. 

Each  might  his  several  province  well  com- 
mand, 
Would  all  but  stoop  to  what  they  understand. 

Pope. 
Ajoint  and  several  note  or  bond,  is  one  exe- 
cuted by  two  or  more  persons,  each  of 
whom  is  bound  to  pay  the  whole,  in  case 
the  others  prove  to  be  insolvent. 
SEV'ERAL,  n.  Each  particular,  or  a  small 
number,  singly  taken. 

Several  of  them  neither  rose  from  any  con- 
spicuous family,  nor  lelt  any  behind  them. 

Jidilison. 
There  was  not  time  enough  to  hear 
The  severals —  _         Shak. 

[This  latter  iise,  in  the  plural,  is  now  m- 
frequent  or  obsolete.] 
2.  An  inclosed  or  separate  jjlace ;  inclosed 
ground  ;  as,  they  had  their  several  for  the 
heathen,  their  several  for  their  own  people  ; 
put  a  beast  into  a  several.  [The.se  applica- 
tions are  nearly  or  ivkolli/  obsolete.] 

Hooker.     Bacon. 
In  several,  in  a  stale  of  separation. 

Where  pastures  in  sei^eral  be.    [Little  u.ied.1 

Tusser. 
SEVERAL  ITY,  n.   Each  partirular  singly 
taken ;  distinction.     [JSIot  in  use.] 

Dp.  Hall. 


SEV'ERALiZE,  v.t.  To  distinguish.  [Mt 
in  use.]  Bp.  Hall. 

SEV'ERALLY,  adv.  Separately  ;  distinct- 
ly ;  apart  from  others.  Call  the  men  sev- 
erally by  name. 

I  could  not  keep  my  eye  steady  on  them  sev- 
erally so  as  to  number  them.  JVewtun. 
To  be  jointly  and  severally  bound  in  a 
contract,  is  for  each  obligor  to  be  liable 
to  pay  the  whole  demand,  in  case  the  oth- 
er or  others  are  not  able. 

SEVERALTY,  n.  A  state  of  separation 
from  the  rest,  or  from  all  others.  An  es- 
tate in  severally,  is  that  which  the  tenant 
holds  in  his  own  right,  without  being  join- 
ed in  interest  with  any  other  person.  It 
is  distinguished  from  joint-tenancy,  co 
parcenary  and  common.  Blaekstone. 

SEVERANCE,  n.  Separation ;  the  act  of] 
dividing  or  disuniting.  The  sfi'erance  of| 
a  jointure  is  made  by  destroying  the  uni 
ty  of  interest.  Thus  when  there  are  two 
joint-tenants  for  life,  and  the  iidieriiance 
is  purchased  by  or  descends  upon  either, 
it  is  a  severance. 

So  also  when  two  persons  are  joined 
in  a  writ,  and  one  is  nonsuited  ;  in  this 
case  severance  is  permitted,  and  the  other 
plaintif  may  proceed  in  the  suit.  So  also 
in  assize,  when  two  or  more  disseizees  ap 
pear  upon  the  writ,  and  not  the  other, 
severance  is  permitted. 

Blaekstone.     Encyc. 

SEVE'RE,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  severus;  It.  Sp. 
severo.] 

1.  Rigid  ;  harsh  ;  not  mild  or  indulgent ;  as 
severe  words  ;  severe  treatment  ;  severe 
wrath.  Milton.     Pope. 

2.  Sharp;  hard;  rigorous. 
Let  your  zeal — be  more  severe  against    thy- 
self than  against  others.  Taylar. 

.3.  Very  strict ;  or  sometimes  perhaps,  un- 
reasonably strict  or  exact ;  giving  no  in- 
dulgence to  faults  or  errors;  asset'cre  gov- 
ernment ;  severe  criticism. 

4.  Rigorous,  perhaps  cruel ;  as  severe  pun- 
ishment; s«'f  re  justice. 

5.  Grave  ;  sober  ;  sedate  to  an  extreme  ;  op- 
posed to  cheerful,  gay,  light,  lively. 

Yoin-  looks  must  altei,  as  your  subject  does. 
From  kind   to  fierce,  from  wanton  to  severe. 

Waller. 

6.  Rigidly  exact  ;  strictly  methodical ;  not 
lax  or  airy.  I  will  not  venture  on  so  nice 
a  subject  with  my  severe  style. 

7.  Sharp;  afibctive  ;  distressing;  violent; 
as  severe  ])aiM,  anguish,  torture,  &c. 

8.  Sharp ;  biting ;  extreme  ;  as  severe   cold. 

9.  Close;  concise;  not  luxuriant. 
The  Latin,  a  most  severe  and  compendious 

language —  Dryden 

10.  Exact ;  critical ;  nice  ;  as  a  severe  test. 
SEVE'RELY,    adv.    Harshly  ;  sharply  ;  as, 

to  chide  one  severely. 

2.  Strictly  ;  rigorously  ;  as,  to  judge  one  *f- 
x^erely. 

To  be  or  fondly  or  severely  kind.         Savage 

3.  With  extreme  rigor;  its,  to  punish  se- 
verely. 

4.  Painfully  ;  afflictively  ;  greatly  ;  as,  to  be 
severely  ufllicted  with  the  gout. 

5.  Fiercely ;  ferociouslj'. 
More  formidable  Hydra  stands  within. 
Whose  jaws  with  iron  teeth  severely  grin. 

Dryden . 

SEVERITE,  n.  A   mineral  found  near  St. 

Sever,  in  France,  occurring  iu  small  mass- 


es, white  without  luster,   a  little  harder 
than  lithomarge.  Phillips 

SEVER'ITY,  n.  [L.  severitas.]  Harshness; 
rigor;  austerity;  want  of  mildness  or  in- 
dulgence ;  as  the  severity  of  a  reprimand 
or  reproof. 

2.  Rigor  ;  extreme  strictness  ;  as  severity  of 
discipline  or  government. 

3.  Excessive  rigf)r  ;  extreme  degree  or 
amoimt.  Severity  of  penalties  or  punish- 
ments often  defeats  the  object  by  exci- 
ting pity. 

4.  Extremity;  quality  or  power  of  distress- 
ing ;  as  llie  severity  of  pain  or  anguish. 

5.  Extreme  degree  ;  as  the  severity  of  cold 
or  heat. 

0.  Extreme  coldness  or  inclemency ;  as  the 
severity  of  the  winter. 

7.  Harshness;  cruel  treatment;  sharpness 
of  punishment;  as  severity  practiced  oa 
prisoners  of  war. 

8.  Exactness  ;  rigor  ;  uiceness  ;  as  the  se- 
verity  of  a  test. 

9.  Strictness;  rigid  accuracy. 

Confining  myself  to  the  severity  of  truth. 

Dryden. 
SEVRU'GA,  n.  A  fish,  the   accipenser  stel- 
latus.  Tuoke.     Pallas. 

SEW,  to  follow.     [Ab<  used.    See  Sue.] 

Sj)enser. 
SEW,  v.  t.  pronounced  so,  and  better  writ- 
ten «oc.  [Sax-  siwian,  stiivian  ;  Goth,  stu- 
yan  ;  Sw.  sy  ;  Dmi.  syer  ;  h.  suo.  This  is 
probably  a  contracted  word,  and  it  its  ele- 
ments are  Sb  or  Sf   it  coincides  with  the 

Eth.  n<J^P  shafai,  tosew;  and  the  Ar.  has 
i^?  an  awl.  See  Class  Sb.  No.  85.  100. 

The  Hindoo  has  sitcaiva,  and  the  Gipsey 
sitcena.  But  the  elements  are  not  obvi- 
ous.] 

To  unite  or  fasten  together  with  a  needle 
and  thread. 

They  sewed  fig  leaves   together,  and  made 
themselves  apions.     Gen.  iii. 

To  setv  up,  to  inclose  by  sewing  ;  to  inclose 
in  any  thing  sewed. 

'I  hou  sewest  up  mine  iniquity.     Job  xiv. 
Sew  me  vp  the  skirts  of  the  gown.         Shak. 

SEW,  II.  i.  To  practice  sewing;  to  join 
things  with  stitches. 

SEW,  v.  t.  [L.  sicco,  to  dry.]  To  drain  a 
pond  for  taking  the  fish.     Obs. 

SEW'ED,  pp.  United  by  stitches. 

SEW'EL,  n.  Among  huntstnen,  something 
hung  up  to  prevent  deer  from  entering  a 
place. 

SEWER,  n.  [G.  anzueht ;  perhaps  from 
the  root  oi' suck,  or  L.  sicca.] 

A  drain  or  passage  to  convey  off  water  un- 
der ground  ;  a  subterraneous  canal,  par- 
ticularly m  cities  ;  corruptly  pronounced 
shore  or  soer. 
I  SEWER,  ;i.  [D.  sehaffer,  from  sckaffen,  to 
)in)vide,  to  dish  up  ;  G.  schaffner ;  Dan. 
skiiffer ;  Sw.  skaffiire.     See  Shape.] 

An  officer  who  serves  up  a  feast  and  ar- 
ranges the  dishes.     Obs.  Milton. 

SEVV'ER  11.  One  who  sews,  or  uses  the 
needle. 

SEW'ING,  ppr.  Joining  with  the  needle  or 
with  stitches. 

SEW'STER,    n.    A  woman  that  sews  or 

'    spins.     Obs.  B.  Jonsot^ 


\ 


SEX 


S  H  A 


S  H  A 


SEX,  n.  [Fr.  sexe ;  Sp.  sexo  ;  It.  sesso ;  L. 
sexus ;  qu.  G.  sieke,  she,  female;  from  L. 
seco,  u>  divide.] 

1.  Tlie  distinction  between  male  and  fe- 
male ;  or  that  property  or  character  by 
which  an  animal  is  male  or  female.  The 
male  sex  is  nsuaily  cliaracterized  by 
muscular  strcii^'tli,  boldness  and  firm- 
ness. The  female  sox  is  characterized  by 
softness,  sensibility  and  modesty. 

In  bolanji,  the  prt)perty  of  plants  which 
corresponds  to  sex  in  animals.  Tlie  Lin- 
nean  .system  of  botany  is  formed  on  the 
doi-trine  ofsexes  in  plants.  Milne. 

2.  By  way  of  emphasis,  womankind  ;  fe- 
males. 

Unhappy  sra.'  whose  beauty  is   your  snare. 

Drydin. 
The  sex,  whose  presence  civilizes  ours. 

Cow/ier. 

SEXACENA'RIAN,  n.  [infra.]  A  person 
who  has  arrived  at  the  age  of  sixty  years. 

Cowper. 

SEX'AGENARY,  a.  [Fr.  sexaghmire  ;  L. 
sexngetuirius,  from  sex,  six,  and  a  word 
siji;nifyin!5  ten,  seen  in  vh^inli  ;  bis-genti.] 

Designating  tlie  nund)er  sixty  ;  as  a  noun, 
a  person  sixty  years  of  age ;  also,  some- 
thing composed  of  sixty. 

SEXA(iES'IMA,  n.  [L.  sexagesimus,  six- 
tieth.] 

The  second  Simday  before  Lent,  the  next 
to  Shrove-Sunday,  so  called  as  being 
•about  the  tJOih  day  before  Easter. 

SEXAtiRS'IM  \L,  a.  Sixtieth  ;  pertaining 
to  the  number  sixty.  Sexagenary  or  sexa- 
gesimal arithmetic,  is  a  method  of  compu- 
tation by  sixties,  as  that  which  is  used  in: 
diviiling  minutes  into  seconds. 

Sexngpsiinals,  or  sexngesimai  fractions,  are 
those  whose  denominators  proceed  in  the 
ratio  of  sixty  ;  as  ^'^,  rtKoiT'  jtIuo-  The; 
denominator  is  sixty,  or  its  nmltiplc. 
These  fractions  arc  called  also  astronomi- 
cal friu'tions,  because  formerly  there  were 
no  others  used  in  astronomical  c;ilcula-' 
tions.  Encyc. 

SE.XAN'GLED,     )       [L.  .sf.r,  six,  and  a;i- 

SEXA.\'GULAli,  S  /?«'«■«,  angle.]  Hav- 
ing six  angles  ;  hexaitonal.  Dniden. 

SEXAN'GULARLV,  adv.  With  six  angles; 
hexa'Tonally. 

SEXDEC'IMAL,  a.  [L.  sex,  six,  and  decern,] 
ten.] 

In  crystalographi/,  wlicn  a  prism  or  the  mid- 
dle part  of  a  crystal  has  si.x  faces  and  two 
.sunnnils,  and  taken  together,  ten  faces,  or 
the  reverse. 

SEXnUODEC'IMAL,  a.  [L.  sex,  six,  and 
duodecim.  tvvi;lve.) 

In  crys<rt/og'm;)/i^,<lesignating  a  crystal  when 
the  prism  or  nnddlepart  has  six  faces  and 
iwo  summits,  having  together  twelve  fa- 
ces. 

SEXEN'NIAL,  a.  [L.  sex,  si.x,  and  annus, 
year.] 

Lasting  six  years,  or  happening  once  in  six 
years. 

SEXEN'NIALLY,  adv.  Once  in  six  years. 

SEX' FID,  a.  [L.  sex,  six,  and  Jindo,  to  di- 
vi.le.] 

In  botany,  six-cleft ;  as  a  sexfid  calyx  or  nec- 
tary Mnrtijn 

SEXLO€'ULAR,  a.  [L.  sex,  si.x,  and  locu 
lus,  a  coll.] 


In  botany,  six-celled  ;  having  six  ceUs  for 
seeds  ;  as  a  sexlocular  pericarp. 

SEX'TAIN,  n.  [L.  sextans,  a  sixth,  from 
.«flr,  six.l     A  stanza  of  six  lines. 

SEX'TAIVT,  n.  [L.  sextans,  a  sixth.  The 
Romans  divided  the  as  into  12  ounces;  a 
sixth,  or  two  ounces,  was  the  sextans.] 

1.  In  mathematics,  the  sixth  part  of  a  circle. 
Hence, 

An  instrmnent  formed  like  a  quadrant, 
excepting  lliat  its  limb  comprehends  only 
60  degrees,  or  the  sixth  part  of  a  circle. 

Encyc. 

3.  In  astronomy,  a  constellation  of  the  south- 
ern hemisphere  which,  according  to  the 
British  catalogue,  contains  41  stars. 

Encyc. 

SEX'TARY,  n.  [L.  sextarius.]  A  measure 
of  a  pint  and  a  half. 

SEX'TARY,  I        The   same    as  sacristan. 

SEX'TRY,     S         [jVoi  used.]  Diet. 

SEX'TILE,  ».  [L.  sexlilis,  from  sex,  six.] 
Denoting  the  aspect  or  position  of  twc 
planets,  when  distant  from  each  other  (10 
degrees  or  two  signs.  This  position  is 
marked  thus*.  Encyc. 

SEX'TON,  n.  [contracted  from  sacristan 
which  .see.] 

An  under  officer  of  the  church,  whose  busi- 
ness is  to  take  care  of  the  vessels,  vest- 
ments, &c.  belonging  to  the  church,  to  at 
tend  on  the  othciating  clergyman  and  per- 
form otherduties  pertaining  to  the  church, 
to  dig  graves,  &c.  Encyc. 

SEX'TONSIHP,  n.  The  office  of  a  sexton. 

SwiJ} 

SEXTUPLE,  a.  [Low  L.  sextuplus  ;  sex 
six,  and  duplus,  double.] 

1.  Sixfold;  six  times  as  much.  Broivn. 

2.  In  music,  denoting  a  mixed  sort  of  triple, 
beaten  in  double  time,  or  a  measure  of 
two  times  composed  of  six  ecpial  notes, 
three  for  each  time.  Busliy.     Encyc. 

SEX'UAL,  a.  [from  sex.]  Pertaining  to  sex 
or  the  sexes;  distin}:nishing  the  sex  ;  de- 
noting what  is  per-uliar  to  the  distinction 
and  office  of  male  and  female  ;  as  sexual 
cliaructeristics ;  sexual  intercourse,  con-l 
neclion  or  commerce. 
Sexual  system,  in  botany,  the  system  which 
ascribes  to  vegetables  the  distinction  ofj 
sexes,  supposes  that  plants  are  male  audi 
female,  eacli  sex  furnished  with  appro- 
priate organs  or  parts ;  the  male  produ- 
cing a  pollen  or  dust  which  fecundates 
the  stigma  of  the  pistil  or  female  organ, 
and  is  necessary  to  render  it  prolific.  It| 
is  found  however  that  most  plants  are  her- 
maphro<lite,  the  male  and  female  organs 
being  contained  in  the  same  flower.  This 
doi^trine  was  taught  to  a  certain  extent,' 
by  Theophrastus,  Dio.scorides  and  Pliny: 
among  the  ancients,  but  has  been  more 
fully  illustrated  by  Ca;salpinus,  Grew, 
Camerarius,  Linne  and  many  others, 
anions'  the  moderns.  Milne.     Encyr.i 

SEX'HAI.IriT,  Ji.    One    who   believes  and 

maini.cins  the  doctrine  of  sexes  in  plants  ; 

or  one  who  classifies  plants  by  theditferen- 

ces  of  the  sexes  and  parts  of  fructification. 

Milne.     Encyc. 

SEXUAL'ITY,  n.  The  state  of  being  dis- 
tinguished by  sex. 

SSI.'VIJ,  r.  i.  To  play  mean  tricks.  In  somej 
parts  of  New  England,  it  signifies  to  re-l 
jcct  or  dismiss  ;  as,   a  woiuan  shabs  her' 


suitor.     It  is  however  very  vulgar  and 

nearly  obsolete. 
SHAB'BILY,  adv.  [from  shabby.]   Ragged- 
ly ;  with  rent  or  ragged  clothes;  as,  to  be 

clothed  shabbily. 
2.  Meanly  ;  in  a  despicable  manner. 
SHAB'BINESS,    n.     Raggedness ;    as  th» 

shabbiness  of  a  garment. 
2.  Meanness ;  paltriness. 
SHABBY,    a.    [D.  scluibbig ;    G.   schabig, 

from  schaben,  to  ruh,   to  shave,  to  scratch ; 

schabe,   a    moth,    a    shaving    tool,    a  scab. 

Tliis  is  a  different  orthography  oi  scabby.] 

1.  Ragged  ;  torn,  or  worn  to  rags  ;  as  a 
shabby  coat :  shabby  clothes. 

2.  Clothed  with  ragged  garments. 
The  dean  was  so  shabby —  Swift. 

3.  Mean  ;  paltry  ;  despicable  ;  as  a  shabby 
fellow  ;  shabby  treatment.  Clarendon. 

[For  the  idea  expressed  by  shabby,  there  is 
not  a  better  word  in  the  language.] 

SHACK,  n.  In  ancient  customs  of  England, 
a  liberty  of  winter  pasturage.  In  Nor- 
folk and  Suffolk,  the  lord  of  a  manor  has 
shack,  that  is,  liberty  of  feeding  his  sheep 
at  pleasure  on  his  tenants'  lands  during 
the  six  winter  months.  In  Norfolk,  shack 
extends  to  the  common  for  hogs,  in  all 
men's  grounds,  from  harvest  to  seed-time  ; 
whence  to  go  a-shack,  is  to  feed  at  large. 

Cowel.  Encyc. 
In  New  England,  shack  is  used  in  a 
somewhat  similar  sense  for  mast  or  the 
food  of  swine,  and  for  feeding  at  large  or 
in  the  forest,  [for  we  have  no  manors,] 
and  I  have  heard  a  shiftless  fellow,  a 
vagabond,  called  a  shack. 

SHACK,  V.  i.  To  shed,  as  corn  at  harvest. 
[Local.]  Grose. 

2.  To  feed  in  stubble,  or  upon  the  waste 
corn  of  the  field.     [Local.]  Pegge. 

SHACK'LE,  n.  Stubble. 

[In  Scotish,  shag  is  the  refuse  of  bar- 
ley, or  that  which  is  not  well  filled,  and  is 
given  to  horses.  The  word  shack  then  is 
probably  from  a  root  which  signifies  to 
break,  to  reject,  or  to  waste,  or  it  may  be 
allied  to  shag  and  shake.] 

SHACK'LE,  v.t.  [Sax.  sceacul ;  D.  scha- 
ket,  a  link  or  mesh  ;  Sax.  sceac-line,  a  rope 
to  fasten  the  foot  of  a  sail.  Qu.  the  root 
•yiV.    Class  Sg.  No.  74.    But  we  find  the 


word   perhaps  in  the  Ar.  Jlj 


from 


\  <=-,  :':.  shakala,  to  tie  the  feet  of  a  beast 
or  bird.] 
L  To  chain  ;  to  fetter ;  to  tic  or  confine  the 
limbs  so  as  to  prevent  free  motion. 

So  lire  strelch'd   cord  the   shackled  dancer 

tries, 
As  prone  to  fall  as  impotent  to  rise.       Smith. 
2.  To  bind  or  confine   so  as  to  obstruct  or 
embarrass  action. 

Vou  niii«t  not  shackle  him  with  rules  about 
iiitliflbront  matters.  Locke. 

SH.\CK'LE,     }       [generally  used  in    the 
SIl.ACK'LES,  \  "'  plural.]    "Fetters,  gyves, 
handcuffs,   cords   or  something  else  that 
conlines  the  lind)s  so  as  to  re.=itrain  the  use 
of  them,  or  prevent  free  motion. 

Dryden. 
2.  That  which  obstructs  or  embarrasses  free 
action. 

His  very  will  seems  to  be  iu  bonds   and 
shackles.  South. 


S  H  A 


S  H  A 


S  H  A 


1 


SHACK'LED,  pp.  Tied;  confined ;  embar- 
rassed. 
SHACK'LING,    ppr.    Fettering;   binding; 

confining. 
SHAD,   11.    It  lia.s   no  plural   termination. 
Shad    is  singular  or   plural.     [G.  schade. 
In  VV.  ysgadan,  Ir.  sgadan,  is  a  Lerrin 
A  fisli,  a  species  of  Clupea.     Shad  enter  the 
rivers  in    England   and  America  in   the 
spring  in  immense  uurabers. 
SHAD'DOCK,  n.  A  variety  of  the  orange 
(Citrus  aurantium  ;)    panipelmoe.      [Fr. 
pamplemousse.]  ice- 

A  large  species  of  orange,  (Citrus  rfecu-i 
mana.)  Ed.  Encyr. 

SHADE,  n.  [Sax.  scad,  scead,  seed,  shade  ; 
sceadan,  to  separate,  divide  or  shade  ;  G. 
schatlen,  shadow,  and  to  shade  ;  D.  scha- 
duw,  sehaduwen  ;  Dan.  skatterer,  to  shade 
a  picture  ;  W.  ysgaiod,  a  shade ;  ysgodi, 
to  shade  or  shelter  ;  cysgudi,  id. ;  Corn. 
shod  or  skez ;  Ir.  sgalh,  and  sgatham,  to 
cut  ofl',  to  shade.  The  Gr.  axio.  is  proba 
bly  the  same  word  contracted,  and  per- 
haps OXOT05,  darkness.  In  the  sense  of 
cutting  off  or  separating,  this  word  coin 
oides  exactly,  as  it  does  in  elements,  will 
the  G.  scheideii,  L.  scindo,  for  scido,  which 
is  formed  on  cwdo,  to  strike  oft'.  Hence 
Sax.  gescead,  distinction,  L.  scutum,  a 
shield,  Sp.  escudo  ;  that  which  cuts  off  or 
intercepts.  Owen  deduces  the  Welsh 
■word  from  cawd,  something  that  Incloses  ; 
but  probably  the  sense  is  that  which  cuts 
offer  defends.] 

Literally,  the  interception,  cutting  off  or 
interruption  of  the  rays  of  light  ;  hence, 
the  obscurity  which  is  caused  by  such  in- 
terception. Shade  ilitt"ers  from  shadow,  as 
it  implies  no  particular  form  or  definite' 
limit;  whereas  a  shadow  represents  in 
form  the  object  which  intercepts  the  light. 
Hence  when  we  say,  let  us  resort  to  the 
shade  of  a  tree,  we  have  no  reference  to 
its  form  ;  but  when  we  speak  of  measur- 
ing a  iiyramid  or  other  object  by  its 
shadow,  we  have  reference  to  its  extent 

2.  Darkness ;    obscurity  ;  as  the   shades   of 
~  ni"ht.     The  shade  of  the  earth  constitutes 

the  darkness  of  night. 

3.  An  obscure  place,  properly  in  a  grove  or 
close  wood,  which  jirecludes  the  sun's 
rays ;  and  hence,  a  secluded  retreat. 

Let  U3  seek  out  some  desolate  shade,  and 

there 
Weep  our  sad  bosoms  empty.  Shak 

4.  A  screen  ;  something  that  intercepts  light 
or  beat. 

."..  Protection  ;  shelter.     [See  Shadow.] 
Q.  In  painting,  the  dark  part  of  a  picture 

Dryden. 

7.  Degree  or  gradation  of  light. 

Wliite,  red,  yellow,  blue,  with  their  several 
degrees,  or  shades  and  mixtures,  as  green,  come 
only  iQ  by  the  eyes.  Locke. 

8.  A  shadow.     [See  Shadow.] 

Envy  will  merit,  as  its  shade,  pursue. 

Pope. 
[This  is  allowable  in  poetry.] 

9.  The  soul,  after  its  separation  from  the 
body  ;  so  called  because  the  ancients  sup- 
posed it  to  be  perceptible  to  the  sight,  not 
to  the  touch  ;  a  spirit ;  a  ghost ;  as  the 
shades  of  departed  heroes. 

Swift  as  thought,  the  flitting  shade — 

Dry  den. 


SHADE,  V.  t.  [Sax.  sceadan,  gesceadait,  to^ 
separate,  to  divide,  to  shade.]  ; 

L  To  shelter  or  screen  from  light  by  inter- 
cepting its  rays  ;  and  when  applied  to  tlie| 
rays  of  the  sun,  it  signifies  to  shelter  fromj 
light  and  heat ;  as,  a  large  tree  shades  the 
plants  under  its  branches  ;  shaded  vegeta- 
bles rarely  come  to  perfection. 
I  went  to  crop  the  sylvan  scenes. 
And  shade  our  altars  with  their  leafy  greens. 

Dryden. 
3.  To  overspread  with  darkness  or  obscuri- 
ty ;  to  obscure. 

Thou  shad'st 
The  full  blaze  of  thy  beams.  Milton. 

3.  To  shelter;  to  hide. 
Ere  in  our  own  house  I  do  shade  my  head. 

Shak 

4.  To  cover  from  injury;    to   protect;   to 
screen.  Milton 

5.  To  paint  in  obscure  colors;  to  darken. 
G.  To  mark  with  gradations  of  color  ;  as  the 

shading  pencil.  Milton. 

7.  To  darken  ;  to  obscure. 

SHA'DED,  pp.  Defended  from  the  rays  of 

•     the  sun  ;  darkened. 

SHA'DER,  n.  He  or  that  which  shades. 

SHA'DINESS,  n.  [from  shady.]    The  state 
of  being  shady  ;  umhrageousness  ;  as  the 

1     sAa(/i'Hes«of  the  forest. 

JSHA'DING,  ppr.  Sheltering  from  the  sun's 

1     rays. 

SHAD'OW,    n.    [Sax.  scadu,  sceadu.     See 
Shat/e.] 

Shade  within  defined  limits;  obscurity  or 
deprivation  of  light,  apparent  on  a  plane 
and  representing  the  form  of  the  body 
which  intercepts  the  rays  of  light  ;  as  tin- 
shadow  of  a  man,  of  a  tree  or  a  tower. 
The  shadow  of  the  earth  in  an  eclipse  of 
the  moon  is  proof  of  its  sphericity. 
Darkness;  shade;  obscurity. 
Night's  sable  shadows  (wm  the  ocean  rise. 

Denham. 

3.  Shelter  made  by  any  thing  that  intercepts 
the  light,  heat  or  influence  of  the  air. 

In  secret  shadoiv  from  the  sunny  ray, 
On  a  sweet  bed  of  lilies  softly  laid. 

Spenser. 

4.  Obscure  place  ;  secluded  retreat. 
To  secret  shadows  1  retire.     [  06s.] 

Dryden. 

5.  Dark  part  of  a  picture.     Obs.      Peacham. 
1         [In  the  two  last   senses,  shade  is   now 
I     used.] 
G.  A  spirit ;  a  ghost.     Ohs. 

[In  this  sense,  shade  is  now  used.] 

7.  \n  painting,  the  representation  of  a  real 
shadow. 

8.  An  imperfect  and   faint   representation; 
opposed  to  substance. 

I'he  law  having  a  shadow  of  good  things  to 
come.     Heb.  x. 

9.  Inseparable  companion. 
.Sin  and  her  shadow,  death. 

10.  Type;  mystical  representation. 
Tvpes  and  shadows  of  that  dcstiu'd  seed. 

^  Milton. 

11.  Protection;   shelter;   favor.     Lam.   iv. 
Ps.  xci. 

12.  Slight  or  faint  appearance.     James  i. 
Shadow  of  death,  terrible  darkness,  trouhic 

or  deatii.     Job  iii. 
SHAD'OW,  V.  I.   To  overspread    with  ob- 


[Shade  is  more  generally  used.] 

2.  To  cloud  ;  to  darken. 
The  shadow'd  livci-y  of  the  burning  sun. 

Shale 

3.  To  make  cool ;  to  refresh  by  shade  ;  or 
to  shade. 

Flowery  fields  and  shadowed  waters. 

Sidney. 
[■I.  To  conceal ;  to  hide ;  to  screen. 

Let  every  soldier  hew  him  down  a  bough, 
And  bear't    before   him  ;    thereby    shall  we 

shadow 
The  number  of  our  host.     [  Unusual.'i 

Shak. 
To  protect ;  to  screen  from  danger  ;  to 
shroud. 

Shadowing  their  right  under  your  wings  of 
war.  Shak. 

6.  To  mark  with  slight  gradations  of  color 
or  light.  [In  this  sense,  shadt  is  chiefly 
used.]  Locke. 

7.  To  paint  in  obscure  colors ;  as  void  spares 
deeply  shadowed.  Dryden. 

8.  To  represent  faintly  or  imperfectly. 
Augustus  is  shadowed  in  the  person  of  ^Ene- 

as.  Dryden. 

9.  To  represent  typically.  The  healing  pow- 
er of  tlie  brazeii  serpent  shadoweth  the  ef- 
ficacy of  Christ's  righteousness. 

[The  two  last  senses  are  in  use.  la 
place  of  the  others,  shade  is  now  more 
gener:illv  used.] 

SHADOWED,  pp.  Represented  imper- 
fectly or  tvpically. 

SHAD'OW-GKASS,  n.  A  kind  of  grass  so 
called.  \  Griinieii  sylvaticxim.]  Johnson. 

SllAD'OWIA'G,  ppr.  Representing  by  faint 
or  iirificrlint  resemblance. 

SHADOWING,  n.  Shade  or  gradation  of 
'iglit  and  color.   [This  should  be  shading.] 

SHADOWY,  a.  [Sax.  sceadwig.]  Full  of 
shade  ;  ilaik  ;  gloomy. 

This  shadowy  desert,  unfrequented  woods. 

"  Shak. 

2.  Not  brightly  luiniiious  ;  faintly  light. 
More  pliMsant  lii;bt 

Shadowy  sets  off  the  face  of  things. 

Milton. 

3.  Faintly  representative  ;  typical ;  as  shad- 
ou'y  expiations.  Milton. 


.Wlton 


scurity. 

The  warlike  elf  much  wondn'd  at  (his  tree 
So  fair  and  great,  that  shadow'd  all  the  Rrnund . 

Spenser 


4.  Unsubstantial ;  unreal. 

Milton  has  brought  hito  his  poems  two  actor? 
of  a  shadotvy  and' fictitious  nature,  in  the  per- 
sons of  Sin  ami  Death.  .iddison. 

5.  Dark  ;  obscure ;  opake. 

By  command  ere  yet  dim  night 
Her  shadowy  cloud  witlulraws.  Milton. 

SHA'DY,  o.  [from  shade.]  .■\hounding  with 
shade  or  shades;  ovcrs|iiea<l   with  shade. 
And  Amaryllis  fills  the  sliaily  groves. 

Dryden. 
2.  Sheltered  from  the  glare  of  light  or  sultry 
heat. 

Cast  it  .also  (hat  you  may  have   rooms  shadjf 

for  summer  and  waini  for  winter.  Bacon. 

SHAF'FLE,  v.i.    [See  Shuffle.]  To  hobble 

or  limp.      [.Vo(  in  use.] 
ISHAF'FLER,  n.  A  hobbler ;  one  that  Hmps. 

[.Yot  in  use.] 
SHWFT,  )!.   [Sax.sceajl;  D.G.  schnjl;  Sw. 
Uan.  skaft ;  L.scapus;    from  the  root  of 
shape,  from  setting,  or  shooting,   extend- 
ing'-] '  , 
1.    An  arrow ;    a   mi.ssilc  wea[)oii ;    as   the 
archer  and  the  shaft.                            More. 
So  lofty  was  the  pile,  a  Parthi.in  bow 
With   vigor  drawn  must  send  the  shaft  he- 
low.                                        Dryden. 


S  II  A 


8  H  A 


S  H  A 


a.  In  mining,  a  pit  or  long  narrow  opening' 
or  entrance  into  a  mine.  [Tliis  may  pos- 
sil)ly  be  a  diflerent  word,  iis  in  Ucrman  it 
is  written  sckacht,  Dun.  skmgie.] 

3.  In  archikclure,  tlie  wliaft  of  a  column  is 
tlie  liody  of"  it,  between  the  base  and  the 
capital. 

4.  Any  tiling  straight;  as  the  sfta/J  ot  a  stee- 
ple, and  many  other  things.  Peackam. 

5.  The  stem  or  stock  of  a  liither  or  quill. 

0  The  pole  of  a  carriage,  sometnnes  called 
tongue  or  neap.  The  thills  of  a  chaise  or 
gig  are  also  called  s/if//l«. 

7.  The  handle  of  a  weapon. 

Shaft,  or  while-shafl,  a  species  of  Troclnlus 
or  humming  bird,  having  a  bill  twenty 
lilies  in  leiiglh,  and  two  long  white  fethers 
ill  the  middle  of  its  tail.  EncijC. 

SirAFTI'U),  a.  Having  a  handle;  a  tern 
ill  iienildiy,  applied  to  a  spearhead. 

SH'Al'^TMIiNT,    n.    [Sax.  scu-ftmund. 
a  measure  of  about  si.v  inches. 


span. 
in  use.J 
SHAG,  )i.  [Sa.\.  sceacga,  hair. 


shag 


]     A 

[JVut 
Ray. 
Dan. 


1. 


skiwg;  Sw.  skagg,  the  beard,  a  brush,  i:c 

III  Eth.  U)  +  shaky,  a  hair  cloth.] 
Coarse  hair  or  nap,  or  rough  woolly  hair. 
True   VVituey  broadcloth,  with  its  shag  un- 
shorn, t-'ay 

2.  A  kind  of  cloth  having  a  long  coarse  nap 

3.  Ill  ornilhulogij,  an  a(piatic  fowl,  the  Pe- 
lecdtius  graciUas  ;  in  the  north  of  Eng- 
land called  the  crave. 

Encyc.     Ed.  Encijc. 

SHAG,  a.  Hairy;  shaggy.  ShaU. 

SHAG,  V.  t.  To  make  rough  or  hairy. 

Shag  the  green  zone  that  bounds  the  boreal 
skies.  J-  Barlow. 

2.  To  make  rough  or  shaggy ;  to  deform. 

Thomson. 
SHAG'GED,  \  Rongh  with  long  hair  or 
SHAG'GY,     S       wool. 

About  bis  shoulders  hangs  the  shaggy  skin. 

Urydcn. 

'2.  Rouuh  ;  rugged  ;  as   the  shaggy  tops  nf 

hills."  Milton. 

And   throw   the   shaggy   spoils   about    your 

slioulilers.  .iJdison. 

SIIAG'GEUNRSS,  ?       The  state  of  being 

BIIAG'GINESS,      S       sh;>.«g>' :        '"""Sl' 

ncss  with  long  loose  hair  or  wool. 

SHAGllEE'N,  n.  [Pers.  ^j.x^  sagri,  the 

skin  of  a  horse  or  an  ass,  &c.  dressed.] 
A  kind  of  grained  letlier  prepared  of  the 
skin  of  a  fi.sli,  a  species  of  Stpiahis.  To 
prepare  it,  the  skin  is  stretched  and  cov- 
ered with  mustard  seed,  which  is  briiiso( 
upon  it.  The  skin  is  then  exposed  to  the 
weather  for  some  days,  and  aflerwarils 
tanned.  Encyc. 

SHAGREE'N,  a.  3Iade  of  the  lether  called 

shagreen. 
S1I-\GREEN,  for  chagrin.  [See  Chagrin.] 
Sll.VH,  71.  A  Persian  word  signifying  king 

Eton 

SIIAIK,        I       Among  the  Arabians  and 

SCHEICH.  S"'  Moors,   an  old    man,   and 

hence  a  chief,  a  lord,  a  man  of  eminence. 

Encyc. 

SH.AIL,  V.  t.  To  walk  sidewisc.     [Low  and 

not  in  use.]  U Estrange. 

[This  word  is  probably  the  G.  schiekn, 

Dan.  skieler,  to  squint.] 


SHAKE,  I',  t.  pret.  shook ;  pp.  shaken.  [Sax. 
sceaean,  to  shake,  also  to  flee,  to  depart, 
to  withdraw  ;  Sw.  skaka  ;  D.  schokken,  to 
shake,  to  jolt,  to  heap ;  schok,  a  shock,! 
jolt  or  bounce  ;  W.  ysgegiau;  to  shake  byl 
seizing  one  by  the  throat;  cegiaiv,  to  choke, 
from  eeg,  a  choking,  the  mouth,  an  en- 
trance. If  the  Welsh  gives  the  true  origin 
of  this  word,  it  is  remarkably  expressive,! 
and  chara<'teristic  of  rough  manners.  Il 
am  not  confident  that  the  Welsh  and  Sax-j 
on  are  from  a  coiiiinon  stock.] 

1.  To  cause  to  move  with  quick  vibrations; 
to  move  rapidly  one  way  and  the  other ;' 
to  agitate  ;  as,  the  wind  shakes  a  tree  ;  an 
earthquake  shakes  the  hills  or  the  earth. 

1  shook  my  lap,  and  said,  so   (jod   shake  out 
every  man  from  his  house —     Nch.  V. 

He  shook  the  sacred  honors  of  his  head. 

Ihyden. 

— As   a  fig  tree   casteth   her  untimely  IVuil, 
when  it  is  shaken  of  a  mighty  wind.     Kev.  vi. 

2.  To  make  to  totter  or  tremble. 

The  rapid  wheels  shake  hcav'n's  basis. 

Afiltoti. 
:i.  To  cause   to   shiver ;  as,  an  ague  shakes 
the  whole  frame. 

To  throw  down  by  a  violent  motion. 
Macbeth  is  ripe  for  shaking.  Shak. 

[Hilt  see  shake  off,  which  is  generally 
used.] 

To  throw  away  ;  to  drive  off. 

'Tis  our  first  intent 

To  shake  all  cares  and  business  from  our  age. 

[See  .Shake  off.'\  .Shak.. 

G.  To  move  from  tirmness ;  to  weaken  the| 

stability  of;  to  endanger ;  to  threaten  to 

overthrow.     Nothing  .-^hould  shake  our  bo-, 

lief  ill  the  being  and  perfections  of  God,- 

and  in  our  own  accountabloness.  I 

7.  To  cause  to  waver  or  doubt ;  to  impairi 
the  resolution  of;  to  depress  the  courage! 
of.  I 

That  ye  be   not  soon   shaken  in   mind.     2^ 
Thess.  ii. 

8.  To  trill ;  as,  to  shake  a  note  in  music.        ] 
To  shake  hands,  sometimes,  to  unite   with  ; 

to  agree  or  contract  with  ;  more  general- 
ly, to  take  leave  of,  from  the  practice  of 
shaking  hands  at  meeting  and  parting. 

Shak.  K.  Charles. 
To  shake  off,  to  drive  off;  to  throw  off  or 
down  by  violence  ;  as,  to  shake  off  the 
dust  of  the  feet ;  also,  to  rid  one's  self;  to 
free  from ;  to  divest  of;  as,  to  shake  off 
disease  or  grief;  to  shake  off  troublesome 
dependents.  Mdison.'. 

SHAKE,  V.  i.  To  be  agitated  with  a  wavingi 
or  vibratory  motion:  as,  a  trees/ia^cs  with 
the  wind  ;  "tlie  house  shakes  in  a  tempest. 

The  foundations  of  tlie  earth  do  shake.     Is. 
xxiv. 
2.  To  tremble  :  to  shiver ;  to  quake  ;  as,  a 
man  shakes  in  an  ague  ;  or  he  shakes  Willi 
colli,  or  with  terror. 
■i.  To  totter. 

Under  his  burning  wheels 
The  steadfast  empyrean  shook  throughout. 
All  but  the  throne  itself  of  God.  Milton. 

SHAKE,  n.  Concussion ;  a  vacillating  or 
wavering  motion ;  a  rapid  motion  one 
way  and  the  other;  agitation. 

The  great  soldier's  honor  was  composed  of 
thicker  stuff  which  could  endure  a.  shake. 

Herbert 

2.  A  trembling  or  shivering ;  agitation. 

3.  A  motion  of  hands  clasped. 


SHAL, 
SHALL, 

obliged 


,s- 


Uui  salutations  were  very  hearty  on  bodi 
sides,  consisting  of  many  kind  shakes  of  the 
hand.  Addison. 

4.  In  music,  a  trill ;  a  rapid  reiteration  of 
two  notes  comprehending  an  interval  not 
greater  than  one  whole  tone,  nor  less  than 
a  semitone.  Busby. 

SHAKEN,  pp.  sha'kn.  Impelled  with  a  va- 
cillating motion ;  agitated. 
a.  Cracked  or  split ;  as  i/iateii  timber. 

Nor  is  the  wood  shaken  nor  twisted,  as  those 

about  Capetown.  Barrow. 

[Our  mechanics  usually  pronounce  this 

shaky,  forming  the  word  from  shake,  like 

pithy,  from  pith.] 

SHA'KER,  n.  A  person  or  thing  that  shakes 
or  agitates  ;  as  the  shaker  of  the  earth. 

Pope. 

2.  In  the  United  States,  Shakers\s  the  name 
given  to  a  very  singular  sect  of  Christians, 
so  called  fiom  the  agitations  or  move- 
ments which  characterize  their  worship. 

SHA'KING,  ppr.  lmp(-lling  to  a  wavering 
motion;  causing  to  vacillate  or  waver; 
agitating. 

2.  Trembling  ;  shivering  ;  quaking. 

SHA'KING,  Ji.  Tiie  act  of  shaking  or  agi- 
tating; brandishing.     Job  .xli. 

2.  Concussion.  Hurmar. 

3.  A  trembling  or  shivering.  li'aller. 

SHA'KY,  a.  Cracked,  as  timber. 

Chambers. 

verb  auxiliary,  pret.  should. 
[Sax.  scealan,  scylan,  to  be 
It  coincides  in  signification 
nearly  with  OHg-/i^  it  is  a  duty,  it  is  nec-es- 
saiy  ;'  D.  zal,  zul ;  G.  soil ;  Sw.  skola,  pret. 
skullc  ;  Dan  skal,  skuUe,  skidde.  The  Ger- 
man and  Dutch  have  lost  the  palatal  let- 
ter of  the  verb;  hut  it  appears  in  the  de- 
rivative G.  schuld,  guilt,  fault,  culpability, 
debt ;  D.  schuld,  id. ;  Sw.  skuld,  Daii.skyld, 
debt,  fault,  guilt;  skylder,  to  owe;  Sax. 
scyld,  debt,  offense,  L.  seelus.  The  literal 
sen.se  is  to  hold  or  be  held,  hence  to  owe, 
and  hence  the  sense  of  guilt,  a  being  held, 
hound  or  liable  to  justice  and  punishment. 
In  the  Teutonic  dialects,  schuUcn,  skyld, 
are  used  in  the  Lord's  prayer,  as  "  forgive 
IIS  our  debts,"  but  neither  (/ei/  nor  trespass 
expresses  the  exact  idea,  which  includes 
sin  or  crime,  and  liability  to  pmiishiiient. 
The  word  seems  to  be  allied  in  origin  to 
skill,  L.  calleo,  to  he  able,  to  know.  See 
Skill.  Shall  is  defective,  having  no  in- 
finitive, imperative  or  participle.  It  ought 
to  be  written  sh(il,  as  the  original  has  one 
I  only,  and  it  has  one  only  in  shall  and 
should.] 

Shall  is  primarily  in  the  present  tense,  and 
in  our  mother  tongue  was  followed  by  a 
verb  in  the  iiiliiiitive,  like  other  verbs. 
"  Ic  sceal  flam  the  6foii  gefullod."  1 
hai^e  7ieed  lo  be  baptized  of  thee.  Mutt.  ill. 
"  Ic  nu  scea/ si/iff'/n  sar-cwidas."  I  must 
now  sing  mouriili.l  smigs.  Boctlnus. 

We  still  use  shall  and  should  before  un- 
otherverb  in  the  infinitive,  without  the  sign 
to;  but  the  signification  of  «AnH  is  conside- 
rably deflected  from  its  primitive  sense.  It 
is  now  treated  as  a  mere  au.xiliary  to  oth- 
er verbs,  serving  to  form  some  of  the 
tenses.  In  the  present  tense,  shall,  hefbre 
a  verb  in  the  infinitive,  forms  the  future 
tense;  but  its  fViice  and  effect  are  ditTcr- 
ent  with  the  different  persons  or  personal 


SUA 


S  H  A 


S  H  A 


pi-onouns.  Thus  in  the  first  person,  shall 
simply  foretells  or  declares  what  will  take 
place  ;  as,  I  or  we  shall  ride  to  town  on 
Monday.  This  declaration  simply  informs 
another  of  a  fact  that  is  to  take  place. 
The  sense  of  shall  here  is  changed  from 
an  expression  of  need  or  duty,  to  that  of 
previous  statement  or  information,  ground- 
ed on  intention  or  resolution.  When  ut- 
tered with  emjihasis,  "  I  shall  go,"  it  ex- 
presses firm  determination,  but  not  a 
promise. 

2.  Jn  the  second  and  third  persons,  shall  im- 
plies a  promise,  command  or  determina- 
tion. "  You  shall  receive  your  wages," 
"he  shall  receive  his  wages,"  imply  thai 
you  or  he  ought  to  receive  them ;  but 
usage  gives  to  tliese  phrases  the  force  of  a 
promise  in  the  person  uttering  them. 

When  shall  is  uttered  with  emphasis  in 
such  phrases,  it  expresses  determination 
in  the  speaker,  and  implies  an  authority 
to  enforce  the  act.  "  Do  you  refuse  to  go  ? 
Does  he  refuse  to  go  ?  But  you  or  lie  shall 
go." 

3.  Shall  Igo,  shall  he  go,  interrogatively,  asks 
for  permission  or  direction.  But  shall  you 
go,  asks  lor  iuformalioa  of  another's  in- 
tention. 

4.  But  after  another  verb,  shall,  in  the 
third  person,  simply  foretells.  He  says 
that  he  shall  leave  town  to-morrow.  Ho 
also  in  the  second  person;  you  say  that 
you  shall  ride  to-morrow. 

5.  After  if,  and  some  verbs  which  express 
condition  or  supposition,  shall,  in  all  the 
pers- ns,  simply  foretells;  as, 

C  I  shall  say,  or  we  shall  say. 
If  <  Thou  shall  say,  ye  or  you  shall  say, 
(  lie  shall  say,  they  shall  say. 

6.  Should,  in  the  first  |)erson,  implies  a  con 
ditional  event.     "  I  should  have  written  a 
letter  yesterday,  hail  1  not  been  interrupt- 
ed."    Or  it  expresses  obligation,  and  that 
in  all  the  persons. 

I  should,  I  have  paid  the  bill  on  de- 

Tiiou  shouldst,  f  mand  ;  it  was  my  duty. 
He  should,  t  your  duty,  his  duty  to 
You  should,  J  pay  the  bill  on  demand, 
but  it  was  not  paid. 

7.  Should,  though  properly  the  past  tense  of 
shall,  is  often  used  to  express  a  contingent 
future  event;  as,  \l"n  should  rain  to-mor- 
row ;  if  you  should  go  to  London  next 
week;  if  he  shoxdd  arrive  within  a  month. 
In  like  manner  after  though,  grant,  admit, 
allow. 

SHALE,  V.  t.  To  peel.  yVot  in  use.  See 
Shell.] 

SHALli,  re.  [G.schale;  a  different  orthog- 
raphy ot' shell,  but  not  in  use.     See  Shell.] 

1.  A  shell  or  husk.  Shak. 

3.  Ill  natural  history,  a  species  of  shist  or 
sliistDUs  clay;  slate  clay;  generally  of  aj 
bluish  or  yellowish  gray  color,  more  rare- 
ly of  a  dark  blackish  or  reddish  gray,  ori 
grayish  black,  or  greenish  color.  Its 
fracture  is  slaty,  and  in  water  it  molders 
into  powiler.  It  is  often  found  in  strata 
in  coal  inuies,  and  commonly  bears  veget- 
able iiM|)ressi(>us.  It  is  generally  the  fore- 
ruiuicr  of  coal.  Kirioan. 

ISitnmiiious  shale  is  a  subvariety  of  ar- 
gillaceous slate,  is  iuipregnated  with  bitu- 
men, atid  burns  with  flame. 

Cleuveland. 


SHALLOON',  n.  [said  to  be  from  Chalons, 
in  France ;  Sp.  chaleon  ;  Fr.  ras  de  Cha- 
lons.]    A  slight  woolen  stuff.  Swift. 

SHAL'LOP,  n.  [Fr.  chaloupe  ;  Sp.  Port. 
chnlupa  ;  G.  schaluppe.  This  word  is 
changed  into  sloop  ;  but  the  two  words 
have  now  different  significations.] 

1.  A  sort  of  large  boat  with  two  masts,  and 
usually  rigged  like  a  schooner. 

Mar.  Diet. 

2.  A  small  light  vessel  with  a  small  main- 
mast and  fore-mast,  with  lug-sails. 

Encyc. 

SHAL'LOW,  a.  [from  shoal,  Sax.  sceol,  a 
crowd,  or  rather  scylf,  a  shelf.] 

1.  Not  deep  ;  having  little  depth;  shoal;  as 
shallow  water;  a  shallow  stream;  a  shal- 
low brook.  Dryden. 

3.  Not    deep  ;   not    entering    far   into    the 
earth  ;   as   a  shallow   t'urrow 
trench. 


They  find  themselves  fooled  and  shammed 
into  conviction.     [JVo«  elegant.'] 

L' Estrange. 
2.  To  obtrude  by  fraud  or  imposition. 

L'  Estrange,. 
SHAM,  V.  i.  To  make  mocks.  Prior. 

SHAM'AN,  n.  In  Russia,  a  wizard  or  con- 
jurer, who  by  enchantment  pretends  to 
cure  diseases,  ward  off  misfortunes  and 
foretell  events.  Eneyc. 

SHAM'BLES,  n.  [Sax.  scamel,  L.  scamnum, 


3.  Not   intellectually    deep ;  not    ])rofouiid 
not  penetrating  deeply  into  abstruse  sub- 
jects ;  superficial ;  as  a  shallow   mind  or 
understanding ;  shallow  skill. 
Deep  vers'd  in  books,  and  shallow  in  himself. 

Milton. 

Slight;  not  deep  ;  as  a. shalloiv  souiul. 

Bacon. 

SHAL'LOW,  n.  A  shoal;  a  shelf;  a  flat; 
a  sand-bank  ;  any  place  where  the  water 
is  not  deep. 

A  swift  stream  is  not  heard  in  the  channel, 
but  upon  shallows  of  gravel.  Bacon. 

Dash'd  on  the  shalloics  of  the  moving  sand. 

Dryden. 

SHAL'LOW,  v.t.  To  make  shallow.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Herbert. 

SHAL'LOW-BRAINED,  a.  Weak  in  in- 
tellect; foolish;  emptv  headed.         South. 

SHAL'LOWLY,  adv.  With  little  depti 

Carew. 

2.  Superficially ;  simply ;  without  depth  of 
thought  or  judgment ;  not  wisely.      Shak. 

SHAL'LOWNESS,  n.  Want  of  depth  ; 
small  depth  ;  as  the  shallowness  of  water, 
of  a  river,  of  a  stream. 

2.  Superfieialness  of  intellect ;  want  of  pow- 
er to  enter  deeply  into  subjects ;  empt;' 
ness ;  silliness. 

SHALM,     }        [G.  schalmeie,  from  schallen, 

SHAWM,  ^  "■  to  sound.  A  kind  of  musical 
pipe.     [JVot  used.]  Knolles. 

SHALO'TE,  n.  The  French  echalote  angli- 
cized.    [See  Eschalot.] 

SHAL'STONE,  n.  A  mineral  found  only  in 
the  Bannetof  Temeswar,  of  a  grayish,  yel- 
lowish or  reddish  white  ;  taiiilspath. 

SHALT,  the  second  person  singular  of 
shall ;  as,  thou  shall  not  steal. 

SHAM,  n.  [W.  sioni,  vacuity,  void,  balk, 
disappointment.] 

That  which  deceives  expectation  ;  any  trick, 
fraud  or  device  that  deludes  and   disap- 
points ;  delusion  ;    imposture.      [J\''ot   an 
elegant  word.] 
Believe  wlio  will  the  solemn  sham,  not  [. 

Jidilison 

SHAM,  a.  False  ;  counterfeit  ;  pretended  ; 
as  a  sham  fight. 

811.4 iM,  v.t.  [W.  siomi,  to  balk  or  disap 
point.] 

To  deceive  expectation  ;  to  trick  ;  to  cheat ; 
to  delude  with  false  pretenses. 


a  bench.  It.   scanno,  Sp.  escaho ;  from  L. 
scando.] 

1.  The  place  where  butcher's  meat  is  sold  : 
a  flesh-market.     1  Cor.  x. 

2.  In  mining,  a  nich  or  shelf  left  at  suitable 
distances  to  receive  the  ore  which  is 
thruwn  from  one  to  another,  and  thus 
raised  to  the  top. 

a  s/ia//o(i>]|^HAM'BLING,    a.    [from    scamble,    scam- 
Dryden.'l.bling.] 


Moving  with  an  awkward,  irregular,  clumsy 
pace ;  as  a  shambling  trot ;  shambling 
legs.  Smith. 

SHAMBLING,  n.  An  awkward,  clumsy, 
rregular  pace  or  gait. 

SHAME,  n.  [Sa,\.  scama,  sceam,  sceom;  G. 
schnm ;   D.    schaamen  ;   Sw.   Dan.  skam. 


Qu.  Ar. 


chashama,  with  a  prefix. 


to  cause  shame,   to  blush,  to  reverence. 
Class  Sm.  No.  48.] 

A   painful   sensation   excited  by  a  con- 
sciousness of  guilt,   or  of  having   done 
something   which    injures  reputation  ;  or 
by  the  exposure  of  that  which  nature  or 
modesty  prompts  us  to   conceal.     Shane 
is  particularly  excited  by  the  disclosure  of 
actions   which,  in  the  view  of  men,  are 
mean  and  degrading.     Hence  it  is  often 
or  always  manifested  by  a  downcast  look 
or  by  blushes,  called  confusion  of  face. 
Hide,  for  shame, 
Romans,  your  grandsires'  images. 
That  blush  at  their  degenerate  progeny. 

Dryden. 
Shame  prevails  when  reason  is  defeated. 

Ramble/-. 
The  cause  or  reason  of  shame  :  that 
which  brings  reproach,  and  degrades  a 
person  in  the  estimation  of  others.  Thus 
an  idol  is  called  a  shame.  Hos.  ix. 
Guides,  who  arc  the  shame  of  religion. 

South. 
.3.  Reproach  ;   ignominy  ;   derision  ;    con- 
tempt. 

Ve  have  home  the  shame  of  the  heathen. 
Ezek.  xxxvi. 

The  parts  which   modesty  requires  to  be 
covered. 
a.  Dishonor  ;  disgrace.     Prov.  ix. 
SHAME,  v.t.  To  make  ashamed;  to  excite 
a  consciousness  of  guilt  or  of  doing  some- 
thing derogatory  to  reputation  ;  to  cause 
to  blush. 
Who  shames  a  scribbler,  breaks  a  cobweb 
through.  Pope. 

I  write  not  these  things  to  shame  you.     1 
Cor.  iv. 
To  disgrace. 
And  with  foul  cowardice  his  carcass  shame. 

Spenser. 
To  mock  at. 

Ye  have  shamed  the  counsel  of  the  poor.    Ps. 
xiv. 
SHAME,  V.  t.  To  be  ashamed. 


S  H  A 


S  H  A 


S  H  A 


To  i(3  trunk  authors  give  such  a  ii)af;iiitude,| 
as  I  shame  to  rciicat.  lialeif^h. 

[This  verb,  I  believe,  is  DO  longer  used 
intransitively.] 
SHAMED,  pp.  Mode  aslianipd. 
SIiA'M^;FACED,  a.  [Lye  supposes  this  to 
be  a  <-oriuptioii  of  Sax.  scam-fast,  shame 
fast,  held  or  restrained  by  shame.] 
Bashful;  easily  contused  or  pul  out  of  conn 
tcnancc.     A  man  may   be  shamefaced  to 
excess. 

Conscience  is  a  blushing  shamefaced  spirit 

Shak. 
Your  shamefac'd  virtue  shunn'd  the  people's 
piiiise.  Uryden. 

SHA'MF.FACEDLY,  orfr.  Bashfully;  with 
excessive  modesty.  h'ooUon 

SHA'MEFACEDNESS,  n.  Bashfulness ; 
excess  (if  modesty.  Dn/dev. 

SHA'MEFUL,  o.  [shame.  s.m\  full.]  That 
brinffK  simme  or  disjrrace  ;  scandalous  ; 
disfiraccful ;  injuriou.s  to  reputation.  It 
expresses  le.ss  than  in/omot/s  and  ignomin- 
ious. 

His  naval   preparations  were  not  more  sur- 
prising than  his  quick  and  shameful  retreat. 

JJrbutlmot. 
2.  Indecent;  raising  siiume  in  others. 
Phoebus  flying  so  most  shameful  sight. 

Spenser. 
SHA'MRFULLY,  adv.  Disgracefully  ;  in  a 
manner  to  bring  reproach,     lie  shameful- 
ly rieserted  his  friend. 
2.  With   indignity  or  indecency;  in  a  man- 
ner that  may  cause  shame. 
How  shatiiefully  that  maid  he  did  torment. 

Spoiser. 
SHA'MEFULNESS,  n.  Disgracefulness. 

Johnson. 
SUA'MELESS,  a.  [shame  and  less.]  Desti- 
tute of  shame;  wanting  modesty;  impu- 
dent ;    brazen-faced  ;    immodest  ;   auda- 
cious; insensible  to  disgrace. 

Such  shameless  bards  we  have.  Pope. 

2.  Done  without  shame  ;  indicating  want  of 

shame  ;  as  a  shameless  denial  of  truth. 
SHA'MELESSLY,  adv.  Without  shame  ; 
impudently;  as  a  man  shainelessty  wick- 
ed. Hale. 
SlIA'MELESSNESS,  n.  Destitution  of 
shame  ;  want  of  sensibility  to  disgrace  or 
dishonor  ;  impudence. 

He  that  bhishes  not  at   his  crime,  but   adds' 

shamclessness  to  shame,  has  nothing  loll  to  re-j 

stoic  tiiin  to  virtue.  Taylor. 

SHARIKR,  71.  One  who  makes  ashamed; 

that  which  cojifounds. 
SIIA'MING,  ppr.  Making  ashamed  ;  caus- 
ing to  blush  ;  confounding. 
SllAM'MEU,    n.    [from  sham.]    One   that 

sbains;  an  impostor.     [Lmv.] 
SH.AMOIS,    l^    [Vr.  chamois  ;  It.  camo—a: 


SIIAIM'MY, 


Sp.  gnmuza  ;  Port,  gamo  ;  ,2, 


from   Sp.  gama,   a  doe,  or  its 
gavyr,  »  goat ;  Corn.  Ir.  gavar.] 


root ;  W. 


the  lether  which  bears  this  name  is  coun- 
terfeit, being  made  of  the  skin  of  the  com- 
mon goat,  the  kid,  or  even  of  sheep. 

Encyc 

SHAM'ROCK,  n.  The  Irish  nam<^  for 
three-leafed  grass.  (ipenser. 

SHANK,  71.  [Sax.  scanc,  sctanc  ;  G.  D. 
schenkel ;  Sw.  skank.] 

1.  The  wliole  joint  from  the  knee  to  the  an- 
kle. In  a  Ijorse,  the  ])art  of  the  fore  leg 
between  the  knee  and  the  footlock. 

a.  Tlie  tibia  or  large  bone  of  the  leg ;  as 
crooked  shanks. 

3.  The  long  part  of  an  instrument ;  a.s  the 
shank  of  a  key.  Moxon. 

The  beam  or  shaft  of  an  anchor. 

Mar.  Diet. 

4.  A  plant,     [hryonia.]  Johnson. 

SIIANK'ED,  a.  Having  a  shank. 

SIIANK'EK,  n.  [from  Fr.  chancre.]  A  ma- 
lignant ulcer,  usually  occasioned  by  some 
venereal  comphiint.  Encyc. 

SIIANK-PALNTER,  n.  With  seamen,  a 
short  rope  and  chain  which  sustains  the 
shank  and  flukes  of  an  anchor  against  the 
ship's  side,  as  the  stopper  fastens  the  ring 
and  stock  to  the  cat-head.  Mar.  Did. 

SIIAN'SCRIT,  71.  Tl'«:  Sanscrit,  or  ancient 
anguago  of  Ilindoostan.     [See  Sanscrit.] 

SHANTY,  tor  jantt/,  gay  ;  showy.  [jYot  in 
use  or  local.] 

SHAPE,  V.  t.  prct.  shaped;  pp.  shaped  or 
shapen.  [Sax.  sceapiayi,  sceppan,  scipan  or 
sryppan,  to  form,  to  create ;  Svv.  skapa  ; 
Dun.  skaber  ;  G.  schaffen,  to  create,  toj 
make  or  get,  to  procure,  furnish  or  supply  ;i 
D.  scheppen,  schaffen  ;  Sans,  shafana.  The 
Sw.  has  skaffa,  to  provide,  and  the  Dan. 
skaffu:] 

1.  To  Ibrm  or  create. 

I  was  shapen  in  iniquity.     Ps.  li. 

2.  To  mold  or  make  into  a  particular  form ; 
to  give  form  or  figure  to  ;  as,  to  shape  a 
garment. 

Grace  shap'd  her  limbs,  and  beauty  deck'd 

her  face.  Prior. 

.3.  To  mold  ;  to  cast ;  to  regulate  ;  to  adjust ; 

to   adapt   to  a   pm-pose.      He   shapes   his 

plans   or  designs  to   the   temper  of  tlie 

times. 

4.  To  direct;  as,  to  shape  a  course. 

Denham. 

5.  To  image ;  to  conceive. 

Ol't  my  jealousy 
Shapes  f\rults  that  are  not.  Shak. 

SH.APE,  V.  i.  To  square  ;  to  suit ;  to  be  ad- 
justed. Shak. 
SH.APE,  71.  Form  or  figure  as  constituted 
by  lines  and  angles;  as  the  shape  of  a 
horse  or  a  tree ;  the  shape  of  the  head, 
"land  or  foot. 
Ex'ernal  appearance. 

He   beat  me  grievously  in   the  shape  of  a 
woman.  Shak 


SHA'PELESS,  a.  Destitute  of  regular 
form;  wanting  symmetry  of  dimensions; 
as  deformed  and  shapeless.  Shak. 

The  shapeless  rock  or  hanging  precipice. 

'  Pope. 

SHA'PELESSNESS,  n.  Destitution  of  reg- 

■     iilar  form. 

SHA'PELINESS,  n.  [from  shapeli/.]  Beau- 
ty or  proportion  of  form.    [Little  used.] 

SHA'PELY,  a.  [from  shape.]  Well  formed: 

I    having  a  regular  shape ;  symmetrical. 

Jf'arton. 

SHA'PESMITH,  7i.  [shape  and  smith.]  One 
that  undertakes  to  improve  the  form  of 
the  body.     [In  burlesque.]  Garth. 

SHA'PING,  ppr.  Forming;  molding;  cast- 
ing ;  conceiving  ;  giving  form. 

SIPAHD,  71.  [Sax.  sceard,  from  scearan,  to 
shear,  to  separate.] 

1.  A  piece  or  fragment  of  an  earthern  vessel 
orof  any  brittle  substance.     Obs.       Shak. 

2.  The  shi'll  of  an  egg  or  of  a  snail.    Cower. 


'.i.   \  plant,   [chard.] 
A.  A  frith  or  strait ; 

5.  A  gap. 
<;.  A  fish. 
SH'ARDBOP.N,  a. 


Drydtn. 
as  a  perilous  shard. 

Spenser. 


A  species  of  wild  goat,  (C«pra  n«/MC(rpra,|'3.  The   form   of  the   trunk   of  the  human 

body  ;   as   a    clumsy  shape  ;    an   elegant 


goat  of  the  rocks,)  inhabiting  the  mount- 
ains of  Savoy,  Piedmont,  and  the  Pyre- 
nees. Encyc. 
The  shamois  is  now  considered  as  a 
species  of  antelope,  (Antelope  rupicapra.) 

Ed.  Encyc.  5. 
.  A  kinil  of  lether  prepared  from  the  sliin  6. 
of  the  wild  goat.     It   is  dressed  in  oil  or  I 
tanned,   and  nmcli   esteemed  for  its  soft-  7.  Manner, 
liess,  pliancy  and  the  quality  iif  bearing:  SH.A'PF.D, 
soap  without  damage.    A  great  part  ofi  SlIA'PEN, 


shape. 

A  being  as  endowed  with  form. 
Before  the  gates  there  sat. 
On  either  side,  a  foimidable  shape.      Milton. 
Idea ;  pattern.  Milton. 

Form.      This  application   comes   before 
the  legislature  iu  the  shape  of  a  memorial. 


pp. 


Formed  ;  molded  : 
conceived. 


cast 


[shard  and  bom.]  Born 
or  produced  among  fragments,  or  in  crev- 
ices ;  as  the  shardborn  beetle.  Sliak. 
JohiLson  suggests  that  shard  may  per- 
haps signify  the  sheath  of  the  w  ings  of 
insects.  In  this  case,  the  word  should  be 
writteti  shardborne,  and  delined,  borne 
in  the  air  by  slieathed  wings.  Such  is 
T<idd's  explanation  of  the  word  in  Shak- 
speare.  The  word  shard  luay  perhaps  be 
used  for  the  crustaccoiis  wing  of  an  in- 
sect, but  1  know  not  that  such  a  sense  is 
legitimate.     [Sec  Sharded.] 

iSH'ARDED,  a.  Having  wings  sheathed 
with  a  hard  case;  as  the  sharded  beetle. 

Todd,  from  Cower. 
Inhabiting  shards.     Johnson,  from  Shak. 

[SHARE,  71.  [Sax.  scear,  sceara,  from  scearan, 
to  shear ;  W.  ysgar,  which  is  a  .>com- 
pound.] 

1.  A  part;  a  portion;  aquantily  ;  asasumll 
share  of  prmlence  or  good  sense. 

2.  A  part  or  portion  of  a  thing  owned  by  a 
nund)cr  in  common:  that  part  of  an  undi- 
vided interest  Mliicli  belongs  to  eai-b  pro- 
prietor; as  a  ship  owned  in  ten  shares; 
a  Tontine  building  owned  in  a  hundred 
shares. 

3.  The  pan  of  a  thing  ailoitcd  or  distributed 
to  each  individual  of'  a  nunibtir;  divid- 
end; separate  portion.  Each  heir  has 
received  his  share  of  the  estate. 

4.  A  part  belonging  to  one;  portion  pos- 
sessed. 

Nor  I  without  my  share  of  fame.       Dryden. 

.').  A  part  contributed.  He  bears  his  share 
of  the  burden. 

fj.  The  broad  iron  or  lihide  of  a  plow  which 
cuts  the  ground  ;  or  fiurow-slice. 

Mortimer. 

To  go  shares,  to  partake  ;  to  be  equally  con- 
cerned. L'Es'trange. 

SHARE,  v.t.  [Sax.  scearan, scyran  ;  but  we 
have  shear  directly  from  this  verb,  and 
share  seems  to  be  from  the  noun;W.  ^«- 
gariaiv.] 

1.  To  divide  ;  to  part  among  two  or  more. 
.Suppose  1  share  my  fortune  cqUiilly  between 
my  children  and  a  stranger.  Sicin. 


S  H  A 


S  H  A 


S  II  A 


And  share  liis  burden  where  he  sharei  hisi 
heart.  Drydeu. 

2.  To  partake  or  enjoy  with  others  ;  to  seize 
and  possess  jointly  or  in  common. 

Great  Jove  with  Cesar  shares  his  sov'reign 
sway.  Milton. 

While  avarice  and  rapine  share  the  land. 

3rMon. 

3.  To  cut ;  to  shear.     [JVo<  now  in  use.] 

And  the  shard  visage  hangs  on  equal  sides. 

Dryden. 
SHARE,  r.  i.  To  have  part. 

A  right  of  inheiitance  gave  every  one  a  title 
to  share  in  the  goods  of  his  father.  Locke. 

SHARE-BONE,  n.  The  ossa  pubis. 

Derham. 
SHA'RED,  pp.  Held  or  enjoyed  with  an- 
other or  otiiers  ;  divided ;  distributed  in 
shares. 
SHA'REHOLDER,  n.  [share  and  holder.] 
One  tliat  holds  or  owns  a  share  in  a  joint 
fund  or  property. 

One  of  the  proprietors  of  the  mine,  who  was 
a  principal  shareholder  ia  the  company,  died. 

Aled.  Hepos. 
SHA'RER,  n.  A  partaker ;  one  that  parti- 
cipates any  thinji  with  another ;  one  who 
enjoys  or  sutlers  in  common  with  another 
or  others ;  as  a  sharer  in  anotlier's  good 
fortune  ;  a  sharer  in  the  toils  of  war ;  a 
sharer  in  a  lady'.s  affections. 
SHA'RING,  ppr.  Partaking  ;  having  a  part 
witli  another ;  enjoying  or  suffering  with 
others. 
SHA'RING,  n.  Participation. 
SH'ARK,  n.  [L.  carcharias  ;  Gr.   >:ap;ta|)Ki5, 
from  xap;^oipo5,  sliarp  ;  Corn,  skarkias.] 

1.  A  voracious  fisli  of  the  genus  Squahis,  of 
several  species.     Tlie  body  is  oblong,  ta 
pering  and  rough,  and  some  species  have 
eeveral  rows  of  serrated  teeth.     The  lar- 
gest grow  to  the  length  of  thirty  feet. 

2.  A  greedy  artful  fellow ;  one  who  fills  hi; 
pockets  by  sly  tricks.     [Loiv.]  South 

3.  Trick  ;  fraud  ;  petty  rapine ;  as,  to  live 
upon  the  shark.     [Little  used.']  South. 

4.  In  .Yew  England,  one  that  lives  by  shifts, 
contrivance  or  stratagem. 

SH'ARK,  V.  t.  To  pick  up  hastily,  slily  or  in 
small  quantities.     [Lotv.]  Shak. 

SH'ARK,  II.  i.  To  i>lay  the  petty  thief;  or 
rather  to  live  by  shifts  and   petty  strat 
gems.      [In   New  England,  the  common 
pronunciation  is  shurk,  but  the  word  rarely 
implies  fraud.] 

2.  To  cheat ;  to  trick.     [Loic]      Ainsworih 

3.  To  fawn  upon  fur  a  dinner;  to  beg. 

Johnson. 

To  shark  out,  to  slip  out  or  escape  by  low 
artiliccs.     [Vidgar.] 

SHARKER,  »i.  One  that  lives  by  shark- 
ins  ;  an  artful  fellow.  Woltoii. 

SHARKING,  p/)r.    Picking   up    in    haste 
living  by  petty  rapine,  or  by  sliifts  and  de- 
vices. 

SHARKING,  n.  Petty  rapine  ;  trick. 

JVestJiM. 

2.  The  seeking  of  a  livelihood  by  shifts  and 
devices. 

SIPAIIP,  a.  [Sax.  scearp ;  D.  seherp  ;  G. 
scharf :  Dan.  Sw.  skarp  ;  Turk,  scerp ; 
probably  from  the  root  of  shear,  shire 
short  ;   the  radical  letters  being  Cr  or  Gr.] 

1.  Having  a  very  thin  inlge  or  fine  point : 
keen  ;  acute  ;  not  blunt.  Thus  we  say, 
a  sharp  knile,  or  a  sharp  needle.     A  sharp, 


edge  easily  severs  a  substance;  a  sharpl 
point  is  easily  made  to  penetrate  it.  j 

i.  Terminating  in  a  point  or  edge;  not  ob-j 
tuse  ;  as,  a  hill  terminates  in  a  sharp  peak, 
or  a  sharp  ridge. 

3.  Forming  an  acute  or  too  small  angle  at 
the  ridge  ;  as  a  sharp  roof 

4.  Acute  of  mind;  quick  to  discern  or  dis- 
tinguish ;  penetrating  ;  ready  at  invention  ; 
witty  ;  ingenious. 

Nolliing  makes  men  sharper  Oian  want. 

Addison. 

Many  other  things  belong  to  the  material 
world,  wherein  the  sharpest  philosophers  have 
not  yet  obtained  clear  ideas.  Walts. 

Being  of  quick  or  nice  perception  ;  appli- 
ed to  the  senses  or  organs  of  perception  ; 
as  a  sharp  eye  ;  sharp  sight. 

To  sharp  ey'd  reason  this  would  seem   un- 
true. Dryden. 
Affecting  the    organs  of  taste   like  fine 
points  ;  "sour  ;  acid  ;  as    sharp    vinegar  ; 
sharp  tasted  citrons.                          Dryden. 

7.  Aflecting  the  organs  of  hearing  like  sharp 
points;  piercing;  penetrating;  shrill;  as 
a  sharp  sound  or  voice  ;  a  sharp  note  or 
tone  ;  opposed  to  a  flat  note  or  souiul. 

8.  Severe  ;  harsh  ;  lilting  ;  sarcastic  ;  as 
sharp  wortis  ;  sharp  rebuke. 

— Be  thy  words  severe, 
Sharp  as  he  merits ;  but  the  sword  forbear. 

Drydtn 

9.  Severely  rigid  ;  quick  or  severe  in  pun- 
ishing ;  cruel. 

To  that  place  the  s/iar;j  Athenian  law 
Cannot  pursue  us.  Shak. 

10.  Eager  for  food;  keen;  as  a  sharp  ap- 
petite. 

11.  Eager  in  pursuit  ;  keen  in  quest. 

My   faulcbion    now   is    sharp  and    passing 
empty.  Shak 

12.  Fierce;  ardent;  fiery;  violent;  as  a 
shar})  contest. 

A  shaip  assault  already  is  begun.       Dryden  i 
1.3.  Keen;  severe  ;  pimgent ;  as  sharp  pain.] 

14.  Very  painful  or  distressing;  as  sharp 
tribulation  ;  a  sharp  fit  of  the  gout. 

15.  Very  attentive  or  vigilant. 

Sharp  at  her  utmost  ken  she  cast  her  eyes. 

Dryden . 

Ifi.  Making  nice  calculations  of  profit ;  or 

clr)se  and  exact  in  making  bargains  or  ile- 

nianding  dues.  Swift. 

17.  Biting  ;  pinching  ;  piercing  ;  as  sharp 
air  ;  sharp  wind  or  weather.  Ray. 

18.  Subtil  ;  nice  ;  witty  ;  acute  ;  used  of 
things  ;  as  a  sharp  discourse. 

19.  Among  it'0)-A:»iCH,  hard  ;  as  sharp  aainh 

jMoTon. 

20.  Emaciated  ;  lean  ;  thin  ;  as  a  sharp^  vis- 
age. Jililton . 

To  brace  sharp,  in  seamanship,  to  turn  the 
yards  to  the  most  oblique  position  possible, 
"that  the  ship  may  lay  well  up  to  the  wind. 

Mar.  Diet. 
SH'ARP,  n.  In  vnmc,  an  acute  sound. 

Shak. 

2.  A  note  artificially  raised  a  semitone  ;  or, 

3.  The  character  which  directs  ihe  note  to 
be  thus  elevated  ;  opposed  to  a  fat,  which 
depresses  a  note  a  semitone.  Enryr. 

4.  A  pointed  weapon.  [M)t  in  iise.]    Collier. 
SITARP,  V.  t.  To  make  keen  or  acute. 

B.  Jonson. 

3.  To  render  quick.  Spen.'!er. 

3.  To  mark  with  a  sharp,  in   musical  coin-j 

position  ;  or  to  raiso  a  note  a  semitone.      1 


SHARP,  V.  i.  To  play  tricks  in  bargaining; 

to  act  the  sharper.  L'Estrange. 

SH  ARP-EDG'ED,  a.  Having  a  fine  keen 

edge. 
SHARPEN,  v.t.  shcirpn.    [G.  schSrfen;  D. 

scherpen  ;  Sw.  sktirpa.] 

1.  To  tnake  sharp;  to  give  a  keen  edge  or 
fine  point  to  a  thing  ;  to  edge;  to  point  ; 
as,  to  sharpen  a  knife,  an  ax  or  the  teeth 
of  a  saw;  to  sharpen  a  swnrrl. 

All  the  Israelites  went  down  to  the  Philistines 
to  sharpen  evei-y  man  his  share  and  his  coulter, 
and  his  ax  and  his  mattock.     1  Sam.  xiii. 

2.  To  make  nu)re  eager  or  active ;  as,  to 
sharpen  the  edge  of  industry.  Hooker. 

3.  To  nuike  more  pungent  and  painful.  The 
abuse  of  wealth  anil  greatness  may  here- 
after shnrpin  the  sting  of  conscience. 
To  make  more  (piick,  acute  or  ingeniruis. 
The  wit  or  the  intellect  is  sharperied  by 
study. 

To    render    perception    more    quick   or 
acute. 

Tlr  air  sharpened  his  visual  ray 
To  objects  distant  far.  Milton. 

To  render  more  keen  ;  to  make  more  ea- 
ger for  food  or  for  any  gratification  ;  as, 
to  sharpen  the  appetite ;  to  sharpen  a  de- 
sire. Shak.  Tillotson. 
7.  To  make  biting,  sarcastic  or  severe. 

Sharpen  each  word.  Smith. 

S.  To  render  less  flat,  or  more  shrill  or  pier- 
cing. 

Inclosures  not  only  preserve  sound,  but  in- 
crease and  sharpen  it.  Bacon. 

9.  To  make  more  tart  or  acid  ;  to  make 
sour  ;  as,  the  rays  of  the  sun  sharpen  vin- 
egar. 

10.  To  make  more  distressing  ;  as,  to  sharp- 
en grief  or  other  evil. 

11.  In  mttsic,  to  raise  a  sound  by  means  of  a 
sharp.  P''of.  Fisher. 

SH'AKPEN,    I',  i.    To    grow    or    become 

sharp.  Shak. 

SI1\'\RI*ER,  n.  A  shrewd  man  in  making 

bargains:    a  tricking   fellow;  a  cheat  ia 

bargainitig  or  gaming. 

Sharpers,  as  pikes,  prey  upon  their  own  kind. 
L'JSstrange. 
Sir.^RPLY,   adv.    With  a  keen  edge  or  a 
fine  point. 

2.  Severely  ;  rigorously  ;    roughly.    Tit.  i. 

I  They  are  to  be  more  shaiyly  chas(i>cd    and 

]       reformed  than  the  rude  Iri-li  Spenser. 

3.  Keenly  ;  aciui  ly  ;  vigorously  ;  as  the 
mind  an<l  memory  sharply  exercised. 

B.  Jonson. 

4.  Violently;  vehemently. 

At  the  arrival  of  the  Eni;lish  embassadors,  the 
soldiers  were  shar])ly  assailed  with  wants. 

HaywarJ. 
.5.  With    keen     perception  ;    exactly  ;    mi- 
nutely. 

Vou  contract  your  eye,  when  you  woidd  see 

sharjily.  Bacun. 

(1.  Acutely  :  wittily  ;  with  nice  discernment. 

SH'ARPNESS,  71.  Keeimessofan  edge  or 

point  ;  as  the  sharpness  of  a  razor  or  a 

dart. 

2.  Not  obtusenesR.  Wotton. 

3.  Pungency  ;  acidity  ;  as  the  sharpness  of 
vinegar.  Il'atts.^ 

4.  Pmigency  of  pain  ;  keenness  ;  severity  of 
pain  or  affliction  ;  as  ihe  sharpness  of  pain, 
grief  or  anguish. 

5.  I'ainfulness :  afflictiveness  ;  as  tlie  sharp- 
ness of  death  or  calamity. 


SUA 


[S  II  A 


SHE 


And  the  best  quarrels  in  the  heat  are  curst 
By  those  that  tcel  their  iliarpness.        Shak. 
0.  Severity  of  language  ;  pungency  ;  satirical 
sarcasm  ;  as  the  3harj)ness  of  satire  or  re- 
buke. 

Some  did  all  folly  with  just  sharpness  blame. 

J}ryde7i. 

7.  Acuteness  of  intellect;  tlie  power  of  nice 
disoernmcnt  ;  quickness  of  understand- 
ing; ingenuity;  as  s/io/jncOT  of  wit  or  un- 
dersianding.  Drydtn.    Addison. 

8.  Quickness  of  sense  or  perception  ;  as  tlic 
sharpness  of  sigbt.  I 

0.  Keenness;  severity;  as  the  sharpness  of 
the  air  or  weather. 

SirAIlP-SET,  a.  [sharp  and  set.]  Eager  in 
appetite  ;  affected  by  keen  hunger ;  rav- 
enous ;  as  an  eagle  or  a  lion  sharp-set. 

Brown. 

2.  Eager  in  desire  of  gratification. 

The  town  is  shnrp-sit  on  new  plays.     Pope. 

SH'ARP-SIIOOTEK,  n.  [sharp  and  s/ioo<.] 
One  skilled  in  shooting  ut  an  ol)ject  with 
exactness ;  one  skilled  in  the  use  of  the 
rifle. 

SH'ARP-SIGHTED,   a.    [sharp  and  sight.] 

1.  Having  quick  or  acute  sight ;  as  a  sharp- 
siglited  eagle  or  hawk. 

2.  llaviiig  quick  discernment  or  acute  un- 
derstanding; as  a  i/iai/^-si^Werf  opponent; 
sharp-sighted  ju<lgnjent. 

SII'ARF-VISAgED,  a.  [sharp  and  visage.] 
Having  a  sharp  or  thin  face.  Hale. 

SHARP-WITTED,  a.  Having  an  acute  or 
nicely  discerning  mind.  Wolton. 

SHAS'TER,  n.  Among  the  Hindoos,  a  sa- 
cred book  containing  the  dogmas  of  the 
rehgion  of  the  Bramins  and  the  ceremo- 
nies of  their  worship,  and  serving  as  a 
commentary  on  the  Vedani.  It  consists 
of  three  parts ;  the  first  containing  the 
moral  law  of  the  Hindoos  ;  the  second  the 
rites  and  ceremonies  of  their  religion  ;  the 
third  the  distribution  of  the  people  into 
tribes  or  classes,  with  the  duties  pertaining 
to  each.  Encyc. 

SHAT'TER,  r.  t.  [D.  schnleren,  to  crack, 
to  make  a  great  noise.  This  word  seems 
to  be  allied  to  scatter  and  to  scalh,  waste. 
The  sense  is  to  force  or  drive  apart.] 

I.  To  break  at  once  into  many  pieces ;  to 
dash,  burst,  rend  or  part  by  violence  into 
fragments ;  as,  explosion  shatters  a  rock  or 
.1  bomb;  lightning  shatters  the  sturdy  oak  ; 
steam  shatters  a  boiler ;  a  monarchy  is 
shattered  by  revolt.  Locke. 

.'.  To  rend;  to  crack  ;  to  split ;  to  rive  into 
splinters. 

'i.  To  dissif)ate;  to  make  incapable  of  close 
and  continued  apphcation  ;  as  a  man  ofj 
shattered  humor.  JVorris.\ 

4.  To  disorder ;  to  derange  ;  to  render  delir- 
ious ;  as,  10  shatter  the  brain.  Tlie  man 
seems  to  be  shattered  in  his  intellect. 

SHAT'TER,  V.  i.  To  be  broken  into  frag- 
ments ;  to  fall  or  crumble  to  pieces  by  any 
force  applied. 

Some  shatter  and  fly  in  many  places. 

Bacon. 

SHAT'TER-BRAINED,  >       [shatter    and 

SHAT'TER-PATED,        I  ^- brain  or  pate.] 

1.  Disordered  or  wandering  in  intellect. 

2.  Heedless ;  wild  ;  not  consistent. 

Goodman. 
SHATTERED,  pp.  Broken  or  dashed  to 
pieces ;  rent ;  disordered. 

Vol.  II. 


ySHAT'TERING,  p/jr.  Dashing  or  breaking 
to  pieces  ;  rending  ;  disordering. 

'SHAT'TER?',  n.  [1  believe  used  only  in  the 
plural.]  I 

The  fragments  of  any  thing  forcibly  rent' 
or  broken ;  used  chiefly  or  solely  in  the 
phrases,  to  break  or  rend  into  shaiteis. 

Swijt. 

SHAT'TERY,  a.  Brittle ;  easily  falling  into 
njany  pieces;  notcom|)act;  loose  of  text- 
ure ;  as  shatter;/  spar.  ff'oodward. 

SHAVE,  V.  t.  pret.  shaved  ;  pp.  shaved  or 
shaven.  [Sa.x.  sceafan,  scufan  ;  D.  schaaven  ; 
G.  schaben  ;  i)an.  skaver ;  iiw.  skafva.] 

1.  To  tut  or  i)are  off  something  from  the 
surface  of  a  body  by  a  razor  or  other  edg- 
ed instrument,  by  rubbing,  scraping  or 
drawing  the  instrument  along  the  surface  ; 
as,  to  shave  the  chin  and  cheeks ;  to  shave 
the  head  of  its  hair. 

He  shall  shave  his  head  in  the  day  of  his' 
cleansing.  Num.  vi. 

2.  To  shave  off,  to  cut  ofl".  | 
Neither  shall  they  sltavc  off  die  corner  of 

their  beard.  Lev.  xxi. 

3.  To  pare  close. 
The  bending  sytho 

Shaves  all  the  surface  of  the  waving  green. 

Gay. 

4.  To  cut  off  thin  slices;  or  to  cut  in  thin 
slices.  Bacon. 

a.  To  skim  along  the  surface  or  near  it ;  to 
sweep  along. 

He  shaves  with  level  wing  the  deep. 

Milton 

6.  To  strip ;  to  oppress  by  extortion  ;  to 
fleece. 

7.  To  make  smooth  by  paring  or  cutting  off 
slices  ;  as,  to  shave  hoops  or  staves. 

To  shave  a  note,  to  purchase  it  at  a  great  dis- 
count, a  discount  much  beyond  the  legal 
rate  of  interest.     [.J  loto  phrase.] 

SHAVE,  n.  [Sw.  skaf ;  G.  schabe  ;  Sax. 
scafa,  sceafa  ;  D.  schaaf,  a  plane.] 

An  instrument  with  a  long  blade  and  a  han- 
dle at  each  end  for  shaving  hoops,  &c. ; 
called  also  a  drawing  knife. 

SHA'VED,  pp.  Pared  ;  made  smooth  with 
a  razor  or  other  cutting  instrument; 
fleeced. 

SHA'VE-GRASS,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Equisetum. 

SHA'VELING,  n.  A  man  shaved;  a  friar] 
or  religious  ;  in  confempt.  Spenser. 

SHA'VER,  )i.  One  that  shaves  or  whose  oc- 
cupation is  to  shave. 

3.  One  that  is  close  in  bargains  or  a  sharp 
dealer. 

This  Lewis  is  a  cunning  shaver.  SiviJJ 

.3.  One  that  fleeces ;  a  pillager  ;  a  plunderer. 

By  these  shaeers  the  Turks  were  stripped  of 

all  they  had.  A'nollcs 

SHA'VER,  11.  [Gipsey,  tschabe  or  tschawo,  a 

boy ;  schawo  or  tschaico,  a  son  ;  Ar.  ,_,  l 

a  youth,  from  ^^^  shabba,  to  growup, 
to  excite.] 

A  boy  or  young  man.  This  word  is  still  in 
common  use  in  New  England.  It  must 
be  numbered  among  our  original  words 

SHA'VING,  ppr.  Paring  the  siuface  with  a 
razor  or  other  shari)  instrument ;  making 
smooth  by  paring;  fleecing. 

SHA'VING,  n.  The  act  of  paring  the  sur- 
face. 

70 


2.  A  thin  slice  pared  off  with  a  shave,  a 
knife,  a  plane  or  other  cutting  instrument. 

Afurtimer. 

SHAW,?!.  [Sax.  scua,  scuiva  :  Sw.  .<^kugga; 
Dan.  skove,  a  thicket,  and  skt/gge,  a  shade.] 

A  thicket ;  a  small  wood.  [Local  in  Eng- 
land.    In  America  not  used.] 

SHAW-FO^VL,  71.  [shaw  and  fowl.]  The 
representation  or  image  of  a  fowl  made  by 
fow  lers  to  shoot  at.  Johnson. 

SHAWL,  n.  A  cloth  of  wool,  cotton,  silk  or 
hair,  used  by  females  us  a  loose  covering 
for  the  neck  and  shoulders.  Shawls  are 
of  various  sizes  from  that  of  a  handkcr- 

I     chief  to  that  of  a  counter|)anc.     Shawls 

I  were  originally  manufactured  in  the  heart 
of  India  from  the  fine  silky  wool  of  the 
Thibet  sheep,  and  the  best  shawls  now 
come  from  Cashmere  ;  but  they  are  also 
manufactured  in  Europe.  The  largest 
kinds  are  used  in  train-dresses  and  for 
long  scarfs.  Encyc. 

SH.\WM,  Ji.  [G.  schahieie,  from  schallen,  to 
sound.] 

A  hautboy  or  cornet ;  written  also  shalm,  but 
not  in  use.  Com.  Prayer. 

SHE,  pronoun  personal  of  the  feminine  gen- 
dor.  [Sax.  seo  ;  Goth,  si;  D.  zy ;  G.  sic. 
The  Danes  and  Swedes  use  for  he  and  she, 
the  word  from  which  the  English  has /ten  ; 
Dan.  hail,  he,  the  male;  hun,  she,  the  fe- 
male; Aane,  acock;  Sw. /ia;i,  he;  hannc, 
a  cock ;  hon,  henncs,  henne,  she.  This 
is  the  root  of  Henry.  She  is  perhaps 
the  Heb.  ntyx  a  woman  or  wife.  In  the 
Saxon,  seo  is  used  as  an  adjective,  and 
may  be  rendered  the  or  a.  It  is  also  used 
as  a  relative,  answering  to  ivho,  L.  oucr. 
It  is  also  used  for  he  and  that.  In  Lug- 
lish,  she  has  no  variation,  and  is  used  only 
in  the  nominative  case.  In  the  oblique 
cases,  we  use  hers  and  her,  a  distinct  word.] 

1.  A  pronoun  which  is  the  substitute  for  the 
name  of  a  female,  and  of  the  feminine 
gender  ;  the  word  which  refers  to  a  fe- 
male mentioned  in  the  preceding  or  fol- 
low ing  part  of  a  sentence  or  discourse. 

Then   Sarah   denied,  saying,  I  laughed  not; 
for  she  was  afraid.  Uen.  xviii. 

2.  She  is  sometimes  used  as  a  noun  for  wo- 
man or  female,  and  in  the  jjlural ;  but  in 
contempt  or  in  ludicrous  language. 

Lady,  you  are  the  cruell'st  she  alive.     Shalt. 

Tlic  shes  of  Italy  shall  not  betray 

My  interest.  Shak. 

3.  She  is  used  also  in  coinposition  for  female, 
I  representing  sex  ;  as  a  sAe-bear  ;  a  she-c&l. 
SHE' A  DING,  n.  [G.  scheiden,  Sax.  sceadan, 

to  divide.] 

In  the  isle  of  Man,  a  riding,  tithing  or  divis- 
ion, in  which  there  is  a  coroner  or  chief 
constable.  The  isle  is  divided  into  six 
sheadings.  Encyc. 

SHEAF,  JI.  plu.  sheaves.  [Sax.  sceaf;  D. 
sclioof.  It  appears  to  be  connected  with 
the  D.  schuiven,  schoof,  to  shore,  Sax.  scu- 
fan. The  sense  then  is  a  mass  or  collec- 
tion driven  or  pressed  together.  But  the 
Welsh  has  ysgub,  a  sheaf  and  a  besom, 
whence  ysgubaw,  to  sweep,  L.  scopa,  scopo, 
and  said  to  be  from  cub,  what  is  put  to- 
gether, a  cube.  If  these  are  of  one  family, 
as  I  suspect,  the  root  is  in  Class  Gb,  and 
the  sense  to  collect  or  press  together.] 

I.  A  quantity  of  the  stalks  of  wheat,  rye, 


SHE 


SHE 


SHE 


oats  or  barley  bound  together  ;  a  bundle 
ot'  stalks  or  straw. 

— Tlie  reaper  fills  his  greedy  Iiands, 
And  binds  the  golden  sheaves  in  brittle  bands. 

Dry  den . 

2.  Any  bundle  or  collection  ;  as  a  sheaf  of| 
arrows.  Dryden} 

SHEAF,  v.  t.  To  collect  and  bind  ;  to  make 
sheaves.  Shak.\ 

BIIEAL,  to  shell,  not  used.  Shak. 

SHEAR,  V.  t.  pret.  sheared;  pp.  sheared  or 
shorn.  The  old  pret.  shore  is  entirely  obso- 
lete. [Sax.  scearan,  scyran,  sciran,  to  shear, 
to  divide,  whence  share  and  shire;  G.  sche-\ 
ren,  to  shear  or  shave,  and  to  ve.x,  to  rail,  to' 
jeer ;  schier  dich  wrg,  get  you  gone  ;  schier] 
dich  aus  deni  trege,  move  out  of  the  way  ; 
D.scheeren,  to  shave,  shear,  banter,  stietcli, 
warp;  de  gek  scheeren,  to  play  the  fool  j 
~ig  weg  scheeren,  to  sheer  off;  Dan.  skierer,' 
to  cut,  carve,  saw,  hew  ;  skierts,  a  jest,' 
jeer,  banter;  skiertser,  to  sport,  mock, 
jeer;  Sw.  skiara,  to  reap,  to  mow,  to  cutj 
off,  to  cleanse,  to  rinse;  Sans,  schaurn  or 
chaura,  to  shave  ;  W.  ysgar,  a  part,  a  share  ;l 
ysgariaw,  to  separate.  The  Greek  has 
fupcu.;,  to  shave,  and  xtipi^,  to  shave,  shear,j 
cut  off  or  lay  waste.  The  primary  sense 
is  to  separate  or  force  off  in  general  ;  buti 
a  pr.iniinent  signification  is  to  separate  by 
rubbing,  as  in  scouring,  or  as  in  shaving,' 
cutting  close  to  the  surface.  Hence  the| 
sense  of  jeering,  as  we  say,  to  give  one  the 
rub.    See  Scour  and  Class  Gr.  No.  5.  and 


1.  To  cut  or  clip  something  from  the  sur- 
face with  an  iiistninient  of  two  blades  ;  to, 
separate  any  thing  from  the  surface  by 
shears,  scissors  or  a  like  iiisirument;  as, 
to  shear  sheep;  to  shear  cU)l\).  It  is  ap- 
propriately used  for  the  cutting  oi"  wool 
fruii!  sheep  or  their  skins,  and  for  clipping 
the  nap  tVoni  cloth,  but  may  be  applied  to 
other  things  ;  as,  a  horse  shears  the  ground 
in  feeding  much  iloser than  an  ox. 

2.  To  separate  by  shears;  as,  to  shear  a 
fleece. 

3.  To  reaj).     [JVot  in  use.]     Scotish. 

Gower. 

SHEAR,  V.  i.  To  deviate.     [See  Sheer.] 

SHE'ARBILL,  n.  [shear  and  bill.]  A  (owl, 
the  black  skinniier  or  cut-water.  (Rhyn- 
cops  nigra.)  Encyc. 

SHEARD,  n.  A  shard.  [See  Shard.] 

SUF.'  ARED,  pp.  Clipped  ;  deprived  of  wool, 
iiiiM'  or  nap.  j 

SHE'ARER,  n.  One  that  shears  ;  as  a| 
shearer  of  sheep.  Milton.; 

SHEARMAN,  n.  sher'man.  One  whose  oc-j 
cupaliou  is  to  shvar  cloth. 

SHEARS,  n.  plu.  [from  the  verb.]  An  in-' 
stnuNcnt  consisting  of  twn  blades  with  a 
be\el  e<li;e,  movable  on  a  pin,  used  lor  I'Ut-' 
ting  cloth  and  other  substances  by  inter- 
ception between  the  two  blades.  Shears 
difi'ci-  Iroin  scissors  chieliy  m  being  Ihrger.i 
Fate  uifi'd  the  shears  and  rut  the  sylph  in; 
twain.  Pope.'' 

2.  Something  in  the  form  of  the  blades  ofj 
shears.  1 

3.  Wings.     [Afo/ in  u.te.l  Spenser.\ 

4.  All  engine  for  raising  Iienvy  weights.! 
[See  Siicers  ]  j 

5.  The  deuomiDatioD  of  the  age  of  sbeej) 


from  the  cutting  of  the  teeth  ;  as  sheep  of 
one  shear,  two  shear,  &c.     [Local.] 

JMorlimer.l 

SHE'AR-WATER,  n.  A  fowl.  [Larus  ni-\ 
ger.]  Ainsirorlh.^ 

A  species  of  petrel,  (Procellaria  pujjitnis, 
Linn.)  found  on  the  coasts  of  Great  Hrit- 
ain  and  Ireland.  Encyc. 

The  cut-water,  (Rhyncops  nigra.) 

Bartram. 

SHEAT.     [See   Sheet.] 

SHE'AT-FISH,  n.  [G.  scheide,  Cuvier.]  A 
fish,  a  species  of  Silurus,  having  a  long 
slimy  body  destitute  of  scales,  and  the 
back  dusky,  like  that  of  the  eel. 

Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

SHEATH,  n.  [Sax.  sfff/(^,  scwthe  ;  G. scheide  ; 
D.  scheede  ;  from  sej)arating,  G.  scheidtn, 
D.scheien,  Sax.  sceadan.    See  Shade.] 

1.  A  case  for  the  reception  of  a  sword  or  oth- 
er long  and  slender  instrument;  a  scab- 
bard. A  sheath  is  that  which  separates 
and  hence  a  defense. 

2.  In  botany,  a  membrane  investing  a  sten 
or  branch,  as  in  grasses.  Martyn. 

3.  Any  thin  covering  for  defense;  the  wing 
case  of  an  insect. 

SHEATH,      \      ,   To   put  into  a  case  or 
SHEATHE,  S  "■      scabbard ;  as,  to  sheathe 

a  sword  or  dagger. 
2.  To  inclose  or  cover  with  a  sheath  or  case. 
The  leopard — keeps  the  claws  of  his  toie  teci 
turned  up  from  the  ground,  and  sheathed  in  the 
skin  of  his  toes.  Grew 

'Tis  in  my  breast  she   sheathes  her  dagf^ei 
now.  Dryden 

To  cover  or  line;  as,  to  sheathe  the  iiov>- 
els  with  demulcent  or  nuici!aj;noU9  sub 
stances. 

4.  To  obtunil  or  blunt,  as  acrimonious  oi 
sharp  particles.  Jirhuthnot 

5.  Tc^  tit  with  a  shrath.  Shuk. 
(i.  To   case   or   cover   with  hoards  or  with 

sheets  of  copper  ;  as,  to  sheathe  a  ship  ti 
piesKr\e  it  from  the  wi  rm.-. 

To  sheathe  the  sword,  a  figurative  phrase,  to 
put  an  end  to  war  or  piimuy  ;  to  make 
peace.  It  corresponds  to  tije  Indian 
phrase,  to  bury  the  hutihel. 

SHE' ATUV.U, pp.  Put  in  a  sheath  ;  inclosed 
or  covered  with  a  case;  covered;  linei' 
invested  with  a  membrane. 
a.  In  botany,  vaginate;  invested  by  a 
sheath  or  cylindrical  membranaceous 
tube,  which  is  the  base  of  the  leaf,  as 
the  stalk  or  culm  in  gras.ses.       Jilarlyn. 

SHE'ATHING,  ppr.  Putting   in   a  sheath; 

in- 


wood  or  of  metal.  When  made  of  wood, 
it  is  sometimes  bushed,  that  is,  has  a  piece 
of  perforated  brass  let  into  its  center,  the 
better  to  sustain  the  friction  of  the  pin. 

Mar.  Diet. 

SHEAVE,   I',  t.   To  bring  together ;  to  col- 
lect.    [Ao<  in  use.]  .ishmole. 

SHEAVED,  a.    Made  of  straw.     [Ao(  in 
use.]  Shak. 

SHE'AVE-HOLE,  n.  A  channel  cut  in  a 
mast,  yard  or  other  timber,  in  which  to  fix 


a  sheave. 
SliECK'LATON,   n 

iners.J 
A  kind  of  gilt  lether. 


Mar.  Diet. 
[Fr.  ciclaion.  Cbal- 


inclosing  in  a  case  ;  covering  ;  lining  ; 
vesting  with  a  mend)iane. 

SHE'ATHING,  71.  The  casing  or  covering 
of  a  ship's  bottom  and  sides;  or  the  ma- 
terials for  such  covering. 

SHE'ATHLESS,  a.  Without  a  sheath  or 
case  for  covering  ;  unsheathed. 

Perci/^s  Masque. 

SHE'ATH-WINGED,  a.  [sheath  and  tciii.g.lj 
Having  cases  fir  covering  the  wings  ;  aS| 
a  sheath-winged  insect.  I}rou-n.\ 

SHE'ATHY,  a.  Forming  a  sheath  or  case. 

lir(nen.\ 

SHEAVE,  n.  [In  D.  .^chyf  is  a  shcc,  a 
truckle,  a  quoit,  a  fillet,  a  draughtsman, 
a  pane.  In  (-1.  schiibe  is  a  mark,  a  pane, 
a  wiieel,  the  knee-pan,  a  slice.] 

In  sia7nen's  language,  a  vvhccl  on  which  the 
rope  works  in  a  block.    It  is  made  of  hard 


[JVot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

SHED,  V.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  .<!hed.  [Sa.\.  scedan, 
to  ])our  out.  h  s  is  a  prt  fi.\,  this  word  co- 
incides in  elements  with  D.  gielen,  to  pour, 
to  cast.  G.  giessen,  Eng.  gush.  It  coin- 
cides also  in  elements  viwh  shoot.  Sec  the 
Noun.] 

1.  To  pour  out ;  to  effuse  ;  to  spill ;  to  suffer 
to  flow  out;  as,  to  shed  tears;  to  shed 
blood.  The  siui  slicds  light  on  the  earth  ; 
the  stars  lihed  a  more  feeble  light. 

This  is  my  blood  of  tlie  New  Testament, 
which  i^  sihed  for  many  for  the  remission  of  sins. 
Matt.  xxvi. 

To  let  fall  ;  to  cast ;  as,  the  trees  sAerf  their 
haves  in  autumn  ;  fowls  shed  their  feth- 
ers;  and  ser|ients5Af(/  their  skin. 

."1  To  scatter  ;  to  emit  ;  to  throw  off;  to  dif- 
liise  ;  as,  flowers  shed  their  sweets  or  fra- 
grance. 

SHED,  V.  i.  To  let  fall  its  [mrts. 

'>Vliite  oats  ae  apt  to  shed  most  as  they  lie, 
and  black  a~  they  stand.  Mortimer. 

SHFD,  n.  (Sax.  seed,  a  shade;  Sw.  skydd,  a 
defense  ;  skydda.  to  protect,  to  defend  or 
shelter :  Dan.  skytter,  id.;  skytter,  a  >liooter ; 
skyts,  a  deiciise;  skyt,  a  ;:un  ;  skyder.  to 
shi.ot ;  G.  schiifzen,  to  defend  ;  sihiitze,  a. 
shooter;  D.  sehuttcn,  to  defend,  to  parry 
or  stop ;  schutter,  a  shooter.  It  appears 
that  shed,  the  iionn  and  verb,  and  shoot, 
are  fioni  one  source,  and  shade,  scud, 
scath,  and  several  other  words,  when 
traced,  all  terminate  in  the  same  radical 
sense,  to  thrust,  rush  or  drive.] 

1.  A  slight  building;  a  covering  of  timber 
and  boards,  &c.  for  shelter  against  rain 
and  the  inclemencies  of  weather  ;  a  poor 
house  or  hovel ;  as  a  horse-shed. 

'1  he  first  Aletes  born  in  lowly  shed. 

Fairfax. 
Sheds  of  reeds  which  summer's  heat  repel. 

Sandys. 

2.  In    composition,  effusion ;    as    in  blood- 


.^hed.     [Sec  the  Verb.] 
SHED,    1'.  t.    To  keep  off;  to  prevent  from 
entering  ;  as  a  hut,  umbrella  or  garment 
that  sheds  rain. 
SUED'DER,  »!.  One  that  sheds  or  causes 

to  fiow  out ;  as  a  shedder  of  blood. 
SHEDDING,    ppr.     Eftiising ;    causing  to 
tiow  out  ;  letting  fall  ;  casting  ;  throwing 
off;  sending  out ;  difl'using  ;  keeping  off. 
SHEEN,       }        I'^i"'-   scene,  seen,    bright. 
SHEE'NV,  \  "'    This  is  the  old  orthogra- 
phy of  «/ii)ie,  which  see.]    Bright ;  glitter- 
ing ;  showy. 

I'p  rose  each  warrior  bold  and  brave, 
Glist'ring  in  filed  steel  and  armor  sAecn. 

Fairfax. 
[This  word  is  used  only  in  poetry.] 
SHEEN,  n.  Brightness  -,  splendor.    Millon. 


S  II  E 


SHE 


SHE 


SHEEP,  n.  sing,  and  plu.  [Sax. sceap,  seep 
Cf.  schaf;  D.  schaap ;  Bolieiiiian,  skope,  a 
wether.] 

1.  An  animal  of  the  genus  Ovis,  which  is 
among  the  most  useful  species  that  the 
Creator  has  bestowed  on  man,  as  its  woo 
constitutes  a  principal  material  of  warm 
clothing,  and  its  flesh  is  a  great  article  of 
food.  The  sheep  is  remarkable  for  its 
harmless  temper  and  its  timidity.  The 
varieties  are  numerous. 

2.  In  contempt,  a  silly  fellow.        Ainsworlh. 

3.  Figuratively,  God's  people  are  called 
sheep,  as  being  under  the  government  and 
protection  of  Christ,  the  great  Shepherd. 
John  X. 

SHEEP-BITE,  I),  t.  [sheep  and  bite.]  To 
practice  petty  thefts.     [.Vol  in  ust.] 

Skak. 

SHEE'P-BITER,  n.  One  who  i)ractices 
petty  thefls.     [jVul  in  use.]  Shale. 

SHEE'P€OT,  n.  [sheep  and  cot.]  A  small 
inclosure  for  sheep  ;  a  pen.  Milton 

SUEE'PFOLD,    n.    [sheep  and  fold.]      A 
place  where  sheep  are  collected  or  con 
fined.  Prior 

SHEE'PHOQK,    n.     [sheep  and   hook.]     A 
hook  fastened  to  a  i)ole,  by  which  shep 
herds  lay  hold  on  the  legs  of  their  sheep. 
Bacon.     Dryden 

SHEE'PISH,  a.  Like  a  sheep;  bashful; 
timorous  to  excess  ;  over-modest ;  meanly 
diffident.  Locke. 

2.  Pertaining  to  sheep. 

SHEEPISHLY,  adv.  Bashfully;  with  mean 
timidity  or  diffidence. 

SHEE'PISHNESS,  n.  Bashfulness ;  ex- 
cessive modesty  or  diffidence  ;  mean  tiin- 
orousness.  Herbert. 

SHEEP-ar ARRET,  n.  A  place  where 
sheep  are  sold. 

SHEE'P-M>ASTER,  n.  [sheep  and  master.'] 
A  feeder  of  sheep;  one  that  has  the  care 
of  sheep. 

SHEE'P'S-EYE,  n.  [sheep  and  eye.]  A  mod- 
est diffident  look,  such  as  lovers  cast  at 
their  mistresses.  Dryden. 

SHEE'P-SHANK,  n.  [sheep  and  shank.\ 
Among  seamen,  a  knot  in  a  rope  made  to 
shorten  it,  as  on  a  runner  or  tie. 

Mar.  Did. 

SHEE'P'S-HEAD,  n.  [sheep  and  head.]     A 
fish  caught  on  the  shores  of  Connecticut 
and  of  Long  Island,  so  called  from  the  re 
semblance  of  its  head  to  that  of  a  sheep. 
It  is  esteemed  delicious  food. 

SHEE'P-SHEARER,  n.  [step  and  shear.^ 
One  that  shears  or  cuts  off  the  wool  frotn 
sheep.     Gen.  xxxviii. 

SHEEP-SHEARING,  n.  Theactofshear 
ing  sheep. 

2.  The  time  of  shearing  sheep;  also,  a  feast 
made  on  that  occasion.  South. 

h=HEE'P-SKIN,  n.  The  skin  of  a  sheep; 
or  lether  prepared  from  it. 

SHEE'P-STEALER,  n.  [sheep  and  steal. 
One  that  steals  sheep. 

SHEE'P-STEALING,  n.  The  act  of  steal- 
ing sheep. 

SHEE'P-WALK,  n.  [sheep anAwalk.]  Pas 
ture  for  sheei) ;  a  place  where  sheep  feed. 

Milton. 

SHEER,  a.  [Sax.  scir,  scyr  ;  G.schier;  Dan 
skier ;  Sans,  chant,  tscharu ;  from  the  root 
ofshear,  to  separate ;  whence  sheer  is  clear, 


pure.     It  might  be  deduced  from  the  She- 

mitic  irif  to  be  clear;  Eth.  8  (^  P  to  be 
dean  or  pure.  But  the  Danish  and  SuxonI 
orthography  coincides  with  that  nl' sliear.]] 

1.  Pure;  clear;  separate  from  any  thing 
foreign ;  unmingled  ;  as  sheer  ale.  But 
this  application  is  unusual.  Shak. 

We  say,  sheer  argument,  sheer  wit,  sheerl 
falsehood,  &,c. 

2.  Clear;  thin;  as  sAecr  muslin. 
SHEI'^ll,  adv.  Clean;  ([uite;  at  once.     Obs. 

Milton.' 
SHEER,  V.  t.  To  shear.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Dryden. 
SHEER,  v.i.  [See  S7iear,  the  sense  of  which 
is  to  separate.] 

1.  In  seamen's  lanf^ua^e,  to  decline  or  devi- 
ate from  the  line  of  the  proper  course,  as 
a  ship  when  not  steered  with  steadiness. 

Mar.  Diet. 

2.  To  slip  or  move  aside. 
To  sheer  off,  to  turn  or  move  aside  to  a  dis- 
tance. 

To  sheer  up,  to  turn  and  approach  to  a  place 
or  sl)i|). 

SHEER,  n.  The  longitudinal  curve  or  bend 
of  a  ship's  deck  or  sides. 

2.  The  position  in  which  a  ship  is  sometimes 
kept  at  single  anchor,  to  keep  her  clear  of 
it. 

To  break  sheer,  to  deviate  from  that  po- 
sition and  risk  fouling  the  anchor. 

Mar.  Diet. 

SHEER-HULK,  n.  An  old  ship  of  war,  fit-j 
ted  with  sheers  or  apparatus  to  fix  or  take 
out  the  masts  of  other  ships.       Mar.  Diet. 

SHEE'RLY,  adv.  At  once;  quite;  abso-j 
lutely.     Obs.  Beaurn.] 

SHEERS,  n.  plu.  An  engine  consisting  of 
two  or  more  pieces  of  timber  or  poles,  fas- 
tened together  near  the  top  ;  used  for  rais-; 
ing  heavy  weights,  particularly  fur  hoist- 
ing the  lower  masts  of  ships.      .Mar.  Diet. 

SHEET,  n.  [Sax.  sceat,sceta,scyta;  h.  sche- 

da;  iir.  oxif>v-     The  Saxon  scea(  signifies  |SHELD'AFLE, 

a  garment,  a  cloth,  towel  or  napkin  ;  sceta 

is  rendered  a  sheet,   and  the  Greek  and 

Latin  words  signify  a   table  or  plate  for 

writing  on  ;  from  the  root  of  Sax.  sceadan, 

to  separate,  L.  scindo,  Gr.  a;t'?".] 

1.  A  broad  piece  of  cloth  used  as  a  part  of 
bed-furniture. 

2.  A  broad  piece  of  paper  as  it  comes  from 
the  manufacturer.  Sheets  of  paper  are  of 
different  sizes,  as  royal,  denii,  foolscap, 
pot  and  post-paper. 

A  piece  of  pajier  printed,  folded  and 
bound,  or  formed  into  a  book  in  blank,' 
and  making  four,  eight,  sixteen  or  twenty 
four  pages,  &-c. 

4.  Any  thing  expanded  ;  as  a  sheet  of  vvater| 
or  of  fire;  a  sheet  of  copper,  lead  or  iron.] 

5.  Sheets,  plu.  a  book  or  pamphlet.  The] 
following  sheets  contain  u  full  answer  to' 


my  opponent. 

6.  A  sail. 

SHEET,  n.  [Fr.  ecoute ;  Sp.  Port,  escota  ;\ 
It.  scolle.  This  word  seems  to  be  con- 
nected with  scot  or  shot;  Sp.  escotar,  to 
cut  out  clothes,  to  i)ay  one's  scot  or  share 
of  taxes,  and  in  nautical  language,  to  free! 
a  ship  of  water  by  pumping.  The  word 
is  probably  from  tliat  root,  or  from  shoot.] 

In  nautical  language,  a  rope  fastened  to  onci 
or  both  the  lower  corners  of  a  sail  to  ex- 


tend and  retain  it  in  a  particular  situation. 
When  a  ship  sails  with  a  side-wind,  the 
lower  corners  of  the  main  and  fore-sails 
are  fastened  with  a  tack  and  a  sheet. 

Mar.  Diet. 
SHEET,  I',  t.  To  furnish  with  sheets.  [Z/i<- 
tle  used.] 

2.  To  fold  in  a  sheet.     [Little  vsed.]     Shak. 

3.  To  cover  as  with  a  sheet ;  to  cover  with 
something  broad  and  thin. 

Wlien  snow  the  pasture  sheets.  Shak. 

To  sheet  tiume,  is  to  haul  home  a  sheet,  or  ex- 
tend the  sail  till  the  clew  is  close  to  the 
sheet-block. 

SHEET-ANellOR,  ri.  The  largest  anchor 
of  a  ship,  which  in  stress  of  weather  is 
sometimes  the  seaman's  last  refuge  to 
prevent  the  ship  from  going  ashore. 
Hence, 

2.  The  chief  support ;  tlie  last  refuge  for 
safety. 

SHEET-COPPER,  n.  Copper  in  broad  tliiu 
plates. 

SHEETING,  n.  Cloth  for  sheets. 

SHEET-IRON,  n.  Iron  in  sheets  or  broad 
thin  plates. 

SHEET-LEAD,  n.  Lead  in  sheets. 

SHEIK,  n.  In  Egypt,  a  person  who  has  thn 
care  of  a  mosk  ;  a  kind  of  priest.      Encyc. 

SHEK'I^L,  n.  [Heb.  SpB'  to  weigh  ;  Cli. 
Syr.  Ar.  Eth.  id.  ;  Eth.  to  append  or  sus- 
pend ;  Low  L.  siclus;  Fr.  side.  From 
this  root  we  have  shilling.  Payments  were 
originally  made  by  weight,  as  they  still 
are  in  some  countries.     See  Pound.] 

\n  ancient  weight  and  coin  among  the  Jews 
and  other  nations  of  the  same  slock.  Dr. 
Arbuthnot  makes  the  weight  to  have  been 
equal  to  9  pennyweights,  2i  grains, 
Troy  weight,  and  the  value  2s.  ^^<i. 
sterling,  or  about  half  a  dollar.  Others 
make  its  value  2s.  Gd.  sterling.  The 
golden  shekel  was  worth  £1.  10.  C.  ster- 
ling, about  88,  12.  Encyc. 
A  chaffinch. 

SHELD'APLE,   ^  "■  Johiison.     Todd. 

This  word  is  also  written  shell-apple. 

Ed.  Encyc. 

SHEL'DRAKE,  n.  An  aquatic  fowl  of  the 
duck  kind,   the  ^nas   tadorna.     It   has  a 
greenish  black  head,  and  its  body  is  varie- 
gated with  white.  Encyc. 
SHEL'DUCK,  n.  A  species  of  wild  duck. 

.Mortimer. 
SHELF,  n.  plu.  shelves.  [Sax.  sa/lf,  whence 
scylfan,   to   shelve ;    Fr.    ecueil,    a    sand 
bank.] 

1.  A  platform  of  boards  or  planks,  elevated 
above  the  floor,  and  fixeil  or  set  on  a 
frame  or  contiguous  to  a  wall,  for  holding 
vessels,  utensils,  books  and  the  like. 

2.  A  sand  bank  in  the  sea,  or  a  rock  or  ledge 
of  rocks,  rendering  the  water  shallow  and 
dangerous  to  ships. 

3.  In  mining,  fast  ground;  that  part  of  the 
internal  structure  of  the  earth  which  lies 
in  an  even  regular  form.  Encyc 

SHELF'Y,  a.  Full  of  shelves;  abounding 
with  sand_  banks  or  rocks  lying  ,near  the 
surface  of  the  water  and  rendering  naviga- 
tion dangerous  ;  as  a  «/ic//j/ coast.    Dryden. 

2.  Hard ;  firm.  [See  Shelf,  No.  3.]  [.\'ot  m 
"'«■]  Carew. 

SHELL,  n.  [Sax.  scyl,  scyll,  scell,  a  shell, 
and  aceale,  a  scale;  D.  schil,  school;  G. 


SHE 

srhale;  Dan.  Sw.  skal ;  Fr.  ecaitk.  Tlie|] 
word  primarily  signifies  that  which  is 
peeled  or  separated,  as  rind  or  the  outer 
coftt  of  plants,  or  their  fruit;  and  as  shells 
were  used  for  dishes,  the  word  came  to 
signify  a  dish.     See  Scale.] 

1.  The  hard  or  stony  covering  of  cfirtain 
fruits  and  of  certain  animals  ;  as  the  shell 
of  a  nut ;  the  shell  of  an  oyster  or  lobster. 
The  shells  of  animals  are  crustaceous  or 
testaceous ;  crustaceous,  as  that  of  the 
lobster,  and  testaceous,  as  that  of  the  oys- 
ter and  clam. 

3.  The  outer  coat  of  an  egg. 

3.  The  outer  part  of  a  house  unfinished. 
We  say  of  a  building  that  wants  the  in- 
terior timbers  or  finishing,  that  it  is  a  mere 
shell. 

4.  An  instrument  of  music,  like  testudo  in 
Latin  ;  the  first  lyre  being  made,  it  is  said, 
by  drawing  strings  over  a  tortoise  shell. 

Dryden. 

5.  Outer  or  superficial  part ;  as  the  shell  of 
religion.  .%'#• 

G.  A  bomb. 

Fossil  shells,  shells  dug  from  the  earth 

SHELL,    t'.  t.    To   strip   or   break  off  the 

shell;  or  to  take  out  of  the  shell;  as,  to 

shell  nuts  or  almonds. 

2.  To  separate  from  the  ear ;  as,  to  shell 
maiz. 

SHELL,  V.  i.  To  fall  off,  as  a  shell,  crust  or 
exterior  coat. 

2.  To  cast  the  shell  or  exterior  covering. 
Nuts  shell  in  falling. 

3.  To  be  disengaged  from  the  husk;  as, 
wheat  or  rve  shells  in  reaping. 

SHELL'ED,"  pp.  Deprived  of  the  shell; 
also,  separated   from   the  ear ;  as   shelled 


SHE 


of^ 


separ 
corn  nr  maiz.  I 

SHELL -FISH,  n.  An  aquatic  animal  whose] 
exlirnal  covering  consists  of  a  shell,  crus- 
taceous or  testaceous  ;  as  lobsters,  crabs, 
oysters,  clams,  &c. 
SHELL'ING,   ppr     Taking   off  the  shell; 
casting  the  external  hard  covering  ;  sepa- 
rating from  the  husk  and  falling. 
2.  Separating  from  the  ear,  as  maiz. 
SHELL'-MEx\T,    n.    Food    consisting 

shellfish.  Fuller 

SHELL'-VVORK,   n.     Work  composi-d   of 

shells,  or  adorned  with  them.        Cofgnivc. 

SHELL'Y,  (I.  Abounding  with   shells;    as^ 

\\\e  shellii  s\\o\e.  Prior. 

2.  Consisting  of  shells.     Lobsters  disengage 

themselves  from  their  .ihelly  prisons. 
SHEL'TER,  )i.  [Sw.  sA-iy/ri,  to  cover;  Dan.' 
skiul,  a  shed  or  cover,  a  shelter ;  skiuler,  to 
hide,  conceal,  cloke  ;  L.  celo.] 
1.  That  which  i-overs  or  defends  from  inju-| 
ry  or  annoyance.  A  house  is  a  shelter  from 
rain  and  oiher  inclemencies  of  the  weath-l 
er;  the  foliage  of  a  tree  is  a  shelter  from 
the  rays  of  the  sun. 

The  healiim  plant  shall  aid, 
From  storms  a  shelter,  and  from  heat  a  shade. 

Pope 

2.  The  state  of  being  covered  and  protected  ; 
prote'tion;  security. 

Whfi  into  slieltcr  lakes  their  tender  bloom. 

Young. 

3.  He  that  defends  or  guards  from  danger; 
n  pri'tiTior.     I's.  Ixi. 

SHFI.'TI'.K,  I).  /.  To  cover  from   violence, 
injury,  anuuyunce  ur  attack;  as  a  valley  I 


sheltered  from  the  north  wind  by  a  moun-: 
tain. 

Those  ruins  shelter'd  once  his  sacred  licad. 

Vrydeii. 
We  besought  the  deep  to  shelter  us. 

.Milton. 
To  defend  ;  to   protect  from  danger;  to 
secure  or  render  safe  ;  to  harbor. 
What  endless  honor  shall  you  gain, 
To  save  and  shelter  Troy's  unhappy  train  ? 

Uri/ilen 

3.  To  betake  to  cover  or  a  safe  place. 

Thev  sheltered  themselves  under  a  rock. 

Abbot. 

4.  To  cover  from  notice;    to   disguise  for 
protection. 

In  vain  1  strove  to  check  my  growing  flame, 
Or  shelter  passion  under  friendship's  name. 

Prior. 
SHEL'TER,  V.  i.  To  take  shelter. 

There  the  Indian  herdsman  shunning  heat. 
Shelters  in  cool.  .Wlton. 

SHEL'TERED,  pp.    Covered   from   injury 

or  annoyance;  defended;  protected. 
SHEL'TERING,  ppr.   Covering  from  inju 

ry  or  annoyance  ;  protecting. 
SHEL'TERLESS,  a.    Destitute  of  shelter 
or  protection  ;  without  home  or  refuge. 
Now  sad  and  shelterless  perhaps  she  lies. 

Rowe 
SHEL'TERY,  a.  Affording  shelter.     [Lit- 
tle iLsed.]  White. 
SHEL'TIE,  n.   A  small  but  strong  horse  m 
Scotland;  so  called  from  Shetland,  where 
it  is  produced.                                       Ennjc. 
SHELVE,  II.  t.  shelv.  To  place  on  a   shelfj 
or  on  shelves.     [.Vol  in  use. J         Chaucer. 
SHELVE,  v.i.  shelv.  [Sax.  ic^/au,  to  reel.] 

To  iuclme  ;  to  be  slnpiug. 
SHELV'LNG, /)/)r.  or  a.  Inchniug;  sloping; 
having  declivity. 

With    rocks   and    shelving    arches    vaulted 
round  Addison. 

SHELV'Y,  a.   Full  r)f  rocks  or  sand  hanks; 
shallow;  as  a  s/ie(()i/ shore.     [See  Shelf y. 

Shak. 
SHEMIT'JC,  a.  Pertaining  to  Shem,  the 
son  c.f  Noah.  Tiie  Shemitic  languages  are 
the  Chaldce,  Syriac,  .-Vrabic,  Hebrew,  Sa- 
maritan, Ethiopic  and  Old  I'henician. 
SHEND,  ti.  /.  pret.  and  pp.  ■■<hent.  [Sax 
scendnn  ;  D.  scheiiden,  to  violate,  spod 
slander,  revile  ;  G.  schdnden,  to  mar,  spoil, 
disfiirnre,  violate,  abuse,  debauch.  This 
is  from  the  root  of  scandal.] 

1.  To  injure,  mar  or  spoil.     Obs. 
That  much  I  fear  my  body  will  bo  shent. 

Vryden. 

2.  To  blame,  reproach,  revile,  degrade,  dis- 
grace. 

The  famous  name  of  knighthood  foully  shend. 
Obs.  Spenser. 

.3.  To  overpower  or  surpass.     Ghs. 

She  pass'd  the  rest  as  Cynthia  doth  .^hend 
The  le.sser  stars.  Spenser 

SHENT,  pp.  Injured.     Obsolete   unless  inj 

poetry. 
SHEP'ilERD,  n.  [Sax.  sceap-heard or hyrd ; 
sheep  and  herd.] 

1.  A  man  employed  in  tending,  feeding  and 
guarding  shee|)  in  the  pasture.         Milton. 

2.  .A  swain;  a  rural  lover.  Raleis;h. 

{.  The  pastor  of  a  parish,  church  or  con- 
gregation ;  a  minister  of  the  gospel  who 
superiiuends  a  church  or  parish,  and  gives 
instruciion  in  spiritual  things.  God  and 
Christ  are  in  Scripture  denonfmated  Sliep 
herds,  as  they   lead,  protect  and  govern' 


SHI 

their  people,  and  provide  for  their  wel- 
fare.    Ps.  xxiii.  Ixxx.     John  x. 
SHEP'HERDESS,  n.  A  woman  that  tends 
sheep ;  hence,  a  rural  lass. 
She  put  herself  into  the  garb  of  a  shepherdess. 

Sidney. 
SHEP'HERDISH,  a.  Resembling  a  shep- 
herd ;  suiting  a  shepherd ;  pastoral ;  rus- 
tic. Sidney. 
SHEP  IIERDLY,  a.  Pastoral;  rustic. 

Taylor. 

SHEPHERD'S  NEEDLE,    n.    A  plant  of 

the  genus  Scandix  ;  Venus's  comb. 


of 


)        A    plant 
^  "■  the       genus 

A   plant   of  the 


SHEPHERD'S  POUCH 
SHEPHERD'S  PURSE, 

Tliluspi. 

shi:pherd's  rod,  n 

ceinis  Dipsacus  ;  tea.sel 
SHEPHERD'S  STAFF,  n.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Dip.sacus. 

o  _  o  _ 

SHERBET,  n.  [Pers.    C^JJ.i..  This  word, 
as  well  as  sirup  and  shrub,  and  L.  sorbeo, 

is  from  the  Ar.   i_>  ..i;  sharaba,  to  drink, 

to  imbibe] 
A  drink  composed  of  water,  lemon  juice  and 
sugar,  sometimes  with  perfumed  cakes 
dissolved  in  it,  with  an  infusion  of  some 
drops  of  rose  water.  Another  kind  is 
made  with  violet.s,  honey,  juice  of  raisins, 
&c.  £)ic^f. 

SHERD,  n.    A  fragment  ;  usually  written 

shnrd,  which  see. 
SHER'IF,  ?!.  [^a\.  scir-gerefa  ;  scyre,  scire, 
a  shire  or  ilivision,  and  gerefa,  a  reeve,  a 
ciiiiiit,  prefect,  bailif,   provost  or  steward; 
G.  graf,  D.  graaf.     Sherif  is  the  true  or- 
thography.) 
An  otficer  in  each  county,  to  whom  is  en- 
trusted  the  execution  of  the   laws.      In 
England,    slierifs    are    appointed    by   the 
king.     In  the  United   States,   sherifs  are 
elected  by   the   legislature  or  by  the  citi- 
zens, or  appointed  and  commissioned  by 
the  executive  of  the  state.     The  office  of 
sherif  in  England  is  judicial  and  ministe- 
rial.    In  the   United  States  it  is  mostly  or 
wholly   ministerial.     The  sherif,  by   him- 
self or   his   deputies,   executes   civil  and 
criminal  process  throughout  the  county, 
has  charge  of  the  jail  and  prisoners,  at- 
tends courts  and  keeps  the  peace. 
SHER'IFALTY,  )        The  ofiice    or  juris- 
SHER'IFDOM,     (        diction  of  sherif.     [I 
SHEIMFSIIIP,    (  ""  believe  none  of  these 
SHER'IFWICK,  *        words  is  now  in  use. 

See  Shrievnlti).] 
SHER'RIFFE,  n.  The  title  of  a  descendant 
of  iMohainined  by  Hassan  Ibii  Ali. 

Encyc. 
SHER'RY,  n.  [sometimes  written  sherris.] 
A  species  of  wine  ;  so  called  from   Xeres  in 

Spain,  where  it  is  made. 
Shew,  Shewed,  Shewn.    [Sec  Show,  Showed^ 

Shown.] 
SHEW-BREAD.  [See  Shotc-bread.] 
SHEW'ER,    n.    One    that    shows.     [See 

Shower.] 
SHEWING.     [See  Showing.] 
SHIB'BOLETII,  n.  [Heb.  an  ear  of  corn, 

or  a  stream  nf  water.] 
I.  A  wonl  which  was  made  the  criterion  by 
which  to  distinguish  the  Ephraimites  from 
the  Gileadites.     The  Ephraimites  not  be  - 


S  II  I 


«  II  I 


S  II  I 


iiig  able  to  pronounce  the  letter  ty  sk,  pro- 
nouiici.d  tliu  word  sibboleth.  Sec  Judges! 
xii.     Hence,  ] 

2.  Tlie  criterion  of  a  party;  or  that  which 
djfitinguishes one  parly  tVotn  another;  ami 
usually,  some  peculiarity  in  tliuigs  of  little 
importance.  Hoath. 

SHIUE,  n.  [Snx.  sccndan,  to  iliviile.)  A 
piece  split  otf;  a  clel't ;  apiece;  a  billet  of 
wood  ;  a  splinter. 

{jVdI  used  ill  JVew  England,  and  local  in 
En/rland.] 

SIlll'^LD,  n.  [Sax.  scijld ;  Sw.  skold ;  Dan. 
skiuld,  skildl;  D.  G.  schild.  Tins  word  is 
from  covering,  delendnijj;,  Sw.  skijla,  to 
cover ;  or  (Vum  separating,  riax.  sa/lan, 
Dan.  skilkr,  to  separate.  Protection  is 
deduced  t'roni  either,  and  indee<l  hoth 
nia>  lie  radically  one.  Sim;  Sheilei:  The 
L.  scutum  coincides  in  elements  with  ihe 
Sax.  sceaditn,  to  separate,  and  dypeus  with 
the  Gr.  xa'Ki'rtru,,  to  cover.) 

1.  A  brr)ad  [)ieco  of  defensive  armor  ;  a 
buckler;  used  in  war  for  the  protection 
of  the  body.  The  slilcMs  of  ihe  ancients! 
were  of  ilitferent  shapes  and  sizes,  trian-; 
gular,  sipiare,  oval,  &c.  made  of  lether  or; 
wood  covered  with  lelhcr,  ami  borne 
on  the  left  arm.  This  Hpccies  of  armor 
was  a  good  defense  against  arrows,  darts, 
spears,  &.c.  hut  would  be  no  protection 
aiiaiiist  bullets. 

3.  Defense  ;  shelter  ;  protection  ;  or  the 
person  that  defends  or  protci-ts ;  as  a 
chief,  the  ornameiiiaiid  jAiVW  olthe  nation. 

Fear  not.   Abiaiii  ;  lain  thy  .shield,  and  thy 
excectliii<^  ^rc'dt  reivaui.     (ien.  xv. 
3.  In  heraldry,   the  escutcheon   or  field  on, 
which  are  placed  the  bearings  in  coats  of 
arms. 
SHIEI-D,  V.  t.    To  cover,  as  with  a  shield; 
to  cover  from  danger  ;  to  defend  ;  to  pro- 
tect; to  secure  from  assault  or  injury. 
To  see  the  son  the  vanquisli'd  falliur  shield. 

Dry  den. 

Heat  one  that  comes  to   shield  his   iiijur'd 

honor.  Smith.\ 

2.  To  ward  off;  to  defend  against;  as 
clothes  to  shield  one  from  cold. 

SIIIE'LUED,  pp.  Covered,  as  with  a  shield  ; 
defended  ;  protected.  I 

SHIE'LDING,  ppr.  Covering,  as  with  a' 
shield  ;  det'ending  from  attack  or  injury  ; 
protected.  I 

SHIFT,  V.  i.  [Sax.  sci^an,  to  order  or  ap- 
point, to  divide  or  distribute,  also  to  verge 
or  decline,  also  to  drive  ;  D.  schijlen,  to 
divide,  distinguish,  part,  turn,  (hscuss  ; 
Dan.  ski/le,  a  parting,  sharing,  division,  lot, 
share  ;  skijicr,  to  part,  share,  divide  ;  Sw. 
ski/la,  to  shift,  to  distribute.  This  vcrh  is 
apparently  from  the  same  root  as  s/«rcc  ; 
Dan.  skifer  sig,  to  shiver  ;  Sw.  ski/la  om, 
to  change.  The  primary  sense  is  to  move, 
to  de))art  ;  hence  to  separate.  We  ob-! 
serve  by  the  Swedish,  that  ski/la  om,  [om, 
about  or  rouiKl,]  was  originally  the  true 
phrase,  to  move  about  or  round  ;  and  we 
still  say,  to  shijl  ahout.] 

1.  To  move ;  to  change  place  or  position. 
Vegetables  are  not  able  to  shift  and  seek 
niitriniont.  fVoodward. 

2.  To  change  its  direction  ;  to  vary;  as,  the 
wind  shifted  from  south  to  west. 

3.  To  change ;  to  give  place  to  other  things. 

Locke. 


4.  To  change  clothes,  particularly  the  under 
garment  or  chemise.  Young. 

5.  To  resort  to  exp<!dients  for  a  livelihood, 
or  for  accomplishing  a  purpose  ;  to  move 
from  one  thing  to  another,  and  seize  one 
expedient  when  another  fails. 

Men  ill  distress  will  look  to  themselvci,  and 
leave  their  companions  to  shift  as  well  as  they 
c;iii.  L'Estranae. 

6.  To  practice  indirect  methods.        Raleigh. 

7.  To  seek  methods  of  safety. 
Nature  teaclips  every  creature  how  to   shiJl 

for  itself  in  cases  of  danger.  L'Kstraiti;c. 

8.  To  change  place  ;  as,  a  cargo  shifts  from 
one  side  to  the  other. 

SHIFT,  V.  t.  To  change;  to  alter;  as,  to 
shift  the  scenes. 

i.  To  translcr  fioni  one  place  or  position  to 
another;  as,  s/ii/J  the  helm  ;  i/ti/!  the  sails. 

i.  To  put  out  of  the  way  by  some  expedi- 
ent. 

I  shifted  him  aivay.  Shak 

1.  To  change,  as  clothes  ;  as,  to  shift  a  coat. 
.5.  To  dress  in  fresh  clothes.     Let  him  have 

time  to  shifl  himself. 

To  shift  about,  to  turn  quite  round,  to  a  con 
trary  side  or  opposite  point. 

To  shifl  off",  to  delay;  to  defer;  as,  to  shifl 
q//' the  duties  of  religion.  Rogers 

'i.  To  put  away  ;  to  di.sengage  or  disencum- 
ber one's  self,  as  of  a  burden  or  inconveu- 
i(Mice. 

SHIFT,  n.  A  cliange  ;  a  turning  from  one 
thing  to  another;  hence,  an  expedient 
tried  in  difficulty;  one  thing  tried  when 
another  fails. 

I'll  find  a  thousand  shtfts  to  get  away. 

.STiaA- 

2.  In  a  bad  sense,  mean  refuge ;  last  re- 
source. 

For  little  souls  on  little  shifts  rely.      Dryden. 

.'{.  Fraud;  artifice;  expedient  to  efTect  a  bad 

purpose  ;  or  an  evasion  ;  a  trick  to  escape 

detection  or  evil.  Hooker.     South 

1.  A  womaii's  under  garment;  a  chemise. 
SIIIFT'KD,  pp.   Changed  from  one  place 

or  position  to  another. 
SHIFTER,  n.  One  that  shifts;  the  person 
that  plays  tricks  or  practices  artifice. 

2.  Ill  ships,  a  person  employed  to  assist  the 
ship's  cook  in  washing,  steeping  and 
shifting  the  salt  pnivisions. 

SIIIFT'lNG,  ppr.  Changing  place  or  posi- 
tion ;  resorting  from  one  expedient  to  an 
other. 

SHIFT'INGLY,  adv.  By  shifts  and  chan- 
ges ;  deceitfully. 

SHIFT'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  expedients, 
or  not  resorting  to  successful  expedients  ; 
wanting  means  to  act  or  live  ;  as  a  shift- 
less fellow. 

SHILF,  n.  [G.  schilf,  sedge.]     Straw. 

Tooke. 

SHILL,  to  shell,  not  in  use. 

SHILL,  V.  t.  To  put  undercover;  to  sheal, 
|.Vo(  til  use  or  lociiL] 

SllII.'LlNG,  n.  [Sax.  scilt,  sci'Wi'ng;  G. 
scliilUitg  ;  D.  schrlling  ;  Sw.  Dan  skilling ; 
Fr.  escalin  ;  It.  scellino  ;  Sp.  chelin  ;  Port. 
xelim ;  from  the  oriental  hpitt  shakal,  to 
weigh.     See  Shekel.] 

.\n    English    silver   coin    equal    to    twelve 
pence,  or  the  twentieth  part   of  a  pound 
The  English  s!iiHing,  or  shilling  sterling 
is  equivalent    nearly  to  '}'i  cents,  '2i  htin-| 
dredths,  money  of  the  United  States.  Our: 


ancestors  introduced  the  name  with  the 
coin  into  this  country,  but  by  depreciation 
the  value  of  the  shilling  sunk  in  New 
England  and  Virginia  one  fourth,  or  to  a 
fraction  less  than  17  cents,  in  New  York 
to  V2i  cents,  in  Pennsylvania,  New  Jer- 
sey and  Maryland  to  about  1 1  oents. 

This  denomination  of  money  still  sub- 
sists in  the  L'nitcd  States,  although  there 
is  no  coin  of  that  value  current,  except 
the  Spanish  coin  of  Vii  cents,  which  is  a 
shilling  in  the  money  of  the  state  of  New 
York.  Since  the  adoption  of  the  present 
coins  of  the  United  States,  eagles,  dollars, 
cents,  &.C.  the  use  of  shilling  is  continuett 
only  by  habit. 

SHILLYSHALLY,  n.  [Rn^-;..  slutlyu,  to 
be  foolish,  to  play  the  fool,  to  play  wanton 
tricks.]  Foolish  trifling  ;  irresolutioti. 
[Vulgar.] 

[This  word  has  probably  been  written 
shill-I-shall-J,  from  an  ignorance  of  its  or- 
igin.] 

SHI'LY.     [See  Shyly.] 

SHIM'.MER,  u.  i.  [Hax.  scymrian  ;  G.schim- 
meni ;  D.  schemeren  ;  Dan.  skimter.]  To 
gleam  ;  to  glisten.  [.Vo/  in  use.]    Chaucer. 

SHIN,  n.  [Sax.  mna,  «ci/ne,  shin,  and  scin- 
ban,  shin-hone;  G.  schiene,  schiene-bien  ; 
D.  scheen,  scheen-been  ;  Sw.  sken-ben.] 

The  fore  part  of  the  leg,  particularly  of  the 
human  leg ;  the  fore  part  of  the  crura) 
bone,  called  tibia.  This  bone  being  cov- 
ered only  with  skin,  may  be  named  from 
that  circumstance  ;  skin-bone ;  or  it  may  be 
formed  from  the  root  of  chine,  edge. 

SHL\E,  V.  i.  pret.  shined  or  shone;  pp. 
shincd  or  shone.  [Sax.  scinati  ;  D.  schuy- 
tien  ;  G.  scheinen ;  Sw.  skina.  If  «  is  a 
prefix,  this  word  accords  with  the  root  of 
of  L.  canus,  caneo ;  W.  ciin,  white,  bright. 
See  Cant.] 

1.  To  emit  rays  of  light  ;  to  give  light ;  to 
beam  with  steady  radiance ;  to  exhibit 
brightness  or  splendor  ;  as,  the  sun  shines 
by  day ;  the  moon  shines  by  night.  Shin- 
ing diflers  from  sparkling,  glistening,  glit- 
tering, as  it  usually  implies  a  steadv  radi- 
ation or  emission  of  li^'ht,  whereas  the 
latter  words  usually  imply  irregular  or  in- 
terrupted radiation.  This  distinction  is 
not  always  observed,  and  we  may  say, 
the  fixed  stars  shine,  as  well  as  that  they 
sparkle.  But  we  never  say,  the  sun  or  the 
mcion  .iparkles. 

2.  To  be  bright ;  to  be  lively  and  animated; 
to  be  brilhant. 

Let  thine  eyes  shine  forth  in  their  full  luster. 

VeiiAam. 

3.  To  be  unclouded  ;  as,  the  moon  shiiies. 

Bacon. 

4.  To  be  plos.sy  or  bright,  as  silk. 

Fish  with  their  fins  and  ihining  scales. 

i.  To  be  gay  or  splendid. 

So  proud  she  shined  in  her  princely  state. 

Spenser. 
G.  To  be  beautiful. 

Once  brightest  shin'd  this  child  of  heat  and 
air.  Pope. 

7.  To  be  eminent,  conspicuous  or  distia- 
gnished  ;  as,  to  shine  In  court.s.     Phil.  ij. 

Few  are  qualified  to  shine  in  company. 

Swift. 

8.  To  give  light,  real  or  figurative. 

The  light  of  righteousness  hath  not  shined  to 
us.  tfisdom. 


S  H  I 


SHI 


SHI 


0.  To  manifest  glorious  excellencies. 
Ixxx. 

10.  To  be  clearly  published.     Is.  ix. 

11.  To  be  conspicuously  displayed;  to  be 
manifest. 

Let  your  light  so  shine  befoie  men —  Matt.  v. 
To  cause  the  face  to  shine,  to  be  propitious. 

Num.  vi.     I's.  Ixvii. 
SHINE,  n.  Fair  weather. 

Be  it  fair  or  loul,  r.iin  or  shine.  Dryden. 

2.  Brightness;  splendor;  luster;  gloss. 

The  glittering  shine  of  gold.     Decay  of  Piety. 

Fair  op'ning  to  some  court's  propitious  shine. 

[JVot  elegant.]  Pope. 

SHI'NESS.     [See  Sh/ness.] 

SHIN'GLE,  n.  [G.  schindel ;  Or.  nx^'SaXno; ; 

L.  scindula,  from  scindo,  to   divide,   G. 

schtiden.'] 

1.  A  thin  board  sawed  or  rived  for  covering 
buildings.  Shingles  are  ofdifferent  lengths, 
with  one  end  made  much  thinner  than  the 
other  for  lapping.  They  are  used  for 
covering  roofs  and  sometimes  the  body  of 
the  building. 

9.  Round  gravel,  or  a  collection  of  roundish 
stones. 

The  plain  of  La  Crau  in  France,  is  composed 
of  shingle.  Pinlcerton. 

3.  Shingles,  plii.  [L.  cingitlum,]  a  kind  of 
tetter  or  herpes  which  spreads  around  the 
body  like  a  girdle ;  an  eruptive  disease. 

Arbulhnot. 

SHIN'GLE,  v.t.  To  cover  with  shingles; 
as,  to  shingle  a  roof. 

SHIN'GLED,  pp.  Covered  with  shingles, 

SHIN'GLING,  ppr.  Covering  witli  shin- 
gles. 

SHI'NING,  ppr.  Emitting  light;  beaming 
gleaming. 

2.  a.  Bright ;  splendid  ;  radiant. 

3.  Illustrious ;  distinguished  ;  conspicuous 
as  a  shining  example  of  charity. 

SlirNING,    n.     Effusion  or  clearness  of 

light ;  brightness.     2  Sam.  xxiii. 
SIII'NY,  a.  Bright  ;  luminous ;  clear  ;  un- 
clouded. 

Like  distant  thunder  on  a  shiny  day. 

D)-yden 
SHIP,  as  a  termination,  denotes  state  or 
office  ;  as  in  lordship.  Steward. 

SHIP.     [See  Shape.] 

SHIP,    n.    [Sax.  scip,  scyp  ;  D.  schp ;  G. 
schiff;  Sw.  skepp  ;  Dan.  skib  ;  L.  scapha  ; 
from   the   root   of  shape;  Sax.   sceapian 
scippan,  scyppan,  to  create,  form  or  build. 
In  a  general  sense,  a  vessel  or  building  of  a 
peculiar  structure,  adapted  to  navigation, 
or  floating  on  water  by  means  of  sails.! 
In  an  appropriate  sense,  a  building  of  a 
structure  or  form  fitted  for    navigation, 
furnished    with    a    bowsprit    and    three 
masts,  a  main-mast,  a  fore-mast  and  a 
mizen-mast,  each  of  which  is  composed  of 
a  lower-mast,  a  top-mast  and  top-gallant 
'  mast,  and  square  rigged.  Ships  are  of  vari- 
ous sizes  and  fitted  for  various  uses ;  most 
of  them  however  fall  under  the  denomi 
nation  o{  ships  of  war  and  merchants'  ships. 
SHIP,  V.  I.  [Sax.  scipian.]  To  put  on  board 
of  a  ship  or  vessel   of  any  kind  ;  as,  to 
ship  goods  at  Liverpool  for  New  York. 
2.  To  transport  in  a  ship ;  to  convey  by  wa- 
ter. 
The  .sun  no  sooner  shall  the  mountains  touch. 
But  wc  will  ship  liim  hence.  Shak. 

0.  To  receive  into  a  ship   or  vessel ;  as,  to 
ship  a  sea.  Mar.  Diet. 


To  ship  the  oars,  to  place  them  in  the  row-'  To  lake  shipping,  to  embark  ;  to   enter  on 
locks.  .Var.  Dict.'l     board  a  ship  or  vessel  for  conveyance  or 

To  ship  off;  to  send  awav  by  water  ;  as,  toi     passage.    John  vi. 
s/ii/)  o^convicts.  "  j'SHIP'-SHAPE,  arfi'.  In  a  seamanhke  man- 

SniP'-BlJlLDER,  )        [ship  and    huilder.]\ 

SHIP'-BILDEIl,  S  '^  '"""  whose  oc- 
cupation is  to  construct  ships  and  otheri 
vessels  ;  a  naval  architect  ;  a  shipwright. 


IJILDER,  ) 
iILDER,     S  ' 

3  cons 
ival  ar 

I^^'  I  n 


SHIP'-BUILDING,  ^  „     [ship   and   buUd. 
SHIP'-BILDING,     ^  "•     Naval     architec- 
ture ;  tlie  art  of  constructing  vessels  for 
navigation,  particularly  ships  and   other 
vessels  of  a  large  kind,  bearing  masts  ;  in 
distinction  from  boat-building. 
SHIP'BOARD,  adv.    [ship  and  hoard.]    To 
go  on  shipboard  or  a   shipboard   is  to  go 
aboard  ;  to  enter  a  ship  ;  to  embark  ;  lite 
rally,  to  go  over  the  side.     It  is  a  peculiar 
phrase,  and  not  much  used.     Seamen  say 
to  go  aboard  or  on  board. 

To  be  on  ship  board,  to  be  in  a  ship  :  but 

seamen  generally  say,  aboard  or  on  board 

n.  The  plank  of  a  ship.     Ezek.  xxvii. 

[JVot  tiow  used.] 

SHIP'-BOY,  n.  [ship  and  boy.]    A  boy  that 

serves  on  board  of  a  ship. 
S1IIP-€>ARPENTER,  n.  A  shipwright; 

carpenter  that  works  at  ship-building. 
SHIP-CIPANDLER,  ?i.  [ship  und  chandler, 

G.  handler,  a  trader  or  dealer.] 
One  who  deals  in  cordage,  canvas  and  other 

furniture  of  ships. 
SHIP'-HOLDER,  n.  [ship  and  hold.]    The 

owner  of  a  ship  or  of  shipping. 
SHIP'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  ships.       Gray. 
SHIP'MAN,  n.  [ship  and  man.]    A  seaman 
or  sailor.     Obs.     1  Kings  ix.     Acts  xxviii. 
SHIP'M  ASTER,  n.  [ship  and  master.]  The 
captain,  master  or  commander  of  a  ship. 
Jonah  i. 
SHIP'MENT,  n.   The  act   of  putting   any 
thing  on  board  of  a  ship  or  other  vessel  ; 
embarkation  ;  as,  he  was  engaged  in   the 
shipment  of  coal  for  London. 
The  goods  or  things  shipped,   or  put  on 
board  of  a  ship  or  other  vessel.     We  say 
the  merchants  have  made  large  shipments 
to  the  United  States. 

The  question  is  whether  the  share  of  M  in 
the  shipment,  is  exempted  from  condemnation 
by  reason  of  his  neutral  domicil.  J.  Story 

SHIP'-MONEY,  »«.  [ship  and  money.]  In 
English  history,  an  imposition  formerly 
charged  on  tlie  ports,  towns,  cities,  bo- 
roughs and  countias  of  England,  for  pro- 
viding and  fiirnishing  certain  ships  for  the 
king's  service.  This  imposition  being  laid 
by  the  king's  writ  under  the  great  seal, 
without  the  consent  of  parliament,  was 
held  to  be  contrary  to  the  laws  and  stat- 
utes of  the  realm,  and  abolished  by  Stat. 
17  Car.  11.  Eyicyc. 

SHIPPED,  pp.  Put  on  board  of  a  ship  or 

vessel ;  received  on  board. 
SHIP'PEN,  »i.  [Sax.  scipen.]    A  stable  ;  a 
cow  house.     [JVot  in  itse.]  Chaucer. 

SHIP'PING,    ppr.    Putting   on  board  of  a 

ship  or  vessel ;  receiving  on  board. 
2.  a.  Relating  to  ships;  as  shipping  con- 
cerns. A€Hf. 
SHIP'PING,  n.  Ships  in  general;  ships  or 
vessels  of  any  kind  for  navigation.  The 
shipping  of  the  English  nation  exceeds  that 
of  any  other.  The  tumiage  of  the  slap- 
ping belonging  to  the  Tnited  States  is 
second  only  to  that  of  Great  Britain 


11  er.  Mar.  Did. 

SHIP  WRECK,  71.  [ship  and  icrecL]  The 
destruction  of  a  ship  or  other  vessel  by 
being  cast  ashore  or  broken  to  pieces  by 
beatnig  agaiiist  rocks  and  the  like. 

Mar.  Did. 

2.  The  parts  of  a  shattered  ship.  [Unusual.] 

Dryden. 

3.  Destruction. 
To  make  .shipurcck  concerning  faith,   is 

to  apostatize  from  the  love,  profession  and 
practice  pt'  divine  truth  which  had  been 
embraced.     1  Tim.  i. 

SHIP  WRECK,  V.  t.  To  destroy  by  run- 
ning ashore  or  on  rocks  or  sand  banks. 
How  many  vessels  are  annually  shipwreck- 
ed on  the  Bahama  rocks  ! 

2.  To  suffer  the  i)erils  of  being  cast  away  ; 
to  be  cast  ashore  with  the  loss  of  the 
ship.  The  shipwrecked  mariners  were  sa- 
ved. Mdison.     Shak. 

SHIP'WRECKED,  pp.  Cast  ashore ;  dash- 
ed upon  the  rocks  or  banks  ;  destroyed. 

SHIP'WRIGHT,  n.  [ship  and  wright.  See 
M'ork.] 

One  whose  occupation  is  to  construct  ships  j 
a  builder  of  ships  or  other  vessels. 

Stcifl. 

SHIRE,  n.  [Sax.  scir,  scire,  scyre,  a  division, 
from  sciran,  to  divide.  See  Share  and 
Shear.  It  is  pronounced  in  compound 
words,  shir,  as  in  Hampshire,  Berkshire.] 

In  England,  a  division  of  territory,  otherwise 
called  a  county.  The  shire  was  original- 
ly a  division  of  the  kingdom  under  the  ju- 
risdiction of  an  earl  or  count,  whose  au- 
thority was  entrusted  to  the  sherif,  [shire- 
reeve.]  On  this  officer  the  government 
tdtimately  devolved.  In  the  United  States, 
the  corresponding  division  of  a  state  is 
called  a  county,  but  we  retain  shire  iu  the 
compound  half-shire ;  as  when  the  coun- 
ty court  is  held  in  two  towns  in  the  same 
county  alternately,  we  call  one  of  the  di- 
visions a  half-shire. 

In  some  states,  shire  is  used  as  the  con- 
stituent part  of  the  name  of  a  county,  as 
Berkshire,  Hampshire,  in  Massachusetts. 
These  being  the  names  established  by 
law,  we  say,  the  county  of  Berkshire,  and 
we  cannot  with  proj)riety  say,  the  county 
of  Berks,  {or  there  is  no  county  in  Mas- 
sachusetts thus  named. 
SHIRE-MOTE,  n.  [Sax.  scyr-gemote,  shire' 

meeting.] 
Anciently   in   England,   the   county   court; 
sherif's  turn  or  court. 

Cowtl.     Blackstone. 

IsHIRK,  a  different  speUing  of  shark,  which 
see. 

SHIRL,  a  different  spellingof  shorl.  [See 
Short.] 

SHIR'LEY,  n.  A  bird,  by  some  called  the 
greater  bidUinch  ;  having  the  ujiper  part 
of  the  body  of  a  dark  brown,  and  the 
throat  and  breast  red.  Dtd. 

SlllRT,  n.  shurt.  [Dan.  skiorte,  Sw. skiorta, 
a  shirt  ;  Dan.  skioH,  a  petticoat ;  Icc.^scyr- 
ta.  This  word  seems  to  be  named  from 
its  shorttiess  or  cutting  off,  and  might  have 
signified  originally  a  somewhat  diflereut 


S  H  I 


S  H  O 


S  H  O 


garment  shorlcntd ;  Sax.  seyrt,  short,  L. 
curttis.] 
A  lofi,-<f  garnioiit  of  linen,  cotton   or  other 
rnalerial,  worn  hy  men  and  boys  next  the 
body. 

It  is  folly  for  a  nation  to  export  hccf  and  lin- 
en, while  a  gieat  part  of  Ihc  j)eoplc  are  obliged 
to  siibsiat  on  potatoes,  and  have  no  shirts  to 
wear.  -''•  --W- 

SHIRT,  v.t.  skurt.  To  cover  or  clothe,  as 
with  a  sliirt.  Diydtn. 

2.  To  chatige  the  shirt  and  put  on   a  clean 

one. 
SHIRTLESS,  a.  shurl'kss.  Wanting  a  sliirt 

Pujw 
SHIST,         ?        A   species   of  argillaceonsi 
SIIIST'US,  \  "•   earth  or  slate  ;  clay  slate.  | 
SHIST'IC,      }       Pertaining     to     shist,   ori 
SlllriT'OUS,  {  "■  partaking   of  its   proper- 
ties. 
SHIT'TAH,  }        In  Scripture,  a  sort  of  jire 
SDJT'TIiVl,  ^       ciocKswood  of  which  tin 
tables,  altars  and   hoards  i.f  the  taberna 
cle   were    made  among  the  J<!ws.      Tin 
wood  is  said  to  he  hard,  tough  and  smooth 
and  very  lieautillil.  Catmet. 

SHIT'TLE,  a.  [i^w  Shoot.]  Wavering  jun 

settled.     [A*!;/  iisid  or  local.] 
SH1TTLF.€0(K.     [See  Shuille-cock.] 
SniT'TLENtSS,  J!,  linsettledne.ss  ;  incon- 
stancy.    [.Vo(  t'l!  use  or  locdt.] 
SHIVE,  »i.  shh:  [D.  .«(%/•;  (;.   scheibe.     If 
s   is  a  prefix,  this  word  agrees  radically 
with  chip.] 

1.  A  shee  ;  a  thin  cut ;  as  a  shive  of  bread. 
[A/b<  in  use.]  Shak. 

2.  A  thin  flexible  piece  cut  off.  [JVot  in  use.] 

Boi/le. 

3.  A  little  piece  or  fragment ;  as  the  shix'es 
ol'liax  made  by  breaking. 

SHIV'EK,  71.  [G.  sihtcfer,R  splinter,  slate  ; 
schiefern,  to  shiver,  lo  scale  ;  Dan.  skive. 
Sw.  skif I'll,  a  slice ;  Dan.  skifer,  skiver,  a 
slate  ;  sl.ifer  sig,  to  shiver,  peel  or  split 
Sw.  s^ifx'fi  sig.] 

1.  In  minertilogy,  a  species  of  blue  slate 
shist:  stiale. 

2.  In  seatnen's  language,  a  little  wheel  ;  a 
sheave. 

SHIVER,  v.t.    [supra.     Qii.   Ileh.  ^210   to 

break  in  pieces.     Class  lie.  No.  2ti.] 
To  break  into  many  small   pieces  or  splint- 
ers ;  to  shatter  ;  to  dash  to   pieces  by  a 
blow. 

The  ground  with  shiver'd  armor  strown. 

jniton. 

SHIVER,  V.  i.  To  fall   at  ouce  into  many 

small  pieces  or  parts. 

r  lie  natural  world,  should  gravity  once  cease, 
would  instantly  shiver  into  millions  of  atoms. 

U'ondward 

2.  To  quake  ;  to  tremble  ;  to  shudder  ;  to 
shake,  as   w  ith  cold,  ague,  fear  or  horror. 

The  man  that  shirer'd  on  the  briuk  of  sin. 

Z)ryden. 
Prometheus  is  laid 
On  icy  Caucasus  to  shiver.  Swift. 

3.  To  be  affected  with  a  thrilling  sensation, 
like  that  of  chilliness. 

Any  very  haish  noise  will  set  the  teeth  on 
edire,  an<l  make  all  the  body  shiver.        Bacon. 
SHIV'ER,  Ji.  A  small  piece  or  fragment  in- 
to which  a   thing  breaks  by  any  sudden 
violence. 

He  would  pound  thee  into  shivers  with  his 

fist,  as  a  sailor  breaks  a  biscuit.  Shak. 

2.  A  slice  ;  a  sliver.  Chaucer. 


SHIVERED,  pp.  Broken  or  d.ishcd  into' 
small  pieces. 

SHIV'EKIiN'G,  ppr.  Breaking  or  dashing 
into  ^mall  jiieces. 

2.  Uiiakmi'  ;  trembling  ;  shaking,  as  with 
cold  or  fear. 

SIHV'ERIIS'G,  n.  The  act  of  breaking  or 
dashing  to  pieces  ;  division  ;  severance. 

2.  A  trembling  ;  a  shaking  with  cold  or 
fear. 

SHIV'ER-SP'.VR,  )!.  [a..ichitfer-spath.]  A 
carbonate  of  lime,  so  called  from  its  slaty 
structure  ;  called  also  slate-spar. 

Phillips. 

SHIV'ERY,  a.  Easily  falling  into  many 
pieces  ;  not  firmly  cohering  ;  incompact  ; 
as  shivery  stone. 

SHOAD,  n.  Among  miners,  a  train  of  me 
tabic;  stones  which  serves  to  direct  them 
in  the  discovery  of  mines.  Encyc 

SMOAD-STONE,  »^.  A  small  stone, smooth, 
of  a  dark  liver  color  with  a  shade  of  pur- 
ple. Shoad-stonesare  loose  masses  Ibund 
at  the  entrance  of  mines,  sometime.s  run- 

I  ning  in  a  straight  line  from  the  surface  t(. 
a  vein  of  ore.  They  apjiear  to  be  broken! 
from  the  strata  or  larger  masses  ;  they 
usually  contain  mundic,  or  marcasitic  mat- 
ter, and  a  portion  of  the  ore  of  the  mine. 

Encyc. 

SHO.AL,  71.  [Sax.  «cpo<,  a  crowd.  Itshuuld 
rattier  be  written  shole.] 

1.  A  great  nudtilude  assembled  ;  a  crowd  ;  a 
throng;  as  shoiUs  of  people.  Innnense 
shoals  of  herring  appear  on  the  coast  in 
the  spring. 

The  vices  of  a  prince  draw  shoals  of  follow- 
ers. Dicay  uf  Piety. 

9.  A  place  where  the  water  of  a  river,  lake 
or  sea  is  shallow  or  of  little  depth  ;  a  sand 
bank  or  bar  ;  a  shallow.  The  entrance  of 
river.s  is  often  rendered  dithcult  or  dan- 
gerous by  shoals. 

SHOAL.  D.  i.  To  crowd;  to  throng;  to  ns- 
.seuible  in  a  nndtitude.  Tne  fishes  sAoaW 
nlioiil  the  place.  Chapman. 

2.  To  become  more  shallow.  The  water 
shoals  as  we  approach  the  town. 

SHOAL,  a.  Shallow;  of  little  depth ;  as 
shoal  water. 

SHOALLNESS,  n.  [Crom  shoaly.]  Shallow- 
ness; little  depth  of  water. 

2.  The  state  of  aboimding  with  shoals. 

SHO.'VLY,  a.  Full  of  shoals  or  shallow  pla- 
ces. 

The  tossing  vessel  sail'd  on  shoaly  ground. 

Vryden 

SHOCK,  7!.  [D.  schok,  a  bounce,  jolt  or 
leaji  ;  Fr.  choc,  a  striking  or  dashing 
against.     See  Shake.] 

1.  A  violent  collision  of  bodies,  or  the  con- 
cussion which  it  occasions ;  a  violent 
striking  or  dashing  against. 

The  strong  unshaken  mounds  resist  the  shocks 
Of  tides  and  seas.  Blackmore. 

2.  Violent  onset ;  conflict  of  contending  ar- 
mies or  foes. 

He  stood  the  shock  of  a  whole  host  of  foes. 

.^(Wl'SOTl. 

:}.  External  violence  ;  as  the  shocks  »\'  lor- 
time.  Addison. 

4.  Oflense  ;  impression  of  di.sgust. 

Fewer  shocks  a  statesman  gi\es  his  friend. 

Young. 


5. 
i5.  In  electricity,  the  effect  on  the  animal  !sys-|i6. 


tcm  of  a  discharge  of  the  fluid  from  a 
charged  body. 
6.  A  pile  of  sheaves  of  wheat,  rye,  &c. 

And  cause  it  on  shocks  to  be  by  and  by  set. 

7\isser. 
Behind  the  master  walks,  builds  up  the  shocks. 

Thomson. 
In  Aisio  England,  the  number  of  sixteen 
sheaves  of  wheat,  rye,  &c.  [This  is  the 
sense  in  which  this  word  is  generally  used 
with  us.] 
8.  A  dog   with   long   rough  hair  or  shag. 

[from  shag.] 
SHOCK,  V.  t.    [D.  schokken  ;    Fr.  choquer.^ 

1.  To  shake  by  the  sudden  collision  of  a 
I     body. 

2.  To  meet  force  with  force  ;  to  encounter. 
I  Shak. 
|3.  To  strike,  as  with   horror  or  disgust :  to 

cause  to  recoil,  as  from  something  odious 
or  horrible  ;  lo  offend  extremely  ;  to  dis- 
gust. I  was  shocked  at  the  sight  of  so  much 
misery.  Avoid  every  thing  that  can  shock 
the  feelings  of  delicacy. 

Advise  him  not  to  shock  a  father's  will. 

I>ryden. 

SHOCK,  ti.  t.  To  collect  sheaves  into  a  pile; 
to  pile  sheaves.  Tusser. 

SHOCK'PjD,  p;).  Struck,  as  with  horror; 
oflended  ;  disgusted. 

2.  Piled,  as  sheaves. 

SHOCKING,  ppr.  Shaking  with  suddea 
violence. 

2.  Meeting  in  onset  or  violent  encounter. 

And  now  with  shouts  the  shocking  armier 
clos'd.  Pope 

3.  a.  Striking,  as  with  horror ;  causing  to  re- 
coil with  horror  or  disgust ;  extremely  of- 
fensive or  disgusting. 

The  French  humor — is  very  shocking  to  the 
Italians.  Addison. 

SHOCK'INGLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to 
strike  with  horror  or  disgust.    Chesterfield. 

SHOD,  for  shoed,  pret.  and  pp.  of  shoe. 

SHoE,  n.  plu.  shoes.  [Sax.  sceo,  sceog ;  G. 
schuh  ;  D.  schoen  ;  Sw.  sko  ;  Dan.  skoe,  a 
shoe ;  skoer,  to  bind  with  iron,  to  shoe. 
It  is  uncertain  to  what  this  word  was  ori- 
ginally applied,  whether  to  a  hand  of  iron, 
or  to  something  worn  on  the  human  foot. 
It  is  a  contracted  word.  In  G.handschuh, 
hand-shoe,  is  a  glove.  The  sense  is  jirob- 
ably  a  cover,  or  that  which  is  put  on.) 

1.  A  covering  tor  the  foot,  usually  of  lether, 
composed  of  a  thick  species  for  the  sole, 
and  a  thinner  kind  for  the  vamp  and  quar- 
ters. Shoes  for  ladies  often  have  some 
species  of  cloth  for  the  vamp  and  quar- 
ters. 

2.  A  plate  or  rim  of  iron  nailed  tf>  the  hoof 
of  a  lior.se  to  defend  it  from  injury  ;  aLso, 
a  |)hite  of  iron  fur  an  ox's  hoof,  one  for 
each  division  of  the  hoof.  Oxen  are  shod 
in  New  England,  sometimes  to  defend  the 
hoof  from  injury  in  stony  places,  more  gen- 
erally to  enable  them  to  svalk  on  ice,  itJ 
in  whiih  ease  the  shoes  are  armed  with 
sharp  points.     This  is  calletl  crdking. 

3.  Tlie  plate  of  iron  which  is  nailed  to  the 
bottom  of  the  runner  of  a  sleigh,  or  any 
vehicle  that  slides  on  the  snow  in  winter. 

4.  A  piece  of  timber  fastened  with  pins  to 
the  bottniri  of  the  runners  of  a  sled,  10  pre-« 
vent  llirm  from  wearing. 

Soineiliiiiir  in  form  of  a  shoe. 

A  cover  for  defense. 


S  II  o 


S  H  O 


S  H  O 


Shoe  of  un  anchor,  a  small  block  of  woo(l,| 
convex  on  the  back,  with  a  hole  to  receive' 
the  point  of  the  anchor  fluke  ;  used  to 
prevent  the  anclior  from  tearing  tlie  planks 
of  the  ship's  bow,  when  raised  or  lowered. 

Mar.  Did. 
SH6E,  V.  t.  prct.  and  pp.  shod.  To  furnish 
with  shoes  ;  to  put  shoes  on ;  as,  to  shoe 
a  horse  or  an  ox  ;  to  shoe  a  sled  or  sleigh. 
2.  To  cover  at  the  bottom.  Drayton. 

To  shoe  an  anchor,  to  cover  the  flukes  with 
a  broad  triangular  piece  of  plank  whose' 
area  is  larger  than  that  of  the  fluke.  This| 
is  intended  to  give  the  anchor  a  stronger 
hold  in  soft  grounds.  Mar.  Diet. 

SH6EBL.\Clv,  n.  [shoe  and  black.]    A  per- 
son that  cleans  shoes. 
SH6EBOY,  n.  [shoe  and  boy.]    A  boy  that 

cleans  shoes. 
SHOEBUCKLE,   n.    [shoe   and  bucMe. 

buckle  for  fastening  a  shoe  to  the  foot. 
SHOEING,  ppr.  Putting  on  shoes. 
SH6EING-HORN,  n.    [shoe  and  horn.]    A 
horn  used  to  facilitate  the  entrance  of  the 
foot  into  a  narrow  slioe. 
2.  Any  thing  by  which  a  transaction  is  facil- 
itated ;  any  "thing  used  as  a  medium ;  in 
contempt.  Spectcitor. 

[I  have  never  heard  this  word  in  Jlmerica.] 
SHoE-LEATHER,  >  [shoe  and  lelher.] 
SHoE-LETHER,  S  Lether  for  shoes.  • 
SHOELESS,  a.  Destitute  of  shoes. 

Caltrops  very  much  incommoded   the  shoe- 
less Moors.  Dr.  Addison. 
SHOEMAKER,  n.    [shoe  and  maker.]   One 
whose  occupation  or  trade  is  to  make  shoes 
and  boots. 
SH6ER,  n.  One  that  fits  shoes  to  the  feet ; 
one  that  furnishes  or  puts  on  shoes;  as  a 
farrier. 
SHOESTRING,    n.    [shoe   and   string.]    A 

string  used  to  fasten  a  shoe  to  the  foot. 

SHoETYE,  n.   [shoe  and  tye.]    A  ribin  used 

for  fastening  a  shoe  to  the  foot.  Hudibras 

SHOG,  for  shock,  a  violent  concussion.  [^Vot 

in  use.]  Dnjden. 

SHOG,  V.  t.  To  shake  ;  to  agitate.     [JVot  in 

use.]  Careiv. 

SHOG,   V.  i.    To  move  off;  to  be  gone  ;  toj 

jog.     [JVotinuse.     See  Jog.]  HalV^ 

SHOG'GING,  n.  Concussion.  [Kotin  use.\^ 

Harmar. 
SHOG'GLE,    v.  t.    To   shake  ;    to   joggle. 
[M'ot  in  use.    See  Joggle.]  Pegge. 

SHOLE,  n.  [Sax.  sceol,  a  crowd.]  A  throng  ; 
a  crowd ;  a  great   multitude   assembled. 
[This    is    the    better    orthography.     See 
Shoal.] 
SHONE,  pp.  of  shine. 
SHQOK,  pp.  of  shake. 
SHOON,  old  plu.  of  shoe.     Ols. 
SHQOT,  V.  I.  pret.  and  pp.  shot.    The  old 
participle  shotten,  is  obsolete.     [Sax.  sceo- 
tan,  scytan,  to  shoot,  to  dart,  to  rush,  to  lay 
out  or  bestow,  to  transfer,  to   point  with 
the  finger,  whence  to  lead  or  direct ;  G. 
schossen,  to  shoot,  and  to   pay  scot,  also. 
schiessen,   to   shoot,   to  dart ;  D-  schieten  ;^ 
Sw.  skiuia  ;  Dan.  skyder ;  Ir.  sceilhim,  tOj 
vomit  ;  sciot,  an  arrow  or  dart ;  It.  scattare,\ 
to  shoot  an  arrow  ;  L.  scaleo,  to  shoot  out 
water  ;  VV.  ysguthaw,  ysgudaw,  to   scud  ; 
ysgwdu,  to  thrust ;  ysgythu,   to   spout.     It 
is  formed  with  a  prefix  on  Gd.] 
1.  To  let  fly  and  drive  with   force  ;  as,  to 
shoot  an  arro«'. 


2.  To  discharge  and  cause  to  be  driven  with 
violence  ;  as,  to  shoot  a  ball. 

3.  To  send  oft"  with  force  ;  to  dart. 
And  from  about  her  shot  darts  of  desire. 

Milton. 
To  let  off;  used  of  the  instrument. 

The  two  ends  of  a  bow  shot  off,  fly  from  one 
another.  Boyle. 

To  strike  with  any  thing  shot ;  as,  to  shoot 
one  with  an  arrow  or  a  bullet. 
G.  To  send  out ;  to  push  forth  ;  as,  a  plant 
shoots  a  branch. 

7.  To  push  out ;  to  emit ;  to  dart ;  to  thrust 
forth. 

Beware  the  secret  snake  that  shoots  a  sting. 

Dry  den. 

8.  To  push   forward ;  to  drive  ;  to  propel ; 
as,  to  shoot  a  bolt. 

0.  To  push  out ;  to  thrust  forward 
They  shoot  out  the  lip.     Ps.  xxii. 
The  phrase,  to  shoot  out  the  tip,  signifies 
to  treat  with  derision  or  contempt. 

10.  To  pass  through  with  swiftness ;  as,  to 
shoot  the  Stvgian  flood.  Dryden. 

11.  To  fit  to  each  other  by  planing;  a  work 
7nan's  term. 

Two  pieces  of  wood   that  are   shot,  that  is, 
planed  or  pared  with  a  chisel.  Moxun. 

12.  To  kill  by  a  ball,  arrow  or  other  thing 
shot ;  as,  to  shoot  a  duck. 

SHOOT,    V.  i.    To  perform  the  act  of  dis 

charging,  sending  with  force,  or  driving 

any  thing  by  means  of  an  engine  or  in 

strument ;  as,  to  shoot  at  a  target  or  mark. 

When  you  shoot,  and  shut  one  eye.       Prior 

The  archers  have  sorely  grieved  him,   and 

shot  at  him.     Gen.  xlix. 

2.  To   germinate  ;   to  bud  ;   to  sprout ;   to 


send  forth  branches. 

Onions,  as  they  hang,  will  shoot  forth. 

Bacon 
But  the  wild  olive  shoots  and  shades  the  un- 
grateful plain.  Dryden. 
Delightful  task. 
To  teach  the  young  idea  how  to  shoot. 

Thmnson 
3.  To  form  by  shooting,  or  by  an  arrange- 
ment of  particles  into  spicute.  Metals 
shoot  into  crystals.  Every  salt  shoots  into 
crystals  of  a  determinate  form. 
To  be  emitted,  sent  forth  or  driven  along. 
There  shot  a  streaming  lamp  along  the  sky 

Dryden. 
To  protuberate;  to  be  pushed  out;  to 
jut ;  to  project.  The  land  shoots  into  i 
promontory. 
G.  To  pass,  as  an  arrow  or  pointed  instru 
ment ;  to  penetrate. 

Thy  words  shoot  through  my  heart. 

Addison 
To  grow  rapidly;  to  become  by  rapid 
growth.  The  boy  soon  shoots  up  to  a 
man. 

He'll  soon  sh/>ot  up  a  hero.  Dryden 

To   move   with   velocity;  as   a  shooting 
star. 
9.  To  feel  a  quick  darting  pain.     My  tem. 

pies  shoot. 
To  shoot  ahead,  to  outstrip  in  running,  flying 

or  sailing. 
SHOQT,  n.  The  act  of  propelling  or  driving 
any  thing  with  violence  ;  the  discharge  of 
a  fire-arm  or  bow  ;  as  a  good  shoot. 

The  Turkish  bow  giveth  a  very  forcible  shoot. 

Baciin 
2.  The   act  of  striking  or  endeavoring  to 
strike  with  a  missive  weapon.  Shak. 

i3.  A  young  branch. 


Prune  ofl'  superfluous  branches  and  shoots  of 
this  second  spring.  Evelyns 

4.  A  young  swine.  [In  New  England  pro- 
nounced shote.] 

SHOOT'ER,  n.  One  that  shoots  ;  an  archer ; 
a  gunner.  Herbert. 

SHQQT'ING,  ppr.  Discharging,  as  fire- 
arms ;  driving  or  sending  w  ith  violence  ; 
pushing  out  ;  protuberating  ;  germinat- 
ing ;  branching  :  glancing,  as  pain. 

SHQOT  ING,  n.  The  act  of  discharging 
fire-arms,  or  of  sending  an  arrow  with 
force ;  a  firing. 

2.  Sensation  of  a  f^uick  glancing  pain. 

;i.  In  sportsmanship,  the  act  or  practice  of 
killing  game  with  guns  or  fire-arms. 

SHOP,  n.  [Norm,  schope  ;  Sax.  sceoppa,  a 
depository ,  from  sceapiait.  to  form  or  shape; 
Sw.  skup,  a  repository ;  Dan.  skab,  a  cup- 
board or  chest  of  drawers.  Qu.  Fr. 
echoppe.] 

1.  A  building  in  which  goods,  wares,  drugs, 
&c.  are  sold  by  retail. 
A  buifding   in   which   mechanics  work, 
and  where  they  keep  their  manufactures 
for  sale. 

Keep  your  shoji,  and  your  shop  will  keep  you, 

Franklin  ■ 

SHOP,  V.  i.  To  visit  shops  for  purchasing 
goods  ;  used  chiefly  in  the  participle  ;  as, 
the  lady  is  shopping. 

SHOP'BOARD,  n.  [shop  and  board.]  A 
bench  on  which  work  is  performed ;  as  a 
doctor  or  divine  taken  from  the  shopboard. 

South. 

SHOP'BQQK,  ?!.  [shop  and  book.]  A  book 
in  which  a  tradesman  keeps  his  accounts. 

Locke. 

SHOP'KEEPER,  n.  [shop  and  keep.]  A 
trader  who  sells  goods  in  a  shop  or  by  re- 
tail ;  in  distinction  from  a  merchant,  or 
one  who  sells  by  wholesale.  Addison. 

SHOP'LIFTER,  n.  [shop  and  lijl.  See 
Lift.] 

One  who  steals  any  thing  in  a  shop,  or  takes 
goods  privately  from  a  shop ;  one  who 
under  pretense  of  buying  goods,  takes  oc- 
casion to  steal.  Encyc. 

SHOPLIFTING,  n.  Larceny  committed 
in  a  shop ;  the  stealing  of  any  thing  from 
a  shop. 

SHOP'LIKE,  a.  Low  ;  vulgar.    B.  Jonsot:. 

SHOP'MAN,  n.  [shop  and  man.]  A  petty 
trader.  Dryden. 

One  who  serves  in  a  shop.  Johnson. 

SHOP'PING,  ppr.  Visiting  shops  for  the 
purchase  of  goods. 

SHORE,  the  old  pret.  of  shear.     Ohs. 

SHORE,  n.  [Sax.  score.]  The  coast  or  land 
adjacent  to  tlie  ocean  or  sea,  or  to  a  large 
lake  or  river.  This  word  is  applied  prima- 
rily to  the  land  contiguous  to  water ;  but 
it  extends  also  to  the  ground  near  the 
border  of  the  sea  or  of  a  lake,  which  is 
covered  with  water.  We  also  use  the 
word  to  express  the  land  near  the  border 
of  the  sea  or  of  a  great  lake,  to  an  indefi- 
nite extent ;  as  when  we  say,  a  town  stands 
on  the  shore.  We  do  not  apply  the  word 
to  the  land  contiguous  to  a  small  stream. 
This  we  call  a  bank. 
SHORE,  n.  [The  popular  but  corrupt  pro- 
nunciation of  setter;  a  ]ironunciation  that 
should  be  carefully  avoided.] 


S  H  O 


S  H  O 


S  H  O 


SHORE,  n.  [S|).  Port,  tscora;  D.  schoor.] 
A  prop;  a  bultiess  ;  something  that  sup- 
pirts  a  building  or  other  thing.  Halts. 

Sl'OKE,  V.  t.  To  prop  ;  to  support  by  a  post 
or  buttress;  usually  vvitlif;>;  as,  to  shore 
Vjp  u  building. 

2.  To  set  on  shore.     [Xotin  use.]         Shak. 

SHORED,  pp.  Propped ;  supported  by  a 
prop. 

SHORELESS,  a.  Having  no  shore  or 
coast ;  of  indefinite  or  unlimited  extent ; 
as  a  shoreless  ocean.  Royle. 

SHO'REI.ING,  }       In  England,  the  skin 

SHOR'LING,  \  "■  of  a  living  sbeep  shorn, 
as  distinct  from  the  morling,  or  skin  taken 
from  a  dead  sheep.  Hence  in  some  parts 
of  England,  a  shorting  is  a  sheep  shorn, 
and  morling  is  one  that  dies.  Encyc. 

SHORL,  n.  [Sw.  skorl,  fl-om  skor,  brittle  ; 
Dan.  skior.] 

A  mineral,  nsnidly  of  a  black  color,  found  in 
masses  of  an  indeterminate  form,  or  crys- 
talized  in  three  or  nine  sided  prisms,  which 
when  entire  are  terminated  by  three  sided 
summits.  The  snrfuce  of  the  crystals  is 
longitudinally  streaked.  The  amorphous 
son  jiresents  thin  straight  distinct  colum- 
nar concretions,  sometimes  parallel,  some- 
times diverging  orstelliform.  This  is  call- 
ed also  tourmalin.  Haiiy.     H'erner. 

Kirivatt. 
The  shorl  of  the  mineralogists  of  the 
last  century  comprehended  a  variety  of 
substances  which  later  observations  liave 
separated  into  several  specie.*.  The  green 
ghorl  is  the  epiilote,  or  the  vesnvian,  or 
the  actinolite.  The  violet  shorl  and  the 
lenticular  shorl  are  the  axinite.  The  black 
volcanic  shorl  is  the  augite.  The  white 
Vesuvian  shorl  is  the  sonunite.  The 
white  grenatiform  is  the  leucite.  The 
white  prismatic  is  the  pycnite,  a  species  of 
the  topaz,  and 


topaz,  and   another   is   a   variety   of; 
feldspar      Of  the  blue  shorl,  one  variety  isllu.'  jy,,,       ■       i^  „,£        j^j 
the  oxyd  ot  titanunn,  another  the  sappare,[     stop  i/ior< 

Tlir     -     -      ■ 


SHORT,  a.  [Sax.  sceorl,scyH;  G.kurz;  D.' 
Sw.  Dan.  korl ;  Fr.  court  ';  It,  corto  ;  L.  cur- 
ttis  ;  h.gcar;  Russ.  kortayu.  to  shortcn.l 
It  is  from  cutting  off  or  separating.  Qu. 
Dan.  skicir,  Sw .  skor,  brittle.] 

1.  Not  long  :  not  having  great  length  or  ex 
tension  ;  as  a  short  distance  :  a  .ihorl  ferry  ; 
a  short  flight ;  a  short  piece  of  timber 

Ihe   bed   is   ahirrter  than   that  a  man  can 
stretch  himself  on  it.    Is.  xxviii 

2.  Not  extended  in  time ;  not  of  long  dura- 
tion. 

The   triuniplilng    of  the    wicked    is   short 
Job  XX.    1  Tbcss.  ii. 

3.  Not  of  usual  or  sufficient  length,  reach  or 
extent. 

W  cak  though  I  am  of  limb,  and  short  of  sight. 

Pope. 

4.  Not  of  long  duration  ;  repeated  at  small 
intervals  of  time;  as  short  breath. 

Dry  den.     Sidney. 

5.  Not  of  adequate  extent  or  quantity  :  not 
reaching  the  point  ilcniaiided,  desired  or 
expected  ;  as  a  quantity  shorl  of  our  ex- 
pectations. 

Not  therefore  am  I  short 
Of  knowing  what  I  ought.  Milton. 

6.  Deficient  ;  defective  ;  imperfect.  This' 
account  is  short  of  the  truth.  I 

7.  Not  adequate  ;  insufficient  ;  scanty  ;  as,' 
provisions  are  short ;  a  short  allowance  of 
water  for  the  voyage. 

8.  Not  sufficiently  supplied  ;  scantily  fur- 
nislicd. 

The   English  were  inferior  in  number,  and 
grew  short  in  their  provisions,  Hayward. 

9.  Not  far  distant  in  time  ;  future. 

He  contniantled  those  who  were  appointed  to 
attend  liiiii,  to  be  ready  by  a  short  day. 

Clarendon. 
Wc  now  say,  at  short  notice.     In  mer- 
cantile language,  a  note  or  bill   is  made 
payable  at   short  sight,  that   is,   in   a  little 
time  after  being  ]iresented  to  the  payor. 

10.  N<it  I'etching  a  compass  ;  as  in  the 
plira.se,  to  turn  short. 

ntended  ;  as,  to 


and  another  the  phosphate  of  iron 
shorl  cruciform  is  the  granatite.  The  oc- 
tahedral shorl  is  the  octaliedrite  or  ana- 
tase.  The  red  shorl  of  Hungary  and  the 
purple  of  Madagascar,  are  varieties  of  the 
oxyd  of  titanium.  The  spathic  shorl  is 
the  spodumene.  The  black  shorl  and  the 
electric  shorl  only  remain,  and  to  this  spe- 
cies the  name  tourmalin  was  given  by  lliat 
celebrated  mineralogist,  the  Abbe  Haily. 


Blue  shorl  is  a 
and  titanitic  shorl  is  rutile.  Ure. 

SHORLA'CEOUS,  a.  Like  shorl;  partak-| 
ing  of  the  nature  and  characters  of  shorl. 

Kir  wan. ^ 

SHORL'ITE,  n.  A  mineral  of  a  greenish 
white  color,  .sometimes  yellowish  ;  mostly 
found  in  irregular  oblong  masses  or  col- 
unuis,  inserted  in  a  mixture  of  quartz  and 
mica  or  granite.  Klaproth.     Kirwan. 

Shorlite  or  shorlous  topaz,  the  pycnite  of 
Werner,  is  of  a  straw  yellow  color.       UreJi' 


SllOHN,  pp.  of  shear.   Cutoff;  as  a  lock  of  jS.  To  fail:    to   be   insufficient.     Previsions 
wool  shorn.  I 

2.  Having  the  hair  or  wool  cut  off  or  shear- 
ed ;  as  a  shorn  lamb. 

3.  Deprived ;  as  a  prince  shorn  of  his  hon- 
ors. I 

Vol.  JI. 


scanty  ;   as,  provisions  fall  shorl ;  money 

falls  short. 

2.  To  fail ;  not  to  do  or  accomplish ;  as,  to 
fall  short  in  duty. 

3.  To  be  less.  The  measure  falls  short  of 
the  estimate. 

To  stop  short,  to  stop  at  once ;  also,  to  stop 

witliout  reaching  the  point  intended. 
To  turn  short,  to  turn  on  the  spot  occupied ; 

to  turn  without  making  a  compass. 

For  turning  short  he    stnick  widi   all  his 

might.  Dryden. 

To  be  taken  shorl,  to  be  seized  with  urgent 

necessity.  Swifl. 

In  shorl,  in   few  words;  briefly;  to  sum  up 

or  close  in  a  few  words. 
SHORT,  n.    A  summary  account ;   as  the 

short  of  the  matter. 

The  short  and  long  in  our  play  is  preferred. 

Shak. 
SHORT,  adv.  Not  long ;  as  sAort-enduriiig 

joy  ;  a  s/ior<-breathed  man. 

Dryden.     Jirhulhnol. 
In    connection   with    verbs,   s/ior<  is  a 

modifying  word,  or  used  adverbially  ;  as, 

to  come  short,  &.c. 
.SHORT,  v.t.  To  shorten. 
'i.  V.  i.  To  fail;  to  decrease.  [JVolinuse.] 
SHORT-BREATHED,   a.     Having   short 

breath  f>r  quick  respiration. 
SHORT -DATED,  a.  [short  and  dale.]  Hav- 
ing little  time  to  run.  Saudys. 
SHORTEN,  r.t.  short'n.  [Sax.  scyrian.]  To 

make  short   in   measure,  extent  or  time; 

as,  to  shorten  distance  ;  to  shorten  a  road  ; 

to  shorten  days  of  calamity.    Matt.  xxiv. 

2.  To  abridge ;  to  lessen  ;  as,  to  shorten  la- 
bor or  work. 

3.  To  curtail ;  as,  to  shorten  the  hair  by  clip- 
ping. 

4.  To  contract ;  to  lessen ;  to  diminish  in 
extent  or  amount ;  as,  to  shorten  sail ;  to 
shorten  an  allowance  of  provisions. 

5.  To  confine  ;  to  restrain. 
Here  wliere  the  subject  is   so  fruitful,  I    am 

shortened  by  my  chain.  Dryden. 

6.  To  lop  ;  to  deprive. 
The  youth — shortened  of  his  ears.      Dryden. 

SHORTEN,  V.  i.  short'n.  To  become  short 
or  shorter.  The  day  shortens  in  northern 
latitudes  from  June  to  December. 

2.  To  contract ;  as,  a  cord  shortens  by  being 
wet  :  a  metallic  rod  shortens  by  cold. 

SHORT' ENED,p/).  Made  shorter;  abridg- 
ed :  contracted. 

SHORT' ENlNG.ppr.  Making  shorter;  con- 
tracting. 

SHORTENING,  n.  Something  used  in 
cookery  to  make  paste  short  or  friable,  as 
butter  or  lard. 

SHORT'-HAND,  n.  [short  and  hand.]  Short 
writing;  a  compendious  method  of  writ- 
ing by  sub.stiluting  characters,  abbrevia- 
tions or  .symbols  for  words;  otherwise 
called  stenography.  Locke. 

SIIORT'-JOINTED,  a.  [sho,1  and  joint.] 
A  horse  is  said  to  be  short -jointed,  when 
the  pastern  is  too  short.  Encyc. 

SHORT-LIVED,   a.  [shoH  and   lire.]  Not 
living  or  lasting  long  :  being  of  short  con- 
come  .t/iort.  11     tinuance;  as  a  sAor^/iVci/  race  of  beings; 
To   cut  shorl,   to   abridge  ;    to  contract ;  tol      short-lived  pleasure  ;  short-lived  passion, 
make  too  small  or  defective  ;  also,  to  de-l  Dryden.     Mdison. 
stroy  or  consimie.  2  Kings  x.                       IjSHORT'LY,   adv.  Quickly:  soon;  in  a  lif- 
To  fall  short,  to  fail  :  to  be  inadequate  or!'     tic  time. 

71 


12.   Defective  in  quantity  ;  as  sheep  short  of 

their  wool.  Dryden. 

jl3.  Narrow;    limited;    not   extended;    not 

large  or  conqirchensive. 
'  Their  own  short  understandings  reach 

No  faither  than  the  present.  Howe. 

|14.  Brittle;    friable;   breaking   all    at  once 

without  splinters  or  shatters ;  as  marl  so 

short  that  it  cannot  be  wrought  into  a  ball. 

r^',  ■      ,  r  c  •   ■      '  Mortimer. 

Gibbs,  Journ.  of  Science  ^^^    j^„^  bending, 
variety  ot  Hauyne.    Re.li  The  lance  bfoke  sAo,<.  Dryden. 

IC.  Abrupt:  brief;   pointed;   petulant;    se- 
vere.    I  asked   him  a  question,  to  which 
he  gave  a  short  answer. 
To  be  shorl,  to  be  scantily  supphed  ;  as,  to  be 

short  of  bread  or  water. 
To  come  short,  to  tail  ;  not  to  do  what  is  <le- 
maniled  or  expected,  or  what  is  necessary 


for  the  purpose  ;  applied  to  persons.  Wei 
all  come  short  of  perfect  obedience  to  God's 
will.  I 

12.  Not  to  reach  or  obtain.  Rom.  lii 


S  H  O 


S  H  O 


S  H  O 


The  armies  came  shortly  in  view  of  eaclij 
other.  Clarendvn 

2.  In  few  words ;  briefly  ;  as,  to  express 
ideas  more  shortly  in  verae  tiian  in  prose. 

Pope. 

SHORT'NER,  n.  He  or  that  which  short 
ens.  Swifl. 

SHORT'NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
short  in  space  or  time  ;  little  length  or  lit- 
tle duration  ;  as  the  shortness  of  a  journey 
or  of  distance  ;  the  shortness  of  the  days 
in  winter;  the  shortiicss  of  life. 

9.  Fewness  of  words ;  brevity  ;  conciseness; 
as  the  shortness  of  an  essay.  The  prayers 
of  the  church,  by  reasonof  their  shortness, 
are  easy  for  the  memory. 

3.  Want  of  reach  or  the  power  of  retention  ; 
as  the  shortness  of  the  memory.         Bacon. 

4.  Deficiency;  imjjerfection  ;  limited  extent ; 
as  the  shortness  of  our  reason. 

Glanm'lle 

SHORT'-RIB,?!.  [short  and  rib.]  One  of  the 
lower  ribs  ;  a  rib  shorter  than  the  others, 
below  the  sternum  ;  a  false  rib. 

ff'iseman. 

SHORTS,  n.  plu.  The  bran  and  coarse  part 
olMjeal.     [Local.] 

SHORT-SIGHT,  71.  Short-sightedness  ;  my- 
opy  ;  vision  accurate  only  when  the  ob- 
ject is  near.  Good. 

SHORT-SIGHTED,   a.    [short  and  sight.\ 

1.  Not  able  to  see  far  ;  having  hmited  vision  ; 
in  a  literal  sense. 

2.  Not  able  to  look  far  into  futurity  ;  not  able 
to  understand  things  deep  or  remote;  of 
limited  intellect. 

SHORT-SIGHTEDNESS,  n.  A  defect  in 
vision,  consisting  in  the  inability  to  see 
things  at  a  distance,  or  at  the  distance  to 
which  the  sight  ordinarily  extends.  Short- 
sightedness is  owing  to  the  too  great  con- 
vexity of  the  crystaline  humor  of  the  eye, 
by  which  the  rays  of  light  are  brought  to 
a  focus  too  soon,  that  is,  before  they  reach 
the  retina. 

3.  Defective  or  limited  intellectual  sight ;  in- 
ability to  see  far  into  futurity  or  into  things 
deef)  or  abstruse.  Addison. 

SHORT-WAISTED,  a.  [short  and  waist] 
Having  a  short  waist  or  body.         Dryden. 

SHORT-WIND'ED,  a.  [short  and  loind.] 
Affected  with  shortness  of  breath  ;  having 
a  quick  respiration  ;  as  asthmatic  person.". 

May. 

SHORT'-WINGED,  a.  [shoH  and  unng.] 
Having  short  wings;  as  a  short-winged 
hawk.  Dryden. 

SHORT- VVIT'TED,  m  Having  little  wit; 
not  wise;  of  scanty  intellect  or  judgment. 

Hales. 

SHO'RY,  a.  [from  shore.]  Lying  near  the 
shore  or  coast.     [Little  used.]  Burnet. 

SHOT,  pret.  and  pp.  oi' shoot. 

SHOT,  »i.  [Sax.  scyt ;  D.  school,  schot.  See 
Shoot  anil  Scot.] 

1.  The  act  of  shooting  ;  discharge  of  a  mis- 
sile weapon. 

He  caused  twenty  shot  of  his  greatest  can- 
non to  be  made  at  the  king's  army. 

Clarendon. 
[JVote.     The  plural  shots,  may  be  used,  but 
shot  is  generally  used  in  both  numbers.] 

2.  A  missile  weapon,  particularly  a  ball  or 
bullet.  .S7io(  is  |>roiierly  whatever  is  dis- 
charged from  fire-arms  or  cannon  by  the 


force  of  gunpowder.  Shot  used  in  war; 
is  of  various  kinds  ;  as  round  shot  or  balls ; 
those  fi)r  cannon  made  of  iron,  tlio.^e  lor 
muskets  and  pi.stols,  of  lead.  Secomlly, 
double  headed  shot  or  bar  shot,  consisting  of 
a  bar  with  a  round  head  at  each  end. 
Thirdly,  chain-shot,  consisting  of  two  balls 
chained  together.  Fourthly,  grape-shot, 
consisting  of  a  number  of  balls  bound 
together  with  a  cord  in  canvas  on  an  iron, 
bottom.  Fifthly,  case  shot  or  canister  shot, 
consisting  of  a  great  number  of  small  bul-i 
lets  in  a  cylindrical  tin  box.  Sixthly,  lan-^ 
grel  or  langrage,  whicli  consists  of  pieces 
of  iron  of  any  kind  or  shape.  Small  shot, 
denotes  musket  balls.  Mar.  Diet.: 

Small  globular  masses  of  lead,  used  for: 
killing  fowls  and  other  small  animals. 
These  are  not  called  balls  or  bullets. 

4.  The  flight  of  a  missile  weapon,  or  the 
distance  which  it  passes  from  the  engine  ; 
as  a  cannon  shot  ;  a  musket  5/1  o<;  a  pistol 
shot ;  a  bow  shot. 

A  reckoning ;  charge  or  i>roportional 
share  ol  expense.     [See  Sco/.] 

Shot  of  a  cable,  in  seaman's  language,  the 
splicing  of  two  cables  together;  or  the 
whole  length  of  two  cables  thus  uinled. 
A  ship  will  ride  easier  in  ileep  water  wiih| 
one  shot  of  cable  tlius  lengthened,  tiiaiii 
with  three  short  cables.  jE»ic^t.| 

SHOTE,  n.  [Sax.  sceota  ;  from  shooting,  dart-i 

i'lg-l 

1.  A  fish  resembling  the  trout.  Careiv.' 

2.  A  young  hog.     [See  Shoot.] 
SHOT-FREE,  a.  [shot  aM\  free.]  Free  from 

charge  ;  exempted  (iom  any  share  of  ex- 
pense ;  scot-free. 

2.  Not  to  be  injured  by  shot.     [JVot  used.] 

Feltham. 

3.  Unpunished.     [JVolvsed.] 
SHOTTEN,  a.  shot'n.  [from  shoot.]  Having 

ejected  the  sjiawn  ;  as  a  shotlen  herring. 

Shak. 

2.  Shooting  into  angles. 

3.  Shot  out  of  its  socket ;  dislocated  ;  as  a 
bone. 

SHOUGH,  n.  shok.  A  kind  of  shaggy  dog 
[A'oi  in  use.     See  Shock.] 

SHOULD.  «/ioo(/.  The  preterit  of  shall,  but 
now  used  as  an  auxiliary  verb,  either  in 
the  past  time  or  conditional  present.  '•  He 
should  have  paid  the  debt  at  the  time  the 
note  became  due."  Shoidd  here  denotes, 
past  time.  "I  should  ride  to  town  thisday| 
if  the  weather  would  permit."  Here  should' 
expresses  jiresent  or  future  time  condi- 
tionally. In  the  second  and  third  persons, 
it  denotes  obligation  or  duty,  as  in  the  first 
example  above. 

1.  I  should  go.  When  should  in  this  person 
is  uttered  without  emphasis,  it  declares 
siin])ly  that  an  event  would  take  place,  on 
some  condition  or  under  other  circum- 
stances. 

But  when  expressed  with  emphasis, 
should  in  this  person  denotes  obligation, 
duly  or  determination. 

2.  Thou  shouldst   }  Without  emphasis,' 
You  should        \  °  '     should,  in  the  sec-j 

ond  person,  is  nearly  equivalent  to  ought  ; 
you  ought  to  go,  it  is  your  duty,  you  are 
bound  to  go.     [See  Shall.]  j 

With  emphasis,  shoidd  expresses  deter-j 
miiialion  in  the  speaker  couditionally  to 


compel  the  person  to  act.  "  If  I  had  the 
care  of  you,  you  shoidd  go,  whether  wil- 
ling or  not." 

3.  he  should  go.  Should,  in  the  third  per- 
son, ba.<  the  same  force  as  in  the  second. 

4.  If  1  should,  \i' you  should,  like  should,  &c. 
denote  a  future  contingent  event. 

5.  After  should,  the  principal  verb  is  sorae- 
tiines  omitted,  without  obscuring  the 
sense. 

So  subjects  love  just  kings,  or  so  they  should. 

Dryden. 
That  is,  so  they  should  love  them. 

6.  Should  be,  ought  to  be ;  a  proverbial 
jihrase,  conveying  some  censure,  con- 
tempt or  irony.  Things  are  not  as  they 
should  be. 

I  be  boys  think  their  mother  no  better  than 
she  should  he.  jldtlisnn. 

7-  ''We  think  it  strange  that  stones  iAoiiW 
fall  from  the  aerial  regions."  In  this  use, 
should  implies  that  stones  do  full.  In  all 
similar  (dirases,  should  implies  the  ac  toal 
existence  of  the  fact,  without  a  condition 
or  supp  sition. 

SFiOl  LDER.  (7.  [Sax.  sculdre,  sculdor,  scul- 
der  ;  O.  schulter  ,  D.  srhouder ;  Sw.  skul- 
dru  :  Dan.  skulder.] 

1.  The  joint  bj  which  the  arm  of  a  human 
being  or  the  fore  leg  of  a  quadruped  is 
connected  with  the  body  ;  or  in  man,  the 
Ill-ejection  formed  by  tlie  bones  called 
scapula  or  shoulder  blades,  which  extend 
friiiii  the  basis  of  the  neck  in  a  horizontal 
direction. 

2.  The  upper  joint  of  the  fore  leg  of  an  ani- 
mal cut  for  the  market  ;  as  a  shoulder  of 
mutton. 

3.  Shoulders,  in  the  plural,  the  upper  part  of 
the  back. 

Adovvn  her  shoulders  fell  her  length  of  hair. 

Dryden. 

4.  Figuratively,  support;  sustaining  power  ; 
or  that  which  elevates  and  sustains. 

For  on  thy  shoulders  do  1  build  my  seat. 

Shak. 

5.  Among  artificers,  something  like  the  hu- 
man shoulder;  a  horizontal  or  rectangu- 
lar projection  from  the  body  of  a  thing. 

Moron. 
SHOULDER,  V.  t.   To  push  or  tlirust  with 
the  shoulder ;  to  push  with  violence. 
Around  her  numberless  the  rabble  flow'd. 
Shouldering  each  other,  crowding  for  a  view. 

Howe. 
As  they  the  earth  would  shoulder  from  her 
seat.  Spenser. 

2.  To  take  upon  the  shoulder  ;  as,  to  shoul- 
der a  basket. 
SHOULDER-BELT,  n.  [shoulder  and  helt.] 
A  belt  that  passes  across  the  shoulder. 

Dniden. 
SHOULDER-BLADE,    n.     [shoulder    and 

blade.] 
The  bone  of  the  shoulder,  or  blade  bone, 
broad    and    iriungiilar,  covering  the  hind 
part  of  the  ribs;  called  by  anatomists  »r/;;)- 
ula  and  omoplata.  Encyc. 

SHOULDER-€LAPPER,  Ji.   [shoulder  and 

clap.] 
One  that  claps  another  on  the  shoulder,  or 
that  uses  great  familiarity.    [JVoi  in  use."} 

Sh.ik. 
SHOULDER-KNOT,  n.  [shoulder  ami  knot.] 
An  oriKiiiiciiial  knot  ol  nhin  or  lace  woru 
on  the  shoulder ;  an  epaulet. 


S  H  O 


S  H  O 


S  II  O 


SHOULDER-SHOTTKN,  a.  [shouldir  and 
shot.  ] 

StraiiiiNl  in  the  shoulder,  as  a  horse.      Shak. 

SllOlJLUKR-SLIP,  n.  [shoulder  and  slip.] 
i)i.-ili)i;atiuu  of  ilie  shouldei"  or  of  tho  htl- 
rni'nis.  Swijl. 

SHOUT,  V.  i.  [This  word  coinci(ies  with 
shoot.  VV.  i/sf^i/thu,  to  jet,  to  spout.] 

To  utter  a  sudden  and  loud  outcry,  usually 
in  joy,  triuin|)li  or  exultation,  or  to  ani- 
mate soldiers  in  an  onset. 

It  is  not  tlic  voice  of  them  IbAl  shout  for  mas- 
tery. Kx.  xxxii. 

Wli.^n  ye  hear  the  sound  of  the  trumpet,  all 
the  people  shall  shout  with  a  great  shout.  Josh, 
vi. 

SHOUT,  II.  A  loud  burst  of  voice  or  voices ; 
a  vehement  and  sudden  outcry,  particu- 
larly of  a  nudtitude  of  men,  expressinj; 
joy,  triumph,  exultation  or  animated  cour- 
age. It  IS  sometimes  inteuded  in  derision. 
Josh.  vi.  Ezra  iii. 

The  Rhodians  seeing;  the  enemy  turn  their 
backs,  gave  a  great  shout  in  derision. 

K'liolles. 

SHOUT,  V.  I.  To  treat  with  shouts  or  clam- 
or. Hall. 

SHOUT'ER,  n.  One  that  shouts.       Dnjden. 

SHOIJT'IXG,  ppr.  Utteriii!,'  a  sudden  and 
liiud  outcry  in  jov  or  exultation. 

SHOUT' ING,  )i.  "The  act  of  shouting;  a' 
loud  outcry  expressive  of  joy  or  anima- 
tion. 2  Sam.  vi. 

SHOVE,  V.  t.  [Sax.  scufan,  to  push  or! 
thrust;  sci/fnn,  to  sugijest,  to  hint;  D. 
schiiioeii  ;  G.  schiebeyi,  schuppen ;  Sw. 
akuffa ;  Uan.  skuffer.  The  more  correcti 
orthography  would  he  s/tuii.] 

1.  To  push ;  to  propel ;  to  drive  along  by 
the  direct  application  of  strength  without 
a  sudden  impulse  ;  particularly,  to  push  a 
body  hy  sliding  or  causing  it  to  movcj 
along  the  surface  of  another  body,  eitherl 
by  the  haiul  or  by  an  instrument :  as,  to 
shove  a  bottle  along  a  table  ;  to  shove  a  ta-: 
ble  along  the  floor  ;  to  shove  a  boat  on  the 
water. 

And  shove  away  the  worthy  bidden  guest. 

Milton. 
Shoving  back  this  earth  on  which  I  sit. 

Drydeti. 

2.  To  push  ;  to  press  against. 

He  used  to  shove  and  elbow  his  fellow  ser- 
vants to  get  near  h'n  mistress.  Arbuthnot. 

To  shove  away,  to  push  to  a  distance  ;  to 
thrust  off. 

To  shove  by,  to  push  away  ;  to  delay,  or  to 
reject;  as,  to  shuvc  by  the  hearing  of  a 
cause  ;  or  to  shove  6?/ justice.  [JVot  elegant.] 

Shak. 

To  ihovc  off,  to  thrust  or  push  away. 

To  shove  down,  to  overthrow  by  pushing. 

Arbulhnot. 

SHOVE,  V.  i.  To  push  or  drive  forward  ;  to 
lu'sc  a  course.  Swift.\ 

2.  To  push  otf ;  to  move  in  a  boat  or  with  a 
pole  ;  as,  he  shoved  from  shore.         Garth. 

To  shove  off',  to  move  from  shore  by  pushing, 
with  poles  or  oar,s. 

SHOVE,  71.  The  act  of  pushing  or  pressing 
against  by  strength,  without  a  sudden  iiti- 
puls".  Swijl. 

SHOVED,  pp.  Pushed;  propelled.  j 

SHOVEL,  n.  shuv'l.  [Sax.  scojl ;  G.  schnufel  ;\ 
D.  -I'hoffel,  schop;  Din.  skuffe,  a  scoop  or 
shovel ;  from  shoving.] 

An  iustrutncQt  consisting  of  a  broad  scoop 


or  hollow  blade  with  a  handle  ;  used  for 
throwing  earth  or  other  loose  substances. 

SHOVEL,  V.  t.  To  take  up  and  throw  with 
a  shovel ;  as,  to  shovel  earth  into  a  heap  or 
into  a  cart,  or  out  of  a  pit. 

2.  Tci  gather  in  great  quantities.        Derham. 

SHOVEL-HO.\RD,  n.  A  board  on  which 
they  play  by  sliding  metal  pieces  at  a  mark. 

Dryden 

SHOVELED,  pp.  Thrown  with  a  shovel. 

SHOVELER,  11.  [from  .s/ioi't/.]  A  fowl  of 
the  genus  Anas  or  duck  kind.  Bacon 

SHOVELLNG,  ppr.  Throwing  with  a 
shovel. 

SHOW,  V.  i.  pret.  showed ;  pp.  shown  or 
showed.  It  IS  sometimes  written  shew, 
shewed,  sheivn.  [Sax.  sceawian  ;  D.  schou- 
wen  ;  G.  schuuen  ;  Dan.  skuer.  This  word 
in  most  of  the  Tt'Utonic  dialects,  signifies 
merely  to  look,  see,  view,  behold.  In  Sax- 
on it  signifies  to  show,  look,  view,  explore, 
regard.  This  is  donhiless  a  contracted 
word.  If  the  radical  letter  lost  was  a  la-J 
bial,  .ihow  coincides  with  the  Gr.  nxortiu}^ 
nxfHToftat.  If  a  dental  has  been  lost,  thisj 
word  accords  with  the  Sw.  skada,  to  view 
or  behold.] 

\.  To  exhibit  or  present  to  the  view  of  oth- 
ers. 

Go  thy   way,   show  thyself  to   the    priest 
Matt,  viii 

2.  To  afford  to  the  eye  or  to  notice ;  to  con- 
tain in  a  visible  form. 

Nor  want  we  skill  or  art,  from  whence  to 

raise 
Magnificence ;  and  what  can  heaven  show' 

more  ?  AfUton 

3.  To  make  or  enable  to  see.  Milton. 

4.  To  make  or  enable  to  perceive.      Milton. 

.5.  To  make  to  know ;  to  cause  to  under- 
stand ;  to  make  known  to ;  to  teach  or 
inform.     Job  x. 

Know,  I  am  sent 
To  s/ioto  thee  what  shall  come  in  future  days 

Milton 
ti.  To  prove  ;  to  manifest. 

I'll  show  my  duty  by  my  timely  care. 

Dryden. 

7.  To  inform  ;  to  teach ;  with  of. 

The  time  ooinelh  when  ]  shall  no  more  speak 
to  you  in  proverbs,  but  I  shall  show  you  plainly 
(;/"the  Father.     John  xvi. 

8.  To  point  out,  as  a  guide. 
Thou  shall  show  them  the  way  in  which  they 

must  walk.     Ex.  xviii. 
!).  To  bestow;  to  confer;  to  afford;  as,  to 
show  favor  or  mercy  on  any  person.      Ps. 
oxii.  iv. 

10.  To  prove  by  evidence,  testimony  or  au 
theiitic  registers  or  documents. 

They  could  not  show  their  father's  house. 
Ezra  ii. 

11.  To  disclose;  to  make  known. 
I  dnrst  not  show  you  mine  opinion.   Job  xxxii 

12.  To  discover;  to  explain;  as,  to  shotv  a 
Ireain  or  interpretation.     Dan.  it. 

To  show  forth,   to   manifest ;  to  publish  ;  to 

proclaim.     1  Pet.  ii. 
SHOW,  V.  i.  To  appear;  to  look;  to  be  in 
appearance. 

Just  such  she  shows  before  a  rising  storm. 

Dryden. 
2.  To  have  appearance  ;  to  become  or  suit 
well  or  ill. 

Mv  lor<l  of  York,  it  better  show'd   with  you 
bbs.  Shak. 

SHOW,  71.  Stiperficial  appearance ;  not  re- 
ility. 


Mild  heav'n 
Disapproves  that  care,  though  wise  in  show. 

Miltim. 

2.  A  spectacle;  something  offered  to  new 
for  money.  Addison. 

3.  Ostentatious  display  or  parade. 

1  envy  none  their  pageantry  and  show. 

Voung. 

4.  Appearance  as  an  object  of  notice. 

The  city  itself  makes  the  noblest  shoti:  of  any 
in  the  world.  Addison. 

.5.  Piihlir  appearance,  in  distinction  from 
concealment ;  as  an  open  show. 

6.  Semblance ;  likeness. 

In  slww  plebeian  angel  militaot.        Milton. 

7.  Spcciousiiess  ;  plausibility. 
But  a  short  exile  must  for  show  precede. 

Dryden. 

8.  External  appearance. 
And  forc'd,  at  least  in  show,  to  prize  it  more. 

Diyden. 

9.  Exhibition  to  view ;  as  a  shoto  of  cattle, 
or  cattle-show.  .igricult.  Societies. 

10.  Pomp  ;  magnificent  spectacle. 

As  for  triumphs,  masks,  feasts,  and  such 
shows —  Bacon. 

11.  A  phantom  ;  as  a  fairy  sAou".        Dryden. 

12.  Representative  action  ;  as  a  dumb  show. 

Addison. 

13.  External  appearance  ;  hypocritical  pre- 
tense. 

Who  devour  widows'  houses,  and  for  a  show 
make  long  prayers.     Luke  xx. 

SHOW-BREAD,     >  [show   and   bread.] 

SHEW'-BREAD,  P"  Among  the  Jews, 
bread  of  exhibition  ;  the  loaves  of  bread 
which  the  priest  of  the  week  placed  be- 
fore the  Lord,  on  the  golden  table  in  the 
sanctuary.  They  were  shaped  like  a  brick, 
were  ten  palms  long  and  five  broad,  weigh- 
ing about  eight  pounds  each.  They  were 
made  of  fine  flour  unleavened,  and  chang- 
ed every  sabbath.  The  loaves  were 
twelve  in  number,  and  represented  the 
twelve  tribes  of  Israel.  They  were  to  be 
eaten  by  the  priest  only.  Encyc. 

SHOWER,  n.  One  who  shows  or  exhibits. 

SHOW'ER,  71.  [Sax.  scur ;  G.  schauer,  a 
shower,  horror;  schauern,  to  shower,  to 
shiver,  shudder,  quake.  Qu.  Heb.  Ch.  Ar. 
Ij.'ty  to  be  rough,  to  shudder.] 

1.  A  fall  of  rain  or  hail,  of  short  duratioti. 
It  may  be  applieil  to  a  like  fall  of  snow, 
but  this  seldom  occurs.  It  is  applied  to  a 
fall  of  rain  or  hail  of  short  continuance, 
of  more  or  less  violence,  but  never  to  a 
storm  of  long  continuance. 

2.  .\  fall  of  things  from  the  air  in  thick  suc- 
cession;  as  a  s/iou'er  of  darts  or  arrows; 
a  shower  of  stones.  Pope. 

3.  A  copious  supply  bestowed  ;  liberal  dis- 
tribution ;  as  a  great  shower  of  gifts. 

Shak. 
SHOWER,  V.  t.  To  water  with  a  shower  ; 
to  wet  copiously  with  rain  ;  as,  to   shower 
the  earth.  Milton. 

2.  To  bestow  liberally  ;  to  distribute  or  scat- 
ter in  abundance. 

Cesar's  favor. 
That  show'rs  down  greatness  on  his  friends. 

Addison. 

.3.    To  wet  with   falling  water,   as  in   the 

shower-hath. 
SHOW  KR,  V.  i.  To  rain  in  showers. 
SHOWERED, />;».    Wet  with  a  shower ; 


S  H  R 


S  H  R 


S  H  R 


watei-eJ  abundantly  :  bestowed  or  distrib- 
utefi  lilierally. 

SHOWERLESS,  a.  Without  showers. 

Armstrong. 

SHOWERY,     a.    Rahiing    in     showers; 
ahiiundiug  with  frequent  falls  of  rain. 

SHOWILY,    adv.    In   a    showy    manner; 
|mtii|iiiusly  ;  with  parade. 

SHOVVIINESS,  n.  State  of  being  showy; 
purnpousness;  great  parade. 

SHOWISH,  a.  Splendid;  gaudy.  [Little 
used.]  Sfijl. 

2.  Ostentatious. 

SHOWN,  pp.  of  show.  Exhibited ;  mani- 
fested ;  proved. 

SHOWY,  a.  Splendid;  gay;  gaudy;  mak- 
ing a  great  show  ;  fine.  Addison. 

9.  Ostentatious. 

SHRAG,  V.  t.  To  lop.     [JVot  in  use.] 

SHRAG,  n.  A  twig  of  a  tree  cut  otf.     [JVo«; 

SHRAci'GER,  n.  One  that  lops;  one  that 
trims  trees.     [JVot  in  use.]  1 

SHRANK,  pret.  o( shrink,  nearly  obsolete.  | 

SHRAP,     {       A  place  baited  with  cliaft' to 

SHRAl'E,  S""  invite  birds.     [.Vol  in  use.]    [ 

SHRED,  V.  t.  pret.  and  pj).  shred.  [Sa.v.: 
screadan,  to  cut  off;  Sw.  skraddare,  a  tai-| 
lor.] 

To  cut  into  small  pieces,  particularly  nar-| 
row  and  long  pieces,  as  of  cloth  or  letlier.j 
It  differs  from  mince,  which  signifies  to 
chop  into  pieces  fine  and  short.  | 

SHRED,  n.  A  long  narrow  piece  cut  off; 
as  shreds  of  cloth.  Bacon. 

2.  A  tVagnient ;  a  piece  ;  as  shreds  of  wit. 

Sudfl. 

SHREQ'DING,  ppr.  Cutting  into  shreds. 

SHREDDING,  n.  That  which  is  cut  off; 
a  piece.  Hooker. 

SHREW,  n.  [1  know  not  the  original  sensel 
of  this  word.  If  it  signifies  a  brawler,  it 
may  be  from  D.  schreeuwen,  to  brawl,  G. 
schreien,  Dan.  skriger.  But  beshrew,  hi 
Chaucer,  is  mleipreted  to  curse.] 

1.  A  peevish,  brawling,  turbulent,  vexatious 
woman.  It  appears  originally  to  have 
been  applied  to  males  as  well  as  females ; 
but  is  now  restricted  to  the  latter. 

The  man   hud   got  a  shrew  for  his  wife,  anil 
there  could  be  no  quiet  in  the  house  with  her. 

L'Estrange. 

2.  A  shrew-mouse. 

SHREW,  V.  t.  To  beshrew  ;  to  curse.   06a. 

Chaucer. 

SHREWD,  a.  Having  the  qualities  of  a 
shrew ;  vexatious ;  troublesome ;  mis- 
chievous.    Obs.  Shak. 

2.  Sly;  cunning;  arch;  subtil;  artful;  as- 
tute ;  as  a  shrewd  man. 

3.  Sagacious;  of  nice  discernment;  as  a 
shrewd  observer  of  men. 

4.  Proceeding  fiom  cunning  or  sagacity,  or 
containing  it ;  as  a  shrewd aay'ing ;  a  shrewd 
conjecture. 

5.  Painful ;  vexatious  ;  troublesome. 

Evei-y  of  this  number 

That  have  endur'd  shrewd  nights  and  days 

vvilh  us.     Obs.  Shak 

No  enemy  is  so  despicable  but  he  may  ilo 

one  a  shrewd  turn.     Obs.  L' Estrange 

SHREWDLY,    adv.    Mischievously;     de 
struclively. 

This  practice  hath  most  shrewdly  past  upon 
Ihcc.     Obs.  Shali 

2.  Vcxatiously ;  vsed  of  slight  mischief. 


Tlie  obshnate  and  schismatical  are  like  to  1.  Shai-p ;  acute;  piercing;  as  sound ;  ag  a 


think  themselves  shrewdly  hurt   by  being   cut 
from  that  body  they  chose  not  to  be  of.     Obs.  \ 

South. 
Yet  seem'd  she  not  to  winch,  though  shrewd- 
ly pain'd.     Obs.  Dryden. 
.3.  Archly;  sagaciously;   with  good   guess; 
as,  I  shrewdii)  suspect ;  he  shrewdly  observ- 
ed. Locke. 
SHREWDNESS,   n.    Sly  cunning ;  arch- 
ness. 

The  neighbors  round  admire  his  shrewdness. 

Swift. 

2.  Sagaciousness ;  sagacity ;  the  quality  of 
nice  discernment. 

3.  Mischievousness;  vexatiousness.  [JVot' 
in  rise.]  Chaucer. 

SHREWISH,  a.  Having  the  qualities  of  a| 
shrew;  froward;  peevish;  petulantly 
clamorous. 

Mv  wife  is  shretvish  when  I  keep  not  hours. 
■^  Shak.' 

SHREW'ISHLY,  adv.  Peevishly;  clamor- 
ously ;   turbulently.  I 
He  speakf  very  shrewishly.                      Shak. 

SHREWISHNESS,  n.  The  qualities  of  a 
shrew;    frowardness;   petulance;   turbu- 
lent clamorousness.  j 
I  have  no  £;ifl  in  shreioishncss.               Shak. 

SHREW-MOUSE,  n.  [Sax.  screawa.]  A 
small  animal  resemblmg  a  mouse,  but  be-l 
longing  to  the  genus  Sorex  ;  an  animal  ■ 
that  burrows  in  the  ground,  feeding  on 
corn,  insects,  «Sic.  It  is  a  harmless  ani- 
mal. 

SHRIEK,  v.i.  [Dan.  sAng-ei- ;  Sw.  skrika  ; 
G.  schreien  ;  I),  schreijen  ;  the  two  latter 
contracted  ;  W.  ysgrepan,  from  creg,  a 
scream  or  shriek,  also  rough,  rugged, 
Eng.  to  creak,  whence  screech,  and  vulgar- 
ly screak  ;  hence  W.  ysgrec,  a  jay,  from 
its   scream;    creg,  hoarse,   crygi,   hoarse 


its   scream;    creg,  hoarse,   crygi,   hoarse-h     not  rauicai,  me  looi  i» /ig- m  ;_yg-.j 
ness,  roughness,  from  the  root  of  ;«g-gcrf,!|l-  To  contract  spontaneously  :  to  draw 
and  L.  ruga,  wrinkled,  rugo,  to  bray  ;  all!      drawn  into   less  length,  breadth  or 


ruga._ 
from    straining,     and     hence     breaking, 
bursting,   cracking;    allied   to   crack    and 
crackle.  It.  scricchiolare.] 
To  utter  a  sharp  shrill  cry  ;  to  scream  ;  as 
in  a  sudden  fright,  in  horror  or  anguish. 
At  this  she  shriek'd  aloud.  Dryden. 

It  was  the  owl  that  shriek'd.  Shak 

SHRIEK,  n.  A  sharp  shrill  outcry  or 
scream,  such  as  is  produced  by  sudden 
terror  or  extreme  anguish. 

Shrieks,  clamors,  murmurs    fill  the  frighted 
lown.  Dryden 

SHRIE'KING,  ppr.  Crying  out  with  a  shrill 

voice. 
SHRIE'VAL,   a.    Pertaining    to    a    sherif 

[JVot  in  use.] 
SHRIE'VALTY,  >i.  [from  sherif]    Sherif- 
alty  ;  the  office  of  a  sherif 

It  was  ordained  by  2S  Ed.  1.  that  the  people 
shall  have  election  of  sherif  in  evciy  shire, 
where  the  shrievalty  is  not  of  inheritance. 

Blackstone. 
SHRIEVE,  n.  Sherif     [JVot  in  use.] 
SHRIFT,  ji.  [Sax.  sc)(/?.J  Confession  inade 
10  a  priest.     06s.  Shak. 

SHRIGHT,  {or  shrieked.  Chaucer. 

SHRIGHT,  n.  A  shriek.     [A'o<  in  use 

Sjtcnscr. 
SHRIKE,  n.  [See   Shriek.]    Tho   butcl 
bird  ;  a  genus  of  birds  called  Lanius,  of 
several  species. 
SHRILL,  a.  [W.  g-nV/,  a  sharp  noise  ;  Arm 
scrilh,  a  cricket,  L.  gryllus.  I'r.  grillon,  Sji 
It.  grillo ;  It.  strillare,  to  scream.] 


shrill  voice  ;  shrill  echoes.  Shak. 

2.  Uttering  an  acute  sound  ;  as  the  cock's 
shrill  sounding  throat ;  a  shrill  trumpet. 

[Note.  A  shrill  sound  may  be  tremulous  or  trill- 
ing ;  but  this  circumstance  is  not  essential  to  it, 
although  it  seems  to  be  from  the  root  of  trill.'] 

SHRILL,  V.  i.  To  utter  an  acute  piercing 
Sound. 

Break  we  our  pipes  that  shriU'd  as  loud  as 
lark.  Spenser. 

SHRILL,  V.  t.  To  cause  to  make  a  shrill 
sound.  Spenser. 

SHRILL'NESS,  n.  Acuteness  of  sound; 
sharpness  or  fineness  of  voice.  Smith. 

SHRIL'LY,  adv.  Acutely,  as  sound  ;  with  a 
sharp  sound  or  voice.  JUore. 

SHRIMP,  v.t.  [D.  krimpen;  Dan.  skrum- 
per,  to  crumple,  to  shrink  ;  G.schrumpfen; 
W.  crom,  crwm,  bending  or  shrinking   in.] 

To  contract.     [JVot  in  use.]  Echard. 

SHRIMP,  n.  [supra.]  A  crustaceous  animal 
of  the  genus  Cancer.  It  has  loi^g  slender 
feelers,  claws  with  a  single,  hooked  fang, 
and  three  pair  of  legs.  It  is  esteemed  de- 
licious food. 

2.  A  little  wrinkled  man  ;  a  dwarf;  in  con- 
tempt. Shak. 

SHRINE,  n.  [Sax.  serin;  G.  schrein;  Sw. 
skrin;  L.  scrinium  ;  h.scrigno;  Fr.  ecrin. 
See  Skreen.] 

A  case  or  box ;  particularly  applied  to  a  case 

in    which    sacred    tlimgs   are    deposited. 

Hence  we  hear  much  of  shrines  for  relics. 

Come,  otler  at  my   shrine,   and   I    will   help 

thee.  Shak. 

SHRINK,  V.  i.  pret.  and  pp.  shrunk.  The 
old  pret.  shrank  and  pp.  shrunken  are 
nearly  obsolete.  [Sax.  scrincan.  If  n  is 
not  radical,  llie  root  is  rig  or  ryg.] 

or  be 
com- 
pass by  an  inherent  power;  as,  woolen 
cloth  shrinks  in  hot  water ;  a  flaxen  or 
hempen  Ime  shrinks  in  a  humid  atmos- 
phere. Many  substances  shrink  by  dry- 
ing. 

To  shrivel  ;  to  become  wrinkled  by  con- 
traction ;  as  the  skin. 

To  withdraw  or  retire,  as  from  dan- 
ger ;  to  decline  action  from  li^ar.  A  brave 
man  never  s/iri«^s  fruiii  danger;  a  good 
man  does  uoi  shrink  from  duty. 

4.  To  reciiil,  as  m  fear,  horror  or  distress. 
My  mind  shrinks  Iruni  the  recital  of  our 
woes. 

What  happier  natures  shrink  at  with  affright. 
The  hard  inliabilant  contends  is  right. 

Pope. 

5.  To  express  fear,  hormr  or  pain  by  shrug- 
ging or  contracting  the  body.  Shak. 

SHRINK,  V.  I.  To  cause  to  contract ;  as,  to 
shrink  flannel  by  immersing  it  in  boiling 
water. 


O  mighty  Cesar,  dost  thou  lie  so  low  ! 
Are  all  Illy  conquests,  glories,  triumphs,  spoils, 
Shrunk  lo  this  little  measure  !  Shak. 

SHRINK,  n.  Contraction;  a  spontaneous 
drawing  into  less  compass;  corrugation. 

IVoodward. 
2.  Contraction  ;    a  withdrawing   from    (ear 
or  horror.  Oaniei. 

S1IRINK'.\(J!E,  n.  .\  shrinking  or  coniruc- 
tioii  into  a  le~s  cmnpass.  Make  an  allow- 
ance for  the  shrinkage  of  grain  in  drying. 


S  H  R 


S  H  R 


SHU 


SFIRINK'ER,  n.  Ono  that  shrinks;  one 
tliut  uiiinlriiws  from  danger. 

SHIIINK'ING,  ppr.  Contracting;  drawing 
togetlicr  ;  witlHlrawing  I'rorn  danger;  de- 
cliinng  to  act  from  fear;  causing  to  con- 
tract. 

SIIRIV'ALTY.  [See.S/tnV»a^/7/.] 

SIIIUVK,  V.  t.  [Sax.  scrifan,  to  take  a  con- 
fes.-fion.  Hut  tlic  sense  seems  to  be  to 
enjoin  or  impose  penance,  or  simply  to  en- 
join.] 

To  hear  or  receive  the  confession  of;  to 
administer  confession  ;  as  a  priest. 

He  shrives  this  woman.     Obs.  Shak. 

SHRIVEL,  V.  i.  shriv't.  [from  the  root  of 
rivel,  Ha.v.  gerijled.] 

To  contract ;  to  draw  or  be  drawn  into 
wrinliles;  to  shriiii*  and  form  corruga- 
tions; as,  a  leaf  .s/iriiieis  in  tlie  liot  sun; 
tlie  sl<in  shrivtls  with  age. 

SHRIV'KL,  V.  t.  To  contract  into  wrin- 
kles; to  <^ause  to  sinink  into  corruga- 
tions. A  scorcliing  sun  shrivtls  tlie  blades 
of  corn. 

And  shriveVd  herbs  on  withering  stems  de- 
cay. DryiUn. 

SHRIVELED,  pp.  Contracted  into  wrin- 
kles. 

SHRIVELING,  ppr.  Contracting  into 
wrinkles. 

SHRI'VER.  n.  [from  «/irire.]  A  confessor. 
Olts.  Shak. 

SHRI'VING,  ?i.  Shrift;  confession  taken. 
Ob.i.  Spenser. 

SHROUD,  n.  [Sax.  scrud,  clothing.] 

1.  A  .slielter;  a  cover  ;  that  whicli  covers, 
conceals  or  protects. 

Swaddled,  as  new  bom,  in  sable  shroinls. 

.Saiulys. 

2.  The  dress  of  the  dead  ;  a  winding  sheet. 

Young. 

3.  Shroud  or  shrouds  of  a  ship,  a  range  nf 
large  ropes  extending  from  the  heailofa 
mast  to  the  right  and  letl  sides  of  the  ship, 
to  support  the  mast ;  as  the  main  shrouds; 
fore  shrouds;  mizeii  shrouds.  Tlnire  are 
also  fiittock  shrouds,  bowsprit  shrouds,  &.<•. 

Mar.  Did. 

4.  A  branch  of  a  tree.     [JVot  proper.] 

IVarlon 

SHR('UD,  v.t.  To  cover;  to  shelter  from 

danger  or  annoyance. 

Under  your  beams  I  will  me  safely  shroud 

Spenser. 
One  of  these  trees  with  all  its  young  ones 
may  shrottd  four  hundred  horsemen. 

Raleigh 

2.  To  dress  for  the  grave;  to  cover;  as  a 
dead  body. 

The  ancient  Kgypti.^n  mummies  were  shrowl- 
cd  in  several  folds  of  liuen  besmeared  with 
glims.  Bacon. 

3.  To  cover;  to  conceal;  to  hide;  as,  to  be 
shrotidcd  in  darkness. 

— Some  tempest  rise, 
And  blow  out  all  the  stars  that  light  the  skies, 
To  .*ihroud  my  shame.  Dryden. 

4.  To  delend  ;  to  protect  by  hiding. 

So  Venus  from  prevailing  Greeks  did  shroud 
The  hope   of  Rome,   and    savM   him    in   a 
cloud.  Waller. 

5.  To  overwhelm ;  as,  to  be  shroud.ed  in 
d<;spair. 

6.  To  lop  the  branches  of  a  tree.  [Unusual 
or  improper.]  Chambers. 

SHROUD,  f.  i.  To  take  shelter  or  harbor. 
If  \oui  stray  alii.'ndants  be  yet  lodg'd 
Or  shroud  within  these  lunits —  Milton. 


SHROUD'ED,  pp.  Dressed  ;  covered ;  con 

I     cealid  ;  sheltered  ;  overwhelmed. 
'SHROUDING,   ppr.    Dressing  ;  covering 
I     cone,  aling  ;  sheltering  ;  overwhelming. 
SHROUU'Y,  a.  Artording  shelter.     Milton 
jSHROVE,  v.i.  To  join  in  the  festivities  of 
j     Shrove-tide.     [Obs.]  Beaum. 

SHRO'VE-TIDIi:,  )         [from      shrove, 

SHROVE-TCESDAY,  I  "•  pret.  of  shrive, 
to  take  a  confession.  See  Tide  and  Tues-\ 
day.] 
Confession-time  ;  confession-Tuesday  ;  the' 
Tuesday  after  Quinquagesima  Sunday,' 
or  the  day  innnediately  preceding  thel 
first  of  Lent,  or  Ash  Wednesday;  on  wliicli| 
day,  all  the  people  of  England  when  of 
the  Catholic  n^ligion,  were  obliged  to  con-| 
fess  their  sins  one  by  one  to  their  parish 
jjriests ;  after  which  they  dined  on  pan- 
cakes or  fritters.  The  latter  practice  still 
continues.  The  bell  rung  on  this  day  is 
called  |)ancake-bell.  Enci/c. 

SIIRO'VING,  n.    The  festivity  of  Shrove- 
tide. 
SHRUB,  n.    [Sax.  scroh,  G.  schrojf,  rugged  ; 

Ir.  sgrabach,  rough.  See  Scrub.] 
A  low  dwarf  tree ;  a  woody  plant  of  a  size 
less  than  a  tree ;  or  more  strictly,  a  plant 
with  several  permanent  woody  stems,  di- 
viding from  the  bottom,  more  slender  and 
lower  than  in  trees.  Enci/c.     Murli/n. 

Gooseberries    and    cun-ants  are  shrubs  ;  oaks 
and  cherries  are  trees.  Locke, 

s   o   3 


SHRUB,  n.    [Ar. 


■^  drink,   and    from 


the  same  source,  sirup.  The  Arabia 
verb  signifies  to  drink,  to  imbibe,  whence 
L.  sorbeo.     See  Sherbet  and  Absorb.] 

A  luiuor  composed  of  acid  and  sugar,  with 
spirit  to  preserve  it;  usually  the  acid  of 
lemons. 

SHRUB,  V.  t.    To  clear  of  shrubs. 

Anderson. 

SHRUBBERY,  n.  Shrubs  in  general. 

2.   A  planiation  of  shrubs. 

SHRUB'BY,  a.  Full  of  shrubs  ;  as  a  shrub- 
by plain. 

2.  Resembling  a  shrub;  as  plant.*!  .'ihrubby 
and  curled.  .Mortimer. 

.3.  Consisting  of  shrubs  or  brush  ;  as  shrubby 
browze.  Philips. 

4.  A  shrubby  jilant  is  perennial,  with  several 
woody  stems.  Marlijn. 

SHRUFF,  )(.  [G.  schrojf,  rugged.]  Dross  ; 
recrement  of  metals.     [JVolin  use.]    Dirt. 

SHRUG,  1'.  I.  [This  word  is  probably  form- 
ed friitii  the  root  of  G.  riicken,  the  back. 
D.  rug.  Sax.  hric  or  hryg,  the  back,  a 
ridge,  W.  cru^,  a  heap,  crwg,  a  crook,  L. 
ruga,  a  wrinkle,  Eng.  rough.] 

To  draw  up;  lo  contract;  as,  to  shrug  the 
shoulders.     The  word  seems  to  be  limit 
ed  in  its  use  to  the  shoulders,  and  to  de- 
note a  particular  motion  which  raises  the 
shoulders  and  rounds  the  back. 

SHRUG,  V.  i.  To  raise  or  draw  up  the 
shoulders,  as  in  expressing  horror  or  dis- 
satisfaction. 

They  grin,  they  shrug. 
They  bow,  they  snarl,  they  scratch,  they  hus; 

Su-ift 

SHRUG,  n.  A  drawing  up  of  the  shoulders; 
a  motion  usually  expressing  dislike. 
The  Spaniards  talk  in  dialogues 
Of  heads  and  shoulders,  nods  and  shrugs. 

Hudibras 


SHRUGGING,  ppr.  Drawing  up,  as  the 
shoulders. 

SHRUNK,  pret.  aud  pp.  of  shrink. 

SMIUJNK'EN,  pp.  of  shrink.  [JVearly  ob- 
solete. ] 

SHUDDER,  r.  t.  [G.  sehaudem,  schiUleln  ; 
D.  schuddtn.  Tiiis  word  contains  tllO 
same  elements  as  the  L.  (jualio.] 

To  quake ;  to  tremble  or  shake  with  fear, 
liorror  or  aversion  ;  to  shiver. 
I  love — alas  !  I  shudder  at  the  name. 

Snulh. 

SIIUD'DER,  n.  A  tremor;  a  shaking  with 
tear  or  horror.  Shak. 

SHUDDERING,  ppr.  Trembling  or  shak- 
ing with  tear  or  horror;  r|uakinff. 

SHUF'F],E,  t'.  I.  [D.  schoffelen,  to"'shove,  to 
shovel,  to  shiiUle ;  dim.  of  shove.  See 
Shove  aud  ScuJJle.] 

1.  I'roperly,  to  shove  ono  way  and  the  other  : 
to  push  from  one  to  another;  as,  lo  shiiffle 
money  from  hand  to  hand.  Locke. 

2.  To  mix  by  pushing  or  shoving  ;  to  con- 
fuse ;  to  throw  into  disonler  ;  especially, 
to  change  the  relative  positions  of  cards  in 
the  pack. 

.\  man  may  shuffle  cards  or  rattle  dice  from 
noon  to  midnight,  without  tracing  a  new  idea 
in  his  mind.  Rambler. 

3.  To  remove  or  introduce  by  artificial  con- 
fusion. 

It  was  contrived  by  your  enemies,  and  shuf- 
fled into  the  papers  tbat  were  seized.     Dryden. 

To  shuffle  off,  to  push  ofl';  to  rid  one's  self 
of.  When  you  lay  lilame  to  a  chdd,  he 
will  attempt  to  shuffle  it  off. 

To  shuffle  up,  to  throw  together  in  haste ;  to 
make  up  or  form  in  confusion  or  with 
fraudulent  disorder ;  as,  he  shuffled  up  a 
peace.  Howell. 

SHUF'FLE,  v.i.  To  change  the  relative 
position  of  cards  in  a  pack  by  little  shoves; 
as,  to  shuffle  and  cut. 

2.  To  change  the  position  ;  to  shift  ground  ; 
to  prevaricate  ;  to  evade  fair  questions  ; 
to  practice  shifts  to  elude  detection. 

Hiding  my  honor  in  my  necessity,  I  am  fain 
to  shnffle.  Shak. 

3.  To  struggle  ;  to  shift. 

Vour  life,  good  master. 
Must  shuffle  for  itself.  .V/iat. 

4.  To  move  with  an  irregular  gait ;  as  ik 
shuffling  nag. 

.5.  To  shove  the  feet;  to  scrape  the  floor  in 
dancing.     [Vulgar.]  Shak. 

SHUF'FLE,  n.  .\  shoving,  pushing  or  jost- 
ling ;  the  act  of  mixing  and  throwing  into 
confusion  by  cliauge  of  places. 

The  unguided  agiiation  and  rude  shuffles  of 
matter.  Bentley. 

2.  An  evasion  ;  a  trick  ;  an  artifice. 

L'Estrange. 

SHUF'FLE-BOARD,  the  old  spelling  of 
shovel-board. 

SHUFFLE-CAP,  n.  A  play  performed  by 
shaking  money  in  a  hat  or  cap. 

Arbuthnot. 

SHUF'FLED,  pp.  Moved  by  little  shoves  ; 
mixed. 

SHUFFLER,  n.  One  that  shuffles  or  pre- 
varicates ;  one  that  plays  tricks ;  one  that 
shuflle.'*  cards. 

SHUFFLING,  ppr.  Moving  by  little  shoves 
one  way  and  the  other;  changing  the 
places  of  cards;  prevaricating;  evading; 
playing  tricks. 

2.  a.  Evasive  ;  as  a  shuffling  excuse. 


SHU 


Shak. 
keeping  clear 


SHUF'FLLMG,  n.  Theactof  tlirowing  into 
cnlii^iuii,  or  of  changing  the  rehitive  po- 
sition of  things  by  shoving  or  motion. 

2.  Trick ;  artifice  ;  evasion. 

3.  An  irregular  gait. 
SHUF'FLINGLY,    adv.    With    shuffling  ; 

with  an  irregular  gait  or  pace.        Dryden. 
SHUN,  V-  t.  [Sax.  scunian,  ascunian  ;  allied 
perhaps  to  D.  schuinen,  to  slope.] 

1.  To  avoid  ;  to  keep  clear  of;  not  to  fall  on 
or  coine  in  contact  with  ;  as,  to  shun 
rocks  and  shoals  in  navigation.  In  shun- 
ning Scylla,  take  care  to  avoid  Charylulis. 

2.  To  avoid ;  not  to  mix  or  associate  with  ; 
a.s,  to  shun  evil  company. 

3.  To  avoid  ;  not  to  practice  ;  as,  to  shun 
vice. 

4.  To  avoid  ;  to  escape  ;  as,  to  shun  a  blow. 

5.  To  avoid  ;  to  decline;  to  neglect. 

I   have  not  shunned   to   declare   the   whole 
counsel  of  God.     Acts  xx. 

SHUN'LESS,  a.  Not  to  be  avoided;  itiev- 
itable;  unavoidable;  as  shunless  destiny 
[Little  tised.] 

SHUN'NED,  pp.  Avoided. 

SHUNNING,  ppr.  Avoiding 
from ;  declining. 

SlIURK.     [See  Shark.] 

SHUT,  V.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  shut.  [Sax.  sciUan 
scyttan,  to  bolt  or  make  fast,  to  shut  in 
This  seems  to  be  derived  from  or  connect- 
ed with  5c//(f/,a  bolt  or  bar,  a  scuttle,  scyt-\ 
ta,  a  shooter,  an  archer,  scytan,  sceotan, 
scotian,  to  shoot,  D.  schuiten,  to  stop,  de-] 
fend,  parry,  pound,  confine,  which  seems 
to  be  allied  to  schuller,  a  shooter.  So  in 
G.  schiUzen,  to  defend,  and  schidze,  a, 
shooter  ;  Dan.  skytttr,  to  defend  ;  skytte,  a] 
shooter;  Sw.  skyddn,  to  defend;  skyll,  a 
marksman.  The  sense  of  these  words  is 
expressed  by  s/ioo<,  and  this  is  the  primary 
sense  of  a  bolt  that  fastens,  from  thrust- 
ing, driving.] 

1.  To  close  so  as  to  hinder  mgress  or 
cress  ;  as,  to  shut  a  door  or  gate  ;  to  shut 
the  eyes  or  the  mouth. 

2.  To   prohibit ;  to  bar ;  to  forbid  entrance 
'  into  ;  as,  to  shut  the  ports  of  a  kingdom  by 

a  blockade. 

Shall  thatbes/m(  to  man,  which  to  the  beast 
Lsopen?  Mdton. 

3.  To  preclude  ;  to  exclude. 

But  shut  from  every  shore.  Dryden. 

4.  To  close,  as  the  lingers  ;  to  contract ;  as 
to  shid  the  hand. 

To  shut  in,  to  inclose;  to  confine. 

And  the  Lord  shut  him  in.     Gen.  vii. 

2.  Spoken  of  points  of  land,  when   by  the 
progress  of  a  ship,  one  point  is  brought  to 
cover  or  intercept  the  view  of  another.    It 
is  then  said,  we  shut  in  such  a  point,  we 
shtd  in  the  land  ;  or  one  point  shuts  in  an- 
other. .  I 
To  shut  out,  to  preclude  from  entenng ;  to 
deny    admission   to  ;  to   exclude  ;   as,   to 
.thui  out  rain  by  a  tight  roof.     An  interest- 
ing subject  occupying  the  mind,  shuts  out 
all  other  thoughts. 
To  shut  up,  to  close  ;  to  make  fast  the  en- 
trniKcs  into  ;  as,  to  shut  up  a  house. 

2.  To  obstruct. 

Dangerous  rocks  shut  up  the  passage. 

Raleigh. 

3.  To  confine ;  to  imprison  ;  to  lock  or  fas- 
ten in  ;  as,  to  shut  up  a  prisoner. 

4.  To  confine  by  legal  or  moral  restraint. 


SIB 

Before  faith  came,  we  were  kept  under  the 
law,  shut  up  to  the  faith,   which  should   after- 
wards be  revealed.     Gal.  hi. 
5.  To  end  ;  to  terminate  ;  to  conclude. 

When  the  scene  of  life  is  shut  ujt,  the  slave 
will  be  above  his  master,  if  he  has  acted  better. 

Collier. 

SHUT,  V.  i.  To   close  itself;  to  be  closed. 

The  door  shuts   of  itself;  it  shuts   hard. 

Certain  flowers  shut  at  night  and  open  in 

the  day. 

SHUT,    pp.    Closed;  having  the  entrance 

barred. 
2.  a.  Rid ;  clear  ;  free.  L' Estrange. 

SHUT,  n.  Close;  the  act  of  closing  ;  as  the 
s/iu<  of  a  door  ;  the  s^ui  of  evening.     [Lit- 
tle used.]  Dryden. 
2.  A   small   door  or  cover.     But  shutter  is 

more  generally  used. 
SHUT'TER,    71.    A    person   that   shuts   or 

closes. 
2.  .A  door;  a  cover ;  something  that   closes 

a  passage  ;  as  the  shutters  of  a  window. 
SHUT'TING,    ppr.      Closing  ;   prohibiting 

entrance ;  confining. 
SHUT'TLE,    n.    [from   the  root  of  shoot ; 

Ice.  skutid.] 
An  instrument  used  by  weavers  for  shooting 
the  thread  of  the  woof  in  weaving  from 
one  side  of  the  cloth  to  the  other,  between 
the  threads  of  the  warp. 
SHUT'TLE-eOCK,  n.  [shuttle  and  cock  or 

cork.] 
A  cork  stuck  with  fethers,  used  to  be  struck 

by  a  battledore  in  play  ;  also,  the  play. 
SHY,  a.  [G.  scheu,  shy;  scheurhen,  to  scare, 
and  scheuen,  to  shun  ;  U.  schuiu,  shy  ; 
schuwen,  to  shun  ;  Sw.  skygg,  shy,  and 
sky,  to  shun  ;  Dan.  sky,  shy,  and  skyer,  to 
shun,  to  eschew.  Iii  Sp.  esijuivo  is  shy, 
and  esquivar,  to  shun;  It.  schifo,  shy,  and, 
schifare,  to  shun.  The  two  last  mentioned 
languages  have  a  labial  for  the  last  radi- 
cal, but  possibly  the  words  may  be  of  the 
same  family.  The  G.  scheuchen,  to  scare,; 
is  our  shoo,  a  word  used  for  scaring  away 
fowls.] 

1.  Fearful  of  near  approach  ;  keeping  at  a 
distance  through  caution  or  timidity  ; 
shunning  approach  ;  as  a  shy  bird. 

She  is  represented  in  a  shy  retiring  posture. 

.Iddison. 

2.  Reserved  ;  not  familiar  ;  coy  ;  avoiding 
freedom  of  intercourse 


nter. 
Ure. 
biss,   Fr. 

S  and  : 


>syc- 


What  makes  you  so  shy,  my  good  friend  ? 

Jlrbuthnot 


3.  Cautious ;  wary ;  careful  to  avoid   com- 
mitting one's  self  or  adopting  measures. 

I  am  very  shy  of  using  corrosive  liquors  in  the 
preparation  of  medicines.  Boyle. 

Suspicious ;  jealous. 

Princes  are  by  wisdom  of  state  somewhat  shy 
of  their  successors.  Wotton. 

SHY'LY,  adv.    In  a  shy  or  timid  manner; 
not  familiarly  ;  with  reserve. 

SHY'NESS,  71.  Fear  of  near  approach  or 
of  familiarity  ;  reserve;  coyness. 

SIALOGOGUE,  n.    siaVogog.    [Gr.  bm-kov, 
saliva,  and  oywyoj,  leading.] 

\  medicine  that  promotes  the  salivary  dis- 
charge. Emr- 

SIB,  a  relation,  in   Saxon,  but  not  in   use 
in  English.  _ 

SIBE'RIAN,  a.  [Russ.  sivtr,  north.  Sibe 
ria  is  formed  by  annexing  the  Greek  vi, 
country,  from  the  Celtic,  to  siver,  north.] 


SIC 

Pertaining  to  Siberia,  a  name  given  to  a 
great  and  indefinite  extent  of  territory  in 
the  north  of  .Asia  ;  as  a  Siberian  winter. 

SIB'ERITE,  71.  Red  tourmalin. 

SIBILANT,     a.     [L.    sibilo,    to 
siffler ;  Russ.  soplyu,  sopyu,  id.] 

Hissing  ;  making  a  hissing  sound, 
are  called  sibilant  letters. 

SIBTL.\NT,  7j.  A  letter  that  is  uttered  with 
a  hissing  of  the  voice  ;  as  s  and  i. 

SIBIL.VTION,  n.  A  hissing  sound. 

Bacon. 

'sIB'YL,  71.  [from  the  L.]  In  pagan  ayUiq- 
uity,  the  Sibyls  were  certain  women  said 
to  be  endowed  with  a  prophetic  spirit. 
Their  number  is  variously  stated  ;  but  the 
opinion  of  Varro,  who  states  thjem  to 
have  been  ten,  is  generally  adopted. 
They  resided  in  various  parts  of  Persia, 
Greece  and  Italy.  It  is  pretended  that 
they  wrote  certain  prophecies  <iu  leaves  in 
verse,  which  are  called  Sibylline  verses,  or 
Sibylline  oracles.  Lempriere. 

SIB'YLLINE,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Sibyls; 
uttered,  written  or  composed  by  Sibyls. 

S1€'AM()RE,  71.  More  usually  written  stj 
amore,  which  see. 

SI€'€ATF;,  v.  t    To  dry.     [JVot  in  use.] 

SleC.\'  nON,  n.  The  act  or  process  of 
drying.     [.Vol  in  use.] 

SICCATIVE,  a.  [from  L.  sicca,  to  dry, 
Fr.  secher,  It.  seccare,  Sp.  secar,  W. 
syru.]     Drying  ;  causing  to  dry.       Eiuyc. 

SIc'eATIVE,  n.  That  which  promotes  the 
process  of  drying. 

SIC'CITY,  n.  [L.  siccitas.]  Dryness ;  arid- 
ity; destitution  of  moisture  ;  as  the  siccity 
ofthe  flesh  or  of  the  air.  Brown. 

SICE,  7!.  size.  [Fr.  six.]  The  number  six  at 
dice. 

SICH,  for  such.  [See  Such.]  Chaucer. 

SICK,  a.  [Sax.  seoc ;  D.  ziek ;  Sw.  sink  ; 
Ice.  syke.  Qu.  Gr.  eixzos,  squeamish,  lolh- 

•ng.] 

1.  AflTected  with  nausea;  inclined  to  vomit ; 
as  sjV*  at  the  stomach.  [This  is  probably 
the  primary  sense  ofthe  ivord.]     Hence, 

2.  Disgusted  ;  having  a  strong  dislike  to  ; 
with  of;  as,  to  V>e  sick  q/flattery;  to  be 
sickofa  country  life. 

He  was  not  so  sick  of  his  master  as  of  his 

work.  VEstrange. 

.3.  Art'ected  with  di-sease  of  any  kind;  not  in 

health  ;  followed  by  of;  as  to  be  sick  of  a 

fever. 

4.  Corrupted.     \J\i'ot  in  use  nor  proper.'] 

Shak. 

5.  The  sick,  the  person  or  persons  afiected 
with  disease.     The  sick  are  healed. 

SICK,  V.  t.  To  make  sick.  [JVot  in  use.  See 

Sicken.] 
SICK'BIRTH,  71.    In   a  ship  of  war,   an 

apartment  for  the  sick. 
SICKEN,    v.t.   sik'n.     To    make  sick ;  to 

disease. 


Raise   this   to   strength,  and   sicken  that   to 
death.  Prior. 

2.  To  make  squeamish.    It  sickens  thestoih- 
acli. 

3.  To  disgust.     I;  sickens  one  to  hear  the 
fawning  sycophant. 

4.  To  impair.  [Ao(  in  u«e.]  Shak. 
SICK'  EN,  V.  i.  To  become  sick  :  to  fall  into 
I     disease. 


S  I  c 


SID 


«  I  D 


I'hcjudfics  that  sat  upon  the  juil,  and  tliosc  that 
attendeil,  sickened  \iyou  it  and  died.        Bacon. 
■2.  To  be  !«atiated  ;  to  be  filled  to  disgust. 

Sliak. 

3.  To  beronie  disgusting  or  tedious. 

The  toiling  pleasure  sickens  into  pain. 

Goldsmilh 

4.  To  be  disgusted  ;  to  be  filled  with  aver- 
sion or  abhorrence.  lie  sickened  at  the 
sight  of  so  iiiMi'li  human  misery. 

5.  To  beoome  weak  ;  to  decay  ;  to  languish. 
Plants  often  sicken  and  die. 

All  pleasures  sicken,  and  all  glories  sink. 

Pope. 

SICK'ER,  a.  [h.  seeurus ;  Dan.  sikker ;  <J. 

sicker  ;  D.   zeker.]      Sure  ;  certain  ;  firm. 

Obs.  Spenser. 

SICK'ER,  adv.  Surely  ;  certainly.     Obs. 

Spenser. 
SICK'ERLY,  adv.  Surely.     Obs. 
SICK' ERN  ESS,  n.  Security.     Obs. 

Spenser. 

SICK'ISII,  a.  [from  sick.]     Soiuewhat  sick 

or  diseased.  Hakewill. 

2.  Exciting  disgust ;  nauseating  ;  as  a  sick- 
ish  tn^te. 

SKK'ISIINESS,  n.  The  quality  of  excit- 
ing disgust. 

SICKLE,  n.  sik'l.  [^nx.  sicel,  sicol ;  G.sich- 
el ;  U.  zikket ;  Gr.  ^aixf-t;,  ^ayxxof  ;  L.  sicu- 
/a,  from  the  root  iil  secu,  to  cut.] 

A  reaping  hook  ;  a  hooked  instrument  with 
teeth  ;  u.«ed  for  cutting  grain. 

Thou  slialt  not    move  a  sickle  to  thy  neigh- 
bor's standing  corn.     Deut.  .v.\iii. 

SICK'LEl),  a.  Furnished  with  a  sickle. 

Thomson 

SICK'LEIM.AN,  f       One  that  uses  a  si.-kle  ; 

SICK'LER,  ^  "•  a  reaper.  [JVotusedin 
JV.  England.]  Shak. 

SICKLE  WORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Coioniila. 

SICKLINESS,  n.  [from  si'c%.]  The  state 
of  being  sickly  ;  the  state  of  being  habit 
iially  diseaseil  ;  applied  to  persons. 

%  The  state  of  producing  sickness  exten 
sively  ;  as  the  sickliness  of  a  .season. 

3.  The  disposition  to  generate  disease  ex- 
toiisi\ely  ;  as  the  sickliness  of  a  cliiiiute 

SK'K'-LIST,  n.  A  list  containing  the  names 
of  the  sick.  I 

SlCK'LY,  a.  Not  healthy;  somewhat  af-| 
lected  with  disease  ;  or  habitually  indis- 
posed ;  as  a  sickly  person,  or  a  sickly  con- 
stitution ;  a  sickly  plant. 

2.  Producing  flisease  extensively  ;  marked 
witli  sickness;  as  a  sickly  time;  a  sickly 
antutnn. 

3.  Tending  to  produce  disease  ;  ss  a  sickly^ 
climate. 

4.  Faint ;  weak  ;  languid. 

'1  he  luoon  grows  sickly  at  the  sight  of  day. 

Dry  den 

SlCK'LY,  V.  t.  To  make  diseased.     [JVot  in 

"w-l  Shak, 

SICK'NESS,     n.      [G.    snchl.]       Nausea, 

squeamishness;  as  sickness  of  the  stomach. 

2.  State  of  being  diseased. 

I  do  lament  the  sickness  of  the  king.     Shak, 

3.  Disease  ;  malady  ;  a  morbid  state   of  the 
body  of  an  animal  or  plant,  in  which  the 
organs  do  not  perlectly  perform  their  natu 
ral  functions. 

Trust    not    too    much   your  now    resistless 

charms  ; 
Those  age  or  sickness  soon  or  late  disarms. 

Pope. 


Himself  took  our  infirmities,   and  bore  our 
sicknesses.     Matt.  viii. 

SIDE,  n.  [Sax.  sid,  side,  sida,  a  side,  also 
wide,  like  L.  lalus ;  D.  zyde,  si(l<>,  flank, 
page  ;  zid,  far  ;  G.  seite  ;  Sw.  sidn  ;  Dan. 
side,  a  side ;  sid  or  siid,  long,  trailing  ; 
sidst,  last ;  Scot,  side,  long.  These  words 
indicate  the  radical  sense  to  be  to  extend, 
dilate  or  draw  out.] 

The  broad  and  long  j)art  or  surface  of  a 
thing,  as  distinguished  from  the  e7id,  which 
is  of  less  extent  and  may  be  a  point;  as 
the  side  of  a  jjlank  ;  thesirfe  of  a  chest 


One  mighty  squadron  witli  a  side  wind  sped. 

Dry  den. 
So  we  say,  a  side  view,  aside  blow. 

litntley.     Pope. 
3.  Long;  large;  extensive.     Obs.  Shak. 

SIDE,  V.  i.  'J'o  lean  on  one  side.  [Little 
used.]  Bacon. 

2.  To  embrace  the  opinions  of  one  party  or 
engage  in  its  interest,  when  oppo.sed  to 
another  party  ;  as,  to  side  with  the  minis- 
terial party. 

All  side  in  parties  and  begin  th'  attack. 

Pope. 


the  s)(/(  of  a  bouse  or  of  a  ship.     One  strfe  SIDE,  r.  <.  To  stand  at   the  side  of     [.Yol 


of  a  lens  may  be  concave,  the  other  con 
vex. 

Side  is  distinguished  from  edge  ;  as  the 
side  of  a  knife  or  sword. 

2.  Margin;  edge;  verge;  border;  the  ex- 
terior line  of  any  thing,  considered  iti 
length ;  as  the  side  of  a  tract  of  land  or  a 
field,  as  distinct  fiom  the  end.  Hence  we|j 
say,  the  «»■(/(•  of  a  river;  the  side  of  a  road  ; 
the  east  and  west  side  of  the  American 
continent. 

3.  The  part  of  an  animal  between  the  back 
and  the  face  and  belly  ;  the  part  on  which 
the  ribs  are  situated  ;  as  the  right  side  ; 
the  left  .nde.  This  in  (juadrupeds  is  usual- 
ly the  broadest  part. 
Tiie  part  between  the   top  and   bottom  ; 

the  slope,  declivity  or  ascent,  as  of  a  hill 
or  mountain  ;  as  the  side  of  njount  Etna. 

5.  One  part  of  :i  thing,  or  its  superficies  ;  as 
the  side  of  a  ball  or  sphere. 

6.  Any  part  considered  in  respect  to  its  di- 
rection or  point  of  compass;  as  to  which- 
ever side  we  direct  our  view.  We  see 
difficulties  on  every  side. 

Party  ;  faction ;  sect ;  any  man  or  body 
of  men  considered  as  in  opposition  to  an- 
other. One  man  enlists  on  the  side  of  the 
tories;  another  on  the  .siVe  of  the  vvhigs.| 
Some  persons  change  sides  for  the  sake  of 
popularity  and  office,  and  sink  themselves 
in  public  estimation. 

And  sets  the  passions  on  the  side  of  truth. 

Pope 

8.  Interest;  favor. 
The  Lord  is  on  my  side.     Ps.  cxviii. 

9.  Any  part  being  in   opposition  or  contra- 
distinction to  another  ;  used  of  persons  or 
propositions.     In  that  battle,  the  slang|]ter!'siD'ERATED, 
was  great  on  both  sides.     Passion  invites 
ououcside;  reason  restrains  on  the  other. 

Open  justice  bends  on  neither  side. 

Dry  den. 

10.  Branch  of  a  family  ;  separate  line  of  de- 
scent ;  as,  by  the  father's  side  he  is  de-' 
sceiideil  from  a  noble  family  ;  by  the  moth- 
er's side  his  birth  is  respectable. 

11.  Quarter;  region;  part;  as  from  one 
side  of  heaven  to  the  other. 

To  take  sides,  to  embrace  the  opinions  or  at- 
tach one's  self  to  the  interest  of  a  party 

when  in  opposition  to  another. 
To  choose  sides,  to  select  parties  for  compe 

tition  in  exercises  of  any  kind. 
SIDE,  a.  Lateral  ;  as  a  side  post  ;  but  per 

haps   it  wotdd  be   better  to   consider  the 

word  as  compound. 

Being  on  tlie  side,  or   toward  the   side ; 

oblique ;  indirect. 
The  law  hath  no  side  respect  to  their  persons. 

Hooker. 


Spenser. 


in  use.\ 

2.  To  suit ;  to  pair.     [.Vol  in  u..., 

Clarendon. 

Sl'DEBOARD,  n.  [side  and  board.]  A 
pieceof  furniture  or  cabinet  work  consist- 
ing of  a  table  or  box  with  drawers  or 
cells,  placed  at  the  side  of  a  room  or  in  u 
recess,  and  used  to  hold  dining  utensils, 

&.C. 

SI'DE-BOX,  n.  [side  nm\  box:]  A  box  or  in- 
closed seat  on  the  side  of  a  theater,  dis- 
tinct from  the  seats  in  the  pit. 

SI'DE-FLY,  n.  An  insect.  Dcrham. 

SI'DELING,  adv.  [from  sidle  ;  D.  zyde- 
lings.] 

1.  Sidewise;  with  the  side  foremost  ;  as,  to 
go  sideling  through  a  crowd.  It  njay  be 
used  as  a  participle  ;  .is,  1  saw  him  side- 
ling through  the  crowd. 

2.  Sloping. 

SI'DELONG,  a.  [side  an.l  long.]  Lateral ; 
I  oblique  ;  not  directly  in  front  ;  as  a  «i(/e- 
[     long  glance.  Dn/den. 

SI'DELONG,  adv.  Laterally  ;  oblicjiiely ; 
I     in  the  direction  of  the  side.  .Milton. 

j2.  On  the  side  ;  as,  to  lay  a  thing  sidelong. 
t    ,       ,  Evelyn. 

jSI'DER,  ji.  One  that  takes  a  side  or  joins  a 
I     party. 

(2.  Cider.     [.Vot  in  use.] 
SID'ER.AL,     )      [L.  sidcralis,  from  sidus, 
iSIDE'REAL,  p-a  star.]     Pertaining  to  a 

star  or  stars;   astral;  as  siVrrn/ light^ 

2.  Containing  stars;  starry;  as  sidereal  re- 
gions. 

Sidereal  year,  in  astronomy,  the  period  in 
wliieh  the  fixed  stars  apparently  conipliie 
a  revolution  and  come  to  the  same  point 
in  the  hea\  ens. 

!.  [L.  sidtratus.]    Blasted  ; 
phmet-strui  k.  firotcn. 

SIDERA'TION,  n.  [L.  sideratio;  sidero,  to 
blast,  from  sidus,  a  star.] 

A  blasting  or  blast  in  plants;  a  sudden  de- 
privation ofsen.se;  an  apoplexy;  a  slight 
erysipelas.     [JVot  mnrh  used.] 

Ray.     Coxe. 

A  sphacelus,  or  a  species  of  erysipelas, 

vnlgarlv  called  a  blast.  '     Parr. 

SID'ERITE,  n.  [L.  sidiritis ;  Gr.  id.  from 
aiir^poi,  iron.] 

1.  The  loadstone  ;  also,  iron-wort,  a  genus 
of  plants;  also,  the  common  ground  pine 
(Teucrium  ckamapitys.  Limie.) 

Coje.     Encyc.     Parr. 

2.  In  mineralogy,  a  phosphate  of  iron. 
Lavoisier.     Pourcroy. 

SIDEROCAL  CITE,  n.  Brown  spar.     Vre. 

SIDEROCLEPTE,  n.  A  mineral  of  a  yel- 
lowish green  (  olor,  sot't  and  translucid,  oc- 
curring in  renilbrm  or  botryoidal  masses. 

Saussure. 


S  I  E 


S  I  G 


S  I  G 


SIDEROGRAPH'I€,        ?„     [See    Siclero- 

Sli)EROGRAPH'l€AL,  S  graphy.]  Per- 
taiuiiig  to  siderography,  or  pertormed  by 
eiigiaved  |)lates  of  steel  ;  as  siderographic 
art ;  sideiogrnphic  impressions. 

SIDEROG'RAPHIST,  n.  One  who  en- 
graves steel  plates,  or  performs  work  by 
means  of  such  plates. 

SIDEROGRAPHY,  n.  [Or.  aiSiipoj,  steel 
or  iron,  and  ypo^u,  to  engrave.] 

The  art  or  practice   of  engraving  on   steel, 
by  means  of  which,   impressions  may  b 
transferred  from  a   steel   plate   to  a  steel 
cylinder  in  a  rolling  press  of  a  particniar 
construction.  Perkins. 

SI' DE-SADDLE,  n.  [side  and  saddle.]  A 
saddle  for  a  woman'.<  scat  on  horseback 

SIDE-SADDLE  FLOWER,  n.  A  species 
of  Sarracenia. 

SI' DESMAN,  n.  [side  and  man.]  An  as 
sistant  to  the  church  warden. 

2.  A  party  man.  Milton. 

SI'DETAKING,  n.  A  taking  sides,  or  en- 
gaging in  a  party.  Halt. 

SI'DEW  AYS,  I     , ,  [side  and  loay ;  but  side- 

SI'DEVVISE,   \  icise  is  the  proper  com- 

bination.] 

1.  Towards  one  side ;  inclining  ;  as,  to  hold 
the  head  sidejvise. 

2.  Laterally  ;  on  one  side  ;  as  the  refraction 
of  light  sVrfeime.  JVewton. 

SI'DING,  ppr.  Joining  one  side  or  party. 

SIDING,  ;i.  The  attaching  of  one's  self  to 
a  party. 

SI'DLE,  V.  i.  To  go  or  move  side  foremost; 
as,  to  sidle  through  a  crowd. 

2.  To  lie  on  the  side.  Swift. 

SIEciE,  n.  [Fr.  siege,  a  seat,  a  siege,  the  see 
of  a  bishop  ;  Norm,  sorg-e,  a  seat;  It.  seg 
gia,  seggio  ;  Arm.  sieh,  sicha,  sichenn.  The 
radical  sense  is  to  set,  to  fall  or  to  throw 
down  ;  Sax.  sigan,  to  fall,  set  or  rush 
down.  These  words  seem  to  be  connect- 
ed with  sink,  and  with  the  root  of  seal,  L 
sigillum.] 

1.  The  setting  of  an  army  around  or  before 
a  fortified  place  for  the  purpose  of  com- 
pelling the  garrison  to  surrender ;  or  the 
surrounding  or  investing  of  a  place  by  an 
army,  and  approaching  it  by  passages  and 
advanced  works,  which  cover  the  besieg- 
ers from  the  enemy's  fire.  A  siege  dif- 
fers from  a  blockade,  as  in  a  siege  the  in- 
vesting army  approaches  the  fortified 
place  to  attack  and  reduce  it  by  force  ; 
but  in  a  blockade,  the  army  secures  all  the 
avenues  to  the  place  to  intercept  all  sup- 
plies, and  waits  till  famine  compels  the 
garrison  to  surrender. 

2.  Any  continued  endeavor  to  gain  posses 
sion.  I 

Love  stood  the   siege,  ami  would  not  yield 
his  breast.  Dryden. 

Seat;  throne.     Ohs.  Spenser. 


:i. 


4.  Haidi;  place;  class. 
a.  Stiiol.  [.Vo(  hi  itse.] 
SlEi;E,  f.  (.  To  besiege. 


Obs. 


Shak 
Broxvn 
[J^ot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 
SI'ENITE,  ji.  A  compound  granular  rock 
comiioseil  of  quartz,  hornblend  and  feld 
spar,  of  n  grayish  color  ;  so  calle<l,  be 
cause  there  are  many  ancient  nionnments 
consisting  of  this  rock,  brought  from 
Sycne,  in  Upper  Egypt.  Lunier. 


SIEUR,  M.  [Fr.]  A  title  of  respect  used  by 
the  French. 

SIEVE,  71.  siv.  [Sax.  sife,  sijfe ;  G.  sieh ;  D. 
zee/,  zijl ;  the  sijler.     See  Sift.] 

An  utensil  for  separating  flour  from  hran,j 
or  the  fine  part  of  any  pulverized  or  fine 
substance  from  the  coarse,  by  the  hand ; 
as  a  fine  sieve;  a  coarse  sieve.  It  con- 
sists of  a  hoop  with  a  hair  bottom,  and 
performs  in  the  family  the  service  of  a 
bolter  in  a  mill. 

SIFT,  v.t.  [Sax.  siflan  ;  G.  sieben ;  D.  zif- 
ten.] 

\.  To  separate  by  a  sieve,  as  the  fine  part  of 
a  substance  from  the  coarse  ;  as,  to  sift 
meal ;  to  sift  powder  ;  to  sift  sand  or  lime. 

'2.  To  separate  ;  to  part.  Dryden. 

3.  To  examine  minutely  or  critically  ;  to 
scrutinize.  Let  the  priucijiles  of  the  par 
tv  be  thoroughly  sifted. 

We  liave  sifted  your  objections.  Huoher. 

SIFT'ED,  pp.  Separated  by  a  sieve;  puri 
fied  from  the  coarser  parts ;  critically  ex- 
amined. 

SIFTER,  n.  One  that  sifts  ;  that  which 
sifts ;  a  sieve. 

SIFT'ING,  ppr.  Separating  the  finer  from 
the  coarser  part  by  a  sieve  ;  critically  ex 
amining. 

SIG,  a  Saxon  word  signifying  victory,  is 
used  in  names,  as  in  SiibeH,  briglit  victo- 
ry. It  answers  to  the  Greek  vix  in  JVi'can- 
der,  and  the  L.  tie,  in  Fictorinus. 

SIGH,  V.  i.  [Sax.  sican,  to  sigh  ;  D.  ztigt, 
a  sigh  ;  :i(g(en,  to  sigh  ;  Dan.  su^-^fr ;  S«. 
sucka  ;  allied  perhaps  to  suck,  a  drawing 
in  of  the  breath.] 

To  inhale  a  larger  quantity  of  air  than  usu- 
al and  innnediately  expel  it;  to  sufier  a 
single  deep  respiration. 

He  siglied  deeply  in  his  spirit.     Mark  viii. 

SIGH,  V.  t.  To  lament ;  to  mourn. 
Ages  to  come  and  men  unborn 
Shall  bless  her  name  and  sigli  her  fate. 

Prior. 

2.  To  express  by  sighs. 

The  gentle  swain — sighs  back  her  grief. 

Hoole. 

SIGH,  n.  A  single  deep  respiration;  a  long 
breath  ;  the  inhaling  of  a  larger  quantity 
of  air  tliaii  usual,  and  the  sudden  emission 
of  it.  This  is  an  effort  of  nature  to  dilate 
the  lungs  and  give  vigor  to  the  circulation 
of  the  blood,  when  the  action  of  the  heart 
and  arteries  is  languid  from  grief,  depress- 
ion of  spirits,  weakness  or  want  of  exer- 
cise. Hence  sighs  are  indications  of  grief 
or  debility. 

SIGHER,  n.  One  that  sighs. 

SIGHING,  ppr.  Suffering  a  deep  respira 
tiim  ;  tidiing  a  long  breath. 

SIGHING,  n.  The  act  of  suffering  a  deep 
respiration,  or  taking  a  long  breath. 

SIGHT,  JI.  [Sn\.  gcsiht,  with  a  prefix;  D. 
gezigt;  G.  sicht  ;  Dan.  sigt;  Sw.  sickt ; 
from  the  root  of  see.] 

1.  The  act  of  seeing;  perception  ofobjcctf 
by  the  eye ;  view  ;  as,  to  gain  sight  of 
land  :  to  have  a  sight  «f  a  landscape  ;  to 
lose  sight  of  a  ship  at  sea. 

A   cloud   received   hiui  out   of  their  sight. 
Acts  i. 

2.  The  faculty  of  vision,  or  of  perceiving  ob- 
jects by  the  instnunentality  of  the  eyes. 

1     It  has  l.cen  doubted  whether  moles  have 


sight.    JVIiltoii   lost  his  sight.    The  sigU 

usually  fails  at  or  before  fifty  years  of  age. 

0  loss  of  sigft(,  of  thee  I  most  complain. 

Milton: 
3.  Open  view  ;  the  state  of  admitting  unob- 
structed vision  ;  abeing  within  the  limits  of 
vision.  The  harbor  is  in  Sig'W  of  the  town. 
The  shore  of  Long  Island  is  in  sight  oi 
New  Haven.  The  White  mountain  is  in 
plain  sight  at  Portland,  in  Maine  ;  a  moun- 
tain is  or  is  not  within  sight ;  an  engage- 
ment at  sea  is  within  sight  of  land. 
Notice  fi-oin   seeing  ;   knowledge  ;   as   a 


.  letter  intended  for  the  sight  of  one  person 
only. 

6.  Eye  ;  the  instrument  of  seeing. 
From  the  depth  of  hell  tliey  lift  their  sight. 

Drijden. 
0.  An  aperture  through  which  objects  are  to 
be  seen  ;  or  something  to  direct  the  vis- 
ion ;  as  the  sight  of  a  quadrant ;  the  sight 
of  a  fowling  piece  or  a  rifle. 

7.  That  which  is  beheld  ;  a  spectacle  ;  a 
show  :  particularly,  something  novel  and 
remarkable  ;  something  wonderful. 

They  never  saw  a  sight  so  fair.  Spenser. 

Moses  said,  I  will  now  turn  aside  and  see 
this  great  sight,  why  the  bush  is  not  burned. 
Ex.  iii. 

Fearful  sights  and  great  signs  shall  there  be 
from  heaven.     Luke  xxi. 
To  take  sight,  to  take  aim ;  to  look   for  the 
purpose  of  directing  a  piece  of  artillery, 
&c. 
SIGHTED,    a.    In  composition  only,  having 
sight,  or  seeing  in  a  particular  manner;  as 
long-sighted,  seeing  at  a   great   distance ; 
short-sighted,  able  to  see  only  at  a  small 
distance  ;  quick-sighted,  readily  seeing,  dis- 
cerning  or  understanding;  sharp-sighted, 
having  a  keen  eve  or  acute  discernment. 
SIGHTFULNESS,   n.   Clearness  of  sight. 
[jYot  in  u.ie.]  Sidney. 

SIGHTLESS,  a.  Wanting  sight ;  blind. 
Of  all  who  blindly  creep,  or  sightless  soar. 

Pope. 

2.  Offensive  or  unpleasing  to  the  eye ;  as 

sightless   stains.       [JVot   well    aiUhorized.] 

Shak. 
SIGHTLINESS,    n.   Comely  ;   having    an 

appearance  pleasing  to  the  sight. 
SIGHTLY,  a.  Pleasing  to  the  eye  ;  striking 
to  the  view. 

Many  brave  sigtitly  horses —     L' Estrange. 

We  have  thirty  members,  the  most  sightly  of 

all  her  majesty's  subjects.  Jttlttist/n. 

2.  Open  to  the  view  ;  that  may  be  seen  from 

a  distance.     VV'e  say,  a  house  stands  in  a 

sightly  place. 

SIGIITSMAN,    n.    Among  musicians,  one 

who  reads  music  readily  at  first  sight. 

Busby. 
Slti'IL,  )i.  [L.  sigillum.]  A  seal ;  signature. 

Dri/den. 
SIGMOID'AL,     a.     [Gr.  e^^fia  and  u&os.] 
Curved  like  the  Greek  s  sigma. 

Smith.     Bigelow. 
The  sigmoid  flerure,  in  anatomy,  is  the  last 
curve  of  the  colon,  before  it  terminates  In 
the  rectum.  Parr. 

SIGN,  n.  sine.  [Fr.  .ligne ;  It.  segno;  Sp. 
sehn  ;  L.  signum  ;  Sax.  segen  ;  .\nti.  sygn, 
si/n  ;  Ir.  sighin  ;  G.  zeichen  ;  Sans.  zaga. 
From  the  last  three  words  it  appears  that 
JI  is  not  radical ;  the  elements  heiii;:  Sg. 
If  so,  and  the  G.  zeichen  is  of  ihis  family, 
then  wc  learn  that  sign  is  only  a  dialect- 


S  I  G 


S  I  G 


S  I  G 


ical  orthography  o{  token,  (or  zeichen  is  the 
D.  teeken,  l)a.D.  tegn,  Sw.  tecken,  coincidiDg 
perhaps  with  (ir.  inxnui.] 

1.  A  tolien  ;  soinething  by  which  another 
thing  is  shown  or  represented ;  any  visi 
l)I<!  tiling,  any  motion,  appearance  or  event 
•whicli  indicates  the  existence  or  approacli 
of  soinetliing  else.  Thus  we  speak  ofj 
signs  o(  fair  weatlier  or  of  a  storm,  and  of 
external  marks  which  are  signs  of  a  good 
constitution.  . 

2.  A  motion,  action,  nod  or  gesture  indica 
ting  a  wish  or  command. 

They  made  signs  to  his  father,  how  he  would 
have  him  called.     I.uke  i. 

3.  A  wonder ;  a  miracle ;  a  prodigy ;  a  re- 
markable transaction,  event  or  phenom 
enon. 

Through  mighty  sigtis  and  wonders.  Rom. 
XV.     Luke  xxi. 

4.  Some   visible   transaction,  event  or  ap 
pearance  intended  as  proof  or  evidence  of 
something  else  ;  lience,   proof;  evidence 
by  sight. 

Show  me  a  sign  that  thou  talkest  with  me 
Judges  vi. 

5.  Something  hung  or  set  near  a  house  or 
over  a  door,  to  give  notice  of  the  tenant's 
occupation,  or  what  is  made  or  sold  with 
in  ;  as  a  trader's  sign  ;  a  tailor's  sign;  the 
sign  of  the  eagle. 

G.  A  memorial  or  monument;  something  to 
preserve  the  memory  of  a  thing. 

What  time  the  tire  devoured  two  hundred  and 
fifty  men,  and  they  became  a  sign.  Num. 
xxvi. 

7.  Visible  mark  or  representation  ;  as  an 
outward  sign  of  an  inward  and  spiritual 
grace. 

8.  A  mark  of  distinction. 

9.  Typical  representation. 

The  holy  symbols  or  signs  are  not  barely  sig- 
nificative. Brerewood. 

10.  In  astronotiiy,  the  twelfth  part  of  the 
ecliptic.  The  signs  are  reckoned  from  the 
point  of  inter^e^■tion  of  the  ecliptic  and 
equator  at  the  vernal  equinox,  and  are 
named  respectively,  Aries,  Taurus,Gemini 
Cancer,  Leo,  Virgo,  Libra,  Scorpio,  Sagit- 
tarius, Capricornus,  Aquarius,  Pisces. 
These  names  are  borrowed  from  the  con- 
stellations of  the  zodiac  of  the  same  de 
nomination,  which  were  respectively  com- 
prehnided  within  the  foregoing  equal  di- 
visions of  the  ecliptic,  at  the  time  when 
those  divisions  were  first  made  ;  but  on 
account  of  the  precession  of  the  equinoxes,! 
the  positions  of  these  constellations  in  the! 
heavens  no  longer  correspond  with  the 
divisions  of  the  ecliptic  of  the  same  name, 
but  are  considerably  in  advance  of  them. 
Thus  the  constellation  Aries,  is  now  in 
that  part  of  the  ecliptic  called  Taurus. 

IL  In  algebra,  a  character  indicating  the  re- 
lation of  quantities,  or  an  operation  per- 
formed by  them ;  as  the  sign  -f-  plus  pre. 
fixed  to  a  quantity,  indicates  that  the  quan- 
tity is  to  be  added  ;  the  sign  —  minus,  de- 
notes that  llie  quantity  to  which  it  is  pre- 
fixed is  to  be  subtracted.  The  former  is 
prefixed  to  quantities  called  ojffirmalive  or 
positive ;  the  latter  to  quantities  called 
negative. 

12.  The  subscription  of  one's  name;  signa- 
ture ;  as  a  sign  manual. 

Vol.  II. 


13.  Among  physicians,  an  appearance  or 
symptom  in  the  human  body,  which  indi- 
cates its  condition  as  to  health  or  disease. 

14.  In  music,  any  character,  as  a  flat,  sharp, 
dot,  &c. 

SIGN,  II.  t.  sine.  To  mark  with  characters 
or  oiie'.s  name.  To  sign  a  jjaper,  note, 
deed,  i)C.  is  to  write  one's  name  at  the 
fool,  or  underneath  the  declaration,  prom 
ise,  covenant,  grant,  &c.,  by  which  the  per- 
son makes  it  his  own  act.  To  sign  one^a 
name,  is  to  write  or  subscribe  it  on  the 
paper.  Signing  docs  not  now  include 
sealing. 

2.  To  signify  ;  to  represent  typically.  [JVot 
in  use.]  Taylor. 

3.  To  mark. 
SIGN,  V.  i.  To  be  a  sign  or  omen.     [JVot  in 

use.]  Shak. 

SIGNAL,  n.  [Fr.  signal ;  Sp.  sehal ;  from 
L.  signutn.] 

A  sign  that  gives  or  is  intended  to  give  no- 
tice ;  or  the  notice  given.  Signals  are 
used  to  communicate  notice,  information, 
orders  and  the  like,  to  persons  at  a  dis- 
tance, and  by  any  persons  and  for  any 
purpose.  A  signal  may  be  a  motion  of  the 
hand,  the  raising  of  a  flag,  the  firing  of  a 
gun,  or  any  thing  which,  being  understood 
by  persons  at  a  distance,  may  communi- 
cate notice. 

Signals  are  particularly  useful  in  the 
navigation  of  fleets  and  in  naval  engage-' 
nients.  There  are  daif-signals,  which  are; 
usually  made  by  the  sails,  by  flags  andj 
pendants,  or  guns  ;  night-signals,  which 
are  lanterns  disposed  in  certain  figures,  or 
false  fires,  rockets,  or  the  firing  of  guns;! 
fog-signals,  which  are  made  by  sounds,  a^ 
firing  of  guns,  beating  of  drums,  ringing  of 
bells,  &c.  There  are  signals  of  evolution,! 
addressed  to  a  whole  fleet,  to  a  divisionj 
or  to  a  squadron ;  signals  of  movements: 
to  particular  ships  ;  and  signals  of  service,! 
general  or  particular.  Signals  used  in  ani 
army  are  mostly  made  by  a  particular  beat! 
of  the  drum,  or  by  the  bugle.  j 

AJar.  Diet.     Encyc. 

SIG'NAL,  a.  Eminent ;  remarkable  ;  mem- 
orable ;  distinguished  from  what  is  or- 
dinary; as  a  xi'^no/ exploit ;  a  signal  ser- 
vice ;  a  signal  act  of  benevolence.  It  is 
generally  but  not  always  used  in  a  goodj 
sense.  1 

SIGNAL'ITV,  71.  duality  of  being  signal' 
or  reniiirkable.     [JVot  in  use.]  lirotcn., 

SIG'NALIZE,  r.t.  [Crow  signal.]  To  make; 
remarkable  or  eminent ;  to  render  distin-l 
guished  from  what  is  conmion.  The  sol-' 
dier  who  signalizes  himself  in  battle,  mer-| 
its  his  country's  gratitude.  Men  nniy  sig- 
nalize themselves,  their  valor  or  their 
talents. 

SIG'NALIZED,  pp.  Made  eminent. 

SIG'NALIZING.  ppr.  Making  remarkable. 

SIG'NALLV,    adv.    Eminently  ;   remark 
bly  ;  memorably  ;  in  a  distinguished  man- 
ner. 

SIGNA'TION,  n.  Sign  given;  act  ofbetok-i 
ening.     [A'ot  I'li  use.] 

SIG'NATORY,  a.  Relating  to  a  seal  ;  used' 
in  sealing.  Dirt  I 

SIG  NATURE,  n.  [Fr.  fron.  L.  signo,  V'\ 
sign.] 

1.  A  sign,  stamp  or  mark  impressed. 

72 


The  brain  being  well  furnished  with  various 
traces,  signatures  and  images —  Watts. 

The  natural  and  indelible  signature  of  God, 
stamped  on  the  human  soul.  Bentley. 

2.  In  old  medical  writers,  an  external  mark 
or  character  on  a  plant,  which  was  sup- 
posed to  indicate  its  suitableuess  to  cure 
particular  diseases,  or  diseases  of  particu- 
lar parts.  Thus  plants  with  yellow  flow- 
ers were  supposed  to  he  adapted  to  the 
cure  of  the  jaundice,  &,c. 

Some  plants  bear  a  very  evident  signature  of 
tlieir  nature  and  use.  More. 

3.  A  mark  for  proof,  or  proof  from  marks. 

4.  Sign  manual;  the  name  of  a  person  writ- 
ten or  subscribed  by  himself 

5.  Among  printers,  a  letter  or  figure  at  the 
bottom  of  the  first  page  of  a  sheet  or  half 
sheet,  by  which  the  sheets  are  distinguish- 
ed and  their  order  designated,  as  a  direc- 
tion to  the  binder.  Every  successive  sheet 
has  a  different  letter  or  figure,  and  if  tho 
sheets  are  more  numerous  than  the  letters 
of  the  alphabet,  then  a  small  letter  is  ad- 
ded to  the  capital  one  ;  thus  A  a,  lib.  In 
large  volumes,  the  signatures  are  some- 
times composed  of  letters  and  figures ; 
thus  5  A,  5  B.  But  some  printers  now 
use  figures  only  for  signatures. 

C.  \i\  physiognomy,  an  external  mark  or  fea- 
ture by  which  some  persons  pretend  to 
discover  the  nature  and  qualities  of  a 
thing,  particularly  the  temper  and  genius 
of  persons. 

SIGNATURE,  v.  t.  To  mark  ;  to  distin- 
guish.    [Mot  in  tise.]  C'hiyne. 

SIG'NATURIST,  n.  One  w  ho  holds  to  the 
doctrine  of  signatures  im])ressed  upon  ob- 
jects, indicative  of  character  or  qualities. 
iLittle  used.]  Brown. 

SIGNER,  n.  One  that  signs  or  subscribes 
his  name  ;  as  a  memorial  with  a  hundred 
signers. 

SIG'NET,  n.  A  seal;  particularly  in  Great 
Britain,  the  seal  used  by  the  king  in  seal- 
ing his  private  letters,  and  grants  that  pa£s 
by  bill  under  his  majestv's  hand. 

SIGNIFICANCE,  >        [from  L.  significans. 

SIGNIF'ICANCY,  ^  "•  See  Signify.] 

1.  Meaning;  import;  that  which  is  intended 
to  be  expressed  ;  as  the  signifcance  of  a 
nod,  or  of  a  motion  of  the  hand,  or  of  a 
word  or  ex])ression.  StUlingJIeet. 

2.  Force;  energy;  power  of  impres.sin:;  the 
mind  ;  as  a  duty  enjoined  with  pariiciilar 
signifcance.  -Iltcrbury. 

'■i.  Importance;  moment;  weight;  conse- 
quence. 

Many  a  circumstance  of  less  signijicancy  has 
been  construed  into  an  overt  act  of  high  treason. 

Mtlison. 

SIGNIF'I€ANT,  a.  [L.  sisnifcans.]  Ex- 
pressixe  of  something  beyond  the  external 
mark. 

2.  Bearing  a  meaning ;  expressing  or  con- 
taining signification  or  sense  ;  as  a  sigtiif- 
icant  word  or  sound  ;  a  significant  look. 

3.  Betokening  something;  standing  aS  a  sign 
of  something. 

It  Wiis  well  said  of  Plotiiius,  that  tlie  stars 
were  significant,  but  not  cfEcient. 

Raleigh. 

4.  Expressive  or  representative  of  some  fact 
or  e\ent.  The  passover  among  ihe 
Jews  was  significant  of  the  escape  of  the 

1    Israelites  from  the  destruction  which  fell 


S  I  G 


S  I  L 


on  the  Egyptians.  Tlie  bread  and  wiue( 
in  the  sacrament  are  signiftcanl  of  the 
body  and  blood  of  Clirist. 

5.  Important;  momentous.     [Mot  in  use.] 

SIGMF'IeANTLY,  adv.  With  meaning. 

2    With  force  of  expression.  South. 

SIG.XIFICA'TIOM,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  signi- 
firatio.     See  Signify.] 

I.  The  act  of  making  known,  or  of  commu- 
nicating ideas  to  another  by  signs  or  by 
words,  by  any  thing  that  is  understood, 
particularly  by  words. 

All  speaking,  or  signification  of  one's  mind, 
implies  an  act  or  address  of  one  man  to  another. 

South. 

9.  Meaning  ;  that  which  is  understood  to  be 
intended  by  a  sign,  character,  mark  or 
word  ;  that  idea  or  sense  of  a  sign,  mark, 
word  or  expression  which  the  person  us- 
ing it  intends  to  convey,  or  that  which  men 
m  general  who  use  it,  understand  it  to 
convey.  The  signification  of  words  was 
originally  arbitrary",  and  is  dependent  on 
usage.  But  wlicn  custom  has  annexed  a 
certain  sense  to  a  letter  or  sound,  or  to  a 
combination  of  letters  or  sounds,  this  sense 
is  always  to  be  considered  the  «ig:)i(^ca/ion 
which  "the  person  using  the  word  intends 
ro  communicate. 

So  by  custom,  certain  signs  or  gestures 
have  a  determinate  signification.  Such  is 
the  fact  also  with  figures,  algebraic  char 
acters,  &c. 
SIGNIF'IeATIVE,  a.  [Fr.  significatif.] 
I.  Betokening  or  representing  by  an  exter- 
nal sign;  as  the  significative  symbols  of 
the  eucharist.  Brerewood. 

%  Having  signification  or  meaning  ;  expres- 
sive of  a  certain  idea  or  thing. 

Neither  in  the  degrees  of  kindred  were  they 
destitute  of  significative  words.  Camden. 

SIGNIF'ICATIVELY,  adv.  So  as  to  rep- 
resent or  express  by  an  external  sign. 

Usher. 
SIGNIFICA'TOR,  n.  That  which  signifies. 

Burton. 

SIGNIF'ICATORY,  n.  That  which  betok- 
ens, signifies  or  represents.  Taylor. 
SIG'NIFY,  V.  t.  [Fr.  signifier  ;  L.  significo  ; 

signum,  a  sign,  and/itcio,  to  make.] 
1.  To    make   known  something,   either   by 
signs  or  words  ;  to  express  or  communi- 
cate to  another  any  idea,  thought,  wish, 
purpose  or  command,  either  by  words,  by 
:i  nod,  wink,  gesture,  signal  or  other  sign. 
A  man  sig-niAes  his  mind  by  his  voice  or 
by  written  characters  ;  he  may  signify  his 
mind  by  a  nod  or  other  motion,  i)rovided 
the  person  to  whom  he  directs  it,  under- 
stands what  is  intended  by  it.     A  general 
or  an  admiral  signifies  his  commands   by 
signals  to  oflicers  at  a  distance. 
■2.  To  mean  ;  to  have  or   contain  a  certain 
sense.     The  word   sabbath  signifies  rest. 
Less,  in  composition,  as  mjaithless,  signi- 
fies destitution  or  want.     Tiie   prefix  re, 
in  recommend,  seldom  signifies  any  thing. 
0.  To   import  ;   to  weigh  ;  to   have   conse- 
quence ;  us(d  in  particular  phrases ;  as,  it 
signifies  much  or  little  ;  it  signifies  nothing. 
What  does  it  sig/ii/i/t'     What  signify  the 
spletidors  of  a  court?    Confession  of  sin 
witliiiut  ri^'.'orrimtion    of  life,  can  signify 
nothing  in  the  view  of  God. 
4.  To  make  known ;  to  declare. 


Spenser. 
Obs.  [See 


The  government  should  signify  to  the  prot- 
estants  of  Ireland,  that  want  of  silver  is  not  to 
be  remedied.  Swift. 

SIG'NIFY,  V.  i.  To  express  meaning  with 
force.      [Lillle  used.]  Swifl. 

SIGNIOR,  n.  see'nyur.  A  title  of  respect 
among  the  Italians.     [See  Seignor.] 

SIGNIORIZE,  V.  i.  sce'nyurize.  To  exer- 
cise dominion;  or  to  have  dominion. 
[Little  used.] 

SIGNIORY,  11.  see'nyury.  A  different,  but 
less  common  spelling  of  seigniory,  which 
see.  It  signifies  lordship,  dominion,  and 
in  Shakspeare,  seniority. 

SIGN-POST,  n.  [sign  and  post.]  A  post  on 
which  a  sign  hangs,  or  on  which  papers 
are  placed  to  give  public  notice  of  any 
thing.  By  the  laws  of  some  of  the  New 
England  states,  a  sign-post  is  to  be  erect 
ed  near  the  center  of  each  town. 

I!ke,!-s-"-  Obs. 

SIK'ER,  a.  or  adv.  Sure  ;  surely 

Sicker.] 
SIK'ERNESS,  n.  Sureness ;  safety.     Obs 

Chaucer. 
SI'LENCE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  silentium,  from 
sileo,  to  be  still ;  It.  silenzio  ;  Sp.  silencio. 
The  sense  is  to  stop  or  hold  ;  but  this  may 
proceed  from  setting,  throwing  down. 
See  Sill.] 

In  o  general  sense,  stiUncss,  or  entire  ab- 
sence of  sound  or  noise  ;  as  the  silence  of 
midnight. 
2.  In  animals,  the  state  of  holding  the 
peace ;  forbearance  of  speech  in  man,  oi 
of  noise  in  other  animals. 

I  was  dumb  witb  silence ;  I  held  my  peace 
even  Iroiri  good.  Ps.  xxxix. 
Habitual  taciturnity  ;  opposed  to  loquaci- 
ty. Shnk. 
"Secrecy.  These  things  were  transacted 
in  silence. 

Stillness;  calmness  ;  quiet  ;  cessation   of 
rage,  agitation  or  tumult;  as  the  elements 
reduced  to  silence. 
Absence  of  mention  ;  oblivion. 
Eternal  silence  be  their  doom.  Milton. 

And  what  most  merits  fame,  in  silence  hid. 

Jiriltun. 

7.  Silence,  is  used   elliptically  for  let  there  be 

silence,  an  injunction  to  keep  silence. 
SI'LENCR,    V.  t.    To   oblige  to   hold    the 
peace  ;  to  restrain  from  noise  or  speaking. 
To   still;  to   quiet;   to   restrain;  to   ap- 
pease. 
This  would  silence  all  further  opposition. 

Claremlon. 
These  would  have  silenced  their  scruples. 

Rogers . 
To    stop  ;    as,   to  silence  complaints    or 
clamor 
4.  To  slil 
silence 


S  I  L 

2.  Habitually  taciturn  ;  speaking  little  ;  not 
inclined  to  much  talking  ;  not  loquacious. 
Ulysses,  he  adds,  was  the  most  eloquent  and 
the  most  Client  of  men.  Broome. 

Still  ;    having   no    noise  ;   as   the   silent 
watches  of  the  night;  the  silent  groves  ; 
all  was  silent. 
Not  operative ;  wanting  efficacy. 

Raleigh. 
5.  Not  mentioning;  not  proclaiming. 
This  new  created  world,  of  which  in  hell 
Fame  is  not  silent.  Milton. 

16.  Calm;  as,  the  winds  were  silent. 

Pamelt. 
|7.  Not  acting  ;  not  transacting  business  in 
I     person ;  as  a  silent  partner  in  a  commer- 
cial house. 
8.  Not  pronounced ;  having  no  sound  ;  as,  e 

is  silent  in  fable. 

SILEN'TIARY,  n.  One  appointed  to  keep 

silence  and  order  in  court ;  one  sworn  not 

to  divulge  secrets  of  state.  Barrow. 

Sl'I.ENTLY,      adv.      Without  speech   or 

ords. 

Each  silently 
Demands  thy  grace,  and  seems  to  watch  thy 
eye.  Dryde" 


6. 


.3. 


;  to  cause  to  cease  firing ;  as,  to 
onctt  i^uns  or  a  battery. 

5.  To  restrain  from  preaching  by  revoking 
a  license  to  preach;  as,  to  silence  a  minis- 
ter of  the  gospel.  U.  States. 

The  Rev.  Thomas  Hooker,  of  Chelmsford  in 
Essex,  was  silenced  for  non-coid'ormity. 

B.  Trumbull. 

6.  To  put  an  end  to  ;  to  cause  to  cease. 

The  question  between  agriculture  and  com- 
merce has  received  a  decision  which  has  si- 
lenced the  rivalships  between  them. 

SI'LENT,    a.    Not  speaking ;  mute.     I's. 
I    xxii. 


2.  Without  noise  ;  as,  to  inarch  silently. 

3.  Without  mention.     He  mentioned  other 
dirticulties,  but  this  he  silently  passed  over. 

Locke. 

SI'LENTNESS,    n.    State  of  being  silent ; 

stillness ;  silence.  -Isk. 

SILESIA,  n.  sile'zha.    A  duchy  or  country 
now  chiefly   belonging  to  Prussia ;  hence, 
a  species  of  linen  cloth  so   called  ;  thin 
coarse  linen. 
SILESIAN,  a.  sile'zhan.  Pertaining  to  Sile- 
1     sia  ;  made  in  Silesia  ;  as  Silesian  linen. 
'SI'LEX,    )       One  of  the  supposed   primi- 
iS!L'l€A,  ^  "■  live  earths,  usually  found  in 
the  state  of  stone.     When  pure,  it  is  per- 
fectly white  or  colorless.     The  purer  sorts 
are  mountain  crystal  and  quartz.    Recent 
experiments  prove  this  to  be  a  compound 
substance,  the   base  of  which  is  a  metal 
called  siliciura.     Silica  then  is  an  oxyd  of 
silicium.  Ure. 

SIL'ICE,        }       [L.  s)7i'ci(?(i,  a  little  husk.] 
SIL'IeULE,  >  n.  In  botany,  a  little  pod  or 
SIL'ICLE,      5       bivalvular  pericarp,  with 
seeds  attached  to  both  sutures.      Martyn. 
SILICICAL€A'R10US,  a.  [silex  unA  calca- 
rious.]     Consisting  of  silex  and  calcarious 
matter. 
SILICIeAL'CE,  n.    [L.  silex  or  silica  and 

call.] 
A  mineral  of  the  silicious  kind,  occurring  in 
amorphous  masses ;  its   color  is  gray  or 
brown.  Cleaveland. 

SILICIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  silex  and  fero,  to 
])rodnce.]      Producing    silex  ;  or    united 
with  a  portion  of  silex. 
SIL  ICIFy,  V.  t.    [L.  silex,   flint,  and  facio, 
to  make]     To  convert  into  silex. 

The    specimens — found    near    Philadelphia, 

are  com()lelcly  silicified.  Say. 

SIL'K'IFV,  v.i.  To  become  silex. 

SILICIMU'RITE,     n.      [silex    and    muria, 

brine. 1     An  earth  composed  of  silex  and 

nnignesia 

Slid'  CIOl'S,    a.    Pertaining   to   .silex,    or 

partaking  of  its  nature  and  qualities. 
81L1C  ITED,  a.  Impregnated  with  silex. 
I  Kirwan,  Geo/. 


S  I  L 


S  I  L 


S  I  L 


SILIC'IUM,  n.  The  undecoraposed  and 
perhaps  undecomposable  base  of  silex  or 
silica. 

SlLIeULOUS,  a.  Having  silicles  or  little 
pods,  or  pertaining  to  them. 

SIL'ING-DISH,  n.  [Dan.  siler,  to  strain.] 
A  colander.     [JVot  in  use.]  Barret. 

SlL'lyUA,  n.  tL.]  With  gold  finers,  a  ca- 
rat, six  of  which  make  a  scruple. 

Johnson. 

SIL'IQUA,  t       lL.sili^ua.]  Apod;  an  oh- 

SIL'IUUE,  I  "■  long,  membranaceous,  bi- 
valvular  pericarp,  having  the  seeds  fixed 
to  both  sutures.  Marlyn. 

SII/IUUOSE,  I       [L.  siliquosits.]    Having 

SIL'mUOUS,  S  that  species  ol  pericarp 
called  silique  ;  as  siliquous  plants. 

Marlyn. 

SILK,    n.     [Sax.   seok  ;  Sw.  silke  ;    Dan. 

CI 

id.  ;  Russ.  schilk;  Ar.   Pers.  ij5C\.<w  silk; 

properly  any  thread,  from  Ar.  oxX*.. 
salaka,  to  send  or  thrust  in,  to  insert,  to 
pass  or  go.] 

1.  The  line  soil  thread  produced  by  the  in- 
sect called  silk-worm  or  bomhyx.  That 
which  we  ordinarily  call  silk,  is  a  thread 
composed  ol  several  tiner  threads  which 
the  worm  draws  from  its  bowels,  like  the 
web  of  a  spiiler,  and  with  which  the  .silk- 
worm enveloi)CS  itself,  forming  what  is 
called  a  cncoon.  Encyc. 

3.  Cloth  made  of  silk.     In  this  sense,   the 

word  has  a  plural,  srV/a,  denoting  diflerent 

sorts  and   varieties,  as   black   silk,  white 

silk,  colored  silks. 
3.  The  filiform  style  of  the  female  flower  of 

maiz,  which  resembles  real  silk  in  fineness 

and  softness. 
Virginia  silk,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Periploca, 

which    climbs    and    winds    about    other 

plants,  trees,  &c. 
SILK,  a.    Pertaining  to  silk ;  consisting  of 

silk. 
SILK  COTTON-TREE,  n.  A  tree   of  the 

genus  Homhax,  firowing  to  an  immense 

size  ;  a  native  of  both  the  Indies.     Encyc. 
SHAKEN,  a.  silk'n.  [Sax.  seolccn.]    Made  of! 

silk  ;  as  siJken  cloth  ;  a  silken  vail. 

2.  Like  silk  ;  soft  to  the  touch.  Dryden. 

3.  Soft;  delicate;  tender;  smooth;  as  mild 
and  silken  language. 

4.  Dressed  in  silk  ;  as  a  silken  wanton. 

Shak. 

SILKEN,  t\/.  silk'n.  To  render  soft  or| 
SMioi)th.  Dyer.' 

SILK'INESS,  n.  [from  silky.']  The  quali- 
ties of  silk ;  softness  and  smoothness  to 
the  feel. 

2.  Softness ;  effeminacy  ;  pusillanimity.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  B.  Jonson. 

SILK'MAN,  n.  [silk  and  man.']  A  dealer  in 
silks.  Shak. 

SILK -MERCER,  n.  [silk  and  mercer.]  A 
dealer  in  silks. 

SILK'-VVEAVER,  n.  [silk  and  weaver.] 
One  whose  occupation  is  to  weave  silk 


SILK'Y,  a.  Made  of  silk  ;  consisting  of 
silk. 

2.  Like  .silk;  soft  and  smooth  to  the  touch. 

a.  Pliant;  yielding.  Shak.^ 

SILL,  n.  [Sax.  syl,  syle,  syll ;  Fr.  seuil ;  G.' 
schwelle  ;  W.  sail,  syl  or  seiler,  foundation  ; 
seiliaw,  to  t'ouiid  ;  L.  solum  ;  allied  to  sol- 
id. The  primary  sense  is  probably  to  lay,! 
set  or  throw  down.]  j 

1.  Properly,  the  basis  or  foundation  of  a! 
thing  ;  appro])riately,  a  piece  of  timber  onj 
which  a  building  rests;  the  lowest  timber 
of  any  structure ;  as  the  sills  of  a  house, 
of  a  bridge,  of  a  loom  and  the  like. 

2.  The  timber  or  stone  at  the  foot  of  a  door; 
the  ihreslihold. 

3.  The  timber  or  stone  on  which  a  window 
frame  stands;  or  the  lowest  piece  in  a 
window  frame. 

4.  The  shaft  or  thill  of  a  carriage.     [Local.]\ 

Grose.' 

SIL'LABUB,  n.    A  liquor  made  by  mixing' 

wine  or  cider  with  milk,  and  thus  forming: 

a  soft  curd.  AVng'. 

SILLILY,     adv.     [from  silly.]     In  a   sillyj 

manner ;  foolishly  ;  without  the  exercisej 

of  good  sense  or  judgment.  Dryden., 

SIL'LIMANITE,  n.    A   mineral   found   at 

Saybrook  in    Connecticut,   so  named   inj  gjL'VER,  a. 

honor  of  Prof.  Silliman  of  Yale  College.,      p,|p_ 

It  occurs  in  long,  slender,  rhombic  prisni.s,!  -2.  White  like  silver;  as  sili-er  hair.        Shak. 

engaged  in  gneiss.     Its  color  is  dark  gray;,         Others  on  si/rtr  lakes  and  rivers  bath'd 

and  hair  brown  ;  luster  shining  upon  the  'I  htir  downy  breast.  Milton. 

external  planes,  but  brilliant  and  pseudo-  0.  White,  or  pale  ;  of  a  pale  luster ;  as  the 

metallic  upon  those  produced  by  cleavagej      silver  moon. 

in  a  direction   parallel  with  the  longer  di-{  4.  Soft ;  as  a  silver  voice  or  sound.   [Italian, 

agonal  of  the  prism.     Hardness  about  the^,     suono  argenlino.]  Spenser.     Shak. 

same  with  quartz.   Specific  gravity,  3.410.'  SIL'VER,  v.  t.   To  cover  superficially  with 
SIL'LINESS,  n.  Weakness  of  understand-jj     a  coat  of  silver;  as,  to  silver  a  pin  or  a  dial- 
ing ;  want  of  soiuid  sense  or  judgment ; ;      plate. 

simplicity;  harmless  folly.        L' Estrange., '2.  To  foliate  ;  to  cover  with  tinfoil  amalga- 
SIL'LV,  a.  [I  have  not  found  this  word  iiij;     mated  with  quicksilver  ;  as,  to  Si'/i'er  glass. 

any  other  language  ;  but   the  Sax.  osea/-,  3.  To   adorn    with    mild   luster  ;    to    make 

""  smooth  and  bright. 

And  smiling  calmness  silver'd  o'er  the  deep. 


Cctffixt  two  rows  of  rocks,  a  $ih'an  scene. 

Dryden. 
SIL'VAN,  n.   Another  name  oftellurium. 

hemer. 

SIL'VER,    n.    [Sax.  seoljer,  silutr  ;  Goth. 

silubr  ;  G.  siloer ;  D.  zUver  ;  Sw.   sUfver ; 

Dan.  solv  ;  Lapponic,  sellowpe.     Qu.  Russ. 

serebro  ;  r  for  /.] 

1.  A  metal  of  a  white  color  and  hvely  brill- 
iancy. It  has  neither  taste  nor  smell  ;  its 
specific  gravity  is  10.552,  according  to 
Bergman,  but  according  to  Kirwan  it  is 
less.  A  cubic  foot  weighs  about  COO  lbs. 
Its  ductility  is  little  inferior  to  that  of  gold. 
It  is  harder  and  more  elastic  than  tin  or 
gold,  but  less  so  than  copper,  pl.itiiia  or 
iron.  It  is  found  native  in  thin  ))lates  or 
leaves,  or  in  fine  threads,  or  it  is  found 
mineralized  by  various  substances.  Great 
quantities  of  this  metal  are  furnished  by 
the  mines  of  South    America,  and   it   is 

j  found  in  small  quantities  in  Norway,  Ger- 
many, Spain,  the  United  States,  &c. 

Kirwan.    Encyc. 

2.  Money;  coin  made  of  silver. 

3.  Any  thing  of  soft  splendor. 

Pallas — piteous  of  her  plaintive  cries, 

la  slumber  clos'd  her  si/r^r-streaming  eyes. 

Pope. 
Made  of  silver;  as  a  silver 


can  signifies  to  be  dull,  inert,  lazy.     This 
corresponds  with  the  Ar.    ^*^^,   kasela,. 

may  be 


Pope. 


-  To  make  hoary, 
to  ho   stupid,    Heb.   Sd^.       This    may   be  His  head  was  sid'cr'rf  o'er  with  age.         Gay. 

radically  the  same   word,   with  a  prefix.  SIL'VER-BEATER,  n.   [silver  and  heater.] 
Class  SI.  No.  2G.]  j;     One  that  foliates  silver,  or  forms  it  into  a 

1.  Weak  in  intellect ;  foolish  ;  witless ;  des-||     leaf. 

titutc  of  ordinary  strength  of  mind  ;  sim-'SIL'VER-BUSH,  n.   A   plant,  a  species  of 
jile  ;  as  a  5i7/i/ man  ;  a  siV/v  child  jl     Anthyllis. 

2.  Proceeding  from  want  of  understanding  SIL'VERED,  p/?.  Covered  with  a  thin  coat 
or  common  judgment;  characterized  by:  of  silver;  rendered  smooth  and  lustrous; 
weakness    or    folly  ;    unwise  ;    as     silly      made  white  or  hoary. 

thoughts  ;  silly   actions  ;  a  silly  scheme;  SIL'VER-FIR,  n.  A  species  of  fir.   Berkeley. 
writings  stupid  or  si//i/.  Jf'atts.l  " 


3.  Weak  ;  helpless. 

After  long  storms — 
With  which  my  silly  bark  was  toss'd.     Obs. 

Spenser 
SIL'LYHOW,  n.  The  membrane  that  cov 
ers  the  head  of  the  fetus. 
used.] 
SILT,  n.  [Sw.  sylta,  to  pickle.]     Saltness.'l 
or  salt   marsh  or  mud.     [J'l/bt  in  use   in' 
America.]  Hale. 

SILU'RE,    ?  ..     The     sheat-fish ;    also,     a 


SIL'VER  FISH,  n.  A  fish  of  the  size  of  a 
small  carp,  having  a  white  color,  striped 
with   silvery  lines. 
SILVERING,   ppr.    Covering   the  surface 
with  a  thin  coat  of  silver;  foliating;  ren- 
dering mildly  lustrous;  rendering  white. 
[/  believe   ?io<!  SIL' VERINC!,    n.     The   art,   operation   or 
Broum.l',     practice  of  covering  the   surface  of  any 


thing  with   silver;  as  the  ii/rmng- of  cop- 
per or  brass.  Encyc. 


M- 


SIL  VERLING,  n.    A  silver  coin.     Is.  vn. 

SII^'VERLY,  adv.  With  the  appearance  of 
stuffs.  /faJ/s.jSILU'RUS,  ^  "■    name  of  the  sturgeon.  i'     silver.  Shak. 

SILK'-WORM,  n.    [silk  and   worm.]     The'l  Did.  JVat.  Wwf.!  SIL'VERSMITH,     n.     [silver  and    smith.] 

worm   which  produces  silk,  of  the  genusiSIL'VAN,  a.  [L.  silva,  a  wood  or  grove.   It hOne  whose  occupation  is  to  work  in  silver, 
Phalffiiia.     Silk-worms  are   said   to  have       is  also  written  sy/rnn.]  or  in  manufactures  of  which  tl.c  precious 

been    first    introduced    into    the   Roman  ll.  Pertaining  to  a  wood  or  grove  ;  inhabit- |     metals  form  r.  part. 

empire  from  China,  in  tlie  reign  of  Justin- 1     ing  woods.  jjSIL'VER-THISTLE,  n.  [silver  and  thistle.] 

ian.  I3.  VV'oody  ;  abounding  with  woods.  ll     A  plant. 


SIM 


S  I  M 


SIM 


SILVER-TREE,  n.   A  plant  of  the  genusj 

Protea. 
SILVER-WEED,  n 

Pi)ieiitilla.  I 

SIL'VERY,  a.  [from  «i7i>er.]  Like  silver  ; 
having  the  npijearance  of  silver;  white; 
of  a  mild  luster. 

Of  all  the  enamel'd  race  whose  silvery  wing 
Waves  to  the  tepid  zephyrs  of  the  spring. 

Pope 


2.  Be-:prinkled  or  covered  with  silver. 

SIM'AGRE,  n.  [Fr.  simagree.]  Grimace. 
[jVoI  in  use.]  Dnjden. 

SIM'AR,      \        [Fr.  ahnarre.]    A   woman's 

SIMA  RE,  S"'  robe.  [JSTotiniise.]    Dn/den 

SIM'ILAR,  a.  [Fr.  simitaire  ;  It.  simile  , 
Sp.  similar;  L.  similis  ;  \V.  heval,  hevalyz  ; 
from  mal,  like,  Gr.  o^^oj.  The  Welsh 
mai  signifies  small,  liglit,  ground,  bruised, 
smooth,  allied  to  mill,  W.  malu,  to  grind. 
But  I  ara  not  confident  that  these  words 
are  of  one  family.] 

.Like;  resembling;  having  a  like  form  or 
appearance.  Similar  may  signify  e.xactly 
alike,  or  having  a  general  likeness,  a  like- 
ness in  the  principal  points.  Tilings  per- 
fectly similar  in  their  nature,  must  be  of 
the  same  essence,  or  homogeneous ;  but 
we  generally  understand  similar  to  denote 
a  likeness  that  is  not  perfect.  Many  of  the 
statutes  of  Connecticut  are  sJnuVar  to  the 
statutes  of  Massachusetts  on  the  same 
subjects.  The  manners  of  the  several 
states  of  New  England  are  similar,  the  peo- 
ple being  derived  from  common  ancestors. 

SIMILAR'ITY,  )i.  Likeness;  resemblance; 
as  a  similarity  of  features.  There  is  a 
groat  similarity  in  the  features  of  the  Lap- 
landers and  Samoiedes,  but  little  similar- 
ity between  the  features  of  Europeans 
and  the  woolly  haired  Africans. 

SIM'ILARLY,  adv.  In  like  manner;  with 
resemblance.  Reid. 

SIMILE,  71.  sim'ily.  [L.]  In  rhetoric,  simili- 
tude; a  comparison  of  two  things  which, 
however  different  in  other  respects,  have 
some  strong  point  or  points  of  resem- 
blance ;  by  which  comparison,  the  char- 
acter or  qualities  of  a  thing  are  illustrated 


liquor,  next  to  the  vessel.  These  are  oc- 
c:i-inned  by  the  escape  of  heat  anil  vapor. 
A  plant  of  the  genusjSLM'MERING,  ppr.  Boiling  gentlv. 

SIM'NEL,  n.  [Uan.  simle;  Sw.  simla :  G. 
semmel.]     A  kind  of  sweet  cake;  a  bun. 

SIMO'NIA€,  n.  [Fr.  simoniaque.  See  Si- 
mony.] 

One  who  buys  or  sells  preferment  in  the 
church.  Ayliffe. 

SIMONl'ACAL,  a.  Guilty  of  simony. 


Spectator. 

2.  Consisting  in  simony,  or  the  crime  of 
buying  or  selling  ecclesiastical  prefer- 
ment ;  as  a  simoniacal  presentation. 

SIMONI'ACALLY,  adv.  With  the  guilt  or 
offense  of  simony. 

SIMO'NIOUS.  a.  Partaking  of  simony  ;  giv- 
en to  simony.  Milton. 

SIM'ONY,  n.  [from  Simon  Magus,  who 
wished  to  purchase  the  power  of  confer- 
ring the  Holy  Spirit.     Acts  viii.] 

The  crime  of  buying  or  selling  ecclesiastical 
preferment ;  or  the  corrupt  presentation  of 
any  one  to  an  ecclesiastical  benefice  for 
money  or  reward.  By  Stat.  31  Elizabeth, 
c.  vi.  severe  penalties  are  enacteil  against 
this  crime. 

SIMOOM',  n.  A  hot  suffocating  wind,  that 
blows  occasionally  in  Africa  and  Arabia, 
generated  by  the  e.\treme  heat  of  the 
parched  deserts  or  sandy  plains.  Its  ap-i 
proach  is  indicated  by  a  redness  in  the' 
air,  and  its  fatal  effects  are  to  be  avoided! 
by  falling  on  the  face  and  holding  the 
hrearh.  Encyc.' 

SI'MOUS,  a.  [L.  sitno,  one  with  a  flat  nose, 
Gr.  51^0!.] 

1.  Having  a  very  flat  or  snub  nose,  with  the 
end  turned  up. 

2.  Concave  ;  as  the  simous  part  of  the  liver. 

Brown. 
SIM'PER,  V.  i.  To  smile  In  a  silly  manner. 

Shak. 
SIM'PER,  n.  A  smile  with  an  air  of  silli- 
ness. Addison. 
SIM'PERING.ppr.  Smiling  foolishly. 
SIM'PERL\G,  «.  The  act  of  smiling  with 

an  air  of  silliness. 
SIM'PERINGLY,  adv.  With  a  silly  smile. 


or  presented  in  a^nhnpressive  light.    Thus.j  gj  jj/pLg,  „.    [Pr.  from  h.  simplex  ;    sine. 
"  ^  without,  and  picx,/*Zico,  doubling,  fold ;  It. 

semplice.] 

1.  Single;  consisting  of  one  thing;  uucom- 
poimded  ;  unniingled  ;  uncomhined  with 
any  thing  else ;  as  a  simple  substance;  a 
simple  idea;  a  simple  sound.  Ifntts. 

2.  Plain  ;  artless  ;  not  given  to  design,  strat- 
agem or  duplicity ;  undesigniug ;  sincere; 
harmless. 

A  simple  husbandman  in  garments  gray. 

Hubberil. 

3.  Artless;  unaffected;  unconstrained  ;  in- 
artificial ;  ])lain. 

In  simple  manners  all  the  secret  lies.    Young- 

4.  Unadorned;  plain;  as  a  simple  style  or 
narration  ;  a  simple  dress. 

5.  Not  complex  or  complicated ;  as  a  ma- 
chine Iff  simple  construction. 

0.  Weak  in  intellect ;  not  wise  or  sagacious  ; 

silly. 

I'he  simple  hclieveth  every  word  ;  but  the 

prudent  looketh  well  to  bi<  going.  I'lov.  xiv. 
7.  In  botany,  undivided,  as  a  root,  stem  or 

B|)ike ;  only  one  on   a  petiole,  as  a  simple 


the  eloquence  of  Demosthenes  was  like  a 
vapid  torrent ;  that  of  Cicero,  like  a  large 
stream   that  glides  smoothly  along  with 
majestic  tranquility. 
SIMIL'ITUDE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  similitudo.] 

1.  Likeness;  resemblance;  likeness  in  na-i 
ture,  qualities  or  appearance  ;  as  simili- 
tude of  substance.  Bacon. 

Let  us  make  man  in  our  image,  man 

In  our  similitude —  Milton. 

Fate  some  future  bard  shall  join 

In  sad  similitude  of  griefs  to  mine.        Pope. 

2.  Comparison  ;  simile.     [See  Simile.] 

Tasso,  in  his  similitudes,  never  departed  from 
the  woods.  Dryden 

SIMILITU'DINARY,  a.  Denoting  resem- 
blance or  comparison.  Coke 

SIM'ILOR,  ?!.  A  name  given  to  an  alloy  of 
red  copper  and  ziiik,  made  in  the  best  pro 
portions  to  imitate  silver  and  gold.    Encyc. 

SIMITAR.     [See  Cimeter.] 

SIM'MER,  V.  i.  [Qu.  Gr.  fv^ij,  ivuou,  to 
fcriiiont.] 

To  boil   gently,   or   with    a    gentle    hissin 
Simmeri.ig  is  incipient  ebuHiiioii,  when  lit- 
tle bubbles  ivc  formed  on  the  edge  of  the 


umbel ;  having  only  one  row  of  leafletSr 
as  a  simple  calyx;  not  plumose  or  tether- 
ed, MS  a  pappus.  Martyn. 

A  simple  body,  in  chimistry,  is  one  that  has 
nut  been  decmiposed,  or  separated  into 
two  or  more  bodies. 

SIM'PLE,  n.  Something  not  mixed  or  com- 
pounded. Ill  the  ma<erta7racrfica,  the  gen- 
eral (lenomiiiaiioii  of  an  herb  or  plant,  as 
each  vegetable  is  supposed  to  possess  its 
particular  virtue,  and  therefore  to  consti- 
tute a  simple  remedy.        Encyc.     Dryden. 

'SIM'PLE,  V.  i.  To  gather  simples  or  plants. 

I  As  simpling  on  tlie  flowery  hills  he  stray'd. 

Garth.- 

SIMPLE-MINDED,  a.  Artless  ;  undesign- 
ing;  unsuspecting.  Blackstone. 

SIM'PLENESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  simple,  single  or  uncompouuded  ;  as 
the  simpleness  of  the  elements.  Dighy. 

2.  Artlessness  ;  simplicity. 

3.  Weakness  of  intellect. 
SIMPLER,  ?i.  One  that  collects  simples; 

an  herbalist ;  a  siinplist. 

SIM  PL  ESS,  for  simplicity  or  silliness,  is  not 
in  use.  Spenser. 

SIM'PLETON,  n.  A  silly  person;  a  person 
of  weak  intellect;  atrifler;  a  foolish  per- 
son. Pope. 

SIMPLP'CIAN,  n.  An  artless,  unskilled  or 
undesigning  person.  [JSTot  in  use.]  Arnway. 

SIMPLIC'ITY,  n.  [L.  simplicitas ;  Fr.  sim- 
plicity ;  h.  simplieita;  S\).  simplicidad.] 

1.  Singleness  ;  the  state  of  being  unmixed 
or  iincompounded ;  as  the  simplicity  of 
metals  or  of  earths. 

2.  The  state  of  being  not  complex,  or  of 
consisting  of  few  parts;  as  the  simpiicitif 
of  a  machine. 

3.  Artlessness  of  mind  ;  freedom  from  a  pro- 
pensity to  cunning  or  stratagem  ;  freedom 
from  duplicity ;  sincerity. 

Marquis  iiorset,  a  man  for  Iiis  harmless  sitn- 
plicity  neither  misHked  nor  much  regarded. 

Hayward. 

4.  Plainness  ;  freedom  from  artificial  orna- 
ment ;  as  the  simplicity  of  a  dress,  of  style, 
of  language,  &c.  Simplicity  in  writing  is 
the  first  of  excellences. 

5.  Plainness;  freedom  from  subtilty  or  ab- 
stniscness  ;  as  the  simptlcily  of  scriptural 
doctrines  or  truth. 

G.  Weakness  of  intellect ;  silliness.  Hooker. 
Godly  simplicity,  in  Scripture,  is  a  fair  open 
profession  and  practice  of  evangelical 
truth,  with  a  sinsle  view  to  obedience  and 
to  I  lie  glory  I'f  God. 
SIMPLIFICA'TION,  n.  [S>\e  Simplify.]  The 
act  of  making  simple  ;  the  act  of  reducing 
to  simplicity,  or  to  a  state  not  complex. 

Ch.  Obs. 
SIM'PLIFIED,  pp.    Made   simple   or   not 

cnniplcx. 
SIM'PLIFY,  j'.  i.   [L.  simpler,  simple,  and 

yhd'o,  To  ninko:  Fr.  simpllfier.] 
To  make  simple:  to  reduce  what  is  complex 
to  greater  simplicity  ;   to  make   plain  or 
easy. 

The  collection  of  duties  is  drawn  to  a  point, 
and  so  far  simplified.  Hamilton. 

It  is  important  in  scientific  pursuits,  to  be 
cautious  in  simplifying  our  deductions. 

A'ichotson. 

This  is  the  true  way  to  simplify  the  siiidy  of 

sci^'iiiv.  Lavoisier,  TVails. 


leaf;  only  one  on  a  peduncle,  as  a  Sii.i/j/fiSIM'PLIF'f'ING,  ppr.  Alakiog  simple  ;  ren- 
flower ;  having  only  one  sot  of  rays,  as  anji    dering  less  complex. 


SIN 


SIN 


SIN 


SIM'PLTST,  n.  One  skilled  in  simples  or 
iiiciliciil  |)lunts.  Brown. 

SJiMI'LOCE.     [See  Symploce.\ 
SlM'i'LY,   adv.   With<.ut  art ;  without  8ub- 
tilty  ;  artlessly  ;  plainly. 

Subverting  worldly  strong  anil  worldly  wise 
By  simply  inoek.  AlUtun. 

2.  Of  itself;  without  addition  ;  alone. 

They  make  that  good  or  evil,  which  other 
wise  of  itself  were  not  simply  the  one  nor  the 
other.  '  Hooker. 

3.  Merely  ;  solely. 

Simply  the  thing  I  am 
Shall  make  lue  live.  Shak 

4.  Weakly ;  foohshly. 
SlM'ULACHKll,  n.  [L.  simulacrum.]     An 

iniiiL'i^.     [^Vol  ill  use.]  Etyot. 

SIM'UL.-XR,    n.  [See  Simulate]     One  wl 
eiiniilates  or  counterfeits  something.  [JVol 
in  use.]  Shak. 

SIM'ULATE,  V.  t.  [L.  simulo,  from  similis, 
like.J 

To  feign ;  to  counterfeit ;  to  assume  tlie 
mere  appearance  of  something,  without 
the  reality.  The  wicked  often  simulate 
the  virtuous  and  good. 

SIMULATE,  a.  [L.  simulalus.]  Feigned; 
prelcnded.  Bale. 

S1M'UL.\TED, /);».  or  a.  Feigned;  pretend- 
ed; assumed  artificially.  CheMerJitld. 

SIM'ULATING,  ppr.  Feigning;  pretend- 
ing; assuming  the  appearance  of  what  is 
not  real. 

SIMULA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  simulalio.] 
The  act  of  feigning  to  he  that  which  is 
not ;  the  assumption  of  a  deceitful  appear 
anoe  or  character.  Simxdaiion  iliffers 
from  dissimulation.  The  former  denotes 
the  assuming  of  a  false  character  ;  the  lat- 
ter denotes  the  concealment  of  the  true 
character.  Both  are  comprehended  in 
the  word  hypocrisy. 

SIMULTA'NEOIJS,  a.  [Fr.  simidlanie  ;  Sp. 
simultaneo;  from  L.  simul,  at  the  same 
time.] 

Existing  or  happening  at  the  same  time  ;  as 
simidianeous  events.  The  e.Kchange  of] 
ratifications  may  be  simultaneous. 

SIMULTANEOUSLY,  adv.  At  the  same 
time. 

SIMULTA'NEOUSNESS,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  bein^'  or  happening  at  the  same 
time ;  as  the  simultaiieousiiess  of  transac- 
tions in  twodiflereiit  places. 

SIM'ULTY,  n.  [\..simullas.]  Private  grudge 
or  quarrel.     [.Yot  in  tise.]  B.  Jonson. 

SIN,  n.  [Sax.  sin  or  syn  ;  G.  siinde  ;  D.  zonde ; 
Sw.  I):in.  synd ;  Lapponir,  Finnish,  sin- 
din;  allied  perhaps  to  Ir.  ,?aun';K,  to  alter, 
to  vary,  to  sunder.  The  primary  sense  is 
probably  to  depart,  to  wander.] 

1.  The  vdluntary  dejiaiture  of  a  moral  agent 
from  a  known  rule  of  rectitude  or  duly, 
prescribed  by  God  ;  any  voluntary  trans- 
gression of  the  divine  law,  or  vicdation  of 
a  divine  command  ;  a  wicked  act ;  ini- 
quity. Sin  is  either  a  positive  act  in 
which  a  known  divine  law  is  violated,  or 
it  is  the  volunlaiy  neglect  to  obey  a  posi- 
tive divine  command,  or  a  rule  of  duty 
clearly  implied  in  such  command.  Sin 
comprehends  not  actions  only,  but  neglect 
of  known  duty,  all  evil  thoughts,  purposes, 
words  ,ind  desires,  whatever  is  contrary 
to  GimI's  commands  or  law.  1  John  iii. 
Matt.  XV.  James  iv. 


Sinners  neither  ciyoy  the  pleasures  of  sm,| 
nor  the  peace  of  piety  Rot).  Hall' 

Among  ilivines,  sin  is  original  nr  actual.] 
Actual  sin,  above  detined,  is  the  act  of  al 
moral  agent  in  violating  a  known  rule  of' 
duty.  Original  sin,  as  generally  undci-  i 
stood,  is  native  depravity  of  heart  ;  that 
want  of  conformity  of  heart  to  the  divine 
will,  that  corruption  of  nature  or  deterio- 
ration of  the  moral  character  of  man, 
which  is  supposed  to  be  the  effect  <d'  Ad- 
am's apostasy;  an<l  which  manifests  itself 
in  moral  agents  by  positive  acts  of  disobe- 
dience to  the  divine  will,  or  by  the  volun- 
tary neglect  to  comply  with  the  express 
commands  of  God,  which  require  that  we 
shiuild  love  God  with  all  the  heart  and 
soul  and  strength  and  mind,  and  our 
neighbor  as  ourselves.  This  native  de- 
pravity or  alienation  of  affections  from 
God  and  his  law,  is  supposed  to  be  what 
the  apostle  calls  the  carnal  mind  or  mind- 
edness,  which  is  enmity  against  God,  and 
is  therefore  denominated  sin  or  sinfulness. 

Unpardonable  sin,  or  blasphemy  against 
the  Holy  Spirit,  is  supposed  to  be  a  mali- 
cious and  obstinate  rejection  of  Christ  and 
the  gospel  plan  of  salvation,  or  a  con- 
temptuous resistance  made  to  the  influ-! 
eiices  and  convictions  of  the  Holy  Spirit. 
Matt.  xii. 

2.  A  sin-offering;  an  offering  made  to  atone 
for  sin. 

He  hath  made  him  to  be  sin  fur  us,  who 
knew  no  sin.     2  Cor.  v. 

3.  A  man  enormously  wicked.    [JVbt  in  vse.] 

Shak.\ 
Sin  differs  from  crime,  not  in  nature,  but  iu' 
application.  That  which  is  a  crime  against: 
society,  is  sin  against  God.  | 

SIN,  v.t.  [Sax.  singian,  syngian.]  To  depart 
voluntarily  from  the  path  of  duty  pre-' 
scribed  by  God  to  man  ;  to  violate  the  di- 
vine law  in  any  particular,  by  actual  trans- 
gression or  by  the  neglect  or  non-observ- 
ance of  its  injunctions;  to  violate  any 
known  rule  of  duty. 

All  have  .tinned  and  come  short  of  tlie  glory 
of  (^od.   Koin.  iii. 
It  is  followed  by  against. 
Jlgainst   lliec,    thee   only,  have    I    sinned. 
Ps.  li. 

2.  To  offend  against  right,  against  men  or 
society  ;  to  trespass. 

]  am  a  man 
More  sinn'd  against  than  sinning.         Shak. 
And  who  but  wishes  to  invert  the  laws 
Of  order,  sins  against  th'  eternal  cause. 

Pope. 

SIN,  for  since,  [Scot,  syne,]  obsolete  or  vul- 
gar. 

SIN'.\PISM,  n.  [L.  sinapis, sinapc,  mustard, 
G.  sen/,  Sax.  scnep.] 

In  pharmacy,  a  cataplasm  composed  of  mus- 
tard seed  pulverized,  with  some  other  in- 
gredients, and  used  as  an  external  appli- 
cation. It  is  a  powerful  stimulant.    Encyc. 

filNCE,  prep,  ov  adv.  [Sw.  sedan;  Dan.  si- 
den;  X).  sint ;  supposed  to  be  contracted: 
from  Sax.  silhlhan,  which  is  from  sithian, 
to  pass,  to  go  ;  and  sithlhan  may  be  the 
participle,  and  denote  past,  gone,  and 
hence  after,  afterward.  Sith  in  Saxon, 
has  a  like  sense.  Our  early  writers  used 
sith,  silhen,  silhence  ;  the  latter  is  eviilently 
a  corruption  oC silhlhun.  It  may  he  doubt- 
ed whether  Sw.  scii,  Daa.  seen,  slow,  late,- 


is  a  contraction  of  this  word  ;  more  prob- 
ably it  is  not.] 

1.  After;  from  the  time  that.  The  proper 
signirication  of  since  is  after,  and  its  ap- 
propriate sense  includes  the  whole  period 
between  an  event  and  the  present  lime. 
I  have  not  seen  my  brother  since  Janu- 
ary. 

The  Lord  hath  blessed  thee,  since  my  com- 
ing,    fieii.  XXX. 

— Holy  prophets,  who  have  been  since  the 
world  began.     Luke  i.     John  ix. 

Since  then  denotes,  during  the  whole 
time  aller  an  exent ;  or  al  any  particular 
time  during  that  period. 

2.  Ago:  past;  before  this.  "About  two 
years  sirice,  an  event  happened,"  that  i3> 
two  years  having  passed. 

■i.  IJecanse  that ;  this  being  the  fact  that. 
Since  trulh  and  constancy  are  vain, 
Since  neither  love  nor  sense  of  pain 
Nor  force  of  reason  can  persuade, 
Then  let  example  be  obey'd.  Granville. 

Since,  when  it  precedes  a  noun,  is  called  u 
preposition,  but  when  it  precedes  a  sen- 
tence it  is  called  an  adverb.  The  truth  is, 
the  character  of  the  word  is  the  same  in 
both  cases.  It  is  probably  an  obsolete 
participle,  and  according  to  the  usual 
classification  of  words,  may  be  properly 
ranked  with  the  prepositions.  In  strict- 
ness, the  last  clause  of  the  pa.ssage  above 
cited  is  the  case  absolute.  "The  Lord 
hath  bles.sed  thee,  since  my  coming,"  that 
is,  my  arrival  being  past.  So,  since  the 
world  began,  is  strictly  past  the  world  be- 
gan, the  beginning  of  the  world  being 
past.  In  the  fust  case,  since,  considered 
as  a  preposition,  has  coming,  a  noun,  for 
its  object,  and  in  the  latter  case,  the  clause 
of  a  sentence.  iSo  we  .say,  against  your 
arrival,  or  again.it  you  come. 

SINCE'RE,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  sutccrii*,  which 
is  said  to  be  composed  of  sine,  without, 
and  cera,  wax  ;  as  if  applied  originally  to 
pure  honey.] 

1.  Pure ;   iiniiiixed. 

As  new-born  babes,  desire  the  sincere  milk 
of  the  word.     1  I'ct.  ii. 

A  joy  which  never  was  sincere  till  now. 

Dry  den. 

There  is  no  sincere  acid  in  any  animal  juice. 

Jirbuthnot. 

I  would  have  all  gallicisms  avoided,  that  our 
tongue  may  be  sinccie.  Felton. 

[This  sense  is  for  the  most  part  obso- 
lete. We  use  the  phrases,  sincere  joy, 
sincere  pleasure ;  but  we  mean  by  theni, 
unfeigned,  real  ]oy  or  pleasure.] 

2.  Unhurt ;  uninjured. 
Th'  inviolable  body  stood  sincere.     Obs. 

Dry  den. 

3.  Being  in  reality  what  it  appears  to  be ; 
not  feigned  ;  not  simulated  ;  not  a.ssumcd 
or  said  for  the  sake  of  appearance  :  real ; 
not  hypocritical  or  pretended.  This  is  the 
present  use  of  the  word.  Let  your  inten- 
tions be  pure  and  your  declarations  sin- 
cere.  Let  love  and  friendship  be  sincere. 
No  prayer  can  avail  with  a  heart-search- 
ing God,  unless  it  is  sincere. 

SINCERELY,  adv.   Honestly;    with   real 

purity    of  heart ;   without   simulation   or 

disguise  ;  unfeignedly  ;  as,  to  sjieak  one's 

mind  ,?!')ici)Ti')/;    to    love    virtue  iucere/v. 

INCE'RENE'SS,  n.  Sincerity. 


S  I  N 


S  I  N 


SIN 


SINCER'ITV,  n.  [Fr.  sinceriU ;  L.  ainceri- 

tas.] 

1.  Honesty  of  tniiid  or  intention ;  freedom 
from  simulation  or  hypocrisy.  We  may 
question  a  man's  prudence,  when  we  can- 
not question  his  sincerity. 

2.  Freedom   from  hypocrisy,    disguise    or 
false  pretense  ;  as  the  sincerity  of  a  decla 
ration  or  of  love. 

SIN'CIPUT,  n.  [L.]  The  fore  part  of  the 
head  from  the  forehead  to  the  coronal  su- 
ture. Encyc 

SIN'DON,  n.  [L.  fine  linen.]  A  wrapper 
[JVot  in  use.]  Bacon 

SINE,  n.  [L.  sinus.]  In  geometry,  the  right 
sine  of  an  arch  or  arc,  is  a  line  drawn  from 
one  end  of  that  arch,  perperwlicular  to  the 
radius  drawn  through  the  other  end,  and 
is  always  equal  to  half  the  chord  of  double 
the  arch.  Harris. 

SrNE€URE,  n.  [L.  sine,  without,  and  euro, 
cure,  care.] 

An  office  which  has  revenue  without  em- 
ployment; in  church  affairs,  a  benefice 
without  cure  of  souls.  [TTiis  is  the  ori- 
ginal and  proper  sense  of  the  ivord.] 

Sine  die,  [L.  without  day.]  An  adjournment 
si7ie  die  is  an  adjournment  without  fixing 
the  time  of  resuming  business.  When  a 
defendant  is  suffered  to  go  sine  die,  he  is 
dismissed  the  court. 

SIN'EPITE,  n.  [L.  sma;?c,  mustard.]  Some- 
thing resembling  mustard  seed. 

De  Costa. 

SIN'EW,  n.  [Sax.  sinii,  sinw,  sinwe  ;  G. 
sehne  ;  D.  zenuw ;  Sw.  sena  ;  Dan.  sene  or 
scene.  The  primary  sense  is  stretched, 
strained,  whence  the  sense  ofsrong;  G. 
sehi::n,  to  long;  Ir.  sinnim,  to  strain.' 

1.  In  anatomy,  a  tendon  ;  that  which  unites 
a  muscle  to  a  bone. 

2.  In  the  plural,  strength ;  or  rather  that 
which  supplies  strength.  Money  is  the 
sineivs  of  war.  Dryden. 

3.  Muscle  ;  nerve.  Davies. 
SIN'EW,  V.  t.  To  knit  as  by  sinews.  Shak 
SIN'EWED,    a.    Furnished    with    sinews; 

as  a  strong-smcmerf  youth. 
2.  Strong  ;  firm  ;  vigorous. 
When  he  sees 
Ourselves  well  sinewed  to  our  defense. 

Shak. 

SIN'EWLESS,  a.  Having  no  strength  or 

vigor. 
SIN'EW-SHRUNK,  a.  Gaunt-bellied  ;  hav- 
ing the  sinews  under  the  belly  shrunk  by 
excess  of  fatigue,  as  a  horse.  Far.  Did. 
SIN'EVVY,  a.  Consisting  of  a  sinew  or 
nerve. 

The  sinewy  thread  my  brain  lets  fall. 

Donne. 

2.  Nervous;  strong;  well  braced  with  sin- 
ews;  vigorous;  firm;  as  thu  sineioy  Ainx. 

Shak. 

The  northern  people  are  large,  fair  complex- 

ioned,  strong,  sinewy  and  courageous.       Hale. 

SIN'FUL,  a.  [from  sin.]  Tainted  with  sin  ; 
wicked;  iniquitous;  criminal;  unholy; 
as  sinful  men. 

Ah,  sinful  nation,  a  people  laden  with  ini- 
quity !     Is.  i. 

2.  Containing  sin,  or  consisting  in  sin  ;  con- 
trary to  the  hiws  of  God ;  as  sinful  ac-j 
tious  ;  sinful  thoughts  ;  sinful  words. 


SIN'FULLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  which  the 
laws  of  God  do  not  permit;  wickedly;  in- 
iquitouslv  ;  criminally. 

SIN'FULNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
sinful  or  contrary  to  the  divine  will :  wick- 
edness; iniquity;  criminality;  as  the  sin- 
fuiness  of  an  action ;  the  sinfulness  of 
thoughts  or  purposes. 

2.  Wickedness;  corruption;  depravity;  as 
the  sinfulness  of  men  or  of  the  human 
race. 

SING,  V.  i.  pret.  sung,  sang;  pp.  sung. 
[Sax.  singan,  syngan;  Goth,  siggwan;  G 
singen ;  D.  zingen  ;  Sw.  siuiiga  ;  Dan. 
syngcr.  It  would  seem  from  the  Gothic 
that  n  is  casual,  and  the  elements  Sg.  It] 
so,  it  coincides  with  say  and  seek,  all  sig- 
nifying to  strain,  urge,  press  or  drive.] 

1.  To  utter  sounds  with  various  inflections 
or  melodious  modulations  of  voice,  as  fan- 
cy may  dictate,  or  according  to  the  notes 
of  a  song  or  tune. 

The  noise  of  them  that  sing  do  I  hear.     Ex 
xxxii. 

2.  To  utter  sweet  or  melodious  sounds,  as 
birds.  It  is  remarkable  that  the  female  of 
no  species  of  birds  ever  sings. 

And  singing  birds  in  silver  cages  hung. 

Dn/den 

3.  To  make  a  small  shrill  sound  ;  as,  the  air 
sings  in  passing  through  a  crevice. 

O'er  his  head  the  flying  spear 

Sung  innocent,  and  spent  its  force  in  air. 

Pope. 

4.  To  tell  or  relate  something  in  numbers  or 
verse. 

Sing 
Of  human  hope  by  cross  event  destroy'd. 

Prior. 
SING,  V.  t.  To  utter  with  musical    modula- 
tions of  voice. 

And  they  sing  the  song   of  Moses,  the  ser- 
vant of  God,  and  the  song  of  the  Lamb.     Rev. 


in  song ;  to  give  praises  to 


2.  To  celebrate 
in  verse. 

The  last,  die  happiest  British  king, 
Whom  thou  shalt  paint  or  I  shall  sing. 

Addison. 

3.  To  relate  or  rehearse  in  numbers,  verse 
or  poetry. 

Arms  and  the  man  I  sing.  Dryden. 

While  stretch'd  at  ease  you  sing  your  happy 

loves.  Dryden. 

SINgE,  v.  t.  sinj.  [Sax.  soingan ;  G.  sen- 
gen  ;  D.  zengeti.] 
To  burn  slightly  or  superficially;  to  burn 
the  surface  of  a  thing,  as  the  nap  of  cloth, 
or  the  hair  of  the  skin ;  as,  to  singe  oft' 
the  beard.  Shak. 

Thus  riding  on  his  curls,  he  seem'd  to  pass 
A  rolling  fire  along,  and  singe  the  grass. 

Dryden 
SINgE,   n.    A  burning  of  the  surface ;    a 

slight  burn. 
SINd'ED,  pp.  Burnt  superficially. 
SINg'EING,  ppr.  Burning  the  surface. 
SING'ER,  n.  [from  sing-.]    One  that  sings. 

2.  One  versed  in  music,  or  one  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  sing  ;  as  a  chorus  of  sing-crs. 

Dn/dcn 

3.  A  bird  that  .sings.  Bacon. 
SING'ING,  ppr.  Uttering  melodious  or  mu 

sical  notes;  making  a  shrill  sound;  cele 
brating  in  song  ;  reciting  in  verse. 
SING'ING,  n.  The  act   of  uttering  sounds 
with  musical  inflections  ;  musical  articu 


lation  ;  the  utterance  of  melodious  notes. 
Cant.  ii. 

SING'ING-BCMJK,  n.  A  music  bonk,  as  it 
ought  to  be  called  :  a  bonk  containing  tunes. 

SING'IXGLY,  adv.  With  sounds  like  sing- 
ing ;  with  a  kind  of  tune.  JVorth. 

SING'ING-MAN,  n.  [singitig  and  man.]  A 
man  who  sings,  or  is  employed  to  sing ;  as 
in  cathedrals. 

SING'ING-MASTER,  n.  A  music  master; 
one  that  teaches  vocal  music.        Addison. 

SING'ING-WoMAN,  n.  A  woman  em- 
ployed to  sing. 

SIN'GLE,  a.  [L.  singulus ;  probably  frotn 
a  root  that  signifies  to  separate.] 

1.  Separate;  one;  only;  individual;  con- 
sisting of  one  only  ;  as  a  single  star  ;  e. 
single  city  ;  a  single  act. 

2.  Particular  ;  individual. 
No  single  man  is  born  with  a  right  of  con- 
trolling the  opinions  of  all  the  rest.  Pope 

.3.  Uncoinpounded. 

Simple   ideas   are  opposed   to  complex,  and 
single  to  compound.  Watts. 

Alone ;  having  no  companion  or  assist- 
ant. 

Wio  single  hast  maintain'd 
Against  revolted  multitudes  the  cause  of  truth 

Milton . 
Unmarried  ;   as  a  single  man  ;  a  single 
woman. 
G.  Not  double  ;  not  complicated  ;  as  a  single 
thread  ;  a  single  strand  of  a  rope. 

7.  Performed  with  one  person  or  antagonist 
on  a  side,  or  with  one  person  only  oppo- 
sed to  another ;  as  a  single  fight  ;  a  single 
combat. 

8.  Pure  ;  simple  ;  incorrupt ;  unbiased  ;  hav- 
ing clear  vision  of  divine  truth.     Matt.  vi. 

9.  Small ;  weak  ;  silly.     Obs. 

Beaum.    Shak. 

10.  In  botany,  a  single  flower  is  when  there 
is  only  one  on  a  stem,  and  in  common 
usage,  one  not  double.  Afaiii/n. 

SIN'GLE,  V.  t.  To  select,  as  an  individual 
person  or  thing  from  among  a  number ; 
to  choose  one  from  others. 

— A  dog  who  can  single  out  his  master  in 
the  dark.  Bacon. 

2.  To  sequester ;  to  withdraw  ;  to  retire  ; 
as  an  agent  sing'Kng' itself  from  comforts. 
[JVot  used.]  Hooker. 

3.  To  take  alone  ;  as  men  commendable 
when  singled  from  society.     [JVo/  in  use.] 

Hooker. 

4.  To  separate.  Sidney. 
SIN'GLED,   pp.    Selected   from  among  a 

number. 

SIN'GLENESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  one 
ouly  or  separate  from  all  others  ;  the  op- 
posite of  doubleucss,  complication  or  mul- 
tiplicity. 

2.  Simplicity;  sincerity;  purity  of  mind  or 
purpose  ;  freedom  from  duplicity  ;  as  st'n- 
glencss  of  belief;  singleness  of  heart. 

Hooker.     Law. 

SIN'GEY,  adv.  Individually  ;  particularly  ; 
as,  to  make  men  singly  and  personally 
good.  Tillolson . 

2.  Only  ;  by  himself 
Look  thee,  'tis  so,  thou  singly  honest  man. 

Shak. 

3.  Without  partners,  companions  or  asso- 
ciates ;  as,  to  attack  another  singly. 

At  ombre  singly  to  decide  their  doom. 

X'ryrfi.ii, 

4.  Honestly ;  sincerely. 


SIN 


SIN 


SIN 


SIN'GULAR,  a.  [Fr.  sin^ulitr;  L.  singVL- 
laris,  from  singutus,  siiiglt-.] 

1.  Single  ;  not  coiiiiilex  or  compound. 

'I'liat  idea  wliicli  roprcsenls  one  determinate 
thing,  is  called  a  singular  idea,  whether  sim- 
ple, complex  or  compound.  Watts. 

2.  In  grammar,  expressing  one  person  or 
tiling  ;  as  the  singuiar  number.  The  sin- 
gular number  stands  opposed  to  dual  and 
plural. 

■3.  Particular  ;  existing  by  itself;  unexam- 
pled ;  as  u  singular  phenomenon.  Your 
case  i.s  hard,  hut  not  singular. 

4.  Remarkable  ;  eminent;    uinisual  ;    rare 
as  a  man  of  singular  gravity,  or  singular 
attainments. 

5.  Not  common ;  odd  ;  implying  something 
censurable  or  not  approved. 

His  zeal 
None  seconded,  as  singular  and  rash. 

Afilton 

6.  Being ^lone;  that  of  which  tliere  is  but 
one. 

These  busts  of  the  emperors  and  empresses 
are  scarce,  and  some  of  them  almost  singuUxr 
in  theii  kind.  Addison 

SIN'GULAR,  n.  A  particular  instance 
[Unusual.]  More. 

SINGULAR'ITY,  n.  [Fr.  singularity.]    Pc 
culiurity  ;  some  character  or  (piality  of  a 
thing  by  which  it  is  <listiiiguished  fromall, 
or  from  most  others. 

Pliny  addcth  this  singttlarity  to  that  soil 
that  the  second  year  the  very  falling  of  the 
seeds  yieldeth  corn.  Raleigh. 

2.  An  uncommon  character  or  form ;  some- 
thing curious  or  remarkable. 

I  took  notice  of  this  little  hgure  for  the  sin- 
gularity of  till'  instrument.  Addison 

3.  Particular  privilege,  prerogative  or  dis- 
tinction. 

No  bishop  of  Rome  ever  took  upon  him  this 
name  o[ singularity,  (universal  bishop.) 

Hooker. 

Catholicism — must  be  understood  in  opposi' 
tion  to  the  lej;al  singularity  of  the  .lewisli  ua 
tion.  Pearson. 

4.  Character  or  trait  of  character  ditTcrent 
from  that  of  others  ;  peciiliurit_\.  Tlie 
singularity  of  living  according  to  the  strict 
precepts  of  the  gospel  is  highly  to  be  com- 
mended. 

.").  Oddity. 

»).  Celibacy.     [JVotinuse.]  J.Taylor 

SIN'GULARIZE,   v.  t.    To    make    single 

[.Vo/  in  use.] 
SIN'GULARLY,  adv.  Peculiarly  ;  in  a  man 

ner  or  degree  not  commoTi  to  others.     It 

is  no  disgrace  to  be  singularly  good. 
2.  Oddly  ;  strangely. 
•J.  So  as  to  express  one  or  the  singular  nuin 

l>er.  Morion. 

SIN'GULT,  >i.  [I.,  singultus.]  A  sigh.  [Ao/ 

in  «.se.] 
SIN'1€AL,  a.  [from  sine.]    Pertaining  to  a 

sine. 
SIN'ISTRR,  a.  [L.     Probably  the  primary 

sense  is  weak,  defective.] 

1.  Left ;  on  the  lefi  hand,  or  the  side  of  the 
left  hand  ;  opposed  to  dexter  or  right ;  as 
the  sinister  cheek  ;  or  the  sinister  side  of], 
an  escutcheon. 

2.  Evil ;  bad  ;  corrupt ;  perverse  ;  dishon- 
est ;  as   sinister   means  ;  sinister  purpose. 

He  scorns  to   undermine  another's  interest 
by  any  sinister  or  interior  arts.  South 

3.  Unlucky;  inauspicious.  B.Jonson 


Sinister  aspect,  in  astrology,  an  appearance! 
of  two  planets  happening  according  to 
the  successinn  of  the  signs  ;  as  Hu(urn  iir 
Aries,  and  Mars  in  the  same  degree  of! 
Gemini.  Encyc\ 

SIN'ISTER-IIANDED,  a.  Left-handed. 
(JVo<  in  use.] 

SIN'ISTERLY,  adv.  Absurdly  ;  perverse- 
ly ;  unfairly.  Ji.  Wood. 

SINISTROR'SAL,  a.  [sinister  and  Gr. 
opuu,  to  rise.] 

Rising  from  left  to  right,  as  a  spiral  line  or 
helix.  Henry. 

SIN'ISTROUS,  a.  Being  on  the  left  side; 
inclined  to  tlir  left.  Brown. 

2.  Wrong  ;  absurd  ;  perverse. 

A  knave  or   fool   can   do  no  harm,   even  by 
the  most  sinistrous  and  absurd  choice. 

Sentley. 

SIN'ISTROUSLY.arfj).  Perversely ;  wrong 

'?• 
2.  With    a   tendency  to  use  the  left  as  the 

stronger  band. 
SINK,  V.  i.  pret.  sunk;  pp.  id.  The  old 
piet.  sank  is  nearly  obsolete.  [Sax.  sen- 
can,  fincan ;  Goth,  sigcwan  ;  G.  sinken  ; 
D.  zinken  ;  Sw.  siunka  ;  Dan.  synker  ;  coin- 
ciding with  siege.     Class  Sg.] 

1.  To  f.ill  by  the  force  of  greater  gravity,  in 
a  medium  or  substance  of  less  specific 
gravity  ;  to  subside  ;  opposed   to   swim  or 

Jloat.  Some  species  of  wood  or  timber 
will  sink  in  water.  Oil  will  not  sink  in 
water  and  many  other  liquids,  for  it  is 
s))ecifically  lighter. 

I  sink  in  deep  mire.     Ps.  Ixi.K. 

2.  To  fall  gradually. 
He  sunk  down  in  his  chariot.     2  Kings  a. 

3.  To  enter  or  jienetrate  into  any  body. 
The  stone  sunk  into   liis  forehead.     1  Sam. 

xvii. 

4.  To  fall :  to  become  lower  ;  to  subside  or 
settle  to  a  level. 

i  he  Alps  and  Pyrenees  sink  before  him. 

Addison. 

5.  To  be  overwhelmed  or  depressed. 
Our  country  sinks  beneath  the  yoke.     SJiak. 

6.  To  enter  deeply  ;  to  be  impressed. 
Let  these  sayings  sink  down  into  your  ears. 

Luke  is. 

To  become  deep ;  to  retire  or  fall  within 

the  surface  of  any  thing  ;  as,  the  eyes  sink 

into  the  head. 
|t?.  To  fall ;  to  decline  ;  to  decay  ;  to  de- 
'  crease.  A  free  state  gradually  sinks  into 
j     ruin.     It  is  the  duty  of  government  to  re 

vive  a  sinking  conmierce. 
I  I.,et  not  the  tire  sink  or  slacken.     Mortimer. 

9.  To  fall  into  rest  or  indolence  ;  as,  to  sink 
!     away  in  pleasing  dreams.  Mdxson 

10.  To  be   lower;  to  fall;  as,  the   price  of 
i     land  will  sink  in  time  of  peace. 
|SINK,  V.  t.  To  put  under  water ;  to  immerse 
I     in  a  fluid  ;  as,  to  sink  a  ship. 
j2.  To   make  by   digging  or  delving;  as,  to 
1     sink  a  pit  or  a  well. 

3.  To  depress ;  to  degrade.     His  vices  sink 
\     him  in  infamy,  or  in  public  estimation. 

4.  To  plunge  into  destruction. 
If  1  have  a  conscience,  let  it  sink  me. 

Shah. 
To  cause  to  fall  or  to  be  plunged. 

ff'oodward. 

To  bring  low  ;  to  rciluce  in  quantity. 

Vou  sunk  the  river  with  repeated  draughts. 

Addison 


7.  To  depress;  to  overbear;  to  crush.  This 
would  sink  the  spirit  of  a  hero. 

a.  To  diminish;  to  lower  or  lessen;  to  de- 
grade. 

I  mean  not  that  we  should  sink  our  figure 
outot  covetousness.  Rogers. 

9.  To  cause  to  decline  or  fail. 

Tliy  cruel  and  unnal'ral  lust  of  power 
Has  sunk  thy  father  more  than  all  his  years. 

Rome. 

10.  To  suppress ;  to  conceal  ;  to   intervert. 

If  sent  with  ready  money  to  buy  any  thing, 
and  you  happen  to  be  out  of  pocket,  sink  the 
muMcy,  and  take  up  tlie  goods  on  account. 
[Unusuul.'\  Swijl. 

11.  To  depress;  to  lower  in  value  or  amount. 
Great  importations  may  sink  the  price  of 
goods. 

12.  To  reduce  ;  to  pay ;  to  diminish  or  an- 
nihiluto  by  payment ;  as,  to  sink  the  na- 
tional debt. 

1-3.  To  waste  ;  to  dissipate  ;  as,  to  sink  an 
estate. 

SINK,  II.  [.Sax.  sine]  A  drain  to  carry  off 
tiltliy  water  ;  a  jakes.       Shak.     Hayward. 

2.  A  kind  of  bason  of  stone  or  wood  to  re- 
ceive tiltliy  water. 

SINK'ING,  ppr.  Falling;  subsiding  ;  de- 
pressing; declining. 

Sinking  fund,  in  Jinanee,  a  fund  created  for 

I  sinking  or  paying  a  public  debt,  or  pur- 
cliasiiig  the  stock  for  the  government. 

SIN'LESS,  a.  [from  sin.]  Free  from  sin  ; 
piiu!  ;  perfect.  Christ  yielded  a  sinless 
obedience. 

2.  Free  from  sin  ;  innocent  ;  as  a  sinless 
soul.  Dryden. 

SIN'LESSNESS,  n.  Freedom  fi-omsin  and 
guilt.  Boyle. 

SIN'NER,  71.  One  that  has  voluntarily  vio- 
lated the  divine  law  ;  a  moral  agent  who 
has  voluntarily  disobeye<l  any  divine  pre- 
cept, or  neglected  any  known  diiti'. 

2.  It  is  used  ill  contradistinction  to  saint, 
to  denote  an  unregenerale  person;  one 
who  has  not  received  the  pardon  of  his 
sins. 

3.  An  offender  ;  a  criminal.  Dn/den. 
SIN'NER,  V.  i.  To  act  as  a  sinner;  t;i  ludi- 
I     crous  language. 

Whether  the  charmer  siniier  it  or  saint  it. 

Pope. 

!SIN'-0FFERING,  »!.  [sin  and  offering.]  A 
sacrifice  for  sin  ;  something  onbred  as  an 
expiation  for  sin.     Ex.  xxix. 

|SIN0PI;R,  I  ^^    [L.  sinopis  ;  Gr.   mi-unis.'j 

SIN'OPLE,  ^  ■  Red  ferruginous  quartz,  of 
a  blood  or  brownish  red  color,  .sometimes 
with  a  tinge  of  yellow.  It  occurs  in  small 
but  very  perfect  crystals,  and  in  masses 
that  resemble  some  varieties  of  jasper. 

Ctcaveland. 

SIN'TER.  n.  In  mineralogy,  calcarioiis  sin- 
ter is  a  variety  of  carbonate  of  lime,  com- 
posed of  a  series  of  successive  layers,  con- 
centric, plane  or  undulated,  and  nearly  or 
quite  parallel.  It  appears  under  various 
forms.  Cleareland. 

Silicious  sinter  is  white  or  grayish,  light, 
brittle,  porous,  and  of  a  fibrous  texture. 
Opaline  silicious  sinter  somewhat  resem- 
bles opal.  It  is  whitish,  with  brownish, 
blackish  or  bluish  spots,  and  its  fragments 
present  dendritic  appearances.  Phillips. 
Pearl  sinter  or  liorite  occurs  in  stalactit- 


S  I  P 


SIR 


SIT 


ic,    cylindrioal,  botryoidal,  and  globularj 
masses,  white  or  grayish.  Id. 

SINUATE,  V.  t.  [L.  sinuo.]  To  wind  ;  to! 
turn  ;  to  bend  in  and  out.  Woodward.] 

SIN'UATE,  a.  In  botany,  a  sinuate  leaf  is] 
one  that  has  large  curved  breaks  in  the 
margin,  resembling  bays,  as  in  the  oak. 

Martyn. 

SINUA'TION,  n.  A  winding  or  bending  in 
and  out.  Hale. 

SINUOS'ITY,  n.  [h.  simiosus,  sinus.]  The 
quality  of  bending  or  curving  in  and  out: 
or  a  series  of  bends  and  turns  in  arches  or 
other  irregular  figures. 

SIN'UOUS,  a.  [Fr.  sinueur,  from  L.  sinus.] 
Winding;  crooked;  bending  in  and  out; 
as  a  sinuous  pipe. 

Streaking  the  ground  with  simunts  trace. 

Milton. 

SI'NUS,  n.  [L.  a  bay.]  A  bay  of  the  sea  .  a 
recess  in  the  shore,  or  an  opening  into  the 
land.  Burnet. 

9.  In  anatomy,  a  cavity  in  a  bone  or  other 
part,  wider  at  the  bottom  than  at  the  en- 
trance. Encyc. 

3.  In  surgery,  a  little  cavity  or  sack  in  which 
pus  is  collected  ;  an  abscess  with  only 
a  small  orifice.  Encyc.     Parr. 

4.  An  opening;  a  hollow. 
SIP,  V.  t.  [Sax.  sipan,  to  sip,  to  drink  in,  to 

macerate;  D.  sippen;  Dan.  sober;  Sw. 
aupa  ;  Ir.  aubham  ;  W.  sipiaw,  to  draw  the 
lips;  sipian,  to  sip;  Fr.  soupe,  souper ; 
Eng.  sop,  sup,  supper.  See  Class  Sb.  No. 
79.] 

1.  To  take  a  fluid  into  the  mouth  in  small 
quantities  by  the  lips;  as,  to  sip  wine;  to 
sip  tea  or  cofl'ee.  Pope. 

2.  To  drink  or  imbibe  in  sinall  quantities. 

Every  herb  that  sips  the  dew.  Milton. 

3.  To  draw  into  the  mouth  ;  to  extract ;  as, 
a  bee  sips  nectar  from  the  flowers. 

4.  To  drink  out  of. 

They  skim  the   floods,  and  sip  the  purple 
flow'is.  Dryden. 

SIP,  V.  i.  To  drink  a  small  quantity ;  to 
take  a  fluid  with  the  lips.  Dryden. 

SIP,  n.  The  taking  of  a  liquor  with  the  lips ; 
or  a  small  draught  taken  with  the  lips. 
One  sip  of  this 
Will  bathe  the  drooping  spirits  in  delight, 
Beyond  the  bliss  of  dreams.  Milton. 

SIPE,  I',  i.  To  ooze  ;  to  issue  slowly  ;  as  a 
fluid.     [Local.]  Grose. 

SIPH'ILIS,  n.  [Gr.  sit'^s,  deformed.]  The 
venereal  disease. 

SIPI1IL1T'I€,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  vene- 
real disease,  or  partaking  of  its  nature. 

SI'PHON,  n.  [L.  sipho,  sipo  ;  Gr.  ot^ur  ;  It. 
si/one ;  Fr.  siphon ;  Sp.  si/on.  Qu.  from 
the  root  of  sip.] 

1.  A  bent  pipe  or  tube  whose  legs  are  of 
unequal  length,  used  for  drawing  liquor 
out  of  a  vessel  by  causing  it  to  rise  over 
the  rim  or  top.  For  this  ptnpnse,  the 
shorter  leg  is  inserted  in  the  liquor,  and 
the  air  is  exhausted  by  being  drawn 
tlirongli  the  longer  leg.  The  liquor  then 
rises  Ijy  the  weight  of  the  atmosphere  to 
supply  the  vacuum,  till  it  reaches  the  top 
of  the  vessel,  and  then  descends  in  the 
longer  leg  of  the  siphon. 

2.  The  pipe  by  which  the  chambers  of  a 
slii'lj  cnmmuiiicato.  Ed.  Encyr. 

SIPIIUNCULATED,  a.  [L.  siphunculus,  a 
little  siphon.] 


Having  a  little  siphon  or  spout,  as  a  valve. 

Say. 

SIP'PED,  pp.  Drawn  in  with  the  lips ;  im- 
bibed in  small  (juaniities. 

SIP' PER,  n.  One  that  sips. 

SIP'PET,  n.  A  small  sop.     [M)tinuse.] 

Milton. 

SI  QUIS.    [L.  if  any  one.]    These   words 

1     give  name  to  a  notification  by  a  candi-j 

j     date  for  orders  of  his  intention  to  inquire; 

I     whether  any  impediment  may  be  alledged 

'     against  him. 

SIR,  n.  sur.  [Fr.   *iVe,   and   sieur,   in  mon 
sieur;  Norn;.  stVc,  lord  ;  Corn.  itVa,  father ; 
Heb.  ll!y  sliur,  to  sing,  to  look,  observe, 
watch,  also  to  rule.     The  primary  sense 

I  is  to  stretch,  strain,  hold,  &-c.  whence  the 
sense  of  a  ruler  or  chief] 

1.  A  word  of  respect  used  in  addresses  to 
men,  as  madam  is  in  addresses  to  women. 
It  signifies  projierly  ior;/,  corresponding  to 
dominus  in  Latin,  don  in  Spanish,  and  heir 
in  German.  It  is  used  in  the  singular  or 
plural. 

Speak  on,  sir.  Shak. 

But  sir.s,  be  sudden  in  the  execution.     .SAoAr. 

2.  The  title  of  a  knight  or  baronet ;  as  Sir 
Horace  Vere.  Bacon. 

3.  It  is  used  by  Shakspeare  for  man. 

In  the  election  of  a  sir  so  rare.     [JVot  in 
I      use.] 

4.  In  American  colleges,  the  title  of  a  mas- 
I     ter  of  arts. 

5.  It  is  prefixed  to  loin,  in  sirloin  ;  as  a  sir- 
loin of  beef  This  practice  is  said  to  have 
originated  in  the  knighting  of  a  loin  of 
beef  by  one  of  the  English  kings  in  a  fit 

j     of  good  humor.  Addison., 

fo.  Formerly  the  title  of  a  priest.  Spenser.^ 
SIRE,  n.  [supra.]  A  father;  used  in  poetry.\ 
I  And  raise  his  issue  like  a  loving  sire.     Shak.\ 

2.  The  male  parent  of  a  beast ;  particularly! 
used  of  horses;  as,  the  horse  had  a  good, 
sire,  but  a  bad  dam.  Johnson., 

3.  It  is  used  in  composition  ;  as  in  grandsire,, 
for  grandfather ;  great  grandsire,  great' 
grandfather.  I 

SIRE.  V.  t.  To  beget;  to  procreate;  used  of \ 

beasts.  Shak.l 

SI'RED,  pp.  Begotten.  i 

SIR'F.N,  n.  [L.  ;  Fr. sirene;  It.sirena;  from! 

Heb.  lie;  shur,  to  sing.] 

1.  A  mermaid.  In  ancient  mythology,  a  god-i 
dess  who  enticed  men  into  her  power  by 
the  charms  of  music,  and  devoureil  them. 
Hence  in  modern  use,  an  enticing  woman  ; 
a  female  rendered  dangerous  by  her  en- 
ticements. 

Sing,  siren,  to  thyself,  and  I  will  dote.     Shak. 

2.  A  species  of  lizard  in  Carolina,  constitu- 
ting a  peculiar  genus,  destitute  of  posterior 
extremities  and  pelvis.  Cuvier. 

SIR'EN,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  siren,  or  to  the 
dangerous  enticements  of  music ;  be- 
witching ;  fascinating  :  as  a  siren  song. 

SIRl'ASIS,  n.  [Gr.  aifnanii.  See  Sirius.] 
An  inflammation  of  the  brain,  proceeding 
from  the  exces.<ive  heat  of  the  sun  ;  pbren- 
sy  almost  peculiar  to  children. 

Johnson.     Coie. 

SIR'HJS,  >i.  [L.  from  the  Gr.  anp,  the  sini.]! 
The  large  and  bright  star  called  the  ilog-l 
star,  in  the  mouth  of  the  constellation  Ca- 
nis  major. 

SIU'LOIN,  n.  A  particular  piece  of  beef  so 
called.    [See  Sir.] 


SIRNAME,  is  more  correctly  written  sur- 
name. 

SIRO,  n.  A  mite.  Encye. 

SIROCeO,  n.  [It.  lU;  Sp.  siroco  or  zalo- 
que.] 

A  pernicious  wind  that  blows  from  the  south 
east  in  Italy,  called  the  Syrian  wind.  It 
is  said  to  resemble  the  steam  from  the 
month  of  an  oven. 

SIR'RAH,  n.  A  word  of  reproach  and  con- 
tempt ;  used  in  addressing  vile  charac- 
ters. 

Go,  sirrah,  to  my  cell.  Shale. 

[I  know  not  whence  we  have  this  word. 
The  conmion  derivation  of  it  from  sir,  ha, 
is  ridiculous.] 

SIRT,  n.  sert.  [L.  syrtis.]  A  quicksand. 
[JVot  in  use.] 

SIRL'P,  Ji.  sur'up.  [oriental.  See  Sherbet 
and  Msorb.] 

The  sweet  juice  of  vegetables  or  fi-uits,  or 
other  juice  sweetened ;  or  sugar  br)ile(l 
with  vegetable  infusions.  Coxe. 

SIR'UPED,  a.  Moistened  or  tinged  with 
sirup  or  sweet  juice.  Drayton. 

SIR'UPY,  a.  Like  sirup,  or  partaking  of 
its  qualities.  Moiiimer. 

SISE,  for  assize.     [.Yot  used.] 

SIS'KIN,  n.  A  bird,  the  green  finch ;  an- 
other name  of  the  aberdavine. 

Johnson.     Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

The  siskin  or  aberdavine   is  the  Frin- 

gilla  spinus  ;  the  green  finch,  the  Fr.  chlo- 

ris,  a  diflerent  species.  Ed.  Encyc. 

SISS,  V.  i.  [D.  sissen ;  Dan.  suuser;  G. 
sausen  ;  Sw.  susa,  to  buzz,  rush,  hiss, 
whistle.] 

To  hiss  ;  a  legitimate  word  in  universal  popu- 
lar use  in  .Yew  England. 

SIS'TER,  n.  [Sax.  sweoster ;  D.  zuster ;  G. 
schtvester ;  Sw.  sysler  ;  Dan.  soster ;  Russ. 
sestra  ;  Pol.  siostra  ;  Dalmatian,  szesztre.] 

\.  A  female  born  of  the  same  parents;  cor- 
relative to  brother. 

2.  A  woman  of  the  same  faith;  a  female  fel- 
low   christian. 

If  a  brother  or  sister  be  naked  and  destitute 
of  daily  food —     James  ii. 

3.  A  female  of  the  same  kind.  Shak. 

4.  One  of  the  same  kind,  or  of  the  same  con- 
dition ;  as  siVer-fruits.  Pope. 

5.  A  female  of  the  same  society  ;  as  the 
nuns  of  a  convent. 

SIS'TER,  V.  t.  To  resemble  closely.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Shak. 

SIS'TER.  V.  i.  To  be  akin ;  to  be  near  to. 
[Little  used.]  Shak. 

SIS'TERIIQQD,  n.  [sister  and  hood.]  Sis- 
ters collectively,  or  a  .society  of  sisters;  or 
a  society  of  females  united  in  one  faith  or 
order.  Addison. 

2.  The  office  or  duty  of  a  sister.  [Little 
used.] 

SISTER-IN-LAW,  n.  A  husband's  or  wife's 
sister.  Ruth. 

SIS'TERLY,  a.  Like  a  sister ;  becoming  a 
sister;  afliectionate  ;  as  «t\s/fr/i/ kindness, 

SIT,  V.  i.  pret.  sat ;  old  i)p.  sitten.  [Goth. 
sitan  ;  Sax.  sitan  or  sittan  ;  I),  zitlen  ;  G. 
sitzen  ;  Sw.  sitta  ;  Di\\\.  sidder  ;  I,,  sedeo; 
It.  scdcre  ;  Fr.  seoir,  whence  asseoir,  to  set 
or  place,  to  lay,  to  asses.s,  from  the  parti- 
ciple of  which  we  have  assise,  assize,  a 
sitting,  a  session,  whence  size,  by  contrac- 
tion ;  W.  seza,  to  sit  habitually ;  sezu.  to 


SIT 


SIT 


S  I  X 


seat ;  goraez,  a  supreme  Seat ;  gorstzu,  to 
preside;  Ann.  astzu,  diiiseza,  aizhen,  to 
sit;  Ir.  suidliim,  dsidhim,  and  seisim; 
Corn,  scudha,  to  sit.  It  loincidcs  witli  the 
Ch.  Heb.  no'  and  lleb.  nm  to  set,  place  or 

found,  and  perhaps  with   the  Ar.     ^^ 

sadda,  to  stop,  close  or  make  firm.  See 
Class  Sd.  No.  31.  56.  See  Set.  The  Sp. 
sitiar,  to  besiege,  is  the  same  word  differ- 
ently applied.] 

1.  To  rest  upon  the  buttocks,  as  animals;  as, 
to  sit  on  a  sofa  or  on  the  ground. 

9.  To  perch  ;  to  rest  on   the  feet ;  as  fowls. 

3.  To  occupy  a  seat  or  place  in  an  official 
capacity. 

The  scribes  and  the  Pharisees  sit  in  Moses' 
seat.     Matt,  xxlii. 

4.  To  be  in  a  state  of  rest  or  idleness. 

Shall  your  brethren  go  to  war,  and  shall  ye 
sit  here  .'     Num.  xxxii. 

5.  To  rest,  lie  or  bear  on,  as  a  weight  or 
burden  ;  as,  gneCsils  heavy  on  his  heart. 

6.  To  settle  ;  to  rest ;   to  abide. 

Pale  horror  sat  on  each  Arcadian  face. 

Dryden 

7.  To  incubate ;  to  cover  and  warm  eggs  for 
hatching;  as  a  fowl. 

As  the  partridp;e  sitteth  on  eggs  and  hatcheth 

them  not —    .ler.  xvii. 
S.  To  be  adjusted ;  to   be,   with   respect  to 

fitness  or  unfitness;  as,  a  coat  sits  well  or 

ill. 

This  new  and  gorgeous  garment,  majesty. 
Sits  not  so  easy  on  me  as  you  think,      hhak 

9.  To  be  placed  in  order  to  be  painted ;  as, 
to  sit  for  one's  picture. 

10.  To  be  in  any  situation  or  condition. 

Suppose  all  the  church  lands  to  be  thrown 
up  to  the  luity  ;  would  the  tenants  sit  easier  in 
their  rents  than  now  ?  Swift. 

11.  To  bold  a  session;  to  be  officially  en- 
gaged in  public  bu.siness  ;  as  judges,  legis- 
lators or  oflicers  of  any  kind.  The  house 
of  commons  sometimes  sit.i  till  late  at 
night.  The  judges  or  the  courts  sit 
Westminster  hall.  The  commissioners 
sit  every  day. 

12.  To  exercise  authority  ;  as,  to  sit  in  judg- 
ment. One  council  sits  upon  life  and 
death. 

13.  To  be  in  any  assembly  or  council  as  a 
member;  to  have  a  seat.     1  Mace. 

14.  To  be  in  a  local  position.  The  windsiVi 
fair.     [Unusual.] 

To  .tit  at  meat,  to  be  at  table  for  eating. 
To  sit  down,  to  place  one's  self  on  a  chair  or 
other  seat  ;  as,  to  *i(  down  iit  a  meal. 

2.  To  begin  a  siege.  The  enemy  sat  down 
before  the  town. 

3.  To  settle  ;  to  fix  a  permanent  abode. 

Spenser. 

4.  To  rest ;  to  cense  as  satis6ed. 

Here  we  cannot  sit  down,  but  still  proceed 
in  our  search.  Rogers. 

To  sit  out,  to  be  without  engagement  orem- 
pl'iyment.     [Little  xised.]  Saunderson. 

To  sit  up,  to  rise  or  be  raised  from  a  recum- 
bent posture. 

He  that  was  dead  sat  up,  and  began  to  speak. 
Luke  vU 

2.  Not  to  go  to  bed  ;  as,  to  sit  up  late  at  night ; 
al.-o,  to  watch  ;  as,  to  sit  up  with  a  sick  per- 
son. 

SIT,  V.  t.  To  keep  the  scat  upon.  He  sits  a 
horse  well.     [This  phrase  is  eUiptieal.] 

Vol.  II. 


To  sit  me  down,  to  sit  him  down,  to  ait 
them  down,  equivalent  to  I  seated  myself, 
&c.  are  familiar  phrases  used  by  gf>od  wri- 
ters, though  deviations  from  strict  propri- 
ety. 

'I"hey  sat  them  down  to  weep.  Milton. 

3.  "The  court  was  sat,"  an  expression  of 
Addison,  is  a  gross  impropriety 

SITE,  n.  [L.  situs,  Eng.  seat ;  from  the  root 
of  L.  sedeo,  to  sit.  The  Koman  pronuncia- 
tion was  seelus.] 

1.  Situation  ;  local  position  ;  as  the  site  of  a 
city  or  of  a  house. 

2.  A  scat  or  ground-plot  ;  as  a  mill-Jtfc 
I?ut  we  usually  say,  niill-sfa<,  by  which 
we  understand  the  place  where  a  mill 
stands,  or  a  place  convenient  for  a  mill. 

The  posture  of  a  thing  with  respect  to 
itself 

The  semblance  of  a  lover  fix'd 
In  melancholy  site.  Thomson. 

[This  is  improper.] 
SI'TED,  a.  Placed;  situated.     [.Yotinuse.] 

Spenser. 
SIT'FAST,  n.  A  hard   knob  growing  on  a 
horse's  back  under  the  saddle.    Far.  Did. 
SITU,  adv.  [Sax.  sith,  sitkthan.]    Since  ;  in 
later  times.     Obs.  Spenser. 

SITIIE,  n.  Time.     Obs.  Spenser. 

SITHE.  [See  Sythe.] 

SITH'ENCE,  (     .      [Sax.  «)7W/ian.]  Since; 
SITH'ES,         I  '"'"■   in  later  times.     Obs. 

Spenser. 
SIT'TER,  n.  [from  si7.]  One  that  sits.  The 
Turks  are  great  sitters.  Bacon. 

2.  A  bird  that  sits  or  incubates.      Mortimer 
SIT'TING,  ppr.  Resting  on  the   buttocks, 
or   on   the    feet,    as     fowls;    incubating^ 
brooding;  being  in  the  actual  exercise  of 
authority,   or   being   assembled    for   that 
purpose. 
2.  a.  In  botany,  sessile. 
SIT  TING,  »!.  The  posture  of  being  on  a 
eat. 

2.  The  act  of  placing  one's  self  on  a  seat; 
as  a  sitting  (lown. 

3.  The  act  or  time  of  resting  in  a  posture  for 
a  painter  to  take  the  likeness.  For  a  por- 
trait, six  or  seven  sittings  may  be  re- 
quired. 

4.  A  session ;  the  actual  presence  or  meet- 
ing of  any  body  of  men  in  their  seats, 
clothed  with  authority  to  transact  busi- 
ness; as  a  sitting  of  the  judges  of  the 
king's  bench  :  a  sitting  of  the  house  of] 
commons  ;  during  the  sitting  of  the  su 
preme  court. 

,5.  An  uninterrupted  ajiplication  to  business 
or  study  for  a  time;  course  of  study  unin- 
termitted. 

For  the  understanding  of  any  one  of  Paul's 
epistles,  1  read  it  through  at  one  sitting. 

Locke 

6.  A  time  for  which  one  sits,  as  at  play,  at 
work  or  on  a  visit.  Dryden. 

7.  Incubation  ;  a  resting  on  eggs  for  hatch- 
ing ;  as  fowls. 

The   male   bird   amuses  the  female  with  his 


[J^'ote.  In  the  United  States,  Ihi9  word  is  lesb 
used  than  situated,  but  both  arc  well  authori- 
zed.] 

SITUATED,  a.  [See  SiViiafe.]  Seated,  pla- 
ced or  standing  with  res|)ect  to  any  other 
object ;  as  a  city  situated  on  a  declivity,  or 
in  front  of  a  lake  ;  a  town  well  situated 
for  trade  or  manufactures  ;  an  observato- 
ry well  situated  for  observation  of  the 
stars.  New  York  is  situated  in  the  forty 
first  degree  ofN.  latitude. 

2.  I'laccul  or  being  in  any  stale  or  condition 
with  regard  to  men  or  things.  Observe 
how  the  executor  is  situated  with  res|)cct 
to  the  heirs. 

SITUATION,  ji.  [Fr  ;  It.  siluazione.]  Po- 
siti<in  ;  seat ;  location  in  respect  to  some- 
thing else.  The  situation  of  London  is 
more  favorable  for  foreign  commerce  than 
that  of  Paris.  The  situnlinn  of  a  stranger 
among  people  of  habits  diftiiring  from  his 
own,  cannot  be  pleasant. 

2.  State;  condition.  He  enjoys  a  situation 
of  ease  and  tranquility. 

3.  Circumstances  ;  temporary  state  ;  used  of 
persons  in  a  dramatic  scene.  Johnson. 

Place  ;  office.     He  has  a   situation  in  the 


4. 

war  department,  or  under  government. 
SIV'AN,  n.  The  third  monlli  of  the  Jewish 
ecclesiastical  year,  answering   to  part  of 
our  May  and  part  of  June. 


songs,  during  the  whole  time  of  her  sitting. 

.Addison. 

SITUATE,  a.   [Fr.situer;  It.  sihinre.  situ 
ato  :  Sp.  situar  ;  from  L.  situs,  sedeo.] 

1.  Placed,  with  respect  to  any  other  object; 
as  a  town  situate  on  a  hill  or  on  the  sea 
shore. 

2.  Placed  :  consisting. 
Pleasure  situate  in  liill  and  dale.         JUillon. 


SIX,  a.  [Fr.  six;  h.  sex  ;  It.  sei ;  Sp.  seis ; 
D.  zes  ;  G.  sechs  ;  Dan.  Sw.  sex  :  Sax.  six; 
Gr.  ei.  Q.U.  Sans,  shashta.  Hob.  w  shish.} 
Twice  three;  one  more  than  five. 

SIX,  n.  The  number  of  six  or  twice  three. 

To  be  at  six  and  seven,  or  as  more  generally 
used,  at  sixes  and  sevens,  is  to  be  in  disor- 
der. Bacon.    Sunfl.    Shak. 

SIXFOLD,  a.  [six  and  fold  ;  Sax.  six  and 
feald.] 

Six  times  repeated  ;  six  double  ;  six  times 
as  mul-h. 

SIX'PENCE,  n.  [six  mnl  pence.]  An  Eng- 
lish silver  coin  of  the  value  of  sis  pennies  : 
half  a  shilling. 

2.  The  value  of  six  pennies  or  half  a  shil- 
ling. 

SIX  -PENNY,  a.  \Vorth  sixpence  ;  as  a 
six-penny  loaf. 

SIX'-PETALED,  a.  In  botany,  having 
six  distinct  petals  or  flower  leaves. 

Martyn. 

SIX'S€0RE,  a.  [six  and  score.]  Six  times 
twenty ;  one  hundred  and  twenty. 

•Sandys. 

SIX'TEEN,  a.  (Sax.  si'.rfenc,  sixtj/ne.]  Six 
and  ten  ;  noting  the  sum  of  six  and  ten. 

SIXTEENTH,  a.  [Sax.  sixteotha.]  The 
sixth  after  the  tenth  ;  the  ordinal  of  six- 
teen. 

SIXTH,  a.  [Sax.  sixta.]  The  first  after  the 
fifth;  the  ordinal  of  six. 

SIXTH,  n.  The  .sixth  part. 

2.  Ill  music,  a  hexachord,  an  interval  of  two 
kinds:  the  minor  sixth,  omsisting  of  three 
tones  and  two  semitones  major,  ami  the 
major  sixth,  composed  of  four  tones  aiil  a 
major  semitone.  Rousseau, 

SIXTHLY,  adv.  In  the  sixth  place. 

Bacon. 

SIX  TIETII,    a.    [Sax.  sixteogotha.]     The 

I     1  rdiiinl  of  sixty. 

jSIX'TV.  a.  [Sax.  sij/i'o- ]  Ten  times  six. 

iSiX'TY,  n.  The  number  of  six  times  ten. 


73 


SKA 


S  K  E 


SKI 


SrZABLE,  a.  [from  stie.]  Of  cousiJerablej 
bulk.  Hurd. 

2.  BfiiiK  of  reasonable  or  suitable  size;  as 
sizable  timber. 

SIZE,  n.  [either  contracted  from  assize,  or 
from  the  L.  scissus.  1  take  it  to  be  from 
the  former,  and  from  the  sense  of  setting, 
as  we  apply  tlie  word  to  the  assize  of 
bread.] 

1.  Bulk;  bigness;  magnitude;  extent  of  su- 
perficies. Size  particularly  expresses  thick- 
ness ;  as  the  size  of  a  tree  or  of  a  mast  ; 
the  size  of  a  ship  or  of  a  rock.  A  man 
may  be  tall,  with  little  size  of  body. 

2.  A  settled  quantity  or  allowance,  [con- 
tracted from  assize.] 

3.  Figurative  bulk  ;  condition  as  to  rank  and 
character;  as  men  of  less  size  and  quality. 
[J\ot  much  used.]  V Estrange. 

SIZE,  n.  [W.  syth,  stiff,  rigid,  and  size  ;  Sp. 
sisa;  from  the  root  of  assize,  that  which 
sets  or  fixes.] 

1.  A  glutinous  substance  prepared  from  dif- 
ferent materials;  used  in  manufactures. 

2.  An  instrument  consistiug  of  thin  leave.* 
fastened  together  at  one  end  by  a  rivet : 
used  for  ascertaining  the  size  of  pearls. 

Encyc. 

SIZE,  V.  t.  To  adjust  or  arrange  according 
to  size  or  bulk.  Hudibras 

2.  To  settle;  to  fix  the  standard  of;  as,  to 
size  weights  and  measures.  [JVoto  little 
Mserf.] 

3.  To  cover  with  size  ;  to  prepare  with  size. 

4.  To  swell ;  to  increase  the  bulk  of 

Beaum.  and  Fletcher. 

5.  Among  Cornish  miners,  to  separate  the 
finer  from'  the  coarser  parts  of  a  metal  by 
sifting  them  through  a  wire  sieve.    Encyc. 

SIZED,  pp.    Adjusted   according   to  size; 

prejiared  with  size. 
2.  a.  Having  a  particular  magnitude. 
And  as  mv  love  is  siz'd  my  fear  is  so. 

Sltak. 

IJVcte. — TWs   word  is   used   In   compound.'s ;    as 

large-sized,  common-sized,  niiddle-sizeJ,  &c.] 

SIZ'EL,  n.  In  coining,  the  residue  of  bars 

of  silver,  after  pieces  are  cutout  for  coins. 

SrZER,  11.  In  Me   university  of  Cambridge, 

a  student  of  the  rank  next  below  that  of  a 

pensioner. 

SrZINESS,  n.  [from  sizy.]  Glutinousness; 

viscousness;  the   quality   of  size;  as  the 

siziness  of  blood. 

SrZY,  a.  [from  size]  Glutinous  ;  thick  and 

viscous  ;  ropy  ;    having  the  adhesiveness 

of  size  ;  as  sizy  blood.  Jlrbuthnol. 

SKAD'Dl-E,,  n.  [Hax.  scalh,  sceath.]    Hurt 

damage.     [JVot  in  use.] 
SKAD'DLE,  a.  Hurtful ;  mischievous.    [J\/ot 
in  use.]  Ray. 

.SKAD'IiONS,  V.  The  embryos  of  bees. 
[JVol  in  use.]  Bailey. 

SKAIN,  n.  [Fr.  escaigne.]  A  knot  of  thread, 
yarn  or  silk,  or  a  number  of  knots  collect 
cd. 
SKA'INSMATE,  n.  A  messmate ;  a  com 
panion.     [JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 

SKALl),  ji.  [(in.  Svv.  scalla,  to  sing.]     An 

an<i(>nt  Scandinavian  poet  or  bard. 
SKATE,  n.  \\).  achiuils  ;  probably  from  the 

root  itf  shool ;  It.  .wdllo,  a  slip  or  slide. 
A  sort  of  shoe  furnished  with  a  sinoolli  iron 
fur  sliding  on  i<'('. 

SKATE,  V.  i.  To  slide  or  move  on  skates. 


SKATE,  )i.  [Sax.  sceadda  ;  L.  squatus,  squa- 
tina  ;  W.  cdth  vor,  or  morgath,  that  is,  sen- 
cat.  This  shows  that  skate  is  formed  on 
cat.  The  primary  sense  of  cat,  I  do  not 
know ;  but  in  W.  ccilh  eithen,  is  a  hare  ; 
that  is,yitrze  or  g'orse-cat.] 

A  fish  of  the  ray  kind,  (Raia  Balis;)  called 
the  variegated  ray-fish.  It  is  a  flat  fish, 
the  largest  and  thinnest  of  the  genus, 
some  of  them  weighing  nearly  two  hun- 
dred pounds.  Did.  jVa(.  Hist. 

SKA'TER,  71.  One  who  skates  on  ice. 

Johnson. 

SKEAN,  n.  [Sax.  sagen.]  A  short  sword, 
or  a  knife.     [Ab/  ire  t(se.] 

Bacon.     Spenser. 

SKEED.     [See  Skid.] 

SKEEL,  n.  [G.  schale,  Eng.  shell.]  A  shal- 
low wooden  vessel  for  holding  milk  or 
crean:.     [Local.]  Grose. 

SKEET,  n.  A  long  scoop  used  to  wet  the 
sides  of  ships  or  the  sails.  Mar.  Did. 

SKEG,  n.  A  sort  of  wild  plum.        Johtison. 

iSKEG'GER,  n.  A  little  salmon.        Walton. 

SKEL'ETON,  n.  [Fr.  squelette;  It.  schele- 
tro ;  Sp.  esqtielelo  ;  Gr.  axtXttoi,  dry,  from 
dxiM^,  to  dry,  that  is,  to  contract ;  allied 
perhaps  to  L.  calleo,  callus.] 

1.  The  bones  nf  an  animal  body,  separated 
from  the  flesh  and  retained  in  their  natu- 
ral position  or  connections.  When  the 
bones  are  comiecled  by  the  natural  liga- 
ments, it  is  called  a  jia/»7-ai  skeleton  ;  when 
by  wires,  or  any  foreign  substance,  an  ar- 
tificial skeleton.  Encyc.     ff'istar. 

2.  The  compages,  gener.il  structure  or  frame 
of  any  thing;  the  principal  parts  that  sui>- 
port  the  rest,  but  without  the  appenda- 
ges. 

3.  A  verv  thin  or  lean  person. 
SKEL'LUM,  »i.  [G.  schelm.]    A  scoundrel 

I  A'bt  iji  use.] 

SKEP,  n.  A  sort  of  basket,  narrow  at  the 
bottom  and  wide  at  the  top.  [JVot  usedi7i 
J}merica.]  Tusser. 

3.  In  Scotland,  the  repository  in  which  bees 
av  their  honey.  Johnson. 

SKEPTIC.     [See  Sceptic] 

SKETCH,  n.  [D.  schets  ;  G.  skizze  ;  Fr. 
esquisse  ;  S\i.  esquicio  ;  It.scAizzo,  asketcli, 
a  squirting,  a  spurt,  a  gushing,  a  leap,  hop 
or  frisking  ;  schizzare,  to  squirt,  to  spin, 
stream  or  spout.  We  see  the  primary 
sense  of  the  verb  is  to  throw,  the  sense  of 
shoot.  It.  scattare,  L.  scateo.] 

An  outline  or  general  delineation  of  any 
thing;  a  first  rough  or  incomplete  draught 
of  a  plan  or  any  ilesign  ;  as  the  sketch  of  n 
building  ;  the  sketch  of  an  essay. 

SKETCH,  V.  t.  To  draw  the  outline  or  gen- 
eral figure  of  a  thing;  to  make  a  rough 
draught.  ;r<i((s. 

2.  To  plan  by  giving  the  principal  points  or 
ideas.  Dryden. 

SKETCH  ED,  pp.  Having  the  outline 
drawn. 

IpKETCHTNG,  ppr.  Drawing   the  outline 

SKEW,  adx\  [G.  schief;  Dan.  sAioii'.]   .\wry 
bliquely.     [Siey/sAem.] 

SKEW,  V.  t.  [Dan.  skiaver,  to  twist  or  dis- 
liirl.] 

1.  To  look  obliquely  upon  ;  to  notice  slight- 
ly.    [M)l  in  use.]  '  Beaum 

2.  To  shape  or  form  in  an  oblique  way. 
[JVot  in  use.] 


SKEW,  V.  i.  To  walk   obliquely.     [Local.] 

SKEWER,  71.  A  pin  of  wood  or  iron  for 
fastening  meat  to  a  spit,  or  for  keeping  it 
in  form  while  roasting.  Dryden. 

SKEWER,  V.  t.  To  fasten  with  skewers. 

SKID,  71.  A  curving  timber  to  preserve  a 
ship's  side  from  injury  by  heavy  bodies 
hoisted  or  lowered  against  it ;  a  slider. 

Mar.  Did. 
A  chain  used  for  fastening  the  wheel  of  a 
wagon,  to  t)revent  its  turning  when  de- 
scending a  steep  hill.  Encyc. 

SKIFF,  71.  [Fr.  esquif;  It.  schifo  ;  Sp.  ts- 
quifo  ;  L.  scapha ;  G.  schiff ;  from  the 
same  root  as  ship.] 

A  small  light  boat  resembling  a  yawl. 

Jtfar.  Did. 

SKIFF,  V.  t.  To  pass  over  in  a  light  boat. 

SKILL,  71.  [Sax.  seylan,  to  separate,  to  dis- 
tinguish ;  Ii  e.  Sw.  skilia,  Dan.  skitter,  to 
tlivide,  sever,  part  ;  whence  shield,  that 
which  separates,  and  hence  that  which 
|irotects  or  defends;  D.  scheelen,  to  differ; 
schillen,  to  peel  or  pare.  Scale  is  from  the 
root  of  these  words,  as  in  shell.  Sax.  scyl, 
sceal.  In  Heb.  'jDD  is  foolish,  perverse, 
and  as  a  verb,  to  pervert,  to  be  foolish  or 
perverse  ;  in  Ch.  to  understand  or  con- 
sider, to  look,  to  regard,  to  cause  to  know, 
whence  knowledge,  knowing,  wise,  wis- 
dom, imderstanding  ;  Rab.  to  be  ignorant 
or  foolish  ;  Syr.  to  be  foolish,  to  wander 
in  mind,  also  to  cause  to  imderstainl,  to 
know,  to  perceive,  to  discern,  also  to  err, 
to  do  wrong,  to  sin,  to  fail  in  iluty  ; 
whence  foolish,  folly,  ignorance,  error, 
sin,  and  understanding  Sam.  to  be  wont 
or  accustomed,  to  look  or  behold.  The 
same  verb  with  Iff.  Heb.  hya  signifies  to 
understanil,  to  be  wise,  whence  wisdom, 
understanding,  also  to  waste,  to  scatter  or 
destroy,  to  bereave,  also  to  prosper  ;  Ch. 
to  understand;  SbjK'  to  complete,  to  per- 
fect ;  SSj  with  a  prefix.  This  signi- 
fies also  to  fuund,  to  lay  a  foundation; 
Syr.   to  found,   also   to   finish,  complete. 


adorn,  from  the  same  root;  Ar.    V.^n,<i 

shakala,  to  bind  or  tie,  whence  Eng. 
shackles  ;  also  to  be  dark,  iib.scure,  in- 
tricate, difficult,  to  form,  to  make  like, 
to  be  of  a  beautiful  form,  to  know,  to  be 
ignorant,  to  agree,  suit  or  become.  These 
verbs  appear  to  be  formed  on  the  root  S3, 
Sd  ;<>  hold  or  restrain,  which  coincirles  in 
signification  with  the  Ch.  Eth.  Sn3  to  be 
able,  L.  calko,  that  is,  to  strain,  stretch, 
reach,  and  with  hhj  to  perlcct,  that  is,  to 
make  sound,  or  to  reach  the  utmost  limit. 
The  sense  of  folly,  error,  sin,  perverse- 
ne.s.s,  is  IVimi  wandering,  deviation,  Gr. 
0X0^(0$;  the  sense  of  skill  and  understand- 
ing is  from  separation,  discernment,  or 
from  taking,  holding  or  reaching  to,  for 
strength  and  knowledge  are  allied,  and 
often  from  tension.  The  sense  of  igno- 
rance and  error  is  from  wandering  or  de- 
viation, or  perhaps  it  proceeds  from  a 
negative  sense  given  to  the  primary  verb 
by  the  prefix,  like  ex  in  l..atin,  and  s  in 
Italian.  The  .Arabic  sense  of  bindinji  and 
shackles  is  from  straining.  The  Eng. 
shcdl  and  should  belong  to  this  family.] 


SKI 

1.  The  familiar  knowledge  of  any  art  orj 
science,  united  with  readiness  and  dex- 
terity in  execution  or  performance,  or  in 
the  application  of  the  art  or  science  to 
practical  purposes.  Thus  we  speak  of] 
the  skill  of  a  iiiathemaliciun,  of  a  survey- 
or, of  a  physician  or  surj^eon,  of  a  me- 
chanic or  seaman.  So  we  speak  of  skill 
in  inanagement  or  negotiation. 

Dryden.     Swift 

2.  Any  particular  art.     [^Jot  in  iise.] 


I.    To    know  ;    to 


Hooker. 
understand. 


SKILL, 

Obs. 

SKILL,  V.  i.  To  be  knowing  in  ;  to  be  dex 
trous  in  performance.     Obs.  Spenser. 

2.  To  differ;  to  make  difference  ;  to  matter 
or  be  of  Interest.     04s.      Hooker.     Bacon 
[This  is  the  Teutonic  and  Gothic  sense  of 
the  word] 

SKILL'ED,  a.  Having  familiar  knowled 
united  with  readiness  and  dexterity  in  the 
application  of  it  ;  familiarly  acquainted 
with  ;  followed  by  in  ;  as  a  professor  skill 
ed  in  logic  or  geometry  ;  ontt  skilled  in  the 
art  of  engraving. 

SKIL'LESS,  a.  Wanting  skill  ;  artless. 
[ATot  in  use.]  Shale 

SKIL'LRT,  n.  [Q,u.  Fr.   ecuelle,  ecuellette.] 

A  small  vessel  of  iron,  copper  or  other  metal, 
with  a  long  handle ;  used  for  healing  and 
boiling  water  anil  other  culinary  purposes. 

SKILL'FUL,  a.  Knowing;  well  versed  in 
any  art ;  hence,  dextrous  ;  able  in  man- 
agement ;  able  to  perform  nicely  any 
manual  operation  in  the  arts  or  profes- 
sions ;  as  a  skillful  mechanic  ;  a  skillful 
operator  in  surgery. 

2.  Well  versed  in  practice  ;  as  a  skillful  phy- 
sician. 

It  is  followed  by  at  or  in  ;  as  skillful  at  the 
organ  ;  skillful  in  drawing. 

SKILL'FULLY,  adv.  With  skill ;  with  nice 
art;  dextrously  ;  as  a  machine  skillfully 
made  ;  a  ship  skillfulh/  managed 

SKILL'FULNESS,  n.'The  quality  of  pos- 
sessing .skill ;  dextrousness  ;  ability  to  per- 
form well  in  any  art  or  business,  or  to 
manage  affairs  with  judgment  and  exact 
ness,  or  according  to  good  taste  or  just 
rules  ;  knowledge  and  ability  derived  from 
experience. 

SKIL'LING,  n.    An  isle  or  bay  of  a  barn 
also,  a  slight  addition  to  a  cottage.     [Lo- 
cal.] 

SKILT,  n.  [See  Skill.]  Difference.     Obs. 

C'leaveland. 

SKIM,  n.  [adifferent  orthography  id" scum  ; 

Fr.    ecume ;  It.  schiuma  ;  G.   schaum  ;  1) 

schuim  ;  Dan.  Sw.  skum  ;  Ir.  sgeimhim,  to 

skim." 

Scum;  the  thick   matter  that  forms  on  the 

surface  of  a  liipior.  [Little  used.] 
SKIM,  V.  t.  To  take  ofi"  the  thick  gross 
matter  which  separates  from  any  liquid 
substance  and  collects  on  the  surface ; 
as,  to  skim  milk  by  taking  off  the  cream. 

2.  To  take  off  by  skimming ;  as,  to  skim 
cream.  Dryden. 

3.  To  pass  near  the  surface ;  to  brush  the 
surface  slightly. 

The  swiillow  skims  the  river's  wat'ry  face. 

Dryden. 

SKIM,  r.  i    To  pass  lightly  ;  to  glide  alon;: 

in  an  even  smooth  course,  or  without  flap- 


SKI 

ping ;  as,  an   eagle  or  hawk  skims  along 

the  etherial  regions. 

To  glide  along  near  the  surface  ;  to  pass 

lightly.  Pope. 

;3.  To    hasten    over    superficially   or   with 

slight  attention. 

They  skim  over  a  scicuce  in  a  superficial  sur- 
vey- JVatts. 
SKIMBLE-SCAMBLR,  a.   [a  duplication 

ttl scamble.]     WuMileriiig  ;  disorderly.    [M 

tow  unauthorized  word.]  ShakJ 

SK1M'-€01FLTER,  n.  A  coulter  for  paring] 

off  t lie  surface  of  laiu" 
SKIM'MED,  pp.  Taken  from  the  surface;] 

having  the  thick    matter  taken  from  tbe| 

surface  ;  brushcil  along. 
SKIM'MER,  n.  An  utensil  in  the  form  of  a 

scoop  ;  used  liir  skimming  liquors.  I 

2.  One  that  skims  over  a  subject.     [Little 

used.] 
:?.  A    sea  fowl,    the   cut-water,  (Rhyncops 

niicra.) 
SKIM -MILK,    n.     Milk   from   which   the 

cream  lias  been  taken. 
SKIM'MINGS,    )i.    plu.    Matter   skimmed 

from  the  surface  of  liquors. 

Edtvards,  W.  Indies. 
SKIN,     n.     [Sax.  scin  ;    Sw.  skinn  ;    Dan. 

skind,  a    skin ;  G.   schinden,   to   flay  ;  Ir 

scanti,   a  membrane  ;   W.  ysg' 


SKI 

2.  One  that  deals  in  skins,  pelts  or  hides. 
SKIN'NINESS,   n.   The  quality  of  being 

skinny. 
SKIN'NY,  a.  Consisting  of  skin,  or  of  skin 
Illy  ;  wanting  flesh.  Ray.     Addison. 

SKII',    v.i.     [Dan.     kipper,   to   leap;   Ice. 

skopa.  ] 
To  leap  ;  to  bound  ;  to  spring ;  as  a  goat  or 
lamb. 
The  lamb  thy  riot  dooms  to  bleed  to-day, 
Had  he  thy  reason,  would  be  skip  and  play  r 

Pope. 

To   skip  over,   to   pass   without   notice  ;  to 

omit.  Bacon. 

SKIP,   V.  t.    To  pass  over  or  by;  to  omit; 

to  miss. 

They  who  have  a  mind  to  see  the  issue,  may 
skip  these  two  chapters.  Burnet. 

SKII ,  n.  A  lea[) ;  a  bound  ;  a  spring. 

Sidney. 

SKIP -JACK,  n.   An  upstart.      L'Eslrange. 

SKIP'-KF.NNEL,  n.    A  lackey;  a  footboy. 

SKIP'PER,    n.  [Dan.  skipper;  D  schipper. 

See  Ship.]     The  master  of  a  small  trading 

vessel. 

2.  [from  skip.]     A  dancer. 

3.  A  youngling;  a  young  thoughtless  per- 
siui.  Shak. 

4.  The  hornfish,  so  called, 
robe!  5.  The  cheese  maggot. 

small  boat.     [^Voll  in  use.]  Spenser. 

SKIP' PING,  pjtr.  Leaping  ;  bounding. 
Skipping  notes,  ii\  music,  are  notes  that  are 
not  ill  regular  course,  but  separate. 


made  of  skin,  a  pelisse,  said  to  be  from  an,  |SKIP'PET,     n.     [See  Ship  and  Skiff.] 
a  spread  or  covering.     But  in   Welsh,  cen 
is  a  skin,  peel  or  rind.     This  may  signify 
a  covering,  or  a  peel,  from  stripping.] 
The  natural  covering  of  animal   bodies, 


consisting  of  the  cuticle  or  scarf-skin,  the  'SKIPPINGLY,  adv.  By  leaps, 


rete  mucosum,  and  the  cutis  or  hide.  The 
cuticle  is  very  thin  and  insensible ;  the 
cutis  is  thicker  and  very  sensible. 

Harvey. 

2.  A  hide;  a  pelt;  the  skin  of  an  animal 
separated  from  the  body,  whether  green, 
dry  or  tanned. 

3.  The  body ;  the  person ;  in  ludicrous  lan- 
guage. L' Estrange. 

4.  The  bark  or  husk  of  a  plant ;  the  exterior 
coat  of  fruits  and  plants. 

SKIN,  V.  t.  Til  strip  off  the  skin  or  hide;  to 
flay  ;  to  peel.  Ellis. 

2.  To  cover  with  skin.  Dryden. 
.').  To  cover  superficially.  Addison. 
SKIN,  V.  i.  To  be  covered  with  skin  ;  as,  a 

wound  skins  over. 
SKIN'DEEP,    a.    Superficial  ;    not   deep 

sliiiht.  Feltham. 

SKIN'FLINT,  n.    [skin  mAflinl.]     A  very 

liggardly  person. 
SKINK,   n.    [Sax.  scene]     Drink;  pottage. 

Obs.  Bacon . 

3.  [L.  scinnis.]  A  small  lizard  of  Egypt ; 
also,  the  conimon  name  of  a  genus  of 
lizards,  wi'li  a  long  body  entirely  cov- 
ered with  roundeil  imbricate  scales,  all 
natives  of  warm  cliiiiutes.  Ed.  Encyc. 

SKINK,  V.  i.  [Sax.  scencan  ;  G.  D.  schenk- 

en  :    Dan.    skienker  ;    Sw.   skltnka  ;    Ice. 

skenkia,    to    bestow,  to  make  a  present.] 

To  serve  drink      Obs. 
SKINK'ER,    n.    One   that   serves    liquors. 

Obs.  Shak. 

SKIN'LKSS,  a.  [from  sHn.]  Having  athiir 

skin  ;  as  skinless  fruit. 
SKIN'NED,  ;)/(.  Stripped  of  the  skin  ;  flay- 

I     *■''•  I 

12.  Covered  with  skin. 

iSKIN'NER,  n.  One  that  skins.  I 


SKIRMISH,  n.  skur'mish.  [Fr.  escannouche  ; 

It.   scnramuccia  ;   Sp.   escaramuza  ;  Port. 

escarnmuca;  G .  scharmidztl ;  D.  schermut- 

seling;  iiw.skhrmytsel ;  Dau.  skiermydsel ; 

W.  ysgarm,   outcry  ;  ysgarmu,   to   shout ; 

ysgarmes,   a  shouting,   a   skirmish  ;  from 

gann,  a  shout.     The  primary  sense   is  to 

throw  or  drive.  In  some  of  the  languages, 
!     skirmish  appears  to  be  connected  with  a 

word   signifying  defense;  but   defense   is 

from  driving,  repelling.] 
1.  A  slight  fight  in  war;  a  light  combat  by 

armies    at   a   great    distance   from   each 

other,  or  betweeu  detachments  and  small 

parties. 

A  contest ;  a  contention. 
They   never  meet   but  there's  a  skirmish  of 

wit.  Shak. 

SKIRMISH,    v.i.  To  fight  slightly  or  in 

small  pai'ties. 
SKIRMISHER,  n.   One  that  skirmishes. 
SKIRM  ISIIING,  ppr.   Fighting  slightly  or 

ill  ilfiaclieil  parties. 
SKIRMISHING,  n.  The  act  of  fighting  in 

a  loose  or  slight  encounter. 
SKIRR,  V.  t.   To  scour  ;  to  ramble  over  in 

nrder  to  clear.     [.Vol  in  use.]  Shak. 

SKIRR,   v.i.    To   siour;  to   scud;  to   run 

liiistily.     f-Vof  in  use.]  Shak. 

SKIR'RET,  n.   A  plant  of  the  genus  Slum. 

Lee.      Mortimer. 

SKIR'Rl'S.     [See  Scirrhus.] 

SKIRT,  n.   skurt.    [Sw.   .ikiorta,  a  shift  or 

close  garment;  Dan.  skiort,  a   petticoat; 

skiorte,  a  shirt,  a  shift.    These  words  serta 

III  he  from  the  root  of  short,  from  cutting 

off] 
1.  The    lower  and   loo.se  part  of  a   coat  or 

other  garment ;  the  part  below  the  uaist ; 

as  the  skirt  of  a  coat  or  mantle.  1  Saul,  xv. 


S  K  U 


SLA 


SLA 


The  edge  of  any  part  of  dress, 


3.  Border  ;  edge  ;  margin 
as  the   skirt   of  a  forest ;  tlie  skirt  of  a 
town.  Dnjden. 

4.  A  woman's  garment  like  a  petticoat. 

5.  The   diaphragm   or    midriff  in   animals. 
To  spread  the  skirt  over,  in  Scripture,  to  take 

under  one's  care  and  protection.   Ilnth  iii. 

SKIRT,  V.  t.  To  border  ;  to  form  the  bor- 
der or  edge ;  or  to  run  along  the  edge ; 
as  a  plain  skirled  by  rows  of  trees;  a  cir- 
cuit skirted  round  vvitli  wotid.        Addison. 

SKIRT,  V.  i.  To  be  on  the  border;  to  live 
near  the  e.xtreinitv. 


1|3.  Skull,  for  shoal  or  school,  of  fish.     [J^ot. 
Mdi.ion.»     used.] 
extreme   i)urt  ;  SKULL'-€AP,  ?i.   A  head  piece. 

2.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Scutellaria. 

Encifc. 

SKUNK,  n.  In  .\merica,  the  popular  name 

of  a  fetid  animal  of  the  weasel  kind;  the 

Viverra  Mephitis  of  Linne. 

SKU.NK'CABBAgE,  I       A  plant  vulgarly 

SKIJNK'VVKED,         ^ "'  s"      called,     the 

Tetodes  fatidus,  so  named  from  its  smell. 

Bigelow. 
SKUTE,  n.   A  boat.     [See  Scow.] 
[SKY',  n.  [Sw.  skji,  Dan.  skye,  a  cloud  ;  Dan. 
ski/-himmel,  the  vault  of  heaven.' 


Savages- 
tiers. 


-who    skirt  along  our  western  fron- 
S.  S.  Smith. 


extetided  ;  as  a  slack  rope  ;  slack  riggin<'; 
sliick  siirouds. 

2.  Weak ;  remiss  ;  not  holding  fast ;  as  a 
stuck  hand. 

3.  Remiss;  backward;  not  using  due  dili- 
genre  ;  not  earnest  or  eager  ;  as  slack  in 
duty  or  service  ;  slack  in  business. 

4.  Not  violent ;  not  rapid  ;  slow  ;  as  a  slack 
pace.  Drr/den. 

Stack  in  stays,  in  seamen's  language,  slow  in 
going  about;  as  a  ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

Slack  water,  iti  seamen's  language,  the  time 
when  tlie  tide  runs  slowly,  or  the  water 
is  at  rest;  or  the  interval  between  the 
flux  and  reflux  of  the  tide.  Mar.  Diet. 


SKIRT'ED,  pp.   Bordered. 

SKIRT'ING,  ppr.  Bordering;  forming  a 
border. 

SKIT,  n.  A  wanton  girl ;  a  reflection  ;  a 
jeer  or  jibe  ;  a  whim.     Obs. 

SKIT,  V.  I.  [Sax.  scitaii  ;  primarily  to 
throw,  to  i/ioo<.]  To  cast  reflections.  [Lo- 
cal.] Grose. 

SKIT'TISH,  a.  [Qu.  Fr.  ecouteui.  See 
Scud.] 

1.  Shy;  easily  frightened;  shunning  famil- 
iarity; timorous;  as  a  restif  skittish '}si\e. 

UEalrange. 
9   Wanton  ;  volatile  ;  hasty.  Shak. 

3.  Changeable  ;  fickle  ;  as  skittish  fortune. 

Shak. 

SKIT'TISHLY,    adv.     Shyly  ;  wantonly  ; 

cliangcablv. 
SKIT'TISHNESS,  n.   Shyness;  aptness  to 

fear  approach  ;  timidity. 

2.  Fickleness ;  wantonness. 
SKIT'TLES,   n.  Nine  pins.  Warlon. 
SKOL'EZITE,     n.      A    mineral   allied    tu 

Thomsonite,  occurring  crystalized  and 
massive,  colorless  and  nearly  transparent. | 
When  a  small  ])ortion  of  it  is  placed  in 
the  exterior  flame  of  the  blowpipe,  it  twists 
like  a  worm,  [irxu>>.);$,]  becomes  opake, 
and  is  converted  into  a  blebby  colorless 
glass.  Phillips. 

SKONCE.     [See  Sconce.] 
SKOR'ADITE,    n.     [Gr.    txopoSu^,  garlic; 

from  its  smell  under  the  blowpipe.] 
A  mineral  of  a  greenish  cidor  of  different 
shades,  or  brown  and  nearly  black,  resem- 
bling the  martial  arseniate  of  copper.  It 
occurs  massive,  but  generally  crystalized  1 
in  rectangular  prisms.  lire.     Phillips. 

SKREEN.     [See  Screen.] 
SKRINtiE,  properly  scriiige  ;  a  vulgar  cor- 
ruption of  cringe. 
SKCR.     [See  S):ew.] 
SKUG,  V.  t.  To  hide.     [Local.] 
SKULK,  V.  i.    To  lurk  ;  to  withdraw  into  a 
corner  or  into  a  close  place   for  conceal 
ment.     [See  Sculk.] 
SKULL,  n.    [Sw.skalle,  skull  ;  skal,  a  shell  ; 
Dan.  skal,  a  shell,  the  skull,  and  shall,  the 
skull  ;    D.  schecl  ;   G.   hirn-schale,  brain- 
shell  ;  Sp.  rhotla.     See  Shell.] 
1.  The  boiK'  tliat  torms  the  exterior  of  the 
head,  and   incloses  the   brain  ;  the  brain- 
jian.      It   is  composed   of   several   parts 
united  ill  the  sutures. 
3.  A  pi  rson. 

atmils  that  cannot  tcath  and  will  not  learn. 

Cotvper. 


vault   of 

of  a  blue 

Milton. 

Dryden. 

Johnson. 

Gower. 


I.  Tiie   aerial  region  which   surrounds  thej^SLACK,  adv.  Partially  ;  insufliciently  ;  not 

'        '       intensely  ;    as   slack    dried    hops  ;    bread 
slack  baked.  Mortimer. 

SLACK,  n.  The  part  of  a  rope  that  hangs 
loose,  having  uo  stress  upon  it. 

Mar.  lyicl. 

SLACK,  I       .      [Sax.      slacian  ;    D. 

SLACK' EN,   ^  "•'•     slaaken;  Sw.slakna; 

W.  yslacdu  and  y.ilaciaiv,  to  slacken,  to 

loosen,  from  Uac,  Hag,   slack,   loose,  lax, 

shtggish.] 

1.  To  become  less  tense,  firm  or  rigid ;  to 
decrease  in  tension  ;  as,  a  wet  cord  slack- 
ens in  dry  weather. 

'i.  To  be  remiss  or  backward ;  to  neglectr 
Deut.  xxiii. 

3.  To  lose  cohesion  or  the  quality  of  adhe- 
sion ;  as,  lime  slacks  and  crumbles  into 
powder.  Moxon. 

To  abate  ;  to  become  less  violent. 
Whence  these  racing  fires 
Will  slacken,  if  his  bieatli  stir  not  their  flames. 

ArUton. 

5.  To  lose  rapidity  ;  to  become  more  slow ; 
as,  a  current  of  water  slackens;  the  tide 
slackens.  Mar.  Diet, 

(j  To  languish  ;  to  fail;  to  flag.  Jlinsivorth, 
LACK.  }       ,    To  lessen  tension  ;  to 

SLACK'EN,  S  "■  make  less  tense  or 
tight;  as,  to  slacken  a  rope  or   a  bandage. 

2.  To  relax  ;  to  remit ;  as,  to  slacken  exer- 
tion or  labor. 

3.  To  mitigate;  to  diminish  in  severity  ;  as, 
to  slacken  pain. 

4.  To  lieconie  more  slow  ;  to  lessen  rapidity ; 
as,  to  slacken  one's  pace. 

5.  To  abate ;  to  lower  ;  as,  to  slacken  the 
heat  of  a  fire. 

6.  To  relieve  ;  to  unbend  ;  to  remit ;  as,  to 
slacken  cares.  Denham. 

7.  To  withhold  ;  to  use  less  liberally. 

Shak. 

8.  To  deprive  of  cohesion  ;  as,  to  slack 
lime.  Mortimer. 

9.  To  repress  ;  to  check. 
I  should   be  grievM,   young  prince,  to  think 

my  presence 
Unbent  your  thoughts  and  slacken'd  'em  to 
arms.  ..Addison. 

10.  To  neglect. 
Shiek  not  the  good  presage.  Dryden . 

11.  To  rejiress,  or  make  less  quick  or  active. 

Mdison. 

SLACK,  n.  Small  coal  ;  coal  broken  into 
small  parts.  Eng. 

SLAl'K,  n.  A  valley  or  small  shallow  <lell. 
[Loral.]  Grose. 


earth  ;  the  apparent  arch  or 
heaven,  which  in  a  clear  day  is 
color. 

2.  The  heavens. 

3.  The  weather  ;  the  climate. 

4.  A  cloud;  a  shadow.      Obs. 
SKY'-eOLOR,  n.  The   color  of  the   sky; 

a  particular  species  of  blue  color ;   azure. 

Boyle. 
SKY'-eOLORED,  a.   Like  the  sky  in  color; 
blue ;  azure.  Mdison. 

SKY-DYED,   a.   Colored  like  the  sky. 

Pope. 
SKY'EY,  rt.  Like  the  sky;  etherial.     Slink. 
SKYTSll,  a.   Like  the  sky,  or  approaching 
the  sky. 

The  skyish  head 
Of  blue  Olympus.     [.'}  bad  word.']        Shak. 
SKY'-L"\RK,   n.    A  lark  that  mounts  and 
sings  as  it  flies.     (Alauda  arvensis.) 

Spectator. 

SKY'-LIGHT,  n.  A  window  placed  in  the 
top  of  a  house  orceilingof  a  room  for  the 
admission  of  h;{lit.  Pope. 

SKY'-ROCKET,  n.  A  rocket  that  ascends 
high  and  burns  as  it  dies;  a  species  of 
fire  works.  Addison 

SLAB,  a.   Thick  ;  viscous.     [.Vo<  used.] 

Shak. 

SLAB,  n.  [W.  llab,  yslab,  a  thin  strip.]  A 
plane  or  table  of  stone  ;  as  a  marble  stab 

2.  An  outside  piece  taken  from  timber  in 
sawing  it  into  boards,  planks,  &c. 

3.  A  puddle.     [See  Slop.]  Evelyn. 
Slabs  of  tin,    the  lesser    masses  which    the 

workers  cast  the   inetal   into.     These  are 

run  into  molds  of  stone. 
:SLAB'I5ER,  v.  i.  [D.slabben;  G.schlabben, 

schlabcrn. ] 
To  let  the  saliva  or  other  liquid    fall  from 

the    mouth    carelessly ;  to   drivel.      It   is 

also  wntten  slaver. 
SLAB'BER,    V.  t.    To   sup   up  hastily,   as 

liquid  I'ood.  Barret. 

2.  To  wet  and  foul  by  liquids  suftered  to  fall 
carelessly  from  the  mouth. 

3.  To  shed  ;  to  spill. 
SLAB'BERER,  n.  One   that  slabbers;  an 

liot. 
SLAU'BERING,  ppr.   Driveling. 
SLAB'BY,  a.   Tliiuk  ;  viscous.     [.Yot  much 

used.]  tf'iseman.l 

2.  Wet.     [See  Sloppy.] 
SLAU'-LINE,   n.    A  line  or  small  rope  by 

which  seamen  truss  up  the  main-suil  or 


fore-sail.  Mar.  Did. 

SLACK,  a.   [Sax.  sla'c  ;  Sw.  slak  ;  W.  llac,\ 

yslac.     See  the  Verb.]  i 

1.  Not  tense;  not  hard  drawn;  not  tirndy 


SLA("K'EN,  n.  Among  miners,  a  spungy 
semi-vitrified  suhsl.uuc  which  they  mix 
with  the  ores  of  metals  to  prevent  their 
fusion.  Encyc. 


SLA 


SLA 


SLA 


SLACK'LY,  adv.  Not  tigUtly  ;  loosely.        I 

2.  Ne^ilifiPiilly  ;  remissly. 

8LACK'NliriS,     n.     Looseness;   the  statel 

opposite  to  tetisiijii ;  not    tifjlitrie.ss    or  ri-| 

giJiiess ;   as  tlic  slackness  oC  u   cord    orl 

rope. 

2.  Heinisstiess  :  negligence  ;  inattinition  ;  as| 
the  slackness  of  nioii  in  business  or  duly  ;j 
slackness  in  the  performance  of  cngage- 
,„m,ty_  Hooker.  |SLANG,  old  prel.  ol  sling. 

3.  Slowness;  tardiness;  want  of  tendency  ji     slans. 
as  the  slackness  of  flesh  to  heal.        Sharp.] 

4.  Weakness;  not  inten.ieness.      lirtrewood.\ 
SLADE,  n.     [Sax.  slmL]     A   little  dell    orj 

valley ;   also,   a  flat    piece    of  low    moist! 


3.  Containing  slander  or  defamation  ;  calum-; 

nious ;  ns  slanderous   words,  speeches   or 

reports,  false  and  maliciously  uttered. 
3.  Scanduloiis  ;  reproachful.  I 

SI/ANDKROUSLY,    adv.    With    slander; 

caluiiiiiioiisly  ;  with    false    and    malicious 

repriiai'h. 
SL  ANDKROUSNESS.     n.    The   state   or! 

quality  of  heiiig  slanderous  or  defamatory. 
We   now    use 


ground.     [//ocn/.J  Drai/lon. 

SLAG,    ».     [Dan.   slngg.]      The   dross   or 

recrement  of  a  metal ;  or  vitrified  cinders. 

Boyle.     Kirwan.' 

SLAIE,  n.  sla.  [Sax.  sla:.]  A  weaver's 
reed. 

SLAIN,  pp.  oCslay;  so  written  for  slayen. 
Killed. 

SL.^KE,  V.  t.  [Sw.   sllicka,   Ice-   sltecka,  to 

quench.     It  seems  to  be  allied  to  lay.]  To 

quench  ;  to  extinguish  ;  as,  to  slake  thirst. 

Anil  slake  the  lifav'iily  tiie.  .S/ienser. 

SL.AKE,  V.  u  To  go  out;  to  become  ex- 
tinct. Brown. 

2   To  grow  less  tense,  [a  mistake  for  slack.] 

SLAM,  V.  t.  [Ice.  Uma,  to  strike,  Old  Eng. 
lam;  Sax.  Wc/nman,  to  sound.] 

1.  To  strike  with  force  and  noise;  to  shut 
with  violence  ;  as,  to  slam  a  door. 

2.  To  beat;  to  cufl".     [Local.]  Grose. 

3.  To  strike  down  ;  to  slaughter.     [Local.] 

4.  To  win  all  the  tricks  in  a  hand;  as  we 
say,  to  lake  all  at  a  stroke  or  dash. 

SLAM,  n.  A  violent  driving  and  dashing 
against;  a  violent  shutting  of  a  door. 

2.  Defeat  at  cards,  or  the  wimiing  of  all  the 
tricks. 

3.  The  refu.se  of  alum- works  ;  used  in  York- 
shire as  a  manure,  with  sea  weed  and 
lime.     [Local.] 

SLAM'KIN,  )         [G.    schlampe.]      A 

SLAM'MEEtKIN,  ]  "'    slut  ;   a      slatternly 

woman.     [ATol  used  or  local.] 
SLA^NDER,     n.     (Norm,   esclaunder ;   Fr. 

esclandre  ;  Russ.  klenu,  klianu,  lo  slander  ; 

Sw.  klandra,  to  accuse  or  blame.] 

1.  A  false  tale  or  report  maliciously  uttered, 
and  lending    lo    injure   the  reputation  of 
anotlior  by  lesseninj 
his   follow  citizens, 

impeachment  and  punishment,  or  by  im 
pairing  bis  means  of  living  ;  defamation.  I 

Blackslone.^ 
Slatxder,  that  worst  of  poisons,  ever  finds 
An  easy  entrance  to  ignoble  minds.     Hervey. 

2.  Disgrace  ;  reproach  ;  disreputation  ;  ill 
name.  Shak. 

SL.\"NDF2R,  V.  I.  To  defame ;  to  injure  by 
inaliciously  uttering  a  false  report  re- 
specting one ;  to  tarnish  or  impair  the 
reputation  of  one  by  false  tales,  malicious- 
ly told  or  propagated. 

SL.VNDERED,  pp.  Defamed  ;  injured  in 
good  name  by  false  and  malicious  reports. 

SLA>NDERER,  n.  A  defanier;  one  who; 
injiiies  another  by  maliciously  reporting 
something  to  his  prejudice. 

SLAVMDERING,  ppr.   Defaming. 

SLA\\l)EROUS,  a.  That  utters  defamato- 
ry words  or  tales ;  as  a.slanderoxis  tongue. 

Pope. 


SLANG,  n.  Low  vulgar  unmeaning  lan- 
guage.    [Low.] 

SLANK,  n.  A  plant,   [alga  marina.] 

Jlinsivorth. 

SL'ANT,  I        [iiw.  slinla,  slant,  u>  slut: 

SL'ANTING,  S  "•  perhaps  allied  to  W. 
ysglent,  a  slide;  and  if  Ln  are  the  radical 
lettt-rs,  this  coincides  vvith  lean,  incline.] 

Sloping  ,  oblique  ;  inclined  from  a  direct 
line,  vvbi'ther  horizontal  or  perpendicular  ;■ 
as  a  slanting  ray  of  light ;  a  slatUing  floor. 

SL'.'VNT,  I',  t.  To  lurii  from  a  direct  line  : 
to  give  an  oblique  or  sloping  direction  to. 

Fuller. 

SL'ANT,  n.  An  oblique  reflection  or  gibe  ; 
a  sarcastic  remark.     [In  vulgar  use.] 

'i.  A  copper  coin  of  Sweden,  of  which  I'M 
pass  f<n-  one  rix-dollar. 

SL'AN  ITNGLY,  adv.  With  a  slope  or  in- 
clination ;  also,  with  an  oblique  hint  or  re- 
mark. 

SL'ANTLY,        I     ,      Obliquely ;  in  an  in- 

SL'ANTWISE,  5  ""''•  clined  direction. 

Tusser.\ 

SLAP,  n.  [G.  schlappe,  a  slap  ;  schlappen,  to 
lap;  W.  ydapiaiv.  to  slap,  from  yslab,  that 
is  lengthened,  from  llah,  a  stroke  or  slap  :| 
llahiau',  to  slaii,  to  stiaj).  The  D.  has  flap 
and  kUip  ;  It.  schinffo.  Corschlaffo  ;  L.nlapa 
and   scUoppus ;  Cli.  Svr.  ctSi".    Class  Lb. 

No.  .-}(;.] 

A  blow  given  with  the  open  hand,  or  with 

soini^thiiig  broad. 
SLAP,  V.  t.  To  strike  with  the   open  hand, 

or  with  something  broad. 
SL.AP,  adv.  With  a  sudden  and  violent  blow. 

Jirbuthnot. 
SLAP'D.'VSII,  adv.    [slap  and  dash.]    AH  at 

once.     [Low.] 
SLAPE,  a.  Slippery;  smooth.     [Local.] 

Grose. 
SLAP'PER, 


him  in  the  esteem  of  jSl.AP'PLVG,  \  "'  ^'^''y  '^''S''-     [^'"^g"'-] 
by  exposing  him   to  SL.VSIl,  v.  t.  [Ice.  slasa,  to  strike,  to  lash ; 
W.llalh.  Qu.] 

1.  To  cut  by  striking  violently  and  at  ran- 
dom ;  to  cut  in  long  cuts. 

3.  To  lash. 

SLASH,  V.  i.  To  strike  violently  and  at  ran- 
dom with  a  sword,  hanger  or  other  edged 
instrument;  to  lay  about  one  with  blows. 
Hewing  and  slashing  at  their  idle  shades. 

Spenser. 

SLASH,  n.  A  long  cut;  a  cut  made  at  ran- 
dom. Clarendon. 

SLASH'ED,  pp.  Cut  at  random. 

SL.'VSll'lNG,  ppr.  Striking  violently  and 
cutting  at  random. 

SLAT,  rt.  [This  is  doubtless  the  sloat  of  the 
English  dictionaries.     See  Sloat.] 

A  narrow  piece  of  board  or  timber  used  to 
fasten  together  larger  pieces  ;  as  the  slats 
of  a  cart  or  a  cliair. 

SL.\TCH,  ji.   In  sfomcii's  language,  the  | 
riod  of  a  transitory  breeze.        "Mar.  Dict.[ 


2.  An  interval  of  fair  weather.  Bailty. 

.3.  Slack.     [See  Slack.] 
SL.'\TE,  n.  [Fr.  eclaler,  to  split,  Sw.altla} 
Ir.  sgtala, a  lUe.    Class  Ld. J 

1.  An  argillaceous  stone  which  readily  splits 
into  plates;  argillite  ;  argillaceous  shist. 

2.  A  piece  of  smooth  argiHuceous  stone,  used 
for  covering  buildings. 

3.  A  piece  of  smooth  stone  of  the  above  spe- 
cies, used  for  writing  on. 

SLATE,  V.  t.  To  cover  with  slate  or  {dates 

of  stone  ;  as,  to  slate  a  roof     [It  does  not 

signify  to  tile.] 
SI^ATE,  f      ,    To  set   a  dog  loose  at   any 
SLETE,  S     _■    thing.     [i.oc«/.]  Ray. 

SLA'TE-AX,  n.  A  mattock  with  an  ax-end; 

used  in  slating.  Encyc. 

SLA' TED,  pp.  Covered  with  slate. 
SLA'TER,  n.  One  that  lays  slates,  or  whose 

occupation  is  to  slate  buildings. 
."SLA'TI.N'G,  ppr.  Covering  with  slates. 
SLAT'TER,   V.  i.    [G.  schtollem,   to    bang 

loosely  ;  schlotterig,  negligent.  See  Slut.] 

1.  To  be  careless  of  dress  and  dirty.       Ray. 

2.  To  be  careless,  negligent  or  awkward  ;  to 
spill  carelessly. 

SL.VT'TERN,  n.  A  woman  who  is  neglir 
gent  of  her  dress,  or  who  snfiers  her 
clothes  and  furniture  to  be  in  disorder; 
one  who  is  not  neat  and  nice. 

SLAT'TERN,  i'.  t.  To  slattern  ateay,  to 
consume  carelessly  or  wastefully  ;  to 
waste.     [Unusual.]  Chesterfield. 

SLATTERNLY,  adv.  Negligently  ;  awk- 
wardly. Chesterfield. 

SLA'TY,  a.  [^tom slate.]  Resembling  slate; 
having  the  nature  or  properties  of  slate ; 
as  a  slatii  c<dor  or  te.Miire  ;  a  slaty  feel. 

SLAUGHTER,  n.  slaw'ler.  [Sax.  stage; 
D  slagting  ;  G.  sehlachten,  to  kill ;  Ir. 
stnighe  ;  slaighim,  to  slay.     See  Slay.] 

1.  In  a  general  .itnsc,  a  killing.  Applied  to 
men,  slaughter  usually  denotes  great  de- 
struction of  life  by  violent  means  ;  as  the 
slaughter  of  men  in  battle. 

2.  .Applied  to  beasts,  butchery  ;  a  killing  of 
oxen  or  other  beasts  for  market. 

SLAUGHTER,  v.  t.  slaw'ler.  To  kill;  to 
slay;  to  make  great  destruction  of  life  ;  as, 
to  slaughter  men  in  battle. 

2.  To  butcher ;  to  kill  for  the  market ;  as 
beasts. 

SLAUGHTERED,  pp.  slaw'tered.  Slain; 
butidiered. 

SLAUGHTER-HOUSE,  »i.  slaicter-house. 
A  house  where  beasts  are  butchered  for 
the  market. 

SLAUGHTERING,  ppr.  slaw'teiing.  KiU 
ling;  destroying  human    life;  butchering. 

SLAUGHTER-MAN,  »i.  slaw'tcr-man.  One 
eiiiployed  in  killing.  Shak. 

SLAUGHTEROUS,  a.  slaw'tcrous.  De- 
structive ;  murderous.  Shak. 

SLAVE,  n.  [D.  staaf;  G.sclave  ;  Dan.  slave, 
sclave  ;  Sw.  slaf;  Fr.esclave;  Ann.  sclaff; 
It.  schiavo  ;  Sp.  csclavo  ;  Port,  escravo  ;  Ir. 
sdabhadh.     This   word   is  commonly  de- 

■  duced  from  Sclavi,  Sclavonians,  the  name 
of  a  people  who  were  made  slaves  by  the 
Venetians.     But  this  is  not  certain.] 

I.  A  person  who  is  wholly  subject  to  tlio 
will  of  another ;  one  who  has  no  will  of 
his  own,  but  whose  person  and  services 
are  wholly  under  the  control  of  another. 
In  the  early  state  of  the  world,  and  to  this 
day  among  some  barbarous  nations,  pris- 


SLA 


S  L  E 


S  L  E 


oners  of  war  are  considered  and  treated 
as  slaves.  The  staves  of  modern  tnuei-  are 
more  generally  purchased,  like  horses  and 
oxen. 

2.  One  who  has  lost  the  power  of  resist- 
ance ;  or  one  who  surrenders  himself  to 
any  power  whatever ;  as  a  slave  to  pas- 
sion, to  lust,  to  ambition.  Waller. 

3.  A  mean  person ;  one  in  the  lowest  state 
of  life. 

4.  A  drudge  ;  one  who  labors  like  a  slave. 
SLAVE,  V.  i.  To  drudge ;  to  toil ;  to  labor 

as  a  slave. 

SLA'VEBORN,  a.  Born  in  slavery. 

SLA'VELIKE,  a.  Like  or  becoming  a 
slave. 

SLAV'ER,  n.  [the  same  as  «ta66er.]  Saliva 
driveling  from  the  mouth.  Pope. 

SLAV'ER,  V.  i.  To  suffer  the  spittle  to  issue 
from  the  mouth. 

2.  To  be  besmeared  with  saliva.  Shak. 

SLAV'ER,  V.  I.  To  smear  with  saliva  issu- 
ing from  the  mouth  ;  to  defile  with  drivel. 

SLAV  ERED,  pp.  Defiled  with  drivel. 

SLAVERER,  n.  A  driveler  ;  an  idiot. 

SLAVERING,  ppr.  Letting  fall  saliva. 

SLA'VERV,  n.  [See  Slave.]  Bondage;  the 
state  of  entire  subjection  of  one  person  to 
the  will  of  another. 

Slavery  is  the  obligation  to  labor  for  the 
benefit  of  the  master,  without  the  contract 
or  consent  of  the  servant.  Paley. 

Slavery  may  proceed  from  crimes,  from 
captivity  or  from  debt.  Slavery  is  also 
voluntary  or  involuntary  ;  voluntary,  when! 
a  person  sells  or  yields  bis  own  person  to 
the  absolute  command  of  another;  invol 


So  that  slay  retains  something  of  its  prim- 
itive sense  of  striltin^  or  beating.  It  is 
particularly  applied  to  killing  in  battle,  but 
is  properly  applied  also  to  the  killing  of  an 
individual  man  or  beast. 

2.  To  destroy. 

SLA'YER,  11.  One  that  slays  ;  n  killer  ;  a 
murderer  ;  an  assassin  ;  a  destroyer  of 
life. 

SLA'YING,  ppr.  Killing;  destroying  life. 

SLEAVE,  n.  [Ice.  stefa.]  The  knotted  or 
entangled  part  of  silk  or  thread  ;  silk  or 
thread  untwisted.  Drayton. 

SLEAVE,  V.  t.  To  separate  threads;  or  to 
divide  a  collection  of  threads;  to  sley  ;  a 
word  used  by  weavers. 

SLE'AVED,  o.  Raw  ;  not  spun  or  wrought. 

HolinslieU. 

SLE'AZV,  /        [probably  from  the  root  of 

SLEE'ZY,  \  ""  loose  ;  Sax.  lysan,  atysan,  to 
loose.] 

Thin  ;  flimsy  ;  wanting  firmness  of  texture 
or  substance  ;  as  sleezy  silk  or  muslin. 

SLED,  71.  [D.  sleede  ;  G.  schlitlen  ;  Sw. 
sliule  ;  Dan.  sla:de  ;  W.  ysted  ;  probably 
from  sliding  or  drawing.] 

A  carriage  or  vehicle  moved  on  runners, 
much  used  in  America  for  conveying 
heavy  weights  in  winter,  as  timber,  wood, 
stone  and  the  like. 

SLED,  v.t.  To  convey  or  transport  on  a 
sled  ;  as,  to  sled  wood  or  timber. 

SLED'DED,  pp.  Conveyed  on  a  sled. 

2.  Mounted  on  a  sled.  Shak.l 

SLED'DING,  ppr.  Conveying  on  a  sled. 

SLED' DING,  n.  The  act  of  transporting 
on  a  sled. 


untary,  when  he  is  placeil  under  the  abso-  2.  The  means  of  conveying  on  sleds;  snow 
lute  power  of  another   without   his  own      —•^■■-—  '•-■■  •' ■ '•  -'-i  -      ti 


consent.     Slavery    no    longer    exists    in 
Great  Britain,  nor  in  the  northern  states 
of  America. 
2.  The  oftices  of  aslave;  drudgery. 
SLA'VE-TRADE,     n.    [slave    and    trade.] 
The  barbarous   and    wicked   business  of 
purchasing  men  and  women,  transporting 
them  to  a  distant  country  and  selling  them 
for  slaves. 
SLA'VISH,    a.    Pertaining   to  slaves ;  ser- 
vile ;  mean  ;   base  ;   such    as   becomes   a 
slave  ;   as   a  slavish  dependence  on   the 
great. 
2.  Servile  ;  laborious ;  consisting  in  drudg- 
ery ;  as  a  slavish  life. 
SLA'VISHLY,    adv.     Servilely  ;    meanly  ; 

basely. 
2.  In  the  manner  of  a  slave  or  drudge, 
SLA'VISHNESS,    n.    The  state  or  quality 

of  being  slavish  ;  servility;  meanness. 
SLAVON'le,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Slavons 

or  ancient  inhabitants  of  Russia. 
SLAVON'le,  n.  The  Slavonic  language. 
SLAY,  V.  t.  pret.  sleiv ;  pp.  slain.  [Sax. 
slmgan,  slngnn  ;  Goth,  slahan  :  G. schlagen  ; 
D.  slnaen  ;  Sw.  sla;  Dan.  siaaer,  to  strike, 
to  kill.  The  proper  sense  is  to  strike,  and 
as  beating  was  an  early  mode  of  killing, 
this  word,  like  smite,  came  to  signify  to 
kill.  It  seims  to  be  formed  on  the  root  of 
Irui ;  as  we  say,  to  lay  on.] 
1.  To  kill;  to  put  to  death  by  a  weapon  orl 
by  violpore.  We  say,  be  slew  a  man  with 
n  sword,  with  a  stone,  or  with  a  club,  or 
with  utiicr  anna;  lirii  we  never  say,  the 
she nf.'i/Hiys  n  malefactor  with  a  lialier,  or 
a  man  is  slain  on  the  gallows  or  by  poison. 


sufficient  for  the  running  of  sleds.  Thu; 
we  say  in  America,  when  there  is  snow 
suflicient  to  run  a  sled,  it  is  good  sledding  ; 
the  sledding  is  good.  Sometimes  in  New 
England,  there  is  little  or  no  good  sled- 
ding during  the  winter. 
SLEDtiE,  n.  [Sax.  slecge,  siege  ;  D.  sley ; 
Dan.  slegge  ;  Sw.  sUigga  ;  from  the  root 
of  s/ai/,  to  strike.] 

1.  A  large  heavy  hammer ;  used  chiefly  by 
ironsmiths, 

2.  In  England,  a  sled ;  a  vehicle  moved  on 
runners  or  on  low  wheels.  In  this  sense 
the  word  is  not  use<l  in  America ;  but  the 
same  word  is  used  in  a  somewhat  different 
sense,  and  written  sleigh. 

SLEEK,  a.  [D.  Ukken,  to  leak,  to  smooth 
or  sleek  ;  gelekt,  made  smooth  ;  G.  sehlicht; 
allied  to  lick,  or  G.  gteich,  even,  equal, 
like.     See  Like.] 

1.  Smooth;  having  an  even  smooth  surface; 
whence,  glossy  ;  as  sleek  hair. 

So  sleek  her  skin,  so  faultless  was  her  make — 

Dryden. 

2.  Not  rough  or  harsh. 
Those  rugged  aaiiies  to  our  like  mouths  grow 

sleek —  Mtllon 

SLEEK,    n.    That  which  makes   smooth  ; 

varnish.     [Little  used 
SLEEK,  v.  t.  To  make  even  and  smooth  ; 
as,  to  sleek  the  hair.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  To  render  smooth,  soft  and  glossy. 

Gentle,  my  lord,  sleek  o'er  your  rugged  looks. 

Shak. 
SLEEK,  adv.  With  ease  and  dexterity  ;  with 

exactness,     [yutgar.] 
SLEE'KLY,  adv.  Smoothly;  nicely. 


SLEE'KNESS,  n.  Smoothness  of  surface, 

I      „  Feltham. 

SLEE'KSTONE,  n.  A  smoothing  stone. 

Peacham. 

SLEE'KY,  a.  Of  a  sleek  or  smooth  appear- 
ance.    [jYot  in  use.]  Thomson. 

SLEEP,  V.  i.  pret.  and  pp.  slept.  [Sax.  sle- 
pan,  stcepan  ;  Goth,  slepan  ;  G.  schlafen  ; 
D.  slaapen.  This  word  seems  to  be  allied 
to  words  which  signify  to  rest  or  to  relax : 
G.schlaff.] 

1.  To  take  rest  by  a  suspension  of  the  vol- 
untary exercise  of  the  powers  of  the  body 
and  mind.  The  proper  time  to  sleep  is  dur- 
ing the  darkness  of  night. 

2.  To  rest;  to  be  unemployed;  to  be  inac- 
tive or  motionless  ;  as,  the  sword  sleeps  in 
its  sheath. 

3.  To  rest ;  to  lie  or  be  still ;  not  to  be  no- 
ticed or  agitated.  The  question  sleeps  for 
the  present. 

4.  To  live  thoughtlessly. 

We  sleep  over  our  happiness —  Alterbury, 
To  be  dead ;  to  rest  in  the  grave  for  a 
time.     1  Thess.  iv. 

To  be  careless,  inattentive  or  unconcern- 
ed ;  not  to  be  vjifilant.  Shak. 

SLEEP,  n.  That  state  of  an  animal  in  which 
the  voluntary  exertion  of  liis  mental  and 
corporeal  powers  is  suspended,  and  he 
rests  unconscious  of  what  passes  around 
him,  and  not  affected  by  the  ordinary  im- 
pressions of  external  objects.  Sleep  is 
generally  attended  with  a  relaxation  of 
the  musrie.s,  but  the  involuntary  motions, 
as  respiration  and  the  circulation  of  the 
blood,  are  continued.  The  mind  is  often 
very  active  in  sleep  ;  but  its  powers  not 
being  under  the  control  of  reason,  its  ex- 
ercises are  very  irregular.  Sleep  is  the 
natural  rest  or  repose  intended  by  the 
Creator  to  restore  the  powers  of  the  body 
and  mind,  when  exhausted  or  fatigued. 

Sleep  of  plants,  a  state  of  plants  at  night, 
when  their  leaves  droop  or  are  folded. 

Linne. 

SLEE'PER,  11.  A  person  that  sleeps;  also, 
a  drone  or  lazy  person.  Grew. 

2.  That  which  lies  dormant,  as  a  law  not 
executed.     [JVot  in  use.]  Bacon. 

3.  An  animal  that  lies  dormant  in  winter,  as 
the  bear,  the  marmot,  &c.  Encyc. 

4.  In  building,  the  oblique  rafter  that  lies  in 
a  gutter.  Encyc. 

.5.  In  JVcic  England,  a  floor  timber. 

(i.  In  ship-huilding,  a  thick  piece  of  timber 
placed  longitutlinally  in  a  ship's  hold,  op- 
posite the  several  scarfs  of  the  timbers, 
for  strengthening  the  bows  and  stern- 
frame,  particularly  in  the  Greenland  ships ; 
or  a  piece  of  long  compass-timber  fayed 
and  bolted  diagonally  upon  the  transoms. 
.Mar.  Diet.  Encyc. 
In  the  glass  trade,  a  large  iron  bar  crossing 
the  smaller  ones,  hindering  the  passage  of 
coals,  but  leaving  room  for  the  ashes. 

Encyc. 
A  platform. 

'0.  A  fish,  [eiocatus.]  Ainsworth. 

SLER'PFUL,  a.  Strongly  inclined  to  sleep. 
{Little  used.] 

SLEEPFULNESS,  n.  Strong  inclination  to 
sleep.      [Little  used.] 

SLEI'^PILY,  adv.  Drowsily  ;  with  desire  to 
sleep. 

[2.  Dully  ;  in  a  lazy  manner ;  heavily .iJoic^'fe. 


S  L  E 


S  L  I 


S  L  1 


IV.  Stupidly.  Mterbury. 

SLEE'PINESS,  n.  Drowsiness;  im-liiiatiijii 
to  sleep.  Arbuthnot. 

SLKE'PING,  ppr.  Resting  ;  reposing  in 
sleep. 

SLEE'PING,  n.  The  state  of  resting  iii 
sleep. 

2.  The  state  of  being  at  rest,  or  not  stirred 
or  ugitate<i.  Shak. 

SLEE'PLESS,  a.  Having  no  sleep;  with- 
out .sleep  ;  wakeful. 

2.  Having  no  n^st ;  perpetually  agitated;  as 

.    Biscay's  sleepless  hay.  Byron. 

SLEE'PLESSNESS,  n.  Want  or  destitu- 
tion of  sleep. 

SLEE'PY,  a.  Drowsy;  inclined  to  sleep. 

2.  Not  awake. 

She  wak'd  her  sleepy  crew.  Dryden. 

3.  Tending  to  induce  sleep  ;  soporiferous  ; 
somniferous;  as  a  s/eepj/ drink  or  potion. 

Milton.     Shak. 

4.  Dull;  lazy;  lieavy;  sluggish.  Shak. 
SLEET,  n.  [Dan.  slud,  loose  weather,  rain 

and  snow  together  ;  Ice.  slella.] 

1.  A  fall  of  hail  or  snow  and  rain  together, 
usually  in  fine  particles.  Dryden. 

2.  In  gunnery,  the  part  of  a  mortar  pas.siiig 
from  the  chainher  to  the  trunnions  for 
strengthening  iliat  part.  Encyc. 

SLEET,  V.  i.  To  siiow  or  hail  with  a  mix- 
ture of  rain. 

SLEETY,  a.  Bringing  sleet.  IVaHon. 

2.  Consisting  of  sleet. 

SLEKVE,  n.  [Sax.  slef,  slyf;  W.  llawes ; 
said  to  be  from  Uaiv,  the  hand.] 

1.  The  part  of  a  garment  that  i.s  fitted  to 
cover  the  arm  ;  as  the  sleeve  of  a  coat  or 
gown. 

2.  The  raveled  sleeve  of  care,  in  Sliakspeare 
[See  •S/ence.] 

To  laugh  in  the  sleeve,  to  laugh  privately  or 
unperceived  ;  that  is  perhaps,  originally, 
by  hiding  the  face  under  tlie  sleeve  or  arm 

Arbuthiot 

To  hang  on  the  sleeve,  to  be  or  make  de|)enil- 
ent  on  others.  Mnsworth. 

SLEEVE,  V.  t.  To  furnish  with  sleeves;  to 
put  in  sleeves. 

SLEE'VE-BUTTON,  ii.  A  button  to  fasten 
the  sleeve  or  wristband. 

SLEE'VED,  a.  Having  sleeves. 

SLEE'VELESS,  a.  Having  no  sleeves;  as 
a  sleeveless  coat.  Sandys. 

3.  Wanting  a  rover,  pretext   or   palliation ; 
unreasonable;  as  a  sleeveless  tale  oftran 
substantiation;  a  sleeveless  irraiul.    [Litik 
used.]  Hall.    Spectator. 

SLEID,  v.  t.  To  sley  or  prepare  for  use  in 
the  weaver's  sley  or  slaie. 

SLeIGH,  (1.  sla.  [|)rol)ably  allied  to  sleek.] 
A  vehicle  moved  on  runners,  and  greatly 
used  in  America  for  transporting  persons 
or  goods  on  snow  or  ice.  [This  word  the 
English  write  and  pronounce  sledge,  and 
apply  it  to  what  we  call  a  sled.] 

SLEIGHT,  n.  slile.  [G.  schlich,  trick,  cun- 
ning; schlichi,  plain,  sleek  ;  Sw.  slog,  dex- 
trous ;  I),  sluik,  underhand  ;  sluiken,  to 
smuggle  ;  Ir.  stightheach,  sly.] 

1.  An  artful  trick  ;  sly  artifice  ;  a  trick  or  feat 
so  dextrously  performed  that  the  manner 
of  perforiu.ince  escapes  observation  ;  as 
sleight  of  hand,  Fr.  legerdemain.  Not  im- 
probably sleight  and  Fr.  le.ger,  light,  may 
Iiave  a  coiMirion  origin. 

2.  Dextrous  practice  ;  dexterity. 


SLEIGHTFUL, )       Artful ;  cunningly  dex- 

SLEIGHTY,       ptrous. 

SLENDER,  a.  [OM  D.  slinder.  This  word 

is   prubahly  formed  on    the  root  of  lean, 

Teutonic  klein.] 

1.  Thin;  small  in  circumference  compared 
with  the  length ;  not  thick ;  as  a  slender 
stem  or  stalk  of  a  plant. 

3.  Small  in  the  waist ;  not  thick  or  gross. 
A  slender  waist  is  considered  as  a  beauty. 

3.  Not  strong  ;  smull ;  slight. 
Mighty  hearts  arc  held  in  slender  chains. 

Pope. 

4.  Weak  ;  feeble  ;  as  slender  hope  ;  slender 
probabilities;  a  slender  constitution. 

5.  Small;  inconsiderable;  as  a  man  of  «/en 
dcr  parts. 

6.  Small;  inadequate;  as  slender  means  of 
su|)port ;  a  slender  pittance.  Shak. 

7.  Not  anipl>  supplied. 
'I  he  good  Oslorius  often  deign'd 
To  grace  my  s/fndcr  table.  Philips. 

8.  Spare  ;  abstemious  ;  as  a  slender  diet. 

Jlrbuthnol. 

SLEN'DERLY,  adv.  Without  bulk. 

'i.  Slightly ;  meanly  ;  as  a  debt  to  be  slen- 
derly regarded.  Hayivard. 

.3.  Insutiiciently  ;  as  a  table  slenderly  sup- 
plied. 

SLEN'DERNESS,  n.  Thinness;  smallness 
of  diameter  in  proportion  to  the  length  ; 
as  the  slenderness  of  a  hair.  jVewton 

2.  Want  of  bulk  or  strength;  as  the  slender- 
ness of  a  cord  or  chain. 

3.  Weakness  ;  sligbtness  ;  as  the  slenderness 
of  a  reason.  IVhitgifle. 

4.  Weakness;  feebleness;  as  the  s/cH(/cnu\si 
of  a  constitniion. 

i).  Want  of  plenty ;  as  the  slenderness  of  a 
supply. 

0.  Spnreness;  as  s/cjirferncss  of  diet. 
SLENT,  V.  i.  To  make  an  oblique  remark 

[.Vol  used.     See  Slant.] 
SLi;i''l",  prct.  aii<l  pp.  vt' sleep. 
SLKW,  prtt.  »(  slay. 
SH.V,  n.  [Sax.  she.]  A  weaver's  reed.  [See 

Sleiive  and  Strid.] 
SLtV,  v.  t.  To  separate  ;   to  part  threads 

and  arrange  ihom  in  a  reed  ;  as  weavers. 
SLICE,  V.  t.    [G.   schleissen,   to   slit;    Sax. 

slilan.] 

1.  To  cut  into  thin  pieces,  or  to  cut  offa  thin 
broad  i)iece.  Sandys. 

2.  To  cut  into  parts.  Clcavcland. 

3.  To  cut;  lo  divide.  Burnet. 
SLICE,  n.  A  ihm  broad  piece  cut  off;  as  a 

slice  of  bacon  ;  a  slice  of  cheese;  a  slice  of| 
bread. 
'i.  A  broad  piece  ;  as  a  «/tce  of  plaster.    Pope 
■i.  A  peel;  a  spatula  ;  an  instrument  consist- 
ing of  a   broad   plate  with  a  handle,  used 
by  apotliecaries  for  ..spreading  plasters,  & 

4.  In  ship-building,  a  tapering  piece  of  plank 
to  be  driven  between  the  limbers  before 
planking.  Encyc. 

SLICED,  ^p.  Cut  into  broad  thin  pieces. 

SLICH,  n.  Tlie  ore  of  a  metal  when  pound- 
ed and  prepared  for  working.  Encyc. 

SLI'CING,  ppr.  Cutting  into  broad  thin 
pieces. 

SLICK,  the  popular  pronunciation  ofsleek, 
and  so  written  by  some  authors. 

SLICK'ENSIDES,  n.  A  name  which  work- 
men give  to  a  variety  of  galena  in  Derby- 
shire. Ure. 

SLlD.pret.  o£  slide. 


>  pp.  of  slide. 


SLID, 
SLIDDEN 
SLID'DEK,  v 

See  Slide.] 
To  slide  with  interruption 


[Sax.   alidtrian,  slidrian. 


[Ao/  in  use.] 

Dry  lien. 
SLID'DER,        )  [See  Slide.]  Slippery. 

SLID'DERLY,  \    "•    [Xot  in  use.] 

Chaucer. 
SLIDE,  I',  i.    pret.  slid;   pp.   slid,  slidden. 
[Sax.  slidan  :  probably  gitdc,  with  a  difler- 
ent  prefix  ;  G.  gltilen.] 

1.  To  move  along  the  surface  of  any  body 
by  slipping,  or  without  bounding  or  roll- 
ing ;  to  slip  ;  to  glide  ;  us,  a  sled  slides  on 
snow  or  ice  ;  a  snow-slip  slides  down  iho 
mountain's  side. 

2.  To  move  along  the  surface  without  step- 
ping ;  as,  a  man  slides  on  ice. 

3.  To  pass  inadvertently. 
Wake  .1  door  and  a  bar  for  thy  mouth ;  be- 
ware thou  slUie  not  by  it.  Ecclus. 

4.  To  pass  smoothly  along  without  jerks  or 
agitation  ;  as,  a  shij)  or  boat  slides  through 
the  water. 

5.  To  pass  in  silent  unobserved  progression. 
Ages  shall  slide  away  without  perceiving. 

Dryden. 

6.  To  pass  silently  and  gradually  from  one 
state  to  another  ;  as,  to  slide  insensibly  into 
vicious  practices,  or  into  the  customs  of 
others. 

7.  To  pass  without  difficulty  or  obstruction. 
Parts  answ'ring  parts  shall  slide  into  a  whole. 

Pope. 

8.  To  practice  sliding  or  moving  on  ice. 
'J  hey  batlie  in  summer,  and  in  winter  slide. 

H'aller. 

9.  To  slip;  to  fall. 

10.  To  pass  with  an  easy,  smooth,  uninter- 
rupted course  or  flow. 

SLIDE,  V.  t.  To  slip;  to  pass  or  put  in  im- 
peicejitibly  ;  as,  lo  slide h\  a  word  to  vary 
the  sense  of  a  question.  If'alts. 

2.  To  thrust  along  ;  or  to  thrust  by  slipping; 
as,  to  slide  along  a  jiiece  of  timber. 

SLIDE,  71.  A  smooth  and  easy  passage  ;  al- 
so, a  slidiT.  Bacon. 

2.  Flow  ;  even  course.  Bacon. 

SLLDKIl,  n.  One  that  slides. 

2.  The  part  of  an  instrument  or  niaciiine 
that  slides. 

SL]'I)1N(J, y)pr.  Moving  along  the  surface 
by  slipping;  gliding;  passing  smoothly, 
easily  or  imperceptibly. 

SLI'DING,  n.  Lapse;  falling;  used  ioiaci- 
sliding. 

SLIl)li\G-RULE,   71.    A  mathematical  in- 

j     striiiiKMit  used  to  determine   mea.sure  or 

I  quantity  without  compasses,  bysliding  the 
parts  one  by  another. 

SLKiHT,  <i.  IJ).  slegt ;  G.  .'icWccW,  plain,  sim- 
ple, mean  ;  D.  slegten,  to  level ;  G.  schlecken, 
to  lick,  it  seems  that  slight  belongs  to 
the  family  of  sleek,  smooth.  Qu.  Dan. 
slet,  by  contraction.] 

1.  ^Veak  ;  inconsiderable;  not  forcible;  aa 
a  slight  impulse  ;  a  slight  rflbrt. 

2.  Not  deep;  as  a  slight  impression. 

3.  Not  violent ;  as  a  slight  disease,  illness  or 
indisposition. 

4.  Trifling  ;  of  no  great  importance. 
Slight  is  the  subject,  but  not  so  the  praise. 

Pope. 

5.  Not  strong ;  not  cogent. 

Soiue  firmly  embrace  doctrines  upon  slight 
grounds.  Locki. 


S  L  I 

6.  Negligent;  not  vehement;  not  done  with 

effort.  .  ,.  , 

•1  he  shaking  of  tlie  head  is  a  gesture  of  sbgM 

refusal.  ^  ,  ^«'^''"- 

thin  ;  of  loose  text- 


2. 


7.  Not  firm  or  strong 
ure  ;  as  slight  silk. 

8.  Foolish  ;  silly  ;  weak  in  intellect. 

Hudibras 
SLIGHT,  n.  Neglect;  disregard;  a  moile- 
rate  degree  of  contempt  manifested  nega- 
tively by  neglect.     It  expresses  less  than 
contempt,  disilain  and  scorn. 
2.  Artifice  ;  dexterity.     [See  Sleight.] 
SLIGHT.  V.  t.  To  neglect ;  to  disregard  fron 
the  consideration  that  a  thing  is  of  little 
value  and  unworthy  of  notice  ;  as,t(>  slight 
the    divine   commands,   or    the  offers  of 
mercy.  Milton.     Locke. 

2.  To  overthrow ;  to  demolish.  [jVot  used.] 

Clarendon. 
"The  rogues  slighted  me  into  the  river,"  in 

Shakspeare,  is  not  used.  [D.  slegten.] 
To  slight  over,  to  run  over  in  haste  ;  to  per- 
form superficially  ;  to  treat  carelessly  ;  a.s, 
to  slight  over  a  theme.  Dryden 

SLIGHTED,  pp.  Neglected. 
SLIGHTEN,  V.  t.   To  slight   or  disregard. 
[JVot  in  use.]  Spenser 

SLIGHTER,  n.  One  who  neglects. 
SLIGHTING,  ppr.  Neglecting  ;  disregard- 
ing. ,  .  , 
SLIGHTINGLY,  adv.  With  neglect ;  with 
out  respect.                                            Boyle 
SLIGHTLY,    adv.    Weakly  ;  superficially 
with  inconsiderable  force  or  efft'ct;  in  £ 
small  degree  :  as  a  man  slightly  wounded  ; 
an  audience  slightly  affected  with  preach 
ing. 
2.  Negligently  ;  without  regard  ;  with  nioG 

erate  contemjit.  Hooker.     Shak.\ 

SLIGHTNESS,    n.     Weakness;    want   of 
force  or  strength  ;  superficialness  ;  as  the 
slightness  of  a  wound  or  an  impression. 
2.  Negligence ;  want  of  attention  ;  want  of 
vehemence. 

How  does  it  reproach  the  slightness  ol  our 
sleepy  heartless  addresses  !         Decay  of  Piety 
SLIGHTY,  a.  Superficial;  slight. 
2.  Trifling  ;  inconsiderable.  Echard. 

SLI'LY,  adv.  [from  sly.]  With  artful  or  dex- 
trous secrecy. 

Satan  slily  robs  us  of  our  grand  treasure. 

Decay  of  Piety 
SLIM.  a.  [Ice.]  Slender;  of  small  diameter 
or  thickness  in  pmiiortion  to  the  highth  ; 
as  a  slim  person  ;  a  slim  tree. 

2.  Weak;  slight;  unsubstantial. 

3.  Worthless. 
SLIME,  n.   [Sax.  sKm;  Sw.  stem;  B.slym; 

Dun.  sliim  ;  h.  limus.] 
Soft  moist  earth  having  an  adhesive  quality 
viscous  mud. 

They  had  brick  for  stone,  and  slime  had  they 
for  mortar.  Gen.  xi 
SLI'ME-PIT,  n.  A  pit  of  slime  or  adhesive 


S  L  I 

SLING,  n.  [D.  slinger.]  An  instrument  for 
throwing  stones,  consisting  id'  a  .-trap  and 
two  strings  ;  the  stone  being  lodged  uj  tin- 
sirup,  is  thrown  by  loosing  one  of  ilie 
strings.  With  a  sliiig  and  a  stone  l)a\id 
killed  G(  liath. 
A  throw  ;  a  stroke.  Milton. 


SLI'MINESS,  n.  The  quality  of  shme;  vis 
cosity.  Floyer. 

SIJ'MY,  a.  Abounding  with  slime;  consist- 
iiii;  of  slinic. 

2.  Overspread  with  slime  ;  as  a  slimy  eel. 

3.  Viscous;  gUitiiKHis  ;  as  a  s/?m;i/ soil. 
HLl'Nf'.SH,  11.  [IVoni  .Wi/.l   Ocxtrous  artifice 

to  conceal  any  thing  ;  artful  secrecy. 

Addison 


A  kind  of  hanging  bandage  put  round  the 
neck,  iu  which  a  wounded  limb  is  sus- 
tained. 

4.  A  rope  by  which   a  cask  or  bale  is  sus- 
pended and  swung  in  or  out  of  a  ship. 

5.  A  drink  composed  of  equal  parts  ol  rum 
or  spirit  and  water  sweetened.  Rush 

SLING,  V.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  slmig.  [Sax.  slin- 
gan  ;  D.  slingeren  ;  Sw.  slinka,  to  dangle 
Dan.  slingrer,  to  reel.     The  primary  sense 
seems  to  be  to  swing.]     To  throw  with  a 
sling. 

■i.  To  throw  ;  to  burl.  Addison. 

3.  To  hang  so  as  to  swing;  as,  to  shng  a 
pack.  . 

4.  To  move  or  swing  by  a  rope  which  sus- 
pends the  thing. 

SLING'ER,  n.  One  who  sUngs  or  uses  the 

ling. 
SLING'ING,  ppr.  Throwing   with  a  shng  ; 

hanging   so  as  to  swing  ;    moving  by  a 

sling. 
SLINK,  v.i.  pret.  and  pp.  slunk.  [Sax.«ii»i 

can  ;  G.  schleichen.] 

1.  To  sneak  ;  to  creep  away  meanly  ;  to  steal 
away. 

He  would  pinch  tlie  children  in  the  dark,  and 
then  slink  into  a  corner.  Jhbuthnot. 

2.  To  miscarry,  as  a  beast. 
SLINK,  V.  t.  To  cast  prematurely  ;  to  mis- 
carry of;  as  the  female  of  a  beast. 

SLINK,  n.  Produced  prematurely,  as  the 
young  of  a  beast. 

SLIP,  v.i.  [Sax.  slepan;  D.  .^leppen  ;  Sw. 
slippa  ;  Daii.  sliipper;  G . schlupfen ;  W.yslib, 
smooth,  glib,  from  llib ;  L.  labor,  to  slide.] 

1.  To  slide  ;  to  glide  ;  to  move  along  the  sur- 
face of  a  thing  without  bounding,  rolling 
or  stepping. 

2.  To  slide  ;  not  to  tread  firmly.  Walk  care- 
fully, lest  your  foot  should  slip. 

3.  To  move  or  tiy  out  of  place  ;  usually  with 
out;  as,  a  bone  may  slip  out  of  its  place 

lyiseman. 

4.  To  sneak  ;  to  slink  ;  to  depart  or  with- 
draw secretly  ;  with  aicay. 

Thus  one  tradesman  slips  away 

To  give  his  partner  fairer  play.  Pricn' 

5.  To  err  ;  to  fall  into  error  or  fault. 
One  slip/ielh  iu  his  speech,  but  not  from  hi 

heart.  Jicclus. 

6.  To  glide  ;  to  pass  unexpectedly  or  imper- 
ceptibly. 

And  thrice  the  flitting  shadow  alipp'd  away. 

Ihyden 

7.  To  enter  by  oversight.  An  error  iiiiiy 
slip  into  a  copy,  notwithstanding  all  jiossi 
ble  care. 

8.  To  escape  insensibly  ;  to  be  lost. 
Use  the  most  proper  methods  to  retain  the 

ideas  you  have  acquired,  for  the  mind  is  ready 
to  let  many  of  them  slip.  H'atts 

SLIP,  v.t.  To  convey  secretly. 

He  tried  to  slip  a  powder  into  her  drink. 

Jirbuthnitt 

Let  us 


2.  To  omit ;  to  lose  by  negligence 
not  slip  the  occasion. 

And  xtip  no  advantage 
That  may  secure  you. 


S  L  I 

3.  To  part  twigs  from  the  branches  or  stem 
of  a  tree. 

1  he  branches  also  may  be  slipped  and  planted. 

Mortimer. 

4.  To  escape  from  ;  to  leave  slily. 
Lucenlio  slipped  me  like  his  greyhound. 

Shak. 
From  is  here  underetood. 
To  let  loose ;  as,  to  slip  the  bounds. 

DrydeTi. 
To  throw  off;  to  disengage  one's  self 
from  ;  as,  a  horse  slips  his  bridle. 

7.  To  pass  over  or  omit  negligently ;  as,  ta 
slip  over  the  main  points  of  a  subject. 

8.  To  tear  off;  as,  to  slip  off  a  twig. 

9.  To  suffer  abortion  ;  to  miscarry ;  as  a 
beast. 

To  slip  a  cable,  to  veer  out  and  let  go  the 
end.  Mar.  Diet. 

To  slip  on,  to  put  on  in  haste  or  loosely  ;  as- 
to  slip  on  a  gown  or  coat. 

SLIP,  n.  A  sliding;  act  of  slipping. 

2.  An  unintentional  error  or  fault.     Dryden. 

3.  A  twig  separated  from  the  main  stock  ;  ag 
the  slip  of  a  vine. 

A  leash  or  string  by  which  a  dog  is  held; 
so  called  from  its  being  so  made  as  to  slip 
or  become  loose  by  relaxation  of  the  hand. 

Shak. 
5.  An  escape ;  a  secret  or  unexpected  deser- 
tion. 
G.  A  long  narrow  piece  ;  as  a  slip  of  paper. 

Addison. 

7.  A  counterfeit  piece  of  money,  being  brass 
covered  with  silver.  [JVot  in  use.]       Shak. 

8.  Matter  found  in  troughs  of  grindstones 
after  the  grinding  of  edge-tools.     [Local.] 

Petty. 

9.  A  particular  quantity  of  yarn.    [Local.] 

Barret. 

10.  An  opening  between  wharves  or  in  a 
dock.     [.V.  York.] 

11.  A  place  having  a  gradual  descent  on  the 
bank  of  a  river  or  harbor,  convenient  for 
ship-building.  Mar.  Diet. 

12.  A  long  seat  or  narrow  jiew  in  churches. 
U.  States.  \ 

SLIP'  BOARD,  n.  A  board  sliding  in 
grooves.  Siciji. 

SLIP'- KNOT,  n.  A  bow-knot ;  a  knot  wliich 
will  not  bear  a  strain,  or  which  is  easily 
untied.  Johnson.     Mar.  Diet. 

SLIPPER,  71.  [Sax.]  A  kind  of  shoe  con- 
sisting of  a  sole  and  vaiii]i  without  quar- 
ters, which  may  be  slip|ied  on  with  ease 
and  worn  in  undress;  a  slip-shoe.      Pope. 

2.  A  kind  of  apron  for  children,  to  be  slipped 
over  their  other  clothes  to  keep  them 
clean. 

3.  A  plant.  [L.  crepis.] 

4.  A  kind  of  iron  slide  or  lock  for  the  use  of 
a  heavv  wagon. 

SLIP'PER,  a.  [Sax.  sit>ur.]  Slippery.  [JVot 
in  use.]  Spenser. 

SLIPPERED,  a.  Wearing  slippers. 

H'arion. 
SLIP'PERILY,  adv.   [from  slippery.]    In  a 

slippery  manner. 
SLIP  PKRINKSS,  ji.   The  state  or  quahty 
of  heiiis  slip|iciy  ;  hibrii  ity  ;  smoothness  ; 
ghhnrss  ;  as  l  he  slipperiness  of  ice  or  snow  ; 
the  slipperiness  of  the  longue. 
2.  Uncertainty  ;  want  of  firm  footing. 

Johnson. 
S.  Jonson.  .3.  Lubricity  of  character. 


S  L  O 

SL1P'PER\,  a.  Smooth;  glib;  liaving  the 
qimlity  oi)posite  to  ailliesiveiicss  ;  a«,  oily 
substances  render  things  slipper;/. 

2.  Nut  uftordinp  tirm  footing  or  confidence; 

as  a  slippen/  promise.  Tusser. 

'I'he  atipii'ri/  tops  of  human  slate.      Cowlnj. 

8.  Not  easily  "held  ;    liable  or  apt  to   slip 

away.  t.   i.  n 

The  sUpp'ry  god  wUI  try  to  loose  his  hold. 

4.  Not  standing  firm  ;  as  slippery  standers. 

Shah. 

5.  Unstable  ;  cliangcabic  ;  mutable  ;  uncer- 
tain ;  as  the  slippery  state  of  kings. 

Denham. 
in  its  effect;   as  a  slippery 


S  L  O 


S  L  O 


SLOE,   n.  [S.1X.  slag,   sla;  G.  selUehe ;  D.i  SLOP'PINESS,  n.  [from  sloppj.]    Wetness 
slee,  \n  sleepruim,  and  sUe  signifies  sour;!      of  the  earth;  mud.lintss. 
sJee-fcoom,  the  sloe-tree;  Dan.  i/aac.s/aaen.lSLOP'PY,    a.    [from  slop.]     Wet, 
or  slnaen-torne  ]  \\     gronrid  ;  miuldy  ;  plashy. 

A  sinull  wild  plum, 


the 


Shuk. 
,  though 


the    fiiiil   of  the  black  SLOT,  f. /.  [D.  sluiten,  to  shut:  G.  schlics- 


[Pruniis  npinosa.]  Mortimer, 

n.  Slumber.     [Aot  in  vst  or  lo- 


C.  Not  certain 
trick. 

7.  Lubricous  ;  wanton  ;  unchaste. 

SLiP'PY,  a.  Slippery.  [Not  in  use 
regular  Sax.  slipeg.\ 

SLIP'SHOi),  o.  [slip  and  shod.']  Wearing 
shoes  Uke  slippers,  without  pulling  up  the 
quarters.  Swyt. 

SLIP'STRIIVG,  M.  [slip  and  siring.]     One 
that  has  sluikiii  of}'  restraint  :  a  prodigal 
called  also  sllpthrijl,  but  I  believe  seMom 
or  never  used.  Colgrave 

SLIT,  V.  t.  prrt.  slit ;  pp.  slit  or  slitted. 
[Sax.  slitnn  ;  Sw.  stita ;  G.  schleissen  ;  U. 
alyten ;  Dan.  slider.  The  two^  latter  sig- 
nily  to  wear  out  or  waste.  The  German 
has  the  signification  of  splitting  and  of 
wearing  out.] 

L  To  cut  lengthwise;  to  cut  intolong  pieces 
or  strips  ;  as,  to  slit  iron  burs  into  nail 
rods. 

2.  To  cut  or  make  a  long  fissure  ;  as,  to  slit 
the  ear  or  tongue,  or  the  imse. 

Temple.     JS/'ewton. 

3.  To  cut  in  general.  Mitlon. 

4.  To  rend  ;  to  split. 
SLIT,  ji.  A  long  cut;  or  a  narrow  opening ; 

as  a  slit  in  the  ear. 

2.  A  cleft  or  crack  in  the  breast  of  cattle. 

Encyc. 

SLIT'TER,  n.  One  that  slits. 

SLIT'TING,  ppr.  Cutting  lengthwise. 

SIJT'TING-MILL,  n.  A  mill  where  iron 
bars  are  slit  into  nail  rods,  &c. 

SLIVE,  v.  J.  Tosneak.        [Local.]     Grose.\i 

SLIVER,  p.t.   [Sax.  slifun  ;  W.  ysleiviatv, 
friiii  ysliiiv,  a  slash  or 
sword  orciineter  ;  ltnii\  shears  or  a  shave  ; 
but  all  priibably  from  the  sense  of  cutting' 
or  separating.   Class  Lb.] 

To  cut  or  divide  into  long  thin  pieces,  or  in- 
to very  small  pieces;  to  cut  or  rend 
lengthwise;  as,  to  sliver  wood. 

SLIV'ER,  n.  A  long  piece  cut  or  rent  off, 
or  a  piece  cut  or  rent  lengthwise.  Ini 
Scotland,  it  is  said  to  signify  a  slice;  as  a| 
s.'u'fr  of  beef  | 

.SLOAT,  n.  [from  the  root  of  Dan.  shitter,'^ 
to  fasten,  D.  sluiten,  Sw.  stuln,  G.  sMies- 
sen  ;  from  the  root  of  L.  clnudo.] 
A  narrow  piece  of  timhcr  which  holds  to- 
cetlier  larger  pieces;  as  the  sloats  of  a 
cart.     (In  New  England,  this 


tliorii. 

SLOOM 
cal.] 

SLOOM'Y,  ft.  Sluggish;  slow.  [A"o(  in 
use  or  local.]  Skinner. 

SLOOP,  n.  [D.  .^lorp,  slnepscliip;  G.  scha- 
luppe  ;  Dan.  sliippe  ;  Fr.  chaloupe.  It  is 
written  also  shaltnp.]  u     a  ^  in  ,,  -\ 

A  vessel   with  one    mast,   the   main-sail  of|L  "^e  .stoip.j 

which  is  attached    to   a   gaff  above,  to  a 

boom  below,  and  to  the  mast  on  its  fore-jl 

most  edge.     It  differs  from  a   i-utter  by,! 

having   a   fixed  sleeving   bowsprit,  and  al  2. 

jib-stay.      Sloops   are   of    various   sizes, 

from  the  size  of  a  boat  to  that   of  more 

than  100  tons  burthen.  Mar.  Diet. 

Sloop  of  war,  a  vessel  of  war  rigged  either  as 
a  ship,  brig  or  schooner,  and  usually  car- 
rying from  10  to  18  guns.  Mar.  Dirt. 

SLOP,  V.  t.  [probably  allied  to  Itp.]  To 
drink  greedily  and  grossly.      [Litik  used.] 

SLOP,  71.  [proiiably  allied  to  slabber.]  Wa- 
ter carelessly  thrown  about  on  a  table  or 
floor  ;  a  puddle  ;  a  soiled  spot. 

2.  Mean  liquor  ;  mean  liquid  food. 

SLOP,  n.  [Qu.  D.  shif,  a  case  or  cover,  or 
slof,  an  old  sli[)per,'or  Sax.  slopen,  lax, 
loose  ;  toslupan,  to  loosen.] 

Trowsers ;  a  loose  lower  garment ;  drawers ; 
hence,  ready  made  clothes.  Shak. 

SLOP'SELLER,  n.  One  who  sells  ready 
made  clothes. 

SLOP'SHOP,  n.  A  shop  where  ready  made 
cloilies  are  sold. 

SLOPE,  a.    [This   word  contains  the  ele 
inents  of  L.  labor,  lapsus,  and  Eng.  slip  ; 
also  of  L.   leva,    Eng    lift.     I    know   not 
whether   it    originally   signified  ascending 
or  descending,  probably  the  latter.] 

Inclined  or  iiu  lining  liom  a  hori/ontal  di- 
rection ;  lorming  an  angle  with  the  plane 
of  the  horizon  ;  as  «/o/)e  bills.   [Little  used.] 

Milton. 

SLOPF',  )i.  An  obrH|iie  direction  ;  a  line  or 
lirec.tion  inclining  from  a  horizontal  line  ; 


sen;  Dan.'slutter  ;  Sw.   slula  ;    from  the 

root  of  L.  claudo.] 
To  shut  witli  violence  ;  to  slam,  that  is,  to 

drive.      [.Vot  in  use  or  local.]  Rny. 

SLOT,  n.  A  broad  Mat  wooden  bar. 
SLOT,  »i.  [The  Saxon  has  ste(iHg-«,  tracks.] 

The  track  of  a  deer.  Jjrayton. 

SLOTH,  »i.  [Sax.  slatclh,  from   «i(ii*,  slow. 


1.  Slowness;  tardiness. 
I  abhor 
This  dilatory-  sloth  and  tricks  of  Rome.    Shak. 
Disinclination  to    action   or    labor  ;  slug- 
gishness ;  laziness  ;  idleness. 

They  change  their  course   to  pleasure,  ease 
and  sluth.  Milton. 

Sloth,  like   rust,  consumes  faster  than  labor 
wears  Fianklin. 

3.  An  animal,  so  called  from  the  remarkable 
slowness  of  his  motions.     There  are  two 
species  of  this  animal ;  the  ai  or  three  toed 
sloth,  and   the  unau  or   two  toed  sloth; 
both  fouud  in  South  America.     It  is  said 
I     that   its  greatest   speed    .seldom  exceeds 
i     three  yards  an  hour.     It  feeds  on  vegeta- 
bles and  ruminates.  Diet.  .Vat.  Hist. 
SLOTH,  V.  i.  To  be  idle.     [.Vol  in  use.] 

Cower. 
SLOTH'FUL,  a.  Inactive ;  sluggish  ;  lazy ; 
indolent  ;  idle. 

He  that  is  slothful  in  his  work,  is  brother  to 
him  that  is  a  great  waster.     Prov.  xviii. 
SLOTH'FULLY,  adv.  Lazily  ;  sluggishly  ; 

idly. 
SLOTH'FULNESS,  ji.   The  indulgence  of 
sloth  ;  inactivity  ;  the   habit  of  idleness ; 
laziness. 

Slothfulness  casteth  into  a  deep  sleep.  Prov. 


.     -  .        I      properly,  a  direction  downwards, 

hce,  Ironi  glaiv,  aj .,  ^^^  „l,rique  rliiection  in  general  .  a  direc- 
tion fDrming  an  aiiffle  with  a  perpendicu- 
lar or  other  right  line. 

3.  A  declivity;  any  grouild  whose  surface 
forms  an  angle  with  the  plane  of  the  hori- 
zon ;  also,  an  acclivity,  as  every  declivity 
must  be  also  an  aci^livity. 

SLOPE,  r.  /.  To  form  with  a  slope  ;  to  form 
to  declivity  or  obliquity  ;  to  direct  ob- 
liquely ;  to  incline;  as,  to  67o/;e  the  grouni 
in  a  garden ;  to  slope  a  piece  of  cloth  in 
cutting  a  garment. 

SLOPE,  V.  i.  To  take  an  oblique  direction  ; 
to  be  declivous  or  inclined. 

SLO'PENESS,     II.     Declivity  ;    obliquity. 


„    ,     |i     [JVot  much  used.]  Holton. 

..     ,    .  '^,'"'''''''  '»iSLO'PEWISE,  arfy.  Obliquely.  Careic. 

slat,  as  the  slats  ot  a  chair,  cart,  Ate]  |  gLO'PING.  ppr.  Taking  an  uiclined  direc- 

SLOH'Bl  R,  and  its  derivatives,  are  a  differ-!!     tion. 

cut   orthography  of  slabber,  the   original||2.  a.  Oblique  ;  declivous  ;  inclinins    or    in- 
clined  from  a  horizontal   or   other  right 


pronunciation  of  which  was  probably  s/o6- 
ber.     [See  Slabbrr  and  Slaver  ] 
SLOCK,  to  qneneli,  is  a  ditferent  orthogra- 
phy of  slake,  but  not  used. 

Vol.  11. 


line. 
SLO'PINGLY, 

slope. 


adv.    Obliquely 

74 


SLOT'TERY,  a.   [G.  schlotttrig,  negligent ; 

schlottem,  to  hang  loosely,  to  wabble.   See 

.S7»(.] 
I.  Squalid  ;    dirty  ;     sluttish  ;    untrimmed. 

[Ao(  in  use.]  Chaucer. 

■}.  Foul;  wet.     [JVot  in  use.]  Pryce. 

SLOUCH,  n.  [TWiA  word  probably  belongs 

to  the  rootol  lag.  slug.] 

1.  A  hanging  down  ;  a  depression  of  the 
head  or  ol"  some  other  part  of  the  body; 
an  ungainly,  clow  nisli  guit.  Swifl. 

2.  An  awkward,  heavy,  clownish  fellow. 

Gay. 

SLOUCH,  V.  i.  To  hang  down  :  to  have  a 
downcast  clownish  look,  gait  or  manner. 

Chesterfield. 

SLOUCH,  f.  t.   To  depress  ;    to   cause    to 

hangdiavn  ;  as,  to  slouch  the  hat. 
SLOUCH'lNG,;);)r.  Causing  to  hang  down. 
2.  a.  Hanging  down  ;   walking  heavily  and 

awkwardly. 
SLOUGH,  n.  slou.  [Sax.  shg ;  AV.  Wicj-,  a 

gutter  or  slough,  from  lltr^-.  a  lake.] 
ll.  A  place  of  deep  mud  or  mire;  a  hole  full 

of  mire.  Milton. 

2.  [fiTim.  stuff.]  The  skin  or  east  skin  of  a 

serpent.     [Its  use  fiir  the  skin  in  general, 
*      in  Sliakspeare,  is  not  authorized.] 
with    a  3.  [pron.    stuff.]    The  part  that  separates 
:l     from  a  foul  sore.  Wiseman. 


S  L  O 


S  L  U 


The  [lead  part  which  separates  from  the 
liviiifT  in  mortification.  Cooper. 

PLOUGH,  r.  i.  slujf.  To  separate  from  the 
sound  flesh  ;  to  come  oft';  as  the  matter 
formed  over  a  sore  ;  a  term  in  surgery. 

To  slough  off,  to  separate  from  tlje  hviiig 
pans,  as  tlie  dead  part  in  mortification. 

SLOUGHY,  a.  slou'y.  Full  of  sloualis  ; 
miry.  Swift- 

SLOVEN,  n.  [D.  slof,  careless  ;  sloffen,  to 
neglect ;  W.  yslahi,  from  yslab,  e.xtended  ; 
Ir.  stapaire.] 

A  man  careless  of  his  dress,  or  negligent  ot 
cleanliness  ;  a  man  habitually  negligent 
of  neatness  and  order.  Pope 

SLOVENLINESS,  n.  [fi-om  sloven.]  Negli- 
gence of  dress;  habitual  want  of  cleanli- 
ness. JFolton. 

2.  Neglectof  order  and  neatness.  Hall. 

SLOVENLY,  a.  Negligent  of  dress  or  neat 
ness  ;  as  a  slovenly  man. 

2.  Loose ;  disorderly  ;  not  neat ;  as  a  sloven- 
ly dress. 

SLOVENLY,  adv.  In  a  careless,  inelegant 
minner. 

SLOVENRY,  n.  Negligence  of  order  or 
neatness;  dirtiness.     [.Yot  in  use.]     Skak. 

SLOW,  a.  [Sa.x.  slaiv,  for  slag;  Dan.  slov 
dull,  blunt ;  contracted  from  the  root  of 
slack,  sluggard,  lag.] 

1.  Moving  a  small  distance  in  a  long  time  ; 
not  swift ;  not  quick  in  motion ;  not  rapid  ; 
as  a  slow  stream  ;  a  slow  motion. 

2.  Late  ;  not  happening  in  a  short  time. 

These  changes  in  the  heavens  though  slow. 

producM 
Like  change  on  sea  and  land,  sidereal  blast, 

MiltoJi 

3.  Not  ready  ;  not  prompt  or  quick  ;  as  slow 
of  speech,  and  slow  of  tong'ue.     Ex.  iv. 

4.  Dull;  inactive;  tardy. 

The  Tiojans  are  not  slow 
To  guard  their  shore  from  an  expected  foe. 

X)ryde)i. 

.5.  Not  hasty ;  not  precipitate  ;  acting  with 
deliberation. 

The  Lord  is  merciful,  slow  to  anger. 

Com.  Prayer. 
He  that  is  sloto  to  wrath   is  of  great  under- 
standing.    Prov.  .\iv. 

Dull;  heavy  in  wit.  Pope. 

Behind  in  time  ;  indicating  a  time  laterj 
than  the  true  time;  as,  the  clock  or  watchj 
is  slow.  I 

Not  advancing,   growing  or    improving: 
rapidly ;  as  the  sloiv   growth  of  arts  and 
sciences. 
SLOW,  is   u.sed  in   composition  to  modify 

other  words  ;  as  a  sloiv-paced  horse. 
SLOW,  as  a  verb,  to  delay,  is  not  in  use. 

Shak. 

SLOW,    71.    [Sax.  sliw.]    A  moth.    [JVot  in 

jtse.]  Chaucer. 

SLOW'BACK,  n.  A  lubber  ;  an  idle  fellow ; 

a  loiterer. 
SLOWLY,  adv.  With  moderate  motion ;! 
not  rapidly  ;  not  with  velocity  or  celerity  ;j 
as,  to  walk  slowly. 
i.  Not  soon  ;  not  early  ;  not  in  a  little  time  ;j 
not  with  hasty  advance;  as  a  country  thai  i 
rises  slowly  into  importance. 

3.  Not  hastily  ;  not  rashly  ;  not  with  precip- 
itation ;  as,  he  determines  slowly.  I 

4.  Not  promptly  ;  not  readily  ;  as,  he  learns 
slowly. 


|5.  Tardily  ;  with  slow  progress.  The  build- 
ing proceeds  sloivly. 

[SLOWNESS,  n.  Moderate  motion  ;  want 
of  speed  or  velocity.  j 

Swiftness  and  slowness  are  relative  ideas. 

Watts.] 

3.  Tardy  advance  ;  moderate  progression  ;i 
as  the  slowness  of  an  operation  ;  slowness 
of  growth  or  improvement. 

3.  Dullness  to  admit  conviction  or  affection  ; 
as  slowness  of  heart.  Bentley. 

Want  of  readiness  or  promptness;  dull- 
ness of  intellect. 

Deliberation;  coolness;  caution  in  deci- 
ding. 

G.  Dilatoriness;  tardiness. 

SLOW-WORM,  I       An  insect  found  on  the 

SLOE-WORM,  I  "■  leaves  of  the  sloe-tree, 
which  often  changes  its  skin  and  assumes 
different  colors.  It  changes  into  a  four 
winded  fly.  Diet.  JVal.  Hist. 

SLOVV-WORM,  n.  [Sax.  slatv-wyrm.]  A 
kind  of  viper,  the  blind  worm,  scarcely 
venomous.  Johnson. 

SLUB'BER,  V.  t.  To  do  lazily,  imperfectly 
or  coarsely  ;  to  daub;  to  stain;  to  cover 
carelessly.     [Lillle  used  and  vulgar.] 

SLUB'BERINGLY,arfD.  In  a  slovenly  man- 
ner.    [JVot  used  and  vulgar.]  Drayton. 

SLUDGE,  n.  [D.  slyk.  Sax.  slog,  a  sloug-h.] 
Mud  ;  mire  ;  soft  mud.  Mortimer. 

SLUDS,  n.  Among  miners,  half  roa.-ied 
ore. 

SLtJE,  V.  t.  In  seamen's  language,  to  turn 
any  thing  conical  or  cylindrical,  &c.  about 
its  axis  without  removing  it ;  to  turn. 

Mar.  Did. 

SLUG,  n.  [allied  to  slack,  sluggard;  W. 
Wag' ;  D.  slak,  slek,  a  snail.] 


S  L  U 

Inertness;  want  of  power  to  move ;  ap- 
plied to  inanimate  matter. 

;■!.  Slowness;  as  the  sluggishiiess  of  a  stream. 

SLUG'GY,  a.  Sluggish.     [AoJ  in  use.] 

Chaucer. 

SLCrlCE,  }  ^j    [D.  sluis,  a  sluice,  a  lock  ;  G. 

SLUSE,  I  '  schleuse,  a  flood-gate,  and 
schloss,  a  lock,  from  schliessen,  to  shut ; 
Sw.  sluss ;  Dan.  sluse  ;  Fr.  ecluse  ;  It. 
chiusa,  an  inclosure.  The  Dutch  sluiten, 
Dan.  stutter,  to  shut,  are  the  G.  schliessen  ; 
all  formed  on  the  elements  Ld,  Ls,  the 
root  of  Eng.  lid,  L.  claudo,  clausi,  clausus ; 
Low  L.  exctusa.  The  most  correct  or- 
thography is  s/uae.] 

1.  The  stream  of  water  issuing  through  a 
flood-gate  ;  or  the  gate  itsi'lf  If  the  word 
had  its  origin  in  shutting,  it  denoted  the 
frame  of  boards  or  planks  which  closes 
the  opening  of  a  mill  dam  ;  but  I  believe 
it  is  applied  to  the  stream,  the  gate  and- 
channel.  It  is  a  common  saying,  that  a 
rapid  stream  runs  like  a  sluse. 

2.  An  opening ;    a   source  of  supply ;  that 


I.  A  drone ; 


C. 

7. 


8. 


a  slow,  heavy,  lazy  fellow. 

Shak. 
A  hinderance  ;  obstruction.  Bacon 

A  kind  of  snail,  very  destructive  to  plants, 
of  the  genus  Limax.  It  is  without  a  shell. 
[Qu.  Sax.  sloca,  a  mouthful ;  D.  slok,  a| 
swallow  ;  or  Sa.x.  slecg,  a  sledge.]  A 
cylindrical  or  oval  piece  of  metal,  used  for 
the  cliarge  of  a  gun.  Pope. 

SLUG,  v.  i.   To  move  slowly ;  to  lie   idle. 
Obs.  Spenser. 

SLUG,  v.  I.  To  make  sluggish.     Obs. 

Milton. 

SLUG'ABED,  n.  One  who  indulges  in  lying 

abed.     [M>t  used.]  Shak. 

SLUG'GARD,  n.  [from  slug  and  ard,  slow 

kind.] 
A  person  habitually  lazy,  idle  and  inactive  ; 
a  drone.  Dryden. 

ISLUG'GARD,  a.  Sluggish;  lazy.     Dn/den. 
SLUG'GARDIZE,  v.  t.  To  make  lazy.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Shak 
SLUG'GISIL  a.  Habitually  idle  and  lazy 
slothful ;    dull  ;   inactive  ;    as  a  sluggish 
man. 

Slow ;  having  little  motion  ;  as  a  sluggish 
river  or  stream. 

Inert ;  inactive  ;  having  no  power  to  move 
itself 

Matter  is  sluggish  and  inactive. 

tVoodward. 

SLUG'GISHLY,    adv.    Lazily;   slothfidly  : 

drowsily  ;  idly  ;  slowly.  J\lilloii.\ 

SLUG'GiSHNESS,  n.  Natural  or  hahitiial! 

indolence   or   laziness;    sloth;    dullness;' 

1    applied  to  persons. 


through  which  anything  flows. 

Each  sluice  of  affluent  fortune  opcn'd  soon. 

Harlc. 
SLCICE,  ).  To  emit  by  flood-gates. 
SLUSE,    S  [Little  used.]  Milton. 

SLUICY,  /       Falling  in  streams  as  from  a 
SLU'SY,   I  "■  sluice. 

And  oft  whole  sheets  descend  of  sluicy  rain. 

Dryden. 

SLUMBER,  t».  I.  [Sax.  stnmerian;  D.sluim- 
eren  ;  G.  schluynmem  ;  Dan.  slummer,  slum- 
rer ;  Sw.  slumra.] 

1.  To  sleep  lightly ;  to  doze. 

He  that  iceepclh  Israel  shall  neither  slumber 
nor  sleep.     Ps.  cxxi. 

2.  To  slee|).  Slumber  is  used  as  synony- 
mous with  sleep,  particularly  in  the  poetic 
and  eloquent  style.  Milton. 

3.  To  be  in  a  state  of  negligence,  sloth,  su- 
pineness  or  inactivity. 

"U'  liy  slumbers  Pope  ?  Vouns 

SLUM'BER,  V.  t.  To  lay  to  sleep. 

To   stun  ;   to   stupefy.     [Little  used  and 
hardly  legitimate.]  Spenser,     ll'otton. 

SLUM'BER,  n.  Light  sleep  ;  sleep  not  deep 
or  sound. 

Fiom  carelessness  it  shall  settle  into  slum- 
ber, and  from  slumber  it  shall  settle  into  a  deep 
and  long  sleep.  South. 

2.  Sleep ;  repose. 

Rest  to  my  soid,  and  slumber  to  my  eyes. 

JJryden. 
SLUM'BERER,  n.  One  that  slumber.s. 
SLUM'BERING,  ppr.  Dozing  ;  sleeping. 
SLUM'BEROUS,  (       Invuing   or    causin" 
SLUM'BERY,        I  "'  sleep  ;    soporifcrous. 

W  hile  pensive  in  the  stutnberous  shade 

Pope. 
2.  Sleepy;  not  waking.  shak. 

SLUMP,  V.  i.  [G.  schlump,  Dan.  Sw.  slump, 
a  hap   or    chance,    accident,   that    is,   a 
fall.] 
To  fall  or  sink  suddenly  into  water  or  mud, 
\\  liou  walking  on   a   hard  surface,  as  on 
ice  or  tVozen  ground,  not  .strong  enough 
to  hear  the  person.     [This  legitimate  word 
is  in  common  and  respectable  use  in  .Veto 
England,  anil  its  significalion  is  so  appro- 
priate that   no  other  ivord  will  supply  Hi 
place.] 
SL1JN(;,  pret.  a\\(\  pp.  oC sling. 
iSLUNK,  pret.  and />;'.  of  slink. 


S  M  A 


S  M  A 


S  M  A 


SLUR,  V.  t.  [D.  slordig,  sluttish.]  To  soil ; 
to  sully  ;  to  coiilaminate  ;  to  disgrace.       I 

2.  To  pas.s  lightly  ;  to  conceal. 

With  periods,  points  and  tropes  he  slurs  hisj 
crimes.  Dryden.] 

3.  To  cheat ;  to  trick.     [Unusual.]       Prior.] 
i.  In  music,  to  sitig  or  perform  in  a  smooth 

gliding  style.  Bushy.i 

SLUR,  u.  Properly,  a  black  mnrk ;  hence,| 
slight  reproach  or  disgrace.  Every  vioia- 
tiou  of  moral  duty  should  be  a  slur  to  the 
reputation. 

2.  Ill  music,  a  /nark  connecting  notes  that 
arc  to  be  sung  to  the  same  syllable,  or 
made  in  one  continued  breath  of  a  wind 
instrument,  or  with  one  stroke  of  a  string- 
ed incjtrument. 

SLUSE,  a  more  correct  orthography  of 
sluice. 

SLUriH,  n.  Soft  mud,  or  a  sof>  rai,\ture  of 
filthy  substances.  [This  may  be  tlieEng. 
stutch.] 

SLUT,  n.  [D.  slel,  a  slut,  a  rag ;  G.  schtot- 
terig,  negligent,  sloveidy  ;  schloUern,  to 
hail.;  loosely,  to  wablilc  or  waddle.] 

1.  A  woman  who  is  nogli;;ent  of  cleaidiness, 
and  will)  suffers  her  person,  clothes,  fur- 
niture, &c.,  to  be  dirty  or  in  disorder. 

ishnlc.      King. 

2.  A  name  of  sliglit  contempt  for  a  woman. 

L'Eslrange. 

SLUT'TERY,  n.    The  qualities  of  a  slut; 

inoie   generally,   llie    practice  of  a   slut; 

neglect  of  cleaidiness  and  order;  dirtiness 

of  clothes,  rooms,  firnituie  or  provisions. 

Drayton. 
SLUT'TISH,  a.  Not  neat  or  cleanly  ;  dirty  ; 
careless  of  dress  and  neatness  ;  disorder- 
ly ;  as  a  sluttish  woman. 

2.  Disoiderly  :  dirty;  as  a  sluttish  dress. 

3.  Meretrinmis.     [Litttt  usciL]  Holiday. 
SLIJT'TISHLY,  arfii.  In  a  sluttish  maimer  ; 

nejilijieiitlv  ;  dirtily. 
SLUT'TISliNESS,    n.     The    (pialities    or 

practice   of  a  slut  ;  neglifjence   of  dress  ; 

dirtiness  of  dress,  furniture  and  in  doines-i 

tic  afTairs  :;eiierally.  Sidney.     Rai/} 

SLY,    a.    [G.   schlau ;    Dan.  slue.     Qu.   D. 

sluik,   underhand,   privately  ;   sluiken,   to 

smuggle  ;  which  seem  to  be  allied  to  sleek 

and  sleigkt.] 

1.  Artfully  dextrous  in  performing  things 
secretly,  and  escaping  observ.ition  or  de- 
tection ;  usually  implying;  srime  degree  of 
meanness;  arifully  cunning;  applied  to 
persons  ;  as  a  sly  man  or  boy. 

2.  Done  with  artlul  and  de.xtrous  secrecy  ; 
as  a  sly  trirk. 

3.  Marked  with  artful  secrecy  ;  as  sly  cir- 
cumspection. Milton. 

4.  Secret;  concealed. 

Envy  works  in  a  sly  imperceptible   manner. 

Watts. 

SLY'-BOOTS,  »i.  A  sly,  cunning  or  wag- 
gish person.     [Low.] 

SLYLY,  SLVNE.SS.     [See  Slily,  Sliness.] 

BM  \CK,  f.  i.  (\V.  ysmac,  a  stroke  ;  Sa.x. 
smcerran.  to  taste  ;  D.  smaaken  ;  G.schmeck- 
en  ;  Sw.  smaka  ;  Dan.  sinager  ;  D.  smak. 
a  cast  or  throw.  The  primary  sense  is  to 
throw,  to  strike,  whence  to  touch  or  taste  ; 
Gr.  fiaxij,  a  battle  ;  as  bntlle  from  beat.] 

1.  To  kitfs  with  a  close  compression  of  the 
lips,  so  as  to  make  a  sound  when  they  sep- 
arate ;  to  kiss  with  violence.  Pope. 


2.  To  make  a  noise  by  the  separation  of  thej2.  Littleness  in  degree  ;  as  the  smcUlness  of 
I     lips  after  tasting  any  thing.  Gay.^     trouble  or  pain. 

3.  To  have  a  taste  ;  to  he  tinctured  with  any  3.  Littlene.sg  in   force    or   strength;   weak 
[iiirticuiar  taste. 

4.  To  have  a  tincture  or  quality  infused. 

All  secLi,  all  age«  smack  of  this  vice.       Shak. 
SMACK,  V.  t.  To  kiss  with  a  sharp  noise. 

Donne. 
'2.  To  make  a  sharp  noise  with  the  lips. 
3.  To  make  a  sharp   noise  by  striking;  to 

crack  ;  as,  to  snuick  a  whip. 
SMACK,  71.   A  loud  kiss.  Shak. 

2.  A  quick  sharp  noise,  as  of  the  lips  or  of  a 
whip. 

3.  Taste;  savor;  tincture.   Spenser.     Careiv. 

4.  Pleasing  taste.  Tusser. 
A  quick  smart  blow. 

t!.  A  small  quantity  ;  a  taste.  Dryden. 

7.  (I),  smakschip.  Lye  supposes  it  to  he  the 
Sax.  snacca,  from  snaca,  snake,  and  so 
named  from  its  form.  Qii.]  A  small  ves- 
sel, commonly  rigged  as  a  cutter,  used  in 
the  coasting  and  fishing  trade. 

Mar.  Dict.\ 

SM.ALL,  a.  [Sax.  smal,  smal,  thin,  slender, 
little;  G.  schmnl,   U.  smal,  narrow;  Dan. 


ness  ;  as  smallness  of  w'lutl  or  intellectual 
powers. 

4.  Fineness  ;  softness  ;  melodiousness  ;  a; 
the  smallness  of  a  female  voice. 

J5.  Littleness  in  amount  or  value;  aa  the 
smallness  of  the  sum. 

iG.  Littleness  of  importance  ;  inconsidera- 
bleiiess  ;  as  the  smallness  of  an  affair. 

jSMALL-POX',   n.    [smalt  and  poi,  pocks.] 

iA  very  contagious  disea.so,  characterized  by 

j     an  eruption  of  pustules  on  the  skin  ;  the 

I     variolous  disease. 

SMALLY,  adv.  small -ly.  In  a  little  quan- 
tity or  degree  ;  with  minuteness.  [Little 
used.]  Ascham. 

SMaLT,  n.  [D.  smdttn,  Dan.  smelter,  to 
melt ;  G.  schmelz,  from  schnuizen,  to  melt, 
to  smelt ;  Sw.  smlJI,  id. ;  a  word  formed 
on  melt.] 

A  beautiful  blue  glass  of  cobalt;  flint  and 
potash  fused  together. 

SM.'VR'AGD,  Ji.    [Gr.  auofayBoi.]     The  em- 


erald. 

smal,   narrow,  strait ;  ima/cr,   to   narrow,!jSMARAG'DINE,  a.  [L  smaragdinus,  from 
to  iliniinish  ;  'r^w.smal;  Rnss.  mrr/o,  small. ij     the  Greek.] 

little,  few;  malyu  aw\  iimaliayii,  u,  diminj|pe,-taiiiinc  to  emerald;  consisting  of  eme- 
i.sh  ;  Slav,  to  abase  ;  W.  ma/,  small,  trivi- 1     rahl,   or   resembhng   it;   of  an    emerald 
al,   light,    vain,    like,   similar  ;    main,   tol      green, 
grind,  and  malau,  to    make  similar;  Gr.  iSMARAG'DITE,    n.     A   mineral 


4. 


ofM\os.     Sec  Mill,  Mold,  Meal.] 

Slender;  thin;  fine;  of  little  diameter 
hence  in  general,  little  in  size  or  quantity  ; 
not  great  ;  as  a  small  hoiisi;  ;  a  small 
horse ;  a  small  farm  ;  a  small  body  ;  small 
particles. 

Minute;  slender;   fine;  as  a  ima// voice. 

Little  in  degree;  as  smalt  improvement  ; 
smalt  acquirements  ;  the  trouble  is  small. 
There  arose   no    small  stir  about    that  way. 

Acts  ix. 

Being  of  little  moment,  weight  or  im- 
portance ;  as,  it  is  a  small  matter  or  thing  ; 
a  small  subject. 

Of  little   genius  or  ability ;  petty  ;  as  a 
stnall  poet  or  musician. 
(!.  Short;  containing  little;  as  a  small  es- 
say. 

7.  Little  in  amount ;  as  a  small  sum  ;  a  small: 
price. 

8.  ("ontaining  Httlc  of  the  principal  quality,! 
or  little  .strength  ;  weak;  as  small  he.er. 

y.  Gf  iitle  ;  soft  ;  not  loud.     1  Kings  xi.x. 

10    Mean;  h.ise  ;  iiiiw<irthy.     [Colloi/uiat.] 

SM.\LL,  n.  Till!  small  or  slender  part  of^ a 
thing ;  as  the  small  of  the  leg  or  of  the 
hack.  Sidney. 

SMALL,  V.  t.  To  make  little  or  less.  [JVol 
in  use.] 

SMALL'AGE,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Apiiiiii,  w.iter  parsley.  iee. 

SMALL-BEER,  n.  [small anA  heer.]  A  spe- 
cies of  weak  beer. 

SMALL-tOAL,  71.  [small  TiXiA  coal.]  Little 
woiid  coals  iisod  lo  light  fires.  Gay. 

SMALL-CRAFT,  n. 
vessel,  or  vessels  in 
size,  or  below  the  size  of  ships  and  brigs 


called 

also  green  diallage.  Ure. 

SMAR'IS,  JI.   A  fish  of  a  dark  green  color. 

Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

SM'ART,  n.    [D.  smeH  ;  G.  schmerz  ;  Dan. 

smerte.     This  word  is  probably  firmed  on 

the  root  of  L.  amarus,  hitler,  that  is,  sharp, 

like  Fr.  piquant.      See  the   root  ^^D,    Ar. 


^   Class  Mr.  No.  7.] 

1.  Quick,  pungent,  lively  pain  ;  a  pricking 
local  pain,  as  the  pain  tWnii  pimclnre  by 
nettles;  as  the  imort  of  bodily  punishment. 

2.  Severe  pungent  pain  of  mind  ;  pungent 
jtrief;  as  the  smart  of  allliction. 

SMWRT,  V.  i.  [Sax.  smeortari ;  D.  smerlen  ; 
G.  schmerzen  ;  Dan.  smerter.] 

1.  To  feel  a  lively  pungent  pain,  particular- 
ly a  pungent  local  pain  I'niiii  suriie  pierc- 
ing or  irritating  apj)licaiioii.  Thus  Cay- 
enne pepper  applied  to  the  tongue  makes 
it  smart. 

2.  To  feel  a  pungent  pain  of  mind  ;  to  feel 
sharp  pain  ;  as,  to  smart  under  sufterings. 

3.  To  he  punished  ;  to  bear  penalties  or  the 
evil  cons(;(iuenccs  of  any  thing. 

He  that   is   surety  for  a  stranger  shall  smarf 
for  it.     Piov.  \i. 
SM'.'YRT,  a.  Pungent;  pricking;  causing  a 
keen  local  pain  ;  as  a  smart  lash  or  stroke; 
a  smart  quality  or  taste. 

Shak.     Granville. 

2.  Keen  ;  severe  ;  poignant ;  as  smart  pain 
or  snffrrings. 

3.  Quick  ;  vigorous  ;  sharp  ;  severe  ;  as   a 
„       ,        „,     ■    1     smart  skirmish. 

small  and  craft.]     A  |4.  Rrisk  ;  fresh  ;  as  a  smart  breeze. 
general,  of  a  small  .^    Acute  and  pertinent;  witty;  as  a  smart 
reply  ;  a  smart  saying. 


intended  lor  foreign  trade.  ,,;.  b,-^  ;  viva.iou.s';  as  a  smart  rhetorician. 

SM  ALL'IsH,  a.  homewhat  small.    Chancer.  uho,  lor  the  poor  renown  of  bein<-  smart. 

SMALL'NESS,  n.   LmlPiifss  of  .size  or  ex-;  Would  leave  a  sUng  within  a  brother's  heart.' 

tent  ;  littleness  of  (|'i  intity  ;  as  i\if  snnll-,  Voung. 

nessot'a.  fly  or  of  a  horse  ;  the  amnWncss  ofj,SM~.ART,  n.   A  cant  word  for  a  fellow  that 

a  hill.  n     atTects  briskness  and  vivacitv. 


S  M  E 


S  M  I 


S  31  I 


SM'ARTEX,  V.  t.    To  make  smart.     [JVot 

in  use.] 
SM'ARTLE,  v.i.    To  -waste   away.     [J^ot 

in  use.]  Ray. 

SMARTLY,  adv.   With  keen   pain;  as,  to 

ake  smartly. 

2.  Briskly  ;  sharply ;  wittily. 

3.  Vigoroiislv  ;  actively.  Clarendon. 
SSrARTNES.S,   n.    The   quality  of  being 

smart   or   pungent  ;   poignancy  ;  as   the 
smartness  of  pain. 

2.  Ciuiekness ;  vigor;  as  the  smartness  of  a 
blow.  Boyle. 

3.  Liveliness  ;  briskness  ;  vivacity  ;  witti- 
ness ;  as  the  smartness  of  a  reply  or  of  a 
phrase.  Sivijl. 

Si>rART-WEED,  ji.   A  name  given  to  the 

arsiiiart  ov persicaria. 
SMASH,  V.  t.  [probably  mash,  with  a  prefix.] 
To  break  in  pieces  by  violence ;  to  dash  to 

pieces ;  to  crush. 

Here  every  thing  is  broken  and  smashed  to 

pieces.     [  fulgar.]  Burke. 

SMATCII,     n.      [corrupted    from   smack.] 

1.  Taste  ;  tincture.     [.N'ot  in  use  or  vulgar.] 

2.  A  bird. 

SMAT'TER,  II.  i.  [Qu.  Dan.  smaller,  to 
smack,  to  make  a  noise  in  chewing  ;  Sw. 
smattra,  to  crackle ;  Ice.  smcedr.  It  con- 
tains the  elements  ofmulter.] 

1.  To  talk  superficially  or  ignorautly. 

Of  state  affairs  you  cannot  smaller.        Swift. 

2.  To  have  a  slight  taste,  or  a  slight  superfi- 
cial knowledge. 

SMAT'TER,  n.  Slight  superficial  knowl- 
edge. Temple. 

SMAT'TERER,  n.  One  who  has  only  a 
slight  superficial  knowledge.  SiviJl. 

SMAT'TERING.  n.  A  slight  superficial 
knowledge.  [This  is  the  word  commonly 
used.] 

SMEAR,  V.  t.  [Sax.  smerian,  smirian ;  D, 
smeeren  ;  G.  schniieren  ;  Dan.  smorer ;  Sw.' 
smorja  ;  Ir.  smearnm  ;  Russ.  marayu  ; 
D.  smeer,  G.  schmier,  grease,  tallow  ;  Ir.! 
smear,  id. ;  Sw.  Dan.  smiir,  butler.  Qu.l 
its  alliance  with  marrow,  marl,  mire,  froml 
its  softness.     See  Class  Mr.  No.  10.  21.] 

1.  To  overspread  with  any  thing  unctuous,! 
viscous  or  adhesive  ;  to  besmear  ;  to 
daub ;  as,  to  smear  any  thing  with  oiI,| 
butter,  pitch,  &c.  Milton.     Dryden. 

2.  To  soil ;  to  contaminate ;  to  pollute  ;  as 
smeared  with  infamy.  Shak. 

SMEAR,  n.  A  fat  oily  substance  ;  oint- 
ment.    [Little  used.] 

SME'ARED,  pp.  Overspread  with  soft  or 
oily  matter ;  soiled. 

SME'ARING,  ppr.  Overspreading  with 
any  thing  soft  and  oleaginous  ;  soiliug. 

SME'ARY,  a.  That  smears  or  soils  ;  adhe- 
sive.    [Little  used.]  Roue. 

SMEATII,  71.   A  sea  fowl. 

SMECTITE,  n.    [Gr.   o^jjxrt;,   deterging.] 

\n  argillaceous  earlh  ;  so  called  from  its 
property  of  taking  grease  out  of  cloth,  &c. 

Pinkeiton. 

SMEETII,  V.  t.  To  smoke.     [.Vol  in  use.] 

SMEGMAT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  at^wa,  soap.] 
lieiiig  ol  till,  nature  of  soap  ;  soapy  : 
cleansing;  detersive. 

SMELL,  V.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  smelled,  smelt. 
[I  have  not  found  this  word  in  any  other 
language.] 

To  perceive  by  the  nose,  or  by  the  olfactorv 


nerves;  to  have  a  sensation  excited  in| 
certain  organs  of  the  nose  by  particular! 
qualities  of  a  body,  which  are  transmitted 
in  fine  particles,  often  li'om  a  distance  ; 
as,  to  stnell  a  rose  ;  to  smell  perfume.s. 

To  smdl  out,  is  a  low  phrase  signifying  to 
find  out  by  sagacity.  L' Estrange. 

To  smell  a  rat,  is  a  low  pbrase  signifying  to 
suspect  strongly. 

SMELL,  V.  i.  To  affect  the  olfactory  nerves ; 
to  have  an  odor  or  particular  scent;  fol- 
lowed by  of;  as,  to  smell  of  smoke ;  to 
smell  of  mask. 

2.  To  have  a  particular  tincture  or  smack  of 
any  quality  ;  as,  a  report  smells  of  calum- 
ny.    [.Yot  elegant.]  Shak. 

3.  To  jiractice  smelling.     Ex.  xxx. 

4.  To  exercise  sagacity.  Shak. 
SMELL,  n.   The  sense  or  faculty  by  which 

certain  qualities  of  bodies  are  perceived 
through  the  instrumentality  of  the  olfacto- 
ry nerves  ;  or  the  faculty  of  perceiving  by 
tlie  organs  of  the  nose  ;  one  of  the  five 

,  senses.  In  some  species  of  beasts,  the 
smell  is  remarkably  acute,  particularly  in 
the  canine  species. 

2.  Scent;  odor;  the  quality  of  bodies  which 
affects  the  olfactory  organs ;  as  the  smell 
of  mint;  the  smell  of  geranium. 

The  sweetest  smell  in  the  air  is  that  of  the 
while  double  violet.  Bacon. 

SMELL'ED,  ?         ,        ,  <.       „ 

SMFI  T  \   T""''- and/);?,  of  s)«eM. 

SMELL'ER,  n.   One  that  smells. 

SMELL'FEAST,  n.  [smell  anA  feast.']  One 
that  is  apt  to  find  and  frequent  good  ta- 
bles; an  epicure;  a  parasite.     U Estrange. 

SMELT.     [See  Smelled.] 

SMELT,  n.  [Sax.]  A  small  fish  that  is  very 
delicate  food.  But  in  Europe,  a  fish  of 
the  truttaceous  kind,  so  named  from  its 
peculiar  smell.  Diet.  .Yat.  Hist. 

SMELT,  V.  t.  [D.  smelten  ;  G.  schmelzen ; 
Dan,  smelter ;  Sw.  smldta,  to  melt.  This 
is  melt,  with  s  prefixed.] 

To  melt,  as  ore,  for  the  purpose  of  se])arat- 
ingthe  metal  from  extraneous  substances. 

SMELT' ED,  pp.  Melted  for  the  extraction 
of  the  metal. 

SMELT'ER,  71.   One  that  melts  ore. 

SMELT'ERY,  n.  A  house  or  place  for 
smelting  ores. 

SMELT'ING,  ppr.   Melting,  as  ore. 

SMELT'IMG,  n.  The  operation  of  mehing 
ores  for  the  purpose  of  extracting  the 
metal. 

SMERK,  V.  i.  [Sax.  smerciaii.]  To  smile 
affectedly  or  wantonly.  Swift. 

2.  To  look  affectedly  soft  or  kind ;  as  a 
smerking  countenance  ;  a  smerking  grace. 

Young. 

SMERK,  71.  An  affected  smile. 

SMERK,  a.  Nice;  smart ;  janty. 

So  smcrk,  so  smooth  lie  pricli'd  his  cars. 

Sjienser. 

SMER'LIN,  71.   A  fish.  Ainsioorth. 

SMEW,  71.  An  aquatic  fowl,  the  Mergus 
albellus.  Ed.  Enct/c. 

SMICK'ER,  v.i.  [Sw.  smickra,  to  fialter, 
Dan.  smigrer.]  To  smerk  ;  to  look  amor- 
ously or  wantonly.  Kersey. 

SMICK'ERING,  ppr.  Smerking  ;  smiling 
atfoctedly. 

SMICK'ERING,  71.  An  affected  smile  or 
amorous  look. 

SMICK  ICT,  (i.  Dim.  oC smock.     [.Vot  used. 


Si'WID'DY,  71.  [Sax.  smithlha.]     A  sinithery 

or  smith's  workshop.     [.Yut  in  use.] 
SOUGHT,  tor  smite,  in  Spenser,  is  a  mistake. 
SMILE,    I',  i.     [Sw.   smila ;    Dan.   smiler.] 

1.  To  contract  the  features  of  the  face  in 
such  a  maimer  as  to  express  pleasure, 
moderate  joy,  or  love  and  kindness  ;  the 
contrary  lofroicn. 

The  smiling  infant  in  his  hand  shall  take 
The  ciesttd  basilisk  and  speckled  snake. 

Pope. 
She  stnil'd  to  see  the  doughty  hero  slain. 

Popf. 
To  express  slight  contempt  by  a  smiling 
look,  implying  sarcasm  or  pity;  to  sneer. 
'Twas  what  I  said  to  Craggs  and  Child, 
Who  prais'd  my  modesty,  and  smil'd. 

Pope. 

3.  To  look  gay  and  joyous ;  or  to  have  an 
appearance  to  excite  joy  ;  as  smiling 
spring ;  smiling  plenty. 

The  desert  sr/u/V, 
And  paradise  was  open'd  in  the  wild.      Pope. 

4.  To  be  propitious  or  favorable  ;  to  favor  ; 
to  countenance.  May  heaven  smile  on 
our  labors. 

SMILE,  V.  t.  To  awe  with  a  contemptuous 
smile.  YoHJig. 

SMILE,  7!.    A  peculiar  contraction  of  the 
features  of  the  face,  which  naturally  ex- 
presses ]ileasure,  moderate  joy,  approba- 
tion or  kindness  :  opposed  to  frown. 
Sweet  intercourse  of  looks  and  smiles. 

MtUon. 

2.  Gay  or  joyous  appearance  ;  as  the  smiles 
of  spring. 

3.  Favor;  countenance;  propitiousness ;  as 
the  smiles  of  providence. 

.4  smile  of  contempt,  a  look  resembling  that 
of  pleasiu-e,  but  usually  or  often  it  can  be 
distinguished  by  an  accompanying  arch- 
ness, or  some  glance  intended  to  be  under- 
stood. 

SMI'LER,  71.  One  who  smiles. 

SMI'LING,  ppr.  Having  a  smile  on  the 
countenance  ;  looking  joyous  or  gay  ; 
looking  propitious. 

SMI'LINGLY,  adv.  Witii  a  look  of  pleas- 
ure. 

SMILT,  for  smelt.     [jYot  in  use.] 

SMIRCil,  v.t.  smerch.  [from7nHrA,  murky.] 

To  cloud;  to  dusk;  to  soil;  as,  to  smirch 
the  face.     [Low.]  Shak. 

SMIRK,  v.i.  smirk.  To  look  affectedly  soft 
or  kind.     [See  Smerk.]  Young. 

SMIT,  sometimes  used  for  smillen.  [See 
Smite] 

SMITE,  V.  t.  pret.  smote;  ]ip.  smitten,  smit. 
[Sax.  smitan,  to  strike  ;  smitaii  ofer  or  o?j, 
to  put  or  i)lace,  that  is,  to  throw  ;  D.  smy- 
■  ten,  to  smite,  to  cast  or  throw  ;  G.  schmeis- 
sen,  to  smite,  to  fling,  to  kick,  to  cast  or 
throw,  to  fall  down,  that  is,  to  throw 
one's  self  dow  n  ;  Sw.  smida,  to  hammer 
or  forge  ;  Dan.  smidcr,  to  forge,  to  strike, 
to  coin,  to  invent,  devise,  counterfeit ;  D. 
smeedcn,  to  forge  ;  G.  Schmieden,  to  coin, 
forge,  invent,  fabricate.  The  latter  verb 
seems  to  be  formed  on  the  noun  schmied,a. 
smith,  or  schmiedc,  a  forge,  which  is  from 
the  root  of  smite.  This  verb  is  the  L. 
mitto,  Vr.  mettrc,  with  s  prefixed.  Class 
JMd,  or  Ms.  It  is  no  longer  in  connnon 
use,  though  not  entirely  obsolete.] 

I.  To  strike  ;  to  throw,  drive  or  force 
against,  as  the  fist  or  hand,  a  stone  or  a 


S  M  O 


S  M  O 


S  M  O 


weapon  ;  to  reach  with  a  blow  or  a  weap- 
on ;  ns,  to  smile  one  will:  the  fist  ;  to 
smite  with  a  roil  or  with  a  stone. 

W  hoeviM  shall  smile  llieu  on  t!ic  right  chceli, 
turn  to  him  the  other  also.     Matt.  v. 

2.  To  kill;  to  il<!stroy  the  life  of  by  beatitig 
or  by  weapons  of  any  kinil ;  as,  to  smile 
one  with  the  .sword,  or  with  an  arrow  or 
other  enfjiiie.  David  smote  Goliath  with 
a  slin;?  and  a  stone.  Tin.-  rhili.stiiics^ 
were  often  smitten  witli  K''eut  slan^'litor.l 
[This  word,  lik<!  .■!/(»/,  usually  or  always  ear- j 
rie.s  witli  it  something' of  its  original  si^jiiifi-i 
cation,  that  of />frt(('/;g-,  s(n"Ai)i;»-,  the  primi- 
tive mode  of  killing.  We  never  apply  it  to 
the  destrtiction  of  lite  by  poison,  by  acci- 
dent or  by  legal  execution.]  | 

y.  To  blast;  to  destroy  life  ;  as  by  a  stroke 
or  by  .soinethinf;  sent. 
The  Max  and  the  barley  were  smitten.  Ex.  ix. 

4.  To  afflict ;  to  chasten  ;  to  |iuifish. 

Let  us  not  mistake  God's  goodness,  nor 
imagine,  hecaiisc  he  stnites  us,  that  vve  are 
forsaken  hy  him.  Walic. 

5.  To  fstriUe  or  affect  with  passion. 

See  wliat  the  charms  that  sntite  the  simple 
heart.  Pope. 

Smit  with  the  love  of  sister  arts  we  came. 

Pope. 
To  smite  with  the  tongue,  to  reproach  or  up- 
braid.    Jer.  xviii. 
SMITE,  V.  i.  To  strike  ;  to  collide. 

The  heart   melteth  and   the  knees  smite  to- 
gether.    Nah.  ii. 
SMITE,  n.  A  blow.     [Locnl.] 
SMI'TER,  n.  One  who  smites  or  strikes. 

I  gave  my  l)ack  to  the  siniteis.     is.  1.  i 

SMITil,  n.  [Sax.  smitfi ;  Dan.  Sw.  smed ; 
I),  smit ;  G.  seliinied ;  trout  smiting.] 

1.  Literally,  the  striker,  the  beater;  bonce, 
one  who  forges  with  the  hammer;  one 
who  works  in  metals;  as  an  iron-smith; 
goUsmith ;  silver-.'!»ii(/i,  &c. 

Nor  yet   the  smith  hatli    learn'd    to  form  a 
sword.  Tate. 

9.  He  that  makes  or  effects  any  thing. 

JOryden. 
Hence   the   name  Smith,  which,    from   the 
number  of  workmen  employed  in  work- 
in;!'  metals  in  caily  ages,  i.s   supposed  to 
be  more  connnoii  than  any  other. 
SMITH,  I',  t.  [Sax.  smilhiau,  to  fabricate  by 

liammeriDg.] 
To  beat  into  shape  ;  to  forge.     [.Yot  in  use.] 

Cliaucer. 

SMITH'CR^AFT,  n.  [.■imith  and  craft.]  The 

art  or  occupation  ol'a  smith.  [Little  nsed.] 

Raleigh. 
SINMTH'ERY,  n.  The  workshop  of  a  smith. 

2.  Work  (lone  by  a  smith.  Burke. 
SMITU'IA'G,  »i.  The  act  or  art  of  working 

a  mass  of  iron  into  the  intended  shape. 

Moron. 
SMITH'Y,  )!.  [Sax.  smithlha.]  The  shop  of 

a  smith.     [/  believe  never  nsed.] 
SMITT,   »i.    The  finest  of  tlie   clayey  ore 
into   balls,    used  for  marking 
Woodward. 
of   smile,   smit'n.  Struck  ; 


pp. 


made    up 
sheep. 

SMITTEN, 
killed. 

2.  Affected  with  some  passion ;  excited  by 
beauty  or  something  impressive. 

SMIT'TLE,    V.  t.    [from  smile.]   To  infect. 
[Loeal.]  Grose. 

SMOCK,  n.  [Sax.  smoc.]  A  shift ;  a  chem- 
ise ;  a  woman'.?  under  garment. 


2.  In  composition,  it  is  used  for  female,  or 
what  relates  to  women  ;  as «morA-treason. 

B.Jonson. 

SMOCK'-FACRD,  a.  [smock  and  face.] 
I'ale  faced  ;  maidenly  ;  having  a  feminine 
countenance  or  coinpl<^\ion.  Fenton. 

SMOCK'-EROCK,  n.  [smock  a\\>.\  frock.]  A 
gahcriline.  Todd. 

SMOCK'LESS,  a.  AVanting  a  smock. 

Chaucer. 

SMOKE,  n.  [Sax.  smocu,  smec,  sjiit'c ;  G. 
schmauch  ;  D.  smook ;  W.  i/srnwg,  from 
mic^,  smoke;  Ir.  much;  allied  to  muggy,, 
and  I  think  it  allied  to  vlie  Gr.  onvx<^,  to 
consume  .slowly,  to  waste.] 

1.  The  exhalation,  visible  vapor  or  substance 
tliat  escapes  or  is  expelled  in  combustion 
from  the  substance  burning.  It  is  particu- 
larly a])plied  to  the  volatile  matter  expell- 
ed from  vegetable  matter,  or  wood  coal, 
[)eat.  Sir.  The  matter  expelled  from  me- 
tallic substances  is  more  generally  called 

fume, fumes. 

2.  Vapor;  watery  exhalations. 
SMOKE,  V.  i.  [Sax.   smociaii,  stnecan,  smi- 

can  ;     Dan.    smOger ;     D.    smooken  ;     G. 
sckmauchen.] 

1.  To  emit  smoke;  to  throw  off  volatile  mat- 
ter in  the  form  of  vapor  or  exhalation. 
Wood  and  other  fuel  smokes  when  burn- 
ing ;  and  smokes  mo.st  when  there  is  the 
least  flame. 

2.  To  burn  ;  to  be  kindled  ;  to  rage;  in  Scrip- 
ture. 

The  anger  of  the  Lord  and  his  jealousy  shall 
smoke  against  that  man —    Deut.  .\xix. 

3.  To  raise  a  dust  or  smoke  by  rapid  mo- 
tion. 

Proud  of  his  steeds,  lie  smokes  along  the  field. 

Dryden. 

4.  To  sinell  or  hunt  out ;  to  suspect. 
1  began  to  smoke  that  they  were  a  parcel  of| 

mummers.     \^Liltle  nsed.'\  jiddison.\ 

o.  To   use  tobacco  in  a  pipe  or  cigar,  by| 

kindling  the  tobacco,  drav.  ing  the  smoke 

into  the  mouth  and  pufling  it  out.  j 

t>.  To  suffer ;  to  be  punished.  ] 

Some  of  you  shall  smolce  for  it  in  Rome.         ! 

Shuk.' 
SiMOKE,  r.  /.  To  apply  smoke  to;  to  hang 
in  smoke  ;  to  scent,  medicate  or  dry  by 
smoke;  ns,  in  smoke  infected  clothing;  to 
smoke  beef  or  hams  for  preservation. 
To  smell  out;  to  tinil  out. 

}Ic  v\as  thst  smoked  hy  the  old  lord  Lafeci. 
[.iVow  Utile  tu,ed.]  Sliak. 

3.  To  sneer  at ;  to  ridicule  to  the  face. 

Congreve. 
5MO'KED,  ]ip.  Cured,  cleansed  or  dried  in 

smoke. 
SMO'KEDRV,  I',  t.  To  dry  by  smoke. 

Moiiimer. 
SMO'KE-JACK,  n.  An  engine  for  turning 
a  spit  by  means  of  a  fly  or  wheel  turned 
by  the  current  of  ascending  air  in  a  chim- 
ney. 
S^ld'KELESS,  a.  Having  no  smoke  ;  as 
smokcles<i  towers.  Pope. 

SMO'KER,  n.  One  that  dries  by  smoke. 
2.  One  that  uses  tobacco  by  burning  it  in  a 

pipe  or  in  the  form  of  a  cigar. 
SMOKING,  ppr.  Emitting  smoke,  as  fuel, 
&c. 

2.  .\pplying  smoke  for  cleansing,  drying,  &c. 

3.  lising  tobacco  in  a  l>ipe  or  cigar. 
SMO'KING, )(.  Tiie  act  of  emitting  smoke. 
2.  The  act  of  applying  smoke  to. 


3.  The  act  or  practice  of  using  tobacco  by 

burning  it  in  a  pipe  or  cigar. 
SMOKY,  a.   Emitting  smoke;   fumid ;  as 
ii     smoky  fires.  Dryden. 

2.  Having  the  appearance  or  nature  of 
[     smoke  ;  as  a  smoky  fog.  Hnrvey. 

3.  Filled  with  .smoke,  or  with  a  vajKir  re- 
1  .semblingit;  thick.  New  England  in  au- 
I     ttimn  frequently  has  a  snwky  atmosphere. 

4.  Subject  to  be  filled  with  smoke  from  the 
chimneys  or  fire-places  ;  as  a  smoky  house. 

5.  Tarnished  with  smoke;  noisonie  with 
smoke  ;  as  smoky  rafters  ;  smoky  cells. 

JMiltou.     Denham. 
SMOLDERING,  the  more  correct  orthog- 
raphy of  smouldering,  which  see. 
SMOOR,  >  [Sax.  smoran.]  To  suffocate 

SMORE,  ^    ■  ■  or  smother.   [.Voi  in  use.] 

More. 
SMOOTH,   a.    [Sax.   smdhc,    smoeth  :    W. 
c.imwylh,  from  mwylh  ;  allied  to   L.  milis, 
Ir.  myth,  maoth,  soft,  tender.] 

1.  Having  an  even  surface,  or  a  surface  so 
even  that  no  roughness  or  points  are  per- 
ceptible to  the  touch  ;  not  rough  ;  as  smooth 
gla.ss ;  smooth  porcelain. 

The  outlines  must  be  smooth,  imperceptible 
to  the  touch.  Dryden. 

2.  Evenly  spread  ;  glossy ;  as  a  smooth  haired 
horse.  Pope. 

3.  Gently  flowing ;  moving  equably ;  not  ruf- 
fled or  inuiulating;  as  a  smooth  stream; 
smooth  Adonis.  Milton. 

4.  That  is  uttered  without  stops,  obstruc- 
tion or  hesitation  ;  voluble  ;  even  ;  not 
iiarsh ;  as  smooth  verse ;  smooth  eloquence. 

When  sage  Minerva  rose, 
From  her  sweet  lips  smooth  elocution  flows. 

Gay. 

5.  Bland  ;  mild  ;  soothing  ;  flattering. 
This  smooth  discourse  and  uuld  behavior  oft 
Conceal  a  traitor —  Jlddison. 

G.  In  botany,   glabrous;   having  a  slippery 

[     smface  void  of  roughness. 

|S,MO(_>TII,  II.  That  which   is  smooth;  the 

I     smooth  part  of  any  thing  ;  as  the  smooth  of 

I     the  neck.    Gen.  xxvii. 

I  SMOOTH,  V.  I.  [Sax.  smclhian.]  To  make 
smooth  ;  to  make  even  on  the  surface  by 
any  means ;  as,  to  smooth  a  board  with  a 
j)lane  ;  to  smooth  cloth  with  an  iron. 

— .\nd  smooth'd  the  ruffled  sea.  Dryden. 

2.  To  free  from  obstruction  ;  to  make  easy. 
Thou,  .\belard,  tlu-  last  sad  otfice  i)ay. 
And  smooth  my  passage  to  the  realms  of  day. 

Pope. 

3.  To  free  from  harshness ;  to  make  flow- 
ing. 

In  their  motions  harmony  divine 
So  smooths  her  cliarming  tones.         Milton, 
'i.  To  palliate  ;  to  soften  ;    as,   to  smooth  a 
fault.  Shah. 

G.  To  calm  ;  to  mollify  ;  to  allay. 

Each   perturbation  smooth'd   with    outward 
calm.  Milton. 

7.  To  ease. 
The  dithculty  »m«oM«(/.  Dryden. 

8.  To  flatter  ;  to  soften  with  blandishments. 
Because  1  cannot  flatter  and  look  fair. 
Smile  iu  men's  faces,  smooth,  deceive  and 

coy.  ShaJt. 

SMOOTHED,  pp.  Made  smooth. 

SMOOTH  EN,  for  smooth,  is  used  by  me- 
chanics; though  not,  I  believe,  in  the  U. 
States. 

SMOOTH-FACED,  a.  Having  a  mild,  soft 
look  ;  as  smooth-faced  wooers.  Shak. 


S  31  U 


SNA 


SNA 


SMOOTfl'LY,  adv.  Evenly;  not  roughly  or 
harshly. 

2.  With  even  flow  or  motion  ;   as,  to  flow  or| 
ghtle  smoothly. 

3.  Without  ohstruction  or  diflicuUy  ;  readily  ;! 
easily.  Hooker. 

4.  With  soft,  bland,  insinuating  language. 
SMOOTM'NESS,  n.   Evenness  of  surface; 

freedom  from  roughness  or  asperity  ;  as 
the  smoothness  of  a  floor  or  wall ;  smooth- 
ness of  the  sUin  ;  smoolhiess  of  the  water 

2.  Softness  or  mildness  to  tlie  palate  ;  as  the 
smoothness  of  wine. 

3.  Softness  and  sweetness  of  numbers  ;  easy 
flow  of  words. 

Virgil,  though  smooth  where  smoothness  h 
required,  is  far  from  ati'ccting  it.  Drydtn 

4.  Mildness  or  gentleness  of  speech  ;  bland- 
ness  of  address.  Shak. 

SMOTE,  pre*,  of  smite. 
SMOTHER,  v.t.  [allied  perhaps  to  Ir.  smidd, 
smoke;  Sax.  methgian,  to  smoke.] 

1.  To  suffocate  or  extinguish  life  by  causing 
smoke  or  dust  to  enter  the  lungs  ;  to  stifle 

2.  To  suffocate  or  extinguish  by  closely  cov 
ering,  and  by  the  exclusion  of  air ;  as,  to 
smother  a  child  in  bed. 

3.  To  suppress;  to  stifle  ;  as,  to  s moth enhc 
light  of  the  understanding.  Hooker. 

SMOTHER,  V.  i.  To  be  snfl'ocated. 

2.  To  be  suppressed  or  concealed. 

3.  To  smoke  without  vent.  Bacon 
SMOTHER,  n.  Smoke;  thick  dust. 

Shak.     Dryden 
2.  A  state  of  suppression. 


SMOUCH,  V.  t.  To  salute. 


[jVb(  in  use.] 

Bacon 
[J^ot  in  vse.] 

Stubbes. 
SMOULDERtNG,    }  [a    word    formed 

SMOULDRY,  S    "■    fioin  mold,  molder 

and  therefore  it  ought  to  be  \vr\Wn  smold- 
ering. Perhaps  we  have  the  word  di- 
rectly from  the  Dan.  smuler,  smiiHer,  Sw 
smola,  smula,  to  cruinble  or  fall  to  dust ; 
Dan.  smull,  dust ;  which  is  from  the  same 
root  as  mold,  meal,  &c.] 
Burning  and  smoking  without  vent 

Dryden. 
SMUG,  a.  [Dan.smuk,  neat,  fine ;  G.  smuck  ; 

Sax.  smicere.] 
Nice;  neat;  affectedly  nice  in  dress.     [M>t 
in  use  or  local.]  Preston. 

SMUG,  V.  t.  To  make  spruce ;  to  dress  with 
affected  neatness.     [M)t  in  use.] 

Chaucer. 
SMUG'GLE,  D.  <.  [Sw.  smyga;  U.smokkelen, 
which  seems  to  be  allied  to  smuiu,  under 
hand  ;  smuigen,  to  eat  in  secret ;  G. 
schmuggeln ;  Dan.  smug,  clandestinely. 
We  probably  have  the  root  mug,  in  hugger 
mugger.' 

1.  To  import  or  export  secretly  goods  which 
are   forbidden  by  the  government   to  be 
imported  or  exported ;  or  secretly  to  i 
port   or    export  dutiable    goods  without 
paying  the  duties  iinpo.sed  by  law  ;  to  run 

2.  To  convey  clandestinely. 
SMUG'GLED,  pp.    Imported  or   exported 

rl;indestinely  and  i-ontrary  to  law. 
SMUG'GLER,  n.  One  that  imports  or  ex- 
ports goods  privately  and  contrary  to  law, 
either  contraband  goods  or  dutiable  goods, 
without  paying  the  <  ustoins. 

3.  A  vessel  employed  in  running  goods. 


STVIUG'GLING,  ppr.  Importing  or  exporting 

goods  contrary  to  law. 
SMUG'GLING,  ji.  The  offense  of  importing 

or  exporting  prohibited  goods,  or   other 

goods  without  paying  the  customs. 

Black  stone: 
SMUG'LY,  (irfv.  Neatly;  sprucely.    [jXotin 

use.]  Ony. 

SMUG'NESS,    n.    Neatness:     spruceness 

without  elegance.     [JVo/  in  twe.] 

Slierti'ood. 
SMUT,    n.    [Dan.  smuds ;  Sax.   smitta ;  i). 

smet,  a  spot  or  stain  ;  Sw.  smitta,  to  taint ; 

D.  smoddig,  dirty  ;  smodderen,  to  smut ;  G. 

schmutz.]  I 

1.  A  spot  made  with  soot  or  coal;  or  the 
f(ml  matter  itself 

A  foul  black  substance  which  forms  on 
corn.  Sometimes  the  whole  ear  is  blasted 
and  converted  into  smut.  This  is  often 
the  fact  with  maiz.  Smut  lessens  the  val-| 
ue  of  wheat. 

■1.   Obscene  language. 

SMI!T,  r.  I.  To  stain  or  mark  with  smut ;  to 
blacken  with  coal,  soot  or  other  dirty  sub-j 
stance.  Addison.' 

i.  To  taint  with  mildew.  Bacon.' 

'■i.  To  blacken  ;  to  tarnish. 

SMUT,  V.  i.  To  gather  smut;  to  be  converted, 
into  smut.  ! 

SMUTCH,  v.t.  [from  smo.te  ;  Dan.  smiiger. 
Qu.] 

To  blacken  with  smoke,  soot  or  coal. 

B.  Jonson. 

[A''ote.  We  hnve  a  common  word  in  New  Ijnijlan'l. 
pronounced  smooch,  which  I  lake  to  be  smutch. 
It  signifies  to  foul  or  blacken  with  somclhins; 
produced  by  combustion  or  other  like  sub- 
stance.] 

SMUT'TILY,arf«.  Blackly  ;  smokily;  foully. 

i.  With  obscene  langua-e. 

SMUT'TINESS,  n.  Soil  from  smoke,  soot, 
coal  or  smut. 

i.  Obsceneness  of  language. 

SMUT'TY,  a.  Soiled  with  smut,  coal,  soot 
or  the  like. 

2.  Tainted  with  mildew;  as  smijHi/ corn. 

3.  Obscene  ;  not  modest  or  pure  ;  as  smutty 
language. 

SNACK,  n.  [Qu.  from  the  root  of  snatch.] 
1.  A  share.  It  is  now  chiefly  or  wholly  used 

in  the  phrase,  to  go  snacks  with  one.  that 

is,  to  have  a  share.  Pope. 

i.  A  slight  busty  repast. 
SNACK'ET,  }        The  hasp  of  a  casement. 
SNECK'ET,  S"'    [Local.]  Sherwood. 

SNAC'OT,  n.   A  fish.   [L.  acus.] 

Jlinsworth. 
SNAF'FLE.  n.    [D.  sneb,  snavel,  bill,  beak, 

snout  ;  G.  Dan.  Sw.  snabel ;  from  the  root 

of  nib,  neb.] 
A  bridle  consisting  of  a  slender  bit-month, 

without  branches.  Encyc 

SNAFFLE,  v.t.  To  bridle  ;  to  hold  or  man- 

ige  with  a  bridle. 
SNAG,  n.  A  short   branch,  or  a   sharp  or 

rough  branch  ;  a  shoot ;  a  knot. 
The  coat  of  arms 
Now  on  a  naked  snag  in  triumph  borne. 

Drytlcn.' 
A  tooth,  in  contempt ;  or  a  tooth  project-' 

ing  beyond  the  rest.  Prior. 

SN.AG'GKD,  f      Full  of  snags;  full  of  short 
SNA<J'GY,     V  °  '■""^'h   branclies  or  sharp 

points ;    abounding    with   knots  ;     as    aj 


snaggy  tree;    a  snaggy  stick;    a  snaggy 
oak.  Spenser.    Mare. 

SNAIL,  71.  [Sax.  snwgel,  sneget ;  Sw.  snigel ; 
Dan.  sncgcl;  G.  schnecke ;  dim.  from  the 
root  of  snake,  sneak.] 

1.  A  slimy  sli'W  creeping  animal,  of  the  ge- 
inis  Helix,  and  order  of  Molhisca.  The 
eyes  of  this  insect  are  in  the  horns,  one  at 
the  end  of  each,  which  it  can  retract  at 
pleasure.  Encyc. 

2.  A  drone  ;  a  slow  moving  per.»on.      Shak. 
SN,'\IL-€LAVKK,    )       A  plant  of  the  ge- 
SNAIL-TREFOIL.  <,  "■  nus  Medicago. 
SNAiL-FLOWEU,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 

Phascolus. 

SNA'IL-LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a  snail; 
moving  very  slowly. 

SNA'IL-LIKE,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a 
snail  ;  slowly. 

SNAKK,  7i.  [Sax.  snaca ;  Dan.  snog;  G. 
schnake  ;  [Sans.  nnga.  Qn.]  In  G.  schnecke, 
Dan.  snekke,  is  a  snail,  from  the  root  of 
Dan.  snigcr,  Ir.  snaighim,  Sax.  snican,  to 
creep,  to  sneak.] 

A  serpent  of  the  oviparous  kind,  distinguished 
from  a  v  i|ier,  says  .Tohnsoti.  But  in  Amer- 
ica, the  common  and  general  name  uf  ser- 
pents, and  so  the  word  is  used  by  the  po- 
ets. Dryden.     .Shak. 

SNAKE,  r.  f.  In  seamen's  language,  to  uind 
a  small  rope  round  a  large  one  sinrally, 
the  small  ropes  lying  in  the  spaces  be- 
tween the  str.irids  of  the  large  one.  This 
is  called  also  worming. 

SNA'KEROQT,  n.  [snake  &ri<\  root.]  A  plant, 
a  species  of  blrth-W(^rt,  growing  in  North 
America;  the .4mto/oc/ua  serpenlaria. 

Johnson.     Lee. 


SNA'KE'S-HEAD  Iris.  n.  A  plant  with  a 

lily  shaped  flower,  «f  one  leaf  shaped  I'ke 

an  iris;  the  hermodactyl,  or  Iris  tuberosa. 

Miller.     Lee. 

SNA'KEWEED,   rj.   [snake   and   a-etd.]    A 

plant,  bistort,  of  the  genus  Polygonum. 
SNA'KEWOQD,  n.  [snake  and  wood.]  The 
smaller  branches  of  a  tree,  growing  in  the 
isle  (if  Timor  and  other  parts  of  the  east, 
having  a  bitter  taste,  and  supposed  t'l  be  a 
certain  remedy  for  the  bite  of  the  hooded 
serpent.  Hill. 

It  is  the  wood  of  the  Strychnos  colubrina. 

Parr. 

SNA'KING.  jj/>r.  Winding  small  ropes  spi- 
rally round  a  large  one. 
SNA'KY,   a.  Pertaining   to   a  snake  or  to 
snakes;  resembling  a  snake;  serpentiue; 
winding. 

2.  Sly;  cunning;  insinuating;  deceitful. 
So  to  the  coast  of  Joidan  he  directs 
His  easy  steps,  girded  with  snaky  wiles. 

Milton. 
Having  serpents;  as  a  snaky  rod  or  waud. 

Dryden. 

That  snaky  headed  gorgon  shield.       Milton^ 

SN.AP,  V.  1. 1  D.  snappen,  snaawen  ;  G.  schnap- 

pcn.  to  snap,   to   snatch,   to  gasp  or  catch 

for  lircalii  ;    Dan.  snapper ;    Sw.   snappa  ; 

from  the  root  of  knap  and  D.  knippen.] 

1.  To  break  at  once;    to  break  short;    as 
substances  that  are  brittle. 

Breaks  the  doors  open,  snaps  the  lock.s. 

Prior. 

2.  To  strike  with  a  sharp  sound.  Pope, 
'■i.  To  bite  or  seize  suddenly  with  the  teeih. 

Addison.     Gay. 


SNA 


S  N  E 


S  N  E 


4.  To  break  upon  suililcniy  with  sliarp  an-' 
j;ry  wunls. 

5.  To  criick  ;  as,  to  snap  u  wliip. 
To  snap  off,  to  break  suddenly. 
a.  To  hiio  oir suddenly.  ffiscman.] 
2'o  snap  one  up,  to  snap  one  up  short,  to  treat 

with  .-iharp  words. 

SNA  I',  V.  i.  To  break  short;  to  part  asunder 
suddenly  ;  as,  a  mast  or  spar  snaps ;  a  nee- 
dle snaps. 

If  steel  is  too  hard,  that  is,  too  brittle,  with 
the  least  bending  it  will  snap.  Moxon. 

2.  To  make  an  etibrt  to  bite  ;  to  aim  to  seize 
with  the  teeth  ;  as,  a  dog  snaps  at  a  pas- 
senger ;  a  fish  snaps  at  the  bait. 

a  To  utter  sliarp,  harsh,  angry  words. 

SNAP,  n.  A  sudden  breaking  or  rupture  of 
any  substance. 

2.  A  sudden  eager  bite  ;  a  sudden  seizing  or 
effort  to  seize  with  tlie  teeth. 

3.  A  crack  of  a  whip. 

4.  A  greedy  fellow.  L'Eslrange. 

5.  A  catch  ;  a  theft.  Johnson. 
SNAP'-DRAGON,  n.  A  plant,  calf's  snout, 

of  the  genus  Aiuirrhiuum,  and  another  of 
the  genus  Kuellia,  and  one  of  the  genus 
Barleria. 

2.  A  play  in  which  raisins  are  snatched  from 
burning  brandy  and  put  into  the  mouth. 

Taller. 

3.  The  thing  eaten  at  snap-dragon.      Swijl. 
SNAP'PED,  pp.    Broken    abruptly;  seized 

or  bitten  suddenly;  cracked,  as  a  whip. 
SNAP'PKR,  n.  t)iie  that  snai)s.  Shall 

SNAP'PISH,  a.  Eager  to  bite  ;  apt  to  snap; 

as  a  snappish  cm*. 

2.  Peevish;  sharp  in  reply  ;  apt  to  speak  an 
grilv  or  tartly. 

.SNAP'PISIILY,  adv.  Peevishly;  angrily; 
tartly. 

SNAP'PISHNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
snappish;  peevishness;  tartness. 

SNAP'SACK,  »i.  A  knapsack.    [Vulgar.] 

SNVVK,  I',  i.  To  snarl.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

SNARE,  n.  [Dan.  snare  ;  Sw.  snara;  Dan. 
snore,  a  string  or  cord,  I>.  snor  ;  Sw. 
sniire,  a  line  ;  snora,  to  lace.] 

1.  An  instrument  for  catching  animals,  par- 
ticularly fowls,  by  the  leg.  It  consists  of 
a  cord  or  string  with  sli|)-kTiots,  in  which 
the  li'g  is  entangled.    A  snare  is  not  a  net. 

3.  Any  tiling  by  which  one  is  entangled  and: 
brought  into  trouble.  1  Cor.  vii.  I 

A  fool's  lips  are  the  snare  of  his  soul.    Prov. 
xviii. 

SNARE,  I).  /.  [Dan.  snarer.]  To  catch  with 
a  snare  ;  to  ensnare  ;  to  entangle  ;  to  bring 
into  unexpected  evil,  pei-plexity  or  dan- 
ger. 

The  wicked  is  snared  in  tlie  w  ork  of  his  own 
hands.   Ps.  ix. 

SNARED,  pp.  Entangled  ;  unexpectedly 
invrdvid  in  difficulty. 

SNA'RER,  n.  One  who  lays  snares  or  en- 
tangles. 

SNA'KING, p;?r.  Entangling;  ensnaring. 

SN*ARL,  V.  i.  [G.  schnarren,  to  snarl,  to 
speak  in  the  throat ;  D.  snar,  snappish.] 
"This  word  seems  to  be  allied  tognarl,ati<\ 
to  proceed  from  some  root  signifying  to 
twist,  bind  or  fasten,  or  to  involve,  entan- 
gle, and  thus  to  be  allied  to  s»«)e.] 

1.  To  irowl,  as  an  angry  or  surly  dog;  to 
gnarl  ;  to  utter  grinnbling  sounds;  but  it 
expresses  more  violence  than  grumble.       | 


That  I  .vhoul.l  snurt  and  bite  and  play  (he  dog.  i 

Shak.l 

•2.  To  speak  roughly;  to  talk  in  rude  inur-J 

muring  terms.  i 

It  is  malicious  and  unmanly  to  miuil  at   theij 

little  lapses  of  a  pen,  from  which  ^*i^gil  himself  i, 

stands  not  exempted.  T)rydin.\\ 

SN'ARL,  I',  t.  To  entangle;  to  complicate 
to  involve  in  knots;  as,  to  snarl  the  hair 
to  snarl  a  skain  of  thread.     [7'his  word  is' 
in  universal  popular  use  in  .New  England.] 

"2.  To  endiarrass. 

SNWRL,  71.  Entanglement;  aknot  or  com- 
plication of  hair,  thread,  &c.,  which  it  is 
difficult  to  disentangle. 

SN'ARLER,  n.  One  who  snarls;  a  surly 
growling  animal ;  a  grumbling  i|uarrel- 
.some  fellow.  Swijl. 

SNARLING,  ppr.  Growling  ;  gruinbhng 
angrily. 

2.   Entangling. 

SNA'RY,  a.  [from  snare.]  Entangling;  in- 
sidious. 

Spiders  in  the  vault  their  snary  webs  have 
spread.  Dryden. 

SNAST,  n.  [G.  schnautze,  a  snout.]  The 
snuff  of  a  candle.     [JVol  in  use.]       Bacon. 

SN.VTCH,  I',  t.  pret.  and  pp.  snatched  or! 
snachl.  [D.  snakken,  to  gasp,  to  catch  for 
breath.] 

1.  To  seize  hastily  or  abruptly. 
When  half  our  knowledge  we  must  snatch, 

not  take.  Pope. 

2.  To  seize  without  permission  or  ceremony ; 
as,  to  snatch  a  kiss. 

3.  To  seize  and  transport  away  ;  as,  snatch 
me  to  heaven.  Thomson.\ 

SNATCH,  V.  i.  To  catch  at;  to  attempt  to 
seize  suddenly. 

Nay,  the  ladies  too  will  be  snatching. 

Shak. 
He  shall  snatch  on  the  right  hand,  and  be 
hungry.     Is.  ix. 
SNATCH,  n.  A  hasty  catch  or  seizing. 

2.  A  catching  at  or  attempt  to  seize  sud- 
denly. 

3.  A  short  fit  of  vigorous  action  ;  as  a  snatch 
at  weeding  after  a  shower.  Tusser. 

4.  A  broken  or  interrupted  action  ;  a  short 
fit  or  turn. 

Tlu-y  move  by  fits  and  snatches.       IVUkins. 
We  have  often  little  snatches  of  sunshine. 

Spectator. 

5.  A  shullling  answer.     [Little  used.]    Shak. 
SNATCH -BLOCK,  )i.    A   particular   kind 

of  block  used  in  ships,  having  an  opening 
in  one  side  to  receive  the  bight  of  a  rope. 

Mar.  Diet. 

SNATCH'ED,  pi>.  Seized  suddenly  and  vio- 
lently. 

SNATCIl'ER,  n.  One  that  snatches  or 
takes  abruptly.  Shak. 

SNATCU'LNG,  ;)pr.  Seizing  hastily  or  ab- 


adv.     By   snatching  ; 
sncrd  ;    Eng.  snathe, 


ruptly ;  catching  at 
SNATCII'INGLY, 

hastily ;  abruptly. 
SN>ATH,     n.     [Sax. 

sneath.] 

The  handle  of  a  sythe.  J^'etc  England. 

SNATHE,  r.  t.  [Sax.  snidan,  snithan.]    To 

lop  ;  to  prune.     [JVot  in  use.] 
SNAT'TOCK,  Ji.  [supra.]   A  chip;  a  slice. 

[jVo(  in  use  or  locrl.]  Gayton. 

SNEAK,  11.  J.    [Sax.  snican  ;   Dan.   sniger, 

to  creep,  to  move  softly.     See  Snake.] 
1.  To  creep  or  steal    away  privately  ;    to 

withdraw  meaidy,  as  a  person  afraid  or 


ashamed  to  be  seen  ;  as,  to  sneak  away 
from  company;  to  sneak  into  a  corner  or 
behind  a  .screen. 

Vou  skulk'd  behind  the  fence,  and  sneak'd 
away.  Dryden. 

2.  To  behave  with  meanness  and  servility ; 
to  crouch  ;  to  truckle. 

Will  sneaks  a  scriv'ncr,  an  exceeding  knave. 

Pope. 
SNEAK,  V.  t.  To  hide.     [Xot  in  use.] 

Wakt. 

SNEAK,  n.  A  mean  fellow. 

SNE'AKER,  n.   A  small  vessel  of  drink. 

[Local.]  Spectator. 

SNE'AKJNG,   ppr.    Creeping  away   slily  ; 

stealing  away. 

2.  a.  Mean  ;  servile  ;  crouching.  Rome. 

3.  RIeanly  parsimonious  ;  covetous  ;  nig- 
gardly. 

SNE'.AKINGLY,  adv.  In  a  sneaking  man- 
ner ;  meanly.  Herbert. 

SNE'AKINGNESS,  n.  Meanness;  niggard- 
liness. Boyle. 

SNE'.AKUP,  n.  .\  sneaking,  cowardly,  in- 
sidious fellow.  [JVol  used.]  Shak. 

SNEAP,  V.  I.  [Dan.  snibbe,  reproach,  repri- 
mand ;  snip,  the  end  or  ))oint  of  a  thing ; 
D.  snip,  a  snipe,  from  its  bill ;  snippen,  to 
snip  or  nip  ;  G.  schneppe,  a  peak  ;  trom  the 
root  of  neh,  nib,  nip,  with  the  sense  of 
shooting  out,  thrusting  like  a  sharp  point.] 

1.  To  check  ;  to  reprove  abruptly  ;  to  repri- 
mand.    Obs.  Chaucer. 

2.  To  nip.     06*.  Shak. 
SNEB,  I',  t.  To  check  ;  to  reprimand.  [The 

same  as  sneap.]  Spenser. 

SNEEK,  n.  The  latch  of  a  door.    [.Vot  in 
I     use  or  local.] 
rtNFFn   ) 

SNE\d'  <  "•  ^  ®"^'''-     t^*'®  Snath.] 
SNEER,  V.  i.  [from  the  root  of  L.   naris, 

nose  ;  to  turn  uj)  the  nose.] 

1.  To  show  contempt  by  turning  up  the  nose, 
or  by  a  particular  cast  of  countenance; 
"naso  suspendere  aduuco." 

2.  To  insinuate  contempt  by  covert  expres- 
sion. 

I  could  be  content  to  be  a  little  sneered  at. 

Pope. 

3.  To  utter  with  grimace.  Congrtve. 

4.  To  show  mirth  awkwardly.  Taller. 

SNEER,  n.  A  look  of  contempt,  or  a  turn- 
ing up  of  till!  nose  to  manifest  contempt  ; 
a  look  of  disdain,  derision  or  ridicule. 

Pope. 

2.  An  expression  of  ludicrous  scorn. 

ff'atts. 

SNEE  RER,  n.  One  that  snceri). 

SNEE'RFUL,  a.  Given  to  sneering.  [Aut 
in  use]  Shcnsione. 

SNEE'RING,  ppr.  Manifesting  contempt 
or  scorn  by  turning  up  the  nose,  or  by 
some  grimace  or  signifiiant  look. 

SNEE'RINGLY,  adv.  With  a  look  of  con- 
tempt or  scorn. 

SNEEZE,  I',  i.  [Sax.  nicsan  ;  D.  niezen  ; 
G.  niesen  ;  Sw.  nysa ;  front  the  root  of 
nose,  G.  nase,  Dan.  nrrjjf,  D.  nevs,  L.  nasus  ; 
the  primary  sense  of  which  is  to  project.] 

To  omit  air  tlirough  the  nose  audibly  and 
violently,  by  a  kind  of  involuntary  con- 
vulsive force,  occasioned  by  irritation  of 
the  in'HM-  membrane  of  the  nose.  Thus 
snutl"  or  any  thing  that  tickles  the  nose, 
makes  one  *ne£:f.  Swift. 


S  N  I 


S  N  O 


S  N  U 


SNEEZE,  n.  A  sudden  and   violent   ejec-  |Snot 
tioiiol'air  through  the  nose  with  an  audi- 
ble sound.  Milton. 

SNEE'ZE-WORT,  n.  A  plant,  a  species  of 
Achillea,  and  another  ofXerantheniuin. 

SNEE'ZING,  ppr.  Emitting  air  from  the 
nose  audibly. 

SNEE'ZING,  n.  The  act  of  ejecting  air  vio- 
lently and  audibly  through  the  nose ; 
sternutation. 

SNELL,  o.  [Sax.  snel]  Active  ;  brisk  ; 
nimble.     [JVot  in  use] 

SNET,  n.  The  fat  of  a  deer.  [Local  among 
sportsmen.] 

SNEVV,  old  jiret.  of  snoiv.     Obs. 

Chaucer. 

SNIB,  to  nip  or  reprimand,  is  only  a  differ 
ent  spellina  of  sHfft,  snea/).  HubberiTs  Tale. 

SNICK,  n.  A  small  cut  or  maik  ;  a  latch. 
[JVot  ill  use.] 

Snick  and  snee,  a  combat  with  knives.    [JVot  |     sU-ep^ 
in  use.] 

[Snee  is  a  Dutch  contraction  of  snyden, 
to  cut.] 

SNICK'ER,  >  ,   ■   [Sw.  niugg,  close.    This 

SNIG'GER,  S  ■  can  have  no  connection 
with  sneer.  Tlie  elements  and  the  sense 
are  different.] 

To  laugh  slily  ;  or  to  laugh  in  one's  sleeve 
[/(  is  a  word  in  common  use  in  JVew  Eng- 
land, not  easily  defined.  It  signifies  lo  laugh 
with  small  audible  catches  of  voice,  us  when 
persons  attempt  lo  suppress  loud  laughter.] 

SNIFF,  V.  i.  To  draw  air  audibly  up  the 
nose.     [See  Snuff.]  .  SwiJI. 

SNIFF,  V.  t.  To  draw  in  witb the  breath. 
[jVot  in  use.]  Todd. 

SNIFF,  n.  Perception  by  the  nose.  [JVot  in 
■  „se.j  tf'arton. 

SNIFT,  V.  i.  To  snort.     [JVot  in  use.] 

SNIG,  n.  [See  Snake.]  A  kind  of  eel.  [Lo- 
ral.] Grose. 

SNIG'GLE,  V.  i.  [supra.]  To  fish  for  eels, 
by  thrusting  the  bait  into  their  holes.  [Lo- 
cal.] Jf'alton. 

SNIG'GLE,  V.  t.  To  snare  ;  to  catch. 

Beaum. 

SNIP,  V.  t.  [D.  snippen,  to  nip ;  knippen,  to 
clip.    See  Sneap.] 

To  clip  ;  to  cut  off  the  nip  or  neb,  or  to  cut 
off  at  once  with  shears  or  scissors. 

SNIP,  n.  A  clip;  a  single  cut  vvitli  shears  or 
scissors.  Shak.     Wiseman. 

2.  A  small  shred.  Wiseman. 

3.  Share  ;  a  snack.     [A  low  word.] 

V  Estrange. 
SNIPE,  Ji.  [D.  snip ;  G.  schnepfie  ;  from  ne6, 
nib;  so  named  from  its  hill.] 

1.  A  bird  that  frequents  the  banks  of  rivers 
and  the  borders  of  fens,  disliiiguished  by 
the  length  of  its  bill ;  the  scolopax  galli- 
nago. 

2.  A  fool  ;  a  blockhead.  Shak. 
SNIP' PER,  n.  One  that  snips  or  clips. 
SNIP'PET,  n.  A  small  part  or  shiire.    LVot 

in  use.]  Hudibras. 

Snipsnap,  a  cant  word,  formed  by  repeating 
snap,  and  signifying  a  tart  dialogue  with 
qcrK-k  re|ilips.  Pope. 

SNITE,  n.  [Sax.]  A  snipe.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Carew 

SNITE,  II. /.    [finx.  snytan.]    To   blow   the 
nose.    [JVnt  in  use.]    In  Scotland,  suite  the  1 
candle,  snuff  if.  Oriw. 

SNIVEL,  n.  sniv'l.  [Sax.  snofel,  snyfiing. 
Ciu.  neb,  nib,  snuff.] 


mucus  running  from  the  nose.  \ 

[SNIVEL,  I',  i.  To  run  at  the  nose.  | 

'j.  To  cry  as  children,  with  snuffing  or  sniv-| 
fling.  I 

SNIV'ELER,  7!.  One  that  cries  with  snivel- 
ing. 
2.  One  that  weeps  for  slight  causes,  or  man- 
ifests weakness  by  weeping. 
SNIV'ELY,  a.   Running  at  the  nose  ;  piti- 
ful ;  whining. 
!SNOD,    n.    [Sax.]    A  fdlct.     [JVot  in  use  or 

local.] 
!SNOD,  a.  Trimmed;  smooth.     [Local.] 
JSNQQK,  V.  i.    [Sw.  snoka.    Qu.  nook.]    To. 
lurk  ;  to  lie  in  ambush.     [JVot  in  useJ] 

Scott. 

SNORE,    V.  i.    [Sax.  snora,  a   snoring ;  D. 

snorken  ;  G.  schnarchcn  ;  Sw.  snarka;  from 

'     the  root  of  L.  nuris,  the  nose  or  nostrils.] 

To  breathe  with    a  rough   hoarse   noise  in 


Roscommon. 


SNORE,  n.  A  breathing  with  a  harsh  noise 

in  sleep. 
SNO'RKR,  n.  One  that  snores. 
SNORING,  ppr.  Respiring   with    a   harsh 

noise. 
SNORT,    1'.  i.    [G.  schnarchen.    See  Snore. ]i 

1.  To  force  the  air  with  violence  through' 
the  nose,  so  as  to  make  a  noise,  as  high; 
spirited  horses  in  prancing  and  play. 

2.  To  snore.  {JVot  common.]  | 
SNORT,  V.  I.  To  turn  up  in  anger,  scorn  or; 
j     derision,  as  the  nose.     [Unusual.]  j 

Chaucer. 
SNORT'ER,  Ji.  One  that  snorts ;  a  snorer.j 
SNf)RT'li\G.  ppr.  Forcing  the  air  violently! 

ihroiitrli  the  nose. 
SiNOKT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  forcing  the  air 

through  the  nose  with  violence  and  noise. 

Jei.  viil. 
2.  Act  of  snoring.     [Unusual.] 
ISNOT,    n.    [Sax.  snole  ;  It.  .wot ;  Dan.  id.] 
j     Mucus  discharged  from  the  nose.       Swift. 
jSNOT,  V.  t.    [Sax.   snytin.]    To   blow   the 

nose.  Sherwood. 

SNOT'TER,  V.  i.   Tn  snivel ;  to  sob.    [Lo-i 

cat.]  Grose. 

SNOT'TY,  a.  Foul  with  snot. 
2.  Mean  ;  dirty. 
SNOUT,     n.     [W.    ysnid ;    D.    snuit  ;   G. 

schnautze,  snout  ;  schnaulzcn,  to  snuff,  to 

blow  the   nose.  Sax.  snytan  ;  Sw.   snyte, 

Dan.  snude,  snout;  snyder.  to  sniiff.] 

Tlie  long  projecting  nose  of  a  beast,  as 

that  of  swine. 

2.  The  nose  of  a  man  ;  in  contem|)t. 

Hudibras. 

3.  The  nozzle  or  end  of  a  hi  How  pipe. 
SNOUT,  V.  t.  To  furnish  with  a  nozzle  or 

point.  Camden. 

ISNOUT'ED,  a.  Having  a  snout.        Heylin. 

JSNOUT'Y,  a.  Resembling  a  beast's  snout. 
I  Otway. 

SNOW,  n.  [a  contracted  word  ;  Sax.  snaw  : 
I),  sneeuw ;  G.  schnee  ;  Dan 


collcctioua,  sometimes  extremely  beau- 
tiful. 
2.  A  vessel  equipped  with  two  masts,  resem- 
bling the  main  and  fore-inasts  of  a  ship, 
and  a  third  small  mast  just  abaft  the  main- 
mast, carrving  a  try-sail.  JYlar.  Diet. 

SNOW,  v.'i.  [Sax.  snawan.]  To  full  iu 
snow  ;  as,  it  snows  ;  it  snowed  yesterday. 

SNOW",  V.  t.  To  scatter  like  snow.     Donne. 

SNOWBALL,  n.  [snow  and  ball.]  A  round 

mass  of  snow,  pressed  or  rtillid  together. 

Loike.     Dryden. 

SNOWBALL  TREE,  n.  A  flowering  slirub 
of  the  genus  Vilniriium;  gelder  rose. 

SNOW-BIRD,  n.  A  small  bird  which  ap- 
pears in  the  time  of  snow,  of  the  genus 
Eiiiberiza;  calh;d  also  snow-bunting. 

In   (lie    U.   Slates,  the  snow-bird  is  the 
Friitgilla  nivalis.  Itilson. 

SNOW  BROTH,  n.  [snow  and  bmlh.] 
Snow  and  water  mixed  ;  very  cold  liquor. 

Sliak. 

SN0W-€ROWNED,  a.  [snow  and  crown.] 
Crowned  or  having  the  top  covered  with 
snow.  Drayton. 

SNOWDEEP,  )i.  [snow  and  deep.]  A 
plant. 

NOW-DRIFT,  71.  [snow  and  drift.]  A  bank 
of  snow  ilriven  together  by  the  wind. 

SNOWDROP,  ;i.  [snotv  :w<i  drop.]  A  plant 
bearing  a  white  fliiwer,  cultivated  in  gar- 
dens for  its  beauty  ;  the  Galanthiis  nindis. 

SNOWLESS,  a.  Destitute  of  snow.    Tooke. 

SNO^VLIKE,  a.  ResemMing  snow. 

SNOW-SHoE,  >i.  [.s»o!c  Knri  .s/ioe.)  A  shoe 
or  rarkel  wurn  bv  men  lrav«  ling  on  snow, 
to  prevent  their  leet  from  sinking  into  the 
snow. 

SNOW-SLIP,  )i.  [jdoio  anil  .<!/i;)  ]  A  large 
mass  of  r-novv  which  slips  down  the  side 
of  a  nionntain,  and  sometimes  bones 
houses.  Goldsi/iilh. 

SNOW-WHITE,  a.  [snow ant\  white.]  White 
as  snow  ;  very  wliite. 

SNOWY,  a.  Wliite  like  snow.  Shak. 

9-  Abounding  with  snow  ;  covered  with 
snow. 

The  snowy  top  of  cold  Olympus.        Milton. 

3.  White  ;  pure  ;  unblemished.  Hall. 

SNUB,  n.  [D.  sneb  ;  a  diffenni  orthography 
cii' snip,  sneap,  neb,  nib,  nip.] 

.\  knot  or  pro'uberance  in  wood  ;  a  snag. 
[A*o<  in  use.]  Spe7iser. 

SNUB,  V.  t.  [supra.]  To  nip;  to  clip  or 
break  off  the  end.     Hence, 

2.  To  check  ;  to  reiirimand  ;  to  check,  stop 
or  rebuke  with  a  tart  sarcastic  reply  or  re- 
mark. [This  is  the  same  word  radically 
as  sneap,  sneb,  and  is  tlie  word  chiefly 
used.] 

SNUB,  !'.  i.  [G.  schnauben,  to  snub,  to  snort, 
to  p;int  for,  to  piitl'.]  To  sob  with  convul- 
sions.    \JVol  used.] 

SNUB'-NOSE,  7!.  A  short  or  flat  nose. 


Goth,  .'"oiics  ;  !'•  SiieCiMo;  "-■■  •"-""'-'^  >  """•  I,,.,,.,,,  ..,.c,i>r>  n     •  i .   a-t 

Bohem.  smt;|SNUB'-NOi-ED,    a.     Having  a   short   flat 


.<!7!ef  ;  Sw.  silt ;  Sclav,  siieg- ; 
Ir.  sneucht;  Fr.  neige  ;  L.  nix,  nivis :  ll.| 
Port.  7iei'c;  Sp.  nieve.  The  Latin  iiii'i.s-,  is: 
contracted  from  iiig-is,  like  Eng.  boto,  fronii 
Sax.  bugan.  The  prefix  s  is  common  iir 
the  otiier  languages.]  i 

Frozen  vapor  ;  watery  particles  coiigcal-| 
ed  into  while  crystals  in  the  air,  and  falling 
to  the  earth.  When  there  is  no  wiiul,| 
these  crystals  fall  in  flakes  or   unbrokeni 


nose. 
SNUDiiE,  V.  i.  [Dan.  sniger.    See   Snug.] 

To  lie  clo.-e  ;  to  snug.     [JVot  in  use  or  vul- 

gin:]  Herbert. 

SNUDtiE,  n.  A  miser,  or  a  sneaking  fellow. 

[A''ot  in  use.] 
SNUFF,  n.    [D.  snuf,   whence   snuffcn,   to 

snuff,  to   scent ;    G.  schnvppe  ;  allied  to 

snub,  neb,  nib.] 


s  o 


s  o 


S  O  A 


1.  The  burning  part  of  a  candle  wick,  or 
tliat  which  hiis  been  charred  by  the  flame, 
wlietlier  hurriiiij;  or  not.  Mdinon 

2.  A  cuiKlIc;  ahiiost  burnt  out.  Hhak. 
y.  Pulverized   tobacco,  taken  or  prepared  to 

be  taken  into  tlie  nose. 
4.  Kesentnieiii ;  liuftj  expressed  by  a  snuff- 

iiif?  of  the  none.  Bacon. 

SNUFF,  V.  t.  [1).  snvffen  ;  G.  schnup/en,  to 

take  snufl";  schnuppen,  to  snuff  a  candle 

1.  To  draw  in  with  the  breath  ;  to  inhale; 
as,  to  snufftUv  wind.  Dryden 

2.  To  scent  ;  to  smell  ;  to  perceive  by  the 
nose.  Dryden. 

3.  To  crop  the  snufT,  as  of  a  candle  ;  to  take 
off  the  end  of  the  snuff.  Swijl. 

SNliFF,  V.  i.  To  snort ;  to  inhale  air  with 
violence  or  with  noise ;  as  dogs  and  horses. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  turn  up  the  nose  and  inhale  air  in  con- 
tempt.    Mai.  ii. 

3.  To  take  offense. 

SNUFF'BOX,  n.  A  box  for  carrying  snuff 

about  the  person. 
SNIJFF'KR,  n.  One  that  snuffs. 
SMJI'F'F.Uir',    ji.   pill.    An    insiriiment   for 

eroppinn  the  snuff  ot"a  canrlle. 
SNUF'FLF,  V.  i.  11).   .imiffilai  ;  G.   viiffdn 

and  schnvffe.ln  ;  l)nn.  snijvkr,  to  smtjjle,  to 

give  a  cralibed  answer,  to  smth.] 
To   ^peak   llironffh     the    nose  ;    to    breaihe 

Jiardtlirou^'li  the  nose,  or  through  the  nose 

when  obstructed. 

Sonjc  scnselcs!.  Phillis,  in  a  broken  note, 
Snuffiinfi  M  nosr—  Dryden. 

SNUFl-  LF.K,  H.  One  that  sniffles  or  speaks 

tliroii<;li  the  nose  when  obstructed. 
SNUF'FLES,  n.  Obstruction   of  the 

bv  mucus. 
SNUF'FLING,  n.  A  speaking  through  the 

'"■se.  Suip. 

SNL'FF'TAKER,  n.  One  that  takes  snufl^; 

or  inliales  ii  into  the  nose. 
SNITF'Y,  a.  Soiled  with  snuff. 
SNUG,  V.  i.    [Dan.    sniger,   to  sneak  ;  Sa.x. 

suicaii,  to  creep  ;  probably   allied  to  nigh, 

close,  Sw.  niugg.     See  Snake.] 
To  lie  close;  as,  a  child  snugs  lu  its  mother 

or  muse.  Sidney 

SNUG,  a.  [Sw.  snygg,  neat.]    Lying  close  ; 

closely  pressed  ;  a.s,  an  infant  lies  snug. 
2.  Close  ;  concealed  ;  not  exposed  to  notice. 
At  Will's 
Lie  snug  and  hear  what  critics  say.      Swift. 
'?,.  Being  in   good   order  ;    all    convenient  ; 

neat  ;  as  a  sntig  little  fat  in. 

4.  Close  ;    neat ;    convenient  ;    a 
house. 

5.  Slily  or  insidiously  close. 

When  you  lay  snug,  to  snap  young  Damon's 
Roat.  Dryden. 

SNUG'GLE,  V.  i.    [from  snvg.]    To  move 
one    way   and   the   other  to  get   a  close 
place ;    to  lie  close    for  convenience 
warmth. 

SNUG'LY,  adv.  Closely;  safely. 

SNUG'NESS,  n.  Closeness;  the  state  of 
being  neat  or  convenient. 

Hnyley's  Cowper. 

■SO,  adv.  [Goth.  Sax.  sica  ;  G.'so  ;  D.  :o  ; 
Dan.  san  ;  Sw.  aa  :  perhaps  L.  .lie,  coii- 
traclcd,  or  Heh.niB' to  compose,  to  set.  In 
Ir.  so  is  this  or  that.  It  is  the  same  in 
Soors.  It  is  from  some  root  signiA  ing  to 
se(,  to  still,  and  this  sense  is  retained  in  the' 
use  of  the  word  by  milkmaids,  who  say  to' 

Vol.  II. 


cows,  so,  so,  that  is,  stand  still,  remain  as 
you  arc  :  and  in  this  use,  the  word  may  be 
the  original  verb.] 

1.  in  like  manner,  answering  to  as,  and 
noting  comparison  or  resemblance  ;  as 
with  the  people,  so  with  tiie  priest. 

2.  In  such  a  degree  ;  to  that  degree. 
Why  is  his  chariot  so  long  in  coming .'     Judg* 

3.  In  such  a  manner  ;  sometimes  repeated, 
so  and  so;  as  certain  colors,  mingled  so 
«"'!  xo-  Suckling. 

4.  It  is  lijilowed  by  as. 

There  is  soiuethinf;  equivalent  in  France  and 
Scotland  ;  so  as  it  is  a  hard  calumny  upon  our 
soil  to  affirm  that  so  excellent  a  fruit  will  not 
grow  here.  Temple. 

But  in  like  phrases,  we  now  use  that ; 
"so  that  it  is  a  hard  calumny;"  and  this 
may  be  considered  as  the  established 
usage. 

5.  In  the  same  manner. 

Use  your  tutor  with  great  respect,  and  cause 

all  your  fanjily  to  do  so  too.  iMcke 

C>.  Tims;  in  this  manner  ;  as  New  York  so 

called  from  the  duke   of  York.     I  know 

not  why  it  is,  but  so  it  is. 

It  concerns  every  man,  with  the  greatest  se- 
riousness, to  inquire  whether  these  things  arc 
so  or  not.  TiUntsan. 

7.  Therefore;  thus;  for  this  reason  ;  incon- 
sequence of  this  or  that. 

It  leaves  instruction,  and  so  instructors,  to 
the  sobriety  of  the  settled  articles  of  the  church. 

Holyday. 
God  makes  him  in  his  own  image  an  intel- 
lectual creature,  and  so  capable  of  doiiiinion. 

Locke. 
This  statute  made   the  clipping  of  coin  high 
treason,  which  it  was  not  at    common   law  ;  so 
that  this  was  an  enlarging  statute. 

Blackstone 

8.  On  these  terms,  noting  a  conditional  pe- 
tition. 

Here  then  exchange  we  mutually  forgive- 


snug 


So  may  the  guilt  of  all  my  broken  vows, 

My  perjuries  to  thee  be  all  forgotten. 

Rowe. 

So  here  might  be  expressed  by  thus,  that 
is,  in  this  manner,  by  this  mutual  forgive- 
ness. 
,0.  Provided  that ;  on  condition  that,  fL.  mo- 
do.] 

So  the  doctrine  be  hut  wholesome  and  edify- 
ing— though  there  should  be  a  want  of  exact- 
ness in  the  manner  of  speaking  and  reasoning, 
it  may  be  overlooked.  Jltttrburi/. 

I  care  not  who  furnishes  the  means,  so  they 
are  furnished.  Jlnon. 

10.  Ill  like  manner,  noting  the  concession  of 
one  proposition  or  fact  and  the  assump- 
tion of  another;  answering  to  as. 

Jls  a  war  should  be  undertaken  upon  a  just 
motive,  so  a  [irince  ought  to  consider  the  con 


13.  Well ;  the  fact  being  sucb.  And  to  tlie 
work  is  done,  is  it  .•' 

14.  It  is  sometimes  used  (o  express  acertain 
degree,  implyingcomparison,  and  yet  with- 
out the  corresponding  word  us,  to  render 
the  degree  definite. 

An  astringent  is  not  quite  so  proper,  where 
relaxing  the  urinary  passages  is  necessary. 

Arbuthnot. 
That  is,  not  perfectly  proper,  or   not  so 
proper  as  something  else  not  specified. 

15.  It  is  sometimes  eipiivalcnt  to  be  it  .'o,  let 
it  be  so  Jet  it  be  as  it  is,  or  in  thai  manner. 

'Ilierc  is  Percy  ;  if  your  latb.r  will  .lo  me 
any  honor,  so  ;  if  not,  let  hiui  kill  die  ne.vl  Per- 
cy himself  shak. 

16.  It  expresses  a  wish,  de.sirc  or  petition. 

Ready  arc  the  appellant  and  defemlant — 
So  please  your  highness  lo  behold  the  fight. 

Shak. 

17.  So  »»wc/i  (I*,  however  much.  Instead  of 
so,  we  now  generally  use  aa ;  as  much  as, 
that  much  ;  whatever  the  quantity  may 
be. 

18.  So  so,  or  so  repeated,  used  as  a  kind  of 
exclamation  ;  equivalent  to  well,  well;orit 
is  so,  the  thing  is  done. 

So,  so,  it  works ;  now,  mistress,  sit  you  fast. 

Dri/dcn. 

19.  So  so,  much  as  it  was  ;  indifferently  ; 
not  well  nor  much  amiss. 

f  lis  leg  is  but  so  so.  Shak. 

20.  .So  then,  thus  then  it  is;  therefore;  the 
consequence  is. 

So  then  the   Volscians  stand  ;  but  as  at  first 
Ready,   when   time   shall  piompt   them,  to 

make  road 
Upon's  again.  Shak. 

SOAK,  V.  t.  [Sax.  socian  ;  W.  swgiaw,  to 
soak,  and  sugaw,  to  suck.     To  soak  is  to 

suck  in;  D.  zuigen,  G.  saiigen,  Ar.        •  ... 
sakai,  to  imbibe,  that  is,  to  draw  ;  Ir. 


sugh- 
thach,  soaking  ;  perhu|>s  hei.ce  Sw.  sackla, 
D.  zagt,  solt  Class  Sg.  No.  30".  Ileb. 
Ch.  Syr.  npBf.     No.  8'3.] 

1.  To  steep  ;  to  cause  or  suffer  to  lie  in  a 
fluid  till  the  substance  has  imbibed  w  hat 
it  can  contain  ;  to  macerate  in  water  or 
other  fluid;  as,  to  soak  cloth  ;  to  soak 
bread. 

2.  To  drench  ;  to  wet  thoroughly.  The 
earth  is  soaked  with  heavy  rains. 

I  heir  land  shall  be  soaked  with  blood.     Is. 
xxxiv. 

3.  To  draw  in  by  the  pores  ;  as  the  skin. 

I  Dryden. 

j4.  To  drain.     [JVot  authorized.] 

|S0AK,  v.  i.  To  lie  steeped  in  water  or  olh- 

j     er  fluid.     Let  the  cloth  lie  and  soak. 

2.  To  enter  into  pores  or  interstices.  Water 
soaks  into  the  earth  or  other  porous  mat- 
ter. 


dition  he  is  in  when  he  enters  on  it.  Swift 

11.  So  often  expresses  the  sense  of  a  word|3.  To  drink  intemperatelv  or  gluttonously: 
or  sentence  goin;:  before.     In  this  case  it ;     to  drench  ;  as  a  soaking  club.     [Low.~ 


In  this  case  it 
prevents  a  repetition,  and  may  he  consid- 
ered as  a  substitute  for  the  word  or  [ihrase. 
"  France  is  hiirhly  cultivated,  hut  England 
is  more  so,"  that  is,  more  highli/  cultivated. 
.irt)iur  Young. 
To  make  men  happy,  and  to  keep  them  so. 

Creech. 
12.  Thus  ;  thus  it  is  ;  this  is  the  state. 
How  sorrow  shakes  hiiu  ! 
So  now  the  tempest  tears  hiin  up  by  th'  roots. 

Drydai. 

75 


Locke. 
SOAKED,  pp.  Steeped  or  macerated  in  a 

fluid  ;  drenched. 
SO.AKER,  n.  One  that  soaks  or  macerates 
in  a  liquid. 

[Lotc] 


2.  A  hard  drinker. 
SOAKING,    ppr. 


Meeping  ;    macerating  : 


drenching  ;  iinbibing. 

2.  a.  That  wets  thoroughly  ;  as  a  soaking 
rain. 


SOB 

SOAL,  of  ashoe.     [See  Sofe.] 

SOAP,  n.  [Sax.  sape  ;    D.  zeep  ;    G.  setfe  ; 
Sw.  sllpa ;  Dan.  sa:be ;  Fr.   sat)0»i  ;  It.  sa- 
pone ;  Sp.   labon  ;    L.  sapo  ;    Gr.  aarcuv 
Artii.  savann  ;  \V.  scion  ,•  Hindoo,  saboon 


s  o  c 


savin  ;  Gipsey,  sapuna  ;    Pers. 


CjM^'^ 


•   .  .1  jio  sabunon.  Class  Sb 


sabun  ;   Ar. 

No.  •«.] 

A  compound  of  oil  and  alkali,   or  oil  and 
eartli,  and  metallic  oxyds  ;  usually,  a  com 
pound  of  oil  and  vegetable  alkali  or  lye; 
used  in   washing  and  cleansing,  in  medi 
cine,  &c. 

SOAP,  I',  t.  [Sax.sapan;  D.  zeepen ;  G.  sei- 
fen.]     To  rub  or  wash  over  with  soap. 

SOAPBERRY  TREE,  n.  A  tree  of  the  ge- 
nus Sapindus. 

SOAP-BOILER,  n.  [soap  and  6ot7e)-.]  One 
whose  (ircupation  is  to  make  soap. 

SOAPSTONE,  n.  Steatite ;  a  mineral  or 
species  of  magnesian  earth,  usually  white 
or  yellow  ;  the  lapis  oUuris. 

SOAP-SUDS,  n.  Suds  ;  water  well  impreg- 
nated with  soap. 

SOAPWORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Sapo- 
naria. 

SOAPV,  a.  Resembling  soap  ;  having  the 
qualities  of  soap  ;  soft  and  smooth. 

2.  Smeared  with  soap. 

SOAR,    V.  i.    [Fr.  essorer,  to   soar  ;    essor, 

flight;  It.  sorare  ;  Eth.  UJ44  sarar,  to 
fly,  to  be  lofty.  Lud.  Col.  109.  Class  Sr 
No.  20.] 

1.  To  fly  aloft ;  to  mount  upon  the  wing  ;  as 
an  eagle.     Hence, 

2.  To  rise  high  ;  to  mount  ;  to  tower  in 
thought  or  imagination  ;  to  be  sublime  : 
as  the  poet  or  orator. 

3.  To  rise  high  in  ambition  or  heroism. 

Valor  soars  above 
What  the  world  calls  misfortune.      Addison. 

4.  In  general,  to  rise  aloft ;  to  be  lofty. 
SOAR,  n.  A  towering  flight.  Milton. 
SOARING,    ppr.    Mounting   on  the   wing  ; 

rising  aloft  ;  towering  in  thought  or  mind. 

SO.^RING,  n.  The  act  of  mounting  on  the 

wing,  or  of  towering  in  thought  or  mind  ; 

intellectual  flight. 

SOB,    V.  i.     [Sax.    seobgend,   complaining, 

Qu.] 
To  sigh  with  a  sudden  heaving  of  the  breast 
or  a  kind   of  convulsive  motion  ;  to  sigh 
with  deep  sorrow  or  with  tears. 

She  sigh'd,  she  sobb'd,  and  furious  with  des- 
pair. 
She  rent  her  garments,  and  she  tore  her  hair. 

jyryden 

SOB,  n.  A  convulsive  sigh  or  catching  of 
the  breath  in  sorrow ;  a  convulsive  act  of 
respiration  obstructed  by  sorrow 

Johnson. 

Break,  heart,  or  choke  with   sobs  my  hnted 
breath .  Dryden. 

SOB,  V.  t.  To  soak.     [Not  in  use.] 

Mortimer. 
SOB'BING,  ppr.  Sighing  with  a  heaving  of 

the  breast. 
SO'BKR,  o.  [Fr.  so5re;  h.  sobrio  ;  h.  sobri- 

us  ;  D.  sober,  poor,   mean,  spare,  sober  ; 

Sax.  sifer,  sober,  pure,  chaste.     See  Sojt.] 
1.  Teniperiite  in  the  use  of  spiritous  liquors; 

habitually  temperate  ;  as  a  sober  man 


Live  a  sober,  righteous  and  godly  life.  1 

Com.  Prayer. 

2.  Not  intoxicated  or  overpowered  by  spirit- 
ous liquors  ;  not  drunken.  The  sot  may 
at  times  be  sober. 

3.  Not  mad  or  insane  ;  not  wild,  visionary 
or  heated  with  passion  ;  having  the  regu- 
lar exercise  of  cool  dispassionate  reason 

'I  here  was  not  a  sober  person  to  be  had  ;  al 
was  tempestuous  and  blustering.  Dryden 

No  sober  man  would  put  himself  in  danger 
for  the  applause  of  escaping  without  breaking 
his  neck.  Dryden 

Regular;  calm;  not  under  the  influence 
of  passion  ;  as  sober  judgment  ;  a  man  in 
his  sober  senses. 

Serious;  solenm  ;  grave;  as  the  so6erhv- 
ery  of  autumn. 

What  part-;  gay  France  from  sober  Spain  ? 

Prior 

See  her  sober  over  a  sampler,  or  gay  over  a 
jointed  baby.  -Pop^ 

SOBER,  1'.  t.  To  make  sober  ;  to  cure  ol 
intoxication. 

■|  here  shallow  draughts  intoxicate  the  brain 

And  drinking  largely  sobers  us  again.     Pope 
SO'BVAiV.D,  pp.    Made  sober. 
SO'BERLV,  adv.  Without  intemperance. 

2.  Without  enthusiasm. 

3.  Without  intemperate  pa.<sion  ;  coolly  ; 
cahnly  ;  moderately.  Bacon.     Locke. 

4.  Gravely  ;  seriously. 
SO'BERMINDED,  a.  Having  a  disposition 

or  temper  hahiluully  suber,  calm  and  tem- 
perate. 

SOBERMINDEDNESS,  n.  Calmness ;  free 
dom   from  inordinate   passions ;  habitual 
sobriety.  Porleus. 

SO'BERNESS,  ji.  Freedom  from  intoxica- 
tion ;  temperance. 

2.  Gravity  ;  seriousness. 

3.  Freedom  from  heat  and  passion  ;  calm- 
ness ;  coolness. 

The   soberness   of  Virgil  might  have  shown 
him  the  difference.  Dryden. 

SOBRl'ETY,  JI.  [Fr.  sobrieti  ;  L.  sobrietas, 
from  sobrius.] 

1.  Habitual  soberness  or  temperance  in  the 
u.se  of  spirituous  liquors:  as  when  we  say, 
a  man  of  sobriety.  Hooker.     Taylor. 

2.  Freedom  from  into.xication. 

Public  sobriety  is  a  relative  duty. 

Blaekstone. 

3.  Habitual  freedom  from  enthusiasm,  iiior 
dinate  passion  or  overheated  innigination 
calmness;  coolness;  as  the  iofcn'e/i/  of  ri 
per  years  ;  the  sobriety  of  age.        Dryden. 

4.  Seriousness;  gravity  without  sadness  or 
melancholy. 

Mirth  makes  them  not  mad, 

Nor  sobriety  sad.  Daiham 

SOC,  n.  [Sax.  soc,  from  socan,  secan,  to 
seek,  to  follow,  L.  sequor.] 

1.  Properly,  the  sequela,  secta  or  suit,  or  the 
body  of  suitors  ;  hence,  the  power  or 
privilege  of  holding  a  court  in  a  district, 
as  in  a  manor;  jurisdiction  of  causes,  and 
the  limits  of  that  jurisdiction. 

English  Laii:  Jfilkins.  Lye. 
Liberty  or  prWilege  of  tenants  excused 
from  customary  burdens.  Couel. 

3.  An  exclu.sive  privilege  claimed  by  millers 
of  grinding  all  the  corn  used  within  il 
manor   or   township   iu   which    the   mill 
stands.  Orose 

SOCAGE,  n.  [from  soc,  supra,  a  privilege. 

In  English  law,  a  tenure  of  lands  and  ten 


SOC 

ements  by  a  certain  or  determinate  ser- 
vice ;  a  tenure  distinct  from  chivalry  or 
knight's  service,  in  which  the  render  was 
uncertain.  The  service  must  be  ceriain, 
in  order  to  be  denominated  socage  ;  as  to 
hold  by  fealty  and  twenty  shilliiifjs  rent. 

Blaekstone. 
Socage  is  of  two  kinds  ;  free  socage, 
where  tlie  services  are  not  onl\  ceriain, 
but  honorable,  and  villein  socage,  where 
the  services,  though  certain,  are  of  a  baser 
nature.  Jb. 

SO€'A(iER,    n.    A   tenant   by   socage  ;  a 

socm;iii. 
SOCIABIL'ITY,    n.    [Fr.  sociabilife.]     So- 
ciableiiess :   di.iposition    to    associate    and 
converse  with  others;  or  the  practice  of 
familiar  converse. 
SO'CIABLE,    a.    [Fr.  sociable;  L.   sociabi- 
lis,  froiii  socius,    a    cdinpaiiioii,    probably 
[     fioni  seijuor,  to  fnllnw.     See  Seek.] 
;1.  Tliat  Diay  be  conjuincri  ;  fit  to  be  united 
!     in  one  body  or  conqmny  ;  as  sociable  parts 
I     united  III  one  body.  Hooker. 

2.  Ready  or  disposed  to  unite  in  a  general 
interest. 

To  make  man  mild,  and  sociable  to  man. 

Addison. 

3.  Ready  and  inclined  to  join  in  company  or 
society  ;  or  frequently  meeiing  for  conver- 
sation ;  as  sociable  neighbors. 

4.  Inclined  to  converse  when  in  company  ; 
disposed  to  freedom  in  conversation  ;  op- 
posed to  reserved  and  taciturn. 

5.  Free  in  conversation ;  conversing  much 
or  lamiliarly.  The  guests  were  very  so- 
ciable. 

SO'CIABLENESS,  n.  Dispo.sition  to  asso- 
ciate ;  inclination  to  company  anil  con- 
verse ;  or  actual  frequent  union  in  society 
or  free  converse.  This  word  may  signify 
either  the  disposition  to  associate,  or  the 
disposition  to  enter  into  familiar  conver- 
sation, or  the  actual  practice  of  associat- 
ing and  conversing. 

SO'CIABLY,  adv.  In  a  sociable  manner; 
with  free  intercourse  ;  conversibly  ;  fa- 
miliarly ;  as  a  companitm. 

SO'CIAL,  a.  [L.  socialis,  fro.n  socius,  cam- 
panion. 

1.  Pertaining  to  society  ;  relating  to  men 
living  in  society,  or  to  the  public  as  an 
aggregate  body ;  as  social  interests  or 
concerns  ;  social  pleasures  ;  social  bene- 
fits ;  social  happiness  ;  social  duties. 

True  self-love  and  social  are  the  same.   Pope. 

2.  Ready  or  disposed  to  mis  in  friendly  con- 
verse ;  companionable. 

'S\'ithers,  adieu  !  yet  uot  with  thee  remove 
Thy  martial  spirit  or  thy  social  love.       Pope. 

3.  Consisting  in  union  or  mutual  converse. 

Milton. 

4.  Disposed  to  unite  iu  society.  Man  is  a 
social  being. 

SOCIALITY,  n.  Socialness;  the  quality  of 

being  social.  Sterne. 

SO'CIALLY,  adv.  In  a  social   manner  or 

way. 
SO'CIALNESS,  ?i.   The   quality   of  being 

social. 
SOCIETY,  n.    [Fr.  socieU  ;  Sp.  sociedad; 

It.  sociela  ;  I...  socirtas,  from  socius,  a  cuin- 

panion.     See  Sociable.] 
I.  The  union  of  a  niiiuhcr  of  rational  beings  ; 

or  a  number  of  persons  united,  either  for 

a  temporary  or  pennaucut  jiurpose.  Thus 


s  o  c 

the  inhabitants  of  a  state  or  of  a  city  con-j 
Stitiite  a  society,  having;  common  intercKUs 
and  lieiice  it  is  calleii  a  community.  In  a 
more  eiilari^ed  sense,  tlic  whole  race  or 
family  of  man  is  a  society,  and  called  ku- 
7nan  society. 

The  true  and  natural   foundations  of  society 
arc  the  wants  and  tears  of  individuali. 

Btaclislone 

2.  Any  nutnber  of  persons  associated  for  a 
particular  purpose,  whether  mcorporated 
by  l»w,  or  only  united  by  articles  of  agree- 
niem  ;  a  fraternity.  Thu?i  we  have  bible 
societies,  inisnionary  societies,  and  charita_^ 
ble  societies  for  various  objects ;  societies y( 
mechanics,  and  learned  societies ;  societies 
for  encouraging  arts,  &.c. 

3.  Company ;  a  temporary  association  of 
persons  for  profit  or  pleasure.  In  this 
sense,  company  is  more  generally  used. 

4.  Company  ;  fellowship.  We  frequent  the 
society  of  those  we  love  and  esteem. 

5.  Partnership  ;  fellowship  ;  umon  on  equal 
term.s. 

Amoog  uaequals  what  society  can  sort  ? 

*  MUton. 

Heav'n's  greatness  no  society  can  bear. 

Dryden. 

6.  Persons  livinfi  in  the  same  neighborhood, 
who  frequently  meet  in  company  and 
have  fellowship.  Literary  society  renders 
a  place  interesting  and  agreeable. 

7.  In  Connecticut,  a  number  of  families  unit- 
ed and  incorporated  for  the  purpo.se  of 
supporting  public  worship,  is  called  an 
ecclesiastical  society.  This  is  a  (larish,  ex- 
cept that  it  has  not  territorial  limits.  In 
Massachusetts,  such  an  incorporated  soci- 
ety is  usually  called  a  parish,  though  con- 
sisting of  persons  only,  without  regard  to 


SOD 

SOCK'ET-CIIISEL,  n.  A  chisel  made  with 
a  socket ;  a  stronger  sort  of  chisel. 

Moxon. 
SOCK'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  socks  or  shoes.^ 

Beaum. 
SO'€LE,  n.  [See  Sock.]  In  architecture,  a 
flat  square  member  under  the  basis  of  pe- 
destals of  vases  and  statues,  serving  as  a 
tool  or  stand. 
SOCMAN,  n.  [See  Socage.]  One  who  holds 
lands  or  tenements  by  socage. 

Cowel. 

SOCMANRY,  71.  Tenure  by  socage.    [.Yot 

in  use.  I  Cowel. 


S  O  F 

To  unite  and  make  solid,  as  metallic  sub 
stances;  to  join  separate  things  or  parts 
of  the  same  thing  by  a  metallic  substance 
ill   a   state  of  fusion,  which   hardens   in 
cooling,  and  renders  the  joint  solid. 

SOU'EK,  n.  Metallic  cement;  a  metal  or 
metallic  composition  used  in  uniting  other 
metallic  substances. 

SODIUM,  71.  The  metallic  base  of  soda. 
It  is  soft,  sectile,  white  and  o[)ake,  and 
very  malleable.     It  is  lighter  than  water. 

Duvy. 

SOD'OMITE,  71.  An  inhabitant  of  Sodom. 
;3.  <.)iie  guilty  of  sodomy. 


SOCO.ME,  n.  A  custom  of  tenants  to  grind  SOD'OMY,  n.  A  crime  against  nature. 


territory  .^„„, 

SOCIN'IAN,  a.    [from  Socinus,  a  native  ofj^Q^^  ^,  ,    To  cover  with  sod 
Sienna,  in  Tuscany,  the  founder  of  the  IgQp^     p„j     „f   j^p^/jg  .    gigo 


corn  at  the  lord's  mill.  [M)t  used  ]    Cowel 
SOCOTOIUNE,  ?       Socotorine  or  socotrine 

SOCOTRINE,  S"'  «'"«*'  "  fi"<=  ''''"'  "•" 
alot!s  from  Socotra,  an  isle  in  the  Indian 
ocean.  jE7ic^c. 

SOeRAT'IC,        I       Pertaining   to  Socra- 

SOCR.\T'l€AL,  S  **"*>  ''"■  Grecian  sage, 
or  to  his  language  or  manner  of  teaching 
and  philosophizing  The  Socratic  method 
of  reasoning  and  instruction  was  by  inter- 
rogatories. 

SOeRAT'ICALLY,  adv.  In  the  Socratic 
method.  Goodman. 

SOCR.VTISM,  71.  The  doctrines  or  philos- 
ophy of  Socrates. 

SOCRATIST,  71.  A  disciple  of  Socrates. 

J>/ar(i7i. 

SOD,  71.  [D.  zoode ;  G.  sode.  I  suspect  the 
radical  sense  is  set,  fixed  ;  W.sodi,  to  set.] 

Turf;  sward  ;  that  stratum  of  earth  on  the 
surface  which  is  filled  with  the  roots  of 
grass,  or  any  portion  of  that  surface.  It 
differs  from  clod,  which  may  be  a  compact 
mass  of  earth  without  roots  ;  but  sod  is 
forined  by  earth  held  together  by  roots- 

SOD,  a.  Maile  or  consisting  of  sod. 

"to  turf. 

the    passive 


sect  of  Socinians  in  the  Itith  century.]        ||     participle.     \ See  Sodden.] 
Pertaining  to  Socinus,  or  his  religious  creed.  ij^o'DA,  7i.    [G.   soda;  D.   souda  ;  It.  soda; 
SOCIN'l.\N,  71.    One   of  the   followers  oti     g,,.  sorf„  or  sosn,  slasswort,  barilla 


followers  ofi 

£«.ci/c.:ijy,i„eral 


One   of  the 
S.ii'iiiiis. 

SOCIN'IANISM,  71.  The  tenets  or  doc 
trines  of  Sociniis,  who  helil  Christ  to  be  a] 
mere  man  inspired,  denied  his  divinity  and 
atonement,  and  the  doctrine  of  original 
depravity.  Encyc^ 

SOCK,  71.  [Sax.  socc  ;  L.  soccus  ;  Sw.  socka  ;[ 
G.  socke  ;  D.  zok ;  Dan.  sok  ;  Fr.  socque  ;■ 
It.  socco  ;  Sp.  20C0,  zueco,  a  wooden  shoe,; 
a  plinth,  whence  zocalo,  Fr.  socle.]  i 

1.  The  .shoe  of  the  ancient  actors  of  comedy  .1 


fixed  alkali  ;  natron  ;  so  called 
because  it  forms  the  basis  of  marine  salt. 
It  is  founil  native  in  Egypt;  but  it  is  gen- 
erally obtained  from  the  salsola  kali.  Soda 
is  an  oxyd,  or  the  protoxyd  of  sodium,  a 
metal  " 

SO'DALITE,  71.  A  mineral  ;  so  called  froi 
the  large  portion  of  mineral  alkali  which 
enters   into   its   composition.     It   is  of  a 
bluish  green  color,  and  found  cryslalized 
or  in  masses.  Diet. 


Hence  the  word  is  used  for  comedy,  ao'lj  SODAL'ITY,  7i.  [L.  sodalitas.  from  sodalis,\^ 


opposed  to  buskin  or  tragedy. 

tireat  Flelclu'r  never  treads  in  buskin  here. 
Nor  greater  Jonson  dares  in  socks  appear. 

Dryden 
3.  A  garment  for  the  foot,  like  the  foot  of  a 

stocking. 
3.  A  plowshare.  Ed.  Encyc 

SOCK'ET,  71.  [Ir.  soicead.]  The  little  hol- 
low tube  or  place  in  which  a  candle  is 
fixed  in  the  candlestick. 
And  in  the  sockets  oily  bubbles  dance. 

Dryden. 
2.  Any  hollow  thing  or  |)lace  which  receives 
and  holds  sometliing  else  ;  as  the  sockets 
of  the  teeth  or  of  the  eyes. 
Hi<  eyeballs  in  their  hollow  sockets  sink. 

Dryden 

Gomphosisis  the  connection  of  a  tooth  to  its 

socket.  vyiseman. 


a  companion.]  A  fellowship  or  fraternitv.:4 

Stilling  feet. \  ' 

SO'DA-VVATER,  n.  A  very  weak  solution  of; 
soda  in  water  supersaturateil  withcarbonic|'5 
acid,  and  constituting  a  favorite  beverage.'  g 

SOD'DEN,  p/).  of  sffMe.     Boiled ;  seethed.' 

SOD'DY,  a.  [from  sod.]  Turfy  ;  consisting 
ofsod  ;  covered  with  sod. 

SOD'ER,  V.  t.  I W.  «airrf,  juncture;  saitx/- 
rfrtif,  to  join,  to  soder:  Vr.  souder  ;  Arm. 
souda  or  soudta  ;  It.  .sorfare,  to  make  firm. 
It  has  been  taken  for  granted  that  this  is 
a  contracted  word,  fnmi  L.  solido,  and 
hence  written  solder.  The  fact  may  be 
doubted  ;  but  if  true,  the  settled  pronunci- 
ation seems  to  render  it  expedient  to  let 
the  contracted  orthography  remain  undis- 
turbed.] 


jSOE,  71.  [Scot,  sae ;  perhaps  sea.]  .\  largo 
wooden  vessel  for  holding  water  ;  a  cowl. 
[Local.]  More. 

Soever,  so  and  ever,  found  in  compounds,  as 
in  ichosoever,  whatsoever,  wheresoever.  See 
these  words.  It  is  sometimes  used  sepa- 
rate from  the  pronoun  ;  as,  in  what 
things  soever  you  undertake,  use  diligence 
and  fidelity. 

SO' FA,  n.  [probably  an  oriental  word.  Qu. 
Sw.  sufvn,  to  hill  to  sleep.] 

An  elegant  long  seat,  usually  with  a  stuffed 
bottom.  Sofas  are  variously  made.  In 
the  United  States,  the  frame  is  of  mahog- 
any, and  the  bottom  formed  of  stiifibd 
cloth,  with  a  covering  of  silk,  chintz, 
calico  or  liair-eloth.  The  sofa  of  the  ori- 
entals is  a  kind  of  alcove  raised  half  a 
foot  above  the  floor,  where  visitors  of 
distinction  are  received.  It  is  also  a  seat 
by  the  side  of  the  room  covered  with  a 
carpet. 

SOFFIT,  71.  [It.  soffiita.]  In  architecture, 
any  timber  ceiling  formed  of  cross  beams, 
the  compartments  of  which  are  enrich- 
ed with  sculpture,  painting  or  gilding. 

2.  The  under  side  or  face  of  an  architrave, 
enriched  with  compartments  of  roses. 

Encyc. 

SOFT,  a.  [Sax.  sofle,  so/la.  The  D.  has 
zagt,  Sw.  sackta,  D.  sagte,  and  the  G. 
sanft,  in  a  like  sense,  but  whethsr  allied  to 
soft,  may  be  questioned.] 

1.  Easily  yielding  to  pressure  ;  the  contrary 
of  hard  ;  as  a  soft  bed  ;  a  soft  peach  ;  soft 
^  earth. 
0(it'^.|2.  Not  hard  ;  easily  separated  by  an  edged 
instrument;  as  soft  wood.  The  chestnut 
is  a  50^  wood,  but  more  durable  than  hick- 
ory, which  is  a  very  hard  wood.  So  we 
say,  a  soft  stone,  when  it  breaks  or  is  hew- 
ed with  ease. 

Easily  worked  ;  malleable  ;  as  soft  iron. 
Not  rough,  nigged  or  harsh ;  smooth  to 
the   touch  ;   delicate  ;   as  soft  silk  ;    soft 
raiuKMit  i  a  soft  skin. 
Delicate  ;  feminine  ;  as  the  softer  sex. 
Easily  yielding  to  jiersuasion  or  motives 
flexible;  susceptible   of  influence   or  pas- 
sion.    In  both  these  senses,  soft  is  applied 
to  females,  and  sometimes  to  males  ;  as  a 
divine  of  a  soft  and  servile  temper. 

A'.  Charles. 
One  king  is  too  so/2  and  easy.       L'Entrange. 

;7.  Tender  ;  timorous. 

1         However  soft  within  themselves  they  are. 
To  you  they  will  be  valiant  by  despair. 

Dryden . 

is.  Mild  ;  gentle  ;  kind  ;  not   severe   or   un- 

j     feeling  ;  as  a  person  of  a  soft  nature. 

to.  Civil;  complaisant ;  courteous;  as  a  per- 


S  O  F 


S  O  G 


S  O  J 


son  o^soft  manners.     He  has  a  sojl  way 
of  asking  favors. 

10.  Placid  ;  still ;  easy. 

On  her  soft  axle  while  she  paces  even. 
She  bears  thee  soft  with  the  smooth  air  along. 

Milton. 

11.  Effeminate;  viciously  nice. 

An   idle  so/l  course  of  life  is  the  source   of 
criminal  pleasures.  Broome 

12.  Delicate ;  elegantly  tender. 
Her  form  more  soft  and  feminine.        Milton. 

13.  Weak;  impressible. 

The  deceiver  soon   found  this  soft  place  of 
Adam's.     [JVot  elegant.'\  Glnnville. 

14.  Gentle;  smooth  or  nielodions  to  the  ear: 
not  loud,  rough  or  harsh  ;  as  a  soft  voice 
or  note  ;  a  s(^  sound  ;  soft  accents  ;  soft 
whispers.  Dryden.     Pope 

15.  tjniooth ;  flowing  ;  not  rough  or  velie 
ment. 

The  solemn  nightingale  tun'd  her  soft  lays. 

Milton.  I 
Soft  were  my  numbers,  who  could  take  of- 
fense? Pu]ie\ 

16.  Easy;  quiet;  undisturbed;  as  sq/J  slum- 
bers. 

17.  Mild  to  the  eye;  not  strong  or  glaring  ; 
as  sq/J  colors ;  the  soJl.  coloring  of  a  pic- 
ture. 

The  sun  shining  on   the  upper  pari  of  tht- 
clouds,  made  the  softest  lights  imaginable. 

Brou-n. 

18.  Mild  ;  warm ;  pleasant  to  the  feelings  ; 
as  soft  air. 

19.  No:  tinged  with  an  acid  ;  not  hard  ;  not 
astringent ;  as,  sofl  water  is  the  best  for 
washing. 

20.  Mild  ;  gentle  ;  not  rough,  rude  or  irri- 
tating. 

A  soft  answer  turneth  away  wrath.      Prov.  sv. 
SOFT,  adv.  Softly ;  gently  ;  quietly. 
(SOFT,  exclam.  for  be   soft,   hold  ;  stop ;  not 
so  fast. 
But,  soft,  my  muse,  the  world  is  wide. 

Suckling 
SOFTEN,  V.  t.  sofn.  To  make  soft  or  more 
soft ;  to  make  less  liard. 
Their  arrow's  point  they  soften  in  tlie  flame. 

Gay. 
%  To  mollify  ;  to  make  less  fierce  or  in- 
tractable ;  to  make  more  susceptible  of 
humane  or  fine  feelings;  as,  to  soften  a 
hard  lieart ;  to  soften  savage  natures.  The 
heart  is  softened  by  pity. 

Diffidence  conciliates  the  proud,  and  softens 
the  severe.  Rambler 

3.  To  make  less  harsh  or  severe ;  as,  to  sof- 
ten an  expression. 

4.  To  palliate  ;  to  rei)resent  as  less  enor- 
mous; as,  to  soften  a  fault. 

5.  To  make  ea.-y  ;  to  compose  ;  to  mitigate  ; 
to  alleviate. 

Music  cau  soften  pain  to  ease.  Pope 

C.  To  make  calm  and  placid. 

Bid  her  be  all  that  cheers  or  softens  life. 

Pope 

7.  To  make  less  harsh,  less  rude,  loss  often- 
sive  or  violent. 

But  sweelly  teraper'd  awe,  and  soften'd  all 
he  spoke.  Dryden 

8.  To  make  less  glaring ;  as,  to  soften  the 
coloring  <d'a  picture. 

J).  To  make  tender;  to  make  cfliisn^.inate  ;  to 
enervate;  as  troop.s  softened  by  lu.xury 

10.  To   make  less  liarsli  or  grating;  as,  to 

soften  the  voice. 

-SOFTl^N,  v.i.  sofn.  To  become  less  hard  ; 

to  become  more  pliable  and  yielding  to 


pressure ;  as,  iron  or  wax  softens  in  heat ;  j     nre ;  as  soggi/  land.     Timber  that  has  iili- 
fruits  soften  as  they  ripen.  'i     billed  water  is  said  to  be  soggy. 

To  become  less  rude,  harsh  or  cruel ;  as,lj2.  Steaming  with  damp.  B.  Jonson. 

^vage  natures  so/!c«  by  civilization.  |!SOHO,  exclam.  A  word  used  in  calling  from 


3.  To  become  less  obstinate  or  obdurate  ;  to 
become  more  susceptible  of  humane  feel- 
ings and  tenderness ;  to  relent.  The 
heart  softens  at  the  sight  of  woe. 

4.  To  become  more  mild  ;  as,  the  air  soflens. 

5.  To  become  less  harsh,  severe  or  rigorous. 
SOFT'ENED,  pp.  Made  less   hard  or  less! 

harsh  ;  made  less  obdurate  or   cruel,  orj 

le.sR  glaring. 
SOFT'ENING,    ppr.    IMaking   more  soft;' 

making  less  rough  or  cruel,  &c.  | 

SOFT'ENING,  n.  The  act  of  making  less 

hard,  lei=3  cruel  or  obdurate,  less  violent, 

less  glaring,  &c. 
SOFT'-HEARTED,  a.  Having  tenderness 

of   heart  ;    susceptible    of   pity    or   other 

kindiv  affection  ;  gentle  ;  meek. 
SOFT'LING,    n.     .\n   eff"eminate 

one   vitiously  nice.     [Little  used. 


person  ; 

I 
IVoolton. 


SOFT'LY,  adv.  Without  hardness. 

•i.  Not  with   force  or   violence;  gently;  as, 

he  softly  pressed  my  hand. 
5.  Not   loudly  ;  without    noise  ;   as,    speak 
softly  ;  walk  sojlly. 

In  this  dark  silence  softly  leave  the  town. 

Dryden. 

4.  Gently ;  placidly. 
She  softly  lays  him  on  a  flowery  bed. 

Dryden. 

5.  Mildly  ;  tenderly. 
The  king  must  die  ; 

Though  pity  seiftly  pleads  within  my  soul — 

Driiden. 

SOFT'NER,  n.  He  or  that  which  sofleus. 

2.  One  that  palliates.  Sivift. 

SOFf'NESS,     n.     The   quality   of  bodies 

which  renders  them  capable  of  yielding  to 

pressure,  or  of  easily  receiving  impr<;ssions 

from  other  bodies  ;  opposed  to  hardness. 

2.  Susceptibility  of  feeling   or   passion  ;  as 
the  softness  of  the  heart  or  of  our  natures. 

3.  Mildness;  kindness;  as  softness  at' words 
or  expressions.  fVatts. 

1.  Mildness  ;  civility  ;    gentleness  ;  as  soft- 
?ies«  of  manners.  Dryden. 

i.   Eflfeminacy  ;  vicious  delicacy. 

He  was  not  delighted  with  the  softness  of  the 
court.  Clarendon 

j.  Tiinorousness  ;   pusillanimity  ;  e.xcessive 
susceptibility  of  fear  or  alarm. 

This  virtue  could  not  proceed  out  of  fear  or 
softness.  Bacon. 

I.  SiiiDothness  to  the  ear  ;  as  the  softness  of 
sounds,  which  is  distinct  from  exility  o 

Jinencss.  Bacon. 

i.  Facility  ;  gentleness  ;  candor;  easiness  to 
be  afl'ecteii  ;  as  softness  of  spirit. 

Hooker. 

9.  Gentleness,  as  contrary  to  vehemence. 
With  strength  and  softness,  energy  and  ease — 

Hartc. 

10.  Mildness  of  temper  ;  meekness, 
for  contemplation  he  and  valor  form'd, 
For  softness  she,  and  sweet  attractive  grace. 

Milton. 

II.  Weakness  ;  simplicity. 
12.  Mdd   temperature;  as  the  softness  of  a 


chmate. 


Milford. 
SOG'GV,  a.  [allied  probably  to  «o«A-,  whicli 

see  ;  VV.  soeg,  and  soegi,  to  stcep.J 
1.  Wet;  filled  with  water;  soft  with  moist- 


a  distant  place  ;  a  sportman's  halloo. 

Shak. 
SOHi,  V.  t.  [Sax.  selan,  sylian ;  Dan.  sOler; 
Svv.  sola  ;  Fr.  salir,  souitler  ;  Arm.  salicza  ; 
Ir.  saleiighim.  Class  SI.  No.  .'?5.  Syr.] 

1.  To  make  dirty  on  the  surface  ;  to  foul; 
to  dirt ;  to  stain  ;  to  defile  ;  to  tarnish;  to 
sully  ;  as,  to  soil  a  garment  with  dust. 

Our  wonted  ornaments  now  soil'd  and  stain'd. 

Mdton 
To  cover  or  tinge  with  any  thing  extra- 
neous ;  as,  to  soil  the  earth  with  blood. 

TaU, 
To  dung  ;  to  manure.  South. 

To  soil  a  horse,  is  to  purge  him  by  giving 
him  fresh  grass.  Johnson. 

To  soil  cattle,  in  husbandry,  is  to  feed  tliem 
with  grass  daily  mowed  for  them,  instead 
of  pasturing  them. 
SOIL,  71.  [G.  sale.  See  the  Verb.]  Dirt; 
any  foul  matter  upon  another  substance  ; 
foulness  ;  spot. 

2.  Stain  ;  tarnish. 
A  lady's  honor — will  not  bear  a  soil. 

Dryden. 

i.  The  upper  stratum  of  the  earth  ;  the  mold, 
or  that  compound  substance  which  fur- 
nishes nutriiiieiii  to  plant.s,  or  which  is 
particularly  adapted  to  support  and  nour- 
ish them.  [L.  solnm,  VV.  sivl.] 
Land  ;  country.  We  love  our  native 
suit. 

5.  Dung ;  compost. 

improve  lanii  by  dung  and  other  sort  of  soils. 

Mortimer. 

To  take  soil,  to  run  into  the  water,  as  a  deer 
when  piirsueil.  B.  Jonson. 

SOIL'ED,  pp.  Fouled;  stained;  tarnisiiedj 
inaiiiireil  ;  fed  with  grass. 

SOIL'INESS,  n.  Stain  ;  foulness.  [Little 
used.]  Bacon. 

.SOIL'ING,  p/ir.  Defiling  ;  fouling;  tarnish- 
ing; feeding  with  fresh  grass;  manuring. 

SOILING,  71.  The  act  or  practice  of  feed- 
ing cattle  or  horses  with  fresh  grass,  in- 
stead of  pasturing  them. 

SOIL'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  soil.       Bigshy. 

SOIL'URE,  n.  [Fr.souillure.]  Stain;  pollu- 
tion.    [.N'ol  in  use.}  Shak. 

SOJOURN,  ('.  t.  so'jurn.  [Fr.  sejoitrntr ;  It. 
soggiornnre,  which  seems  to  be  formed 
from  the  noun  soggiorno  ;  sub  and  giomo, 
a  day.] 

To  dwell  for  a  lime ;  to  dwell  or  live  in  a 
place  as  a  temporary  resident,  or  as  a 
stranger,  not  considering  the  place  as  his 
permunent  habitation.  So  Abram  sojourn- 
ed in  Egypt.     Geii.  .\ii. 

The  soldiers  assi;mbled  at  New  Castle,  and 
there  sojourned  three  days.  Hayward. 

SO'JOURN,  »!.  A  temporary  residence,  as 
that  of  a  traveler  in  a  foreign  land. 

Milton. 

SO'JOUR.NER,  71.  A  temporary  resiidcnt : 
a  stranger  or  traveler  who  dwells  in  a 
[ilace  for  a  time. 

We  are  strangers  before  thee  and  sojourners, 
as  all  our  fathers  were.     1  Cliron.  xxi.\. 

SOJOURNING,   ppr.  Dwelling  for  a  time. 

SOJOURNING,  n.  The  act  of  dwelling  in 
u  place  for  a  time  ;  also,  tlie  time  of  abode. 
Ex.  .\ii. 


SOL 


SOL 


SOL 


SOJOURNMENT,  n.  Temporary  resi- 
dence, as  tliat  of  a  stranger  or  traveler. 

fValah. 

SOL,  n.  [Norm.  30ulze,  soulds,  souz,  from  L. 
solidus.^ 

1.  In  FraiKie,  a  small  copper  coin  ;  a  penny; 
usually  sou  or  sous.  Encyc. 

2.  A  I'opper  coin  and  money  of  account  in 
Switzerland. 

SOL,  n.  [li.]  The  name  of  a  note  in  music. 
SOi/  \CK,  V.  t.  [It.  soUazzare,  from  L.  sota- 

iinm  ;  solor,  to  comfort,   assuage,  relieve. 

See  Console.] 

1.  To  cheer  in  grief  or  under  calamity ;  to 
comfort ;  to  relieve  in  artliction  ;  to  con- 
sole ;  applied  to  persons ;  as,  to  solace  one's 
self  with  the  hope  of  future  reward. 

2.  To  allay :  to  assuage  ;  as,  to  solace  grief. 
SOLACE,  V.  i.    To   take   comtort  ;   to   be 

clieered  or  relieved  in  griel'.     (Ms.     Shak. 

SOLACE,  n.  [Ii.  sollazzo  ;  L.  solatium.] 
Comfort  in  gri(d" ;  alleviation  of  grief  or 
anxiety  ;  also,  that  which  relieves  in  dis- 
tress; recreation. 

The  propel  solaces  of  age  are  not  music  and 
coinpliuieatif,  but  wisdom  and  devotion. 

liamblcr. 

SOL'ACED,  pp.  Comforted  ;  cheered  in 
aflliction. 

SOL'ACL\G,  ppr.  Relieving  grief;  cheer- 
ing in  :ifflicti<in. 

SOLA'CIOUS,  a.  AflTording  comfort  or 
amusement.     [JVot  in  use.] 

SOLAND'KR.  n.  [Fr.  soalnndres.]  A  dis- 
ease in  hnrses.  Lhct. 

SOLAN-GOOSE.  «.  The  gannet,  (Pele.ca- 
nus  bnssanus,)  an  aquatic  fowl  found  on 
the  coasts  of  Great  Briiaui  anil  Lelaiid.  It 
is  nearly  of  the  size  of  the  domestic  goose. 

Encyc. 

SOLA'NO,  n.  A  hot  S.E.  wind  in  Spain  which 
produces  inflammatory  ettects  on  men. 

SO'L.\R,  a.  [Fr.  sotaire ;  L.  Solaris,  from 
sol,  the  sun,  W.  sul,  Fr.  soleil.  It.  sole,  Sp. 
sol.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  sun,  as  the  so/nr  system  ; 
or  proceeding  from  it,  as  solar  light  ;  solar 
rays ;  solar  inlluence. 

2.  Belonging  to  the  sun  ;  as  solar  herbs 
[.Vof  used.] 

3.  Li  astrology,  born  under  the  prerloniinant 
influence  of  the  sun  ;  as  a  solar  people 
Obs.  bnjden. 

,.^.  Measured  by  the  progress  of  the  sun,  or 
by  its  revolulion  ;  as  tlie  solar  year. 

Solar  flowers,  are  those  which  open  and  shut 
daily,  at  certain  determinate  hours. 

Linne. 

Solar  spots,  Anrk  spots  tliat  appear  on  the 
sun's  disk,  usually  visible  only  by  the  tel- 
escope, but  souieiimes  so  large  as  to  be 
seen  by  the  naked  eye.  They  adhere  to 
the  body  of  the  sun  ;  indicate  its  revolu 
tions  on  its  axis  ;  are  very  changeable  in 
their  figure  and  dimensions ;  and  vary  in 
size  from  mere  points  to  spaces  50.000 
miles  in  diameter. 

SOLD,  pret.  and  pp.  of  sell. 

SOLD.  n.  [from  the  root  of  soldier;  Norm. 
sonde.] 

Salary  ;  military  pay.     [.\'ot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

SOL'DAN,  for  sultan,  not  in  use.       jyiilton. 

SOL'DW'EL,  n.  [L.  soldaaella.]    .\  plant. 

SOL'DER,  V.  t.  [from  h.  solido,  solidus.]  To 
unite  by  a  metallic  ccinen:.    [See  Soder.] 


SOL'DER,    n.    A  metallic  ceraeut.    [See 

Soder.] 

SOLDIER,  )i.  soljur.  [Fr.  soldat  ;  Norm. 
soudeijer,  soudiers ;  It.  soldato  ;  Sp.  soldado  ; 
from  L.  solidus,  a  piece  of  money,  the  pay 
of  a  soldier  ;  Norm,  soud,  contracted  from 
soutd,  pay,  wages;  soudoyer,  to  keep  in 
pay  ;  Sw.  hesolda,  to  count  out  money  to, 
to  pay  ;  Dan.  besolder,  to  give  a  salary  or 
wages.] 

L  A  man  engaged  in  military  service ;  one 
whose  occupation  is  military  ;  a  man  en- 
listed for  service  in  an  army ;  a  private, 
or  one  in  the  ranks. 

There  ought  to  be  some  time  for  sober  reflec- 
tion between  the  life  of  a  soldier  and  his  death. 

liambkr. 

i.  A  man  enrolled  for  service,  when  on  duty 
or  embodied  for  military  discipline ;  a 
private  ;  as  a  militia  soldier. 

3.  Emphatically,  a  brave  warrior ;  a  man  of 
militury  experience  and  skill,  or  a  man  of 
distinguished  valor.  In  this  sense,  an 
olKcer  ol"  any  grade  may  be  denominated 
a  soldier.  Skak. 

SOLDIERESS,  n.  A  female  soldier.  [.Vol 
in  use.]  Beaum 

SOLDIERLIKE,  }       Like  or  becoming  a 

SOLUIERLV,       i"'  real   soldier;  brave 
inunial ;  heroic  ;  honorable. 

SOLDIERSHIP,  Ji.  Military  qualities;  mil 
itaiy  character  or  state  ;  martial  skill ;  be- 
havior becoming  a  soldier.  Stiak. 

SOLDIERY,  n.  Soldiers  collectively  ;  the 
body  of  military  men. 

1  charge  not  the  soldiery  with  ignorance  and 
contem[)t  of  learning,  without  exception. 

Swift. 

'i.  Soldiership  ;  military  service.     Obs. 

Sidney. 

SOLE,  n.  [Sax.  sol ;  D.  zool ;  G.  sohk  ; 
Dan.  sole  ;  Fr.  id. ;  It.  suolo,  soil  and  sol.^ : 
Sp.  suela,  the  sole  of  the  foot,  and  suolo, 
soil  ;  L.  solea,  solum ;  that  which  sets  or 
is  set  or  laid.  The  radical  seuse  coincides 
with  that  of  sill.] 

L  The  bottom  of  the  foot;  and  by  a  figure, 
the  foot  itself  Shak.   Spenser. 

2.  The  bottom  of  a  shoe ;  or  the  piece  of 
lellier  which  constitutes  the  bottom. 

riie  c.iliga   was  a  military  shoe  wilh  a   very 
lliick  sole,  tied  above  the  instep.       .trbuthnot 

3.  The  part  of  any  thing  that  forms  the  bot- 
tom, and  on  which  it  stands  upon  the 
ground. 

Elm  is  proper  for  mills,  soles  of  wheels,  and 
pipes.  Mortimer. 

A  marine  fish  of  the  genus  Plcuronectes, 
so  called  probably  because  it  keeps  on  or 
near  the  bottom  of  the  sea.  Tlie.se  fisli 
abound  on  the  British  coast,  and  hence 
the  name  of  sole  bank,  to  the  southward  of 
I  Ireland.  This  fish  sometimes  grows  to 
i     the  weight  of  si.\  or  seven  pounds. 

Diet.  .Vat.  Hi.il. 

5.  In  ship-building,  a  sort  of  lining,  used  to 
prevent  the  svearing  of  any  thing. 

6.  A  sort  of  horn  under  a  horse's  hoof 

Encyc. 
SOLE,  V.  t.  To  furnish  with  a  sole ;  as,  to 

sole  a  shoe. 
SOLE,  a.  [L.  solus  ;  Fr.  seul ;  It.  Sp.  solo  ; 

probably  from  separating ;  Ar.  J  \  -.  Class 

SI.  No.  3.] 
L  Single ;  being  or  acting  without  another  ; 


individual ;  only.  God  is  the  sole  crea- 
tor and  sovereign  of  ihe  world. 

'2.  In  laii;  single;  unmarried;  as  a  femme 
sole. 

SOL'ECISM,  n.  [Gr.  soxoixtsftof,  said  to  be 
derived  from  Soli,  a  people  of  Attica,  who 
being  transplanted  to  Cilicia,  lost  the  puri- 
ty of  their  language.] 

1.  Imjiropric'ty  in  language,  or  a  gross  devia- 
tion from  the  rules  of  syntax  ;  incongruity 
of  words  ;  want  of  correspondence  or 
consistency. 

A  barbarism  may  be  in  one  word  ;  a  solecism 
must  be  of  more.  Johnson,  from  Cicero. 

2.  Any  unfitness,  absurdity  or  impropriety. 

B.  Jonson. 

Cesar,  by  dismissing  his  guards  and  rcl.iiiiing 

his  power,  committed  a  dangerous  solecism  in 

poliiics.  Muldlcton. 

SOL'ECIST,  n.  [Gr.  aoxoixtfoj.]  One  who 
is  guilty  of  impropriety  in  language. 

Blackmail. 

SOLECISTTC,        }       Incorrect ;    inron- 

SOLRCIST'ICAL,  s"''  gruous.      Johnson. 

SOLECIST'I€ALLY,  adv.  In  a  solccistic 
manner.  Blackwall. 

SOL'ECIZE,  V.  i.  [Gr.  «o5io«4:«.]  To  com- 
init  -solecism.  More. 

SO'LELV,  arfti.  Singly  ;  alone;  only;  with- 
out another;  as,  to  rest  a  cause  solely  on 
one  argument ;  to  rely  solely  on  one's  own 
strength. 

SOLEMN,  a.  sol'em.  [Fr.  sotennel ;  It. 
solenne  ;  Sp.  solemne  ;  L.  solentiis,  from 
soleo,  to  be  accustomed,  to  use,  that  is,  to 
hold  on  or  continue,  as  we  have  wont, 
from  G.  wohnen,  to  dwell.] 

1.  Anniversary  ;  observed  once  a  year  with 
religious  ceremonies. 

The  worship  of  this  image  was  advanced, 
and  a  solemn  supplication  observed  every  year. 

Stillins/leef. 

[I  doubt  the  correctness  of  this  defini- 
tion of  Johnson  ;  or  whether  soltmii,  in 
our  language,  ever  includes  the  sense  of 
anrtivers'iry.  In  the  passage  cited,  the 
sense  of  anniversary  is  expressed  by  eiicr^ 
year,  and  if  it  is  includi-d  in  solemn  also, 
the  sentence  is  tautological.  I  should  say 
then,  that  solemn  in  this  passage  of  Stil- 
Ihigflcet,  has  the  sense  given  in  the  .second 
definition  below.] 

2.  Religiously  grave  ;  marked  with  pomp 
and  sauctity  ;  attended  with  religious 
rites. 

His  holy  rites  and  solemn  feasts  profan'd. 

jrdlon. 

3.  Religiously  serious:  piously  gravi' ;  de- 
vout ;  marked  by  reverence  to  God  ;  as 
solemn  prayer ;  tiie  solemn  duties  of  the 
sanctuary. 

4.  Affecting  with  seriousness  ;  impressing 
or  adapted  to  impress  seriousness,  gravity 
or  reverence  ;  sober;  serious. 

There  rcign'd  a  solemn  silence  over  all. 

Spenser. 

To    'swage   with    solemn  touches   troubled 

thoughts.  Milton. 

5.  Grave ;  serious ;  or  affectedly  grave  ;  as 
a  solemn  face. 

G.  Sacred  ;  enjoined  by  religion  ;  or  attend- 
ed with  a  serious  appeal  to  God  ;  as  a 
solemn  oath. 

7.  Marked  with  solemnities  ;  as  a  solemn 
day. 


SOL 


SOL 


SOL 


SOL'EMNESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  solemn  ;  reverential  manner  ;  gf^^'" 
ty  ;  as  the  solemness  of  public  worslii|i. 
2.  Solemnity;  gravity  of  manner.  fVotton. 
SOLEM'NITY,  n.  [Fr.  solemnite.]  A  rite  or 
ceremony  annually  performed  with  reli 
gious  reverence. 

Great  was  the  cause  :  our  old  solenmitics 
From  no  blind  zeal  or  fond  tradition  rise, 
But  sav'd    from    death,  our   Argives   yearly 

pay 
These  grateful  honors  to  the  god  of  day. 

Pope 

[Solemnities  seems  here  to  incluJe   the 

sense  oC anniversary.     See  the  fourth  line. 

But  in  modern  usage,  that  sense  is  rarely 

or  never  attached  to  the  word.] 

2.  A  religious  ceremony  :  a  ritual  perform- 
ance attended  with  religious  reverence ; 
as  the  solemnity  of  a  funeral  or  of  a  sacra- 
ment. 

3.  A  ceremony  adapted  to  impress  awe  ;  as 
the  solemnities  of  the  last  day. 

4.  Manner  of  acting  awfully  serious. 

With   horrible   solemnity   he    caused    every 
thing  to  be  prepared  for  his  triumph  of  victory. 

Sidney. 

5.  Gravity  ;  steady  seriousness ;  as  the  sol- 
emnity of  the  Spanish  language. 

Spectator. 

6.  AflTected  gravity. 

Solemnity's  a  cover  for  a  sot.  Young. 

SOLEMNIZA  TION,  n.  The  act  of  solem 
nizing ;  celebration  ;  as  the  solemnization 
of  a  marriage.  Bacon. 

SOL'EMNIZE,  v.t.  [Fr.  solenniser  ;  It.  W- 
ennizzare.] 

1.  To  dignify  or  honor  by  ceremonies;  to 
celebrate ;  as,  to  solemnize  the  birth  of 
Christ.  Boyle. 

Their  choice  nobility  and  flow'r 

Met  from  all  parts  to  solemnize  this  feast. 

jyfdton. 

2.  To  perform  with  ritual  ceremonies  and 
respect,  or  according  to  legal  forms ;  as, 
to  solemnize  a  marriage.  Z.  Smjl. 

3.  To  perforin  religiously  once  a  year.     Qu. 

Hooker. 

4.  To  make  grave,  serious  and  reverential ; 
as,  to  solemnize  the  mind  for  the  duties  of 
the  sanctuary.  [This  use  of  the  ivord  is 
well  authorized  in  the  United  .States.] 

SOL'EMNLY,  adv.    With  gravity  and  rel 
gious  reverence.     Let  us  solemnly  address 
the  throne  of  grace. 

2.  With  ofKcial  formalities  and  by  due  au 
thority.  This  question  of  law  has  been 
solemnly  decided  in  the  highest  court. 

3.  With  li)rmal  state.  Shak. 

4.  With  formal  gravity  and  stateliness,  or 
with  affected  gravity. 

— There  in  deaf  muimurs  solemnly  are  wise. 

Dryden 

5.  With  religious  seriousness;  as,  I  solemnly 
declare  myself  innocent. 

I  do  solemnly  assure  the  reader —  Swift 

SO'LENESr^,  n.  [i'tom  sole.]  Singleness;  a 

state  of  being  unconnected  with  others. 

Dcring. 
SO'l.ENITE,  n.  Petrified  solen,  a  genus  of 

shells. 
StJLK.'V,  V.  i.  To  pronounce  the  notes  of 

the  gaimnut.  ascending  or  descending,  ut, 

TC.  mi.  pt.  .so/,  la,  and  e  converso. 
SOLICIT,  V.  «.  [L.  solicito;  Fr.  solliciler ; 

It.  sollecitarc.     i  know  not  whether  this 


word  is  simple  or  compound ;  probably 
the  latter.  Qu.  L.  lacio.] 
y.  To  ask  with  some  degree  of  earnestness; 
to  make  petition  to ;  to  apply  to  for  ob- 
taining something.  This  word  implies 
earnestness  in  seeking,  hut  I  think  le.ss 
earnestness  than  beg,  implore,  entreat,  and 
importune,  and  more  than  asl(  or  request  ; 
as  when  we  say,  a  man  solicits  the  minis  ! 
ter  for  an  office  ;  he  solicits  his  father  for 
a  favor. 

Did  I  solicit  thee 
From  darkness  to  promote  me.'  jyfdton. 

2.  To  ask  for  with  some  degree  of  earnest- 
ness ;  to  seek  by  petition  ;  as,  to  solicit  an 
office  ;  to  solicit  a  favor. 

3.  To  awake  or  excite  to  action ;  to  sum- 
mon ;  to  invite. 

That  fruit  solicited  her  longing  eye. 

Jifitton. 

Sounds  and  some  tangible  qualities  solicit 
their  proper  senses,  and  force  an  entrance  to 
the  mind.  Loclte. 

4.  To  attempt ;  to  try  to  obtain. 

I  view  my  crime,  but  kindle  at  the  view. 
Repeat  old   pleasures  and  solicit  new. 

Pope. 

5.  To  disturb ;  to  disquiet ;  a  Latinism  rarely 
used. 

But  anxious  fears  solicit  my  weak  breast. 

Dryden. 

SOLICITA'TION,  n.  Earnest  request ;  a 
seeking  to  obtain  something  from  another 
with  some  degree  of  zeal  and  earnestness  ; 
sometimes  perhaps,  itnportunity.  He  ob- 
tained a  grant  by  refjeated  solicitations. 

2.  Excitement ;  invitation  ;  as  the  solicitation 
of  the  senses.  Locke. 

SOLICITED,  p/).  Earnestly  requested. 

SOLICITING,  ppr.  Requesting  with  earn- 
estness ;  asking  for  ;  attempting  to  ob- 
tain. 

SOLICITOR,  n.  [Fr.  solliciteur.]  One  who 
asks  with  earnestness ;  one  that  asks  for 
another.  Shak. 

2.  An  attorney,  advocate  or  counselor  at  law 
who  is  authorized  to  practice  in  the  Eng- 
lish court  of  chancery.  In  America,  an 
advocate  or  counselor  at  law,  who,  like  the 
attorney  general  or  state's  attorney,  pros- 
ecutes actions  for  the  state. 

SOLICITOR-GENERAL,  »i.  A  lawyer  in 
Great  Britain,  who  is  employed  as  counsel 
for  the  queen. 

SOLICITOUS,  o.  [L.  solicitus.]  Careful; 
anxious:  very  desirous,  as  to  obtain  srune- 
thing.  Men  are  often  more  solicitous  to 
obtain  the  favor  of  their  king  or  of  the! 
people,  than  of  their  Maker. 

2.  Careful;  anxious  ;  concerned  ;  as  respect- 
ing an  unknown  hut  interesting  event;! 
followed  usually  by  about  or  fur.  We  say,l 
a  man  is  solicitous  about  the  fate  of  his  pe-j 
tition,  or  about  the  result  of  the  negotia- 
tion. He  is  solicitous  for  the  safety  of  his 
ship. 

3.  Anxious;  concerned;  followed  by /or,  as 
when  something  is  to  be  obtained.  Be  not 
solicitous  for  the  future. 

SOLICITOUSLY,  adv.  Anxiously;  with 
rare  and  concern.  Errors  in  religion  or 
in  science  are  to  be  solicitously  avoided. 
A  wise  prince  solicitousty  i)romotee  the 
prosperity  of  liis  subjects. 

SOLICITRESS,  Ji.  A  female  who  solicits 
or  petitions. 


SOLICITUDE,  n.  [L.  solicitudo.]  Careful- 
ness; concern;  anxiety;  uneasiness  of 
mind  occasioned  by  the  fear  of  evil  or  the 
desire  of  good.  A  man  feels  solicitude 
when  his  friend  is  sick.  We  feel  nolicitude 
for  the  success  of  an  enterprise.  With 
what  solicitude  should  men  seek  to  secure 
future  hap|»inesg. 

SOL'ID,  a.  [L.  solidus;  Fr.solide;  It.  Sp. 
solido  ;  from  the  sense  of  setting  or  press- 
ure, and  hence  allied  to  L.  solum,  Eng. 
sill.] 

I.  Hard;  firm;  compact ;  having  its  constit- 
uent particles  .so  close  or  dense  as  to  resist 
the  impression  or  penetration  of  other 
bodies.  Hence  solid  bodies  are  not  pene- 
trable, nor  are  the  parts  movable  and  eas- 
ily displaced  like  those  of  fluids.  Solid  is 
oppo.sed  to  fuid  and  liquid. 
Not  hollow  ;  full  of  matter ;  as  a  solid 
globe  or  cone,  as  distinguished  from  a  hol- 
low one. 

3.  Having  all  the  geometrical  dimensions  : 
cubic ;  as,  a  solid  foot  contains  1728  solid 
inches.  Arbuthnot. 

[In  this  sense,  cubic  is  now  generally 
used.] 

Firm;  compact;  strong;  as  a.  solid  pier; 
a  solid  pile  ;  a  solid  wall.  Mdison. 

Sound;  not  weakly;  as  a  «oZi(/ constitu- 
tion of  bixly.  [Sound  is  more  generally 
used.]  Hutu. 

Real ;  sound  ;  valid  ;  true  ;  just ;  not  emp- 
ty or  fallaciou.s.  Wise  men  seek  solid 
reasons  for  their  opinions. 

7.  Grave ;  profound ;  not  light,  trifling  or 
superficial. 

These  wanting  wit,  affect  gravity,  and  go  by 
the  name  of  solid  men.  Dryden. 

8.  In  botany,  of  a  fleshy,  uniform,  undivided 
substance,  as  a  bulb  or  root;  not  spungy 
or  hollow  within,  as  a  stem.  Martyn. 

A   solid   foot,    contains    1728   solid    inches, 

weighing  1000  ounces  of  rain  water. 
Solid  angle,  an   angle  formed   by   three  or 

more  plain  angles  meeting  in  a  point. 
Solid  square,  in  military  language,  is  a  square 

body  of  troops;  a  body  in  which  the  ranks 

and  files  are  equal. 

SOL'ID,  n.  A  firm  compact  body.  In  anat- 
omy and  medical  science,  the  hones,  flesh 
and  vessels  of  animal  bodies  are  called 
solids,  in  distinction  from  the  blood,  chyle 
and  other  fluids. 

SOL'IDATE,  V.  t.  [L.  solido.]  To  make  solid 
or  firm.     [Little  used.]  Cowley. 

SOLIDIFI€A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  making 

s(did. 
SOLIDIFIED,  p;?.  Made  solid. 

SOLIDIFY,  V.  t.  [L.  solidus,  solid,  and  fa- 
cto, to  niicke.] 
To  make  solid  or  compact.  Kirwan. 

SOLID'lFyING,;;;)r.  Making  solid. 
SOLID'ITY,  11.    [Fr.  solidity ;  L.  soliditas.] 

1.  Firmne.'is  ;  hardness;  density  ;  compact- 
ness; that  (|iKtllty  of  bodies  which  resists 
impression   and  penetration  ;  opposed  to 

fuidity. 

That  which  hinders  the  approach  of  two  bod- 
ies moving  one  towards  another,  I  call  solidity. 

l^icke. 

2.  Fullness  of  matter ;  opposed  to  holtouncss. 

3.  Moral  firmness  ;  soundness  ;  sin  iiiith  ; 
validity  ;  truth  ;  certainly  ;  as  oppo.setl  to 
weakness  or  fallaciousnes ;  as  the  solidity 


SOL 


SOL 


SOL 


of  arguments  or  reasoning  ;  the  solidity  of 
principles,  truths  or  opinioiif. 

Mdison.     Prior. 

4.  In  geometry,  the  solid  contents  of  a  body. 
SOL'lbLY,   adv.    Firmly  ;    densely ;  coni- 

pmtly  ;    as    the   parts   of  a   pier  solidly 

uinted. 
2.  Fu-nily  ;  truly  ;  on  firm  grounds. 

A  complete  brave  man  ought  lo  know  solidly 
the  main  end  of  his  being  in  the  woild. 

IHgby. 
SOL'IDNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  firm, 

dense   or   compact ;   firmness  ;   compact- 
ness ;  solidity  ;  as  of  material  bodies. 
2.  Soundness;  strength  ;  truth  ;  validity  ;  as 

of  arguments,  reasons,  principles,  &.c. 
SOLIUUN'GULOUS,  a.  [L.  solidtis,  solid, 

and  unguUi,  hoof.] 
Having  hoofs  that  are  whole  or  not  cloven. 

A  horse  is  a  solidungulous  animal. 

Brown.     Barrow. 
SOLIFID'IAN,    n.    [L.    solus,  alone,   ami 

Jides,    faith.] 
One  who  maintains  that  faith  alone,  without 

works,  is  necessary  to  justification. 

Hammond. 
SOLIFID'IAN,  a.  Holding  the  tenets  of  So- 

lifidiaiis.  Feltham. 

SOLlFHrlANlSM,  n.  The  tenets  of  Soli- 

fidians. 
SOLIL'OQUIZE,  v.i.  To  utter  a  soliloquy. 

SOLIl.'OQUY,  n.  [Fr.  solilo<iue ;  It.  Sp. 
solUoquio ;  L.  solus,  alone,  and  loquor,  to 
speak.] 

1.  A  talking  to  one's  self;  a  talking  or  dis- 
course of  a  person  alone,  or  not  addressed 
to  another  person,  even  when  others  are 
present. 

Lovers  are  always  allowed  the  comfort  of  so- 
liloquy.  Spectator. 

5.  A  written  composition,  reciting  what  it 
is  supposed  a  person  speaks  to  himself. 

1  he  whole  poem  is  a  soliloquy.  Prior. 

SOL'IPED,  n.    [L.  solus,  alone,  or  solidus,' 
anil  pes,  foot.  But  the  word  is  ill  formed.] 
An  annual  whose  foot  is  not  cloven. 

Brotcn. 
The  solipeds  constitute  an  order  of  quadru- 
])eds  with  undivided  hoofs,  corresponding 
to  the  Linneao  genus  Equus. 

Ed.  Ena/c. 
SOLITA'IR,  n.  JFr.  solitaire,  from  L.  solita- 
rius.     See  Soblary.] 

1.  A  person  who  lives  in  solitude  ;  a  recluse  ; 
a  hermit.  Pope. 

2.  An  ornament  for  the  neck.         Shenstone. 
SOLITA'RIAN,  »i.  A  hermit.  Tu'isden. 
SOL'ITARILY,  adv.  [fi-oni  solitary.]  In  sol- 
itude ;  alone;  without  company. 

Feed  thy  people  with  thy  rod,  Ihc  flock  of 
thy  heritage,  that  dwell  solitarily  in  the  wood. 
Mic.  xvi. 

SOL'ITARINESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
alone;  forbearance  of  company;  retire- 
ment, or  habitual  retirement. 

At  home,  in  wholesome  solitariness. 

Donne. 

2.  Solitude;  loneliness;  destitution  of  com- 
pany or  of  animated  beings ;  applied  to\ 
place  ;  as  the  solitai-iness  of  the  country  or 
of  a  wood. 

SOL'ITARY,  a.  [Fr.  solitaire  ;  L.  solitarius, 
from  solus,  alone.] 

1.  Lis  ing  alone;  not  having  company.  Some 
of  the  more  ferocious  animals  are  solitary, 


seldom  or  never  being  found  in  flocks  ori 
herils.  Thus  the  lion  is  called  a  solitary 
animal. 

i  hose  rare  and  solitary,  these  in  Socks. 

Miiton. 
'2.  Retired ;  remote  from  society  ;  not  hav- 
I  ing  company,  or  not  much  frequented ;  as 
I     a  solitary  residence  or  place. 

3.  Lonely  ;  destitute  of  company ;  as  a  soli- 
]     tary  hit;. 

4.  Gloomy;  still;  dismal. 
Let  ihal  liighl  be  solitary,  let  no  joyful  voice 

come  (herein.  Jobiii. 

5.  Single ;  as  a  solitary  instance  of  ven- 
geance ;  a  solitary  example. 

ti.  In  botany,  scparuie  ;  one  only  in  a  place  ; 

as  u  solitary  sti|)ule. 

A  solitary  Jlower  is  when  there  is  only 

one  to  each  peduncle  ;  txsolilary  seed,  when 

there  is  only  one  in  a  pericarp.       Alartyii. 
SOL'Il  ARY,  v.  One  that  lives  alone  or  m 

solitude  ;  a  hermit ;  a  recluse.  Pope. 

SOL'1'1  (JDE,  n.  LFr.  Irom  L.  solitudo;  from 

solus,  uloiie.j 

1.  Loneliness;  a  state  of  being  alone;  a 
lonely  lite. 

VN  hoever  is  delighted  with  solitude,  is  either 
a  wild  beast  or  a  ^od.  Bacon. 

2.  Loneliness  ;  remoteness  from  society ; 
destituliun  of  company  ;  applied  to  place  ; 
as  the  solitude  ol  a  wood  or  a  valley  ;  the 
solitude  ol  the  country. 

I  he  solitude  of  his    little  parish  is  become 
matter  of  great  comfort  to  him.  Law. 

3.  A  lonely  place ;  a  desert. 
In  these  deep  solitudes  and  awful  cells, 
W  here  heavenly-pensive  contemplatiou  dwells. 

Pope 

SOLIV'AG.ANT,  a.  [L.  solivagus  ;  solus, 
alone,  and  vagor,  to  vvander.j  Wandeiing 
alone.  Granger. 

SOL'LAR,  n.  [Low  L.  solarium.]  A  garret 
or  upper  room.     [.\'ot  in  use.]  Tusser. 

SOLMIZA'TION,  n.  [from  sol,  mi,  musical 
notes.] 

A  solfaing ;  a  repetition  or  recital  of  the 
notes  ot  the  gammut.  Burney. 

SOLO,  n.  [It.  troin  L.  «o/us,  alone.]  .\  tune, 
air  or  strain  to   be   played    by  a  single  in 
sirunieiit,  or  sung  by  a  single  voice. 

SOLOMON'S  LEAF,  ti.  A  plant. 

SOLOMON'S  SEAL,  n.  A  plant  of  the  ge 
nns  Convallaria,  and  another  (d' the  genus 
Uvularia.  Fam. of  Plants. 

SOL'STICE,  n.  [Fr.  from  I.,  solsiitium  ;  sol. 
the  sun,  and  slo,  to  stand ;  It.  solstizio  ;  Sp. 
solsticio.] 

In  astronomy,  the  point  in  the  ecliptic  at 
which  the  sun  stops  or  ceases  to  recedt 
from  the  equator,  either  north  in  summer 
or  south  in  winter;  a  trofiic  or  tropical 
point.  There  are  two  solstices;  the  sum- 
mer solstice,  the  tirst  degree  of  Cancer 
which  the  sun  enters  on  the  21st  of  June, 
and  the  winter  solstice,  the  first  degree  ofi 
Capricorn,  which  the  sun  enters  on  the 
21st  of  December. 

SOLSTl  'TL\L,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  solstice ; 
as  a  solstitial  point.  Brown. 

2.  Happening  at  a  solstice  ;  usually  with  us, 
at  the  summer  solstice  or  midsummer;  as 
solstitial  lieat.  Milton 

SOLUBILITY,!!,  [from  sohd}le.]  The  qual 
ity  of  a  body  which  renders  it  susceptible 
of  solution  ;  susceptibility  of  being  dissolv 
ed  ill  a  fluid.     The  solubility  of  resius  is 
chiefly  confined  to  spirits  or  alcohol. 


SOL'LBLE,  a.  [L.  solubilis,  from  solve,  to 

mi  It.) 

Susceptible  of  being  dissolved  in  a  fluid ; 
capable  of  solution.  Sugar  is  soluble  iu 
water;  salt  is  soluble  only  to  a  certain  ex- 
tent, that  is,  till  the  water  is  satiirmed. 

SOLUTE.  «.  [L.  solutus,  sotvo.]  In  agentral 
sense,  loose ;  free  ;  as  a  solute  interpreta- 
tion.    [Aot  in  use.]  Bacon. 

2.  In  botany,  loose  ;  not  adhering  ;  opposed 
to  firf!ia(f;  as  a  4o/u(e  stipule.  Murtyn. 

SOLUTE,  V.  t.  To  dissohe.     {.\ot  in  use.] 

lid  con. 

|SOLU'TION,  n.  [Fr. ;  It.  soliizione  ;  Sp.  so- 
lucion  ;  from  L.  solutio,  iVoiii  sollo,  to 
liFOseii,  melt,  dissolve.     See  .Solve.] 

1.  The  act  of  separating  the  parts  of  any 
body  ;  disruption  ;  breaili. 

in  all  boilies  there  is  an  appetite  of  union  and 
eviution  of  unlution  of  conlinuity.  Bacon. 

2.  The  operation  or  process  of  dissolving  or 
melting  in  a  fluid  ;  as  the  solution  of  sugar 
or  salt. 

lA'ote. — This  word  is  not  used  in  chimistry  or 
mineralogy  for  the  dissolution  or  melting  of 
bodies  by  the  heat  of  fire.] 

The  term  solution  is  .ipplicd  to  a  very  ex- 
tensive class  of  pheiiomi'iia.  W  hen  a  solid 
disappears  in  a  liquid,  if  the  coiiipoiiiicl  ex- 
hibits perfect  transparency,  we  have  an 
example  of  solution.  The  word  is  applied 
both  to  the  act  of  combination  and  to  tlio 
result  of  the  process.  Thus  coniinon  salt 
disappears  in  water,  that  is,  its  snlulion 
takes  place,  and  the  li(|iii<l  obtained  is  call- 
ed a  solution  of  salt  in  water.  Suhilion  is 
the  result  of  attraction  or  afiiiiity  between 
the  fluid  and  the  solid.  This  aflinity  con- 
tinues to  operate  to  a  certain  point,  where 
it  is  overbalanced  by  the  cohesion  of  the 
solid  ;  it  then  ceases,  the  fluid  is  saiil  to 
besaturaled,  the  point  where  the  operation 
ceases  is  called  sniuration,  and  the  fluid  is 
called  a  saturated  solution. 

Hcb.<iter's  .Muniint. 

Solution  is  a  true  chimical  iininn.     .Uij.-- 

ture'isa  mere  mechanical  union  of  bodies. 

3.  Resolution:  explanation:  the  act  of  ex- 
plaining or  removing  ilitficiilty  or  doubt ; 
as  the  solution  of  a  ditliciilt  question  in 
miirality  ;  the  solution  of  a  doubt  in  casu- 

I     istry. 

4.  Release  ;  deliverance  ;  discharge.  Barrow. 

5.  In  algebra  and  geometry,  the  answerins;  of 
j  a  question,  or  the  resolving  of  a  problem 
I     proposed. 

Solution  of  continuity,  the  separation  of  con- 
iiectiiiii  or  connected  substances  or  parts  ; 

,     applied,  in  surgery,  to  a  fracture,  lacera- 

1     tiiin.  Sic 

SOL'UTIVF',  a.  Tending  to  dissolve  ;  loos- 
ening ;  laxative.  Encyc. 

SOLVABILITY',  n.  Ability  to  pay  all  just 
debts.  Encyc. 

SOLVABLE,  a.  That  may  be  solved,  re- 

j     solved  or  explained. 

2.  That  can  be  paid.  Tooke. 

SOLVE,  v.t.  solv.  [l..  solvo  :  Fr.  soudre ;  h. 

i     solvere.  Class  SI.     Several   roots  give  the 

i     sense.] 

I.   Properly,  to  loosen  or  separate  the  parts 

j  of  any  thing;  hence,  to  explain:  to  re- 
solve; ti)   eclaircise;    to  unfold;    to  clear 

I  up;  as  what  is  obscure  or  diflicult  to  bo 
unilcrstood  ;  as,  to  solve  questions  ;  to  solve 
difficulties  or  a  problem. 


S  O  M 


S  O  M 


SON 


[Fr.  sombre,  from  Sp.  som- 
bra,  a  shade.]  Dull ;  dusky  ; 


When  God  shall  solve  the  dark  decrees  of  fate. 

Tkkel 
2.  To   remove  ;    to  dissipate  ;   as,  to   soke 

doubt.s. 
SOLV'ED,  pp.  Explained  ;  removed. 
SOLV'ENCY,  n.  [L.  solvens.]  Ability  to  pay 
all  debts  or  just  claims  ;  as,  the  solvency  of 
a  merchant  is  undoubted.     The  credit  of 
a  nation's  notes  depends  on  a  favorable 
opinion  of  its  solvency. 
SOLVEND',  n.  A  substance  to  be  dissolved 

Kirwan. 

SOLVENT,   a.   Having  the  power  of  dis 

solving;  as  a so/t'eiU  body.  Boyle. 

2.  Able  to  pay  all  just  debts.  The  merchant 
is  solvent, 

3.  Sufficient  to  pay  all  just  debts.  The  es- 
tate is  solvent. 

SOLVENT,  n.  A  fluid  that  dissolves  any 
substance,  is  called  the  solvent. 

SOLVIBLE,  a.  Solvable,  which  see. 

SOIVlAT'l€,        I  [Gr.   aurtatixoi.   from 

S0MAT'I€AL,  S  "'  ""^^  ''od.v]  Corpo- 
real ;  pertaining  to  a  body.  [JVot  in  use.] 

Scott. 

SO'MATIST,  n.  [supra.]  One  who  admits 
the  exi.-'tence  of  corjjoreal  or  material  be- 
ings only  ;  one  who  denies  the  exi.stence 
of  spiritual  substances.  Glanville. 

SOMATOL"^(5Y,  n.  [Gr.  aufia,  body,  and 
?.oyo5,  discourse.] 

The  doctrine  of  bodies  or  material  sub- 
stances. 

SOMBER 

SOMBRE 

cloudy ;  gloomy 

SOMBROUS,  a.  Gloomy.  Stephens. 

SOME,  a.  sum.  [Sax.  sum,  sitme  ;  I),  soyn- 
mige  ;  Svv.  somlige  ;  Sw.  Dan.  som,  who.] 

1.  Noting  H  certain  quantity  of  a  thing,  but 
indeterminate  ;  a   portion   greater  or  less. 
Give  me   some  bread  ;  drink  some  wine 
bring  some  water. 

2.  Noting  a  number  of  persons  or  things, 
greater  or  less,  but  indeterminate. 

Some  theoretical  writers  alledge  that  there 
was  a  time  when  there  was  no  such  thing  as 
society.  Blacltstone. 

3.  Ncting  a  person  or  thing,  but  not  known, 
or  not  specific  and  definite.  Some  person, 
I  know  not  who,  gave  me  the  information. 
Enter  the  city,  and  some  man  will  direct 
you  to  the  house. 

Most  gentlemen  of  property,  at  some  period 
or  other  of  their  lives,  are  ambitious  of  repre- 
senting their  county  in  parliament. 

Blackstone 

4.  It  sometiines  precedes  a  word  of  number 
or  quantity,  with  the  sense  of  about  or 
near,  noting  want  of  certainty  as  to  the 
specific  number  or  amount,  but  something 
near  it ;  as  a  village  of  some  eighty  houses ; 
some  two  or  three  persons ;  some  seventy 
miles  distant ;  an  object  at  sonic  good  dis- 
tance. Bacon 

5.  Some  is  often  opposed  to  others.  Some 
men  believe  one  thing,  and  others  another. 

0.  .Sonif  is  often  used  without  a  noun,  and 
then  like  other  adjectives,  is  a  substitute 
for  a  noun.  We  consumed  some  of  our 
provisions,  and  the  rest  was  given  to  the 
pour. 

Some  to  the  shores  do  fly, 
Some  (0  the  woods.  Daniel 

Your  edicts  same  reclaim  from  sins, 
But  mo.st  your  life  and  blest  example  wins. 

£>ryde7i 


3. 


7.  Some  is  used  as  a  termination  of  certainj|2.  At  onetinie;  opposed  to  another  time 

adjectives,   as    in    handsome,    mettlesome}  ~ ' 

blithesome,   Jullsome,    lonesome,    gladsome,] 

gamesome.     In  these  words,  some  has  pri-! 

marily  the  sense  of  little,  or  a  certain  de- 
gree; a  little  blithe  or  glad.     But  in  usage,! 

it  rather  indicates  a   considerable  degree' 

of  the  thing  or  quantity  :  as  mettlesotnt,  full 

of  mettle  or  spirit ;  gladsome,  very  glad  or 

joyous. 
SOM  EBODY,  »!.  [some  and  body.]  A  person 

unknown  or  uncertain  ;  a  person  indeter- 
minate. 

Jesus  said,  so?nebody  hath  touched  me.  Luke 

viii. 

We  must  draw  in  somebody  that  may  stand 
'Twixt  us  and  danger.  jOenham. 

2.  A  person  of  consideration. 

Before  these  days  rose  up  Theudas,  boastuig 

himself  to  be  somebody.     Acts  v. 
SOMEDEAL,  adv.  [some  and  deal.]  In  some 

degree.      Obs.  Spenser. 

SOM'ERSAULT,   )        [Sp.sobresalir,toex-, 
SOM'EKSET,         S"'  ceed    in    highih,   toj 

leap    over  ;  sobresaltar,   to   surprise  ;    It.j 

soprussatire,  to   attack    unexpectedly  ;  so-\ 

prassallo,  an  overleap  ;  L.  super  and  salio^, 

to  leap.] 
A  leap  by  which   a   person  jumps  from   ai 

highih,  turns  over  his  head  and  falls  upon 

his  feet.  Donne.\ 

SOMEHOW,    adv.    [some   and   *oii'.]    One! 

way   or   other  ;    in  some    way    not   yet 

known.     The  thing  must  have  happened 

sonuhoio  or  other. 
SOMETHING,  n.  [some  and  thing.]  An  in- 
determinate  or   unknown    event.     Some- 
thing must  have  happened  to  juevent  the! 

arrival  of  our  frienils   at  the  time  fixed.! 

I  shall  call  at  two  o'clock,  unless  something 

should  prevent,     [See  Thing.]  j 

2.  A  substance  or  material  thing,  unknown, 
indeterminate  or  not  specified,  A  niacliiiie| 
stops  because  something  obstructs  its  mo-' 
tion.  There  must  be  something  to  support 
a  wall  or  an  arch. 

3.  A  part :  a  portion  more  or  less. 
Something  yet  of  doubt  remains.         Jifilton. 


SOaiEWHAT,  )!.  [some  and  uhat.]  Some- 
thing, though  uncertain  what.  Jltterbury. 
More  or  less ;  a  certain  quantity  or  de- 
gree, indeterminate. 

These  salts  have  somewhat  of  a  nitrous  taste. 

Gretv. 
A  part,  greater  or  less. 

Someu-hat  of  his  good  sense  will  suffer  ia 
this  transfusion,  and  much  of  the  beauty  of  his 
thoughts  will  be  lost.  Dryden. 

S0MEW1L\T,  adv.  In  some  degree  or 
quantity.  This  is  somewhat  more  or  less 
than  was  expected  ;  he  is  somewhat  aged  ; 
lie  is  somewhat  disappointed  ;  sometvkat 
disturbed. 

SOMEWHkRE,  adv.  [so7ne  and  where.]  In 
some  place,  imknown  or  not  specified ;  in 
one  place  or  another.  He  lives  somewhere 
in  obscurity.  Dryden  someiehere  says, 
peace  to  the  manes  of  the  dead. 

SOMEWHlLE.arft).  [some md while.]  Once; 
foi-  a  time.     Obs.  Spenser. 

SOMEWHITHER,  adv.  To  some  indeter- 
minate place.  Johnson. 

SOM'MITE,  n.  Nepheline;  a  mineral  which 
occurs  in  small  crystals  and  crystalino 
grains  in  the   lava  of  mount   Soiiuna  on 


[L. 


Haiiy. 
somnus, 

Beddoes. 
The  act 

Darwin. 


Vesuvius 
SOMNAMBULA'TION,    n. 

sleep,  ami  nmbulo,  to  walk.] 
The  act  of  walking  iti  sleep. 
SOMNAMBULISM,  n.  [supra.] 

or  practice  of  walking  in  sleep. 
Beddoes. 
SOMNAMBULIST,    n.     A    person    who 

walks  in  his  sleep.  Beddoes.     Porteus. 

SOMNER,  for  summoner.     [J\'ot  in  use.] 
SOMNIFEROUS,    a.    [L.  somnifer ;  smn- 

J!i(s,  sleep,  and  fero,   to   bring;  Fr.  som- 

nifere ;  It.  Sp.  somnifero.] 
Causing   or  inducing   sleep;    soporiferous ; 

narcotic  ;  as  a  somniferous  potion. 

ffalton. 
SOMNIF'IC,  a.  [h.somnus,  sleep,  and/ado, 

to  make.]     Causing  sleep  ;  tending  to  in- 
duce sleep. 
SOM'NOLENCE,  ^^    [Low   L.   somnolen- 


Still  from  bis  little  be  could  somelhing  spaje,  !SOM'NOLENCY,  ^        tin  ;     from    somnus. 


To  feed  the  hungry  and  to  clothe  the  bare 

Harte. 

Something  of  it  arises  from  our  infant  state. 

Watts. 

4.  A  little;  an  indefinite  quantity  or  degree. 
The  man  asked  me  a  dollar,  but  I  gave 
him  sotnething  more. 

5.  Distance  not  great. 

It  must  be  done  to-night,  and  something  from 
the  palace.  Shah. 

(i.  Something  is  used  adverbially  for  in  some 
degree  ;  as,  he  was  something  discouraged  ;i 
but  the  use  is  not  elegant.  Temple. 

SOMETIME,  adi'.  [some  and /imf.]  Once;' 
formerly. 

— That  fair  and  warUke  form. 
In  which  the  majestv  of  buried  Denmark 
Did  sometime  loarch.  Shak. 

2.  At  one  time  or  other  hereafter. 
[Sometime  is  really  a  compound   nt)un,  and 

at  is  understood  before  it ;  at  some  time.] 
SOMETIMES,    adv.    [some  an.l  hWs.]    At 
times;  at  intervals  ;  not  always  ;  now  and 
then.       We    are     sometimes     iiulisposed, 
sometimes  occupied,  sometimes  at  leisure 
that  is,  at  some  times. 

It  is  good  that  we  be  sometimes  contradicted 

Taylor 


:\' 


■leep.] 

Sleepiness ;  drowsiness ;  inclination  to 
sleep.  Cower. 

SOM'NOLENT,  a.  Sleepy;  drowsy;  in- 
clined to  sleep.  Bullokar. 

SON,  n.  [Sax.  suKK  ;  Goib.sunus ;  ii.sohn; 
D.  :oo)! ;  Sw'.so)i;  Dan.siin;  Sans,  simu; 
Russ.  syn  or  sin.] 

1.  A  male  child  ;  the  male  issue  of  a  parent, 
father  or  mother.  Jacob  had  twelve  sons. 
Ishmael  was  the  son  of  Hagar  by  Abra- 
ham. 

2.  A  male  descendant,  however  distant; 
hence  in  the  plural,  sons  signifies  descend- 
ants in  general,  a  sense  iiuich  used  in 
the  Scriptures.  The  whole  human  race 
iire  styled  sons  of  Adam. 

3.  The  compellation  of  an  old  man  to  a 
young  one,  or  of  a  confessor  to  his  peni- 
tent ;  a  term  of  aflection,  Eli  called  Sam- 
uel his  son. 

Be  plain,  good  son,  and  homely  in  thy  drift, 

Shak. 

4.  A  native  or  inhabitant  of  a  country  ;  as 
the  ,9o??s  of  Britain.  Let  our  country  never 
be  ashame<l  of  her  sons. 

.5.  The  produce  of  any  thing. 


SON 


S  O  O 


S  O  O 


Earth's  tall  sons,  the  cedar,  oak  and  pine. 

Blackmore. 
[^A'ote.  The  primary  sense  of  child  is  produce, 
issue  ;  a  shoot.] 

6.  One  adopted  into  a  family. 

Moses   was  tlie  son  of  Pliaraoh's  daughter, 
Ex.  ii. 

7.  One  who  is  converted  by  another's  in- 
struiiiciitality,  is  called  his  son;  also,  one 
ediicati'd  by  another ;  as  the  sons  of  the 
propliels. 

6.  Christ  is  called  the  Son  of  God,  as  being 
conceived  by  the  power  of  the  Holy  Spirit, 
or  in  consequence  of  his  relation  to  the 
Father. 

0.  Son  of  pride,  son*  of  lifiht,  son  of  Bilial. 
These  are  Hebraisms,  which  denote  that 
persons  possess  the  qualities  of  pride,  of 
light,  or  of  Belial,  as  chddren  irdierit  the 
qualities  of  their  ancestors. 

SON'ATA,  n.  [It.  See  Sound.]  A  tune  in- 
tended for  an  iiistruiiient  only,  as  cantata 
is  for  the  voice. 

SONG,  n.  [Sa,\.  song;  D.  zang;  G.  sang, 
gesaiig  ;  Sw.  «u>Jig'  ;  Dan.  sang.  See 
Sing.] 

1.  In  genera!,  that  wliich  is  sunp  or  uttered 
with  tiiusical  inoilulations  of  the  voice 
whellicr  of  the  liunian  voice  or  that  of  a 
bird. 

2.  A  little  poem  to  be  sung,  or  uttered  witl 
musical  modulations  ;  a  ballad.  The  songs 
of  a  country  are  cliar:icteristi(-  ol  its  man- 
ners. Every  country  has  its  love  songs. 
its  war  .'!0)i^.!,  and  its  patriotic  songs. 

3.  A  hymn  ;  a  .sacred  poem  or  byrim  to  be 
sun<r  either  in  joy  or  thanksf^ivinj;,  as  ihiit 
suuff  by  Moses  and  the  Israelites  alter 
escaping  the  dan!j;ers  of  the  Arabian  jrulf 
and  of  Pharaoh  ;  or  of  lauieiilation,  as 
that  of  David  over  the  ileatli  of  t>aul  and 
Jonathan.  Songs  of  joy  are  represented 
as  constituting;  a  part  of"  heavenly  felicity 

4.  A  lay  ;  a  strain  ;  a  poem. 

The  baril  th.it  lirst  adorn'd  our  native  tongue 
Tun'd  to  his  British  lyre  this  ancient  snng 

Dryden 

5.  Poetry  ;  poesy  ;  verse. 

This  subject  for  heroic  song 
Plea.s'd  me. 

6.  Notes  of  birds.     [See  Def.  1.] 

7.  A  mere  trifle. 

Tlie  soldier's  pay  is  a  song. 
Old  song,  a  trifle. 

1  do  not  intend  to  be  thus  put  off  with  an  old 

song.  .More 

SONG'ISH,  a.   Consisting  of  songs.     [Low 

and  not  in  use.]  Dryden 

SONG'STER,    n.     [song   and   Sax.   steora, 

one  that  steers.] 

1.  One  thiit  sings;  one  skilled  in  singing: 
not  often  applied  to  human  beings,  or  only 
in  slight  contempt.  Howell. 

2.  A  bird  tliat  sings :  as  the  little  songster  in 
his  cage.      [In  this  use,  the  word  is  elegant.] 

SONG'STRESS,  n.  A  female  singer. 

Thomson. 

SON-INL.'VW,  71.  A  man  married  to  one's 
daughter. 

SON'NET,    Ji.     [Fr.   from  It 
soneta.     See  Sound.] 

1.  A  short  poem  of  fourteen  lines,  two  stan- 
zas of  four  verses  each  .mil  iwn  of  three 
each,  the  rhymes  being  adjusted  by  a  par 
ticular  rule         Milton.     Johnson.     Busby. 

Vol.  II. 


Milton. 


Silliman 


sonetta  :  Sp 


2.  A  Bhort  poem. 

I  liave  a  sonnet  that  will  serve  the  turn. 

Shak. 

SON'NET,    V.  i.  To  compose  sonnets. 

Bp.  HaU. 

SONNETEE'R,  n.  [Vr.sonnetitr.]  A  com- 
poser of  soniu'ts  or  small  poems;  a  small 
poet ;  usually  In  contempt.  Pope. 

SONOM'ETER,    71.   [L.  sonua,  sound,  and 

Gr.  fittftu,  to  measure.] 
An  instrument  ti<r  measuring  sounds  or  the 

intervals  of  sounds.  Ed.  Encyc. 

SONORIF'EROUS,   a.    [L.   sonus,  sound, 

aniiyt70,  to  bring.] 
That  gives  sound;  sounding;  as  the  S0770 

riferous  piirticles  of  bodies.  Derham. 

SONORIF'IC,  a.  [L.  so77us,  sound,  andyacto, 

to  make.] 
Producing  sound  ;  as  the  sonorific  quality  of 

a  body.  Watts. 

SONO'ROUS,  a.   [L.  sonorus,   froui   sonus, 

sijiuid.] 

1.  Giving  sound  when  struck.  Metals  are 
S07wrous  bodies. 

2.  Loud  sounding ;  giving  a  clear  or  loud 
sound;  as  a  S07ior07(»  voice, 

3.  Yielding  sound  ;  as,  the  vowels  are  sono- 
rous. Dryden 

4.  High  sounding  ;  magnificent  of  sound. 
The  Italian  opera,  anjdst    all  the    meanness 

and  faiiiitiaiity  of  the  thoughts,  has  someUiing 
beautiful  and  sonorous  in  the  expression. 

Addison 

SONOROUSLY,  adv.  With  sound;  with  a 
high  sound. 

SONOROUSNESS,    77.     The     quality    of 
yielding  sound  when  struck,  or  cinning  in 
collision  with  another  body  ;  as  the  sono 
rousness  of  metals. 

■i.  Having  or  giving  a  loud  or  clear  sound  ; 

i     as  the  sonorousness  of  a  voice  or  an  instru 

I     merit. 

''.\.  Magnificence  of  sound.  Johnson. 

SUNSIIIP,  71.   [from  S07I.]   The  .state  of  be- 

I     ing  a  son,  or  of  having  the  relation  of  a  son. 

'i.  Filiation  ;  the  character  of  a  son. 

j  Johnson. 

SOQN,  adv.  [Sii.x.  .lona  :  Goth.  suJi*.]  In  a 
shivrt  time  ;  shortly  iil'ter  any  time  speci- 
fied or  supposed  :  11s  soon  after  sunrise 
■•50071  lifter  dinner  ;  I  shall  5ooji  return  ;  we 
sliiillsooH  lia*e  cleiir  weather. 
Early  ;  without  the  usual  delay  ;  before 
any  time  supposed. 

How  is  it  that  ye  have  come  so  soon  to-day  ? 
Ex.  ii. 

■i.  Readily  ;  willingly.  But  in  this  sense  it 
ai-companies  would,  or  some  other  word 
expressing  witl. 

I  would  as  soon  see  a  river  winding  among 
woods  or  iu  meadows,  as  when  it  is  tossed  up 
in  so  many  whimsical  figures  at  Versailles. 

Addison. 

Jis  soon  as,  so  soon  as,  immediately  a:  or  after 
another  event,  .fc  soo7i  as  the  mail  arrives,: 
I     I  will  inform  you. 

'  As  soon  as  Moses  came  nigh  to  the  camp,  he 

saw  the  calf  and  the  dancing.     Ex.  xxxii. 

S(?ON,  a. 

sgciNLY 

use.  1 
loueioNG'.'^-Ak'ndofblacktea 

76 


SOO'SOO,  n.  Among  the  Bengalese,  the 
name  of  a  cetaceous  fish,  the  Delphinus 
Gangeticus.  ^jiu/.  Bes. 

SQI)T,  n.  ^Sax.  Sw.  so<  ;  Dnn.sod,  .lood ;  Ir. 
suth;  \V.  swill,  soot,  that  which  is  volatile 
or  sudden.     But  qu.  for  the  word  is  from 

the  Ar.  ^  |.^    to  be  black.] 

A  black  substance  formed  by  combustion,  or 
disengaged  from  fuel  in  the  proiess  of 
combustion,  rising  in  fine  panii  les  and  ad- 
hering to  the  sides  of  the  chimney  or  pipe 
conveying  the  smoke.  Soot  consists  of 
oil,  carbon  and  other  substances.  The 
soot  of  burnt  pine  forms  lampblack. 

SQ(,)T,  v.  t.  To  cover  or  foul  with  soot. 

Syt^T'ED,  pp.  Covered  or  soiled  with  soot. 

Mortimer. 

SOOT'ERKIN,  71.  A  kind  of  fal.-e  both 
fiibleil  to  b('  jirodnceil  by  the  Duicli  wo- 
men from  silting  over  their  stoves.     Suijl. 

SOOTH,  n.  [^ax.soth;  Ir.  seadh.]     Truth; 

j      reality.      Obs.  '        Shak. 

2.  Prognostication.     Obs.  Spenser. 

3.  Sweetness  ;  kindness.     Obs.  Shak. 
SOOTH,  a.  Plea.sing;  delightful.     Obs. 


2.  True  :  faithful 
SOOTHE,    v.t. 


Obs. 


Milton. 
Shak. 


Speedy  ;  quick.     [.Wo!  in  use.] 
adv.  Quickly;  speedily.    [.Voitn 


VG'.  > 
<G',  \  "• 


^Su\.  gesolhian,  to  fluiier. 
There  seems  10  be  a  connection  between 
this  verb  and  the  preceding  sooth.  The 
sense  of  setting,  allaying  or  soltening, 
would  give  that  o(  truth,  and  of  sweet,  that 
is,  smooth.] 

1.  To  flatter  ;  to  please  with  blandishmeDts 
or  soft  words. 

Can  I  soothe  tyranny  ?  Dryden. 

I've  tried  the  force  of  every  reason  on  liitn, 
Sooth'd  and   caress'd,  been   angry,  sooth'd 
again —  Addison. 

2.  To  soften  ;  to  assuage  ;  to  mollify  ;  to 
calm  ;  as,  to  soothe  one  in  pain  or  pas- 
sion ;  or  to  soothe  pain.  It  is  applied  both 
to  persons  and  things. 

3.  To  gratify  ;  to  please. 

Sooth'd  with  his  future  fame.  Dryden. 

SOOTH 'ED,  11/7.  Flattered  ;  softened  ;  calm- 
ed ;  pleaseil. 

SOOTHER,   77.    A  flatterer;   he   or    that 

'     which  softens  or  assuages. 

SOOTH'ING,    ppr.    Flattering;   softenir)g ; 

i     assuaging. 

SOOTHINGLY,  adv.  With  flattery  or  soft 

I     words. 

SOOTH'LY,  adv.  In  truth  ;  really.     Obs. 

I  Hales. 

SOOTH'S  AY,  V.  i.  [sooth  atid  say.]  To  fore- 
tell ;  to  predict.     Acts  .xvi.     [Little  used.} 

SOOTHSAYER,  n.    A  foreteller;  a  prog- 

j  nosticator :  one  who  umlertakes  to  foretell 
future  events  without  inspiration. 

SOOTHSAYING,  n.  The  foretelhng  of  fii- 
tun-  events  by  persons  without  divine  aid 
or  authority,  and  thus  distinguished  from 
prophecy. 

2.  A  true  saying;  truth.     Obs.  Chaucer. 

iSQQT'INESS,  n.  [trom  sooty.]  The  quality 
of  being  sooty  or  foul  with  soot;  fuligi- 
nonsness. 

SOOT'ISH,  a.  Partaking  of  soot;  like  soot. 

I  Brown. 

SPOT'Y,  a.    [Sax.  so%.]   Producing  soot; 

i     as  sooty  coal.  Milton. 

,2.  Consisting  of  soot  ;  fuliginous ;  as  sooty 

'    matter.  Jfitkins. 


SOP 

3.  Foul  with  soot. 

4.  Black  like  soot ;  dusky ;  dark  ;  as  the 
soo/y  flag  of  Acheron.  .  Milton. 

SQQT'Y,  V.  t.  To  black  or  foul  with   soot. 

[jVoI  authorized.]  Chapman. 

SOP,  n.  [D.  Sax.  sop;  G.  sup;)e,  soup  :  Dan. 

siippe;  Sw.  soppa;  Sp.  sopa ;    it.  zuppa; 

Fr.soupe.    See  Class  Sb.   No.  2.  30.  &c. 

Qii.  soap.] 

1.  Any  thin?  steeped  or  dipped  and  softened 
in  liquor,  hut  chiefly  sonietiiing  thus  dipped 
jn  hroth  or  liquid  food,  and  intended  to  be 
eaten.  .       . 

Slips  in  Tpine,  quantity  for  quantity,  inebnatc 
more  than  wine  itself.  Bacon. 

2.  Any  thing  given  to  pacify  ;  so  called  from 
the  sop  given  to  Cerberus,  in  niytlioU)gy. 
Hence  the  phrase,  to  give  a  sop  to  Cer- 
berus. 

Sop-in-wine,  a  kind  of  pink.  Spenser. 

SOI*,  V.  t.  To  steep  or  dip  in  liquor. 
SOPE.  [See  Soap]  . 

SOPH,  n.  [L.sophista.]  In  colleges  and  uni- 

versitie.s,  a  student  in  his  second  year ;  a 

sophomore. 
SO'PHI,  n.  A  title  of  the  king  of  Persia. 

Shak. 
SOPH'ICAL,    a.    [Gr.   ot^oj,   wise  ;    aotia 

wisdom.] 
Teaching  wisdom.     [jVot  in  use.]        Harris. 
SOPH' ISM,  n.  [Fr.  sophisme ;  L.sophisnm; 

Gr.  ooijitafia.] 
A  specious  but  fallacious  argument ;    a  sub- 

tilty  in  reasoning  ;  an  argiiiiient  that  is  not 

supported  by  sound  reasiining,or  in  which 

the  inference  is  not  justly  deduced  from 

the  premises. 

Wlien  a  false  argument  puts  on  tlie  appear- 
ance of  a  true  one,  then  it  is  properly  called  a 
sophism  or  fallacy.  _  ff^«"s- 

SOPH'IST,  )!.    [L.  sophista;   Fr.   sophtste; 

It.  sofista.] 

1  A  professor  of  philosophy  ;  as  theso/jhts<s 
'of  Greece.  Temple 

2  A  captious  or  fallacious  reasoner. 

SOPH'ISTER,  ?(.  [supra.]  A  disputant  fal- 
laciously subtil  ;  an  artful  but  insidious 
logician  ;  as  an  atheistical  sophister. 

Not  all  the  subtil  objections  of  sophisters  and 
rabbies  against  the  gospel,  so  much  prejudiced 
the  reception  of  it,  as  the  reproach  of  those 
crimes  with  which  they  aspersed  the  assem- 
blies of  ChiisUans.  Rogers 

■2.  A  professor  ofphilosophy;  a  sophist.   Ohs. 

Hooker. 

SOPH'ISTER,  V.  t.  To  maintain  by  a  fal- 
lacious argument.     [J^Tot  in  use.]  i     wirii  :i  uaM-. 

Cobham.  SORB'F.NT.  [See  Msoibent.] 

SOPHIST'IC,        ?        [Fr.  sophistique  ;    It.  gOKB'lC,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  s 

SOPHIST'ICAL,  ^  "■  sojislico]  Fallacious- j     service  tree  ;  as  soriic  acid, 
ly  subtil;  not   sound;    as  sophistical  rea-  shRB'll.E,  a.    [L.  sorbeo.]    That 
siMiing  or  argument.  1     (Ir.mk  or  sipped.     [A'b(  in  use. 

SOl'UlST'leALLY,  adr.  With  fallarinns 
snhtihx.  *"i/^- 

SOPMIST'ICATE,  v.  t.  [Fr.  sophisliquer  ; 
Sp.  sofislicar.] 

1.  To  aiUiliPiate  ;  to  corrupt  hy  something 
spurious  or  foreign ;  to  pervert ;  as,  to 
sophisticate  nature,  pliilosophy  or  the  un- 
derstanding. Hooker.     South. 

2.  To  aduherate  ;  to  render  spurious  ;  as 
mcrcliandise;  as,  to  sophisticate  wares  or 
liquors. 

I'hey  purchase  but  sophisticated  ware. 

Jiryden 
SOPHISTICATE,    a.    Adulterated;    not 
pure  ;  not  genuine. 


S  O  R 

I  So  truth,  when  only  one  supplied  the  state, 

I  Grew  scarce  and  dear,  and  yet  sophisticate. 

]  liryikn 

SOPHISTIeA'TlON,  n.  The  act  of  adul- 
terating ;  a  counterfeiting  or  debasing 
the  purity  of  something  hy  a  foreign  ad- 
mixture ;  adulteration.  Boyle,  (iuinri/. 
SOPHlST'l€ATOR,  n.  One  that  adulter- 
ates ;  one  who  injures  the  purity  and  gen- 
uineness of  any  thing  by  foreign  adinix- 
mcg  f(  hitaker. 

SOPH'ISTRY,    n.    Fallacious    reasoning; 
reasoning  sound  in  appearance  only.  ] 

These  men  have  obscured  and  confounded 
the  nature  of  things  by  their  false  principles 
and  wretched  sophistry.  South. 

2.  Exercise  in  logic.  Felton. 

SOPH'OMORE,  n.  [See  Soph.]    A  student 
;     ill  a  college   or  university,  in  his  second 

I     year.  r .»  .  .  i 

SO'PITE,  V.  t.  To  lay  asleep.     [Ml  in  use.] 

Cheyne. 
SOPP'TION,  n.  [L.  sopio,  to  lay  asleep.] 
1     Sleep.     [.Yotinuse.]  ^''''T' 

SOP'ORATE,    I.'.  (.    [L.   soporo.]     To    lay 

asleep.  [M'ot  in  use.] 
ISOPORIF'EROUS,  a.  [h.  soponfer  ;  sopor, 
sleep,  and  fero,  to  bring  ;  from  so/)io,  to 
lull  to  sleep;  Sans,  sumpa,  sleep.  Sopio 
agrees  in  elements  with  sober.] 
Causing  sleep,  or  tending  to  produce  it ;  nar- 
cotic ;  opiate ;  anodyne :  somniferous. 
TIce  poppy   possesses  soporiferous   quali- 

SOPORIF'EROUSNESS,  n.    The   quality 

'     of  causinff  sleep. 

SOPORIF'I€,  a.  [L.  so/w,  sleep,  and/acio, 

to  make.] 
Causing   .sleep;    tending     to   cause     sleep ;i 
narcotic  ;  as  the  soporific  virtues  of  opium. j 

Lorke.]^ 
SOPORIF'le,  »!.  A  medicine,  drug,  planti 
j  or  other  thing  that  has  the  quality  of  in- 
ducing sleep.  I 
SOPOROUS,  a.  [L.  soporus,  from  sopor, 
i  sleep.]  j 
Causing  sleep;  sleepy.  Grcerihilt. 
SOP'PED.  pp.  [from  sop.]  Dijiped  m  liquid 

food. 
SOP'PER,  n.  [from  so/).]    One  that  sops  or 
I     dips  in  liquor  something  to  be  eaten.  i 

]  Johnson. ^ 

SORB,  11.  [Fr.  sorbe  ;    It.  sorbn,   sorbo  ;  L.; 
sorbum,  sorbus.]     The  service  tree  or  its 
i     fruit. 

SOR'BATE,  n.  A  compound  of  sorbio  acid 
with  a  base  Ure. 


rbus 


may 


SORBI  "TION,  n.  [t.  sorii'do.]    The  act  of 
1     drinking  or  sipping.     [.jVof  in  use.] 
iSORBON'ICAL,  a".  Belonging  to  a  sorbo- 
nist.  ««'«• 

SOR'BONIST,  n.  A  doctor  of  the  Sorhonne 
ill  the  university  of  Paris.  Soiboiine  is, 
the  place  of  meeting,  aiul  hence  is  used 
for  the  whole  faculty  of  theology. 
SORTERER,  ri.  [Fr.  .TOrcur;  Arm.  sorco; 
supposed  to  he  from  L.  sors,  lot.  But  see 
Class  Sr.  No.  24.  Eth.]  A  conjurer ;  an 
cnchaiiler ;  a  magician. 

The  Ecvptian  sorcaas  contended  wiih  Mo- 
ses. "'<"'*■ 


S  O  R 

iSOR'CERESS,  n.   A  female   magician   or 
enchantress.  Milton.     Slutk, 

,SOR'CEROUS,  a.  Containing  enchant- 
ments. Chapman. 
SOR'CERY,  n.  Magic;  enchantioent; 
witchcraft;  divination  by  the  assistance 
or  supposed  assistance  of  evil  spirits,  or 
the  power  of  commanding  evil  spirits. 

Encyc. 
Adder's  wisdom  I  have  leam'd. 
To  fence  ray  ears  against  thy  sorceries. 

Milton. 
SORD,    for  sward,  is  now   vulgar.      [See 

Sward.] 
SORD'A\V.\LlTE,  n.  A  mineral  so  named 
from  Sordawald,  in  Wihuurg.     It  is  near- 
ly black,  rarely  grav  or  green.        Phillips. 
SORDKS,    n.    [L.]     Foul    matter;   excre- 
tions; dregs;    tilthy,   useless   or  rejected 
matter  of  aiiv  kiinl.'        Coxe.     H'oodwitrd. 
SOR'DET,    ("      [f\.  sourdine  ;  h.soriJina; 
SORDINE,  I  "■  from  Fr.  sonrd,  L.  surdus, 

deaf.] 
A  little  pipe  in  the  mouth  of  a  trumpet  to 
make  it  sound  lower  or  shriller.  liiiiley. 
SOR'IJID,  a.  [Fr.  snrdide  ;  It.  sordido;  L. 
surdidus.  from  sordes,  filth.]  Filthy  ;  foul ; 
dirty ;  gro.ss. 

There  Charon  stands 
k  sordid  f^oA.  Dryden. 

[This  literal  sense  is  nearly  obsolete.] 
2.  Vile:  base;  mean  ;  as  vulgar,  son/irf  mor- 
tals. Cowley. 
.3.  Meanly  avaricious  ;  covetous  ;  niggardly. 
He  inay  be  old 
And  yet  not  sordid,  who  refuses  gold. 

Denham. 

SOR'DIDLY.  adv.    Meanly;    basely;    cov- 

eloiislv 
SOR'DIUNESS,  n.  Filthiness  ;  dirtiness. 

Ray. 
•I.   Meanness;   baseness;    as  the  execrable 

sordidness  of  the  delights  of  Tiberius. 

Cowley, 
:■!.  Niagardliiipss. 
SORE,  n.  [Dan.  soar,  a  sore,  a  wound   or 

an    nicer;  D.  zwecr :    V,.   geschtimr ;    Sw. 

slir.     See  the  next  word.] 

1.  A  place  in  an  animal  body  where  the 
skill  aiifl  lle-li  are  riiptiireil  or  bruised,  so 
as  to  be  pained  with  the  slightest  (iress- 
ure. 

2.  .An  ulcer  ;  a  boil. 
:}.  In  Scripture,  grief;  affliction.     2  Cliron. 

vi. 
SORE,  a.  [Sax.  sar,  pain,  also  grievous, 
painful:  I),  zeer ;  G..tehr;  also  Sax.  stcaT, 
iwar  or. 9M'fr,  heavy,  grievous  :  Dan.  sra:r; 
G.schwer;  \).  zwaar.  This  seems  to  be 
radically  the  same  word  as  the  former. 
See  Sorrow.] 

1.  Tender  and  susceptible  of  pain  from 
pressure  ;  as,  a  boil,  ulier  or  abscess  ia 
verv.wc;  a  wounded  )dace  is  sore;  iu- 
ihiiiimalion  renders  a  part  sore. 

2.  Tender,  asthe  mind  :  easdy  pained,  griev- 
ed or\e\(d  ;  very  susceptible  of  irritation 
from  any  thing  that  crosses  the  inclina- 
tion. 

Malice  and  hatred  are  very  frolling,  and  apt 
to  make  our  minds  sore  and  uneasy. 

Till'tson. 

':j.  AfTected  with  inflaminatioti  ;  as  sore  eyes. 
U.  Violent  with  pain  :  severe;  afflictive  :  dis- 
i     tr<'s<ing;  as  u  sore  disease;  sore  evil   or 

calaiiiitv;  a  sore  night. 
I  ■  Com.  Prayer.     Shak. 


S  O  R 


S  O  R 


S  O  R 


5.  Severe ;  violent ;  ns  a  sore  conflict. 

6.  Criiiiiiml ;  evil.     Oba.  Shak. 
SOKE,    adv.    With    puinlul    violence;    in- 
tensely ;  severely  ;   grievously. 

I'liy  hand  prciselh  me  sore.      Com.  Prayer. 
2.   Greatly;    violently;    deeply.      He     was 
sorely  aiilii'teil  at  tlie  loss  of  his  son. 

Sore  sigh'd  tlie  knight,  who  Uiis  long  sermon 

heard.  Dryden. 

SORE,  V.  t.  To  wound  ;  to  make  sore.  Obs. 

Spenser. 
SORE,  n.  [Fr.  sor-falcon.  Todd.]     A  liuvvk 
of  the  first  year.  Speu-icr. 

2.  \Fr.saur.]  A  buck  of  the  fourth  year. 

SORRHON,  I       [Irish  and    Scottish.]     AJ 

SOK.N,  S       '"'"'    "'*     servile     tenure 

which  subjerted  the  tenant  to  niai  itain 
his  i-hieftaiu  ^.'ratuitously,  whenever  hd 
wished  to  indulge  hiinself  in  a  debauch. 
So  that  when  a  person  obtrtirles  himself 
on  another  for  bed  and  board,  he  is  said 
to  sorn,  or  be  a  sorner. 

Spenser.     Macbean. 

SOU'RL,  n.  [dim.  of  sore.]  A  buck  of  the 
third  year.  Shak. 

SO'RI'.LY.  adv.  [from  sore.]  With  vi(dcnt 
pain  and  distress  ;  grievously  ;  greatly  ; 
as,  to  be  sorebj  pained  or  afflicted. 

2.  Greatly  ;  violently  ;  severely  ;  as,  to  be 
soreUj  pressed  with  want ;  to  be  sorely 
wounded. 

SO'RENESS,  n.  [from  .?orc.]  The  tender- 
ness of  any  part  of  an  animal  body,  which 
renders  it  extremely  susi-eptihle  of  pain 
from  pressure  ;  as  the  soreness  of  a  boil, 
an  abscess  or  wound. 

2.  Figuratively,  tenderness  of  mind,  or  sus- 
ceptibility of  mental  pain. 

SO  ({'GO.  71.  .\  plant  of  the  genus  IIulcus. 

SORITES,  n.  [L.  from  Gr.  (iwpnri;j,  a 
heap.] 

In  logk,  an  argument  where  one  proposi- 
tion is  aci-umulated  on  another.     Thus, 

All  men  of  revenge  have  their  souls  of- 
ten uneasy.  j 
Uneasy  souls   are   a    plague   to  them- 
selves. 

Now  to  be  one's  own  plague  is  folly  in 
the  evtremc.  If'alls. 

SOROR'ICIDIT,  11.  [L.  soror,  sister,  and 
co-rfo,  to  strike,  to  kill.] 

The  nnirderor  niunlerer  of  a  sister.  [Little 
used,  and  obviously  because  the  crime  is 
very  infreiiuent]  | 

SOR'K.Vtii;,  n.  The  blades  of  green  wheati 
or  barley.     [.Vol  used.]  Dict.\ 

SOU'RANt^E,  n.  li\  farriery,  any  disease; 
or  sore  in  Iku-si'S. 

SORREL,  a.  [Fr.  snurc,  yellowish  brown  ;| 
saKrer,  lo  dry  in  the  smoke;  It.  sauro.] 
Of  .1  reddish  color;  as  a  sorrel  horse. 

SOR'RKI,,  n.  A  reddish  color;  a  faint  red. 

SORREL,  n.  [Sax.  sur,  sour;  Dan.  syre, 
sorrel :  W.  suran.] 

A  plant  of  the  geims  Rumex,  so  named  from 
its  acid  tasie.  The  imod  sorrel  is  of  the 
genus  Oxalis.  The  Indian  rerfand  Indian 
jchilr  sorrels  are  of  the  genus  Hibiscus. 

SOR'REL-TREE,  n.  A  species  of  Andro- 
lo-dn. 

SORRILY,  adv.  [from  sorry.]  Meanly; 
despicably;  pitiably;  in  a  wretched  man- 
ner. 

Thy  pipe,  0  Pan,  shall  help,  though  1  sing 
sorrily.  Sidney. 


SOR'RINESS,  71.  Meanness;  poorness; 
despicidileness. 

SOR'ROW,  n.  [Sax.  sorg  ;  Goth,  saurga ; 
Svv.  Dan.  sor^,  care,  solicitude,  sorrow; 
D.  lor^-- ;  G.  sorge,  care,  concern,  uneasi- 
ness ;  from  the   same  root  as  sore,  heavy.] 

The  uneasiness  or  pain  of  mind  which  is 
produceil  by  the  loss  of  any  good,  real  or 
supposed,  or  by  disappointment  in  the 
expectation  of  good;  grief;  regret.  The 
loss  of  a  friend  we  love  occasions  sorrow;' 
the  loss  of  property,  of  health  or  any 
source  of  happiness,  causes  sorrow.  We 
feel  .lorrjw  for  ourselves  in  misfortunes  ; 
we  feel  sorrow   for  the  calamities   of  our| 

'     friends  and  our  country. 

I  A  world  of  woe  and  sorrow.  Milton. 

I  The  safe  and  general  antidote  against  sorrow 

I      is  employment  Rambler. 

SOR'ROVV,  ti.  i.  [Sax.  sarian,  sargian,  sor- 
gian.  (jolh.  saurgan,  to  be  anxious,  to 
sorrow.] 

To  feel  ])ain  of  mind  in  consequence  of  the 
actual  loss  of  good,  or  of  frustrated  hopes 
of  good,  or  of  expected  loss  of  happiness; 
to  grieve  ;  to  be  sad. 

I  rejoice  not   that  ye  were   made    sorry,  but 
that  yo  sorrowed  to  rcpenuwice.     1  Cor.  vii. 
1  de:iire  no  man  to  sorrow  for  me. 

Hayward. 
Sorrowing  most  of  all  for  the  words  which 
he  spoke,  that  they  should  see  his   face  no 
more.     Acts  xx. 

SOR'ROWED,  pp.  Accompanied  with  so*- 

1     row.     \.Vot  in  use.]  Shnk. 

^SORROWFUL,  a.    Sad;  grieving  for   the 

I     loss  of  some  good,  or  on  account  of  some 

I     expeeieil  evil. 

•2.  Deeply    serious  ;     depressed ;     dejected. 

i      1  Sam!  i. 

3.  Producing  sorrow  ;  exciting  grief ;  mourn- 
ful ;  as  a  sorrowful  accident. 

4.  Expressini;  ^rrief;  accompanied  with  grief; 
I     as  sorroivful  meat.     Job  vi. 
SOR'ROWriJLLY,    adv.    In   a    sorrowful! 
i     maimer ;  in  a  manner  to  prorluce  grief. 
SOR  ROWFULNESS,   n.    State  of  being 
I     sorrowtiil:   (irief. 
SOR  ROWLN'G,  ppr.  Feeling  sorrow,  grief 

or  regret. 

SORROWING,  71.  Expression  of  sorrow. 

Browne. 

SOR'ROWLESS,  a.  Free  from  sorrow. 

SOR'RY,    a.    [Sax.   sarig,   sari,   from   sar, 
i!     sore.] 

Grieved  for  the  loss  of  some  good;  pain- 
ed f(u-  some  evil  that  has  happened  to 
one's  self  or  friends  or  country.  It  does 
not  ordinarily  imply  severe  grief,  but 
rather  slight  or  transient  regret.  It  may 
be  however,  and  often  is  used  to  express 
deep  grief.  W^>  are  sorry  to  lose  the  com- 
pany of  those   we  love ;  we  are   som-y  to 


[  It.  sortire,  L.  sortior ;  the  radical  sense  of 
which  is  to  start  or  shoot,  to  throw  or  to 
fall,  to  come  suddenly.  Hence  sors  is  lot, 
chance,  that  which  comes  or  falls.  The 
sense  of  sor(  is  probably  derivative,  signi- 
fying thai  which  IS  thrown  out,  separated 
or  selected.] 

1.  A  kind  or  species;  any  number  or  col- 
lection of  individual  persons  or  tliinga 
characterized  by  the  same  or  like  cpiali- 
tics:  as  a  sort  of  men:  a  sort  of  horses; 
a  sort  of  trees;  a  sort  of  poems  or  wri- 
tings. Sort  is  not  a  technical  word,  and 
therefore  is  used  with  less  precision  or 
more  latitude  than  genus  or  species  in  the 
sciences. 

2.  Manner:  form  of  being  or  acting. 
KloHcrs,  in  such  sort  worn,  can   neither  be 

smell  nor  seen  well  by  those  that  wear  lliem. 
I  Hooker. 

I  To  Adam  in  what  sort  shall  I  appear  ? 

I  Milton. 

15.  Class  or  order  ;  as  men  of  the  wiser  sort, 

or  the  better  sor< ;  all  «or/«  of  people.  [See 

Def.  1.] 

1.  Rank ;  condition  above  the  vulgar.  [jVot 
in  use.]  Shak. 

5.  A  company  or  knot  of  people.  [J^/ot  in 
use.)  Shak.     IValler. 

6.  Degree  of  any  quality. 
I  shall   not  l)e  wholly  without  praise,  if  in 

some  sort  I  have  copied  his  style.         Dryden. 

\7.  Lot.     Obs.  Shak. 

8.  .\  pair  ;  a  set ;  a  suit. 

SORT,  V.  t.  To  separate,  as  things  having 

like  i|nalities  from  other  things,  and  place 

them  in  ilistinct  classes  or  divisions;  as, 

to  sort   cloths  according  to   their  colors; 

to  sort  wool  or  thread  according   to   its 

fineness. 

Shell  fish  have   been,   by  some  of  the  an- 
cients, compared  and  sorted  with  insects. 

Bacon. 
Rays  which   differ  in    refrangibility,  may  be 
parted  and  sorted  iVom  one  another.     J\*ewton. 
i2.  To  reduce  to  order  from  a  state  of  con- 
fusion.    [See  supra.] 
?.  To  conjoin ;  to  put  together  in  distribu- 
tion. 
The   swain  perceiving  by  her  words  ill  sorted. 
That  she  was  wholly  f^rom  herself  transported— 

^roiCTi. 
4.  To  cull ;  to  choose  from   a  number;  to 
select. 

That  he  may  sort  her  out  a  worthy  spouse. 

Chapmari. 
SORT,  V.  i.  To  be  joined   with  others  of 
the  same  species. 

Nor  do  metals  only  sort  with  metals  in  the 
earth,  and  minerals  with  minerals.      Woodward. 

2.  To  consort ;  to  associate. 
The  illiberality  of  parents  towards  children, 

makes  them  base  and  sort  with  any  company. 

Bacon. 


lose  friends  or  property ;  we  are  sorry  for  3    -p^  g^ij .  ^^  gt_ 

the  misfortunes  of  our  friends  or  of'  our  j  '      ^^^^  \^^   ^^^^^  ^,^^^^  ^^^^^^  ^^^  ^.^^ 
country.  (jj^j,.  vocations.  Bacon. 

\nd  the  kintr  was  sorry.     Matt.  xiv.  L    m  •  .1- 

12.  Melancholv  ;^  dismal.  Spenser.  4-  To  tertinnate ;  to  issue  ;  to  have  success. 

3.  Poor;  me.ir;  vile;  worthless;  as  a  soir^!!.  [F-".  ^or/ir.]     [.Vo«.,i  use.]  Bacon 

s\>xye;,x  sorry  excise.  IsoX'VJhT'^     tA,^'"''"''k         .1 

UEstrange.     iJ;^rfe„.' SORT  ABLE.  «.  That  may  be  sorted 

Coar,se  complexions,  *  ^-r>'L'i;^',''!'o.\^'''^'!'''^i    •     k,       «i        ^''""'• 

And  cheeks  of  sorri/ grain—  .W«an.:  ^ORT'ABLY ,  adv.  Suitably;  fitly. 

SORT,  71.  [Fr.  sorle;  It.  sorta  ;  Sp.  siicr/c ;  SORT'AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  designating 

?oYi.sorte:  G.  id.;    D.  soort :  Sw.  Dan.d     a  sort.     [.Vo/ in  ii«.]  Locke. 

sort ;   L.  sors.  lot,  chance,  state,  way,  .?or/.,  SORT.^NCE,  71.  Suitableness;  agreement. 

This  word  is  from  the  root  of  Fr.  sortir,\\    [.\'ot  in  use.]  Shak. 


sou 


sou 


sou 


SORT'ILEgE,   n.    [Fr.  from   L.  sortilegi- 

«m  ;  sors,  lot,  and  lego,  to  select.] 
Tlie  act  or  practice  of  drawing  lots.     [Sorli- 

Ugfi  IS  not  used.]  J.  M.  Mason. 

SORTILE'(iIOUS,  a.   Pertaining  to  sorti- 

leife.  Daubuz. 

SORTI"TION,   n.    [L.  soHitio.]    Selection 

or  appointment  by  lot.  Bp.  Hall. 

SORT'MENT,  >i.  Tlie  act  of  sorting;  dis- 

trilintion  into  classes  or  kinds. 

2.  A  parcel  sorted.  [Tliis  word  is  superse- 
ded by  assortment,  wiiicli  see.] 

SO'RY,  n.  A  fossil  substance,  firm,  but  of  a 
spungy,  cavernous  structure,  rugged  on 
the  surface,  and  containing  blue  vitriol  ; 
a  sulphate  of  iron.  Diet. 

SOSS,  V.  i.  [This  word  is  probably  connect- 
ed with  the  Arinoric  souez,  sin-prise,  tiie 
primary  sense  of  wliicli  is  to  fall.  See 
Souse.] 

To  fall  at  once  into  a  chair  or  seat  ;  to  sit 
lazily.     [JVot  in  use.]  Swift. 

SOS.S,  11.  A  lazy  fellow.  [Not  in  use  ;  but 
some  of  the  common  people  in  New  Eng- 
land call  a  lazy  slimish  womaii,  a  .lozzle.] 

SOT,  n.  [Fr.  .so/ ;  \r\i\.  sodt ;  t^\).  zote,  zotii : 
Port,  zole  ;  D.  zot.  The  .seii.se  is  stupid  : 
Ch. 'DB-.     Class  Sd.  No.  (11.] 

1.  A  stupid  person  ;  a  blockhead  ;  a  dull  fel- 
low ;  a  dolt.  Shak.     South. 

3.  A  person  stupefied  by  excessive  drinking  ; 
an  habitual  drunkard. 

What  can  ennoble  sots  ?  Pope. 

SOT,  V.  t.  To  stupefy  ;  to  infatuate ;  to  be- 
sot. 

I  hate  to  see  a  brave  bold  fellow  sotted. 

Drydeii. 
\J^oi  much  used.]     [See  Besot] 
SOT,  V.  i.    To  tipple   to   stupiility.     [Litllr 

US€ll'  1 

SOT'TISH,  a.  Dull  ;  stupid ;  senseless ; 
doltish  ;   very  foolish. 

How  ignorant  are  soltijth  pretenders  to  astrol 
ogy  !  Swift 

2.  Dull  with  intemperance. 
SOT'TISH LY,  adv.  Stupidly;  senselessly; 

without  reason.  Bentley. 

SOT'TISHNFSS,  n.  Dullness  in  the  exer 
cise  of  reason  ;  stupidity. 

Few  consider  into  what  a  degree  of  sottish 

ness  and  confirmed    ignorance  men   may   sin 

themselves.  South 

2.  Stupidity  from  intoxication.  South. 

Sou,  Ji.  pill.  sous.    [Fr.  sou,  sol.]    A  French 

money  of  account,  and  a  copper  coin,  in 

value  the  20th  part  of  a  livre  or  of  a  franc. 

SOUGH,  n.  suf.  [Qu.  the  root  of  sack,   to 

draw.] 

A  subterraneous   drain  ;  a  sewer.      [.Mot  in 

use  or  local.]  Hay. 

SOUGHT,  pret.  ani\  pp.  of  .seek.  pron.  saivl. 

I  am  found  of  llicm  who  sought  me  not.     Is. 

Ixv. 

SOUL,  71.  [SaK..9aivel,saivl  or  saul ;  G.  seek  ; 

D.  ziel ;  Dan.  siel  ;  Sw.  sicd.] 
1.  The  spiritual,  rational  and  immortal  sub- 
stanc-e  in  man,  which  distinguishes  him 
from  brutes  ;  tliat  part  of  man  which 
enables  him  to  think  and  reason,  and 
which  renders  him  a  subject  of  moral  gov- 
ernmimt.  The  immurtality  of  the  soul  is 
a  fundamental  article  of  tlie  christian  svs 
tem.  •' 

Sucli  is  the  nature  of  the  human  soul  that  il 
must  have  a  God,  an  object  of  supreme  atfoc- 
«'»"•  .  Sdwards. 


2.  The  understanding  ;  the  intellectual  prin- 
ciple. 

The  eyes  of  our  souls  then  only  begin  to  see, 
when  our  bodily  eyes  are  closing.  LaiP. 

3.  Vital  principle. 

Thou  sun,  of  tliis  great  world  both  eye   and 
suul.  Milton. 

4.  Spirit ;  essence  ;  chief  part ;  as  charity, 
the  soul  of  all  the  virtues. 

Emotion  is  the  soul  of  eloquence. 

E.  Porter. 

6.  Life  ;  animating  principle  or  part ;  as,  an 
able  commander  is  the  soul  of  an  army. 

7.  Internal  power. 

There  is  some  soul  of  goodness  in  things  evil. 

Shalt. 

5.  A  human  being  ;  a  jrerson.  There  was 
not  a  soul  present.  In  Paris  there  are 
more  than  seven  hundred  thousand  souls. 
London,  Westminster,  Suuthwark  and  the 
suburbs,  are  sai<l  to  contain  twelve  hun- 
dred thousand  soii/i. 

9.  Animal  life. 

To  deliver  their  soul  from  death,  and  to  keep 
tliein  alive  in  famine.     Ps.  xxxiii.     vii. 

10.  Active  power. 

And  heaven   would   fly   before    the    driving 
soxU.  Uryden 

11.  Spirit ;  courage;  fire  ;  grandeur  of  mind 

That   he  wants  caution  he  must  needs  con- 
fess, 
But  not  a  soul  to  give  our  arms  success. 

Young 

12.  Generosity  ;  nobleness  of  mind  ;  a  col- 
loquial use. 

13.  An  intelligent  being. 

Every  soul  in  heav'n  shall  bend  the  knee. 

Milton 

14.  Heart;  affection. 

The  soul  of  .lonathan  was  knit  with  the  soul 
of  David.     1  Sam.  xviii. 

15.  Ill  Scripture,  a|)petite  ;  as  the  full  soul ; 
the  hungry  soii^     Prov.  x.xvii.   Job  xxxiii 

16.  A  familiar  compellation  of  a  person,  but 
often  expressing  some  qualities  of  the 
mind  ;  as  alas,  poor  soul ;  he  was  a  good 
soul. 

SOUL,  V.  t.  To  endue  with   a  soul.       [Mot 

used.]  Chaucer. 

SOUL,    f       ■  [Sax.   suf,  sufel,  broth,   pot- 
SO  W  L,  S      '■  tage.]     To  afford  suitable  sus- 

tcnaui-e.     [,Vo/  in  use.]  Warner. 

SO(IL-BF,LL,  n.  The  p.issins  bell.        Halt. 
SOUL-DKSTROY'ING,    a.    Pernicious   to 

the  soul       I'locraslination    of  repentance 

and  faitli  is  a  soul-destroying  evil. 
S0UL-1)1SE'.\SED,  a.  Diseased  in  .soul  or 

iiiiiid.     [.Yol  used.]  Spenser. 

SOULED,  n.  Fmnislied  with  a  soul  or  mind 

as  Grecian  chiefs  largely   souled.     [Little 

used.]  Drydcn. 

SOUL'LESS,  a.  Without  a  soul,  or  wiihout 

greatness  or   nobleness  of  mind  ;  moan  : 

spiritless. 

Slave,  soulless  villain.  Shak. 

SOUL-SCOT,^      [soul  ami  scot.]    A  fune- 
SOUL-SUOT,  ^"'ral  duty,  or  money  paid 

by   the    Rom.uiists  in    former  times  I'ltr  a 

reriuiem  for  ihe  soul.  .ii/tiffe. 

SOUL-SELLLNG,  a.  [.loul  and  sell]    Si'll 

iiig  persons;  ilealing  in  the  |iurchasc  and 

sale  of  human  beings.  J.  Harlow 

SOUL-SICK,  a.  [soul  and  sick.]    Disenseil 

m  mind  or  soul  ;  morally  iliscased.      Hall. 
SOUND,  a.  [Sax.  su»(/;  1).  gezond ;  G  ge- 

.Hund ;  Dan.  Sw.   su7id ;   Ha.-iiui',   .icndoa; 

L.  sanus;  Fr.  sain;  Sp.  It.  sano;  Ch.  Syr 


jOn.  Class  Sn.  No.  18.  24.  35.  It  is  frora 
driving,  or  straining,  stretching.] 

1.  Entire;  unbroken  ;  not  shaky,  split  or 
defective  ;  as  sound  timber. 

2.  Undecayed  ;  wluile  ;  perfect,  or  not  de- 
fective ;  as  sound  fruit ;  a  sound  apple  or 
melon. 

3.  Unbroken  ;  not  bruised  or  defective  ;  not 
lacerated  or  decayed  ;  as  a  sound  limb. 

4.  Not  carious ;  not  decaying  ;  as  a  sound 
tooth. 

5.  Not  broken  or  decayed  ;  not  defective ; 
as  a  sound  ship. 

G.  Whole,  entire;  unhurt;  unmutilated  ;  as 
a  sound  body. 

7.  Healthy  ;  not  diseased  ;  not  being  in  a 
morbid  state  ;  having  all  the  organs  com- 
plete and  in  perfect  action ;  as  a  sound 
body  ;  sound  health  ;  a  sounrf constitution; 
a  sound  man  ;  a  sound  horse. 

8.  Founded  in  truth;  firm;  strong;  valid; 
solid  ;  that  cannot  be  overthrown  or  refu- 
ted ;  as  sound  reasoning  ;  a  sound  argu- 
ment ;  a  sound  objection  ;  «ounrf  doctrine; 
sound  jirinciples. 

9.  Right;  correct;  well  founded  ;  free  from 
error  ;  orthodox.     2  Tim.  i. 

Let  my  heart  be  sound  in  thy  statutes.     Ps. 
cxix. 

10.  Heavy ;  laid  on  with  force  ;  as  sound 
strokes;  a iounrf  heating. 

11.  Founded  in  right  and  law  ;  legal;  valid; 
not  defective  ;  that  cannot  be  overthrown  ; 
as  a  sound  title  to  land  ;  Mioirf  justice. 

12.  Fast  ;  profound  ;  unbroken  ;  undisturb- 
ed ;  as  sound  sleep. 

l."3.  Perfect,  as  intellect;  not  broken  or  de- 
fective ;  not  enfeebled  by  age  or  accident; 
not  wild  or  wandering ;  not  deranged  :  as 
a  sound  mind  ;  a  sound  understanding  or 
reason. 

SOUND,  adv.  Soundly;  heartily. 

So  sound   he    slept  that   nouglit   might  him 
awake.  Spenser. 

SOUND,  «.  The  air  bladder  of  a  fish. 

SOUND,  n.  [Sax.  sund.  a  narrow  sea  or 
strait,  a  swimming  ;  Sw.  Dan.  sund ;  Pers. 

\.j.M  shana,  a  swimming,  L.  natatio.  Qu. 
can  this  name  be  given  to  a  narrow  sea 
because  wild  beasts  were  accustomed  to 
pass  it  by  swimmin;;,  like  Bosporus  ;  or  is 
the  word  from  the  root  of  sound,  whole, 
denotins;  a  stretch,  or  narrowness,  from 
stretching,  like  straight'?] 

A  narrow  passage  of  water,  or  a  strait  be- 
tween the  m.iiii  land  and  an  isle  ;  or  a 
strait  connectinj;  two  seas,  or  connecting 
a  sea  or  lake  with  the  ocean ;  as  the 
sound  which  connects  the  Baltic  with  the 
ocean,  between  Denmark  and  Sweden  ; 
the  ,TOH7irfthat  separates  Loui:  Island  from 
the  main  land  of  New  York  and  Connec- 
ticut. 

SOU.N'D,  n.  [Fr.  sonde  ;  S[>.  sonda.  Seethe 
following  verb.] 

An  instrumi'iit  which  surgeons  introduce 
into  Ihe  bladder,  in  order  to  di.soover 
whether  there  is  a  stone  in  that  viscus  or 
not.  Cooper.     Sharp. 

SOUND,  I',  t.  [Sp.  sondar  or  sondear ;  Fr. 
sonder  This  word  is  probably  connected 
with  the  L.  Sonus,  Eng.  sound,  the  prima- 
ry sen.se  of  which   is  to  stretch  or  reach.] 

I.  To  try,  as  the  depth  of  water  and  tho 
(juality  of  the  ground,  by  sinking  a  plum- 


sou 


sou 


sou 


wet  or  lead,  attaclied  to  a  line  on  which 
are  marked  tlie  nuiiiber  of  fattioins.  Tlie 
lower  end  of  the  lead  is  covered  witli  tal- 
low, by  means  of  which  some  portion  of 
the  earth,  sand,  gravel,  shells,  &.C.  of  the 
bottom,  adhere  to  it  and  are  drawn  up. 
Hy  thuse  means,  and  the  depth  of  water 
aii<l  the  nature  of  tlie  bottom,  which  are 
carefully  marked  on  good  charts,  seamen 
may  know  how  (ar  a  shi|>  is  from  land  in 
thcnight  or  in  thick  weather,  and  in  many 
cases  when  the  land  is  too  remote  to  be 
visilile. 

2.  To  introduce  a  sound  into  the  bladder  of 
a  patient,  in  order  to  ascertain  whether 
a  stone  is  there  or  not. 

.Vheri  a  |>atienl  is  to  [)e  sounded —      Cooper. 

3.  To  try  ;  to  examine  ;  to  disc^over  or  en- 
deavor to  discover  that  which  lies  con- 
cealed in  another's  breast ;  to  sear<;h  out 
the  intention,  opinion,  will  or  desires. 

I  was  in  jest, 
And  by  tliat  oiier  meant  to  somid  your  breast. 

Dryden. 
I've  sounded  my  Nuinidians  man  by  man. 

Jlddliyon. 
SOUND,  V.  i.  To  use  the  line  and  lead  in 
searching  the  depth  of  water. 

I  he  shipini'ii  souii<le<l,  uiid  found  it  twenty 
fathoms.     Acts  xxvii 
SOU.S'D,  n.  The  cuttle  fish.  Ainsworth. 

SOUND,  n.  [Sii.v.  son  ;  \V.  sum  ;  Ir.  soin  ; 
Fr.  son  ;  It.  snono ;  Sp.  son  ;  L.  sonus, 
from  suito,  to  sound,  sing,  rattle,  beat,  &.r.\ 
This  nmy  be  a  dialectical  variation  of  L 
tonus,  tono,  which  seems  to  be  allied  to 
Gr.  Tiivu,  to  stretch  or  strain,  L.  Icneo.] 

1.  Noise;  report ;  the  object  of  hearing  ;  that 
which  strikes  the  ear  ;  or  more  philosoph 
ically,  an  impression  or  the  eliect  of  an 
impression  made  on  the  organs  of  hearing 
by  an  impulse  or  vibration  of  the  air,  caus- 
ed by  a  collision  of  bodies  or  by  other 
means  ;  as  theso«U'/of  a  trumpet  or  drum  ; 
the  sownrf  of  the  human  voice;  a  horric 
sound;  a  charming  soKiirf  ;  asharpsounrf 
a  higii  sound. 

2.  A  vibration  of  air  caused  by  a  collision  of 
hollies  or  other  means,  siitricient  to  aflect 
the  auditory  nerves  wlieii  perlcct.  Some 
persons  are  so  eiilnely  deuftliat  they  can- 
not hear  the  loudest  sound.i.  .htdiUe 
sounds  ari'  such  as  are  percepiibh' by  the 
organs  of  hearing.  Sounds  not  audible  to 
men,  may  be  audible  to  animals  of  more 
sensible  organs. 

3.  Noise  without  signification  ;  cm|)ly  noise  ; 
noise  and  nothing  <'lse. 

It  is  tlie  sense  and  not   the  sound,  that  must 
lie  the  principle.  Locke. 

SOUND,  V.  i.  To  make  a  noise  ;  to  utter  a 
voice  ;  to  make  an  im|)ul.se  of  the  air  that 
shall  strike  the  organs  of  hearing  with  a 
particular  effect.  We  say,  an  instrument 
sounds  well  or  ill ;  it  sounds  shrill ;  the 
voice  sounds  harsh. 

And  lirst    taught  speaking  trumpets  how  to 
unund.^  Dri/den.l 

2.  To  exhibit  by  sound  or  likeness  of  sound. 
This  relation  sounds  rather  like  a  fiction 
than  a  truth. 

3.  To  be  conveyed  in  sound;  to  be  spread  or 
published. 

From  vou  sounded  out  the  word  of  the  Lord. 
1   Thess  'i. 
To  sound  in  damages,  in  law,  Is  when  there 
is  no  specific  value  of  property  in  demand 


to  serve  as  a  rule  of  damages,  as  in  ac-l 
tionsoftort  or  trespass,  as  distinguished! 
from  actions  of  debt,  &c.  EUsworlk} 

SOUND,  V.  I.  To  cau.se  to  make  a  noise  ; 
as,  to«ou7irf  a  trumpet  or  a  horn. 

2.  To  utter  audibly  ;  as,  to  sound  a  note  with 
the  voice. 

3.  To  play  on;  as,  to  sound  an  instrument. 

4.  To  order  or  direct  by  a  sound  ;  to  give  a 
signal  for,  by  a  certain  sound  ;  as,  to  sound 
a  retreat. 

5.  To  celebrate  or  honor  by  sounds  ;  to 
cause  to  be  reported  ;  as,  to  sound  one's 
praise. 

6.  To  spread  by  sound  or  report ;  to  publish 
or  proclaim ;  as,  to  sound  the  praises  or 
fame  of  a  great  man  or  a  great  exploit. 
We  sometimes  say,  to  sound  abroad. 

SOUND'-BOARD,  I       A  board  which 

SOUND'ING. BOARD,  \  "•  propagates  the 
sound  in  an  organ. 

To   many   a  row  of  pijies  the  sound-board 
breathes.  Alilton. 

SOUND'KD,  ;;/).  Caused  to  make  a  noise ; 
uttered  audibly. 

'i.   F.xplored  ;  examined. 

SOUND'li\(J,  ppr.  Cau.sing  to  sound;  utter- 
ing audibly. 

2.  Trying  the  depth  of  water  by  the  plum- 
met ;  examining  the  intention  or  will. 

■i.  a.  Sonorous;   making  a  noise. 

4.  Having  a  majinificent  sound  ;  as  words 
more  sounding  or  significant.  Dryden. 

SOUND'ING,  H.  The  act  of  uttering  noise; 
the  ac^t  o("  endeavoring  to  <liscover  the 
opinion  or  desires ;  the  act  of  throwing 
the  leail. 

2.  In  surgeri/,  the  operation  of  introducing 
the  sound  into  the  bladder;  called  search- 
ing for  the  stone.  Cooper. 

SOUND'INGBOARD,  n.  Aboard  or  struc 
tme  with  a  flat  surface,  suspended  over  a 
pul(Mt  to  prevent  the  sound  of  the  preach 
er's  x'oice   fron)  ascending,  and  thus  prop- 
agating it  farther  in  a  hori/ontal  direction. 
[Used  in  .'American  churches.] 

SOUNI)'IN(i-ROD,  n.  A  rod  nr  piece  of 
iron  used  to  ascertain  the  depth  of  water 
in  a  ship's  hold.  It  is  let  down  in  a 
groove  by  a  pmn[).  .Mar.  Did. 

SOUNl)'li\(J.S,  n.  Any  place  or  part  of  the 
ocean,  where  a  deep  sounding  line  will 
reach  the  bottom  ;  also,  the  kind  of  ground 
or  botlooi  where  the  lead  rcaclii^s. 

SOUND'LBSiS,  a.  Tliat  cannot  be  fiithom- 
e{|  ;   linviriy  no  sound. 

SOUND' LV,     adv.     [from    sound, 

I     Healthily  ;  heartily. 

2.  Severely  ;    lustily  ;    with    heavy 
smartly;  as,  to  heat  one  souidlij. 

3.  Truly  ;  without    fallacy  or   error 
judge  or  reason  soxtndli/. 

4.  Firmly  ;  as  a  doctrine  soundlij  settled. 

Bacon. 

5.  Fast  ;  closely  ;  so  as  not  to  be  easily 
awakened  ;  as,  to  sleep  soundlij.        Locke. 

SOUND'NKSS,  n.  Wholeness  ;' entlrene.ss  : 
an  unbroken,  uuinijialred  or  undecaved 
state;  as  the  soundness  of  timber,  of  fruit, 
of  the  teeth,  of  a  limb,  &C.     [See  Sound.] 

2.  An  unimpaired  state  of  an  animal  m  vc-j 
getabli^  body;  a  state  in  which  the  organs 
are  entire  and  regularly  perform  tlielrj 
functions.  We  say,  the  soundness  of  the 
body,  the  soundness  of  the  constitution, 
the  £oiui(/;tc£«  of  health. 


3.  Firmness  ;  strength  ;  solidity  ;  truth  ;  as 
soundness  of  reasoning  or  argument,  of 
doctrine  or  principles. 

4.  Truth  ;  rectitude  ;  firmness;  freedom  from 
error  or  fallacy ;  orthodoxy  ;  as  soundness 
of  faith. 

SciUP,  Ji.    [Fr.  soupe  ;  It.  zuppa,  sop;  Sp. 

sopa,  sop  or  souji ;  G.  suppe  ;  D.  soep  ;  Ice. 

saup.     See  Sup  and  Sop.]     Broth  ;  a  de- 

<!octioii  of  flesh  for  food. 
SoUl',    V.  t.    To  sup  ;  to  breathe  out.     [Xot 

in  use.]  ft'icklijpe. 

SoUP,  v./.  Tosweep.     [.Vol  in  use.]     [See 

Sweep  and  Swoop.]  Hall. 

SOUR,    a.    [Sax.  «ur,  surig  ;  (i.sauer;  D. 

zuur  ;  Sw.  si(r  ;  Dan.  suur  ;  W.  siir  ;  Arm. 

sur;  Vr.  sur,  sure  ;  Heb.  iio   to  depart,  to 

decline,   to    turn,    as    Inpiors,    to    become 

sour.     See  Class  Sr.  No.  1(1.  and  No.  11.] 

1.  Acid  ;  having  a  pungent  taste  ;  sharp  to 
the  taste  ;  tart ;  as,  vinegar  is  sour ;  sour 
cider  ;  sour  beer. 

2.  Acid  and  austere  or  astringent:  as,  sun- 
ripe  fruits  are  often  sour. 

3.  Harsh  of  temper  ;  crabbed  ;  peevish  ; 
austere  ;  morose  ;  as  a  man  of  a  sour 
temper. 

4.  .Vfflictive 


as  sour  adversities. 


entire.] 

blows  ; 

as,  to 


[.Vo<  ill 
use.]  Sliak. 

Expressing    discontent    or    peevishness. 
He  never  uttered  nsour  word. 

The  lord  treasurer  often  looked  on  ine  with  a 
suur  countenance.  .Swifl. 

(i.  Harsh  to  the  feelings;  cold  and  damp;  as 
.wur  weather. 
Raiicid  ;  musty. 
8.  Turned,  as  milk;  coagulated. 
SOUR,  JI.  An  acid  substance.  Spenser. 

SOUK,  r.  i.  To  make  acid  ;  to  cause  to  have 
a  sharp  taste. 

So  the  Sim's  heat,  with  dKTercnt  pow'rs. 
Ripens  the  grape,  the  liquor  sours.         Su^ifi. 

2.  To  make  harsh,  cold  or  unkindly. 

Tufts  of  !;rass  suur  land.  .Mortimer. 

3.  To  make  harsh  m  temper  ;  to  make  cro.ss, 
crabbed,  peevish  or  di.scontiMited.  Mis- 
fortunes often  sour  the  temper. 

Piide  liad  wol  soured,  nor  wrath   debas'd  my 
heart.  Harte. 

4.  To  make  imcasy  or  less  agreeable. 

Hail,  great  king  ! 
To  sour  your  happiness  I  uiust  report 
The  (pieeii  is  dead.  Shak. 

5.  In  rural  economy,  to  macerate,  as  lime, 
and  render  fit  liir  plaster  or  mortar. 

Encyc. 

SOUR,  f.  1.  To  become  acid  ;  to  acquire 
the  ipiallty  of  tartness  or  pungency  to  the 
taste.  Ciller  sours  rajiiiUy  in  the  rays  of 
the  sun.  When  liiod  .lours  in  the  stom- 
ach, it  is  evidence  ol'imperlect  digestion. 
.  To  become  peevish  or  crabbed. 

They  hinder  the  hatred  of  vice  from  souring 
into  severity.  Jlddison. 

.SOURCE,  II.  [Fr.  source  ;  .Arm.  sourcenn; 
cither  iVom  sourdre  or  sorlir,  or  the  L. 
surgo.   The  Italian  sor^^ente  is  from  surgo.] 

I.  Properly,  the  spring  or  fonnlain  from 
which  a  stream  of  writer  proceeds,  or  any 
collection  of  water  within  the  earth  or 
upon  its  surface,  in  which  a  stream  origi- 
nates. This  is  called  also  the  head  of  the 
stream.  We  call  the  water  of  a  spring, 
where  it  issues  from  the  earth,  the  source 
of  the  stream  or  rivulet  proceeding  iVmn 
it.    We  say  also  that  springs  have  their 


sou 


sou 


S  O  AV 


sources  in  subterranean  ponds,  lakes  or 
collections  of  water.  We  say  also  that 
a  large  river  has  its  source  in  a  lake.  For 
example,  the  St.  Lawrence  has  its  source 
in  llie  great  lakes  of  America. 

2.  First  cause ;  original :  that  which  gives 
rise  to  any  thing.  Thus  amliition,  the 
love  of  power  anil  of  fame,  have  heen  the 
sources  of  luilf  the  calamities  of  iialions. 
Intemperance  is  tlie  source  of  innumera- 
ble evils  to  individuals. 

3.  The  first  |)roilucer;  he  or  that  which 
originates  ;  as  Greece  the  source  of  arts. 

Jfaller. 

SOURUET,  n.  [Fr.  sourdine,  from  sourd, 
deaf.]     The  little  pijie  of  a  trunjpet. 

SOUR'-DOCK,  71.  Sorrel,  so  called. 

SOUR'ED,  ;)/).  Made  sour;  made  peevish. 

SOUR'-GOURD,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Adansonia. 

SOUR'ING,  ppr.  Making  acid ;  becoming 
sour;  making  peevi>h. 

SOUR'ING,  n.  That  which  makes  acid. 

SOUR'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  sour  ;  moderate- 
ly acid  ;  as  soitrish  fruit ;  a  sourish  taste. 

SOUR'LY,  adv.  With  acidity. 

2.  With  peevishness  ;  with  acrimony. 

The  stern  Alheniau  piince 
Then  sourly  ■iinil'J.  Drydcn. 

3.  Discontentedly.  Brown. 
SOURNESS,  71.  .Acidity;  sharpness  to  the 

taste;  tartness;  as  the  sownieM  of  vinegar 
or  of  fruit. 

So^imess  being  one   of  those   simple  ideas 
which  one  cannot  describe.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Asperity;  har.shness  of  temper. 

Take  care  that  no  sinir?iess  and  moroseness 
mingle  with  our  seriousness  of  mind. 

JVehon. 

SOUR'-SOP,  71.  A  plant,  the  nn7i07ia  7nMri- 

catd.  Lee. 

The  custard  apple.  Miller. 

S6US,  77.  plu.  of  sou  or  sot.     [See  Sou.] 

SOUSE,  77.  [Ir.  sousgeach,  watery.]  Pickle 

made  with  salt. 

2.  Something  kept  or  steeped  in  pickle. 

3.  The  ears,  feet,  &c.  of  swine.     \J}merica. 
SOUSE,  V.  t.  To  steep  in  pickle. 

But  souse  the   cabbage   with   a   bounteous 
heart.  Pope 

2.  To  plunge  into  water. 

They  soused  nic  into  the  Thames,  with  a: 
little  remorse  as  they  drown  blind  puppies. 

Hhak 

SOUSE,    V.  i.    [See  Soss.      This   worrl   is 

probably    the  same   as  the  preceding,  to 

plunge,  to  dip  ;  I  believe  from  the  Armo 

ric] 

To  fall  suddenly  on  ;  to  rush  with  speed  ;  as 

a  hawk  on  its  prey. 

Jove's  bird  will  sov.se  upon  the  tim'rous  hare. 

Dryden 

SOUSE,  V.  t.   To  strike  with   sudden   vi<i- 

lei  ice.  Sliak. 

SOUSE,  adv.  With  sudden  violence.  [This 

word  is  low  and  vulgar.] 
SoUTER,    Ji.    [Sax.   sutere;  L.  .sutor.]     A 
shoemaker;  a  cobler.     [.Vol  in  use.] 

Chaucer. 

SoUTF.R LY,  adv.  Like  a  cobler.  [.Vol  in  use] 

SuUTEKRMN,  71.  [Fr. ;  that  is,  sub-trrrmn. 

under  groiuiil.]   A  irrotto  or  cavern  under 

ground.     [jVoi  E)ig/i.s/i.]  jlrhuthnnt.' 

SOUTH,    71.   [Sax.  si»(/i  ;  G.  surf  ;  D.  zuid  : 

Ihni.sud;  Hw.sode.r:  Fr.  sud  :  Ann.  sii.l. 

1.  The  north  .iiul  south    arc  ojipiisile  points 

in   the  horizon;  each  ninety  degrees  orj 


the  quarter  of  a  great  circle  distant  from 
the  east  and  west.  A  man  standing  witli 
his  face  towards  the  east  or  rising  sun,i 
has  the  south  on  his  right  hand.  The  me-j 
ridian  of  every  jdace  is  a  great  circle  pass-! 
ing  through  the  north  and  south  points. 
Strictly,  south  is  the  horizontal  point  in 
the  meridian  of  a  place,  on  the  right  hanil 
of  a  person  standing  with  his  face  towards 
the  east.  But  the  word  is  applied  to  any 
point  in  the  meridian,  between  the  horizon 
and  the  zenith. 

In  a  less  exact  sense,  any  point  or  place 
on  the  earth  or  in  the  heavens,  winch  is 
near  tlie  meridian  towards  the  right  hand 
as  one  faces  the  east. 

•3.  A  southern  region,  country  or  place ;  as 
the  queen  of  l]\(' south,  in  Scripture.  So 
in  Europe,  the  people  of  Spain  anil  Italy 
are  spoken  of  as  living  in  the  south.  In 
the  United  States,  we  speak  ot  the  states 
of  the  south,  and  of  the  north.  i 

4.  The  wmd  that  l)lows  from  the  south. 
[JVot  used.]  Shak. 

SOUTH,  a.  In  any  place  north  of  the  tropic  of 
Cancer,  pertaining  to  or  lying  in  the  me- 
ridian towards  the  sun;  as  a  soi(//i  wind. 

2.  Being  in  a  soutliern  direction  ;  as  the 
south  sea. 

SOUTH,  adv.  Towards  the  south.  A  ship 
iails  so«(/i ;  the  wind  blows  south. 

SOUTME'AST,  n.  The  point  of  the  com- 
pass equally  distant  from  the  south  and 
east.  Bacon. 

SOUTIIE'AST,  a.  In  the  direction  of  south- 
east, or  coming  from  the  southeast ;  as  a 
southeast  wind. 

SOUTHEASTERN,  a.  Towards  the  south- 
east. 

SOUTHERLY,  a.  suth'erly.  Lying  at  the 
south,  or  in  a  ilirection  nearly  south;  as  a 
soulhrrli/  point. 

'2.  Coming  from  the  south  or  a  point  nearly 
south  ;  as  a  southerly  wind. 

SOUTHERN,  a.  suth'ern.  [Sa.v.  suth  and 
ern,  place.] 

1.  Belonging  to  the  south;  meridional;  as 
the  southern  hemisphere. 

i.  Lying  towards  the  south;  as  a  southern 
country  or  climate. 

3.  Coming  from  the  south  ;  as  a  southern 
breeze. 

SOUTHERNLY,  adv.  sulh'ernly.  Towards 
the  south.  Hakeuntl. 

SOUTHERNMOST,  a.  suth'ernmost.  Fur- 
thest tiiwards  the  south. 

SOUTHERNWOOD,  77.  sulh' ernwood.  A 
plant  agreeing  in  most  parts  with  the 
wnriiiwood.  Miller. 

The  southernwood  is  the  Artemisia  al>- 
rotanum,  a  ditierent  species  from  the 
wiirniwood. 

SOUTHING,  a.  Going  towards  the  south  : 
as  tliH  southing  sun.  Dryden. 

SOUTHTNG,  7!.  Tendency  or  motion  tii  the 
south.  Dryden. 

2.  The  southing  of  the  moon,  the  time  at 
which  the  moon  pas.ses  the  meriilian. 

Mar.  Diet. 

3.  Course  or  distance  south  ;  as  a  ship's 
southing. 

SOUTll'MOST,  a.  Furthest  towards  the 
sciitli.  Milton. 

SOUTHSAY,  ?    ra       e    ,1         1 

SOUTHSAYER.  <  [^^«  Soothsay.] 


SOUTHWARD,  adv.  suth'ard.  Towards  thfi 

.smith;  as,  to  go  southward.  Locke. 

SOUTHWARD,     ?i.    suth'ard.    The  sooth- 

ern  regions  or  countries.  Raleigh. 

SOUTHWEST',  71.    [south  and  west.]    The 

point  of  the  compass  equally  distant  from 

the  south  and  west.  Baron. 

SOUTHWEST',  a.    Lying  in  the  direction 

of  the  southwest ;  as  a  southivest  country. 
2.  Coming  from  the  southwest ;  as  a  south- 
west wind. 
SOUTHWESTERLY,  a.    In  the  direction 

of  southwest,  or  nearly  so. 
2.  Coming  from  the  southwest,  or  a  point 

near  it  ;  as  a  soulhwesterli/  wind. 
SOUTHWEST'ER.N.  a.  lii  the  direction  of 

southwest,  or    nearly  so;    as,    to    sail   a 

southwestern  cuur.se. 
SOUVEi\.\iS'CE,    n.    [Fr.]    Remembrance. 

[JVot  English,  nor  is  it  used.]  Spenser. 

SoUVENiil,  n.  [Fr.]  .\  remembran<-er. 
SOVEREIGN,  a.  suv'eran    [We  ntain  this 

barbarous  orthography  from  the  Norman 

souvervign.      The  true   spilling  woiilil    be 

suveran,  from  the    L.  snpernus,  superus; 

Vr.souvcrain  ;  ll.sovrano;  Sp.  Port.  jio6e- 

rnno.] 

1.  Supreme  in  power :  possessing  supreme 
dominion  ;  as  a  sovereign  (irince.  God  is 
till-  sovereign  ruler  of  the  universe. 

2.  Supreme;  superior  to  all  oihers  ;  chief. 
Goil  is  llie  sovereign  good  of  all  who  love 
and  iiliey  him. 

3.  Supremely  efficacious  ;  superior  to  all 
others  ;  predominant  ;  effectual  ;  as  a 
.mvereign  remedy. 

4.  Supreme  ;  pertaining  to  the  first  magis- 
trate of  a  nation  ;  as  sovereign  authority. 

SOVEREIG.N,  71.  suv'eran.  .'\  supreme  lord 
or  ruler  ;  one  who  possesses  the  hiu'licst 
authority  without  control.  Some  eartldy 
princes,  kings  and  emperors  are  iouerctgns 
in  their  dominions. 

i.  A  supreme  magistrate  ;  a  king. 

i.  A  gold  coin  of  Englaiul,  value  20s.  or 
.«4.44. 

SOVEREIGNIZE,  ti.  i.  suv'eranize.  To  exer- 
cise supreme  authority.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Herbert. 

SOVEREIGNLY,  adv.  suv'eranly.  Su- 
premely ;  in  the  highest  degree. 

He  was  sovereignty  lovely  in  himself.     [Lit- 
tle used  ]  Boyle. 

SOVEREIGNTY,  71.  suv'eranly.  Supreme 
power;  supremacy  ;  the  possession  of  the 
liighest  pcHver,  or  of  uncontrollable  power. 
.Misidute  sovereignty  belongs  to  God  only. 

SOW,  11.  [Sax.  suga  ;  Sw.  sugga  ;  D.  zeug ; 
G.  sau.] 

1    The  female  of  the  hog  kind  or  of  swine. 

2.  An  oblong  piece  of  lead.  Ainsworth. 

3.  An  insect;  a  inilleped.  .linswurth. 
SOW-BREAD,  71.    A   plant  of  the  genus 

Cyclamen. 
SOW -BUG,  71.  .\n  insect;  a  milleped. 
SOW'.THISTLE,  ii.    A  plant  of  the  genus 

Sonchus.     The  downy  .low-thislle  is  of  the 

genus  Aiifbyala. 
SOW,  v.t.  \tyer.  solved;  pp.  sowed  or  sown. 

|Sax.  sawan  ;    G    sr'ien  ;    D.   zanjen  ;  Sw. 

sii;   Dan.   saaer  ;   Russ.  siyu  ;  perhnps  L. 

sevi.     This  word  is  jirobahly  contracted.] 
I.  To  scatter  on  ground,    for  the  purpose  of 

irrowlh  ami  the  proihiction  of  a  crop;  as, 

to    sow    good    seed  :  to    -low    a    bushel    of 

wheat  or  rye  to  tlie  acre ;  to  sow  oate, 


,S  P  A 


SPA 


SPA 


clnvei"  or  bnrley  ;  to  sow  seed  in  drill!-,  or 
to  sow  it  liroad  cast.  Oats  uiul  flax  should 
br  sown  I'arii'  in  tlie  spring. 
3.  To  scuttcr  seed  over  liir  growth  ;  as,  to 
soiv  gnjund  or  land  ;  to  sow  ten  or  a  hun- 
drcil  acres  in  a  year. 

3.  To  spread  or  to  originate  ;  to  propagate; 
as,  to  sow  discord. 

Born  to  afflict  my  Marcia's  family. 
And  sow  dissension  in  the  hcarls  of  brothers. 

jlddison. 

4.  To  supply  or  slock  with  seed. 

The  iiitellftctiial  racully  is  a  goodly  field,  and 
it  is  llie  worst  husbandry  in  the  wodd  to  sow  it 
with  tiilles.  -f^o's- 

5.  To  scatter  over;  to  besprinkle. 

He  sow'd  with  stars  the  heaven.  .Milton. 

Morn  now  sow'd  the  earlh  wilh  orient  p.-ail. 

Milton 
SOW,  V.  i.  To  scatter  seed  for  growth  audi 
the  production  ol'  a  crop.      In   New   Eng 
land,  t'arniers  bcjiiu  to  sow'm  April. 

They  that  sow  in  tears,  shall  reap  in  joy.     Ps. 
cxxvi. 
sow,  for  sew,  is  not  in  use.     [See  Sew.] 
SOVVCE,  for  souse.     [See  Souse.] 
SOW  ED,  pp.  Siaitercd  on  gniuiid,  as  seed  ; 
sinifddeil  with  seed,  as  ground.     We  say, 
seed  is  sowed  ;  or  hind  issoictrf. 
SOWI'.R,     n.     He    that    scatters   seed   for 
propagation. 

Behold,  a  sower  went  forth  to  sow.  Matt, 
xiii. 

2.  One  who  scatters  or  spreads  ;  as  a  soiver 
of  words.  Hakewill. 

3.  A  bleeder ;  a  promoter  ;   as   a  sower  of 
.suits.  Bacon. 

SOWING,  ppr.  Scattering,  as  seed  ;  sprink- 
ling with  seed,  as  ground  ;  gtocUiug  with 

seed. 
S0\\  ING,  n.  The  act  of  scattering  seed  for 

propagation. 
SOW 'INS,   n.  Fhniiinery  made  of  oatmeal 

Boniewhat  soured.  Mortimer.     Swift. 

[A"o<  iiseil.  I  lielievc,  in  Jlinerica.] 
SOWL,  V.  t.  T^'  |.ull  by  the  ears.  Shak. 

[J^'ot  used  in  .America.] 
SOWN,  pp.  S(  littered,  as  seed  ;   sprinkled 

witii  seed,  as  ground. 
SOY,  )i.  A  kind  i  I'siane,  used  in  .Japan. 
SOZ'ZLE,  Ji.  [Sec  So.ts.]  A  sluliish  woman, 

or  I'ne  liial  .•spills  water   iiiid  oilier  liiiiiids 

carele.ssly.     [.Yem  Enij^laiid.] 
SPAAD,   ji.  a   kind  of  mineral ;  spar.    [Sp. 

tspato.]  If'oodwiird. 

SPACE,  n.  [Fr.  espace :  S\i.espacio;  h.spn- 

zio  ;  L.  spatiinn,  space  ;  spalior,  to  wander. 

This  word  is  prolialily  finned  on  the  root 

of  pateo.     Class  B(l.| 

1.  Room;  extension.    Space  in  the  abstract, 
is  mere  extension. 

Pnre  .tpace  is  capable  neither  of  resistance 
nor  motion.  Locke 

2.  Any  qumitity  of  extension.  In  relation  to 
bodies,  space  is  the  interval  helvveen  any 
two  or  more  objects  ;  as  the  spnve  between 
two  stars  or  two  hills.  The  qnaiility  I'f 
space  or  extent  between  bodies,  consti 
tutes  their  distance  from  each  other. 

3.  The  distnncc   or   interval   between  lines 
as    in    books.      The  spaces  in  music   are 
named  as  well  as  the  lines. 

4.  Qnaiilit\  of  time;  also,  the  interval  be- 
tween two  pniiils  of  time. 

Jjjne  times  Ibe  space  that  measures  day  and 
night —  Milton. 


God  may  defer  his  judgments  for  a  lime,  and 
give  a  people  a  longer  itpace  for  repentance. 

Tillotson. 
5.  A  short  time  ;  a  while. 

To  stay  your  deadly  strife  a  space. 

Spenser. 
[This  sense  is  nearly  obsolete.] 
SPACE,  V.  i.  To  rove.     [JVbt  in  tise.] 

Spenser. 
SPACE,  V.  I.  Among  printers,  to  make  spaces 

or  wider  intervals  lictween  lines. 
SPA'CEFIJL,  (I.    Wide  ;    extensive.     [Ml 
used.]  Sandys. 

SPA'CIOUS,  a.  [Fr.  spacievr ;  Sp.  spatioso; 
it.  spazioso  ;  L.  spaliosus.] 

1.  Wide;  roomy;  having  large  or  ample 
room  ;  not  narrow  ;  as  a  spacious  church  : 
a  spacious  hall  or  drawing  room. 

2.  Extensive  ;  vast  in  extent;  as  the  spacious 
earth  ;  the  spacious  ocean. 

SPA'CIOUSLY,  adv.  Widely;  extensively. 
SPA'CIOL'SNESS,  n.  Wideness  ;  largeness 

of  extent;  roominess;  as  the  spaciousness 

of  the  rooms  in  a  building. 
2.  KxtiMisiveness;  vastness  of  extent  ;  as  the 

spafiousness  of  the  ocean. 
SPAU'DLE,    JI.    [dim.   of  spade.]     A  little 

spade.  Mortimer. 

SPADE,  Ji.   [Sax.  spad,  spada;  G.  spalen  ; 

D.    spaadt  ;    Dun.    Sw.    spade;    probably 

from  lireailth,  extension,  coiiiiiding  with 

L.  spatida,  from  tin-  root  ot'pateo.] 

1.  An  instriiiiieiit  for  digging,  consisting  of  a 
broad  palm  with  a  tiaiidle. 

2.  A  suit  of  cards. 

i;(.  A  deer  three  years  old;  written  also  s/mirf. 
4.  A  gelded  beast.  [\,.  .ipado.} 
SPADE,   V.  t.   To  dig  with  a  spade;  or  to 

pare  off  the  sward  of  land  with  a  spade. 
SPA'I>E-I50NE,  Ji.   [.<;/)a(/e  and  io»f.]     Tl 

shoulilcr  blade.     [I  beliere  little  used.] 
iSPA'DEFUL.  ji.   [spade  ani\  full.]  As  much 

as  a  spade  will  hold. 
SPADl"CEOI'S,  a.  [h.  spadiceus,  from  spa- 

dix,  a  liglii  red  color.] 

1.  Of  a  light  red  color,  usually  denominatedj! 
buy.  V/roic».l  SPAN'lOU.NTl'R", 

2.  In  botany,  a  spadiccous  flower,  is  a  sort  of 
iiggregate  flower,  having  a  receptacle 
coniiiion  to  many  florets,  within  a  spatlie, 
as  in  palms,  dracoiitiiim,  arum,  &c. 

Marlyn. 
PPADILLE,   n.   spndW.    [Fr.]  The   ace"  of 

spades  at  omber. 
SI'A'DJX,  11.  [1..]   Ill  botany,  the   receptacle 

ill  palms  and  some  other   plants,  proci^ed- 

iiig  from  a  spathe.  Martyn. 

SPA'DO,  Ji.  [L.]  A  gelding.  Brown. 

SPAt';YR'IC,  a.   [L.  spagyiicus.]  Chimical. 

[JVut  in  use.] 
SPAliYR'le,  JI.  A  chimist.  UXot  iii  use.] 

Hall. 
SPAti'YRlST,  JI.  A  chimist.  [JVot  in  use  ] 

Boyle. 
SPA'IIEE,  }  [Turk,  .sipahi ;  Pers.  sipahee. 
SPA'III,       ^"See  Seapoy.]      One   of  the 

Turkish  cavalry. 
SI' A  K  E.  prcl.  of  speak  ;  nearly  obsolete.  We 

now  use  spoke. 
r-PALL.  »i.   [Fr.  epaule  ;    It.  spaUa.]     The 

shoulder.     [.Vol  E/ig/w/i.]  Fairfax. 

2.  A  clii]i.     [.No/  i»  use.] 
SPaLT,  I        A  whitish  scaly  mineral,  used 
SPELT,  I  "■    to  promote  the  fusion  of  met- 
als. Bailey.    .3s/i. 


SPALT,  a.  [Dan.  spalt,  a  split ;  G.  spallen, 
to  split.]  Cracked,  as  timber.  [jV.  Eng.] 
SPAN,  Ji.  [Sax.  D.  s/JOH ;  (j.spanne;  Dan. 
spand,  a  span  in  measure;  Sw.  span,  a 
sjian  in  measure,  and  a  set  of  coach  hors- 
es, G.  gespann  ;  verbs,  Sax.  spannan, 
to  span,  to  unite;  gespanian,  to  join;  D. 
G.  spanncn  ;  Dan.  spander,  to  strain, 
stretch,  bend,  yoke.  'I  his  word  is  formed 
on  the  root  of  bend,  I.,  pando.  The  pri- 
mary sense  is  to  strain,  stretch,  extend, 
hence  to  join  a  team,  Dan.  forspand,  D. 
gespan.] 

The  space  from  the  end  of  the  tluimb  lo 
the  end  of  the  liitle  finger  when  extended  ; 
nine  inches;  the  eighth  of  u  fatiium. 

Holder. 
A  short  space  of  time. 

l,ifc's  but  a  span  ;  I'll  every  inch  enjoy. 

Farijuhar. 

3.  A  span  of  horses,  consists  of  two  of  nearly 
the  same  color,  and  otherwise  nearly 
alike,  w  liich  are  usually  harnessed  side  by 
side.  The  word  signifies  properly  the 
same  as  yoke,  w  hen  a|)plied  to  horned 
cattle,  from  buckling  or  faslening  togeth- 
er. But  in  America,  spaa  always  implies 
resemblance  in  color  at  least ;  it  being  an 
object  of  ambition  with  gentlemen  and 
with  teamsters  to  unite  two  horses  abreast 
that  are  alike. 

lnscamen'slanguuge,a  small  line  or  cord, 
the  middle  of  which  is  attached  to  a  stay. 

SPAN,  V.  i.  To  measure  by  the  hand  wilh 
the  fingers  extended,  or  with  the  fingers 
encoiiipassiiig  the  object  ;  as,  to  span  a 
space  or  distance  ;  to  span  a  cylinder. 

2.  To  measure. 

This  soul  (loth  span  the  world.  Herbert. 

SPAN,  r.  1.  To  agree  in  color,  or  in  crdor 
and  size  ;  as,  the  horses  span  well.  [.Veio 
England] 

iiVK!^,pret.o( spin.  Ohs.  We  now  use  s-Bim. 

SPAN'CEL,  ;(.  A  rope  to  lie  a  cow's  liind 
legs.     [Local.]  Grose, 

SPAN'CEL,  V.  t.   To  tie  the  legs  of  a  horse 

or  cow  with  a  rope.    [Local.]  Malone. 

?        .\  piny  at  wliicli 

SPAN  FAKTIiING,  <,"■  money  is  thrown 
within  a  span  or  circuit  marked.        Swift. 

SPAN'DRI'.L,  JI.  The  sjiace  between  the 
curve  of  an  arch  and  the  right  lines  ioclos:- 
iiig  it. 

SPANE,  f.  (.  [D.  speenen.]  To  wean.  [A'ot 
in  use.] 

SP.VNG,  II.  [D.  sponge,  a  spangle  ;  Gr. 
fiyyu.] 

A  spangle  or  shining  crnamcnt:  a  thin 
piece  of  metal  or  other  shining  material. 
[.Vol  in  use.]  Bacon. 

SPANGLE,  »i.  [supra.]  A  small  plate  or  boss 
of  sliiiiiiig  nietal ;  something  brilliant  used 
:is  an  oriiainent. 

2.  Any   little  thing  sparkling  and  brilliant, 
like  pieces  of  metal ;  as  crystals  of  ice. 
For  the  rich  spangles  that  adorn  the  sky. 

Jl'aUer. 

SPAN'GLE,  V.  t.  To  set  or  sprinkle  with 
spangles;  to  adorn  with  small  distinct 
brilliant  bodies;  as  a  spangled  breastplate. 

Donne. 

What  stars  do   spangle  heaven   with   such 

beauty —  ShaJs. 

SPAN'GI.F.D,  pp.  Set  with  spangles. 
SPAN'GLING,  ppr.   .Adorning  wilh  span- 
gles. 


SPA 


SPA 


SPA 


SPAN'IFL,  n.  [Fr.  epa^neiil;  said  to  be 
from  Hispnniota,  now  Hnifli.] 

1.  iloL'  ii^ed  in  s|)(irts  of  the  tielil,  remark- 
able for  his  sajTiicity  and  obedience. 

Dryden. 

2.  A  mean,  ninging,  fawning  person. 

Shak. 

Sf'AN'IEL,  a.  Like  a  spaniel ;  mean;  fawn- 
ing. Shnk. 

SPAN'IRL.  v.  i.  To  fawn  ;  to  cringe  ;  to  be 
obspr|iiious. 

SPAN'IKI.,  V.  t.  To  follow  like  a  spaniel. 

Sl'AN'ISH,  n.   Peitaiiiing  to  Spain. 

SPAN'ISH,  71.  Ti|p  language  of  Spain. 

Sl>AN!sn-UKOOM,n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Spartiuni. 

SPAMS.  I-I5ROVVN,  n.  A  species  of  earth 
used  in  paints. 

SPANISH-Fl.Y,  n.  A  fly  or  insect,  the  can- 
tharii,  used  in  vrsicatories,  or  composi- 
tions for  raisina;  blisters. 

SPANISH  NUT.  «.  A  plant.  Miller. 

SPANISH  WHITE,  n.  A  white  earth  from 
Spain,  used  in  paints. 

SPANK.  V.  t  [W.  pange,  a  blow ;  allied  per- 
haps to  the  vulgar  bang,  and  found  in  the 
Persic] 

To  strike  with  the  open  hand  ;  to  slap.  [Jl 
xford  common  in  .W«'  England.] 

SPANK'CR,  II.  A  small  coin.  Derham. 

2.  In  seamen's  tungunge,  a  ship's  driver;  a 
large  sail  occasionally  set  upon  the  mizen- 
yard  or  gaff,  the  foot  being  extended  by  a 
boom.  J\Iar.  Diet. 

3.  One  that  takes  long  strides  in  walking ; 
also,  a  stout  person. 

SPANK'ING,  ;?/)r.  Striking  with  the  open 

hand. 
2.  a.  Large;  stout.     [Vulgar.] 
SPAN'-LONG,  a.  Of  the  length  of  a  span. 

B.  Jonson. 
SPAN'NF.D,  pp.  Measured  with  the  hand. 
SPAN'NER,  71.  One  that  spans. 

2.  The  lock  of  a  fusee  or  carbine  ;  or  the 
fusee  itself  Bailey.     Bowering. 

3.  A  wrench  or  nut  screw-driver. 

SPAN'-NEVV,  a.  [G.  spannen  ;  allied  per- 
haps to  spangle.]  Quite  new;  probably 
bright-new. 

SPAN'NING,  ppr.  Measuring  with  the 
hand;  encompassing  «itli  the  finders. 

SP'AR,  n.  [U.  spar,  a  rafter,  a  shingle  ;  G. 
spnrren,  a  spar,  a  rafter;  Dait.  spar,  a  spar, 
a  small  beam,  the  bar  of  a  gate;  Sw. 
sparre,  a  rafter ;  Fr.  barre ;  It.  sharra,  a 
bar  ;  Sp.  esparr,  a  fossil ;  espnr.  a  drug.  If 
this  word  is  coimected  with  spare,  the  pri- 
mary sense  is  probably  thin.  The  sense 
of  iar  and  s/)«r,  is  however  more  generally 
derived  from  thrusting,  shooting  in  length  ; 
so  spear  likewise.     See    Bar.] 

1.  A  stone  that  breaks  into  a  regular  shape  ; 
marcasite.  This  name  is  popularly  given 
to  any  crystalized  mineral  of  a  shining  lus- 
ter.    It  is  the  G.  spath. 

2.  A  round  piece  of  tind)er.  This  name  is 
usually  irivcn  to  the  romtd  pieces  of  tini-! 
ber  used  for  the  yards  and  top-masts  of 
ships. 

3.  Th(!  bar  of  a  gate.     Obs.  Chancer. 
SP'AR,  v.t.  [Sax.  sparran;  G.sperren;  from 

spar.] 

To  bar  ;  to  shut  close  or  fasten  with  a  bar. 
"°*-         .  Chaucer, 

SP'AR,  v.i.  [Sax.  spirian,  to  argue  or  dis- 
pute, to  aspire ;    Russ.  sporiju,  to  dispute, 


to  contend ;  Ir.  sparnam.  The  Saxon  word'  2.  That  can  be  dispensed  with ;  not  wanted  - 

"  I  have  no  spare  time  on  ray 


siguitits  to  dispute,  also  to  illVe^^lgatl ,  to 
iiKjuire  or  explore,  to  follow  after  This 
is  another  form  of  the  L.  spiro,  Gr.  snaipw, 
ortfipu.  The  primary  sense  is  to  urge, 
drive,  throw,  propel.] 

To  disjjute  ;  to  (piarrel  in  words ;  to  wran- 
gle. [This  is  the  sense  of  the  word  in  Amer- 
ica.] 

To  fight  with  prelusive  strokes.   Johnson. 


SPARABLE,  n 

[J\l'ut  in  use.] 
SPARADRAP, 
loth. 

sparage, 
spakagus. 


[Ir.  sparra.]  Small  nails. 


I.    In  pharmacy,  a  cere- 

ff'isema7i. 

[  Vulgar.]     [See   Aspara- 

SPARE,  V.  t.  [Sax.  sparian  ;  D.  spaaren  ;  u. 
sparen  ;     Dan.    sparer;    Sw.  spara  ;    f'-  ap.,pi,i|.|Tj 
epargner.     It  seems   to   be   from  the  same  **^'* '''^''•*"' 
root  as  L.  narco  ;  It.  sparagvare.] 

1.  To  use  tVugally  ;  not  to  be  proft.se  ;  "-'t  ^i;^- ^^ -™-: 
waste.  1,11 


superfluous, 
hands. 
I  It  that  no  spare  clothes  he  had  to  give. 

3.  Lean ;  wanting  flesh ;  meager ;  thin. 
I  O  give  me  your  spare  men,  and  spare  me  the 

I      great  ones.         _  Shak. 

,4.  Slow.     [jVo(  in  use  or  local.]  Grose. 

SPARE,  n.    Parsimony  ;  frugal  use.     {.Yot 
1     "I  use.]  Bacon. 

SPARED,   pp.    Dispensed    with  ;    saved  : 
I     forborne. 

SPA'RELY,  orfi'.  Sparingly.  Milton. 

SPA'RENESS,   n.  State  of  being   lean  or 
j     thin  ;  leanness.  Hammond. 

SPA'RER,  71.  One  that  avoids  unnecessary 

expense.  ff'olton. 

[spare  and  rib.]  The  piece 

of  a  hog  taken  from  the  side,  consisting  of 


to 


Thou  thy  Father's  thunder  did'st  not  spare.     !i     ^   '^'J 


the  ribs  with  little  flesh  on  them. 

spargo,  to  sprin- 


.Mi/toii.'Tiic  act  of  sprinkling. 
.  To  save  or  withhold  from  any  particular  SPA'RING,  ppr.    Us: 
use  or  occupation.     He  has  no  bread  to 
spare,  that  is,  to  withhold  from  iiis  neces- 
sary uses. 

All  tlie  time  he  could  spare  from  the  neces- 
sary cares  of  his  weighty  charge,  he  !jestov\cd| 
on  prayer  and  serving  of  Ciod.  L'nolles  ' 


3.  To  part  with  without  much  inconven- 
ience ;  to  do  wnhout. 

I  could  have  better  spar'd  a  better  man. 

Shak. 
Nor  can  we  spare  you  long —  Dryden. 

4.  To.  omit  ;  to  Uirbear.  We  might  have 
spared  this  toil  and  expense. 

Be  plcas'd  your  politics  to  spare.       Dryden. 

5.  To  use  tenderly;  to  treat  with  pity  aiul 
forbearance  ;  to  forbear  to  afllict,  pimish 
or  destroy. 

Spare  us,  good  Lord.  Com.  Prayer. 

Dim  satiness  did  not  spare 
Celestial  visages.  JUilion. 

But  man  alone  can  whom  he  conquers  spare. 

Mailer. 
0.  Not  to  take  when  in  one's  power  ;  to  for- 
bear to  destroy ;  as,  to  spare  the  life  of  a 
prisoner. 

To  grant ;  to  allow  ;  to  indulge, 
where  angry  Jove  ilid  never  spare 
One  breath  of  kind  and  temp'rale  air. 

Jioscommon. 
8.  To  forbear  to  inflict  or  impose. 
Spare  my  sight  the  pain 
Of  seeing  what  a  world  of  tears  it  cost  you. 

Dryden. 

SPARE,  V.  i.  To  live  frugally  ;  to  be  parsi- 
monious. 

Who  at  some  times  spend,  at  others 5/iar€, 
Divided  between  carelessness  and  care. 

Pope. 

2.  To  forbear  ;  to  be  scrupulous. 

To  pluck  and  eat  my  fill  I  spar'd  not. 

Milton. 

3.  To  be  frugal  ;  not  to  be  profuse. 

4.  To  use  mercy  or  forbearance  ;  to  forgive  ; 
to  be  tender. 

The  king — was  sparing  and  compassionate 
towards  his  subjects.  Bacon. 

SPARE,  a.  [Sax.  spa:r.]  Scanty  ;  parsimoni- 
ous ;  not  abundant  ;  as  a  spare  diet. 
He  was  spare  but  di.screet  of  speech. 

Ciirew. 
[We  more  generally  use,  in  the  latter 
api>licaiion,  s/7ari?ig';  as,  he  was  sparing 
of  words.] 


[JVot  used.]         Diet. 
•i   frugally ;  forbear- 
nig  ;  omitting  to  punish  or  destroy. 
'i.  a.  Scarce  ;  little. 

Of  this  there  is  with  you  sparing  memory,  or 
none.  Bacon. 

3.  Scanty  ;  not  plentiful ;  not  abundant ;  as 
a  sparing  diet. 

4.  Saving  ;  parsimonious. 

Virgil  being  so  \eiy'sparing  of  his  words,  and 

leaving  so  much  to  he  imagineil  by  the  reader, 

can   never  be  translated  as  he    ought  in  any 

ULodcn  toneue.  Dryden. 

SPA'RINGLY,  adv.  Not  abundantly. 

Shak. 

2.  Frugally;  parsimoniously;  not  lavishly. 
Hij;h  titles  of  honor  weie  in  the  kinfi's  minor- 
ity   sparingly  granted,    because  dignity   then 
waited  on  desert.  Haytcard. 

(  ormiiend   but    sparingly   whom  thmi  dost 
love.  Denham. 

3.  Abstinently  ;  moderately. 

C  hristians  are  obhged  t<»  taste  even  the  inno- 
cent pleasures  of  life  but  spiaringly. 

Jitterlmry. 

4.  Seldom  ;  not  frequently. 

i  he  morality  of  a  grave  sentence,  aiTected  by 
Lucan,  is  more  sparingly  used  by  Virgil. 

Dryden. 

5.  Cautiously;  tenderly.  Bacon. 
SPA'KINGNESS,  n.  Parsimony;  want  of 

liberality. 

2.  Caution.  Barrow. 

SP^ARK,  71.  [Sax.  spearc ;  D.  sparteUn,  to 
flutter,  to  sparkle;  Dan.  sparker,  to  wince 
or  kick.  The  sense  is  that  which  shoots, 
darts  oft'or  scatters;  pndiably  allied  to  L. 
spargo  ami  Russ.  sverkayu.] 

1.  A  small  particle  of  fire  or  ignited  sub- 
staiiec.  which  is  emiiled  licmi  bodies  in 
coiiihustion,  and  uhich  either  a.scends 
w  ith  the  smoke,  or  is  darted  in  another  di- 
rection. Pope. 

2.  A  small  shining  body  or  transient  light. 

We  have  heie  and  there   a   lillle  cleai  light, 
and  some  sparks  of  bright  knowledge. 

fj>cke. 

3.  A  small  portion  of  any  thing  active.  If 
any  spark  of  life  is  yet  remaining. 

4.  A  very  small  piu'tion.  If  you  have  a 
spark  i>f  generosity. 

5.  A  brisk,  showy,  gay  man. 

The  finest  sparks  and  cleanest  beaux. 

Prior. 
0.  A  lover. 


SPA 


SPA 


S  P  E 


SP'ARK,  v.i.  To  emit  particles  of  fire  ;  to||SPASMOD'IC,  n.  A  medicine  goml  for  re- 
s|)iiikl(!.     [JVolin  use.]  Spenser.v,     inoviiif;  s|jaMiii  ;  liut   I   bi^lii'vu   tlit;   word 

SP'AKKFUL,  a.  Lively  ;  brisk;  guy.  (."^iicrally  finplojed  is  a»?/i.s/)nsmo(/jc. 

Camden.\\Sl'A'l\  jinl.  oi  spil,  hut  iieurly  ohi^olete. 
SPV'XRKISII,  a.  Airy;  gay.  WateA.jSPAT,  »i.  (from  the  root  of  »;n«;  that  which 

2.  .Siiiivvy  ;    well  dressed  ;    fine.  |i      is  ejected.] 

VEslranpt.  1.  The  young  of  .shell  fish.  JVoodward. 


SPARKLE,  n.  A  spark.  Dnjikn. 

2.  A  liiiiiiiious  particle. 

SPARKLE,  v.i.  (D.   spariden.']    To   emit 


A  petty  eoiiiliat ;  a  little  quarrel  ordissen 
bi'.n.     [.'}  vulgar  use  of  the  word  in  JVew 

Etiglinid.] 


spnrks;  to  Bend  off  small  ignited  parlicle.s  ;j,HPATH  A'CEOUS,  a.  Having  a  calyx   like 
as  hurning  fuel,  &e.  r     a  siie.ith. 

2.  To   glitter;     to   glisten;    as,   a   brilliant  SPA'I'IIR,   n.    [L.  spatha.]    In   botany,   the 


sparkles;  sparkling;  coiors.  Ltf>cke.\ 

3.  To  twinkle  ;  to  glitter  ;  as  »/)arA7ing'siars.l 

4.  To  glisten  ;  to  exhihit  an  appearance  of 
animation  ;  as,  the  eyes  sparkle  with  joy. 

Milton. 

5.  To  emit  little  bubbles,  as  vpiritous 
liquors  ;    as  sparkling  wine. 

SP'ARKLE,  I). /.  To  throw  about;  to  scatter. 
[JSTot  in  u.ie.]  Sackvilk. 

SPWRKLER,  n.  He  or  that  which  sparkles  ;| 
one  wlKise  eyes  sparkle.  Addison. 

SP'ARKLET,  Ji.  A  small  spark.         Cotton. 

SP>ARKL!NESS,n.  Vivacity.  [J^ot  in  usv .] 

Jlulirey. 

SP'ARKLING.  ppr.  or  a.    Emitting  spark 
glittering  ;    lively  ;     as   sparkling   wine  ; 
sparkling  eyes. 

SPARKLINGLY,  adv.  With  twinkling  or 
viviil  hnlliiincv. 

SPARKLLNGNESS,  n.  Vivid  and  twink- 
ling luster. 

SP'ARLING,  n.  A  smelt.  Colgrave. 

SPAR'ROVV,  )i.  [i't-.ix.  spenra  :  Goth,  sjiar- 
wa  ;  G.  Dull,  sptrling  :  Sw.spiirf;  proba- 
bly allied  to  spfar  or  spare,  and  so  named 
from  its  smalhiess.] 

A  small  birdof  ihe  genus  Fringillaarid  order 
of  I'a.-iser.s.  These  birds  are  IrequiMitly 
seen  about  houses. 

SPAR'ROW-GRAS.S,   a  corruption   of  „s- 

SPAR' ROW  HAWK,  )       [Sax.  spearhafoc  ; 
SPAR'HAWK,  p- speurhawk.]     A 

small  species  of  sliorl  vvinired  loiwU. 
SP'ARRY,  a.  [i'ruiu  spar.]  Resembling  s|)ar, 

or  consisting  of  spar ;  having  a  coidused 

crystahne  structure  ;  spatiiose. 
SP.ARSE,   a.   spiirs.    [L.  sparsus,  scattered, 

from  spargo.] 

1.  Thinly  scattered  ;  set  or  planted  here  and 
there  ;  as  a  sparse  population. 

2.  Ill  botany,  iii.i  opposite,  nor  alternate,  nor 
ill  any  apiiaient  regular  order  ;  iipplied  to 
braiiche.s,  leaves,  peduncles,  &c.    Martyn. 

SPARSE,  t'.  <.  s/)ar«.  To  disperse.  [AW  tn 
use.]  Spenser. 

SP'.ARSEI),  a.  Scattered.  Lee. 

SP'ARSEDLY,  <irfi!.  In  a  scattered  inanner. 

Ex^elyn. 

SP'.'VRTAIV,  a.  Pertaining  to  ancient  Spar- 
ta; henci^,  hardy  ;  niidauuted  ;  as  Spartan 
souls;  Spartan  bravi^ry, 

SPASM,  »i.  [L.  spasmus  ;  Gr.  anaana,  from 
onaw,  to  draw. J 

An  iimduiitary  contraction  of  muscles  or 
niiisciilar  fibers  in  animal  bodies:  irregu- 
lar motion  of  the  muscles  or  muscular 
fibers;  convulsion;  cramp.  Coie. 

SPA.^MOO'IC,  a.  [Fr.  spasmodique  ;  It. 
spasmodico.] 

Consisting  in  spasm ;  as  a  spasmodic  affec- 
tion. 

Vol.  II. 


calyx  of  a  spadix  opening  or  bursting  Ion 
giludinally,  in  form  of  a  sheath.     It  is  also 
applied  to  the  calyx  of  some  flowers  whii-h 
have  no  sparlix,  as  of  narcissus,  crocus, 
iris,  &c.  Martyn. 

SPATIl'IC,  a.  [G.spalh.]  Foliated  or  "la- 
mellar. Spathic  iron  is  a  mineral  of  a 
foliated  structure,  and  a  yellowisli  or 
brownish  <-olor.  Siltiman. 

Sl'ATll'H'dRM,  a.  [spalh  and/om.]  Re- 
sembling spar  in  form. 

The  oclicrous,  spathiform  and   mineralized 
foi  IDS  ol  ui  aiiite —  Lavoisier. 

SI'ATH'OUS,  a.  Having  a  calyx  like  a 
sheath. 

.SPATH'ULATE.  [See  Spatiilate.] 

SPA'TIATE,  v.  i.  [L.  spatior.]  To  rove  ;  to 
ramble.     [.Vol  in  iwcj  Bacon. 

SPAT'TER,  v.  t.  [This  root  is  a  derivative 
of  the  family  of  spit,  orh.pateo.  See  Sput- 
ter.] 

1.  To  scatter  a  liquid  substance  on  ;  to 
s|)rinkle  with  water  or  any  fluid,  or  with 
any  moist  and  dirty  matter  ;  as,  to  .spatter 
a  coat;  to  .^patter  tlie  floor;  to  spalttr  i\it'. 
boots  with  mud.  [This  word,  1  believe, 
is  applied  always  to  fluid  or  moist  sub- 
stances. We  say.  to  spatter  with  water, 
mud.  blood  or  gravy  ;  but  never  to  spatter 
wiih  (hist  or  meal.] 

'i.   I'^ignratively,  to  asperse  ;  to  defame.    [In 

ihis  sense,  asper.ie  is  generally  used.] 
:i.  To  throw  out  any  thing  oftensive  ;  as,  to 

spatter  foul  speeches.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Shak. 
4.  To  scatter  about ;  .ns,  to  spatter  water  here 

and  there. 
SPAT'TER,  V.  i.  To  throw  out  of  the  mouth 

in  a  .scattered  inanner  ;  to  sputter.     [See 

Sputter.]  Milton. 

SPAT'TI'.RDASHES,  n.  plu.  [spatter   and 

dash.] 
Coverings  for  the   legs  to  keep  them   clean 

from  water  and    mud.      [Since   boots  are 

geneially    worn,   these    things  and   their 

name  are  little  used.] 
SPAT'TER  EIJ,  pp.  Sprinkled  or  fouled  by 

some  liquid  or  dirty  substance. 

2.  Aspersed. 

SPAT'TERING,  ppr.  Sprinkling  with  moist 
or  foul  matter. 

2.   Aspersing. 

SPATTLE,  n.  Spittle.  [.Vol  in  use.]    Bale. 

SPATTLING-POPPY,  n.  [L. paparer spu- 
meum.] 

.\  plant ;  white  belien  ;  a  species  of  Cam- 
pion. 

SPAT'ULA,   I   ,.      [L.   spathula.   spatha,   a 

SPAT'TLE.  S  slice;  W .  yspodol ;  from 

the  root  of  L.  pateo ;  so  named  from  its 
breadth,  or  from  its  use  in  spreading 
thing  !:'. 

77 


A  slice  ;  an  apothecaries'  instrument  for 
spreading  plasters,  &.c.  Quincy. 

SPAT'ULATE,  a.  [from  h.spalhulu.]  In  ioV- 
ani/,  a  spatulate  leaf  is  one  shaped  like  a 
spatula  or  battledoie,  being  roiindirli  »  ilh 
a  long,  narrow,  linear  base  ;  as  in  cislus  in- 
canus.  Marlyn. 

SPAV'IN,  n.  \\u  spavenio,  tpavano,  spa\in, 
a  cramp  ;  Fr.  eparvin  ;  Sjt.  tsparavan ; 
Port,  esparuvam.] 

A  tumor  or  excres(!encc  that  forms  on  the 
inside  of  a  horse'.-  hough,  not  far  from  the 
elbow;  at  first  like  gristle,  hut  afterwards 
hard  and  bony.  far.  Did. 

SPAV'INEH,  a.  Affected  with  spavin. 

(Joldsmith. 

SPAW,  I       A  mineral  water  from  a  place 

SPA,  J  ■  of  this  name  in  Germany.  'Ihe 
name  may  perhaps  be  applied  to  other 
similar  waters. 

2.  A  spiiiig  of  mineral  water. 

SPAWL,  v.i.  [G.  i/)cic/tc/,  spawl ;  spcien,  to 
spawl,  to  spew.  Spew  is  a  contracted 
word.] 

To  throw  saliva  from  the  mouth  in  a  scat- 
tering form  ;  to  disperse  spittle  in  a  care- 
less dirty  manner. 

Why  must  he  sputter,  spawl  and  alaver  it .' 

Swi/t. 

SPAWL,  n.  Saliva  or  spittle  thrown  out 
carfdessly.  Drydtn. 

SP.\WI,'I\G,  ppr.  Throwing  spittle  care- 

I      lessly  from  the  mouth. 

!SP.'\WL'ING,    n.    Saliva  thrown  out  care- 

I     lessly. 

SP.XWiV,  n.  It  has  no  [ilural.  [If  this  word 
is  not  contracted,  it  belongs  to  the  roit  of 
L.  j/ono,  f^\t.  jiontr,  Fr. /)on</rp,  to  lay  eggs. 
If  coiitracteil,  it  probably   belongs   to  the 

I     t'lox  <if  s/ieip  or  spawl.     The  radical  sense 
I      is  that  v%hich  is  ejected  or  thrown  out.1 
[1.  The  eggs  offish  or  frogs,  when  ejected. 
I  Ray. 

2.  Any  product  or  ofl^spring ;  an  erpression 
i     nfnintrmpf.  Roscommon. 

3.  Offsets;  shoots;  suckers  of  plants.  [JVot 
used  in  America.] 

SPAWN,  V.  t.  To  produce  or  deposit,  as 
fishes  do  their  eggs. 

2.  To  bring  fiirth  ;  to  generate  ;  in  contempt. 

'  Swift. 

SPAWN,  1'.  I.  To  deposit  eggs,  as  fish  or 
frogs. 

2.  To  issue,  as  offspring  ;  in  contempt. 

Locke. 

SPA  WN'ED.  pp.  Produced  or  deposited,  as 
the  eggs  offish  or  frogs. 

SPAWN' FR,  n.  The  female  fish. 

The  ^pawner  and   the  melter  of  the   barbel 
cover  their  spawn  with  sand.  Walloti. 

SPAY,  r.  I.  [  W.  yspazu,  to  exhaust ;  dyspazu, 
to  geld  ;  Arm.  spaza  or  spahein,  to  geld  ; 
L.  spado,  a  gelding  ;  Gr.  onaw,  to  draw 
out.] 

To  castrate  the  female  of  a  beast  by  cutting 
and  by  taking  out  the  uterus ;  as,  to  spay 
n  sow.  .Mortimer. 

SP.A'YED,  pp.  Castrated,  as  a  female 
beast. 

SPA'YING,  ppr.  Castrating,,  as  a  female 
beast. 

SPEAK,  V.  1.  pret.  spoke,  [spake,  nearly 
obs. ;]  pp.  spoke,  spoken.  [Sax.  sjxrcan, 
specan  :  It.  ■•ipiccar  le  parole,  to  speak  dis- 
tinctly ;  spircare,  to  shine,  that  is,  to  shoot 
or  thrust  forth ;  Eth.    f]f\t[    sabak,    to 


S  P  E 


S  P  E 


S  P  E 


preach,  to  teach,  to  proclaim.  The  Sw.  has' 
sp&.  Oaii.  spaer,  to  foretell.  It  is  easy  to 
sec  tiiar  the  root  of  this  word  is  allied  to 
thai  <<t' heiik,  peak,  pick.] 

1.  T"  iitier  words  or  articulate  sounds,  as 
hiiiiiiirj  heiiiffs  ;  to  express  tfioutfhls  by 
wor(t>.  Cliildreii  learn  lo  speak  m  an  ear- 
ly affe.  The  orjians  may  be  so  obstructed 
that  ii  man  may  not  be  able  to  speak. 

Speak,  Lord,  for  tliy  servant  neareth.  1 
Sam.  iii.  i 

2.  To  utter  a  speech,  discourse  or  harangue  ; 
to  utter  thoiiylits  in  a  public  assembly.  A 
man  may  be  well  informed  on  a  subject,! 
anil  yet  too  diffident  to  speak  in  public.       j 

Many  of  the  nobility  matle  themselves  pop-, 
iilar  by  speaking  in  parliament  against  those 
things  which  were  most  grateful  tohi*  majesty. 

Clarendon.^ 

0.  To  talk  ;  to  express  opinions  ;  to  dispute. 

An  honest  man,  sir,  is  able  to  speak  for  him- 

.self,  when  the  knave  is  not.  Shak. 

4.  To  discourse  ;  to  make  mention  of. 

Lucan  speaks  of  a  part  of  Cesar's  army  that' 
came  to  him  from  the  Leman  lake.        Jidtlison.l 

The  Scripture  speaks  only  of  those  to  whom 
it  speaks.  Hammond. ', 

5.  To  give  sound.  ' 

Make  all  your  trumpets  speak.  Shak.] 

To  speak  with,  to  converse  with.  Let  me! 
speak  wilh  my  son.  I 

SPEAK,  1'.  /.  To  utter  with  the  mouth  ;  to! 
pronounce  ;  to  utter  articulately  ;  as  hu- 
man beings. 

They  sat  down  with  him  on  the  ground 
seven  days  and  seven  nights,  and  none  spoke  a 
word  to  him.     Job  ii. 

Speak  tlie  word,  and  my  son  shall  be  healed. 
Malt.  viii. 
Q.  To  declare  ;  to  proclaim  ;  to  celebrate. 
It  is  my  father's  music 
To  speak  your  deeds.  Shak. 

To  talk  or  converse  in  ;  to  utter  or  pro- 
notince,  as  in  conversation.  A  man  may 
know  how  to  read  and  to  understand  a 
lanjjiuage  which  he  cannot  speak. 

4.  To  adilress  ;  to  accost. 

He  will  smile  upon  thee,  put  thee  in  hope, 
and  speak  thee  fair.  £t*c/«s. 

5.  To  exhibit ;  to  make  known. 

Let  heav'n's  wide  circuit  speak 
The  Maker's  high  magnilicence.         Milton. 

fi.  To  express  silently  or  by  signs.  The  la- 
dy's looks  or  eyes  speak  the  meaning  or 
wishes  of  her  heart. 

7.  To  communicate  ;  as,  to  speak  peace  to 
the  soul. 

To  speak  a  ship,  to  hail  and  speak  to  her 
captain  or  commander. 

[JVote.  We  say,  to  apeak  a  word  or  syllable,  to' 
,*ipeak  a  sentence,  an  oration,  piece,  composi- 
tion, or  a  dialogue,  to  speak  a  man's  praise,  &.c. ; 
but  we  never  say,  to  speak  an  argument,  a  ser- 
mon or  a  story.] 

Sl'R'AKABLE,  n.   That  can  he  spoken. 
2.  H.iviiig  the  power  of  speech.  Milton. 

SPF/.-XKEK,  n.  One  that  speaks,  in  what- 
ever manner. 

2.  One  that  proclaims  or  celebrates. 

— Nc)  other  speaker  of  my  living  actions.  Shak. 

3.  One  that  utters  or  pronounces  a  dis- 
course; usually,  one  that  utters  a  speech 
in  |iiil)lic.  We  say,  a  man  is  a  good  speak- 
er, or  n  bad  speaker. 

4.  The  person  who  presides  in  n  lielihera- 
tive  assembly,  preserving  order  and  regu- 
lating the  debates ;  us  the  s^ieaker  of  the 


a 


house  of  commons  ;  the  *;)eaA:er  of  a  house 

of  representatives. 
SPK'AKING,    ppr.    Uttering   words;    dis- 
coursing ;  talking. 
SPE'  vKING,  ;i.  The  act  of  uttering  words  ; 

discoLirse. 
3.   In  colleges,  public  declamation. 
SPE'AKING-TRCMPET,  n.  A  trumpet  by 

which  the  .sound  of  the  human  voice  may 

be  propagated  lo  a  great  rlistanie. 
SPEAR,  n.  [Hax.  speare.  spere  ;  D.G.  speer  : 

Dan.  spcer ;   W.  uspar,   from  par,  a   spear. 

So  W.  6er  is  a  spear,  and  a  spli,  that  which 

shoots  TO  a  point.    Class  IJr] 
L   A  long  pointed   weapmi.  u.sed  in  war  and 

hrmting  tiy  thrusting  or  throwing  ;  a  lance. 

Milton.      Pope. 

'i.  A  sharp  pointed  instrument  wilh  barbs: 

used  for  stabbing  fish  and  other  animals. 

Carew. 
3.  A  shoot,  as  of  grass;  usually  spire. 
SPEAR,  v.t.  To  pier<-e   with   a   spear;  to 

kill  with  a  spear  ;  as,  to  spear  a  tish. 
SPEAR,  v.i.   To  shoot  into   a   long  stem. 

[See  Spire.']  Mortimer. 

SPE'ARED,  pp.    Pierced  or  killed    with  a 

spear. 
SPE'AR-FOOT,  »i.  [spear  an<\  fool.]  The  far 

foot  hcliiud  ;  used  ol  a  horse.  Ency. 

SPE'.AR-GRASS,  n.  [spear  an^i  grass.]    Al 

long  stiff  grass.  Shak. 

3.  In  New  England,  this  name  is  given  to  a 

species  of  Poa. 
SPE'ARING,   ppr.  Piercing  or  killing  with 

a  spear. 
2.  Shooting  into  a  long  stem. 
SPE'AKMAN,    n.    [spear  and   man.]    One 

who  is  armed  wilh  a  spear.     Ps.  Ixviii. 
SPE'ARMINT,    n.     [spear   and    mint.]      A 

plant  of  the  genus  Mentha  ;  a  species  of 

mint. 
SPE'AR-THISTLE,  n.  A  plant,  a  trouble 

some  weed. 
SPE'AR-WORT,    n.  A  plant;  the  popular 

name  of  the  Ranunculus  Jlammula. 
SPE€11T,     (        A  woodpecker.  [J^otinuse 
SPEIGHT,   \  "•  or  local.]  Sherwood) 

SPE"CIAL,    a.   [Fr. ;   h.  speziale  ;  &]).  espe-l 

cial ;  from  L.  specialis,  from  species,  forni.j 

figure,  sort,  from  specio,  to   see.     Hence, 

species  primarily  is  appearance,  that  which 

is  presented  to  the  eye.     This  word   and 

especial  are  the  same.] 

1.  Designating  a  species  or  sort. 

A  special  idea  is  called  by  the  schools  a  spe- 
cies. JJ^atts 

2.  Particular  ;  peculiar  ;  noting  something 
more  than  ordinary.  She  smiles  with  a 
special  grace. 

Our  Savior  is  represented  every  where  in 
Scripture  as  tlie  special  patron  of  the  poor  and 
afflicted.  Mterhury. 

3.  Appropriate;  designed  for  a  particular 
purpose.  A  private  grant  is  made  by  a 
special  actof  parliaiiient  or  of  congress. 

4.  Exiraordinary  ;  uncommon.  Our  chari- 
ties should  be  universal,  but  chiefly  exer- 
cised on  special  opportunities.  Sprat. 

5.  Chief  in  excellence. 
The  king  hath  drawn 

The  special  head  of  all  the  land  together. 

Shak. 

Special  administration,  in  lan\  is  one  in  which 
the  power  of  an  ailniinistrator  is  limited  to 
the    adiniiiistratiua    of    cerluia    spticitic] 


effects,  and  not  the  effects  in  general   of 
the  deceased.  Blackstone. 

Special  bail,  consists  of  aitual  sureties  recng- 
nized  to  answer  for  the  appearance  of  a 
person  in  court  ;  as  distiiiL'uished  Iroin 
common  bail,  which  is  nuuiinul. 

Blackstone. 

Special  bailif,  is  a  bailif  appointed  by  the 
slierif  for  making  arrests  and  serving  pro- 
cesses. 

Special  contract.    [See  Specially.] 

Special  demurrer,  i.s  one  in  winch  the  cause 
oCdeniiiner  is  particularly  slated. 

Special  imparlance,  is  one  in  which  there  is  a 
saving  of  all  exceptions  to  the  writ  or 
count,  or  of  all  exceptions  whatsoever. 

Blackstone. 

SpecicUjury,  is  one  which  is  called  upon  mo- 
tion of  either  party,  when  the  cause  is 
supposed  to  reipiire  it.  Blackstone. 

Special  matter  in  evidence,  the  particular  facts 
in  the  case  on  which  the  defendant  relies. 

Special  plea,  in  bar,  is  a  plea  which  sets  forth 
the  parlicular  facts  or  reasons  why  the 
plaiiitif's  demaiiil  should  be  barred  as  a 
release,  accord,  &,c.  Blackstone. 

Special  property,  a  ipialified  or  limited  pro- 
perty, as  the  property  which  a  man  ac- 
quires in  wild  animals  by  reclaiming 
them. 

Special  session  of  a  court,  an  extraordinary 
session  ;  a  session  beyond  the  regular 
stated  sessions  ;  or  in  corporations  and 
counties  in  England,  a  petty  session  held 
by  a  few  justices  for  dispatching  small 
business.  Blackstone. 

Special  statute,  is  a  private  act  of  the  legisla- 
ture, such  as  respects  a  private  person  or 
individual. 

Special  tail,  is  where  a  gift  is  restrained  to 
certain  heirs  of  the  donee's  body,  and  does 
not  descend  to  the  heirs  in  general. 

Blackstone. 

Special  verdict,  is  a  verdict  in  which  the  jury 
find  the  facts  and  stale  them  as  proved, 
but  leave  the  law  arising  tVom  the  facts  to 
be  determined  by  the  court.  .'Vnother 
method  of  finding  a  special  verdict,  is 
when  the  piry  find  a  \erdict  generally  for 
the  plainiif,  hut  subject  to  the  opinion  of 
the  court  lui  a  special  case  stated  by  the 
counsel  on  both  sides,  with  regard  to  a 
matter  of  law.  Blackstone. 

Special  warrant,  a  warrant  to  take  a  person 
and  bring  him  before  a  particular  justice 
who  granted  the  warrant. 

SPE"C'lAL,  n.  A  particular.     [jVot  used.] 

Hammond. 

SPE"CIALIZE,  v.t.  To  mention  specially. 
[jYot  in  use.]  Sheldon. 

SPE"CIALLV,  adv.  Particularly;  in  a 
manner  beyond  what  is  common,  or  out  of 
the  ordinary  course.  Every  signal  (h'liv- 
eraiice  from  danger  ought  to  he  specially 
noticed  as  a  divine  interposition. 

2.  F(U-  a  particular  (lurpose.  A  meeting  of 
the  legislature  is  specially  suniinoned. 

3.  Chiefly  ;  specially. 
SPE'CIALTY,  n.  Particularity. 

Specialty  of  rule  halh  been  neglected.  Shak. 
2.  A  particular  or  peculiar  case. 

Note.  This  ivord  is  now  little  tised  in  the 
senses  above.     Its  common  acceptation  i.t, 
?.  A  special  contrac-t  ;  .in  uhligatinn  or  luiiid  ; 
the  evidence  of  a  debt  by  deed  or  instru- 


S  P  E 


S  P  E 


S  P  E 


ment  under  seal.  Such  a  debt  is  called  a 
dfibt  liy  specialli/,  in  distinction  from  sim- 
ple roNtract.  Blackstoiie. 

SPECll'i,  n.  spt'shy.  Coin;  copper,  silver 
or  jiilil  coined  and  used  as  a  cirrulatinij 
meiliinii  of  commerre.     [See  Special, j 

SI'IX'IES,  n.  spe'shiz.  [L.  from  specio,  to 
sei;.     See  Special.] 

1.  In  zoology,  a  collection  of  organiz- 
ed beings  derived  from  one  common 
pan'ntaf;(!  by  natural  generation,  charac- 
terized by  one  peculiar  form,  liable  to  vary 
from  tli(!  intluence  of  circumstances  only 
within  certain  narrow  limits.  These  acci- 
dental and  limited  variations  are  varieties. 
Different  rac^es  from  the  same  parents 
are   culled  varieties. 

2.  In  botany,  all  the  plants  which  spring  from 
the  same  seed,  or  which  resemble  eacli 
other  in  certain  characters  or  invariable 
forms. 

Ihcre  are  as  many  spccict  .is  there  are  ilif- 
ferent  invariable  forms  or  structures  of  vegeta- 
bles. Martyn. 

3.  In  /offic,  a  special  idea,  correspoiuling  to 
the  siiecific  distinctions  of  things  in  na- 
ture. Watts. 

4.  Sort ;  kind  ;  in  a  loose  sense  ;  as  a  species 
of  low  cunning  in  the  world  ;  a  species  of 
generosity  ;  a  species  of  cloth. 

5.  Appearance  to  the  senses;  visible  or  sen 
sible  representation. 

An  apparent  diversity  between  the  species 
visible  and  audible,  is  that  the  visible  doth  not 
luinglc  in  the  medium,  but  the  audible  doth. 

Bacon. 

The  species  of  letters  illuminated  with  indigo 
and  violet.     [Littleused  ]  JVewton. 

6.  Representation  to  the  mind. 

Wit — the  faculty  of  imagination  in  the  wri- 
ter, which  searches  over  all  the  memory  for 
the  species  or  ideas  of  those  things  which  it  de- 
signs to  represent.     [Little  used.]       Dryden. 

7.  Show;  visible  exhibition. 

Shows  and  species  serve  best  with  the  com- 
mon people.      [jVot  in  use.]  Bacon. 

8.  Coin,  or  coined  silver  and  gold,  used 
as  a  circulating  medium;  as  the  cnrreiii 
species  of  Europe.  Arbuthnot. 

In  modern  practice,  this  word  is  con 
traded  \in>i  specie.  What  quantity  of  s/)c 
cie  has  the  bank  in  its  vaidt  ?  What  is  the 
amount  of  all  the  cmi-ent  specie  in  the 
country  ?  What  is  the  value  in  specie,  of 
a  bill  of  exchange  ?  We  receive  payment 
for  goods  in  specie,  not  in  hank  notes. 

9.  In  phannncy,  a  simple  ;  a  component  part 
of  a  compound  medicine. 

Johnson.      Qkiho/ 

10.  The  old  pharmaceutical  term  for  pow- 
ders. Parr. 

SPRCITTC,  )  [Fr.  speci/ique  ;  It.  spe- 
Si'l'U  iriCAL,  ^  "•  cijico.  I  that  makes  a 
thing  of  the  species  of  which  it  is;  desig- 
nating the  peculiar  property  or  properties 
of  a  thing,  which  constitute  its  species, 
and  distinguish  it  from  other  things.  Tim 
we  say,  the  specif  c  form  of  an  animal  or  a 
plant ;  the  spccijic  form  of  a  cube  or 
square  ;  the  specific  qualities  of  a  plant  or 
a  drug  ;  the  s/^eri/Jr  ditferenee  between  an 
acid  and  an  alkali ;  the  specific  distinction 
betweiMi  virtue  and  vice. 

Specific  rlilTereuce  is   that   primary  attribute 
whicli  distinguishes  each  species  from  one  an- 
other. Watts. 
2.  In  medicine,  appropriate  for  the  cure  of  a 


particular  disease  ;  that  certainly  cures  or' 

is  less  fallible  than  others;  as  a  specific 
remedy  for  the  gout.  The  Saratoga  wa-i 
ters  are  found  to  be  a  specific  remedy,  or, 
nearly  so,  for  the  cure  of  bilious  com- 
plaints, so  called. 

Specific  character,  in  botany,  a  circiiinstance 
or  circumstances  rlisiinguishing  one  spe- 
cies from  every  other  species  of  the  same 
genus.  Martyn. 

Specific  gravity,  in  philosophy,  the  weight  tiial 
belongs  to  an  etpial  bulk  of  each  body 
[See  Gravity.] 

Specific  name,  in  botany,  is  the  trivial  name, 
as  distinguished  from  the  generic  name. 

Martyn 
Specific  name  is  now  used  for  the  name 
which,  appended  to  the  name  of  the  genus, 
constitutes  the  distinctive  name  of  the 
species;  but  it  was  originally  applied  by 
Linne  to  the  essential  i-haracter  of  the 
species,  or  the  essential  difference.  Tl 
present  specific  names  he  at  first  called 
the  trivial  names.  Smith 

SPKCIF'IC,  n.  In  medicine,  a  remedy  that 
certaiidy  cures  a  particular  disease. 

Coxe, 

SPECIFICALLY,  adv.  In  such  a  maimer 
as  to  constitute  a  species;  according  to 
the  nature  of  the  species.  A  body  is  spr 
cifically  lighter  than  another,  when  it  has 
less  weight  in  the  same  bulk  than  the 
other. 

Human  reason — differs  specifically  from  the 

fantastiek  reason  of  brutes.  Grew. 

— Those  several  virtues  that    are  specifically 

requisite  to  a  due  performance  of  duty.     South. 

SPECIF'ICATE,  v.t.  [L.  species,  form,  and 
facio,  to  make.] 

To  show,  mark  or  designate  the  species,  or 
the  distinguishing  particulars  of  a  thing 
to  specify. 

SPECIFICA'TION,  n.   The  act  of  deter 
mining  by  a  mark  or  limit;  notation  of 
limits. 

This  specification  or  limitation  of  the  ques- 
tion hinders  the  disputers  fiom  wandering  away 
from  the  precise  point  of  inquiry.  Watts. 

2.  The  act  of  specifying  ;  designation  of  par- 
ticulars; particiilnr  mention;  as  the  spe- 
cification of  a  charge  against  a  military  or 
naval  officer. 

3.  Article  or  thing  specified. 
SPECIFIED,  pp.  Particularized ;  specially 
I     named. 

SPECIFY,  J)./.    [Fr.  specifier;    It.  specifi- 
]     care.] 
Tt>  mention  or  name,  as  a  particular  thing  ; 

to  designate  in  words,  so  as  to  distingMisli 
a  thing  from  every  other ;  as,  to  specify 
the  uses  of  a  plant :  to  specify  the  articles 
one  wants  to  purchase. 

He  has  there  given  us  an  exact  geography 
of  Greece,  where  the  countries  and  the  uses 
of  their  soils  are  specified.  Pope. 

SPEC'IFVI.MG,  ppr.  Naming  or  designat- 
ing particularly. 

SPECIMEN,  n.  [L.  from  species,  with  the 
termination  men,  which  corresponds  in 
sense  to  the  English  hood  or  nes.?.] 

A  sample;  a  part  or  small  portion  of  any 
thing,  intended  to  exhibit  the  kind  and 
quality  of  the  whole,  or  of  something  init 
exhibited  ;  as  a  specimen  of  a  man's  hand- 
writing ;  a  specimen  of  painting  or  com- 
position ;  a  specimen  of  one's  art  or  skill. 


SPE'CIOUS,  a.  [Fr.  specieux ;  It  sptcioso; 
Sp.  especioso  ;  L.  speciosus.] 

1.  Showy  ;  pleasing  to  the  view. 
Tlie  rest,  iar  greater  part, 

Will  deem  in   outward    riles   and   specious 

forms 
Religion  satisfied.  Milton. 

2.  Apparently  right ;  superficially  fair,  just 
or  correct;  plausible;  appearing  well  at 
first  view;  as  specious  reasoning;  a  s/)e- 
a'ou.»  argmnent ;  a  .f/jfcious  objection;  spe- 
cious deeds.  TenqKatioii  is  of  greater  dan- 
ger, because  it  is  covered  with  the  specious 
names  of  good  nature,  good  manners,  no- 
bleness of  mind.  Sec. 

SPE'CIOL'SLV,  adv.  With  a  fair  appear- 
ain-e;  with  show  of  right;  as,  to  reason 
speciously. 

SPECK,  n.  [Sax.  specca ;  D.  spikhel.  In 
Sp.  peca  IS  a  friickle  or  s[iot  raised  in  the 
skin  by  the  sun.  This  word  may  be  form- 
ed from  peck,  for  pcckled  has  been  used  for 
speckled,  spotted  lus  though  pecked.  Qu.  Ar. 

"     bakaa,  to  be  spotted.  Class  Bg.  No. 

31.]' 

1.  A  spot ;  a  stain;  a  small  place  in  any 
tiling  that  is  discolored  by  foreign  matter, 
or  is  of  a  color  ditfereiit  from  that  of  the 
main  sub.stance  ;  as  a  speck  on  paper  or 
cloth. 

2.  A  very  small  thing. 

SPECK,  v.t.  To  spot ;  to  stain  in  .spots  or 

drops. 
SPECK'LE,  n.  A   little   spot  in  any  thing, 

of  a  different  substance  or  color  from  that 

of  the  thing  itself 
SPECK'LE,  V.  t.  To  mark  with  small  spots 

of  a  different  color;  used   chiefly  in   the 

participle  passive,  which  see. 
SPECK' LED,/);?,  or  a.  Marked  with  specks  ; 

variegated  with   spots  of  a  different  color 

from  the  ground  or  surface  of  tlie  object ; 

as  the  speckled  breast  of  a  bird  ;  a  speckled 

serpent. 

Speckled  bird,  a  denomination  given  to  a  per- 
son of  doubtful  character  or  principles. 
SPECK'LEDNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 

speckled.  .'M. 

SPECK  LING,  ppr.    Marking  with   small 

spots. 
SPE€'TA€LE,  »?.    [Fr.    from    L.  spectacu- 

lum,  from  specto,  to  behold  ;  specio,  to  see; 

It.  spettacolo.] 

1.  A  show  ;  something  exhibited  to  view; 
usually,  sometliing  presented  to  view  as 
extraordinary,  or  something  that  is  beheld 
as  unusual  and  worthy  <d'  special  notice. 
Thus  we  call  things  exhibited  for  ainuse- 
inent,  public  spectucles,  as  the  combats  of 
gladiators  in  ancient  Rome. 

We  are  made  a  spectacle  to  the  world,  and  to 
angels,  ami  to  men.     1  Cor.  iv. 

2.  Any  thing  seen  ;  a  sight.  A  drunkard  is 
a  shocking  spectacle. 

3.  Spectacles,  in  tlie  plural,  glasses  to  assist 
the  sight. 

•1.  Figuratively,  something  that  aids  the  in- 
tellectual sight. 

Shakspearo — needed   not    the   spectacles  of 
books  to  read  nature.  Dryden. 

SPE€'TA€LED,  a.  Furnished  with  specta- 
cles. Shak. 
SPECTACULAR,  a.  Pertaining  to  sh.ws. 

Hickes, 


S  P  E 

SPECTA'TION,  n.  [\..  sptdalio.]  Regard; 

resnert.     [LillU  used.]  Harveij. 

SPEcTA  TOR,  n.  [L.  whence  Ft.  spectu- 

teur ;  It.  spettalore.] 

1.  One  that  hioks  on  ;  one  that  sees  or  be- 
liolds ;  a  beholder  ;  as  the  spectators  of  a 
show. 

2.  One  personally  present.  The  spectators 
were  niunemns. 

SFECTATO'RIAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Snectator.  Addison. 

SPRCTA'TORSHIP,  n.  The  act  of  be-, 
holding.  Shak.^. 

2.  The  office  or  quality  of  a  spectator. 

Addison. 

SPRCTA'TRESS,  ?        [L.   speclatrix.]      A 

SPECTA'TRIX,  S  female  beholder  or 
looker  on.  Rowe. 

SPECTER,  n.  [Fr.  spectre;  from  L.  spec- 
trum, from  specto,  to  belii>lil.] 

1.  An  apparition  ;  the  appearance  of  a  person 
•wlio  is  dead  :  a  ghost. 

The  ghosts  of  trailors  from  the  bridg;e  descend, 
Widi  bold  fuuatic  specters  to  rejoice.  I 

Dryden. 

2.  Something  made  preternaturally  visible.   ; 

3.  In  conchotomy,  a  , species  of  voluta,  mai^fd 
wrth  reddish  broad  bands.  CyC 

SPECTRUM,  n.  [L.]  A  visible  form;  an 
image  of  something  seen,  continuing  after, 
the  eyes  are  closed,  covered  or  turned! 
away.     This  is  called  an  ocular  spectrum.  ! 

Darwin.' 
SPECULAR,  a.  [L.  specularis,  from  specu-'\ 
turn,  a  mirror,  from  specio,  to  see.] 
Having  the  qualities  of  a  mirror  or  look-| 
iiig  glass;  having  a  smooth  reflecting  sur- 
face"^; as  a  specular  metal ;  a  specular  sur- 
face. JVewton. 
I    Assisting  sight.     [Improper  and  not  used.] 

Philips. 

Milton. 

[L.  specular,  to  view, 

to  see;  Fr. 


S  P  E 


1. 


.3.  Affording  view. 
SPECULATE,  V. 

to   contemplate,   from  specio 

speculer ;  It.  speculare.] 

1.  To  meditate  ;  to  contemplate  ;  to  consider 
a  snlijcct  by  turning  it  in  the  mind  and 
viewing  it"in  its  different  aspects  and  re- 
lations ;  as,  to  speculate  on  political  events  ; 
to  speculate  on  the  probable  results  of  a 
discovery.  Addison. 

2.  In  commerce,  to  purchase  land,  goods, 
stock  or  other  things,  with  the  expecta- 
tion of  an  advance  in  price,  and  of  selling^ 
the  articles  with  a  profit  by  means  of  suidi 
advance;  as,  lo  speculate  in  coffee,  or  in 
sugar,  or  in  six  per  cent  stock,  or  in  bank 
sio(  k. 

SPECULATE,  V.  t.  To  consider  attentive- 
ly ;  as,  to  speculate  tlie  nature  of  a  thing. 
[JVot  in  u.ie.]  Brown. 

SPEcULA'TION,  »i.  Examination  by  the; 

eye;  view.  [LAttle  used.] 
2.  Mental  view  of  any  thing  in  its  various 
aspects  and  relations  ;  coiiteni|)lation  ;  in- 
tellectual examination.  The  events  of  the 
day  afford  matter  of  serious  speculation  to^ 
the  friends  of  clirislianity. 

Tlicncelorlh  to  speculations  high  or  deep 
I  tiirnM  my  thoiiRlils—  Milton 

3.  Train  of  thouglits  formed  by  meditation. 
From  hiin  Socrates  derived  the  principles  of 
moTality  and  most  part  of  liis   natural  specula-' 
ti'ins.  Tcm/ile 

A.  Mental  scheme;  theory;  views  of  a  sub- 
ject not  verified  by  fact  or  practice.    This 


globe,  wliich  was  formerly  round  only  in 
speculation,  has  been  circuiiiiiavigan^d 
The  application  of  steam  to  navigation  is 
no  longer  a  matter  of  mere  specutatiun. 

Speculations  which  originate  iu  guilt,  nmsi 
end  iu  ruin.  ^.  Hall. 

Power  of  sight. 
Thou  hast  no  speculation  in  those  eyes. 
[JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 

6.  In  commerce,  the  act  or  practice  of  buying 
land  or  goods,  &c.  in  expectation  of  a  rise 
of  price  and  of  selling  them  at  an  advance 
as  distinguished  from  a  regular  trade,  in 
which  the  profit  expected  is  the  difference 
between  the  retail  and  wholesale  prices, 
or  the  difference  of  price  in  the  |)lace 
where  the  goods  are  purchased,  and  the 
place  to  which  they  are  to  be  carrif^d  for 
market.  In  England,  Fiance  and  .-Vmeri- 
ca,  public  stock  is  the  subject  of  ontinu- 
al  speculation.  In  the  United  States,  a  few 
men  have  been  enriched,  but  many  have 
been  ruined  by  speculation. 

SPECULATIST,  n.  One  who  speculates 
or  forms  theories";  a  speculatm-.       Milner. 

SPEC'JLATIVE,  a.  [Fr.  speculatif;  It. 
speculatii'O.] 

1.  Given  to  speculation;  contemplative: 
applied  lo  persons. 

The  mind  of  man  being  by  nature  speculative- 
Hooker 
J2.  Formed  by  speculation;  theoretical: 
1  ideal :  not  verified  by  fact,  experiment  or 
j  practice  ;  as  a  scheme  merely  speculative. 
\:i.  Pertaining  to  view  ;  also,  prying.  Hacon 
iSPECULATIVELY,  adv.  In  contcmpla 
tion  ;  with  meditation. 

2.  Ideally ;  theoretically ;  in  theory  only, 
not  in  pr.ictice.  Propositions  seem  often 
to  be  speculativdy  true,  which  experience 
does  not  verify. 

SPECULATIVENESS,   n.    The   state   ofl 
being  speculative,  or  of  consisting  in  spec 
Illation  ludv. 

SPECULATOR,  n.  One  who  speculates  or 
forms  theories.  More. 

2.  An  observer  ;  a  contemplator.        Brown 

3.  A  spy  ;  a  watcher.  Broome. 

4.  In  commerce,  one  who  buys  goods,  land  or 
other  thing,  with  the  expectation  <d'a  rise 
of  price,  and  of  deriving  profit  from  suci 
advance. 

SPECULATORY,  a.  Exercising  speciila- 

(1011  Johnson 

2.   Intended  or  adapted  for  viewing  or  espy 

ii,„_  Warton 

SPeVuLUM,  n.  [L. ;   G.    D.  spicgel ;  Sw. 

spegel ;  Dan.  spejL]     A  mirror  or  looking 

glass. 

2.  A  glass  that  reflects  the  images  of  objects. 

3.  A  metallic  reflector  used  in  catadioptrir 
telescopes. 

4.  In  surgery,  an  instrument  for  dilating  and 
keeping  open  certain  parts  of  the  body. 

Core 

SPED,  prct.  and  pp.  of  speed. 
SPEECIL  n.  [Sax..?p(rc.     See  Spca*-.]  Th( 
faculty   of  uttering  artii-ulate   sounds   or 
words,  as  in  human  beings;  ihe  faculty  of 
expressing  thoughts  by  words  or  articulate 
sounils.     Speech  was  given  to   man  by  his 
Oeator  for  the  noblest  purpo.ses. 
Language  ;  words  as  expressing  ideas. 
The  acts  of  God  lo  human  car- 
Cannot  without  process  oi  S2>eech  be  told. 

Milton 


S  P  E 

.3.  A  particular  language,  as  distinct  from 
others.     Ps.  xix. 

4.  That  whii-li  is  spoken  ;  words  uttered  in 
I     Connection  and  expros.siiig  thoughts.    Voii 

smile  at  my  speech. 

5.  Talk:  mention;  common  saying. 
I  lie  duke  Hid  ol  me  demand, 

What  wa-  the  speech  among  the  Londoners 
Concernuii;  >\u;  Kiench  jouMiey.  S'ftafc. 

G.  Formal    discourse    in    public  ;    oration  ; 
harangue.     The    member   has   made   his 
first  speech  in  the  legislature. 
7.  Any  dcclaraliim  of  thoughts. 

I,  with  Wave  of  speech  iuiplor'd,  repli'd. 

Milton. 
SPEECH,  V.  i.    To  mak(!  a  speech  ;  to  har- 
angue.    [Little  used] 
SPEE'CHLESS,  a.    Destitute  or  deprived 
of  the  faculty  of  speech.      More  generally. 
Mute;   silent;    not  speaking  for  a  tune. 
Speeehle.ts  with   wonder,  and  half  dead  with 
fear.  Jlililisnn. 

SPEE'OHLESSNESS,    n.     The   state    of 
lieiiig  speechless  ;   muteness.  Bacon. 

SPEECH-MAKER,  n.  One  who  makes 
speeches  ;  one  who  speaks  nuich  in  a 
public  assembly. 
SPEED,  V.  i.  pret.  and  pp.  sped,  speeded. 
[Sax.  spedian,  spcedan  ;  D.  spoeden  ;  G. 
spcdiren.  to  send  ;  Gr.  ajtfuSu.  The  L. 
expedio  may  be  from  the  same  root,  which 
signifies  to  drive,  lo  hurry,  of  the  family 
ofhpeto.  Class  Bd.] 
1.  To  make  haste ;  to  move  with  celerity. 

Shak. 
I.  To    have  success  ;    to   prosper  ;  to   siic- 
ceeil  ;  that  is,  to  advance  in  one's  enter- 
prise. 
He  that's  once  deni'd  will  hardly  speed. 

Shak. 

Those  that  profaned   and  abused  the  secoiul 

temple,  sped  no  better.  South. 

{.  To  have  any   condition  good   or  ill  ;  to 

fare. 

Ships  heretofore  in  seas  like  fishes  sped. 
The  mightiest  still  upon  the  smallest  fed. 

Waller. 
SPEED,  V.  t.  To  dispatch;  to  send  away  iu 
haste. 


He  sped  him  thence  home  to  his  habiiation. 

Fairfax. 
To    hasten  ;  to   hurry ;  to   pHt  in  quick 
motion. 
— But  sped\\\s  steps  along  the  hoarse  resound- 
ing shore.  Dri/den. 
.3.  To   hasten   to  a  <-onclusion  ;  to  execute; 
to  dispatch  ;  as.  lo  «nefrf  judicial  acts. 

Aylife. 
To  assist;  to  help  forward  ;  to  linslen. 
— With   rising    gales  that   sped  their     happy 
lliglit.  Dryden. 

To  prosper ;  to  cause  to  succeed.     May 
heaven  .syKei/iliis  undertaking. 
|().  To  furnish   in  haste. 

To  dispatch  ;  to  kill ;  to  ruin  ;  to  destroy. 
With  a  sjieedmg  ihiust  his  heart  he  found. 

Dryden. 
A  dire  dilemma  !  cither  way  I'm  sped; 
If  foes,   ihcy  write,  if  friends  they  lead   me 
dead.  Pope. 

VoTF..— In  the  phiase,  "God  speed,"  t}iere  is 
piobably  a  gross  mistake  in  considering  it  as 
cipiivalcnt  to  "  may  God  give  you  success." 
'I'lu-  true  phrase  is  probably  "  :;ood  speed  ;  good, 
ill  Sa\on,  being  written  ««</  I  bid  you  or 
wi-b  you  gixii/  speed,  dial  i*,  sood  success. 
SPEED,  ».  Swiftness;  qiiickmss;  celeri- 
ty ;  applied  lo  animals.    We  say,  a  man  or 


S  P  E 


S  P  E 


S  P  E 


a  horse  runs  or  travels  with  speed  ;  a  fowl] 
flii;.s  with  speed.  We  speak  of  the  spied 
of  a  tish  ill  the  vvator,  hut  we  (to  not  sjieuk 
of  ihi^  speed  of  a  river,  or  of  wiiiil,  or  of  a 
falling  hody.  I  think  liowevcr  I  have 
seen  the  word  a|i|)lied  to  the  lapse  of 
time  and  the  inotion  of  lightning,  but  in 
poetry  only. 

2.  Haute,  dispatch;  as,  to  perform  a  jour- 
ney witli  speed  ;  to  execute  an  order  with 
speed. 

3.  Kupid  pace  ;  as  a  horse  of  speed.  We  say 
also,  high  speed,  full  speed. 

4.  Success ;  pni.sperily  in  an  undertakiiif: ; 
favorable  issue ;  that  is,  advance  to  the! 
desired  rod.  ] 

O  Lord  God  of  my  master  Abraham,  I  pray 
thee,  send  me  tjood  speed  lliis  clay  Geu.  xxiv.l 
This  use  is  retaiiifil  in  the  proverb,  "to 
make  inorc  hasie  llian  f;iii>(l  speed"  and 
in  the  Scriptural  phrase,  "to  bid  one  good 
speed"  [not  God  speed,  as  erroneously 
written.] 

SPKK'DILY,  adv.  Quickly  ;  with  haste  ; 
in  a  sliurt  time. 

Send  sjictililtf  to  Herlrum.  Dryden. 

SPK.E'IJIM'>S5,  11.  The  quality  of  being 
sjieedy  ;  ipnckiiess  ;  celerity  ;  haste  ;  dis 
patcli. 

SI'RE'inVELL,  11.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Venmica. 

SPEEDY,  n.  Quirk;  >«ift;  nimble;  has- 
ty ;  I'apiil  ill  nioiiiiii  ;  as  a  speedy  flight  : 
on  speedi/  foot.  Shak. 

2.  Quick  ill  ])frforniance  ;  not  dilatory  or' 
slow;  as  a  spt^edy  ihspatcli  ot' business. 

SPEET,  V.  t.  [U.  spieteu  ;  froin  llie  root  of 
spil.\     To  stab.     y.Vol  ill  use.'\ 

SPEIGHT,  »!.  A  woodpecker.  [.Xotinuse 
or  local.] 

SPELK,  n.  [Sax.  spdc.]  A  splinter ;  a 
sinull  stick  or  rod  useil  in  iliatcliiiig.  [Lo- 
cal.] Grose. 

SPELL,  n.  [Sux  spel  ur  spell,  a  story,  nar- 
raimn,  fable,  speech,  sa\  ing,  fame,  report, 
siuldcn  rumor,  a  iiiagii-  charm  or  sung. 
Hen.  H  f^ospel,  Sax.  god-spill.  In  G.  spiel 
is  play,  spiMt ;  spiilcii,  Ui  play  i).  spteU-n, 
S\s.  spel'i.  Dull.  spilUr.  Hut  this  is  a  dif-| 
ferciil  applicatiiin  of  ilic  same  action. i 
The  verb  primarily  signilics  to  throw  or' 
drive,  and  is  proliahly  fnrnied  on  the  root 
ofL  pello,Oi:  fia^Xu.  Sec  Peal  nvid  Jlp 
pen/,  and  Class  HI.  No.  L  Eili.  In  some  of 
the  applications  of  spell,  we  observe  the 
sense  of  turn.  We  observe  the  same  in 
throw,  warp,  cant,  &c.] 

1.  A  story  ;  a  talc.     Obs.  Chancer. 

2.  A  charm  consisting  of  some  words  of 
occult  power. 

Starl  not ;  her  actions  shall  be  holy ; 

You  hear  my  spell  is  lawful.  Shak. 

Begin,  begin  ;  the  mystic  spell  prepare. 

.Milton. 

3.  A  turn  of  work  ;  relief;  turn  of  duty. 
Take  a  spell  at  the  pump.  Seamen. 

Their  toil  is  so  extreme,  that  they  cannol 
endure  it  above  four  hours  in  a  day,  but  are 
succeeded  by  spells.  Carew. 

4.  In  .'VVtf  England,  a  short  time  ;  a  little 
time.     [.Vol  elegant.] 

J.  A  turn  of  gratuitous  labor,  sometimes  ac- 
companied with  presents.  People  give 
their  neighbors  a  spell.  JV.  England. 

SPELL,  I'.  /.  prct.  and  pp.  spelled  or  spelt. 
[Sax.  spellian,  spelligan,  to  tell,  to  narrate, 


to  discourse,  which  gives   our  sense  of||' 

speU  ill  reading  letters ;  spelian,  speligau,  to 

take  another's  turn  in  labor  ;  1).  spellen,  toi 

spell,  as  words;  Fr.  epeler.] 
1.  To  tell  or  name  the   letters  of  a  word,' 

with  a  proper  division  of  syllables,  for  the 

purpose   of    learning   the    pronunciatinii. 

In  this  manner  children   learn  to  read  by 

first  spelling  the  words. 
a.  To  write  or  print  with  the  proper  letters; 

to  form  Words  by  correct  orthography. 
The  word  satire  ought   to  be  spelled  with  i,\ 

and  not  witb  i/  JJrifdfii.] 

3.  To  take  another's  place  or  turn  lempora-i 
rily  in  any  labor  or  service.  [T/a*  is  a 
popular  use  of  the  irord  in  .Yew  England.] 

4.  1  o  charm ;  as  spelled  with  words  of 
power.  Dryden} 

5.  To  read  ;  to  discover  by  characters  or' 
marks  ;  with  out;  as,  to  spell  out  the  sense 
of  an  author.  Milton. 

We    are    not  left  to   spell  out  a    God  in   the 
works  of  creation.  South.\ 

G.  To  tell;  to  relate;  to  teach.  [J^olin  use.\, 

ff'arton.i 

SPELL,  V.  i.  To  form  words  with  the  prop-' 
er  letters,  either  in  reading  or  wniin:;. 
He  knows  not  how  to  spell.  Onr  orlliog- 
rapliy  is  so  irregular  that  most  per.soiisl 
never  learn  to  spelt.  ! 

•i.   To  read.  Milton.\ 

SPELLED,^        ,        1  c      ;/  i 

SPriT  (  pret.  awl  pp.  oV spell. 

SPELL'ER,  Ji.  One  that  spells  ;  one  skillcil 

ill  spelling. 
SPELL'liNG,  ppr.  Naming  the  letters  of  a 

word,    or    writing    theiii  ;  forming   words 

with  their  proper  letters. 
'i.  Taking  another's  turn. 
SPELL'ING,  n.  The  act  of  naming  the  let- 


ters of  a  w<ud,  or   the   art  of  writing  or  j«;pf,^]\;|)/[.^|{ 


3.  To  consume ;  to  waste ;  to  squander ;  as 
to  spend  an  estate  iu  gaming  or  other 
vices. 

3.  To  consume  ;  to  exhaust.  The  provis- 
ions were  spent,  and  the  troops  were  in 
want. 

4.  To  bestow  for  any  puri>ose ;  often  witb 
on  or  upon.  It  is  folly  to  spend  words  in 
debate  on  trifles. 

5.  To  effuse.     [Little  used.]  Shak. 
(i.  To  pass,  as  time  ;  to  suffer  to  i)ass  away. 

They  spend  ilieir  daj-s  in  wealth,  and  in  a 
moment  go  down  to  the  grave.  Job  xiii. 
To  lay  out;  to  exert  or  to  waste;  aa,  to 
spend  one's  strength. 
To  exhaust  of  tiirce  ;  to  waste  ;  to  wear 
away ;  as,  a  ball  had  spent  its  force.  The 
violence  of  the  waves  was  spent. 

Heaps  of  speiU   arrows    fall  and    strew  the 
ground.  Dryden. 

i).  To  exhaust  of  strength  ;  to  harass ;  to 
fatigue. 

Their  bodies  spent  with  long  labor  and 
thirst —  KniiUes. 

SPEND,    v.i.    To  make  expense  :  to  make 
dispo.sition  of  money.     He  spends  like   a 
prudent  man. 
i.  To  be    lost  or  wasted  ;  to    vanish  ;  to  bo 
dissipated. 

I'he  sound  spendeth  and  is  dissipated  in  the 
open  air.  Bacon. 

3.  To  prove  in  the  use. 
— Butter  spent  as  if  it  came  from  the  richer 

soil.  Temple. 

4.  To  he  consumed.  Caudles  spend  fast  in 
a  current  of  air.  Our  provisions  spend 
rapidly. 

.5.  To  be  employed  to  any  use. 

The  vines  they  use  for  wine  are  so  often  cut, 
that  their  sap  tpendelh  into  die  grapes.  [  L'nu- 
sual.]  Bacon. 


71.    One   that   spends;  also, , a 


prodigal  ;  a  lavisher.  Taylor.     Bacon. 

S PEN II' ING,  ppr.  Laying  out ;  consuming; 
wasiing  ;  exiiaii-iwig. 

SPEND'LN'G,  H    The  act  of  laying  out,  ex- 
pending, consuiiniig  or  wasting. 

Hhithck. 


priming  svnrds  with  their  prn|)er  letters. 
2.   Orllio^rapiiy   ;    the     manner    of  forming! 
words    Willi    leiirrs.     Bad   spelling  is  dis- 
reputable to  a  gpntlcmnii. 

SPELLING-BOOK,  77.  A  hook   for  teach- 
ing children  to  spell  and  read.  | 

SPELT,    71      [Sax.  D.  s;7c«e ;  G.  spetz  ;  Ir.  gpRND'TilRIFT,     77.     [.ipend  and  thri/l.] 
spclda,  speltu.]  Q„p  ^^.j,,,  ^pQuds  miuiey   profusely   or   im- 

A  species  of  gram  of  the  genus  Triticum  ;'      providently ;  a  prodigal ;  one  who  lavish- 
called  also  German  wheat.  Enriir        PS  his  estate.  Dryden.     Su-ift. 

SI  ELI.    I'.  (.     [G.  spalten;    Dan.   spddn:]  SPE'RABLE,  a.  [L.  spcrnbilis,   frnm  spero, 
\'''=m-[-yot^"«S':]  .Mortimer.,     i„  u„,,^,^     That  mav   be  hoped.     [.Vol  in 

SPELTER,  71.  [G.  D..9/)mH/fr.]     Common  1     „,p  ]        '  "  '  Bacon. 

zink,    winch   contains   a  iiortion  of  lead.:  ,<|.p^Rni_  „_    rpr.   ,,nerme  ;  L.   sperma  ;  Gr! 
copper,   iron,  a   little  arsenic,   manganese  |     annua] 
.,;',';'i-l'';;"''"'""-  ^     IVebslifs.Vanunl.'.f^  Animal  seed:  that  by   which  the  species 

^ll.'\LL,  n.  spens.    [OU  h  r.  disprn.n.]     A'|     is  p,.,,|,„.;,t,.d.  Bacon.     Ray. 

buttery;  a  lar.hr;  a  place   where  provis-  .,    -p;,^  |„..„|   ,„aiter  of  a  certain    species  of 
ions  are  kept.      Obs.  Chaucer.       ubale,  railed  cm/ii/o?.     It  is  called  by  the 

SPENCER,    71.   One  who   lias  the  care  of      FreuAiblanc  dphaleine,Un'  while  of  tchnles. 
the  spence  or  l^iittery.      Obs.  1      It  is  tiiimil  also  in  other  partsof  tin- body; 

2.   A  kind  of  short  eoat.  1      hut  it  is    improprrly    named,  not  being   a 

SPEND,    V.  t.    pret.   and    pp.    spent.     [Sax.'     spermatic  substance.     Of  this  matter  are 
spcndan  ;  Sw.  spendera  ;  Dan.  .ipandercr  :'\     made  candles  of  a  beautiful  white  color. 
U.spendere  ;  L.  expendo,  from  the  participle  |-^    Spawn  of  tislies  or  frogs, 
of  which  is  Fr.  f/f/)t/npr  ;  from  the  root  of  SPERM  ACE'Tl,  n.   [L.  s;)er77ia,  sperm,  and 
L.  pando,  pendio,    the    primary   sense   of!     eclus,  a  whale.     It   is   pronounced  as  it  is 
which  is  to  strain,  to  open  or  spread  ;  nlli-!     wriiten.]     The  same  as  sperm. 
ei\  Htsp'an.  pane,  &,c.  ami  probably  to  Gr.  |i^PER^'AT'le,     a.      Consisting    of   seed; 
a!ttv&i.i,  to  pour  out-l 

1.  To  lay   out  ;  to  dispose  of;  to  part  with  ;'  ■ 


as,  to  spend  money  for  clothing 

Wby  do  ye  spend  money  for  that  which  is 
not  bread  ?     Is,  Iv. 


sciniual.  .Vore. 

2.  Pertaining    to  the  semen,  or  conveying 

I  ;  as  ipermatic  vessels.  R^y-     Coxe. 

SPER M'ATIZE,  v.  i.  To  yichl  seed.     [.Vol 

in  use,]  Brown. 


S  P  E 


S  P  H 


S  P  I 


SPERMAT'OCELE,  n.    [Gr.  aftif/ia,  seed, 

ami  J!'?'";>  iiinior.] 
A  swelling  of  llie  speririatic  vessels,  or  vps-i 

sels  oCtlie  tesiicles.  Coxe. 

SPEKaE,    V.  t.   To  disperse.     [Not  in  use.] 

S/Jcuser. 
SPET,    V.  t.    To  spit;  to  throw  out.     [ATot 

used.] 
SPh;T,  n.  Spittle,  or  a  flow.      [JVol  in  use.] 
SPEW,  V.  <.  [Snx.  spiioan  ;  D.  spuwen,  sptii- 

geii;  G.  s/)cien,  contracted   i'ri>{n  speichen  ; 

Sw.  spif  ;  Dan.  spyer ;  L.  spuo.] 

1.  To   voiiiil;  to   puke;   to   eject  from   the 
stoniucli. 

2.  To  eject ;  to  cast  forth. 

3.  To  cast  out  with  abhorrence.     Lev.  xviii. 
SPEW,    V.  i.    To   vomit;  to   discharffe  the 

ciintcnts  of  the  stomach.  B.  Jonson. 

SPEW'ED,  pp.  Vomited;  ejected. 
SPEW'ER,  n.  One  who  spews. 
SPKW'ING,  ppr.   Vomiting;  ejecting  from 

tiie  stomach. 
SPEWING,  71.  The  act  of  vomiting. 
SPEW'Y,  a.  Wet;  foggy.     [Local.] 

Mortimer. 
SPHACELATE,  v.  i.  [See  Sphncelus.] 

1.  To  mortify  ;  to  become   gangrenous ;  as 
flesh. 

2.  To  decay  or  become  carious,  as  a  hone. 
SPHACELATE,  v.t.    To  affect  with  gan- 
grene. Sharp. 

SPHACELATION,  n.  The  process  of  be 
coming  or  making  gangrenous ;  mortifi- 
cation. Med.  Repos. 

SPHACELUS,  n.  [Gr.  a^a.xf>.oi,  from  o^a^Jw, 
to  kill.] 

1.  Ill  merfiajic  and  5urg-fn/,  gangrene  ;  mor- 
tification of  the  flesh  of  a  living  animal. 

2.  (Varies  or  decay  of  a  bone.  Corc.| 
SPHAG'NOUS,    a.    [sphngnum,   bog-moss.i 

LAnne.]     Pertaining  to  bog-mo.«s  ;  mossy  ' 


in  which  it  should  be  his  ambition  to 
excel.  Events  of  this  kmd  have  repeat 
edly  fallen  within  thes/i/ten  .if  my  knowl- 
edge. This  man  treats  of  matters  not 
within  his  sphere. 
t).  Rank;  order  of  society.  Persons  moving 
ill  a  higher  .fp/iere  claim  more  deference 


man  has  his  particular  sphere  at  action,!'SPHEROSID'ERTTE,  n.  A  substance  found 


II  the  basaltic  compact  lava  of  Steinheim ; 
calleil  also  glass  lava  or  liyafite. 
SPHER'ULE,  71.  [L.  sphirula.j  A  little 
sphere  or  spherical  body.  Mercury  or 
quicksilver  when  poured  upon  a  plane, 
divides  itself  into  a  great  number  of  mi- 
nute spherules. 


Sphere  of  activity  of  a  body,  tlie  wh.ile  spare  gp(if;R,(jLITE,  n.  A  variety  of  obsidian 


Bigelow. 

A  niin- 
parts  of 

Its  col- 


SPHENE,  71.  [Gr.  a^r.v,  a  wedge.] 
eral  composeil  of  nearly  equal 
oxyd  of  titanium,  silex  and  lime, 
orsare  commonly  grayish,  yellowish,  red- 
dish and  blackish  brown,  and  various 
shades  of  green.  It  is  found  amorphous 
and  in  crystals.  Phillips.     Encyc. 

SPHENOID,         I         [Gr.   a^riv,  a  wedge, 

SPHENOID'AL,  S  "•  and  £1605,  form.]  Re- 
sembling a  wedge. 

The  sphenoid  bone,  is  the  pterygoid  bone  of 
the  basis  of  the  skull.  Coxe. 

SPHKRE,  Ji.  [Fr.  from  h.sphwra,  Gr.  «ij)atpa, 
whence  It.  sfera,  Sp.  esfern,  G.  sphare.] 

1.  Ill  geometry,  a  solid  body  contained  under 
a  single  surface,  which  in  every  part  i: 
equally  distant  from  a  point  called  its 
center.  The  earth  is  not  an  exact  sphere 
The  sun  appears  to  be  a  sphere. 

2.  An  orb  or  globe  of  the  mundane  system. 

First  the  sun,  a  mighty  sphere,  he  fiam'd. 

Milton 
Tlien  mortal  ears 
Had  heard  the  music  of  the  spheres. 

Dryilen 

3.  An  orbicular  body,  or  a  circular  figure 
representing  the  earth  or  apparent  heav- 
ens. Dryden. 

4.  Circuit  of  motion ;  revolution  ;  orbit ;  as 
the  diurnal  sphere.  Milton. 

5.  The  cciijcave  or  vast  orbicular  expanse 
in  which  the  hcavpnly  orbs  appe.ir. 

6.  Circuit  of  aiiion,  knowledge  or  intliieiice: 
compass;  province;  employment.    Every! 


or  extent  reached  by  the  effluvia  emitted 
from  it.  Encyc. 

A  right  sphere,  that  aspect  of  the  heavens  in 
which  the  circles  of  daily  motion  of  the 
heavenly  bodies,  are  perpendicular  to  the 
horizon.  A  spectator  at  the  equator 
views  a  right  sphere. 

.4  parallel  sphere,  that  in  which  the  circles  of 
daily  motion  are  parallel  to  the  horizon. 
A  spectator  at  either  of  the  poles,  v\'ould 
view  a  parallel  sphere. 

An  oblique  sphere,  that  in  which  the  circles 
of  daily  motion  are  oblique  to  the  horizrui, 
as  is  the  case  to  a  spectator  at  any  point 
between  the  equator  and  cither  pole. 

Armillury  sphere,  an  artificial  representation 
of  the  circles  of  the  sphere,  by  means  of 
brass  rings. 

SPHERE,  V.  t.  To  place  in  a  sphere. 
The  glorious  planet  So! 
In  noble  eminence  enthron'd,  and  spher'd 
Amidst  the  rest,     [t/nusual.]  Shak 

'2.  To  form  into  roundness;  as  \\g\il  sphered 
adiant  cloud.  Milton 

SPHER'IC,        >        [It.  sferico  ;  Fr.   spher- 

SPHER'I€AL,  \  "■  i(]ue  ;  L.  sphancus.] 

1.  Globular;  orbicular;  having  a  surface  in 
every  part  equally  distant  from  the  cen- 
ter; as  a  s;)/ierica?body.  Drops  of  water 
take  a  spherical  form. 

2.  Planetary  ;  relating  to  the  orbs  of  the 
planets. 

We  make  guilty  of  our  disasters  the  sun,  (lie 
moon  and  the  stars,  as  il  we  were  villains  by 
spherical  predominance 

Spherical  geometry,  that  branch  of  geometry 
which  treats  of  spherical  magnitudes. 

Spherical  triangle,  a  triangle  formed  by  the 
mutual  intersection  of  three  great  circles 
of  the  sphere. 

Spherical  Irigonomeln/,  that  branch  of  trigo- 
nometry which  teaches  to  compute  the 
sides  and  angles  of  spherical  triangles. 

SPHERICALLY,  adv.  In  the  form  of  a 
sphere. 

SPHER'ICALNESS,  )      The  state  orqual- 

SPHERICITY,  S      "y  "f  '»eirig  orbi- 

cular or  spherical  ;  roundness  ;  as  the 
sphericity  of  a  drop  of  water. 

SPHERICS,  71.  The  doctrine  of  the  sphere. 

SPHEROID',  n.  [sphere  and  Gr.  ciSoj, 
form.) 

A  body  or  figure  approaching  to  a  sphere, 
but  not  perfectly  spherical.  A  spheroid  is 
oblalo  or  prolate.  The  earth  is  found  to 
be  an  oblate  spheroid,  that  is,  flatted  at  (he 
poles,  whereas  some  astronomers  former- 
ly snppose<l  it  to  be  prolate  or  oblong. 

SPHEROIDAL,      )       Having    the    form 

SPUKKOID'Ie,        >a.  of  a  spheroid. 

SPHEROID' l€AL, )  Cheyne. 

"i.  In  cryslnlography,  bounded  by  several 
convex  liires. 

.<PUI'.KOID  ITY,  71.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  s|)hcro)da!. 


or  pearl-stone,  found  in  rounde<l  grains. 

Did.  JVat.  Hial. 
SPHE'RY,  a.  Belonging  to  the  sphere. 

Milton. 
'2.  Round  :  spherical.  Shak. 

.SPHINCTER,  ?i.  [from  Gr.ffttn".  t°  con- 
strain, to  draw  dcise.] 
n  anatomy,  a  muscle  that  contracts  or  shuts; 
j     as  the   sphincter  labiorum  ;  sphincter  vesi- 
cae. Coxe. 
SPHINX,  n.  [Gr.o^iiyl;   L.  sphinx.]    A  fa- 
mous monster  in   Egypt,  having  the  body 
of  a  lion  and  the  face  of  a  young  woman. 

Peacham. 
2.  In  entomology,  the  hawk-moth,  a  genus 
of  insects. 

SPHRAG'ID,  n.  A  species  of  ocberoiis  clay 
which  falls  to  pieces  in  water  with  the 
emission  of  many  bubbles  ;  called  also 
earth  of  Lemnos. 

SPIAL,  n.  A  spy;  a  scout.     [J^otinuse.] 

Bacon. 

SPI'CATE,  a.  [L.  spicalus,  from  spica,  a 
spike.]     Having  a  spike  or  ear.  Lee. 

SPICE,  71.  [Fr.  epice ;  It.  spezie  ;  Sp.  espe- 
cia.] 

1.  A  vegetable  production,  fragrant  or  aro- 
matic to  the  smell  and  pungent  to  the 
tasle  ;  used  In  sauces  and  in  cookery. 

2.  .V  small  quantity  ;  something  that  enrich- 
es or  alters  the  quality  of  a  thing  in  a  small 
degree,  as  spice  alters  the  taste  of  a  thing. 

:?.  A  sample.     [Fr.  especc] 
SA(j/f.!  SPICE,  v.t.  To  season  with  spice  ;  to  mix 
aromatic   substances   with  ;    as,  to   spice 
wine. 

2.  To  tincture ;  as  the  spiced  Indian  air. 

Shak. 

3.  To  render  nice  ;  to  season  with  scruples. 

Chaucer. 

SPI'CED,  pp.  Seasoned  with  spice. 

SPI'CER,  ?i.  One  that  seasons  with  spice. 

2.  One  that  deals  in  spice.  Camden. 

SPI'CERY,  7(.  (Fr.  epiceries.]  Spices  in 
general  ;  fragrant  and  aromatic  vegetable 
substances  used  in  seasoning. 

2.  A  repository  of  spices.  Addison. 

Spick  and  span,  bright;  shining;  as  a  fjar- 
ment  spick  and  span  iww,  or  span-new. 
Spick,  is  from  the  mot  of  the  It.  spicco, 
brightness  ;  spicrare,  to  shine  ;  spiccar  le 
parole,  to  speak  distinctly  ;  spicciare,  to 
rush  out,  the  radical  sense  of  which  is  to 
shoot  or  dart.  Span  is  probably  from  the 
root  of  spangle,  Gr.  ^fyyu,  G.  spiegel,  a 
mirror. 

SPICK'NEL,  I       The  herb  rnaldmony  or 

SPIG'NEL,  \  "■  bear  wort.  (Diet.)  the 
Alhamanta  Mewn  (Parr.)  .I^thusa  Meum 
(Lee.) 

SPICOS'ITY,  71.  [L.  ™icn.]  The  .state  of 
having  or  being  full  of  ears,  like  corn. 
[.Vo(  in  use.]  Diet. 

SPIC'ULAR,  a.  [L.  spiculum,  a  dart.]  Re- 
sembling a  dart ;  having  sharp  points. 


S  P  I 


S  P  I 


S  P  I 


SPIC'ULATE,  V.  t.  [L.  spkulo,  to  sharpen,!  SPI'KY,  a.  Having  a  sljar|.  point.        Dyer.iS.  To  extend  to  a  great  length  ;  as,  to  spin 
t'loiii  spicutum,    a    liuit,  i'riiiii  spica,    or   itsiSPILt;,  n.   ll>.  i/n/,  a   |.ivot,  a  spindle  ;  (J.       <;»(  a  .subject. 
root.     See  Spike.]     To  stiarpen  to  a  point. 


AJason. 

SPI'CY,  a.  [{'roll)  spice.]    Producing  spice; 

atiDunding  with  spices;  as  tlic  spicy  shore 

of  Arabia.  Millon. 

2.  Having  the  qnaUties  of  spice;  fragrant; 

aromatic;  as  s/;tci/ plants. 

Led  by  new  stars  and  borne  by  spicy  gales. 

Pope. 
SPI'DRR,  n.  [I  know  not  from  whatsource 

tills  word  is  derived.] 
The  common  name  of  the  insects  of  the  ge- 
nus Araiiea,  remarkable  tor  spinning  webs 
for  taking  their  prey  and  formiug  a  con- 
venient habitation,  and  lor  the  deposit  of 
their  food. 

The  spider's  touch,  how  exquisitely  fine  ! 

Pope. 
SPI'DEH-eATCIlER,  n.  A  binl  so  called. 
SPl'DERLlKli,  a.  Resembling  a  spider. 

SPI'DERVVORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Antbericum. 

SPlG'.NblL.     [See  SpcAnef.] 

SPKi'OT,  II.  [W.  yapi^nwd,  from  yspifr 
Eng.  spike  ;  from  /;ig,  Kiig.  pike  ;  iJan 
spider,  a  nail.     Sic  Spike  and  Pike.] 

A  pin  or  peg  used  to  stop  a  lancet,  or  to  s!o| 
(I  small  hole  in  a  cask  olliipior.  Swifl. 

SPIKE,  n.  [W.  y.ipi^,  .supra  ;  D.  spyk,  spy- 
ker  ;  G.  speichc  ;  Dmi.  .ipifrei;  Sw  spilt,  i 
nail;  L.  «/«<;«,  an  ear  of  corn.  Itsignitie: 
a  sboot  or  point.     Class   Hg.     See  Pike. 

1.  A  large  nail;  always  in  America  applied 
to  a  nail  or  pin  of  metal.  A  similar  thin^ 
made  of  wood  is  called  a  peg  or  pin.  Ii 
England,  it  is  sometimes  used  for  a  sharp 
point  of  wood. 

2.  An  ear  of  corn  or  grain.  It  is  applied  to 
the  heads  of  wlieat,  rye  and  barley  ;  and 
is  particularly  applicable  to  the  ears  ol 
niaiz. 

3.  A  shoot.  Addison. 

4.  [L.  spica.]  In  botnny,  a  species  of  inHo- 
rescence,  in  wliicli  sessile  flowers  are  al- 
ternate on  a  common  simple  peduncle,  as 
in  wheat  and  rye,  lavender,  &c. 

Martyyi. 
SPIKE,  n.  A  smaller  species  of  lavender. 

Hill. 
SPIKE,  V.  i.  To  fasten  with  spikes  or  long 
and  large    nails ;  as,   to   .ipike   down   the 
planks  of  a  floor  or  bridge. 
'2.  To  set  with  spikes. 

A  youth  leaping;  over  the  spiked  pales — was 
caught  by  the  spikes.     [Uhusital.'] 

IViseman. 
3.  To  stop  the  vent  with  spikes  ;  as,  to  spike 

cannon. 
SPI'KED,  pp.    Furnished  with  spikes,    as 
corn  ;  fastened  with  spikes  ;  stopped  with 
spikes. 
SPIKE-LAVENDER,   n.   The  Luvandutn 
spica.  Ed.  Encyc. 

SPI'KELET,  n.  In  botany,  a  small  spike  of 
a  large  one;  or  a  subdivision  of  a  spike. 

Barton 
SPIKENARD,  71.  spik'nard.    [L.  spica  nar- 
di.] 

1.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Nanliis. 

2.  The  oil  or  balsam  procured  from  the 
spikenard. 

SPI'KING,  ppr.  Fastening  with  spikes; 
slopping  with  large  nails. 


n 

spille  ;  Ir  .ipile  ,   W .  elnU ;  from  the  root  of  4 

h.  pilus,  pilum,  &-C.J 
1.  A  small  pKg  or  wooden  pin,  used  to  stop 

a  hole 
•2.  A  slake  driven  into  the  ground  to  protect 

a  bunk,  &c 
SPILL,  Ji.  [a  difl'ercnt  orthography  of  «pi/e, 

supra.] 
1.  A  small  peg  or  pin  for  stopping  a  cask 

as  a  vent  hole  slopped  with  a  spill. 

Mortimer, 
'i.  A  little  bar  or  pin  of  iron.  Curtw. 

3.  A  little  sum  of  money.     [JVot  in  use] 

Aylijfe. 

SPILL,  V.  t.  pret.  spilled  or  spill;  pp  «/. 
iSu.x.  spillan  ;  D.  G.  spilten  ;  Sw.  spilla  ; 
l)aii.  spilder.] 

1.  To  sutler  to  fall  or  run  out  of  a  vessel  ; 
to  lose  or  sutler  to  be  scattered ;  applied 
only  to  fluids  and  to  suhotaiices  wli'ise 
particles  are  small  and  loose.  Thus  we 
spill  water  from  a  pail ;  we  spill  spirit  or 
oil  from  a  bottle  ;  we  spill  quicksilver  or 
powders  from  a  vessel  or  a  paper  ;  we 
spill  sauii  or  flour. 

<!.  I'o  sorter  to  be  shed  ;  as,  a  man  spills  his 
own  blood. 

:(.  To  cause  to   flow  out  or   lose  ;  to  shed 
as,  a  man  spills  anolber's  blood.     [Tins  is 
applitui  to  cases  of  murder  or  other  honii 
ciile,  but  not  to  veiie.section.     In  the  lat- 
ter case  we  say,  to  let  or  take  blooil.] 
And  to  revenge  liis  blood  so  justly  sjiill — 

JJryden 

4.  To  mischief;  to  destroy  ;  as,  to  spilt  the 
mind  or  soul;  to  .y«'// glory  ;  m  spill  i'or 
&c.     [This  application  is  obsolete  and  now 
improper.  ] 

a.  To  tiirowaway.  Tickel. 

ti.  Ill  seamen's  language,  to  discharge  the 
wind  out  of  the  cavity  or  belly  of  a  .sail. 

Mar.  Diet. 

SPILL,  t'.  1.  To  waste  ;  to  be  prodigal. 
[Au(  in  use.] 

'i.  To  be  shed  ;  to  be  sufTered  to  fall,  be  lost 
or  wasted. 

He  was  so  topfull   of  himself,   that  he   let  it 
spill  on  all  the  company.  JVutls. 

SPILL'ED,  pp.  SuflCered  to  full,  as  liquids; 
shell. 

SPILL'ER,  >i.  One  that  spills  or  sheds. 

i.   \  kind  ot'tisliing  line.  Careiv. 

SPILL'INtJ,  ppr.  Suffering  to  fall  or  run 
out,  as  liqiiiils;  shedding. 

Spilling-lines,  in  a  ship,  are  ropes  for  furling 
more  conveniently  the  square  sails. 

Mar.  Diet. 

SPILT,  pret.  and  pp.  of  spill. 

SPILTH,  n.  [from  spill.]  Any  thing  spilt. 
[.Vol  in  use.]  Shak. 

SPIN,  V.I.  pret.  and  pp.  spun.  Spanis  not 
used.  [Sa.v.  Goth,  spinnan  :  D.  G.  .yiin- 
nen  ;  Dan.  spinder :  Sw.  spinna.  If  the 
sense  is  to  draw  out  or  e.\teiid,  this  coin- 
cides in  origin  with  span.] 

1.  To  draw  out  and  twist  into  threads,  ei- 
ther by  the  hand  or  machinery  ;  as,  luspin 
wool,  cotton  or  flax  ;  to  spin  goats'  hair. 

All  the  yarn  which  Penelope  s/)un in  tlysses' 
absence  did  but  hll  Ilhaca  with  molhs.       Shak. 

2.  To  draw  out  tediously  ;  to  form  by  a  slow 
i  process  or  by  di'grees ;  with  out  ;  as,  to 
!    sjrin  out  large  volumes  on  a  subject 


To  draw  out ;  to   protract ;  to  spend  by 
delays ;  as,  to  spin   out  the  day  in  idle- 


ness. 

By  one  delay   after  another,  they  spiti  out 
tlieir  whole  lives.  L'Estrange. 

a.  To  whirl  with  a  thread  ;  to  turn  or  cause 

to  whirl;  as,  to  spin  a  top. 
6.  To  draw  out  liom  the  stomach  in  a  fila- 

nieiit ;  as,  a  spider  spins  a  web. 
To  spin  hay,  HI  military  lan|aiiage,  is  to  twist 

it  into  ropes  for  convenient  carriage  on  au 

expedition. 
SPIN,  V.  i.  To  practice  spinning  ;  to  work 

at  ill  awing  and  twisting  threads  ;  as,  the 

woman  knows  how  to  spin. 

'Ihcy  neither  know  to  spin,  nor  care  to  toil. 

Primr. 

2.  To  perform  the  act  of  drawing  and  twist- 
ing threads  ;  as,  a  machine  or  jenny  spins 
with  great  exactness. 

'.^.  To  mine  round  rapidly;  to  whirl;  as  a 
top  or  a  spindle. 

4.  To  stream  or  i.ssiie  in  a  thread  or  small 

1     current ;  as,  blood  spins t'linii  a  vein. 

Drayton. 

ISPIN'ACII,  )        [L.  spinacia  ;  It.   spinacc  ; 

ISI'INAtiK,  ^  ■  i^i).  espinaca  :Fr.  epinards ; 
I),   spinagie  ;  G.  spinal ;  Pers.   spanach.^ 

\     A  plant  of  the  genus  Spinacia. 

SPI'NAL,  a.  [Sec  Spine.]  Pertaining  to  the 
spine  or  back  bone  of  an  animal;  as  the 
spinal  marrow ;  spinal  miisiles ;  spinal 
arteries.  Arbulhnot.     Enci/c. 

SPI.\'I)LE.  n.  [from  spin  ;  Sa.\.  Dan.  s/)in- 
del.] 

1.  The    pin    used    in   spinning  wheels    for 
j     twistin-.'  the    thread,    and    on    which   the 

thread  when  twisted,   is  wound.       fiaron. 

2.  .\    slender  pointed   rod   or    pin  on  which 
j     any  thing  turns;  as  the  spindle  of  a  vane. 
fi.  Tiie  fusee  of  a  watch. 
,4.  A  long  slender  stalk.  Mortimer. 
.5.  The  lower  end  of  a  capstan,   sli' d  with 

iron  ;  the  pivot.  Mar.  Diet. 

'spindle,  v.  i.  To  shoot  or  grow  ill  a  long 
j     slender  stalk  or  body. 

Bacon.      Morlimir. 

SPINDLE-LEGS,        )       A  tall     slender 

SPINDLE-SHANKS,  ^"'  person;  in  con- 
I     tempt. 

SPm'DLE-SHANKED,  «.  Having  long 
slender  le^'s. 

SPINDLE-SHAPED,  a.  Having  tbesbape 
I     of  a  spindle  :  fusitbrm.  Martyn. 

SPIN  1)LK-TRI:E,  »i.  a  plant,  prick-wood, 
I     of  the  genus  Euoiiymus. 

SPINE.    »!.    [L.    ll.' spina;  Fr.   epine;  Sp. 

!     espinazo ;  \\.  yspin,  intiii  pin.] 

|l.  The  back  bone  of  an  animal.  Coxe. 

2.  The  shin  of  the  leg.  Coxe. 

3.  A  thorn;  a  sliarji  process  from  the  woody 
part  of  a  plant.  It  dill'ers  from  a  prickle, 
which  proceeds  from  the  bark.  A  spine 
sometimes  terminates  a  branch  or  a  leaf, 
and  sometimes  is  axillary,  growing  at  the 
angle  formed  by  the  branch  or  leaf  with 
the  stem.  The  wild  apple  and  pear  are 
armed  with  thorns  ;  the  rose,  bramble, 
gooseberry,  &.C.  are  armed  with  prickles. 

.1/(ir/7/)i. 

SPI'NEL,       I      [It.  spinella.]    The  spinclle 

SPIN  ELLE,  S  "■  ruby,  says  Hatly,  is  the  true 

ruby,  a  gem  of  a  red  color,  blended  with 


S  P  I 


S  P  I 


S  P  I 


tints  of  blue   or  yellow.     It  is  in  grains 
more  or  less  crystalized. 

Haiiy.     Phillips. 
A  subspecies  of  octahedral  corundum. 

Jameson. 

SPINELLANE,  n.  A  mineral  orcuriiij;  in 
small  crystaline  masses  and  in  minute 
crystals.  It  lias  been  found  only  near  the 
lake  of  Laacli.  Phillips. 

SPINKrt'CKNT,  a.  [from  spine.]  Becom- 
iny  hard  and  rhoriiy.  Marlijn. 

SPIN'ET,  n.  [\l.  spinetta ;  Fr.  cpitiette  ;  ii\>. 
espineln.] 

An  instrument  of  music  resembling  a  harp- 
sichord, but  smaller  ;  a  virginal  ;  a  clavi- 
chord. 

SPIN'ET,  )i.  [L.  spinttum.]  A  small  wood 
or  place  wliure  briars  and  thorns  grow 
[JVot  in  use.]  B.  Jonson. 

SPINIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  spina,  spine,  and 
ycro,  to  bear.]  Producing  spines  ;  bearing 
thorns. 

SPINK,  «.  A  bird;  a  finch.  Hnrte. 

SPIN'NER,  71.  One  that  spins  ;  one  skilled 
in  spinning. 

2.  A  spider.  Shak 

SPIN'NING,  ppr.  Drawing  out  and  twist- 
ing into  threads;  drawing  out  ;  delaying. 

SPIN'NING,  n.  The  act,  practice  or  art  of 
dravvin-;  out  and  twisting  into  threads,  as 
wool,  tlax  and  cotton. 

2.  The  act  or  practice  of  forming  webs,  as 
spiders. 

SPIN'NING-JENNY,  n.  An  engine  or  com- 
plicated machine  for  spinning  wool  or 
cotton,  in  the  rnanufictine  of  cloth. 

SPINNING-WHEEL,  )i.  A  wheel  for 
spinning  wool,  cotton  or  fla.\  into  threads. 

Gay. 

SPIN'OLET,  n.  A  small  bird  of  the    lark 

kind.  Did.  A'ai.  Hist. 

SPINOS'ITY,  n.  The  state  of  being  spiny 

or  thorny  ;  crabbedness.  GlanviUe. 

SPI'NOUS,    a.    [L.  spinosus,  from   spina.] 

Full  of  spines;  armed  with  thorns;  thorny. 

jMartyn. 
SPI'NOZISM,  n.  The  doctrines  or  princi- 
j)les  cif  Spinoza,  a  native  of  Amsterdam, 
consisting   in    atheism  and   pantheism,  or 
naturalism  and  hulotheism,  which  allows 
of  no  God  but  nature  or  the  univer.-^e. 
SPIN'STER,  n.   [s/rin  and  sler.]    A  woman 
who  spins,  or  whose  occupation  is  to  spin. 
Hence, 
2.  In  law,  the  common  title  by  which  a  wo- 
ir.an  without  rank  or  distinction  is  desig- 
nated. 

If  a  gentlewoman  is  termed  a  spinstn',  she 

may  abate  the  writ.  Coke. 

SPIN'STRY,  n.  The  business  of  spiiming. 

Millon. 

SPIN'THERE,  n.  A  mineral  of  a  greenish 

frray  color.  Vre. 

SPINY,  a.  [from   spine.]    Full   of  spines; 

tlmrny  ;  as  a  spiny  tree. 
2.  Perplexed  ;  dilfieult  ;  troublesome. 

Digby. 
SPIR'ACLE,  n.  [L.  spiraculum,  from  sjiiro, 

to  breathe.] 
1.  A  small  aperture  in  animal  and  vegetable 
bodies,  hy  which  air  or  nther  rtuid  is  ex- 
haled or  iidialed  ;  a  small  hole,  .iritice  or 
vent;  a  pore;  a  niirmte  passage;  as  the 
spiracles  of  the  human  skin. 


2.  Any  small  aperture,  hole  or  vent. 

IVoodicard. 

SPI'RAL,  a.  [It.  spirale  ;  Fr.  spiral;  from 
h.spira,  a  spire.] 

Winding  round  a  cylinder  or  other  round 
body,  or  in  a  circular  form,  and  at  the 
same  time  rising  or  advancing  forward ; 
wmditig  like  a  screw.  The  magnificent 
column  in  the  Place  Vendome,  at  Paris, 
is  divided  by  a  spiral  line  into  compart- 
ments. It  is  formed  with  spiral  compart- 
ments, on  which  are  engraved  figures  em- 
blematical of  the  victories  of  the  French 
armies.  A  whirlwind  is  so  named  from 
the  spiral  motion  of  the  air.  Water  in  a 
tuniK'l  descends  in  a  spiral  l'i<rui. 

SPI'RALLY,  adv.  In  a  spiral  form  or  direc- 
tion :  in  the  manner  of  a  screw.  Ray. 

SPIRA'TION,  71.  [L.  spiratio.]  A  hreathing. 
[.Ynt  used.]  Harrow. 

SPIRE,  n.  [L.  spira  ;  Gr.  nXfipa  ;  Sp  espira  ; 
from  the  root  itfL.  spiro,  to  breathe.  The 
primary  sense  of  the  root  is  to  throw,  to 
drive,  to  send,  but  it  implies  a  winding 
motion,  like  throiv,  warp,  and  many  otii- 
ers.] 

1.  A  winding  line  like  the  threads  of  a 
screvv  ;  any  thing  wreathed  or  contort- 
ed ;  a  curl ;  a  twist ;  a  wreath. 

His  neck  erect  amidst  his  circling  spires. 

Milton. 
A  dragon's  fiery  form  belied  the  god  ; 
Sublime  on  radiant  spires  he  rode. 

Drydeti. 

2.  A  body  that  shoots  up  to  a  point ;  a  ta- 
pering body  ;  a  round  pyramid  or  pyra- 
midical  boily  ;  a  steeple. 

With  glist'ring  spires  and  pinnacles  adorn'd. 

Milton. 

?.  A  stalk  or  blade  of  grass  or  other  plant. 

How  humble  ought   man  to  be,  who  can-| 

not  make  a  single  spire  of  grass.  1 

4.  The  to])  or  uppermost  point  of  a  thing.     I 

Shak.\ 

SPIRE,  V.  i.  To  shoot;  to  shoot  op  |)yra- 
iriidically.  Mortimer. 

2.  To  breathe.     [.\"ot  in  ttse.] 

3.  To  sprout,  as  griiin  in  malting. 
SriRED,  a.  Having  a  spire.  Mason. 
SPIR'IT,  «.   [Fr.  esprit:  It.  sjiirito ;  Sp.  c«- 

pirilu  ;  L.  spiritiis,  from  spiro,  to  breathe, 
to  blow.    The  primary  sense  is  to  rush  or 
drive.] 
!.  Primarily,  wind;   air  in  motion;  hence, 
breath. 

All  bodies  have  spirits  and  pneumatical  parts 
witliin  Ibern.  Bacon. 

[This  sense  is  now  unusual] 
I.  Animal  excitement,  or  the  etiect  of  it; 
life;  ardor;  fire  ;  courage;  ele\ation  or 
vehemence  of  mind.  The  troops  attack- 
ed the  enemy  with  great  spirit.  The 
young  man  bus  the  spirit  of  joutli.  lie 
speaks  or  acts  with  spirit.  Sjiirils,  in  the 
plural,  is  used  in  nearly  a  like  sense.  The 
troops  began  to  recover  their  spirits. 

Swi/I. 
i.  Vigor  of  intellect ;  genius. 

His  wit,  his  beauty  and  liis  .spirit.       Butler. 

The  noblest  spirit  or  genius  cannot  deser\  e 

enough  of  mankind  to  pretend  to  the  esteem  ol 

heroic  virtue.  Temple. 

4.  Temper;  disposition  of  mind,  hahitmil  or 
temporary;  as  a  man  ida  generoir-sy/i/iV. 
or  <if  a  revenge  liil  spirit;  the  ornament  of 
a  meek  and  quiet  spirit.  ' 


Let  us  go  to  the  house  of  God  in  the  spirit  of 
prayer-  Bickersleth. 

5.  The  soul  of  man  ;  the  intelligent,  imma- 
terial and  immortal  part  of  human  beings. 
[See  Soul.] 

The  spirit  shall  return  to  God  that  gave  it. 
Eccles.  xii. 

6.  An  immaterial  intelligent  substance. 
.S;pir((    is    a    substance   in  which    thinking, 

knowing,  doubling,  and  a  power  of  moving  do 
subsist.  Locke. 

Hence, 

7.  An  immaterial  intelligent  being. 
Hy  which  he  went  and  preached  to  the  spir- 
its in  prison.     1  Pet.  iii. 

(•od  is  .':  spirit.     John  iv. 

8.  Turn  of  mind;  temper;  occasional  state 
of  the  mind. 

A  perfect  judge  will  read  each  work  of  wit. 
With  the  sanjc  spirit  that  its  author  writ. 

Pope. 

9.  Powers  of  mind  distinct  from  the  body. 

In  spirit  perhaps  he  also  saw 
Rich  Mexico,  the  seat  of  Montezume. 

Jllilton, 

10.  Sentiment ;  perception. 

Your  sj'irit  is  too  true,  your  fears  too  certain. 

Shak. 
IJ.  Eager  desire;  disposition   of  mind  ex- 
cited and  directed  to  a  particular  object. 

God  has  made  a  spirit  of  building  succeed  a 
spirit  of  pulling  down.  South. 

12.  A  person  of  activity  ;  a  man  of  life,  vigor 
or  enterprise. 

'1  he  watery  kingdom  is  no  bar 

To  stop  the  foreign  spirits,  but  they  come. 

Shak. 

13.  Persons  distinguished  by  qualities  of  the 
mind. 

Such   spirits  as  he  desired  to  please,  such 
would  I  ciioose  for  my  judges.  Dryden. 

14.  Excitement  of  mind  ;  animation  ;  cheer- 
fulness ;  usually  in  the  pimal.  We  found 
our  ti  lend  in  very  good  spirits.  He  has  a 
great  tlow  lA' spirits. 

— To  sing  Illy  praise,  would  heaven  my  breath 

prolong, 
Infusing  spirits  worthy  such  a  song. 

Dryden. 

15.  Life  or  strength  of  resemldance  ;  essen- 
tial qualities;  as,  to  set  ofl'the  face  in  its 
true  spirit.  The  copy  has  not  the  spirit 
of  the  original.  H'otton. 

16.  Something  eminently  pure  atid  refined. 

Noi  doili  ilie  eye  itself. 
That  most  pure  spirit  of  sense,  behold  itself. 

Shak. 

17  That  which  hath  power  or  energy  ;  the 
quality  of  any  >idistance  which  manifests 
life,  activity,  or  the  power  of  strongly  af- 
fe(  ting  other  bodies  ;  as  the  spirit  of  wine 
or  of  any  liipior. 

18.  A  strong,  pungent  or  stimulating  liquor, 
usually  obtained  hy  distillation,  as  rum, 
liranily.  gin.  whiskey.  In  America. s/)iVt(, 
useil  witlii'Ut  other  words  explanat'  ly  of 
its  meaning,  signifies  the  liquor  dis'illed 
from  cane-jiiire,  or  rum.  We  say,  new 
spirit,  or  old  spirit,  .lamaicii  spirit.  Sic. 

It).   .\m  .qipiiritioti ;  a  ghost. 

20.  The  l■enev^'ed  nature  of  man.  Matt..\xvi. 
Gal.  v. 

21.  The  influences  of  the  Holy  Spirit.  Matt. 
xxii. 

Ifitii  S!piril.  the  thinl  person  in  the  Trinity. 
SPllv'lT,  r.  t.  To  animate  ;  to  actuate;  as 
a  spirit. 


S  P  I 


S  P  I 


S  P  I 


So  talk'd  the  spiriied  sly  snake.         Milton, 
[l/ittk  used.] 

2.  To  uiiiinate  with  vigor ;  to  excite ;  to  en- 
courage ;  as,  civil  dissensions  spirit  f|>e 
anibitiun  of  private  men.  Stcijl. 

It  IS  soinutitnes  Ibllowed  by  up ;  us,  to 
spirit  up.  MiddUtiin. 

3.  To  kidnap.  Blackslone. 
To  spirit  numj,  to  entice  or  seduce. 
SPIU  1'1'ALLY,    adv.    By    means    of   the 

hr.ath.     [jVo<  in  use.]  Holder. 

SPIU'lTED,  pp.  Animated;  encouraged; 
incited. 

2.  a.  Animated;  full  of  life;   lively;  full  of 
spirit  or  fire  ;  as  a  spirited  address  or  orn 
tioii :  a «y;i'nV((/ answer.    It  is  used  in  roiii 
position,  noting  the  state  of  tlie  mind  ;  as  in 
hif:h-spirited,  \ow-spirited,  nteun-spirited. 

SI'lH  lTt;ULY,  adv.  In  a  lively  manner; 
with  spirit ;  with  strength ;  with  anima- 
tion. 

SFIR'ITF.DNESS,  n.  Life;  animation. 

2.  Disposition  or  make  of  mind;  used  in 
compounds  ;  as  b\ji\\-spiritediiess,  \>t\v-spir- 
itedne.is,  nican-spirittdness,  uurrow -spirit 
edvcss. 

SPIR'ITFUL,  a.  Lively  ;  full  of  spirit.  [Xot 
used.  ]  •/isU. 

SPIR'ITFULLV,  adv.  In  a  lively  manner. 
[jVot  used.] 

SPIR'ITFULNESS.n.  Liveliness;  spright 
liness.     [jVb<  used.]  Harvey. 

SPIRITLESS,  a.  Destitute  of  spirits ;  want- 
ing animation  ;  -wanting  cheerfulness ;  de 
jected  ;  depressed. 

3.  Destitute  of  vigor ;  wanting  life,  courage 
or  fire ;  as  a  spiritless  slave. 

A  man  so  faint,  so  spiritless. 
So  dull,  so  dead  in  look —  Shak 

3.  Having  no  breath;  extinct;  dead. 

Greenhill. 
SPIRITLESSLY,    adv.     Without    spirit 
without  exertion.  More 

SPIR'ITLESSNESS,  n.  Dullness;  want  of 

life  or  vigor. 
SPIR'ITOiJS,  a.  Like  spirit;  refined;  defe- 
cated ;  pure. 

More  refin'd,  more  spiritous  and  pure. 

Afiltmi. 
2.  Fine;  ardent:  active.  S/nith. 

SPIR'ITOUSNESS,    n.    A   refined   state  ; 
fineness  and  activity  of  parts;  as  the  thin- 
ness and  spiritouS)>e.<!S  of  liquor.  Boi/lt. 
SPIR'ITUAL,  a.   [Fr.  spiritud ;  ll.  spir'ilu- 
ale ;  L.  spiritualis.] 

1.  Consisting  of  spirit;  not  material ;  incor- 
poreal ;  as  a  spirilunl  substance  or  being. 
The  soul  of  man  is  spirilunl. 

2.  Mental ;  intellectual ;  as  spiritual  armor. 

Milton. 

3.  Not  gross;  refined  from  external  things; 
not  sens\iiil  ;  relative  to  mind  only  :  as  a 
spiritual  and  refined  religion.  Culnmi). 

A.  Not  lay  or  temporal  ;  relating  to  sarred 
things  ;  ecclesiastical  ;  as  the  spiritual 
futictions  of  the  clergy  ;  the  lords  spiritual 
and  temporal  ;  a  spiritual  corporation. 
o.  Pertaining  to  spirit  or  to  the  affections; 
pure ;  holy. 

(joil's  law  is  spirilual ;  it  is  a  transcript  of 
the  divine  nature,  and  extends  its  authority  lo 
the  acts  of  the  soul  of  man.  Brown 

6.  Pertaining  to  the  renewed  nature  of  man ; 
as  spirilunl  ViCf. 

7.  Not  fleshly  :  not  material ;  as  spiritual 
sacrifices.  1  Pet.  ii. 

Vol.  11. 


8.  Pertaining  to  divine  things ;  as  spirituali 
songs.     Eph.  v. 

Spiritual  rourt,  an  ecclesiastical  court ;  a 
court  held  by  a  bishop  or  other  ecclesi- 
astic. 

SPIRITUAL'ITY.  n.  Essence  distinct  from 
matter;  immateriality. 

If  this  light  be  not  spiritual,  it  approacheth 
nearest  to  apirituality.  Raleigh. 

2.  Intellectual  nature  ;  as  the  spiriiualily  of 
the  soul.  South 

3.  Si)iritual  nature  ;  the  quality  which  re- 
spects the  spirit  or  iiffections  of  the  heart 
only,  and  tlie  essence  of  true  religion  ;  as 
the  spiriiualily  of  God's  law. 

4.  Spiritual  exercises  and  holy  affections. 
Mucli  of  our  spirituality  and  conjfort  in  pub 

lie  worship  depend  on  the  state  of  mind  in  which 
wc  come.  Bickeisteth 

5.  That  which  belongs  to  tlie  church,  or  to 
a  person  as  an  ecclesiastic,  or  to  religion 
as  distinct  from  teniporalities. 

During  ibe  vacancy  of  a  see,  the  archbishop 
is  guardian  of  the  spiritualities  thereof. 

Btackstone 
().  An  ecclesiastical  body.     [JVol  in  use.] 

Shak 
SPIRITUALIZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  spir- 
itualizing.    In  chimistry,  the  operation  of 
extracting  spirit  from  natural  bodies. 

£ncye. 
SPIR'ITUALiZE,  V.  i.  [Fr.  spiritualiser,  to 

e.vtract  .spirit  from  mixed  bodies.] 

J.  To  refine  the  intellect;  lo  purify  from  the 

feculences  of  the  world ;  as,  to  spiritualize 

the  soul.  Hammond. 

2.  In  chimistry,  to  extract  spirit  from  natu- 
ral bodies. 

3.  To  convert  to  a  spiritual  meaning. 
SPIR'ITUALLY,    adv.    Without  corporeal 

gmssness  or  sensuality  ;  in  a  manner  con 
formed  to  the  spirit  of  true  religion  ;  With 
purity  of  spirit  or  heart. 

Spiritunlly  minded,  under  the  influence  of  the 
Holy  Spirit  or  of  holy  principles;  having 
the  allections  refined  and  elevated  above 
sensual  objects,  and  placed  on  God  and 
his  law.  Rom.  viii. 

Spiritually  discerned,  known,  not  by  carnal 
reason,  but  by  the  peculiar  illumination  of 
the  Holy  Spirit.     I  Cor.  ii. 

SPIR'ITUOUS,  a.  [Ft.  spiritueux.]  Contain 
iiig  spirit;  consisting  of  refineil  spirit:  ar 
dent ;  as  spirituous  liquors.  [This  might 
well  he  written  spirilous.] 

2.  Having  the  quality  of  spirit;  fine;  pure; 
active  ;  as  the  spirituous  part  of  a  plant. 

.•Irbuthnot 

3.  Lively  ;  gay  ;  vivid ;  airy.     [JVol  in  use.] 

H'ollon. 

SPIR'ITUOUSNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  he 
ing  spirituous;  ardor;  heat;  stimulating 
quality  ;  as  the  spirituousness  o( i'lquurs. 

p.  Life  ;  tenuity  ;  activity. 

SI'IKT.  [See  Spurt,  tlie  more  corrector 
lliography.] 

SPI'RY,  (I.  [from  spire.]  Of  a -spiral  form  : 
wreathed :  curled;  as  the  spiry  volumes 
of  a  serpent.  Dryden 

2.  Having  the  form  of  a  pyramid;  pyramid- 
ical ;  as  spiry  turrets.  Pope 

SPISS,  a.  [I.. spissus.]  Thick;  close;  dense 
[.Vot  in  use.] 

SPISSiTUDE,    >i.    [supra.]    Thickness  ol 

I    soft  substances;  the  dcnseness  or  com- 

78 


pactness  which  belongs  to  substances  not 
perfectly  liquid  nor  perfectly  solid  ;  aslho 
spissiluile  of  coagulated  blood  or  of  any 
coagulum. 
SPIT,  n.  [Sax.  spilu ;  D.  spit;  G.  spitss; 
Sw.  spelt ;  Dan.  spid ;  It.  spiedo  ;  Ice.  spiel, 
a  spear.  It  belongs  to  Class  Bd,  and  is 
from  thrusting,  shooting.] 

1.  An  iron  prong  or  bar  pointed,  on  which 
meat  is  roasted. 

2.  Such  a  depth  of  earth  as  is  pierced  by  the 
spade  at  once.  [D.  spit,  a  spade.] 

Mortimer. 

3.  A  small  point  of  land  running  into  the 
sea,  or  a  long  narrow  shoal  extending 
from  the  shore  into  the  sea ;  as  a  spit  of 
sand. 

SPIT,  V.  t.  [from  the  noun.]  To  thrust  a 
spit  through;  to  put  upon  a  spit;  as,  to 
spit  a  loin  of  veal. 

2.  To  thrust  through;  to  pierce.        Dryden. 

SPIT,  V.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  spit.  Spat  is  obso- 
lete. [Sax.  spittan  ;  t^m.spotta;  l>iu\.apyl- 
ler  ;  G.  spiitzen.  The  sense  is  to  throw  or 
drive.     Class  Bd.] 

L  To  eject  from  the  mouth  ;  to  thrust  out, 
as  saliva  or  other  matter  from  the  mouth. 

2.  To  eject  or  throw  out  with  violence. 

SPIT,  V.  i.  To  throw  out  saliva  from  the 
mouth.  It  is  a  dirty  trick  to  spit  on  the 
floor  or  carpet. 

SPIT,  Ji.  [Dan.  spyt.]  What  is  ejected  from 
the  mouth  ;  saliva. 

SPIT' A L,      )         corrupted  from   hospital. 

SPIT'TEL,  S  "•  "Rob  not  the  spitai:'  or 
charitable  foundation.  Johnson. 

[  Vulgar  and  not  in  use.] 

SPITCHeOCK,  v.t.  Tosphtan  eel  length- 
wise and  broil  it.  King. 

SPITCHeOCK,  n.  An  eel  split  and  broiled. 

Decker. 


SPITE,  71.  [D.  spyt,  spite,  vexation ;  Ir.  svid. 
The  Fr.  has  aepit.  Norm,  despite.  The 
It.  dispello,  and  Sp.  despecho,  seem  to  be 
from  the  L.  despeclus  ;  but  spite  seems  to 
be  from  a  different  root.] 
Hatred;  rancor;  malice;  malignity:  malev- 
olence. Johnson. 
Spite,  however,  is  not  always  synony- 
mous with  these  words.  It  often  denotes 
a  less  deliberate  and  fixed  hatred  than 
malice  and  malignity,  and  is  often  a  sud- 
den fit  of  ill  will  excited  by  temporary 
vexation.  It  is  the  eflect  of  extreme  irri- 
tation, and  is  accompanied  with  a  desire 
of  revenue,  or  at  least  a  desire  to  vex  the 
object  of  ill  will. 

Be  gone,  ye  critics,  and  restrain  your  spite  ; 
Codrus  writes  on,  and  will  for  ever  write. 

Pope. 
In  spile  of,  in  opposition  to  all  efforts  :  in  de- 
fiance or  contempt  of  Sometimes  spile  of 
is  used  without  in,  but  not  elegantly,  ft 
is  often  used  without  expressing  any  ma- 
lignity of  meaning. 

— Whom  God  made  use  of  to  speak  a  word 

in  season,  and  saved  me  in  spite  of  the  wo'^Id, 

the  devil  anil  myself.  South, 

In  spite  of  all  appUcatioDs,  the  patient  e"-w 

worse  every  day.  Jirbuthnot. 

To  owe  one  a  spite,  to  entertain  a  temporary 

hatred  for  something. 
[SPITE.  t'.<.  To  be  angry  or  vexed  at. 
|2.  To  misi'hief ;  to  vex ;  to  treat  malicious- 
I    ly  ;  to  thwart.  Shak. 


S  P  L 

3.  To  fill  with  spite  or  vexation ;  to  offend ; 

to  vex. 

Diirius,  spited  at  tlie  Magi,  endeavored  to 
abolish  not  only  their  learning  but  their  lan- 
guage. [jYutiiseJ.]  Temple. 
SPI'TED,  pp.  Hated  ;  vexed. 
SPl'TEFUL,  a.  Filled  with  spite;  having  a 
desire  to  vex,  annoy  or  injure ;  malignant ; 
malicious. 

— A  wayward  son, 
Spiteful  and  wrathful.  Shak 

SPI'TEFULLY,  adv.  With  a  desire  to  vex, 
annoy  or  injure  ;  malignantly ;  maliciously. 

Swijl. 
SPI'TEFULNESS,   n.  The  desire  to   vex, 
annoy  or  mischief,  proceeding  from  irrita- 
tion :  malice ;  malignity. 

It  looks  more  like  spitefulness  and  ill  nature, 

than  a  diligent  search  after  truth.  KfH- 

SPIT'TED,  pp.  [from  spit.]  Put  upon  a  spit. 

2.  Shot  out  into  length.  Bacon. 

SPIT'TER,  n.  One  that  ]iuts  meat  on  a  spit. 

2.  One  who  ejects  saliva  from  his  mouth. 

3.  A  young  deer  whose  horns  hegiii  to  shoot 
or  become  sharp  ;  a  brocket  or  pricket. 

Encyc. 

SPIT'TING,  ppr.  Putting  on  a  spit. 

2.  Ejecting  saliva  from  the  mouth. 

SPlt'TLE,  71.  [from  Sjpit.]  SaUva;  the  thick 
moist  matter  which  is  secreted  by  the  sa- 
livary glands  and  ejected  from  the  mouth. 

2.  A  small  sort  of  spade,  [spaddle.] 

SPIT'TLE.     [SecSpital.] 

SPITTLE,  V.  t.  To  dig  or  stir  with  a  small 
spade.     [Local.] 

SPIT'VENOM,  71.  [spit  and  venom.]  Poison 
ejected  from  the  mouth.  Hooker. 

SPLANCHNOLOGY,  n.  [Gr.  artXayj:™, 
bowels,  and  Ttoyo;,  discourse.] 

1.  The  doctrine  of  the  viscera;  or  a  treatise 
or  description  of  the  viscera.  Hooper. 

2.  The  doctrine  of  diseases  of  the  internal 
parts  of  the  body.  Coxe. 

SPLASH,  V.  t.  [formed  on  plash.]  To  siiat- 

ter  with  water,  or  with  water  and  mud. 
SPLASH,  V.  i.  To  strike   and   dash  about 

water. 
SPLASH,    n.    Water    or    water   and    dirt 
thrown  upon  any  thing,  or  thrown  from  a 
puddle  and  the  like. 
SPLASH' Y,  a.  Full  of  dirty  water ;  wet ;  wet 

and  muddv. 
SPLAY,  V.  i.  [See  Display.]  To  dislocate  or 
break  a  horse's  shoulder  bone.      Johnson. 
2.  To  spread.     [LitUe  used.]  Mease. 

SPLAY,  for  display.  [JVot  in  vse.] 
SPLAY,  a.  Displayed ;  spread  ;  turned  out- 
ward. Sidney. 
SPLA'YFOOT,  ?  -  Having  the  foot 
SPLA'YFOOTED,  S  turned  outward  ; 
having  a  wide  foot.  Pope. 
SPLA'YMOUTH,    »i.     A    wide   mouth;  a 

mouth  stretched  by  design. 
SPLEEN,  n.  [L.  splen ;  Gr.  anl^v.]  The 
milt ;  a  soft  part  of  the  viscera  of  animals, 
whose  use  is  not  well  understood.  The^ 
ancients  supposed  this  to  be  the  seat  of 
melancholy,  anger  or  vexation.     Hence, 

2.  Anger;  latent  spite;  ill  humor.  Thus  we 
say,  to  vent  one's  spleen. 

In  noble  minds  some  dregs  remain, 
Not  yet  purged  off,  of  spleen  and  sour  dis- 
dain. Pope. 

3.  A  fit  of  anger.  Shak. 

4.  A  fit ;  a  sudden  motion.     [jXot  used.] 

Shak. 


S  P  L 


5.  Melancholy  ;  hypochondriacal  affections. 
— Bodies  chang'd  to  recent  forms  by  spleen. 

Pope. 

6.  Immoderate  merriment.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Shak. 

SPLEE'NED,  a.  Deprived  of  the  spleen. 

Arhuthnol. 

SPLEE'NFUL,  a.  Angry;  peevish;  fretful. 

Mv.self  have  calin'd  thek  spleaiful  mutiny. 

'  Shale. 

•2.  Melancholy  ;  hypochondriaral.  Pope. 

SPLRE'NLESS,    a.    Kind;  gentle;    mild 

Ohs.  Chapman 

SPLEE'NWORT,  n.  [L.  splenium.]  A  plant 

of  the  genus  Asplenium;  miltwaste. 
SPLEE'NY,  a.  Angry  ;  peevish  ;  fretful. 
A  spleeny  Lutlieran,  and  not  wholesome  to 
Our  cause.  Shak. 

2.  Melancholy  ;  affected  with  nervous  com- 
plaints. 

SPLEN'DENT,  a.  [L.  splendens,splendeo,to 

^•line.]  .  .  ,   ,.  , 

I.  Shining;  glossy;  beaming  with  light;  as 
splendent  planets;  splendent  metals. 

JM'ewton. 

3.  Very  conspicuous  :  illustrious.        fVotlon. 
SPLEN'DID,  a.   [L.  splendidus,  from  spltn- 

deo,  to  shine  ;  Fr.  splendide;  It.  splendido ; 
W.  ysplan,  from  plan,  clear.     See  Plain.'' 

1 .  Properly,  shining  ;  very  bright ;  as  a  splen- 
did sun.     Hence, 

2.  Showy;  magnificent ;  sumptuous  ;  pomp 
ous  ;  as  a  splendid  palace  ;  a  splendid  pro- 
cession ;  a  splendid  e(piipage ;  a  splendid 
feast  or  entertainment. 

.3.  Illustrious  ;  heroic ;  brilliant ;  as  a  splen- 
did victory. 

4.  Illustrious;  famous;  celebrated;  as  a 
splendid  reputaion. 

SPLENDIDLY,  adv.  With  great  brightness 
or  brilliant  light. 

12.  Magnificently  ;  sumptuously  ;  richly  ;  as  a 
house  splendidly  furnished. 

3.  With  great  pomp  or  show.  The  king  was 
splendidly  attended. 

SPLEN'DOR,  n.  [L.  from  the  Celtic  ;  W.  ys- 
plander,  from  pleiniaw,  dyspleiniaw,  to  cast 
rays,  from  plan,  a  ray,  a  cion  or  shoot,  a 
p(o»ie  ;  whence  plant.  See  Plant  and 
Planet.] 

1.  Great  brightness  ;  brilliant  luster  ;  as  the 
splendor  of  the  sun. 

2.  Great  show  of  richness  and  elegance  ; 
magnificence  ;  as  the  splendor  of  equipage 
or  of  royal  robes. 

3.  Pomp;  parade;  as  the  splendor  of  a  pro 
cession  or  of  ceremonies. 

4.  Brilliance;  eminence;  as  the  splendor  of 
a  victory. 

SPLEN'DROUS,  a.  Having  splendor.  [Xot 

in  vse.]  Drayton 

[sPLEN'ETIe,  a.  [L.  splenelicvs.]  Affected 

with  spleen  ;  peevish  ;  fretful. 
You  humor  me  when  I  am  sick  ; 
Why  not  when  I  am  sjtlenetic  i  Pope. 

SPLEN'ETIe,  n.    A  person  affected  with 

ipleen.  Taller. 

SPLEN'IC,  a.  [Fr.  splenique.]  Belonging  to 

the  spleen  ;  as  the  splenic  vein.  Ray 

SPLEN'ISH,  a.  Afiected  with  spleen  ;  iiecv- 

ish  ;  fretful.  Drayton 

SPLEN'ITIVE,  a.  Hot;  fiery;  passionate 

irritable.     [jYot  in  use.] 

I  am  not  splenitivc  and  rash.  .S7ia/f 


S  P  L 

SPLENT,  n.  A  callous  substance  or  insens- 
ible swelling  on  the  shank-bone  of  a  horse. 

-Far.  Diet. 

2.  A  splint.     [See  Splint.] 

SPLICE,  )      .    [Sw.  splissa ;    D.  splissen ; 

SPLISE,  I  "■  ■  Vt.  spUissen  ;  Dan.  splidser, 
from  splider,  splitter,  to  split,  to  divide.  It 
should  be  written  splise.] 

To  separate  the  strands  of  the  two  ends  of 
a  rope,  and  unite  them  by  a  particular 
manner  of  interweaving  them  ;  or  to  unite 
the  end  of  a  rope  to  any  part  of  another 
by  a  like  interweaving  of  the  strands. 
There  are  different  modes  of  splicing,  as 
the  short  splice,  long  splice,  eye  splice,  &c. 

Mar.  Diet. 

SPLICE,  n.  The  union  of  ropes  by  inter- 
weaving the  strands.  Mar.  Diet. 

SPLINT,  I       [D.  splinter ;  G.  splint  01 

SPLINT'ER,  s"'  splitter;  Dan.  splindt. 
Qu.  is  n  radical?] 

1.  A  piece  of  wood  split  off;  a  thin  piece 
(in  proportion  to  its  thickness,)  of  wood  or 
other  solid  substance,  rent  from  the  main 
body  ;  as  splinters  of  a  ship's  side  or  mast, 
rent  off  by  a  shot. 

In  surgery,  a  thin  piece  of  wood  or  other 

substance,  used  to  liold  or  confine  a  brokei- 

bone  when  set. 
3.  A  ])iece  of  bone  rent  off  in  a  fracture. 
SPLINT,         ?      ,  To   split    or  rend  into 
SPLINT'ER,  I  "■      long    thin     pieces ;    to 

shiver ;  as,  the  lightning  splinters  a  tree. 

2.  To  confine  with  splii.ters,  as  a  broken 
limb. 

SPLINT'ER,  V.  i.  To  be  split  or  rent  into 
long  pieces. 

SPLINTERED,  pp.  SpUt  into  splinters; 
secured  hv  splints. 

SPLINTERY,  a.  Consisting  of  splinters, 
or  resembling  splinters ;  as  the  splintery 
fracture  of  a  mineral,  which  discovers 
scales  arising  from  splits  or  fissures,  paral- 
lel to  the  line  of  fracture. 

Kirwan.     Fourcroy. 

SPLIT,  v.t.  pret.  and  pp.  sp/i7.  [D .  splilten  ; 
Daw.  splitter ;  G.  spliitern  or  spleissen  ;  Eth. 

(f.  A  fn  fait,  to  separate,  to  divide,  the 
same  verb  which,  in  other  Shemitic  lan- 
guages, Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  d^S,  signifies  to  es- 
cape.    "'      "     ■■  ■■ 


See  Spcdt.] 
I.  To  divide  longitudinally  or  lengthwise  ; 
to  separate  a  thing  from  end  to  end  by 
force;  to  rive;  to  cleave;  as,  to  split  & 
piece  of  timber  ;  lo  split  a  board.  It  dif- 
fers from  crack.  To  crack  is  to  open  or 
partially  separate ;  to  split  is  to  separate 
entirely. 

To  rend  ;  to  tear  asunder  by  violence  ;  to 
burst ;  as,  to  split  a  rock  or  a  sail. 
Cold  winter  splits  the  rocks  in  twain. 

Dryden. 

3.  To  divide! ;  to  part :  as,  to  split  a  liair. 
The  phrases  to  split  the  heart,  to  split  a 
ray  of  light,  are  now  inelegant  and  obso- 
lete, especially  the  former.  The  phrase, 
to  split  the  earth,  is  not  strictly  correct. 

4.  To  (lasli  and  break  on  a  rock;  as,  a  sliip 
stranded  and  split.  Mar.  Diet. 

5.  Todi\id(!;  to  lueak  into  discord;    as  a 
people  .•iptit  into  parties. 
To  strain  and  pain  witli  laughter;  as,  to 

split  the  sides. 
SPLIT,  r.  I.  To  burst ;  to  part  asunder ;  to 
suffer  disruption ;  as,  vessels  split  by  iho 


S  P  o 


S  P  o 


S  P  o 


freezing  of  water  in  tliom.     Glass  vessels 
often  split  wlicn  heated  too  suddenly. 

2.  To  burst  with  laughter. 

Each  had  a  gravity  would  make  you  split. 

Pope. 

3.  To  be  broken  ;  to  be  dashed  to  piec^es. 
We  were  driven  upon  a  rock,  and  the 
ship  ininiediutely  split.  Swijl. 

To  split  oil  a  rock,  to  fail  ;  to  err  fatally  ;  to 
have  the  hopes  and  designs  frustrated. 

Spediitur. 

SPl-lT'TKR,  n.  One  who  splits.  Swijl. 

Sl'UIT'TING,  ppr.  Bursting;  riving;  rend- 
ing. 

SPLUT'TKR,  n.  A  bustle;  astir.  [j1  low 
word  and  little  used.] 

SPLIJT'TKR,  V.  i.  To  speak  hastily  and 
coiifu.sfdlv.     [Low.]  Ciirllon. 

SPOD'UMKNB,  ?!.  [Gr.  rj^oSou,  to  reduce 
to  aslifs.] 

A  mineral,  called  by  llaUy  triphnne.  It  oc- 
curs in  laniinateil  masses,  easily  divisible 
into  prisms  with  rliondmidal  bases  ;  tht 
lateral  faces  smooth,  shining  and  pearly  ; 
the  cross  fracture  uneven  anil  splintery. 
Before  the  bhiwpipe  it  exfoliates  into  little 
yellowish  or  grayish  scales;  whence  its 
name.  Clenveland. 

SPOIL,  V.  t.  [Fr.  spolier ;  It.  spogliare  ;  L 
spolio ;  W.  yspeiliaw.  The  sense  is  prob 
ably  to  |)ull  a.sunder,  to  tear,  to  strip;  co- 
inciding with  L.  velto,  or  witli  peel,  or  with 
both.  Sec  Class  Kl.  No.  7.  8.  15.  :«.] 

1.  To  plunder;  to  strip  by  violence;  to  rob; 
with  of;  as,  to  spoil  one  of  his  goods  or 
possessions. 

My  sons  their  old  unhappy  sire  despi.sc, 
SpoiVd  ofhia  kiagdoin,  and  depriv'd  of  eyes 

Pope 

2.  To  seize  by  violence  ;  to  take  by  force  ; 
as,  to  spoil  one's  goods. 

This  mount 
With  all  liis  verduie  upoiVd —  Milton. 

3.  [Sax.  spillan.]  To  corrupt ;  to  cause  to 
decay  and  perish.  Hrat  and  moisture 
will  soon  spoil  vegetable  and  animal  sub- 
stances. 

4.  To  corrupt ;  to  vitiate  ;  to  mar. 

.Spiiiurjl  priilc  spoils  many  (traces.      Taylor. 

5.  To  ruin  ;  to  destroy.  Our  crops  are  some 
times  spoiled  by  insects. 

6.  To  reiuler  useless  by  injury ;  as,  to  spoil 
paper  by  wetting  it. 

7.  To  injure  fatally  ;  as,  to  spoil  the  eyes  by 
reading. 

SPOIL,  V.  i.  To  practice  plunder  or  rob- 
bery. 

— Outlaws  which,  lurking  in  woods,  useil  to 
break  foitli  to  rob  and  spoil.  Spenser 

2.  To  decay  ;  to  lose  the  valuable  qualities 
to  be  corrupted ;  as,  fruit  will  soon   spoil 
in   warm    weather.      Grain    will   spoil,   if 
gathered  when  Wet  or  nidist. 

SPOIL,  n.  [L.  .ipolium.]  That  which  is 
taken  from  others  by  violence  ;  particu- 
larly in  war,  the  plunder  taken  from  an 
enemy;  pillage;  booty. 

2.  That  which  is  gained  by  strength  or  ef- 
fort. 

Each  science  and  each  art  his  spoil. 

Sentley. 

3.  That  which  is  taken  from  another  without 
license. 

Gentle  ^ales 
Fanning  their  odorifeious  wings,  dispense 


Native  perfumes,  and  whisper  whence  they 

stole 
Their  liulmy  spnik.  AFillon. 

4.  The  act  or  jjractice  of  plundering;  rob- 
bery ;  waste. 

The  man  that  hath  not  music  in  himself. 
Nor  is  not  fnov'd    with  concord    of  sweet 

sounds. 
Is  fit  for  treason,  stratagems  and  spoils. 

Shak. 

5.  Corruption  ;  cause  of  corruption. 
Villainous  company  hath  been   the  spoil  of] 

me.  Shak. 

6.  The  slough  or  cast  skin  of  a  serpent  or 
other  animal.  Bacon. 

SPOIL'El),  pp.  Plundered;  pillaged;  cor- 
rupted ;  rendered  useless. 

SPOIL' ER,  li.  A  plunderer;  a  pillager;  a 
robber. 

2.  One  that  corrupts,  mars  or  renders  use 
less. 

SPOIL'FIIL,  a.  Wasteful ;  rapacious.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  ,  Spenser, 

SPOILING,  ppr.  Plundering;  pillaging; 
corrupting  ;  rendering  useless. 

2.  Wasting ;  decaying. 

SPOILING,  n.  Plunder;  waste. 

SPOKK,  pret.  of  speak. 

SPOKE,  ji.  [.Sax.  spaca ;  D.  spaak ;  G 
speiche.  This  word,  whose  radical  sense 
is  to  shoot  or  thrust,  coincides  with  spike, 
spigot,  pike,  and  G.  «/;cicn,  contracted  from 
smichen,  to  spew.] 

1.  The  radius  or  ray  of  a  wheel  ;  one  of  the 
small  bars  which  are  inserted  in  the  hub 
or  nave,  and  which  serve  to  support  the 
rim  or  felly.  SwiJl. 

2.  The  spar  or  round  of  a  ladder.  [JVot  in 
use  in  the  U.  States.] 

SPOKI'N,  pp.  of  speak,  pron.  spo'kn. 

SPO'KE-SHAVE,  »i.  A  kind  of  plane  to 
smooth  the  shells  of  blocks. 

SPO'KESMAN,  n.  [speak,  spoke,  and  man.] 
One  who  speaks  for  another. 

He  shall   be   thy  spokesman  to  the  people 
Ex.  iv. 

SPO'LIATE,  v.t.  [L.  spolio.]  To  plunder; 
to  pillaL'e.  Did. 

SPO'LIATE,  V.  i.  To  practice  plunder  ;  to 
commit  robbery.  In  time  of  war,  rapa- 
cious men  are  let  loose  to  spoliate  on  com- 
merce. 

SPOLIA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  plundering, 
particularly  of  plundering  an  enemy  in 
time  of  war. 

2.  The  act  or  practice  of  plundering  neutrals 
at  sea  under  authority. 

.3.  In  ecclesiastical  affairs,  the  act  of  an  in- 
cumbent In  taking  the  fruits  of  his  bene- 
fice without  right,  but  under  a  pretended 
title.  Blackstone. 

SPONDA'l€,        I       [See   Spondee.]     Per- 

SPONDA'leAL,  I  "■•  taining  to  a  spondee  : 
denotiuK  two  long  feet  in  poetry. 

SPON'DEE,  n.  [Tr.  spondee  ;  It",  spondeo  ; 
L.  spondwus.] 

A  poetic  foot  of  two  long  syllables. 

Broome. 

SPON'DYL,     I       [L.  spondi/lus ;  Gr.  a»op 

SPON'DVLE,  ^"-  ivxos;  U.  spondulo.]  A 
joint  of  the  back  bone;  a  verteber  or  ver- 
te!)ra.  Coxe. 

SPONGE.  [See  Spunge.] 

SPONK,  n.  [a  word  probably  formed  on 
punk.] 


Toucliwood.  In  Scotland,  a  match  ;  some- 
thing dipped  in  sulphur  for  readily  taking 
lire.     [See  Spunk.] 

SPONS'AL,  a.  [L.  sponsalis,  from  spondto, 
to  betroth.]  Relating  to  marriage  or  to  a 
spouse. 

SPON'SIOX,  n.  [L.  sponsio,  from  spondeo, 
to  engage.]  The  act  of  becoming  surety 
for  another. 

SPONSOR,  71.  [L.  supra.]  A  surety;  one 
who  binds  himself  to  answer  for  another, 
and  is  responsible  for  his  default.  In  the 
church,  the  sponsors  in  baptism  are  sure- 
ties for  the  education  of  the  child  baptized. 

Jlyliffe. 

SPONTANEITY,  n.  [Fr.  .ipontaneiU;  It. 
spontaneiltt  ;  h.  sponle,offree.  will.] 

Voluntariness  :  the  quality  of  being  of  free 
will  or  accord.  Dryden. 

SPONTA'NEOUS,  a.  [L.  spontaneus,  from 
sponte,  of  free  will.] 

1.  Voluntary  ;  acting  by  its  own  impulse  or 
will  without  the  incitetnent  of  any  thing 
external;  acting  of  its  own  accord;  as 
spontaneous  motion.  Milton. 

2.  Produced  without  being  planted,  or  with- 
out human  labor;  as  a  spontaneous  growth 
of  wood. 

Spontaneous  combustion,  a  taking  fire  of  itself. 
Thus  oiled  canvas,  oiled  wool,  and  many 
other  combustible  substances,  when  suf- 
fered to  remain  for  some  time  in  a  con- 
fined state,  suddenly  take  fire,  or  undergo 
spontaneous  combustion. 

SPONTANEOUSLY,  adv.  Voluntarily; 
of  his  own  will  or  accord ;  used  of  ani- 
mals ;  as,  he  acts  spontaneously. 

2.  By  its  own  force  or  energy  ;  without  the 

impidse  of  a  foreign  cause  ;  used  of  things. 

Whey  turns  spontaneously  acid,     .^rbulhnot. 

SPONTA'NEOUSNESS,  n.  Voluntariness; 
freedom  of  will ;  accord  unconstrained  ; 
applied  to  animals. 

2.  t  reedom  of  acting  without  a  foreign 
cause ;  applied  to  things. 

SPONTOON',  n.  [Fr.  Sp.  esponton  ;  It.  spon- 
tanea.] 

A  kind  of  half  pike  ;  a  military  weapon  borne 
by  officers  of  infantry. 

SPOOL,  »i.  [G.  spule;  D.  spoel;  Dan.  Sw. 
spole.] 

A  piece  of  cane  or  reed,  or  a  hollow  cylin- 
der of  wood  with  a  ridge  at  each  end  ; 
used  by  weavers  to  wind  their  yarn  upon 
in  order  to  slaie  it  and  wind  it  on  the 
beam.  The  spool  is  larger  than  the  quill, 
on  which  yarn  is  wound  h)r  the  shuttle. 
But  in  maiuitaciories,  the  word  may  be 
differemly  applied. 

SPOOL,  V.  t.  To  wind  on  spools. 

SPOO.M,  V.  i.  To  be  driven  swiftly  ;  proba- 
bly a  mistake  for  spoon.  [See  Spoon,  the 
verb.] 

SPOON,  n.  [Ir.  sponog.]  A  small  domes- 
tic utensil,  with  a  bowl  or  concave  part 
and  a  handle,  for  dipping  liquids;  as  a 
tea  spoon  ;  a  table  spoon. 

2.  An  instrument  consisting  of  a  bowl  or 
hollow  iron  and  a  long  handle,  used  for 
taking  earth  out  of  holes  dug  for  setting 
posts. 

SPOON,  I'.  1.  To  put  before  the  wind  in  a 
gale.     [I  believe  not  note  used.] 

SPOON'-BILL,  n.  [spoon  and  bill.]  A  fowl 
of  the  grallic  order,  and  genus  Platatea, 
so  named  from  the  shape  of  its  bill,  wliick 


S  P  o 


is  somewhat  like  a  spoon  or  spatula.     Its 
pliimageis  white  and  beautiful. 
SPOON'-DRIFT,  n.  In  seamen's  language, 
a  showery  f<[)rinkling  of  sea  water,  swept 
from  the  surface  in  a  tempest.     Mar.  Diet. 
SPOON'FUL,  n.  [spoo7i  and  full.]  As  much 
as  a  spoon  contains  or  is  able  to  contain  ; 
as  a  tea  spoonful ;  a  table  spoonful. 
2.  A  small  quantity  of  a  liquid.      Arhulhnol 
SPOON'-MEAT,  n.  [spoon  anA  meal.]  Food 
that  is  or   must   be  taken  with  a  spoon 
liquid  food. 

Diet  most  upon  spoon-meats.  Harvey. 

SPOON'-WORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 

Corhlearia;  scurvy  grass. 
SPORAD'Ie,        ?„    [Fr.  sporadique;   Gr. 
SPORAD'l€AL,  S       5«opa«'*o5,     separate, 
scattered  ;  whence  certain  isles  of  Greece 
were  called  .Sporades.] 
Separate;  single;  scattered;   used   only   m 
reference  to  diseases.     A  sporadic  disease, 
is  one  which  occurs  in  particular  persons 
and  places,  in  distinction  from  an  epidem 
ic,  which  aft'ects  persons  generally  or   ii 
great  numbers. 
Sporadic  diseases  are  opposed  to  epidemics, 
as   accidental,   scattered  complaints,  nei- 
ther general  nor  contagious.  Parr. 
SPORT,  n.  [D.  boert,  jest ;  boerlen,  to  jest ; 

boertig,  merry,  facetious,  jocular.] 
1.  That  whicli  diverts  and  makes  merry; 
play;  game;  diversion;  also,  mirth.  The 
word  signifies  both  the  cause  and  the  ef- 
fect ;  that  which  produces  mirth,  and  the, 
mirth  or  merriment  produced. 

Her  sports  were   such   as  carried  riches  of 
knowledge  upon  the  stream  of  delight. 

Sidney. 
Here   the  word  denotes  the  cause  of] 
amusement. 

They  called  for  Samson  out  of  the   pnson- 

house  ;  and  he  made  them  sport.    Judges  xvi 

Here  sport  is  the  effect. 

9.  Mock  ;  mockery  ;  contemptuous  mirth. 

Then  make  sport  at  me,  then  let  me  be  your 

jest.  Shak. 

They  made  a  sport  of  his  prophets.     Esdras 

3.  That  with  which  one  plays,  or  which  is 
driven  about. 

To  flitting  leaves,  the  sport  of  every  wind 

Dryden. 

Never  does  man  appear  to  greater  disadvan- 
tage than  when  he  is  the  sport  of  his  own  un- 
governed  passions.  J'  C'larke 

4.  Play  ;  idle  jingle. 

An  author  who  should  introduce  such  a  sport 
of  words  upon  our  stage,  would  meet  with  small 
applause.  Broome. 

5.  Diversion  of  the  field,   as  fowling,  hunt- 
ing, fishing.  Clarendon 

In  sport.    To  do  a  thing  in  sport,  is  to  do  it  in 
jest,  for  play  or  diversion. 

So   is   the  man  that  deceiveth  his  neighbor, 
anil  saith,  am  not  I  in  sport  ?     Prov.  xxvi. 
SPORT,  V.  t.  To  divert ;  to   make   merry 
used  with  the  reciprocal  pronoun. 

Against  whom  do  ye  sport  yourselves  7     Is. 
Ivii. 
a.  To  represent  by  any  kind  of  play. 

Now  sporting  on  thy  lyre  the  love  of  youth. 

Dryden. 
SPORT,  v.i.  To  play;  to  frolick ;  to  wan- 
ton. 
Sec  the  brisk  lambs  i\\?it  sport  along  the  mead 

Anmi 
2.  To  trifle.     The  man  that  laughs   at  reli 

gion  sports  with  his  own  salvation. 
SPORTER,  n.  One  who  sports. 


S  P  o 

SPORTFUL,  a.  Merry;  frolicksome;  full| 
of  jesting;  indulging  in  mirth  or  play  ;  as! 
a  sportful  companion. 

Down  he  alights  among  the  sportful  herd. 

.Milton. 

2.  Ludicrous  ;  done  in  jest  or  for  mere  play. 

These  are  no  sportful  productions  of  the  soil. 

Bentley. 
SPORTFULLY,  adv.  In  mirth  ;  in  jest;  for 

the  sake  of  diversion  ;  playfully. 
SPORTFULNCSS,    n.    Play;    merriment;' 
frolirk ;  a  playful  dispo.sition  ;  playfulness  ;' 
as  the  .iportfulness  of  kids  and  lambs. 
SPORTIVE,    o.     Gay;    merry;     wanton; 
frolicksome. 

Is  it  I 
That  drive  thee  from  the  sportive  court .' 

Shak 

2.  Inclined  to  mirth ;  playful ;  as  a  sportive 
humor.  . 

SPORTIVENESS,  n.  Playfulness;   muth 
merriment.  ^""O" 

2.  Disposition  to  mirth. 

SPORTLESS,  a.  Without  sport  or  mirth 
joyless. 

SPORTSMAN,  n.  [spoH  and  man.]  One 
who  pursues  the  sports  of  the  field;  one 
who  hunts,  fishes  and  fowls. 

2.  One  skilled  in  the  sports  of  the  field. 

Addison. 

SPORT'ULARY,  a.  [from  L.  sporta,  a  bas 
ket,  an  alms-basket.] 

Subsisting  on  alms  or  charitable  contribu 
tions.     [Little  used.]  Hall. 

SPORT'ULE,  71.  [L.  sporttda,  a  httle  bas- 
ket.] 

An  alms  ;  a  dole  ;  a  charitable  gift  or  con 
tribution.     [,Vo(  in  use.]  'lyliffe- 

SPOT,  n.  [D.  spat,  a  spot,  spavin,  a 
pop-gun  ;  spatten,  to  spot,  to  spatter  ;  Dan. 
spette,  a  spot,  and  spet,  a  pecker  ;  svart 
spet,  a  woodpecker.  We  see  this  word  is 
of  the  family  of  spatter,  and  that  the  rail, 
cal  sense  is  to  throw  or  thrust.  A  spot  is 
made  by  spattering  or  sprinkling.] 
A  mark  on  a  substance  made  by  foreign 
matter;  a  speck;  a  blot ;  a  place  discolor 
ed.    The  least  spot  is  visible  on  white  pa 


S  P  o 

stain  ;  as,  to  spot  a  garment ;  to  spot  pa- 
per. 
2.  To  patch  by  way  of  ornament.     Addison, 
■i.  To  stain;  to   blemish;  to   taint;  to   dis- 
grace; to  tarnish  ;  as  reputation 


per. 


A  stain  on  character  or  reputation  ;  some 
thing    that    soils    purity  ;    disgrace  ;  re- 
proach ;  fault ;  blemish. 

Yet  Chloe  sure  was  form'd  without  a  spot. 

Pope 
See  1  Pet.  i.  17.     Eph.  v.  27. 

3.  A  small  extent  of  space  ;  a  place  ;  any 
particular  place. 

The  spot  to  which  1  point  is  paradise. 

Fix'd  to  one  spot.  Otu-ay. 

So  we  say,  a  spot  of  ground,  a  spot  o 
grass  or  flowers ;  meaning  a  place  of  small 
extent* 

4.  A  place  of  a  different  color  from  the 
ground  ;  as  the  spots  of  a  leopard. 

5.  A  variety  of  the  common  domestic  pi- 
geon,  so  called  from  a  spot  on  its  head  just 
above  its  beak. 

().  A  dark  place  on  the  disk  or  face  of  the 

sun  or  of  a  planet. 
7.  A  lucid  place  in  the  heavens. 
Upon  the  spot,  immediately  ;  before  moving 

without  (-hanging  place.     [So  the  French 

say,  sur  le  champ.] 

'it  was  .lelprmiiicd  upon  the  spot.  .Sici/f. 

.SPOT,  V.  I.    To  make  a  visible  mark  with 
I     some   foreign    matter  ;    to    discolor ;    to 


My  virgin  life  no  spotted  thoughts  shall  stain. 

Sidney. 
To  spot  timber,  is  to  cut  or  chip  it,  in  prepara- 
tion for  hewing. 
SPOT'LESS,  a.  Free  from  spots,  foul  mat- 
ter or  discoloration. 

Free  from  reproach  or  impurity  ;  pure  ; 
untainted  ;  innocent ;  as  a  spotless  mind  ; 
spotless  behavior. 

A  spotless  virgin  and  a  faultless  wife. 

Waller. 

SPOT'LESSNESS,  n.  Freedom  from  spot 

or  stain  ;  freedom  from  rejiroach.    Donne. 

SPOT'TED,    pp.     Marked   with   spots   or 

places  uf  a  different  color  from  the  ground ; 

as  a  spotted  beast  or  garment. 

SPOT'TEDNESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality 

of  being  spotted. 
SPOT'TER,  n.  One  that  makes  spots. 
SPOT'TINESS,  n.   The  state  or  quality  of 

being  spotty. 
SPOT'TING,    ppr.    Marking    with   spots  ; 

staining. 
SPOT'TY,  a.   Full  of  spots ;  marked  with 

discolored  places. 
SPOUS'AtiE,  n.    [Sec  Spouse.]   The  act  of 

espousing.     [M>t  used.] 
SPOUS'AL,  a.  [from  spouse.]  Pertaining  to 
marriage  ;  nuptial ;   matrimonial ;    conju- 
gal ;  connubial ;  bridal ;  as  spousal  rites  ; 
spousal  ornaments.  Pope. 

SPOUS'AL,  n.  [Fr.  epousaiUes  ;  Sp.  espon- 

sales ;  L.  sponsalia.     See  Spouse.] 
Marriage  ;    nuptials.     It   is   now   generally 
used  iu  the  plural ;  as  the  spousals  of  Hip- 
polita.  Dryden. 

SPOUSE,  n.  spouz.  [Fr.  epouse  ;  Sp.  csposo, 
esposa  ;  It.  sposo,  sposa  ;  L.  sponsus,  spon- 
sa,  from  spondeo,  to  engage;  lr.posam,'u\. 
It  appears  that  7i  in  spondeo,  is  not  radical, 
or  that  it  has  been  lost  in  other  languages. 
The  sense  of  the  root  is  to  put  together,  to 
bind.  In  Sp.  esposas  signifies  manacles.] 
One  engaged  or  joined  in  wedlock  ;  a  mar- 
ried person,  husband  or  wife.  We  say  of 
a  man,  that  he  is  the  spouse  of  such  a  wo- 
man ;  or  of  a  woman,  she  is  the  spouse  of 
such  a  man.  Dryden. 

SPOUSE,  v.t.  spouz.  Towed;  to  espouse. 
[Little  used.    See  Espouse.]  Chaucer. 

SPOUS'ED,  pp.  Wedded  ;  joined  in  mar- 
riage ;  marrierl  ;  but  seldom  used.  The 
word  used  in  lieu  of  it  is  espoused.  Milton. 
SPOUSELESS,  a.  spouz'less.  Destitute  of 
a  husband  or  of  a  wife  ;  as  a  spouseless 
king  or  queen.  Pope. 

SPOUT,  n.  [D.  spuit,  a  spout  ;  irpuitcn,  to 
spout.  In  G.  spiilzen\s  to  spit,  am\  spotlen 
is  to  mock,  banter,  sport.  Tliese  are  of 
one  family  ;  spout  retaining  nearly  the  pri- 
mary and  literal  meaning.  Class  Bd.  See 
Bud  and  Pout.] 

1.  A  pipe,  or  a  projecting  mouth  of  a  vessel, 
useful  in  directing  the  stream  of  a  liquid 
poured  out ;  as  tlie  .<spoul  of  a  pitcher,  of  a 
tea  pot  or  water  pot. 

2.  A  pipe  conducting  water  from  another 
pipe,  or  from  a  trough  on  a  hoii.se. 

3.  .\  violoiu  discharge  of  water  raised  in  a 
column  at  sea,  like  a  whirlwind,  or  by  a 

H     whirlwind.     [See  ff'atcr-spout.] 


S  P  R 


S  P  R 


S  P  R 


SPOUT,    V.  I.    To   throw   out,  as    liquids 
tlirougli  a  narrow  orilice  or  pipe  ;  as,  an 
elepliant  spouls  vvati^r  from  liis  trunk. 
Next  oil  his  belly  Hoats  the  uiiglily  whale — 
Ik-  spouts  tht;  tide.  Creech. 

2.  Tn  throw  out  worils  with  affected  gravi- 
ty ;  to  nioutli.  Beauin. 

SPOUT,  V.  i.  To  issue  with  violence,  as  a 

Jicjuiil  through  a  narrow  orifice  or  from  a 

spout ;  as,  water  spuuts  from  a  cask  or  a 

spriiig  ;  blood  spouls  from  a  vein. 

All  llie  gliuoriiig  hill 

Is  tiiight  with  spouting  rills.  Thomson. 

SPOUT' iOD,  pp.  Thrown  in  a  stream  from 
a  pipe  or  narrow  orifice. 

SPOUT' ING,  ppr.  Throwing  in  a  stream 
from  a  pipe  or  narrow  opening  ;  pouring 
out  words  violently  or  affectedly. 

SPOUT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  throwing  out, 
as  a  liquid  from  a  narrow  opening ;  a  vio 
lent  or  affected  sj)cech  ;  a  harangue. 

SPll.\G,  a.  Vigorous;  sprightly.  [Local.] 

l.Vate.    1q  America,  this   woril  is.  in  popular  Ian 
guaffo,  pronounced  spry,  which  is  a  contraclicu 
o( sprigh,  in  sprightli/.] 

SPllAG,  71.  A  young  salmon.    [Local.] 

Grose. 

SPRAIN,  V.  t.  [probably  Sw.  spranga,  to 
break  or  loosen  ;  Dan.  sprengcr,  to  spring, 
to  burst  or  crack  ;  or  from  the  same  root.' 

To  overstrain  the  ligaments  of  a  joint ;  to 
stretch  the  ligaments  so  as  to  injure  them, 
but  without  luxation  or  dislocation. 

Gay.     Encyc. 

SPRAIN,  n.  An  excessive  strain  of  the  lig- 
ameuts  of  a  joint  without  dislocation. 

Temple. 

SPRA'INED,  pp.  Injured  by  excessive 
straining. 

SPR.^'INING,  ppr.  Injuring  by  excessive 
extension. 

SPRAINTS,  n.  The  dung  of  an  otter. 

Did. 

SPRANG,  pret.  of  spring ;  but  sprung  is 
more  generally  used. 

SPR.\T,  n.  [D.  sprol  ;  G.  sprotte  ;  Ir. 
sproth.] 

A  small  fish  of  the  species  Clupea. 

SPRAWL,  t'.  I.  [The  origin  and  affinities  of 
this  word  are  uncertain.  It  may  bo  a  con- 
tracted word.] 

1.  To  spread  and  stretch  the  body  careless- 
ly in  a  horizontal  position  ;  to  lie  with  the 
limbs  stretched  out  or  struggling.  We 
say,  a  person  lies  sprawling  ;  or  he  sprawls 
on  the  bed  or  on  the  ground.       Hiidibras. 

2.  To  move,  when  lying  down,  with  awk- 
ward extension  and  motions  of  the  litiibs 
to  scrabble  or  scramble  in  creeping. 

The  hirds  were  not  fledged ;  hut  in  sprawling 
and  struggling  to  get  clear  of  the  flame,  down 
tlicy  tumbled.  VEslrangc. 

3.  To  widen  or  open  irregularly,  as  a  body 
of  horse. 

SPIIAWL'ING,  ppr.  Lying  with  the  limbs 
awkwardly  stretched  ;  creeping  with  awk 
ward  motions ;  struggling  with  coutor 
sion  of  the  limbs. 

2.  Widening  or  opening  irregularly,  as  cav- 
alry. 

SPRAY,  n.  [probably  allied  to  sprig.  The 
radical  sense  is  a  shoot.   Class  Rg.] 

1.  A  small  shoot  or  branch ;  or  the  extrem 
ity  of  a  branch.   Hence  in  England,  spray- 
faggots  are   bundles   of  small   branches, 
used  as  fuel.  Encyc. 

2.  Among  seamen,  the  water  that  is  driven 


from  the  top  of  a  wave  in  a  storm,  which 
spreads  and  flics  in  small  particles.  It 
differs  from  spoon-drijl ;  as  spray  is  only 
occasional,  whereas  spoon-driJl  tiles  con- 
tinually along  the  surface  of  the  sea. 
SPREAD,  i  ^  ,  pret.  and  pp.  spread  or 
SPRKD,  ^  ■  ■  spred.  [Sax.  sprmdan,  spre- 
dan  :  Dan.  spreder  ;  Sw.  sprida  ;  D.  sprei- 
den  ;  (f.  spreiten.  This  is  probably  form- 
ed on  the  root  oi'broad,  G.  breit ;  liniten,  to 
spread.  The  more  correct  orthography  is 
spred.] 

1.  To  extend  in  length  and  breadth,  or  in 
breadth  only;  to  stretch  or  expand  to  a 
broader  surface  ;  as,  to  spread  a  carpel  or 
a  table  cloth  ;  to  spread  a  sheet  on  the 
ground. 

2.  To  extend  ;  to  form  into  a  plate ;  as,  to 
spread  silver.     Jer.  x. 

3.  To  set ;  to  place  ;  to  pitch  ;  as,  to  spread 
a  tent.     Gen.  xxxiii. 

4.  To  cover  by  extending  something  ;  to 
reach  every  part. 

And  an  unusual  paleness  spreads  her  face. 

Granville 

5.  To  extend  ;  to  shoot  to  a  greater  length 
in  every  direction,  so  as  to  fill  or  cover  a 
wider  space. 

The  stately  trees  fast  spread  their  branches. 

J\rdton 

6.  To  divulge ;  to  propagate  ;  to  publish  ;  as 
news  or  fame  ;  to  cause  to  be  more  exten- 
sively known  ;  as,  to  spread  a  report. 

In  this  use,  the  word  is  often  accompa 
niod  with  abroad. 

They,  when  they  had  departed,  spread  abroad 
his  fame  in  all  that  country.     Matt.  ix. 

7.  To  [)ropagate  ;  to  cause  to  affect  greater 
numbers  ;  as,  to  spread  a  disease. 

8.  To  emit ;  to  diffuse  ;  as  emanations  or 
effluvia  ;  as,  odoriferous  plants  spread 
their  fragrance. 

9.  To  disperse  ;  to  scatter  over  a  larger  sur- 
face ;  as,  to  spread  manure  ;  to  spread 
plaster  or  lime  on  the  ground. 

10.  To  prepare  ;  to  set  and  furnish  with  pro- 
visions; as,  to  spread  a  table.  God  spread 
a  table  for  the  Israelites  in  the  wilderness. 

11.  To  open;  to  uid'old  ;  to  unfurl;  to 
stretch  ;  as,  to  spread  the  sails  of  a  ship. 

SPREAD,  (       .To  extend  itself  in   length 

SPRED,  l"'  '■  and  breadth,  in  all  direc- 
tions, or  in  breadth  only;  to  be  extended 
or  stretched.  The  larger  elms  */>)£«</ over 
a  space  of  forty  or  fifty  yards  in  diameter 
or  the  shade  of  the  larger  elmsspreads  over 
that  space.  The  larger  lakes  in  .\nierica 
spread  over  more  than  fifteen  hundred 
square  miles. 

Plants,  if  they  spread  much,  are  seldoni  tall. 

Bacon. 

2.  To  be  extended  by  drawing  or  beating ; 
as,  a  metal  spreads  with  difficulty. 

:i.  To  be  propagated  or  made  known  more 
extensively.  Ill  reports  sometimes  spread 
with  woudertul  rapidity. 

4.  To  be  propagated  from  one  to  another ; 
as,  a  disease  spreads  into  all  parts  of  a 
city.  The  yellow  fever  of  American  cities 
has  not  been  found  to  spread  in  the  coun- 
try. 


No  flower  has  that  spread  of  the  woodbind. 

Baccm. 

SPREADER,   }       One    that    spreads,  ex- 
SPRED'DER,  ^    ■  tends,  expands  or  pro- 
pagates ;  as  a  spreader  of  disease. 

Hooker. 

2.  One  that  divulges  ;  one  that  causes  to  be 

more  generally  known  ;  a  publisher  ;  as  a 

sjireader  of  news  or  reports.  Sivi/I. 

SPRE.XDING,  I  Extending;  expand- 

SPRED'DING,  I  Pf-  ing  ;  propagating ;  di- 


vulging ;  dispersing ;  diffusing. 
2.  a.  Extending  or  extemied  over  a 


compass. 


|P^|f,D'(..  Extent: 

I  have  a  fine  spread  of  improvable  land. 

Addison 
2.  Expansion  of  parts. 


large 
space;  wide  ;  as  the  spreading  oak. 

Gov.  Winthrop  and  his  associates  at  Charles- 
town  had  for  a  cliurch  a  large  spreadirig  tree. 

B.  TrumbuU. 
SPREADING,   I       The  act  of  extending, 
SPRED'DING,  S       dispersing  or  propaga- 
ting. 
SPRENT,     pp.     Sprinkled.       Obs.      [See 
Sprinkle.^  Spenser. 

SPRIG,  )i.  [W.  ysbrig ;  ys,  a  prefix,  and 
brig,  top,  summit ;  that  is,  ashoot,  or  shoot- 
ing to  a  point.  Class  Brg.] 

1.  A  small  shoot  or  twig  of  a  tree  or  other 
plant ;  a  spray ;  as  a  sprig  of  laurel  or  of 
parsley. 

2.  A  brad,  or  nail  without  a  head.     [Local.] 

3.  The  representation  of  a  small  branch  in 
embroidery. 

4.  .\  small  eye-bolt  ragged  at  the  point. 

Encyc. 

SPRIG,  t'.  t.  To  mark  or  adorn  with  the 
representation  of  small  branches  ;  to  work 
with  sprigs  ;  as,  to  sprig  muslin. 

SPRIG-€RYSTAL,  n.  Crystal  found  in  the 
form  of  a  hexangular  cohunn,  adhering  to 
the  stone,  and  terminating  at  the  other 
end  in  a  point.  H'oodtcard. 

SPRIGGED,  pp.  Wrought  with  represen- 
tations of  small  twigs. 

SPRIGGING,  ppr.   Working  with  sprigs. 

SPRIG'GY,  a.  Full  of  sprigs  or  small 
branches. 

SPRIGHT,  I       [G.  spriel,  spirit.     It  should 

SPRITE,     I  "■  be  written  .sprite.] 

1.  .\  spirit;  a  shade  ;  asoul ;  an  incorporeal 
agent. 

Forth  he  call'd,  out  of  deep  darkness  dread. 
Legions  of  .sprigAYs.  Spenser. 

And  gaping  graves  recciv'd  the  guilty  »/)ri|gA^ 

Dry  den. 

2.  A  walking  spirit;  an  apparition.      Locke. 

3.  Power  which  gives  cheerfulness  or  cour- 
age. 

Hold   thou   my   heart,    establish    tliou    my 
sprights.     [JVot  in  lise]  Sidney. 

4.  An  arrow.     [.Vol  in  use.]  Bacon. 
SPRIGHT.   V.  t.   To   haunt,   as   a   spright. 

[.Vol  used.]  ShaJc. 

SPRIGHTFUL,  a.  [This  word  seems  to  be 
formed  on  the  root  o(  sprag,  a  local  word, 
pronounced  in  America,  spry.     It  belongs 
to  the  fiimily  of  spring  and  sprig.] 
Lively  ;  brisk ";  nimble  ;  vigorous  ;  gay. 
Spoke  like  a  sprightful  noble  gentleman. 

Sliak. 
Steeds  sprightful  as  the  light.  Cowley. 

[This  word  is   little   used  in   America. 
We  use  sprightly  in  the  same  sense.] 
SPRIGHTFULLY,    adv.     Briskly;   vigor- 
ously. 5AaA". 
SPRIGHTFULNESS,  n.   Briskness ;   live- 
liness ;  vivacity.                          Hammond. 


S  P  R 

SPRlGHTLESS,  a.  Destitute  of  life ;  dull; 
sluggish  ;  as  virtue's  sprightless  cold. 

Cowley. 
SPRIG HTLIN ESS,    n.     [from  sprightly.] 
Liveliness  ;  life  ;    briskness  ;    vigor  ;    ac- 
tivity ;  gayety ;  vivacity. 

In  dreams,  with  what  sprightlitiess  and  alac- 
rity does  the  soul  exert  herself.  Addison. 
SPRIGHTLY,  a.  Lively ;  brisk;  animated; 
vigorous ;  airy  ;  gay  ;  as  a  spnghtly  youth : 
a  sprighlly  air  ;  a  sprightly  i\ance. 

The  sprightly  Sylvia  trips  along  the  green. 

Pope 
And  sprightly  wit  and  love  inspires. 

Vrydtii. 
SPRING,  V.  i.  pret.  sprung,  [sprang,  not 
wholly  obsolete  ;]  p\t.  sprung.  [Sax.sprin- 
gan  ;  D.  G.  springm  ;  l)an.  springer  ;  S\v 
springa;  from  the  root  Brg,  or  Rg ;  r, 
probably  being  casual.  The  primary  sense 
is  to  leap,  to  shoot.] 

1.  To  vegetate  aiitl  rise  out  of  the  grouiii 
to  begin  to  appear  ;  as  vegetables. 

To  satisfy  tlie  desolate  ground,  and  cause  the 
tud  of  the  tender  herb  to  spring  forth.  Job 
s.x.'iviii 

In  this  sense,  spring  is  often  or  usually 
followed  by  up,  forth  or  out. 

2.  To  begin  to  grow. 

The  teeth  of  the  young  not  sprung —     Jiay 

3.  To  proceed,  as  from  the  seed  or  cause. 

Much  Uiore  good  of  sin  shall  spriiig. 

Mltun 

4.  To  arise;  to  appear;  to  begin  to  appear 
or  exist. 

When  the  day  began  to  spring,  they  let  her 
go.     Judges  xxi. 

Do  not"  blast  my  springing  hopes.        Rnwe. 

5.  To  break  forth;  to  issue  into  sight  or 
notice. 

0  spring  to  light ;  auspicious  babe,  be  born. 

Pope. 

6.  To  issue  or  proceed,  as  from  ancestors  or 
from  a  country.  Aaron  and  Moses  sprung 
from  Levi. 

7.  To  proceed,  as  from  a  cau.se,  reason, 
principle  or  other  original.  The  noblest 
title  springs  from  virtue. 

They  found  new  hope  to  spriyig 
Out  of  despair.  Milton. 

8.  To  grow  ;  to  thrive. 

What  makes  all  this  but  Jupiter  the  king. 
At  whose  command  we  perish  and  we  spring 

Dry  den 

9.  To  proceed  or  issue,  as  from  a  fountain 
or  source.  Water  springs  from  reservoirs 
in  the  earth.  Rivers  spiing  from  lakes 
or  pond.s. 

10.  To  leap  ;  to  bound  ;  to  jump. 

The  mountain  stag  that  springs 
From  highth  to  highth,  and  bounds  along  the 
plains —  Philij 

IL  To  fly  bark  ;  to  start ;  as,  a  bow  when 
bent,  .'iprings  back  by  its  elastic  power. 

12.  To  start  or  rise  suddenly  from  a  covert. 
Watchful   as  fowlers  when   their   game 

spring.  Otwny. 

13.  To  shoot ;  to  issue  with  speed  and  vio- 
lence. 

And  sudden  light 
Sprung  through  the  vaulted  roof—     Dryden. 

14.  To  bend  or  wind  from  a  straight  direc- 
tion or  plane  surface.  Our  meclianics 
say,  a  piece  of  limber  or  a  plank  springs 
in  seasoning. 

To  spring  (il,  to  leap  towards;  to  attempt  to 
reach  by  a  leap. 


S  P  R 


To  spring  in,  to  rush  in ;  to  enter   with  a 

le.ip  or  in  haste. 
To  spring  forth,  to  leap  out ;  to  rush  out. 
To  spring  on  or  upon,  to  leap  on  ;  to  rush  on 

with  haste  or  violence  ;  to  assault. 
SPRING,  V.  I.  To  start  or  rouse,  as  game  ; 
to  cau.se  to  rise  from  the  earth  or  from  a 
covert ;  as,  to  spring  a  pheasant. 
2.  To  produce  quickly  or  unexpectedly. 
'I'he  nurse,  surpris'd  with  fright, 
Starts  up  and  leaves  her  bed,  and  springs  u 
light.  Dryden 

[/  have  never  heard  such  an  expression.] 
.3.  To  start;  to  contrive  or  to  produce   or 
propose  on  a  sudden;  to  jiroduce   unex- 
pectedly. 

The  friends  to  the  cause  sprang  a  new  pro- 
ject Swift. 
[In  lieu  of  spring,  the  people  in  the  IJ. 
States  generally  use  start ;  to  start  a  new 
project.] 

4.  To  cause  to  explode  ;  as,  to  spring  a  mine. 

Addison. 

5.  To  hurst ;  to  cause  to  open  ;  as,  to  spring 
a  leak.  When  it  is  said,  a  vessel  has 
sprung  a  leak,  the  meaning  is,  the  leak  has 
then  commenced. 

0.  To  crack  ;  as,  to  spring  a  mast  or  a  yard 

7.  To  cause  to  close  suddeidy,  as  the  parts 
of  a  trap;  as,  to  spring  a  trap. 

To  spring  a  butt,  in  seamen's  language,  to 
loosen  the  end  of  a  plank  in  a  ship's  bottom. 

To  spring  the  luff,  when  a  vessel  yields  to 
the  helm,  and  sails  nearer  to  the  wind 
than  before.  Mar.  Diet. 

To  spring  a  fence,  for  to  leap  a  fence,  is  not  a 
phrase  used  in  this  country.         Thomson. 

To  spring  an  arch,  to  set  otV,  begin  or  com- 
mence an  arch  from  ati  abutment  or  pier. 

SPRING,  n.  A  leap;  a  bound;  a  jump;  as 
of  an  animal. 
The  pris'ner  with  a  spring  from  prison  broke 

Dryden. 
A  flying  back ;  the  resilience  of  a  body 
recovering  its  former  state  by  its  elastici 
ty  ;  as  the  spring  uf  a  bow. 

3.  Elastic  power  or  force.  The  soul  or  the 
mind  requires  relaxation,  that  it  may  re- 
cover its  natural  spring. 

Heav'ns  !  what  a  spring  was  in  his  arm. 

Drydeti. 

4.  An  elastic  body;  a  body  which,  when 
bent  or  forced  from  its  natural  state,  has 
the  power  of  recovering  it ;  as  the  spring 
of  a  watch  or  clock. 

Any  active  power  ;  that  by  which  action 
or  motion  is  prodused  or  propagated. 

— Like  nature  letting  down  the  springs  of  life. 

Dryden. 

Our  author  shuns  by  vulgar  springs  to  move 

The  hero's  glory—  Pope. 

6.  A  fountain  of  water  ;  an  issue  of  water 
from  the  earth,  or  the  bason  of  water  at 
the  place  of  its  issue.  Springs  are  tem- 
porary or  pereimial.  From  springs  pro- 
ceed "rivulets,  anil  rivulets  united  form 
rivtn-s.  Lakes  and  ponds  are  usually  fed 
by  springs. 

The  place  where  water  usually  issues 
from  the  earth,  though  no  water  is  there. 
Thus  we  say,  a  spring  is  dry. 
8.  A  source  ;  that  from  which  supplies  are 
drawn.  The  real  christian  has  in  his  own; 
breast  a  perpetual  and  inexhaiistiblcj 
spring  of  joy.  1 

The  sacred"  spring:  whence   right  and  honir', 
stream.  Daoies.] 


S  P  R 

9.  Rise  ;  original ;  as  the  spring  of  the  day- 
1  Sam.  ix. 

10.  Cause  ;  original.  The  springs  of  great 
events  are  often  concealed  from  common 
observation. 

11.  The  season  of  the  year  when  plants  be- 
gin to  vegetate  and  rise ;  the  vernal  sea- 
son. This  season  comprehends  the 
months  of  March,  April  and  May,  in  the 
middle  latitudes  north  of  the  equator. 

12.  In  seamen's  language,  a  crack  in  a  mast 
or  yard,  running  obhquely  or  transverse- 
ly. [In  the  sense  of  leak,  1  believe  it  is 
not  used.] 

13.  A  rope  passed  out  of  a  ship's  stern  and 
attached  to  a  cable  proceeding  from  her 
bow,  when  she  is  at  anchor.  It  is  intend- 
ed to  bring  her  broa<lside  to  bear  upon 
some  object.  A  spring  is  also  a  rope  ex- 
tending diagonally  from  the  stern  of  one 
ship  to  the  head  of  another,  to  make  one 
ship  sheer  off  to  a  greater  distance. 

Mar.  Diet. 

14.  A  plant ;  a  shoot ;  a  young  tree.     \.Yut 


in  use.\  Spenser. 

15.  A  youth.     [J^/ot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

16.  A  hand;  a  shoulder  of  pork.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Btaum. 

SPRING'AL,  n.  A  youth.     [Xotin  use.] 

Spenser. 

iSPRINTG'-BOK,  n.  [D.  spring  and  bok,  a 
buck  or  he-goat.]  An  African  animal  of 
the  antelope  kind.  Barrow. 

SPRINGE,  n.  sprinj.  [from  spring-.]  A  gin  ; 
a  noose  ;  which  being  fastened  to  an  elas- 
tic body,  is  drawn  close  with  a  sudden 
spring,  by  which  means  it  catches  a  bird. 

SPRINGE,  V.  t.  To  catch  in  a  springe  :  to 
ensnare.  Beaum. 

SPRINGER,  n.  One  who  springs  ;  one  that 
rouses  game. 

2.  A  name  given  to  the  grampus. 

3.  In  architecture,  the  rib  of  a  groin  or  con- 
centrated vault. 

SPRING'-HALT,  n.  [spring  and  halt.]  A 
kind  of  lameness  in  which  a  horse  twitch- 
es up  his  legs.  Shak. 

SPRING'-IIEAD,  n.  A  fountain  or  source. 
Useless.]  Herbert. 

SPRING'INESS,  n.  [from  springy.]  Elas- 
ticity ;  also,  the  power  of  springing. 

2.  The  state  of  abounding  with  springs  ; 
wetness;  spungincss;  as  of  land. 

SPRING'ING.  ppr.  .\rising;  shooting  up  ; 
leaping;  proceeding;  rousing. 

Springing  use,  inlaw,  a  contingent  use;  a 
use  which  may  arise  upon  a  contingency. 

Blackstone. 

SPRING  ING,   n.    The  act  or  process  of 

leaping,  arising,  i-ssuing  or  proceeding. 

2.  Growth  ;  im-rease.     Ps.  Ixv. 

3.  In  building,  the  side  of  an  arch  contigu- 
o\is  to  the  part  on  which  it  rests. 

jPRIN'GLE,  n.  A  springe;  a  noose.  [.Vo< 
in  use.]  Careic. 

SPRING -TIDE,  n.  [spritig and  tide.]  The 
tide  whiih  happens  at  or  soon  after  the 
new  and  full  moon,  which  rises  higher 
llinn  common  tides.     Mar.  Diet.     Dryden. 

SPRING-WHEAT,  n.  [.yning  aiul  wheat.] 

.\  species  of  wheat  to  be  sown  in  the  spring; 
so  calli'd  in  distinction  I'rom  iOT»(er  wheat. 

SPRINGY,  n.  [fnun  s;)n"iig-.]  Elastic  ;  pos- 
sissini:  the  power  of  recovering  itself 
when  bent  or  twisted. 


S  P  R 


S  P  R 


S  P  U 


2.  Having  great  elastic  power.       JlrhuOmol. 

3.  Having  the  power  to  leap;  able  to  leap 
far. 

4.  Abounding  with  springs  or  fountains  ; 
wet;  spungj' ;  as  s/))-!>i;^  land. 

SPUINK'LE,  V.  t.  [Sax.  sprcngan  ;  D. 
sprenktkn,  i!jtrenf:;en ;  G.  sprengen  ;  Dan. 
sprinkler ;  \r.  sprtighim.  The  I-.  spargo 
may  lio  the  same  word  with  the  letters 
transposed,  n  being  casual.     Class  Hrg.] 

1.  To  scatter;  to  disperse;  as  a  liipiid  or 
dry  substance  composed  of  fine  separa- 
ble particles;  as,  Moses i/jn'iiA/crf  liandfuls 
of  ashes  towards  heaven.     Ex.  ix. 

2.  To  scatter  on  ;  to  disperse  on  in  small 
drops  or  particles ;  to  besprinkle ;  as,  to 
sprinkle  the  earth  with  water;  to  sprinkle 
a  door  with  sand  ;  to  sprinkle  paper  with 
iron  fdings. 

3.  To  wash  ;  to  cle.inse  ;  to  ])nrify. 

Having  our  hearts   sprinkled  from  an   evil 
conscience.     Hei).  x. 

SPRINKLE,  V.  i.  To  perform  the  act  of 
scattering  a  liquid  or  any  fine  substance, 
so  that  it  may  fall  in  small  particles. 

The  priest  shall  sprinlile  of  the  oil  with  Iiis 
fingers.     Lev.  xiv. 

Ba])tism  may   well  enough  be  performed  by 
sprinkling  or  eliiision  of  water.  Ayliffe. 

2.  To  rain  moderately  ;  as,  it  sprinkles. 

SPRINK'LE,  n.  A  small  (piantity  scatter- 
ed ;  also,  an  utensil  for  sprinkling. 

Spenser. 

SPRINK'LED,  pp.  Dispersed  in  small  par- 
ticles, as  a  liqui(l  or  as  dust. 

2.  Having  a  liquid  or  a  fine  substance  scat- 
tered over. 

SPRINK'LER,  n.  One  that  sprinkles. 

SPRINK'LING,  ppr.  Dispersing,  as  a  li- 
(juid  or  as  dust. 

2.  Scattering  on,  in  fine  drops  or  particles. 

SPRINK'LING,  71.  The  act  of  scattering 
in  small  drops  or  parcels.  Hall. 

2.  A  small  quantity  falling  in  distinct  drops 
or  parts,  or  coming  moderately ;  as  a 
sprinkling  of  rain  or  snow. 

SPRIT,  J',  t.  [Sax.  spryltan,  to  sprout ;  D, 
spruiten  ;  G.  spriessen  ;  Dan.  sprudcr, 
sproyter,  to  spurt ;  Sw.  sprilta,  to  start.  It 
is  of  the  same  family  as  sprout.  Class 
Brd.] 

To  throw  out  with  force  from  a  narrow 
orifice ;  to  eject  ;  to  spirt.  [Not  in  use. 
See  S/*ui/.] 

SPRIT,  V.  i.  To  sprout ;  to  bud  ;  to  germi- 
jraie  ;  as  barley  steeped  for  malt. 

SPRIT,  ?!.  A  shoot ;  a  sprout.        Mortimer. 

2.  [1).  spriet.]  A  small  boom,  pole  or  spar 
•which  crosses  the  sail  of  a  boat  diagonal- 
ly from  the  mast  to  the  upper  aftmost 
corner,  which  it  is  used  to  extend  and 
elevate.  Mdr.  Diet. 

SPRITE,  n.  [If  from  G.  spriet,  this  is  the 
most  correct  orthography.  The  Welsh 
has  ysbrid,  a  spirit.]     A  spirit. 

SPRI'I'EFUL.     [See  Sprightful.] 

SPRI'TEFULLY.     [See  Simghffulhj.] 

SPRI'TELINESS.     [See  !<prightliness.] 

SPRI'TELY.     [See  Sprightly.] 

SPRIT'-SAIL,  n.  [sprit  and  sail.]  The  sail 
extended  by  a  sprit. 

2.  A  sail  attached  to  a  yard  which  hangs 
under  the  bowsprit.  Mar.  Diet. 

SPROD,  n.  A  salmon  in  its  second  year. 

Chambers. 


SPKOKG,  old  pret.  of  spring.  [Dutch.]  [JVol 

in  use.] 
SPROUT,  V.  i.    [D.  spniitrn  ;  G.  sprossen 
Sax.  spryltan  ;  Sp.  brotar,  the  same  won 
without  s.     See  Sjtrit.] 

1.  To  shoot,  as  the  seed  of  a  plant ;  to  ger- 
minate ;  to  push  out  new  shoots.  A  grain 
that  sprouts  in  ordinary  temperature  in 
ten  days,  may  by  an  augmentation  of 
heat  be  made  to  sprout  in  forty  eight 
hours.  The  slumps  of  trees  often  sprout, 
and  produce  a  new  forest.  Potatoes  wi  ' 
s^roH<and  produce  a  crop,  although  pared 
and  deprived  of  all  their  buds  or  eyes. 

2.  To  shoot  into  ramifications. 
Vitriol  is  apt  to  sprout  with  moisture. 

Bacon 
•J.  To  grow,  like  shoots  of  plants. 

AikI  on  the  ashes  sprouting  plumes  appear. 

Ticket 
SPROUT,  ?!.  The  shoot  of  a  plant ;  a  shoot 
from  the  seed,  or  from  the  stump  or  fro 
the  root  of  a  plant  or  tree.  The  sprouts 
of  the  cane,  in  Jamaica  are  called  ratoons. 
Edwards,  tV.  Ind. 
A  shoot  from  the  end  of  a  branch.  The 
yoimg  shoots  of  shrubs  are  called  sprouts. 
and  in  the  forest  often  furnish  browse  for 
cattle. 
SPROUTS,  n.  plu.  Young  coleworts. 

Johnson. 
SPRUCE,    a.    Nice ;  trim ;    neat   without 
elegance  or  dignity ;  formerly  applied  to 
things  with  a  serious  meaning;  now  aj 
plied  to  persons  only. 

He   is    so  spruce,    that    he     never    can  be 
genteel.  Taller 

SPRUCE,     V.  I.    To   trim ;   to    dress  with 

great  neatness. 
SPRUCE,   V.  i.    To  dress  one's  self  with 

afiected  neatness. 
SPRUCE,  n.  The  fir-tree  ;  a  name  given  to 
a  species  of  evergreen,  the  Pinus  nigra. 
which  is  used  in  families  to  give  flavor  to 
beer.     It  is  used  by  way  of  decoction,  or 

It]  til 6  6SSCnCG( 

SPRUCE  BEER,  >i.  A  kind  of  beer  which 

is  tinctured  with  spruce,  either  by  means 

of  the  essence  or  by  decoction. 
SPRUCELY,  adv.  With  extreme  or  affect 

ed  neatness. 
SPRU'CENESS,  n.  Neatness  without  taste 

or  elegance  ;  trimness  ;  fineness ;  quaint- 

ness. 
SPRCE,  n.   A  matter  formed  in  the  mouth 

in  certain  diseases. 
2.  In  Scotland,  that  which  is  thrown  oflf  in 

casting  metals ;  scoria. 
SPRUG,  V.  t.  To  make  smart.    [SVot  in  use.] 
SPRUNG,  prtt.  and  /;/).  oi' spring.  The  man 

sprung  over  the  ditch  ;  the  mast  is  sprung ; 

a  hero  sprung  from  a  race  of  kings. 
SPRUNT,    V.  i.    To   spring  up ;  to   germi- 
nate ;  to  spring  forward.    [Ao/  in  use.] 
SPRUNT,  m.  Any  thing  short  and  not  easi 

ly  bent.     [Not  in  use.] 
2.  A  leap;  a  spring.     [.\o/ i'd i(«e.] 
;5.  A  steep  ascent  in  a  road.     [Local.] 
SPRUNT,     a.     Active  ;  vigorous  ;  strong 

becoming  strong.     [Not  in  use.] 
SPRUNT'LY,  adv.  Vigorously  ;  youthfully 

like  a  young  man.     [Nut  in  use.] 

B.  Jonson 
SPR^,  a.  Having  great  power  of  leaping  or 

running  ;  nimble  ;  active  ;  vigorous.  [This 

word  is  in  common  use  in  New  England,! 


and   is  doubtless  a  contraction  of  sprig- 

See  Sprightly.] 
SPUD,  n.  [Dan.  spyd,  a  spear :  Ice.   spioot. 

It  coincides  with   spit.]     A   short   knife. 

[Little  u.sed.] 
'2.  .'\ny  short  thing ;  in  contempt.  Stcifl. 

■3.  A  tool  of  the  fork  kind,  used  by  farmers. 
SPUD,  I',  t.  To  dig  or  loosen  the  earth  with 

a  spud.     [Local^ 
SPUME,    n.     [L.  It.  sputna;  Sp.  espuma.] 
Froth  ;  foam  ;  scum  ;  frothy   matter  raised 

on   liquors  or  fluid  substances  by  boiling, 

effervescence  or  agitation. 
SPUME,  V.  i.  To  froth  ;  to  foam. 
SPUMES'CENCE,  n.  Frothiness  ;  the  state 

of  foaming.  Kirwan. 

SPU'MOUS, )  ^    [L.  spumeus.]     Consisting 
SPU'MY,       ^    ■  of  froth  or  scum  ;  foamy. 
The  spumy  waves  proclaim  the  wat'rj'  war. 

Drydcn. 
The  spumous  and  florid  state  of  the  blood. 

Arbuthnot. 
SPUN,  pret.anA  pp.  of  spin. 
SPUNuE,  n.  [L.  spongia  ;  Gr.  attoyyta;  Fr. 

eponge ;    It.   spugna  ;    Sp.   esponja  ;  Sax. 

spongea  ;  D.  spons.] 

1.  A  porous  marine  substance,  found  adher- 
ing to  rocks,  shells,  &;c.  under  water,  and 
on  rocks  about  the  shore  at  low  water. 
It  is  generally  supposed  to  be  of  animal 
origin,  and  it  consists  of  a  fibrous  reticu- 
lated substance,  covered  by  a  soft  gelati- 
nous matter,  but  in  which  no  polypes 
have  hitherto  been  observed.  It  is  so  po- 
rous as  to  imbibe  a  great  quantity  of  wa- 
ter, and  is  used  for  various  purposes  in  the 
arts  and  in  surgery.  Eyicyc.     Cuvier. 

2.  In  gunnery,  an  instrument  for  cleaning 
cannon  after  a  discharge.  It  consists 
of  a  cylinder  of  wood,  coyered  with  lamb 
skin.  For  small  guns,  it  is  conmionly 
fixed  to  one  end  of  the  handle  of  the  ram- 
mer. 

3.  Inthe  manege,  the  extremity  or  point  of  a 
horse-shoe,  answering  to  the  heel. 

Pyrotechnical  spunge,  is  made  of  mushrooms 
or  fungi,  growing  on  old  oaks,  ash,  fir, 
&:c.  which  arc  boiled  in  water,  dried  and 
beaten,  then  put  in  a  strong  lye  prepared 
with  saltpeter,  and  again  dried  in  an 
oven.  This  makes  llu;  black  match  or 
tinder  brought  from  Germany.         Encyc. 

SPUNgE,  v.  I.  To  wipe  with  a  wet  spunge  ; 
as,  to  sjiunge  a  slate- 

2.  To  wi])e  out  with  a  spunge,  as  letters  or 
writing. 

3.  To  cleanse  with  a  spunge  ;  as,  to  spunge 
a  cannon. 

4.  To  wipe  out  completely;  to  extinguish  or 
destroy. 

SPUNgE,  v.  i.  To  suck  in  or  imbibe,  as  a 
spunge. 

2.  To  gain  by  mean  arts,  by  intrusion  or 
hanging  on  ;  as  an  idler  who  spu7iges  on 
his  neighbor. 

SPUNG'ED,    pp.    Wiped   with   a  spunge; 
wiped  out;  extinguished. 
PUNG'ER,  n.  One  who  uses  a  spunge ;  a 
hanger  on. 

SPUNG'IFORM,  n.  [spunge  am\  form.]  Re- 
sembling a  spunge  ;  soft  ami  porous  ;  po- 
rous. 

SPUNg'INESS,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  spungy,  or  porous  like  spunge. 

Harvei/. 


S  P  u 


S  P  u 


S  P  u 


SPUNG'ING-HOUSE,  n.  A  bailif's  house 

to  [lilt  debtors  in. 
SPUNU'lOUS,   a.    Full  of  small  cavities, 

like  a  spuuge  ;  as  spungious  bones. 

Cheyne 
SPUNG'Y,  a.   Soft  and   fidl  of  cavities;  of 

an  open,  loose,  pliable  texture  ;  as  a  spungy 

excrescence ;  spungy  earth  ;  sptingy  cake  ; 

the  spungy  substance  of  the  lungs. 

2.  F'uil  of  small  cavities;  as  sptmgy  bones. 

3.  Wet  ;  drenched  ;  soaked  and  soft,  like 
spunge. 

4.  Having  the  quality  of  imbibing  fluids. 
SPUN'-HAY,  n.     Hay    twisted   into   ropes 

for  convenient  carriage  on  a  military  ex 

pedition. 
SPUNK,  n.   [probably  from  ;)u»iA;.]   Touch 

wood  ;   wood    that     readily    takes     fire. 

Hence, 
2.  Vulgarly,  an  inflammable  temper ;  spirit; 

as  a  man  of  spunk.     Ill  natnred  observa 

lions  touched  his  spunk.     [Low.] 
SPIIN'-Y'ARN,  n.  Among  seamen,  aline  or 

cord  formed  of  two  or  three  rope  yarns 

twisted. 
SPUR,  n.  [Sax.  spur  ;  D.  spoor  ;  G.  sporn  ; 

Dan.  spore  ;  Ir.  spor ;  \V.  yspardun ;  Fr. 

eperon;  It.  sprone;  coinciding  in  elements 

witli  spear.     Class  Br.] 

1.  An  instrument  having  a  rowel  or  little 
wheel  with  sharp  points,  worn  on  horse- 
men's heels,  to  prick  the  horses  for  hasten- 
ing their  pace. 

Girt  with  rusty  sword  and  spur.        Hudibras 
Hence,   to   set  spurs  to   a   horse,  is  to 
prick  him  anil  put  him  upon  a  run. 

2.  Iiuitetiient ;  instigation.  The  love  of  glo- 
ry is  the  spur  to  heroic  deeds. 

3.  The  largest  or  principal  root  of  a  tree; 
hence  perhaps,  the  short  wooden  buttress 
of  a  post ;  [that  is,  in  both  eases,  a  shoot^ 

4.  The  hard   pointed   projection  on  a  cock's 
leg,  which  serves  as  an  instrument  of  ile 
fense  and  annoyance.  Rny. 

5.  Something  that  projects  ;  a  snag.     Shalt 

6.  In  America,  a  mountain  that  shoots  from 
any  other  mountain  or  range  of  mount 
ains,  and  extends  to  some  distance  in  a 
lateral  direction,  or  at  richt  angles. 

7.  That  which  excites.  We  say,  upon  the 
spur  of  tlie  occasion;  that  is,  the  circum- 
stances or  emergency  which  calls  for  im- 

.  mediate  action. 

8.  A  sea  swallow.  ^".V- 

9.  The  hinder  part  of  the  nectary  in  certain 
flowers,  shaped  like  a  cock's  spur. 

Mariyn. 

10.  A  morbid  shoot  or  excrescence  in  grain, 
particularly  in  rye.     [Fr.  ergot.] 

11.  Ill  old  forlifu-alions,  a  wall  that  crosses 
a  part  of  tlie  rampart  and  joins  to  the 
town  wall. 

SPUK,  V.  t.  [Ir.  sporam.]  To  prick  with 
spurs  ;  to  incite  to  a  more  hasty  pace  ;  as, 
to  spur  a  horse. 

2.  To  incite  ;  to  instigate ;  to  urge  or  en- 
courage til  action,  or  to  a  more  vigorous 
pursuit  of  an  object.  Some  men  are  s;rar- 
red  to  action  by  the  love  of  glory,  others 
by  the  love  of  power.  Let  affection  spur 
t\»  to  social  and  domestic  duties.       Locke 

3.  To  impel ;  to  drive. 

Love  will  not  lie  sjnirr'd  to  what  it  lothcs. 

Shak. 

4.  To  put  spurs  on. 
Spurs  of  the  beams,  in  a  ship,  are  curving 


timbers,  serving  as  half  beams  to  support 
the  deck,  where  whole   beams  cannot  be 
used. 
SPUR,  V.  i.  To  travel  with   great  expedi- 
tion. 

The  I'arthians  shall  be  there. 
And  spurring  froui    the   light,  confess  their 
fear.     [Unusual.]  Dryden 

To  press  forward. 

Some   bold   iiieii — by  spurring  on,    refine 
themselves.  Grew. 

SPUR'GALL,  I!,  t.  [spur  and  gatl.]    To  gall 
or  wound  with  a  spur.  Shak. 

SPUR'GALL,   n.    A  place  galled   or  exco- 
riated by  much  using  of  the  spur. 
SPUR/GALLKU,  pp.  Gulled  or  hurt   by  a 
spur  ;  as  a  spurgulled  hackney.  Pope. 

SPURtiE,   n.     [Fr.   epurge  ;    It.   spurgo,   a 
purge  ;  from  L.  purgo,  erjmrgo.]     A  plant 
of  the  genus  Eiii>horbia. 
SPURCE-FLAX,    n.    A   plant,     [h.  thyme- 

la:a.] 
SPURtiE-LAUREL,  n.  The  Daphne  laure 

ola,  a  shrill),  a  native  of  Europe. 
SPURtiE-OLIVE,  n.  Mezereon,  a  shrub  of 

the  genus  Daphne. 
SPUR<;E-WC)RT,  n.  A  plant,    [h.iiphion.] 
SPURG'ING,  i(M-  purging,  not  in  use. 

B.  Jonson. 
SPU'RIOUS,  a.  [L.  spurius.]  Not  genuine 
not   jiroceeding  from  the  true  source,  or 
from  the  source   pretended  ;  counterfeit  ; 
false  ;  adulterate.     Sptiiious  writings  are 
such  as  are  not  composed  by  the  authors 
to    whom   they   are  ascribed.      Spurious 
drugs  are  common.  The  reformed  church 
es   reject  spurious  ceremonies  and  tradi- 
tions. 
•i.  Not  legitimate  ;  bastard  ;  as  spurious  is- 
sue.    By  the  laws  of  England,  one  begot- 
ten aiidborn  out  of  lawful  matrimony,  is 
a  spttriotis  child. 
Spurious  disease,  a  disease  not  of  the  genu- 
ine type,  but  bearing  a  resemblance  in  its 
symptoms. 
SPl'RIOUSLY,  adv.  Counterfeitly  ;  falselv. 
SPU'RIOUSNESS,  ji.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  counterfeit,  false  or  not  genuine  ; 
as  the  spuriousness  of  drugs,  of  coin  or  of 
writings. 
2.  Illegitimacy ;  the  state  of  being  bastard, 
or  not  of  legitimate  birth  ;  as  the  spurious- 
ness of  issue. 
SPUK'LING,  JI.  A  small  sea  fish. 
SPUR'LING-LINE,  n.  Atiiong  sfumen,  the 
line   which  forms  the  commiiniration  be- 
tween the  wheel  and  the  tell-tale. 
SPURN,  V.  t.    [Sax.  spurnan  ;  Ir.  sporam; 
L.  sperno,  aspernor:  from  the  root  of  spur, 
or  from  kicking.] 
L  To  kick  ;  to  drive  back  or  away,  as  with 
the  foot.  Shak 

2.  To  reject  with  ilisdain ;  to  scorn  to  re 
ceive  or  .Tccept.     What  miiltitiides  of  ra 
tional   beings  spurn  the   ofl'ers  of  eternal 
happiness! 

3.  To  treat  with  contempt.  Locke. 

SPURN,  V.  i.  To  manili^sl  disdain  in  reject- 
ing any  thing;  as,  to  spurn  at  the  gra- 
cious offers  of  pardon. 

To   make   coniemptuous   opposition;  to 
manifest  disdain  in  resistance. 

Nay  more,  to  spurn  at  your  most  royal  im- 
atie.  Shak. 

■i.  To  kick  or  toss  up  the  heels. 

The  drunken  chairman  in  the  kennel  spurns. 

Gay 


SPURN,  n.  Disdainful  rejection ;  contemtp- 
uous  treatment. 

The  insolence  of  office,  and  the  spurns 
^That  patient  merit  of  the  unworthy  takes. 

Shak. 
SPURNED,    pp.    Rejected  with  disdain  ; 

ticnted  with  contempt. 
SPURN'ER,  n.  One  who  spurns. 
SPURN'EY,  n.  A  plant.  Diet. 

I'URN'ING,   ppr.     Rejecting    with    con- 
tempt. 
SPUIiN'-WATER,  n.  In  ships,  a   channel 
at  the  end  of  a  deck  to  restrain  the  water. 
SI'UKRE,  Ji.  .'\  name  of  ihe  sea  swallow. 
SPURRED,  pp.  Furnished  with  spurs. 
2.  a.  Wearing  spurs,  or  having  siioots  like 

irs. 
SPUR'RER,  n.  One  who  uses  spurs. 
SI'UR'RIER,  71.  One   whose  occupation  is 

to  riiiiki.'  spurs. 
SPUR-ROYAL,  n.  A  gold  coin,  first  made 
in  the  reign  of  Edward  IV'.     In  the  reign 
of  .lames  I.  its  value  was  fifteen  shillings. 
Sometimes  wrilien  spur-rial  or  i-yal. 

Beaum. 
SPUR'RY,  JI.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Spergu- 

la. 
SPURT,  r.  (.    [Sw.   spmta  ;    Dan.   spruder 
and  sproyter,  to  spout,  to  squirt,  to  syringe. 
The  Eoglisli  word  has  suffered  a  transpo- 
sition of  letters.     It  is  from  the  root  of 
sprout,  vvhicb  see.] 
To   throw  out,  as  a   liquid  in  a  stream  ;  to 
drive  or  force  out  wilii  violence,  as  a  liquid 
from   a   pipe  or  small  orifice  ;  as,  to  sjiurt 
water  from  the  mouth,  or  other  liquid  from 
a  tube. 
SPURT,  V.  i.    To  gush   or  issue  out  in  a 
stream,  as   liquor  from  a   cask  ;  to  rush 
from  a  confined  place  in  a  small  stream. 
Then  the  small  Jet,  which  hasty  bauds  un- 
lock. 
Spurts  in  the  gard'ner's  eyes  who  turns   the 
cock.  Pope. 

SPURT,  Ji.  A  sudden  or  violent  ejection  or 
gushing  of  a  liquid  substance  from  a  tube, 
orifii'o  orotl.cr  loi, fined  place;  a  jet. 
2.  A  sudden  or  short  occasion  or  exigency  : 

sudden  effort.     [  Vulgar.] 
SPURT'LE,  V.  t.  [from  spurt.]    To  shoot  in 
a  scattering  manner.     [Little  used.] 

Drayton. 

SPUR'WAY,  »i.  [spur  and  tcay.]    A   horse 

path;  a  narrow    way;   a   bridle  road;  a 

wav  for  a  single  beast.     [JVot  used  in  ihe 

U.  'Stale.s.] 

SPUTA'TION,  ji.  [L.  sputo,  to  spit.]    The 

act  of  spitting.     [.\~ot  used.]  Hun^ey. 

SPU'T.VTIVE,  n.  [supra.]    Spitting  nmcli  ; 

inclined  to  spit.     [J^'ot  used.]  Ilotton. 

SPUTTER,  V.  i.  [D.  ^/nwVeJi,  to  spout ;  Sw. 

spolla  ;  L.  .f/Mi/o,  to  spit.     It  belongs  to  the 

root  of  .?;joh(  and  spit;  of  the  latter  it  seems 

to  he  a  diininiiiive.] 

1.  To  spit,  or  to  emit  saliva  from  the  mouth 

ill  small  or  scattered  portions,  as  in  rapid 

speaking. 

I.  To  throw  out  moisture  in  small  detached 

parts;  as  green   wood   sputtering   in   the 

flame.  Dryden. 

3.  To  fly  off"  in  small  i)articles  with  some 
crackling  or  noise. 

When  sparkling  lamps  their  sputtering  lights 
acham-e.  fJrydvn. 

4.  To  utter  words  hastily  .'ind  indistinctly; 
literally,  to  .tpoitt  smail ;  to  speak  SO  rapid- 
ly as  to  cunt  saliva. 


liaste 


small 


S  Q  U 

They  could  neither  of  Ihein  speak  tlieir  rage 
anil  so  Ihcy  fell  a  sputtetiiig  at  one  another, 
liki-  I«o  roasting  apples.  Congrevt:. 

SPUTTER,  V.  I.  To  throw  out  with  liuste 
and  noise  ;  to  utter  with  indistinctness. 

In  the  mid.st  of  caresses— to  S2mtlcr  out  thi 
basest  accusations.  Svuji. 

SPUTTER,  n.  Moist  matter  thrown  out 
in  small  paiiicles. 

SPUTTERED,  pp.  Thrown  out  in 
pciriiotiK,  as  liquids ;  uttered  willi 
anil  indistinctntss,  as  words. 

SPUT'TERER,  n.  One  that  sputters, 

SPUT'TERING,    ppr.    En.ittinf;   m 

particles;  uttcrin^^  rapidly  and  indistinct- 
ly ;  speaking  hastily  ;  spouting. 

SP'f,  »i.  \l\.spia;  Fr.esjrion;  S\>.espia;V. 
spicde  ;  U.  spdhcr  ;  Dan.  spejder  ;  VV. 
yspeiiiw,  to  espy,  to  explore  ;  yspeithiaw,  to 
look  alioiit  ;  yspailh,  that  is  open,  visihie  ■ 
pailh,  an  opening,  a  prospect,  a  glance. 
Class  Bd  ;  uide.-is  the  word  is  a 
tion,  and  of  Clas."  Sg.] 

1.  A  |)ersoii  sent  into  an  enemy's  eanip 
to  inspect  their  works,  ascertain  their 
strength  and  their  inienlions,  to  watch 
their  movetncnls,  and  secretly  communi- 
cate intelligence  to  the  proper  officer.  By 
the  law.s  <d  war  anmng  all  civilized  na- 
tions, a.spy  is  sidijected  to  capital  punish- 
iTK^nt. 

2.  A  person  deputed  to  watch  the  conduct 
of  others.  Dryden 

3.  Oi.e  who  watches  the  conduct  of  others 

These  wretched  spies  of  wit.  Dryden 

SPY,  V.  I.  To  see  ;  to  gain   sight  of;  to  <lis- 
cover  at  a  distance,  or  in  a  state  of  con 
ceahneiit.     It   is  the  same  as  esp?/;  as,  to 
spy  land  from  the  mast  head  of  a  ship. 
As  tiger  spied  two  gentle  lawns.  MUton 

One  in   reading   skipped   over  all  sentences 
where  he  spied  a  note  of  admiration.         Swift 
"2.  Ti'  discover  hy  close  search  or  examina 
tion  ;  as.  a  lawyer  in  examining  the  plead- 
ings in  a  case,  .<!/)if*  a  detect. 
3.  To  explore ;  to  view,  inspect  and  esam 
ine  secretly;  as   a  country;  usually  with 
out. 

Moses  sent  to  spy  out  Jaazer,  and  they  took 
th<-  villages  thereof.     Num.  xxi. 
SPY,  V.  i.  To  search  narrowly  ;  to  scrutin- 
ize. 

It  is  m\  nature's  plague 
To  spy  into  abuse.  Shak 

SPY'-BOAT,  n.  [spy  and  boat.]  A  hoai  scni 
to  make  discoveries  ami  hring  intelligence. 

.Mttllinot. 
SPY'-GLASS,  n.  The   popular  name  of  a 
small  telescope,  useful  in  viewing  distant 
ohjects. 
S^UUAB,  a.  [Ill  G.  qvappe  is  a  (iiiali,  an  eel- 
pout ;    <iu<thliel!s:,  plump,    sleek;  quahheln 
to  be  plump  iir  sleek,  and  to  vil.rate,  Eng. 
to  wabhle;  Dun.  qiiulibe,  an  eelpoiil  ;  (/iio;>- 
ped,  fat,  plump,  jidly,  our  vulgar  ui/iopping; 
quopper,  to  shake.] 
J.  Fai  ;  thick  ;  plump  ;  bulky. 

Nor  the  sijuab  daughter,  nor  the  wife  were 
nice.  Betterton 

2.  Unfledged  ;  unfethered  ;  as  a  sijimb  pi- 
geon. A'inff 
SQUAB,  n.  A  young  pigeon  or  dove.  (This 
word  is  in  eonmion  or  general  use  in 
America,  and  almost  the  only  sense  in 
which  it  is  used  is  the  one  here  gixen.  It 
is  sonjetimes  used  in  the  sense  of  fat, 
plump.] 

Vol.  II. 


s  a  u 


s  a  u 


2.  A  kind  of  sofa  or  couch  ;  a  stuffed  cush- 
ion.    [.Mot  used  in  America.] 

SQUAB,  adv.  Striking  at  once  ;  with  a  heavy 
fall ;  plump. 

'1  he  eagle  dropped   the   tortoise  squab  upon 

a  rock.      [Luw  and  not  used.]        L'Bslrange.\ 

[The    vulgar   word   awhap  or  ivhop,  is 

used    in  a  like   sense  in   America.     It  is 

fomid  in  Chaucer.] 

SQUaB,  v.  i.  To  fall  plump ;  to  strike  at 
on<^  ilash,  or  with  a  heavy  stroke.  [.Vof 
used.  ] 

SQUAB'BISH,  )      Thick  ;  fat ;  heavy. 

SQUaB'BY,       (,  "■  Harvey.] 

SQUAB'BLE,  v.i.  [I  know  not  the  origin 
of  this  word,  but  it  seems  to  be  frotn  the| 
root  ofwnhble  ;  G.  qitnhbeln,  to  vibrate,  to 
quake,  to  be  sleek.     See  i'f/uai.]  | 

1.  To  contend  for  superiority  ;  to  scuffle  ;  toj 
struggle  ;  as,  two  persons  squabble  in  sport.i 

Shak: 

2.  To  contend  ;  to  wrangle ;  to  quarrel.        I 

Glanmlle. 

3.  To  debate  peevishly  ;  to  dispute.  Iftherej 
must  be  disputes,  it  is  less  criminal  to| 
sijuabhle  than  to  murder.  1 

[Squabble  is  not  an  elegant  word  in  any  of 
its  use.s.     In  some  of  them  it  is  low.]  [ 

SQUaB'BLE,  n.  A  scuffle  ;  a  wrangle  ;  a 
brawl;  a  petty  quarrel.  Arbulhnol. 

SQUaB'BI.ER,  7!.  A  contentious  person;  a 
brawler. 

SQUaB'BLING,  ppr.  Scuffling;  contend- 
ing ;  «  r.'ingling.  I 

SQUaB'-PIE,   >i.    [squab   and  pie.]    A   pie; 

j     madeof  squabs  or  young  pigeons. 

SQUaD,  n.  [Fr.  escouade^  A  company  oil 
armed  men  ;  a  parij  learning  military  ex-j 
ercise  :  any  small  party.  | 

SQUADRON,  n.  [Fr.  escadron  ;  It.  squadra, 
a  sqtiadion,  a  square  ;  Sp.  esquiidron  ;l 
from  L.  quadratus,  square  ;  quadra,  to 
square  ;  allied  to  quntuor,  fniir.] 

1.  \u  its  primary  sense,  a  scpiare  or  square 
form:  ami  lieiiec,  a  square  body  of  troops; 
a  body  drawn  up  in  a  square.  So  Milton 
lias  used  the  word.  I 

Those  half  lounding  guards 
Just   met,  and  closing   stood   in   squadron 

join'd. 
[This  sense  is  probably  obsolete,  unless 
ill  poetry.] 

2.  A  bipily"  of  troops,  infantry  or  cavalry,  in 
ilefmite  in  number. 

X  A  division    of  a  fleet  ;  a   detachment  of 
ships  of  war,  employed  on  a  particular  ex 
pedition  ;  or  one  third  part  of  a  naval  ar- 
mament. Mar.  Dicl.\ 

SQUaD'KONED,  a.  Formed  into  squad-j 
I  (lis  or  squares.  Millon.\ 

SQUaL'ID,  a.  (L.  squalidus,  from  squaleo,, 
tM  be    fcul.     Qu.  VV.   qval,   vile.]     Foul  ; 

i     filthy  :  extremely  dirty.  j 

IJncoinb'd  his  locks,  and  squalid  his  attire,     j 

Dryden. 

SQUaI.'IDNESS,    n.   Foulness ;  fihhiness. 

SQUALL,  v.i.  [Sw.  sqrMa  ;  Dan.  squald- 
rer.  lo  prate.  These  words  are  probably 
of  one  family  ;  but  squall,  like  squeal,  is 
)irobably  from  the  root  of  Sax.  g-yllan^ 
to  creak,  or  Heb.  Sip,  V.gillen,  to  yell  ;  or, 
is  formed  from  icail.] 

To  cry  out  ;  to  scream  or  cry  violently  ;  as  a^ 
wiiiiian  frightened,  or  a  child  in  anger  or: 
distress ;  as,  the  infant  squalled. 

Arbulhnot  and  Pope. 

79 


SQUALL,  n.  A  loud  scream ;  a  harsh  crj'. 

Pope. 

A  sudden  gust  of  violent 

Mar.  Diet. 

n.    A   screamer ;  one   that 


Sqvul.' 


2.  [Sw 
wind. 
SQUALL'ER, 

cries  loud. 

SQUALLING,  ppr.  Crying  out  harshly  ; 
screaming. 

SQUALL' Y,  a.  Abounding  with  squalls  ; 
disturbed  often  with  sudden  and  violent 
gusts  of  wind;  as  squally  weather. 
In  agriculture,  broken  into  detached  pie- 
res;  interrupted  by  unproductive  spots. 
[Local.] 

SQUALOR,  n.  [L.]  Foulness;  filthiness  ; 
ciiar.seness.  Burton. 

SQUAM'IFORM,  a.  [L.  squama,  a  scale, 
and  form.]  Having  the  form  or  shape  of 
scah's. 

SQUAMl(i'EROUS,a.  [h.  squamigtr ;  squa- 
ma, a  scale,  and  gero,  to  bear.]  Bearing 
or  liaving  scales. 

SQUA'MOUS,  a.  [L.  squamosus.]  Scaly; 
covered  with  scales  ;  as  the  squamous 
cones  of  the  pine.  ff'ooduard. 

SQUj\N'DER,  v.  t.  [G.verschwenden,  proba- 
bly from  wenden,  to  turn.] 

1.  I'o  siiend  lavishly  or  profusely;  to  spend 
prodigally;  to  dissipate;  to  waste  without 
econiimy  or  judgment ;  as,  to  squander  an 
estate. 

They  ofteu  squander'd,  but  they  never  gave. 

Savagt. 

The  crime  of  squandering  health  is  eciual  to 

the  folly.  Rambler. 

2.  To  scatter  ;  to  disperse. 
Oin  squander'd  troops  he  rallies.      Dtyden. 
[In  this  application  not  now  used.] 

SQUaN'DERED,  pp.  Spent  lavishly  and 
without  necessity  or  use ;  wasted ;  dissi- 
pated, as  property. 

SQUaN'DERER,  ji.  One  who  spends  his 
money  prodigally,  without  necessity  or 
use;  a  spendthrift ;  a  prodigal;  a  waster; 
a  lavisher.  Locke. 

SQUaN'DERING,  ppr.  Spending  lavishly  ; 
wasting. 

SQUARE,  a.  [W.cwdr;  Vr.  carri,  quarrii 
perhaps  Gr.  opu,  contracted  from  xapu. 
This  is  probably  not  a  contraction  of  L. 
quadratus.] 

1.  Having  four  equal  sides  and  four  right 
angles  ;  as  a  square  room;  a  square  figure. 

2.  Forming  a  right  angle;  as  an  instrument 
for  striking  lines  square.  Moxon. 

3.  Parallel  ;  exactly  suitable  ;  true. 
She's  a   most  liiuniphanl  lady,   if  report  he 

quare  to  her.     [  f^'nusual.]  Shak. 

4.  Having  a  straight  front,  or  a  frame  form- 
ed with  straight  lines ;  not  curving  ;  as 
a  man  of  a  square  frame  ;  a  square  built 
man. 

5.  Thai  does  equal  justice  ;  exact ;  fair  ;  hon- 
est ;  as  square  dealing. 

(i.  Even;  leaving  no  balance.  Let  us  make 
or  leave  the  accounts  square. 

Three  square,  fti-e  square,  having  three  or  five 
equal  sides,  &c. ;  an  abusive  use  of  square. 

Square  root,  in  geometry  and  arithmetic.  The 
square  root  of  a  (juantity  or  number  is  that 
which,  miiltiplied  by  itself,  produces  the 
square.  Thus  7  is  the  square  root  of  49. 
for  7X7=49. 

In  senmen^s  langxtage,  the  yards  are  square, 
when  they  are  arranged  at  right  angles 
with  the  mast  or  tbe  keel.   The  yards  and 


s  a  u 


s  a  u 


s  Q  u 


sails  are  said  also  to  be  square,  wlien  they 
are  of  greater  extent  than  usual. 

Mar.  Did. 

SQUARE,  n.  A  figure  having  four   equal 

sides  and  four  right  angles. 

2.  An  area  of  four  sides,  with  houses  on 
each  side. 

I  lie  statue  of  Alexander  VII.  stands  In  the 
large  square  of  the  town.  Jiddison 

3.  The  content  of  the  side  of  a  figure  squar- 
ed. 

4.  An  instrument  among  mechanics  by 
which  they  form  right  angles,  or  other- 
wise measure  angles. 

5.  In  geometry  and  anlhmelic,  a  square  or 
square  iiuiiiher  Is  the  product  of  a  number 
multiplied  by  itself.  Thus  64  is  the  square 
of  8,  for  8X8=04. 

6.  Rule;  regularity;  exact  jjroportion  ;  just- 
ness of  workmanship  and  conduct. 

They  of  Galatia  much  more  out  of  square. 

Hddker 
I  have  not  kept  ray  square.  Hhak. 

[Ao(  in  use.] 

7.  A  square  bndy  of  troops  ;  a  squadron  ;  as 
the  brave  squares  of  war.     [JSTot  in  use.] 

Shak. 

8.  A  quaternion  ;  four.  [JVot  in  use.]     Shak. 

9.  Level  ;  equality. 

We  live  not  on  the  square  with  such  as  these 

Dryde7i.\ 

10.  In  astrology,  quartile ;  the  position  of 
planets  distant  ninety  degrees  from  each 
other.      Obs.  Millon. 

11.  Rule;  conformity;  accord.  Ishall  break 
no  squares  with  another  for  a  trifle. 

Squares  go.  Let  us  see  how  the  squares  go, 
that  is,  liDW  the  game  proceeds;  a  phrase 
taken  from  the  game  of  chess,  the  chess 
board  being  formed  with  squares.  I 

L'Eslrange. 

SQUARE,  V.   t.  [Fr.  equarrir   and   carrer.'^i 

1.  To  form  with  four  equal  sides  and  four 
right  angles. 

2.  To  reduce  to  a  square  ;  to  form  to  right 
angles  ;  as,  to  square  mason's  work.  1 

3.  To  reduce  to  any  given  measure  orstand-j 
ard.  Shak.] 

4.  To  adjust ;  to  regulate  ;  to  mold  ;  to  shape ; 
as,  to  square  our  actions  by  the  opinions  of 
others  ;  to  square  our  lives  by  the  precepts 
of  the  gospel. 

5.  To  accommodate ;  to  fit  ;  as,  square  my 
trial  to  my  strength.  Milton. 

6.  To  respect  in  quartile.  Creech. 

7.  To  make  even,  so  as  to  leave  no  difference 
or  balance  ;  as,  to  square  accounts  ;  a  pop- 
ular phrase. 

8.  In  arithmelic,  to  multiply  a  number  by  it- 
self; as,  to  square  the  number. 

9.  In  seamen's  language,  to  sqtiare  the  yards. 
is  to  place  them  at  right  angles  with  the| 
mast  or  keel.  | 

SQUARE,  V.  I.  To  suit ;  to  fit ;  to  quadrate  ;] 
to  accord  or  agree.     His  opinions  do  not 
square  with  the  doctrines  of  philosophers. 
2.  To  quarrel ;  to  go  to  opposite  sides. 
Are  you  such  fools 
To  square  for  this  ?  Shak. 

[A'of  in  use] 
SQUA'RENESS,    n.    The   state   of  being 
square  ;  as  an  instrument  to  try  tlieif/unce- 
nessofwnrk.  Moron. 

SQUARE-RIGGED,  a.  In  seamen's  lan- 
guage,i\  vessel  is  s(Hiare-riggecl  when  her 
principal  sails  are  extended  by  yards  sus- 


pended by  the  middle,  and  not  by  stays,l 
gaff's,  booms  and  lateen  yards.  Thus  a 
ship  and  a  brig  are  square-rigged  \  es.-els.  j 

Mar.  Diet. 

SQUA'RE-SAIL,  n.  In  seamen's  language,  a 
sail  extended  to  a  yard  suspenueii  by  the, 
middle.  Mar.  Di<:t.\^ 

SQUA'RISH,  a.  Nearly  square.      J'ennanl.i 

SQUAR'ROUS,  a.  [Qu.  Gr.  I'^x'^pa,  scurf.] 
In  botany,  scurly  or  ragged,  or  full  of 
scales  ;  rough  ;  jagged.  A  squarrous  ca-j 
lyx  consists  of  scales  very  widely  divan-! 
eating;  a  squarrous  leaf  is  divided  into 
shreds  or  jags,  raised  above  the  plane  of 
the  leaf,  and  not  parallel  to  it.         Marlyn. 

SQUASH,  II.  /.  [from  the  root  oi'quash,  L. 
quasso,  Fr.  casser.] 

iTo  crush  ;  to  beat  or  press  into  pulp  or  a  Hat 
mass. 

SQUASH,  n.  Something  soft  and  easily 
crushed.  Shak. 

2.  [Qu.  Gr.  oixi'o;.]  A  plant  of  the  genus  Cii- 
curbita,  and  its  fruit ;  a  culinary  vegeta- 
ble. 

3    Something  unripe  or  soft ;  in  contempt. 
This  squash,  this  gentleman.  Shak. 

4.  A  sudden  fall  of  a  heavy  soft  body. 

Arbuthnot. 

5.  A  shock  of  soft  bodies. 

My  fall  wasstopp'd  by  a  terrible  si/uasA. 
[  Vulgar.'[  Swijt. 

SQUaT,  v.  i.  [VV.  yswatiaw,  from  yswad,  a 
falling  or  throw  ;  It.  quatto,  squat,  close  ; 
quattare,  to  squat,  to  cower,  to  lurk.  It 
may  perhaps  be  allied  to  It.  guatare,  to 
watcli,  Fr.  guelter,  to  wait,  to  watch.] 

1.  To  sit  down  upon  the  hams  or  lieels;  as 
a  liuMian  being. 

2.  To  sit  close  to  the  ground  ;  to  cower ;  as 
an  animal. 

3.  In  Massachusells  and  some  other  stales  of 
America,  to  settle  on  another's  land  with- 
out pretense  of  title  ;  a  practice  very  com- 
mon in  the  wilderness. 

SQUaT,  v.  t.  To  bruise  or  make  flat  by  a 
fall.     [JVot  in  use.]  Barret. 

SQUaT,   a.  Sitting  on  the  hams  or  heels ; 
sitting  close  to  the  ground  ;  cowering. 
Him  there  they  found, 
Squat  like  a  load,  close  at  the  ear  of  Eve. 

Milton 
2.  Short  and  thick,  like  the  figure  of  an  ani- 
mal squatting. 

The  head  of  the  squill  insect  is  broad  and 
squat.  Grew. I 

SQUaT,  ji.  The  posture  of  one  that  sits  ou| 
his  hums,  or  close  to  the  ground. 

Dryden. 

2.  A  sudden  or  crushing  fall.     [.Yot  in  w.9f.] 

Herbert. 

3.  A  sort  of  mineral.  Jt'oodward. 
SQUaTT,  n.  Among  miners,  a  bed  of  ore 

extending  but  a  little  distance. 

SQUaT'TER,  n.  One  that  squats  or  sits 
close. 

2.  In  the  U.  States,  one  that  settles  on  new 
land  without  a  title. 

SQUEAK,  1'.  i.  [Sw.  sqrhka,  to  cry  like  a 
fn>g  ;  G.  quieken  ;  W.  gwician,  to  squeak. | 
This  word  proliably  belongs  to  the  family 
(>(  quack.     Class  Gk]  I 

I.  To  utter  a  sharp  shrill  cry,  usually  of 
short  duration  :  to  cry  with  an  acute  tone,' 
as  an  animal ;  or  to  make  a  sharp  noise, 
as  a  pipe  or  quill,  a  wlieel,  a  door  and  thei 


like.     Wheels  squeak  only  when  the  axle- 
tree  is  dry. 

Who  can  endure  to  hear  one  of  the  rough  old 

Romans,  squeaking  through  the  mouth  of  an 

eunuch  >  Jtildiaon. 

Zojtus  calls  ihe  companions  of  Ulysses,   the 

squeaking  pigs  of  H  orner.  Pope, 

2.  To  break  silence  or  secrecy  for  fear  or 
pain  ;  to  speak.  Dryden. 

SQUE'.AK,  n.  A  sharp  shrill  sound  suddenly 
uttered,  either  of  the  human  voice  or  of 
any  animal  or  instrument,  such  as  a  child 
titters  in  acute  pain,  or  as  pigs  utter,  or  as 
is  made  by  carriage  wheels  when  dry,  or 
by  a  pipe  or  reed. 

SQUK'AKER,  n.  One  that  ntters  a  sharp 

I     shrill  soiiiiil. 

iSQUE'AKING,  ppr.  Crying  with- a  sharp 

I     voice  ;  making  a  sharp  sound  ;  us  a  squeak- 

[     i»ig'  wheel. 

SQUEAL,  V.  i.  [This  is  otdy  a  different  or- 
tlxigraphy  o{ squall ;  Ir.  sgal,  a  squealing. 
See  Squall.] 

To  cry  with  a  sharp  shrill  voice.  It  is  used 
of  animals  only,  and  chiefly  of  swine.  It 
agrees  in  .sense  with  squeak,  except  that 
S'/ueal  denotes  a  more  continued  cry  than 
squeak,  and  the  lattei  is  not  limited  to  an- 
imals. We  say,  a  squealing  hog  or  pig,  a 
squealing  child  ;  but  more  generally  a 
squalling  child. 

SQUE'ALIiVG,  ppr.  Uttering  a  sharp  shrill 

sound  or  voice ;  as  a  squealing  pig. 
SQUE'AMISH,  a.  [probably  from  the  root 

of  icamfc/e.] 
Literally,  having  a  stomach  that  is  easily 
turned,  or  that  readily  naii.xeates  any 
thing  ;  hence,  nice  to  excess  in  taste  ;  fas- 
tidious ;  easily  disgusted ;  apt  to  be  of- 
fended at  trifling  itnproprieties;  scrupu- 
lous. 

Quoth  he,  that  honor's  very  squeamish 
'1  bat  takes  a  basting  for  a  blemish. 

Huilihras. 
His  muse  is  rustic,  and  perhaps  too  plain 
The  men  of  squeamish  taste  to  enterlain. 

Southern. 
SQUE'AMISllLY.arff.  In  a  fastidious  man- 
lier; with  too  imicli  niceness. 

SQUE'AMISIINESS,  n.  Exce.<sive  nice- 
nest- ;  vicious  delicacy  of  taste  ;  fastidious- 
ness ;  excessive  scrupulousness. 

The  thorouKh -paced  politician  must  presently 
laugh  at  the  .-.queamishness  of  his  conscience. 

.South. 

SQUE'ASINESS,  .i.  Nausea.     [.Vo<  ust(/.] 

j     [See  (^uea.'iintss.] 

jSQUE'Ar^V,  a.   Queasy:  nice;  squeamish; 

I     scrupniiius.      [.Vot  used.]      [Sie  Queasy.] 

|SQUEEZE,  V.  t.  [Arm.  quasqu,  gousca  ;  W. 
gwa.'igu.] 

1.  To  jiri'ss  between  two  bodies ;  to  press 
closely  ;  as,  to  squeeze  an  orange  with  the 
fingers  or  with  an  instrument;  lo  squeeze 
the  hand  in  Iriendship. 

2.  To  ojiprcss  with  hardships,  burdens  and 
taxes:  to  harass;  to  crush. 

In  a  civil  war,  people  must  expect  to  be 
squeezed  with  the  burden.  V Estrange. 

,3.  To  hug  ;  to  embrace  closely. 

4.  To  force  between  close  bodies  ;  to  com- 
pel or  cause  to  pass;  as,  to  squeeze  water 
through  felt. 

To  sijuerze  out,  to  force  out  by  pressure,  as  a 
liquid. 


s  a  u 


s  a  u 


S  T  A 


SQUEEZE,  v.i.  To  press;  to  urge  one's 
wa\  ;  to  pass  hy  pressing  ;  ns,  to  squeeze 
hard  to  get  through  a  crowd. 

ti.  To  (•row<l. 

To  squeeze  through,  to  pass  through  by  press- 
iiif;  mid  urging  forward. 

SQUEEZE,  n.  Pressure;  compression  be- 
tween Imdies.  Phillips. 

2.  A  close  hug  or  embrace. 

SQUEEZED,  pp.  Pressed  between  bodies ; 
cnnipresspd  ;  oppresseil. 

SQUEEZING,  ppr.  Pressing;  compress- 
ing ;  crowding  ;  oppressing. 

SQU  EE'Z1N(;,  n.  The  act  of  pressing ;  com- 
pression ;  oppression. 

2.  That  wliich  is  forced  out  by  pressure; 
dregs. 

The  dregs  and  squeezings  of  the- brain. 

Pope 

SQUELCH,  f  To  crush.    [.4  low  word 

SQIJELSH,  I  "    ■  and  not  used.\ 

SQUELCH,  n.  A  heavy  fall.  [Low  and  not 
used.]  Hudihras 

SQUIM,  n.  [This  word  probably  belongs  to 
the  family  of  whip;  denoting  that  which 
is  thrown.] 

1.  A  little  pipe  or  hollow  cylinder  of  paper, 
filled  with  powder  or  combustible  matter 
an<l  sent  into  the  air,  burning  and  bursting 
with  a  crack  ;  a  cracker. 

Lanipoons,  tike  squibs,  may  make  a  prescnl 
blaze.  Waller 

The  making  and  selling  of  squibs  is  punisha- 
ble. Blackstone 

2.  A  sarcastic  speech  or  little  censorious 
writing  published  ;  a  petty  lampoon. 

3.  A  pretty  fellow.     [JVot  in  use.] 

The  squibs,  in  the  common  phrase,  are  called 
libellers.  Tatler. 

SQUIH,  v.i.  To  throw  squibs  ;  to  utter  sar- 
castic or  severe  reflections  ;  to  contetid  in 
petty  dispute  ;  as,  two  members  of  a  soci- 
ety squib  a  little  in  debate.    [Colloquial.] 

SQUlB'RING,;)/)r.  Throwing  squibs  or  se- 
vere reflections. 

SQUIB'HING,  n.  The  act  of  throwing 
squibs  or  severe  reflections. 

SQUILL,  )!.  [Fr.  squitle,  L.  squilla,  a  squill, 
a  lobster  or  prawn  ;  It.  squilla,  a  squill,  a 
seaonion,  a  little  bell;  Si/»i7/a/e,  to  ring  ; 
Sp.  esquila.a  small  bell,  a  shrimp.] 

1.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Scilla.  It  has  a 
large  acrid  hnliious  root  like  an  onion, 
which  is  used  in  medicine. 

2.  A  fish,  or  rather  a  crustaceous  animal,  of 
the  genus  Cancer.  Encyc. 

3.  All  insect,  called  squill  insect  from  its  re- 
seinbl.mce  to  the  fish,  having  a  long  body 
covered  with  a  crust,  the  head  broad  and 
squat.  Grew. 

SQUIN'ANCY, n.  [li. squinanzia ;  Fr.squi- 
naucie.]  The  quinsy,  which  see.  [Squi- 
nancfi  is  not  used.] 

SQUINT,  n.  [D.  schuin,  sloping,  oblique; 
schuiiite,  a  slope  ;  VV.  i/sf^tiniaw,  to  spread, 
to  sprinkle,  to  squint,  from  ysgain,  to 
spread,  to  sprinkle.  We  see  the  .sense  is 
to  deviate  from  a  direct  line,  to  wander  or 
Blioot  oft'.] 

1.  Looking  obliquely  ;  having  the  optic  axes 
directed  to  ilitlerent  objects. 

2.  Lnoking  with  suspicion.  Spenser. 
SQUINT,  V.  i.  To  see  obliquely. 

Some  can  sfluiiit  when  tliey  will.         Bacon. 
2.  To  have  the  axes  of  the  eyes  directed  to 
diflfcreiit  objects. 


3.  To  slope  ;  to  deviate  from  a  true  line  ;  to 
run  obliquely.  Kinoan 

SQUINT,  v.  I.  To  turn  the  eye  to  an  ob- 
lique position;  to  look  indirectly;  as,  to 
squint  an  eye.  Bacon 

2.  To  form  the  eye  to  oblique  vision. 

He  gives  the  web  and  the  pin,  squints  the 
eye,  and  iiiakei  tin;  liare-lip.  Shak. 

SQUINT -EYED,  a.  Having  eyes  that 
squint  ;   having  ohlii|ue   vision.     Knulles. 

2.  Oblique  ;  indirect ;  malignant ;  as  squint- 
eyed  praise.  Denham. 

3.  Looking  obliquely  or  by  side  glances;  as 
.?7Hi'n<-fwc(/ jealousy  or  envy. 

SQUiNTiFEGO,  n.  Squinting.  [A  cant 
word  and  not  to  be  used.]  Dryden 

SQU1NT'IN(},  ppr.  Seeing  or  looking  ob- 
hqiielv  :  hioking  by  side  glances. 

SQUINT'ING,  71.  The  act  or  habit  of  look- 
ing {ihliqiiclv. 

SQUIN'I'INGLY,  adv.  With  an  oblique 
look  ;    bv    side   glances. 

SQU'IN'Y,'  V.  i.    To  look  squint.     [^  cant 

\     word  not  to  he  used.]  Shak. 

SQUIR,  V.  t.  squur.  To  throw  ;  to  thrust  ; 
to  drive.     06*.  Tatler. 

SQUIRE,  )i.  [a  popular  contraction  of 
esquire.     See  Esquire.] 

1.  In  Great  Hritain,  the  title  of  a  gentleman 
next  in  rank  to  a  knight.  Shak. 

2.  In  Great  Britain,  an  attendant  on  a  noble 
warrior.  Dryden.     Pope 

3.  .\n  attendant  at  court.  Shak 

4.  Ill  the  United  States,  the  title  of  magis- 
trates and  lawyers.  In  New-England,  it 
is  particularly  given  to  justices  of  the 
peace  and  judges. 

5.  The  title  customarily  given  to  gentlemen. 
SQUIRE,  V.  t.  To  attend  as  a  squire. 

Chaucer. 

2.  In  colloquial  language,  to  attend  as  a  beau 
or  gallant  for  aid  and  protection;  as,  to 
squire  a  ladv  to  the  gardens. 

SQUI'REIIOOI),  I       The  rank  and  state  of 

SQUI'RESHIP,   S  "■  a  squire.  Shelton. 

SQUI'RELY,  a.  Becoming  a  squire. 

Shelton. 

SQUIR'REL,  n.  squur'rel.  [Fr.  ecureuil ; 
L.  sciurus  ;  (Jr.  axumpot,  said  to  be  a  com- 
pound of  axia,  shade,  and  oi>pa,  tail] 

A  small  (pnidniped  of  the  genus  Sciurus,  or- 
der of  (flires,  and  class  Mammalia.  The 
squirrel  has  two  cutting  teeth  in  each  jaw, 
four  toes  on  the  fore  feet,  and  five  on  the 
hind  feet.  Several  species  are  enumerated. 
Among  these  are  the  gray,  the  red,  and 
the  black  squirrel.  These  animals  are  re- 
markably nimble,  running  up  trees  and 
leapinfj  iVoni  branch  to  branch  with  sur- 
(irising  agility.  They  subsist  on  nuts,  of 
which  they  lay  upastore  for  winter,  some 
of  them  in  hollow  trees,  others  in  the 
eartli.     Their  flesh  is  delicate  food. 

SQUIRREL  HUNT,  n.  In  America,  the 
hunting  and  shooting  of  squirrels  by  a 
company  of  men. 

SQUIRT,  I'.  /.  squurt.  [from  some  root  in 
Class  Gr  or  li'r,  signifying  to  throw  or 
drive.] 

To  eject  or  drive  out  of  a  narrow  pipe  or 
orifice,  in  a  stream  ;  as.  to  squirt  water. 

SQUIRT,  V.  i.  To  throw  out  words  ;  to  let 
fly.     [Ao(  in  use.]  UEslrange. 

SQUIRT,  n.  An  instrument  with  which  a 
liquid  is  ejected  in  a  stream  with  force. 

2.  A  small  quick  stream. 


SQUIRT'ER,  n.  One  that  squirts. 

[  This  word  in  all  its  forms,  is  vulgar. \ 

Squirting  cucumber,  a  sort  of  wild  cucumber, 
so  called  from  the  sudden  bursting  of  its 
capsules  when  ripe;  the  Momordica  ela- 
terium. 

STAB,  V.  t.  [This  word  contains  the  ele- 
ments, and  is  probably  from  the  primary 
sense,  of  the  L.  .stahilis.  stabilio,  slipo,  D. 
stippen,  to  point  or  prick,  Eng.  .itiff.  iiiid  a 
multitude  of  others  in  many  languages. 
The  radical  sense  is  to  thrust ;  but  1  know 
not  to  what  oriental  roots  they  are  allied, 

unle.ss  to  the   Heb.  2T,   Ar.    '  ^m. 

saba.  Class  Sb.  No.  35.  37.   or  Class  Db. 
No.  4(i.  53. 44.] 

1.  To  pierce  witli  a  pointed  weapon  ;  as,  to 
be  stabbed  by  a  dagger  or  a  spear ;  to  stab 
fish  or  eels. 

2.  To  wound  mischievously  or  mortally;  to 
kill  by  the  thrust  of  a  pointed  instrument. 

Philips. 

3.  To  injure  secretly  or  by  malicious  false- 
hood or  slander;  as,  to  stab  reputation. 

STAB,  V.  i.  To  give  a  wound  with  a  pointed 
weapon. 

None  shall  dare 
With  shorten'd  sword  to  stab  in  closer  war. 

Dryden. 
2.  To  give  a  mortal  wound. 

He  speaks  poniards,  and  every  word  stab.'i. 

Shak. 

To  stab  at,  to  offer  a  stab ;  to  thrust  a  point- 
ed weapon  at. 

STAB,  ji.  The  thrust  of  a  pointed  weapon. 

2.  A  wound  with  a  sharp  pointed  weapon  ; 
as,  to  fall  by  the  stab  of  an  assassin. 

•3.  An  injury  given  in  the  dark  ;  a  sly  mis- 
chief; as  a  stab  given  to  character. 

STAB'BED,  pp.  Pierced  with  a  pointed 
weapon  ;  kille<l  with  a  spear  or  other 
pointed  instrument. 

STAB'BER,  n.  One  that  stabs;  a  privy 
murderer. 

STAB'BING,  ppr.  Piercing  with  a  pointed 
weapon  ;  killing  with  a  pointed  instru- 
ment by  piercing  the  body. 

STAB'BiiN'G,  n.  The  act  of  piercing  with 
a  pointed  weapon ;  the  act  of  wounding 
or  killing  with  a  pointed  instrument. 

This  statute  was  made  on  account  of  the  fre- 
quent quarrels  and  slabbings  with  short  dag- 
gers. Blackstone. 

STABIL'IMENT,  n.  [L.  stabiJimentum, 
from  stabilio,  to  make  firm.  See  Stab.] 
Act  of  making  firm;  firm  support. 

They  serve  for  stabiliment,  propagation  and 
shade.  Derham. 

STABIL'ITATE,  i-.  t.  To  make  stable  ;  to 
establish.     [.Vbt  used.]  More. 

STABILITY,  n.  [L.  stabilitas,  from  slabi- 
lis.     See  Stab.] 

1.  Steadiness; stableness;  firmness:  strength 
to  stand  without  being  moved  or  over- 
thrown ;  as  the  .stability  of  a  throne  ;  the 
stability  of  a  constitution  of  government. 

2.  Steadiness  or  firmness  of  character  ;  firm- 
ness of  resoluticui  or  purpose  ;  the  quali- 
ties opposite  to  fickleness,  irresolution  or 
inconstancy.  We  say,  a  man  of  little  rta- 
bitity,rir  of  unusual  stability. 

3.  Fi-xedness;  as  opposed  to _^ui(/i/y.  [I be- 
lieve not  note  used.] 

Since  fluiJness  and  stability  are  contrary 
qualities—  Bayli. 


S  T  A 


S  T  A 


S  T  A 


STA'BLE,  a.  [L.  slabilis ;  Fr.  stable ;  It.| 
stabile.  The  primary  sense  is  set,  fixed. 
See  Slab.] 

1.  Fixed ;  firmly  established  ;  not  to  be  ea- 
sily moved,  siiaken  or  overthrown ;  as  a 
stable  "government. 

2.  Steady  in  [inrpose ;  constant ;  firm  in 
re>olutic)n ;  not  easily  diverted  from  a 
purpose  ;  not  fickle  or  wavering  ;  as  a  sta- 
ble man  ;  a  stable  idiaraeter. 

3.  Fixed ;  steady  :  firm ;  not  easily  surren- 
dered or  abandoned  ;  as  a  man  of  stable 
principles. 

4.  Durable;  not  subject  to  be  overthrown 
or  changed. 

In  this  region  of  chance  and  vanity,  where 
nothing  is  stable —  Rogers. 

STA'BLE,  V.  t.  To  fix  ;  to  establish.  [JVot 
used.] 

STA'Bl^E,  n.  [L.  stabulum,  that  is,  a  stand, 
a  fixed  place,  like  stall.  See  the  latter 
These  words  do  not  primarily  imply  a 
covering  fi)r  liorses  or  cattle.] 

A  house  or  slied  for  beasts  to  lodge  and  feei 
in.  In  large  towns,  a  stable  is  usually  a; 
building  for  horses  only,  or  horses  and 
cows,  and  often  connected  with  a  coach 
house.  In  the  country  towns  in  the  north- 
ern states  of  America,  a  stable  is  usually 
an  apartment  in  a  barn  in  which  hay  and! 
grain  nre  deposited.  j 

STA'BLE,  V.  I.  To  put  or  keep  in  a  stable.! 
Our  farmers  generally  stable  not  only 
horses,  but  oxen  and  cows  in  winter,  and 
sometimes  young  cattle. 

STA'BLE,  V.  i.  To  dwell  or  lodge  in  a  sta- 
ble ;  to  dwell  in  an  inclosed  place  ;  to  ken- 
nel. Milton. 

STA'BLE-BOY,    >       A  boy  or  a  man  who 

STA'BLE-MAN,  I  ""  attends  at  a  stable. 

Swift. 

STA'BLED,  pp.  Put  or  kept  in  a  stable. 

STA'BLENESS,  n.  Fixedness;  firmness 
of  piisition  or  establishment ;  strength  to 
stand ;  stability ;  as  the  slableness  of  a 
throne  or  of  a  system  of  laws. 

9.  Steadiness;  constancy;  firmness  of  pur- 
pose; stability;  as  5<aWeiiess  of  character, 
of  mind,  of  principles  or  opinions. 

STA'BLESTAND,  n.  [stable  and  stand.] 
In  law,  when  man  is  found  at  his 
standing  in  the  forest  with  a  cross  bow! 
bent,  ready  to  shoot  at  a  deer,  or  with  a| 
long  bow  ;  or  standing  close  by  a  tree  with 
grayhoundsin  a  leash  ready  to  slip.  This 
is  one  of  the  four  presumptions  that  a  man 
intends  stealing  the  king's  deer. 

English  Law. 

STA'BLING,  ppr.  Putting  or  keeping  in  a 
stable. 

STA'BLING,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of 
keeping  cattle  in  a  stable. 

2.  A  house,  shed  or  room  I'or  keeping  horses 
and  cattle. 

STAB'LISH,  v.t.  [L.  slabilio;  Fr.  etablir; 
It.  stitbilire  ;  Sp.  eslablecer.     See  Stub.] 

To  fix  ;  to  settle  in  a  state  for  permanence  ; 
to  make  firm.  [In  lieu  of  this,  establish  is 
now  always  useil.] 

STA'IJLY,  adv.  Firudy ;  fixedly;   steadily; 

as  a  (.'iiverrimeiit  stably  settled. 
STAl'K,  n.  [W.  i/stac,  a  stack;  ystaca,  a 
st-Midanl,  from  «((g,  a  state  of  being  stuff- 
ed ;  Dan.  slak,  a  pile  of  hav  ;  Sw.  stack , 
Ir.  si  laiith.  It  si^'uities  thai  wliicli  is  set, 
and  comcidea  with  Sax.  stac,  D.  staak,  a 


stake.  Slock,  stag,  stage,  are  of  the  same 
family,  or  at  least  have  the  same  radical 
sense.] 

1.  A  large  conical  pile  of  hay,  grain  or 
straw,  sometimes  covered  with  thatch. 
In  America,  the  stack  diflTers  from  the  cock 
only  in  size,  both  being  conical.  A  long 
pile  of  hay  or  grain  is  called  a  rick.  In 
England,  this  distinction  is  tiot  always  ob- 
served. This  word  in  Great  Britain  is 
sometimes  applied  to  a  pile  of  wood  con- 
taining 108  cubic  feet,  and  also  to  a  pile  of 
poles  ;  but  I  believe  never  in  America. 

Against  every   pillar   was  a  stack   of  hillets 
above  a  man's  highth.  Bacon. 

2.  A  number  of  funnels  orchimneys  standing 
together.  We  say,  a  stack  of  chiunieys  ; 
which  is  correct,  as  a  chimnei/  is  a  passage. 
But  we  also  call  the  whole  stack  a  chim- 
ney. Thus  we  say,  the  chimney  rises  ten 
feet  above  the  roof. 

ST.\CK,  V.  t.  To  lay  in  a  conical  or  other 
pile  ;  to  make  into  a  large  pile  ;  as,  to  stack 
hay  or  };rain. 

2.   In  England,  to  pile  wood,  poles,  &c. 

STACK' ED,  pp.  Piled  in  a  large  conical 
heap. 

STACK'ING,  ppr.  Laying  in  a  large  coni- 
cal heap. 

STACK'ING-BAND,  t       A  band  or  rope 

STACK'INGBELT,  <,  "•  used  in  binding 
thatch  or  straw  upon  a  stack. 

STACKING-STAgE,  n.  A  stage  used  in 
building  stacks. 

STACK'-y>ARD,  n.  A  yard  or  inclosure 
for  slacks  of  hay  or  grain. 

STAC'TE,  n.  [L.  stacte  ;  Gr.fax*'?.]  A  fatty 
resinous  liquid  matter,  of  the  nature  of 
liquid  myrrh,  very  odoriferous  and  highly 
valued.  But  it  is  said  we  have  none  but 
what  is  adulterated,  and  what  is  so  called 
is  licpiid  storax.  C'l/c. 

STAD'DLE,  n.  [D.  stutzel,  from  slut,  a 
prop;  stulten,  to  prop;  Eng.  stud;  G. 
sliitze.  It  belongs  to  the  root  of  stead, 
steady.] 

1.  Anything  which  serves  for  support;  a 
stall';  a  crutch  ;  the  frame  or  support  of 
a  stack  of  hay  or  grain.  England- 

[In  this  sense  not  used  in  JVew  England.] 

2.  In  .New  England,  a  small  tree  of  any 
kind,  particularly  a  forest  tree.  In  Amer- 
ica, trees  are  called  staddles  from  three  or 
four  years  old  till  they  are  six  or  eight  in- 
ches m  diameter  or  more,  but  in  this  re- 
spect the  word  is  indefinite.  This  is  also 
the  sense  in  which  it  is  used  by  Bacon  and 
Tnsser. 

STAD'DLE,  V.  t.  To  leave  staddles  when  a 
wood  is  cut.  Tasser. 

STAD'DLE-ROOF,  n.  The  roof  or  cover- 
ing of  a  stack. 

STA'DIUM,  n.  [L. ;  Gr.  faSio..]  A  Greek 
measure  of  125  geometrical  paces  ;  a  fur- 
hmg. 

i.  The  course  or  career  of  a  race. 

STADT'llOLDER,  n.  [D.  s(arf(,  a  city,  ami 
houder,  holder] 

F<)riiierly,  tin;  chief  magistrate  of  the  United 
Provinces  of  llollanil  ;  or  the  governor  or 
liciitenanr  giivernor  ipf  aprovince. 

STADT'llOLDERATE,  n.  The  office  of  a 
stadtli^ilfler. 

ST'AFF,  n.  phi.  staves.  [Sax.  st(rf,  a  stick 
or  club,  a  poll',  a  crook,  a  pmp  or  suppoit, 
a  letter,  au  epistio ;  «<<«//»,  ste/n,  the  voice  ;! 


D.  staf,  a  staff,  scepter  or  crook  ;  staaf,  a 
bar  ;  G.  stab,  a  stafl^  a  bar,  a  rod  ;  Dan. 
stab,  sttiv,  id.;  stai'n,  slcevn,  the  prow  of  a 
shi(),  that  is,  a  projectinn,  that  which  shoots 
out  :  Fr.  doure.  The  primary  sense  is  to 
llnusl,  til  shoot.     See  Stab.] 

1.  A  stick  carried  in  the  hand  for  support  or 
detense  by  a  person  walking ;  hence,  a. 
support;  that  wlmh  props  or  upli.ilds. 
Bread  is  proverbially  called  the  stuff  of 
life. 

The  boy  was  the  very  staff  of  my  age. 

Shak. 
Thy  rod  ami  thy  staff,  they  comfort  me.     P9. 
xxiii. 

2.  A  stick  or  did)  used  as  a  weapon. 
With  forks  ami  ataves  the  felon  they  pursue. 

Dryden. 

3.  A  long  piece  of  wood  ;  a  stick  ;  the  long 
handle  of  an  in.--trument ;  a  pole  or  stick, 
used  for  many  purposes. 

4.  The  five  lines  and  the  spaces  on  which 
music  IS  written. 

5.  An  ensign  of  authority  ;  a  badge  of  office  ; 
as  a  constable's  staff.        Shak.     Haywurd. 

6.  The  round  of  a  ladder.  Brown. 

7.  A  pole  erected  in  a  ship  to  hoist  and  dis- 
play  a  flag  ;  called  a  flag-sfci/".  There  is 
alsoa  jack-s(ri^,  and  an  ensign-,?tojf. 

[Fr.  estafette,  a  courier  or  express;  Dan. 
stuffeltc  ;  It.  staffetta,  an  express  ;  staffitre, 
a  groom  or  .servant;  staffa,  a  stirrup;  Sp. 
estafetn,  a  courier,  a  general  post-office  : 
estafero,  a  foot-boy,  a  stable-boy,  an  er- 
rand-boy ;  Port,  estafeta,  an  express.  This 
word  seems  to  be  formed  from  It.  staffa,  a 
stirrup,  whence  stnffere,  a  stirrup-holder 
or  groom,  whence  a  servant  or  horsemaa 
sent  express.]  In  military  affairs,  an  es- 
tablishment of  officers  in  varlnns  rlepart- 
ments,  attached  to  an  army,  or  to  the  com- 
mander of  an  army.  The  staff  includes 
officers  not  of  the  line,  as  adjutants,  quar- 
ter-masters, chaplain,  surgeon,  dec.  The 
stuff  is  the  medium  of  communication 
from  the  commander  in  chief  to  every  de- 
partment of  an  army. 

9.  [Ice.  ,')-(e/'.]  A  stanza  ;  a  series  of  verses  so 
disposed  that  when  it  is  concluded,  the 
same  order  begins  again. 

Cowley  foumi  out  that  no  kind  of  staff  i$ 
proper  for  a  heroic  poem,  as  being  all  too  lyri- 
cal. Dryden. 

10.  Stave  and  staves,  plu.  of  staff.   [See  iStare.] 
ST'AFFIStI,  a.  Stiff;  harsh.    [M>t  in  use.] 

Ascham. 

ST>AFF-TREE,   n.    A   sort   of  evergreen 

privet.  Johnson. 

It  is  of  the  genus  Celastrus.  Cyc, 

STAG,  n.  [This  word  belongs  to  the  root 

oi' stick,  stage,  stock.     The   primary   sense 

is  to  thrust,  hence  to  fix,  to  stay,  &c.) 

1.  The  male  red  deer;  the  male  of  the  hind. 

Shak. 

2.  A  colt  or  filly  ;  also,  a  romping  girl.  [Lo- 
cal] Grose. 

i.  In  .Yew  England,  the  male  of  the  com- 
min  ox  casirated. 

STAG-BEETLE,  n.  The  Lucanus  cer- 
vus,  a  species  of  insect.  Encye. 

STA6E,  n.  [Fr.  etage,  a  story,  a  degree; 
Arm.  f.fteicA ;  Sax.  stigan,  to  go,  to  as- 
cend; Dan.  .</tger,  to  step  up,  to  ascenil; 
Sw.  sliga,  to  >tep ;  steg,  a  step  ;  .^Icgi,  a 
ladder;  D.  stygen,  to  mount,  (J.  stcigen.] 
Properly,  one  step  or  degree  of  elevation, 


S  T  A 


S  T  A 


S  T  A 


and  what  the  Prencli  call  elage,  we  call 
a  stori/.     Hence, 

1.  A  flnor  or  |ilatti)rni  of  any  kiml  ulmHted 
ahiive  the  gruuiiil  or  comriioii  siirlace,  as 
for  an  exliiliitioii  of  snrm-thirig  to  |iiiblic 
view  ;  as  a  sla^e  for  a  moiiiitfiha'ik  ;  a  stage 
for  speakers  in  pulihc  ;  a  utafre  fur  me- 
chanics. Seamen  use  floating  «^/i?M,  anil 
3taf!;e3  suspeiideil  l>y  the  side  of  a  ship,  for 
cailiiiiy:  and  repairing. 

8.  Toe  tluor  on  which  theatrical  perform- 
anrr<  are  exhibited,  as  distinct  from  the 
pit,  &.C..     Hence, 

3.  The  tlieater ;  the  place  of  scenic  enter- 
laiiniients. 

Knights,  squires  and  steeds  must  enter  on  the 
stage.  Pope 

4.  Theatrical  representations.  It  is  con- 
tended that  the  stage  is  a  school  of  moral- 
ity. Let  it  he  inrpiiied,  where  is  the  |)er- 
son  whom  the  alagi  has  reformed  ? 

5.  A  place  where  any  thing  is  publicly 
exhibited. 

When  we  are  born,  we  cry  that  we  are  come 
To  this  great  stage  of  fools.  Shal( 

6.  Place  of  action  or  performance ;  as  the 
stage  of  life. 

7.  A  place  of  rest  on  u  journey,  or  where  a 
relay  of  horses  is  taken.     When  we  arrive 
at  tlie  next  stage,  we  will    take  some  re 
frcsliment.     Hinc.e, 

8.  The  distance  between  two  places  of  rest 
on  a  road  ;  as  a  stage  of  fifteen  miles. 

9.  A  single  step;  degree  of  advance  ;  degree 
of  progression,  either  in  increase  or  de- 
crease, in  rising  or  falling,  or  in  any 
change  of  state  ;  as  the  several  stages  of 
a  war  ;  the  stages  of  civilization  or  im- 
provement; stages  of  growth  in  an  animal 
or  plant ;  stages  of  a  disease,  of  decline  or 
recovery  ;  the  several  stages  of  human 
life. 

10.  [instead  of  slage-conch,  or  stage-wagon.] 
A  coach  or  otlier  carriage  running  regu- 
larly from  one  place  to  another  for  the 
conveyance  of  passengers. 

1  went  in  tlie  six-penny  stage.  Swift. 

A  parcel  sent  l)y  tile  stage.  Cowpcr. 

American  usage. 

STA6E,  V.  t.  To  exhibit  publicly.     [J^ol  in 

use.]  Shak 

STA'6E-€0ACH,  n.  [stage  ami  coach.]     A 

coach  that  runs  by  stages  ;  or  a  cuach  that 

runs   regularly  every   day   or    on  stated 

days,  for  the  conveyance  of  passeiiger-i. 

Addison 
STA'6ELY,  a.  Pertaining  to   a  stage;  be- 
coming the  theater.     [Little  used.] 

Taylor. 
STA'GE-PLAY,  u.  [stage  and  play.]    The- 
airical  enieitainment.  Dryden 

STA  (iE-PLAYER,  n.  An  actor  on  the 
stage;  one  vvlinse  occupation  is  to  repre- 
sent characiers  on  the  stage.  Garrick 
was  a  '  elebraled  stage- plai/er. 
STA'iiEK,  n.  A  player.  [Little  used.] 
2.  One  that  has  long  acteil  on  the  stage  of 
life  :  a  practitioner  ;  a  person  of  cunning  ; 
as  an  old  cunning  stager  ,  an  experienced 
stager  ;  a  stager  of  the  wiser  sort. 

Dryden . 

[I  do  not  recollect  to  have  ever  heard  this 

u'ord  used  in  .-imeriia.] 

STA'tiEKV,  n.    Exhibition  on  the  stage. 

[Mt  in  use.]  Milton. 


STAG-EVIL,   n.   A  disease  in  horses. 

Diet. 

STAG'GARU,  n.  [from  stag.]    A  stag  of 

fiMir  years  of  age.  Ainsworth. 

STAtJ'GER,  V.  I.  [D.  slaggeren.     Kiliaan.] 

1.  To  reel;  to  vacillati:  ;  to  move  to  one 
side  ami  the  other  in  standing  or  walk- 
ing ;  not  to  stand  or  walk  with  steadiness. 

Boyle. 

Deep  was  the  wound ;  he  stagger'd  with  the 

blow.  Dryden. 

2.  To  fail ;  to  cease  to  stand  firm ;  to  begin 
to  give  way. 

The  enemy  staggers.  .Addison. 

3.  To  hesitate  ;  to  begin  to  doubt  and  wa- 
ver in  purpose  ;  to  become  less  confident 
or  determined.  Shak. 

Abraham  staggered  not  at  the  promise  of 
God  through  unhelief.     Rom.  iv. 

STAG'GER,  v.t.  To  cause  to  reel.       Shak. 

'i.  T.I  cause  to  doubt  and  waver  ;  to  make 
to  hesitate ;  to  make  less  steady  or  confi- 
dent ;  to  shock. 

Whoever  will  read  the  story  of  this  war,  will 
find  himself  much  .stag^cre*/.  Howell 

When  a  prince  fails  iu  honor  and  justice,  il  h 
enough  to  stagger  his  people  in  their  allegi- 
ance. L'Estrange. 

STAG'GERED,  pp.  Made  to  reel;  made 
to  diiiibt  and  waver. 

STAG'GEKING,  ppr.  Cuu.sing  to  reel,  to 
waver  or  to  iloiiht. 

STAG'GERING,  n.  The  act  of  reeling. 

Arbulh  not. 

•2.  The  cause  of  staggering. 

STAGGERINGLY,  adv.  In  a  reeling  man- 
mn: 

i.  Wall  hesitation  or  doubt. 

ST.VG'GERS,  n.  phi.  A  disease  of  horses 
and  cattle,  attended  with  reeling  or  giddi- 
ness; also,  a  disease   of  sheep,  which  in 
dines  them  to  turn  ahimt  suddenly.     Cyc. 

i.  Madness  ;  wild  irregular  conduct.  [JVot 
in  use.]  Shak 

STAG'GER-WORT,  n.  A   plant,  ragwort. 

STAG'NANCY,  n.  [See  Stagnant.]  The 
state  of  being  without  motion,  flow  or  cir- 
culation, as  in  a  fluid. 

STAG'NANT,  a.  [L.  stngnans,  from  sdig- 
no,  to  be  willioiit  a  flowing  motion.  It 
slagnare.     Qn.  VV.  tagu,  to  stop.] 

1.  Not  flowing  ;  not  running  in  a  current  or 
stream  ;  as  a  stagnant  lake  or  pond  ;  stag- 
nant hlood  in  the  veins. 

9.  Motionless;  still;  not  agitated  :  as  water 
quiet  ;uid  stagnant.  H'oodtvard. 

The  gloomy  slumber  of  the  stagnant  soul. 

Johnaon 

:i.  Not  active  ;  dull ;  not  brisk  ;  as,  business 
is  stiignnnt. 

STAG'NATE,  v.  i.  [L.  stagno,  stagnum  ; 
II.  staL  nnre.] 

1.  To  lease  to  flow;  to  he  motionless;  as, 
blood  sliignates  in  the  veins  of  an  animal ; 
aw  stagnates  III  ai'losc  room. 

i.  To  cease  to  move  ;  not  to  be  agitated. 
Water  that  stagnates  in  a  pond  or  reser- 
voir, soon  becomes  foul. 

;{.  To  cease  to  be  brisk  or  active  :  to  become 
dull  ;  as,  commerce  stagnates  ;  business 
stagnates. 

ST.-VGNA'TION,  7i.  The  cessation  of  flow- 
ing or  i-ircnialicui  rd'  a  fluid  :  or  the  state 
(d  being  without  fl.av  or  circulation  ;  tlie 
State  of  being  inotiouless  ;  as  the  stagna- 


tion of  the  blood  ;  the  stagnation  of  water 
or  air  ;  the  stagnation  of  vapors. 

Addison. 

2.  The  cessation  of  action  or  of  brisk  ac- 
tion ;  the  state  of  being  dull ;  as  the  slag- 
tiation  of  business. 

STAG-WORM,  n.  An  insect  that  is  trouble- 
some to  deer. 

STACi'YRITE,  71.  An  appellation  given  to 
Aristotle  from  the  place  c)f  his  birth. 

STAID,  pret.  and  pp.  ui'slay;  so  written  for 
stayed. 

2.  a.  [from  stay,  to  stop.]  Sober  ;  grave  ; 
steady ;  composed  ;  regular ;  not  wild, 
volatile,  flighty  or  fanciful  ;  as  staid  wis- 
dom. 

'l"o  ride  out  with  utaid  guides.  JUUton. 

STA'IDNESS,  n.  Sobriety  ;  gravity  ;  stead- 
iness ;  regularity  ;  the  opposite  of  tcild- 
ness. 

If  he  sometimes  appears  too  gay,  yet  a  se- 
cret gracefulness  of  youth  accompanies  his  wri- 
tings, though  the  staidness  and  sobriety  of  age 
be  wanting.  IJrydin. 

ST.VIN.  V.  t.  [W.  yslaeniaw,  to  spread  over, 
to  stain  ;  ystaenu,  to  cover  with  tin  ;  ystaen, 
that  is  spread  out,  or  that  is  sprinkled, 
a  stain,  tin,  L.  slannum  ;  taen,  a  spread,  a 
sprinkle,  a  layer ;  taenu,  to  spread,  ex- 
pand, sprinkle,  or  he  scattered.  This 
coincides  in  elements  with  Gr.  riuu.  The 
French  teindre,  Sp.  tehir.  It.  tingere.  Port. 
tingir,  to  stain,  are  from  the  L.  tingo,  Gr. 
ftyyu.  Sax.  deagan,  Kiig.  dye  ;  a  word 
formed  by  difterent  elements.  Stain  .seems 
to  be  from  the  Wehsh,  and  if  taen  is  not 
a  contracted  word,  it  has  no  connection 
with  the  Fr.  teindre.] 

1.  To  discolor  by  the  apjdication  of  foreigQ 
matter;  to  make  foul;  to  spot ;  as,  to«(ni»» 
the  hand  with  dye  ;  to  slain  clothes  with 
vegetable  juice;  to  slain  paper;  armor 
slained  with  hlood. 

2.  To  dye;  to  tinge  with  a  difltrent  color j 
as,  to  slain  cloth. 

.3.  To  impress  with  figures,  in  colors  diflfer- 
ent  from  the  ground  ;  as,  to  stain  paper 
for  hangings. 
4.  To  blot ;  to  soil ;  to  spot  with  guilt  or  in- 
I'amy  ;  to  tarnish  ;  to  bring  reproach  on  ; 
as,  to  slain  the  character. 

Of  honor  void,  of  innocence,  of  faith,  of  pu- 
rity, 
Our     wonted    ornaments     now   soil'd    and 
stain' d —  Jfilton. 

STAIN,  n.  A  spot:  discoloration  from  for- 
eign matter;  as  a  stain  on  a  garment  or 
cloth. 

2.  .\  natural  spot  of  a  color  dilVerctit  from 
the  ground. 

Swifl  trouts,  diversified  with  crimson  stains. 

Pope. 

3.  Taint  of  guilt  ;  tarnish  ;  disgrace  ;  re- 
proach ;  as  the  stain  of  sin. 

Nor  death  itself  can  wholly  wash  theirs/ain*. 

/Jri/den. 

<hir  opinion  is,  I  hope,  without  any  blemish 

or  stain  of  heresy.  Hooker. 

4.  Cause  of  reproach  ;  shame. 

Hereby  I  will  lead  her  that  is  the  praise  and 
vet  fhe  ataia  of  all  womankind.  .^Hdney. 

STA'LNED,  pp.  Discolored  ;  spott.'d :  dyed; 
hliiiti-d  ;  tarnished. 

ST.A'INER,  n.  One  who  stains,  blots  or 
tarnishes. 

2.  A  dyer. 


S  T  A 


S  T  A 


S  T  A 


STA'INIIVG,  ppr.  Discoloring  ;  spotting  ; 
tanii.-liiii';;  ilyeing. 

STAINLESS,  a.  Free  from  stains  or  spots. 

Sidney. 

2.  Free  from  the  reproach  of  guilt ;  free 
from  sin.  Skak. 

STAIR,  n.  [D.  skiver;  Sax.  sleeger ;  from 
Sax.  stigan,  D.  G.  steigen,  Goth,  steigan, 
to  step,  to  go ;  Dau.  sliger,  to  rise,  to  step 
up  ;  Sw.  steg,  a  step ;  Ir.  staighre.  See 
Stage.] 

1.  A  step;  a  stone  or  a  frame  of  boards  or 
planks  hy  which  a  person  rises  one  step. 
A  stair,  to  make  th''  ascent  easy,  should 
not  e.\<:eed  six  or  seven  inches  in  eleva- 
tion. When  the  riser  is  eight,  nine  or  ten 
inches  in  breadth,  the  ascent  by  stairs  is 
laliorions. 

2.  Stairs,  in  the  plural,  a  series  of  steps  by 
which  persons  ascend  to  a  higher  room  ii 
a  building.  [Stair,  in  this  sense,  is  not  in 
use.] 

Flight  of  stairs,  may  signify  the  stairs  which 
make  the  wlude  ascent  of  a  story;  or  in 
winding  stairs,  the  phrase  may  signify  the 
stairs  from  the  floor  to  a  turn,  or  from  one 
turn  to  another. 

STA'IRCASE,  »i.  [stair  and  case.]  The  part 
of  a  building  which  contains  the  stairs. 
Staircases  are  straight  or  winding.  The 
straight  are  called  fliers,  or  direct  fliers. 
Winding  stairs,  called  spiral  or  cockle,  are 
square,  circular  or  elliptical. 

To  make  a  complete  staircase,  is  a  curious 
piece  of  architecture.  IVotton. 

STAKE,  n.  [Sax.stec;  D.  siaaA:;  Sw.  jf<«Ae  ; 
Ir.  stac  ;  It.  sleccone,  a  stake  ;  stccca,  a 
stick ;  steccare,  to  fence  with  stakes ;  Sp. 
eslaca,  a  stake,  a  stick.  This  coincides  with 
stick,  noun  and  verb,  with  stock,  stage,  &c. 
The  primary  sense  is  to  shoot,  to  thrust, 
hence  to  set  or  fix.] 

1.  A  small  piece  of  wood  or  timber,  sliarp 
ened  at  one  end  and  set  in  the  ground,  or 
prepared  for  setting,  as  a  support  to  some 
thing.  Thus  stakes  are  used  to  support 
vines,  to  support  fences,  hedges  and  the 
like.  A  stake  is  not  to  be  confounded  with 
a  post,  which  is  a  larger  piece  of  timber. 

2.  A  piece  of  long  rough  wood. 

A  sharpen'd  stake  strong  Dryas  found. 

Dryden 

3.  A  palisade,  or  something  resembling  it. 

Milton 

4.  The  piece  of  timber  to  which  a  martyr  is 
fastened  when  he  is  to  be  burnt.  Hence 
to  perish  at  the  stake,  is  to  die  a  martyr,  or 
to  ilie  in  torment.     Hence, 

5.  Figuratively,  martyrdom.  The  s(aic  was 
prepared  for  those  who  were  convicted  of 
heresy. 

6.  That  which  is  pledged  or  wagered ;  that 
which  is  set,  thrown  doivn  or  laid,  to  abide 
the  issue  of  a  contest,  to  be  gaiueil  by  vic- 
tory or  lost  by  defeat. 

7.  The  state  of  being  laid  or  pledged  as  a 
wager.     His  honor  is  at  stake. 

8.  A  small  anvil  to  straighten  cold  work,  or 
to  cut  and  punch  upon.  Moxon 

STAKE,  V.  t.  To  fasten,  .support  or  defend 
with  sliikes;  as,  to  stake  vines  or  plants, 

2.  To  mark   the  limits  by  stakes ;  with  out 
as,  ti>  slake  out  land  ;  to   stake  out  a   new 
road,  cir  the  grDuii.l  for  a  canal. 

3.  To  wager ;  to  pledge ;  to  put  at  hazard 


upon  the  issue  of  competition,  or  upon  aj 

future  contingency. 
I'll  stake  yon  lamb  that  near  the  fountain  plays. 

Pope. 

To  point  or  sharpen   stakes.     [JVoi  used 

in  America.] 
5.  To  pierce  with  a  stake.  Spectator. 

STA'KED,  pp.  Fastened  or  supported   by 

stakes  ;  set  or  marked   with   stakes  ;  wa- 
gered ;  put  at  hazard. 
STAKE-HE.\D,  n.  In  rope-making,  a  stake 

with  wooden  pins   in   the   upper  side  to 

keep  the  strands  apart. 
STA'KING,  ppr.  Supporting  with  stakes 

marking  with  stakes  ;  wagering  ;  putting 

at  hazard. 
2.  Sharpening ;  pointing. 
STALA€'Tie,        )      [from stalactite.]  Per- 
STALAC'TleAL,  S  "'taining  to  stalactite 

reseniblinfi  an  icicle.  hirwun 

STALAC'TIFORM,       ?       Like  stalactite 
STAL.\CTIT'lFORM,  S       resendding    an 

icicle.  Phillips. 

STALACTITE,  n.  [Gr.  jaXaxro;,  faXaxTts. 

from  faXaJu,  to  drop,  from  faxaui,  L.  slillo.] 
A  subvariety  of  carbonate  of  lime,  usually  iti 

a  conical  or  cylindrical  form,  pendent  from 

the   roofs  and  sides    of  caverns  like 

icicle;  produced  by  the  filtraticin  of  water 

containing    calcarious   particles,  through 

fissures  and  pores  of  rocks. 

Encyc.     Cleaveland. 
STALACTIT'IC,  a.  In  the  form  of  stalac- 
tite, or  pendent  substances  like  icicles. 

Kirwaii 
STALAG'MITE,  n.  [L.  stalagmium,  adrop; 

Gr.  faXay/uo{,  supra.] 
A  deposit   of  earthy   or  calcarious    matter, 

formed  by  drops  on  the  floors  of  caverns. 

Encyc.     Woodward. 

STALAGMIT'le,  a.  Having   the   form  of 

stalagnnte. 
STALAGMITICALLY,   adv.   In  the  form 

or  manner  of  stalagmite.  Buckland. 

STAL'DER,    n.     A  wooden   frame   to   set 

casks  on.     [JVot  used  in  the  U.  States.] 
STALE,  a.  [I  do  not  find  this  word  in  the 

other  Teutonic   dialects.     It  is   probably 

from  the  root  u(  still,  G.  stellen,  to  set,  and 

equivalent  to  stagnant.] 

1.  Vapid  or  tasteless  from  age;  having  lost 
its  life,  spirit  and  flavor  from  being  loi 
kept  ;  as  state  beer. 

2.  Having  lost  the  life  or  graces  of  youth ; 
worn  out ;  decayed  ;  as  a  stale  virgin 

Spectator. 

3.  Worn  out  by  use;  trite;  common  ;  bavin 
lost  its  novelty  and  power  of  pleasing    as 
a  stale  remark. 

STALE,  n.  [probably  that  which  is  set ;  G. 

stellen.     See  Stall.] 
I.  Something  set  or  offered  to  view  as  an 
allurement  to  draw  others  to  any  place  nr 
purpose ;  a  decoy  ;  a  stool-fowl. 

Still  as  he  went,  he  crafty  slates  did  lay. 

Spcn.ser. 
A  pretense  of  kindness  is  the  universal  «/»/< 
to  all  base  projects.  Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

[/n  this  »enbe  obsolete.'] 

A  prostitute.     06s.  Shak. 

d.  Old  vapid  beer.     Ohs. 
4.  A   long  hanille  ;  as  the  stale   of  a   rake, 

[Sax.  slel,  stele  ;  U.  steel ;  G.  sticL] 

Mortimer. 
.5.   A  word  applied  to  the  king  in  chess  when 

stalled  or  set ;  that  is,   wlien  so  tiiualcd 


that  he  cannot  be  moved  without  going  in- 
to  check,  by  which  the  game  is  ended. 

Bacon- 

STALE,  V.  t.  To  make  vapid  or  useless  ; 
to  destroy  the  life,  beauty  or  use  of ;  to 
wear  out. 

Age  cannot  wither  her,  nor  custom  stale 
Her  inhnite  variety.  Shak. 

STALE,  V.  i.  [G.  stallen  ;  Dan.  staU.tr;  Sw. 
stalla.] 

To  make  water ;  to  discharge  urine  ;  as 
horses  and  cattle. 

STALE,  ».  Urine;  used  of  horses  and  cattle. 

ST.\'LELY,  adv.  Of  old;  of  a  lone  time. 
Obs.  B.  Jonaon. 

STA'LENESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  stale  ; 
vapidness ;  the  state  of  having  lost  the 
life  or  flavor  ;  oldness  ;  as  the  stateness  of 
beer  or  other  liquors  ;  the  stcUeness  of  pro- 
visions. Bacon.  Addison. 
The  state  of  being  worn  out;  triteness; 
commonness  ;  as  the  staleness  of  an  obscr- 
vatinn. 

STALK,  71.  stauk.  [Sw.  stielk  ;  D.  steel :  G. 
stiet.a  handle,  and  a  stalk  or  stem;  Sax. 
stalg,  a  column;  Gr.  ffXtxot ;  from  the 
root  of  stall  and  G.  stellen,  to  set.] 

1.  The  stem,  culm  or  main  body  of  an  her- 
baceous plant.  Thus  we  speak  of  a  stalk 
of  wheat,  rye  or  oats,  the  stalks  of  maiz  or 
hemp.  The  stalk  of  herbaceous  plants, 
answers  to  the  stem  of  shrubs  and  trees, 
and  denotes  that  whir  h  is  set,  the  fixed 
part  of  a  plant,  its  support ;  or  it  is  a  shoot. 

2.  The  pedicle  of  a  flower,  or  the  peduncle 
that  supports  the  fructification  of  a  plant. 

.'{.  The  stem  of  a  quill.  Crew. 

ST.\LK,  V.  i.  [Sax.  stcelcan.]  To  walk  with 
high  and  proud  steps  ;  usually  implying 
the  affectation  of  dignity,  and  hence  the 
word  usually  expresses  dislike.  The  po- 
ets however  use  the  word  to  express  dig- 
nity of  step. 

With  manly  mein  he  stalk'd  along  the  ground. 

Dry  den. 
Then  stalking  through  the  deep 
He  fords  the  ocean.  Addis&n. 

2.  It  is  used  with  some  insinuation  of  con- 
tempt or  abhorrence.  Johnson. 

Bcrtran 
Stalks  close  behimi  her,  like  a  witch's  fiend. 
Pressing  to  be  eiirploy'd.  Drydeu. 

'Tis  not  to  stalk  about  and  draw  fresh  air 
From  dine  to  time.  Addison. 

3.  To  walk  behind  a  stalking  horse  or  be- 
binil  a  cover. 

The  king  crept  under  the  shoulder  of  his  led 
horse,  and  said,  I  must  stalk.  Bacon, 

STALK,  n.  A   high,  proud,  stately  step  or 
alk.  '  Spenser, 

STALK'ED,  a.  Having  a  stalk. 

STALK'ER,  71.  One  who  walks  with  a 
priiud  step  ;  also,  a  kind  of  fishing  net. 

STALK' ING,  ppr.  Walking  with  proud  or 
lofty  steps. 

STALKING  HORSE,  n.  A  horse,  real  or 
factitious,  behind  which  a  fowler  coiu'eals 
himself  from  the  sight  of  the  game  which 
he  is  aiming  to  kill;  hence,  a  mask;  a 
pretense. 

Hypocrisy  is  the  <\e\il'!>  stalking-horse,  undet 
an  affectation  of  simplicity  and  relijjiori. 

L'Estransie. 

ST.-\LK'Y,  a.  Hard  as  a  stalk  ;  reseudding 
a  stalk.  .'Mortimer. 

|ST.\LL,  n.  |Sax.  strnl,  slat,  stall,  a  place,  a 

I     seat  or  slulion,  a  stable,  state,  condition; 


S  T  A 

D.  slal;  G.  stntt,  a  stalile,  a  stye  ;  Dan. 
staid;  t^w.  stall;  Vr.  alalte  ;  lustalla;  W. 
ystttt ;  iroiii  tlic  root  of  G.  slellen,  to  set, 
fliiit  is,  to  tlirow  down,  to  tlirust  down; 
Suns,  stala,  a  place.     See  SHU.] 

1.  I'riniarily,  a  .stand  ;  u  station  ;  a  fixed 
spot ;  lience,  the  stand  or  place  where  a 
horse  or  an  ox  is  kept  and  led  ;  the  divis- 
ion of  a  stable,  or  the  apartment  (or  one 
horse  or  ox.  The  stable  contains  eight  or 
ten  stalls. 

2.  A  stable  ;  a  place  for  cattle. 

At  last  he  found  a  stall  where  oxen  stood. 

Vryden. 

3.  In  1  Kings  iv.  2().  stall  is  used  for  horst. 
"Soh.nion  had  forty  thousand  stalls  of 
horses  for  his  chariots."  In  2  Cliron.  ix. 
25,  stall  means  stable.  "Solomon  had 
four  thousand  slalls  tor  horses  and  cluui- 
ots."  These  passages  are  reconciled  hy 
the  definition  given  above  ;  S(domon  had 
four  thousand  stables,  each  containing 
ten  .stalls;  forty  thousand  .stalls. 

4.  A  bench,  form  or  frame  of  shelves  in  the 
open  air,  where  any  thing  is  exposed  to 
sale.  It  is  curious  to  observe  the  stalls  of 
books  in  the  boulevards  and  other  public 
places  in  Paris. 

5.  A  iitnall  house  or  shed  in  which  an  occu- 
pation is  carried  on  ;  as  a  butcher's  stall. 

Spenser. 

6.  The  seal  of  a  dignified  clergyman  in  the 
choir. 

The  difniified  clergy,  out  ol'  huniilily,  have 
called  llicii  tlnoncs  hy  the  name  of  stalls 
[probahly  a  mistake  of  the  reason.] 

li^arbttrtan. 

STALL,  V.  t.  To  put  into  a  stable  ;  or   to 
keep  in  a  stable ;  as,  to  stall  an  ox. 
Where  king  Latinus  then  his  oxen  spflVd. 

2.  To  install ;  to  place  in  an  office  with  the 
customary  formalities.  [For  this,  install 
is  now  used.] 

3.  To  set;  to  fix  ;  to  plunge  into  mire  so  as 
not  to  be  able  to  proceed  ;  as,  to  stall 
horses  or  a  carriage. 

[This  phrase   1  have   beard  in  Virginia. 
In    New    Knt'land,   set  is  used   in  a  like 
sense.] 
STALL,  V.  i.  To  dwell  ;  to  inhabit. 

*^  e  could   not   stall   togellier  in    the   world 
[JViit  in  «s«.]  S/iak 

2.  To  kennel. 
3-  To  be  ."et,  as  in  mire. 

4.  'I'o  be  tired  of  eating,  as  cattle. 
STALL' .AciK,     II.     Till'    rif.'bt   of  erecting 

simIIs  in  tairs;  or  rent  paid  for  a  stall. 

2.  lit o'dbmiks.  laystall:  dung;  compost. 

STALLA'TION;  ?i.  Installation.  [Xot  us 
erf.)  Cai'endish. 

STALL'-FED,  pp.  Fed  on  dry  fodder,  or 
fattened  in  a  stall  or  stable.  [See  Stall- 
fted.] 

STALL'-FF.ED,  t'. /.    [stall  anA  feed.]    To 
feed  and  fatten    in  a  stable  or  on  dry  fod 
der ;  as,  to  stall-feed  an   ox.     [This   word 
is    used    in    .\merica    to    dislin;;uish    this 
nio<l«  of  feedinji  from  grass-feeding.] 

STALL'  FEEDING,  ppr.  Feeding  and  fat- 
tiiiing  ill  the  stable. 

STALLION,  n.  slal'ifun.  [G.  hnigst;  Dan. 
ataldhingst ;  Fr.  etalon  ;  It.  stalloiie  ;  from 
stall,  or  its  root,  as  we  now  use  sliul  horse. 
from   the  root  of  stud,  stead  ;  W.  ystal, 


S  T  A 

a  stall,  stock,  produce  ;  ystalu,  to  form  a: 
stock  ;  ystnlwi/n,  a  stallion.] 

A  stone  horse  ;  a  seed  horse ;  or  any 
male  horse  not  castrated,  whether  kepi: 
for  mares  or  not.  According  to  the  Welsh, i 
tlie  word  signifies  a  slock  horse,  a  horse 
intended  f<rr  raising  stock. 

STALL-WORN,  in  Shakspearc,  John- 
son thinks  a  mistake  for  stall-worth,  stout. 
His  stall-worn  steed  the  champion  stout  be-| 
strode.  [ The  word  is  not  in  use.]  I 
Shak: 

STAM'EN,  n.  plu.  stamens  or  stamina.  [L.j 
This  word  belongs  to  the  root  of  sto,  sta-\ 
bilis,  or  of  stog-c.J 

1.  In  o  general  sense,  usually  in  the  plural,' 
the  fixed,  firm  part  of  a  body,  wliicli  sup-' 
ports  it  or  gives  it  its  strengih  and  solidi- 
ty. Thus  we  say,  the  bones  are  the  stam- 
ina of  animal  bodies;  the  ligneous  parts' 
of  trees  are  tlie  stamina  which  eoiislitute 
their  stiength.     Hence, 

2.  Whatever      constitutes      the     principal 


.strength  or  su|)port  of  any  thing;  as  the 
stamina  ol  a  constitution  or  of  life ;  thei 
stamina  of  a  stat«.  | 

3.  In  botany,  an  organ  of  flowers  for  the, 
preparation  of  the  pollen  or  fecundating 
dust.  It  consists  of  the  filament  and  thci 
anther.  It  is  considered  as  the  male  or-, 
gall  of  fructification.  Martyn.i 

STAM'ENED,  a.  Furnished  with  stamens.! 

STAM'IN,  n.  A  slight  woolen  stuff". 

Chaucer. 

STAM'INAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  stamens  or 
stamina;  consisting  in  stamens  or  stami- 
na. .Med   Repos.: 


STAM'INATE,  a.   Consisting  of  stamens. 
STAM'INATE,  v.  t.  To  endue  with  stami- 
na. 


S  T  A 

STAM 'MERER,  n.  One  that  stutters  or 
he-ilates  in  speaking. 

STAM'MEKING,  ppr.  Stopping  or  hesitat- 
ing in  the  uttering  of  syllables  and  words; 
stuttering. 

2.  a.    Apt  to  stammer. 
STA.M'MEUING,  n.   The  act  of  stopping 

or  hesitating  in  speaking;  impediment  iu 
speech. 
STAM'MERINGLY,    adv.  With   stops  or 

hesitation  in  s|ieaking. 
STAMP,   v.t.    [D.   stitmpen;  G.  stampfen ; 
Dan.  stamper  ;  Sw.  stampa  ;  Fr.  (stamper  ; 
il.  stampare  ;  i^]i.  estampar.     I    know    not 
which  is  the  radical  letter,  m  or  //.] 
In  a  general  sense,  to   strike  ;   to  beat ;  to 

press.     Hence, 
1.  To  strike  or  beat  forcibly  with  the  bottom 
of  the  foot,  or  hy  thrusting  the  foot  down- 
wards ;  as,  to  stainp  the  ground. 
He  frets,  he  fumes,  he  stares,  he  stamps  the 
ground.  Jiryden. 

[In  this  sense,  the  popular  pronuncia- 
tion is  stomp,  w  ith  a  broad.] 
To  impress  with  some  mark  or  fiuure; 
as,  to  stamp  a  plate  with  arms  nr  initials. 

3.  To  impress;  to  imprint:  to  fix  deeply; 
as,  to  stamp  virtuous  principles  on  the 
heart.     [See  Enslamp.] 

4.  To  fix  a  mark  by  impressing  it;  as  a  no- 
tion of  the  Deity  stumped  on  ihe  mind. 

(iod  lias  stamped  no  original   characters  on 
our  minds,  wherein  we  may  read  his  being. 

Loeke. 

5.  To  make  by  impressing  a  mark ;  as,  to 
stamp  pieces  of  silver. 

G.  To  coin;  to  mint ;  to  form.  Shak. 

STAMP,  v.i.   To  strike  the   foot  forcibly 


downwards. 

But  starts,  exclaims,  and  stamps,  and   raves, 

and  dies.  JJennis. 

STAMIN'EOUS,   a.    [L.  stamiiuus.]     Con-' STAINIP,    n.    Any   instrument   for   making 


sisliiig  of  stamens  or  filaments.  Shimmc-^ 
ous  fiovveis  have  no  corol ;  they  want  the 
colored  leaves  called  petals,  and  consist 
only  of  the  style  and  stamina.  Linne 
calls  lljein  n^e/aiou*  ;  others  imperfect  or  ^. 
incoiiiplete.  .Marlyn.u 

•i.   Pcrlaiiiing  to  the   stamen,  or  attached  to, 
il :  as  a  stuminions  nectarv .  ifec.[L 

STAMINIF'EKOUS,     a.    [L.   stamen    and.r 
fero,  lo  bear.]  I 

A    slaiiiiniferous    flower   is   one    which    has'i 
stamens  wilhoiita  pistil.     A  staminifcrous 
nectary  is  one  that  has  stamens  growing 
on  it.  .Martyn.' 

STAM'MEL,  n.   A  species  of  red  color. 

B.  Jonson. 

2.  A  kind  of  woolen  cloth.     [See  Slamin.] 

I  Co«i.  oil  Chaucer. 

STAM'MER,  r.  i.    [Sax.  stamer,  oni'    who  j 
stammers  ;    Goth,    stamvis,   stammering  :' 

I     Sw.  stamma  ;  G.  stammetn  ;  D.  stamrren  ;  G. 

1     Dan.   stamnter  ;    from    the    root    slam   or! 
stem.     The  primary  sense  is  to  stop,  loset,' 
to  fix.     So  stutter  is  from  the  root  of  stead, 
stud.] 
Literally,   to   slop    in   uttering    syllables  or 
weirds;    to   stiiiler;    to   hesitate   or   fiiller 
in   speaking:  and    hence,    to    speak    with; 
stops  and  ditficuliy.     Demosthenes  is  saidi 
to  ha\e  .s/(T»imii-((/iii  speaking,  and  to  liave/8. 
overcome   the   diflicnlty    by   persevering'! 
efl"orts.  "  ;! 

STAIM'.MFR,  v.t.    To  utter  or  pronounce  9, 

j     with  hesitation  or  imperfcclly.        Beaum.^\ 


impressions  on  other  bodies. 
'I  is  gold  so  pure, 
It  cannot  bear  the  stamp  uithoul  alloy. 

bryden. 

A  mark  imprinted  ;  an  impression. 

'J'lial  -^acrod  name  gives  ornament  and  grace. 

And,  like   his  stamp,  makes   basest   incials 

pass.  Dryden. 

That  which  is  marked  ;  a  thing  stamped. 

Hanging  a  golden  stamp  about  their  necks. 

.SVioA". 
A  picture  eut  in  wood  or  metal,  or  made 
by  impression  ;  a  cut ;  a  plate. 

At  Venice  they  put  out  very  cuiious  stamps 
of  the  several  editices  which  are  most  famous 
for  llieir  beauty   and   magnificence. 

Jidilison. 
A  mark  set  upon  things  chargeable  with 
duty  to  government,  as  eviilence  that  the 
duty  is  paid.  We  see  such  stamps  on 
English  newspapers. 

A  character  of  reputation,  good  or  bad, 
fixed  on  any  thing.  These  persons  have 
the  stamp  of  impiely.  The  Scriptures 
bear  the  stamp  of  a  divine  origin. 

7.  Authority  ;  current    value    derived    from 
suffrage  or  attestation. 

Of  the  same  stamp  is  that  which  is  oht'-mled 
on  us,  that  an  adamant  suspends  the  attraction 
of  ihc  loadstone.  Broum. 

8.  Make;  c.isf ;  form;  character;  as  a  tiiati 
I     of  the  same  stamp,  or  of  a  different  stamp. 

.Idiison. 
In  metallurgy,  a  kind  of  pesili'  raised  hy 
a  water  wheel,  for  beating  ores  to  pow- 


S  T  A 


S  T  A 


S  T  A 


Jer  ;   any    thing   like   a  pestle   used  for 
piiiindinfr  (ir  beating. 

STAMP'-DCTY,    n.    [slamp  and  duty.]     A 
duty  or  tax  imposed  on  paper  and  parch 
nient,   the   evidence   of  the   payment   of 
which  is  a  stamp. 

ST.AMP'ED,  pp.  Impressed  with  a  mark  or 
fiiiiiip;  coined;  imprinted;  deeply  (ixed. 

ST.\MP'ER,  n.  An  instrument  for  pound 
in;;  or  stamping. 

STAIMP'IN(i,  p/)r.  Impressing  witli  a  mark 
or  figure  ;  cuining;  imprinting. 

STAMPING  MILL,  n.  An  engine  used 
in  tin  works  for  breaking  or  bruising  ore. 

STAN,  as  a  termination,  i.s  said  to  have  ex- 
pressed the  superlative  degree;  as  in 
Jllhelstan,  most  noble  ;  Dunstan,  the  higli- 
est.     But  qu.    Stan,  in  Saxon,  is  stone. 

STANCH,  V.  t.  [Fr.  etancher  ;  Arm.  slancoa  ; 
Sp.  Port,  estancar,  to  stop,  to  stanch,  to 
be  over  tired  ;  It.  slancare,  to  weary  ;  .Sp. 
Port,  estaiicia.  a  stay  or  dwelhng  for  a 
time,  an  abode,  and  a  stanza ;  Sp.  estanco, 
a  stop  ;  hence  Fr.  etang,  a  puud,  and  Eng. 
tank.] 

In  a  general  sense,  to  stop  ;  to  set  or  fix  ;  but 
applied  only  to  the  blood  ;  to  stop  the 
flowing  of  blood.  Cold  applications  to 
the  neck  will  often  stanch  the  bleeding  of 
the  nose.  Bacon 

STANCH,  V.  i.  To  stoj),  as  blood  ;  to  cease 
to  flow. 

Immediately  the  issue  of  her  blood  stanched 
Luke  viii. 

STANCH,  a.  [This  is  the  same  word  as 
the  foregoing,  the  |)rimary  sense  of  which 
is  to  set;  hence  the  sense  of  firmness." 

1.  Sound  ;  firm  ;  strong  and  tight ;  as  a  stanch 
ship. 

2.  Firm  in  principle ;  steady  ;  constant  and 
zealous  ;  liearty  ;  as  a  stanch  churchman  ; 
a  stanch  republican  ;  a  stanch  friend  or  ad- 
herent. 

In  politics  I  hear  you're  stanch.  Prior. 

3.  Strong ;  not  to  be  broken.  Shak. 

4.  Firm ;  close. 

This  is  to  be  kept  stanch.  Locke. 

A  stanch  hound,  is  one  that  follows  the  scent 
closely  without  error  or  remissness. 

STANCH' ED,  pp.  Stopped  or  restrained 
fpom  flowing. 

STANCH'ER;  n.  He  or  that  which  stops 
the  flowing  of  blood. 

STANCHING,  ppr.  Stopping  the  flowing 
of  blood. 

STANCH'ION,  n.  [Fr.  etanpon  ;  Arm.  stan- 
gonnu  and  slanconni,  to  prop.  See 
Stanch.] 

A  prop  or  sup])0rt ;  a  piece  of  timber  in  the 
form  of  a  stake  or  ]iost,  used  for  a  sup- 
port. In  sliij>-building,  stanchions  of  wood 
or  iron  are  of  difl'erent  forms,  and  are  used 
to  support  the  deck,  the  quarter  rails,  the 
nettings,  awnings  and  the  like. 

Mar.  Diet. 

STANCH'LKSS,  a.  That  cannot  be  stanch- 
ed or  stopped.  Shak. 

STANCH'NESS,  n.  Soundness ;  firmness 
in  principle;  closeness  of  adherence. 

STAND,  v.i.  prct.  and  pp.  stood.  [Sax. 
Goth,  sliindan.  This  verb,  if  from  the 
root  of  G.  s(f/,fii,  D.  stanen,  Dan.  staaer,' 
Sw.  sl'd,  Sans.  sla.  L.  slo,  is  a  derivative! 
from  th(^  iimin,  which  is  formed  from  the! 
participle  of  t|,c  original  verb.  In  thisj 
case,  the  noun  should  i)ropcrly  precede 


the  verb.  It  may  be  her*  remarked  that 
W  Stan  is  the  radical  word,  stand  ;:T]d  L.  sto 
cannot  he  fronj  the  same  stock.  Hut  stand 
in  the  pret.  is  stood,  and  sto  forms  steti. 
This  induces  a  suspicion  that  stan  is  not 
the  root  of  stand,  but  that  n  is  casual.  I 
am  inclined  however  to  believe  these 
words  to  he  from  diflferent  roots.  The 
Russ.  stoyu,  to  stand,  is  the  L.  slo,  but  it 
signifies  also  to  he,  to  exist,  being  the  sub- 
stantive verb.  So  in  It.  stare,  Sp.  Port. 
eslar.] 

1.  To  be  upon  the  feet,  as  an  animal ;  not  to 
sit,  kneel  or  lie. 

The  absolution  to  be  pronounced  by  the 
priest  alone,  standing.  Com.  Prayer. 

And  the  king  turned  his  face  about  and  bles- 
sed all  the  congregation  of  Israel,  and  all  the 
congregation  of  Israel  stood.     1  Kings  viii. 

2.  To  be  erect,  supported  by  the  roots,  as  a 
tree  or  other  plant.  Notwithstanding  the 
violence  of  the  wind,  the  tree  yet  stands. 

3.  To  lie  on  its  foundation  ;  not  to  be  over- 
thrown or  demolished  ;  as,  an  old  castle  is 
yet  standing. 

4.  To  be  placed  or  situated  ;  to  have  a  cer- 
tain position  or  location.  Paris  stands 
on  the  Seine.  London  stands  on  the 
Thames. 

5.  To  remain  upright,  in  a  moral  sense  ;  not 
to  falL 

To  stand  or  fall. 
Free  in  thy  own  arbitrement  it  lies.    Milton. 

6.  To  become  erect. 
Mute  and  amaz'd,  my  hair  with  horror  stood 

Dry  den. 

7.  To  stop  ;  to  halt ;  not  to  proceed. 
I  charge  thee,  stand. 

And  tell  thy  name.  Dryden. 

8.  To  stop  ;  to  be  at  a  stationary  point. 
Say,  at  what  pari  of  nature  will  they  stand  ? 

Pope 

9.  To  be  in  a  state  of  fixedness  ;  hence,  to 
continue  ;  to  endure.  Our  constitution 
has  stood  nearly  forty  years.  It  is  hoped 
it  will  stand  for  ages. 

Commonwealths  by  virtue  ever  stood. 

Dryden 

10.  To  be  fixed  or  steady  ;  not  to  vacillate. 
His  mind  stands  unmoved. 

11.  To  he  in  or  to  niaintain  a  posture  of  re 
sistance    or    defense.       Approach     witl 
charged   bayonets  ;  the  enemy    will    not 
stand. 

The  king  granted  the  Jews  to  stand  for  their 
life.     Esth.  viii. 

12.  To  be  placed  with  regard  to  order  or 
rank.  Note  the  letter  that  stands  first  in 
order.  Gen.  Washington  stood  highest  in 
public  estimation.  Christian  charity 
stands  first  in  the  rank  of  gracious  affec- 
tions. 

K5.  To  he  in  any  particular  state  ;  Uthe,  em- 
phatically expressed,  that  is,  to  be  fixed  or 
set ;  the  primary  sense  of  the  substantive 
verb.  How  does  the  value  of  wheat  staiiil? 
God  stands  in  no  need  of  our  services,  hut 
we  always  stand  in  need  of  his  aid  and  his 
mercy. 

Accomplish  what  your  signs  foreshow ; 

I  stand  resign'd.  Dryden 

14.  To  continue  unchanged  or  valid  ;  not  to 
fail  or  become  void. 

No  conditions  of  our  peace  can  stand. 

Shak. 
My  iriercy  will   I    keep  for  him,  and  my  co\'. 
enant  shall  stand  fast  with  him.     Ps.  Ixxxix. 


15.  To  consist ;  to  have  its  being  and  es- 
sence. 

Sacrifices — which  stood  only   in  meats  and 
drinks.     Hcb.  ix. 
10.  To  have  a  place. 

This  excellent  roan,  whos<<7odnot  on  the  ad- 
vantage-groimd  before,  provoked  men  of  all 
qualities.  Clarendon, 

17.  To  he  in  any  state.  Let  us  see  how  our 
matters  stand. 

As  thing''  now  stand  with  us —  Calnmy. 

18.  To  be  in  a  particular  respect  or  relation  ; 
as,  to  stand  godtalher  to  one.  We  ought 
to  act  accorrbng  to  the  relation  we  stand 
in  towards  each  other. 

It).  To  he,  with  regard  to  state  of  mind. 
Stand  in  awe,  and  sin  not.     Ps.  iv. 

20.  To  succeed  :  to  njuintain  one's  ground ; 
not  to  fail ;  to  he  aiquiited;  to  be  safe. 

Readers  by  whose  Judgment  I  would  stand 
or  fail —  Spectator. 

21.  To  hold  a  course  at  sea :  as,  to  stajid 
from  the  shore  ;  to  stand  for  the  harbor. 

From    the    same    parts    of  heav'n  bis    navy 
stands.  Dryden. 

22.  To  have  a  direction. 
The  wand  did  not  really  stand  to  the  metal, 

when  placed  under  it.  Boyle. 

23.  To  offer  one's  self  as  a  candidate. 
He  stood  to  be  elected  one  of  the  proctors  of 

the  university.  Saunderson. 

24.  To  place  one's  self;  to  be  placed. 
I  stood  between  the  Lord  and  you  at  that 

time —     Deut.  v. 

25.  To  stagnate  ;  not  to  flow. 
— Or  the  black  water  of  Pomptina  stands. 

Dryden. 
2G.  To  be  satisfied  or  convinced. 

Though  Page  be  a  secure  fool,  and  stand  so 
firmly  on  his  wife's  frailty —  .\"Aaft. 

27.  To  make  delay.     I  cannot  stand  to  ex- 
mine  every  particular. 

28.  To  persist ;  to  persevere. 
Never  stand  in  a  lie  when  thou  art  accused. 

Taylor. 

29.  To  adhere  ;  to  abide. 
Despair  w  ould  stand  to  the  sword.      Daniel. 

30.  To  be  |iermaiipnt ;  to  endure;  not  to 
vanish  or  fade  ;  as,  the  color  will  stand. 

To  stand  by,  to  he  near;  to  be  a  spectator; 
to  be  present.  I  stood  by  when  the  opera- 
tion was  perforii:ed.  This  phrase  gener- 
ally implies  that  the  person  is  inactive,  or 
takes  no  part  in  wliat  is  done.  In  sea- 
men's language,  to  stand  by  is  to  attend 
and  he  ready.  Stand  by  the  halianls. 
To  be  aside  ;  to  be  placed  aside  with  dis- 
regard. 

In  the  mean  time,  we  let  the  commande 
stand  by  neglected.  Decay  of  Piety. 

To  maintain  ;  to  defend  ;  to  support;  not 
to  desert.  I  will  stand  by  tny  friend  to  the 
last.  Let  us  stand  by  our  country.  "  To 
stand  by  the  .Arundclian  marbles,"  in  Pope, 
is  to  defend  or  support  their  genuineness. 
4.  To  rest  on  for  support;  to  be  supported. 
This  reply  standelli  by  conjecture. 

Whilsifte. 
To  stand  for,  to  oiler  one's  self  as  a  caiuliilale. 
How  many  .s/o/K/yiji- consulships  ? — Thiee. 

Shak. 

2.  To  side  with  ;  to  support  ;  to  maintain, 
or  to  profess  or  attempt  to  maintain.  We 
all  stand  for  freedom,  for  our  rights  or 
elairiis. 

3.  To  be  in  the  place  of:  to  be  the  snhsti- 
tnle  <ir  reprisentativi'  of  A  {'iplicr  :it  the 
left  hand  of  a  figure  stands  for  nothing. 


S  T  A 


S  T  A 


S  T  A 


1  will  not  trouble  myself,  whether  these 
names  stand  for  the  same  thing,  or  really  in- 
clude one  another.  Locke. 

4.  In  seameii's  language,  to  direct  the  course 
towards. 

To  stand  from,  to  direct  the  course  from. 

To  stand  one  in,  to  cost.  The  coat  stands 
him  in  twenty  dollars. 

To  stand  in,  or  stand  in  for,  in  seamen's  lan- 
guage, is  to  direct  a  course  towards  land 
or  a  harbor. 

To  stand  off,  to  keep  at  a  distance.     Dryden. 

2.  Not  to  comply.  Shak. 

3.  To  keep  at  a  distance  in  friendship  or  so- 
cial intercourse  ;  to  forbear  intimacy. 

We  standoff  (rota  an  acquaintance  with  God. 

^ttertjjiry. 

4.  To  appear  prominent ;  to  have  rehef 

Pictuic  is  best  when  it  atandeth  off',  as  if  it 
were  carved.  IVotton 

To  stand  off,  or  off  from,  in  seamen's  lan- 
guage, is  to  direct  the  course  from  land 
To  stand  off  and  on,  is  to  sail  towards  land 
and  then  from  it. 
To  stand  out,  to  project ;  to  be  prominent. 
Their  eyes  stand  out  with  falness.  Ps 
Ixxiii. 

2.  To  persist   in   o|)positioii   or  resistance 
not  to  yield  or  comi)ly ;  not  to  give  way 
or  recede. 

His  spirit  is  come  in, 
That  so  stood  out  against  the  holy  church. 

Shak. 

3.  With  seamen,  to  direct  the  course  from 
land  or  u  harbor. 

To  stand  to,  to  ply  ;  to  urge  efforts ;  to  per- 
severe. 

Stand  to  your  tackles,   mates,  and  stretch 
your  oars.  Dryden. 

2.  To  remain  fixed  in  a  jmrpose  or  opinion. 

I  sUU  stand  to  it,  that  this  is  his  sense. 

Stillingfleet. 

3.  To  abide  by  ;  to  adhere  ;  as  to  a  contract, 
assertion,  promise,  &e. ;  as,  to  stand  to  an 
award  ;  to  stand  to  one's  word. 

4.  Not  to  yield;  not  to  fly  ;  to  maintain  the 
ground.  • 

Their  lives  and  fortunes  were   put  in  safety 

whether  they  stood  to  it  or  ran  away.       Bacon. 

To  stand  to  sea,  to  direct  the  course   from 

land. 
To  stand  under,  to  undergo  ;  to  sustain. 

Shak. 
To  stand  up,  to  rise  from  sitting;   to  be  on 
the  feet. 

2.  To  arise  in  order  to  gain  notice. 

Against  whom  when  tlie  accusor.s  stood  vp, 
they  brought  no  accusation  of  such  things  as  ! 
supposed.     Acts  xxv. 

3.  To  make  a  party. 

When  we  stood  up  about  the  corn —      Shah. 

To  stand  tip  for,  to  defend;  to  justify;  to 
support,  or  attempt  to  support  ;  as,  to 
stand  lip  for  the  administration. 

To  s/oHrf«;jo)i,  to  concern  ;  to  interest.  Does 
it  not  stand  upon  them  to  examine  the 
grounds  of  their  opinion  ?  This  phrase  is, 
I  believe,  obsolete ;  but  we  say,  it  stands 
us  in  hand,  that  is,  it  is  our  concern,  it  is 
for  our  interest. 

2.  To  value ;  to  pride. 

We  highly  esteem  and  sta7id  much  upon  our 
birth.  Say 

3.  To  insist ;  as,  to  stand  xipon  security. 

Shak. 
To  stand  with,  to  be  consistent.  The  faithful, | 
servants  of  God  wijl  receive  what  they  11 

Vol.  11. 


pray  for,  so  far  as  stands  with  his  purposesj 

and  glory. 

It  stands  with  reason  that  they  should  be  re- 
warded liberally.  Dames. ^ 
To  stand  together,  is  used,  but  the   last  two 

phrases  arc  not  in  very  general  use,  and 

arc  perhaps  growing  obsolete. 
To  stand  against,  to  ojipose  ;  to  resist. 
To  standfast,  to  be  fixed  ;  to  be  unshaken  or 

nmiovable. 
To  stand  in  hand,  to  be  important  to  one's 

interest ;  to  be  necessary  or  advantageous. 

It  stands  us  in  hand  to  bo  on  good  terms 

with  our  neighbors. 
STAND,    V.  t.    To  endure  ;  to   sustain  ;  to 

bear.     I  cannot  stand  the  cold  or  the  heat 

2.  To  endure ;  to  resist  without  yielding  or 
receding. 

So  had  1  stood  the  shock  of  angry  fate. 

Smith. 
He  stood  the  furious  foe.  Pope. 

3.  To  await ;  to  suffer  ;  to  abide  by. 
Bid  hini  disband  the  legions — 

And  stand  the  judgment  of  a  Koman  senate. 

Mddison. 
To  stand  one's  ground,  to  keep  the  ground  or 
station  otie  has  taken  ;  to  maintain  one's 
position  ;  in  a    literal  or  figurative  sense  ; 
as,  an  army  stands  its  ground,  when   it  is 
not  compelled  to  retreat.     A  man  stands 
his  ground  in  an  argument,  when  he  is  able 
to  maintain  it,  or  is  not  refuted. 
To  stand  it,  to  bear ;  to  be  able  to  endure  ; 
or  to   maintain  one's  ground  or  state  ;  a 
popular  phrase. 
To  stand  trial,  is  to  sustain  the  trial  or  exam 
ination  of  a  cause  ;  not  to  give  up  with- 
out trial. 
STAND,  n.  [Sans,  stana,  a  place,  a  mansion, 
state,  &c.] 

A  stop  ;  a  halt  ;  as,  to  make  a  stand ;  to 
come  to  a  stand,  either  in  walking  or  in 
any  progressive  business. 

The  liorse  made  a  stand,  when  he  charged 
them  and  routed  them.  Clarendon. 

A  station  ;  a  place  or  post  where  one 
stands;  or  a  place  convenient  for  persons^ 
to  remain  for  any  purpose.  The  sellers  of 
fruit  have  their  several  stands  in  the 
market. 

1  took  my  stand  upon  an  eminence. 

Spectator. 

3.  Rank  ;  post ;  station. 
Kalher,  since  your  fortune  did  attain 
So  high  a  stand,  1  mean  not  to  descend. 

Daniel. 
[In  lieu  of  this,  standing  is  now  used, 
lie  is  a  man  of  high  standing  in  his  own 
country.] 

4.  The  act  of  opposing. 
We  have  come  off 

Like  Romans  ;  neither  foolish  in  om"  staTlds, 
Nor  cowardly  in  retire.  Shak. 

5.  The  highest  point;  or  the  ultimate  point 
of  progression,  where  a  stop  is  made,  and 
regressive  motion  coniinences.  The  pop- 
ulation of  the  world  will  not  come  to  a 
stand,  while  the  means  of  subsistence  can 
be  obtained.  The  prosperity  of  the  Ko- 
man empire  came  to  a  stand  in  the  reign 
of  Augustus;  after  which  it  declined. 

Vice  is  at  statid,  and  at  tlie  highest  How. 

Drydej}. 
G.  A  young  tree,  usually  reserved  when  the 

other  trees  are  cut.     [English.] 
7.  A  small  table  ;  as  a  candle-s/anrf  ;  or  any 
frame  on  which  vessels  and  utensils  raav 


be  laid. 


80 


8.  In  commerce,  a  weight  of  from  two  hun- 
dred and  a  half  to  three  hundred  of  pitch. 

Encyc. 

9.  Something  on  which  a  thing  rests  or  is 
laid  ;  as  a  hay-statid. 

Stand  of  arms,  in  military  affairs,  a  musket 
will)  its  usual  appendages,  as  a  bayonet, 
cartridge  box,  iScc.  Marsliall. 

To  he  at  a  stand,  to  stop  on  account  of  .>.ome 
doubt  or  difficulty  ;  liencc,  to  be  perplex- 
ed ;  to  be  embarrassed ;  to  hesitate  what 
to  determine,  or  what  to  do. 

STAND'ARD,  n.  [\\.  stendardo ;  Fr.  etend- 
ard ;  Sp.  tslandarte  ;  D.  slandaard ;  G. 
standarte;  stand  and  ard,  sort,  kuid.] 

1.  An  ensign  of  war  ;  a  staff'  with  a  flag  or 
colors.  The  troo|)s  repair  to  their  stand- 
ard. The  royal  s(a7it<a)(/ of  Great  Britain 
is  a  flag,  in  wliich  the  imperial  ensigns  of 
Engl<in<l,  Scotland  and  Ireland  are  quar- 
tered with  the  armorial  bearings  of  Hano- 
ver. 

His  armies,  in  the  following  day. 
On  those  fair  plains  their  startdaras  proud 
display.  Fairfax. 

2.  That  which  is  established  by  sovereign 
power  as  a  rule  or  measure  by  which 
others  are  to  be  adjusted.  Thus  the  Win- 
chester bushel  is  the  standard  of  measures 
in  Great  Britain,  and  is  adopted  in  the  U. 
States  as  their  standard.  So  of  weights 
and  of  long  measure. 

3.  That  which  is  established  as  a  rule  or 
model,  by  the  authority  of  public  opinion, 
or  by  respectable  opinions,  or  by  custom 
or  general  consent;  as  writings  which  are 
admitted  to  be  the  standard  of  style  and 
taste.  Homer's  Iliad  is  the  standard  of 
heroic  poetry.  Demosthenes  and  Cicero 
are  the  standards  of  oratory.  Of  modern 
eloquence,  we  have  an  excellent  standard 
in  tlie  speeches  of  lord  Chatham.  Addi- 
son's writings  furnish  a  good  standard  of 
pure,  chaste  and  elegant  English  style.  It 
is  not  an  easy  thing  to  erect  a  standard  of 
taste. 

4.  In  coinage,  the  proportion  of  weight  of 
fine  metal  and  alloy  established  by  au- 
thority. The  coins  of  England  and  of  the 
United  States  are  of  nearly  the  same 
standard. 

By  the  present  standard  of  the  coinage,  sixty 
two  shillings  is  coined  out  of  one  pound  weight 
of  silver.  Arbuthnot. 

5.  A  standing  tree  or  stem  ;  a  tree  not  sup- 
j)orted  or  attaclied  to  a  wall. 

Pl.ant  fruit  of  all  sorts  and  standard,  mural, 
or  shrubs  which  lose  their  leaf.  Evelyn. 

G.  In  ship-building,  an  inverted  knee  placed 
upon  the  deck  instead  of  beneath  it,  with 
its  vertical  branch  turned  upward  from 
that  which  lies  horizontally.        Mar.  Diet. 

7.  In  botany,  the  upper  petal  or  banner  of  a 
papilionaceous  corol.  Martyn. 

STANDARD-BEARER,  n.  [standard  and 
bear.] 

An  officer  of  an  army,  company  or  troop, 
that  bears  a  standard  ;  an  ensign  of  in- 
fantry or  a  cornet  of  liorse. 

STAND-CROP,  ?!.  A  plant.  Aiimcorih. 

ST  .AND' EL,  71.  A  tree  of  long  standing. 
[A'ot  used.]  Howell. 

STAND'ER,  n.  One  who  stands. 

2.  A  tree  that  has  stood  long.    [Xot  used.] 

Ascham. 


S  T  A 


S  T  A 


8TAND'ER-BY,  n.  One  that  stands  near  ;||STANK,  n.  [W.  i/stanc.  See  Sancfc]  A  dam 
one  that  is  present;  a  mere  spectator.  [We,      or  .nomid  to  stop  water.     [Local.] 
^ow  more  generally  use  b/slandtr.]  ;  STAN'N  ARY   a.   [trotn  Usiannum,  t.n,  Ir. 

Hooker.     Addison.:-     slan  ;  \^ .  yslaen.     See  Tin.] 

STANDER-GRASS,  n.  A  plant.  (L.  .,;«-i  Relating  to  the  tin  works;  as  stannan/romts 
tyrion.] 

STANDING,  ppr.  Being  on  the  feet 


AikswoHh.':  Blackston, 

l,gi„„  STAN'NARY,  n.  A  tin  mine.  Hall. 

erect      ISee '.StoTirf  1  "l  .STAN'N EL,  ^        The  ke.slrel,  a  species  of; 

Movinihracertml.  direction  to  or  from' STAN' Y  EL,  S  "^  hawk;  called  also  .(one-; 
an  object.  |l     ff""  ^"''  "^'"i-hover.  t,d.  hncyc.^ 

a.  Settled ;  established,  either  by  law  or; 


by  custom,  &c. ;  continually  existing  ;  per- 
manent ;  not  temporary  ;  as  a  standing  ar-! 
my.  Money  is  the  standing  measure  of 
the  value  of  all  other  commodities.  Le- 
gislative bodies  have  certain  standing 
rules  of  proceeding.  Courts  of  law  are  or 
ouyht  to  be  governed  by  standing  rules. 
There  are  standing ru]es  of  pleading.  The^ 
gospel  furnishes  us  with  standing  rules  of 
morality.  The  Jews  by  their  dispersionj 
and  their  present  condition,  are  a  stand- 
ing eViAcnce  of  the  truth  of  revelation  ami 
of  the  prediction  of  Moses.  Many  fash- 
ionable vices  and  follies  ought  to  be  the 
standing  objects  of  ridicule. 

4.  Lasting ;  not  transitory  ;  not  liable  to  fade 
or  vanish  ;  as  a  standing  color. 

5.  Stagnant ;  not  flowing  ;  as  standing  wa- 
ter. 

6.  Fixed  ;  not  movable  ;  as  a  standing  beil ; 
distinguished  from  a  tntckk  bed.        Shnk. 

7.  Remaining  erect ;  not  cut  down  ;  as  stand- 
ing corn. 

Standing  rigging,  of  a  ship.  This  consists 
of  the  cordage  or  ropes  which  sustain  tlie] 
masts  and  remain  fixed  in  their  position.  1 
Such  are  the  shrouds  and  stays.  | 

STAND'ING,  n.  Continuance  ;  duration  or; 
existence ;  as  a  custom  of  long  standing.    | 

2.  Possession  of  an  office,  character  or  place  ;' 
as  a  patron  or  officer  of  long  standing. 

3.  Station  ;  place  to  stand  in. 

I  will  provide  you  with  a  good  standing  to 
see  his  entry.  Bacon. 

4.  Power  to  stand. 

1  sink  in  deep  mire,  where  there  is  no  stand- 
ing.    Ps.  Ixix. 

5.  Rank  ;  condition  in  society  :  as  a  man  of 
good  standing  or  of  high  standing  among 
his  friends. 

STAND'ISH,  71.  [stand  and  dish.]  A  case  for 

pen  and  ink. 

1  bequcatli   to  Dean  Swift  my  large  silver 

standish.  Swift. 

STANE,  71.  [Sax.  stan.]    A  stone.     [Local.] 

[See  Stone.] 
STANG,  71.   [Sax.   ,v((E7i^,   steng,   a  pole  or 

stick  ;  Dan.  slang  ;  G.  stangc  ;  Sw.  stang  : 

It.  stnnga,  a  bar ;   W.  ystang,  a  pole  or 

perch;  a\\\cd  lo  slitig  am\  stanchion ;  from 

shooting.] 

1.  A  pole,  rod  or  perch;  a  measure  of  land. 
[JVot  in  use.]  Swift. 

2.  A  long  bar;  a  pole  ;  a  shaft. 
To  ride  the  slang,  is  to  be  carried  on  a  jiole 

on  men's  shoulders,  in  derision.    [Local.] 

Todd. 
STANG,  V.  i.  To  shoot  with  pain.  [Local.] 

Gro.Sf. 
STANK,  a.  Weak  ;  worn  out.  [M'otin  use.] 

Spenser. 
STANK,  1).  i.  To  sigh.     [Xot  vsfd.] 
ST.ANK,  old  pret.  of  stink.    Stunk  is  now 
used. 


STAN'NIe,  a.  Pertaining  to  tin  ;  procured 


from  tin  ;  as  the  stannic  acid.       Lavoisitr. 
STAN'ZA,  71.  [It.  stanza,  an  abode  or  lodg- 
ing,  a   stanza,  that   is,  a  stop  ;  Sp.  Port, 
estancia,  Irom  estancar,  to  stop  ;  Fr.  steTice, 
See  Stanch.] 
In  poetry,  a  number  of  lines  or  verses  con- 
nected with   each  other,  and  ending  in  a 
full  point  or  pause  ;  a  part  of  a  poem  con 
tainiiig  every  variation  of  measure  in  that 
poem.     A  stanza  may  contain  verses  of  a] 
difl'erent  length    or   number  of  syllables, 
and   a  difl'erent  number  of  verses ;  or  it 
may   consist   of  verses  of  equal   length. 
Stanzas  are  said  to  have  been  first  intro- 
duced from  the  Italian  into  French  poetry 
about   the  year    1580,   and    thence    they 
were  introduced  into  England.     The  ver 
sions  of  the  Psalms  present  examples  of 
various  kinds  of  stanzas. 

Horace  confines  himself  to  one  sort  of  verse 

or  stanza  in  every  ode.  Drydtn 

STAP'AZIN,  71.  A  bird,  a  species  of  warh 

ler. 
STA'PLE,  71.   [Qax.stapel,  stapul,  a  stake; 
D.  stapel,  a  pile,  stocks,  staple  ;  slapelen,  tol 
pile;  G.  slapel,  a  stake,  a  pile  or  heap,  a] 
staple,  stocks,  a   mart;  Sw.  stapel;  Dan. I 
slabel,  a  staple ;  stabler,  to   pile  ;  stabbe,  a 
block  or  log ;  slab,  a  stuff.     Wa  see  thl^ 
word  is  from  the  root  of  staff.     The  pri- 
mary seii.se  of  the  root  is  to  set,  to  fix.  Sta- 
ple is  that  which  is  fixed,  or  a  fixed  place, 
or  it  is  a  pile  or  store  ] 
1.  A  settled  mart  or  market;  an  emporium 
In    Eiifiland,    formerly,  the  king's  staple 
was  established  in  certain  ports  or  towns, 
and  certain  goods  could  not   be  exported, 
without  being  first  brought  to  these  ports 
to  be   rated  and   charged    with  the  duty 
payable  to  the  king  or  public.     The  iirin- 
cipal  commodities  on  which  customs  were 
levied,  were  icool,   skins    and  lethtr,  and: 
these  were  originally  the  staple  coiiiiiH'di- 
ties.     Hence  the  words  staple  commodities, 
came  in  time  to  signify  the  piim-ipal  com- 
modities produced  by  a  coiintiy  for  export- 
ation  or   use.     Thus   cotton   is  the  staple 
commoditi/  of  South  Carolina,  Geor!.;ia  ami 
other  southern  states  of  Ameiica.    Wheat 
is  the  staple  of  Pennsylvania   and   New 
York. 

A  city  or  town  where  merchants  agree  to 
carry  certain  commodities. 
:i.  The  thread  or  pile  of  wool,  cotton  or  flax. 
Thus  we  say,  this  is  wool  of  a  coarse  sta 
pie,  ov  fine  staple.     In   Ainerica,  cotton  i 
of  a  sliort  staple,  long  staple,  fine  staple. 
&c.     The  cotton  of  short  staple  is  raised 
on  the  upland  ;  the  sea-island  cotton  is  of 
a  fine  long  staple. 

[W.  ystifjwi]  A  loop  of  iron,  or  a  bar  or 
wire  bent  and  formed  with  two  points  to 
be  driven  into  wood,  to  hold  a  hook,  pin, 
&c.  Pope- 


STA 

Staple  of  land,  the  particular  nature  and  quai= 

ty  ot  land. 

STA'PLE.  a.  Settled  ;  established  in  com- 
merce :  as  a  staple  trade. 
2.  According  to  the  laws  of  commerce ;  mark- 
table  ;  fit  to  be  sold.     [Ao<  much  used.] 

Swift. 

.3.  Chief;  principal ;  regularly  produced  or 
made  tiir  market ;  as  staple  commodities. 
[This  is  now  the  most  general  acceptation  of 
the  word.] 
STA'PLER,  71.  A  dealer;  as  a  v/oo\ stapler. 
ST'AR,  Ji.  [Sax.  steorra;  Dan.  Sw.  stierna ; 
G.  stern;  D.  star;  Arm.  Corn,  steren ; 
Basque,  tarro  ;  Gr.  af>;p  ;  Sans,  tara  ; 
Bengal,  stara ;  Pehlavi,  setaram  ;  Pers. 
setareh  or  stara.] 

An  apparently  small  luminous  body  in  the 
heavens,  that  appears  in  the  night,  or 
when  its  light  is  not  obscured  by  clouds 
or  lost  in  the  brighter  eflulgence  of  the 
sun.  Stars  are  fixed  or  planetary.  The 
fixed  stars  are  known  by  their  perpetual 
twinkling,  and  by  their  being  always  in 
the  .same  position  in  relation  to  each  oth- 
er. The  planets  do  not  twinkle,  and  they 
revolve  about  the  sun.  The  stars  are 
world.s,  and  their  immense  numbers  ex- 
hibit the  astonishing  extent  of  creation 
and  of  divine  power. 
The  pole-star.  [A  particular  application, 
not  in  use.]  Shak. 

In  astrology,  a  configuration  of  the  plan- 
ets, supposed  to  influence  fortune.  Hence 
the  expression,  "  You  may  thank  your 
stars  for  such  and  such  an  event." 

A  pair  of  s(or-cross'd  lovers.  Shak. 

The  figure  of  a  star  ;  a  radiated  mark  in 
writing  or  printing;  an  asterisk  ;  thus  *; 
used  as  a  reference  to  a  note  in  the  mar- 
gin, or  to  fill  a  blank  in  writing  or  print- 
ing where  letters  are  omitted. 

n  iScri;)hi)f,  Christ  is  called  ihebright  and 
mnrniug  star,  the  star  that  ushers  in  the 
light  of  an  eternal  day  to  his  people.  Rev. 
xxii. 

Ministers  are  also  called  starsin  ChrisVs 
right  hand,  as,  being  supported  and  direct- 
ed by  Christ,  they  convey  light  anil  knowl- 
edge to  the  followers  of  Christ.     Rev.  i. 

The  twelve  stars  which  form  the  crown 
of  the  church,  are   the   twelve    apostles. 
Rev.  xii. 
The  fifjure  of  a  star  ;  a  badge  of  rank  ;  as 


:?. 


5. 


ti. 


stars  and  garters. 

The  pole-star,  a  bright  star  in  the  tail  of 
Ursa  minor,  so  called  from  its  being  very 
near  the  north  polo. 

Star  of  Belhlthem,  :i  tlower  and  plant  of  the 
genus  Ornillii.galiiin.  There  is  also  the 
star  of  Alexandria,  and  of  Naples,  and  of 
Constantinople,  of  the  same  genus. 

Cyc.     Lee. 

ST'AR,  r.  /.  To  set  or  adorn  with  stars  or 
blight  radiating  bodies:  to  l>espangle  ;  as 
a  robe  starred  with  gems, 
s  ST'AR-AI'PLE,  71.  A  globular  or  olive- 
shaped  fleshy  fruil,  inclosing  a  stone  of 
the  same  shape.  It  grows  in  the  warm 
climates  of  America,  and  is  eaten  by  way 
of  dessert.  It  is  of  the  genus  Clirysophyf- 
Itiin.  Jihller.     Cyc. 

ST'AR-FISn,  71.  [star  niM]  fsh.]  The  sea 
star  or  asteria.s,  a  genus  of  inarine  ani- 
mals or  zoophytes,    so    named   because 


S  T  A 

their  body  is  divided  into  rays,  generally 
five  ill  luiiiibcr,  iu  the  center  of  whicli  and 
below  la  the  mouth,  whicli  is  the  only 
oritice  of  the  alimentary  canal.  They 
are  covered  with  a  coriaceous  skin,  arm- 
ed with  points  or  spines  and  pierced 
with  numerous  small  holes,  arranged  in 
regular  series,  through  which  pass  mem-: 
braiiiiceous  tentacula  or  feelers,  terminat- 
ed each  by  a  little  disk  or  cup,  by  means 
of  whicii  they  execute  their  progressive! 
motions.  Cuvier.i 

STAR-FLOWER,  n.  A  plant,  n  species  of 

Oriiitliogaluni.  Q/<^- 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Stellaria.  Lee.i 

STARGAZER,  n.  [star  and  g-azer.]  One 
who  gazes  at  the  stars ;  a  term  of  con- 
tempt lor  an  astrologer,  sometimes  used 
ludicrously  for  an  astronomer. 

STARGAZING,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of, 
observing  the  stars  with  attention  ;  astrol- 
ogy. Siinfl 

STAR-GRASS,  n.  [star  and  grow.]  Starry! 
duck  meat,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Calli- 
triche.  Lee. 

STAR-HAWK,  n.  A  species  of  hawk  so 
called.  Mnsicorth. 

STAR-HYACINTH,  n.  A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Scilla. 

STAR-JELLY,  71.  A  plant,  the  Tremella, 
one  of  the  Fungi  ;  also,  star-shoot,  a  gela- 
tinous substance. 

STARLEtiS,  a.  Having  no  stars  visible  or 
no  starlight ;  as  a  starless  night. 

Milton.     Dryden. 

STARLIGHT,    n.    [sUir  anA  light.]     The 
light  proceeding  from  the  stars. 
Nor  walk  by  moan 
Or  glittering  starlight,  without  thee  is  sweet. 

Arilton. 

ST'ARLIGHT,  a.  Lighted  by  the  stars,  or 
by  the  stars  only  ;  as  a  starlight  evening,  i 

Dryden. 

ST.ARLIKE,  a.  [star  and  like.]  Reseiii-i 
bling  a  star  ;  stellated ;  radiated  like  a 
star  ;  as  slarlike  flowers.  Mortimer. 

2.  Bright  ;  illustrious. 

The    h;iving   Uirneil    many   to   righteousness 
shall  confer  i  slarlike  and  inmiorlal  biightness. 

Bui/le. 

STARLING,    n.     [Sax.  stwr ;  Sw.  stare.] 

1.  .\  bird,  the  stare,  of  the  geinis  Sturiius. 

2.  A  defense  to  the  piers  of  bridges. 
STA'ROST,    n.     In   Poland,  a   feudatory; 

one  who  holds  a  fief 

STA'ROSTY,  n.  A  fief;  an  estate  held  by 
feudal  service. 

STAR  PAVED,  a.  [star  and  paved.]   Stud- 
ded with  stars. 
The  road  oftieaven  star-paved.  Jifdlun 

STAR-PROOF,  rt.  [star  and  proof .  Imper- 
vious to  the  light  of  the  stars  ;  as  a  star-' 
proof  vhn.  Milton.l 

ST'AK-REAU,  n.  [star  and  read.]  Doctrine 
of  the  stars ;  astronomy.     [jVot  in  use.] 

Spenser.'. 

ST'ARRED,  pp.  or  a.  [from  star.]  Adorii-| 
ed  or  Sliidiled  with  stars;  as  the  starred 
queen  of  Ethiopia.  Milton. 

2.  liitiuenced  in  fortune  by  the  stars. 
My  third  comfort, 
Slarr'd  most  unluckily —  Shak.' 

ST'.MiRlNG,  j/pr.ura.  Adorning  with  stars. 

2.  Soiiiiug-  i  unght ;   sparkhug  ;  as  starring 


S  T  A 


comets.    [JSlot  in  use.] 


ST>ARR Y,  a.  [from  star.]  Abounding  witbj 
stars  ;  adorned  with  stars. 
Above  tlie  clouds,  above  the  starry  sky. 

Pope.] 

2.  Consisting    of  stars  ;   stellar  ;   stellary  ;; 

proceeding  from  the  stars  ;  as  starry  light  ;| 

starry  flame.  Spen.'<er.     Dryden 

:i.  Shining  like  stars ;  reseiiibling  stars  ;  as 

tttnrry  eyes.  Hhak. 

STAR-SH(30T,  »i.   [star  and  shoot.]     That 

whicli  is  emitted  from  a  star. 

I  have  seen  a  f;ood  quantity  of  that  jelly,  by 
the  vulgar  called  a  slar-shoot,  as  if  it  remained 
upon  tlie  extinction  of  a  falling  star.  Bacon. 
[The  writer  once  saw  the  same  kind  of 
substance  from  a  brilliant  meteor,  at  Am- 
herst in  Massachusetts.  See  Journ.  of 
Science  for  a  description  of  it  by  Rufus 
Graves,  Esq.] 
STAR-STONE,  n.  Asteria,  a  kind  of  ex- 
traneous fossil,  consisting  of  regular  joints, 
each  of  which  is  of  a  radiated  figure. 

Encyc. 
STAR-THISTLE,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 

Centaurea. 
STAR-WORT,   Ji.   A  plant  of  the   genus 
Aster,  and  another  of  the  genus   Iridax 
The  yellow  star-wort  is  of  the  genus  Inula 
or  elecampane. 
STARBOARD,    n.    [Sax.  steor-board;  G. 
stcuerbort,  as  if  from  steuer,  the  rudder  or 
helm  ;  D.sluur-bord,  as  if  from  stuur,  helm  ; 
Sw.  Dan.  styr-bord.    But  in  Fr.  .•ifn'fcon/,  Sp. 
estribor,  Ann.  strybourz  or  striboiirh,  are  said 
to  be   contracted   from   dczler-bord,  right 
side.     1   know   not   from   what   particular 
construction  of  a  vessel  the  helm  should 
give  name  to  the  right  hand  side,  unless 
from  the  tiller's  being   held   by  the  right 
hand,  or  at  the  right  side  of  the  steers- 
man.] 
The  right  hand  side  of  a  ship  or  boat,  when 
a  spectator  stands  with  his  face  towards 
the  head,  stem  or  prow. 
STARBOARD,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  right 
hand  side  of  a  ship  :  being  or  lying  on  the 
right  side  ;  as  the  starfcoorrf  shrouds  ;  star- 
board  quarter  ;   starboard  tack.     In   sea- 
manship, starboard,  uttered  by  the  master 
of  a  ship,  is  an  order  to  the  helmsman  to 
put  the  helm  to  the  starboard  side. 

Mar.  Diet. 
STARCH,  71.   [Sax.  s(fnrc,  rigid,  stiff;  G. 
s(rJrAe,  strength,  starch;  starA,  strong;  D. 
sterk,  Dan.  stwrk,  Sw.  stark,  strong.    See 
Stare  and  Steer.] 
A  substance  u.sed  to  stiffen  linen  and  other 
cloth.     It  is  the  fecula  of  flour,  or  a  siib-j 
stance  that   subsides   from    water  mixed 
with  wheat  flour.     It   is  sometimes  made] 
from  potatoes.     Stunh  forms  ihe  greatest 
portion  of  farinaceous  substances,  particu- 
larly of  v\lieat  flour,  and  it  is  the  chief  ali 
ment  of  bread. 
ST'ARCH,  a.  Stiff;  precise;  rigid. 

Kitlingbeek. 
ST'ARCH.  V.  t.  To  stiffen  with  starch. 

Gay. 

STAR-CHAMBER,  7i.  Formerly,  a  court 

of  criminal  jurisdiction  in  England.    This 

court  was  abolished  by  Stat   Jti  Charles  I. 

See  Blackstone,  B.  iv.  ch.  xix. 

STARCHED,  pp.  Stifl'ened  with  starch. 

•i.  a.  Stiff;   prtcise  ;  formal.  Sirifl. 

STARCH  I. D;s  ESS,    ti.    Stiffness  in  ni.in- 

ners ;  formality.  Addison. 


S  T  A 

ST'ARCHER,  7i.  One  who  starches,  or 
whose  occupation  is  to  starch.       Johnson. 

STARCHING,  ;);jr.  Stiffening  with  starch. 

ST' ARCHLY,  adv.  With  stiffness  of  man- 
ner ;  formally. 

ST' ARCHNESS,  ti.  Stiffness  of  manner; 
preciseness. 

STARCHY,  a.  Stiff;  precise. 

STARE,  71.  [Sax. star;  G.stahr;  Sw. store.] 
A  bird,  the  starling. 

STARE,  V.  I.  [Sax.  starian  ;  Dan.  stirrer; 
Sw.  stirra ;  G.  starren;  D.  staaren.  In 
Sw.  stirra  utfngren,  is  to  spread  one's  fin- 
gers. The  sense  then  is  to  open  or  ex- 
tend, and  it  seems  to  be  closely  allied  to 
G.  Starr,  stiff,  and  to  starch,  stern,  which 
imply  straining,  tension.] 

1.  To  gaze ;  to  look  with  fixed  eyes  wide 
o[)en ;  to  fasten  an  earnest  look  on  some 
object.  Staring  is  produced  by  wonder, 
surprise,  stupidity,  horror,  fright  and  some- 
times by  eagerness  to  hear  or  learn  some- 
thing, sometimes  by  impudence.  We  say, 
be  stared  with  astonishment. 

Look  not  big,  nor  stare,  nor  fret.  Shak. 

2.  To  stand  out ;  to  be  prominent. 
Take  oH'  all  the  staring  straws  and  jaggs  ia 

the  hive.     [.Yot  used.]  Mortimer. 

To  stare  in  the  face,  to  be  before  the  eyes  or 

undeniably  evident. 

The  law  stares  them  in  the  face,  while  they 

arc  breaking  il.  Locke. 

STARE,  n.    A  fixed   look  with  eyes  wide 

open.  Dryden. 

STA'RER,  71.  One  who  stares  or  gazes. 
STA'RING,    ppr.     Gazing;   looking   with 

fixed  eyes. 
STARK,  a.  [Sax.  slerc,  stearc  ;  D.  sterk  ;  G. 

stark,  stiff,  strong ;  formed  on  the  root  of 

the  G.  Starr,  stiff,  rigid,   Eng.  s<efr;  from 

straining,  stretching.  See  Starch  and  Steer.] 

1.  Stiff;  strong  ;  rugged. 
Many  a  nobleman  lies  stark  and  stiff. 
Under  the  hoofs  of  vaunting  enemies.      Shak. 
The  north  is  not  so  stark  and  cold.     Obs. 

B.  Jonson. 
Deep;  full;  profound;  absolute. 
Consider  the  stark  security 
The  commonwealth  is  in  now.     Obs. 

B.  Jonson. 

3.  Mere  ;  gross  ;  absolute. 
He  pronounces  the  citation  stark  nonsense. 

Collier. 

STARK,  adv.  Wholly  ;  entirely  ;  absolute- 
ly; as  stark  mad;  stark  blind;  stark  na- 
ked. These  are  the  principal  applications 
of  this  vvoril  now  in  use.  The  word  is  in 
popular  u.-.e,  but  not  an  elegant  word  in 
any  of  its  aiiplications. 

ST'ARKLY,  adv.  Stiffly  ;  strongly.     Ohs. 

Slink. 

ST'ART,  V.  i.  [D.  storten,  to  pour,  to  spill,  to 
fall,  to  rush,  to  tumble  ;  Sw.  sti'rta,  to  roll 
upon  the  head,  to  pitch  lieadlong.  In 
Sa.x.  steort  is  a  tail,  that  is,  a  shoot  or  pro- 
jection ;  hence  the  promontory  so  called  in 
Devoiishiie.  The  word  seems  to  be  a 
derivative  from  the  root  of  stnr,steer.  The 
primary  sense  is  to  shoot,  to  dart  sudden- 
U,  or  to  spring.] 

L  To  move  suddenly,  as  if  by  a  twitch;  as, 
to  start  in  sleep  or  by  a  sudden  spasm. 

2.  To  move  suddenly,  as  by   an  involuntary 


shrinking  from  sudden  fear  or  alarm. 
I  start  as  from  some  dreadful  dreain. 

Dryden. 


S  T  A 


S  T  A 


S  T  A 


3.  To  move  with  sudden  quickness,  as  with 
a  spring  or  leap. 

A  spirit  fit  to  start  into  an  empire, 

And  look  tlie  world  to  law.  Dryden. 

4.  To  slirink  ;  to  wince. 

But  if  he  start. 
It  is  the  flesh  of  a  cornipted  heart.  Shak 

5.  To  innve  suddenly  aside  ;  to  deviate  ; 
generally  with/com,  out  of,  or  aside. 

Th'   old   dru(l';ing  sun  from  his  long  beaten 

way 
Shall  at  thy  voice  start  and  misguide  the  day 

Citwley 

Keep  your  soul  to  the  work  when  ready  to 

start  aside.  Watt.i 

6.  To  set  out ;  to  commence  a  race,  as  from 
a  barrier  or  goal.  The  horses  started  at 
the  word,  go. 

At  once  they  start,  advancing  in  a  line. 

Dryden. 

7.  To  set  out ;  to  commence  a  journey  or 
enterprise.  The  public  coaches  start  at 
six  o'clock. 

When  two  start  into  the  world  together — 

Collier 
To  start  up,  to  rise  suddenly,  as  from  a  seal 
or  couch ;  or  to  come  suddenly  into  no 
tice  or  importance. 
ST'ART,  V.  t.    To   alarm  ;  to  disturb   sud 
denly  ;  to  startle  ;  to  rouse. 
Upon  malicious  bravery  dost  thou  come, 
To  start  my  quiet  ?  Shak. 

2.  To  rouse  suddenly  from  concealment ;  to 
cause  to  flee  or  fly  ;  as,  to  start  a  hare  or 
a  woodcock  ;  to  start  game.  Pope. 

3.  To  bring  into  motion  ;  to  produce  sud- 
denly to  view  or  notice. 

Brutus  will  start  a  spirit  as  soon  as  Cesar. 

Shak. 

The  present  occasion  has  started  the  diMpulo 
among  us.  Lesley 

So  we  say,  to  start  a  question,  to  .start 
an  objection  ;  that  is,  to  suggest  or  pro- 
pose anew. 

4.  To  invent  or  discover;  to  bring  within 
pursuit. 

Sensual  men  agree  in  the  pursuit  of  every 
pleasure  they  can  start.  Temple. 

5.  To  move  suddenly  from  its  place  ;  to  dis 
locate  ;  as,  to  start  a  bone. 

One  started  the  end  of  the  clavicle  from  the 
sternum.  fViseman 

6.  To  empty,  as  liquor  from  a  cask;  to  pour 
out ;  as,  to  start  wine  into  another  cask. 

Mar.  Diet 
START,  n.  A  sudden  motion  of  the  body, 
produced  by  spasm  ;  a  sudden  twitch  or 
spasmodic  affection  ;  as  a  start  in  sleep. 

2.  A  sudden  motion  from  alarm. 

The  fright  awaken'd  Arcite  with  a  start. 

Dryden 

3.  A  sudden  rousing  to  action ;  a  spring  : 
excitement. 

Now  fear  I  this  will  give  it  start  again. 

Shak. 

4.  Sally ;  sudden  motion  or  eflTusion  ;  a 
bursting  forth  ;  as  starts  of  fancy. 

To  check  the  starts  and  sallies  of  the  soul. 

..^ddlsnn. 

5.  Sudden  fit ;  sudden  motion  followed  by 
intermission. 

For  she  did  speak  in  starts  distractedly. 

Shak 

Nature  does  nolhi[ig  by  starts  and  leaps,  or  in 

a  buny.  L'Estrange 

6.  A  (juick  spring;  n  darting;  a  shoot;  a 
push  ;  as,  to  give  a  .itart. 

Both  cause  the  string  to  give  a  quicker  start 

Bacon. 


7.  First  motion  from  a  place;  act  of  setting 
out. 
The  start  of  first  performance  is  all. 

Bacon.\ 
You  stand  like  grayhounds  in  the  slips,  I 

Sti-aining  upon  the  start.  Shak.] 

To  get  the  start,  to  begin  before  another  ;'  to: 
gain  the  advantage  in  a  similar  undertak- 
ing. 

Get  the  start  o(  the  majestic  world.        Shak. 

She   might  have  forsaken  him,  if  he  had  not 

gilt  the  start  of  her.  Dryden.' 

START,  n.  A  projection;  a  push;  a  horn  ;[ 

a  tail.     In  the  latter  sense  it  occurs  in  the 

name  of  the   bird   red-start.      Hence    the' 

Start,  in  Devonshire. 

ST^ARTED,  pp.  Suddenly  roused  oralai'in-l 

ed  ;  poureil  out,  as  a  liquid;  discovered;! 

proposed  ;  produceil  to  view.  I 

STARTER,  n.  One  that  starts;  one  that 

shrinks  from  his  purpose.  Hudibras. 

i.  One  that  suildeidy  moves  or  suggests  a 

question  or  an  objection. 
:i.  A  dog  that  rouses  game.  Delany. 

ST'ARTFUL,  a.  .Apt  to  start;  skittish. 
ST'ARTFlJLNESS,  n.  Aptness  to  start. 
ST>ARTING,      ppr.       Moving    suddenly 
shrinking ;    rousing  ;   commencing,   as   a 
journey,  &c. 
ST\\RTING,   n.    The  act  of  moving  sud- 

derdy. 
STARTING-HOLE,  n.    A  loophole;  eva- 
sion. Martin 
ST'ARTINGLY,  adv.     By  sudden  fits   oi 
starts.  Shak 
ST>ARTING-POST,  n.  [start  and  post]    A 
post,  stake,   barrier  or   place   from    which 
competitors  in  a  race  start  or  begm  the 
1     race. 
ST>ARTISH,     a.     Apt   to   start  ;  skittish  ; 

shv. 
STARTLE,  V.  L  [dim.  of  start.]  To  shrink  ; 
to  move  suddenly  or  be  excited  on  feelinj; 
a  sudden  alarm. 

Why  shrinks  the  soul 
Back  on  herself,  and  startles  at  destruction  ? 

Addison 
ST'ARTLE,  V.  t.  To  impress  with  fear;  to 
excite  by  sudden  alarm,  surprise  or  a|) 
prehension;  to  shuck;  to  alaru) .  to  tVighi. 
We  were  startled  at  the  cry  of  distress 
Any  great  and  unexpected  event  is  apt  ti 
startle  us. 

The  supposition  that  angels  assume   bodies, 
need  not  startle  us.  Locke. 

•i.  To  deter;  to  cause  to  deviate.  [Little 
used.]  Clarendon.', 

ST'ARTLE,  n.  A  sudden  motion  or  shock 
occasioned  by  an  unexpected  alarm,  sur- 
prise or  apprehension  of  danger  ;  sudden 
impression  of  terror. 

After  having  recovered  from  my  first  startle, 
I  was  well  pleased  with  the  accident. 

Spectator. 
STARTLED,    pp.    Suddenly    moved    or 
shocked   hy  an  impression  of  fear  or  sur- 
prise. 
ST'ARTLING,   ppr.    Suddenly  impressmg 

with  fear  or  surprise. 

ST'ARTUP,    II.    [start  and  up.]    One  that 

comes  suddiMily  into   notice.     [Not  used. 

We  use  upstart.]  Shak. 

2.  A  kind  of  high  shoe.  Hall. 

ST'ARTUl*,   a.   Suddenly  coming  into  no 

tii;e.     [.Vot  used.]  narbarton 

IsTARVF:,  !).  t.    [Sax.   stearjian.    to   perish 

I     with  hunger  or  cold  ;  G.  sterben,  to  die, 


cither  by  disease  or  hunger,  or  by  a 
wound  ;  D.  ■'iterven,  to  die.  Qu.  is  this  from 
the  root  of  Dan.  tarv,  Sw.  tarj]  necessity, 
want  ?J 

1.  To  perish;  to  be  destroyed.  [In  this  gen- 
eral sense,  obsolete.]  Fairfax. 

2.  To  perish  or  die  with  cold  ;  as,  to  starve 
with  cold.  [This  sense  is  retained  in  Eng- 
land, but  not  in  the  U.  States.] 


retained  in  England  and  the  U.  States.] 
To  suffer  extreme  hunger  or  want;  to  be 
very  indigent. 
Sometimes  virtue  starves,  while  vice  is  fed. 

Pope. 
ST^ARVE,  t'.  t.   To  kill  with  hunger.     Ma- 
liciously to  starve  a  man  is,  in   law,  mur- 
der. 
2.  To  distress  or  subdue  by  famine  ;  as,  to 

starve  a  garrison  into  a  surrender. 
■i.  To  destroy  by   want  ;  as,  to  starve  plants 

by  the  want  of  nutriment. 
4.  To  kill  with  cold.     [JVot  in  use  in  the  U. 

States.] 
\         From  beds  of  raging  fire  to  starve  in  ice 

Their  soft  etherial  warmth —  ASlton, 

To  deprive  offeree  or  vigor. 

The  powers  of  their  minds  are  starved  by  dis- 
use,    [[fnusual.]  Lucke. 
STARVED,  pp.  Killed  with  hunger;  sub- 
dued by  hunger  ;  rendered  poor  by  want. 
l.  Killed  by  cold.     [J^ot  in  use  in  the  United 

States.] 
.STARVELING,     a.     st'arviing.     Hungry; 
lean  ;  pining  with  want.  Phillips. 

STARVELING,    n.    st'arvling.    An  annual 
or  plant  that  is  made  thin,  lean  and  weak 
through  want  of  nutriment. 
And  thy  poo!  starveling  bountifully  fed. 

Donne. 

ST'ARVING,  ppr.  Perishing  with  hunger; 

killing  with   hunger;  rendering  lean  and 

poor  by  want  of  nourishment. 

■i.  Perishing   with   cold;  killing   with  cold. 

[English.] 
STA'TARV,  a.  [fi-om  state.]  Fixed  ;  set- 
tled. I  jVo(  in  use.]  Brown. 
ST.VFE,  ".  [L.  «(a(iJ5,  from  s/o,  to  stand,  to 
he  fixed;  ft.  stito;  Sp.  estado  ;  Fr.  etdt. 
Hence  G  stal.  ti\ed  ;  slntt,  place,  abode, 
steiid ;  staat,  stale  ;  stadt,  a  town  or  city; 
D.  staat,  coihlition,  slate  ;  stad,  a  city, 
Diiii.  Sw.  sta.l :  Sans,  stidaha,  to  stand; 
Pels,  istaden,  id.  Slate  is  fixedness  or 
staiiding.J 
1.  Condition  ;  the  circumstances  of  a  being 
or  thing  at  any  given  time.  These  cir- 
cumstances may  be  internal,  constitution- 
al or  peculiar  lo  the  being,  or  they  may 
have  relation  lo  other  beings.  VVe  say, 
the  ho(l\  is  in  a  sound  state,  or  it  is  in  a 
weak  stale  ;  or  it  lias  just  recovered  from 
a  feeble  state.  The  state  of  his  health  is 
good.  The  state  of  his  mind  is  favorable 
for  study.  So  we  say,  the  state  of  public 
nrtairs  calls  for  the  exercise  of  talents  and 
wisdom.  In  regard  to  foreign  naiious, 
our  affairs  are  in  a  good  state.  So  we 
say,  single  slate,  and  married  stale. 
Declare  the  past  and  present  slate  of  things. 

Dryden . 
■i.  Modification  of  any  thing. 

Keep  the  state  of  the  question  in  your  eye. 

Boyle. 
Crisis;  stationary  point;  highth  :  point 
from  which  the  next  movement  is  regres- 
sion . 


S  T  A 


S  T  A 


S  T  A 


Tumors  have  their  several  degrees  and  times, 
as  bcjjiiiniiij^,  augment,  state  and  dcclinaiion. 
[JVot  in  use.]  PVinaaan. 

4.  Estutu  ;  possession.     Obs.     [See  Estate.] 

Daniel. 

5.  A  political  body,  or  body  politic  ;  tlie 
vvliolo  body  of  people  uiiiteil  under  one 
govcriiiueiit,  whatever  may  be  the  t'orm  of 
the  govermiieiit. 

Municipal  law  is  a  rule  of  conduct  prescribed 
by  the  supreme  power  in  a  state.      Blackstone. 

More  usually  the  word  sif^nifies  a  polit- 
ical body  governed  by  representiitives  ;  a 
coinnionweulth  ;  as  the  Stales  of  Greece  ; 
the  Slates  of  America. 

In  this  sense,  stale  has  sometimes  more 
immediate  relerence  to  tlie  government, 
sometimes  to  the  people  or  community 
Thus  when  we  say,  the  stale  hiis  made 
provision  for  the  paupers,  the  word  has 
reference  to  the  government  or  legisla 
ture  ;  but  wlien  we  say,  the  slate  is  taxed 
to  support  paupers,  the  word  refers  to  the 
whole  people  or  community. 

6.  A  body  of  men  united  by  profession,  or 
constituting  a  community  of  a  particular 
character ;  as  the  civil  and  ecciesiasticul 
states  in  Great  Britain.  But  these  are  f^ome- 
times  distinguished  by  the  terms  church 
and  state.  In  this  case,  stale  signifies  the 
civil  community  or  government  only. 

7.  Rank  ;  condition  ;  quality  ;  as  the  stale 
of  honor.  Shak. 

8.  Pomp;  appearance  of  greatness. 

In  state  the  nionarchs  march'd.  Dryden. 

Where  least  of  state,  there  most  of  love  is 

shown.  Dryden. 

9.  Dignity  ;  grandeur. 

She  iustrucled  him  how  he  should  keep  state, 
yet  with  a  modest  sense  of  his  misfortunes. 

Bacon. 

10.  A  seat  of  dignity. 

'I'his  chair  shall  be  my  state.  Shak. 

11.  Acanopy;  a  covering  of  dignity. 

His  hi^li  throne,  under  state 
Of  richest  texture  spread —  Jifilton. 

ll/nuMual.] 

12.  A  |jerson  of  high  rank.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Latimer. 

13.  The  principal  persons  in  a  government. 

I  he  bold  design  ■» 

Pleas'd  highly  those  infernal  states. 

JFilton. 

14.  The  bodies  that  constitute  the  legisla- 
tun-  of  a  country  ;  as  the  states  general. 

15.  Joined  with  another  word,  it  denotes 
public,  or  what  belongs  to  the  connmmity 
or  body  politic;  as  state  alfuirs;  state  pol- 
icv. 

ST.\TE,  V.  t.  To  set ;  to  settle.  [See  Stat- 
ed.] 

2.  To  express  the  particulars  of  any  thing 
in  writing  ;  to  set  down  in  detail  or  in 
gross ;  as,  to  state  an  account ;  to  state 
debt  and  credit ;  to  state  the  amount  due. 

3.  To  express  the  particulars  of  any  thing 
verbally;  to  n^present  fully  in  words;  to 
narrate  ;  to  recite.  The  witnesses  slated, 
all  the  circumstances  of  the  transaction.' 
They  are  enjoined  to  state  all  the  particu-, 
lars.  It  is  the  business  of  the  arlvocate 
to  stale  the  whole  case.  Let  the  question 
be  fairly  stated. 

STA'TF.b,  pp.  Expressed  or  represented;' 

told;  recited. 
2.  a.  Settled  ;  established  ;  regular ;  occur- 


ring at  regular  times;  not  occasional;  as! 
at'ifei/ hours  of  business. 

i.  Fixed  ;  established  ;  as  a  stated  salary. 

STA'TEDLY,  adv.  Regularly  ;  at  certuin| 
times;  not  occasiomdly.  It  is  one  of  tliei 
distingui.shing  marks  of  a  good  man,  that 
he  statedly  attends  public  worship. 

STA'TELESS,  a.  Without  pomp. 

J.  Barlow. 

STA'TELINESS,  n.  [from«<ote/i/.)  Grand- 
eur; loftiness  of  mien  or  manner  ;  majes- 
tic appearance  ;  dignity. 

For  stateliness  and  majesty,   what   is   com- 
parable to  a  horse .'  Mure. 

2.  Appearance  of  pride  ;  affected  dignity. 

Bcaum. 

STA'TELV,  a.  Lofty;  dignified;  majestic; 

as  sJa/r/y  manners  ;  a  sta/e/^  gait. 

2.  Magnilirent ;  grand;  as  a  stalely  edifice; 
a  stately  doiin; ;  a  stately  pyramid. 

3.  Elevated  in  sentiment.  Dryden. 
.STA'TELY,  adv.  Majestically;  loftily. 
1  Milton. 
STA'TEMENT,  n.  The  act  of  stating,  re 

citing  or  presenting  verbally  or  on  paper. 

2.  A  series  of  farts  or  particulars  expressed 
on  paper  ;  as  a  written  statement. 

3.  A  series  of  farts  verbally  recited  ;  recital 
of  the  circumstances  of  a  transaction  ;  as 
a  verbal  statement. 

STA'TE-MO.NGKR,  n.  [stale  aivi  monirer.] 
One  versed  in  politics,  or  one  that  dabbles 
ill  state  affairs. 

STA'TER,  n.  Another  name  of  the  daric, 
an  ancient  silver  coin  weighing  about  four 
Attic  drachmas,  about  three  shillings  ster 
ling,  or  01  rent.s. 

STA'TE  ROOM,  n.  [state  and  room.]  A 
magnificent  room  in  a  palace  or  great 
hou.se.  Johnson 

2.  .\ii  apartment  for  lodging  in  a  ship's 
rabin. 

STATES,  n.  plu.  Nobility.  Shak. 

STA'TESMAN,  n.  [s(«/e"and  man.]  A  luuii 
ver.sed  in  the  arts  of  government ;  usual- 
ly, one  eminent  for  political  abilities;  a 
politician. 

2.  A  small  landholder.  English. 

■i.  One  employed  in  public  affairs. 

Pope.     Swi/I. 

STA'TESMANSmr,  n.  The  qualifica- 
tions or  em]>loyments  of  a  statesman. 

Churchill. 

STA'TESWoMAN,  n.  A  woman  who  med- 
dles in  public  affairs  ;  in  contempt. 

Jlddison. 

STAT'IC,        \        [See    Statics.]     Ridating 
STATICAL,  S"'  to  the  science  of  weigh- 
ing bodies;  osii  static  balance  or  engine. 

,'lrbutlinol 

STAT'IeS,  n.  [Fr.  stalique ;  It.  statica  ;  L. 

stnlice ;  Gr.  j-anx^.] 

1.  That  branch  of  mechanics  which  treats 
of  bodies  at  rest.  Dynamics  treats  of  bod- 
ies in  motion. 

2.  Ill  medicine,  a  kind  of  epileptics,  or  per- 
sons seized  with  epilepsies.  Cye. 

STA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  statio,  from  sto, 
status;  ll.  stazione  ;  Sp.es/acioH.] 

1.  The  act  of  standing. 
Their  manner   was   to   stand  at   prayer — on 

which  their  moetinss  for  that  purpose  received 
the  name  of  sMdons.     Obs.  Hooker, 

2.  A  State  of  rest. 


All  progression  is  performed  by  drawing  ou 
or  iinpt'lliiig  forward  what  was  before  in  station 
or  at  quiel.      [Rare.]  Brown, 

■i.  The  spot  or  place  where  one  stands,  par- 
ticularly when;  a  person  huliilually  stands, 
or  is  appointed  to  remain   for   a   time;  as 
the  station  of  a   sentinel.     Each    detach- 
ment of  troops  had  as  station. 
4.  Post  assigned  ;  office;  the  part  or  depart- 
!     ineiit  of  public  duty  which  a  person  is  ap- 
pointed to  perforin.     The  chief  magi.stralc 
occupies  the  first  political  station  in  a  na- 
tion.    Other  citrici'i-s   fill   subordinate  sta- 
tions.    The  office  of  bi.shop  is  an  ecclesi- 
astical station  of  great   iiiipuriance.     It  is 
the  duly   of  the   exeiMitive  to   fill  all  civil 
'     and  iiiililarj  stations  with  men  of  worth. 
a.  Situation;  position. 

The  fit;  and  date,  why  love  they  to  remain 
'  In  middle  station  ?  Prior. 

i>.  Employiiieiit  ;  orrupation;  business. 
I  By  spi-iiding  the  sabbath   in   retirement  and 

religious  exorcises,  we  gain   new  strength  and 
resolution  to  perform  God's  will    in  our  several 
!      stations  ibe  week  following.  A'elson. 

7.  Character ;  state. 

The  greater  part  have  kept  their  station. 

Milton . 


8.  Rank;  condition  of  lite.  He  can  be  con- 
tented with  a  lininblr  s(rt/ioH. 

9.  In  church  history,   the   tiist    of  the   fourth 
!     and  sixth  days  of  the   weifk,  Wertnesrlay 

and  Friday,  in  memory  of  the  council 
which  coiKlcmned  Christ,  and  of  his  pas- 
sion. 

10.  In  the  church  of  Rome,  a  church  where 
indulgences  are  to  be  had  on  certain  days. 

Encyc. 

STA'TION,  v.t.  Tophice;   to  set;   or  to 

appiiini  to  the  occiijiation  of  a  post,  place 

(II  olTire  ;  as,  to  station  troops  on  the  right 

or  left  of  an  army  ;  to  station  a  sentinel  on 

a  rampart ;  to  station  ships  on  the  coast  of 

I     Africa  or  in  the  West  Indies;  to  station  a 

man   at   the   head  of  the  department  of 

finance. 

STA'TIONAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  station. 

Encyc. 
STA'TION.\RY,  a.  Fixed  ;  not  moving, 
{  progressive  or  regressive  ;  not  appearing 
1  to  move.  The  sun  becomes  slalionary  in 
j  Cancer,  in  its  advance  into  the  northern 
j  signs.  'I'he  court  in  England  which  was 
formerly  itinerary,  is  now  stationary. 

2.  Not  aihancing,  in  a  moral  .sense  :  not  im- 
.     proving;  not  growing   wiser,  greater   or 

better  ;  not  becoming  greater  or  more  ex- 
c.-ilent.  S.  S.  Smith. 

3.  Respecting  place. 

The  same  harmony  and   stationary  constitu- 
tion—  Brown. 

Stationary  fever,  a  fever  depending  on  pe- 
culiar seasons.  Coze. 

STA'TION-BILL,  n.  }n  seamen's  language, 
a  list  containing  the  appointed  posts  of 
the  ship's  company,  when  navigating  the 
ship.  Mar.  Did.  ■ 

STATIONER,  n.  [from  station,  a  state.] 
A  bookseller ;  one  who  .sells  book.s,  pa- 
per, quills,  inkstands,  jiencils  and  other 
furniture  I'or  vriting.  The  business  of 
the  bookseller  and  stationer  is  usually  car- 
ried on  by  the  same  person. 

STA'TIONERY,  n.  The  articles  usually 
sold  by  stationers,  as  paper,  ink,  quills, 
&c. 


S  T  A 


Beloneiiiff  to  a  sta-i 


STATIONERY,    o. 

iioner. 

STA'TIST,  n.  [from  state.]    A  statesman 
a  politician ;  one  skilled  in  government. 
Statists  indeed. 
And   lovers   of   their  countiy.     [JVot  now 
nsed.'i  Milton. 

STATIST'le,        )        [from  state  or  statist.] 

ST ATIST'l€AL,  ^""  Pertaining  to  tht 
state  of  society,  the  condition  of  the  peo 
pie,  their  economy,  their  property  and  re 
sonrces. 

STATlST'lCS,  n.  A  collection  of  facts  re 
spec-ting  the  state  of  society,  the  condition 
of  tiie  people  in  a  nation  or  country,  then 
health,  longeviiy,  domestic  economy,  arUs, 
property  and  political  strength,  the  stale 
of  the  country,  &!•.  Sinclair.     Tooke 

STAT'UARY,  n.  [It.  statitarin ;  B\}.  estatu- 
aria ;  from  L.  statuurius,  from  slatuu,  a 
statue ;  statuo,  to  set.] 

1.  The  art  of  carving  images  as  represen- 
tatives of  real  persons  or  things  ;  a  branch 
of  sculpture.  Temple. 

[In  this  sense  the  word  has  no  plural.]       I 

2.  [It.  statuario ;  Sp.  estatuario.]  One  that 
professes  or  practices  the  art  of  carving 
images  or  making  statues. 

On  other  occasions  the  statuaries  took  their 

subjects  from  the  poets.  Addison 

STAT'UE,  ?!.  [L.  statna ;  statuo,  to  set ;  that 

which  is  set  or  fixed.] 
An  image  ;  a  solid  substance  formed  by  carv- 
ing into  the  likeness  of  a  whole  living  be- 
ing ;  as  a  statue  of  Hercules  or  of  a  lion. 
STAT'UE,  v.t.  To  place,   as  a  statue;  to 
form  a  statue  of.  Sliak 

STATU'MINATE,  v.  t.  [L.  statumino.]  To 
prop  or  support.     [JVot  in  use.] 

B.  Jonson 
STAT'URE,  n.  [L.  It. slatura ;  Sp.  estatura: 

Fr.  stature  ;  from  L.  statuo,  to  set.] 
The  natural  hightli  of  an  animal  body.     It 
is   more    generally   used   of   the   human 
body. 

Foreign  men  of  mighty  stature  came. 

Dry  den 

STAT'URED,  a.  Arrived  at  full  stature 
[Little  used.]  Hall. 

STAT'UTABLE,  a.  [from  statute.]     Made 
or  introduced  by  statute;  proceeding  froii 
an  act  of  the   legislature ;  as   a  statutable 
provision  or  remedy. 
2.  Made  or  being  in  conformity  to  statute 

as  statutable  measures.  Addison. 

STAT  UTABLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  agree- 
able to  statute. 
STAT'UTE,  n.  [Vr.stalul;  It.statuto;  Sp 
estatuto  ;  L.  statatwn  ;  from  statuo,  to  set. 
1.  An  act  of  the  legislature  of  a  state  thatl 
e.xtcndsits  binding  force  to  all  the  citizens 
or  subjects  of  that  state,  as  distinguished 
IVmii  an  act  which  extends  only  to  an  in- 
dividual or  company  ;  an  act  of  the  legisla 
tuie    commaniling   or    prohibiting  some 
thing  ;  a  positive  law.     Statutes  arcdistin 
guished    from  common    law.      The    latter 
owes  its  hiiidiiig  force  to  the  principles  of 
justice,  to  long   use  and  the  consent   of  a 
naiioii.     The   fornicr   owe   their  binding 
force  to  a  positive  command  or  declaration 
of  ihe  sM|iieiiie  power. 

Stiitutc  is  coiiiiiioiily  applied  to  the  acts^ 
of  a  legislative  body  roii.sisting  of  repre- 
sentatives.    In   monarchies,  the  laws  ofj 


S  T  A 

the  sovereign  are  called  edicts,  decrees,  or-\ 
dinances,  rescripts.  &c. 

2.  A  special  act  of  the  supreme  power,  of  a 
private  nature,  or  intended  to  operate  only 

j     on  an  individual  or  company. 

3.  The  act  of  a  corporation  or  of  its  founder, 
intended  as  a  permanent  rule  or  law  ;  as 
the  statutes  of  a  university. 

,"l7ej  STATUTE-MERCHANT,  n.  In  English 
law,  a  bond  of  record  pursuant  to  the 
Stat.  1:5  Edw.  1.  acknowledged  befo 
one  of  the  clerks  of  the  .statutes-merchant 
and  the  mayoror  chief  warden  of  London, 
or  before  certain  persons  appointed  for  the 
purpose;  on  which,  if  not  paid  at  the  day, 
an  exei-ution  may  be  awarded  airainst  the 
body,  lauds  and  goods  of  the  obligor. 

Blackstone. 

STAT'UTE-STAPLE,  ?i.  A  bond  of  rec- 
ord acknowledged  before  the  mayor  of 
the  staple,  by  virtue  of  which  the  creditor 
may  forthwith  have  execution  against  the 
body,  lan.ls  and  goods  of  the  debtor,  on 
non-pavment.  Blackstone. 

STAT'UTORY,    a.    Enacted    by   statute 
depending  on  statute  for  its  authority  ;  as 
a  statutory  provision  or  remedy. 

STAU'ROLITE,   {  „    [Gr.   fonpos,  a  cross 

STAU'ROTIDE, 


"'  and?.i9o5,  stone.]  The 

ranatit  of  Werner  or  grenatite  of  .Tame 

son ;  a  mineral  crystalized  in   prisms,  ei- 


ther single  or  intersecting  each  other  at 
right  angles.  Its  color  is  white  or  gray 
reddish  or  brown.  It  is  often  opake.  some- 
times translucent.  Its  form  and  infusibili 
ty  distinguish  it  from  the  garnet.  It  is 
called  by  the  French,  hannotome. 

Diet.     Cleaveland. 
STAVE,  n.  [from  staff;  Fr.  douve,  douvain 
It  has  the  first  sound  of  a,  as  in  save.] 

1.  A  thin  narrow  piece  of  timber,  of  which 
casks  are  made.  Staves  make  a  consider- 
able article  of  export  from  New  England 
to  the  West  Indies. 

2.  A  staff;  a  metrical  portion ;  a  part  of  a 
psalm  appointed  to  be  sung  in  churches. 

In  music,  the  five  horizontal  and  parallel 
lines  on  which  the  notes  of  tunes  are  writ 
ten  or  printed  ;  the  staff,  as  it  is  now  more 
generally  written. 

To  stave  and  tail,  to  part  dogs  by  interposing 
a  staff  and  by  pulling  the  tail. 

STAVE,  V.  I.  pret.  stove  or  staved;   pp.  id. 

1.  To  break  a  hole  in  ;  to  break  :  to  burst : 
primarily,  to  thrust  through  with  a  staff 
as,  to  stave  a  cask.  Mar.  Diet 

2.  To  push  as  with  a  staff;  with  off. 
The  condition  of  a  servant  staves  him  off  to 

a  distance.  South 

3.  To  delay ;  as,  to  stave  off  the  execution  of 
a  project. 

4.  To  pour  out ;  to  suffer  to  be  lost  by  break- 
ing the  cask. 

All  the  wine  in  the  city  has  been  staved. 

Sandys 

,5.  To  furnish  with  staves  or  rundles.     [.Vot'i 

Knollts. 

fight  with  staves.     [JVut 
Hudibrus. 


S  T  A 

STAY,  V.  i.  pret.  staid,  for  stayed.    [Ir.  stu- 
dam;  Sp.  estay,   a   stay  of  a  ship:  estada, 
stay,   a  remaining;  estiar,  to  stop;  I'urt. 
estada,  abode  ;  estaes,  stays  of  a  ship  ;  es- 
tear,    to  stay,   to  prop  ;    W.  ystnd,  state ; 
ystadu,  to  stay  or  remain ;  Fr.  etai,  etayer; 
D.  stut,  stutten.     This  word  seems  to  be 
connected  with  state,  and  if  so,  is  a  deriva- 
tive from  the  rootof  L.  5<o,  to  stand.     But 
from  the  orthography  of  this  word  in  the 
Irish,   Spanish   and    Portuguese,    and   of 
steti,  the  preterit  of  sto,  in  Latin,  I  am  led 
to  believe  the  elementary  word  was  stad 
or  Stat.     The  sense  is  to  set,  stop  or  hold. 
It  is  to  be  observed  further  that  stay  may 
be  easily  deduced   from  the  G.  D.  stair,  a 
stay  ;   stag-segel,  stay-sail ;    W.   tagu,   to 
stop.] 
1.  To  remain  ;  to  continue   in  a   place  ;  to 
abide  for   any  indefinite  time.      Do  yon 
stay  here,  while  1  go  to   the  next  house. 
Stay  here  a  week.     We  staid  at  the  Hotel 
Montmorenci. 
Stay,  I  command  you  ;  stay  and  hear  me  first. 

JJryden 
To  continue  in  a  state. 

The  flames  augment,  and  stay 
At  their  full  highth,  then  languish  to  decay. 

D/yden 
To  wait ;  to  attend  ;  to  forbear  to  act. 
1  slay  for  Turnus.  Dryden. 

Would   ye  stay  for   them  from  having  hus- 
bands .'     Ruth  i 
4.  To  stop;  to  stand  still. 

She  would  command  the  hasty  sun  to  stay. 

Spenser. 
To  dwell. 

I  must  stay  a  little  on  one  action.      Dryden. 

6.  To  rest ;  to  rely  ;  to  confide  in  ;  to  trust. 

Because  ye  despise  this  word,  and   trust  in 

oppression,  and  stay  thereon —     Is.  xx.\. 

STAY,  V.  t.  pret.  and    pp.   staid,  for  stayed. 

1.  To   stop;   to    hold  from  proceeding;  to 
withhold  ;  to  restrain. 

All  that  may  stay  the  mind  from  thinking  that 
true  which  they  heartily  wish  were  lalse. 

Hooker. 
To  stay  these  sudden  gusts  of  passion. 

Rowe. 

2.  To  delay  ;  to  obstruct ;  to  hinder  from 
proceeding. 

Your  ships  are  staid  at  Venice.  Shak. 

1   was  willing  to  stay  my   reader  on  an  argu- 
ment that  appeared  to  me  to  be  new.       Locke. 

3.  To  keep  from  departure  ;  as,  you  might 
have  staid  me  here.  Dryden. 
To  stop  from  motion  or  falling  ;  to  prop  ; 
to  holil  up  ;  to  support. 

.\aron   and   Hur   stayed  up  his  hands.     Ex. 


To 


2. 


in  use.\ 
STAVE,  t».  i 

in  use.] 
STAVES,  plu.  of  staff,  when  applied  to  a 
i     stick,  is  pronounced  with  a  as  in  ask,  the 

Italian  sound. 
,STAW,  r.  i.  To  be  fi.iLed  or  .set.     [Xot  !h,|3. 

use  or  local.] 


Sallows  and  reeds  for  vineyards  useful  foimd 
To  slay  thy  vines.  Dryden. 

To  .support  from  sinking  ;  to  sustain  with 
strength  :  as,  to  take  a  luncheon  to  stay 
the  stomach. 
STAY,  II.  Continuance  in  a  place  ;  abode 
for  a  time  indefinite  ;  as,  you  make  a  short 
stay  in  this  city. 

Embrace  the  hero,  and  his  stay  implore. 

Jrnllcr. 
Stand  ;  stop  ;  cessation  of  motion  or  pro- 


gression. 

Atfaiis  of  state  seem'd   rather  to  stand  at  a 

Hayn-ard. 
we  now  use  stand ; 


slat/. 

Uiu 
to  be  at  a  stand.[ 
Slop;  obstruction;  hinderance  from  pro- 
gress. 


S  T  E 


S  T  IE 


S  T  E 


Griev'd  with  each  step,  tormented  with  each 
stay.  Fairfax. 

4.  Restraiiit  of  passion;  moderation;  cau- 
tion; ^leallineKs;  Hobriety. 

V\  itii  prudent  stay^  he  long  deferr'd 
Tlie  rough  conlcntioQ.      04s.  Philips. 

5.  A  fixed  state. 

Alas,  what  stay  is  ttiere  in  human  state  ! 

Dryden. 

6.  Prop;  support. 

Trees  serve  as  so  many  stays  for  their  vines. 

Jiddison. 
My  only  strenglli  anil  stay  .'  Miltun. 

The  Lord  is  my  stay.     Ps.  xviii. 
The  stay  and  the  staff,  the  means  of  sup- 
porting and  preserving  life.     Is.  iii. 

7.  SieHdiiies.s  of  conduct.  Todd. 
6.  In  the   rigginp;  of  a  ship,  a  large  .strong 

rope  employed  to  support  tlie  mast,  by 
being  extended  from  its  upper  cjid  to  the 
stem  of  tlie  sliip.  The  fore-slay  reaches 
from  the  foremast  head  towards  the  bow- 
sprit end  ;  the  vuiin-slay  extends  to  the 
ship's  stem;  ihemizen-stay  is  stretched  lo 
a  collar  on  the  main-mast,  above  the  quar- 
ter deck,  &c.  Mar.  Dicl.\ 

Stays,  in  seamanship,  implies  the  operation 
of  going  about  or  cliangiug  tlie  course  of 
a  ship,  with  a  shifting  of  the  .sails.  To  be 
in  stays,  is  to  lie  with  the  head  to  the  wind, 
and  the  sails  so  arranged  as  lo  check  her 
progress. 

7h  miss  slays,  to  fail  in  the  attemjit  to  go 
about.  Mar.  Did. 

STA'YED,  pp.  Staid;  fixed;  settled  ;  so- 
ber.    It  is  now  written  staid,  which  see. 

STA'YEDLY,  adv.  Composedly  ;  gravely  ; 
moderately  ;  prudently  ;  soberly.  [Little 
used.] 

STA'YEDNESS,  n.  Moderation  ;  gravity  ; 
sobriety  ;  prudence.     [See  StaiUness.] 

2.  Solidity  ;  weight.     [Little  used.] 

Camden. 

STA'YER,  )i.  One  tbat  stops  or  restrains  ; 
one  who  upholds  or  supports  ;  that  which 
projis. 

STA'YLACE,  n.  A  lace  for  fastening  tlie 
boddice  in  female  dress.  Swift. 

STA'^LESS,  a.  Witliout  stop  or  delay. 
[Little  used.] 

STA'YlMAKER,  n.  One  whose  occu|)atinii 
is  to  make  stays.  Spenser. 

STAYS,    n.    plu.    A    boddice  ;    a   kind    of 
waistcoat  stiflencd  v\'itli  whalebone  or  oth 
er  thing,  worn  by  females.  Gay. 

2.  ■Stay*,  of  a  ship.     [See  S/ai/.] 

3.  Station  ;  fixed  anchorage.  Sidney. 

4.  Any  support;  that  which  keeps  another 
extended. 

Weavers,  stretch  your  slays  upon  the  weft. 

Dryden. 

STA'Y-SAIL,  n.  [slay  and  sail.]  Any  sail 
extended  on  a  stay.  Mar.  Diet. 

STA'Y-TACKLE,  n.  [slay  mu)  tackle.]  A 
large  tackle  attached  to  tlie  main-stay  by 
means  of  a  pendant,  and  used  to  hoist 
heavy  bodies,  as  boats,  butts  of  water  and 
the  like.  Mar.  Did. 

STEAD,  I       [Goth,  stads  ;  Sax.  Dan.  sted  ; 

STED,     S  "•  (5.  stall;  D.  slede.    See  Stay.] 

1.  Place  ;  in  general. 

Fly  lliis  ii-.irl'ul  stead.  Spenser. 

[In  this  sense  not  used.] 

2.  Place  or  room  which  another  had  or 
might  have,  noting  sulisliiulion,  repla- 
cing or  filling  the  place  of  another ;  as, 


David  died  and  Solomon  reigned  in  his 
sted. 

God  hath  appointed  me  another  seed  in  stead 
of  Abel,  whom  Cain  slew.     Gen.  iv. 
3.  The  frame  on  which  a  bed  is  laid. 

Sallow  the  feet,  the  borders  and  the  sled. 

Dryden. 
[But  we  never  use  this  word  by  itself  in 
this  .sense.     We  always  use  bedstead.] 
To  stand  in  sted,  to   be  of  use  or  great  ad- 
vantage. 

The  smallest  act  of  charity  shall  stand  us  in 
great  stead.  Alterbury. 

STEAD,  STED,  in  names  of  places  distaiit 
from  a  river  or  the  sea,  signifies  place,  as 
above  ;  but  in  names  of  places  situated  on 
a  river  or  harbor,  it  is  from  Sax.  slathe, 
border,  bank,  shore-  Both  words  perhaps 
are  from  one  root. 
STEAD,  t».  t.  sled.  To  help;  to  support ;  to 
assist ;  as,  it  nothing  sleada  us.     Obs. 

Shak. 
2.  To  fill  the  place  of  another.     Obs.     Shak. 
STEAD'FAST,  /      [stead  and  fast.]    East 
STED'FAST,     J  "•  fixed  ;  firm  ;  firmly  fix- 
ed or   established;  as   the   stedfast  globe 
of  earth.  Spenser. 

2.  Constant ;  firm  ;  resolute ;  not  fickle  or 
wavering. 

Abide  stedfast  to  thy  neighbor  in  the  time  of 
his  trouble.  Ecdus 

Him  resist,  stedfast  in  the  faith.     1  Pet.  v. 

3.  Steaily  ;  as  stedfast  sight.  Dryden. 
STEADFASTLY,  (  .  Firmly  ;  with  con 
STED'FASTLY,     $  """•  stancy  or  steadi 

ne.ss  of  i«ind. 

Steadfastly  believe  that   whatever  God  has 
revealed  is  infallibly  true.  IVake 

STEADFASTNESS,    )  Firmness     of 

jSTED'FASTNESS,       J    "'   standing;  fix- 
j     edness  in  place. 
2.  Firii:ness  of  mind  or  purpose  ;  fixedness 
I     in   principle  ;   constancy  ;    resolution  ;  a: 
I     the  sledfastness  of  faith.     He  adhered  to 
I      bis  opiiiiniis  with  sledfastness. 
STE.AD'ILV,  ^     ,     With  firmness  of  stand 
STED  Dll.V,  ^        ■  iiig   or   |)osition  ;  with- 
out tottering,  shaking  or  leaning.     He  kept 
bis  arm  sleddily  directed  to  the  object. 
2.  Without  wavering,  inconstancy  or  ineg 
1     uhirity  ;  without   deviating.     lie   sleddily 

pursues  his  studies. 
STEAD'INESS,  /  Firmness  of  standii 
iSTED'DIiNESS,  S  "'or  position  ;  a  state  of 
being  not  tottering  or  easily  moved  or 
shaken.  A  man  stands  witli  steddiness  ; 
he  walks  with  steddiness. 

2.  Firmness  of  mind  or  purpose  ;  constan 
cy  ;  lesidution.     We  say,  a  man  has  sted- 
diness of  miiul,  steddiness  in  opinion,  sted- 
diness in  the  pursuit  of  objects. 

3.  Consistent  iinifiirm  conduct. 

Steddiness  is  a  point  of  prudence  as  well  as 

of  courage.  L' Estrange 

STEAD'Y,  )      [Sax.  sledi^.]  Firm  in  stand- 

STED'DY,  ^  "■  ing  or  position;  fixed;  not 

tottering  or  shaking  ;  applicable  to  any  ob- 

jed. 

2.  Constant  in  mind,  pur|)0sc  or  pursuit; 
not  fickle,  changeable  or  wavering  ;  not 
easily  moved  or  persuaded  to  alter  a  pur- 
pose ;  as  a  man  steddy  in  his  principles, 
steddy  in  his  purpose,  steddy  in  the  pursuit 
of  an  object,  sleddy  in  his  application  to 
business. 

3.  Regular  ;  constant  ;  undevialing  ;  uni- 
foiin  J  as  the  steddy  course  of  the  sun. 


Steer  the  ship  a  steddy  course.  A  large 
river  runs  with  a  steddy  stream. 

4.  Regular  ;  not  fluctuating  ;  as  a  steddy 
breeze  of  wind. 

STEAD'Y,  t      ,     To   hold    or  keep   from 

STEDDY,  ^''■'-  shaking,  reeling  or  fall- 
ing ;  to  support ;  to  make  or  keep  firm. 
Sleddy  my  hand. 

[STEAK,  n.  [Dan. s<feg-,s<<'g',a  pieccof  roast 
meat ;  sitter,  to  roast  or  dress  by  the  fire, 
to  broil,  tfi  fry;  Sw.  siek,  a  steak  ;  sltka,  to 
roast  or  broil;  G.  slack,  a  piece.] 

A  slice  of  beef  or  pork  broiled,  or  cut  for 
broiling.  [As  I'ar  as  my  observation  ex- 
tends, this  word  is  never  applied  to  any 
species  of  meat,  except  to  beef  and  pork, 
nor  to  these  dressed  in  any  way  except  by 
broiling.  Possibly  it  may  be  used  of  a 
piece  fried.] 

STEAL,  V.  t.  pret.  stole  ;  pp.  .stolen,  stole. 
(Sax.  statan,  slelan  ;  O.  slehleii  ;  I),  sleelen  ; 
Viiii.  stieler  ;  Sw.stilila;  Ir. /I'nWnm  ;  prob- 
ably from  the  root  of  L.  tollo,  to  take,  to 
lift.] 

1.  To  take  and  carry  away  feloniously,  as 
the  piTsonal  goods  of  another.  To  con- 
stitute stealing  or  theft,  the  taking  must 
be  felonious,  that  is,  with  an  intent  lo  take 
what  belongs  to  another,  and  witliooi  his 
consent.  lilackstone. 

Let  him  that  stole,  steal  no  more.     Epii.  iv. 

2.  To  withdraw  or  convey  without  notice  or 
clandestinely. 

They  could  insinuate  and  steal  ihemsilves 
under  the  same  by  submission.  Spenser. 

3.  To  gain  or  win  by  address  or  gradual  and 
imperceptible  means. 

Variety  of  objects  has  a  tendency  to  steal 
away  the  mind  from  its  steady  pursuit  of  any 
subject.  Ifalts. 

So  Absalom  stole  the   hearts  of  the   men  of 
Israel.     2  Sam.  xv. 
STE.AL,  I',  i.  To  w  ithdraw  or  pass  privily  ; 
to  slip  along  or  away  uiiperceived. 

Fixed  of  mind  to  lly  all  company,  one  night 
she  slide  away.  Si<lney. 

From  whom  you  now  must  steal  and  take  no 
leave.  Shak. 

A  soft  and  solemn  bre.ithing  sound 

Kose  like  a  steam  of  rich  distiird  perfumes. 

Anil  s(o/cupon  the  air.  Mdton. 

2.  To  practice   theft  ;    to   take  feloniously. 
He  steals  for  a  livelihood. 
Thou  shall  not  steal.     Ex.  xx. 
STE'ALER.  n.  One  that  steals:  a  thief. 
STE'ALING,  ppr.  Taking  the  goods  of  an- 
other   feloniously  ;    withdrawing   iniper- 
ceptiblv  ;  gaining  gra(hi.\llv. 
STE'ALINCLY,  adv.  Slily ';    privately,   or 
by  an  invisible  motion.     [Little  used.] 

Sidney. 
STEALTH,  »!.  stetth.  The  act  of  stealing; 
theft. 

■|  he  owner  proveth  the  stealth  to  have  been 
committed  on  him  by  such  an  outlaw. 

Spenser. 

2.  The  thing  stolen;  as  cabins  that  are 
dens  to  cover  stealth.     [jYot  in  use.] 

Raleigh. 

3.  Secret  act ;  clamlestine  practice;  means 
unperceived  employed  to  gain  an  object  ; 
way  or  manner  not  perceived  ;  tiscd  in  a 
good  or  bad  sause. 

Do  good  by  stealth,  aud  blush  to  find  it  fame. 

Pope. 
The  monarch  blinded  with  desire  of  wealth. 
With  steel  invades  the  brother's  life  by  itialth. 

Dryden 


S  T  E 


S  T  E 


S  T  E 


STEALTHY,  a.  stelth'y.  Done  by  stealth  ; 
clamlesiine  ;  uiiperceived. 

Now  wither'd  murder  with  his  stealthy  pace 
Move-  like  a  ghost.  Shak. 

STEAM,  n.  [Sax.  steam,  stem  ;  D.  stoom.] 
The  \apor  of  water;  or  the  elastic,  aeri- 
form Huid  geiieraterl  by  heating  water  to 
the  boiling  point.  When  produced  under 
the  common  atmospheric  pressure,  its 
elasticity  is  equivalent  to  the  |)ressure  of 
the  atmosphere,  and  it  is  called /oi«  s/eain  ; 
but  when  heated  in  a  confined  state,  its 
elastic  force  is  rapidly  augmented,  and 
it  is  then  called  hi^h  steam.  On  the  ap- 
plication of  cold,  steam  instantly  re- 
turns to  the  state  of  water,  and  thus  forms 
a  sudden  vacuum.  From  this  property, 
and  from  the  facility  with  which  an  elastic 
force  is  generated  by  means  of  steam,  this 
constitutes  a  mechanical  agent  at  once  the 
most  powerfid  and  the  most  manageable, 
as  is  seen  in  the  vast  and  multiplied  uses 
of  the  steam  engine. 

Steam  is  invisible,  and  is  to  be  distin- 
guished from  the  cloud  or  mist  which  it 
forms  in  the  air,  that  being  water  in  a  mi- 
nute state  of  division,  resulting  from  the 
condensation  of  steam.  D.  Olmsted. 

2.  In  popular  use,  the  mist  formed  by  con- 
densed vapor. 

STEAM,  V.  i.  To  ri.se  or  pass  off  iu  vapor 
by  means  of  heat ;  to  fume. 

Let  the  crude  humors  dance 
In  heated  brass,  steaming  with  tire  intense. 

Philips. 

2.  To  send  off  visible  vapor. 

Ye  mists  that  rise  from  steaming  lake.    Milton. 

3.  To  puss  off  in  visible  vapor. 

Tire  dissolved  amber — steamed  away  into  the 

air.  Boyle. 

STEAM,    V.  t.    To   exhale  ;    to   evaporate. 

[N'ol  much  used.]  Spenser. 

2.  To  expose  to  steam  ;  to  apply   steam   to 

for  softening,  dressing  or   preparing;  as, 

to  steam  cloth  ;  to  steam  potatoes    instead 

of  boiling  them  ;  to  steam  food  for  cattle. 

STE'AMBOAT,       )       A  vessel  propelled 

STE'AMVESSEL,  J  "'  through  the  water 

by  steam. 
STE'AM-BOILER,  n.  A  boiler  for  steam- 
ing food  for  cattle.  Encyc 
STE'AMED,  pp.  Exposed  to  steam  ;  cook- 
ed or  dressed  by  steam. 
STE'AMENGINE,   n.    An  engine  worked 

by  steam. 
STE'AMING,    ppr.    Exposing    to    steam; 
cooking  or  dressing  by  steam  ;  preparing 
for  cattle  hv  steam,  as  roots. 
STEAN,  for  'stone.  [JVot  in  use.] 
STE'ARIN,  n.  One  of  the  proximate  ele- 
ments of  animal  fat,  as  lard,  tallow,  &c. 
The  various  kinds  of  animal  fat  consist  of 
two  substances,  stearin  and  elain  ;  of  which 
the  former  is  solid,  and  the  latter  liquid. 

D.  Olmsted. 
STE'ATITE,  »i.  [Gr.  rtap,  jmros,  fat. 
Soapstone  ;  so  called  from  its  smooth  or 
unctuous  fiel  ;  a  snbs])ecie?of  rhoniboidal 
mii'a.  It  is  of  two  kinds,  the  common,  and 
the  pagodiip  or  lard-stonc.  It  is  some- 
time-? confounded  withtalck,to  which  it  is 
allied.  It  is  a  compact  stone,  white,  green 
of  all  shades,  gray,  brown  or  marbled,  and 
sonietiinrs  herborized  by  black  ilondrites. 
It  is  foiMid  in  rMctaliifcraus  veins,  with  the 
ores  of  cojipcr,  h  ad,  zink,  silver  and  tin. 
Xeto  Did.  of. Vat.  //I'.s?.     Vrc. 


STEATIT'Ie,  a.   Pertaining  to  soapstone ; 

of  the  nature  of  steatite,  or  resendjling  it 
STE'ATOCELE,  n.  [Gr.  ytop,  fat,  and  x);x^. 

a  tumor.] 
A  swelling  of  the  scrotum,  containing  fat. 

cy. 

STEATO'MA,  n.  [Gr.J  A  species  of  tumor 
containing  matter  like  suet.  Coxe. 

STED,  STEDFAST.    [See  Stead.] 

STEED,  n.  [Sax.  stede.  Qu.  stud,  a  stone- 
horse.] 

A  horse,  or  a  horse  for  state  or  war.  [This 
word  is  not  much  used  in  common  dis 
course.  It  is  used  in  poetry  and  descrip 
tive  prose,  and  is  elegant.] 

Stout  are  our  men,  and  warlike  are  our  steeds. 

Waller. 

STEEL,  n.  [Sax.  style  ;  D.  slaal ;  G. 
staid;  Dan.  staal  ;  Sw.  st&!  ;  probably 
from  setting,  fixing,  hardness  :  G.  stellen' 

1.  Iron  combined  with  a  small  portion  of 
carbon ;  iron  refined  and  hardened,  used 
in  making  instruments,  and  particu- 
larly useful  as  the  material  of  edged 
tools.  It  is  called  in  chimistiy,  carburet 
of  iron;  but  this  is  more  usually  the  de- 
nomination of  plumbago. 

2.  Figuratively,  weapons  ;  particularly,  of- 
fensive weapons,  swords,  spears  and  the 
like. 

Brave  Macbeth  with  his  brandish'd  steel. 

Shak 

— While  doubting  thus  he  stood, 
Receiv'd   the   steel   bath'd   in  his   brother's 

blood.  Dryden. 

3.  Medicines  composed  of  steel,  as  steel  fil- 
ings. 

After  relaxing,  steel  strengthens  the  solids. 

Jlrbuthnot. 

4.  Extreme  hardness  ;  as  heads  or  hearts  of 
steel. 

STEEL,  a.  Made  of  steel;  as  a  steel  plate 
or  buckle. 

STEEL,  V.  t.  To  overlay,  point  or  edge 
with  steel  ;  as,  to  steel  the  point  of  a 
sword  ;  to  steel  a  razor  ;  to  steel  an  ax. 

2.  To  make  hard  or  extremely  hard. 
O  God  of  battles,  steel  my  soldiers'  hearts. 

Shak. 
Lies  well  steel'd  with  weighty  arguments. 

Shak. 

3.  To  make  hard  ;  to  make  insensible  or  ob- 
durate ;  as,  to  steel  the  heart  against  pity  ; 
to  steel  the  mind  or  heart  against  reproof 
or  admonition. 

STEE'LED,    pp.    Pointed   or   edged   with 

steel ;  hardened  ;  made  insensihie. 
STEE'LINESS,    n.     [from  steely.]     Great 

hardness. 
STEE'LING,  ppr.  Pointing  or  edging  with 
steel ;  harilening  ;    making   insensible   or 
unfeeling.  Ch.  Relig.  .Appeal. 

STEE'LY,  a.  Made  of  steel ;  consisting  of 
steel. 

Broach'd  with  the  steely  point  of  CliU'ord's 
lance.  Shak. 

Around  his  shop  tlie  steely  sparkles  flew. 

Gay. 
2.  Hard  ;  firm. 

That  she  would  unarm  her  noble  heart  of  that 
.ttcely  resistance  against  the  sweet  blows  of 
love  Sidney 

S'TEE'hY.\Rl>,n. [steel  and  yard.]  TheRo-j 
man  balance  ;  an  instrument  for  weighing | 
bodies,  consisting  of  a  rod  or  bar  njarked 
with  notches,  designating  the  number  of 
pounds  and  oimces,  and  a  weight  which 
is  movable  along  this  bar,  and  which   is 


made  to  balance  the  weight  of  the  body 
by  being  removed  at  a  proper  distance 
from  the  fulcrum.  The  principle  of  the 
steelyard  is  that  of  the  lever ;  where  an 
equilibrium  is  produced,  when  the  pro- 
duits  of  the  weights  on  opposite  sides  into 
their  respective  distances  from  the  ful- 
crum, are  equal  to  one  another.  Hence 
a  less  weight  is  matte  to  indicate  a  greater, 
by  being  removed  to  a  greater  distance 
from  the  fulcrum. 
STEEN,  ?  A  vessel  of  clay  or  stone.  [JVot 
STEAN,  S  "■  in  use.] 

STEE'NKIRK,  n.  A  cant  term  for  a  neck- 
cloth.    [JVo<  noiv  in  use.] 
STEEP,  a.  [Sax.  steap ;  Mied  to  stoop  and 

dip.] 
Making  a  large  angle  with  the  plane  of  the 
horizon  ;  ascending  or  descending  with 
great  inclination ;  precipitous  ;  as  a  steep 
hill  or  mountain  ;  a  steep  roof;  a  steep  as- 
cent ;  a  steep  declivity. 
STEEP,  n.  A  precipitous  place,  hill,  moun- 
tain, rock  or  ascent;  any  elevated  object 
which  slopes  with  a  large  angle  to  the 
plane  of  the  horizon  ;  a  precipice. 

We  had  on  each   side   rocks  and  mountains 

broken  into   a  thousand   irregular   steeps  and 

precipices.  Addison. 

STEEI',  V.  t.  [probably  formed  on  the  root 

of  dip.] 
To  soak  in  a  liquid ;  to  macerate ;  to  imbue ; 
to  keep  any  thing  in  a  liquid  till  it  has 
thoroughly  imbibed  it,  or  till  the  liquor  has 
extracted  the  essential  qualities  of  the 
substance.  Thus  cloth  is  steeped  in  lye  or 
other  liquid  in  bleaching  or  dyeing.  But 
plants  and  drugs  are  steeped  in  water,  wine 
and  the  like,  for  the  purpose  of  tincturing 
the  liquid  with  their  qualities. 
STEEP,    n.    A  liquid  for  steeping  grain  or 

seeds;  also,  a  runuet  bag.     [Local.] 
STEE'PED,   pp.  Soaked;  macerated;  im- 
bued. 
STEE'PER,  n.  A  vessel,  vat  or  cistern  in 
which  things  are  steeped. 

Edwards'  W.  Indies. 
STEE'PING,  ppr.  Soaking  ;  macerating. 
STEE'PLE,  H.    [S«.x.  stepel,  stypel.]    A  tur- 
ret of  a  church,  ending  in  a  point ;  a  spire. 
It  differs  from  a  tower,  which  usually  ends 
in  a  square  form,  though  the  name  is  some- 
times given  to  a   tower.     The    bell   of  a 
church  is  usually  bung  in  the  steeple. 
They,   far    from    steeples  and   their  sacred 
sound —  Zh'yden. 

iSTEE'PLED,  a.  Furnished  with  a  steeple; 
adorned  with  steeples  or  towers.    Fairfax. 
'STEE'PLE-HOUSE,  n.  A  church.  [M)t  in 
j     use.] 

jSTEE'PLY,    adv.    With  steepness;  with 

I     precipitous  declivity. 

STEE'PNESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  steep; 

1     precipitous  declivity  ;  as  the  s/ee/)jicss  of  a 

I     hill,  a  bank  or  a  roof.  Bacon. 

STEE'PY,  a.  Having  a  steep  or  precipitou 

declivity  ;  as  sleepy  crags  ;  a  poetical  tcord. 

No  more,  my  goats,  shall  I  behold  you  climb 

The  steepy  cliffs.  Dryden. 

STEER,  )i.  [Sax.  steor,  slyre  ;  D.  slier.)     A 

young  male  of  the  ox  kind  or  common  ox. 

It  is  rendered  in  Dutch,  a  bull  ;  but  in  the 

United  States,  this  name  is  generally  given 

to  a  castrated  male  of  the  ox  kind,  from 

two  to  four  years  old. 

With  solcnni  pump  then  saciific'd  a  steer. 

Dryden. 


S  T  E 


S  T  E 


S  T  E 


STEER,  V.  t.  [Sax.  akoran,  to  Bteer,  to  cor- 
rei-t  or  chide,  to  discipline  ;  G.  steiicrn,  to 
hinder,  restrain,  repress,  to  curb,  to  steer, 
to  pilot,  to  aid,  lielp,  siipjiort.  Tlie  verlj 
is  connected  with  or  derived  t'roin  sleuer, 
a  rudder,  u  hcliri,  aid,  help,  sobsidy,  impoBt, 
tax,  contribution.  D.  stieren,  to  steer,  to 
send,  and  .s(iii/r,  a  belm  ;  stuurcn,  to  steer, 
to  send  ,  Dan.  styrcr,  to  govern,  direct, 
manage,  steer,  restrain,  moderate,  curb, 
stem,  hinder  ;  st;/re,  a  helm,  rudder  or  til- 
ler ;  slyr,  moderation,  a  tax  or  assessment 
Svv.  slyra,  to  steer,  to  restrain  ;  styre,  a 
rudderOr  helm  ;  Arm.  stur,  id. ;  Ir.  stiu 
ram.  We  see  the  radical  sense  is  to  strain, 
variously  applied,  and  this  coincides  with 
tlie  root  of  starch  and  stark  ;  stiffness  be- 
iufr  from  stretching.] 

1.  To  direct ;  to  govern  ;  particularly,  to  di- 
rect and  govern  tlie  course  of  a  ship  by 
the  movements  of  ilie  hehn.     Jlencc, 

2.  To  direct ;  to  guide  ;  to  show  the  way  or 
course  to. 

That  with  a  staff  his  feeble  steps  did  steer. 

Spenser. 

STEER,  V,  i.  To  direct  and  govern  a  ship 

or  other  vessel   in    its   course.     Formerly 

seamen  steered  by   the  stars ;   they   now 

steer  by  the  compass. 

A  ship— where  tlie  wind 
Veers  oft,  as  oft  so  steers  and  shifts  her  sail. 

Milton. 

2.  To  be  directed  and  governed  ;  as,  a  ship 
steers  with  ease. 

3.  To  conduct  one's  self;  to  take  or  pursue 
a  course  or  way. 

STEER,  n.  A  riulder  or  helm.  [A'ot  in  use.] 
STEE'RAtiE,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  di- 
recting and  governing  in  a  course ;  as  the 
steeragK  of  a  ship.  Addison. 

[In  this  sense,  I  believe  the  word  is  now 
little  used.] 

2.  In  seamen's  la»s;itnge,  the  effort  of  a  helm, 
or  its  effect  on  the  ship.  Mar.  Did. 

3.  In  a  ship,  an  apartment  forward  of  the 
great  cabin,  from  which  it  is  separated  by 
a  bidk-head  or  partition,  or  an  apartment 
in  the  fore  part  of  a  ship  for  passtngers. 
In  ships  of  war  it  serves  as  a  hall  or  anti- 
chamber  to  tlie  great  cabin.        Mar.  Diet. 

4.  The  part  of  a  ship  where  the  tiller  trav- 
erses. Ejicyn. 

5.  Direction  ;  regulation. 

He  that  hath  the  steerage  o(  my  course. 
[Lillletised.}  Shak 

C>.  Regulation  or  management. 

You  raise  the  lienor  of  the  peeraf;e. 

Proud  to  attend  you  at  the  steerage.     Swift 

7.  That  by  which  a  course  is  directed. 
Here  he  hung  on  high 
The  steerage  of  his  wiuf;s —  Dryden 

[Steerage,  in  the  general  sense  of  direction 
or  management,  is  in  popular  use,  but  by 
no  means  an  elegant  word.  It  is  said,  a 
young  man  when  he  sets  out  in  life,  makes 
bad  steerage ;  but  no  good  writer  would 
introduce  the  word  into  elegant  writing.] 

STKE'RAliE-WAY,  n.  In  seamen's  lan- 
guage, that  degree  of  progressive  move- 
ment of  a  ship,  which  renders  her  govern- 
able by  the  helm. 

STEE'RED,  pp.  Directed  and  governed  in 
a  course  ;  guided:  coiniiicted. 

STEE'RER.  n.  One  that  steers;  a  pilot. 
[Little  used.] 

Vol.  11. 


STEE'RING,  ppr.  Directing  and  governing 
in  a  course,  as  a  ship  ;  guiding  ;  conduct 
ing. 

STEE'RING,  n.  The  !ict  or  art  of  directing 
and  governing  a  ship  or  other  vessel  in 
her  course  ;  the  act  of  guiding  or  manag- 
ing. 

STEE  RING  WHEEL,  n.  Tlie  wheel  by 
which  the  rudder  of  a  ship  is  turned  and 
the  ship  steered. 

.STEE'RLESS,  a.  Having  no  steer  or  rud- 
der.    [Not  in  use.]  Gower. 

STEE'RSMAN,  n.  [steer  and  man.]  One 
that  steers  ;  the  helmsman  of  a  ship. 

Mar.  Diet. 

STEE'RSMATE,  n.  [steer  and  mate.]  One 
who  steers  ;  a  pilot.     [Not  in  use.] 

Milton. 

STEE'VING,  n.  In  seamen's  language,  the 
angle  of  elevation  which  a  shiji's  bow- 
sprit makes  with  the  horizon.      Mar.  Diet. 

STEG,  ti.  [Ice.  stegge.]    A  gander.  [Local.^ 

STEGANOG'RAPHIST,  n.  [Gr.  siyams, 
secret,  and  ypa<}>u,  to  v\rite.] 

One  who  practices  the  art  of  writing  in  ci- 
pher. Bailey. 

STEGANOG'RAPHY,  ji.  [sujira.]  The 
art  of  writing  in  ciphers  or  characters 
which  are  not  intelligible,  except  to  the 
persons  who  correspond  with  each  other. 

Bailey. 

STEGNOT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  ftyvunxoi.]  Tending 
to  bind  or  render  costive.  Bailey. 

STEGNOT'IC,  n.  A  medicine  proper  to 
stop  the  orifices  of  the  vessels  or  emuncto- 
ries  of  the  body,  when  relaxed  or  lacer- 
ated. Cyc. 

STE'INHEILITE,  n.  A  mineral,  a  variety 
ofiolite.  Cleaveland. 

STELE,  n.  A  stale  or  handle  ;  a  stalk.    Obs. 

STEL'ECHITE,  n.  A  fine  kind  of  storax, 
in  larger  pieces  than  the  calamite.       Cyc. 

STEL'LAR,      )        [It.  slellare ;  L.  stcllaris, 

STEL'LARY,  S"'  from  sW/a,  a  star.] 

L  Pertaining  to  stars  ;  astral :  as  stellar  vir- 
tue ;  stellar  figure.  Milton.     Glanville. 

2-  Starry;  full  of  stars;  set  with  stars;  as 
sitllan/  reaions. 

STEL'LATE,      >       [L.  stellatus.]    Resem- 

STEL'LATED,  S       I'ling  a  star;  radiated 

2.  In  botiiny,  stellate  or  verticillate  leaves 
are  when  more  leaves  than  two  surround 
the  stem  in  a  wliorl,  or  when  they  radiate 
like  the  spokes  of  a  wheel,  or  like  a  star.' 
A  stellate  bristle  is  when  a  little  star  ofj 
smaller  hairs  is  affixed  to  the  end  ;  applied 
also  to  the  stigma.  A  stellate  flower  is  a 
radiate  ficwer.  Martyn. 

STELLA'TION,  n.  [L.  stetla,  a  star.]  Ra- 
Uatioii  of  liglit.     [jVot  in  use.] 

STEL'LI:D,  a.  Starry.  [Not  in  use.]  Shak. 

STELLIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  i(c«B,  a  star,  and 
fero,  to  produce.] 

Having  or  aboimding  with  stars. 

STEL'l.IFORM,  a.  [L.  stella,  star,  and 
form.]   Like  a  star  ;  radiated. 

STEL'LIFY,  v.t.  To  turn  into  a  star.  [.\o< 
in  use.]  Chaucer. 

STEL'LION,  71.  [L.  stellio.]  A  newt. 

Ainsworth. 

STEL'LIONATE.  n.  [Fr.  s/c/.'ionai,  a  cheat- 
ing ;  Low  L.  stellionatus] 

In  law,  the  crime  of  .veiling  a  thing  deceitful- 
ly for  what  it  is  not,  as  to  sell  that  for 
for  one's  own  which  belongs  to  another.} 
[Not  in  use.]  Bacon.'i 

81 


STEL'LITE,  n.  [L.  stella,  a  star.]  A  name 
j^iven  by  some  writers  to  a  white  stone 
ibund  on  Mount  Libanus,  containing  the 
lineaments  of  the  star-fish.  Cyc. 

STEL'OeHlTE,  n.  A  name  given  to  the 
osieocolla. 

STELOG'RAPHY,  n.  [Gr.  r.;j.oypa4>ia : 
f);Xo{,  a  pillar,  and  ypa^u,  to  write.] 

The  art  ol  writing  or  inscribing  characters 
on  pillars.  Stackltouse. 

STEM,  n.  [Sax.  stemn  :  G.  stamm,  stock, 
steu),  race  ;  D.  Sw.  slam;  Dan.  stamme ; 
Sans,  slamma.  The  Latin  has  stemma,  in 
the  sense  of  the  stock  of  a  family  or  race. 
The  jirimary  sense  is  to  set,  to  fix.] 

1.  The  principal  body  of  a  tree,  shrub  or 
jilaiit  of  any  kinil;  tlie  main  stock;  the 
firm  part  which  supports  the  branches. 

After  they  are  shot  up  thirty  feet  in   length, 

they  spread  a  very  large   top,  havuig  no  hough 

or  twig  on  the  stem.  Raleigh. 

The  low'iing  spring  with  lavish  rain, 

Beats  down  the   slender  stem  and  bearded 

grain.  Dryden. 

2.  The  peduncle  of  the  fructification,  or  the 
pedicle  of  a  flower;  that  wliicli  supports 
the  flower  or  the  fruit  of  a  plant. 

3.  Tile  stock  of  a  family  ;  a  race  or  genera- 
tion of  progenitors ;  as  a  noble  stem. 

Milton. 

Learn  well  their  lineage  and   their   ancient 

stem.  Ticket. 

4.  Progeny  ;  branch  of  a  family. 
This  is  a  stem 

Of  that  victorious  stock.  Shak. 

5.  In  a  ship,  a  circular  jiiece  of  timber,  to 
which  the  two  sides  of  a  ship  are  united 
at  the  fore  end.  The  lower  end  of  it  is 
scarfer!  to  the  keel,  and  the  bowsprit  rests 
upon  its  upper  end.     [D.  steven.] 

Mar.  Diet. 
From  stem  to  stem,  is  from   one  end  of 
the  ship  to  the  other,  or  through  the  whole 
length. 
STEM,  V.  t.  To  oppose  or  resist,  as  a  cur- 
rent; or  to  make  progress  against  a  cur- 
rent.    We  say,  tlie  ship  was  not  able  with 
all  her  sails  to  stem  tlie  tide. 
They  stem  the  flood  w  itii  their  erected  brea.«ts. 

Denham. 
2.  To  stop  ;  to  check;  as  a  stream  or  moving 
force. 

At  length  Erasmus,  (hat  preat  injur'd  name, 
Slemm'd  the  wild  toricnl  of  a  haib'rous  age. 
And  drove  those  holy  Vandals  off  the  stage. 

Pope. 
STEM-€L~ASPING,  a.  Embracing  the 
)  stem  w  ith  its  base  ;  amplexieaul :  as  a 
!     leaf  or  petiole.  Mnrtyn. 

STEM'-LEAF,  n.  A  leaf  inserted  into  "the 
'     stem.  Martyn. 

STEM  LESS,  a.  Having  no  stem. 
STF^M  MKD,    pp.    Opposed,  as  a  current ; 

stopped. 
STEMMING,  ppr.  Opposing,  asa  stream; 

stopping. 
STF^M'PLE,  71.  In  mining,  a  cross  bar  of 
wonri  in  a  shaft.  Enci/c. 

STENCH,  71.  [S»x.  stenc,  stcrtcg.  See  Stiiik.] 
i     An  ill  smell :   offensive  odor.  Bacon. 

iSTENCH,  r.  t.  To  cause  to  emit  a  hateful 
smell.     [Not  in  use.]  Mortimer. 

2.  To  standi  ;  to  stop.     [Not  in  use.) 

Harvey. 

STENCIl'Y,  a.  Having  an  offensive  smeil. 

[Not  in  use.]  ifytr. 


S  T  E 


S  T  E 


S  T  E 


STEN'CIL,  n.  A  piece  of  thin  lether  or  oil 
cloth,  used  in  painting  paper  hangings 

STEN'CIL,,  II.  t.  To  paint  or  color  in  figures 
with  stencils.  Encyc. 

STENOGRAPHER,  n.  [Gr.  ^hos,  close, 
narrow,  and  ypo^u,  to  write.] 

One  who  is  skilled  in  the  art  of  short  hand 
writing. 

STENOGRAPHIC,        }       [supra.]     Per 

STENOGRAPH'ICAL,  \  "  taining  to  the 
art  of  writing  in  short  hand;  expressing 
in  characters  or  short  hand. 

STENOG'RAPHY,  n.  [supra.]    The  art  of| 
writing  in   short  hand  hy  using  abbrevia 
tions  or  characters  for  whole  words. 

Encyc. 

STENT,  for  stint.     [See  Stint.] 

STENTO'RIAN,   a.    [from   Stentor.]     Ex 
tremely  loud  ;  as  a  stentorian  voice. 

2.  Able  to  utter  a  very  loud  sound ;  as  sten 
torian  lungs. 

STENTOROPHON'IC,  a.  [from  Stentor,  a 
herald  in  Homer,  whose  voice  was  as  loud 
as  that  of  fifty  other  men,  and  Gr.  ^M-r;. 
voice.]  Speaking  or  sounding  very  loud. 
Of  this  stentarophonic  horn  of  Alexander  there 
is  a  figure  preserved  in  the  Vatican.       Derham. 

STEP,  V.  i.  [Sax.sttFppan,steppan  ;  D.stap- 
pen  ;  Gr.  ftiffu.  Qu.  Ru.'s.  stopa,  the  foot. 
The  sense  is  to  set,  as  the  foot,  or  more 
probably  to  open  or  part,  to  stretch  or  ex- 
tend.] 

1.  To  move  the  foot ;  to  advance  or  recede 
by  a  movement  of  the  foot  or  feet ;  as,  to 
step  forward,  or  to  step  backward. 

2.  To  go ;  to  walk  a  little  distance  ;  as,  to 
step  to  one  of  the  neighbors. 

3.  To  walk  gravely,  slowly  or  resolutely. 

Home  the  swain  retreats, 
His  flock  before  hiin  stepping  to  the  fold. 

Thomson 
To  step  forth,  to  move  or  come  forth. 

Coivley. 
To  step  aside,  to  walk  to  a  little  distance  ;  to 

retire  from  company. 

To  step  in  or  into,  to  walk  or  advance  into 

a  place  or  state  ;  or  to  advance  suddenly 

in.     John  v. 

2.  To  enter  for  a  short  time.  I  just  stepped 
into  the  house  for  a  moment. 

3.  To  obtain  possession  without  trouble  ;  to 
enter  upon  suddenly  ;  as,  to  step  into  an 
estate. 

To  step  back,  to  move  mentally ;  to  carry  the 

mind  back. 

They   are   stepping  almost   three   thousand 

years  back  into  the  remotest  antiquity.      Pope. 
STEP,  V.  t.  To  set,  as  the  foot. 
2.  To  fi.\  the  foot  of  a  mast  in  the  keel ;  to 

erect.  Mar.  Diet. 

STEP,  n.  [Sax.  sta;p  ;  D.  stap ;    G.  stufe  ; 

W.  tap,  a  ledge  ;  tapiaiv,  to  form  a  step  or 

ledge.] 

1.  A  pace;  an  advance  or  movement  inade 
by  one  removal  of  the  foot. 

2.  One  remove  in  ascending  or  descending  ; 
a  Etair. 

The   breadth    of  every   single  step   or  staii 
should  he  never  less  than  one  foot.        IVotton, 

3.  Tlie  space  passed  by  the  foot  in  walking 
or  nniniiig.  The  step  of  one  foot  is  gene 
rally  five  feet ;  it  may  be  more  or  less. 

4.  A  small  space  or  distance.  Let  us  go  to 
tlie  gardens ;  it  is  hut  a  step. 

5.  The  distance  between  the  feet  in  walking 
or  running. 


Gradation  ;  degree.     We  advance  in  im-j 
]jrovement  step  by  step,  or  by  steps. 
Progression;  act  of  advancing.  | 

To  derive  two  or  three  general  principles  of 
motion  from  phenomena,  and  afterwards  tell  us 
how  the  properties  and  actions  of  all  corporeal 
things  follow  from  those  manifest  principles, 
would  be  a  great  step  in  philosophy.     J\'ewton. 

8.  Footstep;  print  or  impression  of  the  foot; 
track.  Dryden. 

9.  Gait ;  manner  of  walking.  The  ap- 
proach of  a  man  is  often  known  by  his 
step. 

10.  Proceeding  ;  measure  ;  action. 

The  reputation  of  a  man  depends  on  the  first 
steps  he  makes  in  the  world.  Pope. 

11.  The  round  of  a  ladder. 

12.  Steps  in  the  plural,  w  alk  ;  passage. 

Conduct  my  steps  to  find  the  fatal  tree 

In  this  deep  forest.  Dryden. 

13.  Pieces  of  timber  in  which  the  foot  of  a 
mast  is  fixed. 

STEP,     )       In  Russ,  an  uncultivated  des- 

STEPP,  S"'  ert  of  large  extent.  Tooke. 

[This  sense  of  the  Russian  word  is  nat 
urally  deducible  from  Sax.  stepan,  to  de 
prive,  infra.] 

STEP,  Sax.  steop,  from  stepan,  to  deprive, 
is  prefixed  to  certain  words  to  express  a 
relation  by  marriage. 

STEP'-BROTUER,  n.  A  brother-in-law,  or 
by  marriage. 

STEP'-CilILD,  n.  [step  and  child.]    A  soi 
in-law    or  daugiiter-in-law,    [a  child  de- 
prived of  its  parent.] 

STEP-DAME,  n.  A  mother  by  marriage, 
[the  mother  of  an  orphan  or  one  de- 
prived.] 

STEP -DAUGHTER,  n.  A  daughter  by 
n)arriage,  [an  orphan  daughter.] 

STEP'-FATHER,  n.  A  father-in-law;  a 
father  by  marriage  only  ;  [the  father  of  an 
orphan.] 

STEP'-MOTHER,  n.  A  mother  by  mar- 
riage oidy  ;  a  mother-in-law  ;  [the  mother 
of  an  orphan.] 

STEP'-SISTER,  n.  A  sister-in-law,  or  by 
njarriage,  [an  orphan  sister.] 

STEP'-SON,  n.  A  son-in-law,  [an  orphan 
son.] 

[In   the   foregoing    explication    of   step,    I 
have  followed  Lye.     The  D.  and  G.  write 
stief,    and    the    Swedes   styf,  before   the 
name;  a  word  which  does  not  appear  to 
be  connected  with  any   verb  signifying  t 
bereave,  and  the  word  is  not  without  some 
difliciilties.     I  have  given  the  explanation 
which  appears  to  be  most   probtihly    cor 
rect.     If  the  radical  sense  o!  step,  a  pace, 
is  to  part  oropen,  the  word  coincides  witi 
Sax.  stepan,  to  «leprive,  and  in  the  com 
])oin]ds  above,  step  may  imply  removal  or 
distanrp.] 

STEP'PED,  pp.  Set ;  placto  ;  erected ;  fix 
ed  in  the  keel,  as  a  mast. 

STEP'PING,  ppr.  Moving,  or  advancing  by 
a  movement  of  the  foot  or  feet;  placing; 
fixing  or  erectinc,  as  a  mast. 
STEP'PING,  n.  The  act  of  walking  or  run 

ning  by  steps. 
STEP'PING  STONE,  n.  A  .stone  to  raise 
the  feet  above  the  dirt  and  mud  in  walk- 
ing. Sivift. 
STEP'-STONE,  n.  A  stone  laid  before 
door  as  a  stair  to  rise  on  in  entering  the 
bouse. 


STER,  in  composition,  is  from  the  Sax.  ate' 
ora,  a  director.  See  Steer.  It  seems  pri' 
marily  to  have  signified  chief,  principal  or 
director,  as  in  the  L.  minister,  chief  ser- 
vant ;  hilt  in  other  words,  as  in  spinster, 
we  do  not  recognize  the  sense  of  chief,  but 
merely  that  of  a  person  who  carries  on  the 
business  ot  spinning. 

STERCORA'CEOUS,  a.  [h.  stercoreui,  ater- 
corosus,  from  stercus,  dung.] 

Pertaining  to  dung,  or  partaking  of  its  na- 
ture. Arbuthnot 

STERCORA'RIAN,  >       [L.  stercus,  dung.] 

STER'CORANIST,  \  "•  One  in  the  Ro- 
mish church  who  held  that  the  host  is  li- 
able to  clige^^ion.  Encyc. 

STER'CORARY,  n.  A  place  properly  se- 
cured from  the  weather  for  containing 
dung. 

STERCORA'TION,  n.  [L.  stercoratio.]  The 
act  of  manuring  with  dung. 

Bacon.     Ray. 

STERE,  n.  In  the  neiv  French  system  of 
measures,  the  unit  for  solid  measure,  equal 
to  a  cubic  meter.  Lunier 

STEREOGRAPH'IC,        )      [front  stereos;'. 

STEREOGRAPH'ICAL,  I  "■  raphy.]  Made 
or  done  accoiding  to  the  rules  of  stereog- 
raphy ;  delineated  on  a  plane;  as  a  stereo- 
graphic  chart  ot  the  earth. 

SlEREOGRAPH'lCALLY,   adv.   By  de- 

t     lineatioii  nn  a  [ilane. 

STEREOG  RAPHY,  n.  [Gr.  yfpfoj,  firm, 
and  ypaijju,  to  write.] 

The  ac-t  or  art  of  delineating  the  forms  of 
solid  bodies  on  a  plane ;  a  branch  of  solid 
geometry  which  shows  the  construction 
of  all  solids  wliicli  are  regularly  defined. 

Enciic, 

STEREOMET'RICAL,  a.  [See  Stereome- 
tnj.] 

Pertaining  to  or  performed  by  stereome- 
try- 

STEREOMETRY,  n.  [Gr.  ftpios,  firm,  fix- 
ed, and^ETpfu),  to  measure.] 

The  art  of  measuring  solid  bodies,  and  find- 
g  their  solid  content.  Harris. 

STEREOTOIM'RAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
perfiirnied  h\  rtereotorny. 

KTEHEOT'OMY,  n.  [Gr.  rEp.05,  fixed,  and 

rifivu,  to  cut.] 
The  science   or   art   of  cutting  solids  into 

certain  figures  or  sections,  as  arches,  &,c. 

Encyc. 
STEREOTYPE,  n.  [Gr.  ytpjoj,  fixed,  and 

-rvrtoj,  t\'pe,  li'iiii.] 

1.  Litcially,  a  fixed  metal  type;  hence,  a 
plate  of  fixed  or  solid  metallic  types  for 
printing  bonks.  Thus  we  say,  a  book  is 
printed  on  stereotype,  or  in  stereoti/pe.  In 
the  latter  use,  the  word  seems  rather  to 
signify  the  workinansliip  or  manner  of 
|>riiitiiig,  tliaij  the  plate. 

•i.  The  art  of  making  plates  of  fixed  metal- 
lic types,  or  of  executing  work  on  such 
jilatcs. 

STEREOTYPE,  a.  Pertaining  to  fixed 
metallic  types. 

2.  Done  on  fixed  metallic  types,  or  plates  of 
fixed  types;  us  stereotype  work;  stereotype 
printing  ;  a  stereotype  copv  of  the  Bible. 

STEREOTYPE,  v.  f.  To  make  fixed  me- 
tallic types  or  plates  of  type  metal,  cor- 
responding with  the  wciiils  ;uiil  letters  of 
a  book  ;  to  compose  a  book  iu  lixed  types ; 


S  T  E 


S  T  E 


S  T  E 


as,  to  stereotype  the  New  Testament;  cer- 
tain societies  have  stereoti/ped  the  Bible. 

STBR  EOTtl'KR,  n.  One  who  makes 
stereotyiie. 

STER'EOTYI'ING,  ;)pr.  Making  stereotype 
plates  for  any  work  ;  or  nnpressing  copies 
on  stereotype  plates. 

STEREOTYI'OG'RAPHER,  n.  A  stereo- 
tvpe  printer. 

StEREOTYPOO'RAPHV,  n.  The  art  or 
practice  of  printing  on  stereotype. 

Entick. 

STER'IL,     ;        [L.  sterilis  ;  ll.  Fr.  sterile  ; 

STER'ILE,  S""  Sp.  esterit.]  [{arren;  un- 
fruitful; not  fertile  ;  producing  little  or  no 
crop  ;  as  sterile  land  ;  a  sterile  desert ;  u 
sterile  year.  Bacon. 

2.  Barren  ;  producing  no  young.  More. 

3.  Barren  of  ideas;  destitute  of  sentiment; 
as  a  sterile  production  or  author. 

Sterile Jlower,  in  botany,  is  n  term  given  by 
Tournefort  to  the  male  dower,  or  that 
which  bears  only  stamens.  Marti/n. 

STERiL'ITY,  n.  [L.  sterilitas;  Fr.  ste'ril- 
iti  ;  It.  sterilita.] 

1.  Barrenness;   unproductiveness;   unfruit- 
fuhiess  ;   tlie  quality  or  state  of  producing 
little  or  nothing  ;  as  the  sterility  of  land  o 
soil.  Bacon. 

2.  Barrenness;  unfruitfulness ;  the  state  of 
not  producing  young  ;  as  of  animals. 

3.  Barrenness  of  ideas  or  sentiments,  as  in 
writings. 

4.  Want  of  fertility  or  the  power  of  produc- 
ing sentiment;  as  the  «<en7t7_y  of  an  author 
or  of  his  iiiinil. 

STERILIZE,    V.   t.    To   inake  barren  ;  to 
impoverish,  as  land  ;  to  exhaust  of  fertil 
ty  ;   as,    to  sterilize   soil  or   land.     [Liltle 
used.]  Woodward. 

2.  To  deprive  of  fecundity,  or  the  power  of 
producing  young.     [Liltle  used.] 

STER'LE T,  n.  A  fish  of  the  Caspian  and 
of  the  rivers  in  Russia,  the  Acipenser  ru- 
thcnus  of  Linne,  highly  esteemed  for  its 
flavor,  and  from  whose  roe  is  made  the 
finest  caviare.  Tooke.     Coxe. 

STER'LING,  a.  [probably  from  Easter- 
litig.] 

1.  An  epithet  by  which  English  money  of 
account  is  distinguished;  as  a  pound  ster- 
ling; a  shilling  s<eWj'»g  ;  a  penny  s<cr/ing-. 
It  is  not  now  applied  to  the  coins  of  Eng- 
land ;  but  sterling  cost,  sterling  value  are 
used. 

2.  Genuine  ;  pure  ;  of  excellent  quality  ;  as 
a  work  of  sterling  merit ;  a  man  of  sterling 
■wit  or  good  sense. 

STER'LING,  n.  English  money. 

And  Roman  wealth  hi  English  sterling  view 

Jlrbuthnot 
In  this  use,  sterling  may  signify  Englisli 
coins. 
2.    Standard ;    rate.     [Little  tised  in   either 

OpilCp     1 

STERN,  a.  [Sax.  slyni,  stern;  G.  starr, 
staring ;  storrig,  stubborn.  See  Stare, 
Starch,  Stark,  with  which  this  word  is 
probably  coimected.] 

1.  Severe  ;  austere ;  fixed  with  an  aspect  of 
severity  and  authority  ;  as  a  stern  look;  a 
stern  countenance;  a  stern  frown. 

1  would  outstare  the  sternest  eyes  that  look. 

Shak 

2.  Severe  of  manner ;  rigid ;  harsh  ;  cruel. 


Stem  as  tutors,  and  as  unclea  hard. 

Dryden. 
Ainbitioa  should  be  made  of  sterner  stuff. 

Shak. 
Hard  ;  afflictive. 

If  wolves  had  at  thy  gate  howl'd  that  slern 
lime.  Stiak. 

4.  Rigidly  stedfast;  immovable. 

Stern  virtue  is  the  growth  of  few  soils. 

Hamilton. 

STERN,  n.  [Sax.  steor  and  em,  place ;  the 
steer-place,  that  is,  helm-place.] 

1.  The  hind  part  of  a  ship  or  other  vessel, 
or  of  a  boat;  the  part  opposite  to  the  stem 
or  prow.  This  part  of  a  ship  is  terminat- 
cil  by  the  tafferel  above,  and  by  the  count- 
ers below.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  Post  of  management  ;  direction. 

And  aU  at  chiefest  s(er»  of  public  weal. 

Shak. 

[Not  in  use.     We   now  say,  to  sit  at 
the  helm.] 

The  hinder  part  of  any  thing.      [J^ot  ele- 
gant.] Spenser. 

By  the  stern,  is  a  |)lirase  which  denotes  that 
a  ship  is  more  deeply  laden  abaft  than  for- 
warii. 

STERN'AtiE,  n.  Steerage  or  stern,  [jVot 
in  u.ie.]  Shak. 

STERN'-BOARD,  n.  [stern  and  board.]  In 
seaman's  language,  a  loss  of  way  in 
making  a  tacU.  To  make  a  stern-board,  is 
when  by  a  current  or  other  cause,  a  ves- 
sel has  fallen  back  froin  the  point  she 
had  gained  in  the  last  tack.         Mar.  Diet. 

STERN'  CHASE,  n.  [stern  and  chase.]  A 
camion  placed  in  a  ship's  stern,  pointing 
backward  and  iiitende<l  to  annoy  a  ship 
that  is  in  pursuit  of  her.  Mar.  Diet. 

STERN' ED,  a.  In  compounds,  having  a 
.stern  of  a  particular  shape ;  as  square- 
stenied ;  pink-s<erreerf,  &c. 

STERNER,  n.  [S.ix.  »/eoran,  to  steer.]  A 
director.     [JVot  in  u^e.]  Clarke. 

STERN'-FAS  T,  n.  [stern  and  fast.]  A  rope 
used  to  confine  the  stern  of  a  ship  or 
other  vessel. 

STERN'-FRAME,    n.     [stem   ami  frame.] 

The  several  pieces  of  timber  which  form  the 
stern  of  a  ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

STERN'LY,  adv.    [See  Stern.]    In  a  stern 
manner;  with  an  austere  or  stern  counte- 
nance; with  an  air  of  authority. 
Sternly  he  pronounc'd 
The  rigid  interdiction.  Milton. 

STERN'NESS,  n.  Severity  of  look  ;  a  look 
of  austerity,  rigor  or  severe  authority;  as 
the  sternness  of  one's  presence.  Shak. 

'2.  Severity  or  harshness  of  manner  ;  rigor. 
I  have  sternness  in  my  soul  enough 
To  hear  of  soldier's  work.  Dryden. 

STERN'MOST,  a.  [stern  and  most.]  Far- 
thest in  the  rear ;  farthest  astern  ;  as  the 
sternmost  ship  in  a  convoy.  Mar.  Diet.' 

STERN'ON,  n.  [Gr.]  The  breast  bone. 
But  .iternum  is  chiefly  or  wholly  used. 

STERN'  PORT,  n.  [stern  and  port.]  A  port 
or  opening  ii:  the  stern  of  a  ship. 

Mar.  Diet. 

STERN'-POST,  n.  [stern  and  post.]  A 
straight  piece  of  timber,  erected  on  tliei 
extremity  of  the  keel  to  support  the  rud- 
der and  terminate  the  ship  behiiul. 

Mnr.  Diet. 

STERN-SHEETS,    n.    [stern    and   shel.. 

That  part  of  a  boat  which  is  between  the 


stern  and  the  aftmost  seat  of  tlie  rowers ; 
usually  furnished  with  seats  for  passen- 
gers. Mar.  Did. 

STERN'UM,  n.  [Gr.  ffpvw  ;  from  fixing, 
setting.     See  Starch,  Stark.] 

The  breast  bone  ;  the  bone  which  ferms  the 
front  of  the  human  chest  from  the  neck 
to  the  stomach. 

STERNUTATION,  n.  [L.  atemutatio.] 
The  act  of  sneezing.  Quincy. 

STERNUTATIVE,  a.  [L.  stemuo,  to 
sneeze.]  Having  the  quality  of  pro- 
voking to  sneeze. 

STERN U'TATORY,  a.  [Fr.  stemutatoire, 
from  L.  stemuo,  to  sneeze.]  Having  tiie 
quality  of  exciting  to  sneeze. 

STERNUTATORY,  n.  A  substance  that 
provokes  sneezing. 

STERN-WAY,  n.  [stem  adA  way.]  The 
movement  of  a  ship  backwards,  or  with 
her  stern  foremost.  Mar.  Diet. 

STERUUIL'INOUS,  a.  [L.  sterquilinium, 
a  dunghill.] 

Pertaining  to  a  dunghill ;  mean  ;  dirty  ;  pal- 
try. Hoicell. 

ST  ERVEN,  to  starve,  not  in  use.     Spenser. 

STETU'ESCOPE,  n.  [Gr.  srtjeos,  the 
breast,  and  axontu,  to  view.] 

A  tubular  instrument  for  distinguishing  dis- 
eases of  the  stomach  by  sounds. 

Sciidamore. 

STEVE,  V.  t.  [from  the  root  of  stow.]  To 
stow,  as  cotton  or  wool  in  a  ship's  hold. 
[Local.] 

STE'VEUORE,  n.  One  wliose  occupation 
is  to  stow  goods,  packages,  &c.  in  a  ship's 
hold.  A".  York. 

STEVEN,  n.  [Sax.  slefnian,  to  call.]  An 
outcry ;  a  loud  call ;  a  clamor.  [.Vo/  in 
use.]  Spenser. 

STEVV,  V.  t.  [Fr.  etuver,  to  stew;  etuve,  a 
stove;  It.  stufare,  to  stew;  stufa,  a  stove; 
stufo,  weary,  surfeited  ;  Sp.  estnfa,  a  stove  ; 
es^o/Jt,  stuff' quilted  ;  estofar,  to  quilt  and  to 
stew  ;  I>.  stonf,  a  stove  ;  stooven,  to  stew  ; 
Dan.  stue,  a  room,  [See  Slow,]  and  stue- 
oi'n,  a  stove ;  Sw.  stufva,  to  stew  and  to 
stow.] 

1.  To  seethe  or  gently  boil;  to  boil  slowly 
in  a  moderate  manner,  or  with  a  simmer- 
ing heat ;  as,  to  stew  meat;  to  s<eu)  apples  ; 
to  slew  prunes.  Shak. 

2.  To  boil  in  heat. 

STEW,  V.  i.  To  be  seethed  in  a  slow  gentle 
manner,  or  in  heat  and  moisture. 

STEW,  71.  A  hot  house  ;  a  bagnio. 

The  Lydians  were  inhibited  by  Cyrus  to  use 
any  armor,  and  give  themselves  to  baths  and 
steies.  .ibbot. 

•i.  A  brothel ;  a  house  of  prostitution  :  but 
generally  or  always  used  in  the  plural, 
stews.  Bacon.     South. 

3.  A  prostitute.     [.Yot  in  use.] 

4.  [See  Stoic.]  A  store  pond  ;  a  small  pond 
where  fish  are  kept  for  the  table.  [JVot 
used.] 

5.  Meat  stewed  ;  as  a  stew  of  pigeons. 

6.  Confusion,  as  when  the  air  is  full  of  dust. 
[D.  stuii'en,  to  raise  a  dust ;  allied  to  stew, 
and  proving  that  the  primary  sense  of 
steiv  is  to  <irive  or  aL'itate,  to  stir  or  ex- 
cite.]    [.Vol  in  use  or  local.]  Grose. 

STEWARD,  n.    [Sax.  sliwnrd.     Ward  is  a 

keeper;  but  the  meaniiPir  of  the  first  syli- 

j     I, dije  is  not  evident.     It  is  prcjbably  a  lon- 

'    traction  of  G.  stvbe,  a  room,  Eng.  stow, 


S  T  I 


S  T  I 


S  T  I 


Sax.  stow,  place,  or  sted,  place,  or  of  Dan. 
stob,  a  'Mip.  The  steward  was  then  origi- 
nally a  cliaiiiberlaiii  or  a  butler.] 
J.  A  man  employed  in  great  families  to 
manas^e  the  iloiriestic  concerns,  superin- 
tend the  other  servants,  collect  the  rents 
or  income,  kefp  the  accounts,  &c.  See 
Gen.  XV.  -2.— vliii.  19. 

2.  An  officer  of  state  ;  as  lord  high  steward  ; 
steward  of  the  household,  &c.        England. 

3.  Ill  coUeees.  an  offirer  who  provides  food 
for  the  students  and  superintends  the  con- 
cerns of  the  kitchen. 

4.  Ill  (I  ship  of  war,  an  officer  who  is  appoint- 
ed liy  the  purser  to  distribute  provisions 
to  the  officers  and  crew.  In  other  ships, 
a  man  who  superintends  the  provisions 
and  liquors,  and  supplies  the  table. 

5.  In  Scripture  and  theology,  a  minister  of 
Christ,  whose  duty  is  to  dispense  the  pro- 
visions of  the  gospel,  to  preach  its  doc- 
trines and  administer  its  ordinances. 

It  is  lequired  in  stewards,  that  a  man  be  found 
faithful.     1  Lor.  iv. 
STEWARD,  v.t.   To  manage  as  a  stew- 
ard.    [.Vol  in  use.]  Fuller. 
STEVV'ARDLY,  adv.  With  the  care  of  a 
steward.     [Little  used.]                     Tooker. 
STEW'ARDSHIP,  h.  The  office  of  a  stew- 
ard.                                                      Calami). 
STEVV'ARTRV,  n.  An  overseer  or  super- 
intendant. 
The  stewartry  of  provisions.  Tooke. 
STEWED,    pp.    Gently   boiled;  boiled  in 

beat. 
STEWING,  ppr.    Boiling  in   a   moderate 

heat. 
STEVV'ING,  n.  The  act  of  seething  slowly. 
STEWISH,  a.  Suiting  a  brothel.  Hall. 

STEW'-PAN,  n.  A  pan  in  which  things  are 

stewed. 
STIB'IAL,  a.  [L.  stibium,  antimony.]  Like 
or  having  the  qualities  of  antimony  ;  auti- 
moiiial. 
STIBIA'RIAN,  n.  [from  L.  stibium.]  A  vio- 
lent man.  [Jin  improper  tvord  and  not  in 
use.]  Uliile. 

STIB'IATED,  a.   Impregnated  with   anti- 

monv. 
STIB'iUM,  n.  [L.]  Antitnony. 
STIC'.'VDOS,  n.  A  plant.  Ainsworth. 

STICII,  n.  [Gr.  s'i;to5.]  In  poetry,  a  verse, 
of  whatever  measure  or  number  of  feet. 

Slick  is  used  in  numbering  the  books  of 
Scripture. 
3.  In  rural  affairs,  an  order  or  rank  of  trees. 
[In  New  England,  as  much  land  as  lies 
between  double  furrows,  is  called  a  stitch, 
or  a  land.] 
STICHOM'ETRY,  n.  [Gr.   s^xoi,  a    verse, 

and  fiiTfiov,  measure.] 
A  catalogue  of  the  books  of  Scripture,  with 
the  number  of  verses  which  each    book 
contains. 
STICK' WORT,    >       A  plant  of  the  genus 
STITCIl-WORT,  S"'  Stellaria. 
STK  'K,  n.  [Sa.x.  .sd'cco  ;  G.  sleeken  ;  D.  .itok ; 
D.cM.  stikke  ;  Sw.  slake,  sticka  ;  It.  stccca. 
This  word  is  connected   with  the  verb  to 
slick,  with  stock,  stack,  and  other  words 
having  the  like  elements.     The  primary 
sense  of  the  root  is  to  thrust,  to  shoot,  and 
to  set :  Fr.  lige,  a  stalk.] 
1.  The  sm.ill  shoot  or   branch  of  a  tree  or 
ehrul),  <iit  olf;  II  rod;  also,  a  staff;  as,  to 
strike  ouc  with  a  stick. 


2.  Any  stem  of  a  tree,  of  any  size,  cut  forfllO.  To  be  embarrassed  or  puzzled 


fuel  or  timber.  It  is  applied  in  .\,uenca 
to  any  long  and  slender  piece  of  timber, 
round  or  square,  from  the  smallest  size  to 
the  largest,  used  in  the  frames  of  build- 
ings ;  as  a  stick  of  timber  for  a  post,  a 
beam  or  a  rafter.  | 

a.  Many  instruments,  long  and  slender,  are' 
called  sticks ;  as  the  composing  slick  of 
printers.  j 

4.  A  thrust  with  a  pointed  instrument  thati 
penetrates  a  body  ;  a  stab. 

Stick  of  eels,  the  number  of  twenty  five  eels. 
A  bind  contains  ten  sticks.  Encyc. 

STICK,     V.  t.     piet.  and  pp.  stuck.     [Sax. 

I  stican,  stician  ;  G.  sleeken,  to  sting  or 
prick,  and  sleeken,  to  stick,  to  adhere  ;  D.: 
sleeken,  to  prick  or  stab  ;  slikken,  to  stitrh  ;, 
Dan.  stikker,  to  sting,  to  prick  ;  ii\'i. sticka  ;! 
Gr.  fiji~>,  fiy.utt;  W.  ysll^aw;  Ir.  sltacham.' 
If  formed  on  the  elements  Dg,  Tg,  tins 
fuiiiily  of  words  coincides  in  elements 
Willi  tack,  attack,  attach.] 

I.  To  pierce  ;  to  stab  ;  to  cause  to  enter, 
as  a  pointed  instrument ;  hence,  to  kill  by 
piercing  ;  as,  to  slick  a  beast  in  slaughter. 
[A  common  use  of  the  word.] 

'i.  To  thrust  in;  to  fasten  or  cause  to  remain 

by    piercing ;   as,   to   slick   a   pin  on    the 

sleeve. 

The   points  of  spears  are   stuck  within  the 

shield.  Dryden. 

3.  To  fasten;  to  attach  by  causing  to  adhere 
to  the  surface  ;  as,  to  stick  on  a  patch  orj 
plaster;  to  stick  on  a  thing  with  paste  or 
glue. 

4.  To  set ;  to  fix  in  ;  as,  to  slick  card  teeth. 

5.  To  set  with  something  pointed  ;  as,  to 
slick  cards. 

ti.  To   tix  on  a  pointed  instrument  ;  as,  to 

stick  an  apple  on  a  fork. 
STICK,  V.  i.  To  adhere  ;  to  hold  to  by  cleav- 
ing to  the  surface,  as  by  tenacity  or  at- 
traction ;  as,  glue  sticks  to  the  lingers  ; 
paste  slicks  to  the  wall,  and  causes  paper 
to  stick. 

1  will   cause  the  fish  of  thy  rivers  to    stick  to 
thy  scales.     Ezek.  x\ix 
'i.  To  he  united  ;  to  be  inseparable  ;  to  cling 
fast  to,  as  something  reproachful. 

If  on  your  fame  our  sex  a  blot  has  thrown, 
'Twill  ever  stick,  through  malice  of  your  own. 

Voung 
■i.  To  rest  with  the  memory  ;  to  abide. 

Bacon.i 
To  stop  ;  to  be   impeded  by   adhesion  <ir[ 
obstruction ;  as,  the  carriage  sticks  in  the 
mire. 
5.  To  stop  :  to  be  arrested  in  a  course. 
My  falli"'ing  tongue 
Sticks  at  the  sound.  Smith. 

To   stop  ;  to  hesitate.     He   slicks   at   no 
difficulty  ;  he  slicks  at  the  commission  of 
no  crime  ;  he  sticks  at  nothing. 
To  adhere  ;  to  remain  ;  to  resist  efforts  to 
remove. 

I  had  most  need  of  blessing,  and  amen 
Stuck  ill  my  throat.  Shak. 

8.  To  cause  difficulties  or  scruples;  to  cause! 
to  hesitate. 

This  is  the  difficulty  that  s^icts  with  the  most 
reasonable —  Sw(fti 

9.  To  lie  stopped  or  hindered  from  proceed-! 
ing;  as,  a  bill  passed  the  senate,  but  stack 
in  the  house  of  representatives.  | 

They  never  doubted  the  commons  ;  but  heaid| 
all  stuck  in  the  lord's  houBe.  Clarendon.' 


They  will  stick  long  at  part  of  a  demotlstra- 
tion,  tor  want  of  perceiving  the  connectiun  be- 
tween two  ideas.  Locke. 

II.  To  adhere  closely  in  friendship  and  af- 
fectum. 

There  is  a  friend  that  sticketh  closer  than  a 
brother.     Prov.  xviii. 

To  slick  to,  to  adhere  closely ;  to  he  con- 
stant ;  to  be  firm  ;  to  be  persevering  ;  as, 
to  slick  to  a  party  or  cause. 

The  advantage  will  be  on  our  side,  if  we 
stick  to  its  essentials.  Addison. 

To  slick  by,  to  adhere  closely;  to  be  con- 
stant ;  to  be  firm  in  supporting. 

We  are  youi  only  friends  ;  stick  by  us,  and 
we  will  stick  by  you.  Davenant. 

'i.  To  he  troublesome  by  adhering. 

1  am  satisfied  to  (ritle  away  my  time,  rather 
than  let  it  stick  by  rue.  Pope. 

To  stick  upon,  to  dwell  upon  ;  not  to  forsake. 

If  the   matter  be  knotty,  the  mind  must  stop 

and  buckle  to  it,  and  stick  upon  it  with  labor 

and  thought.     [./Vot  elegant.\  Locke. 

To  stick  otU,  to  project ;  to  be  prominent. 

His  bones  that  were  not  seen,  stick  out.  Job 
xxxiii. 

STICK'INESS,  n.  [from  slick.]  The  qual- 
ity of  a  thing  which  makes  it  adhere  to  a 
plane  surface  ;  tidhesiveness  ;  viscous- 
ness  ;  glutinousiiess  ;  tenacity  ;  as  the 
stickiness  of  ghie  or  paste. 

STICK'LE,  V.  i.  [from  the  practice  of 
prize-fighters,  who  placed  seconds  with 
staves  or  sticks  to  interpose  occasionally. 
Johnson.] 

1.  To  take  part  with  one  side  or  other. 
Fortune,  as  she  vvont,  tuni'd  fickle. 
And  for  the  foe  began  to  stickle.      Hudibras. 

■I.  To   contend  ;    to  contest  ;    to  altercate. 

Let  the  parties  stickle  each  for  his  favorite 

doctrine. 
3.  To  II  im  ;  to  play  fast  and  loose  ;  to  pass 

from  one  side  to  the  other.  Dri/den. 

STICK'LE,    V.  t.    To  arbitrate.      [Xot   in 

use.]  Draijton. 

STICK'LE-BACK.    n.    A  small  fish  of  the 

geiitis  Gasterostetis,   of   several   species. 

The  common  species  seldom  grows  to  the 

length  of  two  inches. 

Encyc.     Did.  .Yal.  Hist. 
STICK'LER,  n.     A   sidesman   to   fencers; 

a  second  to  a  duelist  ;  one  who  stands  to 

judge  a  combat. 

Basilius  the  judge,  appointed   sticklers  and 

trumpets  whom  the  others  should  obey 

Sidney. 

2.  An  obstinate  contender  about  any  thing; 
as  a  stickler  for  the  church  ttr  for  liberty. 

The  tory  or  higli  church  clergy  were  the 
greatest  stickler.'^  against  the  exorbitant  pro- 
ceedings of  king  .lames.  Swift. 

3.  Formerly,  an  officer  who  cut  wood  for 
the  priory  of  Ederose,  within  the  kiiiir's 
parks  of  Clarendon.  Cowel. 

STICK' LIN(i, /y;)r.  Trimming;  contending 
obstinately  or  eagerly. 

STICK.'V^  a.  Having  the  quality  of  adher- 
ing to  a  surface  ;  adhesive  ;  gluey  ;  vis- 
cous; visciil  ;  glutinous  ;  tenacious.  Gums 
and  resins  are  sticky  substances. 

STID'DY,  »i.  (Ice.  skrfi'a.]  An  anvil;  also, 
*inilh's  shop.     [.Vb(  in  use  or  local.] 

STIFF,  a.  [Sax.  stif ;  G.  .iteif ;  D.  Sw. 
sljlf:  Dan.  stiv  ;  allied  to  L.  stipo,  stabilis, 
Eng.  staple,  Gr.  ^"ppof.  fiSiou,  jriSu.] 

I.  Not  easily  biiil  ;  not  flexible  or  pliant ; 
not  flaccid  ;  rigid ;  applicable  to  any  sub- 


S  T  I 


S  T  I 


S  T  I 


slMice ;  as  stiff  wood  ;  «<i^  paper ;  cloth 
stiff  w'nb  starrli  ;  a  IimjIj  .5(//f  with  frost. 
They,  rising  on  stiff  piniuas,  tower 
The  mid  aciial  sky.  Miltun. 

2.  Not  hiiiiid  or  fhiiil ;  thick  and  tenacious  ; 
inspissated  ;  not  solt  nor  hard.  Thus 
mehed  metulsgrow  stiff  iit<  they  cool ;  they 
are  si!i/f  het'ore  they  arc  hard.  The  paste 
is  too  stiffyor  not  stiff  eiioii'^h. 

3.  Stronfj  ;  violent  ;  iuipetuou.s  in  motion  ; 
as  in  seamen's  language,  a  stiff  gale  or 
breeze. 

4.  Hardy  ;  stnhhorn  ;  not  easily  subdued. 

How  stiff  ia  my  vile  sense  !  Shak. 

5.  Ohi<tinaie  ;  pertinacious ;  firm  in  perse- 
verance or  resistance. 

It  is  a  shame  to  stand  stiff  in  a  foolish  argu- 
ment. Taylor. 
A  wai  ensues  ;  the  Cretans  own  their  cause, 
Stiff  10  defend  their  hospitable  laws. 

Dryden. 

6.  Harsh  ;  formal  ;  constrained  ;  not  natu- 
ral and  ea.sy;  as  a  s<i^ formal  style. 

7.  Formal  in  manner;  constrained;  affect- 
eil  ;  starched  ;  not  easy  or  natural ;  as 
S<i/f  behavior. 

Tlie  French  are  open,  familiar  and  talkative  ; 
the  Italians  stiff,  ceremonious  and  reserved. 

Jlddison. 

8.  Strongly  maintained,  or  asserted  with 
good  evidence. 

Thi^  is  stiff  nev/a.  Shak. 

9.  In  seamen's  language,  a  stiff  vessel  is  one 
that  wdl  bear  sufficient  sail  without  dan- 
ger of  oversetting. 

STIFFEN,  V.  t.  slifii.  [Sax.  stijian  ;  Svv. 
sti^na;  D.  styven ;  G.  steifen  ;  Ban.  stiv- 
iier,  to  stifl'en,  to  starch.) 

1.  To  make  stiff;  to  make  less  pliant  or 
flexible;  as,  lo  stiffen  cloth  with  starch. 

He  stifft'iied  his  neck  and  hardened  his  heart 
from   turning   to    the   Lord   God    of  Israel.      2 
Chron.  xxxvi. 
Stiffen  the  sinews  ;  summon  up  the  blood. 

Shak. 

2.  To  make  torpid ;  as  stiffening  grief. 

Dryden. 

3.  To  inspissate  ;  to  make  more  thick  or 
viscous  ;  as,  to  stiffen  paste. 

STIFFEN,  V.  i.  stiff n.  To   become  stiff;  to 
become  more  rigid  or  less  flexible. 
— Like  bristles  rose  my  stiff'ning  hair. 

Dryden . 
9.  To  become  more  thick,  or  less  soft ;  to  be 
inspissated  ;  to  approach  to  hardness  ;  as, 
melted  substances  stiffen  as  they  cool. 
The  tender  soil  then  stiff  ning  by  degrees — 

Dryden. 
3.  To  become  less  susceptible  of  impression  ; 
to  become  less  tender  or  yielding  ;  to  grow 
more  obstinate. 

Some  souls,  we  see. 
Grow  hard  and  stiffen  with  adversity. 

Dryden. 

STIFF'ENING,  ppr.  Making  or  becoming 
less  pliable,  or  more  thick,  or  more  obsti- 
nate. 

STIFF'ENING,  ji.  Something  that  is  used 
to  make  a  substance  more  .stiff  or  less  soft. 

STIFF'-IIE'ARTED,  a.  [stiff  and  heart.] 
Obstinate  ;  stubborn  ;  contumacious. 

They  are  impudent  cliildrin  and  stiff-heart- 
ed.    Ezek.  ii. 

STIFF'LY,  adv.  Firmly  ;  strongly  ;  as  the 
boughs  of  a  tree  stiffly  upheld.  Bacon. 

2.  Rigidly  ;  obstinately  ;  with  stubbornness. 
The  doctrine  of  the  infallibility  of  the 


church  of  Rome  '\:i  stiffly  raaintainei]  by  its 
adherents. 
STIFF'-NECKED,  a.  [stiff  an.l  neck.] 
Stubborn  ;  inflexibly  obstinate  ;  contumai-i- 
ous;  as  a  stiff-necked  people;  stiff-necked 
priile.  Denhain. 

STIFF'NESS,  Ji.  Rigidness;  wnntofplin- 
bleness  or  flcxilulity  ;  the  firm  texture  or 
state  of  a  substance  which  renders  it  dif- 
ficult to  bend  it ;  as  the  stiffness  of  iron  or 
wood;  the  stiffness  of  a  frozen  limb. 

Bacon. 

2.  Thickness;  spissitude  ;  a  state  between 
softness  and  hardness  ;  as  the  stiffness  of 
sirup,  paste,  size  or  starch. 

3.  Turpidness  ;  inaptiiude  to  motion. 

An  icy  stffness 
Benumbs  my  blood.  Denhatn. 

4.  Tension  ;  as  the  stiffness  of  a  cord. 

Dryden. 

5.  Obstinacy;  stubbornness;  contumacious- 

IICSS. 

The  vices  of  old  age  have  the  stiffness  of  it 
too.  South. 

Stiffness  of  mind  is  not  from  adherence  to 
truth,  but  submission  to  prejudice.  Locke. 

6.  Formality  of  manner ;  constraint;  affect- 
ed precision. 

All  this  religion  sat  easily  upon  him,  without 
stiffness  and  constraint.  Atterbury. 

7.  Rigorousncss ;  harshness. 

But  speak  no  word  to  her  of  these  sad  plights. 
Which  her  too  constant  stiffness  dolh  con- 
strain. Sjienser. 

8.  Affected  or  constrained  manner  of  ex- 
pression or  writing;  want  of  natural  sim- 
plicity and  ease;  as  stiffness  of  style. 

STI'FLR,  v.  t.  [The  French  einuff'er.  to  sti- 
fle, is  nearly  allied  to  etoffe,  Eng.  stuff,  L. 
stupa.  But  s(///c  seems  to  be  more  rjcarly 
allieil  to  L.  stij/o  and  Eng.  stiff  and  slop ; 
all  Iiowcver  of  one  family,      (in.  Gr.ru^u.] 

1.  To  suftoiate ;  to  stop  the  breath  or  ac- 
tion of  the  lungs  by  crowding  something 
into  the  wnidpipe,  or  by  infusing  a  sub- 
stance into  the  lungs,  or  by  other  means; 
to  choke  ;  as,  to  slijle  one  with  smoke  or 
dust. 

2.  To  stop ;  as,  to  sliffe  the  breath  ;  to  stiffe 
respiration. 

3.  To  o])press;  to  stop  the  breath  tempora- 
rily ;  as,  to  stiffe  one  with  kisses ;  to  be 
stiffed  in  a  close  room  or  with  bud  air. 

4.  'lo  extinguish;  to  deaden;  to  quench; 
as,  to  stiffe  flame  ;  to  stiffe  a  fire  by  smoke 
or  by  ashes. 

5.  To  suppress;  to  hinder  from  transpiring 
or  spreading  ;  as,  to  stiffe  a  report. 

6.  To  extinguish  ;  to  check  or  restr.iin  and 
destroy:  to  suppress;  as,  to  stiffe  a  civil 
war  in  its  birth.  .iddison.f 

7.  To  suppress  or  repress  ;  to  conceal ;  to 
withhcdd  tVom  escaping  or  manifestation  ; 
as,  to  stiffe  |)assion  ;  lo  stiffe  grief;  to  stiffe 
resentment. 

8.  To  suppress  ;  to  destroy ;  as,  to  sti/le  con- 
victions. 

STI'FLE,  n.  The  joint  of  a  horse  next  to 
the  buttock,  and  corresponding  to  the  knee 
in  man;  called  also  the  stifle  joint. 

2.  A  disease  in  the  knee-pan  of  a  horse  or 
other  animal.  Ci/c. 

STIGMA,  n.  [L.  from  Gr.  fcy^a,  from  yi^u, 
to  prick  or  stick.] 

1.  \  brand;  a  mark  made  with  a  burning 
iron. 


2.  Any  mark  of  infamy  ;  any  reproachful 
conduct  which  stanis  the  purity  or  dark- 
en.s  the  luster  of  reputation. 

3.  In  botany,  the  top  of  the  pistil,  which  is 
moist  utid  pubescent  to  detain  and  burst 
the  pollen  or  prolific  powder.  Marttjn. 

STIG'MATA,  ;i.  plu.  The  apertures  In  the 
bodies  of  insects,  conunumcating  with  llie 
irai-hcte  or  air-vessels.  Encyc. 

.S1"I(;M,\T'IC,        i      Marked   with  a  siig- 

riTl(iMAT'l€.\L,  ^  'ma,  or  with  some- 
thing reproachful  to  character.  Hhak. 

2.   Iin|uessing  with  infamy  or  reproach. 

STKilMAT'IC,  n.  A  m>torions  profligate,  or 
irimmal  who  has  been  brandi^d.  [Little 
used.] 

2.  One  who  bears  about  him  the  marks  of 
infamy  or  punishment.     [Little  used.] 

BulUikar. 

3  One  on  whom  n.itnre  has  set  a  niark  of 
deformity.     [Little  used.]  Steivens. 

STIGMAT'ICALLY,  adv.  With  a  mark  of 
iiifamv  or  deforinity. 

STIGMATIZE,  v.  t'.  [Fr.  stigmatiser.]  To 
mark  with  a  brand  :  in  a  literal  sense  ;  as, 
the  ancients  stigmatized  their  slaves  and 
soldiers. 

2.  To  set  a  mark  of  disgrace  on  ;  to  dis- 
grace with  so.uc  note  of  reproach  or  in- 
faitiy. 

To  find  virtue  extolled  and  vice  stigmatized — 

Jlildi.ion. 

Sour  enthusiasts  affect  to  stigmatize  the  liuest 

and  most  elegant  authors,  ancient  and  inodarn, 

a^  dangerous  lo  religion.  Adilison. 

STKJ'MATIZED,  pp.  Marked  with  dis- 
grace. 

STIG'MATIZING,  ppr.  Branding  with  in- 
famy. 

r^TrL.AR,  o.  [from  «ii7c.]  Pertaining  to  the 
stile  of  a  dial. 

Draw  a  line  for  the  stilar  line.  Moxon. 

STIL'BITE,  n.  [Gr.  yaffu,  to  shine.]  A 
mineral  of  a  shining  pearly  luster,  of  a 
while  ci>lor,  or  white  shaded  with  gray, 
yellow  or  red.  Ii  has  been  associated 
with  zeolite, and  called  folinteil  zeolit''.  and 
radiated  zeolite.  Werner  and  the  French 
mi;icialogistsdi\ido  zeolite  into  two  kinils, 
incsotype  and  stjjhite  ;  ilie  latter  is  dis- 
tinguished by  its  lamellar  structure. 

ff'crner.     Jameson.     Cleaveland. 

STILE,  n.  [This  is  another  spelling  of  i/u/f. 
See  Style  and  Still.] 

.\  pin  .set  on  the  face  of  a  dial  to  form  a 
shadow. 

Erect  the  stile  perpendlcalady  over  the  sub- 
stilar  line,  so  as  to  make  an  anj;le  with  the  tiial- 
planc  equal  to  the  elevation  of  the  pole  of  your 
place.  Moxon. 

STILE,  n.  [Sax.  slif;el,  a  steji,  ladder,  from 
stigan,  to  step,  to  walk,  to  ascend  ;  G.  sle- 
gel.     See  Stair.] 

A  step  or  set  of  steps  for  ascending  and  de- 
scending, in  passing  a  fence  or  wall. 

Smfl. 

STILET'TO,  n  [It.  dim.  from  stilo;  Fr. 
stylet.  See  Style.]  A  small  dagger  with 
a  round  pointed  blade. 

STILL,  V.  I.  [Sax.  slillan  ;  G.  D.  slUltn  ; 
Dan.  stiller;  Sw.  stiUa,  to  stiil,Xo  quiet  or 
appease,  that  is,  to  .set,  to  repress  ;  coin- 
ciding with  G.  stelten,  to  put,  set,  place, 
Gr.  f(X?A),  to  send,  and  with  style,  stool, 
stall.] 


S  T  I 


S  T  I 


S  T  I 


1.  To  stop,  as  motion  or  agitation  ;  to  check 
or  restrain  ;  to  make  quiet ;  as,  to  still  the 
rafjiiig  sea. 

3.  To  stop,  as  noise ;  to  silence. 

Willi  his  name  the  mothers  still  their  babes 

.S'AaA- 

3.  To  appease  ;  to  calm  ;  to  quiet ;  as  tii 
mult,  agitation  or  excitement ;  as,  to  slitt 
the  passions. 

STILL,  a.  Silent;  uttering  no   sound;  ap- 
plicable to  animals  or  to  things.     The  com 
pany  or  the  man  is  stilt ;  the  air  is  still ; 
the  sea  is  still. 

2.  Quiet;  calm;  not  disturbed  by  noise  ;  as 
a  «<i7/ evening. 

3.  Motionless;  as,  to  stand  sh'H ;  to  lie  or  sit 
still. 

4.  Quiet ;  calm ;  not  agitated  ;  as  a  stilt  at 
iTiosphere. 

STILL,    n.    Calm  ;  silence  ;  freedom   from 
noise  ;  as  the  still  of  midnight.     [A  poet, 
word.]  Shak. 

STILL,  adv.  To  this  time  ;  till  now. 

It  hath  been  anciently  reported,  and  is  still 
received.  Bacon. 

[Still  here  denotes  this  time  ;  set  or  fix- 
ed.] 

2.  Nevertheless ;  notwithstanding. 

The  desire  of  fame  betrays  an  ambitious  man 
into  indecencies  that  lessen  his  reputation  ;  he 
is  still  afraid  lest  any  of  liis  actions  should  be 
thrown  away  in  private.  Jiddismi 

[Still  here  signifies  set,  given,  and  refers 
to  the  whole  of  the  first  clause  of  the  sen 
tence.     The  desire  of  fame  betrays  an  am 
bitions  man  into   indecencies  that   lessen 
his  reputation  ;  that  fact  being  given  or  set, 
or  notwithstanding,  he  is  afraid,  &c.] 

3.  It  precedes  or  accotnpanies  words  de 
noting  increase  of  degree. 

The  moral  perfections  of  the  Deity,  the  more 
attentively  we  consi<lcr  them,  the  more  perfect- 
ly still  shall  we  know  them.  Mterbury 

[  This  is  not  correct.] 

4.  Always;  ever;  continually. 

Trade  begets  trade,  and  people  go  much 
where  many  people  have  already  f^onc  ;  so  men 
run  still  to  a  crowd  in  the  streets,  though  only 
to  see.  Temple 

The  fewer  still  you  name,  you  wound  the 
more.  Pope 

5.  After  that  ;  after  what  is  stated. 

In  the  primitive  church,  such  as  by  fear  were 
compelled  to  sacrifice  to  strange  gods,  after  re- 
pented, and  kept  still  the  office  of  preaching 
the  gospel.  Whitgifte. 

C.  In  continuation. 

And,  like  the  watchful  minutes  to  the  hour. 
Still  and  anon  cheer'd  up  the  heavy  time. 

Shak. 

STILL,  n.  [L.  stillo,  to  drop.  See  Distill] 
A  vessel,  boiler  or  copper  used  in  the  dis- 
tillation of  liquors ;  as  vapor  ascending 
out  of  the  .Ml.  JVeicton. 

The  woril  is  used  in  a  more  genera 
sense  for  the  vessel  and  apparatus.  A 
still  house  is  also  called  a  still. 

STILL,  II.  (.  [h.  stillo.]  To  expel  spirit  from 
liquor  by  heat  and  condense  it  in  a  refrig- 
eratory ;  to  distill.     [See  Distill.] 

STILL,  v.i.  To  drop.     [JVot  in  use.     See 

m.itm.] 

STILLATI"TIOUS,     a.     [L.    stillatitius. 

r'alhnL'  in  drops;  drawn  by  a  still. 
STILL' ATOIIY,  ».   An   al.nibic  ;  a   vessel 

for  distillation.     iLiltk  used  or  7iot  at  all.] 

Bacon. 


2.  A  laboratory ;  a  place  or  room  in  which 
distillation  is  performed.     [Little  used.] 

fVotton.    More. 

STILL'-BORN,  a.  [still  anil  bom.]  Dead  at 
the  birth  ;  as  a  still-born  child. 

i.  Abortive  ;  as  a  still-born  poem.  Siei/l. 

STILL'-BURN,  v.  t.  [still  and  burn.]  To 
burn  in  the  process  of  distillation  ;  as,  to 
still-bum  brandy.  Smollett. 

STILL'ED,  p;).  [See  SiH.  the  verb.]  Calm 
ed  ;  appeased  ;  quieted  ;  silenced. 

STILL'KR,  n.  One  who  stills  or  quiets. 

STIL'LICIDE,  n.  [L.  stillicidium ;  stilla,  a 
dro[),  and  cado,  to  fall.] 

A  continual  falling  or  succession  of  drops. 
M)t  mnch  used.)  Bacon 

STILLICID'IOUS,  a.  Falling  in  drops. 

Brown 

STILL'ING,  ppr.  Calming;  silencing ;  qui- 
eting. 

STILL'ING,  n.  The  act  of  calming,  silen- 
cing or  quieting. 

2.  A  stand  for  casks.  [JVot  used  in  Ameri- 
ca.] 

STILL'-LIFE,  n.  [still  and  life.]  Things 
that  have  only  vegetable  life.  Mason 

2.  Dead  animals,  or  paintings  representing 
the  dead.  Gray. 

STILL'NESS.  n.  Freedom  from  noise  or 
motion:  calmness:  quiet;  silence;  as  the 
stilbiess  of  the  night,  the  air  or  the  sea. 

2.  Freedom  from  agitation  or  excitement 
as  the  stillness  of  the  passions. 

3.  Habitual  silence  :  taciturnity. 
The  gravity  and  stillness  of  your  youth. 
The  world  hath  noted.  Shak 

STILL-STAND,    n.    Absence   of  motion 

[lAttle  used.] 
STIL'LY,  adv.  Silently  ;  without  noise. 
2.  Cahidy  :  quietly;  without  tumult. 
STILPNOSID'ERITE,     n.     [Gr.    yawroj, 

shining,  and  siderite.] 
A  mineral  of  a  brownish  black  color,  mas 

sive,  in  curvingconcretions,  splendent  and 

resinous. 
STILT,  n.  [G.  stelze  ;  D.  stelt,  stelten  ;  Dan 

sty  Iter.] 
A  stilt  is  a  piece  of  wood   with  a  shoulder, 

to   support   the   foot   in    walking.      Boys 

sometimes  use  stilts  for  raising  their  feet 

above   the  mud  in  walking,  but  they  are 

rarely  seen. 

Men  must  not  walk  upon  stilts. 

L'Estrangc. 

STILT,  v.  t.  To  raise  on  stilts;  to  elevate. 

Young. 

2.  To  raise  by  unnatural  means. 

STIM'ULANT,  a.  [L.  stimulans.]  Increas- 
ing or  exciting  action,  particularly  the  ac- 
tion of  the  organs  of  an  animal  body  ; 
stimulating. 

STIM'ULANT,  n.  A  inedicine  that  excites 
and   increases   the  action  of  the  movin 
fibers  or  organs  of  an  animal  body. 

STIM'ULATE,  v.  t.  [L.  stimulo,  to  prick, 
to  goad,  to  excite  ;  stimulus,  a  goad.]  Lit 
erally,  to  prick  or  goad.     Hence, 

I.  To  excite,  rouse  or  animate  to  action  oi 
more  vigorous  exertion  by  some  pungent 
motive  or  by  persuasion  ;  as,  to  stimulate 
one  by  the  hope  of  reward,  or  by  the  pros- 
pect of  glory. 

In  medicine,  to  excite  or  increase  the  ac- 
tion of  the  moving  fibers  or  organs  of  an 
animal  body ;    as,  to  stimulate  a   torpid 


I    limb ;  or  to  stimulate  the  stomach  and  bow- 

STIIVI'ULATEp,  pp.  Goaded  ;  roused  or 
excited  to  action  or  more  vigorous  ex- 
ertion. 

STIM  ULATING,  ppr.  Goading;  exciting 
to  action  or  more  vigorous  exertion. 

STIMULATION,  n.  The  act  of  goading 
or  exciting. 

2.  Excitement ;  the  increased  action  of  the 
moving  fibers  or  organs  in  animal  bodies. 

STIM'ULATIVE,  a.  Having  the  quality  of 
exciting  action  in  the  animal  system. 

STIM'ULATIVE,  n.  That  which  stimu- 
lates ;  that  which  rouses  into  more  vigor- 
ous action  ;  that  which  excites. 

STIM'ULATOR,  n.  One  that  stimulates. 

STIMULUS,  n.  [L.  This  word  may  be 
formed  on  the  root  of  stem,  a  shoot.] 

Literally,  a  goad  ;  bonce,  something  that 
rouses  from  languor  ;  that  which  excites 
or  increases  action  in  the  animal  system, 
as  a  stimulus  in  medicine  ;  or  that  which 
rouses  the  tnind  or  spirits  ;  as,  the  hope 
of  gain  is  a  powerful  stimulus  to  labor  and 
action. 

STING,  v.t.  pret.  and  pp.  stung-.  Slang  ia 
obsolete.  [Goth,  stigcwan ;  Sax.  stingan, 
slyngan,  to  rush  or  thrust,  hence  to  sting  ; 
G.  sleeken,  to  stick,  to  sting  ;  stachel,  a 
prick,  goad,  sting  ;  D.  sleeken,  steckel ;  Dan. 
stikker,  to  stick,  to  sting  ;  sting,  a  thrust,  a 
stitch,  a  sting  ;  Sw.  sticka.  The  Dutch 
has  steiig,  n  pole  or  perch  ;  Sw.  stS.7ig,  id. ; 
and  stlinga,  to  push  with  the  horns,  to  gore. 
We  see  that  sting,  is  stick  altered  in  or- 
thography and  pronunciation.] 

1.  To  pierce  with  the  sharp  pointed  instru- 
ment with  which  certain  animals  are  fur- 
nished, such  as  bees,  wasps,  scorpions  and 
the  like.  Bees  will  seldom  sting  persons, 
imle.^s  they  are  first  provoked. 

2.  To  pain  acutely  ;  as,  the  conscience  is 
stung  with  remorse. 

.Slander  slings  the  brave.  Pope. 

STING,  n.  [Sax.  sting,  stincg  ;  Ice.  staung, 
a  spear ;  W.  ystang ;  D.  steng,  a  pole  or 
perch,  Sw.  slling  ;  It.  stanga,  a  bar. 
These  words  are  all  of  one  family.] 

1.  A  sharp  pointed  weapon  or  instrument  by 
which  certain  animals  are  armed  by  na- 
ture for  their  defense,  and  which  they 
thrust  from  the  hinder  part  of  the  body 
to  pierce  any  animal  that  annoys  or  pro- 
vokes them.  In  most  instances,  this  in- 
strument is  a  tube,  through  which  a  pois- 
onous matter  isilischarged,  which  inflames 
the  flesh,  and  in  some  instances  proves 
fatal  to  life. 

The  thrust  of  a  sting  into  tlie  flesh.    The 
sting  of  most  insects  produces  acute  pain. 

3.  Any  thing  that  gives  acute  pain.  Thus 
we  speak  of  the  stings  of  remorse ;  the 
stings  of  reproach. 

4.  The  point  in  the  last  verse  ;  as  the  sting 
of  an  epigram.  Dryden. 

5.  That  which  gives  the  principal  pain,  or 
constitutes  the  principal  terror. 

The  ,s7/Hg  of  death  i-*  sin.      1  Cor.  xv. 
STING'ER,  n.  That  which  stings,  vexes  or 

gives  acute  pain. 
STIN'OILY,  adv.  [from  stingy.]  With  mean 

covetousness  ;  in  a  niixganlK  iiiami<>r. 
STIN'filNESS,  n.  [ti-oiii  stingy.]   Extreme 

avarice;  mean  covetousness;    niggardli- 
;     ness. 


S  T  1 


S  T  I 


S  T  I 


STING'LESS,  a.   [from  sting.]  Having  no 

stiii^. 
STIN'(;0,   n.    [from  the   sliarptiesH  of  the 

taste]     Old  beer.  [Jl  cant  word.] 

Mdison. 
STIN'ciY,  a.  [from  straitness ;  W.  yatang, 

soinethinp  strait ;  ystungu,  to  straiten,  to 

limit.] 
1.  Extremely  close  and  covetous  ;   meanly 

avaricious;    nijjgardly  ;    narrow  liearted; 

as  a  slingy  cliiirl.     [Jl  word  in  pojiulur  use, 

but    lotv   and   not   admissible  into   elegant 

writing.] 
STINK,  V.  i.    pret.   stank   or  stunk.    [Sax. 

stincan ;  G.  I),  stinken  ;  Dan.  stinker ;  Sw. 

stinka.] 
To  emit  a  strong  offensive  smell.  Locke. 

STINK,  n.  A  strong  offensive  smell. 

Dryden. 
STINKARD,  n.  A  mean  paltry  fellow. 
S'J'JNK'FJl,  n.  Something  intended  to  of- 
fend by  the  smell.  Harvey. 
STlNK'ING,;)pr.  Emitting  a  strong  oftens- 

STINK-INGLY,  adv.  With  an  offensive 
smell.  aiuik. 

STJNK'POT,  n.  An  artificial  composition 
offensive  to  the  smell.  Harvey. 

STINK'STONE,  «.  Swinestoiie,  a  variety 
of  compact  lucullite  ;  a  subspecies  of  lime- 
stone. Ure.' 

STINT,  V.  I.  [Sa,\.  stintan,  to  stint  or  stunt;' 
Ice.  slunta  ;  Gr.  s'ft'oj,  narrow.] 

1.  To  restrain  within  certain  limits;  to 
bound;  lo  confine;  to  limit;  us,  to  stint, 
the  body  in  growth;  to  stint  tlie  mind  in 
knowledge  ;  to  stint  a  person  in  his  meals. 

Nature  wisely  stints  our  appetite.       JJryden. 

2.  To  assign  a  certain  task  in  labor,  wliich 
being  performed,  the  person  is  excused 
from  further  labor  for  the  day,  or  for  a 
certain  time  ;  a  common  popular  use  o/the 
word  in  America. 

STINT,  n.  A  small  bird,  the  Tringa  cinctus. 

STINT,  n.  Limit ;  bound  ;  restraint. 

Dryden.', 

2.  Quantity  as.signed  ;   proportion   allotted. 
The  workmen  have  their  stint. 
Our  stint  of  woe 
Is  common.  Shak. 

STINT'ANCR.n.  Restraint ;  stoppage.  [JYol 
used  or  local.] 

STINT'ED,;;/?.  Restrained  to  a  certain  limit 
or  qunnlitv  ;  limited. 

STI\T'ER,"n.  lie  or  that  which  stints. 

STINT'ING,  ppr.  Restraining  within  cer-: 
tain  limits;  assigning  a  certain  quantity! 
to  ;  limiting.  | 

STII'K,  n.  [L.  stipes ;  Gr.  j-irtos,  a  stake.]  In! 
botany,  the  base  of  a  frond  ;  or  a  species  of 
stem  passing  into  leaves,  or  not  distinct 
from  the  leaf.  The  stem  of  a  fungus  is 
also  called  stipe.  The  word  is  also  used 
for  the  tilanient  or  slender  stalk  which' 
supports  the  pappus  or  down,  and  con-i 
nects  it  with  the  seed.  J\Iarlyn.\ 

STII"EL,  n.  [See  Stipula.]  Inbotany.  a  liitle! 
appendix  situated  at  the  base  of  the  foli-j 
oles.  Decandolle.' 

STI'PEND,  n.  [L.  stipendium  ;  slips,  a  piece! 
of  money,  and  pcndo,  to  pay.] 

Settled  pay  or  compensation  for  services, 
whether  daily  or  monthly  wages ;  or  an 
annual  salary. 

8TrPEND,v.(.  To  pay  by  settled  wages. 

Sheiton. 


STIPEND'IARY,  a.  [L.  stipendiarius.]  Re- 
ceiMiif;  wagi  s  or  salary  ;  performing  ser- 
vices for  a  stated  price  or  coinpensution. 

His  great  stipendiary   prolates   came    witli 
troops  of  evil  appointed  horsemen  not  half  full. 

KnoUes. 
STIPEND'IARY,  ji.  [supra.]  One  who  per- 
forms ser\  ices  for  a  settled  lonjpensation, 
either  by  the  day,  month  or  year. 
If  thou  art  become 
A  tyrant's  vWe  stipendiary —  Clover. 

STIP'ITATE,  a.  [See  .SYi/jc]  In  6o/ani/,  sup- 
ported by  a  stipe  ;  elevated  on  a  stipe  ;  as 
pappus  or  down.  Martyn. 

STIP'PLE,  V.  t.  To  engrave  by  means  of 
dots,  in  distinction  from  engraving  in  lines. 

Todd. 

STW'PLED.  pp.  Engraved  with  dots. 

STIP'PLING, /jpr.  Engraving  with  dots. 

STIP'PLING,  n.  A  mode  of  engraving  on 
copper  by  means  of  dots.  Cyc. 

STII"TI€.     [See  Styptic] 

STIP'ULA,  /      [L.  .9<y)tt/a,a  straw  or  stub- 

WTIP'ULE,  ^"-ble.] 

In  botany,  a  scale  at  the  base  of  nascent  pe- 
tioles or  peduncles.  Stipules  are  in  pairs 
or  solitary  ;  they  are  lateral,  eitrafolia- 
ceous,  intrafoliaceous,  &lc.  Martyn. 

A  leafy  appendage  to  the  proper  leaves  or  to 
their  footstalks  ;  commonly  situated  at  the 
base  of  the  latter,  in  pairs.  Smith. 

STIPULA'CEOUS,  ?  [from   L.  stipula, 

STIP'ULAR,  J    "■    stipuluris.        See 

Stipula.] 

1.  Formed  of  stipules  or  scales  ;  as  a  «<i;)«?ar 
bud. 

2.  Growing  on  stipules,  or  close  to  them  ; 
as  .'j/i/ju/fir  glands.  Martyn.     Lee. 

STIP'IJLATE,  11. 1.  [L.  slipidor,  from  stipes. 
or  from  the  primary  sense  of  the  root,  as 
in  stipo,  to  crowd  ;  whence  the  sense  of 
agreement,  binding,  making  fast.] 

1.  To  make  an  agreement  or  covenant  with 
aiij  person  or  company  to  do  or  forbear 
anything;  to  contract;  to  settle  terms; 
as,  certain  princes  stipulated  to  assist  each 
other  in  resisting  the  armies  of  France. 
Great  Rritaiii  and  the  United  States s/ipu- 
late  to  oppose  and  restrain  the  African 
slave  trade.  A  has  stipulated  to  build  u 
bridge  wiiliin  a  given  time.  15  has  stipu- 
lated not  to  uniKiy  or  interdiet  our  trade. 

2.  To  bargain.  A  has  stipulated  to  deliver 
me  his  horse  for  fifty  guineas. 

STIPULATE,  o.  [froni  stipula.]  Having 
stipules  on  it ;  as  a  stipulate  stalk. 

STIP'ULATED,  pp.  Agreed  :  contracted  : 
covenanted.  It  was  stipidated  ihat  Great 
Britain  should  retain  Gibraltar. 

STIPULATING,;)?))-.  Agreeing;  contract- 
ing ;  bargaining. 

STIPULA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  stlpula- 
tio.] 

1.  The  act  of  agreeing  and  covenanting;  a 
contrarting  or  bargaining. 

2.  An  agreement  or  covenant  made  by  one 
person  with  another  for  the  performance 
or  forbearance  of  some  act ;  a  contract  or 
bargain ;  as  the  stipiUations  of  the  allied 
powers  to  furnish  each  his  contingent  of 
troops. 

3.  In  botany,  the  situation  and  structure  ofl 
the  stipules.  Marlyn.l 


STIPULATOR,  n.  One  who  stipulates,  con- 

iraclH  or  covenants. 
STIP'ULE.     [See  Stipula.] 
STIK,  V.  I.  slur.  [Sax.  stirian,    styrian ;  D. 

stooren  ;     G.    slOren,    to    stir,   to   ilisturb  ; 

VV.  yslwriaw.  This  word  gives  storm;  Ice. 

stir,  war.] 

1.  To  move;  to  change  place  in  any  man- 
ner. 

My  foot  I  had  never  yet  in  five  davs  been 
able  to  stir.  Temple. 

2.  To  agitate  ;  to  bring  into  debate. 

Stir  not  (juestions  ol  jurisilicUon.         Bacon. 

3.  To  incite  to  action  ;  to  instigate ;  to 
prompt. 

An  Ate  stirring  him  to  blood  and  strife. 

Shak. 

4.  To  excite  ;  to  rai.se  ;  to  put  into  motion. 

And  for  her  sake  some  mutiny  will  stir. 

Dryden. 
To  stir  up,  to  incite  ;  to  animate  ;  to  instigate 
by  inflaminf;  passions  ;  as,  to  stir  up  a  na- 
tion to  rebellion. 

The  words  of  Judas  were  good  and  able  to 
stir  them  up  to  valor.  2  Mace. 

2.  To  excite  ;  to  put  into  action  ;  to  begin  ; 
as,  lo  stir  up  a  mutiny  or  insurrection  ;  to 
stir  up  strife. 

3.  To  quicken;  to  enliven;  to  make  more 
lively  or  vigorous;  as,  to  stir  tiplUe  mind. 

4.  To  disturb  ;  as,  to  stir  up  the  sediment  of 
liquor. 

STIR,  V.  i.  slur.  To  move  one's  self.  He 
is  not  able  to  stir. 

2.  To  go  or  be  carried  in  any  manner.  He 
is  not  able  to  stir  from  home,  or  to  stir 
abroad. 

3.  To  be  in  motion  ;  not  to  be  still.  He  is 
continually  stirring. 

4.  To  become  the  object  of  notice  or  conver- 
sation. 

They  fancy  they  have  a  right  to  talk  freely 
upon  every  thing  that  stirs  or  appears. 

Watts. 

5.  To  rise  in  the  morning.     [Colloquial.] 

Shak. 
STIR,   n.    [W.ystwr.]    Agitation  ;  tumult ; 
bustle  ;  noise  or  various  movements. 
Why  all  these  words,  this  clamor  and  this  stir  ? 

Dcnham. 

Consider,  after  so  much  stir  about  the  genus 

and  species,  how  few  words  have  yet  settled 

definitions.  Locke. 

2.  Public  disturbance  or  commotion  ;  tu- 
multuous disorder;  seditious  uproar. 

licing  advertised  of  some  stir  raised  by  his 
unnatural  sons  in  England,  he  departed  from 
Ireland  without  a  blow.  Varies. 

3.  Agitation  of  thoughts  ;  conflicting  jias- 
sions.  Shak. 

STIR'IATED,  a.  [L.  .itiria,  an  icicle.]  Adorn- 
ed v\ith  pendanis  like  icicles. 

S'l'IH'IOUS,  a.  [supra.]  Resembling  icicles. 
|.'Vo(  much  u.ied.]  Drown. 

STIRK,  Ji.  slurk.  A  young  ok  or  heifer. 
[Local.] 

STIRP,  u.  slurp.  [L.  stirps.]  Stock;  race; 
family.     [.Vot  English.]  Bacon. 

STIRRED,  pp.  Moved;   agitated;  put  in 

action. 
STIR'RER,  71.  One  who  is  in  motion. 

2.  One  who  puts  in  motion. 

3.  A  riser  in  the  morning.  Shak. 

4.  An  inciter  or  exciter;  an  instigator. 

5.  .\  .itirrer  up,  an  exciter;  an  in.stigator. 
STIR  RING,  ppr.  Moving;  agitating;  put- 
ting in  nioiion. 


S  T  O 


S  T  O 


STTR'RTNG,  n.  [supra.]  The  act  of  moving 
or  iiiittiiifi  in  motion. 

STIKKLP,  n.  slur'up.  [Sax.  slige-rapa, 
step-icpe  ;  stiirnn,  l<>  step  or  ascend,  and 
rap,  rope  ;  G.  sleig-bxigel.  step-bow  or 
niounting-bow;  M .  slyg-beugel ;  Sw.  sleg- 
Ugd;  Dan.  slighojU.  The  first  stirrui-s 
api)ear  to  have  been  ropes.] 

A  liind  of  ring  or  bending  piece  of  metal, 
horizontal  on  one  side  for  receiving  the 
foot  of  the  rider,  and  attached  to  a  strap 
which  is  fastened  to  tlie  saddle;  used  to 
assist  persons  in  nmnntinL'  a  horse,  and  to 
enable  them  to  sit  steadily  in  riding,  as 
well  as  to  reUeve  them  by  supporting  a 
part  of  the  weight  of  the  body. 

STIR'RUP-LETHER,  n.  A  strapthat  sup 
ports  a  stirrup.  „      ., ,         r^ 

STITCH,  V.  t.  [G.  sticken  ;  D.  sMken  ;  Dan 
stikker  ;  S\v.  stickn.  This  is  another  form 
of  stick.] 

1.  To  sew  in  a  particular  manner;  to  sew 
sli'ditlj  or  loosely  ;  as,  to  stitch  a  collar  or 
a  wristband  ;  to  stitch  the  leavesof  a  book 
and  form  a  pamphlet.  ,^,„     ,      , 

2.  To  form  land  into  ridges.     [JV.  England. 
To  stitch  up,  to  mend  or  unite  with  a  needle 

and    thread ;   as,  to  stitch  up  a  rent ;    to 
s«i<r/i  «/)  an  artery.  Jfiseman. 

STITCH,  v.i.  To  practice  stitching. 

STITCH,  n.  A  single  pass  of  a  needle  in 

2    A  single  turn  of  the  thread  round  a  needle 
'  in  knitting  ;  a  link  of  yarn  ;  as,  to  let  down 
a  stitch  ;  to  take  up  a  stitch. 

3.  A  land  ;  the  space  between  two  double 
furrows  in  plowed  ground. 

4.  A  local  spasmodic  pain  ;  an  acute  lancing 
pain,  like  the  piercing  of  a  needle  ;  as  a 
stitch  in  the  side. 

STITCH'ED,  p;j.  Sewed  slightly. 
STITCH'EL,  n.  A  kind  of  hairy  wool.  [Lo- 

cnl.]  .    , 

STITCHER,  n.  One  that  stitches. 
STITCH' ERY,n.  Needlework  ;  incontempt. 

Shak. 
STITCH  FALLEN,  a.  Fallen,  as  a  stitch  in 

knitting.     \JVbl  in  use.]  Dryden. 

STITCHING,  ppr.  Sewing  in  a  particular 

manner  ;  uniting  with  a  needle  and  thread. 
STITCHTNG,  n.  The  act  of  stitching. 

2.  Work  done  by  sewing  in  a  particular 
manner. 

3.  The  forming  of  land  into  ridges  or  divis- 
ions. , 

STlTCn'-WORT,n.  A  plant,  camomile.  [L,, 

anthcmis.]  Ainsuorth. 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Stellaria.  Lee. 

STITll,rt.    [Sax.]   Strong  ;  rigid.     [.Vo<  i;i 

xisc  I 
STITH'Y,  n.  [supra.  \co.  sledia.]  An  anvil. 

\Locnl.}  •*"*• 

2.  A  disease  in  oxen. 

STIVE.  V.  t.  [See  S(u/ and  Stetv.]  To  stuff 
up  close.     [JVot  in  use.]  Sandys. 

2.  To  make  hot,  sultry  and  close.  [jVot 
in  iisp.)  fiotlon. 

STl'VER,  n.  [Sw.slifrer;  D.  stuiver.]  A 
Dntili  coin  of  about  the  value  of  a  half- 
penny sterling,  or  the  cent  of  the  United 
States.  It  is  also  a  money  of  account  in 
Holland  and  Flanders.  Encyc. 

STOAK,  V  t.  To  slop;   to  choke;  in  sea- 

»;u/i'.v  language. 
STO.\T,   71.   All  animal  of  ilie  weasel  kind  ; 
the  erniinc.     Tliis  animal  is  called  stoat 


3. 


when  of  a  reddish  color,  and  ermine  when 
white,  as  in  winter.  Ed.  Encyc. 

STO'CAH,  n.  [Ir.  and  Erse.]  An  attendant ; 

i     a  wallet  boy.     [JVot  English  nor  tised.] 

!  S/ienser. 

STO€CA'DE,  }  [It.   stoccato.    a  thnisi, 

STO€€A'DO,  ^  "■  Ironi  stocco.  a  stock  or 
race,  a  rapier  or  long  swnrd  :  Sp.  estocada  ; 
Fr.  estncade.  This  gives  the  sense  of 
thrust.  But  we  give  the  word  another 
signification,  from  stock,  a  jiost  or  fixed 

1     piece  of  timber.     The  It.  stocco  and  Eng. 

j     stock  are  the  same  word.] 

1.  A  stab  ;  a  thrust  with  a  rapier.  Shak. 

2.  A  fence  or  barrier  made   with  stakes  or 
posts  planted  in  the  earth  ;  a  slight  tortifi 
cation.     [See  Stockade.] 

STOCHAS'Tle,  a.  [Gr.  s'oa:af""'s-)  Con 
iectural;  able  to  conjecture.  [JVotinuse.^ 
•'  Brown. 

STOCK,  71.  [Sax.  stoc,  a  place,  the  stem  of  a 
tree;  G.  stock,  a  stem,  a  staff",  a  stick,  a 
block;  D.  Dan.  stok,  id.;  Sw.  stock;  hr. 
estoc;  h.  stocco.  This  word  coincides  with 
stake,  stick,  stack;  that  which  is  set  or 
fixed.]  ^  , 

The  stem  or  main  body  of  a  tree  or  otber 
plant ;  the  fixed,  strong,  firm  part  ;  the 
origin  and  support  of  the  branches.    Job 

Tlie  stem  in  which  a  grafl  is  inserted,  and 
which  is  its  support. 

The  cion  overruleth  the   stock  quite. 

Bacon 

A  post ;  something  fixed,  solid  and  sense- 
less. ..,,.,         J 
When  all  our  fathers   worship  d  stocks  and 
stones.  MMon. 

4.  A  person  very  stupid,  dull   and  senseless. 
Let's  be  no  stoics,  nor  no  stocks.  Shak. 

5.  The  handle  of  any  thing. 
;6.  The  wood  in  which  the  barrel  of  a  mu.s- 
i     ket  or  other  fire-arm  is  fixed. 

7.  A  thrust  with  a  rapier.     [JVot  in  use. 

8.  A  cravat  or  band  for  the  neck. 

9.  A  cover  for  the  leg.     Obs.     [Now  slock- 

10  The  original  progenitor;  also,  the  race 
or  line  of  a  family  ;  the  progenitors  of  a 
family  and  their  direct  descendants;  lin- 
eage"; family.     From  what  stock  did   he 

spring?  ,      ,    , 

Thy  mother  was  no  goddess,  nor  thy  stock 
From  Dardanus—  Dcnham. 

Men  and  brethren,  children  of  the  stock  ol 
Abraham—     Acts  xiii. 

11.  A  fund  ;  capital ;  the  money  or  goods 
employed  in  trade,  manufactures,  insur- 
ance, banking,  &c. ;  as  the  stock  of  a  bank- 
ing companv  ;  the  stock  employed  in  the 
manufacture  of  cotton,  in  making  insur- 
ance and  the  like.  Slock  may  be  individual 
or  joint. 

12.  Money  lent  to  government,  or  property 
~in  a  public  debt  ;  a  share    or   shares  of  a 

national  or  other  public  debt,  or  in  a  com- 
pany <hbt.  The  United  States  borrow  of 
the  bank  or  of  individuals,  and  sell  stock 
bearing  an  interest  of  five,  six  or  seven  per 
cent.  ISritish  slocks  are  the  objects  of  jier- 
petiial  speculation. 
|:{.  Supply  priviiled  ;  store.  Every  oik 
may  be  charilalile  out  of  his  own  slock 
So  we  say,  a  slock  of  honor,  a  slock   of 

"  Add  to  Uiat  slock  which  justly  we  bestow. 

Dryden 


S  T  O 

114.  tn  agriculture,  the  domestic  animals  or 

I     beast*  belonging  to  the  owner  of  a  farm  ; 

I  as  a  stocA- (.f  <  attle  or  of  sheep.  It  is  also 
used  fiir  the  crop  or  other  property  beling- 
iiig  to  the  farm.  Encyc. 

i,  15.  Living  beasts  shipped  to  a  foreign  coun- 
trv  ;  a.s,  a  brig  sailed  yesterday  with  stock 
on  deck.  The  cattle  are  called  also  live 
slock.  America. 

10.  In  the  Jfest  Indies,  the  slaves  of  a  plan- 
tation. 

17.  Stocks,  plu.  a  machine  consisting  of  two 
pieces  of  timber,  in  which  the  legs  of  crim- 
inals are  confined  by  way  of  punishment. 

18.  The  frame  or  timbers  on  which  a  ship 
rests  while  building. 

19.  The  sfocA  of  an  anchor  is  the  piece  of 
timber  into  which  the  shank  is  inserted. 

Mar.  Diet. 

20.  In  book-keeping,  the  owner  or  owners  of 
the  books.  Encyc. 

'stock,  v.  t.  To  store  ;  to  supply  ;  to  fill; 
as,  to  stock  the  mind  with  ideas.  Asia  and 
Europe  are  well  stocked  with  inhabitants. 

2.  To  lay  up  in  store ;  as,  he  stocks  what  he 
cannot  use.  Johnson. 

3.  To  put  in  the  stocks.     [LdtUe  used.] 

Shak. 

4.  To  pack  ;  to  put  into  a  pack  ;  as,  to  stock 
cards. 

5.  To  supply  with  domestic  animals  ;  as,  to 
stock  a  farm. 

6.  To  supjily  with  seed  ;  as,  to  stock  land 
with  clover  or  herdsgrass. 

American  farmers. 

7.  To  suffer  cows  to  retain  their  milk  for 
24  hours  or  more,  previous  to  sale. 

To  slock  up,  to  extirpate  ;  to  dig  up. 

Edwards,  If.  Indtes. 
STOCKA'DE,  n.  [See  Stoccade.]    In  fortifi- 
cation, a  sharpened  post  or  stake  set  in  the 
I     earth. 
2.  A  line  of  posts  or  stakes  set  in  the  earth 

as  a  fence  or  barrier. 
STOCKA'DE,  V.  I.  To  snrround  or  fortify 
with  sharpened  posts  fixed  in  the  ground. 
STOCKA'DED,   pp.  Fortified  with  stock- 
ades. ■ 
STOCKA'DING,     ppr.     Fortifying    with 

sharpened  posts  or  stakes. 
STOCK'  BROKER,  n.  [slock  and  broker.] 
A  broker  who  deals  in  the  purchase  and 
sale  of  stocks  or  shares  in  the  public 
funds. 
STOCK'-DOVE,  Ji.  [stock  and  dove.]  The 
ling-dove.  Dryden. 

The  stork  dove  is  the  wild  pigeon  of  Eu- 
rope, fCo/wHifc"  oios.j  long  considered  as 
the  stock  of  the  domestic  pigeon,  but  now 
regarded  as  a  distinct  species.  The  ring- 
dove is  the  Columba  palumbus. 

Ed.  Encyc. 
STOCK-FISH,    n.   [slock  and  fish.]    Cod 

Irietl  hard  and  without  salt. 
STOCK  (ilL'LYFLOWER,   n.   A  plant,  a 
species  ol  Cheiranlluis;  sometimes  written 
.itock  Jnliifioicer.     Encyc.     Fam.  of  Plants. 
STOCKING,    »i.    [from   stock;    Ir.   stoca ; 
supposed  by  .lolmson  to  he   a  corruption 
or.s(ocA(»,  plural  nf  stock.     But  qu.] 
.\  gariiiciit  made  to  cover  the  leg. 
STOCKING,  V.  t.  To  dress  in  stockings. 

Dryden. 
STOCK  ISll,  a.  Hard;  stupid;  blockish. 
[Little  used.]  *%«'■■• 


S  T  O 


S  T  O 


S  T  O 


STOCK'-JOBBER,  n.  [slock  mAjoh.]  One 
who  speculates  in  the  public  funds  for 
gain  ;  one  whose  occu[)ation  is  to  hoy  and 
sell  stocks. 

STOCK'-JOBBING,  n.  The  act  or  nrt  of 
dealing  in  the  public  funds.  Kncyc- 

STOCK'-LOCK,  n.  [slock  and  lock.]  A  lock 
fixicl  in  wood.  Moxon. 

STOCKS.  [See  under  Slock.] 

STOCK'-STILL,  a.  [slock  Si-nA  slUl]  Still 
as  a  fixed  i)ost ;  perfectly  still. 

Our  preachers  stand  stack-still  in  llic  pulpit. 

Jlttun. 

STOCK'Y,  a.  [from  stoc*.]  Thick  and  firn) ; 
stout.  A  slocky  person  is  one  rather  thick 
than  tall  or  corpulent ;  one  whoso  hones 
are  covered  well  with  flesh,  but  without  a 
prominent  belly. 

STO'IC,  n.  [Gr.  futxoj,  frotti  foa,  a  porch  in 
Athens  where  the  philosopher  Zeno 
taught.] 

A  disciple  of  the  philosopher  Zeno,  who 
founded  a  sect.  He  taught  that  lucn 
should  lie  free  from  passion,  unmoved  by 
joy  or  grief,  and  submit  without  complaint 
to  the  unavoidable  necessity  by  which  all 
things  are  governed.  Enfield. 

STOIC,        T        Pertaining  to  the  Stoics  or 

STO'IC.\L,  \  "'  to  their  doctrines. 

2.  Not  aftected  by  passion  ;  unfeeling  ;  man- 
ife.stin,!j,  indifference  to  pleasure  or  pain. 

STO'JCALLY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  the 
Stoics;  without  apparent  feeling  or  sen- 
sibility ;  with  indifference  to  i)leasure  or 
pain.  Clieslerfietd. 

STO'ICALNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
stoical ;  indifference  to  pleasure  or  pain. 

STO'ICISM,  71.  The  opinions  and  maxims 
of  the  Stoics. 

2.  A  real  or  pretended  indifference  to  pleas- 
ure or  pain  ;  insensibility. 

STOKE,  Sax.  slocce,  sloe,  place,  is  the  same 
word  as  stock,   difl^erently  applied.     It  i 
found  in  many  English  names  of  towns. 

STOKE,      )       One   who  looks   after   the 

STO'KER,  ^  "■  fire  in  a  brew-house.  [Lo- 
cal  or  lechnical.]  Green 

STOLE,  prct.  of  steal. 

STOLE,  n.  [L.  h.  slola ;  Sp.  eslola.]  Along 
vest  or  robe  ;  a  garment  worn  by  the 
priests  of  some  denominations  when  they 
otficiate.  It  is  a  broad  strip  of  cloth  reach- 
ing from  the  neck  to  the  feet.  Encijc. 

2.  [L.  stole]  A  sucker ;  a  shoot  from  the 
root  of  a  plant,  by  which  some  plants  may 
be  propagated  ;  written  also  stool. 

STOLEN,  pp.  «(o'te.- The  passive  participle 
of  steal. 

Stolen  waters  arc  sweet.     Prov.  ix. 

STOL  ID,  a.  [L.  stolid  us ;  from  the  root  of 
still,  stall,  to  set.] 

Dull ;  foolish  ;  stupid.     [JVot  used.] 

STOLID'ITY,  n.  [supra.]  Dullness  of  in- 
tellect ;  stupidity.     [Little  used.]     Bentley. 

STOLONIF  EROUS,  a.  [L.  s<oio,  a  sucker, 
and/cro,  to  produce.] 

Producing  suckers  ;  putting  forth  suckers  ; 
as  a  stoloniferous  stem.  Martyn. 

STOM'ACH,  n.  [L.  stomachus  ;  Sp.  esto- 
vuigo  :  It.  sloviacho  ;  Fr.  cstomac] 

i.  In  animal  bodit.i,  a  membranous  recepta- 
cle, the  organ  of  digestion,  in  which  food 
is  prepared  for  entering  into  the  several 
parts  of  the  body  for  its  nourishment. 

2.  Appetite ;  the  desire  of  food  caused  by 

Vol.  II. 


hunger  ;  as  a  good  stomach  for  roast  beef. 
[JJ  popular  jise  of  the  ivord.] 
:?.  Inclination  ;  liking.  Bacon. 

He  whicli  liath  no  stomach  to  this  fight. 
Let  liiin  depart —  SItak. 

Anger;  violence  of  temper. 

Stern  was  liis  look,  and  full  of  stomach  vain. 

Spenser. 

5.  Sullcnncss  ;  resentment  ;  willful  obstin- 
acy ;  stubbornness. 

This  sort  of  crying  proceeding  from  pride, 
obstinacy  and  utomocli,  the  will,  where  the 
fault  lies,  must  he  bent.  Locke. 

6.  Pride ;  haughtiness. 

He  was  a  man 
Of  an  unbounded  stomach,  ever  ranking 
Himself  with  princes.  Sltak. 

IJVote.  This  word  in  all  thft  foregoing  senses,  ex- 
cept the  first,  is  nearly  obsolete  or  inelegant.] 

STOM'ACH,  I). «.  [L.  stomaclwr.]  To  resent ; 
to  remember  with  anger. 

The   lion  beg.an  to  show  his  teeth,  and  to 

stomach  the  affront.  L'Estrangc. 

This  sense  is  not  used  in  America,  as  far 

as  my  observation  extends.     In  ,/lmenca,  at 

least  in  JVew  Enj^land,  the  sense  is, 

2.  To  brook  ;  to  bear  without  open  resent 
ment  or  without  opposition.  [JVot  ele 
frant.] 

STOM'ACH,  V.  i.  To  be  angry.  [.Vo(  in 
use.]  Hooker. 

STOM'ACIIED,  a.  Filled  with  resentment, 

Shak. 

STOM'ACHER,  n.  An  ornament  or  sup- 
port to  the  breast,  worn  by  females.  Is.  iii 

Shak. 

STOM'AellFUL,  a.  Willfully  obstinate  ; 
stubborn  ;  perverse  ;  as  a  slomnrhful  boy. 

L'Estrange. 

STOM'ACUFULNESS,  n.  Stubbornness 
sullenness;  perverse  obstinacy. 

STOMACII'Ie,        I       Pertaining    to    the 

STOMACH'ICAL,  \  "'  stomach  ;  as  .stom- 
achic vessels.  Harvey 

2.  Strengthening  to  the  stomach  ;  exciting 
the  action  of  the  stomach.  Coxe 

STOMACH'IC,  n.  A  medicine  that  excites 
the  action  and  strengthens  the  tone  of  the 
stomach. 

STOM' ACHING,  n.  Resentment.  [jXot  in 
use.] 

STOM'ACIILESS,  a.  Being  without  appe 
tite.  Hall. 

STOM'ACIIOUS,  a.  Stout;  sullen;  obstin 
ate.     [jYot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

STOMP,  for  stamp,  which  see. 

STOND,  n.  [for  stand.]  A  stop ;  a  post  ;  a 
station.     Obs.     [See  Stand.] 

STONE,  n.  [Sax.  stan  :  Goth.  ,9tetno ;  G. 
stein;  D.  Dan.  stecn;  Sw.  sten  ;  Dalma- 
tian, .iztina  ;  Croatian,  stine.  This  word 
may  be  n  derivative  from  the  root  of  stand, 
or  it  may  belong  to  some  root  in  Class  Dn. 
The  primary  sense  is  to  set,  to  fix ;  Gr. 

S-fl'05.] 

I.  A  concretion  of  some  species  of  earth,  as 
lime,  silex,  clay  and  the  like,  usually  in 
combination  with  some  species  of  air  or 
gas,  with  sulphur  or  with  a  metallic  sub- 
stance ;  a  hard  conifiact  body,  of  any  form 
and  size.  In  popular  language,  very  large 
masses  of  concretions  are  called  rocks: 
and  very  small  concretions  are  imiversally 
called  gravel  or  sand,  or  grains  of  sand. 
Stones  arc  of  various  degrees  of  hardness 
and  weight  ;  they  are  brittle  and  fusible, 
but  not  malleable,  ductile,  or  soluble  in 

82 


water.  Stones  are  of  great  and  extensive 
use  in  the  construction  of  buildii  ji.'  if  all 
kinds,  for  walls,  fences,  piers,  abulii:euts, 
arches,  monuments,  sculpture  and  the 
like. 

When  we  speak  of  the  substance  gen- 
erally, we  use  stone  in  the  singular  ;  as  a 
house  or  wall  of  stone.  But  when  we 
speak  of  particular  separate  masses,  we 
say,  a  stone,  or  the  stones. 

2.  A  gem  ;  a  jn-ecious  stone. 

Inestimable  stones,  unvalu'd  jewels.      Sliak. 

3.  Any  thing  made  of  stone ;  a  mirror. 

,S7iaA:. 

4.  A  calculous  concretion  in  the  kidneys  or 
bladder  ;  the  disease  arising  from  a  cal- 
culus. 

5.  A  testicle. 

0.  The  nut  of  a  drupe  or  stone  fruit ;  or  the 
hard  covering  inclosing  tlie  kernel,  and  it- 
self inclosed  by  the  ])ulpy  pcricarj). 

Martyn. 
In  Great  Britain,  the  weight  of  fourteen 
pounds.  [8,  12,  14  or  16.] 

[JVot  used  in  the  United  States,  except  in 
reference  to  the  riders  of  horses  i7i  races  J\ 

8.  A  monument  erected  to  preserve  the  mem- 
ory of  the  dead. 

Should  some  relentless  eye 
Glance  on  the  stone  where  our  cold  relics  lie — 

Pope. 

9.  It  is  used  to  express  torpidness  and  in- 
sensibility ;  as  a  heart  of  «(onc. 

I  have  not  yet  forgot  myself  to  stone.    Pope. 

10.  Stone  is  prefixed  to  some  words  to  qual- 
ify their  signification.  Thus  stone-dead,  is 
perfectly  dead,  as  lifeless  as  a  stone ; 
stone-still,  still  as  a  stone,  perfectly  still ; 
stone-blind,  blind  as  a  stone,  })erfectly 
blind. 

To  leave  no  stone  unturned,  a  proverbial  ex- 
pression which  signifies  to  do  every  thing 
that  can  be  done  ;  to  use  all  practicable 
means  to  eflfect  an  object. 

J\Ieteoric  stones,  stones  which  fall  from  the 
atmosphere,  as  after  the  displosion  of  a 
meteor. 

Philosopher's  stone,  a  pretended  substance 
that  was  formerly  supposed  to  have  the 
property  of  turning  any  other  substance 
into  gold. 

STONE,  a.  Made  of  stone,  or  like  stone  ;  as 
a  s/o)ic  jug. 

STONE,  v.t.  [Sax.  stonnii.]  To  pelt,  beat 
or  kill  with  stones. 

And  (hey  stoned  Stephen  calling  on  God  and 
saying.  Lord  Jesus,  receive  my  spiiit.   Acts  vii. 

2.  To  harden. 

O  pcrjnr'd  woman,  thou  dost  stone  my  heart. 
[Little  itsed.]  Shak. 

li.3.  To  free  from  stones  :  as,  to  stone  raisins. 
|i4.  To  wall  (jr  face  with  stones  ;  to  line  or 
jl     fortify  with  stones;  as,  to  stone  a  well ;  to 
I     stone  a  celhir. 

liSTO'NE-BLIND,     a.     [stone    and    blind.] 
I     Blind  as  a  stone  ;  perfectly  blind. 
STO'NE-BOW,  n.  [s/onc aiid  6oic.]  Across 
I     bow  for  shooting  stones. 
STONE-BREAK,  n.  [stone  and  break ;  L. 
j     saxifraga.]  A  [)lant.  Ainsworth. 

:  STO'NE-CHAT.  )       [stone  and  chat- 

jSTO'NE-CHATTER,  S"-  ter.]  A  bird,  the 
;     Jilotaeilla  rubicola.   Linn. 

JKnsworlh.     Ed.  Encye. 
[jSTO'NE-CRAY,  n.  A  distemper  in  hawks. 


S  T  O 


S  T  O 


S  T  O 


S*TO'NE-CROP,  n.  [Sax.  stan-crop.]  A  sort 

of  tree.  Mortimer. 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Seduin;  wall-pepper. 

The  stone-crop  tree  or  slinibhy  gluss-wort 

is  of  the  genus  Chenopoillum.  Lfe 

HTO'NECUTTER,  n.  [stontnud  cut.]  One 

wliose  occupation  is  to  hew  stones. 

Siinfl. 
STO'NE€UTTING,    n.    The  business  of 

hewing  stones  for  walls,  steps,  cornices, 

monuments,  &c. 
STO  A'ED,  pp.  Pelted  or  killed  with  stones; 

freed  from  stones  ;  walled  with  stones. 

[stone  and  dead.]    As 


STONE-DEAD,    «. 

lifeless  as  a  stone. 
STONE-FERN,    n. 
plant. 


[stone  and  fern.]    A 

Ainsworth. 

STO'NE-FLY,  n.  [dune  and  fij.]  An  insect 

Ainsworth 
STO'NE-FRCIT,  n.  [stone  and  fruit.]  Fruit 

whose  seeds  are  covered  with  a  hard  she' 

enveloped  in  the  pulp,  as  peaches,  cher- 
ries, plums,  &c. ;  a  drujie.  Boyle 
STO'NE-HAWK,  n.    [stone  and  kawk.]    A 

kind  of  hawk.  Jiinswoiih 

STO'NE-HE'ARTED,  ?      [stone  and  heart: 
STONY-HEARTED,  \  "■  Hard     hearted  ; 

cruel;  pitiless;  unfeeling.  Shak. 

STO'NE-HORSE,  »!.    [stone  and  horse.]    A 

horse  not  i-ast  rated.  Mortimer. 

STO'NE-HOUSE,  n.  [stone  and  house.]    A 

house  built  of  stone. 
STO'NE-F^ARSLEY,  n.    A   plant   of  the 

genus  Bubou.  Fam.  of  Plants 

STO'NE-PIT,   n.    [stone  an<I  pit.]    A  pit  or 

quarrv  wiiere  stones  are  dug.     IVoodward 
STO'NE-PITCH,  n.  [stone  md  pitch.]  Hard 

inspissated  pitch.  Baron. 

STO'NE-PLOVER,  n.    [stone   and  plover. 

A  liird.  Jiinstoorth 

STO'NER,  n.    One  who  beats  or  kills  with 

stones  ;  one  who  '.vails  with  stones. 
STONE'S  €AST,        (        [stone    and   cast 
STONE'S  THROW,  ^  "'   or  throto.]     The 

distance  which  a  stone  may  be  thrown  by 

the  hand. 
STO'NE'S  MICKLE,   n.   A  bird. 

Ainsworth. 
STO'NE  SQUARER,  n.  [stoic  and  square.] 

One  who  forms   stones  into  squares.     1 

Kings  V. 
STO'NE-STILL,    a.   [stone  and  still.]    Still 

as  a  stone  ;  perfectly  still  or  motioidess. 
STO'NE-WALL,  n.    [stone   and   wall]    A 

wall  budt  iif  stones. 
STO'NE-WARE,   n.     [stone  and  ware.}     A 

species  of  potter's  ware  of  a  coarse  kind, 

glazeil  and  bake<l. 
STO'NE-WORK.n.  [stone  aiidiuork.]  Work 

or  wall  consisting  of  stone  ;  mason's  work' 

of  stone.  Mortimer.' 

STO'NINESS,  n.  [from  s(oni/.]  The  qnali-j 
ty  of  abounding  with  stones  ;  as,  the  ston- 
iness  of  ground  renders  it  ditlicult  to  till. 

2    Hardness  of  heart.  Hammond. 

STO'NY,  a.  [D.  steenig ;  G.steinig;  Sw. 
st^neg.] 

1.  M.kIh  of  Btone  ;  as  a  s/oni/ tower.      Shak. 

%  ("oiisisting  of  stone  ;  as  a  stony  cave. 

Milton. 

3.  Full  of  stones  ;  abounding  with  stones  ; 
as  stony  ground. 

4.  I'elrifying  ;  as  the  stony  dart  of  senseless 
colfl-  Spenser. 


5.  Hard;  cruel;  unrelenting;  pitiless;  as  a 
stony  heart.  Milton. 

G.  Insensible  ;  obdurate  ;  perverse ;  morally 
hard. 

STOOD,  pret.  of  stand. 

STQQK,  n.  [W.  yslwc,  a  shock  of  grain.] 
A  small  collection  of  sheaves  set  up  in  the 
field.     [Local.] 

STQQK,  v.  t.  To  set  up  sheaves  of  grain  in 
stooks.     [Local.] 

STOOL,  n.  [Sax.  stol,  Goth,  stols,  a  seat,  a 
throne  ;  G.  stuhl,  a  stool,  a  stock,  a  pew,  a 
chair,  the  see  of  a  bishop  ;  D.  Dan.  stoet,i 
id.;  Sw.  .stol;  W.  ystal.  This  coincidesi 
with  stall  and  still.  A  stool  is  that  which 
is  set,  or  a  seat ;  Russ.  preslnl,  a  throne.] 

1.  A  seat  without  a  back  ;  a  little  form  con- 
sisting of  a  board  with  three  or  four  legs, 
intended  as  a  seat  for  one  person.     IVatts. 

2.  The  seat  used  in  evacuating  the  contents 
of  the  bowels;  hence,  an  evacuation  ;  a 
ilischarge  from  the  bowels. 

.3.  [L.  stolo.]    A   sucker ;    a  shoot  from  tlie 

bottom  of  the  stem  or  the  root  of  a  plant. 

Edioards,  II'.  hid. 

Stool  of  repentance,  in  Scotland,  an  elevated 
seal  in  the  church,  on  which  jjcrsons  sit 
as  a  punishment  for  fornication  and  adid- 
tery.  Johnson. 

STOOL,  V.  i.  In  agricultnre,  to  ramify  ;  to 
tiller,  as  grain  ;  to  shoot  out  suckers. 

STOOL'-BALL,  n.  [stool  and  ball.]  A  play 
in  which  balls  are  driven  from  stool  to 
stoid.  Prior. 

STOOM,  r.  t.  To  put  bags  of  herbs  or  other 
ingredients  into  wine,  to  prevent  ferment 
atiim.     [Local.]  Chambers. 

STOOP,  V.  i.  [Sax.   stupian ;    D.   stuipen.] 

t.  To  bend  the  body  downward  and  for- 
ward ;  as,  to  stoop  to  pick  up  a  book. 

'i.  To  bend  or  lean  forward;  to  incline  for- 
ward in  standing  or  walking.  We  often 
see  men  .stooj)  in  standing  or  walking,  ei- 
ther from  habit  or  from  age. 

3.  To  yield;  to  submit;  to  bend  by  compul- 
sion ;  as,  Carthage  at  length  slonped  to 
Rome.  Uryden. 

4.  To  descend  from  rank  or  dignity  ;  to  con- 
descend. In  modern  days,  attention  to 
agriculture  is  not  called  stooping  in  men 
of  property. 

Where  men  of  great  wcaldi  sloop  to  husband- 
ry, it  multiplieth  riches  exceetliuj^ly.       Bacon. 

5.  To  yield  ;  to  be  inferior. 
These  are  arts,  my  prince, 

In  which  our  Zama  does  not  sloop  to  Rome. 

Addison. 
C.  To  come  down  on  prey,  as  a  hawk. 

The  bird  of  Jove  s/yo7>'(/ from  his  airy  tour, 
Two  birds  of  gayest  plume  before  him  drove. 

Mdton. 

7.  To  alight  from  the  wing. 

And  stoop  with  closing  pinions  from  above. 

Dry  den. 

8.  To  sink  to  a  lower  place. 

Cowering  low 
With  blandishments,  each  bird  sloop'd  on  his 
wing.  AlUtnn. 

STOOP,  V.  t.  To  cause  to  inchnc  down- 
ward ;  to  sink  ;  as,  to  sloop  a  cask  of  li- 
quor. 

"2.  To  cause  to  submit.     [Lilltc  used.] 

STOOP,  n.  The  act  of  bending  the  body 
forwaril :  inclination  lorward. 

2.  Descent  from  dignity  or  superiority  ;  con- 
descension. 


Can  any  loyal  subject  see 
With  patience  such  a  stoop  from  sovereignty . 

Drydat. 

3.  Fall  of  a  bird  on  his  prey. 

4.  In  America,  a  kind  of  shed,  generally  open, 
hut  attached  to  a  liouse ;  also,  an  open 
l)lace  for  seats  at  a  door. 

STOOP,  ?i.  [Sax  stoppa  ;  D.  stoop,  a  meas- 
ure of  about  two  (piarts;  Sw.  stop,  a 
measure  of  about  three  pints.] 

1.  A  vessel  of  liquor;  as  a  sloo/i  of  wine  or 
ale.  Uenham.     King. 

2.  A  post  fixed  in  the  earth.     [Local.] 

STOOP'ED,  pp.  Cau.sedto  lean. 

STOOP'ER,  »i.  One  that   bends  the  body 

[     forward.  Slitrwood. 

STOOP  ING,  ppr.  Bending  the  body  for- 
ward ;  yiehling  ;  submitting  ;  condescend- 
ing ;  inclining. 

STOOP'L\Gl>Y,  adv.  With  a  bonding  of 
the  body  furward. 

STOOR,  V.  i.  To  rise  in  clouds,  as  dust  or 
smoke  ;  from  the  Welsh  ysJicr,  a  stir.  [Lo- 
cal.] 

STOOT'ER,  n.  A  small  silver  coin  in  Hol- 

i     land,  value  2.i  stivers.  Encyc. 

STOP.  V.  t.  [D.  stoppen  ;  G.  stopfen,  to  stop, 
to  check,  to  pose,  to  fill,  i4)  cram,  to  stuff, 
to  quilt,  to  darn,  to  mend  ;  Dtin.  stopper, 
to  stop,  to  puzzle,  to  darn,  to  cram,  to 
stuff;  Sw.  stoppa,  to  stop,  to  stuff.  It. 
stoppare,  to  stop  with  tow  ;  stoppa,  ti>w.  L. 
stupa ;  Sp.  estopa,  tow ;  estofa,  qmlted 
stuff;  estofar,  to  quilt,  to  steic  m-iil  with 
wine,  spice  or  vinegar;  Port,  csloft,  stuff'; 
cs<q/ar,  to  quilt,  to  stuff';  Fr.  etmipe.  tow; 
etouper,  to  stop  with  tow;  etouffer,  to 
choke,  to  stife,  [See  Stife  ;]  h.stupa, row ; 
slipo,  to  stuff,  to  crowd,  and  stupeo,  to  be 
stupefied,  whence  stupid,  stupor,  [that  is, 
to  stop,  or  a  stop  ;]  Ir.  stopam,  to  stop,  to 
shut.  The  primary  sense  is  either  to  cease 
to  move,  or  to  stuff,  to  press,  to  thrust  in, 
to  cram ;  probably  the  latter.] 

1.  To  close,  as  an  aperture,  by  filling  or  by 
obstructing;  as,  to  slop  a  vent ;  to  slop  the 
ears;  to  stop  wells  of  water.     2  Kings  iii. 

2.  To  obstruct ;  to  render  impassable;  as, 
to  stop  a  \vay,  road  or  passage. 

.3.  To  hinder;  to  impede  ;  to  arre.st  prog- 
ress; as,  to  .ttop  a  passenger  in  the  road  ; 
to  stop  the  course  of  a  stream. 

4.  To  restrain;  to  hinder;  to  suspend;  as, 
to  stoptUe  execution  of  a  decree. 

5.  To  repress;  to  suppress;  to  restrain;  as, 
to  stop  the  progress  of  vice. 

6.  To  hinder  ;  to  check ;  as,  to  stop  the  ap- 
proaches of  old  age  or  infirmity. 

7.  To  hinder  from  action  or  practice. 

Whose  disposition,  all  the  world  well  knows^ 
Will  not  be  rubb"d  nor  stopped.  Shak. 

18.  To  put  an  end  to  any  motion  or  action  ; 

to  intercept ;  as,   to  slop  the   breath  ;    to- 

stop  proceedings. 
'!).  To  regulate  tliesoundsofmusicalstrings; 

as,  to  stop  a  string.  liacon. 

10.  In  seamanship,  to  make  fast. 

11.  To  point;  as  a.  written  composition. 
\.Yot  in  use.] 

STOP,  V.  i.  To  cease  to  go  forward. 
Some  strange  commotion 
Is  in  his  brain  ;  he  biles  his  lip,  and  starts ; 
Stops  on  a  sudden,  looks  upon  the  ground — 

.SAaft. 

2.  To  cease  from  any  motion   or  course  of 


S  T  O 


S  T  O 


S  T  O 


action.    When  you  are  acciistomod  to  a 
course  of  vice,  it  ia  very  diflicult  to  stop. 
The  best  time  to  stop  is  at  the  bcginiiiiig. 

Lesley 

STOP,  n.  Cessation  of  progressive  motion 

as,  to  make  a  stop.  Ij  Estrange. 

Si.    Jlinderance   of  progress ;    obstruction : 

act  of  stopping. 

Occult  qualities  put  a  stop   to  the  improve- 
ment of  natural  philosophy —  A^ewtnn 

3.  llepression  ;  hinderance  of  operation  or 
action. 

It  is  a  great  step  towards  the  mastery  of  our 
desires,  to  give  this  stop  to  them.  Locke 

4.  Interruption. 

These  stops  of  thine  friglit  me  the  more. 

Shak. 
.5.  Prohibition  of  sale  ;  as  the  slop  of  wine 
and  salt.  Temple. 

C.  That  which  obstructs  ;  obstacle  ;  impedi- 
ment. 

A  fatal  stop  travers'd  their  headlong  course 

Daniel. 
.So  melancholy  a   prospect  should  inspire  us 
with  zeal  to  oppose  some  stop  to  the  rising  tor- 
rent. Rogers 

7.  The  instrument  by  whicli  the  sounds  of 
wind  music  are  regulated  ;  as  the  stops  of 
a  flute  or  an  orfjan. 

8.  Regulation  of  musical  chords  by  the  fin- 
gers. 

In  the  stops  of  lutes,  the  higher  they  go,  the 
less  distance  is  between  tlic  frets.  Bacon. 

9.  The  act  of  applying  the  stops  in  music. 

Th'  organ-sound  a  time  survives  the  stop. 

Daniel 

10.  A  point  or  mark  in  writing,  intended  to 
distinguish  the  sentences,  parts  of  a  sen- 
tence or  clauses,  and  to  show  the  proper 
pau.ses  in  reading.  The  stops  generally 
used,  are  the  comma,  semi-colon,  colon 
and  period.  To  these  niiiy  be  added  the 
marks  of  interrogation  and  exclamation. 

STOP'-COCK,  n.  [stop  and  cock.]  A  pipe 
for  letting  out  a  fluid,  stopped  by  a  turning 
cock.  Greiv. 

STOP'-G.\P,  )i.  [stop  and  gap.]  A  tempo- 
rary expedient.     [jYot  used.] 

STOP'LESS,  a.  Not  to  be  stopped.  [Xot 
in  use.]  Davenant. 

STOP'PAgE,  n.  The  act  of  stopping  or  ar- 
resting progress  or  motion  ;  or  the  state  of 
being  stopped;  as  the  stoppage  of  the 
circulation  of  the  blood  ;  the  stoppage  of 
commerce. 

STOP'PED,  pp.  Closed  ;  obstructed  ;  hin- 
dered from  proceeding  ;  impeded  ;  inter- 
cepted. 

STOP'PER,  n.  One  who  stops,  closes, 
shuts  or  hinders ;  that  which  stops  or  ob- 
structs ;  that  which  closes  or  fills  a  vent 
or  hole  in  a  vessel. 

2.  In  seamen's  language,  a  short  piece  of 
rope  used  for  making  something  fast,  as 
the  anchor  or  cables.  Stoppers  are  also 
used  to  prevent  the  ruiming  rigging  from 
coming  up,  whilst  the  men  are  belaying  it. 

STOP'PER.  V.  t.  To  close  with  a  stopper. 

STOPPERED,  pp.  Closed  with  a  stopper; 
as  a  stoppered  retort.  Henry. 

STOP-PING,  ppr.  Closing;  shutting;  ob- 
structing; hindering  from  proceeding; 
ceasing  to  go  or  move  ;  putting  an  end  to  ; 
regulating  the  sounds  of 

STOP'PLE,  ».  [Sw.  .'!lopp.]  That  which 
stops  or  closes  the  mouth  of  a  vessel ;  as 
a  glass  stopple  ;  a  cork  stopple.  j 


STO'RAtiE,  n.  [from  .?«ore.]  The  actofde-| 
positing  in  a  store  or  warehou.se  for  safe' 
kecj)ii)g  ;  or  the  safe  keeping  of  goods  in 
a  warcht)use. 

3.  The  price  charged  or  paid  for  keeping 
goods  in  a  store. 

STO'RAX,  n.  [L.  sti/rax.]  A  plant  or  tree  : 
also,  a  resinous  "and  odoriferous  drug 
brought  from  Turkey,  but  generally  adul- 
terated. It  imparts  to  water  a  yellow  col- 
or, and  iias  been  deemed  a  resolvent. 


any  kind ;  a  magazine  ;   a   repository ;  a 
warehouse. 

Josu|)h  opened  all  the  riore-houses  and  sold 
to  the  Kgyptians.     Gen.  xli. 
A  repository. 

The  Scripture  of  God  is  a  store-house  abound- 
ing with  inestimable  treasures  of  wisdom  and 
knowledge.  Hooker. 

3.  A  great  mass  reposited.     [.Vol  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

STORE-KEEPER,  n.  [store   and   keeper.] 
A  man  who  has  the  care  of  a  store. 


Storax  is  a  solid  balsam,  either  in  red  tears!  ^Twre'^'^'  "■  °°*  "■''"  ^"^^  "P  "'  ^°""^  " 


or  in  large  cakes,  brittle,  but  soft  to  the 
touch,  and  of  a  reddish  brown  color.  It 
is  obtiiined  from  the  Slijrar  rifficinalis,  a 
tree  which  grows  in  the  Levant.  Liquid 
storai,  or  sli/rar.  is  a  liquid  or  scmitlui<l 
balsam,  said  to  be  obtained  from  the  Li- 
quidamliir  sti/racijluri,  a  tree  which  grows 
in  Virginia.  It  is  greenish,  of  an  aromatic 
taste,  and  agreeable  smell.  Thomson. 

STORE,  n.  [W.  ystor,  that  forms  a  bulk,  a 
store  ;  Sa.\.  Uan.  stur ;  S w.  id.  great,  ample, 
spacious,  main  ;  Ir.  star,  storas  ;  Ileb.  Ch. 
Eth.  .\r.  li'x  atsar.  Class  Sr.  No.  39.] 

1.  A  large  number;  as  a  siore  of  years.   Ob.i. 

Dry  den. 

2.  A  large  quantity;  great  plenty;  abun- 
dance ;  as  a  store  of  wheat  or  provisions. 

Bacon. 

3.  A  stock  provided;  a  large  quantity  litr 
supply  ;  ample  abmidance.  The  troops 
have  great  stores  of  provisions  and  ainnui 
nition.  The  ships  have  stores  for  a  long 
voyage.  [This  the  present  usual  nccep 
tation  of  the  word,  and  in  this  sense  the 
plural,  stores,  is  commonly  used.  VVhei: 
applied  to  a  single  article  of  supply,  it  is 
still  sometimes  used  in  the  singular ;  as  a 
good  store  of  wine  or  of  bread. 

4.  Qiiaiuity  accumulated  ;  fund  ;  abun- 
dance; as  siores  of  knowledge. 

5.  A  storehouse  ;  a  magazine  ;  a  warehouse. 
Nothing  can  be  more  convenient  than  the 
stores  on  Central  wharf  in  Boston. 

Milton. 

i).  In  the  I'nited  States,  shops  for  the  sale  of 
goods  of  arjy  kind,  by  wholesale  or  retail, 
are  often  called  stores. 

In  store,  in  a  state  of  accmnulation,  in  a  lit- 
eral sense  ;  hence,  in  a  state  of  preparation 
fur  supply  ;  in  a  .state  of  readiness.  Hap- 
piness is  laid  up  in  store  for  the  righteous; 
misery  is  in  store  for  the  wicked. 

STORE,  a.  Hoarded  ;  laid  up ;  as  .itore 
treasm-e.     [JVvt  in  use.] 

STORE,    V.   t.    To  furnish  ;  to   supply 
replenish. 

Wise  Plato  said  the   world   with  men  was 
stor'd.  Denliam. 

Her  mind  with  thousand  virtues  stored. 

Prior. 

2.  To  stock  against  a  future  time  ;  as  a  gar- 
rison well  stored  with  provisions. 

One  havinp;  stored  a  pond  of  four  acres  with 
carp,  tench  and  other  fish —  Hale. 

3.  To  reposit  in  a  store  or  warehouse  for 
preservation;  to  warehouse  ;  as,  to  ,t/ore 
goods.  Bacon. 

STO'RED,  pp.  Furnished  ;  supplied. 
2.  Laid  up  in  store  ;  warehoused. 
STORE-HOUSE,    H.    [store    and    house^ 
A  building  for  keeping  grain  or  goods  of|; 


tore. 

STO'RIAL,  a.  [from  story.]  Historical. 
[.Yot  in  use.]  Chaucer. 

STO  RIED,  a.  [from  «/ory.]  Furnished  with 
stories;  adorned  with  historical  paint- 
ings. 

Some  greedy  minion  or  imperious  wife, 
The  trbpliied  arches,  storied  halls,  invade. 
T>  Pope. 

2.  Related  in  story;  told  or  recited  iti  his- 
torj-. 

STO'RIER.  n.  A  relator  of  stories;  a  his- 
torian.   JAo<  in  use.] 

STO'RIFV,  V.  t.  To  form  or  tell  storie?. 
[Ao<  in  use.]  Ch.  Relig.  .'Ippeal. 

.STORK,  n.  [Sax.  store  :  Dan.  Sw.  stork.] 
A  large  fowl  of  the  genus  Ardea  or  Heron 
kinil, 

.STORK'S-BILL,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Geraiiium. 

STORIM,  n.  [Sax.  D.  Dan.  Sw.  storm ;  G. 
.Hiinn  ;  W.ystorm;  D.stooren,  to  disturb; 
W.  ystwriaiv,  Eng.  to  stir.  In  Italian. 
stormo  is  a  fight,  combat,  a  band  or  troop  ; 
stormire,  to  make  a  noise  ;  stormeggiarc,  to 
throng  together,  to  ring  the  alarm  bell. 
The  Italian  seems  to  be  from  L.  turma. 
The  primary  sense  of  storm  is  a  rushing, 
raging  or  violent  agitation.] 

I.  A  violent  wind;  a  tempest.  Thus  a  storm 
of  u'ind,  is  correct  language,  as  the  proper 
sense  of  the  word  is  rushing,  violence.  It 
has  primarily  no  reference  to  a  fall  of  rain 
or  snow.  But  as  a  violent  wind  is  often 
attended  with  rain  or  snow,  the  word 
storm  has  come  to  be  used,  most  improp- 
erly, for  a  fall  of  rain  or  snow  without 
wind. 

0  beat  those  storms,  aod  roll  the  seas  iu  vain. 

Pope. 

I.  A  violent  assault  on  a  fortified  place  ;  a 
furious  attempt  of  troops  to  enter  and 
take  a  fi)rtified  place  by  scaling  the  walKs, 
foi-cing  the  gates  and  the  like.  Dn/den. 
■3.  Violent  civil  or  political  commotion  ;  se- 
dition; insurrection;  also,  clamor;  tu- 
mult; disturbance  of  the  public  peace. 

1  will  stir  up  in  England  some  black  storms. 

Shak. 

Her  sister 
Began  to  scold  and  raise  up  such  a  storm — 

Shak. 

4.  Affliction  ;  calamity  ;  distress ;  adversity. 
A  brave  man  struggling  in  tlie  storms  of  fate. 

Pope. 

5.  Violence ;  vehemence ;  tumultuous  force. 

Hooker. 

STOR>I,  V.  t.  To  assault ;  to  attack  and  at- 
tempt to  take  by  scaling  the  walls,  forcing 
gajes  or  breaches  and  the  hke ;  as,  to  storm 
a  fortified  town. 

STORM,  V.  i.  To  raise  a  tempest.     Spenser. 
2.  To  blow  with  violence ;  impersonally ;  as, 
it  storms. 


S  T  O 


S  T  O 


S  T  R 


3.  To  rage;  to  be  in  a  violent  agitation  of 
passion;  to  fume.     The  master  »(o;-;/is. 

STORM'-BEAT,  a.  [storm  and  beat.]  Beat- 
en or  Impaired  byslornis.  Spenser. 

STOKM'ED,  pp.  Assaulted  by  violence. 

STORM'INESS,  n.  Tempestuousness;  the 
state  of  being  agitated  by  violent  winds. 

STORM'ING,  ])pr.  Attacking  vvith  violent 
force ;  raging. 

STORM'Y,  a." Tempestuous;  agitated  with 
furious  winds;  boisterous;  as  a  stuniii/ 
season  ;  a  sloniiy  day  or  week. 

2.  Proceeding  from  violent  agitation  or  fu- 
ry ;  as  a  stormy  sound ;  stormy  shocks. 


Addison. 
3.  Violent;  passionate.     [Unusual.'] 
STORY,  71.  [Sa.\.  «(a;r,  sler ;  It.  sloria ;  L. 

historia ;  Gr.  ijopia.] 
1.  A  verbal  narration  or  recital  of  a  series  of 
facts  or  incidents.  We  observe  in  children 
a  strong  passion  for  hearing  stories. 
^.  A  written  narrative  of  a  series  of  facts  or 
events.     There  is  probably  on  record  no 
story  more  interesting  than  that  of  Joseph 
in  Genesis 
3.  History;  a  written  narrative  or  account  of 
past  transactions,  whether  relating  to  ua 
tions  or  individuals. 

Tlie  four  great  mouarchies  make  the  subject 
of  aucient  story.  Temple 

■1.  Petty  tale  ;  relation  of  a  single  incident 
or  of  trifling  incidents.  Addison. 

5.  A  trifling  tale  ;  a  fiction;  a  fable  ;  as  the 
story  of  a  fairy.  In  popular  usage,  story  is 
sometimes  a  softer  term  for  a  lie. 
G.  A  loft ;  a  floor  ;  or  a  set  of  rooms  on  the 
same  floor  or  level.  A  story  comprehends 
the  distance  from  one  floor  to  another 
as  a  story  of  nine  or  ten  feet  elevation. 
Hence  each  floor  terminating  the  space  is 
called  a  story  ;  as  a  house  of  one  story,  of 
two  stories,  of  five  stories.  The  farm 
houses  in  New  England  have  usually  two 
stories;  the  houses  in  Paris  have  usually 
fivii  stories ;  a  few  have  more;  those  in 
London  four.  But  in  the  United  States 
the  floor  ne.\t  the  ground  is  the  first  story  ; 
in  France  and  En;;laiid,  the  first  floor  or 
stnni,  is  the  second  from  the  ground 
STO'RY,  V.  t.  To  tell  in  historical  relation ; 
to  narrate. 

How  worthy  he  is,  I  will  leave  to  appeai 
hereafter,  rather  ihau  story  him  in  his  own  In  ar- 
ing.  Shak 

It  is  storied  of  the  brazen  colossus  in  Rhodes 
that  it  was  seventy  cubits  high.  H'~dldns.\ 

[This  verb  is  chiefly  used  in  the  passive 
participle] 
2.  To   range   one   under    another.      [Little 
used.]  Betitley. 

STORY-TELLER,  n.  [story  aiu\  tell.]  One 
who  tells  stories ;  a  narrator  of  a  series  of 
incideiiis  ;  as  an  amusing story-ietter, 

2.  \  historian  ;  in  contempt.  Swift. 

3.  One  who  tells  fictitious  stories. 
STOT,  n.    [Sa\.  slotte,  a   poor   horse.]     A 

horse.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Chaucer, 

2.  A  yoinig  bullock  or  steer.     [Not  in  use  or\ 

local  ] 
STO'l-E.     [See  Stoat.] 
STOUNI),  i».  i.  [Ice.  stunde.]  To  be  in  pain 

or  sorrow.     [.Vol  in  use.] 
2.  Siuimed      [Vol  in  use.     See  Astound,.] 
BTOUNl),  n.  Sorrow;  grief.     [jVotin  use.] 

Spenser. 
2.  A  shooting  pain.     [JVot  in  use.]  lb. 


13.  Noise.     [jYoI  in  use.]  Ih. 

A.  Astonishment ;  amazement.  [Not  in  use.] 

I  Oay. 

5.  Hour;  time;  season.    [Dan.  shtnrf.]   [.Vu( 

[     in  use.]  lb. 

|6.  A  vessel  to  put  small  beer  in.         [Local.] 

STOUll,  n.  [Sax.  styrian,  to  stir.]    A  battle! 

I     or  tumult.     Obs.  Spenser.'^ 

Stour,  signifies  a  river,  as  in  Sturbridge.         j 

STOUT,  a.  [D.  stoat,  bold,  stout  ;  stooten,  to 

push ;  Dan.   sliider,   to   push  ;   sludser,   to' 

strut.     The  primary  sense  is  to  shoot  for-i 

ward  or  to  swell.] 

I.  Strong;  lusty. 

A  stouter  champion  never  handled  sword. 

aiuik. 

3.  Bold  ;  intrepid  ;  valiant ;  brave. 

He  lost  the  character  of  a  bold,  stnut,  mag- 
nanimous man.  Clarendon 
\3.  Large  ;    bulky.      [A  popular  use   of  the 

word.] 
i.  Proud  ;  resolute  ;  obstinate. 

The  lords  all  stand  to  clear  their  cause, 
Most  resolutely  stout.  J)aniel. 

5.  Strong  ;   firm  ;  as  a  stout  vessel. 

Dryden. 

STOUT,  n.  A  cant  name  for  strong  beer. 

Swift. 

STOUT' LY,  adv.  Lustily  ;  boldly ;  obsti- 
nately.    He  stoutly  defended  himself 

STOUT'NESS,  n.  Strength  ;  bulk. 

3.  Boldness;  fortitude.  Aschum.' 

'3.  Obstinacy  ;  stubbornness.  Shak. 

STOVE,  n."  [Sax.  stofa  ;  Sw.  stifoa  ;  D. 
stoof;  It.  slufa  ;  Sp.  estufa,  a  warm  close 
room,  a  bath,  a  room  where  pitch  and  tar 
are  heated  ;  estofar,  to  slew  meat,  and  to 
quilt ;  Fr.  etuve  ;  G.  badslube,  a  bagnio  ori 
hot  house;  stube,  a  room;  stuben-ofen,  a 
stove  ;  Dan.  stover,  to  stew  ;  slue,  a  room  ; 
stue-ovn,  a  stove.  This  primarily  is  mere- 
ly a  room,  a  place.     See  Stow.] 

1.  A  hot  house  ;  a  house  or  room  artificially 
warmi^d.  Bacon.     fVoodward. 

I.  A  small  box  with  an  iron  pan,  used  tbrj 
holding  coals  to  warm  the  feet.  It  is  a 
bad  [iractice  for  young  persons  to  accus- 
tom themselves  to  sit  vvith  a  warm  stove 
under  the  feel. 
3.  An    iron  box,   cylinder  or   fire-place,   in 


winch  fire  is  made  to  warm  an  apartment. 
Stoves  for  this  purpose  are  of  various 
forms. 

I.  An  iron  box,  with  various  apartments  in 
it  for  i-ooking;  a  culinary  utensil  of  vari- 
ous forms. 

STOVE,  V.  t.  To  keep  warm  in  a  house  or 
room  by  artificial  heat;  as,  to  stove  orange 
trees  and  myrtles.  liacon. 

ISTOVE,  prct.  of  stave. 

STOV'ER,  n.  [a  contraction  of  estover.] 
Fodder  for  cattle  ;  primarily,  fodder  from 
tluoshed  grain;  but  in  New  England,  any 
kind  of  fodder  from  the  barn  or  stack. 

[STOW,  V.  t.  [Sax.  stow,  a  jikn  e,  a  fixed  placel 
or   mansion  ;  G.  stauen,  I),  staiven,  Dan. 

I     «(iii>er, to  Slow,  to  place;  Sp.  Port,  estivar,^. 

I  id.,  coinciding  with  L.  stipo,  to  crowd,  lo^ 
stuff;  Sp.  estiva,  a  rammer;  L.  s/i'm,  thel 
handle  of  a  plow.  The  sense  is  to  set  orl 
throw  down,  from  the  more  general  sense, 
of  throwing,  driving.] 
1.  To  placi'  ;  to  put  in  a  suitable  place  or 
position  ;  as,  to  stow  bags,  bales  or  casks 
in  a  ship's  hold  ;  to  stow  luiy  in  a  mow  ;  to 


the  placing  of  many  things,  or  of  one  thing 
among  many,  or  of  a  mass  of  things. 

i.  To  lay  up;  toreposit. 

Stow  in  names,  signifies  place,  as  in  Bar- 
slow. 

STOWAGE,  n.  The  act  or  operation  of 
placing  in  a  suitable  position  ;  or  the  suit- 
able disposition  of  several  things  togetlier. 
The  stowage  of  a  ship's  cargo  to  advantage 
requires  no  little  skill.  It  is  of  great  con- 
sequence to  make  good  stowage.  [This  is 
the  principal  use  of  the  word.] 
Room  for  the  reception  of  things  to  l>e  re- 
jKjsited. 

In  every  vessel  there  is  stowage  for  immense 
treasures.  Mdison. 

3.  The  state  of  being  laid  up.  I  am  curious 
to  have  the  plate  and  jewels  in  safe  slow- 
age. 

4.  Money  paid  for  stowing  goods.  [Little 
used.] 

STOWED,  pp.    Placed  in  due  position  or 

order;   reposited. 
STOWING,  ppr.  Placing  in  due   position; 

disposmif  in  good  order. 
STRA'BISM,  n.  [L.  strabismus,  from  stra- 

6u,  siraio,  a  sciuiiii-eyed  person.] 
A  s()iiinting;    the  act  or   habii  of  looking 

asquint. 
STRAD'DLE,  v.  i.  [from  the  root  of  stride  . 

Sax.  slredan,  to  scatter.] 
To  part  the  leys  wide  ;  to  stand  or  walk  with 

the  legs  far  apart. 
STRAD'DLE,  v.  t.  To  place  one  leg  on  one 
side  and   the  other  o'li   the   other  of  any 
thing  ;  as,  to  straddle  a  fence  or  a  horse. 
STRAD'DLING,  ppr.  Standing  or  walking 
with  the  legs   far   apart ;  placing  one   leg 
on  one  side  and  the  other  on  the  other. 
STRAGGLE,!),  i.  strag't.  [This  word  seems 
to  be    formed  on    the  root   of  stray     In 
Sax.   stragan  is   to  strew,  to  spread  ;  D. 
.sire'.Aen,  to  stretch  ;  G.  streichen,  to  pass, 
to  migrate  ;  W.  treiglaw,  to  turn,  revolve, 
w;iniler.] 
I.  To  wander  from   the    direct  course   or 
way  ;  to  rove.     \J'hen  troops  are  on   the 
march,  let  not  the  men  straggle'. 
•3.  To  wander  at  large  \f  ithont  any  certain 
direction  or  object  ;  to  rumble. 
The  wolf  spied  a  straggling  kid. 

L'  Estrange. 
To  exuberate  ;  to  shoot  too  far  in  growth. 
Prune  tlie  straggling  braiiches  of  the 
hedge.  Mortimer. 

4.  To  be  dispersed  ;  to   be  apart  from  any 
main  body. 

I  hey  came  between   Scylla   and  Charybdis 
and  the  straggling  rocks.  Haleigh. 

STRAG'GLER,  n.  A  wanderer;  a  rover; 
one  that  departs  from  the  direct  or  proper 
course;  one  that  rambles  without  any  set- 
tled direction.  Swifl. 
3.  A  vagabond  ;  a  wandering  shiftless  fel- 
low. 

3.  Something  that  shoots  beyond  the  rest  or 
>o  far. 

4.  Something  that  stands  by  itself 
STRA(J'GLING,  ppr.  Wandering  ;  roving; 

rambhng  ;  beinj;  in  a  separate  position. 
STR'Alll.STEIN,  n.  [G.  strahl,  a  beam  or 

gleam,  and  «<etn,  stone.]  Another  name  of 

actiiiolitc.  Ure. 

STRAKiliT,    a.    strait.    [L.  striclus,   from 

stringo ;    Sax.   strac  ;    formed    from     tlio 


stow  sheaves.    The  word  has  reference  to'l     root  of  reach,  stretch,  right,  L.  rectus,  G. 


S  T  R 


S  T  R 


S  T  R 


recht,Yr.  etroit,   It.  slreMo,  in  which  thell     filter;  as,  to  4(ra»i  milk.     Water  may  be 
palatal  letter  is  lost;  hut  the  Spanish  re-J     strained  through  sand.  ,  ,    „      , 

taius  it  Ml  cstrecho,  tslrtchar.     It  is  lost  iuJI  Bacon.     .Irbuthnol. 

the  fort,  estrcito.     It  is  customary  to  write  6.   To   sprain  ;    to    injure    by    drawing    or 
straight,  (or  direct  or  right,  anil  strait,  for 


narrow,  hut  this  is  a  practi(-e  vvliolly  arbi 
trary,  both  heiiig  the  saino   word.     Strait 
we  use  m  the  sense  in  which  it  is  used  in 
the  south   ol"  Kurope.     Both  senses  pro- 
ceed t'ruiti  strtlcliinf;,straininf:;.] 

1.  Right,  in  a  malheinatical  sense  ;  direct ; 
passing  troiii  one  point  to  another  by  tliCj 
nearest  course;  not  deviating  or  crooked  ;i 
as  a  slraif^ld  hue;  a  straight  course;  al 
straight  piece  <if  timber.  | 

2.  Narrow;  close;  light;  as  a  s/raig-W  gar- 
ment. [C5ee  Strait,  as  it  is  generally  writ- 
ten.] 

3.  Upright  ;  according  with  justice  and  rec- 
titude ;  not  deviating  iVoni  truth  or  fair- 
ness. 

.STIi-AIGHT,  adv.  Immediately  ;  directly  ; 
in  tlie  shortest  time. 

I  know  lliy  generous  temper  well ; 
Fling  hut  til'  aiijjcaiaiice  ol'ilishoiior  on  it, 
It  straight  talics  lire,  and  mounts  into  a  blaze. 

Jiddisun.l 

STRA'IGHTEN,    v.  i.   sira'itn.  To   make; 

straight ;  to  reduce  from   a  crooke<l  to   a' 

straight  form.  Hooker.] 

2.  To  make  narrow,  tense  or  close;  to  tight 
en. 

3.  To  reduce  to  difficulties  or  distress. 
STllAIGllTENEU,   pp.    Made   straight 

made  narrow. 


stretching, 

Pruiles  decay'd  about  may  tack, 
Strain  their  necks  with  looking  back. 

Swift 

7.  To  make  tighter  ;  to  cause  to  bind  closer. 
To  strain  his  fetters  with  a  stricter  care. 

Drydtn. 

8.  To  force  ;  to  constrain  ;  to  make  uneasy 
or  unnatural. 

His  inirlli  i<  forced  and  strained.      Dcnliam.l 
STRAIN,  I',  i.  To  make  violent  efforts.         | 
To  build  his  fortune  1  will  strain  a  little. 

Sliak.] 

Straining  with  too  weak  a  wing.  Pope. 

i.  To  be  filtered.     Water  straining  through 

id  becomes  pure. 
STRAIN,  n.  A   violent  effort;  a  stretcliing 
or  exertion  of  the  limbs  or  muscles,  or  of 
any  thing  else. 
•i.  An  injury  by  excessive  exertion,  drawing 
or  stretching.  Grew. 

■i.  Style;  continued  manner  of  speaking  or 
writing;  as  the  genius  and  strain  of  the 
book  of  Proverbs.  Tillolson. 

j         So  we  say,  poetic  strains,  lofty  strains. 
14.  Song ;  note  ;  sound  ;  or  a  particular  part 
of  a  tune. 

'I'heir  heavenly  harps  a  lower  strain  began. 

Dry  den. 
5.  Turn  ;  tendency  ;  inborn  disposition. 

Because  heretics  have   a  s(/ai»  of  madness, 
he  applied   her   with  some  coq)oral    chastise 


STRA'IGH'J'ENER,  n.  He  or  that   which'|      menls. 

straightens.  TO.  Manner  of  speech  or  action. 

STRa'iGHTENING,  ppr.  Making  straight 


Hax/ward. 
Bacon. 


or  narriiw. 

STRA'IGHTLY,  adv.  In  a  right  line  ;  not 
crookeilly. 

2.  Tightlv  ;  closely. 

STRA'IGllTNESS,  ti.  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  straight  ;   rectitude.  Bacon. 

2.  Narrowness;  tension;  tiulitnes.s. 

STRA'IGllT\VAY,ai/ii.  {straight  and  way.] 
Immediately  ;  without  loss  of  time  ;  With- 
out delay. 

He  took  the  damsel  by  the  hand,  and  said  to 
her,    Talitha   cuiui —     And    straightway  th 
damsel  arose.     Mark  v. 
[SIraightways  is  obsolete.] 

STR.MKS,  n.  Strong  plates  of  iron  on  the 
circunitlirence  of  a  cannon  wheel  over  the 
joints  of  the  fellies. 

STR.VIN,  V.  t.  [Fi:  elreindre  ;  It.  strignere; 
S\>.  estreiiir ;  L.  stringo.     This    wonl    re- 
tains its  original  signification,  to  stretcl 
Strain   is   the   L.  strin'^o,  as   straight    is 
slrictus,  in  different  dialects.] 

1.  To  stretch ;  to  draw    with  force  ;  to  ex 
tend   with   great   effort  ;  as,   to  strain   a 
rope;  io  strain  the  shrouds  of  a  ship;  to 
strain  the  chords  of  an  instrument. 

2.  To  cause  to  draw  with  tbrco,  or  with  ex 
cess  of  exertion  ;  to  injure  by  pressing  with 
too  much  effort.     He   strained  his  horses 
or  his  oxen  by  overloading  them. 

3.  To  stretch  violently  or  by  violent  exer 
tion  ;  as,  to  strain  the  arm  or  the  muscles 

4.  To  put  to  the  utmost  strength.  Slen  in 
desperate  cases  will  strain  themselves  for 
relief. 

5.  To  press  or  cause  to  pass  through  some 
porous  substance ;  to  purify  or  separate 
from  extraneous  matter  by  filtration  ;  to 


Such  take  too  high  a  strain  at  first. 
Race  ;  gpiieration  ;  descent. 

He  is  of  a  noble  strain.     [A'ot  in  Mse.] 

Shak. 
Hereditary  disposition. 

Inlemperance  and  lust  breed  diseases,  which 
propagated,  spoil  the  strain  of  a  nation.  [jVut 
in  use.]  Tillotson. 

9.  Rank  ;  character.     [.Vo(  in  use.] 

Dryden 
STRA'INABLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  strain- 
ed.    [.Vot  in  tise.]  Bacon. 
STUA'I.N'ED,  pp.    Stretched  ;  violently  ex- 
erted ;  lihered. 
S'rR.\'l.\ER,  n.  That  through  which  any 
liquid  passes  for   purification  ;  an  instru- 
ment for  filtration.  , 

The  lacteals  of  animal  bodies  are  the  strain- 
ers to  separate  the  pure  emulsion  from  its  feces 

Jirbuthnot 
[This  doctrine  is  now  questioned.} 
STRA'I.MNG,    ppr.    Stretching; 
with  violence  ;  ma 
teriinr. 
STRA  IXING,  n.  The   act  of  stretching  ; 

the  act  iif  filtering;  filtration. 
*TUAI.\T,  )i.  ,\   violent  stretching  or  ten- 
sion.    [«Vo(  in  tise.]  Spenser. 


5.  Straight ;  not  crooked. 

STRAIT,  n.  [See  i/ruigW.]  A  narrow  pass 
ur  passage,  either  in  a  mountain  or  in  the 
ocean,  between  continents  or  other  por- 
tions of  land  ;  as  the  straits  of  Gibraltar; 
lliv.  straits  of  Magellan  ;  the  straits  of  Ho- 
ver. [In  this  sense,  the  plural  is  mure  gene- 
rally used  titan  the  singular,  and  often  with- 
out any  apparent  reason  or  propriety.] 

2.  Distress;  ditficnlly  ;  distressing  necessity ; 
formerly  written  streight.  [^Used  either  in, 
the  singular  or  plural.] 

J,,el  no  man  wtio  owns  a  providence,  become 

desperate  under  any  calamity  or  strait  whaLso- 

ever.  South. 

Ulysses  made  use  of  the  pretense  of  natuial 

infirmity  to  conceal    the  straits   he  was  in  at 

that  time  in  his  thoughts.  Broome. 

STRAIT,  V.  t.  To  jiut  to  difficulties.     [.\ot 

in  use.]  Shak. 

STRA'ITEN,  V.  t.  stra'itn.  To  make  narrow. 

In  narrow  circuit,  straitened  by  a  foe. 

Milton. 

•i.  To  contract ;  to   confine ;  as,  to   straiten 

the  British  commerce.  Addison. 

3.  To  make  tense  or  tight ;  as,  to  straiten  a 
I     cord.  Dunciad. 

4.  To  distress ;  to  perplex  ;  to  press  with 
poverty    or   other   necessity  ;   as,   a  man 

'     straitened  \n  his  circumstances. 

5.  To  press  by  want  of  sufficient  room. 

Waters  when  straitened,  as  at  the  falls  of 
bridges,  give  a  roaring  noise.  Bacon. 

STRAIT  HANDED,  a.  [strait  and  hand.] 
Parsimonious  ;  sparing  ;  niggardly.  [jVo< 
niiicA  used.] 

STRAIT-HAND'EDNESS,  n.  Niggardli- 
ness ;  parsimony.  Hall. 

STRA'IT-LACED,     a.     [strait    and    lace.] 

1.  Griped  with  stays. 
We  have  few  well-shaped  that  aie  strait-laced. 

Locke. 

2.  Stiff;  constrained.     Hence, 

3.  Rigid  in  opinion  ;  strict. 
STRA'ITLY,  adb.  Narrowly;  closely. 
a.  Strictly  ;  rigorously.     [For  this,  strictly  is 

now  used.] 
3.  Closely  ;  intimately. 
STR.A'IT.XESS,    n.    Narrowness;   as  the 
I     straitness  of  a  place  ;  straitncss  of  mind  ; 
!     s(rntY;ifss  of  circumstances.  Bacon. 

\2.  Strictness;  rigor;  as  the  straitness  of  a 

man's  [iroccedings.  Shak. 

3.  Distress:  dilliciilty;  pressure  from  neces- 
sity of  any  kind,  particularly  from  poverty. 

4.  Want;  scarcity;  or  rather  narrowness; 
as  the  straitness  of  the  conveniences   of 


I'STRA'IT-WAISTCOAT,  i 
'^^'^"'"S  STRA  IT-.IACKET, 


Ijorke. 

,  ..      .>.*... ,l„     An    appura- 

tretching;   exertingjlj^^,^.^,.j,.,.^(.K|,,^,^  ^  ".   ,„^    ,i'^^„. 

king  great  cttorts ;  hl-|[     j;j,p  ,|,^.  i,,,,,,,  j,,-j,  .listracted  person. 

STRAKE. /(/-e^.ofs/nAc    Obs.  [See  Strike.] 

STRAKE,  n.    [Sp. /raca.j    A  streak.     [Not 

used   unless  in   reference  to   the   range  of 

plaiiUs  in  a  ship's  siile.     See  Streak.] 

\  narrow  boaril.     [jVot  used.] 


STRAIT,  a   [See  Straight.]  Narrow  ;  close ;  C^^  ;,.,_,.  .,.,,,,  ^.„„,  J,-  „  „.,,p^.|      ^,„  ^,,3  Unj. 


not  broad 

Strait  is  the  gate,  and  narrow  is  the  way  that 
leadetb  to  life,  and  few  there  be  that  find  it. 
Matt.  vii. 
i.  Close  ;  intimate  ;  as  a  strait  degree  of  fa- 
vor. Sidney 
■i.  Strict;  rigorous. 

He  now,  forsooth,  takes  on  him  to  reform 


toil  States,   this  is  called  a  band,  or  the 

tire  of  a  wheel.] 

STRAM,  t'.  1.  [Dan.  strammer,  to  stretch,  to 

spreail.]      To   spread    out  the   limbs  ;  to 

sprawl.     [Local  and  vulgar.] 

iSTIlAM'ASH,    r. /.    [h.  stramazzare.]     To 

irike,  beat  or  bang  ;  to  break  ;  to  destroy. 


Some  ceitain  edicts,  and  some  strait  decrees.!      [Local  and  vulgar.] 

SAofc.jiSTRAMIN'EOLS,  a. 
4.  Difficult ;  distressful.  '     stramen,  straw.] 


[L, 


Grose. 

siramineus,  from 


S  T  R 


S  T  R 


S  T  R 


1.  Strawy;  consisting  of  straw.      Rohinson. 

2.  Chaffy  ;  like  straw  ;  light.  Bitrton. 
STRAND,  n.  [Sax.  G.  D.  Dan.  Sw.  s/ranrf.j 

1.  Tlie  shore  or  beach  of  the  sea  or  ocean, 
or  of  a  large  lake,  and  perhaps  of  a  navi- 
gable river.  It  is  never  used  of  the  bank 
of  a  small  river  or  pond.  The  Dutch  on 
the  Hudson  apply  it  to  a  landing  place ;  as 
the  strand  at  Kingston. 

2.  One  of  the  twists  or  parts  of  which  a  rope 
is  composed.  [Russ.  struna,  a  cord  or 
string.]  Mar.  Did. 

STRAND,  V.  t.  To  drive  or  run  aground  on 
the  sea  shore,  as  a  ship. 

2.  To  break  one  of  the  strands  of  a  rope. 

Mar.  Diet. 

STRAND,  V.  i.  To  drift  or  be  driven  on 
shore  ;  to  run  aground  ;  as,  a  ship  strands 
at  high  water. 

STRAND'ED,  pp.  Run  ashore. 

2.  Having  a  strand  broken. 

STRANDING,  ppr.  Running  ashore  ; 
breaking  a  strand. 

STRANGE,  a.  [Fr.  etrange  ;  It.  sirano, 
strange,  foreign,  pale,  wan,  rude,  un 
polite ;  stranare,  to  alienate,  to  remove,  to 
abuse  ;  siraniare,  to  separate  ;  Sp.  extraho, 
foreign,  extraneous,  rare,  wild  ;  L.  extra 
neiis ;  W.  estronaiz,  strange  ;  estrawn,  a 
stranger.  The  primary  sense  of  the  root 
tran,  is  to  depart,  to  proceed  ;  W.  traien 
over  ;  traw,  an  advance  or  distance.] 

1.  Foreign  ;  belonging  to  another  country. 

I  do  not  contemn  the  knowledge  of  strange 
and  divers  tongues.  [ITiis  sense  is  nearly  ob- 
solete.'] Ascham 

2.  Not  domestic  ;  belonging  to  others. 

So  she  impatient  her  own  faults  to  see, 
Turns  from  herself,  and  in  strange  things  de- 
lights.    [jVearly  obsolete.]        Davies. 

3.  New ;  not  before  known,  heard  or  seen. 
The  former  custom  was  familiar  ;  the  lat 
ter  was  new  and  strange  to  them.    Hence, 

4.  Wonderful  ;  causing  surprise  ;  exciting 
curiosity.  It  is  strange  that  men  will  not 
receive  iinprovement,  when  it  is  shown  to 
be  improvement. 

Sated  at  length,  ere  long  I  might  perceive 
Strange  alteration  in  n\e.  Jifilton 

5.  Odd  ;  unusual ;  irregular  ;  not  according 
to  the  common  way. 

He's  strange  and  peevish.  Shak 

G.  Remote.     [Ldttle  used.]  Shak. 

7.  Uncoinmon ;  unusual. 

This  made  David  to  admire  the  law  of  God  at 
that  strange  rate.  Tillotson 

8.  Unacquainted. 

They  were  now  at  a  gage,  looking  strange  at 

one  another.  Bacon. 

ft.  Strange  is  sometimes  uttered  by  way  of 

exclamation. 

Strange !  what  extremes  should  thus  preserve 

the  snow. 
High  on  the  Alps,  or  in  deep  caves  below. 

Waller. 
This  is  an  elliptical  expression  for  it  is 
strange. 
STR.\NGE,  v.  t.   To  alienato  ;  to  estrange 

U^ot  in  tise.] 
STRANGE,   V.  i.   To  wonder ;  to  be  aston- 
ished.    [Not  in  use.]  Glanville. 
2.  To  be  estranged  or  alienated.     [J^ot  in 

use.] 
STKANtiELY,  adv.  With  some  relation  to 
foreigners.     Ohs.  Shak. 

2.  Wonderfully ;  in  a  manner  or  degree  to 
excite  surprise  or  wonder. 


How  strangely  active  are  the  arts  of  peace. 

Dryden. 

It  would  strangely  delight  you  to  sec  nith 

what  spirit  he  converses.  Law. 

STRANGENESS,     n.     Foreignness  ;    the 

state  of  belonging  to  another  country. 

If  I  will  obey  the  gospel,  no  distance  of 
place,  no  strangeness  ot  country  can  make  any 
man  a  stranger  to  me.  Sprat,  i 

2.  Distance  in  behavior;  reserve;  coldness; 
forbidding  manner. 

Will  you  not  observe 
The  strangeness  of  his  alter'd  countenance  .' 

Shak. 

3.  Remoteness  from  common  manners  or 
notions ;  uncouthness. 

Men  worthier  than  himself 
Here  tend  the  savage  strangeness  he  puts  oh. 

Shak. 

4.  Alienation  of  mind ;  estrangement ;  mu- 
tual dislike. 

This    might  seem  a   means    to    continue   a 
strangeness  between  the  two  nations.     Bacon. 
[This  sense  is  obsolete  or  tittle  vsed.] 

5.  Wonderfulness ;  the  power  of  exciting 
sin-prise  and  wonder ;  uncomraonness  that 
raises  wonder  by  novelty. 

This  raised  greater  tumults  in  the  hearts  of 
men  than  the  strangeness  and  seeming  unrea- 
sonableness of  all  the  former  articles.  Soiith 
STKANtJER,  n.  [Fr.  etranger.]  A  for- 
eigner ;  one  who  belongs  to  another  coun- 
try. Paris  and  London  are  visited  by 
strangers  from  all  the  countries  of  Europe. 

2.  One  of  another  town,  city,  state  or  prov 
ince    in    the   same   country.     The   Com 
mencements  in  American  colleges  are  fre- 
quented by  multitudes  of  strangers  from 
the  neighboring  towns  and  states. 

3.  One  unknown.  The  gentleman  is  a 
stranger  to  me. 

4.  One  unacquainted. 

My  child  is  yet  a  stranger  to  the  worfd. 

Shak. 
I  was  no  stranger  to  the  original.        Srydeti. 

5.  A  guest ;  a  visitor.  Milton. 
Q.  One  not  admitted  to  any  communication 

or  fellowship. 

Melons  on  beds  of  ice  are  taught  to  bear, 
And  strangers  to  the  sun  yet  ripen  here. 

Granville. 

7.  In  law,  one  not  privy  or  party  to  an  act. 

STRANtiER,  V.  t.  To  estrange  ;  to  alien- 
ate.    [N'ot  in  use.]  Shak. 

STRAN'GLE.  v.  t.  [Fr.  etrangler ;  It.  stran 
golare  ;  L.  strangulo.] 

1.  To  choke;  to  suffocate;  to  destroy  life 
by  stopping  respiration. 

Our  .Saxon  ancestors  corapelled  the  adulteress 
to  strangle  herself.  Jlyliffe. 

2.  To  suppress  ;  to  liinder  from  birth  or  ap- 
pearance. Shak. 

STRAN'GLED,  pp.  Choked  ;  suffocated  ; 
suppressed. 

STRAN'GLER,  n.  One  who  strangle-s. 

STRAN'GLES,  n.  Swellings  in  a  horse's 
throat. 

STRAN'GLING,  ppr.  Choking;  suffocat- 
ing; suppressing. 

STRAN'GLING,  n.  The  act  of  destroying 
life  hv  stopping  respiration. 

STRAN'GULATED,  a.  Compressed.  A 
hernia  or  rtiplure  is  said  to  bo  strangulated, 
when  it  is  so  compressed  as  to  cause, 
dangernus  symptoms.  Cyc. 

STRANGULATION,  n.  [Fr.from  L.i/ran-j 
gidatio.]  ; 


1.  The  act  of  strangling;  the  act  of  destroy- 
ing life  by  stopping  respiration  ;  suffoca- 
tion, ff'iseman, 

2.  That  kind  of  suffocation  wliich  is  com- 
mon to  women  in  hy.sterics  ;  also,  the 
straitening  or  compression  of  the  inteK- 
tines  in  hernia.  Cyc. 

STRAN'GUKY,  n.  [L.  stranguria  ;  Gr. 
yi)ttyyou(jia;  fpayl,  a  drop,  and  ov^i(n^,  urine.] 

Literally,  a  discharge  of  urine  by  drops  ; 
a  difficulty  of  discharging  urine,  attended 
with  pain. 

STRAP,)!.  [D.  «<ro;),  a  rope  or  baiter ;  Dan. 
Sw.  strop  ;  Sax.  stropp  ;  L.  slriipus. 
Strap  and  strop  apjiear  to  be  from  strip- 
ping, and  perliaps  stripe  also ;  all  having 
resemblance  to  a  s<n'/>  of  bark  jieeled  from 
a  tree.] 

1.  A  long  narrow  slip  of  cloth  or  lether,  of 
various  forms  and  for  various  uses  ;  as  the 
strap  of  a  shoe  or  boot ;  straps  for  fasten- 
ing trunks  or  other  baggage,  for  stretch- 
ing limbs  in  surgery,  &c. 

2.  In  botany,  the  flat  part  of  the  corollet  in 
\     ligulate  florets;  also,  an  appendage  to  the 

leaf  in  some  grasses.  Martyn. 

STRAP,  ti.  t.  To  beat  or  chastise  witli  a 
strap. 

2.  Tn  fasten  or  bind  with  a  strap. 

3.  To  rub  on  a  strap  for  sharpening,  as  a 
razor. 

STRAPPA'DO,  n.  [It.  slrappata,  a  pull, 
strappado  ;  strappare,  to  pull.] 

A  military  punishment  formerly  practiced. 
It  consisted  in  drawing  an  offender  to  the 
top  of  a  beam  and  letting  him  fall,  by 
which  means  a  limb  was  sometimes  dislo- 
cated. Shak. 

STRAPPA'DO,  v.t.  To  torture.        Milton. 

STRAP'PING,  ppr.  Drawing  on  a  strap,  as 
a  ra^or. 

2.  Binding  with  a  strap. 

3.  a.  Tall ;  lustv  ;  as  a  strapping  fellow. 
STRAP'-SHAPED,  a.  In  botany,  ligulate. 
STRA'TA,    n.   plu.    [See  Stratum.]    Beds ; 

layers;  as  strata  of  sand,  clay  or  coal. 
STRAT'AGEM,     n.     [L.  stratagema  ;   Fr. 
stratageme  ;  It.  stratagemma  ;  Gr.  fporijy*;- 
fioi,  tiom  ^patijytio,  to  lead  an  army.] 

1.  An  artifice,  particularly  in  war ;  a  plau 
or  scheme  for  deceiving  an  enemy. 

Shak. 

2.  Any  artifice ;  a  trick  by  which  some  ad- 
vantage is  intended  to  be  obtained. 

Those  oft  are  stratagems  which  errors  seem. 

Pope. 
STRA'TEgE,  ?  [G.-.  fpafjpyo;.]  AnAthe- 
STRAT'EGUS.  I  "•  nian  genera!  officer. 

Milford. 

STRATH,  7!.  [W.  yslrad.]  A  vale,  bottom 

or  low  ground  between  hills.  [A'otin  use.] 

STRATIFICATION,  n.  [fvom  stratify.]  The 

process  by  which  substances  in  the  earth 

have  been  formed  into  strata  or  layers. 

2.  The  state  of  being  formed  into  layers  in 
the  earth. 

3.  The  art  of  laying  in  strata. 
STRA'TIFIED,  pp.  Formed  into  a  layer, 

as  a  terrene  substance. 
STRATIFY,  v.t.    [Fr.  stratifier,  from   L. 
stratum.] 

1.  T(i  form  into  a  layer,  as  substances  in  the 
earth.  Thus  clay,  sand  and  other  speoics 
of  earth  are  often  found  stratified. 

2.  To  lay  in  strata. 


S  T  R 


S  T  R 


S  T  R 


'STRA'TIFYING,  ppr.  Arranging  in  a  lay- 
er, a^l  It  rifine  substaiires. 

SIRATOC'KACY,  n.  [Gr.  ffaroj,  un  army, 
anil  x^jaTTw,  to  hold.] 

A  military  {;overiiinuiit ;  (lovernnient  by  mil- 
itary c-liiels  uiiil  an  ariiiv.  Gnlhrit. 

STKATOCiRAl'llY,  n.  [Gr.  rpa^oj,  an  ar- 
my, anil  ypaijiui,  to  deHrrilie.] 

Description  of  annles,  or  what  belongs  to 
an  army.     [jYol  in  ust.] 

STIIA'TL'M,  n.  \,\u.  siralums  or  slruln.  Tbc 
latter  is  most  conimon.  | L.  trom  s<e;no, 
to  ^|)realJ  or  lay;  Sa\.  slreonc] 

1.  liJ  gcolof^i/  and  iidnciido^>i,  a  layer;  any 
gpecies  of  earlli,  sand,  loui  and  the  like, 
arran^'ed  in  a  flat  form,  distinct  fiom  tlie 
adjacent  matter.  Tlie  thicker  strat;i  are 
called  beds;  and  these  beds  are  soirietimes 
stratified. 

2.  A  bed  or  layer  arlilicially  made. 
riTllAlKillT,  pp.  lor  slrdcktd.     Obs. 

Chaucer. 

STRAW,    V.     [Sax.   strenw,   straw,   and    a 

stratum  or  bi-d  ;  (j.  slruh  ;  I),  stroo ;  Dan. 

stiiiue  ;    Svv.    slrti  ,   L.   .'ilriimcittiiiii,    from 

sterno,  slravi,iilniluin.     See  .SIrcu:] 

1.  The  stalk  or  stem  of  certain  species  of 
grain,  pulse,  &c.  chiefly  of  wheal,  rye, 
oats,  barley,  bu<kwheat  anil  peas.  When 
used  ofsiiiffle  stalks,  il  admits  of  a  plural, 
straws.  Straws  may  show  which  way  the 
wmd  blows.  We  say  of  firaiu  while 
growing,  the  straw  is  large,  or  it  is  rusty. 

2.  A  mass  of  the  stalks  of  certain  species  of 
grain  when  cut,  and  after  being  thrashed  ; 
as  a  bundle  or  a  loa<l  of  strain.  In  this 
sense,  the  word  admits  not  the  plural 
number. 

3.  Any  thing  proverbially  worthless.  I  care 
not  a  straw  for  tlie  play.  I  will  not  abate 
a  straw.  Hudibras. 

STRAW,  V.  t.  To  spread  or  scatter.  [See 
Strew  and  S/row.] 

STRAW' BF;RRY,  n.  [.tiraw  and  berry ;  Sax. 
slraw-bcric] 

A  plant  and  its  fruit,  of  the  gemis  Fraffaria. 
Strawberries  are  of  various  kinds,  all  deli- 
cious fruit. 

STRAW'BKRRYTKIU:,  n.  An  evergreen 
tree  of  the  genus  Arbutus;  the  fruit  is  of 
a  fleshy  substance,  like  a  strawberry. 

Lcc.     Mller. 

STRAW'-BUILT,     a.     [straw    and     buUl.] 

Constructed  of  straw ;  as  tiie  suburbs  of  a 
straw-built  citadel.  Milton. 

STRAW'-COLOK,  n.  The  color  of  dry 
straw;  a  beautiful  yellowish  color. 

STRAW'-COLOREl"),  a.  Of  a  light  yellow, 
the  color  of  drv  striiw. 

STRAW'-CUTTEK,  n.  An  insirtnncnt  to 
cut  straw  for  fodder. 

.■?TKAW'-DRAIN,  )i.  A  drain  fdlcd  with 
straw. 

STRAW'-STUFFED,  a.  StufTed  with  straw.]! 

Halt. 

STRAW'-WORM,  n.  [straw  nm\  worm.]  A 
worm  bred  in  straw. 

STRAW'Y,  a.  xMade  of  straw;  consisting 
of  straw.  Boyle. 

2.  Like  straw  ;  light. 

STRAY,  V.  1.  [The  elements  of  this  word 
are  not  certainly  known.  If  they  are 
Strff,  the  word  coincides  with  Sax.  stra:- 
gati,  stres;an,  to  scatter,  to  spread,  the  L. 
stravi,  Eng.  to  stroir.  strew  or  straw,  also 
with  G.  strcichen,  to  wander,   to  strike: 


both  probably  from  the  root  of  reach, 
strttch.  I'ossibly  stray  is  from  the  II. 
strai'iare,  from  L.  extra  and  via.  I  am  in- 
clnied  however  to  refer  it  to  a  Teutonic 
origin.     See  Strngf^le.] 

1.  To  wander,  as  from  a  tlirect  course ;  to 
deviate  or  go  out  of  the  way.  We  say,  to 
stray  from  the  path  or  road  into  the  forest 
or  wood. 

2.  To  waiuler  from  company,  or  from  the 
proper  limits;  as,  ii  sheep  s(raj/s  from  the 
(lock  :  a  horse  strays  from  an  inelosure. 

3.  To  rove  ;  to  vvancier  from  the  path  of  du- 
ty or  rectitude;  to  err;  to  deviate. 

We  have  erred  and  strayed —     Coin.  Prayer. 

4.  To  wander ;  to  rove  at  large  ;  to  play  free 
and  unconflneil. 

Lo,  the  glad  gales  o*er  .ill  her  beauties  stray, ^ 
Breathe  on  her  lips  and  in  her  busoin  play.    | 

Pope. 

5.  To  wander;  to  run  a  serpentine  course. 
Where    Thames  among    the    wanton    valley 

strays.  Denham. 

V.  t.  To  mislead.     [J^ol  in  use.] 

Shall, 
n.  Any  domestic   animal  that  has 


STRAY, 

STRAY', 

left  an   inelosure   or  its  proper  place  andt 
company,  and  wanders  at  large  or  is  lost.  >*•    ^° 
The  laws  provide  ihat  i(/(iiy« shall  be  taken 
up,  iiupouniled  and  adverti-sed. 

.^ecing  him  wander  about,  I  took  him  <ip  for 
a  stray.  JJrydcn. 

2.  The  act  of  wandering.     [Little  used.] 

Shall., 

STRA'YER,  (1.  A  wanderer.     [LilUe  used.]^ 

STKA'YING,  ;>/;r.  Wandering;  roving;  de- 
parting fr(JMi  the  direct  course,  from  the 
proper  inelosure,  or  from  the  path  of  duty. 

STREAK,  »i.  [Sax.  strica,  a  line,  direction,! 
course  ;  sirican,   to   go  ;  stric,  a  stroke,   a 


from  n  vessel  or  other  reservoir  or  foun- 
tain.    Hence, 

2.  A  river,  brook  or  rivulet. 

'■i.  A  current  of  water  in  the  ocean  ;  as  the 
gulf  j<rcam. 

4.  A  current  of  melted  metal  or  other  sub- 
stance ;  as  a  stream  ol"lcad  or  iron  flowing 
from  a  furnace  ;  a  stream  of  lava  Ironi  a 
volcano. 

5.  Any  thing  issuing  from  a  source  and  mov- 
ing will)  a  conlinued  succession  of  parts; 
as  a  stream  of  words  ;  a  stream  of  sand. 

A  i<tTtaiii  of  beneficence.  Attirbury. 

G.  A   continueil    current   or    course;    as  a 

stream  of  weather.     [.Yot  H.st(/.]     Raleigh. 

The  stream  of  his  life.  .SAoAr. 

7.  A  current  of  air  or  gas,  or  f)f  light. 

8.  Current  ;  drift :  as  of  opinions  or  man- 
ners. It  is  diflicult  to  oppose  the  stream 
of  public  opinion. 

9.  Water. 

STKE.AM,  v.i.  To  flow;  lo  move  or  run  in  a 
continuous  current.  Blood  s/)ca;na  from  a 
vein. 

Beneath  the  banks  where  livcrs  stream. 

Milton. 
emit;  to  pour  nut  in  abundance.    His 
eyes  streamed  with  tears. 

3.  To  i.ssue  with  continuance,  not  by  fits. 
From  op'ning  skies    my   streaming  glories 

shine.  Pope. 

4.  To  issue  or  shoot  in  streaks ;  as  light 
streaming  from  the  east. 

5.  To  extend  ;  to  stretch  in  a  long  line  ;  as 
a  flag  streaming  \n  the  wind. 

STREAM,  v.t.  To  mark  with  colors  or  em- 
broidery in  long  tracts. 

The  herald's  mantle  is  streamed  with  gold. 

jbacon. 


plague,  and  strec,  a  stretch;  G.  streich,  a  STRE'AMER,  v.  An  ensign  or  flag  ;  a  pen- 
stroke  or  stripe,  and  strich,  id. ;  D.  streek,i  non  extended  or  flowmg  in  the  wind;  a 
a  course;  Dan.   strcg,  a  stroke  or   line  ;|     poetic  use  of  the  word. 

strikke,  a  cord  ;  strbg,  a  stroke,  a  tract,  a  ,,..  ^"""^  ^^"l"'"  f'"™  «f"  «PP?»"'       . 

row  ;  Sw.  strCj!  ;  Ir?  sirioc.     These   have'  ^'■^°'^  «^^'"S  ■•^'«"'"«'   the   glad  general 


all  the  same  elements,  and  the  E.  stria  is! 
probably  a  contraclion  of  the  same  word; 
Sp.  traca,  without  a  prefix.] 
A  line  or  long  mark,  of  a  diflerent  colori 
from  the  ground  ;  a  stripe.  ! 

What  mean  those  color'd  streaks  in  heaven  .'i 

Aldltm.i 

2.  In  a  ship,  a  uniform  range  of  planks  on 
the  side  or  bottom  ;  soinetimes  prmiounced 
strake.  .Mar.  Diet. 

STRE.VK,  v.t.  To  form  streaks  or  stripes 
in  ;  to  stripe  ;  to  variegate  with  lines  of  a 
diflerent  color  or  of  diflerent  colons. 

A  nude  a  liiiirably  streaked  and  dappled  with 

while  and  black —  Sandys. 

Now  streak'd  and  glowing  with  the  iiiorniiig 

red.  Prior. 

2.  To  stretch.     [.\'ot  elegant.]         Chapman. 

STREAK,  r.  i.  To  run  swiltly.  [k'ulgar  in 
Yew  Kngland.] 

STRE'AKED,  pp.  Marked  or  variegated 
with  stripes  of  a  diflerent  color. 

STRE'.AKING,  ppr.   [Making  streaks  in. 

STRE'AKY,  a.  Having  stii|ies;  striped; 
variegated  with  lines  of  a  diflerent  color. 

STREAM,  ».  [.Sax.  stream:  G.  strom;  l). 
strnom  ;  Dan.  strum;  Sw.  strom;  W.  ys- 
Irym;  Ir.  srcamh  vr  sreav.  If  m  is  radi- 
cal, this  word  belongs  to  Class  Riii.] 
A  current  «(  w  aler  or  other  fluid  ;  a  liquid 
substance  flowing  in  a  line  or  course,  ei- 
ther on  the  earth,  as  a  river  or  brook,  or' 


knows.  Drifden. 

STRE'A.^IING,  ppr.  Flowing;  running  in 
a  current. 

2.  Emitting;  pouring  out  in  abundance;  as 
streaming  eyes. 

3.  Flowing;  floating  looselv  ;  as  a  flag. 
STREAMLET,  n.  A  small  stream  ;  a  riv- 
ulet ;  a  rill.  Thomson. 

STRE'A.M-TL\,   n.  Particles  or  masses  of 

tin  found  beneath   the  surface  of  alluvial 

ground.  Kncyc. 

STI{I",'.\MY,   a.  Abounding  with   running 

water. 

Arcadia, 
However  streamy  now,  adust  and  dry, 
l>enied  the  goddess  water.  Prior. 

2.  Flowing  with  a  current  or  streak. 

His  nodding  helm  emits  a  streamy  ray. 

Pope. 

STREEK,  f.   t.  [Sax.  slrccean,  to  stretch.] 

To  lay  out,  as  a  dead  body.    [Ab<  in  use.] 

lirand. 
STREET,  n.  [Sax.  stntte.  strete ;  G.  .'itrasse ; 
D.  straal ;  Sw.  strut;  Dan.  strade ;  Ir. 
sraid ;  W .  ystryd ;  U.strada;  !^\t.  eslrada ; 
1^.  stratum,  from  stratus,  strewed  or  sjn'cad. 
See  Striw.] 

1.  I'roperly,  a  paved  way  or  road  ;  but  in 
usage,  any  way  or  road  in  n  city,  chiefly 
a  main  way,  in  distinction  from  a  lane  or 
alley. 

2.  Among  the  people  of  New  England,  any 
public  iiighway. 


S  T  R 


S  T  R 


S  T  R 


3.  Slreels,  plural,  any  public  wa)-, 

place. 

That  there  be  no  complaining  in  our  streets. 

Ps.  csliv. 
STREE'T-VVALKER,  n.   [street  and  ivalk.] 

A  common  prostitute  that  offers  herself  to| 

sale  in  the  streets. 
STREE'T-VVARD,    n.    [sired  and  ward.]\ 

Formerly,  an  officer  who  had  the  care  of 

the  streets.  Coieel. 

STREIGHT,    71.    A    narrow.     Obs.     [See 

Strait.] 
STREIGHT,  adv.  Strictly.  Obs.  [See  Strait.] 
STRENE,  )!.  Race  ;  offspring.     Obs. 

Chaucer. 
STRENGTH,  n.  [Sax.  strength,  from  streng, 

strong.     See  Strong.] 

1.  That  property  or  quality  of  an  animal 
body  by  which  it  is  enabled  to  move  itself 
or  other  bodies.  We  say,  a  sick  man  has 
not  strength  to  walk,  or  to  raise  liis  liead 
or  his  arm.  We  say,  a  man  has  strength 
to  hft  a  weight,  or  to  draw  it.  This  qual- 
ity is   called   also  power  and  force.     But 

force  is  also  used  to  denote  the  effect  of 
strength  exerted,  or  the  quantity  of  mo- 
tion. Strength  in  this  sense,  is  positive,  or 
the  power  of  producing  positive  motion  or 
action,  and  is  opposed  to  iceakness. 

2.  Firmness  ;  solidity  or  toughness  ;  the 
quality  of  bodies  by  which  they  sustain 
the  application  of  force  without  break- 
ing or  yielding.  Thus  we  speak  of  the 
strength  of  a  bone,  the  strength  of  a  beam 
the  st7ength  of  a  wall,  the  strength  of  a 
rope.  In  this  sense,  strength  is  a  passive 
quality,  and  is  opposed  to  tveakness  or 
frangibilily. 

3.  Power  or  vigor  of  any  kind. 

This  act 
Shall  crush  the  strength  of  Satan.      Milton. 
Strength  there  must  be  either  ol  love  or  war. 

Holyday. 

4. , Power  of  resisting  attacks;  fastness;  as 
the  strength  of  a  castle  or  fort. 

5.  Support ;  that  which  supports  ;  that  which 
supplies  strength  ;  security. 

God  is  our  refuge  and  strength.  Ps.  xlvi. 

6.  Power  of  mind  ;  intellectual  force ;  the 
power  of  any  faculty  ;  as  strength  of  mem- 
ory ;  strength  of  reason  ;  strength  of  judg- 
ment. 

7.  Spirit ;  animation. 

Metliinks  I  feel  new  strength  within  me  rise 

Milton 

8.  Force  of  writing ;  vigour ;  nervous  dic- 
tion. The  strength  of  woi-ds,  of  style,  of 
expression  and  the  like,  consists  in  the  full 
and  forcible  exhibition  of  ideas,  by  which 
a  sensible  or  deep  impression  is  made  on 
the  mind  of  a  liearer  or  reader.  It  is 
distinguished  from  softness  or  sweetness. 
Strength  of  language  enforces  an  argu- 
ment, produces  conviction,  or  excites  won- 
der or  other  strong  emotion  ;  softness  and 
sweetness  give  pleasure. 

And  praise  the  easy  vigor  of  a  line. 
Where    Denham's    strength    and    Waller's 
sweetness  join.  Pope. 

9.  Vividness  ;  as  strength  of  colors  or  color- 

10.  Spirit ;  the  quality  of  any  liquor  which 
has  the  power  of  affecting  tlie  taste,  or  of 
producing  srnsil)le  effects  on  other  bod-; 
ies ;  as  the  streniith  of  wino  or  spirit ;  the 
strength  of  an  acid. 


road  or  11.  The  virtue  or  spirit  of  any  vegetable,  or 
of  its  juices  or  qualities. 

12.  Legal  or  moral  force  ;  validity  ;  the  qual- 
ity of  binding,  uniting  or  securing;  as  the 
strength  of  social  or  legal  obligations;  thej 
strength  of  law  ;  the  strength  of  public 
opinion  or  custom. 

13.  Vigor;  natural  force;  as  the  strength  of 
natin-al  affection. 

14.  That  which  supports;  confidence. 
The  allies,  after  a  successful  summer,  are  too 

apt  upon   the  strength  of  it  to  neglect  pre|)ara- 
tion  for  the  ensuing  campaign.  Addison 

15.  Amount  of  force,  military  or  naval;  an 
army  or  navy  ;  number  of  troops  or  sliipsi 
well  appointed.  What  is  the  strength  of; 
the  enemy  by  land,  or  by  soa  ? 

10.  Snmidness;  force;  the  quality  that  con- 
vinces, persuades  or  commands  assent ;  asi 
the  strength  of  an  argument  or  of  reason- 
ing ;  the  strength  of  evidence. 

17.  Vehemence  ;  force  proceeding  from  mo-j 
tion  and  proportioned  to  it ;  as  the  strength 
of  wind  or  a  current  of  water.  | 

18.  Degree  of  brightness  or  vividness ;  as 
the  strength  of  light. 

19.  Fortification  ;  fortress  ;  as  an  inaccessi- 
ble strength.     [ATot  in  nse.]  Milton. 

20.  Support;  maintenance  of  power. 
What  they  boded  would  be  a  mischief  to  us, 

you  arc  providing  shall  he  one  of  our  principal 

strengths.     [jVot  nsed.]  Sprat. 

STRENGTH,  r.  ^  To  strengthen.     [JVot  in 

use 
STRENGTHEN,  v.  t.  strength'n.  To  make 
strong  or  stronger  ;  to  add  strength  to, 
either  physical,  legal  or  moral;  as,  to 
strengthen  a  limb ;  to  strengthen  an  obliga 
tion. 

To  confirm ;  to  establish  ;  as,  to  strengthen 
authority, 

To  animate  ;  to  encourage ;  to  fix  in  res- 
olution. 

Charge    Joshua,    and    encourage   him,  and 
strengthen  him.  Deut.  iii. 
4.  To  cause  to  increase  in  power  or  secur- 
ity- 
Let  noble  Warwick,  Cobham  and  the  rest. 
With  powerful  policy  strengthen  themselves 

Shak.\ 

STRENGTH'EN,  v.  i.  To  grow  strong  or; 

stronger.  I 

The  disease  that  shall  destroy  at  length,        | 

Grows  with  his  growth,  and  strengthens  with 

his  strength.  Pope. 

STRENGTH'ENED,  pp.  Made  strong  or 

stronger ;  confirmed. 
STRENGTH'ENER,    n.    That  which  in 

creases  strength,  physical  or  moral. 


dent ;  as  a  strenuous  defender  of  his  coun- 
try. 
STREN'UOUSLY,   adv.    With  eager  and 

pressing  zeal ;  ardently. 

2.  Boldly  ;  vigorously  ;  activelv. 

STREN'UOUSNESS,  u.  Eagerness;  earn- 
estness; active  zeal ;  ardor  in  pursuit  of 
an  object,  or  in  opposition  to  a  measure. 

STREP'ENT,  a.  [L.  strcpens,  strepo.]  Noisy; 
loud.     [Little  xised.]  SItenstone. 

:STREP'EROUS,  a.  [L.  strepo.]  Loud  ;  bois- 
terous.    [LAttle  used.] 

(STRESS,  n.  [W.  trais,  force,  violence,  op- 
pression ;  freissaw,  to  force  or  drive ;  Ir. 
treise,  force  ;  Arm.  tre^zen,  a  twist ;  trozeza, 
trouezal,  to  truss,  Fr.  trousser.  Hence  dis- 
tress, trestle,  &c.] 

1.  Force;  urgency;  pressure;  impnrtatlce  ; 
that  which  bears  with  most  weight ;  as 
the  stress  of  a  legal  question.  Consider 
how  much  .stress  is  laid  on  the  exercise  of 
charity  in  the  New  Testament. 

This,  on  which  the  great  stress  of  the  busi- 
ness depends —  Locke. 

2.  Force  or  violence  ;  as  stress  of  weather. 

3.  Force  ;  violence  ;  strain. 
Though  the  faculties  of  the  mind  are  improv- 
ed by  exercise,  yet  they  must  not  be  put  to  a 
stress  beyond  their  strength.  Locke. 

STRESS,  V.  t.  To  press ;  to  urge ;  to  dis- 
tress ;  to  put  to  difficulties.     [Little  used.] 

Spenser. 

STRETCH,  V.  t.  [Sax.  streccan;  D.  strek- 
ken ;  G.  strecken;  Dan.  strekker ;  Sw. 
stracka ;  probably  formed  on  the  root  of 
reach,  right,  L.  rego,  &c.] 

1.  To  draw  out  to  greater  length  ;  to  extend 
in  a  line  ;  as,  to  stretch  a  cord  or  a  rope. 

2.  To  extend  in  breadth  ;  as,  to  stretch  cloth. 

3.  To  spread  ;  to  expand  ;  as,  to  stretch  the 
wings. 

4.  To  reach  ;  to  extend. 
Stretch  thine  hand  to  the  poor.  Ecclus. 

5.  To  spread  ;  to  display  ;  as,  to  stretch  forth 
the  heavens.  TiUotson. 

6.  To  draw  or  pull  out  in  length  ;  to  strain  ; 
as,  to  stretch  a  tendon  or  muscle. 

7.  To  make  tense  ;  to  strain. 
So  the  stretch'd  cord  the  shackled  dancer  tries. 

Smith. 

8.  To  extend  mentally ;  as,  to  stretch  the 
mind  or  thoughts. 

9.  To  exaggerate  ;  to  extend  too  far  ;  as,  to 
stretch  the  truth  ;  to  stretch  one's  credit. 

STRETCH,  V.  i.  To  be  extended;  to  be 
drawn  out  in  length  or  in  breadth,  or  both. 
A  wet  hempen  cord  or  cloth  contracts ;  in 
drying,  it  stretches. 


2.  In  medicine,  something  which,  taken  into  o.  fo  be  extended  ;    to   spread  ;  as,  a  lake 

the  system,  increases  the  action  and  ener- 
gy of  the  vital  powers. 
STRENGTH'ENING,     ppr.      Increasing 

strength,  physical  or  moral;  confirming; 

animating. 
STRENGTH'LESS,  a.  Wanting  strength  ; 

destitute  of  power. 
2.  Wanting  spirit.     [Little  used.]  Boyle. 

STREN'UOUS,  o.  [h.  sirenuus ;  U.strenuo; 

W.  Iren,  force,  also  impetuous.  The  sense 

is  pressing,  straining  or  rushing  forward.] 

1.  Eagerly  pressing  or  urgent;  zealous  ;  ar- 
dent ;  as  a  strcmious  advocate  for  national 
rights ;  a  slrenuoits  opposer  of  African 
slavery. 

2.  Bold  and  active  ;  valiant,  intrepid  and  ar- 


stretches  over  a  hundred  miles  of  earth. 
Lake  Erie  stretches  from  Niagara  nearly 
to  Huron.     Hence, 

3.  To  stretch  to,  is  to  reach. 

4.  To  he  extended  or  to  bear  extension  with- 
out breaking,  as  elastic  substances. 

The    inner    membrane — because    it    would 
stretch  and  yield,  remained  vuibroken.     Boyle. 

5.  To  sally  beyond  the  truth  ;  to  exaggerate. 
A  man  who  is  apt  to  stretch,  has  less  credit 
than  others. 

0.  In  navigation,  to  sail  :  to  direct  a  course. 
It  is  often  understood  to  signify  to  sail  im- 
dcr  a  great  spread  of  caiivns  close  hauled. 
In  this  it  differs  frot)i  stand,  which  implies 
no  press  of  sail.   We  were  standing  to  the 


S  T  R 

east,  whpn  we  saw   a  ship  stretching  to 

the  sdiittiward. 
7.  '{>■  ii.i.kc^  violent  efibrts  in  runiiinp, 
STKETCU,  n.  Extension   in    length  or  in 

hreadlh  ;  reach  ;  as  a  great  stretch  ol  wings, 

Ray 

2.  EfTort;  struggle;  strain. 

Those  put  lawful  authority  upon  the  stretch 
to  the  abuse  of  power,  under  color  olVreiORa- 
tive.  VEslrange. 

3.  Force  of  body;  straining. 

Bv  slretcti  of  arms  the  distant  shore  to  gain 
■'  Dry  den 

4.  Uttriost  extent  of  meaning. 

Quotations,  in  their  utmost  stretch,  can  sig- 
nify no  more  than  that  Luther  lay  under  severe 
agonies  of  mind.  Mterbury. 

5.  Utmost  reach  of  power. 

This  is  the  utmost  stretch  that  nature  can. 

Granville. 

6.  In  sailing:,  a  tack;  the  reach  or  extent  of 
Diogress  on  one  tack.  Mar.  Diet 


S  T  R 


S  T  R 


with  superficial  or  very    slender  lines  ;|l    tic  mi,  in  Syr.  to  go,  Ch.  to  spread,  Sax 
marked  with  line  parallel  lines.  |      strtdan,  id.] 

Martyn.     Smith:\A  long  step, 


7.  "Course  ;  direction  ;  as  the  stretch  of  .seams 
ofeoiil.  Kincan. 

STRETCH'ED,  pp.  Drawn  out  in  length  ; 
extended  ;  exerted  to  the  utmost. 

STRETCHER,  n.  He  or  that  whicl 
.stretches. 

2.  A  term  in  hriiklaying.  Moxon. 

a.  A  piece  of  timber  in  building. 

4.  A  narrow  piece  of  j>liinl<  placed  across  a 
boat  for  the  rowers  to  set  their  feel  against 

Mnr.  Diet. 

STRETCH'ING,  ppr.  Drawing  out  in 
length  ;  exieiidiiig;  spreading;  exerting 
force. 

STREW,  V.  t.  [Goth,  strawan  ;  Sax.  streaw- 
ian,  ,^lrevtcion  ;  G.  streuen  ;  D.  stromjni 
Dull,  strver  ;  i^w.  stro  ;  contracted  IVom 
atripgiiii,  which  is  retained  in  the  Sax 
on.  The  Latin  has  slerno,  slrari ;  the 
latter  is  our  .strtu',  stroir.  This  verb  is 
written  straw,  strew,  or  straw;  straw  is 
nearly  obsolete,  iinil  strotv  is  obsolescent. 
Sinw  is  geni'ially  used.] 

1.  To  scatter;  to  spreuil   by   scattering:  al 
ways  applied   to  dry  substances  separable 
into  parts  or  particles  ;  as,  to  strew  seed  in 
beds ;  to  strew  sand  on  or  over  a  floor  ;  to 
streiv  flowers  over  a  grave. 

2.  To  spread  by  being  scattered  over. 

The   snow   which  does  the    top    of  Piridus 

strew.  Spensei . 

Is  thine  alone  the  seed  that  strews  die  plain  .' 

Pope. 

3.  To  scatter  loosely. 

And  strew'd  his  mangled  limbs  about  the  field. 

Jhyden 

STREWED,  pp.  Scattered;  spread  by 
siailering  ;  as  sand  strewed  on  pni)er. 

2.  Covered  or  sprinkled  witli  something 
scattered  ;  as  a  floor  strewed  with  sand. 

.STREWING,  ppr.  Scattering  ;  spreading 
o^  er. 

STREWING,  n.  The  act  of  scattering  or 
spreading  over. 

2.  Any  thing  flr  to  he  strewed.  Shak. 

STREVV'MENT,  n.  Any  thing  scattered  in 
decoration.      [Ab(  used.]  Shak 

STRI'A^,  n.plv.  [L.  i^ce  Streak.]  In  natur- 
al history,  small  channels  in  the  shells  of 
coi  kles  and  in  other  substances. 

STRIATE,      \       Formed  with  small  chan- 

STRI'ATED,  \"'  nels;  channeled. 

2.  In   botany,  streaked  ;  marked  or  scored 

Vol.  ii. 


striated  fracture,  in  mineralogy,  consists 
ol  long  narrow  separable  parts  laid  on  or 
beside  ea(  li  other.  Kirwan. 

STRI'ATtRE,  n.  Disposition  of  striae. 

}i  oodwurd. 

STRICK,  n.  [Gr.  ypil,  L.  strir,  a  screech- 
owl.] 

A  bird  of  ill  omen.     [Kot  in  use.]      Spenser. 

STRICK'EN,  }j}i.  of  strike.  Struck  ;  smit- 
ten ;  as  the  stricken  deer.    [See  Strike.]      | 

Spenser} 

2.  Advanced  ;  worn  ;  far  gone. 

Abraham  was  old  and  well  stricken  in  age.! 
Gen    xxiv.      Cbs.  i 

ISTRK  K'l.E,  n.  [iram  strike.]  A  strike;  an; 
iiit.tiiiment  to  strike  gram  to  a  level  with: 
tlie  measure.  [In  the  L'liited  Slates  the 
word  strike  is  used.] 

2.  An  instrument  for  whetting  sythes. 

STRICT,  a.  [L.  slrictus,  from  stringo ; 
Sax.  strac.    See  Strain.]  _  | 

1.  Strained;  drawn  close;  tight;  as  a  strict 
embrace  ;  a  strict  ligature. 

1  Arbuthnot.     Dryden. 

2.  Tense ;  not  relaxed  ;  as  a  strict  or  lax; 
]  fiber.  Jlrhuthnot. 
'i.  Exact ;  accurate  ;  rigorously  nice  ;  as,  to 

keep  strict    watch.     Observe  the  slricttst 
\     rules  ot  virtue  and  decorum. 

4.  Severe;  rigorous;  governed  or  govern- 
ing by  exact  rules  ;  ob.serving  exact  rules  ; 
as,  the  father  is  very  strict  in  observing  the' 
sabbath.     The  master  is  very  strict   with 

1     his  apprentices.  | 

5.  Rigorous  ;  not  njild  or  indulgent ;  as 
strict  laws. 

().  Contined;  limited;  not  with  latitude;  as, 


to  understand  words  in  a  strict  sense.         I 
STRICT'LY,  aelv.  Closely  ;  tightly.  \ 

2.  Exactly;  with  nice  accuracy  ;  as,  patri- 
otism strictly  .so  called,  is  a  noble  virtue. 

3.  Positively.  He  commanded  his  son 
.strictly  to  proceed  no  further. 

4.  Rii;orously  ;  severely;  without  remission 
or  iiululgenee. 

Examine  thyself  strictly  whether  thou  didst! 
not  lust  at  iirst.  Bacon. 

STRlcT'NKSS,  n.  Closeness;  tightness; 
opposed  to  laxity. 

2.  Exactness  in  the  observance  of  rules, 
laws,  rites  and  the  like  ;  rigorous  accura- 
cy ;  nice  regularity  or  precision. 

]  could  not  grant  too  much  or  distrust  too 
little  lo  men  di.il  pretended  singular  piety  and 
religious  strictness.  K.  Charles., 

3.  Rigor;  severity. 
These  commissioners  proceeded   with  suchi 

strictness  and  severity  as  did  mucli  obscure  the' 

kint^'s  meicy.  Bacon.^ 

, STRICTURE,   Ji.  [\..  strictura.    See  Strike 

I     and  Stroke,  which  unite  with  L.  stringo.] 

jl.   A  stroke:  a  glance  ;  a  touch.  Hale. 

12.  A    touch   of  criticism;    critical   remark; 

censure.  I 

I    have  given   myself  the   liberty   of  these 

strictures  by  vsay   of  reflection  on  every  pas- 

l      sage.  Hammond. 

3.  A  drawing  ;  a  spasmodic  or  other  morbid 

contraction  of  any  passage  of  the  body. 

Arbuthnot. 

STR  IDE,  n.  [Sax.  strirde,  a  step  ;  gestridan, 

to  stride  ;  hestridav,  to  bestride  .  probably 

formed  on  the  root  of  L.  gradior,  Shoini- 

83 


Her  voice  theatrically  loud. 
And  masculine  her  stride.  Stcifl. 

STRIDE,  V.  i.  pret.  strid,  strode  ;  pp.  strid, 
stridden. 

1.  To  walk  with  long  steps. 
Mars  in  the  middle  of  the  shiniog  shield 
Is  grav'd,  and  strides  along  the  field. 

Drydai. 

2.  To  straddle. 
STRIDE,  I.  (.  To  pass  over  at  a  step. 

See  him  stride 

Valleys  wiue.  Jlrhuthnot. 

STRI'DING,fi;)r.  Walking  with  long  steps; 

passing  over  at  a  step. 
STRl'IOR,  n.  [L.]  A  harsh  creaking  noise, 
or  a  <rack.  Dryden. 

STRID  Ul-OL'S,  a.   [I.,  stridulus.]    Making 
a  small  harsh  sound  or  a  creaking. 

Brown. 
STRIFE,  n.  [Norm.f.?/n/.  See  Strire.]  Ex- 
ertion or  contention  for  superiority  ;  con- 
test of  emulation,  either  by  intellectual  or 
physical  eflorts.     Strife  may  be  carried  on 
between  students  or  between  mechanics. 
Thus  tiods  contended,  noble  strife, 
^Vho  most  should  ease  the  wants  of  life. 

Congrevc. 

2.  Contention  in  anger  or  ennjity  ;  contest ; 
struggle  for  victory  ;  quarrel  or  war. 

I  and  my  people   were    at   great   strife  witli 
the  children  of  Amn.on.     Judges  xii. 
These   vows   thus   granted,    rais'd   a    strife 

above 
Betwixt  the  god  of  war  and  queen  of  love. 

Dryden. 

3.  Opposition;  contrariety;  contrast. 
Arliticial  strife 

Lives  in  these  touches  livelier  than  life. 

Shak. 

4.  The  agitation  produced  by  different  qual- 
ities ;  as  the  s(ri/e  of  acid  and  alkali.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Johnson. 

STRl'FLFUL,  a.  Contentious  ;  discordant. 
The  ape  was  strfeful  and  anibiUous, 
And  the  fox  guileful  and  most  covetous. 

Spenser. 
STRIG'MENT,    n.    [h.  strigmentum,  from 

stringo.] 

Scraping  ;  that  which  is  scraped  off.    [Aot 

I     in  use.]  Bromi. 

STRI'GOUS,  a.    [L.  strigosus,  from  s(n,go.] 

In  botany,  a  strigous  leaf  is  one  set  with 

stiff' lanceolate  bristles.  Martyn. 

STRIKE,    r.  t.  pret.  struck  ;  pp.  struck  and 

stricken  ;  but  stnirk  is  in  the  most  common 


use.  iS/rooA' is  wholly  obsolete.  [Sa.'S.o*- 
trican,  to  strike  :  D.  stryken,  to  strike,  and 
to  stroke,  to  smooth,  to  anoint  or  rub  over, 
to  slide ;  G.  strcichen,  to  pass,  move  or 
ramble,  to  depart,  to  touch,  to  stroke,  to 
glide  or  glance  over,  to  lower  or  strike,  as 
sails,  to  curry,  [L.  stringo, strigil,]  to  sweep 
together,  to  spread,  as  a  plaster,  to  play 
on  a  violin,  to  card,  as  woi.l,  lo  strike  or 
whip,  as  with  a  rod  ;  streich,  strich,  a 
stroke,  stripe  or  lash,  Eng.  streak  ;  Dan. 
streg,  a  stroke  ;  stryger,  to  rub,  to  stroke, 
to  strike,  to  trim,  to  iron  or  smooth,  to 
strike,  as  sails,  to  wliip.  lo  jilay  on  a  violin, 
to  glide  along,  to  plane  ;  Sw.  .iln/ka,  id. 
We  see  that  strike,  stroke  and  streak,  and 
the  L.  stritigo,  whence  strain,  strict,  stric- 
ture &c.,  are  nil  r;idically  one  word.  Strong 
is  ol  the  same  family.  Hence  we  see  the 
sense  is  to  rub,  to  scrape ;  but  it  includes 


S  T  R 


S  T  R 


S  T  R 


often  the  sense  of  thrusting.  It  is  to  touch 
or  graze  with  a  sweeping  or  stroke.  Hence 
our  sense  of  s^nAring:  a  measure  of  grain, 
and  strike,  strickle,  and  a  stroke  of  the  pen- 
cil in  painting.  Hence  the  use  of  stricken, 
applied  to  age,  worn  with  age,  as  in  the 
L.  strigo,  the  same  word  differently  ap- 
plied. Hence  also  we  see  the  propriety  of 
the  use  of  stricture,  applied  to  criticism.  It 
seems  to  be  formed  on  the  root  of  rake 
and  stretch.] 

1.  To  touch  or  hit  with  some  force,  either 
with  the  hand  or  an  instrument  ;  to  give  a 
blow  to,  either  witli  the  open  hand,  the  fist, 
a  stick,  club  or  whip,  or  with  a  pointed  in- 
strument, or  with  a  ball  or  an  armw  dis- 
charjjed.  An  arrow  struck  the  shield  ;  a 
ball  strikes  a  ship  between  wind  and  water. 

He  at  Philippi  kept 
His  sword  e'en  like  a  dancer,  while  I  struck 
The  lean  and  wrinkled  Cassius.  Shak. 

2.  To  dash  ;  to  throw  with  a  quick  motion. 

They  shall  take  of  the  blood,  and  strike  if  on 
the  two  side-posts.     Ex.xii. 

3.  To  stamp ;  to  impress  ;  to  coin  ;  as,  to 
strike  coin  at  the  mint ;  to  strike  dolliirs  or 
sovereigns ;  also,  to  print ;  as,  to  strike  five 
hundred  copies  of  a  book. 

4.  To  thrust  in  ;  to  cause  to  enter  or  pene 
frate  ;  as,  a  tree  strikes  its  root  deep. 

5.  To  punish  ;  to  afflict ;  as  smite  is  also 
used. 

To  punish  the  just  is  not  good,  nor  to  strike 
prince?  for  equity.     Prov.  xvii 

6.  To  cause  to  sound  ;  to  notify  by  sound  ; 
as,  the  clock  strikes  twelve  ;  the  drum^ 
strike  up  a  march.  Shak.     Knolles 

7.  In  seamanship,  to  \ov/er;  to  let  down;  as 
to  strike  sail  ;  to  strike  a  flag  or  ensign  ;  to 
strike  a  yard  or  a  tcip-mast  in  a  gale  ;  [that 
is,  to  run  or  slip  down.]  Mar.  Diet. 

8.  To  impress  strongly  ;  to  affect  sensibly 
with  strong  emcitinn  ;  as,  to  strike  the  niinri 
witli  surprise  ;  to  strike  vvitli  wonder, 
alarm,  dread  or  horror. 

Nice  works  of  art  strike  and  surprise  us  most 

M|ion  the  first  view.  Jltterbury. 

They   please  as  beauties,  here   as  wonders 

strike.  Pope. 

9.  To  make  and  ratify  ;  as,  to  strike  a  bar- 
gain, L.  fcedus  ferire.  This  expression 
probably  ai-ose  from  the  practice  of  the 
parties  striking  a  victim  wlien  they  eon 
eluded  a  bargaiii. 

10.  To  produce  by  a  sudden  action. 

Waving  wide  her  myrtle  wand. 
She  strikes  an   universal  peace  throutch  sea 
and  land.  Afilloti. 

11.  To  affect   in  some     particular    manner 
by  a  sMclilen   impression   or   impulse  ;  as, 
the    plan   proposed   strikes  me  favorably 
to  strike  one  dead  ;  to  strike  one  blind  ;  to 


|2.  To  begin  to  sing  or  play  ;  as,  to  stiike  up\Q.  In  Scripture,  a  quarrelsome  man.    Tit.  i 
1     a  tune.  jSTRlKlNG, />pr.  Hitting  with  a  blow;  im 

'To  strike  off,  to  erase   from   an  account;  to 


sin'.e  one  dumb.  Shak.    Dri/den. 

12.  To  level  a  measure  of  grain,  salt  or  the 
like,  by  scraping  off  with  a  straight  ihslru- 
tiient  what  is  above  the  level  of  the  top. 

13.  To  lade  into  a  cooler. 

Edwards,  W.  Indies. 

14.  To  be  advanced  or  worn  witli  age;  used 
in  llie  participle  ;  as,    he    was   stncken    ii 

^ycars  or  age  ;  well  struck  in  years.     Shak 
1.x  To  run  on  ;  to  ground  ;  as  a  ship. 
To  strike  up,  to  cause  to  sound  ;  to  begin  to 
beat. 


Strike  up  tlic  drums. 


deduct;  as,  to  strike  off'  the  interest  of  a 
debt. 

2.  To  impress ;  to  print  ;  as,  to  strike  off  a 
thousand  copies  of  a  book. 

3.  To  separate  by  a  blow  or  any  sudden  ac- 
tion ;  as,  to  strike  off  a  man's  head  with  a 
ciniiter  ;  to  strike  off  what  is  superfiuous 
or  corrupt. 

To  strike  out,  to  produce  by  collision  ;  to  force 
out ;  as,  to  strikeout  sparks  with  steel. 
To  blot  out  ;  to  efface  ;  to  erase. 

To  ujetliodize   is   as  necessary  as  to  strike 
out.  Pope. 

3.  To  form  something  new  by    a  quick   el- 
fort ;  to   devise;  to   invent;  to  cootrive; 
as,  to  sti-ike  out  a  new  plan  of  finance. 
STRIKE,  V.  i.  To    make  a  quick  blow  or 
thrust. 

It  pleas'd  the  king 
To  strike  at  me  upon  his  misconstruction. 

.Shak. 

2.  To  hit;  to  collide;  to  dash  against;  to 
clash  ;  as,  a  hammer  strikes  against  the 
bell  of  a  clock. 

3.  To  sound  by  percussion  ;  to  be  struck. 
The  clock  strikes. 

4.  To  make  an  attack. 
A  puny  subject  strikes 

At  thy  great  glory.  Shak. 

5.  To  hit  ;  to  touch  ;  to  act  on  by  appulse. 
Hinder  light  from  striking  on  it,  and  its  colors 

vanish.  Locke. 

6.  To  sound  with  blows. 
Whilst  any  trump  did  sound,  or  drum  stmek 

up.  Shak. 

To  run  upon  ;  to  be  stranded.     The  ship 
struck  at  twelve,  and  remained  fast. 

To  pass  wuh  a  quick  or  strong  effect;  to 
dart ;  to  penetrate. 

Now  and  then  a  beam  of  wit  or  passion  strikes 

llirougii  the  oltscurity  of  the  poem.        Dryden 

9.  To  lower  a  flag  or  colors  in  token  of  re 
spect,  or  to  signify  a  surrender  of  the  ship 
lo  an  enemy. 

10.  To  break  forth  ;  as,  to  strike  into  repu- 
tation.    {.Kot  in  use.] 

To  strike  in,  to  enter  suddenly  ;  also,  to  re- 
cede from  the  surface,  as  an  eruption  ;  t< 
disappear. 

To  strike  in  with,  to  conform  to  ;  to  suit  it- 
self to;  to  join  with  at  once.  South. 

To  strike  out,  to  wander  ;  to  make  a  sudden 
excursion  ;  as,  to  strike  out  into  an  irregu 
lar  course  of  life.  Collier. 

To  strike,  among  workmen  in  manid'ccto- 
ries,  in  England,  is  to  quit  work  in  a  body 
or  by  conrbination,  in  older  to  compel 
their  enq)loyers  to  raise  their  wages. 

STRIKE,  n.  An  instrimieni  wiih  a  straight 
edge  for  leveling  a  measure  of  gi"ain,  salt 
and  the  like,  for  scraping  off  what  is  above 
the  level  of  the  top.  America. 

2.  A  bushel  ;  four  pecks.      [Local.] 

Tusser. 

3.  A  measure  of  four  bushels  or  half  a  quar- 
ter.    [Local.]  Enci/c. 

Strike  of  flax,  a  handful  tliat  may  be  hackled 
at  once.     [Local.] 

STRI'KE-BLOCK,  n.  [stnke  and  block.]  A 
plane  shorter  than  a  jointer,  used  for 
shooting  a  short  joint.  Moion. 

STRIKER,    n.    One  that  strikes,  or  that 


Shak.\\    which  strikes. 


pre.ssmg  ;  nnprmimg  ;  punishing  ;  lower- 
I     iiig,  as  sails  or  a  mast,  &c. 

2.  a.  Afl'ecting  with  strong  emotions;  sur- 
j  prising;  forcible;  impressive  ;  as  a  slrik- 
j     iug  representation  or  image. 

3.  t5trong ;  exact  ;  adapted  lo  make  im- 
1     pression  ;   as   a   striking   resemblance   of 

features. 

STRl'KINGLY,  adv.  In  sucli  a  manner  as 
to  ij  fleet  or  surprise  ;  forcibly  ;  strongly  ; 
impressively. 

STRl'KINGNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  af- 
fecting or  surprising. 

STRING,  n.  [Sax.  string  ;  D.  Dan.  streng  ; 
O.Strang;  also  Han.  strikke  ;  O.strick; 
connected  with  stroiig,  L.  siringo,  from 
drawing,  •'Ireichlng  ;  Ir.  srujig",  a  string; 
sreangaim,  to  draw.] 

1.  A  small  rope,  line  or  cord,  or  a  slender 
strip  <d"  lether  or  other  like  substauce,  used 
for  fastening  or  tying  things. 

2.  A  ribin. 
Round  Ormond's  knee  thou  ty'st  the  mystic 

string.  Prior. 

3.  A  thread  on  which  any  thing  is  filed;  and 
hence,  a  line  of  things  ;  as  a  string  of 
shells  or  beads.  Addison. 

4.  The  chord  of  a  musical  instrument,  as  of 
a  harpsichord,  harp  or  violin  ;  as  an  in- 
strument of  ten  strings.  Scripture. 

5.  A  fiber,  as  of  a  plant. 
Duck  weed  putleth  forth  a  little  string  into 

the  water,  from  the  bottom.  Bacon. 

(3.  A  nerve  or  tendon  of  an  animal  body. 

The  string  of  his  tongue  was  loosed.    Mark 
vii. 
[This  is  not  a  technical  tcord.] 

7.  The  line  or  cord  of  a  bow. 
He  twan£[s  the  quiv'rinit  striiig.  Pope. 

8.  A  series  of  things  connected  or  following 
in  succession  ;  any  concatenation  of  things; 
as  a  string  of  arguments  ;  a  string  of  prop- 
ositions. 

9.  Ill  ship-huilding.  the  highest  range  of 
planks  in  a  ship's  ceiling,  or  that  between 
the  gunwale  and  the  upper  edge  of  the 
upper  deck  ports.  Jl/or.  Diet, 

10.  The  tough  substance  that  unites  the  two 
parts  of  the  pericarp  of  leguminous  jilants  ; 
as  the  strings  of  beans. 

To  have  two  strings  to  llie  bow,  to  have  two 
expedients  for  executing  a  project  orgain- 
ing  a  purpose  ;  to  have  a  double  advan- 
tage, or  to  have  two  views.  [In  the  latter 
sense,  unusual.] 
STUING,  V.  t.  jiret.  and  pp.  strung.  To 
furiiisli  with  strings. 

Has  not  wise  nature  strung  the  legs  and  feet? 

Gay. 
2.  To  put  in  tune  a  stringed  instrument. 

For  here  the  muse  so  oft  ber  harp  has  strung — 

^tddison. 
'3.  To  file  ;  to  put  on  a  line  ;  as,  to  string 
I     heails  or  pearls.  Spectator. 

4.  To  make  tense  ;  to  strengthen. 

Toil  strung  the  nerves,  and  purified  the  blood. 

Diyden. 
.').  To  de|irive  of  strings;  as,  to  s/rtiig' beans. 
ISTRING'ED,    a.    Having    strings  ;    as    a 

stringed  instrument. 
2.  Produced  by  strings  ;  as  stringed  noise. 

.Milton. 

ISTRIN't'iENT,   for   astringejU,   bindiin;.  is 

not  ill  use.  Thomson. 


S  T  R 


S  T  R 


S  T  R 


STRIXG'IIALT,  n.  [striiig  and  halt.]  A 
siulilen  twitctiiiig  of  tlic  hinder  leg  of  a 
horse,  or  an  involunlury  or  convulsive  mo- 
tion of  the  muscles  that  extend  or  bend 
the  hough.  Far.  Did. 

[This  word  in  some  of  the  United  States, 
is  i:orrui»teil  into  springhuU.] 

STlll\G'ii\(},/j/?r.  Furnishing  with  strings; 
putting  in  tune  ;  filing  ;  making  tense  ;  de- 
priving of  strings. 

STRING'LESS,  a.  Having  no  strings. 

His  tongue  is  now  a  stringless  instrument. 

67ia/c. 

STRING'Y,  a.  Consisting  of  strings  or; 
small  threads;  fibrous;  filamentous;  as  a 
stringy  root.  Grew. 

2.  Ropy  ;  viscid  ;  gluey  ;  that  may  be  drawn 
into  a  thread. 

STRIP,  V.  t.  [G.  streifen,  to  strip,  to  flay,  to 
stripe  or  streak,  to  graze  upon,  to  swerve,!' 
ramble  or  stroll  ;  D.  streepen,  to  stripe,  to  i 
reprimand  ;  Uan.  stribcr,  to  stripe  or  streak, | 
and  stripper,  to  strip,  to  skin  or  flay,  to 
ramble  ;  Sa.\.  bcslrypaii.  Some  of  the 
senses  of  these  verbs  seems  to  be  derivedi 
from  the  noiui  stripe,  which  is  probably! 
from  stripjniig.  Regularly,  this  verbl 
should  be  referred  to  the  root  of  rip,  L. 
rapio.] 

1.  To  pull  or  tear  oil",  as  a  covering  ;  as,  to 
strip  the  skin  from  a  beast ;  to  strip  the 
bark  from  a  tree  ;  to  strip  the  clothes  from 
a  man's  back.  I 

2.  To  deprive  of  a  covering  ;  to  skin  ;  to 
peel  ;  as,  to  strip  a  beast  of  his  skin;  toi 
strip  a  tree  of  its  bark  ;  to  strip  a  man  of 
his  clothes. 

3.  To  deprive ;  to  bereave  ;  to  make  desti- 
tute ;  as,  to  strip  a  man  of  his  possessions. 

4.  To  divest ;  as,  to  strip  one  of  his  rights 
and  privileges.  Let  us  strip  this  subject 
of  all  its  adventitious  glare. 

5.  To  rob ;  to  plunder  ;  as,  robbers  strip  a 
house. 

G.  To  bereave  ;  to  deprive  ;  to  impoverish; 
as  a  man  stripped  of  bis  fortune. 

7.  To  deprive ;  to  make  bare  by  cutting, 
grazing  or  other  means ;  as,  cattle  strip  the 
ground  of  its  herbage. 

8.  To  pull  oir  husks;  to  husk;  as,  to  strip 
niaiz,  or  the  ears  of  maiz.  .Iinerica. 

9.  To  press  out  the  last  milk  at  a  milking. 

10.  To  unrig  ;  as,  to  strip  a  ship.  Locke. 

11.  To  pare  otftlie  surface  of  land  in  strips, 
and  turn  over  the  strips  upon  the  adjoin-j 
ing  surface.  ' 

To  strip  off,  to  pull  or  take  off;  as,  to  strip  off, 
a  covering  ;  to  strip  off  a.  mask  or  disguise.' 

2.  Tocastolf.     [jVorm  iwe.]  !Shak.\ 

\i.  To  separate  from  something  connected. 
LM'olin  use.] 

[We  may  observe  the  primary  sense  of  this| 
word  is  to  peel  or  skin,  hence  to  pull  offi 
in  a  long  narrow  piece  ;  hence  stripe.] 

STIilP,  11.  [G.  streif,  a  stripe,  a  streak  ;  D. 
streep,  a  stroke,  a  line,  a  stripe ;  Dan.| 
stribe.] 

1.  A  narrow  piece,  comparatively  long  ;  as 
a  strip  of  cloth. 

2.  Waste,  in  a  legal  sense  ;  destruction  of; 
fences,  buildings,  timber,  &c.  [Norm. 
estrippe.]  Massachusetts. 

STRIPK,  11.  [See  Strip.  It  is  probable  thatj 
this  word  is  taken  from  stripping.] 

1.  A  line  or  long  narnnv  ilivision  of  anyi 
thing,  of  a  diftereut  color  from  the  ground ;  | 


as  a  stripe  of  red  on  a  green   ground  ; 
hence,  any  linear  variation  of  color. 

Bacon. 

2.  A  strip  or  long  narrow  piece  attached  to 
something  of  a  difteront  color  ;  as  a  long 
sti-ipe  sewed  upon  a  garment. 

3.  The  weal  or  long  narrow  mark  discolor- 
ed by  a  lash  or  rod. 

A  stroke  made   with  a  lash,  whip,  rod, 
strap  or  scourge. 

l''orly  stripes  may  he  give  him,  and   not   ex- 
ccc<l.     Ueut.  XXV. 

[.'V  blow  with  a  club  is  not  a  stripe.] 
AlHiction  ;  punishment  :  sufferings. 
Hy  his  stripes  are  we  healed.     Is.  liii. 

STRIPE,  I'.  (.  To  make  stripes  ;  to  form 
with  lines  of  different  colors  ;  to  variegate 
with  stripes. 

2.  To  strike  ;  to  lash.     [Little  used.] 

STRIPED,  pp.  Formed  with  lines  of  dif- 
ferent colors. 

2.  a.  Having  stripes  of  different  colors. 

STRIPING,  ppr.  Forming  with  stripes. 

STRIP'LI.\G,  n.  [from  strip,  stripe;  pri- 
marily a  tall  slender  youth,  one  that  shoots 
up  suddenly.] 

\  youth  in  the  state  of  adolescence,  or  just 
passing  from  boyhood  to  manhood  ;  a 
lad. 

And  the  king  said,  inquire  thou   whose  son 
the  stripling  is.     1  Sani.  xviii. 

jSTRIP'PED,  pp.  Pulled  .or  torn  off;  peel- 
ed ;  skiimed  ;  deprived  ;  clivested  ;  made 
naked  ;  impoverished  ;  husked,  as  maiz. 

STRIPPER,  n.  One  that  strips. 

STRIP'PING,  ppr.  Pulling  off ;  peeling  ; 
skinning  ;  flaying  ;  depriving  ;  divesting  ; 
husking. 

STRIP'PINGS,  n.  The  last  milk  drawn 
from  a  cow  at  a  milking. 

Grose.    JVeiv  England. 

STRIVE,  D.  I.  pret.  strove ;  ])p.  striven.  [G. 
streben  ;  D.  streeven  ;  Sw.  strafva  ;  Dan.! 
strivber ;  formed  perhaps  on  the  lleb.  311. 
This  word  coincides  in  elements  with 
drive,  and  the  primary  sense  is  nearly  the 
same.     See  Rival.]  j 

1.  To  make  efforts  ;  to  use  exertions ;  toen-[ 
deavor  with  earnestness  ;  to  labor  haril  ; 
applicable  to  exertions  of  body  or  mind.  A 
workman  strives  to  perform  his  task  be- 
liirc  another  ;  a  student  s/n'i'is  to  e.\cel  his 
fellows  in  improvement. 

Was  it  lor  this  that  his  ambition  strove 

To  equal  Cesar  first,  and  after  Jove  ? 

Cowley. 

Strive  with  me  in  your  prayers  to  God  for  me. 
Rom.  XV. 

Strive  to  enter  in   at  the  strait  gate.     Luke 
xiii. 

2.  To  contend;  to  contest;  to  struggle  in 
opposition  to  another  ;  to  he  in  contention 
or  dispute  ;  followed  by  against  or  with  be- 
fore the  person  or  thing  opposed  ;  as,  strive 
against  temptation  ;  strive  for  the  truth. 

My  spirit  sliall  not   always  strive  with  man. 
Gen.  vi. 

3.  To  oppose  by  contrariety  of  qualities. 
Now  private  pity  strove  with  pul>lic  hate, 
Reason  with  rage,  and  eloquence  with  fate. 

Derhatn. 

4.  To  vie  ;  to  be  comparable  to  ;  to  emulate  ; 
to  contend  in  e.vcellence. 

>(Ot  that  sweet  grove 
Of  Daphne  hy  Orontes,  and  the  inspir'd 
Caslaliaii  spring,  might  with  tliis  paradise       i 
Of  Eden  s^riDC.  Milton.; 


STRI'VER,  n.  One  that  strives  or  contends  , 
one  who  makes  eff)rts  of  body  or  mind. 

STRIVING,  ppr.  Alakuig  eflbrts  ;  exerting 
the  powers  of  body  or  mind  with  earnest- 
ness ;  contendii^. 

STRIVING,  n.  The  act  of  making  efforts ; 
contest ;  contention. 

Avoid  foolish  questions  and  genealogies  and 
contentious,  and  strivings  about  the  law.  Tit. 
iii. 

STRI'VINGLY,  adv.  With  earnest  efforts ; 
with  struggles. 

STROIJ'IL,  n.  [L.  strobilus.]  In  botany,  a 
pericarp  formed  from  an  anient  by  the 
hardening  of  the  scales.  It  is  made  up  of 
scales  that  are  imbricate,  from  an  anient 
contracted  or  squeezed  together  in  this 
state  of  maturity,  as  the  cone  of  the  pine. 

.Martyn. 

STROB'ILIFORM,  a.  [L.  strobilus  and/orm, 
supra.)     Shaped  like  astrobil,  as  a  spike. 

STRO'CAL,  /        An    insirumerit   used    hy 

STRO'KAL,  ^  ■  glass-makers  to  empty  the 
metal  from  one  pot  to  another.         Kncyc. 

STROKE,  )..      ,      .       „, 

STROOK,    r°"''^'^-     °''*- 

STROKE,  n.  [from  strike.]  A  blow ;  the 
striking  of  one  body  against  another;  ap- 
plicable to  a  club  or  to  any  heavy  body,  or  to 
a  rod,  whip  or  lash.  A  piece  of  timber  fall- 
ing may  kill  a  man  bj  its  stroke  ;  a  man 
when  whipped,  can  hardly  fail  to  flinch 
or  wince  at  every  stroke. 

Th'  oars  were  silver, 
Wliicli  10  the  time  of  flutes  kept  stroke — 

Skak. 

2.  A  hostile  blow  or  attack. 

He  entered  and  won  the  whole  kingdom  ol' 
Naples  without  striking  a  stroke.  Bacon. 

3.  A  sudden  attack  of  disease  or  affliction  ; 
calamity. 

At  this  one  stroke  the  man   look'd  dead  in 
law.  Harte. 

4.  Fatal  attack  ;  as  the  stroke  of  death. 
.1.  The  sound  of  the  clock.    ^ 

What  is  't  o'clock  ? 
Upon  the  stroke  of  four.  Shak. 

6.  The  touch  of  a  pencil. 
Oh,  lasting  as  those  colors  may  they  shine, 
Free  as  thy  stroke,  yet  faulUess  as  thy  line. 

Pope. 
Some  parts  of  my  work  have  been  brightened 
by  the  strokes  of  your  lordship's  pencil. 

.\njdleton. 

7.  .4  touch  ;  a  masterly  effort ;  as  the  bold- 
est strokes  of  poetry.  Dn/den. 

He  will  give  one  of  the  finishiDg  strokes  to  it. 

Mdisoti. 

8.  An  effort  suddenly  or  unexpectedly  pro- 
duced. 

9.  Power ;  efficacy. 
He  has  a  great  stroke  with  the  reader,  when 

he  condemns  any  of  my  poems,  to  make  the 
world  have  a  better  opinion  olthem.       Dryden. 
[1  believe  this  sense  is  obsolete.] 

9.  Series  of  operations ;  as,  to  carry  on  a 
great  stroke  in  business.  [A  common  use 
of  the  word.] 

10.  A  dash  in  writing  or  printing  ;  a  line  ;  a 
touch  of  the  pen  ;  as  a  hair  stroke. 

11.  In  seamen^s  language,  the  sweep  of  an 
oar;  as,  to  row  with  a  long  stroke. 

STROKE,  v.t.   [Sax.  stracan  ;  iiw.slryka ; 

Riiss.  strogayu,  strugayu,   to  plane.     See 

Strike  and  Strict.] 
I.  To  rub  gently   with  the  hand  by  way  of 

expressing    kindness   or    tenderness;    to 

soothe. 


S  T  R 


S  T  R 


S  T  R 


He  dried  the  falling  drops,  and  yet  more  kind. 
He  strok'd  her  cheeks —  Dryden. 

2.  To  rub  gently  in  one  direction.  Gay. 

3.  To  make  smooth. 

STROKED,  pp.  Rubbed  gently  with   the 

hand. 
STRO'KER,  n.  One  who  .strokes  ;  one  who 

pretends  to  cure  by  stroking. 
STRO'KESMAN,  n.  In   roiixing,   the   man 

who  rows  the   at'tmost  oar,   and    whose 

stroke  is  to  be  followed  by  the  rest. 

Mar.  Diet. 
STRO'KING,   ppr.    Rubbing   gently   with 

tlje  hand. 
STROLL,  V.  i.    [formed  probably  on   troll, 

roll.] 
To  rove  ;  to  wander  on  foot  ;  to  ramble  idly 

or  leisurely. 

These  mothers  stroll  to  beg  sustenance  for 

their  helpless  infants.  Simft. 

STROLL,  n.  A  wandering  on  foot :  a  walk- 
ing iilly  and  leisurely. 

STROLLER,  n.  One  who  strolls;  a  vaga- 
bond ;  a  vagrant.  Stvift 

STROLLING,  ppr.  Roving  idly  ;  rambling 
on  foot. 

STROM'BITE,  n.  A  petrified  shell  of  the 
genus  Stronibus.  Jameson. 

STROND,  n.  The  beach.  [M)t  much  used. 
See  Strand.] 

STRONG,  a.  [Sax.  strong,  strang  or  streng; 
from  the  latter  is  formed  strength ;  G. 
strenge ;  D.  Dan.  streng ;  S\v.  slr'ang} 
strict,  severe,  rigid.  As  n  is  casual  in  this! 
word,  the  original  orthography  was  slrag, 
streg,  or  strog,  coinriding  with  L.  strictus,\ 
stringo.  The  sense  of  the  radical  word  is! 
to  stretch,  strain,  draw,  and  probably  from] 
the  root  of  stretch  and  reach.  We  observe: 
in  all  the  kindred  dialects  on  the  conti-| 
nent,  the  sense  of  the  word  is  somewhat 
different  from  that  of  the  English.  The 
Russ.  strogei,  strict,  rigid,  severe,  retains 
the  original  orthography  without  n.] 

L  Having  physical  active  power,  or  great 
physical  power  ;  having  the  power  of  ex- 
erting great  bodily  force ;  vigorous.  A 
patient  is  recovering  from  sickness,  but  is' 
not  yet  strong  enough  to  walk.  A  strong 
man  will  lift  twice  his  own  weight. 

That  our  oxen  may  be  strong  to  labor.     Ps. 
cxliv. 
Orses  the   strong   to  greater  strength  must 
yield.  Dryden. 

2.  Having  physical  passive  power;  having 
ability  to  hear  or  endure  ;  firm  ;  solid  ;  as 
a  constitution  strong  enough  to  bear  the 
fatigues  of  a  campaign. 

3.  Well  fortified;  able  to  sustain  attacks; 
not  easily  subdued  or  taken  ;  as  a  strong 
fortress  or  town.  i 

4.  Having  great  military  or  naval  force ;, 
powerful ;  as  a  strong  army  or  fleet ;  a 
s(rong  nation  ;  a  nation  sirodo- at  sea.  I 

5.  ILiving  great  wealth,  means  or  resources  ;' 
as  a  strong  house  or  company  of  mer-l 
chants. 

G.  Moving  with  rajiidity;  violent;  forcible: 
impetuous;  as  a  strong  current  of  water 
or  wind ;  the  wind  was  strong  from  the 
northeast ;  wc  had  a  strong  tide  against 
lis. 

7.  Hale;  sound;  robust;  as  a  strong  con- 
stitution. 


8.  Powerful ;  forcible  ;  cogent ;  adapted  to 
make  a  deep  or  effectual  impression  on 
the  mind  or  imagination ;  as  a  strong  ar- 
gument; s/rong- reasons  ;  sfro/ig- evidence  ; 
a  strong  example  or  instance.  He  used 
strong  language. 

9.  Ardent ;   eager ;  zealous ;  earnestly  en 
gaged ;    as  a   strong   partisan ;    a  strong 
whig  or  tory. 

Her  mother,  ever  sfrong  against  that  match — 

Sfiuk. 

10.  Having  virtues  of  great  efficacy;  or 
having  a  particular  quality  in  a  great  de- 
gree ;  as  a  strong  powiler  or  tincture  ;  a 
strong  decoction  ;  strong  tea  ;  strong  cof- 
fee. 

11.  Full  of  spirit;  intoxicating;  as  strong 
liquors. 

12.  Affecting  the  sight  forcibly;  as  strong 
colors, 

13.  Affecting  the  taste  forcibly ;  as  the  strong 
flavor  of  onions. 

14.  Affecting  the  smell  powerfully ;  as  a 
strong  scent. 

1.5.  Not  of  easy  digestion ;  solid  ;  as  strong 
meat.     Heb.  v. 

16.  Well  established  ;  firm;  not  easily  over 
thrown  or  altered  ;  as  a  custotn  grown 
stronji  by  time. 

17.  Violent ;  vehement ;  earnest. 

Who  in  the  days  of  his  flesh,  when  he  offer' 
ed  up  prayers  with  strong  crying  and  tear? — 
Heb.  V. 

18.  Able  ;  furnished  with  abilities. 

I  was  stronger  in  prophecy  than  in  crilici-im 

Dry  lien 

19.  Having  great  force  of  mind,  of  intellect 
or  of  any  faculty  ;  as  a  man  itf  strong  pow- 
ers of  mind  ;  a  man  of  a  strong  mind  or 
intellect;  a  man  of  strong  memory,  judg- 
ment or  imagination. 

20.  Having  great  force ;  comprising  much 
in  few  words. 

Like  her  sweet  voice  is  thy  harmonious  song, 
As  high,  as  sweet,  as  easy  and  as  strong. 

.Smith. 

21.  Bright;  glaring;  vivid;  as  a  strong 
light. 

22.  Powerful  to  the  extent  of  force  named  ; 
as  an  army  ten  thousand  strong. 

STRON'GER,  a.  comp.  of  strong.  Having 
more  strength. 

STRON'GEST,  a.  superl.  of  strong.  Hav- 
ing most  strength. 

STRONG'-FISTED,    a.  [strong   and  Jist. 
Having  a  strong  hand  ;  muscular. 

./Irbuthnot. 

STRONG-HAND,  n.  [strong  and  hand.] 
Violence  ;  force  ;  power. 

It  was  their  meaning  to  take  what  they  need- 
ed by  strong-hand.  Raleigh. 
[.Ynt  properh)  a  compound  word.] 

STRONG-HOLD,  n.  [strong  and  hold.]  A 
fastness;  a  fort;  a  fortified  place  ;  u  place 
of  secin-ity. 

STRONG' LY,  arfo.  With  strength;  with 
great  force  or  power;  forcibly  ;  a  word  of 
extensive  application. 

2.  Firmly  ;  in  a  manner  to  resist  attack  ;  as 
a  town  strongly  fortitied. 

3.  VeluMiiently ;  forcibly;  eagerly.  The 
evils  of  this  oicasure  were  strongly  rcprc-l 
sented  to  ilie  ;jovertuu<'nt. 

STROXG'-S|;t.  ./.  [sfrono- and  «/.]  Firnj- 
ly  set  or  compacted.  Swijl.: 


STRONG-WATER,  n.  [strong  and  water.] 
Distilled  or  ardent  spirit.     ^JVoi  in  use.] 

Bacon. 

STRON'TIAN,  n.  [from  Strontian,  in  Ar- 
gyleshire,  where  it  was  first  fouinl.] 

An  earth  which,  when  pure  and  dry,  is  per- 
fectly wiiite,  and  resembles  baryte  in  ma- 
ny of  its  pro|)ertJes.  It  is  a  couipouml  of 
oxygen  and  a  biise  to  which  is  given  the 
name  strontium,  in  the  proportion  of  16 
per  cent,  of  the  former,  to  84  per  cent,  of 
the  latter.  Davy. 

STRON'  ITAN,    )        Pertaining    to   stron- 

STKONTITIC,  S"-  tian. 

STRON  TIANITE,  n.  Carbonate  of  stron- 
tian, a  mineral  that  occurs  massive, 
fibrous,  stellated,  and  crystalized  in  the 
form  of  a  huxaliednil  prism,  modificci  on 
the  edges,  or  terminated  by  a  pyramid. 

Phillips. 

Prismatic   baryte,   a   species  of   heavy 

spar.  Ure. 

STRON'TIUM,  n.  The  base  of  strontian. 

Davy. 

STROQK,  for  struck.     [.Vot  in  use.] 

STROP,  Jt.  A  strap.  [See  Strap.]  This  or- 
tlio;;raphy  is  parlirularly  used  for  a  strip 
of  lether  used  for  sharpening  razor.s  and 
giving  them  a  fine  smooth  edge;  a  razor- 
strop.      But  strap  is  preferable. 

2.  [Sp.  esiroi'o.]  A  piece  of  rope  spliced  Into 
a  circular  wreath,  atid  put  round  a  block 
for  hanging  it.  Mar.  Diet. 

iSTRO'PHE,   >        [Fr.   strophe;    It.    strofa, 

STKO'PHV,  (,"■  strofe;  Gr.  rpot^,  a  turn, 
from  rpfifiw,  to  turn.] 

[In  Greek  poetry,  a  stanza;  the  first  member 

I     of  a  poem.     This  is  succeeded  by  a  similar 

'     stanza  called  antistrophy. 

STROUT,  v.i.  [fn- strut.]  Toswell;  to  puff 
out,     LVbf  in  use.]  Bacon. 

.-jTROVE,  prel.  of  strive. 

STROVV,  is  only  a  different  orthography  of 
strew.      [See  .Strew.] 

STROWL,  for  stroll,  is  not  in  use.  [See 
Stroll.] 

STROY.  for  destroy,  is  not  in  use.  [See 
Destroy.] 

STKIJCK,  prel.  and  pp.  of  strike.  [See 
Strike.] 

STRUCK'EN,  the  old  pp.  of  strike,  is  obso- 
lete. 

STRUCTURE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  structura, 
from  slruo,  [for  strugo,]  to  set  or  lay ;  It. 
slrullurn.] 

l.  -Act  of  building;  practice  of  erecting 
buildings. 

His  son  builds  on  and  never  is  content, 
Till  the  I.K!  r.irtliiug  is  in  structure  spent. 

[  Ran  ly  used.  ]  Dryden . 

•2.  Manner  of  building:  form;  make;  lon- 

j  Ktructi(ui :  as  tin-  want  of  insight  into  the 
structure  and  constitution  of  the  lenaque- 

I     ons  iflohe.  Ifoodward. 

|3.  Manner  of  organization  of  animals  and 
vegetables.  &c. 

4.  A  builduig  of  any  kind,  but  chiefly  a 
huiMing  of  some  size  or  of  magnificence  ; 
an  edifice.  The  iron  bridge  over  the  Selue 
in  Paris,  is  a  beautiful  structure. 

There  stands  a  structure  of  majestic  frame. 

Piipe. 

.■).  In  mineralog'i,  the  particular  arrange- 
ment of  the   integrant  particles  or  jiiole- 

i    culcs  of  a  iniiieraL  Brongniart. 


S  T  R 


S  T  U 


S  T  U 


Biiilei/. 
i.    [This   woni    may    In: 


STKOJ)I';!i"" 

STRUGGLE,    V.        ^ 

foniifd  on  the  niiit  of  slielch,  rigid,  &<■ 
vvhi(;li  si^'iii(i(:s  to  strain  ;  or  more  directly 
on  tlie  same  elemems  in  1^.  ra^o,  to  wrin- 
kle, and  Kiig.  wriggle.  In  VV.  ystreiglaiv 
is  lo  turn] 

1.  Pro|)erly,  to  strive,  or  to  make  efforts 
with  ii  twislinf;  or  with  contortions  of 
the  body.     Hence, 

2.  To  ii-<c  |j;reat  eff  )ris ;  to  labor  hard ;  to 
strive  ;  toContend  :  as,  to  struggle  to  save 
life  ;  to  struggle  with  the  waves  :  lo  strug- 
gle a^'ainst  tiie  stream ;  to  struggle  with 
adversity. 

3.  To  Inhiir  in  pain  or  anguish  ;  to  be  in  ag- 
ony ;  lo  labor  in  any  kind  of  diliiciilty  or 
distress. 

'Tis  wisdom  to  lieware 
And  better  shun  the  bait  ih;\n  struggle  in  the 
snare.  /Jn/den 

STRUG'GLK,  ».  Great  labor;  forcible  ef- 
fort to  obtain  an  object,  or  to  avoid  an 
evil;  properly,  a  violent  effort  with  con 
tortions  of  the  body. 

3.  Contest;  contention;  strife. 

All  honest  mail  might  look  upon  the  struggle 
with  iiiditfcronce.  Jiildisim 

S.  Auonv  ;  contortions  of  extreme  distress. 

S'l  RUG'GLKR,  n.  One  who  struggles, 
strives  or  contends. 

STKUG'GLING,  ppr.  Making  great  ef- 
forts; u-ing  violent  exertions;  affected 
witli  conlorllons 

ST1{IIG'G1.I.\(;,  n.  The  act  of  striving; 
vi'liciiieut  or  earnest  effort. 

STUU'M.'V,  n.  [L.j  A  udandidar  swelling; 
scrofula  ;  the  king's  evil ;  a  wen. 

If'iscman.     Coxe. 

STRD'MOUS,  a.  Having  swellings  in  the 
glands;  scrofulous.  /fVseniftii 

STRlIM'l'ET,  n.  [Ir.  stribrid,  striopacli.]  A 
prostilulp. 

STKUM'PET,  a.  Like  a  strumpet;  false; 
i[iconslanl.  Slink. 

STIIUMTET,  t'.  t.  To  debauch.  Shak. 

STRUNG,  prct.  i<f  .string. 

STRUT,  It.  (■.  [G.   strotzen  ;    Dan.   s<ri((/cr.] 

1.  To  walk  with  a  Infiy  proud  gait  and  erect 
head;  to  walk  with  affi;cted  dignity. 

Does  he  not  hold  up   his  head  and  strut  in 
his  gait .'  Shak 

2.  To  swell  ;  to  protuberatc. 

The  bellying  canvas  strutted  wUh  the  gale. 
[A'vt  used.]  Dri/den. 

STRUT,  »i.  A  lofty  proud  step  or  walk  with 
the  head  erect ;  affectation  of  dignity  in 
walking. 

STUU'THIOUS,  a.  {h.  strulhio.]  Pertain- 
insr  to  or  like  the  ostrich. 

STRUT'TKR,  n.  One  who  struts.        Swijl. 

STKUT'TING,  ppr.  Walking  with  a  lofty 
gait  and  erect  head. 

STRUT'TING,  n.  The  act  of  walking  with 
a  proud  gait. 

STRUT  TINGLY,  adv.  With  a  proud  lofty 
step  :  boast ingly. 

STRYCHNIA,  »i.  .\n  alkaline  substance 
obtained  from  the  fruit  of  the  Strijchnos 
nuT  vomica,  and  Stri/rhnos  ignatia.  It 
a  white  substance,  crystalized  in  very! 
small  four  sided  jirisms,  and  intolerablyj 
bitter.  It  acts  upon  the  stomach  with 
violent  energy,  inducing  locked  jaw  and 
destroying  life.  Ure.\ 


STUB,  n.  [Sax.  sleb  :  Dan.  stub ;  Sw.  slubbe,\\STV€'CO,  v.  I.  To  plaster  ;  to  overlay  with 

II  stock  or  stem  ;  h.  stipes  ;  from   setting,,!     fine  plaster. 

fixnig.     Sa;  .Slop.]  IS  PUCCOED,  p;>.  Overlaid  with  stucco. 

1.  Tlic   stump  of  a  tree  ;  that  part  of  theljSTUceUING,  ppr.  Plastering  with  stucco. 

stem  of  a  tree  which  remains  fixed  in  theJlSTUCK,  pret.  and  pp.  <i\'stick. 


2.  A  hi 


earth  wiitMi  the  tree  is  cut  down.     [.S'(u4, 
in   the   United   States,   I   believe    is  never 
used    for   the    slump    of  an    herbaceous 
plant.] 
.\  log  ;  a  block.     [.Vol  in  use.]        Jyiillon.] 

STUR,  V.  t.  To  grub  up  by  the  roots;  to 
extirpate;  as,  to  stub  up  edible  roots. 

Greio. 

2.  To  strike  the  toes  against  a  stumj),  stone 
ir  other  fixed  object.  .ATcw  England. 

STUB'BED,  a.  Short  and  thick  like  some- 
thing truncated  ;  blunt  ;  obtuse.  [Sw. 
stublng.] 

i.   Hardy;  not  nice  or  delicate.         Berkeley. 

STUB'BEDNESS,    n.    Bluntiiess ;  obtuse- 

STUB'BLR,  n.  [D.  G.  sloppel  ;  Sw.  slubb ; 
L.  stipula.     It  is  a  diminutive  of  stub.] 

The  stumps  of  wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats  or 
buckwheat,  left  in  the  ground  ;  the  part 
of  the  stalk  left  by  thesythe  or  sickle. 

After  the   first  crop  is  otf,   they  plow  in  the 
stubble.  .Mortimer. 

STUBBLE-GOOSE,  n.  [stubble  and  ^oo^e.] 
A  goose  fed  amoni;  stubble.  Chaucer. 

STUB'BLE-KAKE,  n.  A  rake  with  long 
teeth  for  raking  together  stubble. 

STUB' BORN,  a.  [This  word    is   doubtless 
formed  on  the  root  cii' stub  or  stiff,  and  de- 
notes fixed,  firm.     But  the  origin  of  the 
latter  sylliible  is  not  obvious.] 
Unreasonably  obstinate  ;    inflexibly     fix- 
ed in  opinion  ;  not    to  be   moved   or  per 
suaded  by  reasons;  inflexible;  as   a  stub- 
born son  ;  a  stubborn  mind  or  soul. 
The  queen  is  obstinate — 
■S'(u66or»  to  justice.  Shak 

2.  Per.severing  ;  persisting  ;  steady  ;  con 
stant ;  as  stubborn  attention.  Locke 

■\.  Stiff;  not  flexible ;  as  a  stubborn  bow. 

Chapman 
Take  a  plant  of  stubborn  oak.  Dryden 

4.  Hardy  ;  firm  ;  enduring  without  coin- 
plaint  ;  as  stiibbor7i  Stoics.  Swift. 

5.  Harsh;  rough;  rugged.     [Little  used.] 
G.  Refractorv  ;  not  easily  melted  or  worked 

as  a  stubborn  ore  or  metal. 

7.  Refractory  ;  obstinatidy  resisting  com 
mand,  the  go.id  or  the  whip;  as  a  stub- 
born ass  or  horse. 

STUB'BOKNLY,  adr.  Obstinately;  inflexi- 
blv  ;  contiimaciously. 

STUBBORNNESS.  "  It.  Perver.se  and  un- 
reasonable obstinacy  ;  inflexibility  ;  con- 
tumacy. 

Stuhbornness    and    obstinate    disobedience 
must  be  raa^lereiUvilh  blows.  Locke. 

Stiffness;  want  of  pliancy. 
Refractoriness,  as  of  ores. 

STUB'BY,  a.  [ii-oin  stitb.]  Abounding  with 
stubs. 

2.  Short  and  thick ;  short  and  strong  :  as 
slubbii  bristles.  Grew. 

STUB'-NAIL,  II.  [stub  and  nail]  A  nail 
broken  ott";  a  short  thick  nail. 

STUCCO,  11.  [U.id.:  Fr.  sine;  Sp.estuco; 
allied  probably  to  stick,  stuck.] 

1.  .\  tine  plaster  composed  of  lime,  sand, 
whiting  and  pounded  marble  ;  used  for 
covering  walls,  &rc. 

2.  Work  made  of  stucco. 


Stuck  u'ur  wttli  titles,  mid  hung  round  with 

iithDgs.  J'npe. 

STUCK,  n.^  A  thrust.     [ATot  in  use.]     Shak. 

STUCK'LE,  n.  [from  stook.\    A  number  of 

slienves  set  togethiT  in  the  field.    [Scolish. 

.Yi,t  in  use  in  the  U.  States.] 
|STUL»,  n.  [Sax.  stod,  sludu  ;  Ice.  stod  ;  D. 

slut :  Sw.  St!)  I ;  G.  stutze,  a  stay  or  prop  ; 
j     stutzen,  to  butt  at,  t^i  gore  ;   Uan.  stojer,  to 

push,  to  thrust,  G.  stossen.     The  sense  of 

the   root  is  to  set,  to  thrust.     It  coincides 

with  stead,  place,   Ir.  sladam,  to  stay   or 

stand,  slid,  a  prop.] 

1.  Ill  building,  a  small  piece  of  timber  or 
joist  inserted  in  the  sills  and  beam.-,  be- 
tween the  posts,  to  support  the  beams  or 
other  main  limbers.  The  boards  on  the 
outside  anil  the  lallis  on  the  inside  of  a 
building,  are  also  nailed  to  the  studs. 

2.  A  nail  with  a  large  head,  inserted  in 
work  chiefly  for  oruament ;  an  ornament- 
al knob. 

A  belt  of  stra<v,  and  ivy  buds, 

With  coral  clasps  and  amber  s^t«Zs.     Raleigh. 

Crystal   and    myrrhine    cups,  einbo9s'd    witti 

gems 
And  sliuls  of  pearl.  Afilton. 

i.3.  A    collection    of   breeding    horses    and 
mares ;  or  the  place  where  they  are  kept. 
In  tlie  studs  oi  Ireland,  where  care  is  taken, 
we  see  hoises   bred  of  excellent  shape,  vigor 
and  fire.  Temple. 

4    A  button  for  a  shirt  sleeve. 
STUD,  1'.  t.  To  adorn    with   shining   studs 
or  knobs. 

Their  horses  shall  be  IrappM, 
Their  harness  studded  all  with  gold  and  pearl. 

Shak. 
2.  To  set  with  detached  ornaments  or  prom- 
inent objects. 
STUD'DED,  pp.  Adorned  with  studs. 
2.  Set  with  detached  ornamenis. 

The  sloping  .sides  anil  summits  of  our  hills, 
and  the  extensive  plains  that  stretch  before  our 
\'iew,  are  .studded  with  substantial,  neat  and 
coniinodious  dwellings  of  fVeemen. 

Bp.  Hibart. 
STUD'DING,  ppr.  Setting  or  adorning  with 

studs  or  shining  knobs. 
STUD'DlN(i-SAIL.  n.  In  iini.i>a<ion,  a 
sail  that  is  set  beyond  the  skirts  of  the 
principal  sails.  The  studding-sails  are 
set  only  when  the  wind  is  light.  They 
appear  like  wind's  upon  the  yard-arms. 

Mar.  Did. 
STU'DENT,    )i.    [L.   sludens,  studeo.     See 
Study.] 

1.  A  person  engaged  in  siiuly ;  one  who  is 
devoted  to  learning,  cither  in  a  seminary 
or  ill  private;  a  scholar;  as  the  students  ui 
an  academy,  of  a  college  or  university  ;  a 
medical  student ;  a  law  student 

2.  A  man  devoted  to  books;  a  bookish 
man  ;  as  a  hard  student  ;  a  close  student. 

1         Keep  a  gamester  from  dice,  and  a  good   stU' 
I      dent  from  his  books.  Shak. 

|.3.  One  who  studies  or  examines ;  as  a  stu- 
',     rffiiJ  of  nature's  works. 
STUD-HORSE,    n.    [Sax.  stod-hors ;  Low 

L.  stotarius :  Chaucer,  slot.] 
A  breeding  horse;  a  horse  kept  for  propa- 
I    gating  his  kind. 


S  T  U 


S  T  U 


S  T  U 


STUDIED,  pp.  [from  sttuhi.]  Read  ;  close- 
ly exiiiiiineil;  read   Willi  diligence  ami  at- 
considered.     The  book  has 
The  subject  has  been  well 


teiitioii  ;  well 
been  studied, 
studied. 
.  a.  Learned  ;  well 


versed  in  any  branch 
of  learnins;  qualified  by  study;  as  a  man 
well  studied  in  geometry,  or  in  law  or 
medical  science.  Bncon.\ 

3.  Having  a  particular  inclination.  [N'ot  in 
use..]  Shak. 

STUD'IER,  n.  [(rom  study.]  One  who  stud- 
ies ;  a  student. 

Lipsius  was  a  great  studier  iu  the  stoical  phi- 
losophy. Tillotson. 

STUDIOUS,  a.  [Fr.  studieux  ;  L.  studiosus  ] 

1.  Given  to  books  or  to  learning ;  devoted 
to  the  ac()nisitinii  of  knowledge  from 
books;  as  a  studious  scholar. 

2.  Contemplative ;  given  to  thought,  or  to 
the  examination  of  subjects  by  contempla- 
tion. 

3.  Diligent  :  eager  to  discover  something,: 
or  to  effect  some  object ;  as,  be  studious 
to  please  ;  studious  to  find  new  friends 
and  allies.  Ticket. 

4.  Attentive  to  ;  careful ;  with  oj. 

Divines  must  hecoine  studious  of  pious  and 
veneralile  antiquity.  IVTiite. 

5.  Planned  with  study  ;  deliberate. 

For  the  frigid  villany  of  studious  lewdness, 
for  the  calm  malignity  of  labored  impiety,  what 
apology  can  be  invented  .'  Rambler. 

6.  Favorable  to  study ;  suitable  for  thought 
and  contemplation  ;  as  the  studious  shade. 

Thomson. 
Let  my  due  feet  never  fail. 
To  walk  the  studious  cloister  pale.       .Wlton. 
[The  latter    signification   is  forced  and   not 

much  used.] 
STU'DIOUSLY,    ado.    With   study;   with 
close  attention  to  books. 

2.  With  diligent  contemplation.  Dn/den. 

3.  Diligently  ;  with  zeal  and  earnestness. 

Mterbury. 

4.  Carefully  ;  attentively. 

STU'DIOUSNESS,  n.  The  habit  or  prac- 
tice of  study;  addictedness  to  books.  Men 
of  sprightly  imagination  are  not  generally 
the  most  remarkable  for  studiousness. 

STUD'Y,  11.  [Fr.  etude;  L.  studium,  from 
stuieo,  to  study,  that  is,  to  set  the  thoughts 
or  mind.  See  Assiduous.  Studeo  is  con- 
nected with  the  English  stud,  stead.] 

1.  Literally,  a  setting  of  the  mind  or  thoughts 
upon  a  subject  ;  hence,  application  of 
mind  to  books,  to  arts  or  science,  or  to 
any  subject,  for  the  purpose  of  learning 
what  is  not  before  known. 

Hammond  generally  spent  thirteen  hours  of 
the  day  in  study.  Fell. 

Study  gives  strength  to  the  mind  ;  conversa- 
tion, grace.  Temple. 

2.  Attention  ;  meditation  ;  contrivance. 

Just  men   they    seem'd,   and  all    their  sttuly 

bent 
To  worship  God  aright  and  know  his  works. 

Milton. 

3.  Any  particular  branch  of  learning  that  is 
studieil.  Lei  your  studies  be  directed  by 
some  learned  and  judicious  friend. 

4.  Subject  of  altiMition. 

The  Holy  Scriplures,  cs]iecially  the  New 
Testament,  are  her  ilaily  study.  Lam. 

5.  A  buililing  or   an  apartment   devoted  to 


study  or  to  literary  cniploynicnt. 
C/nrc)((^o)i. 


Drt/den. 


6.  Deep  cogitation  ;  perplexity.  [Little  us- 
ed.] Bacon. 

STUD'Y,  V.  i.  [L.  studeo.]  To  fix  the  mnid 
closely  upon  a  subject;  to  muse  ;  to  dwell 
upon  in  thought. 

I  found  a  moral  first,  and  then  studied  for  a 
fable.  Swift. 

2.  To  apply  the  mind  to  books.  He  studies 
eight  hours  in  the  day. 

3.  To  endeavor  diligently. 

That  ye  study  to  be  quiet  and  do  your  own 
business.  1  I'hess.  iv. 
STUD'Y,  v.t.  To  apply  the  mind  to;  to 
read  and  examine  for  the  purpose  of  learn- 
ing and  understanding;  as,  to  study  law 
or  theology  ;  to  study  languages. 

2.  To  consider  attentively  ;  to  examine 
closely.     Study  the  works  of  nature. 

S'«(iy  thyself ;  what  rank  or  what  degree 
Thy  wise  Creator  has  ordainM  for  thee. 

Bryden. 

3.  To  form  or  arrange  by  previous  thought ; 
to  con  over;  or  to  commit  to  memory; 
as,  to  study  a  speech. 

STUFF,  n.  [D.  stof,  stoffe;  G.  staff;  Dan. 
stbv  ;  Sw.  stojt ;  Goth,  stubyus ;  It.  stoffa  ; 
Sp.  estofo,  quilted  stuff  ;  estofor,  to  quilt 
to  slew.     See  Stove  and  .Stew.] 

1.  A  mass  of  matter,  indefinitely  ;  or  a  col- 
lection of  substances  ;  as  a  heap  of  dust, 
of  chips  or  of  dross. 

2.  The  matter  of  which  any  thing  is  formed  ; 
materials.  The  carpenter  and  joiner 
speak  of  the  stuff  with  which  they  build ; 
mechanics  pride  themselves  on  having 
their  wares  made  of  good  stuff. 

Time  is  the  stuff  which  life  is  made  of. 

Franklin. 
Degrading  prose  explains  his  meaning  ill. 
And  shows  the  stuff,  and  not  the  workman's 
skill.  Roscommon 

Cesar  hath  wept  ; 
Ambition  should  be  made  of  sterner  stiiff. 

Shak. 

3.  Furniture  ;  goods  ;  domestic  vessels  in 
general. 

He  took  away  locks,    and   gave   away   the 
king's  stuff.     [JVearly  obsolete.]        Hayward. 

4.  That  which  fills  any  thing. 
Cleanse   the   stuff 'd  bosom  of  that  perilous 

stuff 
That  weighs  upon  the  heart.  Sliak. 

5.  Essence  ;  elemental  part ;  as  the  stuff  of 
the  conscience. 

6.  A  medicine.     [Vulf^ar.]  Shak. 

7.  Cloth;  fabrics  of  the  loom;  as  silk  stuffs; 
v/oo\en  stuffs.  In  this  sense  the  word  has 
a  plural.  Stuff  comprehends  all  cloths, 
but  it  signifies  particularly  woolen  cloth 
of  slight  texture  for  linings.  Encyc. 

8.  Matter  or  thing;  particularly,  that  which 
is  trifling  or  worthless;  a  very  extensive 
use  of  tlie  word.  Flattery  is  fulsome  stuff; 
poor  poetry  is  miserable  stuff. 

Anger  would  indite 
Such  woful  stuff  AS  I  or  Shadvvell  write. 

Drydcn. 

9.  Among  seamen,  a  melted  mass  of  turpen- 
tine, tallow,  &:c.  with  which  the  masts, 
sides  and  bottom  of  a  ship  arc  smeared. 

Mar.  Dirt. 
STUFF,   V.  t.   To   fill ;  as,  to  stuff  a   bed- 
tick. 
2.  To  fill  very  full  ;  to  crowd. 

This  crook  drew  hazel  boughs  adown, 
And  stuff''d   her   apron   wide   with  nuts   so 
brown.  Oay 


|3.  To  thrust  in  ;  to  crowd  ;  to  press. 

Pit  roses  into  a  glass  with  a  narrow  niouihj 
I      stuffing  Iheiri  close  together.  Bacon. 

4.  To  fill  by  being  put  into  any  thing. 
With  inward  arms  the  dire  machine  they  load. 
And  iron  bowels  stuff  the  daik  abode. 

Dry  den. 

5.  To  swell  or  cause  to  bulge  out  by  putting 
something  in. 

.V/!/^  me  out  with  straw.  Shak. 

(i.  To  till  with  something  improper. 

For  thee  I  dim  these  eyes,  and  stuff  this  head 
With  all  such  reading  as  was  never  read. 

Pope. 

7.  To  obstruct,  as  any  of  the  organs. 
Vni  stuff 'd,  cousin  ;  I  cannot  soiell.       Shak. 

8.  To  fill  meat  with  seasoning  ;  as,  to  stuff 
a  leg  of  veal. 

9.  To  fill  the  skin  of  a  dead  animal  for  pre- 
senting and  preserving  his  form;  as,  to 
stuff  a  bird  or  a  lion's  skin. 

10.  To  form  by  filling. 

An  eastern  king  put  a  judge   to  death  for  an 

iniquitous  sentence,  and    ordered   his  hide   to 

be  stuffed  into  a  cushion,  and  placed  upon  the 

tribunal.  Swift. 

STUFF,  t'.  {.  To  feed  gluttonously. 

Taught  harmless  man  to  cram  and  stuff. 

Swift. 
STUFF'ED,   pp.    Filled  ;  crowded  ;  cram- 
med. 
STUFF'ING,  ppr.  Filling  ;  crowding. 
STUFFING,   n.    That   which  is  used  for 
filling  any  thing;  as  the  stuffing  of  a  sad- 
dle or  cushion. 
•2.   Seasoning  for    meat ;  that  which  is  put 

into  meat  to  give  it  a  higher  relish. 
STUKE,  for  stucco,  not  in  use. 
STULM,  n.  A  shaft  to  draw  water  out  of  ;i 
mine.  Bailey. 

STULP,  n.  A  post.     [Local.] 
STUL'TIFY,  V.  t.    [L.  stultus,  foolish,  and 
focio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  make  foolish  ;  to  make  one  a  fool. 

Burke. 

2.  In  law,  to  alledge  or  prove  to  be  insane, 
for  avoiding  some  act.  Blackstone. 

STULTIL'OQUENCE,  n.  [L.  stultus,  foo]- 
isli,  and  loquentia,  a  talking.]  Foolish  talk  ; 
a  babbling.  Diet. 

STULTIL'OQUY,  n.  [L.  stultiloquium,  su- 
pra.] Foolish  talk  ;  silly  discourse  ;  bab- 
liling.  Taylor. 

STUM,  n.  [D.  slam,  stum,  dumb  ;  G.  stilmm, 
Dan.  Sw.  sdj/n,  dumb,  mute.] 

1.  Must ;  wine  unfermented.  Addison. 

2.  New  wine  used  to  raise  fermentation  in 
dead  or  vapid  wines.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  Wine  revived  by  a  new  fermentation. 

Hudibras. 

STUM,    V.  t.    To  renew   wine   by   mixing 
must  with  it,  and  raising  a  new  fermenta- 
tion, 
^'e  stum  our  wines  to  renew  their  spirits. 

Ftoyer. 

2.  To  fume  a  cask  of  lifjuor  with  burning 
brimstone.      [Local.] 

STUM'BLE,  V.  i.  [Ice.  stumra.  This  word 
is  probably  liom  a  root  that  signifies  to 
stop  or  to  strike,  and  may  be  allied  to 
stammer.] 

I.  To  trip  in  walking  or  moving  in  any  way 
upon  the  legs;  to  strike  the  foot  so  as  to 
fall,  or  to  endanger  a  fall ;  applied  to  any 
animal.  A  man  may  stumble,  as  well  as  a 
horse. 


S  T  U 


S  T  U 


STY 


The  way  of  tlic  wicked  i.«  as  darkness  ;  they 

know  not  at  what  they  slvmblf.     Piov.  iv. 

5.  'I'o  err  ;  to  slide  into  a  critue  or  an  error. 

He   that    lovulh   his   brother,   abideth  in  the 

hght,  and  tliere  is  none  occasion  o( stumbling  in 

hi[n.      I  Juim  ii. 

3.  To   strike  upon   without   desifin  ;  to  fall 

on  ;  to   light   on  by  chance.     Men   often 

stumble  upon  valnuble  discoveries. 

Ovid  stumbhd  by   some   inadvertence   upon 

IJvia  in  a  bath.  Vryden 

STUM'HLE,  v.t.  To  obstruct  in  progress 

to  cause  to  trip  or  stop. 
2.  To   confound  ;   to   puzzle  ;  to   put  to   a 
nonplus  ;  to  perple.x. 

One   thing   more    stumbles   me  in  the  very 

foundation  of  thi.s  hypothesis.  Locke 

STUMBLE,    n.    A  trip  in   walking  or  run- 

tiini;. 
2.  A  blunder:  a  failure. 

One  stumble  it^  enough  to  deface  the  character 
of  an  hmioral>lo  hfe.  L'Estran^ 

STUM'Bl.EU,  pp.   Obstructed  ;  puzzled. 
STUM  BLEU,     II.    One   tliut   stumbles   or 
makes  a  blimder.  Herbert 

STUM'BLING,  ppr.  Tripping  ;  erring  ;  puz- 
zling. 
STrM'BLINO-BLOrK,  /  hlumhie  and 
STUM'Jtl.lNG-STONE,  \  ^- block  or  stone.. 
Any  luuse  of  siuudjling  ;  that  »\liicli  causes 
to  err. 

We  preach  Christ  crucified,  to  the  Jews  a 
stumbling-block,  and  to  the  Greeks  foolishness 
1  Cor.  i. 

This  stumbling-stone  wc  hope  to  take  away. 

Burnet. 
STUMI',  n.  [Svv.  Dati.  sltiiiip  ;  Dan.  stumper 
Sw.  stym/Mi.  ic!  niiiiilate  ;  1).  stomp,  a  stump, 
and  blunt ;  G.  stump/.] 

1.  Tlie  stub  of  a  tree;  the  part  of  a  tree  re- 
maining in  the  earth  after  tlio  tree  is  cut 
down,  or  the  part  of  any  plant  left  in  the 
earth  by  the  sythe  or  sickle. 

2.  The  pari  of  a  limb  or  other  body  remain- 
ing after  a  part  is  amputated  or  destroyed  ; 
as  the  stump  of  a  leg,  of  a  fin^'cr  or  a  lootb. 

Dn/den.     Swifl. 
STUMP,  t>.  /.  To  strike  any  thing  fixed  and 

hard  with  the  toe.     [  rw/n-dr.] 
2.  To  challenge,     [t-utenr.] 
STUMP'Y,  a.  Kullofh-iumps'. 

2.  Hard  ;  strong.     [Little  used.]      Mortimer. 

3.  Short;  stidiby.     [Little  used.] 
STUN,  I'.  /.  [Sax.stuiiinn  ;  Fr.  elonncr.  The 

primary  sense  is  to  strike  or  to   stop,  to! 
blunt,  to  stupefy.]  I 

1.  To  make  senseless  or  dizzy  with  a  blow 
on  the  head  ;  as,  to  be  stunned  by  a  fall,  or 
by  a  falling  tindier. 

One  hung  a  pole-ax  at  his  saddle  bow, 
And  one  a  lieavy  mace  to  stun  the  foe. 

„    rr.  Dry  den. 

2.  To  overpower  the  sense  of  hearing ;  to 
blunt  or  stupefy  the  organs  of  heading, 
To  prevent  being  stunned,  cannoneers 
sometimes  fill  their  ears  with  wool. 

3.  To  confound  or  make  dizzy  by  loud  and 
mingled  sound. 

— An  universal  hubbub  wild 
Of  stunning  sounds  and  voices  all  confus'd. 

STUNG,  pret.  and  pp.  of  sting. 

STUNK,  j»fr  of  stink. 

STUN'NED, /)/).  Having  the  sense  of  hear- 
ing mcrpowered  ;  cotifoiindeil  with  noise. 

STUN'NING,  ppr.  Overpowering  the  or- 
gans of  hearing ;  confouucling  with  noise. 


STUNT,  r. /.   [ice.stunta;  Sax.  slintan,  toi  STUPID'ITY,  n.  [Fr.  stupidtU ;  h.  stupidi- 


slint  ;  stunt,  loidisb,  stupid.     See  .Stint. ^ 

To  hmder  from  growth  ;  applied  to  animals 
and  plants  ;  us,  to  stunt  a  child  ;  to  stunt  a 
plant.  Jlrbutlinot.     I'opt.     Hieijl. 

STUNT'ED,  pp.  Hindered  from  growth  or 
ui  crease. 

STUNT'EDNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
stunted.  Cheyne. 

STUNT'ING,  ppr.  Hindering  from  growth 
or  increase. 

STUPE,  n.  [L.  slupa,  tow ;  probably  allied 
to  stuff.] 

Cloth  or  tia.x  di|iped  in  warm  medicaments 
and  applied  to  a  hurt  or  sore;  fomenta- 
tion ;  sweating  balh.  Hiseman.     Core. i  2. 

STUPE,  V.  t.  To  foment.  Hiseman. 

S'lUPE,  n.  A  .stupid  person.  [J\ot  in  use.] 

STUPEFACTION,  n.  [L.  slupefncio;  stu- 


tus.i 


peo,  whence  stxipidus,  and  fiicio.  See  Stop.] 

1.  The  act  of  rendering  stii|ji<l. 

2.  A  stupid  or  .senseless  state  ;  insensibility  ; 
dullness  ;  torpor  ;  stupidity. 

Resistance    of   the    dictates  of   conscience 
brings  a  hardness  and  stupefaction  upon  it. 

South. 
STUPEFA€'TIVE,  a.  Causing  in.seiisibili- 
ty  ;  deadening    or   blunting  the  sense  of 
feeling  or  understandin 


y  ,  narcotic. 
Opium  bath  a  sliijirfuctive  paiC.  Bacon. 

STU'PEFIER,  n.  [from  stupefy.]  That  which 

causes  dullness  or  stu|)i(lity. 
SlU'PEFY,  I'.  /.  [Vr.  stupefier ;  L.  stupefa- 
cio.  ] 

1.  To  make  stupid  ;  to  make  dull;  to  blunt 
the  faculty  of  perception  or  understand- 
ing ;  to  deprive  of  sensibility.  It  is  a  great 
sin  to  attempt  to  stupefy  the  conscience. 

1  he  fumes  of  passion  intoxicate  his  discern- 
ing faculties,  as  the  fumes  of  drink  stupefy  the 
biain.  South. 

2.  To  deprive  of  material  motion. 
It  is  not  malleable  nor  fluent,  but  stupefied. 

[A'ot  in  use.]  Bacon. 

STU'PEFYING,  ppr.  Rendering  extremely 
dull  or  insensible  ;  as  the  stupifying  vir- 
tues of  opium. 
[It  would  be  convenient  to  write  stupifac-\ 
lion,  stupifuctive,  and  place  these  words 
after  stupidly.] 
STUPEN'DOIS,    a.    [Low    L.  stupendus, 

from  stupeo,  to  astonish.] 
Literally,  striking  dumb  by  its  magnitude ; 
hence,  astonishing;  wonderful ;  amazing; 
particularly,  of  astonishing  magnitude  or 
elevation  ;  as  a  stupendous  pile  ;  a  stupen- 
dous edifice  ;  a  stupendous  mountain  ;  a 
stupendous  bridge.  Milton.     Dri/deu 

STUPEN'DOUSLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to 

excite  astonishment. 
STUPEN'DOUSNESS,   n.  The  quality  or 

state  of  being  stupendous  or  astonishing. 
STU'PID,  a.  [Fr.  stupide;  L.  stupidus,  from 
stupeo,  to  be  stupefied,  properly  to  slop. 
See  Slop.] 
I.  Very   dull;    insensible;  senseless;  want- 
ing in  understanding  ;  heavy  ;  sluggish. 
0  that  men  should  be  so  stupid  grown. 
As  to  forsake  the  living  God.  JSIilton. 

\A'ith  wild  surprise, 
A  moment  stupid,  motionless  he  stood. 

Thomson. 

3.  Dull  ;   heavy  ;   formeil    without    skill  or 
genius. 

Observe  what  loads  o( stupid  rhymes 
Oppress  us  in  corrupted  times.  Swift. 


Extreme  dullness  of  perception  or  under- 
standing ;  insensibility  ;  sluggishness. 

Dryden. 

STU'PIDLY,  adv.  With  extreme  dullness  ; 
with  suspension  or  inacliviiy  ol  under- 
standing ;  sotlisldy  ;  absurdly ;  without 
the  exercise  of  reason  or  judgment. 

Milton.     Dnjden. 

STU'PIDNESS,  n.  Stupidity. 

SI'U'POK,  n.  [L.]  Great  diminution  or  sus- 
pension of  sensibility  ;  siipiiression  of 
sense;  numbness;  as  the  i/i//;(/r  of  u 
lii'il'-  .Irluthnot. 

Inlellectual  insensibility  ;  moral  stupidity  ; 
lieedle.ssness  or  inattention  to  one's  inter- 
ests. 

STU'PKATE,  V.  t.  [L.  stupro.]  To  ravish  ; 
to  debauch. 

STUPKA'TION,  n.  Rape  ;  violation  of 
chastity  by  force. 

STUR'DILY,  adv.  [froui  slurdy.]  Hardily; 
stoutly  ;  lustily. 

[from  sturdy.]    Stout- 

is   the   sturdiness  of  a 

Locke. 


STURDINESS,  n 

ness ;   hardiness ; 

school  boy. 
2.  Brutal  strengtii. 
STURDY,  a.  [G.  slorrig,  connected  with 

storren,  a  stub.] 

1.  Hardy  ;  stout ;  foolislily  obstinate;  imply- 
ing coarseness  or  rudeness. 

This  must  be  done,  and  1  woulil  fain  see 
Mortal  so  sturdy  as  to  (;aiIl^ay.        Hudibras. 
A  sturdy  hardened  sinner  advances  to  the  ut- 
most  pitch    of  inrpicty   with    less    reluctance 
than  he  look  the  first  step.  Atterburif. 

2.  Strong  ;  forcible  ;  lusty  ;  as  a  sturdy  loiit. 

Sidney, 

3.  Violent ;  laid  on  with  strength  ;  as  sturdy 
strokes.  Spenser. 

4.  Stifl';  stout;  strong;  as  a  s^irrfi/oak. 
He   wxs  uot    of  a    delicate    contexluje,  his 

limbs  rather  sturdy  than  dainty.  U'ollon. 

STUR'DV,  71.  A  disease  in  sheep,  marked 

by  dullness  and  stupor.  Ci/c. 

STUR  tiEON,  H.   [Fr.  esturgeon  ;  Sp.  c«iu- 

rio)i ;   It.  storione  ;  Low  L.  slurio  ;  D.  steur ; 

G.  strir ;    Sw.  star ;  the  stirrer,   one   that 

turns  up  the  mud  :  G.  stiJren.] 
A  large  fish  of  the  genus  Acipenscr,  caught 

in    large  rivers.     Its   flesh  is    valued  for 

,  fo'xl-  Coldsmith. 

STURK,  n.    [Sax.  styrc.]  A   young  o.\  or 

heifer.     [.S'co<.] 
STUTTER,  v.i.  [n.  stotleren  ;  G.slollern; 

that  is,  to  stop.     Stut  is  not  used.] 

To  stammer  ;  to  hesitate  in   uttering  words. 

L   ,    ,,  Bacon. 

jSTUT'TERER,  n.  A  siaminerer. 

STUT'TERING, /)/*)-.  Stammering;  speak- 
ing with  hesitation. 

STUT'TERLNGLY,   adv.    With   slamirier- 

I     "LS- 

jSTV,  n.  [Sax.  siige.]  .\  pen  or  inclosure  for 

I     swine. 

12.  A  place  of  bestial  debauchery. 

I'o  roll  with  pleasure  in  a  sensual  sty. 

\         .  .^^l!ton. 

3.  An  inflamed  tumor  on    the  edge   of  ihc 

eyelid. 
ST^,  f.  /.  To  shut  up  in  a  sty.  Shak. 

STY,  v.i.  [Sax.  sligan ;  Got\).  sleigan.]  To 

soar  ;  to  ascend.  [.Yoi  in  use.]     [See  Stir- 

STVC  .A,   »i.  A  Saxon  cojiper  coin  of  the 
lowest  value.  Leake. 


STY 


SUA 


SUB 


STYg'IAN,  a.  [L.  Stygius,  Styx.]  Pertaining 
to  Styx,  fabled  by  the  ancients  to  be  a  riv- 
er of  liell  over  whicli  the  shades  of  the 
dead  passed,  or  the  region  of  tlie  dead  ; 
hence,  hellish ;  infernal. 

At  that  so  sudden  blaze,  the  Stygian  throng 
Bent  their  aspect.  Milton. 

STYLE,  )i.  [L.  stylus ;  D.  G.  styl ;  It.  stile ; 
Sp.  estilo ;  Fr.  style  or  stile ;  Gr.  f  vXo;,  a 
column,  a  pen  or  bodkin  ;  from  the  root 
of  the  Teutonic  stelteii,  to  set  or  place.] 

1.  Manner  of  writing  with  regard  to  language 
or  the  choice  and  arrangement  of  words 
as  a  harsh  style  ;  a  dry  style ;  a  tumid  or 
bombastic  style ;  a  loose  style ;  a  terse 
style;  a  laconic  or  verbose  style;  a  flow- 
ing style  ;  a  lofty  style  ;  an  elegant  style  ; 
an  ejiistolary  5(!//e.  The  chavacter  of  style 
depends  chiefly  on  a  happy  selection  and 
arrangement  of  words. 

Proper  words  in  proper  places,  make  the  true 
definition  of  style.  Swift 

Let  some  lord  but  own  the  happy  lines. 
How  the  wit  brightens  and  the  style  refines  ! 

Pope 

2.  Manner  of  speaking  appropriate  to  par- 
ticular characters ;  or  in  general,  the  char- 
acter of  the  language  used. 

No  style  is  held  lor  base,  where   love  well 
named  is.  Sidney 

According  to  the  usual  style  of  dedicaiion"-. 

Middlelon 
So  we  say,  a  person  addresses  another 
in  a  style  of  haughtiness,  in  a  style  of  re- 
buke. 

3.  Mode  of  painting  ;  any  manner  of  paint- 
ing which  is  cluiracteristic  or  peculiar 

The  ornamental  style  also  possesses  its  own 
peculiar  merit.  Reynolds 

4.  A  particular  character  of  music ;  as  a 
grave  style. 

5.  Title;  appellation  ;  as  the  sii/?e  of  majesty. 

Propitious  hear  our  pray'r. 
Whether  the  s(y/e  of  Titan  please  thee  more — 

Pope 

6.  Course  of  writing.     [JVoi  in  use.] 

Dryden. 

7.  Style  of  court,  is  properly  the  practice  ob- 
served by  any  court  in  its  way  of  proceed- 
ing. %'# 

8.  In  popular  use,  manner;  form;  as,  ihe 
entertainment  was  prepared  in  excellent 
style. 

0.  A  pointed  instrument  formerly  tised  m 
writing  on  tables  of  wax;  an  instrument 
of  surgery. 

10.  Something  with  a  sharp  point;  a  graver; 
the  pin  of  a  dial;  written  also  stile. 

11.  In  botany,  the  middle  portion  of  tlie  pis 
til,  connecting  the  stigma  with  the  germ  ; 
srimelimes  called  the  shaft.     The  styles  of 
jilants   are   capillary,    filiform,    cylindric, 
subulate,  or  clavate.  Marlyn. 

12.  In  rhronntogy,  a  mode  of  reckoning  time, 
with  regard  lo  the  .Julian  and  Gregorian 
calendar.  Style  is  Old  or  JVew.  The  Old 
Style  li>llows  the  Julian  maimer  of  com- 
puting the  months  and  days,  or  the  cal 
cndar  as  established  by  Julius  Cesar,  ii 
which  the  year  consists  of  305  <lays  and  0 
hours.  This  is  something  more  than  11 
luinutes  too  much,  and  in  the  cornse  of 
tinic,  between  Cesar  aiul  pope  Gregory 
XIII.  this  .siirpliis  amoinilcd  to  11  day 
Grcgnry  refi.nnpd  ihe  calendar  by  re- 
trciirliiii^'  U  days;  this  rofi.rin.-itioM  was 
adopted   by  act  of  parliament  in  Great 


Britain  in  1751,  by  which  act  eleven  days! 
in  September,  1752,  were  retremhed,  and 
the  3d  day  was  reckoned  the  14th.     Tliisj 
mode  of  reckoning  is  called  Mew  Style. 
STYLE,  V.  t.  To  call ;  to  name  ;  to  denom-' 


2.  Sweetness,  in  a  figurative  sense  ;  that 
which  is  to  the  mind  what  sweetness  ia 
to  ihe  tongue;  agreeableness;  softness; 
pleasantness ;  as  suavity  of  manners ;  suav- 
ity of  language,  conversation  or  address. 


inate  ;  to  give  a  title  to  in  addressing.  The, SUB,  a  Latin  preposition,  denoting  under  or 


emperor  of  Russia  is  styled  autocrat ;  tliej 
king  of  Great  Britain  is  styled  defender  oi 
the  faith.  | 

Named  ;  denominated  ;  call- 


STY'LED 

ed. 
STY' LET,  n 
or  dagger. 


pp. 


[from  style.]  A  small  poniard 
Encyc. 
.STY'Lli'ORM,  a.   [style  and  form.]  Like  a 
style,  pin  or  pen. 

STY'LING,  ppr.  Calling  ;  denominating. 

STY'LITE,  n.  [Gr.  fiXcj,  a  column.]  In  ec- 
clesiastical history,  the  Stylites  were  a  sectj 
of  solitaries,  who  stood  motionless  on  col-j 
nmns  or  pillars  for  the  e.\ercise  of  their  pa- 
tience. 

STYLOBA'TION,  n.  The  pedestal  of  a  col- 
umn. 

STY'LOID,  a.  [L.  stylus  and  Gr.  nioj.] 
Having  some  resemblance  to  a  style  ur 
pen  ;  as  the  styloid  process  of  the  tempo- 
ral bone.  Encyc. 

STYP'TIC,        I      [Fr.  styplique  ;  L.  stypti- 

STYP'T1€AL,  S  cus;  Gr.  ;vnrixor,  from 
the  root  of  L.  stipo,  Eng.  stop.] 

That  stops  bleeding  ;  having  the  quality  of 
restraining  hemorrhage.  I 

STYP'TIC,  n.  A  medicine  which  has  tliCj 
quality  of  stopping  hemorrhage  or  dis-j 
charges  of  blootl.  Styptics  have  ilie  qual- 
ity of  astringents,  but  the  word  styptic  is 
used  in  a  sense  diflerent  from  that  of  as- 
tringent, and  nuich  more  limited.  Styptics 
are  usually  external  applications  for  re- 
straining discharges  of  blood;  astringents 
are  usually  internal  aiiplicalinns  for  stop- 
ping bleeding,  or  for  strcnglhening  the 
solids.  Astringent  is  the  general  term; 
styptic  a  subdivision  of  it. 

STYPTIC'ITY,«.  The  quality  of  stanching 
blood,  or  stiipping  hemorrhage. 

STYTH'Y,  V.  t.  To" forge  on  an  anvil.  [See 
Stithy.' 

SCABIL'ITY,  n.  Liability  to  be  sued;  the 
state  of  being  sidijecl  by  law  to  civil  pro 
cess.     [J^ot  much  used.] 

SU'ABLE,  a.  [from sue.]  That  maybe  sued 
subject  by  law  to  be  called  to  answer  in 
court. 

SI'ADE,  for  persiiade,  is  not  in  u.se. 

SUAUE,  for  assuage,  is  not  in  use. 

SU'ANT,  a.  [Fr.  suivant,  from  suii're,  to  fol 
low.] 

Even  ;  uniform ;  spread  equally  over  the 
surface.     [J\i~ew  England,  but  local.] 

SUA'SIBLE,  n.  [L.  suadeo.]  That  may  h< 
persuaded  or  easily  jiersuaded. 

SUA'SION,  n.  sua'zhun.     The  act  of  per 

I     suading.    [See  Persuade.] 

SUA'SIVE,   a.    [L.  suadeo.]  Having  power 

South, 
•iuasorius.]  Tending  to 
the  quality  of  conviu- 
by  argument  or  reason. 
Hopldns. 
suavitas;    Fr.   suavili' ; 


to  persuade. 

SUA'SORY,  a.  [h. 

persuade  ;  having 

cing  and  drawiiic 


SUAVITY,  n.   [L 


It.  .':oavita;  Sp.  suavidad ;  from  L.  suavis, 
sweet.] 

Sweetness,  in  a  literal  sense.  [.VoU'n  u.ie.] 

Broicti. 


below,  used  in  English  as  a  prefix,  to  ex- 
press a  subordinate  degree.  Betbrey"and 
p  it  is  changed  into  those  letters,  as  in  suf- 
fer and  suppose  ;  and  before  m,  into  that 
letter,  as  in  summon. 
SUBACID,  a.  [suh  and  acid.]  Moderateljc 
acid  or  sour;  as  a  «u6acirf  juice. 

Arbuthnoi. 

SUBAC'ID,  71.  A  substance  ninderati  ly  acid. 

SUBAC'RID,  a.  [sub  and  acrid.]  Moiierate- 

ly  sharp,  pungent  or  acrid.  Flayer. 

SUBACT',  V.  t.  [L.   subactus,  subago ;   sub 

and  ago.] 
To  reduce ;  to  subdue.     [.Yot  in  use.] 

Baron . 
SUBAC'TION,  n.   The  act  of  reducing  to 
any  state,  as  of  mixing  two  bodies  com- 
pletely, or  of  beating  them  to  a  powder. 

Bacon. 
SUBACilTA'TION,  m.  [h.suhagitatio.]  Car- 
nal knowledge.  Ch.  Relig.  Appeal. 
SU'BAH,  n.  In  India,  a  province  or  viceroy- 
ship. 
SU'BAHDAR.  n.  In  India,  a  viceroy,  or  the 
governor  of  a  province;  also,  a  native  of 
India,  who  ranks  as  captain  in  the  Euro- 
pean companies. 
SU'BAHSHIP,  71.  The  jurisdiction  of  a  su> 

bahdar. 
SUBALTERN,  a.  [Fr.  subalteme ;  L.  mib 

and  alternus.] 
Inferior;  subordinate;  that  in  diflTsrent   re- 
spects is  both  superior  and    inferior;  as  a 
subaltern  officer.     It  is  used  chiefly  of  mil- 
itary ofiiiers. 
."^UBAL'TERN.  71.  A  subordinate  officer  in 
an  army  or  military  body.     It  is  applied  to 
officers  below  the  rank  of  captain. 
SUBALTERN' ATE,  a.    [supra.]    Success- 
ive: swcieedine  bj   iiirns.  Hooker. 
SUBALTER.NA'TION,  n.  State  of  inferi- 

oriiy  or  subjection. 
'2.  Act  ol  surceeding  bv  course. 
SUBAQUAT'IC,    I      '  \h.    sub    and    aqua. 
SUBA'UUEOU.S,  \"-   water.]  Being  under 
water,  or  beneath  the  surface  of  water. 

Darwin. 
SUBAS'TRAL,    a.    [.wb   and   astral.]     Be- 
neath the  stars  or  heavens  ;  terrestrial. 

H'arbttrton. 
PUBASTRIN'tiENT,    a.    Astringent   in   a 

sniiill  dei'ree. 
SUBAX'ILLARY,  a.  [L.  «u6  and  ai7«n,the 

arm-pit. J 

Placed  inider  the  axil  or  angle  formed  by 

Ihe  liranch  nfa  plant  with  the  stem,  or  by 

a  leaf  with  the  branch.  Danrin. 

IS^UB-BE'ADl.E.  n.  [.tub  anti  beadle.]  An  in- 

ieriiir  orinider  beadle. 
SUB-BRIGADIE'R,  ».    An   officer  in   the 
hor!!-  guards,  who  ranks  as  cornet. 

Encyc. 
SUB€\\RBURETED,    a.    Carbureted     in 
an  inferior  degree;  or  con.-istlng  of  one 
|irime  of  carhiui  and  two  of  hydrogen. 

Ure. 

SIIB-CELES'Tl.VL,  «.  [.wh  and  ceh.Hinl.] 
Being  beneath  the  heavens;  as  sub-reles- 
tial  glories.  Glanvitk. 


SUB 


SUB 


SUB 


SUB-CEN'TRAL,  a.  Being  under  the  cen- 
ter. Say.' 

SUB-CII>ANTKR,  n.  [svhui»\  chanter.]  An 
under  chanler ;  a  de|iuty  of  the  iirecentor 
of  :i  ratiinlrul.  Juhnson 

SUBCLA'VIAN,  a.  [L.  sub  and  davit,  u 
key.J 

Situated  under  the  clavicle  or  collar  bone 
as  the  svbi-luvian  arteries. 

Sl'l{-cOMiVirr'TEE,  n.   [sub  and  commil- 

An  under  committee;  a  part  or  division  of  a 
cuniinittoe. 

SUB  tONSTELLA'TlON,  n.  A  suhordi- 
tiiite  ciinslellatiiin.  Hrow 

SIJB-€ONTKA€'i''ED,  a.  [sub  and  am- 
trintiil.] 

Coiiuacied  nOor  a  former  contract.       .SVtoA: 

SlJM-€ON''IKAR'i',  a.  [sub  and  contran/.' 
Contrary  in  an  inferior  degree.     l\\  geom 
etn/,  when   two  similar    triaiifjles  arc  so 
placed  as  to  have  a  romnjon  atifile  at  llieir 
vertex,  and  yel  their  bases  not  ijarallel. 

Cyc 

SL'B€ORl)'ATE,  a.  [L.  sub  and  cor,  the 
heart.]     In  tilja|ic  somewhat  like  a  heart. 

J\Iiirti/n 

SUBCOS'TAL,  a.  [L.  sub  and  costd,  a 
rib.] 

The  subcoslal  muscles  arc  the  internal  inter- 
costal iiiuscles.  II  insluiv.     Cue. 

SUBCUTA'NKOUS,  a.  [.lub  ■mu\  rutnneous  ; 
L.  ctih's,  skin.}     Situated  under  the  skin. 

SUBCUTICULAR,  a.  [L.  sub  ui\d  cuticuta, 
cuticle.] 

Being  under  the  cuticle  or  scarf-skin. 

Darti'in. 

SUBHE'ACON,  n.  [.su6  and  deacon.]  An 
uniler  deacon  ;  a  deacon's  servant.  In  the 
Romish  church.  Aylijfe. 

SUBbE'AlONUY,      X       The   order    and 

SUBnE'ACONsnir,  ^"-  office  ofsubdea- 
coii  in  the  catholic  church. 

SUBDE'AN,  n.  [sub  and  dean.]  An  under 
dean  ;  a  dean's  substitute  or  vicegerent. 

Jiyliffe. 

SUBDE'ANERY,  n.  The  office  and  rank 
of  sululean. 

SUBDEf'UPLE,  a.  [h.  suh  anA  decuphis.] 
Corilaiiiinfr  one  part  often.  Johnson. 

SUBDENT'ED,  a.  [sub  and  dent.]  Inilent- 
ed  beiiralli.  Kncyc. 

SUBDEl'OS'lT,  n.  That  which  is  deposit- 
ed beneiitli  something  else.        Schoolcraft. 

SUBDERIi^O'RIOUS,  a.  [h.  sub -.mil  deri- 
sor.]  Kicliciiliiif.'  with  moderation  or  deli- 
cacv.    [.Vol  in  use.]  More. 

SUBlilTl-'TIOUS,  a.  [L.  subdititius,  from 
subdo,  to  sidjstitute.] 

Put  secretly  in  the  place  of  something  else. 
f  IJttIr  used.] 

SUMDIVERS'IFY,  v.  t.  [sub  and  diversify.] 
Til  diversify  ajrain  what  is  already  tliver- 
sificd.     [hiltlc  vsfd.]  Hate. 

SUBDIVI'DK,  r.  /.  [sub nud  divide.]  Todi- 
vidc  a  pun  (d'a  thinj^  into  more  parts;  to 
part  into  smaller  divisions. 

In  tlic  use  of  cifiht  ia  tones,  are  two  half 
tores  ;  so  as  if  you  diviile  the  tones  equally, 
tlic  oi);ht  is  Init  seven  wliole  and  equal  notes  ; 
anil  if  you  sulxliriile  th.il  into  half  notes,  as  in 
t))c  stops  of  a  lute,  it  makes  the  uuuibei  thirteen. 

Bacon. 
The  progenies  of  Chain  and  Japhet  swarmed 
into  colonies,  and    those  colonies   were  subdi- 
vided inin  nianv  others —  Dryden 

SUBDIVT'DE,  V.  i.  To  be  subdivided. 

Vol.  11. 


SUBDIVIDED,  pjt.  Divided  again  or  into 
smaller  pans. 

,•^Ul!I)lVl'Di^G,  ppr.  Dividing  into  bmull- 
er  parts  that  wliichis  already  divided. 

SUB1)IVI"S10N,  n.  The  act  of  subdivi- 
dinj;  or  sejjarating  a  part  into  smaller 
parts.  ff'atfs. 

2.  The  part  of  a  thing  made  by  subdividing  ; 
the  j)art  of  a  larger  jinrt. 

In  the  decimal  table,  the  subdivisione  of  the 
cubit,  as  span,  palui,  and  digit,  are  deduced 
from  the  shorter  cubit.  Jirintthnat 

SUB'DOLOUS,  a.  [L.  subdolus ;  sitb  and 
dolus,  deceit.] 

Sly  ;  crafty  ;  cunning  ;  artful ;  deceitful. 
[Little  used.] 

SUBDOM'INANT,  n.  In  n)usic,  the  founh 
note  above  the  tonic,  being  umlcr  the  dom- 
inant. 

SUBDU'ABLE,  a.  That  may  be  subdued. 

hard. 

SUBDU'AL,  n.  [from  subdue.]  The  act  of 
subduinr;.  li  arburton. 

SUBDU CE,  ^  ,,  ,     [L.   subduco ;    sub    and 


,  t. 


SUBDUCT.  $"■'•  rfuco,todraw.]  To  with 
draw  ;  to  lake  away. 

Or  Iroui  my  side  subducting,  took  perhaps 
More  than  enough.  Milton. 

2.  To  subtract  by  arithmetical  operation. 
If  out  of  that  infinite  multitude  of  antecedent 
Ceneralions  we  should  subduct  ten —        flak 
SUBDUC'TION,  n.  Theact  of  taking  away 
or  withdrawing.  Hale, 

'i.  ArithuiCtical  subtraction.  Hale. 

SUBDUE,  V.  t.  subdu'.  [Thisisa  compoimd 
word,  aiul  the  latter  componejit  part  is 
contractetl  froii;  some  word  in  Class  Db 
orUg.] 

1.  To  conquer  by  force  or  the  exertion  of 
superior  power,  and  bring  into  pernancnt 
std)jeetion ;  to  reduce  under  donjinion. 
Thus  Cesar  subdued  the  Gauls;  Augustus 
subdued  Egy[it;  the  English  sj/W«crf  Can- 
ada. Sididuing  implies  conquest  or  van 
quishing,  but  it  implies  also  more  pcrnia 
nenec  of  subjection  to  the  conquering 
power,  than  either  of  these  words. 

I  will  sidjdut  all   thine  enemies.     1    Chron. 
xvii. 

2.  To  oppress  ;  to  crush  ;  to  sink  ;  to  over- 
power so  as  to  disable  from  further  resist- 
ance. 

Nothing  could  have  subdu'd  nature 
To  such  a  lovvness,  but  liis  unkind  daughters, 

Shak. 
If  aught  were  worthy  to  subdue 
The  soul  of  man.  Jitilton. 

3.  To  tame  ;  to  break  by  conquering  a  re 
fraetory  temper  or  evil  passions ;  to  ren 
der  submissive  ;  as,  to  subdue  a  stubborn 
child. 

4.  To  conquer;  to  reduce  to  mildness;  as, 
to  subdue  the  temper  or  passions. 

5.  To  overcome  by  persuasion  or  other  mild 
means  ;  as,  to  subdue  opposition  by  argu- 
ment or  intreaties. 

C.  To  overcome  ;  to  conquer;  to  captivate: 
!is  by  charms. 

7.  To  soften  ;  to  melt :  to  reduce  to  tender- 
ness ;  as,  to  subdue  ferocity  by  tears. 

8.  To  o\ercome;  to  over()ower  and  desfrov 
the  fiuce  of;  a.s,  medicines  suirfuc  a  fever. 

9.  To  make  mellow  ;  to  break;  as  land;  al- 
so, tti  destroj,  as  weeds. 

SUBPU'ED,  /)/).  CoiKiuered  and  redncefl 
to  subjection  ;  opiu-essed  ;  crushed  ;  tam- 
ed ;  softened. 

84 


SUBDUEMENT,  n.  Conquest.    [.Yotused-i 

Shak. 

SUBDU'ER,  71.  One  who  conquers  and 
hnngs  into  subjection  ;  a  tamer.     Spenser. 

2.  That  which  subdues  or  destroys  the  force 
of.  Jlrbuthnot. 

SUBDU'ING,  ppr.  Vanqinshing  and  redu- 
cing to  subjection  ;  crushing  ;  destroying 
the  power  of  resistance  ;  softening. 

Sl'B'DI  PLE,  a.  [L.sut  and  (/i/;;/us,  double.] 
Containing  one  pan  of  two.  Hilkitis. 

SUBDU'I'IJCATE,  a.  [sub  and  duplicate.] 
Having  the  ratio  of  the  square  roots. 

Cyc. 

SUBE'QUAL,  a.  [sub  and  equal.]  Nearly 
«<|ual.  Martiin. 

SU'BERATE,  n.  [L.  suber,  cork.]  A  salt 
f<:uined  by  the  suberic  acid  in  combination 

^  with  a  base.  Chimlsln/. 

SU'BERIC,  a.  Pertaining  to  cork,  or  ex- 
tracted from  it ;  as  s^ibtric  acid. 

C'himistry. 

Sl'B'EROSE,  a.  [L.  sub  and  erosus,  gnaw- 
ed.] 

In  botany,  having  the  appearance  of  being 
pnaweil;  a])peariiig  as  if  a  little  eaten  or 
gnawed.  Martyn. 

SU'BEROUS,  a.  [from  L.  suber,  cork.] 
Corky  ;  soft  and  elastic. 

SUBTUSC,  a.  [L.  subfuscus ;  subsindfus- 
cus.] 

Duskish  ;  moderately  dark ;  brownish  ; 
tawny.  Taller. 

SUBGLOB'ULAR,  a.  Having  a  form  ap- 
proaching to  globular.  Say. 

SUBHASTA'TION,  n.  [L.  sub  hasta,  under 
the  spear.] 

A  public  sale  or  auction,  so  called  from  the 
Unman  practice.  Burnet. 

SUBIIVDKOSULPH'URET,  n.  A  com- 
pound of  sulphureted  hydrogen  with  .a 
liase,  in  a  less  proportion  than  in  liydro- 
sulphuret. 

SIBINDICA'TION,  n.  [L.  sub  and  indico.] 
The  act  of  in<licating  by  signs.         Harrow. 

SUBINFF.UDA'TION,  n.  [st<i  and  t'»i/ei'rfa- 
lion.  See  Feud.] 

1.  Ill  law,  the  act  of  enfeoffing  by  a  tenant 
<'r  I'eoffee,  who  holds  lands  of  the  crown; 
the  act  of  a  greater  baron,  who  grants 
land  or  a  smaller  manor  to  an  inferior 
per.son.  By  34  Edward  III.  all  subinfeu- 
dations previous  to  the  reign  of  king  Ed- 
ward I.,  were  conlirmed.  Blackstone. 

2.  Under  tenancy. 

'I he  widow  i«  immediate  tenant  to  the  heir, 
by  a  kind  of  stibinfrudation  or  under  tenancy. 

Bluclistune. 
SUBINGRES'SION,  n.  [L.  iu6  and  ingrcs- 

sus.] 
Secret  entrance.     [.Vol  in  use.]  Boylt. 

^UBlTA'NEOUS,  a.  [h.  aubitaneus.]  Sud- 
den ;  liasly. 

SIB'ITANY,  a.  Sudden.     [Ab<  tn  uie.] 

SUBJA'CENT,  a.  [L.  subjacens;    sub   and 

j<iceo,  to  lie.]     Lying  under  or  below. 
2.  Being  in   a  lower  situation,   though    not 

directly  beneath.     A  man  placed  on  a  lull, 

surveys  the  subjacent  |>lain. 
SUB'JECT,  a.  [L.  subjectus,  from  snbjicio; 

sub  and  jario,  to  throw,  that  is,  to  drive  or 

force;  \\.  suggetto  :  i^p.sujeto.] 
I.  Placed  or  situate  under. 


SUB 


SUB 


SUB 


— The  eastern  tower  | 

Wliose  height  commands,  as  subject,  all  the 

vale, 
To  see  the  fight.  Shak-i 

2.  Being  under  tlie  power  and  dominion  of i 
another  ;  as,  Jamaica  is  subject  to  Great 
Britain. 

Esau  was  never  subject  to  Jacob.         Locke. 

3.  E.xposed  ;  liable  from  extraneous  causes  ; 
as  a  country  subject  to  extreme  heat  or 
cold. 

4.  Liable  from  inherent  causes  ;  prone  ;  dis- 
posed. 

All  human  things  are  sidijecl  to  decay. 

Dnjden. 

5.  Being  that  on  which  any  thing  operates, 
whether  intellectual  or  material ;  as  the 
S)(b/fr(-matter  of  a  discourse.  Dnjden. 

6.  Obeilient.     Tit.  iii.     Col.  ii. 
SUBJECT,  n.  [L.  subjectus;  Fr.  sujtt ;  It. 

sug^etto.] 

1.  One  that  owes  allegiance  to  a  sovereign 
and  is  governed  by  his  laws.  The  natives 
of  Great  Britain  are  subjects  of  the  British 
government.  The  natives  of  the  United 
States,  and  naturalized  foreigners,  aresui-  e,?{lVpV'r'i  VF 
jectsoi'  the  federal  government.  Men  i„l  »i'»Ji^^i  »  v  r> 
"free  governments,  are  subjects  as  well  as. 
citizens  ;  as  citizens,  they  enjoy  rights  and 
franrhises  ;  as  subjects,  they  are  boimd  to 
obey  the  laws. 

The  subject  must  obey  his  prince,  because 
God  commands  it,  and  human  laws  require  it. 

Swift. 

2.  That  on  which  any  mental  operation  is 
performed  ;  that  which  is  treated  or  han- 
dled ;  as  a  subject  of  discussion  before  the 
legislature  ;  a  subject  of  negotiation. 

This  subject  for  heroic  song  pleas'd  me. 

jmiton. 
The  subject  of  a  proposition  is  that  concern- 
ing which  any  thing  is  affirmed  or  denied. 

3.  That  on  which  any  physical  operation  is 
performed  ;  as  a  subject  for  dissection  or 
amputation. 

4.  That  in  which  any  thing  inheres  or  ex 
ists. 

Anger  is  certainly  a  kind  of  baseness,  as  it 
appears  well  in  the  weakness  of  those  subjects 
in  whom  it  reigns.  Bacon 

5.  The  person  who  is  treated  of;  the  hero 
of  a  piece. 

Authors  of  biography  are  apt  lobe  prejudiced 
in  favor  of  their  subject.  Middletmi. 

6.  In  grammar,  the  nominative  case  to  a  verb 
passive. 

SUBJECT',  V.  t.  To  bring  under  the  power 
or  dominion  of.  Alexander  subjected  a 
great  part  of  the  civilized  world  to  his  do- 
minion. 

Firmness  of  mind  that  subjects  every  gratifi- 
cation of  sense  to  the  rule  of  right  reason — 

MidiUeton. 
"2.  To  put  under  or  within  the  jjower  of. 
In  one  short  view  subjected  to  our  eye, 
Gods,  emperors,  heroes,  sages,  beauties  lie. 

Pope. 
;5.  To  enslave  ;  to  make  obnoxious. 

He  is  the  most  subjected,  the  most  enslaved, 
•who  is  so  in  his  understanding.  Locke. 

4.  To  expose ;  to  make  liable.  Credulity 
subjects  a  person  to  impositions. 

5.  To  submit ;  to  make  accountable. 

riod  is  not  bound  to  su6;Vc(  Ids  ways  of  op- 
eration to  the  sciuliny  of  our  thoughts — 

Locke 

6.  To  make  subservient. 


—Subjected  to  his  service  angel  wings.         I|3.  Subjunctive  is  often  used  as  a  noun,  de 

Milton.]     noting  the  subjunctive  mode. 

UB'LANATE,  a.  [L.  sub  and  lana,  wool. 


7.  To  cause  to  undergo  ;  as,  to  subject  a  sub- 
stance to  a  white  heat ;  to  subject  it  to  a| 
rigid  test. 

SUBJECT'ED,  pp.  Reduced  to  the  douiin-j 
ion  of  another;  enslaved;  exposed;  sub-j 
niitted  ;  ujaile  to  undergo.  | 

SUBJE€T'1NG,  ppr.  Keducing  to  submis-; 
sion  ;  enslaving;  exjjosing  ;  submitting;' 
causing  to  undergo. 

SUBJECTION,  n:  The  act  of  subduing;' 
the  act  of  vanquishing  and  bringing  under 
the  dominion  of  another. 

The  conquest  of  the  kingdom  and  the  subjec- 
tion of  the  rebels —  Hale. 

2.  The  state  of  being  under  the  power,  con- 
trol and  government  of  another.  The 
safety  of  life,  liberty  and  property  de- 
pends on  our  subjection  to  the  laws.  The 
isles  of  the  West  Indies  are  held  in  sub 
jection  to  the  powers  of  Eiu-ope.  Our  ap- 
petites and  passions  should  be  in  subjection 
to  our  reason,  and  our  will  should  he  in 
ntire  subjection  to  the  laws  of  God. 

~  Relating  to  the  subject 

as  opposed  to  the  object. 

Certainty — is  distinguished  into  objective  and 
subjective  ;  objective,  is  when  the  proposition 
is  certainly  true  of  itself ;  And  subjective,  is  when 
we  are  certain  of  the  truth  of  it.  Watts. 

SUBJECT'IVELY,  adv.  In  relation  to  the 
subject.  Pearson. 

SUBJOIN',  v.t.  [subandjoin  ;  Li.subjungo.] 
To  add  at  the  end  ;  to  add  after  some- 
thing else  has  been  said  or  written  ;  as 
to  subjoin  an  argument  or  reason.  [It  is 
never  used  in  a  literal  physical  sense,  to  ex 
press  the  joining  of  material  things.] 

SUBJOIN'ED,  pp.  Added  after  something 
else  said  or  written. 

SUBJOIN'ING,  ppr.  Adding  after  some 
thing  else  said  or  written. 

SUB'JUGATE,  v.t.  [Vr.  subjuguer ;  h.sub 
jugo  ;  sub  and  jugo,  to  yoke.     See  Yoke.] 

To  subdue  and  bring  under  the  yoke  of  pow 
er  or  dominion  ;  to  conquer  by  force  and 
compel  to  submit  to   the  government  or 
absolute  control  of  another. 

He  subjugated  a  king,  and  called  him  his 
vassal.  Baker 

Subjugate  differs  from  subject  only  in  im- 
plying a  reduction  to  a  more  tyrannical  or 
arbitrary  sway  ;  but  they  are  often  used 
as  synonvmous.] 

SUB'JUGATED,  pp.  Reduced  to  the  abso 
ute  control  of  another. 

SUB'JUGATING,  ppr.  Conquering  and 
bringing  under  the  absolute  [jower  of  an 
other. 

SUBJUGA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  subduing 
and  bringing  imder  the  power  or  absohite 
control  of  another. 

SUBJUNC'TION,  n.  The  act  of  subjoining, 
or  state  of  being  subjoined.  Clarke: 

SUBJUNCTIVE,  a.  [L.  subjunctivus ;  Fr. 
suhjonctif;  It.  soggiunto.     See  Subjoin.] 

1.  Subjoined  or  added  to  something  before 
said  or  written. 

2.  In  grammar,  designating  a  fijrm  of  verbs 
which  follow  other  verbs  or  words  ex- 
pressing condition,  hypothesis  or  contin-] 
gency ;  as,  "veni  ut  we  I'u/cfis,"  I  came 
that  you  may  see  lue  ;  "  .St  feccrinl  a>qu- 
um,"  if  they  should  do  what  is  just. 


a. 

in  botany,  somewhat  woolly. 

L  JiLAP^^A'RIAN,  /       [L.  sub  and  lapsus, 

SliBLAPS'ARY,       \  "'  fall.]     Done   after 

the  apostasy  of  Adam.  [See  the  Noun.] 
SUBLAPSA'RIAN,  n.  One  who  maintains 
the  sublapsarian  doctrine,  that  the  sin  of 
Adam's  apostasy  being  imputed  to  all  his 
posterity,  God  in  compassion  decreed  to 
send  his  Son  to  rescue  a  great  number 
from  their  lost  state,  and  to  accept  of  his 
obedience  and  death  on  their  account.  The 
decree  of  reprobation,  according  to  the 
sublapsarians,  is  nothing  but  a  preterttiou 
or  non-election  of  persons,  whom  God  left 
as  he  found,  involved  in  the  guilt  of 
Adam's  transgression  without  any  person- 
al sin,  when  he  withdrew  some  others  as 
guilty  as  they.  Hammond. 

Sublapsarian   is   opposed    to  supralap- 
sarian. 
SUBLA'TION,  n.  [L.  sublatio.]  The  act  of 
taking  or  carrying  away.  Bp.  Halt 

SUBLET',  I',  t.  [sub  and  let.]  To  underlet ; 
to  lease,  as  a  lessee  to  another  person. 
[Unusual]  Smollett. 

SUBLEVA'TION,  »i.    [L.sublevo.]  The  act 

of  raisins  on  high. 
SUBLIEOTEN'ANT,  n.  An  oftieer  in  the 
royal  regiment  of  artillery  and  fusileers,in 
which  are  no  ensigns,  and  who  is  the  same 
as  second  lieutenant.  -Eng". 

SUBLIGATION,  n.    [L.  subligo;  sub  and 

ligo,  to  hind.] 
The  act  of  binding  underneath. 
SUBLI'MABLE,   a.    [from  sublime.]    That 
may   be   sublimated  ;    capable    of   being 
raised  by  heat  into  vapor,   and  again  con- 
densed by  cold. 
SUBLI'MABLENESS,  n.   The   quality  of 

being  sublimable. 
SUBLIMATE,  v.  I.  [from  sublime.]  To 
bring  a  solid  substance,  as  camphor  or  sul- 
phur, into  the  state  of  vapor  by  heat,  wliicli 
on  cooling,  returns  again  to  the  solid  state. 
[See  Sublimation.] 
•2.  To  refine  and  exalt ;  to  highthen  ;  to  ele- 
vate. 

And  as  his  actions  rose,   so   raise  they   still 

their  vein, 
In  words  whose  weight  best  suits  a  sublima- 
ted strain.  Dryden. 
SUB'LIMATE,  n.  The  product  of  a  subli- 
mation.    Corrosive  sublimate  is  the  muri- 
ate of  mercury  when   it  has   undergone 
sublimation.     It  is  one  of  the  most  virulent 
of  the  mineral  poisons. 
Blue  siMimafe,  is  a  preparation  of  mercury 
with  flowi;r  of  briiustone  and  sal   ammo- 
niac ;  used  in  painting. 
SUB'LIMATE,    a.    Brought  into  a  state  of 
vapor  by   heat  and   again   condensed,   as 
solid  suh^tances. 
SUB'LIMATED,   pp.  Brought  into  a  state 
of  va|)or  by  heat,  as  a  solid  substance;  re- 
llned. 
SIM'.'LIMATING,  ppr.  Converting  into  the 
••^tate  of  vapor  by  beat,  and  condensing  ;  as 
solid  subslunces. 
SUBLIMATION,     n.     The    operation    of 
bringing  a  solid  substance   into   the   state 
(if  vapor  by  heat,  and  condensing  it  ugain 
into  a  solid   by   cold.     Subliuuuion  bcar.s 
the  same  relation  to  a  solid,  that  distilla- 


SUB 


SUB 


SUB 


tlon  does  to  a  liquid.  Until  processes  pu-l 
rit'y  the  substances  to  which  they  are  .sev-l 
erully  applied,  by  sopiiratirif;  iheiii  Croin 
tiic  lixed  and  grosser  mutters  with  which' 
tliey  arc  connected.  j 

2.  Exaltation  ;  elevation  ;  act  of  highthening 
or  improving. 

l\flifj;ion,  tlie  perfection,  refinement  anil  sub- 
limation of  morality.  Sniilli. 

SUBLI'MI';,  a.  [L.  sublimis ;  Fr.  It.  Sp. 
siihlime.]  I 

1.  High  in  place  ;  exalted  aloft.  j 

Sublime  on  these  a  tow'r  of  steel  is  reaiM.     | 

Drydcn.\ 

2.  High  in  excellence;  exalted  by  nature;' 
elevated. 

Can  it  be  that  souls  sublime 
Return  to  visit  our  terrestrial  clime  .' 

Dry  den. 

3.  High  in  style  or  sentiment ;  lofty  ;  grand. 

Easy  in  style  thy  work,  in  sense  sublime. 

Prior. 

4.  Elevated  by  joy ;  a.s  sublime  with  expec- 
tation. Milton. 

Cy.  Lofty  of  mein  ;  elevated  in  manner. 

His  foir  lart;e  front  and  eye  suhlimi:  declar'il  i 
Alisi)l\iti!  rule.  Milton. 

SUULl'iMi;,  ?i.  A  grand  or  lofty  style;  a 
stylo  that  expresses  lofty  conceptions. 

'Ihi;  sublime  rises  from  the  nobleness  of 
thoughts,  (lie  magnificence  of  words,  or  the 
harmonious  and  lively  turn  of  the  phrase —         i 

Addison. 
SUBLI'ME,  V.  t.  To  sublimate,  which  sec. 

2.  To  raise  on  high.  Denhain. 

3.  To  exalt ;  to  highten  ;  to  improve. 

The  sun — 
Which  not  alone  the  southern  wit  subliines. 
But  ripens  spirits  in  cold  noithern  climes. 

Pope. 

SUBM'ME,      V.  i.     To      bo     brought    or 

changed  into  a  state  of  vapor  by  heat,  and 

thin  condensed  by  cold,  as  a   solid  sub-| 

stance. 

Panicles  of  antimony  which  will  not  sublime 
alone.  jVewlon, 

SlJBLl'MED,    pp.    Brought  into  a  state  of 
vapor  by  heat,  and  when  cooled,  changed 
to  a  sidid  state. 
SUBLI'MKLV,  adv.  With  elevated  concep 
tioiis  ;  lofiily  ;  as,    to    express    one's    self 
sithliinety. 

In  Knglish  lays,  ami  all  iubliniel:/  sreal. 
Thy  Homer  charms  with  all  his  ancient  heat 

Parnell 
SUBLI'MENESS,  n.  Loftiness  of  style  or 

seniimenf ;  sublimity. 
SUBLI'MLVG,  ppr.  .Sid)limating;  exalting. 
SUBLIM'irV,    n.     [Kr.  sublimiU ;  L.  sub- 
tintitas.] 

1.  Klevaliou  of  place  ;  lofty  highth. 

2.  Iliglilh  in  excellence;  loftiness  of  nature 
or  character ;  moral  grandeur;  as  God's 
incomprehensible  sublimit;/.  Ritkish. 

The  sulitimilij  ol"  the  character  of  Christ  owes 
nothing  to  hi.  historians.  Buckminster 

3.  ill  oraluri)  and  composition,  lofty  concep- 
tions, or  such  concepiions  expressed  in 
corresponding  language  ;  loftiness  of  sen 
timent  or  style. 

Milton's  disiinguishing  excellence  lies  in  the 
sttbliniitt/  of  his  thoughts.  .iddison. 

SUBLIN'OUAL,  o.'[L.  sub  and  lingua,  the 
tongue.] 

Situated  under  the  tongue  ;  as  the  sublinfruat\ 
i;>'"i'ls.  Cdxe: 

SUBIJI'.\AR,      I       [Vr.snb!unaire;h.sub 

SUB'LUiNAKY,  \  "•  and  hma,  the  uwon.J   j 


Literally,  beneath  the  moon  ;  but  sublunary, 
wliich  is  the  word  chiefly  used,  denotes 
merely  terrestrial,  earthly,  pertaining  to 
this  world. 

All  things  sublunary  are  subje.-.t  to  change. 

Pryden 

SUBLUXA'TION,  n.  [sub  and  luxation.] 
In  .iur<;ery,  a  violent  .sprain ;  also,  an  in- 
complete dislocation. 

SUBIMARlNE,  a.  [L.  sub  and  marinus,  from 
mare,  the  sea.] 

Being,  acting  or  growing  under  water  in  the 
sea;  us  submarine  navigators;  submarine 
plants. 

SUBMAXILLARY,  a.  [h.  sub  and  maxilla, 
the  jaw-bone.] 

Situated  under  the  jaw.  Med.  Repos. 

The  submaxillary  glands  are  two  saliva- 
ry glands,  situated,  one  on  either  side,  im- 
mediately within  the  angle  of  the  lower 
jaw.  Wistar. 

SUBME'DIANT,  n.  In  music,  the  sixth 
note,  or  midille  note  between  the  octave 
and  subdominant.  Busby. 

SUBMRRtiE,  IK  t.  subnurj'.  [L.  subinergo  ; 
sub  and  mergo,  to  plunge.) 

I.  To  put  under  water;  to  plunge. 

'i.  To  cover  or  overflow  with  water  ;  to 
drown. 

So  half  my  Egypt  was  submerged.  Shak. 

SUBMERtiE,  V.  i.  submeij'.  To  plunge  un- 
fler  water,  as  swallows. 

SlJBMERC'El),  pp.  Put  under  water;  over- 
flowed. 

SUBMKRti'ING,  ppr.  Putting  under  water; 
overflowing. 

SUB.MKRSE,      I       submers'.    [L.   submer- 

SUBMKRS'ED,  r''  sus.]  Being  or  grow- 
ing under  water,  as  the  leaves  of  aquatic 
plants. 

SUBMKR'SION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  sub- 
mersus.] 

1.  The  act  of  putting  under  water  or  caus- 
ing to  be  overflowed;  as  the  submer.noti 
of  ail  isle  or  tract  of  land.  Hale. 

2.  The  act  of  plunging  under  water  ;  the  act 
of  drowning. 

SIJBMIN'ISTER,        )      ,    [L.suhiii7iistro: 

SIIBMIN'ISTRATE.  <'•'•  sub  and  minis- 
tro.] 

Tn  siippiv  ;  to  aff<ird.      [.\o<  {n  u.?f.]      Hale. 

SUBMl.N'lSTER,  v.  i.  To  subserve;  to  be 
useful  to. 

Our    |>assion; — subminister  to  the   best  and 
worst  of  purposes.  L'Esttange. 

[.Vo(  in  Kse.]     [See  Minister  and  Mmin- 
ister.  ] 

SUBMIN'ISTRANT,  a.  Subservient  ;  serv- 
ing in  subordination.     [.Xot  in  use.] 

Bacon. 

SUBMINISTRA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  fur- 
nishing or  supplying,     [j^ot  in  use.] 

If'otlon. 

SUBMISS',  a.  [L.  submissus, siibmitto.]  Suh-i 
missive  ;  huiiilih^  ;  obsecptious.  [Rarely 
u.<ifd,  and  in  poetry  only.]  Millon.\ 

SUii.MlS'.SION,  I!.  [L.  submissio.  from  sub-\ 
mitto  ;  Fr.  soumi.isio7i  ;   \l.  sommessione.] 

I.  The  act  of  submitting:  the  act  of  yiehling 
to  power  or  aiiihority  :  surrender  of  the 
person  anil  power  to  the  control  or  gov-' 
eminent  of  another.  , 

Submi.^fion.   dauphin!    'tis  a  mere   French 

w.)-.1; 
We  English  warriors  wot  not  what  it  means. 

Shak.i 


2.  Acknowledgment  of  inferiority  or  depend- 
ence ;  humble  or  suppliant  behavior. 

In  all  submission  and  humility, 
York  doth  present  himself  unto  your  high- 
ness. .Sliak. 

3.  Acknowledgment  of  a  fault ;  confession 
of  error. 

Be  not  as  extreme  in  $ubmis3ion,  as  in   of- 
fense. Shak. 

4.  Obedience  ;  compliance  with  the  com- 
mands or  laws  of  a  superior.  Submission 
of  children  to  their  i)arents  is  an  indispens- 
able duty. 

r>.  Resignation;  a  yielding  of  one's  will  to 
the  will  or  appointment  of  a  superior  with- 
out iiuirmiiriiig.  Entire  and  cheerful  »u6- 
mission  to  the  will  of  God  is  a  christian 
duty  of  prime  cxiellence. 
SUBiMlSS'IVE,  a.  Yielding  to  the  will  or 

power  of  anniher  ;  obedient. 
2.  Humble;  acknowledging  one's  inferiority ; 
testifying  one's  submission. 

Her  at  his  feet  submissive  in  distress, 
He  thus  with  peaceful  words  uprais'd. 

Jililton. 
SUBMISS'IVELY,   adv.  With  submission  ; 
with  acknowledgment  of  inferiority ;  hum- 
bly. 

The  goddess. 
Soft  in  her  toiie,si(6missire/y  replies. 

Dryden. 
SUBMISS'IVEXESS,  n.  A  submissive  tera- 
(ler  or  disposition. 

2.  Humbleness;  acknowledgment  of  inferi- 
ority. 

3.  Confession  of  fault. 
Frailty  gets  pardon  by  submissiveness. 

Herbert. 

StJBMISS'LY,  adv.  Humbly  ;  with  sub- 
mission.    [Little  ttsed]  Taylor. 

SUBMISS'NESS,  n.  Humbleness  ;  obedi- 
ence.     [Little  used.]  Burton. 

SUBMIT',  V.  t.  [Ij.  submitto  ;  sub,  under,  and 
mitto,  to  send  ;  Fr.  soumettre ;  It.  somnet- 
tere ;  Sp.  someter.] 

1.  To  let  down  ;  to  cause  to  sink  or  lower. 

Sometimes  the  hill  submits  itself  a  while. 

Dryden. 
[This  use  of  the  word  is  nearly  or  wholly 
ob.iolde.] 

2.  To  yield,  resign  or  surrender  to  the  pow- 
er, will  or  authority  of  another;  ivilh  the 
rfcijtrocal  pronoun. 

Return  to   thy    mistress,  and  submit  thyself 
under  her  hand.     Gen.  svi. 

Wives,  submit  yourselves  to  your  own  hus- 
bands.    lOph.  V. 

Submit  yourselves  to  every  ordinance  of  man. 
1  Pet.  ii. 
;j.  To  refer  ;  to  leave  or  commit  to  the  dis- 
cretion or  judgment  of  another  ;  as,  to 
subinit  a  controversy  to  arbitrators  ;  to 
.'!uhmif  a  question  to  the  court. 
SUBMIT',  V.  i.  To  surrender  ;  to  yield  one's 
person  to  the  power  of  another  ;  to  give 
up  resistance.     The  enemy  submitted. 

The  revolted  pro\  inces  presently  submitted. 

Middlelun. 

2.  To  yield  one's  opinion  to  the  opinion  or 
authority  of  another.  On  hearing  the 
opinion  of  the  court,  the  counsel  submitted 
without  further  argument. 

3.  To  be  subject ;  to  .acquiesce  in  the  au- 
thority of  another. 

To  thy  husband's  will 
Thine  shall  submit —  .Vilton. 

4.  To  be  submissive  ;  to  yield  without  mur- 
muring. 


SUB 


SUB 


SUB 


Our  relision  requires  us — to  submit  to  pain,Jl.  The  state  of  being   inferior 
disffracp  and  even  death.  ijogers.i]     inferiority  of  rank  or  dignity. 

SUBMIT'TED,  pp.  Surrendered;  resigned;  3.  A  series  regularly  descending 
pilled  ;  referred. 


SUBMITTER,  n.  One  wlio  submits. 

SUBMIT'TING,  ppr.  Surrendering  ;  re- 
signing ;  yielding ;  referring  to  another  for 
decision. 

SUBMUL'TIPLE,  n.  [See  Multiply.]  A 
number  or  quantity  which  is  contained  in 
anotlier  a  certain  number  of  times,  or  isi 
an  aliquot  part  of  it.  Thus  7  is  the  suh-\ 
multiple  of  56,  being  contained  in  it  eight 
times.  The  word  is  used  as  an  adjective 
also;  as  a  submultiple  number;  submulti- 
ple  ratio.  Cyc. 

SUBNAS'CENT,  a.  [L.  sub  and  nascor.] 
Growing  underneath. 

SUBNECT',  v.t.  [h.  subnedo.]  To  ue, 
buckle  or  fasten  beneath.     [.Vol  in  use.] 

Pope 

SUBNOR'MAL,  n.  [L.  sub  and  norma,  a 
rule.] 

A  subperpendicular,  or  a  line  under  the  per-| 
pendicular  to  a  curve. 

SUBNU'DE,  a.  [L.  sub  and  jiurfus,  naked.] 
In  botany,  almost  naked  or  bare  of  leaves. 

Lee. 

SUBOBSCU'RELY,  adv.  Somewhat  ob- 
scurely or  darkly.  Donne. 

SUBOCCIP'ITAL,  a.  Being  under  th.'.  oc- 
ciput ;  as  tlie  suboccipital  nerves.        Parr. 

SUBOC'TAVE,    I       [L.  sub  and  octavus  or 

SUBOC'TUPLE,  I  "•  octuple.]  Containing 
one  part  of  eight.  Wilkins.   Arbuthnot. 

SUBOC'ULAR,  a.  [L.  sub  and  oculus.]  Be- 
ing under  the  eye.  Burrow. 

SUBORBl€'ULAR,     }       [L.  sub  and  orbic- 

SUBORBle'ULATE,  S  °"  ulatus.]  Almost 
orbiculate  or  orbicular;  nearly  circular 

Marlyn.     Say. 

SUBORDINACY,    n.    [See    Subordinate.' 

1.  The  state  of  being  subordinate  or  subject 
to  control ;  as,  to  bring  the  imagination  to 
act  in  subordinacy  to  reason.         Spectator. 

2.  Series  of  subordination.     [Little  used.] 

Temple. 
SUBOR  piNANCY,    n.    [Not  in  use.     See 

Subordinacy.] 
SJLBOR'DINATE,  a.  [h.  sub  &nd  ordinatus, 

from  ordo,  order.] 

1.  Inferior  in  order,  in  nature,  in  dignity,  in 
power,  importance,  &c. ;  as  subordinate 
officers. 

It  was  subordinate,  not  enslaved,  to  the  un- 
derstanding. South. 

3.  Descending  in  a  regular  series. 

The  several  kinds  and  subordinate  species  of 
each,  are  easily  distinguished.  Woodward 

SUBOR'DINATE,  v.  t.  To  place  in  an  order 
or  rank  below  something  else;  to  make 
or  consider  as  of  less  value  or  importance  ; 
as,  to  subordinate  one  creature  to  another  ; 
to  subordinate  temporal  to  spiritual  things. 

2.  To  make  subject ;  as,  to  subordinate  the 
passions  to  reason.  Scott. 

SUBOR  DINATED,  pp.  Placed  in  an  in- 
ferior rank  ;  considered  as  of  inferior  im- 
portance ;  subjected. 

SUBOR'DINAfELY,  adv.  In  a  lower  rank 
or  of  inferior  importance. 

2.  In  a  series  regularly  descending. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

SUBORDINATION,  ,,.  [Fr.  He&  Subor- 
dinate.] 


local  suhordina- 


Natural  creatures  having 
tion —  Holiday. 

3.  Place  of  rank  among  inferiors. 
— Peisons,  who  in  llieir  several  subordinations 

would  be  obliged  to  tbiiow  the  example  of  their 
superiors.  Swift. 

4.  Subjection;  state  of  being  under  control 
or  government. 

The  inos'l  glorious  military  achievmeatj  would 
be  a  calamity  and  a  curse,  if  purchased  at  the 
expense  of  habits  of  subordination  and  love  of 
order.  J.  Evarts. 

SUBORN',  v.t.  [Fr.suborner;  It.subornare;\ 
Sp.  subornar  ;  L.  suborno  ;  sub  and  onto. 
The  sense  ot'orno,  in  this  word,  and  the 
primary  sense,  is  to  put  on,  to  furnish. 
Hence  suborno,  to  furnish  privately,  that 
is,  to  bribe.] 

1.  In  late,  to  procure  a  person  to  take  such 
a  false  oath  as  constitutes  perjury. 

Blackstone. 

2.  To  procure  privately  or  by  collusion. 
Or  else  thou   art  suborn'd  against  his  honor 

Shak 


to  another  ;l]In  iotani/,  having  few  branches.  Lee. 

SUBRE'C'TOR,  n.    [sub  and  rector.]  A  rec- 
tor's deputy  or  substitute.  ff'allon. 
SUBREP'TION,  n.  [L.  subrepiio,  from  sub- 


To  procure  by  indirect  means.  j 

Those  who  by  despair  suborn  their  death. 

Dryden.' 
SUBORNA'TION,    n.    [Fr.]     In   latv,   the 
crime  of  procuring  a  person  to  take  such 
a  false  oath  as  constitutes  perjury. 

Blackstone. 
2.  The  crime  of  procuring  one  to  do  a  crim- 
inal or  bad  action.  Shak.     Swift. 
SUBORN'ED,  pp.  Procured  to  take  a  false 

oath,  or  to  do  a  bad  action. 
SUBORN' ER,    Ji.    One  who  procures  an- 
1     other  to  take  a  false  oath,  or  to  do  a  bad 
1     action. 
SUBORN'ING,  ppr.   Procuring  one  to  take 

false  oath,  or  to  do  a  criminal  action. 
SUBO'VATE,  a.  [L.  sub  and  ovatus,  from 

Almost  ovate  ;  nearly  in  the  form  of  an  egg. 

Martyn. 
n.    [L.   sub  and  poena,  pain, 


SUBPE'NA, 

penalty.] 

.\.  writ  commanding  the  attendance  in  court 
of  the  person  on  whom  it  is  served;  as 
witnesses  fioc. 

SUBPE'NA,  V.  t.  To  serve  with  a  writ  of 
subpena  ;  to  command  attendance  in  court 
by  a  legal  writ. 

SUBPERPENDICULAR,  n.  Isiib  and  per- 
pendicular.] 

A  subnormal,  which  see. 

SUBPET'IOLATE,  a.  [sub  and  petiole.]  In 
botany,  having  a  very  short  petiole. 

Martyn. 

SUBPRI'OR,  n.  [sub  and;jnor.]  The  vice- 
gerent of  a  prior  ;  a  claustial  otHcer  who 
assists  the  prior.  South.    Cyc. 

SUBPUR'CHASER,  n.  A  pmchaser  who 
buys  of  a  j)urchaser. 

SUBQUaD'RATE,  a.  Nearly  .«quare.    Say. 

SUBUUaD'RUPLE,  a.  [sub  and  quadruple.] 
Containing  one  i)art  of  four;  as  subqund- 
ruple  proportion.  H  ilkins. 

SUBUUIN'QUEFID,  a.  [sub  and  quingue- 
fid.]    Almost  quinquelid.  Lee. 

SUBtiUIN'TUPLE,  a.  [sub  and  quintuple.] 
Containing  one  part  of  five  ;  as  subquintu- 
ple  propiiftion.  fVilkins. 

SUBR.\'IV1(JUS,  a.  [L.  sub  and  ramosus, 
full  of  branches.] 


repo,  to  creep  under.] 
The  act  of  obtaining  a  favor  by  surprise  or 
unfair  representation,  that  is,  by  sup])reb- 
sion  or  fraudulent  concealment  of  facts. 

Did. 
SUBREPTI'TIOUS,    a.    [L.    sumptUius, 

supra.] 
Falsely  cre^)t  in  ;  fraudulently  obtained.  [See 

Snrreptilioiis.] 
SUB'ROCiATE,  r.  t.  [L.  subrogo.]  To  put 
in  tlie  place  of  another.  [JVot  in  use.  See 
Surrogate.] 
SUBROGA'TION,  n.  In  the  civil  law,  the 
substituting  of  one  person  in  the  place  of 
another  and  giving  him  his  rights. 

Encyc. 

SUBROTUND',    a.    [L.  s«6   and  rotuttdus, 

rounrl.]     Almost  round.  Lee. 

SUBSALI'NE,  o.  Moderately  saline  or  salt. 

Encyc. 
SUB'SaLT,  n.  A  salt  with  less  acid  than  is 
sufficient  to  neutralize  its  radicals ;  or  a 
salt  having  an  e.xcess  of  the  base.  Did. 
SUBS€AP'ULAR,  a.  [L.  sub  and  scapula.] 
The  subscapular  artery  is  the  large  branch 
of  the  axillary  artery,  which  rises  near 
the  lowest  margin  of  the  scapula.  Cyc. 
SUBSCRI'BE,  v.t.  [L.  subscribo;  sub  and 
scribo,  to  write ;  Fr.  souscrire ;  It.  soscri- 
vere  ;  Sp.  subscribir.]  Literally,  to  write 
underneath.     Hence, 

1.  To  sign  with  one's  own  hand  ;  to  give 
consent  to  something  written,  or  to  bind 
one's  self  by  writing  one's  name  beneath  ; 
as,  parties  subscribe  a  covenant  or  con- 
tract ;  a  man  subscribes  a  bond  or  articles 
of  agreement. 

To  attest  by  writing  one's  name  beneath  ; 
as,  officers  subscribe  their  official  acts ;  and 
secretaries  and  clerks  subscribe  copies  of 
records. 

:3.  To  promise  to  give  by  writing  one's  name ; 
as,  each  man  subscribed  ten  dollars  or  ten 
shillings. 

4.  To  submit.     [jVo<  in  use.]  Shak. 

SUBSeRI'BE,  II.  i.  To  promise  to  give  a 
certain  sum  by  setting  one's  name  to  a  pa- 
per. The  paper  was  offered  and  many 
subscribed. 

2.  To  assent  ;  as,  I  could  not  subscribe  to 
bis  opinion. 

SUBSCRI'BED,    pp.    Having  a    nan)C   or 

names  written  underneath.     The  petition 

is  subscribed  by  two  thousand  |)ersons. 
2.  Promised  by  writing  the  name  and  sum. 

A  large  sum  is  subscribed. 
SUBSCRIBER,    n.    One  who  subscribes; 

one  who  contributes  to  an  undertaking  by 

subscribing. 
2.  0!ie  who  enters  his   name  for  a  paper, 

book,  map  and  the  like. 
SUHSCRI'BING,  ppr.  Writing  one's  name 

underneath  ;  assenting  to   or  attesting  by 

writing  the  name  beneath  ;  entering  one's 

name  as  a  purchaser. 
SUBSCRIPTION,  )i.  [L. subscriptio.]  Any 

thing,  particularly  a  paper,   with   names 

subscrihed. 
2.  The  act  of  subscribing  or  writing  one's 

name  underneath  ;  name  subscribed  ;  sig- 
I     nature. 


SUB 


SUB 


SUB 


3.  Consent  or  attestation  given  by  under- 
wiilin?  tlie  name. 

J.  Tlio  act  of  conliibuting  to  any  iiiidorta- 
kiii«r. 

5.  Sii:ii  subscribed  ;  niiiount  of  sums  sub- 
scribed. We  s|)calt  of  an  individual  suit- 
scnplion,  or  of  tbe  whole  subscription  to  a 
fui.d. 

C.  Subtnission  ;  obedience.     [Nut  in  tise.] 

SUliSKC'TION,  n.  [L.  sub  and  sectio.]  Tbe 
part  or  division  of  a  section  ;  a  .subdivis- 
ion :  tbe  section  of  a  section.  Did.i 

SlBr^ECUTIVE,  a.  [L.  subsequor,  subse- 
rutus.]  .      I 

Following  in  a  traiu  or  succession.  [Little^ 
used.] 

SUBSKM'ITONE,  n.  In  music,  the  sharp] 
seventh  or  sensible  ofanv  key.  I 

SUBSEP'TUPLE,  a.  [L.  s'ub  ami  septaplus.] 
Containinj?  one  of  seven  parts.       fVilkins 

SUB'SEQUENCE,  n.  [L.  subsequor,  subse- 
(juens  ;  sub  and  sequor,  to  follow.] 

A  following;  a  state  of  coming  after  some- 
tbinff.  Grew.' 

SUBSEQUENT,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  subse- 
que.ns,  supra.] 

1.  Following  in  time  ;  coming  or  being  af- 
ter something  else  at  any  time,  indetiinte- 
ly  ;  as  subsequent  events  ;  subsequent  ages 
or  years;  a  period  long  subsequent  to  the 
foundation  of  Rome. 

9.  Following  in  the  order  of  place  or  suc- 
cession ;  succeeding  ;  as  a  subsequent 
clause  in  a  treaty.  What  is  obscure  in  a 
I)assage  may  be  illustrated  by  subsequent 
words. 

SUB'SEQUENTLY,  adv.  At  a  later  time ; 
in  time  after  something  else.  Nothing 
was  done  at  the  first  meeting  ;  what  was 
subsequently  transacted,  I  do  not  know. 

2.  After  something  else  in  order.  Th(^se 
difficulties  will  be   subsequently  e.\|)l:iineil.: 

SUBSERVE,  V.  t.    subserv.'   [L.   subservio  ;' 

sub  and  servio,  to  serve.] 
To  serve  in  subordination  ;  to  serve  instru-| 
mentally.     In  most  engines,  we  make  the 
laws  of  matter  subserve  the  purposes  of 
art. 

Not  made  to  rule. 

But  to  subserve  where  wisdom  bears  ooin- 

inand.  .Millon. 

SUBSERV'IENCE,  >       Instrumental  use; 

SUBSERVIENCY,  ^  "•  use   or    operation, 

that  promotes  some  purpose. 

— Tbe  body,  wherein  appears  much  fitness, 
use  and  subservienci/  to  infinite  functions. 

Bentley. 
There  is  a  regular  subordination  and  subserv- 
ienci/ among  all  the  parts  to  beneficial  ends 

Cheyne. 
SUBSERVIENT,  a.  [L.  subserviens.]  Use- 
ful as  an  instrument  to  promote  a  purpose ; 
serving  to  promote  some  end. 

Hammond  had  an  incredible  dexterity,  scarce- 
ly ever  readint;  any  thioij;  wliich  he  did  not  make 
subservient  in  one  kind  or  other.  Fell. 

2.  Subordinate  ;  acting  as  a  subordinate  in- 
strument. These  are  the  creatures  of^ 
God,  subordinate  to  him,  and  subservient 
to  his  will. 

These  ranks  of  creatures  are  subservient  one 
to  another.  Jiay.' 

SUBSERVIENTLY,  adv.  In  a  subservientj 
maimer.  I 

SUBSRS'SILE,  a.  [h.  sub  and  sessilis.]  In 
botany,  almost  sessile  ;  having  very  short 
footstalks.  Martyn.    Lee. 


SUBSEX'TUPLE,  a.  [h.sub  and  sexluplus.] 
Containing  one  part  in  six.  }Vilkins 

SUBSI'DE,  V.  i.  [\j.  subsido  ;  sub  and  sido 
to  settle.     See  Set.] 

1.  To  sink  or  fall  to  the  bottom  ;  to  settle  ; 
as  lees. 

3.  To  fall  into  a  state  of  quiet ;  to  cease  to 
rage  ;  to  be  calmed  ;  to  become  tranquil. 
Let  tlie  passions  subside.  Tbe  tumults  of; 
war  will  subside.  Christ  commanded,  and 
the  storm  subsided. 

'.i.  To  tend  downwards  ;  to  sink  ;  as  a  sub- 
sidini^  hill.  The  land  subsides  into  a 
plain. 

4.  To  abate ;  to  bo  reduced. 

In  cases  of  danger,  pride  and  envy  naturally 
subside.  Middlcton 

SUBSI'DENCE,  ?       The  act  or  process  of 

SUBSIDENCY,  \  "'  sinking  or  falling,  as 
the  lees  of  liquors. 

3.  The  act  of  sinking  or  gradually  descend- 
ing, as  ground.  Burnet. 

SUBSIIVIARY,  a.  [Fr.  suhsidiaire;  L.sub- 
sidiurius.     See  .Subsidy.] 

I.  Aiding  ;  assistant ;  furnishing  help.  Sub- 
sidiary troops  are  troops  of  one  nation 
hired  by  another  for  military  service. 

3.  Fiu'tilshing  additional  supplies  ;  as  a  sub- 
sidinry  stream. 

SUHSIO'IARY,  n.  An  assistant;  an  auxil 
iary  ;  he  or  that  which  contributes  aid  or' 
additional  supplies.  Stcpttens. 

SUB'SIDIZE,  V.  t.  [from  subsidy.]  To  fur- 
nish with  a  sid)sidy  ;  to  purchase  the  as- 
sistance of  another  by  the  payment  of  a 
subsidy  to  him.  Great  Britain  subsidized] 
some  of  the  German  powers  in  the  late 
war  with  France. 

SUB'SIDIZED,  pp.  Engaged  as  an  auxil- 
iary by  means  of  a  subsidy. 

SUB'SlblZING,  ppr.  Purchasing  the  as- 
-istance  of  by  subsidies. 

SUB'SIDY,  n.  [Fr.  subside  ;  L.  subsidium, 
from  subsido,  literally  to  be  or  sit  under  or 

by.]  i 

1.  Aid  in  money  ;  supply  given  ;  a  tax  ;' 
somelbirig  fiunislied  for  aid,  as  by  the  peo-' 
pie  to  their  prince  ;  as  the  subsidies  grant-j 
cd  formerly  to  tbe  kings  of  England. 

Subsidies  were  a  tax,  not  immediately 
on  property,  but  on  persons  in  respect  of! 
their  reputed  estates,  after  the  nominalj 
rate  of  4s.  the  pound  for  lands,  and  2s.  Pd.i 
for  goods.  Blackstone.. 

3.  A  simi  of  money  paid  by  one  prince  or 
nation  to  aiuither,  to  purchase  the  service 
of  auxiliary  troops,  or  the  aid  of  such  for- 
eign prince  in  a  war  against  an  enemy. 
Thus  Great  Britain  paid  subsidies  to  Aus- 
tria and  Prussia,  to  engage  them  to  resist 
the  progress  of  the  French. 

SUBSIGN,  v.t.  subsi'ne.  [L.  subsigno ;  subl 
and  signo,  to  sign.] 

To  sign  under  ;  to  write  beneath.  [Little 
used.  1  Camden. 

SUBSIGNA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  writing; 
the  name  under  something  for  attestation 
[Little  used.] 

SUBSIST',  t'.  i.  [Fr.  subsister ;  It.  sussis- 
tere  ;  Sp.  subsistir  :  L.  subsisla  ;  sub  and 
sislo,  to  stand,  to  be  fixed.] 

1.  To  be ;  to  have  existence  ;  applicable  to 
matter  or  spirit. 

2.  To  continue;  to  retain  the  present  state. 
Firm  we  subsist,  but  possible  to  swerve. 

Milton. 


3.  To  live ;  to  bo  maintained  with  food  and 
clothing.  How  luany  of  tbe  human  race 
subsist  on  the  labors  of  others!  How 
many  armies  have  subsistedoii  plunder! 

4.  To  inhere  ;  to  have  existence  by  means  of 
something  else ;  as  qualities  that  subsist  \a 
substances. 

SUBSIST',  V.  t.  To  feed  ;  to  maintain  :  to 
support  with  provisions.  The  king  sub- 
sisted his  troops  on  provisions  plundered 
from  the  enemy. 

SUBSISTENCE,?       [Fr.  st/6jMfcnce  :  It. 

SUBSIST'ENCY,  S  "•  sussistcnza.]  Real 
being;  as  a  chain  of  ditiering  «uisijf(ncie». 

GlanviUe. 
Not  only  the  things  had  subsistence,  but  the 
very  images  were  of  some  creatures  existing. 

Stiltingflcet. 

3.  Competent  provisions;  means  of  support- 
ing life. 

His  viceroy  could  only  propose  to  himself  a 
comfortable  subsistence  out  of  the  plunder  of 
Ills  province.  Addison. 

'3.  That  which  supplies  the  means  of  living; 

!     a.s  money,  pay  or  wages. 

;4.  Inherence  in  something  else  ;  as  the  sub- 
sistence of  qualities  in  bodies. 

SUBSIST'ENT,  a.  [Usubsistens.]  Having 
real  being  ;  as  a  subsistenl  spirit.     Brown. 

2.  Inherent;  as  qualities  ^ii2istsfen<  in  nmtter. 

Bentley. 

ISUB'SOIL,  n.  [sub  and  soil]  The  bed  or 
stratum  of  earth  which  lies  between  the 
surface  soil  and  the  base  on  which  they 
rest.  Cyc. 

SUBSPE'CIES,  n.  [skJ  and  specie*.]  A  sub- 
ordinate species ;  a  division  of  a  specieSu 

Thomson. 

SUB'STANCE,  n.  [Fr. ;  It.  suslanza;  Sp. 
substancia  ;  L.  substantia,  substo ;  sub  and 
sto,  to  stand.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  being ;  something  ex- 
isting by  itself;  that  which  really  is  or  ex- 
ists ;  equally  applicable  to  matter  or  siriril. 
Thus  the  soul  of  man  is  called  an  imma- 
terial substance,  a  cogitative  substance,  a 
substance  endued  with  thought.  We  say, 
a  stone  is  a  hard  substance  ;  tallow  is  a  soft 
substance. 

2.  That  which  supports  accidents. 
That  which  subsists  by  itself  is  called  sitb- 

stance  ;  that  which  subsists  in  and  by  anotlier, 
is  called  a  mode  or  manner  of  being.  IVatts. 
.3.  The  essential  part ;  the  main  or  material 
part.  In  this  epitome,  we  have  the  sub- 
stance of  the  whole  book. 

This  edition  is  the  same  in  substance  with 
the  Latin.  Bumetl 

'A.  Something  real,  not  imaginary  ;    some- 
I     thing  solid,  not  empty. 
I  Heroic  virtue  did  liis  actions  guide. 

And  he  the   substance,  not  th'   appearance 
chose.  Drydeti. 

Body  ;  corporeal  nature  or  matter. 

The  qualities  of  plants  are  more  various  than 

those  of  animal  substances.  Arbuihnot. 

C.  Goods  ;  estate  ;    means  of  living.     Job's 

I     substance  was  seven  thousand  sheep,  three 

I     thousand  camels,  &c.     Job  i. 

We  are — exhausting  our  substance,  but  not 
for  our  own  interest.  Swift. 

SUBSTANTIAL,  a.  Belonging  to  sub- 
stance ;  real ;  actually  existing. 

If  this  atheist  would  have  his  chance  to  be  a 
real  and  substcmtial  agent,  he  is  more  stupid 
than  the  vulgar.  Bentley. 


SUB 


SUB 


SUB 


2.  Real ;  solid  ;  true  ;  not  seeming  or  im- 
aginary. 

If  happiness  be  a  substantial  good. 

De7iharn 
The  stibstantial  ornaments  of  virtue. 

L'Estrange 

3.  Corporeal;  material. 

The  rainbow  appears  like  a  substantial  arch 
in  the  sky.  IVatts. 

4.  Having  substance  ;  strong  ;  stout;  solid; 
as  substantial  cloth  ;  a  substantial  fence  or 
gate. 

5.  Possessed  of  goods  or  estate  ;  responsi- 
ble ;  moderately  wealthy  ;  as  a  suhstanliali 
freeholder  or  farmer  ;  a  substantial  c.mzi'n.l 

Addison.' 
SUBSTANTIALITY,  n.  The  state  of  real 

existence. 
3.  Corporeity  ;  materiality. 

The  soul  is  a  stianger  to  such  gross  substan- 
tiality Glanvilte. 
SUBSTAN'TIALLY,    adv.    In  tjie  manner 
of  a  substance  ;  with  reality  of  e.xistence. 
In  him  his  Father  shone,  substanliutli^  ex- 
prcss'd.  .Milton. 

2.  Strongly  ;  solidly.  Clarendon. 

3.  Truly  ;  solidly  ;  really. 

The  laws  of  this  religion  would  make  men,  if 
they  would  truly  observe  Ihem,  substantially 
religious  towards  God,  chaste  and  temperate. 

Tillotson. 

4.  In  substance  ;  in  the  main  ;  essentially.' 
This  answer  is  substantially  the  same  as 
that  before  given. 

5.  With  competent  goods  or  estate. 
SUBSTAN'TIALNESS,    n.    The  state   of 

being  substantial. 

2.  Firmness;  strength;  power  of  holding  or| 
lasting;  as  the  substantialncss  of  a  wall  or 
column.  Wolton. 

SUBSTAN'TIALS,  n.  pin.  Essential  parts. 

Aijliffe. 

SUBSTAN'TIATE,  v.  t.  To  make  to  exist.l 

Ayliffe: 

2.  To  establish  by  proof  or  competent  evi- 
dence; to  verify;  to  make  good;  as,  to 
substantiate  a  charge  or  allegation  ;  to  sub- 
stantiate a  declaration. 

Canning.     Adams.     Dexter.     Ch.  Obs. 

SUB'STANTIVE,  a.  Betokening  existence; 
as  the  substantive  verb.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Solid  ;  depending  on  itself     [A/ot  in  use. 


to  a  planet,  subtends  an  angle  of  40  de- 
grees with  the  horizon. 

SUBTKND'ED.  pp.  Extended  under. 

SUBTEND'ING,  ppr.  Extending  under. 

SUBrKXSE,  n.  sublens'.  [L.  sub  and  ten- 
sus.]     Tlie  chord  of  an  arch  or  arc. 

SUB  TEPID,  a.  [L.  sub  and  tepidus,  warm.] 
.Moderately  warm. 

SUB'TER,  a  Latin  preposition,  signifies 
under. 

r,  I       [L.      subteijluens. 
5,  ^    ■  subterjiuo.]     Run- 
nini;  umler  or  bsneath. 

SUB  TERFUiiE,  n.  [l^r.  from  L.  stibter  and 
fugio,  to  flee. J 

Literally,  that  to  which  a  person  resorts  for 
escape  or  concealment ;  hence,  a  shift ;  an 
evasion  ;  an  artifice  employed  to  escape 
censure  or  the  force  of  an  argument,  or  to 
justify  opinions  or  conduct. 

Affect   not   little  shilts   and  subterfuges.,  to 
avoid  the  force  of  an  argument.  Watts. 

SUBTERRA'NE,    n.    [infra.]     A   cave   or 

room  under  ground.  Bryant. 

Thus  the.s'u6s/rrtc(i"oii  of  conjugal  rights,  i.--jSUBTr';KlvA'NEAiV.    \       [L.    subler,   un- 

SUBTERKA  NEOUS,  5  "•  der, 


Representatives  in  legislation  arc  the  sub- 
stitutes of  their  constituents.  The  ortho- 
dox creed  of  christians  is  that  Christ  died 
as  tlie«u6s(i'(i(/c  of  sinners. 

2.  One  thing  put  in  the  place  of  another.  If 
you  have  not  one  medicine,  use  another 
as  its  substitute. 

SUBSTITU'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  putting, 
one  person  or  thing  in  the  place  of  an- 
other to  stipply  its  place;  as  the  subslitu-\ 

iioii  of  an  aiient,  attorney  or  representa- 'SUB'l'KR'FLUENfT 
five  to  ai-t  for  one  in  his  absence;  thesiife-  SUB  PCRFLUOUS, 
slitution  of  bank  notes  for  gold  and  silver, 
as  a  circulating  inediiim. 

2.  In  grammar.,  syllepsis,  or  the  use  of  one 

I     word  fir  another. 

SUBSTRACT',  V.  I.  [L.  subtraho,  subtrac- 
tum.]     To  subtract. 

Note. — .^abstract  was  formerly  used  in  analogy 
with  abstract.  But  in  modern  usage,  it  is  writ- 
ten according  to  the  Latin,  subtract.  See  this 
word  and  its  deriv.ltivcs. 

SUBSTRAC'TION,  n.  In  law,  the  with- 
Irawing   or    withholding    of  some   right. 


when    either  the   husband   t>r   wife  with 

draws  from  the  other  and   lives  separaie.  j     earth;   Fr.  soutenain  , 

The  subslrnction  of  a  legiicy,  is  the   witli-ilBeing   or    lying    under 


holding  or  detaining  of  it  from  ;lie  legatee 
by  the  executor.  In  like  maimer,  tliei 
withholding  of  any  .service,  rent,  duty  or 
custom,  is  a  substraclion,  for  which  the 
law  eives  a  remedy.  lilackslont. 

SUBSTRA'TUM.  n.  [h.  substratus,  spreaii 
tinder  ;  sub  and  sterno.] 

1.  That  which  is  laid  or  spread  under ;  a  layer 
of  earth  lying  uinier  another.  In  agricul- 
ture, the  subsoil.  Cyc 

2.  In  metiiphysics,  the  m.itter  or  substanr-e 
supposed  to  furnish  tlie  basis  in  which  the 
perceptible  (pialities  itihere. 

SUBSTRUCTION,  n.  [L.  substruclio.]  Un- 
der building.  IVotton.i 

SUBSTRUCTURE,  n.  [L.  sub  an.l  struc-] 
tare.]     An  under  structure  ;  a  foundation.! 

SUBSTY'LAR,  a.  In  dialing,  the  substylar'. 
line,  is  a  right  line  on  which  the  gnomon 
or  style  is  erected  at  right  angles  with  the 
plane.  Did. 

SUB'STYLE,  n.  [sub  and  st:ile.]  In  dial- 
ing, the  line  on  which  the  gnojnon  stands. 


md    terra, 
It.  sotterraneo  I 
the   surface   of  the 


SUB'STANTIVE,  n.  In  grammar,  a  noun 
or  name ;  the  part  of  speech  which  ex- 
presses something  that  exists,  either  ma- 
terial or  inmiaterial.  Thus  man,  horse,' 
city,  goodness,excellence,  are  substantives.'^ 
[Better  called  name,  L.  nonien,  or  even 
noun,  a  corruption  of  nomen.] 
SUB'STANTIVELY,    adv.    In  substance; 

essentially. 
2.  In  grammar,  as  a  name  or  noun.     An  ad- 
jective or  pronoun  may  be  used  substan- 
tively. 
SUB'STILE,  n.  Uub  and  stile.]  The  line  of 
a  dial  on  which  the  stile  is  erected.     Enajc. 
SUB'STITUTF,    i-.    t.     [Fr.   suhstHuer:'\v, 
suslituire  ;    Sp.    siibstituir  ;   L.    suhstituo  ; 
sub  and  statuo,  to  set.]  To  put  in  the  place 
of  another. 

Some  few  verses  are  inserted  or  substituted 
in  the  room  of  others.  Cnngreve 

SUB'STITUTF,,  71.  One  person  put  in  the 
place  of  another  to  answer  the  same  pur 
po.se.  A  person  may  be  a  substitute  with 
full  powers  to  act  for  another  in  an  office 


.\  sulphate  with   an 

Thomson.'^ 

[from  L.  subsuUus.  a 

leap,   from   subsulto ; 


Bdcon.llSUBSULPH'ATE,  n. 

excess  of  the  base. 
SUBSULT'IVE,    ) 
SUBSULT'ORY,  \  "■ 

sub  and  salio.] 
Bounding  ;  leaping  ;  moving  by  sudden  leaps 
[     or  starts,  or  by  twitches. 
SUBSULT'ORiLY,     adv.     In    a  bounding 

manner  ;  by  leaps,  starts  or  twitches. 

Bacon. 
IsUBSULT'US,    n.     [L.]     In     medicine,    a 

twitching  or  convulsive  motion  ;  as  sit6- 

sultus  teniliinim.  Coxe. 

SUBSU'.ME,    V.  t.    [L.  j(h6  and  sumo.]     To 

assume   as   a    position    by    consequence. 

LYot  used.]  Hammond. 

SUBTAN'tiENT,  n.  In  geometry,  the  part 

of  the  axis  contained  between  the  ordinate 

and  tangent  drawn  to  the  same  point  in  a 

curve. 
SUBTEND',   V.   t,     [L.    sub   and  tendo,    to 

stretch.] 
To  extend  under;  as  the  line  of  a  triangle 

which  subtends  the  right  angle  ;  to  subtend. 


earth;  situated  within  the  earth  or  under 
ground;  as  subterranean  springs;  a  sub- 
terraneous passage. 

l.Sublerraneal  and  Subterrany,  are  not  in  use.] 

SUBTERRANITY,  n.  A  place  unrler 
irro(nid.     [.Vol  in  use.]  Brotpn. 

SUB'TERRA.VY,  n.  What  lies  under 
LM-oiind.     [JVut  iti  use.]  Bacon. 

SUB'TIL.  a.  [Fr.  subtil  ;  h.  subtilis ;  It. 
sottile.  This  word  is  often  written  subtle, 
but  less  profierly.] 

1.  Tiiin  ;  not  dense  or  gross;  as  subt'daxx; 
subtil  vapor  ;  a  subtil  medium. 

2.  Nice  ;  fine  ;  delicate. 

I  do  distinguish  plain 
Each  subtil  line  of  her  immortal  face. 

Davies. 
-i.  Acute;  piercing;  as  su6<i7  pain.        Prior. 

4.  Sly  ;  artful  ;  cumiing  ;  crafty  ;  insinuat- 
ing ;  as  a  subtil  person  ;  a  subtil  adversa- 
ry. 

5.  Planned  by  art  ;  deceitful  ;  as  a  subtil 
S(rhenie. 

(5.  Deceitful  ;  treacherous.  Shak. 

7.  Refined  ;  fine  ;  acute ;   as  a   subtil  argti- 

mcnt. 
SUBTIL'IATE,  y.  <.    To  make  thin.     [.Yot 

in  use.]  Harvey. 

SUBTILIA'TION,  n.   The  act  of  making 

thin  or  rare.     [.Yot  in  use]  Boi/le. 

SUBTIL'ITY.  n.   Fineness.  Smellie. 

SUBTILIZA'TION,     n.      [from    subtilize.] 
1.  The   airt  of  in(d<ing  subtil,   fine  or  thin. 

In  the  laboratory,  the  operation  of  making 

so  volatile  as  to  rise  in  steam  or  vapor. 

Cheyne. 
2    Refinement;  extreme  acuteness. 
SUBTILIZE,  v.t,  [Fr.  subliliser,  from  L. 

subtilis.] 

1.  To  in.ike  thin  or  fine ;  to  make  less  gross 
or  coarse.  Cheyne. 

2.  To  refine;  to  spin  into  niceties;  as,  to 
subtilize  arguments. 

SUBTILIZE,  v.i.  To  refine  in  argument; 
to  make  very  nice  distinctions. 

In  whatever  manner  tlie  papist  might  subtil- 
ize—  l/i/ner. 


the  chord  of  an  arch.     A  Hue  from  the  eycisUB'TILLY,  adv.  Thinly ;  not  densely. 


SUB 


sue 


sue 


2.  Finely  ;  not  grossly  or  thickly. 

The  opakcst  bodies,  if  svhtilli/  divided — be- 
come ijerfectly  trauspaicnt.  ^Yewlori. 

3.  Artriilly  ;  cunningly  ;  craftily  ;  as  a  scheme 
siihtiHy  coiitrived. 

SUJi'TlLNESS,  n.  Thinness;  rareness  ;  as 
the  sublilncsa  of  nir. 

2.  Fineness;  aculeness;  as  the  subtibiess  of 
an  arpunient. 

3.  Cunning;  artfulness;  as  the  sublilness  of 
a  foe. 

tJLlJ'TlLTY,  71.  [Vr.  subliliU ;  L.  subtilUas.        , 

1.  Thinness;  fineness;  exility;   in  a  jihi/si-'\     ancient  diocese  of  Rome 


2.  The  confines;  the  out  part.  i 

The  siiliuib  of  their  straw-built  citadel. 

Jlfillon.' 
SUBURB'AN,  a.  [h.  suburbanua.    See  Sub- 
urbs.]    Inhabiting  or  being  in  the  suburbs 
of  a  city. 
SUB  IRIJED,  (I.    Bordering  on   a  suburb; 
having  a  suburb  on  its  out  part.        Cartw. 
SUBURBICA'RIAN,  )        [Low  L.  suburbi- 
SUBURBTCARY,       $  "•  cani<«.]    Being  in 
the   suburbs ;  an   epithet   applied  to   the 
provinces  of  Italy   which  composed   the 
'~  Barrow. 


cat  sense;  as  the  sublilty  of  a\r  or  light; 
the  suih'ft^  of  sounds.  Bacon.     Grew. 

2.  Refinement;  extreme  acuteness. 

liilellioibic  discomses  aie  spoiled  by  loo  much 
subtilty  in  nice  divisions.  IjOrke. 

3.  Slyness  in  design  ;  cunning  ;  anitii'e  ; 
ustially  but  less  properly  written  subthiy. 

SUB'TLE,  a.  [See  Sublil]  Sly  in  design  ; 
artliil;  cunning;  insinuating;  applied  to 
persons  ;  as  a  subtle  foe. 

2.  Cunningly  devised  ;  as  a  suMe  stratagem. 

SUB'TLY,  adv.  Slyly  ;  artfully  ;  cunningly. 
Thou  seeit  bow  subtly  to  detain  thee  1  de- 
vise. Milton. 

2.  Nicely ;  delicately. 

In  the  nice  bee,  what  sense  so  subtly  true. 

Pope. 

SUBTRACT',  V.  t.  [L.  subtraho,  subtractus  : 
sub  anil  iraho,  to  draw.] 

To  withdraw  or  take  a  part  from  the  rest ; 
to  deduct.  Subtract  5  from  9,  and  the  re- 
mainder is  4. 

SUBTRA€T'ED,  pp.  ^Vithdrawn  from  the 
rest ;  deducted. 

SUBTRACT'ER,  ii.  He  that  subtracts. 

2.  The  number  to  be  taken  from  a  larger 
number.     [JVot  used.]      [See  Subtrahend.] 

SUBTRACTING,  ppr.  Withdrawing  from 
the  rest ;  deducting. 

SUBTRACTION,  n.  [L.  subtractio.]  The 
act  or  operation  of  taking  a  part  from  the 
rest. 

2.  In  aritknietic,  the  taking  of  a  lesser  num- 
ber from  a  greater  of  the  same  kiiul  or 
denomination ;  an  operation  by  which  is 
found  the  difference  between  two  sums. 

SUBTRACT'IVE,  a.  Tending  or  having 
power  to  subtract. 

SUBTR.MiENU',  n.  In  arithmetic,  the  sum 
or  number  to  be  subtracted  or  taken  from 
another. 

SliBTRI'FID,  a.  Slightly  trifid.       Martyn. 

SUBTRIP'LE,  a.  [sub  and  tnple.]  Contain- 
ing a  third  or  one  part  of  three. 

Jftlkins. 

SUBTRIP'LICATE,  a.  In  the  ratio  of  the 
ciil)es. 

Sl'BTU'TOR,  n.  [sub  and  tutor.]  An  under 
tutor.  Burnet. 

SUB'ULATE,  a.  [L.  subula,  an  awl.]  In 
botany,  shaped  like  an  awl  ;  awl-shaped. 

A  subulate  leaf,  is  linear  at  the  bottom,  but 
gradually  tapering  towards  the  end. 

J\Iartyn. 

SUB'UHB,     }        [L.    suburbium;   sub    and 

SUB'UKBS,  ^"-  11I-64,  a  city.] 

1.  A  building  without  the  walls  of  a  city, 
but  near  them  :  or  more  generally,  the 
parts  that  lie  without  the  walls,  but  in  the 
vicinity  of  a  city.  The  word  may  signify 
buildin;:s,  streets  or  territory.  We  say,  a 
house  stands  in  the  suburbs  :  a  garilen  is 
situated  in  the  suburbs  of  London  or  Paris. 


SUBVARI'ETY,  n.  [sub  and  vaiiety.]  A 
subordinate  variety,  or  division  of  a  varie- 
ty. Mineralogy. 

SUBVENTA'NEOUS,  a.  [L.  subventuyieus ; 
sub  and  ventus.]  Addle  ;  windy.  [^1  bad 
u-ord  and  not  in  use.]  Brown. 

SI  BVEN'TION,  7!.  [L.  subvenio.]  The  act 
of  coming  under. 

3.  The  act  of  coming  to  relief;  support; 
aid.     [Little  used.]  Spenser. 

SUBVERSE,  t'.  /.  subvers'.  To  subvert. 
[jYot  in  u.9e.]  Spenser. 

SUBVERSION,  n.  [Er.  from  L.  subversio. 
See  Stibvert.] 

Entire  overthrow  ;  an  overthrow  of  the 
foundation;  utter  ruin;  as  the  subversion 
of  a  government  or  state ;  the  stibversion 
of  despotic  power  ;  the  subversion  of  the 
constitution  or  laws  ;  the  s«6i'eraio7i  of  an 
empire. 

SUBVERSIVE,  a.  Tending  to  subvert; 
having  a  tendency  to  overthrow  and  ruin. 
Every   immorality  is  subversive  of  private 

!  happiness.  Public  corruption  of  morals  is 
subversive  of  juiblic  happiness. 

SUBVERT',  V.  f.  [L.  subverto  ;  sub  and 
verto,  to  turn  ;  Er.  Sp.  subvertir ;  It.  sovver- 
tere.] 

1.  To  overthrow  from  the  foundation  ;  to 
overturn  ;  to  ruin  utterly.  The  northern 
nations  of  Europe  subverted  the  Roman 
empire.  He  is  the  worst  enemy  of  man, 
who  endeavors  to  subvert  the  christian  re- 
ligion. The  elevation  of  corrupt  men  to 
oflice  will  slowly,  but  surely,  subvert  a  re- 
publican govermnent. 

This    would    subvert    the    principles    of   all 
knowledge.  Lucke. 

2.  To  corrupt ;  to  confound  ;  to  pervert  the 
mind,  and  turn  it  from  the  truth.  2  Tim.  ii. 

SUBVERTED,  pp.  Overthrow  n  ;  overturn- 
ed ;  cjitirelv  destroved. 

SUBVERT'ER,  ji.  One  who  subverts ;  an 
overthrower. 

SUBVERTING,  ppr.  Overthrowing  ;  en- 
tirelv  destrciying. 

SUBVVORK'ER,  ii.  [sub  and  trorAc7-.]  A 
subordinate  worker  or  helper.  South. 

SUCCEDA'NEOUS,  a.  [L.  succedaneus ; 
sub  and  cedo.] 

Supplying  the  place  of  something  else;  be- 
ing or  employed  as  a  substitute.         Boi/le. 

SUCCEDA'NEUM,  n.  [supra.]  That  wli'ich 
is  used  for  something  else;  a  substitute. 

ft'arbution. 

SUCCE'DE,  ?       ,    The   first   is   the    more 

SUCCEE'D,  S  analogical    spelling,   as 

\n  concede,  recede.  [Fr.  succeder ;  It.  suc- 
cedere  ;  Si^.  suceder ;  L.  succedo  ;  sub  and 
cedo,  to  give  way,  to  pass.] 

1.  To  follow  in  elder:  to  take  the  place 
which  antither  has  left;  as,  the  king's  eld- 
est son  sitcceeds  his  father  on  the  throne. 


John  Adams  succeeded  Gen.  Washington 
in  the  presidency  of  the  United  States. 
Lewis  XVllI.  of  France  has  lately  de- 
ceased, and  is  succeeded  by  his  brother 
Charles  X. 

2.  To  follow ;  to  come  afYer ;  to  be  subse- 
quent or  consequent. 

Those  destructive  effects axuceeded  the  curse. 

.Brotm. 

3.  To  prosper  ;  to  make  successful. 

Succeed  my  wish,  and  second  my  design. 

Vryden. 
SUCCEE'D,  V.  i.  To  follow  in  order. 
Not  another  comfort  like  to  this. 
Succeeds  in  unknown  fate.  Shak. 

2.  To  come  in  the  place  of  one  that  has 
died  or  ipiittetl  the  place,  or  of  that  which 
lias  preceded.  Day  succeed*  to  night,  and 
night  to  day. 

Enjoy  till  I  return 
Short  pleasures  ;  for  long  woes  are  to  succeed. 

Mill  on. 
Revenge  succeeds  to  love,  and  rage  to  grief. 

Dry den. 

3.  To  obtain  the  object  desired ;  to  accom- 
plish what  is  attempted  or  intended  ;  to 
have  a  prosperous  termination.  The  en- 
emy attempted  to  take  the  fort  by  storm, 
but  did  not  succeed.  The  assault  was  vio- 
lent, but  the  attempt  did  not  succeed. 

i  It  is  almost  impossible  for  poets  to  succeed 

!      without  ambition.  Dryden. 

4.  To  terminate  with  advantage ;  to  have  a 
j     good  effect. 

Spenser  endeavored   imitation   in  the  Shcp- 

I      herd's  Kalcndar ;  but   neither  will   it  succeed 

in  English.  Dryden. 

5.  To  go  under  cover. 

'.  Or  will  you  to  the  cooler  cave  succeed  ?  {J\'ol 
much  used.]  Dryden. 

SUeCEE'DED,  pp.  Follov/ed  in  order; 
!     prospered  ;  attended  with  success. 

SUCCEE'DER,  »!.  One  that  follows  or 
i  comes  in  the  place  of  another;  a  succes- 
I     sor.     [Hut  the  latter  word  is  generally  used.] 

SUCCEE'DING,  ppr.  Following  in  order ; 
I  subsequent  ;  coming  after  ;  as  in  all  suc- 
I  ceeding  ages.  He  attended  to  the  busi- 
I  ness  in  every  succeeding  uagc  of  its  prog- 
I     ress. 

2.  Taking   the  place   of  another   who   has 
I     quitted  the  place,  or  is  dead  ;  as  a  son  suc- 
ceeding his  father  ;  an  oflicer  succeeding 
his  predecessor. 

3.  Giving  success  ;  prospering. 
SUCCEEDING,   n.    The   act  or  state  of 

])rospering  or  having  success.  There  is  a 
gnoil  prospect  of  liisiKcecerfi7ig'. 

jSUC("ESS',  n.    [Fr.  succis ;    L.  successus, 

I     from  succedo.] 

1.  The  favorable  or  prosperous  termination  of 
any  thing  altemplod  ;  a  termiualion  which 
answers  the  purpose  intended  ;  properly 
in  a  good  se7ise,  but  often  in  a  bad  sense. 

Or  teach  with  more  success  her  son, 

The  vices  of  the  lime  to  shun.  Waller. 

Every  reasonable  man  cannot  but  wish  me 

success  in  this  attempt.  Tillotson. 

Be  not  discouraged  in  a  laudable  undeKaking 

at  the  ill  success  of  the  first  attempt.         Jinon. 

Military  fuceessea,  above  all  others,  elevate 

the  minds  of  a  people.  Atterlntry. 

2.  Succession.  [.VoJ  in  use.]  Spenser. 
[Note.     Success    without  an    epithet,    generally 

means  a  prosperous  issue.] 
SUCCESS'FUL,  a.  Terminating  in  accom- 
plishing what  is  wished  or  intended;  hav- 
ing the  desired  effect;  hence,  in  a  good 


sue 


sense,  prosperous  ;  fortunate  ;  happy  ;  as 
a  successful  application  of  medicine  ;  a  suc- 
cess/id experiment  in  chiniistry  or  in  agri- 
culture ;  a  successful  enterprise. 

2.  In  a  bad  sense  ;  as  a  successful  attempt  to. 
subvert  the  constitution.  1 

SU€CESS'FULLY,  adv.  With  a  favorablej 
termination  of  what  is  attempted  ;  pros- 
perously ;  favorably. 

A  reformation  successfully  carried  on— 

Swfl. 

SUeCESS'FULNESS,  n.  Prosperous  con- 
clusion ;  favorable  event ;  success. 

Hammond. 

SUCCES'SION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  successiu.] 

1.  A  following  of  things  in  order  ;  consecu- 
tion ;  series  of  things  following  one  an- 
other, either  in  time  or  place.  Thus  we 
speak  of  a  succession  of  events  in  chronol 
ogy,  a  succession  of  kings  or  bishops,  and 
a  succession  of  words  or  sentences. 

2.  The  act  of  succeeding  or  coming  in  the 
place  of  another:  as,  this  liappened  after 
the  succfssion  of  that  prince  to  the  throne. 
So  we  speak  of  the  succession  of  heirs  to 
the  estates  of  their  ancestors,  or  collateral 

.  succession. 

3.  Lineage ;  an  order  or  series  of  descend- 

A  long  succession  must  ensue.  MUton. 

4.  The  power  or  right  of  coming  to  the  in- 
heritance of  ancestors.  He  holds  the  prop- 
erty by  the  title  of  succession. 

What  people  is  so  void  of  common  sense, 
To  vote  succession  from  a  native  prince  ? 

Dryden 
Succession  of  crops,  in  agriculture,  is  more 

generally  called  rotation. 
SUeCESS'IVE,  a.   [Fr.  successif;  It.  suc- 
cessivo.] 

1,  Following  in  order  or  uninterrupted 
course,  as  a  series  of  persons  or  things, 
and  either  in  time  or  place ;  as  the  suc- 
cessive revolutions  of  years  or  ages ;  the 
successive  kings  of  Egypt.  The  author 
holds  this  strain  of  declamation  through 
seven  successive  pages  or  chapters. 

Send  the  sttcccssive  ills  through  ages  down. 

Prior. 

2.  Inherited  by  succession ;  as  a  successive 
title;  a  successive  empire.     [Little  used.] 

Sliak.     Raleigh. 
SUeCESS'IVELY,  adv.  In  a  series  or  or- 
der, one  following  another.     He  left  three 
sons,  who  all  reigned  successively. 

The  whiteness  at  length  changed  successively 

into  blue,  indigo  and  violet.  jVewton. 

SUeCESSiVENESS,n.  Thestate  of  being 

successive.  Hale. 

SUeCESS'LESS,   a.    Having  no  success; 


sue 

I  an  absolute  property  in  them  so  long  as  the  cor-i 
poration  subsists.  Blackslone. 

SUCCIU'L'OUS,  a.  [h.  succidmis  ;  sub  miH', 
cado.]  Kendvtofall;  falling.  [Litlteused.] 

SUeCIF'KROUS,  a.  [L.  succus,  juice,  and 
fero,  to  bear.]  Producing  or  conveying, 
sap.  ! 

SUCCINATE,  n.  [from  L.  succinum,  am- 
ber.] A  salt  formed  by  the  succinic  acid 
and  a  base. 

SUC'CINATED,  a.  Impregnated  with  the 
ncid  of  amber. 

SUCCINCT',  a.  [L.  succinctus ;  sub  and 
cingo,  to  surround.] 

1.  Tucked  up;  girded  up;  drawu  up  to  per- 
mit the  legs  to  be  free. 

His  habit  fil  for  speed  succinct.  Milton. 

[Jjittle  used.] 

2.  Coniprcsse<l    into    a    narrow    compass 
i     short;  hiitf;  concise;    as   a  si»c(-uu«   ac-| 
1     count  of  the  proceedings  of  the  council.     | 
I  Let  all  your  precepts  be  succinct  and  cle.n.    { 

lioscominon. 
SUeCINCT'LY,    adv.     Briefly;    concisely. 
I     The  fads  were  succinctly  slated. 
SUeCINCT'NESS,    n.    Brevity  ;    concise- 
ness, as  the  succinctness  of  a  narration. 
SUeCIN'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  amber  ;  drawn 

from  amber  ;  as  the  succinic  acid. 
SUCCINITE,  n.  [L.  sucnVi urn,  amber.]  A 
mineral  of  an  amber  color,  considered  as 
a  variety  of  garnet.  It  frequently  occurs 
in  globular  or  granular  masses,  about  the 
size  of  a  pea.  Cteaveland. 

SUCCINOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  amber. 
SUCCOR,   v.t.  [Fr.  secourir  ;  It.  soccorrere ; 
Sp-  socorrer ;  L.   surcurro  ;  sub  and  curro, 
to  run.]  , 

Literally,  to  run  to,  or  run  to  support ;  hence, 
to  help  or  relieve  when  in  difl.culty,  want 
or  distress  ;  to  assist  and  ilelivtr  iVoni  suf- 
fering ;  as,  to  succor  a  besieged  city;  to 
succor  prisoners. 

He  is  able  to  succor  them  that  are  tempted. 
Heb.  ii. 
SUCCOR,   n.  Aid  ;  help  ;  assistance ;  par- 
ticularly, assistance  that  relieves  and  de- 
livers from  ditSculty,  want  or  distress. 
My  father 
Flvine  for  succor  to  his  servant  Banister — 
•^    ^  Shak. 

The  person  or  thing  that  brings  relief. 
The  city  when  pressed  received  succors 
from  an  unexpected  quarter. 

The  mighty  succor  which  made  glad  the  foe. 

Dryden. 
ccesstvely  gU£/£ORED,  pp.  A.ssisted ;  relieved. 
•'^""'""•'SUCCORER,  >;;  He  that  aflords  relief;  a 
I     helper  ;  a  deliverer. 
SUCCORLESS,  a.  Destitute  of  help  or  re- 
lief. Thomson. 


unprosperous  ;  unfortunate  ;  failing  to  ac-l 
complish  what  was  intended. 

Successle.'is  all  her  soft  caresses  prove. 

Pope. 
Best  temper'd  steel  successless  prov't\  in  field. 

PhiHips. 
SUCCESS'LESSNESS,   n.    Unprosperous,   ,  -.    ,^,,„.      , 

conclusion.  ^°'''^-  i^r^-rnKUS      "• 

SUCCESS'OR,  n.  [L.]  One  that  succeeds  orjj»UC  CUlJUft,  S 
follows;  one  that   takes  the  place   whic' 


SUCCORY,  n.  Wild  endive,  a  plant  of  the 

genus  (  iclioriuiii. 
SUCCOT.Asill,  n.  In  America,  a  mixture  of 
green  nuiiz  and  beans  boiled.     Tlie   dish 
as  well  as  the  name,  is  borrowed  from  the 
native  Indians. 

[L.  «wiand  cuho.]  A  pre 
tended  kind  of  demon. 

Mir.  for  Mag. 
[See  Sucnilent.]  Juici 
ness  ;  as  the  succulence 


sue 

tinguished  from  such  as  are  ligneous,  hard 
and  dry.     Thus  the  grasses  are  succulent 
herbs,  as  are  peas,  beans  and  the  like. 
SUCCUMB',  r.  i.  [L.  succumbo  ;    sub  and 
cumbo,  cubo,  to  lie  down.] 

1.  To  yield ;  to  submit ;  as,  to  succumb  to  a 
foreign  power. 

2.  To  yield ;    to  sink  unresistingly  ;  as,  to 
succumb  under  calamities. 

SUCCUMB'IAG,;);»-.Y'ielding;  submitting; 

sinking. 
SUCCUSSA'TION,    n.     [L.    succusso,    to 
shake.]     A  trot  or  trotting.  lirown. 

2.  A  shaking  ;  succussion. 
SUCCUS'SION,  n.  [L.  succussio,  from  suc- 
I     cusso,  to  shake  ;  sub  and  rjuasso.] 
jl.  The  act  of  shaking;  a  shake. 
2.  In  medicine,    a   shakius  of   the  nervous 
'     parts  by  powerful  siiniulants.  Coxe. 

SUCH,  a.  [It  is  possible  that  this  word  may 
i  be  a  contraction  of  Sax.  suelc,  swyU,  G. 
,<io/f/(,  D.  zolk.  More  probatdy  it  is  the 
Russ.  sit~e,  sitztv,  our  vulgar  sichy] 
1.  Of  that  kind  ;  of  the  like  kind.  We  never 
saw  such  a  day ;  we  have  never  hud  suck 
a  time  as  the  present. 

It  has  as  before  the  thing  to  which  it  re- 
lates. Give  your  children  such  precepts 
as  tend  to  make  tl.ein  wiser  and  better. 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  definitive  ad- 
jective a,  never  precedes  such,  but  is 
placed  betwif  II  it  and  the  noun  to  which 
it  refers  ;  as  such  a  man  ;  such  an  honor. 
,  The  same  that.  This  was  the  state  of 
the  kingdom  at  such  time  as  the  t-neray 
,     landed. 

.3.  The  same  as  what  has  been  mentioned. 
That  Ibou  art  happy,  owe  to  God ; 
That  thou  coQtinu'st  such,  owe  to  thyself. 

.yfilloi}. 
4.  Referring  to  what  has  been  specified.    1 
have  commanded  my  servant  to  be  at  suck 
a  place. 

Such  and  such,  is  used  in  reference  to  a 
person  or  place  of  a  certain  kind. 

The   sovereign    authority  may  enact  a   law, 
commanding  su^:h  and  such  an  action. 

South. 
SUCK,  V.  i.  [Sax.  sucan,s^iccan  ;  G.  saugen  ; 
D.  zuigen;  Sw.  suga;  Uan.auer,  contract- 
ed ;  Ir.  sagham  ;  VV.  sugaw;  L.  sugo  ;  Fr. 
sucer ;  It.  succiare,  succhiare ;  Sp.  Port. 
sacar,  to  draw  out.] 

To  draw  with  the  mouth  ;  to  draw  out, 
as  a  liquid  from  a  cask,  or  milk  from  the 
breast  ;  to  draw  into  the  mouth.  To  suet 
is  to  exhaust  the  air  of  the  mouth  or  of  a 
tube  ;  the  tluid  tijcii  rushes  into  the  moutb 
or  lulie  by  means  of  the  pressure  of  the 
surrounding  air. 

2.  To  draw  milk  I'rom  with  the  mouth;  as, 
the  young  of  an  animal  sucks  the  mother 
or  dam,  or  the  liiiast. 

3.  To  draw  intu  the  mouth;  to  iiuhihe;  as, 
to  suck  in  air  ;  to  suck  the  juice  of  plants. 

i4.  To  draw  or  drain. 

Old  ocean  suck'd  through  the  porous  globe. 

Thomson. 
To  draw  in,  as  a  whirlpool  ;  to  absorb. 


.,.,„.««;  .MM- M„<r  umcs  u.c  I"""?.," ;i!siTe'CULENCE,  ?      [See  S«ca/(ni(.]  Juici-]  Dryden. 

another  has  1,1,,  an.   sustains  the  like  l'"'>  |'  ^,^^^^^^y'     "•  .ess ;  as  the  succulence  G.  To  inhale. 

or  character ;  correlative    to   predecessor  ^f^^^.^^^^^Jf'^'^ .  ^      "«     '  U,^  ^_^^^.  .      ,^  ,,^^^^  j,,,„  „,^  ,„„„,,, .   ^^  ;„,. 

as  the  successor  of  a  decease.l  king;  th« Ly* ''X^p^t,  „   rp,  .  Usucculcntus,i\,„u       bil...  ;  to  absorb. 

successor  ot    a   pri-snlent    or    governor;  ^^  *'^^^^.f„"^ '^Vice  1     '  ^^'""^  To  suck  out,  n>  ^v:.^  mi,  with  the  mouth  ;  to 

man  s  son  an.l  ,si(<'cf..ti!or.  1      s'lttw*,  J'oir.  |  „         ,     .      ,  .  . 

A  Rift  ,«  .  .on-cution,  .Mther  of  lands  or  of  Full   of  jui.e  ;  juicy.     Succulent    plants    are;     ..inpiy  by  siution 
chattels,  without  naming  their  successors,  vestsll     such  as  have  a  juicy  and  solt  stem,  as  dis-l|  To  suck  up,  to  draw  into  the  iiiouin. 


S  U  D 


S   U  F 


S  U  F 


SUCK,  V.  i.  To  draw  by  pxhaiisting  thea!r„ 
UK  Willi  tlio  iMoiilli,  or  wild  a  tuho.  I 

2.  To  iiraw  the  hreast ;  af,  a  cliilcl,  or  the 
yiMiriff  ofaiiy  animal,  is  first  nourished  by 
sucking. 

3.  T<i  draw  in  ;  to  imiiibe.  Bacon 
SUf'K,   n.  The  act   of   drawing    witli  the 

mouth.  Boyle. 

2.  Milk  drawn  from  the  breast  by  the  nmutli. 

Shak. 
SUCK'ED,  pp.  Drawn  with  the  mouth,  or 

with  an  instriiineiit  that  exhausts  the  air; 

imbibed  ;  absorbed. 
SUCK'ER,  n.  He  or  that  which  draws  with 

the  mouth. 

2.  The  eitibulus  or  piston  of  a  pump. 

Boyle. 

3.  A  pipe  through  which  any  thing  is  drawn. 

Philips. 

4.  The  shoot  of  a  plant  from  the  roms  or 
lower  part  of  the  stem  ;  so  callt'd  perliaps 
from  its  drawing  its  nouiisliniciit  from  the 
root  or  stem. 

5.  A  fish,  railed  also  remora  ;  also,  a  name 
of  the  Cyclopterus  or  lim:p-fisli. 

Kd.  JVat.  Hist. 

6.  The  name  of  a  common  river  fish  in  New 
England. 

SUCK'ER,  t).  t.  To  strip  oflr shoots;  to  de- 
prive of  suckers;  as,  to  sucker  maiz. 

SUCK'ET,   n.  A  sweetmeat  for  the  mouth. 

Ctenvetand. 

SUCK'ING,  ppr.  Drawing  with  the  mouti 
or  with  an  instrutnent ;  imbibing  ;  absorb 

i"g-  H 

SUCKING-BOTTLE,  n.    A  bottle  to   be 

filled  with  milk  for  infants  to  suck  in.-stead 

of  the  pap.  Locke. 

SUCK'LE,  n.   A  teat.     [JVot  in  use.] 
SUCK'LE,  V.  t.  To  give  suck  to  .  to  nurse 

at  the  breast.     Romulus  and   Remus  art 

fabled  to  have  been  suckled  by  a  wolf. 
SUCK'LED, ;);).  Niirseil  at  ibe  breast. 
SUCK'l,IN(i,  p/)c.  Nursing  at  the  breast. 
SUC'K'LING,   n.   A  young  child  or  aiiima 

nursed  at  the  breast.     Ps.  viii. 
2.  A  sort  of  white  clover.  Cyc. 

SUCTION,  n.   [Fr.]  The  act  of  sucking  or 

drawing  into  the  mouth,  as  fluids. 

Boyle.     Jirbulhnot. 
2.  The  act  of  drawing,  as  fluids  into  a 

or  other  thing. 
SU'DAK,  71.  A  fish,  a  species  of  Perca. 

Tookc. 
SU'DARY,  n.   [L.  sudarium,  from  sudo,  to 

sweat.] 
A  napkin  or  handkerchief.     [Aot  in  use.] 

ffickliffe. 
SUDA'TION,  n.  [L.  .mdatio.]  A  sweatin, 
SU'DATORY,  n.  [L.  sudatorium,  from  sudo, 

to  sweat.] 
A  hot  house:  a  sv^eating  bath.  Herbert. 

SU'DATORY,  a.  Sweating. 
SUD'DEN,   a.   jSax.   sorltn  ;   Fr.   soudain ; 

Norm,  soiihdinn  ;  L.  suhilaneus.] 

1.  Happening  without  previous  notice  ;  com- 
ing (inexpectedly,  or  without  tlie  common 
preparatives. 

And  sudden  fear  trouWeth  lliee.    Job  xxii. 

For  when  they  shall  say,  peace  and  safely, 
then  sudden  destruction  cometh  upon  them. 
1  Thess.  v. 

2.  Hasty  ;  violent  ;  rash  ;  precipitate  ;  pas- 
sionate.    [JVot  in  j(se.]  Shah. 

SUD'DEN,  n.  All  unexpected  occurrence ; 
surprise.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Vol.  II. 


On  a  sudden,  sooner  than  was  expected ; 
without  the  usual  preparatives. 

How  art  thou  lo8t,  how  on  a  sudden  lost  ! 

Jifdton- 
[Ofa  sudden,  is  not  usual,  and  is  less  el- 
egant.] 

SUD'DENLY,  adv.  In  an  unexpected  man 

I     ner ;  unexpectedly  ;  hastily  ;  without  prep- 

I     aration. 

j  Tlierefore  his  calamity  shall  come  suddenly. 

I'rov.  vi. 

'i.  Without  premeditation 

SUD'DENNESS,  n.  State  of  being  sudden  ; 
a  coming  or  happening  without  jirevious 
notice.  The  suddenness  of  the  event  pre- 
cluded preparation 

SUDORIFIC,  ft.  IFr.  sudorifique;  L.  sudor, 
sweat,  and  yoci'o,  to  make.] 

Causing  sweat  ;  exciting  perspiration  ;  as 
sudorific  herbs.  Bacon. 

SUDORlF'IC,  n.  A  medicine  that  produces 

,     sweat  or  sensible  perspiration.  Coie. 

iSU'DOROUS,  a.  [L.  sudor,  sweat.]  Consist- 
ing of  sweat.  Broum. 

SUDS,  n.  sing.  [Qii.  W.  suz,  moisture,  or  its 

j     connection   with    seethe,   sodden.]     VVateri 

j     impregiiuto<l  with  soap.  | 

iTo  he  in  the  suds,  to  be   in 

'     ciilty  ;  a  familiar  phrase. 

SUE,  i;.  t.  su.   [Vr.  suivre, 
ijuor.     See  Seek  and  Essay.] 

1.  To  seek  justice  or  right  from  one  by  legal 
process;  to  institute  process  in  law  against 


turmoil  or  ditli- 
to  follow,  L.  se- 


I  Our  spirit  and  strength  entire, 

Strongly  to  suffer  and  support  our  pains. 
I  Milton. 

3.  To  allow ;  to  permit ;  not  to  forbid  or  hin- 
der. Will  you  suffer  yourself  to  be  insult- 
ed? 

I  suffer  them  to  enter  and  possess.     Milton. 
Thou  shall  in  any  wise  rebuke  thy  neighbor, 
and  not  suffer  sin  upon  him.    Lev.  xix. 

4.  To  undergo;  to  be  affected  by.  Siib- 
I  stances  suffer  an  entire  change  by  the  ac- 
I  tion  of  fire,  or  by  entering  into  new  com- 
'     binatioiis. 

5.  To  sustain  ;  to  be  affected  by  ;  as,  to  suf- 
fer lo.ss  or  damage. 

SI  F'FER,  V.  i.  To  feel  or  undergo  pain  of 
body  or   mind  ;  to  bear  what  is  inconven- 

I  lent.  We  suffer  with  pain,  sickness  or 
sorrow.  We  su/er  with  anxiety.  We su/- 
fer  by  evils  past  and  by  anticipating  others 
to  come.  We  suffer  from  fear  and  IVom 
disappointed  hopes. 

'2.  To  undergo,  as  punishment. 

The  faiher  was  tiist  condemned  to  .«u_^i?r  on 
a  day  appointed,  and  the  son  afterwards,  the  day 
following.  Clarendon. 

3.  To  be  injured  ;  to  sustain  loss  or  damage. 
A  building  suffers  for  want  of  seasonable 
repairs.  It  is  just  that  we  should  suffer 
tor  neglect  of  duty. 

Public  business  suffers  by  private  infirmities. 

Tanple. 

SUF'FERABLE,  a.  That  may  be  tolerated 
or  permitted ;  allowable. 


one ;  to  prosecute  in  a  civil  action  for  the  .,  -  l";""""^  ■ '  """^'     ,       , 

recovery  of  i   renl  nr  siii.f.n^prl  li.rl.t  •  u»    **■    '  "'"  "'">  *""  endured  or  borne,      ffotton. 

i.xovery  ot  a   real  or  supposed  light,  «><,!  SUF'FERABLY,  adv.  Tolerably  ;  so   as  to 


pipe 


to  sue  one  for  debt ;  to  sue  one  for  damages 
in  trespass.     Matt.  v. 

2.  To  gain  by  legal  process. 

3.  To  clean  the  beak,  as  a  hawk  ;  a  term  of 
falconry. 

To  sue  out,  to  petition  for  and  take  out ;  or  to 
apply  for  and  obtain  ;  as,  to  sue  out  a  writ 
in  chancery  ;  to  sue  out  a  pardon  for  a 
criminal.  j 

SUE,   V.  i.    To  prosecute  ;    to  make  legali 


to 

as. 


claim  :  to  seek  for  in   law 
damages. 
2.  To  seek  by  request;  to  apply  for ;  to  pe- 
tition ;  to  entreat. 

Hy  advcr.se  desliny  constrain'd  to  sue 
For  counsel  and  redress,  he  sues  to  you. 

Pope. 
:i.  To  make  interest  for  ;  to  demand. 

Cesar  came   to   Home  to  sue  for  ihe  double 
honor  of  a  triumph  and  the  consulship. 

Middleton 
SU'ED,  pp.  Prosecuted  ;  sought  in  law. 
SU'ET,  ji.   [W.  swyv  and  swyved,  a  surface,! 
coating,  suet,  yest,  \:c.l  | 


be  endured.  Mdison. 

SUF'FERANCE,  n.    The  bearing  of  pain  ; 
endurance  ;  pain  endured  ;  misery. 
He  must  not  only  die. 
But  thy  unkindness  shall  the  death  draw  out 
To  ling'rint;  sufferance.  Shak. 

2.  Patience ;    moderation  ;    a   bearing  with 
jiatience. 

liut   hasty   heat   temp'ting  with  sufferance 
wise.  Spenser. 


to  sue  for  3.  Toleration 


permission  ;  allowance  ;  neg- 
ative consent  by  not  forbidding  or  hinder- 
ing. 

In  process  of  lime,  someliines  by  sufferance, 

sometimes    by    special    leave   and  favor,    they 

creeled  to  themselves  oratories.  Hooker. 

In  theii  beginning,  Ihry  are  weak  and  wan. 

But  soon  through  sufferance  grow  to  tearful 

end.  Spenser. 

\^n  estate  at  sufferance,  in   law,  is  w  here  a 

[     person  conies  into  possession  of  land  by 

lawful   title,   but   keeps    it    after    the   title 

ceases,  w  ithout  positive  leave  of  the  owner. 

Blackstone. 


The  tat  of  an  animal,  particularly  that  about  SUF'FERED,  pp.  Borne  ;  undergone  ;  per- 

„,'i;'j;''"«=>'^;.  •'"■'.'•.  ,  Ifiseman.l'     ,„itted  :  allowed.  ' 

isli'LlY,   a.  t.onsistmg  of  suet,  or  resem-  ,:,,,£., rmrr,         ,-.  ,  , 

I     blino  it ;  as  a  suely  substance.  Sharp.^^^f^^^^'^'  ":  ?'"'  "''"  endures  or 

SUFFER,  V.  t.  |L.  suffero;  sub,  under,  and 

i    fro,  to  bear  ;   as  we  say,  to  undergo  ;  Fi 


siniffrir  ;  It.  sofferirc  ;  S\>.snfnr.  See  Bear.] 
1.  To  (ieel  or  hear  what  is  painful,  disagree- 
able or  distressing,  either  to  the  body  or 
mind  ;  to  uiidergo.  We  suffer  pain  of 
body;  we  sif/f'cr  frricf  of  mind.  The  crim- 
inal suffers  punishment;  ihe  i>UincT  suffersi 
the  pane's  of  ciuiscience  in  this  lite,  anil  is 
condemned  to  suffer  the  wrath  of  an  of- 
fended God.  We  often  suffer  wrong  ;  we 
siifftr  abuse  ;  we  suffer  ii  justice. 
To  endure  ;  to  support ;  to  sustain  ;  not 
to  sink  under. 

85 


2. 


lergoes  pain,  either  of  body  or  mind  ;  one 
who  sustains  inconvenience  or  lnss ;  as 
sufferers  by  poverty  or  sickness.  Men  are 
sufferers  by  fire  or  losses  at  sea  :  the\  are 
sufferers  by  the  ravages  of  an  eneinv  ;  still 
more  are  they  sufferers  by  their  own  vices 
and  follies. 
(2.  One  that  permits  or  allows. 
SUFFERING,  ;);)r.  Bearing;  undergoing 
pain,  inconvenience  or  damage  ;  permit- 
ting ;  allowing. 

SUF'FERI.NG,  n.  The  bearing  nfpain,  in- 
convenience or  loss  ;  pain  endured  ;  dis- 
tress, loss  or  injury  incurred ;  as  suffer- 


S  U  F 

ings  by  paiu  or  sorrow  ;  sufferings  by  want 

or  by  wrongs.       ^        ,^         ^        ,        r 
SUFFICE,  V.  I.  suff'ze.  [Fr.  sjiffire ;  L.  suj- 

Jicio  ;  sub  and  facio.] 
To  be  enough  or  sufficient ;  to  be  equal   to 
the  end  proposed. 

To  recount  Almighty  works 
What  words  or  tongue  of  seraph  can  suffice? 

Milton. 
SUFFICE,  V.  t.  suffi'ze.  To  satisfy ;  to  con- 
tent ;  to  be  equal  to  the  wants  or  demands 

of. 

Let  it  suffice  thee ;  speak  no  more  to  me  ol 
this  matter.     Deut.  iii. 

Lord,  show  us  the  Fatlier,  and  it  sufficeth  us. 
John  xiv.     Ruth  ii. 
2.  To  afford ;  to  supply.  ^  , ,  ,u 

The  pow'r  appeas'd,  with   wind  siijffic  a  Uif 
sail.     [JVot  in  use.]  Drydeii. 

SUFFICED,  pp.    suffi'zed.    Satisfied;   ade- 
quately supplied. 
SUFFI"CIENCY,  n.   The   state  of  being 
adequate  to  the  end  proposed. 

His  sufficiency  is  such,  that  he  bestows  and 
possesses,  his  plenty  being  unexhausted. 
•^  Boyle. 

2.  Qualification  for  any  purpose. 

I  am  not  so  confident  of  my  own  sufficiency 
as  not  wiUingly  to  admit  the  counsel  ot   others. 

JiT.  Charles 


S  U  F 


adequate    substance    or 


3.     Competence 
means. 

An  elegant  sufficiency,  content. 

Thomson. 

4  Supply  equal  to  wants ;  ample  stock  or 
fund  """'■ 

5.  Ability  ;  adequate  power. 

Our  sxtfficiency  is  of  God.     2  Cor.  m. 

6.  Conceit;  self-confidence.     [See Se«/-si#- 

ciency.]  „  .       .,  _,         , 

SUFFI"CIENT,  a.  [L.  suj^aeii*.]  Enough ; 
equal  to  the  end  proposed ;  adequate  to 
wants  ;  competent ;  as  provision  stiffictent 
for  the  family;  water  sufficient  for  the 
voyage ;  an  army  sufficient  to  defend  the 

country. 

My  grace  is  sufficient  for  thee.     2  Cor.  xii. 

2.  Qualified;  competeut ;  possessing  ade- 
quate talents  or  accomplishments;  as  a 
man  siifficient  for  an  office.  Shak. 

3.  Fit;  able;  of  competent  power  or  ability. 

Who  is  si//?ii:itn(  for  these  things?  2  Cor.  ii. 
SUFFI"CIENTLY,  adv.  To  a  suflicieut 
degree;  enough;  to  a  degree  that  an- 
swers the  purpose,  or  gives  content ;  as, 
we  are  sufficiently  supplied  with  food  and 
clothing;  a  man  sufficiently  qualified  for 
the  discharge  of  bis  ofiicial  duties. 
SUFFICING,    ppr.    suffi'ziug.     Supplying 

what  is  needed  ;  satisfying. 
SUFFI'SANCE,  n.  [Fr.]  Sufficiency  ;  plen- 
ty.    [J^ot  in  use]  Spenser. 
SUF'FIX,  n.  [h.  siiffiius,  sjiffigo;    sub  and 

ftgo,  to  fi.'!.]  , 

\  letter  or  syllable  added  or  annexed  to  the 
end  of  a  word.         Parkhurst.     M.  Slunrl. 
SUFFIX',  V.  t.  To  add  or  annex  a  letter  or 

syllable  to  a  word. 
gUFFIX'ED,  pp.  Added  to  the  end  of  a 

word. 
SUFFIX'ING,  ppr.  Adding  to  the  end  of  a 

word. 
SUFFLAM'INATE,  v.  t.  [L.   sufflamen,  a 

stop.] 
To  stiq) ;  to  impede.     [JVol  in  use.] 

Barrow. 
SUFFLA'TE,  v.  I.  [L.  sufflo ;  sub  and  f.o, 
to  blow.] 


|To  blow  up  ;  to  inflate.     [Lillle  used.]  j 

Bailey.] 
iSUFFLA'TION,  n.  [L.  sufflatio.]    The  act 

of  blowing  up  or  inflating.  Coles. 

SUF'FOCATE,  v.t.  [Fr.  suffoquer  ;  It.  suf- 

fogare  ;  Sp.  sujocar ;  L.  ^iffoco ;  sub  and 

focus,  or  its  root.] 

1.  To  choke  or  kill  by  stopping  respiration. 
Respiration  may  be  stopped  by  the  inter- 
ception of  air,  as  in  hanging  and  strang- 
ling, or  by  the  introduction  of  smoke, 
dust  or  mephitic  air  into  the  lungs.  Mei 
may  he  suffocated  by  the  halter;  or  men 
may  be  suffocated  in  smoke  or  in  carbonic 
acid  gas,  as  in  mines  and  wells. 

And  let  not  hemp  his  windpipe  suffocate 

Shak. 

2.  To  stifle  ;  to   destroy  ;  to  extinguish  ;  as 
to  suffocate  fire  or  live  coals. 

A  swelling  discontent  is  apt  to  suffocate  and 
strangle  without  passage.  ^?i''^ 

SUF'FOCATE,  a.  Sufibcated.  Shak 

SUF'FOCATED,  pp.  Choked  ;  stifled. 
SUF'FOCATING,  ppr.  Choking;  stifling. 
SUF'FOeATINGLY,  adv.  So  as  to  sufto- 

cate ;  as  suffocatingly  hot. 
SUFFOCATION,  n.  The   act  of  choking 
or  stifling;  a  stopping  of  respiration,   ei- 
ther by  intercepting  the  passage  of  air  to 
I     and  from  the  lungs,  or  by  inhaling  smoke, 

dust  or  air  that  is  not  respirable. 
2.  The  act  of  stifling,  destroying  or  extin 

guisliing. 
SUF'FOCATIVE,  a.   Tending   or   able   to 
choke  or  stifle ;  as  suffocative  catarrhs. 

Arbuthnot. 
iSUFFOS'SION,  n.  [L.  suffossio;   sub  and 

fodio,  to  dig.] 
A  digging  under  ;  an  undermining. 

Bp.  Hall. 
SUF'FRAGAN,  a.  [Fr.  suffragant ;  It.  suf- 
fraganeo  ;  L.  suffragans,  assisting  ;  suffra- 
gor,  to  vote  for,  to  favor.]     Assisting ;  as 
a  suffragan  bishop. 
SUF'FRAGAN,  n.  A  bisho]),  considered  as 
an  assistant  to  his  metropolitan  ;  or  rath- 
er, an  assistant  bishop.     By  2«  Hen.  VIII. 
suffragans  are   to  be  denominated   from 
some  priiicijial  place  in  the  diocese  of  the 
prelate  whom  they  are  to  assist. 

Bp.  Barlow 
SUF'FRAGANT,  n.  An  assistant  ;  a  favor- 
er ;  one  who  concurs  with.     Obs.  I 

Taylor.\ 
SUF'FRAGATE,  r.  t.  [L.   suffragor.]     To 
vote  with.     [.\'ot  in  use.]  Hale.\ 

SUF'FRAGATOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  as-i 
sists  or  favors  by  bis  vote.  Bp.  of  Chester.' 
SUF'FRAgE,  n.  [L.  suffragtum:  Fr.  suf- 
frage; Sax./co-^naii,  toask,  G.frugen.] 
.  A  vote  ;  a  vuice  given  in  deriding  a  con- 
troverted question,  or  in  the  choice  of  a 
man  for  an  office  or  trust.  Nothing  can 
be  more  grateful  to  a  good  man  than  to 
be  elevated  to  oftice  by  the  unbiased  suf- 
frages of  free  enlightened  citizens. 

1  actantius  and  St.  Austin  confirm  by  (heir 
suffrages  the  observation  made  by  liealhen 
wiiteis.  .Itlribury 

2.  United  voice  of  persons  in  [lublic  prayer 

3.  Aid  ;   assistance  ;    a  Latimsm.     [JVot  in 
use.] 

SUFFRACi'INOUS,  a.  [L.  su/rag'o,  the  pas 

tern  or  hough.] 
Pertaining  to  the  knee  joint  of  a  beast. 

Broivn 


S  U  G 

SUFFRU'TICOUS,  a.  [L.  sub  and  frutica- 

sus  ;  frutex,  a  shrub.] 
In  iofajii/,  under-shrubby,   or  part  shrubby; 
permanent  or  woody  at  the  base,  but  the 
yearly  branches  decaying  ;  as  sage,  thyme, 
hyssop,  &c.  Martyn.     Cue. 

SUFFU'MIGATE,  v.  t.  [L.  suffumigo.]  To 
apply  fumes  or  smoke  to  the  internal  parts 
of  the  body,  as  in  medicine. 
SUFFUMIGA'TION,  )i.  Fumigation;  the 
operation  of  smoking  any  thing,  or  rather 
of  applying  fumes  to  the  internal  parts  of 
the  body. 
i2.  A  term  applied  to  all  medicines  that  are 
received  into  the  body  in  the  form  of 
fumes.  ^y-- 

SUFFU'MItiE,  n.  A  medical  fume. 

Harvey. 
SUFFU'SE,  I',  t.  suffi'ze.    [L.  suffusus,  suf- 

fundo;  sub  and  fundo,  to  pour.] 
To  overspread,  as  with  a  fluid  or  tincture  ; 
as  eyes  suffused   with  tears ;  cheeks  suf- 
fused with  blushes. 

When  purple  light  shall  next  suffuse  the  skies. 

Pope. 
SUFFU'SED,  pp.    Overspread,   as  with   a 

fluid  or  with  color. 
JSUFFU'SION,    n.    [Fr.   from   L.  suffusio.] 
1.  The  act  or  operation  of  overspreading,  as 
with  a  fluid  or  with  a  color. 
The   state   of  being  suflused  or  spread 
over. 

To  those  that  have  the  jaundice  or  like  suf- 
fusion of  eyes,  objects  appear  of  that  color. 

Say. 

3.  That  which  is  suffused  or  spread  over. 
SUG,  n.  [L.  sw?o,  tosuck.]  A  kind  of  worm. 

n'alton. 

SUGAR,  n.  SHUG'AR.  [Fr.  sucre;  Arm. 
sucr;  Hp.azucar;  It.  zucchero;  G.  zucker ; 
IJ.  suiker  ;  Dan.  sokker,  sukker ;  Sw.  socker  ; 
W.  sugyr ;  Ir.  siacra  ;  L.  saccharum ;  Gr. 


aaxxo.f)ov;  Pers.  Ar.     ^^^^^sukkar;  Sans. 

scharkara;  Slavonic,  :aAar.  It  is  also  in 
the  Syr.  and  Eth.] 
1.  A  well  known  substance  manufactured 
chiefly  from  the  sugar  cane,  arundo  sac- 
charifera  ;  but  in  the  United  States,  great 
quantities  of  this  article  are  made  from 
the  sugar  mai)le;  and  in  France,  a  few 
years  since,  it  was  extensively  manufac- 
tured from  the  beet.  The  saccharine  liquor 
is  concentrated  by  boiling,  which  expels 
the  water  ;  lime  is  added  to  neutralize  the 
arid  that  is  usually  present;  the  grosser 
inqnirities  rise  to  the  surface,  and  are  sep- 
arated in  the  form  of  scum;  and  finally 
as  the  liquor  cools,  the  sugar  separates 
from  the  iiielasses  in  grains.  The  sirup 
or  melasses  i.-*  drained  oft',  leaving  the  su- 
gar ill  the  slate  known  in  commerce  by  the 
name  of  raic  or  miiscoiarfo  sugar.  This  is 
farther  purified  by  means  of  clay,  or  more 
extensively  by  bullocks'  blood,  which 
fonning  a  coaguhiiii,  envelops  the  impu- 
rities. Thus  clarified,  it  takes  the  names 
ot'lKinp,  loaf,  refined,  &c.  according  to  the 
diflerent  degrees  of  purification.  Sugar 
is  a  proximate  element  of  the  vegetable 
kingdom,  and  is  found  in  most  ripe  fruits, 
and  many  farinaceous  roots.  By  fermenta- 
tion, sugar  is  converted  into  alcohol,  and 
hence  forms  the  basis  of  those  substances 
which  arc  used  for  making  intoxicating 


S  U  G 


S  U  I 


S  U  L 


Viquors,  as  melasses,  grapes,  apples,  malt, 
&c. 

The  ultimate  elements  of  sugar  are  ox- 
ygen, carbon  and  hydrogen.  Of  all  vege- 
table principles,  it  is  considered  by  Dr. 
Rush  as  the  most  wholesome  and  nutri- 
tious. 

2.  A  chimical  term  ;  as  the  sugar  of  lead. 

SUGAR,  V.  t.  SHUG'AR.  To  impregnate, 
season,  cover,  sprinkle  or  mix  with  sugar. 

Crashaw. 

2.  To  sweeten. 

But  flattery  still  in  sugared  words  betrays. 

Denham. 

Sugar  of  lead,  acetate  of  lead. 

SUGAK-€ANI)Y,  n.  [sugar  and  candy.] 
Sugar  clarified  and  concreted  or  crystal- 
ized,  in  which  state  it  becomes  transpar- 
ent. 

SUG'AR-CANE,  n.  [iu^ar  and  cane]  The 
cane  or  plant  from  whose  juice  sugar  is 
obtained. 

SUGAR-HOUSE,  n.  A  building  in  whic 
sugar  is  refiueil. 

SyG'AR-LO.\F,  n.  A  conical  mass  of  re- 
fined sugar. 

SyG'AR-MILL,  n.  A  machine  for  pressing 
out  the  juice  of  the  sugar  cane. 

SUG'AR-MITE,  n.  [sug'ar  and  mi7c.]  A 
winged  insect ;  lepisina. 

The  lepisma  saccharina,  is  an  apterous 
or  wingless  insect,  covered  with  silvery 
scales.  Ed.  Eni-yc] 

SUG'AR-PLUM,  n.  [sugar  and  plum.]  A 
species  of  sweetmeat  in  small  balls. 

SyG'ARY,  a.  Tinctunul  or  sweetened  with 
sugar  ;  sweet ;  tasting  like  sugar. 

2.  Fond  of  sugar,  or  of  sweet  things. 

Todd. 

3.  Containing  sugar.  •/l-ih. 

4.  Like  sugar.  ^sh. 
SUgES'CENT,  a.  [L. siig'cns, sucking.]  Re- 
lating to  sucking.                                  Paley. 

SUG'(iEST,  V.  t.  [L.  suggero,  suggest  us ; 
sub  and  gcro  ;  It.  suggerire ;  Fr.  sugge- 
rer.] 

1.  To  hint ;  to  intimate  or  mention  in  the 
first  instance ;  as,  to  suggest  a  new  mode 
of  cultivation  ;  to  suggest  a  different 
scheme  or  measure ;  to  suggest  a  new 
idea. 

2.  To  offer  to  the  mind  or  thoughts. 

Some  ideas  are  sicggesfed  to  the  mind  by  all 
the  ways  of  sensation  and  reflection.        Locke. 

3.  To  seduce  ;  to  draw  to  ill  by  insinuation. 

Knowing  that  tender  youth  is  soon  suggested. 
IJVot  in  use.]  Shale. 

A.  To  inform  secretly. 

We  must  suggest  the  people.  Shak. 

[jVot  in  use.] 
SUGGEST'ED,  pp.  Hinted;  intimated. 
SUG()EST'ER,  11.  One  that  suggests. 
SUG(iES'TION,  rt.  [Fr.;  from  suggest]    A 
hint ;  a  first  intimation,  projmsal  or  men- 
tion.    The  measure  was   adopted  at  the 
suggestion  of  an  eminent  philosopher. 

2.  Presentation  of  an  idea  to  the  mind;  as 
the  suggestions  of  fancy  or  imagination ; 
the  suggestions  of  conscience. 

3.  Insinuation ;  secret  notification  or  incite- 
ment. Shak. 

4.  In  laie,  information  without  oath. 
SUGgEST'IVE,  a.    Containing  a  hint   or 

intimation. 
SUG'GIL,  r.  t.  [L.  suggUto.]    To   defame 
[JVot  in  use.]  Parker 


SUG'gILATE,  I!,  t  [L.  suggitto.]    To  beat 

black  and  blue.     [Aof  in  use.]     }VisemaH. 
SUGtilLA'TlON,     n.     A   black   and   blue 

mark  ;  a  blow  ;  a  bruise.     [JVot  in  use.] 
SCICI'DAL,  a.  Partaking  of  the  crime  of 

suicide. 
SU'IC'IDE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  suicidium  ;   se 

and  cado,  to  slay.] 

1.  Self-murder;  the  act  of  designedly  de- 
stroying one's  own  life.  To  constitute 
suicide,  the  person  nnist  be  of  years  of 
discretion  and  of  sound  mind. 

Blackslone 

2.  One  guilty  of  self-murder ;  a  felo  de  se. 
SUICISM,  for  suicide,  is  not  in  use. 
SUIL'LAgE,  n.  [Fr.  souUlage.]     Drain  of] 

filth.     Obs.  IVolton. 

SU'ING,  ppr.  of  sue.  Prosecuting. 

SU'ING,  n.  [Fr.  suer,  to  sweat,  L.  sudo.] 
The  process  of  soaking  tlirougli  any  thing. 
[JVot  in  use]  Bacon. 

SCIT,  n.  [Norm. suit  or auyt;Fr.suite,{rom 
suivre.  to  follow,  from  L.  sequor.  See 
Seek.  In  Law  Latin,  sccta  is  from  the  same 
source.] 

Literally,  a  following  ;  and  so  used  in  the 
olii  English  .statutes. 

L  Consecution;  succession;  series  ;  regular 
order;  iis  the  .same  kind  and  suit  of  weath- 
er.    [JVot  noiv  so  applied.]  Bacon. 

2.  A  set ;  a  number  of  things  used  together, 
and  in  a  degree  necessary  to  be  united,  in 
order  to  answer  the  purpose  ;  as  a  suit  of 
curtains;  a  suit  of  armor;  sometimes 
with  less  dependence  of  tlie  particular 
parts  on  eacli  other,  but  still  imited  in 
use  ;  as  a  suit  of  clothes  ;  a  suit  of  apart- 
ments. 

3.  A  set  of  the  same  kind  or  stamp  ;  as  a 
suit  of  cards. 

4.  Retimie ;  a  company  or  number  of  at- 
tendants or  followers;  attendance;  train; 
as  a  noljjeman  andhissIU^  [This  is  some- 
times pronounced  as  a  French  word, 
sweet ;  but  in  all  its  senses,  this  is  the  same 
word,  and  the  afTectation  of  making  it 
French  in  one  use  and  English  in  another, 
is  improper,  not  to  say  ridiculous.] 

5.  A  petition  ;  a  seeking  for  something  by 
petition  or  application. 

Many  shall  make  suit  to  thee.     Job  xi. 
(!.    Solicitation   of  a  woman   in    marriage ; 
courtship.  Shak. 

7.  In  law,  an  action  or  process  for  the  re- 
covery of  a  right  or  claim  ;  legal  ap\)lication 
to  a  court  for  justice  ;  prosecution  of  right 
before  any  tribunal;  as  a  civil  suit;  a 
criminal  suit ;  a  suit  in  chancery. 

In  England,  the  several  suits  or  remedial  in 
struments  of  Justice,  are  distinguished  into  three 
kinds,  actions  personal,  real,  and  mixed. 

Blackstone. 

Pursuit ;  prosecution  ;  chase. 

Spenser.     Cyc. 

Suit  and  service,  in  feudal  law,  the  duty  of 
feudatories  to  attend  the  courts  of  their 
lords  or  superiors  in  time  of  peace,  and  in 
war,  to  follow  them  and  perform  military 
service.  Blackstone. 

To  bring  suit,  a  phra.se  in  law,  denoting  lit- 
erally to  bring  secta,  followers  or  wit- 
nesses to  prove  the  plaintif's  demand. 
The  phrase  is  antiquated,  or  rather  it  has 
changed  its  signification  ;  for  to  bring  a 
suit,  now  is  to  institute  an  action. 


Out  of  suits,  Laving  no  correspondence. 

Shak. 
Suit-covenant,  in  law,  is  a  covenant  to  sue  at 
a  certain  court.  Bailey. 

Suit-court,  in  law,  the  court  in  which  tenants 
owe  attendance  to  their  lord.  Bailey. 

SCIT,  V.  I.  To  fit ;  to  adapt ;  to  make  prop- 
er.    Suit  the  action  to  the  word.     Suit  the 
gestures  to  the  passion  to  be  expressed. 
Suit  the  style  to  the  subject. 
2.  To  become  ;  to  be  fitted  to. 

Ill  suits  his  cloth  tlie  praise  of  railing  well. 

Dryden. 
Raise  her  notes  to  that  sublime  degree, 
Which  suits  a  song  of  piety  and  thee. 

Prior. 
To  dress ;  to  clothe. 
Such  a  Sebastian  was  my  brother  loo. 
So  went  he  suited  to   his  watery  tomb. 

Shak. 
4.  To  please ;  to  make  content.     He  is  well 

suited  with  his  place. 
SCIT,  v.i.  To  agree  ;  to  accord  ;  as,  tosut'f 
leith ;  to  suit  to.     Pity  suits  toith   a  noble 
nature.  Dryden. 

Give  me  not  an  office 
That  sHi(s  with  me  so  ill —  Mdison . 

The  place  itself  was  suiting  to  his  care. 

Ih-yden. 
[The  use  of  with,  after  suit,  is  now  most 
frequent.] 
SCITABLE,  (T.    Fitting;    according   with; 
agreeable  to  ;  proper  ;  becoming  ;   as  or- 
naments suitable   to  one's  character   and 
station  ;  language  sititable  to  the  subject. 
2.  Adequate.     We  carmot  make  suitoi/c  re- 
turns for  divine  mercies. 
SCITABLENESS,   »i.    Fitness  ;  propriety ; 
agreeableness  ;  a  state  of  being  adajited  or 
accommodated.     Consider   the  laws,  and 
their  suitableness  to  our  moral  state. 
SUITABLY,    adv.    Fitly;  agreeably;  with 
propriety.     Let  words  be  suitably  applied. 
SUITED,  pp.  Fitted;  adapted;  pleased. 
SCITING,  ppr.    Fitting  ;  according   with; 

Itpcoming  ;  pleasing. 
SCITOR,  n.  One  that  sues  or  prosecutes  a 
demand  of  right  in  law,  as  a  plaintif,  peti- 
tioner or  appellant. 

2.  One  who  attends  a  court,  whether  plain- 
tif, defendant,  petitioner,  appellant,  wit- 
ness, juror  and  the  like.  These,  in  legal 
phraseology,  are  all  included  in  tlie  word 
suitors. 

3.  .\  petitioner;  an  applicant. 
She  hath  been  a  suitor  to  me  for  her  brother. 

Shak. 
One  who  solicits  a  woman  in  marriage ; 
a  wooer  ;  a  lover. 

StjITRES.S,  n.  A  female  supplicant.     Rowe. 

SUL'CATE,     }      [L.  sulcus,  a  furrow.]    In 

SUL'C.\TED,  I  "■  botany,  furrowed  ;  groov- 
ed ;  scored  with  deep  l)road  channels  lon- 
gitudinally ;  as  a  sulcated  stem.      jMartyn. 

SUL'KUMESS,  n.  [fromsulky.]  Sullenness; 
sourness  ;  moroseness. 

SUL'KY,  a.  [Sax.  .w/ccn,  sluggish.]  Sullen; 
sour;  heavy;  obstinate;  morose. 

While  these  animals  remain  in  iheir  inclos- 
ures.  they  are  sulky.  As.  Res. 

SUL'KY,  n.  A  carriage  for  a  single  person. 

SUL  LAGE,  r;.  [See  Sulliage.]  A  drain  of 
filth,  or  filth  collected  from  the  street  or 
highway.  Cyc. 

SULLEN,  a.  [perliaps  set,  fixed,  and  alli- 
ed to  silent,  siU,  Sec] 


S  U  L 


SUM 


SUM 


1.  Gloomily  angry  and  silent;  cross;  aour ; 
affected  with  ill  humor. 

Aud  sullen  1  forsook  th'  imperfect  feast. 

Prior. 
3.  Mischievous;  malignant. 

Such  sullen  plaoets  at  my  birth  did  shine. 

Dryden. 

3.  Ob.stinate  ;  intractable. 

Things  are  as  sulleii  as  we  are.        TUlotson. 

4.  Gloomy  ;  dark  ;  dismal. 

Why  are  thine  eyes  fix'd  to  the  sullen  earth  ? 

Shak. 
Nighl  with  her  sullen  wings.  Milton. 

No  cheerful  breeze  this  sullen  region  knows. 

Pope, 

5.  Heavy  ;  dull  ;  sorrowful. 

Be  thou  ihe  trumpet  of  our  wrath. 
And  sullen  presage  of  your  own  decay. 

Shak. 

SUL'LENLY, radu.  Gloomily  ;  malignantly  ; 
iMtrai'tablv  ;    with  rnoruseness.         Dryden. 

SUL'LENNESS,  n.  Ill  nature  with  silence; 
silent  moruseness  ;  gloominess;  maligni- 
ty ;  intraetubleness.  Milton.      Temple. 

SUL'LENS,  n.  plu.  A  morose  temper  ; 
gloominess.      [.Vbi  in  use.]  Shak.l 

SUL'LlAtiE,  n.  [Fi:  souiUage.]  Foulness; 
filth.     [JVot  in  use.] 

SUL'LIEO,  pp.  .Soiled;  tarnishe<l ;  stained 

SUL'LY,  v.t.  [Fr.  souiller;  from  the  root  of 
soil,  G.  side.] 

1.  To  soil ;  to  dirt ;  to  spot ;  to  tarnish. 

And    statues   sullied  yet   with    sacrilegious 
smoke.  Roscommon. 

2.  To  tarnish  ;  to  darken. 

Let  there  be  no  spots  to  sully  the  brightness 
of  this  solemnity.  Mtterbury.l 

3.  To  stain ;  to  tarnish  ;  as  the  purity  of 
reputation  ;  as  virtues  sullied  by  slanders  ; 
character  sullied  by  iiil'anioiis  vices. 

SUL'LY,  V.  i.  To  be  soiled  or  tarnished. 

Silvering   will   sully   aud  canker  more   than 
giMing.  Bacon. 

SUL'LY,  n.  Soil;  tarnish;  spot. 

\  noble  and  triumphant  merit  breaks  through 
little  spots  and  sullies  on  Ins  reputation. 

Spectator. 
SUL'LYl.VG,     ppr.     Soiling;    tarinsliing  ; 

strtiintig. 
SULPliATE,   n.   [from  sulphur.]     A    neu- 
tral salt  formeil  by  sulphuric  acid  in  rom- 
biuation  with  any  base  ;  Si^sulphate  of  lime. 

Lavoisier. 
SULPHAT'IC,  a.  Pertainins;  to  snipliate. 
SUL'PUITE,  n.  [fnyn^  sulpliur.]     A  salt  or 
detinite  compound  formed  by  a  combina- 
tion of  sulphurous  acid  with  a  base. 

Lavoisier. 
SUL'PHUR,  n.  [L.  whence   Fr.  sonfre ;  It.| 
zolfo;  Sp.  o:«//-e;  V'trt.  enxofre  ;  D.solfer.]] 
A  simple  i-oiiibustil)le  mineral  sulislani-e,  of| 
a  yellow  color,  brittle,  insoluble  in  water,! 
but  tiisible  by  beat.      It  is  called  alsoicim- 
stone.  that   is,  tiurn-stone,   from  its  great 
comliiistibility.     It  burns  wiili  a  blue  flame 
and  a  peciiliar  siiflRicating  odor.     Sulphur 
native   or  prismatic  is  of  two  kimls,  com- 
mon and  volranic.  JVicliotson.      Ure. 
SUL  PHUPvATE,  a.  [h.  sulphuralus.]     lie- 
loM;rmg  to  sulphur;  of  the  color  of  sul- 
liliiir.     [Litlle  u,verf.]  More. 
SUL'PIIURATE,   V.  t.    To  combine   with 

snlplnir. 
SUI.'PIIUIIATED,   pp.    Combined  or  im- 
pregnate.1   with    sulphur;   as   sulphurated 
bydrofjeii  f;as.  Lavoisier. 

SULPlllIllA'TION,  n.  Act  of  addressing 
or  anointing  with  sulphur.  Benlley. 


SULPHU'REOUS.a.  Con.sistiiig  of  sulphur; 
having  the  qualities  of  sulphur  or  brim 
stone  ;  impregnated  with  sulphur. 
Her  snakes  untied,  sulphureous  waters  drink. 

Pope 

SULPHU'REOUSLY,  adv.  In  a  sulphu- 
reous manner. 

SULPIIU'REOUSNESS,  n.  The  state  of| 
being  sulphureous. 

SL'L'PHURETED,  a.  Applied   to   gaseous 
bodies  holding  sulphur  m  solution  ;   as  sul 
phureted  hydrogen. 

SIJL'PilURlC,  a.  Pertaining  to  sulphur; 
more  strictly,  designating  an  acid  formed 
by  siilpluir  saturated  with  oxygen  ;  as 
sulphuric  acid,  formerly  called  vitriolic 
arid,  or  oil  ofvitrol.  Chimistry. 

SUL' PlIU  ROLFS,  n.  Like  sulphur  ;  contain- 
ing sulphur  ;  also,  designating  an  acid 
formed  by  sulphur  siib.saturated  with  oxy- 
gen.    This  is  called  sulphurous  acid. 

SUL'PHUR-VVORT,  n.  A  plant,  hog's  fen- 
nel, of  the  genus  Peucedaiium. 

SUL'PHURY,  a.  Partaking  of  sulphur  ;; 
having  lite  qualities  of  sulphur. 

SUL'TAN,  n.  [Qu.  Ch.  Syr.  Ileb.  dSu^  to 
rule.] 

An  appellation  given  to  the  emperor  of  tliei 
I'urks,  denoting;  ruler  or  commander. 


SUL'PHCRE,      }       A  combination  of  sul-jj     money,  a  small  «um,  or  a  large  sum.     Ire- 
SUL'PHURET,  y''  pliur  with   a  metallic, 1^     ceived  a  large  sum'iii  bank  notes. 

earthy  or  alkaline  base  ;  an  a  suiphuret  ni'li'.i.  Compendium;  abridgment;  the  amount  • 
potash.  Lavoisier.     Hoopc  '         '    ■  mi  •    •      . 


the  substance.  This  is  the  sum  of  all  the 
evidence  in  the  case.  This  is  the  sum  and 
substance  of  all  his  objections.  The  sum 
of  all  I  have  said  is  this. 

The  phrase,  in  sum,  is  obsolete  or  near- 
ly so. 

In  sum,  the  gospel  considered  as  a  law,  pre- 
sciibes  every  virtue  to  our  conduct,  ami  forbids 
every  sin.  Rogers. 

4.  Highth  ;  completion. 

Thus   have   I   told   thee   all   my   state,  and 

brought 
My  story  to  the  sum  of  eartUy  bliss. 

Milton. 

SUM,  V.  t.  To  add  particulars  into  one 
whole  ;  to  collect  two  or  more  particular 
numbers  into  one  number ;  to  cast  up ; 
usually  followed  by  up,  but  it  is  superflu- 
ous. Custom  enables  a  man  to  sum  up  a, 
long  column  of  figures  with  surprising  fa- 
cility and  correctness. 

The  hour  doth  rather  sum  up  the  moments, 
than  divide  the  day.  Bacon. 

To  bring  or  collect  into  a  small  compa.ss; 
to  compri.se  in  a  few  words  ;  to  condense. 
He  summed  up  his  arguments  at  the  close 
of  his  speech,  with  great  force  and  effect. 
"  Go  to  the  ant,  thou  sluggard,"  in  few  words, 
sums  up  the  moral  of  this  fable.  L' Estrange. 
In  falconry,  to  have  fetliers  full  grown. 
With  prosperous  wing  full  siimm'd.  Milton. 
[Unusual.] 
SUMAC.  f  .  shu'mak.  [Fr.  sumach  ;  G. 
id. ;    D.  sumak  :    Ar.  Pers. 


•■5. 


SULT.'V'.N.A,        (        The  queen  of  a  sultan 
SUL'TANESS,  ^  "•  the    empress    of    the  jSUAIACH,  ^ 

Turks.  Cleaveland.l       o    -  j 

SUL  TAiV-FLOVVER,  n.  A  plant,  a  species;      ol*-.  •] 

SUL'T ANR Y,"'  n.    An  eastern  empire  ;  the'l''^  ^''^"'  "''  '^""^  "J  "'"^  ^''""^  ^'".'^'  "*" """^y 


I  *;iiinions  of  a  sultan.  Bacon 

SUL'TRINESS,  n.  [i'loin sultry.]  The  state: 
of  Oeiiig  sultry  ;  heat  witii  a  moist  or  close, 
air. 
SUL  TRY,  a.  [G.  schwul,  sultry  ;  Sax.l 
swolalh,  swale,  heat,  G.  schwule.  See 
Swelter.  ] 
1.  Very  hot,  burning  and  oppressive ;  as 
Liiiya's  sultry  deserts.  Addison. 

'I.  Very  hot  ami  moist,  or  hot,  close,  .siai;iiant 
and  unelastic  ;  as  air  or  the  atmosjdiere. 
.■\  4u/(r^  air  is  usually  enfeebling  and  op- 
pres.sive  to  the  litiinan  body. 

Such  as  born  beneath  the  burning  sky 
And  sultry  .sun,  betwixt  the  tropics  lie. 

Dryden. 
SUM,  ».  [Fr.  sonme  ;  G.  sumnie  ;  D.soin; 
Onii.sum,  Sw.  L.  summa,  a  sum;  t5nx.j 
somcd,  L.  simul,  together  ;  Sa.>i.  somnian,, 
to  assemble.  These  word.-  may  be  Inmit 
the  root  of  Ch.  DID,  Syr.  >3iB,  Heb.  DIE?  to 
set  or  place.] 
1.  The  agf;regate  of  two  or  more  iitimbeis, 
magnitudes,  quantities  or  ptirticulars  ;  the 
amount  or  whole  of  any  niinilier  of  indi- 
viduals or  particulars  added.  The  sum 
of  5  and  7  is  I'i. 

How  precious  are  tliy  thoughts  to  me,  O 
God  !  how  great  is  the  sum  of  them  !  Ps. 
cxxxix. 

lake  the  sum  of  all  the  congregation. 
Num.  i. 

[Sum  is  now  applied  more  generally  to 
numbers,  and  nutmer  to  person>.) 
'i.  A  quantity   of  money   or  currency  ;  any 
amount  indutinitely.     1  sunt  him  a  sum  of 


s|)eeies,  some  of  wliieh  are  used  in  tanning 
and  dyeing,  and  in  medicine. 

SUM'LESS,    a.    Not    to   be   computed;  of 
which  tlie  amount  cannot  be  ascertained. 
The  suniless  treasure  of  exhausted  mines. 

Pope. 

SUM  M.VRILY,  adv.  [from  ^ujnniar^.j  In  a 
suoimal)  iiiaiiiier;  briefly;  coneist-lj  ;  in 
a  narrow  cumpassi  or  in  few  words.  The 
Lord's  prayer  teaches  us  summarily  the 
things  we  are  to  ask  for. 

'i.  In  a  short  way  or  method. 

'■Vhen  the  parties  proceed  summarily,  and 
they  choose  the  oidinary  way  of  proceeding,  the 
cause  i-  iiia.ii-  plenary.  ..iyliffe. 

SUM'  M .\ R  V,  a.  [Fr.  sommaire  ;  from  sum, 
or  L.  suinma.] 

Reduced  into  a  narrow  compass,  or  into 
few  words  ;  short ;  brief;  concise  ;  com- 
pendious ;  as  a  summary  .statement  of  ar- 
gninems  or  objections;  a  summary  pro- 
ceeding or  process. 

SU.M'M.'VRV,  n.  .\ii  abridged  account ;  aa 
ahstraii.  alindgiiieiit  <u-compeiidiuni,  con- 
tauiiiig  the  Sinn  or  substance  of  a  fuller 
account ;  as  the  coinprelionsive  summary 
of  our  duty  to  God  in  the  first  table  of  the 
law. 

SUM'iVIED,  pp.  [from  sum.]  Collected  into 
a  loi  il  amount ;  fully  grown,  as  fetliers. 

SUiM'MI'.R,  n.  One  who  casts  up  an  ac- 
count. Sherwood. 

SUiM'MER,  n.  [Sax.  sHmer,  .fi/mor  ;  (J.  Uan. 
soniiiH'i' :  I)  zomer ;  fi\v..soinmar  ;  Ir.  samh, 
llit^  SUM.  and  .-iinimi'r,  and  samhmdh,  sum- 
mer.] 

With  lis,  the   season  ol   the  year  coiinirc- 


SUM 


SUM 


SUN 


liended  in  the  montlis  June,  July  and  Au- 
gust ;  iUiriu((  wliicli  tiiuK,  the  sun  being 
noilli  iil'lliii  equator,  shines  iiioie  diroclly 
U|)'Pii  tliis  |)arl  iit'tlie  eartli,  winch,  tdfjoth- 
er  with  tlie  increased  length  of  the  days, 
renderH  this  the  hottest  period  of  the  year. 
In  latitudes  south  of  the  ecjuutor,  just  the 
0|i|iosite  takes  place,  or  it  issunniier  there 
wliou  it  is  winter  here. 

The  entire  year  is  also  sometimes  di- 
vidijd  into  sunnuer  and  winter,  the  former 
signifying  the  warmer  and  the  latter  the 
cold<!r  part  of  the  year. 

SUM'MKIl,  V.  i.  To  pass  the  summer  or 
warm  season. 

The  fowls  shall  summer  upon  tlicm.  Is.  xviii 

SUM'MIOR,  v.l.  To  keep  warm.  [Little 
used.]  Skak. 

SUM'MER,  n.  [Fr.  sommicr,  a  hair  <juili,  the 
sound-hoard  of  an  organ,  the  winter  and 
head  of  a  printer's  press,  a  largo  heam 
and  a  suinpter  horse  ;  W.  sumer,  that 
which  supports  or  keeps  together,  a  sum 
iiier.  From  the  latter  explanation,  we 
may  infer  that  summer  is  from  the  root  of 
sum.\ 

1,  A  large  stone,  the  first  that  is  laid  over 
colunms  and  pilasters,  beginning  to  make 
a  cross  vault ;  or  a  stone  laid  over  a  col- 
unni,  and  hollowed  to  receive  the  first 
liauncu  of  a  plalliand.  Ci/c. 

3.  A  large  timber  supported  on  two  stone 
piers  or  posts,  serving  as  a  lintel  to  u  duur 
or  window,  &c.  Ci/c. 

3.  A  large  timber  or  beam  laid  as  a  central 
floor  timber,  inserted  into  the  girders,  and 
receiving  the  ends  of  the  joists  anil  sup- 
porting tliem.  This  timber  is  seen  in  old 
buildings  ill  America  and  in  France-  In 
America,  it  is  wholly  laid  aside.  It  is  called 
in  Kni;lauil  summer-tree. 

SUi\1'M1-:K-C0LT,  »i.  Theumlulatiiigsiutp 
of  tlie  air  near  the  surface  of  the  giDiind 
when  hcuited.     [jVot  usedin  .America.] 

SUMiVn;il-CYPKE.SS,  n.  A  plant,  a  spe- 
cie^ dl'  ('hciiopi)dium. 

SlIMMKU  FALLOW,     n.     [S.e     Fallow. 
Nakeil  fallow  ;  land  lying  bare  of  crops  iii 
summer. 

SUMMER-FAL'LOW,  v.l.  To  plow  ami 
work  repeate<lly  m  summer,  to  prepan: 
fur  wheat  or  other  crop. 

SUM  iMER-HOUSK,    ;i.    A  house  or  apart- 
ment ill  a  gaiiieu  to  be  used  in  summer. 
Pope.     IValts 

2.  ■\.  house  for  summer's  residence. 
SUiVI'MERSET,   n.    [corruption  of  Fr.  sou- 

bresaiil.] 
A  high  leap  in  which  the  heels  are  thrown 

ovi'r  the  head.  Hudibrns.      IFaltou. 

SUM' M  Kit  WHEAT,  n.  Spring  wheat. 
SU.VI'.MINtJ,  ppc.  of  sum.    Adding  together, 
SUM'.MIST,  II.    One  that  forms  an  aliiidg- 

nii^iil.      [Little  used.]  Oerinjr. 

SUM'MI T,  n.  [h.  summitas,  from  summus, 
higliest.] 

1.  The  top;  the  highest  point;  as  the  sum 
mil  of  a  iiioiinlain. 

9.   The  highest  point  or  degree  ;  utmost  ele 
vatioii.     The  general  arrived  to  the  sum- 
mit of  human  fame. 

SUM'MON,  V.  t.  [L.  submoneo  ;  sub  and 
moneo  ;  Vr.  sonimer.    See  .i/«i»iiis/i.] 

1.  To  call,  cite  or  nutify  by  authmity  to  ap- 
pear at  a  place  specified,  or  to  attend  in 


person  to  some  public  duty,  or  both  ;  ae,  to 

summun  a  jury  ;  to  summon  witnesses. 

Tiic   |>mliaiueat   is  suinritoned  by  the   king's 

writ  or  letter.  Blackstune. 

Nor  truinpew  summon  him  to  war.    Dnjden. 

To  give  notice  to  a  person  to  appear  in 

court  and  defend. 

.3.  To  call  or  command. 

Love,  duty,  lafely  summon  us  away.    Pope. 

4.  To  cull  up;  to  e.xcite  into  action  or  exer- 
tion ;  with  up.  Summon  up  all  your 
strength  or  courage. 

Slifl'en  the  .sinews,  summon  up  the  blood. 

Shak. 

SUM'MONED,  pp.  Admonished  or  warned 
by  authority  to  appear  or  attend  to  some- 
thing ;  called  or  cited  by  authority. 

SUM'MONER,  71.  One  who  simimons  or 
cites  by  authority.  In  England,  the  slier 
if's  messenger,  employed  to  warn  persons 
to  appear  in  court. 

riUM'MONING,  ppr.  Citing  by  authority  to 
appear  or  attend  to  something. 

SUM'MONS,  n.  with  a  plural  termination, 
but  used  in  the  singular  number;  as  a 
suHiHiOii.? is  prepared.  [L.submoneas.]  A  call 
by  authority  or  the  coinniand  of  a  superior 
to  appear  at  a  place  named,  or  to  altend 
to  some  public  duty.  | 

This  summons  he  resolved  not  to  disobey. 

Fell.' 

He  sent  to  summon  the  seditious  and  to  offer' 

pardon  ;  but  neither  su/ninons  nor  paidon  was 

regaided.  Hayward.' 

'i.  In  luw,  a  warning  or  citation  to  appear  in 
court ;  or  a  written  notification  sigiwil  by 
tli(^  proper  officer,  to  be  served  on  a  persim, 
warning  him  to  appear  in  court  at  a  day 
specified,  to  answer  to  the  demand  of  the 
plaiiilif 

SU.VIOOM',  n.  A  pestilential  wind  of  Per- 
sia. [See  Simoom.] 

SIJMI',  n.  In  metallurgy,  a  round  pit  of 
sione,  lined  with  clay,  for  r<*i.'eiving  thcj 
metal  on  its  first  fiisiim. 

'i.  A  ponil  of  water  reserved  for  salt-works. 

:{.  In  miniiifr,  a  pit  sunk  below  the  bottom 
•  i:'  iih>  mine.  | 

;SUMI"TER,  n.   [Fr.  sommier;    It.  somaro.] 

.\  horse  that  carries  clothes  or  furniture  ;  a 
baagage- horse  ;  usually  called  a  park- 
horse.  Shak., 

SU.MP'TION,  n.  [L.  sumo,  sumptus]  A| 
taking.     [.Vol  in  use.]  Taylor.' 

SUMP'TIIAKY,  a.  [L.  sumptunrius,  from, 
.fum/itus,  expense  ;   Fr.  somptuairc]  I 

Relating  to  expense.  Sumptuary  laws  or' 
regiilaticuis  arc  such  as  restrain  or  limit 
the  expenses  of  citizens  in  apparel,  food, 
fiirniture,  &c.  Sumptuary  laws  are  abridg- 
ments of  libcTtv,  and  of  very  difliciilt  oxe-j 
ciition.  Tliey  can  bo  justified  only  on  the 
around  of  extreme  necessity. 

SUMPTUOS'lTY,  n.  [from  sumptuous.]', 
Expensiveness  ;  costliness.     [.Vol  in  use.]] 

Ralei'rh. 

SITMP'TUOUS,  a.  [L.  sumpluosus  ;  It.l 
suutuo.io  ;  from  sumptus,  cost,  expense.] 

Costly;  expensive;;  hence,  splendiii  :  mag- 
nificent; as  a  sumptuous  house  or  table  ; 
sumptuous  ajiparel. 

We  are   loo  magnificent   and   sumptuouji  in 
our  lalilc.^  and  attendance.  Ailerbury. 

SUMP'TUOUSLY,arfu.  Expensively ;  splen- 
didly ;  with  great  magnificence. 

Bacon.    Swift. 


SUMP'TUOUSNESS,  n.  Costlitiess;  ex- 
pensiveness. 

1  will  not  fall  out  with  those  wiio  can  recon- 
cile sumptuousness  and  charily.  Boyle. 

'i.  Splendor ;  magnificence. 

SUN,  n.  ISax.  sunna  ;  Goth,  sunno  ;  G. 
Sonne  ;  D.  2011.  The  Dunish  lius  Sbndag, 
Sunday,  Slav.  Souze.  Qu.  W'.lan,  Ir.  tcine, 
fire,  and  s'laii,  in  [ielhshan.] 

1.  The  splendid  orb  or  luminary  which,  be- 
ing in  or  near  the  center  of  our  system  of 
worlds,  gives  light  and  heat  to  all  the 
planets.  Tlie  light  of  the  sun  conslitutes 
the  day,  and  the  darkness  which  proceeds 
from  its  absence,  or  the  sliade  of  the 
earth,  iiiiistitiites  the  night.     Ps.  cxxxvi. 

'i.  Ill  popular  usage,  a  sunny  place  ;  a  place 
where  the  beams  of  the  sun  fall ;  as,  to 
stanil  in  the  sun,  that  is,  to  stand  where 
the  direct  rays  of  the  sun  fall. 

3.  Any  thing  eminently  splendid  or  lumin- 
ous ;  that  which  is  the  chief  source  of  light 
or  honor.  Thc^  natives  of  .America  com- 
plain that  the  sun  of  their  glory  is  set. 

1  will  never  consent  to   put  out   the   sun   of 
sovereijinty  to  posterity.  A'  Charles. 

4.  In  Scripture,  Christ  is  called  the  sun  of 
righteousness,  as  the  source  of  light,  ani- 
mation and  cimitort  to  Ills  disciples. 

5.  The  luminary  or  orb  wfiieh  constitutes 
the  center  of  any  system  of  worlils.  The 
fixed  stars  are  supposed  to  be  sums  in  their 
respective  systems. 

Under  the  sun,  in  tiie  w  orld ;  on  earth ;  a 
proverbial  expression. 

There    is    no    new    thing    under   the    sun. 
Ecelcs.  i. 
SUN,  V.  t.  To  expose  to  the  sun's  rays;  to 
warm  or  dry  in  the  light  of  the  sun  ;  to  in- 
sulate ;  as,  to  sun  cloth  ;  to  sun  grain. 
— Then  to  sun  thyself  in  optn  air.     Uri/den. 
SUN'BEAM,    n.    [sun  and  beaut.]    A  ri.y  of 
tiie  sun.     Truth  written  with  a  sunbeam, 
is  truth  made  obviously  plain. 

Gliding  through  the  even  on  a  sunoeam. 

Milton. 
SUN'-BEAT,    a.    [sun  and  beat.]   Striici^  by 
the  sun's  ravs  ;  shone  brighilv  mi.  Dnjden. 
SUN'-BKIGIIT,  «.  [su;iaiiding/i/.J  liright 
as  the  sun;  like  the  sun  in  brightness;  as 
a  sun-briglU  shield  ;  a  sun-brifrlU  chariot. 
Spenser.     Milton. 
How  and  which  way  I  may  bestow  myself 
To  he  rerardcd  in  her  sun-bright  eye.    •'iha/c. 
SUN'-BURNIiVG,    n.    [sun   and    burning.] 
The  buriiiiig  or  tan  occasioned  by  the  rays 
of  the  sun  on  the  skin.  Boifle. 

SUN  BURNT,  a.    [sun  and  burnt.]     Di.scol- 
(ued  by  the   heat  or   rays  of  the  sun;  tan- 
ned; darkened  ill  hue  ;  as  u.  sunburnt  skm. 
Sunburnt  and  swartliy  though  she  be. 

Dry  den. 

2.  Scorched  by  the  sun's  rays ;  as  a  suuliurnt 
soil,  Btackmore. 

SUN'CLAD,  a.  [sun  and  dad.]  Clad  in  ra- 
diance <ir  brightness. 

SUN'D.W,  n.  [Sax.  sunna-dceg ;  G.  sonn- 
tag  ;  I),  zonditg  ;  Dan.  sbndng ;  Sw.  son- 
dag ;  so  called  because  this  day  was  an- 
ciently dedicated  to  the  sun,  or  to  its  wor- 
ship.] 

The  christian  sabbath;  the  first  day  of  the 
week,  a  day  consecrated  to  rest  from  secu- 
l.-.r  employmenis,  and  to  religious  worship. 
It  is  called  also  the  Lord's  day.  Many 
pious  persons  however  discard  the  use  of 
Sunday,  and  call  the  day  the  sabbath. 


SUN 


2. 


SUN'DER,  V.  t.  [Sax.  sundnan,  syndrian ; 
G.  sondern ;  Dan.  sonder,  tora  in  pieces ; 
Sw.  sondra,  to  divide.] 

1.  To  part;  to  separate  ;  to  divide;  to  disu- 
nite in  almost  any  manner,  either  by  rend- 
ing, cutting  or  breaking  ;  as,  to  sunder  a 
rope  or  cord  ;  to  sunder  a  limb  or  joint  ; 
to  iimrfer  friends,  or  the  ties  of  friendship. 
The  executioner  sunders  the  head  from 
the  body  at  a  stroke.  A  mountain  may 
be  sundered  by  an  earthquake. 

Bring  me  lightning,  give  me  thunder ; 
—-Jove  may  kill,  but  ne'er  shall  sunder. 

Granville. 

2.  To  expose  to  the  sun.  [Provincial  in 
England.] 

SUN'DER,  n.  In  sunder,  in  two. 

He  cutteth  the  spear  in  sunder.     P«.  xlvi. 

SUN  DERED,  pp.  Separated  ;  divided  ; 
parted. 

SUN'DERING,  ppr.  Parting;  separating. 

SUN'-DEW,  n.  [sim  and  dew.]  A  plant  of 
the  genus  Drosera.  Lee. 

SUN'-DIAL,  n.    [sun  and  dial.]    An  instru 
ment  to  show  the  time  of  day,  by  means 
of  the  shadow  of  a  gnomon  or  style  on  a 
plate.  Locke. 

SUN'-DRIED,  a.  [sun  and  rfr^.]  Dried  in 
the  rays  of  the  sun. 

SUN' DRY,  a.  [Sax.  sunder,  separate.]  Sev- 
eral ;  divers  ;  more  than  one  or  two. 
[This  word,  like  several,  is  indefinite  ;  but 
it  usually  signifies  a  small  number,  some- 
times many.) 

I  have  composed  sundry  collects. 

Saunaersoti 

Sundry  foes  the  rural  realm  surround. 

Dryden 

SUN'FISH,  n.   \sun  and  fish.]     A  name  of 

the  diodon,  a  genus  of  fishes  of  a  very  sin 

gular  form,  appearing  like  the  fore  part  of 

the  body  of  a  very  deep  fish  amputated  in 

the  middle.  Did.  JVat.  Hist. 

The  suufish  is   the    Tetraodon  mola  of 

Linne.  Q/"^- 

2.  The  basking  shark.  Cyc. 

SUN'FLOWER,    n.     [sun  and  flower.]     A 

plant  of  the  genus  Helianthus;  so  called 

from  the  form  and  color  of  its  flower,  or 

from  its  habit  of  turning  to  the  sun.     The 

hastard  sunflower  is  of  the  genus  Heleni- 

um  ;  the  dwarf  sunflower  is  of  the  genus 

Rudbeckia,  and  another  of  the  genus  Te- 

tragonotheca  ;  the  little  sunflower  \s  of  the 

genus  Cistus.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

SUNG,  pret.  and  pp.  of  sing. 

While  to  his  harp  divine  Amphion  sung. 

Pope. 
SUNK,  pret.  and  pp.  o{  sink. 

Or  toss'd  by  hope,  or  sunk  by  care.        Prior. 

SUN'LESS,  a.  [sun  and  less.]    Destitute  of 

the  sun  or  its  rays ;  shaded.  Thomson. 

SUN 'LIKE,  a.  [sun  and  like-]  Resembling 

the  sun.  Chcyne. 

SUN'NY,    a.    [from  sun.]     Like  the  sun; 

briiiht.  Spenser. 

3.  Proceeding    from    the    sun  ;    as    sunny 

lirams.  Spenser.\i 

3.  Exi)osed  to  the  rays  of  the  sun  ;  warmedj! 
by  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun  ;  as  the  sunny r 
side  of  a  hill  or  building.  | 

Hi:t    bloorniiig  mountains    and  her  stinny^ 
shores.  .Addison. \ 

4.  Colored  by  the  sun. 

ilcr  sunny  locks 
Hang  on  her  temples  like  a  golden  fleece. 

Shak 


SUP 

SUN'PROOF,  a.    [sun  and  proof] 
vious  to  the  ravs  of  the  sun 


Imper- 

Peele. 

SUN'RISE,      l^    [sun  and  rise.]  The  first 

ran 

above   the  horizon  in   the   morning  ;    or 


sh 


SUN'RISING,  ^       appearance  of  the  sun 


more  generally,  the  time  of  such  appear  ^ 
ance,  whether  in  fair  or  cloudy  weather. 
3.  The  east.  Raleigh. 

SUN'SET,  ?       [sun  and  set.]    The 

SUN'SETTING,  S  descent  of  the  sun 
below  the  horizon ;  or  the  time  when  the 
sunsets;  evening.  Raleigh.     Dryden. 

SUN'SHINE,  n.  [sun  and  shine.]  The  light 
of  the  sun,  or  the  place  where  it  shines; 
the  direct  rays  of  the  sun,  or  the   place 
where  they  fall. 
But  all  sunshine,  as  when  his  beams  at  noon 
Culminate  from  th'  equator.  Milton. 

A     place     warmed     and     illuminated  ; 
warmth  ;  illumination. 
The  man  that  sits  within  a  monarch's  heart, 
And  ripens  in  the  sunshine  of  his  favor. 

Shak. 

SUN'SHINE,  }       Bright   with  the  rays  of 

SUN'SHINY,  \  "■  the  sun  ;  clear,  warm  or 

pleasant ;  as   a   sunshiny  day  ;    sunshiny 

weather.  Boyle. 

3.  Bright  like  the  sun. 

Flashing  beams  of  that  sunshiny  shield. 

Speiiser. 
SUP,    V.  t.    [Sax.   supan  ;   D.  zuipen  ;  Fr. 

souper.     See  Soup  and  Sip.] 
To  take  into  the   mouth   with  the  lips,  as  a 
liquid  ;  to  take  or  drink   by  a  little  at  a 
time  ;  to  sip. 

There  I'll  sup 
Balm  and  nectar  in  my  cup.  Crashaw. 

SUP,  V.  i.  To  eat  the  evening  meal. 

When  they  had  supped,  they  brought  Tobias 
in.  Tubit. 

SUP,  I'.  *.  To  treat  with  supper. 
I         .Sfi/p  them  well.     [.Vot  inuse.]  Shak. 

SUP,  n.  A   small  mouthfiil,  as  of  liquor  or 
broth  ;  a  little  taken  with  the  lips  ;  a  sip. 
Tom  Thumb  got  a  little  sup.  Drayton. 

SUPER,  a  Latin  preposition,  Gr.  ujtep,  sig- 
nifies above,  over,  excess.     It  is  much  used 
in  composition. 
SU'PERABLE,  a.  [L.  superabilis,  from  su- 

pero,  to  overcome.] 
That  may  be  overcome  or  conquered.  These 

are  superable  difiiculties. 
SU'PERABLENESS,    n.    The    quality  of 

being  conquerable  or  surmountable. 
SU'PERABLY,    adv.    So  as  may  be  over- 
come. 
SUPERABOUND',  i-.  i.  [super  and  abound.] 
To  be  very  abundant  or  exuberant ;  to  be 
more  than  sufficient.     The  country  super- 
abounds  with  corn. 
SUPERABOUND'ING,;7/)r.  Abounding  be- 
yond want  or  necessity  ;  abundant  to  ex- 
cess or  a  great  degree. 
SUPERABUNDANCE,      n.     More    than 
enough  ;  excessive  abundance ;  as   a  su- 
perabundance  of  the   productions   of  the 
earth.  Woodward. 

SUPERABUND'ANT,     a.     Abounding    to 
j     excess ;  being  more  than  is  sufficient  ;  as 
superabundant  zeal.  Swift. 

SUPERABUNDANTLY,  adv.   More  than 
I     sufficiently.  Cheyne. 

SUPER ACiD'ULATED,  a.  [super  and  acid- 
1     tiliited]     Acidulated  to  excess. 
'SUPERADD',  r.i.  [super  ami  add.]  To  add 
j     over  and  above  ;  to  add  to  what  has  been 
I     added. 


SUP 

2.  To  add  or  annex  something  extrinsic. 
The   strength  of  a  living  creature,  in  those 
external  motions,  is    something   distinct  from 
and  superadded  to  its  natural  gravity. 

Unikins. 

SUPERADD  ED,     pp.     Added   over  and 
above. 

SUPERADDING,  ppr.   Adding  over  and 
above  ;  adding  something  extrinsic. 

SUPERADDP'TION,  n.  [super  and  addi- 
tion. ] 

1.  The  act  of  adding  to  something,  or  of 
adding  something  extraneous.  More. 

2.  That  which  is  added. 
This  superaddition  is  nothing  but  fat. 

.9rbuthju>f. 
SUPERADVE'NIENT,  a.  [L.  superadveni- 
ens.] 

1.  Coming  upon  ;  coming  to  the  increase  or 
assistance  of  something. 

When  a  man  has  done  bravely  by  the  super- 
adrenient  assistance  of  his  God —  More. 

2.  Coming  unexpectedly.  [This  word  is 
little  used.] 

SUPERANgEL'IC,  a.    [super  and  angelic] 

Superior  in  nature  or  rank  to  the  angels. 
One  class  of  Unitarians  believe  Christ  to 
be  a  superangelic  being. 

SUPERANNUATE,  v.  t.  [L.  super  and 
annus,  a  year.] 

To  impair  or  disqualify  by  old  age  and  in- 
firmity ;  as  a  superannuated  magistrate. 

Swift. 

SUPERANNUATE,  v.  i.  To  last  beyond 
the  vear.     (.V')(  in  use.]  Bacon. 

SUPERAN'NUATED,  pp.  Impaired  or 
disqualified  by  old  age. 

SUPERANNUA'TION,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing too  old  for  office  or  business,  or  of 
being  disqualified  by  old  age. 

SUPERB',  a.  [Fr.  superbe;  L.  superbus, 
proud,  from  super.] 

I.  Grand  ;  magnificent ;  as  a  superb  edifice  ; 
a  superb  colonnade. 

3.  Rich  ;  elegant  ;  as  superb  furniture  or 
decorations. 

3.  Showy;  pompous;  as  a  superi  exhibition. 

4.  Rich  ;  splendiil ;  as  a  superb  entertainment. 
.5.  August ;  stately. 
SUPERB'LY,    adv.    In    a   magnificent  or 

splendid  manner;  richly;  elegantly. 

SUPERCARGO,  n.  [su/jer  and  carg-o.]  An 
officer  or  person  in  a  merchant's  ship, 
whose  business  is  to  manage  the  sales  and 
superintend  all  the  commercial  concerns 
of  the  voyage. 

SUPERCELES'TIAL,  a.  [super  and  celes- 
tial.] 

Situated  above  the  firmament  or  great  vault 
of  heaven. 
Trans.  Patisanias.     Raleigh.     Woodward. 

SUPERCILIARY,  a.  [L.  super  and  cUium, 
the  eyebrow.]  Situated  or  being  above 
the  eyebrow.  As.  Res. 

The  superciliary  arch,  is  the  bony  superior 
arch  of  the  orbit.  Cyc. 

SUPERCILIOUS,  a.  [L.superciliosus.  See 
above.] 

1.  Lorty  with  pride;  haughty;  dictatorial; 
overbearing;  as  a  supercilious  officer. 

3.  Manifesting  haughtiness,  or  proceeding 
from  it  ;  overhearing  ;  as  a  supercilious 
air;  supercilious  behavior. 

SUPERCILIOUSLY,  adv.  Haughtily  ;  dog- 
mfitically;  w^itli  an  air  of  contempt. 

1  Clarendon. 


SUP 


SUP 


SUP 


SUPERCILIOUSNESS,  n.    Iliiuglitiness 

an  oveibeaiiiig  ti'iiiper  or  iimnncr. 
SUPERCONCEi"TION,     n.      [super    and 
conception.]     A  conception  after  a  former 
conception.  Brown. 

SUPER€ON'SEQUENCE,  n.  [super  and 
consequence.]  Remote  consequence.  [J^ot 
used.]  Brown. 

SUPERCRES'CENCE,  n.  [L.  super  and 
crescens.] 

That  wliich  grows  upon  anotlier  growing 
tiling.  Brown. 

SUPER€RES'CENT,  a.  [supra.]  Growing 
on  some  other  growing  thing. 

Johnson. 

SUPEREM'INENCE,  ?  „     [L.    super    and 

SUPEREM'INENCY,  S  emineo.]  Emi- 
nence superior  to  what  is  common ;  dis 
tinguished  eminence  ;  as  the  superemi- 
nence  of  Cicero  as  an  orator ;  the  super- 
emineyice  of  Dr.  Johnson  as  a  writer,  or  of 
lord  Cliatham  as  a  statesman. 

SUPEREM'INENT,  a.  Eminent  in  a  supe- 
rior degree ;  surpassing  otiiers  in  e.xcel- 
lence  ;  as  a  suptreminenl  divine  ;  the  su- 
pereminenl  glory  of  Christ. 

SUPEREM'INENTLV,  adv.  In  a  superior 
degree  of  excellence ;  with  unusual  dis- 
tinction. 

SUPERER'OGANT,  a.  Supererogatory, 
which  see.  Slackhuuse. 

SUPERER'OGATE,  v.  i.  [L.  super  and  er- 
ogalio,  e7-ogo.] 

To  do  more  than  duty  requires.     Aristotle's 
followers   have   supcrerogated   in   observ 
ance.     [Little  used.]  Gtanville. 

SUPEREROGATION,  n.  [supra.]  Per- 
formance of  more  than  duty  requires. 

There  is  no  such  thing  as  woiks  of  superero- 
gation.  Tillotson. 

SUPEREROG'ATIVE,  a.  Supererogatory. 
[N'ot  much  used.]  Stafford. 

SUPEREROG'ATORY,  a.  Performed  to 
an  extent  not  enjoined  or  not  required  by 
duly  ;  as  supererogatory  services. 

Hoirell. 

SUPERESSEN'TIAL,  a.  [super  and  essen- 
tial.] 

Essential  above  others,  or  above  the  consti- 
tution of  a  thing.  Pausanias,  Trans. 

SUPEREX.iiLT',  V.  t.  [super  and  exalt.]  To 
exalt  to  a  superior  degree.  Barrow. 

SUPEREXaLTA  TION,  n.  [super  and  ex- 
altation.] Elevation  above  the  common 
degree.  Holiday. 

SUPEREX'CELLENCE,  n.  [superaml  ex- 
cellence.]    Superior  excellence. 

SUPEREX'CELLENT,  a.  Excellent  in  an 
unconmion  degree  ;  very  excellent. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

SUPEREX€RES'CENCE,  n.  [super  and 
excrescence.]  Something  superSuousIy 
growing.  jyiseman. 

SUPERFEeUND'lTY,  .i.  [super  ami  fe- 
cundity.] Superabniidaiit  fecundity  or 
multiplication  of  the  specie.*.  Paley. 

SUPERFE'TATE,   v.  i.   [L.  super  and  >- 
tus.]     To  conceive  after  a  prior  concep- 
tion. 
The  female  is  said  to  superfetatc.  Grew. 

SUPERFETA'TION,  n.  A  second  concep- 
tion after  a  prior  one,  and  before  the  birth 
of  the  first,  by  which  two  fetuses  are 
growing  at  once  in  the  same  matrix. 

Howell. 


SU'PERFETE,  i;.  i.  To  superfetate.  [Mile 

used.]^  ^  Howell. 

SU'PEKl'ETE,    V.  t.   To   conceive  after  a 

former  conception.     [Little  used.] 

Howell. 
SU'PERFICE,     n.     Superficies  ;   surface. 

[Little  u.ied.]     [See  Superfcies.] 
SUPIORFI'CIAL,    a.    (^It.  superfciule ;  Sp. 

superficial ;  Fr.  superjiciel  ;   from  supeiji- 

cies.] 

1.  Being  on  the  surface;  not  penetrating  the 
substance  of  a  tiling;  as  a  superficial  col- 
or ;  a  .superficial  covering. 

2.  Composing  the  surface  or  exterior  part ; 
as,  soil  constitutes  the  superficial  part  of 
the  earth. 

3.  Shallow  ;  contrived  to  cover  something. 

This  superficial  tale 
Is  but  a  preface  to  her  worthy  praise.       ,Shak 

4.  Shallow  ;  not  deep  or  profound  ;  reach- 
ing or  comprehending  only  what  is  obvi- 
ous or  apparent ;  as  a  supeifcial  scholar ; 
superficial  knowledge.  Dn/den 

SUPERFICIALITY,  n.  The  quality  of| 
being  superficial.  [.Vol  much  used.]  Brown 

SUPERFI'CIALLY,  adv.  On  the  surface 
only  ;  as  a  substance  superficially  tinged 
with  a  color. 

2.  On    the   surface   or  exterior   part  only ; 
without  penetrating  the  substance  or  es 
sence  ;  as,  to  survey  things  superficially. 

Milton. 

3.  Without  going  deep  or  searching  things 
to  the  bottom  ;  slightly.  He  reasons  su- 
perficially. 

1   have   laid  down  superficially  my   present 
thoughts.  IJrydcn 

SUPERFI'CIALNESS,  n.  Shallowness; 
position  on  the  surface. 

2.  Slight  knowledge ;  shallowness  ofobser 
vation  or  learning;  show  without  sub- 
stance. 

SUPERFP'CIES,  n.  [L.  from  super,  upon, 
ant]  fades,  face.] 

The  surface  ;  the  exterior  part  of  a  thing.  A 
superficies  consists  of  length  and  breadth  ; 
as  the  superfcics  of  a  plate  or  of  a  sphere. 
Superficies  is  rectilinear,  curvilinear,  plane, 
convex  or  concave. 

SU'PERFIiNE,  a.  [super  ami  fne.]  Very 
fine  or  most  fine  ;  surjiassing  others  in 
fineness  ;  as  superfine  cloth.  The  word 
is  chic-fiy  used  of  cloth,  but  sometimes  of 
liquors ;  as  supcrfne  wine  or  cider ;  and 
of  other  things,  as  supeifine  wire  ;  superfine 
flour. 

SUPEU'FLUENCE,  n.  [L.  st/;)tr  and/»o 
to  flow.]  Superfluity  ;  more  than  is  ne- 
cessary.    [Little  used.]  Hammond. 

SUPERFLU  ITANCE,  »i.  [L.  super  ami  fu- 
ilo,  to  float.] 

The  act  of  floating  above  or  on  the  surface. 
[Little  used.]  Brown 

SUPERFLU'ITANT,  a.  Floating  above  oi 
oil  the  surface.     [Lillle  used.]  Brown 

SUPERFLU'ITY,  ii.  [Fr.  siipeifluUt ;  lt.su- 
perfluilii ;  L.  superfluitas ;  super  ami  fluo, 
to  flow.] 

1.  Superabundance  ;  a  greater  quantity  than 
is  wanted  ;  as  a  superfluity  of  water  or 
provisions. 

2.  Something  that  is  beyond  what  is  want- 
ed; something  rendered  unnecessary  by 
ils  abundance.  Among  the  supeifluities  of 
life  we  seldom  number  the  abuudance  ot| 
raonev. 


SUPER'FLUOUS,  a.  [L.  superjtuus,  ovee • 
flowing  ;  super  ami  fluo,  to  flow.] 

1.  More  than  is  wanted  ;  rendered  unneces- 
sary by  su|ierabundance  ;  as  a  superfluous 
supply  of  corn. 

2.  More  than  sufficient ;  unnecessary  ;  use- 
less ;  as  a  composition  ahoiiudiiig  with  su- 
perfluous words.  .S'u/;pr/7uoiwepilhet.<  rath- 
er enfeeble  than  strengthen  description. 
If  vrhat  has  been  said  will  not  convince, it 
would  be  superfluous  to  say  more. 

S'ujicifluous  intenal,  in  music,  is  one  that 
exceeds  a  true  diatonic  interval  by  a  semi- 
tone minor.  Cyc. 

Superfluous  polygamy,  (Potygamia  superflua,) 
a  kind  of  inflorescence  or  compound  flow- 
er, in  which  the  florets  of  the  disk  are  her- 
maphrodite and  fertile,  and  those  of  the 
ray,  though  female  or  pistilifcrous  only, 
are  also  fertile  ;  designating  the  second  or- 
der of  the  class  Syr.genesia  of  Linne. 

.Martyn. 

Superfluous  sound  or  tone,  is  one  which  con- 
tains a  semitone  minor  more  than  a  tone. 

Cyc. 

SUPER'FLUOUSLY,  adv.  With  excess  ;  ia 
a  degree  beyond  what  is  necessary. 

SUPER'FLUOUSNESS,  n.  The  state  of 
being  superfluous  or  beyond  what  is 
wanted. 

SU'PERFLUX,  n.  [L.  super  and  fluxus.] 
That  which  is  more  than  is  wanted.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Shak. 

SUPERFOLIA'TION,  n.  [super  and  folia- 
tion.]    Excess  of  foliation.     [A'o/  used.] 

Brown. 

SUPERHU'MAN,  a.  [super  and  human.] 
Above  or  beyond  what  is  human;  divine. 

SUPERIMPOSE,  V.  t.  superimpo'ze.  [super 
and  impose.] 

To  lay  or  impose  on  something  else  ;  as  a 
stratum  of  earth  superimposed  on  a  differ- 
ent stratum.  Kirwan. 

SUPERIMPO'SED,  pp.  Laid  or  imposed  on 
something.  Humboldt. 

SUPERIMPO'SL\G,;);>r.  Laying  on  some- 
thing else. 

SUPERIMPOSI  TION,  n.  The  act  of  lay- 
ing or  the  state  of  being  placed  on  some- 
thing else.  Kirican. 

SUPERIMPREGNA'TION,  h.  [super  and 
impregnation.] 

The  act  of  impregnating  upon  a  prior  im- 
|)regnation  ;  impregnation  when  previous- 
ly impregnated.  Coxe. 

SUPERINCUMBENT,  a.  [iH/jer  and  mci/m- 
bent.]    Lying  or  resting  on  something  else. 

SUPERINDU  CE,  v.  t.  [super  and  induce.] 
To  bring  in  or  upon  as  an  addition  to 
something ;  as,  to  superinduce  a  virtue  or 
quality  upon  a  person  not  before  possess- 
ing it. 

Long  custom  of  sinning  fupcrinducet  upon 
tlie  soul  Dew  and  afisurd  desires.  South. 

SUPERINDU  CED,  pp.  Induced  or  brought 
upon  something. 

SUPERINDUCING,  ppr.  Inducing  on 
something  else. 

SUPERINDUC'TION,  n.  The  act  of  super- 
inducing. 

The  superindueiion  of  ill  habits  quickly  de- 
faces the  tirst  rude  draug;ht  of  virtue.        South 

SUPERINJEC'TION,  n.   [super  and  injec- 

Hon.] 
An  injection  succeeding  another.  Did. 


SUP 


SUP 


SUP 


SUPERINSPECT',  v.  t.  [supet-  and  inspect.] 
To  oversee  ;  to  superintend  by  inspection. 
[LAtUt  used.] 

SUPKRINSTITU'TION,  n.  [super  and  in- 
slitulion.] 

One  institution  upon  another  ;  as  when  A  is 
instituted  and  admitted  to  a  benefice  upon 
a  title,  and  B  is  instituted  and  admitted 
upon  the  presentation  of  another. 

Bailty. 

SUPF.RINTELLE€'TUAL,  a.  [super  and 
intetlectuiiL] 

Bcinj;  above  intellect.         Pausanias,  Trans. 

SUPERINTEND',  v.  t.  [.super  an(\  intend.] 
To  have  or  exercise  the  charge  and  over- 
sight of;  to  oversee  with  the  power  of  di- 
rection ;  to  take  care  of  with  authority  ; 
as,  an  officer  superintends  the  building  of 
a  shi|)()r  the  consiruciion  of  a  fort.  God 
exercises  a  superintending  care  over  all 
his  creatures. 

SUPERINTENDED,  pp.  Overseen  ;  taken 

SUPERINTENDENCE,  ?      The    act   ofl 

SUPERINTEND'ENCY,  S  superintend- 
ing ;  care  and  oversight  for  the  purpose  of 
direction,  and  with  authority  to  direct. 

SUPERINTENDENT,  n.  One  who  has 
the  oversight  and  charge  of  something, 
with  the  power  of  direction  ;  as  the  supei-- 
intendent  of  an  ahns-house  or  w  ork-house  ; 
the  superintendent  of  public  works  :  the  su- 
perintendent of  customs  or  finance. 

2.  An  ecclesiastical  superior  in  some  re- 
formed churches. 

SUPERINTENDING,  ppr.  Overseeing 
with  the  authority  to  direct  what  shall 
be  done  and  how  it  shall  be  done. 

SUPE'RIOR,  a.  [Sp.  L.  from  super,  above; 
Fr.  supericur ;  II.  superiort.] 

1.  Higher;  upper;  more  elevated  in  place; 
as  the  superior  limb  of  the  sun  ;  the  supe- 
rior part  of  an  image.  N'ewlon. 

2.  Higher  in  rank  or  office  ;  more  exalted  in 
dignity  ;  as  a  superior  officer  ;  a  superior 
degree  of  nobility. 

3.  Higher  or  greater  in  excellence ;  surpass 
ing  others  in  tlie  greatness,  goodness  or 
value  of  any  qiudity  ;  as  a  man  of  siipericw 
merit,  of  superior  bravery,  of  superior  ta 
ems  or  understanding,  of  superior  accom- 
plishments. 

4.  Being  beyond  the  power  or  influence  of 
too  great  or  firm  to  be  subdued  or  affected 
by  ;  as  a  tnan  superior  to  revenge. 

There  is  not  on  earth  a  spectacle  more  wor- 
thy than  a  great  man  superior  to  his  sufferings 
'  Sjiectator 

5.  In  botany,  a  superior  Jlou'tr  has  the  recep- 
tacle of  the  flower  above  the  germ  ;  a  su- 
perior germ  is  included  within  the  corol. 

Martyn. 
SUPE'RIOR,  n.  One  who  is  more  advanced 
in  age.     Old  persons  or  elders  are  the  su 
periors  of  the  young. 

2.  One  who  is  more  elevated  in  rank  or  of- 
fice. 

3.  One  who  .surpasses  others  in  dignity,  ex- 
celleiice  or  qtuilitics  of  any  kind.  "As  a 
writer  of  pure  English,  Addison  has  no 
sujnrwr. 

4.  The  chief  of  a  monastery,  convent  or  ab- 
bey. 

SUPKRIOR'ITY,  n.  Pre-eminence;  the 
quality  of  bein;;  uinre  a(lvanci-<l  nr  higher, 
greater  or  more  excellent  than  anotiier  in 


any  respect;  as  aupen'oriiy  of  age,  of  ranki 
or  dignity,  of  attaiimients  or  excellence. 
The  superiority  of  others  in  fortune  and 
rank,  is  more  readily  acknowledged  than 
superiority  of  understanding. 

SUPERLA'TION,  11.  [L.  superlatio.]  Exah- 
ation  of  any  thing  beyond  truth  or  propri- 
ety.    [I  betierc  not  used.]  B.  Jonson. 

SUPER'LATIVE,  a.  [Vr.  superlalif;  h.  su- 
perlativus  ;  super  and  latio,  latus.Jero.] 

1.  Highest  in  degree;  most  eminent;  sur- 
passing ail  other  ;  as  a  nian  of  superlative 
wisdom  or  prudence,  of  superlative  worth  ; 
a  woman  of  superlative  beauij. 

2.  Supreme;  as  ihe  superlative  glory  of  the 
divine  character. 

3.  In  grammar,  expressing  the  highest  or  ut- 
most degree  ;  as  the  superlative  degree  of 
comparison. 

SUPER'LATIVE,  n.  In  grammar,  the  su- 
perlative degree  of  adjectives,  which  is 
formed  by  the  termination  est,  as  meanest 
highest,  bravest ;  or  by  the  use  of  most,  as 
most  high,  most  brave  ;  or  by  least,  as  least 
amiable. 
SUPER'LATIVELY,  adv.  In  a  manner  ex- 
pressing the  utmost  degree. 

1  shall  not  speak  supeilatively  of  them. 

Bacon. 

2.  In  the  highest  or  utmost  degree.  Tiberius 

was  superlatively  wicked  ;  Clodius  wassn- 

perlatively  profligate. 

SUPER'LATIVENESS,    n.    The  state  of 

being  in  the  highest  degree. 
SUPERLU'NAR,     {       [h.  super  and  luna, 
SUPERLU'NARY,  I  "■  the  moon.] 
Being  above  the  moon  ;  not  sublunary  or  of 
this  world. 

The  head  that  turns  at  superlunar  things. 

Pope. 
SUPERMUN'DANE,   a.    [siiper  and  mun- 
dane.]    Being  above  the  world. 

Pans.  TVans. 
SUPERN'AL,  a.  [L.  supernus,  super.]  Being 
in  a  higher  place  or  region  ;  hjcally  high- 
er ;  as  the  supernal  orbs ;  supernal  regions. 

Raleigh. 
2.  Relating  to  things  above  ;  celestial ;  heav- 
enly ;  as  supernal  grace. 

Not  by  the  sufferings  of  supernal  pow'r. 

Milton 
SUPERNA'TANT,  a.    [L.  snpernalans,  su- 

pernato  ;  super  and  nato,  to  swim.] 
Swimming  above  ;  floating   on   the  surface; 


oil  supernatant  f>n  water. 


Boyle. 


SUPERNATA  TION,  n.  The  act  of  floatmg 
on  the  sin-face  of  a  fluid.  Bacon. 

SUPERNAT'URAL,  a.  [.luper  and  natural.] 
Being  beyond  or  exceeding  the  powers  or 
laws  of  nature;  tniraculous.  A  supernat- 
ural event  is  one  which  is  not  produced 
according  to  the  ordinary  or  established 
laws  of  natural  things.  Thus  if  iron  has 
more  specific  gravity  than  water,  it  will 
sink  in  that  fluid;  and  the  floating  of  iron 
on  water  nnisl  he  a  supernatural  event. 
Now  no  human  being  can  alter  a  law  of 
nature  ;  the  floating  of  iron  on  water 
therefore  ituist  he  caused  by  divine  power 
specially  exerted  -to  suspend,  in  this  in- 
stance, a  law  of  nature.  Hence  supernat- 
ural events  or  miracles  can  be  produced 
only  by  the  immediate  agency  of  divine 
power 


of  nature.  The  prophets  must  have  been 
supernaturally  taught  or  enlighteneil,  for 
their  predictions  were  beyond  human  fore- 
knowledge. 

Sl'PERNAT'URALNESS,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  beyond  the  power  or  or- 
dinary laws  of  nature. 

SUPERNU'MERARY,  a.  [Fr.  supemume- 
raire  ;  L.  super  and  numerus,  nuniher.] 

1.  Exceeding  the  number  stated  or  prescrib- 
ed; as  a  supern umerart)  o&rer  in  a  regi- 
ment ;  a  supernumerary  canon  in  the 
church. 

2.  Exceeding  a  necessary,  a  ustial  or  a  round 
nundier  ;  as  supernumerary  addresses  ;  su- 
pernumeraty  expense.  Addison.     Fell. 

SUPERNU'MERARY,  n.  A  person  orthing 
beyond  the  ninnber  stated,  or  beyond  what 
is  necessary  or  usual.  On  the  reduction 
of  the  regiments,  several  supernumeraries 
were  to  he  provided  for. 

SUPERPARTIC'ULAR,  a.  [super  and  par- 
ticular.] 

Noting  a  ratio  when  the  excess  of  the  great- 
er term  is  a  unit ;  as  the  ratio  cf  1  to  2,  or 
of3to4.  Encyc. 

SUPERP'ARTIENT,  a.  [L.  super  ami  par- 
tio.] 

Noting  a  ratio  when  the  excess  of  the  great- 
er term  is  njore  than  a  unit;  as  that  of 3 
to  5,  or  of  7  to  10.  Encyc. 

SU'PERPLANT,  n.  [super  aru\  plant.]  A 
plant  growing  on  another  plant;  as  the 
misletoe.  [J^'ot  used.]  [We  now  use  para- 
site.] Bacon. 

SUPERPl.rS'.\GE,  n.  [L.  super  and  pto.] 
That  which  is  more  than  enough  ;  excess. 
[VVe  now  use  surplusage,  which  see.] 

Fell. 

SUPERPON'DERATE,  v.  t.  [L.  super  aud 
pondero.] 

To  weigh  over  and  above.     [J^ot  used.] 

Did. 

SUPERPOSE,  V.  t.  superpo'ze.  [super  and 
Fr.  poser,  to  lay.] 

To  lay  upon,  as  one  kind  of  rock  on  another. 

SUPERPO'SED,  pp.  Laid  or  being  upon 
souiething.  Humboldt. 

SUPERPOSING,  ppr.  Placing  upon  some- 
thing. 

SUPERPOSP'TION,  n.  [super  and  position.] 

1.  A  placing  above;  a  lying  or  being  situ- 
ated above  or  ujion  something  ;  as  the  su- 
perposition of  rocks.  Humboldt. 

2.  That  which  is  situated  above  or  upon 
somethinff  else. 

SU'PERPRAISE,  t'.  t.  su'perpraze.  To 
praise  to  excess.  Shak. 

SUPERPROPORTION,  n.  [super  and  pro- 
portion.]    Over])lus  of  proportion. 

Digby. 
SUPERPURGA'TION,  n.   [super  and  pur- 
gation.] More  purgation  than  is  sufficient. 

Ifiseman. 
SUPERREFLEC'TION,  n.    [«i(;)er  and  rc- 

Jlection.] 
The  reflection  of  an  image  reflected. 

Bacon. 
SUPERREWARD',  v.  t.  To  reward  to  ex- 
cess. Bacon. 
SUPERROY'AL,     a.     [super    and    royal.] 
Largir   tliiin   royal;  denoting   the  largest 
pecics  of  pruitiiig  pap<'r. 


SUPKRNAT'URALLY,  adv.    In  n  maim.r!  SUI'ERSA'LIENCY,  n.  [L.  super  and  salio. 
exceeding  the  established  course  or  laws      to  leap.] 


SUP 


SUP 


SUP 


Tlie  act  of  leaping  on  any  tiling.  [Little' 
used.]  Brown. 

SUPEKSA'LIENT,  a.  Leaping  upon. 

SU'PKRSaLT,  n.  In  chiniisliy,  a  salt  with 
an  excess  of  acid,  as  supertaitrate  of  pot- 
ash. Ci/c. 

SUPHRSAT'URATE,  v.  t.  [L.  super  niui 
aaturo.]  To  saturate  to  excess.  Cliim 
ialrt). 

SUI't:RSAT'URATED,  pp.  Saturated  to 
excess. 

SUPERSAT'URATIi\G,;);>r.  Saturating  or 
filling  to  excess. 

SUPERSATURA'TION,  n.  The  operation 
of  saturating  to  excess ;  or  tlie  state  of  he 
ing  thus  saturated.  Fourcruy. 

SUPERSCRI'BE,  V.  t.  [L.  super  and  scribo, 
to  write.] 

To  write  or  engrave  on  the  top,  outside  or 
surface  ;  or  to  write  the  name  or  address 
of  one  on  the  outside  or  cover  ;  as,  to  su- 
perscribe a  letter. 

SUPEKS€RI'BED,  pp.  Inscribed  on  the 
outside. 

SUPERSCRIBING,  ppr.  Inscribing,  wri- 
ting or  engraving  on  the  outside,  or  on  the 
top. 

SUPERSeRIP'TION,  n.  The  act  of  super- 
Ei'iihing. 

3.  Tiiat  wliich  is  written  or  engraved  on  the 
outside,  or  above  something  else. 

trailer. 
The  superscription    of  his  accusation   nas 
written  over,  the  King  of  the  Jews.    Mark 
XV.  Luke  xxiii. 

3.  An  impression  of  letters  on  coins.  Matt. 
xxii. 

SUPERSEe'ULAR,  a.  [super  iuu\  secular.] 
Being  above  the  world  or  seiiilar  things. 

SUPERSEDE,  v.l.  [L.  supersedto ;  super 
and  sedeo,  to  sit.] 

1.  Literally,  to  set  above;  hence,  to  make 
void,  inefficacious  or  useless  by  sui>erior 
power,  or  by  coming  in  tlie  place  of;  to 
set  aside  ;  to  render  unneressury  ;  to  sus- 
pend. The  use  of  artillery  in  niuk 
breaches  in  walls,  has  superseded  the  u.«c 
of  the  battering  rain.  Tlie  eflect  of  pas 
sion  is  to  supersede  the  workings  of  reason. 

South. 

Nothing  is   stippo«ed  that  can  supersede  llic 

known  laws  of  natviral  motion.  Bentley 

2.  To  come   or   be   placed   in   the   room  of 
hence,  to  displace  or  reinlpr  umiecessarv  '• 
as,  an  officer  is  superseded  by  the  appoint 
niciit  of  another  person. 

SUPEKSE'DEAS,  n.  In  /nic,  a  writ  of  ««■ 
persedeas,  is  a  writ  or  command  to  suspend 
the  powers  of  an  officer  in  certain  cases, 
or  to  stay  piiiccedinjxs.  This  writ  does 
not  destroy  the  p(>W(  r  of  an  officer,  for  it 
may  be  revived  by  another  writ  called  a 
procedcndu.  Blackstone 

SUPERSEDED,;);).  Made  void  ;  ren.lered 
unnecessary  or  inefficacious  ;  displaced  ; 
suspended. 

SUPERSEDING,  ppr.  Coming  in  the  place 
of;  setting  aside ;  rendering  useless  ;  dis- 
placing ;  suspending. 

SUPER.*E'DURE,  n.  The  act  of  super 
seding  ;  as  the  supersedure  of  trial  by  jury. 
[.Veu'.l  Hamilton,  Fed. 

SUPERSERV'ICEABLE,  a.  [super  and  ser- 
viceable.] 

Over  officious  ;  doing  more  than  is  required 
or  desired.     [ATot  in  use.]  Shak. 

Vol.  11. 


SUPERSTI'TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  sunersti-' 
lio,  super. •ito  ,  super  and  slo,  to  slantl.J  I 

Excessive  exactness  or  rigor  in  religious' 


ing  languages  as  the  foundation,  and  pro- 
ceed to  erect  on  that  foundation  the  super- 
slructure  of  science. 


opinions  or  practice ;  extreme  and  unne- 
cessary scruples  in  the  observance  of  re- 
ligious rites  not  coninianded,  or  of  points 
of  niiiiDr  iiiiportaiice  ;  excess  or  extrava 
gance  in  religion  ;  the  doing  of  things  not 
reqtiircil  by  (lod,  or  ab.-.iaiiiing  from  things 
not  forbidden  ;  or  the  bdicfot' what  is  ab- 
surd, or  belief  without  esidence.  Brown 
Superslilwn  has  relerence  to  God,  to   iclig- 

ion,  or  to  beings  superior  to  man.  £ncyc 

False  religion  ;  false  worship. 

Rite  or  practice  proceeding  from  excess 
of  scruples  in  religion.  lu  this  sense,  it 
admits  ol'a  plural. 

They  the  truth 
With  superstitions  and  traditions  taint. 

Milton. 

Excessive  nicety  ;  scrupulous  exactness.; 

Belief  in  the   direct   agency  of  sujierior 
powers  in  certain  extraordinary  or  singu- 
lar events,  or  in  omens  and  inognostics. 
SUPERSTF'TIONIST,  n.  One  addicted  to 
superstition.  More. 

SUPERSTl'TIOUS,  a.  [Fr.  superslilieux i 
L.  superstitiosus.] 

Over  scrupulous  and  rigid  in  religious  ob- 
servances ;  addicted  to  superstition ;  lull 
of  idle  fancies  and  scruples  in  regard  to 
religion  ;  as  superstitious  people. 

Proceeding  from  superstition;  manifest- 
ing superstition  :  as  superstitious  rites  ;  su- 
perstitious obser\  ancps. 

Over  exact ;  scrupulous  beyond  need. 


Superstitious  use,  in  law,  the  use  of  land  for 
a  religious  purpose,  or  by  a  religious  cor- 
poration. 

SUi'ERSTI'TIOUSLV,  adv.  In  a  supersti- 
tious manner;  with  excessive  regard  to 
uiicommanded  rites  or  unessential  opin- 
iins  and  forms  in  religion.  Bacon. 

2.  With  too  much  care  ;  with  excessive  ex- 
actness or  scruple.  ' 

;{.  With  extreme  credulity  in  regard  to  the 
agency  of  superior  beings  in  extraordinary 
events. 

SUPERSTL'TIOUSNESS,  n.  Superstition 


SUPERSI  BSTAN'TIAL,a.  [super and sub- 

\     slantinl.] 

More  than  substantial ;  being  more  than  sub- 
stance. Cyc. 

SUPERSUL'PIIATE,  n.  Suljihate  with  an 

■     excess  of  acid. 

SIPERSLL'PHURETED,  a.  Combined 
with  an  excess  of  sulphur.  Jlikin. 

SI  PERTERRE'NE,  a.  [super  and  terrene.] 

j     Being  above  ground,  or  above  the  earth. 

flttt. 

iSUPERTERRES'TRlAL,  a.  Being  above 
the  earth,  or  above  what  belongs  to  the 
earth.  Buckminsler. 

SUPERTON'IC,  n.  In  music,  the  note  next 
above  the  key-note.  Busby. 

SUPERTRAti'ICAL,  a.  Tragical  to  excess. 

Jf'arton. 

SUPERVACA'NEOUS,  a.  [h.  supervacane- 
us  ;  super  and  vaco,  to  make  void.] 

Superfluous  ;  unnecessary  ;  needless ;  serv- 
ing no  purpose.  Howell. 

SUPER VA€A'NEOUSLY,arfi>.  Needlessly. 

SUPERVA€A'NEOUSNESS,  n.  Needless- 
ness.  Bailey. 

SUPER VE'NE,  V.  i.  [L.  supervenio;  super 
and  venio.] 

1.  To  come  upon  as  something  extraneous. 
Such  a  niuliial  gravitation  can  never  super- 
vene to  matter,  unless  impressed  bj  divine  pow- 
er. Bentley. 

]2.  To  come  upon  ;  to  happen  to. 

SUPEKVE'MENT,  a.  Coming  upon  as 
something  additional  or  extraneous. 

That  branch  of  belief  was  in  him  superven- 
ient to  christian  practice.  Hammond. 
Divorces  can  be  granted,   a  mensa  et  turo, 
only  for  r-upervenient  causes.  Z  Swi/t 

SUPERVENTION,  n.  The  act  of  super- 

SUPERVI'SAL,       I    ,     5  supervi'zal,       ) 
SUPERVP'SION,   I   "•    }  supervi-.h'on.    I 

[from  supervise.]     The  act  of  overseeing  ; 

inspection ;  superintendence. 

7*00*6.     ffalsh. 
SUPERVI'SE,    n.    supervi'ze.    Inspection. 

\Xot  used.]  Shak. 


SUPERSTRA'IN,  v.t.    [^"/'er  and   *<™»i.|  gi^tpEKVI'SE,  v.t.  [h.  super  aM  visxTsT'ik. 
lo  overstrain  or  stretch.     [Ltttle  used.]     •      j^g  to  see.] 

ci'i>ni'aTn  A/i-i'ivT        r  i    ,    f"^"",'  To  oversee  ;  to  superintend  ;  lo  inspect ;  as, 

fel  PEKSTRA'Tl  M,  n   [svperami  stratum.]       ,„  ,„i„rvise  the  press  for  correction. 
A  stratum  or  laver  above  another,  or  rest-!  ,-,,,nr-i>ii,^..i-v  • 

on  somethin"g  else.  .Isiat.  Res.  ^..l^'^V.   .^P.'.  P^'  ^"^P<^cted. 


SUPERSTRUCT',  v.  t.  [h.  superstruo ;  su- 
per and  struo,  to  lay.]  To  build  upon  ;  to 
erect. 

This  is  the  only  proper  basis  on  which  to  su- 
perstrurt  lirst  innocence  and  then  virtue. 
[Little  used.'\  Decay  of  Piety. 

SUPERSTRUC'TION,  n.  An  edifice  erect- 
ed on  something. 

My  own    profession   hath   taught  me  not  to 
erect  new  super itruciions  on  an  old  ruin. 

Denham. 
SUPERSTRU€T'IVE,   a.   Built  or  erected 
on  something  else.  Hammond., 

SUPERSTRUCTURE,  n.  Any  structure  or 
edifice  built  on  something  else  ;  jianicular- 
ly,  the  building  raised  on  a  (iiuiidatioii. 
This  word  is  used  to  distinguish  what  is 
erected  on  a  wall  or  foundation  from  the  j 
foundation  itself.  '' 

Any  thing  erected  on  a  foundation  orba- 1 
sis.     In  education,  we  begin  with  teach-l 

86 


SUPERVISING,  ppr.  Overseeing ;  inspect- 
ing ;  superintending. 

SUPER  VISOR,  71.  An  overseer;  an  in- 
spector ;  a  superintendent ;  as  the  super- 
visor of  a  pamphlet.  Dryden. 

SI'PERVI'VE,  V.  I.  \L.  super  and  vivo,  to 
live.] 

To  live  beyond  ;  to  outlive.  The  soul  will 
supervive  all  the  revolutions  of  nature. 
[Little  used.]     [See  Sun'ive.] 

SUPINATION,  n.  [L.  supino.]  The  act  of 
lying  or  slate  of  being  laid  with  the  face 
upward. 

2.  The  act  of  turning  the  palm  of  the  hand 
upwards.  Lawrence's  Led. 

SI  PIN.A'TOR,    n.    In   anatomy,  a  muscle 
that  turns  the  palm  of  the  baud  upward. 
I  PI'NE,  a.  [L.   supinus.]     Lying  on   the 
back,  or  with  the  face  upward  ;  opposed 
to  prone. 


SUP 

2.  Leaning  backward  ;  or  inclining  with  ex- 
posure to  tiie  sun. 

If  the  vine 
On  risine  ground   be  plac'd  on  hills  supine — 
^  *  Dryden. 

3.  Negligent ;  heedless ;  indolent ;  thought- 
less ;  inattentive. 

He  became   pusiUanimous  and  supine,  and 
openly  exposed  to  any  temptation. 

Woodward. 
These  men  suffer  by  their  supine  credulity. 
K.  Charles. 
SU'PINR,  n.  [L.  supinwn.]    In  grammar,  a 
word  formed  from  a  verb,  or  a  niodifica-i 
tion  of  a  verb. 
SUPI'NELY,  adv.  With  the  face  upward. 
2.  Carelessly ;   indolently  ;    drowsily  ;    in   a 
heedless,  thoughtless  state. 

Who  on  beds  of  sin  svpinely  lie.         Sandys. 
SUPI'NENESS,  n.  A   lying  with  the   face 

u))war<l. 
2.    Indolence;     drowsiness;     heedlessness. 
Many  of  the  evils  of  life  are  owing  to  our 
own  svpineness. 
SUPINITY,  for  siipineness,  is  not  used. 
SUP'PAuE,  11.  [from  sup.]    What  may  be 
supped;  pottage.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Hooker. 
SUPPALPA'TION,  n.  [L.   suppalpor ;   sub 

and  patpor,  to  stroke.] 
The   act   of  enticing  by  soft  words.     [Jvot 
used.]  Hall 

SUPPARASITA'TION,  n.    [L.  supparasi- 

tor  ;  sub  and  parasite.] 
The  act  of  flattering  merely   to  gain  favor. 
rjVoJ  in  use.]  Hall. 

SUPPEDA'NEOUS,  a.  [L.  sitt  and  ;)es,  the 

foot.] 

Being  under  the  feet.  Broivn. 

SUPPED'ITATE,  v.  I.  [L.  suppedito.]     To 

supply.     [M'ot  used.]  Hammond 

SUPPEDITA'TION,    )i.    [L.   suppeditatio.] 

Supply  ;  aid  aflorded.     [Lilile  used.] 

Bacon. 
SUP'PER,  n.  [Fr.  souper.  See  Sup.]  The 
evening  meal.  Peo))le  who  diue  late,  eat 
no  supper.  The  dinner  of  fashionable  peo- 
ple would  be  the  su/;;)cr  of  rustics. 
SUPPERLKSS,  a.  Wanting  supper;  being 
without  bupper  ;  as,  to  go  supperless  to  bed. 

Spectator. 
SUPPLANT',  J'.  *.  [Fr.  supplanter ;  L.  sup- 
plavlo  ;  sub  and  planta,  the  bottom  of  the 
foot.]     To  trip  up  the  heels. 

Supplanled  down  be  fell.  Mdton 

2.  To  remove  or  displace  by  stratagem  ;  or 
to  displace  and  take  the  place  of;  as,  a 
rival  supplants  another  in  the  affections  of 
)iis  mistress,  or  in  the  favor  of  his  prince. 

Suspecting  that  the  courtier  had  supplanted 
the  friend.  P""- 

3.  To  overthrow  ;  to  undermine. 
SUPl'LANTA'TION,  n.   The   act  of  sup- 

plantinir. 

SL'PPLANT'ED,  pp.  Tripped  up;  displac- 
ed. 

SnPPLANT'ER,  n.  One  that  supplants 

SUi'PLANT'lNG,  ppr.  Tripping  up  the 
licels;  displacing  by  artifice. 

SUV'I'LE,  a.  [Fr.  souple ;  Ann.  souhlat, 
soublein,  to  bend.] 

L  Pliant;  (Icxible  ;    easily  bent;    as  .supple 
joints ;  .si(;)/)/c  fingers.        Bacon.     Temp 
~ compliant;  not  obstinate. 


S  tj  P 

i3.  Bending  to  the  humor  of  others;  flatter- 


ing ;  fawning. 


Addison. 


4.  That   makes  pliant;    as   supple   govern 
ment.  Shiil:. 

iSUP'PLE,  V.  t.  To  make  soft  and   pliant ; 

to  render  flexible  ;  as,  to  supple  lether.       i 

3.  To  make  compliant.  ] 

A  mother  persisting  till   she  had  suppled  the 

will  of  her  daughter.  lMckc.\ 

SUP'PLE,  I',  i.  To  become  soft  and  pliant;! 

as  stones  suppled  into  softness.       Dryden.\ 
SUPPLED,     pp.    Made  soft    and    pliant  ;| 

made  compliant. 
SUPPLEMENT,  n.  [Fr.   from   L.  supple-l 

mentum,  suppleo  ;  sub  an>\pleo,  to  fill.]         | 
L  Literally,  a  supply  ;  hence,  an  addition  to 

any  thing  by  which  its  defects  arc  siippli-! 

ed,and  it  Lsniade  more  full  and  conipUic. 

The  word  is  particularly  used  of  an  addi- 
tion to  a  book  or  paper. 
2.  Store;  supply.     [jVotinuse.]     Chapman. 

5.  In  trigonometry,  the  (piaiitity  by  which  an 
arc  or  an  angle  falls  short  of  180  degrees 
or  a  semiciri'le. 

SUPPLEMENTAL,     ?       Additional;  ad- 
ISUPPLEMENT'ARY,  S       ded    to    supply 

what  is  wanted  ;  as  a  supplemental  law  or 

bill. 


2.  YieUlin;, 

irpiiiii<bniiiiit — iii:d(C3  not  the  will  supple,  it 
hardens  the  od'euder.  Locke. 


SUP'PLENESS,  n.  [from supple.]  Pliancy; 
pliableness;  flexibility;  the  quality  of  be- 
ing easily  bent ;  as  the  suppleness  of  the 
joints.  I 

2.  Readiness  of  compliance;  the  quality  of[ 
easily  yielding  ;  facility  ;  as  the  suppleness 
of  the  will.  Locke. 

SUP'PLETORY,  a.  [from  L.  suppleo,  to 
supply.] 

Supplying  deficiencies;  as  a  suppletory  oath. 

Blackslone. 

SUP'PLETORY,  n.  That  which  is  to  sup- 
ply what  is  wanted.  Hammond. 
SUPPLI'AL,  71.  The  act  of  supplying.  [.Vo< 
used.]                                             fVarburton. 
SUPPLI'ANCE,  71.  Continuance.     [M'ot  in 
use.]  Shak. 
SUP'PLIANT,  rt.  [Fr.  from  supplier,  to  en- 
treat, contracted  from  L.  supplico,  to  sup- 
plicate ;  sub  and  plico,  to  fold.     See  Cont- 
ply  and  Apply.] 
L    Entreating":    beseeching;    supplicating; 
asking  earnestly  and  submissively. 

The  rich  grow'si'/ii'/miif,  and  the  poor  grow 
proud.  Dryden. 

Manifesting  entreaty  ;  expressive  of  hum- 
ble supplication. 

To  bow  and   sue    for   grace    with  suppliant 
knee.  '  .niillun 

SUP'PLIANT,  71.  A  humble  petitioner  ;  one 
who  entreats  submissively. 

Spare  this  life,  and  hear  thy  suppliant's  pray  r, 

Dryden. 

SUP'PLIANTLY,  adv.    In   a   suppliant   or 

sidimissive  manner. 
SUP'PLICANT,    a.    [L.  supplicans.]     En- 
treating ;    asking   submissively.  ! 

Bp.  Bull.\ 
SUP'PLIeANT,   n.    One  that  entreats  ;  a. 
petitioner  who  asks  earnestly  and  submis- 
sively. 

The  wise  supplicant— ]eh  the  event  lo  God.' 

Jtds^ir.'i.] 

SUP'PLICATE,  v.t.   [L.  supplico;  siiiandi 

plico.     See  Suppliant.] 
1.  To  entreat  for  ;  lo  seek  by  earnest  prayer ; 


SUP 

as,  to  supplicate  blessings  on  christian  ef- 
forts to  spread  the  gospel. 

2.  Til  address  in  prayer;  as,  to  supplicate 
the  throne  of  grace. 

SI  P'PLICATE,  V.  i.  To  entreat;  to  be- 
seech ;  to  implore ;  to  petition  with  ear- 

1     nestness  and  submission. 

,\  man  cannot  biook  to  siipplicate  or  beg. 

1  Bacon 

SI'PPLI€A'TION,  ?i.  [Fr.  from  h.  suppli- 

ratio.] 

1.  Entreaty;  humble  and  earnest  prayer  in 
worship.  In  all  our  supplications  to  the 
Father  of  mercies,  let  us  remember  a 
world  lying  in  ignorance  and  wicked- 
ness. 

2.  Petition  ;  earnest  request. 

3.  In  Roman  antiquity,  a  religious  solemnity 
observed  in  consequence  of  some  military 
success.  It  consisted  in  sacrifices,  feast- 
ing, offering  thanks,  and  praying  for  n 
continuance  nf  success.  Encyc. 

SUPPLICATORY,  a.  Containing  suppH- 
catioii ;  humble;    submissive.         Johnson. 

SUPPLIED,  pp.  [from  supply.]  Fully  fur- 
nished; having  a  sufficiency. 

SUPPLI'ER,  71.   He  that  supplies. 

SUPPLY',  V.  t.  [L.  suppleo  ;  sub  and  pleo, 
disused,  to  fill ;  Fr.  supplier  ;  Sp.  suplir; 
It.  supplire.] 

1.  To  fill  up,  as  any  deficiency  happens  ;  to 
furnish  what  is  wanted ;  to  afl^ord  or  fur- 
nish a  sufficiency  ;  as,  to  supply  the  poor 
with  bread  and  clothing ;  to  supply  the 
daily  wants  of  nature  ;  to  supply  the  navy 
with  masts  and  spars  ;  to  supply  the  treas- 
ury with  money.  The  city  is  well  supplied 
with  water. 

I  wanted  nothing  fortune  could  supply. 

Dryden 

2.  To  serve  instead  of. 
Burning  ships  the  banish'd  sun  stcpply. 

Waller. 

3.  To  give  ;  to  bring  or  furnish. 
Nearer  care  supplies 

Sighs  to  my  breast,  and  sorrow  to  my  eyes. 

Prior. 

4.  To  fill  vacant  room. 
The  sun  was  set.  and  Vesper  to  supply 
His  absent  beams,  had  lighted  up  the  sky. 

Dryden. 

„.  To  fill ;  as,  to  supply  a  vacancy. 

6.  In  gcjiera/,  to  furnish  ;  to  give  or  afford 
what  is  wanted. 

Modern  infidelity  supplies  no  such  motives. 

Rob.  Hall. 

SUPPLY',  71.  Sufficiency  for  wants  given 
or  furnished.  The  poor  Iiave  a  daily  sup- 
ply of  food  ;  the  army  has  ample  supplies 
of  provisions  and  niMiiitions  of  war.  Cus- 
toms, taxes  and  excise  constitute  the  sup- 
plies of  reveiuic. 

SUPPLY'L\G,  ppr.  Yielding  or  furuishing 
what  is  wanted  ;  aflbrdiiiL'  a  sufficiency. 

SUPPLY'MENT,  n.  A  furnishing.  [J\'ot  in 
use]  Shak. 

SUPPORT,  v.t.  [Fr.  supporter ;  It.  sopporl- 
are;  h.  suppoiio  :  sub  and /jorfo,  to  carry.] 

1.  To  bear;  to  sustain;  to  uphold;  as,  a 
pro])  or  pillar  supports  a  structure  ;  ati 
abutment  s»y)/)0)7A- an  arch;  the  stem  of  u 
tree  supports  the  liniiiclies.  Every  edifice 
must  have  a  liiiindation  to  .tupport  it;  a 
roiie  or  cord  supports  a  weight. 
To  endure  without  being  overcome  ;  as, 
to  support  pain,  distress  or  misfortunes. 


SUP 


SUP 


SUP 


This  fierce  <Icmc:inor  and  bis  insolence, 
The  patience  ol  a  (jJod  cuuld  not  support. 

Dryiien 

3.  To  bear;  to  endure;  ns,  to  support  fa- 
tigues or  hardships;  lo  support  violent  ex- 
ertions. The  eye  will  not  support  tlie  light 
of  the  sun's  disk. 

4.  To  sustain ;    to  keep  from    fainting   or 
sinking  ;  as,  to  support  the  courage  or  spir 
its. 

5.  To  sustain  ;  to  act  or  represent  well ;  as, 
to  support  the  chararier  of  king  Lear ;  to 
support  the  part  assigned. 

6.  To  hear;  to  supply  funds  for  or  the  means 
of  contiiMiiiig;  as,"  to  support  the  ainiualj 
expenses  of  government.  | 

7.  To  sustain  ;  to  carry  on  ;  as,  to  support  a! 
war  or  a  contest ;  to  support  an  argument 
or  dehatf!. 

8.  To  maintain  with  provisions  and  the  ne-j 
cessary  means  of  living  ;  as,  to  support  a 
family  ;  to  support  a  son  in  college ;  to 
support  the  ministers  of  tlic;  gospel. 

9.  To  muiiitaiii;  to  sustain;  to  keep  from 
failing;  as,  to  support  life  ;  to  support  the 
strength  hy  noiirisliment. 

10.  To  sustain  without  change  or  dissolu 
tion  :  as,  clay  supports  an  iiUense  heat. 

11.  To  bear;  to  keep  from  sinking  ;  as,  wa- 
ter supports  ships  and  otiier  bodies;  air 
supports  a  balloon. 

12.  To  hear  without  being  exhausted;  to  be 
able  to  pay ;  as,  to  support  taxes  or  con- 
tributions. 

1.3.  To  sustain  ;  to  maintain  ;  as,  to  support 
a  good  character. 

14.  To  maintain;  to  verify;  to  make  good  ; 
to  substantiate.  The  testimony  is  not  suf- 
ficient to  support  the  charges  ;  the  evidence 
will  not  support  the  statements  or  allcga 
tions  ;  the  impeachment  is  well  supported 
by  evidence. 

15.  To  npliolil  hy  aid  or  countenance  ;  as, 
to  support  a  friend  or  a  party. 

16.  To  vindicate  ;  to  maintain  ;  to  defend 
successfully  ;  as,  to  be  al)le  to  support  one's 
own  cause. 

SUPPORT,  n.  The  art  or  operation  of  up- 
holiliii;;  or  sustaininir. 

2.  That  which  upholds,  sustains  or  keeps 
from  falling,  as  a  prop,  a  pillar,  a  founda- 
tion of  any  kind. 

3.  That  wliicli  maintains  life  ;  as,  food  is  the 
support  of  life,  of  the  liody,  of  strength.; 
Oxygen  or  vital  air  lias  been  supposed 
to  be  the  support  of  respiration  and  of  heati 
ill  the  blooil.  I 

4.  Alainteuance  ;  subsistence;  as  an  income 
sutficieul  for  the  sn/jpor/ of  a  family;  or| 
revenue  for  the  support  of  the  army  and 
navy.  i 

5.  Maintenance ;  an  upholding ;  continu- 
ance in  any  state,  or  preservation  from 
tailing,  sinking  or  failing  :  as  taxes  neces-, 
saiy  f(U' the  «ii/y/)ort  of  public  credit;  a  rev-l 
enue  for  the  support  of  irovernment. 

0.  In  scnernl,  the  maintenance  or  sustain-| 
itiu;  of  any  thing  without  sutfering  it  tot 
fail,  decline  or  laminisli  ;  as  l\ie  support  ofj 
he.ilth,  spirits,  strength  or  courage  ;  the 
support  of  reputation,  credit,  &c. 

7.  That  which  upholds  or  relieves;  aid; 
help  ;  succor  ;  as>istaiic('. 

SUP;'ORTABLi:.  a.  [Vr.]  That  may  be 
upheld  or  sustained. 


2.  That  may  be  borne  or  endured ;  as,  the 
pain  iHSupporlnble,  or  not  supportnhlt.  Pa- 
tience renders  evils  supportable. 

.3.  Tolerable ;  that  may  be  borne  without 
resistance  or  punishment;  as,  such  in- 
sults are  not  supportable. 

4.  That  can  be  maintained;  as,  the  cause  or 
opinion  is  supportable. 

SUPPOKTAKLENKSS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing tiderahle.  Hammond. 

SUPPOIITANCR,  n.  Maintenance;  sup- 
port.    [jYot  in  use.] 

SUPPORTA'TION,  n.  Maintenance;  sup- 
port.    [.V()(  in  use] 

SUPPORTHD,  pp.  Borne;  endured;  up- 
held; maintained;  subsisted;  sustained; 
carried  on. 

SUPPOKTKR,  n.  One  that  supports  or 
maintains. 

2.  That  which  supports  or  upholds  ;  a  prop, 
a  pillar,  &.c. 

The  sockets  and  supporters  of  flowers  are 
ligiired.  Bacon. 

3.  A  siistainer  ;  a  cotnforter. 

The  saints  have  a  companion  and  supporter 
in  all  (heir  miseries.  Soutti, 

4.  A  maintainer;  a  defender. 

Worthy  supporters  of  such  a  reigning  impie- 
ty. South. 

5.  One  who  maintains  or  helps  to  carry  on; 
as  till!  sujipnrlers  of  a  war. 

G.  An  advocate  ;  a  dctiinder  ;  a  vindicator; 
as  the  supporters  of  religion,  morality,  jus- 
tice, lite. 

7.  An  adherent;  one  who  takes  part ;  as  the 
supporter  nt' a  party  or  faction. 

8.  In  ship-building,  a  knee  placed  under  the 
cat-head. 

9.  Supporters,  in  heraldry,  are  figures  of 
beasts  that  appear  to  support  the  arms. 

Johnson. 

SUPPORTFUL,  a.  Abounding  with  sup- 
port.    {.Vol  used.] 

SlIPPoRTIN(;,  ppr.  Bearing;  endm-ing: 
upholding  :  sustaining  ;  maintaining  ;  sub- 
sisting; vindicating. 

SlJPPORTLK.Sy,  a.   Having  no  support. 

Battle  of  Prngs  mid  JMlce. 

SUPPORTME.XT,  n.  Support.  [JVot  in 
use.]  IVolton. 

SUPPO'SABLE.  a.  [from  suppose.]  That 
may  be  supposed;  that  may  be  imagined 
to  exist.     That  is  not  a  supposahle  case. 

.Sl'PPO'SAL,  n.  [from  suppose.]  Position 
without  proof;  the  imagining  of  something 
to  exist ;  supposition. 

Interest,  with  a  Jew,  never  proceeds  but  up 
on  supposal  at  least,  of  a  firm  and  sufficient 
butioin.      Ubs.  South. 

SUPPO'iE,  V.  t.  suppo'ze.  [Fr.  supposer  ;  L. 
suppositus,  suppono  ;  It.  supporre  ;  Sp.  su- 
poner;  sub  anil  pono,  to  put.] 

1.  To  lay  down  or  state  as  a  proposition  or 
fact  that  may  exist  or  be  true,  though  not 
known  or  believed  to  be  true  or  to  exist ; 
or  to  imanine  or  admit  to  exist,  for  the 
sake  of  argument  or  illustration.  Let  us 
suppose  the  earth  to  be  the  center  of  the 
system,  what  would  be  the  consequence  ? 
When  we  have  as  great  assurance  that  a  thing 
is,  as  we  could  possil,|y,  supposiii^  il  were,  we 
ought  not  lo  doubt  of  it-  existence.       Tiltotson. 

9.  To  imagine;  to  believe;  to  receive  as 
true. 


Let  not  my  lord  suppose  that  they  have  slain 
all  the  young  men,  the  king's  sons  ;  for  Amnou 
only  is  dead.     2  Sam.  xiii. 

3.  To  imagine  ;  to  think. 

I  suppose. 
If  our  proposals  once  again  were  heard — 

Afilton. 

4.  To  require  to  exist  or  be  true.  The  ex- 
istence of  things  supposes  the  existence  of 
a  cause  of  the  things. 

One  falsehood  supposes  another,  and  ren- 
ders all  you  say  su^pirtcd.       Female  Quixote. 

.5.  To  put  one  thing  by  fraud  in  the  place  of 
another.     [JVot  in  use.] 

HUPPO'SE,  n.  t?u[)position  ;  position  with- 
out proof. 

— Fit  to  be  trusted  on  a  bare  suppose 

Thai  he  is  honest.     [A'btinusc']     Druden. 

SUPPO'SED,  pp.  I,aid  down  or  imagined 
as  true  ;  imagined;  believed;  received  as 
true. 

SUPPO'SER,  n.  One  who  supposes. 

Shat. 

SUPPOSING,  ppr.  Laying  down  or  ima- 
gining to  exist  or  be  true ;  stating  as  a 
case  that  may  be ;  imagining ;  receiving 
as  true. 

SUPPOSI'TION,  n.  The  act  of  laying 
down,  imagining  or  admitting  as  true  or 
existing,  what  is  known  not  to  be  true,  or 
what  is  not  proved. 

2.  The  position  of  something  known  not  to 
be  true  or  not  proved  ;  hvpothesis. 

I  his  is  only  an  infallihility  upon  supposition 
that  if  a  thing  be  true,  it  is  "impossible  to  be 
false.  Tiltotson. 

3.  Imagination;    belief  without    full    evi- 
I     deuce. 

SUPPOSITI'TIOU;*,  a.  [L.  suppositUius, 
from  suppositus,  suppono.] 

Put  by  trick  in  the  place  or  character  be- 
longing to  another;  not  geimine  ;  as  a 
supposititious  child  ;  a  supposititious  writ- 
ing. Mdison. 

SUPPOSITI'TIOUSNESS,  n.  The  stale 
of  being  supposititious. 

SUPPOS'ITIVE,  a.  Supposed;  iticluding 
or  implviiiff  supposition.        Chillins;worth. 

SUPPOS'ITIVE,  n.  [supra.]  A  word  de- 
notins  or  iiiiplying  supposition.        Harris. 

SUPPOS'ITIVE'LY,  adv.  With, by  or  upon 
supposition.  Hammond. 

SUPPOSITORY,  n.  [Fr.  suppositoire.]  In 
medicine,  a  long  cylindrical  body  intro- 
duced into  the  rectum  to  procure  stools 
when  clysters  cannot  be  administered. 

Parr. 

SUPPRESS',  V.  t.  [h.  suppressus,  supprimo  ; 
sub  and  prtmo,  to  press.] 

L  To  overpoiver  and  crush;  to  subdue;  to 
destroy  ;  as,  to  suppress  a  rebellion  ;  to 
suppress  a  mutiny  or  riot ;  to  suppress  op- 
position. 

Every  rebellion  when  it  is  suppressed,  makes 
the  subject  weaker,  and  the  government  strong- 
er. Dacies. 

2.  To  keep  in  ;  to  restrain  from  utterance  or 
vent ;  as,  to  suppress  the  voice ;  to  suppress 
sighs. 

.3.  To  retain  without  ilisclosure  :  to  conceal ; 
not  to  tell  or  reveal  ;  as,  to  suppress  evi- 
dence. 

She  suppresses  the  name,  and  this  keeps  him 
in  a  pleasing  suspense.  Broome. 

4.  To  retain  without  communication  or 
makinj:  public  ;  as,  Vt  suppress  a  letter;  to 
suppress  a  manuscript. 


SUP 


S  U  R 


S  U  R 


5.  To  stifle;  to  stop;  to  hinder  from  circu 
latioii ;  as,  to  suppress  a  report. 

6.  To  slop ;  to  restrain ;  to  obstruct  from 
discliarges;  as,  to  suppress  a  diarrhea,  a 
hemorrhage  and  the  like. 

SUPPRESS'ED,  pp.  Crushed  ;  destroyed  ; 
retained  ;  concealed  ;  stopped  ;  obstructed 

SUPPRESS'ING,  ppr.  Subduing;  destroy- 
ing ;  retaining   closely  ;  concealing  ;  hin 
dering  from  disclosure  or  publication  ;  ob- 
structing. 

SUPPRRti'SION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  suppres- 
sio.] 

1.  The  act  of  suppressing,  crushing  or  de- 
stroying; as  the  suppression  of  a  riot,  in 
surrection  or  tumult. 

2.  Tlie  act  of  retaining  from  utterance,  vent 
or  disclosure;  concealment;  as  the  sup 
pression  of  truth,  of  reports,  of  evidence 
anil  the  like. 

3.  Tin;  retaining  of  any  thing  from  publit 
notice  ;  as  the  suppression  of  a  letter  or 
any  writing. 

4.  The  stoppage,  obstruction  or  inorbid  re- 
tention of  discharges  ;  as  the  suppression 
of  urine,  of  diarrhea  or  other  discharge. 

5.  In  f^rammnr  or  composition,  omission  ;  as 
the  suppression  of  a  word. 

SUPPRESSIVE,  a.  Tending  to  suppress  : 
subduing;  loncearmg.  Seward. 

SUPPRESS'OR,  n.  One  that  suppresses; 
one  that  subdues;  one  that  prevents  utter- 
ance, disclosure  or  comtnunication. 

SUP'PURATE,  v.i.  [L.  suppuro ;  sub  anil 
pus,  puris  ;  Fr.   suppurer;  It.   suppurare.] 

To  generate  pus;  as,  a  boil  or  abscess  sup- 
punttes. 

SUP'PURATE,  v.t.  To  cause  to  suppurate. 
[In  this  sense,  unusual.]  Jlrbuthnot. 

SUP  PURATING,  ppr.  Generating  pus. 

SUPPURA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  suppur- 
atio.] 

1.  The  process  of  generating  purulent  mat- 
ter, or  of  formmg  pus,  as  m  a  vvnund  or 
abscess;  one  of  the  natural  terminations 
of  healthy  inflammation. 

Cyc.    Cooper.     JViseman. 

2.  The  matter  generated  bj  suppuration. 
SUPPURATIVE,      a.      [Fr.     suppuratif] 

Tending  to  suppurate  ;  promoting  suppur- 
ation. 
SUP'PUR.ATIVE,  n.  A  medicine  that  pro- 
motes suppuration. 

SUPPUTA'PIOiV,  n.  [L.  supputatio,  suppu- 
to  ;  sub  and  puto,  to  think.) 

Reckoning;  account;  computation.    Holder. 

SUI'PU'TE,  v.t.  [L.  su/)/)u«»,  supra]  To 
reckon  ;  to  compute.     [.Vu(  in  use.] 

SUPRA,  a  Latin  preposition,  signifying 
above,  over  or  beyond. 

SUPRA-A.VILLARV,  a.  [supra  and  axil] 
In  to(rt;ii/,  growing  above  the  a.xil;  insert- 
ed aliove  the  axil;  as  a  peduncle.  [See 
Suprafuiiacenus.]  Li:e. 

SUi'RACIL'IARY,  a.  [L. supra  and  cili urn, 

eyebrow.] 
Situated  above  the  eyebrow.  Ure. 

SUI'UA-DECOM'POUND,    a.    [supra  and 

<ioro//i;)ou)i(/.  I 
More  tlian  decompound;  thrice  compound. 
A  supra-decomim mid  leaf,  is  when  a  petiole 
divided  several  times,  connects  manv  leaf- 
lets; each  part  forming  a  decompound 
•eaf-  Martijn. 


SUPRAFOLIA'CEOUS,  a.  [L.  supra  and] 
folium,  a  leaf.]  j 

In  botany,  inserted  into  the  stem  above  thei 
leaf  or  petiole,  or  axil,  as  a  peduncle  or 
flower.  Martyn.' 

SUPRALAPSA'RIAN,  )        [L.   supra    and 

SUPRALAP'SARV,       \  "■  lapsus,  fall.]       I 

Antecedent  to  the  apostasy  of  .•\dam.  1 

SUPRALAPSA'RIAN,  n.  One  who  main-} 
tains  that  God,  antecedent  to  the  fall  of 
man  or  any  knowledge  of  it,  decreed  the 
apostasy  and  all  its  consequences,  deter- 
mining to  save  some  and  condemn  others, 
and  that  in  all  he  does  lie  considers  his 
own  glorv  only.  Enci/c. 

SUPRAMUiN'DANE,  a.  [L.  supra  nnd  mun- 
dus,  the  world.] 

Being  or  situated  above  the  world  or  above 
our  svsleni. 

SUPR.A-ORB'ITAL.  a.  [supra  and  orbit.] 
Being  al)    ve  the  orbit  of  the  eye. 

SUPRARE'NAL,  a.  [L.-iupraand  ren,renes, 
the  kidneys.) 

Situated  above  the  kidneys. 

.SUI'RASCAP'ULARY,  a.  [L.  supra  and 
scapula] 

Being  above  the  scapula. 

SUPRAVUL'GAR,  a.  [supra  and  vulgar.] 
Being  above  the  vulgar  or  common  people. 

Collier. 

SUPREM'ACY,  Ji.  [See  Supreme.]  State, >f 
being  supreme  or  in  the  highest  station  of 
power;  biirhest  authority  or  power; 
the  supremacy  iif  the  king  of  Great  Britain  ; 
or  the  supremacy  of  parliament. 

The  usurped  power  of  the  pope  being  de- 
stroyed, the  crown  was  restored  to  its  suprem- 
acy over  spiritual  men  aad  causes. 

Blackslone. 

Oath  of  supremacy,  in  Great  Britain,  an  oatli 
which  acknovvli'dgi'S  the  supremacy  of  Ihej 
king  in  spiritual  aflairs,  ami  renounces  or 
abjures  the  pretended  supremacy  of  the 
pope. 

SUPRE'ME,  a.  [L.  supremus,  froiti  supra  ; 
Fr.  supreme.] 

1.  Hijrhest  in  authority  ;  holding  the  highest 
place  in  government  or  power.  In  the 
United  States,  the  congress  is  supreme  in 
reirulating  commerce  and  in  making  war 
and  peace.  Tiie  parliament  of  Great 
Britain  is  supreme  \n  let'islation  ;  but  the 
king  is  supreme  in  the  administration  of 
the  government.  In  the  universe,  God 
only  is  the  sujireme  ruler  and  judge,  llis 
commands  are  supreme,  and  binding  on 
all  his  creatures.  ( 

J.  Highest,  greatest  or  most  excellent ;  asj 
supreme  love  ;  supreme  glory  ;  supreme  de- 
gree. 

3.  It  is  soinetimes  used  in  a  bad  sense  ;  as^ 
supreme  folly  or  baseness,  folly  or  base  ■ 
ness  carried  to  the  utmost  extent.  [A  bad, 
i(se  of  the  word.] 

SUPRE'MELY,  adv.  With  the  highest  au 
thority.     He  rules  supremely. 

2.  In  the  highest  degree  ;  to  the  utmost  ex 
tent ;  as  supremely  blest.  Pope 

,SUR,  a  prefix,  from  the  French,  contracted 
from  L.  super,  supra,  signifies  over,  above 
1     beyond,  upon. 

'SURADDI'TION,  n.  [Fr.  siir,  on  or  upon 
1     and  addition.] 

Something  added  to  the  name.  [.Vol  used.] 
I  Hhak. 


SU'RAL,  a.  [L.  sura.]  Being  in  or  pertaia- 
ing  to  the  calf  of  the  leg  ;  as  the  surd  ar- 
tery. H^iseman. 

SU'R.ANCE,  for  assurance,  not  iiscl.     Shak. 

SUR'BASE,  n.  [sur  and  Aase.J  A  ln.rder 
or  molding  above  the  base.  Pennant. 

SUR'BA.SED,  a.  Having  a surbase,  or  mold- 
ing above  the  base. 

SURBA'TE,  V.  t.  [It.  sobattere  ;  either  L. 
sub  and  battere,  or  solea,  sole,  and  balUrt, 
to  beat  the  sole  or  hoof] 

I.  To  bruise  or  batter  the  t'eet  by  travel. 
Chalky  land  surbates  and  spoils  oxen's  feet. 

Mortimer. 

i.  To  harass;  to  fatigue.  Clarendon. 

SURBA'TEl),  pp.  Bruised  in  the  teet ;  har- 
as.sed  ;  fatmued. 

SURBATING,  ppr.  Bruising  the  feet  of : 
fatiguing. 

Surbeat  or  surbet,  for  surbate,  not  in  use. 

SURBEl)',  v.t.  [sur  and  6ed.  I  To  .set  edge- 
wi.se,  as  a  stone;  that  is,  in  a  position  dif- 
ferent from  that  which  it  had  in  tlie  quar- 
ry. Plot. 

SURCE'ASE,  V.  i.  [Fr.  sur  and  cesser,  to 
cease.] 

I.  To  cease;  to  stop;  to  be  at  an  end. 

Donne. 

i.  To  leave  off;  to  practice  no  longer;  to 
refrain  finally. 

So  pray'd   he,  whilst  an  angel's   voice  from 

high. 
Bade  him  surcease  to  importune  the  sky. 

Hartc. 

[This  word  is  entirely  useless,  being  pi-ecise- 
ly  synonymous  with  cease,  and  it  is  nearly 
obs^  letc] 

SURCE'ASE,  v.t.  To  stop;  to  cause  to 
cease.      Obs. 

SURCE'.'VSE,  n.  Cessation;  stop.     Obs. 

SUUCH'.^RiiE,  v.t.  [Fr.  surcharger;  sur 
and  cluirge.] 

1.  To  overload;  to  overburden  ;  as,  to  si(r- 
charge  a  beast  or  a  ship;  to  surcharge  a 
cannon. 

Your  head  recliu'd.  as  hiding  grief  from  view. 

Droops  like  a  rose  surcharged  with  morning 

dew.  Dryden. 

i.  Ill  law,  to  overstock  ;  to  put  more  cattle 
into  a  common  than  the  person  has  a  right 
to  do,  or  more  than  the  herbage  will  sus- 
tain. Blackstone. 

SFRCIPARtiE.  n.  An  excessive  load  or 
burden  ;  a  load  greati'r  than  can  be  well 
borne.  Bacon. 

SURCIPARiiED,  pp.  Overloaded;  over- 
st,.ckc.l. 

SURCIPARgER,  )1.  One  that  overloads  or 

URCHWRlilNG,   ppr.  Overloading;  bur- 
dening to  excess  ;  overstocking  witli  cattle 
or  beasts. 
SURCINGLE,  n.  [Fr.   sur,  upon,   and  L. 
cinguluni,  a  belt.] 

1.  .\  belt,  band  or  girth  which  passes  over  a 
saddle,  or  over  any  thing  laid  on  a  horse's 
hack,  to  biiul  it  fast. 

2.  The  girdle  of  a  cassoc.  Marvel. 
SURCINGLED,    a.    Girt  ;  bound    with   a 

surcingle.  Hdl. 

SUR'CLE,  n.  [L.  surculus.]  A  little  shout; 

a  twig  :  a  sucker. 
SUIl'CO\T,  n.  [Fr.  sitrand  Eiig.  coat.}    A 
I     short  coat  woru  over  the  other  clothes. 
1  Camdtn. 


S  U  R 


S  U  R 


S  U  R 


SUR'CREVV.  n.  [sur  iiikI  crew.]  AdditioiiaI| 
crew  (II  <-.iilleciioii.     [.Vol  in  usu.]    lyotton. 

SVR'CUi.XCK,  V.  I.  ^^L.nurcuti}.]  Tu  prune. 
I. Vo(  in  use.) 

SURCULATION,  n.  Tho  act  of  pruning. 
[  Vo(  in  use.]  Brown. 

SIIIIIJ,  a.  [L.  surdus,  deaf.]  Deaf;  not  hav- 
ing; tlie  ijKii>(;  of  lieariiifj.     [.Vot  used.] 

2.  Uiilieanl.     ^Vo(  used.] 

3.  l).^•^i^;nalin;,'  a  quantity  whose  root  can- 
not he  exactly  expiesseii  in  niiinbers. 

SURD,  n.  In  algehni,  a  quantity  wliorie  root 
Ciiiinot  be  exai-tly  expressed  in  niiiiiliers.j 
Tints  i  IS  a  surd  iniinher,  lii-cause  tliere  is! 
no  nuinlier  wliicli  multiplied  into  itself,' 
will  exactly  produce  "i.  j 

SlIliD'lTY,  71.  Deafness.     [JVot  used.]  \ 

SURK,  a.  sliitre.  [Fr.  .tilr,  sear  ;  Ann.  sur;] 
Norm,  seor,  sear.  In  («.  zwnr  signifies  in- 
deed, to  he  sure,  it  is  true  ;  ivhtcli  leails  me 
to  suspect  surt  to  he  cuiiiracKsil  from  the 
root  of  sciier,  in  L.  assevero,  and  to  he  con- 
nected with  swear,  and  perhups  with  L. 
verus  ;  sheiti^  the  remains  of  a  prefix.] 

1.  Certain;  unfailing;  iiifallihie. 

The  tesliiiioiiy  of  the  l.oul  is  sure.  Ps.  xix. 
Wc  have  also  a  more  sure  word  of  prophecy. 
2  Pet  i. 

2.  Certainly  knowing,  or  having  full  confi- 
dence. 

We  are  sure  that  the  judgiiieiil  of  God  is  ac- 
cording to  trutli —     Rom.  li. 

Now  we  are  sure  that  thou  knowest  all 
things.     John  xvi. 

3.  Certain  ;  sale  ;  firm  ;  perinatienc. 

rhy  kin;idoiii  shall  be  sure  to  thee.     Dan.  iv. 

4.  Firm;  stable;  steady;  not  liable  to  fail-! 
lire,  loss  or  change  ;  as  a  sure  covenant. j 
2  Sam.  xxiii.     Nell.  ix.     Is.  xxviii. 

The  Lord  will  make  my  lor<l  a  sure  house.  1 
Sam.  XXV 

So  we  say,  to  stand  sure,  to  be  sure  of 
foot. 

5.  Certain  of  obtaining  or  of  retaining;  as, 
to  be  sure  of  game  ;  to  be  sure  of  success  ; 
to  b(?  «are  ol' life  or  health. 

0.  Strong;  secure;  nut  liable  to  be  broken 
or  disturbed. 

Go  your  way,  uiakc  it  as  sure  as  ye  can. 
Math,  xxvii. 
7.  Certain  ;  not  liable  to  failure.  The  income 

is  sure. 
To  be  sure,  or  be  sure,  certainly.     Shall  youi 

go  .'  he  sure  I  shall. 
To  make  sure,  to  make  certain;  to  secure  so 
that  there  can  he  no  failure  of  the  purpose 
or  ol))ect. 

Jfake  sure  of  ("ato.  jldJison.\ 

A  peace  cannot  fail,  provided  wc  make  sitre 

of  Spain.  Temjde.' 

Give  all  diligence  to  niake  your  calling  and 

election  sure.     2  Pet.  i. 

SUIIE,    adv.     Certainly  ;    without    doubt  ; 

doubtless. 

Sure  the  queen  would  wish  him  still  unknown. 

Smith. 
[But  In  this  sense,  surely  is  more  generally 

used.] 
SURKFOQT'ED,    a.    [sure  and  foot.]    Not; 
liable  to  stumble  or  fall  ;  as  a  surefooted 
horse. 
SU'REl.Y,   adv.    Certainly ;  infallibly  ;  un- 
doubtedly. 

In  the  day  thou  eatest  thereof,  thou  shall 
surely  die.     Gen.  ii. 

He  that  created  something  out  of  nothing, 
sitrtly  can  raise  great  things  out  of  small. 

South. 


2.  Firmly;  without  danger  of  falling. 

He  thai  walkelh  uprightly,    walketli  surely. 

SU'RENESS,  n.  Certainty. 

Kor  more  surcness  he  repeats  it. 
ILittle  used.]  Woodward 

SU'RETISIilP,  ,1.  [from  .?urc(,y.]  The  state 
of  being  surety  ;  the  obligation  of  a  person 
to  answer  for  another,  and  make  good 
any  debt  or  loss  which  may  occur  from 
another's  delinquency. 

He  that  hateth  suretiship  is  sure.     Prov.  xi. 
SU'RETY,  n.  [Vv.suretL]  Certainty ;  iiulu 
bilableness. 

Know  of  a  surely,  that  thy  seed  shall  be   a 
stranger  in  a  land  that  is  not  theirs —     Gen.  xv. 

2.  Security ;  safety. 

Yet  for  the   more  surety  they  looked  round 
about.  Sidney 

3.  Foundation  of  stability  ;  support. 

We  our  .state 
Hold,    as   you  yours,  while  our    obedience 

holds  ; 
On  other  surety  none.  Milton 

4.  Evidence;  ratification;  confirmation. 

.She  call'd  the  saints  to  surety. 
That  she  would  never  put  it  from  her  finger. 
Unless  she  guvi;  it  to  yourself.  Shak. 

5.  Security  against  loss  or  damage  ;  security 
for  payment. 

There  remains  unpaid 
A  hundred  thousand  more,  in  surety  of  the 

which 
One  part  of  Aquilain  is  bound  to  us.       Shak 

In  law,  one  that  is  bound  with  ami  foran- 
olhi^r  ;  one  who  enters  into  a  biuid  or  re- 
cognizance to  answer  for  another's  ap 
pearaiice  in  court,  or  for  his  payment  of; 
debt  or  for  the  pcrf  iriiiance  of  some  act, 
and  who.  in  case  of  the  principal  debtor's 
failure,  is  compellable  to  pay  the  debt  or 
dani.iges  ;  a  bondsman;  a  bail. 

He  that  is  surety  for  a  stranger,   shall  smart 

for  it.     Prov.  xi. 

Thy  servant  became  surety  for  the  lad  to  my 
father.     Gen.  xtiv. 

In  Scripture,  Christ  is  called  "  the  sureli/ 
of  a  better  testament."  Heb.  vii.  22.  He 
undertook  to  make  atoneiiu'iit  for  the 
sins  of  men,  and  thus  prepare  tlnr  way  to 
deliver  them  from  the  punishment  to 
which  they  had  rendered  theniselves  liable. 

8.   A  hostage. 

SUKF,  71.  The  swell  of  the  sea  which  breaks 
upon  the  shore,  or  upon  sand  banks  or 
rocks.  Mar.  /Jirl.\ 

i.  In  ngnculture,  the  bottom  or  conduit  cd'al  ijUlt 
drain.     [£<0C(i/.]  j 

SUR'FACE,    rt.    [F.  sur,    upon,   and  face.]\ 

The  exterior  p.art  of  any  thing  that  lias! 
length  and  breadth  ;  one  of  the  limits  that 
ti'rrifmates  a  soliil ;  the  superficies  ;  out- 
side ;  as  the  surface  of  the  earth  ;  the 
sijr/"rcf  of  the  sea;  the  surface  of  a  dia- 
monil ;  the  surface  of  the  body  ;  the  sur- 
face of  a  cylinder;  an  even  or  an  uiun'en 
surface  ;  a  smooth  or  rough  surface  :  a 
spherical  surface.  .Vtwtoii.     Pope. 

SURFEIT,  v.'f.  surfil.  [Fr.  sur,  over,  and 
faire.fait,  to  do,  l.../ario.] 

1.  To  feed  with  meat  or  drink,  S4)  as  to  op- 
press the  stomach  and  derange  the  func- 
tions of  the  syslem  ;  to  overfeed  and  pro- 
din-e  sickness  or  uneasiness. 

2.  To  cloy  ;  to  fill  to  satiety  and  disgust.  He 
surfeits  US  with  his  eulogies. 


SUR'FEIT,  V.  i.  To  be  fed  till  the  system  is 
oppressed  and  sickness  or  uneasiness  en- 

I     sues. 

[  They  are  as  sick  that  surfeit  with  too  much, 
as  they  that  starve  \vith  nothing.  Shak. 

SUR'FEIT,  n.  Fullness  ami  oppicssioii  of 
the  system,  occasioned  by  excessive  eat- 
ing and  drinking.  lie  has  not  recovered 
from  a  surfeit. 

2.  Excess  in  eating  and  drinking. 

Now  comes   the  sick   hour  that   his  surfeit 
made.  .Sliak. 

SUR'FEITED,  pp.  Surcharged  and  op- 
pressed with  eating  anil  drinking  to 
excess;  cloved. 

SUR'FEITER,  n.  One   who  riots;  a  plut- 

SUR'FEITING,  ppr.  Oppressing  the  sys- 
tem by  excessive  eating  ami  drinking  ; 
cloying;  loading  or  filling  to  disgust. 

SUR'FEITIXG,  n.  Tb.^  act  of  feeding  to 
excess  ;  u'luttony.     Ltdce  xxi. 

SUR'FEIT-WAT'ER,  n.  [surrdt  ami  water.] 
Water  for  the  cure  of  surfeits.  Locke. 

SURtiE,  n.  [L.  surgo,  to  rise  ;  Sans,  surgo, 
highth.] 

1.  A  large  wave  or  billow;  a  great  rolling 
swell  of  water.  [It  is  nut  applied  to  small 
ivaves,  and  is  chiefly  used  in  poetry  and  elo- 
quence.] 

He  Hies  aloft,  and  with  impetuous  roar. 

Pursues  the  foaming siiige.i  to  the  shore. 

j  Dry  den. 

2.  In  shipbuilding,  the  tapered  part  in  front 
of  the  whelps,  between  the  chocks  of  a 
capstan,   on   which    the    messenger    may 

^  surge.  Cyc. 

SURt'iE,  V.  t.  To  let  •.'o  a  portion  of  a  rope 
suddenly.     Surge  the  messenger. 

;  _  Mar.  Did. 

SURtJE,  I'.  I.    To  swell;  to  rise   high   and 
roll  ;  a-i  waves. 
The  surging  waters  like  a  mountain  rise. 

Spenser. 

'2.  To  slip  back  ;  as,  the  cable  surges. 

SURG  EI, ESS,  n.  surj'less.  Free  from  sur- 
ges ;  smooth  ;  calm. 

SUR 'G EON,  71.  sur'jen.  [contracted  from 
chirurgeon.] 

One  whose  profession  or  occupation  is  to 
cure  diseases  or  injuries  of  the  body  by 
manual  operation.  In  a  more  general 
sense,  one  whose  occupatiim  is  to  cure 
external  diseases,  whcihcr  by  manual 
operation,  or  by  medicines  externally  or 
internally. 

(;EI{V,  7!.  Properly,  t'le  act  oflnaling 
by  mainial  opcriilio,;  or  diat  braucli  of 
meilical  sciein-e  which  iriMts  of  iiianual 
operations  for  the  healing  of  di-^cases  or 
injuries  of  the  body.  In  a  more  general 
sense,  the  act  of  healing  external  di.seases 
by  maiuial  operation  or  by  medicines:  or 
that  br.'inch  of  medical  science  which  has 
fiir  it<  principal  objeol  the  cure  of  external 
ini'iries.  Cooper. 

SUR  GlCAI/.  a.  Pertaininu'  to  sur^'coiis  or 
siirirerv  ;  done  by  means  of  surgery. 

SUR'i';l\G,  ppr.  Swelling  and  rolling,  aa 
billow.s. 

Surging  waves  against  a  solid  rock. 

Milton. 

SUR'fiV,  a.  Rising  in  surges  or  billows; 
full  of  snrijes  ;  as  the  surgy  main.       Pope. 

SU'RI€ATE,  n.  An  uninial  like  the  ich- 
neuniou ;  the  four  toed  wea*cl.  Did. 


8  U  R 


S  U  R 


S  U  R 


iSUR'LILY,  adv.  [from  surly.]     In  a  surly,, 

iriorose  manner. 
■SUR'LliVESS,    n.     Gloomy   moroseness  ; 

crabbeil  ill  nature ;  as  the  surlinesa  of  a! 

dog. 
SUR'LING,  n.  A  sour  morose  fellow.  [JVut 

in  use.]  Camden. 

SUR'LY,  a.  [W.  swr,  surly,  snarling ;  swri, 

surliness,  sullenness.  Qu.  its  alliance  with 

sour.] 

1.  Gloomily  morose  ;  crabhed  ;  snarling  ; 
sternly  sour ;  rough ;  cross  and  rude  ;  as! 
asurh/  groom  ;  a  surly  dog. 

That  surly  spirit,  melancholy.  Shak. 

2.  Rough  ;  dark  ;  tempestuous. 

Now  softeiiM  into  joy  the  surly  storm. 

Thomson. 

STIRMI'SAL,  n.  Surmise.     [J^ol  in  use.] 

SIJRM[SE,   V.  t.   surmi'ze.    [Norm,  surmys, 

alledged  ;  surmilter,  to  surmise,  to  accuse,! 

to  suggest ;  Fr.  sur  and  mettre,  to  put.]       j 

To   suspect  ;    to   imagine    without   certain 

knowledge  ;   to   entertain    thoughts  that 

something  does  or  will   e.\'ist,   hut  upon! 

slight  evidence.  1 

It  wafted  nearer  yet,  and  then  she  knew  ] 

That  what  liefore  she  but  surmis'd,  was  true. 

Vrydcn.i 
This  change  was  not  wrought  by  altering  thej 
form  or  positiorr  ot  tlie  eartir,  as  was   surmised: 
by  a  very  learned  man,  but  by  dissolving  it. 

Woodward.] 
SURMI'SE,  )i.  Suspicion  ;  the  thought  or, 
iliiaginalion  that  something  may  he,  of 
which  however  there  is  no  certain  or 
strong  evidence  ;  as  the  surmises  of  jeal- 
ousy or  of  envy. 

We  double  honor  gain 

From  his  surmise  prov'd  false.  Milton. 

No  man  ought  to  be  charge<l  willi  principles 

he  disowns,  unless  his  practices  conUadict  his 

professions;  not  upon  small  surm/sd'S.       Swift. 

SURMI'SED,    pp.    Suspected  ;    imagined 

upon  slight  evidence. 
SUKMI'SER,  n.  One  who  surmises. 
SUR.MI'SING,  ppr.  Suspecting;  inuigining 
upon  slittht  evidence.  j 

SURMI'SING,    n.    The  act  of  suspecting  ; 

surmise  ;  as  evil  surmisings.     1  Tim.  vi. 
SURMOUNT',  I',  t.  [Fr.  surmonter ;  sur  and 
monter,  to  ascend.] 

1.  To  rise  above. 

The  mountains  of  Olympus,  Atho  and  Atlas, 
surtnount  all  winds  and  clovids.  Raleigh. 

2.  To  conquer  ;  tn  overcome  ;  as,  to  sur- 
mount difficulties  or  obstacles. 

3.  To  surpass;  to  exceed. 

What  surmounts  the  reach 
Of  human  sense —  Milton. 

SURMOUNTABLE,  a.  Tliat  may  be  over- 
come ;  stiperable. 
SURMOUNT'ED,pp.  Overcome;  conquer- 
ed ;  surpas.sed. 
SURMOUNT'ER,  n.  One  that  surmounts. 
SURMOUNT' ING,    ppr.      Rising    above  ; 

overcoming  ;  surpassing. 
SURMUL'LET,  n.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Mul- 
his,  (M.  barbatus,)  remarkable  for  the 
brilliancy  of  its  colors,  ami  fur  tlie  changes 
which  they  umlcM-go  ns  the  lisli  expires. 
The  name  is  also  applied  to  other  species 
of  the  liiMuis.  Ed.  Eneyc. 

SrU'MULOT,  n.  A  name  given  by  Buffmi 
to  the  hrov\'n  or  Norway  rat.      Ed.  Enn/c. 
SUH'NAINIE,    n.    [Fr.   s'urnom :  It.  sopra>i-\ 
nome ;  Sp.  sobnnombre  ;  L.  sttper  and  no- 
men.] 


An  additional  name  ;  a  name  or  appella- 
tion added  to  the  baptismal  or  christian 
name,  and  which  becomes  a  family  name. 


1.  An  additional  name;  a  name  or  appella- 'SURPLU9'A6E,  n.  Surplus;  &s  surplusage 

of  grain  or  goods  beyond  what  is  want- 

I     ^'^• 
Surnames,  with  us,  originally  designatedjis.  In  iatt),  something  in  the  pleadings  or  pro- 
occupation,  estate,  place  of  residence,  or|j     ceedings  not  necessary  or  relevant  to  the 
some  particular  thing  or  event  that  related,'     case,  and  which  may  be  rejected, 
to  the  person.     Thus   William  Rufus  or'  3.   In  accounts,  a  greater  disbursement  than 
red;    Edmund    Ironsides;  Robert    SinilU.\     the  charge  of  the  accountant  amounteth 


or  the  smith  ;  VVilliatn  Turner. 
.\n   appellation    added   to    the    original 
name. 

My  surname  Coriolanus.  Shak. 

SURNA'ME,    t'.   *.     [Fr.  surnommer.]     To 


I     to.  jRee*. 

SURPRISAL,  n.  surpri'zal.  [See  Surprise.] 
jThe  act  of  surprising  or  cotning  upou  sud- 
'     denly  and   unexpectedly  ;  or  the  state  of 
being  taken  unawares, 
name  or  call  by  an  appellation   ^^dded  to       .j^p^j^       ^  ^    surpri'xe.  [Fr.    from  sur- 
the  original  name  i  •  ■      '     ■       ^ 


Another  shall  subscribe  with  his  hand  unto 
the  Lord,  and  surname  himself  by  the  name  of 
Israel.      Is   xliv. 

And  Simon  he  surnnmed  Peter.     Mark  iii. 

SURNA'MED,  pp.  Called  by  a  name  added 
to  the  christian  or  original  name. 

SURN.^'MING,  ppr.  Naming  by  an  appel- 
lation addeil  to  the  original  name. 

SUROX'YD,  n.  [sur  anii  oxyd.]  That  which 
contains  au  addition  of  oxyd.  [Little 
used.] 

SUROX'YDATE,  v.  t.  To  form  a  suroxyd 
Little  used.] 

SURPWSS,  V.  i.  [Fr.  surpasser;  sur  and 
passer,  to  pass  beyond.] 

To  exceed  ;  to  excel ;  to  go  beyond  in  any 
thing  good  or  bad.  Homer  surpasses 
modem  poets  in  sublimity.  Pope  sur/)«ss 
es  most  other  poets  in  smoothness  of  ver 
sification.  .\chilles  surpassed  the  other 
Greeks  in  strength  and  courage.  Clodiir 
surpassed  d\\  men  in  the  profligacy  of  hi 
life.  Perhaps  no  man  ever  surpassed 
Washington  in  genuine  patriotism  and  in- 
tegrity of  life. 

SURP'ASSABLE,  a.  That  maybe  e.xceed 
ed.  Dirt. 

SURP>ASSED,  pp.  Exceeded;  excelled. 

SURP'ASSING,  ppr.  Exceeding  ;  goinj; 
beyond. 

'4.  a.  Excellent  in    au  eminent  degree  ;  ex- 
ceeding others. 
O  thou,  that  with  surpassing  glory  crown'd — 

.\fdton 

SURP>ASSINGLY,  adv.  In  a  very  e.xcel- 
lent  manner ;  or  in  a  degree  surpassiii" 
others. 

SURPLICE,  n.  sur'plis.  [Fr.  surplvs  ;  Sp 
sobrepelliz ;  L.  super  pelliciuni,  above  the 
robe  of  fur.] 

A  white  garment    worn   by   clergymen   of 
some    denominations    over     their    other 
dress,  in  their  ministrations.     It  is  partic 
ularly  the  habit  of  the  clergy  of  the  church 
of  England. 

SUR'PLICED,  a.  Wearing  a  surplice. 

Mallet. 

SUR'PLICI^.-FEES.  n.  [surplice  and  fees.] 

Fees  paid  to  the  clergy  for  occasional  du 
ties.  If'artoii. 

SUR' PLUS,  n.  [Fr.  sur  and  plus,  L.  id.. 
more.] 

1.  Overplus;  that  which  remains  when  use 
is  .satislieil ;  excess  beyond  what  is  pre 
scribed  or  wanted.  In  the  United  States. 
the  surplus  of' wheat  and  rye  not  required 
for  consumption  or  exportation,  is  distill- 
eil. 

i.  In  lau\  the  resiilnnm  of  an  estate,  after 
the  debts  and  legacies  are  paid. 


prendre  ;  sur  and  prendre,  to  take  ;  It.  sor- 
presa,  sorprendere  ;  Sp.  sorpresa,  sorpre- 
hender ;  L.  super,  supra,  and  prtndo,  to 
take.] 
1.  Tocotne  or  fall  upon  suddenly  and  unex- 
pectedly ;  to  take  unawares. 
The  castle  of  Macdulf  I  will  surprise.     Shak. 

Who  can  speak 
The  mingled  passions  that  surpris'd  his  heart  ? 

Thomsoji. 
i.  To  strike  with  wonder  or  astonishment 
by  something  sudden,  unexpected  or  re- 
markable, either  in  conduct,  words  or  sto- 
ry, or  by  the  appearance  of  something  un- 
usual. Thus  we  are  surprised  at  despe- 
rate acts  of  heroism,  or  at  the  narration  of 
wonderful  events,  or  at  the  sight  of  things 
of  uncommon  magnitude  or  curious  struc- 
ture. 

3.  To  confuse  ;  to  throw  the  mind  into  dis- 
order by  something  suddenly  presented  to 
the  view  or  to  the  mind. 

Up  he  starts,  discover'd  and  surpris'd. 

.miton. 

SURPRI'SE,  n.  The  act  of  coming  upon 
unawares,  or  of  taking  suddenly  antl 
without  preparation.  The  fort  was  taken 
by  surprise. 

'I    The  state  of  being  taken  unexpectedly. 

•'{.  An  emotion  excited  by  something  hap- 
pening suddenly  and  unexpectedly,  as 
something  novel  told  or  presented  to 
view.  Nothing  could  exceed  his  surprise 
at  the  narration  of  these  adventures.  It 
expresses  less  than  vionder  and  astonish- 
ment. 

4.  A  dish   with  nothing  in  it.     [JVot  in  use.] 

King. 
SURPRI'SED,    pp.    Come   upon  or  taken 

unawares;  struck   with  something  novel 

or  unexpected. 
SURPRI'SING,  ppr.    F.illing  on  or  taking 

suddeidy    or     unawares  ;    striking    with 

something  novel ;  taking  by  a  sudden  or 

unexpected  attack. 
i.  a.   Exciting  surprise  ;  extraordinary;  of  a 

nature    to    excite    wonder    and    astonisli- 

nient ;  as   surprising  bravery  ;  surprising 

patience;  a.  surprising  escape  from  dan- 

'Scr. 
SIJRPRI'SINGLY,    adv.    In   a  manner  or 

degree  that  excites  surprise,     lie  exerted 

himself  siir/jrising'/^/  to  save  the  life  of  his 

companion. 
SUR'UIIEDRY.    n.    [sur  and    Norm.    Fr. 

ruider,  to  think.      Qn.  Sp.  cuidar,  to  heeil. 

Sec  Heed.]  Overweening  pride;  arrogance. 

[*\o/  in  }isc  ]  Spcii.'ier. 

SI'RRf'.Rl'T',    V.   i.    [sur  and    rebut]      In 

leg'il  /ileadings.  to   reply,  as  a  plaintif,  to  a 

defendant's  rebutter. 


S  U  R 


S  U  11 


S  U  11 


SURREBUT'TEU,  n.  The  plaintif's  reply 

in  (jleuiliiig  to  a  defendant's  rebutter. 

Iilacksloi\t. 
SUURKJOIN',    V.  i.     [sur  and  rcjoin.j     In 

legal  pleadings,  to  reply,  as  a  plaintit  to  a 

dt'leniliint's  rejoinder. 
SlIRKEJOlN'DKIl,  »i.    The  answer  of  a 

pliiiMtil  to  a  (lelcMiclant's  rejoinder. 
SLRREN'J^KR,   ti.  t.   [Fr.  sur,  L.  sursum, 

and  rtndre,  to  render.] 

1.  To  yi<!id  to  the  power  of  another  ;  to  give 
or  deliver  u\t  po.ssession  npon  compulsion 
or  demand;  as,  to  surrender  one's  person 
to  an  enemy,  or  to  commissioners  of 
bankrupt ;  to  surrender  a  fort  or  a  ship. 
[To  surrender  up  is  not  elegant.] 

2.  To  yield  ;  to  give  up ;  to  resign  in  favor 
of  another ;  as,  to  surrender  a  right  or 
privilege  ;  to  surrender  a  place  or  an  oflice. 

3.  To  give  ujj ;  to  resign ;  as,  to  surrender 
the  breath. 

4.  In  luw,  to  yield  an  estate,  as  a  tenant,  into 
the  hand.s  ol  the  lord  lor  such  purposes  as 
are  expre.s.sed  m   the  act.  Blnclislone. 

5.  To  yield  to  any  inHueuce,  passion  or  pow- 
er; as,  to  surrender  one's  self  to  grief,  to 
despair,  lo  indolence  or  to  slec'p. 

SURREN'OKlf,  v.i.  To  yield  ;  to  give  up 
one's  sell' into  the  j)Ower  of  another.  The 
enemy  seiMiig  no  way  of  escape,  sutren- 
dered  at  the  lirst  sununons. 

SURRKN'DKR,  n.  The  act  of  yielding  or 
resigning  one's  person  or  the  pi'ssession 
of  something,  into  the  power  of  another; 
as  the  surrender  of  a  castle  to  an  enemy  ; 
ihe  surrender  of  a  right  or  of  claims. 

2.  A  yieldinii  or  giving  up. 

3.  In  linv,  the  yielding  of  an  estate  by  a  ten- 
ant to  the  lord,  for  such  purposes  as  are 
expressed  by  tlie  tenant  in  the  act. 

Blackslone. 

SURREN'DERED,  pp.  Yielded  or  deliver- 
ed to  the  power  of  another;  given  up; 
resigned. 

SURRENDEREE',  n.  In  Inn;  a  person  to 
whom  the  lord  grants  surrendered  land; 
the  cestui/  que  iise. 

SURKEN'DKRING,  ppr.  Yielding  or  giv- 
ing u|itollie  power  of  another  ;  resigning. 

SURRENDEROR,  n.  The  tenant  who 
surrenders  an  estate  into  the  hands  of  his 
lord. 

Till  the  admittance  of  cesfiiy  que  rise,  the  lord 
takes  notice  of  the  surrenderor  as  his  tenant. 

Blackslone. 

SURREN'DRY,  Ji.  \  surrender.  [5»rren- 
der  is  the  most  elegant  and  best  author- 
ized.] 

SURREP'TION,  n.  [L.  surreplus,  sunepo  ; 
suh  and  repo,  to  cree]).] 

A  coming  unperceived  ;  a  stealing  upon  in- 
sensibly.    [Litlte  used.] 

SURREPTI'TIOUS,  a.  [L.  surreplitius, 
supra.] 

Done  by  stealth  or  without  proper  authori- 
ty; made  or  introduced  fran<hilently ;  as, 
a  surreplitious  passage  in  a  manuscript. 

A  correct  copy  of  llie  Diinciad,  die    many 
surrejdilious  ones  have  rendered  necessary. 

Leilcr  to  Publisher  of  Dunciad. 

SURREPTI  TIOUSLY,  adr.  By  stealth; 
without  authority;  fraudulnnlly. 

SUR'ROGATE,  n.  [L.  surros^nl'us,  surrogo, 
snbrogo  ;  sub  aiu\rogo,  to  propose.  Rogo, 
to  ask  or  jnopose,  signilies  primarily  to 


reach,  put  or  thrust  fiirward  ;  and  suhrugo.  are  employed  to  survey  ihe  coast  and  Miukc 
is  to  put  or  set  in  the  place  ot  another.]  !'  charts  of  ihe  same. 
In  a  general  sense,  a  deputy;  a  delegate;  a'O.  To  c.\aiiiine  and  ascertain,  as  the  I. ounil- 
suhslitute  ;  particularly,  the  deputy  of  anj  aries  and  royalties  of  a  manor,  the  K  nure 
ecclesiastical  judge,  most  commonly  of  a;  of  the  tenants,  and  the  rent  and  value  of 
bishop  or  his  chancellor.     In  some  of  the  i     the  same. 

United    States,  the  judge  of  probate,  of' 7.  To  examine  and  ascertain,  as  the  state  of 
wills  and  testauients.  |'     atiriciilture. 


SUR'ROGATP;,  V.  t.  To  put  in  the  place  of 
another      [Litlte  used.] 

SURROGA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  substitut- 
ing one  person  in  the  place  of  another. 
\LilUe  used.] 

SURROUND',  V.  t.  [sur  and  round,  Fr. 
rond.] 

1.  To  encompass  ;  to  environ  ;  to  inclose 
on  all  sides  ;  as,  to  surround  a  city.  They 
surrounded  a  body  of  the  enemy. 

'i.  To  lie  or  be  on  all  sides  of;  as,  a  wall  or 
ditch  surrounds  the  city. 

SURROUND'ED,  pp.  Encompassed  ;  in- 
closed ;  beset. 

SURHOUND'ING, /(pr.  Encompassing;  in- 
closing ;  lying  on  all  sides  of.  i 

Sl'RSOL'ID,  n.  [sur  and  solid,  or  surde-\' 
solid.]  I 

In  mathematics,  the  fifth  power  of  a  numher;j| 
or  the  product  of  the  fourth  multiplicaiicjii, 
of  a  number  considered  as  the  root.  Thus: 
3X3=!*,  the  srpiare  of  3,  and  !IX3=27,'! 
the  third  power  or  cube,  and  27X3=81, 
the  fourth  power,  and  81  X3^243,  which 
is  the  sursolidof'ti. 

SURSOL'II),  a.  Denoting  the  fifth  power. 

Sicrsvl id  problem,  is  that  which  cannot  be  re- 
solved but  by  curves  of  a  higher  kind  than 
the  conic  sections.  liees. 

SURToUT,  n.  [Fr.  surtoui,  over  all.]  A 
man's  coat  to  be  worn  over  his  other  gar- 
ments. 

SUR'TURBRAND,  n.  Fibrous  brown  coal 
or  bituminous  wood  ;  so  called  in  Iceland. 

Ure. 

Sl'RVE'NE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  survcnir;  sur  and 
veyiir,  to  comi\] 

To  supervene  ;  to  come  as  an  addition  ;  as  a 


SI  R'VKV,   71.    [formerly  accented   on  the 

!     la.sl  syllable.] 

il.  An  attentive  view  ;  a  look  or  looking  with 
care.  He  took  a  survey  of  the  «  hole  land- 
scape. 

C'nder  his  proud  survey  the  cily  lies. 

JJenham. 
.\  jiarticular  view  ;  an  examinalion  of  all 
the  parts  or  particulars  of  a  thing,  with  a 
design  lo  ascertain  the  condition,  quantity 
or  c|uality  ;  as  a  survey  of  the  stores,  pro- 
visions or  munitions  of  a  ship.  So  nl.so  a 
su7'vey  of  roads  and  bridges  is  made  by 
proper  oflicers  ;  a  surviy  of  buildings  is  in- 
leiKled  to  ascertain  their  cdiiditioii,  value 
and  exposure  to  fire.  .\  survey  of  land  in- 
cludes mensuration  and  the  ascertainment 
of  quantity.  A  survey  of  a  harbor,  sound 
or  coast  comprehends  an  exaininatidn  of 
the  distance  and  bearing  of  points  ol' land, 
isles,  shoals,  depth  of  water,  course  ol' 
cliHiinels,  &c.  -A  sKri'fi/ of  agriiullure  in- 
cludes a  view  of  the  stale  of  properly, 
buildings,  fences,  modes  of  cultivation, 
cro|)s,  gardens,  orchards,  woods,  live- 
stork,  &:c.  -And  in  geniMal,  survey  de- 
notes a  particular  view  and  examination  of 
any  thing. 

.3.  In  the  United  Slates,  a  district  for  the  col- 
lection of  the  customs,  under  the  inspec- 
tion and  authority  of  a  particular  ollicer. 

Trigonometrical  survey,  the  nieasurenient  of 
an  arc  of  the  meridian  b_\  means  of  a  se- 
ries of  triangles. 

SURVhVED,  ;;/>.  Viewed  with  aiteiiiion; 
examined  :  measured. 

SI  R\  KVING,  ppr.  Viewing  with  atten- 
tion ;  examining  jjarticularly ;  measur- 
ing. 


suppuration  that  «HnT/!e«  lethargies    [/.!/-  si:i{VKYING,  n.   That  branch   of  niathe- 
tle  used.]  Harvey.]      matics  which  teaches  the  an  of  measuring 

SIRVkY,  1'./.  ['Sovm.  surxetr,  suneoir  i  sur      land. 

and  Fr.  voir,   to  see  or  look,  contracted' SrR\l::VOIJ,  n.  An  overseer;   one  placed 
from  L.  video,  vidcre.]  11     to  sujicriiucnd  others.  Slwk. 

1.  To  inspect  or  take  a  view  of;  to  view!i2.  One  that  views  and  examines  for  the  pur- 
pose of  ascertaining  the  condition,  (pian- 
tity  or  (piality  of  any  thing :  as  a  surveyor 
of  land  ;  :i  surveyor  of  highways;  survey- 
ors of  ordnance.  In  the  i-usloms,  a  gang- 
er ;  an  ollicer  «  ho  ascertains  the  ciriiteius 
of  casks,  and  the  (juantily  of  licpiors  suli- 
jecl  lo  duly;  also  in  the  Uniteil  Stales,  an 
ollicer  who  ascertains  the  weight  and 
i|iiaiititv  <d' goods  subject  lo  duly. 
SUKVKYOR-tiENERAI,.  ii.  A  principal 
sur\eyor;  as  the  surveyor-general  of  ihe 
king's  manors,  or  of  woods  and  parks  in 
Enghind.  In  the  United  States,  the  chief 
surveyor  of  lauds  :  as  the  surveyor-general 
of  the  United  States,  or  of  a  particular 
stale. 
SURVp YORSUIP,  n.  The  office  of  a  sur- 
veyor. 


Willi  altenlion,  as  from  a  high  place  ;  as, 
to  stand  oil  a  hill,  and  swvcy  the  sur- 
rounding country.  It  denotes  more  par- 
ticular and  deliberate  attention  than  look 
or  see. 

2.  To  view  with  a  sciutinizing  eye;  to  ex- 
amine. 

With  such  aller'd  looks. 
All    pale   and    spccclilcss,   he    survri/'d   mc 
round.  Dryden. 

3.  To  examine  with  reference  to  condition, 
situation  and  value;  as,  to  survey  a  build- 
ing lo  determine  its  value  and  exposure 
to  loss  by  fire. 

4.  To  measure,  as  land  ;  or  to  ascertain  the 
contenls  of  land  hy  lines  and  angles. 
To  examine  or  ascertain  the  position  and 
distances  of  objects  on  the  shine  of  ihe 
sea,  the  depth  of  water,  nature  of  the  bot- 
loiii,  and  whatever  may  be  necessary  to 


URVIEW  ,  r.t.  To  survey.     [.Vo/ in  iwc] 

Spenatr. 
facilitate  the  iiavigalioii  of  the  waters  and  SlU'VIEW,  n.  Survey.     [.\'ol  inuse.] 
render  the  entrance  into  harbors,  sounds  SURVl'SE,  v.t.  [Fr.  siir  and  M«cr.]  To  look 
and  rivers  easy  and  safe.     Tlius  ofKcers'l     over.     Wol  in  use]  li.  Jonsor.. 


s  u  s 


s  u  s 


S  IT  S 


SURVI'VAL,  n.    [See   Survive.]     A   living! 

beyonil  the  life  of  another  person,  thing  or! 

event  ;  an  outliving.  I 

SURVI'VANCE,    n.    Survivorship.      [Ldt-\ 

lie  used.]  Hume. 

SURVI'VE,  II.  <.  [Fr.survivre;  sur  ami  vi-\ 

urc,  tolive;  It.  sopravvivere ;  Sp.   sobrevi-] 

vir;  L.  supervivo.] 

1.  To  outlive ;  to  live  beyond  the  life  of  an-j 
other  ;  as,  the  wife  survives  her  hushaiid  ; 
or  a  husband  survives  his  wife. 

2.  To  outlive  any  thing  else  ;  to  live  beyond 
any  event.  Who  would  wish  to  survive 
the  ruin  of  liis  country  ?  Many  men  sur-\ 
vive  their  usefulness  or  the  regular  exer-' 
else  of  their  reason. 

SURVI'VE,  V.  i.  To  remain  alive. 
Try  pleasure. 
Which  when  no  other  enemy  survives. 
Still  conquers  all  the  conquerors.     Denhain. 

SURVI'VENCY,  n.  A  surviving  ;  survivor- 
ship. 

SURVrVER,  n.  One  that  outlives  another 
[See  Survivor.] 

SIJRVI'VING,  ;);>r.  Outliving;  living  be- 
yond the  life  of  another,  or  beyond  the 
time  of  some  event. 

2.  a.  Remaining  alive  ;  yet  living;  as  sum 
I'tng-  friends  or  relatives. 

SURVIVOR,  n.  One  who  outlives  an-; 
other.  I 

2.  In  linv,  the  longer  liver  of  two  joint  ten-; 
ants,  or  of  any  two  |)ersons  who  have  a 
joint  interest  in  any  thing.  Blackslone: 

SURVIVORSHIP,    11.   The   state   of  out-| 

,   living  another.  I 

2.  In  laic,  the  right  of  a  joint  tenant  or  other 
person  who  has  n  joint  interest  in  an  es-| 
tate,  to  take  the  whole  estate  upon  tljc: 
death  of  the  other.  When  there  are  morej 
than  two  joint  tenants,  the  whole  estate! 
remains  to  the  last  survivor  by  right  of 
survivorship.  Blackslone., 

SUSCEPTIBII/ITY,  n.  [from  siisceplible.\ 
The  quality  of  admitting  or  receiving  ei-; 
thersomethingaddilionaljorsome  change, 
affection  or  passion  ;  as  the  sitsceplibilili/ 
of  color  in  a  body;  susceptibility  of  cid- 
ture  or  refinement;  susceptibility  of  lovei 
or  desire,  or  of  impressions.  > 

SUSCEP'TIBLE,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  suscipio, 
to  take  ;  sub  and  capio.] 

1.  Capable  of  admitting  any  thing  addition- 
al, or  any  change,  affection  or  influence  ; 
as'  a  body  susceptible  of  color  or  of  altera- 
tion ;  a  body  susceptible  of  pain;  a  heart 
susceptible  of  love  or  of  impression. 

2.  Tender;  capable  of  impression  ;  impress- 
ible. The  minds  of  children  are  more  sus- 
ceptible than  those  of  persons  more  ad- 
vanced in  life. 

3.  Having  nice  sensibility ;  as  a  man  of  a 
susceptible  heart.  'i 

SUSCEP'TIRLENESS,  n.  Susceptibility.i 
which  see. 

SUSCEP'TION,  Ji.  The  act  of  taking.  [But 
little  used.]  -'hjliffe. 

SUSCEP'TIVE,  o.  Capable  of  admiitmg: 
reailily  admitting.  Our  natures  are  sus- 
cc/)(iTC  of  errors.  Halts. 

SUSCEI'TIV'ITV,  li.  Capacity  of  ailmit- 
ting.     [Little  used.]  H'ollnston. 

SUSCEP'TOK,  )i  [L.]  One  who  under- 
takes ;  a  {.'oilliither. 

SUSCIP'lENCY,  n.  Reception ;  admis- 
sion. 


SUSCIP'IENT,    a.  Receiving;  admitting. 

SUSCIP'IENT,    11.  One  who  takes  or  ail 
mils  ;  one  that  receives.  Bp.  Taylor. 

SUS'CITATE,  r.l.  [¥r.  susciler ;  L.  susci- 
to  ;  sub  and  ci(o.] 

To  rouse  ;  to  excite ;  to  call  into  life  and 
action.  Brown. 

SUSCITA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  raising  or 
e.xciting.  Pearson. 

SUS'LIK,  n.  A  spotted  animal  of  the  rat 
kind.  A  quadruped  of  the  genus  Arcto- 
mys,  of  a  yellowish  brown  color,  with 
small  white  spots  ;  the  earless  marmot. 

Erf.  Encyc. 

SUSPECT',  V.  t.  [L.  suspectus,  suspicio ;  sub 
and  specio,  to  see  or  view.] 

1.  To  mistrust ;  to  imagine  or  have  a  slight 
opinion  that  something  exists,  but  without 
proof  and  often  upon  weak  evidence  or  no 
evidence  at  all.  We  suspect  not  oidy  from 
fear,  jealousy  or  apprehension  of  evil,  bin 
in  modern  usage,  we  suspect  thuigs  which 
give  us  no  apprehension. 

Nothing  makes  a  man    suspect  much,  more 
than  to  know  little.  Bacon 

From  her  hand  1  could  suspect  no  ill. 

Aliltan 
To  imagine  to  be  guilty,  but  upon  slight 
evidence  or  without  proof.  When  a  theft 
is  cointnitted,  we  are  apt  to  suspect  a  per 
son  who  is  known  to  have  been  guilty  of 
stealing  ;  but  we  often  suspect  a  person 
who  is  innocent  of  the  crime. 

3.  To  hold  to  be  uncertain;  to  doubt;  to 
mistrust ;  as,  to  suspect  the  truth  of  a 
story. 

To  hold  to  be  ilouhtful.     The  veracity  of 
a  historian,  and  the  impartiality  of  a  judge 
should  not  be  suspected. 
To  conjecture.         Philosophy  of  Rhetoric. 

SUSPECT',  V.  i.  To  imagine  guilt. 

If  1   suspect  without  cause,  why  then  let  me 
be  your  jest.  Shak. 

SUSPECT',  a.  Doubtful.     [jYot  much  used.] 

Glanville 

SUSPECT',  n.  Suspicion.     [Obs.] 

Bacon.  Shak. 
USPECT'ABLE,  a.  That  may  be  sus 
ppcted.     ]Little  used.] 

SUSPECT' ED,  pp.  Imagined  without 
proof:  mistrusted. 

SUSPECT'EDLY,  adv.  So  as  to  excite  sus- 
picion ;  so  as  to  be  suspected. 

SUSPECT'EDNESS,  n.  State  of  being  sus 
pected  or  doubted.  Robinson. 

SUSPECT'ER,  n.  One  who  suspects. 

SUSPECT'FUL,  a.  Apt  to  suspect  or  mis- 
trust. Bailey. 

SUSPECT'ING,  ppr.  Imagining  without 
evidence ;  mistrusting  upon  slight  grounds, 

SUSPECT'LESS,  a.  Not  suspecting  ;  hav- 
ing no  suspicion.  Herbert 

3.  Not  suspected  ;  not  mistrusted.      Beaum. 

SUSPEND',  V.  t.    [Fr.   suspendre ;    It.   sos 
pendere  ;  i^\).  suspender ;  h.  suspendo  ;  sub 
aiul  pendo,  to  hang.] 

1.  To  hang:  to  attach  to  something  above ; 
as,  to  suspend  a  hall  by   a  thread  ;  to   sus 
;;f?i(/ the  body   by  a  cord   or   by   hooks;  a 
needle  suspended  by  a  loadstone. 

2.  To  make  to  deiiciid   on.     Goil    hath   .ws 
pendeil  the   promise  of  eternal  life  on   the, 
condition  of  faith  and  ohciliciice.  I 

:j.  To  interrupt;  to  intermit;  to  cause  to' 
cease  for  a  time.  I 


The  guard  nor  fights  nor  flies  ;  th^r  fate  so 

near 
At  once  suspends  their  courage  and  their  fear, 

Denham. 

4.  To  stay ;  to  delay ;  to  hinder  from  pro- 
ceeding for  a  time. 

Susjiend  your  indignation  against  my  brother. 

Shak. 
I  suspend  their  doom.  Milton. 

5.  To  hold  in  a  state  undetermined  ;  as,  to 
suspend  one's  choice  or  0])inion.        Locke. 

(5.  To  debar  from  any  privilege,  from  the 
execution  of  an  office,  or  from  the  enjoy- 
ment of  income. 

Good  men  shoidd  not  be  suspended  from  the 
exercise  of  their  ministry  and  deprived  of  theii 
livelihood,  for  ceremonies  which  are  acknowl- 
edged indifferent.  Sanderson. 

7.  To  cause  to  cease  for  a  lime  from  opera- 
tion or  effect ;  as,  to  suspend  the  habeas 
corpus  act. 

SUSPENDED,  pp.  Hungup;  made  to  de- 
pend on  ;  caused  to  cease  for  a  time ;  de- 
layed ;  hehl  uniletermined  ;  prevented 
from  executing  an  office  or  enjoying  a 
right. 

bUSPEND'ER,  n.  One  that  suspends?. 

■3.  Susjienders,  phi.  straps  worn  for  holding 

1      up  pantaloons,  &c.  ;   braces. 

SUSPEND'ING,  ppr.  Hanning  uj) :  making 
to  depend  on  ;  intermitliiig  ;  causing  to 
cease  fur  a  time;  holding  undetermined; 
(Ipharniig  from  action  or  right. 

SUSPENSE,  n.  suspens'.  [h.  suspensus.]  A 
state  of  uncertainty  ;  iiidetermination  ;  in- 
decision. A  man's  mind  is  in  suspense, 
when  it  is  balancing  the  weight  of  differ- 
ent arguments  or  considerations,  or  when 
it  is  uncertain  respecting  facts  unknown, 
or  events  not  in  Ins  own  power. 

Ten  days  the  prophet  in  suspense  reraain'd. 

Denham. 

,'2.  StO]i ;  cessation  for  a  time. 

I  A  cool  suspense  tVoin  pleasure  or  from  pain. 

Pope. 

j3.  In  law,  suspension ;  a  temporary  cessa- 

!     tion  of  a  man's  right ;  as  when  ihe  rent  or 

I     other  prnfiis  of  land  cease  by  unity  of  pos- 

!     session  of  laml  and  rent. 

.SUSPENSE,  a.  .'iuspens'.    Held   from  pro- 

I     ceedins.     \ Little  used.]  Milton. 

i^USPENSIBIL'ITY,  n.  The  cap.acitv  of 
being  suspended  or  sn.-^tained  from  sink- 
ing; as  the  su*/)e)i«itt7i<^  of  indurated  clay 
in  water.  Kirtvan. 

SUSPENS'IBLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  sus- 

j     pcnded  or  hekl  from  sinking. 

jSUSPEN'SION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  suspensio. 

I     See  Suspend.] 

1.  The  act  <if  hanging  up,  or  of  cansiiifr  to 
hang  by  being  attached  to  something 
above. 

'3.  The  act  of  making  to  depend  on  any 
thing  for  existence  or  taking  place  ;  as  the 

;  suspension  of  payment  on  the  perform- 
ance (d'a  condition. 

j.'B.  The  act  of  <lela\ing  ;  delay;  as   the  sus- 

j  pension  of  a  criiumars  e.xecutiiui ;  called 
a  respile  or  reprieve. 

4.  -Act  of  withhr>lding  or  balancing  the  jiidg- 

1  ment ;  lorbearance  of  determination  ;  as  the 
suspension  of  opinion,  of  juilgmeni,  of  de- 
cisii  n  or  determination.  Suspen.iion  of 
inilgment  ofien  proceeds  from  doubt  or 
ii;inir:ince  of  facts. 

.").  Temporary  cessation  ;   interruption  ;  in- 


s  u  s 


s  u  s 


SUV 


termission ;  as  tl)e  suspension  of  labor  or 
of  study  ;  the  stispensiun  of  pain. 

6.  Tetiipoiary  privation  of  powers,  autliori 
ty  or  rights ;  usually  intended  as  a  cen- 
sure or  punishment ;  as  the  suspension  of 
an  ecclesiastic  or  minister  for  some  fault. 
This  may  be  merely  a  suspension  of  his 
oflice,  or  it  may  be  both  of  his  office  and 
Ilia  income.  A  military  or  naval  otiicer's 
suspension  takes  place  when  he  is  arrest- 
ed. 

7.  Prevention  or  interruption  of  operation  ; 
as  the  suspension  of  the  habeas  corjjus 
act. 

8.  In  rhetoric,  a  keeping  of  the  hearer  in 
doubt  and  in  attentive  expectation  of  what 
is  to  follow,  or  what  is  to  be  the  inference 
or  conclusion  from  the  arguments  or  ob- 
servations. 

9.  In  Scot's  law,  a  stay  or  postponement  of 
execution  of  a  sentence  condemnatory, 
by  means  of  letters  of  suspension  grant- 
ed on  application  to  the  loid  ordinary. 

Cl/c. 

10.  In  mechanics,  points  of  suspension,  in  a 
balance,  are  the  points  in  the  axis  or 
beam  where  the  weights  are  applied,  or 
from  which  they  are  suspended.  Cyc. 

11.  In  music,  every  sound  of  a  chord  to  u 
given  base,  which  is  continued  to  another 
base,  is  a  suspension.  Ci/c. 

Suspension  of  arms,  in  war,  a  short  truce  or 
cessation  of  operations  agreed  on  by  the 
commanders  of  the  contending  parties, 
as  for  burying  the  dead,  making  proposals 
for  surrender  or  for  peace,  &c.  Cijc. 

SUSPENS'IVE,  a.  Doubtful.  Beaum. 

SUSl'ENS'OR,  n.  In  anatomy,  a  bandage 
to  suspenil  the  scrotum. 

SUSPKNS'UKY,  a.  That  suspends;  sus- 
pending ;  as  a  suspensory  muscle. 

SUSPENS'ORY,  n.  That  which  suspends 
or  holds  up;  a  truss. 

SUS'PICABLE,  a.  [h. suspicor.]  That  may 
be  suspected  ;  liable  to  suspicion.  [JVot  tji 
use.]  More. 

dUSPI"CION,  n.  [Fr.fromL.siMpicto.  See 
Suspect.] 

The  act  of  suspecting;  the  imagination  of 
the  existence  of  something  without  i)roof, 
or  upon  very  slight  eviilence,  or  upon  no 
evidence  at  all.  Suspicion  often  proceeds 
from  the  apprehension  of  evil ;  it  is  the 
oHspring  or  companion  of  jealousy. 

Suspicions  among  thoughts,  are  "like  bats 
among   birds ;  they  ever  fly  by  twilight. 

Bncon. 

JJUSPI"CIOUS,  a.  [L.  suspiciosus.]  Inclin- 
ed to  suspect;  apt  to  imagine  without 
proof 

Nature  itself,  after  it  has  done  an  injury,  will 
ever  be  suspicious,  and  no  man  can  love  the 
person  he  suspects.  South. 

2.  Indicating  suspicion  or  fear. 

W'c  have  a  suspicious,  fearful,  ccnstrainert 
co\intenancn.  Swi/t. 

3.  Liable  to  suspicion  ;  adapted  to  raise  sus- 
picion ;  giving  reason  to  imagine  ill ;  as 
an  author  ot  suspicious  innovations. 

Hooker. 
I  spy  a  black  suspicious  threat'ning  cloud. 

Shttk 

4.  Entertaining  suspicion ;  given  to  snspi 
cion.  I 

Many  mischievous  insects  are  daily  at  work 
to  make  men  of  merit  suspicious  of  each  other. 

Pope. 

Vol.  II. 


!SUSPI"ClOUSLY,  adv.   With  suspicion. 

2.  So  as  to  excite  suspicion.  Sidney. 

Sl'SPl'C'iOUSNESS,    n.    The   quality   of 
being  liable  to  suspicion,  or   liable  to  be 
suspected  ;  as  the  susjiiciousness  of  a  man's 
appearance,  of  his  weapons  or  of  his  ac 
tions. 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  apt  to  sus 
pect ;  as  the  suspiciousness  of  a  roan's  tem- 
per or  mind. 

Sl'SI'I'KAL,  n.  [L.  ius^Vo,  to  breathe ;  *u6 
and  spiro.] 

1.  A  breathing  bole  ;  a  vent  or  ventiduct. 

Rees. 

2.  A  spring  of  water  passing  under  ground 
towards  a  cistern  or  conduit.     [Local.] 

Rees. 
SUSPIRA'TION',  n.   [L.  suspiratio,  suspiro, 

to  sigh  ;  sub  and  spiro,  to  breathe.] 
The  act  of  sighing  or  fetching  a  long  and 

deep  breath  ;  a  sigh.  More 

SUSPI'RE,  V.  i.  [supra.]  To  sigh  ;  to  fetch 

a  long  deep  breath  ;  to   breathe.     [Little 

used.]  Shak. 

SUril'l'RED,  pp.  or  a.  Wished  for  ;  desired. 

LYot  in  VSL.] 
SLSTA'IN,  V.I.  [I4.  suslineo  ;  sub  a\u\  teneo. 

to  hold  under  ;  Er.  soutenir ;  It.  sosttnere , 

Sp.  sostcner,  sustentar.] 

1.  To  bear;  to  uphold;  to  support;  as,  a 
foundation  sustains  the  superstructure ; 
pillars  4W4(aiH  an  edifice  ;  a  beast  sustains 
u  load. 

2.  To  hold  ;  to  keep  from  falling  ;  as,  a  rope 
sustains  a  weight. 

:i.  To  support ;  to  keep  from  sinking  in  des 
pondence.  The  hope  of  s  better  life  sus- 
tains the  afflicted  amidst  all  their  sor- 
rows. 

4.  To  maintain  ;  to  keep  alive ;  to  support ; 
to  subsist ;  as  provisions  to  sustain  a  fam- 
ily or  an  army. 

5.  To  support  in  any  condition  by  aid  ;  to 
assist  or  relieve. 

His  sous,  who  seek  the  tyrant  to  sustain. 

Dryden 
C.  To   bear;  to   endure  without  failing   or 
yielding.     The  mind  stands  collected  am 
sustains  the  shock. 

Shall  Turuus  then  such  endless  toil  sustain? 

Drydcn. 
To  sufTer ;  to  bear ;  to  undergo. 
Vou  shall  sustain  more  new  disgraces. 

Shak. 

8.  To  maintain  ;  to  support ;  not  to  dismiss 
or  abate.  Notwithstanding  the  plea  in 
bar  or  in  abatement,  the  court  sustained 
the  action  or  suit. 

9.  To  maintain  as  a  sufficient  ground.  T 
testimony  or  the  evidence  is  not  sufficient 
to  sustain  the  action,  the  accusation,  the 
charges,  or  the  impeachment. 

10»  In  music,  to  continue,  ns  the  sound  of 
notes  through  their  whole  length. 

Busby. 

SIJSTA'IN,  Ji.  That  which  upholds.  [.Vol 
in  use.]  MUton. 

SUSTA'INABLE,  a.  That  may  be  sustain- 
ed or  maintained.  The  action  is  not  .sus- 
tainable. 

SUSTAINED,  pp.  Borne  ;  upheld  ;  main- 
tained ;  supported;  subsisted;  suffered. 

SUSTA'INER,  n.  He   or  that   which  sus 
tains,  upholds  orsiifiers. 

SUSTA'INJNG, /)/</•  Bearing;  upholding;! 
maintaining;  suffering;  subsisting. 

87 


SUSTAL'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  otfcu.nxoj.]  Mourn- 
ful ;  ati'ecting  ;  an  epithet  given  to  a  spe- 
cies of  music  by  tlie  Greeks.  Busby. 

SUSTENANCE,  n.  [Norm.  Fr. ;  from  sus- 


tain. 


1.  Support  ;  maintenance  ;  subsistence  ;  as 
the  sustenance  of  the  body  ;  the  sustenance 
of  life. 

2.  That  which  supports  hfe  ;  food;  victuals; 
provisions.  This  city  has  ample  susten- 
ance. 

SUSTEN'TACLE,   n.    [L.  sustentaculum.] 


Support.     [A'ot  in  use. 


More. 


SUSTENTA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  a«»ten- 
tatio,  sustento.] 

1.  Support  ;  preservation  from  falling. 

Boyle. 

2.  Use  of  food.  Brown. 

3.  Maintenance  ;  support  of  life.         Bacon. 
SUSURRATION,  n.  [I.,  susurraiio  ;  susur- 

ro, 10  whisper.]  A  whispering  ;a  soft  mur- 
mur. 

SU'TILE,  a.  [L.  sutilis,  from  suo,  to  sew.] 
Done  by  stitching.     [.\'ot  in  use.] 

Bosuell. 

SUT'LER,  n.  [D.  zoetelaar,  as  if  from  zoel, 
sweet.  But  in  German,  sudelkoch  is  a  pal- 
try victnaler,  as  if  from  sudeln,  to  soil ; 
sudler,  a  dirty  fellow.  In  Danish,  sudel- 
kock  is  a  pastry  cook,  from  the  same  root; 
sudler,  to  soil.  The  Danish  may  be  the 
original  signification.] 

A  jierson  who  follows  an  army  and  sells  to 
the  troops  provisions  and  liquors. 

SUT'LING,  a.  Belonging  to  sutlers;  en- 
gaged in  the  occupation  of  a  sutler. 

Taller. 

SUTTEE',  n.  In  the  Sanscrit,  or  sacred 
language  of  the  Hindoos,  a  ft;inale  deity. 

2.  A  widow  who  immolates  herself  on  the 
funeral  pile  of  her  husband. 

3.  The  sacrifice  of  burning  a  widow  on  the 
the  funeral  pile  of  her  hushaml. 

sUT'TLE,  a.  Suttle  weight,  in  commerce,  is 
when  tret  is  allowed  ;  neat  weight.     Diet. 

SU'TURE,  »i.  [L.  sutura,  from  suo,  to  sew.] 
Literally,  a  sewing  ;  hence,  the  uniting 
of  the  jjarts  of  a  wound  by  stilching. 

Coxe. 
The  seam  or  joint  which  unites  the  bones 
of  the  skull;  or  the  peculiar  articulation  or 
connection  of  those  bones  ;  as  the  coronal 
suture;  the  sagittal  suture. 

SUV'ERAN,  a.  [Fr.  «ouicram ;  Sp.  Port. 
soberano  ;  It.  sovrano ;  from  L.  supertius, 
superus,  super.  The  barbarous  Norman 
word  .soKiiercig'ii, seems  to  be  formed  of  L. 
super  and  regnum  ;  a  strange  blunder.] 

1.  Supreme  in  power  ;  possessing  supreme 
dominion  ;  as  usuveran  prince.  The  Cre- 
ator is  the  suveran  ruler  of  the  universe. 

3.  Supreme  ;  chief;   superior  to  all  others. 

3.  Supremely  efficacious  ;  superior  to  all 
others;  as  a siiueran remedy. 

4.  Supreme;  pertaining  to  the  first  magis- 
trate of  a  nation  ;  as  suveran  authority. 

SUV'ERAN,  n.  A  supreme  lord  or  ruler; 
one  who  possesses  the  highest  authority 
without  control.  Soii:e  kings  are  suvera7is 
in  iheirdominions;  the  authority  of  others 
is  limited.  The  Creator  is  the  suverari  of 
all  that  he  has  made. 

2.  A  supreme  magistrate,  lord  or  king. 

O  lot  my  suveran  turn  away  his  face.  Shak. 
UV'EK.ANLV,  adv.  Supremely  ;  in  the 
highest  degree.     Obs.  Boyle. 


SWA 


SWA 


SWA 


SUV'ERANTY,    71.    Supreme   power  ;  su-||l.  A  young  man,  Spenser. 

preinacy  ;  the  possession  of  uncomrolla-|  2.  A  country  servant  employed  in  husband 


Absolute  suveranty  belongs 


ble  power, 
only  to  God 

SWaB,  n.  [Sax.  sicehban,  to  sweep  ;  formed 
perhaps  on  the  root  of  wipe,  as  G.schwcbcn, 
to  wave  or  soar,  is  on  that  of  wave,  and  D. 
zweepen,  on  that  of  whip.] 

A  mop  for  cleaning  floors ;  on  board  of  ships, 
a  large  mop  or  bunch  of  old  rope  yarn, 
used  to  clean  the  deck  and  cabin. 

SWaB,  v.t.  [supra.]  To  clean  with  a  mop;; 
to  wipe  when  wet  or  after  washing ;  as,  to 
swab  the  deck  of  a  ship. 

SWaB'BER,  n.  [D.  ricaitc)-.]  One  that  uses 
a  swab  to  clean  a  tloor  or  deck  ;  on  board 
of  ships  of  war,  an  inferior  otlicer,  whose 
business  is  to  see  that  the  ship  is  kept  clean. 

SWaD,  71.  A  pod,  as  of  beans  or  peas.  [Lo- 
cal.] 

2.  A  short  fat  person.     Ohs.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  In  Atii)  Evgland,  a  lump,  mass  or  bunch  ; 
also,  a  crowil.     [Vulgar.] 

SW.\D'DLE,  V.  t.  [Sax.  swathe,  sirelhd,  a 
border,  fringe  or  band  ;  beswelhaii,  to 
swathe;  D.  zwaad,  G.  schwa(len,aswath.] 

1.  To  swathe  ;  to  bind,  as  with  a  bandage ; 
to  bind  light  with  clothes  ;  used  generally 
of  infants;  as,  to  sivaddle  a  c\n](\. 

They  swaddled  me  in  my  night-gown. 

Jlddison. 

2.  To  beat ;  to  cudgel.     [Low  and  not  in  use.] 

Hudibras. 
SWaD'DLE,  71.  Clothes  bound  tight  around 
the  body. 

They  put  me  in  bed  in  all  my  swaddles. 

Addison. 
SWaD'D1.,ED,  pp.  Swathed  ;  bound  in  tight 

clothes 
SWaD'DLING,  ppr.  Swathing  ;  binding  in 

tight  clothes. 
SWaD'DLING-BAND,     \         A   band 
SWaD'DL1NG-€LOTH,  S    "■  cloth  wrap^ 

ped  round  an  infant.     Luke  ii. 
SWAG,  I',  t.  [Qu.  Sax.  sigan,  to  fall  ;  Ice. 
sweigia   ;    Sw.    sxmg,    Dan.    id.    feeble  ; 
Dan.  sv(rkker,    to    weaken.      See   IFeak.} 
To  sink  down  by  its  weight ;  to  lean. 

Grew. 

SWAG'-BELLIED,  a.  Having  a  prominent 

overhanging  belly.  Shak. 

SWAgE,  v.  t.  [probably  allied  to  swag' and 

weak;   from  falling  or  throwing  down.] 

To  ease  ;  to  soften  ;  to  mitigate. 

Apt  words  have  power  to  swage 
The  tumors  of  a  troubled  mind.  Milton. 

[See  Jlssuage,  which  is  the  word  now 
used.] 
SWAG'GER,  v.  {.  [Sax.  swegan,  to  sound 

or  rattle.] 
To  bluster  ;  to  bully  ;  to  boast  or  brag  noisi- 
ly; to  be  tumultuously  proud 

What  a  pleasure  it  is  to  swagger  at  the  bar. 

Jlrlruthtiot. 

To  be  great  is  not  to  swagger  at  our  footmen 

Collier. \ 

SWAG'GERER,  n.  A  blusterer;  a  bully; 
a  boastful  noisy  fellow.  Shak. 

SWAG'GERING,  ppr.  Blustering;  boast- 
ing noisily. 

SWAG'GING,  ppr.  Sinking  or  inclining. 

SVVAG'GY,a.  [fioin  sUYiir]  Sinking,  hang- 
it)g  or  Icanins:  by  its  weight.  Brown.\ 

SWAIN,  Ji.  [Siix.  sweiti,  swan,  a  bov,  a 
youth,  n  scrvniit,  a  hcnlsnian  ;  Sw.sven,^ 
a  boy  ;  Dan.  svend ;  Ice.  svein.] 


ry.  Shak. 

3.  A  pastoral  youth.     [It  is  vsed  chiefly  in 
this  sense,  and  in  poetry.] 

Blest  swains  .'  whose  nymphs  in  every  grace 
excel.  Piqie. 

SWA'INISH,  a.  Rustic.  Milton. 

SWA'IN  iVlOTE,  i  [swain  and  mole,  ineet- 
SWE'lNMOTE.Vjt.  ing.]  In  England,  :> 
SWAN'IMOTE,  )  court  held  before  the 
vcrderors  of  the  forest  as  judges,  by  the 
steward  of  the  court,  thrice  every  year : 
tlie  swains  or  freeholders  within  the  forest 
composing  the  jury.  Its  principal  juris- 
diction is  to  inquire  iiuo  the  oppressions 
and  grievances  committed  by  the  ofliccr 
of  the  forest.  It  receives  and  tries  also 
presenlnicnts  certified  from  the  court  of 
attachments  against  offenses  in  vert  and 
venison.  This  court  is  incident  to  a  for- 
est, as  a  court  of  piepoiidre  is  to  a  fair. 

Blackstone 
SWALE,  71.  [probably  from  vale.]    A   loca 
word  in  New  England,  signifying  an  in 
terval  or  vale  ;  a  tract  of  low  land. 
3.   In  England,  a  shade.  Cyc. 

SWALE,  V.  i.  To  waste.     [See  Siveal.] 
SWALE,  V.  t.  To  dress  a  hog  for  bacon,  by 
singeing  or  burning  off' his  hair.     [Loral.' 


Cyc 


SWaL'LET,  71.  [See  Well.]  Amonglhetin 

miners,  water  breaking  in  upon  the  miner^ 

at  their  work.  Bailey 

SWaL'LOW,  71.  [Sax.  swalewe;  D.zwaluw . 

G.  schuHilbe  :  Dan.  svale  ;  Sw.  svaln.] 
A  bird  of  the  genus  Hirundo,  of  many  spe- 
cies, among  which  are  the  chimney  swal- 
low and  the  ninrliu. 
SVVaL'LOW-EISH,  11.  A  sea  fish  of  the 
genus  Trigla,  called  in  Cornwall,  tiib-Jish  ; 
remarkable  for  the  size  of  its  gill-fins.  It 
is  called  also  the  sapphirine  gurnard. 

Cyc. 

SWaL'LOW-FLY,    71.    The  name   of   the 

chelidonius,  a  fly  remarkable  for  its  swift 

and  long  flijrht.  Cyc. 

SWaL'LOW'S-TAIL,    71.    In  joinery    and 

carpentry,  the  same  as  dove-tail. 
SWaL'L6W-STONE,   71.    Chelidonius  la- 
pis, a  stone  which  Pliny  and  other  authors 
affirm   to   be  found  in   the   stomachs  of 
young  swallows.  Cyc. 

SWaL'LOW-TAIL,  71.  A  plant,  a  species 
of  willow.  Bacon 

SWAL'LOW- WORT,  71.  A  plant  of  the  ge 
nus  Asclepias  ;  hirundinaria.  It  grows  in 
the  southern  part  of  Europe,  and  is  said 
to  have  been  succe.ssfully  used  as  a  niedi 
cine,  chiefly  in  dropsical  cases.  Cyc. 

The  Jlfrican  stvallow-wort  is  of  the  genus 
Stapelia.  Lee. 

SWaL'LOW,  v.  i.  [Sax.  swelgan,  swilgan 
to  swallow,  to  swill  ;  D.  zwelgen  ;  Sw. 
svaljn,  to  swallow  ;  svatg,t\ie  throat ;  Dan. 
sviclger.  Qu.  the  Fr.  avaler,  with  a  prefix, 
and  the  root  of  fall.] 

To  take  into  the  stomach ;  to  receive 
through  the  gullet  or  oesophagus  into  the 
stonuu-h  ;  as,  to  swallow  food  or  drink. 
Food  should  be  well  chewed  before  it  is 
swallowed. 

To  absorb ;  to  draw  and  sink  into  an 
abyss  or  gidf;  to  ingulf;  usually  fi'llowed 
by   up.     TIk'   Malstrom   oft'  the   coast   of 


I  In  bogs  swatlow'd  tip  and  lost.  Milton 

I  The  earth  opened  and  swallowed  them  up- 

I     Nam.  xvi. 

.3.  To  receive  or  embrace,  as  opinions  or  be- 
1  lief,  without  examination  or  scruple;  to 
1     receive  implicitly.  Locke, 

4.  To  engross  ;  to  approjiriate. 
Homer — has   swaltuwtd   vp   the   honor    of 

those  who  succeeded  liim.  Pope. 

5.  To  occupy  ;  to  employ. 
The  necessary  provision  of  life  swallows  the 

greatest  part  of  their  tiuie.  Locke. 

To  seize  and  waste. 

t  orriiption  swaltow'd  what  the  liberal  hand 
Of  bounty  scalter'd.  Thomson- 

To  engross  ;  to  engage  completely. 

The    priest    and    the    prophet    have    erred 

tliroueh  stioiig  drink  ;  they   are  swallowed  up 

of  wine.     Is.  xxviii. 

To  exhaust;  to  consume.     His  expenses 

sivulloiv  up  all  his  income. 
SWaL'LOW,  71.  The  gullet  or  oesophagus; 

the  throat. 
2.  Voracity.  South. 

'.}.  As  much  as  is  swallowed  at  once. 
SWALLOWED,  pp.  Taken  into  the  stom- 
ach; absorbed;  received  without  scruple; 

engrossed;  wasted;  exhausted. 
SWaL'LOWER,   7!.    One   who  swallows; 

also,  a  crhitton.  Taller. 

SWaL'L'OWING,    ppr.    Taking    into    the 

stomach  ;  absorhiny  ;  ingulfing  ;  receiving 


0. 


8. 


implicitly  ;  engrossing;  wasting  ;  exhaust- 
ing. 

SWAL'LOWING,  71.  The  act  of  taking  in- 
to the  stomach  or  of  absorbing;  the  act  of 
receivins  implicitly ;  the  act  of  engrossing. 
WAM,  pret.  ofsivim. 

SWA.MP,  n.  [Sa.x.  swam,  a  fungus  or  mu.«h- 
rooin  ;  Guth.  sicantms,  a  spimge,  G. 
schwamm,  D.  zwntn,  Dan.  svamp ;  Sw. 
id.  a  spimge,  a  fungus.] 

Spungy  land  ;  low  ground  filled  with  water  ; 
soft  wet  ground.  In  JVew  England,  I  be- 
lieve this  word  is  never  applied  to  marsh, 
or  the  boggy  land  made  by  the  overflow- 
ing of  salt  water,  but  always  to  low  soft 
ground  in  the  interior  country  ;  wet  and 
s|)ungy  land,  but  not  usually  covered  with 
water.  This  is  the  true  meaning  of  the 
word.  Swamps  are  often  mowed.  In 
England,  the  word  is  explained  in  books 
by  boggy  land,  morassy  or  marshy  ground. 

SWAMP.  V.  t.  Til  plunge,  whelm  or  sink  in 
a  swamp  ;  to  plunge  into  difficulties  inex- 
tricable. 

SWaMP'Y,  a.  Consisting  of  swamp  ;  likea 
swamp;  low,  wet  and  spungy  ;  as  swampy 
land. 

SWaMP-ORE,  7!.  In  mineralogy,  an  ore  of 
iron  found  in  swamps  and  morasses  ;  call- 
ed also  hog-ore,  or  indurated  bog  iron  ore. 
Its  color  is  a  dark  yellowish  brown  or 
gray  ;  its  fracture  is  earthy,  and  it  con- 
tains so  much  phosphoric  acid  as  to  injure 
its  tenacity.  Cyc. 

SWaN,  71.  [Sax.  swan  ;  D.  zwaan ;  G. 
schwan  ;  Dan.  st'a7ie  ;  Sw.  svan.  Qu.  wan, 
white,  with  a  prefix.] 
large  ai|uatic  fowl  of  the  genus  Anas, 
of  two  varieties,  the  wild  and  the  tame. 
The  phmuige  is  of  a  pure  white  ccdor,  and 
its  long  arching  neck  gives  it  a  noble  ap- 
pearance. Cyc. 

SW.\NG,  71.  A  piece  of  low  land  or  green 
sward,  liable   to   be  covered   with  water. 


n     Norway,  it  is  said,  will  swallow  up  a  ship.ll     [Local  in  England.] 


SWA 


SWA 


SWA 


SWaNSDOWN,  n.  A  fine  soft  thick  woolenll        In  crowds  around  the  fwarming  people  join. 
rlnU.  'I      ^  iJrjrden. 

SVVA.VnKIN,  n.  [swan  and  skin.]    A  spe-  •'•  To  I.e  crowded;  to  be  thronged  with  a 


cies  nt"  llaiiael  of  a  soft  texture,  thick  and 
warm. 

SW/Vl',  ado.  [Uu.  sweep.]  Hastily  ;  at  a; 
snatch.     [A  low  ward  and  local.] 

SWaI*,  v.  t.  To  exclian};o  ;  to  barter  ;  to 
swop,  [^ce  Swop.]  [This  word  is  not  el- 
ef^anl,  but  common  in  colloquial  language  in 
Jimerica.] 

SWAPl^,  n.  [Cla.  sweep.]  A  pole  supported 
by  a  fulcrum  on  which  it  turns,  used  for 
raising  wat<r  from  a  well,  for  churning, 
&c.  [This  JJailey  spells  swipe,  and  in  N. 
England  it  is  pronounced  sioee^,  asin  welt- 
sweep.] 

SVV.AIIU,  >i.  [Sax.  sweard;  Dan.  siwrr ;  D. 
zwoord  ;  G.  schwarte,  rind,  skin  ;  \V.  gwenjd, 
an  excretion,  svvanl,  moss.] 

1.  The  skin  of  bacon.     [Lwal.\ 

2.  The  grassy  surface  of  laml  ;  turf;  that 
part  of  the  soil  which  is  (illfd  with  the  roots 
of  grass,  forming  a  kind  of  mat.  When 
covered  with  green  grass,  it  is  called  g-ree/i 
sward. 

SWARD,  V.  t.  To  produce  sward  ;  to  cover 
with  sward.  Mortimer. 

SW.MID -CUTTER,  n.  An  in.strumcnt  for 
cutting  sward  across  the  ridges. 

SWARD'Y,  a.  Covered  with  sward  or 
grass  ;  as  swardy  land. 

HWARE,  old pret.  of  swear.  We  now  use 
swore. 

SWARK,        }       A  copper  coin  and  money 

SCHWARE,  I  "■  of  account  in  Bremen, 
value  one  fifth  of  a  groat,  and  7^  groats 
make  a  thaler,  [<lollar.] 

SWARM,  7(.  sworm.  [Sax.  swearm  ;  G. 
schwnrm  :  D.  zwerm ;  Dan.  soerni ;  Sw. 
svhrm.  This  seems  to  be  formed  on  the 
root  of  warm.  The  Sp.  hervir,  to  boil,  to 
swarm,  is  the  h.ferveo,  and  boiling  is  very 
expressive  of  the  motions  of  a  swarm  of 
bees.     See  the  Verb.] 

1.  In  a  general  sen.'ie,  a  large  number  or  body 
of  .small  animals  or  insects,  particularly 
when  in  motion  ;  but  appropriately,  a  great 
number  of  honey  bees  which  emigrate 
from  a  hive  at  once,  and  seek  new  lodg-j 
ings  under  the  direction  of  a  queen  ;  or  a' 
like  body  of  bees  united  and  settled  per- 
inaueiitly  in  a  hive.  The  bees  that  leave 
a  hive  in  spring,  are  the  young  bees  pro- 
duced in  the  year  preceding.  Ex.  viii. 
Judges  xiv. 

2.  A  swarm  or  multitude  ;  particularly,  a 
inultittide  of  people  in  motion.  Swarms 
of  northern  nations  overran  the  south  of 
Europe  in  the  fifth  century. 

Note. — The  application  of  this  word  to  inanimate 
things,  as  sivarms  of  advantages,  by  Shak- 
speare,  and  swarms  of  thenies,  by  Young,  is  not 
legitimate,  for  the  essence  of  the  word  is  mo- 
tion. 

SWARM,  I",  i.  sworm.  [Sax.  swearmian ; 
D.  zwemien ;  G.  schwiirmen ;  Dan.  sver- 
mer:  Sw.  svtvma,  to  swarm,  to  rove,  to 
wander,  to  swerve.] 

1.  To  collect  and  depart  from  a  hive  by 
flight  in  a  body,  as  bees.  Bees  swarm  in 
warm,  clear  days  in  summer. 

2.  To  .ippear  or  collect  in  a  crowd  :  to  run  ; 
to  throng  together  ;  to  congregate  in  a 
multitude. 


nuiltituilo  of  animals  in  motion.     The  for- 
ests in    America  often  swarm  with  wild 
I      pigeons.      The   northern   seas  in   spring 
swarm  with  herrings-. 

Every  place  swarms  with  soldiers.     Spenser. 

[Such  phra.ses  as  "life iiforms  with  ills," 

"  those    days   swarmed  with   fables,"   are 

not  legitimate,  or  wholly  obsolete,  lirown. 

Young.] 

4.  To  breed  multitudes.  Milton. 

5.  To  climb,  as  a  tree,  by  embracing  it  with 
the  arms  and  legs,  an<l  scrambling.  I 

At  the  top  was  placed  a  piece  of  money,  a.i  aj 
prize  for  those  who  could  swarm  up  and  seize 
it.  Coxe's  Ruas.l 

Note. — This,  by  the  common  people  in  New 
England,  is  pronounced  squirm  or  squurm, 
and  it  is  evidently  formed  on  worm,  indicating 
that  worm  and  warm,  on  which  swarm  and 
squirm  are  formed,  are  radically  the  same 
word.  The  primary  sense  is  to  bend,  wind, 
twist,  as  a  worm,  or  a  swarm  of  bees.  It  may 
be  formed  on  the  root  of  veer,  vary 

SWARM,  V.  t.  To  crowd  or  throng.  [ATot 
in  use.] 

SW.MIT,     )      swort.    [Sax.  swart,  sweart ; 

SWARTir,  I  "■  sworth.  Sw.  svnrt  ;  Dan. 
siuerle  ;  G.  sckwarz  ;  D.  zwart.] 

1.  Being  of  a  dark  hue;  moderately  black; 
tawny. 

A  nation  strange  with  visage  swart.    Sjicnser. 

[I  believe  swart  and  swarth  are  never 
used  in  the  United  States,  certainly  not 
in  New  Englaiui.  Swarthy  is  a  conunon 
word.] 

2.  Glooitiy;  malignant.     [jYot  in  use.] 

Milton. 

SWART,  V.  t.  To  make  tawny.  lirown. 

SWARTH,     I       An  apparition.     [.Vol  us- 

.SWAHITH,   I"-  cd  in. Vew  England.]  I 

jSWARTH'ILY,  afif.  [from  J!irar%.]  Dusk-I 

ily  ;  with  a  tawny  hue.  | 

SWARTII'INESS,  n.  Tawniuess  ;  aduskyi 

or  <liuk  complexion.  i 

SWARTH'Y,   a.    [See  Swart.]     Being  of  a' 

dark   hue   or   dusky   complexion  ;  tawny. 

In  warm  climates,  the  complexion  of  men 

is   utiiversally    swarthy    or    black.      The 

Moors,  Spaniards  and  Italians  are  tnore| 

swarthy  than   the   French,   Germans   and 

English.  j 

Their  sirnrthi/  hosts   would   darken   all  our 

plains.  .Iddison, 

2.  Black;  as  the  stcartty  African. 
SWART'LNESS,  n.  A  tawny  color. 
I  Sherwood. 

;S\V.\RT'ISH.  a.  Somewhat  dark  or  tawnv.' 
iSWART'Y,  a.  Swarthy  ;  tawnv.  Burto'n.l 
^SWARVE,  v.i.  To  swerve.  [.Voiin  use]  | 
I  Spenser.' 

SW.\SH,  n.  All  oval  figure,  whose  mold-' 
ings  are  oblique  to  the  axis  of  the  work. 

Moxon.l 
[A  cant  word.    Johnson.]  j! 

iSVVASH,  n.  A   blustering   noise;  a   vapor-!i 
j     ing.     [.Yot  in  iwe  or  vulgar.] 
2.  Impidsc  of  water  flowing  with  violence. 
I     In  the  southern  states  of  America,  swash 
or  swosh  is   a  name   given  to  a  narrow  ' 
sound  or  channel  of  water  lying  within 
a  sand  bank,  or  between  that  and  the  shore. 
Many  such  are  found  on  the  shores  of  thej 
Carolinas.  ' 


,S\V.\Sn,  V.  I.  [D.  twelsen,  to  boast.]  To 
bluster;  to  make  a  great  noise;  to  vapor 
or  brag.     [.Wot  in  use.]  Shak. 

SWASH,       /       Soft,   like    fruit    too   ripe. 

SW.VSH'Y,  I  "•  [Local.]  Pegge. 

SW.VSH'-BUCKLER,  n.  A  sword-player  ; 
a  bully  or  braggadocio.     [JS/ot  in  use.] 

MiUon. 

SWASII'ER,  ti.  One  who  makes  a  bluster- 
ing show  of  valor  or  force  of  arras.  [Act 
•'"  use.]  Shak. 

SWaT,      I       .   To  sweat.      Obs. 

SWATE,  I  '■■  '•  Chaucer. 

SWATCH,  »i.  A  swath.     [.Vol  in  use.] 

\  Tusser. 

SWATH,  n.  stDoth.  [Sax.  swathe,  a  track,  a 
border  or  fringe,  a  band  ;  D.   zwaad ;  G. 

\     schwaden.] 

1.  A  line  of  grass  or  grain  cut  and  thrown 
together  by  the  sythe  in  mowing  or 
cradling. 

2.  The  whole  breadth  or  sweep  of  a  sythe 
in  mowing  or  cradling  ;  as  a  wide  swath. 

Farmers. 

2.  A  band  or  fillet.     They  wrapped  me  in  a 

I     hundred  yards  of  .?u)a(A.  Guardian. 

SWATHE,  V.  t.  To  bind  with  a  band,  band- 
age or  rollers ;  as,  to  swathe  a  child. 

2.  To  bind  or  wrap. 

Their  children  are   never  swathed  or  bound 
about  with  any  thing  when  first  born.      Mbot. 

SWAY,  V.  t.  [D.  zwaaiien,  to  turn,  to  wield, 
to  swing,  to  sway.      This  word  is  proba- 

j     biy  formed  on  the  root  of  ice^A,  wave,  Sax. 

I  umg,  weg,  and  swag,  and  probably  swing 
is  written  for  swig,  and  is  of  the  same 
family  ;  Ice.  sweigia  ;  Sw.  sviga.] 

1.  To  move  or  wave  ;  to  wield  with  the 
hand  ;  as,  to  sway  the  scepter. 

2.  To  bias ;  to  cause  to  lean  or  incline  to 
one  side.  Let  not  temporal  advantages 
sway  you  from  the  line  of  duty.  The  king 
was  swayed  by  his  council  from  the  course 
he  intended  to  pursue. 

As  bowls  run  true  l)y  being  made 
On  purpose  false,  and  to  be  sway'd. 

Hudibras. 
X  To  rule ;  to  govern  ;  to  influence  or  di- 
rect by  power  and  authority,  or  by  moral 
force. 

This  was  the  race 
To  sway  the  world,  and  land  and  sea  subdue. 

Dryden. 
She  could  not  sway  her  house.  Shale. 

Take  heed  lest  passion  sway 
Tliy  judgment   to  do  aught  which  else  firee 

will 
Would  not  admit.  Milton. 

SWAY,  V.  i.  To  be   drawn  to  one  side  by 
weight ;  to   lean.      A  wall   sways  to   the 
west. 
The  balance  sicays  on  our  part.  Bacon. 

[This  sense  seems  to  indicate  that  this 
word  and  swag,  are  radically  one.] 

2.  To  have  weight  or  influence. 

The    example      of    sundry    churches— .-dQth 
sicay  much.  Hooker. 

3.  To  bear  rule  ;  to  govern. 

Had'st  thou  sway'd  as  kings  shquld  do — 

Shak. 

4.  In  seamen''s  language,  to  hoist ;  particu- 
larly applied  to  the  lower  yards  and  to  the 
topmjist  yards,  &c. 

SWAY,  ;i.  The  swing  or  sweep  of  a  weap- 
on. 
To  strike  with  huge  two-banded  sway. 

MUton 


S  W  E 


S  W  E 


S  W  E 


%  Any  tliiugr  moving  with  bulk  and  power.  J 
Are   not  you   mov'd  when  all  the  sway   oC. 

earth 
Shakes  like  a  thing  unfirm  ?  ShakJ 

3.  Preponderation  ;  turn  or  cast  of  balance. 

— Expert 
When  to  advance,  or  stand,  or  turn  the  swni/ 
of  battle.  Afilton. 

4.  Power  exerted  in  governing;  rule;  do- 
minion ;  control. 

When  vice   prevails  and  impious  men  bear 

sway. 
The  post  of  honor  is  a  private  station. 

Mdison. 

5.  Influence ;  weight  or  authority  that  in- 
clines to  one  side  ;  a.s  the  sivay  of  desires. 
All  the  world  is  subject  to  the  sicay  of| 
fashion. 

SWA'YED,  pp.  Wielded  ;  inclined  to  one 
side ;  ruled  ;  governed  ;  influenced  ;  bias- 
ed. 

SWA'YING,  ppr.  Wielding  ;  causing  to 
lean  ;  biasing  ;  riding. 

SWA'YING,  n.  Swaying  of  the  hack,  among 
beasts,  is  a  kind  of  lumbago,  caused  by  a 
fall  or  by  being  overloaded.  Cyc. 

SWEAL,  V.  {.  [Sax.  sivelan  ;  sometimes 
written  swale.  In  America,  it  is  pronounc- 
ed as  written,  sweal  or  siveel.] 

1.  To  melt  and  run  down,  as  the  tallow  of 
a  candle  ;  to  waste  away  without  feeding 
the  flame. 

2.  To  blaze  away. 

SWE'ALING,  ppr.  Melting  and  wasting 
away. 

SWEAR,  v.i.  \iret.  swore,  [formerly  sicrtrc  ;] 
pp.  sworn.  fSax.  swerian,  swerigan  ;  Goth. 
swaran ;  D.  tweeren ;  G.  schivuren  ;  Sw 
svaria,  to  swear,  and  svara,  to  answer  ; 
Dan.  svarster,  to  swear,  and  svarer,  to  an- 
swer. The  latter  seems  to  be  from  svar 
rer,  to  turn,  Eng.  veer.  Swear  seems  to  be 
allied  to  aver  and  the  L.  assevero,  and  to 
belong  to  the  root  IVr.]  I 

J.  To  affirm  or  utter  a  solemn  declaration,' 

with  an  appeal    to  God  for  the  truth  ofj 

what  is  affirmed.  j 

Ye   shall  not  stfear  by   my   name    falsely.! 

Lev.  xix. 

But  I  say  unto  you,  swear  not  at  all.  Matt.  v. 

2.  To  promise  upon  oath.  j 

Jacob  said,  swear  to   me   this   day  ;  and  he 
swore  to  him.     Gen.  xxv. 

3.  To  give  evidence  on  oath;  as,  to  swear\ 
to  the  truth  of  a  statement.  He  sworel 
that  the  prisoner  was  not  present  at  the 
riot.  j 

4.  To  be  profane;  to  practice  profaneness.j 
Certain  classes  of  men  are  accustomed  tol 
swear.  For  men  to  swear  is  sinful,  disrep-, 
utable  and  odious  ;  but  for  females  or  la- 
dies to  swear,  appears  more  abominable 
and  scandalous. 

SWEAR,  v.t.    To  utter  or  affirm  with   a 
solemn  appeal  to  God  for  the  truth  of  the 
declaration  ;  as,  to  swear  on  oath.     [Tin 
seems  to  have  been   the  primitive  use  of 
swear  ;  that  is,  to  affirm.] 

2.  Ti>  put  to  an  oath ;  to  cause  to  take  an 
oath  ;  as,  ti'  sicefir  witnes.ses  in  court ;  to 
swear  a  jury  ;  the  witness  has  been  sworn  ; 
the  judges  arc  sworn  into  office. 

3.  To  ilcclari'  or  char;fe  upon  oath  ;  as,  to 
swear  treason  iij;ainst  a  man. 

4.  Tn  oliti'sl  by  an  oBth. 

Now  by  A  loilc),  king,  thou  swear'st  thy  "ods 
•n  vain.  ghak. 


To  swear  the  peace  against  one,  to  make  oath 
that  one  is  under  the  actual  fear  of  death 
or  bodily  harm  from  the  person;  in  which 
case  the  person  must  find  sureties  of  tlie 
peace. 

SWE.ARER,  n.  One  who  swears;  one  who 
calls  God  to  witness  for  the  truth  of  his 
declaration. 
A  profane  person. 
Then  the  liars  and  swearers  are  fools. 

S1iak. 

SWEARING,  ppr.  Affirming  upon  oail]  ; 
uttering  a  declaration,  with  an  appeal  to 
God  for  the  truth  of  it. 

2.  Putting  upon  oath  ;  causing  to  swear. 

SWEARING,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  af- 
firming on  oath.  Swearing  in  court  is 
lawful. 

2.  Profaneness.  All  siveanng  not  required 
by  sonic  law,  or  in  conformity  with  law, 
is  crimin.il.  False  swearing  or  perjury  is 
a  crime  of  a  deep  dye. 

SWEAT,  »i.  swet.  [Sax.  swat;  Ti.zweet  ;  G., 
schtveiss  ;  Dan.  sveed;  Sw.  svett ;  L.  su- 
dor.] 

1.  The  fluid  or  sensible  moisture  vyhich 
issues  out  of  the  pores  of  the  skin  of  an 
animal. 

In  the  sircat  of  thy  face  shalt  thou  cat  bread. 
Gen.  iii. 

2.  Labor;  toil;  drudgery.  J\IiHon. 

3.  Moisture  evacuated  from  any  substance  ; 
as  the  sweat  of  hay  or  grain  in  a  mow  or 
stack. 

SWEAT,  V.  i.  swet.  pret.  and  pp.  siveat  or 


sweated.     Swol  is  obsolete.    [Sax.  swatan 
si'etta  ;  Dan.    sveeder ;  U.  zweeten 


Sw.  svetta  ;  Dan.   sveeder;  Y).  zweeten  ;  G. 
schwitzen  ;  L.  sudo  ;  Fr.  suer.] 

1.  To  emit  sensible  moisture  through  tlie 
pores  of  the  skin;  to  perspire.  Horses 
siveat;  o\en  sweat  little  or  not  at  all.] 

2.  To  toil ;  to  labor  :  to  drudge. 
He'd  have  the  poets  sweat.  Waller. 

.3.  To  emit  moisture,  as  green  plants  in  a 
heap. 

SWEAT,  V.  t.  swet.    To  emit  or  suffer  to 
flow  from  the  pores  ;  to  exsiide. 
For  him  the  rich  Arabia  sweats  her  gums. 

Vryden 
To  cause  to  emit  moisture  from  the  pores 
of  the  skin.  His  physicians  attempted  to 
sweat  him  by  the  most  powerful  sudorifics. 
They  sweat  him  profusely. 

SWEAT'ER,  v.  One  that  causes  to  sweat. 

SWEAT'INESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
sweaty  or  moist  with  sweat. 

SWEAT'ING,  ppr.  Emitting  moisture  from 
the  pores  of  the  skin  ;  throwing  out  moist- 
ure ;  exsuding. 

2.  Causing  to  emit  moisture  upon  the  skin. 

SWEATING-BATH,  n.  A  sudatory  ;  a 
bath  for  exciting  sensible  perspiration  or 
sweat ;  a  hvpocaust  or  stove.  Cyc. 

SWEATING-HOUSE,  n.  A  house  for 
sweating  persons  in  sickness.  Cyc. 

SWEAT'ING-IRON,  n.  A  kind  of  knifeor, 
a  piece  of  a  sythe,  u.sed  to  scrape  off. 
sweat  from  horse.s.  Cyc.< 

SWEATING-ROOM,  n.  A  room  for 
sweating  persons. 

2.  In  rural  economy,  a  room  for  sweating 
cheese  and  carrying  oft'  the  superfluous 
juices.  f^yc. 

ISWEAT'ING-SICKNESS,  n.  A  febril  cp- 
idernic  ilisease  which  prevailed  in  some 
cuuturica  of  Eurojje,  but  particularly    in 


England,  in  the  15th  and  16th  centuries. 
Its  tirst  appearance  was  in  the  army  of 
the  carl  of  Richmond,  aftc>rward  Henry 
VII.  on  liis  landing  at  Milford  haven,  in 
14'^.'».  The  inv.asion  of  the  disease  was 
sudden,  and  usually  marked  by  a  local  af- 
fection producing  the  sensation  of  in- 
tense heat,  afterwards  diff'using  itself  over 
the  whole  body, and  immediately  followed 
by  profuse  sweating,  which  continued 
througli  the  whole  course  of  the  disease 
or  till  deutli,  which  often  happened  in  a 
few  hours.  Cyc. 

SWEAT  Y,  a.  Moist  with  sweat  ;  as  b 
sweaty  skin  ;  a  sweitiy  garment. 

2.  Consisting  of  sweat. 

No  noisy  n  hilfs  or  sweaty  streams.        Swifl. 
■i.  Laborious ;  toilsome  ;  as  the  sioeaty  forge. 

Prior 
SWEDE,  -/I.  A  native  of  Sweden. 

A  Swedish  turnep. 
SWE'DISII,  a.  Pertaining  to  Sweden. 
SWE'DISH-TURNEP,  n.   The  ruta  baga, 
a  hard  sort  of  tmnep,  of  two  kinds,  the 
white  and  the  yellow.     The  latter  is  most 
valued.  Cyc. 

SWEEP,  i:  t.  pret.  and  pp.  moept.  [Sax. 
swapan,  swcopan.  It  seems  to  be  allied  to 
swal),  and  may  be  formeii  on  the  root  of 
iripe.] 

To  brush  or  rub  over  with  a  brush, 
broom  or  besom,  for  removing  loose  ilirt; 
to  clean  by  bnishuig  ;  as,  to  sweep  a  chim- 
ney or  a  floor.  When  we  say,  to  sweep 
a  room,  we  mean,  to  sweep  the  floor  of 
tlie  room ;  and  to  sweep  the  house,  is  to 
sweep  the  floors  of  tlie  house. 
To  cany  with  a  long  swinging  or  drag- 
ging motion  ;  to  carry  with  pomp. 
And  like  a  peacock,  sweep  along  bis  tail. 

Sliak 

3.  To  drive  or  carry  along  or  ofi"  by  a  long 
brushing  stroke  or  force,  or  by  flowing  on 
the  earth.  Thus  the  wind  siceeps  the 
snow  from  the  tops  of  the  hills;  a  river 
sweeps  away  a  dam,  timber  or  rubbish  ;  a 
flood  sweeps  away  a  bridge  or  a  house. 
Hence, 

To  drive,  destroy  or  carry  off  many  at  a 
stroke,  or  with  celerity  and  violence;  as, 
a  pestilence  sweeps  off  multitudes  in  a  few 
days.  The  conflagration  swept  away 
whole  streets  of  houses. 


I  have  already  swept  the  stakes. 
To  rub  over. 


Dry  den. 


Their  long  descending  train. 
With  rubies  edg'd  and  sapphires,  sicept  the 
plain.  Itryden. 

6.  To  strike  with  a  long  stroke. 

Wake  into  voice  each  silent  string, 

And  sweep  the  sounding  lyre.  Pope. 

7.  To  draw  or  drag  over ;  as,  to  sieeep  the 
bottom  of  a  river  with  a  net,  or  with  the 
bight  of  a  rope,  to  hook  an  anchor. 

Mar.  Diet. 
SWEEP,  V.  i.  To  pass  with  swiftness  and 
violence,  as  somethinL'  broad  or  brushing 
the  surface  of  any  thing;  as  n  sweeping 
rain  ;  a  sweeping  flood.  A  fowl  that  flics 
near  the  surface  of  land  or  water,  is  said 
to  sweep  along  near  the  surface. 

2.  To  pass  over  or  brush  almig  with  celerity 
and  force ;  as,  the  wind  sweeps  along  the 
|ilain. 

3.  To  pass  with  pomp;  as,  a  person  «i«ep» 
I     along  with  a  trail. 


S  W  E 


S  W  E 


S  W  E 


She  sweeps  it  through  the  court  witli  troops 

of  ladies.  Shak. 

3.  To  move  with  a  long  reacli ;  as  a  swttp-\ 

infr  stroke.  Dnjdtn. 

SWEEP,  11.  The  net  of  swee[)ing. 

2.  The  compass  of  a  strok(^ ;  us  a  long  sieeep. 

3.  The  compass  of  any  tuniing  body  or  mo- 
tion ;  as  tiie  siveep  of  a  door. 

4.  The  compass  of  any  thing  flowing  or 
brushing  ;  as,  the  flood  carried  away  every  ^ 
thing  within  its  sweep.  \ 

5.  VioU;nt  and  general  destruction;  as  the; 
aivecp  of  an  epidemic  disease.  Graunt. 

G.  Direction  of  any  motion  not  rectilinear; 
as  the  sweep  of  a  compass. 

7.  The  niolil  of  a  ship  when  she  begins  to 
compass  in,  at  the  rung  heads;  also,  any 
part  of  a  ship  shii|)ed  by  the  segment  of  a 
circle  ;   as   a   l\m>r-sweep  ;  a  back-sweep, 

&.C. 

8.  Among  refiners  of  metals,  the  alnriond-fitr- 
nace. 

9.  Among  seamen,  a  large  oar,  used  to  assist 
the  rudder  in  turning  a  ship  in  a  calm,  or 
to  increase  her  velocity  in  a  chase,  &c. 

Sweep  of  the  tiller,  a  circular  frame  on  which 
the  tiller  traverses  in  largo  ships. 

SWEE'l'ER,  n.  One  that  sweeps. 

SWEK'PING,  ;)pr.  Brushing  over  ;  rubbing 
with  a  broom  or  besom;  cleaning  with  a 
broom  or  besom  ;  brushing  along ;  passing 
over;  dragging  over. 

SWEE'PINGS,  V.  plu.  Things  collected 
by  sweeping:  rubbish.  The  sweepings  o{ 
streets  are  often  used  as  mantu'e. 

SWEE'P-NET,  n.  [sweep  aii>\  net.]  A  large 
net  for  drawing  over  a  large  compass. 

SWEEPSTAKE,    n.     [sweep   ami    stake.] 

A  man  that  wins  all ;  usually  sweepstakes. 

Shak. 

SWEE'PY,  a.  Passing  with  speed  and  vio- 
lence over  a  great  compass  at  once. 
The  branches  bend  before  their  sweepy  sway. 

iiryden. 

2.  Strutting. 

3.  Wavy. 

SWEET,  a.  [Sax.swete;  D.  zoet  ;  G.  siiss  ; 
Sw.  sit ;  Dan.  sSd ;  Sans.  swad.  Qu.  L. 
sunvis.] 

1.  Agreeable  or  grateful  to  the  taste  ;  as, 
sugar  or  honey  is  sweet. 

2.  Pleasing  to  the  smell  ;  fragrant  ;  as  a 
«joee<rose ;  sweet  odor ;  sweet  incense.  Ex. 
xxvi. 

3.  Pleasing  to  the  ear  ;  soft  ;  melodious  ; 
harmonious:  as  the  stoeei  notes  of  a  flute 
or  an  organ  ;  sweet   music ;   a  sweet  voice. 

4.  Pleasing  to  the  eye  ;  beautitul ;  as  a  .fwect 
face;  a  sweet  co\or  or  complexion ;  a  stoeet 
form.  Shak. 

J.  Fresh ;  not  salt ;  as  swett  water. 

Bacon. 
G.  Not  sour  ;  as  sioeet  fruits  ;  stceet  oranges. 

7.  JVlild;  soft;  gentle. 

Canst  thou  hind  the  sweet  influences  of  Plei- 
ades.'     Jot>xxxviii.  I 

8.  Mild  ;  soft ;  kind  ;  obliging  ;  as  sweet 
manners. 

9.  Grateful  ;  pleasing. 

Sweet  interchange  of  hill  and  valley. 

Milton. 

10.  Making  soft  or  e-iicellent  music ;  as  a 
sipfe<  singer. 

11.  Not  stale;  as  sioeet  butter.  The  bread  is 
sweet. 

12.  Not  turned ;  not  sour ;  as  sweet  milk. 


13.  Not  putrescent  or  putrid  ;  as,  the  meat  is 

sweet.  I 

SWEET,  n.  Something  pleasing  or  grateful 

to  the  mind  ;  as   the  sweets  of  domestic 

life. 

A  little  bitter  mingled  in  our  cup,  leaves  no 

relish  of  the  sweet.  Locke 

2.  A  sweet  substance ;  particularly,  any  veg- 
etable juice  which  is  added  to  wines  to 
improve  them.  Encyc. 

3.  A  perfume.  Prior.     Dryden 

4.  A  word  of  endearment. 

5.  Cane  juice,  melasses,  or  other  sweet  veg- 
etable substance.  Edwards,  IV.  Indies. 

SWEE'T-APPI.E,     n.     [siveet   and   apple.] 

The  Jlnnonn  squamosa.  Liee. 

SWEE'T-BREAU,    71.    [sweet   and   bread. 

The  pancreas  of  a  calf. 
SWEE'T-BRIAR,  n.    [sweet mAhriar.]    A 

shrubby    plant  of  the  genus  Rosa,  cuiti 

vated  tiir  its  fragrant  smell. 
SWEI'/T-BROOM,    n.    [siwcci  and  iroont.] 

A  plant.  JJinsworth 

SWEET-CICELY,  n.  Aplant  of  the  genus 

Scandix. 
SWEET-CIS'TUS,    n.    A  shrub,  the  gum 

cistus.  Mason. 

SWEET-€ORN,  »i.  A  variety  of  the  maiz, 

of  a  sweet  taste. 
SWEET-FLAG,  n.  A  plant   of  the  genus 

Acorns. 
SWEET-GUM,  n.   A  tree  of  the  genus  Li 

qnidaiidiar. 
SWEET -JOHN'S,  n.  A  plant,  a  species  of] 

Dianthus. 
SWEET-MAUDLIN,  n.  A  species  of  Achil 

lea. 
SWEET-MARJORAM,     n.    A  very  fra- 
grant plant,  of  the  genus  Origanum. 
SWEET-PEA,    n.   A  pea  cultivated  for  or 

nament,  of  the  genus  Lathyrus.  Ci)e. 

SWEET-RQQT,   n.    The  liquorice,  or  Gly 

cyrrhiza. 
SWEET-RUSII,    n.    Another  name  of  the 

sweet-flag,  a  species  of  Acorus. 
SWEET-SOP,  n.  A  name  of  the  ^nnona 

s<lunmosa.  l^ee. 

SWEET-SULTAN,  71.  A  plant,  a  species  of 

Centaurea. 
SWEET-WEED,    n.    A  plant  of  the  genus 

Capraria,  and  another  of  the  genus  Sco- 

paria. 
SWEET-WIL'LIAM,  n.  The  name  of  sev- 
eral species  of  pink,  of  the  genus  Dianthus. 

Cyc. 
The  Dianthus  harhatus,  a  species  of  pink  ol  1 

many  varieties.  Encyc.     Lee.^ 

SWEET-WILLOW,  71.  A  plant,  the  Myrica 

gale,  or  Dutch  myrtle.  Lee. 

SWEET- WOOD,  n.  A  plant,  a  species  ot 

Luurns.  Lee. 

SWEETEN,    V.  t.  swee'tn.  Tomakesweet; 

as,  to  sieeeten  tea  or  coffee. 
2.  To  make  pleasing  or  grateful  to  the  inind  ; 

as,  to  sweeten  lifi"  ;  to  sweeten  friendship. 
.3.  To  make  mild  or  kind  ;  as,  to  sweeten  the 

temper. 
4.  To  make  less  painful ;  as,  to  sweeten  the 

cares  nf  life. 
.'>.  To   increase   agreeable   qualities ;  as,   to 

sweeten  the  joys  or  pleasures  of  life. 

6.  To  soften  ;  to  make  delicate. 
Corrcgio  has  uiadc  liis  name  immortal  by  the 

strrnnth  "ic  has  given  to    his   figures,    and    hy 
sweetening  his  lights  aud  shades.         Dryden. 


7.  To  make  pure  and  salubrious  by  destroy- 
ing noxious  matter  ;  as,  to  sweeten  rooms 
or  apartments  that  have  been  infected  ;  to 
sweeten  the  air. 

8.  To  make  warm  and  fertile ;  as,  to  clry 
and  sweeten  soils. 

9.  To  restore  to  purity ;  as,  to  sweeten  water, 
butter  or  meat. 

SWEETEN,  v.i.  swee'tn.  To  become  sweet. 

Bacon. 

SWEETENED,  pp.  Made  sweet,  mild  or 
gratefid. 

SWEE'TENER,  ti.  He  or  that  whick 
sweetens  ;  he  that  palliates  ;  that  which 
moderates  acrimony. 

SWEE'TENING,  ppr.  Making  sweet  or 
gratefid. 

SWEE'T-HEART,  71.  A  lover  or  mistress. 

Shak. 

SWEE'TING,  n.  A  sweet  apple.    ,1scham. 

2.  A  word  of  endearment.  Shak. 

SWEE'TISH,  a.  Somewhat  sweet  or  grate- 
ful to  the  taste.  £i>c^c. 

SVVEE'TISHNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  tjc- 
ing  sweetish.  Berkley. 

SWEE'TLY,  adv.  In  a  sweet  manner; 
gratefully;  agreeably. 

He  sH'eeWi/ temper'd  awe.  Drydai. 

No  poet  ever  sweetly  sung, 

Unless  he  was,  like  Phoibus,  voung.     Stci/l. 

SWEE'TMEAT,  n.  [siveet  and'  meat.]  Fruit 
preserved  with  sugar ;  as  peaches,  pears, 
melons,  nuts,  orange  peel,  and  the  like. 

SWEE'TNESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being 
sweet,  in  any  of  its  senses;  as  grateful- 
ness to  the  taste  ;  or  to  the  smell,  fra- 
grance ;  agreeableness  to  the  ear,  melody  ; 
as  imceincss  of  the  voice ;  sweetness  of  elo- 
cution. Middleton. 

2.  Agreeableness  of  manners  ;  softness  ; 
mildness;  obliging  civility  ;  as  sweetness  of 
behavior. 

3.  Softness  ;  mildness  ;  amiableness  ;  as 
siveetness  of  temper. 

SWEET-SCENTED,  a.  [siveet  and  scent.] 

Having  a  sweet  smell  ;  fragrant. 
SWEET-SMELLING,  a.  [sweet  and  smeU.] 

Having  a  sweet  smell  ;  fragrant. 
SWELL,    V.  1.    pret.   swelled  ;    pp.    swelled. 

Swollen  is  nearly  obsolete.     [Sax.  swellan  ; 

D.   zwetlen  ;  G.   schwellen  ;    Dan.    srtetler ; 

Sw.  svatla.    Qu.  is  it  not  from  the  verb  to 

well,  or  its  root.'] 

1.  To  grow  larger;  to  dilate  or  extend  the 
exterior  surface  or  dimensions  by  matter 
added  to  the  interior  part,  or  by  expansion 
of  the  inclosed  substance.  Thus  the  legs 
sieell  in  ilropsy  ;  a  bruised  part  swells  ;  a 
tmnor  swells;  a  bladder  swells  by  infla- 
tion. 

2.  To  increase  in  size  or  extent  by  any  addi- 
tion ;  as,  a  river  swells  and  overflows  its 
banks. 

.3.  To  rise  or  be  driven  into  waves  or  billows. 
In  a  tempest,  the  ocean  swells  into  waves 
mountain  high. 

4.  To  be  puffed  up  or  bloated  ;  as,  to  swell 
with  pride. 

5.  To  he  bloated  with  anger ;  to  be  exas- 
perated.    He  swells  with  rage. 

6.  To  be  inflated  ;  to  belly  ;  as  swelling 
sails. 

7.  To  be  turgid  or  bombastic ;  as  swelling 
words;  a  ^ireWing- style.  Roscommon. 

.  To  protuherate  :  to  bulge  out ;  as,  a  cask 
swells  iu  the  middle. 


S  W  E 


S  W  I 


S  W  I 


9.  To  be  elated  ;  to  rise  into  arrogance.        j 

Your  equal  mind  yet  swells  not  into  state.       ' 

Dryden. 

10.  To  grow  more  violent;  as,  a  moderate 
passion  may  swell  to  fury. 

11.  To   grow  upon   the   view  ;   to  become 
larger. 

— And  monarchs  to  behold  the  swelling  scene. 

Shak. 

12.  To   become  larger  in   amount.     Many 
little  debts  added,  sivell  to  a  great  amount. 


SVVELT'ER,  V.  t  To  oppress  with  heat. 

Benlleij 
SVVELT'ERED,  pp.  Oppressed  witli  heat. 
SVVELT'ERING,    ppr.    Faiming   or    Ian-, 

guishing  with  heat ;  oppressing  willi  heat,  j 
SVVKLT'RY,    («.     Suftbcatuig    with    heat; 

oppressive  with  heat ;  sultry,  [riec  Sultrij;\ 

which     is     probably     a     contraction 

sioeltry.] 
SWEPT, /)reJ.  and  pp.  ol' sweep. 
SWERD,  tor  sward,  is  not  in  u,se. 


SWIFT'ER,  n.  In  a  ship,  a  rope  used  to  con- 
'     fine  the  bars  of  the  capstan  in  their  sock- 


13.  To  become  louder;  as,  a  sound  gradual-jigwERVE,  r.  i.  swerc.  [D.iwerye/i,  to  swerve 


ly  swells  as  it  approaches 

14.  To  strut ;  to  look  big. 

— Swelling  like  a  turkey  cock.  Shak. 

15.  To  rise  in  altitude;  as,  land  smeW*  into 
hills. 

SWELL,  V.  I.  To  increase  the  size,  bulk  or 
dimensions  of;  to  cause  to  rise,  dilate  or 
increase.  Rains  and  dissolving  snow 
swell  the  rivers  in  spring,  and  cau.se  floods. 
Jordan  is  swelled  by  the  snows  of  mount 
Libamis. 

2.  To  aggravate;  to  highten. 

It  is  low  ebb  with  the  accuser,  when  such 
peccadillos  are  put  to  swell  the  charge. 

Mterbury. 

3.  To  raise  to  arrogance  ;  as,  to  be  swelled 
with  pride  or  haughtiness. 

4.  To  enlarge.  These  sums  si«eW  the  amount 
of  taxes  to  a  fearful  size.  These  victories 
served  to  swell  the  fame  of  the  command- 
er. 

5.  In  music,  to  augment,  as  the  sound  of  a 
note. 

SWELL,  n.  E.«ension  of  bulk.  Shak 

2.  Increase,  as  of  sound ;  as  the  swell  of  a 
note 

3.  A  gradual  ascent  or  elevation  of  land  ;  as 
an  extensive  plain  abounding  with  little 
swells. 

4.  A  wave  or  billow  ;  more  generally,  a  suc- 
cession of  large  waves ;  as,  a  heavy  swell 
sets  into  the  harbor.  Swell  is  also  used  to 
denote  the  waves  or  fluctuation  of  the  sea 
after  a  storm,  and  the  waves  that  roll  iu 
and  break  upon  the  shore. 

5.  In  an  organ,  a  certain  number  of  pipes  m- 
closed  in  a  box,  which  being  uncovered, 
produce  a  swell  of  sound.  Busby. 

SWELL'ED,  pp.  Enlarged  in  bulk;  infla- 
ted ;  tumefied. 

SWELLING,  ppr.  Growing  or  enlarging 
in  its  dimensions;  growing  tumid;  infla- 
ting ;  growing  or  making  louder. 

SWELL'ING,  n.  A  tumor,  or  any  morbid 
enlargement  of  the  natural  size  ;  as  a 
swelling  on  the  hand  or  leg. 

2.  Protuberance  ;  prominence. 

The  superficies  of  such  plates  are  not  even, 
but  have  many  cavities  and  swellings. 

JVeivton. 

3.  A  rising  or  enlargement  by  passion  ;  as 
the  swellings  of  auger,  grief  or  pride. 

Taller. 

SWELT,  for  swelled,  is  not  in  use.    Spenser. 

SWELT,  v.i.  [i^-dx.  swelliin  ;  Goth,  swittan ; 

ga-sxi)ilian,  to  perisli,  to  die  ;  properly  to 

fail,  to  swoon.     Qu.  is  not  this  formed  on 

the  root  of  will  ?] 
To  faint ;  to  swoon.     Ohs.  Chancer. 

SWELT,  11.  t.  To  overpower,  as  with  heat; 

to  cause  to  faint,     Obs.     [We  now  use 

swelter.]  Hall. 

SWELT'ER,  V.  i.  [from  s^velt.]  To  be  over 

come  and  faint  with  heat ;  to  be  ready  to 

perish  with  heat, 


ets,  while  men  are  turning  it ;  also,  a  rope 
used  to  encircle  a  boat  longitudinally,  to 
strengthen  and  defend  her  sides  from  the 
impulse  of  other  boats.  Swittcrs  also  are 
two  shrouds  fixed  on  the  starboard  and 
larboard  sides  of  tlie  lower  masts,  above 
all  the  other  shrouds,  to  give  the  masts 
additional  security. 
SWIFT'ER,  V.  t.  To  stretch,  as  sfarouds  by 

^  tackles. 

to  rove.     In  sense  i"t  coincides  with  thel  SWIFTLY,  m/r.  Fleetly  ;  rapidly  ;  withcc- 


ot 


verb  to  swarm,  and  in  German  it  is  ren- 
dered schw/irmen.  It  seems  to  be  formed 
on  tocrr;*,  and  all  may  spring  from  the  root 
of  veer.     See  Vary.\ 

1.  To  wander  ;  to  rove.  Sidney. 
Tlio  swerving  vines  on  the  tall  elms  prevail. 

JJryden. 

2.  To  wander  from  any  line  prescribed,  or 
from  a  rule  of  duty;  to  depart  from  whatj 
is  established  by  law,  duty  or  custom  ;  to 
deviate. 

I  swerve  not  from  thy  commandments. 

Com.  Prayer. 
They  swerve  from  the  strict  letter  of  the  law. 

Clarendon. ■ 

Many  who,  through  the  contagion  of  evil  ex-  j 

ample,  swerve  exceeiUngly  from   the   rules  of 

thetr  holy  religion—  Atterbury. 

.3.  To  bend  ;  to  incline.  Milton. 

4.  To  climb  or  move  forward  by  winding  or 

turning. 

The  tree  was  high, 
Yet  nimbly  up  from  bough  to  bough  I  swerv'd. 

Dryden. 
[This  use  of  the  word  coincides  with 
that  of  sioarm,  which  see.] 
SWERVING,    ppr.    Roving;    wandering; 
deviating  from  any  rule  or  standard  ;  in- 
clining ;  climbing  or  moving  by  winding 
and  turning. 
SWERVING,  n.  The  act   of  wandering; 
deviation   from    any  rule,   law,    duty   or 
standard. 
SWIFT,  a.  [Sax.  swift,  from  swifan,  to  turn, 
to  rove,  to  wander,   to  whirl  round;  D. 
zweeven,  to   rove,  to  hover,  to  fluctuate ; 
Dan.  sviever;  "iivi .  svkfva  ;  G.  schweben,  to, 
wave,  soar  or  hover.    The  latter  appear  toi 
be  formed  on  the  root  of  u^at'E.    SeiiSwivel\ 
\     and  fVaJl.] 

{.  Moving  a  great  distance  or  over  a  large 
space  in  a  short  time  ;  moving  with  ce- 
lerity or  velocity;  fleet;  rapid;  quick; 
speedy.  We  say,  swift  winds,  a  swifl 
stream,  swift  lightnings,  swift  motion, 
swifl  as  thought,  a  fowl  swift  of  wing,  a 
man  swift  of  foot.  Swifl  is  applicable  to 
any  kind  of  motion. 

2.  Ready  ;  prompt. 
Let  every  man  be  swift  to  hear,  slow  to  speak, 

slow  to  wrath.  James  i. 

3.  Speedy  ;  that  comes  without  delay. 
There  shall  be  false  teachers  among  you,  who 

shall  privily  bring  in  damnable  bercsies,  even 
denying  the  Lord  th.U  bought  them,  and  bring 
upon  themselves  sicift  destruction.  2  Pet.  ii. 

SWIFT,  11.  The  current  of  a  stream.  [Little 
used.]  Walton. 

3.  \n  domestic  affairs,  a  reel  or  turning  in 
strument  for  winding  yarn.  [This  is  a 
sense  directly  from  the  Sixon  vcrb.[ 

3.  A  bird,  a  >iii'c-ies  of  swallow,  so  called 
from  the  rapidity  of  its  flight.         Ihrham. 

4.  The  common  newt  or  eft,  a  species  of  liz- 
ard. C'yc. 


lerity  ;  with  quick  nsotion  or  velocity. 
Pleas'd  with  tlie  passage,  we  slide  »ioi/Hy  on. 

Dryden . 

SWIFT'NESS,  n.  Speed;  rapid  nxiiion  ; 
quickness  ;  celerity  ;  velocity  ;  rapidity. 
Swiftness  is  a  word  of  general  import,  ap- 
plicable to  every  kind  of  motion,  and  to 
every  thing  that  moves;  as  the  swiftness 
of  a  bird  ;  the  swiftness  of  a  stream  ;  swijl- 
ness  of  descent  iu  a  falling  body;  swiftness 
of  thought,  &c. 

SWIG,  V.  t.  or  t.  [Ice.  swiga.  Qu.  suck.]  To 
drink  by  large  draughts;  to  suck  greedily^ 

SWIG,  rt.  A  large  draught,     [f-'ulgar.] 

!2.  Ill  seamen's  language,  a  puHey  with  ropes 
which  are  not  parallel. 

SWIG,  V.  I.  [Sax.  «uiig-an,  to  stui)efy.}  To 
castrate,  as  a  ram,  by  binding  the  testicles 
tight  with  a  string.     [Local.]  Cyc. 

SWILL,  V.  t.  [Sax.  swelgan,  steylgan,  to. 
swallow.] 

1.  To  drink  grossly  or  greedily  ;  as,  to  swill 
down  great  quantities  of  liquors. 

.,  .irbathnot. 

2.  To  wash  ;  to  drench.  Shak 

3.  To  inebriate ;  to  swell  with  fullness. 
I  should  be  loth 

To  meet  the  rudeness  and  swill'd  insolence 
Of  such  late  wassailers.  Milton. 

SWILL,  n.  Large  draughts  of  liquor;  or 
drink  taken  in  excessive  quantities. 

2.  The  wash  or  mixture  of  liquid  substan- 
ces, given  to  swine ;  called  in  some  places 
swillings. 

SWILL'ED,  pp.  Swallowed  grossly  in  large 
quantities. 

SWILL'ER,  n.  One  who  drinks  voraciously. 

SWILL'ING,  ppr.  Swallowing  excessive 
quantities  of  liipiors. 

SWILL'INGS,  n.  Swill. 

SWIM,  V.  i.  pret.  swam;  pp.  swum.  [Sax. 
swimman  ;  U.  zwemmen,  to  swim;  zwymen, 
to  swoon  ;  G.  schwemmen,  schwimmen  ; 
Dan.    svimter,    svummer  ;    Sw.    svima,    to 

SWOIJll.] 

1.  To  float ;  to  be  su[)ported  on  water  or 
other  fluid;  not  to  sink.  Most  species  of 
wood  will  .iwim  in  water.  .•\ny  substance 
will  swim,  whose  specific  gravity  is  less 
than  that  of  the  fluid  in  which  it  is  im- 
mersed. 

2.  To  move  progressively  in  water  by  means 
of  the  motion  of  the  hands  and  feet,  or  of 
fins.  In  Paris,  boys  are  taught  to  swim 
by  instructois  appointed  for  that  purpose. 

Is.  XXV. 

Leap  in  with  me  into  this  angry  flood, 

.\nd  .f»'i;/i  to  yonder  point.  Shak, 

3.  To  float ;  to  be  bnnie  along  by  a  current. 
In  all  states  there  are  men  who  will  swim 
with  the  tide  of  popular  opinion. 

4.  To  tflide  along  with  a  smooth  motion,  or 
1      with  a  waving  motion. 


S  W  I 


S  W  I 


S  W  I 


She  with  pretty  and  with  swimming  gait. 

Shak. 

A   hov'ring  mist  came  swimming  o'er  his 

sight.  Dryden. 

5.  To  be  dizzy  or  vertiginous ;  to  have  n 
waving  motion  ol'the  head  or  a  sensation 
of  tliat  kind,  or  a  reeling  of  the  liody.  The 
head  swi7ns  when  we  walk  on  high. 

6.  To  be  Hoated ;  to  be  overflowed  or  drench- 
ed ;  as,  the  earth  sivims  in  rain. 

Spectator. 
Sudden  the  ditches  swell,  the  meadows  swtm 

Thomson. 
All  the  tiiglit   I  make  my  bed  to  miim;  I  wa- 
ter my  ooiicii  with  my  tenrs.     Ps.  vi. 

7.  To  overflow ;  to  abound  ;  to  have  abun- 
dance. 

They  now  s«'i»>  in  joy.  Milton 

SWIM,  v.t.  To  pass  or  move  on  ;  as,  to  sunmi 
a  stream.  Deer  are  known  to  sivim  rivers 
and  sounds. 

Sometimes  he  thought  to  swim  the  stormy 
main.  Ihyden. 

2.  To  immerse  in  water  that  the  lighter 
parts  may  swim  ;  as.  to  axvim  wheat  for 
seed.  Encyc. 

SWIMM,  71.  The  blailder  of  fishes,  by  which 
they  are  said  to  be  supported  in  water. 

Grew. 

SWIM'MRR,  n.  One  that  swims. 

2.  A  protuberance  on  the  leg  of  a  horse. 

Far.  Did. 

SVVIM'MING,  jipr.  Floating  on  a  flui<l ; 
moving  on  a  fluid  ;  having  a  waving  or 
reeling  motion  ;  overflowing  ;  aboutKling, 

SWIM'MING,  n.  The  act  or  art  of  moving 
on  the  water  by  means  of  the  limbs ;  a 
floating. 

2.  Dizziness. 

SWIMMINGLY,  adv.  Smoothly;  without 
obstriirtion  ;  with  great  success.  [JVot  d- 
e^ant.] 

SWIN'DLE,  V.  t.  [D.  iwendrlen.]  To  cheat 
and  defraud  grossly,  or  with  deliberate  ar- 
tifice ;  as,  to  stvintile  a  man  out  of  his  prop- 
erty. 

SWIN'DLED,  pp.  Grossly  cheated  and  de- 
frauded. 

SWlN'T)I.r.R,n.  [G.  schmndlcr.]  A  cheat; 
a  rogue  ;  one  who  defrauds  grossly,  or  one 
who  makes  a  practice  of  defrauding  oth- 
ers by  iinposilioii  or  deliberate  artifice. 

SWINE,  )i.  siHff.  and /)/«.  [Sa.x.  su'i'n  ;  Sw. 
Dan.  si'iH  ;  I),  zwyn ;  G.  schwetn.  It  is 
found  in  the  Fr.  7narsouin,  a  porpess 
L.  mare,  the  sta,  and  swine  ;  the  sea  hog  ;1 
Port,  siitiio,  pertaining  to  .'swine  ;  Polish, 
svinia  ;  Bohemian,  .sM'ine  ;  Corn,  swynia.] 

A  hog ;  a  quailniped  of  the  genus  Sus, 
which  furiiishts  man  with  a  large  portion 
of  his  most  nourishing  food.  The  fat  or 
lard  of  this  aniirial  enters  into  various 
dishes  in  cookery.  The  swine  is  a  heavy, 
stupid  animal,  and  delights  to  wallow  in 
the  mire. 

SW  IN  E-P>R  E  AD,  n.  A  kind  of  plant,  trufBe.l 

Bailey. 

SWINE-CASE,  )         .  u        .  r 

SW1'NE-€0AT.  i  n.  ^  ^"S  sty ;  a  pen  for 

SWI'NE-flU-E,  S        *"'""'•    f^'"''-^ 
SWI'NE-GRASS,  n.  A  plant,  [h.  centinodia, 

knot  grass,     .iinsivortli.] 
SWI'NElIERD.n.  [stcine  and  herd.]  A  keep- 
er of  swine.  Tusser.l 


SWINE-OAT,  n.  [sivine  and  oat.]  A  kind  of 
oats,  cultivated  for  the  use  of  pigs,  as  in 
Cornwall ;  the  Avena  nuda  of  botanists. 

Cyc. 

SWI'NE-PIPE,  71.  [ainne  and  pipe.]  A  bird, 
the  red-wing.     [Lucal]  Cyc. 

SWl'NE-POCKS,  I       The  chicken-pocks. 

SWI'NE-POX,       ^"-  {Local] 

A  variety  of  the  chicken-pock.s,  with 
acuminated  vesicles  containing  a  watery 
fluid;  the  water  pox.  (Juod. 

SWI'NE'S  CRESS,  n.  A  species  of  cress, 
of  the  genus  Cocblearia. 

SWI'NE-STONE,  n.  [swine  and  .<i/o>ic.]  A 
name  given  to  those  kinds  of  liujcstone 
which,  when  rubbed,  emit  a  fetid  odor, 
resembling  that  of  naphtha  combined  with 
sidphureted  hydrogen.  Cyc 

SWl-NE-STY,  11.    A  Kty  or  pen  for  swine 

SWI'NE-THISTLE,  n.  A  plant,  the  sow 
thistle.  Cyc. 

SWING,  V.  i.  prct.  and  pp.  swung.  [G 
schwingen,  to  swing,  to  brandish,  to  beat 
with  a  swingle  slafl  ;  D.  ztoingelen,  to  beat 
Sw.  svinga ;  Dan.  svinger,  to  swing,  to 
brandish,  to  soar.  It  seenjs  that  this  is 
the  Sax.  switigan,  to  beat,  strike,  flagel 
late,  whence  to  ,9i(>i)ig/f  flax.  6Viiig' seems 
to  be  formed  on  the  root  at' wag.] 

1.  To  move  to  and  fro,  as  a  body  suspended 
in  the  air;  to  wave;   to  vibrate. 

I  tried  if  a  pendulum  would  swing  faster,  or 
continue  swinging  longer  in  our  receiver,  if  ex- 
hausted. Boyle. 

2.  To  practice  swinging  ;  as,  a  man  sivings 
for  health  or  pleasure. 

3.  To  move  or  float ;  also,  to  turn  round  an 
anchor  ;  as,  a  ship  swings  with  the  tide. 

Mar.  Diet. 

SWING,  V.  t.  To  make  to  play  loosely;  to 
c.iiise  to  wave  or  vibrate  ;  as  a  body  bus 
|iended  in  the  air. 

2.  To  whirl  round  in  tlie  air. 
—  Swing  thee  in  air,  llien  dash  thee  down. 

Milttm 

3.  To  wave  ;  to  move  to  and  fro  ;  as,  a  man 
swings  his  arms  when  he  walks. 

He  swings  liis    t;ul,  and   swiftly  turns  him 
round.  llryden. 

4.  To  bran<lish  ;  to  flourisli. 

SWING,  71.  A  waving  or  vibratory  inotion  ; 
oscillation  ;  as  the  swing  of  a  pendulum. 

2.  Motion  from  one  side  to  the  other.  A 
haughty  man  stmts  or  walks  with  n swing. 

3.  A  line,  cord  or  other  thing  suspended  and 
hanging  loose ;  also,  an  apparatus  sus- 
pended for  persons  to  sw  ing  in. 

4.  Influence  or  power  of  a  body  put  in  mo- 
tion. 

The  ram  that  batters  down  the  wall. 

For  the   great  swing  and   rudeness   of  his 

poise —  Shak. 

5.  Free  course ;  unrestrained  liberty  or  li- 
cense. 

Take  thy  swirig.  Dryden. 

To  prevent  any  thing  which  may  prove  an 
obstacle  to  the  full  swing  of  his  genius. 

Surke. 
().  The  sweep  orcompas.s  of  a  moving  body. 
7.  Unrestrained  teiukncy  ;  as  the  prevailing 
sun'iig' of  corrupt  nature;  the  .stct  Jig' of  pro- 
pensities. South,     lllanville. 
SWING'-BRlDtiE,   77.   [su-ing  and  bridge.] 
A  bridge  that  njay  be  moved  bj  swinging; 
used  on  canals. 
SWINc'.E,  V.  t.   swinj.  [Sa.\.  sieingun,  su- 
pra.] 


1.  To  beat  soundly;  to  whip  ;  to  bastinade  : 
to  chastise  ;  to  punish. 

You  swing'd  rue  for  my  love.  Shak. 

— And  swinges  liis  own  vices  in  his  son. 

J}ryden. 

2.  To  move  as  a  lash.  [A^ol  in  use.]    MUlon. 

[This  verb  is  obsolescent  and  vulgar.] 

SWlNtiE,  71.  swinj.  A  sway  ;  a  swing  ;  the 
sweep  of  any  thing  in  motion.  [Sot  in 
use.]  Waller. 

SWINuE-BUCKLER,  n.  swinj' -huclder.  A 
bully  ;  one  who  pretends  to  feats  of  arms. 
[JVot  in  tise.]  Shak. 

SVVlNG'ER,  71.  One  who  swings;  one  who 
burls. 

SWING'ING,  ppr.  of  swing.  W^aving;  vi- 
brating: brandishing. 

SWING'ING,  n.  The  act  of  swinging;  aa 
exercise  for  health  or  |)leasure. 

SWINciTNG,  ppr.  of  swinge.  Beating 
soundly. 

2.  a.  Huge;  very  large.     [Vulgar.] 

SWINU'INGLY,  adv.  Vastly;  hugely. 
[Vulgar.] 

SWINGLE,  v.i.  [from string-.]  Todangle; 

I     to  wave  hanging. 

j2.  To  swing  for  pleasure.     [.Yot  in  use.] 

SWIN'GLE,  V.  I.  [Sax.  swingati,  to  beat. 
See  Swing.] 

To  beat ;  to  clean  flax  by  beating  it  with  a 
wooden  instrument  rescndiling  a  large 
knife,  and  called  in  New  England  a  swing- 
ling knife.  Fla.x  is  first  broke  and  then 
svnngled. 

SWIN'GLE.  n.  In  wire-works,  a  wooden 
spoke  fixed  to  the  barrel  that  draws  the 
wire  ;  also,  a  crank.  Cyc. 

SWINGLED,  pp.  Beat  and  cleaned  by  a 
swingling  knife. 

SWINGLE-TREE,  71.  A  whiffle-tree  or 
whippletree. 

SWIN'GLING,  ppr.  Beating  and  cleaning, 

SWIN  GLING-KNIFE,  )       A  wooden  in- 

SWIN'GLE,  ^  "■  strument  like 

a  large  knife,  about  two  feet  long,  with 
one  thin  edge,  used  for  cleaning  flax  of  the 
shives. 

SWIN'GLING-TOW,  ti.  The  coarse  part 
of  flax,  separated  from  the  finer  by  swing- 
ling and  hatrlieling. 

SWING'-TKEE,  ?i.  [iiH/ig- and  free.]  The 
bar  of  a  carriage  to  which  the  traces  are 
fiistcned.  In  .America,  it  is  often  or  gen- 
erallv  called  the  whijjle-tree,  or  whipplc-trte. 

SWING-WHEEL,  »i.  [siting-  and  wheel.] 
In  a  time  piece,  tlie  wheel  which  drives 
the  iicnduhmi.  In  a  watch,  or  balance- 
clock,  it  is  called  the  crown-wheel. 

Cyc. 

SWPNISH,  a.  [from  swine.]  Befitting 
swine  ;  like  swine  ;  gross  ;  hoggish  ;  bru- 
tal ;  as  a  swinish  drunkard  or  sot ;  suinish 
gluttony. 

SWINK,  V.  i.  [Sax.  sictncan.]  To  labor;  to 
toil ;  to  drudge.     Obs.  Spenser. 

SWINK,  tt.  t.  To  overlabor.     Obs.    Milton. 

SWIN K,  n.  Labor;  toil;    drudgery.     Obs. 

Spenser. 

SWINK'ER,  71.  A  laborer;  a  plowman. 
Obs.  ^  Chaucer. 

SWII'E,  H.  A  swape  or  sweep,  which  see. 

SWll'  PF,R,a.  [Sax.sipipan.to  move  fjuick.] 
Ninilile;  quick.     [.Vo<  in  iise.j 

SWISS,  n.  A  native  of  Switzerland  01 
Swisserland. 


s  w  o 


S  Y  B 


S  Y  L 


o   The  language  of  Swisserlaiul. 

s'wrTClI,  n.  [Sw.svege.]  A  small  flexible 
twig  or  rod. 

On  the  medal,  Mauritania  leads  a  horse  by  a 
thread  with  one  hand,  and  in  the  other  holds  a 
suriteh.  Addison 

SWITCH,  V.  t.  To  strike  with  a  small  twig 
or  rod  ;  to  beat ;  to  lash.  Chapman 

SWITCH,  V.  {.  To  walk  with  a  jerk.  [Ob- 
solete or  local.] 

SWIVEL,  n.  swiv'l.  [from  Sax.  simfan,  to; 
turn  or  whirl  round  ;  or  from  the  root  of  4. 
whiffle,  which  see.  In  D.  weifekn  is  to  pal-| 
ter,  to  waver,  to  whiffle.] 

1.  A  ring  which  turns  upon  a  staple ;  or  a 
stning  link  of  iron  used  in  mooring  ships, 
and  which  permits  the  bridles  to  be  turn- 
ed round  ;  any  ring  or  staple  that  turns. 

Mar.  Did. 

2.  A  small  cannon  or  piece  of  artillery,  car 
rying  a  shot  of  half  a  pound,    fixed  on  a 
socket  on  the  top  of  a  ship's  side,  stern  or 
bow,  or  in  her  tops,  in  such  a  manner  as 
to  be  turned  in  any  direction. 

Mar.  Diet. 
SWIVEL,  V.  i.  swiv'l.  To  turn  on  a  staple, 

pin  i!r  pivot. 
SWIV'EL-HQPK,  71.  A  hook  that  turns  m 
the  end  of  an  iron   block  strap,   for  the 
ready  taking  the  turns  out  of  a  tackle. 

Cijc. 
SWOB,  n.  A  mop.     [See  Swab.] 
SWOB,  V.  t.  To  clean  or  wipe  with  a  swob. 

[See  Swab.] 
SWOB'BER,  n.  One  who  swabs  or  cleans 

with  a  mop.     [See  Sivabber.] 
2.  Swobbers,  four  privileged  cards,  only  used 
incidentally   in  betting   at   the   game   of 
whist.  Swift. 

SWOLLEN,  ?  pp.  of  swell ;  irregular  and  ob- 
SWOLN,        I  solescent.     The  regular  par- 
ticiple, swelled,  is  to  be  preferred. 
SWOM,    old   pret.    of    swim,    is   obsolete, 

We  now  use  swum  and  swam. 
SWOON,  V.  i.  [Sax.  aswunan.    Qu.   ivane, 

vain,  vanish.] 
To  faint ;  to  sink  into  a  fainting  fit,  in  which 
there  is  a  suspension  of  the  apparent  vital 
functions  and  mental  powers. 
The  most  in  years  swoon'd  first  away  for  pain. 

Dry  den. 
He  seemed  ready  to  swoon  away  in  the  sur- 
prise of  joy.  Tatler 
SWOON,  n.  A  fainting  fit ;  lipothymy ;  syn- 
cope. Coxe. 
SWOON'ING,  ppr.  Fainting  away. 
SWOON'ING,  n.  Theact  of  fainting  ;  syn- 
cope. Hall 
SWOOP,  V.  t.  [This  is  probably  from  sweep. 

or  the  same  root.] 
I.  To  fall  on  at  once  and  seize;  to   catch 
while  on  the  wing  ;  as,  a   hawk  swoops  a 
chicken  ;  a  kite  swoops  up  a  mouse. 
■>.  To  seize;  to  catch  up;  to   take  with 

sweej).  Glanville. 

3.  To  pass  with  violence.     [JVbf  in  tiae. 

Drayton. 
SWOOP,  V.  i.  To  pass  with   pomp. 

Drayton. 
SWOOP,  n.  A  falling  on  and  seizing,  "as  of 
a  rapacious  fowl  on  his  prey. 

Till-  eagle  fell — and  carried  away  a  whole  lit- 
ter of  cubs  at  a  swoop.  L' Estrange 
SWOP,  II.  t.  To  exchange;    to  barter;    to 
give   one  commodity  for  another.     [Se 
Stvap.     This  is  a  common  word,  but  not 
>   in  elegant  use.] 


SWORD,  n.  [Sax. sword, sweord ;  G. schimt ;!  Luxurious ;  wanton.  Bp.  Halt. 

M.zwaard;  Dan.  srort/ ;  Bvi.sv'ard.]  SYCAMINE.  [See  .Sj/camorf.] 

An  ofleusive  weapon  worn  at  llie  side,  SY€'AMORE,  n.  [Gr.  ovxo^ivos,   anxo/topo,-, 

and  used  by  hand  either  for  thrusting  or |l     from  onxo;,  a  fig,  and  fiopn^.] 

cutting.  I  A  species  of  fig-tree.     The  name  is  also  giv- 

2.  Figuratively,  destruction  by  war.  !|     enV>l\\eJlcermajus,[A.pseudo-plalanus,] 

1  will  bring  a  st/jord  upon  you.    Lev.  xxvi.      a  species  of  maple.  Cyc.     Lee. 

Is.  li. 

Vengeance  or  justice. 

She  quits  the  balance,  and  resigns  thestoorrf 


Dryden 
Emblem  of  authority  and  power. 

The  ruler — beareth  not  the  sword  in   vain. 
Rom.  xiii. 
5.  War ;  dissension. 

I  came  not  to   send  peace,   but  a  sword 
Malt.  X. 
(i.  Emblem  of  triumph  and  protection. 

The  Lord— the    sword   of    thy    excellence. 
!  Deut.  xxxiii. 

SWORD-BEARER,   n.    [sword  and   bear. 
An  officer  in  the  city  of  London,  who  car 
ries  a  sword  as  an  emblem  of  justice  be 
fore  the  lord  mayor  when  he  goes  abroad. 
SWORD-BELT,  n.  [sword  and  bell.]  A  belt 
hy  whicli  a  sword  is  suspended  and  borne 
by  the  si<le. 
SWORD-BLADE,    n.    [sword   and    blade. 

The  blade  or  cutting  part  of  a  sword. 
SWORDED,  a.  Girded  with  a  sword. 

Milton. 
SWORDER,  n.  A  soldier;  a  cut-throat. 

[JVol  in  use.]  Shak 

SWORD-FIGHT,  n.  [sivord  and  fight.\'^ 
Fencing  ;  a  combat  or  trial  of  skill  with 
swords. 
SWORD-FISH,  n.  [sioord  awAJish.]  A  ge- 
nus of  fishes  called  in  ichthyology,  xiphi- 
as ;  so  named  from  the  nose,  snout  or  up- 
per jaw,  which  is  shaped  like  a  sword. 

Cyc. 
SWORD-GRASS,  n.  [sword  and  grass.]    A 
kind  of  sedge,  glader;  the   sweet  tush,  a 
species  of  Acorus.  Mnsworth.     Cyc. 

SWORD-KNOT,  n.  [sword   and   knot.]     A 
ribin  tied  to  the  hilt  ot  a  sword.  Pope. 

SWORD-LAW,  n.  [sword  and  (aw.]  Vio- 
lence ;  government  by  force.  Milton 
SWORD-MAN,  II.  [sword  and  man.]  A  sol- 
dier ;  a  fighting  man.  Shak. 
SWORD-PLAYER,  n.  [sword  and  player. 
A  fencer  ;  a  gladiator  ;  one  who  exhibits 
his  skill  in  the  use  of  the  sw  ord. 

Hakewill. 
SWORD-SHAPED,  a.    [sword  and  shape.] 
Ensiform ;   shaped   like   a  sword ;    as   a 
sword-shaped  leaf.  Marlyn. 

SWORE,  pret.  uf  swear. 
SWORN,;)/),  oi' swear.  The  officers  of  gov- 
ernment are  sworn  to  a  faithful  discharge 
of  their  duty. 
Sworn  friends,  is  a  phrase  equivalent  to  de- 
termined, close  or  firm  friends. 

I  am  sworn  brother,  sweet. 
To  grim  necessity.  Sliak. 

Sworn  enemies,  are  determined  or  irrec- 
oncilable enemies. 
SWOUND,  ti.  i.  To  swoon.     [JVo<  in  twe.] 

Shak. 
SWUM,  pret.  and  pp.  otswim. 
SWUNG,  pret.  and  /)/).  o{ swing. 

<1h'  \   "•    t^^^'^  Related  by  blood.     Obs. 
SYBARIT'I€,        )  „      [from    Sybarilfr,  iii- 
SYBARIT'I€AL,  S         bal.itanis   of  Syba- 
ris,  in  Italy,  who  were  proverbially  volup- 
tuous.] 


This  name  is  also  given  to  the  plane 
tree  or  button-wood,  of  the  genus  Plata- 
nus.  Pursh. 

SY€'AMORE-MOTH,n.  A  large  and  beau- 
tiful moth  or  night  butterfly  ;  so  called  be- 
cause its  caterpillar  feeds  on  the  leaves  of 
the  sycamore.  Cyc. 

SY€'iTE,  )!.  [Gr.  ovxo;,  fig.]  Fig-stone;  a 
name  whicli  some  authors  give  to  nodules 
of  flint  or  pebbles  whicli  resemble  a  fig. 

Cyc. 
SYCOPHANCY,    n.     [infra.]     Originally, 
information   of  the   clandestine   exporta- 
tion  of  figs;    hence,   mean   talebearing; 
obsequious  flattery  ;  servility. 
SY€'OPIlANT,  n.  [Gr.  rnxo^arrij ;  evxoi,  a 

fig,  and  faifco,  to  discover.] 
Originally,  an  inlbrmer  against  those  who 
stole  figs,  or  exported  them  contrary  to 
law,  &c.  Hence  in  time  it  came  to  signi- 
fy a  talebearer  or  informer,  in  general ; 
hence,  a  parasite ;  a  mean  flatterer  ;  es- 
pecially a  flatterer  of  princes  and  greai 
men;  hence,  a  deceiver;  an  impostor. 
Its  most  general  use  is  in  the  sense  of  an 
obsequious  flatterer  or  parasite. 

Encyc.     Potter's  Ardiq. 
SY€'OPHANT,  }      ,    To  play  the  syc- 

SY€'OPHANTIZE,  S  ophant ;   to  flat- 

ter meanly  and   officiously ;   to  inform  or 
tell  tales  for  gaining  favor. 
SY€OPHANT'l€,    a.   Talebearing;    more 
generally,   obsequiously  flattering ;  para- 
sitic ;  courting  favor  by  mean  adulation. 
2.  Sycophantic  plants,  or  parasites,  are  such 
as  adhere  to  other  plants,  and  depend  ou 
them  for  support. 
SY€'OPHANTRY,   n.  Mean  and  officious 
talebearing  or  adulation.  Barrow. 

SYDNE'AN,    }       Denoting    a    species   of 
SYDNE'IAN,^"-  white     earth      brought 
from  Sidney  cove  in  South  Wales. 

Kirwan. 
Si-ENITE.  [See  Sienite.] 
SYKE,   n.    A   small   brook  or  rill  in  low 

cround.     [Local.] 
SYLLAB'IC,        I        [from  syllable.]     Per- 
SYLLAB'I€AL,  ^°"  taining   to   a  syllable 

or  syllables  ;  as  syllabic  accent.    • 
2.  Consisting  of  a  syllable  or  syllables;  as  a 

syllabic  augment. 
SYLLAB'ICALLY',  adv.  In  a  syllabic  man- 
ner. 
SYLLABICATION,  n.  The  act  of  forming 
syllables  ;  the  act  or  method  of  dividing 
words  into  .syllables.  Jish. 

SYL'LABLE,  n.  [L.  syllaba;  Gr.  «vM.o8.;, 
from  GvTAaiiSara,  to  cominehend  ;  avi'  and 
t.aitSaru,  to  take.] 
1.  A  letter,  or  a  combination  of  letters,  ut- 
tered together,  or  at  a  single  effort  or  im- 
])ulso  of  the  voice.  A  vowel  may  t'urm  a 
syllabic  by  itself,  as  a,  the  definitive,  or  ill 
amtn ;  e  \u  even  ;  o  in  over,  and  \\iv.  like. 
A  .'syllable  may  also  be  fornicd  of  a  ^owel 
and  one  consonant,  as  in  go,  do,  in,  at :  or 
a  syllable  may  be  formed  by  a  vowel  with 
two  articulations,  one  preceding,  the  oth- 
er following  it,  as  in  can,  but,  tun ;  or  a 


S  Y  L 


S  Y  M 


S  Y  M 


syllable  may  coiiKist  of  a  oombination  of] 
coiisuniititw,  vvitli  DiiK  vowel  or  <li|)l)lhong; 
as  strong:,  short,  ramp,  voice. 

A  syllable  someuiiies  IbriMB  a  word,  and 
is  then  8i{i;iiificaiit,  as  iir  go,  run,  write,  sun, 
moon.  Ill  nilicr  casei-,  u  syllable  is  mere- 
ly (mrt  of  a  word,  anil  by  ilsi-ll  is  not  sig- 
nificant. Tims  ac,  in  active,  lias  no  signi- 
fication. 

Ai  least  one  vowel  or  open  sound  is  es- 
seiuial  to  tlie  formiition  of  a  sellable! 
henre  in  every  word  there  must  be  as 
many  .syllables  ar-  there  are  siiit:le  vowels, 
or  siii^fle  vowels  ami  (li|ilitlion{;s.  A  word 
is  railed  accoriliiij;  to  the  ntiniber  of  sylla- 
bles it  roiitaiiis,  VIZ. 

Monosyllable,  a  word  of  one  syllable. 
Dissyllable,  a  word  of  two  syllables. 
Trisyllable,  a  word  of  three  syllables. 
Polysyllable,  a  word  of  many  syllables. 

2.  A  small  part  of  a  sentence  or  discourse; 
something  very  concise.  This  accomit 
contiiiiis  not  a  xyllable  of  truth. 

Before  a  syllable  ot  the  law  of  God  was  writ- 
ten. Hooker 

SYL'LABLE,  v.  t.  To  utter;  to  articulate 
UVol  used.]  Milton. 

SYL'L.\BUB,  n.  A  compound  drink  made 
of  wine  and  milk:  a  ditferent  orthography 
of  .?i7/i;i«fc. 

SYL'LABUS,  n.  [L.  from  the  same  source 
as  si/llabte.] 

An  abstract ;  a  compendium  containing  the 
heads  of  a  discourse. 

SYLLEP'SIS,  n.  IGr.  av^.Xr,.^i!.  See  Sylla- 
ble.] 

1.  In  grammar,  a  figure  by  wliirli  we  con- 
ceive the  sense  of  words  otherwise  than 
the  words  import,  and  construe  them  ac- 
cording to  the  intention  of  the  author; 
otherwise  called  svh.ititiilion. 

2.  The  agreenienl  of  a  verb  or  adjective,  not 
with  the  wmd  next  to  it,  but  with  the  most 
worthy  in  the  sentence  ;  as,  rex  et  regiiia 
beati. 

SYL'LOtilSM,  n.  [L.  syllogismus  ;  Gr.  avx- 
^oylBfto5;  oil',  wiili,  and  x<yu,  to  speak; 
7,ayifo;iai,  to  rliinU.j 

.\  form  of  reasoning  or  argument,  consisting 
of  three  propositimis,  of  which  the  two 
first  are  called  the  premises,  and  the  last 
the  co7ic/«sio»i.  In  this  argument,  the  con- 
clusion necessarily  follows  from  the  prem- 
ises ;  so  that  if  the  two  first  propositions 
are  true,  the  conclusion  must  be  true,  and 
the  argument  amounts  to  deniuustration. 
Thus, 

A  plant  has  not  the  power  of  locomo- 
tion ; 

An  oak  is  a  plant  ; 

Therefore  an  oak  has  not  the  power  of 
locomotion. 

These  propositions  are  denominated  the 
major,  the  minor,  and  the  conclusion. 

.oSVI.LOfilSTIC,        i        Pertaining     to    a 

SYLLOGIS'TICAL,  ^"-  syllogism;  con- 
sisting of  a  syllogism,  or  of  the  form  of 
reasoning  by  syllogisms;  as  syllogistic  ar- 
guments or  reasoning. 

SYLLOtilS'TICALLY,  adv.  In  the  form 
of  a  syllogism;  by  means  of  syllogisms; 
as,  to  reason  or  prove  syllos^sticaHy. 

SYLLO(iIZA'TION,  n.  A  rea.-^oiVuig  by 
pvllouistiis.  Harris.^ 

SYL'LOgIZE,  v.  i.  To  reason  by  syllo-' 
gisins.  I 

Vol.  II. 


Men  have  enileavored  to  teach  boys  ts  syllo- 
gize, or  to  frame  arguments  and  refute  them 
without  real  knowledge.  IVatts. 

SYL'LOtilZER,  71.  One   who   reasons   by 

syllojiisiiis. 
SYL'LtJliiZING,  ppr.  Reasoning  by  syllo 

gisms. 
SYLPII,  n.  IFr.  sylphide ;  Gr.  (»Xf>i;,  a  moth, 

a  beetle.] 
An  imaginary  being  inhabiting  the  air. 

Temple.     Pope 
SYL'VA,  n.  [L.  a  wood  or  forest.)  Inpoetry, 

a  poetical   piece  composed  in   a  start  or 

kind  of  transport. 
2.  A  collectioti  of  poetical  pieces  of  various 

kind.s.  Cye 

SYLVAN.  [See  SUvan.] 
SYL'VAN,  n.  A  fabled  deity  of  the  wood; 

a  satyr;  a  faun;   sometimes  perhaps,   a 

rustic. 

Her  private  orchards,  wall'd  on  ev'ry  side. 
To  lawless  sylvans  all  access  deni'd.     Pope 

SYL'VANITE,  n.  Native  tellurium,  a  nic- 
talhe  substance  recently  discovered. 

Diet.     Vre. 

SYMBAL.  [See  Cymbal.] 

SVM'BOL,  n.  [L,.  symbolum  ;  Gr.  ci>i8o>.or : 
am,  with,  and  ^XKu,  to  throw;  avixSaXKu. 
to  compare.] 

1.  The  sign  or  repre.sentation  of  any  moral 
thing  by  the  images  or  properties  of  natu- 
ral things.  Tiius  the  lion  is  the  symbol  of 
courage  ;  the  lamb  is  the  symbol  of  meek- 
ness or  patience.  Symbols  are  of  various 
kinds,  as  types,  enigmas,  parables,  fables, 
allegories,  emblems,  hieroglyphics,  &.e. 

Encyc. 

2.  An  emblem  or  representation  of  some- 
thing else.  Thus  in  the  eucliari.*l,  tli< 
bread  and  wine  are  called  symbols  of  the 
body  and  blood  of  Christ. 

3.  A  letter  or  character  which  is  significant. 
The  ('hiiiesc  leiiers  are  most  of  them  sym- 
bols. The  syiiihols  in  algebra  are  arbitrary. 

4.  In  medals,  a  certain  mark  or  figure  rep- 
resenting a  beiiii.'  or  thing,  as  a  trident  is 
the   symbol  of  Neptune,  the  peacock  of 

JllllO,  &c. 

Among  christians,  an  abstract  or  coinpen- 
diuiii  ;  the  creed,  or  a  summary  of  the  ar 
tides  of  religion.  Baker}^ 

fi.  Lot ;  sentence  of  adjudication.  [Not  in\ 
vse.]  Taylor. 

SY.MHOL'IC,        )       Representative  ;■  ex- 

SYMBOL'ICAL,  ^  '  hibiiing  or  expres.sing 
by  resemblance  or  signs  ;  as,  the  figure  of 
an  eye  is  symbolical  of  sight  and  knowl- 
edge. The  ancients  had  their  symbolical 
niy.steries. 

The  saciament  is  a  representation  of  Christ's 
death,  by  such  symbolical  actioDS  as  he  appoint- 
ed. Taylor. 

Symbolical  philosophy,  is  the  philosophy  ex- 
pres.sed  by  hiercglvphics. 

SYMBOL  ICALLY."  adv.  By  representation 
or  resemblance  of  properlies;  by  signs; 
typically.  ("oHrage  is  symbolically  rejire- 
senied  by  a  lion. 

SYM'BOLISM,  II.  Among  cbimists,  consent 
of  parts.  Encyc] 

SYMBOLIZA'TION,  »i.  [See  Symbolize.]] 
The  act  of  symbolizing  ;  resemlilance  in! 
properties.  Brown] 

SYM'BO;  IZE,  V.  i.  [Fr.  symboliser.]  To 
have  a  resemblance  of  quahties  or  proper- 
ties. 

88 


The  pleasiog  of  color  tymbolixeth  with  the 
pleasing  of  a  single  tone  to  the  ear ,  but  the 
jileasiug  of  order  doth  symbolize  with  harmony. 

£acim. 

Tliey  both  symbolize  in  this,  thai  they  lovo 
to  look  upon  themselves  through  multiplying 
glasses.  HotceU. 

SYM  BOLIZE,   V.  t.   To  make  to  agree  in 

properties. 
2.  To  make  representative  of  something. 

Some  symbolize  the  same  from  the  mystery 
of  its  colors.  Brown. 

SYMBOLIZING,  ppr.  Representing  by 
some  properties  in  common  ;  makiiij;  to 
agree  or  resemble  in  properties. 

SYM'MF.TRAL,  a.  [from  symmetry.]  l'«m- 
iijensurtilile.  .Vore. 

SYMM  E  TKIAN,  >      [from  symmetry.'  One 

SYM'.METRI.ST,  I  "•eminently  studious  of 
proportion  or  symmetry  of  parts. 

Sidttey.      tfotton. 

SYMMET'RI€AL,  a.  [tnn,,' .symmetry.] 
Proportional  in  its  parts;  having  its  parts 
in  due  proportion,  as  to  dimensions;  as  a 
siimnutrical  body  or  building. 

SYMMET  RICALLY,  adv.  With  due  pro- 
portion of  parts. 

SYM  METRIZE,  v.  t.  To  make  proportion- 
al in  its  parts  ;  to  reduce  to  symmetry. 

burke. 

SYM'METRY,  ?i.  [Gr.  sufi^frpia;  ow,  with, 
together,  and  futrfov,  measure  ;  ^jTpru,  to 
measure  ;  Fr.  syinelrie  ;  It.  Sp.  simttria.] 

.\  <lue  proportion  of  the  several  parts  i>{  a 
body  to  each  other;  adaptation  of  the  di- 
mensions of  the  several  parts  of  a  thing  to 
each  other ;  or  the  union  and  conformity 
of  the  members  of  a  work  to  the  whole. 
Symmetry  arises  from  the  proportion 
which  the  Greeks  call  analogy,  which  is 
the  relation  of  conformity  of  all  the  parts 
to  a  certain  measure ;  as  the  symmetry 
of  a   building  or  an  animal  body.        Cyc. 

Uniform  symmetry,  in  architecture,  is  where 
the  same  ordonnance  reigns  throughout 
the  whole. 

Respective  symmetry,  is  where  only  the  oppo- 
site sides  are  equal  to  each  other.         Cyc. 

SYMPATHETIC.        )      [Fr.  st/mpathiyue. 

SYM  PATH  ET'ICAL,  \  "'  See  Sympathy.] 

1.  Pertaining  losynipathy. 

2.  Having  common  feeling  with  another; 
susceptible  of  being  atfected  by  feelings 
like  those  of  another,  or  of  feelings  in  con- 
sequence of  what  another  feels;  as  a  sym- 
pathetic heart. 

3.  Among  physicians,  produced  by  sympa- 
thy. A  sympathetic  disease  is  one  which 
is  produced  by  sympathy,  or  by  a  remote 
cause,  as  when  a  fever  tijilows  a  local  in- 
jury. Ill  this  case,  the  word  is  opposed  to 
idiopnthetic,  which  denotes  a  di.«ea.se  pro- 
duced by  a  proximate  cause,  or  an  original 
disease.  Thus  an  epilepsy  is  sympathetic, 
when  it  is  produced  by  some  other  dis- 
ease. Cyc. 

4.  Among  chimists  and  alckimists,  an  epithet 
applied  to  a  kiiul  of  powder,  posse.s.sed  of 
the  wonderful  property  that  if  spread  on  a 
cloth  dipped  in  the  blood  of  a  wound, 
the  wound  will  be  healed,  though  the  pa- 
tient is  at  a  distance.  This  opinion  is  dis- 
carded as  charlataiirv. 

This  epithet  is  given  also  to  a  species  of 
ink  or  liquor,  with  which   a  person   may 


S  Y  M 


S  Y  N 


S  Y  N 


write  letters  which   are   not   visible    till 

something  else  is  applied. 
5.  Ill  anatomy,  sympathetic  is  appheil  to  two 

nerves,  from  tlie  opinion  that  tlieir  com- 

iriunieations  are  the  cause  of  sympathies. 

One  of  these  is  the  ^reat  intercostal  nerve  ; 

the  other  is  the  facial  nerve.  Cy<^' 

SYMPAT1IET'I€ALLY,   adv.   With  syin- 

pathy  or  common  feeling  ;  in  consequence 

of   sympathy  ;   by    communication   from 

someihiiig  else. 
SYM'PATHIZE,  v.i.  [Ft.  sympathiser.  See 

Si/mpitthy.] 

1.  To  have  a  common  feeling,  as  of  bodily 
pleasure  or  pain. 

The  mind  will  sympathize  so  much  with  the 
anguish  aud  debility  of  the  body,  that  it  will  be 
too  distracted  to  fix  itself  in  meditation. 

Buckminster 

2.  To  feel  in  consequence  of  what  another 
feels  ;  to  be  affected  by  feelings  similar  to 
those  of  another,  in  consequence  of  know- 
ing the  person  to  be  thus  afi'ected.  Wi 
sympathize  with  our  friends  in  distress 
we  feel  some  pain  when  we  see  them 
pained,  or  when  we  are  informed  of  the 
distresses,  even  at  a  distance. 

[It  is  getierally  and  properly  used  of 
suffering  or  pain,  an^l  not  of  |)leasure  or 
joy.  It  (nay  be  sometimes  used  with  great- 
er latitude.] 

3.  To  agree  ;  to  fit.     [J^ot  in  use.]     Dryden. 
SVM'PATHY,  n.   [Gr.  avurtaeim,  avi.ina$iu: 

a^'l',  with,  and  rtaSoj,  passion.] 

1.  Fellow  feeling:  the  quality  of  being  af- 
fected by  the  affection  of  another,  with 
feelings  correspondent  in  kind,  if  not  in 
degree.  We  feel  sympathy  for  another 
when  we  see  him  in  distress,  or  when  we 
are  iidormed  of  his  distresses.  This  sym- 
pathy is  a  corres[)ondent  feeling  of  pain  or 
regret. 

Sympathy  is  produced  through  the  medium 
of  organit!  impression.  Chipman 

I  value  myself  upon  sympathy ;  1  hale  and 
despise  myself  for  envy.  A'ames. 

2.  An  agreement  of  affections  or  inclina- 
tions, or  a  conformity  of  natural  tempera- 
ment, which  makes  two  persons  pleased 
witli  each  other.  Encyc. 

■^■-  To  such  .issociations  may  be  attributed  mo'^t 
of  the  sympathies  and  antipathies  of  our  nature. 
\  Anon. 

0.  In  ikedicine,  a  correspondence  of  various 
parts  of  the  body  in  similar  sensations  or 
affections;  or  an  affection  of  the  whole 
body  or  some  part  of  it,  in  consequence  of 
an  injury  or  disease  of  another  part,  or  of 
a  local  affection.  Thus  a  contusion  on 
the  head  will  proiluce  nausea  and  vomit- 
ing. This  is  said  to  be  by  sympathy,  oi 
consent  of  parts.  Cyr. 

4.  In  natural  history,  a  propension  of  inani- 
mate things  to  unite,  or  to  act  on  eacl 
other.  Thus  we  say,  there  is  a  sympathy 
between  the  lodestone  and  iron.  Ci/c. 

SYMPIIO'NIOUS,  a.  [from  symphony.] 
Agreeing  in  sound  ;  accoi-dant  ;  harmo- 
nious. 

— Sounds 
Symphonies  of  ten  thousand  harps. 

_._,- „  Jlfitton. 

SYM'PIIONY.  n.  \h.  symphonia  ;  Vv.  swn- 
phnnii;  ;  Hr.avfKpuivia. ;    6vv. 
voice.] 
1.  A  consonance  or    harmony 


agreeable  to  the  ear,  whether  the  sounds 
are  vocal  or  instrumental,  or  both. 
The  trumpets  sound, 
And  warlike  symphony  is  heard  around. 

Dryden. \ 
9.  A    musical    instrument,    mentioned    by 

French  writers. 
■i.  A  full  concert. 

4.  An  overture  or  other  composition  for  in- 
struments. 
SYMPHYSIS,  n.  [Gr.  nvfifv^is ;  uvi',  togeth- 
er, and  <jiiiw,  to  grow.] 

1.  In  anatomy,  the  union  of  bones  by  carti- 
lage ;  a  connection  of  bones  without  a 
movable  joint.  Coxe.     Cyc. 

2.  In  surgery,  a  coalescence  of  a  natural 
passage;  also,  the  first  intention  of  cure 
in  a  wound.  Co.re. 

SY'MPOSI.AC,  a.  sympo'ziac.  [Gr.  ctvjurtonia 
a  drinking  together  ;  am,  together,  and 
rtivu,  to  drink.] 
Pertaining  to  compotations  and  merry-mak- 
ing ;  happening  where  company  is  drink- 
ing together  ;  as  symposiac  meetings. 

Brown. 
Symposiac  disputations.  Arbuthnut. 

[J^Tot  much  used.'\ 

SYMPO'SlA€,  n.  A  conference  or  conver- 
sation of  philosophers  at  a  banquet. 

Plutarch. 

SYMPOSIUM,  71.  sympo'zium.  [supra.]  A 
drinking  togetlier  ;  a  merry  feast. 

fVarlon. 

SYMP'TOM,  n.  [Fr.  symptome  ;  Gr.  ovfx- 
jtTioaa,  a  falling  or  accident,  from  aw,  with 
and  rtirt-fu,  to  full.] 

1.  Properly,  something  that  happens  in  con 
currence  with  another  thing,  as  an  ntterid 
ant.  Hence  in  medicine,  any  affection 
which  accom])anies  disease  ;  a  perceptible 
change  in  the  body  or  its  functions,  which 
indicates  disease.  The  causes  of  disease 
often  lie  beyond  our  sight,  but  we  learn 
the  nature  of  tliem  by  the  symptoms.  Par- 
ticular symptoms  which  more  uniformly 
accompany  a  morbid  state  of  the  body, 
and  are  characteristic  of  it,  are  called 
pathognomonic  or  diagnostic  .<iy7nptoms. 

'i.  A  sign  or  token  ;  that  which  indicates  the 
e.xistence  of  something  else  ;  as,  open 
murmurs  of  the  people  are  a  symptom  of 
disaffection  to  law  or  government. 

SYMPTOMAT'Ie,         )  Pertaining  to 

SYMPTOMAT'ICAL,  ^  "■  symptoms; 
happening  in  concurrence  with  some- 
thing; indicating  the  existence  of  some- 
thing else. 

In  medicine,  a  symptomatic  disease  is  one 
which  ])roceeds  from  some  jirior  disorder 
in  some  part  of  the  body.  Thus  a  symp- 
tomatic fever  may  proceed  from  local  pain 
or  local  inflanimation.  It  is  opjiosed  to 
idiopathic.  Encyc.     Coxe 

3.  According  to  symptoms  ;  as  a  symptomat- 
ical  classification  of  diseases. 


with,  and  ^wr, 
of  sounds 


SYMPTOMAT'l€ALLY,  adv.  By  means 
of  symptoms;  in  the  nature  of  symptoms. 

IViseman 

SYMPTOMATOL'OgY,  n.  [(Jr.  au,i<«Tu,,ua 
and  ^oyo5,  discourse.] 

The  doctrine  of  symptoms;  that  part  of  the 
science  of  medicine  which  treats  of  the 
symptoms  of  diseases.  Coxe. 

SYNAGOii'ICAL,  a.  [from  synagogue.] 
Pertaining  to  a  synagogue.  Diet. 


SYNAGOGUE,  n.  syn'agog.  [Fr.  from  Gr, 
avvay^yri ;  aw,  together,  and  ayu,  to  drive; 
properly  an  assembly.] 

1.  A  congregation  or  assembly  of  Jews,  met 
for  the  purpose  of  worship  or  the  perform- 
ance of  religious  rites. 

2.  The  house  appropriated  to  the  religious 
worship  of  the  .Tews. 

3.  The  court  of  the  seventy  elders  among 
the  Jews,  called  the  great  synagogue. 

Ci/c. 

SYN'AGRIS,  n.  A  fish  caught  in  the  Archi- 
pelago, resembling  the  dente.x.  It  has  a 
sharp  back,  and  is  reckoned  a  species  of 

1     Sparus.  Cyc. 

SYNALE'PHA,     n.     [Gr.    avva.-kni^.]     In 

;  grammar,  a  contraction  of  syllables  by 
suppressing  some  vowel  or  diphthong  at 
the  end  of  a  word,  before  another  vowel 
or  diphthong  ;  as  ill'  ego  lor  ille  ego. 

SYN'AKCIIY,  n.  [Gr.  awafixM.]  Joint  rule 
or  sovereignty.  Stackhouse. 

SYNAR'ESIS,  f         [Gr.   swaipfoij.]     Con- 

SVNAK'F.SY,  \  "•  traction;  the  sh(,rten- 
iiig  of  a  word  by  the  omission  of  a  letter, 
as  ne'er  for  never.  Addison. 

SYNARTISIIO'SIS,   n.    [Gr.  aw,  with,  and 

;     apSpow,  to  articulate.] 

jUnioii  of  bones  without  motion  ;  close  union  ; 

i     as  in  sutures,  symphysis  and  the  like. 

I  '  Coxe. 

SYNAX'IS,  n.   [Gr.  from  owctycj,  to  congre- 

I     gate  ;  aw  and  oyu.] 

A  coiigipgation  ;  also,  a  term  formerly  used 

i     for  the  Lord's  supiier.  Saxon  Laws. 

.SYNeHONPKO'Sl'S,    n.    [Gr.  aw  and  ^oi'- 

I     6pos,  cartilage.] 

The  Conner  tion  of  bones  by  means  of  car- 

I     tilage  or  gristle.  IFiseman. 

iSYN'eHRONAL,    a.    [Gr.   aw,   with,  and 

I     x<""'°i>  time.] 

iHiippeninff  at  the  same  time;  simultaneous. 

SYN'€HRONAL,  n.  [supra.]  That  which 
happens  at  the  same  time  with  something 

;     else,  or  pertains  tn  the  same  time.      More. 

SYNellROM'ICAL,  a.    [See  Synchronism.] 
Happening  at  the  same  time  ;  simultane- 
ous. Ruyle. 
SYN'ellRONISM,    n.    [Gr.  5w,  with,  and 
Xpovof,  time] 

Concurrence  of  two  or  more  events  in  time; 

simultaneoiisness.  Hale, 

SYN'€HRONIZE,  v.  i.    [sti[ira.]    To  agree 

in  time  ;  to  he  simultaneous.        Robinso7i. 

SYN'€HRONOUS,    a.    Ilappenim;  at  the 

same  time  ;  simultaneous.  J}rbutlinot. 

SYNCHRONOUSLY',  adv.  [supra.]  At  the 

same  time. 
SYN'COPATE,    V.  t.    [See   Syncope.]     To 

I     contract,  as  a  word,  by  taking  oiieor  more 

I     letters  or  syllables  from  the  middle. 

fi.  In   music,  to   prolong  a  note    begun  on 
the  unaccented  part  of  a   bar,    to  the  ac- 
cented part  of  the  next  bar;  or  to   con- 
nect the  last  note  of  a  bar  with  the  first  of 
the  following ;  or  to   end    a    note    in   mie 
liart,  ill    the   middle  of  a  note  of  another 
part. 
SYN'COPATED,    pp.    Ciuitracted  by   the 
loss  id'  a  letter   from  the   middle   of  the 
word. 
'i.   Inverted,  as  the  measure  in  niu.sic. 
SYNCOPATION,  n.  The  contraction  of  a 
word  by  taking  a  letter,  letters  or  a  sylla- 
ble from  the  middle. 


S  Y  N 


S  Y  N 


S  Y  N 


3.  In  music,  an  interruption  of  the  regular] 
nieasiiic ;  an  inversion  of  the  order  of 
noteri :  ;i  prolotJ^ing  of  a  note  begun  on 
the  unaecenled  part  of  a  har,  to  the 
accented  part  of  ttie  next  liar ;  also,  a  driv- 
ing note,  when  a  shorter  note  at  the  be- 
ginning of  a  measure  is  followed  by  two 
or  more  longer  notes  betiire  another  short 
note  oeciirs,  equal  to  that  whieh  occasion- 
ed the  driving,  to  make  the  number  even. 

Enci/r. 
SYN'eOPK,    /        [Gr.  ffvyxortjj.  from  suyxort- 
SYN'GOPY,  \""  I'M ;  aw  an<l  xortru,  to  cut 
oir.] 

1.  In  music,  the  same  as  sj/ncopation ;  the 
division  of  u  note  introduced  when  two  orl 
more  nules  of  one  part  answer  to  a  single: 
note  of  another. 

2.  In  grammar,  an  elision  or  retrenchment 
of  one  or  more  letters  or  a  syllable  fnnn! 
the  middle  of  a  word. 

3.  In  medicine,  a  faiuting  or  swooning  ;  a  di-, 
niinuiioii  or  interruplioii  of  the  uiotiou  of 
the  heart,  and  of  respiration,  accoiNpanic;d 
■witli  a  suspension  id'  th(^  action  of  the 
brain  and  a  temporary  loss  of  sensati'Pii, 
volition  and  other  faculties.  ^.y- 

SYN'eOI'lST,  n.  One  who  contracts. 
Words.  I 

SYN'eOPIZR,  V.  t.  To  contract  by  thet 
omission  of  a  letter  or  syllable. 

SYN'DIC,  n.  [L.  siji-dicus;  Gr.  aviSixos ;  aw, 
with,  and  61x17,  justice.] 

An  cfticer  <if  g.ivernmenl,  invested  with  dif- 
ferent powi'is  in  different  countries  ;  a  kind 
of  magistrate  entrusted  witli  the  aflairs 
of  a  city  or  conimuiiily.  In  GciK-va,  the 
syndic  is  the  (  hid' nnigisirate.  Almost  all 
tile  coiiip.inies  in  Pari.s,  the  university, 
&!•.,  Iiave  their  si/vdics.  The  university 
of  (amhridge  has  its  si/iidirs. 

SYN'D1C.\TK<,  »i.  In  some  countries  on 
the  Kuropean  continent,  a  council  ;  a 
briinch  of  goveriinient.  Burnet.' 

SYN'nie.ATE,  V.  t.  To  judge,  or  to  cen-[ 
sure.  j 

SYN'DRO^II',,   )       [Gr.  ffwipo/iij,  a  running! 

S^N'DROMV,  ^"-  together.]  1 

1.  C.nciirrence.  Glariville.' 

2.  In  medicine,  the  concourse  or  combina- 
tion of  sMiipionis  in  a  disease.  Cyc. 

SYNEchOcllK,   )       [Gr.   awtx6oxi:    aw 
SYNKC'DOOIIY,  ^"-  and     ^xb^xofmi,     toi 

take.]  [ 

In  rhitoric,  a  figure  or  trope  by   which   the! 

whole  of  a  tiling  is  put    for   a    part,  or  a 

part  for  the  whole  ;  as  the  genus  for   the 

species,  or  tlie  species  for  the  genus,  &.c. 

Cyc. 
SYNF,cnOCHl€AL,     a.      Expressed    by 

synecdoche  ;  implying  a  synecdoche. 

Boyle. 
SYN'GENESE,     77.     [Or.   aw,   with,    and 

yivsaii,  generation,  origin.] 
Ill  botany,  a  plant  whose  stamens  are  united 

in  a  cylindrical  form  by  tlie  anthers. 
SYNtiENE'SlAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  class 

syngenesia. 

SYNNEURO'SIS,   n.    [Gr.  aw  and  vivfov,  a 

nerve.] 
In  «no<o7?4i/,  the  connection  of  parts  by  means 

of  ligaments,  ns  in  the  movable  joints. 

Coxe.     Parr. 
SYN'On,  n.  [Gr.  (jtji'ojos,  a  conventjou;  ovf 

and  oio;,  way.] 


1.  In  church  history,  a  council  or  meeting  of 
ecclesiastics  to  consult  on  matters  of  reli 
gioii.  Synods  are  of  tour  kinds,  1.  Gen 
erat  or  ecumenical,  which  are  composed  of 
bishops  from  different  nations.  2.  JVa- 
tioniil,  in  which  the  bishops  of  one  nation 
only  meet,  to  determine  points  of  doctrine 
or  discipline.  :{.  Provincial,  in  which  the 
bishops  of  one  province  only  mecu.  This 
is  called  a  convocation.     4.  Diocesan. 

In  Scotland,  a  sy  nod  is  composed  of  sever 
al  adjoining  presbyteries.  The  memhcrsare 
the  luinislers,  ami  a  ruling  elder  fromeacl 
parish.  A  synod  in  the  United  States  is 
constituted  in  like  manner  as  in  Scotland 

2.  A  meeting,  convention  or  council ;  as  a 
synod  of  gods. 

Let  us  call  to  sy7iod  al!  the  lilest.        Milton 

■i.  In  astronomy,  a  conjunction  of  two  or 
more  planets  or  stars  in  the  same  optical 
place  of  the  heavens.  EncijC 

SY.\'()f).'\L,  n.  Anciently,  a  pecuniary  rent, 
paid  to  the  bishop  or  archdeacon  at  the 
time  of  his  Easter  visitation,  by  every 
parish  priest  ;  a  procuration.  Encyc. 

Synoilnts   are  due    of  coiniuon  right    10  ih< 
l>isln)|i  only.  Gibson 

2.  t'onstitiitions  made  in  provincial  or  dio- 
cesan synods,  are  soinelinies  called  syno 
dais.  Encyc. 

SYN'ODAL,       ^      Pertaining  to  a  synod; 

SVNOD'IC,        >  a.  transacted  in  a   synod; 

SYNOD'ICAL,  )  us synodical  proceedings 
or  forms;  a  synodical  epistle. 

Stillin^Jleet 

Synodical  month,  in  astronomy,  is  the  period 
from  one  <-onjnnctioii  of  the  moon  with 
the  sun  to  another.  This  is  calleil  also  a 
lunation,  because  in  the  course  of  it  the 
lliooii  exhibits  ,dl  its  pha.ses.  This  month 
consists  of  29da).s,  VI  hours,  44  minutes, 
3  seconds  and  II  thirds. 

Kepler.      Enci/c. 

SYNOD'IeALLY,  adv.  By  the  authority 
of  a  s\  iioil.  Sanderson. 

SYNOM'O.SY,  n.  [Gr.  awuftoaia;  aw,  with, 
and  ofxivfii,  to  swear.] 

Sworn  broiherlioo<l  ;  a  .society  in  ancient 
Greece  nearly  resembling  a  niodern  polit- 
ical chib.  Milford. 

SYN'ONYIM,  71.  [Gr.  cwuiijmos;  aw,  with, 
and  ovoua,  name.] 

A  name,  noun  or  other  word  having  the 
same  signification  as  another,  is  its  syn- 
onym. Two  wiirds  containing  the  same 
idea  are  synonyms. 

He  has  extricated  the   synonyms  of  former 
authors.  '  Coxe's  Rwis 

SYNON'YMA,  n.  plu.  Words  having  the 
same  signification.  But  synonyyns  is  a 
regular  English  word. 

SYNON'YMA L,  a.  Synonymous.  [.Yot  in 
use.] 

SYNON'YMIST,  7;.  Among  botanists,  a 
person  who  collects  the  diflertnt  names 
or  synonyins  of  plants,  and  reduces  theni| 
to  one  another.  Cyc 

SVNON'YIMIZE,  v.  t.  To  express  the  same 
meaning  in  ditferent  words.  Camden. 

SYNON'YMOIjS,  a.  Exjiressing  the  same 
thing;  conve\ing  the  same  idea.  VVe 
rarely  find  two  words  prei'isely  synony- 
mous. Have  and  billow  are  sometimes 
synonymous,  hut  not  always.  WIumi  we 
speak  of  the  large  rolling  swell  ol'the  sea. 
we  may   call  it  a  tcai'e  or  a  bittoii; ;  but 


when  we  speak  of  the  small  swell  of  a 
|ioiid,  we  may  call  it  a  wave,  but  we  iiniy 
not  call  it  a  '  iltow. 

SVNON' YMOUSLY,  adv.  In  a  synonymous 
manner  ;  in  the  same  sense  ;  with  the  same 
meaning.  Two  words  may  be  used  sy- 
nonymously in  some  cases  and  not  in  oth- 
ers. 

SYNON'YMY,  71.  The  quality  of  express- 
ing the  same  meaning  by  ditferent  words. 

2.  in  rhetoric,  a  figure  by  which  suioiimiioiis 
words  are  used  to  amplify  a  disi  onrse. 

SYNOP'SIS,  71.  [Gr.  owo+is;  ow,  with,  and 
&+i{,  view.) 

A  general  view,  or  a  collection  of  things  or 
parts  so  arranged  as  to  exhibit  the  w  hole 
or  the  principal  parts  in  a  general  view. 

SYNOP'lle,        }        Affording   a    general 

SYNOPTICAL,  I  "■  view  of  the  whole,  or 
of  the  principal  parts  of  a  thing;  as  n  syn- 
optic V,\\>\f.  Rucldand. 

SY'^NOP'TICALLY,  adv.  In  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  present  a  general  view  in  a  short 
compass. 

SYNO'VL\,  >       In  anatomy,   the  fluid  se- 

SYN'OVY,  I  ■  creted  into  the  cavities  of 
joints,  for  the  purpose  of  lubricating  them. 

Cyc. 

SY'NO'VI.\L,  a.  [supra.]  Pertaining  to  sy- 
novia ;  secreting  a  lubricating  fluid  ;  as  the 
synovial  ineinbrane  ;  synovial  gland. 

Cyc. 

SYNTACTIC,        }       [See  Syntax.]    Per- 

SYNTAC'TICAL,  ^  "'  laining  to  syiitiix,or 
the  construction  of  .sentences. 

2.  According  to  the  rules  of  syntax  or  coii- 
strnclion.  Encye. 

SYNTACTICALLY,  adv.  In  conformity 
to  syntax. 

SYN'T.-XX,  77.  [L.  synta.ris  :  Gr.  owrolij  ; 
aw,  together,  and  ranau.  to  put.] 

L  In  grammar,  the  construction  of  senten- 
ces ;  the  due  arrangement  of  vvcjrds  in 
sentences,  according  to  established  usage. 
Syntax  includes  concord  and  regimen,  or 
the  agreement  and  govermnent  of  words. 
Words,  in  every  laiiguage.  have  lertain 
connections  and  relations,  as  verbs  and  ad- 
jectives with  nouns,  which  relations  must 
be  ob.scrved  in  the  formation  of  sentences. 
A  gross  violation  of  the  rules  of  .syntax  is 
a  solecism. 

2.  Connected  system  or  order ;  union  of 
things.     [A 0/ in  use.]  GtanvilU. 

SYNTHESIS,  71.  [Gr.  awSiaii  ;  a\>v,  and 
tt9t;iii,  to  put  or  set.] 

1.  Composition,  or  the  putting  of  two  or 
more  things  together,  as  in  compound 
medicines.  Cyc. 

2.  In  lo^ir,  composition,  or  that  process  of 
reasoning  in  which  we  advance  by  a  reg- 
ular chain  from  principles  before  estab- 
lished or  assumed,  and  propositions  al- 
ready proved,  till  we  arrive  at  the  conclu- 
sion. .Synthesis  is  the  opposite  of  analysis 
or  resolutioii.  Enryc. 

1.  In  surgery,  the  operation  by  which  divi- 
ded parts  are  reunited.  Cyc. 

4.  In  chimistry,  the  uniting  of  elements  into 
a  compound  ;  the  opposite  of  analysis, 
which  is  the  separation  of  a  compound 
into  its  constituent  parts.  That  water  is 
composed  of  oxygen  and  hyilrogen,  is 
proved  both  by  analysis  and  synthesis. 

SYNTHETIC,        )       Pertaining   to   syn- 

SYNTllET'ICAL,  5  "•    thesis;    consisting 


Ill  synthesis  or  composition ;  as  the  syn- 
thetic riKihod  of  reasoning,  as  opposed  to 
tin-  iiitalyticnl. 

SYNTHETICALLY,   adv.   By   synthesis; 
,  liy  coinpusition. 

SYN'THETIZE,  v.  t.  To  unite  in  regular 
struolure.     [JVot  much  used.] 

SYNTON'I€,  a.  [Gr.  aw,  with,  and  rovoj, 
tone.]     In  music,  sharp;  intense. 

Rousseau. 

SYPH'ILIS.     [See  Siphilis.] 

SYPHON,  »i.  [Gr.  ai^uv.]  A  tube  or  pipe. 
M.ire  correctly  siphon,  which  see. 

SYliTAC,  n.  The  language  of  Syria,  es- 
pecially the  ancient  language  of  that  coun- 
try. 

SYR'IAC,  a.  [from  Syria.]  Pertaining  to 
Syria,  or  its  language  ;  as  the  Syiiac  ver- 
sion of  the  Pentateuch;  St)riac  Bible. 

SYR'IACISM,  n.  A  Syrian'idiom.     Milton. 

S'S'K'IAN.  a.  Pertaining  tn  Syria. 

SNK'IANISM,  n.  A  Syrian  idiom,  or  a  pe- 
cnliarity  in  the  Syrian  language.       Paley. 

SYR'IASM,  71.  The  same  as  syrianism. 

lyarbarton.     Stuart. 

SYRIN'GA,  71.  [Gr.  uipiyl,  ovpiyyoj,  a  pipe.] 
A  genus  of  plants,  the  lilac. 

SYRINgE,  n.  syr'inj.  [supra.]  An  instru- 
ment for  injectin){  liquids  into  animal 
bodies,  into  wounds,  iStc. ;  or  an  instru- 
ment in  the  finni  of  a  pump,  serving  to 
imbibe  any  fluid,  and  then  to  expel  it  with 
force. 

SY'R'INtiE,  V.  I.  To  inject  by  means  of  a 
jiipe  or  syringe ;  to  wash  and  cleanse  by 
iMJeciioiis  from  a  syringe. 

SYIUNGOT'OMY,  n.  [Gr.  mptyl,  a  pipe, 
and  ti/ivu,  to  cut.] 

The  operation  of  cutting  for  the  fistula. 

Cyc. 

SYR'TIS,  n.   [L.]  A  quicksand.  [A'b<  E/ig-- 


Mill 


on. 


lish 
SYRUP.     [See  Sirup. 
SYS'TASIS,  «.    [Gr. 

sistence  of  a  thing  ; 

used.  1 
SYSTEM,  n.  [Vr.sysl^me;  h.systema ;  Gr. 

ni'fjjfia  ;  our  and  ijijut,  to  set.] 
1.  All  as.^ciiililage  of  tilings  adjusted  into  a 

regular  whole  ;  or  a  whole  plan  or  scheme 


ffvfaffif.]      The  con- 
constitution.     [Little 
Burk 


consisting  of  many    parts   connected  inlSYS'TOLE,  >      [Gr.  ovfovij,  from  ovf eMUj,  to 
such  a  manner  as  to  create  a  chuiu  of  iiiu-  SYS'TOLY,  ^    '  contract  ;  aw  and  ;it.\u,  to 


tual  dependencies;  or  a  regular  union  of 
principles  or  parts  forming  one  entire, 
thing.  Thus  we  say,  a  system  of  logic,  a 
i^stein  of  philosophy,  a  system  of  govern- 
ment, a  system  of  principles,  the  solar  sys- 
tem, the  Copernican  system,  a  system  of  di- 
vinity, a  system  of  law,  a  system  of  morali- 
ty, a  system  of  liusbandry,  a  system  of  bota- 
ny or  of  chimistry. 

2.  Regular  method  or  order. 

3.  In  music,  an  interval  compounded  or  sup- 
posed to  be  compounded  of  several  lesser 
intervals,  as  the  fifth  octave,  &c.  the  ele- 
ments of  which  are  called  diastems. 

Busby. 

SYSTEMAT'le,        )      Pertaining  to  sys- 

SYSTEMAT'I€AL,  S  ""  leni  ;  consisting  in 
system;  methodical;  formed  with  regu- 
lar conneitmn  and  adaptation  or  subordi- 
nation of  |)arts  to  each  other,  and  to  the 
design  of  the  whole;  as  u  systematic  nr- 
rangumeiit  of  plants  or  animals;  a  system- 
atic course  of  study. 

2.  Proceeding  according  to  ."system  or  regu- 
lar method  ;  as  a  systematic  writer. 

SYSTEMAT'IeALLY,  «(/(>.  In  the  form  of 
a  system  ;  methodically.  Boyle. 

SYS'TEMATIST,  n.  One  who  forms  a  sjs- 
tem,  or  reduies  to  system. 

SYSTEMIZA'TION,  n.  [from  systemize.] 
The  act  or  ojjer.'ition  of  systemizing  ;  thej 
reduction  of  things  to  system  or  regular! 
method.  I 

SYSTEMIZE,  II.  t.  To  reduce  to  system! 
or  regular  method  ;  as,  to  systemize  the| 
principles  of  un  ral  philosophy  ;  to  system-\ 
ize  plums  or  fn.ssils. 

SYS'TEMIZED,  pp.  Reduced  to  system  or] 
met  hod. 

SYS'TEAIIZER,  n.  One  who  reduces 
things  to  system. 

SYS'TEMIZING,  ppr.  Reducing  to  sy.stem 
or  due  method. 

SYS'TEM-MAKER,  n.  One  who  forms  a 
system, 

SYS'TE.M-MONGER,  ?i.  One  given  to  the 
forming  of  systems.  Chesterjield. 


1.  Ill  grammar,  the  shortening  of  a  long  syl- 
lable. 

2.  In  anatomy,  the  contraction  of  the  heart 
for  ex|ielling  the  blood  and  carrying  on 
the  circulatiiin.     [See  Diastole.] 

SYvS'TVLE,  n.  [Gr.  aw,  with  or  together, 
and  sv'ui;,  ;i  column.) 

In  architecture,  the  manner  of  placing  col- 
umns, where  the  place  between  the  two 
shafts  consists  of  two  diameters  or  four 
modules.  Encyc. 

SYTHE,    n.    [Sax.   silhe  ;  D.  seissen ;  Ob. 

ixn,  Syr.  .  ^,  Ar.  0^*^=.  hatzada,  to 
reap ;  deriv.  Ar.  a  sickle  ;  Sam.  °HtW  to 

reap;  Eth.  06JS  atzad,  to  reap,  and  de- 
riv. a  sickle ;  Heb.  Ch.  nxj'D  from  the 
same  root,  an  ax.  These  verbs  setni  to 
be  the  same,  with  different  prefixes,  and 
from  this  evidently  is  derived  sythe,  which 
is  writicii  incorrectly  «N/(/ie.] 

1.  An  instrument  for  mowing  grass,  or  cut- 
ting otiicr  grain  or  vegetables.  It  con- 
sists of  a  long  curving  bluiie  with  a  sharp 
edge,  made  fast  to  a  haMclle,  which  in  New 
England  is  called  a  snath,  ami  whiili  is 
bent  into  a  convenient  form  for  ,<wii:i;iug 
the  blade  to  advantage.  The  blade  is 
hung  to  the  siiHth  at  an  acme  angle. 

Ill  mythology,  Saturn  or  Time  is  repre- 
sented with  a  syihe,  the  emblem  of  de- 
struction. 

2.  The  curved  sharp  blade  used  anciently 
in  war  chariots. 

SYTHE,  V.  t.  To  mow.     [jVot  ni  use.]    Shak. 

SY'THED,  a.  Armed  with  .syihes,  as  a 
chariot. 

SY'THEMAN,  n.  One  who  uses  a  sythe; 
a  mower. 

SYZ'YtiY,  n.  [Gr.  av^vyta ;  aw  and  ^vyoo, 
to  join.] 

The  conjunction  or  opposition  of  a  planet 
with  the  sun,  or  of  any  two  of  the  heaven- 
ly bodies.  On  the  phenomena  an.'  cir- 
cmiislances  cd'  the  syzygies,  depends  a 
great  part  of  the  lunar  theory.  Encyc. 


T. 


X^  is  the  twentieth  letter  of  the  English  Al- 
phabet, and  a  close  consonant.  It  repre- 
sents a  dose  joining  of  the  end  of  the 
tongue  to  the  root  of  the  upper  teeth,  as 
may  be  perceived  by  the  syllables  n(,  et,  ot, 
ul,  in  attempting  to  pronounce  which,  the 
voice  is  completely  intercepted.  It  is 
therefore  numbered  among  the  mutes,  or 
close  articulations,  and  it  differs  from  d 
chietly  in  its  closeness ;  for  in  pronounc- 
ing ad,  ed,  we  perceive  the  voice  is  not  so 
suddenly  and  entirely  intercepted,  as  in 
prnnounciiig  at  and  'et.  T  by  itself  has 
one  sound  only,  as  in  take,  turn,  hat,  bolt, 
smite,  bitter.    So  we   are   accustomed  to 


epeak  ;  but  in  reality,  t  can  be  hardly  said 
to  have  any  sound  at  all.  Its  use,  like 
that  of  all  unite  articulations,  is  to  modify 
the  manner  of  uttering  the  vocal  sound 
which  precedes  or  follows  it. 

When  ( is  Ibllowed  by  h,  as  in  think  and  that, 
the  combination  really  forms  a  distinct 
sound  for  which  we  have  no  single  char- 
acter. This  combination  has  two  sounds 
in  English  ;  aspirated,  as  \\\  think,  and  vo- 
cal, as  in  that. 

The  letters  ti,  before  a  vowel,  and  unaccent- 
ed, usually  pass  into  the  sound  of  .?/i,  as  in 
7)ation,  7notion,  partial,  substantiate  ;  which 
arc  primounced  nashon,  vwshon,  parshal. 
substanshate.     Iii  this  case,  t  loses  entirely 


its  proper  sound  or  use,  and  being  blend- 
ed wiih  the  suliseqiiciit  letter,  a  new  sound 
results  from  the  combination,  whicii  is  in 
fact  a  .simple  sound.  In  a  few  words,  the 
combinatinii  ti  has  the  sound  nf  the  Eng- 
lish ch,  as  ill  Cliri.<!tian,  7)ii.rtion,  i/utstion. 

T  is  convertible  with  d.  'I'hus  the  (icrinans 
write  ((/;;,  where  we  write  day,  and  gut.  for 
good.  It  is  also  convertible  with  «  and  j, 
for  the  Germans  write  wasser,  for  water, 
and  zajim,  for  tame. 

T.  as  an  ahbreviation,  stands  for  theologia ; 
as,  S.  ']".  1).  siinctu'  theologia-  doctor,  doctor 
of  divinity.  In  ancient  monuments  and 
writings,  T.  is  an  abhrcvintiire,  which 
stands  for  Titus,  Titius  or  Tullius. 


TAB 


TAB 


TAB 


As  a  numeral,  T,  among  tho  Latins, 
stood  tor  ICO,  und  with  a  dash  over  the 
top,  'I',  lor  I<i0,000.  Encyc. 

In  music,  T.  ie  the  initial  of  tenor,  vocal 
and  instrumental  ;  of  tacet,  for  silence,  as 
adagio  lacct,  when  a  person  is  to  rest  dur- 
ing the  whole  movement.  In  concertos 
and  symphonies,  it  is  the  initial  of /««i,  the 
whole  band,  after  a  solo.  It  sometimes 
stands  for  tr.  or  trillo,  a  shake. 

TAIJ' ARD,  n.  [W.  labar,  from  lab,  a  spread 
or  surface  ;  It.  tabana.] 

A  short  gown  ;  a  herald's  coat.  [JVot  -uaed 
in  the  U.  Stales.] 

TAB'ARUKR,  n.  One  who  wears  a  tabard. 

TABASliKKR,  n.  A  Persian  word  signily- 
ing  a  concretion  found  in  the  joints  of  the 
bamboo,  said  by  Dr.  Russel  to  be  the  juice 
of  the  plant  thickened  and  hardened  ;  by 
others,  to  be  pure  sile.x.  It  is  highly  valu- 
ed in  the  E.  Indies  as  a  medicine,  for 
the  cure  of  bilious  vomiting.s,  bloody  flu.x, 
piles,  &c.  Enci/c.     Thomson. 

TAB'HIKU,  pp.  Watered;  m'.idc  wavy. 

TAIVBY,  a.  [See  the  Noini.]  llrinded  ; 
brindled  ;  diversified  in  color  ;  as  a  tabby 
cat.  Addison 

TAB'BY,  n.  [Vr.tabli;  It.  Sp.  Port,  tnbi; 
Uaii.  Idbin ;  D.  lahbi/H  ;  G.  tobin ;  Arm. 
tafias,  tudela.      Qu.  Fr.  tavcler,  to  spot.] 

1.   A   kind   of  waved   silk,   usually    watered. 
It    is    mamdactiired    like    tuffeta,    but    i 
thicker  and  stronger.      The   watering   is 
given  to  it  by  the  calender.  Cyc. 

9.  A  mixture  of  stone  or  shells  and  mortar, 
which  becomes  hard  as  a  rock  ;  used  in 
Morocco. 

TAB'BY,  V.  t.  To  water  or  cause  to  look 
wavy  ;  as,  to  tabby  silk,  mohair,  ribin.  &.c. 
This  IS  done  by  a  calender  wiliiout  water. 

Cyc. 

TAB'BYING,  n.  The  passing  of  stuffs  lin- 
dei-  a  cali'uder  to  give  them  a  wavy  ap- 
pearance. 

TABKFAC'TION,  n.  [L.  labeo,  to  waste, 
aiii\facio,  to  make.     See  Tabefi/.] 

A  wasting  away  ;  a  gra<liial  losing  of  flesh 
by  disease. 

TAB'EF?,  V.  i.  [Fleb.  Cli.  3NT  to   pine;  or 

Ar.  4_»j   tabba,  to  be  weakened,  to  |)cr- 

ish.     Class  Db  ]     To  consume  ;  to  waste 
gradually  ;  to  lose  flesh.     [Little  used.] 

Harvey. 

TABERD.     [See  Tabard.] 

TAB'ERNACLE,  n.  [L.  tabermiculum,  a 
tent,  from  taberna,  a  shop  or  shed,  fronj 
tabula,  a  board  ;  or  ratlier  from  its  root. 
See  Table.] 

1.  A  tent.     Num.  xxiv.     Matt.  xvii. 

2.  A  temporary  liabitation.  Milton, 

3.  Among  the  Jews,  a  movable  building,  so 
contrived  as  to  be  taken  to  pieces  with 
ease  and  reconstructed,  for  the  conven- 
ience of  being  carried  during  the  wander- 
ings of  the  Israelites  in  tlie  wilderness.  It 
was  of  a  rectangular  figine,  thirty  cubits 
long,  ten  broad,  and  ten  high.  The  inte- 
rior was  divided  into  two  rooms  by  a  vail 
or  curtain,  and  it  was  covered  with  four 
different  spreads  or  carpets.  Cruden. 

It  is  also  applied  to  the  temple.     Ps.  xv. 

4.  A  place  of  worship  ;  a  sacred  place. 

Addison 

5.  Our  natural  body.    2  Cor.  v.    2  Pet.  i. 


6.  God's  gracious  presence,  or  the  tokens  of 
it.     Rev.  xxi.  ' 

7.  An  ornamented  chest  placed  on  Roman 
catholic  altars  as  a  receptacle  of  tlie  cibo- 
riurn  and  pyxis. 

TAB'ERNACLE,  v.i.  To  dwell;  to  resid. 
for  a  time ;  to  be  housed  ;  as  we  say 
Christ  tabernacled  in  the  flesh. 

TABERNAC'IJLAR, «.  Latticed.     fVurton 

TAB'IU,  a.    [Fr.   tabide ;  L.   tabidus,    from 
tabeo,   to   waste.]      Wasted    by   disease  ; 
consumptive. 
In  tabid  persons,  milk  is  the  best  restorative. 

Jirbxithnot. 

TAB'IDNESS,  n.  State  of  being  wasted  by 
disease  ;  consumptiveness. 

TAB'LATURE,    n.    [from  table.]    Painting 
oil  walls  and  ciMlings  ;  a  single  piece  com 
preliended   in  one  view,  and  formed  ac 
cording  to  one  design. 

Johnson.  Lord  Shajlsbury. 
In  music,  tlie  expression  of  sounds  or 
notes  of  composition  by  letters  of  the  al- 
phabet or  ciphers,  or  other  characters  not 
used  in  modern  music.  In  a  stricter 
sense,  tlie  iiiamier  of  writing  a  piece  for 
the  lute,  theorbo,  guitar,  base  viol,  or  the 
like  ;  which  is  done  by  writing  on  several 
parallel  lines,  (each  of  which  represents  a 
string  of  the  instrument,)  certain  letters  ot 
the  alphabet,  referring  to  the  frets  on  the 
neck  of  the  instruiiKMit,  each  letter  direct- 
ing how  some  note  is  to  be  sounded.    Cyc 

3.  In  anatomy,  a  division  or  parting  of  the 
skull  into  two  tables.  Cyc 

TA'BLE,  n.  [Fr.  liom  V..  tabula;  \l.lavola; 
Sp.  labia  ;  W.  lavell,  a  flat  mass,  a  tablet 
a  slice,  a  spread  ;  tab,  lav,  a  spread,  an 
extended  surface ;  tavlu,  to  throw,  to  pro- 
ject ;  lavu,  to  s|>read  or  overspread  ;  Sax 
tcejl,  a  die,  a  table-man;  D.  tafel,  a  hoard, 
a  t:il)le,  whence  in  ships,  tafferel ;  G.  Svv. 
tafel,  a  board  or  table  ;  Russ.  id. ;  Fr.  tab- 
leau, a  picture.] 

1.  A  flat  siirtace  of  some  extent,  or  a  thing 
that  has  a  flat  surface;  as  a  table  of  mar- 
ble. 

2.  An  article  of  furniture,  consisting  usually 
(d'  a  iVaiiie  with  a  surface  of  boards  or  of 
marble,  suppiu'ted  by   legs,  and  used  for  a 
great  variety  of  purposes,  as  for  holdin 
dishes  of  meat,  for  writing  on,  &c. 

Tlie  nynipii  the  table  spread.  Pope. 

'■i.  Fare  or  entertainment  of  provisions ;  as, 

he  keeps  a  good  table 

4.  The  persons  sitting  at  tabic  or  partaking 
of  entertainment. 

I  drink  to  ih'  general  joy  of  the  whole  table. 

Shak 
A  tablet ;  a  surface  on  which  any  thing 
is  written  or  engraved.     The  ten   com 


to  be  transparent  and  perpendicular  to 
the  horizon.  It  is  called  also  perspective 
plane.  Cyc. 

11.  In  anatomy,  a  division  of  the  craninni  or 
skull.  The  cranium  is  composed  of  two 
tables  or  lamins,  with  a  cellular  structure 
between  tbem,  called  the  medilallium  or 
diploe.  Cyc.     U  istar. 

12.  Ill  the  f^lass manufacture,  a  circularsheet 
oflinished  glass,  usually  about  four  feet 
in  diameter,  each  weighing  from  ten  to 
eleven  pounds.  Twelve  of  these  arc  call- 
ed a  side  or  crate  of  glass. 

13.  In  literature,  an  index  ;  a  collection  of 
heads  or  principal  matters  contained  in  a 
book,  witli  references  to  the  pages  where 
each  may  be  found  ;  as  a  tabic  of  contents. 

Halls. 

14.  A  synopsis;  many  particulars  brought 
into  one  view.  E.  Jonson. 

15.  The  palm  of  the  hand. 
Mistress  of  a  I'direr  table 

Hath  not  history  nor  fable.  B.  Jonson. 

IG.  Draughts;  small  jiieces  of  wood  shifted 
on  squares. 

We  arc  in  the  worid  like  men  playing  at  ta- 
bles. Taylor. 

17.  In  mathematics,  tables  are  .systems  of 
mmibers  calculated  to  be  ready  for  expe- 
diting operations  ;  as  a  (atic  of  logarithtns; 
a  multiplication  lable. 

18.  Astronomical  tables,  arc  computations  of 
the  motions,  places  and  other  phenomena 
of  the  planets,  both  primary  and  seconda- 
ry. Cyc. 

19.  In  chimistry,  a  list  or  catalogue  of  sub- 
stances or  their  properties  ;  as  a  tabic  of 
known  acids  ;  a  table  of  acidifiable  bases; 
a  table  of  binary  combinations;  a  table  of 
specific  gravities.  Lavoisier. 

20.  In  i!;encral,  any  series  of  numbers  formed 
on  matliematical  or  other  correct  princi- 
ples. 

21.  A  division  of  the  ten  conimaiiilments  ; 
as  the  first  and  second  tables.  The  first 
table  comprehends  our  more  immediate 
duties  to  God  ;  the  second  table  our  nioro 
immediate  duties  to  each  other. 

22.  Ani(ni<;  jeicelers,  a  table  diamond  or  oth- 
er precious  stone,  is  one  whose  upper  sur- 
face is  quite  flat,  and  the  sides  only  cut  in 
angles.  Cyc. 

2.'i.  A  list  or  catalogue  ;  as  a  lable  of  stars. 

Raised  table,  in  sculpture,  an  embossment  in 
a  frontispiece  for  an  inscription  or  other 
ornament,  supposed  to  be  the  abacus  of 
\'itriiviiis.  Cyc. 

Round  lable.  Knights  of  the  round  table,  tiru 
a  military  order  instituted  by  .\rtliur,  tho 
first  kins  of  the  Rritons,  A.  D.  "' 


^ ^   _^  Rritons,  A.  D.  r>Ili. 

inanilnVents  weieViiliten  oiVtwo'laiiesofii^''''''™  '"''''■''   ''i^ '«»*  of  the  Romans,  so 
stone.     Ex.  xxxii.  called   probably,  because  engraved  on  so 

\\riuc-n— not   on    tables  of   stone,   but   nni!      many  tables. 


fleshly  tables  of  the  heart.     2  Cor.  iii. 
fi.  A   picture,  or  something  that  exhibits  a 
view  of  any  thing  on  a  flat  surface. 

S.iint   Antliony  has  a  lable  that  hangs  up  to 
him  from  a  poor  peas;uit.  Jlddison. 

7.  .Among  Christians,  the  table,  or  Lord's 
table,  is  the  sdciament,  or  holy  commun- 
ion of  the  Lord's  supper. 

8.  The  altar  of  biirnt-offKring.     IMal.  i. 

9.  In  archileclure,  a  smooth,  simple  member 
or  ornament  of  various  forms,  most  usu- 
ally in  that  of  a  long  square. 

10.  In  perspective,  IX  plain  surface,  supposed 


To  turn  the  tables,  to  change  the  condition  or 
fortune  of  contending  parties  ;  a  metaphor- 
I     ical  expression  taken  from  the  vicissitudes 
I     of  tortiine  in  gaining.  Dryden. 

jTo  serve  tables,  to  provide  for  the  poor  ;  or  to 
I  distribute  [irovisions  for  their  wants. 
;     Acts  vi. 

TA'BLE,  v.  i.  To  board;  to  diet  or  live  at 
I  till!  table  of  another.  Nebucharinez/ar 
!     tabled  with  the  beasts.  South. 

TA'BLE,  I',  t.  To  form  into  a  fable  or  cata- 
logue ;  as,  to  table  fines.  In  England,  the 
cliirographer    tables    tho   fines   of   every 


TAB 


(■ounty,  and  fixes  a  copy 
jlace  of  the  court. 


2. 


To  boaiii ;  to  supply  with  food. 


in  some  open 
Cyc. 


3.  To  let  one  piece  of  timber  into  another 
bv  alternate  scores  or  projections  from  the 

TA'BLE-BED,  n.  [table  and  bed.]  A  bed  in 
the  form  of  a  table. 

TA'BLE-BEER,  71.  [table  and  beer.]  Beer 
for  the  table,  or  for  common  use ;  small 
beer. 

TA'BLE-BQOK,  n.  [table  and  600ft.]  A 
book  on  which  any  thing  is  engraved  or 
written  without  ink. 

Put  into  your  table-bouk  whatever  you  judge 
worthy.  ,      ,  Orydai^ 

TA'BLE-€LOTH,  n.  [table  and  cloth.]  A 
cloth  for  coverim;  a  table,  particularly  for 
spreading  on  a  table  before  the  dishes  are 
set  for  meals. 

TABLED,  pp.  Formed  into  a  table. 

TA'BLE-LAND,  n.  [table  and  land.]  Ele- 
vated flat  land. 

TA'BLE-MAN,  n.  [table  and  man.]  A  man 
at  draughts  ;  a  piece  of  wood.  Bacon. 

T.\'BLER.  n.  One  wlio  boards.     Amsicorlh. 

TA'BLES,  n.  pUi.  A  board  used  for  back- 
gammon. 

TAB' LET,  n.  A  small  table  or  flat  surface. 

2.  Something  flat  on  which  to  write,  paint, 
draw  or  engrave. 

Through  all  Greece  the  young  gentlemen 
learned  to  design  on  tablets  of  boxen  wood. 

Dryden 
The  piUar'd  marble,  and  the  tablet  brass. 

Prior 

3.  A  medicine  in  a  square  form.  Tablets  of 
arsenic  were  formerly  worn  as  a  preserva- 
tive against  the  plague.  Bacon. 

A  solid  kind  of  electuary  or  confection, 
made  of  dry  ingredients,  usually  with  su- 
gar, and  formed  into  little  flat  squares  ; 
called  also  lozene:e  and  troche.  Cyc. 

TA'BLE-TALK,%i.  [table  and  talk.]  Con- 
versation at  table  or  at  meals. 

He  improves  by  the  table-talk.       Guardian. 

fi.  B»r.'  Boarding;  forming  int( 

by 


TAG 

TA'BOR,  V.  i.   To  strike  lightly   and   fre- 
quently. 

Her  maids  shall  lead  her  as  with  the  voice  of 
doves,  laboring  upon  their  breasts.     Nah.  ii. 
2.  To  play  on  a  tabor  or  little  drum. 
TA'BOIIER,   n.    One  who  beats  the  tabor. 

Shcik. 
TAB'ORET,  n.  [from  tabor.]  A  small  ta- 
bor. Spectator. 
TAB'ORIN,  ?  [Fr.  tabourin  ;  from  ta- 
TABORINE,  S"'  bor.]  A  tabor;  a  small 
drum.  Shak. 
TAB'RERE,    n.   A  taborer.     Obs. 

Spenser. 
[See   Tabor.]     A  tabor.     1 


TA'BLING,  ppr.  Boarding;  forming  mto 
table  ;  letting  one  timber  into  another 
scores. 

TA'BLING,  n.  A  forming  into  tables;  a 
setting  down  in  order. 

2.  The  letting  of  one  timber  into  another  by 
alternate  scores  or  projections,  as  in  ship- 
buildmg.  Cyc. 

3.  In  sail-makinir,  a  broad  hem  made  on  the 
skirts  of  sails  by  turning  over  the  edge  of 
the  canvas,  anil  sewing  it  down.  Cyc. 

TABOO',  n.    In   the  isles  of  the    Pacific,  a 
word  denoting  pndiibition  or  religious  in- 
terdict, which  is  of  great  force  among  the 
inhabitants. 
TABOO',  V.  t.  To  forbid,   or  to  forbid  the 
use   of;  to  interdict  approach   or  use  ;  as, 
to  taboo  the  ground  set  apart  as  a  sanctu- 
ary for  criminals.    Tabooed  ground  is  held 
sacred  and  inviolable. 
TA'BOR,    n.    [\V.   tabwrz  ;  Ir.   tabar ;  Old 
Fr.  labour.     This  in  some  languages,   is 
written  tambour,  and   timbrel.     The  atabal 
of  the   S^paniards  is   probably  of  the  samt 
family.   It  is  probably  named  frrun  striking 
beating  ;  Eng.  lap.  Or.  rvrttu,  Syr.  'k>.1j..^ 


Ar. 


Class  ni).  No.  28.] 


A  small  dniru  used  as  an  accompaniment  to 
a  pipe  or  fde.  Cyc. 


TAB' RET,    n 

Sam.  xviii. 
TAB  ULAR,  a.  [L.   tabularis,  from   tabida, 
table.] 

1.  In  the  form  of  a  table  ;  having  a  flat  or 
square  surface. 

2.  Having  the  form  of  lamina  or  plates. 

3.  Set  down  in  tables;  as  a  tabular  list  of 
substances. 

4.  Set  in  squares.  Johnson.' 
Tabular  crystal,  one  in  which  the  prism   is 

very  short.  Phillips. 

Tabular  spar,  in  mineralogy,  a  species  of 
limestone,  generally  of  a  grayish  white 
color.  It  occurs  either  massive  or  crys- 
talized,  in  rectangular  four  sided   tables. 

Haiiy. 
Tabular  spar  is  the  schaalstein  of  Wer- 
ner, and  the  prismatic  auglte  of  Jameson. 

TABULATE,  v.  t.  To  reduce  to  tables  or 
synopses. 

2.  To  shape  with  a  flat  surface.         Johnson. 

TABULATED,  pp.  Having  a  flat  or  square 
flat  surface  ;  as  a  tabulated  diamond. 

Grew. 

TA€AMAHA€'A,  )       A   tree  of  a   sweet 

TACA.\IAIIA€',  S  fragrance,  plaiiteM 
in  gardens  as  an  ornament.  It  is  of  the 
genus  Populus,   [P.  balsitmifera.] 

2.  A  resin  brought  from  America  in  large  ob- 
long masses  wrafiped  in  flag  leaves,  of  a 
light  brown  color,  and  an  aromatic  smell 
between  that  of  lavender  and  musk.  It  is 
obtainerl  from  tlie  Fagara  octandra,  and  it 
is  said  also,  from  the  Populus  balsa mifera. 

Thomson. 

TA'CE,  from  L.  taceo,  a  term  used  in  Ital- 
ian music,  ilirectiiig  to  be  silent. 
TA'CET,  in  music,  is  used  when  a  vocal  or 
instrumental   part  is  to  be   silent  during  :i 
whole  movement.  Cyc 

TACn,     t        [See  Tack.]    Something  used 
TACHE,  \  "'  for  taking  hold  or  hold 

catch;  a  loop;  a   button.     It  is  t'imnd  in 
Scripture,    but  I   believe  is  not   now  used 
in  discourse  or  writing.     Ex.  xxvi. 
TACIIYG'RAPHY,   n.    [Gr.   taxvi,   quick 

and  ypaifuj,  to  write.] 
The  art  or  practice  of  quirk  writing.  [Wt 
now  use  stenography,  and  short  hand 
jcrthng.] 
TACIT,  a.  [Fr.  tacite  ;  L.  tacitws,  from  ta- 
ceo, to  be  silent,  that  is,  to  stop,  or  to  close 
See  Tack.]  . 

Silent;  implied,  but  not  expressed.  Tacit 
consent  is  consent  by  silence,  or  not  in-; 
terposing  an  objection.  So^  we  say,  a 
tacit  agreement  or  covenant  of  men  to  live 
under  a  particular  government,  when  no 
objection  or  opposition  is  made  ;  a  tncil 
surrender  of  a  part  of  our  natural  rig 
a  tacit  reproach,  «Si.c. 


TAG 

TACITLY,  adv.   Silently ;  by  implication  } 

without  words  :  as,  he  tacitly  assented. 
TACITURN,  a.  [L.  Inciturnus.]   llabituall> 
silent ;  not   free  to  converse ;  not  apt  to 
talk  or  speak.  Smollett. 

TACITURN  ITY,  ?i.  [Fr.  taciturnity,  from 
L.  taciturnitas,  from  taceo,  to  be  silent.] 
Habitual  silence  or  reserve  in  speaking. 

Too  great  loquacity,  and  too  great  taciturnity 
by  tils.  Arbuthnoi. 

TACK,  V.  t.  [Gr.  rosijo,  to  set,  place,  ordain, 
the  root  of  which  was  rwyuj,  as  appears 
from  its  derivatives,  Toytt;,  rayjua-  Hence 
Fr.  attacker.  It.  attaccare,  Sp.  atacar,  VV. 
tagu,  to  stop,  Sp.  taco,  a  8topj)er.  See  J31- 
tach.  The  primary  sense  is  probably  to 
thrust  or  send.] 
1.  To  fasten  ;  to  attach.  In  the  solemn  or 
grave  style,  this  word  now  appears  ludi- 
crous; as,  to  get  a  commendain  tacked  to 
their  sees.  Swifl. 

— And  tack  the  center  to  the  sphere. 

Herbert. 
To  unite  by  stitching  together:  as,  to  tack 
together  the  sheets  of  a  book;  totack  >  we 
piece  of  cloth  to  another.  [In  the  famil- 
iar style,  this  word  is  in  pood  use.] 
3.  To  fasten  slightly  by  nails  ;  as,  to  tack  on 

a  board  or  shingle. 
TACK,       }  [Fr.  tache.]    A  spot.     [Abt 

TACHE,    S    "■    "Sfd.] 

TACK,  n.    [Ir.   taca ;  Arm.  tach.]     A  small 
nail. 

A  rope  used  to  ccmfine  the  foremost  low- 
er corners  of  the  courses  and  stay -sails, 
when  tlie  wind  cros.ses  the  ship's  course 
obliquely  ;  also,  a  rope  einplojed  to  puU 
the  lower  corner  of  a  studding  sail  to  the 
boom.  Hence, 
3.  The  part  of  a  sail  to  which  the  tack  is 
usually  fastened  ;  the  foremost  lower  cor- 
ner of  the  courses.  Hence, 
1.  The  course  of  a  ship  in  regard  to  the  po- 
sition iif  her  sails  ;  as  the  starboard  tack, or 
larboard  tack:  llie  former  when  she  is 
close-hauled  with  the  wind  on  her  star- 
board, the  latter  when  close  hauled  with 
the  wind  on  her  larboard.  Mar.  Diet. 

To  hold  tack,  to  last  or  hold  out.  Tusser. 

Tack  of  a  fins:,  a  line  spliced  into  the  eje  at 
the  liotlom  of  the  tabling,  for  securing  the 
flag  to  the  halliards. 
T.'\CK,  I',  i.  To  change  the  course  of  a  ship 
by  shifting  the  tacks  and  (position  of  the 
sails  from  one  side  to  the  other. 

Mar.  Diet. 
TACK,    n.    In   rural  economy,  a   shelf  on 

which  cheese  is  dried.     [Local.] 
T(/cAq/"/n!!(/,  the  term  of  a  lease.     [Local.] 
TACK'I'.R,  n.  One  who  tacks  or  makes  an 

additi<ui. 

TACK'ET,  n.  A  small  nail.  Band. 

TAVK'ISG,  ppr.  Changing  a  ship's  course. 

TACK'LE,  n.  [D.  takel.  a  pulley  and  tackle; 

takelen,  to  rig  ;  (J-  tnke.l,  takeln  ;  Svv.  tackel, 

tackla;  Dan.    takkel,  takler ;  W.   «ac/i(,    to 

put  in  order,  todre.ss,  deck,  set  right;  iac- 

lau,  tackling,  acciuitcrments  ;  tacyl,  a  toed. 

This   seems   to    belong   to   the    family   of 

tack,  Gr.  rasau.    The  primary   sense   is  to 

put  on,  or  to  set  or  to  put  in  order.] 

I.   .A  machine  for  raising  or  lowering  heavy 

wciyhis,  ( sisting  of  a  rope  and  blijcks, 

called  a  pulley.     "  Mar.  Did. 


T  A  C 


S.  Instruments  of  aotinii :  weapons. 

Slic  to  )ier  tackle  Itll.  Hudibras. 

3.  An  arrow.  Chaucer. 

4.  The  rigging  and  apparatus  of  a  ship. 
Tackle-fall,  tlie  rope,  or  rather  the  enil  of  the 

rope  of  a  pulley,  which  falls  and  hy  which 

it  is  pulled. 
Ground-tackle,  anchors,  cables,  &c. 
Gun-tackle,     the    instruments   for    hauhng 

cannon  in  or  out. 
Tack-tackle,  a  small  tackle  to  pull  down  the 

tacks  of  the  principal  sails.  Mar.  Diet. 

TACK'LE,  v.t.  To  harness;    as,  to  tackle 

a  liorse  into  a  gig,  sleigh,  coach  or  wugoii. 

[W  legitimate  and  common  use  of  the  wordin 

America.] 

2.  To  seize;  to  lay  hold  of;  as,  a  wrestler 
tackles  his  antagonist  ;  a  dog  tackles  the 
game.  This  is  a  common  poimlar  use  of 
the  word  in  New  England,  tliough  not  el- 
egant. But  it  retains  the  primitive  idea, 
to  put  on,  to  fall  or  throw  on.  [See  At- 
tack.] 

3.  To  supply  with  tackle.  Beaum. 
TA(^K'LED,  pp.  Harnessed  ;  seized. 
2.  Maile  of  ropes  tacked  together. 

My  man  shall 
Bring  thee  coids,  made  like  a  tackled  sla\t . 

Shak. 
TACK'LING,  ppr.  Harnessing;  putting  on 

harness  ;  seizing  ;  falling  on. 
TACK'LING,  n.  Furniture  of  the  masts  and 
yards  of  a  ship,  as  cordage,  sails,  &c. 

2.  Instruments  of  action  ;  as  fishing  tackling. 

Walton 

3.  Harness;  the  instruments  of  drawing  a 
carriage. 

TACKS'MAN,  n.  One  who  holds  a  tack  or 
lease  of  land  from  another ;  a  tenant  or 
lessee.     [Local.] 

TA€T,  n.  [L  lactus,  from  tango,  [for  ta^o,] 
to  touch  ;  Fr.  tad  ;  It.  ialtu  ;  Sp.  tactoP\ 

1.  Touch;  t'eeling ;  formerly,  the  stroke  in 
beating  time  in  music.  [Dan.  tagl.] 

2.  Peculiar  skill  or  faculty  ;  nice  perception 
or  iliscernment.  Am.  Review 

TACTIC,         )      [See  Tactics.]  Pertaining 
TA€'TICAL.  \  "■  to  the  art  of  military  and 

naval   dispositions   for  battle,  evolution 

&c. 
TA€TI"CIAN,  n.  [See  Tactics.]  One  versed 

ill  tactics. 
TAC'TleS,    n.    [Or.    taxrixof.    from   ranou, 

Tarra,  to  set,  to  appoint ;  ra|i{,  order ;  Fr. 

tactique.     See  Tack.] 

1.  The  science  and  art  of  disposing  military 
and  naval  forces  in  order  for  battle  and 
performing  military  and  naval  evolutions. 
In  the  most  extensive  sense,  tactics,  la 
grande  tactique  of  the  French,  coinpre- 
henils  every  thing  that  relates  to  the  or 
der,  formation  and  disposition  of  armies, 
their  encanipinents,  &,c.  I 

2.  The  art  of  inventing  and  making  nia-j 
chines  for  throwing  ilarts,  arrows,  stones!; 
and  other  missile  weapons.  Cijc. 

TA€  TILE,  f       [Fr.  tactile,  from  L.  tactilis, 
TA€'TIL,     S  "'  ''"'"  Ifngo,  to  touch.] 
Tangible  ;  susceptible  of  touch  ;  that  may  be 

felt ;  as  tactile  sweets ;  tactile  qualities.- 

Hale. 
TACTILTTY,   n.   Tangibleness  ;  percepti 

bilitv  of  touch. 
TACTION,  Ji.  [Fr.  from  L.  tartio.  tango,  to 

touch.]    The  act  of  touching;  touch. 


T  A  I 

TADOR'NA,n.  [Up. tadomo.]  Anameof  the 
shel-drake,  vnlpanser,  or  borough-duck. 

Ci/c. 

TADPOLE,  n.  [Sax. /arfe,  toad,  with /)oto, 
coinciiling  with  L.  pullus,  young.] 

A  frog  in  its  first  state  from  the  spawn ;  a 
porwiggle. 

TAF'ELSP.\Tn,  II.  A  lamellar  mineral  of 
a  yellowish  grey  or  rose  white,  forming 
masses  of  prisms  interlaced  in  the  gang, 
chiefly  lime  and  silex.  Cyc. 

TAF'FEREL,  n.  [D.  taffereel,  from  tnfel,  ta- 
ble.] 

The  upper  part  of  a  ship's  stern,  which 
flat  like  a  table  on  the  top,  and  sometimes 
ornamented  with  carved  work 

Mar.  Diet.     Cyc. 

TAF'FETA,  n.  [Fr.  tafetas,  taffetas  ;  Sp. 
tafetan  ;   It.  laffetta  ;  D.  tnf;  G.  taffet.] 

A  fine  smooth  stuftof  silk,  having  usually  a 
remarkable  gloss.  Taffetas  are  of  al!  col- 
ors. Cyc. 

TAG,  n.  [Sw.  lagg,  a  point  or  prickle  ;  Ice. 
lag;  Dan.    tagger,  takker.     The   primary 


T  A  I 

:j.  Any  thing  hanging  long  ;  a  catkin. 

Harvey. 

4.  Tlie  hinder  part  of  any  thing.  Butler. 

5.  In  an(/(omi/,that  tendon  of  a  muscle  winch 
is  fi.\ed  to  the  movable  part.  Cyc. 

6.  In  botany,  the  tail  of  a  seed,  is  a  downy  or 
j     fetliery  appendage  to  certain  seeds,  form- 
ed of  the  permanent  elongated  style. 

Cyc. 

7.  Horse's  tail,  among  the  Tailars  and  Chi- 
nese, is  an  ensign  or  flag ;  among  the  Turks, 

]  a  standard  borne  before  the  grand  visier, 
bashaws  and  the  sangiacs.  For  tiiis  pur- 
[lose,  it  is  fitted  to  a  h:ilf-|)ike  with  a  gold 
iiutton,  and  is  called  loug.  Tiiere  are 
bashaws  of  one,  two  and  three  tails.     Cyc. 

8.  In  heraldry,  the  tail  of  a  hart. 

9.  In  music,  the  part  of  a  note  running  up- 


wards or  downwards. 
10.  The  extremity  or  last  end  ;  as  the  tail  of 

a  storm. 
Tail  of  a  comet,  a  luminous  train  which  ex- 
tends from  the  nucleus  in  a  direction  op- 
i     posite  to  the  sun. 
„  „  -    To  turn  tail,  is  to  run  awav  ;  to  flee, 

sense  is  probably  a  shoot,  coinciding  withl  y^,,-;  of  a  lo<k,  on  a  canal,  "the  lower  end,  or 

the  first  syllable  of  L.  digitus,    [See  Toe  ;]•.     entrance  into  the  lower  | d. 

or  the  sense  is  from  putting  on,  as  in^yui-z.^^-cfp  of  a  violin,  is  a  jiiece  of  ebony  at- 
tached to  the  end  of  tlie  inslrument,  to 
which  the  strings  are  fasteiieil.  Cyc. 

TAIL,  n.    ^        


tackle.  In  Goth,  taga  is  hair,  the  hair  otj 
the  head,  that  which  is  shot  out,  or  that 
which  is  thick.  The  latter  sense  would 
show  its  alliance  to  the  \V.  tagu,  to  choke.] 
A  metallic  point  put  to  the  end  of  a  string. 

2.  Something  mean  and  paltry  ;  as  tag--rag 
people.     [Vxdgar.]  Shak. 

3.  A  young  sheep.     [Local.] 
TAG,  17.  t.  To  fit  with  a  point;  as,  to  tag 

lace. 

To  fit  one  thing  to  another ;  to  append  to. 

His  courtcovis  host 

Tags  every   sentence  with    some    fawning 

word.  Ikyden. 

3.  To  join  or  fasten.  Swift. 

TAG,  71.  A  ))lay  in  which  the  person  gains 

j     who  tags,  that  is,  touches  another.     This 

was  a  common  sport  among  boys  in  Coii- 
I     necticnt    formerly,  and    it    may    be   still. 

The  word   is  inserted  here  for  the  sake  of 
'     the  evidi'iice   it  aflbrds  of  the  aftinity  of 

languages,  and  of  the  original  orthofira- 

pliy  of  the  Latin  tango,   to  touch,  which 

was  tago.     This  vulgar  tag  is   the  same 


[Fr.  tniller,  Sp.  tallur.  It.  tagliare. 
Port,  talhar,  Ir.  lutlam,  to  cut  ofl':  W. 
toli,  to  curtail,  to  separate,  to  deal  out, 
from  taivl,  a  .sending  or  throwing,  a  cast 
or  throw,  a  separation,  diiiiiniitioii,  inter- 
ruption. This  is  from  the  same  root  as 
deal.     Class  Dl.  No.  l.">.     See  Ueal.] 

In  laiv,  an  estate  in  tail  is  a  limited  fee  ;  an 
estate  limiteil  to  certain  heirs,  and  from 
which  the  other  heirs  are  precluded.  Es- 
tates tail  are  general  or  sjiicial ;  general, 
where  lands  and  tenements  are  given  to 
one,  and  to  the  lii-iis  of  his  body  begotten  ; 
special,  where  the  gift  is  restrained  to  cer- 
tain heirs  of  the  donee's  boily,  as  to  his 
heirs  by  a  particular  woman  named.  |See 
Knlail'i  Blackstone. 

TAIL,  r.  t.  To  pull  bv  the  tail.      Hudibras. 

TA'ILAtiE,     I       IFr".    tuilter,  to    cut  ..ff".] 

T.AL'LIAgE,  S  "'  Literally,  a  share  ;  hence, 
a  tax  or  toll.      Obs.  Blackstone. 

TAILED,  a.  Having  a  tail.  Grew. 

word;  the  priiuiiive  word  retained  by  the  T.\'1LL\GS,  n.plu.  [from  tail.]  The  lighter 
common  pci. pie.     It  is  used  also  as  a  verb,  |     jiarts  of  grain   blown   to  one  end  of  the 


heap  in  winnowing.     [Local.]  Cyc. 

Cyc' T A  ILOll,  n.   [Fr.  tailleur,  from  /ai7/tr,  to 

cut,  It.  tagliare,  Ir.  tallam.] 
One  whose   occupation    is   to  cut  out   and 

make  men's  garments. 
TA'ILOR,  r.  1.  To  iiraciice  making  men's 

clothes.  Green. 

T.\'ILOKESS,  n.  A  female  who  makes  gar- 

iiieiits  for  men. 


to  tag.     [See  Touch.] 
TAG-SORE,  n.  A  disease  in  sheep. 
TAG  TAIL,   71.   [tag   and  tail.]     A    wormj 

which  has  its  tail  of  another  color.  I 

Ifalton.l 
TAIL,  71.  [Sax.  to'gl :  Ice.  lagl ;  dim.  of  («"-.' 
'     a  shoot,  or  from  Goth,  taga,  hair.] 
1.  The  part  of  an  animal  which  terminates 
;     its    bodv    behind.     In   nianv   quadrupeds,  ,,,>„,,.-^,  mi-  c     .  -, 

the  tail'is  a  shoot  or  projection  covere.l  TA  1  LOKING,   n.  The  business  of  a  tailc.; 

with  hair.  In  fowls,  the  tail  consists  of 
fetliers,  or  is  covered  with  them,  which 
serve  to   assist    in    the  direction  of  their 


flight.  In  fishes  the  tail  is  Ibrined  usually 
by  a  gradual  sloping  of  the  body,  ending 
ill  a  fin.  The  tail  of  a  fish  may  assist  the 
animal  in  steering,  but  its  principal  use  is 
to  propel  the  fish  forwatd.  It  is  tlic  in- 
strument of  swimming. 
.  The  lower  jiart.  noting  inferiority. 

The  Lord  will  make  thee  the  head,  and  not 
the  tail.    Dcut.  .xxviii. 


I'.M.NT.  r.  (.  [Fr.  teindre,  to  d>e  or  stain  ; 
L.  (I'lig-o  ;  Gr.  nyyu,  to  dye,  literally  toilip, 
primarily  to  thrust,  the  sense  ot  L.  tau'ro; 
and  >i  not  being  radical,  the  real  word  is 
tego  or  tago,  coincid.ng  with  Hue.  duck; 
hence  its  sense  in  cjelinguo.  See  Dye,  At- 
taint and  Tinge.] 

1.  To   imbue  or  impregnate,  as  with  some 
extraneous  matter  which  alters  the  sensi- 
ble qualities  of  the  sub.-itance. 
'I  he  spaniel  struck 
Stiff  by  the  tainted  gale —  Tkomscr, 


T  A  K 


T  A  K 


T  A  K 


2.  More  generally,  to  impregnate  with  some- 
thing odious,  noxious  or  poisonous;  as, 
]intri(l  substances  taiyit  tlie  air. 

3.  To  infect ;  to  poison.  The  breath  ofcon- 
suiuptive  lungs  is  said  to  taint  sound  hings. 

Harvey. 

4.  To  corrupt,  as  by  incipient  pulreiactiou  ; 
as  tainted  meat. 

5.  To  stain ;  to  sully  ;  to  tarnish. 

We  come  not  by  the  way  of  accusation 
To   taint    that    honor    every   good    tongue 
blesses.  Shaft. 

6.  To  corrupt,  as  blood  ;  to  attaint.  [JVot  in 
use.]     [See  Jlttaint.] 

TAINT,  V.  i.  To  be  infected  or  corrupted  ; 

to  be  touched  with  something  corrupting. 

I  cannot  taint  with  fear.  Shak. 

2.  To  be  affected  with  incipient  putrefaction. 

Meat  soon  taints  in  warm  weather. 
TAINT,  n.  Tincture;  stain. 

2.  Infection;  corruption;  depravation.  Keep 
children  from  the  taint  of  low  and  vicious 
coiripany. 

3.  A  stain  ;  a  spot;  a  blemish  on  reputation. 

Shak. 

4.  An  insect;  a  kind  of  spider.  Brown. 

TA'INTED,  pp.  Impregnated  with  some- 
thing noxious,  disagreeable  to  the  senses 
or  poisonous;  infected;  corrupted;  stain- 
ed. 

TA'INTFREE,  a.  [taint  and  free]  Free 
from  taint  or  guilt.  Heath. 

TA'INTING,;)/)r.  Impregnating  witli  sonje- 
thing  foul  or  poisonous;  infecting;  cor- 
rui'tiug  ;  staining. 

TA'iNTLESS,  a.  Free  from  taint  or  infec- 
tion ;  pure.  Swift. 

TA'INTURE,  n.  [L.  tinctura.]  Taint :  tinge; 
defilement;  stain;  spot.    [JVot  much  used.] 

Shak. 

TA.IAeU,     ?        The  peccary  or  Mexican 

TAJASSU,  S  "■  I'og- 

TAKE,  V.  t.  pret.  took  ;  pp.  taken.  [Sax.  tee- 
can,  to  take,  and  to  teach  ;  also  thicgan,  to 
take,  as  food  ;  Sw.  taga ;  Dan.  tiger;  Ice. 
taka  ;  Gr.  6f;iof<ai;  L.  doceo.  This  word 
seems  to  be  allied  to  think,  for  we  say,  I 
think  a  thing  to  be  so,  or  I  take  it  to  he  so. 
It  seems  also  to  be  allied  to  Sax.  teogan, 
to  draw,  to  tug,  L.  duco  ;  for  we  say,  to  take 
a  likeness,  and  to  draw  a  likeness.  We  use 
taking  also  for  engaging,  attracting.  We 
say,  a  child  takes  to  his  mother  or  nurse, 
and  a  man  lakes  to  drink ;  which  seem  to 
include  attaching  and  holding.  We  ob- 
serve that  take  and  teach  are  radically  the 
same  word.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  to  get  hold  or  gain  pos- 
session of  a  thing  in  almost  any  manner, 
either  by  receiving  it  when  offered,  or  by 
using  exertion  to  obtain  it.  Take  diffeis 
from  seize,  as  it  does  not  always  imply 
haste,  force  or  violence.  It  more  gene- 
rally denotes  to  gain  or  receive  into  pos- 
session in  a  peaceable  manner,  either  pas- 
sively or  by  active  exertions.     Thus, 

2.  To  receive  what  is  offered. 

Tlieii  1  took  the  cup  at  the  Lord's  hand.   Jer. 

XXV. 

3.  To  lay  hold  of;  to  get  into  one's  power 
for  keeping. 

No  mail  shall  take   the  nether  or  the  upper 
niillslone  to  pledge.    Deut.  xxiv. 

4.  To  receive  with  a  certain  aflection  of 
niind.  He  lalces  it  iu  good  part ;  or  he 
lakes  it  very  ill. 


5.  To  catch  by  surprise  or  artifice  ;  to  cir-l 
cumvent.  I 

Men  in  their  loose  unguarded  hours  they  take,\ 
Not   that  themselves  are  wise,    but    others! 
weak.  Pope.] 

To  seize  ;  to  make  prisoner.     The  troops 
entered,  slew  and  took  three  hundred  jan- 
izaries. Knoltes. 
'Ihis  man  was  taken  of  the  Jews.  Acts  xxiii. 

7.  To  captivate  with  pleasure  ;  to  engage 
the  affections ;  to  delight. 

Neither  let  her  take  thee  with  her  eyelids. 
Prov.  vi. 

C'leouibrotus  was  so  taken  with  this  prospect, 
that  he  had  no  patience.  fVake 

8.  To  get  into  one's  power  by  engines  or 
nets;  to  entrap;  to  ensnare;  as,  to  take 
foxes  with  traps  ;  to  take  fishes  with  nets, 
or  with  hook  and  line. 

i9.  To  understand  in  a  particular  sense  ;  to 
receive  as  meaning.  1  lake  your  mean- 
ing. 

Vou  take  me  right.  Bacmi. 

Charily,  taken  in  its  largest  extent,  is  nothing 
else  but  the  sincere  love  to  God  and  our  neij^li- 
bor.  Wake. 

10.  To  exact  and  receive. 
Take  no  usury  of  him  or  increase.     Lev.  xxv. 

11.  To  employ;  to  occupy.  The  prudent 
man  always  takes  time  for  deliberation, 
before  he  passes  judgment. 

12.  To  agree  to  ;  to  close  in  with  ;  to  comply 
with. 

I  take  thee  at  thy  word.  Rowe. 

13.  To  form  and  adopt ;  as,  to  take  a  residu- 
lion.  Clarendon. 

14.  To  catch  ;  to  embrace  ;  to  seize  ;  as,  to 
take  one  by  the  hand  ;  to  take  in  the  arms. 

15.  Toailmit;  to  receive  as  an  impression; 
to  suffer  ;  as,  to  take  a  form  or  shape. 

Yet  thy  moist  clay  is  pliant  to  comiiiand  ; 
Now  take  the  mold —  Dryden. 

16.  To  obtain  by  active  exertion  ;  as,  to  take 
revenge  or  satisfaction  flir  an  injury. 

17.  To  receive  ;  to  receive  into  the  mind. 
They  took  knowledge  of  them  that  they  had 

been  with  Jesus.     Acts  iv. 

It  appeared  in  his  lace  that  he  took  great 
contentment  in  this  our  question.  Bacon. 

18.  To  swallow,  as  meat  or  drink  ;  as,  to  take 
food  ;  to  take  a  gla.ss  of  wine. 

19.  To  swallow,  as  medicine  ;  as,  to  take 
jiills;  to  <a4c  stimulants. 

iO.  To  choose  :  to  elect.  Take  which  you 
please.  But  the  sense  oi'  choosing,  in  this 
phrase,  is  derived  from  the  connection  of' 
(flic  with  please.  So  we  say,  take  your 
choice. 

21.  To  copy. 
Beauty  alone  could  beauty  take  so  right. 

Dryden. 

22.  To  fasten  on ;  to  seize.  The  frost  has 
taken  the  corn  ;  the  worms  have  taken  the 
vines. 

Wheresoever  he  taketh  him,  he  teareth  him, 
and  he  foameth —     Mark  ix. 

23.  To  accept  ;  not  to  refu.se.  He  offered  me 
a  fee,  but  I  would  not  take  it. 

Ye  shall  lake  no  satisfaction  for  the  Ufe  of  a 
murderer.     Num.  xxxv. 

24.  To  adopt. 
I  will  take  you  to  me  for  a  people.     Ex 

25.  To  admit. 
Let  not  a  widow   be   taken  into  the  number 

under  thiecscore.      1  Tim.  v. 
2(3.  To  receive,  as  any  temper  or  disposition 
of  mind  ;  as,  to  take  shame   to  one's  self; 
to  lake  delight ;  to  lake  pride  or  pleasure. 


27.  To  endure;  to  bear  without  resentment; 
or  to  submit  to  without  alteiiipting  ti.  ob- 
tain satisfaction.  He  will  take  an  aifront 
from  no  man.     Cannot  you  take  a  jest  ? 

28.  To  draw  ;  to  deduce. 
The  firm  bcliefof  a  future  judgment  is  the  most 

forcible  motive  to  a  good  life,  because  taken 
from  this  consideration  of  the  most  lasting'  hap- 
piness and  misery.  Tillotson. 

29.  To  assume  ;  as,  I  take  the  liberty  to  say. 

Lockt. 

30.  To  allow;  to  admit ;  to  receive  as  true, 
or  not  disputed ;  as,  to  take  a  thing  for 
granted. 

31.  To  suppose ;  to  receive  in  thought;  to 
entertain  in  opinion;  to  understand.  This 
1  take  to  be  ihe  man's  motive. 

He  toiik   that  for  virtue   and  affection   nhich 

was  nothing  but  vice  in  disguise.  Soitth. 

You'd  doubt  his  sex,  and  take  him  for  a  girl. 

nte. 

32.  To  seize  ;  to  invade  ;  as,  to  be  taien  with 
a  fever. 

3.3.  To  have  recourse  to  ;  as,  the  sparrow 
takes  a  bush  :  the  cat  takes  a  tree.  [In 
this  sense,  we  usually  saj ,  the  bird  takes  to 
a  bush,  the  squirrel  takes  to  a  tree.] 

•34.  To  receive  into  the  mind. 

( hose  do  best,  who  take  material  hints  to  be 
judged  by  history.  Locke. 

35.  To  hire;  to  rent;  to  obtain  pos.scssion 
on  lease  ;  as,  to  take  a  house  or  farni  for  a 
year. 

36.  To  admit  in  copulation. 

37.  To  draw  ;  to  copy  ;  to  paint  a  likeness; 
as  a  likeness  taken  by  Reynolds. 

.38.  To  conquer  and  cause  to  surrender ;  to 
gain  possession  of  by  force  or  capitula- 
tion ;  as,  to  take  an  army,  a  city  or  a  ship. 

39.  To  be  iliscovered  or  detected.  He  was 
taken  in  the  very  act. 

40.  To  require  or  be  necessary.  It  takes  so 
much  cimli  to  make  a  coat. 

To  take  atvay,  to  deprive  of;  to  bereave  ;  as 
a  bill  firr  taking  away  the  votes  of  bish- 
ops. 

By  your  own  law  I  take  your  life  away. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  remove;  as,  to  tote  away  the  con- 
sciousness of  pleasure.  Locke. 

To  take  care,  to  be  careful  ;  to  be  solicitous 
for. 

Doth  God  take  care  for  oxen .'     1  Cor.  ix. 

2.  To  be  cautions  or  vigilant.  Takecarenot 
to  expose  your  health. 

To  take  care  of,  to  superintend  or  oversee  ; 
to  have  the  charge  of  keeping  or  secur- 
ing. 

To  take  a  course,  to  resort  to  ;  to  have  re- 
course to  measures. 

The  violence  of  siormingis  the  coursf  which 
God  is  forced  to  take  for  the  destroying  oi  sin- 
ners. Hammund. 

To  take  onc\i  own  course,  to  act  one's  pleas- 
ure ;  to  pursue  the  measures  of  one's  own 
choice. 

To  take  dow7t,  to  reduce  ;  to  bring  lower;  to 
depress ;  as,  to  take  down  pride,  or  the 
proud. 

2.  To  swallow  ;  as,  to  take  down  a  potion. 

■3.  To  pull  down;  to  pull  to  pieces;  as,  to 
take  down  a  house  or  a  scatlold. 

-1.  Til  write  ;  as,  to  take  down  a  man's  words 
at  the  time  he  utters  tlieiii. 

To  lake  from,  to  ile[iri\e  of 

I  will  smite  thee,  and  take  thine  head  front 
thee.     1  Sam.  xvii. 


T  A  K 


T  A  K 


T  A  I. 


a.  To  deduct ;  to  subtract ;  as,  to  take  ene 

niiiiiliciyVom  iuKitlier. 
a  TiMl(ti;.(  t;  to  iltTogate.  Dryden. 

To  lake  liml,  lo  lie  careful  or  cautious. 

Take  heed  what  doom  against  yourself  you 

give.  Dryden. 

To  Me  heed  lo,  to  attend  to  with  care.    Take 

heed  to  thy  ways. 
To  take  hold,  to  seize  ;  to  fix  on. 
To  lake  in,  to  inclose  ;  to  feme.       Mortimer. 

2.  To  en.onipass  or  embrace  ;  to  comprise  ; 
to  compn^liend. 

3.  To  draw  into  a  smaller  compass;  to  con- 
tract; to  brail  or  furl ;  as,  to  tiikein  sail. 

4.  To  cljoat ;  to  circumvent ;  to  gull.  [JYot 
eleg<int.] 

5.  Ti  adtnit  i  to  receive:  as,  a  vessel  will 
lake  in  more  water.  The  landlord  said 
he  could  take  in  no  more  lodfjers. 

(j.  To  win  by  conquest.     [J\'ot  in  use.] 

Felton. 
7.  To  receive  into  the  mind  or  undcrsiand- 


IDg. 

Some  biioht  genius  can  lake  in  a  long  train 
of  propo'-ilions.  H^alts. 

To  lake  in  hand,  to  undertake;  to  attempt  to 
execute  any  thing.     Luke  i. 

To  lake  nulice,  to  observe  ;  or  to  observe  with 
parlieular  atteiilion. 

2.  To  show  by  some  art  that  observation  is 
made:  to  make  remark  upon.  lie  heard 
what  was  said,  but  took  no  notice  of  n. 

To  take  oath,  to  swear  with  solemnity,  or  in 
a  judic  iai  manner. 

To  take  off,  to  remove,  in  various  ways;  to 
remove  froiii  the  top  c.f  any  thing  ;  as,  to 
lake  offn  load  ;  to  take  ojf  one's  lial,  &c. 

2.  To  cut  oft";  as,  to  lake  off  the  head  or  a 
lind). 

3.  T<>  <lestroy  ;  as,  to  lake  off'WCe. 

4.  To  retTiove  ;  to  invalidate  ;  as,  to  takeoff 
the  force  <if  an  argument. 

5.  To  withdraw;  to  call  or  draw  away. 

Keep  foreign  i'loas  f.oiii  (a/n')i^  (i_^  the  niinilj 
from  its  present  pursuit.  Locke. 

6.  To  swallow  ;  as,  lo  lake  off  a  glass  of 
wine. 

7.  To  purchase;  to  lake  from  in  trade. 

The  Si>aiiiav(ls  having  no  commodities  that 
we  will  lake  off—  Locke. 

8.  To  copy. 

Take  (;^all  their  models  in  wood.     Addison. 

9.  To  imitate  ;  to  mimic. 

10.  To  find  place  for;  as  more  scholars  than 
preti'rnieiits  ran  lake  off. 

To  lake   (ff  from,   to   lessen;  to  remove  in] 

part.    This  takes  off  from  the  defortiiity  of 

vice. 
To  take  order  xvilh,  to   check.     [jXot  much 

used.]  Bacon. 

To  take  Old,  to  remove  from  within  a  place ; 

to  separate  ;  to  deduct. 
2.  To   draw   out  ;  to  remove  ;    to  clear  or 

cleanse  from :  as,   to  take  out   a  stain  or 

spot  from  cloth  ;  to  take  out  an  unpleasant 

taste  from  wine. 
To  take  part,  to  share.     Take  part  in  otu"  re- 

joicmg. 
To  take  part  tvith,  to  unite  with  ;   to  join 

with. 
To  take  place,  to  happen  ;  to  come,  or  come 

to  pass. 
2.  To  have  effect ;  to  prevail. 

When'  arms  take  place,  all  otlicr  pleas  are 

vain.  Dryden. 

To  take  effect,  to  have  the  intended  effect :  to 

be  etticacious. 

Vol.  II. 


To  lake  root,  to  live  and  grow  ;  as  a  plant. 

2.  To  be  estabhs|]e<l ;  as  principles. 

To  lake  up,  to  lift  ;  to  raise. 

2.  T'l  buy  or  borrow  ;  as,  to  take  up  goods! 

to  a  large  amount ;  to  take  up  money  at' 

the  bank. 

To  begin  ;  as,  to  take  up  a   lamentation.' 

K/.ek.  xix. 

In  surgery,  to  fasten  with  a  ligature. 
5.  To  engross  :  tf>  employ  :  to  engage  the  at 

tcntion  ;  as,  to  take  uj)  tlie  time. 

To  have  final  recourse  to. 

Arnobius  asserts  that  men  of  the  finest  parts 

took  up  their  rest  in  the  christian  religion 

Addison. 

7.  To  seize  ;  to  catch  ;  to  arrest :  as,  to  take 
up  a  thief;  to  lake  up  vagabonds. 

8.  To  adn)it. 

The    ancients    took 
credit.  Bacon 

9.  To  answer  by  reproof;  to  reprimand. 

One  of  his  relations  took  him  up  roundly. 

L'  Estrange. 

10.  To  begin  where  another  left  off. 

Soon  as  the  evening  shades  prevail, 
The  moon  takes  up  the  wondrous  talc. 

Addison. 

11.  To  occupy  ;  to  fill ;  as,  to  take  up  a  great 
deal  of  room. 

12.  To  a.ssume;  to  carry  on  or  manage  for 
another  ;  as,  to  lake  up  the  quarrels  of  our 
neighbors. 

13.  To  compri.se  :  to  include. 

Tlie  nolile  poem  of  Palemon   and   Arcite — 
takes  up  seven  years.  Dryden. 

14.  To  adopt ;  to  assume  ;  as,  to  faic?/;)  cur- 
rent opimons. 

They  lake  up  our  old  trade  of  conquering. 

Dryden. 

15.  To  collect  ;  to  exact  a  tax.  Knolles. 
16    To  pay  and   re<-eive ;  as,   to  take    up   a 

note  at  the  bardt.  John.ion's  Reports. 

To  take  up  arms,  f   to  begin   war  ;  to  begin 

TV)  take  arms,        \    resistance  by  force. 

To  take  upon,  to  assmne  ;  to  undertake.  He 
lakes  upon  himself  to  assert  that  the  fact  is 
capable  of  proof. 

2.  To  a|)pr()priate  to ;  to  admit  to  he  imput- 
ed to  ;  as,  to  take  upon  one's  self  a  pun- 
ishmetit. 

To  take  side,  to  join  one  of  two  differing  par- 
ties :  to  take  an  interest  in  one  party. 

To  take  to  heart,  to  be  sensibly  affected  by  ; 
to  feel  any  thing  sensilily. 

To  take  advantage  of,  to  catch  by  surprise  ; 
or  to  niake  use  of  a  favorable  state  of 
thinirs  to  the  prejudice  of  another. 

To  lake  the  advantage  of,  to  use  any  advan 
tage  offered. 

To  take  air,  to  be  divulged  or  made  public  ; 
to  be  disclosed  ;  as  a  secret. 

To  lake  the  air,  to  expose  one's  self  to  the 
open  air. 

iTo  take  a  course,  to  begin  a  certain  direction 
or  way  of  proceeditig. 

ITo  take  leave,  to  bid  adieu  or  farewell. 

To  take  breath,  to  rest ;  to  be  recruited  or  re- 
freshed. 

To  take  aim,  to  direct  the  eye  or  a  weapon  to 
a  particular  object. 

To  take  along,  to  carry,  lead  or  convey. 

To  take  a  way,  to  begin  a  particular  course 
or  direction. 

TAKE,  i'.  i.  To  move  or  direct  the  course  ; 
to  resort  lo,  or  to  attach  one's  self;  to  be- 
take one's  self.    The  fox  being  hard  press- 

89 


ed  look  to  the  hedge.  My  friend  has  left 
his  music  and  taken  to  books. 

The  detluxion  taking   to  his   breast,  wasted 
his  lungs.  Bacon. 

To  please  ;  to  gain  reception.  Tlie  play 
will  not  take,  unless  it  is  set  off  with  prop- 
er scenes. 

Each  wit  may  praise  it  for  his  own  dear  sake. 
And  hint  he  writ  it,  if  the  thing  should  lake. 

Addison. 
To  have  the  intended  or  natural  effect. 

In  impressions  from   mind  to  mind,  the  im- 
pression laketh.  Bacon. 
4.  To  catch ;  to  fix,  or  be  fixed.     He  was  in- 
oculated, but  the  infection  did  not  take. 

^Mlcn  dame  laketli  and  openeth,  it  giveth  a 

noise.  Bacon. 

To  take  after,  to  learn  to  follow  ;  to  copy  :  to 

|l     imitate  ;  as,  he /aA:«s  n/?er  a  good  pattern. 

up  cvpenments  upon  ,.2   t„  resemble ;  as,  the  son  takes  after  his 


father. 

To  take  in  with,  to  resort  to.  Bacon. 

To  lake  for,  to  mistake  ;  to  suppose  or  think 
one  thing  to  be  another. 

The  lord  of  Uie  land  took  us/or  spies.     Gen. 
xlii. 
To  lake  on,  to  be  violently  affected  ;  as.  the 

child  takes  on  at  a  great  rate. 
2.  To  claim,  as  a  character. 

1  take  not  on  me  here  as  a  physician. 

Shak. 
To  lake  lo,  to  apply  to;  to  be  fond  of;  to  be- 
come attached  to  ;  as,  to  takclo  books  ;  to 
lake  to  e\\[  practices. 
2.  To  resort  to  ;  to  betake  to. 

Men  of  learning  who  lake  to  business,  dis- 
charge it  generally  with  greater  honesty  than 
men  of  tlie  world.  Addison. 

To  take  up,  to  stop. 

Sinners  at  last  take  up  and  settle  in  a  con- 
tempt of  all  religion.     [jYot  in  use.] 

Tillotson. 

2.  To  refiirm.     [JsTotinuse.]  Locke. 

To  take  up  with,  to  be  contented  to  receive  ; 
to  rereive  vvitluuit  opposition  ;  as,  to  take 
up  with  plain  fare. 

lu  affairs  which  may  have  an  extensive  influ- 
ence on  our  future  happiness,  we  should  not 
take  up  with  probabilities.  H'atts. 

2.  To  lodge  ;  to  dwell.     [jVot  in  use.] 

South. 
The  proposal  lakes 


of  take.     Received ; 


\To  lake  tcith,  to  please. 

I      well  ici(A  him. 

.TAKEN,    takn.    pp. 

1     caught;  apprelieiiiled;  ca|ilivated,  &c. 

TA  KF.Ft,  II.  One  that  takes  or  receives; 
one  who  ciitches  or  apprehends. 

2.  One  that  subdues  and  causes  to  surren- 
der: as  the  fa<cr  of  captives  or  of  a  city. 

|TA'KING,  ppr.  Receiving;  catching;  get- 
ting posses.-ion  ;  apprehending. 

2.(7.  Alluring;  attracting. 

T.X'KING,  II.  The  art  of  gaining  posses- 
sion ;  a  seizing  :  seizure  ;  apprehension. 

2.  Agitation;  distress  of  mind. 

What  a  taking  was  he  in,  when  your  hus- 
band asked  what  was  in  the  basket  ^         Shak. 

TA'KINGNESS,  ti.  The  quality  of  pleasing. 

Taylor. 

T.ALAPOIX',  n.  In  Siam,  a  priest,  or  one 
devoted  to  religion ;  also,  a  species  of 
monkey. 

T.\l/  I50T,  n.  A  sort  of  dog,  noted  for  his 
quick  scent  and  eager  pursuit  of  game. 
[The  figure  of  a  dog  is  said  to  be  borne  in 
the  arms  of  tlie  Talbot  family.] 

Cyc.     Johnson. 


T  A  K 


T  A  K 


T  A  K 


2.  More  generally,  to  impregnate  with  some- 
thing odious,  noxious  or  poisonous;  as, 
])Mtriil  substances  taint  tlie  air. 

3.  To  infect ;  to  poison.  The  breath  of  con- 
sumptive lungs  is  said  to  taint  sound  kings. 

Harvey. 

4.  To  corrupt,  as  by  incipient  putrefaction  ; 
as  tainted  meat. 

5.  To  stain;  to  sully  ;  to  tarnish. 

We  come  not  by  the  way  of  acctisation 

To   taint    that    honor    eveiy   good    tongue 

blesses.  Shak. 

6.  To  corrupt,  as  blood  ;  to  attaint.  [jVol  in 
use]     [See  Mtaint.] 

TAINT,  V.  i.  To  be  infected  or  corrupted  ; 

to  be  touched  with  something  corrupting. 

1  cannot  taint  with  fear.  Shak, 

2.  To  be  affected  with  incipient  putrefaction. 

Meat  soon  taints  m  warm  weather. 
TAINT,  n.  Tincture;  stain. 

2.  Infection  ;  corruption  ;  depravation.  Keep 
children  from  the  taint  of  low  and  vicious 
company. 

3.  A  stain  ;  a  spot;  a  blemish  on  reputation 

Shak 

4.  An  insect;  a  kind  of  spider.  Brown 
TA'INTED,  pp.    Impregnated  with  some- 
thing  noxious,  disagreeable  to  the  senses 
or  poisonous;  infected;  corrupted;  stain- 
ed. 

TA'INTFREE,  a.  [taint  and  free.]  Free 
from  taint  or  guilt.  Heath. 

TA'INTING,p;>r.  Impregnating  with  some- 
thiiii»  foul  or  poisonous ;  infecting ;  cor- 
ruiiiing ;  staining. 

TA'iNTLESS,  a.  Free  from  taint  or  infec- 
tion ;  pure.  Swift. 

TA'INTURE,  ?i.  [L.  tinctura.]  Taint :  tinge  ; 
detilement;  stain;  spot.    [JVot  much  used.] 

Shak. 

TA.JA€U,     )        The  peccary  or  Mexican 

TAJAS.su,  S  "■  I'og- 

TAKE,  I',  t.  pret.  took  ;  pp.  taken.  [Sax.  tee 
can,  to  take,  and  to  teach  ;  also  thicgan,  to 
take,  as  food  ;  Sw.  taga ;  Dan.  tiger;  Ice 
taka  ;  Gr.  6f;tofiai;  L.  doceo.  This  word 
seems  to  lie  allied  to  think,  for  we  say,  I 
think  a  thing  to  be  so,  or  I  take  it  to  be  so.t 
It  seems  also  to  be  allied  to  Sax.  teogan, 
to  draw,  to  tug,  L.  duco ;  for  we  say,  to  take 
a  likeness,  and  to  draw  a  likeness.  We  use 
taking  also  for  engaging,  attracting.  We 
say,  a  child  takes  to  his  mother  or  nurse, 
and  a  man  takes  to  drink  ;  which  seem  to 
include  attaching  and  holding.  We  ob- 
serve that  take  and  teach  are  radically  the 
same  word.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  to  get  hold  or  gain  pos- 
session of  a  thing  in  almost  any  manner, 
either  by  receiving  it  when  offered,  or  byj 
using  exertion  to  obtain  it.  Take  differs 
from  seize,  as  it  does  not  always  imply 
haste,  force  or  violence.  It  more  gene- 
rally denotes  to  gain  or  receive  into  pos- 
session in  a  peaceable  manner,  either  pas- 
sively or  by  active  exertions.     Thus, 

2.  To  receive  what  is  offered. 

Then  I  took  the  cup  at  the  Lord's  hand.   Jer. 

XXV. 

3.  To  lay  hold  of;  to  get  into  one's  power 
for  keeping. 

No  man  shall  lalce   the  nether  or  the  upper 
millstone  to  pledge.    Deut.  xxiv. 

4.  To  receive  with  a  certain  affection  of 
mind.  He  tulles  it  ill  good  part ;  or  he 
lakes  it  very  ill. 


To  catch  by  surprise  or  artifice  ;  to  cir-l 
cumvent.  I 

Alen  in  their  loose  unguarded  hours  they  take,\ 
Not   that  themselves  are  wise,    but    othcrsj 
weak.  Pope.] 

C.  To  seize  ;  to  make  prisoner.    The  troops; 
entered,  slew  and  took  three  hundred  jan- 
izaries. Knolles. 
This  man  was  taken  of  the  Jews.  Acts  xxiii. 

7.  To  captivate  with  pleasure ;  to  engage 
the  affections;  to  delight. 

Neither  let  her  take  thee  with  her  eyelids. 
Prov.  vi. 

C'leombrotus  was  so  taken  with  this  prospect, 
that  he  had  no  patience.  IVake. 

8.  To  get  into  one's  power  by  engines  or 
nets;  to  entrap;  to  ensnare;  as,  to  take 
foxes  with  traps  ;  to  take  fishes  with  nets, 
or  with  hook  and  line. 

9.  To  understand  m  a  particular  sense  ;  to 
receive  as  nicuuiug.  I  take  your  mean- 
ing. 

You  take  me  right.  Bacmi. 

Charily,  taken  in  its  largest  extent,  is  nothing 
else  but  the  sincere  love  to  God  and  our  neij;h- 
bor.  Wake. 

10.  To  exact  and  receive. 
Take  no  usury  ol  him  or  increase.     Lev.  xxv. 

n.  To  employ;  to  occupy.  The  prudent 
man  always  takes  time  for  deliberation, 
before  he  passes  judgment. 

!2.  To  agree  to  ;  to  close  in  with  ;  to  comply 
with. 

I  take  thee  at  thy  word.  Howe. 

13.  To  form  and  adopt ;  as,  to  take  a  resolu- 
tion. Clarendon. 

14.  To  catch  ;  to  embrace  ;  to  seize  ;  as,  to 
take  one  by  the  hand  ;  to  take  in  the  arms. 

15.  To  admit;  to  receive  as  an  impression; 
to  suffer  ;  as,  to  take  a  form  or  shape. 

Yet  thy  moist  clay  is  pliant  to  command  ; 
Now  take  the  mold —  Dryden. 

16.  To  obtain  by  active  exertion  ;  as,  to  take 
revenge  or  satisfaction  for  an  injury. 

17.  To  receive  ;  to  receive  into  the  mind. 

They  took  knowledge  of  them  that  they  had 
been  with  Jesus.     Acts  iv. 

It  appeared  in  his  t'ace  that  he  took  great 
contentment  in  this  our  question.  Bacon. 

18.  To  swallow,  as  meal  or  drink  ;  as,  to  lake 
food  ;  to  take  a  gla.ss  of  wine. 

19.  To  swallow,  as  medicine  ;  as,  to  take 
|)ills  ;  to  taA;e  stimulants. 

•20.  To  choose  :  to  elect.  Take  which  you 
please.  But  the  sense  of  choosing,  in  this 
phrase,  is  derived  from  the  connection  of 
take  with  please.  So  we  say,  take  your 
choice. 

21.  To  copy. 
Beauty  alouc  could  beauty  take  so  right. 

Dryden. 

22.  To  fasten  on ;  to  seize.  The  frost  has 
taken  the  corn ;  the  worms  have  taken  the 
vines. 

Wheresoever  he  taketh  him,  he  teareth  him, 
and  he  foameth —     Mark  ix. 

23.  To  accept  ;  not  to  refuse.  He  offered  me 
a  fee,  bnl  I  would  not  take  it. 

Ye  shall  take  no  .satisfaction  for  the  hfe  of  a 
murderer.     Num.  xxxv. 

24.  To  adopt. 
1  will  take  you  to  mc  for  a  people.     Ex 

25.  To  admit. 
Let  not  a  widow   be  taken  into  the  number 

under  thieescore.      1  Tim.  v. 

26.  To  receive,  as  any  temper  or  disposili(ui 
of  mind  ;  as,  to  take  shame  to  one's  self  ;i 
to  lake  delight;  to  take  pride  or  pleasure.    | 


27.  To  endure;  to  hear  without  resentment; 
or  to  submit  to  without  attempting  t"  ob- 
tain satisfaction.  He  will  take  an  affront 
from  no  man.     Cannot  you  lake  a  jest  ? 

28.  To  draw  ;  to  deduce. 

The  firm  belief  of  a  future  judgment  is  the  most 
forcible  motive  to  a  good  hie,  because  taken 
from  this  consideration  of  ttie  most  lasting'  hap- 
piness and  ndsery.  Tillutson. 

29.  To  assume  ;  as,  I  take  the  liberty  to  say. 

LiOckt. 

30.  To  allow;  to  admit ;  to  receive  as  true, 
or  not  disputed ;  as,  to  take  a  thing  for 
granted. 

31.  To  suppose ;  to  receive  in  thought;  to 
entertain  in  opinion;  to  understand.  This 
I  take  to  be  ihe  man's  motive. 

He  toiik   that  for  virtue   and  affection   which 

was  nothing  hut  vice  in  ili^guise.  South. 

You'd  doubt  his  sex,  and  take  him  for  a  girl. 

nte. 

32.  To  seize  ;  to  invade  ;  as,  to  be  tnAen  with 
u  fever. 

■iS.  To  have  recourse  to  ;  as,  the  sparrow 
lakes  a  bush  :  the  cat  takes  a  tree.  [In 
this  sense,  we  usually  .saj ,  the  bird  takes  to 
a  bush,  the  squirrel  takes  to  a  tree.] 

■'34.  To  receive  into  the  mind. 

( hose  do  best,  who  take  material  hints  to  be 
judged  by  history.  Locke. 

35.  To  hire;  to  rent;  to  obtain  pos.-ession 
on  lease  ;  as,  to  take  a  house  or  farm  for  a 
year. 

36.  To  admit  in  copulation. 

37.  To  draw  ;  to  copy  ;  to  paint  a  likeness; 
as  a  likeness  taken  by  Reynolds. 

•38.  To  conquer  and  cau.se  to  surrender ;  to 
gain  possession  of  by  iVu'ce  or  capitula- 
tion ;  as,  to  lake  an  army,  a  city  or  a  ship. 

39.  To  be  disi-overed  or  detected.  He  was 
taken  in  the  very  act. 

40.  To  require  or  be  necessary.  It  ta^ej  so 
much  cloih  to  make  a  coat. 

To  take  away,  to  deprive  of;  to  bereave  ;  as 
a  bill  for  taking  away  the  votes  of  bish- 
ops. 

By  your  own  law  I  take  your  life  away. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  remove;  as,  to  take  away  the  cou- 
scioiisness  of  pleasure.  Locke. 

To  take  care,  to  be  careful  ;  to  be  solicitous 
for. 

Doth  God  take  care  for  oxen .'     1  Cor.  ix. 

2.  To  be  cauti(nisor  vifiilant.  Takecarenot 
to  expose  your  health. 

To  take  care  of,  to  superintend  or  oversee ; 
to  have  the  charge  of  keeping  or  secur- 
ing. 

To  take  a  course,  to  resort  to ;  to  have  re- 
course to  measures. 

The  violence  of  storming  is  the  course  which 
God  is  forced  to  take  for  the  destroying  of  sin- 
ners. Hamtnimd, 

To  take  one's  own  course,  to  act  one's  pleas- 
ure ;  to  pursue  the  measures  of  one's  own 
choice. 

To  take  dow7i,  to  reduce  ;  to  bring  lower;  to 
depress ;  as,  to  take  down  pride,  or  the 
piouil. 

2.  To  swallow  ;  as,  to  take  down  a  potion. 

3.  To  pull  down  ;  to  pull  to  pieces;  as,  to 
tiike  down  a  house  or  a  scaffold. 

4.  To  write  ;  as,  to  take  doicn  a  man's  words 
at  the  tune  he  utters  them. 

To  take  from,  lo  (le|irive  of. 

I  will  smite  thee,  and  take  thine  head  front 
thee.    1  Sam.  xvii. 


T  A  K 


T  A  K 


T  A  L 


U.  To  deduct ;  to  subtract ;  as,  to  take  one 

tiuiiitjeiy>om  aiKitlier. 
0.  To  (lotrart ;  to  di-rofiate.  Dnjden. 

To  take  heed,  lo  he  eaicful  or  cautious. 

Take  heed  what  doom  ai^ainst  yourself  you 

give.  Dryden. 

To  like  heed  lo,  to  attend  to  with  care.    Take 

heed  to  thy  ways. 
To  take  hold,  to  seize  ;  to  fix  on. 
Tu  lake  in,  lo  inclose  ;  to  fence.       Mortimer. 

2.  Til  encompass  or  embrace  ;  to  comprise  ; 
to  comprehend. 

3.  To  draw  into  a  smaller  compass;  to  con- 
tract ;  to  brail  or  lurl ;  as,  to  take  in  sail. 

4.  To  cheat ;  to  circumvent ;  to  gull.  [JVot 
elegant.] 

5.  Ti  admit;  to  receive:  as,  a  vessel  will 
lake  in  more  water.  The  landlord  said 
be  could  lake  in  no  more  lodfrers. 

6.  To  win  by  concpiest.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Fellon 

7.  To  receive  into  the  luind  or  understand- 
ing. 

Sonic  brioht  genius  can  take  in  a  lonj;  train 
of  propo«ilions.  U'alls 

To  take  in  hand,  to  undertake;  to  attempt  to 
extcute  any  thing.     Luke  i. 

To  lake  notice,  to  observe  ;  or  to  observe  with 
parlii'ular  attcniion. 

2.  To  show  by  some  act  tliat  observation  is 
made;  to  make  rcnjarU  upon.  He  heard 
what  WHS  said,  but  took  no  7io<!Cf  ul'it. 

To  take  onlh,  lo  swear  with  soleuuiity,  or  in 
a  jiirlii  iai  manner. 

Tu  lake  off,  to  rejnove,  in  various  ways;  to 
remove  fVuni  the  top  <if  any  tliin;; ;  as,  to 
take  offii  load  ;   tn  lake  ozone's  hal,  &c, 

2.  To  cut  ofl";  as,  to  take  off  tlie  head  or  a 
limb. 

3.  To  destroy  ;  as,  to  take  off'Wfe. 

4.  To  remove ;  to  invalidate  ;  as,  to  lake  off 
the  force  of  all  ar;;uriient. 

5.  To  withdraw  ;  to  call  or  draw  away. 

Keep  foieii;n  i'teas  f.orii  taking  o^  the  mind 
from  its  pri:sent  pursuit.  Locke. 

To   swallow  ;  as,  to  take   off  a  glass  of 
wine. 

7.  To  purchase;  to  take  from  in  trade. 

The  Spaniards  havinj;  no  couuiioditius  that 
we  will  lake  off —  Locke. 

8.  To  copy. 

Take  iffaW  their  models  in  wood.     Mdison. 

9.  To  innt:itc  ;  to  mimic. 

10.  To  find  place  tor;  as  more  scholars  than 
preferments  can  take  off. 

To  take   off  from,   to   lessen;  to  remove  in 

part.     This  takes  off  from  the  deformity  of 

vice. 
To  take  order  tvith,  to   check.     [jVot  much 

vsed.]  Bacon. 

To  take  out,  to  remove  from  within  a  place ; 

to  separate  ;  to  deduct. 
2.  To   draw   out  ;   to  remove ;    to  clear  or 

cleanse  from :  as,   to  take  ont   a  stain  or 

spot  from  cloth  ;  to  take  out  an  unpleasant 

taste  from  wine. 
To  take  part,  to  share.     Take  part  in  our  re- 

joicmg. 
To  take  part   with,  to  unite  with  ;   to  join 

witli. 
To  take  place,  to  happen  ;  to  come,  or  come 

to  pass. 
2.  To  have  effect;  to  prevail. 

Where  arms  take  place,  all  other  pleas  are 

vain.  Dri/ilen. 

To  take  effect,  to  have  the  intended  effect :  to 

be  efficacious. 

Vol.   II 


6. 


10. 


II. 


To  take  root,  to  live  and  jrrow  ;  as  a  plant. 
2.  To  be  established  ;  as  principles. 
To  take  up,  to  lift  ;  to  raise. 

2.  T'l  buy  or  borrow  ;  as,  to  take  vp  goods 
to  a  large  amount ;  to  take  up  money  at 
the  bank. 

3.  To  begiu  ;  as,  to  lake  vp  a  lamentation. 
Ezek.  xix. 

4.  \t\  surgery,  to  fasten  with  a  ligature. 

5.  To  engross  ;  toi>niploy;  to  engage  the  at- 
tention ;  as,  to  take  up  the  time. 

(>.  To  have  final  recourse  to. 

Arnobius  asserts  that  men  of  the  finest  parts 
took  up  Ihcir  rest  in  the  christian  religion. 

.Sddisnn. 

7.  To  seize  ;  to  catch  ;  to  arrest ;  as,  to  take 
una  thief;  to  fa/re  u/7  vagabonds. 

8.  To  admit. 
The    aneient.s    took    up  experiments   upon 

credit.  Bacon. 

9.  To  answer  by  reproof;  to  reprimand. 
One  of  his  relations  took  him  up  roundly. 

L"  Estrange. 
To  begin  where  another  left  off. 
Soon  as  the  evening  shades  prevail. 
The  moon  takes  up  the  w  undrous  tale. 

Mdiion . 

To  occupy  ;  to  fill ;  as,  to  lake  up  a  great 

deal  of  room. 

12.  To  assume;  to  carry  on  or  manage  for 
another;  a.s,  to  take  up  the  quarrels  of  our 
neighbors. 

13.  To  coiiiprise  ;  to  include. 

The  nolde  poem  of  Palemon  and  Arcite — 
takci  up  seven  years.  Dryden. 

14.  To  adopt ;  to  assume  ;  as,  to  take  up  cur- 
rent opinions. 

They  take  up  our  old  trade  of  conquering. 

Dryden. 

'l.'j.  To  collect ;  toexactatax.  Knolles. 

IK!    To  pay  and   receive;  as,   to  lake    up   a 

I     nolo  at  the  bank.  Johnson's  Reports. 

To  take  up  arms,  I   to  begiu   war;  to  begin 

To  lake  arms,        ^    resistance  by  force. 

To  take  upon,  to  assume  ;  to  undertake.  lie 
takes  upon  himself  to  assert  that  the  fact  is 
capable  of  proof 

2.  To  a|ipropriati'  to ;  to  admit  to  be  imput- 
ed to  ;  as,  to  take  upon  one's  self  a  pun- 
ishment. 

To  lake  side,  to  join  one  of  two  differing  par 
ties ;  to  take  au  interest  in  one  party. 

To  take  to  heart,  to  be  sensibly  affected  by  ; 
to  feel  any  thing  sensibly. 

To  take  advantage  of,  to  catch  by  surprise  ; 
or  to  make  u.se  of  a  favorable  state  of 
tbinixs  to  the  prejudice  of  another. 

To  lake  the  advantage  of,  to  use  any  advan- 
I     tage  offered. 

\To  take  air,  to  be  divulged  or  made  public  ; 
I     to  be  disclosed  ;  as  a  secret. 

To  take  the  air,  to  expose   one's  self  to  the 
I     open  air. 

I  To  take  a  course,  to  begin  a  certain  direction 
or  way  of  proceeding. 

To  take  leave,  to  bid  adieu  or  farewell. 

To  lake  breath,  to  rest ;  to  be  recruited  or  re- 
freshed. 

To  take  aim,  to  direct  the  eye  or  a  weapon  to 
a  particular  object. 

To  lake  along,  to  carry,  lead  or  convey. 

To  lake  a  icay,  to  begiu  a  particular  course 
or  direction. 

TAKE,  V.  i.  To  move  or  direct  the  course  ; 
to  resort  to,  or  to  attach  one's  self;  to  be- 
take one's  self.    The  fox  being  hard  press- 

89 


ed  took  to  the  hedge.     My  friend  has  left 
his  music  and  taken  to  books. 

The  detlu.\ion  taking  to  his  breast,  wasted 
his  lungs.  Bacon. 

2.  To  please  ;  lo  gain  reception.  The  play 
will  not  lake,  unless  it  is  set  off  with  prop- 
er scenes. 

Each  wit  may  praise  it  for  his  own  dear  sake, 
And  hint  he  writ  it,  if  the  thing  should  take. 

.lildiaon . 

3.  To  have  the  intended  or  natural  effect. 

In  imprcsbions  from  mind  lo  mind,  the  im- 
pression taketh.  Bacon. 

4.  To  catch  ;  to  fix,  or  be  fixed.  He  was  in- 
oculated, but  the  infection  did  not  take. 

W  hen  llame  taketh  and  openeth,  it  giveth  a 

noise.  Bacon. 

To  take  after,  to  learn  to  follow  ;  to  copy  ;  to 

imitate  ;  as,  h(!  lakes  of  era  good  pattern. 

3.  To  resemble ;  as,  the  son  takes  afler  his 

father. 
To  take  in  with,  to  resort  to.  Bacon. 

To  take  for,  to  mistake  ;  to  suppose  or  think 
one  thing  to  be  another. 

The  lord  of  tlie  land  took  Msfor  spies.     Gen. 
xlii. 
To  take  on,  to  be  violently  affected  ;  as,  the 
j     child  takes  on  at  a  great  rate. 
|2.  To  claim,  as  a  character. 

I  take  not  on  me  here  as  a  physician. 
!  Shak. 

To  take  to,  to  apply  to;  to  be  fond  of;  to  be- 
come attached  to  ;  as,  to  take  to  books  ;  to 
lake  to  evil  practices. 
2.  To  resort  to  ;  to  betake  to. 

Men  of  learning  who  take  to  business,  dis- 
charge it  generally  with  greater  honesty  tha« 
men  of  the  world.  jlddison. 

To  lake  up,  to  stop. 

Sinners  at  last  take  up  and  settle  in  a  con- 
tempt of  all  religion.     [Aot  in  u^e.'\ 

Tillotson. 
2.  To  reform.     [.Vol  in  use.]  Locke. 

To  lake  up  rrilh,  to  be  contented  to  receive  ; 
I  to  receive  without  opposition  ;  as,  to  lake 
I     up  U'ilh  plain  fare. 

I  In  afliiits  which  may  have  an  extensive  influ- 

ence on  our   fulure    happiness,    we  should  not 
I      take  vp  with  pTobabitilies.  H'atts. 

2.  To  lodge  ;  to  dwell.     [JVot  in  use.] 

South. 
To  take  unth,  to  please.     The  proposal  lakes 

well  with  him. 
TAKKN,    takn.    pp.    of   lake.     Received; 

cnuglit ;  apprelienilcd  ;  ca|(tivated.  &c. 
T.A'KER,  »i.  One  that  takes   or   receives; 

one  who  catches  or  apprehends. 
2.  One  that   subdues  and  causes  to  surren- 
der ;  as  the  taker  of  captives  or  of  a  city. 
T.A'KING,  ppr.  Receiving;  catching;  get- 
ting possession  ;  apprehending. 
2.  n.  Allnriug;  altracting. 
T.X'KING,  71.  The   act  of  gaining  posses- 
sion ;  a  seizing  ;  seizure  ;  apprehension. 
2.  Agitation;  distress  of  mind. 

What  a  taking  was  he  in,  when  your  hus- 
band asked  what  was  in  the  basket !         Shak. 
TA'KLNGNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  pleasing. 

Taylor. 
TALAPOIN',  n.  In  Siam,  a  priest,  or  one 
devoted  to  religion ;  also,  a  species  of 
monkey. 
T.-\L  HOT,  n.  A  sort  of  dog,  noted  for  his 
quick  scent  and  eager  pursuit  of  game. 
[The  figure  of  a  dog  is  said  to  be  borne  in 
the  arms  of  the  Talbot  family.] 

Cyc.     Johnson. 


T  A  L 


T  A  L 


T  A  L 


,  I       [G.  talk,  isinglass ;    talg,  tal 
I  "■  low  ;  Sw.  talk,  talg,  \A.  ;  Dan. 


TALCK 
TALC,     , 

talg,  talg,  tallow,  and  talk,  tatgsteen,  tal- 
low-stone ;  D.  talk,  tallow  ;  Port.  Sp.  talco 
This  word,  if  written  talck,  would  admit 
of"  a  regular  adjective,  tatcky.] 

A  species  of  magnesian  earth,  consisting  of 
broad  flat  smooth  lamins  or  plates,  unc 
tuous   to  the  touch,  of  a  shining  luster, 
translucent,  and   often    transparent.      By 
the  action  of  fire,  the  lamins  open  a  little 
the  fragment  swells,  and  the  extremities 
are  with  difficulty  fused   into  a  white  en- 
amel.    When   rubbed    with    resin,  talck 
acquires  positive  electricity.     Its  prevai 
ing  colors  are  white,  apple-green  and  yel- 
low. Cyc.     Kinvan 
Of  this   mineral,  Jameson's   si.xth  sub- 
species of  rhoraboidal  mica,  there  are  two 
kinds,  common  and  indurated.  lire. 

TALCK'ITE,  n.  A  species  of  talck  of  a  loose 
form. 

TALCK'OUS,  a.  Talcky.  [But  talcoxts  or 
lalckous  is  ill  formed.] 

TALCK'Y,  a.  Like  talck ;  consisting  of 
talck  ;  as  a  talcky  feel ;  a  talcky  substance. 

2.  Containing  talck. 

TALE,  H.  [See  Tell.]  A  story ;  a  narrative  ; 
the  reliearsal  of  a  series  of  events  or  ad- 
ventures, commonly  some  trilling  inci- 
dents ;  or  a  fictitious  narrative;  as  the  tale 
of  a  tub ;  Marmoutel's  tales ;  idle  tales. 
Luke  xxiv. 

We  spend  our  years  as  a  tale  that  is  told.  Ps. 
xc. 

2.  Oral  relation.  Shak. 

3.  Reckoning  ;  account  set  down.  Ex.  v. 

In  packing,  they  keep  a  just  tale  of  the  num- 
ber. Carew. 

4.  Number  reckoned. 

— The  ignorant  who  measure  by  tale,  not  by 
weight.  Hooker. 

5.  A  telling;  information;  disclosure  of  any 
thing  secret. 

Birds — are  aptcst  by  their  voice  to  tell  tales 

wliat  they  find.  Bacon. 

In  thee  are  men  tliat  carry  tales  to  shed  blood. 

Ezek.  xxii. 

0.  In  law,  a  count  or  declaration.     [Tale,  in 

this  sense,  is  obsolete.] 
7.  In  commerce,  a  weight  for  gold  and  silver 
in  China  and  other  parts  of  the  E.  Indies; 
also,  a  money  of  account.  In  China,  each 
lale  ia  10  inaces=IOO  candareens=I0O0 
cash.  O/c 

TALE,  t).  I.  To  tell  stories.  Obs.  Goicer. 
TALEBEARER,  n.  [tale  and  bear.]  A  per- 
son who  officiously  tells  tales;  one  wIjo 
impertinently  communicates  intelligence 
or  anecdotes,  and  makes  mischief  in  soci- 
ety by  his  officiousness. 

Where  there  is  no  talebearer,  the  strife  ceas- 
elh.  Prov.  xxvi. 
TA'LEBEARING,  a.  Officiously  communi- 
cating infornialion 
TALEBEARING,  »i.  The  act  of  informing 
officiously  ;  communication  of  secrets  ma 
liciously. 

TA'LEFUL,  a.  Abounding  with  stories. 

Thomso/t 
TAL'ENT,  )i.   [L.   talentum;  Gr.  ra/arrw, 

from  Ttt?.aio,   to  bear,  allied  to  L.  tollo.  The 

word  is  said  to  have  originally  signified  a 

balance  or  .scales.] 
].  Anxing  the  aiu-icnts,  a  weight,  and  a  coin. 

The  true  value  of  the  talent  cannot  well 


be  ascertained,  but  it  is  known  that  it  was 
different  among  different  nations.  The 
Attic  talent,  the  weight,  contained  GO  At- 
tic mince,  or  6000  Attic  drachma;,  equal 
to  50  pounds,  eleven  ounces,  English  troy 
weight.  The  mina  being  reckoned  equal 
to  £3  is.  7d.  sterling,  or  fourteen  dollars 
and  a  third  nearly,  the  talent  was  of  the 
value  of  £193  I5s.  sterling,  about  S861  dol- 
lars. Other  computations  make  it  £"^25] 
sterling.  | 

The  Romans  had  the  great  talent  and 
the  little  talent ;  the  great  talent  is  com-l 
puted  to  be  equal  to  £i.l9  &j.  8d.  sterling, 
and  the  little  talent  to  £75  sterling.  I 

Talent,  among  the  Hebrews,  was  also  a 
gold  coin,  the  saine  with  a  shekel  of  gold  ; 
called  also  slater,  and  weighmg  only  fourj 
drachmas.  i 

But  the  Hebrew  talent  of  silver,  called; 
dear,  was  equivalent  to  three  thousand' 
shekels,  or  one  hundred  and  thirteen 
pounds,  ten  ounces  and  a  fraction,  troy 
weight.  Arbulhnot. 

.3.  Faculty ;  natural  gift  or  endowment ;  a 
metaphorical  application  of  the  word,  said| 
to  be  borrowed  from  the  Scriptural  para-j 
ble  of  the  talents.    Matt.  xxv. 

He  is  chiefly  to  be  considered  in  his  three 
different  talents,  as  a  critic,  a  satirist,  and  a 
writer  of  odes.  Dryden. 

'Tis  not  my  talent  to  conceal  my  thoughts. 

jiddison 

I.  Eminent  abilities;    superior   genius;  as. 

he  is  a  man  o( talents.  | 

[Talent,  in  the  singular,  is  sometimesj 

used  in  a  like  sense.]  ] 

3.  Particular  faculty  ;  skill.  He  has  a  talent' 
at  drawing.  | 

6.  [Sp.  talante,  manner  of  performing  any 
thing,  will,  disposition.]  Quality  ;  dispo-j 
sition.  Swift.\ 

TAL'ENTED,  a.  Furnished  with  talents; 
possessing  skill  or  talents.      Ch.  Spectator.] 

TA'LES,  II.  [L.  talis,  i)hi.  tales.]  In  Idw,  tales' 
de  circumstantibus,  spectators  in  court,  from| 
whom  the  sherif  is  to  select  men  to  supply: 
any  defect  of  jurors  who  are  impaimeied,! 
but  who  may  not  appear,  or  may  be  chal- 
lenged. 

TA'LETELLER,  n.  One  who  tells  tales  orj 
stories.  Ouard{an.\ 

Talionis,  le.r  talionis,  [L.]  in  Ian;  the  law  of 
retaliation.     [See  Retaliate.] 

TAL'ISMAN,  n.  [said  to  be  Arabic  or  Per-| 
sian.] 

I.  A  magical  figure  cut  or  engraved  under] 
certain  superstitious  observances  of  the 
configuration  of  the  heavens,  to  which 
wonderful  effects  are  ascribed  ;  or  it  is  the 
seal,  figure,  character  or  image  of  a  lieav- 
enly  sign,  constellation  or  |)lanet,  engraven 
on  a  sympathetic  stone,  or  on  a  metal  cor- 
responding to  the  star,  in  order  to  receive 
its  iufiueuce.  The  talismans  of  the  Sa-; 
luothraciaus  were  pieces  of  iron,  fbrniedl 
into  images  and  set  in  rings,  Sec.  Theyi 
were  held  to  be  preservatives  against  all| 
kinds  of  evils.  f^ye.l 

Talismans  are  of  three  kinds,  astronom- 
ical, magical  and  mixed.     Heine,  | 

■i.  Something  that  produces  extraordinary 
effects  ;  as  a  talisman  to  de.stroy  diseases. 

Swijl.i 


TALISMAN'IC,  a.  Magical;  having  the 
properties  of  a  talisman  or  preservative 
against  evils  by  secret  influence. 

Mdisen. 

TALK,  V.  i.  tauk.  [Dan.  tolker,  Sw.  tolka, 
to  interpret,  translate,  explain  ;  D.  tolktn, 
id. ;  Russ.  tolkuyu,  ill.  This  is  prohidily 
the  same  word  differently  applied.  The 
word  is  formed  from  tell.  See  Tell,  for 
the  Danish  and  Swedish.] 

1.  To  converse  familiarly ;  to  speak,  as  in 
familiar  discourse,  when  two  or  more  per- 
sons interchange  thoughts. 

1  will  buy  with  yoti,  sell  with  you,  talk  with 

you  ;  but  I  will  not  eat  with  you.  Shak. 

In  /Esop's  time 

When  all  things  talk'd,  and  talk'd  in  rhyme. 

B.  Trumbull. 

1  will  come  down  and  talk  with  thee.  Num. 

xi. 

Did  not  our  heart  burn  within  us,  while  he 
talked  witli  us  by  the  way  ?   Luke  xxiv. 

2.  To  prate ;  to  speak  impertinently. 

Milton. 

3.  To  talk  of,  to  relate ;  to  tell ;  to  give  ac- 
count. Authors  talk  of  the  wonderful  re- 
mains of  Palmyra. 

1  he  natural  tiistories  of  Switzerland  talk 
much  o/the  fall  of  these  rocks,  and  the  great 
damage  done.  Addison. 

So  shall  I  talk  of  thy  wondrous  works.  Ps. 
cxix. 

4.  To  speak  ;  to  reason ;  to  confer. 

Let  me  talk  with  thee  of  thy  judgments, 
Jer.  xii. 
To  talk  to,  in  familiar  language,  to  advise  ou 
exhort;  or  to  reprove  gently.  I  will  talk 
to  my  son  respecting  his  conduct. 
TALK,  )!. /ai(^.  Familiar  converse  ;  mutual 
discourse;  that  which  is  uttered  by  one 
person  in  familiar  conversation,  or  the  mu- 
tual converse  of  two  or  more. 

Shoidd  a  man  full  of  talk  be  justified  ?  Job  xi. 
In  various  talk  th'  instructive  hours  they  past. 

Pope. 

2.  Report ;  rumor. 

I  hear  a  talk  up  and  down  of  raising  money. 

Locke, 

3.  Subject  of  discourse.  This  noble  achiev- 
nient  is  the  talk  of  the  whole  town. 

4.  Among  the  Indians  of  JVorlh  America,  a 
public  conference,  as  respecting  peace  or 
war,  negotiation  and  the  like  ;  or  an  offi- 
cial verbal  communication  made  from 
them  to  another  nation  or  its  agents,  or 
made  to  them  by  the  same. 

TALK,  a  mineral.     [See  Talck.] 

TALKATIVE,  o.<aiiA:'«fu'.  Given  to  much 
talking;  full  of  prate;  loquacious;  garru- 
lous. One  of  the  faults  of  old  age  is  to  be 
talkative. 

TALKATIVENESS,  n.  tauk'alivness.  Lo- 
quacity ;  garrulity  ;  the  practice  or  habit 
of  speaking  much   in   conversation. 

Sicift 

TALKER,  II.  tauk'er.  One  who  talks;  also, 
a  loquacious  person,  male  or  female ;  a 
prattler.  Shak. 

2.  A  boaster.  Taylor. 

TALKING,  ppr.  tauk'ing.  Conversing; 
speaking  ia  lainihar  conversation.  Matt, 
xvii. 

2.  (I.  Given  to  talking  ;  loquacious  ;  as  /o/i- 
ing  age.  Goldsmith. 

T.\LKING,  II.  tauk'ing.  The  act  of  convers,- 
ing  familiarly  ;  as  foolish  talking.   Eph.  v. 


T  A  L 


T  A  L 


T  A  M 


TALL,  a.  [W.  tal ;  talau,  to  grow  tall.  The 
primary  sense  is  to  strelcli  or  extend  ;  VV, 
lellu,  lu  stretch  ;  S|p.  talla,  raised  work, 
also  stature;  talle,  sljajie,  size;  tatlo,  a 
shoot  or  sprout ;  latludo,  mil,  slender 
talon,  the  heel,  that  is,  a  shoot ;  I'ort.  talo, 

a  stalk ;  laludo,  stalky  ;  Ar.     J  LJa     taula, 

to  he  lon;i,  to  spread,  to  he  extended,  to 
(letiiror  delav,  that  is,  to  draw  out  in  time, 
Enjr  dnlhi,  ("'las-  Dl.  No.  20.  ;  allied  proh- 
ahiy  to  li.  lollo,  Gr.  tt73^u.  lu  Sw.  tall  is  a 
pine-tree] 

1.  High  in  stature;  long  and  comparatively 
slender ;  applied  to  a  person,  or  to  a  stand- 
ing tree,  mast  or  pole.  Tall  always  refers 
to  something  erect,  and  of  which  the  di- 
ameter is  small  in  proportion  to  the  higlith. 
We  say,  a  tall  man  or  woman,  a  tall  hoy 
for  his  age ;  a  lull  tree,  a  tall  pole,  a  tnll 
niiist ;  but  we  never  say,  a  tall  house  or  a 
tall  mouMlain.  The  application  of  the 
Word  to  a  palace  or  its  shadow,  iu  Waller, 
is  now  improper. 

Dark  shadows  cast,  ani]  as  his  palace  tall. 

Waller. 

2.  Sturdy;  lusty;  hold.  [Unusual.]  Shak. 
TAL'LACjR,  /  [Fr.  ta'Wer,  to  cut  of.  See 
TAi,LIA(iH,  S"'  Tail.] 

Anciently,  a  certain  rate  or  tax  [laid  by  bar- 
ons, knights  and  inferior  tenants,  towards 
the  puhlic  expenses.  When  il  was  paid 
out  of  knighr's  fees,  it  was  called  scutate  ; 
when  by  cities  and  hurghs, /(///iir^e  ;  when 
upon  lands  not  held  by  military  tenure, 
hidage.  Blackstone. 

TAL'LAciE,  V.  t.  To  lay  nu  impost. 

Bp.  Ellis. 

TALL'NESS,  n.  Highth  of  stature.  [See 
Tali] 

TAL'LOW,  n.  [Dan.  te/g- ;  D.  talk  ;  G.  Sw. 

talg;  Eth.    (T\f\f\   to  be   fat;    Ar.    J.Js 

talla,  to  be  moist.     Class  Dl.  No.  21.] 

A  sort  of  animal  fat.  particularly  that  which 
is  obtained  from  aniujals  of  the  sheep  and 
ox  kinds.  We  speak  of  the  latlotv  of  an  ox 
or  cow,  or  of  sheep.  This  substance  grows 
chiefly  about  the  kidneys  and  on  the  intes- 
tines. The  fat  of  swine  we  never  calWa/- 
lou',  hut  lard  or  suet.  1  see  in  English 
book:',  mention  is  made  of  the  lallow  of 
liogs,  [See  Cyclopedia,  article  Tallow  ;]  bin 
in  America  I  never  heard  the  word  thus 
applied.  It  may  be  applied  to  the  fat  of 
goats  and  deer.  The  fat  of  bears  we  call 
bear's  grease.  Tallow  is  applied  to  vari- 
ous uses,  hut  chiefly  to  the  manufacture 
of  canilles. 

T.^L'LOW,  V.  t.  To  grease  or  smear  with 
tallow. 

2.  To  fatten  :  to  cause  to  have  a  large  quan- 
tity of  tallow  ;  as,  to  teUlow  sheep. 

Farmers. 

TAL'LOW-€ANDLE,  n.  A  candle  made  of 

tallow. 

TAL'LOW-CHWNDLER,  n.  [chandler  is 
generally  supposed  to  be  from  the  Fr 
chandelier,  and  the  word  to  signify  talloiD 
candler,  a  maker  of  candles ;  for  in  Fr. 
chandelier  IS  a  tallow-chandler.  See  Corn- 
chandler.] 

One  whose  occupation  is  to  make,  or  to 
make  and  sell  tallow  candles. 


TAL'LOWED,  pp.  Greased  or  smeared  with 

tallow. 

2.  Ma.le  fat ;  filled  with  tallow. 

TAL'LOWEFf,  n.    An   animal  disposed  to 

I     form  tallow  internally.  Cyc. 

[TAL' LOW-FACED,    a.    Having   a   sickly 

I     complexion  ;  pale.  Burton. 

|TAL'L0WL\G,  ppr.  Greasing  with  tallow. 

,2.  Causing  to  gather  tallow;  a  term  in  agri- 
culture. 

TALLOWING,  n.  The  act,  practice  or  an 
of  causing  animals  to  gather  tallow  ;  or 
the  property  in  aninjals  nf  forming  tallow 
internally  ;  a  term  in  agriculture.  Cyc. 

TAL'LOWISH,  a.  Having  the  properties  or 
nature  of  tallow. 

TAL'LOWY,  a.  Greasy;  having  the  quali- 
ties of  tallow. 

TAL'LY,  n.  [Fr.  tailler,  Port,  talhar,  Sp.  tal- 
lar,  to  cut.     See  Tail.] 

1.  A  piece  of  wood  on  which  notches  or 
scores  are  cut,  as  the  marks  of  number. 
In  purchasing  and  selling,  it  is  customary 
for  traders  to  have  two  sticks,  or  one  stick 
cleft  into  two  parts,  and  to  mark  with  a 
score  or  notch  on  each,  the  number  or 
quantity  of  goods  delivered  ;  the  seller 
keeping  one  stick,  and  the  purchaser  the 
other.  IJefore  the  use  of  writing,  this  or 
something  like  it  was  the  only  method  of 
keeping  accounts,  and  tallies  are  received 
as  evidence  in  courts  of  justice.  In  the 
English  exchequer  are  <a//iV»  of  loans,  one 
part  being  kept  in  the  exchequer,  the  oth- 
er being  given  to  the  crcilitor  in  lieu  of  an 
obligation  for  money  lent  to  government. 

Cyc. 

2.  One  thing  made  to  suit  another. 

They  were  fjanied  the  tallies  for  each  other. 

Dryden. 
TAL'LY,  V.  t.  To  score  with  corres)iondent 
notches  ;  to  lit ;  to  suit ;  to  make  to  cor- 
respond. 

They  are   not  so  well  tallied  to  the  present 
juncture.  Pope. 

2.  In  seamanship,  to  pull  aft  the  sheets  or 
lower  corners  of  the  main  and  fore-sail. 

T.AL'LV,  V.  i.  To  be  fitted;  to  suit ;  to  cor- 
1     respond. 

I  I  found  pieces  of  tiles   that  exactly  tallied 

I       wilh  the  channel.  Addison. 

|TALL'\',  adv.  Stoutly  ;  with  spirit.    06s. 
I  Beaum. 

jTAL'LYING,  ppr.  Fitting  to  each  other; 
1     making  to  correspond. 
i'2.  Agreeing  ;  corresponding. 

3.  Hauling  aft  the  corners  of  the  main  and 
fore-sail.  Mar.  Diet. 

TAL'LYMAN,  n.  [tally  and  man.]  One  who 
sells  for  weekly  payment.  Diet. 

2.  One  who  keeps  the  tally,  or  marks  the 
sticks. 

TAL'MUD,  n.  [Ch.  from  inh  lamad,  to 
teach.] 

The  body  of  the  Hebrew  laws,  traditions  and 
explanations;  or  the  book  that  contains 
them.  The  Talmud  contains  the  laws, 
and  a  compilation  of  expositions  of  duties 
imposed  on  the  people,  either  in  Scrip- 
ture, by  tradition,  or  by  authority  of  their 
doctors,  or  by  custom.  It  consists  of  two 
parts,  the  .1/i.soA»a,  and  the  Gemara  :  the 
former  being  the  written  law,  the  latter  a 
collection  of  traditions  and  comments  of 
Jewish  doctors.  Encyc 


TAL'MUDIC,        I      Pertaining  to  the  Tal- 

TAL.MU'DICAL,  J  '  mud  ;  contained  in  the 
Talmud  ;  as  Talmudic  fables.  Enfield. 

TAL'.MLOIST,  n.  One  versed  in  the  Tal- 
mud. 

TALML'DIST'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Tal- 
mud ;  resembling  the  Talmud. 

TALON,  n.  [Fr.  Sp.  talon,  the  heel,  that  is, 
a  shoot  or  protuberance.     Sec  Tall.] 

1.  The  claw  of  a  fowl.  Bacon. 

2.  In  architecture,  a  kind  of  molding,  con- 
cave at  the  bottom,  and  convex  at  the  top. 
When  the  concave  part  is  at  the  top,  it  is 
called  an  inverte<l  talon.  Il  is  usually 
called  by  workmen  an  ogee,  or  O  G,  and 
by  authors  an  upright  or  inverted  cyma- 
tium.  Cyc. 

TA'LUS,  n.  [L.  talus,  the  ankle.]  In  anato- 
my, the  astragalus,  or  that  bone  of  the  foot 
which  is  articulated  to  the  leg. 

2.  In  architecture,  a  slope  ;  the  inclination  of 
any  work. 

.'3.  Ill  forlijication,  the  slope  of  a  work,  as  a 
bastion,  rampart  or  parapet.  Cyc. 

T.\'M.\HLE,  a.  [from  lame.]  That  may  be 
tamed  ;  capable  of  being  reclaimed  from 
wildness  or  savage  ferociousness;  that 
may  be  subdued. 

TA'MABLENESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
tamable. 

TA.M'ARIN,  n.  .\  small  monkey  of  South 
America,  wilh  large  ears;  the  great  eared 
monkey,  (Simla  midas.)  Cyc. 

TA.M'AlilM),  71.  [Sp.  tamarindo;  Port. 
plu.  tamarindos  ;  It.  tamarino,  tamarindi ; 
Fr.  tamarin  ;  said  to  be  a  compound  of 
ion  the  palm  tree,  and  Indus  or  ind,  the 
root  of  India.] 

A  tree,  a  native  of  the  East  Indies,  and  of 
.\rahia  and  Egypt.  It  is  cultivated  in 
both  the  Indies  fur  the  sake  of  its  shade 
and  for  its  cooling,  grateful  acid  fruit,  the 
pulp  of  which,  mixed  with  boiled  sugar,  is 
imported  into  northern  countries.  The 
stem  of  the  tree  is  lofty,  large,  and  crown- 
ed with  wide  spreading  branches  ;  the 
flowers  are  in  sinqile  clusters,  terminat- 
ing the  short  lateral  branches.  Cyc. 

TAMARINDS,  n.  plu.  The  preserved 
seeil-pods  of  the  tamarind,  which  abound 
with  an  acid  pulp.  Cyc. 

TAMARISK,  71.  A  tree  or  shrub  of  the 
genus  Tamarix,  of  several  specie.s.       Cyc. 

TAM  1$  \C,  71.  A  mixture  of  gold  and  cop- 
per, which  the  people  value  more  highly 
than  gold  itself.  Cyc. 

TAM'BOR,  71.  fSp.  Port,  tambor,  a  drum; 
It.  tamhuro.  The  7n  is  probably  casual. 
See  Taior.] 

1.  A  small  drum,  used  by  the  Biscayans  as 
an  accompaniment  to  the  flageolet.      Cyc. 

2.  In  architecture,  a  term  applied  to  the  Co- 
rinthian and  Composite  capitals,  which 
bear  some  resembl.ince  to  a  drum.  It  is 
also  called  the  vase,  and  cainpana,  or  the 
bell. 

.3.  A  little  box  of  timber  work  covered  with 
a  ceiling,  within  the  porches  of  certain 
churches. 

4.  A  round  course  of  stones,  several  of 
which  form  the  shaft  of  a  pillar,  not  so 
high  as  a  diameter. 

In  the  arts,  a  species  of  embroidery, 
wrought  on  a  kind  of  cushion  or  spheri- 
cal body,  which  is  properly  the  tambor, 


T  A  M 


TAN 


TAN 


and  so  uamed  from  its  resemblance  to  ai 
drum.  I 

TAM'IJOR,  V.  t.  To  embroider  witb  a  tam-l 
bor.  I 

TAM'BORIN,  n.  [Fr.  tnmbourin,  from  tam- 
bour, tabor  ;  Sp.  tamboril.     See  Tabor.]      | 

1.  A  small  driiiii.  | 

3.  A  lively  French  dance,  formerly  in  vogue| 
in  operas.  ~ 

TAMB,  a.    [Sax. 
tamd ;  G.  zahm. 

1.  Tbat   has   lost 


The  matter  that  is  driven  into  the  hole  bor-Hln  geometry,  a  ripht   line  which  touches   ;i 


Sw. 


Cyc.l 
tam,\ 


Dan.    D.  tarn ; 

See  the  Verb 

its   native    wildtiess   and! 

shyness  ;  mild  ;  accustomed  to  man  ;  do-; 

mestic  ;  as  a  tame  deer  ;  a  tame  bird.  \ 

3.  Crushed;  subdued  ;  depressed  ;  spiritless. 

And  you,  tame  slaves  of  the  laborious  plow.    \ 

Roscommon. 

3.  Spiritless  ;  unanimated ;  as  a  tame  poem.| 

[.Voi  elegant  nor  in  use.] 
TAME,  V.  t.  [Sax.  tamian,  getcminn ;  Goth. 
ga-tamyan;  Dan.  tammer ;  S\v.  tumia  ;  D. 
I  tammen  ;  G.zahnien  ;  L.  rfomo  ;  Gr.  6a,uau>; 
Fr.  dompter  :  Sp.  Port,  dumar  ;  Ii.  domare  ; 
Ch.   Heb.  Qn  to  be  silent,  dumb ;  or  Ar. 

-.Ji,^,  to  restrain,  to  stop,  shut,  silence,' 

No.  3.  25. 


ed  into  any  thiiii;  for  blasting.  The  pow- 
der being  first  put  into  the  hole,  and  a 
tube  for  a  couductnr  of  the  fire,  the  hole 
is  ramtnnd  to  fullness  with  brick-dust  or 
other  Miatler.  Tliis  is  called  tamping. 
TAM'PION,  /  (Fr.  tampon  ;  Arm.  lapon.] 
TOM'PION,  ^  The  stopper  of  a  cannon 
or  other  piece  of  ordnance,  consisting  of  a 
cylinder  of  wood.  Mnr.  Did. 

TAM'POK,  H.  A   fruit  of  the   East   Indies 
somewhat    resembling   an    apple.      It  is 


o 


curve,  but  which  when  produced,  does 
not  cut  it.  In  trigonometry,  the  tangent  of 
an  arc,  is  a  right  line  touching  the  arc  at 
one  extremity,  and  terminated  by  a  secant 
passing  through  the  other  extremity. 

TANGIBIL'ITY,  n.  [from  tangible.]  The 
quality  of  being  perceptible  to  the  touch 
or  sense  of  feeling. 

TAN'GlBLE,  a.  [from  L.  <ang-o,  to  touch.] 

1.  Perceptible  by  the  touch  ;  tactile. 

'2.  That  may  be  possessed  or  realized. 


eaten  by  the  natives,  and  called  sometinieSj  XAN'GLE,  v.  t.  [This  word,  if  n   is  casual, 


subdue,  tame.     See  Class  Dm, 

and  No.  23.  24.]  ' 

To  reclaim;  to  reduce  from  a  wild  to  a 
domestic  state  ;  to  make  gentle  and  famil- 
iar ;  as,  to  tame  a  wild  beast.  ; 

To  civilize  ;  as,  to  tame  the  ferocious  in- 
habitants of  the  forest. 
3.  To  subdue ;  to  conquer;  to  depress;  as, 
to  tame  the  pride  or  passions  of  youth. 

1.  To  subdue;  to  repress;  as  wildness  or  li- 
centiousness. 

The  tongue  can  no  man  tame.    James  iii. 

TA'MED,  pp.  Reclaimed  from  wildness;' 
domesticated  ;  made  gentle  ;  subdued. 

TA'MELESS,  a.  Wild  ;  untamed  ;  untam- 
able.    [jVot  much  used.]  Hall. 

TA'MELY,  adv.  With  unresisting  submis- 
sion ;  meaidy  ;  servilely  ;  without  mani- 
festing spirit ;  as,  to  submit  lamely  to  op- 
pression ;  to  bear  reproach  Inmdy. 

TA'MEINESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
tame  or  gentle  ;  a  state  of  domestication. 

2.  Unresisting  submission  ;  meanness  in 
bearing  insults  or  injuries  ;  want  of  spirit. 

Rogers. 

TA'MER,  n.  One  that  tames  or  subdues; 

one  that  reclaims  from  wildness.        Pope.'. 

TA'MING,    ppr.    Reclaiming  from  a  wild 

state  ;  civilizing  ;  subduing 
TAM'[NY 
TAMMY 

TAM'KIN,  n.    A  stopper.     [See  Tampion. 
TAM'PER,    V.  i.    To  meddle  ;  to  be  busy  ; 
to  try   little   experiments ;  as,   to   tamper^ 
with  a  disease. 
1.  To  meddle  ;  to  have  to  do   with  without 
fitness  or  necessity. 
'Tis  dangerous  tamp'ring  with  a  muse. 

Roscommon. 
3.  To  deal ;  to  practice  secretly. 

Others  tamper'd  \ 

For  Fleetwood,  Desborough  and  Lambert.       i 

Hudibrasi 
TAM'PERING,    ppr.    Meddling  ;  dealing  ;| 

prai'ticmL'  secretly. 
TAM  PEKING,  n. "The  act  of  meddhng  or 
priwlicuig  secretly.  ' 

TAMPING,    n.    [allied   probably  to   fame,' 
dam,  stem,  stamp,  &,c.] 


I;\ 


A  woolen  stuff.       Johnson. 


maugoustan,  though  a  different  fruit  and 
less  agreeable  to  the  taste.  (■\'l'^- 

TAMTAM,  n.  A  large  flat  drum  used 'by 
the  Hindoos. 

TAN,  V.  t.  [Fr.  tanner,  to  tan  ;  tanne,  a  little 
black  spot  on  the  face  ;  It.  lane,  tawny 
color.  Gregoire,  in  his  Aruioric  dictiona- 
ry, suggests  that  this  may  be  tVoni  tan  or 
dan,  which  in  Leon  signities  an  oak.  But 
this  is  very  doubtlid.  In  Ir.  tionus  signi- 
fies a  tan-house,  and  tionsonaim  is  to  drop 
or  distill.  Spotting  is  often  from  sprink- 
ling, and  dyeing  I'i-imi  dipping.  In  (iaelic, 
dean  is  color.  It  seems  to  be  allied  to 
tawny,  and  perhaps  to  dun.] 

1.  In  the  arts,  to  convert  animal  skins  into 
lether  by  sleeping  them  in  an  infusion  of 
oak  or  some  other  bark,  by  which  they 
are  impregnated  with  tatmin,  an  astrin- 
gent substance  which  exists  in  several 
species  of  bark,  and  thus  rendered  firm, 
durable,  and  in  some  degree,  impervious 
to  water. 

2.  To  make  brown ;  to  imbrown  by  expos 
ure  to  the  rays  of  the  sun ;  as,  to  tan  the 
skin. 

His   face    all   tann'd  with    scorching  sunny 
rays.  Spenser. 

TAN,  n.  The  bark  of  the  oak,  &:c.  bruised 
and  broken  by  a  mill  for  tanning  hides. 
It  bears  this  name  before  and  after  it  has 
been  used.  Tan,  after  being  used  in  tan 
ning,  is  used  ingarrlening  for  making  hot- 
beds ;  and  it  is  also  made  into  cakes  and 
used  as  fuel 
TAN'-BED,  71.  [lati  and  bed.]  In  gardening, 

a  bi'd  made  of  tan  ;  a  liark  bed. 
TAN'-PIT,    n.    [Ian  and  pit.]     A  bark  pit  ; 

I  viit  in  wliich  hides  are  laid  in  tan. 
TAN'-SPUD,  71.  [tan  and  spud.]  An  instru 
ment  tor  peeling  the  hark  from  oak  and 
other  trees.     [Local. 
TAN'-STOVE,    «.    [tan  anil  stove.]     A  hot 

loiise  with  a  barU  bed. 
TAN'-VAT,    n.    [tan  and    vat.]     A   vat  in 
which   hides    are  stee|)ed  in    liquor    with 
tan. 
TANG,  ?J.  [Gr.  rayyr;,  rancor;  rayyo;,  ran- 
cid ;  II  (a(7/o.] 

A  strong  taste  ;  particularly,  a  taste  of 
something  extraneous  to  tiie  tiling  itself; 
as,  wine  or  cider  has  a  (a7ig-  of  the  cask. 

Zioc^c. 
Relish  ;  taste.     [ATot  elegajit.] 
Something  that  leaves  a  sting  or  pain  be- 
hind. 

She  had  a  tongue  with  a  tang.  Shak. 

Sound  ;  tone.     f.Vof  in  use.]  Holder. 

TANG,  V.  i.  To  ring  with.     [.Yot  in  use] 

Shak. 
[This  may  be  allied  to  ding,  dong.] 
TAN'(5ENT,"7i.  [Fr.  tangente;  L.  langens, 
touchinir.     See  Touch  " 


seems   to   be   allied    to  the   W. 
choke,  Goth,  taga,  hair ;  from 


tagu,   to 
crowding 


together.      In   Ar.  1.-,;^    signifies  to  in- 
volve.] 

1.  To  implicate;  to  unite  or  knit  together 
confusedly  ;  to  interweave  or  interlock,  as 
threads,  so  as  to  make  it  ditKcult  to  ravel 
the  knot. 

2.  To  ensnare;  to  entrap;  as,  to  be  tangled 
in  the  folds  of  dire  necessity.  Milton. 

Tangled  in  amorous  nets.  MUton. 

3.  To  embroil ;  to  embarrass. 
When  my  simple  weakness  strays, 
Tangled  in  forbidden  ways.  Crashair. 

[Entangle,  the  compound,  Is  the  more  ele- 
gant word.] 

TAN'GLE,  V.  i.  To  be  entangled  or  united 
confusedly. 

TAN'GLE,  71.  A  knot  of  threads  or  other 
things  united  confusedly,  or  so  interwoven 
as  not  to  be  easily  disengaged  ;  as  hair  or 
yarn  in  tangles.  Milton. 

2.  A  kind  of  sea  weed. 

TAN'IST,  71.  [Gaelic,  tanaislc,  a  loril,  the 
governor  of  a  country  ;  in  Ireland,  the 
heir  apparent  of  a  prince  ;  probably  fiom 
tan,  a  region  or  territory,  or  tVoni  the  Gr. 
Svrafjjs,  a  h'rd,  which  is  from  Srrauat,  to  be 
powerful  or  able,  the  root  of  the  Gaelic  rfu- 
7'7ic,  a  man.  But  buth  maybe  of  one  family, 
the  root  tan,  ten,  Gr.  nuu,  L.  teneo,  W. 
tannu,  to  stretch,  strain  or  hold.] 

Among  the  descendants  of  the  Celts  in  Ire- 
land, a  lord,  or  the  proprietor  of  a  tract  of 
lanil ;  a  governor  or  captain.  This  office 
or  rank  was  elective,  and  often  obtained 
by  purchase  or  briberv.  Dnvies. 

TAiSl'I-STRY,  71.  [Gaelic,  tanaisleachd.]  In 
Ireland,  a  tenure  of  lands  by  which  the 
proprietor  had  only  a  life  estate,  and  to 
this  he  was  admitted  by  election.  The 
[irimitive  intention  seems  to  have  beeu 
that  the  inheritance  should  descend  to  the 
oldest  or  most  worthy  of  the  blood  and 
name  of  the  deceased.  This  was  in  real- 
ity giving  it  to  the  strongest,  and  the  prac- 
tice often  occasioned  bloody  wars  in  lam- 
ilie.s.  Davics.     Cyc. 

TANK,  77.  [Fr.  etang,  a  pond ;  Sp.  estanque ; 
Von.  tanque  ;  Sa.nf>.  langhi  ;  ^ apan,  lange. 
This  seems  to  be  from  the  root  of  sta7ich, 
to  stop,  to  hold.] 

A  large  bason  or  cistern  ;  a  reservoir  of  wa- 
ter. Dryden. 

TANK'ARD,  77.  [\r.tancaird  ;  Gaelic, /i7jc- 
ard  ;  tank  and  ard.]  A  large  vessel  tiir  li- 
quors, or  a  drinking  vessel,  with  a  cover. 

Marius  was  the  first  who  drank  out  of  a  silver 
lankard,  alter  the  manner  of  Bacchus. 

.irbulhtwt 


T  A  iN 


TAP 


T  A  11 


TANK'ARD-TURNEl',  n.  A  sort  of  turnep 
lliat  stands  lii,l,'h  aljove  tlie  groiinil.       Cyc. 

TAN'LING,  n.  One  tanned  or  scorched  by 
the  heat  of  tlie  sun. 

TAN'NED,  pp.  [from  Ian.]  Converted  into 
lether.     [See  Tan.] 

2.  Darkened  hy  the  rays  of  the  sun. 

TAN'NIiR,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 
tail  hides,  or  convert  them  into  lether  by 
tlie  use  of  tan. 

TAN'NERY,  n.  Tlie  house  and  apparatus 
for  tanning. 

TAN'NIERS,  n.  A  variety  of  the  arim 
esculenlum,  an  esculent  root.  Mease.' 

TAN'NIN,  71.  The  chimical  name  of  that' 
astringent  substance  contained  in  vegeta- 
bles, particularly  in  tlie  bark  of  the  oak' 
and  chesnut,  and  in  gall-nuts;  the  sub-j 
stance  used  to  change  raw  hides  into 
lether. 

TANNING,  ppr.  Converting  raw  hides! 
into  lether. 

TAN'NING,  n.  The  practice,  operation  and. 
art  of  converting  the  raw  hides  of  animals 
into  lether  by  tlie  use  of  tan. 

TAN'REC,  n.  A  quadruped  of  the  Indies, 
larger  than  a  rat.     tin. 

TAN'SY,  n.  s  as  z.  [Fr.  tanaisie  ;  It.  Sp.' 
ianaceto  ;  L..  lanacetuin.  Qu.  Gr.  oOaraiui, 
immortality.  This  is  doubtful  and  rather 
improbable.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Tanacetum,  of  many 
species.  It  is  extremely  bitter  to  the 
taste,  and  used  for  medicinal  and  culinary 
purposes.  Q/C' 

TANT,  n.  A  small  spider  with  two  eyes 
and  eiglit  long  legs,  and  of  an  elegantl 
scarlet  color.  C'l/c.' 

TAN'TALISiM,  n.  [See  Tantalize.]  The: 
punishment  of  Tantalus  ;  a  teasing  or  lor-^ 
nienting  by  the  hope  or  near  approach  of 
good  which  is  not  attainable.  ! 

Is  not  such  a  provision  like    taatalism  to  this 
people  ?  /.  Qiiincy. 

TAN'TALITE,  >;.  The  ore  of  tantalum  or^ 
columbium,  a  newly  discovered  metal.  It 
is  of  an  iron  black  color,  sometimes  with  a 
tinge  of  blue.  It  is  imbedded  in  angular 
pieces,  from  the  size  of  a  pea  to  that  of  a, 
hazel-nut.  Ci/c. 

TANTALIZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  tanta- 
lizing. 

TAN'TALIZE,  v.  t.  [from  Tantalus,  in  fa- 
ble, who  was  condemned  for  his  crimes  to 
perpetual  hunger  ami  thirst,  with  food 
anil  water  near  him  which  he  could  not 
reach.] 

To  tease  or  torment  by  presenting  some 
good  to  the  view  and  exciting  desire,  but 
continually  frustrating  the  expectations 
by  keeping  that  good  out  of  reach  ;  to 
tease ;  to  torment.  j 

Thy  vain  desires,  at  strife 
Within  themselves,  have  taiilaliz'd  thy  'ife. 

Dry  den . 

TAN'TALIZED,  pp.  Teased  or  tormented 
by  the  disappointment  of  the  hope  of 
good. 

TAN'TAl.IZER.  n.  One  that  tantalizes. 

TANTALIZING, /)/?)-.  Teasing  or  torment- 
ing by  piesenliiig  to  the  view  some  unat- 
tiiin.nble  irood. 

TAN'TALUiM,   n.    Cohinibium,   the   metal 

obtained  from  tautalitc,  newly  discovered. 

Thomson.     Cyc. 


TANT'AMOUNT,  a.  [L.  tanlus,  so  much, 
and  amount.] 

Equal  ;  e(|uivalent  in  value  or  signification  ; 
as  a  sum  tantamount  to  all  our  expenses. 
Silence  is  sometiioes  tantamount  to  con- 
sent. 

TAN'TIVY,  adv.  [said  to  be  from  the  note 
of  a  hunting  horn  ;  L.  tanta  vi.]  To  ride 
tantivy,  is  to  ride  with  great  speed. 

Johnson. 

TANT'LING,  n.  [See  Tantalize.]  One 
seized  with  the  hope  of  pleasure  iinattuin- 
able.  Shak. 

TAP,  V.  t.  [Fr.  taper ;  Arm.  tapa,  tapein ; 
Dan.  tapper,  to  throb  ;  Gr.  tvntu,  rvrto;. 
See  Class  Db.  No.  28.] 

To  strike  with  something  small,  or  to  strike 
a  very  gentle  blow  ;  to  touch  gently  ;  as, 
to  tap  one  with  the  hand  ;  to  lap  one  on 
the  shoulder  with  a  cane. 

TAP,  v.i.  To  strike  a  gentle  blow.  He /a;>- 
ped  at  the  door. 

TAP,  r.  t.  [Sax.  tdppan;  Svv.  tappa;  Dan 
tapper  ;  D.  tappen  ;  G.  zap/in.] 

1.  To  pierce  or  broach  a  cask,  and  insert  a 
tap. 

2.  To  open  a  cask  and  draw  liquor. 

^iddison 

3.  To  pierce  for  letting  out  a  fluid  ;  as,  to 
tap  a  tumor  ;  to  tap  a  dropsical  person. 

Sharp. 

4.  To  box,  or  bore  into  ;  as,  to  tap  a  maple 
tree  to  obtain  the  sap  for  tnaUing  sugar. 

Mease. 

TAP,  n.  A  gentle  blow  ;  a  slight  blow  with 
a  small  thing. 

She    gives   her  right  huiui  woman  a  lap  on 
Uie  sliouliler.  Jlddisun. 

2.  A  spile  or  pipe  for  drawing  liquor  from  a 
cask.  [But  in  Sp.  tupar  is  tn  stop,  and  a 
tap  may  be  a  stopper.  In  this  case,  the 
verb  to  tap,  shoidd  follow  tin;  noun.] 

TAPE,  )i.  [Sax.  tappc]  A  narrow  fillet  or 
band ;  a  narrow  piece  of  woven  work, 
used  for  strings  and  the  like  ;  as  curtains 
tied  with  ta;)e.  Pope. 

TA'PER,  n.  [Sax.  taper,  tapur.  Qu.  It. 
doppierc,  a  torch,  \V.  lanipyr.] 

\  small  wax  candle  ;  a  small  lighted  wa.x 
candle,  or  a  small  light. 

Get  me  a  taper  in  my  study,  Lucius.      Shak. 

TA'PER,  a.  [supposed  to  be  from  the  form 
of  a  taper.]  | 

Regularly  narrowed  towards  the  point ;  be-l 
I'oining  small  towards  one  end  ;  conical  -J 
pyrainidical  ;  as /n^-Mr  lingers.  Dryden.^ 

TA'PEK,  v.i.  To  diminish  or  become  grad 
ually  smaller  towards  one   end  ;  as,  a  su- 
sar  loaf  (apcr.?  towards  a  point. 

TA'PER,  r.  t.  To  make  gradually  smaller 
ill  diameter. 

TAPERING,  ppr.  lAIaking  gradually  small- 
er. 

2.  a.  Becoming  regularly  smaller  in  diame- 
ter towards  one  end  ;  gradually  diminish- 
ing towards  a  point. 

TA'PERNF.SS,  n.  The  state  of  being  taper. 

T.-iP'ESTRV,  n.  [Fr. /n;)is,  a  carpet ;  tapis- 
sene,  hangings,  tapestry  ;  L.  tapes,  tapes- 
try ;  Fr.  sc  tapir,  to  crouch,  to  lie  flat :  Sp. 
tapiz,  tapestry,  and  a  grass-plot  :  It.  tap- 
;)t7o,  a  carpet;  (a;>;jf;;cri»i,  tapestry  ;  Arm. 
tapicz,  a  carpet ;  taplcziry,  tapestry.  Qu. 
from  weaving  or  spreading.] 

\  kind  of  woven  hangings  of  wool  and  silk, 
often   enriched  \\  itii  gold  and  silver,  rc- 


j    presenting  figures  of  men,  animals,  land- 

I     scapes,  &c.  Cyc. 

TA'PET,  n.  [supra.]  Worked  or  figured 
stuff".  Spenser. 

TAPETI,  n.  An  American  animal  of  the 
hare  kind.  Diet.  .Vat.  Hist. 

TA'PE-WORM,    n.    [tape   and   worm.]     A 

]  worm  bred  in  the  human  intestines  or 
bowels.  The  body  is  jointed,  and  each 
joint  has  its  mouth. 

TAP-HOUSE,  n.  [tap  a\M\  house.]  A  house 
where  licpiors  are  retailed. 

TA'PIR,  71.  A  quadruped  of  S.  America, 
about  (j  feet  long  and  ;}.J  high,  resembling 
a  hog  in  shape,  with  a  short  movable;  pro- 
boscis. It  frequents  the  water,  like  the 
hippopotamus.  Ed.  Encyc. 

TAPIS,  n.  [Fr.]  Tapestry.  Upon  the  ta- 
pis, under  consideration,  or  on  the  table. 

TAPPED,  pp.  Broached  ;  opened. 

TAP'PING,  ppr.  Broaching;  opening  for  the 
discharge  of  a  fluid. 

TAP'-ROOT,  n.  [tap  and  roo(.]    The   main 

I     root  of  a  plant,  which  penetrates  the  earth 

1     directly    downwards    to    a    considerable 

]     depth.  Cyc.     Mortimer. 

JT.AP'STER,  n.  One  whose  business  is  to 
draw  ale  or  other  liquor.  Swi/l. 

T'.VR,  ;!.  [Hax.  tare,  lyr,  tyrwa  ;  D.  teer  ;  G. 

I     thecr  ;  Sw.  tiara  ;  Dan.  tiere  ;  Gaelic,  tearr. 

!     In  D.  teeren  signifies  to  smear  with  tar  or 

I  ])itch,  and  to  pine,  w.iste,  consume,  digest, 
prey,  subsist,  feast,  and  ttcr  is  lender,  as 
well  as  tar.  The  D.  tttren.  is  the  G.  zeh- 
ren,  Dan.  ta:rer,  Sw.  tiira,  to  fret,  gnaw, 
consume  ;  Eng.  tare,  in  commerce.  Tar 
then  is  from  flowing,  or  from  wasting,  per- 
haps in  combustion.] 

L  A  thick  resinous  substance  of  a  il.irk 
brown  or  black  color,  obtained  from  pine 
and  (ir  trees,  by  burning  the  wood  with  a 
close  smothering  heat.  Encyc.     Cyc. 

Tar  iiis|iissated    is  called   pitch,  and   is 
much  used  in  ships  and  cordage.  Cyc. 

2.  A  sailor;  so  called  from  h"is tarred  clothes. 

TAR,  i:  I.  To  smear  with  tar;  as,  to  tar 
ropes. 

2.  [Sax.  tira/i,  iyrian.]  To  tease ;  to  provoke. 
[.Vol  in  use.]  Shak. 

TAR.V'BE,  n.  A   large    jiarrot   with    a  red 

1     head.  Cyc. 

TARANTULA,  n.  [It.  tarantella.]  A  spe- 
cies of  spider,  the  .Iranea  tarantula,  so 
called,  it  is  said,  from  Tarentum  in  .Vpiilia, 
where  this  animal  is  mo.-  ily  found  ;  a  ven- 
omous insect,  who.se  bile  j.'ivos  name  to  a 
new  disease,  called  tarantismus.  This  is 
said  to  be  cured  by  music. 

TARAN'TULATE,"  v.  t.  To  excite  or  gov- 
ern emotions  by  music. 

TAR'.VQUIIl.V,  71.  A  species  of  American 
lizard.  Ci/c. 

TARDA'TION,  n.  [L.  lardo.  See  Tardy.] 
The  act  of  retarding  or  delavinsr.  [S'ot 
used.     We  ii.^!'  for  this,  retardation.] 

T.VKDIGKADE,        (       [L.    tardi^radus  ; 

T  ARDIGUADOUS,  S  tardus,  slow,  and 
gradus,  step.] 

Slow-paced  ;  moving  or  stepping  slowly. 

Bro  IC7J, 

TARDIGRADE,  ii.  The  tardigrades  are  a 
genus  of  edi-ntate  quadrupeds,  including 
the  genus  Bradvpus  or  sloth. 

T^ARDILY,  adi.  [from  tardy.]  Slowly; 
^^  itb  slow  pace  or  motion.  Shak. 


TAR 


TAR 


TAR 


T'ARDINESS,  n.  [from  tardy.]  Slowness, 
or  the  slowness  of  motion  or  pace. 

o  Unvvillingiiesa  ;  reluctance  manifested  by 
slowness. 

3.  Lateness;  as  the  terrfi»ies5  of  witnesses  or 
jurors  in  attendance  ;  the  tardiness  of  stu- 
dents in  attending  prayers  or  recitation. 

T'ARDITY,  n.  [L.  tarditas.]  Slowness  ; 
tardiness.     [A'ot  used.] 

T'ARDY,  a.  [Fr.  tardif;  Sp.  It.  tarda,  from 
h.tardits;  from  W.tariaw,  to  strike  against, 
to  stop,  to  stay,  to  tarry,  whence  target 
tar,  a  shoclv ;  taran,  that  gives  a  shock,  a 
clap  of  thunder;  iaranii,  to  thunder.  We 
see  the  word  is  a  derivative  from  a  root 
signifying  to  strike,  to  clash,  to  dash 
against,  hence  to  retard  or  stop.] 

1.  Slow;  with  a  slow  pace  or  motion. 

And  check  the  tardy  flight  of  time. 

Sandys. 

2.  Late  ;  dilatory ;  not  being  in  season. 

The  tardy  plants  in  our  cold  orchards  plac'd. 

Waller. 

You  may  freely  censure  him  for  being  tardy 

in  his  payments.  Arbuthiwt. 

3.  Slow;  implying  reluctance. 

Tardy  to  vengeance,  and  with  mercy  brave. 

Prior. 

4.  Unwar)-.     [N'ot  in  use.]  Hudihras. 

5.  Criminal.     [JVbt  in  use.]  Collier. 
T'ARDY,  v.i.  [Fr.  larder.]  To  delay.   [JVot 

in  use.] 
T'ARDY-GAITED,    a.    [lardy  and   gait.] 
Slow-paced  ;  having  a  slow  step  or  pace. 
The  mellow  horn 
Chides  the  tardy-baited  morn.  Clifton. 

TARE,  n.  [I  know  not  the  origin  of  this 
word.     See  the  next  word.] 

1.  A  weed  that  grows  among  corn.      Locke. 

Declare  to  us  the  parable  of  the  tares  of  th 
field.     Matt.  xiii. 

2.  In  agriculture,  a   plant  of  the  vetch  kind, 
of  winch  there  are  two  sorts,  the  purple 
flowered  spring   or  summer  tare,  and  tl 
purple-flowered  wild  or  winter  tare.     It 
is  much  cultivated  in  England  for  fodder. 

Cyc 
TARE,  n.  [Fr.  id. ;  It.  Sp.  tera;  D.  tarra  ; 
It.  tarare,  to  abate  ;  Dan.  tirrer,  to  waste, 
Sw.  tara,  D.  teeren,  G.  zehren.] 
In  commerce,  deficiency  in  the  weight  or 
quantity  of  goods  by  reason  of  the  weight 
of  the  cask,  bag  or  other  thing  containing 
the  commodity,  and  which  is  weighed 
with  it ;  hence,  the  allowance  or  abate- 
ment of  a  certain  weight  or  quantity  from 
the  weight  or  quantity  of  a  coirnnodity 
Kold  in  a  cask,  chest,  bag  or  the  like,  which 
the  seller  makes  to  the  buyer  on  account 
of  the  weight  of  such  cask,  chest  or  bag  ; 
or  the  abatement  may  be  on  the  price  of 
the  commodity  sold.  When  the  tare  is 
deducted,  the  remainder  is  called  the  7iet 
or  neat  weight. 
TAKK,  V.  t.  To  ascertain  or  mark  the 
amount  of  tare.  Laws  ofPcnn, 

TAIM",  old  pret.  of  tear.     We  now  use  tore 
TA'UKI),  ;)/).  Having  the  tare  ascertained 

and  marlifd. 
T'.\R('il',,  for  (arg'ef,  is  obsolete.  Spenser. 
TARGKT,  n.  [i'm^.targ,  targa  ;  Fr.  targe  i 
It.  Inrga  ;  W.  targed,  from  firraic,  tostrikp. 
whence  tannd,  a  striking  against  nr  col- 
lision, a  stopping,  a  staying,  a  larri/ing  , 
tariaip,  to  strike  against,  to  slop,  to'^ori/ 
We  see  that  turget  is  that  which   stops 


hence  a  defense;  and  from  the  root  of  tarry 
and  tardy.] 

I.  A  shield  or  buckler  of  a  small  kind,  used 
as  a  defensive  weapon  in  war. 

•2-  A  mark  for  the  artillery  to  fire  at  in  their 
practice. 

TARGETED,  a.  Furnished  or  armed  with 
a  target.  Gauden. 

T'ARGETEE'R,  n.  One  armed  with  a  tar- 
get. Chapman. 

T'ARGUM,  n.  [Ch.  DlJintargum,  interpret- 
ation.] 

A  translation  or  paraphrase  of  the  sacred 
Scriptures  in  the  Chaldee  language  or  di- 
alect. Of  these  the  Targum  of  Jonathan, 
and  that  of  Oidselos,  are  held  in  most  es- 
teem by  the  Jews. 

TARGUJVllST,  n.  The  writer  of  a  Targum. 

Parkhurst 

TAR'IF,  n.  [Fr.tarif;  h.  tariffa ;  Si>.  tari/a, 
a  book  iif  prices  or  rates. 

1.  Properly,  a  list  or  table  of  goods  with  the 
duties  or  customs  to  he  |)aid  for  the  same 
cither  on  importation  or  exportation, 
whether  such  duties  are  imposed  by  the 
government  of  a  country,  or  agreed  on  by 
the  princes  or  governments  of  two  coun- 
tries holding  commerce  with  each  other 

A  list  or  table  of  duties  or  customs  to  be 
paid  on  goods  imported  or  exported. 

TARTF,  V.  t.  To  make  a  list  of  duties  on 
goods. 

TAR'IN,  n.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Fringilla, 
kept  in  cages  for  its  beauty  and  fine  notes 
the  citrinella.  Cyc. 

TA'RING,   ppr.    Ascertaining   or  markin 
the  amount  of  tare. 

T'ARN,  n.  [Ice.  horn.]  A  bog;  a  marsh;  a 
fen. 

TARNISH,    V.   t.     [Fr.   ternir,   ternissant. 

To  sully;  to  soil  by  an  alleration  induced 

by  the  air,  or  by  dust  and  the  like  ;  to  di 

minish  or  destroy  luster;  as,   to   tarnish  » 

metal  ;  to  tarnish  gilding  ;  to  tarnish  the 

brightness  or  beauty  of  color. 

•i.  To  diminish  or  destroy  the  purity  of;  as, 
to  tarnish  reputation  or  honor. 

T'ARNISH,  v.i.  To  lose  luster  ;  to  become 
dull ;  as,  polished  substances  or  gihling 
will  tarnish  in  the  course  of  time.  JMetai.« 
tarnish  by  oxvdation. 

TARNISHED,  pp.  Sullied;  having  lost  its 
brightness  by  oxvdation,  or    by  some  a 
teration   induced  by  exposure  to  air,  dust 
and  the  like. 

Gold  anil  silver,  when  tarnished,  resume 
their  biieihtness  by  setting  them  over  certain 
lyes.  Copper  and  pewter,  &c.  tarni.shcd,  re- 
cover their  luster  with  tripoli  and  potashes. 

Cyc. 

T'ARNISHING,  ppr.  Sullying  ;  losing 
brightness. 

TARPAULIN,  n.  [from  tar.]  A  piece  of 
canvas  well  daidjed  with  tar,  and  used  to 
cover  the  hatchways  of  u  ship  to  prevent 
rain  or  water  from  entering  the  hold. 

2.  A  sailor:  in  contempt.  Dennis. 
TAR'RACE,  i        .\  volcanic  earth,  resem 

used  as 
se  sort 
ar,  ilu 
rahle  in  water,  and  used  to  line  cisterns  and 
other  reservoirs  of  water.  Tho  Diitcl 
tarra.ss  is  maile  of  a  soft  rock  stone  limnd 
near  Collen,  on  the  lower  part  of  the 
lUiiue.     It  is  burnt  like  lime,  and  reduced 


i.  A  sailor;  in  contempt.  Ui 

TAR'RACE,  j  .\  volcanic  earth,  ri 
TAR'RASS,  f  bling  i)uzzolana,  ns 
TRR'RASS,  ^  "■  a  cement;  oracoar.« 
TRASS,  *        of  plaster  or  morta 


to  powder  in   mills.     It  is  of  a  grayish 
color.  Cue. 

TAR'RAGON,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Ar- 
temisia, (A.  dracunculus,)  celebrated  for 
perfuming  vinegar  in  France. 

Ed.  Encyc.    Mease. 

T'ARRED,  pp.  Smeared  with  tar. 

TAR  RIANCE,  n.  [from  tarry.]  A  tarry- 
ing ;  delay  ;  lateness.      [A*o(  in  use.] 

TAR'RIER,  n.  A  dog.     [See  Terrier.] 

2.  [tViim  tarry.]  One  who  tarries  or  delays. 

T^ARRING,  ppr.  Smearing  with  tar. 

Shak. 

TAR'ROCK,  n.  A  sea  fowl  of  the  genus 
Larus  or  gull  kind,  the  L.  tridactylus.  It 
is  of  the  size  of  the  common  pigeon,  and 
is  remarkable  for  having  no  hind  toe,  hut 
in  lieu  of  it  a  small  protuberance.         Cyc. 

TARRY,  I',  i.  [W.  tariaw,  to  strike  against 
any  thing,  to  stop,  to  stay,  to  tarry ;  Ir. 
Gaelic,  tairisim.  It  is  of  the  same  family 
as  tardy  and  target.  The  i)rimary  sense  is 
to  thrust  or  drive,  hence  to  strike  against, 
to  stop  ;  W.  tarw,  L.  taurus,  a  bull,  is  from 
the  same  root.] 

1.  To  .stay  ;  to  abide  ;  to  continue  ;  to  lodge. 
Tony  all  night  and  wash  your  feet.    Gen. 

xix. 

2.  To  stay  behind.     Ex.  xii. 

3.  To  stay  in  expeclatinn ;  to  wait. 
Tarry  ye  here  for  us,  till  we  come  again  to 

you.     Ex.  xxiv. 

4.  To  delay  ;  to  put  off  going  or  coming;  to 
defer. 

Come  down  to  me,  tarry  not.     Gea.  xlv. 
i).  To  remain  :  to  stay. 

He  that  lelletli  lies,   shall   not   tarry  in   my 
sight.     Ps.  ci. 

TAR'RY,  V.  t.  To  wait  for. 

1  cannot  tarn/  dinner.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Shak. 

T'ARRY,  a.  [from  tar.]  Consisting  of  tar, 
like  tar.  .\Iore. 

TAR'RYING,  ppr.  Staying;  delaying. 

TAK'RYING.  n.  Delay.     Ps.  xl. 
[This  word  is  in  respectable  use.] 

T'ARSEL,  n.  A  kind  of  hawk.  Shak. 

T'ARSUS,  n.  [Gr.  rapso; ;  Fr.tarse.]  That 
part  of  the  foot  to  which  the  leg  is  articu- 
lateil,  the  front  of  which  is  called  the  in- 
step. Ci/c. 

T'ART,  a.  [Sax.  teart;  Tf.taarlig.  Seethe 
next  word.] 

1.  .^ciil ;  sharp  to  the  taste  ;  acidulous  ;  as 
a  tart  apple. 

I.  Sharp  ;  keen  ;  severe  ;  as  a  tart  reply ; 
tnrt  language  ;  a  tart  rebuke. 

TART,  n.  [D.taart:  Sw.  tart;  Fr.  tarte  ; 
It.  torta  ;  G.  lorle  ;  Sp.  tarta.  The  Ital- 
ian and  (Jerman  orthography  seem  to 
connect  this  word  with  torto,  L.  tortus, 
twisted  ;  and  this  may  be  the  primary 
sense  of  tart,  acid,  sharp,  and  hence  this 
noun,  something  acid  or  made  of  acid 
fruit.     Bnt  qu.] 

.\  species  of  pie  or  pastry,  consisting  of  fruit 
baked  on  paste. 

T"ARTAN,7i.  [Sp.  It. /ffWnnn.]  A  small  coast- 
ing vessel  with  one  mast  and  a  bowsprit, 
and  the  i>rincipal  sail,  which  is\erv  large, 
extended  by  a  lateen-vard.  .Mar.  Did. 

TARTAR,  7i.  [Fr.  tar/rc;  Sp./ar/(i)o;  from 

tart,  acid.] 
1.  .\n  acid  concrete  salt,  formed  from  wines 
completely  fermented,  and  ailhering  to  tlie 
sides  of  the  casks  iu  the  form  of  a  hard 


T  A  S 


T  A  S 


T  A  S 


crust.  It  is  white  or  red,  the  white  beingi 
most  esteemed.  In  its  crude  state,  it  is 
iriLieh  used  as  a  flux  in  the  assaying  of 
ores.  JVicholson.     Cyc. 

Tartar   is   a   supertartrate   of    potash 
that  is,  a  ciinipound   of  tartaric  acid  and 
potash,  having  the  aci<l  in  excess. 

D.  Olmsted. 

2.  A  person  of  u  keen  irritable  temper. 

3.  A  native  of  Tartary  ;  a  corruption  of  Ta- 
tar. 

T>ARTAR,  n.  [L.  Tartarus.]  Hell.  [JVot 
in  use.]  Shak. 

TARTA'REAN,    }       Helhsh  ;    pertaining 

TARTA'REOUS,  S  "•  to  Tartarus. 

Milton. 

TARTA'REOUS,  a.  Consisting  of  tartar; 
resembling  tartar,  or  partaking  of  its  prop- 
erties, (ireif. 

TARTAR'IC,      I      Pertaining  to  Tartary, 

TARTAREAN,  \  ""  in  Asia. 

Tartaric  acid,  the  acid  of  tartar. 

T'ARTARIN,  n.  [from  tartar.]  Fixed  veg- 
etable alkali  or  potash. 

TARTARINATED,  a.  Combined  with  tar- 
tarin. 

T  ARTARIZE,  v.  t.  To  Impregnate  with 
tartar  ;  to  refine  by  means  of  the  salt  of 
tartar.  Cyc. 

TARTARIZED,  pp.  Impregnated  with 
tartar  ;  refined  by  tartar. 

TARTARIZINU.  ppr.  Impregnating  with 
tartar  ;  refining  by  n;eans  of  the  salt  of 
tartar. 

T'ARTAROUS,  a.  Containing  tartar;  con- 
sisting of  tartar,  or  partaking  of  its  quali- 
ties. 

T'ARTARUM,  n.  A  preparation  of  tart 
called  petrified  tartar.  Cyc. 

T'ARTISH,  a.  [I'rom  tart.]  Somewhat  tart. 

T^ARTLY,  adv.  Sharply;  with  acidity. 

2.  Sharply;  with  poignancy;  severely;  as, 
to  reply  or  rebuke  tartly. 

3.  With  sourness  of  aspect.  Shak. 
TARTNESS,  n.  Acidity;  sharpness  to  the 

taste  ;  as  the  tartne.is  of  wine  or  fruit. 

2.  Sharpness  of  language  or  manner  ;  poig- 
nancy ;  keenness  ;  severity  ;  as  the  tart- 
ness of  rebuke. 

TARTRATE,  (         [from   tartar.]     A    sail 

T'ARTRITE,  ^  "'  formed  by  the  combin- 
ation of  tartarous  or  tartaric  acid  with  a 
base  ;  as  tartrite  of  potash  ;  iartrite  of 
soda.  Cyc. 

T'ARTUFFISII,  a.  [Fr.  tarlnffe,  a  hyjio- 
crite.] 

Precise  ;  formal.     [j\'ot  in  use.]  Sterne. 

T>AR- WATER,  ?i.  [tar  and  water.]  A  cold 
infusion  of  tar,  used  as  a  medicine.       Cyr. 

T'.ASK,  n.  [Fr.  laclie  ;  W.  tasg,  a  bond,  a 
pledge,  that  which  is  settled  or  agreed  to 
be  done,  a  job,  a  task  ;  Gaelic,  Ir.  tasg, 
task,  and  tasgaire,  a  slave  ;  It.  tassa.  T\ie^ 
sense  is  that  which  is  set  or  fixed,  from 
throwing  or  putting  on.] 

1.  Business  im])osed  by  another,  often  a  de- 
finite (|uantity  or  amount  of  labor.  Each 
man  has  his/n.?i.  When  he  has  performed 
his  task,  his  time  is  his  own.  Ex.  v. 

2.  Business ;  employment. 

His  mental  poweis   were   equal   to   greater 
tasks.  Atterbury 

3.  Burdensome  employment. 
To  take  to  task,  to   reprove ;  to  reprimand ; 

as,  to  take  one  to  task  for  idleness. 

Mdison 


TASK,  v.t.  [W.  tasgu,  to  bind,  to  rate,  to 
task,  to  spring,  start,  leap  back,  to  urge.] 

1.  To  impose  a  task  ;  to  assign  to  one  a  de- 
finite amount  of  business  or  labor. 

2.  To  burden  with  some  employment ;  to 
require  to  pertbrni. 

There  task  thy  maids,  and  exercise  the  loom. 

Vrydett. 

T'ASKED,  pp.  Required  to  perform  some- 
thing. 

T'ASKER,  n.  One  that  imposes  a  task. 

T^ASKING,  ppr.  Imposing  a  task  on  ;  re- 
quiring to  perform. 

T^ASKMASTER,  n.  [task  and  master.] 
One  who  imposes  a  task,  or  burdens  with 
labor.  Sinful  propensities  and  appetites 
are  men's  most  unrelenting  taskmasters. 
They  condemn  us  to  unceasing  drudgery, 
and  reward  us  with  jiain,  remorse  and 
poverty.  Next  to  our  sinful  projiensities, 
fashion  is  the  most  oppressive  taskmaster. 

2.  One  whose  office  is  to  assign  tasks  to 
others.     Ex.  i.   iii. 

TAS'SEL,  7!.  [W.  tasel,  a  sash,  a  bandage, 
a  fringe,  a  tassel ;  tasiaw,  to  tii; ;  tas,  that 
binds  or  hems  in  ;  It.  tassello,  the  collar  of 
a  cloke.] 

1.  A  sort  of  pendant  ornament,  attached  to 
the  corners  of  cushions,  to  curtains  and 
the  like,  ending  in  loo.se  threads. 

2.  A  small  ribin  of  silk  sewed  to  a  book,  to 
be  put  between  the  leaves.  Cyc. 

5.  Ill  huitding,  tassels  are  the  pieces  of  boards 
that  lie  under  the  mantle-tree. 

J.  A  burr.     [See  Teasel.] 

5.  A  male  hawk  ;  properly  terzol,  It.  terzuolo. 

TAS'SELEI),  a.  Furni.shed  or  adorned 
with  tassels  ;  as  the  lasscted  horn. 

Milton. 

TAS'SES,  n.  plu.  Armor  for  the  thighs ; 
appendages  to  the  ancient  corslet,  con- 
sisting of  skirts  of  iron  that  covered  the 
thighs.  They  were  fastened  to  the  cuirassj 
will)  hooks. 

TaSTABLE,  a.  [from  taste.]  That  may  be 
tasted  ;  savory  ;  relishing. 

TASTE,  V.  t.  [Fi.  /(i(cr,  to  feel;  It.  tastare ; 
Norm,  taster,  to  touch,  to  try  ;  G.  D.  fasten  ; 
Dan.  lasser.  The  Dutch  lias  toctsen,  to 
touch,  to  try,  to  test ;  Dan.  taster  and,  to 
attack  or  assault.  This  shows  that  the 
primary  sense  is  to  thrust  or  drive  ;  allied 
perhaps  to  dash  ;  hence  to  strike,  to  touch, 
to  bring  one  thing  in  contact  with  anoth- 
er.] I 

1.  To  perceive  by  means  of  the  tongue;  to 
have  a  certain  sensation  in  conseipience 
ofsomcthing  applied  to  the  tongue,  the 
organ  of  taste;  as,  to  taste  bread;  to  taste 
wine  ;  to  taste  a  sweet  or  an  acid. 

2.  To  try  the  relish  of  by  the  perception  ofi 
the  organs  of  taste.  ! 

3.  To  try  by  eating  a  little  ;  or  to  eat  a  little. 
Because  I  tasted  a  little   of  this  lioncy.    1 

Sam.  xiv.  | 

4.  To  essay  first.  Dryden.\ 

5.  To  have  pleasure  from.  Careu: 
G.  To  experience  ;  to  feel ;  to  undergo. 

That  he  by  the  grace  of  God   should  taste 
death  for  every  man.     Hob.  ii. 

7.  To  relish  intellectually  ;  to  enjoy. 
'I'hou,  Adam,  wilt  taste  no  pleasure.  .Milton. 

8.  To  experience  by  shedding,  as  blood.         i 
When  Commodus  lia<i   once   tasted  human 

blood,  he  became  incapable  of  pity  or  remorse. 

GMon.' 


1|TaSTE,  v.  i.  To  try  by  the  mouth  ;  to  eat 
or  drink  ;  or  to  eat  or  drink  a  little  only  ; 
as,  to  /a.»(e  of  eacli  kind  of  wine. 

2.  To  have  a  smack  ;  to  excite  a  particular 
sensation,  by  w  hich  the  quality  or  flavor  is 
distinguished;  as,  butter  tastes  of  garlic; 
apples  boiled  in  a  brass-kettle,  sometimes 
taste  of  brass. 

3.  To  distinguibh  intellectually. 
Scholars,  when  auod  sense  describing. 
Call  it  ta.'ilin/i  and  imbibing.  Sirifl. 

4.  To  try  the  relish  of  any  thing.  Taste  of 
the  fruits;  taste  for  yourself 

.5.  To  be  tinctured  ;  to  have  a  particular 
quality  or  character. 

Kv'ry  idle,  niri'  and  wanton  reason 
Shall,  to  the  king,  tasle  of  this  action.  f!hak. 
To  experience  ;  to  have  perception  of. 
The  valiant  never  taste  of  death  but  once. 

Sliak. 

7.  To  take  to  be  enjoyed. 
Of  nature's  bounty  men  forbore  to  taste. 

Waller. 

8.  To  enjoy  sparingly. 
Kor  age  but  tastes  of  pleasures,  youth  devours. 

Dry  den. 
To  have  the  experience  or  enjoyment  of. 
Tliey  who  have  tasted  of  the  heavenly  gift, 
and  the  good  word  of  God.     Heb.  vi. 

T.\STE,  n.  The  act  of  tasting;  gustation. 

Milton. 

2.  \  particular  sensation  excited  in  an  ani- 
mal by  the  application  of  a  substance  to 
the  tongue,  the  proper  organ  ;  as  the  taste 
of  an  orange  or  an  apple  ;  a  bitter  toi/e  ; 
an  acid  taste  ;  a  sweet  tasle. 

3.  The  sense  by  which  we  perceive  the  re- 
lish of  a  tiling.  This  sense  appears  to  re- 
siile  in  the  tongue  or  its  papilla".  Men 
have  a  great  variety  of  tastes.  In  the  in- 
fluenza of  1790.  the /a.?/f,  for  some  days, 
was  entirely  extinguished. 

4.  Intellectual  relish  ;  as,  he  had  no  taste  of 
true  glory.  Jlddison. 

I  have  no  taste 

Of  popular  applause.  Drydcn. 

[.iVule.   In  this  use,  the  word  is  now  folloucd 

by /or.     "  He  liad  no  taste  fur  glory."     When 

followed  by  of,  the  sense  is  ambiguous,  or  rather 

it  ilenotcs  experience,  trial.] 

;■).  Judgment ;  discernment ;  nice  perception, 
or  the  power  of  perceiving  and  relishing 
excellence  in  linman  iierformances ;  the 
facnlly  of  discerning  beauty,  order,  con- 
gruity,  proportion,  symiiictiy,  or  whatev- 
er constitutes  ex<-ellence.  particularly  i>i 
the  fine  arts  and  belles  littles.  Taste  is 
not  w  holly  the  git't  of  nature,  nor  wholly 
the  cfl'cct  of  art.  It  depends  much  on  cul- 
ture.    We  say,  a  good  taste,  or  a  fine  taste. 

Gerard. 

'6.  Style;  manner,  with  respect  to  what  is 
pleasing ;  as  a  poem  or  music  composed 
in  good  taste.  Cyc. 

Essay  ;  trial ;  experiment.     [Xbl  in  use.] 

Shak. 

i8.  A  small  portion  given  as  a  speciinen. 

|9.  .\  bit ;  a  little  piece  tasted  or  eaten. 

T.\STED,  ;;;).  Perceived  by  tlte  organs  of 
taste;  experienced. 

jTASTEFUL.  a.  Having  a  high  relish;  sa- 
vory :  as  tastiful  herbs.  Popt. 

2.  Having  pood  taste. 

TASTEFULLY,  adv.  With  good  taste. 

TASTELESS,  a.  Having  no  taste  ;  insipid  t 
as  tasteless  fruit. 


T  A  T 


T  A  U 


TAW 


2.  Having  no  power  of  giving  pleasure  ;  as 
tasteless  aniiisenients. 

3.  Having  no  power  to  perceive  taste.    [J\/'ot 

used.]  r  T  •  7 

4.  Having  no  intellertual  gust.    [Little  used.] 
TASTELESSNESS,  n.  Want  of  taste  or! 

rolisli ;  insipidness  ;  as  the  tastelessness  of 
fruit. 

2.  Want  of  perception  of  taste.  [JVot  in 
use.] 

3.  Want  of  intellectual  relish.     [JVotinuse.] 
TASTER,  J!.  One  who  tastes. 
3.  One  wlio  first  tastes  food  or  liquor. 

Tliy  tutor  bf  thy  taster,  e'ei  thou  eat. 

Dryden 

3.  A  dram  dip.  Ainsworih. 

TASTILY,  adv.  With  good  taste. 

TASTING,  jipr.  Perceiving  by  the  tongue. 

2.  Trying;  experiencing;  enjoying  or  suf- 
fering. 

TASTING,  li.  The  act  of  perceiving  by  the 
tongue. 

2.  The  sense  by  which  we  perceive  or  dis- 
tinguish  .-savors;  or  the  ])erception  of  ex 
ternal  objects  thrnugh  the  instrumentality 
of  the  tongue  or  organs  of  taste 

TASTY,  a.  Having  a  good  taste,  or  nice 
pcrce|)tion  of  excellence  ;  applied  to  per- 
sons ;  as  a  tasty  lady. 

2.  Being  in  conformity  to  the  principles  of 
good  taste ;  elegant ;  as  tasty  furniture  ;  i 
tastij  dress. 

TAT'TER,  v.t.  [Qu.  Sax.  totaran;  com 
pounded  o{  leeran,  to  tear,  and  the  prefix 
to.] 

To  rend  or  tear  into  rags.  [JVo«  used  except 
in  the  participle.] 

TAT'TER,  n.  A  rag,  or  a  part  torn  and 
hanging  to  the  tiling;  chiefly  used  in  the 
plural,  tatters. 

TATTERDEMA'LION,  n.  A  ragged  fel- 
low. L' Estrange. 

TAT'TERED,  pp.  or  a.  Rent ;  torn  ;  hang- 
ing in  rags  ;  as  a  tattered  garment. 

Where  wav'd  the  tatter'd  ensigns  of  Rag-fair, 

Pope. 
TAT'TLE,    t'.  i.    [D.  tateren ;    It.   lattamel- 
lore.] 

1.  To  prate;  to  talk  idly;  to  use  many 
words  with  little  meaning. 

Excuse   it  by   the  tattling  quality  of  age 
which  U  always  narrative.  Dryden 

2.  To  tell  tales;  to  communicate  secrets  ;  as 
a  tattling  girl. 

TAT'TLE,  n.  Prate  ;  idle  talk  or  chat ;  tri- 
fling talk. 

They  tolil  the  tattle  of  the  day.  Swift 

TAT'TLER,  ji.  One  who  tattles;  an  idle 
talker  ;  one  that  tells  tales. 

TAT'TLING,  ppr.  Talking  idly  ;  telling 
tales. 

2.  o.  Given  to  idle  talk ;  apt  to  tell  tales. 

TATTOO',  n.  [If  this  word  was  originally 
taploo  or  taplo,  it  is  from  the  Fr.  tapoler, 
to  beat ;  tapvtez  tons,  beat,  all  of  you  ;  from 
taper,  Gr.  Tunru,  Enir.  lap.' 

A  beat  of  drum  at  night,  giving  notice  to 
soldiers  to   retreat,  or   to   repair   to  their 


Others  only  the  body.    The  same  practice 

exists  among  other  rude  nations. 

Barrow.    Makenxie. 
TATTOO',    n.    Figures  on  the  body  made 

by  punctures  and  stains  in  lines  and  fig- 
ures. 
TATTOO'ED,  pp.  Marked  by  stained  lines 

and  figures  on  the  body. 
TATTOO'ING,  ppr.  Marking  with  various 

figures  by  stained  lines. 
TAU,  n.  The  toad  fish  of  Carolina,  a  species 

ofGadus,  (G.tait.)  Oyc. 

2.  A   species   of  beetle ;  also,  a  species  of 

moth,  (Phalena  ;)  also,  a  kind  of  fly,  [Mus- 

ca.)  Cyc. 

TAUGHT,  a.  taut,  [from  the  root  of  tight.] 

Stretched  ;  not  slack.  Mar.  Did. 

TAUGHT,  pret.  and  pp.  of  teach,  pron.  taut. 

[L.  doctus.] 
Experience   taught   him   wisdom.     He   has 

been  taught'ni  the  school  of ex|)erience. 
T'AUNT,  V.  t.  [Qu.  Fr.  lancer,  to  rebuke  or 

chide  ;  W.  lantiaw,  to  stretch  ;   or   Pers. 
o    -         -  ^ 

to  pierce  with  words.] 


^J-f.}\yJ 


insultin: 


Hwurters  m 
camp. 

TATTOO',  ].. 

Til  prick  th( 
spots  wilh 
lines  and  li^ 


garrison,  or  to  their  tents  m 
Cyc 
t.  [In  the  South  Sea  isles. 
!-kiii,  1111(1  siiiin  the  pimctiired 
a  lilack  .siilisuiiice,  forming 
ures  upciii  the  body.     In  some 


isles,  the  inhabitants  latloo  the   face,  in 


To   reproach   with   severe    or 
words  ;  to  revile  ;  to  upbraid. 

When  I  had  at  my  pleasure  taunted  her — 

Shak. 

2.  To  exprobrate ;  to  censure. 

Rail  thou  in  Fulvia's  phrase,  and  taunt  my 

faults.  Shak. 

T'AUNT,   n.   Upbraiding  words;  bitter   or 

sarcastic  reproach  ;  insulting  invective. 

With  scoli's    and   scorns,    and   contumelious 

taunts.  Shak. 

With  sacrilegious  taunt  and  impious  jest. 

Prior. 
T'AUNTED,  pp.  Upbraided  with  sarcastic 

or  severe  words. 
T'AUNTER,  n.  One  who  taunt.s,  reproach- 
es or  upbraids  with  sarcastic  or  censorious 
reflections. 
T'AUNTING,  ppr.    Treating   with   severe 

reflections;  upbraiding. 
T'AUNTINGLY,  adv.  With  bitter  and  sar- 
castic words;  insnitinglv  ;  scoflingly. 
TAUR'ICORNOUS,    a.    [L.  taiiciis,  a  bull 

and  cornu,  horn.] 
Having  horns  like  a  bull.  Brown. 

TAUR'IFORM,    a.    [L.  taurus,  a  bull,  and 

form.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  bull.  Faher. 

TAURUS,  n.  [L. ;  W.  farm.]  The  bull;  one 

of  the  twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac,  and  the 

second   in   order,   or  that  next  to  Aries. 

This  constellation,  according  to  the  British 

catalogue,  contains  141  stars.  Ci/r. 

TAUTOLOti'le,        }         [See    Tautology' 

TAUTOLOlVICAL,  ^"-    Ri'peating        the 

same  thing;  having   the   same   significa 

tion ;     as    a    tautological    expression    or 

phrase. 

Tautological  echo,  an  echo  tliat   repeats  the 

same  sound  or  syllable  many  times. 
TAUTOL'Ol'ilST,  >i.  One  who  uses  difler- 
ent  words  or  phrases  in  succession  to  ex 
press  the  same  sense. 
TAUTOL'Oi;IZE,  v.  i.  To  repeat  the  same 

thing  ill  difti-rent  words. 
TAUTOL'OgY,  n.   [Gr.raDfoJ.oyia;  •rorro;, 

the  .same,  and  >.oyo5,  word  or  expression.] 
A  repetitinii  of  the   same  menning  in  ilitler- 
ent  words;  needless  repetilion  of  a  thing 
I     in  diHeroiit  words  or  jduases  ;  or  a  repre- 


sentation of  any  thing  as  the  cause,  con- 
dition or  consequence  of  itself,  as  in  the 
following  lines.  Cyc 

The  dawn  is  overcast,  the  morning  low'rs, 
And  heavily  in  clouds  brings  ou  the  day. 

JldJison 

TAV'ERN,  n.  [Fr.  tarerne ;  W.  tavam  ;  L. 
taberna  ;■  tab.  ihe  root  of  table,  a  board, 
and  Sax.  tern,  place.] 

A  house  licensed  to  sell  liquors  in  small 
quantities,  to  be  drank  on  the  spot.  Irt 
some  of  the  United  States,  tavern  is  sy- 
nonymous with  inn  or  hotel,  and  denotes 
a  house  for  the  entertainment  of  travelers, 
as  well  as  for  the  sale  of  liquors,  licensed 
for  that  purpose. 

TAV'ERNER,  )       One  who  keeps 

TAVERN-KEEPER,  S"'  a  tavern.  In  the 
United  States,  one  who  is  licensed  to  sell 
liquors  to  be  drank  in  his  house,  and  to 
entertain  travelers  and  lodgers,  together 
with  the  horses  or  oxen  composing  their 
teams.  Taverners  are  by  law  to  be  pro- 
vided with  suitable  beds  for  their  guests, 
and  with  fodder  for  horses  and  cattle. 

Laws  of  Conn. 

TAVERN-HAUNTER,  n.  [tavern  and 
haunt.] 

One  who  frequents  taverns  ;  one  who  spends 
his  time  and  substance  in  tippling  in  tav- 
erns. 

TAV'ERNING,  n.  A  feasting  at  taverns. 

Hall. 

TAVERN-MAN,  n.  [tavern  and  man.]  The 
keeper  of  a  tavern.     [JS'ot  in  use.'] 

'2.  A  tippler. 

TAW,  J',  t.  [Sax.  tau-ian  ;  D.  tomren.  lu 
Sax.  teagan  has  the  like  signification.     Id 


Persic,    A,  ^  j  •  L  J    is  to  scrape  and  curry 

hides.] 
To  dress  white  lether   or  alum  lether ;   to 
dress  and  prepare  skins   in   white,   as  the 
skins  of  sheep,  lambs,  goats  and  kids,  for 
gloves  and  the  like.  Cyc. 

TAW,  n.  A  marble  to  be  played  with. 

Sunft. 

TAWDRILY,  adv.  In  a  tawdrv  manner. 
TAW'DRINESS,  n.  [fnnu  tawdry.]   Tinsel 
in   dress  ;    excessive  finery  ;  ostentatious 
finery  without  elegance. 

A  clumsy  person    makes  his  ungracefulness 
more  ungraceful  by  taicdriness  of  dress. 

Sichardson. 

TAW'DRY,  a.  Very  fine  and  showy  in  col- 
ors without  taste  or  elegance  ;  having  an 
excess  of  showy  ornaments  without  grace; 
as  a  tawdry  dress  ;  tawdry  fethers;  tawdry 
colors. 

He  rails  from  morning  to  night  at   essenced 
fop>  an. I  tau'dry  courtiers.  Spectator. 

TAW'DRY,  7i.  A  slight  ornament. 

Drayton, 
pp.  Dressed  and  made  white,  as 


.\  dresser  of  white  lether. 
ppr.  Dressing,  as  white  lether. 


TAW'ED, 

lether. 
TAW'ER. 
TAWING, 

T.^W'ING,  7(.    The    art    and    operation   of 
j     preparing  skins  and    forming  thera   into 

while  liMlier. 
TAW'.NY,  a.    [Fr.   tannc,   from   tanner,  to 
'     tan.] 

Of  a  yellowish  dark  color,  like  things  tanned, 
!     or  persons  who  are  sun-burnt ;  as  a  taieny 


TAX 


TEA 


TEA 


Moor  or  Spaniard  ;  the  tawny  sons  of  Nu- 
inidia ;  itic   tawny   lion. 

Addison.  Milton. 
TAX,  n.  [Fr.  taxt;  Sp. /o«o  ;  It. /assa  ;  from 
L.  taxo,  to  tax.  If  from  the  Gr.  faiif,  tao- 
ou,  tlie  root  was  lago,  tlie  sense  of  wliicli 
■was  to  set,  to  thrust  on.  But  this  is  doubt- 
ful.    It  may  he  alheii  to  task.'\ 

1.  A  rate  or  sum  of  money  assessed  on  the 
person  or  j)ropcrty  of  a  citizen  by  gov- 
ernment, for  the  use  of  the  nation  or  state. 
Taxes,  iti  free  governmentK,  are  usually 
laid  upon  the  property  of  citizens  accord- 
ing to  llieir  income,  or  the  value  of  their 
estates.  Tax  is  a  term  of  general  import, 
including  almost  every  species  of  imposi- 
tion on  persons  or  properly  for  supplying 
the  public  treasury,  as  tolls,  tribute,  subsi- 
dy, excise,  impost,  or  customs.  Hut  more 
generally,  lax  is  limited  to  the  sum  laid 
njjou  ])olls,  lands,  houses,  horses,  cattle, 
professions  and  occupations.  So  we 
speak  of  a  land  lax,  a  window  tax,  a  tax  on 
carriages,  &c.  Ta.xes  are  anjiuai  or  per- 
petual. 

2.  A  sum  imposed  on  tlie  persons  and  prop- 
erty of  citizens  to  defray  the  expenses  of  a 
cor|)oration,  society,  parish  or  company  ; 
as  a  city  tax,  a  county  tax,  a  parish  tax, 
and  the  like.  So  a  private  association 
may  lay  a  tax  on  its  members  for  the  use 
of  the  association. 

3.  That  which  is  imposed  ;  a  burden.  The 
attention  that  he  gives  to  public  business 
is  a  heavy  /nxon  his  time. 

4.  Charge  ;  censure.  Clarendon. 

5.  Task. 

TAX,  V.  t.  [L.  taxo;  Fr.  taxer ;  It.  tassare.] 

1.  To  lay,  impose  or  assess  upon  citizens  a 
certain  sum  of  money  or  amount  of  prop- 
erty, to  be  paid  to  the  public  treasury,  or 
to  the  treasury  of  a  corporation  or  compa- 
ny, to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  govern- 
ment or  corporation,  &.c. 

We  are  more  heavily  taxed  by  our  idleness, 
pride  and  folly,  than  wc  arc  taxed  by  govern- 
ment. Franklin. 

%  To  load  with  a  burden  or  burdens. 

The  narrator — never  (<uc.s  our  faith  beyond 
the  obvious  boniids  of  probability.      /.  Sparks. 

3.  To  assess,  fix  or  determine  judicially,  as 
the  amount  of  cost  on  actions  in  court ;  as, 
the  court  taxes  bills  of  cost. 

1.  To  charge  ;  to  censure  ;  to  accuse  ;  usu- 
ally followed  by  with  ;  as,  to  tax  a  man  leith 
pride.     He  was  taxed  with  presumption. 

Men's  virtues  I  have  commended  as  freely 
as  1  have  taxed  their  crimes.  Dryden. 

[To  lax  of  a  crime,  is  not  in  use,  nor  to 
tax  for.  Both  are  now  improper.] 
TAX'ABLE,  a.  That  may  be  taxed  ;  liable 
bylaw  to  the  assessment  of  taxes  ;  as  tax- 
able estate.  By  the  laws  of  some  states, 
polls  are  not  taxable  after  the  age  of  seven- 

t.V- 

•i.  That  may  be  legally  charged  by  a  coint 
against  the  plaintif  or  defendant  in  a  suit ; 
as  taxable  costs. 

TAXA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  taxalio.]  A 
taxing  ;  the  act  of  laying  a  tax,  or  of  im- 
posing taxes  on  the  subjects  of  a  state  by 
government,  or  on  the  members  of  a  cor- 
poration or  company  by  the  jiroper  author- 
ity. Taxation  is  probably  the  most  difli- 
cnlt  subject  of  legislation. 

2.  Tax  :  sum  imposed.     [Little  used.] 

Vol.  II. 


He  daily  such  taxations  did  exact — 

Daniel. 

."?.  Charge  ;  accusation.     [Little  used.]    Shak.l 

4.  The  act  of  taxing  or  assessing  a  bill  of 
cost. 

TAX'KD,  pp.  Rated;  assessed;  accused. 

TAX'ER,  n.  One  who  taxes. 

2.  In  Cambridge,  two  officers  chosen  yearly 
to  see  the  true  guage  of  weights  and 
measures  observed.  Cyc. 

TAX'IARCH,  )!.  [(Jr.  taitapxvi't  ^oi^St  or- 
der, and  apxoi,  chief] 

An  Athenian  military  officer  commanding  a 
taxis  or  battalion.  Mitford. 

TAXIDERMY,  n.  [Gr.  roli;,  or<ler,  and 
htpua,  skin.] 

The  art  of  preparing  and  preserving  speci- 
mens of  animals. 

TAX'ING,  ppr.  Imposing  a  tax;  assessing, 
as  a  bill  of  cost;  accusing. 

TAX'ING,  n.  The  act  of  laying  a  tax  ;  tax- 
ation.    Luke  ii. 

TAXON'OMY,  n.  [Gr.  rajij,  order,  and 
lojuoj,  law.] 

Classification  ;  a  term  used  by  a  French  au- 
thor to  denote  the  classification  of  plants. 
Dccandolle,  Theor.  Elem.  de  la  Bolaniiiue.' 

TEA,  II.  [Chinese,  Icha  or  tha.  Grosier.  Russ. 
I. thai  ;  Sp.  le  ;  It. /t;  Vr.  the.] 

1.  The  leaves  of  the  tea-tree  as  dried  and 
imported.  There  are  several  kinds  of  tea, 
as  imperial  tea,  hyson  and  young  hyson, 
called  green  teas ;  souchong  and  bohea, 
called  black  teas,  &c. 

2.  A  decoction  or  infusion  of  tea  leaves  in 
boiling  water.  Tea  is  a  refreshing  bev- 
erage. 

3.  Any  infusion  or  decoction  of  vegetables: 
as  sage  tea  ;  camomile  tea,  &c. 

TE'A-BOARD,  n.  [tea  and  board.]  A  board 
to  put  tea  furniture  on. 

TE'A-CANISTER,  »i.  [/eor  and  cams/er.]  A 
canister  or  box  in  which  tea  is  kept. 

TE'A-€UP,  «.  [lea  Muicxtp.]  A  small  cup  in 
which  tea  i.^  drank. 

TE'ADRINKER,  n.  [tea  and  drinker.] 
One  who  drinks  much  tea. 

TEA-PLANT,  n.  The  tea-tree. 

TE'A-POT,  71.  [<ea  and  pot.]  A  vessel  with 
a  spout,  in, which  tea  is  made,  and  from 
which  it  is  poured  into  tea-cups. 

TE'A-SAUCER,  n.  [tea  and  saucer.]  A 
small  saucer  in  which  a  tea-cup  is  set. 

TE'A-SPOON,  n.  [tea  and  spoon.]  A  small 
spoon  used  in  drinking  tea  and  cofiee. 

TE'A-TABLE,  »i.  [tea  and  table.]  A  table! 
on  which  tea  furniture  is  set,  or  at  which 
tea  is  drank. 

TE'A-TREE,  n.  [tea  and  tree.]  The  tree  or 
plant  that  produces  the  leaves  which  are 
imported  and  called  tea.  The  generic 
name  given  to  it  by  Linne,  isthea.  It  is  a 
native  of  China,  Japan  and  Tonquin,  but 
has  recently  been  introduced  into  S. 
America.  Encyc. 

TEACH,  V.  i.  prct.  and  pp.  taught.  [Sax. 
taean,  to  tcai:h,nut\  to  take ;  L.  doceo;  Ir. 
deaehtnim,  to  teach,  to  dictate;  Gaelic, 
deachdam,  which  seems  to  be  the  L.  dico, 
diclo,  and  both  these  and  the  Gr.  dtixu,  to 
show,  may  be  of  one  family  ;  all  implying' 
sending,  passing,  communicating,  or  rath- 
er leading,  drawing.] 

I.  To  instruct;  to  inform;  to  connnunicate! 
to  another  the  knowledge  of  that  of  which! 
he  was  before  ignorant.  I 

90 


He  will  teach  us  of  his  ways,  and  we  vi'ill 
ivalk  in  bis  paths .     Is.  ii. 

Lord,  teach  us  to  pray,  as  John  also  tavghl 
bis  disciples.     Luke  xi. 

To  deliver  any  doctrine,  art,  principles  or 
words  for  instruction.  One  sect  of  ancient 
philosophers  taught  the  doctrines  of  stoi- 
cism, another  those  of  epicureanism. 

In  vain  tlicy  worship  inc,   teaching  for  doc- 
trines the  coniniandiiicnts  of  men.     Matt.  xv. 
To  tell ;  to  give  intelligence.  Tusser. 

4.  To  instruct,  or  to  practice  the  business  of 
an  instructor ;  to  use  or  follow  the  employ- 
ment of  a  preceptor;  as,  a  man  teaches 
school  for  a  liveliliood. 

5.  To  show ;  to  exhibit  so  as  to  impress  on 
the  mind. 

If  some  men  teach  wicked  things,  it  must  be 
that  others  may  practice  them.  South. 

6.  To  accustom  ;  to  make  familiar. 

They  have  taught  their  tongue  to  speak  lies. 
Jcr.  ix. 

To  inform  or  admonish  ;  to  give  previous 
notice  to. 

For  he  taught  his  disciples,  and  said — 
Mark  ix. 

8.  To  suggest  to  the  mind. 
For  the  Holy   S|>irit  shall  teach  you  in  that 

same  hour  what  ye  ought  to  say.     Luke  xii. 

9.  To  signify  or  give  notice. 

He  teacheth  with  his  fingers.     Prov.  vi. 

10.  To  counsel  and  direct.     Hab.  ii. 

TEACH,  V.  i.  To  practice  giving  instruc- 
tion ;  to  perform  the  business  of  a  pre- 
ceptor. 

The  heads  thereof  judge  for  reward,  and  the 
priests  thereof  (cacft  for  hire.     Mic.  iii. 

TEACH,  n.  [Ir.  Gaelic,  teagham,  to  beat.] 
In  sugar  works,  the  last  boiler. 

Edwards,  ff.  Ind. 

TE'ACHABLE,  a.  That  may  be  taught ; 
apt  to  learn ;  also,  readily  receiving  in- 
struction ;  docile. 

We  ought  to  bring  our  minds  free,  unbiased 
and  teachable,  to  learn  our  religion  from  the 
word  of  God.  Walts. 

TE'ACHABLENESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  capable  of  receiving  instruction ; 
more  generally,  a  willingness  or  readiness 
to  be  informed  and  instructed;  docility; 
aptness  to  learn. 

TEACHER,  n.  One  who  teaches  or  in- 
structs. 

2.  An  instructor  ;  a  preceptor  ;  a  tutor  ;  one 
whose  business  or  occupation  is  to  instruct 
others. 

3.  One  who  instructs  others  in  religion  ;  a 
preacher  ;  a  minister  of  the  gospel. 

The  teachers  in  all  the  churches  assembled 
themselves.  Raleigh. 

4.  One  who  preaches  without  regular  ordi- 
nation. Swift. 

TE'ACHING,  ppr.  Instructing ;  informing. 

TEACHING,  n.  The  act  or  business  of  in- 
structing. 

2.  Instruction. 

TEAD,  >       [L.  la-da.]  A  torch ;  a  flambeau. 

TEDE,  \  "•  [Xot  in  twe.]  Spenser. 

TEAGL'E,  )i.  tceg.  An  Irishman  ;  in  roji- 
tempt.  Johnson. 

TEAK,  }       A  tree  of  the  East  Indies,  wliich 

TEEK,  ^  ■  furnishes  an  abundance  of  ship 
timber.  The  generic  name  given  to  it 
by  Linne,  isTectona.  Cyc. 

TEAL,  n.  [D.  taling.]  An  aquatic  fowl  of 
the  genua  Anas,  the  smallest  of  the  duck 
kind.  Cyc, 


TEA 

TEAM,  n.  [Sax.  team,  offspring,  progeny, 
race  of  descendants,  hence  a  suit  or  long 
series;  tyman,  to  tetm,  to  bear,  to  brnig 
fortli,  also  to  call,  to  summon.  The  pri- 
mary sense  is  to  shoot  out  or  extend.] 

1.  Two  or  more  horses,  oxen  or  other  beasts 
harnessed  together  to  the  same  vehicle 
for  drawing,  as  to  a  coach,  chariot,  wag 
on,  cart,  sled,  sleigh  and  the  like.  It  ha: 
been  a  great  question  whether  learns  ot 
liorses  or  oxen  are  most  advantageously 
employed  in  agriculture.  Inland  free  from 
stones  and  stumps  and  of  easy  tillage,  it  is 
generally  agreed  that  horses  are  prefera- 
ble for  teams. 

2.  Any  number  passing  in   a  line;  a  long 

line. 

Like  a  long  team  of  snowy  swans  on  high. 

Dryden 
[This  is  the  primary  sense,  but  is  rarely 

used.]  ,     ,     1     r-. 

TE'AMSTER,  n.  [team  and  ster.]  One 
who  drives  a  team.  ,  ■,  ,,r     i 

TE'AM-WORK,  n.  [team  unA  work.]  Work 
done  by  a  team,  as  distinguished  from  per- 
sonal labor.  J\rew  England. 

TEAR,  n.  [Gaelic,  dear,  deur ;  Goth,  tafr, 
contracted  in  Sax.  tear;  G.  zahre;  bw. 
(Sr;  Dan.  taare ;  W.  daigyr ;  Gr.  6axpii ; 

from  flowing  or  pouring  forth ;  Ar.   o  L  j 

tauka,  to  burst  forth,  as  tears,  or   oi^ 
See  Class  Dg. 


wadaka,  to  drop  or  distil. 
No.  16.  24.  and  48.  03.] 
1.  Tears  are  the  limpid  fluid  secreted  by  the 
lacryinal  gland,  and  appearing  in  the  eyes, 
or  flowing  from  them.     A  tear,  in  the  sin- 
gular, is  a  drop  or  a  small  quantity  of  that 
fluid.     Tears  are  excited  by  pas.sions,  par- 
ticularly by  grief.     This  fluid  is  also  called 
forth  by  any   injury  done  to  the  eye.     It 
.serves  to  moisten  the  cornea  and  iireserve 
its  transparency,  and  to  remove  any  dust 
or  fine  substance  that  enters  the  eye  and 
gives  pain. 
a.  Something  in  the  form  of  a  transparent 

drop  of  fluid  matter. 
TEAR,  v.t.  pret.  (ore;  pp.  torn;    old  pret. 
tare,  obs.  [Sax.   ta:ran,  to  tear ;  tiran,  ty- 
ran,  tyrian,  txjrigan,   to  fret,  gnaw,   pro- 
voke ;  Russ.  deru,  to  tear.     In  Sw.  thra  is 
to  fret,  consume,  waste ;  Dan.  tarer,  iil. 
D.teeren,  G.  zehren,  id.     These  are  proba- 
bly the  same  word  varied  in  signification, 
and  they  coincide  with  L.  tero,  Gr.  rsipu. 
In  W.  tori,   Arm.  torri.   Corn,  terhi,  is   to 
break  ;  Ch.  Syr.  J?in,  to  tear,  to  rend.  Class 
Dr.  No.  43.  51.] 
I.  To  separate  by  violence   or  pulling  ;  to 
vend ;  to  lacerate  ;  as,  to  tear  cloth  ;  to  tear 
a  garment ;  to  tear  the  skin  or  flesh.     We 
use  tear  and  n>  in  difterent  senses.     To 
tear  is  to  rend  or  separate  the   texture  of 
cloth  ;  to   riji  is  to   open  a  seam,  to  sejia- 
rate  parts  sewed  together. 
ii.  To  wound  ;  to  lacerate. 

The  women  heal  their  breasts,   their  cheeks 

they  tear.  Shak. 

a.  To  rend ;  to  break  ;    to  form  fissures  by 

any  violence  ;  as,  torrents  tear  the  ground. 

Dryden. 
4.  To  divide  by  violent  measures ;  to  shat- 
ter ;  to  rend ;  as  a  slate  or  government 
.     <e»r»  bv  factions.  Locke. 


TEA 

5.  Topull  with  violence;  as,  to /ear  the  hair. 

Dryden. 

6.  To  remove  by  violence;  to  break  up. 
Or  on  rough  seas  I'roui  their  foundation  torn. 

Dryden. 

7.  To  make  a  violent  rent. 
In  the  midst,  a  tearing  groan  did  break 
The  name  of  Antony.  Shak. 

To  tear  from,  to  separate  and  take  away  by 
force  ;  as  an  isle  torn  from  its  possessor. 
The  hand  of  fate 
Has  tnrn  thee /fom  uie.  Addison. 

To  tear  off,  to  pull  off  by  violence  ;  to  strip. 

To  tear  out,  to  pull  or  draw  out  by  violence  ; 
as,  to  tear  out  the  eyes. 

To  tear  up,  to  rip  up ;  to  remove  from  a  fix 
ed  state  by  violence;  as,  to  tear  up  a 
floor ;  to  tear  up  the  foundations  of  gov 
ernment  or  order. 

TEAR,  V.  i.  To  rave;  to  rage;  to  rant;  to 
move  and  act  with  turbulent  violence;  as 
a  mad  bull.  VEstrange 

iTEAR,  71.  A  rent ;  a  fissure.     [I.t(((e  used. 

TEARER,  n.  One  who  tears  or  rends  any 

tl'i'ig-  .  ,      .  , 

•2    One  that  rages  or  raves  with  violence. 

TE'AR-FALLING,  a.  [tear  anA fall.]  Shed- 
ding tears  ;  tender  ;   as  tear-falling  pity. 

Shak. 

TE'ARFUL,  a.  [tear  anA  fuU.]  Abounding 
with  tears  ;  weeping ;  shedding  tears  ;  as 
tearful  eves.  Shak. 

TEARING,  ppr.  [from  «eor,  to  rend.]  Reud 
ing  ;  pulling   apart ;    lacerating  ;  violent ; 
raging.  . 

TE'ARLESS,  a.  Shedding  no  tears;  with- 
out tears;  unfeeling.  Sandys 

TEASE,  V.  t.  5  as  =.  [Sax.  twsan,  to  pull  or 

tear.] 
1.  To  comb  or  card,  as  wool  or  flax 


2.  To  scratch,  as  cloth  in  dressing,  lor  the 
purpose  of  raising  a  nap. 

3.  To  vex  with  importunity  or  imperti- 
nence; to  harass,  annoy,  disturb  or  irri- 
tate by  petty  requests,  or  by  jests  and  rail- 
lery. Parents  are  often  teased  by  then- 
children  into  unreasonable  comphances. 

My  friends  tease  me  about  him,  because  he 
has  no  estate.  S/mtator 

TE'ASED,  pp.  Carded. 
2.  Vexed  ;  irritated  or  annoyed. 
'TE'ASEL,n.lee'zl.[Sax.tasl.]  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Dipsacus,  one  kind  of  which  bears 
a  large  burr  which  is  used  for  raising  a 
nap  on  woolen  cloth.     Hence, 
!2.  The  burr  of  the  plant. 
TE'ASELER,  n.  One  who  uses  the  teasel 
for  raising  a  naji  on  cloth.  Kelham 

TE'ASER,  n.  One  that  teases  or  vexes. 
TE'ASING,      ppr.      Combing  ;     carding , 
scratching  for  the  purpose  of  raising    a 
nap;  vexing  with  importunity. 
TEAT,  I       [Sax.  tit,  tilt,  as  it  is  usu.illy  pro- 
TIT        s"'  nounced  to  this  day;  G.:i(:c; 
D.   td  ;    W.   tHh ;    Corn,    tili ;    Ir.    did  ;\ 
Basque,    tilia;     Gaelic,    did;    Fr.    teton,,^ 
breast.  It.  tetta  ;  Port.  Sp.  tela  ;  Gr.  firOos 
It  coincides  with  (oo(/i,  teeth  in  elements, 
and  radical  sense,  which  is  a  shoot.] 
The  projecting  part  of  the   female  breast ; 
the  dug  of  a  beast ;  the  |iap  of  a  woman  ; 
the  nipple.     It  consists  of  an  clastic  erec- 
tile substance,  embracing  the  lactiferous 
ducts,  which  terminate  on  its  surface,  and 
thus  serves  to  convey  milk  to  the  young 
of  animals. 


TED 

iTE.4THE,  n.  The  sod   or  fertility  left  on 
i     land.'' by  feeding  them.     [Local.] 
iTEATllE,  V.  t.  To  feed  and  enrich  by  live 
I     stock.     [Local.] 

TECH'ILY,  adv.  [from  (fr%,  so  written  for 
touchy.]     Peevishly  ;  fretfully  ;  frowardly. 
iTECIl'INESS,  )!.  Peevishness;  fretfulness. 
j  Bp.  Hall. 

TECll'NIe,        ?      [L.  technicus;  Gr.  nx- 
TE€U'NI€AL,  5    ■  iixoj,  from  r[X''r;,  art,  ar- 
tifice, from  tivx'^,  to  labricate,  make  or 
prepare.     This  word  and  taseu  have  the 
same  elements.] 
t.  Pertaining  to  art  or  the  arts.     A  technical 
word  is  a  word   that  belongs  properly  or 
exclusively  to  an  art ;  as  the  verb  to  smelt, 
belongs  to  metallurgy.     So   we  say,  tech- 
nical phrases,  technical   language.     Every 
artificer  has  his  technical  terms. 
Belonging  to  a  particular  profession;  as, 
the  words  of  an  indictment  must  be  tech- 
nical. Btackstone,  Index. 
It  is  of  the  utmost  importance  clearly  to  un- 
derstand the  teclmical  terms  used   by  the   east- 
ern theologians.  Prof.  Lee. 
TECH'NI€ALLy,  adv.  In  a  technical  man- 
ner;   according   to    the    signification    of 
terms  of  art  or  the  professions. 
:TEC1I'NI€ALNESS,  ^       The  quality    or 
TEClINIeAL'ITV,     \       state    of     being 
technical  or  peculiar  to  tlie  arts.     Forsler. 
TECH'NIeS,  n.    Tlie   doctrine  of  arts   in 
general ;  such  branches  of  learning  as  re- 
spect the  arts. 
jTECHNOLOG'ICAL,  a.  [See  Technology.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  technology. 
Beddoes.     Tooke. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  arts;  as  technological 
institutes.  Journ.  of  Science. 

TE€HNOL'OgIST,  n.  One  who  discourses 
or  treats  of  arts,  or  of  the  terras  of  art. 

TECHNOLOGY,  n.  [Gr.  nx";,  art,  and 
Tioyos,  word  or  discourse.] 

1.  A  description  of  arts;  or  a  treatise  on  the 
arts. 

2.  An  explanation  of  the  terras  of  the  arts. 

Crabbe. 

iTECH'Y,  a.  [so  written  for  touchy.]    Peev- 

ish ;    fretful ;    irritable.     [More   correctly 
1     touchy.]  Shak. 

|TE€T0N'IC,  a.  [Gr.nxropixo;,  fromr£v;i;u, 

to  fabricate.] 
Pertaining  to  building.  Bailey. 

TED,  V.  t.  [W.  ted  and  tez,  [telh,]  a  spread  ; 

tedu,lo  distend.] 
Among  farmers,   to   spread ;    to   turn   new 

mowed  grass  from  ihe  swath,  and  scatter 

it  for  drying.     [Local.] 

Mortimer.     Milton. 

TED'DED,  pp.  Spread  from  the  swath  ;  as 
tedded  grass.  Milton. 

TED'DER,  71.  [VV.  tid,  a  chain;  Ir.  lead, 
teidin  ;  Gaelic,  lead,  teidin,  teud,  a  chain, 
cord  or  rope  ;  Sw.  liuder ;  probably  from 
extending.     See  Ted.] 

1.  A  rope  or  chain  by  which  an  animal  is 
tied  that  he  may  feed  on  the  ground  to 
the  extent  of  the  rope  and  no  further. 
Hence  the  iiopular  saying,  a  person  has 
gone  to  the  length  of  his  tedder. 

•2.  That  by  whicli  one  is  restrained.      Child. 

TEDDER,  v.t.  To  tie  with  a   tedder;  to 

:     ix-rmit  to  feed  to  the  length  of  a  rope  o\ 

\     cliniii. 

'2.  To  restrain  to  certain  limits. 


TEE 

Te  deum,  a  hymn  to  be  fiing  in  churches  or 
on  o(-i:asi()iis  of  joy ;  so  called  from  tlie 
first  vvorrls. 

7'e  deum  was  sung  at  St.  Paul's  after  the  vic- 
tory. Bacon. 

TE'OioUS,  a.  [Sp.  It.  iedioso,  from  tedio, 
h.tadium;  probably  coiniecteil  vvitli  VV. 
ted,  tedder,  from  tUe  sense  of  drawing 
out.] 

1.  Wearisome;  tiresome  from  continuance, 
jn-olixity,  or  slowness  which  causes  pro- 
lixity. "Wc  suy,  a  man  is  tedious  in  relat- 
ing a  srorv  ;  a  minister  is  tedious  in  his 
sermon.  "We  say  also,  a  discourse  is  tedi- 
ous, when  it  wearies  by  its  length  or  dull- 
ness. 

2.  Slow;  as  a /(;di"o«.? course.  Ilnrtr. 
TEDIOUSLY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner  as 

to  wrary. 
TE'DIOLfSNESS,    71.    Wearisomeness   by 

lengtli  of  (toMlinuance  or  by  prolixity  ;  as 

the  tediousiicss  of  an  oration  or  argument. 
2.  Prolixity  ;  lengtb.  Sliak. 

8.  Tiresomeness;  quality   of  wearying;   as 

the  tediousncss  ot' delay. 
4.  Slowness  that  wearies. 
TE'DIIIM,  n.    [L.  txdium.]    Irksomeness ; 

weiirisomeness.  Cuwper. 

TEEM,  V.  i.   [Sax.  tyman,  to  bring  forth,  to 

bear  ;  team,  oftspring  ;  also  tytnan,  teaman, 

to  call,  to  summon ;  D.  teemen,  to  whine, 

to  cant,  that  is,  to  tbrow.] 

1.  To  bring  forth,  as  young. 

If  she  must  teem. 
Create  iier  cliilJ  of  spleen —  Shuk. 

2.  To  be  i)regnant ;  to  conceive  ;  to  engen- 
der youii;;. 

Teeming  buds  and  cheerful  greens  appear. 

Dryilen 
2.  To  be  full ;  to  be  charged  ;  as  a  breeding 
animal ;  to  be  prolific.     Every  head  Iceins 
with  politics.  Addison. 

4.  To  bring  forth  ;  to  produce,  particularly 
in  abundance.  The  earth  teems  with  fruits : 
the  sea  teetns  with  fishes. 
TEEM,  V.  t.  To  produce  ;  to  bring  forth. 
What's  the  newest  grief? 
Each  minute  treins  a  new  one.  Shak. 

[This  transitive  sense  is  not  common.] 
2.  To  pour.     [.\'ot  in  use.]  Swift. 

TF^E'lilER,  n.  One  that  brings  forth  youns. 
TF.E''.MFyL,  a.  Pregnant;  prolific. 
2.  Hrimfiij.  Jlinsworth. 

TEE'MIN'G,  ppr.  Producing  young. 
TEK'MLESS,  a.    Not  fruitfui   or   prolific; 
barren  ;  as  the  teeinless  earth.         Drydcn 
TEEN,    n.    [infra.]    Grief;  sorrow.     [JVot 
in  use.]  Spenser. 

TEEN,  V.  t.  [Sax.  leonctn,  tynan,  to  irri- 
tate.] To  excite  ;  to  provoke.  [.Voi  iri 
use.] 

TEENS,  n.  [from  teen,  ten.]  The  years  of 
one's  age  reckoneil  by  the  termination 
teen.  These  years  begin  with  thirteen,  and 
end  with  nineteen.  Miss  is  in  her  teens. 
TEETH,  ptu.  of  tooth,  which  see. 
Jn  the  teetli,  directly  ;  in  direct  opposition  ; 
in  front. 

Nor  strive  with  all  the  tempest  in  my  teeth. 

Pope 

TEETH,  I'.  {.  [from  the   noun.]     To  breed 

teeth. 
TEETHING,  ppr.  Breeding  teeth  ;  uoder- 

goiiig  dentition. 
TEE'THINCJ,  11.  The  operation  or  process 

of  the  first  growth  of  teeth,  or  the  process 


TEL 

by  which  they  make   their  way   through 
the  gums,  called  dentition. 
TEG'ilLAIl,  0.  [L.  <e^i(Katile,  from  tego, 

to  cover  or  make  close.] 
Pertaining  to  a  tile  ;  resembling  a  tile  ;  con- 
sisting of  tiles. 

adv.  In  the  mannerof  tiles 

Kinvan. 

n.    [L.  tegumenlum,   from 


TEL 


TELESMAT'IC, 
TELESM.VT'leAL, 


\- 


TEG'ULARLY 

on  a  roof. 
TEGUMENT, 

tego,  to  cover. 

A  cover  or  covering;  seldom  used  except  in 
reference  to  the  covering  of  a  living  body. 
[See  Integzimrnf.] 

TEH-HEE,  a  sound  made  in  laughing. 

TEH-HEE,  r.  i.  To  laugh.     [A  cant  word.] 

TEir,,  I       [L.tilia;    Ir.  leile.]   The 

TEIL-TREE,  \  "*  lime  tree,  otherwise  call- 
ed the  linden. 

TEINT,  71.  [Fr.  leint,  from  teindre,  L.  lingo, 
to  dye.]     Color  ;  tinge.     [See  Tint.] 

TEL'ARY,  a.  [L.  <eto,  a  web.]  Pertaining 
to  a  web. 

2.  Spinning  webs  ;  as  a  <da);y  spider.  [Littte 
used.]  Brown. 

PEL'EGRAPH,  n.  [Gr.  r»;^f,  at  a  distance, 
anil  ypcKfiuj,  to  write.] 

\  machine  for  communicating  intelligence 
from  a  distance  by  various  signals  or 
movements  previously  agreed  on  ;  which 
gignals  represent  letters,  words  or  ideas 
which  can  be  transmitted  from  one  station 
to  anotluir,  as  far  as  the  signals  can  be 
seen.  This  machine  was  invented  by  the 
French  about  the  year  17iW  or  17i'4,  and 
is  now  adopted  by  other  nations.  Cyc. 

TELEGRAPH'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  tel- 
egraph ;  made  by  a  telegraph  ;  as  tele- 
graphic movements  or  signals  ;  telegraphic 
art. 

2.  Communicated  by  a  telegraph;  as  We- 
grnpliic  intelligence. 

TKLEOI/OgY,  n.  [Gr.  rrtoj,  end,  am 
?.ry)-r);,  discourse.] 

The  science  of  the  final  causes  of  things. 

TEL'ESCOPE,  n.  [Fr.  from  Gr.i-fXos,  end, 
or  rij^f,  at  a  distance,  probably  the  latter, 
and  axontio,  to  see;  It.  S\t.  telescopio.] 

An  optical  instrument  employed  in  viewing 
distant  objects,  as  the  heavenly  bodies.  It 
assists  the  eye  chiefly  in  two  ways  ;  first, 
by  enlarging  the  visual  angle  under  which 
a  distant  object  is  seen,  anil  thus  magnify- 
ing that  object;  and  secondly,  by  collect- 
ing and  conveying  to  the  eye  a  larger 
beam  of  light  than  would  enter  the  naked 
organ,  and  thus  rendering  objects  distinct 
and  vi.sible  which  would  otherwise  be  in 
distinct  or  invisible.  Its  essential  parts 
are  the  olijcct  glass,  which  collects  the 
beam  of  liiibt  and  forms  an  image  of  the 
object,  and  the  eye  glass,  which  is  a  mi- 
croscope by  which  the  image  is  magnified. 

n.  Olmsted. 

TEL'ES€OPE-SHELL,  n.  In  conchology, 
a  species  of  turbo  with  plane,  striated  and 
numerous  spires.  Cyc. 

TELESeOP'lC,        ?       Pertaining  to  a  tel 

TELESCOP'iCVL,  I  "'  escope  ;  performed 
by  a  telescope  ;  as  a  telescopic  view. 

2.  Seen  or  discoverable  only  by  a  telescope  ; 
as  telescopic  stars. 

TELE'SIA,  )i.  Sapphire.  Ure 

TEL'ESM,  n.  [Ar.]  A  kind  of  amulet  or 
magical  charm.  Gregory. 


Pertaining  to  tcI' 
asms;  magical. 

ilregory. 
TELES'TIC,  n.  [Gr.  rt^oj,  end,  and  s^xoi, 

a  verse.] 
A  poem    in    which  the  final  letters  of  the 
lines  make  a  name. 

Paus.  Trans.  B.  Jonson. 
TELL,  I'.  /.  pret.  and  jip.  told.  [Sax.  /e«a)i  ; 
G.  zalden ;  D.  tellen,  to  count,  number  or 
tell;  iJaii.  te/er,  to  count;  taler,  to  talk, 
speak,  reason;  Sw.  tala,  to  speak,  to  talk; 
tal,  talk,  discourse,  speech,  number  ;  Dan. 
tale,  lee.  tala,  id.     The  primary  sense  is  to 

throw   or  drive,  L.  <eZum,  Ar.   ji    dalla. 
Class  Dl.  No.  6.  So  L.  apptUo  and  ptd,  L. 
pello,  (Jr.  ^a\7M.] 
\.  To  utter  ;  to  express  in  words  ;  to   com- 
nninicate  to  others. 

1   will   not   cat  till   I  have  told  my   errand. 
Gen.  xxiv. 

2.  To  relate  ;  to  narrate  ;  to  rehearse  par- 
ticulars; as,  to  tell  a  story.       Gen.  xxxvii. 

And  not  a  inau  appears  to  tell  their  fate. 

Pope. 

3.  To  teach  ;  to  inform  ;  to  make  known  ; 
to  show  by  words.     Tell  us  the  way. 

Why  didst  thou  not  tell  lue  that  she  was  tliy 
wife  ?     Geii.  xii. 

4.  To  discover  ;  to  disclose  ;  to  betray. 
'Hiey  will  tell  it   to  the   inhabitants  of  tliis 

land.     Num.  xiv. 

5.  To  count;  to  number. 
Look  now  towards  heaven,  and  tell  the  stars. 

Gen.  XV. 
(i.  To  relate  in  confession  ;  to  confessor  ac- 
knowledge. 

Tell  me  now   what  thou  hast  done.     Josh, 
vii. 
To  publish. 

Tell  it  not  in  Gatli.     2  Sam.  i. 
To  unfold;  to  interpret ;  to  explain.  Ezek. 
[     xxiv. 

9.  To  make  excuses. 
I  Tush,  never  tell  me.  \_A~ot  elegant.'^     Shak. 

10.  To  make  known. 
Our  feelings  tell  us  how  long  they  ought  to 

have  submitted.  Jum'tu. 

U.  To  discover ;  to  find;  to  discern.  The 
colors  are  so  blended  that  I  cannot  tell 
where  one  ends  and  the  other  begins. 

Tell,  though  eijuivalent  in  some  respects  to 
speak  and  say,  has  not  always  the  same 
application.  We  say,  to  tell  this,  that  or 
what,  to  tell  a  story,  to  tell  a  word,  to  tell 
truth  or  falsehood,  to  tell  a  number,  to 
tell  the  reasons,  to  tell  something  or  noth- 
ing; but  we  never  say,  to  tell  a  speech, 
discourse  or  oration,  or  to  tell  an  argument 
or  a  lesson.  It  is  much  used  in  commands. 
Tell  me  the  whole  story  ;  tell  me  all  you 
know,  or  all  that  was  said.  Tell  has  fre- 
(|Mently  the  sense  of  narrate  ;  which  speak 
and  say  have  not. 

TELL,  V.  i.  To  give  an  account;  to  make 
report. 

— That  I  may  publish  with  the  voice  of 
thanksgiving,  and  tell  of  all  thy  wondrous 
works      I's.  xxvi. 

To  tell  of,   I  to  inform.     You  must  not  diso- 

To  tell  on,  \  hey  ;  I  will  tell  of  you  if  you  do. 
This  is  a  common  popular   use   of  the 
word.    To  tell  on,  is  quite  vulgar  as  well 
as  improper. 

TELL'ER,  n.  One  that  tells,  relates  or 
communicates  the  knowledge  of  some- 
thing. 


T  E  M 


3.  One  who  numbers. 
3    In  the  exchequer  of  England,  there   are 

four  officers  called  tdkr3,  whose  business 
is  to  receive  all  moneys  due  to  the  crown, 
and  throw  down  a  bill  through  a  pipe  intoj 
the  tally-court,  where  it  is  received  by  the 
auditor's  clerks,  who  write  the  words  ofi 
the  bill  on  a  tally,  and  deliver  it  to  be  en-, 
tered  by  the  clerk  of  the  pell.  The  tallyj 
is  then  spht  by  the  two  deputy  chamber- 
lains, who  have  their  seals,  and  while  the 
senior  deputy  reads  the  one  part,  the  junior| 
examines  the  other  with  the  other  two 
clerks.  [This  word  is  supposed  to  be 
from  tally,  being  in  ancient  records  written 
lallier.]  Cyc. 

4.  An  officer  of  a  bank,  who  receives  and 
pays  money  on  checks. 

TEL'LINITE,  n.  [from  tellina,  a  genus  of 
testaceous  animals.] 

Petrified  or  fossil  shells  of  the  genus  Tellina. 

Kirwan. 

TELL' -TALE,  a.  Telling  tales ;  babbling. 

Shak. 

TELL' -TALE,  n.  [tell  and  tale.]  One  who 
officiously  communicates  infortnation  of 
the  private  concerns  of  individuals;  one 
who  tells  that  which  prudence  should  sup- 
press, and  which  if  told,  often  does  mis- 
chief among  neighbors.        Milton.     Shak. 

2.  A  movable  piece  of  ivory  or  lead  on  a 
chamber  organ,  that  gives  notice  when 
the  wind  is  exhausted.  Busby. 

3.  In  seamanship,  a  small  piece  of  wood, 
traversing  in  a  groove  across  the  front  ofl 
the  poop  deck,  and  which,  by  communi-j 
eating  with  a  small  barrel  on  the  axis  ofi 
the  steering  wheel,  indicates  the  situation 
of  the  helm.  Mar.  Diet. 

TEL'LURATE,  n.  A  compound  of  telluri 
>mi  and  a  base. 

TEL'LURETED,  a.  Tellureted  hydrogen  is 
hydrogen  combined  with  tellurium  in  a 
gaseous  form.  Ure. 

TELLU'RIUM,  n.  A  metal  recently  discov- 
ered by  Klaproth,  combined  with  gold 
and  silver  in  the  ores,  and  received  from 
the  bannat  of  Temeswar.  The  ores  are 
denominated  native,  graphic,  yellow,  and 
hlack.  The  native  tellurium  is  of  a  color 
between  tin  and  silver,  and  sometimes  in- 
clines to  a  steel  gray.  The  graphic  tellu- 
rium is  steel  gray ;  but  sometimes  white, 
yellow  or  lead  gray.  These  ores  are 
found  massive  or  crystalized.  Cyc. 

TEM'ACHIS,  n.  [Gr.  ■rt/«i;i:o{,  a  piece.]  A 
genus  of  fossils  of  the  class  of  gypsums, 
softer  than  others,  and  of  a  bright  glitter- 
ing hue.  Cyc. 
TEMERA'RIOUS,  a.  [Fr.  temeraire ;  L. 
lemerarius;  from  the  root  of  time,  tempest, 
which  see.  The  sense  is  rushing  or  ad- 
vancing forward.] 

1.  Rash  ;  headstrong ;  unreasonably  adven- 
turous; despising  danger;  as  temerarious 
folly.  L'Estrange 

2.  Careless ;  heedless  ;  done  at  random  ;  as 
the  temerarious  dash  of  an  unguided  pen. 
\This  word  is  not  much  used.]  Ray. 

TEMERA'RIOUSLY,    adv.   Rashly;  with 

excess  of  boldness.  Swift. 

TEMER'ITY,  n.  [L.  temeritas ;  properly  a 

rushing  forward.] 
1.  Rashness ;    unreasonable     contempt    of 

danger ;  as  the  temerity  of  a  commander 

in  war. 


T  E  M 

boy  showed  a  great  deal  o{  temper  when  I 
leproved  him. 

So  we  say,  a  man  of  violent  temper, 
when  we  speak  of  his  irritability.  [This 
use  o/' the  word  is  common,  though  a  devia- 
tion from  its  original  and  genuine  mean- 

erate  ;  It.  tcmperare  ;  Sp.  templar,  to  tem-  jg.  The  state  of  a  metal,  particularly  as  to  its 
per,  to  soften  or  moderate,  to  anneal,  as,i     hardness;  as  the  tcHiper  of  iron  or  steel. 
glass,  to  tune  an  instrument,  to  trim  sails  \  Sharp. 

7.  Middle  course  ;  mean  or  medium.     Swifl. 

8.  In  sugar  works,  white  lime  or  other  sub 
i     stance  stirred  into  a  clarifier  filled  witi 
I     cane-juice,  to  neutralize  the  superabund- 
ant acid.  Edwards,  W.  Indies. 


T  E  M 

Extreme  boldness. 
The  fiourus  are  bold  even  to  temerity.  \ 

'  Cowley.^ 

TEM'IN,  n.  A  money  of  account  in  Algiers,| 

equivalent   to  2  carubes,   or    29    aspers, 

about  ;J4  cents,  or  lid.  sterling.  Cyc. 

TEM'l'ER,  V.  t.  [L.  tempera,  to  mix  or  mod 


to  the  wind  ;  Fr.  tempercr,  to  temper,  allay 
or  abate  ;  W.  tymperu,  to  temper,  to  mol- 
lify ;  tym,  space  ;  tymp,  enlargement,  birth, 
season.  The  latter  unites  this  word  with 
time,  the  primary  sense  of  which  is  to  fall 


to  rush,  and  to  temper  may  be  primarily  to.TEM'PERAMEXT,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  lemper- 
restrain,  to  lay  or  allay,  to  cause  to   sub- L     amentum.] 

side.]  ||1.  Constitution ;  state  with   respect  to   the 

ualifies  the 


To  mix  so  that   one   part   <| 
other;  to  bring  to  a  moderate  state ;  as, 
to  temper  iusl'we  with  mercy.  Mdton.n 

To  compound;  to  form  by  mixture;  to, 
qualify,  as  by  an  ingredient ;  or  in  general,;, 
to  mi.v,  unite  or  combine  two  or  more  things  2. 
so  as  to  reduce  the  excess  of  the  qualities|l 
of  either,  and  bring  the  whole  to  the  de- 
sired consistence  or  state. 

Thou  shall  make  it  a  perfume,  a  confection 
after  the  art  of  the  apothecary,  tempered  to- 
gether, pure  and  holy.  Ex.  xxx. 
3.  To  unite  in  due  proportion  ;  to  render 
symmetrical ;  to  adjust,  as  parts  to  each 
other. 

God  hath  tempered  the  body  together.  1  Cor. 
xii. 
To  accoinraodate ;  to  modify. 

Thy  sustenance   serving  to   the   appetite  of 
Oie  eater,  tempered  itself  to  every  man's  liking 

ffisdom 
5.  To   soften  ;   to   mollify ;   to  assuage  ;  to 
soothe ;  to  calm ;  to  reduce  any  violence 
or  excess. 

Solon — labored  to  temper  the  warlike  courages 
ot  the  Athenians  with  sweet  delights  of  learn- 
ing. Spenser. 
Woman  !  nature  made  thee 
To  temper  man  ;  we  had  been  brutes  with- 
out you.  Otwai/. 
To  form  to  a  proper  degree  of  hardness  ; 
as,  to  temper  iron  or  steel. 

The  temper'd  metals  clash,  and  yield  a  silver 
sound.  Dryden. 

7.  To  govern  ;  a  Latinism.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 
In  music,  to  modify  or  amend  a  false  or 
imperfect  concord  by  transferring  to  it  a 


predominance  of  any  quality  ;  as  the  tevi- 
perament  of  the  body. 

Bodies  are  denominated  hot  and  cold,  in  pro- 
portion to  the  present  temperament  of  that  part 
of  our  body  to  which  they  are  applied.  Locke. 
Medium;  due  mixture  of  different  quali- 
ties. 

The  common  law — has  reduced  the  kingdom 
to  its  just  state  and  temperament.  Hale. 

In  )»!(ste,  temperament  is  an  operation 
which,  by  means  of  a  slight  alteration  in 
the  intervals,  causes  the  difference  be- 
tween two  contiguous  sounds  to  disappear, 
and  makes  each  of  theiri  appear  identical 
with  the  other.  Rousseau. 

Temperament  is  the  accommodation  or 
adjustment  of  the  imperfect  sounds,  by 
transferring  a  part  of  their  defects  to  the 
more  perfect  ones,  to  remedy  in  part  the 
false  intervals  of  instruments  of  fixeil 
sounds,  as  the  organ,  harpsichord,  forte 
piano,  &.C.  Busby. 

The  harshness  of  a  given  concord  increases 
with  the  temperament.  Prof,  f^isher. 

TEMPERAMENTAL,    a.    Constitutional. 
[JVot  tnueh  used.]  Brown. 

TEM'PERANCE,  n.   [Fr.  from  L.  temper- 

anlia,  from  tempero.] 
I.  Moderation;  particidarly,  habitual  mod- 
eration in  regard  to  the  indulgence  of  the 
natural  appetites  and  passions  ;  restrained 
or  moderate  indulgence  ;  as  temperance  in 
eating  and  drinking  ;  temperance  in  the  in- 
dulgence of  joy  or  mirth.  Temperance  in 
eating  and  drinking  is  opposed  to  gluttony 
and  drunkenness,  and  in  other  indulgences, 
to  evccss. 


part  of  the  beauty  of  a  perfect  one,  that  is, j  2.  Patience  ;  calmness  ;   sedateness  ;    mod- 
by  dividing  the  tones.  Cyc.K     eration  of  passion. 

TEM'PER,     n.    Due   mixture  of  different!  He  calm'd  his  wratli  with  goodly  (empoance. 

qualities;  or  the  state  of  any  compound;       [Unusual.]  Spenser. 

substance  which  results  from  the  m'xturei,j,j,jj,pgj^^^^g    ^     fj^  tcmperatus.]    Mod- 

erate;  not  excessive;  as  temperate  heat; 


of  various  ingredients ;  as  the  temper   o 
mortar. 

2.  Constitution  of  body.  [In  this  sense  we 
more  generally  use  temperament.] 

3.  Disposition  of  mind;  the  constitution  of| 
the  mind,  particularly  with  regard  to  the! 
passions  and  affections  ;  as  a  calm  temper  ;j 
a  hasty  temper ;  a  fretful  temper.  This  is 
applicable  to  beasts  as  well  a.t  to  man. 

Remember  with  what  mild 
And   gracious    temper  he   both   heard    and 
judg'd.  .miton. 

Calmness  of  mind  ;  moderation. 

Restore     yourselves     unto     your    tempers 


a  temperate  climate  ;  temperate  air.   Bacon. 

2.  Moderate  in  the  indulgence  of  the  appe- 
tites and  passions  ;  as  temperate  in  eating 
and  drinking  ;  temperate  in  pleasures ; 
temperate  in  speech. 

Be  sober  and   temperate,   and   you  will  be 
healthy.  Franklin. 

3.  Cool ;  calm ;  not  marked  with  passion  ; 
not  violent ;  as  a  temperate  discourse  or 
address ;  temperate  language. 

4.  Proceeding  from  temperance  ;  as  temper- 
ate sleep.  Pope. 


fathers.  B.  Jonson.,^.  Free  from  ardent  passion. 

To  fall  with  dignity,  with  temper  rise.  Poj>c.\  g|,g  j^  qqi  j,,,,   bu,  temperate  as  the  morn. 

Heat  of  mind  or  passion ;  irritation.    Tlie;l  S^"*"'- 


T  E  M 


T  E  M 


T  E  M 


Temperate  zone,  the  space  on  the  earth  be- 
tween the  tropics  anil  the  ])olar  circles, 
when;  the  heat  is  less  than  in  the  tropics, 
and  tlic  colli  less  than  in  the  polar  circles, 

TEMPERATELY,  adv.  Moderately  ;  with- 
ont  excess  or  extravagance. 

2.  Calmly;  without  violence  of  passion;  as, 
to  reprove  one  temperately. 

3.  Witn  moderate  force. 

Winds  lliat  temperately  blow.  Addison 

TEM'PERATENESS,  n.  Moderation ; 
freedom  from  excess  ;  as  the  temperateness 
of  the  weather  or  of  a  climate. 

2.  C'ulmness;  coolness  of  mind.  Daniel. 

TEM'PrOR.\TIVE,  a.  Having  the  power 
or  qnality  of  ti;mpering. 

TEMPERATURE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  «em;)er- 
atura.] 

J.  In  physics,  the  state  of  a  body  with  regard 
to  heat  or  cold,  as  indicated  liy  the  ther- 
mometer; or  the  degree  of  free  caloric 
which  a  body  possesses,  when  compared 
with  other  bodies.  Wlien  a  body  applied 
to  another,  either  excites  the  sensation  otj 
heat,  or  expands  that  body,  we  say  it  is  of 
a  higher  temperature  ;  that  is,  it  possesses, 
more  free  caloric.  When  it  excites  the' 
sensation  of  cold,  or  contracts  another 
body,  it  is  said  to  be  of  a  lower  temperature. 
Thus  we  speak  of  the  temperature  of  air, 
of  water,  of  a  climate,  &c. ;  two  countries 
of  the  same  temperature. 

2.  Constitution;  state;  degree  of  any  qual 
ity. 

Memory  depends  upon  the  consistence   and 
temperature  of  the  brain.  IVatts 

3.  Moderation ;  freedom  from  immoderate 
passions. 

la   that   proud   port,  which   her   so   goodly 

graceth. 
Most  goodly  temperature  you  may  descry. 

[Ab<  in  use.}  Spenser. 

TEM'PERED,  pp.  Duly  mixed  or  modified  ; 
reduced  to  a  proper  state  ;  softened  ;  al 
layed  ;  hardened. 

2.  Adjusted  by  musical  temperament. 

3.  a.  Disposed  ;  as  a  well  tempered,  good  tem- 
pered, or  bad  tempered  man. 

TEM'PERING,  /rpr.  .'Mixing  and  qualify- 
ing ;  qualifying  by  mixture  ;  softening  ; 
mollifying  ;  reducing  to  a  state  of  moder- 
ation ;  hardening. 

TEM'PEST,  n.  [h't:  tempete  ;  L.  tcmpestas  ; 
Sp.  tempestad  ;  It.  tempesta  ;  from  L.  tern- 
pus,  time,  season.  The  primary  sense  of 
lempus,  time,  is  a  falling,  or  that  which 
falls,  comes  or  hai)pens,  from  some  verb 
which  signifies  to  fall  or  come  suddenly, 
or  rather  to  drive,  to  rush.  Tivie  is  prop- 
erly a  coming,  a  season,  that  which  pre- 
sents itself,  or  is  present.  The  sense  ofi 
tempest,  is  from  the  sense  of  rushing  or 
driving.     See  Temerity  and  Temerarious.\ 

1.  An  extensive  current  of  wind,  rushing' 
with  great  velocity  and  violence  ;  a  stornij 
of  extreme  violence.  We  usually  apply 
the  word  to  a  steady  wind  of  long  contin-| 
nance ;  but  we  say  also  of  a  tornado,  it 
blew  alcmpest.  The  currents  of  wind  are 
named,  according  to  their  respective  de- 
grees of  force  or  rapidity,  a  breeze,  a  gale, 
a  storm,  a  tempest;  but  gale  is  also  used  as 
synonymous  with  storm,  and  storm  with 
tempest.  Gust  is  usually  applied  to  a  sud- 
den blast  of  short  duration.    A  tempest 


may  or  may  not  be  attended  with  rain, I 

snow  or  hail. 

We,  cauglit  in  a  fiery  tempest,  shall  be  hud'dt 
Each  on  his  rock  transfix'd —  AfiUon.l 

2.  A  violent  tumult  or  commotion  ;  as  a| 
popular  or  political  tempest ;  the  tempest  of 
war. 

3.  Perturbation  ;  violent  agitation  ;  as  a 
tempest  of  the  passions. 

TEM'PEST,  V.  t.  To  disturb  as  by  a  tem- 
pest.    [Little  used.]  Milton. 

TEM'PEST-KEATEN,  a.  [tempest  and  beat.] 
Beaten  or  shattered  with  storms. 

Dryden. 

TEMPESTIV'ITY,  n.  [L.  tempesttmts.] 
Seasonableness.     [J^/ot  in  uje.]        Brown. 

TEM'PEST-TOST,  a.    [tempest   and  tost 
Tossed  or  driven  about  by  tempests. 

Shak. 

TEMPEST'  UOUS,  a.  [Sp.  tempestiwso ;  It. 
tetnpestoso ;  Fr.  tempHueux.] 

1.  Very  stormy  ;  turbulent  ;  rough  with 
winil ;  as  tempestuous  weather  ;  a  tempest- 
uous night. 

2.  Blowing  with  violence  ;  as  a  tempestuous 
wind. 

TEMPEST'UOUSLY,  adv.  With  great 
violence  of  wind  or  great  commotion ;  tur- 
bulentlv.  Milton. 

TEMPEST'UOUSNESS,  n.  Storminess  ; 
the  state  of  being  tempestuous  or  disturb- 
ed by  violent  winds  ;  as  the  tempestuous- 
Jifssof  the  winter  or  of  weather. 

TEMPLAR,  n.  [from  the  Temple,  a  house 
near  the  Thames,  which  originally  belong- 
ed to  the  knights Templars.  The  latter 
took  their  denomination  from  an  apart- 
ment of  the  palace  of  Baldwin  II.  in 
Jerusalem,  near  the  temple.] 

1.  A  student  of  the  law.  Pope. 

2.  Templars,  knights  of  the  Temple,  a  reli- 
gious military  order,  first  established  at 
Jeru.saleni  in  favor  of  pilgrims  traveling  to 
the  Holy  Land.  The  order  originated 
with  some  persons  who,  in  1118,  devoted 
themselves  to  the  service  of  God,  promis- 
ing to  live  in  perpetual  chastity,  obedience 
and  poverty,  after  the  manner  of  canons. 
In  1228,  this  ordef  was  confirmed  in  the 
council  of  Troyes,  and  subjected  to  a  rule 
of  discipline.  It  flourished,  became  im- 
mensely rich,  and  its  members  became  so 
insolent  and  vicious,  that  the  orilcr  was 
sn|)pressed  by  the  council  of  Vicnne,  in 
1312.  cy. 

TEM'PLE,  n.  [Fr. ;  L.  femplum:  U.tempio; 
Sp.  templo  ;  W.  temyl,  temple,  that  is  ex- 
tended, a  scat ;  temlu,  to  form  a  scat,  ex- 
panse or  temple;  Gaelic,  feflm;)«/.] 

1.  A  public  edifice  erected  hi  honor  of  some 
deity.  Among  pagans,  a  building  erected! 
to  some  pretended  deity,  and  in  which  thei 
people  assembled  to  worship.  Originally,' 
temples  were  open  places,  as  the  Stone- 
henge  in  England.  In  Rome,  some  of  the, 
temples  were  open,  and  calleil  sacella  ;■ 
others  were  roofed,  and  called  trdcs.  The 
most  celebrated  of  the  ancient  pagan  tem-j 
pies  were  that  of  Bolus  in  Babylon,  tliatof 
Vulcan  at  Memphis,  that  of  Jupiter  at| 
Thebes,  that  of  Diana  at  Ephesus,  that  of 
Apollo  in  Miletus,  that  of  .fupiter  Olym- 
pius  in  .\thens,  and  that  of  .Apollo  at  Del- 
phi. Tlie  most  celebrated  and  magnifi- 
cent temple  erected  to  the  true  God,  was 
that  built  by  Solomon  in  Jerusalem, 


In  Scripture,  the  tabernacle  is  some- 
times called  by  this  name.  1  Sam.  i. — iii. 
A  church  ;  an  edifice  erected  among 
christians  as  a  place  of  public  worship. 

Can  he  whose  life  is  a  perpetual  iusult  to  the 
authority  of  God,  enter  with  any  pleasure  a 
temple  coosccrated  to  devotion  and  sanctified 
by  prayer  !  Buckmiiisler. 

3.  A  place  in  which  the  divine  presence  spe- 
cially resides  ;  the  church  as  a  collective 
body.     Eph.  ii. 

4.  In  England,  the  Temples  are  two  inns  of 
court,  thus  called  because  anciently  the 
dwelUngs  of  the  knights  Templars.  They 
arc  called  the  Inner  and  the  Middle  Tem- 
ple. 

.TEM'PLE,   n.    [L.  lempus,  tempora.     The 
primary  sense  of  the  root  of  this  word  is 
1     to  fall.     See  Time.] 

1.  Literally,  the  fall  of  the  head  ;  the  part 
where  the  head  slopes  from  the  top. 

2.  In  anatomy,  the  anterior  and  lateral  part 
of  the  heacl,  where  the  skull  is  covered  by 
the  temporal  muscles.  Cyc. 

TEM'PLE,  V.  t.  To  build  a  temple  for  ;  to 
appropriate  a  temple  to.     [Little  used.] 

Feltham. 

TEM'PLET,  n.  A  piece  of  timber  in  a 
building  ;  as  a  templet  imder  a  girder. 

Mozon. 

TEMPORAL,   a.    [Fr.  temporel ;  from   L. 

I     temporalis,  from  tempus,  time.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  this  life  or  this  world  or  the 
body  only  ;  secular;  as <emporai  concerns; 

!     temporal  atTairs.     In   this  sense,  it  is  op- 

'     posed  to  spiritual.     Let  not   temporal   af- 

I  fairs  or  employments  divert  the  mind  from 
spiritual  concerns,  which  are  far  more  im- 
portant. 

In  this  sense  also  it  is  opposed  to  eccle- 
siastical ;  as  temporal  power,  that  is,  sec- 
ular, civil  or  political  power  ;  temporal 
courts,  those  which  take  cognizance  of 
civil  suits.  Temporal  jurisdiction  is  that 
which  regards  civil  and  jiolitical  affairs. 
Measured  or  limited  by  time,  or  by  this 
life  or  this  state  of  things  ;  having  limited 
existence  ;  opposed  to  eternal. 

The  things  which  are  seen  are  temporal,  but 
the  tilings  which  are  not  seen  are  eternal.  2 
Cor.  iv. 

•3.  In  grammar,  relating  to  a  tense  ;    as  a 

temporal  augment. 
4.  [I'V.  temporal.]    Pertaining  to  the  temple 

or  temples  of  the  head  ;  as  the  temporal 
I  bone  ;  a  temporal  artery  or  vein  ;  temporal 
I     muscle. 

iTE-MPORALITIES,  ^       Secular    posses- 
TE.M'PORALS,  $"•  sions;   revenues 

of  an  ecclesiastic  proceeding  from  lands, 

tenements,  or  lay-fees,  tithes  and  the  like. 
I     It  is  opposed  l^> spirilunlities.  Bacon, 

TEMPORALLY,  adv.  With  respect  to  time 

or  this  life  only.  South. 

TEM'PORALNESS,  n.  Worldliness.   [Mt 
',     used.] 

TE.M'PORALTY,    n.    The   laity  ;   secular 
j     people.     [Little  used.] 
2.  Secular  pos-sessions.     [Sec  Temporalities.] 
;TEMPORA'.\EOUS,  a.  Temporary.    [Lit- 
'     tie  used.] 
TEMPORARILY,  adv.  For  a  time  only; 

not  perpetuallv. 
TEM  PORARINESS,  7i.  [rrom  temporary.] 
I     The  state  of  being  temporarj' ;  opposed  to 
1    perpetuity. 


T  E  M 


TEN 


T  E  N 


TEM'PORARY,  a.  [L.  te/nporariua.]  Last-I 
iug  for  a  time  only ;  existing  or  continu-j 
ing  for  a  limited  time  ;  as,  the  patient  lias 
obtained  temporary  relief.  There  is  a  /e m-| 
porary  cessation  of  hostilities.  There  is  a 
temporary  supply  of  provisions.  In  times 
of  great  danger,  Rome  appointed  a  tempo- 
rary dictator. 

TEMPORIZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  tem- 
porizing. 

TEM'PORIZE,  I.,  i.  [Ft.temponser;  from 
L.  tempus,  time.] 

1.  To  comply  with  the  time  or  occasion;  to 
humor  or  yield  to  the  current  of  opinion 
or  to  circumstances;  a  conduct  that  often 
indicates  obseijuiousness. 

They  might  their  grievance  inwardly  com- 
plain, 
But  outwardly  they  needs  must  tempmizc. 

Daniel 

2.  To  delay;  to  procrastinate. 

Well,  you  will   temporize   witli   the  hours, 
[Little  used.]  Slialt 

3.  To  comply.     [JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 
TEAl'PORiZER,  n.  One  who  yields  to  the 

time,  or  complies  with  the  prevailing  opin- 
ions, fashions  or  occasions  ;  a  trimmer. 

Shah 

TEM'PORIZING,  ppr.  Complying  with  the 
time,  or  with  the  prevailing  humors  and 
opinions  of  men  ;  time-serving. 

TEMPT,  V.  t.  [Arm.  tempti  ;  L.  lento  ;  F 
tenter ;  It.  tentare  ;  Sp.   tentar.     It  is  from 
the  root  of  L.  teneo,  Gr.  tiwa,  and  the  pri 
niary  sense  is  to  strain,  urge,  press.] 

1.  To  incite  or  solicit  to  an  evil  act ;  to  en 
lice   to   something  wrong  by    presentinf 
arguments  that  are  plausible  or  convinc 
ing,  or  by  the  offer   of  some   pleasure  or 
apparent  advantage  as  the  inducement. 

My  lady  Gray  tempts  him  to   this  harsh  ex 
tremity.  Shalt. 

Every  man  is   tempted,  when  he  is  drawn 
away  by  his  own  lust  and  enticed.     James  i. 

2.  To  provoke  ;  to  incite. 

Tempi  not  the  brave  and  needy  to  despair. 

Dryden 

3.  To  solicit ;  to  draw ;  loithout  the  notion  of 
evil. 

Still  his  strength  conccal'd. 
Which  tempted  our  attempt,  and  wrought  oui 
fall.  Ml  ton. 

4.  To  try  ;  to  venture  on  ;  to  attempt. 

E'er  leave  be  giv'n  to  tempt  the  nether  skies 

Dryden. 

5.  In  Scripture,  to  try  ;  to  prove ;  to  put  to 
trial  for  proof. 

God  did  tempt  Abraham.     Gen.  xxii. 
Ye  shall  not  tempt  the  Lord  your  God.  Deut. 
vi. 

TEMPT'ABLE,  a.  Liable  to  be  tempted. 

Swift 
TEMPTA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  tempting 
enticement  to  evil  by  arguments,  by  flat 
tery,  or  by  the  offer  of  some  real  or  appar- 
ent good. 

When  the  devil  had  ended  all  the  temptation 
he  departed  from  him  for  a  season.     Luke  iv 

2.  Solicitation  of  the  passions;  enticements 
to  evil  proceeding  from  the  prospect  of 
pleasure  or  advantage. 

3.  The  state  of  beinir  tempted  or  enticed  to 
evil.  When  by  human  weakness  you  are 
led  mto  <empto<ioi[,  resort  to  prayer  for  re 
lief. 

4.  Trial. 


Lead  us  not  into  temptation.  j 

Lord's  Prayt'r.\ 

5.  That  which  is  presented  to  the  mind  as 
an  inducement  to  evil.  i 

Dare  to  be  great  without  a  guilty  crown. 
View  it,  and  lay  the  bright  temptation  down. 

Dryden. 

6.  In  colto'juial  language,  an  allurement  to 
any  thing  iniliffereni,  or  even  good.  ; 

tea!  PT'  ED,  pp.  Enticed  to  evil ;  provoked  ; 

tried. 
TEMPT'£R,  ji.  One  that  sulicits  or  entices 

lo  evil. 

Those  who  arc  bent  to  do  wickedly,  will  nev- 
er want  tempters  to  urge  them  on.      Tillotson., 

2.  The  great  adversary  of  man  ;  the  devil. 

Matt.  iv. 
TEMPT'ING,  ppr.   Enticing  to  evil  ;  try- 

ng- 

2.  a.  Adapted  to  entice  or  allure  ;  attractive ; 
as  tempting  pleasures. 

TEMPTINGLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  en- 
tice to  evil ;  so  as  to  allure.  I 

TEMPT'RESS,  n.  A    female  who  entices. 

TEMSEBREAD,        \       [Fr.     tamiser,    It. 

TEM'SED-HREAD,  \  tamisnre,tamigiare, 
to  sill ;  Fr.  tamis,  It.  tamiso,  tamigio,  a 
sieve.] 

Bread  made  of  flour  better  sifted  than  com- 
mon flour.  [I  know  not  where  this  word  is\ 
used.]  Johnson.] 

TEM'ULENCE,  ?      [L.  temidentia.]   Intox-' 

TEMULENCY,  (,  "'  ication  ;  inebriation  ; 
drunkenness.     [JVot  used.]  I 

TEM'ULENT,  a.  [L.  temutentus.]  Intoxi-I 
cated.     [jVo<  in  use.]  I 

TEM'ULENTIVE,  a.  Drunken;  in  a  state; 
of  inebriation.     [.Notin  use.]  \ 

TEN,  n.  [Sax.  tyn  ;  D.  tien  ;  G.  zehn  ;  Dan.! 
tie ;  S\v.  tio.  I  suppose  this  word  to  be 
contracted  from  the  Gothic  tigun.i,  ten, 
from /fg-,  ten.  If  so,  this  is  the  Greek  ^txa, 
L.  decern,  W.  deg,  Gaelic,  dcich,  Fr.  dix, 
It.  rfteci,  Sp.  diez.] 

1.  Twice  tive;  nine  and  one. 
With  twice   ten   sail   I    cross'd  the  Phiygian' 

sea.  Dryden. 

2.  It  is  a  kind  of  proverbial  nun)ber. 
}  There's  a  proud  modesty  in  merit, 

Averse  to  begging,  and  resolv'd  to  pay 
Ten  times  the  fjift  it  asks.  'Dryden\ 

The  meaning  in  this  use  is,  a  great  deal 
more,  indefinitely. 
TEN'ABLE,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  teneo,  to  hold. 

See  'Penant.] 
iThat  ma\  be  held,  maintained  or  defended 
against  an  assailant,  or  against  attempts  to; 
take  it  ;  as  a  tenable  fortress.  The  works' 
were  not  deemed  tenable.  The  ground 
taken  in  the  argument  is  not  tenable. 
TENA'CIOUS,  o.  [L.  tenai,  from  teneo,  to 
hold ;  Fr.  tenace.] 

1.  Holding  fast,  or  inclined  to  hold  fast ;  in- 
clined to  retain  what  is  in  possession  ;  as 
men  tenacious  of  their  just  rights.     Men 
are  usually  tenacious  of  their  opinions,  a 
well  as  of  their  property. 

Locke.     Arbuthnol. 

2.  Retentive;  apt  to  retain  long  what  is  com- 
I     mitted  to  it ;  as  a  tenacious  memory. 
I  Locke 

3.  Adhesive ;  apt  to  adhere  to  another  sub 
stance  ;  as  oily,  glutinous  or  viscous  mat- 
ter. Few  substances  are  so  tenacious  in 
tar. 

,4.  Niggardly  ;  close  fisted.  Ainsworlh. 


TENA'CIOUSLY,  adv.  With  a  disposition 
to  hold  fast  what  is  possessed. 

2.  Adhesively. 

3.  Obstinately ;  with  firm  adherence. 
TENA'CIOUSNESS,    n.    The  quality    of 

holding  fast ;  unwillingness  to  quit,  re- 
sign or  let  go  ;  as  a  man's  tenaciousness  of 
lis  rights  or  opinions. 

2.  Adhesiveness:  stickiness;  as  the  tena- 
ciousness of  clay  or  glue. 

.3.  Rt'teiitiveness  ;  as  the  tenaciousness  of 
meiiiorv. 

TENACITY,  n.  [Vt.  tenacity ;  L.tenacitas, 
from  teneo,  to  hold.] 

1.  Adhesiveness  ;  that  quality  of  bodies; 
which  makes  them  stick  or  adhere  to  oth- 
ers; gliitinousness ;  stickiness;  as  the  te- 
nacity of  oils,  of  glue,  of  tar,  of  starch  and 
the  like. 

2.  That  quality  of  bodies  which  keeps  thein 
from  parting,  without  considerable  force  ; 
cohesiveness  ;  the  effect  of  attraction  : 
opposed  to  briltkiiess  or  fragility.  Cue. 

TEN'ACY,  n.  Tenaciou.-iness.  [JVot  in  use.] 

Barrow. 

TENA'IL,  n.  [Fr.  tenaille,  from  tenir,  L. 
teneo,  to  hold.] 

In  forlifcation,  an  outwork  consisting  of 
two  parallel  sides  with  a  front,  in  which 
is  a  re-entering  angle.  It  is  simple  or 
double.  Cur 

TEN'AILLON,  n.  In  fortification,  tenail- 
lons  are  works  constructed  on  each  side 
of  the  ravelins,  like  the  lunets,  but  differ- 
ing in  this,  that  one  of  the  faces  of  the 
teimillon  is  in  the  direction  of  tlie  ravelin, 
whereas  that  of  the  lunet  is  perpendicular 
to  it.  Cyc. 

TEN'ANCY,  n.  [Sp.  tenencia ;  Fr.  tenant, 
L.  lenens.] 

In  law,  a  holding  or  possession  of  lands  or 
tenements;  tenure;  as  tenancy  in  fee  sim- 
ple ;  tenancy  in  tail  ;  tinancy  by  the  curte- 
sy ;  /eimnci/ at  will.  Tenancy  \n  common 
happens  where  there  is  a  unity  of  posses- 
sion merely.  Blackstone. 

TEN'ANT,  n.  [Fr.  tenant,  from  tenir,  to 
hold,  L.  teneo;  Gr.  Ttnu,  to  strain,  stretch 
extend  ;  W.  tannu,  to  stretch ;  tynu,  to 
pull ;  tyn,  a  stretch  ;  ten,  drawn  ;  It',  tenere, 
Sp.  tener,  to  bold.] 

1.  A  person  holding  land  or  other  real  estate 
under  another,  either  by  grant,  lease  or  at 
will  ;  one  who  has  the  occupation  or  tem- 
porary possession  of  lands  or  tenements 
whose  title  is  in  another;  nantenant  in  tail; 
tenant  in  conunon  :  tenant  by  the  curtesy  ; 
tenant  in  parcenary  ;  tenant  for  life  ;  ten- 
ant at  will  ;  tenant  in  dower. 

2.  One  who  has  possession  of  any  place  ;  a 
dweller. 

The  happy  tenant  of  your  shade.       Cowley. 

Tenant  in  cnpite,  or  tenant  in  chief,  by  the 
laws  of  England,  is  one  who  holds  imme- 
diately of  the  king.  According  to  the 
feudal  system,  all  lands  in  England  are 
considered  as  held  immediately  or  medi- 
ately of  the  king,  who  is  stiled  lord  para- 
mount. Such  tenants  however  are  con- 
sidered as  having  the  fee  of  the  lands  and 
permanent  possession.  Blackstone. 

TEN'ANT,  r.  /.  To  hold  or  possess  as  a 
tenant. 

Sir  Roger's  estate  is  tenanted  by  persons  who 
have  served  liim  or  liis  ancestors.  Mdison . 


TEN 


TEN 


TEN 


TEN'ANTABLE,  a.  Fit  to  be  rented;  in  a 
state  of  repair  suitable  for  a  tenant. 

TEN 'ANTED,  ;;;*.  Held  by  a  tenant. 

TEN'ANTING,  ppr.  Holding  us  a  tenant 

TEN'ANTLESS,  a.  Having  no  tenant;  un- 
occupied ;  as  a  tenantkss  tuansion. 

Thodey. 

TEN'ANTRY,  n.  The  bo.ly  of  tenants;  as 
tlic  tenantry  of  a  manor  or  a  kingdom. 

Palci/. 

2.  Tenancy.     [Mot  in  use.]  Ridley. 

TEN'CII,  71.  [Fr.  tenche  ;  S\).  tenca ;  L.  tinra.] 
A  liisli  (jf  the  genus  Cypritius,  found  in 
ponds  and  rivers. 

TENO,  V.  I.  [contracted  from  niknd,  L.  at- 
tendo ;  ad  and  tendo,  to  .'itretch,  W.  lanmt. 
Attention  denotes  a  straining  of  the  mind.] 

1.  To  watch  ;  to  guard  ;  to  accompany  as  an 
assistant  or  protector. 

.And  tlariiiii^  ministers  to  watch  and  tend 
Their  eartlily  cliargc —  Milton. 

There  is  a  ple;isure  in  tliat  siinpUcity,  in  he- 
holding  princes  lejidhig  their  flocks.         Pope. 

2.  To  bold  and  take  care  of;  as,  to  tend  a 
child. 

3.  To  be  attentive  to. 

Unsuck'd  of  lamh  or  kid  that  tend  their  play. 

Milton. 
TEND,  V.  i.  [L.  tendo;  Fr.  tendre ;  It.  ten- 
dere;  formed  on  L.  teneo,  Gr.  rtou.] 

1.  To  iTiove  in  a  certain  direction. 

Having   overheard   two  gentlemen   tending 
towards  that  sight —  IVotton. 

Here  Dardanus  was  horn,  and  hither  teuff.-^. 

Ztrydm. 

2.  To  be  directed  to  any  end  or  purpose  ;  to 
aim  at ;  to  have  or  give  a  leaning. 

The  laws  of  our  religion  tend  to  the  universal 
happiness  of  mankind.  Tillotson. 

3.  lo  contribute.  Our  petitions,  if  granted, 
might  tend  to  our  destruction. 

Hammond. 

4.  [for  attend.]  To  attend ;  to  wait  as  at- 
tendants or  servants. 

He  tends  upon  my  father.  Hliak. 

\Colloqiiial.] 

5.  To  attend  as  something  inseparable.  [A'o/ 
in  use.]  Sliak. 

(5.  To  wait;  to  expect.    [A'ot  in  use.]     Shak. 
7.  To  swing  round  an  anchor,  as  a  slii|). 

Mar.  Diet. 
TEND'ANCE,  n.  Attendance;  state  of  ex- 
pectation. 

2.  Persons  attending.  Shak. 

3.  Act  of  waiting  ;  attendance.  Shak. 

4.  Care;  act  of  tending.  Milton. 
[This  word  is   entirely  obsolete  in    all  its 

senses.     We  now  use  attendance.] 
TEND'ED,  pp.  Attended  ;   taken  care  of; 

nursed  ;  as  an  infant,  or  a  sick  person. 
TEND'ENCY,  7i.    [from  tettd;  L.   tcndens, 

tending.] 

Drift ;  direction  or  course  towards  any  ])lace, 
object,  effect  or  result.  Read  such  books 
only  as  have  a  good  moral  tendeney.  Mild 
language  has  a  tendency  to  allay  irritation. 
Writings  of  this  kind,  if  conducted  with  can 
ilor,  have  a  more  particular  teyidency  to  the 
good  of  tlieir  country.  Addison 

TEND'ER,  n.  [from  tend.]  One  that  attends 
or  takes  care  of;  a  nurse. 

2.  A  small  vessel  employed  to  attend  a 
larger  one  for  supplying  her  with  provis- 
ions and  other  stores,  or  to  convey  intelli- 
gence and  the  like.  .Mar.  Diet. 

3.  [Fr.  tendre,  to  reach.]  In  law,  an  offer,  ei- 
titer  of  money  to  pay  a  debt,  or  of  service 


to  be  performed,  in  order  to  save  a  penal- 
ty or  forfeiture  which  would  be  incurred 
by  non-payment  or  non-performance  ;  as 
the  tender  of  rent  due,  or  of  the  amount  of 
a  note  or  bond  with  interest.  To  consti- 
tute a  legal  tender,  such  money  must  be] 
oflered  as  the  law  jjrescribes  ;  the  offer  of! 
bank  notes  is  not  a  legal  tender.  So  also! 
the  tender  must  be  at  the  litiie  and  place 
where  the  rent  or  debt  ought   to  be  paid,: 

!     and  it  must  be  to  the  full  amount  due.        j 
There  is  also  a  tender  of  issue  in  plead-j 

j     ings,  a /f  nrfer  of  an  oath,  &,c. 

|4.  Any  offer   for   acceptance.     The  gentle 
man  made  me  a  ienrffr  of  bis  services. 

|5.  The  thing  offered.     This  money  is  not  a| 
legal  tender.  < 

G.  Regard  ;  kind  concern.     [J^ot  in  use.]       \ 

Shak: 

TEND'ER,   V.  t.  [Fr.  tendre,    to   reach  orj 
stretch  out ;  L.  tendo.] 

1.  To  offer  in  words ;  or  to  exhibit  or  pre-! 
sent  for  acceptance. 

All  conditions,  all  minds  tender  down 
Their  service  to  lord  Timon.  Shak. 

To  hold  ;  to  esteem. 

Tender  yourself  more  dearly.  Shak. 

[A'nt  in  use.] 
To  offer  in  (laymcnt  or  satisfaction  of  a 
demand,  for  saving  a  penalty  or  forfeiture  ; 
as,  to  tender  the  amount  of  rent  or  debt. 


subject ;  things  that   are  tender  and  un- 

pleasing.  Bacon. 

13.  Adapted  to  excite  feeling  or  sympathy ; 

pathetic  ;  as  tender  expressions ;  tender  ex- 

|)Ostulations. 
TKND'ERED,  p;).  Offered  for  acceptance. 

TEN'DER-HE  ARTED,  a.  [tender  and 
heart.] 

1.  Having  great  sensibility ;  susceptible  of 
impressions  or  influence. 

— When  Rehohoam  was  young  and  tender- 
hearted, and  could  not  withstand  them.  2  CliroD. 
>iiii. 

2.  Very  stisceptible  of  the  softer  passions  of 
love,  pity  or  kindness. 

Be  ye  kind  one  to  another,  and  tender-hearted. 
Eph.  iv. 

TENDER-HEARTEDNESS,  n.  Suscepti- 
bility of  the  softer  passions. 

TENDERING,  ppr.  Offering  for  accept- 
ance. 

TEN'DERLING,  n.  A  fondbng  ;  one  made 
tender  by  too  much  kindness. 

2.  The  first  horns  of  a  deer. 

TENDERLOIN,  n.  A  tender  part  of  flesh 
in  the  hind  quarter  of  beef. 

TEN'DERLY,  adv.  With  tenderness ;  mild- 
ly ;  gently  ;  softly  ;  in  a  manner  not  to  in- 
jure or  give  pain. 

I3rutus  tenderly  reproves.  Pope. 


TENDER,  „.  [Fr.  tendre  ;U.  tenero  ;  Port.!:!;;^indly  i  -^tl.  pity  or  affection 


teuro  ;  Ir.  Gaelic,  tin  ;  W.  tyner ;  L.  Icner; 
allied  i)robably  to  thin,  h.  tenuis,  W.  tenau; 

Ar.     •  i  .    wadana,   to   be  soft  or  thin 

Class  Dn.  No  12.  and  sec  No.  25.] 

1.  Soft ;  easily  imj)ressed,  broken,  bruised 
or  injured ;  not  firm  or  bard ;  as  tender 
plants ;  tender  flesh  ;  tender  grapes.  Deut 
xxxii.  Cant,  ii, 

2.  \'ery  sensible  to  impression  and  pain  : 
easily  pained. 

Our  bodies   are   not   naturally  more    tender 
than  our  faces.  L'JCstrange. 

3.  Delicate  ;  efleminate ;  not  hardy  or  able 
to  endure  hardship. 

The  lender  and  delicate  woman  among  you. 
Deut.  xxviii. 

4.  Weak  ;  feeble  ;  as  lender  age.  Gen.  xxxiii. 

5.  Young  and  carefully  educated.  Prov.  iv. 
Susceptible  of  the  softer  passions,  as  love, 

compassion,  kindness  ;  compassionate  ; 
pitiful  ;  easily  affected  by  the  distresses 
of  another,  or  anxious  for  another's  good  ; 
as  the /enrfer  kindness  of  the  church  ;  a  len- 
der heart. 

7.  Comjiassionate ;  easily  excited  to  pity, 
forgiveness  or  favor. 

The  Lord  is  pitiful,  and   of  tender  mercy. 
James  v.  Luke  i. 

8.  Exciting  kind  concern. 
I  love  Valentine  ; 

His  life's  as  tender  to  me  as  his  soul.     Shak. 

9.  Expressive  of  the  softer  jrassions ;  as  a 
tender  strain. 

10.  Careful  to  save  inviolate,  or  not  to  in-, 
jure  :  w  ith  of.  Be  lender  of  your  neigh-j 
bor's  reputation.  i 

The  civil  authority  should  be   tender  of  thcj 
lienor  of  God  and  religion.  7\lU)tson.\ 

11.  Gentle  ;  mild  ;  unwilling  lo  pain. 

You  that  are  so  tender  o'er  his  follies. 

Will  never  do  him  good.  Shak. 

12.  Apt  to  give  pain  ;  as,  that  is  a  tender 


TENDERNESS,  n.  The  stale  of  being  ten- 
der or  easily  broken,  bruised  or  injured  ; 
softness  ;  brittlene.ss  ;  as  the  tenderness  of 
a  thread  ;  the  tenderness  of  flesh. 
i2.  The  state  of  being  easily  hurt ;  soreness  ; 
'     as  the  tenderness  of  flesh  when  bruised  or 

inflamed. 

3.  Susceinibility  of  the  softer  passions;  sen- 
sibility. 

Well  we  know  your  tenderness  of  heart. 

Shak. 
Kind  attention  ;  anxiety  for  the  good  of 
another,  or  to  save  bim  from  pain. 

Bacon. 
Scrupulousness ;  caution  ;  extreme  care 
or  concern  not  to  give  or  to  commit  of- 
fense ;  as  tenderness  of  conscience. 

South. 
Cautious   care  to  preserve  or  not  to  in- 
jure ;  as  a  tenderness  of  reputation. 

Goi\  of  the  Tongue. 
7.  Softness  of  expression  ;  pathos. 
TEND'ING,  ppr.  Having  a  certain   direc- 
tion ;  taking  care  of. 
TEND'ING,  )!.    In   seaman's  language,  a 
swinging  round  or  movement  of  a  ship 
upon  her  anchor. 
TEN  DlNOl  S,  a.  [Fr.  tendineui ;  It.  tendi- 
noso  ;  from  L.  tendines,  tendons,  from  ten- 
do,  to  stretch.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  tendon  ;  partaking  of  the 
nature  of  tendon.s. 

2.  Full  of  tendons;  sinewy;  as  nervous  ar. 
tendinous  parts.  Jl'isemai 

TEND'MENT,  n.  Attendance  ;  care.   Obs. 

HaU. 
TENDON,   n.   [L.  tendo;  Gi.ta^v;  from 

Tfou,  L.  teneo,  tendo.] 
In  anatomy,  a  hard  insensible  cord  or  bundle 

of  fibers,  by  which  a  muscle  is  attached  to 

a  bone. 
TEN'DR.\€,  n.  .Vn  animal  of  the  hedgehog 

kind,  found  in  the  E.  Indies. 


Did.  j\'at.  Hist, 


TEN 


T  E  N 


TEN 


TEN'DRIL,  Ji.  [Fr.  iendron,  from  tenir,  to 
hold.] 

A  clasp  or  clasper  of  a  vine  or  other  climb- 
ing or  creeping  plant ;  a  filiform  spiral 
shoot,  that  winds  round  another  body. 
Tendrils  or  claspers  are  given  to  plants 
that  have  weak  stalks.  Ray. 

They  are  also  given  to  creeping  vines 
which  require  support  on  the  earth. 

TEN'DRIL,  a.  Clasping  ;  climbing  ;  as  a 
tendril.  Dyer. 

TEN'ERROUS,    ?        [L.   tenebrosus,  from 

TENE'BRIOUS,  S  "'  tenebrct,  darkness.] 
Dark ;  gloomy.  Young. 

TENE'BROUSNESS,    t  Darkness  ; 

TENEBROS'ITY,  S      "'      gloom. 

TEN'EMENT,  n.  [Fr.  ;  Low  L.  tenemenlum, 
from  leneo,  to  hold.] 

L  In  common  acceptation,  a  house  ;  a  build- 
ing for  a  habitation  ;  or  an  apartment  in  a 
building,  used  by  one  family. 

2.  A  house  or  lands  depending  on  a  manor ; 
or  a  fee  farm  depending  on  a  superior. 

Cyc. 

3.  In  law,  any  species  of  permanent  proper- 
ty that  may  be  held,  as  land,  houses,  rents, 
commons,  an  oflice,  an  advowson,  a  fran- 
chise, a  right  of  common,  a  peerage,  &c. 
These  are  called  free  or  frank  tenements. 

The  thing  held  is  a  tenement,  and  the  pos- 
sessor of  it  a  tenant,  and  the  manner  of  posses- 
sion is  called  tenure.  Jilackstone. 

TENEMENT'AL,a.  Pertaining  to  tenanted 

lands  ;  that  is  or  may  be  held  by  tenants. 

Tenemental  lands   they   distributed    among 

their  tenants.  Blackstone. 

TENEMENT' ARY,  a.  That  is  or  may  be 
leased  ;  held  by  tenants.  Sjielman. 

TENER'ITY,  n.  Tenderness.  [JVot  in  iw.] 

TENES'MUS,  n.  [L.  literally  a  straining  or 
stretching.] 

A  painful,  ineffectual  and  repeated  effort,  or 
a  continual  and  urgent  desire  to  go  to 
stool.  Corf.     Cyc. 

TEN'ET,  n.  [L.  tenet,  he  holds.]  Any  opin- 
ion, principle,  dogma  or  doctrine  which  a 
person  believes  or  maintains  as  true ;  as 
the  tenets  of  Plato  or  of  Cicero.  The  ten- 
ets of  christians  are  adopted  from  the 
Scriptures;  but  different  interpretations 
give  rise  to  a  great  diversity  o{  tenets. 

TEN'FOLD,  a.  [ten  and  fold.]  Ten  times 
more. 

Fire  kindled  into  tenfold  rage.  Milton. 

TEN'NANTITE,  n.  [from  Tennant.]  A 
subspecies  of  gray  copper ;  a  mineral  of 
a  lead  color,  or  iron  black,  massive  or 
crystalized,  found   in  Cornwall,  England. 

Ure. 
TEN'NIS,  JI.  [If  this  word  is  from  L.  teneo, 
Fr.  tenir,  it  must  be  from  the  sense  of  hold- 
ing on,  continuing  to  keep  in  motion.] 
A  play  in  which  a  ball  is  driven  continually 

or  kept  in  motion  by  rackets. 
TEN'NIS,  V.  t.  To  drive  a  ball.        Spenser. 
TEN'ON,  n.    [Fr.   from  tenir,  L.  teneo,  to 

hold.] 

In  huildine  and  cabinet  work,  the  end  of  a 
piece  of  timber,  which  is  fitted  to  a  mor 
tise  for  insertion,  nr  inserted,  for  fastening 
two  pieces  of  timber  together.     The  form 
of  a  tenon   is  various,  as   square,  dove 
tailed,  &c. 
TEN'OR,  n.   [L.  tenor,  from  teneo,  to  hold  ; 
that  is,  a  holding  on  in  a  continued  course ; 
Fr.  teneur;  U.  lenore  ;  Up.  tenor.] 


1.  Continued  run  or  currency ;  w  hole  course 
or  strain.  AVe  understand  a  speaker's  in- 
tention or  views  from  the  tenor  of  his  con- 
versation, that  is,  from  the  general  course 
of  his  ideas,  or  general  purport  of  his 
speech. 

iJoes  not  the  whole  ienor  of  the  divine  law 
positively  require  humility  and  meekness  to  all 
men  ?  Sprat. 

Stamp ;  character.  The  conversation  was 
of  the  same  tenor  as  that  of  the  preceding 
day. 

This  success  would  look  like  chance,  if  it 
were  not  perpetual  and  always  of  the  same 
tenor.  Dryden. 

3.  Sense  contained  ;  purport ;  substance  ; 
general  course  or  drift ;  as  close  attention 
to  the  tenor  of  the  discourse.  Warrants 
are  to  he  executed  according  to  their  form 
and  tenor.  Locke. 

Bid  me  tear  the  bond. 
— When  it  is  paid  acconling  to  the  tenor. 

Shak. 
[Fr.  tenor.]  In  music,  the  natural  pitch  of 
a  man's  voice  in  singing  ;  hence,  the  part 
of  a  tune  adapted  to  a  man's  voice,  the 
second  of  the  four  parts,  reckoning  fron) 
the  base  ;  and  originally  the  air,  to  which 
the  other  parts  were  au.xiliary. 

5.  The  persons  who  sing  the  tenor,  or  the 
instrument  that  plays  it. 

TENSE,  a.  lens.  [L.  tensus,  from  tendo,  to 
stretch.] 

Stretched;  strained  to  stiffness;  rigid;  not 
lax  ;  as  a  tense  fiber. 

For  the  free  passage  of  the  sound  into  the  ear, 
it  is  requisite  that  the  tympanum  be  tense. 

Holder. 

TENSE,  71.  tens,  [corrupted  from  Fr.  temps, 
L.  tempus.] 

In  grammar,  titne,  or  a  particular  form  of  a 
verb,  or  a  combination  of  words,  used  to 
express  the  time  of  action,  or  of  that  which 
is  affirmed  ;  or  tense  is  an  inflection  of 
verbs  by  which  they  are  made  to  signi- 
fy or  distinguish  the  time  of  actions  or 
events. 

The  primary  simple  tenses  are  three ; 
those  which  express  time ^ast,;)reseji/,  and 
future ;  but  these  admit  of  modifications, 
which  differ  in  different  languages.  The 
English  language  is  rich  in  tenses,  beyond 
any  other  language  in  Europe. 

TENSENESS,  n.  tens'ness.  The  state  of  be- 
ing tense  or  stretched  to  stiffness;  stiff- 
ness ;  opposed  to  laxness  ;  as  the  tenseness 
of  a  string  or  fiber ;  tenseness  of  the  skin. 

Sharp. 

TENS'IBLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  extended. 

Bacon. 

TENS'ILE.  a.  Capable  of  extension.    Bacon. 

TEN'SION,  n.    [Fr.  from  L.  tensio,  tendo.] 

1.  The  act  of  .stretching  or  straining;  as  the 
tension  of  the  muscles. 

3.  The  state  of  being  stretched  or  strained  to 
stiffness ;  or  the  state  of  being  bent  or 
strained  ;  as,  different  degrees  of  tension 
in  chords  give  different  sounds;  the  great- 
er the  tension,  the  more  acute  the  sound. 

3.  Distension. 

TENS'IVE,  a.  Giving  the  sensation  of  ten- 
sion, stiffness  or  contraction ;  as  a  tensive 
pain.  Floyer. 

TENS'OR,  jt.  In  anatomy,  a  muscle  that 
extends  or  stretches  a  part. 

TENSURE,  the  same  as  tension,  and  not 
used.  Bacon. 


TENT,  n.  [W.  tent,  from  ten,  iyn,  stretched: 
Fr.  tente  ;  Sp.  tienda ;  L.  tentorium,  from 
tendo,  to  stretch.] 

1.  A  pavilion  or  portable  lodge  consisting  of 
canvas  or  other  coarse  cloth,  stretched 
and  sustained  by  poles ;  used  for  shelter- 
ing persons  from  tiie  weather,  particularly 
soldiers  in  camp.  The  wandering  Arabs 
and  Tartars  lodge  in  tents.  The  Israel- 
ites lodged  in  tents  forty  years,  while 
they  were  in  the  desert. 

2.  In  surgery,  a  roll  of  lint  or  linen,  used  to 
dilate  an  opening  in  the  flesh,  or  to  pre- 
vent the  hfuling  of  an  opening  from  which 
matter  or  other  fluid  is  discharged.      Cyc. 

TENT,  n.  [Sp.  tijito,  deep  colored,  from  L. 
tinctus.] 

A  kind  of  wine  of  a  deep  red  color,  chiefly 
from  Caliciaor  IMalaga  in  Spain. 

TENT,  V.  i.  To  lodge  as  in  u  tent ;  to  tab- 
ernacle. Shak. 

TENT,  V.  t.  To  probe;  to  search  as  with  a 
tent ;  as,  to  tent  a  wound. 

i         I'll  lent  liini  to  the  quick.  Sliak. 

'"2.  To  keep  open  with  ii  tent.  Ifiseman. 

TEN'TACLE,  >i.  [Tech.  L.  tentacula.]  A  fili- 
form process  or  organ,  simple  or  branch- 
ed, on  the  bodies  of  various  animals  of  the 
Limiean  class  Vermes,  and  of  Cnvier's 
Mollusca,  Annelides,  Echinodermata,  Ac- 
tinia, Medusw,  Polypi,  &c.  either  an  or- 
gan of  feeling,  prehension  or  morion, 
sometimes  round  the  mouth,  sometimes 
on  other  parts  of  the  body. 

TENT'AgE,    n.    An  encampment.     [Unu- 


sual.] 
TENTA'TION, 

tento,  to  try.] 

tised.] 
TENTATIVE, 

ing. 
TENTATIVE, 


Drayton. 
from   L.   lentalio  ; 
[Little 
Broini. 
[Fr]    Trying;  essay- 


n.    [Fr, 

Trial  ;  temptation 


.An  essay  ;  trial. 

Berkeley. 
TENT'ED,  a.  Covered    or  furnished    witli 

tents;  as  soldiers. 
2.  Covered  with  tents  ;  as  a  tented  field. 
TENT'ER,  JI.  [L.  tendo,  tentus,  to  stretch.] 

A  hook  for  stretching  cloth  on  a  frame. 

To  he  on  the  tenters,  to  be  on  the  stretch  ;  to 

be  in  distress,  uneasiness  or  suspense. 

Hudibras. 
TENT'ER,   V.  t.    To    hang   or  stretch   on 
tenters.  Bacon. 

TENT'ER,  I',  t.  To  admit  extension. 

Woolen  cloths  will  tenter.  Bacon. 

TENT'ERED,  pp.    Stretched  or  hung  on 

TENTER-GROUND,  n.  Ground  on  which 

tenters  are  erected. 
TENT'ERING,  ppr.  Stretching  or  hanging 

on  tenters. 
TENTH,  a.  [fronWra.]  The  ordinal  of  ten  ; 

the  first  after  the  ninth. 
TENTH,  7!.  The  tenth  part. 

2.  Tithe  ;  the  tenth  part  of  annual  pro- 
duce or  increase.  The /en/A  of  income  is 
])ayable  to  the  clergj'  in  England,  as  it 
was  to  the  priests  among  the  Israelites. 

3.  In  jnusic,  th<!  octave  of  the  third;  an  in- 
terval comprehending  nine  conjoint  de- 
grees, or  ten  sounds,  diatonically  divided. 

Busby. 
TENTH'LY.  adv.  In  the  tenth  i)lace. 
TENTICJ'INOIJS,  a.    [L.  lentigo,  a  stretch- 
ing.]    Stiff";  stretched.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Diet. 


T  E  R 


[Fr.  from  lenir,  L.  teneo,  to 


TENT'ORY,  n.  [L.  tentorium.]  The  awn- 
ing of  a  tent.  Evelyn. 

TENT'WORT,  n.  [tent  and  tooH.]  A  plant 
of  (lie  jieriua  As|)lenium. 

TENUIFO'LIOUS,  a.  [L.  tenuis  and  foli- 
um.]    Having  thin  or  narrow  leaves. 

TENU'ITY,  n.  [Fr.  tenuite ;  L.  tenuitas, 
from  tenuis,  thin.     See  Thin.] 

1.  Thiiniess;  smallness  in  diameter;  exili- 
ty ;  tliiniicss,  applied  to  a  hroad  substance, 
and  slenderncss,  applied  to  one  that  is 
long  ;  as  the  tenuity  of  paper  or  of  a  leaf ; 
tlie  tenuity  of  a  hair  or  filament. 

2.  Rarity;  rareness;  thinness  ;  as  of  a  fluid  ; 
as  the  tenuity  of  the  air  in  the  higher  re- 
gions of  the  atmosphere  ;  the  tenuity  o( 
the  blood.  Bacon. 

3.  Poverty.     [JVo<  in  use.]  K.  Charles. 
TEN'UOUS,   o.    [h.tcnms.]     Tliin;  small; 

minute.  Brown. 

2.  Rare. 

TENURE,  n 
hold.j 

1.  A  holding.  In  English  law,  the  manner 
of  holding  lands  and  tenements  of  a  supc 
rior.  All  the  species  of  ancient  tenures 
may  be  reduced  to  four,  three  of  which 
subsist  to  this  day.  I.  Tenure  by  knight 
service,  which  was  the  most  honorable 
This  is  now  abolished.  2.  Tenure  in  free 
socage,  or  by  a  certain  and  tieterminute 
service,  which  is  either  free  and  honora- 
ble, or  villein  and  base.  3.  Tenure  by 
copy  of  court  roll,  or  copyhold  tenure. 
4.  Tenure  in  ancient  demain.  Tliere 
was  also  tenure  in  frankalmoign,  or  free 
alms.  The  tenure  in  free  and  common 
socage  has  absorbed  most  of  the  others. 

Blackstone. 

In  the  United  States,  al.most  all  laiidi^ 
are  held  in  fee  simple  ;  not  of  a  supenor. 
but  the  whole  right  and  title  to  the  proper- 
ty being  vested  in  the  owner. 

Tenure  in  general,  then,  is  the  particu- 
lar manner  of  holding  real  estate,  as  by 
exclusive  title  or  ownership,  by  fee  sim- 
ple, by  fee  tail,  by  curtesy,  in  dower,  by 
copyhold,  by  lease,  at  will,  &c. 

2.  The  consideration,  condition  or  service 
which  the  occupier  of  land  gives  to  his 
lord  or  superior  for  the  use  of  liis  land. 

3.  Manner  of  holding  in  general,  lii  abso- 
lute governments,  men  hold  their  rights 
by  a  precarious  tenure. 

TEPEFA€'T10N,  ii.  [L.  tepefacio  ;  lepid^ts, 

warm,  and/ucio,  to  make.] 
The  act  or  operation  of  warming,  making 

tepid  or  moderately  warm. 
TEP'EFY,    V.  t.    IL.  tepefacio.]     To  make 

moderately  warm.  Goldsmith 

TEP'EFY,    V.  i.    To   become   moderately 

warm. 
TEP'ID,  a.    [L.  tepidus,   from  Icpeo,  to   be 

warm  ;  Russ.  toplyu.' 
Moderately   warm  ;   lukewarm  ;  as   a  tepid 

bath  ;  tepid  rays  ;  tepid  vapors, 
Tepid  mineral  irnters,  are  such  as  have  less 

sensible  cold  than  <oiiimon  water.        Cyc. 
TEP'IUNESS,  n.  Moderate  warmth  ;  hike 

warmness.  Rambler. 

TE'POR,  n.    [L.]    Gentle   heat;  moderate 

warmth.  Jlrbuthnot. 

Tf^R'APlllM,  n.   [Heb.]  Household  deities 

or  images. 

\ol.  II. 


T  E  R 

TERATOL'OGY,  ji.  [Gr.  tifoi,  a  prodigy, 
and  xoyoj,  discourse.] 

Bombast  in  language  ;  affectation  of  sublim- 
ity.    [Kot  used.]  Bailey. 

TERCE,  n.  ters.  [Sp.  tercia  ;  Fr.  tiers, 
tierce,  a  third.] 

A  cask  whose  contents  are  42  gallons,  the 
third  of  a  pipe  or  butt. 

TERCEL,  n.  The  male  of  the  common 
falcon  (Falco  peref^rinus.)  Ed.  Encyc. 

TERCE-MAJOR,  »i.  A  sequence  of  the 
three  best  cards. 

TEREBINTH,  n.  [Vr.lerebinthe  ;  Gr.  rtpt 
^ivOoi.]     The  turpentine  tree.         Spenser. 

TEREBIN'THINATE,  a.  Teiebinthine: 
impregnated  with  the  qualities  of  turpen- 
tine. Ramsay. 

TEREBIN'TIIINE,  a.  [L.  terebinthinus, 
from  terehinthina,  turjientine.] 

Pertaining  to  turpentine;  consisting  oftur 
pentiue.  or  partaking  of  its  qualities. 

TER'EBRATE,  v.  t.  []..  terebro,tero.]  To 
bore  ;  to  perforate  with  a  gimlet.  [Litlk 
used.]  Derham. 

TEREBRA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  boring 
[I Mile  used.]  Bacon 

TEREBRAT'ULITE,  n.  Fossil  terebrat- 
ula,  a  kind  of  shell. 

TERE'DO,  Ji.  [L.  from  Zero,  to  wear.]  A 
worm  that  bores  and  penetrates  the  hot 
torn  of  ships;  or  rather  a  genus  of  worms, 
so  called. 

TER'EK,  n.  A  water  fowl  with  long  legs. 

TER'ET,      )        [h.  teres.]    Round  and  ta- 

TERE'TE,  I  "■  pering  ;  columnar  ;  as  the 
stem  of  a  plant 


TERtiEM'lNAL,     ) 


Martyn 
[L.  tergeminus. 
Thrice  double ;  as 

Martyn. 

[supra.]    Threefold. 

Tergifctous  jilants, 


ERgEM'INATE 

a  tergeminate  leaf. 
TERtiEM'INOUS,  a. 
TERtilF'ETOUS,    a. 

are  such  as  bear  their  seeds  on  the  back 
of  their  leaves,  as  ferns.  Ciyc. 

TERGIVERSATE,  t-.  i.  [L.  tergum,  the 
back,  and  verlo,  to  turn.]  To  shift  ;  to 
practice  evasion.     [Lillle  used.]       Bailey. 

TERGIVERSA'TION,  n.  A  shifting  ;  shift ; 
subterfuge  ;  evasion. 

Writing  is  to  be  preferred  before  verbal  con 
fcrences,  as  being  more  free  from  passion  and 
tergiversation.  Bramhall 

2.  Change;  fickleness  of  conduct. 
The  colonel,  after  all  his  tergiversation,  lost 

his  life  ill  the  king's  service.  Clarendon 

TERM,  n.  [Gr.   TfpMa:  Fr.  terme  ;    It.   ter- 
mine  ;  Sp.  termino  ;    L.  terminus,  a  limit  or 
boundary ;  W.  terv,  tervyn,  from  terv,  ex- 
treme.] 
1.  A  limit ;  a  bound  or  boundary  ;  the  extremi- 
ty of  any  thing;  lliai  whicli  limitsits  extent. 
Corruption  is  a  reciprocal  to  generation,  and 
they  two  are  as  nature's  two  terms  or  bounda- 
ries. Bacon. 
The  time  for  which  any  thing  lasts ;  any 
limited  time;  as  the  term   of  five  years; 
the  lertn  of  life. 

3.  Ill  geoniftn/,  a  point  or  line  that  limits. 
A  line  is  the /erm  of  a  superficies,  an<l  » 
superficies  is  the  term  of  a  solid. 

4.  In  /«!(',  the  limitation  of  an  estate  ;  or 
rather  the  whole  time  or  duration  of  an 
estate;  as  a  lease  for  the  term  of  life,  for 
the  term  of  three  lives,  for  the  term  of 
tweuly  one  years. 

5.  In  tail',  the  laiie  in  which  a  court  is  held 
or  open  for  the  trial  of  causes.     lu  Eng 

91 


TER 

land,  there  are  four  terms  iu  ihe  year; 
Hilary  term,  from  January  23<1  to  Februa- 
ry I2th  ;  Easter  term,  from  Wednesday, 
fortnight  after  Easter,  to  the  Rlonday  next 
after  Ascension  day  ;  Trinity  term,  from 
Friday  next  after  Trinity  Sunday  to  the 
Wednesday,  fortnight  after  ;  and  Michael- 
mas term,  from  NovemberGth  to  the  28th. 
These  terms  are  observed  by  the  courts 
of  king's  bench,  the  common  pleas  and 
exchequer,  but  not  by  the  parliament,  the 
chancery  or  by  inferior  courts.  The  rest 
of  the  year  is  called  vacation.  In  the  Unit- 
ed States,  the  terms  to  be  observed  by  the 
tribunals  of  justice,  are  prescribed  by  the 
statutes  of  congress  and  of  the  several 
states. 
6.  In  universities  and  colleges,  the  time  dur- 
ing which  instruction  is  regularly  given  to 
students,  who  are  obliged  by  the  statutes 
and  laws  of  the  institution  to  attend  to  the 
recitations,  lectures  and  other  exercises. 
In  grammar,  a  word  or  expression  ;  that 
which  fixes  or  determines  ideas. 

Ill  painting,  the  greatest  beauties  cannot  be 
always  expressed  for  want  o(  terms.       Dryden. 

8.  In  the  arts,  a  word  or  expression  that  de- 
notes something  [leculiar  to  an  art ;  as  a 
technical  term. 

9.  In  /og^"c,  a  syllogism  consists  of  three  terms, 
the  major,  the  minor,  and  the  middle. 
The  predicate  of  the  conclusion  is  called 
llie  major  term,  because  it  is  the  most 
general,  and  the  subject  of  the  conclusion 
is  called  the  minor  term,  because  it  is  less 
general.  These  are  culled  the  extremes  ; 
and  the  third  term,  introduced  as  a  com- 
mon measure  between  them,  is  called  the 
mean  or  middle  term.  Thus  in  the  fol- 
lowing syllogism. 

Every  vegetable  is  combustible  ; 

Every  tree  is  a  vegetable ; 

Therefore  every  tree  is  combustible. 

Combustible  is  the  predicate  of  the  con- 
clusion, or  the  major  term  ;  every  tree  is  the 
minor  term  ;  vegetable  is  the  midtlle  term. 
Hedge's  Logic. 

10.  In  architecture,  a  kind  of  statues  or  col- 


umns adorned  on  the  top  with  the  figure 
of  a  head,  either  of  a  man,  woman  or 
satyr.  Terms  are  sometimes  u.'^td  as 
consoles,  and  sustain  entablatures ;  and 
sometimes  as  statues  to  adorn  gardens. 

11.  Among  the  ancients,  terms,  termini  mitia- 
res,  were  the  heads  of  certain  divinities 
placed  on  square  land-marks  of  stone,  to 
mark  the  several  stadia  on  roads.  These 
were  dedicated  to  Mercury,  who  was  sup- 
posed to  presiile  over  highways.  Cyc. 

12.  In  algebra,  a  member  of  a  compound 
quantity  ;  as  a,  in  a+li ;  or  a6,  in  ab-fcd. 

Day. 

1.3.  Among  ;Mv.S!cin"S,  the  monthly  courses 
of  females  are  called  terms.'  Bailey. 

14.  In  contracts,  ttrms.  in  the  plural,  are  con- 
ditions ;  propositions  staled  or  promises 
made,  which  when  assented  to  or  aciept- 
ed  by  another,  settle  the  contract  and  bind 
the  parties.  A  engages  to  build  a  house 
for  B  for  a  specific  sum  of  money,  in  a 
given  time;  these  are  liis(enns.  When  B 
promises  to  give  to  A  that  sum  for  biiililiiig 
the  house,  he  has  agreed  to  the  terms;  the 
contract  is  completed  and  binding  upon 
both  parties. 


T  E  R 


T  E  R 


T  E  R 


Terms  of  proportion,  in  mathematics,  are 
such  miinbers,  letters  or  quantities  as  are 
compared  one  with  another. 

To  viake  terms,  to  come  to  an  agreement. 

To  come  to  terms,  to  agree ;  to  come  to  an 
agreement. 

To  bring  to  terms,  to  reduce  to  submission  or 
to  conditions. 

TERM,  V.  t.  To  name  ;  to  call ;  to  denomi- 
nate. 

Men  term  what  is  beyond  the  limits  of  the 
universe,  imaginary  space.  Locke 

TER'MAGANCY,     n.     [from    termagant.] 

Turbulence  ;  tumultuousness  ;  as  a  violent' 
termag'OJici/ of  temper.  Baker.  ^ 

TER'MAGANT,  a.  [In  Sax.  /i>  or  iyr  is  a; 
deity,  Mars  or  Mercury,  and  a  prince  or| 
lord.  As  a  prefix,  it  augments  the  sense 
of  words,  and  is  equivalent  to  chief  or  very 
great.  The  Sax.  magan,  Eng.  may,  is  a 
verb  denoting  to  be  able,  to  prevail  ;  from 
the  sense  of  strainmg,  striving  or  driving. 
Qu.  the  root  of  stir.] 

Tumultuous  ;  turbulent ;  boisterous  or  furi- 
ous; quarrelsome;  scolding. 

The    eldest    was    a    termagant,   imperious, 
prodigal,  profligate  wench.  Arbttthnot. 

TER'MAGANT,  n.  A  boisterous,  brawling, 
turbulent  woman.  It  seems  in  .Shakspeare 
to  have  been  used  of  men.  In  ancient 
farces  and  puppet-shows,  termagant  was  a 
vociferous,  tumultuous  deity. 

She  threw  his  periwig  into  the  fire.     Well, 
said  he,  ihou  art  a  brave  termagant.        Tatler. 
The  sprites  of  fiery  termagants  in  flame — 

Pope. 

TERMED,  pp.     Called;  denominated. 
TERM'ER,  n.  One  who  travels  to  attend  a 

court  term.  Spenser. 

TERM'ER,  /       One  who  has  an  estate  for 
TERM'OR,  \  ""  a  term  of  years  or  life. 

Blackstone. 
TERM'-FEE,  n.    Among  lawyers,  a  fee  or 

certain  sum  charged  to  a  suitor  for  each 

term  his  cause  is  in  court. 
TERM'INABLE,  a.  [fiomiem.]  That  may 

be  bounded;  hmitable.  Did. 

TERM'INAL,   a.    [from  L.  terminus.]     In 


TERMINA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  limiting  or  |TERN'.\RY, 
setting  bounds;  the  act  of  ending  or  con- 
cluding. 

2.  Bound  ;  limit  in  space  or  extent;  as  the 
termination  of  a  line. 

3.  End  in  time  or  existence  ;  as  the  termina- 
tion o{  ihe  year  or  of  life;  the  termination 
of  happiness. 

4.  In  grammar,  the  end  or  ending  of  a  word  ; 
the  syllable  or  letter  that  ends  a  word. 
Words  have  different  terminations  to  ex 
press  immbcr,  time  and  sex. 

5.  End  ;  conclusion  ;  result. 

6.  Last  purpose.  Ifltite. 

7.  Word  ;  term.     [JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 
TERMINA'TIONAL,  a.   Forming  the  end 

or  concluding  syllable.  H'alker. 

TERM'INATIVE,  a.  Directing  termina 
tion.  Bp.  Rust. 

TERM'INATIVELY,  adv.  Absolutely  ;  so 
as  not  to  respect  any  thing  else.      Taylor. 

TERM'INATOR,  n.  In  astronomy,  a  name 
sometimes  given  to  the  circle  of  illunjina- 
tion,  from  its  property  of  ternjinating  the 
boundaries  of  light  and  darkness.         Vyc. 

TERMINER,  n.  A  determining  ;  as  in 
oyer  and  terminer. 

TERM'iNG,  ppr.  Calling  ;  denominating. 

TERM'INIST,  n.  In  ecclesiastical  liistory,  a 
sect  of  christians  who  maintain  that  God 
has  fixed  a  certain  term  for  the  probation 
of  particular  persons,  during  which  time 
they  have  the  offer  of  grace,  but  after 
which  God  no  longer  wills  their  salvation. 

Cyc. 

TERMINOLOGY,  n.  [L.  termimis,  or  Gr. 

Tffiia,  and  >.o^os.]     The  doctrine  of  terms; 

a  treatise  on  terms. 
3.  In  natural  history,  that  branch  of  the  sci 

ence  which  explams  all  the  terms  used  in 

the  description  ol' natural  object 

Ed.  Encyc. 
TERMIN'THUS,  n.  [Gr.  rifnu'Soi,  a   pine 

nut.] 
In  surgery,  a  large  painful  tumor  on  the  skin, 

thought  to  resemble  a  pine  nut.  Cyc. 

TERM'LESS,  a.  Unlimited;  boundless;  a: 


termless  joyn.  Raleigh, 

botany,  growing  at  the  end  of  a  branch  or||TERM'LY,  u.  Occurring  every  term  ;  as  a 
stem  ;  terminating  ;  as  a   terminal  scape,!}     termty  lee.  Bacon. 

flower  or  spike.  Martyn., TEKM'LY,    adv.    Term     by    term;    every 


"2.  Forming   the  extremity  ;  as  a  terminal 

edge. 
TERM'INATE,  v.  t.  [Fr.  terminer ;  L.  ter- 

mino ;  Sp.   terminar ;  It.   terminare  ;  from 

L.  terminus,  W.  tcrvyn.] 
1.  To  bound;  to  limit;  to  set  the  extreme 

point  or  side  of  a  thing;  as,  to  terminate 

a  surlaco  by  a  line, 
t*.  To  end  ;  to  [)ut  an  end  to ;  as,  to  terminate 

a  controversy. 


term  ;  as  a  fee  termly  given.  Bacon. 

TERN,  n.  [L.  sterna!]  A  common  name  of 
certain  aquatic  fowls  of  the  genus  Sterna; 
as  the  greai  tern  or  sea  swallow,  (S.  hirun- 
do,)  the  black  tern,  the  lesser  tern,  or 
hooded  tern,  and  the  limlish  tern,  or  nod- 
dy, (S.  stotida.)  The  brown  tern,  or  brown 
gull,  (S.  obscura,)  is  considered  us  the 
young  of  the  pewit  gull  or  sea-crow,  be- 
fore molting.  Ed.  Encyc. 


rERM'INATE,!'.  i.  To  be  limited;  toend;|TERN,  a.    [L.  tcrnus.]    Threefold;  consist 


to  come  to  the  furthest  point  in  space;  as, 
a  line  terminates  at  the  ei|uator;  the  torrid 
zone  ierminates  at  the  tropics. 

\i.  To  end ;  to  close;  to  come  to  a  limit  in 
time.  Tlie  session  of  congress,  every  sec- 
ond year,  must  terminate  on  the  third  of 
March. 

The  vvisdom  of  tliis  world,  its  designs  and 
iilhcacv,  terminate  on  this  side  heaven.     South. 

TEUM'INATKD,  pp.  Limited  ;  bounded  ; 
ended. 

TERM'INATING,  ppr.  Limiting;  ending; 
concludin 


ng  of  three. 

Tern  leaves,  in  threes,  or  three  by  three  ;  ex- 
pressing the  number  of  leaves  in  each 
whorl  or  set. 

Tern  peduncles,  three  growing  together  from 
the  same  axil. 

Tern  flowers,  growing  three  and  three  to- 
gether. Martyn. 

TERN'ARY,    a.    [L.   ternarius,   of  three.] 

Proceeding  by  threes;  consisting  ot  three. 
The  ternary  number,  in  anticpnty,  was  es- 
teemed a  symbol  of  perfection  and  held  in 
great  veneration.  Cyc 


I,  \       [L.  ternarius,  lernio.]  The 
TERNION,    S       number  three.       Holder. 
TKRN'ATE,  o.    {\..  temus,  terni.]    \n  bota- 
ny, a  ternate  leaf,  is  one  that  has  three 
leaflets  on  a   petiole,  as  in  trefoil,  straw- 
beri-y,   bramble,  &c.     There   are   leaves 
also  biternate  and  tritemate,  having  three 
ternate  or  three  biternate  leaflets.  Martyn. 
These  leaves  must  not  be  confounded 
with  folia   lerna,   which   are   leaves  that 
grow  three  together  in  a  whorl,  on  a  stem 
or  branch.  Cyc. 

\Ternale  bat,  a  species  of  bat  of  a  large  kind, 
found  in  the  isle  Ternate,  and  other  East 
India  isles.     [See  Vampyre.] 
Terra  Japonica,  catechu,  so  called. 
Terra  Lemnia,  a  species  of  red  bolar  earth. 
Terra  ponderosa,  baryte  ;  heavy  spar. 
Terra  Sienna,  a  brown  bole  or  ocher  from 

Sienna  in  Italy. 
TER'RACE,  n.  [Fr.  terrasse  ;    It.  terrazzo; 
ii\>.  terrado  ;  from  L.  terra,  the  earth.] 
In  gardening,  a  raised  bank  of  earth  with 
sloping  sides,  laid  with  turf,  and  graveled 
on  the  top  liu"  a  walk.  Cyc. 

A  balcony  or  open  gallery.  Johnson. 

3.  The  flat  roof  of  a  house.     All  the  build- 
ings of  the  oriental  nations   are  covered 
with  terraces,  where  peoi)le  walk  or  sleep. 
TER'RACE,  V.  t.  To  form  into  a  terrace. 
2.  To  open  to  the  air  and  light.  ff'otton, 

TER'RACED,  pp.  Formed  into  a   terrace; 
having  a  terrace.  Thomson. 

TER'UACING,  ppr.    Forming  into  a   ter- 
race :  opening  to  the  air. 
TER'RAPIN,  n.  A  name  given  to  a  species 

of  tide-vvuter  tortoise. 
TERRA'tiUEOrs,  a.    [L.  terra,  earth,  and 

aqua,  water  ;  W.  tir,  S;ins.  dara,  earth.] 
Consisting  of  land  and  water,  as  the  globe 
or  earth.  This  epithet  is  given  to  the 
earth  in  regard  to  the  surface,  of  which 
more  than  three  filths  consist  of  water, 
and  the  remainder  of  earth  or  solid  mate- 
rials. 
TER'RAR,  n.  A  register  of  lands.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Cowel. 

TKRRE-BLCE,    n.    [Fr.  terre,  earth,  .aid 

blue.] 
A  kmd  of  earth. 
TEURE-iNlOTE, 
motus,  motiiui.] 
An  earthquake.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Gower. 

TERUE-PLEIN,  )       [Fr.  (enf,  earth,  and 
TERREPLAIN,  \  "•  plein,  full.]    In  forti- 
flcatio7i,\he  top.  platform  or  horizontal  sur- 
face of  a  ramjiart,  on  which  the  cannon 
are  placed. 
rF.KHK-TEN'AXT,  ?        [Fr.  terre-tenant.] 
TER-TEN'ANT,        <,  "'  One  who  has  the 

actmd  possession  of  land  ;  the  occupant. 
TERRE-VERTE,   n.  [Fr.  (me,  earth,  and 

verd,  verte,  green.] 
A  species  of  green  earth,  used  by  painters. 
It  is  an  induraied  clay,  found  in  the  earth 
in  large  flat  masses,  imbedded  in  strata  of 
other  species  of  earth.  It  is  of  a  fine  reg- 
ular stniciine,  and  of  a  smooth  glos.sy  sur- 
face. It  is  found  in  Cyprus,  France  and 
Italy.  Cyc. 

TER'REL,  n.  [from  terra.]  Little  earth,  a 
magnet  of  a  just  spherical  figtiie,  ami  so 
placed  that  its  poles,  equator,  &:c.  rorres- 
poiHl  cXMctly  to  those  of  the  world. 
TERRENE,  a.  lL.terrenus,l\om terra,  W. 
tir,  earth.] 


[L 

[JVot  in  use 


If'ooduard. 
terra,  earih,  and 


T  E  R 


T  E  R 


T  E  S 


1.  Pertaining  to  the  earth  ;  earthy  ;  as  ter- 
rene siibsiiiiice. 

2.  Earthly ;  terrestrial. 

(Jod  set  before   him  a  mortal  and  immortal 

life,  a  nature  celestial  and  terrene.         Raleigh. 
TER'REOUS,    a.    [L.  Urreus,   from  terra, 

earth.] 
Earthy  ;  consisting  oi'carth  ;  as  terreous  siib- 

staiires;  (frrcoH.?  particles.  Broitm. 

TERRES'TIIIAI.,    a.    [L.   terrestris,   ftotii 

terra,  the  earth.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  earth  ;  existing  on  the 
earth;  as  terrestrial  animals;  bodies  ter- 
restnal.     1  Cor.  xv. 

2.  Consisting  of  eartli ;  as  the  terrestrial 
globe. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  world,  or  to  tlie  present 
stale  ;  sublunary.  Deatli  puts  an  end  to 
all  lerre.itri(tl  scenes. 

TEURES'TRIALLV,  adv.  After  an  earthly 

manner.  More. 

TERRES'TRIOUS,     a.     Earthy.      [Little 

used.] 
2.  Pertaining  to  the  earth;    being  or  living 

on  tlie  earth;  terrestrial.  Brown. 

TER'RIIJLE,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  (cmiiiw,  from 

terreo,  to  tVigliten.] 

1.  Frightful ;  adapteil  to  excite  terror ; 
dreadful  ;  formidable. 

Prudent  in  peace,  and  terrible  in  war. 

Prior. 
The  form  of  tlie  image  was  terrible.     Dan.  ii. 

2.  Adapted  to  impress  dread,  terror  or  sol- 
emn awe  and  reverence. 

The  I.ord  thy  Uod   is  among  you,  a  mighty 
God  and  terrible.     Ueut.  vii. 

Let  them  praise  thy  great  and  terrible  name, 
for  it  is  lioly.     Ps.  xcix. 

He  hath  done  for  thee  these  great  and  terrible 

things,  which  thine  eyes  have  seen.      Deut.  x. 

0.  adv.  Severely;  very;  so  as  to  give  pain ; 

a.s  terrible  cold  ;  a  colloquial  phrase. 
TER'RIBLENESS,  n.  Dreadfulness ;    for- 
midableness;  the  quality  or  state  of  being 
terrible  ;  as  the  terriUeness  of  a  sight. 
TER'RIULY,  adv.  Dreadfully;   in  a  man- 
ner to  excite  terror  or  fright. 

When  he  arisctli  to  shake  terribly  the  earth. 
Is.  ii. 
2.  Violently  ;  very  greatly. 

The  poor  man  squalled  terrilily.  fiipifl. 

TER'RIER,  ri.  [Fr.  from  <erm,  earth.]  Adog 

or  little  hound,  that  creeps  into  the  ground 

after  animals  that  burrow.  Dniden. 

2.  A  lodge  or  hole  where  certain  animals,  as 
foxes,  rabbits,  badgers  and  the  like,  secure 
themselves.  Ci/c. 

3.  Originall;/,  a  collection  of  acknowledg- 
ments of  the  vassals  or  tenants  of  a  lord- 
sliip,  containing  the  rents  and  services  they 
owed  to  the  lord,  &c. ;  at  present,  a  book 
or  roll  in  wliich  the  lands  of  private  per- 
sons or  cori)orations  are  described  by 
their  site,  boundaries,  number  of  acres, 
&c.  Cyc. 

4.  A  wimble,  auger  or  borer.  [L.  tero.] 

Jiiiisworth. 

TERRIF'IC,  a.  [L.  terrificus,  from  terreo, 
terror,  aiidfacio.] 

Dreadtul ;  causing  terror  ;  adapted  to  excite 
great  fear  or  dread  ;  as  a  (ern^c  form  ;  ter- 
rific sight. 

TERRIFIED,/)/).  Frightened;   affrighted. 

TERRIFY,  I',  t.  [L.  terror  and /ucio,  to 
make.] 

To  frighten  ;  to  alarm  or  shock  with  fear. 
They  were  terrified  aAd  affrighted.  Lulic  xxiv 


When  ye  shall  liear  of  wars  and  commotions, 
be  not  terrified.     Luke  xxi.     Job  vii. 

TER'RIF^ING,  ppr.  Frightening ;  affright- 
ing. 

TERRIGENOUS,  a.  [L.  terri^ena,  one  born 
of  the  earth  ;  terra  and  g^'g-no.]  Earth- 
horn  ;  produced  l)y  the  earth. 

TERRITORIAL,  «.  [th>m  territory.]  Per- 
taining to  lerritiny  or  land  ;  as  territorial 
limits;  (c>ri(on'«< jurisdiction.  Tooke. 

2.  Limited  to  a  certain  district.  Rights  may 
be  personal  or  territorial. 

TERRITORIALLY,  adv.  In  regard  to  ter 
ritory  ;  by  means  of  territory.     E.  Everett 

TERRITORY,  n.  [Fr.  terriloire  ;  It.  Sp. 
tcrritorio ;  L.  territorium,  from  terra, 
eartli.] 

I.  The  extent  or  compass  of  land  within  the 
bounds  or  belonging  to  the  jurisdiction  of 
any  state,  city  or  other  body. 

Linger  not  in  my  territories.  Shak. 

1  hey  erected  a  house  within  their  own  terri- 
tory. Hayward. 
Arts  and  sciences  took  their  rise  and  nourished 
only  in  those  small  territories  where  the  people 
were  free.  Swift. 
A  tract  of  land  belonging  to  and  under 
the  dominion  of  a  prince  or  state,  lying  at 
a  distance  from  the  parent  country  or  from 
the  seat  of  government ;  as  the  territories 
of  the  East  India  Company;  tUc  territories 
of  the  United  States;  the  Jcrn^or^  of  Misli- 
ignn  ;  Northwest  (crnVory.  These  districts 
of  country,  when  received  into  the  union 
and  acknowledged  to  he  states,  lose  the 
appellation  of  territory. 

Constitution  of  the  U.  Slates- 

TER'ROR,  n.  [L.  terror,  tVoni  terreo,  to 
frighten  ;  Fr.  terrcur  ;  It.  terrore.] 

1.  Extreme  fear;  violent  dread  ;  fright ;  fear 
that  agitates  the  body  and  mind. 

The  sword  without,  and  terror  within.  Deut. 
xxxii. 

The  terrors  of  God  do  set  themselves  in  ar- 
ray against  me.     Joi)  vi. 

Amaze  and  terror  sciz'd  Uie  rebel  host. 

Milton. 

2.  That  which  may  excite  dread  ;  the  cause 
of  extreme  fear. 

Rulers  are  not  a  terror  to  good  works,  but  to 
the  evil.     Rom.  xiii. 
Tiiose  enormous  terrors  of  the  Nile.     Prior 

3.  In   Scripture,   the  sudden  judgments  of 
God  arc  called  terrors.     Ps.  Ixxiii. 
The  threatenings  of  wicked  men,  or  evi 
apprehended  from  them.     1  Pet.  iii. 

Awful    majesty,   calculated    to    impress 
fear.     2  Cor.  v. 
G.  Death  is  emphatically  styled  the  king  of 

terrors. 
TERSE,  a.  ters.  [L.  tersus,  from  tergo,  to 

wipe.] 
Cleanly    written ;    neat ;     elegant    witliout 
pompousness;  as  terse  language;  a   terse 
style. 

Diffus'd,  yet  <crsf,  poetical,  though  plain. 

Harte. 

TERSELY,  adv.  ters'ly.  Neatly. 
TERSENESS,    n.    ters'ness.     Neatness   ofl 

stvle:  smoothness  of  language.       Warton. 
TER-TEN'ANT,  n.  [Fr.  ttrre  and  tenant.] 

The  occupant  of  land. 
TER'T1.\LS,  /I.  Ill  o/)iiV/io/og-i/,  fethers  near 

thf  junction  of  the  wing  with  the  body. 
TERTIAN,  a.    [L.  lertianus,  from  tertius, 
\     tliird.] 


Occurring  every  other  day ;  as  a  tertian 
fever. 

TERTIAN,  n.  A  disease  or  fever  whose 
paroxysms  return  every  other  day  ;  an  in- 
termittent  occurring    after    intervals    of 

1     about  forty  eight  hours.  Cyc.     Coze. 

A  measure  of  84  gallons,  tho  third  part  of 
a  tun.     Obs. 

TERTIARY,  n.  Third;  of  the  third  form- 
ation. Tertiary  mountains  are  surli  as  re- 
sult from  the  ruins  of  otiier  mountains 
promiscuously  heaped  together. 

Kiriean. 

Tertiary  formation,  in  geology,  a  series  of 
horizontal  strata,  more  recent  than  chalk 
beds,  consisting  chiefly  of  sand  and  clay, 
and  frequently  embracing  vast  (juantities 
of  organic  remains  of  the  larger  animals. 
It  comprehends  the  alluvial  formation, 
which  embraces  those  deposits  only  which 
have  resulted  from  causes  still  in  opera- 
tion ;  and  the  diluvial  formation,  wliich  is 
constituted    of  such    deposits   as  are  sup- 

I  posed  to  have  been  produced  by  the  del- 
uge. D.  Olmsted. 

,TER'TIATE,  v.  t.  [L. /criiu*,  third ;  tertio, 

\     to  do  every  third  day.] 

1.  To  do  any  thing  the  third  time.     Johnson. 

2.  To  examine  the  thickness  of  tlie  metal  at 
the  muzzle  of  a  gun;  or  in  general,  to  ex- 
amine the  tliickness  to  ascertain  the 
strengtli  of  ordnance. 

TES'SELATE,    i'.   t.    [L.    tessela,  a    little 

s(piare  stone.] 
To  liirm  into   squares  or  checkers;    to  lay 

with  clieckered  work. 
TES'SELATED,   pp.   Checkered;   formed 

in  little  squares  or  mosaic  work  ;  as  a  tes- 

selated  pavement. 
2.  In  botany,   spotted    or  checkered    like  a 

chess  board  ;  as  a  tesselated  leaf     Marlyn. 
TESSELA'TION,  n.  Mosaic  work,  or  the 

operation  of  making  it.  Forsyth,  Italy. 

TESSERA' l€.  a.  [L.to^era,  a  square  thing.] 

Diversified  by  squares;  tesselated. 

^Ikyns. 
TEST,  n.  [L.  testa,  an  earthen  pot ;  It.  testa 

or  testo  ;  Fr.  let.] 

1.  In  metallurgji,  a  large  cupel,  or  a  vessel  in 
the  nature  of  a  cupel,  formed  of  wood 
ashes  and  finely  powdered  brick  dust,  iu 
which  metals  are  melted  for  trial  and  re- 
finement. Cyc. 

2.  Trial ;  exainination  by  the  cupel  ;  lience, 
any  critical  trial  and  examination. 

Thy  virtue,  prince,  has  stood  the  test  of  for- 
tune 
Like  purest  gold —  .Addison. 

;3.  Means  of  trial. 

Each  test  and  every  light  her  muse  will  bear. 

Dryilen. 
4.  That  with  which  any  thing  is  compared 
for  proof  of  its  genuineness  ;  a  standard. 
— Life,  force  and  beauty  must  to  all  impart. 
At  once  the  source,  the  end  and  test  of  art. 

Pope. 
Discriminative  characteristic ;  standard. 
Our  test  excludes  your  tribe  from  benefit. 

Dryden. 
6.  Judgment ;  distinction. 

Vt\\o  would  excel,  when  few  can  make  a  test 
Betwixt  indiiferent  writing  and  the  best  ? 

Dryden. 
''7.  In  chimvstry,  a  substance  employed  to  de- 
!  tect  any  unknown  constituent  of  a  com- 
I     pound,   by   causing    it    to   exhibit    some 


T  E  S 


T  E  S 


T  E  S 


known  property.  Thus  ammonia  is  a  test 
of  cop()er,  because  it  strikes  a  blue  colcjr 
with  that  metal,  by  which  a  minute  quan- 
tity of  it  can  be  discovered  when  in  combi- 
nation with  other  substances.  D.  Olmsted. 
TEST,  n.  [L.  testis,  a  witness,  properly  one 

that  afBrms.] 
In  England,  an  oath  and  declaration  against 
transubstantiation,  which  all  officers,  civil 
and  military,  are  oblifjed  to  take  williin 
six  montlis  after  their  admission.  Tliey 
were  formerly  obliged  also  to  receive  the 
sacrament,  accoriling  to  the  usage  of  the 
church  of  England.  These  requisitions 
are  made  by  Stat.  95  Charles  II.  which 
is  called  the  test  act.  The  test  of  7  Jac.  1 
was  removed  in   1753.  Blnckstone 

TEST,  I',  t.  To  compare  with  a  standard  ; 
to  try;  to  prove  the  truth  or  genuineness 
of  any  thing  by  experiment  or  by  some 
fixed  principle  or  standanl  ;  as,  to  test  the 
soundness  of  a  principle  ;  to  test  the  valid- 
ity of  an  arguinenl. 

The  true  way  of  testing  its   character,  is  to 
suppose  it  [the  system]  will  be  persevered  in. 
Edin.  Remew. 
Experience  is  the  surest  standard    by  which 
to  test  the  real   tendency  of  tlie  existing  con- 
stitution. IVashington's  Address. 
To  test  this  position —  Hamilton,  Rep. 
In  order  to  test  the   correctness  of  this  sys- 
tem   Adams'  Lect. 

This  expedient  has  been  already  tested. 

fValsh,  Rev. 
:l.  To  attest  and  date  ;  as  a  writing  tested  on 

such  a  day. 
3.  In  metallurgy,  to  refine  gold  or  silver  by' 
means  of  lead,  in  a  test,   by  the  destruc- 
tion, vitrification  or  scorification  of  all  ex- 
traneous matter. 
TESTABLE,    a.    [L.    tester.     See    Testa- 
ment.] 
That  may  be  devised  or  given  by  will. 

Blackstone. 
TESTACEOG'RAPHY,  n.  [See  Testaceol- 

ogy-] 

TESTACEOL'OgY,  )        [L.    testacea,    or 
TESTAL'OGY,  I  ""    testa,     and     Gr. 

Xoyos.] 
The  science  of  testaceous  vermes,  or  of  those 
soft   and  simple  animals   which    have   a 
testaceous  covering;  a  branch  of  verme 
ology.     [Words  thus  formed  of  two  lan- 
guages are  rather  anomalous,  and  the  first 
for  its  length  is  very  objectionable.] 
TESTA'CEOUS,  a.  [L.  testaceus,  from  testa, 
a  shell.     The  primary  sense  u(  testa,  testis, 
testor,  &c.  is  to  thrust  or  drive  ;  hence  the 
sense  of  hardness,   compactness,  in  testa 
and  testis ;  and  hence  the  sense  of  attest, 
'ontest,  detest,  testator,  testament,  all  imply 
ing  a  sending,  driving,  &c.] 
Pertaining  to  shells;  consisting   of  a   hard 
shell,  or  having  a  hard  continuous  shell. 
Testaceous  animals  are   such   as   have  a 
strong  thick  entire  shell,  as  oysters  and 
clams ;  and  are   thus  distinguished  from 
critsfaceous  animals,  whose  shells  are  more 
thin  an<l  soft,  and  consist  of  several  pieces 
jointed,  as  lobsters.  Ci/c. 

Testaceous  medicines,  are  all  preparations  of 
shells  and  like  substances,  as  the  powders 
of  crabs'  claws,  pearl,  &c.  Enn/c. 

TEST'AMENT,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  testam'en- 

tum,  from  testor,  to  uiake  a  will.] 
1.  A  solemn  authentic  instrument  in  wri- 


ting, by  which  a  person  declares  his  will 
as  to  the  disposal  of  his  estate  and  effects 
after  his  death.  This  is  otlierwi.se  railed 
a  will.  A  testament,  to  be  valid,  must  be 
made  when  the  testator  is  of  sound  mind, 
and  it  nnist  be  subscribed,  witnessed  and 
published  in  such  manner  as  the  law  pre- 
scribes. , 

A  man  in  certain  cases  may  make  a  val-' 
id  will  by  wiirds  only,  and  such  will  is 
called  nuncupative.  Blackstone: 

2.  The  name  of  each  general  division  of  the 
canonii'al  books  of  the  sacred  Scriptures; 
as  the  Old  Testament;  the  New  Testament. 
The  name  is  equivalent  to  covenant,  and 
in  our  u.se  of  it,  we  apply  it  to  the  books 
which  contain  the  old  and  new  dispensa- 
tions; that  of  Mo.ses,  and  that  of  Jesus 
Christ. 

TESTAMENT'ARY,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
will  or  to  wills  ;  as  testamentary  causes  in 
law. 

2.  Bequeathed  by  will ;  given  by  testament ; 
as  testamentarij  charities.  Atterbujy. 

3.  Doue  by  testament  or  will. 
Testameiitan/  guardian  of  a  iTiinor,   is  one 

appointed  by  the  deed  or  will  of  a  father, 
until  the  cliilfl  becomes  of  age. 

TESTAMENTATION,  n.  Theactorpow- 
er  of  giving  by  will.     [Little  used.] 

Burke. 

TEST' ATE,  a.  [L.  testatus.]  Having  made 
and  left  a  will ;  as,  a  person  is  said  to  die 
tcitnte. 

TESTA'TION,  n.  [L.  testatio.)  A  witness- 
ing or  witness.  Bp.  Hall. 

TESTA'TOU,  n.  [L.]  A  ttian  who  makes 
and  leaves  a  wdl  or  testament  at  death 

TESTA'TRIX,  n.  A  woman  who  makes 
and  leaves  a  will  at  death 

TEST'ED,  pp.  Tried  or  approved  by  a  test 
tShak.     Parkhurst. 

TEST'ER,  n.  [Fr.  tele,  head.]  Thetopcov- 
ering  of  a  bed,  consisting  of  some  species 
of  cloth,  supported  by  the  bedstead. 

TEST'ER,  /        A  French  coin,  of  the  value 

TEST'ON,  S  "■  of  about  six  pence  sterling. 

TEST'leLE,  n.  [L.  tcsticidus ;  literally  a 
hard  mass,  like  testa,  a  shell.] 

The  testicles  are  male  organs  of  generation, 
consisting  of  glandular  substances,  whose 
office  is  to  secrete  the  fecundating  fluid. 

Ci/c. 

TESTle'ULATE,  a.  In  6o<an?/,  shaped  like 
a  testicle.  Lee. 

TESTIFICATION,  n.  [L.  testijicatio.  See 
Testify.] 

The  act  ot  testifying  or  giving  testimony  <irl 
evidence  ;  as  a  direct  testijicalion  of  ourj 
homage  to  God.  South 

TESTIFICA'TOR,  n.  One  who  gives  wit- 
ness or  evidence. 

TEST'IFIED,  pp.  [from  tesliff/.]  Given  in 
evidence ;  witnessed ;  published  ;  made 
known. 

TEST'IFIER,  n.  [from  testify.]  One  wh-i 
testifies  ;  one  who  gives  testimony  or  hears 
witness  to  |)rove  any  thing. 

TEST'IFY,  v.i.  [L.  te.itifcor  ;  testis  mu]  fa 

do;  It.  testifcare ;  S\y.  tesfifcar.] 
1.  To  make  a  solemn  declaration,  verbal  or 
written,  to  establish  some  fact ;  to  give 
testimony  for  the  purpose  of  commmiica- 
ting  to  others  a  knowledge  of  something 
not  known  to  them. 


Jesus  needed  not  that  any  should   testify  of- 
man,  for  he  knew  what  was  in  man.     John  ii. 

2.  h\  judicial  proceedings,  to  make  a  solemn 
declaration  under  oath,  for  the  purpose  of 
establishing  or  making  proof  of  some  fact 
to  a  court ;  to  give  testimony  in  a  cause 
depending  before  a  tribunal. 

One  witness  shall  not  testify  against  any  per- 
son to  cause  him  to  die.     ?*uid.  xsxv. 

3.  To  declare  a  charge  against  one. 

0  Israel,  1  will  testify  against  thee.     Ps.  I. 

4.  To  protest;  to  declare  against. 

1  testified  against  them  in   the  day  whereiii 
they  ^ol^l  victuals.     Neh.  xiii. 

TEST'IFY,  V.  t.  To  affirm  or  declare  sol- 
emnly for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a 
fact. 

We  speak  that  we  do  know,  and  testify  that 
we  have  seen.     John  iii. 

2.  In  law,  to  affirm  or  declare  under  oath 
before  a  tribunal,  for  the  purpose  of  prov- 
ing .some  fact. 

3.  To  bear  witness  to  ;  to  support  the  truth 
of  by  testimony. 

To  testify  the  gospel  of  the  grace  of  God. 
Acts  XX. 

4.  To  publish  and  declare  freely. 
Testifying  both  to  the  Jews,  and  also  to  the 

Greeks,  repentance  towards  God  and  faith  to- 
wards our  Lord  Jesus  Christ.     Acts  xx. 

TEST'IFYING,  ppr.  Affirming  solemnly 
or  under  oath,  for  the  purpose  of  estab- 
lishing a  fact;  giving  testimony;  bearing 
witness;  declaring. 

TEST'ILY,  adv.  [from  testy.]  Fretfully; 
(leevishlv  ;  with  petulance. 

TESTIMONIAL,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  testimo- 
niu  m.] 

writing  or  certificate  in  favor  of  one's 
character  or  good  conduct.  Testimonials 
are  required  on  many  occasions.  A  iterson 
must  have  testimonials  of  his  learning  and 
good  conduct,  before  he  can  obtain  license 
to  |)reach.  Testimonials  are  to  be  signed 
by  |)ersous  of  known  respectability  of 
character. 

TEST'IMONY,  n.  [L.  testimonium.]  A  sol- 
emn declaration  or  affirmation  made  for 
the  purpose  of  establishing  or  provin"- 
some  fact.  Such  aftirmation  in  judicial 
proceedings,  may  be  verbal  or  written, 
but  unist  be  under  oath.  Testimony  dif- 
fers from  exndence ;  testimony  is  the  decla- 
ration of  a  witness,  and  evidence  is  the  ef- 
fect of  that  declaration  on  the  mind,  or  the 
degree  of  light  which  it  affords. 

2.  Affirmation  ;  declaration  These  doctrines 
are  supported  by  the  uniform  testimony  of 
the  fathers.  The  belief  of  past  facts  luust 
depend  on  the  evideuce  of  human  testimo- 
ny, or  the  testimony  of  historians. 

.3.  Open  atfestatiiui  ;  profession. 

Thou  for  the  testimony  of  truth  hast   borne 
I 'ill  versa!  reproach.  Afilton. 

4.  Witness;  evidence;  proof  of  some  fact. 
Shake  off  the  liust  under  your  feet,  for  a  tes- 

timnny  against  thetn.     Marii  vi, 

5.  In  Scripture,  the  two  tables  of  the  law. 
Thou  shilt  put  into  the   ark  the   testimony 

which  I  shall  give  thee.     Ex.  xxv. 
G.  The  book  of  the  law. 

He  brought  forth  the  king's  son — and  gave 
bim  the  testimony.     2  Kings  xi. 

7.  The  gospel,  which  testifies  of  Christ  and 
clei-lares  the  will  of  God.  1  Cor.  ii.  2 
Tim.  i. 

ti.  The  ark.    Ex.  xvi. 


T  E  T 

9.  The  word  of  God;  the  Scriptures.  I 

ThD  testimony  of  the  LorU  is  sure,  making 
wi-iu  Ihi:  simple.     P^.  xix. 

10.  Till!  laws  or  precepts  of  God.  "  I  love 
thy  teslimonus:'  "  I  have  kept  lliy  Itsli- 
monies:'  Psalnis.\ 

11.  That  which  is  equivalent  to  a  declara- 
tion;  umrilfestatioii. 

Sacrifices  were  appointed  by  God  for  »<«»''■ 
mony  of  liis  hatred  of  sin.  Clarke. 

12.  Evidence  suggested  to  the  nnnd  ;  aa  the 
testimony  of  conscience,     'i  Cor.  i. 

13.  .\ttcstatii)n  ;  confiriiialion. 
TESTIMONY,  v.  I.  To  witness.     [JVot  in 

use..]  •^'"'*- 

TEST'INESS,  n.  [from  tesly.\  Fretfuluess  ; 
peevishness;  petulance. 

Testiness  is  a  dispoiitiou  or  aptness  to  be  an- 
gry. Locke. 

Trying  for 


T  E  T 

TETCH'INESS,  ?  See     Techiness,     Techy. 

TEr(;il'Y.  ^  [corrupted    from  touchy, 

touchiness.]     [.Vutinuse.] 

TETE,  n.  Ll-'r.  head.]  False  huir  ;  a  kind  ofl 
wig  or  cap  of  I'alse  hair. 

Tele-a-lele,  [Vr.]  head  to  head;  cheek  by 
jowl  ,  in  private. 

TETU'ER,  n.  (See  Tedder.]  A  rope  or 
chain  hy  which  a  heast  is  confined  for 
feeding  within  certain  limits. 

TETU'ER,  V.  t.  To  confine,  as  a  beast 
with  a  rope  or  chain  for  feeding  within 
certain  limits.  [It  would  be  well  to  write 
this  word  unifnrinlv  tedder.' 

TET'RACHORU,  it."  [Gr.  Tttrafa,  four,  and 
;^opi)7,  a  chord. ^ 

III  ancient  music,  a  diatessaron  ;  a  series  of 
four  sounds,  of  which  the  e.xtretnes,  or 
first  and  last,  constituted  a  fourth.  These 
extremes  were  immntahle ;  the  two  mid- 
dle sounds  were  changeable.  Cyc.\ 

TET'R.\D,  n.  [Gr.  riTjia^,  the  nuinber  four.)' 
The   number  four  ;  a   collection   of  fouri 

I     things. 

TETRADAC'TYLOUS,    a.  [Gr.  titpa.  andl 

1     jaxfvXoj.l     [laving  four  toes.  | 

rETKAUlAI"ASON,  n.  [Gr.  tirpa,  four, 
and  diiipiiaon.] 


TESTING,   ppr.   [from  test. 

proof:  proving  by  a  standard   or  by  ex- 
periment. 

.\  plan  for  testing  alkalies —  Ure. 

TESTTNG,  n.  The  act  of  trying  for  proof. 

2.  In  metalturgy,  the   operation   of  relinin, 

large  quantities  of  gold  or  silver  by  means 

of  lead,  in  the  vessel  called  a  test.     In  this 

process,  the  extraneous  mutter  is  vitrified, i      ^ 

scorified  or  destroyed,  and  the  'netal  letV  q„.|,|^,i|,I,,  ,||apason  or  octave;  a  musical 
pure.  This  operation  is  performed  in  thej!  (.|,(,nl,  uthcrwise  called  a  quadruple  eighth 
manner  of  cupellation.  Cyc.J     „r  twenty  ninth.  Cyc. 

TES TOON',  n.  A  silver  coin  in  Italy  and  -pp-p^  ^UJjACH'MA,  n.  TGr.  Ttrpa  and 
Portugal.  In  Florence,  the  tcstooii  is' 
worth  two  lire  or  three  pauli,  about  seven- 
teen pence  sterling,  or  thirty  two  cents. 
At  Lisbon,  the  testoon,  as  a  money  of  ac- 
count, is  valued  at  100  rees,    about  seven 

pence  sterling,  or  twelve  and  a  half  cents.  |rp£^J^^|")Y[;^;^iyi^I^]y_  „_     ^Q^. 
TEST-PAPER,    )i.    A    paper  impregnated  i     «^,,auif,  power,  strength.] 

with  a  chiinical  re-agent,  as  litmus,  &c.     Vj^^  botany,  a  plant  having  six  stamens,  four 

Parke. A     ^f  4v|iirh  are  loiiffer  than  the  others. 
TESTU'DINAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  jlie  tor- Irpg.pf^^^Oyjj.^;^!.]  ^N^   a.    Ilaving  six  sta- 


[Gr.   TiTfa 

II     *H'».)rA"?-l       .  .  u  r       \ 

llln  ancient  comage,  a  silver  com  worth  tour| 

cbachmas.  :5s.  sterling,    or  C(>5  cents  ;  the! 
ll     drachma  being   estimated  at  !W  sterling, 

or  liij  cents.  _ 

■Tfrpa  and 


toise,  or  resembling  it.  Fleming. 

TESTU'DINATED,  a.    [L.  testudo,  a  tor- 
toise.]    Roofed  ;  arched. 

TESTUDIN'EOUSjO.  Resembling  the  shell 
of  a  tortoise. 

TESTU'DO.  n.  [L.]  A  tortoise.  Ainongj" 
the  Romans,  a  cover  or  skreeii  which  a  .^ 
body  of  troops  formed  with  their  shields 
or  targets,  by  holding  them  over  their 
beads  when  standing  close  to  each  other. 
This  cover  resembled  the  hack  of  a  tor- 
toise, and  served  to  shelter  the  men  from 
darts,  stones  and  other  missiles.  .\  .simi- 
lar defense  was  sometimes  formed  of 
boards  and  moved  on  wheels. 

3.  Ill  medicine,  a  broad  soft  tumor  between' 
the  skull  and  the  skin,  called  also  taipa  or] 
mole,   as    resembling    the  subierraneousj 


nens,  fiiur  of  which  are  uniformly  longer 
than  the  others. 

TET'RAGON,    n.    [Gr.   -rirfiay^roc,  ttrpo, 
for  rtonapt;,  four,  and  yuna,  an  angle.] 

1.  In  ■feome/n/,  a  figure  having  four  angles;  a 
quadrangle  ;  as  a  square,  a  rhombus,  &c. 
[n  astrology,  an  aspect  of  two  planets  with] 
regard  to  tin;  earth,  when  they  are  distant 
from  each  other  ninety  degrees,  or  the 
fourth  of  a  circle. 

TETIlAti'ONAL,  «.  Pertaining  to  a  tetra- 
gon :  haviiiir  four  angles  or  sides.  Thus 
a  square,  a  parallelogram,  a  rhombus,  and 
a  trapezium,  are  tetragonal  figures. 
In  botany.  Iiavimr  four  prominent  lonsritu- 
diiial  angles,  as  a  stem.  Martf/n.i 

iTET'R.\GONIS.M,   n.   The  quadrature'  ofi 
he  circle.  Cyc, 


windings  of  the  tortoise  or  mole.  Qv^-IJTET'R.^tiYN,  n.  [Gr.  Tirpo,  four,  and  yvir;, 

TEST'Y,  a.  [from  Fr.  teste,  ttte,  the  head,       ^  female.]     In  botany,  a  plant  having  four 


or  from  the  same  root.] 

Fretful ;  peevish  ;  petulant ;  easily  irritated. 
Pyrrhus  cured   his   testy  courtiers  with   a 
kick. 
Must  I  stand  and  crouch  under  your  test}/  hu- 
mor ?  .Shak. 

TET'ANUS,  n.  [Gr.  rsrwoj,  stretched.]  A 
spasmodic  contraction  of  the  muscles  of 
voluntary  motion,  particularly  of  those 
which  shut  the  lower  jaw  ;  the  locked 
jaw.  Cyc. 

TETAUG',  n.  The  name  of  a  fish  on  the 


pistils. 
TETRAtiYN'IAN,  a.  Having  four  pistils.] 
TETRAHE'DRAL,   a.    [See  Tetrahedron.] 
1.  Having  four  equal  triangles.  Bailey. 

12.  In  botany,  having  four  sides,  as  a  pod  or 

siliqiie.  Marlyn. 

TETRAHE'DRON,  n.  [Gr.  rtrpa,  four,  and 

fipa,  side.] 
In  geometry,  a  figure  comprehended   under 

four  equilateral   and    equal   triangles;  or 

one  of  the  five  regular  Platonic  bodies  of 


_  that  ficure.  Cyc. 

coast  of  New  England  ;  called  also  blacktJTETRAIIEXAHE'DRAL,    a.    [Gr.  nrpo, 
fish.  'I    four,  and  Aexafterfra/.] 


T  E  T 

In  crystatogrnphy,  exhibiting  four  rangea  of 
faces,  one  above  another,  each  range  con- 
taining six  faces. 

TE'I'RA.M'ETER,  n.  [Gr.  t.rpo,  four,  and 
^frpoi-,  iiii'asure.] 

In  ancient  poetry,  an  iambic  verse  consisting 
of  four  feel,  lijund  in  the  comic  poet. 

Cyc. 

A  verse  consisting  of  four  measures  or 

eichi  feet.  ^hh. 

TETRAN'DER,  n.  [Gr.  riTpo,  four,  and 
afrjji,  a  mule.]  In  botany,  a  plant  having 
four  stamens. 

TETRAN'DRIAN,  a.  Having  four  stamens. 

TE'l'KAPET'ALOUS,  a.  [Gr.  rirpo,  four, 
and  !tiTa.7jn;  leaf.] 

Ill  botany,  containing  four  distinct  petals  or 
flower  leaves  ;  as  a  tetrapetaluus  corol. 

Martyn. 

TETRAPH'YLLOUS,  a.  [Gr.  ntfo.,  four, 

anil  pvy>jni,  leaf.] 

Ill  botany,  having  four  leaves;  consisting  of 

four   distinct   leaves   or  leaflets ;  as  a  tet- 

raphijllous  calyx.  Martyn. 

TET'RAl'TOf  E,  n.  [Gr.   rtrpa,  four,  and 

nrwjii,  case.] 
In  grammar,  a  noun  that  has  four  cases  on- 
ly ;  as  L.  astus,  &c. 
TE'TRARCH,    n.    [Gr.    tiTfiofxvs ;   "'"(». 

four,  and  apx';,  rule.] 
A  Roman  governor  of  the  fourth  part  of  a 
province;  a  subordinate  prince.     In  time, 
this  word  came  to  denote  any  petty  king 
or  sovereign. 
TETR-ARCH.VTE,  n.  The  fourth  part  of  a 
province  under  a  Roman  tetrarch  ;  or  the 
oflire  or  jiiiisdiction  of  a  tetrarch. 
TETR'AR€HI€AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  te- 
trarchy.  Herbert. 

TET'RAReHY,  n.  The  same  as  tetrarchate. 
TETRASPERM'OUS,  a.  [Gr.  r^rpa,  four, 
and  »rtfp,ua,  seed.]     In  botany,  containing 
four  seeds.  Marlyn. 

A  tetraspermous  plant,  is  one  which  pro- 
duces four  seeds  in  each  flower,  as  the 
rough-leaved  or  verticillatc  plants. 

Martyn. 
TETRASTICH,  n.  [Gr.   ■ntpaiixoi ;  i-trpo, 

four,  and  ;ix<>s.  verse.] 
A  stanza,  epigram  or  poem  consisting  of  four 
verses.  Pope. 

TET'RASTYLE,  n.  [Gr.  rtrpo,  four,   and 

fW.05,  column.] 

In  ancient  architecture,  a  building  with  four 

columns  in  front.  Cyc. 

TETRASYLl.AB'IC,        )       Consisting  of 

TETRASYLLAB  ICAL,  S       four  syllables. 

Cyc. 
TETRASYL'LABLE,  n.  [Gr.   rti-po,  four, 
and  (iiXXoSr,  syllable.]     A  word  consisting 
of  Innr  svllabies. 
TET  RIe,'  i       [L.  telncus.]   Froward ; 

TF,T'RI€.\L,     >  a.  perverse  ;  harsh  ;  sour; 
TET'RICOUS,  )      rugged.     [.Vo<  in  use] 

KnolUs. 

TETRIC'ITY,  Tj.  Crabbedness;  perverse- 
ness.     [.\*o(  in  use.] 

TETTER,  n.  [Sax.  teter,  tetr ;  allied  per- 
haps to  L.  iitUlo.] 

1.  In  tnedicine,  a  common  name  of  several 
cutaneous  diseases,  consisting  of  an  erup- 
tion of  vesicles  or  pustules,  in  distinct  or 
confluent  clusters,  spreading  over  the  body 
in  various  directions  and  hardening  into 
scabs  or  crusts.    It  includes  the  shingles, 


TEX 


T  H  A 


T  H  A 


ring-worm,   milky    scale    (crusta    lactea,) 
scaki  head,  &c.  Good. 

9.  In  farriery,  a  cutaneous  disease  of  ani- 
mals, of  the  ring-wonn  kind,  which 
spreads  on  the  body  in  different  direc- 
tions, and  occasions  a  troublesome  itching. 

Ci/c. 

TET'TER,  V.  t.  To  affect  with  the  disease 
called  tetters. 

TET'TISH,  a.  [Qli.  Fr.  tete,  head.]  Cap 
tious;  testy.     [JVotinuse.] 

TEUTON'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Teutons, 
a  people  of  Germany,  or  to  their  language 
as  a  noun,  the  language   of  the  Teutons, 
the  parent  of  the  German  Dutch,  and  An- 
glo Saxon  or  native  English. 

Teutonic  order,  a  military  religious  order  of 
knights,  established  toward  the  close  of 
the  twelfth  century,  in  imitation  of  the| 
Templars  and  Hospitallers.  It  was  com- 
posed chiefly  of  Teutons  or  Germans,! 
who  marched  to  the  Holy  Land  in  the 
crusades,  and  was  established  in  that: 
country  for  charitable  purposes.  It  in-i 
creased  in  numbers  and  strength  till  it  be- 
came master  of  all  Prussia,  Livonia  and 
Pomerania.  C'l/c. 

TEW,  V.  t.  To  work  ;  to  soften.  [Not  in 
u.ie.]     [See  Taw.] 

2.  To  work ;  to  pull  or  tease  ;  among  sea-\ 
men. 

TEW,  n.  [probably  tow.]  Materials  for  any 
thing.     [Not  in  use.]  Skinner. 

2.   An  iron  chain.     [Not  in  use.] 

Ainsivorlh. 

TEW'EL,  n.  [Fr.  tuyau.]  An  iron  pipe  in 
a  forge  to  receive  the  pipe  of  a  bellows. 

Moxon 

TEW'TAW,  r.  t.  To  beat ;  to  break.  [Not 
in  use.]     [See  Ten:]  Mortimer. 

TEXT,  n.  [Fr.  teile  ;  L.  leitus,  woven  ;  It. 
testo.     See  Texture.] 

1.  A  discourse  or  composition  on  which  a 
note  or  commentary  is  written.  Thus  we 
speak  of  the  te.rt  or  original  of  the  Scrip 
ture,  in  relation  to  the  comments  upon  it. 
Infinite  pains  have  been  taken  to  ascertain 
and  establish  the  genuine  original  text. 

2.  A  verse  or  passage  of  Scripture  which  a 
preacher  selects  as  the  subject  of  a  dis 
course. 

How  oft,  when  Paul  has  serv'd  us  with  a 

text, 
Has  Epictetus,  Plato,  TuUy  preach'd. 

Cowpet 

3.  Any  particular  passage  of  Scripture,  used 
as  authority  in  argument  for  proof  of  a 
doctrine.  In  modern  sermons,  texts  of 
Scripture  are  not  as  frequently  cited  as 
they  were  formerly. 

4.  In  ancient  law  niUliors,  the  four  Gospels, 
by  way  of  eminence.  Cyc. 

TEXT,  V.  t.  To  write,  as  a  text.  [Not  much 
used.]  Beaum. 

TEXT'-BOPK,  n.  In  universities  and  colle- 
ges, a  classic  author  written  with  wide 
spaces  between  the  lines,  to  give  room  for 
the  observations  or  interpretation  dictated 
by  the  master  or  regent.  Ci/c. 

2.  A  book  containing  the  leading  iirinciples 
or  most  important  points  of  a  sricnre  or 
branch  of  loariiing,  arranged  in  order  for 
the  use  of  students. 
TEXT-IIAND,  n.  A  large  hand  in  writing; 
so  called  because  it  was  the  practice  to' 


write  the  text  of  a  book  in  a  large  band, 
and  the  notes  in  a  smaller  hand. 

TEXT'ILE,  a.  [L.  textilis.]  Woven,  or  ca- 
pable of  being  woven. 

TEXT'ILE,  n.  That  which  is  or  may  be 
woven.  Bacon.     H'ilkins. 

TEXT'-MAN,  n.  A  man  ready  in  the  quota- 
tion of  texts.  Saunderson. 

TEXTO'RIAL,  n.  [h.textor.]  Pertaining  to 
weaving. 

TEXT'RINE,n.  Pertaining  to  weaving  ;  as 
the  textrine  art.  Derham. 

TEXT'UAL,  a.  Contained  in  the  text. 

Milton. 

2.  Serving  for  texts.  Bp.  Hall. 

TEXT'UALIST,  ?        [Fr.   tcxtuaire,    from 

TEXT'UARY,  I  "'  texte.]  One  who  is 
well  versed  in  the  Scriptures,  and  can 
readily  quote  texts. 

2.  One  who  adheres  to  the  text. 

TEXT'UARY,  a.  Textual  ;  contained  in 
the  text.  Brown 

2.  Serving  as  a  text;  authoritative. 

GlanvUle. 

TEXT'UIST,^^.  One  ready  in  the  quotation 

of  texts. 
TEX'TURE,    n.    [L.   textura,  textus,  from 

texo,  to  weave.] 
L  The  act  of  weaving. 

2.  A  web  ;  that  which  is  woven. 
Others,  far  in  the  grassy  dale. 

Their  humble  texture  weave.  Thomson. 

3.  The  disposition  or  connection  of  threads, 
filaments  or  other  slender  bodies  inter 
woven  ;  as  the  texture  of  cloth  or  of  a  S])i- 
dci's  web. 

4.  The  disposition  of  the  several  parts  of  any 
body  in  connection  with  each  other;  or 
the  manner  in  which  the  constituent 
parts  are  united  ;  as  the  texture  of  earthy 
substances  or  fossils  ;  the  texture  of  a 
plant  ;  the  texture  of  paper,  of  a  hat  or 
skin  ;  a  loose  texture  ;  or  a  close  compact 
texture. 

5.  In  anatomy.     [See  Tissue.] 
THACK,  for  thatch,  is  local.     [See  Thatch 
THAL'LITE,  71.  [Gr.  eaX\o!,  a  green  twig.] 

In  mineralogy,  a  substance  variously  de 
nominated  by  different  authors.  It  is  the 
epidote  of  Hauy,  the  delphinite  of  Saus- 
sure,  and  the  pistacite  of  Werner.  It  oc- 
curs both  crystalized  and  in  masses.     Ci/c. 

THAM'MUZ,  n.  The  tenth  monlh  of  the 
Jewish  civil  year,  containing  29  days,  and 
answering  to  a  part  of  June  and  a  part  of 
July. 

2.  The  name  of  a  deity  among  the  Pheni- 
cians. 

THAN,  adv.  [Snx.  fhanne ;  Goth,  than  ;  D. 
dan.  This  word  signifies  also  then,  boti 
in  English  and  Dutch.  The  Germans  ex 
press  the  sense  by  als,  as.] 

This  word  is  placed  after  some  comparative 
adjective  or  adverb,  to  express  cnm|)ari 
son  between  what  precedes  and  what  fol 
lows.  Thus  Elijah  said,  I  am  not  better 
than  my  fathers.  Wisdom  is  boiler  than 
strength.  Israel  loved  Joseph  more  than 
all  his  children.  All  nations  are  coimted 
less  than  Udthing.  I  who  am  less(/iuji  the 
least  iif  all  saints.  The  last  error  shall  be 
worse  than  the  first.  He  that  denies  the 
faith  is  worse  than  an  infidel. 

After  more,  or  an  equivalent  termination, 
the  following  word  implies  less,  or  tvorse ; 


after  less,  or  an  equivalent  termination,  it 
implies  more  or  better. 

THANE,  »!.  [Sax.  thegn,  thcegn,  a  minister 
or  servant;  thegnian,  thenian,  to  serve; 
D.  G.  dienen,  to  serve  ;  Sw.  tiena,  to  serve ; 
tienare,  a  servant ;  Dan.  tiener,  to  serve  ; 
tiener,  a  servant.  If  g'  is  radical,  this  word 
belongs  to  Class  Dg ;  if  not,  to  Class  Dn, 
No.  10.] 

The  thanes  in  England  were  formerly  per- 
sons of  some  dignity  ;  of  these  there  were 
two  orders,  the  king's  thanes,  who  attend- 
ed the  Saxon  and  Danish  kings  in  their 
courts,  and  held  lands  immediately  of 
them  ;  and  the  ordinary  thanes,  who  were 
lords  of  manors,  and  who  had  a  particidar 
jurisdiction  within  their  limits.  After  the 
conquest,  this  title  was  disused,  and  baron 
took  its  place. 

THANE-LANDS,  n.  Lands  granted  to 
thanes. 

THA'NESHIP,  n.  The  state  or  dignity  of 
a  thane  ;  or  his  seignory. 

THANK,  v.t.  [Sax.  thancian ;  G.  D.  dank- 
en  ;  Ice.  thacka :  Sw.  tacka ;  Dan.  takker. 
We  see  by  the  Gothic  dialects  that  ?i  is  not 
radical.  To  ascertain  the  primary  .sense, 
let  us  attend  to  its  compounds  ;  G.  nbdank- 
en,  [which  in  English  woulil  he  off  thank,] 
to  dismiss,  discharge,  discard,  send  away, 
put  off,  to  disband  or  break,  as  an  offi- 
cer ;  verdanken,  to  owe  or  be  indebted ; 
D.  afdanken,  to  cashier  or  discharge. 
These  senses  imply  a  sending.  Hence 
thank  is  probably  from  the  sense  of  giving, 
that  is,  a  render  or  return.] 

1.  To  express  gratitude  for  a  favor ;  to  make 
acknowledgments  to  one  for  kindness  be- 
stowed. 

We  are  bound  to  thank  God  always  for  you, 
2  Thess.  i. 

,Ioab  bowed  himself  and  thanked  the  king. 
2  Sam.  xiv. 

2.  It  is  used  ironically. 

Welsh  the  danger  witb  the  doubtful  bliss. 
And  Ihank  yourself,  if  aught  should  fall  amiss. 

Ihyden. 
THANK.  (  generally  in  the  plural.  [Sax. 
THANKS,  ^"-Mn/ic;  Gaelic,  tainc]  Ex- 
pression of  gratitude  ;  an  acknowledg- 
ment made  to  express  a  sense  of  favor  or 
kindness  received.  Gratitude  is  the  feel- 
ing or  sentiment  excited  by  kindness; 
thanks  are  the  expression  of  that  senti- 
ment.    Luke  vi. 

Thanks  be  to  God,  who  giveth  us  tlie  victo- 
ry.    1  Cor.  .\v. 

Thanks  be  to  God  for  his  unspeakable  gift. 
2  t^or,  Ix. 

He  took  bread  and  gave  thanks  to  God.  Acts 
xxvil. 

TH,\NK'ED,  pp.  Having  received  expres- 
sion<  .if  irratitude. 

THANK'FUL,  o.  [Sax.  thancfull ;  Gaelic, 
tain  cat.] 

Grateful ;  impressed  with  a  sense  of  kind- 
ness received,  and  ready  to  acknowledge 
it.  The  Lord's  supper  is  to  be  celebrated 
with  a  //i«ni/u/ remembrance  of  his  suffer- 
ings and  death. 

l!f  thankful  to   him,   and  bless  his   name. 

P-i    c. 

rilANK'FtiLLY,    adv.     With   a  grateful 
sense  of  favor  or  kindness  received. 
If  you  have  liv'd,  take  thankftdly  the  past. 

Dry  den. 


T  H  A 

TIIANK'FULNESS,  n.  Expression  of  grat- 

ituili; ;  ackiiovvledgiiieiit  ot'a  favor. 
2.  Gratitude  ;  a  lively  sense  of  good  receiv- 
ed. .     ^ 
The  celebration  of  these  holy  mystenes  be 
ing  ended,  retire  with  all  thankfulness  of  heart 
for  haviiiE  been  admitted  to  that  lieavenly  feast. 
*                                                   Taylor. 
THANK' ING,   ppr.    Expressing  gratitude 

for  good  received. 
THANK'LESS,   a.    Unthankful;  ungrate- 
ful ;  not  acknowledging  favors. 
That  she  may  feel 
How  sharper  than  a  serpent's  tooth  it  is 
To  have  a  thankless  child.  Shak. 

2.  Not  deserving  thanks,   or   not   likely   to 
cain  thanks  ;  as  a  thankless  office. 
'=  ft'oUon. 

THANK'LESSNRSS,  n.  Ingratitude  ;  fail- 
ure to  acknowledge  a  kindness.        Donne 
THANK'-OFFERING,  n.  [thank  anil  offer- 
ing-] 
An    offering  made   in  acknowledgment  of 
mercy.  n  atls. 

THANKSGIVE,    v.  I.    thanksgiv'.    [thanks] 

and  give.] 
To  celebrate  or  distinguish  by  solemn  rites. 
[Ao(  in  use.]  Mede. 

TllANKSGlV'ER,      n.     One    who    gives 
thanks  or  acknawledges  a  kindness. 

Barrow. 
TIIANKSGIV'ING,  ppr.  Rendering  thanks 

for  good  received. 
THANKSGIVING,  ?i.   The  act  of  render 
ing  thanks  or  expressing  gratitude  for  fa- 
vors or  mercies. 

Every  creature  of  God  is  gooil,  and  notbin;; 
to  be  relused,  if  received  with  thunks^ifing.    1 
Tim.  iv. 
2.  A  public  celebration  of  divine  goodne.><s;i 
also,  a  day  set  apart  for  religious  services^' 
spe<ially  to  acknowledge  the  goodness  of 
God,  either  in  any  remarkable  deliverance 
from  calamities  or  danger,  or  in  the  ordin- 
ary  dispensation   of    his     liduiitics.     The 
practice  of  appointing  an  annual   thanks- 
giving originated  m  New  Englaml. 
Tll.\NK'-VVuRTHY,     a.     [thank  and  icor- 

tht/.] 
Deserving  thanks  ;  meritorious.     1  Pet.  ii. 
TllWRM,  n.  [Sus.  Ihearm  ;  G.  1).  dnrm.]  In- 

testnies  twisted  into  a  cord.  [Local.] 
THAT,  an  udjertire,  pronoun  or  sub.^titule. 
[Shx.  that,  that  i  G<.tli.  Ihala  ;  1).  dat ;  G. 
das;  Dan.  det ;  tin.  del.  Uu.  Gr.  rav- 
ros.  This  word  is  called  in  Sa.\on  and 
German,  an  article,  for  it  sometimes  sig- 
nifies (Ae.  ll  is  called  al,<o  in  S;ixon  a  pro- 
noun, equivalent  to  irf,  js/h(/,  in  Latin.  In 
Swedish  and  Danish  it  is  called  a  pronoun 
of  the  neuter  gender.  But  the.~e  distinc- 
tions are  groimdless  and  of  no  use.  It  is 
probably  from  the  sense  of  setting.] 

1.  That  is  a  word  used  as  a  definitive  adjec- 
tive, pointing  to  a  certain  person  or  thing 
before  mentioned,  or  supposed  to  be  un- 
derstood. "  Here  is  that  book  we  have 
been  seeking  this  hour."  "  Here  goes  that 
man  we  were  talking  of." 

It  shall  be  more  tolerable  for  Sodom  and  Go- 
morrah in  the  day  of  judgment,  than  for  that 
city.     Matt.  x. 

2.  That  is  used  definitively,  to  designate  a 
specific  thing  or  person  eniphalically. 

The  woman  was  made  whole  from  that  hour. 
Matt.  is. 


T  H  A 


In  these  cases,  thai  is  an  adjective.  In  I 
the  two  first  examples,  the  may  be  substi-j 
tuted  lc>r  it.  "  Here  is  the  book  we  have 
been  seeking."  "Here  goes  the  man  we 
were  talking  of"  Rut  in  other  cases,  the 
cannot  supply  its  place,  and  that  may  be 
considered  as  more  emphatically  definitive 
than  the. 

That  is  used  as  the  representative  of  a 
noun,  either  a  person  or  a  thing.  In  this 
use,  it  is  often  a  pronoun  and  a  relative. 
When  it  refers  to  persons,  it  is  equivalent 
to  If/to,  and  when  it  refers  to  a  thing,  it  is 
equivalent  to  tchich.  In  this  use,  it  repre- 
sents either  the  singular  number  or  the 
plural. 

He  that  reproveth  a  scorner,  getteth  to  him- 
self shame.     Piov.  ix. 

They  that  hale  me  without  a  cause,  are  more 
than  the  hairs  of  my  head.     Ps.  Ixiii.  | 

A  judgment  that  is  equal  and  impartial,  mustj 
incline  to  the  greater  probabilities.  Wdkins. 
They  shall  gather  out  of  his  kingdom  all 
things  that  olFend.  Malt  xiii. 
4.  That  is  also  the  representative  of  a  sen- 
tence or  part  ol  a  sentence,  and  often  of  a 
series  of  sentences.  In  this  case,  that  is 
not  strictly  a  pronoun,  a  word  standing  lor 
a  noun  ;  but  is,  so  to  speak,  a  pro-sentence, 
the  substitute  for  a  sentence,  to  save  the 
repetition  of  it. 

And  n  hen  Moses  heard  that,  he  was  content. 
Lev.  X. 

That  here  stands  for  the  whole  of  what 
Aaron  had  said,  or  the  wliole  of  the  pre- 
ceding verse. 

1  will  know  your  business,  that  I  will.  Shak. 
Vedelraud.aml  that  your  brethjeii.   1  Cor.vi. 
T/tat  sometimes  in  this  use,  precedes  the 
sentiMice  or  clause  to  which  it  refers. 

7'hal  be  lar  lium  lliee,  to  do  after  lliis  man- 
ner, to  stay   the  righteous   with  the  wicked. 
Gen.  xviii. 
That  here  represents  the  clause  in  italics. 
.").   That  sonjelimes  is   the   subslilute  for   an 
adjective.     Vnu  alledgc  that  the  man   is 
1     innocent;  that  he  is  not. 
<;.  That,  in  the  l(dlowiiig  use,  has  been  called 
I     a  coiijimetion.     '•  I  heard //i(/<  the  Greeks 
i     had    defeated    the    Turks."     Hut   in   this 
I     case,  that  has  the   same    character   as   in 
]     No.  4.     It  is  the  representative  of  the  pari 
of  the  sentciiee  which  follows,  as  may  be 
seen  by  mverling  the  order  of  the  clauses 
I     "The  Greeks  hiid  defeated  the   Turks;  1 
heanl  that."     "  It  is  not  that   I   love  you 
less."   That  here  refers  to  the  latter  clause 
of  the  sentence,  as  a  kind  of  demonstra- 
tive. 

That  was  formerly  used  for  that  which, 
like  what. 

\\  e  speak  that  wo  do  know,  and  testify  that 
we  have  seen,     .lolm  iii. 

[This  use  is  no  longer  held  legitimate.] 
That  is  used  in  opposition  to  this,  or  by 
way  of  distinction. 

If  the  Loid  will,  we  shall  live,  and  do  this  or 
that.  James  iv. 
:9.  When  this  and  that  refer  to  foregoing 
words,  this,  like  the  Latin  hie,  and  French 
ceci,  refers  to  the  latter,  and  that  to  the 
former.  It  is  the  same  with  these  and 
those. 

Self-love  and  reason  to  one  enil  aspire, 
Pain  their  aversion,  pleasure  their  desire  , 
But  greedy  that,  its  object  would  devour, 
This  taste  the  honey,  and   not  wound  the 
flow'r.  Pope. 


T  H  A 

10.  TTiat  sometimes  introduces  an  explana- 
tion of  something  going  before.     "  Reli- 

i     gion  consists  in  living  up  to  those  princi- 
!     pies  ;  that  is,  in  acting   in   conformity   to 
them."     Here   that   rcli^rs   to   the    whole 
j     first  clause  of  the  sentence. 

11.  "Things  are   preached,  not  in  Mnf  they 
'     are  taught,  but  in  that  they  are  published." 

Here  that  refers  to  the  words  which  follow 
it. 

So  when  that  begins  a  sentence.  "T^at 
we  may  fully  understand  the  subject,  let 
us  consider   the  following   propositions." 
That  ilenoles  purpose,  or  rather  introduces 
the  clause  expressing  purpose,  as  will  ap- 
licar  by  restoring  the  sentence  to  its  nat- 
ural order.     "  Let  us  consider  the  follow- 
ing prcipohitions,  that,  [for  the  purpose  ex- 
pressed in   the  following  clause,]  we  may 
fully    understand    the    subject."    "Attend 
that  you  may  receive  instruction."     Here 
also   that  expresses   inirpose   elliptically ; 
"attend  for  the  purpose  that,  >ou  may  re- 
ceive instruction ;"  that   referring   to   the 
last  member. 
In  that,  a  phrase  denoting  consequence,  cause 
or  reasiin  ;  that   reterring   to  the  follow- 
ing sentence. 
THATCH,  n.    [Sax.  thac,  connected   with 
theccan,    thecan,    to    cover,    L.    tego,    Eng. 
deck;  G.  rfacA,  a  roof ;  I),  dak;  !^w.   tak  ; 
Dan.    tag,    taekke  ;  Gaelic,   tughe,   tuighe. 
The  primary  sense  is  to  |>ut  on,  to  spread 
over  or  make  chise.] 
Straw  or  other  substance  used  to  cover  the 
roofs   of  buildings,   or  stacks   of  hay  or 
grain,  for  securing  them  from  rain,  &.<:. 
THATCH,  V.  t.  To  cover  with  siraw,  reeds 
or  some  similar  substance  ;  as,  to  thatch  a 
house  or  a  stable,  or  a  stack  of  grain. 
THATCH'ED,   pp.  Covered  with  straw  or 

thaieli. 
THATCH'ER,    n.    One  whose  occupation 

is  to  thnlch  houses. 
THATCHING,    ppr.   Covering  with  straw 

or  thatch. 
THATCH  ING,  n.  The  act  or  artofcovcr- 
mg  buildings  with  thatch,  so  as  to  keep 
out  water. 
TIIAI.M.V'IL'R  tile,        )       [See  Tfiauma- 
'I'HAI  MATURGICAL,  S       turgy.]    Excit- 
ing wmider.  Burton. 
JTHAI    MATURGY,    >i.    [Gr.  9avf<o,  a  woii- 
Ij     der,  and  nyyot;  work.] 
The  act  of  performing  something  wonderful. 

ft'arton. 

THAW,   v.i.    [Sax.  (A«iran;  G.thaucn:  D. 

dooyen;    Dan.   tOer;   Sw.  tim  ;  Gr.   rr^xu. 

Cla.ss  Dg.] 

I.To  melt,  dissolve  or  become  fluid,  as  ice  or 

snow.     [It  is  remarkable  that  this  word  ia 

used  only  of  things  that  congeal  by   frosL 

Wc  never  say,  to  thaw  metal  of  any  kind.] 

|2.  To  become  so  warm  as  to  melt  ice  and 

swow  ;  used  of  iceather. 
THAW^  V.  t.  To  melt;  to  dissolve;  as  ice, 
1     snow,  hail  or  frozen  earth. 
TII.VW,    »i.    The   melting  of  ice  or  snow  ; 
the  resolution  of  ice   into  the  state  of  a 
fluid  ;  liquefaction  by  heat,  of  any  thing 
congealed  by  frost. 
THAWED,  pp.  Jlelted,  as  ice  or  snow. 
TH.\W'ING,    ppr.    Dissolving  ;    resolving 
into  a   fluid  ;    liquefying  ;  as    any  thing 
frozen. 


THE 

THE,  an  adjective,  or  definiltve  adjective. 
[Sax.  the  ;  D.  de.    Uu.  Cli.  ^^.J 

1.  Tliis  adjective  is  used  as  a  detinitive,  that 
is,  before  nouns  wliich  are  specific  or  un- 
derstood ;  or  it  is  used  to  limit  tlieir  signi- 
fication to  a  specific  tiling  or  things,  or  to 
describe  them  ;  as  the  laws  of  the  twelve 
tables.  The  independent  tribunals  ofjus- 
tice  in  our  country,  are  the  security  of  pri- 
vate rights,  and  the  best  bulwark  against 
arbitrary  power.  The  sun  is  (Resource  of 
light  and  heat. 

This  he  calls  the  preaching  of  the  cross. 

Simeon. 

2.  The  is  also  used  rhetorically  before  a  noun 
in  the  singular  number,  to  denote  a  species 
by  way  of  distinction  ;  a  single  thing  rep- 
resenting the  whole.  The  fig  tree  putteth 
forth  her  green  figs;  the  almond  tree  shall 
flourish  ;  the  grasshopper  shall  be  a  bur- 
den. 

3.  In  poeliy,  the  sometimes  loses  tlic  final 
vowel  before  another  vowel. 

Th'  adorning  thee  with  so  much  art, 

Is  but  a  barb'rous  skill.  Coivley 

4.  The  is  Bsed  before  adjectives  in  the  com- 
parative and  superlative  degree.  The  lon- 
ger we  continue  in  sin,  the  more  difficult  il 
is  to  reform.  The  most  strenuous  exertions 
will  be  used  to  emancipate  Greece.  The 
most  we  can  do  is  to  submit ;  the  best  we 
can  do  ;  the  worst  that  can  happen. 

THE'AReHY,  n.  [Gr.  Stoj,  God,  and  ap^, 

rule.] 
Government  by  God  ;  more  commonly  cal 

led  theocracy.  Ch.  Relig.  Jlppeal. 

THE'ATER,  (        [Fr.  theatre  ;  \..theatrum; 
THE'ATRE,  ^  ""  Gr.  BiaTt^ov,  from  OiooiMi, 

to  see.] 

1.  Among  the  ancients,  an  edifice  in  which 
spectacles  or  shows  were  exhibited  for  the 
amusement  of  spectators. 

2.  In  modern  times,  a  house  for  the  exhibition 
of  dramatic  performances,  as  tragedies, 
comedies  and  farces ;  a  play-house ;  com- 
prehending the  stage,  the  pit,  the  boxes, 
galleries  and  orcliester. 

3.  Among  the  Italians,  an  assemblage  of 
buildings,  which  by  a  happy  disposition 
and  elevation,  represents  an  agreeable 
scene  to  the  eye.  Cyc. 

4.  A  place  rising  by  steps  or  gradations  like 
the  seats  of  a  theater. 

Shade  above  shade,  a  woody  theater 

Of  stateliest  view —  Milton. 

5.  A  place  of  action  or  exhibition ;  as  the 
theater  of  the  world. 

G.  A  building  for  the  exhibition  of  scholastic 
exercises,  as  at  Oxford,  or  for  other  ex- 
hibitions. 
Anatomical  theater,  a  hall  with  several  rows 
of  seats,  disposed  in  the  manner  of  an  am- 
phitheater, and  a  table  turning  on  a  pivot 
in  the  middle,  for  anatomical  demonstra- 
tions. Cyc. 
TIIE'ATINS,  n.  Anorder  of  regular  priests 
in  Naples,  who  have  no  property,  nor  do 
they   beg,  hut  wait   for  what  providence 
sends  them.     They  have  their  name  from 
the  chief  of  the  order. 
TIM'VATUAL,  a.  Belonging  to  a  theater. 

[jV'oI  in  use.} 
THEAT'RlC,        ?        rcitaining  to  a  thea 
THEATRICAL,  \  "■  ter  <,r  to  scenic  rep 
resentations ;  resembling   the  manner  o: 


THE 


dramatic  performers ;  as  theatrical  dress; 
theatrical    performances  ;    theatrical    ges- 
tures. 
THEATRICALLY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of 
actors  on  the  stage  ;  in  a  manner  suiting 
the  stage. 
THEAVE,  I        An  ewe  of  the  first  year, 
THAVE,     S  "■    [Local.] 
THEE,  pron.  obj.  case  of  thou,  [contracted 
from  Sax.  thee;  C'imh. thig;  Francic, tftec ; 
Goth.  thuk.     See  Thou.] 
THEE,  V.  i.  [Goth.  Ihihan ;  Sax.  thean.]  To 
thrive ;  to  prosper.     Obs.  Chaucer. 

THEFT,  n.  [Sax.  thyfthe.   See  Thief.]  The 
act  of  stealing.     In  law,  the  private,  un 
lawful,  felonious  taking  of  another  per 
son's  goods  or  movables,  with  an  intent  to 
steal  them.    To  constitute  Ihejl,  the  taking 
must  be  in  private  or  without  the  owner's 
knowledge,  and  it  must  be  unlawful  or 
felonious,  that  is,  it  must  be  with  a  design 
to  deprive  the  owner  of  his  property  pri 
vately  and  against  his  will.     Theft  differs 
from  robbery,  as  the  latter  is  a  violent  tak- 
ing from  the   person,  and  of  course  not 
))rivate. 
•2.  The  thing  stolen.    Ex.  xxii. 
THEFT-BOTE,    n.    [theft  and  Sax.  bote, 

compensation.] 
In  law,  the  receiving  of  a  man's  goods  again 
from  a  thief;  or  a  compensation  for  them, 
by   way    of  composition,  and  to  prevent 
the  prosecution  of  the  thief.   This  in  Eng- 
land subjects  a  person  to  a  heavy  fine,  as 
by  this  means  the  punishment  of  the  crim- 
inal is  prevented. 
TIIElR,a.  pronom.  [Sax.  hiora  ;  Ice.  theirra.] 
Their  has  the  sense  of  a  pronominal  ad- 
jective, denoting  of  them,  or  the  possession 
of  two  or  more  ;  as  their  voices  ;  their  gar- 
ments ;    their   houses  ;    their  land  ;    their 
country. 

Theirs    is   used  as  a   substitute    for  the 
adjective  and  the  noun  to  wliich  it  refers, 
and  in  this  case,  it  may  he  the  nominative 
to  a  verb.     "Our  land  is  the  most  exten- 
sive,  but   theirs  is  the    best   cultivated." 
Here  theirs  stands  as  the  representative  of 
their  land,  and  is  the  nominative  to  is. 
Nothing  but  the  name  of  zeal  appears 
'Twixt  our   best   actions   and   the  worst  of 
theirs.  Denham 

In  this  use,  theirs  is  not  in  the  possessive 
case,  for  then   there    would  be  a  double 
possessive. 
THE' ISM,    n.  [from  Gr.  6m,  God.]     The 
belief  or  acknowledgment  of  the   exist 
ence  of  a  God,   as  opposed    to   atheism- 
Theism  difters  from  deism,  for  although 
deism  implies  a  belief  in  the  existence  ol  a 
God,  yet  it  signifies  in  modern   usage  a 
denial  of  revelation,  which  </teisntdoes  not. 
THE'IST,  n.  One  who  believes  in  the  exist- 
ence of  a  God. 
THEIS'TIC,        I       Pertaining  to  theism 
THEIS'TICAL,  <,  "'  or  to  a  theist ;  accord- 
ing to  the  doctrine  of  tlieists. 
THEM,  pron.  the  objective  case  of  they,  and 
of  both  genders.     [In  our  luothor  toiigiio, 
them  is  an  adjective,  answering  to  the,  in 
the  dative  and  ablative  cases  of  both  nuiii- 
hers.     The  common    people   continue  to 
use  it  in  the  phual  luimher  as  an    adjec- 
tive, for   they   say,   bring   them  horses,  or 
them  horses  are  to  be  led  to  water.] 


THE 

Go  ye  to  them  that  sell,  and  bay  for  j-ouT" 
selves.     Matt.  xxv. 

Then  shall  tlie  king  say  to  them  on  his  right 
hand,  come,  ye  blessed  of  my  Father —     Matt, 
xxv. 
THEME,    n.    [L.  thema  ;    Gr.  et/io,  from 
ner^fii,  to  set  or  jilace.] 

1.  A  subject  or  topic  on  which  a  person 
writes  or  speaks.  The  preacher  takes  a 
text  for  the  theme  of  his  discourse. 

When  a  soldier  was  the  theme,  my  name 
Was  not  fat  off.  Shak. 

2.  A  short  dissertation  composed  by  a  stu- 
dent. Milton. 

In  grammar,  a  radical  verb,  or  the  verb  in 
its  primary  absolute  sense,  not  modified 
by  inflections ;  as  the  infinitive  mode  in 
English.  But  a  large  portion  of  the  words 
called  themes  in  Greek,  are  not  the  radical 
words,  but  are  them.selves  derivative  forms 
of  the  verb.  The  fact  is  the  same  io  other 
languages. 

In  music,  a  series  of  notes  selected  as  the 


4. 

text  or  subject  of  a  new  composition. 
THEMSELVES,  a  compound  of  them  and 
selves,  and  added  to  they  by  way  of  em- 
phasis or  pointed  distinction.  Thus  we 
say,  they  themselves  have  done  the  mis- 
chief; they  cannot  blame  others.  In  this 
case,  themselves  is  in  the  nominative  case, 
and  may  be  considered  as  an  empbatical 
pronoun. 

In  some  cases,  themselves  is  used  with- 
out they,  and  stands  as  the  only  nomina- 
tive to  the  following  verb.  Themselves 
have  done  the  mischief. 

This  word  is  used  also  in  the  objective 
case  after  a  verb  or  preposition.  Things 
in  themselves  innocent,  may  under  certain 
circumstances  cease  to  be  so. 

They  open  to  themsehes  at  length  the  way. 

Milton. 
THEN,  adv.  [Goth.  Sax.  thanne  ;  G.  dann  ; 
D.  dun.     See  Thence.] 

1.  At  that  time,  referring  to  a  time  specified, 
either  past  or  future. 

And  the  C  anaanite  was  then  in  the  laud.  Gen. 
xii. 

That  is,  when  Abram  migrated  and 
came  into  Canaan. 

Now  I  know  in  part,  but  then  shall  1  know 
even  as  I  am  known.     1  Cor.  xii. 

2.  Afterward  ;  soon  afterward   or  immedi- 
ately. 

First  be   reconciled  to  thy  brother,  and  then 
come  and  otfer  tby  gift.    Matt.  v. 
In   that  case  ;    in  consequence.    Gal.  iii. 
Job  iii. 

If  all  this  be  so,  then  man  has  a  natural  free- 
dom. Locke. 
4.  Therefore  ;  for  this  reason. 

Now  then  be  all  thy  weighty  cares  away. 

Bryden. 
At  another  time  ;  as  now  and  then,  ai  one 
time  and  another.  Milton. 

(3.  That  time. 

Till  then  who  knew 
The  force  of  those  dire  arras .'  Milton. 

TIIENCE,  adv.  theus.  [Sax.  thanan,  Ihjtnon  ; 
11.  dannen  ;  t'ruDi  than,  (/unn,  then,  supra. 
Then  signilics  properly  place,  or  sv.l  time, 
tioiii  setting,  and  thence  is  derived  from  it. 
So  the  Germans  say,  von  da/men,  from 
thence.] 
1.  From  that  place. 

When  you  depart  thence,  shake  off  the  dust 
!      of  your  feet.  Mark  vi. 


THE 


It  is  more  usual,  though  not  necessary,] 
to  use/rom  before  thence. 

Iiieri  will  I  scud  ami  fetch  thee  from  thence. 
Geii.  xxvii. 

2.  From  that  time.  .  ^ 

There  shall  he  no  more  thence  an  intant  ol 
days.     Is.  Ixv. 

3.  For  that  rea.son. 

Not  to  sit  iille  with  so  great  a  gift 
Useless,  and  thence  ridiculous,  about  him. 

Milton 

THENCEFORTH,  adv.  Ihens'/orth.  Uhence 
and  forlh.]     From  tlrat  time. 

If  ihc  sai^t  hath  lost  its  savor,  it  is  thenceforth 
good  for  nothing.     Matt.  v. 

Tliis  is  also  preceded  by  from,  though 
not  from  any  necessity. 

Aiid/roni  ihmceforih  Pilate  sought  to  release 
him.     .John  xix. 
THENCFFOR'WARn,    adv.    [thence    and 
forward.]     From  that  time  onward. 
•'  '  Kenlewell. 

THENCEFROM',  adv.    [thence   and  from.] 
From  that  pliicf.     [jVol  in  use.)        Smith. 
THEOCRACY,  n.  [Fr.  (/icocractc  ;  It.   teo- 
crazia ;  Sp.  leocracia ;  Gr.  fleos,  God,  and 
xpa-ro5,  power  ;  xparfu,  to  hold.] 
Govfrmiient  of  a  state  by  the  immediate  di- 
rection of  God  ;  or  the  state  tlius  govern- 
ed.    Of  this  species  tlie  Israelites  furnish 
an  illustrious  example.   The  Meocracy  last- 
ed till  tlie  time  of  Saul. 
THEOCRATIC,        \         Pertaining  to   i 
THEOCRAT'ICAL,  S         theocracy;    ad 
ministeied  by  the  immediate  direction  ot 
God  ;  as  the"  theocrnlical  state  of  the  I 
raelites.    The  governtnent  of  the  Israelites 
■was  theocrntic. 
THEODICY,  n.  [Gr.  9io(,  and  L.  rftco,  to 

speak.]  .     ,    , 

The  science  of  God  ;  nietaiihysical  theology. 
Liibnilz.     Encyc. 
THEODOLITE,  n.  [Qu.  Gr.  9f",  to  run, 

and  8oM;i;o;,  long.] 
An  instrument  for  falsing  the  bights  and  dis 

tancesofohjects,  or  for  measuring  horizon 

tal  and  vertical  angles  in   land-surveying. 

Johnson.     Cyc. 

THEOG'ONY,  n.  [Fr.  thtogonie  ;  Gr.  Sfo- 

yovui;  em,  God,  and  yo.ij,  oryifo/wu,  to  be 

In  mulliohgy,  the  generation  of  the  gods;  or 
that  branch  of  heathen  theology  whi.h 
taught  the  genealogy  of  their  dfitie* 
Hesiod  composed  a  poem  concerning  thai 
theogony,  or  the  creation  of  the  world  and 
thi'  descent  of  the  gods. 
THEOL'OGASTER,  n.  A  kind  of  quack  in 
divinity  ;  as  a  quack  in  medicine  is  called 
mcdim'sttr.  Burton. 

THEOLO'tilAN,  n.  [See  Theology.]  A  di- 
vine ;  a  person  well  versed  in  theology,  or 
a  professor  of  divinity.  Milton. 

THEOLOGi'IC,        I      [See  Theology.]  I'er- 
THEOLOti'ICAL,  S      tainingtodivinity,or 
the  science  of  God  and  of  divine  things: 
as  a  theological  treatise  ;  thtolofrical  criti- 
cism. Su-ljl.     Cyc. 
THEOLOti'ICALLY,    adv.    According  to 

the  principles  of  theology. 
THEOL'OlilST,  71.  A  divine;  one  studious 
in  the  science  of  divinity,  or  one  well  vers- 
ed ill  that  science. 
THEOL'OGiZE,  v.t.  To  render  theological 


THE 

space  terminated  by  a  solid,  that  is,  by  any 

of  ilie  three  conic  sections. 
ItHEORFMAT'IC,        )       Pertaining  to  a 
TllKORtMAT'ItAL,  >a.  theorem;  com- 
THEOREM'IC,  )       prised  in  a  the- 

orem ;  consisting   of  theorems  ;   as  theo- 
remic  truth.  Grcif. 

THEORETIC,        ?„    (Gr. etupijTcxoj.  Sec 
THEt)RET'ICAL,  S       Theory.] 

Pertaining  to  theory  ;  depending  on  theory 
or  sjieculation  ;  speculative;  terminating 
in  theoi7  or  speculation  ;  not  practical  ;  as 
Mforclicanearning  ;  (/worcfic  sciences.  The 
sciences  are  divided  into(/ieore(icrt/,as  the- 
ology, philosophy  and  the  like,  and  prac- 
tical, as  medicine  and  law. 
TllEORET'lCALLY,  arfii.  In  or  by  theory  : 
in  .■'peculation ;  speculatively;  not  i)racli- 
cally.  Some  things  appear  to  be  theoret- 
ically true,  which  are  found  to  be  prac- 
ticallj  false. 
THE'ORIC,  71.  Speculation.  Shak. 

TIIEORIC,  for  theoretic,  is  not  now  used. 

[See  Theoretic] 
Thcoric  revenve.  in  ancient  Alhcn.s,  was  the 
revenue  of  the  state  appropriated  to  the 
support  of  theatrical  exhibitions.  Milford. 
THE'ORIST,  71.  One  who  forms  theories; 
one  given  to  theory  and  speculation. 

The  greatest  theorists  have  given  the  prefer- 
ence to  such  a  government  as  that  of  lliis  king- 
dom. Jlddison. 
THEORIZE,  V.  i.  To  form  a  theory  or 
theories ;  to  speculate ;  a.s,  to  theorize  on 
the  existence  of  phlogiston. 
THEORY',  71.  [Fr.  theorie ;  It.  leona ;  L. 
theoria  ;  Gr.  9t«(jto,  from  Siufiiu,  to  see  or 
contemplate.] 

1.  Speculation  ;  a  doctrine  or  scheme  ot 
things,  which  terminates  in  s|)ecul;ition  or 
contemplation,  without  a  view  to  practice. 
It  is  here  taken  in  an  unfavorable  sense, 
as  implying  something  visionary. 

2.  An  exposition  of  the  general  principles 
of  any  science  ;  as  the  theory  of  music. 

3.  The  science  distinguished  from  tlie  art  i 
as  the  theonj  and  practice  of  medicine. 

4.  The  philosophical  explanation  of  phenorti- 
eiia,  either  i)livsical  or  moral :  as  Lavoi- 
sier's Mforiy  of  combustion  :  Smith's  theory 
of  moral  sentiments. 

Theory  is  distinguished  from  hypothesis 
thus ;  a  theory  is  founded  on  inlerences 
drawn  from  principles  which  have  been 
established  on  independent  evidence  ;  a 
hypothesis  is  a  proposition  assumed  to  ac- 
count for  certain  phenomena,  and  has  no 
other  evidence  of  its  truth,  than  that  it  af- 
fords a  satisfactory  explanation  of  those 
I      phenomena.  O.  Olmsted. 

,  TIIKOSOPHIC,         ?       Pertaining  to  the- 
A  theorem  is  a  proposition  to  be  proved  ^^_,,^^     <  °-  osophism     or     to 

bv  a  chain   of  reasoning.     A  theorem  is|  •"/-'-'' '^/.  ;:..:.„',....;„„' 


THE 

THEOL'OtilZER,  n.  A  divine,  or  a  profes-] 
sor  of  theology.     [Unusual.]  Hoyle. 

THE'OLOGL'E,  for  thcologist,  is  not  in  use. 
THEOL'OgY,?!.   [Fr.  theologie ;  It.  Sp.<«o- 
logia  ;  Gr.fl407.oyio;    6105,  God,  and  Xot-oj, 
discourse.] 
Divinity  ;    the   science   of  Cod   and  divine 
things;  or  the  science   which  teaches  the 
existence,  character  and  attributes  of  God, 
his  laws  and   government,  the  doctrines 
we  are  to  believe,  and  the  duties  we  are 
to    practice.     Theology    consists    of  two 
branches,  natural  and  revealed.     JVatural 
theology  is  the  knowledge  we  have  of  God 
from  his  works,  by  the  light  of  nature  and 
reason.     Revealed  theology  is  that  which  is 
to  be  learned  only  from  revelation. 
Moral  theology,   teaches  us  the  divine  laws 
relating  to  our  manners  and  actions,  that 
i.s,  our  moral  duties. 
Speculative  theologi/,  teaches  or  explains  the 

doctrines  of  religion,  as  objects  ol  taitli. 
Scholastic  theology,  is  that  which  proceeds  by 
reasoning,  or   which  derives  the    knowl- 
edge of  several  divine  things  from  certain 
established  principles  of  laitli. 

Tillolson.     Cyc 
THEOM'ACHIST,  71.   [Gr.  fl.05,  (iod,  and 
uaxn,  combat.]     One  who  fights  against 
the  gous.  -Ko'^f^- 

THE0M'ACHY%    11.    [supra.]    A    fighting 
against  the  gods,  as  the  battle  of  the  gi 
ants  with  the  gods. 
2.   Oliposiliiui  to  the  divine  will. 
THEOP' ATHY,  11.  [Gr.  Otoi,  God,  and  jtaOoj, 

passion.] 
Religious  siiflTering  ;  suffering  for  the  pur 
pose  of  subduing  sinful  pro|ieiisiiie.s. 

Quart.  Review. 
THEOR'BO,   n.   [It.  liorha;   Fr.  <i(orte  or 

teorhe.] 
A  musical  instrument  made  like  a  large  lute 
except  that  it  has  two  necks  or  juga,  lh< 
second  and  longer  of  which  sustains  the 
four  last  rows  of  chords,  «hich  are  to  give 
the  deepest  sounds.  The  theorbo  has 
eight  base  or  thick  strings  twice  as  long 
as  those  of  the  lute,  which  excess  of 
length  renders  the  sound  exceeiliiigly 
soft,  and  continues  it  a  great  length  of 
time.  C^'^' 

THEOREM,  n.  [Fr.  ffceoreme ;  Sp.  It.  teo- 
rema  ;  Gr.  «fu.p>;M»'  from  Se^piu,,  to  see.] 
In  mathematics,  a  proposition  which  lernii 
nates  in  theory,  and  which  considers  the 
properties  of  things  already  made  or  done  ; 
or  it  is  a  speculative  proiiosition  deduced 
from  several  definitions  compared  togeth- 
er 


something    to    be   proved:    a  problem  is 

something  to  be  dove.  Day. 

J.  In   algebra   or  analysis,   it   is  sometimes 

'  nsed  to  denote  a  rule,  particularly  when 

that  rule  is  expressed  by  symbols.  Cyc. 
A  universal  theorem,  extends  to  any  quantity 

wiihout  restriction. 


2.  r 


U  particular  theorem,  extends  only  to  a  par- 
ticular quantity.  . 
.3  )ie^a(tre  theorem,  expresses  the  impossibil 
eoiogicai.  I     ilv  of  aiiv  assertion. 

Clanville.'U  local  theorem,  is  that  which    relates  to  a 
,.  To  frame  a  system  of  theology.  [Lit-'i  J'^^};;-'^^  j^  ^,,„,  ...^ich  considers  aj  "9.^«6U,,"to  i,'uVs;,"ser;e'or''c«re.] 

92 


tlieosopliists  ;  diviiielv  wise. 

THEOS'OPHISM,  77.  (Gr.  9f05,  God,  and 
(lo^iBfia,  comment  ;  no^oj,  wise.] 

Pretension  to  divine  illumination  ;  enthusi- 
asm. 

THEOS'OPIllST.  71.  One  who  pretends  to 
divine  illumination  ;  one  who  pretends  to 
derive  his  knowledge  from  divine  revela- 
tion. Enfield. 

THEOS'OPHY',  77.  Divine  wisdom  :  aodli- 
pgj;5.  Ed.  Encuc. 

3.  Knowledge  of  God.  Good. 

THERAPEL'TIC,  a.  lGr.9ff)o«fv*e»o<,from 


tie  used. 

Vol.  II. 


THE 


THE 


THE 


4. 


5. 


Curative  ;  that  pertains  to  the  healing  art ; 
th^t  is  concerned  in  discovernig  and  ap- 
plying remedies  tor  diseases. 

Medicine  is  justly  distiibuted  into  prophylac- 
tic, or  the  art  of  preserving  health,  and  thera- 
peutic, or  the  art  of  restoring  it.  Watts. 

THF^RAPEU'TleS,  n.  That  part  of  medi- 
cine which  respects  the  discovery  and  ap- 
plication of  remedies  for  diseases.  Tlier- 
apentics  teaclies  the  use  of  diet  and  of 
medicines.  Cyc. 

2.  A  religious  sect  descrihed  by  Philo.  Tliey 
were  devotees  to  religion. 

TllKKli,  adv.  [Sax.  thar ;  Goth,  thar ;  D. 
dirar;  Sw.dur;  Dan.  der.  This  word  Wil^ 
formerly  used  as  a  pionoun,  as  well  as  an 
adverb  of  place.  Thus  in  Sa.\on,  thwrto 
■was  to  him,  to  her,  or  to  it.] 

1.  In  that  place. 

The  Lord  God  planted  a  garden  eastward 
Eden,  and  there  he  put  the  man  whom  he  had; 
formed.     Gen.  li. 

2.  It  is  sometimes  opposed  to  here;  there  de-j 
noting  the  place  most  distant. 

Daikness  there  might  well  seem  twilight  here 

Milton 

3.  Here  and  there,  in  one  place  and  another ; 
ashere  a  little  and  there  a  little. 

It  is  sometimes  used  by  way  of  exclama- 
tion, calling  the  attention  to  something  dis- 
tant; as  there,  there;  see  there  ;  look  there. 
There  is  used  to  begin  sentences,  or  be- 
fore a  verb ;  sometimes  pertinently,  and 
sometimes  without  signification ;  but  its 
use  is  so  firmly  established  that  it  cannot 
be  dispensed  with. 

Wherever  there  is  sense  or  perception,  there 
some  idea  is  actually  produced.  Locke. 

There  have  been  that  have  delivered  them- 
selves from  their  ills  by  their  good  fortune  or 
virtue.  Suckling. 

And  there  came  a  voice  from  heaven,  saying, 
thou  art  ray  beloved  Son.     Mark  i. 
C.  In  composition,  there  has  the  sense  of  a 
pronoun,  as  in   Saxon;  as  thereby,  which 
signifies  ii/  that. 
TIlf.RKABOlJT',     },      [there  and  about 
THKllEABOUTS',  S  The  latter  is  less 

propel-,  but  most  commonly  used.] 

1.  Near  that  place.  Shak 

2.  Nearly  ;  near  that  number,  degree  or 
quantity  ;  as  ten  men  or  thereabouts. 

3.  Cmiccrning  that.  [JV'o<  much  used.]  Luke 
xxiv. 

TllERE'AFTER,  adv.  [there  aud  after.  Sax. 
thar-oefler.  after  that.] 

1.  .According  to  that;  accordingly. 

When  you  can  diaw  the  head  indifferently 
well,  proportion  the  body  thereafter. 

Peacham. 

2.  After  that.  Spenser. 
TllKRF.AT',  adv.   [there  and  at]     At  that 

place. 

Wide  is  the  gate,  and   broad  is  the  way,  that 
Icadclh  to  iK-si  ruction,  and  many  there  are  who 
go  in  thereat.  Matt,  vii. 
2.  At  that ;  at  that  thing  or  event  ;  on  that 
account. 

Every  error  is  a  stain  to  the  beauty  of  na- 
ture ;  lor  which  cause  it  blusheth  thereat. 

Hooker. 

f  HEREBY',  adv.  [there  andtiy]  B.v  t''"t  ?  ''.V 
.    that  means;  in  consequence  of  that. 

Acquaint  now  thyself  with  him,  and  be  at 

peace ;  thereby  good  shall  come  to  thee.    Job 

xxii. 
'fllEREFOR',  adv.  [there  and /or.]  For  that 

or  thip,  or  it. 


THEREFORE,  arfti.(fcer/orc.  [i/icre  and /or.]  liTIIER'MAL,  a.    [L.  therrrue,  warm  baths; 

1.  For  that;  for  that  or  this  reason,  referiiiiglj      Gr.  (/fpjwac,  tVom  Sfpu,  to  warm.]     Pertuin- 
to  something  previously  stated.  II     ing  to  heat  ;  warm. 

1  have  married  a  wife,  and  therefore  I  cannot  jjT/i(rHioi  waters,  are  warm  or  tepid   mineral 
come.   Luke  xiv.  i     waters,   wliose   heat   varies  from   'J2°  to 

2.  Consequently.  112'=.  Parr. 
He  blushes ;  Mere/ore  he  is  guilty.                 ITHER'MOLAMP.    n.    [Gr.   9tp>ioj,   warm. 

Spectator.,      (Vo,,,  &,|,^,,  heat,  and /amp.] 

3.  In  return  or  recompense  for  this  or  that.|]^„  instrument  for  furiiishiug  light  by  means 


\V  hat  shall  we  have  (/lerf/urc  ?    Matt,  xix- 
THLREFROiM',  arfi).  [Wiere  and/rom.]  From 
tliis  or  that. 

— Turn  not  aside  therefrom  to  the  right  hand 
or  to  the  left.     Josh,  xxiii. 
THtREIN',  adv.  [there  and  in.]    In  that  or 
this  place,  time  or  thing. 

Bring  forth  abundantly  in  the  earth  and  mul- 
tiply therein.     Gen.  ix. 

Ve  shall  keep  the  sabbath — whosoever  docth 
any  work  therein — that  soul  shall  be  cut  ofl'. 
Ex.  xxxi. 

Therein  our  letters  do  not  well  agree.    Shak. 

TIIKUEINTU',  adv.   [there  and  into.]     Into 

that.  Bacon. 

TUtREOF',  adv.  [there  unA  of .]  Of  that  or 

this. 

In   the  day  thou  eatest  thereof,  thou  shalt 
surely  die.    Gen.  ii. 
TliEREON',  adv.  [there  and  on.]  On  that  or 
this. 

Then  the  king  said,  hang  him  thereon.  Esth 


THEREOUT',  adv.  [there  and  out.]  Out  of 

that  or  this.    Lev.  ii. 
THERETO',        (     .     [there  &m\  to  or  unto. 
THEREUNTO'.  (,  "'"'•  To  that  or  this. 

Add  the  fifth  part  thereto.    Lev   v. 
THEREUN'DER,   adv.    [there   and  under. 
Uiiiier  that  i>r  this.  Raleigh 

THEREUPON',  adv.  [there  and  upon.]  Upon 
that  or  this. 

The   renmant  of  the  house   of  Judah,   Uicy 
shall  feed  thereupon.     Zeph.  ii. 
In  consetitience  r)f  that. 

lie  hopes  to  find  you  forward, 
And  thereupon  he  sends  you  this  good  news 

Shak 

.3.  lumiediately. 

THEREVVHI'LE,    adv.    [there   and  while. 

At  the  same  time.      Obs.  Il'irkliffe. 

THEREWITH',  arfu.  [there  and  with.]   With 

that  or  this. 
I  have  learned  in  whatever  state  lam,  there- 

ii'ith  to  be  content.      Hhi!.  iv. 
THEREWITHAL',  adv.  [there  and  withal.] 
i.  Over  and  above. 

2.  At  the  same  time. 

3.  With  that.     [This  word  is  obsolete.] 
[The    fiiregoing    com|>ouiids   of    there  with 

the  prepositions,  are  for  the  most  part 
deemed  inelegant  anil  obsolete.  Some  of 
them  however  are  in  good  use,  and  par- 
ticularly III  the  law  style.] 

THERF-BREAD,  n.  therfbred.  [Sax.  thwrf, 
theorf,  imli'rmenied.]  Unleavened  Ini  ad. 
[Xolin  use.]  iVicklifj'e. 

THE'RIAC,    n.    [L.   Iheriaca,   Gr.   brifiaxr;, 

treacle.] 
\  name  given  by  the  ancients  to  various 
compos'itions  esteemed  eflicacimis  against 
the  effects  of  poison,  but  afterwards  re- 
strained chiefly  to  what  has  been  called 
Theriaca  Andromachi,  or  Venice-treacle, 
which  is  a  coinponnd  of  sixty  four  drugs,! 
prepareil,  pulverized,  and  reduced  by 
means  of  honey  to  an  electuary.  Cvc.l 

rilE'RIAC.         I        Pertaining  to   theriac  ;j 
rHERI'ACAL.  I  "'  medicinal.  Bacon.! 


f  mtlainii.able  gas.  Med.  Repos. 

THERMOMETER,  n.  [Gr.  Srp^oj,  warm, 
from  Sfp^ij,  heat,  and  /ifTpox,  measure.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  heat;  founded 
on  the  pr<q)erty  which  heat  possesses  of 
expanding  all  bodies,  the  rate  or  quanti- 
ty of  expansion  being  supposed  propor- 
tional to  the  degree  of  heat  applied,  and 
hence  indicating  that  degree.  The  ther- 
mometer indicates  only  the  sensible  heat 
of  bodies,  and  gives  us  no  intbrmation 
respecting  the  quantity  of  latent  heat,  or 
of  combined  heat,  which  those  bodies 
may  contain.  D.  Olmsted. 

THERM()MET'RI€AL,  a.  Pertaining  to 
a  thermometer  ;  as  the  thermometrical 
scale  or  tube. 

2.  Made  by  a  thermometer  ;  as  thermometri- 
cal observations. 

THERMOMET'Rl€ALLY,  adv.  By  means 
of  a  thermometer. 

THER'MOSCOPE,  n.  [Gr.  Stp/iij, heat,  and 
axontu,  to  see.] 

An  instrument  showing  the  temperature  of 
the  air,  or  the  degree  of  heat  and  cold. 

Arbuthnol. 

THESE,  pron.  phi.  of  this,  pronounced 
theez,  and  used  as  an  adjective  or  sub- 
stitute. These  is  opposed  to  those,  as 
this  is  to  that,  and  when  two  jier.sons  or 
things  or  collections  of  things  are  named, 
these  refers  to  the  things  or  persons  which 
are  nearest  in  place  or  order,  or  which 
are  last  mentioned. 

Some  place  the  bliss  in  action,  some  in  ease  ; 
Those  call  it  pleasure,  and  contentment  these. 

Pope. 
Here  these  is  a  substitute  for  these  per- 
sons, anil   for  the  persmis  last  mentioned, 
who  place  their  bliss  in  ease. 

THE'SIS,  n.  [L.  thesis;  Gr.  Siaif,  a  posi- 
tion, from  riOjrui,  to  set.] 

1.  A  position  or  I'lcipusiiion  which  a  person 
advances  and  uft'trs  to  maintain,  or  which 
is  actually  inaintaineil  by  argument;  a 
theme  ;  a  subject. 

2.  In  los;ic,  every  proposition  maybe  divided 
into  thesis  and  hypothesis.  Thesis  contains 
the  thing  afiiriiied  or  denied,  and  hypoth- 
esis the  conditions  of  the  atiirmutioii  or 
negaiiim.  Cyc. 

THET'ICAL,  a.  [from  Gr.  Siuxos.  See 
The.Hs  ]     Laid  down.  More. 

TiiEUK'lilC,        I        [frnintteine-i/.]     Per- 

TllEl"R't;l€.\L,  ^  "■  tainiiig  to  the  power 

'     of  perlormiiig  supernaliiral  tilings. 

Theurs^ir  /ii/mH.f,  sciigs  of  incantation. 

TIlE'l'RtilST,  n.  One  who  pretends  to  or 
is  a'Idicicd  to  theurgy.  Hallywell. 

TllE'URtiY,    V.    [Gr."  9fov|)7ta ;  Sios,  "God, 

)     anil  ifyov,  work.] 

iThe  art  of  doing  things  which  it  is  the  pe- 
culiar province  of  God  to  do;  or  the  pow- 
er or  net  of  |)erfi)rniing  supcrnniiiral 
things  by  invoking  the  names  of  (Jod  or 
of  subordinate  agents;  magic.  This  has 
been  divided  by  some  writers  into  tbreo 


T  H  I 


T  H  I 


T  H  I 


parts;  theurgi/,  or  the  operation  by  divine 
or  celestial  rne.iiis ;  natur'il  mrtffic,  per 
formed  by  tlie  powers  ot'  nature;  and  ne- 
cromancy, which  proceeds  by  involiing  de- 
mons. Cyc 
TIII^W,  n.  [Sax.  theaw;  Gr.  f9o{.]  Manner; 
custom;  habit;  form  of  behavior.  [Ao/ 
in  use.]                                                Sptnser. 

2.  Urawn.     [JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 
TMCVVKD,     a.     Accustomed  ;   educated. 

[.Vot  in  ttse.]  Spenser. 

THEY,    pron.    plu. ;    objective   case,   them. 

[Sa.x.  thmge  ;  Gotli.  thai,  Ihnim.] 
1.  The  meii,  tlie   women,  the  animals,  the 
thiufrs.     It  is  never  used   adjectively,  but 
always  as  a  pronoun  referrin;;  to  persons, 
or  as  a  sul)stitute  referring  to  things. 

They  and     Ihcir   fatliers    have    transgressed 
again-it  me.     Ezuk.  il. 

They  of  Ilaly  salute  you.     Heb.  xiii. 
Blessed  are  ihey  who  hunger  and  thirst  after 
righteousness.     Matt.  v. 

3.  It  is  used  indefinitely,  as  our  ancestors 
used  mail,  and  as  the  French  use  on.  They 
say,  [on  ofi7,]  that  is,  it  is  said  l)y  persons, 
indefinit<:ly. 

THI'BLK,  n.  A  slice  ;  a  skimmer;  a  spatu- 
la.    LVo<  in  usi.  or  local.]  Ainsworlh. 

THICK,  a.  [Su.\.  thic,  Ihicca  ;  G.  dick,  dicht ; 
D.  dik,  digl ;  Sw.  tiock  ;  Dan.  tt/k  and  digt, 
thick,  tight ;  Gael.  Ir.  Hugh  ;  W.  lew,  con- 
tracted. See  Class  Oi;.  No.  -i.  8  10.22. 
36.  57.  The  sense  is  probably  taker)  from 
driving,  forcing  togellier  or  pressing.] 

1.  Dense  ;  not  thin  ;  as  Ihick  vapors ;  a; 
thick  fog. 

2.  Inspi.ssated  ;  as,  the  paint  is  too  thick. 

3.  Turbid  ;  muddy  ;  fei-ulent  ;  not  clear  ; 
as,  the  water  of  a  river  is  thick  after  a  rain. 

4.  Noting  the  diameter  of  a  body  ;  as  apiece 
of  timber  seven  inches  thick. 

My  little  finjer  shall   be  ^Aic/ccr  than  my  fa- 
ther's loins.     1  Kin:;s  xii. 

5.  Having  more  depth  or  extent  from  one 
surface  to  its  opposite  than  usual;  as  a 
thick  plank  ;  thick  cloth  ;  thick  paper. 

6.  Close ;  crowded  with  trees  or  other  ob- 
jects ;  as  a  thick  forest  or  wood  ;  Ihick 
grass;  thick  corn. 

The  people  were  gathered  thick  together. 

Locke. 

7.  Frequent;  following  each  other  in  quick 
succession.     The    shot  (lew  thick  as  hail.i 

Favors canic  thick  ui)on  hiui.  IVotton. 

Not  thicker  billows  beat  the  Libyan  main. 

Dryden. 

8.  Set  with  things  close  to  each  other ;  not 
easily  pervious.  | 

Black  was   the  forest,    thick   with  beech  iti 
stood.  Dryden.' 

9.  Not  having  due  distinction  of  syllables  or| 
good  articulation  ;  as  a  thick  utterance. | 
He  speaks  too  thick.  I 

10.  Dull ;  somewhat  deaf;  as  thick  of  hearing.' 
THICK,  »f.  The  thickest  part,  or  the  time 

when  anything  is  thickest. 

In  the  Illicit  of  the  dust  and  smoke  he  pres- 
ently entered  his  men.  Knoltes. 
2.   A  thicket.     [N'ot  in  use.]               Drayton. 
Thick  and  thin,  whatever  is  in  the  way. 
Througli  thick  and  thin  she  follovv'd  him. 

liiulibras. 
THICK,  adr.  Frequently;  fast. 

1  hear  the  trampling  oi  thick  beating  feet. 

Dryden. 
2.  Closely;  as  a  plat  of  ground  thickaown. 

JVorris. 


3.  To  a  great  depth,  or  to  a  thicker  depth 

than  usual  ;  as  a  bed  covered  thick  with 

tan  ;  land  covered  thick  with  manure. 

Thick  and  threefold,   in  quick  succession,  or 

j     in  great  inunbers.     [JVot  in  use.] 

I  L' Estrange. 

THICK,  ji.  t.  To   become   thick  or   dense. 

[JVot  used.]  Spenser. 

TEUCKKN,  v.t.  thik'n.  [SuK.  thiccian.]  To 

make  thick  or  dense. 

2.  To  make  close ;  to  fill  up  interstices  ;  as, 
to  thicken  cloth. 

3.  To  make  concrete  ;  to  inspissate  ;  as,  to 
thicken  paint,  mortar  or  a  liciuid. 

4.  To  strengthen  ;  to  confirm. 
And  this    may  help  to  thicken  other  proofs. 

[JVot  used.]  Shak. 

5.  To  make  frequent,  or  more  frequent ;  as, 
to  thicken  blows. 

(>.  To  make  close,  or  more  close ;  to  make 
more   numerous  ;  as,  to  thicken  the  ranks. 

THICKEN,  V.  i.  thik'n.  To  become  thick 
or  more  thick ;  to  become  dense  ;  as,  the 
fog  thickens. 

2.  To  become  dark  or  obscure. 
Thy  luster  thickens 

Wlien  he  shines  by.  Shak. 

3.  To  concrete  ;  to  be  consolidated  ;  as,  the 
juices  of  |)lants  </a'c/te7i  into  wood. 

4.  To  be  inspissated  ;  as,  vegetable  juices 
thicken,  as  the  more  volatile  parts  are 
evaporated. 

5.  To  become  close,  or  more  close  or  nu- 
merous. 

The  press  of  people  thickens  to  the  court. 

Dryden. 

6.  To  become  quick  and  animated. 
I         The  coriibat  thickens.  ..itldison. 

7.  To  become  more  numerous  ;  to  press;  to 
I     be  crowded.     Proofs  of  the   fact  thicken 
!     upon  us  at  every  step. 
iTHICK'ENF-D,  pp.  Made  dense,  or  more 
I     dense  ;  Mia<le  more   close   or    compact 
I     made  more  frequent  ;  inspissated. 
jTHICK'ENING,    ppr.    Making    dense    or 
[     more  dense,  more  close,  or  more  frequent ; 

inspissating. 
[THICK'ENING,  n.  Something  put   into   a 
I     liquid  or  mass  to  inak(!  it  more  thick. 
THICK'ET,    n.    A   wood    or   odlection  of 
;     trees    or    slniibs   closely   set ;    as  a   ram 
j     caught  in  a  thicket.     Gen.  xxii. 
THICK  HEADED,     a.      Having    a  thick 
I     skull ;  didl  ;  stupi<l. 
THICK'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  thick. 
jTHlCK'LV,  adv.  Deeply;  to  a  great  depth. 
I  Boyle. 

2.  Closely  ;  compactly. 

3.  In  quick  succession. 

THICK'NESS,  ji.  The  state  of  being  thiokJ 
I     denseuess  ;  density  ;   as  the   thickness  of] 
I     fog,  vapor  or  clouds. 
2.  The  slate  of  being  concrete  or  inspis.sat- 

ed  ;  consistence  ;  spissitnde  ;  as  the  thick- 
I     nfss  of  paint  or  mortar;  the   thickness  of 

hnney  ;  the  (/u'cAiifSS  of  the  blood. 
.3.  The  extent  of  a  body  from  side  to  side, 
or  from  surface  to  surfac-e  ;  as  the  thick- 
ness «t'  a  tree;  the  thickness  of  a  board; 
the  (/iicAncM  of  the  hand;  the  thickness  of 
a  layer  of  earth. 

4.  Closeness  of  the  parts  ;  the  state  of  being 
crowded  or  near;  as  the  thickness  of  trees 
in  a  forest ;  the  thickness  of  a  wood. 


5.  The  state  of  being  close,  dense  or  imper 
vious ;  as  the  thickness  of  shades. 

Jlddison . 

0.  Dullness  of  the  sense  of  bearing;  want 
of  quickness  or  acuteness  ;  as  thickness  of 
hearing.  Sw^/l. 

THICKSET,  a.  [thick  and  set.]  Clr.sc 
planted;  as  athick.tet  wood.  Dryden. 

2.  Having  a  short  thick  body. 
TIIICK'SKULL,  n.  [thick  and  skuU.]  DuU- 
I     ness;  or  a  dull  person  ;  a  blockhead. 

Entick. 
THICK'SKULLED,   a.    Dull ;  heavy  ;  stu- 
pid ;  slow  to  learn. 

TIIICK'SKIN,  n.  [MicA;and  skin.]  A  coarse 

gross  person  ;  a  blockhead.  Entick. 

THICK-SPRUNG,    a.    [thick   and  sprung.] 

Sprung  up  close  together.  Entick.  Sltak. 
iTHIEF,    n.    plu.    thieves.    [Sa.v.  theof;  Sw. 

tiuf;  D.  die/;  G.  dieb  :  Goib.  thiubs ;  Dan. 

tyv.]     A  person  guilty  of  theft. 

1.  One  who  secretly,  uidawfully  and  feloni- 
ously takes  the  goods  or  personal  proper- 
ty of  another.  The  thief  takes  the  prop- 
erty of  another  privately ;  the  robber  by 
open  force.  Btnckstone. 

i2.  One  who  takes  the  property  of  another 
wrongfully,  either  secretly  or  by  violence. 

I     Job  XXX. 

I  A  certain  man  went  down  from  Jenisalcm  to 

Jericho,  and  fell  among  thieves,  who  stripped 
him  of  his  raiment.     Luke  x. 

3.  One  who  seduces  by  false  doctrine. 
John  X. 

4.  One  who  makes  it  his  business  to  cheat 
and  defraud  ;  as  a  den  of  thieves.     Matt. 

I     xxi. 

:5.  An  excrescence  in  the  snuff  of  a  candle. 

I  jyiay. 

iTHIE'F-CATCHER,  n.    [thief  am\  catch.] 

One  who  catches  thieves,  or  whose  business 
is  to  detect  thieves  and  bring  them  to  jus- 
tice. 

THIE'F-LEADER,  n.  [thief  and  lead.]  One 
who  leads  or  takes  a  thief  [.Yot  much 
used.] 

|TIIIE'F-TAKER,  n.  [thief  am\  taker.]  One 
whose  business  is  to  find  and  take  thieves 

[     and  bring  them  to  justice. 

THIEVE,  V.  i.  [from  thief]  To  steal;  to 
praciice  theft. 

THIEVERY,  (!.  The  practice  of  stealing  ; 
theft.     [See  Theft.] 

.\mong  the  Sparlans,  thievery  was  a  practice 
morally  good  and  honest.  South. 

2.  That  which  is  stolen.  Shak. 

THIEVISH,  a.  Given  to  stealing  ;  addict- 
ed to  the  practice  of  theft ;  as  a  thievish 
boy. 
Or  with  a  base  and  boisl'rous  sword  enforce 
A  thievish  living  on  the  common  road. 

Shak. 

2.  Secret ;  sly ;  acting  by  stealth  ;  as  thievish 
minutes.  ShaJc. 

3.  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  theft;  as  a 
thievish  practice. 

THIE'VISHI.Y,  aJv.  In  a  thievish  man- 
ner; bv  thett. 

THIE'ViSHNESS,  «.  The  disposition  to 
steal. 

2.  The  practice  or  habit  of  stealing. 

THIGH,  n.  [Sax.  tharh,  then  or  theoh  ;  D. 
dye  ;  G.  dickhtin,  thick  bone.  The  Ger- 
man explains  the  word  ;  thigh  iathick.] 

That  part  of  men,  qiiailriipcds  ami  fowls 
which  is  between  the  leg  and  the  trunk! 


T  H  I 


T  H  I 


T  H  I 


As  the  word  signifies,  it  is  the  thick  part  of 
th''  lower  limbs. 

THILK,  pron.  [Sax.  thilc]  The  same.   Ohs. 

Spenser. 

THILL,  n.  [Sax.  thil  or  thill.]  The  .shaft  of; 
a  cart,  gig  or  other  carriage.  The  thills 
are  the  two  pieces  of  timber  extending 
from  the  body  of  the  carriage  on  each 
side  of  the  last  horse,  by  which  the  car-i 
riage  is  supported  in  a  horizontal  posi-' 
tion.  j 

THILL'ER,  I       The     horse     which 

THILL'-HOKSE,  S""  goes  between  the: 
thills  or  shafts,  and  supports  them.  Li  a 
team,  the  last  horse.  Cyc.     Skak. 

THL\I'BLE,  n.  [I  know  not  the  origin  or 
primary  sense  of  this  woni.  Possibly  it 
may  be  from  thumb.  In  Gaelic,  temeheal 
is  a  cover.] 

1.  A  kind  of  cap  or  cover  for  the  finger, 
u.sually  made  of  metal,  used  by  tailors 
and  seamstresses  for  driving  the  needle 
through  cloth. 

2.  In  .sea  lans^ua^e,  an  iron  ring  with  a  hol- 
low or  groove  roimil  its  whole  circumfer- 
enoe,  to  receive  the  rope  which  is  spliced 
about  it.  Mar.  Did. 

Til  I  ME.     [See  Thyme.] 

TIII.N,  a.  [S;\x.  thinn,  thynn ;  G.  diinn  ;  D. 
dun;  Svv.  tunn  ;  Dan.  tijnd ;  W.  ttnau, 
teneu  ;  L.  tenuis;  Gaelic,  tanadh  ;  Riiss. 
tonkei.  Qu.  Gr.  ffi-os,  narrow.  It  appears 
to  be  connected  with  VV.  ten,  tan,  stretch- 
ed, extended,  Gr.  tctvu.     Qu.  Ar.     •  i  , 

In  sense  it  is  allied  to  Syr.  Heb.  Ch.  Eth. 
jBp,  but  I  know  not  whether  the  first  con- 
sonant ofthiswordis  a  prefix.  See  Class 
Dn.  No.  li.  a.!.] 
1.  Having  little  thickness  or  extent  from  ime 
surface  lo  the  opposite;  as  a  thin  plate  of 
metal;  thin  paper;  a  thin  board;  a  thin 
covering. 

3.  Rare;  not  dense  ;  applied  to  fluids  or  to 
soft  mixtures;  as  thin  blood;  thin  milk; 
thin  air. 

In  the  day,  when  the  air  is  more  thin. 

Bacon. 

3.  Not  close  ;  not  crowded;  not  filling  the 
space  ;  not  having  the  individuals  that 
compose  the  thing  in  a  close  or  compact 
state;  as,  the  trees  of  a  forest  are  thin  ; 
the  corn  or  grass  is  thin.  A  thin  iiuiliem-e 
in  church  is  not  uncommon.  lni|jortaiit 
legislative  business  should  not  be  tran.s- 
acted  in  a  thin  house. 

4.  Not  full  or  well  grown. 

Seven  thin  eiirs.     Gen.  xli. 
.5.    Slim;  small;  slender;   lean.     A   person 
becomes  thin  by  disease.     Some  animals 
are  naturally  thin. 
li.  Exile;  small;  fine;  not  full. 

Thin  hollow  sounds,  and  laaientable  screams. 

Dryden. 

7.  Not  thick  or  close  ;  of  a  loose  textme  ; 
not  impervious  to  the  sight ;  as  a  thin 
vail. 

8.  Not  crowded  or  well  stocked;  notabound- 
ing. 

Ferrara  is  very   large,  bvit  extremely   thin  of 

People.  Addison 

0.  Slight;  not  sufiicient  for  a  covering;  as 

a  thin  (lisgui.se. 
THIN,  adv.    Not  thickly  or  closely;    in  a 
Bcatlered  state  ;  as  seed  sown  thin. 

Spain  is  Ihin  sown  of  people.  Bacon. 


ITHIN,  V.  t.  [Sax.  thinnian ;  RuS3.  lonyu ; 
L.lenuo.     iiee  .ittenuate.] 

I.  To  make  thin  ;  to  make  rare  or  less  thick  ; 
to  attenuate  ;  as,  to  thin  the  blood. 

'i.  To  make  less  close,  crowded  or  numer- 
ous ;  as,  to  thin  the  ranks  of  an  enemy  ;  to 
thin  the  trees  or  shrubs  of  a  thicket. 

3.  To  atteimate ;  to  rarefy ;  to  make  less 
dense  ;  as,  to  thin  the  air  ;  to  thin  the  va- 
pors. 

THINE,  pronominal  adj.  [Goth,  theins, 
theina;  Sax.  thin;  G.  dem  ;  Fr.  I.itn  ; 
probably  contracted  from  thigen.  See 
Thou.] 

Thy  ;  belonging  to  thee  ;  relating  to  thee  ; 
being  the  property  of  thee.  It  was  for- 
merly used  for  thy,  before  a  vowel. 

Then    thou   mightest  eat   grapes    thy  fill,  at 
(Aine  own  pleasure.     Deut  xxxii. 

But  in  common  usage,  thy  is  now  used 
before  a  vowel  in  all  cases. 

The  principal  use  of  thine  now  is  when  a 
verb  is  interposed  between  this  word  and 
the  noun  to  which  it  refers.  I  will  not 
take  any  thing  that  is  thine.  Thine  is  the 
kingdom,  and  the  power,  and  the  glory. 

In  the  following  passaire,  thine  is  used  as  a 
substitute  for  thy  righteousness. 

1  will   make  mention  of  thy  righteousness, 
even  oi  thine  only.     Ps.  Ixxi. 

In  some  cases,  it  is  preceded  by  the  sign  of 
the  possessive  case,  like  nouns,  and  is  then 
also  to  he  considered  as  a  substitute. 

If  any  of  thine  be  driven  out  to  the  utmost 
parts  of  heaven —     Deut.  xxx. 

It  is  to  be  observed  that  thine,  like  thou,  is 
used  only  in  iIk;  solemn  style.  In  familiar 
nnri  common  language,  ?/o«r  and  i/ours  are 
always  used  in  the  singular  number  as 
well  as  the  plural. 

TIII.NG,  n.  [Sax.  Ming*,  a  thing,  a  cause; 
for  his  thingon,  for  his  cause  or  sake  ; 
also,  thing  and  gething,  a  meeting,  council 
or  convention  ;  thingan,  thinginn,  to  hi>\i\ 
a  meeting,  to  pleail,  to  supplicate  ;  thing- 
ere,  an  intercessor;  thingung,  interces- 
sion ;  G.  ding,  a  thing,  a  court ;  dingen,  to 
goto  law.  to  hire  or  hagixle ;  Dingstng, 
Tuesday,  {^thing's  day  ;]  beding,  conditio!!, 
clause ;  bedingen,  to  agree,  to  bargain 
or  contract,  lo  cheapen  ;  D.  ding,  thing, 
business;  dingen,  to  plead,  to  atleinpt,  to 
cheapen;  dingbunk,  the  bar;  dingdugen, 
session-diiys  ;  dinger,  dingsler,  a  pleader  ; 
dingtnnl,  jilea  ;  Dingsdng,  Tuesday  ;  be- 
ding, eoiidiiion,  ai;reemeut ;  bedingen,  to 
condition;  Sw.  ting,  tiling,  cause,  also  a 
court,  assizes  ;  <i';iga,  to  hiri",  bargainor 
agree;  D.an.  ting,  a  thing,  .-ilfuir,  business, 
case,  a  <'Ourt  of  justice ;  linger,  to  strike 
up  a  barijaiu,  to  bangle ;  linghog,  reci>rds 
of  a  court,  [thing-book;]  tingdag,  the 
court  day,  the  assizes  ;  tinghold,  jurisdic- 
tion; lingnifend,  jurors,  jury,  [(/«/ig-mcn  ;] 
tingsag,  a  cause  or  suit  at  hnv,  [thing-' 
sake.)  The  primary  sense  of  thing  is  that 
which  comes,  fulls  or  happens,  like  event,: 
from  L.  evenio  The  primary  sense  of  the 
root,  vvhich  is  tig  or  thig.  is  to  prcs.s,  urge, 
drive  or  strain,  and  lience  its  a|iplication 
to  courts,  or  suits  at  luw  ;  a  scekimr  of 
right.  Wi!  observe  that  Dingsdag,  Ding- 
dag,  in  .some  of  the  dialerls  signifies  Tues-' 
day,  and  this  from  the  circumstance  that 
that  day  of  the  Wfck  was,  as  it  still  is  In 
some  states,  the  day  of  opening  courts ; 


that  is,  litigation  day,  or  suitors'  day,  • 
day  of  striving  for  justice  ;  ur  perhaps 
combat-day,  the  day  of  trial  by  battle.  This 
leads  to  the  unfolding  of  another  fact. 
Among  our  ancestors,  TVg  or  THig,  was 
the  name  of  the  deity  of  combat  and  war, 
the  Teutonic  IMars ;  that  is,  strife,  combat 
deified.  This  word  was  contracted  into 
tiw  or  tu,  and  hence  Tiwes-ditg  or  Tues- 
d(jeg,  Tuesday,  the  day  consecrated  to 
Tiig,  tliH  god  of  war.  JBut  it  -seems  this  is 
merely  the  day  of  commencing  court  and 
trial ;  litigation  day.  This  Tiig,  the  god 
of  war,  is  strifo,  and  this  leads  us  lo  the 
root  of  thing,  which  is  to  drive,  urge, 
strive.  Sores,  in  Latin,  is  connected  with 
reus,  accuse<l.  For  words  of  like  signifi- 
cation, see  Sake  and  Caxise.] 

1.  An  event  or  action  ;  that  which  happens 
or  falls  out,  or  that  which  is  done,  told  or 
proposed.  This  is  the  general  significa- 
tion of  the  word  in  the  Scriptures;  as  af- 
ter these  things,  that  is,  events. 

And  the  thing  was  very  grievous  in  Abra- 
ham's sight,  because  of  his  son.     Gen.  xxi. 

Then  Laban  and  Bethuel  answered  and  said, 
the  thing  proceedeth  from  the  Lord.  Gen. 
xxiv. 

And  Jacob  said,  all  these  things  are  against 
me.     Gen  xlii. 

I  will  tell  you  by  what  authority  I  do  these 
thins:s.     Matt.  xxi. 

These  things  said  Esaias  when  he  saw  his 
glory.     John  xii. 

In  learning  French,  choose  such  books  as 
will  teach  you  things  as  well  as  language. 

Jay  to  Littlepage. 

2.  Any  substance;  that  which  is  created ; 
any  particular  article  or  commodity. 

He  sent  afier  this  manner;  ten  asses  laden 
with  the  good  things  of  Egypt —     Gen.  xlii. 

They  look  the  things  which  Micah  had  made. 
Judges  xviil. 

3.  An  animal;  as  every  living  thing;  every 
creeping  thing.     Gen.  i. 

[This  application  of  the  word  is  improper, 
but  common  in  popular  and  vulgar  lan- 
guage.] 

4.  A  portion  or  part;  something. 

Uicked  men  who  understand  any  thing  of 
wisdom—  Tdlotson. 

5.  In  contempt. 

I  have  a  thing  in  prose.  Swift. 

6.  Used  of  persons  in  contempt. 

See,  sons,  what  things  you  are.  Shak. 

The  poor  thing  sigh'd.  Addison. 

I'll  be  this  abject  thing  no  more.     Granville. 

7.  Used  in  a  sense  of  honor. 


I  seo  thee  here. 
Thou  noble  thin^.' 


Shak. 


THINK,  n.  i.  prd.  and  pp.  thought,  proo. 
thiat.  [iii\\.thinc'in,lhencan  ;  Goth,  thag- 
1  kyiin;  f^w.  tycka  ai\i\  tanka  :  Dan.  tykker 
mi<\  tienkcr :  O.  denken,  to  think,  and  g-e- 
dagt,  thought;  G.  denken,  to  think,  and 
gelfichtnis.^,  remembrance;  gedanke, 
tlioiiL'ht  ;  nnihdenken,  to  ponder  or  medi- 
tate ;  Gr.  ioxfu;  Syr.  Ch.  pn :  allied  to 
L.  duco.  We  ob.serve  n  is  casual,  and 
omitted  in  the  participle  thonght.  The 
sense  seems  to  be  to  set  in  tin;  mind,  or  to 
draw  out,  as  in  meditation.  Class  Djr. 
No.  9.]  " 

1.  To  have  the  mind  occu])ied  on  some  sub- 
ject ;  to  have  ideas,  or  to  revolve  ideas  in 
the  mind. 

— For  that  [  am 
I  know,  because  1  think.  Dryden, 


T  H  I 


T  H  I 


T  II  I 


These  are  not  matters  to  be  slightly  thought, 
on.  TiUotsun.} 

2.  Tujudfje;  to  conclude ;  to  hold  as  a  set- 
tluil  opinion.  I  tkiiik  it  will  rain  to-nior 
row.  I  think  it  not  best  to  proceed  on  our 
journey. 

Lei  tliuin  marry  to  whom  they  think  beat. 
Nuiii,  x.^xvi. 

3.  To  intend. 

I  Uou  Ihought'st  to  help  me.  Stiak 

I   thuH^hl   to   promote  thee   to  great  honor, 
Num.  xxtv. 

4.  To  imagine  ;  to  suppose  ;  to  fancy. 

Edmimil,  I  think,  is  gone 
In  pity  of  his  misery,  to  dispatch 
His  'iiighti'.d  life.  Shak 

Let  him  that  thinkelh  he  standeth,  take  heed 
lest  he  fall.     1  Cor.  x. 

5.  To  iiuise  ;  to  meditate. 

While  Peter  thought  on  the  vision — Acts  x. 
Think  much,  speak  Utile.  Dryiien 

C.  To  reflect ;  to  recollect  or  call  to  mind. 

And  when  Peter  thought  thereon,   he  wept. 
Mark  xiv. 

7.  To  consider;  to  deliberate.  Think  how 
this  thin;;  could  happen. 

He   thought    within   himself,    saying,   what 
shall  I  do  .'     Luke  xii. 
S.  To  presume. 

Think  not  to  say  within  yourselves,  we  have 
Abraham  to  our  fallii'i —     Matt.  iii. 
9.  To  believe ;  to  esteem. 
To  think  on  or  upon,  to  muse  ou  ;  to  medi- 
tate on. 

If  there  be  any  virtue,  and  if  there  be  any 
praise,  think  on  these  thin£;s.     Phil.  iv. 
'i.  To  lijilit  1)11   by  meditution.     He  has  just 
thought  on  an  expedient  that    will  answer 
the  purpose. 
3.  To  remember  witli  favor. 

Think  upon  me,  my  God,  for  good.     Neh.  v 
To  think   of,   to    have   ideas   come  into  the 
mind.     He  Ihouj^ht  of  what  you  tnid  him 
I  would  have  sent  the  books,  but  1  did  not 
think  of'n. 
To  think  well  of,  to  hold  in  esteem ;  to  es- 
teem. 
THINK,  V.  t.  To  conceive  ;  to  imagine. 
Charity — thinketh  no  evil.      1  Cor.  xiii. 

2.  To  believe  ;  to  consider;  to  esteem. 

Nor  think  superfluous  others'  aid        jVfilton. 

3.  To  seem  or  appear,  as  in  the  phrases, 
TOP  thinketh  or  mithinks,  and  methought. 
These  are  genuine  Saxon  phrases,  equiv- 
alent to  it  seems  to  me,  it  seemed  to  me.  In 
these  expressions,  me  is  actually  in  the 
dative  case  ;  almost  the  only  instance  re- 
maining in  the  language.  Sa.x.  •'  geiinli 
thuht"  satis  visum  est,  it  appeared  enough 
orsufiicient;  ^' me  thineth,''^  mihi  videtur, 
it  seems  to  me  ;  1  perceive. 

To  think  much,  to  grudge. 

He  thought  not  much  to  clothe  liis  enemies. 

Afilton. 

To  think  much  of  to  hold  in  high  esteem. 

To  think  siorn,  to  disdain.      Eslh.  iii. 

THl.NK'KR,  n.  One  who  thinks;  hut  chief- 
ly, oiiH  wlio  thinks  in  a  particular  manner  : 
as  a  dose //ii'/iicr;  a  deep  thinker;  a  co- 
herent thinker.  Locke.     Sivifl. 

THINK'ING,  p;7r.  Having  ideas;    siippos 
iiig;    judging;      imagining;      intending: 
meditating. 

2.  a.  Having  tlie  faculty  of  thought ;  cogita- 
tive  :  capable  ef  a  regular  train  of  ideas, 
Man  is  a  thinking  being. 

THINK'ING,  n.  Iinaginuliou  ;  cogitation 
judgment. 


I  heard  a  bird  so  sing. 
Whose  music,  to   my  thinking,   pleas'd  the 
king.  Shak 

THIN'LY,  adv.  [fromrtiri.]   Inaloosescat 
tered    manner;    not    tliickly;    as    ground! 
thinly  planted  with  trees;  a  country  </n'n/y 
inliabited. 

THIN'NE.SS,  n.  The  state  of  being  thin  ;j 
smallness  of  extent  from  one  side  or  sur- 
face to  the  opposite  ;  as  the  tldnness  of 
ice  ;  the  thinness  of  a  plate  ;  the  thinness 
of  the  skin. 

Tenuity  ;  rareness  ;  as  the  thinness  of  air 
or  other  fluid. 

■i.  A  state  approaching  to  fliiiility,  or  even  flu- 
idity ;  opposed  to  spissitude  ;  as  the  thin- 
ness of  honey,  of  white  wash  or  of  paint. 

4.  Exility  ;  as  the  thinness  of  a  point. 

,5.  Rareness  ;  a  scattered  state  ;  paucity  ;  as 
the  thinness  of  trees  in  a  forest;  tlie  thin- 
ness fd'inhabilants. 

THIRD,  a.  thurd.  [Sax.  thridda ;  Goth. 
thridi/a  ;  G.  drille  ;  U.  derde  ;  Sw.  Dan. 
tredie  ;  Fr.  tiers  ;  L.  tertius  ;  Gr.  rpifoj ;' 
VV.  tnjdy.] 

Tlie  first  after  the  second  ;  the  ordinal  of 
three.  The  third  hour  in  the  ilay  among 
the  ancients,  was  nine  o'clock  in  the 
morning. 

Third  estate,  in  the  British  nation,  is  the 
cmnmons ;  or  in  the  legislature,  the  house 
of  commons. 

Third  order,  among  the  Catholics,  is  a  sort  of 
religious   order   tliat   observes  the   same 
rule  and  tlie  same  manner  of  life  in   pro 
portion  as  some  other  two   orders  previ 
ously   instituted ;    as   the   third    order    of 
Franciscans,  instituted   by  St.  Francis  ii 

':-^'-  .  Q/f- 

Third  point  or  tierce  point,  in  architecture, 
tlie  point  of  section  in  the  verte.\  of  an 
equilateral  triangle.  Cyc. 

Third  rate,  in  navies.  A  third  rate  ship  car- 
ries from  ()4  to  80  guns.  ' 

Third. mund,  in  mu.iic.     See  tlic  noun  Third. 

TIHKD,  n.  thurd.  The  third  part  of  any 
tiling.  A  man  takes  land  and  tills  it  for 
one  third  of  tlie  produce  ;  the  owner  taking 
two  thirds. 

'i.  The  sixtieth  part  of  a  second  of  time.         ! 

3.  Ill  music,  an  interval  containing  tliree  di- 
atonic sounds ;  the  major  composed  of  two 
tones,  called  by  the  Greeks  diionc,  and 
the  minor  called  hemiditoni;,  consisting  of 
a  tune  iiiid  ,1  half.  Rousseau.     liusbii. 

THIRDBOROUGII,  n.  Ihurdburro.  [third', 
and  borough.]  An  under  constable. 

Johnson. 

TillRD'I\G.S,  )..  The  third  year  of  the 
corn  or  grain  growing  on  tlie  ground  at 
the  tenant's  death,  due  to  the  lonl  for  a 
lieriot,  within  the  manor  of  Turfat  in 
Herefordshire.  Cyc. 

THIRDLY,  adv.  In  the  third  place.  ] 

Bacon. 

THIRDS,  n.  pin.  The  third  part  of  the  es- 
tate of  a  deceased  husband,  which  by  law 
the  widow  is  entitled  to  cnjov  during  her 
life.  A*.  England. 

THIRL,  v.l.  thurl.  [Sax.lhirHan.]  To  bore  ; 
to  perforate.     It  is  now  written  drill  ainl 
thrill.     [See  these  words,   and   see  .Voi 
tril.]  t 

THIRL.VciE,  n.  thurrngc.  In  English  ciis  , 
toms,  the  right  which  the  owner  of  a  mill' 


possesses  by  contract  or  law,  to  couipel 
the  tenants  of  q  certain  di.strii:t  to  bring  all 
their  grain  to  his  mill  fjr  grinding.  Ci)c. 
THIRST,  n.  Ihurst.  [Sixx.  thurst,  Ihyrsl ;  G. 
durst ;  D.  dorst ;  Sw.  tursl  ;  Dan.  torst, 
friuii  tor,  dry  ;  lorrer,  to  dry,  D.  dorren,  L. 
torreo,  Sw.  torka.] 

1.  A  painful  sensation   of  the  throat  or  fau- 
ces, occasioned  liy  the  want  of  drink. 

VV'herefure  is  it  that  thou  hast  brought  us  out 
of  KgypI,   to  kill   us  and   our  children   and  our 
calllc  with  thirst?     E\.  xvii. 
'i.  A  vehement  desire  of  drink.     Ps.  civ. 

3.  A  want  and  eager  desire  after  any  thing. 

Thirst  of  woddly  good.  fair/ax. 

Thirst  of  knowledge.  Jiniton. 

Thirst  of  praise.  Granville. 

Thirst  alter  happiness.  Chei/ne. 

But  for  is  now  more  generally  used  af- 
ter MiV«/ ;  as  a  thirst  for  worldly  honors; 
a  thirst  for  praise. 

4.  Dryness  ;  drouth. 

The  rapid  currciit,  through  veins 
Of  porous  earth  with  kindly  thirst  updrawn, 
Kose  a  fresh  liMiiit.tiii —  Milton. 

THIRST,   V.  i.   thurst.    [Sax.  thyrstan  ;   D. 
dnrsten ;    G.   dursten ;    Sw.   torsta ;    Dan, 
tiirster.] 
I.  To  experience  a  painful  sensation  of  the 
tbroator  fauces  for  want  of  drink. 

The  people   thirsted  there  for  water.     Ex. 

xvii. 

3.  To  have  a  vehement  desire  for  any  thing. 

My  soul   Ihirstcth  for  the  li\iiig  God.     Ps. 

xlii. 

THIRST,  V.  I.  To  want   to  driuk ;    as,  to 

thirst  blood.     [.Vol  English]  Prior. 

THIRST;INESS,    n.    [from  thirsty.]     The 

state  of  being  thirsty  ;  thirst.  Jf'otton. 

THIRST'I.NG,  p/n-.  Feeling  pain  for  want 

of  drink  ;  having  eagerdesire. 
THIRSTA',    n.    [from   thirst.]     Feeling    a 
painful  sciis.-ition   of  the  throat  or  fauces 
for  want  of  drink. 

Give  me  a  little  water,  for  I  am  thirsty. 
Judges  iv. 

I  was  thirsty,  and  ye  gave  me  no  drink. 
.Malt.  XXV. 

2.  Very  dry ;  having  no  moisture  ;  parclied. 

The  thirsty  land  shall  become  springs  of 
water.     Is.  xxxv. 

.3.  Having  a  vehement  desire  of  any  thing; 

as  in  blr)od-Mir«(i/.     Is.  xliv.     Ixv. 
THIRTEEN,  a.  thurteen.  [Snx.  threottyne ; 

three  and   <eil ;  Sw.    tretlon  ;  G.  drei/zehn  ; 

D.  dertien.]     Ten   and  three  ;  as  thirteen 

times. 
THIRTEENTH,     a.     thur'tetnth.    [supra.] 

The  third  after   the    tenth  ;  the  ordinal  of 

thirteen  ;    as   the   thirteenth   day    of   the 

month. 
THIRTEENTH,    u.    thur'tetnth.    In  m  11*10, 

an  interval  forming  the  octave  of  the  sixth, 

or  sixth  of  the  octave.  Busbn. 

THIRTIETH,    a.   thurtieth.    [from  thirty; 

Sax.  Ihritligotha.] 
The  tentli  threefold  ;  the  ordinal  of  thirty  ; 

as  the  thirtieth  day  of  the  month. 
THIRTY,    a.    thur'ty.     [Sax.   thrittig  ;    G. 


dreissig;  D.  dertig.] 

Thrice  ten  ;  ten  three  times  repeated  ;  or 
twenty  and  ten.  The  month  of  June  con- 
sists of  thirty  days.  Joseph  was  thirty 
years  old  when  he  stood  before  Pharaoh. 

1U\S,  definitive  adjective  or  subslilute.  plu. 
these.  [Sax.  this ;  Dan.  phi.  disse  ;  Sw. 
dessa,desse  ;  G.  das,dessen  ;  D.  deezt,  dil.\ 


T  H  I 


T  H  O 


T  H  O 


1.  I'liis  is  a  definitive,  or  definitive  adjective, 
denoting  something  that  is  present  or  near 
in  place  or  time,  or  something  just  men- 
tioned. Is  this  your  younger  brotlier  ? 
What  trespass  is  Mi's  whicii  ye  have  com- 
mitted? 

Who  did  sin,  this  man  or  his  parents,  that  he 
was  born  blind  ?     John  ix. 

Wlien  they  lieard  this,  they  were  pricked  to 
the  heart.     Acts  ii. 

In  tlie  latter  passage,  this  is  a  substitute 
for  what  had  preceded,  viz.  the  discourse 
of  Peter  just  delivered.  In  like  manner, 
this  often  represents  a  word,  a  sentence 
or  clause,  or  a  series  of  sentences  or 
events. 

In  some  rases,  it  refers  to  what  is  fu- 
ture, or  to  he  immediately  related. 

But  know  this,  that  if  the  good  man  of  the 
house  bad  known  in  what  watch  the  thief  would 
come,  he  would  have  watched,  and  would  not 
have  suffered  his  house  to  be  broken  up.  Matt. 
sxiv. 

Here  this  refers  to  the  whole  subsequent 
member  of  the  sentence. 

2.  By  tliis,  is  nse<l  elliptically  for  by  this  time  ; 
an,by  this  the  mail  has  arrived. 

3.  y/iisisused  with  wonlsdenotingtimepast ; 
as,  I  have  taken  iiosnuft'  for  this  month; 
and  often  with  plural  words.  I  have  not 
wept  this  forty  years. 

In  this  ca,se,  this,  in  the  singular,  refers 
to  the  whole  term  of  time,  or  period ;  this 
period  of  forty  years.  Drydeii. 

4.  This  is  opposed  to  that. 

This  way  and  that  the  wav'ring  sails  they 
bend.  Pope. 

A  body  of  this  or  that  denomination  is  pro- 
duced. Boyle. 

This  and  that,  in  this  use,  denote  differ- 
ence indefinitely. 

5.  When  this  and  that  refer  to  different  things 
before  expre.s.-ed,  this  refers  to  the  thing 
last  raeiitioiie<l,  and  that  to  the  thing  first! 
mentioned.     [See  These.']  \ 

Their  judgment  in  this  we  may  not,  and  in 
in  that  we  need  not,  follow.  Huoker-i 

(j.  It  is  sometimes  opposed  to  other. 

Consider  the  arguments  which  the  author] 
had  to  write  this,  or  to  design  the  other,  before 
you  an'aign  him.  Dryden.' 

THISTLE,  ji.  Ihis'l.  [Sax.  thistel;  G.  D.j 
distel;  Sw.  listel.]  j 

The  common  name  of  numerous  prickly; 
plants  of  the  class  Syngenesia,  a.ui\  several 
genera ;  as  the  common  corn  thistle,  or| 
Canada  thistle,  of  the  genus  Serratida  or 
Cnicus ;  the  spear  thistle  of  the  genus 
Onicus;  the  milk  thistle  of  the  genus  Car- 
duus;  the  blessed  thistle  of  the  genus  Cen- 
tanrea ;  the  globe  thistle  of  the  genus 
Erhinops  ;  the  cotton  thistle  of  the  genus 
Onopordon  ;  and  the  sow  thistle  of  the 
genus  Sonchus.  The  name  is  also  given 
to  other  prickly  plants  not  (d'the  class  Syn-' 
genesia  :  as  the  fuller's  thistle  or  teasel  of 
the  genus  Dipsacus,  and  the  melon  thistle 
and  torch  thistle  of  the  genus  Cactus.  | 
Lee.  liigelow. 
One  s|)fTies  of  thistle,  (Ciiieusarveiisis,) 
grows  in  field.s  among  grain,  ajid  is  ex- 
tremely troulilesoine  to  farmers.  It  isj 
called  in  America  the  Canada  thistle,  as  it' 
first  appeared  in  Canada,  where  it  was' 
probably  introduced  from  France,  as  it 
ubounds  in  Norinaiuly,  and  also  in  Eng- 
land. A  larger  species  "in  America  (Cnicus 


lanceolatus,)  is  indigenous,  but  it  spreads 
slowly  and  gives  no  trouble. 

'1  horns  also  and  thistles  shall  it  bring  forth  to 
thee.     Gen.  iii. 

THISTLY,  a.  this'ly.  Overgrown  with  this- 
tles; as  Mi'sWy  ground. 

TIIITH'ER,  adv.  [Sa.\.  thider,  thyder.]  To 
that  place  ;  opposed  to  hither. 

This  city  is  near,  O  let  me  escape  thither. 
Gen.  six. 

Where  I  am,  thither  ye  cannot  come.  John 
vii. 

2.  To  that  end  or  point. 

Hither  and  thither,  to  this  place  and  to  that ; 
')ne  way  and  another. 

TMITU'liRWARD,  adv.  [thither  an<l  ward.] 
Toward  that  place. 

They  shall  ask  the  way  to  Zion,  with  their 
faces  thitherward.     Jcr.  1. 

THO,  a  contraction  ofthough.  [See  Though.] 

a.  Tho,  for  Sa.\.  thonne,  tnen.     [M>1  in  u.ie.] 

Spe7iser. 

THOLE,  n.  [Sa.x.  thol;  Ir.  Gaelic,  rfu/a,  a 
pin  or  peg.] 

1.  A  pin  inserted  into  the  gunwale  of  a  boat, 
to  keep  the  oar  in  the  row-lock,  when  used 
in  rowing.  Mar.  Did. 

Q.  The  pin  or  handle  of  a  sythe-snath. 

THOLE,  v.t.  [Sax.  tholian  ;  Goth,  thulan  ; 
G.  D.  dulden  ;  Sw.  tula  ;  L.  tollo,  tulero.] 

To  bear  ;  to  endure  ;  to  undergo.     Obs. 

Gower. 

THOLE,  V.  i.  [supra.]  To  wait.     [Local.] 

THOLE,  n.  [h.  tholus.]  The  roof  of  a  tem- 
ple.     [J^ot  used  or  local.] 

TIIO'MAIS.M,  >        The     doctrine    of    St. 

THO'MISM,  S"'  Thomas  Aquinas  with 
respect  to  predestination  and  grace. 

THO'MIST,  n.  A  follower<.r  Thomas  Aqui- 
nas, in  opposition  to  the  Scotists. 

THOM'SONITE,  n.  [Crom  Thomson.]  A 
mineral  of  the  zeolite   family,  occurring 

I  generally  in  inasses  of  a  radiated  struc- 
ture. 

THONG,  n.  [Sax.  thtpang.]  A  .strapof  leth- 
er,  tised  for  fastening  any  thing. 

And  nails  for  loosen'd  spears,  and  thongs  for 
shields  provide.  Dryden.' 

THORACIC,  a.  [L.  thorax,  the  breast.) 
Pertaining  to  the  breast ;  as  the  thoracic 
arteries.  Coxe. 

The  thoracic  duct,  is  the  trunk  of  the  ah-' 
sorhent  ves.sels.  It  runs  up  along  the  spine 
from  the  receptacle  of  the  chyle  to  the 
left  subclavian  vein,  in  which  it  terminates. 

Ci/c.     Parr. 

THORAC'leS,  n.  phi.  In  ichthi/ologii,  an 
order  of  bony  fishes,  respiring  by  means 
of  gills  only,  the  character  of  which  is  that 
the  bronchia  are  ossiculateil,  and  the  ven- 
tral fins  are  placed  underneath  the  thorax, 
or  beneath  the  pectoral  fins. 

Linne.      Cyc. 

THO'R.\L,  a.  [L.  thorus,  or  rather  tortis.] 
Pertaining  to  a  lied.  Ayliffe. 

THO'RAX,  n.  [L.]  In  anatomy,  that  part 
of  the  human  skeleton  which  consists  of 
tlu'  bones  of  the  chest ;  also,  the  cavity  of 
the  chest.  Cyc.' 

THORl'NA,  n.  A  newly  discovered  earth, 
resembling  zirconia,  found  in  gadolinilel 
bv  Berzelins.  Ure.\ 

THORN,  n.  [Sax.  thorn  ;  G.  dorn  ;  P.  doom  :\ 
Dan.  tome:  Slav,  tern;  Golh.  thaumtts:' 
W.  draen.  Qu.  is  not  the  l.itter  contract- 
ed from  the  Gaehc  dreaghum '.'] 


1.  A  tree  or  shrub  armed  with  spines  or 
sharp  ligneous  shoots;  as  the  black  <Aoni  ; 
white  thorn,  &c.  The  word  is  sometimes 
applied  to  a  bush  with  prickles ;  as  a  rose 
on  a  thorn. 

2.  A  sharp  ligneous  or  woody  shoot  from  the 
stem  of  a  tree  or  shrub  ;  a  sharp  process 
from  the  woody  part  of  a  plant ;  a  spine. 
TAor/i  differs  from  prj'cWe  ;  the  latter  being 
applied  to  the  sharp  points  issuing  from 
the  bark  of  a  plant  and  not  attached  to  the 
wood,  as  in  the  rose  and  bramble.  But 
in  conmion  usage,  thorn  is  applied  to  the 
prickle  of  the  rose,  and  in  fact  the  two 
words  are  used  promiscuously. 

3.  Any  thing  troublesome.  St.  Paul  had  a 
thorn  in  the  tiesh.  2  Cor.  xii.  Num. 
xxxiii. 

4.  In  Scripture,  great  difficulties  and  imped- 
iments. 

I  will  hedge  up  thy  way  with  thorns.  Hos.  ii. 

5.  Worldly  cares;  things  which  prevent  the 
growth  of  good  principles.     Matt.  xiii. 

THORN'-APPLE,  n.  [thorn  and  apple.]  A 
plant  of  the  genus  Oatura  ;  a  popular 
name  of  the  Datura  Stramonium,  or  apple 
of  Peru.  Bigelotc. 

THORN'-BACK,  n.  [thorn  and  back.]  A 
fish  of  the  ray  kind,  which  has  prickles  on 
its  back.  Cyc 

THORN'-BUSH,  n.  A  shrub  that  produ- 
ces thorns. 

THORN'-BUT,  n.  A  fish,  a  but  or  tnrbot. 

•iinsioorth. 
THORN'-HEDuE,  n.  [thorn  and  hedge.]  A 

hedge  or  fence  consisting  of  thorn. 
THORN'LESS,  a.   Destitute  of  thorns;  as 

a  thornless  shrub  or  tree.  Muhlenberg 

THORN'Y,    a.    Full   of  thorns  or  spinel; 

rough  with  thorns ;  as  a  thorny  wood  ;  a 

thorny  tree  ;  a  thorny  diailem  or  crown. 

Dryden.     Raleigh. 

2.  Troublesome  ;  vexatious  ;  harassing  ;  per- 
plexing ;  as  thorny  care  ;  the  thorny  path 
of  vice. 

3.  Sharp  ;  pricking  ;  vexatious  ;  as  thorny 
points-  Shiik. 

THORN'Y  REST-HARROW,  n.  A  plant. 

Cyc. 

THORN'Y-TREFOIL,  n.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Faffonia.  l^e 

THOROUGH,  a.  thur'ro.  [Sax.  thnrh  .  g'. 
durch  ;  D.  door.  In  these  languages,  the 
word  is  a  preposition  ;  but  as  a  preposition 
we  write  it  through.  See  this  word.  It 
is  evidently  from  the  root  of  door,  which 
signifies  a  passage,  and  the  radix  of  the 
word  signifies  to  pass.] 

1.  Literally,  passing  through  or  to  the  end  ; 
hence,  complete;  |)erfect ;  as  a  thorough 
reformation  ;  thorough  work  ;  a  thorough 
translator;  a  Mocoug-Zi  poet.  Dryden. 

2.  Passing  through;  as  thorough  lights  in  a 
house.  Bacon. 

THOROUGH,  prep,  thur'ro.    From  side  to 

side,  or  from  end  to  enil. 
2.   I!y    means   of      [JVot   now   used.]     fSee 

Through.] 

THOROUGH,  71.  thur'ro.  An  inter-furrow 
between  tvv.i  ridges.  Cue. 

THOROUGH  BASE,  «.  thur'ro-base.  [tho- 
rough and  base.] 

In  music,  an  accompaniment  to  a  continued 
base  by  figures.  Cyc. 


T  H  O 


T  H  O 


T  H  O 


THOROUGH-BRED,  o.    thur'ro-hred.  [Iho 
rongh   unci   bred.]    Completely   taught  orl 
ai-c^  rn((lislieil. 

TlioHUI'Gll-FARE,  n.  thur'ro-fare.  [tho- 
ruuf!;li  utid  fiirt.] 

1,  A  iiassage  tliruiigli  ;  a  passage  from  one 
street  or  opening  to  another;  an  iinob 
siriioted  way. 

2.  I'ciwer  (if  passing.  Milton. 

THOROUGHLY,  adv.  Ihur'robj.  Fully;  en- 
tirely ;  completely  ;  as  a  room  tliorou/;hli/ 
swept ;  a  business  Ihoraiighly  perCormeil. 
Lei  the  mutter  he  i/ioroit^Wy  silted.  I.et  ev- 
ery part  of  the  work  be  thoroughlii  finished.! 

TIlOROUGH-PACKD,  a.  tku'r'ro-paced. 
[Ihorough  and  paced.] 

Perfect  in  what  is  undertaken ;  complete  ; 
going  all  lengths  ;  as  a  thorough-paced  to- 
rv  or  whig.  fitvijl, 

TH'OROUGH-SPED,  a.  thur'ro-sped.  [thor- 
ough, and  sped-] 

Fully  accomplished  ;   thorough-paced. 

Swift. 

THOROUGH-STITCH,  adv.  thur'ro-stitck. 
[thorough  and  stilch.] 

Fully;  completely  ;  going  the  whole  lengtli 
of  any  business.     [JVot  elegant.] 

L'  Estrange. 

THOROUGH-WAX,  n.  thur'ro-wnx.  [lhor-\ 
ough  and  wax.]  A  plant  of  the  genus  Ru- 
pleiirum.  Lee. 

THOROUGH-WORT,  n.  thur' ro-ti-ort.  The 
popular  name  of  a  plant,  the  Eupalm-ium 
perjotiaium,  a  native  of  N.  America.  It  is 
valued  in  incdiciiie. 

TH(-)RP,  Sa.\.  thorpe  ;  D.  dorp  ;  G.  dorf;  Sw. 
Dan.  torp  ;  W.  Irev  ;  Gaelic,  Ir.  treubh  ;  L. 
tribus.  The  word  in  Welsh  signihcs  a' 
dwelling  place,  a  homestead,  a  hamlet,  al 
town.  When  applied  to  a  single  house,i 
it  answers  to  the  Sax.  ham,  a  house,! 
whence  hamlit  anil  home.  In  the  Teuton- 
ic dialects,  it  denotes  a  village.  The  pri- 
mary sense  is  probably  a  house,  a  haliita- 
tioii,  from  fixedness;  hence  a  hniidet,  a 
village,  a  tribe;  as  in  rude  ages  the  dwell- 
ing of  the  head  of  a  family  was  soon  sur- 
rounded by  the  houses  of  his  children  iiii(l| 
descendants.  In  our  language,  it  occurs 
now  only  in  names  of  places  and  persons. 

riiOS,  »i.  An  animal  <d"  the  wolf  kind,  but' 
larger  than  the  common  widf  It  is  coni-j 
nion  inSurinain.  It  preys  on  poultry  and! 
water  fowls.  Q/c-' 

THOf^E,  pron.  s  as  z.  plii.  of  that ;  as  (/io.?e 
men  ;  those  temples.  When  those  and  these 
are  used  in  reference  to  two  things  or  col- 
lections of  things,  those  refers  to  the  first 
mentioned,  as  these  does  to  the  last  men- 
tioned. [See  These,  and  the  example 
there  given.] 

THOU,  prim,  in  the  obj.  thee.  [Sax.  i/iu; 
G.  Sw.  Dan.  du  ;  L.  Fr.  It.  Sp.  Port.  In  , 
Sans.  tuam.  The  nominative  ease  is  prob- 
ably conlrarted,  for  in  tlie  obliipie  cases  it 
is  in  Sw.  anil  Dan.  dig,  in  Goth.  (AuA",  Sax. I 
thee.  So  in  Hiiiiloo.  tu  in  the  nominative, 
makes  in  the  dative.  (uAo  ;  Gipsey,(»,  <H'le. 
In  Riiss.  the  verb  is  tukni/ii,  to  thou.] 

The  second  personal  proiioiin,  in  the  singu- 
lar number;  the  pronoun  which  is  used  in 
addressing  persons  in  the  solemn  style. 
All  thou  ho.  tliiit  should  come  .'     M;itl.  xi. 
I  will  fear  no  evil,  for  thou  ait  with  mc.    Ps. 
xxiil. 

TViou  is  used  only  in  the  solemn  style,  unless 


in  very  familiar  language,  and  by  the  Qua 
kers. 
THOU,  V.  t.  To  treat  with  familiarity. 

If  thou  Ihouest  hioi  some  thiice,  it  shall  not 
be  amiss.  SItak 

THOU,  v.i.  To  use   thou  and  thee  in  dis- 
course. 
THOUGH,    t>.   i.    tho.    [Sax.  theah  ;  Goth 
thauh  ;  G.  doch  ;  Sw.  dock  ;  I).  Dan.  dog. 
Tins  is  the  imperative  of  a  verb  ;  Ir.daig- 
him,  to  give,  I),  dokktn.] 
1.  Grant;  ailmil;  allow.       "If  thy   brother 
be  waxen    poor — thou  slialt   relieve   him 
yea,  though  he  be  a   stranger."      Grant  or 
admit  the   fact   that   he  is   a  stranger,  yet 
thou  shalt  relieve  him.     Lev.  xxv. 

Thvu^It  he  slay  me,  yet  will  1  trust  in  him 
Joli  xiii. 

That  is,  grant  or  admit  that  he  shall  slay 
me,  yet  will  I  trust  in  him 

Though  hanil  Join  in  hand,  the  wicked  shall 
not  be  unpunished.     Prov 

That  is,  admit  the  fact  that  the  wicked 
unite  their  strength,  yet  this  will  not  save 
them  from  punishinent. 

Not  that  1  so  affirm,  though  so  it  seem. 

.Milton 

Tliat  is,  grant  that  it  seems  so,  yet  1  do 

not  so  affirm. 

U.  Useil  with  as. 

In  the  vine  were  three  branches,  and  it  was 
as  though  il  budiled.     (Jen.  xl. 

So  we  use  as  if;  it  was  us  if  it  budded ; 
and  if  o' gif,  give.  The?  appearance  was 
like  tho  real  fact,  j/" admitted  or  true. 

3.  It  is  used  in  familiar  language,  at  the  end 
of  a  sentence. 

A  good  cause  would  do  well  though, 

Dryden. 

This  is  generally  or  always  elliptical, 
referring  to  some  expression  preceding  or 
understood. 

4.  It  is  compounded  with  all,  in  although, 
which  see. 

THOUGHT,  prtt.  and  pp.  of  think  ;  pro- 
nounced thaul. 

THOUGHT,  II.  thaut.  [primarily  the  pas- 
sive participle  of  think,  supra  ;  Sax. 
theuht.] 

1.  Properly,   that   which   the   mind    thinks. 


Thoiight  is  either  the  act  or  operation  ol; 2-  9"-^'?  dissipated 

the  mind,  whin  attending  to  a   piirliiulari'^-  ^';]^l'i<l  ;  ''"Ih 

subject  or  thing,  or   it  is   the    idea  const 

qili 

th 


4.  Reflection  ;  particular  consideration. 

j  Why  do  you  keep  alone  ! 

Using  those  thoughts  »  hicli  should  have  died 
Willi  tliem  Ihcy  iliink  on.  Shak. 

5.  Opinion  ;  judgment. 

,         Thus  Bethel  spoke,  who  always  speaks  his 
I  thoughts.  Pope. 

6.  Meditation  ;  serious  consideration. 

Pride,  of  all  others  the  most  dangerous  fault, 

j  Proceeds    from   want  of    sense    or   want    of 

thought.  Roscommon. 

7.  Design  :  purpose. 

All  their  thimehls  are  against  me  for  evil. 
Ps   hi.     xxxiii.     Jer.  xxix. 

8.  Silent  conieinplation.  Shak. 

9.  Solicitude  ;  care  ;  concern. 

Hawis  was  put  in  trouble,  and  died  with 
thouf^hl  and  anguish  before  his  business  came 
to  uu  iiiil.  Bacon. 

10.  Inward  reasoning;  the  workings  of  con- 
I     science. 

Their  thoughts   the   meanwhile  accusing  or 
I      else  excusiuK  one  another.     Rom.  ii. 

11.  A  small  degree  or  quantity  :  aaathought 
longer  ;  a  thought  better.     [Aot  in  use.] 

Hooker.     Sidney. 
To  take  thought,  to  he  solicitous  or  anxious. 

IMatt.  vi. 
THOrCJHT'FLlL,  a.  Full  of  thought ;  con- 
teiiipliilivr  :  eiiipliiyed    in    medilalion  ;  as 
a  man  of  thoughtful  iiiiiid. 
Attentive;  carelul  ;  having  the  mind   di- 
rected to  an  object;  as  thoughtful  of  gain. 

Philip.i. 
3.  Promoting  serious  thought ;  favorable  to 
musing  or  meditation. 

War,  horrid  war,   your  thoughtful  walks    in- 
vades. Pope. 
|4.  Anxious;  solicitous. 

j  Around  her  crowd  distrust  and  doubt  and  fear. 

And    thoughtful  foresight,    and    lornuntin;; 

care.  Prior. 

THOUGHTFULLY,  adv.   With  thought  or 

coiisideratimi  ;  with  solicitude. 
THOUGHT'FULNESS,    ii.    Deep  medita- 
tion. Hlackmore. 
2.  Serious  attention  to  spiritual  concerns. 
:i.   Anxietv  ;  solicitmle. 
THOUGHTLESS,  a.   Heedless;  careless; 
negligent. 

Thoughtless  of  the  future.  Rogers. 


Thoughtless  as  monarch  oaks  that  shade  the 
pl;'.in.  IJrt/den. 


[iient  on  that  operation.     We  say,  a  man's' „„,,.,- J,,,,,;,  „^o.i  .r             .  .;."' 

houghts  are  einployed  on  govrnment,  on    ' '  t>'  f;"  •  'LE.-,SLY,        ad.  Without 

el,gion,oiitra.leor    arts,  or   his  Mo.l£rA^■^p;  ;';;'.7  \\-^':;''?;'r^'iV«'''."l'''''>'-  ^„.^"''"',. 

re  employed  on  his  dres^  or  his  iiieait  of  '  ",^"  GHT  LL?,bNE&»,       n  U  ant    of 
living.     By  Ibis  we  mean  that  the  mind  isj      I'";,""',''  '  ''ecHessness;  carelessness; 

directed  to  that  particular  subject  or  ob-i  n,,'l,^',','-4','i'rT.,^r.r^i-            r.i        ,.  ■ 

ject  ;    that    is,   aecordim:    to    ibe    literal!  T"'OLGHT;sICK,    a.    [thought  and  s. 

import   of  the   verb   think,  the  mind,  the  ....V/l'If^^vil"'''"""""-       ,o  -l  ^' 

intellectual  part  of  man,  is  set  upon  such    '  V.^^V'^/^^"'  ,  "•    *  f  -       ^ax.    thuse 


part 

an  object,  it  holds  it  in  view  or  contem- 
plation, or  it  extends  to  it.  it  stretches  to  it. 
Thought  cannot  be  superaniled  to  mailer,  so 
as  in  any  sense  to  render  it  true  that  mailer  can 
become  copiilative.  Divight. 

.  Idea  ;  conception.  I  wish  to  convey  my 
thoxights  to  another  person  1  employ 
worils  that  express  my  thoughts,  so  that  he 
may  have  the  same  ideas  ;  in  this  case, 
our  thoughts  will  be  alike. 


tlioiiiiht  ;  heedlessness;  carelessness;    in- 

atlentioii. 

sii-k.) 

Shah. 

nd; 

tii'l\\.  Ihusnnd;  G.  tauscnd ;  D.   Juizend ; 

Sw.  tusend  :   Dan.  tusind.] 

1.  Denoting  the  number  often  hundred. 

2.  Proverbially,  denoting  a  great  number 
indefinitely.  It  is  a  thousand  chances  to 
one  that  vou  succeed. 

THOU  SAND,  n.  The  number  of  ten  hun- 
dred. 

A   thnutand  shall    fall  at   tliy  side,  and  ten 
thousa/id  at  ihv  right  hand.     Ps.  xci. 


i.  Fancy  ;  conceit  ;   something   framed   byiiT/ioKMnr/ is  sometimes  used  plurally  without 

the  imagination.  j      the  plural  termination,  as  in   the   passage 

Thought.-^  come  crowding  in  so  fast  upon  me,'      above,  ten  thousand;  but  it  often  takes  thn 

that  my  only  dilficulty  is  to  choo.se  or  reject.     I      (ilural  termination.     In  former  times,  how 

.Dryden. 'i     many  thousands  perished  by  famine  1 


T  H  R 


T  H  R 


THOUSANDTH,   a.   The  ordinal  of  thou 
saiitl  ;  as  the  thousandth  part  of  a   thing  ; 
also  proverbially,  very  numerous. 

THOU'SANDTH,  n.  The  thousandth  part 
ofany  thing;  as  two  thousandths  of  a  tax 

THOVVL.  [See  Thote.] 

Til  RACK,  v.t.  To  load  or  burden.  [JVot 
ill  use.]  South. 

THRALL,  n.  [Sax.  thrall,  a  slave  or  ser 
viuit ;  Dan.tral;  Sw.  tral;  Ice.  troel ;  Ir. 
trail;  Gaelic,  (raiW.] 

L  A  slave. 

2.  Slavery.     Obs. 

THRALL,  v.t.  To  enslave.  Obs.  [Enthrall 
is  in  use.] 

THRALL'DOM,  n.  [Dan.  <r<rWom.]  Slave- 
ry; bondage;  a  state  of  servitude.  The 
Greeks  lived  in  Ihralldom  under  the  Turks, 
nearly  four  hundred  years. 

He  shall  rule,  and  she  in  thralldom  live. 
[  This  ivord  is  in  good  use.]  ZJryden. 

THRAP'PLE,  n.  The  windpipe  of  an  ani- 
mal.    [.Vot  an  English  icord.]  Scott. 

THRASH,  v.t.  [Sax.  Marscan  or  therscan  ; 
G.  dreschen  ;  I),  dorschcn  ;  Sw.  troska  ;  Ice. 
thtrskia.  It  is  vvritien  thrash  or  thresh. 
The  common  pronunciation  is  thrash.] 

i.  To  beat  out  j,'rain  from  the  husk  or  peri- 
carji  with  a  flail ;  as,  to  thrash  wheat,  rye 
or  oats. 

2.  To  beat  corn  off  froin  the  cob  or  spike ; 
as,  to  thrash  inaiz. 

3.  To  beat  soundly  with  a  stick  or  whip  ;  to 
drub.  'S't«^- 

THRASH,  V.  i.    To  practice  thrashing  ;  t" 
perform  the  business  of  thrashing  ;  as  a 
man  who  thrashes  well. 
2.  To  labor  ;  to  drudge. 

I  rather  would  be  Mevius,  thrash  for  rhymes. 
Like  hi»,  the  scorn  and  scandal  of  the  times — 

Drydeii 
THRASH'ED,  pp.   Beaten  out  of  the  husk 

or  oft"  the  ear. 
2.  Freed  from  the  grain  by  beating. 
THRASH'ER,  n.  One  who  thrashes  grain. 
THRASH'ING,    ppr.    Beating   out   of  the 
husk  or  off' the  ear  ;  beating  soundly  with 
a  stick  or  whip. 
THRASH'ING,  n.  The  act  of  beating  out 

griim  with  a  flail:  a  sound  drubbing. 
THRASHING-FLOOR,     n.     [thrash    and 

Jloor.] 
A  floor  or  area  on  which  grain  is  beaten  out. 

Dryden. 
THRASON'ICAL,  a.  [from  TAraso, a  boast- 
er in  old  comedy.] 
L  Boasting  ;  given  to  bragging. 
2.  Boastful ;  implying  ostentatious  display. 

Shak. 
THRAVE,  n.  [Sax.  rfrn/,  a  drove.]  A  drove; 

a  herd.     (JVo<  in  use.] 
TlIRAVE,'ri.  [W.dreva,  twenty  Cour;drev 

a  liiiiidle  or  tie.] 
The  number  of  two  dozen.     [Ao<  in  use.] 
THREAD.  I        [Sax.thredjhrad;  D.draad  ; 
TIIREI),     \"-  Sw.  trtui;  Dan.  traad ;  pro- 
bably from  drawing.] 
L   A  very  sniiill  twist  of  flax,   wool,  cotton 
silk  or  other  fibrous  substance,  drawn  out 
to  coiisiilerablc  length. 

2.  The  tilaniont  of  a  flower.  Botany. 

3.  The  filament  of  any  fibrous  sid)stance,  as 
of  bark. 

4.  A  flue  filament  or  line  nf  gold  or  silver. 

5.  WiV-//irf«rfs,  the  line  white  fllanients  w  hich 


are  seen  floating  in  the  air  in  summer,  the 

production  of  spiders. 

6.  Something  continued  in  a  long  course  or 
tenor  ;  as  the  thread  of  a  discourse. 

Burnet 

7.  The  prominent  spiral  part  of  a  screw. 
THREAD,?       .     To  pass  a  thread  through 
THRED,     \  *'■       the  eye  ;  as,  to  thread  a 

needle. 

a.  To  pass  or  pierce  tlirough,  as  a  narrow 
way  or  channel. 

1  hey  would  not  thread  the  gates.         Shak 
Heavy    trading   ships — threading    the    Bos- 
porus. Miijord. 

THREAD'BARE,  )         [thread    and    bare.' 

THRED'BARE,  I  "•  Worn  to  the  naked 
thread;  having  the  nap  worn  off";  as  a 
threadbare  coat ;  threadbare  clothes. 

Spenser.     Dryden. 

■2.  Worn  out;  trite;  hackneyed  ;  used  till  it 
has  lost  its  novelty  or  interest ;  as  a  thread- 
bare subject;  stale  topics  and  threadbare 
quotations.  Swijl. 

THREAD'BARENESS,  )      The  state  of 

THRED'BARENESS,  S  being  thread 
bare  or  trite. 

THREAD'EN,  (         Made   of   thread;    as 

THRED'EN,  S  threaden  sails.  [Little 
used.]  Shak 

THREAD'-SHAPED,  }  „    In   botany,  fili- 

THRED -SHAPED,     S        »•"■"'• 

THREAD'Y,  t       Like  thread  or  filaments  ; 

THRED'Y,     I  "•  slender.  Granger. 

2.  Containing  thread.  ^yer. 

ITHREAP,  V.  t.  [Sax.  threapian,  or  rather 
threagan.] 

To  chide,  contend  or  argue.     [Local.] 

jlinsu'oiih 

THREAT,  n.  thret.  [Sax.  threat.  See  the 
Verb.]  .     j 

A  menace  ;  denunciation  of  ill ;  declaration 
of  an  intention  or  determinati<in  to  inflict 
punishment,  loss  or  pain  on  another. 
There  is  no  tenor,  Cassius,  in  your  threats. 

Shnk 

THREAT,  V.  t.  thret.  To  threaten,  which 
see.     Threat  is  used  only  in  poetry. 

Dryden 

THREATEN,  v.  t.  thret'n.  [Sax.  threatian 
from  threat.  But  threat  appears  to  be  con- 
tracted from  threagnn.  wiiicli  is  written  al- 
so threiiwian  ;  D.  dreigen  ;  G.  drohen ;  Dan. 
tretter,  to  chide,  to  scold,  dispute,  wrangle." 

1.  To  declare  the  purpose  of  inflicting  pun 
ishment,  pain  or  other  evil  on  another,  for 
some  sin  or  olTense  ;  to  menace.  God| 
threatens  the  finally  impenitent  with  ever-j 
lasting  banishment  from  his  presence.  j 
i.  To  menace  ;  to  terrify  or  attempt  to  ter-j 
rify  by  menaces;  as  for  extorting  money. 
Tk  send  threatening  letters  is  a  punishable 
oflense. 

3.  To  charge  or  enjoin  with  menace,  or  with 
implied  rebuke  ;  or  to  charge  strictly. 

Let  us  straitly  threaten  them,  that  they  speak 
henceforth  to  no  man  in  his  name.     Acts  iv. 

4.  To  menace  by  action  ;  to  present  the  ap 
pearaiice  of  crmiing  evil  ;  as,  rolling  bil- 
lows threaten  to  overwhelm  us. 

.5.  To  exhibit  the  appearance  of  something 
evil  or  unpleasant  approaching;  as,  the 
clouds  threaten  us  with  rain  or  a  storm. 

THREATENED,  pp.  thnl'nd.  .Menaced 
with  evil. 

THREATENER,  »i.  threl'ner.  One  that 
threatens.  Milton.\ 


T  H  R 

THREATENING,  ppr.  (hret'ning.  Men- 
acing ;  denouncing  evil. 

2.  a.  Indicating  a  threat  or  menace;  as  a 
threatening  look. 

.3.  Indicating  something  impending;  as,  the 
weather  is  threatening  ;  the  clouds  have  a 
threatening  aspect. 

THREATENING,  n.  thret'ning.  The  act 
of  menacing;  a  menace;  a  denunciation 
of  evil,  or  declaration  of  a  purpose  to  in- 
flict evil  on  a  person  or  country,  usually 
for  sins  and  oflenses.  The  prophets  are 
filled  with  God's  threatenings  against  the 
rehellioMs  Jews.     Acts  iv. 

THREATENINGLY,  adv.  thret'ningly. 
With  a  threat  or  menace  ;  in  a  threatening 
manner.  ShAk. 

THREATFUL,  a.  thret'ful.  Fullof  threats  ; 
having  a  menacing  appearance  ;  minaci- 
ous. Spenser. 

THREE,  a.  [Sax.  threo,  thri,  thry  aui\  thrig ; 
Sw.  Dan.  tre  ;  G.  drei ;  D.  drie  ;  Fr.  trois  ; 
It.  tre;  Sp.  L.  tres ;  Gael.  W.  Iri ;  Gipsey, 
tre  ;  Gr.  rpttj ;  Sans,  treja,  tri.  I  know 
not  the  last  radical,  nor  the  primary  sense 
of  three.  Owen  in  his  Welsh  Dictionary, 
suggests  that  it  signifies  fiied,  firm.  But 
see  Extricate  and  Trick.  It  is  probably 
contracted  from  thrig.] 

1.  Two  and  one. 
1  offer  thee  three  things.     2  Sam.  xxiv. 

2.  It  is  often  used  like  other  adjectives,  with- 
out the  noun  to  which  it  refers. 

Abishai — attained  not  to  the   first  three.    2 
.*am.  xxiii. 

3.  Proverbially 

Shak. 


a  small  number. 

Away,  thou  three-\ne\\e\i  fool. 
[  /  believe  obsolete.  ] 

THREE-€AP'SULED,  a.  Trioapsular. 
THREE  CEL'LED,  o.  Tiilocular. 
THREE-€LEFT',  a.  Trifid. 
THREE'-€ORNERED,  a.   [thret  and   cor- 
ner.] 

1.  Having  three  corners  or  angles;  as  a 
three-cornered  hat. 

2.  In  botany,  having  three  sides,  or  three 
prominent  longitudinal  angles,  as  a  stem. 

Martyn. 

THREE'-FLOWERED,  a.  [three  and 
Jlower.] 

Bearing  three  flowers  together.  Martyn. 

THREE'FOLD,  a.   [three  au<\  fold.]  Three- 
double;  consisting  of  three;  or  thrice  re- 
peated, as  threefold  justice.  Raleigh. 
A    threefold    cord    is    not    quickly    broken. 
Ecclcs.  iv. 

THREE'-GRAINED,  a.  Tiicoccous. 

THREE'-LEAVED,  a.  [three  and  leaf] 
Consisting  of  three  distinct  leaflets  ;  ns  a 
three-leaved  calyx.  Martyn. 

THKEE'-LOBED,  a.  [three  and  lobe.]  A 
threi-lobid  leaf  is  one  that  isdividerl  to  the 
middle  into  three  parts,  standing  wide  from 
each  other  and  having  convex  margins. 

Martyn. 

THREE'-NERVED,  a.  [three  and  nerve.] 
A  three-nerved  leaf  h.-is  three  distinct  ves- 
sels I'r  nerves  running  longitudinally  with- 
(int  hranchins.  Mailyn. 

THia'.E'-P'ARTED,  a.  [three  ani\  pai ted.] 
Tripartite.  .\  three-parted  leaf  is  diviiled 
into  three  parts  d<jvvii  to  the  base,  hut  not 
entirely  separate.  Martyn. 

THREE'-PENCE,  n.  thrip'cnce.  [three  and 
pence.] 


T  II  R 


T  H  R 


T  H  R 


A  small  silver  coin  of  three  times  the  value 
of  a  penny.  Shak. 

TIIKEK'-PENNY,  a.  thrip'enny.  Worth 
throe  pence  only  ;  mean. 

TJIREE'-PETALKD,  a.  [three  and  petal.] 
Tripetalous  ;  consisting  of  three  distinct 
petals  ;  as  a  corol.  Bolcim/ 

TilREE'-I'lLE,  n.  [three  and  pile.]  An  old 
name  for  j,'ood  iclvct.  Shak. 

TllREE'-I'ILEU,  a.  Set  with  a  thick  pile 
Ohs.  Shak. 

TIIIIEIC'-I'OINTED,  a.  Tricus|.i<late. 

TIIREE'SCORE,  or.  [three  and  score.] 
Thrice  twenty  ;  sixty  ;  as  threescore  years. 

TIIREE'-SEEDEI),  a.  [three  and  seed.] 
Containing  three  seeds ;  as  a  three-seeded 
cafisule.  Botany. 

TIIREE'-SIDED,  a.  [three  and  side.]  Hav- 
ing three  plane  sides  ;  as  a  ttiree-sidcd 
stem,  leaf,  petiole,  peduncle,  scape,  or  peri- 
carp. Martyn. 

THREE'-VALVED,  a.  [three  and  valve.] 
Trivalvular;  consisting  of  three  valves; 
opening  with  three  valves ;  as  a  ihree- 
valved  pericarp.  Lee.     Martyn. 

THRENE,  n.  [Gr.  Spj^voj.]  Lamentation 
[J\rot  xised.]  Shak 

THREN'ODY,  n.  [Gr.  PfJijio;,  lamentation, 
and  w5)j,  ode.] 

A  song  of  lamentation.  Herbert. 

THRESH,  V.  t.  To  thrash.  [See  Thrasti.] 
The  latter  is  the  popular  proiuniciatioii, 
but  the  word  is  written  tlirash  or  thresh,  in- 
differently. [See  the  derivation  and  de- 
finitions under  Thrash.] 

THRESHER,  n.  The  sea  fo\-.  Cyc. 

THRESH'HOLl),  >i.  [Sax.  thwrsctpald  ;  G. 
thurseliwellc  ;  Sw.  tri^skel ;  lee.  throsulldur. 
The  Saxon  and  Swedish  words  seem  by 
their  orthography  to  be  connected  with 
thrash,  tliresh,  anil  the  last  syllable  to  be 
wald,  wood ;  but  the  German  word  is  ob- 
viously compounded  of  thiir,  door,  and 
schwelte,  sill ;  door-sill.] 

1.  The  door-sill ;  the  plank,  stone  or  piece 
of  timber  which  lies  at  the  bottom  or  un- 
der a  door,  particularly  of  a  dwelling 
hous(!,  church,  temple  or  the  like  ;  hence 
entrance  ;  gate  ;  door. 

2.  Entrance  ;  the  place  or  point  of  entering 
or  beginning.  He  is  now  at  the  thresh- 
hold  of  his  argument. 

Maay  men  tliat  stumble  ;\t  the  llireshlwld. 

Shak. 
THREW,  pret.  of  throw. 
THRICE,  adv.  [from  three;  perhaps   three, 
and  L.  vice  ;  or  a  change  of  Fr.  tiers.] 

1.  Three  times. 

Before   the    cock  crow,  tliou  shalt  deny  me 
thrice.     Matt.  xxvi. 

2.  Sometimes  used  by  way  of  amplification  ; 
very. 

Thrice  noble  Lord,  let  me  entreat  of  you 
To  pardon  me.  "    Slink. 

THRH),  V.  t.    [W.   treiziau;   to   penetrate ; 

treidiaw,  to  course,  to  range.] 
To  slide  through  a  narrow  passage  ;  to  slip, 
shoot  or  run  through,  as  a  needle,  bodkin, 
or  the  like. 

Some  thrid  the  mazy  ringlets  of  her  hair. 

Pope. 
THRID'DED,  pp.  Slid  through. 
THRID'DING,p/»-.  Sliding  through  ;  caus- 
ing to  pass  through. 

Vol.  II. 


parsi 


THRIFT,  n.  [from  thrive.]  Frugahty  ; 
good  husbandry  ;  economical  management 
in  regard  to  property. 

The  rest — willing  to  "fall  to  thrift,  prove  very 
good  husbands.  Spenser. 

Pros[)erity  ;  success  and  advance  in  the 
acquisition  ofjHoperty  ;  increase  of  world- 
ly goods;  gain. 

I  have  a  mind  presages  me  such  thrift. 

Sliuk 

;i.  Vigorous  growth,  as  of  a  plant. 

4.  In  botany,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Statice 

THRIFTILY,   adv.   Frugally  ;  with  pa 
mony. 

'2.  With  increase  of  worldly  goods. 

THRIFT'INESS,  n.  Frugality  ;  good  hus- 
bandry ;  as  thi-iftiness  to  save  ;  tlirijliness 
in  i)rescrving  one's  own. 

Wollon.     Spenser. 

i.  Prosperity  in  business;  increase  of  prop- 
erty. 

THR"IFT  LESS,  a.  Having  no  frugality  or 
good  management ;  profuse  ;  extravagant ; 
not  thriving.  Stiak 

THRIFTY,  n.  Frugal  ;  sparing  ;  using 
economy  and  good  management  of  prop 
erty. 

I  am  glad  he  has  so  much  youth  and  vigor 
left,  of  which  lie  has  not  been  thrifty.  Sioift. 
More  generally,  thriving  by  industry  and 
frugahty;  prosperous  in  the  acquisition  of 
worldly  goods  ;  increasing  in  wealth  ;  as 
a  thrifty  farmer  or  mechanic. 

3.  Thriving;  growing  rapidly  or  vigorously  ; 
as  a  plant. 

1.  Well  husbanded. 

I  have  five  hundred  crowns. 
The  thrifty  hire  I  sav'd  under  your  father. 

Shak 

THRILL,  n.  [See  the  Verb.]   A  drill. 

'2.  A  warbling.     [See  Trill.] 

3.  A  breathing  place  or  hole.  Herbert. 

THRILL,  V.  t.  [Sax.  thyrlian,  thirlian  ;  D. 
drillen,  to  drill,  to  bore  ;  trillcn,  to  shiver. 
pant,  ipiaver  ;  G.  drillen,  to  drill ;  triller, 
a  shake;  trillcrn,  to  trill;  Dan.  driller,  to 
bore,  to  drill ;  trilder,  Sw.  trilla,  to  roll ; 
Dan.  trilte,  t\  tr'M;  W.  troliaw,  to  troll  or 
roll  ;  all  jirobably  of  one  family,  from  the 
root  of  roll.    See  Drill.] 

1.  To  bore  ;  to  drill  ;  to  perforate  by  turning 
a  giniblet  or  other  similar  instrument. 
[But  in  the  literal  sense,  drill  is  now  chief- 
ly or  wholly  used.  Spenser  used  it  lite- 
rally in  the  clause,  "  with  thrilling  point 
ol'iron  brand."] 

2.  To  pierce  ;  to  penetrate  ;  as  something 
sharp. 

The  cruel  h  ord  her  lender  heart  so  IhrilI'd. 
'J'liat  sudden  cold  did  run  through  every  vein. 

Spenser. 
A  servant  that  he  bred,  IhrilVd  with  remorse. 

Shak. 

THRILL,  v.  i.  To  pierce  ;  to  penetrate  ;  as 
something  sharp  ;  particularly,  to  cause  a 
tingling  sensation  that  runs  through  the 
system  with  a  slight  shivering  ;  as,  a  sharpi 
sound  thrills  through  the  whole  frame. 

^^ddison. 
A  faint  cold  fear  thrills  through  my  veins. 

Shak. 
2.  To  feel  a  sharp  shivering  sensation  run- 
ning through  the  body. 

To  seek  sweet  safety  out 
In  vaults  and  prisons ;  and  to  thrill  and  shake — 

Shak. 

93 


iTHRlLL'ED,  pp.  Penetrated;  pierced. 

ITIIRILL'ING,  ppr.  Perforating;  drilling. 

2.  Piercing ;  penetrating  ;  having  the  quali- 
ty of  penetrating;  passing  with  a  tingling, 
shivering  sensation. 

:5.  Feeling  a  tingling,  shivering  sensation 
running  througli  the  systen). 

THRlNCi,  r.  t.  To  press,  crowd  or  throng. 
LYot  used.]  Chaucer. 

THRIS/SA,  n.   A  fish  of  the  herring  kind. 

THRIVE,  r.  i.  jiret.  thrived;  pjp.  thnred, 
thriven.  [Dan.  trives,  to  thrive,  to  in- 
crease ;  Sw.  Irifvas.  It  may  belong  to  llie 
family  of  trip,  to  hasten,  or  to  that  of 
drive.] 

1.  To  prosper  by  industry,  economy  anrl 
good  nianagement  ofiiropcrty  ;  to  increase 
in  goods  and  estate.  .\  farmer  thrives  by 
good  husbanilry.  When  the  body  of  la- 
boring men  thrive,  we  pronounce  the  state 
prosperous. 

Diligence  and  humility  is  the  way  to  thrive 
in  the  riches  of  the  uudcrslanding,  as  well  as  in 
gold.  Wallf. 

2.  To  prosper  in  any  business;  to  have  in- 
crease or  success. 

()  son,  why  sit  we  here,  each  other  viewing 
Idly,  while  Satan  our  i;reat author  (/iriefs  ? 

Milton. 
They  by  vices  thrice.  Sandyx. 

3.  To  grow  ;  to  increase  in  bulk  or  stature: 
to  flourish.  Young  cattle  thrive  in  rich 
))astures  ;  and  trees  thrive  in  a  good  soil. 

4.  To  grow;  to  advance;  to  increase  or  ad- 
vance in  any  thing  valuable. 

THRI'VER,  71.    One  that  prospers  in  the 

acquisition  of  property. 
THRI'VING,  ppr.    Prospering  in  worldly 

goods. 
j2.  a.  Being  pros))erous  or  successful ;  ad- 
j  vaniing  in  wealth  ;  increasing;  growing; 
I  as  a  Mm'ing- mechanic;  a /Am'JHg' trader. 
THRI'VINGLV,  adv.  In  a  prosperous  way. 
THRI'VINGNESS,  )  Prosperity  ; growth; 
'thriving,  S  "increase. 

Decay  of  Piety. 
THRO,  a  contraction  of  through,  not  now 

used. 
THROAT,  n.  [Sax.  throta,  throte ;  D.strote; 

Russ.  gnirf.] 

1.  The  anterior  jiart  of  the  neck  of  an  ani- 
mal, in  which  are  the  gullet  and  wind- 
pi[)e,  or  the  passages  lor  the  food  and 
breath. 

In  medirine,  the  fauces  ;  all  that  hollow 
or  cavity  which  may  be  seen  when  the 
mouth  is  wide  open.  O/c. 

2.  ]n  seamen's  language,  that  endofagaft" 
which  is  next  the  mast.  Mar.  Diet. 

5.  In  ship-bitilding,  the  inside  of  the  knee- 
timber  at  the  middle  or  turnsof  the  arms; 
also,  the  inner  part  of  the  arms  of  an  an- 
chor where  they  join  the  shank  ;  and  the 
middle  jiart  of  a  floor-timber.  Cyc. 

Throat-hails,  brails  attached  to  the  gafl!", 
close  to  the  mast. 

Throat-halliards,  are  those  that  raise  the 
throat  of  the  gafl".  .\far.  Diet. 

THRO.VT,  V.  t.  To  mow  beans  in  a  direc- 
tion against  their  bending.     [Local.] 

Cyc. 

THROAT-PIPE,  n.  [throat  and  pipe.]  The 
windpipe  or  weasand. 

THROAT-WORT,  n.  [throat  and  wort.]  A 
plant  of  the  genus  Campanula,  a  perenni- 


T  H  R 


T  H  R 


T  H  R 


al  weed  common  in  pasture-ground  ;  also, 
a  (ilaiii  of  tlie  genus  Trachelium. 


Cyc.    Lee. 
THROATY,  a.  Guttural.  Howell. 

TllliOB,  v.i.  [perliaps  allied   to   drive  i\\n\ 
to  drub  ;  at  least  its  elements  and  signitica- 
tion  coinci<le  ;  Gr.  SopuSf".] 
To  brut,  as  llie  heart  or  pulse,  with   more 
than  usual  Ibrce  or  rapidity;  to  beat  in 
consec|uence   of  agitation  ;    to    palpitate. 
The  heart  throbs  with  joy,  desire  or  fear; 
the  violent  action  of  the  heart  is  perceiv- 
ed by  a  throbbing  pulse. 
My  heart  throbs  to  kuow  one  thing.        Shak. 
We  apply  the  word  also  to  the  breast. 
Here   may  liis   head  live   on  my  throbbing 
breast.  Shak. 

THROB,  n.  A  beat  or  strong  pulsation ;  a 
violent  beating  of  the  heart  and  arteries 
a  palpitation. 
Thou  talk'st  like  one  who  never  felt 
Th'  impatient  throbs  and  longings  of  a  soul 
That  pants  and  reaches  after  distant  good. 

jjddison 
THROB'BING,  ppr.  Beating  with  unusual 
force,  as  the  heart  and  pulse;  palpitating' 
THROBBING,  n.  The  act  of  beating  with 
uinisual  force,  as  the  heart  and  pulse  ;  |ial- 
pitatiuu. 
THROD'DEN,   v.  i.    To  grow;  to   thrive. 
[.Vol  in  use  or  loccd.]  Grose 

THROE,  n.  [Sax.  throwian,  to  suffer,  to 
agonize  ;  but  this  is  the  same  word  as 
throiv,  and  the  sense  is  to  strain,  as  ii 
twisting,  to  struggle.] 
E-\treme  pain;  violent  pang;  anguish;  ag 
ouy.  It  is  particularly  applied  to  the  an 
guish  of  travail  in  child-buth. 

My   throes   came  thicker,  and  my  cries  in-j 

creas'd.  Dryden. 

THROE,  I',  r.   To  agonize ;  to  struggle   in 

extreme  pain. 
THROE,  V.  t.  To  put  in  agony.  Shak. 

TIHJONE,  n.    [L.  thronus ;  Gr.   Sporoj;  Fr 
troiie.] 

1.  A  royal  seat ;  a  chair  of  state.  The  throne 
is  sometimes  an  elegant  chair  richly  orna- 
mented with  sculpture  and  gilding,  raised 
a  step  above  the  floor,  and  covered  with  a 
canopy. 

2.  The  seat  of  a  bishop.  -^yl^ffe. 

3.  In  Scripture,  sovereign  power  and  dignity. 

Only  in  the  throne  will  1  be gieater  than  thou. 
Gen.  xli. 
Thy  throne,  O  God,  is  forever.     Ps.  xlv. 

4.  Angels.     Col.  i. 
.J.  The   place  where  God   peculiarly   man 

fests  his  power  and  glory. 

The   heaven  is  my  throne,  and  the  earth  my 
footstool.     Is.  hvi. 
THRONE,  v.t.  To  place  on  a  royal  seat: 

to  enthrone. 
2.  To  place  in  an  elevated  position ;  to  give 
an  elevated  place  to  ;  to  exalt. 
True  image  of  the  Father,  whether  thron\l 
In  the  bosom  of  bliss  and  light  of  light. 

Milton. 
THRO'NED,  pp.  Placed  on  a  royal  seat,  or 

on  an  elevated  seat ;  exalted. 
THRONG,  n.   [Sax.   thranf^ ;  Ir.  drong ;  G 
D.  drang.     See  the  Verb.] 

1.  A  crowd  ;  a  nuiltitude  of  persons  or  of 
living  beings  pressing  or  pressed   into 
close   body  or  assemblage ;  as  a  throng  i 
people  at  a  pla\  house. 

2.  A    great    nmltitudc  ;    as    the    heavenly 
throng. 


|THRONG,  r.i.  [Sax.  thringan ;  T>.  dringen  ;\ 
G.  driingen  ;  Dan.  trangcr ;  Sw.  trangri. 
If  n  is  not  radical,  this  word  coincides 
with  Sw.  tryka,  Dan.  tnjkker,  to  press,  to 
print.     Class  Rg.] 

To  crowd  together ;  to  press  into  a  close 
body,  as  a  multitude  of  persons  ;  to  come 
in  multitudes. 

I  have  seen 
The  dumb  men  tlirong  to  see  him.  Shak. 

THRONG,  V.  t.  To  crowd  or  press,  as  per- 
sons ;  to  oppress  or  annoy  with  a  crowd 
of  living  beings. 

Much    people    followed  him,    and   thronged 
him.     Mark  v. 

THRONG'ED,  pp.  Crowded  or  pressed  by 
I  nndlitude  of  persons. 

THRONGTNG,  ppr.  Crowiling  together; 
pressing  with  a  multitude  of  persons. 

THRONGTNG,  ?i.  The  act  of  crowdiir 
together. 

rilRONG'Ly,  adv.  In  crowds.  [Md  in 
use.]  ^Jore. 

THROP'PLE,  71.  The  windpipe  of  a  h-rse, 
[Loenl.]  Ci/c. 

THROSTLE,  n.  thros'l.  [Sax.  throstle;  G. 
drossel.] 

A  bird  rf  the  genus  Turdus,  the  song-thrush. 

THROS'TLING,  n.  A  disease  of  cattle  of 
the  ox  kind,  occasioned  by  a  swelling  un- 
der their  throats,  which  unless  checked, 
will  choke  them.  Cijc. 

THROT'TLE,  n.  [from  throat.]  The  wind- 
pipe or  larynx.  Brown. 

THROT'TLE,  t'.  t.  To  choke  ,  tosuff.icate; 
or  to  obstruct  so  as  to  endanger  suffoca- 
tion. Milton.     Dryden. 

2.  To  breathe  hard,  as  when  nearly  suffo- 
cated. 

THROT'TLE.  v.  t.  To  utter  with  breaks 
and  interruption-,  as  a  person  half  suffo- 
cated. 

Throttle  their  practic'd  accents  in  their  fears. 

Shak. 

THROUGH,  prep.  thru.  [Sax.  Ihurh  ;  L). 
door;  G.durch;  W.  trwy  or  hie,  whence 
trwyaw,  to  pervade  ;  Ir.  treoghdham,  Gaelic, 
treaghaim,  to  pierce  or  bore.] 

1.  From  end  to  end,  or  from  side  to  side  ; 
from  one  surface  or  limit  to  the  opposite  ; 
as,  to  bore  through  a  piece  of  tiiidjer,  or 
through  a  board  ;  a  ball  passes  through  the 
side  of  a  ship. 

2.  Noting  pa.ssage ;  as,  to  pass  through  a 
gate  or  avenue- 

Through  the 

His  valiant  ollspring.  Dryden 

By   transmission,     noting   the  means  of| 
conveyance. 

Through  these  hands  tliis  science  has  passed 
with  great  applause.  Temple 


gates  of  iv'ry  he  dismiss'd 


Material   things  are  presented  only  through 
their  senses.  Cheyne. 

i.  By  means  of;  by  the  agency  of;  noting 
instrumentality.      This  signification  is 
derivative  of  the  last. 

TArowg/i  the  scent  of  water  it  will  bud.     Job 
xiv. 

Some  through  ambition,  or  through  thirst  of 
gold, 

Have  slain  their  brothers,  and  their   country 
sold.  l)ryde)t. 

Sanctify  them  through  thy  truth.     .lohn  x\ii. 

The  gift  of  God  is  eternal  life  through  Jesii-^ 
('hrist  our  Lord.     Rom.  vi. 
Over  the  whole  surface  or  extent;  as,  to 
ride  through  the  country. 


Tlieir  tongue  walketh  through  the  earth.    Ps. 

Ixxiii. 
G.  Noting  passage  among  or  in  the  midst  of; 

as,  to  move  through  water,  as  a  fish  ;  to 

1  un  through  a  thicket,  as  a  deer. 
THROUGH,  adv.   thru.    From  one  end  or 

side  to  the  other ;  as,  to  pierce  a  thing 

through. 

2.  From  beginifing  to  end;  as,  to  read  a 
letter  through. 

3.  To  the  end  ;  to  the  ultimate  purpose ;  as, 
to  carry  a  project  through. 

To  carry  through,  to  complete  ;  to  accom- 
plish. 

To  go  through,  to  prosecute  a  scheme  to  the 
end. 

2.  To  undergo;  to  sustain;  as,  to  go  through 
hardships. 

THROUGH-BRED,  should  be  thorough- 
bred. 

THROUGH-LIGHTED,  should  be  (/lorougA- 
lighted.     [Xot  used.] 

rilROUGHLY,  adv.  Ihru'ly.  Comi)Ietely ; 
fully  ;  wholly.  Bacon. 

2.  Without  reserve;  sincerely.         Tillotson. 

[For  this,  thorunghly  is  now  u.sed.] 

THROUGHOLT,  prep,  thruout'.  [through 
anil  out.] 

Quite  through  ;  in  every  part ;  from  one  ex- 
tremity to  the  other.  This  is  the  practice 
throughout  Ireland.  A  general  opinion 
prevails  ?/iroug-/iot<<  England.  Throughout 
the  whole  course  of  his  life,  he  avoided 
every  species  of  vice. 

THROUGHOUT,  adv.  thruout'.  In  every 
part.  The  cloth  was  of  a  piece  through- 
out. 

THROUGH-PACED.  [JVot  used.]  [See 
Thorough-paced.]  More. 

THROVE,  old  pret.  of  thrive. 

THROW,  ti.i.  pret.«/ir«w;  y>p.  Mrotcn.  [Sax. 
thrawan  ;  perhaps  D.  draaijen,  to  turn, 
wind,  twist,  whirl;  G.  drehen  ;  W.  troi. 
The  Saxon  word  signifies  to  twist,  to  turn, 
to  curl,  to  throw,  and  to  revolve.  It  is 
contracted,  and  i)robably  coincides  in  ele- 
ments with  Gr.  ff':x<^,  to  run,  for  thi.s  was 
applied  primarily  to  wheels,  as  we  see  by 
its  derivatives,  ifoxos,  a  wheel,  Tpo;);iXo5,  a 
top,  L.  trochilus.] 

1.  Properly,  to  hurl  ;  to  whirl ;  to  fling  or 
cast  ill  a  winding  direction. 
To  fling  or  cast  in  any  manner ;  to  pro- 
pel;  to  send;  to  drive  to  a  distance  from 
the  hand  or  from  an  engine.  Thus  we 
throne  stones  or  dust  with  the  hand  ;  a 
cannon  throws  a  ball:  a  bomb  throws  a 
shell.  The  Roman  balista  threw  various 
weajions.  A  fire  engine  throws  water  to 
extinguish  flames. 

3.  To  wind  ;  as,  to  throw  silk. 

4.  To  turn;  as,  to   throw  balls   in   a  lallic. 
[.Vb/  in  general  use.] 
To  venture  at  dice. 

Set  less  than  thou  throwest.  Shak. 

().  To  cast ;  to  divest  or  strip  one's  self  of ; 
to  put  ofl";  as,  a  serpent  throws  his  skin. 

Shak. 
To  cast ;  to  send. 

I  have  ihrmvn 
A  brave  defiance  in  king   Henry's  teeth. 

Shalt. 
8.  To  put  on  ;  to  spread  carelessly. 

O'er  his  fair  limbs  a  fio»  'ly  vest  he  threw. 

Pope. 
!>.  To  overturn  ;  to  jirostratc  in   wrestling  ; 
as,  a  man  throws  his  antagoinst. 


T  H  R 


T  H  II 


T  H  U 


10.  To  cast ;  to  drivo  by  violoiico  ;  as  a  ves- 
sel or  sailors  thrown  upon  a  rock. 

To  throw  awa)i,  to  lose  by  neglect  or  folly  ;  to 
spend  in  vuin ;  as,  to  throw  away  time  ;  to 
throw  away  money. 

2.  To  bestow  without  a  compensation. 

'.i.  To  reject ;  as,  to  throw  away  a  good  book, 
or  a  good  offer.  Taylor. 

To  throw  tiy,  to  lay  aside  or  neglect  as  use- 
less ;  as,  to  throw  by  a  garment. 

To  throw  down,  to  subvert ;  to  overtlirow  ;  to 
destroy;  as,  to  throw  doivn  a  fence  or 
wall. 

2.  To  bring  down  from  a  liigh  station  ;  to 
depress.  Spectator. 

To  throw  m,  to  inject. 

2.  To  put  in ;  to  ileposit  with  others ;  also, 
to  give  up  or  relinquish. 

To  throw  of,  to  expel  ;  to  clear  from  ;  as,  to 
tlirow  off  a  disease. 

2.  To  reject;  to  discard;  as,  to  throw  off  all 
sense  of  shame  ;  to  throw  off'  ix  dc^pendent. 

To  throw  on,  to  cast  on  ;  to  loail. 

To  throw  out,  to  cast  out ;  to  reject  or  dis- 
card ;  to  expel.  Swift. 

2.  To  utter  carelessly ;  to  speak  ;  as,  to 
throw  out  insinuations  or  observations. 

3.  To  exert;  to  bring  forth  into  act. 

She  throirs  out  thrilliii^  slirioks.  Spenser. 
A.  To  distance  ;  to  leave  behind.  .Iddison. 
5.  To   exclude  ;    to   reject.      The  bill    was 

thrown  out  on  the  second  reading. 
To  throw  up,  to  resign;  as,  to   throw  up  a 

commission. 

2.  To  resign  angrily. 

Bad  games  are  thrown  i//>  too  soon. 

HudifiTas. 

3.  To  discharge  from  the  stomach. 

Arbuihnot. 
To  throw  one''s  self  down,  to  lie  down. 
To  throw  one's  self  on,  to  resign  one's  self  to 
the   favor,  clemency  or  sustaining  power 
of  another  ;  to  repose.  Taylor. 

THROW,  v.i.  To  perform  the  act  of  throw- 
ing. 
2.  To  cast  dice. 

To  throw  about,  to  cast  about ;  to  try  expe- 
dients.    [jYot  much  used.]  Spenser. 
THROW,  n.  The  act  of  hurling  or  flinging  ; 
a  cast;  a  driving  or  propelling  from  the 
liajid  or  from  an  engine. 

He  heavM  a  stoiu;,  and  rising  to  the  throw. 
He  sent  it  in  a  ivhirlwinil  at  the  foe. 

.■Iddison. 

2.  A  cast  of  dice;  and  the  manner  in  which 
dice  fall  when  cast ;  as  a  good  throw. 
None  but  a  fool  hazards  all  upon  one 
throw. 

3.  The  distance  which  a  missile  is  or  may 
be  thrown  ;  as  a  stone's  throw. 

4.  A  stroke  ;  a  blow. 

Nor  shield  defend  Oie  thunder  of  liis  throws 

Spenser. 
3.  Effort ;  violent  sally. 

Your  youth  admires 
The  throws  and  swellings  of  a  Roman  soul 

.^'Iddison 
(!.  The  agony  of  travail.     [See  T\roe.] 
7.  A  tin-ner"s  lathe.     [Local.] 
THROWER,  n.  One  that  throws;  one  that 

twists  or  winds  silk  ;  a  throwster. 
THROWN,   pp.    oC  throw.    Cast;    hurled; 

wound  or  twisted. 
THROWSTER,  n.  One  that  twists  or  wind; 

silk. 
THRUM,  ti.    [Ice.  thraum;    G.  trumm ;  D. 
drom,  tlie   end  of  a  thing ;  Gr.  epwijua,  a 


fragment ;  dpvntu,  to  break.]  The  ends 
of  weaver's  threads. 

9.  Any  coarse  yarn.  Bacon. 

3.  Thrums,  among  g-arjencr.?,  the  thread-like 
internal  bushy  parts  of  flowers ;  the  sta- 
mens. 

THRUM,  I',  i.  [D.  trom,  a  drum.]  To  play 
coarsely  on  an  instrument  with  the  fin- 
gers. Dry  den. 

TIIRUjM,  v.  t.  To  weave  ;  to  knot ;  to  twist : 
to  fringe.  Cavendish. 

2.  Among  seamen,  to  insert  short  pieces  of 
rope-yarn  or  spun  yarn  in  a  sail  or  mat. 

Diet. 

THRUSH,  n.  [Sax.  drisc ;  G.  drossel ;  W. 
tresglen ;  Svv.  trast.] 

I.  A  bird,  a  species  of  Turdus,  the  largest  of 
the  genus;  the  Tardus  viscivorus  or  mis- 
sel-bird. Cyc.     Ed.  Encyc. 

'2.  [Qu.Mrl(S^]  An  affection  of  the  iuflaniina- 
tory  and  suppurating  kind,  in  the  feet  of 
the  horse  and  sonic  other  animals.  In  the 
horse  it  is  in  the  frog.  Cyc. 

3.  In  medicine,  (L.  aptha;)  ulcers  in  the 
mouth  and  fauces.  Coxe.     Arhnthnol. 

THRUST,  V.  t.    pret.   and   pp.   thrust.    [I.. 

trudo,  trusmn,  trusito  ;  Cli.  mu  ;  Ar.  ^  y,ls 

tarada.     Class  Rd.  No.  Ca.] 

1.  To  push  or  drivi-  with  force  ;  as,  to  thrust 
any  thing  with  the  hand  or  foot,  or  with 
an  instrument. 

Ncillier  shall   one   thrust   another.     Joel  ii. 
.lohn  x\. 

2.  To  drive  ;  to  force  ;  to  impel. 

To  thrust  away  or  from,  to  push  away  ;  to  re- 
ject.    Acts  vii. 

To  thrust  in,  to  push  or  drive  in. 
TliruM  in  thy  sickle  and  reap. 

To  thrust  on,  to  impel ;  to  urge. 

To  thrust  off,  to  push  away. 

To  thrust  through,  to  jiierce  ;  to  stab, 
XXV.    2  Sam.  xviii. 

To  thrust  out,  to  drive  out  or  away  ;  to  ex- 
pel.    Ex.  xii. 

To  thrust  one's  self,  to  obtnuh;  ;  to  intrude  ; 
to  enter  where  one  is  not  invited  or  not 
welcome.  Locke. 

To  thrust  together,  to  compress. 

THRUST,  I',  i.  To  make  a  push  ;  to  attack 
with  a  jiointcd  weapon;  as,  a  fencer 
thrusts  at  his  antagonist. 

2.  To  enter  by  pushing  ;  to  squeeze  in. 

And  thrust  between  my  father  and  the  god. 

Jlryden. 

3.  To  intrude.  Itowe. 

4.  To  push  forward ;  to  come  with  force ; 
to  press  on. 

Young,  old,  thrust  there 

In  mighty  concourse.  Chajnnan. 

THRUST,  n.  A  violent  push  or  driving,  as 

with  a  pointed  weapon,  or  with  the  hand 

or  foot,  or  with  any  instrument ;  a  word 

much  used  in  fencing. 

Polites  Pyrrhus  with  his  lance  pursues. 
And  often  reaches,  and  his  thrusts  renews. 

Dry  den. 
2.  Attack  ;  assault. 

There  is  one  thrust  at  your  pure,  pretended 
mechanism.  More. 

[Note.  Push  and  shove  do  not  exactly  express 
the  sense  o{  thrust.  The  two  former  imply  the 
application  of  force  by  one  body  already  in  con- 
tact with  the  body  to  be  impelled.  Thrust  on 
the  contrary,  often  implies  the  impulse  or  ap- 
plication of  force  by  a  mo\ing  body,  a  body  in 
motion  before  it  reaches  the  body  to  be  im- 


pelled.    This  distinction 
every  case.] 


does  not  extend  to 


Rev.  xiv. 
Sliak. 


Num. 


THRUST'ER,  n.  One  who  thrusts  or  stabs. 

THRUSTING,  ;>/}r.  Pushing  with  force; 
driving  :  impelling  ;  pressing. 

THRUSTING,  n.  The  act  of  pushing  witli 
force. 

2.  In  dairies,  the  act  of  squeezing  curd  witli 
the  hand,  to  expel  the  whey.  [Local.]    Cyc. 

THRUST'INGS,  n.  In  cheese-making,  the 
white  whey,  or  that  which  is  last  pressed 
out  of  the  curd  by  the  hand,  and  of  which 
butter  is  sometimes  made.  Cyc. 

[The  application  of  this  word  to  cheese-making, 
is,  I  believe,  entirely  unknown  in  .Yew  Eng- 
land.] 

THRUST  1NG-SCRE^V',  n.  A  screw  for 
pressing  curd  in  cbeese-tnakiiig.     [LoccU.] 

THRUS'TLE,  n.  The  thrush.  [See  Thros- 
tle.] 

THRV-FAL'LOW,  v.  t.  [thrice  and  fallow.] 
To  give  the  third  plowing  in  summer. 

Tusser. 

THU'LITE,  )i.  A  rare  mineral  of  a  peach 
blossom  color,  found  in  Norway.  Ure. 

THUM15,  f  ^    [Sax.  thuma  ;  G.  daumen  ;  D. 

THUM,  5  '  duim  ;  Daii.  tomme  ;  Sw.  tum- 
me.] 

The  short  thick  finger  of  the  human  hand, 
or  the  corresponding  member  of  other  an- 
imals. [The  common  orthography  is  cor- 
rupt.    The  real  word  is//iui«.] 

THUMB,  ?  ^.  ^    To   handle  awkwardly  ;  to 

THUM,     $  P'i'y  ^vith  the  fingers;  as, to 

thum  over  a  tune. 

2.  To  soil  with  the  fingers. 

THUMB,  ?        .    To  play  on   with  the  fin- 

THUM,     (,    '•'•  gers. 

THUMB'-BAND,  {       [thum  and   band.]  A 

THUM'-BAND,  ^  "•  twist  of  any  thing  as 
thick  as  the  thum.  Mortimer. 

THUMBED,      }         ,,     •        ,       , 

THUM'MED,     \    a-  Havmg  thumbs. 

THUM'ERSTONE,  n.  A  mineral  so  called 
from  Thum,  in  Saxony,  where  it  was 
found.  It  is  called  also  aiinite,  from  the 
resemblance  of  its  flat  shar])  edges  to  that 
of  an  ax.  It  is  either  massive  or  crystal- 
ized  ;  its  crystals  are  in  the  form  of  a'com- 
pressed  oblique  rbomboidal  prism.  It  is 
of  the  silicious  kind,  and  of  a  brown  gray 
or  violet  color.  Cyc. 

THUJl'MIM,  11.  plu.  A  Hebrew  word  denot- 
ing perfections.  The  Urim  and  Thummim. 
were  worn  in  the  breastplate  of  the  high 
priest,  but  what  they  were,  has  never  been 
satisfactorily  ascertained. 

THUiMP,  n.  [it.  tliombo.]  .\  heavy  blow  giv- 
en with  any  thing  that  is  thick,  as  with  a 
club  or  the  fist,  or  with  a  heavy  liatnmer, 
or  with  the  britch  of  a  gun. 

The  watcliman  gave  so  great  a  thump  at  my 
door,  that  I  awaked  at  the  knock.  Taller. 

THUMP,  I'.  (.  To  strike  or  beat  with  so^ne- 
thing  thick  or  heavy.  Shak. 

THUMP,  v.i.  To  strike  or  fall  on  with  a 
heavy  blow. 

A  watchman  at  night  thumps  with  his  pole. 

Swift. 

THUMPER,  71.  The  person  or  thing  that 
thumps. 

THUMPING,  ppr.  Striking  or  beating  with 
something  thick  or  blunt. 

2.  a.  Heavy. 

3.  Vidgarly,  stout ;  fat;  large. 
THUM'-RING,  n.  A  ring  worn  on  the  thum. 

Shak. 


T  H  U 


T  H  U 


T  H  W 


THUM'-STALL,  7i.  [thum  and  stall.]  A  kinfli|TIIUN'DER-CLOUD,?(.[<;i!tnrf«-andc/oii(/.]| 

'etiier 


_>* 


oftliiinlilc  or  ferule  of  iron,  lion)  or 
with  the  ediies  turned  up  to  receive  the 
ttiread  in  making  sails.     It  is  worn  on  the 
thum  to  tighten  the  stitches.  Cyc. 

THCJN'DER,  n.  [Sax.  thunder,  thunor;  G.i 
donna- ;  D.  donder  ;  Sw.  dunder ;  Dan. I 
dundren ;  L.  tonitru,  from  iorio,  to  sound  ; 

Fr.  tonnerre  ;    It.    tuono  ;    Pers. 

thondor.] 

1.  The  sounil  which  follows  an  explosion  of 
electricit}'  or  lightning  ;  the  report  of  a  dis- 
charge of  electrical  fluid,  that  is,  of  its 
jjassagc  from  one  cloud  to  another,  or 
from  a  cloud  to  the  earth,  or  from  the 
earth  to  a  cloud.  When  this  explosion  is 
near  to  a  person,  the  thunder  is  a  rattling 
or  clattering  sound,  and  when  distant,  the 
sound  is  heavy  and  rumbling.  The  fact 
is  in  some  degree  the  same  with  the  re- 
port of  a  cannon.  This  shar|)ness  or  acute- 
ness  of  the  sound  when  near,  and  the  rum- 
bling murmur  when  distant,  are  the  prin- 
cipal distinctions  in  thunder.  [Thunder 
is  not  lightning,  but  the  effect  of  it.  See 
Johnson's  Dictionary,  under  thunder.] 

There  were   thunders   and  ligiunings.     Ex. 
xix. 

2.  Thunder  is  used  for  lightning,  or  for  a 
thunderbolt,  either  originally  through  ig- 
norance, or  by  way  of  metaphor,  or  be- 
cause the  lightning  and  thunder  are  close- 
ly united. 

The  revenging  gods 
'Gainst  parricides  all  the  thunder  bend. 

Shak. 

3.  Any  loud  noise ;  as  the  thunder  of  cannon. 

Sonn  o{  thunder.    Mark  iii. 

4.  Denunciation  published;  as  the  thunders 
of  the  Vatican. 

THUN'DIiIR,  V.  i.  To  sound,  rattle  or  roar, 
as  an  explosion  of  electricity 

Canst  thou  thunder  with  a  voice  like  him  ? 
Job  xl. 
9.  To  make  a  loud  noise,  particularly  a  hea- 
vy sound  of  some  continuance. 
His  dreadful  voice  no  more 
AVould  thunder  in  my  ears.  .Milton. 

3.  To  rattle,  or  give  a  heavy  rattling  sound 
And    roll    the    thund'ring    chariot    o'er  thi 
groimd.  J.  Trumbull 

THUN'DER,  V.  t.  To  emit  with  noise  and 
terror. 

Oracles  severe 
Were  daily  thundered  in  our  gen'ral's  ear. 

Drydeu. 
9.  To  publish  any  denunciation  or  threat. 
An  archdeacon,    as    being    a   prelate,    may 
thunder  out  an  ecclesiastical  censure.     Jlyliffr 
THUN'DERBOLT,    n.    [thunder  and  holt.] 
I.  A  shaft  of  lightning;  a  brilliant  stream  of 
the  electrical  fluid,  passing  from  one  part 
of  the  heavens  to  another,  and  particularly 
from  the  clouds  to  the  earth.  Fs.  Ixxviii. 
9.  Figuratively,  a  daring  or  irresistible  hero  ; 
as  the  Scipios,  those  thunderbolts  of  war. 

Dry  den. 
3.  Fulmination;  ecclesiastical  denunciation. 
He  severely  threatens  such  with  the  thunder- 
bolt of  cxconinmnication.  Hahewill. 
A.  In  mineralogy,  thunder-stone.      Spectator. 
TlllW  DEReLAl',  n.    [thunder  mu\  clap.], 
A  burst  of  thunder;  sudden  report  of  an 
explosion  of  electricity. 

When  suildeuly  the  ttnmdcr-ctap  was  heard. 

Urifden . 


A  cloud  that  produces  lightning  and  thun 
der. 
THUN'DERER,  n.  He  that  tliundera. 

H/aller.     Dn/de.n 
TIIUN'DER-HOUSE,  n.  An  instrument  for 
illustrating  the  manner  in  which  buildings 
receive  damage  by  lightning.  Cyc. 

rHLIN'DERliXG,  ;);)r.  Making  the  noise  of 
an  electrical  explosion;  uttering   a  loud 
sound;  fulminating  denunciations. 
THUN'DERING,  n.  The  report  of  an  elec- 
trical explosion  ;  thunder. 

Entreat   the    Lord  that   there  be   no    more 
mighty  Ihunderings  and  hail.     Ex.  ix. 
THUN'DEROUS,  a.  Producing  thunder. 

How  he  before  the  thunderous  throne  doth 

lie.     [Little  used.']  .miton. 

THUN'DER-SHOVVER,    n.     [thunder  and 

shower.]     A    shower    accompanied    with 

thunder. 

rUUiV'DER-STONE,  n.  A  stone,  otherwise 

called  hroniia.  Cyc 

TIIUN'DER-STORM,     n.      [thunder   anil 

storm.] 
A  storm  accomjianied  with  lightning  an( 
thunder.  Thunder  clouds  are  often  driven 
by  violent  winds.  In  .'\inerica,  the  vio- 
lence of  the  wind  at  the  commencement, 
is  sometimes  equal  to  that  of  a  hurricane, 
and  at  this  time  the  explosions  of  electri- 
city are  the  most  terrible.  This  violence 
of  "the  wind  seldom  continues  longer  than 
a  few  minutes,  and  after  this  subsides,  tlie 
rain  continues,  but  the  peals  of  thunder 
are  less  frequent.  These  violent  showers 
sometimes  continue  for  hours  ;  more  gen- 
erally, they  are  of  shorter  duration. 
THUN'DER-STRIKE,  v.  t.   [thunder  and 

strike.] 
1.  To  strike,  blast  or  injure   by  lightning. 
[  Little  used  in  its  literal  sense.]  Sidney. 

To  astonish  or  strike  dumb,  as  with  some- 
thing terrible.  [Little  used  except  in  the 
participle.] 
THUN'DER-STRUCK,  pp.  or  a.  Astonish- 
ed ;  amazed;  stni'k  dumb  by  something 
surprising  or  terrible  sudiieuly  presented 
to  the  mind  or  view.  [This  is  a  word  in 
common  use.] 
THURIBLE,  n.  [L.  thuribulum,  from  (^us, 

thuris,  frankincense.] 
[V  censer  ;  a  jian  for  incense.     [.Vo?  in  iise.] 

Cowel. 
THURIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  thurifer;  thus  and 
/'ero,  to  bear.]  Producing  or  bearing  frank- 
incense. 
THURIFICA'TION,  n.  [L.  thus,  thuris,  and 

facio,  to  make.] 

The  act  of  fuming  with  incense  ;  or  the  act 

f  burning  incense.  StiUingJleet. 

THURS'DAY,   n.  [Dan.   Torsdag,  lliat  is, 

Thor's  day,  the  day  consecrated  to   Thor, 

the  god  of  thunder,  answering  to  the  .Fovc 

of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  L.  dies  Jovis ; 

It.  Giovedi ;  Sp.  Jueves ;  Fr.  Jeudi.    So  in 

G.  donnerstng,  D.  donrfecrfag,  thunder-day. 

This  Thor  is  from  the  root  of  W.  taran, 

thunder  ;  taraw.  to  strike,  hit  or  produce  a 


THI'S,  adi'.  [Sa.t.  thus ;  D.  dus.]  In  this  oif 
that  manner;  on  this  wise;  as, /Aits  saitli 
the  Lord ;  the  Pharisee  prayed  thus. 

Thus  did  Noah,  according  to   all   that  God 
commanded  him.     Gen.  vi, 

2.  To  this  degree  or  extent;  as  thus  wise; 
thus  peaceable.  Holyday. 

Thus  far  extend,  thus  far  thy  bounds — 

Milto?i. 

3.  In  the  phrase,  (hus7nuch,  it  seems  to  be  an 
adjective,  eipjivalent  to  this  much. 

TIlVVACIv,  V.  t.  [Qu.  Sax.  thaccian,  to  feel 
or  stroke  lightly.  It  does  not  well  ac- 
cord with  this  verb.  The  word  twit  is  the 
Sax.  ulhwilan,  or  olhwitnn,  a  compound  of 
leth  or  oth,  to  or  at,  and  ivitan.  In  like 
manner,  thwack  may  be  formoil  from  our 
vulgar  whack,  which  is  precisely  the  Eth. 


0^0 


to 


wakea,  Ar.      k3j     wakaa, 

strike.] 
To  strike  with  something  flat  or  heavy  ;  to 
bang  ;  to  beat  or  thrash.  .trlmthnot. 

THWACK,  n.  A   heavy  blow  with   some- 
thing flat  or  heavj'.  .Iddison. 
niWACK'ING,  ppr.  Striking  with  a  heavy 

blow. 
THWAITE,  n.  A  fish,  a  variety  of  the  shad. 

Cyc. 
2.  A  plain  parcel  of  ground,  cleared  of  wood 
and  stiiinps,   inclosed   and   converted   to 
tillage.     [Local.] 
THWART,    a.    thwort.    [D.    dwars ;    Dan. 
ti'tr,  tvert,   tvers  ;  Sw.  tvars,  tvart ;  proba- 
bly a  compound  of  Sax.  leth,  oth,  to,  and 
the  root  ofi'fer,  L..verlo.  versus.] 
Transverse  ;  being  across  something  else. 
Mov'd  contrary  with  thwart  obliquities. 

Mlton. 
THWART,  V.  t.  thwort.    To  cross;   to   be, 
lie  or  come  across  the  direction   of  some- 
thing. 

Svvift  as  a  shooting  star 
In  autumn  thwarts  the  night.  JiTdton. 

To  cross,  as  a  purpose ;  to  oppose  ;  to 
contravene  ;  hence,  to  frustrate  or  defeat. 
We  say,  to  thwart  a  purpose,  design  or  in- 
clination ;  or  to  thwart  a  person. 

If  crooked  fortune-  had  not  thwarted  me. 

.S'mA-. 
The  proposals  of  the  one  never  thwarted  the 
inclinations  of  the  other.  South. 

THW.VRT,  V.  i.  To  be  in  opposition. 

— A  proposition  that  shall  thwart  at  all  with 
these  internal   oracles.      [Unusual    and    im- 
proper.] Locke. 
THWART,  n.  The  seat  or  bench  of  a  boat 
on  which  the  rowers  sit.              Mar.  Diet. 
THWARTED,     pp.    Crossed;     opposed; 

frustrated. 
THWART'ER,  n.  A  disease  in  sheep,  in- 
dicated by  shaking,  trembling  or   convul- 
sive motions.  Cyc. 
THWARTING,     ppr.    Crossing;     contra- 
vening ;  defeating. 
THWARTING,  ji.  The  act  of  crossing  or 

frustrating. 
THWART  INGLY,  adv.  In  a  cross  direc- 
tion ;  in  opposition. 
THWART'NESS,  n.  ITntowardness  ;   per- 

Hall. 


vcrseness. 


shock;  Gaelic    Ir.  toun,jx  i,J-'f  ""'^;;  ■  TIIWART'SHIPS,  adv.  Across  the  ship. 
/o»nier/.s,  thunder.      Xheroot  ot  the  uoiii,  '  Mar.  Diet. 

sigiilficw  to  drive,  to  rush,  to  strike.  Inj 
Sw.  thordon  is  tiiunder.]  The  fifth  day  of 
the  week. 


THWITE,  r.  t.  [Sax.  thwitan.] 
clip  with  a  knife.     [Local.] 


To   cut  or 
Chaucer. 


T  I  A 


TIC 


T  I  D 


THVVIT'TLE,  v.  I.  To  whittle.  [Sec  JfTiU-] 
ile]  Chaucer. 

TIIV,  (I.  [contracted  ("rom  thine,  or  from 
some  oilier  derivative  ot'thuu.  It  is  prob- 
able that  the  pronoun  wus  originally  thig, 
Ihvg  or  Ihuk,  and  the  adjective  thigen.  See 
Thou.] 

Thy  is  the  adjective  of  thou,  or  a  pronominal 
adjective,  signilyiiif,'  ofilieo,  or  belongiiij,' 
to  thee,  like  tuu's  in  Latin.  Jt  is  used  in 
the  solenni  ami  grave  style. 

These  arc  thy  woiks,  purcnl  of  good. 

Alillon. 

Thyme  wood,  a  precious  wood,  nienlionedi 
Rev.  xviii. 

THY'lTE,  n.  The  name  of  a  species  of  in-j 
durateil  clay,  of  the  nioroclilhiis  kind,  ofl 
;i  smooth  regular  texture,  very  heavy,  oC 
ashiuing  surface,  and  of  a  pale  green  col- 
or. Cyc 

THYME,  n.  usually  pronounced  improperly, 
time.   [I'V.  (Ai/Hi ;   l^.  thymus  ;    Gr.  Ov/xof.] 

A  plant  of  the  ficinis  Thymus.  The  garden 
thyme  isa  wtirni  pungent  aromatic,  much 
used  to  give  u  relish  to  seasonings  and 
soups. 

Thymus.  [Gr.  Ovfiof.]  In  anatomy,  a  glan- 
dular body,  divided  into  lobes,  situated 
behind  the  steriuun  in  the  dnplicature 
of  the  mediastlinim.  It  is  largest  in  the 
fetus,  diminishes  after  birth,  and  in  adults 
oflen  entirely  disappears.  It  has  no  ex- 
cretory duct,  and  its  use  is  unknown. 
In  calves  it  is  called  siveatbrend. 

Hooper.     H'istar.     Parr. 

THY'MV,  a.  Abounding  with  thyme  ;  fra- 
grant. 

TIIY'ROID,  a.  [Gr.  Svpto?,  a  shield,  and 
J1.605,  form.]  ' 

Resembling  a  shield  ;  applied  to  one  of  tlie 
cartilages  of  the  larynx,  so  called  from  its 
figiu'e,  to  a  gland  situated  near  that  carti- 
lage, and  to  the  arteries  and  veins  of  the 
gland.  Cyc. 

Tlie  thyroid  cartilage  constitutes  the  ante- 
rior, superior,  and  largest  part  of  the 
larynx.  Hooper. 

The  thyroid  gland  is  situated  on  I  lie  sides 
and  iront  of  the  lower  part  of  the  larynx, 
and  the  upper  part  of  tlie  trachea.  It  is 
copiously  supplied  with  blood,  but  is  not 
known  to  furnisli  any  secretion.  It  is  the 
seat  of  the  bronchocele  or  goiter. 

Hooper.     Parr. 

THYRSE,  n.  [L.  thyrsus ;  Gr.  Vv(,aos.]  In 
botany,  a  species  of  iutloreseence  ;  a  pani- 
cle contracted  into  an  ovate  form,  or  a 
dense  or  close  panicle,  more  or  less  of  an 
ovate  figure,  as  in  the  lilac. 

Martyn.     Smith. 

■f  IIVSELF',  »ron.  [thy  ani\  self.]  A  pronoun 
used  after  moK,  to  express  distinction  with 
emphasis.  -'Thou  thyself  shah  go;"  that 
is,  thou  shalt  go  and  no  other.  It  issonie- 
limes  used  without  thou,  and  in  the  nom- 
inative as  well  as  objective  case. 

These  goods  thyself  can  on  thyself  heslow. 

Dryden. 

TI'AR,      ?  ^    [Fr.  tiare;  L.  Sp.  It.  tiurn : 

TIA'R.'\,  ^  ■  Gr.  riapa;  Sax.  tyr.  See  Syr. 
;  ^^  chadar,  Class  Dr.  No.  1.5,  and  Heb.  "ia^' 

atar,  No.  34.     From  the  former  probably 
the    Latins   had   their  cijaris,    and    tiarii 
from  the  latter ;  the  same   word  with  dif 
ferent  prefixes.] 
1.    An  ornament  or  article  of  dress   with 


which  the  ancient  Persians  covered  their  i 
heads ;  a  kind  of  turban.  As  dift'erent 
aulliors  describe  it,  it  must  have  been  ofi 
difierent  forms.  The  kings  of  Persia  alone 
hud  a  right  to  wear  it  straight  or  erect ; 
the  lords  and  priests  wore  it  depressed,  orl 
turned  down  on  the  fore  side.  Xenophon 
says  the  tiara  wjis  encompassed  with  the 
diadem,  at  least  in  ceremoifiuls.  Cyc. 

2.  An  ornament  worn  by  the  Jewish  highj 
priest.     Ex.  xxviii. 

3.  The  pojie's  triple  crown.  The  tiara  and! 
keys  are  the  badges  of  the  papal  dignity  ; 
the  tiara  of  his  civil  rank,  and  the  keys  of 
his  jurisdiction.  It  was  formerly  a  round' 
bigii  cap.  It  was  atterw.ird  encompass-! 
eil  with  a  crown,  then  with  a  second  and 
a  third.  Cyc. 

TIIJ'IAL,  a.  [\..  tibia,  a  flute,  and  the  large 
bone  ol'tlie  leg.] 

1.  I'erlainins  to  the  large  bone  of  the  leg; 
as  the  liOtal  artery  ;  tibial  nerve. 

Med.  Repos. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  pipe  or  flute. 
TIH'I  RO,  n.  A  fish  of  the  shark  kind. 

riCE,  for  c>i<i«.     [.Vo/ in  usf.]  Beaum. 

TICK,  71.  [Ill  (iaelic,  rfoig/i  is  trust.  15ut  I 
suspect  lick  to  signify  a  cut,  a  notch,  \V.' 
twc,  from  the  manner  of  keeping  accounts 
among  unlettered  men.  See  Dock  and 
TicM.] 

Credit ;  trust :  as,  to  buy  upon  tick.      Locke. 

TICK,  n.  [Fr.  tique  :  G.  zecke  ;  It.  zecca.] 
A  little  animal  of  a  livid  color  and  gloho.se- 
ovalc  form,  that  infests  sheep,  dogs,  goats, 
cows,  (tc,  a  species  of  Acariis.  Cyr. 

TICK,  n.  [I),  tcek,  tyk  ;  probably  from  cov- 
ering, L.  lego,  Eng.  to  deck;  Kuss.  tik, 
tent-cloth.] 

The  cover  or  case  of  a  bed,  which  contains 
the  fetliers,  wool  or  other  material. 

TICK,  V.  i.  [from  tick,  credit.]  To  run 
upon  score. 

2.  To  trust.  .Irbuthiiot.' 

TICK,  r.  I.  [p.  tikken.  It  coincides  in  ele- 
ini.'iits  with  L.  tango,  tago.] 

jTo  beat  ;  to  pat;  or  10  make  a  small  noise 
by  beating  or  otherwise ;   as  a  watch. 

iTICK-!iE.\.\,  II.  .\  small  bean  employed  in 
feeding  horses  and  oilier  aiiiuials.  Cyc. 

TICK  E\,  )i.  Cloth  for  bcil-ticks  creases 
for  licd.s 

TICKET,  )!.  [Fr.  etiquette;  W.  tocun,  a 
short  ]iiece  or  slip,  a  ticket,  frcun /ocii/ic,  to 
curtail,  to  clip,  to  rforA:.  \Ve  have  rfoct  and 
docket  from  the  same  root.  It  denotes  u 
piece  or  slip  of  paper.] 

1.  A  piece  of  paper  or  a  card,  which  gives 
the  holder  a  right  of  admission  to  some 
place;  as  a  ticket  for  the  play-house  or  for 
other  exhibition. 

2.  A  |iii'ce  of  paper  or  writing,  acknowledg- 
ing some  debt,  or  a  certificate  that  some- 
thing is  due  to  the  holder.  Spenser. 

.3.  A  piece  of  paper  bearing  some  number  in 
a  lottery,  which  entitles  the  owner  to  re- 
ceive such  prize  as  may  be  drawn  against 
that  number.  When  it  draws  no  prize,  it 
is  said  to  draw  a  blank,  and  the  holder  has 
nothing  to  receive.  I 

TICKET,  V.  t.  To  distinguish  by  a  ticket.  ' 

Bcnlley. 

TICKLE,  V.  t.  [dim.  oC  touch ;  perhaps  di-j 
rectly  from  tick,  to  pat,  or  it  is  the  L.  tilit- 
lo,  corrupted.] 

1.  To  touch  lightly  and  cause  a  peculiar 


A  glass 


Shak. 


Spenser. 
or  lia- 


tlirilling  sensation,  which   cannot  be  de- 
scribed.    A  slight  sensation   of  this  kind 
may  give  pleasure,  but  when  violent  it  is 
insufl'erable. 
2.  To  please  by  slight  gratification, 
of  wine  may  tickle  the  palate. 
Sucli  a  nature 
Tirkled  witti  good  .success. 
TICKLE,  V.  i.  To  feel  titiliation. 
He  with  secret  joy  theicforc 
Did  tickle  iiiw;irdly  in  every  vein. 
TICKLE,  a.  Tottering;  wavering, 

ble  to  waver  and  fall  at  the  slightest  touch  ; 
I     unstable  ;  easily  overthrown. 

Thy  head  st.iiids  so  tickle  on  tiiy  shoulders, 
that  a  milkmaid,  it'  iu  love,  may  sigh  it  off. 

Hhak. 

The  state  of  Normandy 

.Stands  on  a  tickle  point.  Sha/c. 

[This  word  is  wholly  obsolete,   at  least 

in  N.  England.   TiV/dus/i  is  the  word  u.sed.] 

TICK'LENESS,  n.  Insteadiness.     [^jVo<  in 

I     use.]  Cwucer. 

TICK'LER,  11.  One  that  tickles  or  pleases. 

TICKLING,   ppr.    Afiecting   with    titilla- 

'     tioii. 

TICK  LING,  n.  The  act  of  affecting  with 

titiliation. 
TICK'LISH,  a.  Sensible  to  slight  touches ; 
easily  tickled.  The  bottom  of  the  foot  is 
very  ticklish,  as  are  the  sides.  The  jiahn 
of  the  hand,  hardened  by  use,  is  not  tick- 
lish. 

2.  Tottering ;  standing  so  as  to  be  liable  to 
loiter  and  fall  at  the  slightest  touch  ;  un-< 
fixed  ;  easily  moved  or  atfected. 

Ireland  was  a  ticklish  and  unsettled  state. 

Bacon,  • 

3.  Difficult ;  nice  ;  critical ;  as,  these  are 
ticklish  times.  Swiji, 

JTICKLISIINESS,  ji.  The  state  or  quality 
of  beiug  ticklish  or  very  sensible. 

2.  The  state  of  being  tottering  or  liable  to 
fall. 

3.  Criiicalness  of  condition  or  state. 
TICK-SEED,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Co-. 

reopsis,  and  another  of  the  genus  Coris- 
pernuni.  Lee. 

TICK'TACK,  )i.  A  game  at  tables.     Bailey. 
Til),  a.  [Sax.  ti/dder.]    Tender:  soft;  nice^ 
TIDBIT,  )i.  [tidmidbit.]  A  delicate  or  ten- 
der piece. 

TID  DLE,   >  ,  ,    To  use  with  tenderness  i 

TIDDER,  S  to  fondle. 

TIDE,  n.  [Sax.  (Wan,  to  happen  ;  iid,  time, 
season,  opportunity,  an  hour  ;  G.  ;ei/ ;  D. 
tyd ;  Sw.  Dan.  lid.  This  word  is  from  a 
root  that  signilies  to  come,  to  happen,  or 
to  fall  or  rush,  as  iu  betide  ;  correspond- 
ing in  sense  with  time,  season,  hour,  op- 
portunity. 7V(/,  time,  is  the  fall,  the  oc- 
casion, the  event.  Its  original  meaning  is 
entirely  obsolete,  except  iu  composition, 
as  in  Shrovetide,  H'hilsuntide.\ 

1.  Time  ;  season. 
I  Which,  at  the  appointed  tide, 

Each  oac  did  make  his  bride. 
IThis  sense  is  obsolete.] 

2.  The  flow  of  the  water  in  the  ocean  and 
seas,  twice  in  u  little  more  than  twenty 
fiiiir  hours;  llie_^u»rand  reflux,  or  ebb  and 
flow.  We  commonly  distinguish  the  flow 
or  rising  of  the  water  by    the   name   01 

flood-tide,  and  the  reflux  by  that  eif  ebb-tide. 
There  is  much  less  tide  or  rise  of  water  in 
the  inain  ocean,  at  a  distance  from  land^ 


Si>(mer 


TIE 


TIF 


tlian  there  is  at  the  sliorc,  and  in  sounds 
and  bays. 
:i.  .■Stream  ;  course ;  cnrrent ;   as  the  tide  of 
tlie  times. 

Time's  iingenlle  tiilc.  Byron. 

3.  Favorable  course. 

There  is  a  tide  in  the  affairs  of  men, 
Which  taken  at  tlie  tlood,  leads  on  to  fortune. 

Shak. 

4.  Violent  confluence.     [.\'ot  in  use.] 

Bacon. 

5.  Aiuong  miners,  the  period  of  twelve  hours. 

Cyc. 
().  Current;  flow  of  blood. 

And   life's   red    tide   runs    chbing   from    tlic 
wound.        Battle  of  Frogs  and  Mce. 
TIDE,  V.  t.  To  drive  with  "the  stream. 

Drydcn. 
TIDE,  V.  i.  To  work  in  or  out  of  a  river  or 
harbor  by  favor  of  the  tide,  and  anchor 
when  it  becomes  adverse.  Mar.  Did. 

TL'DE-G.\TE,  n.  A  gate  through  vvhicli 
water  passes  into  a  basin  whe)i  the  tide, 
flows,  and  which  is  shut  to  retain  the  wa- 
ter from  flowing  back  at  tlie  ebb. 
2.  Among  seamen,  a  place  where  the  tide 
runs  with  great  velocitv.  Mar.  Diet.; 

TI'DE-MILL,  n.  [(«/e  and  int'M.]  A  mill  that! 
is  moved  by  tide  water;    also,  a  mill  for| 
clearing  lands  from  tide  water. 
TI  DES-MAN,  )!.  An  ofiicer  who  remains, 
on  board   of  a   merchant's  ship    till    the 
goods  are  landed,  to  prevent  the  evasion 
of  the  duties. 
TI  DE-WAITER,  n.  [tide  and  waiter.]   An 
officer  who  watches  the  landing  of  goods, 
to  secure  the  payment  of  duties. 
TI'DE-WAY,  ?!.  [tide  and  way.]  The  chan- 
nel in  which  the  tide  sets.  Mar.  Diet.\ 
TI'DILY,    adv.  [(rom  tidy.]    Neatly;    with 
neat  simplicity  ;  as  a  female  tidily  dressed. 
TI'DINESS,  n.  Neatness  without  richness 
or  elegance  ;  neat  simplicity  ;  as  the  tidi- 
ness of  dress. 
2.  Neatness;  as  the  iirfifiMSof  rooms. 
TI'DINGS,    n.    plit.    [Sw.    lidninf; ;    Dan. 
lidende,  news.     It  is  the  participle  of  Sa.\. 
tidan,  to  happen,  or  some  other  verb  con- 
nected  with  tide,  and  denotes  coming,  or 
that  which  arrives.] 
News;   advice;    information;    intelligence; 
account  of  what  has  taken  place,  and  was 
not  before  known. 

I  shall  make  my  master  glad  with  these  ti 

dings.  Shak. 

Behold  1  bring  you  good  tidings  of  great  joy 

which  shall  be  to  all  people.     Luke  ii. 

TI'DY,  a.   [from  tide,  time,   season  ;    Dan. 

Sw.  lidig,  seasonable.] 

1.  In  its  primary  seii.sc,  seasonable  ;  favora- 
ble ;  being  in  proper  time  ;  as  weather 
fair  and  tidy.  Tusser. 

2.  Neat ;  dressed  with  neat  simi)licity  ;  as 
a  tidy  lass ;  the  children  are  tidy ;  their 
dress  is  tidy ;  that  is  primarily,  proi)er 
for  the  time  or  occasion. 

3.  Neat ;  being  in  good  order.  The  apart- 
ments are  well  furnished  and  tidy. 

TIE,     >      .    [Sax.  tian,   for  tigan,  to  bind  ; 

TVE,  \  ■  ■  tig,  tige,  a  tie,  a  purse.  The 
primary  sense  is  to  strain,  and  hence  its 
alliance  to  titg,  to  draw,  Sw.  tiga,  h.taceo,' 
to  be  silent.  The  (Jr.  8cu  may  be  the  same 
word.  On  account  of  the  participle  tying, 
it  might  he  well  to  write  the  verb  tye.] 

1.  To  bind;  to  fasten  with  a  band  or  cord 
and  knot. 


My  son,  keep  thy  father's  commandments — 
bind  them  continually  upon  thine  heait,  and 
tie  diem  about  thy  neck.     Prov.  vi. 

2.  To  fold  and  make  fast ;  as,  to  tic  a  knot. 

3.  To  knit ;  to  complicate. 
We  do  not  tie  this  knot   with  an  intention  to 

puzzle  the  argument.  Burnet 

4.  To  fasten  ;  to  hold  ;  to  unite  so  as  not  to 
be  easily  parted. 

In  bond  of  virtuous  love  together  tied. 

Fairfax. 

5.  To  oblige ;  to  constrain  ;  to  restrain  ;  to 
confine.  People  in  their  jealousy,  may 
tie  the  hands  of  their  ministers  and  pulilic 
agents,  so  as  to  prevent  them  from  doing 
good. 

Not  tied  to  rules  of  policy,  you  find 
Revenge  less  sweet  than  a  forgiving  mind. 

Dry  den. 

G.  In  music,  to  unite  notes  by  a  cross  line,  or 
by  a  curve  line  drawn  over  them. 

To  tie  up,  to  confine  ;  to  restrain  ;  to  hinder 
from  motion  or  action  ;  as,  to  tic  up  the 
tongue  ;  to  tie  tip  the  hands.  Addison. 

To  lie  down,  to  fasten  so  as  to  prevent  Irom 
rising. 

2.  To  restrain  ;  to  confine  ;  to  hinder  from 
action. 

TIE,  n.  A  knot ;  fastening. 

2.  Bond  ;  obligation,  moral  or  legal ;  as  the 
sacred  ties  of  friendship  or  of  duly ;  the 
ties  of  allegiance. 

3.  A  knot  of  hair.  Young.\ 
TIED,  ?  Bound  ;  fastened  with  a  knot ; 
TYED,  \PP'   confined;  restrained;  united, 

as  notes. 
TIER,  n.     [Heb.  IID  tur.  Class  Dr.  No.  24. 
See  Tire.] 

row;  a  rank;  particularly  when  two  or 
more  rows  are  placed  one  above  another  ; 
as  a  tier  of  seats  in  a  church  or  theater. 
Thus  in  ships  of  war,  the  range  of  guns 
on  one  deck  and  one  side  of  a  ship,  is  call- 
ed a  tier.  Those  on  the  lower  deck  are 
called  the  lower  tier,  and  those  above,  the 
middle  or  upper  tiers.  Ships  with  three 
tiers  of  guns  are  three  deckers. 

The  tiers  of  a  cable  are  the  ranges  of  fakes 
or  windings  of  a  cable,  laid  one  within  an- 
other when  coiled. 

Tier,  in  organs,  is  a  rank  or  range  of  pipes 
in  the  front  of  the  instrument,  or  in  the 
interior,  when  the  compound  sto))s  have 
several  ranks  of  pipes.  Cyc. 

TIERCE,  n.  iers.  [Fr.  from  fi'ers,  third.]  A 
cask  whose  content  is  one  third  of  a  pipe, 
that  is,  forty  gallons;  or  it  may  be  the 
measure. 

2.  In  Ireland,  a  weight  by  which  provisions 
are  sold.  The  tierce  of  beef  for  the  navy, 
is  304/6.  and  for  India,  336Z6. 

3.  In  music,  a  third. 

4.  In  gaming,  a  sequence  of  three  cards  of 
the  same  color. 

A  thrust  in  fencing. 


T  I  G 

[I  knon'  not  where  this  word  is  used  in  the 
taller  sense.] 
TIFF,  V.  i.  To  be  in  a  pet.     [Lou:] 

Johnson . 
TIFF,  V.  t.    To  dress.     [Not  in  use.] 
TIF'FANY',   n.    [According  to  the  Italian 


TIERCEL, 


In  falconry,    a     name 


TIERCELET,  ^  "'  given  to  the  male  haw! 


as  being  a  third  part  less  than  the  female. 

TIERCET,  JJ.  ter'cet.  [from  tierce.]  In  poetry, 
a  triplet  ;  three  lines,  or  three  lines  rhym- 
ing. 

TIFF,  n.  [Qu.  tipple,  tope.]  Liquor  ;  or 
rather  a  small  draught  of  liquor.  [Vul- 
gar.] Philips. 

2.  A  pet  or  fit  of  peevishness. 


an<l  Spanish  Dictionaries,  this  word  is  to 
he  referred  to  taffeta.]  A  species  of  gauze 
or  very  thin  silk. 

Tiffe-de-mer,  a  species  of  sea  plant,  so  called 
by  Count  Marsigli,  from  its  resemblance 
to  the  heads  of  the  Typha  palustris,  or 
cat's  tail.  It  has  a  smooth  surface  and  a 
velvety  look.  It  grows  to  two  feet  in 
highth,  and  is  elegantly  branched.  It 
grows  on  rocks  and  stones,  and  when 
first  taken  out  of  the  sea,  is  full  of  a  yellow 
viscous  water,  but  when  this  is  pressed 
out  and  the  substance  is  dried,  it  becomes 
of  a  dusky  brown  color.  Q/c 

TIG,  n.  A  play.     [See  Tag.] 

TiuE,  n.  [Fr.  a  stalk.]  The  shaft  of  a  col- 
umn from  the  astragal  to  the  capital. 

Bailey. 

TI'GER,  n.  [Vr.tigre;  It.  iigro  ;  h.  tigris  : 
said  to  be  from  TJ,  gir,  a  dart ;  whence 
TJn  tiger.] 

A  fierce  and  rapacious  animal  of  the  genus 
FcWs,  (F.  tigris  ;)  one  of  the  largest  and 
most  terrible  of  the  genus,  inhabiting  Af- 
rica and  .\sia.  The  American  tiger  is  the 
Felis  onca.  There  is  also  the  tiger  cat  or 
Felis  capensis. 

TI  GER-FOOTED,  a.  Hastening  to  devour: 
furious.  Enlick. 

TI'GERISH,  a.  Like  a  tiger. 

TI'GER'S-FWT,  ?i.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Ipoma?a.  Lee- 

TI'GER-SIIELL,  n.  [tiger  andi  shell]  A 
name  given  to  the  red  voluta,   with  large 

j  white  spots.  In  the  Linnean  system,  the 
f)ger-s/ieH  isa  species  of  Cypraja.  Cyc. 

[TIGH,  n.  In  A'eni,  a  close  or  inclosure. 

TIGHT,  a.  [G.  dicht ;  D.  Sw.  Dan.  digt  ; 
allied  to  thick  and  tie,  and  to  Sw.  tiga,  to 
be  silent,  L.  (oceo;  that  is,  close,  closely 
compressed  ;  Russ.  tugei,  stiff.     See  Tack.] 

1.  Close;  compact;  not  loose  or  open  ;  hav- 
ing the  joints  .so  close  that  no  fluid  can  en- 
ter or  escape  ;  not  leaky ;  as  a  tight  ship, 
or  a  tight  cask. 

2.  Close;  not  admitting  much  air  ;  asa  tight 
room. 

3.  Sitting  close  to  the  body  ;  as  a  tight  coat 
or  other  garment. 

4.  Close;  not  having  holes  or  crevices  ;  not 
i     loose  ;  applied  to  many  vessels,  &c. 

5.  Close ;  hard  ;  as  a  tight  bargain.  [/;i 
common  use  in  America.] 

G.  Close  ;  parsimonious  ;  saving ;  as  a  man 
tight  in  his  dealings.  [In  common  use  ire 
America.] 

7.  Closely  dressed  ;  not  ragged. 
I'll  spin  anil  card,  and  keep  our  children  tight. 

(iay. 

8.  Hardy  ;  adroit.  Shak. 
[JVole.     This  is  the  taugt  or  taught  of  seamen, 

api)licd  to  a  rope  stielched.     The  primary  sense 
is  strained.] 

TIGHTEN,  V.  t.  ti'tn.  To  draw  tighter ;  to 
straiten  ;  to  make  more  close  in  any  man- 
ner. 

TIGHTER,  ?i.  A  ribin  or  string  used  to 
draw  clothes  closer.     [.Vol  used.] 

2.  More  tight. 
Joftnson.l'TIGHTLY,  adv.  Closely;  compactly. 


TIL 


T  I  L 


TIM 


2.  Neatly ;  adroitly. 

TIGHTNESS,  n.  Closeness  of  joints ;  com 

imctiiess  ;  struitiiess. 
2.  Neatness,  as  in  dress. 
'\  Piirsiinoniousiiess ;  closeness   in  dealing 
Tl'GRKSS,  n.  [from  ligci:]    The  female  of 

tlie  tiger. 
TIKK,  n.  A  tick.     [See  Tick.] 
TIKK,  n.   [Celtic,   tiuk,  tiac,   a   iiluwiiian  ; 

Arm.  ticc,  a  housekeeper.] 

1.  A  countryman  or  clown. 

2.  A  (log.  filial:. 
TILF'^,,  n.  [Sax.tigel;  D.  iegel or  tichgrl ;  ii 

ziegel;  Man.  Svv.  legel ;  L.  tegula  ;  It.  tc 
goia  ;  S().  teja,  contracted.  Thi.s  word  is 
undoubtedly  iVom  the  root  of  L.  (ego,  to 
cover,  ICng.  to  deck.] 

1.  A  plate  or  piece  of  haUcil  clay,  used  for 
covering  the  roofs  of  buildings. 

The  pins  for  fastening  tiles  are  made  of  oak 
or  fir.  Moxuii 

2.  ]n  metiilliirgy,  a  small  flat  piece  of  dried 
earth,  used  to  cover  vessels  in  which  met 
als  ai  e  fused. 

'.i.  A  piece  of  baked  clay  used  in  drains. 

TILE,  J',  t.  'I'o  cover  with  tiles;  as,  to  tile  a 
lioiise. 

2.  To  cover,  as  tiles. 

The  muscle,  sinew  and  vein, 

Which  tile  this  house,  will  come  again. 

Donne. 

TILE-EARTH,  ji.  A  species  of  strong 
claj'ey  earth  ;  stift'  ami  sluhborji  land. 
[Local.]  Cyc. 

TI'LED.  /)/).  Covered  with  tiles. 

TILE-ORE,  n.  A  subspecies  of  octahedral 
red  c<ipper  ore.  Ure 

TrLER,  »i.  A  man  whose  occupation  is  to 
cover  buildings  with  tiles.  Bacon. 

TI'LLN(J,  ;)pr.  Covering  with  tiles. 

TI'LING,  n.  A  roof  covered  with  tiles. 
Luke  V. 

2.  Tiles  in  general. 

TILL,  n.  A  vetch ;  a  tare.     [Local.] 

TILL,         >        A  money  box  in  a  shop;  a 

TILLER,^"-  drawer. 

TILL,  prep,  or  aitv.  [Sax.  <i7,  (iV/t ;  Sw.  Dan. 
til  ;  Sax.  alillnn,  to  reach  or  come  to. 
This  word  in  Sw.  and  Dan.  as  in  Scottish, 
signifies  to  or  at,  and  is  the  priiuipal  word 
tised  where  we  use  to.  The  priujary 
sense  of  the  verb  is  expressed  in  the  Sax- 
on.] 

1.  To  the  time  or  time  of  I  did  not  see  the 
man  lilt  the  last  time  he  came ;  1  waited 
for  him  till  foiu-  o'clock ;  1  will  wail  ^7/ 
next  week. 

TV//  noic,  to  the  present  time.  I  never 
heard  of  the  fact  till  now. 

Till  then,  to  that  time.  I  never  heard 
of  the  fact  /i7/  then. 

2.  It  is  u.'^cd  before  verbs  and  .sentences  in 
a  like  sense,  denoting  to  the  time  specified 
in  the  sentence  or  clause  following.  1 
will  wait  ////  you  arrive. 

He  said  to  them,  occupy  tiU  I  come.  Luke 
xix. 

Certain  Jews — bound  tlicmselves  under  a 
curse,  .saying  that  tliey  would  neither  eat  noi 
ilrink  till  Ihcy  had  killed  Paul.     Acts  xxiii. 

Meditate  so  long  till  you  make  some  act  of 
prayer  to  God.  Taylor. 

[A'ote. — In  this  use,  till  is  not  a  conjunction  ; 
it  does  not  connect  sentences  like  and,  or  like 
or.  It  neither  denotes  union  nor  separation. 
nor  an  alternative,  li  has  always  the  same  of- 
fice, except  that  it  precedes  a  single  word  or  a 


single  sentence ;  the  time  to  which  it  refers 
being  in  one  case  expressed  by  a  single  word, 
as  HOW,  or  then,  or  time,  with  this,  or  that,  kc. 
and  in  the  other  by  a  verb  widi  its  adjuncts  ; 
as,  occupy  Idl  I  cuvie.  In  the  latter  use,  till 
is  a  preposition  preceding  a  sentence,  like 
against,  in  the  phrase,  «ga!/i,</  1  come.] 

TILL,  J\ /.  [Sax.  tilia7i,  tiligan,  to  work,  to 
toil,  to  cultivate,  to  prepare  ;  W.  telit,  to 
strain.  In  G.  be.itelten,  from  stellen,  to  set 
to  put  in  order,  bus  the  sense  of  tilling, 
ctiltivatiiig.  These  words  are  doubtless 
of  one  family.] 

1.  To  labor;  to  cultivate;  to  plow  and  pre- 
pare for  seed,  and  to  dress  crops.  This 
word  includes  nut  only  plowing  but  har- 
rowing, and  whatever  is  done  to  prepare 
ground  for  a  crop,  and  to  keep  it  lieo 
from  weeds. 

The  Lord  God  sent  him  forth  from  the  gar- 
den of  Lden  to  tUI  the  ground  Ironi  wlience  he 
was  taken.     Gen.  iii. 

2.  Ill  the  most  general  sense,  to  till  may  in 
cluile  every  species  of  husbandry,  and  this 
iiiav  bo  its  sense  in  Scripture. 

TlLl'.'AllLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  tilled; 
arable  ;  tit  for  tlie  plow.  Carew. 

TILL'AtiE,  »i.  The  operation,  practice  or 
art  of  preparing  land  tor  seed,  and  keep 
ing  the  ground  free  from  weeds  wliici 
might  impede  the  growth  of  crops.  Till- 
age includes  maniiriug,  plowing,  harrow- 
ing and  rolling  land,  or  whatever  is  done 
to  Ining  it  to  a  ])roper  slate  to  receive  the 
seed,  and  the  operations  of  plowing,  har- 
rowing aiJil  hoeing  the  ground,  to  destroy 
weeds  and  luopen  the  soil  alter  it  is  plant- 
ed ;  cultiu-e  ;  a  principal  branch  of  agri- 
ciillure.  Tillage  of  the  earth  is  the  prin- 
cipal as  it  was  the  first  occupatiuu  uf  man, 
and  no  employment  is  more  honorable. 

TILLED,  pp.  Cultivated  ;  prepared  for 
seed  and  kept  clean. 

TILL'ER,  Ji.  One  who  tills;  a  husband- 
man ;  a  cultivator  ;  a  plow  man. 

2.  The  bar  or  lever  emjiloycd  to  turn  the 
rudder  of  a  ship. 

•3.  A  small  drawer  ;  a  till. 

4.  Among  farmers,  the  shoot  of  a  plant, 
springing  I'roin  the  root  or  bottom  of  the 
original  stalk  ;  also,  the  sjnout  or  young 
tree  that  springs  from  the  root  or  stump 

5.  A  young  timber  tree.     [Local.] 
TILL'ER,  V.  i.  To   put   forth    new   shoots 

from  the  root,  or  round  the  bottom  of  the 
original  stalk  ;  as  we  say,  wheat  or  rye 
tillers  :  it  spreads  by  tittering.  The  com- 
mon orthography  is  tiller.  Sir  Joseph 
Banks  writes  it  tillow. 

TILL  ICR  ING,  ppr.  Sending  out  new  shoots 
round  the  bottom  of  the  original  stem. 

TILLERING,  n.  The  act  of  sending  forth 
young  shoots  from  the  root  or  around  the 
bottom  of  the  oriiriual  stalk. 

TILL'ER-ROI'E,  n.  The  rope  which  forms 
a  comuiunicalion  between  the  fore  end  of 
the  tiller  and  the  wheel.  Mar.  Diet. 

TILL'ING,  ppr.  Cultivating. 

TILL'ING,  )!.  The  operation  of  cultiva 
ting  land  ;  culture. 

TILL'MAN,  JI.  A  man  who  tills  the  earth 
a  husbandman.      Obs.  Tusser. 

TILLY  FA LLV,;      ,  A    word  for- 

TILLY-VALLV,^  "'''^^•°'°-  merly  used 
when  any  thing  said  was  rejected  as  tri- 
fling or  imperlinent.     Olis. 


TILT,  n.  [Sax.  Wd;  Dan.  lelt ;  Ice.  tiald; 
\V.  telu,  to  stretch  over.] 

1.  A  tent;  a  covering  overhead.     Denham. 

2.  The  cloth  covering  of  a  cart  or  wagon. 

3.  The  cover  of  a  boat;  a  small  canopy  or 
awning  of  canvas  or  other  cloth,  extended 
over  the  stern  sheets  of  a  boat.   .Mar.  Diet. 

TILT,  v.t.  To  cover  with  a  cloth  or  awning. 

Philips. 

TILT,  JI.  [See  the   Verb.]     A  tlirust ;  as  a 

////  with  a  lance.  Mdison. 

2.  I'ormerly,  a  military  e-vercise  on  horse- 
back, in  which  the  combatants  attacked 
each  other  with  lances ;  as  tills  and  tour- 
naments. 

3.  A  large  hammer;  a  tilt-hammer;  used  in 
■on  manufactures. 

4.  Inclination  forward  ;  as  the  till  of  a  cask  ; 
I     or  a  cask  is  a-/i7/. 
jTlLT,  V.  t.  [Sax.  /ea//i«»,  tolean,  to  incline, 

to  nod  i  Dan.  Ii/lder,  to  pour  out,  to  de- 
cant. In  D.  (j7/en  signifies  to  lift,  L.  tollo. 
This  is  probably  a  derivative  verb.] 

1.  To  incline  ;  to  raise  one  end,  as  of  a  cask, 
for  discharging  lirpior  ;  as,  to  ////  a  barrel. 

2.  To  point  or  thrust,  as  a  lance. 
Sons  against  fathers  tUt  the  fatal  lance. 

Philips. 

■i.  To  hammer  or  forge  with  a   tilt-hammer 

or  tilt  ;  as,  to  (i7/  steel  to  render  it  more 

lUictile.  Cyc. 

4.  To  cover  with  a  tilt. 

TILT,  i>.  i.  To  run  or  ride  and  thrust  with 

a  lance;  to  practice  the  military  game  or 

exercise   of  thrusting   at   each   other   on 

liorseb;ick.  Milton. 

2.  To  fight  with  rapiers. 

Swords  out  and  tilting  one  at  other's  breast. 

Shak. 
.3.  To  rush,  as  in  combat.  Collier. 

4.  To  jilay  unsteadily  ;  to  ride,  float  am} 
toss. 

The  fleet  swift  tilling  o'er  the  surges  flew. 

Pope. 

5.  To  lean  ;  to  fall,  as  on  one  side. 
The  trunk  of  the  body  is  kept  from  tilling 

foiward  by  the  muscles  of  the  back.  Urew. 

TILT'-KOAT,  J!.  A  boa;  covered  with  can- 
vas or  other  cloth. 
TILTED,   pp.    Iiu'lined  ;  made   to   stoop; 

covered  with  cloth  or  awning. 
i.  llamnicrcd  ;    prepared   by    beating  ;    as 

steel. 
TILT'ER,  JI.  One  who  tills;  one  who  uses 
the  exercise  of  pushing  a  lance  on  horse- 
back ;  one  who  fights. 

Let  me  idone  to  match  your  titter. 

Granfille. 
2.  One  who  hammers  with  a  tilt. 
riLTH,    Ji.    [Sax.   tilth;  from  /i7/.]     Tliat 
which  is  tilled  ;  tillage  ground.     [.Vol  in 
use.] 
2.  The  state  of  being  tilled  or  jirepared  fora 
crop.     We  say,  land  is  in  good  /i7M,  when 
it  is  manured,  plowed,  hifken  and  mellow- 
ed for  receiving  the  seed.     We  say   also, 
ground  is  iu  bad  /i7//i.     When  we  say,  land 
is  in  tilth,  we  mean  in  good  condiiion  for 
the  seed  ;  not  in   tilth,  in   a  bad  condition. 
TILT-HAMMER,  n.  [tilt  and  hammer.]   A 
heavy  hanmier  used  iu  iron  works,  which 
is  lifteil  by  a  wheel. 
TILTING,  ppr.  Inclining  ;  causing  to  stoop 
or  lean  ;  using  the  game  of  thrusting  with 
I     the  lance  on  hor.^eback  ;  also,  hamnjeriog 

with  a  lilthaniiner. 
TIM'BAL,  n.  A  kettle  drum. 


TIM 


TIM 


TIM 


TIM'BEJ^,  n.  [Sax.  timber,  wood,  a  tree, 
stiiietiire  ;  timhrian,  to  buiki,  to  edify,  in  a 
moral  sense  ;  Goth,  limhryan,  to  construct ; 
S\v.  timmer,  wood  fit  for  huilding ;  limra, 
to  build,  to  frame  ;  Dan.  tummcr,  timber  : 
tirinrer,  to  build  ;  D.  iimmer,  an  apartment; 
limber,  a  crest ;  limmeren,  to  build  ;  lim 
merhout,  timber  ;  G.  zimmrr,  an  apartment ; 
zimmern,  to  square,  tit,  fabricate  ;  ztinmer- 
holz,  timber.  If  m  is  radical,  wl:icli  is  prob 
able,  this  word  coincides  with  Gr.  6f,uu),  L. 
domus,  a  house,  and  Gr.  difiif,  the  body. 
The  primary  sense  is  probably  to  set,  lay 
or  found.] 

1.  That  sort  of  wood  which  is  proper  for 
buildings  or  for  tools,  utensils,  furniture, 
carriages,  fences,  ships  and  the  like.  We 
apply  the  word  to  standing  trees  vvhicl 
are  suitable  for  the  uses  above  luentioned, 
as  a  forest  contains  excellent  timber;  o 
to  the  beams,  rafters,  scantling,  boards, 
planks,  &c.  hewed  or  sawed  from  such 
trees.  Of  all  the  species  of  trees  useful 
as  timber,  in  our  climate,  the  white  oak 
and  the  white  pine  hold  the  first  place  in 
importance. 

2.  The  body  or  stem  of  a  tree.  Shak. 

3.  The  materials  ;  in  irony. 

Such  dispositions — are  ihc  fittest  timber  to 
make  politics  of.  Baeon. 

4.  A  single  piece  or  scjuared  stick  of  wood 
for  building,  or  already  framed. 

Many  of  the  timber:^  were  decayed. 

Voxe's  Switzerland. 

5.  In  ships,  a  timber  is  a  rib  or  curving  [liece 
of  wood,  branching  outward  from  the  keel 
in  a  vertical  direction.  One  timber  is 
composed  of  several  pieces  united  in  one 
frame.  .1/ac.  Diet 

TIMBER,    V.  t.    To  furuisli  with    timber. 

[See  Timbered.] 
TIM'BER,  V.  i.  To  light  on  a  tree.  [JVol  in 
use.]  UEstrange. 

2.  \n  falconry,  to  make  a  nest.  C^/c.^ 

Timber  or  timmer  of  furs,  as  of  martens,  er- 
mines, sables  and  the  like,  denotes  forty 
skins;  of  other  skins,  one  hundred  and 
twenty.  Lmcs  of  Ed.  Confessor.l 

Timbers  of  ermine,  in  heraldry,  denote  thel 
ranks  or  rows  of  ermine  in  nobleraen'sj 
coats.  I 

TliM'BERED,  pp.  or  a.  Furnished  witlii 
timber  ;  as  a  well  timbered  house.  In  thej 
United  States,  we  say,  land  is  well  /jwi- 
hered,  when  it  is  covered  with  good  tim- 
ber trees. 
2.  Built;  formed;  contrived.     [Little  used.]\ 

Wotton.l 
TIM'BER-HEAD,  n.  [limber  and  head.]  In' 
ships,  the  top  end  of  a  timber,  rising 
above  the  gunwale,  and  serving  for  belay- 
ing ropes,  &c.  ;  otherwise  called  kevel- 
head.  Mar.  Diet.' 

TIM'BERING,   ppr.    Furnishing  vvitli  tim- 
ber. 
TIMBER-SOW,  11.  Awonn  in  wood. 

Bacon. 
TIM'BER-TREE,   n.    [timber  and  tree.]    A 

tree  suitable  for  timber. 
TIM'BER- WORK,    n.    [timber  and  irork.] 

Work  formed  of  wood. 
TIM'BER-Y-ARI),    n.    [limhcr  and  yard.] 
A  yard  or  place  wlicre  timber  is  deposited. 
TIM'HRH,  n.  [V>.  timber.]  A  crest  on  ncoat 

of  arms.     It  ought  to  be  written  timber. 
TIM'BUEI.,    n.    [Sp.   tamboril,  a  tabor  or 


drum  ;  It.  tamburo  ;  Fr.  lamhmtrin,  tam- 
bour ;  ir.lionipan  ;  L.  tympanum;  Gr.  tvfi- 
rtamv.  Tliis  is  probably  the  same  as  tabor, 
or  from  the  same  root ;  m  being  casual. 
It  is  from  beating;  Gr.  ri'rtfu.] 

An  instrument  of  music;  a  kindofdrnm,  ta- 
bor or  tabret,  which  has  been  in  use  from' 
the  highest  antiquity.  j 

And  Miiiam  tool<  a  timbrel  in  lier  hand — and 
all  the  women  went  out  after  her  with  timbrels 
and  with  dances.     Ex.  xv. 

TIM'BRELED,  a.  Sung  to  the  sound  of 
the  timbrel.  Milton. 

iTIME,  n.  [Sax.  lim,  lima,  time  in  genera 
Dan.  time,  Sw.timme,anhouv;l,.tempus; 
It.  Port,  tempo ;  Sp.  tiempo ;  Fr.  temps. 
time  in  general ;  all  from  the  root  of  tlje 
Sw.  lima,  to  happen,  to  come,  to  befall ; 
but  the  root  in  some  of  its  applications, 
must  have  signified  to  rush  with  violence. 
Hence  the  sense  of  temples,  L.  tempora,  the 
falls  of  the  head,  also  tempest,  &c.  See 
Tempest.  Time  is  primarily  equivalent  to 
season  ;  to  the  Gr.  wpain  its  original  sense, 
opportunity,  occasion,  a  fall,  au  event,  that 
which  comes.] 

1.  A  particular  portion  or  part  of  duration, 
whether  past,  present  or  future.  The 
time  was  ;  the  time  has  been  ;  the  time  is  ; 
the  time  will  be. 

Lost  time  is  never  found  again.       Franklin. 

God,  who  at  sundry  times,  and  in  divers  man- 
ners, spoke  in  time  past  to  the  fathers  by  the 
prophets.     Heb.  i. 

2.  A  proper  time  ;  a  season. 
There  is  a  time  to  every  purpose.  Eccles.  iii. 
The  time  of  figs  was  not  yet.     Mark  xi. 

3.  Duration. 

The  equal  and  uniform  flux  of  time  does  not 
atTect  our  senses.  ^V*'- 

Time  is  absolute  or  relative  ;  absolute\ 
time  is  considered  without  any  relation  to 
bodies  or  their  motions.  Relative  time  is 
the  sensible  measure  of  any  portion  of 
duration,  by  means  of  motion.  Thus  the 
diurnal  revolution  of  the  sun  measures  a 
space  of  tiine  or  duration.     Hence, 

4.  A  space  or  measured  portion  of  duration. 
We  were  in  Paris  two  months,  and  all 
that  time  enjoyed  good  health. 

.5.  Life  or  duration,  in  reference  to  occupa- 
tion. One  man  spends  his  time  in  idle- 
ness; another  devotes  all  his  time  to  use- 
ful ])nrposes. 

Believe  me,  your  time  is  not  your  own ;  it 
belongs  to  God,  to  religion,  to  mankind. 

BiH'kminster. 
6.  Age  ;  a  part  of  duration  distinct  from 
other  parts ;  as  ancient  times ;  modern 
times.  The  Spanish  armada  was  defeated 
in  the  h'jne  of  Queeu  Elizabeth. 
Hour  of  travail. 

She  was  within  one  month  of  her  time. 

Clarendon. 

8.  Repetition  ;  repeated  performance,  or 
mention  with  reference  to  repetition.  The 
])hysician  visits  his  patient  three  times  in 
a  day. 

9.  Repetition;  doubling;  addition  of  a  num 
ber   to    itself;    as,   to   double   cloth   four 
times ;  four  times  four  amount  to  sixteen. 

10.  .Measure  of  .sounds  in  music  ;  as  common 
time,  and  treble  time.  In  concerts,  it  is  all 
important  that  the  performers  keep  time,, 
or  exact  time. 

11.  The  state  of  things  at  a  particidar  pe-| 
riod  ;  as  when  we  say,  good  times,  or  bad' 


times,  hard  limes,  didl  times  for  trade,  &c. 
In  this  sense,  the  plural  is  generally  used. 

12.  In  grammar,  tense. 

In  time,  in  good  season ;  sufficiently  earl}'. 
He  arrived  in  time  to  see  the  exhibition." 

3.  A  considerable  space  of  duration  ;  process 
or  continuation  of  duration.  You  must 
wait  patiently  ;  you  will  in  time  recover 
your  health  and  strength. 

At  limes,  at  distinct  intervals  of  duration.  M 
times  he  reads  ;  at  other  times,  he  rides. 

The   spirit   began  to   move   him   at    times. 
Judges  xiii. 

Time  enough,  in  season  ;  early  enough. 

Stanley  at  Bosworlh-field,  came  time  enough 
to  save  liis  life.  Bacon. 

To  lose  time,  to  delay. 

2.  To  go  too  slow  ;  as,  a  watch  or  clock  loses 
time. 

Apparent  time,  in  aslrmiomy,  true  solar  time, 
regulated  by  the  apparent  motions  of  the 
sun. 

Mecm  time,  ecpiated  time,  a  mean  or  average 
of  apparent  time. 

Siderial  time,  is  that  which  is  shown  by  the 
diurnal  revolutions  of  the  stars. 

TIME,  V.  t.  To  adajit  to  the  lime  or  occa- 
sion ;  to  bring,  begin  or  perform  at  the 
proper  season  or  time  ;  as,  the  measure  is 
well  timed,  or  ill  timed.  No  small  part  of 
political  wisdom  consists  in  knowing  how 
to  time  propositions  and  measures. 

Wercy  is  good,  but  kings  mistake  its  timing. 

Dry  den. 

2.  To  regulate  as  to  time ;  as,  he  timed  the 
stroke.  Addison. 

3.  To  measure ;  as  in  music  or  liarmonj-. 

Slutk. 

TI'JIED,  pp.  .Vdapted  to  the  season  or  oc- 
casion. 

TI'MEFUL,  a.  Seasonable  ;  timely  ;  suffi- 
ciently early.     [j\'ot  much  used.]    Raleigh. 

TI'MEIST,  n.  In  music,  a  performer  why 
keeps  good  time.  Bushy 

TI'ME-kEEPER,  n.  [time  and  keeper.]  A 
clock,  watch  or  other  chronometer. 

TI'MELESS,  a.  Unseasonable;  done  at  an 
niproper  time. 
Nor  fits  it  to  prolong  the  heav'nly  feast 
Timeless —     [A'ot  used.']  Pope. 

2.  Untimely ;  immature  ;  done  or  suffered 
before  the  proper  time  ;  as  a  timeless  grave. 
[M>t  used.]  Shak. 

TI'MELESSLY,  adv.  Unseasonably. 

Milton. 

TI'MELINESS,  n.  [from  timely.]  Season- 
ablencss;  a  bciiig  in  good  time. 

TI'MELY,  a.  Seasonable ;  being  in  good 
time ;  sufficiently  early.  The  defendant 
had  timely  notice  of  this  motion.  Timely 
care  will  often  prevent  great  evils. 

2.  Keeping  time  or  measure.     [JVbt  used.] 

Spenser. 

TI'MELY,  adv.  Early  ;  soon  ;  in  good  sea- 
son. 

Timely  advis'd,  the  coming  evil  shun. 

Prior. 

TI'ME-PIECE,  n.  [time  and  piece.]  A  clock, 
watch  or  other  instrument  to  measure  or 
show  the  progress  of  time ;  a  chronom- 
eter. 

TI'ME-PLEASER,  n.  s  as  :.  [time  and 
phase.] 

One  who  complies  with  the  prevailing  opin- 
ions, whatever  they  may  be.  Shak. 


TIN 


TIN 


T  1  N 


TIME-SERVER,  n.  [time  and  serve.]  One 
wlio  adapts  his  o|iitiioii»  uiid  iriaimers  to 
the  times ;  one  wlio  obsequiouslj'  coniphes 
with  the  riihnp;  power.  Hall. 

TI'Mi;-SERVlNG,  a.  Obsequiously  com- 
ply iiig  with  thi!  Iiuinors  of  men  in  power. 

Tl'ME-SERVING,  ii.  An  ohMM|uiipus  com- 
pliance with  the  iuiniors  of'tnen  in  power 
which  implies  a  surrender  of  one's  inde- 
pendenee,  and  sometimes  of  one's  integ- 
rity. 

TIME-WORN,  a.  Impaired  by  time. 

Irvitifc. 

TJM'ID,  a.    [Fr.   timide;  L.  timidus,  from 
timeo,  to  fear  ;  Gaelic,  lim,  time,  fear  ;  ti| 
temblor,  to  shake  with  fear;  temer,  to  fear. 
The  sense  is  probably  to  shake,  or  to  fail, 
fall,  recede  or  shrink.] 

Fearful;  wanting  courage  to  meet  danger; 
timorous ;  nut  bold. 

Poor  is  the  triumph  o'er  the  timid  li.irc. 

Thmnsmi. 

TIMIDITY,  ?i.  [Vi:  timidiU ;  L.  timiditas.] 

Feartidness;  want  of  courage  or  lioldness  to 
face  danper  ;  liuinrousness  ;  habitual  cow- 
ardice. Timidittj  in  one  person  may  ho  a 
good  trait  of  character,  while  in  another 
it  is  a  ilccp  rcproaih. 

TIM'IDl.V,  adv.  In  a  timid  manner;  weak- 
ly ;  without  courii^re. 

TIM'IDNKSS,  n.  Timidity. 

TIMOe'RACV,  )(.  [Gr.ri/i.?, honor,  worth, 
and  xpareu,  to  holii.] 

Government  by  men  of  property,  who  are 
possessed  of  a  certain  income. 

Gillies'  Jiristotle. 

TIMONEE'R,  n.  [Fr.limon;  L.  ttmo.\  A 
helmsman.  Mar  Did. 

TIM'OROIS,  a.  [It.  timoroso;  from  L.  li- 
mor.     See  TimidI] 

1.  Fearful  of  danger;  timid;  destitute  of 
com'af;e ;  as  a  limorou.i  li^iiiale. 

2.  Indicatin;;  fear;  full  of  si-ruples;  as  h'm- 
oroiis  doulits  ;  iiuwrous  beliefs. 

Brown.     Prior. 

TIM'OROUSI.Y,  adv.    Fearfully  ;  timidly  : 
without  boldness;  with  much  tear. 
Let  ilastaril  souls  be  timorously  wise. 

Philips 

TIM'OROUSNESS,  n.  Fearfulness;  timid- 
ity; want  of  courage.  Swift. 

TIMOUS,  a.  [from  time.]  Early ;  timely 
[JVot  ill  use.]  Bacon. 

TIMOUSLY,  «(/i'.  In  good  season.  [Xot  in 
use.]  Ch.  Relis:..dppral. 

TIN,  n.  [Sax.  D.  tin  ;  G.  zinn  ;  Sw.  tenn  ; 
Dan.  tin,  pewter,  and  linhli/;.  tin.  that  is, 
tin-plate;  Ir.  stan  ;  \V.  i/sfaen,  that  is 
spread  or  is  sprinkled  over,  a  slain,  and 
tin;  Corn,  sta/n;  Arm.  stenn ;  Fr.  etain  : 
L.  stannum  ;  Sp.  estaiio  ;  Port,  estaiiho  : 
It.  stas^no.  The  latter  siguifies  tin,  pewter, 
and  a  pond,  L.  .sfagjinm.] 

1.  A  white  metal,  witli  a  slight  tinge  of  yel- 
low. It  is  soft,  non-elastic,  very  inallea 
ble,  and  when  a  bar  of  it  is  bent  near  the 
car,  distinguished  by  a  crai-kling  sound 
called  the  cry  of  tin.  It  is  used  fdr  cidin 
ary  vessels,  being  ti>r  this  purpose  usuallv 
combined  with  lead,  forming  ;)fi('/cr  ;  anil 
alloyed  with  small  proportions  of  antimo- 
ny, copper  and  bisnuith,  is  Ibrsned  into 
various  wares  resembling  siher  inider  the 
names  of  hlock-tin,  brittania,  &c.  Erpial 
jiartsijf  tin  and  lead  compose  soder.    Tin 

Vol.  11. 


united   With  copper  in   different  propor-|  TI'NET,  n.   [tine,  to  shut,  supra.]    In  old 

tions,  forms  bronze,  bell-metal,  and  s;j«u- 1     u-rilrrs,  brushwood  and  thorns  for  making 

lum-metal.  />.  Olmsted.\\     and  repairing  hedges.  C'wc 

2.  Thin  plates  of  iron  covered  with  tin.  LTINFOIL,    n.  [tin  and  L.  folium,  a  leaf.] 

TIN,  V.  t.  To  cover  with  tin,  or  overlay  witli'l     Tui  reduced  to  a  thin  leaf. 

rri'T^i^-'ril'      .    rr    .•  •  ,^  i  Tl  N  G,  n.  A  .sharp  sound.  [Ao/ in  u«.  Chil- 

illNCl,  w.t.  [L.«ing7),<indiM.j  To  stain  or'      (Iren  use  ding-,  t/ong-.  — 


or   impregnate    with   something 
to  commuiiicute  ihe  qualities  of 


TINE,  V. 

t 
To  rage  ;  to  smart 


„      See  Tingle.] 

TING,  V.  i.  To  sound  or  ring.  (Ab/jn  use.] 

TINgE,  v.   t,  [L.  (i)ig-o;   Gr.  riyyu;    Sax. 

dcagun ;  Eiig.  to  rfi/e ;  G.  tunkcn,  to  dip ;  Fr. 

teindre,   to  staia.     See   Dye.    Ar.       It 

to  ()erish,  to  die,  to  tinge.  Class  Dg.  No. 
40.  See  also  No.  8.  and  19.  1  ingiiig 
is  from  dipping.  The  primary  sense  of 
the  verb  is  to  plunge,  Or  to  throw  ch.wn, 
to  thrust,  and  intruiisitivelj  to  fall  ;  lieiicc 
we  see  the  words  to  die,  that  is,  to  fall  or 
perish,  and  to  dye,  or  color,  may  be  from 
one  root] 

To  imbue 
foreign  ; 

one  substance,  in  some  degree,  to  another, 
cither  by  ini.\ture,  or  by  adding  them  to 
the  surface ;  as,  to  tinge  a  blue  color  with 
red ;  an  infusion  tinged  with  a  yellow 
color  by  saffron  ;  to  tinge  a  decoction  with 
a  bitlcr  taste.  The  jaundice  tinges  the 
eyes  with  yellow. 

The  virtues  of  sir  Roger,  as  well  as  his  im- 
perfections, are  tinged  with  extravagance. 

.Iddisim. 

TINGE,  n.  Color;  dye;  taste;  or  raihcr 
a  slight  degree  of  some  color,  taste,  or 
something  foreign,  infused  into  another 
substance  or  mi.Mure,  or  added  to  it ;  tiiic- 
tore;  as  a  red  cohjr  that  has  a  /i"»g-c  of 

I  blue;  a  dish  of  food  that  has  a  tinge  of 
orange  peel  in  its  taste. 

TING'ED, /)/).  Imbued  or  impregnated  with 

I     a  srnall  portion  of  something  foreign. 

TINti'ENT,  a.  Having  the  power  to  tinge. 
As  for  the  wliilc   part,  it  ajipeareil  much  less 
enriched  wilh  Ihe  tivsent  property.  Boyle 

[Little  usedr[ 

TlNti'lNG,  ppr.  Imbuing  or  impregnating 

am!  perhaps  our  wor.l  snn  is  otVlN-  rT"»'^« '"*-'»"'''"'*-";-       i  •   u 
imil).]     To  kindle.    Obs.     But  ^"^*'^'^^^' "'''""""''•  "''"^^  see. 

TIN'GLE,  V.  i.  [\V.  /i«fio/,  tincian  or  tin- 
ciaw,  to  tink,  to  tinkle  or  tingle,  to  ring,  to 
draw  or  drain  the  last  drop.  Qu.  D. 
tinlelen,  IV.  linltr,  L.  tinnio.] 

1.  To  feel  a  kind  of  ihrilling  sound. 
At   tthicli  liolli   (lie  ears  of  every  one  Uiat 

hearelh  it  shall  lingle.     I  .Sam.  iii. 

2.  To  feel  a  sharp  thrilling  pain. 
The  pale  boy  senator  yet  tingling  stands. 

Pope. 
:}.  To  have  a  thrilling  sensation,  or  a  sharp 
slight  penetrating  sensation. 

They  .suck  pollutiou  through  their  tingling 
veins.  Ticket. 

TING'LING, />pr.  Having  a  thrilling  sensa- 
tion. 
TING'LING,  n.  A  thrilling  scn.sation. 
TINK,  ti.  t.   [AV.  tinciaw.  supra.]  To  make 
a  sharp  shrill  noise  ;  to  tinkle.    [Thelalter 
i.''  gentrnlh/  used. 


color  ;  to  imbue.     Obs 

;TIN€T,  n.  8tain ;  color.  [Obsolete.  We 
now  use  tinge  and  tincture.] 

TINCTURE,  n.  [L.  tinctura ;  Fr.  teinture 
See  T\nge.] 

I.  The  finer  and   more   volatile  parts  of  a 
substance,    separated    by    a    inenstruum 
or  an  e.xtract  of  a  part  of  the  substance  of 

I  a  body,  communicated  to  the  menstruum 
Hence, 

^.  In  medicine,  a  spiritous  solution  of  such 
of  the  pro.xiniale  principles  of  vegetables 
and  animals  as  are  soluble  in  pure  alcohol 
or  pro(d'-spirit  ;  wine  or  sjiirits  containing 
medicinal  substances  in  solution. 

Cyc.     Core. 

3.  A  tinge  or  shade  of  color;  as  a  tincture  of 
red. 

4.  Slight  taste  superadded  to  any  substance  ; 
as  a  tincture  of  orange-jieel. 

5.  Slight  (lualiiy  added  to  any  thing;  as  a 
tincture  of  French  inaniiers. 

All  manners  take  a  tincture  from  our  own. 
'  Pope. 

TINCTURE,  V.  t.    To  tinge  ;  to  communi- 
cate a  slight  lorcign  color  to  ;  to  imiireg- 
;     nalc  with  some  extraneous  matter. 
j  A  Utile    black   paint  will   tincture  and  spoil 

j       twenty  gay  colors.  Watts. 

i.  T(j   imbue   ll,ie   iniiid  ;  to  communicate  a 

portion  of  any  thing  I'oreign  ;  as  a  mind 
I     tinctured  with  scejiticism. 
TINCTURED,  pp.    Tinged;   slightly   itn 

pregnated  «illi  something  foreign. 
TINC'TURING,    ppr.    Tinging;  imbuing, 

impregnating  with  a  foreign  substance. 
iTIND,  v.  t.  [Sa.\.  ttndan,  /^7i«7i,  to  kindle ; 
I  Gotb.  tandi/un  ;  Sw.  tilnda  ;  Dan.  lander; 
I  Eng.  line  ;  tinder,  G.  zunder  ;  probably  al- 
;  lied  to  Ir.  Gaelic,  teine,  fire,  W.  Corn. 
I     Arm.  ton 

the  same  fan 

lien 
iTINl)  ER,  n.  [Sax.tyndre.]  Something  very 
i     iiillaiiinuiMe  used  for  kindling  fire  ironi  a 
I     spark  ;  as  scorched  linen.  Swift. 

TIND'ER-BOX,  71.  (/i"m/fc  and  «/oj-.]  A  box 

in  which  tiliiler  is  kept.  Jlttcrbury. 

TIND'ERLlIvE,  «.   [tinder  aw\  like.]    Like 

tinder;  ver\   iullaiiimable.  Skak. 

TINE,  V.  t.  [Sa.x. /.i/iinn.j  To  kindle;  tosi'i 

oij  fire.     Obs.     [See  Tind.\  Spenser. 

TINE,  v.t.  [S-.ix.  tynan  ;  L. /eTico.]  To  shut 

or  inclose  ;  to  fill.      [.Vol  in  use  or  local.] 
TINE,  71.  [i^-d\.  tindes  ;  It-c.  tindr;  pidbahl\ 

the  L.  dens,  G.  zalin,  \\ .  dant,  a  tooth  ;  lit 

any  rate,  it  is  a  shoot.] 

1.  The  tooth  iir  spike  of  a  fiirk ;  a  prong ;' 
also,  the  tooth  ot'  a  harrow  or  drag. 

2.  Trouble;  distress.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 


i.  (Sax.   tynan ; 
tire,  supra.] 


from  teine, 
Obs. 


tan,' 


to  fight. 

Spetiser. 

TI'NIMAN,  71.  .'\iicienily  an  ofiicer  of  the 

forest  ill  England,  «lio  had  the  nocturnal 

care  of  vert  and  venison.  Cvc 

94 


TINK'AL,  71.  Borax  in  its  crude  state  or  un- 
refined. It  consists  of  small  crystals  of  a 
yellowish  color,  and  is  unctuous  to  'he 
»*-el-  Did. 

TINK'ER,  ji.  [\V.  tincerz,  the  ringer,  fioin 
tinciaw.  lo  ring.]  A  mender  of  brass  ket- 
tles, pans  and  the  like. 


TIN 


T  I  P 


T  I  R 


TINK'ERLY,    adv.    In   the    inanner  of  a' 

tinker.  HackengillJ 

TI.NK'LE,  V.  i.  [W.   tincial,   supra,   under 

tingle.  ]  I 

1.  To  make  small  quick  sharp  sounds,  as  by 
striking  on  metal;  to  clink. 

— And  have  not  charily,  1  am  become  as 
sounding  brass,  or  a  tinkling  cymbal.  1  Cor. 
xiii.     Is.  iii. 

The  sprightly  horse 
Moves  to  the  music  of  his  tinUimg  bells. 

Dodsley. 
Tlie  moment  the  money  tinkles  in  the  chest, 
the  soul  mounts  out  of  purgatory. 

Tctzel  in  Milner. 

2.  To  hear  a  small  sharp  somid. 

And  his  ears  tinkled,  and  his  color  fled. 

Dry  den. 
TINK'LE,  V.  t.   To  cause  to  clink  or  make 

sharp  (juii'k  sounds. 
TLVK'LING,  ppr.    Making  a   small  quick 

sharp  noise. 
TINK'LING,  n.  A  small  quick  sharp  sound. 

Making  a  tinkling  with  their  feet.     Is.  iii. 
TIN'MAN,  n.   [tin  ami  man.]  A    manufac- 
turer of  tin  vessels;  a  dealer  in  tin  ware. 

Prior. 
TIN'-MINE,   n.    [tin   and   mine.]    A   mine 

where  tin  is  ohfained. 
TIN'NED,  p/j.  Covered  with  tin. 
TIX'NER,  n.  [froraii/i.]  One  who  works  in 
the  tin  mines.  Bacon. 

TIN'NING,  ppr.  [from  (t'ti.]  Covering  with 

tin  or  tinfoil. 
TIN'NING,  )i.  The  act,  art  or  practice  ofj 
covernig  or  lining  any  thing   with  melted 
tin  or   with    tinfoil,   as   kitchen    utensils, 
locks,  bits,  &c. 
TIN'NY,  a.   Abounding  with  tin.     Drayton. 
TIN'I'ENNY,  n.   [tin  and  penny.]    A  cus-j 
tomary  duty  in  England,  formerly  paid  to 
tiiliingmen.  BaiUy.l 

TIN'SEL,  n.  [Fr.  etincelle,  a  spark.]  Some- 
thing very  shining  and  gaudy  ;  something 
superficially  shining  and  showy,  or  having 
a  false  luster,  and  more  gay  than  valua- 
ble. 

Who  can  discern  the  tinsel  from  the  gold  ? 

Dry  den. 
If  the  man  will  too  curiously  examine  the  su- 
perficial tinsel  good,  he  undeceives  himself  to 
his  cost.  J\''orris 

2.  .\  kind  of  shining  cloth.  Fairfax. 

3.  A  kind  of  lace. 

TIN'SEL,  a.  Gaudy  ;  showy  to  excess;  spe- 
cious ;  superficial. 

TIN'SEL,   V.  i.  To  adorn  with  somethin 
glittering  and  showy  without  much  value; 
to  make  gaudy. 

She,  timel'd  o'er  in  robes  of  varying  hues — 

Pope 
Tlfi'SEhED,  pp.  Decorated  with  gaudy  or- 

naujcnts. 
TIN'SELING,  ppr.  Adorning  with  tinsel  or 

superficial  luster. 
TINT,  H.  [It.  tinta  ;  Fr.  tcint ;  from  L.  tine 

lus,  tingo.  Sec  Tinge.] 
A  (lye  ;  a  color,  or  rather  a  slight  coloring  or 
tincture  distinct  from  the  giinuul  or  prin- 
cipal color  ;  as  red  with  a  blue  tint,  or  lint 
of  blue.  In  painting,  tints  are  the  colors 
considered  as  more  or  less  bright,  deep  or 
thin,  by  the  due  use  and  intermixture  of 
whiili  a  picture  receives  its  shades,  soft 
ness  and  Viuiety. 

Or  blend  in  beauteous  tint  the  colot"d  mass 

Pope. 


Their  vigor  sickens,  and  their  tints  decline,   j 

llarte.' 

TINT,  V.  t.  To  tinge;  to  give  a  slight  col- 
oring to.  Htward. 
TIN'-WOKM,  n.  [tin  and  worm.]  An  insect. 

Baileij. 

TIN' Y,  a.  [from  the  root  of  thin,  which  see.] 
Very  small ;  lilile  ;  puny.  [Ji  word  usedl 
by  children,  and  in  burlesque^ 

When  that  1  was  a  little  tiny  boy.  Shak.l 

TIP,  n.  [U.  tip,  a  different  orthography  of] 
top  ;  G.  zipfel ;  that  is,  a  shoot  or  exten- 
sion to  a  point.  Qu.  Eth. '^5*'f  1  thybe,  the 
nipple.] 

The  end  ;  the  point  or  extieniity  of  any 
thing  small  ;  as  the  tip  of  the  finger;  the 
lip  id' a  spear;  the  lip  ol  the  tongue  ;  the 
tip  of  the  ear.  Addison.     Pope. 

One  j>art  of  the  play  at  nine-pins. 

Dryden. 

3.  In  botany,  an  anther.  fVitlienng. 

Til',   V.  I.    Vo  lurm  a  point  with  soinethmg; 

to  cover  the  tip,  top  or  end  ;  as,  to  tip  any 

tlmig  with  gold  or  silver. 

With  truncheon  tipp'd  with  iron  head. 

Hudibras. 
Tipp'd  with  jet. 
Fair  ernjines  spotless  as  the  snows  they  press. 

Thonisun. 
[for  lap.]  To  strike  slightly,  or  vitb  the 
end  of  any  thing  small ,  to  tap. 

A  thiid  rogue  tips  me  by  tlie  elbow.  Swifl. 
To  lower  one  end,  or  throw  upon  the 
end  ;  as,  to  tip  a  cart  for  discharging  a 
load.  [jV.  Engla7id.] 
To  lip  the  wink,  to  direct  a  wink,  or  to  wink 
to  another  lor  notice.  Pope. 

TIP,  i:  i.  In  the  phrase,  to  tip  off,  that  is,  to 

fidl  headlong;  hence,  to  die. 
TIPPED,  ( 
TIPT,         <,  PP 
TIP'PET,  n.   [Sax.  twppet.     It  seems  to  be 

formed  from  tirppe.  tape.] 
A  narrow  garment  or  covering  for  the  neck, 
worn  by  females.     It  is  now  made  of  fu 
though  formerly  of  some  kind  of  cloth. 

Bacon. 

TIP'PING,  ppr.  Covering  the  end  or  tip. 
TIP'PLE,  V.  i.  [Qu.   D.   zuipen;  Fr.   toper. 
This  word  and  tope  are  probably  of  one 
family,  and  I  suspect  them  to  be  from  the 
root  of  dip.     See  Drink.] 
To  drink  spiritous  or  strong  liquors  habitu- 
ally ;  to  indulge  in  the  frequent  and  im- 
proper use  of  spiritous  liquors.     \Vhen  a 
man  begins  to  tipple,  let  his  creditors  se- 
cure their  debts. 
TIP'PLE,  V.  I.  To  drink,  as  strong  liquors, 
in  luxury  or  excess. 

— Himself  for  saving  charges 
A  peel'd,  slic'd  onion  eats,  and   iipples  ver- 
juice. iJryden. 
TIP'PLE,  7t.  Drink  ;  liquor  taken  in  tippling. 

L'  Estrange. 
TIP'PLED,pp.  Drank  in  excess. 
'i.  a.  Intoxicated  ;  inebriated.  Drtjden. 

TIP  PLEK,  n.  One  who  habitually  indulges 
in  the  excessive  use  of  spiritous  llqiiurs;  i 
drunkard;  a  sot.     It  however  signifies  ol 
ten  a  person  who  habitually  drinks  strong 
li((Uors,  withotit  absolute  drunkenness. 
TIP'PLING, /jpr.  Indulging  in  the  habitual 

use  of  striuigor  spiritous  liquors. 
TIP'PLINt;,  n.    The  habitual    practice  of 
drinking   strong   or    spiritous   liquors;   a 
drinking  to  excess. 


Having  the  end  covered. 


TIP'PLING-HOi;SE,  n.  [tipple  and  *oi(se,] 
A  liouse  in  which  liquors  are  sold  in  drame 
or  small  quantities,  and  where  men  are 
accustomed  to  spend  their  time  and  mo- 
nev  in  exi  essive  drinking. 

TIP'"-STAKF,  n.  [tip  and  staff.]  An  officer 
w  bo  bears  a  staff  tipped  with  metal  ;  a 
constable. 

2.  A  st:iff  lipped  with  metal.  Bacon. 

TIP't<Y,  a.  [from  tipple.]  Fuddled ;  over- 
powered with  strong  drink  ;  intoxicated. 

TIP'TOE,  ?i.  [tip  and  loe.]  The  end  of  the 
toe. 

Upon  his  tiptoes  stalketh  stately  by. 

Spe)ise>\ 

[To  be  or  to  stand  a  tiptoe,  to  be  awake  or 
alive  to  any  thing  ;  to  be  roused  ;  as,  to  be 

I     a  tiptoe  with  expectation. 

TIP'TOP,  rt.  The  highest  or  utmost  degree. 

"I'lRA'DE,  n.  [It.  tirata;  Fr.  tirade,  a  train 
or  scries,  from  tirer,  to  draw.] 

1.  Formerly  in  French  music,  the  filling  of 
an  interval  by  the  intermediate  diatonic 
notes.  Cyc. 

2.  In  modern  usage,  a  strain  or  flight ;  a  se- 
ries of  violent  declamation. 

Heic  he  delivers  a  violent  tirade  against  all 

persons  who  profess  to  know  any  thing  about 

angels.  (^art.  Heview. 

TIRE,  n.  [Hcb.  liD  tur,  a  row  orseries.  See 

Class  Dr.  N.,.  .4  -;4.  :«.  38.  and  No.  15.} 

1.  A  tier  ;  a  row  or  rank.  This  is  the  same 
word  as  tier,  djflerently  written.  [See  Tier 
and  Tour.] 

2.  A  bead  dress ;  something  that  encom- 
passes the  head.  [See  Tiara.]  Ezek. 
xxiv.    Is.  iii. 

On  her  head  she  wore  a  tire  of  gold. 

Spenser. 

3.  Furniture;  apparatus;  as  the /iVf  of  war. 

Philips. 

4.  Attire.     [See  Attire.] 

5.  A  band  or  hoop  of  iron,  used  to  bind  the 
fellies  of  wheels,  to  secure  them  friun 
wearing  and  breaking  ;  as  van-tire  ;  wag- 
on-iiVc.  This  tiie  liowever  is  generally 
formed  of  different  pieces,  and  is  not  one 
entire  hoop. 

TIRE,  V.  t.  To  adorn;  to  attire;  to  dress; 
as  the  head.  Obs.  [See  Atlire.]  2  Kings 
ix. 

TIRE,  ti.  t.  [Sax./eorian,  aleorian.  geteorian, 
to  fail.  In  D.  teeren  signifies  to  tar.  to  [line, 
to  waste  or  consume,  to  digest ;  Gr.  Tfipu  ; 
L.  tero.  In  Ir  and  Gaelic,  tor,toras,tiiirse, 
is  weariness;  tuirsighim,to  wearv.to/tVc] 

1.  To  weary;  to  fatigue;  to  exhaust  the 
strength  by  toil  or  labor;  as,  to  tire  a 
horse  or  an  ox.  A  long  day's  work  in 
suminer  will  tire  the  laborer. 

Tir'd  with  toil,  all  hopes  of  safely  past. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  weary  ;  to  fatigue  ;  to  exhaust  the 
power  of  attending,  or  to  exhaust  patience 
with  dullness  or  tedionsiiess.  A  dull  ad- 
vocate may  lire  the  court  and  jury,  and  in- 
jure his  cause. 

To  tire  out,  to  weary  or  fatigue  to  excess  ;  to 
harass.  Ticket. 

TIRE,  V.  i.  To  become  weary;  to  be  fa- 
tigued; to  have  the  strength  "fail ;  to  have 
the  patience  exhausted.  A  feeble  body 
soon  tires  with  hard  labor. 

Tl'RI'.I), ///).   Wearied;  fatigued. 

TI'REI)i<ESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  wea- 
ried; wearinesB.  HaketeilL 


T  I  T 


T  I  T 


TIT 


TI'RESOME,  a.  Wearisome  ;  fatiguing  ; 
exiiaiistiiig  the  streiij^th  ;  as  a  tiresome 
ilay's  work;  a  tiresome  }ouvney. 

2.  Tcilious;  cxhaustiiif,'  the  patience;  as  a 
tiresome  discourse.  Tlie  ilcbates  in  con- 
gress are  said  to  be  sometimes  very  tire- 
some. 

TIRESOMENESS,  n.  The  act  or  quality 
of  tiring  or  exhausting  strength  or  jia- 
tience  ;  wearisonieness  ;  tedionsness  ;  as 
the  tiresomeness  of  work  or  of  a  dull  speak- 
er. 

TI'KEWoMAN,  Ji.  [tire  and  woman.]  A 
woman  whose  occupation  is  to  make  head 
dresses.  hocke. 

TI'KING,  ppr.  Wearying  ;  fatiguing  ;  ex- 
hausiing  strength  ur  patience. 

Tl'RING  HOUSE,  ?       The  room  or  place 

TI'RING-ROOM,  y  where  players  dress 
for  tlie  stage.  Sliak 

TIR'WIT,  n.  Al)ird.     [L.  vanellus.] 

Ainsworlh. 

N.  B.  The  lapwing  is  called  teeWit  in  Scot 
land,  [FaI.  tlncijc.)  and  the  lapwing  is  the 
vaiiellus. 

'TIS,  a  ciinrraction  of  i<  is. 

T1S'I€,        (        .tas:.  [for  phthisic,  jihthis 

TIS'lt'AL,  S  "■   icat.]     Cmisumptive. 

TlS'lC,  n.  s  as  :.  [supra.]  Consuinjjtion  ; 
ni'irlnd  waste. 

TIS'Rl,  n.  The  first  Hebrew  month  of  the! 
civil  ye.ir,  and  the  seventh  of  the  ecclesi- 
astical ;  answering  to  a  part  of  our  Sep- 
tember and  a  part  of  October. 

TISSUE,  n.  tish'u.  [Fr.  tissu,  woven;  tisser, 
to  lay  ihe  groiMid-work  of  lace,  to  weave.] 

1.  Clotli  mterwovi'ii  with  gold  or  silver,  or 
with  ligured  colors. 

A  robe  of  tissue,  stiff  with  golden  wire. 

Vtyden. 

2.  In  annlomi/,  texture  or  organization  of 
parts.  The  peculiar  intimate  structure  of 
a  part  is  called  its  tissue.  A  part  of  a 
fibrous  siriictiu-e  is  called  a  fibrous  tissue. 
The  organs  of  the  body  are  made  up  of 
simpler  elements,  some  generally  diffused 
through  tlie  body,  and  others  peculiar  to 
particular  organs.  These  simpler  struc- 
tures are  called  the  tissues  of  the  body  ;  as 
the  cellular  tissue  ;  the  mucous  tissue,  &c\ 
The  cellular  tissue  is  the  ceilul.ir  mem- 
brane. Bichnt.     Ci/c. 

3.  A  connected  series ;  as,  the  whole  story 
is  a  tissue  of  forgeries  or  of  falstdiood. 

TIS'SUE,  r.  t.  To  form  tissue  ;  to  inter 
weave ;  to  variegate. 

The  chariot  was  covered  with  cloth  of  gold 
tissued  upon  blue.  Bacon. 

TIS'SUED,  pp.  Interwoven  ;  formed  witli 
variegated  work. 

TISSUING,  ppr.  Interweaving;  forming 
with  variegated  work. 

TIT,  n.  A  small  horse,  in  contempt ;  a  wo 
man,  in  contempt ;  a  small  bird  ;  a  titmou.se 
or  tomtit. 

TIT  \N,  )       In  mineralogy,  a  metal  of 

Tir\'NiUl\I.  ^  "■  modern  discovery,  an(' 
of  a  dark  copper  color,  first  found  in  Corn 
wall  in  Englanil.  It  occurs  in  different 
states  of  oxydation  or  intermixture,  in  va 
rious  p.-irts  of  the  world.  It  exists  in  three 
different  states  of  oxydation  ;  the  first  is 
blue  or  [lurple,  the  second  red,  and  the 
third  white.  The  ores  of  th  s  metal  are 
calle<l  nienachauite,  from  Menaihan  in 
Cornwall,  where  it  was  originally  found  ; 


iserine,  from  the  river  Iser,  in  Silesia; 
iiigrine,  from  its  black  color  ;  sphene,  ru- 
tile,  and  oi-tahedrite. 

TITAn/t'U;    (  "•  I'^rtaining  to  titanium. 

TITANIE'EKOIJS,    a.    [titan   or   titanium 

and  L./cro.]   Producing  titanium  ;  as  titan 


jTIT'L'ARK,  n.  [tit  SinA  lark.]  A  small  bird, 

a  species  of  Alauda  or  lark. 
TI'TLE,  n.  [L.titulus;  h.  tUolo.  This  may 
belong  to  the  family  of  Gr.  tiSijui,  to  set 
or  put ;  Sax.  tithian,  to  give.] 
'1.  An  inscription   put  over  any  thing  as  a 
name  by  which  it  is  known, 
i/crou.?' pyrites.  ~  Cleavetaiid..i.  The    inscription   in    the    beginning   of  a 

TI'TANITE,  n.  An  ore  or  oxyd  of  litani-       book,  containing  the  subject  of  the  work, 
um,  comimudy  of  a  reddish  brown  color,  I     and  sometimes  the  author's  name, 
when  it  is  opake ;  it  occurs  also  in  pris-  :{.  In^fte  ci'ri/ and  canon  taws,  a  chapter  or 
matic  crystals  terminated  by  pyramids  ofji     division  ot  a  book. 

a  blood  red  color,  and  is  then  transluccnt,,4.  An  appellation  of  dignity,  distinction  or 

or  transparent.  PhilU,    .li     pre-eminence  given  to  persons  ;  as  duke, 

TITBIT,  »!.  A  tender  piece.     [See  TW6i7.]||     marriuis  and  the  like.  Cyc. 

TI'THABLE,  a.  Subject  to  the  payment  oflj, 

tithes.  Swijl}^ 

TITHE,  n.  [Sax.  teotha,  probably  contracted 
from  teogetha,  as  the  verb  is  leighthian,  to 


C. 
lecimate.     See  Ten.) 
The  tenth  part  of  any  thing;  but  appropri- 
ately, the  tenth  part  of  the  increase  aiinii 
ally   arising  from   the  profits  of  land  and  ! 
Slock,  allotted  to  the  <-lergy   for  their  sup-  j 
port.     Tithes  are  personal,  predial,  or  mu- 
ed ;  personal,  when   accruing  from  labor,:! 
art,  triule  and  navigation  ;  predial,  when |[ 
i.ssuing  from  the  earth,   as  hay,   wood  and  i 
fruit  ;    and     mixed,    when    accruing    from 
beasts,  which  are  fed  from  the  ground.       I 

Jilarkstone.'y, 

TITHE,  I'.  /.  To  levy  a  tenth  part  on;  to  tax  | 
to  the  amount  of  a  tenth.  |  S. 

When  thou  bast  made  an  end  of  tithing  all 
the  tithes  of  thine  increase.      Deul.  xxvi. 
Ye  (i(/ie  mint  and  rue.     Luke  xi. 

TITHE,  1'.  J.  To  pnv  tithes.  Tusser. 

TI'TIIEn.  /(/)    Taxed  a  tenth. 

TI''i'HE-FREE,  a.  Exempt  from  the  pay- 
ment of  tithes. 

TITHE-PAYING,   a.   Paying  tithes;  sub- 
jected to  pay  titlies.  Franklin. 

Ti'TIIFR,  n.  One  who  collects  tithes. 

TI'TIHNG,  ppr.    Levying  a  tax   on,  to  tlie;i 
amount  of  a  tenth. 

Tl'TIHNG,  71.  A 

company  often  householders,  who  dwell- 


A  name  ;  an  appellation. 
Ill  woitby  1  such  (i(/e  should  belong 
To  me  transgressor.  Jifilton. 

Right;  or  that  which  constitutes  a  just 
cau.so  of  exclusive  possession  ;  that  which 
is  the  foundation  of  ownership;  as  a  good 
tillc  to  an  estate  ;  or  an  imperfect  (i(/f. 
The  lowest  degree  of  title  is  naked  p.)sscs- 
sion,  then  comes  the  right  of  possession, 
and  lastly  the  right  of  property,  all  which 
united  complete  the  title.  Blackstont. 

But  possession  is  not  essential  to  a  com- 
plete title.     A  title  to  personal   property 
may  be  acquired  by  occupancy.     A  claim 
is  not  a  title. 
The  instrument  .which  is  evidence  of  a 


right. 

In  the  canon  law,  that  by  which  a  benefi- 
ciary holds  a  benefice.  This  is  true  and 
valid,  or  C(dorable.  A  ralid  title  jiives  a 
right  to  the  hiiiefice.  A  colorable  title 
appears  to  be  valid,  hut  is  not.  Cyc. 

i).  In  ancient  church  records,  a  church  to 
which  a  priest  was  ordained,  and  where 
he  was  to  reside.  Cnicel. 

TI'TLE,  v.t.  To  name;  to  call  ;  to  entitle. 

MMon, 
TITLED,  pp.  Called ;  named. 
2.  a.  Having  a  title. 

^TITLELESS,    a.    Not   having   a  title   or 

.  1      name.     \.\'ot  in  use.]  Shak. 

leccnnary  ;  a  number  ^.rJTI'TLE-PAtiE,    n.    [title  and  page.]    The 

page  of  a  book  which  contains  its  title. 


iiig  near  each  other,  were  sureties  or  free- 
pledges  to  the  king  for  the  gooil  behavior 
of  each  otiier.  The  institution  of  tithings 
in  England  is  ascribed  to  Alfred. 

Blackstone. 

TI  THINGiVIAN,     n.     [tithing    and    man.] 

1.  Tlie  chief  man  of  a  tithing  ;  a    lieadbo-| 
rotigh ;  one  elected   to   preside   over  thei]rpjrp,rjigj^ 
tithing.  BlacLitone.' 

2.  A  peace  officer ;  an  under  constable. 

3.  In  jYew  England,  a  parish  officer  annual- 
ly elected  to  preserve  good  order  in  the 
church  during  divine  service,  and  to  make 
complaint  of  any  disorderly  conduct. 

TITH'YMAL,  n.  [Fr.  tithymale;  Gr.   t<.9v- 

fxa.'Koi,  from  titdoi,  the  breast.] 
A   plant,  milk  thistle,  of  the  genus  Euphor-l 

bia.  I 

TITILLATE,  v.i.  [L.  titiUo.]  To  tickle.     1 
The  [Hiiigent  grains  of  titillating  dust. 


Tl'TLING,    ppr.     Calling  ;  denominating  ; 

entitling. 
TITMOUSE,  n.  [tit,  small,  and  mowe.]    A 

small  bird  of  the  genus  Parus.      Dryden. 
TITTER,  r.  i.  To  laugh   with  the  tongue 

striking   against   tlie    root   of  the   upper 

teeth  ;  to  laugh  with  restraint.  Pope, 

n.  A  restrained  laugh. 
2.  A  weed. 
TITTLE,  n.  [from  tit,  small.]  A  small  par- 

tirle;  a  miniile  part;  a  jot:  an  iota. 
TITTLE-TATTLE,    n.    [tnllle,   donhle.l.] 
L   1. lie  trilling  talk  ;  empty  prattle.        Prior. 
2.   An  idle  tritliiiir  t;ilker.     [Less  proper.] 
TITTLE-TATTLE,  v.  i.    To  talk  idly;  to 

prate.  Sidney. 

TITUBA'TION,  n.  [L.  titubo,  to  stumble.] 

The  act  ofstuinbliriL'. 
PIT  ULAR,  a.  [Fr.  titulaire ;  from  L.  titu- 


TIT'ILLATIN'G,  ppr.  Tickling. 
TITILLA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  titillatio.]] 
\l.  The  act  of  tickling;  or  the  state  of  being  i 

tiikled.  Bacon,     .irbulhttot.l'i. 

i.  Any  slight  ple.tsure. 

lb ■■  products  of  those  titillations  that  reach, 

no  higher  than  the  senses.  Glanville.] 


Pope.]     lus.] 

11.  Existing  in  title  or  name  only  ;  nominal ; 


having  or  conferring  the  title  only;  as  a 
titular  king  <u"  prince. 
Having  the  title  to  an  office  or  dignity 
witliout  discharging  the  duties  of  it. 
Both  Valerius  and  Austin  were  titular  bishops. 

.^yliffc. 


T  O 

TIT'TILAR,      I       A  person  invested  wlthji 

TlTiJLARV,  s"'  a  title,  in  virtue  of  wliiclij; 
he  Im>Ms  an  office  or  benefice,  whether  he  { 
perlorins  the  iluties  of  it  or  not.  C;jc. 

TITULARiTY,  7!.  The  state  of  being  titu- 
|,,P  Broii'ti. 

TI T'ULARLY,    adv.    Nominally  ;  by   title 

TIT'ULARY,  a.  Consisting  m  a  title. 

Bacon. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  title.  Bacon. 

TIV'ER,  n.  A  kind  of  ocher  which  is  used 
in  marking  sheep  in  some  parts  ot  Eng-! 
land.     [Local.]  Cyc.^ 

TIV'ER,  I!,  t.  To  mark  sheep  with  tiver,  in 
ditferent  ways  and  for  different  purposes. 
[Local.] 

TIV'ERIiVG,  ppr.  Marking  with  tiver. 
[Local.]  ! 

TIV'ERING,  n.  Tlie  act  or  practice  ol 
markmi;  with  tiver.     [Local.]  Ctjc. 

TIV'Y,  adv.  [!5ee  Tanlivij.]  With  great 
speed  ;  a  huntsman's  word  or  sound. 

Dryden. 

TO,  prep.  [Sax.  to;  D.  te  or  toe;  G.  zii ;  Ir. 
G.ielic,  do;  Corn.  Mo.  Tnis  is  probably 
a  contracted  word,  l>ut  from  what  verb  it 
is  not  easy  to  ascertain.  The  sense  is  ob- 
vious; it  denotes  passmg,  moving  towards. 
Tiie  pronunciation  is  to  or  too,  and  tins 
depends  much  on  its  application  or  its 
emphasis.] 

1.  Noting  motion  towards  a  place  ;  opposed 
to  from,  or  placed  after  another  word  e.\- 
pressing  motion  towards.  He  is  going  to 
church. 

2.  Noting  motion  towards  a  state  or  condi- 
tion. He  is  going  to  a  trade  ;  he  is  rising 
to  wealth  and  honor. 

3.  Noting  accord  or  adaptation  ;  as  an  occu- 
pation suited  to  his  taste ;  she  has  a  hus- 
banil  to  her  mind. 

4.  Noting  address  or  compellation,  or  the 
direction  of  a  discourse.  These  remarks 
were  addressed  to  a  large  audience. 

To  vou,  my  noble  lord  of  Westmoiehnd  ; 

I  pledge  your  grace.  Shak. 

5.  Noting  attention  or  application. 

Go,  buckle  to  the  law.  Dryden. 

Meditate   upon  these  things ;    give  yourself 
wholly  to  them.     1  Tim.  iv. 

6.  Noting  addition. 

Add  to  your  faith,  virtue.     2  Pet.  i. 
Wisdom  he  has,  and  to  his  wisdom,  courage. 

Denham 

7.  Noting  opposition.  They  engaged  hand 
to  hand. 

8.  Noting  amount,  rising  to.     They   met  ii 
to  the  number  of  three  hundred. 

0.  Noting  proportion;  as,  three  \sto  nine  as 
nine  is  to  twenty  seven.  It  is  ten  to  one 
that  you  will  offend  by  your  officiousness 

10.  Noting  possession  or  ap|)ropriation.  We 
have  a  good  seat;  let  us  keep  it  to  our 
selves. 

11.  Noting  perception  ;  as  a  substance  sweet 
(o  the  taste;  an  event  painful  to  the  mind. 

12.  Noting  the  subject  of  an  affirmation. 


T  O 


1  have  a  king's  oath  (o  the  contrary.       Hhak. 

13.  hi  comparison  of. 

All  that  they  did  was  piety  to  this. 

B.  Sanson 

14.  As  far  as. 

Few  of  the  Esquimaux  can  count  to  ten. 

15.  Noting  intention. 


— Mark*  and  points  out  each  man  of  us  tw^ 

.slaughter.  B.  Jomon 

[In  this  sense,/dr  is  now  used.]  , 

IC.  After  an  adjective,  noting  the  object ;  n.s 

deaf  to  the  cries  of  distress;  alive  to  the' 

sufferings  of  the  poor.     He  was  attentive 

to  the  ounpany,  or  to  the  discourse. 

17.  Noting  obligation;  as  duty  <o  God  and 
to  our  parents. 

18.  Noting  enmity  ;  as  a  dislike  to  spiritous 
liqiiors. 

19.  Towards  ;  as,  she  stretched  her  arms  to 
heaven.  Dryden. 

•20.  Noting  effect  or  end.     The  prince  was, 
flattered  to   his  ruin.     He    engaged   in  a 
war  to  his  cost.     Violent  factions  exist  to 
the  prejudice  of  the  state. 
Numbers  were  crowded  to  death. 

Clarendon. 

21.  To,  as  a  sign  of  the  infinitive,  precedes, 
the  radical  verb.  Sojnetimes  it  is  used 
instead  of  the  ancient  form, /or  (o,  noting 
pifiposc.  David  in  his  life  time  intended 
to  build  a  temple.  The  legislature  assem- 
bles aiiiuially  to  make  and  amend  laws. 
The  court  will  sit  in  February  to  try  some 
important  causes. 

22.  It  precedes  the  radical  verb  after  adjec- 
tives, noting  the  object  ;  as  ready  to  go  ;i 
prompt  to  obey ;  quick  to  hear,  but  slow 
to  censure. 

>3.  It  precedes  the  radical  verb,  noting  the 
object. 

riie  delay  of  our  hopes  teaches  us  to  mortify 
our  desires.  Smatlridge. 

24.  It  precedes  the  radical  verb,  noting  con- 
sequence. 

1   have  done  my  utmost  to   lead    my  life  so 
pleasantly  as  to  forget  my  misfortunes.       Pope. 

25.  It  notes  extent,  degree  or  end.  He  lan- 
guishes to  death,  even  to  death.  The  wa- 
ter rises  to  the  hightli  of  twenty  feet. 
The  line  extends  from  one  end  to  the 
other. 

2G.  .'\fter  the  substantive  verb,  and  with  the 
radical  verb,  it  denotes  futurity.  The  con- 
struction, we  (ire  to  meet  at  ten  o'clock, 
every  man  at  death  is  to  receive  the  re- 
ward of  his  deeds,  is  a  particular  form  of 
expressins  future  time. 

27.  After  have,  it  denotes  duty  or  necessity. 
I  have  a  debt  (o  pay  on  Saturday. 

28.  To-day,  lo-nisrhl,  to-morrow,  are  iiecnliar 
phrases  derived  from  our  ancestors.  To 
in  the  two  first,  has  the  sense  or  force  of 
this;  this  day,  this  night.  In  the  last,  it  is 
equivalent  to  in  (u-  on  ;  in  or  on  the  nior 
row.  The  words  may  be  considered  a 
compounds,  to-day,  tn-niirht,  to  morrow, 
and  usually  as  adverbs.  But  sometimes 
they  are  used  as  nouns ;  as,  to-day  is  ours. 

Cowley. 
To  and  fro,  backward  and  forward.     In  this 

phrase,  to  is  adverbial. 
To  the  face,  in  presence  of;  not  in   the  ab- 
sence of. 

1  withstood  \mn  face  to  face.     Gal.  ii. 
To-morrow,  to-morrow,  and  to-morrow. 
Creeps  in  this  petty  pace  from  day  to  day. 

Shak. 


[Note. — In  the  foregoing  explanation  of  to,  it  i.s  to; 
be  considered  that  the  defmitioii  f;iveii  is  not 
always  the  sense  of  to  by  itself,  but  the  sense 
rather  of  the  word  preceding  it,  or  connected 
with  it,  or  of  (oil!  connection  with  other  words 
In  general,  to  is  used  in  the  sense  of  moving  to- 
wards a  place,   or   towards  ao  object,   or  it  ex- 


T  O  B 

presses  direction  towards  a  place,  end,  object 
or  puipose.] 
To  is  often  used  adverbially  to  modify  the 
sense  of  verbs  ;  as,  to  come  to ;  to  Aeai'e  to. 
The  sense  of  such  phrases  is  explained 
under  the  verbs  respectively. 
In   popuhir  phrases   like  the  following,  "I 
will   not  come ;  you  shall  to,  or  too,  a  gen- 
iiine  Saxon   phrase,   to  denotes  moreover, 
besides,  h.  insuper. 
TO.\D,  n.   [Sax.  lade,  tadige.]    A    paddoc, 
an  animal   of  the  genus  Raiia,    the  liana 
Bufo  o\'  Limie;    a  small   clumsy   animal, 
the   body  warty,  thick    and   ilisgustmg  to 
the  sight,  but  perfectly  harmless,   and   in- 
deed it  is  said  to  be  useful   in  gardens  by 
feeding  on  noxious  worin.s. 
TO.VD-E.ATER,  n.   A   vulgar  name  given 
to  a  fawning,  obsequious  parasite  ;  a  mean 
sycophant. 
TOAD-FISH,  71.  [toad  and  fsh.]^  A  fish  of 
the  genus  Lophius.  the  fishing  frog.      Cyc. 
TOAD-FLAX,  11.  [toad  AutX  fax.]     A  plant 
of  the  genus  Autirrhinum;  snap-dragon; 
calve.-s'  snout. 
TOADISH,  a.  Likeatoad.     [Xot  used.] 

Stafford. 
TOAD-STONE,  ?i.  [toad  and  stone.]  In 
mineralogy,  a  sort  of  trap  rock,  <d"  a  brown- 
ish gray  color.  The  toail-stone  of  Derby- 
shire is  generally  a  dark  brown  basaltic 
ani>  gdaloid,  composed  of  basalt  and  green 
eartii,  and  containing  oblong  cavities  filled 
with  calciirious  spar.  Cyc. 

TOAD-STOOL,  n.  [toad  am]  stool.]    A  sort 
of  fungous  plant  that  grows  in  moist  and 
rich  grounds  like  a  mushroom. 
TOAST,  D.  t.  [Sp.  Port,   tostar,   to   toast  or 
roast.     Qi!.  are  these  from  the  L.  tostus  ?] 

1.  To  dry  and  scorch  by  the  heat  of  a  fire; 
as,  to  toast  bread  or  cheese.  [It  is  chiefly 
limited  in  its  application  to  these  two  arti- 
cles.] 

2.  To  warm  thoroughly ;  as,  to  toast  th& 
feet.     [Ao<  much  used.] 

i.  To  name  when  a  health  is  drank  ;  to  drink 
to  the  health  in  honor  of;  as,  to  toast  a 
lady.  Addison  writes  ''  to  toast  the  health  ;" 
a  form  of  expression  I  believe  not  now 
used. 

TOAST,  71.  Bread  dried  and  scorched  by 
the  fire  ;  or  such  bread  dipped  in  melted 
butter,  or  in  some  liquor.  Dry  toast  is 
bread  scorched,  or  it  is  scor<died  bread 
with  butter  spread  upon  it.  Soft  toast  is 
made  by  immersing  toasted  bread  in  melt- 
ed butter,  aii<l  called  dipped  toast. 

2.  A  female  whose  health  is  drank  in  honor 
or  respect. 

The  wise  man's  passion,  and  the  vain  man's 
tuast.  Pope. 

3.  He  or  that  which  is  named  in  honor  in 
drinking. 

rOA.STED,  pp.  Scorched  by  heat;  named 

in  driiikinc  the  heiilth. 
TOASTER,  n.  One  who  toasts. 
2.    An  instrument    for    toasting   bread    or 

cheese. 
TO'ASTING,  ppr.  Scorching  by  fire ;  drink- 

ini:  to  the  honor  of. 
TOBACCO,  (1.  [so  named   from  Tabaco.  a. 

province  of  Yucatan,  in  Spanish  .America, 


where    it  was   first   found    by  the  Span- 
iards.] 
A  plant,  a  native  of  America,  of  the  genus 
Nicotiana,  much  used   for  smoking   and 


TOG 


T  O  K 


T  O  L 


chewing  and  in  KtiufT.  As  a  medicine,  it; 
is  imrcotic.  Ti)bace(i  has  a  slroii|^  disa- 
greenlile  sinell,  and  an  acrid  tasto.  Wlion 
first  usrd  it  sometimes  occasions  vomit-] 
in^  ;  l>itt  tlie  practice  of  using  it  in  any 
form,  soon  conquers  distaste,  anil  Ibrins  a 
relisli  for  it  tliat  is  strong  and  almost  im- 
coiiqnernhln. 

TOBACCONIST,  n.  A  dealer  in  tobacco; 
also,  a  inaMufacturer  of  tobacco. 

TOIJAC'CO-IMPK,  n.  [tobacco  and  pipe] 
A  |>ipc  used  for  smokiuff  tobacco,  often 
made  id"  clay  and  baked,  sometimes  of 
other  material. 

TOUAC'CO-l'll'E  €L.\Y,  re.  A  species  of 
clav  ;  called  also  citiiolitc. 

TOBACCO-PIPK  FI8II,  n.  A  name  of  the 
Si/nguathus  Acus  of  Liiine;  called  alsoj 
needle-fish.  Ci/c.'. 

TOCK'AY,  11.  A  species  of  spotted  lizard 
in  India.  t'yc.! 

TOCSIN,  n.  [Fr. ;  Armoric,  focr/,  a  stroke, 
from  the  root  of  toucli,  and  soiin  or  seing, 
sntnid.] 

An  alarm  bell,  or  the  ringing  of  a  bell  for  the 
purpose  of  alarm. 

TOD,  n.  [Ill  Gaelic,  tod  is  a  clod,  a  mass.] 

1.  A  bush;  a  thick  shrub.     Obs.        Spenser. 

'2.  A  quantity  of  wool  of  twenty  eight  pounds, 
or  two  stone. 


3.  A  fox.  B.Jonson  

TOD,  v.t.  To   weigh;    to   produce  a   tod.j.)   rp^  weary;  to 
[jVot  in  use.]  Shfik.y'  works  of  war. 

TO-DAY,  11.  [to  and  day.]    The  present  day.jj 
TOD'DY,    «.    A    juice  (Irnwn    (yoin    vari-  tqil,  n.  Labor  with  pain  and  fatigue  ;  la 


in  or  into  union.  i 

The  king  joined  litimanity  and  policy  togeth-\ 

er.  Bacon. 

3.  In  the  same  place;  as,  to  live  together  in] 
one  house.  ] 

4.  In  the  same  time ;  as,  to  live  together  in, 
the  same  age.  1 

i>.  In  concert ;  as,  the  allies  made  war  upon] 

France  together. 
6.  Into  junction  or  a  state  of  union;  as,   toi 
sew,  knit,  pin  or  fasten  two  things  (ogetttr; 
to  mix  things  together. 
Together  with,  in  union  with  ;  in  company  or 
mixture  with. 

Take  the  bad  together  with  the  good. 

Dryden 
TOG'GEL,  n.  A  small  wooden  pin  taper- 
ng  towards  both  ends.  Mar.  Diet 

TOIL,  V.  i.  [Sax.  teolan,  tiolan,  to  strive, 
strain,  urpe,  to  prepare,  to  heal,  to^iV,  and 
tilian,  tiligan,  to  prepare  or  provide,  to 
till,  to  toil,  to  study  or  he  solicitous;  Russ. 
dialayu.  The  primary  sense  is  expressed 
in  the  Saxon,  to  strain,  to  urge.  Class  Dl.] 
To  labor  ;  to  work  ;  to  exert  strength  with| 
pain  and  fatigue  of  body  or  mind,  partic- 
ularly of  the  body,  with  eli'orts  of  some 
continuance  or  duration. 

Master,  we  have  toiled  all  night  and  caught 

nothing.     Luke  v. 

TOIL,  V.  t.  To  (oi7  out,  to  labor  ;  to  work  out. 

Toil'd  out  my  uiiconlli  passage —       .Milton. 

overlabor ;  as    taifd   with 

[Xot 


ous  kinds  of  the  palm  in  the  E.  Indies;  or 
a  liquor  prepared  from  It. 

2.  A  mixture  of  spirit  and  vv.iter  sweetened. 
Toddy  (llffers  from  grog  in  having  a 
greater  proportion  of  spirit,  and  in  being 
sweetened.  i 

TO'DY,  11.  A  genus  of  insectivorous  birds,! 
of  the  order  of  Picte;  natives  of  vv.irmi 
climates.  Cyc.     Ed.  jEiiciycj 

TOE,  n.  [Sax.  <a;  G.  zehe  ;  Sw.  _ta:  Dan. 
taae  ;  Fr.  doigt  du  pied  ;  L.  digitus.  Toe\ 
is  contracted  from  <og.  the  primary  word 
on  which  L.  digitus  is  lormed,  eoinciiliug 
with  dug,  and  signifying   a  shoot.     Class 

L  One  of  the  small  members  which  form 
the  extremity  of  the  liiot,  corresponding 
to  a  finger  on  the  band.  The  toe.s  in  their' 
form  and  structure  resemble  the  fingers, 
but  are  shorter. 

2.  The  fore  part  of  the  hoof  of  a  horse,  and 
ofother  hoofed  animals. 

3.  Tlie  incmher  of  a  beast's  foot  correspond- 
ing lo  the  to(^  in  man. 

TOFO'RE,  prep,  or  adv.   [Sax.   toforan  ;  to 

aiidybn;.] 
Before;  formerly.     Obs.  Shnk.\ 

TOFT,  )i.  [probably  from  the  root  of /ii/7.] 

1.  A  grove  of  trees.  Cyc. 

2.  [Dan.  tojle  or  toml.]  In  law  books,  a  place] 
where  a  messuage  has  stood,  but  Is  do- 
cayeil.  Cowel.     Cyc, 

TOG  ATED,  )        [L.  toga,  a  gown  ;  togntus.': 

TO'GED,  S  "■  gowned. ]  Gowned;  dress- 
ed in  a  gown  ;  wearing  a  gown  ;  as  toged 
consuls.  Shah.] 

TOGETHER,  arfi'.  [Sa.x.  logathre  ;  <o  and 
giitltcr.] 

1.  In  company.  We  walked  together  to  the 
wood. 


bor  that  oppresses  the  body  or  mind.  Toil] 
may  be  the  labor  of  the  lield  or  the  work- 
shop, or  of  the  camp.  \Vhat(oi/s  mcnen-| 
dure  for  the  acquisition  of  wealth,  power 
and  honor!     CJen.  v. 

TOIL,  11.  [Fr.  toiles,  snare,  trap;  Ir.  rfu/,  a 
snare  or  gin  ;  L.  tela,  a  web  ;  from  spread-l 
iiig,  extending  or  laying.) 

A  net  or  snare ;  any  thread,  web  or  string 
spread  lor  taking  prey. 

A  fly  falls  inlo  the  toils  of  a  spider. 

L'  Kslrangc. 

TOIL'ER,  71.  One  who  tolls,  or  labors  with 
pain. 

TOILET,  11.  [Fr.  (oi7e»f,  fronWoi/c,  cloth.] 

1.  A  covering  or  cloth  of  linen,  silk  or  tap- 
estry, spread  over  a  table  in  a  chamber  or 
dressing  room.     Hence, 

2.  A  dressing  table.  Pope. 
TOIL'ING,  ppr.  Laboring  with  pain. 
TOILSOME,    a.    Laborious;    wearisome; 

attended  with  fatigue  and  pain;  as  toil- 
some work  ;  a  toilsome  task. 

What  can  be  toilsome  in  these  pleasant  walks  .' 

.Milton. 

Producing  toll  ;  as  a  toilsome  day  or  jour- 

TOILSOMEXESS, 

wearisonieness. 
TOISE,  )i.  (ois.    [Fr.; 

measure  in   France, 

but    the   French    foot   is 

English,  70   being   equa 

feet. 
TOK.\'Y,  n.  A  kind  of  wine  produced  at 

Tokay  in  Hungary,  made  of  white  grapes. 

It  is  distinguished  from  other  wines  by  its 

aromatic  taste.     It   is  not   good   till  It  is 

about  three  years  old,  aud  it  coiitiiiues  to 

improve  as  long  as  it  is  kept. 


TOKEN,  n.  to'kn.  [Sax.  tacn,  tacen ;  Goth. 
tnikns  ;  D.  teeken ;  Dan.  legn  ;  Sw.  teckn ; 
G.  zeichen.  This  may  be  the  same  word 
as  the  L.  signum,  dialectlcally  varied,  or 
from  the  same  radix  ;  Gr.  htixixu:.] 

1.  A  sign  ;  something  intended  to  represent 
or  indicate  another  thing  or  an  event. 
Thus  the  rainbow  Is  a  token  of  God's  cov- 
enant established  with  Noah.  The  blood 
of  the  paschal  lamb,  sprinkled  on  the 
doors  of  the  Hebrews,  was  a  token  to  the 
destroying  angel  of  God's  will  that  he 
should  pass  by  those  houses.  Gen.  ix. 
Ex.  xii. 

Show  me  a  token  for  good.     Ps.  Ixxxvi. 

2.  A  mark.  In  pestilential  diseases,  tokeiiti 
are  liviil  spots  upon  the  body,  which  indi- 
cate the  approach  of  death.  Cyc. 

■i.  A  memorial  id'  friendship  ;  something  by 
which  the  friendship  of  another  person  is 
to  be  kept  In  mind.  Shak. 

4.  In  coinage,  tokens  were  coins  struck  in 
the  reign  of  Eli/abeth  in  the  cities  of 
Bristol,  Oxford  and  Worcester,  and  also 
by  private  persons,  which  were  put  into 
circulation,  and  upon  being  returned,  the 
issuer  gave  the  value  of  them  in  current 
money.  Cyc. 

In  printing,  ten  quiresof  paper  ;  an  extra 
quire  is  usually  added  to  every  other  to- 
ken, when  counted  out  for  the  press. 

TO'KEN,  I'.  I.  To  make  known.     [.Vol  in 

,     „     use.]  Shak. 

in  use  nor  proper  \       to'KENED,  a.  Being  marked  with  spots. 

•S*"*'  Shak. 

TOL,  V.  t.  [L.  tollo.]  To  take  away  ;  a  law 
term.  Cyc. 

TO'L.A,  r?.  In  India,  a  weight  for  gold  and 
silver,  but  dlflirent  in  difTerent  places. 

TOLD,  prct.  and  pp.  of  tell. 

Who  tuld  thee  that  thou  wast  naked  ?     Gen. 


n.       Lahoriousness 


)     A   fathom 
containing 
longer 
to   SI 


or  long 
six  feet ; 
than  the 


Thou  liast  mocked   me,  and   toUl  me   lies. 
Judges  xvi. 

— Sheep  and  oxen   that   could  not   be  told. 
1  Khiffs  viii. 
TOL-BOOTH.  [Se(!  Toll-booth.] 
TOLE,  v.t.  [I  know  not  from  what  source 
we  have  this  word;  but  it  coincides  with 


the  Ar.     _J^      dalli 
opic   has     T  A  ffl 


to  draw.     The   Ethi- 


talwa,   to  follow,  and 

^"I^AQ)  to  cause  to  follow.  It  is  a  le- 
gitimate woril  and  in  good  u:-n.] 

To  draw  or  cause  to  follow  by  presenting 
something  pleasing  or  desirable  to  view  ; 
to  alhiri'  iiy  some  lialt.  Thus  our  farmers 
/o/e  sheep  ;ind  m.ike  tlicm  follow,  by  hold- 
ing lo  them  a  measure  of  corn  or  some 
portion  of  fodder.  In  New  Eiighinil,  it  is 
applied  only  to  the  allnriiig  of  beasts. 
Locke  has  applied  It  to  men. 

TO'LED,  pp.  Drawn;  allured;  induced  to 

follow. 

TOLERABLE,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  toUrabili.^. 
See  Tolerate.] 
Eiiglisiiili_  That  may  be  borne  orendiired:  snpport- 
I  abl(!,  either  physically  or  mentally.  The 
cold  ill  Canada  is  .severe,  but  tolerable.  The 
insults  anil  Indignities  of  our  enemies  are 
not  tolerable. 

It  shall  be  more  tolerable  for  the  land  of 
Sodom  and  Gomorrah  in  the  day  of  judgment, 
tlian  for  that  city.     Matt.  x. 


T  O 


T  O 


T  O  B 


practice   of 
Cyc. 
With   great 


TIT'IIIjAR,      )       A  person  invested   with 

TIT'LTLARY,  ^  ""  a  title,  in  virtue  of  whicli 
he  hcilils  an  oftice  or  benelice,  whether  lie 
perforins  the  iluties  of  it  or  not.  Cjjc. 

TITULAR' ITV,  n.  The  state  of  being  titu 
lar.  Brown. 

TITULARLY,  adv.  Nominally  ;  by  title 
only. 

TIT'ULARY,  a.  Consisting  in  a  title. 

Bacon. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  title.  Baton.! 

TIV'ER,  n.  A  kind  of  ocher  which  is  iised^ 
in  marking  sheep  in  .some  parts  of  Eng- 
land.    [Local.]  Cyc' 

TJV'ER,  I',  t.  To  mark  sheep  with  tiver,  in 
ditTerent  ways  and  for  ditTerent  purposes. 
[Loca/.] 

TIV'ERLVG,  ppr.  Marking  with  tiver. 
[Local.] 

TIV'ERING,    n.    The   act  or 
iiiarking  with  tiver-     [Local.] 

TIV'Y,    adv.    [See    Tanlivij.] 

Bpeetl ;  a  huntsman's  word  or  sound. 

Dnjdcn.\ 

TO.  prep.  [Sax.  lo ;  D.  te  or  toe;  G.  za ;  Ir. 
Gaelic,  do;  Corn. //lo.  Tnis  is  probably 
a  contracteil  word,  hut  from  what  verb  it 
is  not  ea.sy  to  a.scertain.  The  sense  is  ob- 
vious; it  denotes  passmg,  moving  towards. 
Toe  pronunciation  is  lo  or  loo,  and  this; 
depends  much  on  its  application  or  its 
emphasis.] 

1.  Notaig  motion  towanls  a  place  ;  opposed 
to  from,  or  placed  after  another  word  ex- 
pressing motion  towards.  He  is  going  lo 
clnireh. 

2.  Noting  motion  towards  a  state  or  condi- 
tion. He  is  going  lo  a  trade  ;  he  is  rising 
to  wealth  and  honor. 

3.  Noting  accord  or  adaptation;  as  an  occu- 
pation suited  to  his  taste ;  she  has  a  hus- 
band lo  her  iiiind. 

4.  Noting  address  or  coinpellation,  or  the 
direction  of  a  discourse.  These  remarks 
were  addressed  lo  a  large  audience. 

To  you,  my  noble  lonl  of  Westmoreland  ; 

I  pledge  your  grace.  Shah. 

5.  Noting  attention  or  application. 

Go,  buckle  to  the  law.  Dryden. 

Meditate   upon  these  things ;    give  yourself 
wholly  to  them.     1  Tim.  iv. 

6.  Noting  addition. 

Add  to  your  fuith,  virtue.     2  Pet.  i. 
Wisdom  he  has,  and  to  his  wisdom,  courage. 

Ventiain. 

7.  Noting  opposition.  They  engaged  hand 
to  band. 

8.  Noting  amount,  rising  to.  They  met  us, 
to  the  number  of  three  hundred. 

0.  Noting  proportion;  as,  three  \sto  nine  as 
nine  is  lo  twenty  seven.  It  is  ten  lo  one 
that  you  will  oft'end  by  your  officionsness. 

10.  Noting  possession  or  appropriation.  We 
have  a  good  seat ;  let  us  keep  it  lo  our- 
selves. 

11.  Niting  perception  ;  as  a  substance  sweet 
to  tiic  taste;  an  event  painful  lo  the  mind. 

13.  Noting  the  subject  of  an  aflirmation. 

I  have  a  kiug's  oath  (o  the  contrary.       Hhak. 

13.  In  comparison  of. 

All  that  tliey  did  was  piety  to  this. 

£.  Jonson 

14.  As  far  as. 

Few  of  the  Esquimaux  can  count  to  ten. 
,_   „    .       .  .  (luarl.Rai. 

15.  Noting  inteution. 


— Marks  and  points  out  each  man  of  us  tui 
.sliuighler.  B.  Jonson  J 

[In  this  sense,  for  is  now  used.]  | 

\G.  After  an  adjective,  noting  the  object ;  as 
deaf  to  the  cries  of  distress;  alive  to  the 
sufferings  of  the  poor.  He  was  attentivei 
lo  the  company,  or  to  the  discourse. 

17.  Noting  obligation;  as  duty  to  God  andj 
to  our  parents. 

18.  Noting  enmity  ;  as  a  dislike  to  spiritous 
iqiiors. 

19.  Towards  ;  as,  she  stretched  her  arms  lo 
heaven.  Dryden.' 

20.  Noting  effect  or  end.  The  prince  was 
flattered  lo  his  ruin.  He  engaged  in  aj 
war  to  bis  cost.  Violent  factions  exist  to 
the  prejudice  of  the  state. 

Numbers  were  crowded  to  death. 

Clarendon. 

"21.  To,  as  a  sign  of  the  nifiiiitive,  precedes 
the  radical  verb.  Sometimes  it  is  used 
instead  of  the  ancient  form, /or /o,  noting 
pifrpose.  David  in  his  life  time  intended 
to  build  a  temple.  The  legislature  assem- 
bles annually  lo  make  and  amend  laws. 
The  court  will  sit  in  February  to  try  some 
important  causes. 

'22.  It  precedes  the  radical  verb  after  adjec- 
tives, noting  the  object;  as  ready  logo; 
prompt  <o  obey;  quick  to  bear,  but  slow 
to  censure. 

23.  It  precedes  the  radical  verb,  noting  the 
object. 

I'hc  delay  of  our  hopes  teaches  us  to  mortify 
our  desires.  Snialtridge. 

"24.  It  precedes  the  radical  verb,  noting  con- 
sequence. 

I   have  done  my  utmost  to   lead   my  life  so 
pleasantly  as  to  forget  my  misfortunes.       Pope. 

25.  It  notes  extent,  degree  or  end.  He  lan- 
guishes lo  death,  even  to  death.  The  wa- 
ter rises  to  tlie  hightli  of  twenty  feet. 
The  line  extends  from  one  end  to  the 
otlier. 

2G.  After  the  substantive  verb,  and  with  the 
radical  verb,  it  denotes  futurity.  The  con- 
struction, we  are  lo  meet  at  ten  o'clock, 
every  man  at  death  is  to  receive  the  re- 
ward of  bis  deeds,  is  a  particular  form  of 
expressinsr  future  time. 

27.  After  have,  it  denotes  duty  or  nece-ssity. 
I  have  a  debt  lo  pay  on  Saturday. 

28.  To-day,  lo-nighl,  lo-morrow,  are  peculiar 
phrases  derived  from  our  ancestors.  To 
in  the  two  first,  has  the  sense  or  force  of 
this;  this  day,  this  night.  In  the  last,  it  is 
equivalent  to  in  or  on  ;  in  or  on  the  mor- 
row. The  words  may  be  considered  as 
compounds,  to-day,  to-nisrhl,  to  morrow,^ 
and  usually  as  adverbs.  But  sometimes! 
they  are  used  as  nouns;  as,  to-day  is  ours.l 

Coioley.  \ 
To  and  fro,  backward  and  forward.     In  this! 

phrase,  to  is  adverbial. 
To  the  face,  in  presence  of;  not  in   the  ab-. 
sence  of. 

1  withstood  him/aec  to/ace.     Gal.  ii. 
To-morrow,  to-morrow,  and  to-morrow. 
Creeps  in  tiiis  petty  pace  from  day  lo  day. 

Shak. 
[Note. — In  the  foregoing  explanation  oi'  to,  it  is  to 
be  considered  that  the  dchnition  fijiveii  is  not 
always  the  sense  of  to  by  itself,  but  the  sense 
rather  of  the  word  preceding  it,  or  connected 
with  if,  or  of  to  in  connection  with  other  words. 
In  general,  to  is  use.l  in  tlie  sense  of  moving  to- 
wards a  place,   or   towards  au  object,   or  it  ex- 


presses direction  towards  a  place,  end,  object 
or  purpose.] 

To  is  often  used  adverbially  to  modify  the 
sense  of  verbs  ;  as,  to  come  lo ;  to  heave  to. 
The  sense  of  such  phrases  is  explained 
under  the  verbs  respectively. 

In  popul.ir  phrases  like  the  following,  "I 
will  not  come  ;  you  shall  to,  or  too,  a  gen- 
uine Savon  phrase,  to  denotes  moreover, 
besiilcs,  L.  insuper. 

TO.\D,  n.  [Sax.  lade,  ladige.]  A  paddoc, 
an  animal  of  the  genus  Rana,  the  Rana 
Biifo  o\'  Liiine;  a  small  clumsy  animal, 
the  body  warty,  thick  and  disgu.sting  to 
the  sight,  but  perfectly  harmles.s,  and  in- 
deed it  is  said  to  be  u.seful  in  gardens  by 
feeding  on  noxious  wurins. 

TOAD-E.ATER,  ?i.  a  vulgar  name  given 
to  a  fawning,  obsequious  parasite  ;  a  mean 
sycophant. 

TOAD-FISH,  n.  [load  anil  fsh.]  A  fish  of 
the  genus  Lophius.  the  fishing  frog.      Cyc. 

TOAD-FLAX,  n.  [toad  ami  fax.]  A  plant 
of  the  genus  Antirrhinum;  snap-dragon; 
calve.s'  snout. 

TOADISH,  a.  Like  a  toad.     [.Vol  used.] 

Stafford. 

TOAD-STONE,  n.  [load  and  stone.]  In 
mineralogy,  a  sort  of  trap  rock,  of  a  brown- 
ish gray  color.  The  toad-stone  of  Derby- 
shire is  generally  a  dark  brown  basaltic 
ani\  gdaloid,  composed  of  basalt  and  green 
eartli,  and  containing  oblong  cavities  filled 
with  calcarlous  spar.  Cyc. 

TOAD-STOOL,  n.  [load  aud  stool]  A  sort 
of  fimgiius  plant  that  grows  in  moist  and 
rich  grounds  like  a  mushroom. 

TOAST,  V.  I.  [Sp.  Port,  loslar,  to  toast  or 
roast.     Qii.  are  these  from  the  L.  toslus  ?] 

1.  To  dry  and  scorch  by  the  heat  of  a  fire; 
as,  to  toast  bread  or  cheese.  [II  is  chiefly 
limited  in  its  application  to  these  two  arti- 
cles.] ' 

2.  To  warm  thoroughly ;  as,  to  toast  the 
feet.     [JVol  much  used.] 

3.  To  name  when  a  health  is  drank  ;  to  drink 
to  the  health  in  honor  of;  as,  to  toast  a. 
lady.  Addison  writes  "  to  toast  the  health  ;" 
a  form  of  expression  I  believe  not  now 
used. 

TOAST,  n.  Bread  dried  and  scorched  by 
the  fire  ;  or  such  bread  dipped  in  melted 
butter,  or  in  some  liquor.  Dry  toast  is 
bread  scorched,  or  it  is  scorched  bread 
with  butter  spread  upon  it.  Soft  toast  is 
made  by  immersing  toasted  bread  in  melt- 
ed butter,  and  called  dijiped  toast. 

2.  A  female  whose  health  is  drank  in  honor 
or  respect. 

The  wise  man's  passion,  and  the  vain  man's 
toast.  Pope. 

3.  He  or  that  which  is  named  in  honor  in 
drinking. 

rO\.STE;D,  pp.  Scorched  by  heat;  named 
in  drinking  the  health. 

TOASTER,  n.   One  who  toasts. 

2.  An  instrument  for  toasting  bread  or 
cheese. 

TO' ASTING,  ppr.  Scorching  by  fire  ;  drink- 
inir  to  I  he  honor  of. 

TOBACCO,  n.  [so  named  from  Tahaco.  a 
province  of  Yucatan,  in  Spanish  .America, 
where  it  was  first  found  by  the  Span- 
iards.] 

A  plant,  a  native  of  America,  of  the  genus 
Nicotiana,  much  used   for  smoking   and 


TOG 


T  O  K 


T  O  L 


chewing  simi  in  siiiiff.  As  a  medicine,  it 
is  narcotic.  Tohacco  has  a  strong  disa- 
greealile  sincll,  and  an  acrid  tasto.  Wlien 
first  used  it  soinetiiiies  occasions  vomit-! 
ing  ;  l)iit  tlip  practice  of  using  it  in  any 
form,  soon  conquers  distaste,  and  Conns  a 
relish  for  it  that  is  strong  and  almost  nii- 
coM(jneral)le. 

TOBACCONIST,  ti.  A  dealer  in  tobacco; 
also,  a  rnHMufactiirer  of  tobacco. 

TOHAC'CO-PIPK,  II.  [tobacco  and  pipe.] 
A  jiipc  used  for  smokinj^  tobacco,  often 
made  of  clay  and  baked,  sometimes  of 
other  material. 

TOBACCO-PIPE  €LAY,  n.  A  species  of 
clay;   called  also  ciimiliic. 

TOBACCO-PIPE  Flrill,  n.  Anamnofthe 
Si/n/^iiathus  Acus  of  Linne;  called  also' 
needle-fish.  Ci/c. 

TOCK'AY,  n.  A  species  of  spotted  lizard 
in  India.  C'/c. 

TOCSIN,  Ji.  [Fr.  ;  Arnioric,  tocq,  a  stroke, 
from  the  root  of  <oitc7i,  and  sonn  or  seing, 
Sf>inid.] 

An  alarm  bell,  or  the  ringing  of  a  bell  for  the 
purpose  of  alarm. 

TOD,  n.  [Ill  Gai'lic,  lod  is  a  clod,  amass.] 

1.  A  hush  ;  a  thick  shrub.      Obs.        Spensir.. 

2.  A  <piantity  of  wool  of  twenty  eight  pound.s, 
or  two  stone.  j 

3.  A  Ibx.  B.  Jonson. 
TOD,  V.  t.  To   weigh ;    to   produce  a   tod. 

[jYot  in  xise.]  Sfuik.'. 

TO-DAY,  n.  [to  and  day.]    The  present  ilay.j 

TOD'DY,  H.  A  juice  drawn  li-oiii  vari- 
ous kinds  of  the  palm  in  the  E.  Indies;  or 
a  liipior  ])repaied  from  it. 

2.  A  mixture  of  spirit  and  water  sweetened. 
Toddy  ilitters  from  <xmi;  in  having  a 
greater  proportion  of  spirit,  and  in  beingi 
sweetened. 

TO'DY,  n.  A  genus  of  insectivorous  birds,! 
of  the  order  of  Pica;;  natives  of  warm 
climates.  Vyc.     Ed.  Encyc.\ 

TOE,  >i.  [Sax.  to;  G.  zche  ;  S\\.  fa:  Daii.j 
laae  ;  Fr.  doigt  du  pied  ;  L.  dis:ilits.  Toe 
is  contracted  fi  1)111 /og-,  the  primary  word, 
oil  which  L.  digitus  is  formed,  c<iinciirmg 
with  dug,  and  signifying   a  shoot.     Cla.ss 

1.  One  of  the  small  members  which  form 
the  extremity  of  the  tiiot,  corresponding 
to  a  tiiigeron  the  hand.  The  toes  in  theirj 
form  and  structure  resemble  the  lingers, 
but  are  shintcr. 

2.  The  tine  part  of  the  hoof  of  a  horse,  and 
of  other  hoofeil  aniiiials. 

3.  The  member  of  a  beast's  foot  correspond- 
ing to  the  toe  in  man. 

T<»FO'RE,  prep,  or  adv.  [Sax.  infuran ;  to 
aiid_/urc.] 

Before;  formerly.     Obs.  Shak. 

TOFT,  n.  [probably  from  the  root  of  lufl.] 

1.  A  grove  of  trees.  (^yc. 

3.  [Dan.  tojle  or  tomt.]  In  law  book.t,  a  place 
where  a  messuage  has  stood,  but  is  de- 
cayed. Coicel.     Cyc. 

TOG.\TED, }       [L.toga,  a  gown  ;  togntus.. 

TO'GED,  S  "'  gowned.]  Gowned ;  dress- 
ed in  a  gown  ;  wearing  a  gown  ;  as  tnged 
consuls.  Shak. 

TOGETHER,  adv.  [Sax.  logathre  ;  to  and 
gather.] 

1.  In  company.  VVe  walked  together  to  the 
wood. 


In  or  into  union. 

The  king  joineii  inimanity  and  policy  logeth-, 
er.  Bacon. 

3.  In  the  same  place ;  as,  lo  live  together  in 
one  house. 

4.  In  the  same  time ;  as,  to  live  together  in! 
the  same  age. 

5.  In  concert ;  as,  the  allies  made  war  upon 
France  together. 

6.  Into  junction  or  a  stale  of  union;  as,  to 
sew,  knit,  pin  or  fasten  two  things  together ; 
to  mix  things  together. 

Together  with,  in  union  with  ;  in  company  or 
mixture  with. 

Take  the  bad  together  with  the  good. 

Dryden 

TOG'GEL,  n.  A  small  wooden  pin  taper- 
ing towards  both  ends.  Mar.  Diet. 

TOIL,  V.  i.  [Sax.  leolan,  liolan,  to  strive, 
strain,  urge,  to  prepare,  to  heal,  to/oi7,  and 
tilian,  tiligan,  to  prefiare  or  provide,  to 
tilt,  to  toil,  to  study  or  be  solicitous  ;  Russ. 
diatayu.  The  primary  sense  is  expressed 
in  the  Saxon,  to  strain,  to  urge.  Class  Dl.] 

To  labor  ;  to  work  ;  to  exert  strength  witb[ 
pain  and  fatigue  of  body  or  mind,  partic- 
ularly of  the  body,  with  eiibrts  of  some 
continuance  or  duration.  ' 

Master,  we  have  toiled  all  night  and  caught' 
nothing.     Luke  v,  j 

TOIL,  V.  t.  To  toil  out,  to  labor  ;  to  work  out. 
TuiCd  out  my  uncouth  iiassage —       .Milton. ^ 

3.  To   wearv ;  to  overlabor;  as   toil\t  with 


TOKEN,  n.  to'kn.  [Sax.  tacn,tacen;  Goth, 
taikns  ;  M-teeken;  Dan.  tcgn  ;  Sv/ .  teckn ; 
G.  zeichen.  This  may  be  the  same  word 
as  the  L.  signuin,  dialectically  varied,  or 
from  the  same  radix  ;  Gr.  Ahjuv.u:.] 

I.  A  sign;  sonietliing  intended  to  represent 
or  indicate  another  thing  or  an  event. 
Thus  the  rainbow  is  a  token  of  (iod's  cov- 
enant established  with  Noah.  The  blood 
of  the  paschal  lamb,  sprinkled  on  the 
doors  of  the  Hebrews,  was  a  token  to  the 
destroying  nngel  of  God's  will  that  he 
should  pass  by  those  houses.  Gen.  ix. 
Ex.  xii. 

Show  me  a  token  for  good.     Ps.  Ixjtxvi. 

'2.  A  mark.  In  pestilential  diseases,  tokens 
are  livid  spots  upon  the  body,  which  indi- 
cate the  ap|iroacli  of  death.  Cyc. 

3.  A  memorial  of  friendship  ;  something  liy 
which  the  friendship  of  another  person  is 
to  be  kept  in  mind.  Shak. 

4.  In  coinage,  tokens  were  coins  struck  in 
the  reign  of  Elizabeth  in  the  cities  of 
Bristol,  Oxford  and  Worcester,  and  also 
by  private  persons,  which  were  put  into 
circulation,  and  upon  being  returned,  the 
issuer  gave  the  value  of  them  in  current 
money.  Cyc. 

a.  Jt\  printing,  ten  quircsof  paper  ;  an  extr.a 
quire  is  usually  added  to  every  other  to- 
ken, when  counted  out  for  the  press. 

TO'KEN,  1-.  I.  To  make  known.  [.Vo/  in 
use.]  Shak. 


works  of  war.     [Xot  ui  use  nor  proper. i     il-po'KENED,  a.  Being  marked  with  spots. 


TOIL,  n.  Labor  with  pain  and  fatigue;  la- 
bor that  oppresses  the  body  or  mind.  yoiVl 
may  be  the  labor  of  the  field  or  llie  work- 
shop, or  of  the  camp.  What /oi/s  men  eii-i 
dure  for  the  acquisition  of  wealth,  power 
and  honor!     Gen.  v. 

TOIL,  n.  [Fr.  <oi7fs,  snare,  trap;  \r.  du!,  a 
snare  or  gin  ;  L. /e/«,  a  web  ;  fromsprearl- 
ing,  extending  or  laying.]  I 

A  net  or  snare ;  any  thread,  web  or  string' 
spreail  for  taking  prey. 

A  tly  falls  iulo  the  toils  of  a  spider. 

L' Estrange. 

TOIL'ER,  n.  One  who  toils,  or  labors  vvithi 
pain.  I 

TOIL'ET,  (I.  [Fr.  <oi7eHt,  from  <oi/e,  cloth.] 

L  A  covering  or  cloth  of  linen,  silk  or  tap- 
estry, spread  over  a  table  in  a  chamber  or 
dressing  room.     Hence, 

2.  A  dressing  table.  Pope 

TOILT.N'G,  ppr.  Laboring  with  pain. 

TOIL'SO.ME,  a.  Laborious;  wearisome 
attended  with  (aligiie  and  pain;  as  (oi7- 
some  work  ;  a  toilsome  task. 


TOL,  V.  t.  [L.  toUo.]  To  take  away  ;   a  law 

term.  Cyc. 

TO'L.A,  n.  In  India,  a  weight  for  gold  and 

silver,  but  difierent  indifferent  places. 
TOLD,  prct.  ■.in(\  pp.  of  tell. 

Who  tuld  tliec  that  thou  «a«t  naked  ?     Gen, 
iii. 

Thou  hast  mocked  me,  and   toU  me   lies. 
Judges  xvi. 

— Sheep  and  oxen  that  could  not  be  told. 
1  Kiii;:^  \-iii. 
TOL-BOtniL  [See  Toll-bootli.] 
TOLE,  v.t.  [I  know  not  t'roin  what  source 
we  have  tliis  word ;   but  it  coincides  with 

the  .\r.     _Ji     dalla,  to  draw.     The  Ethi- 

opic   has    TA®    talwa,   to  follow,  and 

a  Ic- 


What  can  be  toilsome  in  these  pleasant  wall.s  : 

.Milton. 

as  a  toilsome  day  or  jour- 


]    A   fathom 
containing 


A'^ACD    to  cause  to  follow. 


2.  Producing  toi 

nev.  •  ' 

TOIL'SO-MENESS,      n.      Laboriousness ; 

wearisomeness.  \ 

TOISE,  »i.   tois.    [Fr. 

measure  in    France, 

but    the   French    foot   is 

Englisli,  7G   being   equa 

feet. 
TOKAY,  n.  .\  kind  of  wine  produced  nl 

Tokay  in  Hungary,  made  of  white  grapes. 

It  is  distinguished  from  other  wines  by  its 

aropiiatic   taste.     It   is  not   good   till  it  is 

about  three  years  old.  and  it  coiuinnes  to 

improve  as  long  as  it  is  kept.  '^ 


It  is 
gitimate  word  and  in  good  use.] 
To  draw  or  cause   to  follow  by   presenting 
soinetbing  pleasing  or  desirable   to   view  ; 
to  allure  by  .some  liait.     Thus  our  larmers 
tole  sheep  and  make  them  follow ,  by  hold- 
ing to  them  a  measure  of  corn  or  some 
portion  of  fodder.     In  New  England,  it  is 
applied   only   to  the   alluring    of   beasts. 
Locke  has  applied  it  to  men. 
TO'LED,  pp.  Drawn;  allured;  induced  to 
follow. 
^ix   feet:  I'OL'ER ABLE,  a.  [Fr.  from    L.  toterabilis. 
onger    tluin  the  \     *;ee  Tolerate.] 

to   81    English  1.  That  may  be  borne  or  endured  :  siipport- 

i     able,  either  physically  or  mentally.     The 

cold  in  I'anadais  severe,  but  tolerable.  The 

insults  and  indignities  of  our  enemies  are 

not  tolerable. 

It  shall  be  more  tolerable  for  the  land  of 
Sodom  ami  iJoiiiorrah  in  the  day  of  judgment, 
than  for  that  city.    Malt.  s. 


T  O  L. 


TOM 


TON 


2.  Moderately  goml  or  agreeal)le  ;  not  con-, 
teniptilile  ;  not  very  exof  lleiu  or  |)leasiug,| 
but  sucli  as  can  he  borne  or  receivetl  with-j 
out  ilisfTiist,  reseiitineiit  or  opposition;  as, 
a  tolerable  translation  ;  a  tolerable  enter- 
tainment ;  a  lokruble  administration. 

Swift} 

TOL'ERABLENESS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing tolerable. 

TOLERABLY,  adv.  Supportably;  in  a 
luanner  to  be  endured. 

2.  Moderately  well  ;  passably  ;  not  perfect- 
ly ;  as  a  constitution  toleruhhj  firm.  The 
arlvocate  speaks  tulentbli/  well. 

TOL'ERANCE,  n.  [L.  t'oleranlia,  from  tot- 
ero,  to  bear.] 

The  power  or  capacity  of  enduring  ;  or  the 
act  of  enduring. 

Diogenes  one  frosty   morning  came  to   the 
market  place  shaking,  to  show  his  tolerance. 

Bacon. 
[Little  used.     But  intolerance  is  in  com-j 
moil  use.] 

TOL'ERANT,  a.  Enduring;  indulgent; 
favoring  toleration. 

TOL'ERATE,  v.  t.  [Fr.  tolerer  ;  L.  tolero, 
from  tollo,  to  lift  ;  Ch.  Sn  to  lift  or  raise. 
Class  Dl.  No.  3,  and  see  No.  0.  7.  18.  20. 
28.  3-2.] 

To  suflTer  to  be  or  to  be  done  without  prohi- 
bition or  hinderance  ;  to  allow  or  permit 
negatively,  by  iinf  preventing;  not  to  re- 
strain; as,  to  tolerate  opinions  or  practi- 
ce.->.  The  protestaut  religion  is  tolerated' 
in  F'rance,  and  the  Roman  Catholic  in 
Great  Britain. 

Ciying  should  not  be  tolerated  in  children. 

Locke. 
The  law  of  love  tolerates  no  vice,  and  patron- 
izes every  virtue.  G.  Spring. 

TOL'ERATED,  pp.  Suffered  ;  allowed  ;' 
not  prohil>ite<l  or  restrained.  I 

TOL'ERATING,  ppr.  Enduring;  suffer-! 
ing  to  be  or  to  be  done  ;  allowing  ;  not| 
restraining. 

TOLERA'TION,  n.  [L.  toleratio.]  The  act! 
of  tolerating  ;  the  allowanceof  that  which 
is  not  wholly  approved  ;  appropriately,' 
the  allowance  of  religious  opinions  and 
modes  of  worship  in  a  state,  when  con- 
trary to  or  different  from  those  of  the  es-! 
talilished  church  or  belief  Toleration  im-| 
plies  a  right  in  the  sovereign  to  control 
men  in  their  opinions  and  worship,  or  itj 
implies  the  actual  exercise  of  power  in' 
such  control.  Where  no  power  exists  orj 
none  is  assumed  to  establish  a  creed  and 
a  mode  of  worship,  there  can  be  no  tolera- 
tion, in  the  strict  sense  of  the  word,  tor  one 
religious  denomination  has  as  good  aright 
as  another  to  the  free  enjoyment  of  its 
creed  and  "worship. 

T'OLL,  n.  [Sax./ott;  D.  tol :  Sw.  lull ;  Ban 
told;  G.zoll;  VV.  toll,  a  fraciion,  a  toll 
loli  and  toliaw,  to  curtail,  to  diminish,  to 
take  away,  to  spare  or  save,  to  deal  out 
from /aw/,  a  throw,  a  casting  ofl'  a  SL'i)ara- 
tioii,  a  culling  olf;  tolli,  from  toll,  to  sub 
trad,  to  take /oH  ;  Gr.  rrto;,  tnll,  custom 
and  end,  exit,  from  cntliuir  'dV;  Fr.  tail- 
ler,  to  cut  off,  [See  Tail ;]  Ir.  deilim,  to 
separate;  dail.  a  share,  Erig.  i/o/e;  diolam. 
to  sell,  to  cxchuugf.  to  pav  toll.  This  is 
from  the  root  »t'  deal.  See  Deal,  Sax. 
hedidan.    Class  Ul.  No.  13.] 


1.  A  tax  paid  for  some  liberty  or  privilege, 
particularly  for  the  privilege  of  passing 
over  a  bridge  or  on  a  highway,  or  for  that 
of  vending  goods  in  a  fair,  market  or  the 
like. 

2.  A  liberty  to  buy  and  sell  within  the  bounds 
of  a  manor.  Cyc. 

3.  A  portion  of  grain  taken  by  a  miller  as  a 
compensation  for  grinding. 

TOLL,  V.  i.  To  pay  toll  or  tallage.         Shak. 

2.  To  take  toll,  as  by  a  nuller.  Tusser. 

TOLL,  i;.  i.  [VV.  tol,   tolo,   a  loud  sound,   a 

o  - 

din  ;  Pers.    •  J^x  jLj   talidan,   to   sound, 

to  ring.     We  see  that  W.  taivl,  supra,  is 
throw  or  cast,   a  driving,  and   this  is  the 
radical  sense  of  sound.] 

To  sound  or  rinsr,  as  a  bell,  with  strokes  nni 
formly  repeated  at   intervals,  as  at  fune- 
rals, or  in  calling  assemblies,   or  to  an- 
nounce the  death  of  a  person. 

Now  sink  in  sorrows  with  a  tolling  bell. 

Pope. 

TOLL,  V.  i.  [supra.]  To  cause  a  bell  to 
sound  with  strokes  slowly  and  uniformly 
repeated,  as  for  summoning  public  bodies 
or  religious  congregations  to  their  meet- 
ings, or  for  announcing  the  death  of  a  per- 
son, or  to  give  solemnity  to  a  fimeral. 
Tolling;  is  a  different   thing  from   ringing. 

TOLL,  v.t.  [L.  tollo.]  To  take  away;  to 
vacate ;  to  annid  ;  a  law  term. 

8.  To  draw.     [See  Tole.]  Bacon. 

TOLL,  n.  A  particidar  sounding  of  a  bell. 

TOLL-BAR,  n.  [loll  and  bar.]  A  bar  or 
beam  used  for  stopping  boats  on  a  canal 
at  the  toll-house. 

TOLL-BOOTH,  n.  [toll  and  booth.]  A  place 
where  goods  are  weighed  to  ascertain  the 
duties  or  toll. 

2.  ,\  prison.  Ainsworlh. 

jTOLL-BOOTII,  V.  t.  To  imprison  in  a  toll 

[     booth.  Corbet. 

jTOLL-BRIDtJE,  n.  A  bridge  where  toll  is 

I     paid  for  passing  it. 

iTOLL-GATE,  n.  A  gate  where  toll   is  ta- 

I     ken. 

jTOLL-GATHERER,     n.    The   man   who 

!      takes  toll. 

ITOLL-HOUSE,  n.  A  house  or  shed  placed 
by  a  road  near  a  toll-gate,  or  at  the  end  of 
a  toll-bridge,  or  by  a  canal,  where  the 
man  who  takes  tlie  toll  remains. 

TOLLING,  ppr.  Causing  to  sound  in  a  slow 
grave  manner. 

2.  Taking  away  ;  removing. 

3.  Sounding,  as  a  bell. 

TOLU  BALSAM,  n.  Balsam  of  Tolu,  a  bal- 
sam produced  from  a  tree  growing  in  To- 
lu, in  S.  America.  Cyc. 

TOLUTA'TION,  n.  [L.  toluto.]  A  pacing 
or  atnbling.     [JVot  used.] 

Brown.     Hudibras. 

TOM'AHAWK,  n.  An  Indian  hatchet. 

TOM' AH  A  WK,  v.  t.  To  cut  or  kill  with  a 
hatchet  called  a  tomahawk. 

TOMA'TO,  n.  A  plant,  and  its  fruit,  a  s))e- 
cies  of  Solnnum.  It  is  called  sometimes 
the  love-apple. 

To^IB,  n.  loom.  [Fr.  tombe,  tombcau;  W. 
torn,  toincn,  tivm,  livtnp,  a  n:oimd.  a  heap  : 
Ir.  tuoma  ;  Sp.  tnniba;  l^.lumulus,  a  heap 
or  hillock  ;  tuiiieo,  to  swell  ;  (ir.  Tv^Soj, 
Class  Dti;.     This  name   was  given  to  a 


place  for  the  dead  by  men  who  raised  a 
lieap  of  earth  over  the  dead.] 

1.  A  grave  ;  a  pit  in  which  the  dead  body  of 
a  human  being  is  deposited. 

As  one  dead  in  the  bottom  of  a  tomb. 

Shak. 

2.  A  house  or  vault  formed  wholly  or  jiartly 
in  the  earth,  with  walls  and  a  roof  for  the 
reception  of  the  dead. 

'.3.  A    monument    erected   to    preserve  the 

memcjry  of  the  dead. 
T6MB.  v.t.  To  bury;  to  inter.     [See   En- 

lOT)lb.] 

TOM'B.'Ve,  n.  A  white  alloy  of  copper ;  a 
metallic  composition  made  by  mixing  and 
fusing  together  a  large  quantity  of  zink 
with  a  smaller  quantity  of  copper,  with 
arsenic. 

T6MBLESS,  a.  Destitute  of  a  tomb  or 
sepnlchral  mnninuent. 

TOM'BOY,  n.  [Torn,  Thomas,  ani\  bog.]  A 
rude  boisterous  boy  ;  also  in  sarcasm,  a 
rom|iinir  girl.     [Vulgar.] 

TOMBSTONE,  n.  [tomb  ami  stone.]  A  stone 
erected  over  a  grave,  to  preserve  the  mem- 
ory of  the  deceased;  a  monument. 

TOME,  n.  [Fr.  from  Gr.  ro^o;,  a  piece  or 
section,  from  tt^vu,  to  cut  cff] 

/\  book  ;  as  many  writings  as  are  boimd  in  a 
volume,  forming  the  part  of  a  larger  work. 
It  may  lie  applied  ti>  a  single  volume. 

TOMENT'OL'S,  a.  [L.  tomentum,  down.] 
In  botany,  downy  ;  nappy  ;  cottony  ;  or 
flocky  ;  covered  with  hairs  so  close  as 
scarcely  to  be  discernible,  or  with  a  whi- 
tish down,  like  wool ;  as  a  tomentous  stem 
or  leaf  Marlyn.     Lee. 

TO-MOR'ROW,  n.  [to  and  morroiv.]  The 
day  after  the  present. 

One  to-day  is  worth  two  to-morrows. 

Fianklin. 

TOM'PION,  n.  [Fr.  tampon,  a  sto,)ple.] 
The  stopper  of  a  cannon.  [See  Tampi- 
on.] 

TOM'TIT,  n.  A  little  bird,  the  titmouse. 

TON,  the  termination  of  names  of  places,  is 
loivn. 

TON,  n.  [Fr.]  The  prevailing  fashion. 

TON,  n.  [Sax.  tunna  ;  Fr.  tonne  ;  Sp.  tonel, 
a  cask,  a  tun  or  luitt.] 

The  weight  of  twenty  hundred  gross.  [See 
Tun.]  This  is  false  orlhoiiraphy.  The 
word  is  from  the  Saxon  tunna.  a  cask,  and 
the  sense  of  weight  is  taken  from  that  of 
a  cask  or  butt. 

TONE,  71.  [F"r.  ton;  Sp.  tono ;  h.  ttiono ; 
Sw.  G.  ton  ;  D.  toon  ;  Dan.  (o7ic  ;  L.  tonus; 
Gr.  Toi'oj.  sound :  L.  tono,  Gr.  rorow.  to 
sound,  from  the  root  of  rsiiw,  to  strain  or 
stretch.  The  L.  sonus  is  probably  the 
same  word  in  a  different  <li;ilect.] 

1.  Sound,  or  a  mollification  of  sound  ;  any 
impulse  or  vibr.itinn  of  the  air  which  is 
perceptible  by  the  ear  ;  as  a  low  tone,  high 
totie.  or  loud  tone  ;  a  grave  tone  ;  an  acute 
tone  ;  a  sweet  tone  ;  a  harsh  tone. 

2.  Accent;  or  rather,  a  particular  inflection 
of  the  voice,  adapted  to  express  emotion 
or  passion  ;  a  rhetorical  sense  of  the  word. 

E   Porter. 
Eager  his  tone,  and  ardent  were  his  eyes. 

Drt/den. 

.3.  A  whining  sound;  a  whine;  n  kind   of 
inonrfiil  str.rni  of  voice  ;  as,  children  otlen 
read  With  a  tone, 
I.  An  affected  sound  in  speaking. 


T  O  N 


T  O  N 


TOO 


5.  In  music,  an  interval  of  sound ;  as,  the 
tliffmence  between  the  diapcnic  and  dia- 
teissaron,  is  a  tone.  Of  tones  there  art- 
two  kinds,  major  and  minor.  Tlie  tone 
major  is  in  the  ratio  of  6  to  9,  wliii  li  results 
from  the  difierenco  between  the  fourlh  and 
fifth.  Tlio  tone  minor  is  as  9  to  10,  re- 
sulting from  the  diftercnee  between  the 
minor  tliird  and  the  fourth.  Cyc. 

0.  Tlie  tone  of  an  instrument,  is  its  peculiar 
sound  with  regard  to  softness,  evenness 
and  the  like.  Cy':. 

7.  In  medicine,  that  state  of  organization  in 
a  body,  in  which  the  animal  functions  are 
healthy  and  performed  wiih  due  vigor. 
Tone,  in  its  primary  signifii-ati<in,  is  ten 
sion,  and  tension  is  the  primary  significa 
tion  of  strength.  Hence  its  application  to 
the  natural  healthy  state  of  animal  or 
gans.  Tone  therefore  in  medicine,  is  the 
BUength  and  activity  of  the  organs,  from 
whicli  proceed  healthy  functions.  So  we 
say,  the  body  is  in  asou?i(i  state,  the  health 
is  sound  urjirm 

TONE,  t;.  I.  To  utter  with  an  affected  tone. 

2.  To  tune.     [See  Tune.] 

TO'NKD,  a.  Having  a  tone ;  used  in  com 
position;  as  high-ZoHcrf  ;  swcet-(o;ie(i. 

TO'NELESS,  o.  Having  no  tone;  unmu- 
sical. Entick. 

TO'NE-SYLLABLE,  a.  An  accente.l  syl- 
lable. M.  Stuart. 

TONG,  Ji.  [See  Tongs.]  The  catch  of  a 
buckle.     [J\rotused.]     [See  Tongue.] 

Spenser. 

TONGS,  n.  plu.  [Sax.  Dan.  D.  tang;  G. 
zange  ;  Sw.  tang  ;  Ice.  taung  ;  Gaelic, 
teangas.  This  seems  by  its  orthoijruphy 
to  be  the  same  word  as  tongue,  tongues, 
and  to  signify  projections,  shoiu 

An  iiistrunicnt  of  metal,  consisting  of  two 
parts  or  long  shalts  joined  at  one  end  ; 
used  for  handling  things,  paiticiilarly  fire 
or  heated  metals.  We  say,  a  pair  of  tongs, 
a  smith's  longs. 

TONGUE,  t       [Sax.    tung,    tunga  ;    Goth. 

TUNG,  y'' tuggo  ;  Sw.  tunga;  Dan 
tunge  ;  D.  long  ;  G.  zunge  ;  Ir.  and  Gael 
'u%teanga;  Atil.h.  lingua.  We  see  by  the 
Gothic,  that  71  is  not  radical  ;  the  word 
belongs  to  Class  Dg.  It  signifies  a  slioot 
or  extension,  like  L.  digitus  and  dug.     Our 


Parrots  imilatiri)!;  human  tongue.       Dryden. 
4.  Speech,  as   well   or  ill   used  ;    mode    of 
speaking. 

Keep  a  good  tongue  in  thy  head.  Shak 

'1  he  tongue  ol  tlie  wise  is  health.  Piov.  xii 
A  language ;  the  whole  sum  of  words 
used  by  a  particular  nation.  The  English 
tongue,  within  two  hundred  years,  will 
probably  be  spoken  by   two  or  three  hiin 


TONTC,  11.  A  medicine  that  increases  the 
tone  oithe  muscular  fiber,  and  gives  vigor 
and  action  to  the  system. 

A  medicine  which  iucreases  the  tone  or 
strength  of  the  body.  Purr. 

In  tnusic,  the  key-note  or  principal  sound 
which  generates  all  the  rest.  [Vr.tonirpic.] 

Cyc. 
I).  Ill  jnu.tic,  a  certain  degree  of  tension,  or 


dred  millions  of  |ieople  in  North  America.]!     ,|,e  f;ou,„i  produced  by  a  vocal  siring  in  a 
6.  Speech;  words  or  declarations  only  ;  op-j|     given  dcree  of  tension. 

TO-MGIIT,  Ji.  [/oandiiigAi.]  The  present 
night,  or  the  night  after  the  present  day. 

TON'NAtiE,  n.  [from  <07i,  a  corrupt  orthog- 
raphy.    See  Tu7i.] 

1.  The  weight  of  goods  carried  in  a  boat  or 
ship. 

2.  The  cubical  content  or  burthen  of  a  ship 
ill  tuns;  or  the  amount  of  weight  which 
she  may  carry. 

■  i.  A  duty  iir  impost  on  ship.s,  estimated  per 
tun;  or  a  duty,  toll  or  rate  payable  on 
;  goods  per  tun,  transported  on  canals. 
TON'SIL,  n.  [L.  tunsiltw.  This  word  seems 
[  to  be  formed  from  tonsus,  tondeo,  to  clip.] 
}ln  anatomy,  a  glandular  body  at  the  pas:-uge 
I  from  the  mouth  to  the  pharynx.  The  ton- 
j  sils  are  called  also  from  their  shape, 
!  amygdala;,  and  in  popular  language,  al- 
I  monds.  The  tonsils  have  several  excreto- 
I     ry  ducts  opening  into  the  mouth. 

Cyc.     Hooper, 
TON'SIL,  a.  That  may  be  clipped. 

.Mason. 
TON'SURE,  ».  [Fr.  from  L.  tonsura,  from 
tonsus,  shaved  ;  lundeo,  to  clip  or  shave] 

1.  The  act  of  clipping  the  hair,  or  of  shaving 
the  head  ;  or  the  state  of  being  shorn. 

Jtdiiison. 

2.  In  the  Rumish  church,  tonsure  is  the  first 
cciPliiony  used  for  devoting  a  person  to 
the  service  of  God  and  the  church  :  the 
first  degree  of  the  I'lericate,  given  by  a 
bishop,  who  cutsofl'a  pan  of  his  hair  with 
prayers  and  lienrdictions.  Hence  tonsure 
is  used  to  ilenote  entrance  or  admi.-:sion 
into  holy  orders.  Cyc. 

Ill    the    Romish    church,    (he   corona    or 


posed  to  thoughts  or  aclio7is. 

Let  us  not  love  in  word,  neither  in  t&ngue,^ 
but  in  deed  and  in  Iriith.     1  John  iii. 

7.  A  nation,  as  distinguished  by  their  lan- 
guage. 

1  will  gather  all  nations  and   tongues.     Is. 
Ixvi. 

8.  A  |)oint ;  a  projection  ;  as  the  tongue  of  a 
buckle  or  of  a  balance. 

!>.  A  point  or  long  narrow  strip  of  land,  pro- 
jecting from  the  main  into  a  sea  or  a  lake 

10.  The  taper  part  of  any  thing  ;  in  the  rig- 
ging of  a  ship,  a  sliort  piece  of  rope  splic- 
ed into  the  upper  part  of  standing  back- 
stays, &c.  to  the  size  of  the  mast-head. 

To  hold  the  tongue,  to  be  silent.  Addison. 

tung"''"  (  '•  '•  '^"  '^''''''' ■' '°  ®'^°'''-        'i 

How  might  she  tons,ue  nic.  Shak.\\ 

TONGUE,   i        ■    To  talk;  to  prate.  I 

TUNG,         \  *'•  '•  S/mA.jj 

•rUNG^L^D'!'S-"-'"S''^-S"e.  j 

Tongued  like  the  night-crow.  Donne. i 

TONGUE-GRAFTING,  (  A  mode  ofi 
TUNG'-GR>AFTING,  S  "•  grafting  by 
inserting  the  end  of  a  cion  in  a  iiarticular 
manner. 
lONGUELESS 
TUNG'LESS, 

Speechless;  as  a  (onofue/es*  block.     Shak 


I  a.  H 


aving  no  tongue. 


:i.  Uniiiimed  ;  not  spoken  of 

One  good  dec{l  dying  tongueless.  Shak. 

[Aut  ufCil.] 

TONGUE-PAD,  (       A  great  talker.     [JVot 

TUNG-PAD,       I"-  in  use.]  Taller. 

TONGUE-SHAPED,   /  In    bolam/,  a 

TUNG'-SHAPED,        S  tongue-shaped' 

leaf,  is  linear  and  lleshy,  blunt  at  the  end, 

convex   uinlerneath,  and  having  usually  a 

cartilaginous  border.  Martyn. 

TON(;UE-TiE,  (  ,,  ,     [/ono;i(c  and  (le 


:5. 


I. 


1 


common  orthography  is  incorrect  ;  the  truejiTUNG'-TIE,       I  "'  '"   deprive  of  speech  or 
spilling  is  hniff.]  the  power  ofspecch,  or  of  distinct  articu- 

In  man,  the  instrument  of  taste,  and  thejj     lution.  Goodman. 

chief  instruiiicnt  of  speech  ;  and  in  otheriiTONGUE-TIED,  (  ^    Destitute  of  the  pow- 


1«- 


rUNG'-TIED,  y  er  of  distinct  articu- 
lation ;  having  an  impeiiiment  in  the 
speech.  Holder. 

i.  UiKihle  to  speak  freely,  from  whatever 
cause. 

Love  and  tongue-tied  simplicity.  Shiik. 

TON'IC,   a.    [from  Gr.  Toioj,  L.  <o»i  115.     Seei'rO'NY,  n 

Tone.]  Il 


animals,  the  iiistrumeiit  of  taste.  It  is  al 
so  an  instrument  of  di'glulitioii.  In  some 
aminals,  the  tongue  is  used  for  drawiiiL' 
the  food  into  tlio  mouth,  as  in  aium.ils  of 
the  bovine  genus,  5ic.  Other  animals  lap 
tlifir  drink,  as  dogs. 

The  tongue  is  covered  with  lucmliranes, 
and  the  outer  one  is  full  of  papilla'  id'  a  py-j 
raniidical  figure,  under  which  lies  a  thin, 
soil,  reticular  coat  perforated  with  innu- 
merable holes,  and  always  lined  with  a 
thick  and  white  or  yellowish  mucus. 

Cyc. 
'2.  Speech  ;  discourse  ;   sometimes,  fluency 
of  speech. 

Much  tong:we  and  much  Judgment  seldom  gol|4.   Extended.     [.\o/ ?'-•!  use.] 
together.  L' Estrange.  Tonic  spasm,  in  medicine,  a  ri 


1.  Literally,  increasing   tension  ;  hence,  in 
creasing  strength,  as   oin'c  power. 

2.  In  medicine,  iiii  reasing  strength,  or  the 
tone  of  the  animal  system;  obviating  the 
cftects  of  debility,  and  restoring  healthy 
functions. 

3.  Relating  to  tones  or  sounds. 

Broini. 

d  contraction 


crown  which   priests   wear  as  a   inaik  of 
their  order  and  of  their  rank  in  the  church. 

Cyc. 
To  TONTiNE.  n.  [Fr.  tontine;  said  to  be  from 
its  inventor,  Tonti,  an  Italian.] 
An  annuity  on  survivorship;  or  a  loan  rais- 
ed on  lili'-annuiiics,  with  the  benefit  of 
survivorship.  Thus  an  annuity  is  shared 
among  a  number,  on  the  principle  that  the 
share  of  each,  at  his  ilcath,  is  enjoyed  by 
the  survivors,  until  at  last  the  wh-le  goes 
to  the  last  survive:!-,  or  to  the  last  two  or 
three,  according  to  the  terms  on  which  the 
money  is  advanced. 

A  siriiplelon.     [Ludicrous.] 

Dryden. 


3.    The    power 
sjieecli. 


of    articulate    utterance 


of  the  muscles  without  relaxation,  as   in 
tetanus,  &c.  Hooper. 


TOO,  adv.  [Sax.  to.] 

1.  Over;  more  than  enough  ;  noting  excess; 
as,  a  thing  is  too  long,  loo  short,  or  too 
wide  ;  loo  high  ;  too  many  ;  loo  much. 

His  will   too  strong   to  bend,    too  proud   (o 
learn.  Cowley. 

2.  Likewise;  also;  in  addition. 
A  courtier  and  a  patriot  too.  Pope. 

Let  those  eyes  that  view 
The  darlug  crime,  behold  tlte  vengeance  too . 

Pope 


T  O  O 


TOP 


TOP 


3.  Toojoo,  icpcatcil,  denotes  excess  emphat- 
ically :  l)ut  tliis  roptiitlon  is  not  in  respect- 
al)li'  "SO. 

TOOK,  prcl.  of  lak-e. 

Enocli  was  not,  lor  God  tool;  him.     Gen.  v. 

TOOL,  7!.  [Sax.  tol.  Qn.  Fr.  ouiil.  In  old' 
Law  Latin,  we  find  allitc,  aUilia,  stores,! 
tools,  implements.  Ciu.  arlillery,  by  cor-; 
ruptioii.]  I 

1.  An  insirmnent  of  manual  operation,  par-l: 
tionlarly  such  as  are  used  by  farmers  audi 
mechanics  ;  as  the  tools  ot'a  joiner,  cabinet- 
maker, smith  or  shoemaker. 

2.  A  person  used  as  an  instrument  by  anoth- 
er person  ;  a  word  of  rtfiroack.  Men  of  in-, 
trifiue  always  have  tlicir  tools,  by  whosei 
agency  they  acconiplisli  their  purposes. 

TOOL,    V.  t.    To  shape  witii  a  tool.  1 

Entick.\ 

TOOM,   a.   Eniptv.     [.Yot  in  use.] 

'       _  IVukUffe.\ 

TOOT,  V.  i.  [Sax.  totian,  to  shoot,  to  pro-' 
ject ;  D.  toelen,  to  blow  the  horn  ;  toet-horn,' 
a  bugle  liorn  ;  G.  'li'tten  ;  Sw.  tiula.  This] 
word  corresponds  in  elements  with  Gr. 
tiOr;fit  and  \V.  dadi,  to  put,  set,  lay,  give; 
L.  do,  dedi.  The  Saxon  expresses  the 
primary  sense.] 

1.  To  stand  out  or  be  prominent.  [JVot  in 
use.  ]  Hou-ell. 

2.  To  make  a  jiarticular  noise  with  the 
tongue  articulating  with  the  root  of  the| 
upper  teeth,  at  the  begiiming  and  end  of 
the  sound  ;  also,  to  sound  a  horn  in  a  par- 
ticular manner. 

Tliis  writer  should  wear  a  tooting  horn. 

Howell. 

3.  To  peep  ;  to  look  narrowly.  \JVot  in  use, 
and  probably  a  mistaken  interpretation.] 

Spenser. 

TOOT,  I',  t.  To  sound  ;  as,  to  toot  the  horn. 

TOOT'ER,  n.  One  who  plays  upon  a  pipe 
or  horn.  B.  Jonson. 

TOOTH,  ?(.  phi.  teelh.  [Sax.  toth.  plu.  teth. 
It  correspnn<ls  with  W.  did  and  teth,  a  teat, 
Gaelic,  did,  dead,  and  with  loot,  supra  ;  sig- 
nifying a  shoot.  If  n  is  not  radical  in  the 
L.  dens,  Gr.  06015,  oSovroj,  this  is  the  same 
word.] 

1.  A  bony  substance  growing  out  of  the 
jaws  of  animals,  and  serving  as  the  instru- 
ment of  mastication.  The  teeth  are  also 
very  useful  in  assisting  persons  in  the  ut- 
terance of  words,  and  when  well  formed 
and  sound,  they  are  ornamental.  The 
teeth  of  animals  differ  in  sliape,  being  des- 
tined for  different  offices.  The  front  teetli 
in  men  and  quadrupeds  are  called  iiio'socs, 
or  ijicisive  or  cutting  teeth  ;  next  to  these 
are  the  pointed  teeth,  called  canine  or  dog 
teeth  ;  and  on  the  sides  of  the  jaws  arc  the 
molar  teeth  or  grinders. 

2.  Taste  ;  palate. 

These  are  not  dishes  lor  thy  dainty  luolh. 

Dry  den. 

3.  A  tine;  a  prong;  something  pointed  and 
resembling  an  animal  tooth ;  as  the  tooth 
of  a  rake,  a  cond),  a  card,  a  harrow,  a  saw, 
or  of  a  wheel.  The  teeth  of  a  wheel  are 
sometimes  called  cogs,  and  are  destined 
to  catch  corresponding  parts  of  other 
wheels. 

Tooth  and  nail,  [by  biting  and  scratchinL'.j 
with  one's  utmost  power ;  by  all  possible 
means.  L'Estrange. 


To  the  teeth,  in  open  opposition  ;  directly 
to  one's  face. 

That  I  shall  live,  and  tell  him  to  his  teeth. 

Shak. 

To  cast  in  the  teeth,  lo  retort  reproachfully; 
to  insult  to  the  face.  Hooker. 

In  spite  of  the  teeth,  in  defiance  of  opposition  ; 
in  opposition  to  every  effort.  Shak. 

To  shotv  the  teeth,  to  threaten. 

When  the  law  shows  her  teeth,  but  dares  not 
bite.  Voimg.l 

TOOTH,  V.  t.  To  furnish  with  teeth  ;  as,  toj 
tooth  a  rake. 

2.  To  indent;  to  cut  into  teeth;  to  jag ;  as, 

to  tooth  a  saw. 
1.  To  lock  into  each  other.  Moxon. 

TOOTH'AtHE,  Ji.  [tooth  and  ache.]  I'ain 
in  the  teeth. 

TOOTHACHE-TREE,  n.  A  shrub  of  the 
genus  ZantlioKvlnm.  Lee. 

TOOTH'-URAWER,  n.  [tooth  ai\t\  draw.] 
One  whose  business  is  to  extract  teeth 
with  instrnments.  IViseman. 

TOOTH'-DRAVVING,  n.  The  act  of  ex- 
tracting a  tooth ;  the  practice  of  extract- 
ing teeth. 

TOOTII'KD,  pp.  or  a.  Having  teeth  or  jags. 
In  botany,  deirtate  ;  having  projecting 
points,  remote  from  each  other,  about  the 
edge.  Martijn.     Smith. 

TOOTri'-EDcSE,  n.  [tooth  and  edge.]  The 
sen.sation  excited  by  grating  somids,  and 
by  the  touch  of  certain  substances. 

Darwin. 

TOOTH'FUL,  a.    Palatable.     [.Vo/  in  use.] 

TOOTH'LESS,  a.  Having  no  teeth. 

Dryden. 

rOOTH'LETTED,  a.  In  botany,  denticu- 
late ;  having  very  small  teeth  or  notches  ; 
as  a  leaf  Martijn. 

TOOK'PICK,  I         [tooth    and    pick.] 

TOOTH'PICKER,  ^  "•  An  instrument  ti.r 
cleaning  the  teeth  of  substances  lodged 
between  them.  Shak. 

TOOTH'SOME,  a.  Palatable ;  grateful  to 
the  taste.  Carew. 

TOOTH'SOMENESS,  n.  Pleasantness  to 
the  taste. 

TOOTH'WORT,  n.  A  plant  whose  roots 
resemble  human  teeth,  such  as  the  Lath- 
raa  sqnamaria,  various  species  of  Den- 
taria,  the  Ophrys  eornllorrhiza,  &r.  This 
name  is  also  given  to  the  lead- wort,  of  the 
genus  Plumbago,  from  its  toothed  cornl. 

Cyc. 

TOOTH'Y,  a.  Toothed  ;  having  teeth. 

Croxidl. 

TOOT'ING,  ppr.  Sounding  in  a  particulari 
manner. 

TOP.  n.  [Sax.  D.  Dan.  top  ;  Sw.  topp  ;  W. 
tob  or  top  ;  topiaiv,  to  top,  to  I'oriri  a  crest.] 

1.  The  highest  part  of  any  thing;  the  upper 
end,  edge  or  extremity  ;  as  the  top  of  a 
tree  ;  the  top  of  a  spire  ;  the  topoi  &  house  ; 
the  <o;j  of  a  mountain. 

2.  Surface;  upper  side;  as  the  top  of  the 
ground. 

;?.  Th(^  highest  jilace  ;  as  the  top  of  prefer- 
metii.  Locke.     Swift. 

4.  The  highest  (lerson  ;  the  chief.  Shak. 

^.  The  lUniost  degree. 

The  top   of  my   aniLiitiou  is  to  contiibute  to 

that  work.  Pope. 

If  you  attain  the  top  of  your  desires  in  fame — 

Pope. 


6.  The  highest  rank.  Each  boy  strives  to  he 
at  the  top  of  his  class,  or  at  the  top  of  the 
school. 

7.  The  crown  or  upper  surface  of  the  head. 

Shak. 

8.  The  hair  on  the  crown  of  the  head  ;  the 
forelock.  Shak. 

9.  The  head  of  a  plant.  Watts. 

10.  [G.  topf]  An  inverted  conoid  which 
children  play  with  by  whirling  it  on  its 
point,  continuing  the  motion  with  a  whip. 

Shak. 

11.  In  ship-building,  a  sort  of  platform,  sur- 
rounding the  bead  of  the  lower  mast  and 
projecting  on  all  sides.  It  serves  to  ex- 
tend the  shrouils,  by  which  means  they 
more  effe<tnnlly  support  the  mast ;  and  in 
ships  of  war,  the  top  furiushes  a  conven- 
ient stand  for  swi\els  and  small  arms  to 
anncjy  the  enemy.  Cyc. 

TOP'-ARMOR,  n.  In  ships,  a  railing  on  the 
top,  sup|)ortcd  by  stanchions  and  equipped 
with  netting. 

TOP-BLOCK,  71.  In  ships,  a  block  hung 
to  an  eye-bolt  in  the  cap,  used  in  swaying 
and  lo\'eriiig  the  top-mast. 

TOP'-CHAL\,  n.  In  ships,  a  chain  to  sling 
the  lower  yards  in  time  of  action,  to  pre- 
vent their  falling  when  the  ropes  by 
which  they  are  hung,  are  shot  away. 

TOP'-CLOTH,  n.  In  ships,  a  piece  of  can- 
vas used  to  cover  the  hammocks  which 
are  lashed  to  the  top  in  action. 

TOP'-DRAIMNG.  n.  The  actor  practice 
of  draining  the  surface  of  land. 

TOP-DRESSING,  ».  A  dressing  of  ma- 
nure laid  on  the  surface  of  land.  Cyc. 

TOP'FULL,  a.  [top  and  full.]  Full  to  the 
brim.  ff'atts. 

TOP-GAL'LANT,  a.     [See  Top-sail.] 

2.  Highest  ;  elevated  ;  splendid  ;  as  a  top- 
gallant spark.  L'Estrange. 

TOP-Hb'.AVY,  «.  top'-hevy.  [top  and  heavy.] 

Having  ibe  top  or  upper  part  too  heavy  for 
the  lower.  H'otton. 

TOP'  KNOT,  n.  [top  and  knot.]  A  knot 
wcjrn  by  females  on  the  top  of  the  head. 

TOP'LESS,  a.  Having  no  top;  as  a  topless 
bigbth.  Chapman. 

TOP'MAN,  n.  [top  and  man.]  The  man 
who  stands  ahine  in  sawing. 

2.    In  ,<!hips.  a  man  standing  in  the  top. 

TOP'-MAST.  n.  In  ships,  the  second  mast, 
or  that  which  is  next  above  the  lower 
mast,    .^bove  that  is  the  top-gallant-mast. 

TOP'  MOST,  a.  [top  and  most.]  Highest; 
upperniiist  ;  as  the  topmost  cliff;  the  foH- 
mosniraiicb  of  a  tree.     Dri/den.     Mdison. 

TOP'-Ph'0(  D,  0.  [top  and  proud.]  Picud 
to  the  bigbcst  degree.  Shak. 

TOP'-ROI'E,  71.  .\  rope  to  sway  up  a  top- 
njast,  &c. 

TOP'-S.ML.  71.  A  sail  extended  across  the 
top-mast,  above  which  is  the  top-gallant- 
sail. 

TOP'-SHAPED.  a.   In  iotan?/,  turbinate. 

TOP'-SOILI.XG,  11.  Tlio  act  .ir  art  of  tak- 
ing off  tire  to|)-soil  of  land,  before  a  canal 
is  be:.'nn 

TOP'-STt)NE,  71.  A  sKMie  that  is  placed 
on  the  top,  or  which  forms  the  top. 

TOP'-TACKLE,  n.  A  large  tackle  hooked 
to  the  lowiM-  cud  of  the  top-mast  top-rope 
and  to  the  deck.  Mar.  Did. 


TOP 


TOP 


TOR 


TOP,  V.  i.  To  rise  aloft ;  to  be  eminent ;  as 
lofty  ridges  auU  topjiing  mountains 

Oerhavi. 

2.  To  predominate  ;  as  lopping  passions  ; 
topping  uneasiness. 

3.  To  excel  ;  to  rise  aliovc  others. 

But  wiitc  thy  besi  ami  top—  Drydm 

TOP,  v.t.  To  cover  on  the  top;  to  tip;  to 

cap. 

— A  mount 
Of  alabaster,  topp'd  with  golden  spires 


5. 


Milton. 
Mountains  topp'd  with  snow.  Waller 

To  rise  uhovc. 

A  gourd— diinbing  by  the   boughs   twined 
about  them,  till  it  lujiped  and  covered  the  tree. 

V  Estrange. 

Topping  all  others  in  boasting.  SlMk. 

To  outgo  ;  to  surpass. 

To  crop  ;  to  take  off  the  top  or  upper  part. 

Top  your  rose  trees  a  little    with  your  linife 

near  a  leaf- hud.  Evelyn. 

So  in  .\merica  we  say,  to  lop  corn,  that 

is  maiz,  hy  cutting  uft'tlie  stalk  just  above 

the  ear. 

To  rise  to  the  top  of;  as,  he  topped  tlie 

lijll.  Denham. 

C.  To  perforin  eminently.     [JStol  in  use.] 

TO' I' AN,  n.  A  inmic  of  the  horned   Indian 

raven,  or  rhinoceros  bird.  Cyc. 

TO'PARfll,  n.  [Gr.rortoj,  place,  and  a|)j;o5, 
a  chief]  The  principal  man  in  a  place  or 
country. 
TO'l'ARCllY,  n.  A  little  state,  consisting 
of  a  few  <-ities  or  towns  ;  a  petty  country 
governed  liy  h  toparcli.  Jiidea  was  for- 
merly divided  into  rcn  topitrchies. 

TO'PAZ,  n.  (Gr  rortaiwv.]  A  mineral, said 
to  he  so  called  from  Topazos,  a  small  isle 
in  the  Araliic  fiulf,  where  the  Romiins  oh-: 
tained  a  stone  vvhiih  they  called  by  this 
name,  but  which  is  the  chrysolite  of  the 
moderns.  The  topaz  is  of  a  yellowish 
color.  It  snujetinies  occurs  in  masses, 
but  more  generally  crystalized  in  rectan- 
gular octahedrons.  Topaz  is  valued  as  n| 
gem  or  prccinus  stone,  and  is  iiseil  in  jew-i 
elry.  It  consists  of  silex,  fluoric  acid  nndl 
ahmiin,  in  the  followin;^  proportions  ;  alu-j 
niin  57  parts,  silex  34,  and  fluoric  acid  7' 
or  8.  Did.  J\/at.  Hist. 

Of  topaz  there  are  three  subspecies,  com- 
mon topaz,  sliorlite  and  physalite. 

Jameson 

TOPAZ'OLITE,  fi.    A   variety  of  precious 
garnet,  of  a  topaz  yellow  color,  or  an  ol 
ive  I'reen.  Ure.     Clenveland 

TOPE,  »i.  A  fish  of  the  shark  kind,  the 
sijiialus  giileus  of  Linne.  Ct/c. 

TOPE,  «.  J.  [Fr.  ioper.  (^u.  dip.]  To  drinU 
bard  ;  to  drink  strong  or  spiritous  liquors 
to  excess. 

It  you  tope  in  form,  and  treat —  Zfryden. 

TO'PER,  n.  One  who  drinks  to  excess ;  a 
drunkaril ;  a  sot 

TOP'ET,  n.  A  small  bird,  the  crested  tit- 
mouse. 

N.  B.  The  crested  titmouse  of  Latham,  Pn- 
rus  bicolor,  is  the  toupet  titmouse  of  Pen- 
nant. Ed.  Eneyc. 

TOPH,        )       [from  the  Latin.]    A  kind  of 

TOPH'IN,  S  "■  sandstone. 

TOPHACEOUS,  a.  Gritty ;  sandy ;  rough; 
stony.  ..Irbulhnol. 

TO'PHET,  ?i.    [Heb    nsn  tophet.  a  drum.] 

Hell;  so  called  froni  a  place  east  of  Jeriisa 
leiTi  where  children  were  burnt  to  31olocb, 

Vol.  11. 


and  where  drums  were  tjscd  to  drown 

their  cries. 
TO'l'HI,   n.    Ducksten  ;  a  stone  formed  by 

earthy   depositions  ;  called    also   tufa   or 

trass. 
TOPJARY,  a.     [L.  topiarius,  ornamented. ]| 

Slia[)ed  by  clipping  or  cutting.         Butter.] 
TOP'lC,   n.    (Gr.   rortos,  place;  L.  topicus,' 

topica ;  Sans,  topu.] 

1.  Any  subject  of  tliscourse  or  argument. 
The  Scriptures  furnish  an  unlimited  num- 
ber of  topics  for  the  preacher,  and  topics 
infinitely  interesting. 

In  rhetoric,  a  probable  argument  drawn 
from  the  several  circumstances  and  places 
of  a  fact.  Aristotle  wrote  a  book  of  topics. 
Cicero  defines  topics  to  be  the  art  of  find- 
ing arguments.  Cyc. 

3.  Principle  of  persuasion. 
Contumacious  persons  whom  no  topics  can 

work  upon.  tVilkins. 

4.  In  medicine,  an  external  remedy;  a  reme- 
dy to  he  applied  outwardly  to  a  particular 
part  (d'  the  body,  as  u  plaster,  a  poultjce,  a 
blister  and  the  like.  Cyc. 

TOP  IC,        (        [supra.]     Pertaining  to  a 

TOP'ICAL,  i""  place;  hraited  ;  local  ;  as 
a  lopicrU  remedy. 

3.  Pertaining  to  a  topic  or  subject  of  dis- 
course, or  to  a  general  head. 

TOP'ICALLY,  adv.  Locally  ;  with  limita- 
tion to  a  part. 

2.  With  application  to  a  particular  jiart ;  as 
a  remedv  lopicalty  applied. 

TOPOGRAPHER,  n.     [See  Topography. 
One  who  describes  a  particular  place,  town 

city  or  tract  of  land. 
TOPOGRAPHIC,        I       Pertaining  to  to 
TOPOGRAPHICAL,  S       pography  ;    de 

scripiive  of  a  place. 
T0P<)(;RAPH'ICALLY,  adv.  Inthemaii- 

iior  ofiiiposrapliy. 
TOI'OG'RAPHY,"?!.  [Gr.  rortoj,  place,  and 

yiiaipr;,  descri|ition.] 
The  iles<ription  of  a  particular  place,  city 

town,  manor,  |>arish  or  tract  of  land.  It  is  of 

more  limited  application  than  chorography 
TGP'PED,  /  .       Covered  on  the  top; 

TOPT,         \  ^^'  °'  "■  capped  ;    sur|)a3sed 

cropped  ;  having  the  top  cut  oft'. 
TOPPING,  ppr.    Covering   the   top;  cap 

ping  ;  surpassing  ;  cropping ;  lopping. 

0.  Fine  ;  gallant.  Johnson 

[Bill  Johnson^s  definition  is  probably  in 

correct.  ] 

Proud  ;  assuming  superiority.      [This  is 

the  sense  in  ivhirh  the  common  people  ofJ^T. 

England   vse  the   word,  and   1  believe  the 

true  .lense,  but  it  is  not  elegant.'] 
TOP'PING,   n.    In  seamen's  language,  the 

act  of  pidling    one  extremity  of  a  yardl 

higher  th.an  the  other.  Mar.  Diet.] 

TOPPING-LIFT,  )i.  .-V  large  strong  tackle 

employed  to  snspciu)  or  top  the  outer  end 

of  a  c.iflT,  or  of  the  boom  of  a  main-sail,  in 

a  brig  or  schooner.  .Mar.  Diet.] 

TOP'PINGI.Y,  adv.  Proudly  ;  with  airs  of 

disdain.     [M>t  an  elegant  word,  nor  much] 

used.]  I 

TOPPLE,   I'.  I.    (from  top.]    To   fall   for-] 

ward  ;  to  pitch  or  tumble  down. 
Though  castles  topple  on  their  warders'  heads. 


Shak. 


[This  trorrf  is  u.ied  chiefly  of  children  when 

beginning  to  icnlk.] 
TOI'TLING,  ppr.  Falling  forward. 

95 


TOPSY-TUR'VY,  adv.  In  an  inverted  pos- 
ture ;  with  the  top  or  head  ilowuwards; 
as,  !■>  turn  a  carriage  topsyturvy.       South. 

TOUl  ET,  n.  toka'.  [Fr.  a  cap.]  A  kind  of 
bonnet  or  head  dress  for  women. 

T(»R,  n.  [Sax.  <or;  L.  turris.]  A  lower  ;  a 
turret;  also,  a  high  pointed  hill;  used  in 
names. 

TORCH,  n.  [It.  torcia:  Sp.  antorcha;  Fr. 
torche  ;  I),  toorts  ;  probably  a  tw  ist ;  It.  <or- 
ciure,  to  (wist,  Sp.  lorcir,  VV.  torci,  L.  tor- 
queo,  tortus] 

.\  light  or  luminary  formed  of  some  comhus- 
tihle  suhstance,  as  of  resinous  wood  or  of 
candles. 
'I'hcv  light  the  nuptial  torch.  Mdton. 

TORCH -HEARER,  n.  [torch  and  bear.] 
One  whose  oflice  is  to  carry  a  torch. 

Sidney. 

TORCII'ER,  n.  One  that  gives  light.  [.Vol 
u.sed.]  Shak. 

TORCH-LIGHT,  n.  [torch  a.u<\  light.]  The 
light  of  a  torch  or  of  torches. 

•i.  A  light  kindled  to  supply  the  want  of  the 
Sim.  Bacon. 

TORCH'-TIIISTLE,  n.  A  plant  of  the  ge- 

I     nus  Cactus.  Lee. 

The  common  name  of  a  subdivision  of  the 
genus  Cactus,  called  also  cereiis,  from  cera, 
wax,  from  the  resemblance  of  the  stems 
to  a  wax  candle.  Torch-thietle  is  from  the 
prickly  stems,   used   by  the   Indians   for 

j     torches.  Cyc. 

TORCH -^VORT,  n.  A  plant.  More. 

TORE,  pret.  of  tear.     He  lore  his  robe. 

TORE,  n.  [perhaps  from /far;  W.  tori,  to 
break.] 

The  dead  grass  that  remains  on  mowing 
land  in  winter  and  spring.  [Used  in  .Veto 
England.]  .Mortimer. 

TORE,  n.  [L.  torus.]  In  architecture,  a  large 
round  molding  on  the  base  of  a  column. 
It  is  distinguished  from  the  astragal  hy  its 
size.  The  liases  of  the  Tuscan  and  Doric 
columns  have  only  one  tore,  which  is  be- 
tween the  plinth  and  listel.  In  the  Attic 
base  there  are  two.  Cyc. 

TOREUMATOG'RAPHY,  n.  [Gr.  roptv^o, 
sculpture,  and  ypaiju;,  description.] 

A  description  of  ancient  sculptures  and  bas- 
so-relievos. Cyc. 

TORMENT,  n.  [Fr.  loumient ;  L.  tormen- 
turn  ;  It.  Sp.  tormento  ;  probably  from  the 
root  of  L.  lori/ueo,  lomo,  Eng.  tour ;  that 
is,  from  twisting,  straining.] 

i.  Extreme  pain  ;  anguish  ;  the  utmost  de- 
gree of  misery,  either  of  body  or  mind. 
The  more  I  see 
Pleasure  about  me,  so  much  I  feel 
Torment  wilhiu  me.  Jifilton. 

Lest  they  al^o  come  into  this  place  of  torment. 
Luke  xvi.     Rev.  ix.     xiv. 

2.  That  which  gives  pain,  vexation  or  mis- 
cry. 

They  brought  to  him  all  sick  people  that  were 
taken  with  divers  diseases  and  torments.  Matt, 
iv. 

3.  .An  eneine  for  casting  stones.  Elyot. 
TORMENT',  I',  t.  To  put  to  extreme  pain 

or  anguish  ;  to   inflict   excruciating  pain 
and  misery,  either  of  body  or  mind. 

Arl  thou" come  hither  to  torment  us  before 
the  time  r     Malt.  viii. 

He  $hall  be  tormented  with  fire  and  brim- 
stone.    Rev.  xiv. 
2.  To  pain  ;  to  distress. 


TOR 


TOR 


TOR 


Lord,   ray  servant  lieth  at  home  sick  of  the 
paisy,  grievously  tormented.     Matt.  viii. 

3.  To  tease ;  to  vex ;  to  harass ;  as,  to  be 
toi-mented  with  importunities,  or  with  pet- 
ty anuoyauces. 

4.  To  put  into  great  agitation. 

They  soaring  on  main  wing 
Tormented  M  the  Air.   [Unusual.]     Milton. 

TORMENT'ED,  pp.  Pained  to  extremity  ; 
teased  ;  harassed. 

TORMENT'lL,  n.  [Fr.  tormentille ;  It.  lor- 
mentilla.] 

A  genus  of  plants,  the  septfoil.  The  root  is 
used  in  medicines  as  a  powerful  astringent, 
and  for  alleviating  gripes  or  tormina, 
whence  its  name.  Cyc. 

TORMENT'ING,  ppr.  Paining  to  an  ex- 
treme degree  ;  inflicting  severe  distress 
and  anguish  ;  teasing  ;  vexing. 

TORMENT'ING,  n.  In  agriculture,  an  im- 
perfect sort  of  horse-hoeing.  Cyc. 

TORMENT'OR,  n.  He  or  that  which  tor- 
ments ;  one  who  inflicts  penal  anguish  or 
tortures.  Milton.     Dryden. 

2.  In  agriculture,  an  instrument  for  reducing 
astifl"soil.  Q/f 

TORN,  pp.  oi' tear. 

Neither  shall  ye  eat  any  tlesh  that  is  torn  by 
the  beasts  in  the  field.     Ex.  xxii. 

TORNA'DO,  n.  [from  the  root  of  iiwn  ;  that 
is,  a  whirling  wind.  The  Sp.  Port,  torna- 
da  is  a  return.] 

A  violent  gust  of  wind,  or  a  tempest,  distin- 
guished by  a  wliirling  motion.  Torna- 
does of  this  kind  happen  after  extreme 
heat,  and  sometimes  in  the  United  States, 
rend  up  fences  and  trees,  and  in  a  few  in- 
stances have  overthrown  houses  and  tarn 
them  to  pieces.  Tornadoes  are  usually 
accompanied  with  severe  thunder,  light- 
ning and  torrents  of  rain ;  but  they  are 
of  short  duration,  and  narrow  in  breadth. 

TO'ROUS,  a.  [L.  torosus.]  In  botany,  pro- 
tuberant ;  swelling  in  knobs,  like  the  veins 
and  muscles;  as  a  torous  pericarp. 

Martyn. 

TORPEDO,  n.  [L.  from  torpeo, tobe  numb.] 

The  cramp  fish  or  electric  ray,  Raia  torpedo. 
This  fish  is  usually  taken  in  forty  fathon;s 
water,  on  the  coast  of  France  and  Eng- 
land, and  in  the  Mediterranean.  A  touch 
of  this  fish  occasions  a  numbness  in  the 
limb,  accompanied  with  an  indescribable 
and  painful  sensation,  and  is  really  an 
electric  shock.  When  dead,  the  fish  los- 
es its  power  of  producing  this  sensation. 

Cyc. 

TOR'PENT,    a.    [L.  lorpens,  torpeo.]    Be 
numbed;  torpid  ;  having  no  motion  orac 
tivity  ;  incapable  of  motion. 
A  "frail  and  torpent  memory.  Evelyn 

TOR'PENT,  n.  In  medicine,  that  which  di- 
minishes the  exertion  of  the  irritative  mo- 
tions. Darwin 

TORPES'CENCE,  v.  A  state  of  insensi- 
bility ;  torpidness  ;  numbness  ;  stupidity. 

TORPES'CENT,  a.  [L.  torpescens.]  Be- 
coming torpid  or  numb.  Shenstone. 

TORPID,  a.  [L.  torpidus,  torpeo;  perhaps 

VV.  torp,  a  lump.] 
1.  Having  lost  motion  or  the  power  of  exer- 
tion and  feeling  ;  numb  ;  as  a  torpid  limb. 
M  ithout  heat  all  tilings  would  be  torpid. 

Jtaij. 

S.  Dull  ;  stupid  ;  sluggish  ;  inactive.  The 
mind  us  well  as  the  body  becomes  torpid 


by  indolence.  Impenitent  sinners  remain 
in  a  state  of /or/)i(/ security.       Barrington. 

TORPID'ITY,  n.  Torpidness. 

TOR'PIDNESS,  i       The  state  of  being  tor- 

TOR'PITUDE,  <;"•  pid;  numbness.  Tor- 
pidness may  amount  to  total  insensibility 
or  loss  of  sensation. 

2.  Dullness ;  inactivity  ;  sluggishness  ;  stu- 
pidity. 

TOR'POR,  n.  [L.]  Numbness ;  inactivity  ; 
loss  of  motion,  or  of  the  power  of  motion. 
Torpor  may  amount  to  a  total  loss  of  sens- 
ation, or  complete  insensibility.  It  may 
however  be  applied  to  the  state  of  a  living 
body  which  has  not  lost  all  power  of  feel- 
ing and  motion. 

2.  Dullness;  laziness ;slusgishness;  stupidity. 

TORPORIF'IC,  a.  [\^.  torpor  and /acio.] 
Tending  to  produce  torpor. 

TORREFAC'TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  torre- 
facio  ;  torridus  and  facio.] 

1.  The  operation  of  drying  by  a  fire. 

2.  In  metallurgy,  the  operation  of  roasting 
ores. 

3.  In  pharmacy,  the  drying  or  roasting  of 
drugs  on  a  metalline  plate,  placed  over  or 
before  coals  of  fire,  till  they  become  fria- 
ble to  the  fingers,  or  till  some  other  de- 
sired efject  is  produced.  Cyc 

TOR'REFIED,  pp.  Dried  ;  roasted  ;  scorch- 
ed. Torrcjicd  earth,  in  agriculture,  is  that 
which  has  undergone  the  action  of  fire 

Cyc. 

TOR'REFY^,  v.t.  [h.torrefacio;  h.  torridus, 
torreo,  and  facio  ;  Fr.  torrejier.] 

1.  To  dry  by  afire.  Broxvn. 

2.  In  mdalhirgy,  to  roast  or  scorch,  as  me 
taliic  oie.«. 

3.  In  pharmacy,  to  diy  or  parch,  as  drugs, on 
a  metalline  plate  till  they  are  friable,  or 
are  reduced  to  any  state  desired. 

TOR'REFYING,  ppr.  Drying  by  a  fire; 
roasting  ;  parching. 

TOR'RENT,  n.  [L.  torrens.  This  is  the  par- 
ticiple of  torreo,  to  parch.     But  the  sense 
of  the  word  torrent,  allies  it  to  the  W.  tori, 
to  break,  and  the  Eng.  tear.     They  are  a 
of  one  family,  denoting  violent  action.] 

1.  A  violent  rushing  stream  of  water  or  oth- 
er fluid ;  a  stream  suddenly  raised  and 
running  rapidly,  as  down  a  precipice;  as 
a  torrent  of  lava. 

2.  A  violent  or  rapid  stream  ;  a  strong  cur- 
rent ;  as  a /orrcn<  of  vices  and  follies;  a 
torrent  of  corruption. 

Erasmus,  that  great  injni'd  name, 
Stemm'd  the  wild  torrent  of  a  baib'rous  age. 

Pope 

TOR'RENT,  a.  Rolling  or  rushing  in  a 
rapid  stream;  as  waves  of /onciii  fire. 

TORRICEL'LIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Torri- 
celli,  an  Italian  philosojiher  and  mathema- 
tician, who  discovered  the  true  ])rinciple 
on  which  the  barometer  is  constructed. 

Torricellian  tube,  is  a  glass  tube  thirty  or 
more  inches  in  length,  open  at  one  end, 
and  hermetically  sealed  at  the  other. 

Torricellian  vacuum,  a  vacuum  produced  by 
filling  a  tube  with  mercury,  and  allowing 
it  to  descend  till  it  is  counterbalanced  by 
the  weight  of  an  equal  column  of  the  at- 
mosphere, as  in  the  barometer. 

TOR'RID,  a.  [L.  torridus,  from  torreo,  to 
roast.] 

1.  Parched  ;  dried  with  heat;  as  a  torrid 
plain  or  desert. 


[2.  Violently  hot ;  burning  or  parching ;  as  a 

j     torrid  heat.  Milton. 

Torrid  zone,  in  geograpiiy,  that  space  or 
broad  belt  of  the  earth  included  between 
the  tropics,  over  which  the  sun  is  vertical 
at  some  period  every  year,  and  where  the 
heat  is  alwavs  great. 

TOR'RIDNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  very 
hot  or  parched. 

TORSE,  )i.  [Fr.  torse;  L.  tortus.]  In  herald- 
ry, a  wreath. 

TOR'SEL,  n.  [supra.]  Anything  in  a  twist- 
ed form  ;  as  torsels  for  mantle-trees. 

Moxon. 

TOR'SION,  71.  [L.  torsio,  from  torqueo,  to 
twist.]     The  act  of  turning  or  twisting. 

Torsion  balance,  an  instrument  for  estimating 
very  minute  forces  by  the  motion  of  an  in- 
dex attached  to  the  ends  of  two  fine  wires, 
which  twist  around  each  other.  D. Olmsted. 

TOR'SO,  n.  [It.]  The  trunk  of  a  statue,  mu- 
tilated of  head  and  limbs;  as  the  torso  of 
Hercules. 

TOR'STEN,  n.  An  iron  ore  of  a  bright  blu- 
h  black,  &.C. 

TORT,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  tortus,  twisted,  from 
torqueo.  The  primary  sense  is  to  turn  or 
strain,  hence  to  twist.] 

1.  In  law,  any  wrong  or  injury.  Torts  are 
injuries  done  to  the  person  or  property  of 
another,  as  trespass,  assault  and  batterj', 
defamation  and  the  like.  Blackstone. 

2.  Mischief;  calamity.  [Except  in  the  legal 
sense  ahove  explained,  it  is  obsolete.] 

Spenser. 
TORT'ILE,  }  [L.    tortilis.]     Twitted  ; 

TORT'IL,      S  wreathed  ;    coiled.      In 

botany,  coiled  like  a  rope  ;  as  a  tortile  awn. 

Martyn. 
TOR'TION,  n.  [L.  toHvs.]  Torment ;  pain. 

[JVol  in  use]  Bacon. 

T0R'TIOUS,a.  [from  tort.]  Injurious  ;  done 

by  wrong. 

In  lutv,  implying  tort,  or  injury  for  which 

the  law  gives  damages. 
TORT'lVE.a.  [L.  tortus-]  Tv.isted  ;  wreath- 
ed. Shale. 
TORTOISE,  n.  tor'tis.  [from  L.  tortus,  Iwisl- 

ed.] 

1.  An  animal  of  the  genus  Testudo,  covered 
with  a  shell  or  crust. 

2.  In  the  military  cd,  a  defense  used  by  the 
ancients,  formed  by  the  troops  arranging 
themselves  in  close  order  and  placing  their 
bucklers  over  their  heads,  making  a  cover 
resendibng  a  tortoise-shell. 

TORTOISE-SHELL,  n.  [tortoise  and  shell.] 
The  shell  or  rather  scales  of  the  tortoise, 
used  in  inlaying  and  in  various  manufac- 
tures. Cyc. 

TORTUOS'ITY,  n.  [from  tortuous.]  The 
state  of  being  twisted  or  wreathed  ; 
wreath  ;    flexure.  Broicn. 

TORT'UOUS,  a.  [L.  tortuosus ;  Fr.  tortu- 
eux.] 

1.  Twisted  ;  wreathed  ;  winding;  as  a  tort- 
uous train  ;  a  tortuous  leaf  or  corol,  in  bot- 
any. Milton.     Martyn. 

2.  Tortious.     [J^ot  used.]    [See  Tortious.] 

Spenser. 

TORT'UOUSNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 

twisted. 
TORT' LI  RE,  n.  [Fr.  torture  :  It.  Sp.  torlnra; 

from  L.  tortus,  torqueo,  to  twist,  AV.  torgi ; 

probably  from  the  root  of  turn.  See  Tour.] 


T  O  S 


T  O  U 


T  O  U 


i.  Extreme  pain  ;  anguish  of  body  or  mind  ; 
pang ;  iigony  ;  torment. 

Glip.^tly  spasm  or  racking  torture.        Milton. 

2.  Sever'!  pain  inllictn(l  judicially,  either  as 
a  punishment  for  a  criirie,  or  for  the  pur- 
pose of  eMortinp  a  confession  from  an  ac- 
cused |.erson.  Torture  may  be  and  is  in- 
flicted iu  a  variety  of  ways,  as  by  ivater  or 
fire,  or  liy  the  hoot  or  thumbkin.  But  the 
most  usual  mode  is  by  the  raik  or  wheel. 

Palcy.     Ci/c. 

TORT'UIIK,  V.  f.  To  i>ain  to  extremity  ;'to 
torment. 

2.  To  punish  with  torture;  to  put  to  the 
rack  ;  as,  to  torture  an  accused  person. 

3.  To  ve.\  ;  to  harass.  Addison. 

4.  To  keep  on  the  stretch,  as  a  bow.  [.Vo/ 
in  use.}  Baton. 

TORT'URED,  pp.  Tormented  ;  stretched 
on  the  wheel ;  harassed. 

TORT'URER,  n.  One  who  tortures;  a  tor- 
meiiter.  Bacon 

TORT'UUING,  ppr.  Tormenting;  stretch- 
ins  on  the  rack;  ve.\in<f. 

TORT'URINULY,  adv.  So  aa  to  torture  or 
torment.  Beaum 

TORT' URDUS,  a.  Tormenting.  [JVot  in 
use]  More. 

TOR'ULOSE,  a.  In  hotawj,  swelling  a  little. 

Martyn 

TO'RUS,  »i.  A  molding.     [Sec  Tore.] 

TORVTTY,  >i.  [h.  torvilas ;  from  twisting, 
supra.]  Sourness  or  severity  of  counto 
nance. 

TORV'OUS,  a.  [I.,  tortus,  from  the  root  of 
torqueo,  to  twist.] 

Sour  of  aspect;  stern;  of  a  severe  counte- 
nance. Derham. 

TO'RY,  n.  [said  to  be  an  Irisli  word,  denot- 
ing a  robber  ;  perhaps  from  tor,  a  bush,  as 
the  Irish  banditti  lived  in  the  mountains 
or  among  trees.] 

The  name  given  to  nn  adherent  to  the  an- 
cient conslilulion  of  England  and  tn  tlir 
apostolical  hierarchy.  The  lories  fonii  a 
party  which  are  oharged  with  supimrting 
more  arbitrary  principles  in  government 
tlian  the  whigs,  their  opponents. 

In  Auioricn,  during  the  revolution,  tliose 
wlio  ojipnscd  the  war,  and  favored  the 
claims  of  Great  Britain,  were  called  lories. 

TO'RYIS.M,  n.  The  principles  of  the  tories. 

TOSE,  V.  t.  s  ns  r.  To  tease  wool.  [Xut  in 
use  or  local.] 

TOSS ,  V.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  tossed  or  tost.  [W. 
tosiaw,  to  loss,  to  jerk.] 

1.  To  throw  with  the  hand  ;  particularly,  to 
throw  with  the  palm  of  the  hand  upward, 
or  to  tlirow  upward  ;  as,  to  toss  a  ball. 

2.  To  throw  with  violence.  Sliak. 

3.  To  lift  or  throw  up  with  a  sudden  or  vio- 
lent motion ;  as,  to  toss  the  head  ;  or  to 
toss  up  the  head. 

He  tnss'd  his  arm  aloft.  Addison. 

4.  To  cause  to  rise  and  fall  ;  as,  to  be  tossed 
on  the  waves. 

W'c,  being  exceedingly  tossed  with  a  ietn 
pest —     Acts  xxvii. 

5.  To  move  one  way  and  the  other.  Prov. 
xxi. 

0.  To  agitate  ;  to  make  restless. 
Calm  region  once, 
And  full  of  peace,  now  tuxt  and  turbulent. 

Milton 
7.  To  keep  in  play  ;  to  tumble  over;  as,  to 
spend  four   years  iu  tossing  the  rules  of| 
grannnar.  Ascham 


TOSS,  V.  i.  To  fling;  to  roll  and  tumble; 
to  writhe  ;  to  bo  in  violent  commotion. 

To  tnsa  ami   lling,   and  to  be  restless,  only 
frets  and  enrages  our  pain.  Tillotaon. 

2.  To  be  tossed.  Shak. 

To  toss  up,  is  to  throw  a  coin  into  the  air 
and  wager  on  what  side  it  will  tall. 

Brampston. 

TOSS,  n.  A  throwing  upward  or  with  a  jerk  ; 
the  act  of  tossing  ;  as  the  toss  of  a  ball. 

2.  A  throwing  up  of  the  head  ;  a  particular 
manner  of  raising  the  head  with  a  jerk. 
It  is  much  applied  to  horses,  and  may  be 
applied  to  an  utVected  manner  of  raising 
the  head  in  men. 

TOSS'ED,  pp.  Thrown  upward  suddenly 
or  with  a  jerk ;  made  to  rise  and  fall  sud 
denlv. 

TOSS'EL.     [See  Tassd.] 

rO.^^S'ER,  n.  One  who  tosses. 

TOSS'ING,  ppr.  Throwing  upward  with  a 
jerk  :  raising  suddenly;  as  the  liead. 

TO.SS'ING,  n.  Tlie  act  of  throwing  upward  ; 
a  rising  and  falling  suddenly;  a  rolling 
and  tumbling. 

Uire  was  the  tossing,  deep  the  groans. 

Milton. 

TOSS'-POT,  ?i.  [toss  nm\pot.]  A  toper;  one 
habitually  givi-u  to  strong  drink. 

POST,  pret.  and  pp.  of  toss. 

In  a  troubled  sua  of  passion  tost.         Mdton 

TO'TAL,  a.  [Fr.;  \..  totalis,  totus  :  W.  tiot.] 
Whole;  lull;  complete;  as  <o((if  darkness  ; 
a /o?rt/ departure  from  the  evidence;  a.  total 
h<ss ;  the  total  sum  or  amount. 

a.  Whole  ;  not  divided. 

— Myself  the  total  crime.  Milton. 

TO'T.\L,  n.  The  whole  ;  the  whole  sum  or 
amount.  These  sums  added,  make  the 
(rrand  total  (if  five  millions. 

TOTALITY,  n.  [Fr.  totatiU.]  The  whole 
stun  ;  whole  quantity  or  amount. 

TOTALLY,  adv.  Wholly  ;  entirely  ;  fully  ; 
completely ;  as,  to  be  totally  exhausted  ; 
all  hope  totally  failed  ;  he  was  totally  ab- 
sorbed in  thought. 

TOTALNESS,  n.  Entireness. 

TOTE,  v.t.  To  carry  or  convey.  [A  icord 
used  in  slave.ltoldinf;  countries ;  said  to  have 
hieii  introduced  li)  the  blacks.] 

TOT'TER,  t'.  i.  [This  may  be  allied  to  titter.] 

I.  To  shake  so  as  to  threaten  a  fall ;  to  va- 
cillate ;  as,  an  old  man  <o/(crji  with  age; 
a  child  toilers  when  he  begins  to  walk. 
To  shake  ;  to  reel ;  to  lean. 

As  a  bowing  wall  shall  ye  be,  and  as  a  tot- 
terinir  fence.     Ps.  Ivii. 

Troy  nods  from  high,  and  totters  to  her  fall. 

Dryden. 

TOTTERING,  ppr.  Shaking,  as  threateii- 
ng  a  fall;  vacillating;  reeling;  inclining. 

TOt'TERY,  a.  Shaking  ;  trembling  or  va- 
cillating as  if  about  to  fall ;  unsteaily.  [.Vol 
in  use.]  [Spenser  wrote /oW/e,  as  the  com- 
mon peojjle  of  New  England  still  pro- 
nounce it.] 

TOU'C.^N,  n.  A  fowl  of  the  genus  Ram- 
phastos  ;  also,  a  constellation  of  nine  small 
stars.  Cyc. 

TOUCH,  r.  t.  tuch.  [Fr.  toucher  ;  Arm. 
touicha,  touchan  or  touchein  ;  Goth,  tekan, 
attekan ;  G.  ticken  ;  D.  tckken  ;  Sp.  Port. 
tocar ;  It.  toccarc ;  Gr.  6iy^>;  L.  tango, 
oriainally  tngo,  [our  vulgar  tag ;]  pret. 
tetigi,  pp.  lactiis.  The  sense  is  to  thrust  or 
strike.  Class  Dg.  It  appears  by  the  laws 
of  Nimia  Pompilius,  that  in  bis  days  this 


word    was  written   without  n.     "Pellex 
aram  Junonis  ne  tagito."] 

1.  To  come  in  contact  with  ;  to  bit  or  strike 
against. 

He  touched  the  hoUonr  of  his  thigh.  Gen. 
xxxii.  Matt.  ix. 

Esther  drew  near,  and  touched  the  top  of  the 
scepter.     Eslh.  v. 

2.  To  perceive  by  the  sense  of  feeling. 
Nothing  but  body  can  be  touch'd  or  toxuh. 

Creech. 

3.  To  come  to  ;  to  reach  ;  to  attain  to. 
The  god  vindictive  doom'd  them  never  more. 
Ah  men  unbless'd  !   to  touch  that  natal  shore. 

Pope. 
To  try,  aa  gold  with  a  stone. 

Wherein  1  mean  to  touch  your  love  indeed — 

Shal;. 
To  relate  to  ;  to  concern. 
The  quarrel  toucheth  none  but  thee  alone. 

SlMk. 
[This  sense  is  now  nearly  obsolete.] 
ft.  To  handle  slightly.  Brown. 

i7.  To  meddle  with.     I  have  not  touched  the 

books. 
i8.  To  afTect. 

What  of  sweet 
Hath  touch'd  my  sense,  flat  seems  to  this. 

Milton. 

9.  To  move  ;  to  soften  ;  to  melt. 
The  tender  sire   was  touch'd   with  what  hf 

said.  .Addison. 

10.  To  mark  or  delineate  slightly. 
The  lines,  though  touch'd  but  faintly —   Pope. 

11.  To  infect ;  ;is  men  touched  with  pestilent 
diseases.     [Little  used.]  Bacon. 

12.  To  make  an  impression  on. 
Its  face  must  be — so  hard  that  the  file  will  not 

touch  it.  Moxon. 

13.  To  strike,  as  an  instrument  of  nmsic  ;  to 
play  on. 

They  touch'd  their  golden  harps.        Milton. 

14.  To  influence  by  impulse ;  to  impel  forcibly. 
No  decree  of  mine, 

To  touch  with  lightest  moment  of  impulse 
His  free  will.  Milton. 

1.5.  To  treat  slightly.  In  his  discourse,  he 
barely  touched  upon  the  subject  deemed 
the  most  interesting. 

IG.  To  afflict  or  distress.     Gen.  xxvi. 

To  touch  vp,  to  repair ;  or  to  improve  by 
slight  touches  or  emendations.      Addison. 

To  touch  the  tcind,  iti  seamen's  language,  i.s 
to  keep  the  ship  as  near  the  wind  as  pos- 
sible. 

TOUCH,  I',  i.  tuch.  To  be  in  contact  with  ;  to 
be  in  a  state  of  junction,  so  that  no  space 
is  between.  Two  spheres  touch  only  at 
points.  Johnson. 

2.  To  fasten  on ;  to  take  effect  on. 

I  Strong  waters  will  touch  upon  gold,  that  will 

not  touch  silver.  Bacon. 

•3.  To  treat  of  slightly  in  discourse.    Addison. 

To  touch  at,  to  come  or  go  to,  without  stay. 
The  ship  touched  at  Lisbon. 

The  next  day  wc  touched  at  Sidon.  Acts 
xxvii. 

To  touch  on  or  upon,  to  mention  slightly. 

If  tlic  antiquaries  have  touched  upon  it,  they 
have  inunediately  quitted  it.  Jiddisoil. 

2.  In  the  sense  oi' touch  at.     [Little  used.] 

TOUCH,  )!.  tuch.  Contact;  the  hitting  of 
two  bodies;  the  junction  of  two  bodies  at 
the  surface,  so  that  there  is  no  space  be- 
tween them.  The  mimosa  shrinks  at  the 
slightest  touch. 

The  sense  of  feeling  ;  one  of  the  five 
senses.  We  say,  a  thing  is  cold  or  warni 
to  the  touch ;  silk  is  soft  to  the  touch. 


T  O  U 


T  O  U 


T  O  W 


The  spider's  touch  how  exquisitely  fine  ! 

Pope. 
•J.  The  act  of  touching.     The  touch  of  cold 
water  made  him  shrink. 

4.  The  state  of  being  touched. 

— That  never  touch  was  welcome  to  thy  han<l 
Unless  1  touch'il.  Shak. 

5.  Exaniinatioii  hy  a  stone.  Shak. 

6.  Test ;  thai  by  which  any  thing  is  exam- 
ined. 

Equity,  the  true  touch  of  all  laws.       Carew 

7.  Proof;  tried  qualities. 

My  friends  of  noble  ioMcA.  Shak 

8.  Single  act  of  a  i)encil  on  a  picture. 

Never  give  the  least  touch  with  your  pencil 
till  you  have  well  exaiuineil  your  design. 

Dryden 
0.  Feature;  lineament. 

or  many  laces,  eyes  and  hearts. 
To  have  the  touches  dearest  priz'd.         Shak. 
10.  Act  of  the  hand  on  a  musical  instrument. 
>oft  stillness  and  the  night 
Become  the  touches  of  sweet  harmony. 

Shak 
U.  Power  of  exciting  the  afTections. 
Not  alone 
The   death    of    Fulvia,    with    more    urgent 

toucttes. 
Do  stroHi^ly  speak  t'  us.  Shak. 

12.  Something  of  passion  or  affection. 

He  both  makes  intercession  to  God  for  sin- 
ners, and  exercises  dominion  overall  men,  with 
a  true,  natural  and  sensible  touch  of  mercy. 

Hooker 

13.  Particular  application  of  any  thing  to  a 
person. 

Speech  of  touch  towards  others  should  be 
sparingly  used.     06s.  Bacon. 

14.  A  stroke  ;  as  a  ioiicft  of  raillery  ;  a  satiric 
touch.  Addison. 

15.  Animadversion  ;  censure  ;  reproof 

i  never  bore  any  touch  of  conscience  with 
greater  regiet.  JST.  Charles. 

16.  Exact  performance  of  agreement. 

1  keep  touch  with  my  promise.     Obs. 

More. 

17.  A  small  quantity  intermixed. 

Madam,  I  have  a  touch  of  your  condition. 

Shak. 

18.  A  hint ;  suggestion  ;  slight  notice. 

A  small  touch  will  put  him  in  mind  of  them. 

Bacon. 

19.  A  cant  word  for  a  slight  essay. 

Print  my  preface  in  such  form  as,  in  the 
bookseller's  phrase,  will  make  a  sixpenny  foMc/i 
{.Vot  in  use.'}  Swifi 

20.  In  music,  the  resistance  of  the  keys  ol 
an  instrument  to  the  fingers ;  as  a  heavy 
touch,  or  light  <ouc/i. 

21.  In  music,  an  organ  is  said  to  have  a  good 
touch  or  stop,  when  the  keys  close  well. 

22.  In  ship-building,  touch  is  the  broadest 
part  of  a  plank  worked  top  and  butt ;  or 
the  middle  of  a  plank  worked  anchor-stock 
fashion;  also,  tlie  angles  of  the  stern  tim- 
hcrs  at  the  counters.  Cyc, 

TOUCHABLE,  a.  tuch'able.  That  may  be 
touched  ;  tangible. 

TOUCH-HOLE,  »i.  tuch'-hole.  [touch  and 
hole.] 

The  vent  of  a  cannon   or  other  species  of| 
fire-arms,  by  which  fire  is  communicatee 
to  the  powder  of  the  charge.     It  is  now 
called  the  vent. 

TOUCHINESS,  n.  luch'iness.  [from  touchy.] 
Peevishness  ;  irritability  ;  irascibility. 

King  Charles. 

TOUCHING,  jipr.  tuch'ing.  Coniirjg  in  con- 
tact with  ;  hitting  ;  slnkiug;    utlecting. 


2.  Concerning;  relating  to  ;  with  respect  to.] 
Now  istouclmig  things  offered  to  idols —    1 

Cor.  viii. 

3.  a.  Affecting  ;  moving  ;  pathetic. 
rOUCniNG,  n.  <itc/i'ing-.  Touch  ;  the  sense 

of  feeling. 

TOUCHINGLY,  arfi).  tuch'ingly.  In  a  man- 
ner to  move  the  passions  ;  feelingly. 

Garth. 

TOUCH-ME-NOT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  ge- 
inis  Impatiens,  and  another  of  the  genus 
Momordica. 

TOUCH-NEEDLE,  n.  tuch'-needle.  [touch 
and  needle.] 

Touch-needles  are  small  bars  of  gold,  silver 
and  co|)per,  each  pure  and  in  all  propor- 
tions, prepared  for  trying  gold  and  silver 
by  the  touchstone,  by  comj)arison  with  the 
mark  they  leave  upon  it.  Cyc. 

TOUCHSTONE,  n.  tuch'stone.  [touch  and 
stone.] 

1.  A  stone  by  which  metals  are  examined; 
a  black,  smooth,  glossy  stone.  The  touch- 
stone of  the  ancients  was  called  lapis 
Lydius,  from  Lydia  in  Asia  Minor,  wliere 
it  was  found. 

2.  Any  test  or  criterion  by  which  the  quali- 
ties of  a  thing  are  tried  ;  as  money,  the 
touchstone  of  common  honesty. 

U  Estrange. 

Irish  touchstone,  is  the  basalt,  the  stone  which 
composes  the  Giant's  causey.  This  is 
said  also  to  be  an  excellent  touchstone. 

TOUCH-VV09D,  n.  tuch'-wood.  [touch  and 
wood.] 

Decayed  wood,  used  like  a  match  for  taking 
fire  from  a  spark.  Hoivell. 

TOUCHY,  a.  tuch'y.  [vulgarly  techy.]  Pee- 
vish ;  irritable;  irascible;  apt  to  take  fire. 
[Not  elegant.]  Arbuthnot. 

TOUGH,  a.  tuf.  [Sax.  toh  ;  D.  laai ;  G. 
zahe.     Qu.  light,  thick.] 

1.  Having  the  quality  of  flexibility  without 
brittleness  ;  yielding  to  force  without 
breaking.  The  ligaments  of  animals  and  of 
India  rubber  are  remarkably  tough.  Tough 
timber,  like  young  ash,  is  the  most  proper 
for  the  shafts  and  springs  of  a  carriage. 

2.  Firm;  strong;  not  easily  broken  ;  able  to 
endure  hardship  ;  as  an  animal  of  a  tough 
frame.  Dryden. 

3.  Not  easily  separated  ;  viscous ;  clammy  ; 
tenacious  ;  ropy  ;  as  tough  phlegm. 

4.  Stiff";  not  flexible. 
TOUGHEN,  V.  i.  tufn.  To  grow  tough. 

Mortimer. 

TOUGHEN,  V.  t.  tufn.  To  make  tough. 

TOUGHLY,  adv.  tufly.  In  a  tough  man- 
ner. 

TOUGHNESS,  n.  tufness.    The  quality  of 
a  substance  which  renders  it  in  some  de 
gree  flexible,  without  britlleness  or  liabili- 
ty to  fracture  ;  flexibility   with  a  firm  ad- 
hesion of  parts;  as  the  toughness  of  steel 

Dryden. 

2.  Viscosity  ;  tenacity  ;  clamminess  ;  gliiti- 
nousness  ;  as  the  toughness  of  mucus. 

3.  Firmness  ;  strength  of  constitution  or  tex- 
ture. Shak. 

TOUPE'E, )       [Fr.  toupei,  from  touffe,  a  tuft, 
TOUPET,  S  "■  "1"  'ts  root.]     A  little  tuft ;  a 

curl  or  artificial  lock  of  hair. 
ToUR,  n.  [Fr.tour,  a   turn;  D.  toer ;  Ileh. 

Class 


nin,  Ar.     Li"  taurn,  to  go  round. 
Dr.  No.  38.] 


1.  Literall}',  a  going  round;  hence,  a  jour- 
ney in  a  circuit  ;  as  the  tour  of  Euidpej 
the  tour  of  France  <jr  England. 

2.  A  turn  ;  a  revolution  ;  as  the  tours  of  the 
heavenly  bodies.     [JVut  now  in  use.] 

3.  A  turn  ;  as  a  tour  of  duty  ;  a  military  use 
of  the  word. 

4.  A  tress  or  circular  border  of  hair  on  the 
head,  worn  sometimes  by  both  sexes. 

Cyc. 
A  tower.     [j\'ot  in  %tse.] 

Tourist,  n.  One  who  makes  a  tour,  or 
performs  a  journey  in  a  circuit. 

Tourmalin,    /       [probably  a  corruption 

TUR'M.ALLN,  ^  ■  of  tournamal,  a  name 
given  to  this  stone  in  Ceylon.] 

In  mineralogy,  a  silicious  stone,  sometimes 
userl'as  a  gem  by  jewelers,  remarkable  lor 
exhibiting  electricity  by  heat  or  friction. 
It  occurs  in  lung  prisms  deeply  striated. 
Its  fracture  is  couchoidal,  and  its  internal 
luster  vitreous.  C^c. 

Tin  maliu  is  considered  as  a   varieiy  of 
shorl.  Cleaveland. 

TOURN,  n.  The  sherif's  turn  or  court  ;  al- 
so, a  spiiiniua  wheel.     [Not  American.] 

TOURNAMENT,  n.  turn'ament.  [Irom  Fr. 
touriier,  to  turn.] 

.\  martial  sport  or  exercise  formerly  per- 
formed by  cavaliers  to  show  their  address 
and  bravery.  These  exercises  were  per- 
formed on  horseback,  and  were  accompa- 
nied with  tilting,  or  attacks  with  blunted 
lances  and  swords.  Bacon. 

TOURN EQUET,n.  turn'eket.  [Fr.]  A  sur- 
gical instrument  or  bandage  which  is 
straitened  or  relaxed  with  a  screw,  and 
used  to  check  hetnorrhages.  Cyc. 

TOURNEY,  n.  tum'ey.  A  tournament,  su- 
pra. 

TOURNEY,  V.  i.  tum'ey.  To  tilt ;  to  per- 
form tournaments.  Spenser. 

TOUSE,  V.  t.  touz.  [G.  zausen,  to  pull.]  'To 
pull;  to  haul;  to  tear.     [Hence   Towser.] 
As  a  bear  whom  angry  curs  have  tous'd. 

Spenser. 

TOUS'EL,  V.  I.  s  as  :.  The  same  as  touse  ; 
to  put  into  disorder  ;  to  tumble;  lo  tangle. 
[Used  by  the  common  people  ef  New  Kng- 
latid.] 

TOVV,  V.  t.  [Sax.  teogan,  teon  ;  Fr.  touer  ;  G. 
:ie/ien,  to  pull ;  zug,  a  pulling,  a  tug';  L. 
duco.     See  Class  l)g.  No.  tJ2.  04.] 

To  drag,  as  a  boat  or  ship,  throiijjh  the  wa- 
ter by  means  of  a  rope.  Towing  is  per- 
formed hy  another  beat  or  ship,  or  by  men 
on  shore,  or  by  horses.  Boats  on  canals 
are  usually  towed  by  horses. 

TOVV,  n.  [Sax.  low;  Fr.  ctoupe  ;  h.  slupa ; 
h.stoppa;  iiy>.  estopu.  It  coincides  with 
stuff.] 

The  coarse  and  broken  part  of  flax  or  hemp, 
separated  from  the  finer  part  by  the  batch- 
el  or  swingle. 

TOWAGE,    n.    [from  tow,  the  verb.]     The 

act  of  towing. 
i.  The  price  paid  for  towing.  H'alsh. 

TOW.ARU,     /  [HiiK.  loumrd ;   lo  uni 

I'OVVARDS,  S   ^''''^"  ward,   weard ;  L.  ver- 
sits,  verto.] 

1.  In  the  direction  to. 

He  set   his   face   toivard    the    wilderness. 
Num.  xxiv. 

2.  With  direction  to,  in  a  moral  sense ;  with 
respect  to ;  regarding. 


TOW 


T  O  W 


T  R  A 


His  eye  shall  be  evil  toward  hij  brother. 
Deut.  xxviii. 

Hcreifi  do  1  exercise  myself  to  have  always 
a  CDiispjence  voiii  of  offciiije  toward  God  and 
toward  men.      Acts  xxiv. 

Hearing  of  thy  love  and  faith  which  thou  hast 
toward  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  and  toward  all 
saints.     Philemon  5. 

3.  With  ideol  tendency  to. 

This  was  the  tirst  alarm  England  received 
inwards  any  trouble.  Clarendon. 

4.  M  early. 

1  am  towards  nine  years  older  since  I  left 
you.  Swift. 

TOWARD,     }     .     Near;    at  hand ;  in   a 


adv. 


TO' WARDS,  \  """"  state  of  preparation. 

TO'WARD,  a.  Ready  to  do  or  learn;  not 
iVoward  ;  apt ;  as  a  toward  youth.  I 

TO'WARDLINESS,  n.  [from  lowurdlij.] 
Keudiness  to  du  or  learn  ;  aptness  ;  docil- 
ity I 
The  beauty  and  towardlineas  of  these  child- 
ren moved  her  brethren  to  envy.            Raleigh. 

TO'WARDLY,  a.  Ready  to  do  or  learn; 
apt  ;  docile ;  tractable  ;  compliant  with 
duty.  Bacon. 

TO'WARDNESS,  n.  Docility;  townnlli- 
iicsH.  South. 

TOW'EL,  n.  [Fr.fouaUle;  Gaelic,  fuhailt ; 
it.  iovaglia  ;  I'ort.  tualha  ;  Ann.  touaitlion  ; 
S\>.  tobatla,  lubiija,  toaja,  or  loalla.  In  Ital-i 
ian  tlio  word  signifie.s  a  table  clotli.J 

A  cliitli  nsoil  tor  wiping  the  liunds  and  for 
other  things.  I 

TOWER,  n.  [Sax.  tor,  tirre  ;  Ir.  for;  Fr. 
Ann.  tour;  Sp.  It.  Port,  torre ;  W.  twr,  a' 
heap  or  pile  ;  Corn.  id. ;  G.  tkiirni ;  I).' 
torm  ;  L.  lurris ;  Gr.  TVjjotj;  lleh.  mit3. 
Class  Dr.  No.  '24.] 

1.  A  buildin;;,  either  round  orsrpiare,  raised 
to  a  considerable  elevation  and  <-iiiisisiiiiir 
of  several  stories.  When  towers  are 
erected  with  other  buildint;s,  as  they 
usually  are,  they  rise  above  the  main  edi- 
fice. They  are  generally  flat  on  the  top, 
and  thus  difTer  from  steeples  or  spires. 
Before  the  invention  of  sinus,  places  were 
fortified  with  towers,  anil  attacked  with 
movable  towers  mounti^don  wheels,  which 
pluced  the  besiegers  on  a  level  with  the 
walls.  Ci/c. 

2.  A  citadel ;  a  fortress.     Ps.  Ixi. 

3.  A  iiisrh  head  dress.  Htidlbras. 


4    lliah  flight;  elevation. 


Johnson. 


Totmr  bii.^tion,  in  fortitication,  a  small  lo^ver 
in  the  form  of  a  bastion,  with  rooms  or 
cells  uiiderjieath  for  men  and  guns.     Ci/c. 

TowpjT  of  London,  a  citadel  containing  an 
arsenal.  It  is  also  a  palace  where  the 
kings  uf  England  have  sometimes  hidged. 

Cijc} 

TOW'ER,  v.i.  To  rise  and  fly  high;  tO: 
sour;  to  lie  lofty. 

Sublime  thoughts,  which  tower  above   the' 
clouds.  Locke 

TOWERED,  a.  Adorned  or  defended  by 
t<'weis.  Milton. 

TOWERING,  ppr.  Rising  alofl ;  n)ount- 
ing  high  ;  soaring.  ! 

2.  (I.  Very  high  ;  elevated  ;  as  a  towering 
hijihth. 

TOW'ER-MUSTARD,  n.  [tower  atu\  mus- 
tard.^    A  plant  of  the  genus  Turritis. 

Lee. 

TOW'ERY,  a.  Having  towers;  adorned  or 
defended  by  towers ;  as  towery  cities. 

Pope.] 


TOWING,  ppr.  Drawing  on  water,  as  a 
boat. 

TOWING-PATH,  n.  A  path  used  by  men 
or  horses  that  tow  boats. 

To  wit,  to  know  ;  namely. 

TOW-LINE,  71.  [tow  and  line.]  A  small 
hawser,  used  to  tow  a  ship,  &c. 

TOWN,  n.  [Sax.  <«n;  W .  din,  dinas,  a.  for- 
titied  hill,  a  fort;  (iaelic,  (/un  ;  Sux.  dun, 
dune,  a  hill,  whence  downs.  The  Sax. 
tun  signifies  an  inclosure,  a  garden,  a  vil- 
lage, a  town,  and  ti/nan  is  to  shut,  to  make 
fast ;  G.  lauii,  a  hedge  ;  D.  (uii,  a  garilen. 
If  the  origiual  word  signified  a  hill,  the 
sense  is  a  mass  or  collection.  But  proba- 
bly the  original  word  signified  fortified, 
and  the  rude  fortifications  of  uncivilized 
men  were  formed  with  hedges  and  stakes  ; 
hence  also  a  garden.  See  Garden  and 
Tun.) 

1.  Originally,  a  walled  or  fortified  place  ;  a 
collection  of  houses  inclosed  with  walls, 
heilges  or  pickets  for  safety.  Ilahab's 
hou.se  was  on  the  town  wall.     Josh.  ii. 

A  town  that  hath  gates  and  bars.  1  Sam 
xxiii. 

'i.  Any  collection  of  houses,  larger  than  a 
village.  In  this  use  the  word  is  very  iii- 
rlefinite,  and  a  town  may  consist  of  twenty 
houses,  or  of  twenty  thousand. 

3.  In  England,  any  number  of  houses  to 
which  belongs  a  regular  market,  and  which 
is  not  a  city  or  the  see  of  a  bishop. 

Johnson. 

A  town,  in  modern  times,  is  generally 
without  walls,  which  is  the  circumstance 
that  usually  distinguishes  it  from  a  city. 

Q/c. 

In  the  United  Slates,  the  circumstance 
that  distinguishes  a  town  from  a  city,  is 
generally  that  a  city  is  incorporated  with 
special  privileges,  and  u  town  is  not.  But 
a  city  is  often  called  a  town. 

4.  The  inhabitants  of  a  town.  The  town 
voteil  to  send  two  representatives  to  the 
legislature,  or  they  voted  to  lay  a  tax  for 
repairing  the  highways. 

Aiu'  England.    Chapman. 
.5.  In  popular  usage,  in  America,  a  township  ;' 

the  whole  territory  within  certain  limits. 
6.  In  England,  the  court  end  of  Loudon. 

Pope 
riie  inhabitants  of  the  metropoli.s. 

Pope 

8.  The  metropolis.  The  gentleman  lives  in 
town  ill  winter  ;  in  summer  he  lives  in  the 
country.  The  same  lirrin  of  expression  is 
tised  in  regard  to  other  populous  towns 
TOWN  -CLERK,  n.  [loan  and  clerk.]  An 
officer  who  keeps  the  records  of  a  town, 
and  enters  all  its  othcial  proiM-edings 
TOWN-CRl'ER,  n.  [/«»•»  and  cr.i/.)  A  pub 
lie  crier  ;  one  who  makes  proclamation. 

Skak 
TOWN'-HOUSE,  n.  [town  an<\  house.]  Tin 
house    when'   the    public   business  of  the 
town  is  transacted   by   the  inhabitants  ii 
legal  meeting.  jYew  England. 

A  house  in  town  ;  in  opposition  to  a  house 
in  the  country. 
TOWN'ISH,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  inhabit 

ants  of  a  town;  like  the  town. 
TOWN'LESS,  a.  Having  no  town. 

Howell. 

TOWN'SHIP,  n.  The  district  or  territory 
of  a  town.    In  JVew  England,  tlie  states 


are  divided  into  townships  of  five,  six, 
seven,  or  perhaps  ten  miles  stjuare,  antl 
the  inhahiiant.s  of  such  townships  are  in- 
vested with  certain  powers  for  regulating 
their  own  affairs,  such  as  repairing  roads, 
providing  for  the  poor,  &:c. 

,TOWNS'Al.\.\,  n.  [loirn  and  man.]    An  in- 

!     habitant  of  a  place ;  or  one  of  the  same 

)     town  with  another. 

2.  A  selectman  ;  an  officer  of  the  town  in 
New  England,  who  assists  in  managing 
the  afliiirs  of  the  town.     [See  Selectmen.] 

TOWN'-TALK,  n.  [loicn  and  t<Uk.]  The 
common  talk  of  a  place,  or  the  subject  of 
common  conversation. 

TOW-ROPE,  ji.  [low  and  rope.]  Any  rope 
used  ill  towing  ships  or  boats.     Mar.  Did. 

TOWS'ER,  n.  [from  louse.]  The  name  of  a 
dog. 

TOX'ICAL,  a.  [L.  toricum.]  Poisonous. 
[Little  used.] 

TOXICOL'OtiY,  n.  [Gr.  rolixor,  poison, 
and  >.nyoi,  discourse.] 

A  discourse  on  |ioisons;  or  the  doctrine  of 
poisons.  OifUa.     Coze. 

TOY,    71.    [(ill.    D.    /oo»,    tire,   ornament.] 

1.  A  plaything  for  chililren  ;  a  biiwble. 

2.  A  trifle ;  n  thing  for  amusement,  but  of 
no  real  value. 

3.  .■\n  article  of  trade  of  little  value. 
They  exchange  gold  and  peail  for  toys. 

Mbot. 

4.  Matter  of  no  importance. 
Nor  light  and  idle  toys  my  lines  may  vainly 

swell.  Itrayton. 

.5.  Folly  ;  trifling  practice  ;  silly  opinion. 
().   Amorous  ilalliunce  ;  play  ;  sport.     Milton, 
7.  An  old  story  ;  a  silly  tale.  Shnk. 

t-.  Slight  representation  ;  as  the  toy  of  nov- 
elty. Hooker. 

0.  \Vild  fancy;  odd  conceit.  Shak. 
TOY,  V.  i.  [Dan.  timr,  Siv.  tofra,  to  stay, 

to  tarry,  to  dally.     This  .seems   to   be?   the 

true  origin  of  toy,  supra.]     To  dally  amo- 

ronslv;  to  trifle  ;  to  play. 
TOY,  V.  t.  To  treat  foolishly.     [.Vot  used.] 

Bering. 
TOY'ER,  71.  One  who  toys;   one   who   is 

full  of  trifling  tricks. 
TOY'KlL.  «.  Full  of  trifling  plav.     i>o;i7ie. 
Ti)\  ISU,  ppr.  Dalljing;  trifling. 
T()^'  ISH,  o.  Trifling;  wanton.      Crowley. 
TOY'ISHNESS,    ».    Disposition    to   dalli- 
I     aiicp  or  trifling. 
TOY'MAX,  71.    [toy  and  moTi.]     One   that 

deals  ill  toys. 
TOY'SIIOP,    71.    [toy  and  shop.]     A  shop 
!     where  toys  are  sold. 
TOZE,    V.  t.    To  pull  by   violence.      [See 

Touse.] 

TR.\CE.  71.  [Fr.  id.;  It.  traccia;  S\t.  traza ; 
L  trnctus,  tracto.  See  Track,  and  the  verb 
Trace.] 

1.  .\  mark  left  by  any  thing  passing  ;  a  foot- 
step; a  track;  a  vestige;  as  the  trace  of  a 
carriage  or  sled  ;  the  trace  of  a  man  or  of 
a  deer. 

2.  Remains ;  a  mark,  impression  or  visi- 
ble appearance  of  any  thing  left  when  the 
thing  itself  no  longer  exists.  We  are  told 
that  there  are  no  traces  of  ancient  Baby- 
lon now  to  be  seen. 

The  shady  empire  shall  retain  no  trace 
Of  war  or  blood,  but  ia  the  sylvan  chase. 

Pope. 


T  R  A 


T  R  A 


T  R  A 


TRACE,  n.  [Fr.tirassc;  or  W.  tres.  See 
Trestle.] 

Traces,  in  a  harness,  are  the  straps,  chains 
or  ropes  by  wliicli  a  carriage  or  sleigli  is 
drawn  by  horses.  [Locally  these  are  call- 
ed tugs  ;  Sax.  leogan,  to  draw.] 

TRACE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  (nicer;  It.  Imcciare  ;  Sp. 
trazare ;  L.  tracto,  from  liaho,  Eng.  to 
draw,  to  drag.] 

1.  To  mark  out ;  to  draw  or  delineate  with 
marks ;  as,  to  trace  a  figure  with  a  pencil ; 
to  trace  the  outline  of  any  thing. 

2.  To  follow  by  some  mark  that  has  been 
left  by  something  which  has  preceded  ;  to 
follow  by  footsteps  or  tracks. 

You  may  trace   the  deluge   quite  round  the 
globe.  Burnet. 

I  feel  thy  power  to  trace  the  ways 
Of  highest  agents.  Milton. 

3.  To  follow  with  exactness. 

That  servile  path  thou  nobly  do'st  decline, 
Of  tracing  vvord  by  word,  and  line  byline. 

i)eiiham. 

4.  To  walk  over. 

We  do  trace  this  alley  up  and  down.     Shak. 
TRA'CEABLE,  a.  That  may  be  traced. 

Drummond. 
TRA'CED,  ;j;j.    Marked   out;    delineated; 

followed. 
TRA'CER,  n.  One  that  traces  or   follows 

by  marks. 
TRA'CERY,  n.  Ornamental  stone  work. 

H'arton. 
TRA'€HEA,  n.  [Low   L.  from  Gr.  tpax^'i, 

rough.]     In  anatom;/,(hc  windpipe. 
TRA'€HEAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  trachea 

or  windpipe  ;  as  the  tracheal  artery. 

Coxe. 
TRACHEOCELE,    ii.    [trachea  and  xij-kt;, 

a  tumor.] 
An  enlargement  of  the  thyroid  gland  ;  bron- 

chocele  or  goiter.  Cyc. 

TRA€HEOT'OMY,  n.   [trachea  and  tsfipu, 

to  cut.] 
In  surgery,  the  operation  of  making  an  open- 
ing into  the  windpipe.  Cyc. 
TRAXIIYTE,  n.  [Gr.  fpajitf,  rough.]     A 

.species  of  volcanic   rock,    composed    of 

crystals  of  glassy  feldspar,  sometimes  with 

crystals  of  hornhlend,  mica,  iron   pyrite, 

&,c.  Daubeny.     Journ.  of  Science. 

TRA€HYT'IC,  a.   Pertaining  to  trachyte, 

or  consisting  of  it. 
TRA'CING,    ppr.    [from    trace.]     Marking 

out ;  drawing  in  lines  ;  following  by  marks 

or  footsteps. 
Tracing  lines,   in  a  ship,  are  lines  passing 

through  a  block  or  thimble,  and   used  to 

hoist  a  thing  higher. 
TRA'CING,  71.  Course  ;   regular  track   or 

path.  Davies. 

TRACK,  n.  [h.traccia;  S\\traza;Fi: trace. 

See  Trace.  Track'is  properly  a  mark  made 

by  drawing,  not  by  stepping  ;  the  latter  is 

a  derivative  sense.] 

1.  A  mark  left  by  something  that  has  passed 
along ;  as  the  track  of  a  ship,  a  wake  ;  the 
track  of  a  meteor  ;  the  track  of  a  sled  or 
sleigh. 

2.  A  mark  or  impression  left  by  the  foot, 
either  of  man  or  beast.  Savages  are  said 
to  be  wonderfully  sagacious  in  finding  the 
tracks  of  men  in  the  finest. 

3.  A  road  ;  a  beaten  path. 

Behold  Torcpiatus  the  same  track  pursue. 

Dryden. 

4.  Course;  way  ;  as  the  track  of  a  comet. 


TRACK,  J',  t.  To  follow  when  guided  by  a 
trace,  or  by  the  footsteps,  or  marks  of  the 
feet ;  as,  to  track  a  deer  in  the  snow. 

2.  To  tow;  to  draw  a  boat  on  the  water  in 
a  canal. 

TRACK'ED,  pp.  Followed  by  the  foot- 
steps. 

TRACK'ING,  ppr.  Following  by  the  im- 
pression of  the  feet;  drawingaboat ;  tow- 
ing. 

TRACK'LESS,  a.  Having  no  track ;  mark- 
ed by  no  footsteps;  untrodden;  as  a  track- 
less desert. 

TRACK'-ROAD,  n.  [track  and  road.]  A 
towing-path.  Cyc. 

TRACK'-SCOUT,  n.  [track  and  D.  schuit, 
boat.] 

A  boat  or  vessel  employed  on  the  canals  in 
Holland,  usually  drawn  by  a  horse.      Cyc. 

TRA€T,  n.  [L.  tractns ;  It.  tratto;  Fr. 
trait;  from  h.traho,  Fr.  trairc,  to  draw.] 

1.  Somethingdrawn  out  or  extended. 

2.  A  region,  or  quantity  of  land  or  water,  of 
indefinite  extent.  VVe  may  apply  tract  to 
the  sandy  and  barren  desert  of  Syria  and 
Arabia,  or  to  the  narrow  vales  of  Italy  and 
Sardinia.  We  say,  a  rich  tract  of  land  in 
Connecticut  or  Ohio,  a  stony  tract,  or  a 
mountainous  tract.  We  apjily  tract  to  a 
single  farm,  or  to  a  township  or  state. 

3.  A  treatise ;  a  written  discourse  or  disser- 
tation of  indefinite  length,  but  generally 
not  of  great  extent. 

4.  In  hunting,  the  trace  or  footing  of  a  wild 
beast.  Cyc. 

5.  Treatment ;  exposition.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Shak. 
G.  Track.     [JVot  in  use.] 

7.  Continuity  or  extension  of  any  thing;  as 
a  tract  of  speech.     [JVot  much  used.] 

8.  Continued  or  protracted  duration;  length  ; 
extent ;  as  a  long  tract  of  time.         .Milton. 

TRACT,  V.  t.  To  trace  out ;  to  draw  out. 
[JVot  in  use.] 

TRACTABIE'ITY,  n.  [from  tractable.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  tractable  or  do- 
cile ;  docility  ;   tractahleness.         Beddoes. 

TRACT'ABLE,  a.  [L.  tractnbilis,  from 
tracto,  to  handle  or  lead  ;  Fr.  traitable  ;  It. 
trattabile.] 

1.  That  may  be  easily  led,  taught  or  man- 
aged ;  docile  ;  manageable  ;  governable  : 
as  tractable  children  ;  a  tractable  learner. 

Locke. 

2.  Palpable ;  such  as  may  be  handled  ;  as 
tractable  measin-es.  Holder. 

TRACT' AHLENESS,  n.  The  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  tractable  or  manageable  ;  <lo- 
cility;  as  ihc  tractableness  of  children. 

Locke. 
TRACT'ABLY,  adv.  In   a  tractable   man- 
ner ;  with  ready  compliance. 
TRACT' ATE,  n.  [h.  tractalus.]  A  treatise  ; 
a  tract.     [JVot  now  in  use.] 

Brown.     Hale. 
TRACTA'TION,  n.  [L.  tractalio.]     Treat- 
ment or  handling  of  a  subject;  discussion. 

Bp.  HaU. 
TRACTA'TRIX,  n.  In  geometry,  a  curve 

line. 
TRACT'ILE,  a.   [L.  tractus.]     Capable    of 
being  drawn  out  in  length  ;  ductile. 

Bodies  are  tractile  or  intraclile.  Bacon. 

TRACTIL'ITY,  n.    The   quality  of  being 

tractile ;  ductility.  Derham. 


TRACTION,  n.  [L.  tractus,  traho.]  Theaa 
of  drawing,  or  state  of  being  drawn ;  a» 
the  traction  of  a  muscle.  Holder. 

2.  Attr.u-tion  ;  a  drawing  towards.  Cyc. 

TRACT'OR,  n.  That  which  draws,  or  is 
used  ibr  drawing.  Journ.  of  Science. 

TR.\DE,  n.  [Sp.  Port,  trato  ;  tratar,  to  han- 
dle, to  trade;  It.  tratta,  trattare;  from 
L.  tracto,  to  handle,  use,  treat.  The  Fr. 
traite,  trailer,  are  the  same  words.] 

1.  The  act  or  business  of  exchanging  com- 
modities by  barter;  or  the  business  of 
buying  and  selling  for  money ;  commerce ; 
traffick  ;  barter.  Trade  comprehends  ev- 
ery species  of  exchange  or  dealing,  either 
in  the  produce  of  land,  in  manufactures, 
in  bills  or  money.  It  is  however  chiefly 
used  to  denote  the  barter  or  purchase  and 
sale  of  goods,  wares  and  merchandise,  ei- 
ther by  wholesale  or  retail.  Trade  is  ei- 
thei/ore?o-n,  or  domestic  or  inland.  Foreign 
trade  consists  in  the  exportation  and  im- 
portation of  goods,  or  the  exchange  of  the 
commodities  of  different  countries.  Do- 
mestic or  Itome  trade  is  the  exchange  or 
buying  and  selling  of  goods  within  a 
country.  Trade  is  also  by  the  wholesale, 
that  is,  by  the  package  or  in  large  quanti- 
ties, or  it  is  by  retail,  or  in  small  parcels. 
The  carrying  trade  is  that  of  transporting 
commodities  from  one  country  to  another 
by  watfr. 

2.  The  business  which  a  person  has  learned 
and  which  he  carries  on  for  procuring 
subsistence  or  for  profit;  occupation; 
particularly,  mechanical  employment ;  dis- 
tinguished from  the  liberal  arts  and  learn- 
ed professions,  and  tVoin  agriculture.  Thus 
we  speak  of  the  trade  of  a  smith,  of  a  car- 
penter or  mason.  But  we  never  say,  the 
trade  of  a  farmer  or  of  a  lawyer  or  physi- 
cian. 

3.  Business  pursued ;  occupation  ;  in  con- 
tempt;  as,  piracy  is  their  trade. 

Hunting  their  sport,  ami  plund'iing  was  their 
trade.  Dryden. 

4.  Instruments  of  any  occupation. 

The  shepherd  bears 
His  house  and  houseliold  goods,  his  trade  of 
war.  Dryden. 

.5.  Employment  not  manual ;   habitual  ex- 
ercise. Bacon. 
G.  Custom  ;  habit ;  standing  practice. 
Thy  sin's  not  accidental,  but  a  trade. 

Shak. 
7.  Men  engaged  in  the  same  occupation. 
Thus  booksellers  speak  of  the  customs  of 
the  trade. 
TRADE,  V.  i.  To  barter,  or  to  buy  and  sell ; 
to  deal  in  the  exchange,  purchase  or  sale 
of  goods,  wares  and  men'iiandise,  or  any 
thing  else  ;  to  tralfick  ;  to  carry  on  com- 
merce as  a  business.  Thus  American 
merchants  trade  with  the  English  at  Lon- 
don and  at  Liverpool  ;  they  trade  with  the 
French  at  Ilarre  and  Bordeaux,  and  they 
trade  with  Canada.  The  country  shop- 
keepers trade  with  London  merchants. 
Our  banks  are  permitted  to  trade  in  hills 
of  exchange. 

2.  To  buy  and  sell  or  exchange  property,  in 
a  single  instance.  Thus  we  say,  a  man 
treats  with  another  for  his  farm,  but  can- 
not trade  with  him.  A  traded  with  B  for 
a  horse  or  a  number  of  sheep. 

3.  To  act  merely  for  money. 


T  R  A 


T  R  A 


T  R  A 


[J\rot  in 

Shak. 

busy   in 

Spenser. 


How  tUd  you  (iare 
To  trade  and  triiffick  with  Macbeth  ?     Shak. 

A.  To  have  a  trade  wind. 

They   on  tliu   trading  flood   ply   tow'rd    tlie 
pole.     [Crnumat.]  Milton. 

TRADE,  V.  t.  To  sell  or  exchange  in  com- 
merce. 

They  traded  the  persons  of  men.  Ezek. 
xxvii. 

[This,  I  apprehend,  must  be  a  mistake ;  at 
least  it  is  not  to  be  vindicated  as  a  legitimate 
use  of  the  verb.] 

TRA'DEl),  a.  Versed ;  practiced 
use.] 

TRA'DEFUL,     a.    Commercial; 
traffick. 

TRA'DER,  n.  One  engaged  in  trade  or 
commerce  ;  a  dealer  in  buying  and  selling 
or  barter ;  as  a  trader  to  the  East  Indies  ; 
a  trader  to  Canada  ;  a  country  trader. 

TRA'DESFOLK,  n.  People  employed  in 
trade.     [Mot  imise.]  Stvifl. 

TRA'DESMAN,  n.    [trade  and   man.]     A 

shopkeeper.  .\  merchant  is  called  alrader, 

but  not  a  tradesman.  Johnson. 

[In  America,   a  shopkeeper  is  usually 

called  a  retailer.] 

TRA'DE-WIND,  n.  [trade  and  loind.]  A 
wind  that  favors  trade.  A  trade  wind  is 
a  wind  that  blows  constantly  in  the  same 
direction,  or  a  wind  that  blows  for  a  num 
ber  of  months  in  one  direction,  and  then 
changiiifT,  Mows  as  long  in  the  opposite  di- 
rection. These  winils  in  the  East  Indie: 
are  called  7no7i.ioons,  which  are  periodi 
cal.  On  the  Atlantic,  within  the  tropics, 
the  trade  winds  blow  constantly  from  the 
eastward  to  the  westward. 

TRADING,  ppr.  Trafficking  ;  exchanging 
commodities  by  barter,  or  buying  and  sel- 
ling them. 

'2.  a.  Carrying  on  commerce  ;  as  a  trading 
company. 

TRA'DING,  n.  The  act  or  business  of  car- 
rying on  commerce. 

TRADI"TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  traditio, 
from  Irado,  to  deliver.] 

1.  Delivery  ;  the  act  of  delivering  into  the 
hands  of  another. 

A  deed  takes  effect  only  from  the  tradition  or 
delivery.  Blackftone. 

The  sale  of  a  movable  is  completed  by  .sim- 
ple tradition.  Cyc. 

2.  The  delivery  of  opinions,  doctrines,  prac- 
tices, rites  and  customs  from  lather  to  son, 
or  from  ancestors  to  posterity  ;  the  trans- 
mission of  any  opinions  or  practice  from 
forefathers  to  descendants  by  oral  connmi- 
nicatlon,  without  written  memorials.  Thus 
chililien  derive  their  vernacular  language 
chiefly  from  tradition.  Most  of  our  early 
notions  are  received  by  tradition  from  our 
parents. 

3.  That  which  is  handed  down  from  age  to 
age  by  oral  communication.  The  Jews 
pay  great  regard  to  tradition  in  matters  of 
religion,  as  do  the  Romanists.  Protestants 
reject  the  authority  of  tradition  in  sacred 
things,  and  rely  only  on  the  written  word. 
Traditions  may  be  good  or  bad,  true  ori 
false.  ! 

Stand  fast,  and  hold  the  tradilions  which  ye 
have  been  taught,  whetlier  by  word  or  our 
epistle.     2  1  hess.  ii. 

Why  do  ye  also  transgress  the  command- 
ment of  God  by  your  traditions  ?    Matt.  xv. 


>  Delivered  orally |j3.  Conveyance;  transportation;  act  of trans- 
,  ^     ■   from    father    to       ferring  ;  as  the /rae/i<r(ion  of  animals  from 

Europe  to  America  by  sliii)i>ing.  Hate. 
4.  Transition.  Bacon. 

TRADL'C  TIVE,  a.  Derivable;  that  may  he 

deduced.  flarburton. 

TRAFFICK,  n.  [Fr.  trafc;  It.  trnjico  ;  Sp. 

trafugo;   a  compound  of  L.  fraii«,  Celtic 

tra,  and  facio,  or  some  other  verb  of  the 

like  elements.] 

1.  Trade;  commerce,  either  by  barter  or  by 
buying  and  selling.  This  word,  Wke  trade, 
comprehends  every  species  of  dealing  in 
the  exchange  or  passing  of  goods  or  mer- 
cliandi.se  from  hand  to  hand  for  an  equiv- 
alent, unless  the  business  of  retailing  may 
be  excepted.  It  signifies  appropriately 
foreign  trade,  hut  is  not  limited  to  that. 

My  father, 
A   merchant   of  great   traffick  through  the 
world.  Shak. 

2.  Commodities  for  market.  Gay. 
TRAFFICK,  r.  i.  [Fr.  trnjiquer;  It.  trajfi- 

care  ;  Sp.  trajicar  or  trafngar.] 
1.  To  trade ;  to  pass  goods  and  commodi- 
ties from  one  person  to  another  for  an 
equivalent  Jn  goods  or  money  ;  to  barter; 
to  buy  and  sell  wares;  to  carry  on  com- 
merce. The  English  and  Americans  traf- 
fick with  all  the  world.     Gen.  xlii. 


TRADI'TIONAL, 
TRADI'TIONARY 

son ;  communicated  from  ancestors  to  de-| 
.scendants  by  word  only  ;  transmitted  fromi 
age  to  age  without  writing  ;  as  traditional 
ojjinions ;  traditional  evidence  ;  the  tradi 
tionul  expositions  of  the  Scriptures. 

The  reveries  of  the  Talmud,  a  collection  of 
Jewish  trtulitionary  interpolations,  are  unrival- 
ed in  the  regions  ol  absurdity.        Muckminster 

2.  Observant  of  tradition.     [JVot  ttsed.] 

TRADI'TXONALLY,  adv.By  transmission 
from  father  to  son,  or  from  age  to  age 
as  an  opinion  or  doctrine  traditionally  de 
rived  from  the  apostles,  is  of  no  authoritv 

TRADI'TIONARV,  n.  Among  the  Jewk 
one  who  acknowledges  the  authority  of 
traditions,  and  explains  the  Scriptures  by 
thein.  The  word  is  used  in  opposition 
to  Cairite,  one  who  denies  the  authority 
of  traditions. 

TRADI'TIONER,   )      One  who  adheres  to 

TRADP'TIONIST,  ^  "'  tradition.     Gregory. 

TRAD'ITIVE,  (I.  [Fr.  from  L.  trado.] 
Transmitted  or  transmissible  from  father 
to  son,  or  from  age  to  age,  by  oral  com- 
mnnicatiou. 

Suppose  we  on  things  traditive  divide. 

Dry  den. 

TRAD'ITOR,  n.  [L.]  Adehverer;  a  name 


of  infamy  given  to  christians  who  deliver-ip.  To  trade  incanly  or  mercenarily.      Shak. 
ed   the   Scriptures    or   the  goods  of  theliTR.VF'FlCK,  r.  '.  Jl'o  exchange  in  traffick. 


TRADL'CENT,  a.  Slandering ;  slanderous.! 

En  tic/:.  I 
TR.'VDU'CER,  n.  One  that  traduces ;  a  slan- 
derer ;  a  calumniator. 
TRADU'CIBLE,  a.  That  may  be  orally  de- 
rived or  propagated.     [Little  used.']   Hale. 
TRADUCING,    ppr.    Slandering;    defam- 
ing; calumniating. 
TRADU'CINGLY,    adv.   Slanderously;  by 

wav  of  defamation. 
TRADUe  TION,  ?i.  [L.  traditctio.]  Deriva- 
tion from  one  of  the  same  kind ;  propa- 
gation. 

If  by  trailiiction  came  thy  mind, 

Our  wonder  is  the  less  to  find 

A  soul  so  charming  from  a  stock  so  good. 

Dryden.  2. 
Tradition  ;  transmission  from  one  to  an- 
other; as  traditional  commimication  and 
traduction  oi' truih.     [Little  used.]      Hale. 


church  to  their  persecutors,  to  save  theiriTR.VF'FICKABLE,  a 
lives.  Milner. 

TRADU'CE,  V.  t.    [L.  traduco  ;   trans,  over, 
and   duco,   to  lead  ;  Fr.  traduire ;  \t..  tra- 
durrc] 
To  represent  as  blamable ;  to  condemn. 

The  best  stratagem  that  Satan  hath,  is  by  tra- 
ducing the  form  and  manner  of  the  devout 
prayers  of  God's  church.  Hooker, 

To   cahuiiniate  ;    to   vilify  ;    to   defame  ; 
willfully  to  misrepresent. 

As  long  as  men  are  malicious  and  designing, 
they  will  be  traducing.      Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

He  had  the  baseness  to  traduce  me  in  libel. 

Drydett. 
."3.  To  propagate  ;  to  continue  by  deriving  one 
from  another. 

From  these  onlj'  the  race  of  perfect  animals 
was  propagated  and  traduced  over  the  earth. 

[A'ot  in  use.']  Hale. 

TR.M)U'CED,  pp.  Misrepresented  ;  calum- 
niated. 
TUADU'CEMENT,  ji.    Misrepresentation; 
ill  founded  censure;  defamation;  calum- 
ny.    [LiHle  used.]  Shak. 


Marketable.     LVbf 
inuse.\  Bp.IIatl. 

TRAFFICKER,  n.  One  who  carries  nn 
commerce;  a  trader;  a  merchant.  Is.  viii. 

Shak. 

TRAFFICKING,  ppr.  Trading;  bartering; 
buying  and  selling  goods,  wares  and  com- 
modities. 

TRAG'ACANTH,  n.  [L.  tragacanthum  ;  Or. 
riayaxarSa;  rpoyo;,  a  goat,  and  axavOa, 
thorn.] 

Goat's  thorn  :  a  plant  of  the  genus  Astra- 
galus, of  several  species,  growing  in  Syria, 
Camlia,  &c.  almost  all  of  which  were  in- 
cluded by  Linne  in  the  tragacanlhas,  and 
all  of  which  produce  the  gum  tragacanlh. 
A  glim  obtaincrl  from  the  goat's  thorn. 
It  comes  in  small  contorted  pieces  resem- 
bling worms.  It  is  of  different  colors  ;  that 
which  is  w  liite,  clear,  smooth  and  v>-riiiic- 
ular,  is  the  best.  It  is  .somewhat  soi'i  lo 
the  touch,  but  only  imperfectly  soluble. 
It  is  softening,  and  used  in  coughs  am!  ca- 
tarrhs. .Yichohon.     Ctjc. 

TRAtiE'DIAN,  n.  [L.  tragwdus.  See  Tra- 
gedy.]   A  writer  of  tragedy.      SlU'iiigJlctt. 

2.  .Wore  generally,  an  actor  of  tragedy. 

Driiden. 

TRAti  EDY,  n.  [Fr.  tragedie;  It.  Sp.  I'rage- 
dia  ;  Gr.  rpoyujm;  said  to  be  composed  of 
rpayof,  a  goat,  and  loSr,  a  song,  because 
originally  it  consisted  in  a  hymn  sung  in 
honor  of  IJaochns  by  a  chorus  of  music, 
with  dances  and  the  sacrifice  of  a  goat.] 
A  draniatic  poem  lepresenting  some  sig- 
nal action  performed  hy  illustrious  per- 
sons, and  generally  having  a  fatal  issue. 
jEschylus  is  called  the  father  of  tragedy. 
.All  our  tragedies  are  of  kings  and  princes. 

Taylor. 
A  fatal  and  mournful  event :  any  event  in 
which  human  lives  arf;  lost  by  human  vi- 
olence, more  particularly  by  unauthorized 
violence. 


T  R  A 


T  R  A 


T  R  A 


?      [L.  iragiciis ;  Fr.  tragiqxie 
Li,  )    '  It.  tragico  ' 


Decay  of  Piety 
[Fr.  tragi-comedie 


TRAG'I€, 
TRAGICAL, 

1.  Pertaining  to  tragedy;  of  the  nature  o 
character  of  tragedy  ;  as  a  tragic  poem  ;  i 
tragic  play  or  representation.  Slink 

2.  Fatal  to  life;  mournful;  sorrowful;  ca 
lamitous  ;  as  tlie  tragic  scenes  of  Hayti , 
the  tragic  horrors  of  Scio  and  Missilonghi ; 
the  tragical  fate  of  the  Greeks. 

3.  Mournful;  expressive  of  tragedy,  tbelosi- 
of  life,  or  of  sorrow. 

I  now  must  change  those  notes  to  tragic. 

Alillon 

TRAG'ICALLY,  adv.  In  a  tragical  manner; 

with  fatal  issue  ;  mournfully  ;  sorrowfully. 

The  play  ends  tragically. 

TRAG'I€ALNESS,  )i.  Fatality;  inournful- 

ijess  ;  sadness. 

We  moralize  the  fable  in  the  truf^icalnexs  of 
the  eveot. 

TRAGI-COM'EDY,  « 
tragedy  and  comedy.] 

A  kind  of  dramatic  piece  representing  some 
action  passed  among  eminent  persons,  the 
event  of  which  is  not  unhappy,  in  which 
serious  and  comic  scenes  are  blended  ;  a 
species  of  composition  not  now  used,  or 
held  in  little  estimation.  Cyc. 

TRAcil-COM'IC,  I    „      Pertaining    to 

TRAGICOMICAL,  \  "•  tragi-comedy  ; 
partaking  of  a  mixture  of  grave  and  comic 
scenes. 

TRAGI-COM'ICALLY,    adv.    In    a  tragi 
comical  manner. 

TRAIL,  V.  t.  [W.  rhel,  a  flagging,  a  trailing 
rhelyiv,   a  trail ;  Sp.  iraillar,  to  level  the 
ground ;    trnilla,  a  leash,  packthread,  an 
instrument  lor  leveling  the  ground ;  W. 
trail,  a  drawing  over,  a  trad,  a  turn,  as  if 
from  traigyl,  a  turn  or  revolution  ;  treilliaw 
to   (urn,  to   roll,  to  traverse,  to  dredge 
Gaelic,  triallam,  to  go,  to  walk,  [qu.  travel ;] 
Port.  Irulho,  a  fishing  net,  as  if  from  draw- 
ing, L.  traho  ;  D.  treillen,  to  draw,  to  tow ; 
Norm,  trailkr,  to  search  for.     The  Welsh 
seems  to  accord  with  troll ;  the  others  ap 
pear  to  be  formed  on  drag,  L.  traho.    Qu. 

1.  To  hunt  by  the  track.    [See  the  Norman 
supra.] 

3.  To  draw  along  the  ground.     TVail  your 
pikes. 
And  hung  his  head,  and  traiVd  his  legs  along. 

Dryden 
They  shall  not  trail  ine  through  the  streets 
Like  a  wild  beast.  Milton . 

That  long  behind  he  traih  his  pompous  robe. 

Pope. 

3.  To  lower;  as,  to  <)-ni7  arms. 

4.  In  America,  to  tread  down  grass  by  walk- 
ing through;  to  lay  flat;  as,  to  trail  grass. 

TRAIL,  II.  i.   To  be  drawn  out  in  length. 
When  his  brother  saw  the  red  blood  trail. 

Spenser. 
TRAIL,   n.  Track  followeil   by  the  hunter  ; 
scent  left  on  the  ground   by  the   animal 
pursued. 

How  cheerfully  on  the  false  trail  they  cry. 

Shak 
9.  Any  thing  drawn  to  length  ;  as  the  trail 
of  a  meteor;  a /rniY  of  smoke.         Dryden. 
When   lightning  shoots    in   glitt'ring   trails 
along.  Bowt 

3.  Any  thing  drawn  behind  in  long  undula- 
tions ;  a  train. 

And  drew  behind  a  radiant  trail  of  hair. 

Poj>c. 


4.  The  entrails  of  a  fowl ;  applied  soinetimes 
to  those  of  sheep.  Svwlltt 

Prail-boarda,  in  ship-building,  a  term  for  the 
carved  work  between  the  cheeks  of  tl 
head,  at  the  heel  of  the  figure.  Cyc. 

TRAILED,  pp.  Himted  by  the  tracks;  laid 
flat ;  drawn  along  on  the  ground  ;  brought 
to  a  lower  position  ;  as  trailed  arms. 
TRA'ILING,  ppr.  Hunting  by  the  track ; 
drawing  on  the  ground  ;  treading  down  ; 
laying  flat ;  bringing  to  a  lower  position  ; 
drawing  out  in  length.  '• 

Since  the  flames  pursu'd  the  trailing  smoke — 

Drytleit 
Swift  men  of  foot  whose  broad-set  backs  their 
trailing  h;ur  did  hide.  Chapman. 

TRAIN,  V.  t.    [Fr.  trainer;  It.  Irainare,  tra- 
nare,  to  draw  or  drag  ;  Sp.  traina,  a  train 
of  gunpowder.     Qu.  drain,  or  is  it  a  con- 
tracted word,  from  L.  traho,  to  draw'?] 
1.  To  draw  along. 

In  hollow  cube  he  train'd 
His  devilish  enginery.  Afdton. 

',.  To  draw  ;  to  entice  ;  to  allure. 
If  but  twelve  French 
Were  there  in  arms,  tliey  would  be  as  a  call 
To  trai7i  ten  thousand  English  to  their  side. 

Shale. 

3.  To  draw  by  artifice  or  stratagem. 
O   train  ine  not,  sweet  mermaid,  with  dry 

note.  Shak. 

4.  To  draw  from  act  to  act  by  persuasion  or 


Odier  truths  require  a  train  of  ideas  placefl 


in  order. 


Locke 


promise. 

We  did  train  him  on.  Shak. 

a.  To  exercise ;  to  discipline ;  to  teach  and 
form  by  practice  ;  as,  to  train  the  militia 
to  the  manual  exercise ;  to  train  soldiers 
to  the  use  of  arms  and  to  tactics.  Abrum 
armed  his  trained  servants.  Gen.  xiv. 
The  warrior  horse  here  bred  he's  taught  to 
train.  JJryden 

To  break,  tame  and  accustom  to  draw 
as  oxen. 

7.  In  gardening,  to  lead  or  direct  and  form 
to  a  wall  or  espalier :  to  form  to  a  proper 
shape  by  growth,  lopping  or  pruning;  as, 
to  train  young  trees. 

8.  In  mining,  to  truce  a  lode  or  any  mineral 
appearance  to  its  head. 

To  train  or  train  up,  to  educate  ;  to  teach  ; 
to  form  by  instruction  or  practice ;  to  bring 
up. 

Tram  up  a  child  in  the  way  he  should  go, 
and  when  he  is  old  he  will  not  depart  from  it 
Prov.  xxii 

The  first  christians  were,  by  great  hardships 
trained  up  for  glory.  T'illotson. 

TRAIN,  n.  Artifice  ;  stratagem  of  entice- 
ment. 

Now  to  my  charms, 
And  to  my  wily  trains.  Milton. 

Something  drawn  along  behind,  the  end 
of  a  gown,  &c. ;  as  the  train  of  a  gown  or 
robe. 
3.  The  tail  of  a  fowl. 

The  train  steers  their  flight,  and  turns  their 
bodies,  like  the  rudder  of  a  ship.  Say 

A  retinue  ;  a  number  of  followers  or  at- 
tendants. 

My  train  are  men  of  choice  and  rarest  parts. 

Shak 
The  king's  daughter  with  a  lovely  train. 

Ailitison 
A  series  ;  a  consecution  or  succession  of 
connected  things. 

Riveis  now  stream  and  draw   their    humid 
train.  Milton. 


4. 


—The  train  of  ills  our  love  would  draw  be- 
,    „  hind  it.  Addison, 

b.  Process;  regular  method;  course.  Things 
are  now  in  a  train  lor  settlement. 

If  things  were  once  in  this  train — our  duty 
would  take  root  in  our  nature.  Swift. 

A  company  in  order;  a  procession. 
Fairest  of  stars,  last  in  the  train  of  night. 

Milton. 
The  number  of  beats  which  a  watch 
makes  in  any  certain  time.  Cyc. 

A  line  of  gunpcjwder,  laid  to  lead  fire  to  a 
charge,  or  to  a  quantity  intended  for  exe- 
cution. 
Train  of  artillery,  any  immbcr  of  cannon  and 

mortars  arconipanving  an  army. 
TRAINABLE,    a.  "That  may  be  trained. 

[hittle  used.] 
TR.'\'IN-BAND,n.  [train  and  hand.]  A  band 
or  company  of  militia.     Train-bands,  in 
the  plural,  njilitia;  so  called  because  train- 
ed to  military  exercises. 
TRA'IN-UEAKER,   n.    [train   and  bearer.] 

One  who  holds  up  a  train. 
TRA  INED.^p.  Drawn  ;  allured  ;  educated  ; 

formed  by  instruction. 
TRAINING,  ppr.  Drawing;  alluring;  ed- 
iicating  ;  teaching  and  forming  by  jirac- 
tice. 
TRA'INING.n.  The  act  or  process  of  draw- 
ing or  educating  ;  education,  in  garden- 
ing, the  operation  or  art  of  forming  young 
trees  to  a  wall  or  espalier,  or  of  causing 
them  to  grow  in  a  shape  suitable  for  that 
end.  Cue, 

TR  A'IN-OIL,  n.  [train  and  oil.]  The  oil  pro- 
cured ti-oni  the  blubber  or  fat  of  whales  by 
'•oiling.  Cyc. 

TRA'IN-ROAD,  n.  [train  and  road.]  In 
mines,  a  slight  rail-way  for  small  wagons. 

Cyc. 

TRA'INY,  a.  Belonging  to  train-oil.     [JVot 

in  use.]  Gay. 

TRAIPSE,  V.  i.  To  walk  sluttishly  or  care- 

lesslv.     [-i  totv  word.] 
TRAIT,  n.  [Fr.  trait,  from  traire,  to  draw; 

L.  tractus.     See  Tract  and  TrecU.] 
1.  A  stroke  ;  a  touch. 

By  this  single  tiait.  Homer  makes  an  essen- 
tial dirt'erence  between  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey. 

Srootne. 

A  line;  a  feature;  as  a  trait  of  character. 

TRAITOR,   n.   [Fr.   traitre ;    Arm.  treitre, 

treylor ;    Up.  traidor ;    from    L.    traditor ; 

trado,  to   deliver.] 

1.  One  who  violates  his  allegiance  and  be- 
trays his  country;  one  guilty  of  trea^on ; 
one  who,  in  breach  of  trust,  delivers  his 
country  to  its  enemy,  or  any  fort  or  place 
entrusted  to  his  defense,  or  who  surren- 
ders an  army  or  body  of  troops  to  the  en- 
emy, mdess  when  vanquished ;  or  one 
who  takes  arms  anil  levies  war  against 
his  country  ;  or  one  who  aids  an  ciiemv  in 
con()uering  his  country.     [See  Treason.] 

2.  One  who  l)etrays  his  trtist. 
TR.'V'ITOKLY,   a.    Treacherous,     [^rot  in 

use.] 

TRAITOROUS,  a.  Guilty  of  treason; 
treacherous  :  perfidious  ;  faithless  ;  as  a 
traitorous  officer  or  subject. 

9.  Consisting  in  treason  ;  partaking  of  trea- 
son :  iin|d_ving  breach  of'  alh-jiance  ;  as  a 
traitorous  sclicine  or  conspiracy. 


T  R  A 


T  R  A 


T  R  A 


TRA'ITOROUSI-Y,  adv.  In  violation  of  al- 
legiiiiirp  anil  trust;  treaclieiously ;  per- 
fidiously. 

'I  hey  had  traitorously  endeavored  lo  subvert 
the  luiiilaiiieiital  laws.  Clarendon. 

TRAITOROUSNESS,  n.  Treachery;  the 
quality  ofbi'ing  treasonable.  Scolt. 

TRA'lTRi:SS,  n.  A  female  who  betrays 
her  country  or  her  trust.  Drydtn. 

TRAJKCT',  v.t.  [L.  Irnjedus,  trajicio ;  trans 
and  jacio,  to  thrnvv.] 

To  thriiw  or  cast  through  ;  as,  to  trajecl  the 
sun's  light  through  three  or  more  cross 
prisms.  JVewton. 

TRAJ'FXT,  n.  A  ferry  ;  a  passage,  or  place 
for  passing  water  with  boat.".  Shak. 

TRAJECT'IN(;,  ppr.  Casting  througli. 

TRA.MCC'TION,  n.  The  act  of  casting  or 
darting  through.  lioyle 

2.  Transportation. 

3.  Emission.  Brown. 
TRAJE€T'ORY,  n.  The  orbit  of  a  comet ; 

the  [lath  described  by  a  comet  in  its  mo- 
tion, winch  Dr.  llalliy  sup[ioses  lo  be  el- 
liptical. Cyc. 

TRAI.A'TION,  ».  [from  L.  translatio.]  A 
chan;ie  in  the  use  of  a  word,  or  the  use  of 
a  word  in  a  less  proper,  but  more  signifi- 
cant sense.  Bp.  Hall. 

TR  ALATI'TIOUS,  a.  [L.  IrnnsUitus,  trans- 
fero.]     Metaphdrical  ;  not  literal. 

TRALATI"TIOi;sLY,  adv.  Metiipliori- 
cally  :  not  in  a  literal  sense.  lloldir. 

TRAI.IN'EATK,  v  t.  [L.  trans  and  liiiea. 
line, J  To  deviate  from  any  direction.  [Aof 
in  use.]  JJniden. 

TRALU'CENT,  a.  [l..  tralurens  ;  trans  and 
tiiao]    Transparent ;  clear.  Davies. 

TRAM'MEI,,  n.  [Fr.  Inimail,  a  drag-net, 
tra  and  mail.  In  Sp.  truha  is  a  fetter,  Fr. 
entrares.  This  seems  to  bo  a  diflerent 
word.] 

1.  A  kind  of  long  net  for  catching  birds  or 
fishes. 

The  trammel  differs  not  much  from  tlie  sliape 
of  the  hunt.  Carai' 

2.  A  kiiidof  shackles  used  for  regulating  the 
motions  of  u  horse,  and  making  him  amble. 

3.  An  iron  hook,  of  various  forms  and  sizes, 
used  lor  hanging  kutllesand  other  vessels 
over  the  fire. 

4.  Trammels,  in  mechanics,  a  joiner's  instru- 
ment for  drawing  ovals  upon  boanls.  One 
part  consists  of  a  cross  with  two  grooves 
at  riglit  angles;  the  other  is  a  beam  carry- 
ing two  pins  which  slide  in  those  grooves, 
and  also  the  describing  pencil.  Cyc. 

TRAMMEL,  v.  t.  [^\>.  Irabar,  to  join,  to 
seize,  to  shackle.    Uu.] 

1.  To  catch;  to  intercept.  Sliak. 
•2.  To  confine:  to  hamper;  to  shackle. 
TKAM'MELED,    pp.    Caught;    confiiieil : 

shaikled. 

2.  lo  tlie  manege,  a  horse  is  said  to  he  tram 
meled,     when   he   has    blazes    or    white 
marks  on  the  fore  and  hitid  foot  of  one  side. 

Cyc 

TRAM'MELING,  ppr.  Catching;  confin- 
ing ;   shackling. 

TRAMONTANE,  »i.  One  living  beyond 
the  mountain  ;  a  stranger. 

TRAMONTANE,  a.  [It.  tramontana ;  Ira, 
L.  trnn.'^,  beyond,  i'nd  nwr,s,  mniintaiiu] 

Lying  or  being  beyond  the  mountain:  for 
eigli ;  barbarous.  The  Italian  painters 
apply  this  epithet  to  all  such  as  live  nortl 

Vol.  II. 


of  the  Alps,  as  in  Germany  and  France; 
and  a  north  wind  is  called  a  tramontane 
wind.  The  French  lawyers  call  certain 
Italian  canonists  tramontane  or  ultramon- 
tane doctors  ;  considering  them  as  favor- 
ing too  much  the  court  of  Rome.  Cyc. 

TRAMP,  v.t.  [Svv.  <raHi;ja.]  To  tread. 

TRAMI',  I'.  I.  To  travel;  to  wander  or 
stroll. 

TRAMi'ER,  n.  A  stroller;  a  vagrant  or 
vagiilioiid. 

;TRAM'I'I,E,  v.t.  [Or.  trampeln,  trampen  ; 
Dan.  tramptr ;  S\\.  trainpa.  Ifm  is  casu- 
al, as  I  suppose,  these  words  are  the  D. 
trappen,  to  tread  ;  trap,  a  step.] 

I.  To  tread  tinder  foot ;  especially,  to  tread 
upon  with  pride,  contempt,  triumph  or 
scorn. 

Niiilier  cast  ye  your  pearls  before  swine,  lest 
tlicy  trample  Ibein  under  their  feet.     Matt,  vii 

3.  To  tread  down  ;  to  prostrate  by  treading; 
as,  to  trample  grass. 

.3.  To  treat  with  pride,  contetnpt  and  in 
suit. 

TRAM'PLE,  r.  i.  To  tread  in  contempt. 

Diogenes    trampled   on    Plato's    pride    with 
greater  of  his  own.  Guv.  of  the  Tongue 

j2.  To  tread   with  force  and  rapidity. 

Drydtn 

TRAM'PLE,  71.  The  act  of  treading  tinder 
foot  with  contempt.  Millon 

TRAMPLED,  pp.  Trod  on;  trodden  under 
loot. 

TRAM  PEER,  n.  One  that  tramples;  one 
that  treads  down. 

TRAM'PLING,  ppr.  Treading  underfoot; 
prostrating  by  treading ;  treading  witi 
contempt  and  insult. 

TRANA'TION,  ii.  (i..  trano.]  "The  act  ofl 
passing  over  by  swiniming.     [Aot  in  use. 

TR'ANCE,  n.  l?ans.\Vr.transe  ;  supjioseil 
to  be  from  the  I,,  transitiis,  a  passing  over  ; 
transeo,  to  pass  over  ;  trans  and  eo.  Tl 
L.  trans  seems  to  be  the  W.(m,  It.  tra  and 
tras,  Sp.  trns,  and  Fr. /res,  very  ;  so  that  it 
mav  be  inferred  that  n  is  not  radical.] 

An  ecstasy  ;  a  state  in  which  the  soul  seems 
to  have  passed  out  of  th(^  body  into  celes- 
tial regions,  or  to  he  rapt  into  visions. 
My  soul  was  ravish'd  quite  as  in  a  trance. 

Spenney 
Wliile  tliey  made  ready,  he  fell  into  a  trance 
and  saw  heaven  opened.     .\cts  X. 

TR'ANCED,  a.  Lying  in  a  trance  or  ec- 
stasy. 

And  there  1  left  him  tranc'd.  Shah 

TRAN  GRAM,  n.  An  odd  thing  intricately 
contrived.  [It  is  said  to  be  a  cant  word,  and' 
is  not  used.]  Arbuthnot.l 

Trannel,  used  by  Moxon,  is  a  mistake  for] 
tree-nail,  pronounced  by  ship-builders, 
trunnel. 

TRAN'QLTL,  a.  [Fr.  tranquille;  L.  tran- 
qnillus.] 

Quiet ;  calm  ;  undisturbed  ;  peaceful ;  not 
agitated.  The  atmosphere  is  traiiquil.  The 
state  is  traiiijuH.  A  Iranijuil  retirement  is 
desirable  ;  but  a  tranquil  mind  is  essential 
to  happiness. 

TRANQUILIZE,  v.t.  To  quiet;  to  allay 
when  agitated  ;  to  compose ;  to  tnnke 
calm  and  peaceful  :  as,  to  tranquilize  a 
stale  ilisturbed  b\  factions  or  civil  com- 
motions ;  to  tranquilize  the  mind. 

Religion  hiuiiits  the  imagination  of  the  sinner, 
instead  of  tTanquilizing  lus  heart.    Rob.  Hall 

96 


TRAN'QUILIZED,  pp.  Quieted  ;  calmed  : 
composed. 

TRAN'QLTLIZING,  ;>pr.  Quieting;  cora- 
|)osing. 

TKANQFIE'LITY,  n.  [L.  tranquUlitas.] 
Quietness ;  a  calm  state  ;  freedom  from 
disturbance  or  agitation.  We  speak  of 
the  tranquillity  of  public  afl'airs,  of  the 
state,  of  the  world,  the  tranquiltily  of  a  re- 
tired life,  the  tranquillity  of  mind  proceed- 
ing from  conscious  rectitude. 

TRAN'QFILLY,  adv.  Quieilv  ;  peacefully. 

TRAN  QL'ILNESS,  n.  Quietness;  peace- 
fulness. 

TRANSACT',  v.t.  [L.transactus,  transigo  ; 
trans  and  ago  ;  to  act  or  drive  through.] 

To  do;  to  perforin;  to  manage  ;  as,  tofrrjiu- 
act  commercial  business.  We  transact 
business  in  person  or  by  an  agent. 

TRANS.ACT  ED,  pp.  Done;  performed; 
managed. 

TRANSA€T'ING,  ppr.  Managing;  per- 
fiirming. 

TRANSACTION,  n.  The  doing  or  per- 
fortiiing  of  any  business ;  management  of 
any  attuir. 

2.  That  which  is  done ;  an  affair.  We  are 
not  to  expect  in  history  a  luinutc  detail  of 
every  transaction. 

■i.  In  the  civil  /nic,  an  adjustment  of  a  dispute 
between  parties  by  mutu.d  agreement. 

TRANSACTOR,  n.  One  who  performs  or 
conducts  any  business.  Derham. 

TRANSALPINE,  a.  [L.  trans,  beyond^ 
and  .'llpinr.  of  the  Alps.] 

Lying  or  being  beyond  the  Alps  in  regard  to 
Rotne,  that  is,  on  the  north  or  west  of  the 
Alps;  as  Transalpine  Gaul;  opposed  to 
Cisalpine. 

TRANSAN'IMATE,  v.  t.  [trans  and  ani- 
mate.] 

To  animate  by  the  conveyance  of  a  soul 
to  another  body.  ^'"g- 

TRANSANIMA  TION,  n.  [L.  trans  and 
anima.  ] 

Conveyance  of  the  soul  from  one  body  to  an- 
other :  transinigratinn.  [The  latter  is  the 
word  gtnerallq  ustd.]  Brown. 

TRANSATL.VN  TIC,  a.  [L. /ran»,  beyond, 
and  .illanlic.] 

Lying  or  being  beyond  the  Atlantic.  When 
"used  by  a  person  in  Europe  or  Africa, 
transatlantic  signifies  being  in  America; 
when  by  a  person  in  America,  it  ilenotes 
being  or  lying  in  Europe  or  Africa.  We 
apply  it  chiefly  to  something  in  Europe. 

TRANSCEND',  v.t.  [L.  transcendo ;  trans 
and  scando,  to  climb.] 

1.  To  rise  above  ;  to  surmount;  as  lights  in 
the  heavens  transcending  the  region  of  the 
clouds. 

2.  To  pass  over  ;  to  go  lieyond. 
It  is  a  dangerous   opinion   to   such  hopes  as 

hall  transcend  their  limits.  Bacon. 

3.  To  surpass ;  to  outgo ;  to  excel ;  to  ex- 
ceed. 

How  much  her  worth  iranscaided  all  her 
kind.  Dryden. 

TRANSCEND',  r.  i.  To  climb.  [Xol  in. 
use.]  Brown. 

TRANSCENDED,  pp.    Overpassed  ;   sur- 
passed ;  exi'eedcd. 
TR  VNSCEND'ENCE, )       Superior  e.xcel- 
TRANSCEND'ENCY,  \  "'  leuce  ;     super- 
eminence. 


T  R  A 


T  R  A 


T  R  A 


3.  Elevation  above  truth  ;  exaggeration. 

Bacon. 

TRANSCEND'ENT,  a.   [L.  transcendens.] 
Very  excellent;  superior   or   supreme  in 
excellence  ;  surpassing  others  ;    as  trans- 
cendent worth ;  transcendent  valor. 
Clotli'd  with  transeendenl  brightness. 

Milton. 

TRANSCENDENT'AL,  a.  Supereminent ; 
surpassing  others  ;  as  transcendentalhemg 
or  qualities.  Grew. 

Trfinscendental  quantities,  among  geotnetri- 
cians,  are  indeterminate  ones,  or  such  as 
cannot  be  expressed  or  fi.xed  to  any  con- 
stant equation. 

Transcendental  curve,  is  such  as  cannot  be 
defined  by  any  algebraic  equation,  or  of 
which,  wlien  it  is  expressed  by  an  equa- 
tion, one  of  tlie  terms  is  a  variable  quan- 
tity. Ci/c. 

TRANSCEND'ENTLY,  adv.  Very  ex<el- 
lenlly  ;  supereminently;  by  way  of  emin- 
ence. 

The   law   of  Christianity   is   eminently    ant! 
transcendently  called  the  word  of  truth. 

Suuth. 

TRANS'€OLATE,  v.  t.  [L.  trans  and  colo, 
to  strain.] 

To  strain ;  to  cause  to  pass  through  a  sieve 
or  colander.  Harvei). 

TRANSCRI'BE,  v.t.  [L.  transcribo  ;  trans, 
over,  and  scribo,  to  write.] 

To  copy;  to  write  over  again  or  in  the  satiie 
words  ;  to  write  a  copy  of  any  thing  ;  as, 
to  transcribe  Livy  or  Tacitus  ;  to  transcribe 

TRANSCRI'BED,  pp.  Copied. 

TRANSCRI'BER,  n.  A  copier;  one  who 
writes  from  a  copv.  Addison. 

transcribing;  ppr.  Writing  from  a 
copy  ;  writing  a  copy. 

TRAN'SCRIPT,  n.  [L.  transcriptum.]  A 
copy  ;  a  writing  made  from  and  accord- 
ing to  an  original ;  a  writing  or  compo- 
sition consisting  of  the  same  words  with 
the  original. 

The  decalog;\ie  of  Moses   was  but  a  trans- 
cript, not  an  original.  Sottth. 

2.  A  copy  of  any  kind. 

The  Roman  learning  was  a  transcript  of  the 
Grecian.  Glanville. 

TRANSeRIP'TION,  n.  [Fr.]  The  act  of 
copying.  Corruptions  creep  into  books  by 
repeated  transcriptions. 

TRANSCRIPT'IVELY,  adv.  Inmannerof 
a  ciipy.  Brown. 

TRANSCUR',  v.i.  [L.  transcurro ;  trans  ani\ 
curro,  to  run.] 

To  run  or  rove  to  and  fro.     [Little  used.) 

Bacon. 

TRANSCIJR'SION,  n.  [supra.]  A  rambling 
or  rand)le  ;  a  passage  beyond  certain  lim- 
its; extraordinary  deviation;  as  the  trans- 
cursion  of  a  comet.  More. 

1  am  to  malie  often  transcursions  into  the 
neighboring  forests  as  1  pass  along.         Huwell 

[Note.  Excursion  has  in  a  great  measure  su- 
perceded this  word.] 

TRANSUUC'TION,  n.  [h.  trans  am]  duco.] 
The  act  of  conveying  over.  Entick. 

TRANSE,  n.  Ecstasy.     [See  Trance.] 

TRANSELE.MENTA'TION,  n.  [trans  and 
clnnent.] 

The  change  of  tlm  elements  of  one  body  into 
those  of  another,  as  of  the  breail  and  win 
into  the  actual  body  and  blood  of  Christ  :| 
traiisubstantiation.  BurmtJ. 


TRAN'SEPT,  n.  [L.  trans  and  septum.]  InH 
ancient  churches,  the  aisle  extending  across 
the  nave  and  main  aisles.  Ci/c" 

TRANSFER',  v.t.  [L.  transfero  ;  (rans  and, 

I    fero,  to  carry.]  j 

]l.  To  convey  from  one  place  or  person  to 
another;  to  transport  or  remove  to  anoth-j 
er  place  or  person  ;  as,  lotransjir  the  laws 
of  one  country  to  another.  The  seat  of 
government  was  transferred  from  New 
York  to  Albany.  We  say,  a  war  is  trans- 
ferred from  France  to  Germany.  Pain  or 
the  seat  of  disease  in  the  body,  is  often 
transferred  from  one  part  to  another. 

}.  To  make  over;  to  pass;  to  convey,  as  a 
right,  from  one  person  to  another  :  to  sell  ; 
t()  give.  The  title  to  land  i.=  triiii.<ferrediiy\ 
deed.  The  property  of  a  bill  df  exi  hunfie 
may  be  transferredhy  indorsement.  Stocks 
are  transferred  by  assigimient,  or  entering 
the  same  under  the  name  of  the  purchaser 
in  the  proper  books. 
TRANS'FER,  n.  The  removal  or  convey- 
ance of  a  thing  from  one  place  or  person 
to  another. 

I.  The  conveyance  of  right,  title  or  proper- 
ty, either  real  or  personal,  from  one  per- 
son to  another,  either  by  sale,  by  gift  or 
otherwise. 

TRANSFER'ABLE,  a.  That  may  be  trans 
ferred  or  conveyed  from  one  place  or  per 
sou  to  another. 

Negotiable,  as  a  note,  bill  of  exchange  or 
other  evidence  of  property,  that  may  be 
conveyed  from  one  person  to  another  by 

[  iiiilorsement  or  other  writing.  The  stocks 
of  the  public  and  of  com))auies  are  trans- 
ferable. 

TRANSFERRED,  pp.  Conveyed  from  one 
to  anotlier. 

TRANSFERREE',  n.  The  person  to  whom 
a  transfer  is  made.  Hamilton. 

TRANSFERRER,  n.  One  who  makes  a 
transfer  or  conveyance. 

TRANSFER' RING,  ppr.    Removing  from 
one  place  or  person   to  another;  convey 
ing  to  another,  lis  a  right. 

TRANSFIGURATION,  n.  [Fr.  See  Trans 
figure.] 

1.  A  ehaufie  of  form;  jjarticularly,  the  su 
pernatural  change  in  the  personal  appear 
ance  of  our   Savior  on  the  mount.     See 
Matt.  xvii. 

2.  A  feast  held  by  the  Romish  church  on  the! 
Cth  of  August,  in  commemoration  of  the, 
miraculous  change  above  mentioned. 

Cyc. 
TRANSFIG'URE,  v.  t.  [L.  trans  an.l  figu- 

ra  ;   Fr.  tramfignrer.] 
To  transform ;  to  change  the  outward  form 

or  appearance. 

— And  was  transfigured  before  them.     Matt. 

xvii. 
TRANSFIG'URED,  pp.  Changed  in  form. 
jTRANSFIG'URING,   ppr.    Transforming; 
j     changing  the  external  form. 
TRANSFIX',  V.  t.  [L.  tran.'fixus,  transfigo ; 

trans  and /go.] 
To  pierce  through,  as  with  a  pointed  weap- 
on ;  as,  to  transfix  one  with  a  dart  or  spear. 

Oryden. 
TRANSFIX'ED,  pp.  Pierced  through. 
TRANSFTX'ING,    ppr.    Piercing  through 

with  a  pointed  weapon. 
TRANSFORM',  v.t.    [Fr.  transformer;  L. 

trans  auA  forma.] 


1.  To  change  the  form  of;  to  change  the 
shape  or  appearance;  to  metamor|.h..se : 
as  acaterpdiariruns/brmerfinto  a  butterfly. 

2.  To  change  one  substance  into  another  : 
to  transmute.  The  alcliimists  sought  to 
lran.^form  lead  into  gold. 

3.  In  theology,  to  change  the  natural  dispo- 
sition anri  temper  of  man  from  a  state  of 
enmity  to  (lod  and  his  law,  into  the  image 
of  God,  or  nuo  a  disposition  and  tei7iper 
coid'ornied  to  the  will  of  God. 

He  ye  transformed  by  the  renewing  of  your 
mind.     Rom.  \ii. 

1.  To  chaiifie  the  elements,  bread  and  wine. 
into  the  flesh  and  blood  of  Christ. 

Romish  Church. 
5.  Among  the  mystics,  tochange  the  contem- 
plative soul  into  a  divine  substance,  by 
which  it  is  lost  or  swallowed  up  in  the 
divine  nature. 
In  algebra,  to  change  an  equation  into 
another  of  a  diflPerent  form,  but  of  equal 
value. 

TRANSFORM',  v.  i.  To  be  changed  in 
form  ;  to  be  metamorphosed. 

His  hair  transforms  to  down.  Addison 

TRANSFORMATION,  n.  The  act  or  op- 
eration of  changing  the  form  or  external 
appearance. 

Metamorphosis;  change  of  form  in  in- 
sects; as  frotn  a  caterpillar  to  a  butterfly. 
Transmutation;  the  chantre  of  one  met- 
al into  another,  as  of  cupper  or  tin  into 
gold. 

The  change  of  the  soul  into  a  divine  sub- 
stance, a.-  anionj;  the  niy^tics. 
Tiansubstamiatii  n. 

In  tkeulogi/,  a  change  of  heart  in  man,  by 
which  liis  disposition  and  temper  are  >  on- 
formed  to  therlivine  imajre  ;  a  change  from 
enmity  to  holiness  and  love. 

7.  In  algebra,  the  change  of  an  equation  in- 
to one  of  a  diflxjrent  Ibrm,  but  of  equal 
value.  Cyc. 

TRANSFORMED,  pp.  Changed  in  form 
or  external  ap[icarance  ;  metamorphosed; 
Iran -muted  ;  renewed. 

TRANSFORMING,  ppr.  Changing  the 
form  or  external  appearance  ;  metamor- 
])hosing;  transmuting;  reuewin;r. 

2.  a.  Effecting  or  able  to  effect  a  chauee  of 
form  or  state  ;  as  the  transforming  power 
of  true  religion. 

TRANSFREIGIIT,  v.  i.  transfra'te.  To  pass 

over  the  sea.     [.Voi  in  use.]        tVaterland. 
TRANSFRETA'TION,   n.    [L.  trans  and 

fretum,  a  strait.] 
The   passing  over  a  strait  or  narrow   sea. 

[Little  used.]  Davirs. 

TRANSFUSE,  v.t.  tranifti'ze.    [L.  <ran,«/ii- 

sus,  transfiindo  ;  trans  ani\  f undo.] 

1.  To  pour,  as  liquor,  out  of  one  vessel  into 
another. 

2.  To  transfer,  as  blood,  from  one  animal  to 
another. 

3.  To  cause  to  pass  from  one  to  another;  to 
cause  to  be  instilled  or  imbibed  ;  as,  to 
transfuse  a  spirit  of  patriotism  from  one  to 
another  :  to  transfuse  a  love  of  letters. 

TRANSFU'SED,  pp.  Poured  from  one  ves- 
sel into  another. 

TRANSFU'SIBLE,  a.  That  may  be  trans- 
i'n-<ed,  &c.  lioijle. 

TRANSFU'SING,  ppr.  Pouring  out  of  ono 
vessel  into  another  ;  transferring. 


T  R  A 


T  R  A 


T  R  A 


TRANSFUSION,  n.  Iransfu'zhon.  The  act 
of  |)iiiMiii{(,  as  liquor,  out  of  one  vessel  in- 
to another.  In  cliiiiiiHtry  and  pharmacy. 
<)-n;i.v/imons  of  hqnors  are  frequent.      Cyc. 

2.  The  act  or  operation  of  transferring  the 
blood  of  one  animal  into  the  vascular  sys- 
tem of  another  hy  means  of  a  tube.       Cyc. 

TRAN.SGKESS',  v.t.  \Fr. transgre3.ier;'L. 
trnnsgressus,  transgredior  ;  trans  and  gra- 
dior,  to  pass.] 

1.  To  pass  over  or  beyond  any  limit ;  to  sur- 
pass. Dn/den. 

2.  In  a  moral  sense,  to  overpass  any  rule  pre- 
scribed as  the  limit  of  duty  ;  to  break  or 
violate  a  law,  civil  or  moral.  To  trans- 
gress a  divine  law.  is  sin.  Legislators 
should  not  transgress  laws  of  their  own 
making. 

TR.ANSURESS',  v.  i.  To  offend  by  viola- 
ting a  law;  to  sin.     I  (Muon.  ii. 

TRANSGRESSED,  pp.  Overpassed;  vio- 
lated. 

TRANSGRESS'ING,  ppr.  Passing  beyond  ; 
surpassing;  violating;  sinning. 

TRANSGRES'SIO.N,  n.  [Fr.]  The  act  of 
passing  over  or  beyond  any  law  or  rule  of 
moral  duty  ;  the  violation  of  a  law  or 
known  principle  of  rectitude  ;  breach  of 
command. 

He  mourned  liecanse  of  the  transgression  of 
theni  that  hati  Ijoen  carried  away.     E/ra  x. 

Forgive  thy  people  all  iheir  transgressions. 
I  Kings  viii. 

9.  Fault;  offense;  crime.  Sfiak. 

TRANSGKES'SIONAL,  a.  That  violates 
a  law  or  rule  of  duty. 

TRANSGRESS'IVE,  a.  Faulty  ;  culpable  ; 
apt  lo  triinsgre.«s.  Brown. 

TRANSGRESS'OR,  ji.  One  who  breaks  a 
law  or  violates  a  comniand  ;  one  who  vio- 
lates any  known  rule  or  principle  of  recti- 
tude ;  a  sinner. 

The  way  ol  transgressors  is  hard.  Prov.  xiii. 

TRANSHA'PE,  v.  t.  [trans  and  shape.]  To 
transform.     [jVot  in  vse.]  Shak. 

TRANSHIP',  v.  t.  [trans  and  ship.]  To  con- 
vey from  one  ship  to  another  ;  a  commer- 
cial word. 

TRANSHIP'MENT,  ji.  The  act  of  trans- 
ferring, as  goods,  frotn  one  ship  to  anoth- 
er. 

TRANSHIPPED,  pp.  Carried  from  one 
ship  to  another. 

TRANSHIP'PING,  ppr.  Carrying  from  one 
ship  to  another. 

TRANSIENT,  a.  Iran'shent.  [L.  transiens. 
iransto  ;  trans  anil  eo.] 

1.  Passing  ;  not  stationary  :  hence,  of  short 
duration  ;  not  periiuuient  ;  not  lasting  or 
durable.  I  low  transient  are  the  pleasures 
of  this  life  ! 

— Measur'd  tliis  transient  world.        Milton. 

2.  Hasty  ;  momentary  ;  imperfect ;  as  a  tran- 
sient view  of  a  landseape. 

Transient  person,  a  person  that  is  passing  or 
traveling  through  a  place;  one  without  a 
settled  haliitalion. 

TRAN'SIENTLY,  adv.  [supra.]  In  pass- 
age; for  a  short  time;  not  with  continu- 
ance. 

I  touch  here  but  transiently — on  some  few 
of  those  many  rules  ol  ijiiitating  nature,  which 
Aristotle  drew  from  Horner.  Druden 

TRAN'SIENTNESS,  n.  [supra.]  Shortness 
of  continuance  ;  speedy  passage. 


TRANSIL'IENCF^  )      [ L.  Iransiliens,  Iran- 
TRANSIL'IENCV,  ^"-si/io;  tra>is  and  sa- 

Ho.  ] 
A  leap  from  thing  to  thing.  [M'ol  much  used.] 

GlanviUe. 
TRANS'IT,  n.  [\..  transitus,  from  transeo.] 

1.  A  passing;  a  passing  over  or  through; 
conveyance  ;  as  the  transit  of  goods 
through  a  country. 

2.  In  astronomy,  the  passing  of  one  heavenly 
body  over  the  disk  of  another  and  larger. 
I  \vitri(!ssed  the  transit  of  Vc'nus  over  the 
sun's  disk,  .lun(;  ;f,  17(;9.  When  asmaller 
body  passes  liohind  a  larger,  it  is  said  to 
sutler  an  occuttation. 

3.  The  passage  of  one  heavenly  body  over 
the  meridian  of  another. 

TRANS'IT,  V.  t.  To  pass  over  the  disk  of  a 
heavenly  body.  Cue. 

TRANS'IT-DOTY,  ji.  A  duty  paid  on 
goods  that  pass  through  a  country. 

TRANSP'TION,  n.  transizh'on.  [L.  Iransi- 
tio.]  Passage  from  one  place  or  state  to 
another;  change;  as  tire  transition  of  the 
weather  from  hottocolil.  Sudden  transi- 
tions arc  sometimes  attended  with  evil  ef- 
ects. 

The  spots  arc  of  the  .same  color  throughout, 
tlicre  heing  an  immediate  transition  from  white 
to  black.  IVoodward. 

2.  In  rhetoric,  a  passing  from  one  subject  to 
another.  This  should  be  done  by  means 
of  some  connection  in  the  parts  of  the  dis- 
course, so  as  to  appear  natural  and  easy. 

He   with   transition  sweet  new  speech  re- 
sumes. Milton 

3.  In  music,  a  change  of  key  from  inajor  to 
minor,  or  the  contrary ;    or  in    short,    a 
change  from  any  one  genus  or  key  to  an 
other  ;  also,  the  softening  of  a  disjunct  in 
tcrval  by  the  introduction  of  intermediate 
sounds.  Cyc.     Busby. 

Transition  rocks,  in  geology,  roclis  supposed 
to  have  been  formed  when  the  world  was 
passing  from  an  uninliabitahle  to  a  habit- 
able state.  These  rocks  contain  few  or- 
ganic remains,  and  when  they  occur  with 
others,  lie  immediately  over  those  which 
contain  none,  and  which  are  considered 
as  primitive.  fVerner.     Ciic. 

TRANS  ITIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  of 
pa-'*Kiiig.  Bacon. 

'i.  In  grammar,  a  transitive  verb  is  one  which 
is  or  may  be  followed  by  an  object ;  a  verb 
expressing  an  action  which  passes  from  the 
agent  to  an  object,  from  the  subject  which 
does,  to  the  object  on  which  it  is  done.\ 
Thus,  "  Cicero  wrote  letters  to  Atticus."j 
In  this  setitence,  the  act  of  writing,  per-' 
formed  by  Cicero,  the  agent,  terminates] 
on  letters,  the  object.  Ail  verbs  not  pas- 
sive, may  be  arranged  in  two  classes,  tran-\ 
sitive  and  intransitive.  In  English,  this' 
division  is  correct  and  complete.  | 

TRANS'ITORILY,  adv.  [See  Transitory.]] 
With  short  continuance. 

TRANS' ITORINESS,  n.  A  passing  with! 
short  continuance;  speedy  departure  or 
evanescence.  Who  is  not  convinced  of  the 
tran.<titoriness  of  all  sublunary  happiness' 

TRANS'lTORY,  a.  [L.transilorius.]   I'ass-,' 
ing    without   continuani'e  ;    continuing  a 
short  tiiijc  ;  fleeting  ;  speedily   vanishing. 
()  Lord,  comfort  and  succor  all  lliem  who,  in 
Uiis  transitory  life,  are  in  trouble. 

Com.  Prayer. 


2.  In  law,  a  transitory  action,  is  one  which 
may  ho  brought  in  any  county,  as  actions 
for  debt,  detinue,  slander  aad  "the  like.  It 
is  opposed  to  local.  Blackstone. 

TRANSLATABLE,  a.  [from  translate.] 
Capable  of  being  translated  or  renderetl 
into  another  language. 

TRANS  LA'TE,  v.  t.  [L.  translatus,  from 
transfero ;  trans,  over,  and  /Vro,  to  bear; 
Syi.  trasladar ;  It.  traslatare.] 

1.  To  bear,  carry  or  reinove  from  one  place 
to  another.  It  is  applieil  to  the  removal 
of  a  bishop  from  one  see  to  another. 

The  bishop  of  Rochester,  when  the  king 
would  have  translated  him  to  a  better  bishop- 
rick,  refused.  Camden. 

2.  To  remove  or  convey  to  heaven,  as  a  hu- 
man being,  without  death. 

liy  faith  Enoch  was  translated,  that  he  should 
not  see  death.     Hub.  .\vi. 
•3.  To  transfer ;  to  convey  from  one  to  an- 
other.    2  Sam.  iii. 

4.  To  cause  to  remove  from  one  part  of  the 
body  to  another;  as,  to /rans/afe  a  disease. 

5.  To  change. 

Happy  i-i  your  grace. 
That  can  translate  the  stubbornness  of  for- 
tune 
Into  so  quiet  and  so  sweet  a  style.        Sliak. 
f).  To  interpret ;  to  render  into  another  lan- 
guage ;  to  express  the  sense  of  one  lan- 
guage in  the  words  of  another.     The  Old 
Testament  was  translated  into  the  Greek 
language   more  than  two  hundred  years 
before   Christ.     The  Scriptures  are  now 
translated  into  most  of  the  languages  of 
Europe  and  Asia. 
7.  To  explain. 

TRANSLATED,  pp.  Conveyed  from  one 
place   to    another  ;    removed   to    heaven 
without  dying;  rendered  into  another  Ian 
guagc. 

TRANSLA'TING,  par.  Conveying  or  re- 
moving from  one  place  to  another;  con- 
veying to  heaven  without  dying  ;  inter- 
preting in  another  language. 

TRANSLA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  transla- 
tio.] 

1.  The  act  of  removing  or  conveying  from 
one  place  to  another  ;  removal ;  as  the 
translation  of  a  disease  from  the  foot  to 
the  breast. 

2.  The  removal  of  a  bishop  from  one  see  to 
another. 

3.  The  removal  of  a  person  to  heaven  with- 
out sAbjecting  him  to  death. 

t.  The  act  of  turning  into  another  language; 
interpretation  ;  as  the  transition  of  Virgil 
or  Homer. 

5.  That  which  is  produced  by  turning  into 
another  language  ;  a  version.  We  have 
a  good  translation  of  the  Scriptures. 

TRANSLA'TIVE,  a.  Taken  from  others. 

TRANSLA'TOR,  n.  One  who  renders  into 
another  language  ;  one  who  expresses  the 
sense  of  words  in  one  language  by  equiv- 
alent words  in  another. 

TRANS'LATORY,  a.  Transferring  ;  serv- 
ing to  translate.  Arhuthnot. 

TRANSLA'TRESS,  n.  A  female  transla- 
tor. 

TRANSLOC.VTION,  n.  [L.  trans  &Mlo- 
catio,  loco.] 

Remov.il  of  things  reciprocally  to  each  oth- 
ers' places;  or  rather  substitution  of  one 
thing  for  another. 


T  R  A 


T  R  A 


T  R  A 


There  happened  certaiu  tramlocations  of  an- 
imal and  vegetable  substances  at  the  deluge. 

Woodward. 

TRANSLU'CENCY,  n.  [L.  translucens ; 
trans,  through,  and  luceo,  to  sliine.] 

1.  The  property  of  admitting  rays  of  light 
to  pass  tijrough,  but  not  so  as  to  render 
objects  distinguishable.  Mineralogy. 

2.  Transparency. 
TRANSLU'CENT,  a.  \n  mineralogy,  Us.ns- 

mitting  raj's  of  light,  but  not  so  as  to  ren- 
der objecls  distinctly  visible.      Cleaveland. 
2.  Transparent ;  clear. 

Replenish'd  IVom  the  cool  translucent  springs. 

Pope. 
TRANSLU'CID,    a.    [L.   translucidus,  su- 
pra.] 
Transparent ;  clear.     [See  Translucent.] 

Bacon. 

TRANSMARINE,     a.    [L.   transmarinus 
trans  and  marinus  ;  mare,  sea.]     Lying  or 
being  beyond  the  sea.  Howell. 

TRANSMEW,  v.  t.  [Ft:  transmiier ;  L. 
transmuto.] 

To  transmute  ;  to  transform  ;  to  metamor- 
phose.     UVot  in  use.]  Suenser. 

TRANS'MIGRANT,n.  [See  Transmigrate.] 
Migrating  ;  passing  into  another  country 
or  state  for  residence,  or  into  another  form 
or  body. 

TRANS'MIGRANT,  n.  One  who  migrates 
or  leaves  his  own  country  and  passes  into 
another  for  settlement.  Bacon. 

2.  One  who  passes  into  another  state  or 
body. 

TRANS'MIGRATE,  i'.  i.  [L.  Iransmigro  ; 
trans  and  migro,  to  migrate.] 

1.  To  migrate  ;  to  pass  from  one  country  or 
jurisdiction  to  another  for  the  purpose  of 
residing  in  it  ;  as  men  or  families. 

Broimi. 

2.  To  pass  from  one  body  into  another. 

Their  souls  may  transmigrate  into  each  oth- 
er. Hoivell. 

TRANS'MIGRATING,  ppr.  Passing  from 
one  country,  state  or  body  into  another. 

TRANSMIGRA'TION,  n.  The  passing  of 
men  from  one  country  to  another  for  the 
purpose  of  residence,  particularly  of  a 
whole  people. 

2.  The  passing  of  a  thing  into  another  state, 
as  of  one  substance  into  another. 

Hooker. 

3.  The  passing  of  the  soul  into  another  body, 
according  to  the  opinion  of  Pythagoras. 

TRANS'MIGRATOR,  n.  One  who  trans- 

miiiiates.  Ellis. 

TRANSMI'GRATORY,   a.    Passing   from 

one  ])lace,  body  or  state  to  another. 

Faber. 
TRANSMISSIBIL'ITY,  n.  [from  traasmis 

sible.]     The  quality  of  being   transmissi 

ble. 
TRANSMIS'SIBLE,     a.    [See    Transmit.^ 

1.  That  may  be  transmitted  or  passed  fromj 
one  to  another.  Blaekstone.     Burke. 

2.  That  may  be  transmitted  througli  a  trans- 
parent body. 

TRANSMIS'SION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  trans- 
misaio.] 

1.  The  act  of  sending  from  one  place  or  per- 
son to  another;  as  the  transmission  of  let- 
ters, writings,  papers,  news  and  the  like, 
from  one  country  to  another;  orthe/raM.?- 
misiion  of  rights,  titles  or  privileges  from 


father  to  son,  and  from  one  generation  to 

another.  JVeivlon.     Bacon. 

3.  The  passing  nf  a   substance  tlirough  any 

body,  as  of  light  througli  glass. 
TRANSMIS'SIVE,  a.  Transmitted;  deriv- 
ed from  one  to  another. 

Itself  A  sun,  it  with  IransmissiDe  light 
Enlivens  woilds  denied  to  human  sight. 

Prior. 
TRANSMIT',  v.t.[L.transmitto;  trans  imd 
millo,  to  send.] 

1.  To  send  from  one  person  or  place  to  anoth- 
er ;  as,  to  transmit  a  letter  oi-  a  memorial  ; 
to  transmit  dispatches  ;  to  transmit  money 
or  bills  of  exchange  from  one  city  or  coun- 
try to  another.  Light  is  transmitted  from 
the  sun  to  tlie  earth  ;  sound  is  transmitted 
by  means  of  vibrations  of  the  air.  Our 
civil  and  religious  privileges  Iiave  been! 
transmitted  to  us  from  our  ancestors;  andt 
it  is  our  duty  to  transmit  them  to  our 
children. 

2.  To  suffer  to  pass  through  ;  as,  glass  frans- 
7ni7.?  light  ;  metals  transmit  electricity. 

TRANi^MlT'TAL,  n.  Transmis.sion. 

Surift. 

TRANSMIT'TED,  pp.  Sent  from  one  per- 
son or  place  to  another;  caused  or  suffer- 
ed to  pass  through. 

TRANSMIT'TKR,  n.  One  who  transmits. 

TRANSMIT'TIBLE,  a.  That  may  be  trans- 
mitted. 

TRANSMIT'TING,;)/)r.  Sending  from  one 
person  or  place  to  another ;  sufiering  to 
pass  through. 

TRANSMUTABILITV,  n.  [See  Trans- 
mute.] 

Susceptibility  of  change  into  another  nature 
or  substance. 

TRANSMU'TABLE,   a.    [from  transmute.] 

Capable  of  being  changed  itito  a  ditferent 
substance,  or  into  something  of  a  different 
form  or  nature. 

The  fluids   and  solids  of  an  animal  body  are 
transmutable  into  one  another.         Jlrbulhnol. 

TRANSMU'TABLY,  adv.  With  capacity 
of  being  changed  into  another  substance 
or  nature. 

TRANSMUTA'TION,  n.  I'L.transmutatio.] 


1.  The  change  of  any  thing  into  another 
substance,  or  into  something  of  a  difterenl 
nature.  For  a  long  time,  the  transmuta- 
tion of  base  metals  into  gold  was  deemed 
practicable,  but  nature  proved  refractory, 
and  the  alchimists  were  frustrated. 

2.  In  chimistry,  the  transmutation  of  one 
substance  into  another  is  very  easy  and 
common,  as  of  water  into  gas  or  vapor, 
and  of  gases  into  water. 

3.  In  geometry,  the  change  or  reduction  of 
one  figure  or  body  into  another  of  the 
same  area  or  solidity,  but  of  a  different 
form;  as  of  a  triangle  into  a  scpiare. 

Cyc. 

4.  The  change  of  colors,  as  in  the  case  of  a 
decoction  of  the  nephritic  wood.  Cyc. 

.5.  In  the  vegetable  economy,  the  change  of  a 
plant  into  another  form  ;  as  of  wheat  into 
chess,  according  to  the  popular  opinion. 
[See  Chess.] 

TRANSMU'TE,  i'. /.  [L.  transmuto;  trans 
and  jtiuto,  to  change.] 

To  change  from  one  nature  or  subiitanre 
into  another.  Water  may  he  transmuted 
into  ice,  and  ice  into  water;  the  juices  of 


plants  are  transmuted  into  soliil  substai)- 
ces;  but  human  skill  l.as  not  Ijetu  able 
to  transmute  lea<l  or  cojiper  into  gold. 

A  holy  con<cienc'.'  sublimates  eveiy  'Iiing;  it 

transmutes  the  common  affairs  of  life  into  acta 

of  solemn  worship  to  God.  J.  M.  Mason. 

The  caresses  of  parents  and  the  blandisinnents 

of  friends,  transmute  us  into  idols. 

Buckminster . 

TRANSMU'TED,  pp.  Changed  into  anoth- 
er substance  or  nature. 

TRANSMU'TEK,  u.   One  that  transnmtes. 

TRANS.'IIU'TING,  ppr.  Changing  or  trans- 
forming into  another  nature  or  subi'tance. 

TRAN'SOM,  n.  [L.  transenna,  from  trans, 
over,  across.] 

I.  A  beam  or  timber  extended  across  the 
stern-post  of  a  ship,  to  strengthen  the  aft- 
part  and  give  it  due  form.  Mar.  Diet. 

,2.  In  architecture,  tlie  piece  that  is  framed 
across  a  double  light  window ;  or  a  hntel 
over  a  door  ;  tlie  vane  of  a  cross-stafi" 

Cyc.     Johnson. 

TRA.\S'PADANE,  a.  [L.  trans  and  P..4us, 
the  river  Po.]    Being  beyond  the  river  Po. 

Stephens. 

TRANSPA'RENCY,  n.  [See  Transparent.] 

That  state  or  property  of  a  body  by 
which  it  suffers  rays  of  light  to  pass 
through  it,  so  that  objects  can  be  distinct- 
ly seen  through  it;  iliaphuneity.  This  is 
a  property  of  glass,  water  and  air,  which 
when  clear,  admit  the  free  passage  of 
light.     Transparency  is  opposed  to  opake- 

TRANSPARENT,  a.  [Fr.  id.;  h.  trans 
ail' I  pareo,  to  appear.] 

1.  Havuig  the  i)ropcrty  of  transmitting  rays 
of  light  so  that  bodies  can  be  distinctly 
seen  through  ;  pervious  to  light  ;  diapha- 
nous ;  pellucid  ;  as  transparent  glass  ;  a 
transparent  diamond  ;  opposed  to  opake. 

2.  Admitting  the  passage  of  light  ;  open  ; 
porous;  as  a  <r«n,?/)ann(  vail.  Dryden. 

TRANSPA'RENTLY,  adi:  Clearly;  so  as 
to  be  seen  through. 

TRANSPARENTNESS,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  transparent;  transparency. 

TRANSP>ASS,  v.t.  [trans  and  pass.]  To 
pass  over.     [JVot  in  use.]  Gregory. 

TRANSP'ASS,  V.  i.  To  pass  by  or  away. 
[jVot  in  xise.]  Daniel. 

TRANSPICUOUS,  a.  [L.  trans  am\  specie, 
to   see.]      Transparent ;  pervious  to   the 
sight. 
The  wide  tran.ipicuous  air.  Milton. 

TRANSPIERCE,  f.  t.  transpers'.  [Fr. 
transpercer.] 

To  pierce  through  ;  to  (jenetrate ;  to  perme- 
ate ;  to  pass  througli. 
His  forceful  spear  the  .sides  transpierc'd. 

Diitden. 

TRANSPIERCED,  pp.  transpers'ed.  Pierc- 
ed through;  penetrated. 

TRANSPIERCING. /)/)r.  transpers' ing.  Pen- 
etratins :  passing  through. 

TRANSPrR,ABLE,  a.  (Fr. ;  from  transpire.'] 
Capable  of  being  emitted  through  pores. 

TRANSPIRATION,  n.  [Fr. ;  from  trans- 
pire.] 

The  act  or  process  of  passing  off  through  the 
pores  of  the  skin  ;  cutaneous  exhalation; 
as  the  transpiration  of  obstructed  fluids. 

^arp. 

TRANSPIRE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  transpirer ;  L 
transpire ;  trans  and  spiro.} 


T  R  A 


T  R  A 


T  R  A 


pores  of  the  skin  ;  toi 


To  emit  tlirougli  th 

to  .■^i;iul  (itJ'iii  vapor.  I 

TRANSPl'RE,  v.i.  To  l)(M>mitte<l  tlirou(;li 

the  pDiis  of  the  skin  ;  tn  exhale  ;  to  pass 

off  in    insensible   perspaation  ;  as,   fluids 

transpire  tVoni  the  human  hoily. 

2.  To  escape  i'rom  secrecy  ;  to  beoome  pub- 
lic. Tlie  proeeedings  of  the  council  have 
not  yet  transpired. 

3.  To  liappen  or  coino  to  pass. 
TRANSl'l'RlNG,  ppr.    Exbahng;  passing 

off  in  insensible  perspiration  ;  becoming 

public. 
TRANSPLA'CE,  v.  t.    [trans    and  place.] 

To  remove;  to  put  in  a  new  place. 

It  was  Iransplaced  from   the  Icl't   side  of  the 

Vatican  to  a  more  eminent  place.     [Little  its 

erf.]  Wilkins. 

TRANSPLANT',    i'.   t.    [Fr.  transplanter  ; 

trans  ami  plant,  L.  plauto.] 

1.  To  remove  and  plant  in  another  place ; 
as,  to  transplant  trees. 

2.  To  remove  an<!  settle  or  establish  for  res- 
idence in  another  place  ;  as,  to  transplant 
inhabitants.  Salmauescr  transplanted  the 
Cuthites  to  Samaria. 

3.  To  remove.  Clarendon.     Mitto 
TRANSPLANTATION,    n.    The    art   ofl 

trunsplaniing;  the  removal  of  a  plant  or 
of  a  settled  inhabitant  to  a  different  place 
for  growth  or  residence. 

2.  Removal ;  conveyance  from  one  to  an- 
other. Formerly  men  believed  in  the 
transplantation  of  diseases.      Baker.     Cyc. 

TRANSPLANTED,  pp.  Removed  and 
planted  or  settled  in  another  place. 

TRANSPLANT'ER,  n.  One  who  trans 
pintils. 

2.  A  machine  for  transplanting  trees. 

TRANSPLAN T'lNG,  ppr.  Removing  and 
plantins;  or  seitliii;^  in  another  place. 

TRANSPLEND'ENCY,  n.  [L.  trans  mu 
splendens.  See  Splendor.]  Superemineiit 
splendor.  More. 

TRANSPLENDENT,  a.  Resplendent  in 
the  lii:;hest  degree. 

TRANSPLEND'ENTLY,  adv.  With  cmi 
nent  splendor.  Mon 

TRANSPORT,  t'.  t.  [L.  transporto ;  trans 
and  porta,  to  carry.] 

L  T<i  carry  or  convey  from  one  place  to  an 
other,  either  by  means  of  beasts  or  vehi- 
cles on  land,  or  by  ships  in  water,  or  by 
balloons  in  air;  as,  tn  Iransiiort  the  bag 
gage  of  an  army  ;  to  transport  goods  from 
one  country  to  another;  to  Jra/!*/?or<  troops 
over  a  river. 

2.  To  carry  into  banishment,  as  a  criminal 
Criminals  are  transported  as  a  punishment 
for  their  crimes,  wliich  often  amounts  to 
banishment. 

3.  To  hurry  or  carry  away  by  violence  of 
passion. 

They  lau<;h  as  if  transported  with  some  fit 
Of  passion.  Mlton. 

4.  To  ravish  with  pleasure ;  to  bear  awayj 
the  soul  in  ecstasy  ;  as,  to  be  transported] 
with  joy.  Milton.l 

5.  To  remove  from  one  place  to  another,  as 
a  ship  by  means  of  hawsers  and  anchors.! 

Mar.  Did. 
TRANSPORT,     n.     Transportation;   car- 
riage; conveyance. 

Tlie  Romans  stipulated  with  the  Carthagini- 
ans to  furnish  them  with  ships  for  transport 
and  war.  uirbuthnot. 


2.  A  ship  or  vessel  employed  for  carrying' 
soldiers,  warlike  stores  or  provisions  from 
one  place  to  another,  or  to  convey  convicts 
to  the  place  oftheir  destination. 

3.  Rapture  ;  ecstasy.  The  news  of  victory 
was  received  with  transports  of  joy. 

4.  A  convict  transported  or  sentenced  to  ex- 
ile. 

TRANSPORTABLE,  a.  That  may  be  trnns 
ported.  Beddoes. 

TRANSPORT ANCE,  n.  Conveyance.  [Ab< 
ill  tise.]  Shak. 

TRANSPORTA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  car- 
rying or  conveying  from  one  place  to  an- 
other, either  on  beasts  or  in  vehicles,  by 
land  or  water,  or  in  air.  Goods  in  Asia 
are  transported  on  camels  ;  in  Europe  and 
America,  either  on  beasts  or  on  carriag 
or  sleds.  But  transportation  by  water  is 
the  great  means  ofconnnercial  intercourse 

2.  Banishment  for  felony. 

3.  Transmission  ;  conveyance.  Dn/den 

4.  Transport ;  ecstasy.  [Little  used.]  South.] 
Removal  from  one  country  to  another;! 

as  the  transportation  of  plants. 

TRANSPORTED,  pp.  Carried;  conveyed; 
removed  ;  ravished  with  delight.  | 

PRANSPORTEDLY,  adv.  In  a  state  of 
rapture. 

TRANSPORTEDNESS,  n.  A  state  of  rap- 
ture. Bp.  Hall.\ 

TRANSPORTER,  n.  One  who  tran.sports] 
or  removes.  | 

TRANSPORTING,  p;?r.  Conveying  or  car- 
rying from  one  place  to  another  ;  remov- 
ing ;  banishing  for  a  crime. 

2.  a.  Ravishing  with  delight ;  bearing  away 
the  soul  in  pleasure  ;  e.\tatic  ;  as  trans- 
porting; }oy. 

TRANSPORTMENT,  n.  Transporlntion. 
[  Little  used.]  Hall. 

TR.\NSPOS.\L,  n.  transpo'zal.  [from  trans- 
pose.] 

The  act  of  changing  the  places  of  things, 
md  putting  each  in  the  place  which   wa; 


before  occupied  by  the  other. 
TRANSPOSE,  I'.  /.    transpo'ze.  [Fr. 


trans- 
poser  ;  trans  a.\i(i poser,  to  put.] 

To  change  the  place  or  order  of  things 
by  putting  each  in  the  place  of  the  other; 
as,  to  transpose  letters,  words  or  proposi- 
tions. Locke. 

To  put  out  of  place.  Shak. 

In  algebra,  to  bring  any  term  of  an  equa- 
tion over  to  the  other  side.  Thus  ifa-|-i^ 
c,  and  we   make  a=c — b,  then  b  is  said  to! 


he  transposed. 

1.  In  grammar,  to  change  tlie  natural   order 
of  words. 

).   In  music,  to  change  the  key. 
FRANSPO'SED,    pp.    Being    changed    in 

place   and   one  put  in  the    place   of  the 

other. 
TRANSPOSING,  ppr.  Changing  the  place 

of  things  and  putting  each  in  the  place  of 

the  other. 

2.  Bringing  any  term  of  an  equation  over  to 
the  other  side. 

3.  Changing  the  natural  order  of  words. 
TRANSPOSI  TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  trans- 

positio.] 
I.  .\  changing  of  the  places  of  things  anil 
putting  each  in  the  place  before  occupied 
by  the  other ;  as  the  transposition  of  words 
in  a  sentence. 


The  state  of  being  reciprocally  changed  in 
place.  IVooduard. 

3.  In  algebra,  the  bringing  of  any  term  of  an 
equation  to  the  other  side. 

4.  In  grammar,  a  change  of  the  natural  or- 
der of  words  in  a  sentence.  The  Latin 
and  Greek  languages  admit  transposition 
without  inconvenience,  to  a  much  greater 
extent  than  the  English. 

a.  In  inusic,  a  change  in  the  composition, 
cither  in  the  transcript  or  the  perform- 
ance, by  which  the  whole  is  removed  into 
another  key.  Busby. 

TR.VNSPOSl  "TIONAL,  a.  Pertaining  to 
transposition.  Pegge. 

TRANSPOS'ITIVE,  a.  Made  by  transpos- 
ing ;  consisting  in  transposition. 

TRANSUBSTAN'TIATE,  r.  t.  IFr.  tran- 
substantier  ;  trans  and  substance.] 

To  change  to  antJther  substance  ;  as,  to 
transubstantiate  the  sacramental  elements, 
bread  and  wine,  into  the  flesh  and  blood 
of  Christ,  according  to  the  popish  doc- 
trine. 

TRANSUBSTANTIA'TION,  n.  Change  of 
substance.  In  the  Romish  theology,  the 
supposed  conversion  of  the  bread  and 
wine  in  the  eucharisi,  into  the  body  and 
blooil  of  Christ.  Cyc. 

TRANSUBSTAN  TIATOR,  ;i.  One  who 
maintains  the  popish  doctrine  of  transub- 
stantiation.  Barrow. 

I'RANSUDA'TION,    n.     [from    transude.] 

The  act  or  process  of  passing  off  tiirough 
the  pores  of  a  substance  ;  as  sweat  or 
other  fluid.  Boyle. 

TRANSU'DATORY,  a.  Passing  by  transu- 
dation. 

TRANSU'DE,  i'.  t.  [L.  trans  and  sudo,  to 
sweat.] 

To  pass  through  the  pores  or  interstices  of 
texture,  as  perspirable  matter  or  other 
fluid  ;  as,  liquor  may  transude  through  leth- 
er,  or  through  wooil. 

TK.\NSU'Dh\G,  ppr.  Passing  through  the 
pores  of  a  substance,  as  sweat  or  other 
fluid. 

TRANSU'ME,  r.  <.  [L.transumo;  trans  awl 
sumo,  to  take.]  To  take  from  one  to  an- 
iitlier.     [Little  used.] 

TRANSL'MPT',  »!.  A  copy  or  exemplifica- 
tion of  a  record.     [.Yot  in  use  ]       llerliert. 

TRANSL'MP'TION,  n.  The  art  nf  lakmg 
from  one  place  to  another.     [Little  usedJ\ 

SouJi. 

TRANSVEC'TION,  n.  [L.  transvedio.] 
The  .let  of  conveying  or  tarrying  over. 


TRANSVERSAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  trans 
;ind  rcrws.] 

Running  or  lying  across;  as  a  transversal 
ine.  Hale. 

TRANSVERS'ALLY,  adv.  In  a  dire.tion 
crosswise.  Jlilkins. 

TRANSVERSE,  a.  transvers'.  [L.  tratia- 
versus ;  trans  and  versus,  verto.] 

I.  Lying  nr  being  across  or  in  a  cross  direc- 
tion ;  as  a  transverse  diameter  or  axis. 
Transverse  lines  are  the  diagonals  of  a 
square  or  parallelogram.  Lines  which  in- 
tersect perpeiiiliculars,  are  also  called 
transverse. 

3.  In  botany,  a  transverse  partition,  in  a  peri- 
carp, is  at  right  angles  with  the  valves,  as 
in  a  silique.  Murtyn. 

TRANSVERSE,  n.  The  longer  axis  of  an 
ellipse. 


T  R  A 


T  R  A 


T  R  A 


TRANSVERSE,   v.  t.   transvers 

tiiin.     [Little  tistd.] 
TRANSVERSELY,   adv.  transvers'ly.  In  a 

cross  direction ;  as,  to  cut  a  thing  trans- 

versely. 

At  Stonehenge,  the   stones   lie  transversely 

upon  each  other.  Stillingflevl. 

TRAN'TERS,  n.  plu.   Men  who  carry  fish 

from  the  sea  coast   to   sell  in   the  iiilanil 

countries.     [JVot  American.]  Bailey. 

TRAl*.     n.    [Sa.x.  trapp,  trepp ;    Fr.  Irape; 

It.  trapola  ;  Sp.  trampa.] 

1.  An  engine  that  sinus  suddenly  or  with  a 
sprinjc,  used  for  taking  game ;  as  a  trap 
for  foxes.  A  trap  is  a  very  different  thing 
from  a  snare  ;  though  the  latter  word  may 
be  used  in  a  figurative  sense  for  a  trap. 

3.  An  engine  fm-  catching  men.  [jVot  used 
in  the  U.  States.] 

3.  An  ambush  ;  a  stratagem  ;  any  device  by 
which  men  or  other  animals  may  be  caught 
unawares. 

Let  their  table  be  made  a  snare  and  a  trap 
Rom.  xi. 

4.  A  play  in  which  a  ball  is  driven  with  a 
stick. 

TRAP,  n.  [Svv.  irappa,  Dan.  trappe,  a  stair 
or  stairs.] 

In  mineralogy,  a  name  given   to  rocks  char 
acterized  by  a  columnar  form,  or  whose 
strata  or  beds  have  the  form  of  steps  or  a 
series  of  stairs.     Kirwau  gives  this  name 
to  two  families  of  basalt.     It  is   now  em 
ployed  to  designate  a  rock  or   aggregate 
in  which   hornblend  predominates,  but  i 
conveys  no  definite  idea  of  any  one  spe 
cies ;  and  under   this   term   are   compre- 
hended hornblend,  hornblend  slate,  green 
stone,  greenstone   slate,  amygdaloid,  ba 
salt,  wacky,  clinkstone  porphyry,  and  per- 
Jiaps  hyperstheno  rock,  augite  rock,  and 
some  varieties  of  sienite.  Cleaveland. 

TRAP,  V.  t.  To  catch  in  a  trap ;  as,  to  trap 
foxes  or  beaver. 

2.  To  ensnare  ;  to  take  by  stratagem. 

I  trapp'd  the  foe.  Dryden. 

:j.  To  adorn;  to  dress  with  ornaments.  [See 
Trappings.]     [The  verb  is  little  used.] 

Spenser. 

TRAP,  V.  i.  To  set  traps  for  game ;  as,  to 
trap  for  beaver. 

TRAPAN',  V.  I.  [Sax.  treppan  ;  from  trap.] 
To  ensnare ;  to  catch  by  stratagem. 

South. 

TRAPAN',  n.  A  snare  ;  a  stratagem. 

TRAPAN'NER,  n.  One  who  ensnares. 

TRAPAN'NING,  ppr.  Ensnaring. 

TRAP'-DOOR,  n.  [trap  and  door.]  A  door 
in  a  floor,  which  shuts  close   like  a  valve 

Ray. 

TRAPE,  I'.  {.  To  traipse  ;  to  walk  careless- 
ly and  skittishly.     [JVot  much  used.] 

TRAPES,  n.  A  slattern;  an  idle  sluttish 
woman. 

TRAI'E'ZIAN,  a.  [See  Trapezium.]  In  crys 
ialography,  having  the  lateral  planes  com 
posod  of  trapeziums  situated  in  two 
ranges,  between  two  bases. 

TRAPE'ZIFORM,  a.  Having  the  form  of] 
a  trapcziutn. 

TRAPEZIHE'DRON,  n.  [L.  trapezium  a\u\ 
Gr.  fifd,  side.] 

A  solid  bcinnded  by  twenty  four  equal  and 
similar  traprziuTiis.  Cleaveland. 

TRAPE'ZIIIM,  71.  i)lu.  trapezia  or  trape- 
ziums. [L.  from  Gr.  tpani^w,  a  little  table.] 


To  over-||l.  In  geometry,  a  plane  figure  contained  un-j 
der  four  unequal  right  lines,  none  of  them 
parallel.  Cyc, 

In  anatomy,  a  bone  of  the  carpus. 
TRAPEZOID',    n.    [L.  trapezium  and  Gr., 
6o{.]  1 

An  irregular  solid  figure  having  four  sides, 
no  two  of  which  are  parallel  to  each 
other;  also,  a  plane  four  sided  figure  hav- 
ing two  of  the  opposite  sides  parallel  to 
each  other.  Cyc.     Olmsted. 

TRAPEZOID'AL,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a 
trapezoid.  | 

1.  Having  the  surface  composed  of  twenty 
four  trapeziums,  all  equal  and  similar. 

Cleaveland. 
TRAP'PINGS,    n.  plu.    [from   trap.     The 
primary  sense  is  that  which  is  set,  spread 
or  put  on.] 
L  Ornaments  of  horse  furniture. 
Caparisons  and  steeds. 
Bases  ami  tinsel  trappings —  Milton. 

2.  Ornaments;  dress;  extej-nal  and  superfi- 
cial decorations. 

These  but  the  trappings  and  the  suits  of  woe. 

Shah. 
Trappings  of  life,  for  ornament,  not  use. 

Dryden. 
Affectation  is  part  of  the  trappings  of  folly. 

Rambler} 
TRAP'POUS,  a.  [from  trap,  in  geology.  It! 
ought  to  be  trappy.]  1 

Pertaining  to  trap ;  resembling  trap,  or  par-! 
taking  of  its  form  or  qualities.         Kirwan.' 
TRAP'-STICK,  n.  A  stick  with  which  boys; 
drive  a  wooden   ball ;    hence,    a  slender! 
log.  Addison. 

TRAP'-TUFF,  n.  Masses  of  basalt,  amyg- 
daloid, hornblend,  sandstones,  &c.,  re-' 
mented.  Ure. 

TRASH,  n.  [In  G.  driise  is  a  gland;  drusen, 
dregs.     In  Sw.  trasa  is  a  rag.     The  word 
may  be  allied  to  thrash.] 
L  Any  waste  or  worthless  matter. 

Who  steals  my  money,  steals  trash.  Shak. 
2.  Loppings  of  trees  ;  bruised  canes,  &c.  [n 
the  West  Indies,  the  decayed  leaves  and; 
stems  of  canes  are  called  field-trash  ;  the| 
bruised  or  macerated  rindof  canes  is  called' 
cane-trash ;  and  both  are  called  fm.sft. 

Edwards,  IF.  Indies. 
.3.  Fruit  or  other  matter  improper  for  food,! 
but  eaten  by  children,  &c.     It  is  used  par- 
ticularly of  unripe  fruits. 

4.  A  worthless  person.  [jVot  proper.]   Shak.i 

5.  A  piece  of  lether  or  other  thing  fastened 
to  a  dog's  neck  to  retard  his  speed. 

TRASH,  V.  t.  To  lop;  to  crop.     If'arhurion.] 
2.  To  strip  of  leaves  ;  as,  to  trash  ratoons. 

Edwards,  W.  Indies. 
.3.  To  crush  ;  to   humble ;  as,   to   trash   the 
Jews.  Hammond.' 

4.  To  clog ;  to  encumber  ;  to  hinder. 

Shak.\ 
TRASH,  I',  i.    To  follow  with  violence  and 
trampling.  Todrf. 

TRASH'Y,  a.  Waste  ;  rejected  ;  worthless  ; 
seless.  Dryden. 

TR.ASS,  n.  Pumiceous  conglomerate,  a  vol- 
canic production  ;    a  gray   or  yellowish 
porous  substance. 
TRAIJ'LISM,    n.    A  stammering.     [.Yot  in\ 
use.]  I 

TR AUM.AT'IC,   a.    [Gr.  tfiav/ia,  a  wound.] 
I.  Pertaining  to  or  applied  to  wounds. 

Coxe 


2.  Vulnerary ;  adapted  to  the  cure  of  wounds. 

ff'iseman. 
TRAUMAT'le,  n.  A  medicine  useful  in  the 

ure  of  wounds. 
TRAVAIL,  v.i.  [Fr.  travailler ;  W.  Irav- 
aelu,  to  toil ;  a  compound  of  W.  tra,  that 
is,  tras,  L.  trans,  over,  beyond,  and  mael, 
work,  Eng.  moil ;  It.  travagliare  ;  Sp,  Ira- 
bajar.] 
I.  '1  <)  labor  with  pain  ;  to  toil. 

To  suffer  the  pangs  of  childbirth  ;  to  be 


2. 

in  labor.     Gen.  xxxv. 
TRAV'.AIL,    V.  t.    To    harass;  to  tire;   as 

troubles   sufficient   to   travail   the   realm. 

[JVot  in  use.]  Hayward. 

TRAV'AIL,    n.    Labor   with   pain;  severe 

toil. 

As  every  thing  of  price,  so  doth  this  require 

travail.     Obs.  Hooker. 

Labor  in  childbirth  ;  as  a  severe  travail; 

an  easy  travail. 
TRAVAILING,    ppr.    Laboring  with  toil  : 

laboring  in  childbirth.     Is.  xlii. 
TRAVE,      )  [Sp.   traba;    Fr.   entraves. 

TRAVIS,    I   "•    See  Trammel.] 

1.  A  woollen  frame  to  confine  a  horse  while 
the  smith  is  setting  his  shoes.  This  is  not 
used  for  horses  in  America,  but  a  similar 
frame  is  used  for  confining  oxen  for 
shoeing. 

2.  Beam  ;  a  lay  of  joists ;  a  traverse. 

ff'ood. 

TRAV'EL,  v.  i.  [a  different  orthography 
and  application  of  travail.] 

1.  To  walk  ;  to  go  or  march  on  foot  ;  as,  to 
travel  from  London  to  Dover,  or  from 
New  York  to  Philadelphia.  So  we  say, 
a  man  ordinarily  travels  three  miles  an 
hour.  [This  is  the  proper  sense  of  the 
word,  which  implies  toil.] 

2.  To  journey  :  to  ride  to  a  distant  place  in 
the  same  country  ;  as,  a  man  travels  for 
his  health  ;  he  is  traveling  to  Virginia.  A 
man  traveled  from  London  to  Edinburgh 
in  five  days. 

3.  To  go  to  a  distant  country,  or  to  visit  for- 
eign states  or  kingdoms,  cither  by  sea  or 
land.  It  is  customary  for  men  of  rank 
and  property  to  travel  for  improvement. 
Englishmen  travel  to  France  and  Italy. 
Some  men  travel  tor  pleasure  or  curiosity  ; 
others  travel  to  extend  their  knowledge  of 
natural  history. 

4.  To  pass ;  to  go  ;  to  move.  News  travels 
with  rapidity. 

Time  travels  in  divers  paces  with  divers  per- 
sons. Shak. 

5.  To  labor.     [See  Travail.] 

6.  To  move,  walk  or  pass,  as  a  beast,  a  horse, 
ox  or  camel.  A  horse  travels  fifty  miles 
in  a  day  ;  a  camel,  twenty. 

TRAVEL,  j>.  f.  To  pass;  to  journey  over; 
as,  to  travel  the  whole  kingdom  of  Eng- 
land. 

r  travel  this  profound.  Milton. 

To  force  to  journey. 

The  corporations — shall  not  he  traveled  fortli 
from  their  franchises.     [.Vu/ Wi'ft/.]       Spenser. 

TRAVEL,  n.  A  passing  on  foot;  a  walk- 
ing. 

Journey;  a  passing  or  riding  from  place 
to  [ilace. 

His  travels  ended  at  his  country  seat. 

Dryden. 
Travel  or  travels,  a  journeying  to  a  dis- 


T  R  A 


T  R  A 


T  R  E 


taiit  country   or  countries.     The  gentle- 
man has  just  retnincd  i'riitn  \usi  travels. 

4.  Tlii^  distance  which  a  luan  rides  in  tlie 
pi^rtorinancc  of  liis  ofiicial  duties ;  or  the 
fee  paid  for  passing  that  iMstance;  as  the 
<rarei  of  the  sherifin  tvveniy  miles  ;  or  that 
of  a  representative  is  seventy  miles.  His 
travel  is  a  dollar  for  every  twenty  miles. 

U.  .Slates. 

5.  Travels,  in  the  plural,  an  account  of  oc- 
currences and  observations  made  during 
a  journey  ;  as  a  hook  of  travels  ;  the  title 
of  a  hook  that  relates  occurrences  in  trav- 
eliiif; ;  as  travels  in  Italy. 

C.  Lahor  •  tod  ;  labor  in  childbirth.  [See 
Travail.] 

TKAV'LLP^D,  pp.  Gained  or  made  by  trav- 
el; as  frat)e/erf  observations.     [Unusual'' 


Quart.  Rev. 

K  otton. 

travels  in  any 


2.  a.  Havinj;  made  journeys. 
TKAV'ELER,  n.    One  who 
way.     Job  xxx'i. 

2.  t>ne  who  visits  foreifin  countries. 

3.  In  ships,  an  iron  thimble  or  thimbles  with 
a  rope  spliced  round  them,  forming  a  kind 
of  tail  or  a  species  of  grommet. 

Mar.  Diet. 
TRAV'ELING,  ppr.  Walking  ;  going  ;  mak- 
ing a  journey.     Matt.  xxv. 

2.  a.  Incurred"  by  travel ;  as  traveling  ex- 
penses. 

3.  I'aid  for  travel ;  as  traveling  fees. 
TRAVEL-TAINTED,  a.  [travel  aniMaint- 

ed.] 

Harassed ;  fatigued  with  travel.  [J^ot  in 
use.]  Shak. 

TRAV'ERS,  adv.  [Fr.  See  Traverse.] 
Across ;  athwart.     [jYot  used.]  Shak. 

TRAVERSABLE,  a.  [See  Traverse,  in 
law.]  That  may  be  traversed  or  denied  ;' 
as  a  traversable  alleviation. 

TRAVERSE,  adv.  [Vr.  a  trovers.]  Ath- 
wart ;  crosswise. 

The  ridges  of  the  field  lay  traverse.  \ 

Hayward. 
TRAVERSE,     prep,     [supra.]     Throughj 
crosswise. 

He  traveise 
The  whole  biiUallon  views  their  order  due.     I 
[Little  used.]  Milton. 

TRAV'ERSE,    a.    [Er.   traverse  ;  tra,  tras, 

and  L.  versus  ;  transversus.] 

Lyin^'  across  ;  being  in   a   direction   across 

something  else  ;  as  jjaths  cut  with  traverse 

trenches.  Hayward. 

Oak — may  be   trusted   ici  traverse   work  for 

suiiiiuers.  H'otton. 

TRAV'ERSE,  n.    [supra.]    Any  thiug  laid 

or  built  across. 

There  is  a  trauerse  placed  ia  the  loft  where 
she  sittcth.  Bacon. 

2.  Something  that  thwarts,  crosses  or  ob- 
structs; a  cross  accident.  He  is  satijfied 
lie  should  liavo  .'^u<'ceeded,  had  it  not  been 
for  unhii-ky  traverses  not  in  his  power. 

3.  l\>furti/icatioi>,ii  trench  witli  a  little  para- 
pet tiir  protecting  men  i>n  the  flank  ;  also, 
a  wall  raiseil  across  a  work.  Cyc. 

4.  In  imi'iirod'oii,  tr.iverse-sailing  is  the  mode 
of  computing  the  place  of  a  ship  by  reduc- 
ing several  short  courses  made  by  sudden 
shifts  or  turns,  to  one  longer  course. 

D.   Olmsted. 
.5.  In  law,  a  denial  of  what  the  opposite  par- 
ty has  advanced  in  any  stage  of  the  plead- 
jugs.     When  the  tnxverse  or  dciiial  comes 


from  the  defendant,  the  issue  is  tendered 
in  this  maimer,  "and  of  this  he  puts  him- 
seKOn  the  country."  Wlien  the  traverse 
lies  on  the  plaintif,  he  prays  "this  may  be 
inquired  of  by  the  country."  Ulackstone.' 
The  technical  words  introducing  a  trav- 
erse are  abs'jtie  hoc,  without  lliis  ;  that  is, 
without  this  wlucli  follows. 
A  turning  ;  a  trick. 
TRAVERSE,  v.  t.  To  cross ;  to  lay  in  a 
cross  direction. 

Tiic  parts  should  t)e  oficn  traversed  or  cross- 
ed by  tlic  flowing;  of  the  folds.  Uryden. 
To  cross  by  way  of  opposition  ;  to  thwart ; 
to  ob.struct. 

Frog  thought  to  travase  this  new  project. 

Jlrbuthnot. 

3.  To  wander  over  ;  to  cross   in   traveling; 
as,  to  traverse  the  liabitable  globe. 

W  hat  seas  you  travtrs'd,  and  w  hat  fields  you 
fought.  Pope. 

4.  To  jiass  over  and  view ;   to  survey  care- 
fully. 

My  purpose  is  to  traverse  the  nature,  princi- 
ples and  properties  of  this  detestable  vice,  in- 
gratitude. Smith 

5.  To  turn  and  point  in  any  direction  ;  as,  to 


traverse  a  cannon.  Cyc. 

6.  To  plane  in  a  direction  across  the  grain 
of  the  wood  ;   as,  to  traverse  a  board.    Cyc. 

7.  In  laiv  pleadings,  to  deny  what  the  oppo 
site  party  has  alle<lged.  VVIien  the  plain- 
tif (u-  defendant  advances  new  matter,  he 
avers  it  to  he  true,  and  traverses  wliat  the 
other  party  has  affumed.  So  to  traverse 
an  indictment  or  an  othce,  is  to  deny  it. 

To  traverse  a  yard,  in   sailing,  is  to  brace  it 

aft. 
TRAV'ERSE,  v.  i.  In  fencing,   to  use  the 
posture  or  motions  of  opposition  or  coun- 
teraction. 

To  see  thee  fight,  to  sec  thee  traverse — 

Shak. 

2.  To  turn,  as  on  a  i)ivot ;  to  move  round ; 
to  swivel.  The  needle  of  a  compass  /rau-j 
erses  ;  if  it  does  not  traverse  well,  it  is  an 
unsafe  guide.  | 

3.  In  the  manege,  to  cut  the  tread  crosswise, 
as  a  liorse  that  throws  his  croui)  to  one' 
side  and  his  head  to  the  other.  Q/*^- 

TRAV'ERSE-IJOARD,  n.  [traverse  and 
board.] 

In  o  ship,  a  small  board  to  he  hung  in  the 
steerage,  and  bored  lull  of  holes  upon 
lines,  showing  the  poiius  ot  compass  upon 
it.  By  moving  a  peg  on  this,  the  steers- 
man keeps  an  account  of  the  number  of 
glasses  a  sliip  is  steered  on  any  point. 

Ci/c.     Mar.  Diet. 

TRAVERSE-TABLE,  n.  [traverse  and  ta- 
ble.] 

In  navigation,  a  table  of  difference  of  lati- 
tude and  <lepaiture. 

FRAV'ERSING,  ppi:  Crossing  ;  passing 
over  ;  thwariiin.';  turning  ;  denying. 

TRAV'ESTIEI),  /;p.  Disguised  "by  dress; 
turned  into  ridicule. 

TRA  V'ESTIN,  n.  [II.  traveslino.]  A  kind  of 
white  spongy  stone  found  in  Italy. 

Ed.  Ena/c. 

TRAV'ESTY,  a.  [infra.]  Having  an  unusu-| 
al  dress  ;  disguised  by  dress  so  as  to  be  ri- 
diculous. It  is  applied  to  a  book  or  com- 
position translated  in  a  manner  to  make 
il  hurlesk.  ] 

TRAVESTY,!!.  A  parody  :  a  hurlesk  trans- 
lation of  a  work.     Travesty  may  be   in-! 


tended  to  ridicule  absurdity,  or  to  convert 
a  grave  performanri'  iiito  a  hiunorous  one. 

TRAVESTY,  v.  t.  [¥r.  Iravestir  ;  It.  troves- 
tire  ;  tra,  tras,  over,  and  Fr.  vestir,  rCtir,  t" 
clothe.] 

To  translate  into  such  language  as  to  ren- 
der ridiculous  or  ludicrous. 

G.  Batiisia  Lalli  travestied  Virgil,  or  turned 
him  into  Italian  burlcsk  verse. 

Cyc.      Good's  .Sacred  Idyln. 

TRAY,  n.  [Sw.  trSg.  Sax.  trog,  Dan.  trug, 
a  trough.  It  is  the  same  word  as  trough, 
difl'ercntly  wriltcn;  L.  Irua.] 

A  small  trough  or  wooden  vi'ssel,  sometimes 
scooped  out  of  a  piece  of  tindier  and  made 
hollow,  u.sed  for  making  bread  in,  chop- 
ping meat  and  other  ilomestic  purposes. 

TRAY-TRIP,  !t.  A  kind  of  play.        Shak. 

TRE'ACHER,  )         [Fr.   tricheur.]  A 

TRE'ACHETOUR,  }  n.  traitor.     Obs. 

TRE'ACHOUR,         )  Spenser. 

TREACHEROUS,  a.  trech'trous.  [See 
Treachery.] 

Violating  allegiance  or  faith  pledged  ;  faith- 
less; traitorous  to  the  slate  or  sovereign  ; 
perfidious  in  private  life  ;  betraying  a  trust. 
A  man  may  be  treachirous  to  his  country, 
or  treacherous  to  his  friend,  by  violating  hiu 
engagements  or  his  failh  pledged. 

TREACHEROUSLY,  adv.  trech'erously.  By 
violating  allegiance  or  faith  pledged ;  by 
betraying  a  trust ;  faithlessly  ;  perfidious- 
ly ;  as,  to  surrender  a  fort  to  an  enemy 
treacherously  ;  to  disclose  a  secret  treacher- 
ously. 

You  treacherously  praclic'd  to  undo  nie. 

Oluay. 

TREACHEROl'SNESS,  n.  Ircch'crousuess. 
Breach  of  allegiance  or  uf  failh  ;  failhless- 
ne.ss  ;  pertirliousness. 

TREACHERY,  n.  irech'ery.  [Fr.  tricherie,  a 
cheating;  iricher,  to  cheat.  This  werd  is 
of  the  family  ol' trick,  intcigue,  intricate] 

Violation  of  allegiance  or  of  faith  and  confi- 
dence. The  man  who  helra\s  his  coim- 
try  in  any  manner,  violates  his  allegiance, 
and  is  guilty  of  treachery.  This  i.>.  ireuson. 
The  man  who  violates  his  failh  pledged 
to  his  friend,  or  hetravs  a  truM  in  which 
a  jrromise  of  fidelity  is  inii)lied,  is  guiltv  of 
treachery.  The  discIo>nre  of  a  secret  com- 
mitted to  one  in  confidence,  is  treachery. 
This  is  perfidy. 

TRE'ACLE,  !i.  [Fr.  Iheriai/ur  :  It.  tcriaca  ; 
ii\>.  triaca  ;  L.  Ihcriuca  ;  <ir.  9»;pioxr,  from 
Or^f,  a  wild  beast:   6i;pioxa  fap^axo.] 

1.  The  spume  of  sugar  in  ^Ul;ar  refineries. 
Treacle  is  obtained  in  reriMii:;  sugar  :  ine- 
lasses  is  the  draiiiings  of  crude  sugar. 
Treacle  however  is  often  used  lor  tnelas- 
ses. 

2.  A  saccharine  fluid,  consisting  of  the  in- 
spissated juices  or  decoctions  of  certain 
vegetables,  as  the  sap  of  the  birch,  syca- 
more, &c.  Cyc. 

3.  A  medicinal  compound  of  various  ingre- 
dients.    [See  Theriaca.] 

TRE'ACLE-MUSTARI),  ti.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Thiaspi,  whose  seeds  are  u-ed  iu 
the  theriaca;  Milhridate  mustard.        Ci/c. 

TREACLE-WATER,  ii.  A  compoun.l  cor- 
dial, distilled  with  a  spiritons  menstruum 
from  any  cordial  and  smloritlc  drugs  and 
herbs,  with  a  mixture  of  Venice  treacle. 

Cyc. 


T  R  E 


T  R  E 


T  R  E 


TREAD,  r.  {.  trcd.  pret.  trod;  pp.  Irod,  trod- 
den. [Sax.  trccdan,  tredaii ;  Gotli.  trudan  jj 
D.  Ired,  a  step;  treeden,  to  tread  ;  G.  ti'ettn  ; 
Dull,  trceder;  Sw.  trada  ;  Gaelic,  troidh,  the 
foot;  W.  troed,  llie  foot;  Iroediaiv,  lo  use 
the  foot,  to  tread.  It  coincides  in  ele 
nients  with  L.  trudo.] 

1.  To  set  the  foot. 

Where'er  you  tread,    the   blushing  flow'rs 
shall  rise.  Pupe 

Fools  rush  in  where  angels  fear  to  tread. 

JSvrke. 

2.  To  walk  or  go. 

Every  place  whereon  the  soles  of  your  feet 
shall  tread,  shall  be  yours.  Deut.  xi. 

3.  To  walk  with  form  or  state. 

Ve  that  stately  tread,  or  lowly  creep.     Jililton 

4.  To  copulate,  as  fowls.  Shak. 
To  tread  or  tread  on,  to  trample;  to  set  the 

foot  on  in  contempt. 

Thou  shall   tread    iipmi  their  high  places 
Deut.  xxxiii. 
TREAD,  V.  I.  tred.  To  step  or  walk  on. 
Forbid  to  tread  the  promis'il  land  he  saw. 

Prior. 
9.  To  press  under  the  feet. 

3.  To  beat  or  press  with  the  feet  ;  as,  to 
tread  a  path  ;  to  tread  land  when  too  light ; 
a  well  trodden  path. 

4.  To  walk  in  a  formal  or  stately  manner 

He  thought  she  trod  the  ground  witli  greater 
grace.  Ihyden. 

5.  To  crush  under  the  foot ;  to  trample  in 
contempt  or  hatred,  or  to  subdue.  Ps. 
xliv.   l.\. 

0.  To  compress,  as  a  fow  1. 

To  tread  the  stage,  to  act  as  a  stage-player  ; 
to  perl'orin  a  part  in  a  drama. 

To  tread  or  tread  out,  to  press  out  with  the 
feet ;  to  press  out  wine  or  wheat ;  as,  to 
tread  out  grain  with  cattle  or  horses. 

They   tread   their  wine  presses   and   suffer 
thirst.     Job  xxiv. 

TREAD,  ?(.  tred.  A  step  or  stepping  ;  press- 
ure with  the  foot;  as  a  nimble /rearf;  cau- 
tious tread ;  doubtful  tread. 

Milton.     Dryden. 

2.  Way  ;  track  ;  path.  [Lillle  used.]      Shak. 

3.  Compression  of  the  male  fowl. 

4.  Manner  of  stepping  ;  as,  a  horse  has  a 
good  tread. 

TREADER,  n.  tred'er.  One  who  treads.  Is. 
xvi. 

TREADING, ;)pr.<rc(/'ing'.  Stepping;  press- 
ing with  the  toot ;  walking  on. 

TREADLE,    )       The   part  of  a   loom  or 

TRED'DLE,  I  "'  other  machine  which  is 
moved  by  the  tread  or  foot. 

3.  The  albuminous  cords  which  unite  the 
velk  of  the  egg  to  the  white. 

TREAGUE,  ji.^  treeg.  [Goth,  triggiva ;  It. 
tregua ;  Ice.  trigd,  a  truce,  a  league.] 

A  truce.     Obs.  Spenser. 

TREASON,  n.  tree'xn.  [Fr.  trahison  ;  Norm. 
trahir,  to  draw  in,  to  betray,  to  conunit 
treason,  Fr.  trahir,  L.  traho.  See  Draw 
and  Drag.] 

Trea.son  is  the  highest  crime  of  a  civil  na- 
ture of  which  a  man  can  be  guilty.  Its 
signification  is  different  in  different  coim- 
tries.  In  general,  it  is  the  oflcnse  of  at- 
tempting to  overthrow  the  government  of 
the  stale  to  which  the  offender  owes  alle- 
giance, or  of  betraying  the  slate  into  the 
hands  ofa  foreign  power.  In  monarchies, 
the  killing  of  the  king,  or  an  attempt  tu 
fake  bis  life,  is  treason.    In  England,  to 


imagine  or  compass  the  death  of  the  king, 
or  of  the  prince,  or  of  the  queen  consort 
or  of  the  heir  apparent  of  the  crown,  is 
high  treason  ;  as  are  many  other  ofi'enses 
created  by  statute. 

In  the  United  States,  treason  is  confined 
to  the  actual  levying  of  war  against  the 
United  States,  or  in  adhering  lo  their  ene 
tnies,  giving  them  aid  and  comfort. 

Constitution  of  U.  States. 

Treason  in  Great  Britain,  is  of  two  kinds, 
high  treason  and  petit  treason.  High  trea- 
son is  a  crinje  that  immeilialely  affects  the 
king  or  state  ;  such  as  the  offenses  just 
enumerated.  Petit  treason  involves  a 
breach  of  fidelity,  but  affects  individuals 
Thus  for  a  wife  to  kill  her  husband,  a  ser- 
vant his  master  or  lord,  or  an  ecclesiastic 
his  lord  or  ordinary,  is  ])etit  treason.  But 
in  the  United  States  this  crime  is  un 
known  ;  the  killing  in  the  latter  eases  be 
ing  murder  only. 

TREASONABLE,  a.  trce'znabtc.  Pertaining 
to  treason  ;  consisting  of  treason  :  involv 
ing  the  crime  of  treason,  or  partaking  of 
its  guilt. 

Most  men's  heads  had  been  intoxicated  with 
imaginations  of  plots  and  treasonable  piactices 

Clareyidon. 

TREASONOUS,  for  treasonable,  is  not  in 
use. 

TREASURE,  n.  trezh'ur.  [Fr.  tresor ;  Sp.  It, 
lesauro  ;  h.  Ihesaunis ;  Gr.  ejjscmpo;.] 

1.  Wealth  accumulated  ;  particularly,  a  stock 
or  store  of  nroney  in  reserve.  Henry  VII 
was  frugal  and  penurious,  and  collected  a 
great  treasure  of  gold  and  silver. 
A  great  quantity  of  any  thing  collected  for 
futtne  use. 

We  have  Ireasnres  in  the  field,  of  wheat  ami 
of  barley,  and  of  oil  and  of  honey.     Jer.  xli. 

3.  Something  very  much  valued.  Ps.  cxxxv. 
Ye  shall  be  a  peculiar  treasure  to  me.     Ex. 
xix. 
Great  abundance. 

In  whom  are  hid  all  the  treasures  of  wisdom 
and  knowledge.     Col.  ii. 

TREASURE,  v.  t.  treih'ur.  To  hoard  ;  to 
collect  and  reposit,  either  money  or  other 
things,  for  future  use  ;  to  lay  up ;  as,  tu 
treasure  go\tl  and  silver;  usually  with  up. 
Sinners  are  said  to  treasure  up  wrath 
against  the  day  of  wrath.     Rom.  ii. 

TREASURE-CITY,  n.  trezh'iir-city.  A  city 
for  stores  and  magazines.     Ex.  i. 

TREASURED,p/j.  trezh'ured.  Hoarded  ;  lai.l 
up  for  future  use. 

TREASURE-HOUSE,  n.  trezh'ur-house.  A 
house  or  building  where  treasures  and 
stores  are  kept.  Taylor. 

TREASURER,  n.  trezh'urer.  One  who  has 
the  care  of  a  treasure  or  treasury  ;  an  of- 
ficer who  receives  the  public  money  aris- 
ing from  taxes  and  duties  or  other.sources 
of  revenue,  takes  charge  of  the  same,  and 
<lisburses  it  upon  orders  drawn  by  the 
proper  authority.  Iiicoi|)orated  compa- 
nies and  ])rivate  societies  have  also  their 
treasurers. 

In  England,  the  lord  high  treasurer  is 
the  ])rincipul  officer  of  the  crown,  undei 
whose  charge  is  all  the  natii'ual  revenue. 
The  treasurer  of  the  householil,  in  the 
absence  of  the  lord-steward,  has  pi.wer 
with  the  controller  and  other  ofiicers  ol'lhc 
Green-cloth,  and  the  steward  of  the  Mar- 


shalsea,  to  hear  and  determine  treasons, 
lelonies  iiiid  other  crimes  committed  with- 
in the  king's  palace.  There  is  also  the 
treasurer  of  the  navy,  and  the  treasurers 
of  the  county.  Cue. 

TREASURERSHIP,  n.  trezh'urership.  The 
office  of  treasurer. 

TREASURESS,  n.  Irezh'uress.  A  female 
who  has  charge  ofa  treasure.        Dering. 

TREASURE-TROVE,  n.  trezh'ur-trave. 
[treasure  and   Fr.  trouvf,  found] 

Any  money,  bullion  and  the  like,  found  in 
the  earth,  the  owner  of  which  is  not 
known.  Eng.  Law. 

TREASURY,  »i.  trezh'ury.  A  place  or  build- 
ing in  which  stores  of  wealth  are  repos- 
ited  ;  particularly,  a  place  where  the  pub- 
lic revenues  are  deposited  and  kept,  and 
where  money  is  disbursed  to  defray  the 
expenses  of  government. 

2.  A  building  appropriated  for  keeping  pub- 
lic money.     John  viii. 

.3.  The  oflicer  or  officers  of  the  treasury  de- 
partment. 

4.  A  repository  of  abundance.    Ps.  cxxxv. 

TREAT,  v.t.  [Ft.  trniter ;  h.  trattare ;  Sp. 
tratar  ;  L.  tracto  ;  Sax.  trahtian.] 

1.  To  handle;  to  manage  ;  to  use.  Subjects 
are  usually  faithl'ul  or  treacherous,  ac- 
cording as  they  are  well  or  \]\  treated.  To 
treat  prisoners  ill,  is  the  characteristic  of 
barl)arians.  Let  the  wife  of  your  bosom 
be  kindly  treated. 

2.  To  discourse  on.  This  author  treats  va- 
rious sid)jects  of  morality. 

'i.  To  handle  in  a  particular  manner,  in 
writing  or  speaking  ;  as,  to  treat  a  subject 
diffusely. 

4.  To  entertain  without  expense  to  the 
guest. 

5.  To  negotiate  ;  to  settle  ;  as,  to  treat  a 
peace.     [.\"ot  in  use.]  Dryden. 

G.  To  manage  in  the  application  of  reme- 
dies ;  as,  to  treat  a  disease  or  a  patient. 

TREAT,  v.i.  To  discourse;  to  handle  in 
writing  or  speaking  ;  to  make  discussions. 
Cicero /reo<s  of  the  nature  of  the  gods  ;  he 
treats  of  old  age  and  of  duties. 

2.  To  come  to  terms  of  acconmiodation. 

hiforni  us,  will  the  emp'ior  treat?         Swift. 

:l  To  make  gratuitous  entertainment.  It  is 
sometiiues  the  custom  of  military  officers 
to  lr(at  when  first  elected. 

To  treat  with,  to  negotiate ;  to  make  and  re- 
ceive proposals  for  adjusting  differences. 
Envoys  were  a|)poinled  to  treat  with 
France,  but  without  success. 

TREAT,  n.  .\n  entertainment  given;  as  a 
parting  treat.  Dryden. 

2.  Something  given  for  entertainment;  as  a 
rich  treat. 

'^    Kmphidirnlly,  a  rich  entertainment. 

TREATABLE,  a.  Moderate;  not  violent. 
The  heats  or  the  colds   of  seasons  are  less 
treatable  than  with  us.     \JVot  in  Msc] 

Temple. 

TRE'ATABLY,  adu.  Moderately.  [,Vot  in 
i/.se.]  Hooker. 

TRE'ATED,  pp.  Handled  ;  managed;  used  ; 
discoursed  on  ;  entertained. 

TRE'ATEK,  n.  One  that  treats;  one  that 
hanrlles  or  discourses  on  ;  one  that  enter- 
tains. 

TREATING,  ppr.  Handling:  managing; 
using;  discoursing  on;  entertaining. 


T  R  E 


THE 


T  R  E 


TRE'ATISE,  n.  [L.  tradalvs.]  A  tract ;  a 
vvritton  composition  on  u  jiarticular  sub- 
ject, In  which  the  [irinriples  of  it  ure  dis- 
cussed or  explained.  A  Ircntisc  is  of  an 
indefinite  length  ;  but  it  iniphes  more 
form  and  method  tlian  an  essay,  and  less 
fullness  or  copiousness  tlian  a  system. 

Cijc. 

TRE'ATISER,  n.  One  who  writes  a  trea- 
tise.    [.Yot  used.]  Ftalky. 

TRE'ATMENT,  n.  [Fr.  Iraitement.]  Man- 
agement ;  manipulation  ;  manner  of  mi.\- 
ing  or  combining,  of  decomposing  and  the 
like ;  as  the  irtalment  of  substances  in 
ehimical  experiments. 

2.  Usage;  manner  of  using  ;  good  or  bad  be- 
havior towards. 

Accept  such  treatment  as  a  swain  affords. 

Pope. 

3.  Manner  of  applying  remedies  to  cure ; 
mode  or  course  pursued  to  check  and  de- 
stroy ;  as  the  treatment  of  a  disease. 

4.  Manner  of  ap|)lying  remedies  to ;  as  the 
treatment  of  a  patient 


gotiation  ;  act  of  treating  for  the  a<l  just 
Ttient  of  diflerences,  or  for  foruiing  an 
agreement ;  as,  a  treat})  is  on  the  carpet. 

He  cast  by  treaty  and  by  trains 

Her  to  persuailc.  Spenser. 

2.  An  agreement,  league  or  contract  be- 
tween two  or  more  nations  or  sovereigns, 
formally  signed  by  commissioners  proper- 
ly authorized,  and  solemnly  ratified  by  the 
several  sovereigns  or  the  supreme  power 
of  each  state.  Treaties  are  of  various  kinds, 
as  treaties  for  regulating  commercial  inter- 
course, treaties  of  alliance,  offensive  and 
defensive,  treaties  for  hiring  troops,  trea- 
ties of  peace,  &c. 

3.  Intreaty.     [jYot  in  use.]  Shak. 

TREATY-MAKING,  a.  The  treaty-mak- 
ing power  is  lodged  in  the  executive  gov- 
ernment. In  monarchies,  it  is  vested  in  the 
king  or  emperor  ;  in  the  United  States  of 
America,  it  is  vested  in  the  president,  by 
and  with  the  consent  of  the  senate. 

TREBLE,  II.  trib'l.  [Fr.  triple  ;  L.  triplex, 
triplus  ;  tres,  three,  and  plexus,  fold.  This 
shoulil  be  written  trible.] 

1.  Threelold  ;  triple  ;  as  a  lofty  tower  with 
treble  walls.  Dryden. 

2.  In  (Hiiii'c, acute ;  sharp;  as  a  <rc6/c  soimd. 

Baeon. 

3.  That  plays  the  highest  part  or  most  acute 
sounds ;  that  plays  the  treble ;  as  a  treble 
violin.  Ci/c. 

TREBLE,  «.  trib'l.  In  music,  the  part  of  a 
symphony  whose  sounds  are  highest  or 
most  acute.  This  is  divided  into  first  or 
highest  treble,  and  second  or  base  treble. 

Cyc. 

TREBLE,  V.  t.  trib'l.  [L.  triplico ;  Fr.  tri- 
pler.] 

To  make  thrice  as  much  ;  to  make  three- 
fold. Compound  interest  soon  trebles  a 
debt. 

TREBLE,  V.  i.  trib'l.  To  become  three- 
fold. A  debt  at  compound  interest  soon 
trebles  in  amount. 

TREBLENESS,  n.  trib'lness.  The  state  of 
being  treble  ;  as  the  trebleness  of  tones. 

Bacon 

TREBLY,  adv.  irib'ly.  In  a  threefold  num 
ber  or  quantity  ;  as  a  good  deed  trebly  re- 
compensed. 

Vol.  II. 


TREl',  n.  [^ax.  treo.treow,  liau.trm;  Svv. 
Ira,  wood,  anil  trad,  a  tree  ;  Gr.  b^>vi ;  Slav. 
drevo.  Qu.  W.  dar,  an  oak ;  Sans,  taru,  a 
tree.  It  is  not  easy  to  ascertain  the  real 
original  orthography  ;  most  i)robably  it 
was  as  in  the  Swedish  or  Greek.] 

\.  The  general  name  of  the  largest  of  the 
vegetable  kind,  consisting  of  a  firm  woody 
stem  springing  from  woody  roots,  and 
spreading  above  into  branches  which  ter- 
niinate  in  leaves.     A   tree  difl'ers  fron 


TREM'BLE,  v.i.  [Fr.  tremhkr ;  L.  irtmo ; 

(I'r.  T)jf/xw  ;  It.  tremare  ;  Sp.  tremer.] 
\.  To  shake  involuntarily,  as  with  fear,  cold 
or  weakness;    lo   qu:dve;    to  quiver;    to 
shiver;  to  shudder. 

Flighted  Turuus  tranbled  as  he  spoke. 

JJrydcn. 

2.  To  shake  ;  to  quiver  ;  to  totter. 

Sinai's  gray  top  shall  tremble.  Milton. 

3.  To  quaver :  to  shake,  as  sound  ;  as  wheu 
we  sav,  the  \oie(-  trembles. 


shrub  iirincipally  in  size,  many  species  of!  1"J*'^-*''^^E.ME.\T,  n.  In  French  music,  a 
trees  growing  to   the    highth  of  filly  or!      "'"  <"■  shake. 

sixty  feet,  and  some  species  to  seventy  or  TREMBLER,  ii.  One  that  trembles. 
eiglity,  and  a  few,  particularly  the  pine,  to! 'J'I{L:\riiLING,  pfir.  Shaking,  as  with  fe.nr. 
a  much  greater  highth.  !  v.,."*!'!,"!."?:'.'::'.'.'^'.":'  T'P'""!;  !  shiveriiig. 

Trees  are  of  various  kinds;    as  nucif- 


erous, or  nut-bearing  trees  ;  bacciferous,  or 
berry-bearing ;  coniferous,  or  cone-bear- 
ing, &c.  Sotne  are  (brest-trees,  and  use- 
fid  for  limber  or  fuel ;  others  are  fruit- 
trees,  anil  cultivated  in  gardens  and  orch- 
ards ;  others  are  used  chielly  for  shade 
and  ornament. 


TRE'ATY,  n.  [Fr.  traiti- ;  It.  tratlato.]  Ne-  2.  Something  resembling  a  tree,  consisting 


of  a  stem  or  stalk  and  branches  ;  as  a  gen 
j     ealogical  tree. 

3.  In  ship-building,  pieces  of  limber  are  call- 
ed chess-trees,  cross-trees,  roof -trees,  iressel- 
trces,  S)-c. 

4.  In  Scripture,  a  cross. 

— Jesus,  whom  they  slew  and  hanged  on  a 
I      tree.     Acts  x. 

5.  Wood.     Obs.  Wickliffe. 

TREE'-FROG,  n.  [tree  and/rog-.]  A  spe- 
cies of  frog,  the  Rana  arborca,  fotmd  on 
trees  and  sliruhs  ;  called  by  the  older  wri- 
ters. Ranunculus  viridis.  Cyc. 

TREE-tiERMANDER,  n.  A  plant  of  the 

genus  Teucrium.  Cyc. 

TREE'-LOUSE,  n.  [tree  and  louse.]  An  in- 


TREEN,  a.  Wooden ; 


sect  of  the  genusAphis 

TREE'-MOSS,  n.  A  species  of  lichen. 

Cyc. 

made  of  wood.   Obs. 

Camden. 

TREEN,  n.  The  old  plural  of  tree.     Obs. 

B.  Jonson. 

TREE'-N.ML,  n.  [tree  and  nail;  common- 
ly pronounced  t runnel.] 

A  long  wooden  ])in,  used  in  fastening  the 
planksof  a  ship  lo  the  limbers.    Mar.  Did. 

TREE-OF-LIFE,  n.  An  evergreen  tree  of: 
the  genus  Thuja. 

TREE'-TOAD,  n.  [free  and  toad.]  A  small 
species  of  toad  in  N.  America,  found  on 
trees.  This  animal  croaks  chiefly  in  the 
eveninff  and  after  a  rain. 

TRE'FOTL,  n.  [Fr.  tre/>e;h.trlfolium;  tres, 
three,  a\'n\ folium,  leaf] 

The  common  name  for  many  plants  of  the 
genus  Trifolium ;  also,  in  iiiirirutturc,  a 
name  of  the  medicai^o  tuputina,  a  plant 
resembling  clover,  with  yellow  flowers, 
much  cultivated  for  hay  and  fodder.     Ci/r. 

TREILLAgE,  n.  trdldge.  [Fr.  from  trcil- 
lis,  trellis.] 

In  gardening,  a  sort  of  rail-work,  consisting 
of  light  posts  and  rails  for  supporting  es-j 
paliers,  and  sometimes  for  wall  trees.    Cyc.i 

TREL'LIS,  n.    [Fr.  treillis,  grated  work.]!  1 
In  gardening,   a   structure    or  frame    of 
cross-barred  work,  or  lattice  work,  used 
like  the  iriillage  for  sii]iporting  plants. 

TKFL'LISED,  a.  Having  a  trellis  or  trel- 
lises. Herbert. 

91 


TREMBLINGLY,    adv.    .So  as  lo  shake  ; 

with  shivering  or  quaking. 

Trcmblin/!ly  she  s-iuod.  Shak. 

TREMBLING  rol'LAR,  ji.  The  aspen- 
tree,  so  called. 

TREMENDOUS,  a.  [L.  tremcndus,  from 
tremo,  to  tremble.] 

1.  Such  as  may  excite  fear  or  terror;  terri- 
ble ;  dreadlnl.     Hence, 

2.  Violent ;  such  as  may  astonish  by  its  force 
!  and  violence;  as  a  tremendous  wind;  .t 
I  tremendous  shower ;  u  tremendous  shock 
I  or  fall  ;  a  tremendous  noise. 
TREMEN  DOUSLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to 
'  terrifv  or  astonish  :  with  great  violence. 
|TREM"EN'DOrsNESS,    n.   The  stale   or 

quality  of  being  tremendous,  terrible  or 
violent. 

jTREM'OLITE,    n.    A   mineral,  so   called 

i  from  Trcmola,  a  valley  in  the  Alps,  where 
it  was  discovered.     It  is  classed  by  Hauy 

)     with  hornblend  or  ainphibole,  and  called 

j     ampliibole   granniiatite.     It   is    of   three 

I  kinds,  asbestous,  common,  and  glassy 
Iremolile ;  all  oi'  a  fibrous  or  radiated 
structure,  and  of  a  ((early  color. 

Kirwan.     Cyc. 

Tremolite  is  a  subspecies  of  straight  edged 
augite.  Ure. 

TREMOR,  u.  [L.  from  tremo.]  An  iuvol- 
tmtary  trembling:  a  shivering  or  shaking; 
a  ([uivering  or  vibratory  motion  ;  as  the 
tremor  of  a  person  who  is  weak,  infirm  or 
old. 

He  fell  into  a  universal  tremor.  Harvey. 

TREMULOUS,  a.  [L.lremulus,  from  tremo, 
to  tremble.] 

L  Trembling;  affecled  with  fear  or  timidi- 
ty ;  as  a  trembling  christian. 

Decay  of  Pitty. 

a.  .Shaking;  shivering;  quivering;  as  a 
tremulous  limb  ;  a  tremulous  motion  of  the 
hand  or  the  lips;  the  tremulous  leaf  of 
the  poplar.  Holder.     Tlwmson. 

TREMULOUSLY,  adv.  With  quivering  or 
trepidation. 

TREM  I LOUSNESS,  ji.  The  stale  of 
trembling  or  (juivering  ;  as  the  tremxdous- 
ness  of  an  aspen  leaf. 

TREN,  »i.  A  fish  sjiear.  Ainsworth. 

TRENCH,  V.  t.  [Fr.  trancher,  to  cut;  It. 
trincea,  a  trench ;  trinciare,  to  cut ;  Sp. 
trincar,  trinchear ;  .\rm.  troucha ;  W. 
trycu.] 

To  cut  or  dig,  as  a  ditch,  a  channel  for 
water,  or  a  long  hollow  in  the  earth.  We 
trench  land  for  draining.  [T^i*  is  the  ap- 
propriate sense  of  the  uord.] 

2.  To  fortify  by  cutting  a  ditch  and  raising  a 
rampart  or  breast-work  of  earth  thrown 


T  R  E 


T  R  E 


T  R  E 


long  narrow   cut  in    tlie 
as  a  trench  for  draiiiiiis; 


out  of  ilic  (litcli.     [In  tliis  sense,  tnlnnch 
is  more  generally  used.] 

;?.  To  furrow ;  to  iorni  willi  deep  furrows 
by  plowing. 

!.  To  cut  a  long  ga>li.    [.\ut  in  use.]     Shitk. 

TRENCH,  V.  i.   To   encroach.     [See   En- 

tretich.] 
TRENCH,  n.    A 
earth  ;  a  ditch 
land. 

'i.  In  fortification,  a  deep  ditch  cut  for  de- 
fense, or  to  interrupt  the  approach  of  an 
enemy.  The  wall  or  breast-work  formed; 
by  the  earth  thrown  out  of  the  ditch,  is' 
also  called  a  trench,  as  also  any  raised 
work  formed  with  bavins,  gabions,  wool- 
packs  or  other  solid  materials.  Hence 
the  phrases,  to  mount  the  trenches,  to  guardi 
the  trenches,  to  clear  the  trenches,  S,-c. 

To  open  the  trenches,  to  begin  to  ilig,  or  to 
form  the  lines  of  .niiproach. 

TRKNCH'ANT,  a.  [Er.  tranchant.]  Cut- 
tiiis;  sharp.     [Little  used. I  Spoiser. 

TRENCH'EI),  pp.  Cut  into  long  hollow.s 
or  ditches;  furrowed  deep. 

TRENCIl'ER,  n.  [Fr.  tranchoir.]  A  wood- 
en plate.  Trenchers  were  in  use  among 
the  common  people  of  New  England  till 
the  revolution. 

2.  The  table.  Shak. 

3.  Food;  pleasures  of  the  table. 

It  woulii  be  no  ordinary  declension  that  would 
bring  some  men  to  place  their  smrmiuni  bonum 
upon  their  Irenchers.  South. 

TRENCII'ERFLy,  n.  [trencher  and  Jly.] 
One  that  haunts  the  tables  of  others ;  a 
parasite.  L'Estrange. 

TRENCHER-FRIEND,  n.  [trenclier  and 
friend.] 

One  who  frequents  the  tables  of  others;  a 
spunger. 

TRENCH'ER-MAN,  n.  [trencher  ami  man.] 

1.  A  feeder ;  a  great  eater.  Shak. 

2.  A  cook.     Obs. 
TRENCH'ER-MATE,     ?i.      [trencher    and 

mate.] 

A  table  companion  ;  a  parasite.  Hooker.', 

TRENCH'ING,  ppr.  Cutting  into  trenches; 
digging;  ditching. 

TRENCH'- PLOW,  n.  [trench  and  plou:] 
A  kind  of  plow  for  opening  land  to  a 
greater  depth  than  that  of  common  fur- 
rows. Cyc. 

TRENCII'-PLOW,  v.t.  [trench  and  ploiv.] 
To  plow  with  deep  furrows. 

TRENCH -PLOWING,  n.  The  practice  or 
operation  of  plowing  with  deep  furrows, 
for  the  pnr|iose  of  loosening  the  land  to  a 
greater  depth  than  usual.  Ci/c 

TREND,  V.  i.  [This  word  seems  to  be  alli- 
ed to  trundle,  or  to  rim 

To  run  ;  to  stretch  ;  to  tend  ;  to  have  a  par- 
ticular direction  ;  as,  the  shore  of  the  sea 
trends  to  the  southwest. 

TREND,  Ji.  That  part  of  the  stock  of  an 
anchor  from  which  the  size  is  taken. 

Cyc. 

TREND,  V.  I.  In  rural  economy,  to  free 
wool  from  its  filth.     [Local.]  Cyc. 

TREND'ER,  n.  One  whose  business  is  to 
free  wool  from  its  filth.     [Local.]         Cyc. 

TREND'ING,  ppr.  Running;  tending. 

%  (/'leaning  wool.     [£,oca/.l 

TREND' IN(;.  n.  The  operation  of  freeing 
wool  from  filth  of  various  kinds.  O/i 


TREN'DLE,  n.  [Sax.;  probably coimectcd 
with  trundle;  Sw.  trind,  round;  that  is, 
round,  with  a  prefix.] 

Any  thing  round  used  iu  turning  or  rolling , 
a  little  wheel. 

TREN'TAL,     >  „    [Fr.  troite,  thirty  ;   con 

TREN'TALS,  S       tracted  from  L.  trigin- 

ta.  It.  trenta.] 
\n  otfice  for  the  dead  in  the  Romish  service, 
consisting  of  thirty  masses  rehearsed  for 
thirty  days  successively  after  the  party's 
death.  Cyc. 

TREPAN',  n.  [Fv.trepan;  h.  trapano  ;  Gr. 
ri'i'Ttavoi',  from  rprrtaw,  to  bore ;  rpiirta,  a 
hole ;  rpiu.  Qu.  L.  tero,  terebra,  on  the 
root  Rp.] 

In  surgery,  a  circidar  saw  for  perforating 
the  skull.     It  resembles  a  wimble.       Cyc. 

TREPAN',  r.  t.  To  perforate  the  skidl  and 
take  out  a  ]>iece  ;  a  surgical  operation  for 
relieving  the  brain  from  pressure  or  irri- 
tation. Cyc. 

Trepan,  a  snare,  and  trepan,  to  ensnare,  are 
from  trap,  and  written  trapan,  which  see. 

TREPANNED,  pp.  Having  the  skull  per- 
forated. 

TREPAN'NER,  n.  One  who  trepans. 

TREPAN'NING,  ppr.  Perforating  the 
■  kull  with  a  trepan. 

TREPAN'NING.  n.  The  operation  of  mak- 
ing an  opening  in  the  skull,  for  relieving 
the  brain  from  compression  or  irritation. 

Cyc. 

TREPH'INE,  M.  [See  Trepan.]  An  instru- 
ment for  trepannin?,  more  modern  than 
the  trepan.  It  is  a  circular  or  cylindrical 
saw,  with  a  handle  like  that  of  a  gimblet, 
and  a  little  sharp  perforator,  called  the 
center-pin.  Cyc. 

TREPH'INE,  V.  t.  To  perforate  with  a 
trephine  ;  to  trepan.  Cyc. 

TREP'ID,  a.  [L.  trepidus.]  Trembling; 
fpiaking.     [J^ot  used.] 

TREPIDA'TKJN,  «.  [L.  trepidalio,  from 
trepido,  to  tremble ;  Russ.  trepeg,  a  trem- 
bling ;  trepeschu,  to  tremble.] 

1.  An  involuntary  trembling;  a  quaking  or 
quivering,  [)articularly  from  fear  or  terror; 
hence,  a  state  of  terror.  The  men  were  in 
great  trepidation. 

2.  A  trembling  of  the  limbs,  as  in  paralytic 
aliections. 

S.  lii  the  old  astrononry,  a  libration  of  the 
eighth  sphere,  or  a  motion  which  the  Pto- 
lemaic system  ascribes  to  the  firmament, 
to  account  for  the  changes  and  motion  of 
the  axis  of  the  world.  Cyc. 

4.  Hurry;  confused  baste. 

TRESPASS,  ti.  1.  [Norm,  trespasser;  tres, 
L.  trans,  beyond,  and  passer,  to  pass.] 

1.  Literally,  to  pass  beyond  ;  hence  primari- 
ly, to  pass  over  the  boundary  line  of  an- 
other's land  ;  to  enter  unlawfully  upon  the 
land  of  another.  A  man  may  trespass  by 
walking  over  the  ground  of  another,  and 
the  law  gives  a  remedy  for  damages  sus- 
taitied. 

2.  To  commit  any  offense  or  to  do  any  act 
that  injures  or  annoys  another  ;  to  violate 
any  rule  of  rectitude  to  the  injury  of  an- 
other. 

If  any  man  shall  trespass  against  his  neighbor, 
and  an  oath  be  laid  upon  him —  1  Kings  viii. 
See  Luke  xvii.  3.  and  4. 

3.  In  a  nwral  sense,  to  transgress  voluntarily 


any  divine  law  or  command ;  to  violate 
any  known  rule  of  duty. 

In  the  tiiue  of  his  disease  did  he  trespass  yet 
luore.     2  Chron.  xxviii. 
We  have  trespassed  against  our  God.  Ezra  x. 

4.  To  intrude  ;  to  go  too  far ;  to  put  to  in- 
convenience by  demand  or  injportunity  ; 
as,  to  trespass  upon  the  time  or  patience  of 
another. 

TRES'I'ASS,  n.  In  foio,  violation  of  anoth- 
er's rights,  not  amounting  to  treason,  felo- 
ny, or  mi.sprision  of  either.  Thus  to  en- 
ter another's  close,  is  a  trespass  ;  to  attack 
his  person  i.s  a  trespass.  When  violence 
accompanies  the  act,  it  is  called  a  trespass 
vi  et  armis. 

2.  Any  injury  or  ofl^ense  done  to  another. 

I  11  ye  lorgive  not  men  tiicit  trespasses,  neither 
will  your  Tadier  forgive  your  trespasses.  Matt, 
vi. 

3.  Any  voluntary  transgression  of  the  moral 

I  law  ;  any  violation  of  a  known  rule  of 
duty  ;  sin.     Col.  ii. 

^  ou  hath   he   quickened,  who  were  dead  in 
trespasses  and  .siris.     Eph.  ii. 

TRES'PASSER,   n.   One   who   commits  a 

j     trespass;  one   who  enters  upon  another's 

[     lanil  or  violates  his  rights. 

j2.  A  transgressor  of  the  moral  law;  an  of- 
fender ;  a  "inner. 

TRESPASSING,    ppr.    Entering   another 

!     man's  indosure;  injiu-ing  or  annoying  an- 

I     other;  violating  the  diviiie  law  or  moral 

!     duty. 

jTRESS,  n.  [Fr.  Dan.  tresse;  Sw.  tress,  a 
lock  or  weft  of  hair;  Dan.  tresser,  Sw. 
tressa,  Russ.  tresuyu,  to  weave,  braid  or 
twist.  The  Sp.  has  trenza,  and  the  Port. 
tranga,  a  tress.  The  French  may  (lossi- 
bly  be  from  the  It.  treccia,  but  probably  it 
is  from  the  north  of  Europe.]  A  knot  or 
curl  of  hair  ;  a  ringlet. 
Fair  tresses  man's  imperial  race  ensnare. 

Pope. 

TRESS'ED,  a.  Having  tresses. 

2.  Curled  ;  fiirmed  into  ringlets.        Spenser 

:TRESS'URE,  n.  In  heraldry,  a  kind  of  bor- 
<ier.  JVarton. 

TRES'TLE,  n.  tres'l.  [Fr.  treteau,  for  tres- 
teau  ;  W.  tres,  a  trace,  a  chain,  a  stretch,  la- 
bor ;  tresiaw,  to  labor,  that  is,  to  strain  ; 
trestyl,  a  strainer,  a  trestle.  This  root  oc- 
curs in  stress  and  distress.] 

1.  The  f'ame  of  a  table.  [Qu.  D.  driestal,  a 
three-legged  stool.] 

2.  A  movable  form  for  supporting  anv  thin". 

3.  In  bridges,  a  frame  consisting  "of  tw'o 
posts  with  a  head  or  cross  beam  and  bra- 

j     ces,    on    which     rest    the    string-pieces. 

1  [This  is  the  use  of  the  word  in  New  Eng- 
land. It  is  vulgarly  pronounced  trvssel  or 
trussl.] 

Trestle-trees,  in  a  ship,  are  two  strong  bars 
of  timber,  fixed  horizontally  on  the  oppo- 
site sides  of  the  lower  nuist-head,  to  sup- 
port the  frame  of  the  top  and  the  top- 
mast. Mar.  Diet. 

TRET,  ?i.  [probably  from  I,,  tritus,  tero,  to 
wear.] 

In  commerce,  an  allowance  to  purchasers, 
for  waste  or  refuse  matter,  of  four  per 
cent,  on  the  weight  of  connnodilies.  It  is 
said  this  allowance  is  nearly  discontinued. 


TRETH'INGS,  n.  [W.  trith,  a  tax  ;  tret, 
to  tax.] 


Cyc. 


T  R  I 


T  R   1 


r  R  1 


Taxes;  imposts.  [I knoic  not  where  used.  Il^ 
is  unhnown,  I  believe,  in  the  United  States.]'. 

TREV'ET,  71.  [three-feet,  tripod ;  h'r.trepied.], 

A  stool  or  other  thiug  tliat  is  supported  by 
three  legs.  | 

TREY,  n.  [L.  tres.  Rug.  three,  I'r.  trois.]  A 
three  at  cards  ;  a  card  of  three  spots. 

Shak. 

TRI,  a  prefix  in  words  of  Greek  and  Latin 
origii),  signifies  three,  from  Gr.  rpn-i. 

TRI'ABLE,  a.  [Crom  try.]  That  may  be  tri- 
ed; tliat  may  be  subjected  to  trial  or  test. 

Boyle. 

%  That  may  undergo  a  judicial  examina- 
tion ;  that  may  properly  come  under  the 
cognizance  of  a  court.  A  cause  may  be 
triable  before  one  court,  which  is  not  tria- 
ble ill  another.  In  England,  testamentary 
causes  are  triable  in  the  ecclesiastical 
courts. 

TRIA€ONTAIIE'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  tpiaxovta, 
thirty,  and  siipa,  side.] 

Having  thirty  sides.  In  mineralopcy,  bound- 
ed by  thirty  rhombs.  Clcnvelnnd. 

TRI'AeONTER,  n.  [Gr.  TpmxorTij,.^5.]  In 
ancient  Greece,  a  vessel  of  thirty  oars. 

Mitford. 

TRI'AD,  n.  [L.  trias,  from  tres,  three.]  The 
union  of  three  ;  three  united.  In  music, 
the  common  chord  or  harmony,  consisting 
of  the  third,  fiftli  and  eighth.  Busby. 

TRI'AL,  n.  [from  try.]  Any  cft'ort  or  exer- 
tion of  strength  for  the  purpose  of  ascer- 
taining its  effect,  or  what  can  be  done.  A 
man  tries  to  lift  a  stone,  and  on  trial  finds 
lie  is  not  able.  A  team  attempts  to  draw 
a  load,  and  after  unsuccessful  trial,  the  at- 
tempt is  relinquislied. 

2.  Examination  by  a  test;  experiment;  as 
in  chimistry  and  metallurgy. 

3.  Experiment:  act  of  examining  by  experi- 
ence. In  gardening  and  agriculture,  we 
learn  by  trial  what  land  will  produce  ;  and 
often,  repeated  trials  are  necessary. 

4.  Experience;  suftering  that  puts  strength, 
patience  or  faith  to  the  test ;  afflictions  or 
temptations  that  exercise  and  prove  tlic 
graces  or  virtues  of  men. 

Others  had  trial  of  cruel  mockings  and  scourg- 
ings.     Heb.  xi.  | 

~y.  In  law,  the  examination  of  a  cause  iiv 
controversy  between  parties,  before  aj 
proper  tribunal.  Trials  are  civil  or  crimi- 
nal. Trial  in  civil  causes,  may  be  by  rec- 
ord or  inspection  ;  it  may  bo  by  witnesses 
and  jury,  or  by  the  court.  15y  the  laws  of 
England  and  of  the  United  States,  trial  by 
jury,  in  criminal  cases,  is  held  sacred.  No 
criminal  can  be  legally  deprived  of  that 
privilege. 

0.  Temptation  ;  test  of  virtue. 

Every  station  is  exposed  to  some  trials. 

Rogers. 

7.  State  of  being  tried.  Shak. 

TRIAL'ITY,  li.  [from  three.]  Three  unit- 
ed; state  of  being  three.     [Little  used.] 

Wharton. 

TRIAN'DER,  n.  [Gr.  rptij,  three,  and  oH-p, 
a  male.]     A  plant  having  three  stamen.s. 

TRIAN  DRIAN,  a.  Havim;  three  stamens. 

TRI  ANGLE,  n.  [Fr.  fronr  L.  triangulwn; 
tres,  tria,  three,  and  angtdus,  a  corner.] 

In  geomeln),  a  figure  bounded  by  three 
lines,  and  containing  three  angles.  The 
three  angles  of  a  triangle  are  equal  to  two 


riglit  angle.s,  or  the  number  of  degrees  in 
a  semicircle. 

If  the  three  lines  or  sides  of  a  triangle 
are  all  right,  it  is  a  plane  or  rectilinear  tri- 
angle. 

If  all  the  three  sides  are  equal,  it  is  an 
equilateral  triangle. 

If  two  of  the  sides  only  are  equal,  it  is 
an  isosceles  or  ei/uicrural  triangle. 

If  all  the  three  sides  are  unequal,  it  is  a 
scalene  or  scalenous  triangle. 

If  one  of  the  angles  is  a  right  angle,  the 
triangle  is  rectangular. 

If  one  of  the  angles  is  obtuse,  the  trian- 
gle is  called   oblusangular  or  amiilygonous. 

If  all  the  angles  are  acute,  the  triangle  is 
acutangular  or  oiygonous. 

If  the  three  lines  of  a  triangle  are  all 
curves,  tlie  triangle  is  said  to  be  curvilin- 
ear. 

If  some  of  the  sides  arc  right  and  others 
curve,  the  triangle  is  said  to  be  mixtilinear. 

If  the  sides  arc  all  arcs  of  great  circles 
of  the  sphere,  the  triangle  is  said  to  be 
spherical.  Cyc. 

TRIAN'GLED,  a.  Having  three  angles. 

TRIAN'GULAR,  a.  Having  tlireo  angles. 

In  botany,  atriangulur  stem  has  three  promi- 
nent longitudinal  angles;  a  triangular  leaf 
has  three  prominent  angles,  without  any 
reference  to  their  ineasurement  or  direc- 
tion. Martyn.     Smith. 

TRIAN'GULARLY,  adv.  After  the  form  of 
a  triangle.  Harris. 

TRIA'RIAN,  a.  [L.  triarii.]  Occupying  the 
third  post  or  place. 

TRIBE,    n.    r\V.   trer 


arrangement  of  insects,  makes  his  tnue;^.. 
on  the  contrary,  the  primary  subdivisions 
of  his  orders,  and  hi.-,  families  subordmate 
to  them,  and  immediately  incluiling  the 
genera.  Cuvier.     Ed.  Encyc. 

Trilies  of  plants,  in  gardening,  are  such 
as  are  related  to  each  other  by  some  natu- 
ral atlinity  or  resemblance;  as  by  their 
duration,  the  annnal,  biennial,  and  perenni- 
al tribes:  by  their  roots,  as  the  fcu/4ou», 
tuberous,  and  fibrous-rooted  tribes ;  by  the 
loss  or  retention  of  their  leaves,  as  the  de- 
ciduous ami  ever-green  tribes  ;  by  their 
fruits  and  seeds,  as  the  Icgttminous,  baccif- 
erous,  coniferous,  nuciferous  and  pomiferous 
tribes,  &c.  Cyc. 

4.  A  division  ;  a  number  considered  collect- 
ively. 

5.  A  nation  of  savages;  a  body  of  rude  peo- 
]ile  united  umlcr  one  leader  or  govern- 
ment ;  as  the  tribes  of  the  six  nations  ;  the 
Seneca  tribe  in  .America. 

(5.  A  number  of  persons  of  any  character  or 
jirofession  ;  in  contempt ;  as  the  scribbling 
tribe.  Roscommon. 

TRIBE,  V.  t.    To  distribute   into   tribes   or 

I     classes.    [A"o<  much  used.]     Bp.  .\Tc/io/.5on. 

THIB  LET.        )       A  goldsmith's  tool  fur 

TRIB'OULET,  J  "'  making  rings. 

.iinsu'orlh . 

TRIBOM'ETER,  »i.  [Gr.  rpi8«,  to  rub  or 
wear,  and  airftor,  measure.] 

.\n  instrument  to  ascertain  the  degree  of 
friction.  Cyc.     Entick. 

TRrHRAClI,  n.  [Gr.  rpus,  three,  and  (Spo^is, 
short.] 
Co!f(et/.  Ijij  (indent  prosody,   a   poetic  foot   of  three 
Gael,  trcabh  ;   Sax.'i     short  .syllables,  as  mi'lliis. 


thorpe,  D.  dorp,  G.  dorf,  Sw.  Dan.  torp,  aj,TRIBRA€'TEATE,  a.  Having  three  bracts 
hamlet   or  village ;  L.   tribus.      We  havcij     aliout  the  flower.  DecandoUe. 

tribe  from  tlie  last.  In  Welsh,  the  wordliTRIBlLATION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  fn'6ii/o,  to 
signifies    a    dnelling    place,    homestead, ij     thrash,  to  beat.] 

hamlet  or  town,  as  does  the  Sax.  </io;7?e.jtSevere  affliction;  distresses  of  life;  vexa- 
The  Sax.  </(f/' is  a  tent;  Russ.  derevni,  an')  tions.  In  Scripture,  it  often  denotes  the 
estate,   a   hamlet.      From    the    sense   ofj     troubles   and    distresses    which    proceed 


house,  the  word  came  to  signify  a  family, 
a  race  ofdesceiidants  from  one  [irogenitor, 
who  originally  settled  round  him  and' 
formed  a  village.] 

.  A   family,  race  or  series  of  generations, 
descending  from  the  same  progenitor  ami 
kept  distinct,  as  in  the  case  of  the  twelve', 
tribes  of  Israel,  descended  from  the  twelveL 
sons  of  Jacob.  ji 

.  A  division,  class  or  distinct  portion  of  peo-:l 


pie,  from  whatever  cause  that  distinctioi 
may  have  originated.  The  city  of  Athens! 
was  divided  into  ten  tribes.  Rome  was' 
originally  divided  into  three /riiejj ;  after-' 
ward  the  people  were  distributed  into! 
thirty   tribes,   and   afterwards  into  thirty! 


irom  persecution. 

When  tribulation  or  pcrsecvilion  ariselh  be- 
cause of  the  word,  \\o  i"  otlcndcd.     Matt.  xiii. 

!»  the  world  ye  shall  h.ive  tribulation.    John 
x\i. 

TRIBU'NAL,  n.  [L.  tribunal,  from  Iribunus, 
a  tribune,  who  administered  justice.] 
Properly,  the  seat  of  a  judge  ;  the  bench 
on  which  a  judge  and  his  associates  sit  for 
administering  justice. 
More  generally,  a  court  of  justice  ;  as, 
the  house  of  lords  in  England  is  the  high- 
est tribunal  in  the  kingdom. 

;3.  [Fr.  tribunel.]  In  /•Vaiire,  a  gallery  or  emi- 
nence in  a  church  or  other  place,  in  which 
the  musical  performers  are  placed  for  a 
concert. 


five.  Rom.  Hist.' 

3.  A  number  of  things  having  certain  ehar-l'TRIBlNARY,  a.  [from  tribune.]  Pertain- 
acters  or  resemblances  in  common  ;  as  ah     iiig  to  tribunes. 
?n6e  of  plants;  a /n6e  of  animals.  TRIB  L'NE,    n.    [Fr.    tribun  ;  L.   Iribunus, 


Linneus  distributed  the  vegetable  king- 
dom into  three  tribes,  viz.  monocotyledonous, 
dicotyledonous,  and  acotyledonous  plants, 
and  these  be  subdivided  into  gentes  or 
nations.  Martyn. 

By  recent  naturalists,  tribe  has  been  us- 
ed lor  a  division  of  animal.'^  or  vegetables, 
intermediate  between  order  and  genus. 
Cuvier  divides  his  orders  inUt families,  and 
bis  families  into  tribes,  including  under  the 
latter  one  or  more  genera.    Leacli,  in  his 


from  tribus,  tribe;  Sp.  It.  tribune] 
1.  In  ancient  Rome,  an  officer  or  magistrate 
chosen  by  the  people  to  protect  them  from 
the  oppression  of  the  patricians  or  nobles, 
and  to  defend  their  liberties  against  any 
attempts  that  might  be  made  upon  them  by 
the  senate  and  consuls.  These  magis- 
trates were  at  first  two,  but  their  number 
was  increased  ultimately  to  ten.  There 
were  also  military  tribunes,  officers  of  the 
army,  each  of  whom  commanded  a  divis- 


T  R  I 


T  R  1 


T  R  I 


ion  or  legion.  In  tl:c  year  of  Rome  7.31, 
the  senate  transferreJ  tli!!  authority  oftlu; 
tribunes  to  Aii^iustits  ami  his  sui;cessor.«. 
There  were  al^^o  other  officers  called  tri- 
bunes ;  as  tribunes  oi'  the  treariury,  of  the 
hor.se,  of  the  making  of  arms,  &c.         Ci/c. 

2.  In  France,  a  pulpit  or  elevated  place  irj 
the  charnherof  deputies,  wliere  a  speak- 
er stands  ti)  address  the  assembly. 

TRIB'UNESIIII',  n.  The  office  of  a  tribune. 

Addison. 

TRIBUNI' CTAN,  }        Pertaining     to    tri 

TRIBUNI"TIAL,  S  l^unes  ;  as  tribum^ 
dan  power  or  authority.  Middleton. 

9,  Suiting  a  tribune. 

TRIBUTARY,  a.  [from  trihide.]  Paying 
tribute  to  another,  either  from  compul- 
sion, as  an  acknowledgment  of  subnfission 
or  to  secure  protection,  or  for  the  purpose 
of  pin-chasing  peace.  The  republic  of 
Ragusa  is  tributan/  to  the  grand  seignor 
Many  of  the  powers  of  Europe  are  tribu 
tar)/  to  the  Barbary  states. 

2.  Subject;  subordinate. 

He,  to  grace  his  Irihulanj  goJs —        Jirilton. 

3.  Paid  in  tribute. 

No  flatt'ry  tunes  these  tributary  lays. 

Concanen 

4.  Yielding  supplies  of  any  thing.  The  Ohii 
has  many  large  tributan/  streams ;  and  is 
itself /rtfiufojT/  to  the   Mississippi. 

TRIB'UTAllY,  »i.  Oiie  thati)ays  tribute  or 
a  stated  sum  to  a  conquering  power,  Co 
the  purpose  of  securing  peace  and  pro- 
tection, or  as  an  acknowle<lgment  of  sub- 
mission, or  for  the  purchase  of  security. 
Wiuit  a  n^proarh  to  nations  that  they 
should  be  the  <n'i«((i)-ifs  of  Algiers! 

TRIB  UTE,  n.  [Fr.  Iribut  ;  L.  tributum. 
from  Iribuo,  to  give,  bestow  or  divide.] 

1.  An  annual  or  stated  sum  of  money  or 
other  valuable  thing,  paid  by  one  prince 
or  nation  toanother,  either  as  an  acknow^ 
edgment  of  sul)mission,  or  as  the  price  of 
peace  and  protection,  or  by  virtue  fpf  some 
treaty.  The  Romans  made  all  their  con 
quered  countries  pay  tribute,  as  do  the 
Turks  at  this  day  ;  and  in  some  countries 
the  tribute  is  paid  in  children.  Cyc.\ 

2.  A  personal  contribution ;  as  a  tribute  of 
respect. 

n.  Something  given  or  contributed. 
TRIeAP'SULAR,   a.    [L.  Ires,   three,  and 

ca/}sutn,  a  little  chest.] 
In  botany,  three-capsuled  ;  having  three  cap- 
sules to  each  flower.  Martyn. 
TRICE,  V.  t.  [W.  treisiaw,  to  seize.]  In  sea- 
men's   language,    to   haul    and   tie    up    by 
means  of  a  small  rope  or  line.     Mar.  Did. 
TRICtj,  n.  A  very  short  time  ;  an  instant ; 
a  moment. 

If  they  get  never  so  great  spoil  at  any  time, 
they  waste  the  same  in  a  trice.  Spenser 

A  man  shall  make  his  fortune  in  a  trice. 

Voung 

TRlCHOT'OMOUS,  a.  [See  Trichotomy.] 
Divided  into  three  parts,  or  divided  by 
threes  :  as  a  Iricholomous  stem.        Marttjn. 

TRICIIOT'OMY,  n.  [Gr.  rpij.a,  three,  and 
ttjxvi^,  to  cut  or  divide.]  Division  into 
three  parts.  IVatts 

TRICK,  n.  [D.  (ret,  a  pull  or  drawing,  a 
trick  ;  IretOctn,  to  draw,  to  dras: ;  bedriegen, 
to  cheat ;  drie<ren,  to  tack  or  baste ;  G. 
triegen,  to  deceive ;  tru^,  betriig,  fraud, 
trick ;  Dan.  treklce,  a  trick ;  trekker,  to  draw. 


to  entice;  Fr.  tricher,  to  cheat;  It.  <rec-j|TRICK'MENT,  n.  Decoration.  [Aolused.\ 
carf,  to  cheat;  /recc«,  a  huckster  ;  breccia,  a,, TRICK'SY,  a.  [from  trick.]  Pretty;  brisk, 
lock  of  hair,  from  (billing,  involving,  Gr.;'     yVot  much  used.]  Shak. 

epis;  Sp.  (m«,  a  quibble;  L.  (ricor,  to  play  iTRICK'-TR.\CK,  Ji.  A  game  at  tables, 
tricks,   to   trirte,   to   baffie.     VVe   see  the  JTKICLIN  lARY,  a.    [L.   tricliniaris,    from 


same  root  in  the  Low  L.  intrico,  to  fold, 
and  iu  intrigue.  Trick  is  from  drawing, 
that  is,  a  drawing  aside,  or  a  folding,  inter- 
weaving, inqilication.] 

1.  An  artifice  or  stratagem  for  the  purpose 
<d'  deci.'ption  ;  a  fraudful  contrivance  f  irj 
an  evil  purpose,  or  an  underhand  scheme 
to  impose  upon  the  world ;  a  cheat  or 
cheating.  VVe  bear  of  tricks  in  bargains, 
and  tricks  of  state. 

He   comes  to  me  lor  counsel,  and   I   show 
him  a  trick.  Umitlt. 

2.  .V  dextrous  artifice. 
On  one  nice  trick  depends  the  gcn'ral  fate. 

Pope. 

3.  Vicious  practice;  as  the  <ric/fs  of  youth. 

4.  The  sly  artifice  or  legerdejnain  of  a  jug- 
gler; as  the  tricks  of  a  merry  Andrew. 

5.  A  collection  of  cards  laid  together. 
G.  An  unexpected  event. 

Some  trick  not  worth  an  egg.     [  Unusual.'\ 

Shak. 
7.  A  particular  habit  or  manner  ;  as,  he  ha- 
a  trick  of  drumming  with  bis  fingers,  or  a 
/net  of  frowning.     [This  word  is  in  com- 
mon use  in  America,  and  by  no  mea7is  vut- 
gor.] 
TRICK,  V.  t.  To  deceive  ;  to  impose  on  ;  to 
defraud  ;  to  cheat ;  as,  to  trick  another  in 
the  sale  of  a  horse. 
TRICK,  V.  t.  [W.  (rcciow,  to  furnish  or  har- 
ness,  to  trick    out ;    tree,   an   implement 
harness,  gear,  from  rhec,  a  breaking  forth 
properly  a  throwing  or  extending.     Tlil- 
may  be  a  varied  application  of  the  forego- 
ing word.] 
To  dress;  t"  decorate;  to  set  off;  to  adorn 
fantastically. 

Trick  her  off  in  air.  Pope 

It  is  often  followed  by  up,  off,  or  out. 
Peo])le  are  lavish  in  tricking  up  their  cliild- 
ren  in  fine  clothes,  yet  starve  their  minds. 

lAtcke. 
TRICK,  V.  i.  To  live  by  deception  and  fraud. 

Dn/deH. 
TRICK'ED,  pp.  Cheated ;  deceived  ;  dress- 
ed. 
TRICK'F:R,  I  One  who  tricks  ;  a  de- 
TRICK'STER.  \  "'  ceiver  ;  a  cheat. 
TRICK  ER,  n.  .\  triirger.  [See  Trigger.] 
TRICK'ERY,  n.  The  art  of  dressing  up; 
artifii-e ;  -stratagem.  Parr.     Burke. 

TRiCK'ING,    ppr.    Deceiving  ;    cheatin 

defrauding. 
2.  Dressing  ;  decorating. 
TRICK'IXG,  n.  Dress;  ornament.      Shak. 
TRICK'ISH,  a.  .Vrtful  in  making  bargains  ;! 
given  to  deception  and  cheating  ;  knavish. 

Pope. 
TRICK'LE,   V.  i.    [allied   perhaps   to    Gr. 

rp!;t",  to  run,  and  a  diufniutivc.] 
To  flow  in  a  small   gentle   stream  ;  to  run 
down ;  as,  tears  trickle   down  the  check  ; 
water  trickles  from  the  eaves. 

Fast  beside  there  trickled  softly  down 
.\  gentle  stream.  Spenser. 

TRICK'LING,    ppr.    Flowing   down   in   a 

mall  gentle  stream. 
TRICK'LING,  n.  The  act  of  fiowing  in  a 
small  gentle  stream. 

He  wakened  by  the  trickling  of  his  blood. 

IVisevJnn. 


triclinium,  a  couch  to  recline  on  at  din- 
ner.] 

Pertaining  to  a  couch  for  dining,  or  to  the 
■     ancient  mode  of  reclining  at  table. 
JTRIt'OCeCJUS,  a.  [L. /re«,  three,  and  coc- 
I     cus,  a  berry.] 

A  tricoccous  or  three-grained  capsule  is  one 
which  is  swelling  out  in  three  protuberan- 
ces, internally  divided  into  three  cells, 
with  one  seed  in  each  ;  as  in   Euphorbia. 

Martyn. 

TRICOR'PORAL.  a.  [L.  tricor/ior ;  tres  and 
eor/jus.]     Ilavmg  tiiree  bodies.  Todd. 

TRICUS'PIDATE,  a.  [L.  Ires,  three,  and 
cuspis,  a  point.] 

In  botany,  three-pointed ;  ending  iu  three 
points;  as  a  tricus/iidate  stamen. 

TRlDA€'TVLOIIS,  a.  [Gr.  rpti;,  three,  and 
haxrv'Koi,  a  toe. J     Having  tliree  toes. 

TRIDE,  a.  Among  hunters,  short  ami  ready; 
fleet ;  as  a  tride  pace.  Bailey.     Cyc. 

TttI'DEIVT,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  tridens  ;  trts, 
three,  and  dens,  tooth.] 

In  mythology,  a  kind  of  scepter  or  spear  with 
three  prongs,  which  the  fables  of  antiquity 
put  into  tlie  bands  of  Nejjtune,  the  deity 
of  the  ocean. 

TRIDENT,        ?  ,  Having  three  teeth  or 

TRI'DENTED,  ^"prongs. 

TRIDENT' ATE,  a.  [L.  tres  and  dens, 
looth.]     Having  three  teeth.  Lee. 

TRIDIAPA'SON,  n.  [tri  and  diapason.]  In 
music,  a  triple  octave  or  twenty  secomL 

Busby. 

TRI'DING.     [See  Trithing.] 

TRIDODECAIIE'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  rpj.f, 
three,  and  dodecahedral.] 

In  crystalography,  presenting  three  ranges  of 
faces,  one  above  another,  each  containing 
twelve  faces. 

TRID'UAN,  a.  [L.  triduum;  tres  and  rfies, 
day.] 

Lasting  three  days,  or  happening  every  third 
lav.     [Little  used.] 

TRIEN'NIAL,  a.  [Fr.  triennal ;  L.  triennis, 
triennium  ;  tres,  three,  and  annus,  year.] 

1.  Continuing  three  years;  as  triennial  par- 
liaments. 

2.  Happening  every  three  years;  as  triennial 
elections.  Triennial  elections  and  parlia- 
ments were  established  in  England  in 
1(195;  but  these  werediscontinuerl  in  1717, 
and  septennial  elections  and  parliaments 
were  adopted,  which  .still  continue. 

TRIEN'NIALLY,  adu.  Once  in  three  years. 

TRI'ER,  n.  [from  ()v/.]  One  who  tries;  one 
who  makes  experiments  ;  one  who  exam- 
ines any  thing  by  a  test  or  standard. 

2.  One  who  tries  judicially  ;  a  judge  who 
tries  a  person  or  cause  ;  a  juryman.  [See 
Trior.] 

3.  A  test ;  that  which  tries  or  approves. 

Shak. 

TRI'ERARCH,  n.  [Gr.  rpujp);;,  a  trireme, 
ami  ofx"'!,  a  chief.] 

In  ancient  (Irtccc,  the  comjnamler  of  a  tri- 
reme ;  also,  a  commissioner  who  was  obli- 
ged to  build  ships  and  furnish  them  at  his 
own  expense.  Mitford. 

TRIETER'lCAL,  a.  [L.  trielericus ;  <rfs, 
three,  and  Gr.  tro;,  year.] 


T  R  I 


T  R  I 


T  R  I 


Triennial;  kept  or  occurring  once  in  iln'cejTRlG'GEU 

years.     [Little  used.]  Greguri]., 

TRr FALLOW,   d.  t.    [L.  trcs,  three,   and 

/Mow.] 
To  plow  land  the  third  time  before  sowing. 

Mortimer. 
TRIF'ID,  a.  [L.   trijidus  ;    Ires,  three,  and 

Jindo,  to  (Uvide.l 
In  bolaiiij,  divideil  into  three  parts  by  linear 
sinuses  with  strait  margins  ;  ihrce-cIeCt. 

Mirltjn. 
TRIFIS'TULARY,  a.  [L.  (res  and/s(u/«,  a 


three  pipes. 


Brown. 


It    coincides   with   trivial, 


pipe.)     Ilavi 
TRIFLE,     n. 

which  see.] 
A  thing  of  very  little  valne  orimportance;  a 
word  apjdicnhle  to  any  thing  and  tvery  thing 
of  this  character. 

Willi  such  |)()or  trifles  playing.  IJraylon 

Moments  make  the  yem,  and  trijlcs,  lite. 

Young. 
Trifles 
Are  to  the  jealous  confirmations  strong. 

Shak. 
TRI'FLE,  V.  i.  To  act  or  talk  without  seri- 
ousness, irravity,  weight  iir  dignity  ;  to  act 
or  talk  with  levity. 

Tliey  trifle,  and  itiey  beat  the  air  about  noth- 
ing which  to'.ielu^tli  us.  Hooker 
2.  To  indulge  in  liglit  amusemenrs.        Lmo. 
To  trifle  with,  id  mock  ;  to  phiy  the  Tool  witli ; 

tn  treat  without  respect  or  seriousness. 

To  trifle  with,    f  to  spend  in  vanity;  to  waste 

To  trifle  awaij,  ^  to  no  gdnd   purpose  ;  as,  to 

trifle  with  time,  or  to  trifle   away  i\\ne\  to 

trijle  with  advantages. 

TRI'FLE,  V.  t.  To  make  of  no  importance 

[.Vo(  in  use.] 
TRl'FLER,  n.  One  who  trifles  or  acts  with 
levity.  Bacon 

TRl'FLING,  ppr.   Acting  or  talking   with 
levity,  or  without  seriousness  or  being  in 
earnest. 
2.  a.  Being  of  small  value   or   importance; 
trivial  ;  as  a  trifling  debt  ;  a  trifling  affair. 
TRl'FLING,  n.  Employment  about  things 

of  no  importance. 
TRI'FLINGLY,  adv.  In  a  trifling  manner; 
with  levity  ;  without  seriousness  or  digni- 
ty. Locke. 
TRI'FLINGNESS,  n.   Levity  of  manner.s; 
lightness.                                              Enticlc. 
2.  Smallness  of  value  ;  emptiness;  vanity. 
TRIF'LOROIJS,  a.  [L.<)ts,  three,  and /o5, 

floiis,  flower.] 

Three-flowered;  bearing  three  flowers;  as 

a  triflorous  peduncle.  Marlyn. 

TRIFO'LIATE,  a.  [L.  <ra,  three,  ami /o/i- 

um,  leaf.l     Having  three  leaves.       Hnrte. 

TRIFO'LIOLATE,  a.    Having   three  foli- 

oles.  Decandotte. 

TRI'FOLY,  n.  Sweet  trefoil.  [See  Trefoil] 

.Masoji. 
TRI'FORM, 

forma.] 
Having  a  triple  form  or  shape  ;  as   the   tri 
form  countenance  of  the  moon.        Milton. 
TRIG,  V.  t.  [VV.  trigaw.     S('e  Trigger.]   To 

fill ;  to  stuiV.     [JVot  in  use.] 
2.  To  stop  ;,as  a  wheel.  Bailey, 

TRIG,  a.  Full;  trim;  neat.     [jVol  in  use.' 
TRIG'AMV,  n.  [Gr.  Tpsis,  three,  and  yauoj, 

marriage.] 
Stale  of  being  married  three  times;  or  the 
state  of  having  three    husbands  or  three 
wives  at  the  satne  time.  Herbert. 


a.     [L.   Iriformis  ;    Ires    anil 


n.  [W.  trigaw,  to  stop  ;  Dan. 
trekiier,  to  draw  ;  trykkcr,  to  press  or 
pinch  ;  or  tn/gger,  to  make  sure ;  trug, 
Sw.  trygg,  safe,  secure  ;  trycka,  to  press. 
This  is  the  Eng.  true,  or  fiom  the  same 
root.] 

A  catch  to  hold  the  wheel  of  a  carriage 
on  a  declivity. 

The  catch  of  a  musket  or  pistol;  the  part 
which  being  pulled,  looses  the  lock  for 
htriking  lire. 

TRIgIN'TALS,  n.  [h.  Iriginla.]  Trentals ; 
the  number  of  thirty  masses  to  be  said  for 
the  dead. 

TRIG'LYPH,  n.  [Gr. fpHS, three, and yXut^, 
sculpture.] 

An  ornament  in  the  frieze  of  the  Doric  col 
limn,  repeated  at  equal  intervals.  Each 
triglyph  consists  of  two  entire  gutters  or 
channels,  cut  to  a  right  angle,  called  glyphs, 
and  separated  by  three  interstices,  calliMl 
femora.  Cyc. 

TKIG'ON,  n.  [Gr.  rpn;,  three,  and  yuioa, 
angle.] 

1.  A  triangle;  a  term  used  in  astrology;  al- 
so, trine,  an  aspect  of  two  planets  distant 
}'iO  degrees  from  each  other.  Cyc. 

2.  A  kind  of  triangular  lyre  or  harp. 
rUlG'ONAL,      /         Triangular;     having 
rillG'ONOUS,   \   "■    three  angles  or  cor- 
ners. 

2.  In  botany,  having  three  prominent  longi- 
tudin.il  angles.  Martyn. 

TRIGONOMETRICAL,  a.  Pertaining  to 
Irigonometiy  ;  performed  by  or  according 
to  the  rules  of  trigiinometry. 

TRIGONOMET  R!€ALLY,  adv.  Accord- 
ing to  the  rules  or  principles  of  trigonom- 
etry. Asiat.  Res. 

TRIGONOMETRY,  n.  [Gr.  rpiyu.oj,  a  tri- 
angle, and  fifTpfu,  to  measure.] 

The  measuring  of  triangles;  the  science  of 
determining  the  sides  and  angles  of  trian 
gles,  by  means  of  certain  parts  which  are 
given.  When  this  science  is  applied  to 
the  solution  of  plane  triangles,  it  is  called 
p/«;ie  trigonometry ;  when  ils  application 
is  to  spherical  triangles,  it  is  called  spheri- 
cal trigonometry. 

TRI'tiYN,  )!.  [Gr.  rpnf,  three,  and  -jwr,,  a 
female.]  In  botany,  a  plant  having  three 
pi.stils. 

TRIgYN'IAN,  a.  Having  three  pistils. 

TRIUE'DRAL,  a.  [See  Trihedron.]  Hav- 
ing three  equal  siiles. 

TRIIIE'DRON,  II.  [Gr.  rpa;,  three,  and 
fSpa,  side.]  A  figure  having  three  equal 
sides. 

TRIJU'GOUS,  a.  [L.<rM,  three,  andjugum, 
yoke.] 

In  botany,  having  three  pairs.  A  trijugotts 
leaf  is  a  pinnate  leaf  with  three  pairs  of 
leaflets.  Marlyn. 

TRILATERAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L. /era,  three, 
and  lalns.  siih;.]     Having  three  sides. 

TRILIT  ERAL,  a.  [\,.  Ires,  three,  and  Zi7e- 
ra.  letter.] 

Consisting  of  three  letters  ;  as  a  triliteral 
root  <u'  word. 

TRILIT  ERAL,  n.  A  word  consisting  of 
three  letters. 

TRILL,  n.  []l.trillo;  Dan.  fnV/e ;  O.triller; 
W.  trcillintc,  to  turn,  to  roll.  Bui  the  lat- 
ter may  be  contracted  from  Ireiglaw,  to 
turn  :  traill,  traigyl,  a  turn  or  roll,  fi-om  the 


root  of  draw,  drag.     Trill  coincides  with 

thirl  and  drill  ;  D.  drillen.     Qu.  reel.] 
\  quaver;  a   shake  of  the  voice  in  singing, 

or  of  the  sound  of  an  instrument.     [See 

Shake.) 
TRILL,  V.  t.  [It.  trillare.]  To   utter  with  a 

quavering  or  tremulousness   of  voice  ;  to 

shake. 


The  sober-suited  songstress  trilU  her  lay. 

Thomson. 

TRILL,  V.  i.  To  flow  in  a  small  stream,  or 
in  drops  rapidly  succeeding  each  other ; 
to  trickle. 

And  now  and  then  an  ample  tear  trilVd  down 
Her  delicate  check.  Shak. 

2.  To  shake  or  quaver ;  to  play  in  tremulous 
vibrations  of  sound. 

To  judge  of  trilling  notes  and  tripping  feet. 

Drydeii. 

TRILL'ED,  pp.  Shaken  ;  uttered  with  rapid 
vibrations. 

TRILL'L\(j,  ppr.  Uttering  with  a  quaver- 
ing or  shake. 

TRILLION,  n.  <ri7'_i/un.  [a  word  formed  ar- 
bitrarily of  three,  or  Gr.  fpiroj,  and  mil- 
lion.] 

The  product  of  a  million  multiplied  by  a 
million,  and  that  product  multiplied  by  a 
million;  or  the  product  of  the  square  of  a 
million  multiplied  by  a  million.  Thus 
].()0(),00()X  1.000,000=1.000,000,000,000, 
and  this  product  multiplied  bv  a  million  ^ 
1 ,000,000,000,000,000,000. 

TRILO'BATE,  o.  [L.  (rc«  and /otus.]  Hav- 
ing three  lobes.  Journ.  of  .Science. 

jTRILOC  ULAR,  a.  [L.  Ires  and  locus,  a 
cell.] 

iln  botany,  three-celled;  having  three  cells 
for  seeds  ;  as  a  trilocular  capsule. 

TRILU'MINAR,    )       [L.   tres  and   lumen, 

TRILU  MINOUS.S"'  light.]  Having  three 
lights. 

TRIM,  a.  [Sax.  trum,  firm,  stable,  strong, 
secure  ;  tryman,  getrymian,  to  make  firm, 
to  strengthen,  to  prepare,  to  order  or  dis- 
pose, to  cohort,  persuade  or  animate.  The 
primary  sense  is  to  set,  to  strain,  or  to  make 
straiglu.) 

Firm;  compact;  tight;  snug;  being  in  good 
order.  We  say  of  a  ship,  she  is  trim,  ot 
trim-built ;  every  thing  about  the  man  i.s 
trim.  We  say  of  a  person,  he  is  trim,  when 
his  body  is  well  shaped  and  firm  ;  and  we 
say,  his  dress  is  (rim,  when  it  sits  closely 
to  his  body  and  appears  tight  and  snug; 
and  of  posture  we  say,  a  man  or  a  soldier 
is  (rim,  when  he  stands  erect.  It  is  par- 
ticularly applicable  to  soldiers,  and  in 
Saxon,  (nima  is  a  troop  or  body  of  sol 
diers. 

TRIM,  V.  t.  [Sax.  truminn,  trymian,  to  make 
firm  or  strong,  to  strengthen,  to  prepare, 
to  put  in  order.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  to  make  right,  that  is, 
to  ])Ut  in  due  order  for  any  purpose. 

The  hermit  trimm'd  his  little  fire. 

Goldsmith. 

2.  To  dress ;  to  put  the  body  in  a  proper 
state. 

I  was  trimm'd  in  Julia's  gown.  Shak. 

3.  To  decorate;  to  invest  or  embellish  with 
e.\tra  ornaments;  as,  to  trim  a  gown  wiili 
lace.  Dryden. 

■I.  To  clip,  as  the  hair  of  the  head  ;  also,  tq 
shave  ;  that  is,  to  put  in  due  order. 


T  R  I 


T  R  I 


T  R  I 


5.  To  lop,  as  superfluous  braiiclios  ;  to  prune ; 
as,  to  trim  trees.  Mortimer. 

6.  To  supply  with  oil  ;  as,  to  trim  a  lamp. 

7.  To  make  neat ;  to  adjust. 

I  found  !ier  Irinimiii^  up  the  diadem 

On  her  dead  mistress —  SItak. 

8.  In  carpentry,  to  dress,  as  timber  ;  to  make 
smooth. 

P.  To  adjust  the  cargo  of  a  ship,  or  the 
weight  of  persons  or  goods  in  a  boat,  so 
equally  on  each  side  of  the  center  and  at 
each  end,  that  she  shall  sit  well  on  the 
water  and  sail  well.  Thus  we  say,  to 
trim  a  ship  or  a  boat. 

10.  To  rebuke  ;  to  reprove  sharply  ;  a  pop- 
ular use  of  the  word. 

11.  To  arrange  in  due  order  for  sailing;  as, 
to  trim  the  sails. 

To  trim  in,  in  caipeulry,  to  fit,  as  a  piece  of, 
timber  into  other  work.  JMuxon.l 

To  trim  %ip,_  to  dress  ;  to  put  in  order.  I 

TRIM,  V.  i.  To  balance  ;  to  fluctuate  be-j 
tween  parties,  so  as  to  appear  to  favor 
each.  South. 

TRIM,  n.  Dress ;  gear ;  ornaments. 

Dri/ilen. 

2.  The  state  of  a  ship  or  her  cargo,  ballast, 
masts,  «&,c.,  by  which  she  is  well  prepared 
for  sailing. 

Trim  of  the  tnasis,  is  their  position  in  regard 
to  the  ship  and  to  each  other,  as  near  or 
distant,  far  forward  or  much  aft,  erect  or| 
raking.  Mar.  Diet] 

Trim  of  sails,  is  that  position  and  arrange-i 
raent  which  is  best  adapted  to  impel  the| 
ship  forward.  Mar.  Dict.\ 

TRIMETER,  n.  A  poetical  division  of 
verse,  consisting  of  three  measures. 

Loiiih. 

TRIM'ETER,         >  ^    [Gr.  fpi^sfpo,-,  three 

TRIMET'RICAL,  \  "'  measures.]  Consist- 
ing of  three  poetical  measures,  forming 
an  iambic  of  si.\  feet.  Roscommon! 

TRIM'LY,  adv.  Nicely  ;  neatly  ;  in  good 
order.  Spenser. 

TRIMMED,  pp.  Put  in  good  order  ;  dress- 
ed ;  ornamented  ;  clipped  ;  shaved  ;  bal- 
anced ;  rebuked. 

TRIMMER,  n.  One  that  trims;  a  time- 
server. 

2.  A  piece  of  timber  fitted  in. 

All  the  joists  and  the  trimmers  for  the  stair 
case—  MoxoH. 

TRIM'MING,  ppr.  Putting  in  due  order ; 
dressing  ;  decorating  ;  pruning  ;  balanc- 
ing ;  fluctuating  between  parties. 

TRIM'MING,  n.  Ornamental  appendages 
to  a  garment,  as  lace,  ribins  and  the  like. 

TRIM'NESS,  n.  Neatness  ;  snugness  ;  the 
state  of  being  close  and  in  good  order. 

TRI'NAL,  a.  [L.  Irinus,  three.]    Threefold 

Milton 

TRINE,  a.  Threefold  ;  as  trine  dimension 
that  is,  length,  breadth  and  thickness. 

TRINE,  n.  [supra.]  In  astrology,  the  aspect 
of  planets  distant  from  each  "other  120  de- 
grees, forming  the  figure  of  a  trigon  or  tri-l 
angle.  Cyc.     Johnson\ 

TRINE,  V.  t.  To  put  in  the  aspect  of  ai 
t""'"*^-  Dryden. 

TRINERV'ATE,  a.  [L.  «,-es  and  nen-u*.]  In 
botany,  havnig  three  nerves  or  unbranched 
ves.sels    meeting   behind   or   beyond    the 

Martyn. 


base. 


TRI'NERVE,     1       In  botany,  a   Irinerved 

TRI'NERVED,  p-  or  tlune-nervu.l  leaf, 
has  three  nerves  or  unbranched  vessels 
meetins  in  the  base  of  the  leaf.       Martyn. 

TRIN'GLE,  n.  [Fr.]  In  architecture,  a  little 
square  member  or  ornament,  as  a  listel, 
reglct,  platband  and  the  like,  but  particu- 
larly a  little  member  fixed  exactly  over 
every  triglyph.  Ciic. 

TRINITARIAN,  a.  Pertairiing  to  the 
Trinitv,  or  to  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity. 

TRIMTA'RIAN,  n.  One  who  believes  the 
doctrine  of  the  Trinity- 

2.  One  of  an  order  of  religious,  who  made  it 
their  business  to  redeem  christians  from 
infidels. 

TRINITV,  n.  [L.  trinilas ;  Ires  and  imus, 
unilas,  one,  unity.] 

In  theology,  the  union  of  three  persons  in 
one  Godhead,  the  Father,  the  .Son,  and 
the  Holy  Spirit. 

In  my  wliole  essay,  there   is   not   any   thing 
like  an  objection  against  the  Trinity.         Locke. 

TRINKET,  n.  [If »!  is  casual,  this  is  from 
\V.  treciaw,  to  furnish.     See  Trick.] 

1.  A  small  ornament,  as  a  jewel,  a  ring  and 
the  like.  Dryden.     Swift. 

2.  A  thing  of  little  value:  tackle;  tools. 

Tusser.    L''Eslrange.\ 

TRINO'MIAL,  a.    [L.  ire*  and  nojiien.]     In 

mathematics,  a  trinomial  root,  is  a  root  con 

sisting  of  three   parts,  connected  by   the 

signs  +  or  — .     Thus  i+y+z,  or  a+i — c. 

TRINO'MIAL,  n.  A  root  of  three  terms  or 

parts. 
TRI'O,    n.    A  concert  of  three  parts;  three 
united. 

TRIOB'OLAR,  a.  [L.  trioholaris ;  tres  and 
oholus.] 

Of  the  value  of  three  oboli ;  mean;  worth- 
less.    [M)t  tised.]  Cheyne. 

TRIOCTAHE'DRAL,  a.  [tri  and  octahe- 
dral.] 

In  crystalography,  presenting  three  ranges  of 
faces,  one  above  another,  each  range  con- 
taining eight  faces. 

TRIOe'TILE,  n.  [L.  tres,  three,  and  ocio, 
eight.] 

In  astrologjf,  an  aspect  of  two  planets  with, 
regard  to  the  earth,  when  they  are  three 
octants  or  eight  parts  of  a  circle,  that  is, 
135  degrees,  distant  from  each  other. 

Cyc. 

TRI'OR,  >        [from  try.]    In  law,  a  person 

TRI'ER,  ^  ■  appointed  by  the  court  to  ex- 
amine whether  a  challenge  to  a  panel  of 
jurors,  or  to  any  jiuor,  is  just.  The  triors 
are  two  indifi'erent  persons.  Cyc. 

TRIP,  V.  t.  [G.  trippeln  ;  D.  trippen ;  Svv. 
trippa;  Daii.  tripper ;  W.  iripiaw,  to  trip, 
to  stumble  ;  from  rhip,  a  skipping.  See 
«]1t3  and  3^a  in  Castle.] 

1.  To  supplant;  to  cause  to  fall  by  striking 
the  feet  suddenly  from  under  the  i)erson  ;| 
usually  followed  by  up  ;  as,  to  trip  up  a 
man  in  wrestling  ;  to  trip  up  the  heels. 

Shnk. 

2.  To  supplant;  to  overthrow  by  depriving 
ofsupp(M-t.  Bramhall. 

3.  To  catch;  to  detect.  Shak. 

4.  To  loose  an  anchor  from  the  bottom  by 
its  cable  or  buoy-rope.  Mar.  Dirt. 

TRIP,  V.  i.  To  stumble  ;  to  strike  the  (bot 
against  something,  so  as  to  lose  the,ste[i 


and  coine  near  to  fall 
fall. 
.  To  err;  to  fail;  to  mistake 
cient. 

Virgil  pretends  sometimes  to  trip. 


TRIP,  V.  i.  [Ar. 


or  to  stumble  and 
to  be  defi- 
Dryden. 
tariba,     to    move 


lightly ;  allied  perhaps  to  Sw.trappa,  Dan. 
trappe,  G.  treppe,  stairs.] 

1.  To  run  nr  step  lightly  ;  to  walk  with  a 
light  step. 

She  bounded  by  and  trifp'd  so  light 
They  had  not  time  to  take  a  steady  sight. 

Dryden. 
Thus  from  the  lion  trips  the  trembling  doe. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  take  a  voyage  or  journey. 

TRIP,    n.    A   stroke  or  catch  by  wliicli  a 
wrestler  supplants  his  antagonist. 
And  watches  with  a  trip  his  foe  to  foil. 

Dryden . 
2.  A  stumble  by  the  loss  of  foot-hold,  or  a 

striking  of  the  foot  against  an  object. 
.3.  A  failure  ;  a  mistake. 

Each  seeming  trip,  and  each  digressive  start. 

Hartt. 

4.  A  journey  ;  or  a  voyage. 

I  took  a  trip  to  London  on  the  death  of  the 
queen.  _       _  Pope. 

5.  In  navigation,  a  single  board  in  plying  to 
windward.  "      Cyc. 

G.  Among  farmers,  a  small  flock  of  sheep,  or 
a  small  stock  of  them.     [Local.]  Cyc. 

TRIP'ARTITE,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  tripartitus  : 
tres,  three,  anil  partitus,  divided;  pajtior.] 

1.  Divided  into  three  parts.  In  botany,  a 
tripartite  leaf  is  one  which  is  divided  into 
three  parts  down  to  the  base,  but  not 
wholly  separate.  Martyn. 

2.  Having  three  corresponding  parts  or 
copies;  as  indentures /7-iy»arf!'(«. 

TRIPARTP'TION,  n.  A  division  by  three, 
or  the  taking  of  a  third  part  of  any  num- 
ber or  quantity.  "     Cur. 

TRIPE,  n.  [Fr.  id. ;  Sp.  Iripa  ;  It.  trippa  ; 
G.  tripp  ;  Russ.  trebucha  ;  W.  tripa,  from 
rhip,  from  rhib,  a  streak  or  dribblet.  In 
Sp.  tripe,  Dan.  trip,  is  shag,  plush.  This 
word  is  probably  from  tearing,  ripping, 
like  strip.] 

1.  Properly,   the  entrails ;  but   in   common 
usage,  the  large   stomach   of  ruminating 
animals,  prepared  for  food. 
In  ludicrous  language,  the  belly. 

Johnso7t. 

TRIP'EDAL,  a.  [h.  trts  and  pes.]  Having 
three  feet. 

TRl'PE-MAN,  n.  A  man  who  .sells  tripe. 

Sivifl. 

TRIPEN'NATE,  }  „    [L.  tres  and  pennnov 

TRIPIN'NATE,  <,  "■  pinna.]  In  botany,  a 
tripinnaie  leaf  is  a  species  of  superdecom- 
pound  leaf,  when  a  petiole  has  bipinnate 
leaves  ranged  on  each  side  of  it,  as  in 
ciiunnon  fern.  Martijn. 

TRIPER'SONAL,  a.  [L.  tres  and  persona.] 
Consisting  of  three  persons.  Milton. 

TRIPET' ALOIS, 
rtita'Kov,  leaf.] 

In  totajii/,  three-petaled;  having  three  petals 
or  flower  leaves. 

TRI'PHANE,  n.  A  mineral,  spodumene. 

Ure. 

TRIPH'THONG,  n.  [Gr.  rp»f,  three,  and 
fOo^'yr,  sound.] 


a.  [Gr.  rpfij,  three,  and 


T  R  I 


T  R  I 


T  R  I 


V  coalition  oftliree  vowels  in  oneconipounil 

soiiiiil,  or  ill  one  syllable,  us  in  adieu,  tyt. 
TKIi'llTllON'GAL,    a.      I'.rlaining    to   a 

triplillioiif,' ;  consistin-;  of  a  tiiplitlMing. 
TKIl'll'Yl.KOUS,   «.    [(.Jr.  r|)f If,  three,  ami 

^vXKut\  leaf'.] 
In  /yo(«;u/,  tliree-leaved;  having  three  leaves. 
TRIP' Lb;,    a.    [Vr.  from  L.  tripUx,  triplus  ; 

tres  anil  plico,  to  Ibid.]  | 

1.  Threelulil  ;  consisting  of  three  uniteil ;; 
as  a  tripte  knot ;  a  tnpk  tie.  , 

By  thy  triple  shape  as  thou  art  seen — 

JJrydeiiJ 

2.  Treble ;  three  times  repeated.  [See  2Ve-| 
lie.]  \ 

Triple  time,  in  music,  is  that  in  which  eachi 
bur  is  divided  into  ihice  measures  or  equal 
jiarts,  as  three  niiiiiiiis,  three  crotchets, 
three  ipiaveis,  &c. 

Tliil"LK,  V.  t.  To  treble;  to  make  threefold 
pr  thrice  us  imicli  or  as  many.  [Usually 
written   Inble.]  Lee. 

TRIPLET,  7!.  [from  triple.]  Three  of  a 
kind,  or  three  united. 

2.  In  poetn/,  three  verses  rhviiiing  together. 

3.  In  HiH.s/c,  ihree  notes  sung  or  played  in 
llie  time  of  two. 

TRIP'LICATI'^,  a.  [L.  tripticatus,  iriptico  ; 
tres  and  plir.o,  to  fold.] 

Made  thrice  as  iiiuih  ;  threefold. 

Triplicate  ratio,  is  the  ratio  which  cubes  bear 
to  each  other.  Ci/c. 

TRIPLICA'TION,  71.  The  act  of  trebling  or; 
making  threefold,  or  adding  three  togeth- 
er. Glanvillc. 

2.  In  the  civil  law,  the  same  as  sur-rejoinder 
in  common  law. 

TRIPLIC'ITV,  7!.  [Vt.  IripliciU ;  ixomh. 
Iripltx.] 

Trebleness  ;  the  state  of  being  threefold. 

Jf'alts. 

TRIP  l.Y-RIBI?ED,  a.  [triple  and  rib.]  In 
botany,  having  a  pair  of  large  ribs  branch-; 
ingort'from  the  main  one  above  the  base,j 
as  in  the  ^leaves  of  many  species  of  sun- 
flower. Smith.] 

TRIP  -MADAM,  n.  A  plant.  MortimerJ 

TRIPOD,  71.  [L.  iripus,tripodis;  Gi:T,n- 
novi;  ffii'f,  three,  and  rtocj,  foot.] 

A  bench,  stool  or  seat  sujiported  by  three 
legs,  on  which  the  priest  and  sibyls  in  an- 
cient times  were  placed  to  render  oracles. 
Dn/dcn.     Vijr. 

TRIP'OLI,  71.  In  mineralog)/,  a  mineral  ori- 
ginally brought  from  Tripoli,  used  in  pol- 
ishing stones  and  metals.  It  has  a  dull 
argillaceous  aiipcarunce,  but  is  not  com- 
))act.  It  has  a  fine  hard  grain,  but  does 
not  soften  by  water,  or  mi\  with  it.  It  is 
jirincipally  composed  of  silc.\.  Cyc. 

THIP'OLINE,  a.  Pertaining  to  tripoli. 

TRI  POS,  71.  A  iripod,  which  see. 

TRIP'PKl),  pp.  [i'voiu  trip.]  Supplanted. 

TRIP  PFiR,  71.  (Jne  who  trips  or  supplants; 
one  that  walks  nimbly. 

TRIP'PING,  ppr.  Supplanting;  stumbling;] 
falling  ;  stepping  nimbly. 

2.  a.  Quick ;  nimble.  Miltott 

TRIP'PING,  7!.  The  act  of  tripping. 

2.  A  light  dance.  Milton. 

a.  The  loosing  of  an  anchor  from  the  ground 
by  its  cable  or  buoy-rope. 

TRIP'PINGLY,  adv.  Nimbly;  with  alight 
nimble  ipiick  step;  with  agility. 

Sing  and  dance  it  trippingly.  Sliali. 


Speak  the  speech  trippingly  on  the  tongue,  i 

§hak.\ 
PRIP'TOTE,  7!.  [Gr.  rpm,  three,  and  «r«- 

ois,  case.] 
In   grammar,  a   name   having   three    cases! 
only.  .  Clarke 

TRIPU'DIARY,    a.    [h.  Iripudium.] 


TRITE,  a.   [L.  trilus,   from  tero,  to  wear.j 

Worn  out ;  common  ;  used  till   so   common 

as  to  have  lost  its  novelty  and  interest ; 

as  a  trite  remark  ;  a  trite  subject.       Swijl. 

TRI'TELY,  adv.  In  a  common  manner. 

'JI'^'I'TRI'TENESS,  n.  Commonness;  staleness  ; 

,„  .         .     ,  -/•"111"''      a  state  of  being  worn  out ;  as  the /n'<e7ifi» 

taming  to  dancing;  performed  by  dancmg.;       .•         ,  P  .'•     . 

"  "  '  '  H      •     \     O' ""  observation  or  a  subject. 

TRIPI  DIA'TION,  71.     [L.    tripudio,    tojlTRITERNATE,    a.    [L.  Ires,  three,  and 

dance.]  I     temate.] 

Act  of  dancing.  JoAjwon.  leaving  three  biternate  leaves,  or  the  divis- 

TRIPYR'AMID,  n.  [L.  tres  and  pyramis.]\     'on^  of  a  triple  petiole    subdivided    into 


In  mineralogy,  a  genus  of  spars,  the  body 
of  which  is  composed  of  single  pyramids, 
each  of  three  sides,  affixed  by  their  base 
to  some  solid  body.  (■'yc.\ 

TRUll  E'TROUS,  a.  [L.  triquetrus,  from 
tri(juetra,  a  triangle.] 

Three-sided  ,  having  three  plane  sides.  i'7ici/c. 

TRIRA'DIATKD,  a.  [L.  tres  and  radius.] 
Having  three  ruys. 

I'RI'REME,  71.  [L.  triremis ;  tres  and  re- 
mus.] 

A  galley  or  vessel  with  three  benches  or 
ranks  of  oars  (Ui  a  side.  Milford. 

rRIRIlOMROlD'AL,  a.  [tri  ai„\  rhombuid- 
al.]     Haungthe  form  oftliree  rhombs. 

TRISAcRAMENTA'RlAN,  ti.  [L.  tres, 
three,  and  sacrarncnt.] 

One  oi'  a  religious  sect  who  admit  of  three 
sacraments  and  no  more.  Cyc. 

TRISAG'ION,  7(.  [Gr.  rpas,  three,  and 
ayio;,  holy.] 

\  liyniii  in  which  the  word  holy  is  re|)eated 
three  times.  Hull.     Cyc. 

TRISECT',  I',  t.  [L.  tres,  three,  and  seco,  to 
cut.] 

To  cut  or  divide  into  three  equal  parts. 

allien. 

TRISECT' ED,  pp.  Divided  into  three 
equal  parts. 

TRISEeT'ING,  ppr.  Dividing  into  three 
equal  parts. 

TRISEC'TION,  71.  [L.  <)•««  and  stdio,  a  cut- 
ting.] 

The  division  of  a  thing  into  three  parts  ;  par- 
ticularly in  geometry,  the  division  of  an 
angle  into  three  equal  parts.  Cyc. 

TRISEP'ALOUS.a.  In  botany,  having  three 
sepals  to  a  calyx.  Ihcandulle. 

TUIS'PAST,        I        [Gr.  1-pfi?  and  o,-tau,to 

TRISPAS'TON,  $  "•  draw.]  In  mechaiiics, 
a  machine  with  three  pulleys  for  raising 
great  weights.  Cyc. 

TRISPERM  OUS,  a.  [Gr.  rptij,  three,  and 
flrttpjwa,  seed.] 

Three-seeded  ;  containing  three  seeds  ;  as  a 
trispermous  capsule. 

[L. /ns<is,  sad.]  Sad;sor- 

[JVol 

used.]  Shak. 

TRIPERSONAL  ITY,  7i.  The  state  of  ex 
isiing  in  three  persons  in  one  Godhead. 

Milton. 

TRISULC,  71.*  [I.,  trisukus.]  Something 
having  three  points.     [wVo(  in  use.] 

Brotni . 

TRISYLLABIC,        )        [from  trisyllabk. 

IRISYLLARICAL,  s"'  Pertaining    to    i 


threes ;   a  species 
leaf. 


TRIST,  I       [L.  tristis,  sad.]  Si 

TRISTFUL,  $  "•  rowful ;     glooray. 


as  a  trisi/llnbic  word  or  root 

TRISYL  LAI5LE,    7i.    [L.  Ires,  three,   and 

syllaba,  syllable.]     A   word  consisting  of 

tiiree  syllables. 


of  Kuperdecompound 
Martyn.     Lee. 

TRITIIE'ISM,  n.  [Fr.  «n7/ieM77ic  ;  Gr.  rpfcf, 
three,  and  ftto;,  God.] 

The  opinion  or  doctrine  that  there  are  three 
Gods  in  the  Godhead. 

TRITIIE'IST,  n.  One  who  beheves  that 
there  are  three  distinct  Gods  in  the  God- 
head, that  is,  three  distinct  substances,  es- 

I     sences  or  hvpostases.  Kncyc. 

TRITIIEIStlC,   a.    Pertaining  to  trithe- 

I     ism. 

TRITIIE'ITE,  71.  A  tritheist. 

TRI  THING,  71.  [froiiiMcfe.]  One  of  the  di- 
visions of  the  county  of  York  in  England, 
which  is  divided  into  three  parts.  It  is 
now  called  Hiding.  Blackstone. 

TRITICAL,  a.  [from  trite.]  Trite;  com- 
mon.    [.\'ot  in  use.] 

TRIT'ICALNESS,»i.  Triteness.  [JVbt  used.] 

H'arton. 

TRI'TON,  n.  In  mythology,  a  fabled  sea 
demi-god,  supposed  to  be  the  trumpeter  of 
Neptune.  He  is  represented  by  poets  and 
painters  as  half  man  and  half  fish.        Cyc. 

2.  A  genus  of  the  molluscal  order  of  worms. 

Linne.     Cyc. 

3.  A  bird  of  the  West  Indies,  famous  for  its 
notes.  Bay.     Cyc. 

TRl'TONE,  71.  [L.tres  and  tonus.]  In  thu- 
sic,  a  false  concord,  consisting  of  three 
tones,  two  major  and  one  minor  tone,  oir 
of  two  tones  and  two  semitones;  a  disso- 
nant interval.  C'yc. 

TRITOX'YD,  71.  [Gr.  rpcfoj,  third,  and 
oryd.] 

In  ciiimistni,  a  substance  oxydizcd  in  the 
third  degree.  Thomson. 

TRITTR.ABLE,  a.  [See  Ti-iturak.]  Ca- 
pable of  being  reduced  to  a  fine  powder 
by  pounding,  rubbing  or  grinding. 

Sroi*n. 

TRITURATE,  v.  I.  [L.  trittiro,  from  Iritus, 
tcro,  to  wear.] 

To  rub  or  grind  to  ,i  very  fine  ])owdcr,  and 
properly  to  a  liner  ]iowder  than  that  made 
liv  imlverization. 

TRIT  I'RATED,  jyp.  Reduced   to   a   very 

I     fine  powder. 

TRITURATING,  ppr.  Grinding  or  reduc- 

!     ing  to  a  very  fine  powder. 

iTRITURA  TION.  71.  The  act  of  reducing 

j     to  a  fine  powder  by  grinding. 

jTRITURE,    7!.    A    rubbing    or    grinding. 

!     [Xot  u.<:ed.]  Cheynt. 

TRITU'RH '!»,  II.  A  vessel  for  separating 
liquors  of  diriiereiit  densities. 


trisyllable;  consisting  of  three   syllables  ;ixRI'UMPlI,  n.  [Fi.  triomphe;    It.  trionfo ; 


Sp. /ni(7i/b  ;  h.  trium)ihus  ;  Gr. 'JptauSos.] 
I.  Among  the  ancient    Romans,  a  pompous 
ceremony  performed  in  honor  of  11  victo- 
rious general,  who  was  allowed   to  enter 


T  R  I 


T  R  O 


T  R  O 


tho  city  crowned,  originally  with  laurel, 
hut  in  later  times  with  gold,  bearing  a 
truncheon  in  one  hand  and  a  branch  of 
laurel  in  the  other,  riding  in  a  chariot 
(hawn  by  two  white  horses,  and  followed 
by  the  kings,  princes  and  generals  whom 
ho  had  vanquished,  loaded  with  chains 
and  insulted  by  mimics  and  buffoons.  The 
I  rimnph  was  of  two  kinds,  the  greater  and 
the  less.  The  lesser  triumph  was  granted 
for  a  victory  over  enemies  of  less  consid- 
erable power,  and  was  called  an  ovation. 
~.  State  of  being  victorious. 

Heicules  iroin  Spain 
AiTiv"d  in  triumph,  from  Geiyon  slain. 

Dryden. 
o.  Victory ;  conquest. 

The    vain     coquets    the    trifling    triumphs 
boast.  Logic. 

•1.  Joy  or  exultation  for  success. 

Great  triumph  and  rejoicing  was  in  heav'n. 

Milton. 
■i.  A  card  that  takes  all  others ;  now  written 

trump,  which  see. 
TRI'UMPH,  V.  I.  To  celebrate  victory  with 
pomp  ;  to  rejoice  for  victory. 

How  long  shall  the  wicked  triumph  ?     Ps. 
xciv. 

2.  To  obtain  victory. 

There  fix   thy  faith,   and  triumph  o'er   the 
world.  Rowe. 

Attir'd  with  stars,  we  shall  forever  sit 
Triumphing  over  death.  Milton. 

3.  To  insult  upon  an  advantage  gained. 

Let  not  my  enemies  triumph  over  me.     Ps. 
sxv. 

Sorrow  on  all  the  pack  of  you 

That  triumph  thus  upon  my  uiisery.       Shale. 

4.  To  be  prosperous  ;  to  flourish. 

Where  commerce  triumph'd  on  tlie  favoring 
gales.  Trumbull. 

To  triumph  over,  to  succeed  in  overcoming  ; 
to  surmount ;  as,   to  triumph  over  all  ob 

TRIUMPH'AL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  triumpha 

lis.] 
Pertaining  to  triumph  ;  used  in  a  triumph 

as  a  triumphal  crown  or  car  ;  a  triumphal 

arch.  Pope.     Sioift. 

TRIUMPH'AL,  n.  A  token  of  victory. 

Milton. 
TRIUMPH'ANT,  a.  [L.  iriumphans.]    Cel 

ebrating  victory  ;  as  a  triumphant  chariot. 

Soxith. 

2.  Rejoicing  as  for  victory. 

Successful  beyond  hope  to  lead  you  forth 
Triumphant  out  of  tJiis  infernal  pit.     Milton. 

3.  Victorious  ;  graced  with  conquest. 

So  shall  it  be  in  the  church  triumphant. 

Perkins. 
Athena,  war's  triumphant  maid —        Pope. 

4.  Celebrating   victory ;  expressing  joy  for 
success  ;  as  a  triumphant  song. 

TRIUMPH'ANTLY,  adv.    In  a  triumphant 
manner  ;  with  the  joy  and  exultation  that 
proceeds  from  victory  or  success. 
Through  armed  ranks  triumphantly  she  drives 

Granville. 

2.  Victoriously  ;  with  success. 

Triumphantly  tread  on  thy  country's  ruin. 

Shak. 

3.  With  insolent  exultation.  South. 
TRI'IIMPHER,  n.    One  who  triumphs  or 

rejoices  for  victory  ;  one  who  vanquishes. 

2.  One  who  was  honored  with  a  triumph  in 

Rome.  Ptachdm. 


TRI'UMPHING,  ppr.  Celebrating  victory 
with  pomp ;  vanquishing  ;  rejoicing  for 
victory  ;  insulting  on  an  advantage. 

TRI'UMVIR,  n.  [L.  tres,  three,  and  vir,  man.] 
One  of  three  men  united  in  ofiice.  The 
triumvirs,  L.  triumviri,  of  Rome,  were 
three  men  who  jointly  obtained  the  sove-j 
reign  power  in  Rome.  The  first  of  these 
were  Cesar,  Crassus  and  Pompey. 

iTRIUM'VIRATE,  n.  A  coalition  of  three] 
men;  particularly,  the  union  of  three  men 
who  obtained  the  government  of  the  Ro- 
man empire. 

2.  Government  by  three  men  in  coalition. 

TRI'UNE,  a.  [h.  tres  and  unus.]  Three  in 
one;  an  epithet  applied  to  God,  to  e.\press 
the  unity  of  the  Godhead  in  a  trinity  of 
persons.  Cyc. 

TRIV  NITY,  >i.  Trinitv.     [JVct  used.] 

TRIV'ANT,  n.  A  truant.  Burton: 

TRIVALV'ULAR,  a.  Three-valved  ;  hav- 
ing three  valves. 

TRiVERB'IAL,  a.  [L.  triverbium.]  Triver- 
bial  days,  in  the  Roman  calendar,  were 
juridical  or  court  days,  days  allowed  to 
the  pretor  for  hearing  causes  ;  called  also 
dies  fasti.  There  were  only  twenty  eight 
in  the  year.  Cyc. 

TRIVET,  n.  A  three  legged  stool.  [See 
Trevet.] 

TRIVIAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  fm'iofe ;  proba- 
bly from  Gr.  rpiSu,  L.  tero,  Irivi,  to  wear, 
or  from  trivixim,  a  highway.]  | 

1.  Trifling ;  of  little  worth  or  importance  ;! 
inconsiderable ;  as  a  trivial  subject ;  a' 
trivial  affair.  Dryden.     Pope. 

2.  Worthless  ;  vulgar.  Roscommon. 
Trivial  name,  in  natural  history,  the  common; 

name  for  the  species,  which  added  to  the 
generic  name  forms  the  complete  denom-' 
ination  of  the  species;  the  specific  name. 
Thus  in  Lathyrus  aphaca,  Lathyrus  is  the 
generic  name,  and  aphaca  the  trivial  or 
specific  name,  and  the  two  combined  forml 
the  complete  denomination  of  the  species.] 
Linne  at  first  applied  the  term  specifia 
name  to  the  essential  character  of  the  spe-1 
cies,  now  called  the  specijic  definition  or 
difference ;  but  it  is  now  applied  solely  to 
the  trivial  name.  Martyn.     Cyc. 

TRIVIALITY,  n.  Trivialiiess.  [Not  much 
used.] 

TRIVIALLY,  adv.   Commonly ;   vulgarly. 

2.  Lightly;  inconsiderably;  in  a  trifling  de- 
gree. 

TRIVIALNESS,  n.  Commonness. 

2.  Lightness ;  luiimportance. 

TROAT,  V.  i.  To  cry,  as  a  buck  in  rutting 
time.  Did. 

TROAT,  n.  The  cry  of  a  buck  in  rutting 
time. 

TRO'CAR,  n.  [Fr.  un  Irois  quart,  express- 
ive of  its  triangular  point.] 

A  surgical  instrument  for  tapping  dropsical 
persons  and  the  like. 

rRO€HA'I€,        I        [See  Trochee.]  In  po- 

TRO€HA'l€AL,  \  ""  etry,  consisting  of  tro- 
chees ;  as  trochaic  measure  or  verse. 

TROCHANTER,  n.  [Gr.  7-po;tarri7p.]  In 
anatomy,  the  trochanters  are  two  pro- 
cesses of  the  thigh  bone,  called  major  and 
minor,  the  major  on  the  outside,  aiul  the 
minor  on  the  inside.  Coxe.     Cyc. 

TRO'CIIE,  ji.  [Gr.  rpoj:o«,  a  wheel.]  A  foini 
of  medicine  in  a  cake  or  tablet,  or  a  stilVj 
Iiaste  cut  into  proper  portions  and  dried.' 


It  is  made  by  mixing  the  medicine  with 
;  sugar  and  the  mucilage  of  gum  traga- 
!  canth,  intended  to  be  gradually  dissolved 
in  ;hc  mouth  and  .slowly  swallowed,  as  a 
j  demulcent  to  sheath  the  ciJigloltis,  and  as 
1  a  remedy  for  the  bronchocele. 
TRO'CHEE,  n.   \lj.  trochirus ;  Gr.  tpoxaio;, 

from  •fpf;no.] 
In  verse,  a  foot  of  two  syllables,  the  first  long 

and  t!ie  second  short. 
TROClIIL'IC,    a.    Having  power  to  draw 
j     out  or  turn  round. 

TRO€HlL'Iefi,  ii.  [Gr.  ffozo.m,  from 
I  rpfj;w;  I,,  trochilus.]  The  science  of  ro- 
tary motion. 
TRO'CHILUS,  ?  ^  [L.  Irochilus;  Gr.  rpo- 
TRO'eHIL,  5  ■  ;);i?.o;,  from  ■tfiz<^,  to 
run.] 

1.  An  aquatic  bird,  a  swift  rtinner,  with  long 
legs,  which  is  said  to  get  its  meat  out  of 
the  crocodile's  mouth.  "  Ainsuorth. 

2.  A  name  given  to  tho  golden  crowned 
wren.  Cyc. 

.3.  In  zoology,  the  humming  bird  or  honey- 
sucker,  a  kind  of  beautiful  little  birds,  na- 
tives of  America.  Cue. 

4.  In  architecture,  a  hollow  ring  round  a  col- 
umn ;  called  also  scotia,  and  by  workmen, 
the  casement.  Cue 

TRO'€HINGS,  n.  The  small  branches  otJ 
the  top  of  a  deer's  head.  Cyc 

TRO'eHISCH,«.  [Gr.  Tpo;,;«!xoj.]  A  kind  of 
tablet  or  lozenire.  Bacon 

TRO'CHITE,  n.  [L.  irochus ;  Gt.  rpixo^,  lo 
run.] 

1.  In  natural  history,  a  kind  of  figured  fossil 
stone,  resembling  parts  of  plants,  called 
St.  Cuthbert's  beads.  These  stones  arc 
usually  of  a  bro^vnish  color ;  they  break 
like  spar,  and  are  easily  dissolved  in  vine- 
gar. Their  figure  is  generally  cylindrical, 
sometimes  a  little  tapering.  Tvvo,  three 
or  more  of  these  joined,  constitute  an  en- 
trochus.  Ciir, 

2.  Fossil  remains  of  the  shells  called  trochus 
TROCH'LEA,  n.  [L.  a  pulley,  from  Gr. 
I     rpfj^u,  to  run.] 

|A  pulley-like  cartilage,  through  which  the 
I     tendon  of  the  trochleary  muscle  passes. 
1  Coxe.     Parr. 

TROCH'LEARY,  a.  [from  L.irocklea.]  Per- 
taining to  the  trochlea;  as  the  trochleary 

I  muscle,  the  superior  oblique  muscle  of  the 
j  eye;  the  trochleary  nerve,  the  pathetic 
I  nerve,  which  goes  to  that  muscle.  Parr. 
TROCHOID,  n.  [Gr.  rpo^^of,  L.  irockus, 
j  from  tpixu,  to  run,  ;ind  fiSo;.] 
In  geometry,  a  curve  generated  by  the  mo- 
I     tion  of  a  wheel ;  the  cycloid.  Cyc. 

iTROD,  pret.  of  tread. 
;TROD,  ;         f,      . 

TRODDEN,  \PP-^f tread. 

Jerusalem  shall  be  trodden  down  by  the  Gen- 
tiles.    Luke  x.\i. 

THOTiE,  old  pret.  o{  tread. 

TRODE,  n.  Tread  ;  footing.   Obs.    Spenser. 

TROGLODYTE,  n.  [Gr.  rp«y?t>7,  a  cavern, 
and  6vu),  to  enter.] 

Till!  Troglodytes  were  a  people  of  Ethiopia, 
represented  by  the  ancients  as  living  in 
caves,  about  whom  we  have  many  fables. 

Cyc. 

TROLL,  V.  t.  [G.  trollen  ;  W.  trnliaw,  to 
troll,  to  roll  ;  iroelli,  to  turn,  wheel  or 
whirl;  trocll,  a  wheel,  a  reel;  /ro/,  a  roller 
It  is  probably  formed  on  roll.] 


T  R  O 


T  R  O 


T  R  O 


To  move  in  a  circular  direction  ;  to  roll ;  to 
move  volubly  ;  to  turn  ;  to  drive  about. 
Tliey   l.;ara   to   roll    the  eye,   and   troll  llie 

tongue. 
Troll  about  the  bridal  bowl.  B.  Jonaon. 

TROLL,  V.  i.  To  roll;  to  run  about;  bm,  to 
troll  iu  a  eonc-li  and  six.  Swift. 

3.  Ariioiifj  atifrlers,  to  fish  for  pikes  with  a 
rod  wJKJ.se  line  runs  on  a  wheel  or  pulley. 

Ga;/.     Cyc. 

TROLLKI),  pp.  Rolled;  turned  about. 

TROLLINti, /<pr.  Rolling;  turning;  driving 
about  ;  fiHJiing  with  a  rod  and  reel. 

TROL'LOP,  11.  [G.  Irolk  ;  from  troll,  stroll- 
ing.] 

A  stroller;  a  loiterer;  a  woman  loosely 
dressed  ;  a  slattern.  Milton. 

TR*>LLOPEE',  n.  Forinerly,  a  loose  dress 
fi.r  I'eniales.      06s.  Goldsmith. 

TROL'My DAMES,  ji.  [Vr.  Irou-madame.] 
Till'  ga/iie  ofnine-licdts.  Sli.nk. 

TROMP,  11.  [See  TrumiiH.]  A  blowing  ina- 
cliine  formed  of  a  hollow  tree,  used  in  fur- 
naces. 

TROMP'IL,  n.  An  aperture  in  a  tromp. 

TRO.N'AUK,  >i.  Formerly,  a  toll  or  duty  paid 
lijr  weighing  wool.  Ci/c. 

TRONA'TOR,  II.  An  officer  in  London, 
whose  business  was  to  weigh  wool. 

TRON'CO,  n.  [L.  Irunrus.]  A  term  in  Italian 
music,  (lirc<'ting  a  note  or  sound  to  be  rut 
short,  or  just  uttered  and  then  discontin- 
ued. Cyc. 

TRONE,  11.  A  provincial  word  in  some 
parrs  .>!'  England  for  a  small  drain.      Ctjc. 

TROOP,  n.  [Fr.  Iroitpt  ;  It.  Iruppa ;  Sp. 
Piiit.  Irnra  ;  Dan.  D.  Irop;  (i.  Irupp  ;  Sw. 
Iropp.  The  Gaelii-  Iritpun,  a  bunch  or  clus- 
ter, is  probably  the  sHine  word.  The  sense 
is  a  crowd,  or  a  moving  crowd.] 

1.  A  collection  of  people  ;  a  company  ;  a 
number  ;  a  multitude.  Gen.  xlix.  3  Sam. 
xxiii.    llos  vii. 

That  which  should  accompany  old  age. 

As  honor,  love,  obedience,  troops  of  friends, 

1  must  not  look  to  have.  Shak. 

2.  A  body  of  soldiers.  But  applied  to  in- 
fantry, it  is  now  used  in  the  plural,  troops, 
and  this  word  signifies  si)ldiers  in  general, 
whether  more  or  less  numerous,  including 
infantry,  cav.nh y  and  artillery.  We  a|)ply 
the  word  to  a  company,  a  regiment  or  an 
army.  The  captain  ordered  his  lioops  to 
halt;  the  cohuiel  commanded  liis  iroo/Ai  tn 
wheel  and  take  a  position  on  theflaidi;^ 
the  general  ordered  his  troops  to  attack  :; 
the  troops  of  France  amounted  to  400,000 
men. 

3.  Troop,  in  the  singular,  a  sinall  body  or 
company  of  cavalry,  light  horse  or  dra- 
goons, commandeil  by  a  captain. 

•1.  A  company  of  stage-players. 

Core's  Russ. 
TROOP,  V.  i.  To  collect  in  numbers. 
Armies  at  the  call  of  trumpet. 
Troop  In  their  standard.  Milton. 

2.  Ti'  march  in  a  body. 

I  do  not,  as  an  enemy  to  peace, 
T.iup  in  the  thrones  of  militaiy  men. 

Shak 

3.  To  march  in  ha-ste  or  in  company. 

Shak.     Chapman. 
TROOP' ER,  n.  A  private  or  soldier  in  a  body 

of  cavalry  ;  a  horse  .soldier. 
TROOP'ING,  ppr.    Moviug  together  in  a 

crowd  ;  marching  in  a  body. 

Yol.  11. 


TROPE,  n.  [L.  Iropus  ;  Or.  i-poxof,  from 
Tfjfnu,  to  turn  ;  VV.  (roi'O,  a  turn,  a  tropic  ; 
trovdu,  to  turn.) 

In  rhetoric,  a  word  or  expression  used  in 
different  sense  from  that  whi<di  it  properly 
signifies;  or  a  word  changed  from  its 
original  signification  to  another,  for  the 
sake  of  giving  lili;  or  emphasis  to  an  iilea, 
as  when  we  call  a  stupid  fellow  an  ass,  or 
a  shrewd  man  a  fox. 

Tropes  are  chiefly  of  four  kinds,  meta- 
|)hor,  metonymy,  synecdoche,  and  irony. 
Some  aothors  make  flgme  the  genus,  of 
which  trope  is  a  species;  others  make 
them  different  things,  defining  trope  to  be 
a  change  of  sense,  and  figure  to  be  any 
ornament,  except  what  becomes  so  by 
such  change. 

TRO'PHIED,  a.  [from  trophy.]  Adorned 
with  trophies. 

. — The  trophied  arches,  storied  halls  invade. 

Pope. 

TRO'PIIY,  n.  [L.tropcrum;  Or.  fpoftotoe ;  Fr. 
trophic;  Sp   It.  trofeo.] 

1.  Among  the  ancients,  a  pile  of  arms  taken 
from  a  vanquished  enemy,  raised  on  the 
field  of  battle  by  the  conrpierors;  also,  the 
rei>resentation  of  such  a  pile  in  marble,  <in 
medals  and  the  like  ;  or  according  to  oth- 
ers, trophies  were  trees  planted  in  con- 
spicuous places  of  the  conquered  provin- 
ces, and  hung  with  the  spoils  of  the  ene- 
my, in  memory  of  the  victory.  Hence, 
Any  thing  taken  and  preserved  as  a  me- 
morial of  victory,  as  arms,  flags,  standards 
and  the  like,  taken  from  an  enemy. 

Around  the   posts  hung  helmets,  darts  and 

spears, 
And  captive  chariots,  axes,  shields  and  bars, 
And  broken  beaks  of  ships,  the  trophies  of 
their  wars.  Dryden. 

3.  In  architecture,  an  ornainent  representing 
the  stem  of  a  tree,  charged  or  encompass- 
ed with  arms  and  military  weapons,  oflen- 
sive  and  defensive.  Cyc. 

Something  that  is   evidence  of  victory  ; 
memorial  of  conquest.  J 

Present  every  hearer  to  Christ  as  a  trophy  of 
grace. 

TRO'PIIY-MoNEY,  n.  A  duty  paid  in 
England  annually  by  house-keepers,  to- 
wards providing  harness,  drums,  colors, 
&c.  for  the  militia.  Cyc. 

TROP'  l€,  n.  [Fr.  tropique  ;  L.  tropicus ;  from 
the  Gr.  -rponjj,  a  turning;  -rptrtu,  to  turn.] 

1.  In  astronomy,  a  circle  of  the  sphere  drawn 
through  a  solstitial  point,  parallel  to  the 
equator;  or  the  line  whicli  bounds  the 
sun's  declination  from  the  equator,  north 
or  south.  This  declination  is  twenty-three 
degrees  and  a  half  nearly.  There  are 
two  tropics ;  the  tropic  of  Cancer,  on  the 
north  of  the  equator,  and  the  tropic  of 
Capricorn  on  the  south. 

Tropics,  in  geography,  are  two  lesser  cir- 
cles of  the  globe,  drawn  parallel  to  the 
equator  through  the  beginning  of  Cancer 
and  of  Capricorn. 
TROP'lCAI^,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  tropics ; 
being  within  the  tropics  ;  as  tropical  cli- 
mates; tropical  latitudes;  tropical  heat; 
tropical  winds. 

2.  Incident  to  the  tropics  ;  as  tropical  dis 
eases. 

3.  [from  trope.]  Figurative  ;  rhetorically 
changed  from  its  proper  or  original  sense. 

98 


The  foundation  of  all  parables  is  some  analo- 
gy or  similitude  between  the  tropical  or  allu- 
sive part  oi  the  parable,  and  the  thing  intended 
by  it.  South. 

Tropical  writing  or  hieroglyphic,  is  such  as 
represents  a  thing  by  qualities  which  re- 
semble it.  ff'arbtirton. 

THOI'ICALLY,  adv.  In  a  tropical  or  fig- 
urative manner.  EnfeU. 

TROPIC  BIRD,  JI.  An  aquatic  fowl  of  the 
genus  Phaeton,  with  a  long  slender  tail 
and  remarkable  powers  of  flight. 

Ed.  Encyc. 

TRO'PIST,  n.  [from /rope]  One  who  ex- 
plains the  Scriptures  by  trrqies  and  figures 
of  speech  ;  one  who  deals  in  tropes. 

TROPOLOti  ICAL,  a.  [Sec  Tropology.] 
Varied  by  tropes  ;  changed  from  the  orig- 
inal import  of  the  words. 

TROPOl.  OfiY,  n.  [Gr.  rportoj,  trope,  and 
Xoyoj,  iliscour.se.] 

A  rhetorical  mode  ofspeech,  including  tropes, 
or  change  from  the  original  import  of  the 
word.  Broipn. 

TROSS'ERS,  n.  Trowscrs.  [jVoi  used.] 
[See  IVowsers.]  Shak. 

TROT,  V.  i.  [Fr.  trotter;  G.  trotlen,  to  trot, 
to  tread  ;  It.  trotlare ;  Sp.  Port,  trotar ;  al- 
lied probably  to  tread  and  to  .itnU.] 

1.  To  move  faster  than  in  walking,  as  a 
horse  or  other  quadruped,  by  lifting  one 
fore  foot  and  the  hind  foot  of  the  opposite 
side  at  the  same  time.  Cyc. 

2.  To  walk  or  move  fast  ;  or  to  run. 

He  that  rises  late  must  trot  all  day,  and  will 
scarcely  overtake  his  business  at  night. 

Franklin. 

TROT,  n.  The  pace  of  a  horse  or  other 
(juadruped,  when  he  lifts  one  fore  foot  and 
the  hind  foot  of  the  opposite  side  at  the 
same  time.  This  pace  is  the  same  as  that 
of  a  walk,  but  more  rapid.  The  trot  is 
oOen  a  jolting  hard  motion,  but  in  some 
horses,  it  is  as  easy  as  the  amble  or  pace, 
and  has  a  more  stately  appearance. 

2.  An  old  woman  ;  in  contempt. 

TROTH.  71.  [Sax. /reoM« ;  the  old  orthog- 
raphy of  <ruM.     See  Trtith.] 

1.  Belief;  faith;  fidelity  ;  as,  to  plight  one's 
troth.     Obs.  Shak. 

2.  Truth  ;  verity  ;  veracity  ;  as  in  troth  ;  by 
my  troth.     Obs. 

TROTH'LESS,  a.  Faithless;  treacherous. 
Obs.  Fairfax. 

TROTH'-PLIGHT,  v.  t.  To  betroth  or  af- 
fiance.    Obs. 

TROTH'-PLIGHT,  a.  Betrothed ;  espous- 

1     ed ;  affianced.     Obs.  Shak. 

'troth -PLIGHT,  n.  The  act  of  betroth- 
ing or  plighting  faith. 

TROTTER,  n.  A  beast  that  trols,  or  that 
usually  trots. 

2.   A  sheep's  foot. 

TROTTING,  ppr.  !\Ioving  with  a  trot; 
walking  fast,  or  running. 

TROUBLE,  v.t.  trub't.  [Fr.  trouhler ;  It. 
turbare  ;  Sp.  Port,  turbar  ;  L.  turbo  ;  Gae- 
lic, treabhlaim.  which  seems  to  be  con- 
nected with  Ircnbham,  to  plow,  that  is,  to 
turn  or  to  stir,  W.  <orca,  L.  lurba,  a 
crowd,  and  perhaps  trova,  a  turn  ;  Gr. 
rpr rtu.  The  primary  sense  is  to  turn  or  to 
stir,  to  whirl  about,  as  in  h.turbo,  turbinis, 
a  whirlwind.  Hence  the  sense  of  agita- 
tion, disturbance.] 


T  R  O 


T  R  O 


T  R  U 


1.  To  agitate;  to  disturb;  to  put  into  con- 
fused motion. 

God  looking  forth  will  trovhle  all  his  host. 

jyrdton. 
An  angel  went  down  at  a  certain  season  into 
the  pool,  and  troubled  the  water.     Johnv. 

2.  To  disturb  ;  to  perplex. 

Never  trouble  yourself   about    those  faults 
which  age  will  cure.  Locke 

3.  To  afflict;  to  grieve  ;  to  distress. 

Those  that  trouble  me,  rejoice  when  I  am 
moved.     Ps.  xiii. 

4.  To  busy ;  to  cause  to  be  much  engaged 
or  anxious. 

Martha,  thou  art  careful,  and  troubled  about 
many  things.    Luke  x. 

5.  To  tease  ;  to  vex  ;  to  molest. 

The  boy  so  troubles  me, 
'Tis  past  enduring.  Shak. 

(3.  To  give  occasion  for  labor  to.  I  will  not 
trouble  you  to  deliver  the  letter.  I  will  not 
trouble  myself  in  this  affair. 

7.  To  sue  for  a  debt.  He  wishes  not  to 
trouble  his  debtors. 

TROUBLE,  n.  trub'l.  Disturbance  of  mind  ; 
agitation;  comuiniion  of  spirits  ;  perplex- 
ity ;  a  toord  of  very  extensive  application. 

2.  Affliction  ;  calamity. 

He  shall  deliver  thee  in  six  troubles.    Job  v. 
Redeem  Israel,  0  God,  out  of  all  his  troubles. 

Ps.  XXV. 

3.  Molestation  ;  inconvenience ;  annoyance. 

Lest  the  fiend  some  new  trouble  raise. 

Milton. 

4.  Uneasiness  ;  vexation.  Milton. 

5.  That  which  gives  disturbance,  annoyance 
or  vexation  ;  that  vvliich  afHic;ts. 

TROUBLED,  pp.  irub'ld.  Disturbed  ;  ag- 
itated ;  afflicted;  annoyed;  molested. 

TROUBLER,  n.  trub'ter.'One  who  disturbs  ; 
one  who  afflicts  or  molests ;  a  disturber ; 
as  a  troubler  of  the  peace. 

The  rich  troublers  of  the  world's  repose. 

Walter 

TROUBLESOME,  a.  trub'lsome.  Giving 
trouble  or  disturbance;  molesting;  an- 
noying ;  vexatious.  In  warm  climates,  in- 
sects are  very  troublesome. 

2.  Burdensome";  tiresome  ;  wearisome. 

My  motlier  will  never  be  troublesome  to  me. 

Pope. 

3.  Giving  inconvenience  to.  I  wish  not  to  be 
troublesome  as  a  guest. 

4.  Teasing ;  importunate ;  as  a  troublesome 
applicant. 

TROUBLESOMELY,  adv.  trub'lsomely.  Ii 
a  manner  or  degree  to  give  trouble  ;  vex 
ationsly. 

TROUBLESOMENESS,  n.  trub'lsomeness. 

1.  Vcxationsness  ;  the  quality  of  giving 
trouble  or  of  molesting.  Bacon. 

2.  Unseasonable  intrusion  ;  importunity. 
TROUBLE-STATE,  n.  A  disturber  of  the 

community.     [J\'ot  used.] 
TROUBLliNG,  ppr.  trub'ling.    Disturbing 
agitating  ;  molesting  ;   annoying  ;   afflict- 
ing. 
TROU'BLING,  n.  trub'ling.  The  act  of  dis- 
turbing or  putting  in  connnotion.    John  v. 
2.  The  act  of  afflicting. 
TROUBLOUS,    a.    trub'lus.    Agitated ;  tu- 
multuous;  full  of  connnotion. 
A  tall  ship  loss'd  in  troublous  seas. 

Spenser 

2.  Full  of  trouble  or  disorder;  tumultuous; 

full  of affli<tiiin. 

The  ^lrel•t    hall  lie  built  again,  and  the  wall, 
even  ia  truublutia  times.    Dau.  ix. 


TROUGH,  n.  travf.  [Sax.  D.  G.  trog;  Dan. 
trug ;  It.  truogo.] 

1.  A  vessel  hollow  longitudinally,  or  a  large 
log  or  piece  of  timber  excavated  longitu- 
dinally on  the  upper  side ;  used  for  vari- 
ous purposes. 

2.  A  tray.  [This  is  the  same  ivord  dialectical- 
ly  altered.] 

3.  A  canoe ;  the  rude  boat  of  uncivilized 
men.  Abbot. 

4.  The  channel  that  conveys  water,  as  in 
mills. 

The  trough  of  the  sea,  the  hollow  between 

waves. 
TROUL,  for  troll.     [See  Troll.] 
TROUNCE,  V.  I.  Irouns.  [Qu.  Fr.  ironron, 

tronconner.] 
To  i)unish,  or  to  beat  severely.  [A  low  word.] 
TROUSE,  n.  trooz.  [See  Trousers.]  A  kuid 

of  trowsers  worn  by  children. 
TROUT,  n.  [Sax.  truht ;  Fr.  truite  ;  It.  trota  ; 

D.  truit ;  L.  Irulta  ;  Sp.  Irucha.     Trout  is 

contracted  from  trocta.] 
A  river  fish  of  the  geiuis  Salmo,  variegated 

with  spots,  and  esteemed  as  most  delicate 

food. 
TROUT'-COLORED,  a.  White  with  spots 

of  black,  bay  or  sorrel ;  as  a  trout-colored 

horse. 
TROUT'-FISIIING,    n.    The    fishing   for 

trouts. 
TROUT'-STREAM,  n.  A  stream  in  which 

trout  breed. 
TRO' V  EK,  n.  [Fr.  trouver,  It.  trovare,  to  find  ; 

Sw.    trajf'ii,    to    hit ;  Dan.  triffer,   to    meet 

witli  ;  traj",  an  accident ;  D.  G.  treffen,  lo 

meet,  to  hit.]     Trover  is  properly  the  find- 
ing of  any  thing.     Hence, 

1.  In  law,  the  gaining  possession  of  any 
goods,  whether  by  finding  or  by  other 
means. 

2.  An  action  which  a  man  has  againsi  an 
other  who  has  found  or  obtanied  pusse.-- 
sion  of  any  of  his  goods,  and  who  refuses 
to  deliver  them  on  demand.  This  is  called 
an  action  o{  trover  SlwA  conversion.  In  this 
case,  the  trover  or  finding  is  an  immateri- 
al fact,  but  the  plaintif  must  prove  his  owi 
property,  and  the  posse-^sion  and  conver 
sion  of  the  goods  by  the  defendant. 

Blachstone. 

TROW,  V.  i.  [Sax.  treowian,  treouan,  lo  hi 
lieve,  to  trust ;  G.  traiten  :  Sw.  tro ;  Dan. 
troer ;  contracted  from   trogan,   and   coin- 
ciding with  the  root  of  truth.     See  True.] 

To  believe  ;  to  trust;  to  think  or  suppose 
Obs.  Spenser.     Hooker. 

TROW,  is  used  in  the  imperative,  as  a  word 
of  inquiry.    What  means  the  fool,  trow'? 

TROW' EL,  »i.  [Fr.  truelle  ;  L.  tndla ;  D 
trojfel.  Qu.  D.  G.  treffen,  to  hit,  to  strike 
hence  to  put  on.] 

1.  A  mason's  tool,  used  in  spreading  and 
dressing  mortar,  and  breaking  bricks  to 
shape  them. 

2.  A  gardener's  tool,  somewhat  like  a  trow- 
el, made  of  iron  and  scooped  ;  used  in 
taking  up  jilants  and  for  other  purposes. 

Ciic. 
TROVVS'ERS,  n.  plu.   s  ns  z.  [Gaelic,  (nu- 

s/in  ;  Fr.  trousse,   a    truss,  a  hiindle;  VV 

invs,  a  garment  that  covers  ;  irousv,  dress  ; 

trwsd,  a  truss,  a  packet;  trusiaw,  to  dress  ; 

(J.ichc.  trusam,  to  gird  or  truss  up.] 
A  loose  garment  worn  by  males,  extending 


from  the  waist  to  the  knee  or  to  the  an- 
kle, and  covering  the  lower  limbs. 

TKOY,  >        [said  to  have  been 

TROY-WtlGHT,  S  "'  named  from  T;oi/es, 
in  France,  where  it  was  first  adopteil  in 
Europe.  The  troy  ounce  is  supposed  lo 
have  been  brought  from  Cairo  during  the 
crusades.  Some  persons  however  say 
that  the  original  name  was  tron.] 

The  weight  by  which  gold  and  silver,  jew- 
els, &.C.  are  weighed.  In  this  weight,  20 
grains  :=  a  scruple,  3  scruples  =  a  dram, 
8  drams  =  an  ounce,  and  12  ounces  =  one 
pound. 

TRUANT,  a.  [Fr.  truand.]  Idle;  wander- 
ing from  business  ;  loitering  ;  as  a  truant 
boy. 

While  truant  Jove,  in  infant  pride, 
Play'd  barefoot  on  Olympus'  side. 

Trumbull. 

TRU'ANT,  71.  An  idler ;  an  idle  boy. 

Dry  den. 

TRU'ANT,  V.  i.  To  idle  away  time  ;  to  loit- 
er or  be  absent  from  employment.     Shak. 

TRU'ANTLY,  adv.  Like  a  truant;  in  idle- 
ness. 

TRU'ANTSHIP,  n.  Idleness;  neglect  of 
eniplo)nient.  Jischnm. 

TRUBS.  n.  An  herb.  Mnsworth. 

TRUB'TAIL,  Ji.  A  short  squat  woman. 
Obs.  Aiiisworlh. 

TRUCE,  7!.  [Goth,  triggwa  ;  It.  tregua  ; 
Nonii.  trewe  ;  Ive.trigU;  C\ti\\ir\c,  trugth; 
properly  a  league  or  jiact,  from  the  rr  ot 
of  trick,  to  make  fast,  lo  fold.     See  True.] 

1.  In  war,  a  suspension  of  anus  by  ai;ree- 
ment  of  the  conmiaiKlers ;  a  temporary 
cessation  of  hostilities,  either  for  negotia- 
tion or  other  purpose. 

2.  Intermission  of  action,  pain  or  contest ; 
temporary  cessation;  short  quiet. 

There  he  may  find 
Truce  to  his  restless  thoughts.  Milton. 

TRU'CE-BREAKER,  ?j.  [truce  and  breaker.] 
One  w  lio  violates  a  truce,  covenaut  or  eu- 
giifienieiit.     2  Tim.  iii. 

TRUCli'M.'^N,  n.  An  interpreter.  [See 
Driigoma  II. y 

PRUt  IDA'fiON,  Ji.  [L.  trucido,  to  kill.] 
The  act  of  killing. 

TRUCK.  1'.  i.  [Fr.  troquer ;  Sp.  Port,  /ro- 
tor; allied  probably  lo  W./ntc,  L. /roc/ius, 
a   round  thing,   Eng.   truck ;    Gr.  tpoxos, 

Tps^-co.] 

To  ex<liange  commodities  ;  to  barter.  Our 
traders  truck  willi  the  Indians,  giving  them 
whiskey  and  trinkets  for  skins.  [Truck,  is 
now  vulgar.] 

TRUCK,  v.  t.  To  exchange  ;  to  give  in  ex- 
change; to  barter;  as,  to  truck  knives  for 
gold  dust.     [Vulgar.]  Sici/L 

TRUCK,  )i.  Permutation  ;  exchange  "of 
commodities;  barter. 

2.  A  small  wooden  wheel  not  bound  with 
iron ;  a  cylinder. 

.3.  A  small  wheel ;  hence  trucks,  a  low  car- 
riage for  carrying  goods,  stone,  &c.  In- 
deed this  kind  of  carriage  is  often  called  a 
truck,  in  the  singular. 

TRUCK' AtiE,  ji.  The  practice  of  bartering 
goods.  Milton. 

TRUCKER,  J?.  One  who  trafficks  by  ex- 
chaiiiie  of  yoods. 

TRUCK'ING,  ppr.  Exchanging  goods;  bar- 
tering. 


T  R  U 

TRUCK'LE,  tt.  A  small  wheel  or  caster.     I 

Hudihras.' 
TRUCK'LE,  V.  i.  [dim.  of  truck.]    To  yield 

or  bemi  obsnqiiioiisly  to  the  will  ofanotli 

er ;    to  suhiriit  ;   to   creep.     Small  states 

must  truckle  to  large  ones. 

Roligion    itself  is   forced   to   truckle    with 

wo'l'ily  policy.  JVorris 

TRU(JK'LE-BEn,  n.  [truckle  and  bed.]     A 

bed  that  runs  on  wheels  and  niuy  be  push 

ed  under  another;  a  trundle-bed. 
TRUCK'l.ING,  ppr.  Yielding  obsequiously 

to  the  will  of  another. 
TRlJ'eULHNCE,    n.    [L.  truculentia,  from 

tnix,  tierce,  savage.] 

1.  Savageness   of  manners  ;  ferociousnsHs. 

2.  Terribleness  of  countenance. 
TRU'€ULENT,    a.    Fierce  ;   savage  ;  bar 

barous  ;    as  the   truculent   inhabitants   of] 
Scythia.  Bai/ 

2.  Of  a  ferocious  aspect. 

3.  Cruel;  destructive;  as  a  <rucuien<  plague 

i/(irre^. 
TRUDGE,  V.  i.  To  travel  on  foot.     The  fa- 
ther rode  ;  the  son  trudged  on  behind. 
2.  To  travel  or  march  witli  labor. 

— And  trudg'd  to  Rome  upon  luy  naked  feet. 

Dri/dcn. 

TRCE,  a.  [Sax.  treow,  Ireowe,  faithful,  and 
as  a  noun,  fiiilli,  trust ;  Sw.  tro ;  Dan.  trne  ; 
G.  treu ;  D.  truuii;  trust,  loyalty,  fidelity, 
faith  ;  trotiwen,  to  marry  ;  Goth,  trtirgus,' 
faitld'nl  ;  (n'ff^.OTi,  a  pact  or  league,  a  truce. 
This  is  the  real  orthography,  coinciding 
with  Sw  tri/.^ff.  Dan.  tnjg.  siife,  .secure, 
and  W.  triiriaw,  to  stay,  to  tarry,  to  dwell, 
that  is,  to  stop,  to  set.  The  primary  sense 
of  the  root  is  to  make  close  and  fast,  to 
set,  or  to  stretch,  strain,  and  thus  make 
straight  and  close.] 

1.  Conformable  to  fact;  being  in  accordance 
with  the  actual  state  of  things;  as  a  true 
relation  or  narration  ;  a  true  history.  .\ 
declaration  is  (rue,  when  it  states  the  facts. 
In  this  scns(!,  true  is  opposed  in  false. 

2.  Gi-nuine  ;  pure  ;  real  ;  not  counterfeit, 
axlulterated  or  false  ;  as  true  balsam;  the 
true  bark  ;  true  love  of  country  ;  a  true 
christian. 

— Tlie  true  linlit   which  lighteth  every  raan 
that  cometh  iuto  tlic  world.     John  i. 

3.  Faithful ;  steady  in  adhering  to  friends 
to  promises,  to  a  prince  or  to  the  state 
loyal;  not  false,  fickle  or  perhilious;  as  a 
true  friend  ;  a  true  lover  ;  a  tnan  true  to  his 
king,  true  to  his  country,  true  to  his  word 
a  Inishand  true  to  his  wili;  ;  a  wife  true  to 
her  husband  ;  a  servant  true  to  his  master; 
an  officer  true  to  his  charge. 

4.  Free  from  falsehood  ;  as  a  true  witness. 

5.  Honest;  not  fraudulent;  as  good  men  and 
true. 

If  king  Edward  be  as  true  and  just —    Shak. 
G.  Exact ;  right   to  precision  :  conformable 
to  a  ride  or  pattern  :  as  a  <rue  co[)y  ;  a  true 
lik-  ness  of  the  original. 

7.  S^raigiii  ;  right;  as  a  (nie  line;  the  true 
I  oursc  of  a  ship. 

8.  Noi  false  or  pretended  ;  real  ;  as,  Christ 
vvusthe  true  Messiah. 

9.  Rightful ;  as,  George  IV.  is  the  true  king 
of  Enjiland. 

TRfKBORN,  a.  [Inte  and  horn.']  Of  genu- 
ine birth;  having  a  right  by  birth  to  any 
title  ;  as  a  Iniebom  Englishnian.         Shak 


T  R  U 

TRllERRED,  a.  [true  andfcrerf.]  Of  a  gen- 
uine or  right  breed  ;  as  a  truebred  beast. 

Dryden. 
Being  of  genuine  breeding  or  education  ; 
as  a  truebred  gentleman. 

TROEHE  ARTED,    a.     [true   and   heart. 
Being  of  a  faithful  heart  ;  honest ;  sincere; 
not  faithless  or  deceitful ;  as  a  truehearted  3. 
friend. 

TRCEIIE-ARTEDNESS,  n.  Fidelity;  loy- 
alty ;  sincerity. 

TRCELOVE,  n.  [true  and  love.]  One  real- 
ly beloved. 

'2.  A  plant,  the  herb  Paris. 

TRfFELOVE-KNOT,    n.  [Qu.   is  not  this 
from  the  Dun.  trolover,  to  betroth,  to   pro 
mi.se  in  marriage  ;  troe,  true,  and  lover,  to 
promise;  the  knot   of  faithful  promise  or 
engagement] 

A  knot  composed  of  lines  united  with 
many  involutions :  the  emblem  of  inter- 
woven affection  or  engagements. 

TRCENESS,  n.  Faithfulness;  sincerity. 
Iteality  ;  genuineness. 
Exactness  ;  as  the  truene.i.i  of  a  line. 

TRCEPENNY,  n.  [true  and  penny.]  A  fa- 
miliar phrase  for  an  honest  fellow. 

Baron. 

TRUF'FLE,  n.  [Fr.   Iruffe  ;  Sp.  Irufa,   de- 
ceit, imposition,   and  trujjlis  ;  and   if  this 
vegetable  is  named  from  its  growth  under 
ground,  it  accords  with  It.  truffare,  to  de 
ceive.] 

A  subterraneous  vegetable  production,  or  a 
kind  of  nnishroom,  of  a  lleshy  fungous 
structure  and  roundish  fignre  ;  an  escu- 
lent substance,  much  esteemed.  It  is  of 
the  genus  Tuber.  Cyc. 

TRUF'FLE-VVORiM,  n.  A  worm  found  in 
truffles,  the  larva  of  a  fly.  Cijc. 

THUG,  ji.  A  hod.  This  is  our  trough  and 
tray;  the  original  |)ronunciation  being  re- 
tained in  some  parts  of  England.  The 
word  was  also  used  formerly  for  a  nieas 
ure  of  wheat,  as  mm-li,  I  suppose  as  was 
carried  in  a  trough ;  three  trugs  making 
two  bushels. 

TRU'ISM,  71.  [from  true.]  An  undoubted  or 
self-evident  truth. 

Trifling   truisms  clothed  in   great   swelling 
words  of  vanity —  /.  P.  Smith 

TRULL,    n.    [W.  troliauj,  to   troll  or   roll, 

whence  stroll ;  or  truliato,  to  drill,     (iu. 

Gr.  iiarfivrKr;.]  A  low  vagrant  .strumpet 
TRULLIZA'TION,  n.    [h.  Irullisso.]    The 

laying  of  strata  of  plaster  with  a  trowe 
TRU'LY,  adv.  [fromtrue.]  In  fact ;  in  deed; 

in  reality. 

2.  .\ccording  to  truth ;  in  agreement  with 
fact  ;  as,  to  see  things  truly  ;  the  facts  are 
truly  represented. 

3.  Sincerely  ;  honestly  ;  really  ;  faithfully  ; 
as,  to  be  truly  attached  to  a  lover.  The 
citizens  are  truly  loyal  to  their  prince  or 
their  comitry. 

4.  E.xacily  ;  justly  ;  as,  to  estimate  truly  the 
weight  of  evidence. 

TRUiMP,  n.  [It.  tromha  ;  Gaelic,  trompa. 
Sec  Trumpet.] 

L  A  lnmipet;a  wind  instrument  of  musif 
a   poetical  word   used   for  trumpet.     It  is 
seldom   usimI  in  prose,   in   conunon    dis- 
course; but  is  used  iti  Scripture,  where 
seems  peculiarly  appropriate  to  the  grand- 
eur of  the  subject. 


T  R  U 

At  the  last  trump ;  for  the  trumpet  shall  sound, 
and  the  dead  shall  be  raised.  1  Cor.  xv.  1 
Thess.  iv. 

[contracted  from  triumph.  It.  trion/o,  Fr. 
triomphc.]  A  winning  card  ;  one  of  the 
suit  of  cards  which  takes  any  of  the  other 
suits. 

An  old  game  with  cards. 
To  put  to  the  trumps,  t  to  reduce   to  the  last 
To  put  on  the  trumps,  \  expedient,  or  to  the 

utmost  exertion  of  power. 
TRUMP,  V.  t.  To  take  with  a  trump  card. 
2.  To  obtrude  ;  also,  to  deceive.  [Fr.  iromper.] 

[.\'ot  iii  use.] 
Tu  trump  up,  to  devise  ;  to  seek  and  collect 

from  every  quarter. 
TRU5IP,  V.  i.  To  blow  a  trumpet. 

iri'klijfe. 
TRUMP'ERY,    n.    [Fr.  tromperie.]    False- 
hood ;  empty  talk.  Raleigh. 
2.  Useless  matter;  things  worn  out  and  cast 
side. 

[This  is  the  sense  of  the  u-ord  in  .\'cw 
En  stand.] 
TRUMPET,  n.  [It.  tromba,  trombetta :  Sp. 
trompn,  trompeta  ;  Fr.  trompette ;  Gaelic, 
trompa,  trompaid  ;  G.  trompete  ;  D.  Sw. 
trompel;  Dan.  trompette;  Arm.  trompelt. 
The  radical  letters  and  the  origin  are  not 
ascertained.] 

A  wind  instrument  of  music,  used  chiefly 
in  war  and  military  exercises.  It  is  very 
iisefid  also  at  sea,  in  speaking  with  ships. 
There  is  a  speaking  trumpet,  and  a  hear- 
ing trumpet.  They  both  consist  of  long 
tubular  bodies,  nearly  in  the  form  of  a 
parabolic  conoid,  with  wide  mouths. 
The  Irumpcl's  louil  clangor 
Excites  us  to  arms.  Dryden. 

2.  In  the  military  style,  a  trumpeter. 

He  wisely   desired  that  a  trumpet  might  be 
first  sent  for  a  pass.  Clarendon. 

One  who  prai.ses  or  propagates  praise,  or 
is  the  instrument  of  [)ropagating  it.  A 
great  politician  was  pleased  to  be  the 
trumpet  of  his  prai.ses. 
TRUMP'ET,  V.  t.  To  publish  by  sound  of 
trumpet ;  also,  to  proclaim  ;  as,  to  trumpet 
good  tidings. 

They  did  nothing  but  publish  and  trumpet  all 
the  reproaches   they  could  devise  against  the 


Irish 
TRUMPETED, 

claimed. 
TRUMPETER, 

trumpet. 


pp. 


Bacon. 
Sounded  abroad ;  pro- 


One   who    sounds    a 
Drjjden. 

2.  One  who  proclaims,  publishes  or  denoun- 
ces. 

These  men  are  good  trumpeters.         Bacon. 

3.  A  bird,  a  variety  of  the  domestic  pigeon. 
Also,  a  bird  of  South  .Vmerica,  the  agami, 
of  the  gemis  Psophia,  about  the  size  of 
the  domestic  fowl  ;  so  called  from  its  ut- 
tering a  hollow  noise,  like  that  of  a  trump- 
et. C^c.     Ed.  Encyc. 

TRU.MP'ET-FISII,  n.  A  fish  of  the  genus 
Centriscus,  (C.  scolopax  ;)  called  also  the 
bellows  fish.  Cyc. 

TRUMPET-FLOWER,  n.  A  flower  of  the 
genus  Bignonia,  aiul  another  of  the  genus 
Lonicera.  Cyc. 

TRUMPET  HONEYSUCKLE,  n.  A  plant 
of  the  genus  Lonicera. 

TRUIMP  ETIXG,  ppr.  Blowing  the  trump 
et;  proclaiming. 


T  R  U 


T  R  U 


T  R  U 


TRUMP'ET-SHELL,  n.    The  harae  of  a 

genus  of  univalvular  shells,  of  the  form  of 

a  trumpet,  (Buccinum,  Linne.)  Cyc. 

TRUMP'ET-TONGUED,      a.     Having     a 

tongue  vociferous  as  a  trumpet.         Shak. 
TRUMP'LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a  trumpet. 

Chapman. 
TRUNCATE,  v.  t.    [L.  trunco,  to  cut  oft", 

W.  irygu,  Arm.  troucha  ;  coinciding  with 

Fr.   trancher.]     To   cut   off;  to   lop  ;    to 

maim. 
TRUNCATE,  a.  In  botany,  appearing  as  if 

cut  off  at  the  tip ;  ending  in  a  tranverse 

line  ;  as  a  truncate  leaf  Marlijn. 

TRUN€'ATED,    pp.    Cut  off;   cut  short  ; 

maimed.     A   truncated  cone  is  one  whose 

vertex  is  cut  off  by  a  plane  parallel  to  its 

base. 
2.  Appearing  as   if  cut  off;  plane;  having 

no  edge  ;  as  a  mineral  substance. 

PhiUipa. 
TRUNCATING,  ppr.  Cutting  off. 
TRUNCA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  lopping  or 

cutting  off. 
TRUNCHEON,  n.  [Fr.  trongon,  from  tronc, 

trunk,  L.  truncus.^ 
A  short  staff;  a  club  ;  a  cudgel ;  a  battoon  ; 

used  by  kings  and  great  officers  as  a  mark 

of  command.  i 

The  marshal's  truncheon  nor  the  judge's  robe.! 

Shak} 

TRUN'CHEON,  v.  t.  To  beat  with  a  trun- 
chenii  ;  to  oudsjel.  Shak. 

TRUNCHEONEE'R,  n.  A  person  armed 
with  a  truncheon. 

TRUN'DLE,  II.  i.  [Sax.  trmndle,trendle,  any 
round  body;  Dan.  Sw.  trind,  round;  W. 
tron,  a  circle,  a  round,  a  throne ;  troni,  to 
rim  ;  from  the  root  nfrundle,  round.]  ' 

1.  To  roll,  as  on  little  wheels ;  as,  a  bed, 
trundles  under  another.  I 

2.  To  roll;  as  a  bowl.  ' 
TRUN'DLE,  V.  t.  To  roll,  as  a  thing  on  lit- 
tle wheels  ;  as,  to  trundle  a  bed  or  a  gun- 
carriage.  I 

TRUN'DLE,  n.  A  round  body  ;  a  little' 
wheel,  or  a  kind  of  low  cart  with  small 
wooden  wheels. 

TRUN'DLE-BED,  n.  A  bed  that  is  moved 
on   trundles   or   little  wheels ;  called  also 

TRU.\'DLE-TAIL,  n.  A  round  tail;  a  dog 
so  called  from  his  tail.  Shak.[ 

TRUNK,  n.  [Fr.  tronc;  It.  troncone ;  Sp.l 
tronco  ;  L.  trimcus,  from  trunco,  to  cut  off. 
The  primitive  ('eltic  word  of  this  family 
is  in  Fr.  trancher.  It.  trinciare,  Sp.  Irincar, 
triuchar.  Tlie  n  is  not  radical,  for  in  Arm. 
the  word  is  troucha,  W.  trycu.] 

1.  The  stem  or  body  of  a  tree,  severed  from 
its  roots.  This  is  the  proper  sense  of  the 
word.  But  surprising  as  it  may  seem,  it 
is  used  most  itnproperly  to  signify  the 
stem  of  a  standing  tree  or  vegetable,  in 
general.  Milton.     Dnjden. 

2.  The  body  of  an  animal  without  the  limbs. 

Shak. 

3.  The  main  body  of  any  thing  ;  as  the  trunk 
of  a  vriii  or  of  an  artery,  as  distinct  from 
the  brandies. 

4.  The  snout  or  proboscis  of  an  elephant 
the   limb  or    instrument   with  which  he 
fecils  himself. 

.5.  A  slender,  oblong,  hollow  body,  joined  to 
the  fore  part  of  the  head  of  many  insects. 


by  means  of  which  they  suck  the  blood  of 
animals  or  the  juices  of  vegetables. 

6.  In  architecture,  the  fust  or  shaft  of  a  col 
umn. 

7.  A  long  tube  through  which  pellets  of  clay 
are  blown.  Ray 

8.  A  box  or  chest  covered  with  skin. 

Fire-trunks,  in  fire  ships,  wooden  funnels  fix- 
ed under  tlie  slirouds  to  convey. or  lead 
the  flames  to  the  masts  and  rigging. 

TRUNK,  V.  t.  To  lop  oft';  to  curtail ;  to 
truncate.     [JVot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

TRUNK'ED,  pp.   Cut  off;  curtailed.     Ohs. 

2.  Having  a  trunk.  Howell. 

TRUNK'-IIOSE,  n.  [trunk  and  hose.]  Large 
breeches  formerly  worn.  Prior. 

TRUN'NION,  n.  [Fr.  trognon.]  The  trun- 
nions of  a  i)iece  of  ordnance,  are  two 
knobs  which  project  from  the  opposite 
sides  of  a  piece,  whether  gun,  mortar  or 
howitzer,  and  serve  to  support  it  on  the 
cheeks  of  the  rarri^ise.  Mar  Diet 

TRUN'NION-PL.'VTE,  n.  The  trunnion 
plates  are  two  plates  iti  traveling  carria- 
ges, mortars  and  howitzers,  which  cover 
the  upper  parts  of  the  side-pieces,  and  go 
under  the  trunnions.  Cyc 

TRUN'NION-RING,  n.  A  ring  on  a  cannon 
next  liefore  the  trunnions. 

TRU'SION,  n.  tru'zhon.  [L.  trado.]  The 
act  of  pushing  or  thrusting.  Bentley. 

TRUSS,  Ji.  [Fr.  tronsse  ;  Dan.  trosse,  a  cord 
or  rope;  Sw.  tross :  W.  trwsa,  a  truss,  a 
packet.     See  Trowsers.] 

1    In  a  general   sense,    a  bundle  ;  as  a  truss 
of  hay  or  straw.     A  truss  of  liay  in  Eng 
land  is  half  a  hundred.     A  truss  of  straw 
is  of  different  weiehts  in  different  phices. 

2.  In  surgeri/,  a  bandage  or  apparatus  used 
in  cases  of  ruptures,  to  keep  up  the  redtic 
ed    parts  and  hinder  further  protrusion, 
and  for  other  purposes.  Cyc. 

3.  Among  botanists,  a  truss  or  bunch  is  a 
tuft  of  flowers  formed  at  the  top  of  the 
main  stalk  or  stem  of  certain  plants. 

Cyc 

4.  In  navigation,  a  machine  to  pull  a  lower 
yard  close  to  its  mast  and  retain  it  firndy 
in  that  position.  Cyc. 

.5.   [See  Trous.] 

TRUSS,  V.  t.  To  bind  or  pack  close.     Shak. 

2.  To  skewer  ;  to  make  fast. 

To  truss  up,  to  strain  ;  to  make  close  or  tight. 

TRUSS'ED,  pp.  Packed  or  hound  closely 

TRUSS'ING,  ppr.  Packing  or  binding 
closely. 

TRUST,  n.  [Dan.  <r6s<,  consolation  ;  troster, 
to  comfort,  that  is,  to  strengthen  ;  mislriis 
ter,  to  distrust,  to  discourage ;  Sw.  trhst, 
confidence,  trust,  consolation  ;  trosta,  to 
console  ;  mis.itrasta,  to  distrust,  to  despair 
The  Saxon  has  tnposian,  to  trust,  to  obli- 
gate.    Qu.  Gr.  9ap«u.] 

1.  Confidence  ;  a  reliance  or  resting  of  the 
mind  on  the  integrity,  veracity,  justice 
friendship  or  other  sound  principle  of  an- 
other person. 

He  tliiit  p\ittelh  his  trust  in  the  Lord  shall  be 
safe.     Prov.  xxix. 

2.  He  or  that  which  is  the  ground  of  confi- 
dence. 

O  Lord  God,  thou  art  ray  trust  from  my  youtli. 
Ps.  Ixxi. 

3.  Charge  received  in  confidence. 
Reward  them  well,  if  they  obseive  their  trmt. 

JDmham 


A.  That  which  is  committed  to  one's  care. 
Never  violate  a  sacred  trust. 

5.  Confident  opinion  of  any  event. 
His  trust  was  with  th'  Eternal  to  be  deem'd 
Equal  in  strength.  Milton. 

6.  Credit  given  without  examination  ;  as,  to 
take  opinions  on  trust. 

7.  Credit  on  promise  of  paytnent,  actual  or 
implied  ;  as,  to  take  or  purchase  goods  on 
trust. 

8.  Something  committed  to  a  person's  care 
for  use  or  management,  and  for  which  an 
account  must  be  reuilered.  Every  man's 
talents  and  ailvantagesare  a<rns<  commit- 
ted to  him  by  his  Maker,  and  for  the  use 
or  employment  of  which  he  is  account- 
able. 

9.  Confidence ;  special  reliance  on  suppos- 
ed honesty. 

10.  State  of  him  to  whom  something  is  en- 
trusted. 

I  serve  him  truly,  that  will  put  me  in  trust. 

Hhak. 

11.  Care;  management.     1  Tim.  vi. 

12.  In  law,  an  estate,  devised  or  granted  in 
confidence  that  the  devisee  or  grantee 
shall  convey  it,  or  dispose  of  the  profits,  at 
the  will  of  another  ;  an  estate  held  for  the 
use  of  another.  Blnckstone, 

TRUST,  V.  t.  To  place  confidence  in  ;  to 
rely  on.  We  cannot  trust  those  who  have 
deceived  us. 

He  that  trusts  every  one  without  reserve,  will 
at  last  be  deceived.  Rambler. 

2.  To  believe :  to  credit. 
Trust  me,  you  look  well.  Shak. 

3.  To  commit  to  the  care  of,  in  confidence. 
Tru.it  your  Maker  with  yourself  and  all 
jour  concerns. 

4.  To  venture  confidently. 
Fool'd  by  thee,  to  trust  thee  from  my  side. 

Milton. 
To  give  credit  to  ;  to  sell  to  upon  credit, 
or  in  confidence  of  future  payment.  The 
merchants  and  manufacturers  trust  their 
customers  annually  with  goods  to  the 
value  of  millions. 

It  is  happier  to  be  sometimes  cheated,  than 
not  to  trust.  Rambler. 

TRUST,  V.  i.  To  be  confident  of  something 
present  or  future. 

I  trust  to  come  to  you,  and  speak  face  to  face. 
2  John  12. 

We  trust  we  have  a  good  conscience.     Heb. 
xiii. 
2.  To  be   credulous ;  to  be   won  to  confi- 
dence. 

Well,  you  may  fear  too  far — 
Safer  than  trust  too  far.  Shak. 

To  tru.it  in,  to  confide  in;  to  place  confi- 
dence in  ;  to  rely  on  ;  a  use  frequent  in  the 
Scriptures. 

Trust  in  the  Lord,  and  do  good.     Ps.  xxxviL 
They  shall  be  Rreatly  ashamed  that  trust  in 
graven  images.     Is.  slii. 
To  trust  to,  to  depend  on ;  to  have   confi- 
dence in  ;  to  rely  on. 

The  men  of  Israel — trusted  to  the  liers   in 
wait,     .fudges  xx. 
TRUST'ED,   pp.    Confided   in;  relietl  on; 
depended  on  ;  applied  to  persons. 

2.  Sold  oti  credit ;  as  goods  or  property. 

3.  Delivered  in  confidence  to  the  care  of  an- 
other ;  as  letters  or  goods  trusted  to  a  car- 
rier or  bailee. 

TRUSTEE',  n.  .\  person  to  whom  any 
thing  or  business  is  committed,  in  cotifi- 


T  11  U 


TUB 


T  U  B 


Oence  that  he  will  discharge  his  duty. 
The  trustee  of  an  estate  is  one  to  whom  it 
is  devised  or  granted  in  trust,  or  for  the 
use  of  another. 

2.  A  person  to  whom  is  confided  the  man- 
agement of  an  institution;  as  l\\e trustees 
of  a  college  or  of  an  academy. 

TRUnT'ER,  «.  One  who  trusts  or  gives 
credit. 

TRUST'ILY,  adv.  [from  trusty.]  Faithful 
ly;  honestly;  with  fidelity. 

TRUST'INRSS,    n.     [from   trusty.]     That 
quality  of  a  person  hy  which  he  deserves 
the  confidence  of  others;  fidelity;  faith 
fulness  ;  honesty  ;  as  the   trustiness   of  i 
servant. 

TRl'ST'lNG,  ppr.  Confiding  in  ;  giving 
credit  ;  relying  on. 

TIUIST'INOLY,  adv.  With  trustor  impli- 
cit confidence. 

TRUST'LESS,  a.  Not  worthy  of  trust ;  un 
faitldul.  Spenser. 

TRUST' Y,  a.  That  may  be  safely  trusted ; 
thut  justly  deserves  confidence;  fit  to  be 
confided   in;  as  a  trusty  servant. 

Mdisou. 

3.  That  will   not   fail  ;  strong  ;  firm  ;  as 
trusty  sword.  Spenser. 

TlSOTIl,  n.  [Sax.  treowth,  truth,  and  troth  ; 
G.  treue  ;  D.  gelrouwheiU,  fidelity,  from 
trouw.  trust,  tiiith,  fidelity,  whence  trouwen, 
to  marry.] 

1.  Conluriniiy  to  fact  or  reality ;  exact  ac- 
ciirilanci   with  llial  which  is,  or   has  been, 
or  sliall  be.     Tlie  truth  of  history  consti 
tules   its  xvhole  value.     We  rely  on   the 
trutli  of  the  scriptural  prophecies. 

My  inoutli  sliall  speak  truth.     Prov.  viii. 
.Sanctity  them  through  tliy  truth  ;  thy  word  is 
truth.     John  xvii. 

2.  True  state  of  facts  or  things.  The  duty 
of  a  court  of  justice  is  to  discover  the 
truth.  Witnesses  are  sworn  to  ileclare  the 
truth,  the  whole  truth,  and  nothing  but  the 
truth. 

3.  Conformity  of  words  to  thoughts,  which 
is  called  moral  truth. 

Shall  truth  fail  to  keep  her  word  ?       Milton 

4.  Veracity  ;  piuity  from  falsehood  ;  prac- 
tice of  speaking  truth  ;  habitiuil  disposi- 
tion to  speak  truth  ;  as  when  we  say,  a 
man  is  a  man  ut' truth. 

5.  Correct  opinion.  Harte. 

6.  Fidelity ;  constancy. 

The  thoughts  of  past  pleasure  and  truth. 
The  bi'st  of  all  Messings  below.  Song. 

7.  Honesty  ;  virtue. 

It  must  appear 
That  malice  bears  down  truth.  Shak 

8.  Exactness  ;  conformity  to  rule. 

Plows,  to  go  true,  depend  much  on  the  truth' 

of  the  iron  work.      [.JVttt  in  wse.J       .Mortimer.^ 

0.  Real  fact  or  just  principle  ;  real  state  of 

things.      Tliere    arc    innumerable   truths 

with  which  we  are  not  acquainted. 

JO.  Sincerity. 

God   is  a  spirit,  and  they   that  worship    him 
must  worship  in  spirit  and  in  truth.     John  iv. 
11.  The  truth  of  God,   is  his  veracity  and 
faithfulness.     Ps.  Ixxi. 
Or  his  revealed  will. 
I  have  walked  in  thy  truth.     Ps.  xxvi. 
13.  Jesus  Christ   is  called  the  truth.     John 

xiv. 
13.  It  is  soinetimes  used  by  way  of  conces 
sion. 


.She  said,  truth.  Lord  ;  yet  the  dogs  eat  of 
the  cruins —     Matt.  xv. 

That   i.s,  it  is  a  truth  ;  what  you  liave 
said,  I  ailuiit  to  be  true. 

In  truth,  in  reality  ;  in  fact. 

Of  a  truth,  in  reality;  certainly. 

To  do  truth,  is  to  practice  wliat  God  com- 
mands.    John  iii. 

TRUTHFUL,  a.  Full  of  truth.     Barrinf^lon. 

TRUTHLESS,  a.  Wanting  truth  ;  wantin 
reality. 

2.  Faithless.  Fuller. 

TRUTINA'TION,  n.  [L.  <ru<ina,  a  balance  , 
trutinor,  to  weigh.]  The  act  of  weighing. 
[JVo<  used.]  Brown. 

TRUTTA'CEOUS,o.  [from  h.trutia,  trout.] 

Pertaining  to  the  trout ;  as  fish  of  the  trutta- 
ceous  genus.  Diet.  Mat.  Hi.it. 

TRY,  V.  i.  [This  word  is  from  the  root  of| 
Dan.  Irekker,  to  draw,  or  Irykker,  Sw 
trycka,  to  press,  to  urge  ;  trachta,  to  seek 
or  strive  to  obtain  ;  D.  tragten,  to  endeav 
or ;  Dan.  trailer,  id.  The  primary  sense 
of  all  these  words  is  to  strain,  to  use  ef- 
fort, to  stretch  forward.] 

To  exert  strength  ;  to  enileavor ;  to  make 
an  eftbrt ;  to  attempt.  Try  to  learn  ;  try 
to  lift  a  weight.  The  horses  tried  to  draw 
the  load.  [These  phrases  give  the  true 
sense.] 

TRY,  V.  t.  To  examine ;  to  make  exjjcri 
mont  on;  to  prove  by  experiment. 

Conic,  try  upon  yourselves  what  you  have 
seen  me.  "       Shak 

2.  To  e.xperience  ;  to  have  knowledge  by 
experience  of 

Or  try  the  Libyan  heat,  or  Scythian  cold. 

Dryden. 

3.  To  prove  by  a  test ;  as,  to  try  weights  and 
measures  by  a  standard ;  to  try  one's  opin- 
ions by  the  divine  oracles. 

4.  To  act  upon  as  a  test. 
The  fire  sev'n  times  tried  this.  Shak. 

5.  To  examine  judicially  by  witnesses  and 
the  principles  of  law ;  as  causes  tried  in 
court. 

6.  To  essay  ;  to  attempt. 
Let  us  try  advent'rous  work.  JiTilton. 

7.  To  purify  ;  to  refine  ;  as  silver  seven 
times  tried. 

i.  To  search  carefully  into.     Ps.  xi. 

1.  To  iKse  as  means  ;  as,  to  try  remedies  for 
a  disease. 

10.  To  strain  ;  as,  to  try  the  eyes ;  the  literal 
sen-ie  of  the  word. 

To  try  tallow,  &c.  is  to  melt  and  separate  it 
fniin  the  memhranes. 

To  try  out,  to  pursue  efibrts  till  a  decision  is 
ohtaiiieil. 

TRY 'ING,  ppr.  Exerting  strength ;  attempt- 
ing. 

2.  Examining  by  searching  or  comparison 
with  a  test :  proving  ;  using  ;  straining,  &c. 

:!.  a.   .Adapted  to  try,  or  put  to  severe  trial. 
TRY'-SAIL,  n.  A  sail  used  by  a  ship  in  a 

storm;  literally  the  strain-satl. 
TUB,  n.  \n.tobhe;  G.zuhcr;  Gaelic,  fubag.] 

1.  An  open  wooden  vcs.«el  formed  with 
staves,  heading  and  hoops;  used  for  vari- 
ous domestic  purposes,  as  for  washing, 
for  making  cheese,  &c. 

2.  A  state  of  salivation  ;  so  called  because 
the  patient  was  formerly  sweated  in  a  tub. 
[.Vol  in  use.]  Shak. 

.3.  A  certain  quantity  ;  as  a  fi/fc  of  tea,  which! 
is  60  pounds;  a  tub  of  camphor,  from  5t)l 


to  80  pounds  ;  a  tub  of  vertriihou,  from  3 
to  4  hundred  pounds.     [I/ocal.]  Cyc. 

A  woollen  vessel  in  which  vegetuhles  are 
planted,  fur  the  sake  of  being  movable 
and  set  in  a  house  in  cold  weather. 

TUB,  I'.  /.  Tojilant  or  set  in  a  tub. 

TL'B'BER,  H.  In  Cornwall,  a  toining  in- 
strument, called  in  other  jilaces  a  b<;ele. 
The  man  who  uses  this  tool  is  called  tub- 
ber-man  or  becl-man.  Cyc. 

TUB'BING,  ppr.  Setting  in  a  tub. 

TUBE,  71.  [Fr.  tube;  L.  tubus.]  A  pipe  ;  a 
siphon  ;  a  canal  or  co/uluit;  a  hollow  cyl- 
inchr.  cither  of  wood,  metal  or  glass,  used 
for  the  conveyance  of  (hiids,  and  for  vari- 
ous other  purposes. 

i.  A  vessel  of  animal  bodies  or  plants,  which 
conveys  a  fluid  or  other  substance. 

3.  In  botany,  the  narrow  hollow  part  of  a 
nionopelalouscorol,  by  which  it  is  fixed  to 
the  receptacle.  Martyn. 

4.  In  artillery,  an  instrument  of  tin,  used  in 
quick  firing.  Cyc. 

TUBE,  V.  t.  To  furnish  with  a  tube  ;  as,  to 
tube  a  well.  Joum.  of  Science. 

TUBER,  n.  In  botany,  a  knob  in  roots,  solid, 
with  the  component  particles  all  similar. 

Martyn. 

TUBERCLE,  n.  [Fr.  tubercute,  from  L. 
tubercutum,  from  tnbtr,  a  hunch.] 

1.  .\  pimple  ;  a  small  push,  swelling  or  tu- 
mor on  animal  builies. 

2.  A  little  knob,  like  a  pimple,  on  plants;  a 
little  knob  or  rough  point  on  the  leaves  of 
some  lichens,  supposed  to  be  the  fructifi- 
cation. .Martyn. 

TUBER'CULAR,     {       Full   of  knobs    or 

TUBER'CULOUS,  S        pimples.    Fourcroy. 

2.  Affected  with  tubercles. 

Joum.  of  Science. 

TUBER'CULATE,  a.  Having  small  knobs 
or  pimples,  as  a  plant.  I^e. 

TU'BEROSE,  (1.  [L.  tuberosa.]  A  plant 
with  a  tuhiMDUs  root  anil  a  liliaceous 
flower,  the  I'olianthus  tuberosa  ;  formerly 
call('<l  the  tuberous  hyacinth.  Cyc. 

TU'BFROUS,  a.    [from   L.  tuber,  a  bunch.] 

Knotibed.  In  botany,  consisting  of  round- 
ish fleshy  bodies,  or  tubers,  connected 
into  a  bunch  by  intervening  threads;  as 
the  roots  of  articliokes  and  potatoes. 

Martyn. 

TUB'-FISH,  n.  [tub  am\Jtsh.]  A  si>ecies  of 
Trigla,  sometimes  called  the  flving-lish. 

Cue. 

TU'BIPORE,  )i.  [tube  and  pore.]  A  genus 
of /.oopliMes  or  corals.  Cyc. 

TU'BIPOlilTE,  n.  Fossil  tubipore.s. 

TUB'-iMAN,  n.  In  the  exchequer,  a  liarris- 
ter  so  called.  Eng. 

TUBULAR,  a.  [from  L.  tubus.]  Havmg 
the  form  of  a  tiihu  or  pijie;  consisting  of  a 
pipe;  fistular;  as  a  fii6l(/ar snout ;  r  tubu- 
lar calyx.  Martyn. 

TUBULE,  n.  [L.  tubulus.]  A  small  pipe  or 
fistular  liody.  H'oodward. 

TU'BULIFORM,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a 
tube.  Kirwan. 

TU  BULOUS,  a.  Loniiitmlinally  hollow. 

2.  Containinsr  tubes;  composed  wholly  of 
tiibulous  florets  ;  as  a  tubulous  compound 
flower. 

3.  In  botany,  having  n  bell-shaped  boriler, 
with  five  reflex  segments,  rising  from  a 
tube  ;  as  a  tubulous  floret.  Martyn. 


T  U  F 


T  U  L 


T  U  M 


TUCn,  n.  A  kind  of  marble.  Herbert. 

TUCK,  ".  [Gaelic,  tuca  ;  W.  Iwca  ;  from  tlie 
sense  of  cutting  or  thrusting,  and  the  root 
of  dock.  The  It.  has  stocco,  and  the  Fr. 
estoc] 

1.  A  long  narrow  sword. 

2.  .\  kind  of  net.  Carew. 

3.  [from  the  verb  following.]  In  a  ship,  the 
part  where  the  ends  of  the  bottom  planks 
are  collected  under  the  stern.  Cijc. 

4.  A  f(dd  ;  a  pull  ;  a  lugging.     [See  Tug'.] 
TUCK,  D.  /.  [Ill  G.  zucken  signifies  to  stir, 

to  stoop,  to  shrug.  In  some  parts  of  Eng- 
land, tins  verb  signifies  to  full,  as  cloth  ; 
Ir.  iucalam] 

1.  To  thrust  or  press  in  or  together;  to  fold 
under;  to  [iress  into  a  narrower  compass 
as,  to  <i(cA  up  a   bed;  to  tuck  up  a   gar- 
ment; to  tuck  in  the  skirt  of  any  thing. 

Addison 

2.  To  inclose  by  tucking  close  around;  as, 
to  tuck  a  child  into  a  bed.  Locke. 

3.  To  full,  as  cloth.     [Local.] 
TUCK,  v.i.  To  contract;  to  draw  together. 

[jYot  in  use.]  Sharp 

TUCK'ER,  n.  A  small  piece  of  linen  for 
shading  the  breast  of  women.        Addison 

2.  A  fuller,  whence  the  name.     [Local.] 

TUCK'ET,  n.  [It.  (ocafo,  a  touch.]  A  flour 
ish  in  music  ;  a  voluntary  ;  a  prelude. 

2.  [It.  tocchetto.]  A  steak  ;  a  collop. 

TUCK'ETSONANCE,  n.  The  sound  of  the 
tucket,  an  ancient  instrument  of  music. 

Shak. 

TUCK'ING,  ppr.  Pressing  under  or  to- 
gether; folding. 

TVTESDAY,  n.'sasr.  [Sw.  Tisdng ;  Dan 
Tirsdag  ;  D.  Dingsdag ;  G.  Dingstctg  ;  Sax 
Tiwcesdag  or  Tuesdccg,  from  Tig,  Tiig,  or 
Tuisco,  tlie  Mars  of  our  ancestors,  the  de 
ity  that  presided  over  combats,  strife  and 
litigation.  Hence  Tuesdni/  is  court  day, 
assize  day  ;  the  day  for  combat  or  com 
niencing  litigation.  See  Thing.]  The 
third  day  of  the  week. 

TU'FA,  )        [It.   titfo,  porous  ground  ;    Fr. 

TUF,  \  "■  tiif,  soft  gravel-stone  or  sand- 
stone ;  G.  to/.] 

A  stone  or  porous  substance  formed  by  de- 
positions from  springs  or  rivulets,  contain- 
ing much  earthy  matter  in  solution.  Tufa 
is  also  formed  by  the  concretion  of  loose 
volcanic  dust  or  cinders,  cemented  by  wa 
ter,  or  by  the  consolidation  of  mud  thrown 
out  of  volcanoes.  The  disintegration  and 
subsequent  consolidation  of  basaltic  rocks, 
forms  a  kind  of  tufa,  called  by  the  Ger- 
man geologists,  trap-tuff.  Cyc. 

TUFA'CEOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  tufa  ;  con- 
sisting of  tufa,  or  resembling  it. 

TUFFOON',  n.  [a  corruption  of  (i//)?ion.]  A 
violent  tempest  or  tornado  with  thunder 
and  lightning,  frequent  in  the  Chinese  sea 
and  the  gulf  of  Tonquin. 

TUFT,  n.  [W.  tuf;  Fr.  touffe,  toupet;  Sw. 
tofs ;  f^p.  tupc,  a  tuft;  tupir,  to  press  to 
geiber;  (i(/)a,  satiety.] 

1.  A  collection  of  small  things  in  a  knot  or 
bunch  ;  as  a  tuft  of  flowers  ;  atufl  of  feth- 
ers:  a  (»/(  of  grass  or  hair.  A  <i(/?of  fcth- 
ers  forms  the  crest  of  a  bir<l. 

Dri/den.     Addison. 

2.  A  cluster  ;  a  clump  ;  as  n  tuft  of  Ircps  :  a 
(u/J  of  olives.  '  .S7i((/r. 

8.  In  botany,  a  head  of  flowers,  each  eleva- 


ted on  a  partial  stalk,  and  all  forming  to- 
gether a  dense  roundish  mass.  The  word 
is  sometimes  applied  to  other  collections, 
as  little  bundles  of  leaves,  hairs  and  the 
like.  Cyc. 

TUFT,  V.  I.  To  separate  into  tufts. 

2.  To  adorn  with  tufts  or  with  a  tuft. 

Thomson. 

TUF-TAF'FETA,  n.  A  villous  kind  of  silk. 
[J^ot  in  use.] 

TUFT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Adorned  with  a  tuft, 
as  the  tufted  duck  ;  growing  in  a  tuft  or 
clusters,  as  a  <H/?erf  grove.     Milton.     Pope. 

TUFT'Y,  o.  Abounding  with  tufts;  grow- 
ing in  clusters  ;  bushy.  Thomson. 

TUG,  V.  I.  [Sax.  teogan,  teon  ;  G.  zithen,  to 
draw;  zug,&tug;  Fr.touer;  h.  duco.  See 
Tow,  to  drag.] 

1.  To  pidl  or  draw  with  great  effort;  to 
drag  along  with  continued  exertion;  to 
haul  along. 

There  .sweat,  there  strain,   tug  the  laborious 
oar.  Hoscomnion. 

2.  To  pull ;  to  pluck. 

— To  ease  the  pain 
His  tugged  ears  suffered  with  a  strain. 

Hwlibras 
TUG,  V.  i.  To  pull  with  great  effort :  as,  to 
tug  at  the  oar  ;  to  tug  against  the  stream. 
2.  To  labor  ;  to  strive  ;  to  struggle. 

They  long  wrestled    and  strenuously  tugged 
for  their  liberty.     [This  is  not  elegant.'] 

Howe. 
TUG,  n.  [G.  zug.]    A  pull  with  the  utmo.-it 
effort. 

At  the  tug  he  falls — 
Vast  ruins  come  along —  Drydoi. 

A  sort  of  carriaae,  used  in  some  parts  of 
England  for  conveying  bavins  or  faggot? 
and  other  things.  Cyc. 

■3.  In  some  parts  of  JVeiv  England,  the  traces 

of  a  harness  are  called  tugs. 
TUG'GER,  n.  One  who  tugs,  or  pidls  with 

great  eflRirt. 
TUG'GING,  ppr.  Pulling  or  dragging  with 

great  exertion  ;  haulinff. 
TUG'GINGLY,  adv.  With   laborious   pidl- 
iiH.  nnileii. 

TUP'TION.  n.  [L. /i(i/?o,  froin  <!tcor,  to  see. 
behold,  protect,  &c.  This  verb  is  proba- 
bly contracted  from  tugo,  Ir.  tuighim.  If 
so,  it  coincides  with  the  Dan,  tugt,  educa 
tion,  tugter,  to  chastise,  D.  tugt,  G.  zuchi 
In  this  case,  it  coincides  nearly  with  L. 
duco.  to  lead.] 

1.  Guardianship;  superintending  care  over 
a  young  person;  the  particular  watch  an  ' 
care  of  a  tutor  or  guardian  over  his  pupil 
or  ward. 

2.  More  especially,  instruction  ;  the  act  or 
business  of  teaching  the  various  bramdies 
of  learning.  We  place  our  children  under 
the  preceptors  of  academies  for  tuition. 
[This  is  now  the  common  acceptation  of  the 
ivord.] 

The  money  paid  for  instruction.     In  our 

colleges,  the  tuition  is  from  thirty  to  forty 

dollars  a  year. 
TULIP,  n.  [Fr. tidipe;  h.tulipa;  h.tulipa- 

no  ;  S|).  lulipan  ;   D.  tulp  ;    G.  tutpe  ;  Sw. 

tulpun  ;  Dan.  tulipari.] 
.\  plant  and  a  flower  of  the  genus  Tnlipa,  of 

a  great  variety  of  colors,  and  nnich  culti 

vated  for  its  beamy. 
TULIP-TREE,  n.  An  American  tree  bear 
I    ing  flowers  resembling   the   tulip,   of  the 


genus  Liriodendron.  Also,  a  tree  of  tiie 
genus  Magnolia.  l^c. 

TUM'BLE,  v.  i.  [Sax.  tumbian,  to  tumble, 
to  dance  ;  Sw.  tunda,  to  fall,  to  tumble  ; 
Dan.  tumter,  to  shake,  toss,  reel,  tumble  ; 
Fr.  tomber ;  Sp.  tumbar,  to  tumble,  roll, 
keel,  as  a  ship,  to  throw  down  ;  tumbn,  a 
tomb,  a  vault,  a  tumble  or  fall ;  L.  tumulus, 
tumnllus,  tumeo;  It.  tomare,  to  fall ;  tombo- 
lare,  to  tumble  ;  VV.  twmp.  a  hillock.  The 
sense  of  tumble  is  rlerivative,  probably  from 
that  of  roundness,  and  this  from  swelling 
or  turning.] 

To  roll  ;  to  roll  about  by  turning  one  way 
and  the  other  ;  as,  a  person  in  pain  tum- 
bles ami  tosses.  Shak. 

To  fall ;  to  come  down  suddenly  and  vi- 
olently; as,  to  tumble  from  a  scaffold. 

3.  To  roll  down.  The  stone  of  Sisyphus  is 
said  to  have  tumbled  to  the  bottom,  as  .soon 
as  it  was  carried  u|i  the  hill.  Addison. 

4.  To  play  niouiilebaiik  tricks.  Rmce. 
TU.M'BLE,  V.  I.  To  turn   over;  to  turner 

tlirow  about  for  examination  or  search- 
ing ;  sometimes  with  over  ;  as,  to  tumble 
over  books  or  papers ;  to  tumble  over 
clothes.  [To  tumble  over  in  thought,  is 
not  elegant.] 

2.  To  disturb ;  to  rumple  ;  as,  to  tumble  a 
bed. 

To  tutnble  out,  to  throw  or  roll  out ;  as,  to 
tumble  out  casks  from  a  store. 

To  tumble  down,  to  throw  down  carelessly. 

Locke. 

TUM'BLE,  n.  A  fall.  VEstrangt. 

TUMBLED,  pp.  Rolled;  disturbed;  rum- 
pled ;  thrown  down. 

TUMBLER,  n.  One  who  tumbles;  one 
who  plays  the  tricks  of  a  mountebank. 

Pope. 

2.  A  large  drinking  glass. 

•3.  A  variety  of  the  domestic  pigeon,  so  call- 
ed from  his  practice  of  tumbling  or  turn- 
ing over  in  fliiiht,  Ii  is  a  short-bodied  pi- 
geon, of  a  [ilain  color,  black,  blue  or  white. 

Cyc. 
A  sort  of  dog,  so  called  from  his  practice 
of  tumbling  before  he  attacks  his  prey. 

Swan. 

TUMBLING,  ppr.  R.dling  about ;  falling; 
disturbing;  rumpling. 

Tuinbling-honie,  in  a  ship,  is  the  inclination 
of  the  top-sides  from  a  perpendicular,  to- 
wards the  center  of  the  ship  ;  or  the  part 
of  a  ship  which  falls  inward  above  the  ex- 
treme breadth.  Cyc.     .Mar.  Diet. 

TUMBLING-BAY,  n.  In  a  canal,  an  over- 
fall or  weir.  Q,IC 

TUM'BREL,  71.  [Fr.  tombereau,  from  tom- 
ber.    See  Ttimhle.] 

1.  A  ducking  stool  for  the  punishment  of 
scolds. 

2.  A  dmig-cart.  Tusser.     Taller. 

3.  A  cart  or  carriage  with  two  wheels, 
which  accompanies  troops  or  artillery,  for 
conveying  the  tools  of  pioneers,  cartridges 
and  the  like. 

I'UM'BRIL,  n.  A  contrivance  of  the  basket 
kii:d,  or  a  kind  of  cage  of  osiers,  willows, 
&c.  fur  keeping  hay  and  other  food  for 
sheep.  Cyc. 

TUMEFACTION,    n.    [L.    iumcfacio,    to 

miiki'  tumid.     See  Tumid.] 
The  act  or  process  of  swelling  or  rising  into 

a  tumor;  a  tumor;  a  swelling. 


T  U  M 


T  U  N 


TL'MEFIED,  p/J.  [horn  tumefy.]   Swelled; 

enliiiMji'il  ;  as  a  lumefitd  joint.        niseman 
TUMEFY,  v.l.   [L..  lumefacio;  lumidus,  lu 

meo,  and  facio.]      To  swell,  or  cause   to 

swell. 
TU'MEFY,  V.  i.  To  swell;  to  rise  in  a  tu- 

TL'MEFYING,    ppr.   Swelling;  rising    in 

a  iiinior. 
TU'MID,    a.    [h 

swoll.] 
1.  Beiiif;  swelled 


tumidus,  IVom   tumeo,   to 


enlarged  or  distended  ;  as 
li  tumid  \c^;  tumid  il<--^h. 
2.  Protuberant;  risins  above  the  level. 

S,)  liigh  as  htav'd  the  tumid  lulls.       MUtmi 

3    Swpllinf;  in   sound   or    sense;  pompous; 

puffy;  bombastic;  fal.-'el)    sublime;    us   a 

tumid  expif.ssion  ;  a  tumid  style.        Boylt. 

Tl'MII'EV,  ndv.  In  a  swelling;  loriu. 

TU'MlDNEJsS,    n.  A  swelling  or  swelled 

stall:.  „, 

TU'MITE,  n.  A  mineral.     [See   Thummer- 

stoue.]  , 

TU'M*>R,  n-  [L.-  f'"'"  '""'SO.  'o  swell.J     In 
s%ir^eri/,  a   swelling ;    a   morbid  enlarge 
ment  ol'  any  pan  of  tlie  boily  ;  a  word  of 
very comprvlunsivt  signification. 

Tlio  nioibid  ciilurgemenlor  a  particular 
pail,  without  being  caused  by  inllamiiia 
tiou.  ^      '^"f- 

Any  swelling  which  arises  Irom  the 
CTrowth  of  distiiul  siipcrlluoiis  parts  oi 
substances,  wliicli  did  not  itiaUe  any  part 
of  the  original  structure  ol"  the  hoily,  or 
from  a  morbid  increase  m  the  bulk  of  oth- 
er parts,  wliidi  naturally  and  always  cx-, 
istcd  in  the  human  IVame.  Q/c-' 

'I'lie  term  tumor  is  luiutcd  by  Aberne-j 
tb\  to  such  swellings  as  arise  Irom  newi 
pr'oilucnons,  and  includes  <mly  the  sarcom-\ 
atous  and  encysted  tumors.  Parr. 

An  enciistcd  tumor  is  one  which  is  form- 
ed in  a  iiieinbrane  called  a  cyst,  connected 
■with  llie  surrounding  parts  by  the  neigh- 
boring cellular  substance.  There  are  also 
fatty  tumors,  called  Uitomntous  or  adipose, 
(adipose  sarcoma,)  Ibrmcd  by  an  acc'umu- 
lation  of  fat  in  a  limited  extent  of  the  cel- 
lular substance.  ^i/<^- 
2.  Affc<-tcd  pomp;  bombast  in  language 
B«elluig  worils  or  expressions;  false  mag 
niticence  or  sublimity.     [Little  tised.] 

H'otton 
TU'MORED,  )!.  Distended ;  swelled. 

Junius. 
TU'MOROUS,  a.  Swelling;  protuberant. 

Hotton. 

2.  Vainly  pompoiis  ;  bombastic  ;  as  language 

or  style.     [Little  used.]  B.  Jon  son. 

TUMP,  n.  [intra.]    A  little  hillock. 

TUMP,  V.  t.  [VV.  twmp,  a  rounil  mass,  a  liil 

lock  :  L.  tumulus.     See  Tomb.] 
In  fi-i/rJoiing-,  to  form  a  mass  i>f  earth  or  i 
hillock   nuind  a  plant  ;  as,   to  tump  teasel 
[This  ICiiglish  phrase  is  not  used  in  Aiiirr 
ica,  but  it  answers   nearly    to  our  hilling. 
See  HUL] 
TUMP'ED,  pp.  Surrounded   with  a  hillock 

of  earth. 
TUMP'ING,  ppr.  Raising  a  mass  of  earth 

round  a  plant. 
TUMULAR,  a.  [L. /uniu/us,  a  heap.]  Con 
sistiug  in  a  heap;    formed  or   being  in  a 
heap  or  hillock.  Pinkerton. 

TU'MULATE,  v.  i.  To  swell.  [J^ot  in  use.] 


\i- 


TUMULOS'ITY,  n.  [infra.]     Hilliuess.       | 

/ini/fi/.J 
TU'MULOUS,  o.   [L.   lumulosus\     Full   otj 

liills.  Ba\ley\ 

TU'MULT,    n.    [L.   tumultus,   a  derivative, 

from  tumeo,  to  swell.] 

1.  'Ihe  commotion,  disturbance  or  agitation 
of  a  multitude,  usually  acconipaiiied  witlij 
great  noise,  uproar  and  confusion  of 
voices. 

What   meancth  the   noise   of  this   tumult? 
1  Sam.  iv. 

Till  in  loud  tumult  all  the  Greeks  arose. 

Pope 

2.  Violent  commotion  or  agitation  with  con 
fusion  of  sounds;    as  the   tumult  of  the 
elements.  Spectator. 

3.  Agitation  ;  high  excitement ;  irregular  or 
contused  motion;  us  the  tumult  of  the 
spirits  or  passions. 

4.  J5ustle;  stir. 
Tl'MULT,  v.i.  To  make  a  tumult;  to  be 

ill  f;ieat  commotion.  Milton. 

TUMULT'UARILV,    adv.    [from   tumulta 

ary.\     In  a  tumultuary  or  disorderly  man 

TLMULT'UARINESS,  n.  Disorderly  or 
tumultuous  conduct;  turbulence  ;  dispo- 
sition to  tumult.  A'-  Charles. 

TUMULTUARY,  a.  [Vr.tumulluaire ;  Irom 
L.  tumultus.] 

1.  Disorderly;  promiscuous;  confused;  as 
a  tumultuary  conflict.  A'.  Charles 

2.  Restless  ;  agitated  ;  uiuiuict. 
Men  who   live   willioiit   leligion,  live  always 

in  a  tumultuary  anil  icsilcss  state,     .itterbury 
TUAlULT'UATE,  t).  i.    [E.   tumulluo.]     lo 
ikc  a  tumult.     [JVotused.]  South. 

TUMULTU.V'TION,  n.  Commotion;  ir- 
regular or  ilisorilerly  movement;  as  the 
tumultuation  of  the  pans  of  a  tiuid. 

Boyle. 
TUMULT'UOUS,  a.  [Fr.  (umt(««eu.r.]  Con 
ducted  with  liimult  ;  disorderly  ;  as   a  tu 
multuous  coullict ;  a  tumultuous  retreat. 

2.  (Jreativ  agitated;  irregular;  noisy;  con 
fused  ;  "as  a  tumultuous  assembly  or  meet- 
ing. 

3.  Agitated ;    disturbed  ; 
breast. 

4.  Turbulent;    violent; 
speech.  . 

Full  of  tumult  and  disorder;  as  a  /i(mii(-i 
tuoius  state  or  city.  Sidney. 

TUMULT'UOUSLV,  adv.    In   a  disorderly 
manner  ;  by  a  disorderly  multitude. 

TUMULT'UOUSNESS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing tumultuous;  disorilcr ;  coiumotioii. 

TUN,  Ji.  [Sa.\.  Sw.<u)nia,acask  ;  t'c.  tonne,' 
tonneau;  Ir.  tonna ;  Arm.  tonnell ;  Sp. 
Port,  tonel,  touelada  ;  G.  tonne  ;  D.  ton ; 
W./yiie//,  a  barrel  or  tun.  This  word  seems 
to  be  from  the  root  of  L.  teneo,  to  hold, 
Gr.  -TfUM,  to  stretch,  W.  tyn,  stretched, 
strained,  tight,  tyndu,  to  strain,  lo  tighten  ; 
and  tins  seems  iilso  lo  be  the  Sa.\.  tun,  a 
toicn,  for  this  word  signifies  also  a  gar- 
den, evidently  from  enclosing,  and  a  class, 
from  collecting  or  holding.] 
In  a  ginirul  sense,  a  large  cask  ;  an  ob- 
long vc.s.sel  bulging  in  the  middle,  like  a 
pipe  or  puncheon,  and  girt  with  hoops. 
A  cenain  measure  fur  liquids,  as  tor  wine, 

a' quantity   of  wine,  consisting   of  two 


T  U  N 

In  difTercnt  couulries,  the   tun  diHeis  in 
quantity. 
4.  lu  commerce,  the  weight  of  twenty  Iiun-_ 
dreds  gross,  each  hundred  consisting  of 
1 12/6. =2240^6.      Hut  by    a   law  of  Con- 
necticut, passed  June  le27,  gross  weight 
is    abolished,  and  a   tun   is  the  weight  of 
200(Jlb.     It  is  also  a  iiractice  in  N.  \orkto 
sell  by2000;(<.  to  the  tun. 
,  A  certain  weight  by   which  the  burden 
of  a    ship    is    estimated ;    as    a    slii]i    of 
three  hundred  tuns,  that  is,   a   ship   that 
will  carry  three  hundred  times  two  thou- 
sand weight.     F'orty  two   cubic  feet   are 
allowed  to  a  tun. 
.  A  certuin  quantity  of  timber,  consisting  of 
forty  solid  feet  if  round,  or  fifty  four  feet  if 
square.  Cyc. 

. .  Proverbially,  a  large  quantity.  Slutk. 

8.  In  burlesque,  a  drunkard.  Dryden. 

9.  At  the  end  of  names,  dm,  (on,  or  don,  sig- 
nifies town,  village,  or  hill. 

TUN,  V.  t.  To  jiut  into  casks. 

Bacon.     Boyle. 
TU'NAIJLE,  a.    [from  tune.]  Harmonious  ; 
musical. 

And  tunable  as  .sylvan  pipe  or  song.     MUton. 
That  may  be  put  in  tune. 


Harmony ;  melodl- 
Harmoniously  ;    musi- 


as   a    tutnulluous 
as    a    tumultuous 


pipes  or  four  hogsheads,  or  ' 


gallons 


TU'NABLENESS, 

ousness. 
TU'NABLY,     adv. 

cally. 
TUN'-RELLIED,  a.  [tun  and  belly.]  Having 

a  large  protuberant  belly.  Entick. 

TUN'-UISII,  n.  [tun  ami'dish.]  A  tunnel. 
TUNE,  71.  [Vr.ton  ;  h.  tuono  ;  D.  (ooii ;  W. 

ton:  Ir.tona;  L.  tonus.     It  is  a  dilit;renl 

spelling  ol' tone,  wliieh  see.] 

1.  A  scries  of  musical  notes  in  some  partic- 
ular measure,  and  consisting  of  a  single 
series,  for  one  voice  or  instrument,  the 
eliect  of  which  is  melody;  or  a  union  of 
two  or  more  series  or  purls  to  be  sung  or 
played  in  concert,  the  effect  of  which  is 
harmony.  Thus  we  say,  a  merry  tune, 
a  lively  tune,  a  grave  (liiie,  a  psalm  tune,  a 
martial  tune. 

2.  Sound  ;  note.  Sliak. 

3.  llarmony;  order;  concert  of  parts. 
A  coiuiiiual    pailiainciit  I   thought  houIJ  but 

keep  the  commonweal  in  tune. 

ir.   r/iar/M. 

4.  The  state  of  giving  the  proper  sounds;  as 
'     when    we   say,  a   harpsichoril   is  \i>  tune  ; 

that  is,  when  the  several  chords  are  of  that 
tension,  that  each  gives  its  proper  siiuiid, 
and  the  sounds  of  all  are  at  due  intervals, 
both  of  tones  and  semitones. 

5.  Proper  state  for  use  or  application  ;  right 
I     disposition  ;   fit  temper  or   humor.     The 

mind  is  not  in  (iuie  for  mirth. 

I  A  chilli  will  learn  throe  times  as  fast  when  lie 

is  in  (iiiif,  as  he  will  when  he  is  diagged  to  his 

.      task.  Loeke. 

TUNE,  V.  t.  To  put  into  a  state  adapted  to 

iiroduce  the  proper  sounds;  as,  to /U7ie  a 

forte-piano  ;  lo  tune  a  violin. 

7'i("f' your  harps.  Dryden. 

To  sing  with  melody  or  harmony. 
Fountains,  and  ye  that  warble  as  ye  flow 
Melodious  murmurs,  warbling  tune  his  praise. 

Milton. 
So  we  say  of  birds,  they  <une  their  notes 
or  lavs. 

,  To  put  into  a  state  proper  for  any  pur- 
i)nse,  or  adapted  to  produce  a  particular 
effect.    [Little  used.]  Shak. 


TUN 


T  U  R 


T  U  R 


TUNE,  r.  i.  To  form  one  sound  to  another. 
\yhile  tuning  to  the  wateis'  fall 
The  small  biids  sang  to  her.  Drayton. 

2.  To  utter  inarticulate  harmony  with  the 
voice. 

TU'NED,  pp.  Uttered  melodiously  or  har- 
moniously ;  put  in  order  to  produce  the 
proper  Sfiunds. 

TU'NEFUL,    a.    Harmonious;  melodious; 
musical ;  as  tuneful  notes  ;  tuneful  hirds. 
Milton.     Dryden. 

TU'NELESS,  a.  Unmusical ;  unharmoni- 
ous. 

2.  Not  employed  in  making  music;  as  a 
tuneless  harp. 

TU'NER,  n.  One  who  tunes.  Shak. 

2.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  tune  musical 
instruments. 

TUNG,  n.  A  name  given  by  the  Indians  to 
a  small  insect,  called  by  the  Spaniards 
pique,  which  inserts  its  eggs  within  the 
human  skin  ;  an  insect  very  troublesdine 
in  the  East  and  West  Indies.  Cyc. 

TUNG,  n.  [Sax.  tung,tiin^a;  CMOlh.tiigga  ; 
Sw.    tungn  ;    Dan.   lunge;    D.    long;    G. 


zunge.    The  common  orthography,  tongue, 
is  incorrect.] 

In  man,  the  instrument  of  taste,  and  the  chief 
instriinient  of  speech.     [See  Tongue.] 

TUNG'STATE,  n.  A  salt  formed  of  tung- 
stenir  acid  and  a  base. 

TUNG'STEN,  n.  [Sw.  Dan.  lung,  heavy, 
and  slen,  stone.] 

In  mineralogy,  a  mineral  of  a  yellowish  or 
grayish  wiiite  color,  of  a  lamellar  struc 
ture,  and  infusible  by  the  blowjiipe.  It 
occurs  massive  or  crystalized,  usually 
octahedral  crystals.  This  is  an  ore.  The 
same  name  is  given  to  the  metal  obtained 
from  this  ore.  This  metal  is  procurerl  ii 
small  panes  as  fine  as  sand,  of  a  strong 
metallic  luster,  an  iron  gray  color,  and 
slightly  agglutinated.  It  is  one  of  the 
hardest  of  the  metals,  and  very  brittle. 

Fourcroy.     Cyc. 

TUNGSTEN'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  pro- 
cured from  tungsten. 

TU'NIC,  n.  [Fr.  tunique  ;  h.  tunica.  See 
Tou'n  and  Tun.] 

1.  A  kind  of  waistcoat  or  under  garment 
worn  by  men  in  ancient  Rome  and  the 
east,  in  the  later  ages  of  the  republic, 
the  tunic  was  a  long  garment  with  sleeves. 

Cyc. 

2.  Among  the  religious,  a  woolen  shirt  or 
under  garment.  Cyc. 

3.  Ill  anatomy,  a  membrane  that  covers  or 
composes  some  part  or  organ ;  as  the 
tunics  or  coats  of  the  eye  ;  the  tunics  of 
the  stomach,  or  the  membranous  and  mus- 
cular layers  which  compose  it.  Cyc 

4.  A  natural  covering ;  an  integument ;  as 
the  tunic  of  a  seed. 

The  tunic  of  the  seed,  is  the  arillus,  a 
covering  attached  to  the  base  oidy  of  the 
seed,  near  the  hitum  or  scar,  and  envelop- 
ing the  rest  of  the  seed  more  or  less  com- 
pletely and  closely.  Cyc. 

TU'NICATED,  a.  In  6o<a7it/,  covered  with 
a  tunic  or  membranes  ;  coated ;  as  a 
stem. 

A  tunicated  bulb,  is  one  composed  of  numer- 
ous concentric  coats,  as  an  onion. 

Mnrtyn. 

TU'NICLK,  n.  [from  tunic]  A  natural  rev- 
ering;  an  integument.         Ray.    Bentley. 


TU'NING,  ppr.    Uttering  harmoniously  or  |TUR'_BANED,  a. 
melodiously  ;    putting    in   due   order   for 
making  the  proper  sounds. 

TU'NING-FORK,  n.  A  steel  instrument 
consisting  of  two  prongs  and  a  handle  ; 
used  for  tuning  instruments.  Busby. 

TU'NING-HAMMER,  «.  An  instrument 
for  tuning  instruments  of  music.      Busby. 

TUNK'ER,  n.  [G.  tunken,  to  (hp.]  The 
tunkers  are  a  religious  sect  in  Pennsylva- 
nia, of  German  origin,  resembling  Eng- 
lish baptists. 

TUN'NAUE,  n.  [Crow  tun.]  The  amount  of 
tuns  that  a  ship  will  carry  ;  the  content  or 
burthen  of  a  ship.     A  ship  pays  duty  ac 
cording  to  her  tunnage. 

2.  The  duty  charged  on  ships  according  to 
their  burthen,  or  the  number  of  tuns  at 
which  they  are  rated.         U.  Stales'  Laws. 

3.  A  duty  laid  on  liquors  according  to  then 
measure.  Cyc. 

4.  A  duty  paid  to  mariners  by  merchunts 
for  unloading  their  ships,  after  a  rate  by 
the  tun.  Cyc. 

5.  The  whole  amount  of  shipping,  estimated 
by  the  tuns. 

TUN'NEL,  n.  [Fr.  lonnelle.]  A  vessel  with 
a  broad  mouth  at  one  end,  and  a  pipe  or 
tube  at  the  other,  for  conveying  liquor 
into  casks. 

2.  The  opening  of  a  chimney  for  the  passage 
of  smoke;  called  generally  a  funnel. 

3.  A  large  subterraneous  arch  through  a 
hill  for  a  canal  and  the  passage  ot  boats. 
Smaller  drains  or  culverts  are  also  called 
tunnels.  Cyc. 

TUN'NEL,  V.  t.  To  form  like  a  tunnel ;  as, 
to  tunnel  fibrous  plants  into  nests. 

Derham. 

2.  To  catch  in  a  net  called  a  tunnel-net. 

3.  To  form  with  net-work.  Uerliam. 
TUN'NEL-KILN,  n.   A  lime-kihi  in  which 

coal  is  burnt,  as  distinguised  from  a  fume- 
kiln,  in  whii  h  wood  or  peat  is  used.     Cyc. 
TUN'NEL-NET,    n.    A    net    with   a  wule 
mouth  at  one  end  and  narrow  at  the  other. 

Cyc. 
TUN'NEL-PIT,   n.    A  shaft  sunk  from  the 
top  uf  the  ground  to  the  level  of  an  in 
tended  tunnel,  for  drawing  up  the  earti 
and  stones. 
TUN'NING,  ppr.  Putting  into  casks. 
TUN'NY,  n.  [It.  ionno;  Fr.  than;  G.  thun 

fsch;  )L..thynnus.] 

A  fish   of  the  genus  Scomber,  the  Spanish 

mackerel.     The  largest  weigh  upwards  of 

four  hundred  pounds.  Cyc. 

TUP,  n.  A  ram.     [Local] 

TUP,  V.  t.  [Gr.  Tvrtru.]    To  butt,  as  a  ram. 

[Local.] 
2.  To  cover,  as  a  ram.     [Local.] 
TU'PELO,  n.  A  tree  of  the  genus  Nyssa. 

Drayton.     Mease. 
TUP'-MAN,  n.  A  man  who  deals  in  tups. 

[Local.] 
TUR'BAN,  n.  [Ar.]  A  head  dress  worn  by 
the  orientals,  consisting  of  a  cap,  and  a 
sash  of  fine  linen  or  taftela  artfully  wound 
round  it  in  jilaits.  The  cap  is  red  or 
green,  roundish  on  the  top,  and  (piilted 
with  cotton.  The  sash  of  the  Turks  is 
white  linen  ;  that  of  the  Persians  is  red 
woolen.  (^Jl<^- 

2.  In  conchology,  the  whole  set  of  whirls  of 
a  shell.  Cyc 


Wearing  a  turban ;  aa  a 
lurbaned  Turk.  Shak. 

TUR'BAN-SHELL,  n.  In  natural  history, 
a  genus  of  shells,  or  rather  of  sea  urchins, 
(ecliinodermata,)  of  a  hemispheric  or  sphe- 
roidal shape,  the  Cidaris  of  Klein. 

TUR'BAN-TOP,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Helvella ;  a  kind  of  fungus  or  mushroom. 

Cyc. 

TUR  BARY,  n.  [from  turf;  Latinized,  tur- 
baria.] 

1.  In  law,  a  right  of  digging  turf  on  another 
man's  land.  Common  of  turbary,  is  the 
liberty  which  a  tenant  enjoys  of  digging 
turf  on  the  lord's  waste. 

2.  The  place  where  turf  is  dug.  Cowel. 
TURBID,    a.    [L.  turbirlus,  from  turbo,  to 

disturb,  that  is,  to  stir,  to  turn.] 
Properly,  having  the  Ices  disturbed  ;  hut  in 
a  more  general  sense,  muddy  ;  foul  with 
extraneous  matter;  thick,  not  clear;  used 
of  liquids  of  any  kind  ;  as  turbid  water  ;  tur- 
bid wine.  Streams  running  on  clay  gen- 
erally appear  to  be  ttirbid.  This  is  olten 
the  case  with  the  river  Seine. 
TUR'BIDLY,  adv.  Proudly  ;  haughtily  ;  a 
Lalinism.     [jVo(  in  use.]  Young. 

TUR'BIDNESS,  n.  Mnddiness  ;  foulness. 
TUKBII.'LION,     n.       [Fr.  tourbillon.]     A 
whirl  ;  a  vortex.  Spectator. 

TUR'BL\'ATE,     )       [L.  turbinatus,  formed 
TURBINATED,  {  "'  like  a  top,  from  turbo, 
turben,  a  top.] 

1.  In  conchology,  spiral,  or  wreathed  conical- 
ly  li-oiii  a  larger  base  to  a  kind  of  apex ; 
as  turbinated  shells.  Cyc. 

'2.  In  bulimy,  sha|ied  like  a  top  or  cone  in- 
verted ;  narriiw  at  the  base,  and  broad  at 
the  apex  ;  as  a  turbinated  germ,  nectary  or 
pericarp.  Lee. 

:l    Wlinling.     [Little  used.] 

TURBINA'TJON,  n.  The  act  of  spinning 
or  whirling,  aa  a  top. 

TIR'BLMTE,  (  ^    A   petrified  shell  of  the 

Tl  K'BITE,       S       turbo  kind. 

Cyc.     Kirwan. 

TUR'BIT,  n.  A  variety  of  the  domestic  pi- 
geon, remarkable  fur  its  short  beak  ;  called 
by  the  Dutch  kort-bek,  short  beak. 

Cyc.    Ed.  Encyc. 

2.  The  tiirbot.  Cyc. 
TUR'BITH,  I  A  root  brought  from  the 
TUR'PETH,  \  "•  East   Indies,   particularly 

from  Canibaya,  Surat  and  Goa,  or  from 
Ceylon.  It  is  the  cortical  part  of  the  root 
of  a  species  of  Convolvulus.  That  sold  in 
the  shops  is  a  longish  root,  of  the  thick- 
ness of  the  finger,  resinous,  heavy,  and  of 
a  brownish  hue  without,  but  whitish  with- 
in.    It  is  cathartic.  Cyc. 

Turbith  or  turpeth  mineral,  is  the  yellow  pre- 
cipitate of  mercury,  called  sometitiies  yel- 
low subsulphate  of  mercury,  or  subdeuto- 
sulphate.  Ure. 

TUR'BOT,  n.  [Fr.]  A  fish  of  tlie  genus 
Pleiiriinectes,  [fishes  which  swim  on  the 
side.]  It  glows  to  the  weight  of  twenty 
or  thirty  pounds,  and  is  much  esteemed 
bv  epicures. 

TUh'HI^LENCE,  ?       [See  Turbulent.]    A 

rUIJIflLENCY,  S  disturbed  state;  tu- 
iimlt  ;  (•oiifiisi<m  ;  as  the  turbulence  at  lite 
times  ;  turbulence  in  political  affairs. 

Miltott. 

2.  Disorder  or  tumult  of  the  passions  ;  as 
<wr4u/ence  of  mind.  Dryden. 


T  U  11 


T  U  11 


T  U  R 


3.  Agitation;  tumultuousness ;  aeturlulence 
of  blood.  Swift. 

4.  Disposition  to  resist  authority ;  insubordi- 
nation ;  as  the  turbulence  of  subjects. 

TUR'BULENT,  a.  [L.  turbutenius,  from 
turbo,  to  disturb.] 

1.  Di.slurbed  ;  agitated;  tumultuous;  being 
in  violent  commotion  ;  as  the  turbulent 
ocean. 

Calm  repon  once, 
And  full  of  peace,  now  tost  and  turbulent. 

Milton. 
The  turbulent  mirth  of  wine.  Dryden. 

2.  Restless  ;  uii<iuict ;  refractoi-y  ;  di.xposed 
to  insubordination  and  disorder ;  as(tH-6u- 
Itnt  spirits. 

3.  Troducing  commotion. 

Whose  heads  that  turbulent  liquor  fills  with 
fumes.  Milton. 

TUR'BULKNTLY,  adv.  Tueiiultuously  ; 
witli  violent  agitation  ;  with  refractori- 
ness. 

TUR'CISM,  n.  The  religion  of  the  Turks. 

TURF,  II.  [Sax.  lyrf;  1).  turf;  G.  Sw.  tor/; 
Fr.  lotirbe ;  Ir.  turp,  a  clod.  The  word 
ecetns  to  signify  a  ciillectiou,  a  mass,  or 
pci'hapsiiu  excrescence.] 

1.  Tliat  upper  stratum  of  earth  and  vegeta 
ble  mold,  which  is  fdlcil   with  the  roots  of 
grass  and  other  small  plants,  so   as  to  ad 
here  and   form  a   kind   of  mat.     This  is 
otherwise  called  sicnri/  and  sod. 

2.  Peat;  a  peculiar  kind  of  blackish,  fibrous, 
vegetable,  earthy  substance,  used  as  fuel. 

[Dryden  and  Addison  wrolc  turfs,  in  the 
plural.  But  when  turf  or  peat  is  cut  into 
small  pieco.s  the  practice  now  is  to  call 
them  turves.] 

3.  Race-ground;  or  horse-racing. 

The  honors  of  the  turf  are  all  our  own. 

Cawper. 

TURF,  V.  t.  To  cover  with  turf  or  sod  ;  as, 
to  turf  a.  bank  or  the  border  of  a  terrace,  j 

TURF'-eOVERED,  a.  Covered  with  turf. 

Tooke.\ 

TURF'-DRAIN,  n.  A  drain  filled  with  turf 
or  peat.  Cyc. 

TURF'ED,  pp.  Covered  with  turf  or  green 
sod. 

TURF'-HED6E,  n.  A  hedge  or  fence  form- 
ed with  turf  and  plants  of  different  kinds.; 

Cyc.\ 

TURF'-HOUSE,  n.  A  house  or  shed  form- 
ed of  turf,  common  in  the  northern  parts 
of  Europe.  Ciic.     Tooke. 

TURF'INESS,  71.  [e>om  turfy.]  "The  state' 
of  abounding  with  turf,  or  of  having  the 
consistence  or  qualities  of  turf  j 

TURF'IXG,  ppr.  Covering  with  turf. 

TURF'ING,  n.  The  operation  of  layingl 
down  turf,  or  covering  with  turf  ■ 

TURF'ING-IRON,  n.  An  implement  for] 
imring  off  turf.  i 

TURF'ING-SPADE,  n.  An  instrument  fori 
undercutting  turf,  when  marked  out  by 
the  plow.  Ci/c.j 

TURl''-MOSS,  n.  A  tract  of  turfy,  mossy, 
or  boggy  land.  Ci/c. 

TURF'-SPADE,  n.  .\  spailc  for  cutting  and 
digging  turf,  longer  and  narrower  than 
the  conmion  spade.  Cyc. 

TURF'Y,  a.  Ahoumling  with  turf 

2.  Having  the  qualities  of  turf 

TUR'uENT,  a.  [L.  largens,  from  turgeo,  to 
swell.] 

Vol.  II. 


Swelling  ;  tumid  ;   rising   into  n   tumor  ori 

pufT'y  state ;  us  when  the  humors  are  iur- 

gent.  Gov.  of  the  Tonsve. 

TURgES'CENCE,  /      [h.  Inrgescens.]  'fhe 

TUR(iESCE!VCY,  {  ""act  of  swelling. 

2.  The  state  of  being  swelled.  jiroipn. 

3.  Empty  ponjpousness  ;  inflation  ;  bombast. 
TUR'f.ID,  a.  [L.  lurgidus,  from  turgeo,  to 

swell.] 

1.  Swelled ;  bloated  ;  distended  beyond  its, 
natural  state  by  some  internal  agent  or 
expansive  force. 

A  bladder  held  by  the  lire  grew  turgid. 

Boyle. 

More  generally,  the  word  is  applied  to 
an  enlarged  part  of  the  body  ;  as  a  turgid 
limb. 

2.  Tumid  ;  pompous  ;  inflated  ;  bombastic  ; 
as  a  turgid  sty  le  ;  a  turgid  manner  of  talk- 
ing. Waits. 

iTURtilD'ITY,  n.    State  of  being  swelled  ; 

[     tumidness. 

TUR'GlDLY,  adv.  With  swelling  or  empty 

ponq). 
TUR'GlDNESS,  ji.  A  swelling  or  swelled 

state  of  a  thing;    di>tcntioTi   beyond    its 

natural  state    by  some   internal   force  or 

agent,  as  in  a  liinh. 
2.  Pompousne.ss  ;  inflated  manner  of  writing 

or  speaking;  bombast  ;  as  the  turgidness 

of  language  or  style. 
TURIONIF'EROUS,  a.  (L.  turio,  a  shoot, 

and /ero,  to  bear.]     Producing  shoots. 

J?ar<on 

TUR'KEY,  )         [As    this  fowl   was    not 

TUh'KY,  I  "■  brought  from  Turkey,  it 
would  be  more  con-ect  to  write  the  name 
turky.] 

A  large  fowl,  the  Meleagris  gallopavo,  a  dis- 
tinct genus.  It  is  a  native  of  America, 
and  its  flesh  furnishes  most  delicious  food 
Wild  turkies  abound  in  the  forests  of 
America,  and  domestic  turkies  are  bred  in 
other  countries,  as  well  as  in  .America. 

TUR'KEY-STONE,  ?i.  Another  name  of 
the  oil-stone,  from  Turkey. 

TURK'OIS,  n.  [Fr.  turquoise;  from  Tur- 
key.] 

A  mineral,  called  also  calaite,  brought  from 
the  east;  of  a  beautiful  light  green  color, 
occurring  in  thin  layer.",  or  in  rounded 
masses,  or  in  reniform  masses,  with  a  bo- 
tryoidal  surface.  It  is  susceptible  of  a 
high  polish,  and  is  used  in  jewelry.  It  is 
usually  written  in  the  French  manner. 

TURK'S-CAP,  )!.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Li- 
lium. 

-\  plant  of  the  genus 


medicine.     This  name  is  sometimes  given 
to  the  blood-root  of  America. 

Cyc.     Bigelow. 
TURMOIL',  71.   [I   know  not  the  origin  of 
this  word  ;  but  it  is  probably  fron:  the  root 
of  the  L.  turba,  turbo,  turma,  or  of  (urn.] 
Disturbance  ;  tumult  ;  harassing  labor  ;  trou- 
ble ;  molestation  by  tumult. 

There  I'll  rest,  a»  after  much  turmoil 
A  blessed  soul  dnih  in  Klysium.  Shak. 

TURMOIL',  V.  t.  To  harass  with  commo- 
tion. 

It  is  her  fatal  misfortune — to  be  miserably 
tosseil  and  tumwileJ  with  these  storms  of  af- 
fliction. Spenser. 

2.  To  disquiet;  to  weary.  .Milton. 

TURMOIL',  f.  t.  To  be  disquieted;  to  be  ui 
commotion.  MUUm. 

TURN,  v.t.  [^&\.tuman,tyTnan;  lu.tomo; 
Gr.  ropioo;  Fr.  (ounur  ;  Arm. /umei7i ;  It. 
tomo,  a  wheel,  L.  iumus  ;  torniare,  to 
turn  ;  tornare,  to  return  ;  tornenre,  tomire, 
to  turn,  to  lenee  round,  to  tilt;  <or7iia7)i«n(o, 
tournanient  ;  Sp.  tomo,  tomear  ;  G.  lur- 
nier,  a  tilt;  Sw.  tomera,  to  run  tilt,  Dan. 
iurnerer ;  \V.  ttvi-n,  turn,  from  tur,  a  fum- 
ing ;  Gaelic,  turna,  a  spinning  wheel  ; 
turnoir,  a  turner.      This  is  probably  a  de- 


rivative verb  from  the  root 


of  Ar.  jJ:i 


daura,  to  turn.     Class  Dr.  No.  3,  and  see 
No.  15.  13.  18.  38.] 

1.  To  cau.se  to  move  in  a  circular  course  ; 
as,  to  turn  a  wheel;  to  turn  a  spindle;  to 
turn  the  body. 

2.  To  change  or  shift  sides  ;  to  put  the  up- 
per side  downwards,  or  one  side  in  the 
place  of  the  other.  It  is  said  a  hen  turns 
iier  eggs  often  when  sitting. 

To  alter,  as  a  position. 
Expert 
When  to  advance,  or  stand,  or  turn  the  swaj 
of  battle.  Milton. 

4.  To  cause  to  preponderate  ;  to  change  the 
state  of  a  balance  ;  as,  to  turn  the  scale. 

Dryden. 
'5.  To  bring  the  inside  out ;  as,  to  turn   a 

coat. 
6.  To  alter,  as  the  posture  of  the  body,  or  di- 
rection of  the  look. 

The  monarch  turns  him  to  his  royal  guest. 

Pope. 
To  form  on  a  lathe;  to  make  round. 


TURK'S-HEAD,  n 

Cactus. 

TURK'S-TURBAN,  7i.  A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Ranunculus. 

TURM,  71.  [L.  turma.]  A  troop.    [.Yot  Eng- 
lish.] MUton. 

TUR'JLALIN,  n.  An  electric  stone. 
Ttiurmnlin.] 


8.  To  form  ;  to  shape;  used  in  the  participle  ; 

as  a  body  finely  turned. 
j  His  limbs  how  tum'd.  Pope. 

:!).  To  change  ;  to  transform ;  as,  to  (urn  evil 
to  good  ;  to  turn  goods  into  money. 
liiijiaticnce  liirnis  an  .igue  into  a  fever. 

Taylor. 
j  I  pray  thee,  turn  the  counsel  of  .\hithophel 

into  foolishness.     2  Sam.  xv. 
10.  To  metamorphose  ;  as,  to  (urn   a  woriti 
I     into  a  winged  insect, 
l^^^  II.  To  alter  or  change,  as  color  ;  as,  to  <ur7i 
green  to  blue. 


TURMEUIC,  n.   [It.  turtumagtio.    Thorn-, jg.  To  change   or  alter  in  any  manner;  to 


on  says.  Sans.  Pers.  zur,  yellow,  and  ttii 
?i(7i,  pepper.] 
Indian  saffron  ;  a  medicinal  root  brought 
from  the  East  Inilies,  the  root  iif  the  C'lir- 
cuma  longa.  It  is  externally  grayish,  but 
inturually  of  a  deep  lively  yellow  or  saf- 
fron color.  It  has  a  slight  aromatic  smell, 
and  a  bitterish,  slightly  acrid  taste.  It  is 
used  for  dyeing,  and   in  some  cases,  as  a 

99 


vary.  .Shak. 

13.  To   translate ;   as,   to  turn  Greek  into 
"English. 

— Who  turns  a  Persian  tale  for  half  a  crown. 

Pope. 

14.  To  change,  as  the  manner  of  writing; 
as.  to  turn  prose  into  verse. 

15.  To  change,  as  from  one  opinion  or  par- 
ty to  another  ;  as,  to  <tim  one  from  a  tory 


T  U  R 


T  U  R 


T  U  R 


to  a  whig  ;  to  turn  a  3Iohan!medan  or  a 
paean  to  a  Cliiistian. 

16.  To  change  in  regard  to  inclination  or 
temper. 

Turn  thee  to  me,  and  have  mercy  upon  me. 

Ps.  XXV. 

17.  To  change  or  alter  from  one  purpose  or 
effect  to  another. 

God  will  make  these  evils  the  occasion  of 
greater  good,  by  turning  them  to  our  advan- 
tage. Tillotson. 

J8.  To  transfer. 

Theiefore  he  slew  liim,  and  turned  the  king- 
dom to  David.     1  {'hron.  x. 

19.  To  cause  to  nauseate  or  lothe ;  as,  to 
turn  the  stomach. 

20.  To  make  giddy. 

Eastern  priests  in  giddy  circles  run. 
And  turn  their  heads  to  imitate  the  sun. 

Pope 

21.  To  infatuate  ;  to  make  luad,  wild  or  en- 
thusiastic ;  as,  to  turn  the  brain. 

^^ddison 

22.  To  change  direction  to   or  from    any 
point ;  as,  to  turn  the  eyes  to  the  heavens  ; 
to  turti  the  eyes  from  a  disgusting  specta 
cle. 

23.  To  direct  by  a  change  to  a  certain  pur 
pose  or  object ;  to  direct,  as  the  inclina- 
tion, thoughts  or  mind.  I  have  turned  my 
mind  to  the  subject. 

My  thoughts  are  turn'd  on  peace. 

Mdison. 

24.  To  revolve  ;  to  agitate  in  the  mind. 

Turn  those  ideas  about  in  your  mind. 

Watts. 

25.  To  bend  from  a  perpendicular  direction  ; 
as,  to  turn  the  edge  of  an  instrument. 

26.  To  move  from  a  direct  course  or  strait 
line  ;  to  cause  to  deviate  ;  as,  to  turn  a 
horse  from  the  road,  or  a  ship  from  her 
course. 

27.  To  apply  by  a  change  of  use. 

When  the  passage  is  open,  land  will  be  turn- 
ed most  to  cattle.  Temple. 

28.  To  reverse. 

The  Lord  thy  God  will  turn  thy  captivity, 
and  have  compassion  upon  thee.     Deut.  xxx. 

29.  To  keep  passing  and  changing  in  the 
course  of  trade  ;  as,  to  turn  money  or  stock 
two  or  three  times  in  the  year. 

no.  To  adapt  the  mind  ;  chiefly  in  the  partici 
pie. 

He  was  perfectly  well  turned  for  trade. 

Mdison. 

31.  To  make  acid  ;  to  sour;  as,  to  turn  ci- 
der or  wine ;  to  turn  milk. 

32.  To  persuade  to  renounce  an  opinion  ;  to 
dissuade  from  a  purpose,  or  cause  to 
change  sides.  You  cannot  turn  a  firm 
man. 

To  turn  aside,  to  avert. 

To  turn  away,   to   dismiss  from  service ;  to 

discard  ;  as,  to  turn  away  a  servant. 
2.  To  avert  ;  as,  to  turn  away  wrath  or  evi 
To   turn  back,  to   return  ;  as,  to   turn  back 

goods  to  the  seller.     [Little  used.]      Shak. 
To  turn  down,  to  fold  or  double  down. 
To  turn  in,  to  fold  or  double  ;  as,  to  turn  in 

the  edge  of  cloth. 
To  turn  off,  to  dismiss  contemptuously  ;  as, 

to  turn  o^a  sycophant  or  parasite. 

2.  To  give  over ;  to  resign.  We  are  not  so 
wholly  turned  off  from  that  reversion. 

3.  To  divert;  to  deflect;  as,  to  turn  off  the 
thoughts  from  serious  subjects. 


To  he  turned  of,  to  be  advanced  beyond 
to  be  turned  o/" sixty  six.  j 

To  turn  out,  to  drive  out  ;  to  expel ;  as,  to 
turn  a  family  out  of  doors,  or  out  of  the 
house. 

2.  To  i)ut  to  pasture  ;  as  cattle  or  horses. 
To  turn  over,  to  change  sides ;  to  roll  over. 

3.  To  transfer ;  as,  to  turn  over  a  business  to 
another  hand. 

3.  To  oi)en  and  examine  one  leaf  after  an- 
other ;  as,  to  turn  over  a  concordance. 

Suift. 

■1.  To  overset. 

To  turn  to,  to  have  recourse  to. 

Helvetius'  tables  may  be  turned  to  on  all  oc- 
casions. Locke 

To  turn  upon,  to  retort ;  to  throw  back  ;  as, 
to  turn  the  arguments  of  an  o]>ponent  up 
on  hinjself.  Atterbury. 

To  turn  the  hack,  to  flee ;  to  retreat.  Ex. 
xxiii. 

To  turn  the  back  upon,  to  quit  with  contempt ; 
to  forsake. 

To  turn  the  die  or  dice,  to  change  fortune. 

TUKN,  t'.  i.  To  move  round  ;  to  have  a  cir- 
cular motion  ;  as,  a  wheel  turns  on  its  ax- 
is ;  a  spindle   turns  on   a   pivot  ;  a  man 
turns  on  his  heel. 
To  be  directed. 

The  understanding  turns  inwards  on  itself, 
and  reflects  on  its  own  operations.  Locke. 

3.  To  show  regard  by  directing  the  look  to- 
wards any  thing. 

Turn  mighty  monarch,  turn  this  way  ; 
Do  not  refuse  to  hear.  Dryden 

4.  To  move  the  body  round.  He  turned  to 
me  with  a  smile. 

5.  To  move  ;  to  change  posture.  Let  your 
body  be  at  rest;  do  not  turn  in  the  least. 

6.  To  deviate  ;  as,  to  turn  from  the  road  or 
course. 

7.  To  alter ;  to  be  changed  or  transformed  ; 
as,  wood  turns  to  stone  ;  water  turns  to 
ice;  one  color  turns  to  another. 

8.  To  become  by  change  ;  as,  the  fur  of  cer- 
tain animals  turns  in  winter. 

Cygnets  from  gray  turn  white.  Bacon 

9.  To  change  sides.  A  man  in  a  fever  turiis 
often.  Swift 

10.  To  change  opinions  or  parties ;  as,  to 
iurn  Christian  or  Mohammedan. 

11.  To  change  the  mind  or  conduct. 
Turn  from  thy  fierce  wrath.     Ex.  x.xxii. 

12.  To  change  to  acid  ;  as,  milk  turns  sud- 
denly during  a  thunder  storm. 

13.  To  he  brought  eventually;  to  residt  or 
terminate  in.  This  trade  has  not  turned 
to  much  account  or  advantage.  The  ap- 
plication of  steam  turns  to  good  account, 
both  on  land  and  water. 

14.  To  depend  on  for  decision.  The  ques- 
tion turns  on  a  single  fact  or  point. 

15.  To  become  giddy. 
I'll  look  no  more. 

Lest  my  brain  turn.  Shak. 

10.  To  change  a  course  of  life;  to  repent. 
Turn  ye,  turn  ye  from   your  evil   ways,  for 

why  will  ye  die  ?     Ezek.  xxxiii. 
17.  To  change  the  course  or  direction  ;  as. 

the  tide  turns. 
To  turn  about,  to  move  the  face  to  another 

quarter. 
To  turn  away,  to  deviate. 
2.  To  depart  from  ;  to  forsake. 
To  turn  in,  to  bend  inwards. 
2.  To  enter  for  lodgings  or  entertainment. 

Gen.  six. 


IS,  3.  To  go  to  bed. 

To  turn  off,  to  be  diverted  ;  to  deviate  froui 

a  course.     Tlie  road  turns  q//  to  the  left. 
To  turn  on  or  upon,  to  reply  or  retort. 
2.  To  depend  on. 
To  tur7i  out,  to  move  from  its  place,  as  a 

bone. 

2.  To  bend  outwards  ;  to  project. 

3.  To  rise  from  bed  ;  also,  to  come  abroad. 
To  turn  over,  to  turn  from  side  to  side ;  tc 

;  to  tumble. 

2.  To  change  sides  or  parties. 
To  tur7i  to,  to   be  directed  ;  as,   the  needle 

turns  to  the  magnetic  pole. 

To  turn  under,  to  bend  or  be  folded  down- 
wards. 

To  turn  up,  to  bend  or  be  doubled  upwards. 

TURN,  ji.  The  act  of  turning  ;  movement 
or  motion  in  a  circular  direction,  whether 
horizontally,  vertically  or  otherwise ;  a 
revolution;  as  the  (itm  of  a  wheel. 
A  winding;  a  meandering  coiuse  ;  a  bend 
or  bending  ;  as  the  turn  of  a  river. 

Addison. 

3.  A  walk  to  and  fro. 
I  will  take  a  turn  in  your  garden.      Dryden. 

4.  Change  ;  alteration  ;  vicissitude  ;  as  the 
turns  and  varieties  of  passions.        Hooker. 

Too  well  the  turns  of  mortal  chance  I  know. 

Poj^e. 

5.  Successive  course. 
Nobleness   and  bounty — which  virtues  had 

their  turns  in  the  king's  nature.  Bacon. 

6.  Manner  of  proceeding;  change  of  direc- 
tion. This  affair  may  take  a  difierent  turn 
from  that  which  we  exjiect. 

7.  Chance  ;  hap  ;  opportunity. 
Every  one  has  a  fair  turii  to  be  as  great  as 

he  pleases.  Collier. 

8.  Occasion  ;  incidental  opportunity. 
An  old  dog  tailing  fiom  his  speed,  was  loaded 

at  every  turn  with  blows  and  reproaches. 

L'Estrange. 

9.  Time  at  which,  by  successive  vicissitudes, 
any  thing  is  to  be  had  or  done.  They  take 
each  other's  turn. 

His  ttirn  will  come  to  laugh  at  you  again. 

Ucnham. 

10.  Action  of  kindness  or  malice. 
Thanks  are  half  lost  when  good  turns  are  de- 

lay'd.  Fairfax. 

Some  malicious  natures  place  their  delight  in 

loing  ill  turns.  VEstrange. 

11.  Reigning  inclination  or  course.  Religion 
is  not  to  be  adapted  to  the  turn  and  fash, 
ion  of  the  age. 

12.  A  step  off  the  ladder  at  the  gallows. 

Butler. 

13.  Convenience  ;  occasion  ;  purpose  ;  exi- 
gence ;  as,  this  will  not  serve  his  turn. 

Clarendon.     Temple. 

14.  Form  ;  cast ;  shape  ;  uianner  ;  in  a  lite- 
ral or  figurative  sense ;  as  the  turn  of 
thought;  a  man  of  a  s))rightly  turn  in  con- 
versation. 

The  turn  of  his  thoughts  and  expression  is 
unharmonious.  Hryden. 

Female  virtues  are  of  a  domestic  turn. 

Jiddison. 

The  Roman  poets,  in  their  description  of  a 
beautiful  man,  often  mention  the  turn  of  his 
neck  and  arms.  Addison. 

15.  Manner  of  arranging  words  in  a  sen- 
tence. 

16.  Change  ;  new  position  of  things.  Some 
evil  happens  at  every  turn  of  aflairs. 

17.  Change  of  direction  ;  as  the  turn  of  the 
tide  from  flood  to  ebb. 


T  t  R 


T  U  S 


TUT 


18.  t)np,  round  of  a  rope  or  conl. 

10.  Ill  mining,  a  pit  sunk  in  some  part  of  a 
drift.  Cyc. 

20.  Turn  or  toui-n,  inlaw.  Tlin  slierif's  turii_ 
is  11  court  of  record,  held  by  tin-  sherjf 
twice  a  year  in  every  hundred  ivithiii  liiis 
county.     [England.] 

By  turi'is,  one  after  another;  alternately. 
They  assist  ouch  other  hy  lurns. 

2.  At  intervals. 

They  feel  bu  Imm  the  bitter  change. 

■'  Milton. 

To  take  turns,  to  take  each  other's  places  al- 
ternately. 

TUIlN'-BIONCll.n.  [turn an(\  bench.]  Akind 
of  iron  lathe.  Moxun. 

TURN'COAT,  n.  [turn  and  coat.]  One  who 
forsakes  his  party  or  principles.  Shak. 

TVliN'KD,  pp.  Moved  in  a  circle;  changed. 

TlUl'NEP,  »i.  [a  coinponnd  of /ur,  round, 
and  Sax.  nope,  L.  napvs,n  tiirnep.] 

A  bulbous  root  or  plant  of  the  genus  Brass- 
ica,  of  great  value  for  food  ;  an  esculent 
root  of  several  varieties. 

TURNER,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 
iiirin  things  with  a  lathe;  one  who  turns. 

TURN'KJUTK,  ji.  A  rare  mineral  occur- 
ring in  smidl  crystals  of  a  yellowish  brown 
color,  externally  brilliant  and  transhu-ent. 

Phillips. 

TURN'ERY,  n.  The  art  of  forming  into  a 
rj  liiidrical  shape  by  the  lathe. 

2.  TliliiKS  made  by  a  turner  or  in  the  lathe. 

TURN'iNG.p/)/-.  Moving  ill  a  circle  ;  chang- 
inji ;  winding. 

TURN'INO,  n.  A  winding  ;  a  bending 
course  ;  flexure  ;  tncamler. 

2.  Deviatinn  from  the  way  or  proper  course. 
TURN'INUNES.S,   n.  Quality  of  turning  ; 

tergiversation.     [JVot  in  use.]  Sidney. 

TURNPIKE,  n.  [turn  and  pike.]  Strictly, 
a  t'rame  consisting  of  two  bars  crossing 
each  other  at  right  angles,  and  turning  on 
a  post  or  pin,  to  hinder  the  passage  of 
beasts,  lint  admitting  a  person  to  pass  be- 
tween the  arms. 

f}.  A  gate  set  across  a  road  to  stop  travelers 
and  carriages  till  toll  is  paid  for  keeping 
the  road  in  repair. 

3.  A  turnpike  road. 

4.  In  military  affairs,  a  beam  filled  with 
spikes  to  obstruct  passage.  Cyc. 

TURN'PIKE,  V.  t.  To  form,  as  a  road,  in 
the  maimer  of  a  turnpike  road  ;  to  throw 
the  path  of  a  road  into  a  rounded  form. 

Med.  Rep<i.i. 

TURN'PIKE-ROAD,  n.  A  road  on  whirl. 
turnpikes  or  toll-gates  are  established  by 
law,  and  which  are  made  and  kept  in  re- 
pair by  the  toll  collected  from  travelers 
or  passengers  who  use  the  road.  Cyc. 

TURN'SERVING, )!.  [dim  and  «erre.]  The 
act  or  practice  of  serving  one's  turn  or 
promoting  private  interest.  Bacon. 

TURN'-SICK,  a.   [turn  and  sick.]  Giddy. 

Bacon. 

TURN'SOLE,  n.  [turn  and  L.  .lol,  the  sun.] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  lleliotropinm,  so 
named  because  its  flower  is  supposed  to 
turn  towards  the  sun. 

TURN 'SPIT,  n.  [turn  and  spit.]  A  person 
wlio  turns  a  spit. 

His  loidship  is  his  majesty's  turnapit. 

Burke. 

2.  A  variety  of  the  dog,  so  called  from  turn- 
ing the  spit. 


TURN'STILE,  n.  [turn  and  stile.]  A  turn- 
pike in  a  foot-path.  Cay. 

TURN'S  TONE,  n.  [turn  andstone.]  A  bird, 
calleil  the  sea-dotterel,  the  Tringa  niori-^ 
nella,  a  little  larger  than  an  English  black- 
bird. This  hirri  takes  its  name  from  its 
practice  of  turning  up  small  stones  in 
search  of  insects.  Cyc' 

TURPENTINE,  n.  [L.  terebinthina  ;  Sp.  It. 
treinentinn  ;  G.  terpentin.  I  know  not  the! 
origin  of  this  word  ;  the  first  syllable  may 
coincide  with  the  root  ot'lar.]  i 

A  transparent  rcsinons  substance,  flowing] 
naturally  or  hy  incision  from  several  spe-' 
cies  of  trees,  as  from  the  pine,  larch,  fir, 
&,e.  Common  turpentine  is  of  about  the' 
consistence  of  honey ;  but  there  are  sev- 
eral varieties.  Cyc. 

TLR'PENTINE-TREE,  n.  A  tree  of  the 
genus  Pistacia,  which  produces  not  only 
its  proper  fruit,  but  a  kind  of  horn  whicli 
grows  on  the  surface  of  its  leaves.  This 
is  found  to  be  an  excrescence,  the  effect  of 
the  pniicliire  of  an  insect,  and  is  produced 
in  the  same  manner  as  the  galls  of  other 
plants.  Cijc 

TURP  ITIIDE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  turpilu'do, 
from  Inrpii,  loul,  base.] 

I.  Inherent  baseness  or  vilencss  of  principle' 
in  the  human  heart;  extreme  depravity. 

'i.  Baseness  or  vileness  of  wonis  or  actions  ; 
shameful  wickedness.  South. 

rUR'REL,  n.  A  tool  used  by  coopers. 

Sherwood. 

TUR'RET,  n.  [h.  turris.]  A  little  tower ;  a 
small  eminence  or  spire  attached  to  a 
building  and  rising  above  it. 

And  lill  her  Iwrcis  nearei  to  the  sky.     Pope 

i.  In  the  art  of  )var,  movable  turrets,  used 
forniL-rly  by  the  Romans,  were  buildings 
of  a  square  form,  consisting  of  ten  or 
even  twenty  stories,  and  sometimes  one 
hundred  and  iwi'iity  cubits  high,  moved 
on  wheels.  They  were  employed  in  ap- 
proni'hes  to  a  fortified  place,  for  carrying 
soldiers,  engines,  ladders,  casting-bridges 
and  other  necessaries.  Cyc. 

TUR'l!l7rEU,  a.  Formed  like  a  tower  ;  as 
a  lurrcted  lamp.  Bacon. 

'2    Furnished  with  turrets. 

rURKIl-lTE,  n.  The  fossil  remains  of  a; 
spir^il  multilocular  shell.  Ed.  Encyc.\ 

TURTLE,  )!.  [i^iw.id.;  Fr.  tourlerdle ;  L. 
turtur;  Gaelic,  lurtuir  ;  h.  lortora,  tortola,\ 
turlorclta.]  \ 

I.  A  fowl  of  the  genus  Columba  ;  called  also! 
the  turtle  dove,  and  liirtlc  pigeon.  It  is  a 
w  ill!  species,  freipienling  the  thickest  parts 
of  the  woods,  and  its  note  is  plaintive  and' 
tender.  Ed.  Encyc. 

l.  The  name  sometimes  given  to  tiie  com-| 
niiin  tortoise. 

'.',.  The  name  given  to  the  large  sea-tortoise. 

Cyc. 

TUR'TI-IM)UVE,  ?t.  A  species  of  the  genus 
Ccilimiha.     [Sei-  Turtle.]  ' 

TUR'TLK-SIIELL,  n.  [tarllenuA  shell.]  A 
shell,  a  beautilul  species  of  iMurex  ;  also, 
tortoise-shell. 

TUS'CAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Tuscany  in  Ita- 
ly :  an  epithet  given  to  one  of  the  orders 
of  columns,  the  most  ancient  and  simple. 

TUS'CAN,  II.  An  order  of  columns.  j 

TUSH,  an  exclamation,  indicating  check,! 
rebuke  or  contempt.  Tush,  tush,  never! 
tell  rae  such  a  story  as  that.  I 


TUSH,  n.  [Sax.  <ur.]  A  tooih. 

TUSK,  n.  [Sax.  tuz.]  The  long  pointed 
tooth  of  certain  rapacioii-s,  carnivorous  or 
fighting  animals;  as  the  tusks  of  the  boar. 

TUSK,  V.  i.  To  gnash  the  teeth,  as  a  boar. 
Ohs.  B.  Jonson. 

TUSK'ED,  ?        Furnished  with  tusks;  as 

Ti;SK'Y,     I  "■    the  tusky  boar.         Dryden. 

TUS'SLE,  ji.  A  struggle;  a  conflict.  [Vul- 
gar.]    [See  Touse.] 

TUS'SUC,  )         A  tuft  of  grass  or  twigs. 

TUS'SOC,  S  01,3.  Grew. 

TUT,  an  exclamation,  used  for  checking  or 
rebuking. 

TUT,  n.  An  imperial  ensign  of  a  golden 
globe  with  a  cross  on  it. 

Tut  bargain,  among  miners,  a  bargain  by 
the  lump.     [Qii.  L.  lotus.]  Cyc. 

TU'TELAliE,  n.  [from  U.  (u(e2a,  protectiOD, 
from  lueor,  to  defend.] 

1.  Guardianship;  protection;  applied  to  the 
person  protecting;  as,  the  king's  right  of 
seigiiory  and  tutelage.  Bacon. 

'2.  State  of  being  uniler  a  guardian. 

TU'TELAR,  ^   )      [L.<ii/f/rtm,snpra.]Hav- 

rU'TEL.ARV,  ^  ■  ing  the  guardianship  or 
charge  of  protecting  a  person  or  a  thing; 
guardian  ;  protecting  ;  as  tutelary  genii  ; 
tutelar;/  goddesses.  Temple.     Dryden. 

TU'TENAG,  II.  The  Chinese  nameof  zink. 
Sometimes  the  word  is  used  to  denote  a 
metallic  compound  brought  from  China, 
called  Chinese  copper  or  white  copper, 
consisting  of  copper,  zink  and  iron. 

Cyc.     Fourcroy. 

TU'TOR,  n.  [L.  from  tueor,  to  defend  ;  FV. 
tntcur.] 

I.  In  the  civil  taw,  a  guardian  ;  one  who  has 
the  charge  of  a  child  or  pupil  and  his  es- 
tate. 

3.  One  who  has  the  care  of  instructing 
another  in  various  branches  or  in  any 
branch  of  human  learning.  Some  gentle- 
men employ  a  tutor  to  teach  in  their  fami- 
lies, others  to  attend  a  son  in  his  travels. 

.'5.  Ill  universities  and  colleges,  an  oflicer  or 
member  of  some  hall,  who  has  the  charge 
of  instructing  the  students  in  the  sciences 
and  other  branches  of  learning. 

In  the  .Imerican  colleges,  tutors  are  gradu- 
ates selected  by  the  governors  or  trustees, 
for  the  instruction  of  undergraduates  of 
the  three  first  years.  They  are  usually  offi- 
cers of  the  institution,  who  liave  a  share, 
with  the  president  and  professors,  in  the 
government  of  the  students. 

TU'TOR,  V.  t.   To  teach  ;  to  instruct. 

Shak. 

'i.  To  treat  with  authority  or  severity. 

-iddison. 

3.  To  correct. 

TU'TORAtiE,  II.  In  the  civil  law,  guardian- 
ship: the  charge  of  a  pupil  and  his  estate. 
In  France,  di/oro^c  does  not  expire  till  the 
pupil  is  twenty  five  years  of  age. 

3.  The  authority  or  solemnity  of  a  tutor. 
[Little  used.] 

TUTORED,  pp.  Instructed;  corrected; 
disciplined. 

TU'TORESS,  n.  A  female  tutor;  an  in- 
structress ;  a  governess.  More. 

TU'TORING,  ppr.  Teaching;  directing; 
correcting. 

TU'TORING,  JI.  The  act  of  instructing  ; 
education. 


T  W  E 


T  W  I 


T  W  I 


TU'TRIX.  II.  A  female  guardian.     Smolleli. 

TUT'SAN,  11.  A  |)lunt,  park-leaves,  of  the 
genus  Hypericum.  Lee. 

TUT'TI,  n.  [L.  loli.\  In  Italian  music,  a  di- 
rection for  all  to  play  in  full  concert 


It  is  radically  the  same  word  as  twitch, 
and  of  the  satne  signification.] 
To  twitch  ;  to  pinch  and  |)ull  with  a  sudden 
jerk  ;  as,  to  tweag  or  tweak  the  nose. 

Shak.     Swift. 


TUT'TY,  ?!.  [h.tuzia:  hmv  h.  tulia.]     An|jTVVEAG,    n.    Distress;  a   pinching  condi 
argillaceous  ore  of  zink,  found  in  Persia,!     tion.     [JVot  in  xise.]  Arbuthnot. 

formed  on  cylindric   molds   into   tubular  TVVEE'DLE,  v.t.  To  handle  Hghtly ;  used 
pieces,  like  the  bark  of  a  tree.     Itissaidtolj     of  awkward  fiddling.     Qu.  Addison. 

bemadeof  a  glutinous,  argillaceous  earth, ';T\VEEL,  V. /.    To   weave   with    multiplied 
like  clay,  which  is  put  into  pots,  moisteti-|i     leases  in  the  harne.ss,   by   increasing  the 


ed  and  baked.  Cy 

TUZ,  n.  [Qu.  <o!we.]  A  lock  or  tuft  of  hair. 

U^Totintise.]  Dryden.\ 

TVV.\IN,  a.  or  11.  [Sa.\.  twegen;  Sw.  lven-\ 

ne  ;  Dan.  tvende,  for  tvegendc.     Whether 

two  is  contracted  from  tweg,  is  not  appar-j 

ent,  but  we  see  in  the  Danish  tvende,  the 

first  syllable  of  twenty  ;<i£)e«-<ig-,  two  tens.] 

Two. 

When  old  winter  splits  the  rocks  in  twain. 

Dry  den. 
[J^early  obsolete  in  common  discourse,  but 
used  in  poetnj  and  burlesque,] 
TWAIT,  n.  A  fish. 

2.  In    old   writers,    wood   grubbed  up   and 
converted  into  arable  land.     [Local.] 

Cyc. 
TWANG,  V.  i.  [D.  dwang,  Dan.  tvang,  Sw. 
tvang,  G.  zwang,  force,  compulsion  ;  G. 
zwdngen,  zwingen,  D.  diinngen,  Sw.  tvinga, 
Dan.  tvinger,  to  constrain.] 
To  sound  with  a  quick  sharp  noise  ;  to  make 
the  sound  of  a  string  which  is  stretched 
and  suddenly  pulled  ;  as  the  twanging 
bows.  Philips. 

TWANG,  V.  t.    To  make  to   sound,  as   by 
pulling  a  tense  string  and  letting  it  go  sud- 
denly. Shak.'i 
Sound  the  tough  horn,  and  twang  the  quiv- 
ering string.  Pope.\ 
TWANG,  n.  A  sharp  quick  sound  ;  as  the 
twang   of  a  bowstring  ;  a   twang   of  the 
nose.                                                       Butler. 
2.  An  affected  modulation  of  the  voice  ;  a 
kind  of  nasal  sound. 

He  has  a  twang  in  his  discourse. 

.Arbuthnot. 
TWAN'GLE,  V.  i.  To  twang.  Shak. 

TWANG'ING,  ppr.  Making  a  sharp  sound. 
2.  a.  Contemptibly  noisy.  Shak. 

TWANK,  a  corruption  of  toang'.     Addison. 
'TWAS,  a  contraction  of  it  was. 
TWAT'TLE,    V.  i.    [G.  schwatzen,  with  a 

different  prefix.     See  Twitter.] 
To  prate  ;  to  talk  much  and  idly  ;  to  gabble  ; 
to  chatter ;  as  a  twaltling  gossip. 

It  Estrange. 

TWAT'TLE,  V.  t.   To  pet  ;  to  make  much 

of.     [Local.]  Grose. 

TWAT'TLING,  ppr.  or  a.    Prating;  gab 

bling ;  chattering. 
TWAT'TLING,    n.    The   act  of  prating  ; 

idle  talk. 
TWAY,  for  twain,  two.     [JVot  in  use 

Spenser. 
TWA'Y-BLADE,  )  [tway  and  blade.]  A 
TWY-BLADE,  I  "•  plant  of  the  genus 
Ophris;  a  polypetalous  flower,  consisting 
of  six  dissimilar  leaves,  of  which  the  five 
upper  ones  are  so  disposed  as  to  represent, 
in  some  measure,  a  helmet,  the  under  one 
being  headed  and  shaped  like  a  man. 

Lee.  Miller. 
TWEAG,  I  .  [Sax.  twiccian,  to  twitch  ; 
TWEAK,  S  ^'  '•   G.  zwicken  ;  D.    zwikken 


luimber  of  threads  in  each  split  of  the  reed 
and  the  number  of  treddles,  &c.  Cyc. 

TVVEE'ZER-CASE,  n.  A  case  for  carry-j 
ing  tweezers. 

TWEE'ZERS,  n.  [This  seems  to  be  form-; 
ed  on  the  root  of  vise,  an  instrument  for 
pinching.]  Nippers;  small  pinchers  used- 
to  pluck  out  hairs.  ] 

TWELFTH,  a.  [Sax.  twelfta ;  Sw.  tolfte ; 
Dan.  tolvle  ;  D.  twaalfde  ;  G.  zwoljle.] 

The  second  after  the  tenth  ;  the  ordinal  of 
twelve.  1 

TWELFTH-TIDE,  n.  [twelfth  and  tide.]\ 
The  twelfth  day  after  Christmas.     Tusser. 

TWELVE,  a.  twelv.  [Sax.  twelf;  D.  twaalf; 
G.  zwolf;  Sw.  tolf;  Dan.  tolv.  Qu.  two^ 
left  after  ten.] 

The  sum  of  two  and  ten  ;  twice  six  ;  a  doz-i 
en.    Tioe/ue  men  compose  a  petty  jury.       1 

TWELVEMONTH,  n.  twelv'month.  [twelve 
and  month.]  \ 

A  year,  which  consists  of  twelve  calendar 
months. 
I  shall  laugh  at  this  a  twelvemonth  hence. 

Shak. 

TWELVEPENCE,  n.  twelv'pence.  [twelve 
and  pence.]     A  shilling. 

TWELVEPENNY,  a.  ticelv'penny.  Sold 
for  a  shilling ;  worth  a  shilling ;  as  a 
twelve-penny  gallery.  Drydcn. 

TWELVESCORE,  a.  twelv'score.  [tioelve 
and  score.]  Twelve  times  twenty;  two 
hundred  and  forty.  Dryden. 

TWEN'TIETH,  a.  [Sax.  twentigtha,  twen- 
togotha.  See  Twenty.]  The  ordinal  of 
twenty  ;  as  the  twentieth  year.         Dryden. 

TWEN'TY,  a.  [Sax.  Iwenti,  twentig ;  com- 
posed of  twend,  twenne,  twitn,  two,  and 
Goth,  tig,  ten,  Gr.  &£xa,  L.  decern,  W.  deg. 
See  Twain.] 

1.  Twice  ten  ;  as  twenty  men  ;  twenty  years. 

2.  Proverbially,  an  indefinite  number. 
Maximilian,  upon  twenty  respects,  could  not 

have  been  the  man.  Bacon. 

TWI'BIL,  n.  [tivo  and  bil.]   A  kind  of  mat- 
tock, and  a  halbert. 
TWICE,  adv.  [from  two.]  Two  times. 
He  twice  essay'd  to  cast  his  son  in  gold. 

Dri/den. 

2.  Doubly  ;  as  twice  the  sum.  He  is  twice  as 
fortunate  as  his  neighbor. 

3.  Twice  is  used  in  composition  ;  as  in  twice- 
told,  toice-born,  twice-\)\aMe(\,  twice-con- 
quered. 

TWIDLE,  for  tweedle.     [See  Tweedle.] 
TWI'FALLOW,  v.  t.  [twi,  two,  anA  fallow.] 
To  plow  a  second  time  laud  that  is  fallow- 
ed. 
TWI'FALLOWED,  pp.  Plowed   twice,   as 

summer  fallow. 
TWI'F ALLOWING,  ppr.   Plowing  a  sec- 
ond time. 
TWI'FALLOWING,  n.   The  operation  of 
plowing  a  second  time,  as  fallow  land,  in 
preparing  it  for  seed. 


TWI'FOLD.  a.  Twofold.     Ohs.       Spenser. 
TWIG,  n.  [Sax.  twig ;  D.twyg ;  G.  zweig. 

Qu.  L.  vigeo,  with  a  prefix.] 
A  small  shoot  or  branch  of  a  tree  or  other 

plant,  of  no  definite  length  or  size. 
The  Britons  had  boats  made  of  willow  twigs. 

covered  on  the  outside  with  hides.        Raleigh. 

TWIG'GEN,  a.  Made  of  twigs;  wicker. 

Grew. 
TWIGGY,   a.    Full  of  twigs  ;  abounding 

wiili  shoots.  Evelyn. 

TWILIGHT,  n.  [Sax.  heeon-ZeoW,  doubtful 

light,  from  tweon,  tweogan,  to  doubt,  from 

twegen,  two.] 

1.  The  faint  light  which  is  reflected  upon 
the  earth  after  sunset  and  before  sunrise  ; 
crepuscular  light.  In  latitudes  remote 
from  the  equator,  the  twilight  is  of  much 
longer  duration  than  at  and  near  the  equa- 
tor. 

2.  Dubious  or  uncertain  view ;  as  the  toi- 
light  of  probability.  Locke. 

TVVI'LIGHT,    a.    Obscure  ;  imperfectly  il- 
luminated ;  shaded. 
O'er  the  twilight  groves  and  dusky  caves. 

Pope. 
2.  Seen  or  done  by  twilight.  MiUon. 

TWILL,  V.  t.  To  weave  in  ribs  or  ridges ; 

to  quill.      [See  Qui//.] 
TWILT,  rt.  A  quilt.     [Local]  Grose. 

TWIN,  n.  [Sax.  twinan,  to  twine  ;  from  two.] 

1.  One  of  two  young  produced  at  a  birth  by 
an  animal  that  ordinarily  brings  but  one  ; 
used  mostly  in  the  plural,  twins  :  applied 
to  the  young  of  beasts,  as  well  as  to  hu- 
man beings. 

2.  A  sign  of  the  zodiac;  Gemini. 

Thomson. 

3.  One  very  much  resembling  another. 
TWIN,   a.    Noting  one  of  two  born   at  a 

birth;  as  a  tivin  brother  or  sister. 

2.  Very  much  resembling. 

3.  In  botany,  swelling  out  into  two  protube- 
rances, as  an  anther  or  germ.  Martyn. 

TWIN,  V.  i.  To  be  born  at  the  same  birth. 

Shak. 

2.  To  bring  two  at  once.  Tusser. 

3.  To  be  paired  ;  to  be  suited.  Sandys. 

[This  verb  is  little  used.] 
TWIN,  I'.  /.  To  separate  into  two  parts. 

Chaucer. 
TWIN'-BORN,  a.  [twin  and  born.]  Born  at 

the  same  birth. 
TWINE,    V.   t.    [Sax.   twinan ;  D.  twynen ; 
Sw.  tvinna;  Dau.  tvinder ;  from  two.] 

1.  To  twist ;  to  wind,  as  one  thread  or  cord 
around  another,  or  as  any  flexible  sub- 
stance around  another  body  ;  as  fine 
twined  linen.     Ex.  xxxix. 

2.  To  unite  closely  ;  to  cling  to ;  to  embrace. 

3.  To  gird  ;  to  wrap  closely  about. 

Let  wreaths    of  triumph    now   ray   temples 
twine.  Pope. 

TWINE,  v.  i.  To  iniite  closely,  or  by  inter- 
position of  parts. 
Friends  now  fast  sworn,  who  tivine  in  love — 

Shak. 
To  wind  ;  to  bend  ;  to  make  turns. 
As  rivers,  though  Uxey  bead  and  twine — 

Swi/l. 
3.  To  turn  round  ;  as,  her  spindles  twine. 

Chapman. 

TWINE,  n.  A  strong  thread  composed  of 
two  or  three  smaller  threads  or  strands 
twisted  together ;  used  for  binding  small 


T  W  I 


T  W  1 


T  W  O 


parcels,  and  for  sewing  sails  to  llicir  bolt-|tTWIRE,  v.  {.  To  take  sliort  flights  ;  to  fliit- 
ropes,  cSic.     Twine  ol' a  stronger  lund  is  I     ter ;  tocjuiver;  to  twitter.     [jVo<  in  H.st.] 

'  Chaucer.     lieaum. 

TWIRL,  V.  t.  twurl,  [D.  dwarlen  ;  G,  tjuerUn ; 
formed  on  lohirl.     The  German  coincides 


used  for  nets, 

2.  A  twist ;  a  convolution  ;  as  Typhon'e 
snatiy  twine.  Milton. 

3.  Embrace;  act  of  winding  round. 

Philips. 

TWI'NED,  pp.  Twisted  ;  wound  round. 

TWINtiE,  r.  t.  twinj.  [Sw.  tvingn,  D.[ 
dmngen,  Dan.  tvinger,  (J.  zuinfren,  to 
ciinstrain  ;  but  the  sense  is  primarily  to 
twitch.     See  Twmig,  Tweak,  Twitch.] 

1.  To  affect  with  a  sharp  sudden  pain  ;  to 
torment  with  pinching  or  sharp  pains. 

The  gnat  ttinngrd  the  lion   till  lie   made  him 
tear  liimsclf,  and  so  he  mastered  him. 

L'Eatrange. 

2.  To  pinch  ;  to  t  weak ;  to  pull  with  a  jerk  ; 
as,  to  twinge  one  by  the  ears  and  nose. 

Hudibras. 

TWINtiE,  V.  i.  ttvinj.  To  have  a  sudden, 
sharp,  local  pain,  like  a  twitch  ;  to  suffer  a 
keen  spasmodic  or  shooting  pain  ;  as,  the 
side  twinges.  [This  is  the  sense  in  which 
this  ivord  is  generally  used  within  the  limits 
oj'niy  acquaintance.] 

TWINOE,  n.  twinj.  A  sudden  .sharp  pain  ; 
a  darling  local  pain  of  momentary  contin-l 
nance  ;  as  a  tunnge  in  tlie  arm  or  side. 

2.  A  sharp  rebuke  of  conscience. 

3.  A  pinch  ;  a  tweak  ;  as  a  twinge  of  the  car. 

L'  Kslrangc.\ 
TWINti'ING,  ppr.  Suffering  a  sharp  loca: 


with  our  vulgar  rjuirl.] 
To   move   or  turn  round  with  rapidity  ;  to 

whirl  roimd. 

See  niddy  maids. 
Some  taught  with  dextrous  hand  to  twirl  the 
wlieel —  Dodslei/. 

TWIRL,  V.  i.  To  revolve  with  velocity  ;  to 

lie  whirled  round. 
TWIRL,  n.  A  rapid  circular  motion  ;  quick 

rotation.  | 

2.  Twist;  convolution.  Woodioard.] 

TWIRLED,  pp.  Whirled  round.  j 

TWIRL'ING,  ppr.  Turning  with  velocity ; 

whirling.  \ 

TWIST,   V.  t.    [Sax.  getwistan ;  D.  twisten, 

to   dispute,   Sw.   tvista ;  Dan.    tvister,   to 

dispute,    to  litigate  ;  G.  zwist,  a   dispute. 

In  all  the  dialects  except  ours,  this  word 

is  used  figuratively,  but  it   is  remarkably 

expressive  and  well  applied.] 

1.  To  unite  by  winding  one  thread,  strand  or 
other  flexible  substance  round  another  ;  to 
form  by  convolution,  or  winding  separate 
things  round  each  other  ;  as,  to  twist  yarn 
or  thread.   So  we  say,  to  double  and  ttpist. 

2.  To  form  into  a  thread  from  many  fine 
filaments;  as,  to  /iii'.9/  wool  or  cotton. 

3.  To   contort  ;    to    writhe  ;  as,   to   twist   a 
hing  into  a  serpentine  form.  Pope. 


pain  of  short  continuance;  pinching  withij.  To  wreathe  ;  to  wind  ;  to  encircle. 


a  sudden  pull. 
TWINti'ING,  n.  The  act  of  pinching  with 

a  sudden   twitch ;  a  sudden,  sharp,  local 

pain. 
T\Y  I' NING,  ppr.  Twisting;  winding  round  ; 

uniting  closely  to  ;  embracing. 
2.  In    botany,  ascending   spirally   around   a 

branch,  stem  or  prop.  Marlyn. 

TWINK.     [See  Twinkle.] 
TWIN'KLE,    V.  i.    [Sax.    twinclinn ;  most 

probably  formed  from  ivink,  with  the  jire- 

fix  eth,  ed,  or  oth,  like  twit.] 
\.  To    sparkle  ;  to    flash    at    intervals  ;  to 

shine  with  a  tremulous  intermitted  light,' 

or  with  a  brcikon   ipiivering  light.     The 

fixed  stars  twinkle  ;  the  planets  do  not. 
These   stars    do  not  twinkle,    vvlien    viewed 

through  telescopes  that  have  large  u|ierturcs. 

A''ewton. 

2.  To  open  and  shut  the  eye  by  turns;  as 
the  twinkling  owl.  IS' Estrange . 

3.  To    play    irregularly;  as,    her  eyes  will 
tunnkle.  Donne. 

TWIN'KLE,       I       A  sparkling;  a. shining 
TWIN'KLING,  I  "•  with  intermitted  light; 
as  the  twinkling  of  the  stars. 


— Pillars  of  smoke  twisted  aliout  with  wreaths 
of  dame.  Burnet 

5.  To  form ;  to  weave  ;  as,  to  hoist  a  story. 

Shak 

G.  To  unite  by  intertexture  of  parts;  as,  to 

twist  bays  with  ivy.  Waller. 

7.  To  unite;  to  enter  by  winding;  to  insin- 
uate ;  as,  avarice  twists  itself  into  all  hu- 
man concern.s. 

8.  To  pervert ;  as,  to  lieist  a  [tassage  in  an 
author. 

",).  To  turn  from  a  straight  line. 

TWIST,  v.i.  To  be  contorted  or  united  by 
winding  round  each  other.  Some  strands 
will  ()tiis<  more  easily  than  others. 

[TWIST,  n.  .K  cord,  thread  or  any  thing 
flexible,  formed  by  winding  strands  or  sep- 
arate things  round  each  other. 

2.  A  cord  ;  a  string  ;  a  single  cord. 

[."5.  .\  contortion  ;  a  writhe.  Addison. 

i4.  \  little  roll  of  tobacco. 

.">.  Manner  of  twisting.  Arbuthnot 

|(i.  A  twig.     \.\'ol  in  xise.] 

JTWIST'ED, /;/).  Formed  by  winding  threads 

1-    or  strands  round  each  otlier. 

TWIST'ER,  n.  One  that  twists. 


2.  A  motion  of  the  eye.  Dnjde,n.\-2.  The  instrument  of  twisting.  liallis. 

3.  A   moment;  an   instant  ;  the   time   of  a;  TWl.STING,  pp.  Wiiidingiliffcrent  strands 
wink.  !i     or  threadsround  each  other  ;  forming  into 

In  a  moment,  in  the  twinkling  of  an  eye,  at  |     a  thread  by  twisting. 

the  last  trump — tlie  dead  shall  be  raised  incor-[  TWIT,  v.i.  [Sax.   othwitan,  edwitan,   (etwi- 

ruptiblc.     ICoc.xv.  Ii     (a/i,  to  reproach,  to  upbraid  ;  a  compound 

TWIN'KLING,  ;?;>)•.  Sparkling.  ||     of  ad,  ath,  or  oth,  imd  witan.     The  latter 

TWIN'LING,  n.  [from  fu'in.]  A  twin  lamb.''     verb  signifies  to  know,  Eng.  to  ici7,   and 


TWIN'NED,  a.  [from  twin.]  Produced  atl 
one  birth,  like  twins  ;  united.  .Milton. 

TWIN'NER,  n.  [from  twin.]  A  breeder  of 
twins.  Tusser. 

TWIN'TER,  Ji.  [ttvo  and  irinter.]  A  beast 
two  winters  old.     [Local.]  Grose. 


also  to  impute,  to  ascribe,  to  prescribe  or 
appoint,  also  to  reproach  ;  and  with  ge,  a 
different  prefix,  gtwitan,  to  depart.  The 
original  verb  then  signifies  to  set,  send  or 
throw.  We  have  in  this  word  decisive 
evidence  that  the  first  letter  t,  is  a  prefix, 
the  remains  of  ath  or   oth,   a  word   that 


IMobably  coincides  with  the  L.  ad,  to  ;  and 
hence  we  may  fairly  infer  that  the  other 
words  ill  which  t  precedes  ic,  are  also 
compound.  That  some  of  them  are  so, 
appears  evident  from  other  circumstan- 
ces.] 
To  reproach  ;  to  upbraid  ;  as  for  some  pre- 
vious act.  He  twitted  his  friend  of  false- 
liuud. 

With  this  these  scoflers  twitted  the  christ- 
ians. Tillotson. 

JE»o\>   minds  men   of   their   errors,   without 
twitting  them  for  what  is  aiuiss.     L' Estrange . 

TWITCH,  V.  t.  [Sax.  twiccian.  See  Twang.] 
I'opull  with  a  sudden  jerk  ;  to  |iluck  with 
a  short,  ipiick  motion  ;  to  snatch  ;  as,  to 
twitch  one  by  the  sleeve  ;  to  ticilch  a  thing 
out  of  another's  hand  ;  to  twitch  off  clus- 
ters of  grapes. 

TWITCH,  n.  \  pull  with  a  jerk;  a  short, 
sudden,  quick  pull ;  as  a  twitch  by  the 
sleeve. 

2.  A  short  spasmodic  contraction  of  the 
fibers  or  muscles  ;  as  a  twitch  in  the  side  ; 
convulsive  twitches.  Sharp. 

TWITCHED,  pp.  Pulled  with  a  jerk. 

TWiTCH'ER,  n.  One  that  twitches. 

TWITCH'-GR.'VSS,  n.  Couch  grass;  aspe- 
cies  of  gra.ss  which  it  is  difficult  to  exter- 
minate. Rut  qu.  is  not  this  word  a  cor- 
ruption of  ijuitch-grass,  or  quichgrass  ? 

TWITCII'ING,  ppr.  Pulling  with  a  jerk ; 
siiflerine  short  spasmodic  contractions. 

TWITTED,  pp.  Upbraided. 

TWIT'TER,  I),  t.  [D.  kwelleren ;  Dan.  quid- 
rer ;  Sw.  quittra^ 

1.  To  make  a  succession  of  small,  tremu- 
lous, intermitted  noises;  as,  the  swallow 
twitters.  Dryden. 

2.  To  make  the  sound  of  a  half  suppressed 
laugh. 

TWIT'TER,  n.  [from<iCTt]  One  who  twits 
or  reproaches. 

TWIT'TER,  JI.  \  small  intermitted  noise, 
as  in  half  suppressed  laughter;  or  the 
sound  of  a  swallow. 

TWITTERING,  ppr.  Uttering  a  succes- 
sion of  .sinull  interrupted  sounds,  as  in  a 
half  supjiressed  laugh,  or  as  a  swallow. 

TWIT'TING,    ppr.  Upbraiding;  re|)roacI. 

TWIT'TINGLY,  adv.  With  upbraiding. 

TWIT'TLE-TWATTLE,  »».  Tattle  ;  gab- 
ble.     [  Vulgar.]  L'Eslrange. 

'TWIXT,  a  contraction  of  ielivixt,  used  in 
poetry. 

TVV6,  a.  [Sax.  tiea ;  Goth,  tiea,  twai,  tteos  ; 
D.  twee  ;  G.  zwei ;  Sw.  Iva;  Ir.  Gaelic,  da 
or  do  ;  Russ.  tvn,  troc  ;  Slav,  dwa  ;  Sans, 
dui",  dwaja  ;  Gipsey,  rfiy  ;  Hindoo,  Ch, 
Pers.  du  ,-  L.  duo  ;  Gr.  kvo  ;  It.  due  ;  Sp. 
dos  ;  Port,  dous :  Vr.  deux.] 

1.  One  and  one.  Two  similar  horses  used 
together,  are  called  a  sjian,  or  a  pair. 

2.  Two  is  used  in  composition  ;  as  in  ttca- 
leirged.     jMan  is  a  <ico-legged  animal. 

TWb-€AP'SULED,  n.  Bicapsular. 

TWo-CEL'LED,  a.  Bilocular. 

TWo-€LEFT,  a.  Bifid. 

TWoEDtiED,  a.  Having  two  edges,  or 
edges  on  both  sides;  as  a  two-edged 
sword. 

TWO-FLOWERED,  a.  Bearing  two  flow- 
ers at  the  end,  .is  a  peduncle. 


T  Y  M 


T  Y  P 


T  Y  R 


TWOFOLD,    a.  [two  and  fold-]   Two  of  the|jTYM'PANY,    7i.    A  flatulent  distention  of 
same  kind,  or  two  different  tilings  existiufj  j     tiie  belly.     [See  Tympanites.]  \ 

together;   as   twofold    nature;   a.    twofold  {TYN'Y,  a.  Small.  [See  Tiny.] 


sense  ;  a  twofold  argument. 

2.  Double  ;  as  twofold  strength  or  desire. 

3.  In  botany,  two  and  two  together,  growing 
from  the  same  place ;  as  twofold  leaves. 

Martyn. 

TWOFOLD,  adv.  Doubly  ;  in  a  double  de- 
gree.    Matt,  xxiii. 

TWO-FORKED,  a.  Dichotomous. 

TWO-HANDED,  a.  Having  two  hands;  an 
epithet  used  as  equivalent  to  large,  stout 
and  strong.  Milton. 

TWo-LEAVED,  a.  Diphyllous. 

TW6-L0BED,  a.  Bilobate. 

TWO-P'ARTED,  a.  Bipartite. 

TWO-PENCE,  n.  A  small  coin.  Shak. 

TWO-PETALED,  a.  Dipetalous. 

TWo-SEEDED,  a.  Li  ioteni/,  dispermous; 
containing  two  seeds,  as  a  fruit ;  havin 
two  seeds  to  a  flower,  as  a  plant. 

Martyn. 

TWO-TIPPED,  a.  Bilabiate. 

TWo-TONGUED,  a.  Double-tongued;  de- 
ceitful. Sandys. 

TWO-VALVED,  a.  Bivalvular,  as  a  shell, 
pod,  or  glume. 

TyE,  v.  t.  [See  Tie,  the  more  usual  orthog- 
raphy, and  Tying.] 

To  bind  or  fasten. 

TYE,  n.  A  knot.     [See  Tie.] 

2.  A  bond  ;  an  obligation. 

By  the  soft  tye  aud  sacred  name  of  friend. 

Pope 

3.  In  ships,  a  runner  or  short  thick  rope. 
TVER,  n.  One  who  ties  or  unites. 

Fletcher. 
TVGER.  [See  Tiger.] 
TY'ING,  ppr.  [See  Tie  and  Tye.]  Binding; 

fastening.     [As   this   participle    must    be 

written  with  y,  it  might  be  well  to   write 

the  verb  tye.] 
TYKE,  n.  A  dog;  or  one  as  contemptible 

as  a  dog.  Shak. 

TYM'BAL,  n.  [Fr.  timbale;  It.  taballo  ;  Sp. 

limbal.     M  is  [jrobably  not  radical.     It  is 

from  beating,  Gr.  •firtTu.] 
A  kind  of  kettle  drum. 

A  tymbal's  sound  were  better  than  my  voice 

Prior. 
TYM'PAN,  n.  [L.  tympanum.  See  Tymbal.] 

1.  A  drum ;  hence,  the  barrel  or  hollow  part 
ofthe  ear  behind  the  membrane  of  the 
tympanum.  Hooper. 

2.  The  area  of  a  pediment ;  also,  the  part  of 
a  pedestal  called  the  trunk  or  dye.       Cyc. 

3.  The  pannel  of  a  door. 

4.  A  triangular  space  or  table  in  the  corners 
or  sides  of  an  arch,  usually  enriched  witli 
figures.  Cyc 

5.  Among  printers,  a  frame  covered  with 
parchment  or  cloth,  on  which  the  blank 
sheets  are  put  in  order  to  be  laid  on  the 
form  to  be  impressed.- 

TYM'PANITES,  n.  In  merficmf.  a  flatulent 
distention  ofthe  belly  ;  wind  dropsy  ;  tym- 
pany. Ciic. 

TYM'PANIZE,  V.  i.  To  act  the  part  of  a 
drummer. 

TYM'PANIZE,  ,..  t.  To  stretch,  as  a  sk  n 
over  the  head  of  a  drum. 

TYM'PANUM,  n.  The  drum  of  the  ear. 
[See  Tympan.] 

2.  In  mechanics,  a  wheel  placed  round  an 
axis.  Cyc. 


TYPE,  n.  [Fr.  type ;  L.  typus :  Gr.  rvrto;.!^ 
from  the  root  of  tap,  Gr.  tvTttoi,  to  beat,! 
strike,  impress.]  | 

1.  The  mark  of  something;  an  emblem  ;  that 
which  represents  something  else.  [ 

Thy    emblem,    gracious    queen,    the    British 

rose, 
Type  of  sweet  rule  and  gentle  majesty. 

Prior. 

2.  A  sign  ;  a  symbol ;  a  figure  of  something 
to  come  ;  as,  Abraham's  sacrifice  and  itiel 
paschal  lamb,  were  types  of  Christ.  To 
this  word  is  opposed  antitype.  Christ,  in 
this  case,  is  the  antitype. 

3.  A  model  or  form  of  a  letter  in  metal  or 
other  hard  material ;  used  in  printing. 

4.  In  medicine,  the  form  or  character  of  a 
disease,  in  regard  to  the  intensicm  and  re- 
mission of  fevers,  pulses,  &c. ;  the  regular 
progress  of  a  fever.  Cyc.     Coxe. 

5.  In  natural  history,  a  general  form,  such  as 
is  common  to  the  species  of  a  genus,  or  the 
individuals  of  a  species. 

0.  A  stamp  or  murk.  Shak. 

TYPE,  V.  t.  To  prefigure;  to  represent  by 
a  n)odeI  or  symbol  beforehand.  [Little 
used.]  1 1' bite. 

TY'PE-METAL,  n.  A  compound  of  lead 
and  aiuiinony,  with  a  small  quantity  of 
copper  or  brass. 

TY'PHOID,  a.  [typhus  and  Gr.  ttSo;.  eorm.] 
Resembling  typhus  ;  weak  ;  low.         Say. 

TY'PHUS,  a.  [from  Gr.  rv^u,.  to  inflame  or 
heat.  HTppocrates  gave  this  name  to  ;i 
fever  which  produced  great  heat  in  the 
eyes.  Parr.  But  the  Gr.  rvfo;  is  smoke  ;' 
so  Sp.  tufo,  a  warn)  exhalation.] 

A  typhus  disease  or  fever  is  accompanied 
with  great  debility.  The  word  is  soiije- 
times  used. as  a  noun. 

TYP'IC,         i        Emblematic;    figurative; 

TYP'ICAL,  ^  ■  representing  something 
future  by  a  form,  iTiodel  or  resemblance. 
Abraham's  offering  of  his  only  son  Isaac, 
was  typical  ofthe  sacrifice  of  Christ.  The 
brazen  serpent  was  typical  ofthe  cross. 

Typic  fever,  is  one  that  is  regular  in  its  at- 
tacks ;  opposed  to  erratic  fever.  Cyc. 

TYP'IeALLY,  adv.  In  a  typical  manner; 
bv  wav  of  image,  symbol  or  resemblance. 

TYP'IC  ALNESS,  n.  Tlie  state  of  being 
typical. 

TYP'IFIED,  pp.  Represented  by  symbol  or 
end)lem. 

TYP'IFY,  v.  t.  To  represent  by  an  image, 
form,  model  or  resemblance.  The  wash- 
ing of  baptism  typifes  the  cleansing  ofthe 
snul  from  sin  by  the  bluod  of  Christ.  Our 
Savior  was  typified  by  the  goat  that  was 
slain.  Brown. 

TYP'IFYING,  ppr.  Representing  by  model 
or  eiiiblem. 

TYP'OCOSMY,  n.  [Gr.  tvrcoi  and  xoaixo^.] 
A  representation  ofthe  world.  [.Yot  much 
used.]  Camden. 

TYPOGRAPHER,  n.  [See  Typography.] 
A  printer.  H'arlon. 

TYI'OGR.XPII'IC,  I         Pertaining   to 

TYPOGR.APH'ICAL,  \  "■  printing  ;  as 
the  typographic  art. 

'2.  Emblematic.  , 

TYPOGRAPH'IeALLY,  adv.  By  means  ofi 
types;  after  the  manner  of  printers. 


2.  Emblematically;  figuratively. 
TYPOGRAPHY,    n.    [Gr.  rvrtoj,  type,  and 
-/pai}>u,  to  write.] 

1.  The  art  of  printing,  or  the  operation  of 
impressing  letters  and  words  on  forms  of 
types. 

2.  Emblematical  or  hieroglyphic  represen- 
tation. Brown. 

TYP'OLITE,  n.  [Gr.  *ii?to;,  form,  and  ^.tSo;, 
stone.] 

In  natural  history,  a  stone  or  fossil  which  has 
on  it  impressions  or  figures  of  plants  and 
animals.  Cyc. 

TY'RAN,  n.  A  tyrant.     [ATot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

TYR'ANNESS,  n.  [from  tyrant.]  A  female 
tvrant.  Spenser.     Menside. 

TYRAN'NIe,        I        [Fr.  tyranninue ;    Gr. 

TYRAN'NIeAL,  \  °"  -rvpam^of.]  Pertain- 
ing to  a  tyrant;  suiting  a  tyrant;  arbitra- 
ry ;  unjustly  severe  in  government ;  impe- 
rious ;  despotic  ;  cruef ;  as  a  tyrannical 
prince;  a  tyrannical  master;  tyrannical 
govermnent  or  power. 

Our  sects  a  more  tyrannic  power  assume. 

Hoscommon. 
Th'  oppressor  nU'd  tyrannic  where  he  durst. 

Pope. 

TYRAN'NICALLY,  adv.  With  unjust  ex- 
ercise of  power;  arbitrarily;  oppressively. 

TYRAN'NIeALNESS,  n.  Tyrannical  dis- 
(iiisitinn  or  practice.         Ch.  Relig.  Appeal. 

TyRAN'NICIDE,  n.  [L.  tyrannus,  tyrant, 
and  aedo,  to  kill.] 

1.  The  act  of  killing  a  tyrant. 

2.  One  who  kills  a  tvrant.  Hume. 
TYR'ANNLXG,  ppr.  or  a.   Acting  as  a  ty- 
rant.    [JVot  used.]                             Spenser. 

TYR'ANMZE,  v.  i.  [Fr.  tyranniser.]  To 
act  the  tyrant;  to  exercise  arbitrary  pow- 
er; to  rule  with  unjust  and  oppressive 
severity  ;  to  exercise  power  over  others 
not  permitted  by  law  or  required  by  jus- 
tice, or  with  a  severity  not  necessary  to 
the  ends  of  justice  and  government.  A 
prince  will  often  tyrannize  over  his  sub- 
jects;  republican  legislatures  sometimes 
tyrannize  over  their  fellow  citizens  ;  inas- 
ters  sometimes  tyrannize  over  their  ser- 
vants or  apprentices.  A  husband  may  not 
tyrannize  over  his  wife  and  children. 

TYR'ANNOUS,  a.  Tyrannical;  arbitrary ; 
unjustly  severe  ;  despotic.  Sidney. 

TYR'ANNY,  n.  [Fr.  tyrannic;  from  ty- 
ran.] 

1.  Arbitrary  or  despotic  exercise  of  power; 
the  exercise  of  power  over  subjects  and 
others  with  a  rigor  not  authorized  by  law 
or  justice,  or  not  requisite  for  the  purposes 
of  government.  Hence  tyranny  is  often 
synonymous  with  cruelty  and  oppression. 

2.  Cruel  government  or  discipline;  as  the 
tyranny  of  a  master. 

3.  Unresisted  and  cruel  power. 

4.  Absolute  monarchy  cruelly  administered. 

5.  Severity  ;  rigor  ;  inclemency. 
The  tyranny  o'  tJi'  open  night.  Shak. 

TY'R.ANT,  »(.  [L.  tyrannus;  Gr.  ruporrof. 
The  Welsh  has  teyrn,  a  king  or  sovereign, 
which  Owen  says  is  compounded  of  te, 
[that  spreads.]  aiul  gyrn,  imperious,  su- 
preme, from  gyr,  a  driving.  The  Gaelic 
has  tiarna  and  tis:hearna,  a  loril,  prince 
t>r  ruler,  from  tigh,  a  house  ;  indicating 
that  the  word  originally  signifieil  the  mas- 
ter of  a  family  merely,  or  the  bead  of  a 


U  B  E 


U  L  C 


U  L  T 


clan.    There  is  some  uncertainty  as  to  llic 
real  origin  of  tlie  vvoril.     It  Signified  ori- 
ginally merely  a  cliiel",  king  or  prince.] 
1.  A  monarch  or  other  ruler  or  master,  who 
uses  power  to  oppress  his  siihjects;  a  per- 
son who  exercises  unlawfijl  authority,  orjl 
lawful  authority  in  an  unlawful   manner  ;jj2, 
one  who  hy  taxation,   injustice  or  cruel,! 


punishincnt,  or  the  demand  of  unreasona-| 
ble  services,  imposes  burdens  and  hard- 
ships on  those  under  his  control,  which 
law  and  humanity  do  not  authorize,  or 
H  hich  the  purposes  of  governnienl  do  not' 
recpiire. 

A  despotic  ruler;  a  cruel  master;  an  op- 
pressor. 


Love,  lo  a  yielding  heart  is  a  king,  to  a  resist- 
ing heart  is  a  tyrant.  Sidney. 
TVRO,  n.  A  beginner.     [See  Tiro.] 
TVTllF-  [See  Tithe.] 
TiTlllNO.  [See  Tithing.] 
TZAK,  n.  The  emperor  of  Russia. 
TZARl'NA,  71.  The  empress  of  Russia. 


u. 


U  is  the  twenty  first  letter  and  the  fifth  vow- 
el in  the  Knglish  Alphiibet.  Its  true  prima- 
ry sound  in    Anglo  Saxon,  was  the  sound 
which  it  still  retains  in   most  of  the  lan- 
guages ol'  Europe  ;  that  of  oo  in  cool,  tool, 
answering  to  the  French  ou,  in  tour.  This 
sound  was  changed,  probably  under  the 
Norman  kings,  by  the  attempt  made  to  in- 
troduce   the    Norman   French    language 
into  common  use.     However  this  fact  may 
be,  the  first,  or  long  and  proper  sound  of 
«,  in  Knglish,  is  now  not  perfectly  simple, 
and   it   cannot  be  strictly  called   a  roivel. 
The  sound  seems  to  be  nearly  that  of  eu, 
shortened  and  blended.     This  sound  how- 
ever is  not  precisely  that  of  fit  ori/",  e.\- 
cept  in   a   few  words,  as  in  uiuVe,  union, 
uniform;  the  sound  does  not  begin   with 
the  distinct  sound  of  e,  nor  end  in  the  dis- 
tinct sound  of  00,  unless  when  prolonged. 
It   cannot  be   well  expressed    in   letters. 
This  sound  is  heard  in  the  unafFecte<l  pro- 
nunciation   of  annuiti/,    numerate,    brute, 
mute,  dispute,  duke,  true,  truth,  rule,  pru- 
dence, opportunity,  infusion. 
Some  modern  writers  make  a  distinction  be- 
tween  the  sound  of  u,  when  it  follows  r, 
as  in  rude,  truth,  and  its  sound  when  it 
follows  other  letters,  as    in    mute,  duke ; 
making  the  former  sound  eciuivalent  to  oo; 
rood,    Irooth  ;  and  the  latter   a   diphthong 
equivalent  to  fit  or^it.     This  is  a  mischiev- 
ous innovation,  and  not  authorized  by  any 
general  usage   either  in   Kngland  or  the 
United  States.     The  difleience,  very  nice 
indeed,  between  the  sound  of  u  in  mute, 
and  in  rude,  is  owing  entirely  to  the  artic- 
ulation  which  precedes  that  letter.     For 
example,  when  a  labial  precedes  it,  we  en- 
ter on  its  sound  with  the  lips  closed,  and 
in  opening  them  to  the  position  required 
for  littering  it,  there  is  almost  necessarily 
a  slight  sound  of  c  formed  before  we  arrive 
at  tiie   proper  sound  of  u.     When  r  pre- 
cedes u,  the  mouth    is   open    before   the 
sound  of  u  is  commenced.     But  in  both 
cases,  u  is  to  be  considered  as  having  the 
same  sound. 
In  some  words,  as  in  hxdl,full,  pull,  the  sound 
of  «  is  that  of  the  Italian  it,  the  French  oit, 
but  shortened.     This  is  a  vowel. 
t'  has  another  short  sound,  as  in  tun,  run 

sun,  turn,  rub.     This  also  is  a  vowel. 
V'BFROUS,  a.    [L.  uher.]  Fruitful;  copi- 
PUS.     [Little  used.] 


IJ'BERTY,  n.  [L.  uhertas,  from  u5er,  fruit- 
1  fill  or  copious.]  Abundance  ;  fruitfulness. 
1     (I,i'H/c  used.} 

VBICA'TION,  ?  [L.  uU,  where.]  The 
itiBl'ETY,  y     slate  of  being  in  a  place; 

local  relation.     [JVbt  much  used.] 

Olani'ille. 
'UBIQUITARINESS,  n.  Existence  every 
I     whore.     [Little  used.]  Fuller. 

1  Bia  UITARY,  a.    [L.  ubique,   from   tibi. 

where.] 
Existing  every  where,  or  in  all  places. 

Howell. 
t'BIQ'UITARY,  n.  [supra.]    One  that  ex- 
ists every  where.  Hall. 
UBIQUITY,  n.   [L.  uhique,  every  where.] 
Existence  in  all  places  or  every  where  at 
the  same  time  ;  omnipresence.     The   ubi- 
quity of  God  is  not  disputed  by  those  who 
admit  his  existence.                             South. 
UD'UER,  n.  [Sax.iirffr;  G. cuter;  D.uyer; 

Gr.  ovSap.] 
The  breast  of  a  fem.nle  ;  but  the  word  is  ap- 
plied chiefly  or  wholly  to  the  glandular 
organ  of  female  breasts,  in  which  the  milk 
is  secreteil  and  retained  for  the  nourish- 
ment of  their  young,  commonly  called  the 
bas,  in  cows  and  other  quadrupeds. 
UD'DF^RED,  a.  Furnished  with  udders. 

Gay. 
UG'LILY,  adv.  In  an  ugly  manner  ;    with 

deformity. 
UGLINESS,  )i.  [from  ugly.]  Total  want  of 
beauty  ;  deformity  of  person ;  as  old  age 
and  ugliness.  Dryden. 

Turpitude   of  mind;    moral   depravity; 
lothesomeiiess. 

Tlicir   (lull  ribaldry  must  be  olfensive  to  any 
one  who  does  not,  for  the  sake  of  the  sin,  par- 
don the  ugliness  of  its  circumstauces.      South. 
UG'l.Y,  (I.  [W.  hag,  a  cut  or  gash  ;  hagyr, 

uely,  rough.     See  Hack.] 
Deformed;  oflensive  to  the  sight;  contrary 
to  beauty;  hateful;  as   an    ugly   person: 
an  ugly  face. 

O  1  have  pass'd  a  miserable  night. 

So  full  of  ugly  sights,  of  ghastly  dieams. 

Slink. 
Fellow,  begone  ;  I  cannot  bear  thy  sight  -, 
This  news  hath  made  thee  a  most  ugly  man. 

lb. 
UKA'SE,  II.  In  Russia,  a  proclamation  or 

im])erial  order  published. 
UL'CER,  J!.  [Fr.  tdcere ;  It.  ulcera ;   L.  ul 

cus  ;  Gr.  fXxoj.] 
[.'^  sore ;  a  solution  of  continuity  in  any  of 
I    the  soft  parts  of  the  body,  attended  with  aH 


secretion  of  pus  or  some  kind  of  discharge. 
Ulcers  on  the  lungs  are  seldom  healed. 

Cooper. 
UL'CERATE,  v.  i.  To  be  formed  into  an 

ulcer;  to  become  ulcerous. 
UL'CERATE,  f.  f.  [Ft.  xdcerer ;   h.  ulcere.] 
To  affect  with  an  ulcer  or  with  ulcers. 

Harvey. 
UL'CERATED,  pp.  Affected  with  ulcers. 
UL'CERATING,  ppr.  Turning  to  an  ulcer  ; 
I     generating  ulcers. 

ULCERATION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L. ulceratxo.] 
I.  The  process  of  forming  into  an  ulcer;  or 

the  process  of  becoming  ulcerous. 
•3.  .^Vn  ulcer;  a  morbid  sore  that  discharges 
pus  or  other  fluid.  Arbuthnol. 

ULCERED,  a.  Having  become  an  ulcer. 
1  Temple. 

ULCEROUS,    a.    Having  the    nature    or 
'    character  of  an  ulcer ;  discharging  puru- 
lent or  other  matter.  Harvey. 
3.  Affected  with  an  ulcer  or  with  ulcers. 
iUL'CEROUSNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 

ulcerous. 
jUL'CUSLE,  Ji.  [L.  ulcusculum,  from  ulcus.] 

A  little  ulcer. 

U'LE-TREE,  n.  In  botany,  the  Castilla,  a 

genus  of  trees,  whose  milky  juice  yields 

that  kind   of  elastic  gum,  called   by   the 

Mexicans  ule.  Cyc. 

X"Ll*i  INOUS,  a.  [L.  i(%iiiosu5,  from  tt/igo, 

i     ooziness.j 

Muddy  ;  oozy  ;  slimy.  Hoodward. 

UL'LAtiE,  n.  In  commerce,  the  wantage  of 
casks  of  liquor,  or  what  a  cask  wants  of 
being  full.  Cyc. 

UL'MIN,  n.  [L.ulmus,  elm.]  .•\  substance 
obtained  from  the  elm  tree,  of  very  singii- 
lar  projierties.  It  resembles  gum,  but  is 
hard,  of  a  black  color,  and  considerably 
bitter.  In  its  original  stale,  it  is  soluble  in 
water,  and  insoluble  in  alcohol  or  ether; 
but  when  nitric  or  oxymurialic  acid  \3 
poured  into  its  solution,  it  changes  into  a 
resinous  sub.«tance  no  longer  soluble  in 
water,  but  soluble  in  alcohol.  Cyc. 

A  substance  originally  obtained  in  tlie  state 
of  an  exsudation  from  the  elm ;  but  it  is 
fiiund  to  be  a  constituent  of  the  hark  of 
almost  all  trees.  Thomson. 

ULNAtiE.  [See  .linage,  Aunage.] 
UL'NAR,  a.  [L-  tUna.]     Pertaining   to   the 
ulna  or  cubit ;  as  the  idnar  nerve.      Core. 
ULTERIOR,   a.    [L.   comparative.]     Fur- 
ther; as  iiWerior  demands :  Wfcrio,- projio-. 


U  M  B 


U  M  B 


U  N 


sitions.  What  ulterior  measures  will  be 
adopted  is  iinceriain.  Smollett. 

2.  In  geography,  being  or  situated  beyond  or 
on  the  further  side  of  any  line  or  bounda 
ry  ;  opposed  to  citerior,  or  hither. 

UL'TIWATE,     a.     [L.    ultinms,   furthest/ 

1.  Furthest ;  most  remote ;  extreme.  AVe 
have  not  yet  arrived  at  the  ultimate  point 
of  progression. 

'2.  Fiual ;  being  that  to  which  all  the  rest  is 
directed,  as  to  the  main  object.  The  vlli- 
mate  end  of  our  actions  sliould  be  the  glo- 
ry of  God,  or  the  display  of  his  exalted 
excellence.  The  ultimate  end  and  aim  of 
men  is  to  be  happy,  and  to  attain  to  this 
end,  we  must  yield  that  obedience  which 
will  honor  the  law  and  character  of  God. 

3.  Last  in  a  train  of  consequences;  intend 
ed  ill  the  last  resort. 

Many  actions  apt   to  procure  fame,  are  not 
conducive  to  this  our  ultimate  happiness. 

Jiddison. 

4.  Last ;  terminating ;  being  at  the  furthest 
point.  Darwin. 

5.  The  last  into  which  a  substance  can  be 
resolved ;  constituent.  Danvin. 

UL'TIMATELY,  adv.  Finally;  at  last;  in 
the  end  or  last  consequence.  AfHictions 
often  tend  to  correct  immoral  habits,  and 
ultimately  prove  blessings. 

ULTIMA'TUM,  n.  [L.]  In  diplomacy,  the 
final  propositions,  conditions  or  terms  of- 
fered as  the  basis  of  a  treaty  ;  the  tnost 
favorable  terms  that  a  negotiator  can  of- 
fer, and  the  rejection  of  which  usually 
puts  an  end  to  negotiation.  It  is  some- 
times used  in  the  plural,  ultimata. 

i  Any  final  proposition  or  condition. 

ULTIiM'ITY,  n.  The  last  stage  or  conse- 
quence.    [Little  used.]  Bacon. 

ULTRAMARINE,  a.  [L.  u«ra,  beyond,  and 
marinus,  marine.] 

Situated  or  being  beyond  the  sea. 

Jlinsworth. 

ULTRAMARINE,  n.  [supra.]  A  beautiful 
and  durable  sky-blue  ;  a  color  formed  of 
the  mineral  called  lapis  lazuli,  and  consist- 
ing of  little  else  than  oxydof  iron. 

Klaprofh. 

2.  Azure-stone.  Ure. 
Ultramarine  ashes,  a  pigment  which  is  the 

residuum  of  lapis  lazuli,  after  the  ultrama- 
rine has  been  extracted.  Their  appear- 
ance is  that  of  the  ultramarine,  a  little 
tinged  with  red,  and  diluted  with  white. 

Cyc. 
ULTRAMONTANE,  a.  [Fr.  from  L. ultra 

and  montanus,  from  mans,  mountain.] 

Being  beyond  the  mountain.    Thus  France, 

with  regard  to  Italy,   is  an  ultramontane 

country. 

Poiiffin   is   the   only   ultramontane    painter 

whom  the  It.ilians  seem  to  envy.  Cyc 

ULTRAMUN'DANE,  a.  [L.  ultra  and  mun- 

dus,  world.] 
Being  beyond  the  world,  or  beyond  the  lim- 
its of  our  system. 
ULTRO'NEOUS,  a.  [L.  jiWro,  of  one's  own 
accord.]     Spontaneous ;  voluntary.     [JVot 
used.] 
U'LULATE,  v.i.  [L.  ululo,  to  howl.]     To 
howl,  as  a  dog  or  wolf  Herbert. 

ULULATION,  n.  A  howling,  as  of  the 
wolf  or  dog. 

UM'BEL,  n.  [L.  umbdla,  a  .screen  or  fan.] 
In  botany,  a   particular  mode  of  inflores 


j     cence  or  flowering,  which  consists  of  a 

1  number  of  flower-stalks  or  rays,  nearly 
equal  in  length,  sineading  from  a  common 
center,  their  summits  forming  a  level,  con- 
vex, or  even  globose  surface,  more  rarely 
a  concave  one,  as  in  the  carrot.  It  is  sim- 
ple or  compound  ;  in  the  latter,  each  pe-; 
duncle  hears  another  little  umbel,  umbtl-i 

i     let  or  umbellicle.  Cyc.     Martyn.\ 

■  Umbel  is  sometimes  called  a  rundlc,  from 
its  roundness. 

UM'BELLAR,  a.  Pertaining  to  nn  umbel ; 
having  the  form  of  an  uiubel. 

UMBELLATE.     \         Bearing       umbels; 

UM'BELLATED,  \  °-    coiisisling  of  an  um 
bel ;  growing  on  an  umbel ;  as  umbellate 
plants  or  flowers. 

UM'BELLET,       )       A  little  or  partial  nm- 

UMBEL'LICLE,  r''  bel.  Martyn. 

UMBELLIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  umbella  and 
Jero,  to  bear.] 

Producing  the  inflorescence  called  an  luri- 
bel;     bearing    umbels;    as    umbtltiJerous\: 
plants.  J 

UM'BER,  71.  In  natural  history,  an  ore  of] 
iron,  a  fossil  of  a  brown,  yellowish,  orj 
blackish  brown  color,  so  called  from  Oni- 
bria  in  Italy,  where  it  was  first  obtained. 
It  is  used  in  painting.  A  specimen  from 
Cyprus  afforded,  of  a  hundred  parts,  48 
parts  of  oxyd  of  iron,  20  of  oxyd  of  man- 
ganese, the  remainder  silex,  alumiu  and 
water.  Cyc 

UM'BER,  n.  A  fowl  of  Africa,  called  the 
African  crow. 

The  Scopus  umbretta,  a  fowl  of  the  grallic 
order,  inhabiting  Africa.  f^'y^-] 

UM'BER,  n.  A  fish  of  tlie  truttaceous  kind,! 
called  the  gruyli7ig,  or  thymallus ;  a  lieshi 
water  fish  of  a  fine  taste.  Cyc] 

UM'BER,  V.  t.  To  color  with  umber;  to 
shade  or  darken.  Shak. 

UM'BERED,  a.  [L.  umfcra,  a  shade.]  Shad- 
ed ;  clouded.  Shak. 

2.  [from  ujnber.]  Painted  with  umber. 

UMBIL'Ie,  n.  [infra.]  The  navel;  the  cen- 
ter. Herbert. 

UMBIL'IC,        I       [L.umti/zcus,  the  navel.] 

UMBIL'IeAL,  5  "■  Pertainmg  to  the  navel; 
as  umbilical  vessels;  umbilical  region. 

Umbilical  points,  in  mathematics,  the  same  as 
foci. 

Umbilical  vessels,  in  vegetables,  are  the  small 
vessels  which  pass  from  the  heart  of  the 
seed  into  the  side  seed-lobe.s,  and  are  sup- 
posed to  imbibe  the  saccharine,  farina- 
ceous or  oily  matter  which  is  to  support 
the  new  vegetable  in  its  germination  and 
infant  growth.  Cyc.     Darwin. 

UMBIL'IeATE,        I  Navel-shaped; 

UMB1L'I€ATED,  (  ""  formed  in  the 
middle  like  a  navel ;  as  a  flower,  fruit,  or 
leaf.  Martyn.     Cyc. 

U31'BLES,  n.  [Fr.]  The  entrails  of  a  deer. 

Diet. 

UM'BO,  n.  [L.]  The  boss  or  protuberant 
part  of  a  shield.  Cyc.     Stvijl. 

UMBOLDILITE,  n.  [from  Humboldt.]  A 
newly  discovered  Vesuvian  mineral, 
whose  |)rimitive  form  is  a  right  rectangu- 
lar i)rism,  with  a  square  base,  its  color 
brown,  inclining  to  yellowish  or  greciiish 
yellow.  Journ.  of  Science. 

UMBRA,  n.  A  fish  caught  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, generally  about  12  or  14  inches 


long,  but  sometimes  growing  to  the  weight 
of  (>0  pounds.  It  is  called  also  cAromts  and 
corro.  Cyc. 

UM'BRAtiE,  n.  [Fr.  ombrage,  from  ombre, 
L.  umbra,  a  shade.] 

1.  A  shade  ;  a  skreen  of  trees;  as  the  um,- 
brage  of  woods.  Milton. 

2.  Shadow;  shade;  slight  appearance. 
The  opinion  carries  no  .'^hoiv  of  tnuh  nor  7/7)1- 

brage  of  reason  on  its  side.  Woodward.  Obs. 
[See  Shadow.] 

.3.  Suspicion  of  injury ;  offense;  resentment. 
The  court  of  France  took  umbrage  at  the 
c(,nducl  of  Spain. 

UMBRA'GEOUS,  a.  [Fr.  ombrageux.]  Shad- 
ing ;  forming  a  shade  ;  asumbrageous  trees 
or  tidiage.  Thomson. 

2.  Shady  ;  shaded  :  as  an  umbrageous  grotto 
or  garden. 

Cmbiugeous  grots,  and  caves  of  cool  recess. 

Milton. 

3.  Obscure.  Jtotton. 
UMBRA  GEOrSNESS,  77.   Shadiness  ;    as 

the  umbrageousness  of  a  tree.         RaleWh. 
UM'BRATE,  V.  t.  [L.  vmbro,  to  shade.]  To 

hade  :  to  shadow.     [Little  used.] 
UM  BRATED,  pp.  Shaded  ;  shadowed. 

Ch.  Relig.  Appeal. 
UMBRAT'IC,  I  [L.7i7nira/,-cus.]Shad- 
UMBRAT'ICAL,  5"-  owy  ;  typical. 

Barrow. 
|2.  Keeping  in  the  shade  or  at  home. 

B.  Jonson. 

UM'BRATILE,  a.  [h.  umbratilis.]  Being  in 

the  shade.  Johnson. 

2.  Unreal ;  unsubstantial.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  Being  in  retirement;  secluded;  as  an 
vmhratile  life.     [Little  used.]  Bacon. 

UJMBRA'TIOUS,  a.  [See  Umbrage.]  Sus- 
picious; apt  to  distrust;  captions;  dis- 
posed to  take  umbrage.     [Little  used.] 

fVotton. 

UM'BREL,        I       [from  L.  umbra,  shade.] 

UMBREL'LA,  S  A  shade,  skreen  or 
guard,  carried  in  the  hand  for  sheltering 
the  person  from  the  rays  of  the  sun,  or 
from  rain  or  snow.  It  is  formed  of  silk, 
cotton  or  other  cloth  extended  on  strips 
of  elastic  whalebone,  inserted  in  or  fast- 
ened to  a  rod  or  stick.     [See  Parasol.^ 

UMBRIE'RE,  »j.  The  visor  of  a  helmet. 

Spenser. 

UMBROS'ITY,  71.  [L.  umbrosus.]  Shadi- 
ness.     [Little  used.]  Brown. 

UM'PIRAGE,  71.  [from  umpire.]  The  pow- 
er, right  or  authority  of  an  umpire  to  de- 
cide. President's  Message,  Oct.  1803. 

2.  The  decision  of  an  umpire. 

UM'PIRF;,  n.  [Jiorm.  impcre  ;  L.  imperium, 
contracted,  as  in  empire.] 

1.  A  third  person  called  in  to  decide  a  con- 
troversy or  question  submitted  to  arbitra- 
tors, when  the  arbitrators  do  not  agree  in 
opinion. 

2.  A  person  to  whose  sole  decision  a  con- 
troversy or  question  between  parties  is  re- 
ferred. Thus  the  emperor  of  Russia  was 
constituted  umpire  between  Great  Britain 
and  the  United  States,  to  decide  the  con- 
troversy respecting  the  slaves  carried  from 
the  states  by  the  British  troops. 

UM'PIRE,  v.t.  To  arbitrate;  to  decide  as 
umpire;  to  settle,  as  a  dispute.  [Little 
used.]  Bacon. 

UN,  a  prefix  or  inseparable  prepnsitwn,  Sa.x. 
7J71  or  07!,  usually  un,  G.  u.n,  D.  07(,  Sans. 


UNA 


UNA 


UNA 


a»i,  is  the  enme  word  as  tlie  L.  in.  It  is  a 
particle  of  negation,  giving  to  words  to 
wliich  it  is  prefixed,  a  negative  significa 
tion.  We  use  un  or  in  indifferently  for 
this  pnrpose  ;  and  ilie  tendency  of  modern 
usage  is  to  preti'r  (lie  iim>  of  ui,  in  soine 
Words,  where  un  was  formerly  nsed.  L'n 
admits  ol  lio  rliaiige  of  71  into  /,  in  or  r,  as 
in  does,  in  illvminiitc,  immense,  irrtsolute. 
It  is  prelixed  g(  ncrully  to  adjectives  and 
partii-iplcs,  and  ulmost  at  pleasure.  In  ii 
few  instances,  it  is  prefixed  to  verbs,  as  in 
unbend,  mibind,  iinlinrnes3.  As  the  com- 
pounds formed  with  tin  are  so  common 
and  so  well  known,  the  composition  is  not 
noticed  under  the  severid  words.  For  the 
etymologies,  see  the  simple  words. 

LNAIJA'SED,  a.  Not  abased  ;  not  hundilcd. 

UNABASH'ED,  a.  Not  abashed;  not  con- 
fused will)  shame,  or  by  modesty.       Pope. 

UNABA'TKD.  a.  Not   abnte.l  ;   not  dimin 
ished  in  strength  or  violence.     The  fever 
remains  unabated. 

UNABBREVIATED,  a.  Not  abbreviated 
not  shortened. 

UN  ABETTED,  a.  Not  abetted  ;  not  aided. 

UNABIL'ITY,       )       Wantofabilitv.  [.Vol 

UNA'BLENESS,  S  "'  ««</.  We  use  inabil- 
ity.] 

UNABJU'RED,  a.  Not  abjured  ;  not  re- 
nounced on  oath. 

UNA'BLE,  a.  Not  able  ;  not  having  siiili- 
cienl  strength  or  means;  impotent:  weiik 
in  power,  or  poor  in  substance.  A  man  is 
nnrible  to  rise  when  sick  ;  he  is  unable  to 
labor;  he  is  lUKii/c  to  support  his  family 
or  to  purchase  a  lann  ;  he  is  unable  for  a 
parlicnlar  enterprise. 

2.  Not  having  adequate  knowledge  or  skill. 
A  man  is  unable  to  paioi  a  good  likeness; 
he  is  unable  to  command  a  ship  or  an 
army. 

UNABOL'ISIIABLE,  a.  Not  abolishable  : 
that  may  not  be  abolished,  annulled  or 
destroyed.  Milton. 

UNABOLISHED,  a.  Not  abolished  ;  not 
repealed  or  aniudled;  remaining  ii]  force. 

Hooker. 

UNARRIDg'ED,  a.  Not  abridged  ;  not 
shortened. 

UNAB'ROGATED,  a.  Not  abrogated  ;  noi 
annulled. 

UNABSOLVED,  a.  .9  ns  z.  Not  absolved; 
not  acquitteil  or  forgiven. 

UNA BSORB' ABLE,  a.  Not  absorb.d)le  ; 
not  injiable  of  being  absorbed.  Davy. 

UNABSORB'ED,  a.  Not  absorbed  ;  not  iu'i- 
bibid.  Davy. 

UNA€CEL'ERATED,  a.  Not  accelerated  ; 
not  hastened. 

UNA€CENT'ED,  a.  Not  accented:  having 
no  accent;  as  an  Mitaccfn^ed  syllable. 

Holder. 

UN  ACCEPT' ABLE,  a.  Not  acceptable  ; 
not  pleasing  ;  not  welcome ;  not  such  as 
will  be  received  with  pleasure. 

Clarendon 

UNA€CEPT'ABLENESS,  n.  The  state  of| 
not  pleasing.  Collier. 

UN  A€(E1'T'ABLY,  adv.  In  an  unwelcome 
or  impleasinir  manner. 

UNACCEPT'ED,  a.  Not  accepted  or  re- 
ceived :  ieiecte<l.  Prior. 

UNAi  CESS'IBLE.  a.  Inaccessible.  [This 
latter  word  is  now  used.] 

\0l.    11. 


UNAeCESS'IBLENESS,  n.  State  of  not 
I'uig  approachable  ;  inaccessibleness. 
['J'lu  latter  is  the  word  vow  used.] 

UNACtOM'MODATED,  a.  Not  acconi- 
nio<lated  ;  not  furnished  with  external 
convemences.  Shak. 

'i.  Not  fitterl  or  adapted.  Milford. 

UNAecORl'JMODATING,  a.    Not  accom 
modatUig  ;  not  ready    to    oblige;  unconi- 
|>liaijt. 

UNACCOMPANIED,     o.     Not   attended  ; 
having  nu  attendants,  companions  or  fol 
lo«  ers.  Hayuard. 

2.  Having  no  appendages. 

LNACCOiM  I'LISIIED,  a.  Not  accomplish- 
ed ;  not  tiiuslied  ;  incomplete.         Dryden. 

2.  Not  rofined  in  manners  ;  not  furnish- 
ed with  elegant  literature  or  with  polish 
ol  manners. 

UNAccOiM'PLISIlIMENT,  n.  Wantofac- 
coinpiishmeiil  or  execution.  Milton 

I'NACCORD'ING,  a.  Not  according;  not 
agreeing.  Fearn. 

UNACCOUNTARIL'ITy.  n.  The  state  or 
c|u;Jity  of  not  being  accountable ;  or  the 
stale  (d' being  unaccoimtabie  fiir.       Swift. 

UNACCOUNTABLE,  a.  Not  to  be  ac- 
counted t'or.     .Such  folly  is  unaceountable. 

2.  Not  explicable  ;  not  to  be  solved  by  rea- 
son or  the  light  possessed  ;  not  reducible 
to  rule.  The  imiouof  soul  and  body  is  to 
us  unaccountable.  Swijl. 

'.i.  Not  sidiject  to  account  or  control  ;  not 
subject  to  answer:   uot  responsible. 

UNAceOUNT'ABLENESS,  n.  Strange- 
ness. 

2.   Irresponsibility. 

UN  ACCOUNT' ABLY,  adv.  In  a  manner 
not  to  he  explamcd  :  strangely.      Addison. 

UNACCRED'ITED,  a.  Not  accredited  ;  not 
receiveil  ;  not  authiuized.  The  minister 
or  the  consul  remained  unaccredited. 

UNAC'CURATE,  a.  Inaccurate  ;  not  cor- 
rect or  exact.  [But  inaccurate  is  now 
iise<l.]  Boyle. 

t!NAC'Ci;RATENESS,  n.  Want  of  cor 
rectiiess.  [But  we  now  use  inaccurateness, 
or  inarrurary.] 

UNACCU  SED,  a.  s  as  :.  Not  accused  ;  not 
charged  wilh  a  crime  or  fault. 

UNACCUS'TOMED,  a.    Not  accustomed: 
not  used  ;  not  iiuule  familiar  ;   not  habitii 
ated ;  as   a   bullock   unaccustomed  to  the 
yoke.     Jer.  xxxi. 

2.  New:  not  usual  ;  not  made  familiar;  as 
unaccustomed  air  ;   unaccustomed  ideas. 

Ifatts 

UNACIIIE'VABLE.  a.  That  cannot  be 
done  or  accoiii|)lisl)ed.  Parindun. 

UNACHIE'VED,  a.  Not  achieved ;  not  ac 
complisheil  or  performed. 

UNACKNOWL'EDOED,  <i.  Not  acknowl- 
edged ;  not  recognized  ;  as  an  unacknowl- 
edged agent  or  consul. 

2.  Not  owned  ;  not  confessed  ;  not  avowed  : 
as  an  unacknowledfced  crime  or  fault. 

UNACQl'A'INTANCE,  n.  Want  <d'  ac- 
tpiaintance  or  familiarity;  want  of  knowl- 
edge ;  followed  liy  with  ;  as  an  utter  unac-' 
quaintance  icith  his  design.  South. 

UNA<arA  INTED,  a.  Not  well  known: 
unusual. 

.Anil   til'  utiacquainted  light  began   to  fea'. 
l.Vot  in  we.]  Spenser. 

2.  Not  having  familiar  knowledge  ;  followed 
by  with.  I 

100 


I  My  ears  are  unacquainted 

With  such  bold  truths.  Denhaii). 

lUNACQUA'lNTEDNESS,  n.  Want  of  ac- 

i     quaintance.  hhislon. 

UNACQUl'RED,     a.    Not  acquired  ;    not 

I     gained. 

UNACQUITTED,  a.  Not  acquitted;  not 
declared  innocent. 

UNACT'ED,  a.  Not  acted;  not  performed: 
not  executed.  Shak. 

UNACT'lVE,  a.  Not  active  ;  not  brisk. 
[We  now  use  inactive.] 

2.  Having  no  employment. 

■i.  Not  bu.sy  ;  not  diligent ;  idle. 

4.  Having  no  action  or  efficacy.  [See  Inac- 
tive.] 

UNACT'UATED,  a.  Not  actuated  ;  not 
moved.  Glanvittc. 

UNADAPTED,  a.  Not  adapted;  not  suit- 
ed. Milford. 

UNADDICT'ED,  a.  Not  addicted;  not  giv- 
en or  devoleil. 

UNADJUDti'ED,  a.  Not  adjudged;  not  ju- 
dicially decided. 

UNADJUSTED,  a.  Not  adjusted  ;  not  set- 
tled :  not  regulated  ;  as  diflerenccs  unad- 
justed. 

2.  Not  settled  ;  not  liquidated  ;  as  unadjust- 
ed accounts. 

UNADMIN'ISTERED,  a.  Not  administer- 
ed. 

UNA  DM!  RED,  a.  Not  admired;  not  re- 
garded with  great  affection  or  respect. 

Pope. 

UNADMI'RING,  a.  Not  admiring. 

UNADMON  ISIIED,  a.  Not  admonished; 
not  cautioned,  warned  or  advised. 

Milton. 

UNADOPTED,  a.  Not  adopted ;  not  re- 
ceived as  one's  own. 

UN  ADORED,  a.  Not  adored;  not  wor- 
sliipc'd.  Milton. 

UNADORN'ED,  a.  Not  adorned  ;  not  ilec- 
orated  :  not  endiellishcd.  Milton. 

UNADULTERATED,  a.  Not  adulterated  ; 
genuine  ;  pure.  Mdison. 

UNADUL'TEROUS,  a.  Not  guilty  of  adul- 
tery. 

UNADUL'TEROISLY,  adv.  Without  be- 
ing giiiltv  of  adultery. 

UNADVENT  UROUS,  a.  Not  adventurous  ; 
not  bold  or  rescdute.  MUion. 

UNADVI'S.\BLE.  a.  s  as  :.  Not  advisa- 
ble: not  to  be  recommended;  not  expe- 
<lient ;  not  prudent. 

UNAD\I'SED,  a.  s  as  z.  Not  prudent ;  not 
discrete.  Shak. 

Done  without   due  consideration  ;  rash ; 
as  an  unadi'ised  measure  or  proceeding. 

Shak. 

ITNADVI'SEDLY,  adv.  s  as  r.  Imprudent- 
ly: iiidiscretely  ;  rashly;  without  due  con- 
sideration. Hooker. 

UNADVl'SEDNESS,  n.  s  as  :.  Impru- 
dence ;  rashness. 

UNA'ER.\TED,  a.  Not  combined  with  car- 
bonic acid. 

UNAFFABLE,  a.  Not  affable  ;  not  free  to 
coinersr  ;  reserved. 

UNAFFECTED,  a.  Not  affected;  plain  ; 
natural  :  not  labored  or  artificial;  simple; 
as  unnfficled  ea.-e  and  grace. 

2.  Real :  not  bypocritii-al  :  sincere  :  as  un- 
affected sorrow.  Dry  ten. 

3.  Notnio\<<i:  Lot  liavirg  tl  e  l.t  a:  I  1  r  I  as- 
sions  touched.     Men  olteu  remain  unaf- 


UNA 


UNA 


UNA 


Jechd  under  all  the  solemn  monitions  of 
Providence. 

UNAFFECT'EDLY,  adv.  Really;  in  sin- 
cerity; without  disguise;  without  attempt- 
ing to  produce  false  appearances.  He  was 
unaffectedli)  (-heerful.  Locke. 

UNAFFE€t'ING,  a.  Not  pathetic;  not 
adapted  to  move  the  passions. 

UNAFFEC'TIONATE,  a.  Not  affection- 
ate ;  Wiiiilinj;  affection. 

UNAFFIRM'ED,  a.  Not  affirmed  ;  not  con- 
firmed. 

UNAFFLICT'ED,  a.  Not  afflicted;  free 
from  trr)ulile. 

UN  AFFRIGHTED,  a.  Not  frightened. 

UNAG'GRAVATED,  a.  Not  aggravated. 

UN'Vti'ITATED,  a.  Not  agitated  ;  calm. 

UNAGREEABLE,  a.  Not  consistent  ;  un- 
suitable. Milton. 

UNAGREE'ABLENESS,  n.  Unsuitable- 
ness  ;    inconsistency  with. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

UNA'IDABLE,  a.  Not  to  be  aided  or  as- 
sisted.    [JVot  used.] 

UNA'IDEl),  a.  Not  aided  ;  not  assisted. 

Btackmore. 

UNA'IWING,  a.  Having  no  particular  aim 
or  direction.  Granville. 

UNA'KING,  a.  Not  aking  ;  not  giving  or 
feeling  pain.  Sliak. 

UNAL>ARMED,  a.  Not  alarmed;  not  dis- 
turbed with  fear.  Coivper. 

UNA'UENABLE,  a.  Not  alienable;  that 
cannot  be  alienated  ;  that  may  not  be 
transferred  ;   as  unalienable  rights. 

Swift. 

UNA'LIENABLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  that 
admits  of  no  alienation  ;  as  property  tm- 
alienahlij  vested. 

UNA'LIENATED,  a.  Not  alienated ;  not 
transferred  ;  not  estranged. 

UNALLA'YED,  a.  Not  allayed;  not  ap- 
peased or  quieted. 

2.  For  unalloyed.     [See  Unalloyed.] 

UNALLE'ViATED,  a.  Not  alleviated  ;  not 
mitigated. 

UNALLl'ABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  allied  or 
connected  in  amity.  Cheyne. 

UNALLI'ED,  a.  Having  no  alliance  or  con- 
nection, either  by  nature,  marriage  or 
treaty  ;  as  unallied  families  or  nations,  or 
substances. 

2.  Having  no  powerful  relation. 

UNALLOWED,  a.  Not  allowed  ;  not  per- 
mitted. 

UNALLOY'ED,  a.  Not  alloyed;  not  redu- 
ced by  foreign  admixture ;  as  metals  un- 
alloyed. 

I  enjoyed  unalloyed  satisfaction  in  his  com- 
pany. Mitfurd. 

I'NALLU'RED,  a.  Not  allured;  not  enti- 
ced. 

UN  ALLU'RING,  a.  Not  alluring ;  not  tempt- 
ing. Mitfurd. 

UN'ALMSED,  a.  unamzed.  Not  having  rc- 
reived  alms.  Pollok. 

UNaL'TERABLE,  a.  Not  alterable :  un- 
iliangeable  ;  immutable.  South. 

UN  ALTER  ABLENESS,  ji.  Unchange- 
olileness;   iiiiiiiulabilitv.  Jfuodward. 

UNaL'TERABLY,  aciii.Unchangeuhly  ;  im- 
mutably. 

UNaL'TERED,  a.  Not  altered  or  changed. 

Dry  den. 

UNAMA'ZED,  a.  Not  amazed  ;  free  from 
astonishment.  Milton. 


iUNAMBIG'UOUS,  a.  Not  ambiguous;  not 

I     ot doubtful   meaning;  plain;  clear;   cer- 

I     tain.  Chesterfeld. 

UNAMBIGUOUSLY,  adv.  In  a  clear,  ex- 

'     plirit  manner. 

UN  AMBIG'UOUSNESS,  n.  Clearness  ;  ex- 

i     plicitiicss. 

!UNAMBl"TIOUS,  a.  Not  ambitious ;  free 
from  ambition. 

2.  Not  affecting  fbnw  ;  not  showy  or  prom- 
inent ;  as  unditibitious  ornaments. 

UNAMBI'TlOUisNESS,  n.  Freedom  from 
amhitioti. 

UNAMKND'ABLE,  a.  Not  capable  of 
emendation.  Pope. 

UNAMEND'ED,  a.  Not  amended  ;  not 
rectified.  ^sh 

UNA'MIABLE,  a.  Not  amiable;  not  con- 
ciliating love  ;  not  adapted  to  gain  affec- 
tion. Spectator. 

;UNA'MIABLENESS,    n.    Want  of  amia- 

j     bleness. 

,UNAMU'SED,  a.  s  as  z.  Not  amused  ;  not 
entertained. 

UNAMU'SING,  a.  s  as  :.  Not  amusing; 
not  affording  entertainment. 

Roscoe.    Mitford. 

UNAMU'SIVE,  a.  Not  affording  amuse- 
ment. 

UNANALOG'ICAL,  a.  Not  analogical. 

UNANAL'OGOUS,  a.  Not  analogous  ;  not 
agreeable  to.  Darwin. 

UNAN'ALYSED,  a.  s  as  z.  Not  analysed  ; 
not  resolved  into  simple  parts.  Boyle. 

UNAN'CUORED,  a.  Not  anchored  ;  not 
moored.  Pope. 

UNANE'LED.  a.  Not  having  received  ex- 
treme unction.     [See  Jlnneal.]  Shak. 

UNAN'GULAR,  a.   Having  no  angles. 

Good. 

UNAN'IMALIZED,  a.  Not  formed  into  an- 
\\\\;\\  Mialter. 

UNAN'IMATED,  a.  Not  animated;  not 
possessed  of  life. 

2.  Not  eidivened  ;  not  having  spirit  ;  dull. 

UNAN'IMATING,  a.   Not  aniniiiting  ;  dull. 

UNANIMITY,  n.  [Vr.  unaniiniU  ;  L.  un- 
)(,?,  one,  and  animus,  mind.] 

Agreement  of  a  number  of  persons  in  opin- 
ion or  determination  ;  as,  there  was  per- 
fect unanimity  among  the  members  of  the 
coinicil. 

UNAN'LMOUS,  a.  Being  of  one  mind  ; 
agreeing  in  opinion  or  determination  ;  as, 
the  house  of  assembly  was  unanimous: 
the  members  of  the  council  were  unani- 
m  ous. 

2.  Formed  by  unanimity  ;  as  a  unanimous 
vote. 

"UNAN'IMOUSLY,  adv.  With  entire  agree- 
ment of  minds.  Addison. 

VNAN'IMOUSNESS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing of  one  mind. 

2.  Proceeding  from  unanimity  ;  as  the  unan- 
imousness  of  n  vote. 

UNANNE'ALED,  a.  Not  annealed;  not 
tempered  by  heat ;   suddenly  cooled. 

UNANNEX'ED,  a.  Not  annexed  ;  not  join- 
ed. 

UNANNOY'ED,  a.  Not  annoyed  or  iucom- 
moded. 

UNANOINT'ED,  a.   Not  anointed. 

2.  Not  having  received  extreme  unction. 

Shak. 


UN>ANSVVERABLE,  a.  Not  to  be  satis- 
factorily answered  ;  not  capable  <]f  refu- 
tation ;  as  an  unansiverable  argument. 

UN'ANSWERABLENESS,  n.  The  state 
of  being  unanswerable. 

UN^ANSVVERABLY,  adv.  In  a  manner 
not  to  be  answered  ;  beyond  refutation. 

South. 

UN>ANSWERED,  a.  Not  answered  ;  not 
opposed  by  a  reply.  Milton. 

2.  Not  reluted.  Hooker. 

3.  Not  suitably  returned.  Dryden. 
UNAPOCKYPHAL,    a.    Not  apocryphal ; 

not  of  tloubtful  authority.  Xlilton. 

UNAPPALL'ED,     o.     Not    appalled  ;   not 
daunted  ;  not  impressed  with  fear. 
With  eyes  erect  and  visage  unappalVd. 

Smith. 

UNAPPAR'ELED,  a.  Not  appareled;  not 
elothed.  Bacon. 

UN  APPA'RENT,  a.  Not  apparent ;  obscure ; 
not  visible.  Milton. 

UNAPPE'ALABLE,  a.  Not  appealable; 
admitting  no  appeal;  that  cannot  be  car- 
ried to  a  higher  court  by  appeal ;  as  an 
unappealable  cause. 

UNAPPE'ASABLE,  a.  s  as  :.  Not  to  be 
ap|)eased  or  pacified  ;  as  an  unappealable 
clamor. 

2.  Not  placable;  as  unappeasable  wrath. 

UNAPPE'ASED,  a.  s  as  z.  Not  appeased; 
not  pacified.  Dryden. 

UNAPPLI'ABLE,  a.  Inapplicable.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Milton. 

UNAI"PL1€ABLE,  a.  Inapplicable  ;  that 
cannot  be  applied.  [We  now  use  inappli- 
cable.] 

UNAPPLIED,  a.  Not  applied  ;  not  used  ac- 
ci>rding  to  the  destination  ;  as  unapplied 
funds. 

UNAP'POSITE,  a.  s  as  :.  Not  apposite; 
not  suitable.  Gerard. 

UNAPPRE'CIATED,a.  Not  duly  estimated 

INAPPREJIEND'ED,  a.  Not  apprehend- 
ed ;  not  taken. 

2.  Not  understood.  Hooker. 

UNAPPREHENS'IBLE,  a.  Not  capable  of 
being  understood.  South. 

UNAPPREHENSIVE,  a.  Not  apprehens- 
ive :  not  fearful  or  suspecting. 

2.  Not  intelligent ;  not  ready  of  conception. 

South. 

UNAPPRISED,  a.  s  as  z.  Not  apprised  ; 
not  previously  informed. 

UNAPPROACHABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be 
approached  ;  inaccessible. 

UNAPPROACHABLENESS,  n.  Inaccessi- 

bleiiess. 

UNAPPROACHED,  a.  Not  approached; 
not  to  be  approached.  Milton. 

UNAPPRO'PRIATED,  a.  Not  appropriat- 
ed ;  not  a))plied  or  directed  to  be  applied 
to  any  si)ecific  object ;  as  money  or  (iinds. 

Hamilton. 

2.  Not  granted  or  given  to  any  person,  com- 
[lany  or  corporation  ;  as  unappropriated 
'ands.  B.  Trumbull. 

UNAPPROVED,  a.  Not  approved;  not  hav- 
ing received  approbation.  Millon. 

LNAPT',  a.  Not  apt  ;  not  ready  or  propense. 
A  soldier,  unnjit  to  weep.  Shak. 

2.  Didl;  not  ready  i"  learn. 

3.  Uiffit ;  not  quahficd  ;  not  disposed  ;  with 


UNA 


UNA 


U  N  B 


to,  before  a  verb,  and  for,  before  a  noun  ; 
as  unapt  to  admit  a  conl'erencc  with  reason. 

Hooker. 

Unapt  for  noble,   wise,    spiritual  eni|>loy- 

ments.  Tai/lor 

4.  Improper;  unsuitable.  Johnson. 

UNAPT'LY,  adv.  Unfitly  ;  improperly. 

Grew. 

UNAPT'NESS,    n.    Unfitness ;  unsuitahle- 

ness.  Spenser. 

2.  Dullness:  want  of  quick  anprelieiision. 

Shak. 

3.  Unreadiness  ;  disqualifieation  ;  want  of 
propension.  The  mind,  by  excess  of  exer- 
tion, gets  an  muiptness  to  vigorous  ut- 
tenipts.  Locke. 

UN'ARGUED,  a.  Not  argued  ;  not  debated. 

2.  Not  disputed  ;  not  opposed  by  argument. 

Milton. 

3.  Not  censured  ;  a  Lalinism.     [Afot  used.] 

B.  Jonson. 

UN'AKM,  «.<.  To  disarm;  to  strip  of  armor 
or  arras.     (JVot  ^lsed.]     [See  Disarm.] 

Shak. 

UNHARMED,  a.  Not  having  on  arms  or 
armor  ;  not  equipped.  iMan  is  horn  tm- 
armed.  It  is  mean  to  attack  even  an  ene- 
my unarmed. 

2.  Not  furnislicd  with  scales,  prickles  or  oth- 
er defense  ;  as  animals  and  plants. 

UNARRA'IGNED,  a.  Not  arraigned;  noi 
brought  to  trial.  Daniel. 

UN.\RR.\N(iED,  a.  Not  arranged;  not  dis- 
posed in  ordirr. 

UNARRA'YEU,  a.  Not  arrayed  ;  not  dress 
cd.  Dryden. 

2.  Not  disposed  in  order. 

UNARRI'VED,  a.  Not  arrived.  [Ill formed.] 

UNCARTED,   a.  Ignorant  of  the  arts.  [.Vol 

in  use]  IVnlerhouse. 

UN'ARTFyL.  a.    Not  artful;  artless;  not 

liaMng  cnnning.  Drijden. 

2.  Winning  skill.     [Little  used.]  Chei/ne. 

UN'ARTFyLUy,  adv.  Without  art;  iii  an 

unarlfid  ninnner.  Swift 

[In  lieu  of  tlir.-i>  words,  artless  and  arUessli) 

are  generally  used.] 
UNARTIC'ULATED,  a.  Not  articulated  or 

disrincilv  pmnoiniced.  Encyc. 

UNARTIFI'CIAI.,    a.    Not   artificial;  not 

fornieil  liy  art. 
UNARTIFI'CIALLY,  adv.  Not  with   art; 

in  a  tnamier  contrary  to  art.  Derham. 

UNASCEND'IBLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  as- 
cended. Marshall. 
UNASCERTA'INABLE,    a.    That   cannot 

be  ascertained,  or  reduced  to  a  certainty  ; 

that  cannot  be  certainly  known. 
The  trustees  are  unascertainahle. 

IVheaton's  Rep. 
UNASCERTA'INED,  a.  Not  rednced  to  a 

certainty  ;  not  certainly  known. 

Hamilton. 
UNMASKED,  n.  Not  asked  ;  unsoli(-ited  ;  as, 

to  bestow   favors  unasked;  that   was   an 

unasked  favor. 
2.  Not  sought  by  entreaty  or  care. 
The  bearded  corn  ensuM 
From  earth  unasked.  Dryden. 

UNASPECT'IVE,  a.  Not  having  a  view  to. 

Fellham. 
UNAS'PIRATED,  a.  Having  no  aspirate. 

Parr. 
UNASPI'RING,  a.  Not  aspiring  ;  not  a.nhi- 

tious.  Hogers. 


UNASSAILABLE,  a.  Not  assailable  ;  that::3.  Not  medically  attended 
cannnt  he  assaulted.  Shak 


UNASSA'II^ED,  a.  Not  assailed;  not  at- 
tacked liy  violence. 

To  keep  my  life  and  honor  utiassail'd. 

Mlton. 
UNASS.VULT'ED,  a.    Not  assaulted  ;  not 

aitacked. 
UNASSA'YED,    a.    Not   essayed ;  not  at- 
tempted.    [We  now  use  unes.iayed.] 

2.  Not  suhjticted  to  assay  or  trial. 
UNASSEMBLED,   a.    Not    assembled  or 

congregated. 

UNASSERTED,  o.  Not  asserted;  not  af- 
firmed ;  not  vindicated. 

UNASSESS'ED,  a.  Not  a.ssessed ;  not  rated. 

UNASSIGNABLE,  a.  Not  assignable;  that 
cannot  be  transferred  by  assignment  or  in- 
dorsement. Jones,      ffheaton.' 

UNASSIGNED,  a.  Not  assigned;  not  de-! 
clareil  ;  not  transferred. 

UNASSIM  ILATED,  a.  Not  assimilated;! 
not  iiiaile  to  resemble. 

12.  In  physiology,  not  formed  or  convertedi 
into  a  like  substance  ;  not  animalized,  as 
food.  Med.  Repos., 

IJNASSIST'ED,  n.  Not  assisteil  ;  not  aided, 
orhi'Iped;  »:i  unassisted  reason.      Rogers, 

UNASSIST'ING,  a.  Giving  no  help. 

Dryden. 

UNASSOCIATED,  a.  Not  associated  ;  not 
united  with  a  society. 

i.  Ill  Conneeticut,  not  united  with  an  asso- 
ciation ;  as  an  unassocialcd  church. 

UNASSORTED,  a.  Not  assorted  ;  not  dis- 
trihiiied  into  sorts. 

UN.ASSU'MING,  a.  Not  assuming  ;  not  bold 
or  forward  ;  not  making  lofty  pretensions; 
not  arrogant ;  modest ;  as  an  unassuming- 
youth;   unassuming  manners. 

UNASSU'RED,  a.  [See  Sure.]  Not  assured 
not  confident ;  as  an  unassured  counte- 
nance. Glanville 

'i.  Not  to  be  trusted  ;  as  an  unassured  foe. 

Spenser. 

3.  Not  insured  against  loss ;  as  goods  unas- 
sured. 

UNATO'NABLE,   a.  Not  to  be  appeased  ; 

not  to  h(^  reconciled.  Milton. 

UNATO'NED,  a.  Not  expiated. 

A  brotlier's  l)lood  yet  unaton'd.  Rotce. 

UNATTACH'ED,  a.  Not  attached  ;  not  a 

rested.  Junius. 

2.  Not   closely   adhering ;  having   no   fixed 

interest ;  as  unntlnrhed  to  any  party. 
'■i.  Not  iiniteil  liv  affection. 
UNATTACK'ED,  a.  Not  attacked  ;  not  as- 

saidtpil. 
UNATTAINABLE,  a.  Not  to  l)e  gained  or 

obtained  ;  as  unattainable  good. 
UNATTA'INABLENESS,  n.  The  state  ofl 

heing  beyond  the  reach  or  power. 

Locke. 
UNATTA'INTED,    a.    Not  attainted ;  not 

corrupted. 
UNATTEM'PERED,  a.   Not  tempered  byj 

niixinre.  I 

UNATTEMPT'ED,  a.  Not  attempted  ;  not! 

tried  ;  not  essayed. 

1  liin^s  unattempted  yet  in  prose  or  rhyme. 

Milton 
UNATTENDED,  a.  Not  attended  ;  not  ac 


not  dressed ;  as 
unatlindtd  woiiinls.  Mitford. 

UNATTEND'ING,  a.  Not  attending  or  lis- 
tening ;  not  being  altentl^c. 
111  19  lost  that  piaise 
That  is  addrcss'd  to  unalleruling  cars. 

Milton. 

UNATTEN'TIVE,  a.  Not  regarding;  inat- 
tentive.    [The  latter  loord  is  now  used.] 

UNATTES  r  ED,  o.  Not  attested  ;  having 
no  atlestntion.  Barrow. 

jUNATTl'RED,  a.  Not  attired  ;  not  adorn- 
ed. 

UNATTRACT'ED,  a.  Not  attracted;  not 
affected  hy  attraction. 

UNAUGMENT'ED,  a.  Not  augmented  or 
increased  ;  in  grammar,  bavin;;  no  aug- 
ment, or  additional  syllable.      Richardson. 

UNAUTHENTIC,  a.  Not  authentic ;  not 
genuine  or  true. 

UNAUTHEN  TICATED,  a.  Not  authenti 
cateil  ;  not  made  certain  bv  authoritv. 

UNAUTHORIZED,  a.  Not  authorized; 
not  warranted  hy  proper  authority  ;  not 
duly  commissioned. 

UNAVA'IL\BLE,  a.  Not  available;  not 
having  suflicient  power  to  produce  the 
intended  effect ;  not  effectual ;  vain  ;  use- 
less. Hooker. 

UNAVA'ILABLENESS,  n.  Inefficacy  ;  use- 
lessness.  Sandys. 

UNAVA'ILING,  a.  Not  having  the  effect 
desired  ;  ineffectual ;  useless  ;  vain  ;  as 
unnrailing  efforts  ;  unavailing  prayers. 

UNAVE\(i'ED,  a.  Not  avenged;  not  hav- 
ing ohtaiiicd  satisfaction;  as,  a  person  is 
unavenged. 

:2.  Not  punished  ;  as,  a  crime  is  unavenged. 

UNAVERT'ED,  o.  Not  averted ;  not  turned 
away. 

UNAVOID'ABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  made 
null  or  void.  Blackslone. 

2.  Not  avoidable  ;  not  to  be  shunned  ;  inev- 
itahle  ;  as  unavoidable  evils. 

3.  Not  to  he  missed  in   ratiocination. 

Locke. 

UNAVOID'ABLENESS,  n.  The  state  of 
being  unavoidable;  inevitableness. 

Glanville. 

lUNAVOID'ABLV,  adv.  Inevitably ;  in  a 
manner  that  prevents  failure  or  escape. 

iUN.WOID'ED,  a.  Not  avoided  or  shunned. 

2.  Inevitable.     [JVot  legitimate.]      B.  Jonson. 

UNAVOW  ED,  a.  Not  avowed:  not  ac- 
knowledged ;  not  owned  ;  not   confes.sed. 

UNAWA'KED.        )       Not  awakened ;  not 

lUNAWA'KENED,  I  "'  roused  from  sleep. 

2.  Not  roused  from  spiritual  slumber  or  stu- 
pidity. Scott. 

UN.AWA'RE,  a.  Without  thought ;  inatten- 
tive. Swifl. 

UNAWARE,     I     ,     Suddenly ;  unexpect- 

UNAWA'RES,  P""-  edly;  without   previ- 
The  evil  came  upon  us 


ous  preparation. 
unaicares. 
2.  Without  premeditated  design.     lie  killed 

the  man  unawares. 
At  unawares,  unexpectedly. 

He  breaks  at  unawares  upon  our  walks. 

Dryden. 

UNA  W'ED,  a.  Not  awed  ;  not  reslniined  hy 

]     fear;  mirlannted.  Dryden. 

U.N'BACK'ED,  a.  Not  having  been  backed; 

coinpaiiied  ;  having  no  retinue  or  attend-      as  nn  uniiackcd  co\t. 

aiH'e.  Milton.  2.  Not  tatned  ;  not  taught  to  bear  a  riiler. 

2.  Forsaken.  iSAat.ll  Shak. 


U  N  B 


U  N  B 


U  N  B 


3.  Unsupported  ;  left  without  aid.      Darnell 
UNBA'KED,  a.  Not  baited. 
UNBAL'ANUED,    a.    Not   balanced  ;    not; 
poised  ;  not  in  equipoise. 

Let  earth  unbalanc'il  IVoin  her  orbit  fly. 

Pope. 

2.  Not  adjusted;  not  settled  ;  not  brought  to 
an  equality  of  debt  and  credit ;  as  an  un- 
balanced account. 

3.  Not  restrained  by  equal  power ;  as  unbal- 
anced parties.  J.  Mams. 

IINI5.\L'LAST,  V.  i.   To  free  from  ballast; 
to  disrliarg-.'  the  ballast  from.      Mar.  Diet. 
UN BAL' LASTED,  a.  Freed  from  ballast. 
3.  a.  Not    furnislied   with    ballast ;  not  kepi 
steady  by  ballast  or  by  weight;  unsteady; 
as  unhalUtsled  wits. 
"  Unballast  vessel,"  for  unballasted,  in  Addi- 
son, is  an  unauthorized  phrase. 
UNBAND'ED,  n.  Stripped  of  a  band  ;  bav- 
ins no  hand.  Sha/;. 
UNBAN'NERED,  a.  Having  no  banner. 

Pollok 
UNBAPTI'ZED,  a.   Not  baptized. 

Hooker.'] 

UNB'AR,  t;.  t.   To   remove   a   bar  or   bars 

from  ;  to  unfasten  ;  to  open  ;  as,  to  unbar 

a  sate. 

UNB'ARBED,  a.  Not  shaven.  [J\/'ot  in  use.] 

Shak. 
UNB^ARKED,  a.  Stripped  of  its  bark. 

Bacon. 

[We  now  use  barked'in  the  same  sense.] 

UNB'ARRED,  pp.  Having  its  bars  removed  ; 

unfastened. 
UNB>ARRING,    ppr.    Removing    the  bars 

from ;  unfastening. 
UNBASH'FUL,  a.  Not  bashful;  bold;  im- 
pudent. Skali. 
UNBA'TED,  a.  Not  repressed  ;  not  blunted. 

[.Yot  in  use.] 
UNBA'THED,  a.  Not  bathed  ;  not  wet. 

Dryderi. 
UNBAT'TERED,    a.    Not    battered  ;    not 
bruised  or  injured  by  blows.  S/tav 

UNBA'Y,  V.  t.  To  open  ;  to  free  from  the  re- 
straint of  mounds. 

I  ought  to  unbay  the  current  of  ray  passions. 

[.Xut  in  use.]  .Yorris. 

UNBEARDED,    a.   unberd'ed.    Having   no 

beard  :  beardless. 

UNBEARING,  a.  Bearing  or  producing  no 

fruit.  Dryden.. 

UNBE'ATEN,   a.  Not  beaten  ;  not  treated 

with  blows.  Corbet. 

2.  Untrod ;  not  beaten  by  the   feet  ;  as  un 

beaten  paths.  Roscommon. 

UNBEAU'TEOUS,  1        [See  Beauti/.]  Not 

UNBEAU'TIFUL,   S        beautiful;     havini; 

nil  beauty.  Hammond. 

UNBEeO.ME,  V.  t.   Not  to  become:  not  tn 

be  suitable  to  :  to  misbecome.   [JVot  u.ied.^ 

Sherlock. 
UNBECOMING,  a.   Unsuitable;    improper 
for  the  person  or  character  ;  indecent ;  in- 
decorous. 

My  giief  lets  unbecoming  speeches  fall. 

Dryilcn 

L'NBEeuMINGLY,  adv.  In  an  unsuitable 

manner;  iiidei-urously.  Barrow. 

UNHE€OMINGNESS,ii.  Unsuitableness  to 

the  peisim,   character   or  circumstances; 

impropriety  ;  indecorousness.  Locke. 

UNBED',  v.t.  To  raise  or  rouse  from  bed. 

Eels  unbed  themselves  and  stir  at  Ihi;  noi  i 

of  thunder.  Walton 


UNBED'DED,  pp.  Raised  from  bed;   dis-|j5.  Devoted  to  relaxation. 

nirlied.  II  1  hope  it  may  entertain  your  lordship   at   an 


1. 


unbending  hour. 


Rowe. 


V\  BED'DING,  ppr.  Raising  from  bed. 

UNBEFITTING,  a.  Not  befitting  ;  unsnit-IlujvBEN'EFICED,  a.  Not  enjoying  or  hav- 

ahle;  urihHciiming.  Sicijl.*:     ing  a  benefice.  ^  Dryden. 

UNBEFRIENDED,a.  u)i6f//eH(/'erf.  Notbe-iiJNBENEV'OLENT,    a.    Not  benevolent; 

liiended  ;  not  supported  by  friends;  bav-l      not  kmil.  Rogers. 

ins  no  Iriejidly  aid.  A'l/rt/i^/^ect.  UNBENIGHTED,  a.  Never  visited  by  dark- 

UNBEGET',  r.  t.  To  deprive  ot  existence.jl     pg^s.  Milton. 

Z>ri/rfen.jj[j]VBENIGN,  a.  Not  benign  ;  not  favorable 
UNBFGOT',  ?_  Nut  generated  ;  eter-|l     „r  propitious  :  malignant.  Milton. 


UNBEGOT'TEiV,  \  "'  nal.  "       Stillingfleet 
'i.  Nut  yet  generated.  Shak. 

:i.  Nut  besotten  ;  not  generated.  South. 

UNBEGUI'LE,  v.t.  To  undeceive;  to  free 
from  the  influence  of  deceit. 

Then  unbeguile  thyself.  Donne. 

UNBEGUI'LED,  pp.  Undeceived. 
UNBEGUN',  a.  Not  begun.  Hooker. 

UNBEllELD',  a.  Not  beheld;  not  seen  ;  not 
visd>le.  Milton. 

UNBE'ING,  a.  Not  existing.  [.Vo<  in  use.] 

Brown. 

UNBELIE'F.  n.   [Sas.ungelenfa.]  Incredu- 

lilv  ;  the  withholding  of  belief;  a.s,  unbelief 

is  blind.  Milton 

Infidelity;  disbelief  of  divine  revelation. 

Hooker. 
3.  In  the  J\/ew  Testament,   disbelief  of  the 
truth  of  the  gospel,  rejection  of  Christ  as 
the  Savior  of  men,  and  of  the  doctrines  he 
taught ;    distrust   of  God's    promises  and 
faithfulness,   &.c.     Matt.  xiii.     Blark  xvi. 
Ileb.  iii.     Rom.  iv. 
Weak  faith.     Mark   ix. 
U.XBELIE'VE.u. «.  To  discredit;  not  to  be 
lieve  or  trust.  IVotton 

9.  Not  to  think  real  or  true.  Dryden 

UNBELIE'VED,  pp.  Not  believed  ;  discred 

ili'il. 
UXBELIE'VER,  ?!.  An  incredulous  person  ; 

one  who  iloes  not  believe. 
i.  An  infidel;  one  who  discredits  revelation 
or  the  mission,  character  and  doctrines  of 
Christ.     2  Cor.  vi. 
UNBELIE'VING,    a.     Not   believing  ;   in 

credulous. 
2.   Infidel;  discrediting  divine  revelation,  or 
the   mission,  character   and  doctrines   of 
Christ;  as  the unie/tcuing' Jews.    Acts  xiv. 
Rev.  x\i. 
UNBELOVKD,  a.  Not  loved.  Dryden. 

UNBEMOANED,   a.   Not  lamented. 

Pollok. 
UNBEND',    v.t.    To  free  from  flexure;  to 
make  straight ;  as,  to  unbend  a  bow. 

Dryden. 
To  relax;  to  remit  from  a  strain  or  from 
exertion;  to  set  at  ease  for  a  time;  as,  to 
unbend  the  mind  from  study  or  care. 

Denham. 
■1  To  relax  eflfeniinately. 

Vou  unbend  your  no'ile  strength.  Shak 

I.  In  seamanship,  to  taki;  the  sails  from  their 

yards  and  stays;  also,  to  last  loose  a  cable 

from  the  anchors;  also,  to  untie  one  mpe 

from  another.  Mar.  Diet. 

UNBEND'ING,     ppr.    Relaxing  from  any 

strain  ;  remitting  ;  taking  from  their  yards, 

&c.,  as  sails. 

2    a.  Not  suftering  flexm-e. 

3.  Unyielding  ;  resolute  ;  inflexible  ;  applied 
tn  person.t. 

4.  Unyielding;  intlexihie;    firm;    applied   to 
things ;  as  unbending  truth. 

J.  M.  Mason. 


UNBENT',  pp.  of  unbend.  Relaxed;  remit- 
ted ;  relieved  from  strain  or  exertion. 

Denham. 

2.  In  seamen's  language,  taken  from  the 
yards;  loosed;  as,  the  sails  are  unbent; 
the  cable  is  unbent. 

3.  Not  strained ;  unstrung ;  as  a  bow  un- 
bent. 

4.  Not  crushed ;  not  subdued  ;  as,  the  soul 
is  unbent  by  woes. 

UNBEUUE'ATHED,  a.   Not  bequeathed; 

I     not  ijiven  by  lesacy. 

[UNBESEE'MING,    a.    Unbecoming  ;    not 

1     befitting;  unsuitable. 

UN  BESOUGHT,  a.  unhesnut'.  Not  be- 
sought ;  not  sought  by  petition  or  entreaty. 

Milton. 

UNBESPO'KEN,  a.  Not  bespoken,  or  or- 
dered beforehand. 

UNBEST'ARRED,  a.  Not  adorned  or  dis- 
tinguished liy  stars.  Pollok. 

UN  BESTOW  ED,  a.  Not  bestowed  ;  not 
given  :  not  disposed  of. 

UNBETRA'YED,  a.  Not  betrayed. 

Daniel. 

UNBEWA'ILED,  a.  Not  bewailed  ;  not  la- 
mented. Shak. 

UNBEWITCH',  V.  t.  To  free  from  fascina- 
tion. South. 

UNBI'AS,  v.t.  To  free  from  bias  or  preju- 
dice. 

The  truest  service  a  private  man  can  do  his 
country,  is  to  unbia.s  his  mind,  as  much  as 
possible,  between  the  rival  powers.  Swift. 

UNBI'ASED,   pp.   Freed  from  prejudice  or 

bias. 
2.  a.    Free  from  any    undue    partiality    or 

prejudice  ;     impartial  ;    as    an     unbiased 

minil  ;  uiiiiaserf  opinion  or  decision. 
UNBI'ASEDLY,    adv.    Witliout  prejudice; 

inipartiallv. 
UNBI'ASEbNESS,  n.   Freedom  from  bias 

or  prejudice.  Bp.  Hall. 

UNBID',  I       Not  bid ;    not  command- 

||JNBID'DEN,  ^"-  ed.  .Milton. 

2.  Spontaneous;  as,  thorns  shall  the  earth 
produce  unbid.  Milton. 

3.  Uninvited  ;  not  requested  to  attend  ;  as 
unbidden  guests.  Shak. 

UNBIG'OTED,  a.  Free  from  bigotry. 

Mdison. 

UNBIND,  V.  t.  To  imtie  ;  to  remove  a  hand 
from;  to  unfasten;  to  loose;  to  set  free 
fVom  shackles.  Unbind  your  fillets;  un- 
bind Ihe  prisoner's  arms;  unbind  the  load. 

;UNB!8H'OP,  v.  t.  To  deprive  of  ejjiscopal 
orders.  South. 

UNBIT',  a.  Not  bitten.  Young. 

UNBIT',  V.  t.  In  seamanship,  to  remove  the 
turns  of  a  cable  from  oil"  the  bitts. 

Mar.  Diet. 

2.  To  uiihiidle. 

UNBIT'I'IOD,  pp.  Removed  from  the  bitts; 
unbridled. 


U  N  B 


U  N  B 


U  N  C 


UNBIT'TING,   ppr.  Unbridling;  removing 

froiri  iIk'  hills. 
UNULA'MABI.i;,    a.     Not  blamuhle  ;    not 

iiil|)iil)li.-  :  innncent.  Bacon. 

UNBLA'MAHLKNKSS,    ii.    State  of  being 

cbargeable   with   no   blame  or  fault. 

More. 
UNULA'MABLY,   ndv.    In  such  a  manner 

as  to  inriu-  no  hiaiiie.     1  Tliess.  ii. 
UNBLA'MEl),    a.    Not  blamed  ;  free  from 

ceiisiirp.  Pope. 

UNBL'ASTED,  a.    Not  blasted;  not   made 

to  withiT.  Peachnm 

UNBLI'^EDING,  a.  Not  bleeding;  not  suf 

feriny  loss  <jf  blood.  Byron. 

UNBLKM'ISIIABLE,    a.    Not  capahle   of 

beiMf;  blrmished.  M'dlon. 

UNBLKM'ISllED,  a.    Not  bUunishcd  ;  not 

Btaiiied  ;  free  from  turpitude  or  reproach  ; 

in  a  moral  sense  ;  as  an  unblemished  re[)U 

tntion  or  life. 
2.  Fri-e  from  drformity. 
UNBLKNCH'KI),    a.    Not  dissraccd ;   not 

injured    by     any    stain    or    soil;    as    tjii- 

blenched  niiiji'stv.  Milton. 

UNBLKNCH'ING,     a.      Not  sbrinkms   or 

flinrliin;;:   tirm. 
UNBLEND'KD,  a.  Notblended;  not  ming- 
led. Glanirilti 
UNBLEST',    a.    Not  blest  ;  excluded  fror 

benediction.  Bacon. 

2.  Wrctrhi'd  ;  unhappy.  Prior. 

UNBLIGIITED,  a.  Not  blighted;  not  blast 

ed.  Cowpcr 

UNBLIiVnED,  a.  Not  blinded. 
UNBLOODED,  a.  Not  stained  witli  blood. 

Shnlf 
UNBLOODY,  a.   Not  stained  with  blood. 
2.   Nut  slioddiriff  blood  ;   nut  cruel.      Dryden 
UNBLOSSOMING,  a.  Not  produeing'blos- 

sorns  Mason 

UNBLOWN,  a.  Not  blown;  not  bavin:r  tlo 

bud  expanded.  !Stiak 

2.  Not  extinguished.  More 

3.  Not  inflaiiil  with  wind.  Sandi/s. 
UNBLUNT'ED,     a.     Not  made  obtuse  'or 

doll;  not  blunted.  Cowley. 

UNBLUfjH'ING,    a.    Not   blushing;  desti 

tute  of  siiarne  ;  im[iu<lent.  Thomson. 

UNBLUSH'INGLY,    adv.    In  an  impudent 

manner. 
UNBOASTFUL,    a.    Not  boasting  :    unas- 
suming; n-.odest.  Thomson. 
UNBOD'IED,  a.  Having  no  material  body; 

incorporeal ;  as  unbodied  spirits.        Walts. 
2.  Freed  from  the  body.  Spenser. 

UNBOIL'ED,    a.    No"t  boiled;  as  ujiboiled 

rice.  Bacon. 

UNBOLT,   V.  t.   To  remove  a  bolt  from  ;  to 

uidasten  ;  to  open  ;  as,  to  unbolt  a  gate. 

Shak. 
UNBOLTED,   a.    Freed  from  fastening  by 

bolts. 
2.  Unsifted  ;    not    bolted  ;    not    having   the 

bran  or  loarse  part  separated  by  a  bolter; 

as  unboiled  meal. 

UNBONNETED,  a.    Having  no  bonnet  on. 

Shak. 
UNBQOK'ISH,  a.  Not  addicted  to  books  or 

reading. 
2.  Not  cultivated  by  erudition.  Shak. 

UNl'.ORN'.  \        [It    is   accented    either  on 
UN'BOKN,  \        the  tirst  or  second  syllable.) 

Not  born ;  not  brought  into  life  ;  future.    \ 


UN'BIIO'KE,     I       N(i 
UNBIIO'KEN.  p-   lat 


Some  unborn  sorrow,  ripe  in  fortune's  womb. 

Shak 
The  woes  lo  come,  the  cluldren  yet  unborn 
Stidll  t'cL-l  this  day.  ilAaft. 

UNBORROWED,  a.  Not  borrowed  ;  gen- 
unic  ;  original;  native  ;  one's  own  ;  as  «n- 
borrowed  Ijeauties  ;  unborrowed  gold  ;  nn- 
borruiced  excellence. 

UNBoriOAI.  t).  t.  3  as  z.  To  discdose  freely 
one's  secret  opinions  or  feelings.      Milton. 

2.  To  reveal  in  contidence. 

UNBOSOMED,  ///;.  Disclosed,  as  secrets; 
revealed  in  contidence. 

UNBOSOMING,  ppr.  Disclosing,  as  secrets  ; 
revc^aling  in  i-onlulence. 

UNBOTTOMED,  a.  Having  no  bottom  ; 
bottomless. 

The  dark,  unbottom'd,  infinite  abyss. 

Milton 

2.  Ilavinjr  no  solid  foundation.      Hammond.' 

UNBOUGIIT,  a.  unbnut'.   Not  bought ;  ob- 
tained without  money  or  purchase. 
The  unbought  dainties  of  the  poor. 

Dryden. 

I'i.  Not  having  a  purchaser.  Locke. 

UNBOUND',    a.    Not  bound  ;  loose  ;  want- 

I     in^u  cover;  as  unbound  hooks. 

|2.  Not  bound  by  obligation  or  covenant. 

j'{.  pret.  nf  unbind. 

UN  BOUND' ED,  a.  Havinc  no  bound  or 
limit;  unlimited  in  extent;  infinite;  in- 
terminable ;  us  iuiioii «(/((/ space  ;  unbound- 
ed power. 

2.  Having  no  check  or  control;  unrestrain- 
ed. The  young  man  has  unbounded  li- 
cense.     His  extravagance  is  unbounded. 

UNBOUND'EDLY,  adi:  Without  bounds 
or  Innils. 

UNBOUND'EDNESS,  n.  Freedom  from 
bounds  or  limits.  f^^'^!/'"'-  VNVjVH  I)  I 

UNBOIN'TEOUS,  a.  Not  bounteous  ;  not|it;\BILD'  '  (  "^^ '• 
hberal.  Miltnn.\\    '  '    ' 

INBOW',  V.  I.  To  unbend.  Puller.i 

UNBOWED,  a.  Not  bent;  not  arched. 

Shak. 

UNBOW'EL,  v.t.  To  deprive  of  the  en- 
trails; to  exenterate  ;  to  eviscerate. 

Dfcoij  of  PieUi. 

UNBOW'ELED.  pp.   Evisceraleii. 

CNBOW'ELLNG,     ppr.     Taking    out    tlie 

bowels. 

UNBIiA'CE,  v.t.  To  loose  ;  to  relax;  as,  to 

j/iiAroce  a  drum  ;  uy  unbrace  the   arms;  to 

unbrace  the  nerves. 
UNBRA'ID,  v.t.  To  separate  the  strands  of 

a  braid  ;  to  disentainile. 
UNBRA'IDED,     pp.     Disentangled,  as  the 

strands  uf  a  braid. 
UNBRA  I  DING,  ppr.  Separating  the  strands 

of  a  braid. 
UNBRWNCIIED,     a.    Not  ramified  ;    not 

sheotiii}.'  into  branches. 
UNBU'ANCHING,    a.     Not   dividing   into 

brani-hes.  Goldsmith. 

UNBREAST,   v.  t.  unhrest'.    To  disclose  or 

lay  open.  P.  Fletcher. 

UNBRE'ATIIED,  a.  Not  exercised. 

Our  unbreath\l  memories.  Shak. 

UNBRE'ATHING,  n.  Unaniraated  ;  as  un- 

brealhing  stones.  Shak. 

UNBRED',  a.  Not  well  bred;  not  polished 

in    manners;  ill  educated:  rude;  as    un- 

ftrerf  minds  :  uiifcrr  / -servants.  Locke. 

2.  Not  taught ;  us  unbred  to  spinning. 

Dn/dcn. 


UNBREE'CIIED,  a.  Having  no  breeches. 

Shak. 

UNBREW'ED,  a.  Not  mixed  ;  pure;  uen- 
uine.  Young. 

UNBRI'BABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  bribed. 
.Vol  u.Hed.]  Fellham. 

UNBRI'BED,  a.  Not  bribed;  not  corrupted 
by  money  ;  not  unduly  influenced  by 
money  or  L'ifts.  DryiLen. 

UNBKIDLE,  11.  i.  To  free  from  the  bridle. 

UNBRIDLED,  pp.  Loosed  from  the  bri- 
lle. 

2.  a.  Unrestrained ;  licentious  ;  as  unbridled 
lust ;  unbridled  boldness  ;  unbridled  pas- 
sions. 

ot    broken  ;    not    vio- 
ated.      Preserve    your 
vows  unbroken. 

2.  Not  weakened  ;  not  crushed ;  not  sub- 
dued. 

How  broad  his  shoulders  spread,  by  age  un- 
broke.  Pope. 

3.  Not  tamed ;  not  taught ;  not  accustomed 
to  the  saddle,  harness  or  yoke;  as  an  un- 
broken horse  or  ox. 

UNBROTHERLY,  a.  Not  becoming  a 
brother;  not  suitable  to  the  character  and 
relation  of  a  brother ;  unkind.  [Unbroth- 
crlike  is  not  used.] 
UNBRPISED,  a.  s  as  z.  Not  bruised;  not 
crushed  or  hint.  Shak. 

UNBUCK  LE,  V.  I.  To  loose  from  buckles; 
to  unfasten  ;  as,  to  unbuckle  a  shoe  ;  to 
unbuckle  a  girdle  ;  to  unbuckle  a  helm. 

Shak. 
UNBUCK'LED,   pp.  Loosed  from  buckles  ; 

uiitasteneil. 
UNBU(,'K'LING,;>pr.  Loosing  from  buckles; 

nnfaslening. 
UNBUILD,/..  ,   To  demolish  what  is  built; 
to  raze  ;  to  destroy. 

Mitlon. 
built ;  not   erect- 


UNBUILT,  ^        Not  yot 
jUNBlLT',    S  "■  ed. 


U.XBURIED,  a.  unber'ried.  Not  buried  ;  not 
inlerred.  Drijden. 

UNBURN'F.D,  /        Not  burnt;  notcon'suni- 

UN BURNT',     ^"-  edby  fire. 

2.  Not  injured  by  fire;  not  scorched. 

•i.  Not  baked,  as  brick. 

UNBURN'I.XG,  a.  Not  consuming  away  by 
fire. 

UNBUR'THEN,  ?      ,    To  rid  of  a 
U i\ BU R' DEN,     \  * '•  '•  free  from 

to  ease. 
,2.  To  throw  olf. 

!3.  To  relieve  the  mind  or  heart  by 
[     in;;  what  lies  heavy  on  it. 
I  NBUR'THENED,   }  Freed 

UNBURDENED,      \    PP'    load; 

off;  eased;  relieved. 
UNBUR'THENING,  ^  Freeing  from  a 

UNBUR  DENING,     \  PP"'  load  or  burden  ; 

relievin!;  lioni  what  is  a  burden. 
UNBUSIED,  a.  unbiz'zied.  Not  busied  ;  not 

emploved  ;  idle.  Bp.  Rainbow. 

UN  BUT  TON,  V.  I.    To  loose   from   being 

fastened  by  buttons  ;  to  loose  buttons. 

Shak. 
UNBUT'TGNED.pp.  Loosed  from  buttons. 

Jlddison. 
UNCA'GE.  r.  t.  To  loose  from  a  cage. 
UNC.\'gED,  pp.   Released  from  a  cage  or 

from  cinifinement. 
UNCAL'CINED,  o.  Not  calcined.      Boyh. 


load  ;  to 
burden  ; 

Shak. 

Shak. 
disclo.^. 

Shak. 
from  a 
thrown 


U  N  C 


U  N  C 


U  N  C 


UNCAL'eULATED,  a.  Not  subjecteil  to 
calculatiHU.  J.  Barlow. 

UNCAL'CULATING,  a.  Not  making  cal- 
ciilationsi. 

UNCALL'ED,  a.  Not  called  ;  not  summon- 
ed ;  not  invited.  Milton. 

Uncalled  for,  not  required ;  not  needed  or 
demanded. 

UNe'ALM.  !'.  I.  To  disturb.  [M'olin  use,  and 
an  ill  word.]  Dryden. 

UNeAN'CELED,  a.  Not  canceled  •  not 
erased  ;  not  abrogated  or  annulled. 

Dryden. 

UNCAN'DID,  a.  Not  candid  ;  not  frank  or 
sincere  ;  not  fair  or  impartial. 

UN€ANON'ICAL,  a.  Not  agreeable  to  tbe 
canons ;  not  acknowledged  as  authentic. 

Barrow. 

UNCANON'l€ALNESS,  n.  The  state  of 
being  uiicanonical.  lAoyd. 

UNCAN'OPIED,  a.  Not  covered  by  a  can- 
opy- 

UNCAP',  V.  t.  To  remove  a  cap  or  cover 
to  open  ;  as,  to  uncap  a  vein. 

UNCA'PABLE,  a.  Incapable.  [The  latter 
word  has  sufierseded  'uneapahh.] 

UNCAP'PED,  pp.  Opened. 

UNCAP'TIVATED,  a.  Not  captivated. 

Rambler. 

Uncaredfor,  not  regarded  ;  not  heeded. 

Hooker. 

UNe-ARNATE,  a.  Not  fleshly.  Brown. 

UNC'ARPETED,  a.  Not  covered  with  a 
carpet. 

UNCA'SE,  t'.  t.  To  disengage  from  a  cov- 
ering; to  take  off  or  out. 

2.  To  flay  ;  to  strip.  L^Eslrans^e. 

UN€A'SED,  pp.  Stripped  of  a  covering  or 
case. 

UN€.\'SING,  ppr.  Disengaging  from  a 
cover. 

UNCAS'TRATED,  a.  Not  castrated. 

UNCAT'EeHISED,  a.  sas:.  Not  catechis 
untaught.  Milton. 

UN€AUGHT,  o.  uncaul'.  Not  yet  caught 
or  taken.  Shak. 

IJN€AUS'ED,  a.  s  as  z.  Having  no  prece- 
dent cause  ;  existing  without  an  author. 

UNCAU'TIOUS,  a.  Not  cautious  ;  not  wa- 
ry ;  heedless.  [Incautious  is  now  general- 
ly used.]  Dryden. 

UNCE'ASING,  a.  Not  ceasing;  not  inter- 
mitting; continual. 

UNCE'ASINGLY,  adv.  Without  intermis- 
sion or  cessation  ;  continually. 

UNCEL'EBRATED,  a.  Not  celebrated 
not  solemnized.  Milton 

UNCELES'TIAL,  a.  Not  heavenly. 

Fettham. 

UNCEN'SURABLE,  a.  Not  worthy  of  cen 
sure.  Dwight. 

UNCEN'SURED,  a.  Not  censured  ;  e.\einpt 
from  blame  or  reproach. 

Whose  li^ht  it  is  uncensiir'd  to  be  Jull. 

Pope. 

UNCEN'TRICAL,  a.  Not  central ;  distant 

from  the  center. 
UNCEREMONIAF,,  a.  Not  ceremonial. 
UNCEREMONIOUS,  a.  Not  ceremonious  ; 

not  fiiriiial. 
UNCERTAIN,  a.    Not  certain;  doubtful; 

not  certainly  known.     Tt  is  uncertain  who 

will  lie  the  next  president. 
•3.  Doubtful;  not  having  certain  knowledge. 


Man  without  the  protection  of  a  superior  Be- 
ing— is  uncertain  of  every  thing  that  lie  hop'S 
for.  Tillotson. 

3.  Not  sure  in  the  consequence. 
Or  whistling  slings  dismiss'd  the  uncertain 

stone.  f^ay. 

4.  Not  sure;  not  e.xact. 
Soon  bent  his  bow,  uncertain  in  his  aim. 

Dryden. 

5.  Unsettled  ;  irregular.  Hooker. 
UNCERTAINLY,    adv.    Not   surely  ;  not 

certainly.  Dryden. 

'2.  Not  confidently. 

— Standards  thai  cannot  be  known  at  all,  oi 
hilt  imperfectiv  and  uncertainly.  Locke 

UNCER'TAINTY,  n.  Doubtfulness  ;  dubi- 
ousness.    The  truth   is  not   ascertaineil 
the  latest  accounts  have  not  removed  the 
uncertainty. 

2.  Want  of  certainty;  want  of  precision  ;  as 
the  uncertainty  of  the  signification  of 
words. 

.3.  Contingency. 

Steadfastly  gra<!ping  the  greatest  and  mo-it 
slippery  uncertainties.  South. 

4.  Something  unknown. 

Our  shepherd's  case  is  every  man's  case  thai 
quits  a  certainty  for  an  uncertainty. 

L'  Estrange . 

UNCES'SANT,  a.  Continual  ;  incessant. 
[Tlie  latter  is  the  word  now  used.] 

UNCES'SANTLY,  adv.  Incessantlv.     04.i. 

UNCHA'IN,  V.  t.  To  free  from  chains  or 
slavery.  Prior. 

UNCHA'INED,  pp.  Disengaged  from 
chains,  shackles  or  slavery. 

UNCH.A'INING.  ppr.  Freeing  from  chains, 
lionds  or  restraint. 

UNCH.aNgEABLE,     a.     Not    capable    of 
change;  immutable;  not  subject  to  varia 
tion.     G"d  is  an  unctiangenhlc  being. 

UNCHANgEABLENESS,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  subject  to  no  change: 
imnnitabilitv-  J^ewlon. 

UNCHANtiEABLY,  adv.  Without  change; 
mmiitably. 

UNCHANGED,  a.  Not  changed  or  altered. 

Dryden 

2.  Not  alterable. 

UNCHANtilNG,  a.  Not  changing;  suffer- 
ing MO  alteration. 

UNCHARACTERIS'TIC,  a.  Not  charac- 
teristic ;  not  exhibiting  a  character 

Grfg'ony. 

UNCII  ARGE,  v.t.  To  retract  an  accusa- 
tion.    [.Vo/  used.] 

UNCHARtiED,  a.  Not  charged  ;  not  load 
ed.  Shak. 

UNCHARITABLE,  a.  Not  charitable  : 
contrary  to  charity,  or  the  universal  love 
prescribed  by  Christianity  ;  as  uncharita- 
ble opinions  or  zeal. 

UNCHAR'ITABLENESS,  n.  Want  of 
charity.  If  we  hate  our  enemies  we  sin  ; 
we  are  guilty  of  uncharitableness. 

UNCHARITABLY,  adv.  In  a  manner 
contrary  to  rharity. 

UNCH^ARM,  1'.  t.  To  release  from  some 
charm,  fascination,  or  secret  power. 

Beaum. 

UNCirARMED,  a.  Not  charmed  ;  not  fas- 
cinated. 

UNCll'ARMING,  a.  Not  charming;  no 
lonffer  able  to  charm.  Dryden 


UNCH  A'RY,  a.  Not  wary  ;  not  frugal.  [Xol 
used.]  ,SViuA.|| 


UNCHASTE,  a.  Not  chaste;  not  continent; 
not  pure  ;  libidinous;  lewd. 

Sidney.     Milton. 

UNCHASTELY,  o(iu.  Incontineiitly ;  lewd- 
ly. Milton. 

UNCHASTI'SABLE,  a.  [See  Chastise.] 
That  cannot    be  chastised.  Milton. 

UNCHASTI'SED,  o.  Not  chastised ;  not 
punished. 

i.  Not  corrected  ;  not  restrained. 

UNCHAS'TITY,  n.  Incontinence  ;  lewd- 
ness; unlawful  indulgence  of  the  sexual 
appetite.  Woodward. 

UNCIIECK'ED,  a.  Not  checked  ;  not  re- 
strained ;  not  hindered.  Milton. 

■I.  Not  contradicted.  Shak. 

UNCHEE'RFUL,  a.  Not  cheerful  ;  sad. 

Shak. 

UNCHEE'RFULNRSS,  n.  Want  of  cheer- 
fulness ;  sadness.  Spectator. 

UNCHEE'RY,  a.  Dull;  not  enlivening. 

iS(eme. 

IINCHEW'ED,  a.  Not  chewed  or  masti- 
cated. Dryden. 

UNCHILD,  V.  t.  To  bereave  of  children. 
[.Vot  in  use.]  Shak. 

UNCIIRIS'TIAN,  a.  Contrary  to  the  laws 
of  Christianity ;  as  an  unchristian  reflec- 
tion ;  ztnchristian  temper  or  comliii-t. 

2.  Not   evangelized;  not   converted    to  the 
irisiiaii  faith  ;  infidel. 

UNCHRISTIAN,  v.t.  To  deprive  of  the 
constituent  qualities  of  Christianity. 

South. 

UNCHRIS'TIANIZE,  v.  t.  To  turn  from 
the  christian  faith  ;  to  cause  to  degene- 
rate from  the  belief  and  profession  of 
christiaiiitv.  Buchanan. 

UNCHRIS'TIANLY,  a.  Contrary  to  the 
laws  of  Christianity  ;  unbecoming  christ- 
ians. Milton. 

UNCHRIS'TIANLY,  adv.  In  a  manner 
contraiy  to  i-hristian  principles.  Bedell. 

UNCIIRIS'TIANNESS,  n.  Contrariety  to 
(•hristianity.  K.  Charles. 

UNCHURCH',  V.  t.  To  expel  from  a  church  ; 
to  ileprive  of  the  character  and  rights  of  a 
church.  Milner. 

UNCHURCH  ED,     pp.      Expelled   from  a 

UNCHUlicH'ING,  ppr.  Expelling  from  a 
church. 

UN'CIAL,  a.  [L.  uncialis.]  Pertaining  to 
letters  of  a  large  size,  used  in  ancient 
nianiisi'ripts. 

UN't^lAL,  n.  An  uncial  letter. 

UN'CINATE,  a.  [L.  uncinatus,  from  uncus, 
a  hook.]     In  botany,  hooked  at  the  end. 

Marlyn. 

UNCIR'CUMCISED,  a.  s  as  :.  Not  circum- 
cised. Scripture. 

UNCIRCUMCI'SION,  n.  Absence  or  want 
of  circumcision.  Hammond. 

UNCIRCUiMt^CRI'BED,  a.  Not  circum- 
scribed ;  not  bounded  ;  not  limited. 

Where  the  prince  is  uncireumscribed,  obedi- 
ence ourjlit  to  he  unliaiited.  Addison. 

UNCIR'CUMSPECT,  a.  Not  circumspect; 
not  cautions.  Hayward. 

UNCIRCUMSTAN'TIAL,  o.  Not  iiiiport- 
nrit.     [N'otinuse.]  Brown. 

UNCIVIL,  a.  Not  civil;  not  complaisatit ; 
not  courteous  in  manners:  applied  to  per- 
sons. 


.  Nut  polite ;  rude 
uncivil  behavior 


le  ;  applied  to  manners  ;  as 


U  N  C 


U  N  C 


U  N  C 


UNCIVILIZA'TION,  n.  A  state  of  savage- 

ncss  ;  rude  statu.  Did. 

UNCIVILIZED,  a.  Not  rp(laiiiic<l  t'roiii 
savage  life  ;  as  the  unctvilizeil  iiiliabituiits 
of  Canada  or  New  Zealand. 

2.  Coarse;  indereiit;  as  the  most  unciviliz- 
ed words  in  our  language.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Addison. 

UNCIV'ILLY,  adv.  Not  coinplaisantlj  ;  not 
courteously  ;  ruilely.  Brown. 

UNCLAl)',  a.  Nut  clad;  not  clothed. 

UN  €  LA' I  MED,  a.  Not  claimed;  not  de- 
manded; not  called  for;  as  unclaimed  div- 
idends of  a  hank. 

UNCLAR'IFIEI),a.  Not  purified ;  not  fined  ; 
not  ilepurateil  by  a  separation  of  feculent 
or  foreiffn  matter. 

UN€LV\SP,  II.  t.  To  loose  a  clasp;  to  opei 
what  is  fastened  with  a  clasj);  as,  to  un- 
clasp a  book.  aiiuk 

UNCL'ASPING,  ppr.  Loosing  a  clasp. 

UNCLASt^'Ie,        (       Not  classic;  not  ac- 

UN€LAl5S'I€AL,  S  cording  to  the  best 
models  of  writing. 

2.  Noi  pertaining  to  the  classic  writers ;  as 
unclassic  ground. 

UN't'LE,  n.  [I'V.  oncle ;  contracted  from  L 
avunculus.]  The  brother  of  one's  father 
or  mother. 

UNtLE'AN,     a.     Not    clean  ;  foul  ;  dirty 
filthy. 

2.  In  </ic  Jewish  Unv,  ceremonially  impure; 
not  cleansed  by  ritual  practices.  Num 
xix.     Lev.  xi.     Kom.  xiv. 

3.  Foul  with  sin.     Matt.  x. 

That  holy  place  where  no  unclean  thing  .«Iiall 
enter.  Rogers. 

4.  Not  in  covenant  with  God.     1  Cor.  vii 

5.  Lewd  ;  unchaste. 

Adultery  of  the  heart,  consisting  of  inordinate 

and  unclean  affections.  Perkins 

No  unclean  person — hath  any  inheritance  in 

the  kingdom  of  Christ  and  of  God,     E|ih. 

L'NCLE'ANABLE,    a.     That    cannot  be 

cleansed.  Swijl. 

UN  CLEANLINESS,  n.  tinclen'liness.  Want 

of  cleanliness  ;  filthiness.  Clarendon. 

UNCLEANLY,  a.   unclen'ly.    Foul;  filihy 

dirty.  iSAa*. 

2.  Indecent;  unchaste;  obscene. 

It  is  a  pity  tliat  these  liarmonious  writers  have 
indulged  any  thing  uncleanly  or  impure  to  de 
file  their  paper.  Watts. 

UNCLE'ANNESS,  n.  Foulness;  dirtiness; 
filthiness. 

Be  not  troublesome  to  thyself  or  to  others  by 
uncleanness.  Tai/lor. 

2.  Want  of  ritual  or  ceremonial  purity.  Lev. 

XV. 

3.  31oral  impurity ;  defilement  by  sin  ;  sin- 
fulness. 

I  will  save  you  from  all  your  uncleanness. 
Ezek.  xxxvi. 

4.  Lewdness  ;  incontinence.  Col.  iii.  2 
Pet.  ii. 

UNCLEANSED,  a.  unclenz'ed.  Not  cleans- 
ed ;  not  purified.  Bacon. 

UNCLENCH',  V.  I.  To  open  the  closed 
hand  ;  as,  to  unclench  the  fist.  Garth. 

UNCLENCH'El),  ™.  Opened;   unclosed. 

UNCLEW',  V.  t.  To  undo;  to  unwind,  un- 
fold or  untie. 

UNCLIP'PEU,  a.  Not  clipped;  not  out; 
not  diminished  or  shortened  by  clipping  ; 
as  undijij/ed  money  ;  undipptd  hair. 

UN€L(,)G',  V.  t.  To  disencumher  of  diffi- 
culties and  obstructions  j  to  free  fioiu  in 


cumbrances,  or  any  thing  that    retards: 

motion.  { 

UNCLOG'GED,  pp.  or  o.  Disencumbered ;| 

set  free  from  obstructions. 
UNCLOG'GING,  ppr.   Disencumbering. 
UNCLOIS'TER,    v.  t.    To   release   from  a| 

cloister  or  from  confinement ;  to  set  at  lib-i 

ert\.  Aorm.; 

UN<_L<<ISTERED,  pp.    Released  from  a 

cloi>ier  iir  liom  (  niifineiiiciit. 
UNCLOIS'TERING,  ppr.   Releasing  from 

eoiitini  inent. 
UNCLO'.SE,  V.  t.  s  as  z.  To  open  ;  to  break 

the  seal  of;  a.",  to  undose  a  letter.       Pope, 
fi.  To  disclose  ;  to  lay  open. 
UNCLO'SED,  pp.    Opened. 

2.  a.  Not  separated  by  iiiclosures;  open. 
I  Clarendon. 

3.  Not  finished;  not  concluded.       Madison. 

4.  N(pt  closed  :  not  sealed. 
UNCLO'SING,p/>r.  Opening;  breaking  the 
j     seal  of 
UNCLO'THE,  V.  t.   To  strip  of  clothes  ;  to 

make  naked  ;  to  divest. 


To  have  a  disiiiict  knowledge  of  things,  we 

must  unclothe  them.  Watts 

UNCLO  TllED,  p/).  Stripped  of  clothing  or 

covering. 

Not  for   that   we  would  be   unclothed,  but 

clothcil  upon.     2  ('or.  v. 
UNCLO'THEDLY,  adv.  Without  clothing 

Bacon. 
UNCLO'THING,  ppr.    Stripping  of  cloth- 
ing. 
UNCLOUD',  V.  t.  To  unvail ;  to  clear  fron 
I     obscurity  or  clouds. 
llJNCLOUD'ED,  a.    Not  cloudy  ;  free  from 

clouds;  clear;  as  an  unclouded  aky. 
2.  Not  darkened  ;  not  ob.scured. 
UNCLOUD'EDNESS,    n.    Freedom    from 

clouds  ;  clearness. 
2.  Freedom  from  obscurity  or  gloom. 
I  Boyle. 

UNCI.OUD'ING,  ppr.  Clearing  from  clouds 

or  obsi'urity. 
r.N'Cl.OUD'Y,  a.  Not  cloudy;    clear;  free 

fniin  cl.iuds,  obscurity  or  gloom.  Gay. 

IJ.N'CLUTCII',    V.   t.    To   open    something 

closely  shut. 

/ '>ic/»(c/i  his  griping  hand.  Decay  of  Piety. 
UNCOAG'ULARLE,'  a.  That  cannot  be 
!     coau'uhiteil.  Good. 

jUNCOAGULATED,  a.  Not  coagulated  or! 
I     concreted. 
UN  COATED,  a.  Not  coated  ;  not  covered] 

with  a  coat. 
UNCOCK'ED,  a.  Not  cocked,  as  a  gun 

2.  Not  made  into  cocks,  as  hay. 

3.  Not  .set  up.  as  the  brim  of  a  hat. 
lUNCOIF',  v.t.  To  pull  the  cap  oft". 
]  Arbuthnol. 

UNCOIF'ED,  a.  Not  wearing  a  coif 

Young. 
lUNCOIL',  i".  I.  To  unwind  or  open,  as  the 
I     turns  of  a  rope  or  other  line. 
jUNCOILED, /)/).  Opened;  unwound. 
UNCOINED,  a.  Not  coined  ;   as  uncoined\ 

.silver. 
UNCOLLECTED,  a.  Not   collected;   not 

rei-eived;  as  uncollected  taxes;  debts  un-, 

collected. 
2.  Not  collected ;  not  recovered  fi-om   con 

fusion,  distraction  or  wandering;  as   tbe| 

mind  yet  uncollected. 


LTVCOLLECT'IBLE,    a.    Not    collectible; 

thai  cuiir  lit  be  colleeteil  or  levied,  or  paid 
by  the  ilehn.r;  as  uncoUeclil/le  taxes;  un- 
collerlihk  (libts.  h'olcoU. 

UNcOLORLD,  a.  Not  colored  ;  not  stained 
or  dyed.  Bacon. 

2.  Not  hightened  in  description. 

UNtOMIJED,  a.  Not  combed  ;  not  dressed 
with  a  cDinb.  Dn/den. 

UNCOMIJI'NABLE,  a.  Not  capable ol  be- 
ing conibiiied.  Davy. 

UNCOMlil'NED,  a.  Notcombiaed;  sepa- 
rate ;  simple. 

UNcGMELINESS,  n.  Want  of  comeliness; 
w  ant  ot  beauty  or  grace  ;  as  uncomeliness 

i     of  person,  of  dress  or  behavior. 

Locke.     Jf'otlon. 

UNCOMELY,    a.     Not    comely;    wanting 

1     grace;  as  an    uvcomely  person;   uncomely 

\     dress  ;  uncomely  manners. 

;2.   Unsecmlv;  unhecoming;  unsuitable. 

UNCO.MFORTABLE,  a.  Afiording  no  com- 

1     fort ;  gloomy. 

t'hri^lmas — the   most  uncomfortable  tiiijc  of 
the  year.  Jldilison. 

2.  Giving  uneasiness;  as  an  uncomfortable 
seator  cnndition. 

UNcOMFOKTAIil.ENESS,  n.  Want  of 
comfort  or  cheerfulness.  Taylor. 

2.  Unea>iiHss. 

UNCOMFORTABLY,  adv.  In  an  imcnni- 
forlable  manner;  without  comfort  or 
cheerlulness;  in  an  uneasy  state. 

UNCOMM'.'\NDED,  a.    Not   commanded; 

not  refpiired  by  precept,  order  or  law  :  as 

uncommanded  austerities.  .South. 

UNCOMMEND'ABLE,  a.   Not  commeiid- 

iihle  ;  not   worthy  of  commendation  ;   il- 

laiidahle.  Felthnm. 

UNCO.MMEND'ED,  a.   Not  praised:    not 

commended.  .South. 

UNCOMMERCIAL,  a.    Not  commercial; 

not  carrying  on  coinmcrce. 

UNCOMMIS'ER.VTED,  a.  Not  commiser- 
ated ;  iU)t  pitied. 

UNCO.MMIS'SIONED,  a.  Not  commis- 
sioned; not  having  a  comniissiou. 

Tuoke. 

UNCOMMITTED,  a.  Not  committed. 

Humtnond. 

UNCOJI  MON,  a.  Not  common  ;  not  usu- 
al; rare:  as  an  uncommon  season;  an  un- 
common  degree  of  cold  or  heat ;  uncom- 
mon courage. 

2.  Not  frequent ;  not  often  seen  or  known  ; 
as  an  uncommon   production. 

UNCOMMONLY,  adv.  Rarely;  not  usu- 
ally. 

2.  To  an  uncommon  degree. 

UNCO.M'MON.NESS,  n.  R.-ireness  of  oc- 
currence; inl'rer|uency.  The  uncommori- 
ness  of  a  thing  often  renders  it  valuable. 

UNCOMMU'NICATED,   a.    Not  commu- 

I     nicated  ;  not  disclosed  or  delivered  to  oih- 

\     ers. 

2.  Not  imparted  to  or  from  another  ;  as  the 

I     uncommunicated  perfections  of  God. 

jUNCOMMUMCATIVE,  a.  Not  commu- 
nicative ;  not  free  to  communicate  to  oth- 

I     ers;  reserved. 

UNCOMPACT',  a.  Notcompact;  not  firm  ; 

I     not  of  close  texture  :  loose.  Mdison. 

.UNCO.MPACT'ED,  a.   Not  compact;   not 
I     firm.  Johnson. 


U  N  C 


U  NC 


U  N  C 


UN€OMPANIED,a.  Havingnocompanion.IiUNCONCIL'IATED,  a.  Not  reconciled.  | 
rL'nffCfompanicrf  is  mostly  iiseil.]     Fairfiix.  UNtONCIL'IATlNG,  a.  Not  conciliating  i 

UNCOMrAS'SlONATE,  a.  Not  cotri|ias-j  not  adapted  or  disposed  to  gain  lavor,  or| 
sioiiate;  having  no  pity.  Shak.l     to  reconriliation.  i 

UNCOMPAS'SIONED,  a.  Not  pitied.  UNCONCLli'DIBLE,  a.  Not  determinable. 

UNCOMPEL'LAl'.LE,  a.  Not  compellable;  I     [ATot  used.]  More. 

that  cannot  be  forced  or  compelled.  UNCONCLU'DING,  ?       Not  decisive  ;  not 

Feltham.  UNCONCLU'DENT,  S       inferrii 

UNCOMPEL'LED,    a.    Not    forced;    free 


from  coni|iulsion.  Pope.^ 

UNCOM'PENSATED,  a.  Not  compensat-j 
ed  ;  nnrewarded.  ] 

UNCOMPLAINING,  a.  Not  complaining  ; 
not  iMunnuring;  not  disposed  to  niiMinnr. 
UNCOM'PLAISANT,  n.  s  as  :.  Not  com- 
plaisant ;  not  civil ;  not  courteous.     Locke. 
UNCOM'PLAISANTLY,     adv.    Uncivilly; 

discourteously. 
UNCOMPLE'TE,    a.    Not   complete;    not' 
finished;  not  perfect.     [But   incompltte  is 
chiefly  used.] 
UNCOJilPLE'TED,   a.    Not  finished;   not| 

roniiilcted. 

UNCOMPLY'ING,  a.  Not  complying;  not 

yielding  to  request  or  conuiiaiid  ;  unbenil-j 

ing.  [ 

UNCOMPOUND'ED,  a.  Not  compounded  ;^ 

not  mixed.  ^ 

Hardness  may  be   reckoned  the   property  of 

all  xtncomponnded  matter.  A''eu-ton. 

2.  Simple;  not  intricate.  Hammond.' 

UNCOMPOUND'EDNESS,     n.     Freedom 

from  mixture;  simplicity  of  substance.       | 

Hammond.] 
UN€OMPREHENS'IVE,  a.    Not  compre- 
hensive. 
2.  Unable  to  comprehend.  South 

UN  COMPRESS' ED,   o.    Not  compressed 

froe  from  comprpssion.  Boyle.: 

UNCOMPROMISING,  a.  sasz  Not  com- 
promising; not  agreeing  to  terms;  not 
coinplving.  Reviete: 

UNCONC'E'IVABLE,  a.  Not  to  be  con-i 
ceived  or  understood ;  that  cannot  be  coin-l 
preliended.  Locke.\ 

[But  inconceivable  is  chiefly  used.] 
IJNeONCE'IVABLENKSS,  n.   The   state! 
or  quality  of  being  inconceivable.     [LiUlt' 
used.]  Locke. 

UNCONCE'lVED,  a.  Not  thought;  not; 
imagined.  Creech.l 

UNCONCERN',  ?!.  Want  of  concern;  ab- 
sence of  anxiety ;  freedom  from  solici- 
tude. Swift. 
UNCONCERN'ED,  a.  Not  concerned  ;  not 
anxious;  feeling  no  solicitude,  lleismi- 
concerned  at  what  has  happened.  He  is 
unconcerned  about  ovfor  tlie  future. 
Happy  mortals,  unconcerned  far  more. 

Dryden. 
[It  has  at  sometimes  before  a  past  event, 
but  about  or  for  is  more  generally  used  be 
fore  a  past  or  future  event.] 
3.  Having  no  interest  ill.     He  is  inicoiictnifrf 

in  the  events  of  the  day. 
UNCONCERN'EHLY. '(lA'.    Without   in 
tcrest  or  ati'pction  ;  without  anxiety. 
.\nd  unconcernedly  cast  his  eyes  around. 

Dryden. 
UNCONCERN'EnNESS,  n.  Freedomfrom 
concern  or  anxiety.  South. 

UNCONCEH.\'lNG,  a.  Not  interesting  ; 
riot  afiecting  ;  not  belonging  to  one  \JVot 
used.]  Jiddison. 

UNCONCERN'MENT,  n.  The  state  of  hav- 
ing no  share.     \.\'ot  used.]  South. 


a  plai 
consequence 


or    certain    conclusion 
[Little  used.]  Hale.     Locke 

[In  the   place  of  these,  inconclusive   is 
generally  used.] 
UNCONCLU'DINGNESS,    n.    Quality   of 
bring  inconehisive.     [JVot  used.]        Boyle. 
UNCONCI.U'SIVE,  a.  Not  decisive.     [But 
inconclusive  is  now  used.]  Hammond. 

UNCONCOCT'ED,  a.  Not  concocted  ;   noi 
digested.  Brown. 

UNCONDEM'NED,    a.    Not   condemned, 
not  judyed  fiiiilty. 

A  inati  that  is  a  Roman,  and  uncundemn- 

cd.     Aci9  xxii. 

Not  disapproved  ;  not  pronounced  crim- 
inal ;  as  a  practice  yet  uncondemned. 

Locke. 
UNCONDENS'ABLE,  a.  That  cannot  b. 

condensed. 
UNCONUENS'ED,  a.  Not  conden-sed. 
UNCONDI'TIONAL.  o.    Ab.solute  ;   unre- 
served ;    not    limited    by    any    eonditi 
We  are  required  to  make  aimnconrfi7io7!(// 
surrender  of  ourselves  to  our  Maker.  Tlif 
king  demanded  unconditional  sulmiission. 
O  pass  not,  Lord,  an  atjsolute  deciee. 
Or  bind  thy  sentence  uncnndUional 

Dryden 
UNCONDl"TIONALLY,m/!'.Witlioutcon- 
ditioiis  ;  without  teinis  id' limitation  ;  with- 
out reservation.  The  troojis  did  not  sur- 
render unconditionally,  but  by  capitula- 
tion. 
UNeONFESS'ED,  a.  Not  confessed;    not 

ackiiowledf!ed. 
UNCONFl'NABLE,  a.    Unbounded.     [.Yot 
used.]  Shak. 

2.  That  cannot  be  confined  or  restrained. 

Tho/nson 

UNCONFI'NED,    a.    Not    confined;    free 

from  restraint ;  free  from  control.        Pope 

Having  no  limits  ;  illiniitnble  ;  unbounded 

Spectator 
UNCONFI'NEDLY,  adv.  Without cimfine- 
meni  or  hmitalion.  Barrow 

UNCONFIRM'ED,  a.  Not  fortified  by  reso- 
lution ;  weak;  raw;  as  troops  i/Jicoii^rniei/ 
by  experience. 

Not  confirmed  ;  not  strengthened   by  ad- 
dilional  testimony. 

His  witness  unconfirm'd.  Jfilton 

:?.  Not  confirmed  according  to  the   churcl 

ritual. 
UNCONFORM',  a.  Unlike  :  di.«similar  ;  not 
analocous.     [JVot  in  use.]  Milton. 

UNCONFORIM'ABLE,  a.  Not  consistent; 
not  aiiieeahle  ;  not  conforming. 

Moral  evil  is  an  action  unconformable  to  the 
rule  ol'oiir  diitv.  Watts. 

UNCONFORM'ITY,    n.   Incongruity:    in- 
consistency;  want  of  conformity.     South. 
UNCONFU'SEI),  a.  s  as  i.  Free  from  con- 
fusion nr  disorder.  Locke. 
•2.  Not  emharrassetl. 

UNCONFUSEDLY,  adv.  s  as  :.  Without 
coiitiisi<in  or  disorder.  Locke. 

UNCONFU'TABLE,    a.    Not    confiiiahle  ;!:UNCONSll)'EKEI) 
not  to  he  refuted  or  overthrown ;  that  caii-ll     not  attended  to. 


not  be  disproved  or  convicted  of  error  ; 

as  an  unconfutable  argument.  Sprat. 

UNCONtiE'ALABLE,  a.    Not  caiiable  of 

being  congealed. 
UNCONuE'ALED,  a.  Not  frozen ;  not  con- 
gealed ;  not  concreterl.  Broum. 
INCONCiE'NIAL,  a.  Not  congenial. 
UNCON'JUGAL,  a.  Not  suitable   to  matri- 
monial faith  ;  not  befitting  a  wife  or  hus- 
band.                                                    Milton. 
UNCONJUNC'TIVE,    a.   That  cannot   be 
joined.      [Little  used.]  Milton. 
UNCONNECTED,  o.  Not  connected  ;  not 
united  ;  separate. 

Not  coherent ;  not  joined  by  proper  trans- 
itions or  dependence  of  parts;  loose; 
vague  ;  desultory  ;  as  an  unconnected  dis- 
course. 
UNCONNl'VING,  a.  Not  conniving;  not 
overlookiiif;  or  winkinir  at.  Milton. 

UNCON'QUERABLE,  a.  Not  cnnqueia- 
hle  ;  invincilile  ;  that  cannot  he  vanquish- 
ed or  defeated  ;  that  cannot  be  overcome 
in  contest  ;  as  an  xtuconqueratile  fop. 
'i.  That  cannot  be  subdued  and  brought  un- 
der control  ;  as  unconquerable  passions  or 
temper. 
UNCON'QUERABLY,  adv.  Invincibly  ;  in- 
sujierably  ;  as  foes  unconquerably  strong. 

Pope. 
FNCON'QUERED,  a.  Not  vanquished  or 

defeated. 
i.  UiiMibrliied  ;  not  brought  under  control. 

Invincible  :  insuperable.  Sidney. 

UNCONSCIEN'CIOUS,  a.  Not  conscien- 
cious ;  not  regulated  or  limited  by  con- 
science. Kent. 
UNCONSCIONABLE,  a.  Unreasonable: 
exceeding  the  limits  of  any  reasonable 
claim  or  expectation  ;  as  an  unco7tscionable 
reiiuesl  or  demand.  L'Estrnngc. 
Forming  unreasonable  expectations.  Yoii 
cannot  be  so  unconscionable  as  to  expect 
this  sacrifice  on  my  part. 
4.  Enormous ;  vast ;  as  unconscionable  size 

or  strides.     [A'o<  elegant.] 
4.   Not  guided  or  influenced  by  conscience. 

So  II M. 
UNCON'SCIONABLENESS,    n.    Unrea- 

onalileness  ol  hope  or  claim. 
UNCON'SCIONABLY,     adv.    Unreasona- 
bly ;  iij  a  manner  or  degree  that  conscience 
and  reason  do  not  justify.  Hudibras. 

UNCONSCIOUS,  a.  Not  conscious;  hav- 
ing no  mental  perception ;  as  unconscious 
causes.  Blar/.niore. 

2.  Not   conscious;    not  knowing:  not   per- 
ceiving ;  as  unconscious  of  i;iiilt  or  error. 
I'NCON'SCIOU.-^LY,  adv.  Without  percep- 
tion; without  knowledge. 
UNCON'SCIOUSNESS.  n.    Want  of  per- 
ception ;  want  of  knowledge. 
UNCON'SECRATE,ri./.  To  render  not  sa- 
creil  ;  to  desecrate.     [.Vol  used.]       South. 
UNCON'SECR.VI'ED,  o.  Not  consecrated; 
not  set  apart  tiir  a  sacred  use  by  religious 
ceremonies;  not  dedicated  or  devoted  ;  as 
a    temple     unconsecrated ;     unconsecratcd 
bread. 
I'nron.^nded  to.  not  consented  to  ;  not  yield- 
ed ;  not  agreed  to.  fVake. 
UNCONSENT'ING,    a.    Not    consenting; 
not  vieliliii'"  consent. 


Not  considered ; 
Shak. 


U  N  C 


U  N  C 


U  N  C 


UN€ONSO'LED,    a.    Not    consoled;   not 

I  imi(i)rtf(l. 

UNCONSOLIDATED,  a.  Not  coiisolida- 
t<'(l  III'  Diiule  solid. 

UNCONSO'LING,  o.  Not  consoling;  af- 
tiinliti^  111'  cunilbit.  Buckminster. 

UNCON'SONANT,  a.  Not  coiisouarit ;  not 
consistent;  incongruous;  unfit.  [Little 
uged.]  Hooker. 

UNeONSPI'RlNGNESS,  n.  Absence  of 
plot  or  conspiracy.  [Jin  ill  formed  word 
and  not  used.]  Boyle. 

UNeON'STANT,  o.  Not  constant;  not 
steHily  or  I'uitliful;  fickle;  changeable. 
[Inconstant  is  now  used.]  Shuk.' 

UNCONSTITU'TIONAU  a.  Not  agreea- 
ble to  the  coiislitution  ;  not  authorized  by 
'  the  constitution ;  contrary  to  the  princi- 
ples of  the  constitution.  It  is  not  uncon- 
stitutional for  the  king  of  Great  Britain  to 
declare  war  williout  the  consent  of  par- 
liament ;  hut  for  the  president  of  the  Uni- 
ted States  to  declare  war,  without  an  act 
of  congress  authorizing  it,  would  he  un-j 
constilutiotint. 

UNeONSTriUT10NAI/ITY,n.Thequal-j 
ity  of  being  unauthorized  by  the  constitu-j 
tion,  or  contrary  to  its  provisions  or  prin-j 
ciples  The  supreme  court  has  power  to! 
deridi*  upon  the  unconstitutionality  of  a 
law.  I 

UNtONSTlTU'TIONALLY,  adv.  In  a 
manner  not  warranted  by  or  contrary  to 
tlit  ronsiiiution. 

UNtONSTRA'INED,  a.  Free  from  con- 
straint; acting  voluntarily  ;  voluntary. 

Dryden. 

2.  Not  proceeding  from  constraint;  as  ac- 
tions. 

UN€ONSTUA'INKDLY,  adv.  Without 
force  or  consuaint;  fiiely;  spontaneous- 
ly ;  volnntariK  Sovth. 

UNeONSTKA'INT,  n.  Freedom  fron.  cn-j 
straint  ;  ease.  Felton. 

UN€ONSULT  ING,  a.  Taking  no  advice; 
rash  ;  imprudent.  Sidney.^ 

UN€ONSlJ'MED,  a.  Not  consumed  ;  not 
wasted,  expended  or  dissipated  ;  not  de- 
stroyed. Milton. 

UNeONSUM'MATE,  o.  Not  consnmmate.l. 

Dry  den. 

UNeONTEMNED,  a.  Not  despised  ';  not 
conleiniied.  Sliak,^ 

Unconlended  for,  not  contended  (or  ;  not 
urged  for.  I 

UNCONTEND'ING,  a.  Not  contending  ; 
lilt  ci'ntestini; ;  not  dispuliiig.  j 

UNeONTENT'ED,  a.  Not  contented  ;  not' 
satisfied.  Dryden. 

UN€ONTENT'INGNESS,7i.Wantof|iow  , 
er  to  satisfy.     [Mot  in  use.]  Boyle: 

UNCONTEST' ABLE,  a.  Iiidisputalile;not 
to  be  controverted.  [Inconte-^tihle  is  the. 
word  now  used.] 

UNCONTESTED,  a.  Not  contested;  not 
disputed. 

2.  Evident  ;  plain.  Blackmore.] 

UNCONTRADICTED,  a.  Not  contradict-' 
ed  ;  not  denied.  Penrson.l 

UNCON'TRITE,  a.  Not  contrite  ;  not  pen-! 
iti'iit.  Hiimmond.\ 

UNCONTRI'VED,  a.  Not  contrived  ;  not 
funned  hv  ile^ian.  Diiisht. 

UNCONTRI'VING,  a.  Not  contriving  ;ini- 
prinident.  Goldsmith. 

Vol.  11. 


UNCONTROLLABLE,  a.  That  cannot  bellUNCORRUPT  ED,  a.    Not  corrnpted  ;  not 

contriilled  ;    ungovernable  ;    ihai    eannot'l     viiinled  ;  not  depraved  ;  as  the  i!ii  tales  of 


be  resli  uineil  ;  as  an  unr.onti ollaik  temper  ; 
uncontroltdhle  subjects. 

2.  That  ran  not  he  rei-mled  Or  diverted  ;asvn 
controllable  events. 

3.  lndl^pu^allle  ;  irrefragable;  as  an  uncon 
troltnhlr  niaxiin  ;  the   king's  uncontrollable 
title  to  the  English  throne. 

UACONTROLLABLY.arfo.  Without  power 

of  opposition. 
2.  In  a  manner  or  degree  that  admits  of  no 

restraint  or  resistance;  as  a   stream  «n 

controllnhlij  violent. 
UNCONTROLLED,  a.  Not  governed  ;  not 

subjected  to  a  superior  power  or  authori 

ty  ;  tint  restrained. 

2.  Not  resisted  ;  unopposed.  Dryden. 

3.  Not  convinced  ;  not  refuted.     [Unusual.' 

Hayiviird. 
UNCONTROLLEDLY,  adv.  Without  con 

trol  or  restraint ;  without  eflectiial  oppo 

sition.  Decay  of  Piety. 

lUNCON'TROVERTED,  a.    Not  disputed  ; 

not  contested  ;  not  liable   to  be  called  in 

question.  Glanvitle. 

UNCONVERS'ABLE,  a.  Not  free  in  con 

versatioii  ;  not  social  ;  reserved. 
2.  Not  suited  to  conversation.  Jlogcra. 

UNCON'VERSANT,    a.    Not   conversant 

not  fainiliarlv  arqiiainted  with.      JMitford. 
UNCONVEIit'ED,  a.  Not  converted  ;  not 

changed  in  opinion  ;  not  turned  from  one 

faith  to  another. 

2.  Not  persuaded  of  the  truth  of  the  chris- 
tian religion  ;  as  unconverted  pagans. 

Mdison.     Hooker. 

3.  Not  renewed  ;  not  regenerated ;  not  liav 
ihg  the  natural  enmity  of  the  heart  siihdu 
ed,  and  a  principle  of  grace  implanted. 

Baxter. 

4.  Not  turned  or  changed  from  one  form  to 
another. 

UNCONVERTIBLE,  a.  That  cannot  be 
converted  or  changed  in  form.  Lead  is 
unconvertible  into  silver. 

UNCONVINCED,  a.  Not  convinced;  not 
persuaded.  Locke. 

UNCORD',  v.  t.  To  loose  from  cords ;  to 
unfasten  or  unbind;  as,  to  uncord  abed; 
to  uncord  a  package. 

UNCORK',  V.  I.  To  draw  the  cork  from;  as, 
to  uncork  a  bottle. 

UNCORK'ED,  pp.  Not  having  the  cork 
drawn. 

UNCORKING,  ppr.  Drawing  the  cork 
from. 

ITNCOR'ONETED,  a.  Not  honored  with  a 
coronet  or  title.  Pollok. 

UNCOKP'ULENT,  a.  Not  corpulent;  not! 
fleshy.  Pollok.\ 

UNCORRECT'ED,  a.  Not  corrected  ;  not 
revised;  not  rendered  exact ;  as  an  uncor- 
rected copy  of  a  writing. 

2.  Not  reformed  ;  not  amended  ;  as  life  or! 
manners  vnrorrected. 

UNCOR'RItilBLP:,  a.  That  cannot  be  cor- 
rected ;  depraved  beyond  correction.  [For 
this,  incorrigible  is  now  used.]  ' 

UNCORRUI'T',  a.  Not  corrupt  ;  not  de-j 
praved  ;  not  perverted  ;  not  tainted  with; 
wickedness;  not  infiueiicod  by  iiiii{iiitousi 
interest;  as  an  uncorrupt  judgment;  un-j 
corrupt  manners.  Hooker.] 

101 


uncorrupted   reason  ;  uncormpltd  records. 

I  Dryden.     Locke. 

lUNCORRUI'T'EDNESS,  n.  State  of  (wing 
uncorrupted.  Milton. 

UNCOHKUl'T'IBLE,  a.  That  cannot  be 
corrupted.  [But  incorruptible  is  the  word 
now  used.] 

UNCORRUPT'LY,  adv.  With  integrity; 
honestly.  Ch.  Relig.  ^iipeal. 

UNCORRUPT'NESS,  n.  Integrity;  up- 
rightness.    Tit.  ii. 

UNCOUN'SELABLE,  a.  Not  to  he  advis- 
ed ;  not  consistent  with  good  adiiceor 
prudence.  Clarendon. 

UNCOUNTABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be 
counted  ;  innumerable.  Rakiph. 

UNCOUNTED,  a.  Not  counted;  not  num- 
bered. Shak. 

UNCOUN'TERFEIT,  a.  Not  counterl.it  ; 
not  spurious  ;  genuine  ;  as  uncounttrfeU 
zeal.  Sprat. 

UNCOUNTERMANDED,  a.  Not  coun- 
termanded. 

UNCOUPLE,  v.t.  uncup'pl.  To  loose  dogs 
from  their  couples  ;  to  set  loose;  to  dis- 
join. Shak.     Dryden. 

UNCOUPLED,  p;).  uncup'pled.  Disjoined; 
set  free. 

UNCOUPLING,  ppr.  uncvp'pling.  Disuni- 
ting ;  setting  free. 

UNCOURTEOUS,  a.  uncurt'eous.  Uncivil; 
unpolite;  not  kind  and  complaisant. 

Sidney. 

UNCOURT'EOUSLY,  adv.  Uncivilly;  un- 
politely. 

UNCOURT'EOUSNESS,  n.  Incivility ;  dis- 
obliging treatment. 

UNCOURTLINESS.  n.  Unsuitableness  of 
manners  to  a  court;  itielegance;  as  un- 
courtliness  of  manners  or  phrases. 

Mdison. 
UNCOURTLY,  a.    Inelegant  of  manners; 
not  becoming  a  court;  not  refined;  impo- 
lite ;  as  wxcourtly  behavior  or  language. 

Smft. 

2.  Not  courteous  or  civil ;  as  an  uncourUy 
speech. 

3.  Not  versed  in  the  manners  of  a  court. 
jUNCtiUTII,    a.     [Sax.  uncuth,   unknown.] 
Odd  ;  strange  ;  unusual ;  not  rendered  jileas- 

ing  by  familiarity  ;  as  an  uncouth  phrase 
or  expression  ;  uncoufA  manners;  uncouth 
dress. 

UNCOUTIILY,   adv.  Oddly  ;  strangely. 

Driiden. 

UNCtiUTHNESS,  n.  Oddness  ;  strange- 
ness; want  of  agreeableness  derived  from 
familiarity  ;  as  the  uncouthness  of  a  word 
or  of  dress. 

UNCOVENANTED,  a.  Not  promised  by 
covenant;  not  resting  on  a  covenant  or 
promise.  S.  Miller. 

UNCOVER,  r.  t.  To  divest  of  a  cover :  to 
remove  any  covering  from  ;  a  word  of  gen- 
eral use. 

9.  To  deprive  of  clothes  ;  to  strip  ;  to  make 
naked.  Shak. 

3.  To  unroof,  as  a  building, 

4.  To  take  otf  the  hat  or  cap ;  to  bare  the 
head. 
To  strip  of  a  vail,  or   of  any   thing  that 

conceals ;  to  lay  open  ;  to  disclose  to  view. 


U  N  C 


U  N  D 


U  N  D 


UNCOVERED,  pp.  Divested  of  a  covering 
or  clothing  ;  laid  open  to  view  ;  made 
bare. 

UNCOVERING,  ppr.  Divesting  of  a  cover 
or  of  clothes  ;  stripping  of  a  vail ;  laying 
open  to  view. 

UNCREA'TE,  V.  t.  To  annihilate  ;  to  de- 
prive of  existence. 

Who  can  uncreate  thee,  thou  shall  know. 

Milton 

UNCREA'TED,  pp.  Reduced  to  nothing; 
deprived  of  existence. 

2.  a.  Not  yet  created  ;  as  misery  uncreated. 

Milton. 

3.  Not  produced  by  creation.  God  is  an 
uncreated  being.  Locke. 

UNCRED'IBLE,  a.  Not  to  be  believed 
not  entitled  to  credit.  [For  this,  incredi 
ble  is  used.] 

UNCRED'ITABLE,  a.  Not  in  good  credit 
or  reputation  ;  not  reputable.     Hammond. 

fi.  Not  for  the  credit  or  reputation.     Mitford. 

UNCRED'ITABLENESS,  n.  Want  of  re- 
putation. Decay  of  Piety. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  disreputable. 

UNCRED'ITED,  a.  Not  believed. 

Warner. 

UNCRIT'ICAL,  a.  Not  critical. 

2.  Not  according  to  the  just  rules  of  criti- 
cism. M.  Stuart. 

UNCROP'PED,  o.  Not  cropped  ;  not  gath- 
ered. Milton. 

UNCROSS'ED,  a.  Not  crossed;  not  can- 
celed. Shak. 

2.  Not  thwarted;  not  opposed. 

UNCKOVVD'ED,  a.  Not  crowded  ;  not  com- 
pressed ;  not  straitened  for  want  of  room. 

UNCROWN',  V.  t.  To  deprive  of  a  crown  ; 
to  dethrone. 

2.  To  pull  off  the  crown.  Dryden. 

UNCROWNED,  pp.  Deprived  of  a  crown. 

2.  a.  Not  crowned  ;  having  no  crown. 

UNCROWN'ING,  ppr.  Depriving  of  a 
crown. 

UNCRYS'TALIZABLE,  a.  Not  suscepti- 
ble of  crvstalization.  Ure. 

UNCRYS'TALIZED,  a.  Not  crystalized. 

UNCTION,  71.  [Fr.  onction  ;  L.  unctio, 
from  ungo,  to  anoint.] 

1.  The  act  of  anointing.  Hooker. 

2.  Unguent ;  ointment.     [Unusual.] 

Dryden 

3.  The  act  of  anointing  medically  ;  as  mer- 
curial unction.  Arhuthnoi. 

4.  Any  thing  softening  or  lenitive.         Shak 

5.  That  which  excites  piety  and  devotion. 

Johnson. 

6.  Richness  of  gracious  affections. 

7.  Divine  or  sanctifying  grace.     1  John  i. 
Extreme  unction,  the  rite  of  anointing  in  the 

last  hours ;  or  the  application  of  sacred 
oil  to  the  parts  where  the  five  senses  re 
side.  Cyc. 

UNCTUOS'ITY,  n.  Oiliness  ;  fatness  ;  the 
(lualitv  of  being  greasy.  Brown 

UNCTUOUS,  a.  Fat  ;  oily  ;  greasy. 

Milton.     Dryden. 

2.  Having  a  resemblance  to  oil ;  as  the  «iic- 
tuous  feel  of  a  stone. 

UNC'TUOUSNESS,  n.  Fatness  ;  oiliness 

2.  Thii  quality  of  resembling  oil. 

UNCULL'ED,  a.  Not  gathered. 

2.  Not  separated  ;  not  selected. 

UNCUL'PABLE,  a.  Not  blamable  ;  not 
faulty.  Hooker. 


UNCULT',  a.  [un  and  L.  cultus.]    Unculti-j 

vated  ;  rude  ;  ilhterate.     [JVot  in  use.]        j 

C'^.  Retig.  Jlppeal.l 

UNCUL'TIVABLE,  a.  Not  capable  of  be-i 
ing  tilled  or  cultivated.  j 

UNCUL'TIVATED,  a.  Not  cultivated ;  notl 
tilled ;  not  used  in  tillage  ;  as  an  unculti- 
vated tract  of  land. 

2.  Not  instructed  ;  not  civilized  ;  rude ; 
rough  in  manners  ;  as  an  uncultivated  na- 
tion or  age.  Locke.     Roscommon. 

UNCUM'BERED,  o.  Not  burdened ;  not 
embarrassed.  Dryden. 

UNCU'RABLE,  a.  Incurable.  [The  latter 
is  mostly  used.] 

UNCU'RABLY,  adv.  Incurably. 

UNCURB'ABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  curb- 
ed or  checked.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Shak. 

UNCURB'ED,  a.  Not  curbed;  not  restrain- 
ed ;  licentious.  Shak. 

UNCURL',  V.  t.  To  loose  from  ringlets. 

The  liou  uncurls  his  angry  mane.      Dryden. 

UNCURL',  V.  i.  To  fall  from  a  curled  state, 
as  ringlets;  to  become  straight.         Shak. 

UNCURL' ED,  pp.  Loosed  from  ringlets. 
a.  Not  curled  ;  not  formed  into  ringlets. 

UNCURL'ING,  ppr.  Loosing  from  ringlets. 

UNCUR'RENT,  a.  Not  current ;  not  pass- 
ing in  connnon  payment  ;  as  uncurrent 
coin  or  notes.  Shak. 

UNCURSE,  V.  t.  uncurs'.  To  free  from  any 
execration.     [JVot  used.]  Shnk. 

UNCURS'ED,  )       Not  cursed  ;  not  execra- 

UNCURST',     S  "■  »«-•''•  K.  Charles: 

UNCURTA'ILED.  a.  Not  curtailed ;  not 
shortened. 

UNCUS'TOMARY,  a.  Not  customary ;  not 
usu:d.  Du'ight. 

UNCUS'TOMED,  rt.  Not  subjected  to  cus- 
toms or  duty.  Jlsh. 

'2.  That  has  not  paid  duty,  or  been  chargtci 
with  customs.  Smollett. 

UNCUT',  a.  Not  cut ;  as  trees  joicui. 

iraller. 

UNDAM',  V.  t.  To  free  from  a  dam,  mound 
or  obstruction.  Dryden. 

UNDAM'A6ED,  a.  Not  damaged  ;  not  made 
worse  ;  as  undamaged  goods. 

UNDAIVIP'ED,  a.  Not  damped  ;  not  de- 
pressed. 

UNDANGEROUS,  a.  Not  dangerous. 

Thomson. 

UND'ARKENED,  a.  Not  darkened  or  ob- 
scured. 

UN'DATED,  a.  [L.  undatus  ;  unda,  a  wave.] 
Waved ;  rising  and  falling  in  waves  to- 
wards the  margin,  as  a  leaf.  Lee 

UNDA'TEO,  a.  Not  dated;  having  no  date. 

UND'AUNTED,  a.  Not  daunted  ;  not  sub 
dued  or  depressed  by  fear;  intrepid. 

Dryden. 

UND  AUNTEDLY,  adv.  Boldly  ;  intrepidly 

South. 

UNDAUNTEDNESS,  n.  Boldness;  fear- 
less bravery ;  intrepidity.  Pope. 

UNDAWN'ING,  a.  Not  yet  dawning;  not 
growing  light  ;  not  opening  with  bright-| 
ness.  Coujper.'. 

UNDAZ'ZLED,  a.  Not  dazzled  ;  not  con-| 
fused  bv  sj)lendor.  Milton.     Royle. 

UNDE'AlP,  V.  t.  To  free  from  deafness.! 
[JVot  in  use.] 

UNDEBA'SED,  a.  Not  debased  ;  not  aduj-l 
terated.  Shak.^ 

UNDEBAUCH'ED,  a.  Not  debauched  ;  not 
corrupted ;  pure.  Drydm.\ 


UNDEC'AGON,  n.  [L.  unrferim,  eleven,  and 
Gr.  yuirio,  angle.]  A  figure  of  eleven  an- 
gles or  sides. 

UNDECA'YED,  a.  Not  decayed  ;  not  im- 
paired by  age  or  accident ;  being  in  full 
strength.  Dryden. 

UNDECA'YING,  a.  Not  decaying  ;  not 
sufiering  diminution  or  decline. 

2.  Immortal  ;  as  the  undecaying  joys  of 
heaven. 

UNDECE'IVABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  de- 
ceived; not  subject  to  deception.     Holder, 

UNDECE'IVE,  V.  t.  To  free  from  decep- 
tion, cheat,  fallacy  or  mistake,  whether 
caused  by  others  or  by  ourselves.  If  wo 
rely  on  our  own  works  for  salvation,  the 
Scriptures  may  undeceive  us. 

UNDECE'IVED,  pp.  Disabused  of  cheat, 
deception  or  fallacy. 

2.  Not  deceived  ;  not  misled  or  in)posed  on. 

UNDECE'IVING,  ppr.  Freeing  from  de- 
ception or  fallacy. 

UNDE'CENCY,  »i.  Unbecomingness ;  in 
decency.     [The  latter  word  is  now  used.] 

UNDE'CENT,  a.  Not  decent  ;  indecent 
[The  latter  is  the  word  used.] 

UNDE'CENTLY,  adv.  Indecently.  [The 
latier  is  the  word  used.] 

UNDECI'DABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  de- 
cided. South. 

UNDECl'DED,  a.  Not  decided  ;  not  deter- 
mined ;  not  settled.  Hooker. 

UNDECIPHERABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be 
deciphered. 

UNDECI'PHERED,  a.  Not  deciphered  or 
explained. 

UNDECI'SIVE,  a.  Not  decisive  ;  not  con- 
clusive ;  not  determining  the  controversy 
or  contest.  Granville. 

UNDECK',  V.  t.  To  divest  of  ornaments. 

Shak. 

UNDECK'ED,  pp.  Deprived  of  ornaments. 

a.  a.  Not  decked  ;  not  adorned.  Milton. 

UNDECLA'RED,  a.  Not  declared  ;  not 
avowed. 

UNDECLl'NABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  de- 
clined. 

2.  Not  to  be  avoided.  Hacket. 

UNDECLI'NED,  a.  Not  deviating  ;  not 
turned  from  the  riglit  way.  Sandys, 

2.  Not  varied  in  termination  ;  as  a  noun  un- 
declined. 

UNDECOMPO'SABLE,  a.  s  as  z.  Not  ad- 
mitting decomposition  ;  that  cannot  he  de- 
composed. Chimistry. 

UNDECOMPO'SED,  n.  «asr.  Not  decom- 
posed ;  not  separated;  as  constituent  par- 
ticles. 76. 

UNDECOMPOUND'ED,  a.  Not  decom- 
poimded.  Davy. 

UNDECORATED,  a.  Not  adorned;  not 
embellished ;  plain. 

To  leave  the  character  of  Christ  underorated, 
to  make  it5  own  impression.  Buckminstet. 

UNDED'ICATED,  a.  Not  dedicated  ;  not 
consecrated. 

2.  Not  inscribed  to  a  patron. 

UNDEE'DED,  a.  Not  signalized  by  any 
great  action.  Shak. 

2.  Not  transferred  by  deed  ;  as  undeeded 
land.     [Local.] 

UNDEFA'CEABLE,  a.  That  cannot  he  de- 
faced. 

UNDEFA'CED,  a.  Not  deprived  of  its  form  ; 
not  disfigured ;  as  an  und^aced  statue. 


tJ  N  D 


U  N  D 


U  N  D 


CNDEFE'ASIBLE,  a.  sasz.  Not  defeasi 
ble.     [But  inde/easihle  is  cliiellj  used. J 

UNDEFENDED,  a.  Not  deleiided ;  not 
protected. 

2.  Not  vindicated. 

3.  Open  to  assault;  being  without  works  of 
defense. 

UNDEFI'ED,  a.  Not  set  at  defiance;  not 
clialleii(;ed.  Spenser. 

UNDEFI'I,ED,  a.  Not  defiled ;  not  polluted  ; 
not  vitiatnil.  Milton 

UNDEFI'NABLE,  a.  Not  definable  ;  not  ca- 
pable of  being  described  or  limited;  as  the 
vndefinable  bounds  of  space.  Greiv. 

2.  That  caiiiiot  be  described  by  interpreta- 
tion or  definition. 

Simple  ideas  are  undefinable.  Locke. 

UNDEFI'NABLENES!:?,  n.  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  iiiiilefinable.        E.  T.  Filch. 
UNDEFI'NED,  a.  Nut  defined  ;  not  describ- 
ed by  definition  or  ex|ilaniition. 
2.  Not  having  its  limits  described. 
UNDEFLOUR'ED,  a.  Not  debauched  ;  not 
vitiated.  Milton 

UNDEFOKlM'ED,  a.  Not  deformed  ;  not 
di.sfi;.'ured.  Pope 

UNDEFRAIJD'ED,  a.  Not  defrauded. 
UNDEFUA'YED,    a.    Not   defrayed;    not 

paid. 
UNDEGRA'DED,  a.  Not  degraded. 
UNDE'lF?^,  V.  t.  To  reduce  from  tlie  state 
ofDeitv.  Mdinon. 

UNDEL'EGATED,  a.  Not  delesatrd  ;  not 
deputed  ;  not  grunted  ;  as  undelegated  au- 
thoritv  ;  undelegnted  powers. 
UNDELIBERATED,  a.  Not  carefully  con- 
sidered ;  as  an  undetiberated  uii.:i:iiire.  [.Vol 
correct.]  Clnrcndan. 

UNDELIB'ERATING,  a.  Not  deliberating  : 

not  hesitating  ;  hasty  ;  prompt. 

UNDELIGHTED,   a."  Not  delighted  :   not 

well  pleased.  Milton 

UNDELIGUTFUL,  a.  Not  giving  delight  oi 

great  pleasure.  Clarendon 

UNDELIV'ERED,   n.   Not  delivered;  not 

coriiiMtinieated. 
UNDEM'ANDED,   a.   Not  demanded  ;  nol 

required. 
UNDKMOL'ISIIED,    a.    Not  demolished 
not  pulled  down.  Swift 

2.  Not  destroyed. 

UNDEMON'STRABLE,  a.  Not  capable  of 
fidler  evidence.  Hooker. 

2.  Not  capable  of  demonstration. 
UNDENI'ABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  denied  ; 

as  vndeniahte  evidence. 
UNDENI'ABLY,  adv.  So  plainly  as  to  ad- 
mit no  contradiction  ur  denial.        Dryden. 
UNDEPEND'I.\G,  a.  Not  dependent. 

Milton. 
UNDEPLO'RED,  a.  Not  lamented. 

Dn/den. 
UNDEPO'SABLE,  a.  i  as  :.  That  cannot 
be  deposed  from  office.  Milton. 

UNDEPRA'VED,  a.  Not  corrupted  ;  not  vi- 
tiated. 
UNDEP'RECATED.  a.  Not  deprecated. 
UN»EPRE'CI.\TED,  a.   Not  depreciated  ; 
not  lowered  in  value.  ffalsh 

UNDEPRIVED,  a.   Not  deprived  ;  not  di- 
vested  of  by  authority  ;   not  stripped  of 
any  possession. 
UN'DER,  prep.  [Goth.  Miirfor  ;  Sax.  unifer 
D.  0)u/er;  G.  unler ;  probably  compound 
ed  of  on  and  nether  ;  on  the  7ifMe)'side.] 
h  Beneath;  below;  so   as   to  have  some 


thing  over  or  above.  He  stood  under  a 
tree ;  the  carriage  is  under  cover.  We 
may  see  things  unrfcr  water ;  we  have  a 
cellar  under  the  whole  house. 
.  In  a  state  of  pupilage  or  sidyection  to; 
as  a  yuutti  under  a  tutor  ;  a  ward  under  a 
guardian;  colonies  uni/er  the  British  gov- 
ernment. 

I  also  am  a  man  mider  authority,  having  sol- 
diers under  me.     Matt.  viii. 

S.  In  a  less  degree  than.    The  effect  of  med 
icine  is  sometimes  under  and  sometimes 
above  or  over  its  natural  strength. 

Hooker. 
For  less  than.  He  would  not  sell  the 
horse  under  forty  pounds. 

5.  Less  than;  below.     There  are   parishes 
n  England  under  forty  jiounds  a  year. 

6.  With  the  pretense  of;  with  the  cover  or 
pretext  of  He  does  this  under  the  name 
of  love.  This  argument  is  not  to  he 
evaded  under  some  plausible  distinction. 

7.  With  less  than. 

Several  young  men  couM  never  leave  the  pul-' 
I      pit  tinder  half  a  dozen  conceits.  SwiJI.i 

8.  In  a  degree,  state  or  rank  inferior  to.         ! 

It  was  too  great  an  honor  for  any  man  undcr^ 
a  duke.  Addison.] 


9.  In  a  state  of  being  loaded  ;  in  a  state  of 
bearing  or  being  burdened  ;  as,  to  travel 
under  a  heavy  load  ;  to  live  Miirfer  extreme 
oppressi(ni. 

10.  Ill  a  state  of  oppression  or  subjection  to, 
the  state  in  which  a  person  is  considered 
as  bearing  or  having  any  thing  laid  upon) 
him ;  as,  to  have  fortitude  under  the  evils 
of  life  ;  to  have  patience  under  pain,  or  un 
der  misfortunes;  to  behave  like  a  christian 
under  reproaches  and  injuries. 

11.  In  a  state  of  liability  or  obligation.  No 
man  shall  trespass  but  under  the  pains 
and  penalties  of  the  law.  Attend  to  the 
conditiniis  under  which  you  enter  upon 
your  office.  We  are  under  the  necessity 
of  obeying  the  laws.  Nuns  are  under 
vows  of  chastity.  We  all  lie  under  the 
cnrseof  the  law,  until  redeemed  by  Christ. 

12.  In  the  state  of  bearing  and  being  known 
by ;  as  men  trading  under  the  firm  of 
Wright  &  Co. 

I'i.  In  the  state  of;  in  the  enjoyment  or  pos 
session  of.     We  live  under  the  gospel  dis- 
pensation. 

14.  During  the  time  of  The  American  rev- 
olution commenced  under  the  administra 
tioii  of  lord  Niirtli. 

15.  Not  having  reached  or  arrived  to;  be- 
low.    He  le(Y  three  sons  under  age. 

1().  Represented  by  ;  in  the  form  of  Mor 
pheus  is  represented  under  the  figure  of  a 
hoy  asleep.  (But  morph,  in  Ethiopic,  sig- 
nifies cessation,  rest.] 

17.  In  the  state  of  protection  or  defense. 
Under  favor  of  the  prince,  our  anthur  was 
promoted.  The  enemy  landed  ujit/er cov- 
er of  their  batteries. 

18.  As  bearing  a  particular  character. 
The    duke    may    be    mentioned    under   the 

double  capacity  of  a  poet  and  a  divine.    Felton. 

19.  Being  contained  or  comprehended  in. 
I'nder  this  head  may  be  mentioned  the  con- 
tests between  the  popes  and  the  secular  prin- 
ces. Lesley. 

20.  .\ttested  by ;  signed  by.  Here  is  a  ileedi 
tHtderiiis  hand  and  seal.  i 


He  has  left  us  evidence  under  bis  own  band. 

Locke. 

21.  In  a  stale  of  being  handled,  treated  or 
discussed,  or  of  being  the  subject  of  The 
bill  is  now  under  discussion.  We  shall 
have  the  subject  under  consideration  next 
week. 

22.  In  subordination  to.  Under  God,  this  is 
our  only  safety. 

33.  In  subjection  or  bondage  to  ;  ruled  or 
influenced  by;  in  a  moral  seme;  within 
the  dominion  of. 

They  are  all  under  sin.     Rom.  iii. 

Under  a  signature,  bearing,  as  a  name  or  ti- 
tle. 

Under  way,  in  seamen's  language,  moving  ; 
in  a  condition  to  make  progress. 

To  keep  under,  to  hold  in  subjection  or  con- 
trol ;  to  restrain. 

I  Ueep  under  my  body.     1  Cor.  ix. 

I  N'DER,  a.  Lower  in  degree  ;  subject ;  sub- 
ordinate ;  as  an  uiirferoflicer  ;  unrfer  sherif. 

Under  is  much  used  in  composition.  For  the 
etymologies,  see  the  principal  words. 

UNDERACTION,  n.  Subordinate  action; 
action  not  essential  to  the  main  story. 

The  least  episodes  or  underactions — are  part- 
necessary  to  the  main  design.  Dryden. 

UNDERAgENT,  n.   A  subordinate  agent. 


South. 
LNDERBE.m,  v.  t.  To  support ;  to  endure. 

Shak. 

2.  To  line  :  to  guard  ;  ascloth  of  gold  under- 
borne  with  blue  tinsel.      Obs.  Shak. 

UNDERBEARER,  n.  In  funerals,  one  who 
sustains  the  corpse. 

UNDERBID  ,  V.  t.  To  bid  or  offer  less  than 
another;  as  in  auctions,  when  a  contract 
or  service  is  set  up  to  the  lowest  bidder. 

UN'DERBRED,  a.  Of  inferior  breeding  or 
manners.  Observer. 

UN'DERBRUSH,  n.  Shrubs  and  small  trees 
in  a  wood  or  forest,  growing  under  large 
trees. 

UNDERBUY,  V.  I.  To  buy  at  less  than  a 
thing  is  worth.     [.Vol  used.]  Beaum. 

UNDERCH.\MBERLAL\,  n.  A  deputy 
chamberlain  of  the  exchequer. 

UN  DERCLERK,  ji.  A  clerk  subordinate  to 
the  principal  ilerk. 

UN'DERCROFT,  n.  A  vault  under  the  choir 
or  chancel  of  a  church  :  also,  a  vault  or 
secret  walk  under  ground.  Bullokar. 

LNDER€LR  RENT,  n.  A  current  below 
the  surface  of  the  water.  Mar.  Diet. 

UNDERDITCH',  v.  I.  To  form  a  deep  ditch 
or  trench  to  drain  the  surface  of  land. 

UNDERDO,  V.  i.  To  act  below  one's  abil- 
ities. B.  Jonson. 

2.  To  do  less  than  is  requisite.  Gretr. 

UNDERDOSE,  n.  A  quantity  less  than  a 
dose. 

UNDERDO'SE,  v.  i.  To  take  small  doses. 

Cheyne. 

UN'DERDRATN,  n.  A  drain  or  trench  be- 
low the  surface  of  the  ground. 

L'NDERDRA  IN,  v.  t.  To  drain  by  cutting 
a  deep  channel  below  the  surface. 

FNDERFAC'TION,  n.  A  subordinate  fac- 
tion. Decay  of  Pietii. 

UNDERF^ARMER,  n.  A  subordinate  far- 
mer. 

INDERFEL'LOW,  n.  A  mean  sorry 
"•retch.  Sidney. 

UNDERFILLING,  n.  The  lower  part  of 
a  building.  JVotton. 


U  N  D 


U  N  D 


U  N  D 


UNDERFONG',  v.i.  [Sax.  fangan,  to  seize.] 
To  take  in  hand.     Obs.  Spenser. 

UN'DERFQQT,  adv.  Beneath.  Milton. 

UN'DERFQQT,  a.  Low ;  base ;  abject ;  trod- 
den down.  Milton. 

UNDERFUR'NISH,  v.  t.  To  supply  with 
lesis  than  enough.  Collier. 

UNDERFUR'NISIIED,  pp.  Supplied  with 
less  than  enough. 

UNDERFUR'NISHING,  ppr.  Furnishing 
with  less  than  enough. 

UNDERFUR'ROW,  adv.  In  agriculture,  to 
sow  underfurrow,  is  to  plow  in  seed.  This 
phrase  is  applied  to  other  operations,  in 
which  something  is  covered  by  the  fur- 
row-slice. 

UNDERGIRD',  v.  t.  [See  Gird.]  To  bind  be- 
low ;  to  gird  round  the  bottom.  Acts  xxvii. 

UNDERGO',  V.  i.  To  sutfer;  to  endure 
something  burdensome  or  painful  to  the 
body  or  the  mind  ;  as,  to  undergo  toil  and 
fatigue  ;  to  undergo  pain  ;  to  undergo  grief 
or  anxiety ;  to  undergo  the  operation  of 
amputation. 

9.  To  pass  through.  Bread  in  the  stomach 
undergoes  the  process  of  digestion  ;  it  u?i- 
dergoes  a  material  alteration. 

3.  To  sustain  without  fainting,  yielding  or 
sinking.  Can  you  undergo  the  operation, 
or  the  fatigue  ? 

A.  To  be  the  bearer  of;  to  possess. 
Virtues — 
As  infinite  as  man  may  undergo.  Shak. 

[JVot  m  use.] 

5.  To  support;  to  hazard. 

I  have  inov'd  certain  Romans 

To  undergo  with  me  an  enterprise.     OI>s. 

Shak. 

6.  To  be  subject  to. 

Claudio  undergoes  ray  challenge.     Obs. 

Shak.l 
UNDERGOING,  ppr.  Suffering;  enduring.i 
UNDERGONE,    pp.    undergawn'.    Borne  ; 
suffered  ;  sustained  ;  endured.     Who  can 
tell  how  many  evils  and  pains  he  has  un- 
dergone '? 
UNDERGRADUATE,    n.    A    student   or 
member  of  a  university  or  college,    who 
has  not  taken  his  first  degree. 
UNDERGROUND',  n.  A  place  orspace  be- 
neath the  surface  of  the  ground.         Shak. 
UNDERGROUND,  a.  Being  below  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground  ;    as   an  underground 
story  or  apartment. 
UNDERGROUND',  adv.   Beneath  the  sur 

fare  of  the  earth. 
UNDERGROWTH,   n.  That  which  grows 
under  trees;  .sbriilis  or  small  trees  grow- 
ing among  large  ones.  Milton. 
UN'DERllAND,  adv.  By  secret  means  ;  in 
a  clandestine  manner.                       Hooker, 
2.  By  fraud  ;   by  fraudulent  means. 

Dryden. 
UN'DERllAND,    a.    Secret;    clandestine: 
usually  implying  meanness   or   fraud,  or 
both.     He   obtained   the  place  by  under- 
hand pruclii'cs. 
UNDERHANDED,   a.    Underhand  ;  clan 
destine.     [This  is  the  word  in  more  general 
use  in  (he  United  Slates.] 
UNDERI'VED,    a.    Not  derived  ;  not  bor- 
rowed ;  not  received  from  a  foreign  source. 
UNDERKEE'PER,  n.  A  subordinate  keep- 
er. Gray. 
UNDERLA'BORER,     n.      A    subordinate 
\vorkman.                                           Wilkins. 


UNDERLA'ID,  p/).  or  a.   [from  unrferZay.]!lUNDEROF'FICER,    n.   A  subordinate  of- 
Having  .something  lying  or  laid  beneatii ;!      ficer. 
as  sand  underlaid  with  clay. 

UNDERLA'Y,  v.  t.  To  lay  beneath  ;  to  sup- 
port by  something  laid  under. 

UNDERLE'AF,  n.  A  sort  of  apple  good  for 
cider.  Cijc.    Mortimer. 

UNDERLET',  v.  t.  To  let  below  the  value. 

Smollett. 
To  let  or  lease,  as  a  lessee  or  tenant ;  to 
let  under  a  lease. 

It  is  a  matter  of  much  importance — that  the 
tenant  should  have  power  to  underlet  his  farms. 

Ci/c. 

UNDERLET'TER,  n.  A  tenant  who  leases. 

UNDERLET'TING,  ppr.  Letting  or  leasing 
under  a  lease,  or  by  a  lessee. 

UNDERLET'TING,  n.    The  act  or  prac- 
tice of  letting  lands  by  lessees  or  tenants. 
[This  is  called  also  subletting.] 

UNDERLINE,  v.  t.  To  mark  with  a  line 
below  the  words  ;  sometimes  called  scor- 


ing. 
'I.  To  influence  secretly. 


M 


UNDERLINED,  pp 

miilerneafh. 
UN'DERLING,    n.    An    inferior  person  or 
i^'ent ;  a  mean  sorrv  fellow.  Milton. 

UNDERLINING,  ppV.  Marking  with  aline 

below. 
UN'DERLOCK,  n.  A  lock  of  wool  hanging 
imder  th(^  belly  of  a  sheep.  Cijc. 

UN'DERM' ASTER,  n.  A  master  subordin- 
ate to  the  principal  master.  Lowlh. 
UN'DERMEAL,  n.  A  repast  before  dinner. 

B.  Jonson. 
UNDERMI'NE,   v.  t.    To  sap  ;  to  excavate 
the  earth  beneath,  for  the  purpose  of  suf- 
fering to  fall,  or  of  blowing  up  ;  as,  to  un- 
derm,ine  a  wall. 
2.  To  excavate   tlie  earth   beneath.     Rapid 
streams  often  undermine  their  banks   and 
the  trees  growing  upon  them. 
'.i.  To  remove  the  foundation  or  support  of 
any  thing   by   clandestine    means;  as,  to  j 
undermine   reputation  ;  to  undermine   the! 
constitution  of  the  state.  J 

He  should  be  warned  who  are  like  to  under- 1 
»»ijie  him.  Locke.  \ 

UNDERMINED,   pp.  Sapped;  having  the 
foundation  removed.  j 

UNDERMl'NER.  n.  One  that  saps,  or  ex-' 
cavates  the  earth  beneath  any  thing.  j 

2.  One  that  clandestinely  reinoves  the  foun- 
dation or  support ;  one  that  secretly  over-j 
throws  ;  as  an  underminer  of  the  church. 
UNDERMI'NING,   ppr.  Sapping  ;  digging! 
away  the  earth  beneath  ;  clandestinely  re- 
moving the  supports  of 
UN'DERMOST,    o.    Lowest  in  i)lace   be- 
neath others. 
2.  Lowest  in  state  or  condition. 

The  party  that  is  undermost.  Jhldison. 

UN'DERN,?!.   [Sax.]  The  third  hour  of  the 
day,  or  nine  o'clock.     [Not  in  use.] 

Chaucer. 
UNDERNE'ATH,    adv 

See  Nether.] 
Beneath  ;  below  ;  in  a  lower  place. 

Or  suUeu  Mole  that  runneth  utulerneath. 

.lyfilton. 

The  slate  did  not  lie   flat  upon  it,  but  left  a 

free  passage  underneath .  Addison. 

UNDERNE'ATH,  prep.  Under;  beneath. 

Undet  ncatli  this  stone  doth  lie 

As  much  beauty  as  could  die.         B.  Jonson. 


UNDEROG'ATORY,  a.  Not  derogatory. 

Botflc. 
UN'DERP'ART,  n.  A  subordinate  part. 

Urxjden. 
UNDERPET'TICOAT,  n.  A  petticoat  worn 
under  a  shirt  or  another  petticoat. 

Spectator. 
UNDERPIN',  V.  t.   To  lay  stones  under  the 

sills  of  a  building,  on  which  it  is  to  rest. 
2.  To  support  by  some  solid  foundation  ;  or 
to  place  .something  underneath  for  support 
UNDERPIN'NED,  pp.  Supported  by  stones 

or  a  foundation. 
UNDERPIN  NING,    ppr.    Placing  stones 

under  the  sills  for  support. 
UNDERPINNING,   n.   The  act  of  laying 

stones  under  sills. 
2.  The  stones  on  which  a  building  immedi- 
ately rests. 
UN'DERPLOT,    n.    A  series  of  events  in  a 
play,  proceeding  collaterally  with  the  main 
[JVot  used.]  story,  and  subservient  to  it.  Dryden . 

H'otton.  '^^  A  clandestine  scheme, 
irked  with  a  line  UNDERPRA'ISE,  v. «.  s  as  :.  To  praise  be- 
low desert.  Dryden. 
UNDERPRI'ZE,  v.  t   To  value  at  less  than 
the  worth  ;  to  undervalue.  Shak. 
UNDERPRI  ZED,  pp.  Undervalued. 
UNDEKPRl  ZING,  ppr.  Undervaluing. 
UNDERPROP',  v.t.  To  support ;  to  uphold 
And  underprop  the  head  that  bears  the  crown. 

Fenton . 
UNDERPROPORTIONED,  o.  Having  too 
little  proportion. 

Scanty   and   umlerproportioned    returns   of 

civility.  Collier. 

UNDERPULL'ER,    n.   An  inferior  pidler. 

[JVot  in  use.]  Collier. 

UNDERRATE,    v.t.   To  rate  too  Inw ;  to 

rate  below  the  value  ;  to  undervalue. 

Buck. 

UNDERRATE,    n.    A  price  less  than  the 

worth  ;  as,  to  sell  a  thing  at  an  urtderrate, 

UNDERRUN',  v.  t.  To  pass  under  in  a  boat. 

Mar.  Diet. 
To  underrun  a  tackle,  to   separate  its   parts 
and  put  them  in  order.  Mar.  Diet. 

UNDERSAT'URATED,    a.   Not  fully  sat- 
urated ;  a  chimical  term. 
UNDERSA'Y,  v.t.  To  .say  by  way  of  dero- 
gation or  contradiction.     [jYot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 
UNDERSECRETARY,     n.     A   secretary 
subordinate  to  the  pnncipal  secretary. 

Bacon. 
UNDERSELL',  v.  t.   To  sell  the  same  arti- 
cles at  a  hiwer  price  than  another. 
UNDERSELL'LNG,  ppr.  Selling  at  a  lower 

price. 
UNDERSERV'ANT,     n.    An  inferior  ser- 
vant. Grew. 
UNDERSET',  v.  t.  To  prop;  to  support. 

Bacon. 

UN'DERSET,  n.  A  current  of  water  below 

the  surface.  Mar.  Did, 

[under  ani\  ?iea(A.:  UNDERSET'TER,  n.  A  prop;  a  pedestal ; 

a  su|j|iort.     1  Kings  vii. 

UNDERSET'TLVG,    ppr.    Propping;  sup- 

p>>rtiiig. 
UNDERSET'TING,     n.     The  lower  part  ; 
the  pedestal.  ffollon, 

UNDER-SHER'IF,  n.  A  sherif's  deputy. 
UNDERSHER'IFRY,    n.   Theofliceofnn 
undcr-sherif     [.\~ol  in  use.] 


U  N  D 


U  N  D 


U  N  D 


LN'DERSHOT,    a.   Moved  by  water  pass-j  UNDERSTANDING,    n.    The  fuciilty  or\To  undertake  for,  to  be  bound;  to  become 

the  huprmii  mind   by   which  it  a|i|irchends       surety  for. 

the  real  state  of  things  presented  to  il,  or  UN  I)  CUT  A  KEN,    pp.  of  undertake.    The 
by  which  it  receives  or  comprehends  the       work  was  undertaken  at  his  own  expense. 


iiig  under  the  wheel  ;  opposed  Ut  overshot; 
as  nn  under.ihot  mill  or  mill-wheel. 

UN'DERSURUB,  n.  A  low  shrub,  perma- 
nent and  woody  at  the  base,  hut  the  year- 
ly branches  decaying.      Barton.     Martyn. 

UN'DERSOIL,  71.  Soil  beneath  the  surface  ; 
subsoil.  Jisinl.  Res. 

UN'DERSONG,  n.  Chorus  ;  burden  of  a 
song. 

Menalcas  shall  sustain  his  undersong 

Dryden. 

UNDERSTAND',  v.  I.  pret.  and  pp.  under- 
stood, [under  and  stand.  The  sense  is  to 
support  or  hold  in  the  niiiid.] 

1.  To  have  just  an<i  adequate  irieas  of;    to 
comprehend  ;  to  know  ;  as,  to  understand 
a  problem  in  Euclid  ;  to  understand  a  pro 
position  or  a  declaration. 

2.  To  have  the  same  ideas  as  the  person 
who  speaks,  or  the  ideas  which  a  person 
intends  to  communicute.  I  understood  t' 
preacher  ;  the  court  perfectly  understa7td\ 
the  advocate  or  his  argument. 

3.  To  receive  or  have  the  idea.s  expressed  or 
intended  to  be  conveyed  in  a    writing  or 
book  ;  to  know  the   tneaning.     It   is  im 
portant  that  we  should  understand  the  sa- 
cred oracles. 

4.  To  know  the  meaning  of  signs,  or  of  any 
thing  intended  to  convey  ideas;  as,  to  itn- 
dersland  a  iv^d,  a  wink,  or  a  motion. 

5.  To  suppose  to  mean. 

'I'tie  most  learned  intciprelers  undei'stood  the 
words  of  sin,  and  uot  ot'  Abel.  Locke 

6.  To  know  by  experience.  Milton 

7.  To  kijow  by  instinct. 

— AmiO'Ous  intent,  well  understood.   Milton 

8.  To  interpret,  at  least  mentally. 

9.  To  know  another's  meaning.  Milton. 

10.  To  bold  in  opinion  with  conviction. 

Milton. 

11.  To  mean  without  expressing. 

War  then,  war. 
Open  or  understood,  must  be  resolv'd. 

Afilton. 

12.  To  know  what  is  not  expressed. 

Milton 
I  hrinf;  them  to  receive 
From  thee  their  names,  and  pay  thee  fealty 
With  low  subjection  ;  understand  the  same 
Offish.  Milton 

13.  To  learn  ;  to  be  informed.  1  understand 
thai  ciiiigress  have  passed  the  bill. 

UNDERSTAND',    v.  i.    To  have  the  use  of 
the  intellectual  facidties;  to  be  an  intelli- 
gent and  conscious  being. 
All  my  soul  he 
Imparadis'd  in  you,  in  whom  alone 
1  understand,  and  grow,  and  see.       Donne. 

3.  To  be  iidbrmed  by  another;  to  learn. 

I  understood  of  die   evil  that  Eliashib  did. 

Nell.  viii. 

UNDERSTAND'ABLE,  a.  That  can  be 
understood.     [.Vbt  much  used.^ 

Chitlingworth 

UNDERSTAND'ER,  n.  One  who  under- 
stands or  knows  by  esperience.  [Little 
xised.]  Beaum. 

UNDERSTAND'ING,    ppr.    Comprehend 
ing;  apprehending  the  ideas  or  sense  of 
another,  or  of  a  writing  ;  learning  or  be- 
ing informed. 

2.  a.  Kmwiiig  ;  skillful.  He  is  an  under 
standing  man, 


UNDERTA'KER,  n.  One  who  undertakes  ; 
one  who  engages  in  any  project  or  busi- 
ness. Clarendon. 

2.  One  who  stipidates  or  covenants  to   per- 


ideas  which  others  express  and  intend  to 
communicate.  The  understanding  is  called 
also  the  intellectual  faculty.  It  is  the  fac-j 
ulty  by  means  of  which  we  obtain  a  great 
part  of  our  knowledge.  Luke  xxiv. 
Eph.  i.  [ 

By  understanding  I  moan  tlial  faculty  where- 
by we  are  enabled  to  apprehend  the  objects  of 
knowledge,  generals  or  particulars,  absent  or 
present,  and  (o  judge  of  their  truth  or  falsehood,! 
good  or  evil.  U^atta.' 

There  is  a  spirit  in  man,  and  the  inspiration 
of  the  Almighty   giveth   him   understanding. 
Job  xxxii. 
2.  Knowledge  ;  exact  comprehension. 

Right  understanding  consists  in  the  percep- 
tion of  the  visible  or  probable  agreement  or  dis- 
agreement of  ideas.  Locke. 
'li.  Intelligence  between  two  or  more  per-j 
sons;  agreement  of  minds  ;  tiiiion  of  sen- 
timents. There  is  a  good  understanding] 
between  the  minister  and  his  people.  i 
UNDERSTAND'INGLY,  adv.  Intelligibly; 
with  full  knowledge  or  comprehension  ofl 
a  qiiestioii  or  subject;  as,  to  vote  upon  a 
question  nndcrsi andingly  ;  to  act  or  judge 
understandlngly. 

The  go'.'pel   may  be   neglected,  but  it  cannot' 
be  uuderstandingty  disbelieved.         J.  Ilawes 

UNDERSTQOD',  pret.  and  pp.  of  unrfcr-j 
stand. 

UNDERSTRAPPER,  n.  A  petty  fellow  ;' 
an  iiiti^rinr  ai-ent.  f'unfl.' 

UNDERSTRA'TUM.  n.  Siiksoil ;  the  bed 
or  layer  of  earth  on  which  the  mold  or 
soil  rests.  Cyc.l 

UNDERSTRO'KE,  v.  t.  To  underline. 

Swifl.\ 

UNDERTA'KABLE,  a.  That  may  he  un- 
dertaken.    LYot  in  use.]         Chiltinicwnrth. 

UNDERTA'KE,  v.  t.  \>rpL  undertook  ;  pit. 
undertaken,  [under  anil  take.] 

1.  To  engage  in.  to  enter  upon;  to  take 
in  hand ;  to  begin  to  perform.  When  I 
undertook  this  work,  I  had  a  very  iii- 
adeipiate  knowledge  of  the  extent  of  my 
labors. 

2.  To  covenant  or  contract 
execute.     A    man    undirtak 
house,  or  to   make  a  mile  of  ciiual,  when 
he  enters  into   stipulatiotis  for  that  pur-i 
jiose. 

■'{.  To  attempt ;  as  when   a  man  undertakes] 

what  ho  cannot  perform. 
4.  To  assume  a  character.     [.Yot  in  use.] 

Shak: 
.5.  To  engage  with  ;  to  attack. 

Your  lordship   should   not   undertake  every 
companion  you   offend.     [A'ot  in  use.] 

Sliak. 
6.  To  have  the  charge  of. 

— Who  uiiilertnJics  you  to  your  end.      Shak. 
[A'ot  ill  use.] 

UNDERTA'KE,  v.  i.  To  take  upon  or  as- 
sume atiy  business  or  province. 

0  Lord,  I  am  oppressed  ;  undertake  for  me. 
Is.  sxxviii. 

2.  To  venture  ;  to  hazard.     They   dar 
undertake. 

3.  To  promise;  to  be  bound. 


I  dare  undertake  they  wiU  not  lose  their  la- 
bor. Jl'oodward. 


form  any  work  for  another.  Su'i/l. 

:<.  One  who  inaiiaires  fmierals.  Young. 

UNDERTA  KI.Nt;,  ppr.  Engaging  in  ;  tiik- 
ing  in  hand;  bcginmng  to  perform;  stip- 
ulating to  execute. 

UNDERTAKING,  n.  Any  business,  work 
or  project  which  a  person  engages  in,  or 
attempts  to  perform  ;  anetiterpri.se.  The 
canal,  or  the  making  of  the  canal,  from  the 
Hudson  to  lake  I'ric,  a  distance  of  al- 
most tiiiii  hundred  miles,  was  the  greatest 
underfiiking  of  the  kind  in  modern  times. 
Tin:  attempt  to  hud  a  navi^iable  passage 
to  the  Paiufic  round  North  America,  is  ft 
hazardous  undertaking,  atifl  probably  use- 
less to  navigation. 

UNDERTEIVPANT,  n.  The  tenant  of  a  ten- 
ant; one  who  liolds  lands  or  tenements  of 
a  tenant. 

UN'DERTI.ME,  n.  Undcrn-ti.le  ;  the  time 
after  dinner,  or  in  tlie  evening.  [.Vol  in 
use.]  Spenser. 

UNDERTOOK',  pret.  c^f  undertake. 

UNDERTKEASIRER,  n.  undeiirezh'urer. 
A  siihorilipiatc  treasurer. 

UNDERVAM  A  TH)N,  n.  The  act  of  val- 
uing below  the  real  worth  ;  rate  not  cipial 
to  the  worth. 

I'NDERVAI/UE,  v.  t.  To  value,  rate  or  es- 
timate bidow  the  real  worth. 

2.  To  esteem  lightly ;  to  treat  as  of  little 
worth. 

In  comparison  of  the  discharge  of  my  duties, 
I  undervalued  all  designs  of  authority. 

.itierhury. 

3.  To  despi.se  ;  to  hold  in  mean  estimation. 
I  write  not  Uiis  with   the   least    intention   to 

undervalue  the  other  parts  of  poetry. 

Dry  den . 
IJNDERVAIi'UE,  n.    Low  rate  or  price  ;  n 

price  less  than  ihi:  real  worth.     Hamilton. 
UNDERVAI,  TED,    pp.     Estimated  at  less 

to  perform  or  ,.  •'li'li;';';;^:!?^'' '  "'r?'"'*''' '. '''''''''*"''" 
'•«o   ,,.   o..„  ,    ..t  ljNDLRV.\L'bER,    n.    One  who  esteems 
les    lo    elect    a        i-    ,    ,  n-  /, 

liL'litlv.  Ifnlton. 

UNDEIJVAL'I  ING,  ppr.  Estimating  at 
less  than  tlie  real  worth  ;  slighting ;  des- 
pising. 

UNDERWENT',  ;)rf<.  of  u/ii/ergo.  Ue  un- 
derwent severe  trials. 

UN'DERWOOD.  n.  Small  trees  thai  grow 
imiiMg  large  trees.  Mortimer. 

UN'DERWuUK,  n.  Subordinate  work; 
petty  affairs.  Addison. 

UNDERWORK  ,  v.  I.  To  destroy  by  clan- 
destine measmes.  Shak. 

2.  To  W(u-k  or  labor  upon  less  than  is  suffi- 
cient or  |irii|ier.  Dnplen. 

3  To  work  ut  a  less  price  than  others  in  the 
like  employment  ;  as,  one  mason  may 
underwork  another;  a  shoemaker  caimot 
undenrork  a  joiner. 
notUN'DERWORKER.  ii.  One  who  umier- 
wiirks;  or  a  sub.Tdinate  workman. 

UNDERWORKING,  ppr.  Destroying 
clande>tiMely  ;    working    at   a  less  price 

'    than  others  in  the  like  employment. 


U  N  D 


U  N  D 


U  N  D 


UNDERWORKMAN,  n.  A  subordinate 
workman. 

UiVDERVVRl'TE,  v.  I.  [See  IfrUe.]  To 
write  under  sonietliing  else. 

The  chan8;e  I  have  made,  I  have  here  under- 
written. Saundersmi. 

2.  To  subscribe.  We  whose  names  are  un 
derwritten,  agree  to  pay  tlie  sums  express 
ed  against  our  respective  names. 

3.  To  subscribe  one's  name  tor  insurance; 
to  set  one's  name  to  a  policy  of  insurance, 
for  the  purpose  of  becoming  answerable 
for  loss  or  damage,  for  a  certain  premium 
per  cent.  Individuals  undenorite  policies 
of  insurance,  as  well  as  companies. 

The  brolier  who  procures  insurance,  ought 
not,  by  underwriting  the  policy,  to  deprive  the 
parties  of  his  unbiased  testimony. 

Marshall 

UNDERWRITE,  v.  i.  To  practice  insu- 
ring. 

UN'DERWRITER,  n.   One  who   insures; 
an  insurer ;  so  called  because   he  under 
writes  his  name  to  the  conditions  of  the 
policy. 

UNDERWRITING,  ppr.  Writing  under 
something. 

2.  Sub.scnbing  a  policy  ;  insuring. 

UNDERWRITING,  n.  The  act  or  prac- 
tice of  insuring  ships,  goods,  houses,  &c. 

UNDERWRITTEN,  pp.  Written  under; 
subscribed. 

UNDESCEND'IBLE,  a.  Not  descendible  ; 
not  capable  of  fiescending  to  heirs. 

UNDESeRI'BED,  a.  Not  described. 

Hooker. 

UNDESCRI'ED,  a.  Not  descried  ;  not  dis- 
covered ;  not  seen.  Jf'oUaston. 

UNDESERVED,  a.  s  as  r.  Not  deserved; 
not  merited.  Sidney. 

UNDESERVEDLY,  adv.  Without  desert, 
either  good  or  evil.  Milton.     Drijden. 

UNDESERVEDNESS,  n.  Want  of  being 
worthy.  J'^ewlon. 

UNDESERVER,  n.  One  of  no  merit. 

Shak. 

UNDESERVING,  a.  Not  deserving  ;  not 
having  merit.  God  continually  supplies 
the  wants  of  his  undeserving  creatures. 

2.  Not  meriting;  with  o/;  as  a  man  unde- 
serving of  happiness,  or  of  punishment. 
[This  is  rather  harsh  and  U7iu.fual.] 

Sidney.     Pope. 

UNDESERVINGLY,  ndv.  Without  merit- 
ing any  particular  advantage  or  harm. 

Milton. 

UNDESIGNED,  n.  Not  designed  ;  not  in- 
tended ;  not  proceeding  from  purpose ; 
as.  to  do  an  undesigned  injury. 

UNDESIGNEDLY,  adv.  Without  designer 
intention. 

UNDESIGNEDNESS,  n.  Freedom  from 
desiffn  or  set  purpose.  Patey. 

UNDESIGNING,  a.  Not  acting  with  set 
purpose. 

2.  Sincere  ;  upright ;  artless  ;  having  no  art 
ful  or  fraudulent  purpose.     It  is  base  to 
practice  on  undesigning  minds. 

UNDEsrUABLR,  a.  s  as  i.  Not  to  be  de- 
sired ;  not  to  be  wished  ;  not  pleasing. 

Milton. 

UNDESl'RRD,  a.  s  as  :.  Not  desired,  or 
not  •<iiliiii,.(l. 

UNDESI'RING,  a.  Not  desiring  ;  not  wish- 
i»S-  Dryden. 


jUNDESPA'IRING,  a.  Not  yielding  to  des- 
pair. Dyer. 

UNDESTROY'ABLE,  a.  Indestructible 
UVol  in  use.]  Boyle 

UNDESTROY'ED,  a.  Not  destroyed  ;  not 
wasted ;  not  ruined.  Locke 

UNDETE€T'ED,  a.  Not  detected ;  not  dis- 
covered ;  not  laid  open.         R.  G.  Harper. 

UNDETERMINABLE,  a.  That  cannot 
be  determined  or  decided.  Locke 

UNDETERM'INATE,  a.  Not  determinate 
not  settled  or  certain.     [But  indeterminate 
is  now  generally  used.] 

UNDETERM'INATENESS,  n.  Uncertain- 
ty ;  unsettled  state. 

UNDETERMINA'TION,  n.  Indecision 
uncertainty  of  mind.  [See  Indelennina 
lion,  which  is  chiefly  used.] 

UNDETERMINED,  a.  Not  determined 
not  settled  ;  not  decided.  Locke. 

2.  Not  limited  ;  not  defined  ;  indeterminate. 

Hale. 

UNDETERRED,  a.  Not  deterred  ;  not  re 
strained  bv  fear  or  obstacles.  Milford. 

UNDETESt'ING,  a.  Not  detesting ;  not 
abhorring.  Thomson 

UNDEVEL'OPED,  a.  Not  opened  or  un 
folded. 

UNDE'VIATING,  a.  Not  deviating;  not 
departing  from  the  way,  or  from  a  rule, 
principle  or  purpose  ;  steady;  regular;  as 
an  undeviating  course  of  virtue. 

Panoplist. 

2.  Not  erring  ;  not  wandering  ;  not  crooked. 

Couper. 

UNDE'VIATINGLY,  adv.  Without  wan- 
dering;   steadily;  regularly. 

UNDEVO'TED,  a.  Not  devoted. 

[  Clarendon. 

UNDEVOUT',  a.  Not  devout;  having  no 
devotion. 

UNDEX'TROUS,  a.  Not  dextrous;  clumsy. 

UNDIAPH'ANOUS,  a.  Not  transparent  ; 
not  pellucid.  Boyle. 

UNDID',  pret.  of  unrfo. 

iUNDKi'ENOUS,    a.    [L.  unda,   wave,   and 

I     Gr.  yimi,  kind.]     Generated  by  water. 

i  Kirwan. 

UNDItiEST'ED,  o.  Not  digested  ;  notsub- 

!     dued  bv  the  stomach  ;  crude.      Jlrhuthnot. 

UNDIGHT,   V.  t.   To  put  off.     Ohs. 

Spenser. 

UNDIGNIFIED,  a.  Not  dignified  ;  com- 
mon ;  mean.  Sieifl. 

UNDIMIN'ISHABLE.  a.  Not  capable  of 
diminution.  Scott. 

UNDIMIN'ISHED,  a.  Not  diminished;  not 

!     lessened ;  unimpaired.     Milton.     Dryden. 

UNDIMIN'ISHING,  a.    Not  diminishing; 

I     not  becoming  less. 

UNDINT'ED,  a.  Not  impressed  by  a  blow. 

i  Shak. 

UNDIPLOMATIC,    a.    Not  according  to 

I     the  ndcs  of  diplomatic  bodies. 

.UNDIP'PED,  a.  Not  dipped  ;  not  plunged. 

Dryden. 

lUNDIRECT'ED,     a.     Not  directed  ;   not 

I     guided  ;  left  without  direction. 

2.  Not   addressed  ;  not  superscribed  ;  as   a 

I     letter. 

,UNDISAPPOINT'ED,   a.    Not  disappoint- 

j     ed.  Elphinslone. 

UNDrSCERN'ED,  a.  Not  discerned;  not 
seen  ;  not  observed  ;  not  desi-ricd  ;  not 
discovered  ;  as  truths  undisccrned. 

Broivn. 


UNDISCERN'EDLY,  adv.  In  such  a  man- 
ner as  not  to  be  discovered  or  seen. 

Boyle. 

UNDISCERN'IBLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  dis- 
cerned, seen  or  discovered  ;  invisible  ;  as 
undiscernible  objects  or  distinctions. 

Rogers. 

UNDISCERN'IBLENESS,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  undiscernible. 

UNDISCERN'lBLY,  adv.  In  a  way  not  to 
be  discovered  or  seen;  invisibly;  imper- 
ceptibly. South. 

UNDISCERN'ING,  a.  Not  discerning  ;  not 
making  just  distinctions;  wanting  judg- 
ment or  the  power  of  discrimination. 

UNDISCERN'ING,  n.  Want  of  discern- 
ment. Spectator. 

UNDIS'CIPLINED,  a.  Not  disciplined; 
not  duly  exercised  and  taught ;  not  subdu- 
ed to  regularity  and  order ;  raw  ;  as  undis- 
ciplined troops;  undisciplined  valor. 

Madison: 

2.  Not  instructed  ;  untaught ;  as  undisciplin- 
ed minds. 

UNDISCLOSE.  V.  t.  undisclo'ze.  Not  to 
discover.     [Jl  bad  word.]  Daniel. 

UNDISCLOSED,  a.  Not  disclosed  ;  not 
revealed. 

UNDISeOLORED,  a.  Not  discolored ;  not 
stained. 

UNDISeORD'ING,  a.  Not  disagreeing  ; 
not  jarring  in  nmsic  ;  harmonious  ;  as 
undiscording  voices.  Milton. 

UNDISCOVERABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be 
discovered  or  found  out ;  as  undiscover- 
nble  principles. 

UN  DISCOVER  ABLY,  adv.  In  a  manner 
not  to  be  iliscovpred. 

UNDISCOVERED,  a.  Not  discovered  ;  not 
seen  ;  not  descried.  Dryden. 

UNDISCRE'TE.  a.  Not  discrete  ;  not' pru- 
dent or  wise.  [Instead  of  this,  indiscrete 
is  used.] 

UNDISCRE'TELY,  adv.  Indiscretely.  [See 
Indiscretely.] 

UNDISCUSS'ED,  a.  Not  discussed  ;  not 
argued  or  deb;ited.  Du  Ponceau, 

UNDISGRA'CED,  a.  Not  disgraced  or  dis- 
honored. 

UNDISGUISED,  a.  [See  Guise.]  Not  dis- 
guised ;  not  covered  with  a  mask,  or  with 
a  false  appearance.  Dryden. 

2.  Open  ;  frank  :  candid  ;  'plain  ;  artless. 

Rogers. 

UNDISHON'ORED,  a.  [See  Honor.]  Not 
dishonored  ;   not  disgraced.  Shak. 

UNDISMAYED,  a.  Not  dismayed  ;  not 
disheartened  by  fear ;  not  discouraged  ; 
as  troops  undismayed. 

UNDISOBLI'CING,  a.  Ii. offensive.  [Little 
used.  I  Broivn. 

UNDISOR'DERED,  a.  sas  z.  Not  disorder- 
ed ;  not  distnrbed. 

UNDISPENSED,  a.   Not  dispensed. 

2.  Not  freed  from  obligation. 

UNDISPENS'ING,  a.  Not  allowing  to  be 
dispensed  with.  Milton. 

UNDISPERS'ED,  a.  Not  dispersed  ;  not 
scattered.  Boyle. 

UNDISPLA'YED,  a.  Not  displayed ;  not 
unfolded. 

Undisposed  of  not  disposed  of;  not  bestow- 
ed ;  not  parted  with ;  as  employments 
undisposed  of.  Swift. 

UNDIS  PUTABLE,  n.  Not  disputable.  [But 
the  word  now  used  is  indisputable.] 


U  N  D 


U  N  D 


U  N  D 


UNDISPUTED,  a.  Not  disputed  ;  not  con- 
temi'd  ;  not  called  in  question  ;  as  an  un- 
disputed title  ;  undisputed  truth.      Dryden. 

IJNDISQUl'ETED,  o.  Not  disquieted  ;  not 
disturbed.  Tooke. 

UNDISSEM'BLED,  a.  Not  dissembled  ; 
open  ;  undisguised  ;  unfeigned  ;  as  undis- 
sembled  friendship  or  piety. 

fVarton.     Mterbuiy. 

UNDISSEM'BLING,  a.  Not  dissembling ; 
not  exhibiting  a  false  appearance  ;  not 
false.  Thomson. 

UNDIS'SIPATED,  a.  Not  dissipated;  not 
scattered.  ^".y'e. 

UNDISSOLV'ABLE,  a.  [See  Dissolve.]  1  hat 
cannot  be  dissolved  or  melted.      GreenhiU. 

2.  That  may  not  be  loosened  or  broken ;  as 
the  undissolvable  ties  of  friendship. 

UNDISSOLVED,  a.  Not  dissolved;  not 
melted.  Cowper. 

UNDISSOLVING,  a.  Not  dissolving;  not 
melting ;  as  the  undissolving  ice  of  the 
Alps. 

UNDISTEM'PERED,  a.  Not  diseased ; 
free  from  malady. 

9.  Free  from  perliirbation.  Temple. 

UNDISTEND'ED,  a.  Not  distended;  not 
enlarged. 

UN  DISTILL' ED,  a.  Not  distUIed. 

UNDISTIN'OUISHABLE,  o.  That  cannot 
be  dislingnished  by  the  eye;  not  to  be 
distinctly  seen.  Shak. 

2.  Not  to  be  known  or  distinguished  by  the 
intellect,  by  any  peculiar  property. 

Locke. 

UNDISTIN'GUISHABLY,  adv.  Without 
distinction  ;  so  as  not  to  be  known  from 
each  other,  or  to  be  separately  seen. 

Barrow. 

UNDISTINGUISHED,  a.  Not  distinguish- 
ed ;  not  so  marked  as  to  be  distinctly 
known  from  each  other. 

Undisliiigiiish'd  seeds  of  good  and  ill. 

Dryde)i. 

2.  Not  separately  seen  or  descried. 

Dryden. 

3.  Not  plainly  discerned.  Swifl. 

4.  Having  no  intervenient  space.  Shak. 

5.  Not  marked  by  any  particular  property. 

Denham. 

6.  Not  treated  with  any  particular  respect. 

Pope. 

7.  Not  distinguished  by  any  particular  emi- 
nence. 

UNDISTIN'GUISHING,  a.  Making  no 
difference  ;  not  discriminating ;  as  undi^- 
linguishing  favor. 

Undistinguishing  distribution   of  good   and 
evil  Jlddhon. 

UNDISTORT'ED,  a.  Not  distorted  ;  not 
perverted.  More. 

UNDISTRACT'ED,  n.  Not  perplexed  by 
contrariety  or  confusion  of  thoughts,  de- 
sires or  concerns.  Boijle. 

UNDISTRACT'EDLY,  adv.  Without  dis- 
turbance from  contrariety  of  thoughts  or 
multiplicity  of  concerns.  Boyle. 

DNDISTRACT'EDNESS,*!.  Freedom  from 
disturbance  or  interruption  from  contra- 
riety or  multiplicity  of  thoughts  and  con- 
cerns. Boyle. 

UNDISTRIB'UTED,  or.  Not  distributed  or 
allotted. 

UNDISTURBED,  a.  Free  from  interrup- 
tion ;  not  molested  or  hindered  ;  as  undis- 
turbed witli  company  or  noise. 


2.  Free  from  perturbation  of  mind ;  calm ; 
tranquil  ;  placid  ;  serene  ;  not  agitated. 
To  be  undisturbed  by  danger,  by  perplexi- 
ties, by  injuries  received,  is  a  most  desira- 
ble object. 

3.  Not  agitated  ;  not  stirred ;  not  moved ;  as 
the  surface  of  water  undisturbed. 

Dryden. 

UNDISTURB'EDLY,  adv.  Calmly;  peace- 
fully. Locke. 

UNDISTURB'EDNESS,  »i.  Calmness  ; 
tranquillity;  freedom  from  molestation  or 
agitation. 

UNDIVERS'IFIED,  a.  Not  diversified  ;  not 
varied  ;  uniform.  Roscoe. 

UNDIVERTED,  a.  Not  diverted  ;  not 
turned  aside. 

2.  Not  amused  ;  not  entertained  or  pleased. 

UNDIVI'DABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  di- 
vided ;  not  separable ;  as  an  undividMe 
scene.  Shiik. 

UNDIVIDED,  a.  Not  divided  ;  not  sepa- 
rated or  disunited  ;  unbroken;  whole  ;  as 
undivided  attention  or  aflfecticms. 

2.  In  botany,  not  lobed,  cleft  or  branched. 

Cyc. 

UNDIVI'DEDLY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be 
parted.  Feltham. 

UNDIVORCED,  a.  Not  divorced  ;  not  sep- 
arated. Young. 

UNDIVULu'ED,  a.  Not  divulged  ;  not  re- 
vealed or  disclosed  ;  se<'ret. 

Belknap.     Robertson.' 

UNDO,  v.  t.  pret.  undid  ;  pp.  undone.  To 
reverse  what  has  been  done;  to  annul; 
to  bring  to  naught  any  transaction.  We 
can  undo  many  kinds  of  work ;  but  we 
cannot  undo  crimes,  errors  or  faults. 
To-morrow  ere  the  setting  sun, 
She'd  all  undo  what  she  had  ilone.         Swift. 

2.  To  loose;  to  open;  to  take  to  pieces;  to 
unravel  ;  to  unfasten ;  to  untie ;  as,  to 
undo  a  knot.  Waller. 

To  ruin;  to  bring  to  poverty;  to  impov- 
erish. Many  are  undone  by  unavoidable 
losses ;  but  more  undo  themselves  by  vices 
and  dissipation,  or  by  indolence. 

4.  To  ruin,  in  a  moral  sense;  to  bring  to 
everlasting  destruction  and  misery. 

5.  To  niin  in  reputation. 

UNDOCK',  v.t.  To  takeout  of  dock  ;  as,  to 
undor.k  a  ship.  Encyc. 

UNDoER,  n.  One  who  undoes  or  brings 
destruction ;  one  who  reverses  what  has 
been  done;  one  who  ruins  the  reputation 
of  another. 

UNDOING,  ppr.  Reversing  what  has  been 
done ;  mining. 

UNDOING,  n.  The  reversal  of  what  has 
been  done. 

2.  Ruin  ;  destruction.  Hooker. 

UNDONE,  pp.  Reversed;  annulled. 

2.  Ruined  ;  destroyed. 

When  the  legislature  is  corrupted,  the  people 
are  undone.  J  .Idams. 

3.  a.  Not  done  ;  not  performed  ;  not  exe- 
cuted. We  arc  apt  to  leave  undone  what 
we  oncrht  to  do. 

UNDOUBTF.D,  a.  undout'ed.  Not  doubted ; 
not  called  in  question  ;  indubitable  ;  indis- 
putable ;  as  undoubted  proof;  iindouhted\ 
truth.  .Vt7/o».| 

UNDOUBTEDLY,  adv.  undoul'edly.  With-' 
out  doubt ;  without  question  ;  indiibita-' 
biy.  Titlolson 


UNDOUBTFUL,  a.  undoutful.  Not  doubt- 
ful ;  not  ambiguous ;  plain  ;  evident. 

Shak. 

UNDOUBTING,  a.  undout'ing.  Not  doubt- 
ing ;  not  hesitating  respecting  facts  ;  not 
fluctuating  in  uncertainty  ;  as  uii  undoubt- 
ing  believer;  an  undoubting  faith. 

Hummond. 

UNDRAINED,  a.  Not  drained;  not  freed 
from  water. 

UNDRAMAT'IC,        ?        Not     dramatic; 

UNDRAMAT'lCAL,  ^  "■  not  according  to 
the  rules  of  the  drama,  or  not  suited  to 
the  drama.  Young. 

jUNDRAWN',  a.  Not  drawn  ;  not  pulled  by 
an  external  force.  Milton. 

'2.  Not  allured  by  motives  or  persuasion. 

3.  Not  taken  from  the  bo.x ;  as  an  undrawn 
ticket. 

lUNDREADED,  a.undred'ed.  Notdreaded; 
not  feared.  Milton. 

UNDRE'AMED,  a.  Not  dreamed;  not 
thought  of.  Shak. 

UNDRESS',  v.t.  To  divest  of  clothes;  to 
strip.  Mdison. 

2.  To  divest  of  ornaments,  or  the  attire  of 
ostentation  ;  to  disrobe.  Prior. 

UN'DRESS,  n.  A  loose  negligent  dress. 

Dryden. 

UNDRESSED,  pp.  Divested  of  dress;  dis- 
robed. 

2.  a.  Not  dressed  ;  not  attired. 

3.  Not  |ireparcd  ;  as  meat  undressed. 

4.  Not  pruned  ;  not  trimmed  ;  not  put  in  or- 
der ;  as  an  undressed  vineyard. 

UNDRI'KD,  a.  Not  dried  ;  wet;  moist;  as 

undried  cloth. 
2.  Not  dried  ;  green  ;  as  undried  hay ;  ttn- 

dried  hops.  Mortimer. 

UNDRIVEN,  a.  Notdriven;  not  impelled. 

Dryden. 
UNDROOP'ING,    o.     Not    drooping;    not 

sinking;  not  dcspniring.  Thomson. 

UNDROSS'Y,  a.  Free  from  dross  or  reire- 

ment.  Pope. 

UNDROWN'ED,  a.  Not  drowned.      Shak. 
UNDU  HITABIJ:,  a.  Not   to  be  doubted; 

unquestionable.     [But  the  word  now  used 

is  indubitable.] 
UNDCE,  a.  Not  due  ;  not  yet  demandabic 

(if  right  ;  as  a  debt,  note  or  bond  undue. 
2.  Not  right ;   not   legal ;   improper  ;    as  nil 

uiidvi  proceedine. 
.3.  Not  agrcenhic  to  ri  rule  or  stand.ird,  or  to 

duty;  not  proportioned  ;  excessive;  as  an 

undue  regard  to  the  externals  of  religion  ; 

an  undue  attachment  to  forms;  un   undue 

riiior  in  the  execution  of  law. 
UNDU'KE,  t'. /.  To  deprive  of  dukedom. 

Swijt. 
UN'DULARY,  a.  [L.  «nrfii/a,  a  little  wave.] 

Plaviiig  like  waves  ;  wavinc  Brown. 

UN'DVLATE,       I         Wavy;    waved    ob- 
UN'DULATED,   \  "'    Insely  up  and  down, 

near  the  margin,  as  a  leaf  or  corol. 

/>ce.     Smith. 
UN'DULATE.    r.  t.    [L.    unduln.  a    little 

wave  ;  unda.  a  wave  :   Low  L.  undulo.] 
To  move  back  and  forth,  or  up  and  down, 

as  waves ;  to  cause  to  vibrate. 

Kroath  vocalized,  that  is,  vibrated  and  undu- 
lated— Holder. 
UN  DULATE,  f.  i.    To  vibrate;  to   move 

back  and  forth  ;    to  wave  ;  as  undulnting 

air.  Pope. 

UNDULATING,  ppr.  Waving;  vibrating. 


U  N  E 


U  N  E 


U  N  E 


2.  a.  Wary ;  lisiiis;  and  falling. 

UN'DULATINGLY,  adv.  In  the  form  of 
waves. 

UNDULA'TION,  n.  [from  und.ulait.\  A 
Wiiving  motion  or  vibration;  as  the  un 
dutations  of  a  fluid,  of  water  or  air;  tlie 
undulations  of  sound.  Tlie  undulations 
of  a  fluid  are  propagated  in  concentric 
circles. 

2.  In  medicine,  a  particular  uneasy  sensa- 
tion of  an  undulatory  motion  in  the  heart, 

Cyc. 

3.  In  niusic,  a  rattling  or  jarring  of  sounds, 
as  when  discordant  notes  are  sounded  to- 
gether.    It  is  called  also  bent.  Cyc. 

4.  In  surgery,  a  certain  motion  of  the  matter 
of  an  abscess  when  pressed,  which  indi- 
cates its  maturity  or  fitness  for  opening. 

Cyc 

UN'DULATORY,  a.  [from  undulate.]  Mov- 
ing in  tlie  manner  of  waves;  or  resem- 
bling the  motion  of  waves,  which  success- 
ively rise  or  swell  and  fall.  We  speak  of 
the  undulalonj  motion  of  water,  of  air  or 
other  fluid,  aiid  this  undulatory  motion  of 
air  is  supposed  to  be  the  cause  of  sounds. 
This  is  sometimes  called  vibratory;  but 
undulatory  seems  to  be  most  correct. 

UNDULL',  V.  t.  To  remove  dullness  or  ob- 
scurity ;  to  clear;  to  purify.     [N'ot  used.] 

Whitlock. 

UNDU'LY,  adv.  Not  according  to  duty  or 
propriety. 

2.  Not  in  proper  proportion ;  excessively. 
His  strength  was  unduly  exerted. 

UNDU'RABLE,  a.  Not  durable;  not  last- 
ing.    [jVot  in  use.]  Arnioay. 

UNnUST',  V.  t.  To  free  from  dust.  [J^ol  m 
use.]  Mountague. 

UNDU'TEOUS,  a.  Not  performing  duty  to 
parents  and  superiors;  not  obedient;  as 
an  unduteous  child,  apprentice  or  servant. 

DrydeiJ. 

UNDU'TIFUL,  a.  Not  obedient;  not  )ier- 
forming  duty  ;  as  an  tinduiiful  son  or  sub- 
ject. Tillotson. 

UNDU'TIFULLY,  adv.  Not  according  to 
duty  ;  in  a  disobedient  tnanner.      Dn/den. 

UNDU'TIFULNESS,  n.  Want  of  respect ; 
violation  of  duty  ;  disobedience  ;  as  the 
undutifulness  of  children  or  subjects. 

UNDY'ING,  a.  Not  dying;  not  perishing. 

2.  Not  subject  to  death;  imtnortal;  as  the 
undying  souls  of  men. 

UNEARNED,  a.  unern'ed.  Not  merited  by 
labor  or  services. 

Hopina;  heaven  will  bless 
Thy  slighted  fruits,  and  give  thee  bread  un- 
earn'd.  Philips. 

UNEARTHED,  a.  unerth'ed.  Driven  from 
a  lien,  cavern  or  burrow.  Thomson 

UNEARTHLY,  a.  unerth'ly.  Not  terres- 
trial. Sliak 

UNE'ASILY,  adv.  s  as  z.  With  uneasiness 
or  pain. 

He  lives  uneasily  under  the  burden. 

L'Estrange 

2.  With  ditTiculty;  not  readily.  Boyle. 

UNE'ASINESS,  n.  A  moderate  degree  of 

pain;    restlessness;    want   of  ease;  dis- 

(|uiet. 

2.  Unqnietness  of  mind  ;  moderate  anxiety 
or  prrturbation ;  disr|nietude. 

3.  That  which  makes  uneasy  or  gives 
trouble;  ruggcdness;  as  ihe  uneasiness  o( 
the  road.     [Unusual.]  Burnet 


UNE'ASY,  a.  s  as  z.  Feeling  some  degree 
of  pain;    restless;     disturbed;    unquiet. 
>     The  patient  is  uneasy. 
i2.  Giving  some  pain  ;    as  an  uneasy   gar- 
ment. 

3.  Disturbed  in  mind ;  somewhat  anxious ; 
j  unquiet.  He  is  uTieasj/ respecting  the  sue- 
I     cess  of  his  project. 

I  The  soul,  uneasy  and  contiD'd  from  home, 

I  Rests  and  expatiates  in  a  lite  to  come. 

I  Pope 

4.  Constraining ;  cramping ;  asuncnsT/rules.! 
!  Roseommon.l 
j5.  Constrained ;  stifi";  not  graceful ;  notj 
I     easy  ;  as  an  unensy  deportment.       Locke. 

6.  Giving  some  pain  to  others ;  disagreea- 
1     ble ;  unpleasing. 

'  A  sour,  untractable  nature  makes  him  uneasy 

I       to  those  who  approach  him.  Spectator. 

7.  Difiicult. 
Things — so  uneasy  to  be  satisfactorily  under- 
stood.    lA''ot  in  use.]  Boyle. 

UNE'ATABLE,  a.  Not  eatable  ;  not  tit  loi 

he  eaten.  Miller.' 

UNE'ATEN,  a.  Not  eaten  ;  not   devoured.' 

Clarendon.: 
UNE'ATII,  adv.   [un  and   Sax.  eath,  easy.]] 

1.  Noi  easily.     [J\i'ot  in  use.]  ShakJ 

2.  Beneath  ;  below.  [JVot  in  use.]  [See! 
JVeither  and  Beneath.]  Spenser.' 

UNEeLIPS'ED,  a.  Not  eclipsed;  not  ob- 
scured. ' 

UNED'IFYING,  a.  Not  edifying;  not  im- 
proving to  the  mind.  Mterburi/. 

UNED'U€ATED,  a.  Not  educated;  illil- 
eriilp. 

iUNEFFA'CED,  a.  Not  effaced  ;  not  ob- 
literated. Cheyiii 

UNEFFE€T'UAL,  a.  lucftectual.  [The 
latter  is  the  word  now  used.] 

UNELAS'TIC,  a.  Not  elastic  ;  not  having 
the  property  of  reco\ering  its  original; 
state,  when  bent  or  forced  out  of  iislonii. 

UNELA'TED,  a.  Not  elated;  not  pufled^ 
up. 

UNEL'BOWED,  a.  Not  attended  by  any' 
at  the  elbow.  Pope. 

iUNELE€T'ED,  a.  Notelected  ;  not  choM-o  ; 

!     not  preferred.  Shut,. 

,UNEL'EGANT,  a.  Not  elegant.  [JVot 
used.]     [See  Inelegant.]  \ 

UNEL'iGlBLE,  a.  Not  proper  to  be  chosen  ;' 

j     ineligible.      [The   latter  is  the  word  now 

I     used.] 

UNEMAN'CIPATED,    n.   Not  emancipa- 

[     ted  or  liberated  from  slavery. 

UNEMB'ALMED,  a.   Not  embalmed. 

jUNEMBAR'RASSED,  a.  Not  embarrassed  ; 
not  perplexed  in  mind ;  not  confused. 
The  speaker  appeared  unembarrassed. 

2.    Free    from  pecuniary  ibfiiculties  or  m- 

I     cunibrances.     He  or  his  property  is  unem- 

i     bairassed. 

j3.  Free  from  perplexing  connection  ;  as,  the, 
question  comes  before  the  court  uneinbar- 
ras«frf  with  irrelevant  matter. 

'UNEMBIT'TERED,    a.    Not   embittered; 

'     not  aggravated.  Itoscoe. 

UNEMBOD'IED,  a.  Free  from  a  corpoi;eal 

j     body  ;  as  miembodied  spirits.  Elliott. 

2.  Not  embodied  ;  not  collected  into  a  body  ; 
as  unembodied  militia.  Smollett. 

JUNEMPIIAT'IC,  n.   Having  no  emphasis.  \ 

UNEMPLOY'ED,    a.   Not   employed;  not 
occupied;  not   busy;   at  leisure;  not  en 
gaged.  Addison. 


2.  Not  being  in  use ;  as  unemployed  eapita! 
or  money. 

UNEMPO'W'ERED,  a.  Not  empowered  or 
autliorized. 

UNEMP'TIABLE,  a.  Not  to  be  emptied; 
inexhaustible.     [Mt  in  use.]  Hooker. 

UNEM'ULATING,  o.  Not  emulating  ;  not 
strivuig  to  excel.  Ruffhead. 

UNENCH'ANTED,  a.  Not  enchanted ;  that 
caitnot  be  enchanted.  MUton. 

UNKiNCUM'BER,  v.  t.  To  free  from  in- 
cumbrance. 

UNEN€LM'BERED,  pp.  Disengaged  from 
incumbrance. 

2.  a.  Not  encumbered  ;  not  burdened. 

UNENDOWED,  a.  Not  endowed;  not 
tiiriHshed  ;  not  invested ;  as  a  man  un- 
endowed with   virtues. 

2.  Not  furnished  with  funds;  as  an  unen- 
dowed college  or  hospital. 

UNKNDU'RING,  a.  Not  lasting;  of  lempo- 
rarv  duratioiiJ.  Dicight, 

UNEN'ERVATED,  a.  Not  enervated  or 
weakened.  Bealtie. 

CNENGA'GED,  a.  Not  engaged;  not  bound 
by  covenant  or  promise  ;  free  from  obli- 
gation to  a  particular  person ;  as,  a  lady 
is  unengaged. 

2.  Free  I'mm  attachment  that  binds  ;  as,  her 
aftections  are  unengaged. 

3.  Unenqtloyed  ;  unoccupied;  not  busy. 

4.  Not  appropriated  ;  as  unengaged  reve- 
nues. [We  generally  say,  unappropriated 
revenue  or  money.] 

L'NENGA'GJNC;,  a.  Not  adapted  toengage 
or  will  ihe  attention  or  afl'ections;  not  in- 
viting. 

INENJOY'ED,  a.  Not  enjoyed;    not   ob- 

I     lained  ;  not  possessed.  Dryden. 

|l'i\ENJOY'ING,  a.  Not  using;  baviiig  no 
fniiiion.  Creek. 

U.^'E^L'ARGED,  (I.  Not  enlarged;  nar- 
1- w.  Watts. 

UNF.NLKiHTENED,  a.  Not  enlightened; 
not  iiliiirnnated.  Atterbvry. 

UNENSLA'VED,  a.  Net  enslaved;  free. 

MJison. 

[JNENTAN'GLE,  v.  t.  To  free  from  com- 
plication or  perplexity;  to  disentangle. 

Donne. 

UNENTAN'GLED,  pp.   Disentangled. 

2.  a.  Not  entangled  ;  not  complicated;  not 
perplexed. 

UNEN'TERPRISING,  a.  Not  enterprising; 
not  adventurous. 

UNENTERTA'INING,  a.  Not  entertaining 
or  amusing;  giving  no  delight.  Pope. 

UNENTFRTA'ININGNESS,  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  nnenfertaining  or  dull. 

UNENTHRAI.L'FD,  a.  Not  enslaved;  not 
reducoi!  lo  ihralldom. 

UNENTdMBED,  a.  Not  buried  ;  not  inter- 
red. Dryden. 

UNEN'VIED,  a.  Not  envied  ;  cxemptfrom 
the  envv  of  others. 

UNEN'ViOUS,  a.  Not  envious;  free  from 
envy. 

UNEP'ITAPHED,  a.  Having  no  epitaph. 

Pollok. 

1:NE'QUABT,E,    «.    Different   from  itself; 

difterent  at  different  times;  not  uniform; 

diverse;  as  unequable  motions;  unequable 

months  or  seasons.  Benlley. 

UNE'QUAL,  a.   [X^.it^mqualis.]    Not  equal; 

not  even  ;.  not  of  the  same  size,  length. 


U  N  E 


U  N  E 


U  N  E 


breadth,  quantity,  &c. ;  asmenof  itne^uaZ 
stature  ;  liouses-  of  unequal  dimensions. 

2.  Not  equal  in  strength,  talents,  acquire- 
ments, &c ;  inferior. 

0.  Not  equal  in  age  or  station  ;  inferior. 

4.  Iiisuflicient ;  inadequate.  His  strength 
is  unequal  to  the  task. 

5.  Partial ;  unjust ;  not  furnishing  equiva- 
lents to  the  ditti^rent  parties;  as  an  unequal 
peace  ;  an  unequal  harjrain. 

G.  Disproportionml ;  ill  matched. 

Against  unequal  arms  to  fight  in  pain. 

Milton 

7.  Not  regular ;  not  uniform ;  as  unequal 
pulsations.  Dryden. 

8.  In  botany,  having  the  parts  not  corres- 
ponding in  size,  but  in  proportion  only,  as 
a  corol ;  rugged,  not  even  or  smooth,  as 
the  surface  of  a  leaf  or  stem. 

Martyn.     Cyc. 

An  unequal  leaf,  is  when  the  two  halves 

separated  by  the   mid-rih,  are  unequal  in 

dimensions,  and  their  bases   not  parallel ; 

called  also  an  oblique  leaf.       Stnilh.     Cyi 

UNE'QUALABLK,  a.  Not  to  be  equaled. 

Boyle. 
UNE'QUALRD,  a.  Not  to  be  equaled  ;  un 
paralleled  ;  unrivaled  ;  in  a  f^ood  or  bad 
sense;  as  unc^uaied excellence  ;  unequaled 
ingratitude  or  baseness. 
UNE'CiUALLY,  adv.  Not  equally;  in  dif- 
ferent degrees;  in  disproportion  to  each 
other. 

2.  Not  with  like  sentiments,  temper  or  reli- 
gious opinions  or  hubits.     2  Cor.  vi. 
UNE'QUALNLSS,  n.    State  of  being  un- 
equal; inequality.  Temple. 
UNEQUITABLE,  a.   Not   equitable;    not 

just. 
2.  Not   impartial.     [Inequitable  is  generally 

used.] 
UNEQUIVOCAL,   a.    Not  equivocal ;  not 
doubifid;  clear;  evident;   as  unequivocal 
evidence. 
2.  Not  ambiguous;  not  of  doubtful  signifi- 
cation ;  not  admitting   difi'erent  interpre- 
tations ;  as  unequivocal  words  or  express 
ions. 
UNEQUIVOCALLY,  adv.  Without  doubt ; 
without  room  to  doubt ;  i)laiidy  ;  with  full 
evidence. 
UNEU'RABLE,  a.  Incapable  of  erring;  in- 
fallible. Sheldon. 
UNER'RABLENESS,  n.  Incapacity  of  er- 
ror.                                         Decay  of  Piety 
UNER'RING,  a.  Committing  no   mistake 
incapable  of  error ;  as  the  unerring  wis- 
dom of  God. 
2.  Incapable  of  failure ;  certain.     He  takes 

unerrinsc  aim. 
UNERRINGLY,  adv.  Without  mistake 

Glanville. 
UNESCHEW'ABLE,  a.  Unavoidable.  [Aof 
in  use.]  Carew. 

UNESPI'ED,  a.  Not  espied ;  not  discover- 
ed ;  not  seen.  Dryden. 
UNESSA'YED,  a.  Not  essayed ;  unattempt- 
ed.  Milton. 
UNESSEN'TI.M,,  (I.  Notcssential ;  notab- 
solutely  necessary  ;  not  of  [jrime  import- 
ance. 

2.  Not  constituting  the  essence. 

3.  Void  of  real  being ;  as  unessential  night. 

Alitton. 
UNESSENTIAL,    n.    Someihing  not  con- 
stituting essence,  or  not  of  absolute  neces- 

Vol.  U. 


sity.    Forms  are  among  the  uneMenh'aZs  of]  UNEX'EMPLARY,    a.     Not  exemplary'' 


religion. 
IINESTAB'LISH,  v.  t. 
prive  of  establishment. 


To   unfix  ;    to  de- 
[lAltle  ttserf.] 

Milton. 
UNESTAB'LISHED,  a.    Not  established  ; 

not  permanently  fixed. 

UNEVAN(iEL'l€AL,  a.  Not  orthodox  ;  not 

according  to  the  gospel.  Milner. 

UNEVEN,  a.  unt'vn.  Not  even  ;  not  level; 

as  an  uneven  road  or  way  ;  uneven  ground. 

Addison. 
3.  Not  equal ;  not  of  equal  length. 

Hebrew  verse  consists  o(  uneven  feet. 

Peacham. 

3.  Not  uniform ;  as  an  uneven  temper. 

UNE'VP;NLY,    adv.  In  an  uneven  manner. 

UNE'VENNESS,  ji.  Surface  not  level;  in- 
equuliiy  of  surface  ;  as  the  unevenness  of 
ground  or  of  roads.  Roy- 

3.  Turbulence;  change;  want  of  uniformi 
ty ;  as   the  unevenness  of  king  Edward's 
reign.     [Unusual.]  Hale. 

3.  Want  of  uniformity  ;  as  unevenness  of 
tenqier. 

4.  Want  of  smoothness. 
UNEV'ITABLE,  a.  Not  to  be  escaped  ;un 

avoidable.  [Tlie  word  now  used  is  inev-] 
itable.] 

UN  EXACT',  a.  Not  exact.  [See /(ieiac«, 
which  is  generally  used.] 

UNEXACT'EI),  a.  Not  exacted  ;  not  ta- 
ken bv  force.  Dryden. 

UNEXAG'GERATED,  a.  Not  exaggerated. 

Buckminster. 

UNEXAG'CERATING,  o.  Not  enlarging 
in  description. 

UNEXAM'INABLE,  a.  Not  to  be  examin- 
ed or  inquired  mto.  Milton. 

UNEXAMINED,  a.  Not  examined  ;  not 
interrogated  strictly  ;  as  a  ivitness. 

3.  Not  inquired  into  ;  not  investigated  ;  as  a 
question. 
Not  discussed  ;  not  debated. 

UNEXAMPLED,  n.  Having  no  example 
or  similar  case  ;  haviiig  no  precedent ;  un- 
precedented ;  uiqiaralleled  ;  as  the  uner-j 
ampled  love  and  suflerings  of  our  Savior,  i 

UNEXCEPTIONABLE,  a.  Not  liable  to; 
any  exception  or  objection;  unobjection- 
able ;  as  unexceptionable  conduct  ;  unex-, 
ceptionable  testimony.  j 

UNEXCEP'TIONABLENESS,  n.  State  or 
quality  of  being  unexceptionable.       More. 

UNEXCEP'TIONABLY,  adv.  In  a  man- 
ner liable  to  no  objection  ;  as  a  point  un-, 
exceptionablij  proved.  | 

UNEXCI'SED,  a.  s  as  z.  Not  charged  witlij 
tlie  duty  of  excise.  1 

UNEXCT'TED,  a.  Not  excited;  not  roused.' 

Brown. 

UNEXcOci'ITABLE,  a.  Not  to  be  foijndj 
out.     [A"o<  in  use.]  Raleigh. 

UNEXCOMMU'NICATED,  a.  Not  excom-i 
municated.  Scott. 

UNEXCU'SABLE,  a.  s  as  z.  Not  excusa-l 
hie.     [We  now  use  r/ifjrcitsat/*.] 

UNEXCU'SABLENESS,   ii.    Ine.xcusable- 


not  according  to  example.  Swxfl- 

UNEXEM'PLIFIEI),  a.  Not  exemplified; 
not  illustrated  by  example.  Boyle- 

UNEX  EM  PT',  a.  Not  exempt ;  not  free  by 
privilege.  MUlon. 

UNEXERCISED,  a.  sasi.  Not  exercised  ; 
not  practiced;  not  disciplined  ;  not  expe- 
rienced. Dryden. 

UNEXERT'ED,  a.  Not  called  into  action: 
not  exerted.  Brown, 

UNEXllAIST'En,  a.  Not  exhausted  :  not 
drained  to  the  bottom,  or  to  the  last  arti- 
cle. Mdison. 

2.  Not  spent  ;  as  uneihausted  patience  or 
strength. 

UNEXIST'ENT,  a.  Not  existing.     Brown. 

UNEX'ORCISED,  a.  s  as  z.  Not  exorcis- 
ed ;  not  cast  out  hy  exorcism. 

UNEXPAND'ED,   a.    Not  expanded  :  not 

1     spread  out  Blackmore. 

lUNEXPECTA'TION,  n.  Want  of  fore- 
sight.    [jYot  in  use.]  Bp.  Hall. 

lUNEXPECT'ED.  a.  Not  exi>ected  ;  not 
looked  for;  sudden;  not  provided  against. 

I  Hooker. 

UNEXPECTEDLY,  adv.  Atatimeorina 
manner  not  expected  or  looked  for  ;  sud- 
deidy. 

UNEXPECT'EDNESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  unexpected,  or  of  coming  suddenly 
and  by  surprise.  Halts. 

UNEXPEC'TORATING,  a.   Not  expecto- 
rating ;  not  discharging  from   the   throat 
or  lungs. 
UNEXPE'DIENT,  a.  Not  expedient.  [But 

inexpedient  is  the  word  now  used.] 

UNEXPENDED,    a.    Not   cxpeiuled ;  not 

laid  out.     There  is  an  unexpended  balance 

of  (he  ap|>ro|>riation. 

UNEXPEiNS'IVE,    a.  Not  expensive;  not 

costly.  Milton. 

UNEXPERIENCED,  a.  Not  experienced  ; 

not   versed  ;  not   acquainted    by    trial  or 

practice.  Dryden. 

2.  Untried  ;  applied  to  things.     [Unusual.] 

Cheyne. 

UNEXPERT',  a.  Wanting  skill ;  not  ready 
or  dextrous  in  performance.  Prior. 

UNEXPIRED,  a    Not  expired:  not  ended. 

UNEXPl.A'INABLE,  a.  That  r  annoi  bo 
explained.  Med.  Repos. 

UN  EXPLORED,  a.  Not  explored;  not 
searched  or  examined  by  the  eye ;  un- 
known. 

3.  Not  examined  intellectuallv. 
UNEXPO'SED,  a.  i  as  z.  N'ot  laid  open  to 

view  ;  concealed.  R.  G.  Harper. 

2.  Not  laid  open  to  censure. 

UNEXPOUND  ED,  a.  Not  expounded  ;  not 
explained. 

UNEXPRE.SS'ED,  a.  Not  expressed  ;  not 
mentioned  or  named  ;  not  exhibited. 

UNEXPKESS  IBLE.  a.  That  cannot  he 
expressed.  [But  inexpressible  is  the  word 
ijoH  used.] 

UNEXPRESS'lVE,  a.  Not  having  the  pow- 
er of  expressmg. 


ness,  which  see.  |3.  Inexpressible ;  unutterable.  Shak. 

UNEX'ECUTED,  n.    Not  performed  ;  not  UNEXTEND'ED,    a.     Occupying   no   as- 


done  ;  as  a  task,  business  or  project  unex- 
ecuted. 
2.  Not  signed   or  sealed  ;   not  having   the 
proper  attestations  or  forms  that  give  va- 
lidity ;  us  a  contract  or  deed  unexecuted. 

102 


signable   space;    having   no  <limensions: 
as  a  spiritual,  an  itnextended  substance. 

Locke. 
UNEXTINCT',  a.  Not  extinct  ;  not  being 
destroyed  ;  not  having  perished. 


U  N  F 


U  N  F 


U  N  F 


UNEXTIN'GUISHABLE,  a.  That  cannot 
be  extinguislied  ;  unquenchable  ;  as  unex- 
tinguishable  fire. 

2.  Tliat  cannot  be  annihilated  or  repressed  ; 
as  an  unextinguishable  thirst  for  knowl- 
edge. [But  inextinguishable  is  more  gen- 
erally used.] 

UNEXTIN'GUISHABLY,  adv.  In  a  man- 
ner or  degree  that  precludes  extinction. 

Johnson. 

UNKXTIN'GUISHED,  a.  Not  extint:iiish- 
ed  ;  not  quenched  ;  not  entirely  repressed. 

Dryden. 

UNEX'TIRPATED,  o.  Not  extirpated ;  not 
rooted  out. 

UNEXTORT'ED,  a.  Not  extorted  ;  not 
wrested. 

UNEXTRACT'ED,  a.  Not  extracted  or 
drawn  out. 

UNFA'DED,  a.  Not  faded  ;  not  having  lost 
its  strength  of  coliir. 

2.  Unwithered  ;  as  a  plant.  Dn/den. 

UNFA'DING,  a.  Not  liable  to  lose  strength 
or  freshness  of  coloring. 

2.  Not  liable  to  wither;  as  unfading  laurels. 

Pope. 

UNFA'DJNGNESS,  n.  The  state  or  quali- 
ty of  being  unfading.  Halt. 

UNFA'ILABLE,  a.  That  cannot  fail.  [JVot 
in  use.]  Hall. 

UNFA'JLABLENESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  unfailable.     [JVot  in  use.]  Halt. 

UNFA'ILING,  a.  Not  liable  to  fail ;  not  ca- 
pable of  being  exhausteil ;  as  an  unfailing 
spring  ;  unfailing  sources  of  supply. 

2.  That  does  not  fail ;  certain  ;  as  an  unfail- 
ing |)romise. 

UNFA'ILINGNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
unfailing.  Hall. 

UNFA'INTING,  a.  Not  fainting;  not  sink- 
ing ;  not  failing  under  toil.  Sandi/s. 

UNFA'IR,  a.  Not  honest;  not  impartial; 
disingenuous ;  using  trick  or  artitiee ;  as 
an  unfair  dealer. 

2.  Not  honest;  not  just;  not  equal ;  as  un- 
fair practices. 

3.  Proceeding  from  trick  or  dishonesty  ;  as 
unfair  advantages. 

UNFA'IRLY,  adv.  Not  in  a  just  or  equita- 
ble manner.  Pariiell. 

UNFA'IRNESS,  n.  Dishonest  or  disingen- 
uous conduct  or  practice  ;  use  of  trick  (r 
artifice  ;  applied  to  persons.  He  is  noted 
for  \ns  unfairness  in  dealing. 

2.  Injustice  ;  want  of  equitableness ;  as  the 
unfairness  of  a  proceeding. 

UNFA'ITIIFUL,  a.  Notobservant  of  prom- 
ises, vows,  allegiance  or  duty  ;  violalirji; 
trust  or  confidence  ;  treacherous  ;  )>erfi(l- 
ious  ;  as  an  u?i/ai7A/ui  subject  ;  anunfailh 
f'ul  husband  or  wife  ;  an  unfaithful  ser- 
vant; an  unfaithful  bailee  or  agent. 
0.  Not  performing  the  proper  duty. 

My  feet  through   wine   unfaillifut  to   theii 
weight —  Pope 

3.  Impious;  infidel.  Milton. 

4.  Negligent  of  duty  ;  as  an  unfaithful  work- 
man. 

UNFA'lTHFyLLY,  adv.  In  violation  ..f 
promises,  vows  or  duty  ;  treacherously  ; 
perfidiously.  Bacon. 

2.  Negligently  ;  imperfectly  ;  as  work  un- 
faithfaUi)  (lone. 

UNFA  rrilFULNESS,  n.  Neglect  or  vi( 
lalioii  of  vows,  promises,  allegiance  or  oth- 
er duty  ;  breach  of  confidence  or  trust  re 


posed  ;  perfidiousness  ;  treachery  ;  as  the 
unfaithfulness  of  a  subject  to  his  prince  or! 
the  state  ;  the  unfaithfulness  of  a  husband  ( 
to  his  wife,  or  ol  a  wile  to  her  husband  ; 
the  unfaithfulness  of  an  agent,  servant  orl 
officer.  I 

IJNFAL'€ATED,  a.  Not  curtailed  ;  having' 
no  deductions.  Swift. 

UNFALL'EN,  a.  Not  fallen.  Young. 

IJNFAL'LOWED,  a.  Not  fallowed. 

Philips. 

UNFAMIL'IAR,  a.  Not  accustomed ;  not 
conunon  ;  not  rendered  agreeable  by  fre- 
quent use.  Harton. 

UNFAMILIAR'ITY,  ji.  Want  of  familiari- 
ty. Johnson. 

UNFASH'IONABLE,  a.  Not  fashionable; 
not  according  to  the  prevailing  mode  ;  as 
unfashionable  dress  or  language. 

2.  Not  regulating  dress  or  manners  accord- 
ing to  the  reigning  custom  ;  as  an  utfash- 
ionable  man. 

UNFASJl'IONABLENESS,  )!.  Neglect  of 
the  prevailing  mode  ;  deviation  from  reign- 
ing custom.  Locke. 

UNFASH'IONABLY,  adv.  Not  according 
to  the  fashion  ;  as,  to  be  unfashionably 
dressed. 

UNFASH'IONED,  a.  Not  modified  by  art ; 
amorphous;  shapeless;  not  having  a  reg- 
ular form  ;  as  a  lifeless  lun)p  unfashiontd. 
Dryden.      Good. 

UNF'AST,  a.  Not  safe;  not  secure. 

UNF'ASTEN,  v.  t.  To  loose  ;  to  unfix  ;  to 
unbind  ;  to  untie. 

UNF'ASTENED, /)/).  Loosed;  untied;  un- 
fixed. 


Fatherless.  Shak. 

Not  becoming  a  fa- 

Cowptr. 

a.    That   caimot   be 

as    an    unfathomable 

Addison. 


UNFATHERED,  n 
UN  FATHERLY,    a. 

ther;  unkind. 
(INFATH'UMABLE, 

sounded    by   a   line 
lake. 

2.  So  ilecp  or  remote  that   the  limit  or  ex 
tent   cannot   be   found.     The  designs  of 
Providence  are  often  mfuthomable. 

UNFATH'OMABLENESS,  n.  The  state  of 
being  unliitiiomable.  JSTorris. 

U.NFATH'OMABLY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be 
(  up;d)le  of  being  soimiled.  Thomson. 

UNFATll'OMEU,  a.  Not  sounded;  not  to 
be  soiMided.  Dn/den. 

UNFATi(;Ui;D,  a.  unfatee'ged.  Not 'wea- 
ried ;  not  ined.  Philips. 

UNFaULT'Y,  a.  Free  from  fault  ;  inno- 
cent. Milton. 

UNFA' VOR ABLE,  a.  Not  favorable  ;  not 
propitious  ;  not  disposed  or  ada]ited  to 
countenance  or  support.  We  found  the 
minister's  opinion  uifuvoraUe  to  our  pro- 
ject. The  conunittoe  made  a  report  unfa- 
vorable to  the  petitioner. 
Not  propitious;  not  adapted  to  promote 
any  object  ;  as  weather  unfavorable  for 
harvest. 

:j.  Not  kind  ;  not  obliging. 

4.  Discouraging  ;  as  unfavorable  prospects. 

UXFA'VORABLENESs;,  »i._  Unpn.pitions- 
ness  ;  unkindncss  ;  want  of  disposition  to 
countenance  or  i)roniote. 

UNFAVORABLY,  adv.  Unpropitiously; 
uidiindly  ;  so  as  not  to  coimtenance,  siq)- 
port  or  promote  ;  in  a  manner  to  discour- 
age. 

UNFA'VORED,  o.  Not  favored  ;  not  assist- 
ed. Goldsmith. 


UNFE'ARED,  a.  Not  afirighted ;  not  daunt- 
ed.    [M)tinuse.]  B.Jonson. 

2.  Not  feared  ;  not  dreaded.  MUton. 

UNFEASIBLE,  a.  s  as  z.  That  cannot  be 
done  ;  .mpracticable. 

UNFEATH'ERED,  /      Having  no  fethers ; 

UNFETH'ERED,  $"■  unfledged;  iniplu- 
mous;  naked  of  fethers.  Dryden. 

UNFE'ATURED,  a.  Wanting  regular  lea- 
tures ;  deformed. 

Visage  rough, 
Defonn'il,  unfeatur'd.  Dryden. 

UNFED',  a.  Not  fed;  not  supplied  with 
Ibod.  Spenser. 

UNFEE'D,  a.  Not  feed;  not  retained  by  a 
fee. 

2.  Unpaid;  as  an  un/eerf  lawyer.  Shak. 

UNFEE'LING,  a.  Insensible;  void  of  sen- 
sibility. 

2.  Cruel ;  hard. 

UNFEE'LINGLY,  adv.  In  an  unfeeling  or 
eruel  manner. 

UNFEE'LINGNESS,n.  Insensibility;  hard- 
ness of  heart;  cruelty.  Darwin. 

UNFEIGNED,  a.  Not  feigned;  not  coun- 
terfeit ;  not  hypocritical  ;  real  ;  sincere; 
as  unfeigned  piety  to  God  ;  unfeigned  love 
to  man. 

UNFEIGNEDLY,  adv.  Without  hypocrisy ; 
really ;  sincerely. 

He  pardoneth  all  them  that  truly  repent,  and 
unfeignedly  believe  his  holy  gospel. 

Corn.  Prayer. 

UNFELIC'ITATING,  a.  Not  producing 
felicity.     [Unusual.]  J.  Lathrop, 

UNFEL'LOVV  ED,  o.  Not  matched. 

UNFELT',  a.  Not  felt;  not  perceived. 

Dryden. 

UNFENCE,  v.t.  unfens'.  To  strip  of  fence; 
to  remove  a  fence  from.  South. 

UNFEN'CED,  ;*/).  Deprived  of  a  fence. 

2.  a.  Not  fenced  ;  not  inclosed  ;  defenseless; 
as  a  trart  of  land  unfenced. 

UNFERMENT'ED,  a.  Not  fermented  ;  not 
having  undergone  the  process  of  ferment- 
ation ;  as  liquor. 

2.  iNot  leavened;  as  bread. 

UNFER'TILE,  a.  Not  fertile;  not  rich  ;  not 
havmg  the  qualities  necessary  to  the  pro- 
ditclion  of  good  crops. 

2.  Barren  ;  uidiuitful  ;  bare ;  waste. 

■  f.  Not  prolific. 

[This  word  is  not  obsolete,  but  infertile 
is  miirli  used  instead  of  it.] 

UNFET'TEB,  v.  t.  To  loose  from  fetters; 
to  unchain  ;  to  unshackle. 

2.  To  tree  from  restraint ;  to  set  at  liberty  ; 
as,  l(i  unfttlcr  the  mind. 

UXFE:T'TERED, />/;.  Unchained;  unshack- 
led ;  Ireed  from  restraint. 

'J.  a.  Not  restrained. 

UNFET'TERIi\G,/);jr.  Unchaining ;  setting 
free  fri>m  restraint. 

UNFIG'URED,  a.  Representing  no  animal 
lorm.  lioUon. 

UNFIL'IAL,  o.  Unsuitable  to  a  son  or  child; 
undmiful;  not  becoming  a  child.       Shak. 

UNFILL'ED,  a.  Not  filled;  not  fully  suppli- 
ed. Taylor. 

UNFINISHED,  a.  Not  finished  ;  not  com- 
plete ;  not  brought  to  an  end  ;  iinperlect ; 
wanting  the  last  hand  or  touch  ;  as  an  i/n- 
fnislicd  house  ;  an  unfinished  jiainting. 

Dryden. 

UNFl'RED,  a.  Not  fired ;  not  inflamed. 


U  N  F 


U  N  F 


U  N  F 


UNFIRM',  a.  [SeefWm.]  Not  firm;  weak; 
feelili!,  iiifiiin. 

IJVute.  Wlieii  we  speak  of  the  weakness  ot 
the  human  Irame,  we  use  infirm.  When  we 
speak  ol  the  weakness  of  other  thinj;9,  as  a 
bridge,  wall  anil  ihe  like,  we  say,  it  is  wifiini.] 

2.  Not  stable  ;  not  well  fixed. 

Willi  IVct  uiifirin.  Dryden 

UNFIRM'NESS,  n.  A  weak  state;  insiabil- 
ity. 

UNFIT',  a.  Not  fit;  improper;  unsuitable. 

Millon 

2.  Unqualified  ;  as  a  man  unJU  for  an  office 

UNFIT',  V.  I.  To  disable  ;  to  make  unsuita- 
ble ;  to  deprive  of  llie  stii-iigih,  skill  or 
proper  qualities  for  any  thing,  tjickncss 
unfits  a  mail  for  labnr. 

2.  To  disqualify  ;  to  deprive  of  the  moral  or 
mental  qualities  necessary  for  any  thiny. 
Sill  unfits  us  for  the  society  of  holy  beings. 

UNFIT'LV,  arfu.  Nut  properly  ;  unsuitably. 

UNFIT'NF.SS,  n.  Want  of  suitable  powers 
or  qualifications,  |)liysiciil  nr  moral ;  as  the 
unfitness  of  a  sick  man  for  labor,  or  of  an 
ignorant  man  for  oftice ;  the  unfitniss  of 
sinners  for  tin-  enjoyments  id"  heaven. 

2.  Want  of  pnipriety  or  adaptation  to  char 
acter  or  place:  as  unfitness  of  behavior  or 
of  dross. 

UNFITTED,/)/).  Rendered  unsuitable ;  dis 
qualified. 

UfJj.'IX/XING,  ppr.  Rendering  unsuitable  ; 
disqualifyiiii^. 

2.  n.  Improper;  unbecoming. 

UNFIX',  V.  t.  Tu  loiisen  from  any  fastening 
to  detach  from   any  thing   that   holds ;  to 
unsettle ;    to    unhinge ;    as,   to   unfix  the 
iiiinil  or  affections. 

2.  To  make  fiiiid;  to  dissolve. 
Noi  can  the  rising  sun 
Unfix  their  frosts.  Dryden. 

UNFIX'FD,  pp.  Unsettled;  loosened. 

2.  a.  Wandiniiig  ;  erratic  ;  inconstant ;  hav- 
ing no  settled  liubitatiun. 

3.  Having  no  settled  view  or  object  of  pur- 
suit. 

UNFIX'INO,  ppr.  Unsettling;  loosening. 

UNFL.-VG'GING,  a.  Not  flagging  ;  not 
drooping;  maintaining  strength  or  spirit. 

South. 

UNFL.\T'TERED,  a.  Not  flattered. 

Foiuig' 

UNFLATTERING,  a.  Not  flattering  ;  not 
gratifying  with  oliseqnioiis  behavior;  not 
colorins  the  truth  to  please. 

2.  Not  aftbrding  a  favorable  prospect ;  as, 
the  weather  is  unfiatlering. 

UNFLEDti'ED,  a.  Not  yet  fiirnished  with 
tethers;  implumons  ;  as  an  unfitdgcd  biril. 

2.  YoiinL';  not  having  attained  to  full  growth 

Shik 

UNFLESH'ED,  a.  Not  fleshed ;  not  season- 
ed to  blood  ;  raw  ;  as  an  unfitshtd  liound 
unfitshed  valor.  S)i,ak. 

UNFOIL'ED,  a.  Not  vanquished;  not  de 
feaicd.  Temple. 

UNFOLD,  V.  t.  To  open  folds  ;  to  expand  ; 
to  spread  out. 

2.  To  open  any  thing  covered  or  close  ;  to 
lay  open  to  view  or  contemplation  ;  to  dis 
close  ;  to  reveal ;  as,  to  unfiold  one's  de- 
sijins  ;  to  unfold  the  principles  of  a  science 

3.  To  declare  ;  to  tell ;  to  <lisclose. 

Unfold  the  passion  of  my  love.  Shak 

4.  To  ilisplay  ;  as,  to  unfold  tlic  works  of 
creation. 


5.  To  release  from  a  fold  or  pen  ;  as,  to  un- 
ftiid  ~lieep.  fihak. 

UNFOLDED,  pp.  Opened;  expanded;  re- 
vealed ,  displayed  ;  released  from  a  fold. 

(JNFOLDL\(i,  ppr.  Opening  ;  expanding  ; 
disclosing;  displaviiig;  releasing  from  a 
Ibid. 

UNFOLDING,  n.  The  act  of  expanding, 
displaying  or  disclosing  ;  disclosure. 

lUNFOtJL',  V.  I.  To  restore  from  folly.  \Kol 
in  use.  i  | 

UNFOKUEaRING,  a.  Not  forbearing. 

UNFORIJID',  (      Not  forbid;  not  pro-l 

liNFORUID'DEN,  S"'hibited  ;  applied  to 
persons.  Milton. 

2.  .Allowed;  permitted;  legal;  applied  to 
tilings. 

UXFORBID'DENNESS,  n.  The  state  of 
being  nidlirliiddeii.     [.Vol  in  use.]      Boyle.\ 

UNFORCED,  n.  Not  forced  ;  not  compelleil ; 
not  constrained.  Dn/den.' 

i.  Not  urged  or  impelled.  Donne.l 

3.  Not  tbiu'iied  ;  not  hightened  ;  natural  ;l 
as  uri/orcci/ passions  ;  un/orcerf  expressions 
of  joy. 

4.  Not  viident;  easy;  gradual;  as  an  easy 
and  unforced  asci-nt.  Denham. 

a.   Easy  ;  natural  ;  as  an  unforced  posture. 
UNFORCll'.LE,      a.      Wanting     force    or 
strength  ;  as  an  unforcible  expression. 


UNFORDAHLE,  a.  Not  f 

not  he  Ibrderl,  or  passed  by  wading;  as  an' 

unfordahle  river.  ItTiitaker.] 

iUNFOREBO'Dl.NG,  a.  Giving  no  omens. 

Pope. 
UNFOREKN0WN,a.Notpreviouslyknown 

or  foreseen.  Milton. 

UNFORESEE'ABLE,    a.    That  cannot  be 

foreseen.     [A  bad  word  and  not  in  use.] 

South. 
UNFORESEE'N,    a.    Not    foreseen  ;    not 

foreknown.  Dryden. 

UNFO'RESKINNED,      a.      Circumcised. 

[Bad.]  Millon. 

UNFORETOLD,  a.  Not  predicted. 
UNFOREWARN'ED,  a.  [Sec  Ham.]  Not 

(ireviouslv  warned  or  adiiionished. 
UNFOR'FEITED,  a.  Not  forfeited. 

Rogers. 
UNFORGIV'EN,  a.  Not  forgiven;  not  par- 
loned 


tempts  ;  an  unfortunate  man  ;  an  unforttt- 
nule  commander  ;  unfortunate  business. 
UNFORTUNATELY,  adv.  Without  suc- 
cess ;  unsuccessfully  ;  unhappily.  The 
scheme  unfortunately  miscarried. 
UNFOR'TUNATENESS.  n.  Ill  luck;  ill 
fortune;  failure  of  succe.s8.  Sidney. 

UNFOS'TERED,  a.  Not  fostered  ;  not  nour- 

shed. 
2.  Not  countenanced  by  favor ;  not  patron- 
ized. 
UNFOUGHT,  a.  un/au<'.  Not  fought. 

KnolUs. 
UNFOUL'ED,  a.  Not  fouled  ;  not  polluted; 
not  soiled  ;  not  corrupted  ;  pure.     I'oung-. 
UNFOUND',  a.  Not  found ;  not  met  with. 

Dnjden. 
UNFOUND'ED,  a.  Not  founded  ;  not'built 

or  established. 
2.  Having   no  foundation;    vain;    idle;    as 

urifoundcd  expectations. 
UNFRA'MARI.E,   a.    Not  to  be  framed  or 
molded.     [J\~ot  in  itse.]  Hooker. 

UNFRA'ftlABLENESS,  n.   The  quality  of 
not  being  framable.     [.Vol  in  use.] 

Sanderson. 
UNFRA'MED,  a.  Not  framed  ;  not  fitted  for 

ereotion  ;  as  unframed  timber. 
2.  Not   formed ;  not  constructed ;  not  fash- 
ioned. Dryden. 
«oo/ter. [UNFRATERN'AL,  a.  Not  brotherly, 
rdable;  that  can-i  UNFREE',  a.  Not  free  ;  as  unfree  peasants. 

Tooke. 
UNFRE'QUENCV,  n.  The  state  of  being 
unfre()uent.  Cowper. 

UNFRE'QUENT,    a.    Not    frequent;    not 
common ;    not    happening    often  ;    infre- 
quent. Brown. 
UNFRE'QUENT,   v.  I.    To   cease  to   fre- 
quent.    [.Vb/  in  use.]                        Philips. 
UNFREQUENTED,  a.  Rarely  visited  ;  sel- 
dom resorted  to  by  human  beings;  as  an 
unfreijuented  place  or  forest.           Jlddison. 
UNFRE'QUENTLY,  adv.    Not  often;  sel- 
dom. Brown. 
UXFRl'ABLE,  a.  Not  easily  crumbled. 

Paley. 
UNFRIENDED,    a.    unfrend'ed.    Wanting 
friends  ;  not  countenanced  or  supported. 

ShaA. 
UNFRIENDLINESS,    »i.    Want  of  kind- 
ness ;  disfavor.  Boyle. 


UNFORGIVING,    a.    Not   forgiving;  not[  yj^TpR,Ej^n,LV,  „.  Not  friendly  ;  not  kind 
disjiosed  to  overlook  or  pardon  offenses  ;  ^     ^^  henevolent ;  as  an  unfriendly  neighbor. 


implacable. 
UNFORGOT', 


3N,h 


Dryden. 
Not  forgot ;  not  lost 


2.  Not  favorable  ;  not  adapted  to  promote 
or  support  any  object;  as  weather  un- 
friendUf  to  health. 

UNFROCK',  t'.  t.  To  divest.  Hurd. 

UNF'RO'ZEN,  a.  Not  frozen;  not  congeal- 
ed. Boyle. 

UNFRU'G.\L,  a.  Not  frugal ;  not  saving  or 
(H'onomical. 

UNFRCITFUL,  a.  Not  producing  fruit; 
barren  ;  as  an  unfruitful  tree. 

2.  Not  producing  oftspriiig  ;  not  prolific  ; 
barren  ;  as  an  unfruitful  female. 

3.  Not  producing  good  cffiacts  or  works ;  as 
I     an  unfruitful  life. 

■  "     ■'       as  an  unfruit- 


UNFORGOT'TEN,  S  "' to  memory. 

Knolles. 

i.  Not  overlooked  ;  not  neglected. 

INFORM',  I'.  (.  To  destroy  ;  to  unmake  ;  to 
decompose  or  resolve  into  parts.         Good. 

UNFORM'ED,  a.  Not  molded  into  regular 
shape  ;  as  unformed  matter.  Spei:tator. 

UNFORSA'KEN,  a.  Not  forsaken  ;  not  de- 
serteil  ;  not  r'litirely  neglected. 

UNFORTIFIED,  a.  Not  Ibrtified  ;  not  se- 
cured from  attack  by  walls  or  mounds. 

Pope. 

2.  Not   guarded  ;  not  strengthened  against 

temptations   or   trials  ;    weak;    exposed;  1.  Unproductive  ;  not  fertile  : 

defeiLseless;  as  an  iui/or///it(/ mind.  1     v^'i',.f^','-..T-„. -.•t'^-.  » 

3    Warning  securities  or  means  of  defense.  UNFRCITFULNESs,  n.   Barrenness  ;    m- 

Cotlier.\     fecundity;  unproductiveness;   applied  to 
UNFOR'TUNATE,   a.  Not  successful ;  not !     per.mn.i  or  things. 

prosperous;  as  an  u»/ort«na(e;i.lventure:^UNFUUSTRABLE,    a.    That   cannot    be 
'    an  unfortunate  voyage  ;    unforlunate  at- 1     frustrated.  hdwards 


U  N  G 


U  N  G 


U  N  G 


IJNFULFILL'ED,  a.  Not  fulfilled ;  not  ac- 
complished ;  as  a  prophecy  or  prediction 
uiifidfilled. 

UNFU'MED,  a.  Not  fumigated. 

2.  Nut  exhaling  smoke  ;  not  burnt.     Milton. 

UNFUND'ED,  a.  Not  funded  ;  having  no 
permaneni  funds  for  the  payment  of  its 
interest ;  as  an  unfunded  debt.     Hamilton. 

UNFURL',  V.  t.  To  loose  and  unfold  ;  tol 
expand  ;  to  open  or  spread  ;  as,  to  unfurl 
sails. 

UNFURL'ED,  pp.  Unfolded  ;  e.\panded. 

UNFURL'ING,  ppr.  Unfol.liiig  ;  spreading 

UNFUR'NISH,  1).  t.  To  strip  of  furniture  ; 
to  divest ;  to  strip. 

2.  To  leave  naked.  Shak. 

UNFUR'NISilED,  a.  Not  furnished:  not 
supplied  with  turniture  ;  as  an  unfurnished 
room  or  house. 

2.  Unsupplied  with  necessaries  or  orna- 
ments. 

3.  Empty  ;  not  supplied. 
UNFU'SED,  a.  s  nsz.  Not  fused ;  not  melted. 
UNFU'SIBLE,   a.  s  as  :.   Infusible.     [The 

latter  word  is  generally  used.] 

UNGA'INABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  gained. 
[Little  used.]  Pierce. 

UNGA'INFUL,  a.  Unprofitable  ;  not  pro 
ducing  gain.  Hall. 

UNGA'INLV,  a.  [Sax.  ungagne.]  Not  ex- 
pert or  dextrous  ;  clumsy  ;  awkward  ;  un- 
couth; as  an  ungainly  strut  in  walking. 

Swift 
[I  believe  ungain  is  not  used.] 

UNGALL'ED,  a.  Unhurt;  not  galled. 

Shak. 

UNG'ARNISHED,  a.  Not  garnished  or  fur 
nished  ;  unadorned. 

UNGAR'RISONED,  a.  Not  garrisoned ;  not 
furnished  With  troops  for  defense. 

UNG>ARTERED,  a.  Being  without  garters. 

Shak. 

UNGATH'ERED,  a.  Not  gathered;  not 
cropped  ;  not  [)icked.  Dryden. 

UNGE'AR,  V.  t.  To  unharness ;  to  strip  of 
gear. 

UNGEARED,  pp.  Unharnessed. 

UNGE'ARING,  p;)r.  Stripping  of  harness  or 
gear. 

UNGEN'ERATED,  a.  Having  no  begin- 
ning ;  unbegolten.  Raleigh. 

UNgEN'ERATIVE,  a.  Begetting  nothing. 

Shak. 

UNgEN'EROUS,  a.  Not  of  a  noble  mind  ; 
not  liberal  ;  applied  to  persons ;  as  an  itn- 
generous  man  or  prince. 

•i.  Not  noble;  not  liberal;  applied  to  things ; 
as  an  ungenerous  act.  Pope. 

3.  Dishonorable  ;  ignominious. 

The  victor  never  will  impose  on  Cato 
Ungen'rous  leims.  Addison. 

UNgEN'EROUSLY,  adv.  Unkindly;  dis- 
honorably. 

UNgE'NI.\L,  a.  Not  favorable  to  nature  or 
to  n.itural  growth  ;  as  ungenial  air ;  un- 
genial  soils. 

Sullen  seas  that  wash  th'  ungenial  pole. 

Thomsun. 

UNgENTEE'L,  a.  Not  genteel;  used  of 
persons;  not  cotisistent  with  polite  man- 
ners or  good  breeding;  used  of  manners. 

UNgENTEE'LI.Y,  adv.  Uncivilly;  not 
with  good  manners. 

UN6EN'TLE,  a.  Not  gentle;  harsh;  rude. 

Shak. 


UNgEN'TLEMANLIKE,    a.    Not    like  a 
gentleman.  Chesterfield. 

UNgEN'TLEMANLY,  a.  Not  becoming  a 
gentleman. 

UNgEN'TLENESS,    n.   Want  of  gentle- 
ness; harshness;  severity;  nideness. 

Tusser. 

'2.  Unkindness;  incivility.  Shak. 

UNGEN'TLY,  adv.  Harshly;   with  severi- 
ty ;  rudely.  Shak. 

UNgEOMET'RI€AL,  a.  Not  agreeable  to 
the  rules  of  geometry.  Cheyne 

UNGIFT'ED.a.  Not  gifted;  not  endowed 
with  peculiar  fuculiies.  Arbuthnot 

UNGILD'ED,  ^       Not    gilt;    not  overlaid 

UNGILT',        ^"-  with  gold. 

UNGIRD',  t>.  t.  [See  Gird.]  To  loose  fron 
a  girdle  or  band  ;    to  unbind.     Gen.  xxiv. 

UNGIRD' ED,  pp.  Loosed  from  a  girth  or 
band. 

UNGIRD'ING,  ppr.  Loosing  from  a  girdle 
nr  band. 

UNGIRT',  pp.  Unbound. 

1.  a.   Loosely  dressed.  Waller. 
UNGIV'ING,  a.  Not  bringing  gifts. 

Driiden. 
UNGLA'ZED,  a.  No!  furnished  with  glass; 
as,  the  windows  are  unglazed ;  the  house 
is  yet  unglazed. 

2.  VVanting  glass  windows. 

3.  Not  covered  with  vitreous  matter ;  as  un 
glazed  potters'  ware. 

UNGLO'RIFIED,  a.  Not  glorified;  not 
honored  wiili  praise  or  adoration. 

UNGLO'RIOUS,  a.  Not  glorious;  bringing 
no  glurv  or  honor.  J.  Lathrop. 

UNGLOVE,  V.  t.  To  take  off  the  gloves. 
[JVot  in  use.)  Beau7n. 

UNGLOVED,  a.  Having  the  hand  naked. 
[Little  used.]  Bacon. 

UNGLCE,  v.l.  To  separate  any  thing  that 
is  glued  or  cemented.  Swift. 

UNGLU'ED,  pp.  Loosed  from  glue  or  ce- 
ment. 

UNGLU'ING,  ppr.  Separating  what  is  ce- 
mented. 

UNGOD',  v.t.  To  divest  of  divinity. 

Dnjden. 

UNGOD'LILY,  adv.  Impiously  ;  wickedly 
Gov.  of  the  Tongue 

UNGOD'LINESS,  n.  Impiety;  wicke<l- 
ness ;  disregard  of  God  and  lii.s  commands, 
and  neglect  of  his  worship  ;  or  any 
positive  act  of  disobedience  or  irrever- 
ence. 

The  wrath  of  God  is  revealed  t'roni  heaven 
against  all  ungodliness.     Rom.  i. 

UNGOD'LY,  a.  Wicked;  imi)ious ;  neg 
lecting  the  fear  and  worship  of  God,  or 
violating  his  commands.     1  Pet.  iv. 

2.  Sinful;  contrary  to  the  divine  commands  ; 
as  ungodly  deeds.     Jude  iv. 

3.  Polluted  by  wickedness ;  as  an  ungodly 
day.  Shak. 

UNGO'RED,  a.  Not  gored  ;    not  wounded 

with  a  horn. 
2.  Not  woimded. 
UNGORG'ED,  a.  Not   gorged  ;  not    filled  ; 

not  sated.  Dryden. 

UNGOT'.  ?       M  ,      •      1 

IJNGOT'TEN,  \  "■  N"t  S«'"ed. 

2.  Not  begotten.  Shak. 

UNGOVERNABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be 
governed ;  that  cannot  be  ruled  or  re- 
strained. 


2.  Licentious;  wild;  unbridled;  as  ungov- 
ernnble  passions.  Alltrlmni. 

UNGOVERNABLY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be 
governed  or  restrained.  Goldsmith 

UNGOVERNED,  a.  Not  being  governed. 

2.  Not  subjected  to  laws  or  principles ;  not 
restrained  or  regulated  ;  unbridled  ;  licen- 
tious ;  as  U7ig-oi'erne(/ appetite  ;  ungoverned 
passions. 

UNGOVVN'ED,  a.  Not  having  or  not  wear- 
ing a  gown.  Pollok. 

UNGRA'CEFUL,  a.  Not  graceful;  not 
marked  with  ease  and  dignity  ;  wanting 
beauty  and  elegance ;  as  ungraceful  man- 
ners. Without  jjoliteness,  learning  is  un- 
graceful. Locke.     Addison. 

UNGRACEFULLY,  adv.  Awkwardly ;  in- 
elngantly. 

UNGRA'CEFULNESS,  n.  Want  of  grace- 
fulness :  want  of  ease  and  dignity  ;  want 
of  elegance;  awkwardness;  as  ungrace- 
fulness  of  manners. 

UNGRA'CIOUS,  a.  Wicked  ;  odious ;  hate- 
''iil-  Shak.     Dryden. 

2.  Offensive;  unpleasing;  as  ungracious 
manners. 

3.  Unacceptable;  not  well  received;  not  fa- 
vored. 

Any  thing  of  grace  towards  the   Irish  rebels 
was  as  ungracious  at  Oxford  as  at  London. 

Clarendon. 

UNGRA'CIOUSLY,  adv.  With  disfavor. 
The  projiosal  was  received  ungraciously. 

2.  Not  in  a  pleasing  manner. 

UNGRAMMATI€AL,  a.  Not  according  to 
the  established  and  correct  rules  of  gram- 
mar. 

UNGRAMMATICALLY,  adv.  In  a  man- 
ner contrary  to  the  rules  of  grammar. 

UNGR'ANTED,  a.  Not  granted  ;  not  be- 
stowed ;  not  transferred  by  deed  or  gift ; 
as  ungranted  lands.     U.  States.     Hamilton. 

2.  Not  granted  ;  not  yielded  ;  not  conceded 
in  argument. 

UNGRA'TE,  a.  Not  agreeable;  imgrateful. 
[.Wot  in  use.]  Taylor.     Swift. 

UNGRA'TEFUL,  a.  Not  grateful;  not  feel- 
ing thankful  for  favors. 

2.  Not  making  returns,  or  making  ill  returns 
for  kindness.  South. 

3.  Making  no  returns  for  culture  ;  as  an  un- 
grateful soil. 

4.  Unpleasing;  unacceptable.  Harsh  sounds 
are  ungrateful  to  the  ear. 

UNGRA'TEFULLY,  adv.  With  ingratitude. 

Wake. 

2.  Unpleasingly ;  unacoeptablv. 

UNGRATEFULNESS,  n.  "  Ingratitude; 
want  of  due  feelings  of  kindness  for  fa- 
vors received  ;  ill  return  for  good. 

2.  Disagreeableness ;  unpleasing  quality. 

UNGRAT'IFIED,  a.  Not  gratified;  not 
compensated. 

2.  N<it  pleased. 

3.  Not  inihdsed  ;  as  migratided  appetite. 
UNGRA'VELY,    arfr.  ^Without  gravity  or 

seriousness. 
UNGROUND'ED,  a.  Having  no  foundatioQ 
or  support ;  as  ungrounded  hopes  or   con- 

UNGROUND'EDLY,  adv.  Without  ground 
or  support ;  without  reason.  Ray. 

UNGROUND'EDNESS,  n.  Want  of  fonnd- 
ation  or  support.  Steele. 

UNGRUDti'ING,  o.  Not  grudging;    freely 


U  N    H 


\ 


U  N  H 


U  N  H 


l)NGRUD(i'lNGLY,  adv.  Without  ill  will ; 

heartily;  cheerfully;  as,  to  bestow  charity 

unfrrudfriiivli/. 
UNGUARUKD,     a.     Not     guarded;    not 

watched. 

2.  Not  detisrided  ;  having  no  guard. 

3.  Careless;  negligent;  not  attentive  to  dan 
ger  ;  not  cautious  ;  as,  to  he  unguarded  in 
conversation. 

4.  Negligently  said  or  done;  not  done  or 
spoken  with  caution  ;  as  an  unguarded 
expression  or  action. 

UNGUARDEDLY,  adv.  Without  watchful 
attention  to  danger ;  without  caution : 
carelessly  ;  as,  to  speak  or  promise  un- 
guardedlfi. 

UN'GUICNT,  u.  [L.  uttguentum,  from  ungo, 
to  anoint.] 

Ointment ;  a  soft  composition  used  as  a  topi- 
cal remedy,  as  for  son's,  hums  and  the 
like.  An  unguent  is  stiifcr  than  u  lini- 
ment, but  softer  tlian  a  cerate.  Ci/c. 

UNGIJENT'OUS,  a.  Like  unguent,  or  par- 
takuig  of  its  qualities. 

UNGUESS'ED,  a.  [See  Guess.]  Not  obtain- 
eil  by  guHss  or  conjecture.  Spenser. 

UNGIJRST'LIKE,  a.  [See  Guest]  Not  he- 
couuiig  11  guest.  Milton. 

UNGUIC'ULAR,  a.  [L.  unguis,  the  nail.] 
In  botany,  of  the  length  of  the  human 
nails,  or  half  un  inch.  Lee.     Martyn. 

UNGUle'ULATE,      >  [L.    unguis,    a 

UNGUleULATED,  S  "•  claw.]  Claw- 
ed ;  having  claws.  Encyc. 

3.  In  5o(ant/,  clawed  ;  having  a  narrow  base  ; 
as  the  petal  in  a  polypetalouscorol. 

Mnrtyn. 

UNGUI'DED,  a.  Not  guided;  not  led  or 
conducted. 

2.  Not  regulated. 

UNGUILTY,  a.  ungilt'y.  Not  guilty  ;  not 
stained  with  crime  ;  iiuiocent.        Spenser. 

UN'GUINOUS,  a.  [L.  unguinosiis.]  Oily; 
unctuous  ;  consisting  of  fat  or  nil,  or  resem- 
bling it.  Forstcr,  jYorth.   Voyages.' 

UN'GUL.'\,  n.  [L.  a  hoof]  In  geomctrii,  a 
section  or  part  of  a  cyliniler,  cut  off  by  a 
plane  oblique  to  the  base. 

UN'GULATE,  a.  Shaped  like  a  hoof. 

UNHAB'1TAB(,E,  a.  [Fr.  inhabitable;  L.l 
inhabitabilis,  inliabilo.] 

That  cannot  be  inhabited  by  human  beings;! 
uninhabitable.  [The  latter  word  is  gener- 
ally used.] 

UNHABIT'UATED,  a.  Not  habituated; 
not  accustomed.  Tooke.i 

UNH.\CK'ED,  a.  .Not  hacked;  not  cut,| 
notched  or  mangled.  Shak. 

UNHACK'NEYED,  a.  Not  hackneyed; 
not  much  used  or  practiced. 

UNHA'LE,  u.  Unsound;  not  entire;  not 
liealtliv.  I 

UNHAL'LOW,  V.  t.  To   profane  ;  to  dese-j 

crate.  | 

The  vanity  unhallaws  the  virtue.  L' Estrange  [ 

UNHAL'LOWED,  pp.  Profaned;  deprived 
of  its  sacred  character. 

2.  a.  Profane;  unholy;  impure;  wicked. 
.Milton.     Dryden 
In  the  cause  of  truth,   uo  unhallowed  vio- 
lence— is  either  necessary  or  admissible. 

E.  D.  Griffin 

UNHAND',  V.  t.  To  loose  from  the  hand  ;j 
to  let  go.  ShakJ 

UNHANDILY, adv.  Awkwardly ;  clumsily.! 


lUNHAND'INESS,  n. 

clumsiness. 
lUNHAND'LED 


Want  of  dexterity  ;| 


Not  handled ;  not  treat- 
ed ;  not  touched.  Shak. 
UNHANDSOME,  o.  Ungraceful;  not  beau- 
tiful. 

I  cannot  admit  that   there  is   any  thing  un- 
handsoine  or  irregular  in  the  globe. 

IVoodward. 

2.  Unfair;  illiberal;  disingenuous. 

3.  Uncivil;  unpolite. 
UNHANDSOMELY,      adv.     Inelegantly; 

ungracefully. 

2.  Illiberally  ;  unfuiily. 

3.  Uncivilly  ;  iinpolitely. 
UNHAND'SOMENESS,  n.  Want  of  beauty 

and  elegance. 

2.  Unfuirness;  disingenuousness. 

3.  Incivility. 

UNHAND'Y,  a.  Not  de.\trous;  not  skill- 
ful; not  ready  in  the  use  of  the  hands; 
awkward ;  as  a  person  unhandy  at  his 
work. 

2.  Not  convenient;  as  an  unhandy  posture 
for  writiiig. 

UNHANG',  V.  t.  To  divest  or  strip  of  hang- 
ings, as  a  room. 

2.  To  take  from  the  hinges ;  as,  to  unhang  a 
gate. 

UNHANGED,  ?       Not  hung  upon  a  gal- 

UNHUNG',  J""  lows;  not  punisJied  by 
hiuigiiig.  Shak. 

UNHAP',  n.  Ill  luck;  misfortune.  [A"o(  in 
use]  Sidney. 

UNHAP'PIED,  a.  Made  unhappy.  [JVotln 
ufir.]  Shak. 

UNHAP'PILY,  adv.  Unfortunately;  mis- 
erablv  ;  calamilouslv-  Milton. 

UNHAP'PINESS,  n. "Misfortune;  ill   luck. 

Burnet. 

2.  Infelicity  ;  misery. 

It  is  our  great  unhappiness,  when  any  calam- 
ities fall  upon  us,  that  we  arc    uneasy  and    dis- 
satisfied. JVake. 
[But  it  usually  expresses  less  than  mis- 
ery or  loretchedncss.] 

3.  Mischievous  jirank.     [.A'ot  in  use.] 

Shak. 
UNHAP'PY,  a.  Unfortunate;  ntilucky.    He 
has  been  unhappy  in  his  choice  of  a  part- 
ner.    Affairs  have  taken  an  unAa;»yBi/ turn. 

2.  Not  happy ;  in  a  degree  miserable  or 
wretched.  She  is  unhappy  in  her  mar- 
riage. Children  sotnetimes  render  their 
parents  unhappy.  I 

3.  Evil ;  calamitous  ;  marked  bj'  infelicity  ;' 
as  an  unhappy  day. 

This  unhappy  morn.  Milton. 

Mischievous ;  irregular.  Shak. 

UNllAR'ASSED,    a.    Not    harassed;    not 

vexed  or  troubled.  Trumbull. 

UNH'ARBOR,  v.  t.  To  drive   from   harbor 

or  shelter. 
UNH'ARBORED,  a.  Not  sheltered,  or  af- 

foriling  no  shelter.  Milton. 

UNH'ARDENED,   a.    Not   hardened;  notj 

indurated:   as  metal. 
2.  Not  hardened ;   not   made   obdurate ;   as 

the  heart.  Shak. 

UNH-ARDY,    a.  Not   hardy;    feeble;    not 

able  to  endure  fatigue. 
Not  having  fortitude  ;  not  bold ;  timorous. 

Miiton. 
UNH'AR.MED,  a.  Unhurt;  uninjured;  un- , 

impaired.  Locke,  j 


lUNH'ARMFUL,  a.  Not  doing  harm ;  harm- 
less; innoxious. 

Themselves   unharm/ul,  let  them  live  un- 

I  haiiiiM.  Dryden. 

UNHAR.MO'NIOUS,  a.  Not  having  symme- 
try or  congruiiy  ;  disproportionate. 

.Mitlon. 

2.  Discordant;  untnusical ;  jarring;  as 
sounds.  Sirift. 

UNHARMO'NIOUSLY,  adv.  Withjarring  ; 
discordantly. 

UNHARNESS,  ti.<.  To  strip  of  harness;  to 
loose  from  harness  or  gear. 

2.  To  disuriii  ;  to  divest  of  armor. 

UNHATCH'ED,  a.  Not  hatched;  not  hav- 
ing left  the  egg. 

2.  Not  matured  and  brought  to  light;  not 
disclosed. 

UNHAZ'ARDED,  a.  Not  hazarded;  not 
lint  in  danger-,  not  exposed  to  loss;  not 
adventured.  Milton. 

UNHEAD,  V.  t.  unhed'.  To  take  out  the 
head  of;  as,  to  U7ihead  a  cask. 

UNHE.MJED,    pp.    unhcd'ed.    Having   tho 


head  taken  out. 
UNHEADING,  ppr 

the  head  of 
UNHEALTIIFUL, 


unhtd'ing.  Taking  out 


a.  unhellh'ful.  Not 
healtliful;  injurious  to  health;  insalubri- 
ous; unwholesome;  no.xious;  as  an  un- 
henlthful  rWmalc  or  air. 

2.  Abounding  with  sickness  or  disease  ;  sick- 
ly ;  as  an  unhenlthful  season. 

UNHEALTHFULNESS,  n.  unheltli'fiUness. 

1.  Unwholesomeness  ;  iusalubriuusness ;  nox- 
iousness to  health. 

2.  The  state  of  being  sickly ;  as  the  un- 
hffilthfulncss  of  the  autumn. 

UNHEALTHILY,  adv.  unhellh'ihj.  In  an 
unwholesome  or  unsound  manner. 

Milton. 

UNHEALTHIXF.S.*,  n.vnhelthintss.  Want 
of  health  ;  habitual  weakness  or  indispo- 
sition; applied  to  persons. 

2.  Unsoundness  ;  want  of  vigor  ;  as  the  u»i- 
healthiness  of  trees  or  other  plants. 

3.  Unfavorablencss  to  health  ;  as  the  tiii- 
hcalthiness  of  a  climate. 

UNHEALTHY,  a.  unhelUiy.  Wanting 
health  ;  wanting  a  sound  and  vigorous 
state  of  body;  habitually  weak  or  indis- 
po.sed  ;  as  an  unhealthy  person. 

2.  Unsound:  wanting  vigor  of  growth;  ns 
an  unhealthy  plant. 

3.  Sickly:  abounding  with  disease;  as  an 
unhealthy  season  or  city. 

4.  Iiisalidirious ;  unwholesome  ;  adapted  to 
genciate  diseases  ;  as  an  unhcaUliy  climate 
or  country. 

.5.  Aloihid;  not  indicating  health. 

UNHE'.\RD,  n.  Not  heard  ;  nut  perceived 
by  the  ear.  .Milton. 

2.  Not  admitted  to  audience. 

WTiat  pangs  I  feel,  unpitied  and  unheard  ! 

Brydtih 

j3.  Not  known  in  fame;  not  celebrated. 

I  Nor  was  his  name  unheard.  .Milton. 

4.  Uidieard  of;  obscure  ;  not  known  by 
fame.  Granville. 

Unheard  of,  new  ;  unprecedented.  SwiJJ. 

UNHE'ART,  V.  t.  To  discourage;  to  de- 
press; to  dishearten.     [.Vot  in  use.] 

Shak. 

UNIIE'ATED,  a.  Not  heated ;  not  made 
hot.  Boyle; 


U  N  H 


U  N  I 


UNI 


liNHEDU'ED,    a.    Not  Ijedged ;   not  sur- 
rounded hy  n  hedge. 
UNHEE'DED,  a.  Not  heeded ;  disregarded  ; 
neglected. 

The  world's  great  victor  passed  unheeded  by. 

Pope.i 

UNHEE'DFUL,  a.    Not  cautious;  inattcn-j 

tive;  i-iireless.  Beaum.\ 

UNHEE'DING,  a.  Not  heeding;  careless;, 

iiegligeul.  Dnjdm. 

UNHEE'DY,  a.  Precipitate;  sudden. 

Spenser. 
To  uncover.    [Ao<  in  use.] 
Spenser, 
a.    Having  no  hehn. 

PoUok. 

a.    Unassisted ;   having   no 

aid  or  auxiliary  ;  unsupported.        Dri/den. 

UNHELP'FUL,  a.  Aftbrding  no  aid.  Shtik. 

UNHES'ITATLXG,  a.  Not  hesitatnig ;  not 

remaining  in  doubt ;  prompt;  ready. 

Ectec.  Review 
UNHESITATINGLY,  adv.    Without  hesi- 
tation or  doubt. 
UNHEWN',  a.  Not  hewn  ;  rough.    Dryden 
UNHI'DEBOUND,  a.    Lax  of  maw;  capii- 
cious.     [jVot  used.]  Milton. 

UNHIN'DERED,  a.  Not  hindered  ;  not  op- 
posed; exerting  itselftVeely.        S.Clarke, 
UNHINuE,  V.  t.  unhinj'.   To  take  from  the 

hinges ;  as,  to  unhinge  a  door. 
2.  To  displace;  to  unfix  by  violence. 

Blackmore. 


UNIIE'LE,  V.  t 
UNHELM'ED, 
UNHELP'ED, 


CNHOUSE,    V.  t.    unhouz'.    To  drive  fronij 

the  house  or  habitation  ;  to  dislodge. 

Milton. 
2.  To  deprive  of  shelter. 
UNHOUS'ED,  pp.  Driven  from  a  house  or 

habitation.  Shak.' 

'i.  a.  Wanting  a  house  ;  homeless.  Shnk.\ 
.'}.  Having  no  settled  habitation.  Shak. 

4.  Destitute  of  shelter  or  cover.     Cattle  iiij 

severe    weather  should   not   be   left    un-\ 

housed. 
UNHOUS'ELED,  a.  s  as  z.  Not  having  re-l 

ceived  the  sacrament.  Shak.\ 

UNHU'MAN,  a.  Inhuman.  [But  inhuman  is] 

the  word  used.] 
UNHU'MANIZE,   v.t.  To  render  inhuman 

or  barbarous.  J.  Bartow. 

lUNHUM'BLED,  a.  Not  humbled  ;  not  af 
j  fected  with  shame  or  confusion;  not  con- 
t     trite  in  spirit.  Milton. 

2.  In  theology,   not  having  the  will  and  the 

natural  enmity  of  the  heart  to  God   and 

his  liiw,  subdued. 
UNHURT',  a.  Not  hurt;  not   harmed  ;  free 

frniii  wounil  or  iiijurv.  Dn/den.. 

UNHURT'FUL,  a.   Not  hurtful ;  hariiiless; 

iniinxlous.  .Shak. 

UNHURT'FULLY,     adv.    Without    harm  : 

harnrle.ssly.  Pope. 

UNHUS'BANDED,   a.  sasz.    Deprived  of 

support;  neglected.  Browne. 

2.  Not  managed  wiih  frugality. 
UNHUSK'EO,    a.    Nut   being  stripped   ofl 

husks.  j 

a.    [L.  unus,  one,  and 


3.  To  unfix ;  to  loosen  ;  to  render  unstable 

or  wavering;  as,  to  unhinge  the  mind;  toi'UivieAP'SULAR 
vnhinge  opinions.  I     capsula,  chest.] 

UNHOARD,  V.  t.  To  steal  from  a  hoard  ;  to'llaving  one  capsule  to  each  flower,  as  a  per 

scatter. 
UNHO'LINESS,    n.    Want  of  holiness;  an 

unsanctified  state  of  the  heart. 
2.  Impiety  ;  wickedness  ;  profaneness. 

Raleigh, 
a.   Not  holy  ;  not  renewed  and 
3  Tim.  iii. 

2.  Profane;  not  hallowed  ;  not  consecrated  ; 
common.     Heb.  x. 

3.  Impious ;  wicked. 

4.  Not  ceremonially  purified.     Lev.  x. 
UNHON'EST,  a.  [Sec  Honest.]  Dishonest; 

di.>-honorable.      Obs.  Jlseham. 

UNHON'ORED,   a.  [See  Honor.]  Not  hon-ijlJNleORX'OUS,  a.  Having  only  one  horn 
ored  ;  not  regarded  with  veneration  ;  not|  Brown: 

celebrated.  Br^/rfen.i  UNIDE'AL,  «.  Not  ideal ;  real.       Johnson. 

UNllOQK',  I',  t.  To  loose  from  a  hook.  !  "UNIF'LOROUS,  a.   [L.  unus,  one,  anAJlos, 

UNHQQP',  f.  <•    To  strip  of  hoops.  |i     flower.] 

Mdtson.  Benriug  one  flower  only  ;  as  a  uniflorous  pe- 


UNHO'LY, 

sanctified. 


icarp.  Mnrtyn: 

"UNICORN,  n.  [L.  unicornis  ;  unus,  one; 
and  cornu,  horn.]  j 

1.  An  animal  with  one  born ;  the  moiio- 
ceros.  This  name  is  often  ap])lied  to  the 
rhinoceros. 

2.  The  sea  unicorn  is  a  fish  of  the  whale; 
kind,  called  narwal,  remarkable  fora  hnrii 
growing  out  at  his  nose.  Ci/c. 

.3.  A  fowl.  Grew. 

Fossil  unicorii,  or  fossil  unicorn's  horn,  a 
substance  used  in  medicine,  a  terrene 
criist:!ceous  spur.  Cyc. 


UNHO'PED,  a.  Not  hoped  for  ;  not  so  pro- 
bable as  to  excite  hope. 

Witli  unhap\l  success.  Dryden 

Unhoped  for.  unhoped,  as  above. 
UNHOPEFUL,  a.  Such  as  leaves  no  room 
to  hope.  Boyle. 

UNHOKN'ED,  a.   Having  no  horns. 

Tooke. 
UNHORSE,  V.  i.  unhors  .   To  throw  from  a 
horse  ;  to  cause  to  dismount.  Shak. 

UNHORS'ED,  pp.  Thrown  from  a  horse. 

Dryden. 
UNHORS'ING,     ppr.      Throwing  from  a 

horse  ;  dismounting. 
UNHOS'PITABLE,    a.    Not  kind  to  stran- 
gers.    [But  inlw.'ipilahLt   is  the  word  now 
used.] 

UNHOS'TILE,  a.  Not  belonging  to  a  pub- 
lic enemy.  Philips. 


luncle.  Martyn. 

IJ'NIFOKM,    a.   [L.  uniformis;  unus,  one, 

and /o?-ma,  form.] 
1.  Having  always  the  same  form  or  manner 
not  variable.     Thus  we  say,  the  dress   o 
the  Asiatics  is  uniform,  or  has  been  uni 
form  from  early  ages.     So   we  say,  it  is 
the  duty  of  a  christian  to  observe  a  uni- 
form course  of  piety  and  religion. 
"    Consistent  with  itself;  not  different;  as, 
one's  opinions  on  a  particular  subject  have 
been  uniform. 

Ofthes"ame  form  with  others;  conson- 
ant; agreeing  with  each  other;  conform- 
ing to  one  rule  or  mode. 

How  f.ir  churches  are  bound  to  be    uniform 
in  their  ceremonies,  is  douhlerl.  Huokir 

4.  Having  the  same  degree  or  state  ;  as  uni- 
form temperature. 


Uniform  motion.  The  motion  of  a  body  is) 
uniform,  when  it  passes  over  e(pia!  ^(laccs 
in  equal  times.  D.  Olmsted. 

Uniform  matter,  is  that  which  is  all  of  the 
same  kind  and  texture.  Cyc. 

ti'NIFORIM,  n.  The  particular  dress  of 
soldiers,  by  which  one  regiment  or  com- 
pany is  distinguished  from  another,  or  a 
soldier  from  another  person.  We  say, 
the  u»i)/brm  of  a  company  of  militia,  the 
uniform  of  the  artillery  or  matross  compa- 
nies, the  uniform  of  a  regiment,  &c.  This 
dress  is  called  a  uniform,  because  it  is 
alike  among  all  the  soldiers. 
UNIFORM'ITY,  n.  Resemblance  to  itself 
at  all  times  ;  even  tenor  ;  as  the  uniformi- 
ty of  desi-in  in  a  poem. 
Con»istency  ;  sameness  ;  as  the  uniform- 
ity of  a  man's  opinions. 
Contbrinity  to  a  pattern  or  rule ;  resem- 
blance, consonance  or  agreement ;  as  the 
uniformity  of  different  cjiurches  in  cere- 
monies or  rites. 

Similitude  between  tlie  parts  of  a  whole  ; 
as  the  uniformity  of  sides  in  a  regidar 
fifjure.  Beauty  is  said  to  consist  in  uni- 
formity with  variety.  Cyc. 
Continued  or  unvaried  sameness  or  like- 
ness. 

Uniformity  must  tire  at  last,  though  it  is   a 
uniformity  of  excellence.  Johnson. 

Act  of  uniformity,  in  England,  the  act  of  par- 
liatneiii  by  which  the  form  of  public  pray- 
ers,   adiiiini^iration    of    sacraments   and 
other  rites,  is  prescribed  to  be  observed  in 
all  the  churches.      1  Eiiz.  and  13  and  14 
Car.  11. 
UNIFORMLY,     adv.     With   even    tenor, 
without  variation  ;  as  a  temper  uniformly 
niil.l. 
2.   Without  diversity  of  one  from  another. 
"IJNIGF.N  ITURE,  n.  [L.  unigenitus  ;  unus 

and  gi-nitus.] 
The  siitte  iif  being  the  only  begotten. 
UNIO'ENOUS,    a.    [L.  xinigena.]    Of  one 
Kinil;  of  the  same  genus.  Kincan. 

UNILA'BIATE,  a.  In  iiotany,  having  one 
hp  oidy,  as  a  rorol. 

Martyn.    Jisiat.  Res. 
"UNILAT'ERAL,  a.  [L.  unus, one,  and  tatus, 
side.] 

1.  Beini?  on  one  side  or  party  only.  [Unus- 
ual.] ' 

2.  Having  one  side. 
A  unilateral   raceme,  is    when    the    flowers 

grow  oidy  on  one  side  of  the  cotnnion 
peduncle.  Maiiyn. 

UNIiilT'ERAL,  a.  [L.unt/s,  one,  and /tto-a, 
elter.)     Consisting  ofone  letter  oidv. 

IINM.LU'MINATED,  a.  Not  illumiiiated ; 
not  enlightened;  dark. 

2.  Ii;norant. 

UNILLUS  TH.-VTED,  a.  Not  illustrated; 
not  iiiiide  plain.  Good. 

VNILOC'ULAR,  a.  [L.  unus,  one,  and  io- 
culus,  cell.] 

Having  one  cell  only ;  as  a  unilocular  peri- 
carp. 

UNIMAGINABLE,  a.  Not  to  be  imajrined ; 
not  to  be  conceived.  Tillotson. 

MNIMAG'INABLY,  adv.  To  a  degree  not 
to  be  imngim-d.  Boyle. 

UNIMAtVINEU,  a.  Not  imagined  ;  not  con- 
ceived. 

UMMIJU'ED.    a.    Not   imbued ;  not   linc- 

1     tured.  '  ■^■a*«- 


UNI 


U  N  1 


U  N  I 


UNIM'ITABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  imita- 
ted. [Bui  the  word  now  used  is  inimita- 
Ue.] 

UNIM'ITATED,    a.    Not  imitated. 

Johnson. 

UNIMMOR'TAL,  a.  Not  immortal ;  pcrish- 
al)le.  Milton. 

UNIMPA'IRAHLE,  a.  Not  Hable  to  waste 
or  diminution.  Haktunll. 

UNIMI'A'IRED,  a.  Not  impaired;  not  di- 
minished ;  not  enfeebled  by  time  or  inju- 
ry ;  as  an  unimpaired  constitution. 

UNIMPAS'SIONED,  a.  Not  endowed  with 


passions. 


Thomson. 


2.  Free  from  passion;  calm;  not  violent; 
as  an  unimpassioned  address. 

UNJMl'E'ACilAULE,  a.  Tliat  cannot  be 
impeache<i ;  tliat  cannot  be  accused  ;  free 
from  stain,  guilt  or  fault ;  as  au  unimpeach 
able  reputation. 

2.  That  cannot  be  called  in  question  ;  as  an 
unimpeachable  claim  or  teslunony. 

UNlJVll'E' ACHED,  a.  Not  impeached ;  not 
charged  or  accused;  fair;  as  an  unim- 
peached  character. 

2.  Not  called  in  question ;  as  testimony  vn- 
imveached. 

UNIMPEDED,  a.  Not  impeded;  not  hin- 
dered. Rawle. 

UNIM'PLICATED,  a.  Not  implicated  ;  nut 
involved.  Milford. 

UNIMPLI'ED,  o.  Not  implied ;  not  in 
cUuled  by  tair  inference.  Madison. 

UNIftlPLO'RED,  a.  Not  implored;  not  so 
licitcd.  Milton. 

UNIMPORTANT,  <i.  Not  important ;  not 
of  great  moment. 

2.  Not  assuming  airs  of  dignity.  Pope. 

UNIMPORTU'NED,  a.  Not  importuned  ; 
not  solicited. 

UNIMPO'SING,  a.  s  as  z.  Not  imi)0sing; 
not  cnnmianding  respect. 

2.  Not  enjoining  as  obligatory  ;  voluntary. 

Thomson 

UNIMPREG'NATED,  a.  Not  impregnated. 

UNIMPRESSIVE,  a.  Not  impressive  ;  not 
forcihle  ;  not  adapted  to  atFect  or  awaken 
the  passions.  Bcddoes. 

UNIMPROVABLE,  a.  Not  capable  of  im- 
provement, melioration  or  advancement 
to  a  better  condition.  Rambler. 

2.  Inc'apable  of  being  cultivated  or  tilled. 

U'olcott. 

UNIMPROVABLENESS,    n.    The  (luality 

of  lieuig  not  improvable.  Hammond. 

UNIMPROVED,     a.     Not   improved  ;    not 

made   better  or  wiser  ;  not  advanced   in 

knowledge,  manners  or  excellence. 

Rau-le.     Pope.      Gtannlte. 

3.  Not  used  for  a  valuable  purpose.  How 
many  advantages  unimproved  have  we  to 
res: ret ! 

3.  Not  used  ;  not  employed. 

Hamilton.     Ramsay. 

4.  Not  tilled  ;  not  cultivated  ;  as  unimproved 
land  or  soil;  uni7nproved  lots  of  (iriumd. 

Laws  of  Penn.     J-Yanklin.     Ram.i:!}/. 

5.  Uncensnred  ;  not  disapproved.  [Tins 
sense,  from  the  L.  improbo,  is  entirely  ob- 
solete.] 

UNIMPR6VING,  a.  Not  iinproving ;  not 
teniliiiCT  to  advance  or  instruct.      Johnson 

UN  IMPUTABLE,  a.  Not  imputable  or 
chargeable  to. 


UNINCirANTED,  a.  Not  enchanted  ;  not 
afl'ected  by  magic  or  enchanimcnt ;  not 
haunted.     [Usually  unenchanted.] 

UMN€RE'AHABLE,  a.  Admitting  no  in- 
crease.    [JVot  in  use.]  Boyle.'. 

UNINCUMBERED,  a.  Not  incumbered  ;! 
not  burdened. 

2.  Free  from  any  temporary  estate  or  inter-! 
est,  or  from  mortgage,  or  other  charge  or' 
debt  ;  as  an  estate  unincumbered  with 
dower. 

UNINDEBT'ED,  a.  Not  indebted. 

2.  Not  borrowed.     [Unusual.]  Young.< 

UNINDIF'FERENT,  a.  Not  indifferent; 
not  unbiased ;  partial  ;  leaning  to  one 
party.  Hooker.] 

UNINDORSED,  a.  Not  indorsed  ;  not  as- 
signed ;  as  an  unindorsed  iioie  or  bill.         ■ 

UNINDUS'TRIOUS,  a.  Not  industrious; 
not  diligent  in  labor,  study  or  other  pur- 
suit. Decay  of  Piety.\ 

UNlNFEeT'ED,  a.  Not  infected  ;  notcon-| 
tamiuated  or  affected  by  foul  inlectiousl 
air. 

2.  Not  corrupted.  1 

UNINFE€'TIOUS,  a.  Not  infections  ;  not 
foul ;  not  cai)able  of  communicating  dis- 
ease. 

UNINFLA'MED,  a.  Not  inflamed  ;  not  set 
on  fire.  Bacon. 

i.  Not  highly  provoked. 

UNINFLAM  iMABLE,  a.  Not  inflamma- 
ble ;  not  capable  of  being  set  on  fire. 

Jioyle. 

UNIN'FLUENCED,  a.  Not  influenced; 
not  jjersuaded  or  moved  by  others,  or  by 
foreign  considerations ;  not  biased  ;  acting 
freely. 

2.  Not  proceeding  from  influence,  bias  or 
prejudice  ;  as  uninjluenced  conduct  or  ac- 
tions. 

UNINFORM'ED,  a.  Not  informed;  not  in- 
strucieil  ;  iiiitaught.  Milton. 

2.  V'naniiiiated  ;  not  enlivened.        Spectator. 

I'NINFOKM'liNG,  a.  Not  furnishing  iiifor- 
iiiuiion  ;  uninstruciive.  Milford. 

UNINOE'NIOUS,  o.  Not  ingenious  ;  dnll. 

Burke. 
U.MNciEN'UOUS,    a.    Not  ingenuous;  not 
frank  or  candid  ;  disingiMiuous. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

UNINHABITABLE,   a.    Not  inhal.ilal.le : 

that  in  which  men  cannot  live  ;  unlit  to  lie 

the  residence  of  men.  Raleigh. 


UNINSULATED,    a.    Not   insulated;  not 

being  separated  or  detached  from  every 

thing  else.  Ure. 

UNINSU'RED,  a.  [See  Sure.]  Not  insured; 

not  assured  against  loss. 
UNI.NTEL'LIOENT,  a.  Not  having  reason 
or  consciousness;  not  possessing  under- 
standing. Benlley. 
2.  Not  knowing  :  not  skillful;  dull.  Locke. 
UNINTELLKilBIL'ITY,  n.  The  quality 
I     of  being  not  intflligihle.  Buniet. 

UNINTELLIGIBLE,  a.    Not   intelligible; 
I     that  cannot  lie  understood.  Sicifl. 

UNINTEL'LIGIBLY,  adv.  In  a  manner 
not  to  be  understood. 

UNINTEND'ED,  a.  Not  intended  ;  not 
designed.  Locke. 

UNINTENTIONAL,  a.  Not  intentional; 
not  designed  ;  done  or  happening  without 
design.  Boyle. 

UNINTENTIONALLY,  adv.  Without  de- 
sign or  purpose. 

UNINTERESTED,  a.  Not  interested  ; 
not  having  any  interest  or  property  in; 
having  nothing  at  slake  ;  as,  to  be  unin- 
terested in  any  business  or  calamity. 

2.  Not  having  the  mind  or  the  passions  en- 
gaged ;  as,  to  be  uninterested  in  adiscourse 
or  narration. 

UNINTERESTING,  a.  Not  capable  of 
exciting  an  interest,  or  of  engaging  the 
mind  or  passions  ;  as  an  uninteresting 
story  or  poem. 

UNINTERMIS  SIGN,  n.  Defect  or  failure 
of  intermission.  Parker. 

UNINTERMITTED,  a.    Not  intermitled  ; 

I  not  interrupted  ;  not  suspended  lor  a  time  ; 
continued.  Hale. 

UMNTERMIT  TING.  a.  Not  intermitting; 

!     not  ceasiiiiT  lor  a  time;  continuing. 

UNINTEUMITTINGLY,     adv.     Without 

j     cessation  ;  continually.  Milford. 

UNINTERMI.VED,    a.    Not   iniei mixed; 

!     not  mingled. 

UNIN  TERPOLATED,  a.  Not  interpolat- 
ed ;  not  inserted  at  a  time  subsequent  to 
the  original  w  riling. 

I'NINTERIUPT'ED,  a.  Not  interrupted; 
not  broken.  Addison. 

2.  Not  ilisturbed  by  intrusion  or  avocation. 

IJNINTEUKUPTEDLY,  adv.  Without  in- 
terruption;  without  disturhancc. 

UNINTKENCII  ED,    a.     Not  intrenched  ; 

I     not  defended  by  inirenehnients.  Pope 


jUNINIlAKirABLENESS,  n.  The  state ofiV-^j^^rp^i^^^Tpp^  „    n,„  perplexed;  not 


lieiiig  uniiiliabilable. 

UNINHABITED,  a.  Not  inhabited  byl 
men  ;  having  no  inhabitants.  Swifl.] 

I'NINI'TIATED,  o    Not  initiated.  j 

UNIN'JURED,  a.  Not  injured;  not  hurt; 
^ut^'erillg  no  harm.  Milton. 

L'NINtil'lSITIVE,  a.  s  as  z.  Not  inquisi- 
tive ;not  curious  to  search  and  inquire. 

itnrton. 

UNINSCRI'BED,  a.  Not  inscribed ;  having 
no  inscription.  Pope. 

UNINSPI'KED,  n.  Not  having  received 
any  supernatural  instruction  or  illumina- 
tion. Locke.' 

UNlNSTRUeT'ED,  a.  Not  instructed  or 
tauglit;  not  cducateil. 

2.  Not  directed  by  sujierior  authority;  not| 
funiislied  with  instructions. 

UNINSTRUCT  IVE,  «.  Not  instructive  ; 
not  conferring  improvement.        Addison. 


obscure  or  intricate. 


[.\'ot  in  use.] 

Hammond. 

UNINTRODU  CED,  n.  Not  iniioduced  ; 
not  properly  conducted ;  obtrusive. 

Young. 

UNINU'RED,  a.  Not  inured;  not  harden- 
ed by  use  or  practice.  Philips. 

U.MNVENT'ED,  a.  Not  invented  ;  not 
found  out.  Milton. 

UNINVESTED,  a.  Not  invested  ;  not 
cloiheil.  Dwighl. 

■i.  Not  converted  into  some  species  of  prop- 
erty le.ss  fleeting  than  money  ;  as  money 
uninvested.  Hnmillon. 

UNINVES'TIGABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be 
iiivpsticated  or  searched  out.  R^y- 

IN  INVIDIOUS,  a.  Not  invidious. 

UNINVI  TED,  a.  Not  invited;  not  request- 
ed ;  not  solicited.  Philips. 


UNI 


UNI 


UNI 


"U'NION,  n.  [Fr.  union  ;  It.  unione  ;  L.  unio, 
to  unite,  ti'oiii  rmus,  one.] 

J.  The  act  of  joining  two  or  more  tliing.s 
into  one,  and  thus  forming  a  compound 
body  or  a  mixture;  or  the  junction  or 
coalition  of  thiiigs  thus  united.  Union 
differs  from  connection,  as  it  imphes  the 
bodies  to  be  in  contact,  without  an  inter- 
vening body  ;  whereas  things  may  be 
connected  by  the  intervention  of  a  third 
body,  as  by  a  cord  or  chain. 

One  kingdom,  joy  and  union  without  end. 

MUton. 

2.  Concord;  agreement  and  conjunction  of 
mind,  will,  affections  or  interest.  Happy 
is  the  family  where  perfect  union  subsists 
between  all  its  members. 

3.  The  junction  or  united  existence  of  spirit 
and  matter  ;  as  the  union  of  soul  and 
body. 

4.  Among  painters,  a  symmetry  and  agree- 
ment between  the  several  parts  of  a  paint- 
ing. Cijc. 

5.  In  architecture,  harmony  between  the 
colors  in  the  materials  of  a  building. 

Ctjc. 

6.  In  ecclesiastical  affairs,  the  combining  or 
consolidating  of  two  or  more  churches 
into  one.  This  cannot  be  done  without 
the  consent  of  the  bishop,  the  patron,  and 
the  incumbent.  Union  is  by  accession, 
when  the  united  benefice  becomes  an  ac- 
cessory of  the  principal  ;  by  confusion, 
where  the  two  titles  are  sup|)ressed,  and  a 
new  one  created,  including  both  ;  and  by 
equality,  where  the  two  titles  subsist,  but 
are  equal  and  independent.  Cyc. 

7.  States  united.     Thus  the  United  States 
of  America  are  sometimes  called  the  Un 
ion.  Marshall.     Hamilton. 

S.  A  pearl.     [L.  unio.]     [JVot  in  use.] 

Union,  or  ^ct  of  union,  the  act  by  which 
Scotland  was  united  to  England,  or  by 
which  the  two  kingdoms  were  incorpo- 
rated into  one,  in  1707. 

Legislative  union,  the  union  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland,  in  1800. 

Union  by  the  first  intention,  in  surgery,  the 
process  by  which  the  opposite  surfaces  of 
recent  woumls  grow  together  and  unite 
without  suppuration,  when  they  are  kept 
in  contact  with  each  other ;  the  result  of 
a  wonderful  self-healing  power  in  living 
bodies.  Cyc. 

UNIP' AROUS,  a.  [L.  units,  one,  and  pario, 
to  bear.]     Producing  one  at  a  birth. 

Brou>n. 

UNIRA'DIATED,  a.  Having  one  ray. 

Encyc 

fNIR'RITATED,    a.    Not  irritated  ;  not 

fretted. 
2.  Not  provoked  or  angered. 
UNIR'RITATING,    a.     Not   irritating  or 

fretting. 

2.  Not  |)rovoking. 

3.  Not  exciting.  Beddoes. 
TJ'NISON,    n.    [L.  unus,  one,   and  sonus, 

sound.] 
1.  In  music,  an  accordance  or  coincidence 
of  sounds,  proceeding  from  an  equality  in 
the  nnml)cr  of  vibrations  made  in  a  given 
time  by  a  sonorous  body.  If  two  chords' 
of  the  same  matter  l-.ave  equal  length,! 
thickness  and  tension,  they  are  said  to  he 
in  unison,  and  their  sounds  will  be  in 
unison.    Sounds  of  very  different  quali- 


ties and  force  may  be  in  unison  ;  as  the 
sound  of  a  bell  may  be  in  unison  with  a 
sound  of  a  flute.  Unison  then  consists  in 
sameness  of  degree,  or  similarity  in  res- 
pect to  gravity  or  acuteness,  and  is  ajjpli- 
cable  to  any  sound,  whether  of  instruments 
or  of  the  human  organs,  &c. 

12.  A  single  unvaried  note.  Pope. 

In  unison,  in  agreement ;  in  harmony. 

TJ'NISON,  a.  Sounding  alone. 

Sounds  intermix'd  with  voice, 
Choral  or  unison. 

UNIS'ONANCE,  n.  Accordance  of  sounds. 

What  constitutes  unisormnce  is  the  equality 

of  the   number  of  vibrations  of  two    eonorou-^ 

bodies,  in  equal  times.  Cyc 

UNIS'ONANT,  a.  Being  in  unison  ;  having 

the  same  degree  of  gravity  or  acuteness. 
"UNIS'ONOUS,   a.    Being  in  unison. 

Busby. 
U'NIT,    n.    fL.   umis,   one;  unitas,   unity.] 

1.  One  ;  a  word  which  denotes  a  single  tiling 
or  person  ;  the  least  whole  number. 

Units  are  the  integral  parts  of  any  large  num- 
ber. Watts. 

2.  In  mathematics,  any  known  determinate 
quantity,  by  the  constant  repetition  of 
which,  any  other  quantity  of  the  same 
kind  is  measured.     [See  Unity.] 

D.  Olmsted. 

UNITA'RIAN,  n.  [L.  ujiitus,  imus.]  One 
whodenies  the  doctrine  of  the  trinity,  and 
ascribes  divinity  to  God  the  Father  only. 
Tlie  Arian  and  Socinian  are  botli  compre- 
hended in  the  term  Unitarian. 

UNITA'RIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Unitarians, 
or  to  the  doctrine  of  the  unity  of  the  God- 
bead. 

UNITA'RIANISM,  n.  The  doctrines  of 
Unitarians,  who  contend  for  the  unity  of 
the  Godhead,  in  opposition  to  tlie  Trinita- 
rians, and  who  of  course  deny  the  divinity 
of  Cluist. 

UNI'TE,  V.  t.  [L.  tinio,  unitus ;  Fr.  Sp. 
unir ;  It.  unire.] 

To  put  together  or  join  two  or  more 
things,  which  make  one  compound  or 
mixture.  Thus  we  itnite  the  pans  of  a 
building  to  make  one  structure.  The 
kingdoms  of  England,  Scotland  and  Ire 
land  united,  form  one  enqjire.  So  we 
unite  spirit  and  water  and  otlier  liquors. 
We  uni/c  strands  to  make  a  rope.  The 
states  of  North  America  united,  form  one 
nation. 

2.  To  join  ;  to  connect  in  a  near  relation  or 
alliance  ;  as,  to  unite  families  by  marriage  ; 
to  unite  nations  by  treaty. 

3.  To  make  to  agree  or  he  uniform  ;  as,  to 
xmite  a  kingdom  in  one  form  of  worship: 
to  unite  men  in  opinions.  Clarendon. 

4.  To  cause  to  arlhere;  as,  to  unile  bricks 
or  stones  by  cement. 

5.  To  join  in  interest  or  fellowship.  Gen 
xlix. 

6.  To  tie  ;  to  splice  ;  as,  to  unite  two  cords 
or  ropes. 

7.  To  join  in  affection;  to  make  near;  as, 
to  unile  hearts  in  love. 

To  unite  the  heart,  to  cause  all  its  powers  and 
affections  to  join  with  order  and  delight 
in  Ihe  same  objects.      Ps.  Ixxxvi. 

VNI'TF;,  I'.  )'.  To  join  in  an  act ;  to  concur  ; 
to  act  in  conci;rt.  All  parties  united  in 
petitioning  for  a  repeal  of  the  law. 

2.  To  coalesce ;  to  be  cemented  or  consoli- 


dated; to  combine;  as,  bodies  unile  by 
attraction  or  afiinity. 

.  To  grow  together,  as  the  parts  of  a 
wound. 

The  spur  of  a  young  cock   grafted  into  the 
comb,  will  unite  and  grow.  Duhamel. 

4.  To  coalesce,  as  sounds. 

5.  To  be  mixed.  Oil  and  water  will  not 
unite. 

UNI'TED,  pp.  Joined  ;  made  to  agree  ; 
cemented  ;  mixed  ;  attached  by  growth. 

United  flowers,  are  su<-h  as  have  the  stamene 
and  piMils  in  the  same  flower.  Cyc. 

UNI'TER,  n.  The  person  or  thing  that 
unites. 

UNI'TING,  ppr.  Joining;  causing  to  agree  : 
consolidating  ;  coalescing  ;  growing  to- 
gether. 

UNI"TION,  n.  Junction  ;  act  of  uniting. 
LVot  in  use.]  Wiseman. 

"LI'NITIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  of  unit- 
ing.    [JVot  used.]  JVorris. 

OJ'NITV,  n.  [L.  unitas.]  The  state  of  being 
one  ;  oneness.  Unity  may  consist  of  a 
simple  sidistance  or  existing  being,  as  the 
soul;  but  usitally  it  consists  in  a  close 
junction  of  particles  or  parts,  constituting 
a  body  detached  from  other  bodies.  Uni- 
ty is  a  thing  undivided  itself,  but  separate 
from  every  other  thing. 

School  Philosophy. 
Concord  ;  conjunction  ;  as  a  unity  of 
proofs.  Shak. 

3.  Agreement;  uniformity;  as  um'<i/ of  doc- 
trine ;  Jinj/]/ of  worship  in  a  church. 

Hooker. 
In  christian  theology,  oneness  of  sentiment, 
affection  or  beliavior. 

How  good  and  how  pleasant  it  is  for  brethren 
to  dwell  together  in  unity  .'  Ps.  cxxxiii. 
In  mathematics,  the  abstract  expression 
ibr  any  unit  whatsoever.  The  number  1  is 
unity,  when  it  is  not  applied  to  any  par- 
ticular object ;  but  a  unit,  when  it  is  so 
applied.  D.  Olmsted. 

6.  In  poetry,  the  principle  by  which  a  uni- 
form tenor  of  story  and  propriety  of  repre- 
sentation is  preserved.  In  the  drama, 
there  are  three  unities  ;  the  unity  of  action, 
that  of  time,  and  that  of  place.  In  the 
epic  poem,  the  great  and  almost  only  uni- 
ty is  thai  of  action. 

In  music,  such  a  combination  of  parts  as 
to  constitute  a  whole,  or  a  kind  of  symme- 
try of  style  and  character.  Rousseau. 

8.  In  law,  the  properties  of  a  joint  estate  are 
derived  from  its  unity,  which  is  fourfold; 
unity  of  interest,  unity  of  title,  unity  of 
time,  and  unity  of  possession  ;  in  other 
words,  joint-tenants  have  one  and  the 
same  interest,  accruing  by  one  and  the 
same  conveyance,  commencing  at  the 
same  time,  and  held  by  one  and  the  same 
undivided  possession.  Blackstone. 

9.  U\law,  unity  of  possession,  is  a  joint  pos- 
session of  two  rights  by  several  titles,  as 
when  n  man  has  a  lease  of  land  upon  a 
certain  rent,  and  aiierwarils  buys  the  fee 
simple.  This  \s  a  unity  of  possession,  by 
which  the  lease  is  extinguished. 

Unity  of  fiiilh,  is  an  equal  belief  of  the  same 
truths  of  God,  and  ]>ossession  of  the  grace 
of  faith  in  like  form  and  degree.       Brown. 

Unity  of  spirit,  is  the  oneness  which  subsists 
between  Christ  and  his  saints,  by  which 
the  same  si)irit  dwells  in  both,  and  both 


UNI 


U  N  K 


U  N  L 


have  the  same  disposition  and  aims;  and 
it  is  ihe  oneness  of  christians  amof  jr  them-] 
selves,  utiitcd  under  the  same  head,  hav- 
ing the  same  spirit  dwelling  in  them,  and 
possessing  the  same  graces,  faith,  love,l 
hope,  &o.  Brotm. 

VNIVALVE,  a.  [L.  unus,  one,  and  valvcr.] 
Having  one  valve  only,  as  a  shell  or  peri- 
carp. 

U'NIVALVE,  n.  A  shell  having  one  valve 
only.  The  univalves  form  one  of  the  three 
divisions  into  which  shells  arc  usually  di- 
vided. Linne. 

UNIVALV'ULAR,    a.    Having  one   valve 
only  ;  as  a  univalvular  pericarp  or  shell. 
Martyn.     Ct/c. 

UNIVERS'AL,  a.  [L.  universalis  ;  iinus 
and  versor.] 

1.  All ;  extending  to  or  comprehending  the 
whole  number,  quantity  or  space  ;  asunt- 
versal  ruin;  universal  guoi\;  universal  bc- 
iievolence. 

The  universal  ciuso 
Acts  not  by  partial,  but  by  general  laws. 

Pope 
9.  Total ;  whole. 

From  hatinony,  from  hcav'nly  harmony, 
TliU  unimrsal  IVamc  began.  jUri/den 

3.  Comprising  all  the  particulars;  as  tin ii'cr- 
sal  kinds.  Davies. 

4.  In  bolani/,  a  universal  umbel,  is  a  priinaj-y 
or  general  umhel ;  the  first  or  largest  set 
of  rays  in  .i  compound  umhel  ;  o|>posed 
to  partial.  A  universal  involucre  is  placed 
at  the  f<"it  of  a  universal  umhel.     Martyn 

Universal  instrument,  is  one  which  measures 
all  kinds  of  distances,  lengths,  &c. ;  as  the 
pantometer  or  hidometer.  Cyc. 

Universal  dial,  is  a  dial  by  which  the  hour 
may  he  tiiund  by  the  sun  in  any  part  of 
the  world,  or  under  any  elevation  of  the 
pole. 

Universal  proposition.     [See  the  Noun.] 

Cyc. 

XJNIVERS'AL,  n.  [See  the  Adjective.]  "in 
logic,  a  universal  is  complex  t>r  inconipler. 
A  complex  universal,  is  euher  a  universal 
proposition,  as  "  every  whole  is  greater 
than  its  parts,"  or  wljatever  raises  a  man- 
ifold conception  in  the  mind,  as  the  defini- 
tion of  a  rea.sonable  aniniid. 

An  incomplex  universal,  is  what  produ- 
ces one  conception  oidy  in  the  mind,  and 
is  a  simple  thing  respecting  m!in>  ;  as  hu- 
man nature,  which  relates  to  every  indi- 
vidual in  which  it  is  found.  Cyc. 

2.  The  whole ;  the  general  system  of  tlie 
universe.     [JVotinuse.] 

"UNIVERS'ALISM,  n.  In  (/teo^ogi/,  the  doc- 
trine or  belief  that  all  men  will  be  saved 
or  made  happy  in  a  future  life. 

VNIVEKf^'ALlST,  n.  One  who  holds  the 
doctrine  that  all  men  will  be  saved. 

tFNIVERSAL'lTY,  n.  The  state  of  extend- 
ing to  the  whole  ;  as  the  universality  of  a 
pn>(iositi(in  ;  the  universality  of  sin:  the 
unh-i  r.snlity  of  the  deluge.  Woodward. 


UMVKK8  ALLY, 
the 
all 


from  metaphysical,  which  precludes  all  excep- 
tions.] 

UNIVEKS'ALNESS,  n.  Universality. 

VNIVERSE,  n.  [Vv.univers;  L.  universi- 
las.] 

The  collective  name  of  heaven  and  earth, 
and  all  tliat  belongs  to  them  ;  the  whole 
system  of  created  things;  the  to  jtai- of  the 
Greeks,  and  the  mundus  of  the  Latins. 

UNIVEKS'ITY,  n.  An  assemblage  of  col- 
leges established  in  any  place,  with  pro- 
fessors for  instructing  students  in  the  sci- 
ences and  other  branches  of  learning,  and 
where  degrees  arc  conferred.  A  universi- 
ty is  properly  a  universal  school,  in  which 
are  taught  all  branches  of  learning,  or  the 
four  faculties  of  theology,  medicine,  law, 
and  the  sciences  and  arts.  Cyc. 

UNIVOCAL,  a.  [L.  unus,  one,  and  vox, 
word.] 

1.  Having  one  meaning  only.  A  univocal 
word  is  opposed  to  an  eiiuivocal,  which 
has  two  or  more  significations.  fi'atts. 

2.  Having  unison  of  sounds  ;  as  the  octave 
in  music  and  its  replicates.  Rousseau. 

3.  Certain  ;  regidar  ;  pursuing  always  one 
tenor.     [lAttle  used.]  Broicn. 

UNIV'OCALLY,  adv.  In  one  term;  in  one 
sense. 

How  is  sin  univocally  distinguished  into  ve- 
nial and  mortal,   if  tlie  venial  be  not  sin  .' 

Hale. 

In  one  tenor.     [Liltle  used.]  Ray- 

ViMVOC.A'TlON,  n.  Agreement  of  name 
and  meaning.  Cyc. 

U'NIVOQUE,  }       In   7nusic,  univocal  con 

U'NIVOKE,  I"'  cords  are  the  octave  and 
its  recurrences,  above  or  below.  Cyc. 

UNJOINT',  V.  t.   To  disjoint.  Fuller. 

UNJOINT'ED,  a.  Disjointed  ;  separated. 

Milton. 

2.  Having  no  joint  or  articulation  ;  as  an  un- 
jolntcd  stem.  Botany. 

UNJOY'OUS,  a.  Not  joyous ;  not  gay  or 
L-heerfid.  Thomson 

UNJUDti'ED,  a.  Not  judged;  not  judicial- 
ly determined.  Prior. 

UNJUPT'.  a.  Not  just;  acting  contrary  to 
the  standard  of  right  established  by  the 
divine  law  ;  not  eciuitablc  ;  as  an  unjust 
man. 

Contrary  to  justice  and  right;  wrongful; 
as  an  unjust  sentence;  an  unjtist  demand  ; 
an  unjust  accusation. 

L'NJUST'IFLABLE,  a.  Not  justifiable  ;  that 
caimot  be  proved  to  he  right ;  not  to  be 
vindicated  or  defended  ;  as  an  unjustijia 
hie  motive  or  action.  Jitterbury. 

UNJUST'IFIABLENESS,  n.  The  quality 
of  not  beitiii  justifiable.  Clarendon 

UNJUST'1FL\15LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  that 
cannot  be  justified  or  vindicated. 

UNJUSTIFIED,  a.  Not  justified  or  vindi- 
cated. 

2.  Not  pardoned.  J.  M.  Mason. 

UNJUST'LY,  adv.  In  an  unjust  manner; 
wrongfully. 


adv.  With  extension  to!;UNKED,  )  for  uncouth,  odd;  strange.    [Ao< 


ED, )  fo 
H),   \in 


whole;  in  a   manner  to  comprehend  UNKR),   ^  in  use. 

without    exception.     Air  is   a   fluid  UNKEM'MED,  ^      Uncombed  ;  unpolished. 

"  UNKEMPT',      S  Spenser. 

f  Obsolete,  except  in  poetry.] 

UNKENNEL,  t'.  t.  To  drive  from  his  hole ; 

as,  to  unkennel  a  fox.  Shak. 

'2.  To  rouse  from  secrecy  or  retreat.     Shak 

3.  To  release  from  a  kennel. 

103 


universally  difl'used.  God's  laws  are  uni- 
versally binding  on  his  creatures. 
[Note  — Universal  and  its  derivatives  are  used  in 
common  discouisc  for  general.  This  kind  of 
universality  is  by  the  sclioulriion  called  moral 
as  adiiiiaing  of  some  exceptions,  iu  distinction 

Vol.  11. 


UNKEN'NELED,  pp.  Driven  or  let  loose 

from  confinement,  as  a  fox  or  dog. 
I'NKENT',  a.  [un  and  Accn,  to  know.]    Un- 
known.    Obs.  Spenser. 
UNKEI'T',  a.  Not  kept ;  not  retained  ;  not 

preserved. 
2.  Not  observed  ;  not  obeyed  ;  as  a  com- 
niand.  Hooker. 

UNKERN'ELED,  a.  Destitute  of  a  kernel. 

PoUok. 
UNKIND,    a.   Not  kind;  not  benevolent; 
not  favorable  ;  not  obliging.  Shak. 

2.  Unnatural.  Spenser. 

UNKINDLY,    a.    Unnatural  ;    contrary    to 
nature  ;  as  an  unkindly  crime.       Spenser. 
i2.  Unfavorable;  malignant;  as  an  unkindly 
I     fog.  Milton. 

UNKINDLY,  adv.  Without  kindness  :  with- 
out aftection ;  as,  to  treat  one  unkindly. 
2.  In  a  manner  contrary  to  nature;  unnatu- 
rally. 

All  works  of  nature, 
Abortive,  monstrous,  or  unkindly  mix'd. 

ArUton. 
UNKINDNESS,  »i.  Want  of  kindness  ;  want 

of  natural  affection  ;  want  of  good  will. 
2.  Disobliging  treatment ;  disfavor. 
UNKING',   V.  t.  To  deprive  of  royalty. 

Shak. 
UNKING'LIKE,  >  Unbecoming  a  king; 
UNKING'LV,       S      not  noble. 

Milntr.     Shak. 
UNKIPS'ED,  a.  Not  kissed.  Shak. 

INKLE.     [See  Uncle.] 
UNKNIGHTLY,  a.   Unbecoming  a  knight. 

Sidney. 
UNKNIT',  V.  t.  To  separate  threads  that 
are  kiiil ;  to  open  ;  to  loose  work  that  is 
I     knit  or  knotted.  Shak. 

,2.  To  open.  Shak. 

lUNKNOT',  I',  t.    To   free  from   knots  ;  to 

untie. 
UNKNOW,  r.  t.  To  cease  to   know.     [M>t 

in  use.] 
UNKNOWABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  known. 

Halts. 
UNKNOWING,  a.  Not  knowing ;  ignorant; 
with  of. 

Unknowing  of  deceit.  Pope. 

UNKNOWINGLY,  adv.  Ignorantly ;  with- 
out knowledge  or  design.  Addison. 
UNKNOWN,  a.  Not  known.     The  author 
of  the  invention  is  xmknoum. 

2.  Greater  than  is  imagined.  Bacon. 

3.  Not  having  had  cohabitation.  Shak. 
'4.  Not  having  communication.  Addison. 
UNLA'BORED,  a.  Not  produced  by  labor; 
[  as  unlabored  harvests.  Dryden. 
2.  Not  cultivated  by  labor;  not  tilled. 
I  Blackmore. 
;3.  Spontaneous;  voluntary;  that  offers  wiili- 

out  effort ;  natural. 

.\nd  from  Uie  theme  unlabor'd  beauties  rise. 

Ticket. 

4.  Easy  ;  natural ;  not  stiff;  as  an  unlabored 
style.  Roscoe. 

UNLABO'RIOUS,  a.  Not  laborious  ;  not 
difficult  to  be  done.  Milton. 

UNL.\'CE,  V.  i.  To  loose  from  lacing  or 
fastening  by  a  cord  or  strings  pa.s-sed 
through  loops  and  holes  ;  as,  to  unlace  a 
helmet  or  a  garment. 

2.  To  loose  a  woman's  dress. 

3.  To  divest  of  ornaments.  Shak. 
l4.  In  sea  language,  to  loose  and  take  off  a 

bonnet  from  a  sail. 


U  N  L 


U  N  L 


U  N  L 


UNLA'CED,  pp.  Loosed  from  lacing ;  un 
fastened. 

UNLA'CING,  ppr.  Loosing  from  lacing  or 
fastening. 

UNLACK'EYED,  a.  Unattended  with  a 
lackey.  Cowper. 

UNLADE,  V.  t.  To  unload  ;  to  take  out  the 
cargo  of;  as,  to  unlade  a  ship. 

2.  To  unload  ;  to  remove,  as  a  load  or  bur- 
den.    Acts  xxi. 

UNLA'DEN,  pp.  of  lade.  Unloaded. 

UNLA'ID,  a.  Not  placed  ;  not  fixed. 

Hooker. 

2.  Not  allayed ;  not  pacified  ;  not  suppress- 
ed. Milton. 

3.  Ni)t  laid  out,  as  a  corpse.  B.  Jonson. 
UNLAMENT'ED,  a.  Not  lamented ;  whose 

loss  is  not  deplored. 

Thus  unlamented  pass  the  proud  away. 

Pope. 

UNL'ARDED,  a.  Not  intermixed  or  insert- 
ed for  improvement.  Chesteijield. 

UNLATCH',  V.  i.  To  open  or  loose  by  lift- 
ing the  latch. 

UNLAU'RELED,  a.  Not  crowned  with  lau 
rel  ;  not  honored.  Byron. 

UNLAV'ISH,  a.  Not  lavish;  not  profuse; 
not  wasteful. 

UNLAV'ISHED,  a.  Not  lavished;  not  spent 
wastefully. 

UNLAW,  V.  t.  To  deprive  of  the  authority 
of  law.  Milton. 

UNLAWFUL,  a.  Not  lawful  ;  contrary  to 
law  ;  illegal;  not  permitted  by  law. 

Dryden. 

Unlawful  assembly,  in  law,  the  meeting  of 
three  or  more  persons  to  commit  an  un- 
lawful act. 

UNLAWFULLY,  adv.  In  violation  of  law 
or  right ;  illegally.  Taylor. 

2.  Ulegitimately  ;  not  in  wedlock  ;  as  a  child 
unlawfully  born.  Addison. 

UNLAVV'FULNESS,  n.  Illegality;  contra- 
riety to  law.  South. 

2.  Illegitimacy. 

UNLEARN',  t>.  t.  unlern'.  To  forget  or  lose 
what  has  been  learned.  It  is  most  im- 
portant to  us  all  to  unlearn  the  errors  of 
our  early  education. 

I  had  learned  nothing  right ;  I   had  to   un- 
learn every  thing.  Luther  in  Milner. 

UNLEARN'ED,  pp.  Forgotten. 

2.  a.  Not  learned  ;  ignorant ;  illiterate  ;  not 
instructed.  Dryden. 

3.  Not  gained  by  study  ;  not  known. 

Milton. 

4.  Not  suitable  to  a  learned  man  ;  as  unlearn- 
ed verses.  Shak. 

UNLEARN'EDLY,  adv.  Ignoranlly. 

Broivn. 

UNLEARN'EDNESS,  n.  Want  of  learn- 
ing ;  illiterateness.  Sylvester. 

UNLEAVENED,  a.  nnlev'ened.  Not  leav- 
ened ;  not  raised  by  leaven,  barm  or  yeast. 
Ex.  xii. 

UNLEC'TURED,  a.  Not  taught  by  lecture. 

Young. 

UNLEISURED,  a.  unlezh'ured.  Not  having 
leisure.     [JVot  in  use.]  Milton. 

UN  LENT,'  a.  Not  lent. 

UNLESS',  conj.  [Sax.  onlesan,  to  loose  or 
release.] 

Except  ;  that  is,  remove  or  dismiss  the  fact 
or  thing  staled  in  the  sentence  or  clause 
which  follows.     "We  cannot  thrive,  U7i 
has  we  ore  industrious  and  frugal."    TThe 


sense  will  be  more  obvious  with  the  claus- 
es of  the  sentence  inverted.  Unless,  [re- 
move this  fact,  suppose  it  not  to  exist,] 
we  are  industrious  and  frugal,  we  cannot 
thrive.  Unless  then  answers  for  a  nega- 
tion. If  we  are  not  industrious,  we  cannot 
thrive. 

UNLES'SONED,  a.  Not  taught ;  not  in- 
structed. Shak 

UNLET'TERED,  a.  Unlearned;  untaught; 
ignorant.  Dryden. 

UNLET'TEREDNESS,  n.  Want  of  learn- 
ing. Waltrhouse 

UNLEV'ELED,  a.  Not  leveled  ;  not  laid 
even.  'JKckel. 

UNLIBID'INOUS,  a.  Not  libidinous;  not 
lustful.  Milton. 

UNLI'CENSED,  a.  Not  licensed;  not  hav 
ing  permission  by  authority  ;  as  an  unli 
censed  innkeeper. 

The  vending  of  ardent  spirits,  in  places  li 
censed  or  U7ilicensed,  is  a  tremendous  evil. 

L.  Beecher. 

UNLICK'ED,  a.  Shapeless  ;  not  formed  to 
smoothness  ;  as  an  unlicked  bear  whelp. 

Shak 

UNLIGHTED,  a.  Not  lighted  ;  not  illumin- 
ated. Prior. 

2.  Not  kindled  or  set  on  fire. 

UNLIGHTSOME,  a.  Dark  ;  gloomy ;  want- 
ing light.  Milton. 

UNLI'KE,  a.  Dissimilar;  having  no  resem- 
blance. Never  were  two  men  more  un- 
like.    The  cases  are  entirely  unlike. 

2.  Improbable  ;  unlikely.  Bacon. 

UNLI'KELIHQQD,  /„    Improbability. 

UNLI'KELINESS,   J "'         South.     Locke. 

UNLl'KELY,  a.  Improbable  ;  such  as  can- 
not be  reasonably  expected  ;  as  an  unlike- 
ly event.  The  thing  you  mention  is  very 
unlikely. 

2.  Not  promising  success.  He  employs  very 
unlikely  means  to  effect  his  nhject. 

UNLl'KELY,  adv.  Improbably.      Addison. 

UNLl'KENESS,  n.  Want  of  resemblance; 
dissimilitude.  Dryden. 

UNLIM'BER,  a.  Not  limber ;  not  flexible  ; 
not  yielding. 

UNLIM'ITABLE,  a.  Admitting  no  limits ; 
boundless.     [We  now  use  illimitable.] 

UNLIM'ITED,  a.  Not  hmited ;  having  no 
bounds ;  boundless.  Boyle. 

2.  Undefined  ;  indefinite ;  not  hounded  by 
proper  exceptions  ;  as  unlimited  terms. 

3.  Unconfined  ;  not  restrained. 

.\scribe  not  to   God  such  an  unlhtiited  exer- 
cise of  mercy  as  may  destroy  his  justice. 

Rogers. 

Unlimited  problem,  is  one  which  is  capable  of 
infinite  solutions.  Cyc. 

UNLIM'ITEDLY,  adv.  Without  bounds. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

UNLIM'ITEDNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
boundless,  or  of  being  undefined. 

Johnson. 

UNLIN'EAL,  a.  Not  in  a  line  ;  not  coming 
in  the  order  of  succession.  Shak. 

UNLINK',  V.  I.  To  separate  links ;  to  loose; 
to  unfasten  ;  to  untwist.  Shak. 

UNLIQ'UIDATED,  a.  Not  liquidated  ;  not 
settled  ;  not  having  the  exact  amount  as- 
certained ;  as  an  unliquidated  debt ;  un- 
liquidated accounts.  Hamilton. 

2.  Unpaid  ;  unadjusted.  iVheaton. 

UNLIQ'UIFIED,  a.  Uumelted  ;  notilissoU- 
ed.  Addison. 


UNLIQ'UORED,   a.    Not  moistened  ;  not 

smeared  with  liquor;  not  filled  with  liquor. 

Bp.  Hall.     Milton. 

UNLIS'TENING,  a.  Not  listening  ;  not 
hearing;  not  regarding.  Thomson. 

UNLI'VELINESS,  n.  Want  of  life ;  dull- 
ness. Milton. 

UNLI'VELY,  a.  Not  lively;  dull. 

UNLC-^D,  V.  t.  To  take  the  load  from  ;  to 
discharge  of  a  load  or  cargo;  as,  to  un- 
load a  ship  ;  to  unload  a  cart. 

2.  To  disburden;  as,  to  unload  a  beast. 

.3.  To  disburden  ;  to  relieve  from  any  thing 
onerous  or  troublesome.  Shak. 

UNLOADED,  pp.  Freed  from  a  load  or  car- 
go; disburdened. 

UNLOADING,  ppr.  Freeing  from  a  load  Or 
cargo;  disburdening;  relieving  of  a  bur- 
den. 

UNLO'€ATED,  a.  Not  placed;  not  fixed 
in  a  place. 

2.  Ill  America,  unlocated  lands  are  such 
new  or  wild  lands  as  have  not  been  sur- 
veyed, appropriated  or  designated  by 
marks,  limits  or  boundaries,  to  some  in- 
dividual, company  or  corporation. 

UNLOCK',  V.  t.  To  unfasten  what  is  lock- 
ed :  as,  to  unlock  a  door  or  a  chest. 

i.  To  open,  in  general;  to  lay  open. 

Unlock  your  springs,  and  open  all  your  shades. 

Pope. 

UNLOCK'ED,  pp.  Opened. 

2.  a.  Not  locked  ;  imt  made  fast. 

Unlooked  for,  not  expected  ;  not  foreseen. 

Bacon. 

UNLOOSE,  V.  t.  unloos'.  To  loose.  [An 
ill  formed  word,  as  it  exjiresses  the  same 
idea  as  loose.] 

UNLOOSE,  V.  i.  unloos'.  To  fall  in  pieces; 
lo  lose  all  connection  or  union.        Collier. 

UNL6SABLE,  a.  s  as  z.  That  cannot  be 
lost.     [.\'ot  in  use.]  Boyle. 

l^N LOVED,  a.  Not  loved.  Sidney. 

IINLOVELINESS,  n.  Want  of  loveliness; 
uiiamiableness ;  want  of  the  qualities 
which  attract  love.  Sidney. 

UNLOVELY,  a.  Not  lovely;  not  amiable; 
destitute  of  the  qualities  which  attract 
love,  or  possessing  qualities  that  excite 
dislike. 

UNLOVING,  a.  Not  loving  ;  not  fond. 

Shak. 

UNLUCK'ILY,  adv.  Unfortunately;  by  ill 
fortune.  Addison. 

UNLUCK'INESS,  n.  Unfortunateness ;  ill 
fortune. 

2.  Mischievousness.  Addison. 

UNLUCK'Y,  a.  Unfortunate;  not  success- 
ful ;  as  an  unlucky  man. 

2.  Uiifortiinute  ;  not  resulting  in  success;  as 
an  iJ»/i(cA;^  adventure ;  an  unlucky  throw 
of  dice;  an  unlucky  frame. 

[This  word  is  usually  applied  to  inci- 
dents ill  which  success  depends  on  single 
events,  to  games  of  hazaril,  &c.  rather 
than  to  things  which  depend  on  u  long 
series  of  events,  or  on  the  ordinary  course 
of  providence.  Hence  "c  say,  a  man  is 
unlucky  in  play  or  in  a  lottery;  but  not 
that  a  farmer  is  iinlticky  in  his  husbandry, 
or  a  commander  unlucky  in  the  result  of  a 
campaign.] 

3.  Unhappy;  miserable;  subject  to  frequent 
mislbrtunes.  Spenser. 

4.  Slightly     mischievous ;      mischievyusly 


U  N  M 


U  N  M 


U  N  M 


waggish ;  as  an  unlw^y  boy ;  an  unlucky 
wag. 

5.  Ill  omened  ;  inauspicious. 

Haunt  me  not  witli  that  unlucky  face. 

Dryden 

UNLUS'TROUS,  a.  Wanting  luster;  not 
Hiniiiiii;.  Shak. 

UNLUST'Y,  a.  Not  lusty  ;  not  stout ;  weak, 

UN  LUTE,  v.t  To  separate  things  cement- 
ed or  luted  ;  to  take  the  lute  or  clay  from. 

UNI.U'TKD,  pp.  Separated,  as  luted  ves- 
sels. 

UNLU'TING,  ppr.  Separating,  as  luted 
vessels. 

UNMADE,  pp.  Deprived  of  its  forni  or  qual- 
ities. If'oodward. 

2.  a.  Not  made  ;  not  yet  formed.      Spenser. 

3.  Omitted  to  be  made.  Blackmore. 
UNM AGNET'Ie,  a.  Not  having  magnetic 

properties.  Cavallo. 

UNM.\'IDENLY,  a.  Not  becoming  a  maid- 
on.  Hall, 

UNMA'IMED,  a.  Not  maimed  ;  not  disa- 
bled iu  any  limb  ;  .sound  ;  entire.        Pope. 

UNMA'KABLE,  o.  Not  possible  to  be  made. 
[Little  used.]  Grew. 

UN.M.'\'KE,  V.  t.  To  destroy  the  form  and 

qualities  which  constitute  a  thing  what  it  is 

God  does  not  make  or  unmake  things    to  try 

experiments.  Burnet 

9.  To  deprive  of  qualities  before  possessed. 

UNMA'KlNfJ,  ppr.  Destroying  the  peculiar 
properties  of  n  thing. 

UNlMALLEABlL'lTY,  n.  The  quality  or 
.stale  of  being  uiiinalleablc. 

UNMAL  LEAIiLE,  a.  Not  malleable;  not 
capable  of  being  hammered  into  a  plate, 
or  of  being  extended  by  beating. 

UNM.\N',  V.  t.  To  deprive  of  the  constitii 
tional  qualities  of  a  human  being,  as  rea- 
son, &c.  South. 

2.  To  deprive  of  men;  as,  to  unman  a  ship. 

3.  To  emasculate  ;  to  deprive  of  virility. 

4.  To  deprive  of  the  courage  and  fortitude 
of  a  man;  to  break  or  reduce  into  irreso- 
lution; to  dishearten  ;  to  deject. 

Dnjden.     Pope. 

5.  To  dispeople  ;  as  towns  unmanned. 

Goldsmith. 
UNMAN'A6EABLE,  a.  Not   manageable  , 
not  easily  restrained,  governed   or  direct- 
ed ;  not  controllable. 
2.  Not  easily  wielded.  Locke. 

UNMAN'AbED,  a.  Not  broken  by  horse- 
manship. Tnylor. 
2.  Not  tutored  ;  not  educated.  Felton. 
UNMAN'LIKE,  ^  Not  becoming  a  hu- 
UNMAN'LY,  S  "•  man  being.  CoUier. 
2.  Unsuitable  to  a  man  ;  cttemiiiate. 

Unmanly  warmth  and  tenderness  of  love. 

Mdison. 
ignoble ; 


UNMANUFACTURED,  a.  Not  manufac-liUNMEE'TLY,  adv.  Not  fitly;  not  proper- 
tured  ;  not  wrought  into  the  proper  form!      ly  ;  not  suitably.  Spenser. 


for  use 

UNMANU'RED,  a.  Not  manured;  not  en- 
riched by  manure. 

2.  Uncultivated.  Spenser. 


UNMEE'TNESS,    n.  Unfitness;    unsuita- 

bleiiess.  Milton. 

UNMEL'LOWED,  a.  Not  mellowed ;  not 

fully  matured.  Shak. 


UNMARKED,  a.  Not  marked;   having  no  UN  MELODIOUS,  a.  Not  melodious  ;  want 


3.  Not  worthy  of  a  noble  mind 
base;  ungenerous;  cowardly. 

UNM.AN'NED,  pp.  Deprived  of  the  quali- 
ties of  a  man. 

UNMAN'NERED,  a.  Uncivil;  rude. 

B.  Jonson 

UNMAN'NERLINESS,  n.  Want  of  good 
manners;  breach  of  civility  ;  rudeness  of 
behavior.  Lock< 

UNMAN'NERLY,  a.  Ill  bred  ;  not  having 
good  manners  ;  rude  in  behavior  ;  as  an 
unman7ierly  youth. 

2.  Not  acconling  to  good  manners  ;  as  an 
unmnnnerly  jest.  Sicijl. 

UNMAN'NERLY,  adv.  UncivUiy.       Shak. 


mark. 

2.  Unobserved ;  not  regarded ;  undistin- 
guished. Pope. 

UNM'ARRED,  a.  Not  marred  ;  not  injur- 
ed :  not  spodeil ;   not  obstructed. 

UNMARRIABLE,    a.    Not   marriageable. 

A  Little  usid.]  Milton. 

MAR'RIED,    a.    Not   married;  having 
no  hu.sband  or  no  wife.  Bacon 

UNMAK'RY,  V.  t.  To  divorce.  Milton. 

UNM  ARSHALED,  a.  Not  disposed  or  ar- 
ranged in  due  order. 

UNM'ASeULATE,  v.t.  To  emasculate. 

Fuller. 

UNM'AS€ULINE,  a.  Not  masculine  or 
manly  ;  feeble  ;  effeminate.  Milton 

UNMVASK,  v.t.  To  strip  of  a  mask  or  of 
any  disguise ;  to  lay  open  what  is  con- 
cealed. Roscommon. 

UNM'ASK,  V.  i.  To  put  off  a  mask. 

UNM' ASKED,  pp.  Stripi)ed  of  a  mask  or 
disguise. 

2.  a.  Open;  exposed  to  view.  Dryden 

UNM'ASTERABLE,  o.  That  cannot  be 
mastered  or  subdued.     [Mil  in  use.] 

Brown. 

UNM'A.STERED,  a.  Not  subdued;  not 
conquered. 

2.  Not  conquerable. 

He  cannot  his  unmaster'd  grief  sustain. 

Dryden 

UNMATCII'ABLE,     a.     That    cannot   be 
matched ;    that  cannot  be   equaled  ;    un 
paralleled.  Hooker. 

UNMATCH'ED,  a.  Matchless;  having  no 
match  or  equal.  Dryden. 

UNME'ANING,  a.  Having  no  meaning  or 
.signification  ;  as  unmeaning  words. 

2.  Not   expressive ;    not   indicating    intell 
gence  ;  as  an  un7neaning  face. 

There  pride  sits  blazon'd  on  th'   unmeaninf; 
brow.  TYitmbutl. 

UNMEANT,  a.  unmenl'.  Not  meant;  not 
intended.  Dryden. 

UNMEASURABLE,  a.  unmezh'urable.  That 
cannot  be  measured;  unbounded  ;  bound- 
less. Swifi. 
[For    this,    immeasurable    is    generally 
used.] 

UNMEAS'URABLY,  adv.  Beyond  all  meas- 
ure. Hoioell. 

UNMEAS'URED,  a.  Not  measured  ;  plen- 
tiful beyond  measure.  Milton 

2.  Immense  ;  infinite  ;  as  unmeasured  space 

Blackmore 

UNMECHAN'IC.\L,    a.    Not   mechanical 
not  according  to  the  laws  or  principles  of 
mechanics. 

Untneddled  with,  not  meddled  with  ;  not 
tnuche.l  :  not  altered.  Carew. 

UNMED'DLING,  a.  Not  meddling;  not  iti 
terfering  with  the  concerns  of  others  ;  not 
officious.  Chesterfield. 

UNMED'DLINGNESS,  n.  Forbearance  of 
interposition.     [jVoi  in  use.]  Hall. 

UNMEDITATED,  a.  Not  meditated  ;  not 

pri'pareil  by  previous  thought.         Milton. 

UNMEET,  (I.   Not  fit;    not   proper;    not 

worthy  or  suitable.  MMon.    Prior. 


ing  melody;  harsh.  Herbert. 

UNMELT'ED,  o.  Undissolved;  not  melted. 

WaUer. 

2.  Not  softened. 

UNMEN'TIONED,  a.  Not  mentioned  ;  not 
named.  Clarendon. 

UNMER'CANTILE,  a.  Not  according  to 
the  customs  niul  rules  of  commerce. 

UNMERCHANTABLE,  a.  Not  merchant- 
able; not  of  a  quality  fit  for  the  market. 

UNMER'CIFIjL,  a.  Not  merciful;  cruel; 
inhuman  to  siuli  beings  as  are  in  one's 
power;  not  disposed  to  spare  or  forgive. 

Rogers. 

2.  Unconscionable ;  exorbitant ;  as  unmerci- 
ful demands.  Pope. 

U.NMER'CIFULLY,  adv.  Without  mercy 
or  tenderness  ;  cruelly.  Mdison. 

UNMER'CIFULNESS,  n.  Wantof mercy; 
want  of  tenderness  and  compassion  to- 
wards those  who  are  in  one's  power  ;  cru- 
elty in  the  e.vercise  of  power  or  punish- 
ment. Taylor. 

UNMER  ITABLE,  a.  Having  no  merit  or 
desert.     f.Vo/  in  use.]  Shak. 

UNMERITED,  a.  Not  merited;  not  de- 
served ;  obtained  without  service  or  equiv- 
alent ;  as  unmerited  promotion. 

2.  Not  deserved;  cruel;  unjust;  as  unmeril- 
ed  sufferings  or  injuries. 

UNMER'ITEDNESS,  n.  State  of  being 
unmerited.  Boyle. 

UNMET',  a.  Not  met.  B.  Jonson. 

UNMETAL'LIC,  a.  Notmetallic;  not  hav- 
ing the  properties  of  metal ;  not  belong- 
ing to  metals.  Encyc. 

UNMIGHTY,  a.  Not  mighty ;  not  power- 
ful. 

UNMILD,  a.  Not  mild;  harsh;  severe; 
fierce. 

UNMILDNESS,  n.  Want  of  mildness; 
harshness.  Milton. 

UNMIL'ITARY,  a.  Not  according  to  mili- 
tary rules  or  customs. 

UNMILK'ED,  a.  Not  milked.  Pope. 

UNMILL'ED,  a.  Not  milled;  not  indented 
or  grained  ;  as  unmitled  coin. 

UNiAIINDED,  a.  Not  minded;  not  heeded. 

.W/on. 

UNMINDFUL,  a.  Not  mindful ;  not  heed- 
ful;  not  attentive  ;  regardless  ;  as  unminrf- 
fiU  of  laws ;  unmindful  of  health  or  of 
dutv.  Milton. 

UNMINDFULLY,  adv.  Carelessly;  heed- 
lessly. 

UNMINDFULNESS,  n.  Heedlessness;  iu- 
atlention  :  carelessness. 

UNMIN'GLE,  v.t.  To  separate  things  mix- 
ed. Bacon. 

UNMIN  GLEABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be 
mixed.     j.Vo/  in  use.]  Boyle. 

UNMLN'GLED,  a.  Not  mingled ;  not  mix- 
ed ;  pure.  Pope. 

2.  Pure ;  not  vitiated  or  alloyed  by  foreigu 
admixture;  as  iinmt'iig/et/joy. 

UNMINISTE'RIAL.  a.  Not  ministerial. 
UNMl  RY,  a.    Not  miry;  not  muddy;  not 
\    foul  with  dirt.  Gay. 


U  N  M 


U  N  N 


UNO 


UNMISS'ED,  a.  Not  missed  ;  not  perceived 
to  be  gone  or  lost.  Gray. 

UNMISTA'KEABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be 
mistaken.     [lAtthused.]  Cheyne. 

UNMISTA'KEN,  a.  Not  mistaken ;  sure. 

Trumbull. 

UNMISTRUST'ING,  a.  Not  mistrusting; 
not  suspecting ;  unsuspicious. 

UNMIT'IGABLE,  a.  Not  capable  of  being 
mitigated,  softened  or  lessened.  Shak. 

UNMIT'IGATED,  a.  Not  mitigated ;  not 
lessened ;  not  softened  in  severity  or 
harshness.  Shak, 

UNMIX'ED,  >       Not  mixed  ;  not  mingled  : 

UNMIXT',  S  "■  pure  ;  unadulterated  ;  un- 
vitiated  by  foreign  admixture.  Bacon. 

2.  Pure  ;  unalloyed  ;  as  unmixed  pleasure. 

UNMOANED,  a.  Not  lamented.  Shak. 

UNMOD'IFIABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be 
modified  or  altered  in  form  ;  that  cannot 
be  reduced  to  a  more  acceptable  or  desired 
form. 

UNMOD'IPIED,  a.  Not  modified ;  not  al- 
tered in  form;  not  qualified  in  meaning. 

UNMO'DISH,  a.  Not  modish ;  not  acooVd- 
ing  to  custom.  Pope. 

UNJVIOIST',  a.  Not  moist;  not  humid;  dry. 

Philips. 

UNMOIST'ENED,  a.  Not  made  moist  or 
humid.  Boyle 

UNMOLD,  V.  t.  To  change  the  form;  to  re 
duce  from  any  form. 

UNMOLDED,  pp.  Not  changed  in  form. 

2.  a.  Not  molded  ;  not  shaped  or  formed. 

UNMOLEST'ED,  a.  Not  molested;  not 
disturbed  ;  free  from  disturbance.      Pope. 

UNMONEYED,  o.  Not  having  money. 

Shenstone 

UNMONOP'OLIZE,  v.  t.  To  recover  from 
being  monopolized.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Milton. 

UNMONOP'OLIZED,  a.  Not  monopo- 
lized. 

UNMOOR',  V.  t.  In  sealan^uage,  to  bring  to 
the  state  of  riding  with  a  single  anchor 
after  having  been  moored  by  two  or  more 
cables.  Cyc. 

2.  To  loose  from  anchorage.  Pope 

UNMOOR'ED,  pp.  Loosed  from  anchorage, 
or  brought  to  ride  with  a  single  anchor. 

UNMOORING,  ppr.  Loosing  from  anchor- 
age, or  bringing  to  ride  with  a  single  an- 
chor. 

UNMOR'ALIZED,  a.  Untutored  by  moral- 
ity ;  not  conformed  to  good  morals. 

JVorris 

UNMORTGAGED,  a.  [See  Mortgage.]  Not 
mortgaged  ;  not  pledged.  Addison.  Dryden. 

UNMOR'TIFIED,  a.  Not  mortified ;  not 
shamed. 

2.  Not  subdued  by  sorrow ;  as  unmortijied 
sin. 

UNMOUNT'ED,    a.    Not    mounted.      Un 
mounted  dragoons  are  such   as  have  not 
horses. 

UNMOURNED,  a.  Not  lamented.     Rogers. 

UNMoVABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  moved 
or  shaken;  firm;  fixed.  Locke 

[Immovable  is  more  generally  used.] 

UNMOVED,  a.  Not  moved  ;  not  transfer- 
red  from  one  place  to  another.  Locke. 

2.  Not  changed  in  purpose  ;  unshaken  ;  firm. 

„   .,  Milton 

J.  Wot  affected;  not  having  the  passions  ex- 
cited ;  not  touched  or  impressed.       Pope 


4.  Not  altered  by  passion  or  emotion. 

Dryden. 

UNM6VING,  a.  Having  no  motion. 

Cheyne. 

2.  Not  exciting  emotion;  having  no  power 
to  aflfect  the  passions. 

UNMUF'FLE,  v.t.  To  take  a  covering  from 
the  face.  Milton. 

2.  To  remove  the  muffling  of  a  drum. 

UNMUR'MURED,  a.   Not  murmured  at. 

Beaum. 

UNMUR'MURING,  a.  Not  murmuring; 
not  complaining ;  as  unmurmuring  pa- 
tience. 

UNMU'SICAL,  a.  s  as  :.  Not  musical;  not 
harmonious  or  melodious. 

2.  Harsh  ;  not  pleasing  to  the  ear. 

B.  Jonson. 

UNMU'TILATED.  a.  Not  mutilated  ;  not 
<lepnved  of  a  member  or  part ;  entire. 

UNMUZ'ZLE,  V.  t.  To  loose  from  a  muz- 
zle. Shak. 

UNNA'MED,  a.  Not  named;  not  mention- 
ed. Milton. 

UNNA'TIVE,  a.  Not  native;  not  nutural ; 
forceil.  Thomson. 

UNNAT'URAL,  a.  Contrary  to  the  laws 
of  nature;  contrary  to  the  natiu-al  feel- 
ings. L'Estrange. 
Acting  without  the  affections  of  our  com- 
mon nature ;  as  an  unnatural  father  or 
son. 

3.  Not  in  conformity  to  nature;  not  agreea- 
ble to  the  real  slate  of  persons  or  things ; 
not  representing  nature ;  as  affected  and 
i(n»i(i/urni  thoughts;  unnatural  images  or 
descriptions. 

UNNAT'URALIZE,  v.t.  To  divest  of  nat- 
ural feeling.s.  Hales. 

UNNAT'URALIZED,  pp.  Divested  of  nat- 
ural feelings. 

2.  a.  Not  naturalized  ;  not  made  a  citizen 
bv  authority. 

UNNAT'URALLY,  adv.  In  opposition  to 
natural  feelings  and  sentiments. 

Tillolson. 

UNNAT'URALNESS,  n.  Contrannty  to 
nature.  Sidnet/. 

UNNAV'IGABLE,  a.  Not  navigable.  [But 
innamgable  is  more  generally  used.] 

UNNAV'IGATED,  o.  Not  navigated  ;  not 
passed  over  in  ships  or  other  vessels. 

Cook's  Voltages. 

UNNECESSARILY,  adv.  Without  neces- 
sitv  ;  needipssiy.  Hooker. 

UNNEC'ESSARINESS,  n.  The  state  of 
hein^  unnecessary ;  Heedlessness. 

UNNECESSARY,      a.      Not    necessary 
needless  :  not  required  by  the  cin-uinstan- 
ces  of  the  case;  useless;  as  unnecessary 
labor  or  care;  unnecessary  rigor. 

Dniden. 

UNNECES'SITATED,  a.  Not  required  by 
necessitv.  Etoii. 

UNNEE'DFUL,  a.  Notneedfid;  not  want- 
ed;  needless.  Milton 

UNNEIGHBORLY.  a.  Not  suitable  to  the 
duties  of  a  neighbor  ;  not  becoming  per 
sons  living  near  each  other;  not  kind  and 
friendly. 

UNNEIGHBORLY,  adv.    In  a  manner  not 
suitable  to  a  neighbor  ;  in  a  maimer  con 
trary  to  the  kindness  and  friendship  whici 
should  subsist  among  neighbors.        Shak. 

UNNFRV'ATE,  a.  Not  strong;  fe.-ble 
[JVot  in  use.]  Broome. 


UNNERVE,    V.  f.    unnerv'.    To  deprive  of 
j     nerve,  force  or   strength ;  to  weaken ;  to 
enfeeble  ;  as,  to  unnerve  the  arm. 

Addison. 
UNNERVED,  pp.  Deprived  of  strength. 
'  Shak. 

1.  a.  Weak ;  feeble. 

UNNETH,        >     ,,  Scarcely;  hardly.  Obs. 
UNNETHES,  r        [See    Uneath.] 

Spenser. 
UNNEUTRAL,   a.  Not  neutral;  not  unin- 

terestid. 
UNNO'BLE,  a.  Not  noble ;  ignoble  ;  mean. 

Shak. 

UNNOTED,    a.  Not  noted  ;  not  observed  : 

not  heeded  ;  not  regarded.  Pope. 

2.  Not  honored. 

UNNOTICED,    a.    Not  observed  ;  not  re- 

I     !;iirde(l. 

2.  Not  treated  with  the  usual  marks  of  re- 
s|)ecl;  not  kindly  and  hospitably  enter- 
riiinc'd. 

UNNUMBERED,  a.  Not  numbered ;  in- 
numerable ;  indefinitely  numerous. 

Prior. 

UNNURTURED,  a.  Not  nurtured;  not 
educaied. 

UNOBEYED,  a.  Not  obeyed.  Milton. 

UNOBJE€T'ED,  a.  Not  objected  ;  not 
charged  .is  a  fault  or  error.  Atterbuni. 

^UNOKIEC'TIONABLE,  a.  Not  liable  to 
objection  ;  that  need  not  be  condemned  as 
faiillv,  false  or  improper.  Stephens. 

UNOBJEC'TIONABLY,  adv.  In  a  manner 
not  liable  to  objection. 

UNOBiVOX'IOUS,  a.  Not  liable  ;  not  ex- 
posed to  harm.  Milton. 

jUNOBSCU'RED,    a.    Not   obscured  ;    not 

j     darkiMied.  Milton. 

^UNOBSE'QUIOUS,  a.  Not  obsequious; 
not  servilely  submissive. 

UNOBSE'QUIOUSLY,  adv.  Not  with  ser- 
vile siibmissiveness. 

UNOBSE'QUIOUSNESS,  «.  Want  of  ser- 
vile submissiveness  or  compliance  ;  in- 
compliance. 

UNOBSERV'ABLE,  a.  s  as  z.   That  Is  not 

[     observable;  not  discoverable.  Boule 

UNOBSERV'ANCE,  n.  Want  of  observa- 
tion; inattention;  regard lessness. 

fmtlock. 

UNOBSERVANT,  «.    Not  observant  ;  not 

!     attentive;  heedless.  Glanville. 

12.   Not  oliseqnious. 

UNOBSERVED,  a.  Not  observed;  not 
noticed  ;  not  seen  ;  not  regarded  ;  not 
heeded.  Bacon. 

UNOBSERVING,  a.  Not  observing ;  inat- 
tentive; heedless.  Dniden 

UNOBSTRUCTED,  a.  Not  obstructed; 
not  filled  with  impediments;  as  an  uno&- 
strucled  stream  or  channel. 

2.  Not  hiii.lerpd  ;  not  stopped.       Blackmore. 

UNOBSTUUt'T'IVE,  a.  Not  presenting 
any  obstarle.  Blackmore. 

UNOBTA'INABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  ob- 
tained ;   not  witliin  reach  or  power. 

UNqBTA'l.N'ED,  a.  Not  obtained  ;  not 
gained  ;  not  arquired.  Hooker. 

UNOBTRU'SIVE,  a.  Not  obtrusive  ;  not 
fnrwarrl ;  modest.  Young. 

UNOB'VIOUS,  a.  Not  obvious;  not  readily 
occurring  to  the  view  or  the  unileisiand- 
ing.  Boijle. 

UNOCCUPIED,  a.  Not  occupied;  not  pos- 
sessed ;  as  unoccupied  land. 


UNO 

8.  Not  engaged  in  business;  being  at  leisure 
Tlie  man  is  unoccupied. 

3.  Not  employed  or  taken  up;  as  time  unoc- 
cupied. 

UNOFFEND'KD.  a.  Not  offended  ;  not 
havirifj  iiikcii  offonse. 

UNOFFENDING,  a.  Not  offending ;  not 
giving  offense. 

2.  Not  sinning  ;  free  from  sin  or  fault. 

3.  lliirrnless ;  iniiooetit. 
UNOFFKNS'lVE,  «.  Not  offensive;  giving 

no  offense  ;  liariidess.  [For  tliis,mo^e/istue 
is  more  jrcnerally  iisn<l.] 

UNOF'FERED,  a.  Not  offered  ;  not  pro- 
posed to  acceptance.  Clarendon. 

UNOFFl"CIAL,  a.  Not  official ;  not  per- 
taininf;  to  office. 

2.  Not  proceeding  from  the  proper  officer 
or  from  due  authority  ;  as  unofficial  news 
or  notice. 

UNOFFI"CIALLY,  adv.  Not  officially; 
not  in  the  cour.so  of  official  duty.  The 
man  was  unofficially  informed  by  the  sher- 
if  or  commander. 

UNOF'TEN,  adv.  Rarely.     [jVol  used.] 

UNOIL',  V.  t.  To  free  from  oil.  Drtjden. 

UNOIL'ED,  pp.  Freed  from  oil. 

2.  a.  Not  oiled  ;  free  from  oil. 

UNO'PENED,  a.  Not  opened  ;  remaining 
fast,  I'lose,  shut  or  sealerl.  Chesterfield. 

UNO'PENING,  a.  Not  opening.  Pope. 

UNOP'ERATIVE,  a.  Not  operative  ;  pro- 
ducing no  effect.  [But  inoperative  is  gen- 
erally used.]  South. 

UNOPPOSED,  a.  s  as  z.  Not  opposed; 
not  resisted  ;  not  meeting  with  any  ob- 
struction ;  as  an  army  or  stream  unoppos- 
ed. Drtjden. 

UNOPPRESS'ED,  a.  Not  oppressed  ;  not 
unduly  burdened. 

UNOR'DERLY,  a.  Not  orderly;  disorder- 
ed ;  irregular.  [Disorderly  is  more  gen- 
erally used.]  Sanderson. 

UNOR'DINARY,  a.  Not  ordinary  ;  not 
common.     [.Vol  {ji  use]  Locke. 

UNOR'GANIZED,  a.  Not  organizccl ;  not 
having  organic  structure  or  vessels  for  the 
preparation,  secretion  and  distribution  of 
nourishment,  &c.  Metals  are  unorganized 
bodies.  [This  word  is  in  use,  but  inor- 
ganized  is  also  used.] 

UNORIO'INAL,  a.  Not  original ;  derived. 

2.  Having  no  birth  ;  ungenerated.      Milton. 

UNORItJ'INATED,  a.  Not  originated  ;  hav- 
ing no  birth  or  creation. 

God  is  underived,  unoriginated  and  self-ex- 
istent. Stephens. 

UNORNAMENT'AL,  a.  Not  ornamental. 

Jt'est. 

UNOR'N^MENTED,  a.  Not  ornamented  ; 
not  adorned  ;  plain.  Coventry. 

UNOR'THODOX,  a.  Not  orthodox  ;  not 
holding  the  genuine  doctrines  of  the 
Scriptures.  ^  Decay  of  Piety. 

UNOSTENTA'TIOlis,  a.  Not  ostenta- 
tious; not  boastful;  not  making  show  and 
parade ;  modest. 

2.  Not  glaring ;  not  showy  ;  as  unostenta- 
tious coloring. 

UNOWED,  a.  Not  owed;  not  due. 

UNOWNED,  a.  Not  owned;  having  no 
known  owner;  not  chiiiiicd. 

2.  Not  avowed  :  not  acknowledged  as  one's 
own  ;  not  admitted  as  done  by  one's  self. 


U  N  P 

UNOX'Y6ENATED,  )       Not  having  oxy- 

UNOX'VOiENIZED,  J  "•  gen  in  combina- 
tion. 

UN  PACIFIC,  o.  Not  pacific;  not  disposed 
to  peace;  not  of  a  peaceable  disposition. 

lVarto7i. 

UN  PACIFIED,  a.  Not  pacified  ;  not  ap- 
peased ;  not  calmed.  Browne. 

UNP.ACK',  V.  t.  To  open,  as  things  packed  ; 
as,  to  unpack  goods. 

2.  To  dishurden.     [Little  used.]  Shak. 

UN  PACK' ED,  pp.  Opened,  as  goods. 

2.  a.  Not  packed  ;  not  collected  by  uidawful 
artifices ;  as  an  unpacked  jury. 

Hudibras. 

UNPACK'ING,  ppr.  Opening,  as  a  pack 
age. 

UNPA'ID,  a.  Not  paid ;  not  discharged ;  as 
a  debt.  Milton 

2.  Not  having  received  bis  due ;  as  unpaid 
workmen.  Pope. 

Unpaid  for,  not  pai<l  for ;  taken  on  credit. 

UNP.'V'lNED,  a.  Not  pained  ;  suffering  no 
pain.  Milton. 

UNPA'INFUL,  a.  Not  painful ;  giving  no 
pain.  Locke. 

UNPAL'ATABLE,  a.  Not  palatable  ;  dis- 
gusting to  the  taste.  Collier. 

2.  Not  such  as  to  be  relished  ;  disagreeable ; 
as  an  unpalatable  law.  Dryden. 

UNPALL'ED,  a.  Not  deailencd. 

UNPAN'OPLIED,  a.  Destitute  of  panoply 
or  complete  armor.  Pollok. 

UNPAR'ADISE,  v.  t.  To  deprive  of  happi- 
ness like  that  of  paradise;  to  render  un- 
happy. Young. 

UNPAR'AGONED,  a.  Ilnequaled  ;  un- 
niatclicd.  Shak. 

UNPARALLELED,  a.  Having  no  parallel 
or  equal ;  unequaled  ;  unmatched. 

Addison. 
The  unparalleled  perseverance  of  tlie  armies 
of  the  V' .  States,  under  every  sudeiiup;  and  dis- 
couragement, was  little  short  of  a  miracle. 

IVashint^ton. 

UNPARDONABLE,  a.  Not  to  be  forgiven  ; 
that  ciiiinot  lie  pardoned  or  remitted  ;  as 
an  unpardonable  sin.  Rogers. 

UNP'AKDONABLY,  adv.  Beyond  f..ry;ive- 
ness.  AUcrhurij. 

UNP'ARDONED,  a.  Not  pardoned;  not 
forgiven  ;    as   unpardoned  offenses. 

Rogers. 

2.  Nut  having  received  a  legal  pardon.  The 
convict  retm  lied  unpardoned. 

UNP\\Rr)ONlNG,  a.  Not  forgiving  ;  not 
disposed  topiinlon.  Dryden. 

UNP'ARLIAME.XT'ARINESS,  n.  Con- 
trariety to  the  rules,  usages  or  constitution 
of  parliamcMit.  Clarendon. 

UNP  ARLIA.AIENT'ARY,  a.  Contrary  to 
the  usages  or  rules  of  proceeding  in  par-' 
lianient. 

|2.  Contrary  to  the  rules  or  usages  of  legisla- 
tive hollies. 

UNP\\RTED,  a.  Not  parted;  not  divided  ; 
not  separated.  Prior. 

UNP^ARTIAL.  a.  Not  partial.  [.Vo<  in 
use]     [See  Impartial.] 

UNP'ARTIALLY,  adv.  Fairly;  impartial- 
ly.    [Xot  used.] 

UNP'ASSABLR,  a.  Not  admitting  persons 
to  pass;  impassable;  a>i  un passable  roads, 
rivers  or  mountains.  [Impassable  is  more 
generally  used.] 


U  N  P 

[2.  Not  current ;  not  received  in  comitioti 
payiticnts ;  as  unpassable  notes  or  coins. 
[Instead  of  this,  uncurrent  and  not  cwrenl 
are  now  used.] 

UNPAS'SIONATR,     )      Calm  ;  free  from 

UNPAS'SIONATED,  ]  "'  passion  ;  impar- 
tial. [Instead  of  these  words,  dispassion- 
ate is  now  used.] 

UNPAH'SIONATELY,  adv.  Without  pas- 
sion ;  calmly.  [For  this,  dispassionately 
is  now  used.]  K.  Charles. 

UNP'ASTORAL,  a.  Not  pastoral ;  not  suit- 
able to  iiastoral  manners.  IVarton. 

UNPATENTED,  a.  Not  granted  by  patent. 

Crunch. 

UNP'ATllED,  a.  Unmarked  by  passage ; 
not  trodden.  Shak. 

2.  Not  being  beaten  into  a  path  ;  as  unpaih- 
ed  snow. 

UNPATHET'Ie,  a.  Not  pathetic  ;  not 
adapted  to  move  the  jiassions  or  excite 
emotion.  If'arton. 

UNPAT'RONIZED,  a.  Not  having  a  pat- 
ron ;  not  supported  by  friends.      Johnson. 

UNPAT'TERNED,   a.  Having  no  equal. 

Beaum. 

UNPA'VED,  a.  Not  paved  ;  not  covered 
with  stone. 

UNP.WVN'ED,  a.  Not  pawned;  not  pledg- 
ed. Pope. 

UNPA'Y,  v.  t.  To  undo.     [Ao<  in  use.] 

Shak. 

2.  Not  to  pay  or  compensate.     [.Vo<  used.] 

UNPE'ACEABLE,  a.  Not  peaceable  ;  quar- 
relsome. Hammond. 

UNPE'ACEABLENESS,  n.  Unquietness; 
quarrelsomeness.  Parker. 

UNPE'ACEFUL,  a.  Not  pacific  or  peace- 
ful ;  unquiet.  Cowley. 

[UNPED'IGREED,  a.  Not  distinguished  by 

I     a  pedigree.  Pollok. 

UNPEG',  V.  t.  To  loose  from  jiegs  ;  to  open. 

2.  To  pull  out  the  peir  from. 

UNPELT'ED,  a.  Not  pelted;  not  assailed 
with  stones. 

UNPEN',  !'.  t.  To  let  out  or  suffer  to  escape 
by  breaking  a  dam  or  opening  a  pen. 
If  a  man  unpenn  another's  water — 

Blackslotie. 

I'NPE'NAL,  a.  Not  penal;  not  suhject  to 
a  peiialtv.  Clarendon. 

UXPEN'ETRABLE,  a.  Not  to  be  peiie- 
traled.      [But  impenetrable  is  chiefly  used.l 

UNPENITENT,  a.  Not  penitent".  [But 
impenitent  is  the  word  now  used.] 

UNPEN'NED, /)/).  Unfastened;  let  nut. 

UNPEN'NING,  ppr.  Suflering  to  escape; 
unliickiiii. 

UNPEN'SIONED,  a.  Not  pen.sioned  ;  not 
rewarded  by  a  pension  ;  as  an  unpension- 
ed  soldier. 

2.  Not  kept  in  pay;  not  held  in  dependence 
by  a  pension.  Pope. 

UNPEOPLE,  V.  t.  To  deprive  of  inhabit- 
ants; to  depopulate  ;  to  dispeople. 

Milton.     Dri/den. 

UNPEOPLED,  pp.  De|>opulated ;  dispeo- 
pled. 

UNPEOPLING,  ppr.  Depopulating. 

UNPERCE  IVABLE,  a.  Not  to  be  perceiv- 
ed ;  not  perceptible. 

UNPERCE  IVED,   a.  Not  perceived;  not 

I     heeded  ;  not  observed  ;  not  noticed. 

Milton. 

UNPERCE'IVEDLY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be 
perceived.  Boyle. 


U  N  P 


U  N  P 


U  N  P 


UNPER'FE€T,  a.  Not  perfect;  not  com- 
plete. [But  the  word  now  used  is  imper- 
fect.] 

UNPERFECTED,  a.  Not  perfected ;  not 
completed.  Hammond. 

UNPER'FEeTNESS,  n.  Want  of  perfeet- 
ness ;  incompleteness.  [Imperfedness  and 
imperfection  are  now  used.] 

UNPER'FORATED,  a.  Not  perforated ;  not 
penetrated  by  openings. 

UNPERFORM'ED,  a.  Not  performed ;  not 
done;  not  executed  ;  as,  the  business  re- 
mains unperformed. 

2.  Not  fulfilled  ;  as  an  unperformed  promise. 

Taylor. 

UNPERFORM'ING,  a.  Not  performing; 
not  discharging  its  office.  Dryden. 

UNPER'ISHABLE,  a.  Not  perishable  ;  not 
subject  to  decay.  [The  word  now  used  is 
imperishable.] 

UNPER'ISHING,  a.  Not  perishing;  durable. 

UNPER'MANENT,  a.  Not  permanent ;  not 
durable. 

UNPERJURED,  a.  Free  from  the  crime  of 
perjury.  Dri/den. 

UNPERPLEX',  V.  t.  To  free  from  perplex- 
ity. Donne. 

UNPERPLEX'ED,  a.  Not  perplexed  ;  not 
harassed  ;  not  embarrassed. 

2.  Free  from  perplexity  or  complication ; 
simple. 

UNPER'SPIRABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be 
perspired,  or  emitted  through  the  pores  ofj 
the  skin.  Arhuthnol. 

UNPERSUA'DABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be 
persuaded,  or  influenced  by  motives  urged. 

Sidney. 

UNPERVERT'ED,  a.  Not  perverted  ;  not 
wrested  or  turned  to  a  wrong  sense  or  use. 

UNPET'RIFIED,  a.  Not  petrified  ;  not  con- 
verted into  stone. 

UNPHILOSOPH'ie,        \      Not  according 

UNPHILOSOPH'ICAL,  i  "'  to  the  rules  or 
principles  of  somid  philosophy;  contrary 
to  pliilosophy  or  right  reason.         JVewton. 

UNPHILOSOPII'l€ALLY,  adv.  In  a  man- 
ner contrary  to  the  principles  of  sound 
pliilosophy  or  right  reason.  South. 

UNPHILOSOPH'ICALNESS,  II.  Incongru- 
ity with  philosophy.  JVorris. 

UNPHILOS'OPHIZE,  v.  t.  To  degrade  from 
the  rharacter  of  a  philosopher.  Pope. 

UNPHlLOS'OPHIZED,;>p.or  a.  Degraded 
from  the  rank  of  a  philosopher. 

2.  Not  sophisticated  or  perverted  by  phi- 
losophy ;  as  unphilosophiztd  revelation. 

Good. 

UNPHYS'ICKED.  a.sasz.  Not  influenced 
by  medicine  ;  not  physicked.  [Not  used.] 

Howell. 

IJNPIERCED,  a.  «npej-4'crf.  Not  pierced  ;  not 
penetrated.  Gay. 

UNPIL'LARED,  a.  Deprived  of  pillars  ;  as 
an  unpillared  temple.  Pope. 

IINPIL'LOWED,  a.  Having  no  pillow ;  hav- 
ing the  head  not  supported.  Milton. 

UNPIN',  v.t.  To  loose  from  pins;  to  unfas 
ten  what  is  held  together  by  pins ;  as,  to 
unpin  a  frock ;  to  unpin  the  frame  of  a 
Vmildinq;. 

UNPINK'ED,  a.  Not  pinked;  not  marked 
or  set  with  eyelet  boles.  Shak. 

UNPIT'IED,  a.  Not  pitied  ;  not  compas- 
sionated; not  regarded  with  sympathetic 
sorrow.  Dryden.    Pope. 


UNPIT'IFUL,  a.  Having  no  pity;  not  mer- 
ciful. Davits. 

2.  Not  exciting  pity. 

UNPIT'IFULLY,  adv.  Unmercifully;  with- 
out mercy.  Shak. 

UNPIT'YING,  a.  Having  no  pity  ;  showing 
no  compassion.  Granville. 

UNPLA'€ABLE,  a.  Not  to  be  appeased. 
[Implacable  is  the  word  now  used.] 

UNPLA'CED,  a.  Having  no  office  or  etn- 
ployment  under  the  government.       Pope. 

UNPLAGUED,  a.  Not  plagued  ;  not  harass- 
ed ;  not  tormented.  Shak. 

UNPLANT'ED,  a.  Not  planted;  ofsponta-; 
neous  growth.  Ifaller. 

UNPL-ASTERED,  a.  Not  plastered. 

UNPLAUS'IBLE,  a.  s  as  z.  Not  plausible  ; 
not  having  a  fair  appearance  ;  as  argu- 
ments not  unjdausible.  Milton. 

UNPLAUS'IBLY,  adv.  s  as  z.  Not  with  a 
fair  appearance.  Swift 

UNPLAUS'IVE,  a.  Not  approving  ;  not  ap- 
plauding. 

UNPLE'ADABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be 
pleaded.  South. 

UNPLEASANT,  a.  unplez'ant.  Not  pleas 
ant ;  not  affording  pleasure  ;  disagreeable. 

Hooker. 

UNPLEASANTLY,  adv.  unplez'antly.  In  a 
manner  not  pleasing;  uneasily.  Pope. 

UNPLEASANTNESS,  n.  unplez'antness. 
Disagreeableness ;  the  state  or  quality  of 
not  giving  pleasure.  Hooker. 

UNPLE'ASED,  a.  s  as  :.  Not  pleased  ;  dis- 
pleased. Dryden. 

UNPLE'ASING,  a.  OSensive  ;  disgusting. 
Milton.     Dryden. 

UNPLE'ASINGLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to 
displease. 

UNPLE'ASINGNESS,»i.  Want  of  qualities 
to  please.  Milton. 

UNPLEDG'ED,  a.  Not  pledged ;  not  mort- 
gaged. 

UNPLI'ABLE,  a.  Not  pliable  ;  not  easily 
bent. 

UNPLI'ANT,  a.  Not  pliant;  not  easily 
bent ;  stiff.  fVotton. 

2.  Not  readily  yielding  the  will;  not  com- 
pliant. 

UNPLOW'ED,  a.  Not  plowed.       Mortimer. 

UNPLU'ME,  V.  t.  To  strip  of  plumes  or 
fethers  ;  to  degrade.  Glanville. 

UNPLU'MED,p/>.  ora.  Deprived  of  plumes; 
destitute  of  plumes. 

UNPLUN'DERED,  a.  Not  plundered  or 
stripped. 

UNPOET'IC,        I      Not  poetical ;  not  hav- 

UNPOET'IeAL,  I  "•  ing  the  beauties  of 
verse. 

2.  Not  becoming  a  poet.  Corbet 

UNPOET'lCALLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  not 
comporting  with  the  nature  of  poetry. 

2.  In  a  manner  unbecoming  a  ])oet. 

UNPOINT'ED,  a.  Having  no  point  or  sting. 

B.  Jonson. 

2.  Not  having  marks  by  which  to  distin- 
guish sentences,  members  and  clauses  in 
writing. 

3.  Not  having  the  vowel  points  or  marks; 
as  an  unpointed  manuscript  in  Hebrew  or 
Arabic.  M.  Stuart. 

UNPOIS'ON,  V.  t.  s  as  :.  To  remove  or  ex- 
pel poison.  South. 
UNPOIZ'ED,  a.  Not  poized  ;  not  balanced. 

Thomson. 


UiVPO'LARIZED,    a.    Not  polarized ;  not 

having  polarity. 
UNPOL'ICIED,  a.  Not  having  civil  polity, 

or  a  regular  form  of  government. 
UNPOL'ISHED,  a.  Not  polished  ;  not  made 

smooth  or  bright  by  attrition. 

Stillingfttet. 
i.  Not    refined   in    manners  ;    uncivilized  j 

rude;  plain.  Dryden. 

UNPOLI'TE,  a.    Not  refined  in  manners; 

not  elegant. 
2.  Not  civil ;   not  courteous  ;    rude.     [See 

Impolite.] 
UNPOLI'TELY,  adv.  In  an  uncivil  or  rude 

manner. 
UNPOLI'TENESS,  n.  Want  of  refinement 

in  manners;  rudeness. 
2.  Incivility;  want  of  courtesy. 
UNPOLLED,  a.  Not  registered  as  a  voter. 

1.  Un|)lundered  ;  not  stripped.         Fanshaw, 
UNPOLLU'TED,  a.  Not  polluted ;  not  de- 
filed ;  not  corrupted. 

UNPOPULAR,  a.  Not  popular;  not  hav- 
ing tlie  public  favor  ;  as  an  M7i/>o/)u/ar  ma- 
gistrate. 

2.  Not  pleasing  the  people ;  as  an  unpopular 
law. 

UNPOPULAR'ITY,  n.  The  state  of  not  en- 
joying the  public  favor,  or  of  not  pleasing 
thR  people. 

UNPORTABLE,  a.  Not  to  be  carried. 

Raleigh. 

UNPORTIOXED,  a.  Not  endowed  or  iVn-- 
nished  with  a  portion  or  fortune ;  as  an 
unporlioned  daughter. 

UNPORTUOUS,  a.  Having  no  ports. 

Burke. 

UNPOSSESS'ED,  a.  Not  possessed  ;  not 
held  ;  not  occupied.  Milton. 

UNPOSSRSS'ING,  a.  Having  no  posses- 
sions. Shak. 

UNPO.S'SIBLE,  a.  Not  possible.  Obs.  [The 
wiiril  i)(iw  used  is  impossible.] 

UNPOW'DERED,  a.  Not  sprinkled  with 
powder. 

UNPRA€'T1€ABLE,  «.  Not  feasible  ;  that 
cannot  be  performed.  [The  word  now 
used  is  imprarticable.] 

UNPRA€'TICED,  a.  Not  having  been 
taught  by  practi'-e  ;  not  skilled  ;  not  hav- 
ing experience  ;  raw  ;  unskillful.        Shak. 

i.  Not  known  ;  not  famdiar  by  use.  \.Yot 
used.]  Prior. 

UNPRA'ISED,  a.  sasz.  Not  praiseil ;  not 
celebrated.  Milton.     Dryden. 

UNPRECA'RIOUS,  a.  Not  dependent  on 
anotlier  ;  not  uncertain.  Blackmore. 

UNPRECEDENTED,  a.  Having  no  prece- 
dent or  example  ;  not  preceded  by  a  like 
case ;  not  having  the  authority  of  prior 
example.  Swift. 

UNPRECI'SE,  a.  Not  precise ;  not  exact. 

H'arton. 

UNPREDES'TINED,  a.  Not  previously  de- 
termined or  destined.  .Milton. 

UNPREDICT',  V.  t.  To  retract  prediction. 

Milton. 

UNPREFER'RED,  a.  Not  preferred  ;  not 
advanced.  Collier. 

UNPREG'NANT,  «.  Not  pregnant. 

2.  Not  prolific  ;  not  <iuick  of  wit.  Shak. 

UNPREJU'DICATE,  a.  Nnt  prepos-se-ssed 
by  settled  opinions.     [Litlle  used.] 

Taylor. 


U  N  P 


U  N  P 


U  N  Q 


UNPREJ'UDICED,  o.  Not  prejudiced  ;  free 
from  undue  bias  or  prepossession ;  not 
preoccupied  by  opinion  ;  impartial ;  as  an 
unprejudiced  mind.  Addison. 

2.  Not  warped  by  prejudice  ;  as  an  unpreju 
diced  judgment. 

UNPRELAT'lCAL,  a.  Unsuitable  to  a  pre 
Inte.  Clarendon. 

UNPREMEDITATED,  a.  Not  previously 
meditated  or  prepared  in  the  mind. 

2.  Not  previously  purposed  or  intended  ;  not 
dune  by  design. 

UNPREPARED, 


^    a.    Not  prepared  ;    not 

ready  ;  not  titled  or  furnished  by  previous 
measures.  Milton. 

2.  Not  prepared  by  holiness  of  life  for  the 
event  of  death  and  a  happy  immortality. 

Roacotnmon. 

UNPREPA'REDNESS,  n.  State  of  being 
unprepared. 

UNPREPOSSESS'ED,  a.  Not  prepossess- 
ed ;  not  biased  by  previous  opinions  ;  not 
partial.  South. 

UNPREPOSSESS'ING,  a.  Not  having  a 
VI  inning  appearance. 

UNPRESS'ED,  a.  Not  pressed. 

Shak.     Ticket. 

2.  Not  enforced.  Clarendon. 

LNPRESUMP'TUOUS,  a.  [See  Presume.] 
Not  presumptuous  ;  not  rash  ;  modest ; 
submissive.  Cowper. 

UNPRETENDING,  a.  Not  claiming  dis- 
tinctiKU ;  modest.  Pope. 


UNPRODUCTIVENESS,  n.  The  state  of 
being  unproductive ;  as  land,  stock,  capi- 
tal, labor,  &c. 

UNPROEA'NED,  a.  Not  profaned;  not  vi 
olated.  Dryden. 

UNPROFESSIONAL,  a.  Not  pertaining 
to  one's  ))rofession.  Beddou. 

2.  Not  belonging  to  a  profession 

UNPROFl"ClENCY,  n.  Want  of  profi- 
ciency or  improvement.  Hall. 

UNPROFITABLE,  a.  Bringing  no  profit ; 
producing  no  gain  beyond  the  labor,  ex- 
penses and  interest  of  capital ;  as  unpro- 
jatable  land  ;  unprofitable  stock ;  unprofita- 
ble employment. 

2.  Producing  no  improvement  or  advan- 
tage; useless;  serving  no  purpose;  as  an 
unprofitable  life  ;  unprofitable  study.  Job  xv. 

3.  Not  useful  to  others. 

4.  Misiniproving  talents;  bringing  no  glory 
to  God  ;  as  au  unprofitable  servant.   Matt 

XXV. 

UNPROFITABLENESS,  n.  The  state  of 
producing  no  profit  or  good  ;  uselessness 
inutility.  Addison. 

UNPROF'ITABLY,  adv.  Without  profit; 
without  clear  gain  ;  as  capital  unprofitably 
employee 

2.  Without  any  good  effect  or  advantage  ; 
to  no  good  purpose.  Addison. 

UNPROF'ITED,  a.    Not  having  profit  or 

}     gain.  Shak. 

UNPROHIBITED,  a.  Not  prohibited ;  not 
forbid  ;  lawful 

Not  planned ;   not 
South. 


UNPREVA'ILING,  a.  Being  of  no  force 

vuiii.  •S''at.|uNPKOJpxf'ED,    a 

UNPREVENT'ED,  a.  Not  prevented  ;  notjl     pn.jected. 

hindered.  Shak.'  UNPROLIF'IC,    a.    Not   prolific  ;  barren 

2.  Not  preceded  by  any  thing.     "*«•  |     not  producing  young  or  fruit.  Hale. 

„  .„     .       .         ^    ,    ^"' ,  "  ,2.  Not  producing  in  abundance. 

UNPRIEST,  v.t.  To  deprive  of  the  orders,  ujypfjQ]yj,,g,[^Q^    „     n„,  promising;  not 

ofa  piiesi.  J\hlton.»     ^fli-ording  a  favorable  pro.«pcct  of  success, 

UN  PRIES'iLY,  a.  Unsuitable  to  a  priest.      |j     of  excellence,  of  profit,  &c. ;  a.«  an  ttn 


Bale.\\     promising  youth 


an  unpromising  season 
a.    Not  prompted  ;   not 


UNPRINCE,  V.  t.  unprins'.   To  deprive  of  iu]>iPROMPT'ED, 

pruicipalily  or  soveiei;;nty.  Swift.\     dictated. 

UN  PRINCELY,  a.  unprins'lij.  Unbecoming  l2.  Not  excited  or  instigated 

a  prince  ;  not  resembling  a  prince.  j  UNPRONOUNCEABLE,    a.    unpronouns'- 

K.  Charles. ■[     able.    That  cannot  be  pronounced.    [Unu 
UNPRINCIPLED,  a.   Not   having  settled]     sual.]  Walker. 

principles;  as  souls  un;)nn«p/crf  in  virtue.,  UNPKONOUNC'ED,  a.   Not  pronounced; 

Milton  '     ■  •  • 


not  uttered. 


Milton. 


2.  Having  no  good  moral  principles ;  desti- 
tute of  virtue  ;  not  restrained  by  con- 
science :  profligate. 

UNPRINT'ED,  a.  Not  printed  ;  as  a  litera- 
ry \vi)ik.  Pope. 

2.  Nut  stamped  with  figures  ;  white;  as un- 
priiifed  cotton. 

UNPUIS'ONED,  o.  s  as  I.  Set  free  from 
ci>i;fiiiement.  Donne. 

Ur-PRl'ZABLE,  a.  Not  valued  ;  not  of  esti- 
ii.ation. 

UNPRIZED,  a.  Not  valued.  Shak. 

UNPROCLA'IM  ED,  n.  Not  proclaimed;  not 
notified  by  public  declaration.  Milton 

UNPRODUCTIVE,  a.  Not  productive ;  bar- 
ren. Burke 

2.  More  generally,  not  producing  large  crops 
not  making  profitable  returns  for  labor 
as  unproductive  land. 

3.  Not  profitable ;  not  producing  profit  or 
interest ;  as  capital ;  as  unproductive  funds 
or  stock. 

4.  Not  efficient ;  not  producing  any  effect, 


UNPROP',  V.  t.  To  remove  a  prop  from; 
to  deprive  of  support. 

UNPROP' ER,  a.  Not  fit  or  proper.  Ohs. 
[Improper  is  the  word  now  used.] 

UNPKOP'ERLY,  adv.  Unfitly.  06*.  [See 
Improperly.] 

UNPROPHET'le,       }        Not    foreseeing 

UNPROPIIET'ICAL,  $"•  or  not  predict 
iiig  future  events. 

UNPROP!  "TIOUS,  a.  Not  propitious  ;  iiot 
favorable  ;  not  disjiosed  to  promote  ;  in- 
auspicious. Pope. 

UNPKOPl'TIOUSLY,  adv.  Unfavorably; 
unkiiidlv. 

UNPROP'ORTIONABLE,  a.  Wanting  due 
proportion. 

UN  PROPORTIONATE,  a.  Wanting  pro- 
portion ;  dispro|)ortionate  ;  unfit. 

UNPROPORTIONED,  a.  Not  proportion- 
ed ;  not  suitable.  Shak. 

UNPROPO'SED,  a.  s  as  2.  Not  proposed  ; 
not  off'ered.  Dryden. 

(JNPROP'PED,  a.  Not  propped ;  not  sup- 
ported or  upheld.  Milton.  I 


UNPROS'PEROUS,  a.  Not  prosperous; 
not  attended  with  success  ;  unfortunate. 

Pope. 

UNPROS'PEROUSLY,  adv.  Unsuccessfttl- 
ly  ;  unfortunately.  Taylor. 

UNPROS'PEROUSNESS,  n.  Want  of 
success;  failure  of  the  desired  result. 

IlammoJid. 

UNPROS'TITUTED,  a.  Not  prostituted  ; 
not  debascil. 

UNPROTECTED,  a.  Not  protected  ;  not 
defended.  Hooker. 

2.  Not  countenanced  ;  not  supported. 

UN  PROTRACT' ED,  a.  Not  jirotracted  ; 
not  drawn  out  in  length. 

UNPROVED,  a.  Not  iiroved;  not  known 
by  trial.  Spejiser. 

9.  Not  established  as  true  by  argument,  de- 
monstration or  evidence. 

UNPROVl'DE,  y.  t.  To  unfurnish  ;  to  di- 
vest or  strip  of  qualifications.        Southern. 

UNPROVIDED,  pp.  Divested  of  qualifica- 
tion.". 

2.  a.  Not  provided;  unfurnished;  unsuppli- 
ed.  Dryden. 

UNPROV'IDENT,  a.  Improvident.     Obs. 

UNPKOVI'.SIONED,  a.  s  as  z.  Not  fur- 
nished with  provisions.  Pollok. 

UNPROVO'KED,  a.  Not  provoked ;  not 
incited  ;  applied  to  persons. 

2.  Not  proceeding  from  provocation  or  just 
cause  ;  as  an  unprovoked  attack. 

Addison. 

UNPROVO'KING,  a.  Giving  no  provoca- 
tion or  offense.  Fleetwood. 

UNPRUDEN'TIAL,  a.  Imprudent.  [Abt 
used.]  Milton. 

UNPRU'NED,  a.   Not  pruned  ;  not  lopped. 

Shak. 

UNPUB'LIe,  a.  Not  public  ;  private;  not 
generallv  seen  or  known.  Taylor. 

UNPUBLISHED,  a.  Not  made  public; 
secret ;  private.  Shak. 

2.  Not  published  ;  as  a  manuscript  or  book. 

Pope. 

UNPUNC'TUAL,  a.  Not  punctual;  not  ex- 
act in  time.  Pope. 

UNPUNCTUAL'ITY,  n.  Want  of  punctu- 
ality. 

UNPUNC'TUATED,  a.  Not  punctuated  ; 
not  pointed.  Busby. 

UNPl'N'ISHED,  a.  Not  punished;  suffer- 
ed to  |iass  without  punishment  or  with 
impunity;  as  a  thief  unpunished;  an  un- 
punished crime.  Dryden. 

UNPUN  ISHING,  a.  Not  punishing. 

L'NPLR  CHASED,  a.  Not  purchased  ;  not 
bought.  Denham. 

I'NPL'RE,  n.  Not  pure;  impure.  Obs.  [See 
Impure."] 

UNPURti'ED,  a.  Not  purged  ;  unpurified. 

Milton. 

UNPURIFIED,  a.  Not  purified  ;  not  freed 
from  recrement  or  foul  matter. 

2.  Not  cleansed  from  sin  ;  unsanctified. 

Decay  or  Piety. 

UNPUR'POSEID,  a.  Not  intended  ;  nol 
designed.  Shak. 

UNPURS'ED,  a.  Robbed  ofa  purse. 

PoUok. 

UNPURSU'ED,  a.  Not  pursued ;  not  fol- 
lowed :  not  prosecuted.  Milton. 

UNPU'TREFIED,  a.  Not  putrefied  ;  not 
corriipied.  Bacon. 

UNQU'AFFED,  0.  Not  quaffed ;  not  drank. 

Byrort. 


U  N  R 


U  N  R 


U  N  R 


UNQUaL'IFIED,  a.  Not  qualified  ;  wot  fit;|iUNRAN'SACKED,  a.  Not  ransacked  ;  iiot 
not  liaving  the  requisite  talents,  abilities;      searched. 

or  accomplishments.  Swiji.  '2.  Not  pillaged.  Knolles.] 

ith  or  UNRAN'SoMED,    a.    Not  ransomed  ;   not! 

liberated   from   captivity  or  bondage   by 

payment  for  liberty.  Pope.l 

UNRASH',  a.  Not  rash;  not  presumptuous. 

Clarendon. 


2.  Not  having  taken  the  requisite  oath 
oaths. 

3.  Not  modified  or  restricted  by  conditions 
or  exceptions;  as  unqualified  jiraise. 

UNQUaL'IFV'.  I),  t.  To  divest  of  qualifica- 
tions. [But  instead  of  this,  disqualify  is 
now  used.] 

UNQUaL'ITIED,  a.  Deprived  of  the  usual 
faculties.     [JVotinuse.]  Shak. 

UNQUaR'RELABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be 
impugned.     [J\"ot  in  use.]  Brown. 

UNQUEE'N,  V.  t.  To  divest  of  the  dignity 
of  queen.  Shak. 

UNQUELL'ED,  a.  Not  quelled;  not  sub- 
dued. Thomson. 

UNQUENCH'ABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be 
quenched ;  that  will  never  be  extinguish- 
ed ;  inextinguishable.    Matt.  iii.     Luke  iii. 

UNQUENCH'ABLENESS,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  inextinguishable. 

Hakeimll. 

UNQUENCH'ABLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or 
degree  so  as  not  to  be  quenclied. 

UNQUENCH'ED,  a.  Not  extinguished. 

Bacon . 

UNQUES'TIONABLE,  a.  Not  to  be  ques- 
tioned ;  not  to  be  doubted;  indubitable; 
certain  ;  as  unquestionable  evidence  or 
truth  ;  unquestionable  courage.      Addison. 

UNQUESTIONABLY,  adv.  Without 
doubt ;  indubitably.  Sprat. 

UNQUES'TIONED,  o.  Not  called  in  ques 
tion;  not  doubted. 

2.  Not  interrogated  ;  having  no  questions 
asked  ;  not  examined.  Dryden 

3.  Indisputable  ;  not  to  be  opposed. 

B.  Jonson. 
UNQUES'TIONING,     a.     Not    calling   in 
question  ;  not  doubting ;  unhesitating. 

J.  M.  Mason. 
UNQUICK',  a.  Not  quick;  slow. 
2.  Not  alive  ;  motionless.     [Not  in  use.] 

Daniel. 
UNQUICK'ENEl),  a.  Not  animated  ;  not 
matured  to  vitality  ;  as  unquickened  prog- 
eny. Blackstone 
UNQUI'ET,  a.  Not  quiet  ;  not  calm  or 
tranquil ;  restless  ;  uneasy  ;  as  an  unquiet 
person  ;  an  unquiet  mind. 

2.  Agitated  ;  disturbed  by  continual  motion  ; 
as  the  unquiet  ocean. 

3.  Unsatisfied  ;  restless.  Pope. 
UNQUI'ET,    V.  t.     To  disquiet.     [JVo/  in 

use.]  Herbert. 

UNQUI'ETLY,  adv.  In  an  unquiet  state 

without  rest ;  in  an  agitated  state.      Shak. 
UNQUl'ETNESS,  n.  Want  of  quiet ;  want 

of  tranquillity  ;  restlessness;  uneasiness. 
Taylor.     Denham. 

2.  Want  of  peace  ;  as  of  a  nation.     Spenser. 

3.  Turbulence  ;  disposition  to  make  trouble 
or  excite  disturbance.  Dn/den. 

UNQUI'ETUDE,  n.  Uneasiness ;  restless- 
ness. Obs.  [For  this,  disquietude  and  in 
quietude  are  u.sed.] 

UNRACK'ED,  a.  Not  racked  ;  not  poured 

(roin  llie  lees. 
UNBAKED,    (,.   Not  raked;  as  land 

raked. 
2.  Not  raked  together ;  not  raked  up ;  as 

fire.  Skat 


UNRAVEL,  r.  «.  To  disentangle  ;  to  disen 
gage  or  separate  threads  that  are  knit. 

3.  To  free ;  to  clear  from  complication  or 
difliculty.  Addison. 

3.  To  separate  connected  or  united  parts; 
to  throw  into  disorder. 

Nature  all  unraveVd.  Dryden.\ 

4.  To  unfold,  as  the  plot  or  intrigue  of  a 
play.  Pope. 

UNRAVEL,  v.i.   To  be  unfolded;  to  bej 
disentangled. 

UNRAVELMENT,   n.    The   development' 
of  the  plot  in  a  play.  Mickel. 

UNRA'ZORED,  a.  Unshaven.  Milton}, 

UNRE'ACIIED,  a.    Not  reached;  not   at- 
tained to.  Dryden. 

UNREAD,  a.  unred'.    Not  read  ;  not  recit-l 
ed ;  not  perused.  Hooker.     Dryden} 

2.  Untaught ;  not  learned  in  books. 

Dryden! 

UNREADINESS,  n.  unred'iness.    Want  of 
readiness;  want  of  promptness  or  dexter 


'ty- 


Not 


Hooker. 
Taylor. 
ready;  not 
Shak. 
Brown . 
Bacon. 


2.  Want  of  preparation. 

UNREADY,    a.    unred'y. 
jirepared  ;  not  fit. 

2.  Not  prompt ;  not  quick 

.3.  Awkward  ;  ungainly. 

lUNRE'AL,  a.  Not  real;  not  substantial; 
having  appearance  only.      Milton.     Shak., 

UNREAL'ITY,  n.  Want  of  reality  or  real 
existence.  Fearn. 

UNRE'APED,  a.  Not  reaped ;  as  unreaped 
wheat ;  an  unreaped  field. 

UNRE'ASONABLE,  a.  s  as  z.  Not  agree- 
able to  reason.  Hooker. 

2.  Exceeding  the  bounds  of  reason  ;  claim- 
ing or  insisting  on  more  than  is  fit ;  as  an 
unreasonable  demand.  j 

3.  Immoderate ;  exorbitant ;  as  an  uurea-' 
sonable  love  of  life  or  of  money.  ■ 

4.  Irrational.    [In  this  sense,  see  Irrational.]^ 
UNRE'ASONABLENESS,  n.  Iueon.-<isten-i 

cy  with  reason  ;  as  the  unreasonableness  of 
sinners. 

2.  Exorbitance  ;  excess  of  demand,  claim, 
passion  and  the  like  ;  as  the  unreasona- 

I     bleness  of  a  proposal. 

UNREASONABLY,  adv.  In  a  manner 
contrary  to  reason. 

2.  Excessively  ;  immoderately  ;  more  than 
enough. 

UNRE'ASONED,  a.  Not  reasoned. 

Burke. 

UNRE'AVE,  V.  t.  [See  Reave,  Unreeve  and; 
Ravel.]  To  unwind ;  to  disentangle  :  to| 
loose.  Spenser. 

2.  Not  to  rive  ;  not  to  tear  asunder  ;  not  tcv 
inirnof.     [J\/'ot  in  use.]  Hall.' 

UNREBA'TED,  a.   Not  blunted. 

Hakeunll. 

UNREBU'KABLE,  a.  Not  deserving  re- 
buke ;  not  obnoxious  to  censure.     I  Tim. 


UNRECE'IVED,  a.  Not  received; 
ken  ;  as  sacraments  unreceived. 


not  ta- 


2.  Not  come  into  possession ;  as  a  letter  un- 
received. 
Not  adopted ;  not  embraced  ;  as  opinions 

UTlfCCClVCu 

UNRECKONED,  a.  Not  reckoned  or  enu- 
merated. Bp.  Gardiner. 

UNRE€LA'IMABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be 
reclaimed,  reformed  or  domesticated. 

UNRECLAIMED,  a.  Not  reclaimed;  not 
brought  to  a  donjestic  state  ;  not  tamed ; 
as  a  wild  beast  unreclaimed. 

2.  Not  reformed  ;  not  called  back  from  vice 
to  virtue.  Rogers. 

UNRE€'OMPENSED,  o.  Not  recompens- 
ed ;  not  rewarded. 

UNREeONCI'LABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be 
reconciled ;  that  cannot  be  made  consist- 
ent with  ;  as  two  unreconcUable  proposi- 
tions. [In  this  sense,  irreconcilable  is  gen- 
erally used.] 

2.  Not  reconcilable;  not  capable  of  being 
appeased  ;  implacable.  Shak. 

•i.  That  cannot  be  persuaded  to  lay  aside 
enmity  or  opposition,  and  to  becotue 
friendly  or  favorable ;  as  unreconcUable 
neighbors. 

[Irreconcilable  is  generally  used.] 

UNRECONCILED,"  a.  Not  reconciled; 
not  made  consistent. 

2.  Not  appeased;  not  having  become  favor- 
able. 

3.  In  a  theological  sense,  not  having  laid 
aside  opposition  and  enmity  to  God  ;  not 
having  made  peace  with  God  through 
faith  in  Christ. 

UNRECORDED,  a.  Not  recorded  ;  not 
registered  ;  as  an  unrecorded  deed  or  lease. 

2.  Not  kept  in  remembrance  by  public  mon- 
uments. 
Not  unrecorded  in  the  rolls  of  fame.       Pope. 

UNRECOUNT'ED,  a.  Not  recounted  ;  not 
told  ;  not  related  or  recited.  Shak. 

UNRECOVERABLE,  n.  That  cannot  be 
recovered  ;  piist  recovery.  Fellham. 

That  caiMioi  be  regained. 

UNRECOVERED,  a.  Not  recovered ;  not 
recalled  into  possession  ;  not  regained. 

Drayton. 

2.  Not  restored  to  health. 

UNRECRVITABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be 
recruited. 

2.  Ineapable  of  recruiting.  {Bad  and  not 
\ised.]  Milton. 

UNREC'TIFIFD,  o.  Notrectified;  not  cor- 
rected or  sei  right. 

UNRECU'RING,  a.  That  cannot  be  cured. 
.,\'ot  in  use.]  Shak. 

UNREDEEMABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be 
reileenied. 

UNREDEE'MED,  a.  Not  redeemed ;  not 
ransomed. 

2.  Not  paid  ;  not  recalled  into  the  treasury 
or  bank  by  payment  of  ilie  value  in  mon- 
ey ;  as  unredeemed  bills,  notes  or  stock. 

UNREDRESS'ED,  a.  Not  redresse.l ;  not 
relieved  from  injustice;  applied  to  persons. 

2.  Not  removed  ;  not  reformed  ;  as  «nrf- 
dn-.i.trd  evils. 

UNREDUCED,  a.  Not  reduced:  not  less- 
ened ii.  size,  quantity  or  amount. 

UNREDUCIBLE,  a.  Not  capable  of  reduc- 
tion. Ash. 

INREDU'CIBLENESS,  n.  The  quality  oi 
not  being  ca^jublc  of  reduction.         South. 


U  N  R 


U  N  R 


U  N  R 


UNREEVE,  V.  t.  unret'v.  To  withdraw  tir 
take  out  a  rope  from  a  block,  tliinible, 
&c.     [See  Unreave.'\ 

UNKEFI'NED,  a.  Not  refined;  not  puri- 
fied ;  as  unrefined  sugar. 

9.  Not  refined  or  polished  in  manners. 

UNREFORIVI'ABLE,  a.  Not  capable  of 
being  put  into  a  new  form.         Hammond. 

2.  That  cannot  be  reformed  or  amended. 

Cowper. 

UNREFORM'ED,  a.  Not  reformed  ;  not 
reclaimed  from  vice;  as  an  unreformed 
youth. 

2.  Not  amended ;  not  corrected ;  as  iinrc 
formed  manners  ;  unreformed  vices. 

3.  Not  reduced  to  truth  and  regularity  ;  not 
freed  from  error  ;  as  an  unrtfarmed  calen 
dar.  Holder. 

UNREFRA€T'ED,  a.  Not  refracted,  as 
rays  of  light. 

UNREFRESH'ED,  a.  Not  refreshed  ;  not 
relieved  from  fatigue  ;  not  cheered. 

UNREFRESII'ING,  a.  Not  refreshing , 
not  invigorating  ;  not  cooling  ;  not  reliev-j 
ing  from  depression  or  toil.  Beddoes. 

UNREG'ARUED,    a.    Not   regarded;    not 

heeded ;  not  noticed  ;  neglected  ;  slighted. 

Diyden.     Swift. 

UNREG'ARDFIJL,  a.  Not  giving  atten- 
tion; heedless;  negligent. 

UNREuEN'ERACY,  Ji.  State  of  being  un- 
regenerate  or  unrenewed  in  heart. 

Hainmond. 

UNREgEN'ERATE,  a.  Not  regenerated; 
not  renewed  in  heart ;  remaining  at  en- 
mity with  God.  Stephens. 

UNRE(5'ISTERED,  a.  Not  registered; 
not  recorded.  Shak. 

UNREGULATED,  a.  Not  regulated  ;  not 
reduced  to  order.  Milner. 

UNREINED,  a.  Not  restrained  by  the  bri- 
dle." Milton. 

UNREJOIC'ING,  a.  Unjoyous;  gloomy; 
sad.  Thomson. 

UNRELA'TED,  a.  Not  related  by  blood  or 
affinity. 

2.  Having  no  connection  with. 

UNREL'ATIVE,  a.  Not  relative;  not  rela- 
ting ;   having  no  relation  to.      Chesterfield. 
[Irrelative  is  more  generally  used.] 

UNREL'ATIVELY,  adv.  Without  relation 
to.     [Liltle  vsed.]  Bolingbroke. 

UNRELENT'ING,  a.  Not  relenting;  hav- 
ing no  pity  ;  hard  ;  cruel ;  as  an  unrelent- 
ing heart. 

2.  Not  yielding  to  pity  ;  as  unrelenting  cru- 
elty. 

.3.  Not  yielding  to  circumstances  ;  inflexibly 
rigid  ;  as  an  unrehniing  rule.  Paley. 

UNRELIE'VABLE,  a.  Admitting  no  relief 
or  succor.  Boyle 

UNRELIE'VED,  a.  Not  relieved;  not 
eased  or  delivered  from  pain. 

2.  Not  succored  ;  not  delivered  from  con 
finement  or  distress;  as  a  garrison  u/ire 
lieved. 

3.  Not  released  from  duty  ;  as  an  unrelieved 
sentinel. 

UNREM  ARKABLE,  a.  Not  remarkable; 

not  worthy  of  particular  notice. 
2.  Not  capable  of  being  observed.        Digby. 

UNREM^ARKED,  a.  Not  remarked  ;  un- 
observed. Melvwth. 

UNREME'DIABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be 
cured;  admitting  no  remedv.  Sidney. 

Vol.  II. 


UNREM  EDIED,  a.  Not  cured  ; 

died.  MiUon.\ 

UNREMEM'BERED,  a.  Not  remembered  ;| 
not  retaineil  in  the  mind  ;  not  recollected. 

Jf'otton. 

UNREMEM'BERING,  a.  Having  no  mem- 
ory or  recollection.  Dryden.\ 

UNREMEM'BRANCE,  n.  Forgetfulness ; 
want  of  remembrance.     [.Vot  in  use.] 

Walls. 

UNREMITTED,  a.  Not  remitted;  not  for- 
given ;  as  punishment  unremitted. 

2.  Not  having  a  temporary  relaxation;  as 
pain  unremitted. 

3.  Not  relaxed ;  not  abated. 

UNREMITTING,  a.  Not  abating;  not  re- 
laxing for  a  time;  incessant;  continued; 
as  unremitting  exertions. 

UNREMITTINGLY,  adv.  Without  abate 
ment  or  cessation,  Fleming. 

UNREMOVABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  re- 
moved ;  fixed.  Shak. 

UNREMoVABLENESS,  7i.  The  state  or| 
quality  of  being  fixed  and  not  capable  of 
being  removed.  Hall.l 

UNREMoVABLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  that! 
admits  of  no  removal.  S/m/i-.j 

UNREMoVED,  a.  Not  removed  ;  not  tak- 
en away. 

2.  Not  capable  of  being  removed. 

Like  Atlas  unrem(n:'d.  .Vilton. 

UNRENEWED,  a.  Not  made  anew;  as, 
the  lease  is  unrenewed. 

2.  Not  regenerated ;  not  born  of  the  Spirit ; 
as  a  heart  unrenewed. 

UNREPA'ID,  a.  Not  repaid  ;  not  compen- 
sated ;  not  recompensed ;  as  a  kindness 
xinrepaid.  Johnson. 

UNREPEALED,  a.  Not  repealed ;  not  re- 
voked or  abrogated  ;  remaining  in  force. 

UNREPENT'ANCE,  n.  State  of  being  im- 
penitent.    [Liiitle  used.)  Jfarton. 

UNREPENT  ANT,  )       Not  repenting  ;  not 

UNREPENTTNG,  S  penitent;  not  con- 
trite for  sin.  Dryden. 

UNREPENT'ED,  a.  Not  repented  of. 

I  Hooker. 

UNREPI'NING,  a.  Not  repining ;  not 
peevishly  murmuring  or  complaining. 

Rowe. 

UNREPI'NINGLY,  adv.  Without  peevish 
complaints. 

UNREPLEN'ISHED,  a.  Not  replenished; 
not  filled  ;  not  adequately  supplied. 

Boyle. 

UNREPO'SED,  a.  s  as  :.  Not  reposed.       | 

UNREPRESENTED,  a.  s  as  z.  Not  rep- 
resented ;  having  no  one  to  act  in  one's 

SlClfl 

UNREPRIE'VABLE,  a.  That  cannot  bej 
reprieved  or  respited  from  death. 

UNREPRIE'VED,  a.  l^ot  reprieved  ;  not 
respited. 

UNREPROACHED,  a.  Not  upbraided; 
not  reproached.  I 

UNREPRoVABLE,  a.  Not  deserving  re- 
proof; that  cannot  be  justly  censured.! 
Col.  i. 

UNREPR6VED,  a.  Not  reproved;  not 
censured.  Sandys. 

a.   Not  liable  to  reproof  or  blame.       Milton. 

UNREPUGNANT,  a.  Not  repugnant ;  not 
opposite.  Hooker. 

UNREP'UTABI-E,  a.  Not  reputable.  [For 
this,  disreputable  is  generally  used.] 

104 


not  reme-|,UNRECiUE^'ED,  a.  Not  requested  ;  not 
asked.  KnoUes. 

UNREQUI'TABLE,  a.  Not  to  be  retal- 
iated. Bmjle. 

UNREQUITED,  a.  Not  requited;  not 
recompensed. 

UNRES'CUED,  a.  Not  rescued;  not  de- 
livered. PoUok. 

UNRESENT'ED,  a.  sasz.  Not  resented; 
not  regarded  with  anger.  Rogers. 

UNRESERVE,  n.  unrezerv  .  Absence  of 
reserve ;  frankness  ;  freedom  of  commu- 
nication, flarlori. 

UNRESERVED,  a.  Not  reserved;  not  re- 
tained when  a  part  is  granted. 

2.  Not  limited;  not  withheld  in  part;  full: 
entire ;  as  unreserved  obedience  lo  GodV 
commands.  Rogers. 

3.  Open  ;  frank ;  concealing  or  withholding 
nothing;  free;  as  an  uiiresert'erfdisclosur'- 
of  facts. 

UNRESERVEDLY,  adv.  Witliout  limita 
tion  or  reservation.  Boytt. 

2.  With  open  disclosure;  frankly;  wiihoiii 
concealment.  Pope. 

UNRESERVEDNESS,  ji.  Frankness : 
openness ;  freedom  of  communication  ; 
unlimitedness.  Boyle.     Pope. 

UNRESIST'ED,  a.  [See  Resist.]  Not  re 
sisted  ;  not  opposed.  BenUey. 

2.  Resistless  ;  such  as  cannot  be  successful- 
ly opposed.  Pop'. 

UNRESIST'IBLE,  a.  Irresistible.     Temple. 

ITNRESISTING,  a.  Not  making  resist- 
ance ;  yielding  to  physical  force  or  to  per- 
suasion. Dryden. 

2.  Submissive  ;  humble.  Buckminster. 

UNRESISTINGLY,  adv.  Without  resist- 
ance. Randolph. 

irNRESOLV'ABLE,  a.  sasz.  That  cannot 
be  solved  or  resolved.  South. 

UNRESOLVED,  a.  s  as  :.  Not  resolved  ; 
not  determined.  Shak. 

2.  Not  solved  ;  not  cleared.  Locke. 

UNRESOLVING,  a.  sasz.  Not  resolving: 
undetermined.  Drydtn. 

UNRESPE€T'ABLE,  a.  Not  respectable. 
[Xol  used.]  Malone. 

UNRKSPECT'ED,  a.  Not  respected;  not 
regarded  with  respect.  Shak. 

UNRESPECT'IVE,  a.  Inattentive;  taking 
little  notice.     [jYot  in  use.]  Shak. 

UNRES  PITED,  a.  Not  respited. 

2.  Admitting  no  pause  or  intermission. 

Milloti. 

UNRESPONS  IBLE,  a.  Not  answerable ; 
not  liable. 

2.  Not  able  to  answer ;  not  having  the  prop- 
erly to  respond,  [hnsponsible  is  also  used 
ill  the  like  sense.] 

UNREST',  >i.  Unquietness;  uneasiness. 
[.\'ot  in  use.]  Spenser.     Wotlon. 

UNRESTING,  n.  Not  resting;  continu- 
ally in  motion.  Byron. 

UNRESTORED,  n.  Not  restored;  not 
having  recovered  health. 

2.  Not  restored  to  a  former  place,  to  favor, 
or  to  a  former  condition. 

UNRESTRA'INABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be 
restrained.  Darunn. 

UNRESTRA  INED,  a.  Not  restrained  ;  not 
controlled ;  not  confined :  not  hindereti. 

Jhyden. 

2.  Licentious;  loose.  Shak. 


U  N  R 


U  N  R 


U  N  S 


3.  Not  limiteil ;  as   an  unrestrained  power 

unrestrained  truth. 
UNRESTRA  JNT,    n.    Freedom  from  re 

straint. 
UNRESTRICT'ED,  a.  Not  restricted ;  not 

liiiiittd  or  confined.  Smollett. 

UNRETRA€T'ED,  a.  Not  retracted;  not 

recalled.  Collier. 

UNREVE'ALED,    a.    Not    revealed;    not 

discovered  ;  not  disclosed.  Pope. 

UNREVENG'ED,  a.  Not  revenged;  as  an 

injury  unrevenged. 
2.  Nnt  vindirated  by  just  punishment. 

Scipio's  n'host  walks  vnreveng'd      Jlddison. 
UNREVENgEFUL,   a.    unrevenj'ful.     Not 

disposed  to  revenge.  Hacket. 

UNREV'ENUED,  a.  Not  furnished  with  a 

revenue.  Pollok. 

IINREV'EREND,  a.  Not  reverend. 
2.  Disrespectful;  irreverent;    as   an  unrev- 

erend  tongue.  Shak. 

UNREV ERENT,  a.  Irreverent.     [The  lat 

ler  is  chiejly  used.] 
UNREV'ERENTLY,      adv.     Irreverently, 

which  see. 
UNREVERSED,  a.  Not  reversed;  not  an- 
nulled by  a  counter  decision  ;  as   a  jud 

ment  or  decree  unreversed. 
UNREVI'SED,  a.  s  as  z.  Not  revised  ;  not 

reviewed  ;  not  corrected. 
UNREVI'VED,  a.  Not  revived;  not  recall- 
ed into  life  or  force. 
UNREVO'KED,  a.  Not   revoked  ;  not  re- 
called ;  not  annulled.  Milton 
UNREWARDED,  a.  Not  rewarded;    not 

compensated.  Pope. 

UNRIDDLE,  V.  I.  To  solve  or  explain  ;  as, 

to  unriddle  an  enigma  or  mystery. 
2.  To  explain. 

And  where  you  can't  unriddle,  learn  to  trust. 

Parnell. 
UNRID'DLED,  pp.  Explained  ;  interpreted. 
UNRID'DLER,  n.    One   who   explains   an 

euiifma. 
UNRID'DLING,  ppr.    Solving;  explaining. 
UNRIDl€'ULOUS,  a.  Not  ridiculous. 
UNRI'FLED,  a.   Not  rifled;   not   robbed; 

not  stripped.  Hume. 

UNRIG',  V.  t.  To  strip  of  both  standing  and 

running  rigging.  Mar.  Diet. 

UNRIG'GED,  pp.   Stripped  of  rigging. 
UNRIG'GING,  ppr.  Stripping  of  rigging. 
UNRIGHT,  a.  Not  right ;  wrong.     Obs. 
UNRIGHTEOUS,  a.  unri'chus.    [Sax.   un- 

rihtms;  that  is,  not  right-wise.] 

1.  Not  righteous;  not  just;  not  conformed 
■in  heart  and  life  to  the  divine  law  ;  evil ; 
wicked  ;  used  of  persons. 

2.  Unjust ;  contrary  to  law  and  equity  ;  as 
an  unrighteous  decree  or  sentence. 

UNRIGHTEOUSLY,  adv.  unn'chusly.  Un- 
justly; wickedly;  sinfully.  Dryden. 

UNRIGHTEOUSNESS,  n.  unri'chusness. 
Injustice;  a  violation  of  the  divine  law,  or 
of  the  plain  principles  of  justice  and  equi 
ty;  wickedness.  Unrighteousness  may 
consist  of  a  single  unjust  act,  but  more 
generally,  when  applied  to  persons,  it  de 
notes  an  habitual  course  of  wickedness. 
Rom.  i.  vi.     2  Cor.  vi. 

Every  transgression  of  the  law  is  unright- 

UNRIGHTFUL,  a.  Not  rightful;  not  just. 

Shak. 

UNRING',  V.  t.  To  deprive  of  a  ring  or  of 

"ngs-  Hudibras. 


UNRI'OTED,  a.  Free  from  rioting.  [jVoii2.  The  disposition  of  a  beast  to  break  over 
used.]  Alay.'y     fences   and   wander   from   an   inclosure  ; 

UNRIP',  V.  t.  To  rip.  [This  word  is  not\\  the  practice  of  breaking  or  leaping  over 
merely  useless,  but  improper.]  Bacon.      fences. 


UNRI'PE,  a.  Not  ripe;  not  mature;  not 
brought  to  a  state  of  perfection  ;  as  unripe 
fruit.  Shak. 

2.  Not  seasonable ;  not  yet  proper. 

He  fix'd  his  unripe  vengeance  to  defer. 

Ihyden. 

■i.  Not  prepared  ;  not  completed  ;  as  an  un- 
ripe scheme. 

4.  Too  early ;  as  the  unripe  death  of  Dori 
laus.     [  Unusual.]  Sidney. 

UNRI'PENED,  a.  Not  ripened;  not  ma- 
tured. Addison 

UNRI'PENESS,  n.  Want  of  ripeness;  im- 
maturity ;  as  the  unripeness  oi  l'm\t  or  of  a 
project, 

UNRi'VALED,  a.  Having  no  rival ;  having 
no  competitor.  Pope 

2.  Having  no  equal ;  peerless. 

UNRIV'ET,  V.  t.  To  loose  from  rivets ;  to 
unfasten.  Hale. 

UNRIV'ETED,  pp.  Loosed  from  rivets  ;  un- 
fa.stened. 

UNRIV'ETING,  ppr.  Unfa.stening ;  loosing 
from  rivets. 

UNRO'BE,  V.  t.  To  strip  of  a  robe  ;  to  un- 
dress; to  disrobe.  Young. 

UNROLL,  V.  t.  To  open  what  is  rolled  or 
convolved  ;  as,  to  unroll  cloth. 

2.  To  display.  Dryden. 

UNROLLED,  pp.  Opened,  as  a  roll ;  dis- 
played. 

UNROLLING,  ppr.  Opening,  as  a  roll ;  dis- 
playing. 

UNRO'MANIZED,  a.  Not  subjected  to  Ro- 
man arms  or  customs.  Whitaker. 

UNROMAN'TIC,  a.  Not  romantic;  not 
fanciful.  Sioijl. 

UNROOF',  V.  t.  To  strip  off  thereof  or  cov- 
ering of  a  house. 

UNROOF'ED,  pp.  Stripped  of  the  roof 

UNROOF'ING,  ppr.  Stripping  of  the  roof 

UNROOST'ED,  a.  Driven  from  the  roost. 

Shak. 

UNROOT',  D.  t.  To  tear  up  by  the  roots ;  to 
extirpate;  to  eradicate;  as,  to  unroot  an 
oak.  Dryden. 

UNROOT',  V.  i.  To  be  torn  up  by  the  roots, 

UNROUGH,  a.  unruff'.  Not  rough;  un- 
bearded ;  smooth.  Shak, 

UNROUND' ED,  a.  Not  made  round. 

Donne, 

UNROUT'ED,  a.  Not  routed;  not  thrown 
into  disorder.  Beaiim. 

|UNROY'AL,  o.  Not  royal;  unprincely. 

i  Sidney. 

UNRUF'FLE,  v.  i.  To  cease  from  being 
ruffled  or  agitated ;  to  subside  to  smooth- 
ness. Addison. 

UNRUFFLED,  «.  Calm;  tranquil;  not 
agitated. 

Calm  and  unruffled  as  a  summer's  sea. 

Addison. 

2.  Not  disturbed ;  not  agitated ;  as  an  un- 
ruffled  temper. 

UNRU'LED,  a.  Not  ruled  ;  not  governed; 
not  directed  by  superior  power  or  author- 
ity. Spenser. 
UNRU'LINESS,  n.  [from  unruly.]  Disre- 
gard of  restraint ;  licentiousness  ;  turbu- 
lence; as  the  wiruh'reessof  men,  orof  their 
passions. 


UNRU'LY,  a.  Disregarding  restraint;  li- 
centious; disposed  to  violate  laws;  tur- 
bulent; ungovernable;  as  an  unruly 
youth. 

The  tongue  can   no  man  tame  ;  it  is  an  «/i- 
ruly  evil.     James  iv. 

2.  Accustomed  to  break  over  fences  and  es- 
cape from  inclosures ;  a|)t  to  break  or 
leap  fences;  as  an  unruly  ox. 

The  owner  of  the  unruly  ox  paid  a  sum  of 

money,  as  a  civil  penalty  for  the  ransom  of  his 

life-  S.  E.  Dwight. 

UNRU'MINATED,    a.    Nut  well  chewed; 

not  well  digested.  Bolingbroke. 

lUNRUM'PLE,  V.  t.  To  free  from  rumples : 

I     to  spread  or  lay  even.  Addison. 

UNSADDEN,  v.  t.  unsad'n.  To  relieve  from 
i     sadness.  H'hitlock. 

UNSAD'DLE,  v.  t.  To  strip  of  a  saddle  ;  to 
take  the  saddle  from ;  as,  to  unsaddle  a 
horse. 

UNS.-VD'DLED,  pp.  Divested  of  the  saddle. 

2.  a.  Not  saddled;  not  having  a  sadille  on. 

UNSA'FE,  a.  Not  safe;  not  free  from  dan- 
ger; exposed  to  harm  or  destruction. 

Milton.     Dryden. 

2.  Hazardous  ;  as  an  unsafe  adventure. 

UNSA'FELY,  adv.  Not  safely  ;  not  with- 
out danger ;  in  a  state  exposed  to  loss, 
harm  or  destruction.  Grew. 

UNSA'FETY,  n.  State  of  being  unsafe ;  ex- 
posure to  danger.  Bacon. 

UNSAID,  a.  unsed'.  Not  said;  not  spoken; 
not  uttered.  Dryden. 

UNSA'INT,  V.  t.  To  deprive  of  saintship. 

South. 

UNSA'INTED,  pp.  Not  sainted. 

UNSA'LABLE,  a.  Not  salable  ;  not  in  de- 
mand ;  not  meeting  a  ready  sale  ;  as  «;i- 
salable  goods. 

UNSALT'ED,  a.  Not  salted ;  not  pickled  ; 
fresh  ;  a.s  unsalted  meat. 

UNSALU'TED,  a.  Not  saluted  ;  not  greet- 
ed. 

UNSAN€'TIFIED,  a.  Not  sanctified ;  un- 
holy. Thodey. 

2.  Not  consecrated. 

UNSANCTIONED,  a.  Not  sanctioned  ; 
not  ratified  ;  not  approved  ;  not  authori- 
zed. fValsh. 

UNSAN'DALED,  a.   Not  wearing  sandals. 

UNS.A'TED,  a.  Not  sated  ;  not  satisfied  or 
satiated.  Shenstone. 

UNSA'TIABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  satisfi- 
ed.    [But  insatiable  is  generally  used.! 

UNSA'TIATE,  a.  Not  satisfied.     Obs. 

More. 
[Insatiate  is  the  word  now  used.] 

UNSATISFA€'TION,    n.   Dissatisfaction. 

Brown . 

UNSATISFACTORILY,  adv.  So  as  not  to 
give  satisfaction. 

UNSATISFACTORINESS,  n.  The  qual- 
ity or  state  of  not  being  satisfactory  ;  fail- 
ure to  give  satisfaction.  Boyle. 

UNSATISFACTORY,  a.  Not  giving  satis- 
faction ;  not  convincing  the  mind. 

2.  Not  giving  content ;  as  an  unsatisfactory 
compensation. 

UNSAT'ISFIABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  sa 
tisfied.  Taylor. 


U  N  S 


U  N  S 


U  N  S 


UNSAT'ISFIED,  a.  Not  satisfied  ;  not  hav- 
ing enough  ;  not  filled  ;  not  gratified  to 
the  lull ;  as  wisaiisfieil  ajjpetitcs  or  desires. 

2.  Not  content;  not  pleased  ;  us,  to  be  «n- 
sati^e<i  with  the  choice  of  an  oflicer ;  to 
be  uiisati.ijicd  with  the  wages  or  compen- 
sation allowed. 

3.  Not  settled  in  opinion  ;  not  resting  in  con- 
fidence of  the  truth  of  any  thing ;  as,  to 
be  unsatisfied  as  to  the  freedom  of  the 
will. 

4.  Not  convinced  or  fully  persuaded.  The 
judges  appeared  to  be  unsatisfied  with  the 
evidence. 

5.  Not  fully  paid. 

An  esecution  returned  vtisatisfied. 

Doffgetl,   H/heaton's  Rep. 

UNSAT'ISFIEDNESS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing not  satisfied  or  content. 

UNSAT'ISFYlNG,  a.  Not  affording  full 
gratification  of  appetite  or  desire  ;  not  giv- 
ing content  ;  not  convincing  the  mind. 

Addison. 

UNSAT'URATED,  a.  Not  saturated;  not 
supplied  to  the  full.  Chimistry. 

UNSA'VED,  a.  Not  saved;  not  having  eter- 
nal life.  Pollok. 

UNSA'VORILY,  adv.  So  as  to  displease  or 
disgust.  Milton. 

UNSA'VORINESS,  n.  A  bad  taste  or  smell. 

Johnson. 

UNSA'VORY,  a.  Tasteless  ;  having  no 
taste.     .Job  vi. 

2.  Having  a  bad  taste  or  smell. 

Milton.     Brown. 

3.  Unpleasiug ;  disgusting.     Hooker.     Shak. 

UNSA'Y,  j;.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  unsaid.  To  re- 
cant or  recall  what  lias  been  said  ;  to  re- 
tract ;  to  deny  something  declared. 

Say  and  unsay,  feign,  flatter  or  abjure. 

Miltmi. 

UNSeA'LY,  a.  Not  scaly ;  having  no  scales. 

Gay. 

UNSCAN'NED,  a.  Not  measured  ;  not  com- 
puted. Skak. 

TJNSCA'RED,  a.  Not  scared  ;  not  frighten 
ed  away. 

UNSe'ARRED,  a.  Not  marked  with  scars 
or  wounds.  Shak. 

UNSeAT'TERED,  a.  Not  scattered  ;  not 
dispersed  ;  not  thrown  into  confusion. 

UNS€HOL'ARLY,  a.  Not  suitable  to  a 
scholar.     [A  bad  tvord.]  Asiat.  Res 

UNS€HOLAS'TIC,  a.  Not  bred  to  litera- 
ture ;  as  unschotastic  statesmen.        Locke 

2.  Not  scholastic. 

LNSeHOOL'ED,  a.  Not  taught;  not  edu- 
cated ;  illiterate.  Hooker. 

UNSCIENTIF'IC,  a.  Not  scientific  ;  not 
according  to  the  rules  or  principles  of 
science. 

UNSCIENTIF'ICALLY,  adv.  In  a  manner 
contrary  to  the  rules  or  principles  of  sci- 
ence. 

UNSCIN'TILLATING,  a.  Not  sparkling  ; 
not  emitting  sparks.  J.  Barlotv. 

UNSeORCH'ED,  a.  Not  scorched  ;  not 
affected  by  fire.  Shak. 

UNSeO'RIFIED,  a.  Not  scorified;  not  con- 
verted into  dross. 

UNSeOUR'ED,  a.  Not  scoured;  not  clean- 
ed by  rubbing  ;  as  unscoured  armor. 

Sltak. 

UNSeRATCH'ED,  a.  Not  scratched ;  not 
torn.  Shak 


UNSCREE'NED,    a.    Not  screened;    nol 

covered  ;  not  sheltered ;  not  protected. 

Boyle. 
UNSCREW,    V.  t.    To  draw  the   screws 

from;  to  loose  from  screws;  to  unfasten. 

Burnet. 
UNSCREWED,  pp.  Loosed  from  screws. 
UNSCREW  ING,  ppr.  Drawing  the  screws 

from. 
UNSCRIP'TURAL,    a.     Not   agreeable  to 

the  Scriptures;  not  warranted  by  the  au- 
thority of  the  word  of  God  ;  as  an  unacrip- 

turul  doctrine. 
UNSCRIP'TURALLY,  adv.   In  a  manner 

not  according  with  tlie  Scriptures. 
UNSCRUPULOUS,    a.     Not    scrupulous  ; 

having  no  scruples.  Mitford. 

UNSCRU'PULOUSNESSS,    n.    Want   of| 

scrupulousness.  lb. 

UNSCRUTABLE.     [See  Inscrutable.] 
UNSCUTCH'EONED,  a.  Not  honored  with 

a  coat  of  arms.  Pollok 

UNSE'AL,  V.  t.  To  break  or  remove   the 

seal  of;  to  open  what  is  sealed  ;  as,  to  un 

seal  a  letter. 
UNSE'ALED,  pp.    Opened,   as  something 

sealed. 
2.  a.  Not  sealed  ;  having  no  seal,  or  the  seal 

broken.  Shak. 

UNSE'ALING,  ppr.  Breaking  the  seal  of; 

opening. 
UNSE'AM,  V.  I.  To  ri))  ;  to  cut  open. 

UNSEARCHABLE,  a.  unserch'able.  That 
cannot  be  searched  or  explored  ;  inscruta- 
ble ;  hidden ;  mysterious. 

The  counsels  of  God  arc  to  us  unsearchable. 

Rogers 

UNSEARCHABLENESS,  n.    unserch'able- 
ness.    The  quality  or  state  of  being  un 
searchable,  or  beyond  the  power  of  man 
to  explore.  Bramhall. 

UNSEARCHABLY,  adv.  unserck ably.  Inu 
manner  so  as  not  to  be  explore<l. 

UNSEARCHED,  a.  unserch'ed.  Not  search- 
ed ;  not  exj)lored  ;  not  critically  examined. 

UNSEASONABLE,  a.  unsecznable.  Not 
seasonable;  not  being  in  the  proper  sea- 
son or  time.  He  culled  at  an  unseasona- 
ble hour. 

2.  Not  suited  to  the  time  or  occasion  ;  unfit ; 
untimely  ;  ill  time<l  ;  as  unseasotiabk   ad 
vice  ;  an  unseasonable  digression. 

3.  Late  ;  being  beyond  the  usual  time.  He 
came  home  at  an  unseasonable  time  of 
night. 

4.  Not  agreeable  to  the  time  of  the  year ;  as 
an  unseasonable  frost.  The  frosts  of  1816, 
in  June,  July  and  August,  in  New  Eng 
land,  were  considered  unseasonable,  as 
they  were  unusual. 

UNSE'ASONABLENESS,  n.  [supra.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  unseasonable,  ill 
timed,  or  out  of  the  usual  time. 

UNSE'ASONABLY,  adv.  Not  seasonably  : 
not  in  due  time,  or  not  in  the  usual  time  ; 
not  in  the  time  best  adapted  to  success. 

Dryden.     Arbuthnot. 

UNSEASONED,  a.  imsee'znd.  Not  season- 
ed ;  not  exhausted  of  the  natural  juices 
and  hardened  for  use  ;  as  unseasoned 
wood,  boards,  timber,  &c. 

2.  Not  inured  ;  not  accustomed;  not  fitted 
to  endure  any  tiling  by  use  or  habit;  ns, 
men  unseasoned  to  tropical  climates  are 
exposed  to  fevers. 


3.  Unformed  ;  not  qualified  by  use  or  expe- 
rience; as  an  unicn^onfrf  courtier.      Shak. 

4.  Not  suited  ;  not  sprinkled,  filled  or  im- 
pregnated with  any  thing  to  give  relish  ; 
as  unseasoned  meat. 

5.  Unseasonable.     [A'ot  in  use.]  Shak. 
UNSEAT,  V.  t.  To  throw  from  the  seat. 

Coirper. 
UNSE'ATED,  pp.  Thrown  from  the  seat. 

2.  a.  Not  seated  ;  having  no  scat  or  bottom. 

3.  Not  settled  with  iidiabitants ;  as  unseated 
lands.     [We  usually  say,  uniettitrf.] 

HolcoU. 

UNSE'A  WORTHY,  a.  Not  fit  for  a  voyage  : 
not  able  to  sustain  the  violence  of  the  sea  : 
as,  the  ship  is  rtnseau-orthy. 

UNSEC  ONDED,  a.  Not  seconded  ;  not 
supported.  The  motion  was  unseconded  : 
the  attempt  was  unseconded. 

2.  Not  exemplified  a  second  lime.  [AV  in 
use.]  Brown. 

UNSE'CRET,  a.  Not  secret ;  not  close ;  not 
trusty.  Shak. 

UNSE'CRET,  V.  t.  To  disclose  :  to  divulge. 
[JVot  used.]  Bacon. 

UNSEC'ULARIZE,  i-.  /.  To  detach  from 
secular  things ;  to  alienate  from  the  world. 

Ch.  Obs. 

UNSECURE,  a.  Not  secure ;  not  safe.  [Bui 
insecure  is  generally  used.] 

UNSEDU'CLD,  a.  Not  seduced  ;  not  drawn 
or  persuaded  to  deviate  from  the  path  of 
duty.  Milion. 

UNSEEDED,  a.  Not  seeded  ;  not  sown. 
[Local.]  .V.  England. 

UNSEEING,  a.  Wanting  the  power  of  vis- 
ion ;  not  seeing.  Shak. 

UNSEE'M,  V.  i.  Not  to  seem.   LVot  in  use.] 

Shak. 

UNSEEMLINESS,  n.  Uncomeliness  ;  in- 
decency ;  indecorum ;  impropriety. 

Hooker. 

UNSEE'MLY,  a.  Not  fit  or  becoming;  un- 
comely ;  unbecoming;  indecent. 

My  S0D9,  let  your  unseemly  discord  cease. 

Dryden. 

UNSEE'MLY,  adv.  Indecently  ;  Hubecom- 
''!5jy"  Philips. 

UNSEE'N,  a.  Not  seen  ;  not  discovered. 

MUton. 

2.  Invisible;  not  discoverable ;  as  the  undent 
God. 

3.  Unskilled  ;  inexperienced.      [.\'ot  in  use.] 

Clarendon. 

UNSE'IZED,  a.  Not  seized  ;  not  appre- 
hended. 

2.  Not  possessed  ;  not  taken  into  possession. 

Dryden. 

UNSEL'DOM,  adv.  Not  seldom. 

UNSELECT  ED,  a.  Not  selected  ;  not  sep- 
arated by  choice. 

UNSELECT  ING,  a.  Not  selecting. 

UNSELF'ISH,  a.  Not  selfish  ;  not  unduly 
attached  to  one's  own  interest.     Spectator. 

UNSENSIBLE,  a.  Not  sensible.  [But in- 
seitsibte  is  now  used.] 

UNSFNT',  a.  Not  sent ;  not  dispatched: 
nol  transmitted. 

Unsentfor,  not  called  or  invited  to  attend. 

Taylor. 

UNSEP' ARABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  part- 
ed.    [But  inseparable  is  now  used.] 

UNSEPARATED,  a.  Not  separated  or 
parted.  Pope. 

UNSEP'ULCHERED,  a.  Having  no  grave; 
unburicd.  Chapman. 


U  N  S 


U  N  S 


U  N  S 


UNSERVED,  a.  Not  served. 

UNSERVICEABLE,  a.  Not  serviceable  ; 
not  bringing  advantage,  use,  profit  or  con- 
venience ;  useless  ;  as  an  unstrviceable 
utensil  or  garment ;  an  unserviceable  tract 
of  land  ;  unserviceable  muskets. 

UNSERVICEABLENESS,  n.  The  quali- 
ty or  state  of  being  useless  ;  unfitness  for 
use.  Sanderson. 

UNSERVICEABLY,  adv.  Without  use  ; 
without  advantage.  Woodward. 

UNSET',  a.  Not  set ;  not  placed.      Hooker. 

2.  Not  sunk  below  tlie  horizon. 

t'NSET'TLE,  r.  t.  To  unfix  ;  to  move  or 
loosen  from  a  fixed  state  ;  to  unhinge  ;  to 
make  uncertain  or  fluctuating  ;  as,  to  un- 
settle doctrines  and  opinions. 

2.  To  move  from  a  place.  VEstrange. 

3.  To  overthrow.  Fleetwood. 
UNSET'TLE,  v.  i.  To  become  unfixed. 

Shak. 
UNSET'TLED,   pp.   Unfixed ;    unhinged  ; 
rendered  fluctuating. 

2.  a.  Not  settled ;  not  fixed  ;  not  determin- 
ed ;  as  doctrines,  questions,  opinions  and 
the  like. 

3.  Not  established.  Dryden. 

4.  Not  regular;  unequal  ;  changeable;  as 
an  unsettled  season  ;  unsettled  weather. 

Bentley. 

5.  Not  having  a  legal  settlement  in  a  town 
or  parish. 

6.  Having  no  fixed  place  of  abode.     Hooker. 

7.  Not  having  depo.sited  its  fecal  matter; 
turbid  ;  as  unsettled  liquor. 

8.  Having  no  inhabitants  ;  not  occupied  by 
permanent  inhabitants  ;  as  unsettled  lands 
in  America.  Belknap.     Hamilton. 

UNSET'TLEDNESS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing unfixed,  unsettled  or  undetermined. 

2.  Irresolution  ;  fluctuation  of  mind  or  opin- 
ions. 

3.  Uncertainty. 

4.  Want  of  fixedness;  fluctuation.       South. 
UNSET'TLEMENT,    n.    Unsettled  state ; 

irresolution.  Barrow. 

UNSET'TLING,  ppr.  Unfixing  ;  removing 
from  a  settled  state. 

UNSEV'ERED,  a.  Not  severed  ;  not  part- 
ed ;  not  divided.  Shak. 

UNSEX',  V.  t.  To  deprive  of  the  sex,  or  to 
make  otherwise  than  the  sex  commonly  is. 

Shak. 

UNSHACK'LE,  v.  I.  To  unfetter  ;  to  loose 
from  bonds  ;  to  set  free  from  restraint ;  as, 
to  unshackle  the  hands ;  to  unshackle  the 
mind. 

UNSHACK'LED,  pp.  Loosed  from  shack- 
les or  restraint. 

UNSHACK'LING,  ppr.  Liberating  from 
bonds  or  restraint. 

UNSHA'DED,  a.  Not  shaded  ;  not  over- 
spread with  shade  or  darkness.         Boyle. 

2.  Not  clouded  ;  not  iiaving  shades  in  color- 
ing. 

UNSHADOWED,  a.  Not  clouded  ;  nol 
darkened. 

UNSHA'KABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  shaken 

,,1-^of  »>"■■«««•]  Shak. 

UiNbUA'KED,  for  unshaken,  not  in  use. 

UNSHA'KEN,  a.  Not  shaken  ;  not  agita' 
ted  ;  not  moved ;  firm  ;  fixed. 

2.  Not  moved  in  rcHolution;  firm  ;  steady. 

3.  Not  subject  to  concussion. 


UNSHA'MED,  a.  Not  shamed ;  not  asliam-j 
cd ;  not  abashed.  Dryden 

UNSHA'MEFACED,  a.  Wanting  modesty  ;! 
impudent. 

UNSHA'MEFACEDNESS,  n.  Want  of] 
modesty  ;  impudence.  Chalmers. 

UNSHA'PE,  V.  t.  To  throw  out  of  form  or 
into  disorder  ;  to  confound  ;  to  derange 
[Little  used.]  Shak. 

UNSHA'PEN,  a.  Misshapen  ;  deformed ;  ug- 
ly. Addison. 

UNSHA'RED,  a.  Not  shared ;  not  partaken 
or  enjoyed  in  common  ;  as  unshared  bliss. 

Milton. 

UNSHE'ATH,     >      ,   To   draw    from   the 

UNSHE'ATHE,  \  ^-  ''  sheath  or  scabbard- 
Unxhcath  tliy  sword.  Shak 

To  unshtath  the  sword,  to  make  war. 

UNSHEATHED,    pp.     Drawn    from    the 

UNSHEATHING,  ppr.  Drawing  from  the 
scabbard. 

UNSHED',  o.  Not  shed  ;  not  spilt;  as  blood 
unshed.  Mitlon. 

UNSHEL'TERED,  a.  Not  sheltered  ;  not 
screened ;  not  defended  from  danger  or 
annoyance.  Decay  of  Piety. 

UNSHIE'LDED,  a.  Not  defended  by  a 
shield;  nut  protected;  exposed.     Dryden. 

UNSHIP',  V.  t.  To  take  out  of  a  ship  or 
other  water  craft ;  as,  to  unship  goods. 

2.  To  remove  from  the  place  where  it  is  fix- 
ed or  fitted ;  as,  to  unship  an  oar  ;  to  un- 
ship capstan  bars.  Mar.  Diet 

UNSHIPPED,  pp.  Removed  from  a  ship  or 
from  its  place. 

2.  Destitute  of  a  ship. 

UNSHOCK'ED,  a.  Not  shocked;  not  dis- 
gusted ;  not  astonished.  Ticket. 

UNSHOD',  a.  Not  shod ;  having  no  shoes. 

Clarendon. 

UNSHQOK',  a.  Not  shaken  ;  not  agitated. 

Pope. 

UNSHORN,  a.  Not  shorn  ;  not  sheared  ; 
not  clipped  ;  as  unshorn  locks.  Milton 

UNSHOT',  a.  Not  hit  by  shot.  Waller 

2.  Not  shot ;  not  discharged. 

UNSHOUT',  V.  t.  To  retract  a  shout.  [N'ot 
in  use.]  Shak. 

UNSHOW'ERED,  a.  Not  watered  or 
sprinkled  by  showers  ;  as  unshoivered 
grass.  Milton. 

UNSHRINK'ING,  a.  Not  shrinking;  not 
withdrawing  from  danger  or  toil ;  not  re- 
coiling; as  unshrinking  firmness. 

UNSHRUNK',  a.  Not  shrunk  ;  not  con 
tracted. 

UNSHUN'NABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be 
shunned ;  inevitable.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Shak. 

UNSHUN'NED,  a.  Not  shunned ;  not  avoid 
ed. 

UNSHUT',  a.  Not  shut;  open;  unclosed. 

UNSIFT'ED,  a.  Nol  sifted;  not  separated 
by  a  sieve.  May. 

2.  Not  critically  examined ;  untried. 
Unsight  unseen,  a  vulgar  phrase,  denoting 
unseeing  unseen,  or  imseen  repeated;  os, 
to   buy  a   thing  unsight  unseen,    that  is, 
without  seeing  it. 

UNSIGHTED,  a.  Not  seen  ;  invisible.  06*. 

Shak 

UNSIGHTLINESS,  n.  Disagreeableness 
to  the  sight ;  deformity ;  ugliness. 

Wiseman 


UNSIGHTLY,  a.  Disagreeable  to  the  eye; 

ugly  ;  deformed.  Milton. 

UNSIG'NALIZED,    a.    Not  signalized  or 

distinguished. 

UNSIGNIF'I€ANT,  a.  Having  no  mean- 
ing.    Obs.     [See  Insignijicant.] 

UNSIL'VERED,  a.  Not  covered  with  quick- 
silver ;  as  an  unsilvered  mirror.  Vre. 

UNSINCE'RE,  a.  Not  sincere  ;  hypocriti- 
caL     [See  Insincere.] 

2.  Not  genuine  ;  adulterated.  Boyle. 

3.  Not  sound  ;  not  solid. 

[Obsolete  m  the  two  last  significations,  and 
for  the  first,  insincere  is  generally  used.] 

UNSINCER ITY,  n.  Insincerity ;  cheat. 
[Not  used.]     [See  Insincerity.] 

UNSIN'EW,  V.  t.  To  deprive  of  strength. 

Druden. 

UNSIN'EWED,  pp.  or  a.  Deprived  of 
strength  or  force  ;  weak  ;  nerveless. 

Shak. 

UNSIN'EWING,p;)r.  Depriving  ofstrength ; 
enfeebling. 

UNSING'ED,  a.  Not  singed;  not  scorched. 

Brown. 

UNSIN'GLED,  a.  Not  singled ;  not  sepa- 
rated. Dryden. 

UNSINK'ING,  o.  Not  sinking;  not  failing. 

UNSIN'NING,  a.  Committing  no  sin;  im- 
peccable ;  untainted  with  sin ;  as  unsin- 
ning  obedience.  Rogers. 

UNSI'ZABLE,  a.  Not  being  of  the  proper 
size,  magnitude  or  bulk.  Smollett. 

UNSI'ZED,  a.  Not  sized  ;  as  imsized  paper. 

UNSKILL'ED,  a.  Wanting  skill ;  destitute 
of  readiness  or  dexterity  in  performance. 

Pope. 

2.  Destitute  of  practical  knowledge. 

Dryden. 

UNSKILL'FUL,  a.  Not  skillful ;  wanting 
the  knowledge  and  dexterity  which  are 
acquired  by  observation,  use  and  experi- 
ence ;  as  an  unskillful  surgeon  ;  an  un- 
skillful mechanic ;  an  unskillful  logician 

UNSKILL'FULLY,  adv.  Without  skill, 
knowledge  or  dexterity  ;  clumsily.     Shak. 

UNSKILL'FULNESS,  n.  Want  of  art  or 
knowledge;  want  of  that  readiness  in  ac- 
tion or  execution,  which  is  acquired  by 
use,  experience  and  observation.     Taylor. 

UNSLA'IN,  a.  Not  slain ;  not  killed. 

Dryden. 

UNSLA'KED,  a.  Not  slaked  ;  unquenched ; 
as  unslaked  thirst. 

UNSLAK'ED,  a.  Not  saturated  with  wa- 
ter ;  as  unslaked  lime. 

UNSLEE'PING,  a.  Not  sleeping;  ever 
wakeful.  Milton. 

UNSLING',  V.  t.  In  seamen's  language,  to 
take  off"  the  slings  of  a  yard,  a  cask,  &c. 

UNSLIPPING,  a.  Not  shpping;  not  lia- 
ble to  slip.  Shak. 

UNSLOW,  a.  Not  slow.     LVot  in  use.] 

UNSLUM'BERING,  a.  Never  sleeping  or 
slumbering  ;  always  watching  or  vigilant. 

Thodey. 

UNSMIRCH'ED,  a.  Not  stained  ;  not  soil- 
ed or  blacked.  Shak. 

UNSMO'KED,  a.  Not  smoked ;  not  dried 
in  sinuke. 

2.  Not  used  in  smoking,  as  a  pipe.        Swt/I. 

UNSMOOTH',  a.  Not  smooth;  not  even; 
rough.  Milton. 

UNSO'BER,  a.  Not  sober.     [ATot  used.] 


U  N  S 


U  N  S 


U  N  S 


UNSO'CIABLE,  a.  Not  suitable  to  society ; 
not  having  the  quahties  which  are  proper 
for  society,  and  whicii  render  it  agreea- 
ble ;  as  an  unsociahtc  temper. 

2.  Not  apt  to  couverse ;  not  free  in  conver- 
sation ;  reserved. 

UNSO'CIAHLY,  adv.  Not  kindly. 

2.  With  reserve. 

UNSO'CIAL,  a.  Not  adapted  to  society; 
not  beneficial  to  .society.  Shenstone. 

UNSOCK'ET,  V.  t.  To  loose  or  take  froni 
a  socket.  Simjl. 

UNSOFT',  a.  Not  soft;  hard.     [jVoi  used.] 

Chaucer. 

UNSOFT',  adv.  Not  with  softness.     Olts. 

Spenser. 

UNSOIL'ED,  a.  Not  soiled  ;  not  staineil  ; 
unpolluted.  Dryden. 

2.  Not  disgraced  ;  not  tainted ;  as  character. 

UNSOLD,  a.  Nut  sold ;  not  transferred  for 
a  consideration. 

UNSOLD]  ERED,  a.  Not  having  the  quali- 
ties of  a  soldier.     [J\rulin  use.]        Bimum. 

UNSOLDIERLIKE,  (       [See.VoWier.]  Un- 

UNSOLDIERLY,  \  ""  becoming  a  sol- 
dier. Broome. 

UNSOLICITED,  a.  Not  solicited  ;  not  re- 
quested ;  unasked.  Halifax. 

2.  Not  asked  for  ;  as  an  unsolicited  favor 

UNSOLIC'ITOUS.  a.  Not  solicitous;  not 
anxious;  not  very  desirous. 

UNSOL'ID,  a.  Not  solid;  not  firm;  not 
substantial ;  as  unsolid  arguments  or  rea- 
soning ;  an  uyisolid  foundation. 

2.  Fluid.  Locke. 

UNSOLV'ABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  solv- 
ed ;  inexplicable.  More. 

UNSOLVED,  a.  Not  solved ;  not  explain- 
ed, ff'atts. 

UNSO'NABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  sounded. 
Obs. 

UNSOOT,  for  unsweet.     Obs.  Spenser. 

UNSOI'HIS'TIeATED,  a.  Not  adulterat- 
ed by  mi.xture  ;  not  counterfeit ;  pure  ;  as 
unsophisticated  drugs;  unsophisticated  ar- 
guments. Locke. 

UNSOR' ROWED,  a.  Not  lamented  ;  not 
bewailed.  Hooker. 

UNSORT'ED,  a.  Not  separated  into  sorts  ; 
not  distributed  according  to  kinds  or  class- 
es ;  as  unsorted  types ;  unsorted  ideas. 

Ifatls. 

UNSOUGHT,  a.  unaaut'.  Not  sought  ;  not 
searched  for. 

■J.  Had  without  searching  ;  as  unsought  hon 
or  ;  unsought  ideas.  Locke. 

UNSOUL,  V.  t.  To  deprive  of  mind  or  un- 
derstanding. Shelton. 
UNSOUND',  <i.    Not  sound ;  defective ;  as 
unsound  timber. 

2.  Infirm  ;  sickly  ;  as  tmsound  in  health  ;  an 
unsound  constitution. 

3.  Not  orthodox ;  defective  ;  as  unsound  in 
faith  ;  unsound  doctrine.  Milner. 

4.  Not  sound  in  character ;  not  honest  ;  not 
faithful ;  not  to  he  trusted  ;  defective  ;  de 
ceitful.  Shak. 

5.  Not  true ;  not   solid  ;  not  real ;  not  sub 
stautial ;  as   unsound  pleasures ;  imsound 
delights.  Spenser. 

G.  Not  close  ;  not  compact ;  as  unsound 
cheese.  Mortimer. 

7.  Not  sincere;  not  faithful;  gs  unsound 
love.  Gay. 

8.  Not  solid  ;  not  material.  Spenser. 


5.  Infirmity;  weakness ;  as  of  body;  as  the 
unsoundness  of  the  body  or  constitution. 

Bacon 

Dryden. 

sowed 

unsowed 

Bacon. 


'J.  Erroneous  ;  wrong  ;  deceitful  ;  sophisti- 
cal ;  as  unsound  arguments. 

10.  Not  strong  ;  as  unsound  ice. 

11.  Not  fast;  not  ciihn  ;  as  unsound  sleep. 

12.  Not  well  established  ;  defective  ;  (ques- 
tionable ;  as  unsound  credit.         Hamdlon. 

UNSOIIND'ED,  a.  Not  sounded  ;  not  tried 
with  the  lead. 

UNSOUNDLY,  adv.  Not  with  soundness; 
as,  he  reasons  unsoundly;  ho  sleeps  un- 
soundly. 

UNSOUND'NESS,    n.    Defectiveness  ;   as 
the  unsoundness  of  timber. 
Defectiveness  of  faith ;   want   of  ortho- 
doxy. Hooker. 

3.  Corruptness;  want  of  solidity  ;  as  the  wn- 
soundness  of  principles.  Hooker. 

4.  Defectiveness  ;  as  the  unsoundness  of 
fruit. 


as    unsown    or 


UNSPLIT',  a.  Not  split ;  as,  unspUt  wood 
will  not  season. 

UNSPOILED,  a.  Not  spoiled ;  not  cor- 
rupted ;  not  ruined  ;  not  rendered  use- 
less. Pope. 

2.  Not  plundered  ;  not  pillaged. 

UNSPOT'TED,  a.  Not  stained  ;  free  from 
spot. 

2.  Free  from  moral  stain  ;  untainted  with 
guilt  ;  unblemished ;  immaculate  ;  as  un- 
spotted reputation. 

UNSPOT'TEDNESS,  n.  State  of  being 
free  from  stain  or  guilt.  Feltham. 

UNSQUA'RED,  a.  Not  made  square  ;  as 
unsquarcd  timber. 

2.  Not  regular  ;  not  formed.  Shak. 

UNSUUI'RE,  V.  t.  To  divest  of  the  title  or 
privilege  of  an  esquire.  Swijl. 

UNSTABLE,  a.  [L.  instaOUia.]  Not  sta- 
ble ;  not  fixed. 

2.  Not  steady  ;  inconstant ;  irresolute ;  wa- 
vering.    James  i. 

UNSTA'BLENESS,  n.  Instability. 

UNSTA'ID,  a.    Not  steady;  mutable;  not 

settled  in  judgment;  volatile;   fickle;  as 

unstaid  youth.  Shak. 

land  for  seed;  as  seed  t'NSTA  IDNESS,   n.    Unfixed  or   volatile 


UNSOUR'ED,  a.  Not  made  sour. 
2.  Not  Uiude  morose  or  crabbed. 
UNSOWED,  i       Not   sown  ;   not 

UNSOWN,  s;  "• 

ground. 

Not  scattered  on 
unsown. 

;3.  Not  propagated  by  seed  scattered ;  as  un- 
soivn  flowers.  Dryden. 

UNSPA'RED,  a.   Not  spared.  Milton. 

UNSPA'RING,  a.  Not  parsimonious ;  lib- 
eral ;  profuse.  Milton. 

2.  Not  merciful  or  forgiving.  MiUon. 

UNSPA'RINGNESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  liberal  or  profuse.  Mitford. 

UNSPE'AK,  J',  t.  To  recant ;  to  retract 
what  has  been  spoken.  Shak. 

UNSPE'AKABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  ut 

tered  ;  that   cannot   be   expressed ;  unut 

terahle  ;  as  unspeakable  grief  or  rage.     2 

Cor.  xii. 

Joy  unspeakable  ami  full  of  ^lory.     1  Pet 

UNSPE'AKABLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or 
degree  that  cannot  be  expressed ;  inex- 
pressibly ;  unutterably. 

UNSPECIFIED,  a.  Not  specified  ;  not 
particularly  mentioned.  Brown 

UNSPE'CldUS,  a.  Not  specious;  not  plau- 
sible, jlsial.  Res. 

UNSPEeULATIVE,  a.  Not  speculative 
or  theoretical. 

UNSPED',  a.  Not  performed ;  not  dispatch 
ed.     06s.  Garth. 

UNSPENT',  a.  Not  spent;  not  used  or 
wasted  ;  as  water  in  a  cistern  unspent. 

2.  Not  exhausted ;  as  strength  or  forca  un 
spent. 

3.  Not  having  lost  its  force  or  impulse ;  as 
an  unspent  ball. 

UNSPHE'RE,    V.  t.    To   remove  from   its 

orb.  Shak. 

UNSPI'ED,  a.  Not  searched  ;  not  explored. 

.Milton. 
2.  Not  seen ;  not  discovered.  Ticket. 

UNSPILT',  a.  Not  spilt ;  not  shed. 
2.  Not  spoiled.     {.Vol  in  use.]  Tusser. 

UNSPIR'IT,  V.  t.  To  depress  in  spirits ;  to 

dispirit ;  to  dishearten.    [Little  used.   The 

word  used  is  dispirit.] 
UNSPIR'ITED,  pp.  Dispirited. 
UNSPIR'ITUAL,  a.  Not  spiritual ;  carnal ; 

worldly.  S"^/>- 

UNSPIR'ITUALjZE,  r.  t.  To  deprive  of| 

spirituality.  .Vou/A 


state   or   disposition  ;   mutability  ;  fickle- 
ness; indiscretion. 

3.  Uncertain  motion ;  unsteadiness. 

Sidney. 

UNSTAINED,  a.  Not  stained ;  not  dyed. 

2.  Not  polluted ;  not  tarnished ;  not  dishon- 
ored ;  as  an  unstained  character. 

UNST'ANCHED,  a.  Not  stanched  ;  not 
stopped ;  as  blood. 

UNSTA'TE,  V.  t.  To  deprive  of  dignity. 

Shak. 

UNSTAT'UTABLE,  a.  Contrary  to  stat- 
ute ;  not  warranted  by  statute.  Suifl. 

UNSTEADFAST,  a.  wstedfasl.  Not  fix- 
ed ;  not  standing  or  being  firm. 

2.   Not  firmly  adhering  to  a  purpose. 

UNSTEADFASTNESS,  n.  unstedfastness. 
Want  of  steadfastness ;  instability;  incon- 
stancy. A'.  James. 

UNSTEADILY,  adv.  unstedily.  Without 
steadiness  ;  in  a  wavering,  vacillatiog 
manner. 

2.  Inconstantly  ;  in  a  fickle  manner. 

3.  Not  in  the  same  maimer  at  different 
times ;  variously.  Locke. 

UNSTEADINESS,  ii.  unsted'iness.  Unsia- 
bleness ;  inconstancy  ;  want  of  firmness  ; 
irresolution  ;  mutableness  of  opinion  or 
purpose.  Addison. 

2.  Frequent  change  of  place;  vacillation. 

UNSTEADY,  a.  unsted'y.  Not  steady  ; 
not  constant ;  irresolute.  Dtnham. 

2.  Mutable  ;  variable;  changeable;  as  un- 
steady winds. 

3.  Not  adhering  constantly  to  any  fixed  plan 
or  business. 

UNSTEE  PED,   a.  Not  steeped;  not  soak- 
ed. Bacon. 
UNSTIM'ULATED,    a.    Not  stimulated  ; 
not  excited  ;  as  unstimulated  nature. 

L.  Beecher. 
UNSTIM  ULATING,  a.   Not  exciting  mo- 
tion or  action. 
UNSTING',   I'.  /.  To  disarm  of  a  sting. 

South. 

Elegant  dissertations  on  virtue  and  vice — will 

not  unsting  calamily.  /.  .V.  .^fasoy)■ 


U  N  S 


U  N  S 


U  N  T 


UNSTING'ED,  pp.  Deprived  of  its  siing 

Pollok. 

UNSTINTED,  a.  Not  stinted ;  not  limit- 
ed. Skeilon 

UNSTIRRED,  a.  unslvr'red.  Not  stirred; 
not  ascitated.  Boyle 

UNSTITCH',  V.  t.  To  open  by  picking  out 
stitclies.  Collier. 

UNSTITCH'ED,  o.  Not  stitched. 

UNSTOOP'ING,  a.  Not  stooping  ;  not 
bending  ;  not  yielding  ;  as  unstooping 
firmness.  Shak. 

UNSTOP',  I',  t.  To  free  from  a  stopple,  as 
a  bottle  or  cask. 

2.  To  free  from  any  obstruction  ;  to  open. 

Boyle. 

UNSTOP'PED,  pp.  Opened. 

2.  a.  Not  meeting  any  resistance.     Dryden. 

UNSTOP'PING,  ppr.  Taking  out  a  stop- 
per ;  opening ;  freeing  from  obstruction. 

UNSTO'RED,  a.  Not  stored ;  not  laid  up 
in  store  ;  not  warehoused. 

9.  Not  supplied  with  stores ;  as  a  fort  un- 
stored  with  provisions. 

UNSTORM'ED,  a.  Not  assaulted  ;  not 
taken  by  assault.  Addison. 

UNSTRA'INED,  a.  Not  strained  ;  as  un- 
strained  oil. 

2.  Easy  ;  not  forced ;  natural ;  as  an  un- 
strained derivation.  Hakeicill. 

UNSTRA'ITENED,  a.  Not  straitened ;  not 
contracted. 

UNSTRA'TIFIED,  o.  Not  stratified  ;  not 
formed  or  being  in  strata  or  layers. 

Ckaveland. 

UNSTRENGTH'ENED,  a.  Not  strength- 
ened ;  not  supported ;  not  assisted. 

Hooker. 

UNSTRING',  V.  I.  To  relax  tension ;  to 
loosen  ;  as,  to  unstring  the  nerves. 

3.  To  deprive  of  strings ;  as,  to  unstring  a 
harp. 

3.  To  loose  ;  to  untie. 

4.  To  take  from  a  string ;  as,  to  unstring 
beads. 

UNSTRUCK',  a.  Not  struck  ;  not  impress- 
ed ;  not  aflTected  ;  as  unstruck  with  horror. 

Philips. 
UNSTUD'IED,     a.    Not  studied ;  not  pre- 
meditated. Dryden. 
2.  Not  labored  ;  easy ;  natural ;   as  an  un- 

^tudi^d  stvlp 
UNSTU'DIOUS,   a.  Not  studious;  not  dili 
gent  in  study.  Dwight. 

UNSTUFF'ED,  a.  Not  stuffed  ;  not  filled  ; 
not  crowded.  SAai. 

UNSUBDUED,      a.      Not   subdued;   not 
brought  into  subjection  ;  not  conquered ; 
as  nations  or  passions  unsubdued. 
UNSUB'JECT,  a.    Not  subject ;  not  liable  ; 

not  obnoxious. 
UNSUBJE€T'ED,   a.  Not  subjected;  not 

subdued. 

UNSUBMIS'SIVE,  a.  Not  submissive ;  dis- 
obedient. 

UNSUBMIT'TING,  a.  Not  submitting  ;  not 
obsequious ;  not  readily  yielding. 

Thomson 
UNSUBOR'DINATED,  a.    Not  subordina- 
ted or  reduced  to  subjection. 
UNSUBORN'ED,    a.    Not  suborned;  not 
procured  by  secret  collusion. 

Jlsh.     Hume. 
UNSUB'SIDlZED,    o.   Not  engaged  in  an- 
other's service  by  receiving  subsidies. 


UNSUBSTAN'TIAL,  a.  Not  substantial ; 
not  solid.  Milton. 

2.  Not  real  ;   not  having  substance.  I 

Mdison. 

UNSU€CEE'DED,  a.  Not  succeeded  ;  notl 
followed.  Milton.] 

UNSU€CESS'FUL,  a.  Not  successful ;  not 
producing  the  desired  event ;  not  fortu- 
nate. Addison. 

UNSUeCESS'FULLY,  adv.  Without  suc- 
cess; without  a  favorable  issue  ;  unfortu- 
nately. South. 

UNSU€CESS'FULNESS,  n.  Want  of  suc- 
cess or  favorable  issue. 

UNSUeCESS'IVE,  a.  Not  proceeding  by  a 
flux  of  parts  or  by  regular  succession. 

Hale. 

UNSUCK'ED,  a.  Not  having  the  breasts 
drawn.  Milton 

UNSUF'FERABLE,  a.  Not  sufferable  ;  not 
to  be  endured  ;  intolerable.  [But  tlie 
word  now  used  is  insufferahle.^ 

UNSUF'FERABLY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be 
endured.  [For  this,  insufferably  is  chiefly 
used.] 

UNSUF'FERING,  a.  Not  suffering;  not 
tolerating.  Young. 

UNSUFFI'CIENCE,  n.  Inability  to  an- 
swer the  end  proposed.  [For  this,  insuffi- 
ciency is  used.] 

UNSUFFI"CIENT,  a.  Not  sufficient ;  in- 
adequate. [For  this,  insufficient  is  now 
used.] 

UNSUGARED,  a.  UNSHQQG'ARED 
Not  sweetened  with  sugar.  Bacon. 

UNSUITABLE,  a.  Not  suitable  ;  unfit ;  not 
adapted  ;  as  timber  unsuitefc^e  for  a  bridge. 

2.  Unbecoming ;  improper  ;  as  a  dress  un 
suitable  for  a  clergyman  ;  unsuitable  re 
turns  for  favors. 

UNSCITABLENESS,  n.  Unfitness  ;  incon 
gruity ;  impropriety.  South. 

UNSOITABLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  unbe 
coming  or  improper. 

2.  Incongruously  ;  as  a  man  and  wife  unsuit 
ably  matched. 

UNSiOITED,  a.  Not  suited  ;  not  fitted  ;  not 
adapted ;  not  accommodated. 

UNSCITING,  a.  Not  fitting  ;  not  becom- 
ng.  Shak 

UNSUL'LIED,  a.  Not  sullied;  not  stained  ; 
not  tarnished. 

2.  Not  disgraced  ;  free  from  imputation  of 
evil. 

UNSUNG',  a.  Not  sung  ;  not  celebrated  in 
verse  ;  not  recited  in  verse.  Addison. 

UNSUN'NED,  a.  Not  having  been  exposed 
to  the  sun.  Milton 

UNSUPER'FLUOUS,  o.  Not  more  than 
enough.  Milton. 

UNSUPPLANT'ED,  a.  Not  supplanted; 
not  overthrown  by  secret  means  or  strat- 
agem. 

UNSUPPLI'ED,  a.  Not  supplied ;  not  fur 
nished  with  things  necessary.         Dryden. 

UNSUPPORTABLE,    a.    That  cannot   be 
supported  ;  intolerable.     [But  insupporta 
ble  is  generally  used.] 
UNSUPPORTABLENESS,  n.  Insupporta- 
bleness.     [The  latter  is  chiefly  used.] 

UNSUPPORTABLY.    adv.    Insupportably. 

[The  latter  is  generally  used.] 
UNSUPPORTED,    a.    Not  supported  ;   not 
upheld  ;  not  sustained.  Milton 

2.  Not  countenanced  ;  not  assisted. 

Broten 


UNSUPPRESS'ED,    a.     Not  suppressed; 

not  subdued  ;  not  extinguished. 
UNSU'RE,    a.    [See  Sure.]    Not  fixed ;  not 

certain.  Pope. 

UNSURMOUNT'ABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be 

surmounted  or  overcome ;  insuperable. 

UNSURPASSED,    a.    Not  surpassed  ;  not 

CXC6C(lGtl. 

UNSUSCEPTIBLE,  a.  Not  susceptible; 
not  capable  of  admitting  or  receiving  ;  as 
a  heart  unsusceptible  of  impressions;  a 
substance  unsusceptible  of  change  or  of 
permanent  colors. 

UNSUSPECT',  for  unsuspected,  is  not  in 
use. 

UNSUSPECT'ED,  a.  Not  suspected ;  not 
considered  as  likely  to  have  done  an  evil 
act,  or  to  have  a  disposition  to  evil. 

Stvifl.     Dniden. 

UNSUSPEeT'EDLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to 
avoid  suspicion.  Pope. 

UNSUSPECTING,  a.  Not  imagining  that 
any  ill  is  designed  ;  free  from  suspicion. 

Pope. 

UNSUSPI"CIOUS,  a.  Having  no  suspicion  ; 
not  indulging  the  imagination  of  evil  in 
others  ;  as  an  unsuspicious  youth. 

2.  Not  to  be  suspected  ;  as  unsuspicious  tes- 
timony. Mitford. 

UNSUS"PI"CIOUSLY,  adv.  Without  sus- 
picion. 

UNSUSTAINABLE,  a.  Not  sustainable ; 
that  cannot  be  maintained  or  supported  ; 
as  unsustainable  pain ;  a  suit  in  law  un- 
sustainable. 

UNSUSTA'INED,  a.  Not  sustained ;  not 
supported ;  not  seconded. 

UNSWA'THE,  V.  t.  To  take  a  swathe  from  ; 
to  relieve  from  a  bandage.  Addison. 

UNSWA'YABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  sway- 
ed, governed  or  influenced  by  another. 
[Little  used.]  Shak. 

UNSWA'YED,  a.  Not  swayed;  not  wield- 
ed ;  as  a  scepter. 

2.  Not  biased  ;  not  controlled  or  influenced 

UNSWEAR,  V.  t.  To  recant  or  recall  an 
oath.  Spenser. 

UNSWEAT,  J).  <.  unsiveV.  To  ease  or  cool 
after  exercise  or  toil.  [A  bad  word  and 
not  used.]  Milton. 

UNSWEATING,  a.  unsivel'ing.  Not  sweat- 
ing. Dryden. 

UNSWEE'T,  a.    Not  sweet.     [Little  used.] 

Spenser. 

UNSWEPT',  a.  Not  cleaned  with  a  broom ; 
not  swept ;  not  brushed.  Shak. 

UNSWORN,  a.  Not  sworn ;  not  bound  by 
an  oath  ;  not  having  taken  an  oatli :  as, 
the  witness  is  unsicorn. 

UNSYMMET'RICAL,  a.  Wanting  symme- 
try or  due  ])roportion  of  parts. 

UNSYSTEMATIC,         )        Not    system- 

UNSYSTEM.-VT'ICAL,  ^  "'  atic;nothav- 
itig  regular  order,  distribution  or  arrange- 
ment of  parts.  Ames 

UNSYS'TEMIZED,  a.  Not  systemized  ; 
not  arranged  in  due  order;  not  formed 
into  system. 

UNTACK',  V.  t.  To  separate  what  is  tack 
od  ;  to  disjoin;  to  loosen  what  is  fast. 

Milton 

UNTA'INTED,  a.  Not  rendered  impure  by 
admixture  ;  not  impregnated  with  foul 
matter :  as  untainted  air. 


U  N  T 


U  N  T 


U  N  T 


2.  Not  sullied  ;  not  stained ;  unbloniished  ■: 
as  untainted  virtue  or  reputation. 

3.  Not  rendered  unsavory  by  putrescence ;' 
as  untainted  meat. 

4.  Not  cliarged  witli  a  crime  ;  not  accused  ; 
as,  lie  lived  untainted.  Shak. 

UNTA'INTEDLY,      adv.     Without  spot 
without  blemish ;  without   imputation  of 
crime. 

UNTA'INTEDNESS,  n.  Stateor  quality  of 
being  untainted  ;  purity.  Hall. 

UNTAKEN,  a.  unla'kn.  Not  taken  ;  not 
seized  ;  not  apprehended  ;  as  a  thief  un- 
taken. 

3.  Not  reduced  ;  not  subdued  ;  as  untaken 
Troy.  Pope. 

3.  Not  swallowed. 

Untaken  away,  not  removed.     2  Cor.  iii. 

Untaken  up,  not  occupied  ;  not  filled. 

Boyle. 

Untalked  of,  not  talked  of;  not  made  the 
subject  of  conversation. 

UNTA'MABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  tamed 
or  domesticated  ;  that  cannot  be  reclaimed; 
from  a  wild  .•■tate.  GrewJ 

2.  Not  to  be  siibilued  or  reduced  lo  control. 

UNTA'MEL),  a.  Not  reclaimed  from  wild- 
ni'ss ;  not  domesticated  ;  not  made  famil- 
iar with  man  :  us  an  untamed  beast. 

2.  Not  subdued;  not  brouffht  under  con- 
trol ;  as  a  turbulent,  untamed  mind. 

Diyden. 

3.  Not  softened  or  rendered  mild  by  culture  ; 
as  an  untamed  people.  Spenser. 

UNTANGLE,  v.  t.  To  disentangle  ;  to 
loose  from  tangles  or  intricacy;  as,  to  un- 
tangle thread. 

Untangle  this  cruel  chain.  Prior 

UNTAN'GLKU,  pp.  Disentangled. 

UN TAN'GLING,  ppr.  Disentangling. 

UNT^ARNISHED,   a.    Not  soded  ;  not  tar- 
nished; not  stained;  unblemished;  asun 
tarnished  silk  ;  untarnished  reputation. 

UNTaSTED,  a.  Not  tasted ;  not  tried  by 
the  taste  or  tongue. 

2.  Not  enjoyed  ;  as  untasted  pleasures. 

UNTASTEFUL,  a.  Having  no  taste  ;  being 
without  taste. 

UNTASTEFULLY,  adv.  "Without  taste  or 
gracefulness;  in  bad  taste.  Br.  Rev 

UNTaSTING,  a.  Not  tasting ;  not  perceiv 
ing  by  the  taste.  Smith. 

UNTAUGHT,  a.  untaid'.  Not  taught ;  not 
instructed  ;  not  educated  ;  unlettered  ;  illit- 
erate. Dryden 

2.  Unskilled  ;  new  ;  not  having  use  or  prac- 
tice. 

A  tongue  untaught  to  plead  for  favor.   Shak. 

UNTAX'ED,  o.  Not  taxed;  not  charged 
with  taxes. 

2.  Not  accused. 

UNTE'ACH,  I',  f.  pret.  and  pp.  untaught. 
To  cause  to  forget  or  lose  what  has  been 
taught. 

Experience  will  unteach  us.  Brown 

UNTE'ACHABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be 
taught  or  instructed  ;  indocile.         Milton. 

UNTE'ACHABLENESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
not  readily  receiving  instruction  ;  indocili- 
ty.  Scott. 

UNTEE'MING,  a.  Not  producing  young  ; 
barren. 

UNTEM'PERATE,  a.  Intemperate.  [The 
latter  is  noio  used.] 

UNTEM'PERED,  a.  Not  tempered  ;  not 
duly  mixed  for  use  ;  not  durable  or  strong. 


UNTEMPT'ED,  a.  Not  tempted  ;  not  tried! 


by  enticements  or  persuasions  ;  not  invited 
by  any  thing  alluring. 
UNTEN'ABLE,  a.  Not  tenable  ;  that  can- 
not be  held  in  possession  ;  as  an  untenable 
post  or  fort.  Dryden.     Clarendon 

2.  That  cannot  be  maintained  or  supported  ; 
not  defensible  ;  as  an  untenable  doctrine  ;■ 
untenable  ground  in  argument. 
UNTEN'ANTABLE,  n.  Not  fit  for  an  occu- 
pant ;  not  in  suitable  repair  or  condition 
for  a  tenant. 
UNTEN'ANTED,  a.  Not  occupied  by  a  ten- 
ant ;  not  inhabited.  Temple. 
UNTEND'ED,  a.  Not  tended ;  not  having 
any  attendant.                                 Thomson. 
UNTEN'DER,  a.  Not  tender  ;  not  soft. 
2.  Wanting  sensibility  or  affection.        Shak. 
UNTEND'ERED,  a.  Not  tendered  ;  not  of- 
fered ;  as  untendered  money  or  tribute. 

Sliak. 
UNTENT',  V.  t.   To  bring  out  of  a  tent. 
( Little  used.]  Shak. 

UNTENT'ED,  a.  Not  having  a  medical  tent 
applied.  Shak.' 

UNTER'RIFIED,  a.  Not  terrified;  not  af-j 
frighted  ;  not  daunted.  Milton. 

UNTEST'ED,  a.  Not  tested  ;  not  tried  by  a' 
standard.  Mams'  Lect.\ 

UNTHANK'ED,   a.  Not  thanked;  not  re-| 
|)aid  with  acknowledgments.  Dryden. 

2.  Not  received   with   thankfulness ;    as  an 
H7i</i«iiftc(/ reprieve.  [Unusual.]      Dn/den.\ 
UNTHANK'Fl'L,  a.  Not  thankful ;  ungrate- 
ful ;    not   making   acknowledgments    for 
good  received. 

For  he  is  kind  to  the  unthankful  and  to  the 
evil.     Luke  vi. 
UNTHANK'FULLY,  adv.  Without  thanks; 
without  a  grateful  acknowledgment  of  fa 
vors.  Boyle. 

UNTHANK'FyLNESS,n.  Neglect  or  omis- 
sion of  acknowledgment  for  good  receiv 
ed;  want  of  a  sense  of  kindness  or  bene- 
fits ;  ingratitude. 

Immoderate   f,iVor9  breed  first   unthankful 

ness,  and  afterwards  hate.  Hayward. 

[See  Tacitus'  Ann.  iv.  18.] 

UNTHAW'ED,  a.  Not  thawed  :  not  melted 

or  dissolved  ;  as  ice  or  snow.  Pope. 

UNTHINK',  I'.  /.  To  dismiss  a  thought. 

Shak. 

UNTHINK'ING,    a.     Not    thinking  ;    not 

heedful;    thoughtless;    inconsiderate;    as 

unthinking  youth. 

2.  Not  indicating  thought  or  reflection  ;  as  a 

round  unthinking  face.  Pope. 

UNTHINK'INGNESS,  n.  Want  of  thought 

or  reflection  ;  habitual  thoughtlessness. 

Haljfax. 

UNTHORN'Y,    a.   Not  thorny  ;  free  from 

thorns.  Brown. 

UNTHOUGHTFlJL,a.un</iau</u;.Thouglit- 

less;  heedless.  Cowley. 

Unthought  of,  not  thought  of;  not  regarded ; 

not  heeded.  Shak. 

UNTHREAD,   v.  t.  unthred'.     To  draw  or 

take  out  a  thread  from  ;  as,  to  unthread  a. 

needle.  ! 

2.  To  loose.  Milton.] 

UNTHREAD'ED,;)p.  Deprived  of  a  thread. 

(jNTHREAD'ING,    ppr.     Depriving    of  a 

thread. 
UNTHREATENED,  a.  unthreVened.    Not 
threatened;  not  menaced.         K.Charles. 


UN'THRIFT,    71.    A  prodigal ;    one  who 


wastes  his  estate  by  extravagance. 

Dryden. 
UNTHRIFT'lLY,  adv.  Without  frugality. 

Collier. 
UNTHRIFTTNESS,  n.  Waste  of  property 
without  necessity  or  use ;  prodigality  ;  pro- 
fusion. Hayward. 
UNTHRIFT'Y,  a.  Prodigal ;  lavish  ;  pro- 
fuse ;  spending  properly  without  necessi- 
ty or  use.  Sidney. 
2.  Not  thriving  ;   not  gaining  property ;  as 
an  unthrijiy  farmer. 
Not  gaining  flesh  ;  as  an  unthrijiy  ox. 
Not  vigorous  in  growth,  as  a  plant. 
UNTHRI'VLNG,  a.  Not  thriving  :  not  pros- 
pering  in   temporal    affairs  ;  not  gaining 
proj)erty. 
UNTHRONE,   v.  t.    To   remove   from   a 
throne,   or   from  supreme   authority ;    to 
dethrone. 
UNTI'DY,  a.  Not  tidy  ;  not  seasonable;  not 

ready. 
2.  Not  neatly  dressed ;  not  in  good  order. 
UNTI'E,  V.  t.  To  loosen,  as  a  knot ;  to  dis- 
engage the  parts  that  form  a  knot.     Untie 
the  knot. 
2.  To  unbind  ;  to  free  from  any  fastening ; 
as,  to  «7i/ie  an  iron  chain.  Waller. 

.3.  To  loosen  from  coils  or  convolution ;  as 
snakes  untied.  Pope. 

4.  To  loose  ;  to  separate  something  attach- 
ed ;  as,  to  uiWie  the  tongue. 

5.  To  resolve  ;  to  unfold  ;  to  clear.       ff'atlt. 
UNTI'ED,  pp.  Loosed,  as  a  knot ;  unbound; 

separated  ;  resolved. 
2.  a.  Not  tied  ;  not  bound  or  gathered  in  a 

knot;  loose. 
.3.  Not  fastened  with  a  knot. 

Not  held  by  any  tic  or  band. 
UNTH/,  prep,  [un  and  till.    See  Till]  To  ; 
used  of  time. 

He  and  his  sons  were  priests  of  the  tribe  of 
Dan,  until  the  day  of  the  captivily.  Judges 
xviii. 

2.  To ;  used  of  objects.     Obs.  Spenser. 

3.  Preceding  a  sentence  or  clause,  to;  that 
is,  to  the  event  mentioned,  or  the  time  of 
it ;  as,  n;i/i7  this  hour  ;  until  this  year. 

The  sct'[)ter  shall  not  depart  from  Judah — un- 
til Shiloh  come.     Gen.  xlix. 
To  the  point  or  place  of. 

In  open  prospect  nothing  bounds  our  eye. 
Until  the  earth  seems  Join'd  unto  the  sky. 

Dryden 
5.  To  the  degree  that. 

Thou  shalt  push  Syria,  until  they  be  con 
sumed.  2  ("hron.  xviii. 
[Note.  Until  is  always  the  same  part  of  speech 
.intact,  and  has  the  same  sisrnilication.  The 
only  dilTercnce  is,  that  it  is  followed  sometimes 
by  a  single  word  denoting  time,  and  in  other 
cases  by  a  verb  dcnotins;  an  event,  or  a  word 
denoting  place  or  degree.  The  sense  is  in  all 
cases  to;  and  till  may  be  used  as  its  substitute, 
and  in  modem  usage  it  is  most  common.] 

UNTILE,  v.t.  To  take  the  tiles  from;  to 

uncover  by  removing  tiles.  Sioifl. 

UNTILL'ED,  a.  Not  tilled  ;  not  cultivated. 


Not 


UNTIMBERED 

timber. 
2.  Not  covered 

timbered  land. 
UNTl'MELY,  a.  Happening  before  the  us; 

al  time ;  as  untinuly  frost. 


with 


Mortimer. 

furnished  with 

SlMk 

timber  trees;  as  tin- 


U  N  T 


U  N  T 


U  N  V 


2.  Happening  before  the  natural  time ;  pre-j 
mature;  as  unlimety  death  ;  untimely  fate.' 

Dry  dan.] 

L'NTl'MELY,  adv.  Before  the  natural  time.j 
— What  is  untimely  done.  ShakA 

UNTIN€'TURED,  a.  Not  tinctured ;  iiot| 
tinged.  Goldsmith.' 

UNTIN(i'ED,  a.  Not  tinged  ;  not  stained ; 
not  discolored;  as  water  untinged:  un-\ 
tinged  beams  of  light.  Boyle} 

2.  Not  infected.  Swift} 

UNTI'RABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  wearied  ; 
indefatigable  ;  unwearied.  Shak 

UNTI'RED,  a.  Not  tired;  not  exhausted  by 
labor.  Dryden. 

UNTIRING,  a.  Not  becoming  tired  or  ex- 
hausted ;  as  untiring  patience. 

UNTI'TLED,  a.  Having  no  title  ;  as  an  un- 
titled tyrant.  Shak 

UN'TO,  prep,  a  compound  of  un,  [on,]  and 
to ;  of  no  use  in  the  language,  as  it  ex- 
presses no  more  than  to.  I  do  not  find  it 
in  our  mother  tongue,  nor  is  it  ever  used 
in  popular  discourse.  It  is  found  in  wri- 
ters of  former  times,  but  is  entirely  obso- 
lete. 

UNTOLD,  a.  Not  told  ;  not  related ;  not  re- 
vealed. Waller.     Dryden. 

2.  Not  numbered  ;  as  money  untold. 

UNT6MB,  V.  t.  untoom'.   To  disinter. 

Fuller. \ 

UNTOOTH'SOME,  a.  Not  pleasant  to  the! 
taste. 

UNTOUCHED,  o.  untuch'ed.  Not  touched; 
not  reached  ;  not  hit.  Stephens. 

2.  Not  moved ;  not  affected ;  as  the  heart 
untouched. 

3.  Not  meddled  with  ;  as  books  untouched 
for  years. 

UNTOWARD,  a.  Froward  ;  perverse ;  re- 
fractory ;  not  easily  guided  or  taught 
Acts  ii. 

2.  Awkward ;  ungraceful ;  as  untoward  words. 

Creech. 

3.  Inconvenient ;  troublesome ;  unmanagea- 
ble ;  as  an  untoward  vow.  Hudibras. 

UIVTO' WARDLY,  adv.  In  a  froward  or  per 
verse  manner  ;  perversely  ;  ungainly. 

Tillolson. 

UNTO'WARDLY,  a.  Awkward  ;  perverse ; 
froward.  Locke. 

UNTO'WARDNESS,  n.  Awkwardness 
frowardness  ;  perverseness.      Bp.  Wilson. 

UNTRACEABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  tra- 
ced or  followed.  South 

UNTRA'CED,  o.  Not  traced  ;  not  followed 

2.  Not  marked  by  footsteps.  Denham 

3.  Not  marked  out. 

UNTRACK'ED,  a.  Not  tracked ;  not  mark- 
ed by  footsteps. 

2.  Not  followed  bv  the  tracks. 

UNTRA€T'ABLE,  a.  [L.  intractabilis.]  Not 
tractable ;  not  yielding  to  discipline ;  stub- 
born ;  indocile  ;  ungovernable ;  as  an  ini 
tractable  son.  Locke. 

2.  Rough  ;  difficult.  Milton. 

3.  Not  yielding  to  the  heat  or  to  the  ham- 
mer ;  as  an  ore. 

[Intractable  is  more  generally  used.] 

UNTRA€T'ABLENESS,  71.  Refractoriness; 
stubbornness ;  unwillingness  to  be  govern- 
ed, controlled  or  managed.  Locke. 

UNTRA'DING,  a.  Not  engaged  in  com- 
merce ;  as  an  unlrading  country  or  city. 

UNTRA'INED,  a.  Not  trained;  not  disci- 
plined ;  not  skillful  Milton. 


2.  Not  educated  ;  not  instructed.  i 

My  wit  untrained.  filiak.l 

3.  Irregular  ;  ungovernable  ;  as  untrained 
hope.  Herbert. 

UNTRAM'MELED,    a.    Not    trammeled  ; 

not  shackled.  Herbert. 

UNTRANSFER'ABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be 

transferred  or  passed  fiom  one  to  anoth- 
er ;  as  power  or  right  untransferable. 
UNTRANSFER'RED,  a.  Not  transferred; 

not  conveyed  or  assigned  to  another  ;  as 

titles  or  rights  untransferred. 
UNTRANSLATABLE,  a.  Not  capable  of 

being  translated.  Gray. 

UNTRANSLA'TED,  a.    Not  translated  or 

rendered  into  another  language. 
UNTRANSPA'RENT,  a.  Not  transparent; 

not  diaphanous;    opake;    not  permeable 

bv  light.  Boyle 

UNTRANSPOSED,  a.   unlranspo'zed.  Not 

transposed  ;  having  the  natural  order. 

Rambler. 
UNTRAV'ELED,  a.  Not  traveled  ;  not  trod 

den  by  passengers ;  as  an  untraveled  for 

est. 
2.  Having  never  seen  foreign  countries  ;  as 

an  untraveled  Englishman.  Mdison. 

UNTRAV'ERSED,  a.    Not  traversed ;  not 

passed  over. 
UNTREAD,  V.  t.  untred'.  To  tread  back  ;  to 

go  back  in  the  same  steps.  Shak. 

UNTREASURED,     a.     untrezh'ured.     Not 

treasured  ;  not  laid  up ;  not  reposited. 

Shak. 
UNTRE'ATABLE,  a.    Not  treatable;  not 

practicable.     [JVot  used.]     Decay  of  Piety. 
UNTREM'BLING,    a.    Not   trembling   or 

shaking  ;  firm  ;  steady.  Montgomery. 

UNTRl'ED,  a.  Not  tried ;  not  attempted. 

Milton 

2.  Not  yet  experienced ;  as  untried  suffer- 
ings. 

3.  Not  having  passed  trial ;  not  heard  and 
determined  in  law.  The  cause  remains 
untried. 

UNTRIM'MED,  a.  Not  trimmed  ;  not  pru- 
ned ;  not  dressed  ;  not  put  in  order. 

UNTRI'UMPHABLE,  a.  That  admits  no 
triumph.     [Barbarous  and  not  used.] 

Hudibras. 

UNTRI'UMPHED,  o.  Not  triumphed  over. 

UNTROD',  I      Not  having  been  trod; 

UNTROD'DEN,  s"'not  passed  over;  not 
marked  by  the  feet.         Milton.    Addison. 

UNTROLLED,  a.  Not  boiled;  not  rolled 
along.  Dryden. 

UNTROUBLED,  o.  untrub'led.  Not  troub- 
led ;  not  disturbed  by  care,  sorrow  or  bu- 
siness ;  free  from  trouble.  Shak. 
Not  agitated  ;  not  ruffled  ;  not  confused  ; 
free  from  passion ;  as  an  untroubled  mind. 

Milton. 
Not  agitated ;  not  moved ;  as  an  untroubled 
lake. 

Not  disturbed  or  interrupted  in  the  natu- 
ral course  ;  as  untroubled  nature.  Spenser. 
Not  foul ;  not  turbid ;  clear ;  as  an  un- 
troubled stream. 

UNTROUB  LEDNESS,  n.  State  of  being 
free  from  trouble;  unconcern.  [J\l'ot used.] 

Hammond. 

UNTRCE,  a.  Not  true  ;  false  ;  contrary  to 
the  fact.     The  story  is  untrue. 

2.  Not  faithful  to  another;  not  fulfilling  the 
duties  of  a  husband,  wife,  vassal,  &c. ; 
false:  disloyal.  '  Dryden 


;3.  Inconstant ;  as  a  lover. 

UNTRU'LY,    adv.    Not  truly;  falsely;  not 

according  to  reality. 
UNTRUSS',  V.  t.  To  untie  or  unfasten ;  to 

loose  from  a  truss  ;  to  let  out.  Dryden. 
UNTRUSS'ED,  a.  Not  trussed  ;  not  tied  up. 
UNTRUST'INESS,  n.  Unfaithfulness  in  the 

discharge  of  a  trust. 
UNTRUST'Y,  o.  Not  trusty;  not  worthy  of 

confidence  ;  unfaithful. 
UNTRUTH,  n.  Contrariety  to  truth:  false- 
hood. 
2.  Want  of  veracity.  Sandys. 

pj.  Treachery;  want  of  fidehty.  Obs.     Shak. 
4.  False  assertion. 

No  untruth  can  possibly  avail  the  pati'on  and 

defender  lonj;.  Hooker. 

UNTUCK'ERED,  a.  Having  no  tucker;  as 

an  untuckered  neck.  Addison. 

UNTU'NABLE,    u.    Not  harmonious:  not 

musical.  Bacon. 

2.  Not  capable  of  making  music.  Tatter. 

3.  Not  capable  of  being  tuned  or  brought  to 
the  proper  pitch. 

UNTUNE,  V.  t.  To  make  incapable  of  bar 

mony. 

Untune  that  stcing.  Shak. 

2.  To  disorder. 

Untun'd  and  jarring  senses.  Shak. 

UNTURNED,  a.  Not  turned.    He  left  no 

stone  imturncd. 
UNTUTORED,  a.  Uninstructed ;  untaught ; 

as  untutored  infancy.  Prior. 

UNTWI'NE,  V.  t.  To  untwist.  Waller. 

2.  To  open  ;  to  disentangle.  Bacon. 

3.  To  separate,  as  thai  which  winds  or 
clasps.  Ascham. 

UNTWIST',  V.  t.  To  separate  and  open,  as 
threads  twisted  ;  or  to  turn  back  that 
which  is  twisted. 

2.  To  open  ;  to  disentangle ;  as  intricacy. 

UNTV.     [See  Untie.] 

UNVNIFORM,  a.  Not  uniform;  wanting 
uniformity.     {Little  used.] 

UNUPHELD',  a.  Not  upheld  ;  not  sustained. 

Pollok. 

UNURG'ED,  a.  Not  urged ;  not  pressed  with 
solicitation.  Shak. 

UNVSED,  a.  s  as  z.  Not  put  to  use ;  not  em- 
ployed. 

2.  That  has  never  been  used. 

3.  Not  accustomed  ;  as  hands  unused  to  la- 
bor ;  hearts  unused  to  deceit. 

UNU'SEFUL,  a.  Useless ;  serving  no  good 
purpose.  Philips. 

UNU'SUAL,  a.  s  as  z.  Not  usual ;  not  com- 
mon ;  rare ;  as  an  unusual  season  ;  a  per- 
son of  jimtsual  graces  or  erudition. 

UNU'SUALLY,  adv.  s  as  z.  Not  commonly  ; 
not  frequently ;  rarely.  This  summer, 
1828,  has  been  unusually  rainy. 

UNU'SIJALNESS,  n.  s  "as  :.  Uncommon- 
ness ;  infrequency  ;  rareness  of  occur- 
rence. Broome. 

UNUT'TERABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  ut- 
tered or  expressed  ;  ineffable  ;  inexpressi- 
ble ;   as  unutterable  anguish ;  7mutterable 

joy- 

UNVA'IL,  V.  t.  To  remove  a  vail  from ;  to 

uncover ;  to   disclose   to  view.     She  «?i- 

vailed  her  face. 
UNVAL'UABLE,    a.    Being   above  price ; 

invaluable.     [But  invaluable  is  the  word 

now  used.] 
UNVAL'UED,  a.    Not  valued ;  not  prized  ; 

neglected.  Shak. 


U  N    W 


U  N  W 


U  N  W 


2.  Inestimable;  not  to  be  valued.  Shak. 

3.  Not  estiinateil ;  not  having  the  value  set. 
CNVANQUISHABLE,  a.  That  cannot  be 

conqueierl.  Bp.  King. 

UNVAN'QUISHED,    a.    Not   conquered  ; 

not  overcome.  Milton. 

UNVA'RIABLE,     a.     Not    variable  ;    not 

changeuble  or  alterable.     [But  invariable 

is  the  vvoid  now  used.] 
UNVA'KIED,  a.  Not  varied;  not  altered; 

not  diversified. 
UNVA'RIEGATED,    a.    Not   variegated  ; 

not  diversified. 
UNVARNISHED,    a.    Not   overlaid  with 

variiisli. 
9.  Not  artificially  colored  or  adorned;  not 

artfully  embellished ;  plain. 

I  wUl  a  round  wtvarniah'd  tale  deliver. 

Shah. 
UNVA'RYING,  a.  Not  altering ;  not  liable 

to  change  ;  unilorni.  Locke. 

UNVEIL.     [See  Lfnvail.] 
UNVEILEDLY,  aclr.   Plainly;  without  dis- 
guise.    [Liltte  ttsed.] 
UNVEN'ERARLE,  a.  Not  venerable  ;  not 

worthy  of  veneration.  Shak. 

UNVEN'TILATED,  a.    Not  fanned  by  the 

wind ;  not  purified  by  a  free  current   of 

air. 
UNVERD'ANT,  a.  Not  verdant ;  not  green ; 

having  no  verdure.  Congreve. 

UNVER'ITABLE,  a.    Not   true.     [AU  in 

use.]  Urotvn. 

UNVERS'ED,  a.   Not  skilled;  not  versed; 

unacquainted  ;  as  unversed  in  spinning. 

Blackmore. 
UN  VEX' ED,  a.   Not  vexed  ;  not  troubled  ; 

not  disturbed  or  irritated.  Dryden. 

UNVI  OLATED,  a.  Not  violated  ;  not  in- 
jured ;  as  unviolated  honor. 
U.  Not   broken  ;  not  transgressed ;  as  laws 

unviolated. 
UNVIR'TUOUS,   a.    Not   virtuous  ;    desti- 
tute of  virtue.  Shak. 
UNVIS'ARD,  V.  t.  s  as  r.  To  unmask. 

Milton. 

UNVIS'ITED,  a.   s  as  :.    Not  visited  ;  not 

resorted  to  ;  not  frequented. 
UNVI'TAL,  a.  Not  vital;  not  affecting  life. 

Med.  Repos. 
UNVI"TIATED,  )  Not  vitiated  ;  not 
UNVI"C1ATED,  I  "■    corrupted. 

B.  Jonson. 
UNVIT'RIFIED,  a.  Not  vitrified  ;  not  con- 
verted into  glass. 
UNVOL'ATILIZED,  a.  Not  volatilized. 

Aikin. 
UNVO'TE,  V.  t.  To  contravene  by  vote  a 
former  vote ;  to  annul  a  former  vote. 

Burke. 
UNVOW'ELED,  a.  Having  no  vowels. 

Skinner. 
UNVOY'AOEABLE,  a.    Not  to   be   navi- 
gated jor  passed  over  on   a  fluid.     [JVot 
used.]  Milton. 

UNVUL'GAR,   a.   Not  common. 

B.  Jonson. 

UNVUL'NERABLE,    a.    Not   vulnerable  ; 

that  cannot   be   wounded.     [Invulnerable 

is  mostly  used.] 

Unwailed  on,  not  attended. 

UNVVA'KENED,    a.    Not   awakened;  not 

roused  from  sleep  or  stupidity. 
UNVVALLED,  a.  Not  surrounded,  fortified 
or  supported  by  a  wall.  Knolles. 

Vol.  II. 


UNWA'RES,  adv.  Unexpectedly.  [For  this,] 
unawares  is  used.]  | 

UNWARILY,  adv.  Without  vigilance  and 
caution  ;  heedlessly.  Digby. 

UNWA'RINESS,  n.  Want  of  vigilance  ; 
want  of  caution;  carelessness;  hecdless- 
nes.s.  Spectator. 

UNWAR'LIKE,  a.  [See  Jfar.]  Not  fit  lor 
war  ;  not  used  to  war;  not  military. 

Waller. 

UNWARM'ED,  a.  [See  Jfarm.]  Not  warm- 
ed. 

2.  Not  excited  ;  not  animated.  .^ddisonJ 

UNWARN'ED,  u.  [See  Ifarn.]  Not  cau-J 
tioned  ;  not  previously  admonished  ofj 
danger.  Locke.] 

UNWARP',  r.  /.  [See  IVarp.]  To  reduce' 
back  what  is  warped.  Evelyn. 

UNWARP'ED,  «.  Not  warped  ;  not  biased ; 
not  turned  from  the  true  direction  ;  im- 
partial. Thomson. 

UNWARP'ING,  a.  Not  bending;  unyield- 
ing; not  deviating.  Dteight. 

UNWAR'KANTABLE,  a.  Not  defensible  ; 
not  vindicable  ;  not  justifiable  ;  illegal  ; 
unjust ;  improper.  South. 

UNWARRANTABLY,  adv.  In  a  manner 
that  CHunot  bcjustdied.  Jf'ake. 

UNWARRANTED,  a.  Not  warranted  ; 
not  authorized. 

2.  Not  ascertained  ;  not  assured  or  certain. 

.3.  Not  covenanted  to  be  good,  sound,  or  of  a 
certain  quality  ;  as  an  unwa)ranled  horse. 

UNWA'RY,  a.  Not  vigilant  against  danger; 
not  cautious  ;  unguarded  ;  i)recipitate. 

Locke.     Dryden. 

2.  Unexpected.     Obs. 

UNWASHED,  I  Not     washed  ;   not 

UNW.\SH'EN,  ^  "■  cleansed  by  water. 
Matt.  XV. 

UN  WASTED,  a.  Not  lost  by  extravagance 
or  negligence  ;  not  lavished  away  ;  not 
dissipated. 

2.  Not  consumed  by  time  or  violence. 

3.  Not  lost  by  exhaustion,  evaporation  or 
other  means. 

UNWASTING,  a.  Not  growing  less ;  not 
decaving.  Pope.' 

UN  WATER  ED,  a.  [See  fTaler.]  Not  wa- 
tered ;  dry.  Pope.\ 

UNWA'YED,  a.  Not  used  to  travel.  [Bad, 
and  not  used.]  Suckling.' 

UNWE'AKENED,  a.  Not  weakened  ;  not 
enfeebled.  Boyle.' 

UNWEALTIIY,  a.  unwelth'y.  Not  wealthy.; 

Langhome. 

UNWEAPONED,  a.  unwep'nd.  Not  fur- 
nished with  weapons  or  offensive  arms. 

Raleigh. 
UNWE'ARIABLE,     a.     That    cannot  "be 
wearied  ;  indefatigable.     [Liltle  used.] 

Hooker. 

UNWE'ARIED,  a.  Not  tired ;  not  fatigued. 

Dryden. 
2.  Indefatigable  ;  continual ;  that  does  iiot 
I  tire  or  sink  under  fatigue;  as  unuearied 
I     perseverance.  Rogers. 

UNWE  ARIEDLY,  adv.  Without  tiring  or 

sinking  under  fatigue. 
UNWE'ARIEDNESS,    >i.    State  of  being 

unwearied.  Baxter. 

UNWE'ARY,  a.   Not  weary  ;  not  tired. 
UNWE'ARY,  v.  t.  To  refresh  after  fatigue. 

Temple. 
UNWED'   a.  Unmarried.  Shak. 

105 


UNWED'DED,  a.   Unmarried;  remaining 


single. 
NWEr 


UNWEDgEABLE,  a.  unuedj'ahk.  Not  to 
be  split  with  wedges.  [Barbarous  and  not 
used.]  SliaJc. 

UNWEE  DED,  a.  Not  weeded  ;  not  clear- 
ed of  weeds.  Shak. 

UNWEE'PED.     [See  Umoept.] 

UNWEE'TING,  a.  [See  ff'eet  and  »it.] 
Ignorant ;  unknowing.     Obs.         Spenstr. 

UNWEETINGLY,  adv.  Ignoranlly.    06*. 

Spenstr. 

UNWEIGIIED,  a.  Not  weighed  ;  not  hav- 
ing the  weight  ascertained. 

.Solomon  left  all  the  vessels  vntceighed.     1 
Kings  vii. 

2.  Not  deliberately  considered  and  examin- 
ed ;  as,  to  leave  arguments  or  testimony 
untceighed. 

3.  Not  considerate;  negligent;  as  words  u»i- 
weighed.  Pope. 

UN\VEIGII1NG,o.  Inconsiderate;  thought- 
less. Shak. 

UNWEL'€OME,  a.  Not  welcome  ;  not 
grateful;  not  pleasing;  not  well  received  ; 
as  unwelcome  news  ;  an  unwelcome  guest. 

UNWELL',  a.  Not  well;  indisposed;  not 
in  good  Iiealth.  [It  expresses  less  than 
sick.] 

UNWELL'NESS,  n.  State  of  being  indis- 
)TOsed.     [JVot  in  use.]  Chesterjield. 

UNWEPT',  a.  Not  lamented  ;  not  mourn- 
ed. The  profligate  lives  despised,  and 
dies  unwept. 

UNWET',  a.  Not  wet  or  moist.        Dryden 

UNWHIP'PED,  I       Not  whipped  ;  not  cor- 

UNWHIPT',       S  "■  rectcd  with  the  rod. 

Pope. 

UNWHO'LE,  a.  [See  Whole.]  Not  sound  ; 
infirm.     [jYot  in  use.] 

UNWHOLESOME,  a.  Not  wholesome; 
unfavorable  to  health ;  insalubrious ;  as 
unwholesome  air  or  food.  Bacon. 

2.  Pernicious  ;  as  unirholesome  advice. 

UNAVHO'LESOMENESS,  n.  Insalubrity; 
state  or  quality  of  being  injurious  or  nox- 
ious to  health  ;  as  the  unwholesomeness  of 
a  climate. 

UNVVIELDILY,  adv.  Heavily  ;  with  difli- 
cultv.  Dryden. 

UNW'IELDINESS,  n.  Heaviness;  diffi- 
culty of  being  moved  ;  as  the  unwieldiness 
of  a  corpulent  bodv.  Donne. 

LNWIE  LDY,  a.  That  is  moved  with  dif- 
ficulty ;  unmanageable  ;  bulky  ;  ponder- 
ous;  as  an  untcieldy  bulk;  an  unwieldy 
rock. 

UNWILL'ED,  a.  Not  willed ;  not  produced 
bv  the  will. 

UNVVILL'ING,  a.  Not  willing;  loth  ;  disin- 
clined ;  reluctant ;  as  an  unwittiner  servant. 

UNWILLINGLY,  adv.  Not  with  good 
will  ;  not  cheerfully  ;  reluctantly. 

UNWILLINGNESS,  n.  Lothness ;  disin- 
clination ;  reluctance. 

UNWIND,  v.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  unicound.  To 
wind  off;  to  loose  or  separate  what  is 
wound  or  convolved  ;  us,  to  unwitid  thread 
or  a  ball. 

2.  To  disentangle.  Hooker. 

UNWIND,  V.  i.  To  admit  evolution. 

Mortimer. 

UNWI'PED,  a.  Not  cleaned  by  rubbinff. 

Sluik. 

UNWISE,  a.  sasz.  Not  wise;  not  choos- 
ing the  best  mcan.s  for  the  end :  defective 


U  N  W 


U  P 


U  P  B 


in   wisdom ;  as  an  unwise  man  ;  ^imvise 
kings. 

2.  Not  dictated  by  wisdom ;  not  adapted  to 
tlie  end  ;  as  univise  measures. 

L'NVVl'SELY,  adv.  Not  wisely;  not  pru- 
dently; as  ttmvisdy  ng\d  i  unwisely  studi- 
ous. 

UN  WISH',  V.  I.  To  wish  that  which  is,  not 
to  be.     \J\tot  in  use.]  Skak. 

UNWISH'ED,  a.  Not  wished  ;  not  sought ; 
not  desired.  Pope. 

UNWIST,'  a.   Not  known.     Obs.     Spenser 

UNWIT',  V.  t.  To  deprive  of  understand- 
ing.    [JVot  in  use.]  Shak 

UNWITHDRAW'ING,  a.  Not  withdraw 
ing;  continually  liberal.  Milton. 

UNVVITII'ERED,  o.  Not  withered  or  fa 
ded. 

UNWITH'ERING,  a.  Not  liable  to  wither 
or  fade.  Cowper. 

UNWITHST09D',  a.  Not  opposed. 

Philips. 

UNVVIT'NESSED,  a.  Not  witnessed  ;  not 
attested  by  witnesses;  wanting  testimony. 

UN  WITTILY,   adv.    Without   wit. 

Cowley. 

UNWIT'TINGLY,  adv.  Without  knowl- 
edge or  consciousness;  ignorantly;  as,  he 
has  umvittingly  injured  himself,  or  his 
neighbor. 

UNWIT'TY,  a.  Not  witty  ;  destitute  of 
wit.  Shenstone. 

UNWI'VED,  a.  Having  no  wife.  [jVot 
used.]  Selden. 

UNW6MAN,  V.  t.  To  deprive  of  the  quali- 
ties of  a  woman.  Sa7idys. 

UNWOMANLY,  a.  Unbecoming  a  woman. 

UNWONTED,  a.  Unaccustomed  ;  unused  ; 
not  made  familiar  by  practice  ;  as  a  child 
unwonted  to  strangers;  sea  calves  un- 
wonted  to  fresh  water.  May. 

•1.  Uncommon;  unusual;  infrequent;  rare; 
as  an  unwonted  meteor;  unwonted  chan- 
ges. Dryden. 

UNWONTEDNESS,  n.  Uncommonness  ; 
rareness.  Taylor. 

UNWOO'ED,  a.  Not  wooed  ;  not  courted. 

Shak. 
UNWORKING,  a.  Living  without  labor. 

Locke. 
UNWORMED,  a.  Not  wormed.    [Not  used.] 

Beaum. 
UNWORN,  a.  Not  worn  ;  not  impaired. 

UNWORSHIPED,  a.  Not  worshiped  ;   not 

adored.  Milton 

UNWORSHIPING,     a.     Not   worshiping 

habitually  neglecting  the  worship  of  God 

J.  M.  Matthews. 

UNWORTHILY,     adv.     [See    Horthy   and 

ff'orth.] 
Not  according  to  desert;  without   due  re- 
gard to  merit ;  as,  to  treat  a  man  unwor- 
thibj. 
UNWORTHINESS,  n.  Want  of  worth  or 

merit. 
UNWORTHY,  a.  Not  deserving  ;  followed 
by  of.     As  sinners,  we  are  utterly  unwor 
thy  o/the  divine  favor. 
'i.  Not  deserving;  wanting  merit.     Receive 
your  unworthy  son  into  favor.     One  great 
evil  of  government  is  that  unworthy   men 
are  elected  or  appointed  to  fill  important 
ofBccs. 
3.  Unbecoming  ;  vile  ;  base  ;   as   unimrthy 
usage  or  treatment.  Dryden.' 


4.  Not  suitable  ;  inadequate.  This  opinion 
is  unworthy  of  its  author. 

UNWOUND',  pp.  of  wind.  Wound  off;  un- 
twisted. Mortimer. 

UNWOUND'ED,    a.     Not  wounded;    not 

hurt ;  not  injured  in  body  ;  as  unwounded' 

enemies.  Milton. 

9.  Not   hurt ;  not   offended ;  as  unwounded 

ears.  Pope. 

UNWRAP',  V.  t.  To  open  what  is  wrapped 
or  folded. 

UNWRE'ATH,  v.  t.  To  untwist  or  untwine. 

Boyle. 

UNWRIN'KLE,  v.  t.  To  reduce  wrinkles  ; 
to  smooth.  Anacharsis. 

UNWRI'TING,  a.  Not  writing;  not  as- 
suming tlie  character  of  an  author  ;  as  an 
unwriling  citizen. 

UNWRITTEN,  a.     unritn.    Not  written 
not  reduced  to  writing ;   verbal. 

"2.  Blank  ;  containing  no  writing.         South. 

Unwritten  doctrines,  in  religion,  are  such  as 
have  been  handed  down  by  word  of 
moiitli ;  oral  or  traditional  doctrines. 

Unwritten  laws,  are  such  as  have  been  deliv- 
ered down  by  tradition  or  in  songs.  Such 
were  the  laws  of  the  early  nations  of  Eu- 
rope. 

The  unwritten  laivs  of  England  and  of  the 
United  States,  called  common  law,  are  such 
as  have  not  the  authority  of  statutes,  not 
liaving  originated  from  any  legislative 
act,  or  originating  liom  some  act  not  now 
extant.  These  laws  are  now  contained 
in  the  reports  of  judicial  decisions. 

UN  WROUGHT,  a.  unraui'.  Not  labored 
not  manufactured  ;  not  reduced  to  du( 
form.  Dryden 

UNWRUNG,  a.  unrung'.  Not  pinched. 

Shak 

UNYIE'LDRD,    a.    Not  yielded ;  not  con 
ded  ;  not  given  up.  Dryden. 

UNYIELDING,  a.  Not  yielding  to  force 
or  persuasion  ;  unbending  ;  unj)liant;  stiff; 
firm  ;  obstinate.  Med.  Repo;i. 

2.  Not  giving  place.  Thomson. 

UNYO'KE,  V.  t.  To  loose  from  a  yoke;  to 
free  from  a  yoke. 

Unyoke  the  steers.  Shak. 

2.  To  part ;  to  disjoin.  Shak. 
UNYO'KED,  pp.  Freed  from  the  yoke. 

3.  a.  Not  having  worn  the  yoke.  Dryden. 
3.  Licentious;  unrestrained.  Shak. 
UNYO'KING.  ppr.  Freeinir  from  the  ycike. 
UNZO'NED,  a.  Not  bound  with   a   girdle; 

as  an  unzoned  bosom.  Prior. 

UP,  adv.  [Sax.  up,  upp  ;  G.  auf;  D.  Dan. 
op ;  Sw.  up.] 

1.  Aloft ;  on  high. 
But  up  or  down —  Milton. 

2.  Out  of  bed.     He  is  not  up.  Shak. 

3.  Having  risen  from  a  seat. 
Sir  Roger  was  tip.  Addison. 

4.  From  a  state  of  couccalmentordiscumbi- 
ture. 

5.  In  a  state  of  being  built. 
Up  wilh  my  tent.  Shak 

I).  Above  the  horizon.     The  sun  is  up. 

7.  Toastateofe.xcitement.  He  was  wrought 
up  to  a  rage. 

8.  To  a  state  of  advance  or  proficiency. 
— Till  we  have  wrought  ourselves  up  to  this 

deojree  of  chrislian  intlift'erence.  Jitterbury. 

9.  In  a  state  of  elevation  or  exaltation. 
Those  that  were  up,  kept  others  low. 

Spenser. 


10.  In  a  state  of  climbing  or  ascending.  We 
went  up  to  the  city  or  town. 

11.  In  a  state  of  insurrection. 
The  gentle  archbishop  of  York  is  up. 

Shak. 
My  soul  is  up  in  arms.  Dryden. 

12.  In  a  state  of  being  increased  or  raised. 
The  river  is  up  ;  the  flood  is  up.     Dryden. 

13.  In  a  state  of  approaching  ;  as,  up  comes 
a  fox.  VEstrange. 

14.  In  order.     He  drew  up  his  regiment. 

15.  From  younger  to  elder  years  ;  as  from 
his  youth  up. 

Up  and  dotcn,  from  one  place  to  another  : 
here  and  there. 

2.  From  one  state  or  position  to  another : 
backwards  and  forwards. 

Up  to,  to  an  equal  highth  with  ;  as  up  to  the 
chin  in  water. 

2.  To  a  degree  or  point  adequate.  Live  up 
to  the  principles  professed. 

Up  with,  raise;  lift;  as,  j<p  with  the  fist;  up 
loith  the  timber. 

Up  is  much  used  to  modify  the  actions  ex- 
pressed by  verbs.  It  is  very  often  useful 
and  necessary  ;  very  often  useless. 

To  bear  up,  to  sustain. 

To  go  up,  to  a.scend. 

To  lift  up,  to  raise. 

To  get  up,  to  rise  from  bed  or  a  seat. 

To  bind  up,  to  bind  together. 

To  blow  up,  to  inflate  ;  to  distend  ;  to  inflame. 

To  grow  up,  to  grow  to  maturity. 

Up  stream,  from  the  mouth  towards  the  head 
of  a  stream ;  against  the  stream ;  hence 
up  is  in  a  direction  towards  the  head  of  a 
stream  or  river;  as  up  the  country. 

Up  sound,  in  the  direction  from  the  sea;  op- 
posed to  down  sound,  that  is,  in  the  direc- 
tion of  the  ebb  tide. 

Up  is  used  eUiptically  (or  get  up,  expressing 
a  command  or  e.xhortation. 

Up,  let  us  be  going.     Judges  xis. 

UP,  prep.  From  a  lower  to  a  higlier  place. 
Go  up  the  hill.  Bacon. 

UPBEAR,  )'.  (.  jiret.  upbore  ;  pp.  upborne, 
[up  and  bear.     See  Bear.] 

1.  To  raise  aloft ;  to  lift  ;  to  elevate. 

Milton. 

2.  To  sustain  aloft ;  to  support  in  an  eleva- 
ted situation. 

Upborne  they  fly.  Pope. 

?.  Tosnpport;  to  sustain.  Spenser. 

UPEIND,  V.  t.  To  bind  up.  Collins. 

LPBLOW,  t!. /.  To  blow  up.     [Mot  used.] 

Spenser. 
UPBRA'ID,  1'.  /.    [Sax.  upgebredan,   to   re- 
proach ;  gtbru:dan,   to  mast,  to  dilate  or 
extend,   to    draw,    as  a  sword  ;  hredan,  to 
braid;  Dim.  bebrtjdtr,  to  upbraid  ] 

1.  To  charge  with  something  wrong  or  dis- 
graceful ;  to  reproach  ;  to  cast  in  the  teeth  ; 
followed  by  with  or  for,  before  the  thing 
imputed  ;  as,  to  upbraid  a  mait  for  his  fol- 
ly or  his  intemperance. 

Vet  do  not 
Upbraid  us  with  our  distress.  Shak. 

He  upbraided  them  tcilh  their  unbelief. 
Matt.  xvi. 

[The  use  of  to  and  of,  after  upbraid,  as 
to  tipbraid  a  man  of  his  gain  by  iniquity, 
to  upbraid  to  a  man  his  evil  practices,  has 
been  long  discontinued.] 

2.  To  reproach  ;  to  chide. 
God  who  giveth  to  all  men  liberally,  and  up- 

braideth  not.     James  i. 


U  P  L 


3.  To  reprove  with  severity. 

Then  he  began  to  upbraid  the  cities  where- 
in most  of  his  mighty  works  were  done- 
Matt,  xi. 

4.  To  tiring  reproacli  on.  Mdison. 

How  much  doth  thy  kindness  upbraid  my 
wickedness  !  Sidney. 

5.  To  treat  witli  contempt.     Obs.      Spenser. 
UPBRAIDED,  pp.    Charged   with   some 

thing  wrong  or  disgraceful ;  reproached  ; 
reproved. 
LPBRA'IDER,  n.  One  who  upbraids  or  re- 
proves. 
UPBRA'IDING,  ppr.  Accusing  ;  casting  in 

tlie  teetli  ;  reproacliing  ;  reproving. 
UPBRA'IDING,  n.  A  charging  with  some 
tiling  wrong   or  disgraceful ;  the   act   ol 
reproaching  or  reproving. 
I  have  too  long  borne 
Your  blunt  upbraidings.  .SftaA. 

2.  The  reproaclies  or  accusations   of  con 

science. 
UPBRAY,  foru/)6i-aiV,toshame,iB  not  in  use. 

Spenser. 
UPBROUGHT,   a.    upbraid'.    Brought  up  ; 
educated.     [jVot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

UP'€AST,  a.  Cast  up  ;  a  term  in  howling. 
2.  Thrown  upwards  ;  as  with  upcast  eyes. 

Dryden. 
UP'€AST,  Ji.  In  bowling,  a  cast ;  a  throw. 

Shak. 
UPDRAW,  V.  t.  To  draw  up.    [M'ot  in  use.] 

Milton. 

UPGATH'ER,  V.  t.  To  contract.     [Mvl  in 

use.]  Spenser. 

UPGROW,  V.  i.  To  grow  up.     [jVoI  m  use.] 

Millon. 
UP'IIAND,  a.  Lifted  Ijy  the  hand."     Moxon. 
UPHEAVE,  V.  t.  To  heave  or  lift  up. 
UPHELD',  ;)(•£(.  and ;)p.  oi uphold.  Sustain- 
ed ;  supported. 
UP'HILL,  a.  Diflicult,  like  the   act  of  as- 
cending a  liill ;  -ds  uphill  \!\har.      Clarissa. 
UPHO.\RD,  V.  t.  To  hoard  up.     [.Vol  used.] 
Spenser.     Shak. 
UPHOLD,  V.  I.   piet.  and  pp.  upheld.     [Up- 
holden  is  obsolete.] 

1.  To  lilt  on  higl)  ;  to  elevate.  Dryden. 
a.  To  support ;  to  sustain  ;  to  keep  from  fall- 
ing or  sliiiping. 

"Honor   shall  uphold  the   humble   in   spirit 
Prov.  xxix. 

To  keep  from  declension.  Atterbury. 

To  support  in  any  state.  Raleigh 

To  continue  ;   to  maintain.  Hooker. 

To  keep  from  being  lost. 
Faulconbridge, 
In  spile  of  spite,  alone  uplwlds  the  day 

Shak. 

To  continue  without  failing.  Holder. 

^.  To  continue  in  being.  Hakewill 

UPHOLDER,   n.  One  that  upholds;  a  su| 
porter  ;  a  defender  ;  a  sustainer.  ■ 

Swift.     Hah.\ 

2.  An  undertaker  ;  one  who  provides  for  fu-, 
nerals.  Gm/. 

UPHOLSTERER,  ?i.  [from  up  and  liold.] 
One  who  furnishes  houses  with  beds,  cur- 
tains and  the  like.  Pope) 

UPHOLSTERY,  n.  Furniture  supplied  by 
upholsterers. 

UP'LAND,  11.  [up  and  land.]  High  land  ; 
ground  elevated  .-ibovc  the  meadows  and| 
intervals  which  lie  on  the  banks  of  rivers, 
near  the  sea,  or  between  hills  ;  land  which 
fs  generally  dry.     It  is  opposed  to  mea- 


3. 
4. 


7. 


U  P  o 

dow,   marsh,   swamp,  interval,  &c.    Up-| 
lands  are  particularly  valuable  as   afford- 
ing pasture  for  sheep. 
UP'LAND,  a.   Higher   in   situation ;  being 

on  upland  ;   as  upland  inhabitants. 
2.  Pertaining  to  uplands  ;  as  upland  pastur- 
age. 
UPLAND'ISH,  a.    Pertaining  to  uplands; 
dwelling  on  high  lands  or  mountains. 

Chapman 
UPLA'Y,    r.  «.  To  lay  up ;  to  hoard.     [JVb< 
in  U.5C.]  Vonne. 

Ul'LE'AD,  V.  t.  To  lead  upwards.      Milton 
UPLED',  pp.  Led  ii|)wards. 
UPLIFT',  t'.  I.  To  raise  aloft;  to  raise;  to 
elevate ;    as,   to   uplift   the    arm.       It 
chiefly  used  in  the  participle ;  as   uplifted 
eyes  ;  upliflcd  anus.  Milton.     Swift. 

UPLIFT'ED,  pp.  Raised  high  ;  lifted;  ele- 
vated. 
UPLOOK',  V.  t.  To  look  up.     [M'ot  in  ttse.] 

Shak 
UP'MOST,  a.  [up  awl  most.]  Highest;  top- 
most.    [Little  used.     We  generally   use 
uppermost.]  Dryden.\ 

UPOi\',  /;rep.  [Sax.  i//an,  i;/on  or  ii/c  Thisj 
is  probably  up  and  07i ;  the  Sax.  ufe  being, 
the  G.  auf  up.]  On.  Upon  has  the  sense 
of  OH,  anil  might  perhaps  be  wholly  dis- 
pensed with. 

1.  Resting  or  being  on  the  top  or  surface  ; 
as  being  upon  a  hill,  or  upon  a  rock ;  upon 
a  field  ;  upon  a  table  ;  upon  a  river  ;  upon 
the  altar  ;  upon  the  roof  He  lias  his  coat 
upon  his  back  ;  his  hat  is  upon  his  head. 

2.  Ill  a  state  of  resting  or  dependence ;  as 
upon  this  condition  ;  he  will  contract  with 
you  upon  these  terms.  Upon  our  repent- 
ance we  hope  to  be  forgiven. 

3.  Denoting  resting,  as  a  burden.  Impose 
iipnn  yourself  this  task. 

4.  Ill  the  direction  or  part  of;  as  upon  the 
right  hand. 

5.  Relating  to.  They  are  now  engaged  u;j- 
o?i  the  afliiirs  of  the  bank. 

().  In  consideration  of ;  as  upon  the  whole 
matter.  Dryden. 

7.  Near  to;  as  a  village  upon  the  Thames. 
With,  or  having  received.     He  came  up- 


on an  hour's  warning. 
9.  On  the  occasion  of;  engaged 


for  the 


execution  of.     He  sent  the  otKcer  itpon  a 
bold  enterprise  ^ 


U  P  R 

20.  Noting  dependence  for  subsistence;  as, 

paupers  come  upon  the  parish  or  town. 
To  take  upon,  to  assume. 
To  assume  upon,  in  taw,  to   promise  ;  to  un- 

UP'PER.  a.  [comp.  from  up.]  Higher  in 
place;  as  the  upper  lip ;  the  upper  side  of 
a  thing.  An  upper  story  is  a  higher  one  ; 
the  upper  story  is  the  highest.  So  the  up- 
per deck  of  a  ship. 

2.  Superior  in  rank  or  dignity  ;  as  the  uppev 
house  of  a  legislature. 

'Upper  hand,  advantage  ;  superiority. 
Upper-works,  in  a  ship,  the  parts  above  water 
when  the  ship  is  properly  balanced  for  u 
voyage ;  or  that  part  which  is  above  the 
main  wale.  Uyc. 

UP'PERMOST,  a.  [superl.  ;  upper  and 
most.] 

1.  Highest  in  place  ;  as  the  uppermost  seals. 

2.  Highest  in  power  or  authority. 
Whatever  faction  happens  to  be  uppermost — 

Swift. 

.3.  Predominant ;  most  powerful.       Dryden. 

UPRA'ISE,  v.t.  s  as  :.  [up  and  raise.]  To 
raise  ;  to  lift  up.  Milton. 

UPRE'AR,  t».  t.  [xtp  and  rear.]  To  rear  up  ; 
to  raise.  "ay. 

UPRIGHT,  a.  uprile  or  up  rite,  [ii;?  and 
right.  This  word  is  marked  in  books  with 
the  accent  on  the  first  syllable.  But  it  is 
frequently  pronounced  with  the  accent  on 
the  second,  and  the  accent  on  the  first 
syllable  of  its  derivatives  is  inadmissible.] 

1.  Erect ;  perpendicular  to  the  jilane  of  the 
horizon  ;  as  an  upright  tree  ;  an  upright 
post.     Among  mechanics,  plumb. 

2.  Erected;  pricked  up;  shooting  directly 
from  the  body. 

All  have  the"ir  cars  upright —  Spenser. 

With  chatt'ring  teeth  and  bristling  hair  up- 
right. Dryden. 

3.  Honest;  just;  adhering  to  rectitude  in  all 
.social  intercourse  ;  not  deviating  from 
correct  moral  principles  ;  as  an  upright 
man.     .lob  i. 

'4.  Conforuiable  to  moral  rectitude. 

Conscience   rewards  upright  conduct  with 

pleasure.  J-  •^-  Maam. 

UPRIGHT,  n.  \n  architecture,  a  repre-sent- 

atioii  or  draught  of  the  front  of  a  building: 


called  also  an  elevation,  or  orthography. 

Cyc. 


10.  In;   during   the  time  of;    as  upon  tliejg   Something  standing  erect  or  perpendicu 


seventh  day;  upon  the  first  of  January. 

11.  Noting  security;  as,  to  borrow  money 
upon  lands,  or  upon  mortgage. 

12.  Noting  approach  or  attack. 

The  Philistines  be  upon  thee,  Samson.  Judg- 
es xvi. 

13.  Noting  exposure  or  incurring  some  dan- 
ger or  loss.  You  do  this  upon  pain  of 
death,  or  upon  the  penalties  of  the  law. 

14.  At  the  time  of;  on  occasion  of  What 
was  their  conduct  upon  this  event  ? 

15.  By  inference  from,  or  pursuing  a  certain 
supposition.     Upon  his  principles, 
have  no  stable  government. 

IC.  Engaged  in.      What  is  he  upon  ? 


we  can 


Locke. 

17.  Having  a  particular  manner.     The  horse 
is  now  upon  a  hard  trot.  Dryden. 

18.  Resting  or  standing,  as  on  a  condition. jj 
He  is  put  upon  his  good  behavior. 

19.  Noting  means  of  subsistence  or  support 
Cattle  live  upon  grass. 


UPRIGHTLY,  adv.  In  a  direction  perpen- 
dicular to  the  plane  of  the  horizon  ;  in  an 
erect  position. 

2.  Honestly  :  with  strict  observance  of  rec- 
titude ;  as,  to  live  uprightly.  Dryden. 
He  that  walketh  uprightly,  walkclli  surely. 
Prov.  X. 

UPRIGHTNESS,  n.  Perpendicular  erec- 
tion. HalUr. 

2.  Honesty  ;  integrity  in  principle  or  prac- 
tice;  conformity  to  rectitude  and  Justice 
in  social  dealings. 

The  truly  upright  man  is  inflexible  in  his  up- 
rightness. Mtcrbury. 

UPRI'SE,  r.  J.  s  as  z.  pret.  uprose;  pp.  up- 
risen.    To  rise  from  bed  or  from  a  seat. 
I'nrose  the  vircin  with  the  morning  light. 

Pope. 

2.  To  ascend  above  the  horizon. 

I  Uprose  the  sun.  Cowley. 

13.  To  ascend,  as  a  bill.     Obs.  .'shak. 


U  P  w 


U  R  E 


U  R  I 


UPRI'SE,  n.    A  rising ;  appearance  above' 
the  horizon.     Obs.  Shak. 

UPRl'SrNG,  ppi:  Rising;  ascending. 
UPRI'SING,  n.  The  act  of  rising. 

Thou  knowest  my  down-sitting  and  mine  up- 
rising.    Ps.  cxxxix. 
UP'ROAR,  n.  [D.  oproer ;  G.  aufruhr ;  auf, 
up,  and  riihren,  to  stir,  to  beat,  D.  roeren, 
Sw.  rora.     In  verse  it  is  sometimes  accent 
ed  on  tlie  second  syllable.] 
Great  tumult ;  violent  disturbance  and  noise ; 
bustle  and  clamor. 

The  Jews  who  believed  not — set  all  the  city 
in  an  uproar.    .\cts  xvii. 

Horror  thus  prevail'd, 
.'ind  wild  uproar.  Philips. 

UPROAR,    V.  t.   To  throw  into   confusion. 

[jVot  in  use.] 
UPROLL,  V.  t.  [up  and  roll.]  To  roll  up. 

Milton. 

UPROOT',  I',  t.   [up  and  root]    To  root  u| 

to  tear  up  by  the  roots  ;  as,  to  uproot  the 

hills  or  trees.  Dri/den 

UPROUSE,  v.t.uprouz.  [up  and  rouse.]  To 

rouse  from  sleep  ;  to  awake.  Shak. 

UPSET',  V.  t.  [up   and  set.]    To  overturn  ; 

to  overthrow  ;  to  overset ;  as  a  carriage. 
UP'SHOT,  n.  [up  and  shot.]     Final  issue  : 
conclusion ;  end  ;  as  the  upshot  of  the  mat- 
ter. 

Here  is  the  upshot  and  result  of  all. 

Burnet 

Upside  down,  the  upper  part  undermost.  As 
a  phrase,  this  denotes  in  confusion;  in 
complete  disorder.  South. 

UP'SPRING,  »i.  [up  and  spring'.]    An  up- 
start.    UYot  in  use.]  Shak. 
UPSPRING',  v.i.  To  spring  up.     [.Vot  in 
use,]                                                  Sackville. 
UPSTAND',  V.  i.  To  be  erected.   [Mt  used 

Mat/. 

UPST'ART,  V.  i.  [up  and  start.]    To  start 

or  spring  up  suddenly.  Dn/den 

UP'START,  n.  One  that  suddenly  rises  from 

low  Ufe  to  wealth,  power  or  honor. 

■Spenser. 
2.  Something  that  springs  up  suddenly. 

Milton.     Bacon. 
UP'START,  a.  Suddenly  raised.  Shak. 

UPSTA'Y,  v.t.  [up  and'stay.]    To  sustain 
to  support.  Milton 

UPSWARM',  V.   t.  [See  Swarm.]     To  raise 
in  a  swarm.     [JVot  in  use.]  Shak 

UPTA'KE,  V.  t.  [up  and  take.]    To  take  in- 
to the  hand.     [JVot  in  use.]  Spenser. 
UPTEAR,  V.  t.  [up  and  tear.]  To  tear  up. 

Mitton. 

UPTRA'IN,  V.  i.  [up  and  train.]     To  train 

up  ;  to  educate.     [.Vot  in  use.]       Spen.m: 

UPTURN',  V.  t.   [up  and  turn.]  To  turn  up: 

to  throw  up ;  as,  to  upturn  the  ground  in 

plowing.  Milton.     Pope. 

UP'WARD,  a.  [up  and  ward,  Sax.  weard, 

L.  versus.] 
Directed  to  a  higher  place ;  as  with  upioard 
eye ;  witli  upward  speed. 

Dry  den.     Pnor. 
UP'WARD,  n.  The  top.     [Mot  in  use.] 

Shak 
UP'WARD,  I  ,  Toward  a  higher  place  ; 
UPWARDS,  S  "       opposed  to  downumrd. 

Upward  1  lilt  my  eye.  fVatts 

2.  Toward  heaven  and  God. 

Lookini;  inwaul,  we  are  struck  dumb  ;    look- 
ing upward,  we  speak  and  prevail.        Hooker 

2.  With  respect  to  the  higher  part. 


Upward  man, 
Downward  fish.  Milton. 

More  than,  imlefinitely.     Upwards  of  ten 
years  have   elapsed;  upwards  of  a  hun- 
dred men  were  present. 
Toward  the   source.     Trace  the  stream 
upioarrfs. 
And  trace  the  muses  upwards  to  their  spring. 

Pope. 

UPWHIRL,  t'.i.upio/furf'.  [up  and  ivhirl]  To 

rise  upwards  in  a  whirl ;  to  whirl  upwards 

Milton. 
UPWHIRL',    I',  t.    To  raise  upwards  in  a 

whirling  direction. 
UPWIND,  v.t.  [up  and  wind.]  To  wind  up. 

Spetiser. 
TJRAN-GLIIM'MER,  n.  An  ore  of  urani-| 
]     um  ;  uran-mica  ;  chalcolite.  | 

"U'RANITE,  n.  An  ore  or  phosphate  of 
uranium,  called  also  uran-gliinmer,  and 
uran-mica.  It  is  of  a  lemon  yellow  gold 
color,  or  yellowish  brown,  sometimes  of 
'  an  apple  green  or  emerald  color.  It  oc- 
curs crystalized  in  rectangular  prisms,  in 
imperfect  octahedrons,  &c.  Its  structure 
is  lamellar,  and  it  yields  to  the  knife. 

Cyc.     Phillips. 

Uranite  is  found  in  primitive  earths,  in 

three   states,   crystalized,    compact,    and 

pulverulent.      Lavoisier.     Did.  JVat.  Hist 

URANIT'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  uranite,  or 

I     resembling  it. 

,'UR.\'NIUM,  n.  [Gr.  oiipaios,  Iieaven,  or  a 

planet  so  called.] 
A  metal  discovered  in  1789  by  Klaproth,  in 
the  mineral  called  pechblend.  It  is  occa 
sioually  found  native  in  uran-ocher  and 
uran-mica;  but  more  generally  it  is  ob- 
tained from  pechblend,  in  which  it  e.xists 
with  iron,  copper,  lead,  and  sometimes 
with  arsenic,  cobalt  and  zink.  Henry. 

URAN-O'CHER,  n.  Pechblend,  an  ore  of 
uranium,  containing  the  metal  in  an  o.xy- 
dized  state.  It  is  brown,  grayish,  black, 
and  brownish  black ;  occurring  massive, 
globular,  reniforin,  disseminated,  and  pul 
verulent.  Cyc.     Ure.     Phillips. 

■UR.^NOL'OGY,    n.     [Gr.   ovpaio;,   heaven, 
1     and  Xoyoj,  discourse.] 
'a  discourse  or  treatise  on  the  heavens. 
I  Mitchill. 

jUR'BANE,  a.  [L.  vrbanus,  from  urts,  a  city.] 

Civil ;  courteous  in  manners  ;  polite. 
URBAN'ITV,  n.  [Fr.  urbanite;  L.  urbani 
tas,  from  urhs,  a  city.] 

1.  That  civility  or  courtesy  of  manners 
which  is  acquired  by  associating  with  well 
bred  people  ;  politeness ;  polished  man 
ncrs.  Drydcn.     Brown. 

a.  FacetioMsness.  UEstrange. 

UR'BANIZE,  v.t.  To  render  civil  and  cour- 
teous ;  to  polish.  Howell. 

UR'CEOLATE,  a.    [L.  urceolus,  urceus,  a 

I     pitcher.] 

In  botany,  shaped  like  a  pitcher;  swelling 
out  like  a  pitcher;  as  a  caly.x  or  enrol. 

Marlyn.     Lee. 

UR'CIIIN,  n.  [Arm.  heureuchin;   L.  erina- 
ceus.]     A  name  given  to  the  hedgehog. 

2.  A  name  of  slight  anger  given  to  a  child; 
as,  the  little  urchin  cried. 

XI RE,  u.  Use  ;  practice.     [Obsolete,  but  re- 
\     t:iined  in  {jiiirc] 

U'REA,    n.    A  substance    obtained    fronr 
I     urine.  l/re.. 


[U'RETER,  n.  [Gr.  wpjjf  ijp,  from  wpeu.  See 

Urine.] 
k  tube  conveying  the  urine  from  the  kid- 
ney to  the  bladder.     There  are  two  ure- 
ters, one  on  each  side.         Co.re.     Quincy. 
"URE'THRA,   n.    [Gr.  ovp>;Spa,  from  oupfw. 

See  Urine.] 
The  canal  by  which  the  urine  is  conducted 
from  the  bladder  and  discharged.  Coxe. 
URGE,  V.  t.  [L.  iirg-eo.  This  belongs  prob- 
ably to  the  family  of  Gr.  tipyu  and  L. 
orceo.] 

To  press ;  to  push ;  to  drive ;  to  impel ; 
to  apply  force  to,  in  almost  any  manner. 
And  great  Achilles  urge  the  Trojan  fate. 

Drydeit  ■ 
To  press  the  mind  or  will;  to  press  by 
motives,  arguments,  persuasion  or  impor- 
tunity. 

My  brother 
Did  urge  me  in  his  act.  Shak. 

To  provoke  ;  to  exasperate. 

Urge  not  my  father's  anger.  Shak. 

To  follow  close  ;  to  impel. 

Heir  urges  heir,  like  wave  impelling  wave. 

Pope. 
To  labor  vehemently  ;  to  press  with  ea- 
gerness. 

Through  the  thick  deserts  headkng  urg'd  his 

flight.  Pope. 

G.  To  press ;  as,  to   urge  an  argument ;  to 

urge  a  petition  ;  to  itrg-e  the  necessity  of  a 

case. 

7.  To  importune  ;  to  solicit  earnestly.  He 
urged  his  son  to  withdraw. 

8.  To  apply  forcibly  ;  as,  to  urge  an  ore  with 
ntense  heat. 

URGE,  V.  i.To  press  forward ;  as,  he  strives 
to  urge  upward. 

URGED,  pp.  Pressed;  impelled;  impor- 
tuned. 

URG'ENCY,  n.  Pressure;  importunity; 
earnest  solicitation  ;  as  the  urgency  of  a  re- 
quest. 

3.  Pressure  of  necessity  ;  as  the  urgency  o£ 
want  or  distress;  the  urgency  of  the  oc- 
casion. 

URG'ENT,  a.  Pressing  with  importunity. 
Ex.  xii. 


2.  Pressing  with  necessity ;  violent ;  vehe- 
ment ;  as  an  urgent  case  or  occasion. 

URGENTLY,  adv.  With  pressing  importu- 
nity ;  violently  ;  vehemently  ;  forcibly. 

URg'ER,  »i.  One  who  urges ;  one  who  im- 
portunes. 

URgE-WONDER,  n.  A  sort  of  grain. 

Mortimer. 

URG'ING,  ppr.  Pressing;  driving;  impell- 
ing. 
2.  a.  Pressing  with  solicitations;  importunate. 

U'RIC,  a.  In  chimistry,  the  uric  acid,  called 
also  lithic  acid,  is  obtained  from  urinary 
calculi. 

"U'RIM,  ?i.  [Ileb.  D'-llX.]  The  Urim  and 
Thummiui,  among  the  Israelites,  signify 
lights  and  perfections.  These  were  a  kind 
of  ornnnient  belonging  to  the  habit  of  the 
high  jiriest,  in  virtue  of  which  he  gave 
oracular  answers  to  the  people  ;  but  what 
they  were  has  not  been  satisfactorily  ns- 
cert.Tincd.  Cyc. 

U'RINAL,  n.  [Vr.urinal;  L. unndw, from 
urina,  urine.] 


USA 


USE 


u  s  n 


1.  A  bottle  in  which  urine  is  kept  for  in- 
spection. 

2.  A  vessel  for  containing  urine. 

3.  In  ckimistry,  an  ohiong  glass  vessel,  used 
in  making  solutions.  Cyc. 

U'RINARY,  a.  [from  urine.]  Pertaining  to 
urine;  as  the  urinary  bladder;  urinary 
calculi ;  urinary  abscesses. 

U'RINARY,       ;        In  agriculture,  a  reser 

"URINA'RIUM,  S"'  voirorplace  for  the  re 
ception  of  urine,  &c.  for  manure.         Cyc. 

OJ'RINATIVE,  a.    Provoking  urine. 

Bacon 

URINA'TOR,  n.  [L.  from  urino,  to  rtive.]j 
A  diver;  one  who  plunges  and  sinks  in 
water  in  search  of  something,  as  for  pearls. 

Ray. 

U'RINE,  n.  [L.  urina ;  Gr.  ovpov,  from  w- 
psu  ;  G.  ham,  hamen.] 

An  animal  fluid  or  liquor  secreted  by  the 
kidneys,  whence  it  is  conveyed  into  the 
bladder  by  the  ureters,  and  through  the 
urethra  discharged.  The  urine  of  beasts 
is  sometimes  called  stale. 

U'RINE,  V.  i.  [supra.]    To  discharge  urine. 

Bacon. 

U'RINOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  urine,  or  par- 
taking of  its  qualities.  Arbuthnol. 

URN,  n.  [L.  urnrt.]  A  kind  of  vase  of  a 
roundish  form,  largest  in  the  middle  ;  u.sed 
as  an  ornament.  Cyc. 

2.  A  vessel  for  water. 

:S.  A  vessel  in  which  the  ashes  of  the  dead 
were  formerly  kept. 

1.  A  Roman  measure  for  liquids,  containing 
about  three  gallons  and  a  half,  wine  meas-j 
ure.  It  was  half  the  amphora,  and  fi)uri 
times  the  congius.  Cyc.\ 

UROS'COPY,  n.  [Gr.  ovpov  and  exiittu-l 
Inspection  of  urine.  Brown. 

IIR'RY,  n.  A  sort  of  blue  or  black  clay,  ly-l 
ing  near  a  vein  of  coal.  Mortimer. 

IJR'SA,  Ji.  [L.]  The  bear,  a  constellation,] 
the  greater  and  lesser  bear,  near  the  north 
pole. 

UR'SIFORiM,  a.  [L.  ursa,  bear,  and  form.] 
lu  the  shape  of  a  bear. 

UR'SINE,  a.  [L.  ursinus.]  Pertaining  to  or 
resembling  a  bear. 

UR'SULINE,  a.  Denoting  an  order  of  nuns 
who  observe  the  rule  of  St.  Austin  ;  so 
called  from  their  institutress,  St.  Ursula. 

Cyc. 

U'RUS, 

URE, 

US,  pron.  objective  case  of  ice. 
Give  U.9  this  day  our  daily  bread. 

Lord's  Prayer. 

U'SAgE,  n.  s  as  :.  [Fr.  from  itaer,  to  use. 
See  Use.] 

1.  Treatment;  an  action  or  series  of  actions 
performed  by  one  person  towards  anoihi  r, 
or  which  directly  affect  him;  as  good 
usage ;  ill  usage ;  hard  usage.  Gentle 
ttsage  will  often  effect  what  harsh  usage 
will  not.  The  elephant  may  by  governed 
by  mild  usage. 

2.  tfse,  or  long  continued  use ;  custom ; 
practice.  Uninterrupted  iisage  for  a  long 
time,  or  immemorial  itsaofe  constitutes  pre- 
scription. Custom  is  a  local  usage;  pre- 
scription is  a  personal  usi^e.  In  language, 
usage  is  the  foundation  of  all  rules. 

or  tilings  once  received    and  coulirmed   by 
use,  long  usage  is  a  law  sufficient.         Hooker. 

3.  Manners:  behavior,     Obs.  Spenser. 


'  \  n.  [L. 


urus.]  The  wild  bull 


U'SAgER,  n.  »  as  z.  [Fr.]  One  who  has! 
the  use  of  any  thing  in  trust  for  another.l 
[JVot  in  use.]  Daniel.l 

U'SANCE,  n.aasz.  [Fr.]  Use ;  proper  em-j 
ployment.  Spenser.; 

'i.  Usury;  interest  paid  for  money.         Sliak. 

3.  In  commerce,  a  determiiuite  time  fixed  for' 
the  payment  of  bills  of  exchange,  reckon- 
ed either  from  the  day  of  their  date,  or  the! 
day  of  their  acceptance.  It  is  thus  calledj 
because  this  time  is  settled  by  usage,  or  the 
custom  of  places  on  which  tlie  hills  are! 
drawn.  In  France,  the  usance  for  bills' 
drawn  from  Spain  and  Portugal,  is  sixty 
days.  At  London,  the  usance  for  bills 
drawn  from  Holland,  Germany  or  Franco,! 
is  one  month.  The  usance  is  very  difler-' 
ent  in  different  countries  and  cities.      Cyc' 

USE,    n.    [L.  usus ;  It.   uso;  ¥r.   us,   plu.j 

1.  The  act  of  handling  or  employing  in  any 
irianner,  and  for  any  purpose,  but  espe- 
cially for  a  profitable  piu-pose  ;  as  the  use 
of  a  pen  in  writing;  the  icse  of  books  in 
study  ;  the  use  of  a  spade  in  digging.  Use 
is  of  two  kinds;  that  which  employs  a 
thing,  without  destroying  it  or  its  form,  as 
the  use  of  a  book  or  of  a  farm  ;  or  it  is  the 
employment  of  a  thing  which  destroys  or 
wastes  it,  as  the  use  of  bread  for  provis- 
ion ;  the  use  of  water  for  turning  a  mill. 

2.  Employment;  applicationof  any  thing  to 
a  purpose,  good  or  bad.  It  is  our  duty  to 
make  a  faithful  use  of  our  o|)portutiitics 
and  advantages  for  improvement. 

Books  can  never  teach  the  ttse  of  book-'. 

£aco)i. 
•3.  Usefulness;  utility;   advantage;   produc- 
tion of  benefit.     The  value  of  a  thing  is  to 
be  estimated  by  its  use.  His  friendship  has 
been  of  use  to  me. 

'Tis  use  alone  that  sanctifies  expense. 

Pope. 

4.  Need  of  employment,  or  occasion  to  em- 
|)loy.     I  have  no  further  use  for  this  book. 

5.  Power  of  receiving  advantage.  [Unusual.] 

Dryden. 

C.  Continued  practice  or  employment. 
Sweetness,  truth,  and  every  grace, 
Which  time  and  use  ure  wont  to  teach. 

Waller. 

7.  Custom  ;  common  occurrence. 

O  Cesar,  these  things  are  beyond  all  %ue. 

[Unusunl.'\  Shak. 

Interest ;  the  pnwniunj  paid  for  the  pos- 
session and  employment  of  borrowed 
money.  South. 

9.  In  law,  the  benefit  or  profit  of  lands  and' 
tenements.  Use  imports  a  trust  and  con-j 
fidenco  reposed  in  a  man  for  the  holding 
of  lands.  lie  to  whose  ii(te  or  benefit  the' 
trust  is  intondcil,  shall  enjoy  the  profits. 
An  estate  is  granted  and  limited  to  \  for 
the  i(.?e  of  B.  | 

Statute  of  Uses,  in  Enshuid,  the  Stat.  27 
Henry  VHI.  (-ap.  10.  which  transfers  uses' 
into  possession,  or  which  unites  the  use 
and  possession.  | 

Cestuy  que  use,  in  law,  the  person  who  has 
the  use  of  lands  and  tenements. 

Contingent  u.'f,  in  law.  \  contingent  or 
springing  use,  is  where  the  use  is  sus- 
pended on  a  future  event. 

Resulting  tise,  is  one  which, being  limited  by 
the  deed,  expires  or  cannot  vest,  and  re- 
sults or  returns  to  him  who  raised  it,  after 
such  e.xpiiation. 


Secondary  or  shijling  we,  is  that  which 
though  executed,  may  change  from  one 
to  another  by  circumstances.     Blackslone. 

In  use,  in  employment ;  as,  the  book  is  now 
in  use. 

'2.  In  customary  practice  or  observance. 
Such  words,  rites  and  ceremonies,  have 
long  been  in  use. 

USE,  V.  t.  s  as  :.  [Fr.  user;  It.  usare ;  Sp. 
usar  ;  L.  utor,  usus  ;  Gr.  i9u.] 

1.  To  ernploy  ;  to  handle,  hold,   occupy  or 
i     move  for  some  purpose  ;  as,  to  use  a  plow  ; 

to  use  a  chair;  to  use  a  book  ;  to  use  time. 
Most  men  use  the  right  hand  with  more 
convenience  than  the  left,  and  hence  its 
name,  right. 

2.  To  waste,  consume  or  exhaust  by  em- 
ployment ;  as,  to  use  flour  for  food  ;  to  use 
beer  for  drink ;   to  use  water  for   irriga- 

!     tion,  or  for  turning  the  wheel  of  a  mill. 

3.  To  accustom  ;  to  habituate  ;  to  render  fa- 
miliar by  practice;  as  men  used  to  cold 
and  hunger :  soldiers  used  to  hardships 
and  danger.  Addi-ton.     Swift. 

4.  To  treat;  as,  to  use  one  well  or  111; "to 
use  people  with  kindness  and  civility ;  to 

i     use  a  bea.st  with  cruelty. 

I  Cato  has  iis'd  mc  ill.    '  Addison. 

'5.  To  practice  customarily. 

Use  hospitality  one  to  another.     1  Pet.  iv. 

\To  use  one's  self,  to  behave.     Obs.         Shak. 

USE,  V.  i.  s  as  ;.  To  be  accustomed  ;  to 
practice  customarily. 

They  use  to  place  him  that  shaJl  be  their  cap- 
tain on  a  stone.  Spenser. 

2.  To  be  wont. 

Fears  use  to  be  represented  in  an  imaginary 
fashion.  Bacon. 

;3.  To  frequent  ;  to  inhabit. 

Where  never  foot  ilid  use.  Spenser. 

U'SED,  pp.  s  as  :.  Employed  ;  occupied ; 
treated. 

U'SEFUL,  (t.  Produi-ing  or  having  power 
to  produce  good:  beneficial;  profitable; 
helpful  towards  atU-ancing  any  purpose  ; 
as  vessels  and  instrtuiients  usiful  in  a  fam- 
ily ;  books  useftd  for  iniprovcineut ;  useful 
knowledge ;  useful  arts. 

U'SEFULLY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner  as  to 
produce  or  advance  some  end  :  as  instru- 
ments or  time  usefully  employed. 

U'SEFUL.NESS,  n.  Condin'iveness  to  some 
end,  properly  to  some  valuable  end  ;  a.* 
the   usefulness   of  canal  navigation  :    the 

I     xtsefulness  of  machinery  in  mannlactures. 

U'SEI-ESS,  a.  Having  no  use  ;  nnscrvicea- 

]  hie ;  producing  no  good  end  ;  answering 
no  valuable  purjiose ;  not  advancing  the 

I     end  proposed;  as  a  useless  garment;   use- 

I     less  pity.  Gay. 

U'SELESSLY,  adv.  In  a  useless  manner  ; 

I     without  profit  or  advantage.  Locke. 

U  SELESSNESS,    n.     Unserviceableness; 

!     unfitness  for  any  valuable  purpose,  or  for 

I     the  purpose  intended  ;  as  the  uselessness  of 

!     pleasure. 

U'SER,  n.  s  as  z.  One  who  use.«,  treats  or 

I     occupies. 

USH'ER,   II.    [Fr.  huissier,  a  door-keeper, 

:     from  huis,  It.  u.icio,  a  door.] 

1.  Properly,  an  ofiicer  or  servant  who  has 

I     the  care  of  the  door  of  a  court,  hall,  cham- 

[     her  or  the  like;  hence,  an  officer  whose 

I  business  is  to  introduce  strangers,  or  to 
walk  before  a   person   of  rank.     In  the 

1    king's  household  there  are  four  gentle 


u  s  u 


U  T  E 


U  T  T 


men-uslicrs  of  the  privy  chamber.    There; 
■   is  also  an  usher  of  the  exchequer,  who  at- 
tends the  barons,  sherifs,  juries,  &c. 

Cyc.     England. 

3.  An  under-teacher  or  assistant  to  the  pre-; 

ceptor  of  a  school.  j 

USH'ER,  v.t.  To  introduce,  as  a  forerunner 

or  liarbinger ;  to  forerun. 

The  stars  that  \isher  evening,  rose.      Milton. 
The  Examiner  was  ushered  into  the  world  by 
a  letter,  setting  forth  the  great  genius  of  the  au- 
thor. Addison. 
USH'ERED,  jip.  Introduced. 
USH'ERING,  ppr.   Introducing,  as  a  fore- 
runner. 
USQrEBAUGH,  n.  [Ir.  uisge,  ivater,  and 

bagh,  life.] 
A   compound    distilled    spirit.     From    this 

word,  by  corruption,  we  have  whiskey. 
US'TION,   n.    [Fr.  uslion;    L.    ustio,  from 

uro,  ustus,  to  burn.] 
The  act  of  burning  ;  the  state  of  being  burnt. 
USTO'RIOUS,  a.  [supra.]  Having  the  qual- 
ity of  burning.  Watts. 
USTULA'TION,  n.  [L.  ustulatus.]  The  act, 
of  burning  or  searing.  P^tt'J-', 

2.  In  metallurgy,  ustulation  is  the  operation 
of  expelling  one  substance  from  another 
by  heat,  as  sulphur  and  arsenic  from  ores, 
in  a  niutHe. 

3.  In  ;)/(arma«/,  the  roasting  or  drying  of  moist 
substances  so  as  to  [)repare  them  for  pul- 
verizing; also,  the  burning  of  wine.     Cyc. 

U'SVAL,  a.  s  as  z.  [Fr.  usuel ;  from  use.] 
Customary  ;  common  ;  frequent ;  such  as 
occurs  in  ordinary  practice,  or  in  the  or- 
dinary course  of  events.  Rainy  weather 
is  not  usual  in  this  climate. 

Consultation   with    oracles   was   formerly   a 
thing  very  usual.  Hooker. 

TJ'SIJALLY,  adv.  s  as  z.  Commonly ;  cus- 
tomarily ;  ordinarily.  Men  vsually  find 
some  excuse  for  their  vices.  It  is  usually 
as  cold  in  North  America  in  the  fortieth 
degree  of  latitude,  as  it  is  in  the  west  of 
Europe  in  the  fiftieth. 
I'SUALNESS,   71.   s  as  z.    Commonness; 

frequency. 
"USUCAP'TION,   n.    [L.  usus,  use,  and  ca- 

pio,  to  take.] 
In  the  civil  law,  the  same  as  prescription  in 
the  common  law  ;  the  acquisition  of  the 
title  or  right  to  property  by  tlie  uninter- 
rupted and  undisputed  possession  of  it  for 
a  certain  term  prescribed  by  law. 
iJ'SUFRUeT,  ?i.  [L.  usus,  use,  and  fructus, 

fruit.] 
The  temporary  use  and  enjoyinent  of  lands 
or  tenements ;  or  the  right  of  receiving 
the  fruits  and  profits  of  lands  or  other 
tiling,  without  having  tlie  right  to  alien- 
ate or  change  the  property.  Cyc. 
I'SUFRUCT'UARY,  n.  A  person  who  has 
the  use  and  enjoyment  of  property  for  a 
time,  without  having  the  title  or  property. 

Johnson. 
I'Sl'RE,  V.  i.  s  as  z.   To  practice  usury. 
[JVo(  in  itse.]  Shak. 

II'SURER,  n.  s  as:.  [See  Usury.]  Former- 
ly, u  person  who  lent  money  and  toolc  in- 
terest for  it. 
2.  In  pre.ient  usage,  one  wlio  lends  money  at 
a  rate  of  interest  beyond  the  rate  estab- 
lished hv  law. 


USU'RIOUS,  a.  s  as  z.  Practicing  usury ; 
taking  exorbitant  interest  for  the  use  of 
money ;  as  a  usurious  person.  j 

2.  Partaking  of  usury  ;  containing  usury ; 
as  a  usurious  contract,  wliich  by  statute  is 
void.  j 

USU'RIOUSLV,  arfo.  In  a  usurious  man-i 
ner.  j 

USU'RIOUSNESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  usurious. 

tISURP',    V.  t.    I  as  :.    [Fr.   usurper ;   L. 

^^surpo.] 
To  seize  and  hold  in  possession  by  force  or 
without  right;  as,  to  usurp  a  throne;  to 
ttsurp  the  prerogatives  of  the  crown  ;  to 
usurp  power.  To  usurp  the  right  of  a  pat- 
ron, is  to  oust  or  dispossess  liim. 

Vice  sometimes  usurps  the  place  of  virtue. 

Denham. 

[Usurp  is  not  applied  to  common  disposses- 
sion of  private  property.] 

USURPA'TION,  n.  [supra.]  The  act  of  sei- 
zing or  occupying  and  enjoying  the  prop-l 
erty  of  another,  without  right ;  as  the 
usurpation  of  a  throne  ;  the  usurpation  of 
the  supreme  power.  Usurpation,  in  a  pe- 
culiar sense,  denotes  the  absolute  oustei 
and  dispossession  of  the  i)atron  of  a 
church,  by  presenting  a  clerk  to  a  vacant 
benefice,  who  is  thereupon  admitted  and 
instituted.  Cyc. 

VSVRP'F,T),  pp.  Seized  or  occupied  and  en 
joyed  by  violence,  or  without  right. 

USURP'ER,  n.  One  who  seizes  or  occupies 
the  property  of  another  without  right ;  as 
the  usurper  oi'  a  throne,  of  power,  or  of  the 
rights  of  a  patron.       Shak.    Dryden.    Cyc. 

USURP' ING,;>/)r.  Seizing  or  occupying  the 
power  or  property  of  another  without 
right. 

The  worst  of  tyrants,  an  usurping  crowd. 

Pope. 

USURPTNGLY,arfi).  By  usurpation  ;  with- 
out just  right  or  claim.  Shak. 

U'SURY,  n.  s  as  :.  [Fr.  usure ;  L.  usura, 
from  utor,  to  use.] 

1.  Formerly,  interest;  or  a  premium  paid  or 
stipulated  to  be  paid  for  the  use  of  money. 

[Usury  formerly  denoted  any  legal  in- 
terest, but  in  this  sense,  the  word  is  no 
longer  in  use.] 

2.  In  present  usage,  illegal  interest ;  a  pre- 
mium or  compensation  paid  or  stipulated 
to  be  paid  for  tlie  use  of  money  borrowed 
or  retained,  beyond  the  rale  of  interest  es- 
tablished by  law. 

3.  The  practice  of  taking  interest.  Obs. 

Bacon. 

"UTEN'SIL,  71.  [Fr.  utensile.  This  seems  to 
be  formed  on  the  participle  of  the  L.  utor.] 

An  instrument ;  that  which  is  used ;  par- 
ticularly, an  instrument  or  vessel  used  in  a 
kitchen,  or  in  domestic  and  farming  busi- 
ness. 

U'TERINE,  a.  [Fr.  uterin  ;  L.  uterinus. 
from  uterus.] 

Pertaining  to  the  womb.  Uterine  brother  or 
sister,  is  one  born  of  the  same  mother,  but 
by  a  diirerent  father.  Cyc. 

UTERO-GESTA'TION,n.  Gestation  in  the 
womb  from  concejuion  to  birth. 

Prilchard. 

■U'TERUS,  n.  [L.]  The  womb. 


UTILITY,  ji.  [Fr.  utility ;  L.  ulUitas,  from 
utor,  to  use.] 

Usefulness;  production  of  good  ;  profitable- 
ness to  some  valuable  end ;  as  the  utility 
of  manures  upon  land  ;  the  xdility  of  the 
sciences;  the  utility  of  medicines. 

U'TILIZE,  v.t.  [It.  i(<)7i::ore ;  Sp.utilizar; 
from  utile,  util,  useful.]  To  gain ;  to  ac- 
quire.    [Rare.]  Journ.  of  Science. 

U'TIS,  n.  Bustle  ;  stir.  [JVot  in  use.]     Shak. 

UT'MOST,  a.  [Sax.  utmcest,  utmest ;  ut,  out, 
and  mest,  most ;  that  is,  to  the  outermost 
point.] 

1.  Extreme  ;  being  at  the  furthest  point  or 
extremity  ;  as  the  utmost  limit  of  North 
America ;  the  utmost  limits  of  the  land ; 
the  utmost  extent  of  human  knowledge. 

2.  Being  in  the  greatest  or  highest  degree ; 
as  the  utmost  assiduity  ;  the  utmost  har- 
mony ;  the  utmost  misery  or  happiness; 
the  utmost  peril.  Shak. 

UT'MOST,   n.   The  most  that  can  be;  the 
greatest  power,  degree  or  eflfort.     He  has 
done  his  utmost.    Try  your  utmost. 
I  will  be  free 
Even  to  the  utmost  as  I  please  in  words. 

Shak. 
UTO'PIAN,  a.  [froniMore's  Utopia.]  Ideal ; 

chimerical ;  fanciful  ;  not  well  founded. 
UTRICLE,  71.  [L.  utricidus,  a  little  bag  or 
bottle.] 

1.  A  little  bag  or  bladder ;  a  little  cell ;  a 
reservoir  in  plants  to  receive  the  sap. 

Fourcroy.     Martyn. 
i.  A  capsule  of  one  cell,  and  containing  a 
solitary  seed,   oflen  very  thin  and  semi- 
transparent,  constantly  destitute  of  valvc.=. 
and  falling  with  the  seed. 

Gcertner.     Cyc.     Smith 
UTRIC'UL.\R,  a.  Containing  utricles  ;  fur- 
nished with  glandular  vessels  like  small 
bags;  as  plants.  Lee. 

UT'TER,  o.  [Sax. ;  that  is,  ouJf r.]  Situated 
on  the  outside  or  remote  from  the  center. 

Milton . 

2.  Placed  or  being  beyond  any  compass ; 
out  of  any  place  ;  as  the  utter  deep. 

Milton. 
•3.  Extreme  ;   excessive  ;   utmost  ;   as  utter 
darkness. 

4.  Complete  ;  total ;  final ;  as  utter  ruin. 

5.  Peremptory;  absolute;  as  an  u«er  refusal 
or  denial. 

6.  Perfect ;  mere  ;  quite  ;  as  utter  strangers. 
UT'TER,  V.  t.  To  speak  ;  to  pronounce  ;  to 

express  ;    as,   to    utter    words  ;     to   utter 
sounds.  Mdison. 

2.  To  disclose  ;  to  discover  ;  to  divulge  ;  to 
publish.  He  never  idlers  a  syllable  of 
what  I  suppose  to  be  intended  .is  a  secret. 

3.  To  sell ;  to  vend  ;  as,  to  utter  wares. 
[This  is  obsolete,  unless  in  the  law  style.] 

4.  To  |)ut  or  send  into  circulation  ;  to  put 
off,  as  currency,  or  cause  to  pass  in  com- 
merce :  as,  to  utter  coin  or  notes.  A  man 
utters  n  false  note,  who  gives  it  in  pay- 
ment, knowing  it  to  be  false. 

UT'TERABLE,  a.  That  may  be  uttered, 
pronounced  or  expressed. 

UT'TER ANCE,  7i.  The  act  of  uttering 
words;  pronunciation;  manner  of  speak- 
ing; as  a  good  or  bad  utterance. 

They  began  to  speak  with  other  tongues,  as 
the  spirit  gave  them  utterance.    Acts  ii. 


VAC 


VAC 


VAC 


2.  Emission  from  the  moiilh  :  vocal  expres- 
sion ;  as  the  utterance  of  sounds. 

3.  [Fr.  outrance.]  Extremity  ;  furthest  piirt. 
[.Vot  in  use.]  Shak. 

UT'TERED,  pp.  Spoken;  pronounced;  (lis- 
closed  ;  pubh.shed  ;  put  into  circulation. 

UT'TERER.  n.  One  who  utters ;  one  who 
pronounces. 

2.  One  wlio  ilivulpca  or  discloses. 

3.  One  who  puts  into  circulation. 

4.  A  seller  ;  a  vender. 

UT'TERING,  ppr.  Pronouncing ;  disclos- 
ing; putting  into  circulation  ;  selling. 

UT'TERLY,  adv.  To  the  full  extent  ;  fully; 
perfectly ;  totally ;  as  utterly  tired  ;  utteriy 


deha.?ed ;  utterly  lost  to  all  sense  of  .shame ; 
it  is  utiirty  vain  ;  utterly  out  of  my  power. 

UT'TEKMOST,  a.  [utter  awiX  most.]  Ex- 
treme ;  being  in  the  furthest,  greatest  or 
higliest  degree  ;  as  the  uttermost  e.xtent  or 
end  ;  the  uttermost  distress. 

UT'TERMOST,  n.  The  greatest.  The  u<- 
tcrmost  we  can  ilo  is  to  he  patient. 

To  the  uttermost,  in  the  most  extensive  de- 
gree ;  fully.     liel).  vii. 

U' VEOUS,  a.  [L.  uva,  a  grape.]  Resembling 

a  grape.  Ray. 

Tlie  uveous  coat  of  the  eye,  or  uvea,  is 

the  posterior  lamin  of  the  iris  ;   so  called 

by  the  ancients,   because   in  the   animals 


which  tlicy  dissected,  it  resembles  an  un- 
ripe grajje.  Parr. 

UVULA,  n.  [L.]  A  soft  round  spungy 
body,  suspended  from  the  palate  near  the 
foramina  of  the  nostrils,  over  the  glottis. 

h'isemait. 

The  small  conical  body  projecting  from 
the  niiilille  of  the  soft  palate.  Cye. 

UXO'RIOUS,  a.  [L.  uiorius,  from  uxor, 
wife.] 

Submissively  fond  of  a  wife.  Bacon. 

LXO'RIOUSLY,  adv.  With  fond  or  servile 
submission  to  a  wife.  Drydtn. 

L'XO  RIOUSNESS,  n.  Connubial  doinge; 
foolish  fondness  for  a  wife.  Mart. 


V. 


V  is  the  twenty  second  letter  of  the  Eng- 
lish Alphabet,  and  a  labial  articulation, 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  upper  teeth 
with  the  lower  lip,  as  in  pronoiuicing  av, 
ev,  ov,  vain.  It  is  not  a  close  articulation, 
but  one  that  admits  of  some  sound.  It  is 
nearly  allied  to  /,  being  fortned  by  the 
same  organs  ;  but  v  is  vocal,  and  f  is  as- 
pirate, and  this  constitutes  llie  principal 
difference  between  them.  V  and  u  were 
formerly  the  same  letter,  derived  no  doubt 
from  the  oriental  vau  or  waw,  but  they 
liave  now  as  distinct  uses  as  any  two  let- 
ters in  the  alphabet,  and  are  therefore  to 
be  considered  as  different  letters.  V  has 
one  sound  only,  as  in  very,  vote,  lavish. 

\a  a  numeral,  V  stands  for  5.  With  a  dash 
over  it;  in  old  bonks,  V,  it  stands  for  .5000. 

V.  R.  among  the  Romans,  stood  for  uti  ro- 
gas,  as  yon  desire ;  V.  C.  for  t'l'r  consu- 
laris  ;  V."  G.  for  verbi  gratia  ;  V.  L.  for 
videlicet. 

In  nnisic  for  inslruments,  V.  stands  for  vio- 
lin ;  V.  V.  for  violins. 

VA'CANCV,  7J.  [L.  vacans,  from  vaco,  to 
be  empty  ;  Fr.  vacance  ;  It.  vacanza  ;  Sp 
vacancia;  W.  gwag ;  lleb.  p3  to  empty. 
Cla.'^s  Bg.  No.  -M]  ' 

1.  Empty  space;  vacuity.  [In  this  sense, 
vacuity  is  now  generally  used.]  Shak. 

2.  Chasm  ;  void  space  lielvveen  bodies  or 
objects;  as  a  vacancy  between  two  beams 
or  boards  in  a  building  ;  nvacancy  between 
two  buildings  ;  a  vacancy  between  words 
in  a  writing.  liatts 

3.  Tlie  state  of  being  destitute  of  an  incum- 
bent ;  want  of  the  regular  officer  to  offi- 
ciate in  a  place.  Hence  also  it  signifies 
the  office,  post  or  benefice  which  is  desti 
luto  of  an  incumbent ;  as  a  vacancy  in  a 
parish  ;  vacancies  in  the  treasury  or  war 
office.  There  is  no  vacancy  on  the  bench 
of  the  supreme  court. 

4.  Time  of  leisure ;  freedom  from  employ 
nient ;  intermission  of  business. 

Those  little  vacancies  Iroai  toils  are  sweet. 

Dry  den. 

5.  Listlessness ;  emptiness  of  thought. 

,  If'otlon 


6.  A  place  or  office  not  occupied,  or  desti- 
tute of  a  person  to  fill  it;  as  a  vacancy  in 
a  school. 

VA'CANT,  a.  [Fr. ;  from  L.  vacans.]  Emp- 
ty ;  not  filled  ;  void  of  every  substance  ex- 
cept air  ;  as  a  vacant  sjiace  between: 
houses  ;  vacant  room.  Millon.l 

2.  Empty;  exhausted  of  air ;  as  a  I'acani  re-i 
ceiver.  Boyle. 

3.  Free  ;  unincumbered  ;  unengaged  with 
business  or  care. 

Philosopliy  is  the  interest  of  those  only  who 
are  vaca/it  from  the  afikirs  of  the  world. 

Mure.' 

4.  Not  filled  or  occupied  with  an  incumbent 
or  possessor ;  ns  a  vacant  throne  ;  a  vacant 
jiarish. 

5.  Being  unoccupied  \\  itli  busiiie>s  ;  as  va- 
cant \\onrs;  vacant  nii'iiwins.         •Iddison. 

6.  Empty  of  thought ;  thoughtless;  not  oc-| 
copied  with  study  or  reflection ;  as  a  va-\ 
cant  mind. 

7.  Indicating  want  of  thought. 

The  duke  had  a  pleasant  and  vacant  face. 

Wotton. 

8.  In  lato,  abandoned ;  having  no  heir ;  as 
vacant  effects  or  goods. 

VA'CATE,  I',  t.  To  annul;  to  make  void; 
to  make  of  no  authority  or  validity  ;  as,  to 
vacate  a  ctnnmission  ;  to  vacate  a  charter. 

The  necessity  of  observin;;  die  Jewish  salj- 
b.ith  was  vacated  by  the  apostolical  iiistiludon 
of  the  l.onl's  day.  .Ve/su/i. 

2.  To  make  vacant;  to  quit  possession  and 
leave  destitute.  It  was  resolved  by  par- 
liament that  James  had  vacated  llw  ihrone 
of  England.  [ 

3.  To  defeat ;  to  put  an  end  to.  j 

He  vacates  my  revenge.  Dryden. 

[  Unusual.l 

VA'€ATEI),  pp.  Annulled  ;  made  void  i, 
made  vacant.  1 

VA'CATING,  ppr.  Making  void  ;  making' 
vacant. 

VACA'TION,  11.  [Fr.  from  L.  vacatio.]  The; 
act  of  making  void,  vacant,  or  of  no  valid-' 
ity  ;  as  the  vacation  of  a  charter. 

2.  Intermission  of  judicial  proceedings ;  the 
space  of  time  between  the  end  of  one  term* 
and  the  beginning  of  the  next ;  non-term. 

•3.  The  intermission  of  the  regular  studies: 


and  exercises  of  a  college  or  other  sem- 
inary, when  the  students  have  a  recess. 

4.  Intermission  id' a  slated  employment. 

.5.  The  time  when  a  sec  or  other  spiritual 
dignity  is  vacant. 

During  the  vacation  of  a  bishopric,  the  dean 
and  chapter  are  guardians  of  die  spiritualities. 

Cyc. 

G.  Leisure ;  freedom  from  trouble  or  per- 
plexity.    [A'bu>  little  used.]  Hammond. 

VAC'CARV,  n.  [L.  vacca,  a  cow.]  An  old 
word  signifying  a  cow  house,  dairy  house, 
or  a  cow  pasture.  Bailey.     Cyc. 

VAC'ILLANCY,  n.  [L.  racillans,from  vacil- 
lo,  to  waver,  Eng.  to  waggle,  fiom  the  root 
of  icog',  which  see.] 

A  state  of  wavering ;  fluctuation  ;  incon- 
stancy. More. 

VAC'ILLANT,  a.  [supra.]  Wavering:  fluc- 
tuating ;  iinstcadv.  Smellic. 

VAC'ILL.\TE,  v. I.  [L.vacillo;  (i.icackeln; 
Eng.  to  waggle,  a  diminutive  of  tcag.  See 
ff-ag.] 

1.  To  waver;  to  move  one  way  and  the 
other;  to  reel  or  stagger. 

2.  To  fluctuate  in  mind  or  opinion  ;  to  wa- 
ver ;  to  be  unsteady  or  inconstant. 

V AC  ILLATING,  ppr.  Wavering;  reeling; 

fluctuating. 
2.  a.  Unstcadv  ;  inclined  lo  fluctuate. 
VACILLATION,    7i.    [Fr.  from   L.  vacU- 

latio.] 

1.  A  wavering  ;  a  moving  one  way  and  the 
other  ;  a  reeling  or  staggering. 

2.  Fluctuation  of  mind  ;  unsteadiness ; 
chanjre  from  one  object  to  another. 

S.  Lee. 

VACCINATE,  f.  /.  [L.  vacca,  a  cow.]  To 
inoculate  with  the  row-pox.  or  a  virus 
originally  taken  from  cows,  called  vaccine 
matter. 

VA€'CTN.\TED,  pp.  Inoculated  with  the 
cow-pox. 

VAeOINATING,  ppr.  Inoculating  with 
the  cow-pox. 

VACCINATION,  n.  The  act,  art  or  prac- 
tice of  inoculating  persons  with  the  cow- 
pov. 

VAC  CINE,  a.  [L.  vacdnus,  from  vacca,  a 
cow.] 


V  A  G 


V  A  I 


V  A  I 


Pertaining  to  cows  ;  originating  with  or  de- 
rived from  cows  ;  astlie  vacane  disease  or 


cow-pox. 

VA€LfA'TION,  «.  [L.  vacuo.]  Tlie  act  of 
emptying.  [LAttle  used.]  [See  Evacua- 
tion.] 

VA€'UIST,  J!,  [from  vacuum.]  One  who 
holds  to  tlie  doctrine  of  a  vacuum  in  na- 
ture ;  opposed  to  a  jilenist.  Boyle. 

VA€U'1TY,    n.    [L.  vacuitas,  from  vacuus.] 

1.  Emptiness  ;  a  state  of  being  unfilled. 

Hunger  is  such  a  slate  of  vacuity  as    to   re- 
quire a  fresh  supply.  Arbvthnot. 

2.  Space  unfilled  or  unoccupied,  or  occupi- 
ed with  an  invisible  fluid  only. 

A  vacuity  is  interspersed  among  the  particles 
of  matter.  Bentley 

D.  Emptiness;  void. 

God  only  can  till  every  vacuity  of  the  soul. 

Rogers. 

4.  Inanity;  emptiness;  want  of  reality. 

Granvitte 

5.  Vacuum,  which  see. 
VAe'UOUS,  a.  Empty ;  unfilled  ;  void. 

Milton. 

VAC'UOUSNESS,  Ji.  The  state  of  being 
empty.  Mountague. 

VA€'UUM,  n.  [L.]  Space  empty  or  devoid 
of  all  matter  or  body.  Whether  there  is 
such  a  tiling  as  an  absolute  vacuum  in  na- 
ture, is  a  question  which  has  been  much 
controverted.  The  Peripatetics  assert 
that  nature  abhors  a  vacuum. 

Torricellian  vacuum,  the  vacuum  produced  by 
filling  a  tube  with   mercury,   and  allow 
ing  it  to  descend  till  it  is  counterbalanced 
by  the  weight  of  the  atmosphere,  as  in  the 
barometer  invented  by  Torricelli. 

VADE,  II.  i.  [li.  vado.]  To  vanish ;  to  pass 
away.     {Kot  in  itse.]  IVotton. 

VADE-ME'€UM,  n.  [L.  go  with  me.]  A 
book  or  other  thing  that  a  person  carries 
with  him  as  a  constant  companion;  £ 
manual. 

VAGABOND,  a.  [L.  vagahundu.'i,  from  ra 
gor,  to  wander  ;  from  the  root  of  u'ag.] 

1.  Wandering;  moving  from  place  to  place 
without  any  settled  habitation  ;  as  a  vaga- 
bond exile.  Shak. 

2.  Wandering ;  floating  about  without  any 
certain  direction  ;  driven  to  and  fro. 

Like  to  a  vagabond  Hag  upon  the  stream. 

Shak 
VAG'ABOND,  n.  [supra.]  A  vagrant;  one 
who  wanders  iVom  town  to  town  or  place 
to  place,  having  no  certain  dwelling,  or 
not  abiding  in  it.  By  the  laws  of  England 
and  of  the  United  States,  vagabonds  are 
liable  to  be  taken  up  and  punished. 
VAG'ABONDRY,  a.  A  state  of  wandering 

in  idleness. 
VAGA'RY,  n.   [L.  vagus,  wandering.]     A 
wandering  of  the  thoughts;  a  wild  freak; 
a  whim  ;  a  whimsical  purpose. 
Tliey  chang'd  their  minds, 
Flew  otT,  and  into  str.ingc  vagaries  fell , 

Miltoti. 

VA'tilENT,  a.  [L.  vagiens.]    Crying  like  a 

child.     [jVo(  ill  use.]  More. 

VAti'INAL,  a.  [L.  vagina,  a  sheath.     See 

Wain .] 
Pertaining   to   a   sheath,    or    resembling  a 

sheath  ;  as  a  vaginal  membrane. 
VAti'lNANT,   a.    [L.   vagina.]    In   botany, 
sheathing  ;   as  a  raginanl  leaf,  one  ir 
ing  the  stem  or  branch  by  its  base,  which 
has  the  form  of  a  tube.  MarlJ/n 


VAti'INATED,  a.  In  botany,  sheathed  ;  in-l 
vested  by  the  tubular  base  of  the  leaf;  as! 
a  stem.  Martyn. 

VAGINOPEN'NOUS,  a.  [L.  vaghia  and 
jienna,] 

Having  the  wings  covered  with  a  hard  case 
or  sheath,  as  insects. 

VA'GOUS,  a.  [L.  vagus :  Fr.  vague.]  Wan- 
dering ;  unsettled.     [lAttle  used.]     Jlyliffe. 

VA'GRANCY,  n.  [from  vagrant.]  A  state 
of  wandering  without  a  settled  home. 
Vagrancy  in  idle  strollers  or  vagabonds,  is 
punishable  by  law. 

VA'GRANT,  a.  [L.  vagor.]  Wandering 
from  place  to  jilace  without  any  settled 
habitation  ;   as  a  vagrant  beggar. 

2.  Wandering  ;  unsettled  ;  moving  without 
any  certain  direction. 

That  beauteous  Emms,  vagrant  courses  took. 

Prior. 

VA'GRANT,  n.  [Norm,  vagaranl.]  An  idle 
wanderer  ;  a  vagabond  ;  one  who  strolls 
from  place  to  place  ;  a  sturdy  beggar  ;  one 
who  has  no  settled  habitation,  or  who  does 
not  abide  in  it. 

Vagrants  and  outlaws  shall  oflend  thy  view. 

Prior. 

V,\GUE,  a.  vdg.  [Fr.  from  L.  vagus,  wan- 
dering.] 

1.  Wandering;  vagrant;  vagabond;  as 
vague  villains.  [In  this  literal  sense,  not 
used.]  Hay  ward 

2.  Unsettled  ;  nnfi.xed  ;  undetermined  ;  in- 
definite. He  appears  to  have  very  vague 
ideas  of  this  subject. 

3.  Proceeding  from   no  known    authority ; 


flying 


uncertain ;  as  a  vague  report. 


VAIL,  n.  [Fr.  voile;  it.  veto  ;  L.  relum,  from 
velo,  to  cover,  to  spread  over ;  Gaelic, 
falach,  a  vail.  It  is  correctly  written  vail, 
for  e,  in  Latin,  is  our  a.] 
Any  kind  of  cloth  which  is  used  for  in 
tercepting  the  view  and  hiding  some 
thing ;  as  the  vail  of  the  temple  among  the 
Israelites. 

2.  A  piece  of  thin  cloth  or  silk  stuflf,  used 
by  females  to  hide  their  faces.  In  some 
eastern  countries,  certain  classes  of  fe- 
males never  appear  abroad  without  vails. 

3.  A  cover;  that  which  conceals;  as  the 
vail  of  oblivion. 

4.  In  botany,  the  membranous  covering  of 
the  germen  in  the  Musci  and  Hepaticce  ; 
tlie  calypter.  Cyc 

5.  Vails,  money  given  to  servants.  [JVb< 
used  in  America.]  Dryden 

VAIL,  v.t.  [h.velo.]  To  cover ;  to  hide  from 

the  sight ;  as,  to  vail  the  face. 
VAIL,  V.  t.  [Fr.  avaler.]    To  let  fall. 

They  stiffly  refused  to  vail  their  bonnets. 
[I  believe  wholly  obsolete.]  Caretv. 

2.  To  let  fall ;  to  lower ;  as,  to  vail  the  top 
sail.     Obs. 

3.  To  let  fall ;  to  sink.     Obs.  Shak. 
VAIL,   I),  i.    To  yield  or   recede ;    to   give 

place  ;  to  show  respect  by  yielding. 

Thy  convenience   must  vail  to  thy  neigh- 
bor's necessity.     Obs.  South 

VA'ILED,  pp.  Covered  ;  concealed. 

VA'ILER,  n.  One  who  yields  from  respect 
Obs.  Ovtrbury. 

VA'ILING,  ppr.  Covering;  hiding  from  the 
sight. 

VAIN,  a.  [Fr.  vain;  It.  vano;  L.  vamts 
Gaelic,/o»n,  weak     aon,  void  ;  W.  gican 


Sans..tiana  ;  probably  allied  to  Eng.  wan, 
wane,  want.] 
1.  Empty;  worthless;  having  no  substance, 
value  or  importance.     1  Pet.  i. 

To  your  vain  answer  will  you  have  recourse. 
Blackmore. 

Every  man  walketh  in  a  vain  show.    Ps. 
xxxix. 

Why  do  the  people  imagine  a  vain  thing  ? 
Ps.  ii. 

Fruitless ;  ineffectual.     All  attempts,  all 
eft'oits  were  vain. 

Vain  is  the  force  of  man.  Dryden. 

3.  Proud  of  petty  things,  or  of  trifling  at- 
tainments ;  elated  with  a  high  opinion  of 
one's  own  accomplishments,  or  with 
tilings  more  showy  than  valuable  ;  con- 
ceited. 

The  minstrels  play'd  on  every  side, 
Vain  of  their  art —  Dryden 

4.  Empty;  unreal;  as  a  vain  chimera. 
■5.  Showy ;  ostentatious. 

Load   some  ram   church  with  old   theatric 

state.  Pope. 

6.  Light;  inconstant ;  worthless.     Prov.  xii. 

Empty  ;  unsatisfying.     The  pleasures  of 

life  are  vain. 

False  ;  deceitful ;  not  genuine ;  spuriou!- 
James  i. 
9.  Not  effectual ;  having  no  efficacy. 
Bring  no  more  vain  oblations.     Is.  i. 
In  vain,  to  no  purpose;    without  effect;  in- 
effectual. 

hi  vain  they  do  worship  me.     Matt.  xv. 

To  take  the  name  of  God  in  vain,  to  use  the 

name  of  God  with  levity  or  profaneness. 

VAINGLO'RIOUS,  a.  [vain  and  glorious.' 

1.  Vain  to  excess  of  one's  own  achievments  : 
elated  beyond  due  measure  ;  boastful. 

Vainglorious  man.  Spenser 

2.  Boastful ;  proceeding  from  vanity. 
Arrogant  and  vainglorious  expression. 

Hale. 
VAINGLO'RIOUSLY,    adv.    With  etnpty 
pride.  Milton 

VAINGLO'RY,  n.  [vain  &x\A  glory.]  Exclu- 
sive vanity  excited  by  one's  own  perform- 
ances ;  empty  pride ;  undue  elation  of 
mind. 

He  hath  nothing  of  vainglory.  Bacon 

Let  nothing  be  done  through  strife  or  vain  ■ 
glory.     Phil.  ii. 

VA'INLY'',  adv.  Without  effect ;  to  no  pur 
pose  ;  ineflectually  ;  in  vain. 

In  weak  complaints  you  vainly  waste  your 
breath.  Dryden. 

Boastingly  ;  with  vaunting;  proudly;  ar- 
rogantly. 

Humility  teaches  us  not  to  think  vainly  nor 
vauntingly  of  ourselves.  Delany. 

3.  Idly ;  foolishly. 
Nor  vainly  hope  to  be  invulnerable. 

Milton. 

VA'INNESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  vain  ; 
inefficacy ;  ineffectualness;  as  the  vain- 
ness of  eflbrts. 

2.  Empty  jiride  ;  vanity. 

VAIR,  n.  In  ftfraWn/,  a  kind  of  furor  doub- 
ling, consisting  of  divers  little  pieces,  ar- 
gent and  azure,  resembling  a  bell-glass. 

Cyc.     Chambers. 

VAIR,       ^        In    heraldry,    charged   with 

V,\'1RY,  ^  "■  vair;  variegated  with  argent 
and  azure  colors,  when  the  term  is  vairy 
proper;  and  with  other  colors,  when  it  is 
vair  or  vairy  composed.  Todd.     Cyc. 


V  A  L 


V  A  I. 


V  A  1. 


VA'IVODE,  n.  [Sclav.]  A  prince  of  tlie 
Dacian  provinces;  sometimes  written 
waiwode,  lor  tliis  is  the  |ironinicintion. 

VAL'ANCE,  n.  [Qu.  Fr.  avalant,  falling; 
Norm,  valaunt,  descending.] 

Tlie  fringes  of  drapery  hanging  round  the 
tester  and  head  of  a  bed.  Swift. 

VAL'ANCK,  V.  t.  To  decorate  with  hang- 
ing fringes.  Shak. 

VALE,  n.  [Fr.val;  It.  valU ;  L.vallis.  Qii- 
W.  gwael,  low,  and  Eng.  to/a«,  Fr.  avakr.] 

1.  A  tract  of  low  ground  or  of  land  between 
hills  ;  a  valley.  [Vale  is  ii.sed  in  poetry, 
and  valley  in  prose  and  common  dis- 
course.] 

In  those  fair  vales,  by  nature  form'il  to  please. 

Harfe. 

2.  A  little  trough  or  canal ;  as  a  pump  vale 
to  carry  off  the  water  from  a  ship's  pump. 

3.  Vales,  money  given  to  servants,  [avails.] 
[JVot  used  in  America.] 

VALEDICTION,  n.  [L.  valedico;  vale, 
farewell,  and  dico,  to  say.]  A  farewell ; 
a  bidding  farewell. 

VALEDICTORY,  a.  Bidding  farewell ;  as 
a  valedicton/  oration. 

VALEDICTORY,  n.  An  oration  or  ad 
dress  spoken  at  commencement,  in  Amer- 
ican colleges,  by  a  member  of  the  class 
which  receive  the  degree  of  bachelor  of 
arts,  and  take  their  leave  of  college  and  ofl 
each  other. 

VAL'ENTINE,  ji.  A  sweetheart  or  choice 
made  on  Valentine's  day.  ff'otton. 

9.  A  letter  sent  by  one  young  person  to  an 
other  on  Valentine's  day.  Burton. 

VALE'RIAN,  n.  A  i)lant  of  the  genus  Va 
leriana,  of  many  species. 

VAL'ET,  (I.  [Fr. ;  formerly  written  vadlel, 
valect,  vallel,  Sfc] 

1.  A  waiting  servant ;  a  servant  who  at- 
tends on  a  gentleman's  person. 

2.  In  the  manege,  a  kind  of  goad  or  stick 
armed  with  a  point  of  iron.  Cyc. 

VALETUDINA'RIAN,  ?        [L.  valetiidina 
VALETU'DINARY,       S       n««,  from   val- 

etudo,  from  valeo,  to  be  well.] 
Sickly ;  weak  ;  infirm  ;   seeking  to   recover 

health. 
VALETUDINA'RIAN,  >  „    A  person  of  a 
VALETU'DINARY,      S       weak,  infirm  or 

sickly  constitution  ;  one  who  is  seeking  to 

recover  health. 

Valetudinarians  must  live  where  they  can 

command  and  scold.  Swift 

VAL'IANCE,  n.  vai'i/ance.  Bravery ;  valor. 

[.Vot  in  use.]  Spenser 

VALIANT,  a.  val'yant.    [Fr.  vaillant,  from 

valoir,  L.  valeo,  to  be  strong.] 

1.  Primarily,  strong  ;  vigorous  in  body  ;  as' 
a  valiant  fencer.  Walton: 

3.  Brave  ;  courageous ;  intrepid  in  danger ; 
heroic  ;  as  a  valiant  soldier. 

Be  thou  valiant  for  me,  and  fight  the  Lord's 
battles.     1  Sam.  xviii. 

D.  Performed  with  valor ;  bravely  conduct 
ed  ;  heroic ;  as  a  valiant  action  or  achiev- 
ment ;  a  valiant  combat.  ATelson. 

VAL'IANTLY,  adv.  Stoutly;  vigorously; 
with  personal  strength. 

2.  Courageously  ;  bravely  ;  heroically. 
VALTANTNESS,  n.  Stoutness;  strength. 
2.  Most  generally,  valor ;  bravery  ;  intrepid 

ty  in  danger. 

Vol.  II. 


Achniicles.  having  won  the  top  of  the  walls, 
\)y  the  valiantncss  of  the  defendants  was  forced 
to  retire.  Knulles. 

VAL'ID,  a.  [Tr.valide;  h.validus,  from  va- 
leo, to  be  strong.  The  primary  sense  of 
the  root  is  to  strain  or  stretch.] 

1.  Having  .-iufficient  strength  or  force  ;  found- 
ed in  truth  ;  sound  ;  just ;  good  ;  that  can 
be  supported  ;  not  weak  or  defective  ;  as 
a  valid  reason  ;  a  valid  argument ;  a  valid 
objection. 

2.  Having  legal  strength  or  force;  cfllca- 
cious ;  executed  with  the  proper  forinali-j 
ties  ;  that  cannot  be  rightfully  ovcrthrownl 
or  set  aside;  supportable  bylaw  or  right: 
as  a  valid  deed  ;  a  valid  covenant ;  a  valid\ 
instrument  of  any  kind  ;  a  valid  claim  or 
title  ;  a  valid  marriage. 

.3.  Strong ;  powerful ;  in  a  literal  saise ;  as 

v(did  arms.  [Ao<  in  use.] 
VALID'ITV,  n.  [Fr.  validile  ;  from  valid.] 
1.  Strength  or  force  to  convince;  justness: 
soundness;  as  ihc  validity  of  nn  argument 
or  proof;  the  validity  of  an  objection. 
Legal  strength  or  force;  that  quality  of 
a  thing  which  renders  it  supportable  in 
law  or  equity  ;  as  the  validity  of  a  will; 
the  validity  of  a  grant ;  the  vuUdily  of  a 
claim  or  of  a  title.  Certain  forms  and  so- 
lemnities are  u.sually  re([uisitc  to  give  va- 
lidity to  contracts  and  conveyances  of 
rights. 

3.  Value.     [Xol  in  use.]  Shak. 
VAL'IDLY,    adv.    In  a  valid  manner  ;  in 

such  a  manner  or  degree  as  to  make  firm 

or  to  convince. 
VAL'IDNESS,  n.  Validity,  which  see. 
VALiSE,  n.  [Fr.]    A  horseman's  case   or 

portmanteau. 
VALLAN'CY,  n.  [from  valance.]    A  large 

wig  that  shades  the  face.  Dn/den. 

VALLA'TION,  n.  [I..  vallatus,rromvdllum, 

1  wall.]     A  rampart  or  entrenchment. 

fi'arton. 
VAL'LEY,  n.  plu.  valleys.    [Fr.  vallee ;  L. 

vallis.     See  Vale.^ 
1.  .\  hollow  or  low  tract  of  land  between 

hills  or  mountains. 
A  low   extended  plain,   usually  alluvial,' <>. 

penetrated   or   washed   by  a  river.     The' 

valley  of  the   Connecticut  is  remarkable 

for  its  fertility  and  beauty. 

Vc  mountains,  sink  ;  ye  valleys,  rise ; 
Prepare  the  Lord  his  way.  Watts. 

3.  In  building,  a  gutter  over  the  sleepers  in 

the  roof  ot  a  building.  Cyc. 

VAL'LUM,  71.  [L.]  A  trench  or  wall. 

IVarton. 
VAL'OR,  n.   [L.  valor;  Ft:  valeur ;  from  L.| 

valeo,  to  be  strong,  to  be  worth.]  |i 

Strength  of  mind  in  regard  to  danger ;  that' 

quality  which  enables  a  man  to  encounter^ 


danger  with  firnme.ss  ;  personal  bravery ; 
courage  ;  intrepidity  ;  prowess. 
When  valor  preys  on  reason, 
It  eats  the  sword  it  fights  with.  Shak. 

For  contemplation  he  and  valor  form'd. 

Milton, 
Ad  valorem,   in  conmierce,  according  to  the 

value  ;  as  an  ad  vatoreyn  duty. 
VAL'OROUS,  a.  Brave  ;  courageous  ;  stout : 
intrepid  ;  as  a  valorous  knight. 


good  qualities  which  are  useful  and  es- 
teemed ;  precious  ;  as  a  valuable  horse : 
valuable  land  ;   a  valtiable  house. 

2.  Worthy  ;  estimable  ;  deserving  esteem ; 
OS  a  valuable  friend ;  a  valuable  connpan- 
ion. 

VALUA'TION,  n.  [fromvalue.]  The  act  of 
estimating  the  value  or  worth  ;  the  act  of 
setting  a  price  ;  as  the  just  valuation  of 
civil  and  religious  privileges. 

2.  Apprizeiiient;  as  a  valuation  of  lands  for 
the  purpose  of  taxaiion. 

3.  Value  set  upon  a  thing;  estimated  worth. 
.So  slight  a  valuation.  Shak. 

VALUATOR,  n.   One  who  sets  a  value; 

an  npprizcr. 
VALUE,   n.    val'u.  [Fr.  valoir,  valu;  fi-om 

L.  ua^or,  from  valeo,  to  be  worth  ;  It.  va- 

lore  ;  Sp.  valor.] 

1.  Worth  ;  that  jiroperty  or  those  properties 
of  a  tiling  which  render  it  useful  or  esti- 
mable ;  or  the  degree  of  that  property  or  of 
such  jtroperties.  The  real  value  of  a  thing 
is  its  utility,  its  power  or  capacity  of  pro- 
curing or  producing  good.  Hence  the 
real  or  intrinsic  value  of  iron,  is  far  great- 
er than  that  of  gold.  But  there  is,  in 
many  things,  nn  estimated  value,  depend- 
ing on  opinion  or  fiishion,  such  as  the  valxu'. 
of  precious  stones.  The  value  of  land  de- 
pends on  its  fertility,  or  on  its  vicinity  to 
a  market,  or  on  both. 

2.  Price  ;  the  rate  of  worth  set  upon  a  com- 
modity, or  the  amount  for  which  a  thing  is 
sold.  We  say,  the  value  of  a  thing  is 
what  it  will  bring  in  market. 

3.  Worth  ;  applied  to  persons. 
Ye  are  all  physicians  of  no  value.    Job  xiii. 
Ye  are  of  more  value  than  many  sparrows. 

Matt.  X. 

4.  High  rate. 
Cesar  is  well  acquainted  with  your  virtue. 
And  therefore  sets  this  value  on  your  life. 

.Addison. 

5.  Importance ;  efficacy  in  producing  effects ; 
as  considerations  of  no  value. 

— Before  events  shall  have   decided  on  the 
raltu  of  the  measures.  Marthalt. 

Import ;  precise  signification  ;  as  the  value 
of  a  word  or  phrase.  Milfard. 

VALUE,  V.  I.  val  u.  To  estimate  the  worth 
of;  to  rate  at  a  certain  price  ;  to  apprize  ; 
as,  to  value  lands  or  goods. 

2.  To  rate  at  a  high  price  ;  to  have  in  high 
esteem  ;  as  a  valued  poem  or  picture.  A 
man  is  apt  to  value  his  own  performances 
at  too  high  a  rate  ;  he  is  even  disposed  to 
value  himself  for  his  humility. 

3.  To  esteem ;  to  hold  in  respect  and  es- 
timation ;  as,  to  value  one  for  his  works  or 
virtues. 

4.  To  take  occount  ot'. 
The  mind  doth  value  every  moment.    Bacon. 


5.  To   reckon   or  estimate   with  respect  to 
number  or  power. 

The  queen  is  valu'd  tliirty   thousand  strong. 

Shak. 
C.  To  consider  with  respect  to  importance. 
The  king  must  lake  it  ill, 
So  slightly  ralu'd  in  his  messenger.       Shal;. 
Neither   of  them  valued  tlieir  promises  ac- 
cording to  the  rules  of  honor  or  integrity. 

Clarerulmi. 


VAL'OROUSLY,  adv.  Iii  a  bravo  manner ;' 7.  To  raise  to  estimation. 

heroically.  Ii  Some  value  themselves  to   their  country  by 

VAL'UABLE,  a.  [Fr.  valable  ;  from  iWuc.]i      jealousies  to  tlie  crown.    [JVot  mute.] 
I.  Having  value  or  worth ;    having  somej|  Temple. 

106 


VAN 


VAN 


V  A  P 


8.  To  be  worth.     [JVot  iti  use.]  Shak. 

VAL'L'ED,  pp.  Estimated  at  a  certain  rate  ; 
apprized;  esteemed. 

VAL'UELESS,  a.  Being  of  no  value  ;  hav- 
ing no  worth. 

VAL'UER,  n.  One  who  values  ;  an  appri- 
zer  ;  one  who  holds  in  esteem. 

VAL'UING,  ppr.  Setting  a  price  on  ;  esti- 
mating the  worth  of;  esteeming. 

VALV'ATE,  o.  [See  Valve.]  Having  or 
resembling  a  valve. 

VALVE,  Ji.  valv.  [L.  valva,  folding  doors  ; 
coinciding  with  volvo.] 

1.  A  folding  door. 

Swift  through  the  valves  the  visionary  fair 
Repass'd.  Pope. 

2.  A  lid  or  cover  so  formed  as  to  open  a 
communicatiou  in  one  direction,  and  close 
it  in  the  other.  Thus  the  valve  of  a  com- 
mon pump  opens  upwards  to  adtriit  the 
water,  and  closes  downwards  to  prevent 
its  return. 

3.  In  anatomy,  a  membranous  partition 
within  the  cavity  of  a  vessel,  whicli  opens 
to  allow  the  passage  of  a  fluid  in  one  di- 
rection, and  shuts  to  prevent  its  regurgi- 
tation. Parr. 

4.  In  botany,  the  outer  coat,  shell  or  cover- 
ing of  a  capsule  or  other  pericarp,  or  rath- 
er one  of  the  pieces  which  compose  it ; 
also,  one  of  the  leaflets  composing  the 
calyx  and  corol  in  grasses.  Martyn. 

5.  One  of  the  pieces  or  divisions  in  bivalve 
and  multivalve  shells.  Ed.  Encyc. 

VALV'ED,  a.  Having  valves;  composed  of 
valves. 

VALV  LET,  \      A  little  valve  ;  one  of  the 

VALVULE,  \  "'  pieces  which  compose  the 
outer  covering  of  a  pericarp. 

VALVULAR,  a.  Containing  valves. 

Moor.     Med.  Diet. 

VAMP,  71.  [W.  gwam,  that  incloses,  or  goes 
partly  round.]  The  upper  lethcr  of  a 
shoe. 

VAMP,  V.  t.  To  piece  an  old  thing  with  a 
new  part ;  to  repair. 

1  had  never  much  hopes   of  your  vamped 
play.  Su-'ft 

VAMP'ED,  pp.  Pieced  ;  repaired. 

VAMP'ER,  n.  One  who  pieces  an  old  thing 
with  something  new. 

VAMP'ING,  ppr.  Piecing  with  something 
new. 

VAMP'IRE,  n.  [G.  rampyr.]  lu  mythology, 
an  imaginary  demon,  which  was  fabled  to 
suck  the  blood  of  persons  during  the  night. 

9.  In  zoology,  a  species  of  large  bat,  the  Ves- 
pertilio  rampyrus  of  Linne,  called  also  the 
ternate  bat.     It   inhabits   Guinea,  Mada- 
gascar, the  E.  India  Isles,  New  Holland 
and  New  Caledonia.     These  animals   fly 
in  flocks,  darkening  the  air  by  their  num- 
bers.    It  is  said  that  this  bat  will  insinuate 
his  tongue  into  the  vein  of  an  animal  im- 
perceptibly,   and   suck   his    blood    while 
asleep.     This  name  is  also  given  by  Buf- 
fou   to   a  species   of  large   bat  in  South 
America,  the  V.  spectrum  of  Linne.      Cyc. 
VAN,  n.  [The  radical   word  from  which  is 
formed  the  Fr.  avant,  avancer,  Eng.  ad 
vance,  advantage.     It  is  from   the  root  of 
L.  venio,  the  primary  sense  of  which  is  to 
pass-l 
1.  The  front  of  an  army  ;  or  the  front  line 
or  foremost  division  of  a  fleet,  either  ir 
sailing  or  in  battle. 


.  Among  fanners,  a  fan  for  winnowing] 
grain.  [This  in  New  England  is  always 
pronounced/a?!,  which  see.  But  the  win-j 
nowing  machine  has  nearly  superseded] 
the  use  of  it.] 


T'anity  of  vanities,  saith  the  preacher ;  all  i.-; 
Inanity.     Eccles.  i. 
2.  Fruitless  desire  or  endeavor. 

Inanity  possesseth  many  who  are  desirous  to 
know  the  certainty  of  things  to  come.     Sidney. 


3.  In  mining,  the  cleansing  of  ore  or  tin  stuff  3-  Trifling  labor  that  produces  no  good 


by  means  of  a  shovel.  Cye. 

4.  A  wing  with  which  the  air  is  beaten. 

He  wheel'd  io  air,  and  stretch'd  his  vans  in 
vain.  Dryden. 

VAN,  V.  t.  [Fr.  vanner.]  To  fan.  [M)t  in 
use.]     [See  Fan.] 

VAN-€bURIERS,  n.    [Fr.  avant-coureurs. 
In  armies,  light  armed  soldiers  sent  before 
armies  to  beat  the  road  upon  the  approach 
of  an  enemy  ;  precursors.  Cyc. 

VAN'DAL,  li.  [It  signifies  a  wanderer.]  A 
ferocious,  cruel  person. 

V'.VNDAL'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Vandals; 
designating  the  south  shore  of  the  Baltic,! 
where  once  lived  the  Vandals,  a  nation  of, 
ferocious  barbarians  ;  hence,  ferocious ; 
rude  ;  barbarous. 

VAN'DALISM,  n.  Ferocious  cruelty  ;  in- 
discriminate destruction  of  lives  and  pro- 
perty. RamsayJ 

VANDY'KE,  JI.  A  small  round  handker- 
chief with  a  collar  for  the  neck,  worn  by 
females. 

VANE,  n.  [D.  vaan.  The  primary  sense  is 
extended.] 

A  plate  placed  on  a  spindle,  at  the  top  of  a 
spire,  for  the  jiurpose  of  showing  by  its 
turning  and  direction,  which  way  tlie  wind 
blows.  In  ships,  a  piece  of  bunting  is 
used  for  the  same  purpose. 

VAN-FOSS,  n.  A  ditch  on  the  outside  of 
the  counterscarp.  Cyc. 

VANG,  n.  The  vangs  of  a  ship  area  sort  of 
braces  to  steady  the  niizen-galf.  Cyc. 

2.  The  thin  membranous  part  or  web  of  a 
fether.  Derham. 

VAN'-GU'ARD,  n.  [van  and  guard.]  The 
troops  who  march  in  front  of  an  army ; 
the  first  line. 

VANIL'LA,  Ji.  A  genus  of  plants  which 
have  an  unctuous  aromatic  taste,  and  a 
fragrant  smell ;  natives  of  South  America 
and  the  W.  Indies.  Cyc. 

VAN'ISH,  V.  i.  [L.  vanesco  ;  Fr.  evanouir ; 
It.  svanire ;  from  L.  vanus,  vain,  or  its 
root ;  Eng.  to  uanc.  The  primary  sense 
is  to  withdraw  or  depart.] 

1.  To  disappear  ;  to  pass  from  a  visible  to 
an  invisible  state  ;  as,  vapor  vanishes  from 
the  sight  by  being  dissipated.  Light  van- 
ishes, when  the  rays  of  the  illuminating 
body  are  intercepted ;  darkness  vanish- 
es before  the  rising  sun. 

2.  To  disappear  ;  to  pass  beyond  the  limit  of 
vision  ;  as,  a  ship  vanishes  from  the  sight 
of  spectators  on  land. 

3.  To  disappear;  to  pass  away;  to  be  anni- 
hilated or  lost.  How  cheering  is  the  well 
founded  hope  of  enjoying  delights  which 
can  never  vanish ! 

VANTSHED,    a.    Having    no  perceptible 

existence.  Pope. 

VAN'ISHING,  ppr.  Disappearing;  passin 

from  the  sight  or  possession ;  departing 

forever. 
VAN'ITY,  n.  [Fr.  vanili ;  L.  vanitas,  from 

vanus,  vain.] 
\.  Emptiness  ;  want  of  substance  to  satisfy 

desire :  uncertaintv  :  inanitv. 


Raleigh . 

4.  Eujptiness;  untruth. 
Here  I  may  well  show  the  vanity  of  what  is 

reported  in  the  story  of  Walsingham.      Davies. 

5.  Empty  pleasure  ;  vain  pursuit ;  idle  show  : 
unsubstantial  enjoyment. 

Sin  with  ranit)/  had  fill'd  the  works  of  men. 

Milton . 
Think  not  when  woman's  transient  breath  is 

fled, 
That  all  her  vanities  at  once  are  dead  ; 
Succeeding  vaitities  she  still  regards.     Pope^ 

6.  Ostentation  ;  arrogance.  Raleigh. 


7.  Inflation   of  mind  upon  slight  grounds  ; 

empty   pride,  inspired  by  an  overweening 

conceit   of  one's  personal  attainments  or 

decorations.      Fops  cannot  be   cured   of 

their  vanity. 

Vanity  is  the  food  of  fools.  Swift. 

No   man  sympathizes    with    tlie   sorrows  of 

vanity.  Johnson. 

VAN'QUISH,  V.  t.   [Fr.  vaincre;  h.  vinco ; 

It.  vincere;  Sp.  uinccr;  probably  allied  to 

L.  vincio,  to  bind.] 

1.  To  conquer  ;  to  overcome ;  to  subdue  in 
battle  ;  as  an  enemy. 

They  vanquished  the  rebels  in  atl  encount- 
ers. Clarendon. 

2.  To  defeat  in  any  contest ;  to  refute  in  ar- 
gument. Atterbury. 

VAN'QUISH,  n.  A  disease  in  sheep,  in 
which  tliey  pine  away. 

VAN'QUISHABLE,  a.  That  may  be  con- 
quered. Gaytoji. 

VANQUISHED,  pp.  Overcome  in  battle  ; 
subdued;  defeated. 

VAN'QUISHER,  n.  A  conqueror  ;  a  victor. 

Milton . 

VAN'QUISHING,  ppr.  Conquering  ;  sub- 
duing :  defeating ;  refuting. 

VAN'SIRE,  n.  In  zooZogT/,  a  species  of  wea- 
sel with  short  ears,  found  in  Madagascar. 

Cyc. 

V>ANT,  V.  i.  [Fr.  vanter.]  To  boast.  [This 
is  the  more  correct  orthography.  See 
Vaunt.] 

V'ANTAgE,  n.  [Sp.  ventaja  ;  from  the 
root  of  L.  venio.     See  Mvaniage  and  Van.] 

L  Gain  ;  profit.     Obs. 

2.  Superiority  ;  state  in  which  one  has  bet- 
ter means  of  action  or  defense  than  an- 
other. [This,  I  believe,  is  used  only  in 
the  compound,  vantage-ground.] 

3.  Opportunity  ;  convenience.     Obs.     Shak. 
V>  ANTAuE,  v.  t.  To  profit.     [JK'ut  in  use.] 
V^ANTAGE-GROUND,    n.    Sui)eriority  of 

state  or  place  ;  the  place  or  condition 
which  gives  one  an  advantage  over  an- 
other. 

VANT'BRASS,  n.  [Fr.  avant-bras.]  Arm- 
or for  the  arm.     Obs.  Milton. 

VAP'ID,  a.  [L.  vapidus.  The  radical  verb 
is  not  in  the  Latin,  but  the  sense  must  be 
to  pass  or  fly  oft',  to  escape ;  or  to  strike 
down,  L.  vapulo.  It  is  probably  allied  to 
vapor.] 

1.  Having  lost  its  life  and  spirit ;  dead  ;  spir- 
itless ;  flat ;  as  vapid  beer  ;  a  rapid  state 
of  the  blood. 

2.  Dull ;  unanimatcd. 


V  A  P 


V  A  R 


V  A  R 


VAP'IDNESS,  Ji.  The  state  of  having  lost 
its  hie  or  spirit  ;  dcadness  ;  flatness  ;  as 
the  vapidness  of  ale  or  cider. 

2.  Dulhiess  ;  want  of  hfe  or  spirit. 

VA'POR,  n.  [L.  Sp.  vapor  ;  Fr.  vapeur ;  It. 
vapore.  It  is  probably  from  a  verb  signi- 
fying to  depart,  to  tly  off.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  an  invisible  elastic 
fluid,  rendered  aeriform  by  heat,  and  ca- 
pable of  being  condensed,  or  brought  back 
to  the  licpiid  or  solid  state,  by  cold.  The 
va|)or  of  water  is  distinguislied  by  the 
name  of  steam,  which  see. 

2.  A  visible  fluid  floating  in  the  atmosphere. 
All  substances  which  impair  the  transpa- 
rency of  the  atmosphere,  a.s  smoke,  log, 
&p.  are  in  conniion  language  called  va- 
pors, thoush  the  term  viipor  is  technically 
applied  oidy  to  an  invisible  and  condensi- 
ble  substance,  as  in  No.  1.;  fog,  &c.  being 
vapor  condensed,  or  water  in  a  minute 
state  of  division.  Vapor  rising  into  the 
higher  regions  of  the  atmosphere,  and  con- 
densed in  large  volumes,  forms  cloui/s. 

D.  Olmsted. 

3.  Substances  resembling  smoke,  which 
sometimes  fill  the  atmosphere,  particular- 
ly in  Aitierica  during  the  autunui. 

4.  Wind  ;  flatulence.  Bacon. 

5.  Mental  fume ;  vain  imagination ;  unreal 
fancy.  Hammond. 

G.  Vapors,  a  disease  of  nervous  debility,  in 
which  a  variety  of  strange  images  float  in 
the  brain,  or  appear  as  if  visible.  Hence 
hypochondriacal  affections  and  spleen  are 
called  vapors. 

7.  Something  unsubstantial,  fleeting  or  tran- 
sitory. 

For  what  is  your  life  ?  It  is  even  a  vapor, 
that  appeaieth  for  a  little  time,  and  then  vanish- 
cth  away.     James  iv. 

VA'POR,  I',  i.  [L.  vaporo.]  To  pass  oft"  in 
fumes  or  a  moist  floating  substance ;  to 
.steam  ;  to  be  exhaled  ;  to  evaporate.  [In 
this  sense,  evaporate  is  generally  used.] 

2.  To  emit  fumes. 

Running  water  vapors  not  so  much  as  stand- 
ing water.     [Lillle  xtsed]  Bacon 

3.  To  bully  ;  to  boast  or  vatmt  with  a  vain 
ostentatious  display  of  worth  ;  to  brag. 
[This  w  the  most  usual  signification  of  the 
word.] 

And  what  in  real  value's  wanting. 
Supply  with  vaporing  and  ranting. 

Hudibras. 
VA'POR,  V.  t.  To  emit,  cast  off  or  scatte 
in  fumes  or  stream ;  as,  to  vapor  away  a 
heated  fluid. 


VA'PORER,  n.  A  boaster  ;  one  who  makes iVA'RI ABLY,  ck/i'.  Changeably;  withalter- 


Another  sighing  vapors  forth  his  soul. 

S.  Jonson 
VAPORABIL'ITY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 

capable  of  vaporization.  Dispensaturi/. 

VAP'ORABLE,  a.   Capable  of  being  con- 
verted into  vapor  by  the  agency  of  caloric 
VAP'ORATE,    v.  i.   To  emit  vapor.     [See 

Eivrporate.] 
VAPOR  A'TION,  n.  [L.vaporalio.]  The  act 

or  process  of  converting  into  vapor,  or  of 

passins  ofl'in  vapor. 
VA'l'OR-BATH,  n.    [vapor  am]  bath.]    The 

application  of  vapor  to  the  body  in  a  close 

])hire. 
2.  In   chimistn/,   an   apparatus  for   healing 

bodies  by  the  fumes  of  hot  water.         Ci/c. 
VA'PORP^D,  a.  Moist;  wet  with  vapors. 
2.  Splenetic  ;  peevish.  Green. 


thing  , 
lights; 
fV 


a  vaunting  display  of  his  prowess  or 
worth  :  a  bi.iggart. 

VAPORIF'IC,  a.  [L.  vapor  and  facia,  to 
make.] 

Forming  into  vapor  ;  converting  into  steam, 
or  expelling  in  a  volatile  form,  as  fluids. 

VA'PORING,  ppr.  Boasting;  vaimliiig  os- 
tentatiouslv  and  vainly. 

VA'PORINOI.V,  adv.  In  a  boasting  man- 
ner. 

VAPORISH,  a.  Full  of  vapors. 

2.  Hypochondriac  ;  splenetic  ;  affected  by 
hvsterics. 

VAiPORIZATION,  n.  The  artificial  for- 
mation of  vapor. 

VAP'ORIZK,  v.  I.  To  convert  into  vapor  by 

the  application  of  heat  or  arliticial  means. 
VAP'OUIZE,  V.  i.  Topassofl'in  vapor. 
VAP'ORIZED.  ;)/'.  Expelled  in  vapor. 
VAP'ORIZI.NG,  ]>pr.    Converting  into   va 
I     I"-"'- 
VA  POROrS,   n.    [Fr.  vaporcur.]     Full  of 

vapors  or  exhalations;  as  the  ru/)orou«air 

of  valleys.  Derham 

2.  Vain  ;  uineal  ;  proceeding  from  the  va- 
pors. Bacon.' 

3.  Windy;  flalident;  as,  vaporous  food  is 
the  most  easily  digested.  Jlrbulhnot. 

VA'POROUSNESS,  n.  State  of  being  full 

of  vapors. 
VA'PORV,  o.  Vaporous  ;  full  of  vapors. 

Thomson. 
2.  Hypochondriac;  splenetic;  peevish. 

Thomson. 
VAPULA'TION,  n.  [L.vnpulo.]  The  act  of|';3- 

beating  or  whipping.     [S'ut  in  use.] 
VARE,  )i.  [Sp.  vara.]    .\  wand   or  staff  of 

justice.     [.\o(  in  use.]  Hou'cll.l' 

VAR'EC,  n.  The  French  name  for  kelp  or||^- 

incinerated  sea  weed  ;  wrack.  tVe. '_ 

VA'RI,  n.  In  zoology,  a  species  of  qiiadru-  ■>• 

ped,    the    maucanco    or    Lemur   calta    of 

Linne,  having  its  tail  marked   with  rings; 

of  black  and  white;  a  native  of  Madagas- 
car.    The  V(iri  of  Biifton  is  the  bhuk  mau- 
•  cauco,  L.  macaco  of  Linne,  with  the  neck, 

bearded,  like  a  ruff.  Cyc.     Ed.  Encyc. 

VA  RIABLE,     a.      [Fr.  See   Vary.]     That 

may  vary  or  alter;  capable  of  alteration 

in  any   maimer;  changeable;  ns  variable' 

winds  or  seasons  ;  variable  colors.  1 

2.  Susceptible  of  change  ;  liable  to  change  ; 
mutable  ;  fickle  ;  unsteady  ;  inconstant  ;! 
as,  the  affections  of  men  are  variable;  pas- 
sions are  variable. 

His  heart  I  know,  how  variable  and  vain. 

Milton. 

3.  In  mathematics,  subject  to  continual  in- 
crease or  decrease ;  in  opposition  to  con- 
stant, rctainin;;  the  same  value. 

V.\  RI.XBLK,  II.  In  ma(/tfm«/!C,?,  a  quantity 
which  isin  a  state  of  continual  increase  or 
decrease.  The  indefinitely  small  (pianlity 
by  which  a  variable  is  continually  increas- 
ed or  diminished,  is  called  its  (/i/r<:reii/i(i/,'|V.\R'ICOSE,  ? 
and  the  method  of  finding  these  quantities.jiVAR'K'OUS,  ^ 


the  differential  calculus 

VARIABLENESS,     n. 
chansre ;  liableness   or 
changeabieness ;  as  the  variableness  of  the 
weather. 

2.  Inconstancy  ;  fickleness  :  unsteadiness 
levity ;  as  the  variableness  of  human  pas- 
sions. 


ilion  ;  in  an  inconstant  or  fickle  manner. 
V.\  RI.ANCE,  »i.  [See  Vary.]  In  law,  au 
alteration  of  something  formerly  laid  in  a 
writ  ;  or  a  diflerence  between  a  declara- 
tion and  a  writ,  or  the  deed  on  which  it  is 
grounded. 

2.  Any  alteration  or  change  of  condition. 

3.  Diflerence  that  produces  dispute  or  con- 
troversy ;  disagreement;  dissension;  dis- 
cord. A  mere  variance  may  become  a 
war.  Without  a  spirit  of  condescension, 
there  will  be  an  everl.isting  variance. 

At  variance,  in  disagreement ;  in  a  state  of 
difference  or  want  of  agreement. 

2.  In  a  state  of  dissension  or  controversy; 
in  a  state  of  enmity. 

VA'RIATE,  v.t.  To  alter;  to  make  differ- 
ent. King. 

2.  To  varv.     \A  bad  word.] 

V.ARIA^TION,  )i.  [Fr.  from  L.  variaiio. 
See  Vary.] 

1.  Alteration  ;  a  partial  change  in  the  form, 
j)osition,  stale   or  qualities   of   the    same 

as  a  variation  of  color  in  different 

a   variallun  in   the  size  of  a  plant 

roni  day  to  day  ;  tlie  unceasing,  though 

slow    variation  of  language  ;  a    variation 

in  a  soil  from  year  to  year.     Our  opinions 

are  subject  to  continual  variations. 

The  essences  of  things  arc  conceived  not 
capable  of  such  variation.  Locke. 

2.  Difference  ;  change  from  one  to  another. 
In  some  other  places  are  born   more   females 

than  males  ;  which,  upon  this  variation  of  pro- 
portion, I  rcconunend  to  ttie  curious.  Graunt. 
In  grammar,  change  of  termination  of 
nouns  and  adjectives,  constituting  what  is 
called  case,  number  and  gender;  as  the 
variation  of  words. 

Deviation  ;  as  a  variation  of  a  transcript 
from  the  original.  Dryden. 

.).  In  astronomy,  the  variation  of  the  moon  is 
I     the   third   incqualiiy  in    her   motion  ;  by 
which,  when  out  of  the  quadratures,  her 
true   place  differs  from   her  place  twice 
equated.  Cue. 

ij.  In  geography  and  navigation,  the  devia- 
tion of  the  magnetic  needle  from  the  true 
north  point ;  called  also  (/ec/ina<io;i.  Ci/c. 
The  variation  of  the  needle  at  New  Ha- 
ven, in  I82(),  as  ascertained  from  the  mean 
of  numerous  observations  made  by  Profes- 
sor Fisher,  was  4°.  2o'yVj  w-est. 
7.  In  music,  the  different  manner  of  singing 
or  playing  the  same  air  or  tune,  by  subdi- 
viiling  the  notes  into  several  others  of  less 
value,  or  by  ailding  graces,  yet  so  that  the 
tnne  itself  may  be  discovered  through  all 
its  enibrllishments.  Cyc. 

VARICOCELE,     n.    [L.  varix,    a  dilated 

vein,  and  Gr.  xrXr,  a  tumor.] 
In  surgrri/,  a  varicous  enlargement  of  the 
veins  of  the  spermatic  cord  ;  or  more  gen- 
erally, a  like  enlargement  of  the  veins  of 
the  scrotum.  Cyc. 

[L.  varicosus,  having  en- 
larged veins.] 
•//u/(on.i|l.  Pretcrnaturally  oidarged,  or  permanently 
Susco])tibility    ofji     dilated,  as  a  vein. 

aptness   to  alter  ;l  2.  Swelled;  puffy;  as  an  ulcer  on  the  legs 

of  beasts.  Cyc, 

V.V'RIED,   pp.  of  vary.    Altered ;  partially 

changed  ;  changed. 
jVA'RIEGATE,  v.t.    [U. varitggxare ;  from 
1     L.  tario,  varius.    See  Vary.) 


V  A  R 


V  A  R 


V  A  S 


To  diversify   in  external    appearance ;   to 
mark  with  diifereiit  colors ;  as,  to  varie- 
gate a  floor  with  marble  of  different  colors. 
The  shells  are  filled  with  a  white  spar,  which 
variegates  and  adds  to  the  beauty  of  the  stone. 

IVoodwanl. 
Ladies  like  variegated  tulips  show.        Pope. 

VA'RIEGATED,  pp.  Diversified  in  colors 
or  e.vternal  appearance.  Variegated  leaves, 
in  botany,  are  such  as  are  irregularly 
marked  with  white  or  yellow  spots.     Cyc. 

VA'RIEGATING,  ppr.  Diversifying  with 
colors. 

VARIEGA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  diversify- 
ing, or  state  of  being  diversified  by  differ- 
ent colors  ;  diversity  of  colors. 

VARI'ETY,  n.  [Vr.  variele ;  L.  varietas, 
from  vario,  to  vary.] 

1.  Intermixture  of  different  things,  or  of 
things  difterent  in  form  ;  or  a  succession 
of  different  things. 

Variety  is  nothing  else  but  a  continued  nov- 
elty. South. 

The  variety  of  colors  depends  on  the  compo- 
sition of  light.  JVeioton. 

2.  One  thing  of  many  which  constitute  va- 
riety. In  this  sense,  it  has  a  plural ;  as 
the  varieties  of  a  species. 

3.  Difference ;  dissimilitude. 

There  is  a  variety  in  the  tempers  of  good 
men.  Atterbury. 

4.  Variation  ;  deviation ;  change  from  a  for- 
mer state.     [Little  used.]  Hale. 

5.  Many  and  different  kinds.  The  shop- 
keeper has  a  great  variety  of  cottons  and 
silks. 

He  wants  to  do  a  variety  of  good  things. 

Law. 

6.  In  natural  history,  a  difference  not  perma- 
nent or  invariable,  but  occasioned  by  an 
accidental  change ;  as  a  variety  of  any 
.species  of  plant. 

NaturaUsts  formerly  erred  very  much  in 
.supposing  an  accidental  variety  of  plants, 
animals  or  minerals,  to  be  a  distinct  spe- 
cies. Ray  has  established  a  good  test  for 
i-arieties  in  botany.  A  plant  is  distinct, 
which  propagates  itself  in  its  own  form 
,  by  its  seed  ;  but  when  the  diftercnce  disap- 
pears in  the  new  plant,  it  is  only  a  variety. 
Variety  then  is  a  difference  between  indi- 
viduals, not  permanent  nor  important 
enough  to  constitute  a  distinct  species  ; 
such  as  in  size,  color,  fullness,  curling,  &c. 

7.  Different  sort ;  as  varieties  of  soil  or  land. 
VA'RIOLITE,  n.  [L.  varius  and  Gr.  JiiSoj, 

stone.] 

In  mineralogy,  a  kind  of  porphyritic  rock,  in 
which  the  imbedded  substances  are  imper- 
fectly crystalized,  or  are  rounded,  giving 
the  stone  a  spotted  appearance.  Oyc. 

Variohtes  are  fragments  of  primitive  glandu- 
lar rocks.  Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

VA'RIOLOID,  tt.  [L.  variola:  and  Gr.  tiSof, 
form.] 

The  name  recently  given  to  a  disease  resem- 
bling the  small  pox. 

VA'RIOLOUS,  a.  [L.  variolw,  from  vario, 
to  diversify.]  Pertaining  to  or  designating 
the  small  pox. 

VA'RIOUS,  a.  [L.  varius.  See  Vary.]  Dif- 
ferent ;  several ;  manifold  ;  as  men  of  va- 
rious namea  and  various  occupations. 

3.  Changeable  ;  uncertain  ;  unfixed. 

The  names  of  mixed  modes — are  very  various 
and  doubtful.  Locke. 

3.  Unlike  each  other ;  diverse.  Dryden. 


So  many  and  so  various  laws  are  giv'n. 

Afilton. 

1.  Variegated  ;  diversified.  Milton. 
VA'RIOUSLY,    adv.     In    different   ways; 

with  change ;  with  diversity ;  as  objects 
variously  represented  ;  flowers  variously 
colored.  The  human  system  is  variously 
affected  by  ditTerent  medicines. 
VA'RIX,  n.  [L.]  An  uneven  swelling  of  a 
dilated  vein.  Cyc. 

2.  In  beasts,  a  sort  of  puffy  dilatation  or  en- 
largement in  some  part  of  a  vein,  forming 
a  kind  of  knot.  Cyc. 

V'ARLET,  n.  [Old  Fr.  See  Valet.]  An- 
ciently, a  servant  or  footman.  Tusser. 

2.  A  scoundrel ;  a  rascal;  as  an  impudent 
varlet.  Addison. 

V'ARLETRV,  n.  The  rabble  ;  the  crowd. 
[.Vot  in  use.]  Shak. 

V'ARNISH,  n.  [Fr.  vemis  ;  Sp.  barniz  ; 
Port,  verniz  ;  It.  vernice  ;  Low  L.  vernix ; 
G.Jirniss  ;  D.  vemis.] 

1.  A  thick,  viscid,  glossy  liquid,  laid  on 
work  by  painters  and  others,  to  give  it  a 
smooth  hard  surface  and  a  beautiful 
gloss.  Varnishes  are  made  of  different 
inateri.ils  and  for  different  purposes.  Am 
ber  varnish  is  made  of  amber,  lintseed  oil, 
litharge  and  turpentine.  Black  varnish, 
for  japanning  wood  and  lether,  is  made 
by  mixing  lampblack  with  a  proper  quan- 
tity of  a  strong  solution  of  gum-lac  in 
spirit  of  wine.  Cyc 

2.  An  artificial  covering  to  give  a  fair  ap- 
peai'ance  to  any  act  or  conduct. 

V'ARNISII,  V.  t.  [Fr.  vernisser,  vernir.]  To 
lay  varnish  on ;  to  cover  with  a  liquid,  for 
giving  any  thing  a  glossy  surface ;  as,  to 
varnish  a  sideboard  or  table. 

2.  To  cover  with  something  that  gives  a 
fair  external  appearance. 

Close  ambition,  varnish'd  o'er  with  zeal. 

J\lilion. 

3.  To  give  a  fair  external  appearance  in 
words ;  to  give  a  fair  coloring  to ;  as,  to 
varnish  errors  or  deformity. 

Gate's  voice  was  ne'er  employ'd 
To  clear  the  guilty,  and  to  varnish  crimes. 

Addison 
And  bow   the  knee   to   pomp   that  loves  to 

varnish  guilt.  Byron 

VARNISHED,  pp.  Covered  with  varnish  ; 

made  glossy. 
2.  Rendered  fair  in  external  appearance. 
V'ARNISHER,  n.  One  who   varnishes,  or 

whose  occupation  is  to  varnish. 
2.  One  who  disguises  or  palliates  ;  one  who 

gives  a  fair  external  appearance.       Pope. 
V'ARNISHING,  ppr.    Laying  on  varnish  ; 

giving  a  fair  external  appearance. 
VARNISH-TREE,    ?!.     The  Rhus  vernix, 

poison  ash,  or  poison  oak.  Lee. 

V  ARVELS,  }       [Fr.    venel]    Silver  rings 
VER'VELS,  \  "•  about  the  legs  of  a  hawk, 

on  which  the  owner's  name  is  engraved. 

Diet. 
VA'RV,  v.t.  [h.  vario;  Fr.  varier ;  Sp.  va- 

riar;  It.  variare;  probably  allied  to  Eng. 

veer,  Sp.  birar,  L.  verto,  Eth.    (\iP    bari, 

whence  Afl't'O/JP  to  alternate.  See 
Class  Br.  No.  II.  and  No.  23.] 
1.  To  alter  in  form,  appearance,  substance 
or  position  ;  to  make  different  by  a  partial 
change;  as,  to  vary  a  thing  in  dimensions  ; 
to  vary  its  properties,   proportions  or  tax 


ture  ;  to  vary  the  posture  or  attitude  of  a 
thing  ;  to  vary  one's  dress. 
i.  To  change  to  something  else. 
Gods,  that  never  change  their  state, 
Vary  oft  their  love  and  hate.  Waller. 

We  are  to  vary  the  customs  according  to  the 
time  and  country  where  the  scene  of  action  lies. 

Vrydeii. 

3.  To  make  of  different  kinds. 
God  hath  varied  the  inclinations  of  men,  ac- 
cording to  the  variety  of  actions  to  be  perform- 
ed. Broicnc. 

4.  To  diversify  ;  to  variegate. 
God  hath  here 

Varied  fiis  bounty  so  with  new  delights. 

Milton. 

VA'RY,  V.  i.  To  alter  or  be  altered  in  any 
manner;  to  suffer  a  partial  change.  Col- 
ors often  vary  when  held  indifferent  poar- 
tions.  Customs  vary  from  one  age  to  an- 
other, until  they  are  entirely  changed. 

2.  To  be  changeable  ;  to  alter  ;  as  the  rcrn/- 
??ig- hues  of  the  clouds  ;  the  varying  plu- 
mage of  a  dove. 

3.  To  differ  or  be  different ;  to  be  unlike. 
The  laws  of  different  countries  vary.  The 
laws  of  France  fan/  from  those  of  Eng- 
land. 

4.  To  be  changed ;  to  become  different. 
The  man  varies  in  his  opinions ;  his  opin- 
ions vary  with  the  times. 

5.  To  become  unlike  one's  self;  to  alter. 
He  varies  from  himself  no  less.  Pope. 

6.  To  deviate  ;  to  depart ;  as,  to  vary  from 
the  law  ;  to  vary  from  the  rules  of  justice 
or  reason.  Locke. 

7.  To  alter  or  change  in  succession. 
While  fear  and  anger,  with  alternate  grace. 
Pant  in  her  breast,  and  vary  in  her  face. 

Addison . 

8.  To  disagree  ;  to  be  at  variance ;  as,  men 
vary  in  opinion. 

VA'RY,  71.  Alteration  ;  change,  [/ifot  in 
use.]  Shak. 

VA'RYING,  ppr.  Altering;  changing;  de- 
viating. 

VAS'CULAR,  a.  [L.  vasculum,  a  vessel, 
from  x^as,  id.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  vessels  of  animal  or  ve- 
getable bodies  ;  as  the  vascular  functions. 

2.  Full  of  vessels  ;  consisting  of  animal  or 
vegetable  vessels,  as  arteries,  veins,  lac- 
teals  and  the  like  ;  as  the  vascular  sys- 
tem. Animal  flesh  is  all  vascular,  none  of 
it  parenchymous.  Cyc. 

VASeULAR'lTY,  n.  The  state  of  being 
vascular.  Med.  Repos. 

VASCULIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  vasculum  and 
fero,  to  bear.] 

Vasculiferous  plants  are  such  as  have  seed 
vessels  divided  into  cells.  C^c. 

VASE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  vas,  vasa,  a  vessel ; 
It.  vaso.] 

1.  A  vessel  for  domestic  use,  or  for  use  in 
temples ;  as  a  vase  for  sacrifice,  an  urn, 
&c. 

2.  An  ancient  vessel  dug  out  of  the  ground 
or  from  rubbish,  and  kept  as  a  curiosity. 

3.  In  architecture,  an  ornament  of  sculpture, 
placed  on  socles  or  pedestals,  represent- 
ing the  vessels  of  the  ancients,  as  iucense- 
pots,  flower-pots,  &c.  They  usually  crown 
or  finish  facades  or  frontispieces.  Cyc. 

4.  The  body  of  the  Corinthian  and  Compo- 
site capital  ;  called  also  the  tainbor  or 
drum. 


y  A  s 


5.  Among /om<J,  the  calyx  of  a  plant,  as  of 
a  tuli|).  .      ,  ^"1- 

6.  Among  goldsmiths,  the  middle  of  achurcli 
candlestick.  ^^V*^- 

7.  A  solid  niece  of  ornamental  marble. 

Johnson. 

VAS'SAL,  n.  [Fr.  vassal;  It.  vassallo ;  Sp. 
vasallo ;  VV.  giod.?,  a  boy  or  youth,  a  i>age, 
a  servant;  gwasau,  to  serve.] 

1.  A  feudatory  ;  a  tenant ;  one  who  holds 
land  of  a  superior,  and  who  vows  fidelity 
and  homage  to  him.  A  rtar  vassal  is  one 
who  holds  of  a  lord  who  is  himself  a  vas- 

2.  A  subject ;  a  dependant.  Hooker. 

3.  A  servant.  ,       ,  *""*• 

4.  In  common  language,  a  bondman  ;  a  poli- 
tical slave.  We  will  never  be  the  vassMs 
of  a  foreign  prince. 

VAS'SAL,    V.  t.    To  subject  to  control ;  to 

6nslfiv6> 
VAS'SALAGE,  n.    [Fr.  vassdage ;  Sp.  vas- 

alage.^  i.     .  . 

1.  The  state  of  being  a  vassal  or  feudatory. 

2  Political  servitude ;  dependence  ;  subjec- 
tion ;  slavery.  The  Greeks  were  long 
held  in  vassalage  by  the  Turks. 

VAS'SALKU,  pp.  or  a.  Enslaved;  subject- 
ed to  absolute  power ;  as  a  vassaled  land. 

TrumhuU, 

VAST,  a.  [h.  vastus;  Fr.va.itc;  h.vasto 
The  primary  sense  of  the  root  must  be  to 
part  or  spread,  as  this  is  connected  with 
the  verb  to  waste.] 

1.  Being  of  great  extent;  very  spacious  or 
large  ;  as  the  vast  ocean  ;  a  vast  abyss ; 
the  vast  empire  of  Russia;  the  vast  plains 
of  Syria ;  the  vast  domains  of  the  Al- 
mighty. ,  , 

a  Huge  in  bulk  and  extent;  as  the  vast 
mountains  of  Asia;  the  vast  range  of  the 

Andes. 
3.  Very  great  in  numbers  or  amount ;  as  a 
vast  army;   vast  numbers  or   multitudes 
were  slain  ;  vast  sums  of    money   have 
been  expended  to  gratify  pride  and  ambi- 
tion. .  ,  , 
t.  Very   great   in  force  ;   mighty  ;   as  vast 
efforts ;  vast  labor.                                .  , 
5.  Very  great  in  importance  ;  as  a  subject  ol 

vast  concern. 
VAST,  n.  An  empty  waste. 

TlirouHh  the  vast  of  heav'n  it  sounded. 

"  Jirdton. 

The  watery  t'ost.  Pope. 

VASTA'TION,  n.  [L.  vaslatio,  from  vasto, 
to  waste.] 

A  laying  waste ;  waste  ;  depopulation.  [Ue- 
vastation  is  generally  used.] 

VASTID'ITY,  n.  Vastness  ;  immensity 
[J^ot  English.]  ^'"'^' 

V^ASTLY,  adv.  Very  greatly  ;  to  a  great 
extent  or  degree  ;  as  a  space  vastly  ex- 
tended. Men  differ  vastly  in  their  opin- 
ions and  manners. 

VASTNESS,  n.  Great  extent;  immensity; 
as  the  vastness  of  the  ocean  or  of  space. 

2.  Immense  bulk  and  extent ;  as  the  vast 
ness  of  a  mountain. 

3.  Immense  magnitude  or  amount ;  as  thej 
vastness  of  an  army,  or  of  the  sums  of 
money  necessary  to  support  it. 

4.  Immense  importance. 
V>ASTV,   a.  Being  of  groat  extent ;  very 

spacious. 


V  A  U 

I  cm  call  spirits  from  the  vasty  deep.  , 

[Little  used.]  S^*! 

VAT,    n.    [D.vat;    Sax.  fat  ;    G.fass.]    A| 


V  E  D 


^VAIjNT,    I',  i.    [Fr.   vanter  ;    It.   vantarsi, 
from  vanto,  a  boasting,  from  vano,  vain, 


I. 


•i. 


large  vessel  or  cistern  for  holding  liquors 
in  an  immature  state  ;  as  vats  for  wine. 

Let  him  produce  his  pats  and  tubs,  in  opposi- 
tion to  heaps  of  arms  and  standards.      Addison. 

2.  A  srpiare  box  or  cistern  in  which  hides  are 
laid  for  steeping  in  tan. 

3.  An  oil  measure  in  Holland  ;  also,  a  w'ine 
measure. 

4.  A  square  hollow  place  on  the  back  of  a 
j     calcining  furnace,  where  tin  ore  is  laid  to 

dry.  Cyc. 

VATICAN,  n.  In  Rome,  the  celebrated 
'••  church  of  St.  Peter;  and  also,  a  magnifi- 
cent palace  of  the  pope ;  situated  at  the 
foot  of  one  of  the  seven  hills  on  which 
Rome  was  built.  Hence  the  phrase,  the 
thunders  of  the  Kah'can,  meaning  the  ana- 
themas or  denunciations  of  the  pope. 
VAT'ICIDE,    )i.    [L.  vates,  a  prophet,  and 

coedo,  to  kill.] 
The  murderer  of  a  prophet.  Pope. 

VATIC'INAL,    a.    [L.  valicinor,  to  proph 
esv.]     Containing  prophecy.  IVarton. 

VAtlC'INATE,    V.  i.    [L.   vaticinor,   from 

vales,  a  prophet.] 
To  prophesy  ;  to  foretell ;  to  practice  pre- 
diction.    [Little  used.]  Howell. 
VATICINATION,   n.    Prediction  ;  proph- 
1     ecy.                                                       BenlUy 
VAULT,    n.    [Fr.voute;  It.  volta,  a  vault; 
volto,  the  face,  visage,  and  a  vault,  L.  vni 
tus  ;  a  derivative  of  L.  volvo,  volutus  ;  Sp. 
votlear,  to  turn,  to  tumble.] 
A   continued   arch,   or   an   arched   roof. 
Vaults  are  of  various  kinds,  circular,  elhp 
tical,     single,     double,     cross,    diagonal, 
Gothic,  &c.  f^'y^- 
A  cellar. 
To  banish  rats  that  haunt  our  vault.      tiwifl. 

3.  A  cave  or  cavern. 
The  silent  vatitls  of  death,  unknown  to  light. 

Sandys. 

4.  .\  repository  for  the  dead.  Shak. 
l5.  In  Me  manege,  the  leap  of  a  horse. 
VAULT,    I',  t.    To  arch  ;    to   form   with   a 

vault ;  or  to  cover  with  a  vault ;  as,  to 
vault  a  nassage  to  a  court. 
Vault,    v.i.    [Sp.  voltear ;  it.  voltare ;  l  v 
vautrer.] 

1.  To  leap;  to  bound;  to  jump ;  to  spring. 
Vaulting  ambition,  whicli  o'erleaps  iLsell— 

Shak 
Leaning  on  his  lance,  he  vaulted  on  a  tree. 

°  Sryden 

Lucan  vaulted  upon  Pegasus  with   all   the 
heat  and  intrepidity  of  youth.  Mdison 

3.  To  tumble;  to  exhibit  feats  of  tumbling, 

or  leaping. 
VAULT'AdE,  Ji.  Vaulted  work;  an  arched 
cellar.     [jVot  in  use.]  Shak.\ 

VAULTED,   pp.    Arched;   concave;  as  a 
I     vaulted  roof. 

2.  Covered  with  an  arch  or  vault.  _ 

3.  a.  In  botany,  arched  like  the  roof  ot  the 
mouth,  as  the  upper  lip  of  many  ringent 
flowers.  Jilartyn. 

VAULT'ER,  n.   One  that  vaults  ;  a  leaper 
a  tumbler.  . 

VjVULT'ING,  ppr.  Arching ;  covering  with 

an  arch.  .....        »    .       rt 

2.  Leaping ;  tumbling ;  exhibiting  feats  of 

leaping. 
VaULT'Y,   a.  Arched  ;  concave.    [.Vo| 

,Me.]  «*«*• 


,  u  uvw.u....^,  ,    -    . 

L.  i'ani(».    Thia  ought  to  he  written  rant.] 
To  boast ;  to  make  a  vain  display  of  one's 
own  worth,  attainments  or  decorations  ; 
to  talk  with  vain  ostentation :  to  brag. 

Prjilp — prompts  a  man   to  vaunt  and   over- 
value what  he  is.  Gov.of  the  Tongue. 
iVAUNT,  V.  t.  To  boast  of:  to  make  a  vain 
'     display  of 

Mv  vanquisher,  spoil'd  of  his  taunted  spoil. 

MiUon. 
Charity  vaunteth  not  itself.     1  Cor.  xiii. 
VAUNT,  n.  Boast;  a  vain  display  of  what 
one  is  or  has,  or  has  done;  ostentation 
from  vanity. 

Him  I  seduc'd 
With  other  vaunts  and  other  promises. 

Mdton. 
VAUNT,   n.    [Fr.  avant.]    The   first   part. 
[J\ot  used.)  Shak. 

VAUNT-COURIER,  n.  [Fr.  avanl-coureur.] 
A  precursor.  Shak. 

V'AUNTED,  pp.   Vainly  boasted  of  or  dis- 
played. 
VAUNTER,   n.    A  vain  conceited  boaster ; 
a  braggart ;  a  man  given  to  vain  ostenta- 
tion. Spenser. 
VAUNTFUL,  a.    Boastful;  vainly  ostenta- 
tious. 
VAUNTING,  ppr.  Vainly  boasting  ;  osten- 
tatiously setting  forth  what  one  is  or  has. 
VAUNTINGLY,     adv.     Boastfully  ;    with 
vain  ostentation.  Shak. 
V^AUNT-MURE,    ji.    [Fr.  avant-mur.]    A 
false  wall ;  a  work  raised  in  front  of  tlie 
main  wall.                                          Camden. 
VAV'ASOR,  11.    [This  word  in  old  books  4s 
variously  written,  vahasor,  vavasour,  vai- 
vasour.     It  is  said  to  be  from  vassai.    But 

qu.] 

Camden  holds  that  the  varasor  was  next  be- 
low a  baron.  Du  Cange  maintains  that 
there  were  two  sorts  of  vavasors  ;  the 
greater,  wliu  held  ol' the  king,  such  as  bar- 
ons and  counts  ;  and  the  lesser,  called  vcj- 
vasini,  who  held  of  the  former.  The  dig- 
nity or  rank  is  no  longer  in  use,  and  tho 
name  is  known  onlv  in  books.  Cyc. 

VAV'ASORY,  »!.  The  quality  or  tenure  of 
the  fee  held  bv  a  vavasor.  Ci/c. 

VA'WARI),  n'.  [ran  and  ward.]  The  fore 
part.     Obs.  Shak, 

VEAL,  n.    [Fr.  reau,  a  calf;  probably  con- 
tracted from  L.  vilellus.] 
The  flesh  of  a  calf  killed  for  the  tahli!. 
VEC'TION,    n.     [L.   veelio,  from  rtho,   to 

carry.] 
The  act  of  carrying,  or  state  of  being  carri- 
ed.    [.Vo(  in  use.] 
VECTITA  TION,  n.  [ L.  vectHo.]    A  carry- 
I     ing.     [Xot  in  use.]  .Irbuthnot. 

VEC'TOR,    n.    [L.  from  t>eAo,  to  carry.]  In 
astronomy,  a  line  supposed   to  be   drawn 
from  any  planet  moving  round  a  center  or 
the  focus  of  an  ellipsis,  to  that  center  or 
focus. 
VEC'TURE,    71.    [L.  i-cc<ura,  from  veho,  su- 
pra.] 
A  carrvins ;  carriage  ;  conveyance  by  carry- 
ing. "  [Little  used.]  Bacon. 
VED.\,  n.  jifrfrtu-'.    The  name  of  the  collec- 
tive body  of  the  Hindoo  sacred  writings. 
These  are  divided  into  four  parts  or  vedas. 
The  word  is  sometimes  written  vedam. 

Sir  W.  Jones.     Colebrooke. 


V  E  G 


V  E  H 


V   E  I 


VEDET',       I        [Fr.   vedette;    It.   vedeila, 

VEDETTE,  {  "■  fiorii  vedere,  L.  video,  to 
see.]     A  sentinel  on  horseback. 

VEER,  V.  i.  [Fr.  Hirer ;  Sp.  birar  ;  D.  vie- 
ren ;  allied  probably  to  L.  vano  and  verio. 
See  Wart.'\ 

To  turn  ;  to  charfge  direction  ;  as,  the  wind 
veers  to  the  west  or  north. 

And  as  he  leads,  the  lollowing  navy  veers. 

Dr}jden.\ 

And  tuin  your  veering  heart  with  ev'ry  gale. 

lioecommoii. 

To  veer  and  haul,  as  wind,  to  alter  its  direc- 
tion. 

VEER,  V.  t.  To  turn;  to  direct  to  a  differ- 
ent course.  j 

To  veer  out,  to  suffer  to  run  or  to  let  out  to  a 
greater  length  ;  as,  to  veer  out  a  rope.         i 

To  veer  aivay,  to  let  out ;  to  slacken  and  let! 
run;  as,  to  fceraicni/ the  cable.  This  is 
called  also  pnying  out  the  cable. 

To  veer  and  haul,  to  pull  tight  and  slacken 
alternately.  .Mar.  Dktl. 

VEE'RABLE,  a.  Changeable  ;  shilting.| 
[Aot  in  use.']  Randol/jh 

VEERED,  pp.  Turned  ;  changed  in  direc- 
tion ;  let  out. 

VEE'RING,  ppr.  Turning;  letting  out  to  aj 
greater  length.  ■ 

VEGETABIL'ITY,  n.  [from  vegetable.] 
Vegetable  nature  ;  the  quaUty  of  growth! 
without  sensation.  Brown.] 

VEg'ETABLE,  n.  [Fr.  from  vegeter,  L. 
vigeo,  to  grow.]  I 

1.  A  plant;  an  organized  body  destitute  of 
sense  and  voluntary  motion,  deriving  its 
nourishment  through  pores  or  vessels  on  itsj 
outer  surface,  in  most  instances  adhering 
to  some  other  body,  as  the  earth,  and  in 
general,  propagating  itself  by  seeds.  Some 
vegetables  have  spontaneous  motion,  as 
the  sunflower.  Vegetables  alone  have 
the  power  of  deriving  nourishment  from 
inorganic  matter,  or  organic  matter  en- 
tirely decomposed.  > 

9.  In  a  more  limited  sense,  vegetables  are 
such  plants  as  are  used  for  culinary  pur- 
poses and  cultivated  in  gardens,  or  are 
destined  for  feeding  cattle  and  sheep. 
Vegetables  for  these  uses  are  such  as  are 
of  a  more  soft  and  fleshy  substance  than 
trees  and  shrubs;  such  as  cabbage,  cauli-j 
flower,  turneps,  potatoes,  peas,  beans,  &c. 

VEg'ETABLE,  a.  Belonging  to  plants  ;  as 
a  vegetable  nature  ;  vegetable  qualities  ;  iie- 
getable  juices. 

2.  Consisting  of  [ilants  ;  as  the  vegetable 
kingdom. 

3.  Having  the  nature  of  plants ;  as  a  veg- 
etable bod  J'. 

VEG'ETATE,  II.  ?■.  [L.vegeto;  Fi:  vegeter; 
from  L.  vigeo,  to  flourish.] 

To  sprout  ;  to  germinate  ;  to  grow  ;  as 
l)lants  ;  to  grow  and  be  enlarged  by  nutri- 
ment imbibed  from  the  earth,  air  or  wa-! 
ter,  by  means  of  roots  and  leaves.  Plants 
will  not  vegetate  without  a  certain  degrtic 
of  heat ;  but  some  plants  vegetate  with 
le«s  heat  than  others.  Potatoes  will  vege- 
tate after  they  are  pared. 

See  dying  vegetables  life  sustain, 

Sec  life  dissolving  vegetate  again.  Pope. 

VEG'ETATING,p/)r.  Germinating;  sprout- 
ing ;  growing  ;  as  plants. 

VEgETA'TION,  n.  [Fr.]  The  process  of 
growing,  as  plants,  by  means  of  nourish- 


ment derived  from  the  earth,  or  from  wa- 
ter and  air,  and  received  through  roots 
and  leaves.  We  observe  that  vegetation 
depends  on  heat  as  the  moving  principle, 
and  on  certain  substances  which  consti- 
tute the  nutriment  of  plants.  Rapid  vege- 
tation is  caused  by  increased  heat  and  a 
rich  soil. 

2.  Vegetables  or  plants  in  general.  In  June, 
vegetation  in  our  climate  wears  a  beautiful 
aspect. 

Vegetation  of  sails,  so  called,  consists  in  cer 
tain  concretions  formed  by  salts,  after  so- 
lution in  water,  when  set  in  the  air  for 
evaporation.  These  concretions  appear 
round  the  surface  of  the  liquor,  affi.ved  to 
the  sides  of  the  vessel. 

VEG'ETATIVE,  a.  [Fr.  vcgelatif.]  Grow 
ing,  or  having  the    power  of  growing,  as 
plants.  Raleigh. 

2.  Having  the  power  to  produce  growth  ii 
plants;  as  the  vegetative  properties  of  soil. 

Broome. 

VEc^'ETATIVENESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
producing  growth. 

VEgE'TE,  a.  [L.  vegetus.]  Vigorous  ;  ac 
five.     [Little  used.]  Wallis. 

VEtj'ETTVE,  a.  [L.  vegeto,  vigeo.]  Vegeta- 
ble ;  having  the  nature  of  plants;  as  vege- 
tive  life.     [Little  used.]  Tusser. 

VEli'ETIVE,  n.  A  vegetable.  [JVot  in  use.] 

Sandys. 

VEg'ETO- ANIMAL,  a.  Fegeto-animal  mat- 
(er,  isa  term  formerly  applied  to  vegetable 
gluten,  which  is  found  in  the  seeds  of  cer 
tain  plants,  in  a  state  of  union  with  farina 
or  starch.  It  is  remarkably  elastic,  and 
when  dry,  semi-transparent.  By  distilla- 
tion it  afiords,  like  animal  substances,  al- 
kaline water,  concrete  volatile  alkali,  and 
an  empyreumatic  oil.  Cyc.     Fourcroy. 

VEgE'TOUS,  a.  Vigorous;  lively;  vegete. 
[JVot  in  use.]  B.Jonson. 

VEHEMENCE,  )       [Ft.  vehemence ;  from 

VE'HEMENCY,  S  "■  L.  vehemen.^,  from  ve- 
ho,  to  carry,  that  is,  to  rush  or  drive.] 

1.  Violence  ;  great  force  ;  properly,  force  de 
rived  from  velocity;  as  the  vehemence  o( 
wind.    But  it  is  applied  to  any  kind  of  for- 
cible action;   as,  to  speak  with  vehemey^ce. 

2.  Violent  ardor  ;  great  heat ;  animated  fer- 
vor; as  the  vehemence  of  love  or  att'ection 
the  vehemence  of  anger  or  other  passion. 

I  tremble  at  his  vehemence  of  temper. 

Mdison. 
VE'IIEMENT,  a.    [Fr.  from  L.  vehemens.] 

1.  Violent;  acting  with  great  force  ;  furious 
very  forcible  ;  as  a  vehement  wind  ;  avehe 
ment  torrent;  a  vehement  fire  or  heat. 

2.  Very  ardent ;  very  eager  or  urgent ;  very 
fervent ;  as  a  vehement  affection  or  pas 
sion  ;  vehement  desire  ;  vehement  elo- 
quence. Milton. 

VE'HEMENTLY,  adv.  With  great  force 
and  violence. 

2.  Urgently ;  forcibly ;  with  great  zeal  or 
pathos.  Tillotson 

VE'HICLE,  n.  [Fr.  vehicule;  h.  vehiculum, 
from  veho,  to  carry.] 

1.  That  in  which  any  thing  is  or  may  be  car 
ried  ;  any  kind  of  carriage  moving  on  land, 
either  on  wheels  or  runners.  This  word 
comprehends  coaches,  chariots,  gigs,  sul- 
kies, wagons,  carts  of  every  kind,  sleighs 
and  sleds.  These  are  all  vehicles.  But 
the   word    is  more  generally  applied  to 


wheel  carriages,  and  rarely  I  believe  to 
water  craft. 

That  which  is  used  as  the  instrument  of 
conveyance.  Language  is  the  vehicle 
which  conveys  ideas  to  others.  Letters 
are  vehicles  of  conununication. 

A  simple  style  forms  the  best  vehicle  of 
tliounht  to  a  popular  assembly.  fVirt. 

VE'HICLED,  a.  Conveyed  in  a  vehicle. 

Green. 

Veil,  n.  [L.  tif^um.]  A  cover;  a  curtain; 
something  to  intercept  the  view  and  hide 
an  object. 

2.  A  cover ;  a  disguise.  [See  Vail.  The 
latter  orthography  gives  the  Latin  pronun- 
ciation as  well  as  the  English,  and  is  to 
be  preferred.] 

Veil,  v.  t.  To  cover  with  a  veil ;  to  conceal. 

2.  To  invest ;  to  cover. 

:3.  'I'o  hide.     [See  Vail.] 

VEIN,  n.  [Fr.  veine  ;  L.  vena,  from  the  root 
of  I'ento,  to  come,  to  pass.  The  sense  is  a 
passage,  a  conduit.] 

1.  A  vessel  in  animal  bodies,  which  receives 
the  blood  from  the  extreme  arteries,  and 
returns  it  to  the  heart.  The  veins  may  be 
arranged  in  three  divisions.  1.  Those 
that  commence  from  the  capillaries  all 
over  the  body,  and  return  the  blood  to  the 
lieart.  2.  The  pulmonary  veins.  3.  The 
veins  connected  with  the  vena  portarura. 
in  which  the  blood  that  has  circulated 
through  the  organs  of  digestion,  is  convey- 
ed to  the  hver.  Cyc. 

2.  In  plants,  a  tube  or  an  assemblage  of 
tube.s,  through  which  the  sap  is  transmit- 
ted along  the  leaves.  The  term  is  more 
properly  applied  to  the  finer  and  more 
complex  ramifications,  which  interbranch 
witii  each  other  like  net-work  ;  the  larger 
and  more  direct  assemblages  of  vessels 
being  called  ribs  and  nerves.  Veins  are 
also  tbund  in  the  calyx  and  corol  of  flow- 
ers. Cyc. 

The  vessels  which  branch  or  variously 
divide  over  the  surface  of  leaves  are  called 
veins.  Martyn. 

3.  In  geology,  a  fissure  in  rocks  or  strata,  fill- 
ed with  a  particular  substance.  Thus  me- 
tallic veins  intersect  rocks  or  strata  of  oth- 
er substances.  Metalliferous  veins  have 
been  traced  in  the  earth  for  miles ;  some 
in  South  Ainerica  are  said  to  have  been 
traced  eighty  miles.  Many  species  of 
stones,  as  granite,  porphyry,  &c.  are  of- 
ten found  in  veins.  Cyc 

4.  A  streak  or  wave  of  different  color,  ap- 
pearing in  wood,  marble,  and  other  stones ; 
variegation. 

5.  A  cavity  or  fissure  in  the  earth  or  in  oth- 
er substance. 

G.  Tendency  or  turn  of  mind  ;  a  particular 
disposition  or  cast  of  genius  ;  as  a  rich  vein 
of  wit  or  humor;  a  satirical  vein. 

Invoke  the  muses,  and  improve  my  vein. 

Waller. 

7.  Current. 

He  can  open  a  vein  of  true  and  noble  think- 
!      ing.  Swift. 

8.  Humor;  particular  temper.  Shak. 
!).  Strain  ;  quality  ;  as  my  usual  vein. 

Oldham. 
Veined,  a.  [from  vein.]  Full  of  veins: 
I  streaked  ;  variegated  ;  as  veined  marble. 
2.  In  botany,  having  vessels  branching  over 
I    the  surface,  as  a  leaf. 


V  E  L 


V  E  N 


V  E  N 


VElNLES.S,  a.  In  botany,  having  no  veins ; 

as  a  veinless  leaf.  Barton. 

VglNY,  a.  Full  of  veins  ;  as  vtiny  marble. 

JViomson. 
VELIF'EROUS,   a.  [L.   velum,   a  sail,  and 

fero,  to  bear.]     Bearing  or  currying  sails. 

VELITA'TION,  n.  [L.  vditntio.]  A  dispute 
or  contest ;  a  slight  skirmish.  [JVo<  in  use.] 

Burton. 

VELL,  n.  [Qu./cM,  a  skin.]  A  reiuiet  hag. 
[Local.] 

VELL,  V.  I.  [Qii./e«,  askin.]  To  cut  off  the 
turi' or  sward  of  land.     [Local.]  Cue. 

VELLE'ITY,  n.  [Fr.  velkiti  ;  from  L.  velte, 
to  will.] 

A  term  by  which  the  scliools  express  the 
lowest  degree  of  desire.  Locke. 

VEL'LlCATK,  v.  t.  [L.  vellico,  from  vetlo,to 
pull.     It  may  be  from  the  root  of  putt.] 

To  twitch  ;  to  stimulate;  applied  to  the  mus- 
cles and  fibers  of  animals  j  to  cause  to 
twitch  convulsively.  Cyc. 

VEL'LICVTED,  pp.  Twitched  or  caused  to 
twitch. 

VEL'LICATING,  ppr.  Twitching  ;  con- 
vulsing. 

VELLICA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  twitching, 
or  of  causing  to  twitch. 

2.  A  twitching  or  convulsive  motion  of  a 
muscular  fiber. 

VEL'LUiVI,  n.  [Fr.  velin.  It  coincides  witl 
fell,  D.  vet,  skin  ;  probably  from  the  root 
of  L.  vello.] 

A  finer  kind  of  parchment  or  skin,  rendered 
clear  and  white  for  writing. 

VELOCITY,  71.  [Fr.  velocite  ;  L.  velocitas, 
from  velox,  swift,  allied  to  volo,  to  fiy.] 

1.  Swiftness;  celerity;  rapidity;  as  the  ve- 
locity of  wind  ;  the  velocity  of  a  planet  or 
comet  in  its  orbit  or  course  ;  the  velocity  ot' 
a  camion  ball  ;  the  velocity  of  light.  In 
these  phrases,  velocity  is  more  gfiierally 
used  than  celerity.  VVe  apply  celerity  to 
animals  ;  as,  a  horse  or  an  ostrich  runs 
with  celerity,  and  a  stream  runs  with  ra- 
jndity  or  velocity  :  but  bodies  moving  in  tlie 
air  or  in  etiicrial  space,  move  with  greater 
or  less  velocity,  not  celerity.  This  usage  is 
arbitrary,  and  perhaps  not  universal. 

2.  In  philosophy,  velocity  is  that  affection  of 
motion  by  which  a  body  moves  over  a 
certain  space  in  a  certain  time.  Velocity 
is  ill  direct  proportion  to  the  space  over 
which  a  body  moves.  Velocity  is  absolute 
or  relative  ;  absolute,  when  a  body  moves 
over  a  certain  space  in  a  certain  lime  ; 
relative,  when  it  has  respect  to  uiiotlicr 
moving  body.  Velocity  is  al.so  uniform  or 
equal ;  or  it  is  unequal,  that  is,  retarded 
or  accelerated. 

VEL'llRE,  n.  [Fr.  ve/ouis.]  Velvet.     Obs. 

Shak. 
VEL'VET,  n.  [h.  vclluto  ;  Sp.  ueHurfo;  Fr. 

velo^irs  ;  L.  vellus,  hair,  nap.] 
A  rich  silk  stuff,  covered  on  the  outside  with 

a  close,  short,  fine,  soft  shag  or  nap.    The 

name  is  given  also  to  cotton  stuffs. 
VEL'VET,  V.  t.  To  paint  velvet.      Peacham. 
VEL'VET,        )        Made  of  velvet;  or  .soft 
VEL'VETED,  (,  "'    and  delicate,  like  velvet. 
VELVETEE'N,  n.  A  kind  of  cloth  made  in 

imitation  of  velvet. 
VEL'VETING,  ji.  The  fine  shag  of  velvet. 

Cyc. 


VEL'VETY,  a.  Made  of  velvet,  or  like  vcl-i 
vet ;  soft ;  smooth  ;  delicate.     Med.  liepos. 

VE'NAL,  a.  [L.  vena,  a  vein.]  Pertaining  to 
a  vein  or  to  veins;  contained  in  the  veins; 
as  venal  blood.  [See  Venous,  which  is 
generally  used.] 

VE'NAL,  a.  [L.  venalis,  from  veneo,  to  be 
sold.] 

I.  Mercenary  ;  prostitute  ;  that  may  be 
bought  or  obtained  for  money  or  other 
valuable  consideration  ;  as  a  venal  muse  ; 
venal  .services. 

'i.  That  may  be  sold ;  set  to  sale;  as,  all  of- 
fices are  venal  in  a  corrupt  government. 

3.  Purchased  ;  as  a  venal  vote.  Junius. 

VENAL'ITY,  71.  Mercenariness;  the  state 
of  being  influenced  by  money ;  prostitu- 
tion of  talents,  offices  or  services  for  mo- 
ney or  reward  ;  as  the  venality  of  a  cor- 
rupt court. 

VEN'ARY,  a.  [L.  wnor,  to  hunt.]  Relating 
to  hunting. 

VENAT'K;,        )      [L.  i'cna<ici(s,  from  I'eTior, 

VENAT'1€AL,  J  "'  to  hunt.]  Used  in  hunt- 
ing. 

VENA'TION,  71.  [L.  venalio,  from  venor,  to 
hunt.] 

1.  The  act  or  practice  of  hunting.       Brown. 

2.  The  state  of  being  hunted.  Brown.] 
iVENU,  V.  t.  [L.  vendo  ;  Fr.  vendre  ;  It.  i'C7i- 

dere  ;  Sp.  vender.] 

To  sell ;  to  transfer  a  thing  and  the  exclu- 
sive right  of  possessing  it,  to  another  per- 
son for  a  pecuniary  equivalent  ;  as,  to 
vend  goods;  tu  vind  meat  and  vegetables 
in  market.  Vending  differs  from  barter. 
We  vend  for  money ;  we  barter  for  com- 
modities. FeTjrf  is  applicable  only  to  wares, 
merchandize,  or  other  small  articles,  not 
to  lands  and  tenements.  VVe  never  say, 
to  vend  a  fariu,  a  lease,  or  a  bond,  a  right 
or  a  horse. 

VEND' ED,  ;7/).  Sold  ;  transferred  for  money  y 
as  goods: 

VENDEE',  7!.  The  person  to  whom  a  thing 
is  sold. 

VENDER,  7i.  [Fr.  I'fnrfciir.]  A  seller  ;  one 
who  transfers  tlie  exclusive  right  of  pos-l 
scssing  a  thing,  either  his  own,  or  that  ol" 
another  as  his  agent.  Auctioneers  are 
the  vendeis  of  goods  for  other  men. 

VENDIBILITY.      )       The  state  of  being 

VEND'1BLENESS,S  vendible  or  sala- 
ble. 

VEND'IBLE,  a.  [L.  vendibilis.]  Salable  ;  that 
may  be  sold  ;  that  can  be  sold  ;  as  rcndible 
goods.  Veiulilile  ditVers  from  marketable  ; 
the  latter  signifies  proper  or  ft  for  market,' 
according  to  the  laws  or  customs  of  a 
place.  I'endibk  has  no  reference  to  suchi 
legal  fitness. 

VEND'IBLE,  71.  Something  to  be  sold  or 
ottered  for  sale.  Mitford. 

VEND'IBLY,  adv.  In  a  salable  manner. 

71.    [L.    i'e)irfi/a/io.]     A 
[JVot  in  use.] 

B.  Jonson. 
[Fr.  from  L.  venditio.] 
sale. 

VEND'OR,  71.  A  vender;  a  seller. 

VENDCE,  71.  [Fr.  vendu,  sold.]  Auction  ;  a 
public  sale  of  any  thing  by  outcry,  to  the 
highe.n  bidder. 

VENDl'iE-M  ASTER,  ?i.  One  who  is  au-; 
thorized  to  make  sale  of  any  property  to; 


the    highest  bidder,    by  notification  and 
public  outcry  ;  an  auctioneer. 

VENEE'R,  t>.  <.  [O.furniertn.  This  word 
seems  to  be  from  the  root  of  furnish,  the 
primary  sense  of  which  is  to  put  on.] 

!To  inlay;  to  lay  thin  slices  or  leaves  of  fine 
wood  of  diflerent  kinds  on  a  ground  of 
common  wood. 

VENEER,  n.  Thin  slices  of  wood  for  in- 
laying. 

VENEE'RED,  pp.  Inlaid  :  ornamented  with 
marquetry. 

VENEERING,  ppr.  Inlaying;  adorning 
wilh  inlaid  work. 

VENEERING,  71.  The  art  or  art  of  inlay- 
ing, of  which  there  are  two  kinds  ;  one, 
which  is  the  most  common,  consists  in 
making  comportments  of  different  woods  ; 
the  other  consists  in  making  representa- 
tions of  flowers,  birds  and  other  figures. 
The  first  is  more  properly  rcTieenng;  the 
last  is  marquetry.  Cyc. 

VEN'EFICE,  71.  [L.  I'Cfif/fnuTn.]  The  prac- 
tice of  poisoning.     [.Yot  in  use.] 

VENEF1"CIAL,     >       [L.  ff7if/icju7n.]  Act- 

VENEFI'TIOliS,  I  "■  ing  by  poison  ;  be- 
witching.    [Little  used.]  Brown. 

VENEFI"CIOI'SLY,  adv.  By  poison  or 
witchcraft.     [Little  used.]  Brown. 

VEN'EMOUS.  [See  f'c7io77ioKS.] 

VEN'ENATE,  i'.  /.  [L.  re7i«7io;  renetiuTti. 
poison,  W.  gwemryn  ;  from  raging.] 

To  poison ;  to  infect  with  poison.  [JWit 
used.]  Harvey. 

VENENA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  poisoning. 

2.  Poison  ;  venom.     [.Vo<  used.]  Brown. 

VENE'NE,        )       [Fr.  tt7ie7ieiu-.]    Poison- 

VENE'NOSE,  J°'  ous;  venomous.  [Xot 
used.]  Harvey. 

VENERABIL'ITY,  71.  State  or  quality  of 
being  venerable.     [J\'ot  used.]  More. 

VEN'ERABLE,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  venerabUis, 
from  veneror,  to  honor,  to  worship.] 

L  Worthy  of  veneration  or  reverence  ;  de- 
serving of  honor  and  respect  ;  asa  venera- 
ble magistrate;  a  venerable  parent. 

2.  Rendered  sacred  by  religious  associations, 
or  being  consecrated  toCiod  ami  to  his  wor- 
ship; 10  be  regardeil  with  awe  and  treat- 
ed with  reverence  ;  .-is  the  venerable  walls 
of  a  temple  or  church. 

1"Ik'  places  where  saints  have  suflered  for  the 
testimony   of  Christ — reudcrci!     voitrabte  ]>y 


VENDITA'TION, 

boastful  display. 

VENDI  "TION,  n. 

The  act  of  selling; 


J  looker. 

The  state  or  qual- 

SouUi. 

a  manner  to  cx- 


Ihcir  death. 
VEN'ERAIiLENESS,  ji 
itv  of  lieiim  venerable. 
VENERABLY,  adv.  In 
cite  reverence. 

— .\d  awful  pile .'  slaods  venerably  peat. 

.Addison, 
VENERATE,  v.t.  [Fr.  rcnertr;  L.  reneror.] 
To  regard  wilh  respect  and  reverence  ;  to 
reverence  ;  to  revere.  We  venerate  an  old 
faithful  magistrate ;  we  venerate  parents 
and  elders  ;  wc  venerate  men  consecrated 
to  sacred  ofiices.  We  i'fi!fr«(e  old  age  or 
gray  hairs.  We  venerate,  or  ought  to  i'e7i- 
eraie,  the  gospel  and  its  precepts. 

And  seem'd  to  venerate  the  sacred  shade. 

Dryden. 
VENERATED,;?;).    Reverenced;   treated 

with  honor  and  respect. 
VEN'ER.VTING,  ppr.  Regarding  with  rev- 
erence. 
VENERATION",    71.  [Fr.  from  L.  renera- 
tio.] 


V  E  N 


V  E  N 


V  E  N 


Tbe  liigliest  degree  of  respect  and  rever- 
ence ;  respect  mingled  with  some  degree 
of  awe  ;  a  feeling  or  sentiment  excited  by 
the  dignity  and  superiority  of  a  person,  or 
by  the  sacredness  of  his  character,  and 
with  regard  to  place,  by  its  consecration 
to  sacred  services. 

We  find  a  secret  awe  and  veneration  for  one 
who  moves  above  us  in  a  tegular  and  illustrious 
course  of  virtue.  Jlddison. 

VEN'ERATOR,  n.  One  who  venerates  and 
reverences. 

VENE'REAL,  a.  [L.  venereus,  from  Venus ; 
W.  Gwener,  from  given,  white,  fair.  See 
Venus.] 

I .  Pertaining  to  the  pleasures  of  sexual  com- 
merce. A  i'e7iereal  person  is  one  addicted 
to  sexual  pleasures  or  venery.  Cyc. 

'2.  Proceeding  from  sexual  intercourse  ;  as 
the  venereal  disease ;  venereal  virus  or  poi- 
son. 

3.  Adapted  to  the  cure  of  the  lues  venerea ; 
as  venereal  medicines. 

•1.  Adapted  to  excite  venereal  desire  ;  aphro- 
disiac ;  provocative.  Cijc. 

5.  Consisting  of  copper,  called  by  chimists 
formerly  Venus.     Obs.  Boyle. 

VENE'REAN,  a.  Venereal.     [JVoiused^ 

Howell. 

VENE'REOUS,  a.  [L.  venereus.]  Lustful ; 
libidinous.  Derham. 

VEN'EROUS,  for  venereous.     [Kot  used.] 

VEN'ERY,  n.  [from  Venus.]  The  pleas- 
ures of  the  bed. 

Contentment,  without  the  pleasure  of  lawful 
venery,  is  continence  ;  of  unlawful,  chastity. 

Grew. 

VEN'ERY,  n.  [Fr.  rencrie ;  from  L.  nenor, 
to  hunt,  that  is,  to  drive  or  rush.] 

The  act  or  exercise  of  hunting ;  the  sports 
of  the  chase. 

Beasts  of  DCTjery  and  fishes.  Brown. 

VENESE€'TION,  n.  [L.  vena,  vein,  and 
seclio,  a  cutting.] 

The  act  or  operation  of  opening  a  vein  for 

letting  blood;  blood-letting;  phlebotomy. 

Cyc.     Wiseman. 

VEN'EY,  n.  [Fr.  venez,  from  venir,  to 
come.]  About;  a  thrust;  a  hit;  a  turn  at 
fencing. 

Three  veneys  for  a  dish  of  slewed  prunes 
Obs.  .S'AoA- 

VEN6E,  V.  t.  venj.  [Fr.  venger.]  To  avenge 
to  punish.     [JVot  in  use.]   [See  Avenge  and 
jReticng'e.]  Shak. 

VENgEABLE,  a.  venj'able.    [from   venge 
Revengeful ;  as  vengeable   despite.     [JVot 
in  use.]  Spenser. 

VENGEANCE,     n.    venj'ance.     [Fr.    from 

veriger,  to  revenge,  L.  vindico.] 
The  infliction  of  pain  on  another,  in  return 
for  an  injury  or  offense.  Such  infliction, 
when  it  proceeds  from  malice  or  mere  re- 
sentment, and  is  not  necessary  for  the  pur- 
jioses  of  justice,  is  revenge,  and  a  most 
hainouS  crime.  When  such  infliction  pro- 
ceeds from  a  mere  love  of  justice,  aijd  the 
necessity  of  punishing  offenders  for  the 
support  of  the  laws,  it  is  vengeance,  and  is 
warrantable  and  just.  In  this  case,  ven- 
geance is  a  just  retribution,  recompense 
or  punishment.  In  this  latter  sense  the 
word  is  used  in  Scripture,  and  frequently 
applied. to  the  punishments  inflicted  by 
God  on  sinners. 


To  rue  belongelh  vengeance    and    recom- 
pense.    Deut.  xxxii. 

The  Lord  will  take  vengeance  on  his  adver- 
saries. Nah.  i. 
fflth  a  vengeance,  in  familiar  language,  sig- 
nifies with  great  violence  or  vehemence ; 
as,  to  strike  one  with  a  vengeance. 
Formerly,  ivhat  a  vengeance,  was  a  phrase 
used  for  what  emphatical. 

But  ivhat  a  vengeance  makes  thee  fly  ? 

Hudibras. 

VENtiEFUL,  a.  venj'ful.  Vindictive;  retri- 
butive ;  as  God's  vengeful  ire.  Milton. 
3.  Revengeful. 

VENGEMENT,     n.     venj'ment.      Avenge 
ment;  penal  retribution.     [Avengement   is 
generally  used.] 
VENG'ER,  71.  An  avenger.     [JVot  in  tise.] 

.  Spenser. 

VE'NIABLE,  a.  [See  Venial.]  Venial ;  par 
donable.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Brown. 

VE'NIABLY,  adv.  Pardonably ;  excusably. 
[JVot  used.]  Brown 

VE'NIAL,  a.  [It.  veniale ;  Sp.  venial;  Fr. 
veniel ;  from  L.  venia,  pardon,  leave  to  de- 
part, from  the  root  of  nemo,  and  signifying 
literally  a  going  or  passing.] 

1.  That  may  be  forgiven  ;  pardonable  ;  as  a 
venial  fault  or  transgression.  The  reform- 
ed churches  hold  all  sins  to  be  venial. 
through  the  merits  of  the  Redeemer  ;  but 
the  most  trifling  sins  not  to  be  venial,  ex 
cept  through  the  righteousness  and  atone 
ment  of  Christ. 

2.  In  familiar  language,  excusable ;  that  may 
be  allowed  or  permitted  to  pass  without 
censure  ;  as  a  venial  slip  or  fault. 

3.  Allowed. 
Permitting  him  the  while 

Venial  discourse  unblam'd.  JUilfon. 

VE'NIALNESS,  n.  State  of  being  excusa 
ble  or  pardonable. 

Venire  facias,  or  venire,  in  law,  a  writ  or  pre- 
cept directed  to  the  sherif,  requiring  him 
to  summon  twelve  men,  to  try  an  issue  be- 
tween parties.  It  is  also  a  writ  in  the  na 
ture  of  a  summons  to  cause  the  party  in 
dieted  on  a  penal  statute,  to  appear. 

VENISON,  n.  ven'izn,  or  ven'xn.  [Fr.  ve- 
naison,  from  h.  venatio,  a.  hunting,  from  lie 
nor,  to  hunt.] 

The  flesh  of  beasts  of  game,  or  of  such  wild 
animals  as  are  taken  in  the   chase.     It  is 
however,  in  the  United  States,  applied  ex 
clusively  to  the  flesh  of  the  deer  or  cervine 
genus  of  animals. 

VEN'OM,  n.  [Fr.  venin ;  It.  veneno  ;  L.  ve- 
nenum  ;  W.  givenwyn.  It  appears  by  the 
Welsh  word  and  its  affinities,  that  the  pri 
mary  sense  is  raging,  furious,  and  hence  it 
is  to  be  referred  to  the  root  of  L.  venor,  to 
hunt,  to  drive  or  chase  ;  venio,  to  come. 
See  Venus,  Sfc] 

1.  Poison;  matter  fatal  or  injurious  to  life. 
Venom  is  generally  used  to  express  nox 
ious  matter  that  is  applied  externally,  or 
that  is  discharged  from  animals,  as  that 
of  bites  and  stings  of  serpents,  scorpions, 
&c. ;  and  poison,  to  express  substances  ta- 
ken into  the  stomach.  Cyc 

2.  Spite ;  malice. 

VEN'OM,  v.  t.  To  poison ;  to  infect  with 
venom.  [Little  used,  but  envenom  is  in 
use  and  elegant.  Venom  may  be  elegantly 
used  in  poetry.] 


VEN'OMOUS,  a.  Poisonous;  noxious  to 
animal  life  ;  as,  the  bite  of  a  serpent  may 
be  venomoxis.  The  sack  at  the  base  of  the 
rattlesnake's  teeth,  contains  z)e/iomows  mat- 
ter. 

3.  Noxious  ;  mischievous  ;  malignant ;  as  a 
I'cnomoxs  progeny.  Brown. 

3.  Spiteful ;  as  a  venomous  writer. 

VEN'OMOUSLY,  adv.  Poisonously;  ma- 
lignantly ;  spitefully.  Dryden. 

VEN'OMOUSNESS,  n.  Poisonousness; 
noxiousness  to  animal  life. 

2.  Malignity  :  spitefulness. 

VE'NOUS,  a.  [L.  vcnosus,  from  vena,  a 
vein.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  vein  or  to  veins ;  contained 
in  veins  ;  as  venous  blood,  which  is  distin- 
guishable from  arterial  blood  by  its  darker 
color. 

2.  In  botany,  veined.  A  venous  leaf,  has  ves- 
sels branching,  or  variously  divided,  over 
its  surface.  J\larlyn. 

VENT,  ji.  [Fr.  venle,  Sp.  venla,  sale,  from 
vendre,  Sp.  vender;  from  the  root  of  L. 
venio,  Eng.  wind,  S^c. ;  properly  a  pas- 
sage.] 

1.  A  small  aperture  ;  a  hole  or  passage  for 
air  or  other  fluid  to  escape  ;  as  the  vent  of 
a  cask. 

3.  The  opening  in  a  cannon  or  other  piece 
of  artillery,  by  which  fire  is  communicated 
to  the  charge. 

3.  Passage  from  secrecy  to  notice  ;  publica- 
tion. Wotton. 

4.  The  act  of  opening.  Phillips. 

5.  Emission  ;  passage  ;  escape  from  confine- 
ment ;  as,  his  smothered  passions  urge  for 
vent. 

6.  Discharge ;  utterance ;  means  of  dis- 
charge. 

Had  like  orief  been  dew'd  in  tears. 
Without  the  vent  of  words —  Milton. 

7.  Sale  ;  as  the  vent  of  a  thousand  copies  of 
a  treatise.  Pope. 

8.  Opportunity  to  sell ;  demand. 
There  is  no  vent  for  any  commodity  except 

wool.  Temple, 

9.  An  inn;  a  baiting  place.     [JVot  in  use.] 
To  giveventto,  to  suffer  to  escape  ;  to  let  out ; 

to  pour  forth. 
VENT,  V.  t.  To  let  out  at  a  small  aperture. 

2.  To  let  out ;  to  suffer  to  escape  from  con- 
finement; to  utter;  to  pour  forth;  as,  to 
ve7it  passion  or  complaint. 

The  queen  of  heav'n  did  thus  her  fury  vent. 

Dryden. 

3.  To  utter  ;  to  report.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Stephens. 

4.  To  publish. 
The  sectators  did  greatly  enrich  their  inven- 
tions by  venting  the  stolen  treasures   of  divine 
letters.     [jVut  used.']  Raleigh. 

5.  To  sell. 

Therefore  did  those  nations  vent  such  spice. 
l.Vot  in  use.]  lialeighi 

[Instead  of  vent  \a  the  latter  sense,  we 
use  I'end.] 
VENT,  V.  i.  To  snuff.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 
VENT'AgE,  n.  Asraallhole.     [JVotinuse.] 

Shak. 

VENT'AIL,  n.  [Fr.  a  folding  door.]     That 

part  of  a  helmet  made  to  be  lifted  up;  the 

part  intended  for  tbe  admission  of  air,  or 

for  breathinir. 


V  E  N 


V  E  N 


V  E  R 


VENTAN'NA, )       [Sp.  ventana.]    A  win- 
VENTAN'A,     {  "•  dow.     [Mot  English.] 

Diyden. 

VENT'ER,  n.  One  who  utters,  reports  or 
publishes.  Bairuw. 

VEN'TER,  n.  [L.]  In  anatomy,  the  abdo- 
men, or  lower  belly ;  formerly  applied  to 
any  large  cavity  containing  viscera,  as  the 
head,  thorax  and  abdomen,  called  the 
tliree  venters.  Parr. 

2.  The  wonili ;  and  lience,  mother.  A  bus 
a  son  B  by  one  venter,  and  a  daughter  C 
by  another  i;en<cr;  childreji  by  different 
venters.  Law  Language. 

3.  The  belly  of  a  muscle. 
VENTIDUCT,    n.    [L.  ventus,   wind,  and 

ductus,  a  canal ;  It.  ventidotli.] 

In  building,  a  passage  ibr  wind  orair  ;  asiib- 
terraneous  passage  or  spiracle  for  ven- 
tilating ii]jnrtiiierits.  Cyc. 

VEN'TILATE,  v.  t.  [L.  ventilo,  from  ven- 
tus, winil  ;  Fr.  ventiler.] 

1.  To  fan  with  wind  ;  to  open  and  expose  to 
the  free  passage  of  air  or  wind  ;  as,  to  ven- 
tilate a  room  ;  to  ventilate  a  cellar. 

2.  To  cause  the  air  to  pass  through  ;  as,  to 
ventilate  a  mine. 

3.  To  winnow ;  to  fan ;  as,  to  ventilate 
wheat. 

4.  To  examine  ;  to  discuss ;  tliat  is,  to  agi- 
tate ;  as,  to  ventilate  questions  of  policy. 
UK'ot  now  iH  use.] 

VEN'TILATEU,  pp.  Exposed  to  tlie  ac- 
tion of  the  air  ;  fanned ;  winnowed  ;  dis- 
cussed. 

VEN'TILATIN'G,  ppr.  Exposing  to  the  ac- 
tion of  wind;  fainiing ;  di.<icussing. 

VENTILA'TION,  n.  [Fi:  from  L.  ventUa- 
tio.] 

1.  The  act  of  ventilating  ;  the  act  or  opera- 
tion of  exposing  to  the  free  passage  of  air, 
or  of  causing  the  air  to  pass  through  any 
place,  for  the  purpose  of  expelling  impure 
air  and  dissipating  .any  thing  noxious. 

2.  The  act  of  fanning  or  winnowing,  for  the 
purpose  of  separating  chaff  and  dust. 

3.  Vent;  utterance.      [.Vo*  tii  xsc]     If'otton. 

•1.  Refriireration.     [J\'ot  in  use.]  Harvey. 

VEN'TlLATOR,  n.  An  instrument  or  ma- 
chine for  expelling  foul  or  stagnant  air 
from  any  close  place  or  apartment,  and 
introducing  that  which  is  fresh  and  pure. 
Ventilators  are  of  very  different  construc- 
tions and  sizes. 

VENTOS'ITY,  n.  [Fr.  ventosite;  from  L. 
ventosus.]     Windiness  ;  flatulence. 

Bacon. 

VEN'TRAL,  a.  [from  L.  venter,  belly.]  Be- 
longing to  the  belly. 

The  ventral  fins,  in  fishes,  are  placed  be- 
tween the  anus  and  the  throat. 

Ed.  Encyc. 

VEN'TRIeLE,  n.  [L.ventnculus,  from  ven- 
ter, belly.] 

In  a  general  sense,  a  small  cavity  in  an  ani- 
mal body.  It  is  applied  to  the  stomach. 
It  is  also  applied  to  two  cavities  of  the 
heart,  which  propel  the  blood  into  the  ar- 
teries. The  word  is  also  applied  to  cavi- 
ties in  different  parts  of  the  brain.        Cyc. 

VEN'TRIeOUS,  a.  [L.  ventricosus,  from 
venter,  belly.] 

In  botany,  bellied  ;  distended  ;  swelling  out 
in  the  middle ;  as  a  vcniricoxis  periaiiih. 

Martyn 

Vol.  II. 


VENTRieULOUS,  a.  [supra.]  Somewhat 
dii-ti'iided  in  the  middle. 

VENTRlL'OQUIiJiVl,  /       [L.  tcn/er,  belly, 

VENTRILOQUY,  P"  and  loquor,  to 
speak.] 

The  act,  art  or  practice  of  speaking  in  such 
a  manner  that  the  voice  appears  to  come, 
not  from  the  person,  but  from  some  dis- 
tant place,  as  from  the  opposite  side  of  the 
room,  from  the  cellar,  &,c. 

VENTRILOQUIST,  n.  One  who  speaks 
in  such  a  manner  that  his  voice  apijears 
to  come  from  some  distant  place. 

'Itie  ancient  ventritvtjuisls  seemed  to  speak 
fioui  their  bellies.  Encyc. 

VENTRIL'OQUOUS,  a.  Speaking  in  such 
a  manner  as  to  make  the  sotmd  appear  to 
come  from  a  place  remote  from  the  speak 
er. 

VEN'TURE,  n.  [Fr.  aventure  ;  It.  Sp.  Ven- 
tura ;  from  L.  venio,  ventus,  venturus,  to 
come.] 

1.  A  hazard;  an  undertaking   of  chance  or 
danger;  the  risking  of  something  upon  an 
event  which  cannot  be  foreseen  with  tol 
erable  certainty. 

i,  in  this  venture,  double  gains  pursue. 

Dryden. 

2.  Chance  ;  hap  ;  contingency  ;  luck  ;  an 
event  that  is  not  or  cannot  be  foreseen. 

Bacon. 

3.  The  thing  |iut  to  hazard  ;  particularly, 
something  sent  to  sea  in  trade. 

My  ventures  are  not  in  one  bottom  trusted. 

Shak. 
M  a  venture,  at  hazard;  without  seeing  the 
end   or  mark  ;  or  without  Ibreseeing  the 
issue. 

A  bargain  at  a  venture  made.  Htidihras 

A  certain  man  drew  a  bow  at  a  venture.  I 
Kings  xxii. 
VEN'TURE,  V.  i.  To  dare  ;  to  have  cour 
age  or  presumpiinn  to  do,  undertake  or 
say.  A  roan  vetitures  to  mount  a  ladder  ; 
he  ventures  into  battle  ;  he  ventures  to  as- 
sert things  which  he  does  not  know. 
2.  To  run  a  hazard  or  risk. 

Who  freights  a  slii|)  to  venture  on  the  seas. 

Dryden. 
To  venture  at,  )  to   dare    to  engage 

To  venture  on  or  upon,  I  in  ;  to  attempt  with- 
out any  certainty  of  success.  It  is  rash  to 
venture  upon  such  a  project. 

And  when  I  venture  at  the  comic  style. 

Waller. 
VEN'TURE,  v.  t.  To  expose  to  hazard  ;  to 
risk  ;  as,  to  venture  one's  person  in  a  bal- 
loon. 
2.  To  put  or  send  on  a  venture  or  chance  ; 
as,  to  venture  a  horse  to  the  West  Indies. 
VEN'TIIRED,  pp.  Put  to  the  hazard;  risk- 
ed. 
VEN'TURER,  n.  One  who  ventures  or  puts 

to  hazards. 
VEN'TURESOiME,  a.  Bold;  daring ;  intre- 
pid ;  as  a  venturesome  boy. 
VENTURESOMELY,  adv.  In  a  bold,  dar- 
ing manner. 
VEN'TURING,    ppr.    Putting   to  hazard  ; 

daring. 
VEN'TURING,  n.  The   act  of  putting  to 

risk  :  a  hazarding. 
VEN'TUROUS,    a.    Daring  ;  bold  :  hardy  ; 
fearless;  intrepid;  adventurous;  asaren 
turous  soldier. 

With  vent'rous  arm 
He  pluck'd,  he  tasted.  Miton. 

107 


VENTUROUSLY,  adv.  Daringly ;  fearless- 
ly ;  boldly.  Bacon. 

VEN  TUROUSNESS,  n.  Boldness  ;  hardi- 
ness ;  fearlessness  ;  intrepidity.  The 
event  made  ihera  repent  of  their  venlur- 
ousness. 

VENUE,  )      [L.  incinia  ;  Norm.  ii«nt.]  In 

VISNE,  ^  'law,  a  neighborhood  or  near 
place ;  the  jdace  where  an  action  is  laid. 
In  certain  cases,  the  court  has  power  to 
change  the  venue.  Cyc. 

The  twelve  men  who  arc  to  try  the  cause, 
must  be  of  tlie  same  tenue  where  the  deniand 
is  made.  BlackUune. 

VEN'UE,  n.  A  thrust.     [See  Venty.l 

VEN'ULITE,  n.  A  iietrilied  shell  of  the  ge- 
nus Venus. 

VENUS,  ji.  [L. ;  W.  Gwener,  from  gtcen, 
white,  fair,  the  feminine  of  gicyv,  white, 
fair,  that  affords  happiness  ;  silso  gipyn, 
rage,  violent  impulse  of  the  mind,  lust, 
smart  :  gu-ynau,  to  whiten  ;  gun/nt,  wind, 
L.  ventus;  gwynawg,  fidl  of  rage  ;  guent, 
an  open  country  ;  gwtnu,  to  smile  ;  gwen- 
u-yn,  |>oison,  L.  venenum,  Eng.  venom  ; 
gteenwynau;  to  poison,  to  fret  or  irritate. 
These  affmities  lead  to  the  true  origin  of 
these  words.  The  primary  sense  of  the 
root  is  to  shoot  or  rush,  as  light  or  wind. 
From  light  is  derived  the  seuse  of  white, 
fair,  Venus,  or  it  is  from  o|)ening,  parting  ; 
and  from  rushing,  moving,  comes  u-ind, 
and  the  sense  of  raging,  fury,  whence  L. 
venenum,  poison,  that  which  frets  or  caus- 
es to  rage.  These  words  all  coincide  with 
L.  fCJiio,  which  signifies  to  rush,  to  fall,  to 
happen  ;  venor,  to  hunt,  &c.  The  Greeks 
ha<l  the  same  idea  of  the  goddess  of  love, 
viz.  that  her  name  signified  fairnes,';,  white- 
ness-, and  hence  the  fable  that  she  sprung 
from  froth,  whence  her  Greek  name  A^- 
poSir>;,  from  afpof,  froth.] 

1.  In  mythology,  the  goddess  of  beauty  and 
love;  that  is,  beauty  or  love  deified  :  just 

[  as  the  Gaelic  and  Irish  diana,  swiftness, 
impetuosity,  is  denominated  the  goddcsti 
of  hunting. 

2.  In  astronomy,  one  of  the  inferior  planets, 
whose  orbit  is  between  the  earth  and  Aler- 
cmy  ;  a  star  of  brilliant  splendor. 

3.  In  the  old  chimistry,  a  name  given  to  cap- 
per. 

VENUS'S  €OMB,  »i.  A  plant  of  the  genus 

Scandix  ;  shepherd's  needle.  Lie 

VENUS'S  LOQKING-GLASS,  n.  A  plant  of 

the  genus  Campanida. 
VENUS'S  NAVELWORT,n.  A  plant  of  the 

genus  Cynoglos,snm. 
VENUST',  a.  [L.  venustvs.]  Beautiful.  [.Vol 

used.] 
VERA'CIOUS,    a.    [L.   verax,  from   verus, 

true.] 

1.  Observant  of  truth  ;  habitually  disposed 
'     to  sjjcak  truth. 

2.  True.     [Lillle  used.]  Pinkerton. 
VERACITY,  n.  [It.  reracUa ;  from  L.  te- 

rnx,  from  verus,  true.] 

1.  Habitual  observance  of  truth,  or  habitual 
truth  ;  as  a  man  of  veracity.     His  veracity 

I  is  not  called  in  question.  The  question  of 
the  court  is,  whether  yon  know  the  wit- 
ness to  be  a  man  of  veracity.     We  rely  on 

I  history,  when  we  have  confidence  iii  the 
veracity  and  industry  of  the  historian. 

"  The  veracity  of  facts,"  is  not  correct 
language.     Truth  is  applicable  to  men  and 


V  E  R 


V  E  R 


V  E  R 


1 


to  facts ;  veracity  to  men  only,  or  to  sen- 
tient beings. 

2.  Invariable  expression  of  truth  ;  as  the  ve- 
racity of  our  senses.  Karnes. 

VERAN'DA,  n.  An  oriental  word  denoting 
a  kind  of  open  portico,  formed  by  extend-! 
iug  a  sloping  roof  beyond  the  main  build-! 
ing.  Todd.' 

VERA'TRIA,  n.  [L.  veratrum,  hellebore.]; 
A  newly  discovered  vegetable  alkali,  ex-t 
tracted  from  the  white  hellebore.  Ure.\ 

VERB,  n.  [L.  verbum;  Fr.  verbe  ;  Sp.  It. 
verba ;  Ir.  fearb ;  probably  from  the  root 
of  L.  fero.'] 

In  grammar,  a  part  of  speech  that  ex- 
presses action,  motion,  being,  suffering,  or 
a  request  or  command  to  do  or  forbear  any 
thing.  The  verb  affirms,  declares,  asks  or 
commands;  as,  I  wnte  ;  he  runs  ;  the  riv- 
er _^ojra  ;  they  sleep  ;  we  see  ;  they  are  de- 
ceived ;  depart ;  go ;  come ;  lorite  ;  does  he 
improve  ? 

Wlien  the  action  expressed  by  a  verb  is 
exerted  on  an  object,  or  terminates  upon 
it,  the  act  is  considered  as  passing  to  that 
object,  and  the  verb  is  called  transitive  ; 
as,  I  read  Livy.  When  the  act  express- 
ed by  the  verb,  terminates  in  the  agent  or 
subject,  the  verb  is  called  intransitive ;  as, 
I  nm  ;  I  walk  ;  I  sleep. 

When  the  agent  and  object  change  pla- 
ces, and  the  agent  is  considered  as  the  in- 
strument by  which  the  object  is  affected, 
the  verb  is  called  passive  ;  as,  Goliath  was 
slain  by  David. 

2.  A  word.  South. 

VERB'AL,  a.  [Fr. ;  L.  verbalis.]  Spoken  ; 
expressed  to  the  ear  in  words  ;  not  writ- 
ten ;  as  a  verbal  message  ;  a  verbal  con- 
tract ;  verbal  testimony. 

2.  Oral ;  uttered  by  the  mouth.  Shak. 

3.  Consisting  in  mere  words  ;  as  a  verbal  re- 
ward. 

4.  Res[)ecting  words  only  ;  as  a  verbal  dis- 
pute. 

5.  Minutely  exact  in  words,  or  attending  to 
words  only  ;  as  a  verbal  critic. 

C.  Literal ;  having  word  answering  to  word ; 
as  a  verbal  translation. 

7.  In  grammar,  derived  from  a  verb ;  as  a 
verbal  noun. 

8.  Verbose;  abounding  with  words.  [J^Totin 
use.]  Shak. 

VERBAL'ITY,  n.    Mere  words  ;  bare  lite-j 

ral  expressions.  Brown. 

VERB'ALIZE,  v.  t.  To  convert  into  a  verb.! 
VERB'ALLY,  adv.    In   words  spoken  ;  by 

words  uttered  ;  orally.  South.^ 

2.  Word  for  word  ;  as,  to  translate  verbally.l 

Dry  den. \ 
VERBA'TIM,  adv.    [L.]  Word   for  word;! 

in  the  same  words;  as,  to  tell  a  story  ver 

batim  as  another  has  related  it. 
VERB'ERATE,  v.  t.  [L.  verbero.]  To  beat 

to  strike.     \jVot  in  use] 
VERBERA'TION,  n.  A  beating  or   strik- 


ing ;  blows. 


Arhuthnot. 


2.  Tiie  impulse  of  a  body,  which  causes 
sound.  Cyc 

VERB'IAOE,  n.  [Fr.]  Verbosity;  use  of 
many  words  without  necessity  ;  super- 
abiiridance  of  words. 

VIi;RI{()'S1",,  a.  [h.  verbosus.]  Abounding  in 
words;  using  or  containing  more  words 
than  are  necessary  ;  prolix :  tedious  by  a 


multiplicity  of  words  ;  as  a  verbose  speak- 
er ;  a  verbose  argument. 

VERBOS'ITY,        (       Employment  of  a 

VERBO'SENESS,  S"'  superabundance  of 
words ;  the  use  of  more  words  than  are 
necessary  ;  as  the  verbosity  of  a  speaker. 

2.  Superabundance  of  words  ;  prolixity;  as 
the  verbosity  of  a  discourse  or  argument. 

VER'DANCY,  n.  [See  Verdant.]  Green- 
ness. JVorris. 

VER'DANT,  a.  [Fr.  verdoyant ;  L.  viridans, 
from  viridis,  from  vireo,  to  be  green.  The 
radical  sense  of  the  verb  is  to  grow  or  ad- 
vance with  strength.] 

1.  Green  ;  fresh  ;  covered  with  growing 
plants  or  grass  ;  as  verdant  fields ;  a  ver- 
dant lawn. 

2.  Flourishing. 

VER'DERER,   )       [Fr.  verdier,  from  verd, 

VER'DERUR,  J  "•  green;  or  Low  L.  viri- 
darius.] 

An  officer  in  England,  who  has  the  charge 
of  the  king's  forest,  to  preserve  the  vert 
and  venison,  keep  the  assizes,  view,  re- 
ceive and  enroll  attachments  and  present- 
ments of  all  manner  of  trespasses. 

Blackstone. 

VER'DICT,  n.  [L.  verum  dictum,  true  de- 
claration.] 

1.  The  answer  of  a  jury  given  to  the  court 
concernmg  any  matterof  fact  in  any  cause, 
civil  or  criminal,  committed  to  their  trial 
and  examination.  In  criminal  causes,  the 
jury  decide  the  law  as  well  as  the  fact. 
Verdicts  are  general  or  special ;  general, 
when  they  decide  in  general  terms,  or  in 
the  terms  of  the  general  issue,  as  no  wrong, 
no  disseisin;  special,  when  the  jury  find 
and  state  the  facts  at  large,  and  as  to  the 
law,  pray  the  judgment  of  the  court. 

Blackstone.] 

2.  Derision  ;  judgment ;  opinion  pronounc-J 
ed  ;  as,  to  be  condemned  by  the  verdict  of 
the  public. 

These  enormities  were  condemned  by  the 
verdict  oi  co\M\i\oi\  humanity.  South. 

VER'DIGRIS,  n.  [Fr.  verd  and  grjs ;  green- 
gray-] 

Rust  ot  copper,  or  an  acetate  of  copper, 
formed  by  the  combination  of  an  acid 
with  cop|)er.  Vre. 

VER'DITKR,  >!.  [verrfe-ferrc,  green  earth  ; 
terre-vcrte.] 

A  pre[iaration  of  copper  sometimes  used  by 
painters,  &c.  for  a  hlue,  but  moregeiieral-| 
iy  uiixed  with  a  yellow  for  a  green  color. 
It  is  a  factitious  substance  or  blue  pig- 
ment, obtained  by  adding  chalk  or  whiting 
to  a  solution  of  copper  in  nitric  aciil  or 
aqua  firtls.  Enciic     lire. 

VER'DURE,  n.  [Fr.;  from  L.i'iVco.]  Green; 
greenness  ;  freshuess  of  vegetation ;  asl 
the  verdure  of  the  meadows  in  June;  the 
verdure  of  sju'ing. 

VER'DUROUS,  a.  Covered  with  green ; 
clothed  with  the  fresh  color  of  vegetables  ;i 
as  verdurous  pastures.  Philips. 

VER'ECUND,  a.  [L.  verecundus.]  Bash- 
ful ;  modest.     f.Voi  much  iised.]       H'otton. 

VERECUND'ITV,  n.  Bashfulness  ;  modes- 
ty ;  blushing.     {.Not  in  much  use.] 

VERtiE,  n.  verj.  [Fr. ;  It.  verga,  L.  virga, 
a  rod,  that  is,  a  shoot.] 

1.  A  rod,  or  something  in  the  form  of  a  roil 
or  staff',  carried  as  an  emblem  of  authori- 
ty ;  the  niacc  of  a  dean.  Swijt. 


2.  The  stick  or  wand  with  which  persons 
are  admitted  tenants,  by  holding  it  in  the 
hand,  and  swearing  fealty  to  the  lord.  On 
this  account,  such  tenants  are  called  ten- 
ants by  the  verge.  Cyc.     England. 

.3.  In  law,  the  compass  or  extent  of  the  king's 
court,  within  which  is  bounded  the  juris- 
diction of  the  lord  steward  of  the  king's 
household  ;  so  called  from  the  verge  or 
staff  which  the  marshal  bears.  Cowel. 

4.  The  extreme  side  or  end  of  any  thing 
which  has  some  extent  of  length  ;  the 
brink  ;  edge  ;  border  ;  margin.  [This 
seems  to  be  immediately  connected  with 
the  L.  vergo.] 

5.  Among  gardeners,  the  edge  or  outside  of 
a  border ;  also,  a  slip  of  grass  adjoining 
to  gravel-walks,  and  dividing  them  from 
the  borders  in  the  parterre-garden.      Cyc. 

6.  A  part  of  a  time  piece. 

VERtiE,  V.  i.  [L.  vergo.]  To  tend  down- 
wards; to  bend;  to  slope  ;  as, a.h\\\  verges 
to  the  north. 

2.  To  tend  ;  to  incline  ;  to  approach. 

I  find  myself  verging  to  that  period  of  lift- 
which  is  to  be  labor  and  sorrow.  Sxmft. 

VERti'ER,  n.  He  that  carries  the  mace 
before  the  bishop,  dean,  &c. 

Farquhar.     Cyc. 

2.  An  officer  who  carries  a  white  wand  be- 
fore the  justices  of  either  hencii  in  Eng- 
land. Cyc. 

VERG'ING,  ppr.  Bending  or  inclining  ; 
tending. 

VER'GOULEUSE,  n.  A  species  of  pear  ; 
contracted  to  vergaloo. 

VERID'I€AL,  a.  [L.  veyidicus ;  verus  and 
dico.]     Telling  truth.     [jYot  used.] 

VERIFIABLE,  a.  [from  verify.]  That  may 
be  verified;  that  may  be  proved  or  con- 
firmed by  incontestable  evidence.     South. 

VERIFICA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  See  Verify.] 
The  act  of  verifying  or  proving  to  be  true ; 
the  act  of  confirming  or  establishing  the 
authenticity  of  any  powers  granted,  or  of 
any  transaction,  by  legal  or  competent  ev- 
idence. 

VERIFIED,  pp.  Proved  ;  confirmed  by 
competent  evidence. 

VERIFIER,  n.  One  that  proves  or  makes 
appear  to  be  true. 

VER'IFY,  t'. /.  [Fr.  verifier;  L.  rerus,  true, 
aiid/acio,  to  make  ;  W.  gwir,  pure,  true, 
ether,  purity  ;  gwiraic,  to  verily.] 

1.  To  prove  to  be  true;  to  confirm. 

j  This  is  verified  by  a  number  of  examples. 

1  Bacon. 

2.  To  fulfill,  as  a  promise ;  to  confirm  the 
truth  of  a  prediction  ;  to  show  to  be  true. 
The  predictions  of  this  venerable  patriot 
have  been  verified.  Gen.  xlii.   I  Kings  viii. 

3.  To  confirm  or  establish  the  authenticity  of 
any  thing  by  examination  or  competent 
evidence.  The  first  act  of  the  house  of 
representatives  is  to  verify  their  |)owers, 
by  exhibiting  their  credentials  to  a  com- 
mittee of  the  house,  or  other  proper  au- 
thority^ U.  States. 

VER'IFyING,    ppr.    Proving  to   be   true; 

confirming  ;  establishing  as  authentic. 
VER'ILY,  adv.    [from  very.]    In  truth;  in 

fact ;  certainly. 
2.  Really  ;  truly  ;  with  great  confidence.    It 

was  verity  thought  the  enterprise  would 

succeed. 


V  E  R 


V  E  R 


V  E  R 


VERISIM'ILAR,  a.  [L.  verisimilis  ;  verus,] 
true,  and  similis,  like.]     Having   tlie  ap 
pearance  of  truth  ;  probable  ;  likely. 

VERISIMIL'ITUDE,  n.  [L.  vtrisimilitudo.] 
The  appearance  of  truth  ;  probability  ; 
likelihood. 

Verisimilitude  and  opinion  are  an  easy  pur- 
chase ;  but  true  knowledge  is  dear  and  diffi- 
cult. Glanville. 

VERISIMIL'ITY,  for  verisimilitude,  is  not 
in  use. 

VERITABLE,  a.  [Fr.]  True ;  agreeable 
to  fact.     [Little  used.]  Shak. 

VERITABLY,  adv.  In  a  true  manner. 
rjVb< in  use.] 

VER'ITY,  n.  [Fr.  veriti  ;  L.  Veritas,  from 
verus,  true  ;  W.  gwirez  ;  Sans,  icartha.] 

1.  Truth  ;  consonance  of  a  statement,  prop- 
osition or  other  thing  to  fact.     I  Tim.  li. 

It  is  a  proposition  oC  eternal  verily,  that  none 
can  govern  while  he  is  despised.  South. 

9.  A  true  assertion  or  tenet. 

By  this  it  seems  to  be  a  verity.  Davies. 

3.  Moral  truth ;  agreement  of  the  words 
with  the  thoughts.  Johnson. 

VER'JCICE,  n.  [Fr.  verjus,  that  is,  verdjus. 
the  juice  of  green  fruits.] 

A  liquor  expressed  from  wild  apples,  sour 
grapes,  &c.  used  in  sauces,  ragouts  and 
the  like.  It  is  used  also  in  the  purifica- 
tion of  wa.\  for  candles,  in  poultices,  &c. 

Cyc 

VERMEIL.     [See  Verinilion.] 

VERME0L'06IST,  n.  [infra.]  One  who 
treats  of  vermes. 

VERMEOL'0(>Y,  n.  [L.  vermes,  worms,  and 
Gr.  7.oyo;,  discourse.] 

A  discourse  or  treatise  on  vermes,  or  that 
part  of  natural  history  which  treats  of 
vermes.     [Lillle  used.] 

VERMICEL'Ll,  n.  [It.  vermicello,  a  little 
worm,  L.  vermiculus,  from  vermis,  a 
worm.] 

In  cookery,  little  rolls  or  threads  of  paste,  or 
a  composition  of  flour,  eggs,  sugar  and 
saffron ;  used  in  soups  and  pottages. 

VERMI€'UL.\R,  a.  [L.  vermiculus,  a  little 
worm,  from  I'tnnis,  a  worm.] 

Pertaining  to  a  worm  ;  resembling  a  worm  ; 
particularly,  resembling  the  motion  of  a 
worm  ;  as  the  vermicular  motion  of  the  in- 
testines, called  also  peristaltic.  Cyc. 
Vermicular  or  vermiculated  work,  in  sculp- 
ture, a  sort  of  ornament  consisting  of 
frets  or  knots,  in  Mosaic  pavements,  wind- 
ing and  representing  the  tracks  of  worms. 

VERMIC'ULATE,  v.  t.    [L.   vermiculatus.] 
To  inlay;  to  form  work  by  inlaying,  re- 
sembling   the   motion    or   the    tracks  of 
worms. 
VERMICULATED,    pp.    Formed   in   tlm 

likeness  of  the  motion  of  a  worm. 
VERMIC'ULATING,   ppr.    Forming  so  as 

to  resemble  the  motion  of  a  worm. 
VERMl€ULA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  opera- 
tion of  moving  in  the  form  of  a  worm ; 
continuation  of  motion  from  one  part  to 
another,  as  in  the  peristaltic  motion  of  the 
intestines.  Hale. 

2.  The  act  of  forming  so  as  to  resemble  the 

motion  of  a  worm. 
VERM'ICULE,  n.  [L.  vermiculus.]    A  little 
worm  or  grub.  Derham. 

VERMICTLOUS,  a.  [L.  vermiculosus. 
Full  of  worms  or  grubs. 


2.  Resembling  worms.  | 

VERMIFORM,  a.  [L.  uermw,  a  worm,  and 
forma,  form.) 

Having  the  form  or  shape  of  a  worm;  as  the 
vermiform  process  of  the  cerebellum. 

VERM'IFUtiE,  71.  [L.  vermis,  a  worm,  and 
fugo,  to  expel.] 

A  medicine  or  substance  that  destroys  or' 
expels  worms  from  animal  bodies  ;  an  an- 
thelmintic. 

VER'MIL,  I 

VERMILION,  \^^-vermil'yon.  [Tr.venneil, 
vermilion  ;  It.  vermiglione  ;  from  L.  vermi- 
culus, vermes  ;  a  name  sometimes  improp- 
erly given  to  the  kermes.     Sec  Crimson.] 

1.  The  cochineal,  a  small  insect  found  on  al 
particular  plant.     [Improper  or  obsolete.]      \ 

2.  Red  sulphurct  of  mercury  ;  a  bright, 
beautiful  red  color  of  two  sorts,  natural 
and  artificial.  The  natural  is  found  in  sil-1 
ver  mines,  in  the  form  of  a  rudily  sand, 
which  is  to  be  prepared  by  purification  or 
washing,  and  then  levigated  with  water 
on  a  stone.  T^Uc  factitious  or  common  ver-! 
niilion  is  made  of  artificial  cinnabar, 
ground  with  white  wine,  and  afterwards, 
with  the  white  of  an  egg.  j 

3.  Any  beautiful  red  color.  In  blushing,^ 
the  delicate  cheek  is  covered  with  vermil- 
ion. 

VERMILION,  v.t.  vermiVyon.  To  dye  red; 
to  cover  with  n  delicate  red.  | 

VERMILIONED,  pp.  or  a.  Dyed  or  tinged 
with  a  bright  red. 

Vt^RM'IN,  ».  sing,  and  plu.;  used  chiefly 
in  the  plural.  [Fr.  It.  rcraitne;  from  L.[ 
vermes,  worms.] 

1.  All  sorts  of  small  animals  which  are  de- 
structive to  grain  or  other  produce ;  all 
noxious  little  animals  or  insects,  as  squir- 
rels, rats,  mice,  worms,  grubs,  flies,  &c. 


These  vermin  do  great  injuries  in  the  field. 

.Mortimer. 

2.  Used  of  noxious  human  beings  in  con- 
tempt ;  as  base  vermin.  Hudihras. 

VERM'INATE,  v.  i.  [L.  vermino.]  To  brecd| 
vermin. 

VERMINA'TION,  n.  The  breeding  of  ver- 
min. Derham. 

2.  A  griping  of  the  bowels. 

VERM  INOUS,  a.  Tending  to  breed  ver- 
min. 

The  verminous  disposition  of  the  body. 

Harvey 

VERMIP'AROUS,  a.  [L.  vermes,  worms 
and  pario,  to  bear.]     Producing  worms. 

Brown. 

VERMIV'OROUS,  a.  [L.  vermes,  worms 
and  I'oro,  to  devour.] 

Devouring  worms  ;  feeding  on  worms.  Ver- 
mivorous  birds  are  very  useful  to  the 
farmer. 

VERNACULAR,  a.  [L.  vemaculus,  born  in 

I     one's  house,  from  vema,  a  servant.] 

1.  Native  ;  belonging  to  the  country  of  one's 
birth.  English  is  our  vernacular  language. 
The  vernacular  idiom  is  seldom  perfectly 
acquired  by  foreigners.  I 

Native  :  belonging  to  the  person  by  birth, 
or  nature.  Milner.' 

A  vernacular  disease,  is  one  which  prevails 

in  a  particular  country  or  district;  more 

generally  called  endemic.  \ 

VERNAC'ULOUS,  a.  [supra.]   Vernacular; 

also,  scoiBng.     06s.        Brown.    Spenser.[ 


VER'NAL,  a.  [L.  vernalis,  from  rer,  spring.] 

1.  Belonging  to  the  sprmg ;  appearing  in 
spring ;  as  vernal  bloom. 

Vernal  flowers  are  preparatives  to  autumnal 
fruits.  Rambler. 

2.  Belonging  to  youth,  the  spring  of  life. 
Vernal  signs,  the  signs  in  which  the  sun  ap- 
pears in  the  spring. 

Vernal  equinox,  the  equinox  in  spring  or 
March ;  opposed  to  the  autumnal  equinox, 
in  September. 

VER'NANT,  o.  [L.vtmans;  rerno,  to  flour- 
ish.] Flourishing,  as  in  spring  ;  as  vernant 
flowers.  Milton. 

VER' NATE,  V.  i.  To  become  young  again. 
[.Yot  in  use] 

VERNATION,  n.  [L.  rerno.]  In  botany, 
the  disposition  of  the  nascent  leaves  with- 
in the  bud.  It  is  called  also  foliation  or 
leafing.  Martyn. 

VER'NIER,  n.  [from  the  inventor.]  A 
graduated  index  which  subdivides  the 
smallest  divisions  on  a  straight  or  circular 
scale.  Cyc. 

VERNIL'ITY,  n.  [L.  rerni/is,  from  tiernu,  a 
slave.]  Servility;  fawning  behavior,  like 
that  of  a  slave.     [.Yot  in  use.]  Bailey. 

VERON'ICA,    n.    [vera-icon,   true   image.] 

1.  A  portrait  or  representation  of  the  face  of 
our  Savior  on  handkerchiefs. 

2.  In  io/nniy,  a  genus  of  plants.  Speedwell. 
VERRUCOUS,  a.  [L.  lerruco,  a  wart ;  ver- 
rucosus, full  of  warts.] 

Warty ;  having  little  knobs  or  warts  on  the 

surface;  as  a  verrucous  capsule.      .Martyn. 
VERSABIL'ITY.       )       [L.  versabUis,  from 
VERS'ABLENESS,  S  "•  versor,  to  turn.] 
Aptness  to  be  turned  round.     [.Yot  used.] 

Did. 
VERS'ABLE,    a.    [supra.]     That  may  be 

turned.     LYot  used.] 
VERSAL,  lor  universal.     [.Yot  used  or  very 

vulgar.] 
VERSATILE,  a.  [L.  versalilis,  from  versor, 

to  turn.] 

1.  That  may  be  turned  round  ;  as  a  versatile 
boat  or  spindle.  Harte. 

2.  Liable  to  he  turned  in  opinion ;  change- 
able ;  variable ;  unsteady ;  as  a  man  of  »ers- 
atile  disposition. 

3.  Turning  with  ease  from  one  thing  to  an- 
other ;  readily  applied  to  a  new  task,  or  to 
various  subjects ;  as  a  man  of  versatile 
genius. 

4.  In  botany,  a  versatile  anther  is  one  fixed 
by  the  middle  on  the  point  of  the  filament, 
and  so  poised  as  to  turn  like  the  needlu 
of  a  compass  ;  fixed  by  its  side,  but  freely 
movable.  Lee.     .Marttfn. 

VERS.ATIL'ITY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
versatile;  aptness  to  change ;  readiness  to 
be  turned ;  variableness. 

2.  The  faculty  of  easily  turning  one's  mind 
to  new  tasks  or  subjects  ;  as  the  versatilily 
of  genius. 

VERSE,  »i.  I'ers.  [L.  versus ;  Fr.  tiers ;  from 
L.  verto,  to  turn.] 

1.  Ill  poetry,  a  line,  consisting  of  a  certain 
number  of  long  and  short  syllables,  dis|>os- 
ed  according  to  the  rules  of  the  species  of 
poetry  which  the  author  intends  to  com- 
pose. Verses  are  of  various  kind.*,  as 
hexameter,  ptntnmeler,  and  tetrameter.  &c. 
according  lo  the  number  of  feel  in  each. 
A  verse  of  twelve  syllables  is  called  a.n 


V  E  R 


V  E  R 


V  E  S 


Mexandrian  or  Alexandrine.  Two  or  more 
verses  form  a  stanza  or  strophe. 

2.  Poetry ;  metrical  language. 

Virtue  was  taught  in  verse.  Prior. 

Kerse  embalms  virtue.  Donne, 

3.  A  short  division  of  any  composition,  par- 
ticularly of  the  chapters  in  the  Scriptures. 
The  author  of  the  division  of  the  Old  Tes- 
tament into  i^erses,  is  not  ascertained.  The 
New  Testament  was  divided  into  verses 
by  Robert  Stephens. 

4.  A  piece  of  poetry.  Pope. 

5.  A  portion  of  an  anthem  to  be  performed 
by  a  single  voice  to  each  part. 

6.  In  a  song  or  ballad,  a  stanza  is  called  a 
verse. 

Blank  verse,  poetry  in  which  the  Unes  do  not 
end  in  rhymes. 

Heroic  verse,  usually  consists  often  syllables, 
or  in  English,  of  five  accented  syllables, 
constituting  five  feet. 

VERSE,  ti.  t.  To  tell  in  verse  ;  to  relate  po- 
etically. 
Playing  on  pipes  of  corn,  and  versing  love. 

Shak. 

To  be  versed,  [L.  versor,]  to  be  well  skilled  ; 
to  be  acquainted  witli  ;  as,  to  be  versed  in 
history  or  in  geometry. 

VERSE-MAN,  n.  [verse  and  man.]  A  wri- 
ter of  verses  ;  in  ludicrous  language.  Prior. 

VERS'ER,  n.  A  maker  of  verses;  a  versi- 
fier. />.  Jonson. 

VERS'ICLE,  n.  [L.  versiculus.]  A  little 
verse.     [N'ol  used.] 

VERS'ICOLOR,        }  [L.      versicolor.] 

VERSICOLORED,  \  "'  Having  various 
colors;  changeable  in  color. 

VERSIC'ULAR,  a.  Pertaining  to  verses  ; 
designating  distinct  divisions  of  u  writing 

VERSIFI€A'TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  versifier. 
The  act,  art  or  practice  of  composing  po 
etic  verse.     Versification  is  the  result  of 
art,  labor  an  I  rule,  rather  than  of  invcn 
tion  or  the  fire  of  genius.     It  consists  in' 
adjusting  the  long  and  short  syllables,  and| 
forming  feet  into  harmonious  measure.      | 

Ciic.\ 

VERS'IFICATOR,  n.  A  versifier.  [Lihh\ 
used.]     [.See  Versifier.] 

VERS'IFIED,  pp.  [from  versifiy.]  Formed 
into  verse. 

VERS'IFIER,  n.  Owe  who  makes  verses. 
Not  every  versifier  is  a  poet. 

3.  One  who  converts  into  verse;  or  one  who 
expresses  the  ideas  of  another,  written  in 
prose  ;  as,  Dr.  Watts  was  a  venifier  of  the 
P.sahns. 

VERS'IFY,  V.  i.  To  make  verses. 
I'll  versify  in  spite,  and  do  my  best. 

Dryden.: 
VERS'IFV',  V.  t.   To  relate  or  describe  in| 
verse. 

I'll  versify  the  truth.  Daniel.l 

2.  To  turn  into   verse ;   as,   to    versify  the 

Psalms. 
VER'SION,  71.  [Fr.  from  L.  versio.]  A  turn- 
ing ;  a  change  or  transfurnration  ;  as  the 
Decsioii  of  air  into  water.     [Uausual.] 

Bacon. 

2.  Cliange  of  direction  ;  as  the  version  of  the 
beams  of  liglii.     [Unusual.]  Bacon. 

3.  The  act  of  translating;  the  rendering  of 
thoughts  or  iileas  expressed   in   one  lan- 
guage, into  words  of  like   .signification 
another  language.     How  long  was  Pope 
engaged  in  the  version  of  Homer  ? 


4.  Translation ;  that  which  is  rendered  from 
another  language.  VVe  have  a  good  ver- 
sion of  the  Scriptures.  There  is  a  good 
tiersion  of  the  Pentateuch  in  the  Samari- 
tan. The  Septuagint  version  of  the  Old 
Testament  was  made  for  the  benefit  of 
the  Jews  in  Alexandria. 

VERST,  n.  .\  Russian  measure  of  length, 
containing  J  ItiGI  yards,  or  3500  feet ; 
about  three  quarters  of  an  English  mile. 

VERT,  n.  [t'r.  verd,  greei>,  L.  viridis.]  In 
thefioresl  laws,  every  thing  that  grows  and 
bears  a  green  leaf  within  the  forest.  To 
preserve  vert  and  venison,  is  the  duty  of 
the  verderer.  England. 

2,   In  heraldry,  a  green  color. 

VERT'EBER,  ?        [L.  ver/efcra,  from   verto, 

VERT'EBRA,  J  "'  to  turn.]  A  joint  of  the 
spine  or  back-bone  of  an  aninral. 

VERT'EBRAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  joints 
01  the  spine  or  liack-bonc. 
Havirrg  a  back-bone  or  spinal  joints;  as 
vertebral  annuals. 

VERT'EBRAL,  n.  An  animal  of  the  class 
which  have  a  back-bone. 

VERT'EBRATED,      a.       [L.   vertebratus. 
Having  a  back-bone,  or  vertebral  column 
containing  the  spinal  marrow,  as  an  ani- 
mal ;  as  man,  quadrupeds,  fowls,   amphi- 
bia, and  fishes.  Cuvier. 

VERT'EX,  n.  [L.  from  verto,  to  turn;  pri- 
iiiardy  a  round  point.] 

1.  The  crown  or  top  of  the  head.  Core. 
'i.  The  top  of  a  hill  or  other  thing  ;  the  point 

of  a  cone,  pyramid,  angle  or  figure;  the 
pole  of  a  glass,  m  optics.  The  vertex  of  a 
curve,  is  the  point  from  which  the  diame- 
ter is  drawn,  (ir  the  intersection  of  the  di- 
ameter and  the  curve. 
:i.  In  astronomy,  the  zenith  ;  the  point  of  the 
heavens  perpendicularly  over  the  head. 

Cyc. 
VERT'ICAL,      a.      [Fr.   from    L.   vertex.] 
L  Placed  or  being  in  the  zenith,  or  jierpeu- 
dicularly  over  the  head.     The  sun  is  verti- 
cal lo  the  inhabitants  within  the  tropics  at 
certain  times  every  year. 

2.  Being  in  a  position  perpendicular  to  the 
plane  of  the  horizon. 

Vertical  leaves,  in  botany,  are  such  as  stand 
so  erect,  that  neither  of  the  surfaces  can 
be  called  the  upper  or  under. 

Vertical  anthers,  are  such  as  terminate  the 
filaments,  and  being  inserted  by  their  basi', 
stand  no  less  upright  than  the  filameiit.- 
tlieiiiselves.  Cyc. 

Vertical  circle,  in  astronomy,  a  great  circle 
passing  through  the  zenith  and  the  nadir. 
The  meridian  of  any  place  is  a  vertical  cir- 
cle. The  vertical  circles  are  called  azi- 
rnrtrhs.  Cyc. 

Vertical  line,  in  conies,  is  a  right  line  drawn 
on  the  vertical  plane,  and  [lassing  through 
the  vertex  of  the  cone.  Cyc 

Vertical  plane,  in  conies,  is  a  plane  passini 
through  the  vertex  of  a  cone,  and  through 
its  axis. 

Prime  vertical,  a  great  circle  of  the  sphere, 
perpendicidar  to  the  horizon,  and  passing 
through  the  zenith  ami  the  east  and  west 
points. 

VERTTCALLY.  adv.  In  the  zenith. 

VERT'lCALNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
in  the  zenith,  or  perpemlicularly  over  the 
head.     [Frriica/iV^  is  not  used.] 


VERT'ICIL,  n.  [L.  verticillus,  from  veHm, 
supra.] 

In  botany,  a  little  whirl ;  a  mode  of  inflores- 
cence, in  which  the  flowers  surround  the 
stem  in  a  kind  of  ring.  Cue. 

VERTIC'ILLATE,  a.  [supra.]  In  botany, 
verticillate  flowers  are  such  as  grow  iu  a 
whirl,  or  round  the  stem  in  rings,  one 
above  another,  at  each  joint.  The  term 
is  also  applied  in  this  sense  to  leaves  and 
branches.  Verticillate  plants  are  such  as 
bear  whirled  flowers.  Martyn.     Lee. 

VERTIC  ITV,  n.  [from  uer/ex,  supra.]  The 
power  of  turning  ;  revolution;  rotation. 

Locke. 

"2.  That  property  of  the  lodestone  by  which 
it  turns  to  some  particular  point. 

The  attraction  of  the  magnet  was  known  long 
before  \i-^  verticity.  Cue. 

VERTIti'INOUS,  a.  [L.  vertiginosus.] 
Turning  round  ;  whirling  ;  rotary  ;  as  a 
vertiginous  motion.  Bentley. 

2.  Giddy  ;   affected  with  vertigo. 

Woodward. 

VERTIgTNOUSNESS,  n.  Giddiness  ;  a 
whirling,  or  sense  of  whirling;  unsteadi- 
ness. Taylor. 

VERT'IGO,  n.  [L.  from  verto,  to  turn.] 
Giddiness;  dizziness  or  swimming  of  the 
head;  an  affection  of  the  head,  in  which 
objects  appear  to  move  in  various  direc- 
tions, though  stationary,  and  the  person 
afl'ected  finds  it  difticult  to  maintain  an 
erect  posture.  Cyc. 

VER'V^AIN,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Ver- 
ben.r,  or  rather  the  genus  .so  called. 

VERVAIN-MALLOW,  n.  A  species  of 
mallow,  the  Malva  alcca.  Cyc. 

VER'VELS,  n.  [Fr.  vervelle.]  Labels  tied 
10  a  hawk.  Ainsworth. 

VERY,  a.  [Fr.  vrai ;  L.  verus.]  True; 
real. 

Whether  thou  be  my  very  son  Esau  or  not. 
Gen   xxvii.  ^ 

He  that  repeateth  a  matter,  separateth  very 
friends.     Prov.  svii. 

So  we  say,  in  very  deed,  in  the  very 
heavens,  this  is  the  very  man  we  want. 
In  these  phrases,  leny  is  emphatical ;  but 
its  signification  is  true,  real. 

VER'Y,  adv.  As  an  ail  verb,  or  modifier  of 
adjectives  and  adverbs,  very  denotes  in  a 
great  degree,  an  eminent  or  high  degree, 
but  not  generally  the  highest ;  as  a  very 
great  mountain  ;  a  rer^  bright  sun;  a  very 
cold  day  ;  a  i^ht/ pernicious  war;  a  very 
benevolent  disjiosition ;  tlie  river  flows 
rtry  rapidly. 

VESTC.\NT,  n.  [infra.]  S.  blistering  ap- 
plication :  an  epispastic.  Bigelow. 

VES'ICATE,  r.  t.  [L.  rcstcra,  a  liitle'blad- 
Icr,  Gr.  ^vBx-/;,  from  ^vnau,  to  infl;ife.] 

To  blister  ;  to  raise  little  bladders,  or  separ- 
ate the  cuticle  by  inflaming  the  skin.  Cel- 
sus  reconniiends  to  vesicate  the  external 
parts  of  wounds.  JViseinan. 

VRS'ICATKD,  pp.  Blistered. 

VI'.S  ICATIXG,  ppr.  Blistering. 

VESI€A'T10N,  n.  The  process  of  raising 
blisters  or  little  cuticular  bladders  on  the 
skin. 

VES'ICATORY.  n.  [Fr.  vesicatoire.]  A 
blistering  application  or  plaster;  an  epi- 
spastic. Vesicatories  made  of  cantharides, 
are  iiion;  powerful  than  sinapisms,  or  pre- 
parations of  mustard. 


V  E  S 


V  E  S 


V  E  S 


VES'ICLE,  n.   [L.  vesictda.     See  r'e«ca«e.]rVES'SlCON,  t 
A  little  hiaddor,  or  a  portion  of  the  outi-  VES'.SiGON,  ^ 


cle  separated  from  the  skin  and  tilled  with 
some  Iniiiior. 

2.  Any  Hni;ill  incnibranoUH  cavity  in  animals 
or  vef;etnhles.  The  lungs  consisa  of  vesi- 
cles admittin};  air.  Ray.     Cyc. 

VESI€'ULAR,     I       Pertaining  to  vesicles; 

VESICULOUS,  i  "•  consisting  of  vesicles. 

2.  ilollow;  full  of  interstices.  Cheyne. 

3.  Having  little  bladders  or  glands  on  the 
surface,  as  the  leaf  of  a  plant. 

VESICULATE,  a.  Bladdery;  full  of  blad- 
ders. 

VES'l'ER,  n.  [L.  This  word  and  Htsperus 
are  probably  of  one  origin,  and  both  from 
the  root  oi' west.] 

1.  The  evenmg  star;  Venus;  also,  the  eve 
niug. 

2.  Vespers,  in  the  plural,  the  evening  song 
or  evening  service  in  the  Romish  church 

Lilian  vesj/ers,  the  era  of  the  general  mas 
sacre  ol'  the  Krench  in  Sicily,  on   Easter 
evening,  iMi,  at  the  toll  of  the  bell  for 
vespers. 

VES'l'ERTINE,  a.  [L.  vcspertinus.  See 
Vesper,  j 

Pertaining  to  the  evening ;  happening  or 
being  in  the  evening. 

VES'SEL,  n.  [It.  vasello,  from  vaso,  a  vase 
or  vessel  ;  Fr.  vaisseau  ;  Sp.  vasija  ;  from 
L.  Das,  vasis.  This  word  is  probably  the 
Eni»lish  vat,  in  a  difforent  dialect ;  G.fass 
a  vat ;  gefciss,  a  vessel ;  fassen,  to  hold  ;  al- 
lied probably  to  fast,  fasten.  The  Sp. 
vasija  is  from  the  Latin ;  but  the  Spanish 
has  also  bitxel,  a  general  name  of  all  tloat 
ing  buildings;  probably  of  Celtic  (>ri;;in.] 

I.  A  cask  or  utensil  proper  for  lioMing  li- 
quiu's  and  other  things,  as  a  tun,  a  pipe,  a 
pniiclieoii,  a  hogshead,  a  barrel,  a  tirkin, 
a  bottle,  a  kettle,  a  cu|),  a  disli,  &C. 

•2.  Ill  unntomij,  any  tube  or  canal,  in  which 
the  blood  and  other  hiiinors  are  contaiu- 
ed,  .secreted  or  circulated,  as  the  arteries, 
veins,  lymphatics,  spermalics,  &c.        Cyc. 

3.  In  the  pliysiutugy  of  plants,  a  canal  or  tube 
of  very  small  bore,  in  which  the  sap  i; 
contained  and  conveyed  ;  also,  a  bag  o 
{ilricle,  tilled  with  pulp,  and  serving  as  a 
reservoir  for  sap  ;  also,  a  spiral  canal,  iisu 
ally  of  a  larger  bore,  for  receiving  and  dis 
tribming  air.  Martyn.     Grcir 

4.  Any  Iniilding  used  in  navigation,  which 
carries  masts  and  sails,  from  the  largest 
ship  of  war  down  to  a  tishins  sloop.  In 
general  however,  vessel  is  iiseil  for  tlii^ 
smaller  ships,  brigs,  sloops,  schooners, 
luugers,  scows,  &c.  Mir.  Did. 

5.  Something  containing.  Milton. 
Vessels  of  wrath,  in  Scripture,  are  such  pi 

sons  us  are  to  receive   the  full    ctiecis  of 
God's  wrath  and  indignation,  as  a  punish 
nieiit  for  their  sins. 

Vessels  of  mercy,  are  persons  who  are  to  re- 
ceive the  etfi'cts  of  God's  mercy,  or  future 
happiness  and  glory 

Chosen  vessels,  ministers  of  the  gospel,  as  ap- 
pointed to  bear  the  glad  news  of  salvation 
to  others  ;  called  also  earthcrn  vessels,  on 
account  of  their  weakness  and  fradty. 

VES'SEL,  V.  t.  To  put  into  a  vessel.  [Ml 
in  use.]  Bacon. 

VES'SETS,  n.  Akindofclotb.    Qu. 


[L.  vesica.]  A  soft  svvel- 1     cred.     Vestibules    for    magnitieeuce   arc 
ling   on    a    horse's    leg,  |     usually  between  the  court  and  garden. 
called  u  windfall.  Cyc.  I'J.  A  little  antechamber  befuro  the  entrance 

VEST,    ;i.    \yr.veste;  \\..  vesta;  L.  vest  is,  a.      of  an  ordinary  upartrnent. 

coat  or  garment ;  vestio,  to  cover  or  clotlie,  3.  An  apartment  in  large   buildings,  which 


Goth,  vcslyan  ;   VV.  gwisg.] 
i.  An  outer  garment.  { 

Over  his  lucid  arms  1 

A  military  vest  of  purple  flow'd.  Milton. 

2.  In  common  speech,  a  man's  under  gar- 
ment ;  a  short  garment  covering  the  body, 
but  without  sleeves,  worn  under  the  coat ; 
called  akso  waistcoat. 
VEST,  V.  t.  To  clothe  ;  to  cover,  surround 
or  encompass  closely.  i 

With  ether  vested  and  a  purple  sky. 

Dryden.] 
2.  To  dress  ;  to  clothe  with  a  long  garment ; 
as  the  vested  priest.  Milton. 

To  vest  with,  to  clothe  ;  to  furnish  with  ;  to 
invest  with  ;  us,  to  vest  a  man  ivith  au- 
thority ;  to  vest  a  court  with  power  to  try 
cases  of  life  and  death  ;  to  vest  one  icith 
the  right  of  seizing  slave-ships. 

Had  I  been  vested  with  tlic  monarch's  pow'r. 

Prior. 

To  vest  in,  to  put  in  jiossession  of;  to  fur- 
nish with;  to  clothe  with.  The  supreme 
executive  power  in  England  is  vested  in' 
the  king  ;  in  the  United  States,  it  is  vestedi 
in  tin;  president. 

a.  To  clothe  with  another  form  ;  to  convert 
into  another  substance  or  species  of  [iro-j 
perty  ;  as,  to  vest  money  in  goods  ;  to  vest, 
money  in  land  or  houses  ;  to  vest  money' 
in  bank  stock,  or  in  six  per  cent,  stock  ;  to^ 
vest  all  one's  property  t'li  the  public  funds., 

VEST,  V.  i.  To  come  or  descend  to  ;  to  be 
fixed  ;  to  take  etfect,  as  a  title  or  right.! 
Upon  the  death  of  the  ancestor,  the  estate,! 
or  the  right  to  the  estate,  ve.its  in  the  heir] 
at  law. 

VEST'AL,  a.  [^J.  veslalis,  U-om  Vestn,  \.he 
godiless  of  tire,  Gr.  ff'"-] 

1.  Pertaining  to  Vesta,  the  goddess  of  fire 
among  the  Romans,  and  a  virgin. 

2.  Pure  ;  chaste.  Shak. 

VEST'.VL,  n.  .\  virgin  consecrated  to  Ves- 
ta, and  to  the  service  of  watching  the  sa- 
cred tire,  which  was  to  be  perpetually 
kept  burning  upon    her  altar.     Tlie    Ves- 

1     tats  were  six  in  number,  and  they  made  a 
I     vow  of  perpetual  virginity. 
A'EST'ED,   pp.   Clothed;  covered;  closely 
I     eiiconipas.scd. 

i.  a.  Fixed  ;  not  in  a  stale  of  contingency 
or  suspension  ;  as  vested  rights. 

]'cslal  legacy,  in   law,  a  legacy  the  ri^bt  to 


presents  itself  into  a  hall  or  suit  of  rooms 
or  otfices.  An  area  in  which  a  magniti- 
cent  staircase  is  carried  up  is  sometimes 
called  a  vestibuie. 

In  anatomy,  a  cavity  belonging  to  the  lab- 
yrinth of  the  ear.  Cyc. 

VES'TIgE,  n.  [Fr. ;  L.  vestigium.  This 
word  and  vestibule,  show  that  some  verb 
sij^iiifying  to  tread,  from  which  they  are 
derived,  is  lost.] 

.4  track  or  liiotstep ;  the  mark  of  the  foot 
left  on  the  earth  ;  but  mostly  used  lor  the 
mark  or  remains  of  something  else  ;  as  the 
vestiges  of  ancient  magnitieeuce  in  Pal- 
myra; vestiges  of  former  population. 

VESTING,  pjn-.  [from  vest.]  Clothing ; 
covering  :  closely  encompassing  ;  descend- 
ing to  and  becoming  periiianent,  as  a  right 
or  title  ;  converting  into  other  species  of 
property,  as  money. 

VEST'IJNG,  n.  Cloth  for  vests;  vest  pat- 
terns. U.  Stales. 

VEST'MENT,  n.  [L.  vestimenlum,  from 
vestio,  to  clothe  ;  Fr.  vettment.] 

\  garment ;  some  part  of  clothing  or  dress  ; 
especially  some  part  of  outer  clothing; 
but  it  is  not  restricted  to  any  purliculur 
garment. 

The  sculptor  could  not  give  vestments  suit- 
able to  the  quality  of  the  persons  represented. 

Dry  J  en. 

VEST'RY,  n.  [h.vesliarium;  Fr.vestiaire.] 

1.  A  room  appendant  to  a  church,  in  which 
the  sacerdotal  vestments  ami  sacred  uten- 
sils are  kept,  and  where  parochial  meet- 
ings are  held. 

2.  .\  parochial  assembly,  so  called  because 
held  in  the  vestry. 

The  council  arc  clio.<en  by  the  vcslri/. 

Clarendon. 
VESTRY-CLERK,    n.    [vestry  and  ckrk.] 
An  officer    cho.sen    by   the    vestry,   who 
keeps  the  jiarisli  accounts  and  bucks. 

Cyc. 
VEST'RY-MAN,  n.  [res<ry  and  man.]  In 
Lonilon,  vestry-men  are  a  select  number 
of  principal  persons  of  every  parish,  who 
choose  parish  officers  and  take  care  of  its 
I'onrerns.  Cyc. 

VESTURE,  n.  [Fr.  retire.  See  Vest.]  A 
garment ;  a  robe. 

There   polish'd  clicsLs  embroiJer'J   vesture 

grac'd.  Pope. 

2.  Dress ;  garments  in  genera) ;  habit ;  cluth- 

...         ,    I        ,     ii'g;  vestment;  as  the  venture  of  priests. 

which  commences  in  presenti,  and  docsjg    Clotbin";  coveriii". 
not  depend  on  a  contingency,  as  a  legacyjj  Rocksrpiueipices  and  gulfs  appareled  with  a 

to  one,  to  be  paid  when  he  attains  to  tweii-j|      gesture  of  plants.  Bentley. 

ty  one  years  of  age.     This  is  a  vested  leg-j  — And  gild  the  humble  vestwrea  of  the  plain. 

acy,  anil  if  the  le<;alee  dies  before  the  tes- 1  TrumbuU. 

tator,  his  representative  shall  receive  it.     Ij4.  In   old  law  books,  the   corn  with    wliicli 

Blackstone^l     land  was  covered ;   as  the   vesture  of  an 


Vested  remainder,  is  where  the  estate  is  inva-| 
riably  lixed,  to  remain  to  a  determinate 
liersoii,  after  the  particular  estate  is  spent. j 
This  is  called  a  remainder  e.xeciited,  by^ 
which  a  jiresent  interest  passes  to  the, 
party,  though  to  be  enjoyed  iu  future. 

Blackstone.', 

VESTIBULE,     ?i.      [Fr.  ;    L.   vestihtilum.l 

I.  The  pi.nli  or  entrance  into  a  house,  or  aj 

large  open  space  before  the  door,  but  cov- 


acre. 

5.  In  oW  toots,  seisin  ;  possession.     Obs. 

VESU'VIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Vesuvius,  a 
volcano  near  Naples. 

VESU'VLXN,  71.  In  mincrn/og-:/,  a  subspecies 
of  pyrainidical  sarnct,  a  mineral  found  in 
the  vicinity  of  VesuviiLs,  classed  with  the 
family  of  garnets;  called  by  llaOy  ido- 
crase.  It  is  generally  crystalized  in  four 
sided  prisms,  the  edges  of  which  are  truu- 


VEX 


VIA 


V  I  B 


cateil,  forming  prisms  of  eight,  fourteen 
or  sixteen  sides.  It  sometimes  occurs 
massive.  It  is  composed  chiefly  of  silex, 
lime  and  ahmiin,  with  a  portion  of  oxyd 
of  iron,  and  o.xyd  of  manganese. 

Did.     Ure. 

VETCH,  n.  [Fr.  vesce  ;  It.  veccia  ;  L.  vicia  ; 
Sp.  veza  ;  D.  wile,  ivikke,  vetch,  and  a 
weight ;  wikken,  to  weigh ;  G.  wicke,  a 
vetch  ;  wickel,  a  roller  ;  ivichtig,  weighty  ; 
wickeln,  to  wind  up.  We  see  vetch  is  from 
the  root  of  weigh,  tvag,  wiggle,  and  signi- 
fies a  httle  roller.] 

A  plant  of  the  leguminous  kind,  with  pap 
ionaceous  flowers,  of  the  genus  Vicia.  It 
is  a  common  name  of  most  species  of  the 
genus.  The  name  is  also  applied,  with 
various  epithets,  to  many  other  legumin 
ous  plants  of  different  genera ;  as  the 
rhichling  vetch,  of  the  genus  Lathyrus; 
the  horseshoe  vetch,  of  the  genus  Hippo 
crepis ;  the  milk  vetch,  of  the  genus  As 
tragalus,  &c.  Lee. 

VETCH' LING,  n.  [from  vetch.]  In  botani/,  a 
name  of  the  Lathyrus  aphaca,  expressive 
of  its  diminutive  size.  The  meadow  vetch 
ling  is  a  wild  plant  common  in  meadows, 
which  makes  good  hay. 

VETCH'Y,  a.  Consisting  of  vetches  or  of 
pea  straw  ;  as  a  vetchy  bed.  Spciiser. 

2.  Abounding  with  vetches. 

VET'ERAN,  a.  [L.  veteranvs,  from  vetero, 
to  grow  old,  from  vetus,  old.] 

Having  been  long  exercised  in  anything; 
long  practiced  or  experienced  ;  as  a  vete- 
ran ofljcer  or  soldier  ;  veteran  skill. 

Thomson. 

VET'ERAN,   n.   One  who  has  been  long 
exercised   in  any  service  or  art,  particu- 
larly in  war ;  one  who  has  grown  old  in 
service  and  has  had  much  experience. 
Ensigns  that  piercM  the  foe"s  remotest  lines, 
The  hardy  veteran  witli  tears  resigns. 

Mdison. 

VETERINA'RIAN,  n.  [L.  veterinarius.] 
One  skilled  in  the  diseases  of  cattle  or  do- 
mestic animals.  Brown. 

VET'ERINARY,  a.  [supra.]  Pertaining  to 
the  art  of  healing  or  treating  the  diseases 
of  domestic  animals,  as  oxen,  horses, 
sheep,  &c.  A  veterinary  college  was  es- 
tablished in  England  in  1792,  at  St.  Pan- 
eras,  in  the  vicinity  of  London.  The  im- 
provement of  the  veterinary  art  is  of  great 
importance  to  the  agricultural  interest. 

VE'TO.  )i.  [L.  veto,  I  forbid.]  A  forbidding  ; 
proliibition  ;  or  the  right  of  forbidding ; 
applied  to  the  right  of  a  king  or  other  ma- 
gistrate or  officer  to  withhold  his  assent 
to  the  enactment  of  a  law,  or  the  passing 
of  a  decree.  Thus  the  king  of  Great  Brit- 
ain has  a  veto  upon  every  act  of  parlia- 
ment ;  he  sometimes  prevents  the  i)assing 
of  a  law  by  his  veto. 

VEX,  v.t.  [L.  vexo  ;  Fr.vexer;  It.  vessare  ; 
Sp.  I'frar.] 

1.  To  irritate;  to  make  angry  by  little  prov- 
ocations ;  a  popular  use  of  the  toord. 

2.  To  plague;  to  torment;  to  harass;  to  af- 
flict. 

Ten  tliousancl  torments  vex  my  heart. 

Prior. 

3.  To  disturb;  to  disquiet;  to  agitate. 

White  curl  the  waves,   and  the  vex'd  ocean 
roars.  Pope. 


To  trouble ;  to  distress. 

I  will  also  vex  the  hearts  of  many  people. 
Ezek.  xxxii. 

5.  To  persecute.     Acts  xii. 

C.  To  stretch,  as  by  hooks.    {Not  in  use.] 

j  Dryden. 

VEX,  v.  i.  To  fret ;  to  be  teased  or  irrita- 

I     ted.  Chapman. 

VEXA'TION,  71.  [Fr.  from  L.  vexatio.]  The 
act  of  irritating,  or  of  troubling,  disquiet- 
ing and  harassing. 

3.  State  of  being  irritated  or  disturbed  in 
mind. 

3.  Disquiet ;  agitation ;  great  uneasiness. 
Passions  too  violent — afford  us  vexation  and 

pain.  Temple. 

4.  The  cause  of  trouble  or  disquiet. 
Your  children  were  vexation  to  your  youth. 

Shak. 

5.  Afflictions;  great  troubles;  severe  judg- 
ments. 

The  Lord  shall  send  on  thee  cursing,  vexaliori 
and  rebuke.     Dent,  xxviii. 

C.  A  harassing  by  law.  Bacon. 

7.  A  slight  teasing  trouble. 

VEXA'TIOUS,  a.  Irritating  ;  disturbing  or 
agitating  to  the  mind  ;  causing  disquiet ; 
afflictive ;  as  a  vexatious  controversy  ;  a 
vexatious  neighbor. 

2.  Distressing;  harassing ;  as wrahous  wars. 

South. 

.3.  Full  of  trouble  and  disquiet. 

He  leads  a  vexatious  life.  Digby. 

4.  Teasing  ;  slightly  troublesome  ;  provok- 
ing. 

A  vexatious  suit,  in  law,  is  one  commenced 
for  the  purpose  of  giving  trouble,  or  with- 
out cause. 

VEXA'TIOUSLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  give 
great  trouble  or  disquiet. 

VEXA'TIOUSNESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
giving  great  trouble  and  disquiet,  or  of 
teasing  and  provoking. 

VEX'ED,  p;).  Teased  ;  provoked  ;  irritated  ; 
troubled  ;  agitated  ;    disquieted  ;  afflicted. 

VEX'ER,  n.  One  who  vexes,  irritates  or 
troubles. 

VEX'IL,  n.  [L.  veiillum,  a  standard.]  A  flag 
or  standard.  In  botany,  the  upper  petal! 
of  a  pai)ilionaceous  flower.  Martyn. 

VEX'ILLARY,  n.  A  standard  bearer. 

VEX'ILLARY,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  ensign 
or  standard. 

VEXILLA'TION,  )i.  [h.vexillatio.]  A  com- 
pany of  troops  under  one  ensign. 

VEX'ING,  ppr.  Provoking  ;  irritating  ;  af- 
flicting. 

VEX'INGLY,  adv.  So  as  to  vex,  tease  or 
irritate.  Tatter. 

VI'AL,   »i.   [Fr.  I'io^e;  Gr.  ^taTu; ;  h.  phiala.]\ 

A  phial ;  a  small  bottle  of  thin  glass,  used' 

particularly  by  apothecaries  and  druggists. 

Samuel  took  a  vial  of  oil,  and  poured  it  on  his 

head.     1  Sam.  x. 

Vials  of  God's  wrath,  in  Scripture,  are  the 
execution  of  his  wrath  upon  the  wicked 
for  their  sins.     Rev.  xvi. 

VI'AL,  11.  t.  To  put  in  a  vial.  Milton. 

VI'AND,  n.  [Fr.  iriande  ;  from  It.  vivanda  ; 
L.  vivendus,  vivo,  to  live.]  Meat  dressed  ; 
food. 

Viands  of  various  kinds  allure  the  taste. 

Pope. 
[It  is  used  chiefly  in  the  plural.] 

VlAT'le,  a.  [L.  viaticum,  from  Din,  way.]' 
Pertaining  to  a  journey  or  to  traveling.      I 


VIAT'leUM,  n.  [L.  supra.]  Provisions  for  a 
journey. 

Among  the  ancient  Romans,  an  allowance 
to  officers  who  were  sent  into  the  provin- 
ces to  exercise  any  office  or  perform  any 
service,  also  to  the  officers  and  soldiers  of 
the  army.  Cyc. 

In  the  Romish  church,  the  communion  or 
eucharist  given  to  ])ersons   in   their  last 
moments. 
VI'BRANT,  ?      [L.  vibraiu.]  A  name  given 
VIB'RION,   ^  "'to  the  ichneumon  fly,  from 


the  continual  vibration  of  its  antennse. 

Cyc. 
VIBRATE,  D.  i.  [L.vibro;  It.  vibrare.  This 
word  belongs  to  the  root  of  Eng.  wabble  ; 
W.  gwibiaw,  to  wander,  to  move  in  a  cir- 
cular or  serpentine  direction.] 

1.  To  swing;  to  oscillate  ;  to  move  one  way 
and  the  other ;  to  play  to  and  fro ;  as,  the 
pendulum  of  a  clock  vibrates  more  or  less 
rapidly,  as  it  is  shorter  or  longer.  The 
chords  of  an  instrument  vibrate  when 
touched. 

To  quiver;  as,  a  whisper  vibrates  on  the 
ear.  Pope. 

3.  To  pass  from  one  state  to  another ;  as,  a 
man  vibrates  from  one  opinion  to  another, 

VI'BRATE,  V.  t.  To  brandish  ;  to  move  to 
and  fro ;  to  swing  ;  as,  to  vibrate  a  sword 
or  staff".     The   penduhmi   of  a  clock  vi- 
brates seconds. 
To  cause  to  quiver. 

Breath  vocalized,  that  i.",  vibrated  or  undu- 
lated, may  differently  affect  the  lips,  and  im- 
press a  swift  tremulous  motion.  Holder. 

VI'BRATED,  pp.  Brandished;  moved  one 
way  and  the  other. 

VIBRATIL'ITY,  n.  Disposition  to  preter- 
natural vibration  or  motion.  [JVot  miich 
used.]  Rush. 

VI'BRATING,  ppr.  Brandishing;  moving 
to  and  fro,  as  a  pendulum  or  musical 
chord. 

VIBRA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  vibro.]  The 
act  of  brandishing;  the  act  of  moving  or 
state  of  being  moved  one  way  and  the 
other  in  quick  succession. 

2.  In  mechanics,  a  regular  reciprocal  motion 
of  a  body  suspended  ;  a  motion  consisting 
of  continual  reciprocations  or  returns  ;  as 
of  the  pendulum  of  a  chronometer.  This 
is  frequently  called  oscillation.  The  num- 
ber of  vibrations  in  a  given  time  depends 
on  the  length  of  the  vibrating  body ;  a 
pendulum  three  feet  long,  makes  only  ten 
vibrations  while  one  of  nine  inches  makes 
twenty.  The  vibrations  of  a  pendulum 
are  somewhat  slower  at  or  near  the  equa- 
tor than  in  remote  latitudes.  The  vibra- 
tions of  a  pendulum  are  isochronal  in  the 
same  climate.  Cyc. 

3.  In  physics,  alternate  or  reciprocal  motion  ; 
as  the  vibrations  of  the  nervous  fluid,  by 
which  sensation  has  been  supposed  to  be 
produced,  by  impressions  of  external  ob- 
jects propagated  thus  to  the  brain.       Cyc. 

4.  In  music,  the  motion  of  a  chord,  or  the 
undulation  of  any  body,  by  which  sound 
is  produced.  The  acuteness,  elevation  and 
gravity  of  sound,  depend  on  the  length  of 
the  chord  and  its  tension. 

VIBRAT'IUNCLE,  n.  A  small  vibration. 

Chambers.     Cyc. 
Vl'BRATIVE,  a.  That  vibrates.      JVewton. 


VIC 


V  I  c 


VIC 


VI'BRATORY,  a.  Vibrating;  consistine  in 
vibration  or  oscillation  ;  as  a  vibratory  mo- 
tion. 

2.  Causing  to  vibrate. 

VICAR,  »i.  [Fr.  vicaire  ;  It.  vicario ;  L.  m- 
carius,  from  mm,  u  turn,  or  its  root.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  person  deputed  or 
authorized  to  perform  llie  functions  of 
another  ;  a  substitute  in  ollice.  The  pope 
pretends  to  be  vicar  of  Jesus  Christ  on 
earth.  He  has  under  him  a  grand  vicar, 
who  is  a  cardinal,  and  whose  jurisdiction 
extends  over  all  priests,  regular  and  secu- 
lar. 

2.  In  Iht  canon  law,  the  priest  of  a  parish, 
the  predial  tithes  of  which  are  impropri- 
ated or  appropriated,  tliat  is,  belong  to  a 
chapter  or  religious  house,  or  to  a  lay- 
man, who  receives  them,  and  only  allows 
the  vicar  the  smaller  tithes  or  a  salary. 

Cyc. 

Apostolical  vicars,  are  those  who  perforin  the 
functions  of  the  pope  in  cimrches  or  prov- 
inces committed  to  their  direction.       Cyc. 

VlCARAfilO,  n.  The  benefice  of  a  vicar 
A  vicarage  by  endowment,  becomes  a  ben- 
efice distinct"  from  the  parsonage.         Cyc. 

Vl€AR-(iEN'ERAL,  n.  A  title  given  by 
Henry  VI II.  to  the  carl  of  Essex,  with 
power  to  oversee  all  the  clergy,  and  regu- 
late all  church  aftairs.  It  is  now  the  title 
of  an  oHice,  which,  as  well  as  that  of  ofii 
cial  principal,  is  united  in  the  chancellor  of 
the  diocese.  The  business  of  the  vicar- 
general  is  to  exercise  jurisdiction  over 
matters  purely  spiritual.  Cyc, 

VIC.\'RIAL,  a.  [from  vicar.]  Pertaining  to 
a  vicar;  small  ;  as  vicarial  tithes. 

VICA'RIATE,  a.  Having  delegated  power, 
as  vicar.  Barrow. 

VICA'RIATE,  n.  A  delegated  office  oi 
power.  Lord  JVorth. 

Vl€A'RIOUS,  a.  [L.  vicarivs.]  Deputed ; 
delegated  ;  as  vicarious  power  or  author- 
ity. ,  . 

9.  Acting  for  another;  filling  the  place  of 
another  ;  as  a  vicarious  af;eut  or  officer. 

3.  Substituted  in  the  place  of  another  ;  as  a 
vicarious  sacrifice.  The  doctrine  of  vica- 
rious punishment  has  occasioned  much 
controversy. 

Vl€A'RIOUSLY,  adv.  In  the  place  of  an- 
other ;  bv  substitution.  Burke. 

Vl€'ARSrill',  n.  The  office  of  a  vicar;  the 
ministry  of  a  vicar. 

VICE,  n.  [Fr.  vice;  It.  vizio  ;  Sp.  vicio ;  L. 
vitium ;  VV.  gtcyd.] 

1.  Properly,  a  spot  or  defect ;  a  fault  ;  a 
blemish  ;  as  the  titce*  of  a  political  consti- 
tution. Madison 

2.  In  ethics,  any  volunt.try  action  or  course 
of  conduct  which  deviates  from  the  rules 
of  moral  rectitude,  or  from  the  plain  rules 
of  propriety  ;  any  moral  unfitness  of  con 
duct,  eitlier  from  defect  of  duly,  or  from 
the  transgression  of  known  principles  of 
rectitude.  Vice  differs  from  crime,  in  be- 
ing less  enormous.  We  never  call  nun-- 
der  or  robbery  a  vice  ;  but  every  act  of  in 
temperance,  "all  falsehood,  duplicity,  de- 
ception, lewdness  and  the  like,  is  a  vice. 
The  excessive  indulgence  of  passions  and 
appetites  which  in  themselves  are  inno- 
cent, is  a  vii-c.  The  smoking  of  tobacco 
and  the  taking  of  snuff",  may  in  certain 
cases  be   iuiioceut  and  even  useful,  but 


these  practices  may  be  carried  to  such  an' 
excess  as  to  be<  ome  vices.  This  word  is 
also  used  to  denote  a  habit  of  transgress-]! 
ing  ;  as  a  life  of  rice.  Vice  is  rarely  a  sol- 
itary invader ;  it  usually  brings  with  it  a 
frightful  train  of  followers. 

3.  Depravity  or  corruption  of  manners ;  as 
an  uge  of  vice. 

W  lien  vice  prevails,  and  iiopious  men  bear 

sway. 
The  post  of  honor  is  a  private  station. 

Addison. 

4.  A  fault  or  bad  trick  in  a  horse. 

5.  The  fool  or  punchinello  of  old  shows. 
His  face  made  of  brass,  like  a  vice  in  a  game 

7\isseT. 

C.  An  iron  press.  [This  should  be  written 
vise.] 

7.  A  gripe  or  grasp.     [J\'ot  in  use.]        Shak. 

VICE,  v.  I.  To  draw  by  a  kind  of  violence 
[J\rot  in  use.]     [See  i'ise.]  &hak. 

VICE,  L.  irice,  in  the  turn  or  place,  is  used 

I     in  composition  to  denote  one   qui  vicem 

.  gcrit,  who  acts  in  the  place  of  another,  or 
is  second  in  authority. 

VICE-AU'MIRAL,  n.  In  the  navy,  the  sec- 
ond officer  in  command.  His  .Hag  is  dis- 
played at  the  fore  top-gallant-mast  head 

Mar.  Did 

'i.  A  civil  officer  in  Great  Britain,  appointed 
by  the  lords  conunissioners  of  tlie  admi- 
ralty, for  exercising  admiralty  jurisdiction 
within  their  respective  districts. 

VICE-ADMIRALTY,  n.  The  office  of  a 
vice-admiralty;  a  vice-admiralty  court. 

VlCE-A'(iENT,  71.  [vice  and  agent.]  One 
who  acts  in  the  place  of  another. 

Hooker. 

VICE-CHAMBERLAIN,  ?       An  officer  in 

VICE-CHAMBERLAIN,  ^  ''  court,  ue.u 
in  command  to  the  lord  chamberlain. 

England. 

VICE-CHANCELLOR,  ?i.  An  officer  in  a 
university  in  England,  a  distinguished 
member,  who  is  annually  elected  to  man- 
age the  aftairs  in  the  absence  of  the  chan- 
cellor. Cyc. 

VICE-CONSUL,  n.  One  who  acts  in  the 
place  of  a  consul. 

Vl'CED,  a.  Villous;  corrupt.     [Xotinusc] 

Shak. 

VICE-DO'GE,  n.  A  counsellor  at  Venice, 
who  represents  the  duge  when  sick  or  ab- 
sent. Cyc. 

VICEuE'RENCY,  n.  [See  Vicegerent.] 
The  office  of  a  vicegerent;  agency  under 
another;  deputed  power ;  lieutenancy. 

South- 

VICEciE'RENT,  n.  [L.  tncem  gereiis,  act- 
ing in  the  place  of  another.] 

.\  lieutenant;  a  vicar;  an  officer  who  is  depu- 

I     ted  by    a  superior  or  by  proper  autliority 

1     to  exercise  the  powers  of  another.     Kings 

I     are  sometimes  called  God's  vicegerents.  It 

I     is  to  be  wished  they  would  always  deserve 

I     the  iippellation. 

VICKtiE'RENT,  a.  Having  or  exercising 
delegated  power;  acling  by  substitution, 
or  in  the  place  of  another.  J\IiUon. 

VICE-LEG'ATE,  »i.  An  officer  employed 
by  the  pope  to  perform  the  office  of  spirit- 
ual and  tein])oral  governor  in  certain  cit- 
ies, when  there  is  no  legate  or  cardinal  to 
command  there.  Cj/c. 

VIC'ENARY,  a.  [L.  I'lccnariws.]  Belonging 
to  twenty. 


VICE-PRESIDENT,  n.  sasz.  An  officer 
next  in  rank  below  a  president. 

U.  States. 

VI'CEROY,  fi.  [Fr.  viceroi.]  The  governor 
of  a  kingdom  or  country,  who  rules  in  the 
name  of  the  king  with  regal  authority,  as 
the  king's  substitute.  Swift. 

VICEROV  ALTY,  n.  The  dignity,  office  or 
jurisdiction  of  a  viceroy. 

VI CEROVSHIP,  n.  The  dignity,  office  or 
jurisdiction  of  a  viceroy. 

Vl'CETY,  n.  Nicetv  ;  exactness.  [.Vo/  in 
use  ;  probably  a  mistake.]  B.  Jonson. 

VI'CIATE,  V.  t.  [L.  vitio.  This  verb  is 
usually  writlen  vitiate;  but  as  vice,  from 
L.  vitium,  is  established,  it  would  be  well 
to  write  the  verb  viciate,  as  we  write  ap- 
preciate am\  depreciate,  from  h.pretium.] 

1.  To  injure  the  substance  or  properties  of  a 
thing  so  as  to  impair  its  value,  and  lessen 
or  destroy  its  use  ;  to  make  less  pure,  or 
wholly  impure ;  to  deprave,  in  a  physical 
or  moral  sense  ;  as,  to  viciate  the  blood  ; 
to  viciate  taste  or  style ;  to  viciate  morals. 

2.  To  render  defective  and  thus  destroy  the 
validity  of;  to  invalidate  by  defect ;  as,  to 
viciate  a  deed  or  bond. 

VP'CIATED,  pp.  Depraved  ;  impaired  in 
substance  or  quality  ;  rendered  defective 
an<l  void. 

VI  "CIATING,  ppr.  Injuring  in  substance 
or  properties  ;  rendering  defective;  mak- 
ing void. 

VICIA'TION,  n.  Depravation;  corrup- 
tMjn. 

VlC'INAtiE,  n.  [from  L.  rictnio,  neighbor- 
hood ;  vicinus,  near.] 

Neighborhood ;  the  ])lace  or  jilaces  adjoin- 
ing or  near.  A  jury  must  be  of  the  vicin- 
age, or  body  of  the  county. 

In  law,  common  because  of  vicinage,  is 
where  the  inhabitants  of  two  townships 
contiguous  to  each  other,  have  usually  iii- 
tercommoiied  with  one  another;  the 
beasts  of  one  straying  into  the  other's 
fields  without  molestation  from  eilhcr. 

Btackstonc. 

VICINAL,?       Near;  neighboring.      [Lit- 

VIC'INE,     S  "•  tic  used.]  Vlanville. 

VICIN  ITY,  n.  [L.  vicinitas.]  Nearness  in 
place  ;  as  the  vicinity  of  two  country  seats. 

2.  Neighborhood;  as  aseat  in  the  riani/i/ of 
the  metropolis. 

3.  Neighboring  country.  Vegetables  pro- 
duced in  the  vicinity  of  the  city,  are  daily 
brought  to  iii.-.rket.  The  vicitiily  is  full  of 
gardens. 

VICIOS'ITY,  n.  Depravity;  corruption  of 
manners.  [But  vicioujJifM  is  generally 
used.] 

Vl'CIOrS,    a.    [Fr.   vicieur ;  L.  viliosus.] 

1.  Defective;  imperfect;  as  a  system  of  gov- 
ernment I'lciousand  unsound.  Harte. 

2.  .Addicted  to  vice;  corrupt  in  principles  or 
conduct ;  depraved  ;  wicked  ;  habitually 
transgressing  the  moral  law  ;  as  a  vicious 
race  of  men;  I'icious  parents  ;  nVioiM  chil- 
dren. 

3.  Corrupt ;  contrary  to  moral  principles  or 
to  rectitude  ;  as  vicious  examples ;  vicious 
conduct. 

4.  Corrupt,  in  a  physical  sense  ;  foul ;  im- 
pure ;  insalubrious  ;  as  vicious  air. 

5.  Corrupt;  not  genuine  or  pure ;  asvicious 
language  ;  ririoiis  idioms. 


VIC 


V  I  c 


V  I  E 


6.  Unruly;  refractory;  not  well  tanieil  or 
bi-oke?i ;  as  a  vicious  horse.  .V.  Eng. 

VI"CIOUSLY,  adv.  Corruptly  ;  in  a  man- 
ner contrary  to  rectitude,  moral  princi- 
ples, propriety  or  purity. 

2.  Faultily  ;  not  correctly.  Burnet. 

VI"CIOUSNESS,  n.    Addictedness  to  vice  ; 
corruptness  of  moral   principles  or   prac 
tice  ;  lialiitual  violation  of  the  moral  law, 
or  of  moral  duties;    depravity  in  princi 
pies  or  in  manners. 

What  makes  a   governor  justly  despised,  is 
viciovsness  and  ill  morals.  South. 

2.  Unruliness;  refractoriness;  asofabea.st. 

jV.  England 

VICIS'SITUDE,  n.  [L.  vicissitudo ;  troni 
vicis,  a  turn.] 

1.  Regular  change  or  succession  of  one  thing 
to  another  ;  as  the  vicissitudes  of  day  and 
night,  and  of  winter  and  summer  ;  the  vi- 
cissiiudes  of  the  seasons. 

2.  Change  ;  revolution  ;  as  in  human  affairs. 
We  are  exposed  to  continual  vicissitudes  of 
fortune. 

VICISSITLF'DIN.-^RY,  a.  Changing  in  suc- 
cession. Don  lie. 

VIeON'TIEL,  a.  [vice-comitalia.  See  Vis- 
count.] 

In  old  law  books,  pertaining  to  the   sherif 

Vicontiel  rents,  are  certain  rents  for  which 
the  sherif  pays   a  rent  to  the  king. 

ncontiel  writs,  are  such  as  are  triable  in  the 
county  or  sherif  court.  Ct/c 

Vi€ON''TIELS,  n.  Things  belonging  to  the 
sherif;  particularly,  farms  for  which  the 
sherif  pays  rent  to  the  king.  Ct/c. 

Vl'COUNT,  n.  [vice-comes.]  In  law  hooks. 
the  sherif. 

2.  A  degree  of  nobility  next  below  a  count 
or  earl.     [See  Viscount.]  Cyc. 

VICTIM,     n.      [L.  victima;    Fr.   victinie.] 

1.  A  living  being  sacrificed  to  some  deity, 
or  in  the  performance  of  a  religious  rite ; 
usually,  some  beast  slain  in  sacrifice:  but 
human  beings  have  been  slain  by  some 
nations,  for  the  purpo.se  of  appeasing  the 
wrath  or  conciliating  the  favor  of  some 
deity. 

2.  Something  destroyed ;  something  sacri- 
ficed in  the  pursuit  of  an  object.  How 
many  persons  have  fallen  victims  to  jeal- 
ousy, to  lust,  to  ambition  ! 

VIC'TIMATE,  V.  t.  To  sacrifice.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Bullokar. 

VICTOR,  n.  [L.  from  vinco,  victus,  to  con- 
quer, or  the  same  root.  J\t  not  being  rad- 
ical, the  root  is  vico  or  vigo ;  Sax.  ivig, 
icigg,  war  ;  wiga,  a  warrior,  a  hero,  a  vic- 
tor;  tvigan,  to  war,  to  fight.  The  prima- 
ry sense  is  to  urge,  drive  or  strive,  hence 
to  subdue.] 

I.  One  who  conquers  in  war  ;  a  vanquisher; 
one  who  defeats  an  enemy  in  battle.  Vic- 
tor d'lffcts  from  conqueror.  We  apply  con- 
queror to  one  who  subdues  countries,  king- 
doms or  nations ;  as,  Alexander  was  the 
conijueror  of  Asia  or  India,  or  of  many  na- 
tions, or  of  the  world.  In  such  phrase.s, 
we  cannot  subistitute  victor.  Rut  we  use 
victor,  when  wo  speak  of  one  who  over- 
i-oniesa  partifular  enpuiy,  or  in  a  particu- 
lar battle;  as,  Cesar  was  victor  at  Phar- 
salia.  Tlin  diikn  of  WeHington  was  vic- 
tor at  Waterloo.  Victor  I  hen  is  not  fol- 
lowed by  th<!  possessive  case  ;  for  we  do 
not  say,  Alexander  was  the  victor  of  Da 


rius,  though  we  say,  be  was  victor  at  Ar- 
hela.  Johnson. 

2.  One  who  vanquishes  another  in  private 
combat  or  contest ;  as  a  victor  in  the 
Olympic  games. 

3.  One  who  wins,  or  gains  the  advantage. 
Jn  love,  the  victors  from  the  vanquish'd  fly  ; 
They  liy  that  wound,  and  they  pursue  that 

die.  Waller. 

4.  Master;  lord. 
These,   victor  of    his   healtli,     his   fortune, 

friends.     [A''ot  tisjuil  nor  legitimate.'] 
Pope.l 

Vl€'TORESS,  n.  A  female  who  vanquishes. 

Spenser. 

Vl€TO'RIOUS,  a.  [Fr.  victorieux.]  Having 
conquered  in  battle  or  contest;  having 
overcome  an  enemy  or  antagonist ;  con- 
quering ;  vanquishing;  as  a I'icton'ous gen- 
eral ;  victorious  troops  ;  a  victorious  admi- 
ral or  navy. 

2.  That  produces  conquest ;  as  a  uiclorious 
day.  Pope. 

.3.  Emblematic  of  conquest ;  indiiatiM;  vic- 
tory ;  as  brows  bound  with  victorious 
wreaths.  Sliak. 

VICTO'RIOIJSLY.  adv.  With  conquest; 
with  defeat  ol"  an  enemy  or  antagonist ; 
triumphantly  ;  as,  grace  will  carry  us  ot'c- 
toriously  through   all  difKculties. 

Hammond. 

VICTO'RIOUSNESS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
iiig  victorious. 

VIe'TORY,  71.  [L.  victoria,  from  vinco,  vic- 
tus, to  conquer;  Fr.  victoire.] 

1.  Conquest;  the  defeat  of  an  enemy  in  bat- 
tle, or  of  an  antagonist  in  contest ;  a  gain- 
ing of  the  superiority  in  war  or  combat 
Victonj  supposes  the  power  of  an  enemy 
or  an  antagonist  to  jirove  inferior  to  that 
of  the  victor.  Victory  however  depends 
not  always  on  superior  skill  or  valur  ;  it 
is  often  gained  by  the  fault  or  mistake  of 
the  vanquished. 

Victory  may  be  honorahle  to  the  arms,  but 
shameful  to  the  counsels  of  a  nation. 

Bolinghroke. 

2.  The  advantage  or  superiority  gained  over 
spiritual  enemies,  over   passions  and  ap 
petites,  or   over   temptations,   or   in   any 
struggle  or  competition. 

Thanks  be  to  God,  who  giveth  us  the  victory, 
through  our  Lord  .Jesus  C'hiist.     1  Cor.  xv. 

VI€'TRESS,  n.  A  female  that  conquers. 

Shak. 

VICTUAL.  [See  Victuals.] 

VICTUAL,  V.  f.  vil'l.  [from  victual,  the 
noun.] 

\.  To  supply  with  provisions  for  subsistence  ; 
as,  to  victual  an  army  ;  to  victual  a  garri- 
son. 

2.  To  store  with  provisions;  as,  to  victual  a 
ship. 

VICTUALED,  pp.  vit'ld.  Supplied  with 
provisions. 

VICTUALER,  n.  vit'ler.  One  who  fur- 
nishes provisions. 

|9.  One  who  keeps  a  house  of  entertainment. 

'X  A  provision-ship ;  a  ship  en)ployed  to 
carry  provisions  for  other  ships,  or  for 
supplying  troops  at  a  distance. 

VICTUALING,  ppr.  vit'ling.  Supplying 
with  provisions.  ■ 

VICTUALING-HOUSE,  n.  A  house  where! 
provision  is  Uinde  for  strangers  local. 

VICTUALS,  ?i.  vit'tz.  [Fr.  victuailles;  It., 
veilovaglia;   &[>.  vitualla ;  from  L.  victus,' 


food,  from  the  root  of  vivo,  which  was  vigo 
or  mco,  coinciding  with  vigeo  ;  Basque, 
vicia,  life.  This  word  is  now  never  used 
in  the  singular.] 

Food  for  human  beings,  prepared  for  eat- 
itig  :  that  which  supports  human  life  ;  pro- 
visions ;  meat ;  sustenance.  We  never 
apply  this  word  to  that  on  which  beasts 
or  birds  feed,  and  we  apply  it  chiefly  to 
food  for  men  when  cooked  or  prepared 
for  the  table.  We  do  not  now  give  this 
name  to  flesh,  corn  or  flour,  in  a  crude 
state  ;  but  we  say,  the  victuals  are  well 
cooked  or  dres.seil,  and  in  great  ahim- 
dance.  We  say,  a  man  eats  his  victuals 
with  a  good  relish. 

Such  phrases  as  to  buy  victuals  for  the 
army  or  navy,  to  lay  in  victuals  for  the 
winter,  &c.  are  now  obsolete.  We  say,  to 
buy  provisions ;  yet  we  use  the  verb,  to 
virtual  an  army  or  ship. 

VIDEL'ICET,  adv.  [L.  for  videre  licet.]  To 
wit ;  namely.  An  abbreviation  for  this 
wortl  is  viz. 

VID'UAL,  a.  [L.inWuHS,  deprived.]  Belong- 
ing to  the  state  of  a  widow.     [JVot  used.] 

VIDU'ITY,  n.  [L.  viduitas.]  Widowhood. 
[A'ot  used.] 

VI K,  V.  i.  [Sax.  icigan,  to  war,  to  contend, 
that  is,  to  strain,  to  urge,  to  press.  See 
V^ictor] 

To  strive  for  superiority  ;  to  contend  ;  to  use 
effort  in  a  race,  contest,  competition,  rival- 
ship  or  strife.  How  delightful  it  is  to  see 
children  vie  with  each  other  in  diligence 
and  in  duties  of  obedience. 

In  a  trading  nation,  (he  yotmger  sons  may 
be  placed  in  a  way  of  life  to  vie  with  the  best 
of  their  family.  .Sddisen. 

VIE,  t'.  t.  To  show  or  practice  in  competi- 
tion ;  as,  to  vie  power;  to  vie  charities. 
[Ao/  legitimate.] 

2.  To  urge  ;  to  press. 

She  hung  about  my  neck,  and  kiss  and  kiss 
She  vied  so  fast.     lA7tt  in  use.]  Shak 

VIELLEUR,  n.  A  species  of  fly  in  Suri- 
nam, less  than  the  lantern  fly.  Cyc. 

VIEW,  v.t.  vu.  [Fr.  rue,  from  voir,  to  see, 
contracted  from  L.  videre,  Russ. viju.  The 
jirimary  sense  is  to  reach  or  extend  to.] 

1.  To  survey;  to  examine  with  the  eye  ;  to 
look  on  with  attention,  or  for  the  purpose 
of  examining ;  to  inspect ;  to  explore. 
View  difl'ers  from  look,  see,  and  behold,  in 
ex|)ressing  more  particular  or  continued 
attention  to  the  thing  which  is  the  object 
of  sight.  We  ascended  mount  Ilolyoke, 
and  viewed  the  oliarming  landscape  be- 
low. We  vierrcd  with  delight  the  rich  val- 
leys of  the  Connecticut  about  the  town 
of  Nortliani|)ton. 

Go  u|)  and  vieio  the  country.     Josh.  vii. 
I  vinced  the  walls  of  Jerusalem.     Neh.  vii. 

2.  To  see ;  to  perceive  by  the  eye.         Pope. 

3.  To  survey  intellectually  ;  to  examine  w  ith 
the  mental  eye  ;  to  consider.  Viciv  the 
subject  in  all  its  aspects. 

VIEW,    n.    vu.    Prospect;   sight ;  reach  of 
the  eye. 
The  walls  of  Pluto's  palace  are  in  view. 

Dry  den. 

2.  The  whole  extent  seen.  Vast  or  exten- 
.=iv(>  views  present  themselves  to  the  eye. 

3.  Sight;  )iower  r)f  seeing,  or  limit  of  sight. 
The  mnuntnin  was  not  within  our  vieic. 

4.  Intellectual  or  mental  sight.  These  things 


V  I  G 


V  I  G 


V  I  L 


give  us  a  just  view  of  the  designs  of  prov- 
idence. 
5.  Act  of  seeing.    The  facts  mentioned  were 

verified  by  actual  view. 
G.  Sight ;  eye. 

Objccta  Bear  our  view  are  thought  preater 
than  those  of  larger  size,  that  are  more  remote. 

Locke. 

7.  Survey ;  inspection  ;  examination  by  tlie 
eye.  Tlie  assessors  tooli  a  view  of  the 
premises. 

Survevina  nature  vpitli  too  nice  a  view. 

■'    "  Dryden. 

8.  Intellectual  survey  ;  mental  examination. 
On  a  just  view  of  all  the  arguments  in  the 
case,  the  law  appears  to  be  clear. 

9.  Appearance  ;  show. 

Graces — 
Which,  by  the  splendor  of  her  view 
Dazzled,  before  we  never  knew.         Waller 

10.  Display;  exhibition  to  the  sight  or  mind. 

To  give  a  right  vietu  of  this  mistaken  [>mI  of 
liberty —  Locke. 

11.  Prospect  of  interest. 

No  man  sets  himself  about  any  thing,  but 
upon  some  riew  or  other,  which  servos  him  lo. 
a  reason.  Loche. 

12.  Intention;  purpose;  design.  With  that 
view  he  began  the  expedition.  With  a 
view  to   commerce,  lie    passed    through 

Egypt-  ,      . 

13.  Opinion  ;  manner  of  seeing  or  under- 
standing. These  are  my  views  of  the  pol- 
icy which  ought  to  be  pursued. 

View  of  frankpledge,  in  Imv,  a  court  of  rec- 
ord,"held  ill  a  hiiiidieil,  lordship  or  manor, 
before  the  steward  of  tlie  Icet. 

Blackslone. 
Point  ofvieic,  the  direction  in  which  a  thin 

is  seen. 
VIEWED,  pp.  vu'ed.  Surveyed  ;  examined 

by  the  eye  ;  inspected  ;  considered. 
VIEWER,  71.  vu'er.    One   who  views,  sur 

veys  or  examines. 
9.  In  N'ew  England,  a   town  officer  whose 
duty  is  to  inspect  soiiicthing;  as  a  t'tcit'er 
offences,  who  inspects  tlicni  to  determine 
whetlier  they  are  suthcient  in  law. 
VIEWING,    ppr.    vu'ing.    Surveying  ;  ex 
amining  by  the  eye  or  by  the  mind;  in- 
specting ;  exploring. 
VIEWING,  n.  vu'ing.  The  act  of  behold 

ing  or  surveying. 
VIEWLESS, '«.    vu'lts.i.    That  cannot  be 
seen  ;  not  being  perceivable  by  the  eye 
invisible;  as  rtcu'/fss  winds.  Shak 

.Swift  through  the  valves  the  visionary  fair 
Repass'd,  and  viewless  inixM  with  common 
air.  I^ope. 

VI6ESIMA'TION,  ji.  [L.  vigesimus,  twen- 

tietli.] 
The  act  of  putting  to  death  every  twentieth 
man.  Bailey. 

VI6'1L,  n.  [Ij.  vigilia  ;  Fr.  vigile ;  I,,  vigil, 
waking,  watchful ;  vigilo,  to  watch.  This 
is  formed  on  the  root  of  Eng.  tvake,  Sax. 
wtecan,  wecan.  The  primary  sense  is  to 
stir  or  excite,  to  rouse,  to  agitate.] 

1.  Watch;  devotion  performed  in  the  cus- 
tomary hours  of  rest  or  sleep. 

So  they  in  heav'n  their  odes  and  vigils  lun'd. 

Milton. 

2.  In  chvrch  affairs,  the  eve  or  evening  be- 
fore any  feast,  the  ecclesiastical  day  be- 
ginning at  six  o'clock  in  the  evening,  and 
continuing  till  the  same  hour  the  follow- 
ing evening  ;   hence,  a   religious  service 

Vol.  11. 


performed  in  the  evening  preceding  a  holi- 
day. Cyc. 

3.  A  fast  observed  on  the  day  preceding  a 
holiday  ;  a  wake.  Cyc. 

4.  Watch  ;   forbearance   of   sleep  ;    as   the 
vigils  of  the  card  table.  Addison. 

Vigils  or  loatchings  of  flowers,  a  term 
used  by  Liniie  to  express  a  peculiar  facul- 
ty belonging  to  the  llowcrs  of  certain! 
plants,  of  ojiening  and  closing  their  petals 
at  certain  hours  of  the  day.  C'lyc.' 

Vlti'ILANCE,  n.  [Fr.  from  h.rigilans.  See 
Vigil] 

Forbearance  of  sleep;  a   state  of  being 
awake.  Parr. 

2.  Watchfulness  ;  circumspection  ;  attention 
of  the  mind  in  discovering  and  guarding 
against  danger,  or  providing  for  safety 
Vigilance  is  a  virtue  of  prime  importance 
in  a  general.  The  vigilance  of  the  dog  is 
no  less  remarkable  than  his  fidelity. 

3.  Guard ;  watch. 
In  at  this  gate  none  pass 

The  vigilance  here  plac'd.        [  t'jitiSKa/.] 

AfUtmi. 

VIG'ILANCY,  for  vigilance,  is  not  used. 

VJo'ILANT,  a.  jFr.  from  L.  vigilans.] 
Watchful  ;  circumspect  ;  attentive  to  dis- 
cover and  avoid  danger,  or  to  provide  for 
safety. 

Take  your  places  and  be  vigilant.  Shak. 

Be  sober,  be  vigilant.     1  Pel.  v. 

VIG'ILANTI.Y,  adv.  [supra.]  Watchfully; 
with  attention  to  danger  and  themeansof| 
safely ;  circumspectly. 

VIGNETTE,   I       [Vr.vignette,  from  vigne, 

VIGNET',  I  "■  a  vine.]  An  ornament 
placed  at  the  beginning  of  a  book,  preface 
or  dedication  ;  a  head  jiicce.  These  vig- 
nets  are  of  various  forms  ;  often  they  ai-e 
wreaths  of  flowers  or  sprigs. 

VIG'OR,  n.  [L.  from  vigeo,  to  be  brisk,  to 
grow,  to  be  strong ;  allied  to  vivo,  J^ixi,  to 
live,  and  to  Sax.  wigan,  to  cari-y  on  war, 
and  to  jcake.] 

1.  Active  strength  or  force  of  body  in  ani- 
mals ;  physical  force.  | 

The  vigor  of  this  arm  was  never  vain.  | 

Dryden.  I 

2.  Strength  of  mind;  intellectual  force  ;  en-, 
orgy.  We  say,  a  man  possesses  vigor  of 
mind  or  intellect.  , 

3.  Strength  or  force  in  vegetable  motion  ; 
as,  a  plant  grows  with  rigor.  j 

4.  Strength;  energy;  efficacy. 
In  the  fruitful  earth 

His  beams,  unactive  else,  their  rigor  find.       ! 

Milton.'. 

VIG'OR,  V.  t.  To  invigorate 


tory.     [A 
VI  I.ELY, 


[.Vo/  in  use.] 
Feltham: 
JVIG'OROUS,  a.  Full  of  physical  strength 
or  active  force  ;  strong  ;  lusty  ;  as  a  rig:or- 
t     ous  youth  ;  a  t'lg'oroKS  body. 
2.  Powerful  ;  strong  ;  made  "by  strength,  ei- 
tlier  of  body  or   mind  ;  as  a  vigorous  at- 
tack ;  I'jg-oroKS  exertions.    The  enemy  ex- 
pects a  vigorous  campaign. 

The  beginnings   of  confederacies  have  been 
vigorous  and  successful.  Dai'enant.\ 

VIG  OKOFSLY,  adv.  With  great  physical 
force  or  strength  ;  forcibly  ;  with  active; 
exertions ;  as,  to  prosecute  an  enterprise 
vigorousb).  I 

VIG'OROlSNESS,  »i.  The  quality  of 
being  vigorous  or  possessed  of  active; 
strength. 

108 


[Fi^orand  all  its  derivatives  imply  active 
strength,  or  the  power  of  action  and  exer- 
tion, in  distinction  from  passive  strength, 

I     or  strength  to  endure.] 

(VhIeD  ("•  ^''®-   [■'^"' ««  «""■]      Spenser. 
iviI.K  a.  [L.  w/m;  Fr.Sp.  t«7;  It.rt7e,Gr. 

c))Oii?.05.] 

1.  Base  ;  mean  ;  worthless  ;  despicable. 
Tlie  inhabitants  account  gold  a  rile  thing. 

Mbot. 
.V  man  in  vile  raiment.    James  ii. 
Wherefore  are  wc  counted  as  beasts,  and  re- 
puted as  w7e  in  your  sight  ?     Job  xviii. 

2.  Morally  base  or  impure ;  sinful ;  depra- 
ved by  sin  ;  wicked  ;  hateful  in  the  sight 
of  God  and  of  good  men.  The  sons  of 
Eli  made  themselves  ri7e.     1  Sara.  iii. 

Behold  I  am  vile  ;  what  shall  I  answer ;  Job 

xl. 

VI'LED,  a.   Abusive  ;  scurrilous  ;  defanaa- 

Aot  in  use.]  Hayward. 

adv.    Hasely  ;  meanly  ;  slianie- 

fullv;  as  Hector  vilely  dragged  about  the 

walls  of  Troy.  Philips. 

2.  In  a  cowardly  manner.    2  Sam.  i. 

The  Volscians  vilelu  yielded  the  town. 

"  Shak. 

VI'LENESS,  ji.  Baseness  ;  meanness ;  des- 
picableiicss. 

His  vileness  us  shall  never  awe.       Drayton. 

2.  Moral   baseness   or  depravity ;  dejrada- 

tion  by  sin;  extreme  wickedness;  as  the 

I'lVcnpM  of  mankind.  Prior. 

'VILIFIED,   pp.    [from  vilify.]    Defamed; 

i     traduced  ;  debased. 

VIL'IFIER,  n.  One  who  defames  or  tradu- 
ces. 
VILIFY,  I'.  /.    [from  tiVc]    To  make   vile  ; 
to  debase  ;  to  degrade. 

Their  Maker's  image 
Forsook  tbeui,  when  ibemselvcs  they  vilified 
To  serve  ungovern'd  appetite.  Milton. 

2.  To  defame  :  to  traduce  ;  to  attempt  to  de- 
grade by  slander. 

Many  passions  dispose  us  to  depress  and  rt/- 

i/y  the  merit  of  one   rising  in  the  esteem  of 

mankind.  jJddiion. 

[This  is  the  most  usual  sense  of  the  verb.] 

VTL'IFYING,  ppr.  Debasing:  defaming. 

VILIPEND,  v.  t.  IL.  i-itipendo.]  To  des- 
pise.    [JVot  in  use.] 

VILIPEND'ENCY,  n.  Disesieem ;  slight. 
[j\o?  in  use.] 

VIL'ITY,  n.  Vileness ;  baseness.  [Xot  in 
use.]  Kinnet. 

VILL.  71.  [L.  ii7/a;  Fr.  ri«e.]   A  village;  a 

small  collection  of  houses.  Hale, 

The  statute  of  Exeter,  14  Edward  I. 

mentions  entire-vills,  dcmi-vUls,  and  fca7n- 

Uls.  Cyc. 

VIL'LA,  n.  [L.  vUla  ;  Fr.  viUe  ;  Gaelic, 
taiV.] 

A  country  seat  or  a  farm,  furnished  with  a 
mansion  and  convenient  out-houses.     Cyc 

VIL'LAgE,  n.  [Fr. ;  from  villa.]  A  small 
assemblage  of  houses,  less  than  a  town  or 
city,  and  inhabited  chiefly  by  farmers  and 
other  laboring  people.  In  England,  it  is 
said  that  a  village  is  distinguished  from  a 
town  by  the  want  of  a  market.  C^c. 

In  the  United  States,  no  such  distinc- 
tion exists,  and  any  small  assemblage  of 
houses  in  the  country  is  called  a  village. 

VIL'L.\tiER,  n.  An  iiihabitant  of  a  village. 

MUloii. 


V  I  L 


V  I  N 


V  I  N 


VIL'LAGERY,  n.  A  district  of  villages. 

Shak. 

VIL'LAIN,  }       [Fr.  vilain ;  It.  Sp.  villano ; 

VIL'LAN,  ^  "■  Norm,  vilaint.  According 
to  the  French  orthography,  this  word  is 
formed  from  vile  ;  but  the  orthography  in 
other  languages  connects  this  word  with 
vill,  village,  and  this  is  probably  the  true 
origin.     It  would  be  well  to  write  vUlanJ] 

1.  In  feudal  laiv,  a  villain  or  villein  is  one 
who  holds  lands  by  a  base  or  servile  ten- 
ure, or  in  villenage.  Villains  were  of  two 
sorts ;  villains  regardant,  that  is,  aiuiexed 
to  the  manor,  adscriptitii  glebce  ;  or  villains 
in  gross,  that  is,  annexed  to  the  person  of 
their  lord,  and  transferable  from  one  to 
another.  Blackstone. 

2.  A  vile  wicked  person;  a  man  extremely 
depraved,  and  capable  or  guilty  of  great 
crimes.  We  call  by  the  name  of  villain, 
the  thief,  the  robber,  the  burglarian,  the 
murderer,  the  incendiary,  the  ravisher,  the 
seducer,  the  cheat,  the  swindler,  «!tc. 

Calm  thinking  villains,  whom  no  laith  could 

fix.  Pope. 

VIL'LAKIN,    n.    A  little  village;  a  word 

used  by  Gay. 
VIL'LANAGE,  n.  The  state  of  a  villain  ; 
base  servitude. 

2.  A  base  tenure  of  lands;  tenure  on  condi- 
tion of  doing  the  meanest  services  for  the 
lord  ;  usually  written  villenage. 

3.  Baseness;  infamy.     [See  Villany.] 
VIL'LANIZE,  V.  t.  To  debase  ;  to  degrade; 

to  defame  ;  to  revile. 

Were  virtue  by  descent,  a  noble  name 
Could  never  villanize  his  father's  fame. 
[Little  useil.'\  Dry  den. 

VIL'LANIZED,    pp.    Defamed  ;    debased. 

[Little  used.] 
ML'LAmZlNG,  ppr.  Defaming  ;  debasing. 

[Little  used.] 
VIL'LANOUS,    I        [from  villain.]    Base; 
VIL'LAINOUS,  S  "■  very  vile. 
2.  Wicked  ;  extremely  depraved ;  as  a  vil- 

lanous  person  or  wretch. 
0.  Proceeding  from  extreme   depravity  ;  as 
a  villanous  action. 

4.  Sorry  ;  vile ;  mischievous  ;  in  a  familiar 
sense  ;  as  a  villanous  trick  of  the  eye. 

Shak. 
Villanous  judgment,  in  old  law,  a  judgment 

that  casts  reproach  on  the  guilty  person. 
VIL'LANOUSLY,    adv.    Basely;  with  ex- 
treme wickedness  or  depravity. 
VILLANOUSNESS,  n.  Baseness;  extreme 

depravity. 
VIL'LANY,    >       Extreme  depravity  ;  atro- 
VIL'LAINV,  I  "'  cious  wickedness;  as  the 
villany  of  tlie  thief  or  the  robber;  the  vil 
lanii  of  the  seducer. 

i  be  commendation  is  not  in  his  wit,  but  in 
his  villany.  Sliuk 

2.  A  crime  ;  an  action  of  deep  depravity.  In 
this  sense,  the  word  has  a  plural. 

Such  vitlanies  roused  Horace  into  wrath. 

Dryden 
VILLAT'IC,  a.   [L.  villalicus.]    Pertaining 
to  a  village. 

Tarrie  tillatic  fowl.  Milton. 

VII-'LENAfiFi,  II.  [from  villain.']    A  tenure 

of  lands  and  tenements  by  base  services 

Blackstone. 
VIL'LOUS,  a.  [\.,.villo3us,{romvillus,\ia\r. 

Eng.  ivuoh] 
1.  .'Vhounding  with  fine  hairs  or  wooly  sub- 


stance; nappy;  shaggy;  rough;  as  a  vil- 
lous coat. 

The  villous  coat  of  the  stomach  and  in- 
testines is  the  inner  mucous  membrane, 
so  called  from  the  innumerable  villi  or  fine 
fibrils  with  which  its  internal  surface  is 
covered.  Cyc.     Parr. 

2.  In  botany,  pubescent;  covered  with  soft 
hairs. 

VIM'INAL,  a.  [L.  viminalis.]  Pertaining 
to  twigs  ;  consisting  of  twigs  ;  producing 
twigs. 

VIMIN'EOUS,  a.  [h.  vimineus,  from  vimen, 
a  twig.]     Made  of  twigs  or  slioots. 

In  the  hive's  vimineous  dome.  Prior. 

VINA'CEOUS,  a.  [L.  vinaceus.]  Belonging 
to  wine  or  grapes.  It'hite. 

VINCIBLE,  a.  [from  L.  vinco,  to  conquer. 
iiee  f'iclor.] 

Conquerable;  that  may  be  overcome  or  sub- 
dued. 

He  not  vincible  in  spirit —  Hayward. 

VIN'CIBLENESsi,  n.  The  capacity  of  be- 
ing con(iiiered ;  conquerableness.        Diet. 

VIINC'TUKK,  n.  [L.  vinctura.]  A  binding. 
[Aoi  in  use.] 

VINDE'MlAlj,  a.  [h.  vindemialis,  from  vin- 
demia,  vintage  ;  vinea  and  demo.]  Belong- 
ing to  a  vintage  or  grape  harvest. 

VIl\DE'ML\TE,  ti.  i.  [supra.]  To  gather 
the  vrntiige.  Evelyn. 

VINDEMIA'TION,  n.  The  operation  of 
gathering  grapes.  Bailey. 

VINDICABIL'ITY,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
mg  viudicuble,  or  capable  of  support  or 
justification.  Journ.  of  Science. 

VIN'DICABLE,  a.  [infra.]  That  may  be 
vindicated,  justified  or  supported.    Dwight. 

VIN'DICATE,  1'.  t.  [L.  vindico.]  To  defend  ; 
to  justify  ;  to  support  or  maintain  as  true 
or  correct,  against  denial,  censure  or  ob- 
jections. 

When  the  respondent  denies  any  proposition, 

the  opponent  must  vindicate  it.  H'atts. 

Laugli  where  we  must,  be  candid  where  we 

can  ; 
But  vindicate  the  ways  of  God  to  man. 

Pope. 

2.  To  assert;  to  defend  with  success;  to 
maintain  ;  to  prove  to  be  just  or  valid  ;  as, 
to  vindicate  a  claim  or  title. 

3.  To  defend  with  arms,  or  otherwise  ;  as, 
to  vindicate  our  rights. 

4.  To  avenge ;  to  punish  ;  as  a  war  to  vin- 
dicate or  punish  infidelity.  Bacon. 

God  IS  more  powerfid  to  exact  subjection 
and  to  vindicate  rebellion.  Pearson. 

[This  latter  use  is  entirely  obsolete.] 

VIN'DICATED,  pp.  Defended;  supported; 
maintained  ;  proved  to  be  just  or  true. 

VIN'DICATING,     ppr.    Defending  ;    sup 
porting  against  denial,  censure,  charge  or 
impeachment ;  proving  to  be  true  or  just ; 
defending  bv  force. 

VINDICA'TI'ON,  n.    [Fr.  from  L.  wWico.] 

1.  'i'he  defense  of  any  thing,  or  a  justifica- 
tion against  denial  or  censure,  or  against 
objections  or  accusations  ;  as  the  vindica- 
tion of  opinions  or  of  a  creed  ;  the  vindica- 
tion of  l\\o  Scriptures  against  the  objec- 
tions and  cavils  of  infidels. 

2.  The  act  of  supporting  by  proof  or  legal 
process ;  the  proving  of  any  thing  to  be 
just;  as  the  vindication  of  a  title,  claim  or 
right. 

3.  Defense   by  force  or  otherwise;    as  th 
vindication  of  the  rights  of  man ;  the  I'iii- 


dication  of  our  liberties  or  the  rights  of 
conscience. 

VIN'DICATIVE,  a.   Tending  to  vindicate. 

2.  Revengeful.  [This  is  now  generally  vin- 
dictive.] 

VIN'DICATOR,  n.  One  who  vindicates; 
one  who  justifies  or  maintains;  one  who 
defends.  Dryden. 

VIN'DICATORY,  a.  Punitory  ;  inflicting 
punishment;  avenging. 

The  atliictions  of  Job  were   not   vindicatory 
punishments.  Bramha'X 

2.  Tending  to  vindicate;  justificatory. 

VINDICTIVE,  a.  [Fr.  vindicatif]  Re- 
vengeful ;  given  to  revenge. 

I   am   vindictive  enough  to   repel  force  by 
fofc-  Dryden. 

VINDICTIVELY,  adv.  By  way  of  re- 
venge ;  revengefully. 

VINDIC'TIVENESS,  n.  A  revengeful 
temper. 

2.  Revengefulness. 

VINE,  n.  [L.  vinea:  Fr. wg-nc ;  from  the  It. 
vigna,  Sp.  viha,  a  vineyard  ;  W.  gwinien, 
vine,  und  givin,  wine.     See  fVine.] 

1.  A  plant  that  produces  grapes,  of  the  genus 
Vitis,  and  of  a  great  number  of  varieties. 

2.  The  long  slender  stem  of  any  plant,  that 
trails  on  the  ground,  or  climbs  and  sup- 
ports itself  by  winding  round  a  fixed  ob- 
ject, or  by  seizing  any  fixed  thing  with  its 
tendrils  or  claspers.  Thus  we  speak  of 
the  hop  vine,  the  bean  vine,  the  vines  of 
melons,  squashes,  pumpkins,  and  other 
cucurbitaceous  plants. 

VI'NED,  a.  Having  leaves  like  those  of  the 
vine.  ff'otton. 

VI'NE-DRESSER,  n.  [vine  and  dresser.] 
One  who  dresses,  trims,  pruties  and  culti- 
vates vines. 

VI'NE-FRETTER,  n.  [vine  &nA  fret.]  A 
small  insect  that  injures  vines,  the  aphis 
or  puceron. 

VIN'EGAR,  n.  [Fr.  vin,  wine,  and  aigre, 
sour.] 

1.  Vegetable  acid ;  an  acid  liquor  obtained 
from  wine,  cider,  beer  or  other  liijuors.  by 
the  second  or  acetous  fernientatio'i.  Vin- 
egar may  ditTer  indefinitely  in  the  degree 
of  its  aciility.  When  highly  concentrated, 
it  is  called  radical  vinegar. 

2.  .\iiy  thing  really  or  metaphorically  sour. 
[.Vo(  in  use.]  Shak. 

Vinegar  of  lead,  a  liquor  formed  by  digesting 
ceruse  or  litharge  with  a  sulKcieiu  quan- 
tity of  vinegar  to  dissolve  it. 

VrNE-GRL'B,  71.  [I'ine  and  g-ntt.]  A  little 
insect  that  infests  vines;  the  viue-fretter 
or  puceron.  Cyc. 

Vl'NERY,  n.  In  gardening,  an  erection  for 
suiijiorting  vines  and  exposing  them  to  ar- 
tificial heat,  consisting  of  a  wall  with 
stoves  and  flues. 

VINEYARD,  }  ,,    [Sax.  vingeard ;  Ir. fton- 

VIN'YARD,  5  "•  ghort.  The  correct  or- 
thography, from  the  Saxon,  is  vinyard.] 

.\  plantation  of  vines  producing  grapes  ;  pro- 
perly, an  inclosure  or  yard  for  grape- 
vine.*. 

VIN'NEWED,  a.  [Sax.  fynig.]  MoWy  ; 
musty.     [JVot  in  use.]       '  JVeu^ton. 

VIN'NEVVEDNESS,  «.  Mustine.^s  ;  inoMi- 
ness.     [.Vot  in  use.]  Barret. 

VIN'NY,  a.  [supra.]  Moldy;  musty.  [JVot 
in  use.] 


V  I  o 


V  I  o 


VIN'OLENCY,     n.      [L.  mnoleniia,  from 

vinum,  wine.]   Drunkenness.     [JVot  used.] 

VIN'OLENT,     a.     Given   to   wine.     [JVot 

ViNOS'ITY,    n.    State  or  quality  of  being 

vinous.  ,      .*""• 

VI'NOIIS,    a.    [Fr.  vincnx,  from  L.  vmum 

wine.]  .   . 

I  lavinj,' the  qualities  of  wine;  pertauiing  to; 

wine  ;  as  a  vinous  taste  ;  a  vinous  flavor  : 

vi7ious  fermentation. 
VINT' AGE,  71.    [Fr.  vendange,  from  L.  vm- 

demia.]  „        , 

1.  The  produce  of  the  vine  for  the  season. 
The  vintage  is  abundant. 

2.  The  time  of  gathering  the  cioj)  of  grapes. 

3.  Tlie  wine  produced  by  the  crop  of  grapes 
in  one  season.  ^ll'^- 

VINT'A6ER,  n.  One  that  gathers  the  vin 

tage.  . 

VINTNER,  Ji.   One  who  deals  in  wine  ;  a 

wine-seller. 
VINT'RY,   n.   A  place  where  wine  is  sold. 

jUnsworth. 
VI'NY,    a.    Belonging  to  vines ;  producing 

grapes. 
2.  Ahiiunding  in  vines.  P.  Fletcher. 

VrOi.,  n.  \Fr.viole;  It.  Bp.  viola  ;  Iv.biol. 
A  stringed  musical  instrument,  of  lliu  same 
form  as  the  violin,  but  larger,  and  having 
formerly  six  strings,  to  be  struck   vvitli   n 
bow.     Viols  are  of  different  kinds.     The 
largest  of  all  is  the  base  viol,   whose  tones 
are  deep,  soft  and  agreeable.     The  violin 
now  takes  the  place  of  the  old  viol. 
Me  sorter  aiis  befit,  .ind  softer  stdnss 
Of  lute,  or  viol,  still  more  apt  for  mournful 
things.  Milton 

VI'OLABLE,    a.    [L.  violahilis.     See  Vio- 
late.] 
That  may  be  violated,  broken  or  injured. 
VIOLA'CEOUS,  o.  [L.  rioto,  a  violet.]   Re- 
sembling violets.  Encyc. 
VI'OLATE,  v.t.    [Fr.   violer ;  L.  violo ;  It. 

violare ;  Sp.  violnr.] 
t.  To  injure  ;  to  hurt ;  to  interrupt ;  to  dis- 
turb ;  as,  to  violate  sleep.  Milton. 
Kindness  for  man,  and  pity  for  his  fate, 
Mav  mix  with  bliss  and  yet  not  violate. 
•^                                                   Dryden. 

2.  To  break  ;  to  infringe  ;  to  transgress  ;  as, 
to  violate  the  laws  of  the  state,  or  the  rules 
of  good  breeding  ;  lo  Dio/a(e  the  divine 
conunands;  to  violate  one's  vows  or  prom- 
ises. Promises  and  commands  may  be 
violated  negatively,  by  non-observance. 

3.  To  injure  ;  to  do'  violence  to. 

Forbid  to  violate  the  sacred  fruit.        J\nlton. 

4.  To  treat  with  irreverence ;  to  profane  ; 
as,  to  violate  the  sanctity  of  a  holy  place. 

5.  To  ravish  ;  to  compress  by  force. 
VrOLATED,  pp.  Injured  ;  broken ;  trans- 
gressed ;  ravished. 

Vf  OLATING,  ppr.  Injuring  ;  infringing  ; 
ravishing. 

VIOLA'TION,  n.  [Fr.]  The  act  of  viola- 
ting or  injuring  ;  interruption,  as  of  slee) 
or  peace. 

2.  Infringement ;  transgression  ;  non-observ- 
ance ;  as  the  violation  of  law  or  positive 
command  ;  a  violation   of  covenants,  en 
gagements  and  promises ;  a  violation  of 
vows. 

3.  Act  of  irreverence ;  profanation  or  con 
teniirtuous  treatment  of  sacred  things;  as 
the  violation  of  a  church. 


4.  Ravishment;  rape.  j 

VI'OLATOR,  n.  One  who  violates,  injures, 
interrupts  or  disturbs;  as  a  violator  of  re- 
pose. 

•2.  One  who  infringes  or  transgresses;  as  a 
violator  of  law. 

3.  One  who  profanes  or  treats  with  irrever- 
ence ;  as  a  violator  of  sacred  things. 

_.  A  ravisher. 

VI'OLENCE,  n.  [L.  violentia.]  Physical 
force  ;  strength  of  action  or  motion  ;  as 
the  violence  of  a  storm;  the  violence  o{ a 
blow  or  of  a  conflict. 
Moral  force ;  vehemence.  The  critic  at- 
tacked the  work  with  violence. 

3.  Outrage  ;  unjust  force  ;  crimes  of  all 
kinds. 

The  earth  was  filled  with  violence.     Gen 

4.  Eagerness ;  vehemence. 
You  ask  with  iiio/cnce.  Shale. 

,5.  Injury;  infringement.  Offer  no  violence 
to  tlie"laws,  or  to  the  rules  of  civility. 

6.  Injury ;  hurt. 
Do  violence  to  no  man.     Luke  iii. 

7.  Ravishment ;  rape. 

To  do  violence  to  or  on,  to  attack ;  to  mur- 
der. 

But,  as  it  seems,  did  violence  on  herself. 

Shak.^ 

To  do  violence  to,  to  outrage;  to  force;  toi 
injure.  He  does  violence  to  his  own  opin- 
ions. 

VI'OLENCE,    V.  t.    To  assault ;  to  injure ; 
also,  to  bring  by  violence.     [Little  used.] 
B.  Jonson.     Fettham. 

VI'OLENT,  a.  [Fr.;  h.  violent  us.]  Forci- 
ble ;  moving  or  acting  with  jihysical 
strength  ;  urged  or  driven  with  force  ;  as 
a  violent  wind  ;  a  violent  stream ;  a  violent 
assault  or  blow  ;  a  violent  conflict. 

■2.  Vehement ;  outrageous  ;  as  a  violent  at- 
tack on  the  minister. 

3.  Produced  or  continued  by  force  ;  not 
spontaneous  or  natural. 

No  violent  state  can  be  perpetual.       Burnet 


V  I  R 

VI'OLIN,   n.    [It.  violino;  Fr.  vioton;  from 

viol.] 
A   musical   instrument   with    four    strings, 
played  with  a  bow;  a  fiddle;  one  of  the 
most  perfect  and  most  powerful  instru- 
ments that  has  been  invented.  Cyc. 
VIOLINIST,    n.    A  person  skilled  in  play- 
ing on  a  violin.                                     Farey. 
VI'OLIST,  n.  A  player  on  the  viol.     Todd. 
VIOLONCEL'LO,    ?i.    [It.]    A  stringed  in- 
strument of  music  ;  a   base  viol  of  four 
strings,  or  a  little  base  violin  with   long 
large   strings,   giving    sounds   an   octave 
lower  than  the  base  violin.                 Encyc. 
VIOLO'NO,    n.     A   double  base,   a   deep 
toned  instrument.                                Busby. 
VIPER,    n.     [L.   vipera  :    Fr.  vipere  ;    W. 
gwiber,  from  gwib,  a  quick  course,  a  driv- 
ing, flying  or  serpentine  motion,  a   wan- 
dering.] 
1.  A  serpent,  a  species  of  coluber,  whose 

bite  is  remarkably  venomous. 
i  A  viper  came  out  of  the  heat,  and  fastened 

on  his  hand.     Acts  xxix. 
A  person  or  thing  mischievous  or  malig- 
nant. •5''<"-- 
VI'PERINE,   a.    [L.  viperinui.]  Pertaining 

to  a  vi[)er  or  to  vipers. 

VIPEROUS,   a.  [L.  vipereus.]    Having  the 

qualities  of  a  viper  ;  malignant ;  venom- 

ou.^  ;  as  a  viperous  tongue.  Shak. 

VIPER'S  RLGLOSS,    n.    A   plant  of  the 

genus  Echium. 
[VIPER'S  GRASS,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus 

Scor/.oiiera. 
VIR.\'GO,  n.  [L.  from  vir,  a  man.]  A  wo- 
man of  extraordinary  stature,  strength 
and  courage  ;  a  female  who  has  the  ro- 
bust body  and  masculine  mind  of  a  man  ; 
a  female  warrior. 

To  arms  !  to  arms  !  the  fierce  virago  cries. 

Pope. 
3.  In  common  language,  a  bold,  impudent, 

turbulent  woman  ;  a  termagant. 
VIRE,  n.  ISi).  fiVn.l  An  arrow.   Obs.   Goicer. 


i'Mt    V  tin  rill    Pl.m.-    ^-im    ".-    [.i,.,-.-,......  --.». -.|^    *    aa^.J,    M.      |._p.  l-tf  «*•  J     *■*'"''  ^  "^  . 

4.  Produced  by  violence  ;  not  natural;  as  a  VPRELAY,  n.    [ir.virelai,  from   tnrer,  to 
violent  death. 
Acting   by  violence 


turn 
assailant  ;  not  au-  A  song 


thorized. 

Some  violent  hands  were  laid  on  Humphry  s 
life.  Slmk.i 

6.  Fierce  ;  vehement ;  as  a  violent  philippic  ; 
a  violent  remonstrance.  j 

We  micht  be  reckoned  fierce  and  violent. 

^  Hooker. 

7.  Severe;  extreme;  as  rio/fiiJ  pains. 

8.  E.ttorted  ;  not  voluntary. 
Vows  made  in  pain,  are  violent  and  void. 

Milton. 
Violent  presumption,  in  law,  is  presumption 
that  arises  from  circumstances  which  ne- 
cessarily attend  such  facts.     Such  circum 


little  poem  among  the  Proveii- 
(;al  poets  ill  France  ;  a  roundelay.  It 
sometimes  consisted  of  two  rhymes  only, 
and  short  verses,  with  stops. 

Johnson.     Cyr. 
To  which  a  lady  sung  a  virelay.        DryJai. 
VI'RENT,  a.  [L.  virens,  from  rirco,  to  flour- 
ish or  be  green.] 
Green  ;  verdant ;  fresh.  Brown. 

VIR'GATE,  a.   nearly  vurgate.  [L.  virga,  a 

rod.] 
In  botany,  having  the  shape   of  a   rod   or 
wand  ;  as  a  virgate  stem. 


,     ,     -  iviR'GATE.  n.  A  yardland.  Jfarton. 

,     ,         .   ';"='V'="'''-T.''vIRgE.   [See  Verge.] 

stances  being  proved,  the  miml  inters  witn  viRiilL'MN,    a.    Pertaining  to  Virgil,  the 

confidence  that  the  fact  has  taken  jilace,  j     j^^^^g,,    ^et. 

and  this  confidence  is  a  violent  presumption,]^    Resembling  the  style  of  Virgil.        I'oung-. 

which  amounts  to  proof  ,.,,.  -,  VIR'tilN,    n.    nearly  nir'gnn.    [It.  ftV^iie  ; 

VI'OLENT,  n.  An  assailant.     [.Vo/  in  use.]  \  ^^.^^^^  .  ,..^  ,.,-j^„j  .  l.  ,,,Vgo.] 

VI'OLENT,    v.t.   To   urge   with  violence.   ^    ^  „.o,'i,Qn  who  has  had  no  carnal  knowl- 

[jVot  used.]  *]\"-f''->  ■  ed-'e  of  man. 

VIOLENTLY,  adv.  With  force  ;  fore  i  by :       ^"^^.o^a,,  not  a  mother.     [Unusual] 

vehemently  ;  as,  the  wind  blows  fio(f»iH2/.'    '  "" 


Forfeitures  must  not  be  e.\actcd  violently 

Taylor. 
VIOLET,   n.    [Fr.  violetle  ;   It.  violetto ;  L 
viola.]  - 

A  plant  and  flower  of  the  genus  Viola,  ot| 
many  specie 


Milton. 
3.  The  sign  Virgo.     [See  Virgo.']       Miltoti. 
VIR'GIN,    a.    Pure  ;  untouched  ;  as  virgin 
0oW.  IVoodward. 

2.  Fresh  ;  new  ;  unused  :  as  virgin  soil. 
'  Belknap 


V  1    R 


V  I  R 


VIS 


3.  Becoming  a  virgin ;  maidenly  ;  modest  ; 
indicating  modesty  ;  as  a  virgin  blush  ; 
virgin  shame.  Cowley. 

4.  Pure ;  chaste. 
VIR'GIN,    V.  i.    To  play  the  virgin  ;  a  cant 

word.  Shak. 

VIR'OINAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  virgin  ; 
maidenly  ;   as  virginal  chastity. 

Hammond. 

VIR'6INAL,  )!.  A  keyed  instrument  of  one 
string,  jack  and  quill  to  each  note,  like  a 
spinet,  but  in  shape  resembling  the  forte 
piano ;  out  of  use.  Cyc.     Bacon. 

VIR'GlNAL,  v.i.  To  pat;  to  strike  as  on 
a  virginal.     [A  cant  ivord.]  Shak. 

VIRGIN'ITY,  n.  [L.  virginilas.]  Maiden- 
hood ;  the  state  of  having  had  no  carnal 
knowledge  of  man. 

VIRGIN'S  BOWER,  n.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Clematis. 

VlR'GO,  n.  [L.]  A  sign  of  the  zodiac  which 
the  sun  enters  in  August ;  a  constellation, 
containing  according  to  the  British  cata- 
logue, one  hundred  and  ten  stars.         Cyc.i 

VIRID'ITY,  n.  [L.  viriditas,  from  vireo,  to 
be  green.] 

Greenness  ;  verdure  ;  the  color  of  fresh  ve- 
getables. Evdyn. 

VI'RILE,  a.  [h.  virilis,  from  vir,  a  man, 
Sax.  wer ;  Sans,  vira,  strong  ;  from  the 
root  of  L.  i;!>fo.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  man,  in  the  eminent  sense 
of  the  word,  [not  to  man,  in  the  sense  of 
the  human  race ;]  belonging  to  the  male 
sex  ;  as  virile  age. 

2.  Masculine;  not  puerile  or  feminine;  as 
virile  strength  or  vigor. 

VIRILITY,    n.    [Fr.  virilite;  L.   virilitas.] 

1.  Manhood  ;  the  state  of  the  male  sex, 
which  has  arrived  to  the  maturity  and 
strength  of  a  man,  and  to  the  power  of 
procreation. 

2.  The  power  of  procreation. 

3.  Character  of  man.     [Unusual.] 
VIR'TII,  n.  [It.]  A  love  of  the  fine  arts;  a 

taste  for  curiositie.s.  Chesterfield. 

VIR'TUAL,  a.  [Fr.  virluel;  from  virtue 
See  Virtue.] 

1.  Potential;  having  the  power  of  acting  or 
of  invisible  eflicacy  without  the  material 
or  sensible  part. 

Every  kind  that  lives. 
Fomented  by  his  virtual  power,  and  warin'd. 

Milton. 

Neither  an  actual  nor  virtual  intention  of  the 

mind,  but  only  that  which  may  be  gathered 

from  the  outward  acts.  Stillingfttet. 

2.  Being  in  essence  or  effect,  not  in  fact;  as 
the  virtual  presence  of  a  man  in  his  agent 
or  substitute. 

VIRTUAL'ITY,  n.  Efficacy.  Broivn. 

VIR'TUALLY,  adv.  In  etficacy  or  effect 
only  ;  by  means  of  some  virtue  or  influ- 
ence, or  the  instrumentality  of  something 
else.  Thus  the  sun  is  virtually  on  earth 
by  its  light  and  heat.  The  citizens  of  an 
elective  government  are  virtually  present 
in  the  legislature  by  their  representatives. 
A  man  may  virtually  agree  to  a  proposi- 
tion by  silence  or  withholding  objections. 
Mdison.     Ciic. 

VIR'TLIATE,  V.  t.  To  make  efficacious. 
[M>t  in  use.]  Harvey. 

VIRTUE,  n.  vur'tu.  [Fr.  vertu ;  It.  virtu: 
Sp.  vertud;  L.  virtus,  from  vireo,  or  its 
root.     See  JVorth.    The  radical  sense  is 


strength,  from  straining,  stretching,  ex- 
tending. This  is  the  primary  sense  of  L. 
vir,  a  man.     Class  Br.] 

1.  Strength  ;  that  substance  or  quality  of 
physical  bodies,  by  which  they  act  and 
produce  effects  on  other  bodies.  In  this 
literal  and  proper  sense,  we  speak  of  the 
I'irlue  or  virtees of  plants  in  medicine,  and 
the  virtues  of  drugs.  In  decoctions,  the 
virtues  of  plants  are  extracted.  By  long 
standing  in  the  open  air,  the  virtues  are 
lost. 

2.  Bravery ;  valor.  This  was  the  predomi- 
nant signification  of  virtus  among  the  Ro- 
mans. 

Trust  to  thy  single  virtue.  Shak 

[TViis  sense  is  nearly  or  quite  obsolete.] 

3.  Moral  goodness ;  the  practice  of  moral 
duties  and  the  abstaining  tiom  vice,  or 
a  conformity  of  life  and  conversation  to 
the  moral  law.  In  tliis  sense,  virtue  may 
be,  and  in  many  instances  must  be,  distin- 
guished from  religion.  The  practice  of 
moral  duties  merely  from  motives  of  con 
venience,  or  from  compulsion,  or  from  re- 
gard to  reputation,  is  virtue,  as  distinct 
from  religion.  The  practice  of  moral  du-j 
ties  from  sincere  love  to  God  and  his  laws,| 
is  virtue  and  religion.  In  this  sense  it  isj 
true. 

That  virtue  only  makes  our  bUss  below. 

Popc.^ 

T'iVfHe  is  nothing  but  voluntary  obedience  to: 

truth.  Dwight\ 

4.  A  particular  moral  excellence  ;  as  tiie 
virtue  of  temperance,  of  chastity,  of  char- 
ity. 

Remember  all  his  virtues.  Addison. 

5.  Acting  power;  something  efficacious. 

Jesus,  knowiuii  that  virtue  had  gone  out  of 
him,  turned—     Mark  iii. 

6.  Secret  agency  ;  efficacy  without  visible 
or  material  action. 

She  moves  the  Irody  which  she  doth  possess. 
Yet  no  part  toucheth,  but  by  virtue's  touch. 

Danies. 

7.  Excellence  ;  or  that  which  constitutes 
value  and  merit. 

— Terence,  who  thought  the  sole  grace  and 
virtue  of  their  fable,  the  sticking  in  of  senten- 
ces. B.  Junson. 

8.  One  of  the  orders  of  the  celestial  hierar- 
chy. 

Thrones,  dominations,  princedoms,  virtues, 
powers.  Milton 

9.  Efficacy  ;  power. 

He  used  to  travel  through  Greece  by  virtue 
of  this  fable,  which  procured  him  reception  in 
all  the  towns.  JIddison. 

10.  Legal  efficacy  or  power  ;  authority.  A 
man  administers  the  laws  by  virtue  of  a 
commission. 

In  virtue,  in  consequence  ;  by  the  efficacy 
or  authority. 

This  they  shall  attain,  partly  in  virtue  of  the 
promise  of  God,  and  partly  in  virtue  of  piety. 

Mterbury. 
VIR'TUELESS,  a.  Destitute  of  virtue. 
2.  Destitute  of  efficacy  or  operating  quali- 
ties. 

Virtueless  she  wish'd  all  herbs  and  charms. 

Fairfax. 

VIRTUO'SO,  n.  [It.]   A    man  skilled  in  the 

fine  arts,  particularly  in  music  ;  or  a  man 

skilled  in  antiquities,  curiosities  and  the 

like. 

Virtuoso  the  Ifalians  call  a  man  who  loves 
the  noble  arts,  and  is  a  critic  in  thein.    Dryden. 


VIRTUO'SOSHIP,  n.  The  pursuits  of  a 
virtuoso.  Hurd. 

VIRTUOUS,  a.  Morally  good ;  acting  in 
conformity   to   the  moral   law;  practicing 

;     the   moral    duties,    and    abstaining  from 

I     vice  ;  as  a  virtuous  man. 

2.  Being  in  conformity  to  the  moral  or  di- 
j  vine  law ;  as  a  virtuous  action  ;  a  virtuous 
I     life. 

I  The  mere   performance  of  virtuous  actions 

does  not  denominate  an  .igent  virtuous.      Price. 

3.  Chaste  ;  applied  to  women. 

,4.   Efficacious  by  inherent  qualities;  as  I'lV- 

I     tuous  herbs ;  virtuous  drugs.    [JVot  in  use.] 

j  Chapman. 

5.  Having  great  or  powerful  properties  ;  ae 
virtuous  steel  ;  a  virtuous  staff;  a  virtuous 

I     ring.     [^Vo<  in  use.]  Milton.     Spenser. 

j6.  Having  medicinal  qualities.     [JVot  used.] 

Bacon. 

VIR'TUOUSLY,  adv.  In  a  virtuous  man- 
ner ;  in  conformity  with  the  moral  law  ov 
with  duty  ;  as  a  life  mrtiious/j/  spent. 

Denham. 
A  child  virtuously  educated.  Addison, 

VIR'TUOUSNESS,  n.  The  state  or  char- 
acter ol  being  virtuous.  Spenser. 

Vlii'ULENCE,  I       [from   virulent.]    That 

VIR'ULENCY,  ^  quality  ofathing  which 
renders  it  extremely  active  in  doing  inju- 
ry ;  acrimony;  malignancy  ;  as  the  viru- 
lence of  poison. 

2.  Acrimony  of  temper;  extreme  bitterness 
or  malignity;  as  the  virulence  of  enmity 
or  iiialii^e  ;  the  virulence  of  satire;  to  at- 
tack a  man  with  virulence.  Addison. 

VIR' U LENT,  a.  [L.  virulentus,  from  virus, 
poison,  that  is,  strengih,  from  the  same 
inoi  ar~  vir,  vireo.     See  Venom.] 

1.  tixtremely  active  in  doing  injury  ;  very 
poisonous  or  venomous.  No  poison  is 
more  virulent  than  that  of  some  species  of 
serpents. 

2.  Very  lm[t;r  in  enmity;  malignant;  as  a 
virulent  invi^ctive. 

VIRULENTLY,  adv.  With  malignant  ac- 
tivity ;  with  bitter  spite  or  severity. 
VI'RUS,    n.    [L.     See    Virulent.]     Foul  or 
contagions   matter  of  an   ulcer,   pustule, 
&c.  ;  poison. 
VIS' Age,  n.  s  as  z.  [Fr. ;  from  It.  visaggio; 

from  L.  visus,  video.] 
The    face;  the   countenance   or   look   of  a 
person,  or  of  other  animal ;  chiefly  appli- 
ed to  human  beings;  as  a  wolfish  visage. 

Shak. 
Love  and  beauty  still  that  visage  grace. 

Waller. 
His   visage  was  so  marred,  more  than  any 
man.     Is.  hi. 

VIS'AtiED,  a.  Having  a  visage  or  counte- 
nance. Milton. 

VIS-A-VIS,  n.  [Fr.  opposite,  face  to  lace.] 
A  carriage  in  which  two  persons  sit  fiice 
to  face. 

VIS'CERA,  n.  [L.]  The  bowels  or  intes- 
tines; the  contents  of  the  abdomen  and 
thorax. 

In  its  most  general  sense,  the  organs  con- 
tained in  any  cavity  of  the  body,  particu- 
larly in  the  three  venters,  the  head,  tho- 
rax and  abdomen.  Cyc.     Parr. 

VISCERAL,  a.  [L.  viscera.]  Pertaining  to 
the  viscera  or  intestines. 

2.  Feeling;  having  sensibility.     [Unusual.'\ 

Reynolds. 


VIS 


VIS 


VIS 


VIS'CERATE,  V.  I.  [supra.]  To  exente 
rate;  to  etiibowel;  to  deprive  of  the  en- 
trails or  viscera.  [Eviscerate  is  generally 
uscil.] 

V'IS'('ID,  a.  [L.  viscidus ;  viscus,  birdlime.] 
Glutinous;  sti(^ky  ;  tenacious;  not  readily 
separating  ;  as,  turpentine,  lar,  gums,  &.C. 
are  more  or  less  viscid. 

VISCID'ITY,  n.  Glutinousness;  tenacity; 
stickiness. 

2.  Olutinous  concretion.  Floyer. 

VISCOS'ITY,        }       Glutinousness;  tena- 

VIS'COUSNESS,  \  "■  city  ;  viscidity  ;  that 
quality  of  soft  substances  which  makes 
them  adhere  so  as  not  to  be  easily  parted. 

VISCOUNT,    n.    vi'count.     [L.   vice-comes 
Fr.  vicomie.] 

1.  An  officer  who  formerly  supplied  the 
place  of  the  count  or  earl  ;  the  sherif  of] 
the  county.  England. 

2.  A  degree  or  title  of  nobility  next  in  rank 
to  an  earl.  Cowet.     England. 

VISCOUNTESS,  n.  vi'countess.  The  lady 
of  a  viscount;  a  peeress  of  the  fourth  or 
der.  Johu.ion. 

VISCOUNTSHIP,  )       vi'countship.  )     The 

VISCOUNTY,  S  vi'<:ountij.  ^  qual- 
ity BMil  office  of  a  viscount.  IHUiains 

VIS'COUS,  a.  [Fr.  visqueux;  from  L.  vis- 
cus, birdlime.] 

Glutinous ;  clammy  ;  sticky  ;  adhesive  ;  te- 
nacious ;  as  a  viscous  juice. 

VISE,  n.  [p'r.  ria,  a  screw.]  An  engine  or 
instrument  forgripin>;  and  holding  things, 
closed  by  a  screw  ;  usud  by  artificers. 

VISH'NU,  n.  In  the  Hindoo  mythology,  the 
name  of  one  of  the  chief  deities  of  the  tri- 
murti  or  triad.  He  is  the  second  person 
of  this  unity,  and  a  personilic;ition  of  the 
preservint:  powers.  Cyc.     Eitct/c. 

VISIBILITY,  n.saaz.  [rrom  visible  ;  Vr. 
vi.iibilitr.] 

1.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  perceivable 
to  the  eye  ;  as  the  visibility  of  minute  par- 
ticles, or  of  dlstaiJt  objects. 

2.  The  stale  of  being  discoverable  or  aiipar- 
ent  ;  coMspicuousness  ;  as  the  perpetual 
vi.iibilit))  of  the  cluiiTh.  Slillinajfleet. 

VISIBLE,  a.  s  as  :.  [Fr.  from  L.  visibilis.] 

1.  Perceivable  by  the  eye  ;  that  ciin  be  seen  ; 
as  a  visible  star  ;  the  least  spot  is  visihle 
on  white  paper;  air  agitated  by  heat  he- 
comes  visible ;  as  the  air  near  a  heated 
stcie,  or  over  a  dry  sandy  plain,  appears 
like  pellucid  waves. 

Virtue  made  visible  in  outward  grace. 

I'oung. 

2.  Discovered  to  the  eye  ;  as  visible  spirits, 

Shak. 

3.  Apparent;  open  ;  conspicuous.  Factions 
at  court  became  more  visible.     Clarendon. 

Visible  church,  in  theology,  the  apparent 
church  of  Chri.^t:  the  whole  body  of  pro- 
fessed believers  in  Christ,  as  contradistin- 
guished from  the  real  or  invisible  church, 
consisting  of  sanctified  persons. 

Visible  horizon,  the  line  that  bounds  the 
sicht. 

VIS'IBLENESS,  n.  State  or  quality  of  be- 
ing visible  ;   visibility. 

VIS'IBLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  perceptible  to 
the  eye.  The  day  is  visibly  governed  by 
the  sun  ;  the  tides  are  visibly  governed  by 
the  moon. 

VI"SION.  n.  s  as  r.  [Fr.  from  L.  visio, 
from  video,  visus.] 


1.  The  act  of  seeing  external  objects ;  actual 
sight. 

Faith  here  is  turned  into  vision  there. 

Hammond 

2.  The  faculty  of  seeing  ;  sight.  Vision  is 
far  more  perfect  and  acute  in  some  ani- 
mals than  in  man. 

3.  Something  imagined  to  be  seen,  though 
not  real ;  a  phantom  ;  a  specter. 

No  dieains,  but  visions  strange.  Sidney. 

4.  In  Scripture,  a  revelation  from  God ;  an 
appearance  or  exhibition  of  something 
supernatiirally  presented  to  the  minds  of 
the  i)rophets,  by  which  they  were  inform 
ed  of  future  events.  Such  were  the  vis- 
ions of  Isaiah,  of  Amos,  of  Ezekiel,  &c 

5.  Something  imaginary ;  the  production  of 
fancy.  Locke. 

6.  Any  thing  which  is  the  object  of  sight. 

TTiomson. 

VI"SIONAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  vision. 

ffaterland. 

VI"SIONARY,  a.  [Fr.  visionnaire.]  Affect- 
ed by  phantoms ;  disposed  to  receive  im- 
pressions on  the  imagination. 

Or  lull  10  rest  tlie  visionanf  maid.  Pope 

Imaginary;  existing  in  imagination  only 
not  real ;  havitig  no  solid  fnumlation;  as 
a  visionary  prospect ;  a  visionary  scheme 
or  project. 

Vr'SIONARY,  n.  One  whose  imagination 
is  disturbed. 

One  who  forms  impracticable  schemes  ; 
one  who  is  contident  of  success  in  a  pro- 
ject which  others  perceive  to  be  idle  and 
fanciful.  [Visionisl,  in  a  like  sense,  is  not 
used.] 

VIS' IT,  1-.  t.  s  as  2.  [L.  visilo ;  Fr.  visiter; 
It.  visitare ;  from  L.  viso,  to  go  to  see ; 
W.  gwest,  gwesta,  to  visit,  to  go  about ; 
gwest,  a  going,  a  visit ;  gtves,  that  is  going 
or  moving.  We  see  the  sense  is  to  go,  to 
move  to.] 

1.  To  go  or  come  to  see ;  to  attend.  The 
physician  visits  his  patient  and  prescribes.! 
One  friend  visits  another  from  respect  ori 
affection.  Paul  and  Barnabas  visited  the  I 
churches  they  had  planted,  to  know  their, 
state  and  confirm  their  faith.  Men  visit 
England,  France  or  Italy  in  their  travels. 

'i.  To  go  or  come  to  see  for  inspection,  ex- 
amination, correction  of  abuses,  &c.  ;  as, 
a  bishop  visits  bis  diocese  ;  a  superintend- 
ant  visits  those  persons  or  works  which 
are  under  his  care. 

3.  To  salute  with  a  present. 
Samson  visited  his  wile  with  a  kid.  Judges  xv. 

4.  To  go  to  and  to  use  ;  as,  to  visit  the' 
st>rings.  I 

To  visit  in  mercy,  in  Scriptural  language,  to' 
be  propitious;  to  grant  requests;  to  deliv- 
er from  trouble  ;  to  support  and  ronifort. 
It  is  thus  God  visits  his  people.  Gen.  xxi.; 
Zecb.  X.     Luke  xii.  I 

To  visit  with  the  rod,  to  punish.     Ps.  Ixxxix.  i 

To  visit  in  wrath,  or  visit  invpiity  or  sinS: 
upon,  to  chastise;  to  bring  judgments  on  ; 
to  afflict.     Ex.  XX.  I 

To  visit  the  fatherless  and  toidow,  or  the  sick\ 
and  imprisoned,  to  show  them  regard  and] 
pity,  and  relieve  their  wants.  Matt  xxv.j 
James  i.  | 

VIS' IT,  r.  t.  To  keep  up  the  interchange  of 
civilities  and  salutations ;  to  practice  go-i 
ing  to  see  others.  We  ought  not  to  visit^ 
for  pleasure  or  ceremony  on  the  sabbath.! 


VIS  rr,  n.  The  act  of  going  to  see  another, 
or  of  calling  at  his  house;  a  waiting  on  ; 
as  a  t'i»i<  of  civility  or  respect ;  a  visit  of 
ceremony  ;  a  short  i>t*i7 ;  a  long  visit ;  a 
pleasant  visit. 

2.  The  act  of  going  to  see ;  as  a  visit  to  Sara- 
toga or  to  Niagara. 

3.  A  going  to  see  or  attending  on;  as  the 
visit  of  a  physician. 

4.  The  act  of  going  to  vie%v  or  inspect ;  as 
the  visit  of  a  trustee  or  inspector. 

VIS'ITABLE,  a.  Liable  or  subject  to  be 
visited.  All  ho.spitals  built  since  the  ref- 
ormation arc  visitable  by  the  king  or  lord 
chancellor. 

VIS'ITANT,  71.  One  that  goes  or  comes  to 
see  another ;  one  who  is  a  guest  in  the 
house  of  a  friend. 

AVhen  tlie  visilanl  comes  again  he  is  no  more 
a  stranger.  South. 

VISITATION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  visilo.]  The 
act  of  visiting. 

Notliing  but  peace  and  gentle  visitation. 

Shak. 

2.  Object  of  visit. 
O  flowers  I 

My  early  visitation  and  my  last.         Milton. 
[Unusual.'] 

3.  In  laic,  the  act  of  a  sui>erior  or  superin- 
tending officer,  who  visits  a  corporation, 
college,  church  or  other  house,  to  exam- 
ine into  the  manner  in  which  it  is  con- 
ducted, and  see  that  its  laws  and  regula- 
tions are  duly  ob.served  and  executed.  In 
England,  the  visitation  of  the  <liocese  l)e- 
longs  to  the  bishop  ;  parochial  visitation 
belongs  peculiarly  to  the  archdeacons. 

Cyc. 

4.  In  Scripture,  and  in  a  religious  sense,  the 
sending  of  afflictions  and  distresses  on  men 
to  punish  them  for  their  sins,  or  to  prove 
them.  Hence  afflictions,  calamities  and 
judgments  are  called  visitations. 

What  will  ye  do  in   the  day  of  visitation  I 
Is.  X. 

Communication  of  divine   love  ;  exhibi- 
[     tion  of  divine  goodness  and  mercy. 

Hooker. 
VIS'lTED,  pp.  Waited  on;   attended;  in- 
spected ;  subjected  to  sufferings  ;  favored 
with  reliefer  mercy. 
VIS'ITING,  ppr.  Going  or  coming  to  sec  ; 
attending  on,  as  a  physician  ;  itispeciing 
officially;  afilicting;  showing  mercy  to. 
2.  a.  Authorized  to  visit  and  inspect ;  as  a 

visiting  committee. 
VIS'ITING,  71.  The  act  of  going  to  see  or 

of  attending;  visitation. 
VIS'ITOR,  71.  [Fr.  visiteur.]  One  who  comes 
or  goes  to  sec  another,  as  in   civility  or 
friendship. 
2.  A  superior  or  person  authorizetl  to  visit  a 
corporation  or  any  institution,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  seeing  that  the  laws  and  resiiin- 
tions  are  observed,  or  that  the  duties  and 
conditions  prescribed  by  the  founder  or  by 
law,  are  duly  performed  and  executed. 
The  king  is  the  visitor  of  all  lay  corporations. 

Btack.'.tone. 
VISITO'RI.\L,  a.  [from  trwt/or;  written  im- 
properly visitatorial.] 
Belonging  to  a  judicial  visitor  or  superin- 
tendant. 

An  archdeacon  has  visUorial  power  in  parish- 
es, .lyliffe. 


V  I  T 


V  I  T 


V  I  T 


VI'SIVE,  a.  [from  L.  risiw.]  Pertaining  toi 
the  power  of  seeing  ;  formed  in  the  act  of 
seeing.     [jS'ol  inusc]  Brown. 

V'ISNE,  n.  vceii.  [Norm,  from  L.  vicinia.] 
Neighborhood.     [See  Venue..] 

VIS'NOMY,  n.  [a  barbarous  contraction  of 
physiognomy.]  Face  ;  countenance.  [JVot 
in  use.]  Spenser. 

VrSOR,  n.  s  as  ;.  [Fr.  visiere  ;  It.  visiera  : 
from  L.  visus,  video ;  written  also  visard, 
visar,  vizard.] 

1.  A  head  piece  or  mask  used  to  disfigure 
and  disguise. 

My   weaker   government  since,   makes  you 
pull  oti' the  ))i50»'.  Sidney. 

Swarms  of  knaves  the  visor  quite  disgrace. 

i'oung. 

2.  A  perforated  part  of  a  hehiiet.        Sidney. 
VI'SORED,   o.  Wearing  a  visor  ;  masked 

disguised.  Millon. 

VIS'TA,  n.  [It.  sight ;  from  L.  visus,  video 
A  view  or  prospect  through  an  avenue,  as 
between  rows  of  trees ;  hence,   the  trees 
or  other  tilings  that  form  the  avenue. 
The  tiaish'd  garden  to  the  view 
Its  vistas  opens  and  its  alleys  green. 

Thomsn7t 
VIS'TJAL,  a.  s  as  :.  [Fr.  visuel;  It.  visuale  ; 

from  L.  visus.] 

Pertaining  to  sight;  used  in  sight;  serving 

as  the  instrument  of  seeing  ;  as  the  visual 

nerve.  Bacon.    Milton 

The  air. 

No  where  so  clear,  sharpen'd  his  visual  ray 

Milton 

Visual  -point,  in  perspective,   a  point  in  the 

horizontal   line,  in  whicli  all  the  ocular 

rays  unite.  Cyc. 

Visual  rays,  lines  of  light,  imagined  to  come 

from  the  object  to  the  eye.  Cyc. 

VI'TAL,  a.  [L.  vitalis,  from  vita,  life.     This 

must  be   a  contraction  of  victa,  for  vivo 

forms  vi.ri,  victus ;  Gr.  (3to;,  from  fjtou,  con 

tracted.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  life,  either  animal  or  vege- 
table ;  as  vital  energies ;  vital  powers. 

2.  Contributing  to  life  ;  necessary  to  life  ;  as 
vital  air  ;  vital  blood. 

3.  Containing  life. 

Spirits  that  live  throughout, 
Vital  in  every  part —  ATdton 

And  vital  virtue  infus'd,  and  vital  warmth. 

Milton. 
Being  the  seat  of  life ;  being  that  on  which 
life  depends. 

The  dart  flew  on,  and  pierc'd  a  vital  part. 

Pope 
').  Very   necessary  ;    highly  important ;  es- 
sential.    Religion   is   a   business   of  vital 
concern.     Peace  is  of  vital  importance  to 
our  country. 
C.  So  disposed  as  to  live. 

Pythagoras  and  Hippocrates  affirm  the  birth 
of  the  seventh  month  to  be  vital.  Brown 

l^Lillle  used.] 
Vital  air,  pure  air  or  oxygen  gas,  which  is 

essential  to  aninml  life. 
VITAL'ITY,  n.  [from  vital]  Power  of  sub- 
sisting in  life;  the  principle  of  animatioi 
or  of  life ;  as  the  vitality  of  vegetable  seeds 
or  of  eggs.  _  Bay 

2.  The  act  of  living;  animation. 
VI'TAl.IZE,  V.   t.  To  give  life. 

Trans.  Pausanias. 

VI'TALLY,   adv.   l\\  such  a  ninnner  as  to 

give  life. 

The  organic  structure   of  hurann  bodies,  by 


4. 


which  they  are  fitted  to  live  and  move,  and  to 
be  vitally  informed  by  the  soul,  is  the  work- 
mauship  of  a  most  wise  and  beneficent  maker. 

Bentley. 

■2.  Essentially ;  as  vitally  important. 

VI'TALS,  n.plu.  Parts  of  animal  bodies  es- 
sential to  life,  such  as  the  viscera.       Prior. 

2.  The  part  essential  to  life,  or  to  a  sound 
state.  Corruption  of  manners  preys  upon 
the  totals  of  a  state. 

VIT'ELLARY,  n.  [L.  vitellus,lhe  yelk  of  an 

egg-] 
The  place  where  the  yelk  of  an  egg  swims 

in  the  white.     [Little  used.]  Brown. 

VP'TIATE,  I',  t.  [L.  vilio.    See   Vice  and 

Viciate.] 

1.  To  injure  the  substance  or  qualities  of  a 
thing,  so  as  to  impair  or  spoil  its  use  and 
value.  Thus  we  say,  luxury  vitiates  the 
humors  of  the  body  ;  evil  examples  vitiate 
the  morals  of  youth  ;  language  is  vitiated 
by  foreign  idioms. 

This  undistinguishing  complaisance  will  vi- 
tiate the  taste  of  readers.  Garth. 

''2.  To  render  defective  ;  to  destroy ;  as  the 
validity  or  binding  force  of  an  instrument 
or  transaction.  Any  undue  influence  ex- 
erted on  a  ]\iry  vitiates  their  verdict.  Fraud 
vitiates  a  contract. 

VI'TIATED,  pp.  Depraved  ;  rendered  im- 
pure; rendered  defective  and  void. 

V1"TIATING,  ppr.  Depraving;  rendering 
of  no  validity. 

VITIA'TION,"  n.  The  act  of  vitiating  ;  de- 
pravation ;  corruption ;  as  the  vitiation  of 
the  blood.  Harvey. 

2.  A  rendering  invalid  ;  as  the  vitiation  of  a 
contract. 

VITILIT'IGATE,t).t.[L.OT7ioiusand»ig-o.] 
To  contend  in  law  litigiously  or  cavilously. 

VITILITIGA'TION,  ra.  Cavilous  litigation. 
\J\rot  in  use.]  Hudibras. 

Vitious,  vitiously,  vitimisness.  [See  Vicious 
and  its  derivatives.] 

VITREO-ELE€'TRl€.  a.  Containing  orex- 
hibiting  positive  electricity,  or  that  which 
is  excited  by  rubbing  glass.  lire. 

VIT'REOUS,  a.  [L.  vitreus,  from  vitrum, 
glass  or  woad;  W.  gwydyr,  glass,  a  green- 
ish blue  color.]     Pertaining  to  glass. 

2.  Consisting  of  glass ;  as  a  vitreous  sub- 
stance. 

.3.  Resembling  glass;  as  the  rt7rcou«  humor 

j     of  the  eye,  so  called  from  its  resembling 

!     melted  glass.     [See  Humor.] 

IVIT'REOUSNESS,  ji.  The  quality  or  state 

\     of  being  vitreous;  resemblance  of  glass. 

VITRES'CENCE,  n.  [from  L.  vitrum,  glass.] 
Classiness  ;  or  the  quality  of  being  capa- 
ble of  conversion  into  glass;  susceptibility 
of  being  formed  into  glass.  Kirwan. 

VITRES'CENT,  a.  Capable  of  hoing  form- 
ed into  glass;  tending  to  become  glass. 

VITRES  CIBLE,   a.  That  can  be  vitrified. 

Encyc. 

VITRIFAC'TION,  n.  [See  Vitrify.]  The 
act,  process  or  operation  of  converting! 
into  glass  by  heat ;  as  the  vitrifaction  ot'i 
sand.  Hint  and  pebbles  with  alkaline  salts. 

VIT'RIFIAIJLE,  a.  [from  vitrify.]  Capahlci 
of  being  converted  into  glass  by  heat  ami 
fusion.  Flint  and  alkaline  salts  are  riVr//?- 
abk. 


iVIT'RIFICABLE,  for  vilrifiable.  Wolused] 
VIT'RIFICATE,  for  vt7n/i/.   [Mtused.] 

Bacon. 
VITRIFl€A'TION,   for  vitrifaction.     [Sec 

Vitrifaction,  which  is  generally  used.] 
VIT'RIFIED,pp.  Converted  into  glass. 
VIT'RIFORM,    a.    [L.  vitrum,  glass,  and 

form.] 
Having  the  form  or  resemblance  of  glass. 

Pourcroy. 
VIT'RIFY,  v.  t.  [L.  vitrum,  glass,  audfacio. 

to  make.] 
To  convert  into  glass  by  fusion  or  the  action 
of  heat ;  as,  to  vitrify  sand  and  alkaline 
salts. 
VIT'RIFY,  V.  i.    To   beconne  glass;  to  be 
converted  into  glass. 

Chimists  make  vessels  of  animal  substances 
calcined,  which  will  not  vitrify  in  the  fire. 

.^rbuthnot. 
VIT'RIOL,  n.  [Fr.  vitriol ;  It.  vitriuolo  ;  Sp. 
vitriolo  ;    from  L.  vitrum,  glass  ;  perhaps 
from  its  color.] 

1.  In  mineralogy,  native  vitriol  is  a  substance 
of  a  grayish  or  yellowish  white  color,  ap- 
ple green,  or  sky  blue,  and  when  decom- 
posed, covered  with  an  ochery  crust.  It 
occurs  in  inasses,  disseminated,  stalac- 
tical,  or  capillary.  Externally,  it  is  dull 
and  rough  ;  internally,  it  is  more  or  less 
shining,  with  a  vitreous  silky  structure. 
It  is  called  by  manufacturers  copperas,  a 
name  derived  from  the  flower  or  efllores- 
cence  of  copper.  This  substance  is  seen 
only  in  cabinets. 

2.  Iti  chimistry,  a  combination  of  the  acid  of 
sulphur  with  any  nietallic  substance  ;  but 
chiefly  green  vitriol,  or  sulphate  of  iron  ; 
bhie  vitriol,  or  sulphate  of  copper,  and 
uhite  vitriol,  or  sulpliate  of  zink. 

Cyc.  Fourcroy. 
All  metals  may  be  converted  into  vit- 
riols, by  dissolving  them  with  acid  spirits, 
and  suffering  them  to  stand  and  crystal- 
izH. 

VIT'RIOLATE,  v.  t.  To  convert,  as  sulphur 
in  any  compound,  into  .sul|)huric  acid,  for- 
merly called  vitriolic  acid.  Thus  the  sul- 
phuret  of  iron  vitriolatcd,  becomis  sul- 
phate of  iron,  or  green  vitriol. 

VJT'RIOLATED,  pp.  Converted  into  sul- 
phuric acid  or  vitriol. 

VIT'RIOLATING,  ppr.  Turning  into  sul- 
I)huric  acid  or  vitriol. 

VITRIOLA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  process  of 
converting  into  sulphuric  acid  or  vitriol. 

VITRIOL'Ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  vitriol ;  hav- 
ing the  qualities  of  vitriol,  or  obtained 
from  vitriol. 

Vitriolic  acid,  in  modern  chimistry  is  de- 
nominated sulphuric  acid,  the  base  of  it 
bein;,'  sulphur;  sulphur  completely  satu- 
rated with  oxygen. 

VIT'RIOIJZABLE,  a.  Capable  of  being 
converted  into  sulphuric  acid. 

VITRIOLIZA'TION.    [See  Vitriolation.] 

VIT'RIOLIZE.     [See  Vilriolate.] 

VIT'RIOLlZED.     [See  Vltriolated.] 

VIT'RIOLIZING.     [See  Vilriolating.] 

VIT'lJLINE,  a.  [\..  vitulinus.]  Belonging 
to  a  calf,  or  to  veal. 

VITU'PERABLE,  a.  [See  Vituperate.] 
Blameworthy  ;  censurable.    [.Vol  used.] 

ViTUTERATE,  v.  t.  [L.  vitupero.]  To 
blame;  to  censure.     [Little  vsed.] 


V  I  V 


V  o  c 


V  O  G 


VrrUPERA'TION,  n.  [L.  vituperatio.] 
Bluiiie;  censure.     [Lillle  used.] 

VITU'PERATIVE,  a.  Uttering  or  writing 
censure  ;  containing  censure.  Pope 

VIVA'CIOUS,  a.  [L.  vivax,  irom  vivo,  to 
live.] 

1.  Lively;  active;  sprightly  in  temper  or 
coiithict.  Howell. 

2.  Long  lived.     [JVol  in  use.]  Bentley. 

3.  Having  vigorous  powers  of  life;  a.s  viva- 
cious plant.s.  Med.  Repos. 

VIVA'CIOUSNESS,  Ji.  Activity;  liveliness; 
spriglitliuess  of  temper  or  behavior ;  vi- 
vacity. Dryden. 

2.  Power  of  living ;  also,  long  life.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Brown.     Boyle. 

VIVACITY,  re.  [Fr.  vivaciU ;   L.  vivacitas.] 

1.  Liveliness;  sprightliness  of  temper  or  be- 
havior; as  a  lady  of  great  vivacity. 

2.  Air  of  life  and  activity;  as  vivacity  of 
countenance. 

S.  Life ;  animation ;  spirits  ;  as  the  vivacity 
of  a  discourse. 

4.  Power  of  livitig.     [J^ot  used.]  Boyle 

5.  LoM<;evity.     [JVot  in  nsc.]  Brown. 
VI'VARY,   n.  [L.  vivarium,   from  vivo,  to 

live.] 

A  warren  ;  a  place  for  keeping  living  ani 
mals,  as  a  pond,  a  park,  &c.  Coivel. 

Viva  voce,  [L.]  by  word  of  mouth ;  as,  to 
vote  viva  voce. 

VIVE,  a.  [Fr.  vif;  L.  vivus.]  Lively  ;  forci- 
ble.    [JVot  in  use.]  Bacon 

VrVELY,  adv.  In  a  lively  manner.  [JVot 
used.] 

VI'VENCY,  n.  [L.  m'f?i«,  fronuitwo.]  Man 
ner  of  supporting  life  or  vegetation.    [JVot 
in  use.]  Brown 

VIVES,  n.  A  disease  of  animals,  particu- 
larly of  horses,  seated  in  the  glands  under 
the  ear,  where  a  tumor  is  formed  which 
sometimes  ends  in  suppuration.  Cyc. 

VIV'IANITE,  n.  A  phosphate  of  iron,  of 
various  shades  of  blue  and  green. 

Phillips. 

VIVID,  a.  [L.  vividtis,  from  vivo,   to   live.] 

1.  Lively  ;  sprightly  ;  active. 

Body  is  a  fit    workhouse   (or   sprightly  vivid 
faculties  to  exert  thi-iiisclves  in.  South. 

Q.  Lively  ;  sprightly  ;  forming  brilliant  im- 
ages, or  painting  in  lively  colors;  as  aviv- 
id  imagination. 

3.  Bright;  strong;  exhibiting  the  appear- 
ance of  life  or  freshness  ;  us  the  vivid  col- 
ors of  the  rainbow  ;  the  vivid  green  of 
flourishing  vegetables. 

Arts  which  present,  with  all  the  virid  chirrms 

of  painting,   the   human   face  ami  Inniiim  Jurin 

divine.  }ljt.  Uobait. 

VIVIDLY,  adv.  With  life;  with  strength. 

Sensitive  objects   affect  a    inuii  much    more 

vividly  than  those  which  aflect  only  his  nrind. 

South 

2.  With  brightness  ;  in  bright  colors.   Boyle. 

3.  In  glowing  colors;  with  animated  exlii- 
bilion  to  the  mind.  The  orator  vividly 
represented  the  miseries  of  his  client. 

VIVIDNESS,  n.  Life;  strength;  .spright- 
liness. 

2.  Strength  of  coloring;  brightness. 

VIVIF'le,        I       [L. vivifcus.  See  Vivify.] 

VIVIF'ICAL,^"-  Giving  life;  reviving; 
enlivening.  Bailey. 

VIVIFIC.\TE,  I',  t.  [L.  vivijico ;  vivus,  alive, 
andyacio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  give  life  to;  to  aDimate.  [See  V{vify.]\ 

J\iore.\ 


2.    In   cliimistry,   to    recover   from    such 
change  of  iorm  as  seems  to  destroy  the 
essential  qualities  ;   or  to  give   to  natural 
bodies  new  luster,  force  and  vigor.       Cyc. 

VIVIFICA'TION,  n.  Theactof  giving  life  ; 
revival.  Bacon. 

2.  Among  chimists,  the  act  of  giving  new 
luster,  force  and  vigor  ;  as  the  vivification 
of  mercury.  Cyc 

V1V'IFI€ATIVE,  a.  Able  to  animate  'or 
give  life.  JMore. 

VIVIFIED,  ;;;).  Revived ;  endued  with 
life. 

VIVIFf,  v.  t.  [Fr.  vivifier  ;  L.  vivijico ;  vi- 
vus, alive,  and/aci'o,  to  make.] 

To  endue  with  life  ;  to  animate  ;  to  make  to 
be  living. 

Sitting  on  eggs  doth  vivify,  not  nourish. 

Bacon 

VIVIFYING,  ppr.  Enduing  with  life  ;  com- 
nrunicating  life  to. 

VIVIP'AKOUS,  a.  [L.  vivus,  alive,  and 
pario,  to  hear.] 

1.  Producing  young  in  a  living  state,  as  all 
nminmilers  ;  as  distinguished  from  ovipa 
rous,  producing  eggs,  as  fowls.  If  fowls 
were  viviparous,  it  is  difficult  to  see  how 
the  female  would  fly  during  pregnancy. 

2.  In  botany,  producing  its  otlspring  alive, 
either  by  bulbs  instead  of  seeds,  or  by 
the  seeds  themselves  germinating  on  the 
plant,  instead  of  falling,  as  they  usually 
do  ;  as  a  viviparous  plant.  JVIartyn. 

VIX'EN,  n.  [vixen  is   a  she   fox,  or  a  fox's 

cub.] 
A  froward,  turbulent,  quarrelsome  woman. 

Shak. 
VIX'ENLY,  o.  Having   the  qualities   of  a 

vixen.  Bairow. 

VIZ.  a  contraction  of  videlicet;  to  wit,  that 

is,  namely. 
VIZ'ARD,  n.  A  mask.     [See  Visor.] 
VIZARD,  v.  t.  To  mask. 
VIZIER 


VI'ZER, 


[Ar.  from 


JJ> 


Jlsiat.  Res. 
vocahuluire,  from 


bear,  to   sustain,    to    ndininisler.]      The 
chief  minister  of  the  TiuUisli  empire 

VO'CARLEC,  n.  [L.vocabulum;  h.vocaholo. 
See  I'oice.] 

A  w  ord ;  a  term  ;  a  name. 

VOCAH'ULARV,  n.  [Fr 
L.  voctthubim,  a  word.] 

A  list  or  colleciioii  of  the  wonls  of  a  lau' 
guage,  arranged  in  alphabetical  order  and 
explained;  a  dictionary  or  lexicon.  We 
often  use  vocabulary  in  a  sense  .somewhat 
(litTereiit  from  that  of  dictionary,  restrict- 
ing the  signification  to  the  list  of  words; 
as  when  we  say,  the  vocabulary  of  .lolin- 
soii  is  more  full  or  extensive  than  that  of 
Entick.  We  rarely  use  the  word  as  sy- 
nonymous with  dictionary,  but  in  the  oth- 
er countries  the  corresponding  word  is  sol 
used,  and  this  may  be  so  used  in  Knglish. 

VO'€AL,  a.  [Fr.  frotn  L.  i'oc«/is.  .See  I'oice.] 

1.  Having  a  voice. 
To  hill  or  valley,  fountain  or  fresh  shade, 
Made  vocal  by  my  soni;.  Milton. 

2.  Uttered  or  modulated  by  the  voice  :  asi'O- 
cal  melody  ;  vocal  prayer  ;  roca/ praise. 

Vocal  music,  music  made  by  the  voice,  in  dis- 
tinction from  insfrumental  music  :  honce, 
music  or  tunes  set  to  words,  to  be  perform- 
ed by  the  human  voice.  1 


VO'€AL,  n.  Among  the  Romanists,  a  man 
who  has  a  right  to  vote  in  certain  elec- 
tions. Cyc. 

VOCAL'ITY,  n.  \\..  vocalilas.]  Quality  of 
being  utterahle  by  the  voice  ;  as  the  fo- 
ca^7iy  of  the  letters.  Holder. 

VO'CALIZE,  v.t.  To  form  into  voice ;  to 
make  vocal. 

it   is   one  thini;  to  give  impulse  to   breath 
alone,  and  another  to  vocalize  that  breath. 

Holder. 

VOCALIZED,  pp.  Made  vocal;  formed 
into  voice. 

VO  CALIZING,  ppr.  Forming  into  voice  or 
sound. 

VO'€ALLY,  adv.  With  voice;  with  an  au- 
dible sound. 

2.  In  words :  as,  to  express  desires  vocally. 

Hate. 

VOCA'TION,  71.  [Fr.  from  L.  vocatio,  from 
I'oco,  to  call.     See  Voice.] 

1.  Among  divines,  a  calling  by  the  will  of 
God  ;  or  the  bestowment  of  Goil's  distin- 
guishing grace  upon  a  person  or  nation, 
l)y  which  that  person  or  natioti  is  put  in 
the  way  of  salvation  ;  as  the  vocation  of  the 
Jews  under  the  old  dispensation,  and  of 
the  Gentiles  under  the  gospel. 

2.  Summons;  call;  inducement. 
What  can  be  urged  for  ihcni  who,  not  hav- 
ing the  cocadon  of  poverty  to  scribble,   out  of 
mere  wanloimefs  make  themselves  ridiculous  I 

JJryiltn. 
Designation  or  destination  to  a  particu- 
lar state  or  profession. 

None  is  to  enter  the  ecclesiastic  or  monastic 
state,  without  a  particular  vocation.  Cyc. 

4.  Employment :  calling  ;  occupation  ;  trade  ; 
a  Word  that  includes  professions  as  well  as 
mechanical   occupations.     Let   every   di- 
vitie,  every  physician,  every  lawyer,  and 
every  mechanic,   be   faithful  and  diligent 
in  his  vocation. 
VOCATIVE,  a.  [Fr.  vocatif;  L.vocativus.] 
Relating  to  calling;  as  the  vocative  case  in 
grammar, 
wazara,    to  VOCATIVE,  n.  In  grammor,  the  fifth  case 
or  state  of  nouns  in  the  Latin   language; 
or  the  case  in   any   language,  in   which  a 
word   is  placed   when   the  person  is  ad- 
dressed :  as  Domine,  O  Lord. 
VOCIFERATE,  t..  i.  [L.  vovifero;  vox  and 
j    fero.]     To  cry   out  with   vehemence ;    to 
I     excl.iim. 

VOCIF'ERATE,  v.  t.  To  utter  with  a  loud 

voice. 
VOCIF'ERATING,  ppr.   Crying  out  with 
vehemence  ;  uttering  with  a  loud  voice. 

VOCIFERATION,  n.  A  violent  outcry; 
vehement  utterance  of  the  voice. 

.Irbuthnot. 

VOCIF'EROUS,  a.  Making  a  loud  outcry  ; 

j     clamorous;  noisy;  ns  loci/croua  heralds. 

I  Chapman. 

VOGUE,  »i.  ro^.  [Fr.  roa-t<f,  a  rowing  ;  It. 
voga,  a  row  ing,  mode,  fashion  ;  vosare,  to 
row  ;  .Sp.  I'oga ;  I'ogar,  to  row.  This  word 
belonsis  to  the  family  of  Bg,  ll'sc.  See  Jf'ag 
and  Hay.  The  sense  of  vogue'm  way,  or 
the  going  of  the  world.] 

The  way  or  tiishion  of  people  at  any  partic- 
ular time;  temporary  mode,  custom  or 
practice;  popular  rece|.lion  for  the  time. 
\Ve  say,  a  particuJar  form  of  dress  is  now 
in  vog^u*;  an  amusing  writer  is  now  ia 
t'og'tie;  such  opinions  arc  now  in   vogue. 


vol 


vol 


VOL 


1 


The  phrase,  the  vogue  of  the  world,  used  byj 
good  writers  foriiierly,  is  nearly  or  quite 
obsolete. 

Use  may  revive  the  obsoletest  word, 
And  banish  tliosu  thut  now  are  most  in  vogue. 
Roscommon. 
VOICE,  n.  [Fr.  voix ;  L.  vox ;  It.  voce ;  Sp. 
vo: ;  Gaehc,  bagh,  a  word ;  baigham,  to 
speak  to;  Ir. /oca/,  a  word  ;  Sans,  vach,  to 
speak,  L.  voco.  Tlie  sense  of  the  verb  is 
to  throw,  to  drive  out  sound  ;  and  voice  is 
that  whicli  is  driven  out.] 
Sound  or  audible  noise  uttered  by  the 
mouth,  eitlier  of  buuian  beings  or  of  other 
animals.  Wc  say,  the  voice  of  a  man  is  loud 
or  clear  ;  the  voice  of  a  woman  is  soft  or 
musical ;  the  voice  of  a  dog  is  loud  or 
harsh  ;  the  voice  of  a  bird  is  sweet  or  me- 
lodious. The  I'oice  of  human  beings  is 
articulate ;  that  of  beasts,  inarticulate. 
The  voices  of  men  are  different,  and  when 
uttered  together,  are  often  dissonant. 

2.  Any  sound  made  by  the  breath  ;  as  the 
trumpet's  voice. 

3.  A  vote  ;  suftVage ;  opinion  or  choice  ex- 
pressed. Originally  voice  was  the  oral 
utterance  of  choice,  but  it  now  signifies 
any  vote  however  given. 

Some  laws  ordain,  and  some  attend  the  choice 
Of  holy  senates,  and  elect  hy  voice.     Dryden. 

I  have  no  words  ; 
My  voice  is  in  my  sword.  Shak. 

4.  Language  ;  words  ;  expression. 

Let  us  call  on  God  in  the  voice  of  his  church. 

Fell. 

5.  In  Scripture,  command  ;  precept. 

Ye  would  not  be  obedient  to  the  voice  of  the 
Lord  your  God.     Deut.  viii. 
G.  Sound. 

After  the  fire,  a  still  small  voice.     1  Kings  xix 
Canst  thou  thunder  with   a  voice  like   him  .■ 
Job  si. 

The  floods  have  lifted  up  their  voice.     Ps 
.xciii. 

7.  Language;  tone;  mode  of  expression. 

I  desire  to  lie  present  with  you  now,  and  to 
change  my  voice.     Gal.  iv. 

8.  In  grammar,  a  particular  mode  of  in- 
flecting or  conjugating  verbs;  as  the  ac- 
tive voice;  the  passive  roice. 

VOICE,  V.  t.  To  rumor ;  to  report. 

It  was   voiced  that  the  king  purposed  to  put 
to  death  Edward  Plantagenet.     [Little  used.] 

Sliali 

2.  To  fit  for  producing  the  proper  sounds 
to   regulate  the   tone  of;  as,  to  voice  the 
pipes  of  an  organ.  Ed.  Encyc. 

a.  To  vote. 

VOICE,  V.  i.  To  clamor  ;  to  exclaim.    Obs. 

Bacon. 

VOICED,  pp.  Fitted  to  produce  the  proper 
tones. 

2.  a.  Furnished  with  a  voice.  Denham. 

A'OICELESS,  a.  vois'less.  Having  no  voice' 
or  vote.  Coke 

VOID,  a.  [Fr.  vuide  ;  It.  voto;  L.  vidims  ;\ 
Svv.  vde  ;  G.  Dan.  ode,  waste,  which  seems 
to  be  the  Eng.  wide  ;  so  waste  and  vast  are 
from  one  root.     It  coincides  with  Or.  i8io{, 


and  the  root  of  L.  divido.  At. 
Class  Bd.  No. 


j,,j  badda, 
1.   See  also 


to  separate. 
No.  48.] 
1.  Empty;  vacant;  not  occupied  with   any 
visible  matter ;  as  a  void  space  or  place. 
I  Kings  xxii. 


2.  Empty ;  without  inhabitants  or  furniture. 
Gen.  i. 

Having  no  legal  or  binding  force ;  null ; 
not  effectual  to  bind  parties,  or  to  convey 
or  support  a  right ;  not  sufficient  to  pro- 
duce its  effect.  Thus  a  deed  not  duly  sign- 
ed and  sealed,  is  void.  A  fraudulent  con- 
tract is  void,  or  may  be  rendered  void. 

My  word  shall   not  return  to   me  void,  but  it 
shall  accomplish  that  which  I  please.     Is.  Iv. 

I  will  make  void  the  counsel   of  Judah   and 
Jerusalem  in  this  place.     Jer.  xix. 

1.  Free ;  clear ;  as  a  conscience  void  of  of- 
fense.    Acts  xxiv. 

Destitute  ;  as  void  of  learning ;  void  of 
reason  or  common  sense. 

He  that  is  void  of  wisdom,  despiseth  his  neigh- 
bor.    Prov.  xi. 

Unsu|)plied  ;  vacant;  unoccupied;  hav- 
ing no  incumbent. 

Divers  offices  that  had  been  long  void. 

Camden. 
Unsubstantial ;  vain. 
Lifeless  idol,  void  and  vain.  Pope. 

Void  space,  in  physics,  a  vacuum. 
To  make  void,  to  violate  ;  to  transgress. 
They  have  made  void  thy  law.     Ps.  cxix. 
To  render  useless  or  of  no  effect.     Rom, 

IV. 

VOID,  n.  An  empty  space  ;  a  vacuum. 

Pride,  where  wit  fails,  steps  in  to  our  defense, 
And  fills  up  all  the  mighty  void  of  sense. 

Pope. 
Th'  illimitable  void.  Thomson. 

VOID,  v.  t.  To  quit ;  to  leave. 
Bid  them  come  down, 
Or  void  the  field.  Shak 

To  emit;  to  send  out;  to  evacuate;  as.i 
to  void  excrementitious  matter ;  to  void 
worms. 

To  vacate  ;  to  annul ;  to  nullify ;  to  ren- 
der of  no  validity  or  effect. 

It  had  become  a  practice — to  void  the  secu- 
rity given  for  money  borrowed.  Clarendon. 
To  make  or  leave  vacant. 
VOID,  V.  i.  To  be  emitted  or  evacuated. 

Jl'iseman. 
VOID'ABLE,  a.  That  may  be  annulled  or 
made  void,  or  that  may  be  adjudged  void, 
invalid  or  of  no  force. 

— Such  administration  is  not  void,  but  void- 
able by  sentence.  Jlyliffe. 

2.  That  may  be  evacuated. 
VOID'ANCE,  n.  The  act  of  emptying. 

2.  The  act  of  ejecting  from  a  benefice ;  ejec- 
tion. 

3.  Vacancy;  want  of  an  incumbent.        Cyc. 

4.  Evasion  ;  subterfuge.  Bacon. 
VOID'ED,  pp.  Thrust  out ;  evacuated. 
2.  a.  In  heraldry,  having  the  iiuier  or  miildle 

part  cut  out,  as  an  ordinary.  Cyc. 

VOID'ER,  n.  A   basket    in   which   broken 

meat  is  carried  from  the  table. 

Cleaveland. 
2.  One  who  evacuates. 
i3.  One  who  nullifies. 

4.  In  heraldry,  one  of  the  ordinaries,  who.se 
figure  is  much  like  that  of  the  flaneh  or 
flasque. 

5.  In  agricxdtiire,  a  provincial  name  of  a 
kind  of  shallow  basket  of  open  work.         I 

England.l 
VOID'ING,  ppr.  Ejecting  ;  evacuating. 

2.  Making  or  declaring  void,  or  of  no  force. 

3.  Quitting  ;  leaving. 

4.  a.  Kecejving  vvliat  is  ejected ;  as  a  voiditigi 
lobby.  Shak.' 


VOID'NESS,  n.  Emptiness  ;  vacuity  ;  des- 
titution. 

2.  Nullity  ;  inefficacy  ;  want  of  binding  force. 

.3.  Want  of  substantiality.  Hakewitl. 

VOI'TURE,  n.  [Fr.  id. ;  It.  vettura,  from  L. 
vectus,  veho.]     Carriage.     [JVo<  English.] 

.irbuthnol. 

VOLAL'KALI,  n.  Volatile  alkali ;  by  con- 
traction. Kirwan,   Geol. 

VOLANT,  a.  [Fr.  flying,  from  voter,  L. 
volo,  to  fly.] 

1.  Flying ;  passing  through  the  air  ;  as  vo- 
lant automata.  tf'iikins. 

2.  Nimble  ;  active  ;  as  volant  touch. 

Milton. 

3.  In  heraldry,  represented  as  flying  or  hav- 
ing the  wings  spread. 

VOL'ATILE,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  volatilis,  from 

volo,  to  fly.] 
L  Flying ;  passing  through  the  air  on  wings, 

or  by  the  buoyant  force  of  the  atmosphere. 

2.  Having  the  power  to  fly ;  as,  birds  are 
volatile  animals.  Ray.     Bacon. 

3.  Capable  of  wasting  away,  or  of  easily 
passing  into  the  aeriform  state.  Thus 
substances  which  affect  the  smell  with 
pungent  or  fragrant  odors,  as  musk,  harts- 
horn j<tiil  essential  oils,  are  called  volatile 
substances,  because  they  waste  away  on 
exposure  to  the  atmosphere.  Alcohol  and 
ether  are  called  volntUe  liquids  for  a  simi- 
lar reason,  and  because  they  easily  pass 
into  the  state  of  vapor  on  the  application 
of  heat.  Oil  the  contrary,  gold  is  a  Jized 
substance,  because  it  does  not  suffer  waste 
even  when  exposed  to  the  heat  of  a  fur- 
nace ;  and  oils  are  called _/farcd,  when  they 
do  not  evaporate  on  simple  exposure  to 
the  atmosphere. 

4.  Lively  ;  gay  ;  full  of  spirit ;  airy  ;  hence, 
fickle  ;  apt  to  change  ;  as  a  volatile  tem- 
per. IVatts. 

You  are  as  giddy  and  volatile  as  ever. 

Swift. 

VOL'ATILE,  n.  A  winged  animal.  [Ijittlc 
used.]  Brown. 

VOL'ATILENESS,  \  [VT.volatiUte.]  Dis- 
iVOLATlL'ITY,  \  "•  position  to  exhale 
or  evaporate  ;  the  quality  of  being  capable 
of  evaporation  ;  that  property  of  a  sub- 
stance which  disposes  it  to  rise  and  float 
in  the  air,  and  thus  to  be  dissipated  ;  as 
the  volatility  of  fluids.  Ether  is  remarka- 
ble for  its  volatility.  Many  or  most  solid 
bodies  are  susceptible  of  volatility  by  the 
action  of  intense  heat. 

By  the  spirit  of  a  plant  we  understand  that 
pure  elaborated  oil,  which  by  reason  of  its  ex- 
treme volatility,  exhales  spontaneously,  and  in 
which  the  odor  or  smell  consists.      Arbuthnot. 

2.  Great  sprightliness  ;  levity  ;  liveliness  ; 
whence,  mutability  of  mind ;  fickleness  ; 
as  the  volaliliti/  of  youth. 

VOLATILIZA'TION,  n.  [from  volatilize.] 
The  act  or  process  of  rendering  volatile, 
or  rather  of  causing  to  rise  and  float  in  the 
air.  Boi/le. 

VOL'ATILIZE,  v.  t.  [Fr.  volatiliser.]  To 
render  volatile  ;  to  cause  to  exhale  or 
evaporate  ;  to  cause  to  pass  oflT  in  vapor 
or  invisible  effluvia,  and  to  rise  and  float 
in  the  air. 

The  water — dissolving  the  oil,  and  volatili- 
zing it  bv  the  action.  .\'eu^tv7i. 

VOL  ATILIZED,  pp.  Rendered  volatile  : 
caused  to  rise  and  float  in  air. 


VOL 


VOL 


VOL 


VOL'ATILIZING,  ppr.  Rendering  volatile  ; 
causing  to  rise  anil  float  in  air. 

VOLCAN'lC,  a.  [{ram  volcctno.]  Pertaining 
to  volcanoes  ;  as  volcanic  liuat. 

9.   I'rodiireil  by  a  volcano  ;  ns  t'o/crtJiic  tufa. 

8.  Changed  or  allected  by  llie  heat  of  a  vol- 
cano. 

VOL'CANIST,  ji.  [from  volcano.]  One  vers- 
ed in  the  history  and  phenomena  of  vol- 
canoes. 

2.  One  who  believes  in  the  effects  of  erup- 
tions of  fire  in  the  formation  of  mountains. 

VOL'€ANITE,  71.  A  mineral,  otherwise 
called  augite. 

VOLCAN'ITY,  11.  The  state  of  being  vol- 
canic or  of  volcanic  origin. 

VOLCANIZA'TION,  n.  [from  volcanize.] 
The  process  of  undergoing  volcanic  heat 
and  being  aflcctcd  by  it. 

VOL'CANFZE,  i'.  /.  To  subject  to  or  cause 
to  undergo  volcanic  heat  and  to  be  affect- 
ed by  its  action.  Spatlnnzani 

VOL'CANIZEO,  ;);).  Affected  by  volcanic 
heat. 

VOL€AfNO,  Ji.  [It.  from  VtUcan.]  In  geol- 
ogy, an  opening  in  the  surface  of  the  earth 
or  in  a  mountain,  from  whicli  smoke 
flames,  stones,  lava  or  other  substances 
are  ejected.  Such  are  seen  in  Etna  and 
Vesuvius  in  Sicily  and  Italy,  and  Ilecia 
in  Iceland.  It  is  vulgarly  called  a  burn 
ing  mountain.  Ilerschel  has  discovered  a 
volcano  in  the  moon. 

2.  The  mountain  that  ejects  fne,  smoke, 
&c. 

VOLE,  n.  [Fr.  from  voler,  to  fly.]  A  deal  at 
cards  that  draws  all  the  tricks.  Swijl. 

VO'LEKY,  n.  [Fr.  volerie,  from  voler,  to  fly.] 

1.  A  flight  of  birds.  Locke. 

2.  A  large  bird-cage,  in  which  the  birds  have 
room  to  fly.  Cyc. 

VOLITA'TION,  n.  [L.  volito,  dim.  of  volo 
to  fly.]     The  act  of  flying  ;  flight. 

Brotvn. 
VOLI"TION,  n.    [L.  volitio,  from  volo,  to 

will.     See  Mill.] 
1.  The  act  of  willing  ;  the  act  of  determin 
ing  choice,  or  forming  a  purpose.     There 
is  a  great  difference  between  actual  volt- 
Hon,  and  the  approbation  of  judgment. 

South 

T^olition  is  the  actual  exercise  of  the  powei 

which  the  iniinl  has  of  cousideiing  or  foibeaiiiit; 

to  considei'  an  idea.  Locke 

"2.  The  power  of  willing  or  determining. 

VOLTTIVE,  a.  Ilaviiig  the  power  to  will 
They  not  only  perfect  the  intellectual  facili- 
ty, hut  the  volUive.  Hale 

VOL'LEY,  n.  plu.  volUys.  [Fr.  volee,  a 
flight,  from  voter,  to  fly,  L.  volo.] 

1.  A  flight  of  shot ;  the  discharge  of  many 
small  arms  at  once.  fValler. 

2.  A  burst  or  emission   of  many  things  at 
,^  once;  as  a  volley  of  words.  Shah 

But  rattUog  nonsense  in  full  volleys  breaks. 

Pope 
VOL'LEY,  V.  t.  To  discharge  with  a  vol 

ley. 
VOL'LEY,  V.  i.  To  throw  out  or  discharge 

at  once.  Sliak 

VOL'LEYED,  a.  [fromro%.]   Disploded  ; 

discharged  with   a  sudden  burst ;   as  vol- 

leycd  thunder.  Milton.     Philips. 

VOLT,  ?i.  [Fr.  iw/Zf,  a  ring  ;  It.roWn,  a  turn  ; 

frivm  [j.  volutus,  volvo.] 
L  A  round  or  circular  tread;  a  gait  of  two 

\0l.    II. 


treads,  made  by  a  horse  going  sideways: 
round  a  center.  Far.  Did. 

9  In  fencing,  a  sudden  movement  or  leap  to 
avoid  a  thrust. 

l^'olla,  in  Italian  music,  signifies  that  the  pan 
is  to  be  repeated  one,  two  or  more  limes. 

VOLTA'le,  n.  Perlainiiig  to  Volia,  the  dis- 
coverer of  voltaism  ;  as  the  voltaic  pile. 

Voltaic  ^apparatus,  the  apparatus  used  for 
accurrnilating  galvanic  electricity.  The, 
agent  itself  is  denominated  galvanism,  af- 
ter its  discoverer  Galvani,  while  the  in- 
struments used  for  exciting  and  accumu- 
lating it,  are  called  voltaic,  in  honor  of 
VoltH,  who  first  contrived  this  kind  of  ap- 
paratus. 

Fo/(n{c /)i7c,  a  column  fortned  by  succes.^ive 
pairs  of  metallic^  disks,  as  siKer  and  zink, 
with  moistened  cloth  between  every  two 
contiguous  pairs. 

Voltaic  battery,  the  larger  forms  of  voltaic  ap- 
|)aratus,  used  for  accumulating  galvanic 
electricity. 

VOL'TAIS.M,  n.  [from  Volta,  an  Italian.] 
That  hrancli  of  elec;trical  science  which 
has  its  source  in  the  chimical  action  be- 
tween metals  and  iliffercnt  li(|nids.  It  is 
more  properly  called  galvanism,  from 
Galvani,  who  first  proved  or  brought  into 
notice  its  lemarkable  influence  on  animals. 

VOLU'BILATE,  ?        In  gardening,  a  volu- 

VOLTiSlLE,  y'  bilale  stem  is  one  that 
climbs  by  winding  or  twining  round  an- 
other body.  Cijc. 

VOLUJJIL'ITY,  ?i.  [Fr.  volubilite;  h.  volu- 
bilitas,  from  volvo,  to  roll.] 

1.  The  capacity  of  being  rolled  ;  aptness  to 
roll  ;  as  the  volubility  of  -.x  bowl.         fi'atts. 

2.  The  act  of  rolling. 
By  irregular  volubility.  Hooker. 

.3.  Ready  motion  of  the  tongue  in  speaking  ; 
fluency  of  speech. 

She  ran  over  llie  ralaloguo  of  diversions  with 
such  a  volubility  of  tongue,  as  drew  a  gentle 
reprimand  from  licr  father.  Female  (Quixote. 
4.  Mutability  ;  liableness  to  revolution  ;  as 
'    the  t>o/uii7i(2/ of  human  affairs.    [Unusual.] 

LiKstrangc 

VOL'UBLE,  a.  [L.  volubilis.]  Formed  so  as 
to  roll  with  ease,  or  to  be  easily  set  in  mo- 
tion ;  apt  to  roll ;  as  voluble  particles  of 
matter.  Boyle. 

2.  Rolling;  having  (|uick  motion. 

This  less  voluble  tarlh.  Milton 

3.  Nimble  ;  active  ;  moving  with  case  and 
smoothness  in  uttering  words  ;  fluent;  as 
a  flippant,  voluble  tongue. 

4.  Fluent;  flowing  with  ease  and  smooth- 
ness ;  as  a  voluble  speech.  iSliak. 

5.  Having  fluency  of  speech. 

Cas>io,  a  knave  very  vohihlc.  Shak. 

VOL'UULY,  adv.  In  a  rolling  or  fluent  man- 
ner. Iludibros. 

VOL'UME,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  volumen,  a  roll ; 
volvo,  to  roll.  To  make  u  long,  in  this 
word,  is  palpably  wrong.] 

1.  Primarily  a  roll,  as  the  ancients  wrote  on 
long  strips  of  bark,  parchment  or  otlier 
material,  which  they  formed  into  rolls  or 
folds.  Of  such  volumes,  Ptolemy's  libra- 
ry in  Alexandria  contained  3  or  700,000. 

9  A  roll  or  turn  ;  as  much  as  is  included  in 
a  roll  or  coil ;  as  the  volume  of  a  serjient. 

Drydcn. 

3.  Dimensions  ;  compass  ;  space  occupied ; 

109 


ns  the  volume  of  an  clephant'ii  body  ;  a 
volume  of  gas.  Darwin.     Parke. 

4.  A"  swelling  or  spherical  body. 

The  undulating  billows   rolling  their  silver 
volumen.  Irving, 

a.  A  book  ;  a  collection  of  sheets  of  paper, 
usually  printed  or  written  paper,  folded 
and  bound,  or  covered.  A  book  consist- 
ing of  sheets  once  folded,  is  called  a  folio, 
or  a  folio  vchnne  ;  of  sheets  twice  folded, 
a  quarto  ;  and  thus  according  to  the  num- 
ber of  leaves  in  a  sheet,  it  is  called  an  oc- 
tavo, or  a  duodecimo.  The  Scriptures  or 
sacred  writings,  hound  in  a  single  volume, 
are  called  the  15iblo.  The  nuniljcr  of 
volumes  in  the  Royal  Library,  in  Rue  de 
Richlien,  at  Paris,  is  variously  estimated. 
It  is  [irobnble  it  may  amount  to  400,000. 

.\n  odd  volume  of  a  set  of  liooks,  bears  not 
the  value  of  its  proportion  to  the  set. 

Franklhi. 

C.  In  music,  the  compass  of  a  voice  from 

grave   to   acute ;    tlie   tone   or  power  of 

voice.  Bushy. 

VOL'DMED,a.  Havingthe  form ofa  volume 

or  roll  ;   as  volumed  mist. 

Percy's  Masque. 
VOLUMINOUS,    a.    Consisting  of  many 
coils  or  complications. 

The  serpent  roli'd  voluminous  and  vast. 

Milton. 

2.  Consisting  of  many  volumes  or  books. 
The  collections  of  Muraiori  and  of  the 
Byzantine  history,  are  very  vo/amijious. 

3.  Having  written  much,  or  made  many  vol- 
umes ;  as  a  voluminous  writer. 

4.  Copious  ;  diffusive.  He  was  too  volu- 
minous in  discourse.     [jVo/  m  use.] 

VOLU'MINOUSLY,  adv.  In  many  volumes ; 
very  copiously.  Granville. 

VOLU  MINOUSNESS,  n.  State  of  being 
bulky  or  in  many  volumes. 

VOL'UMIST,  71.  One  who  writes  a  volume; 
an  author.     LVot  in  use.]  Milton. 

VOL'UNTARILY,  adv.  [from  voluntary.] 
Spontaneously  ;  of  one's  own  will;  with- 
out being  moved,  influenced  or  impelled 
by  others. 

To  be  agents  voluntarily  in  our  own  destruc- 
tion, is  against  God  and  nature.  Hooker. 

VOLUNTARINESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 

voluntarv  or  optional. 
VOLUNTARY,  a.  [Fr.  ro/on<aire  ;  L.  vol- 

untarius,  from  voluntas,  will,  from  volo.] 

1.  Acting  by  choice  or  spontaneously  :  act- 
ing without  being  influenced  or  impelled 
by  another. 

2.  Free,  or  having  power  to  act  by  choice ; 
not  being  under  restraint;  as,  man  is  a 
voluntary  agent.  Hooker. 

3.  Proceeding  from  choice  or  free  will. 

That  sin  or  guilt  pertains  exclusiicly  to  vol- 
untary action,  is  the  true  principle  of  orthodoxy. 
.V.  W.  Taylor. 

4.  Willing ;  acting  with  willingness. 

She  fell  to  lust  a  voluntary  prey.  Pope. 

.5.  Done   by   design  ;    purposed  ;    intended. 

If  a  man  kills  another  by  lopping  a  tree, 

here  is  no  ro/nn(an/ murder. 
0.  Done  freely,   or  of  choice  ;    proceeding 

iVom  free  will.     He  went   into  voluntary 

exile.     \\v  made  a  voluntary  surrender. 

7.  Acting  of  his  own  accord  ;  spontaneous ; 
as  the  voluntary  dictates  of  knowledge. 

8.  Subject  to  the  will ;  as  the  voluntary  mo- 
tions of  an  animal.    Thus  the  motion  ofa 


VOL 


V  O  R 


V  O  T 


leg  or  an  arm  is  voluntary,  but  the  niotioiil 
of  the  heart  is  involuntari/. 
A  voluntary  escape,  in  Imv,  is  tlie  escape  of  a 
prisoner  by   the  express   consent  of  the 
siierif. 
Voluntary  jurisdiction,  is  that  which  is  exer- 
cised in  doing  that  which  no  one  opposes  ; 
as  in  granting  dispensations,  &c. 
T'ohmtary  affidavit  or  oalh,  is  one  made  in  an 

extra-judicial  matter. 
Voluntary  waste,  is  that  which  is  committed 

by  positive  acts. 
VOL'UNTARY,  n.  One  who  engages  m 
any  affair  of  his  own  free  will ;  a  volun- 
teer. [In  this  sense,  volunteer  is  now  gen 
erally  used.] 
2.  In  music,  a  piece  played  by  a  musician 
extemporarily,  according  to  his  fancy.  In 
the  Pliilosopliical  Transactions,  we  have 
a  method  of  writing  voluntaries,  as  fast  as 
the  musician  plays  tlie  notes.  This  is  by 
a  cylinder  turning  under  the  keys  of  the 
organ.  Cyc. 

•i.  A  composition  for  the  organ. 
VOLUNTEE'R,  n.  [Fr.  volontaire.]  A  per- 
son who  enters  into  military  or  other  serv- 
ice of  his  own  free  will.  In  military  af- 
fairs, volunteers  enter  into  service  volunta- 
rily, but  when  in  service  they  are  subject 
to  discipline  and  regulations  like  other 
soldiers.  They  sometimes  serve  gratui- 
tously, hut  often  receive  a  compensation^ 
VOLUNTEE'R,  a.  Entering  into  service  of 

free  will ;  as  volunteer  companies. 
VOLUNTEE'R,  v.  t.  To  offer  or  bestow- 
voluntarily,  or  without  solicitation  or  com- 
pulsion ;  as,  to  volunteer  one's  services. 
VOLUNTEE'R,  v.  i.  To  enter  into  anyi 
service  of  one's  free  will,  without  solicita- 
tion or  compulsion.  He  volunteered  in  that 
undertaking. 

[ These  veils  are  in  respectable  use.l 
VOLUP'TUARY,  n.   [L.  voluptuarius,  from 

voluptas,  pleasure.] 
A  man  addicted  to  luxury  or  the  gratifica- 
tion of  the  appetite,  and  to  other  sensual 
pleasures.  Atterhury. 

VOLUP'TUOUS,  o.  [¥r.voluplueux;h.vo- 

luptuosvs.} 
Given  to  the  enjoyments  of  luxury  and  pleas- 
ure ;  indulging  to  excess  in  sensual  grati- 
fications. 

Soften'd  with  pleasure  and  voluptuous  life. 

Milton 
VOLUP'TUOUSLY,  adv.  Luxuriously ;  with 
free  indulgence  of  sensual  pleasures ;  as, 
to  live  voluptuously. 
VOLUP'TUOUSNESS,  n.  Luxuriousness ; 
addictedness  to  pleasure  or  sensual  grati- 
fication. 

Where  no  voluptuousness,  yet  all  delight. 

JOonne 
V  OLUTA'TION,  n.  [L.  volutatio,  from  va- 
luta, from  volvo,  Eng.  to  walluw.1 
\  wallowinc;  a  rolling  of  the  body  on  the 

earth.     [See  IVatlou:] 
VOLU'TE,  n.  [Fr.  volute ;  It.  valuta;  from 

L.  volutus,  volvo.] 
\.  In  arc/ii(cdurf,  a  kind  of  spiral  scroll,  used 
in  the  Ionic  and  Composite  capitals,  of 
which  it  is  a  principal  ornament.  The 
number  of  volutes  in  the  Ionic  order, 
four  ;  in  the  Coinposile,  eight.  Tliere  are 
also  eight  angular  volutes  in  the  Corinthi- 
an capital,  accompanied  with  eight  small- 
er ones,  called  helices-.  f'l/c. 


[2.  In  natural  history,  a  genus  of  shells.    Say. 

VOLU'TION,  n.  A  spiral  turn. 

VOL'UTITE,  n.  A  petritied  shell  of  the 
genus  Voluta.  Jameson. 

V0L'VI€,  a.  Denoting  a  species  of  stone  or 
lava. 

VOM'IC,  a.  The  vomic  nut,  nux  vomica,  is 
the  seed  of  the  Strychnos  nu.r  vomica,  a 
native  of  the  East  Indies.  It  is  a  very 
active  poison.  Cyc. 

VOM'ICA,  n.  [L.]  An  encysted  tumor  on 
the  lungs.  Arbuthnot. 

VOJVI'IT,  v.i.  [L.  vomo;  Fr.vomir;  It.  do- 
mire ;  Sans,  vamathu.  Probably  the  Gr. 
f|Ufu  is  the  same  word,  with  the  loss  of  its 
first  letter.] 

To  eject  the  contents  of  the  stomach  by  the 
mouth.  Some  persons  vomit  with  ease, 
as  do  cats  and  dogs.  But  horses  do  not 
vomit.  Cyc. 

VOM'IT,  V.  I.  To  throw  up  or  eject  from 
the  stomach  ;  to  discharge  from  the  stom- 
ach through  the  mouth.  It  is  followed 
often  by  tip  or  out,  but  without  necessity 
and  to  the  injury  of  the  language.  In  the 
yellow  fever,  the  patients  often  vomit  dark 
coloi'ed  matter,  like  coflee  grounds. 

The  fish   vomited  out  Jonah  upon  the  dry 
land.     Jonah  ii. 

2.  To  eject  with  violence  from  any  hollow 
place.  Volcanoes  vomit  flames,  ashes, 
stones  and  liquid  lava. 

VOM'IT,  n.  The  matter  ejected  from  the 
stomach.  Sandys. 

9.  That  which  excites  the  stomach  to  dis- 
charge its  contents;  an  emetic. 

Black  vomit,  the  dark  colored  matter  ejected 
from  the  stomach  in  the  last  stage  of  thel 
yellow  fever  or  other  malignant  disease  ;, 
hence,  the  yellow  fever,  vulgarly  so  call- 
ed. 

VOM'ITED,  pp.  Ejected  from  the  stomach 
through  the  mouth,  or  from  any  deep 
place  through  an  opening. 

VOM'ITING,  ppr.  Discharging  from  the 
stomach  through  the  mouth,  or  ejecting 
from  anv  deep  place. 

VOM'ITING,  n.  The  act  of  ejecting  the 
contents  of  the  stomach  through  the 
mouth.  Vomiting'is  an  inverted  action  o^ 
the  stomach.  Cyc. 

2.  The  act  of  throwing  out  substances  witli 
violence  from  a  deep  hollow,  as  a  volcano- 
&c. 

VOMI"TION,  n.  The  act  or  power  of  vom- 
iting. Greiv. 

VOMTTIVE,  (I.  [Fr.  vamitif.]  Causing  the 
ejection  of  matter  from  the  stomach ; 
emetic.  Brown. 

VOM'ITORY,  0.  [L.  vomitorius.]  Procuring 
vomits;  causing  to  eject  from  the  stom 
acli ;  emetic.  Broivn. 

VOM'ITORY,  n.  .\n  emetic.  Harvey. 

2.  A  door.  Gibbon. 

VORA'CIOUS,  a.  [Fr.  It.  vorace  ;  L.  vorar, 
from  voro,  to  devour;  llel).  Ch.  TJ?a  to 
clear  away,  to  consume  ;  Gr.  3opo,  food 
Class  Br.  No.  6.] 

1.  Greedy  for  eating;  ravenous;  very  hun- 
gry ;  as  a  t^oracious  man  or  iippelitc. 

2.  Rapacious;  eager  to  devour;  as  roraoious 
animals. 

3.  Ready  to  swallow  up  ;  as  a  voracious  gulf 
or  whirlpool. 

VORA'CIOUSLY,  adv.  With  greedy  a))pe- 
tite  ;  ravenously. 


VORA'CIOUSNESS,  n.  Greediness  of  ap- 
petite ;  ravenousness ;  eagerness  to  de- 
vour ;  rapaciousness. 

VORACITY,  n.  Greediness  of  appetite ; 
voraciousness. 

Creatures  by  their  voracity  pernicious,  have 
commonly  fewer  young.  Dcrham. 

VOR  AG'I.\0US,  a.  [L.  voraginosus,  rorng-o.] 
Full  of  gulfs.  Scott. 

VOR  TF.X,  n.  plu.  vortices  or  vortexes.  [L. 
from  verto.  Ant.  vorto,  to  turn.] 

1.  A  whirlpool ;  a  whirling  or  circular  mo- 
tion of  water,  forming  a  kind  of  cavity  in 
the  center  of  the  circle,  and  in  some  in- 
stances, drawing  in  water  or  absorbing 
other  things. 

2.  A  whirling  of  the  air ;  a  whirlwind.     Cyc. 

3.  In  the  Cartesian  system,  the  circuVdr  motion 
originally  impressed  on  the  particles  of 
matter,  carrying  them  around  their  own 
axes,  and  around  a  cotnmun  center.  Bv 
means  of  these  I'orticcs,  Descartes  attempt- 
ed to  account  for  the  formation  of  the 
universe. 

VOR'TICAL,  a.  Whirling  ;  turning;  as  a 
I'ortical  motion.  Sfeuion.     Bentley. 

VO'TARESS,  n.  A  female  devoted  to  any 
service,  worship  or  state  of  life. 

No  rosary  this  ivtaress  needs.       Cleaveland. 

VO'TARISt,  n.  [See  Votary.]  One  devot- 
ed or  given  up  to  any  person  or  thing,  to 
any  service,  worship  or  pursuit. 

I  am  no  idle  rotarist.  Shak. 

[  Votary  is  now  used.] 

VO'TARY,  a.  [from  L.  votus,  fiom  voveo. 
See  Vow.] 

Devoted ;  promised  ;  consecrated  by  a  vow 
or  promise  ;  consequent  on  a  vow. 

Votary  resolution  is  made  equipollent  to  cus- 
tom. Bacon. 

VO'TARY,  ?i.  One  devoted,  consecrated  or 
engaged  by  a  vow  or  promise ;  hence 
more  generally,  one  devoted,  given  or  ad- 
dicted to  some  particular  service,  worship, 
study  or  state  of  life.  Every  goddess  of 
antiquity  had  her  votaries.  Every  pursuit 
or  study  has  now  its  votaries.  One  is  a  vota- 
ry to  mathematics,  another  is  a  votary  to 
music,  and  alas,  a  great  portion  of  the 
world  are  votaries  of  sensual  pleasures. 

It  was  the  coldness  of  the  votary,  not  the 
prayer,  which  was  in  fault.  Fell. 

VOTE,  n.  [It.  Sp.  voto ;  L.  votum,  from  vo- 
veo, to  vow.  Votum  \s  j)roperly  wish  or 
will.] 

1.  Suffrage  ;  the  expression  of  a  wish,  de- 
sire, will,  preference  or  choice,  in  regard 
to  any  measure  proposed,  in  which  the 
person  voting  has  an  interest  in  common 
with  others,  cither  in  electing  a  man  to 
ofiice,  or  in  passing  laws,  rules,  regulations 
and  the  like.  This  vote  or  expression  of 
will  may  be  given  by  holding  up  the  hand, 
by  rising  and  standing  up,  by  the  voice, 
(viva  voce,)  by  ballot,  by  a  ticket  or  other- 
wise. All  these  modes  and  others  are 
used.     Hence 

2.  That  by  which  will  or  preference  is  ex- 
pressed in  elections,  or  in  deciding  propo- 
sitions ;  a  ballot ;  n  ticket,  &c. ;  as  a  writ- 
ten vote. 

3.  Expression  of  will  by  a  majority  ;  legal  de- 
cisiiin  liy  some  expression  of  the  ininils  of 
a  number;  as,  thi;  mte  was  unanimous. 

4.  United  voice  in  i>ublic  prayer. 


V  o  u 


vow 


V  U  L 


VOTE,  V.  i.  To  express  or  signify  tliR  iiiind, 
will  or  preference,  in  electing  men  to  of- 
fice, or  in  passing  laws,  regulations  and 
the  like,  or  in  deciiling  on  any  proposition 
in  which  one  has  an  interest  with  oth- 
ers. In  elections,  men  arc  bound  lovotf 
for  the  best  men  to  (ill  oflices,  acoordnig 
to  their  best  knowledge  anil  belief. 

To  vote  for  a  duelist,  is  to  assist  iii  the  pros- 
tration of  justice,  and  indirectly  to  encour.i^'e 
the  crime.  L.  Beecher. 

VOTE,  v.t.  To  choose  by  suffrage ;  to  elect 
by  some  expression  of  will ;  as,  the  citi- 
zens voted  their  candidate  into  office  with 
little  ojiposition. 

■2.  To  enact  or  establish  by  vote  or  some  ex- 
pression of  will.  The  legislature  voted  the 
resolution  unanimously.  /.     ■„ 

3.  To  grant  by  vote  or  expression  of  will. 
Parliament  voted  them  a  hundred  thousand 
pounds.  •S«'i^ 

VOTED,  pp.  Expressed  by  vote  or  sul 
frage  ;. determined. 

VOTER,  n.  One  who  has  a  legal  right  to 
vote  or  give  his  suffrage. 

VO'TING,  ppr.  Expressing  the  mind,  will 
or  preference  in  election,  or  in  deterinin 
ing  questions  proposed ;  giving  a  vote  or 
suffrage  ;  electing,  deciding,  giving  or  en 
acting  by  vote. 

VO'TIVE,  a.  [Ft.  votif;  L.  votivus,  from 
votus,  vowed.] 

Given  by  vow  ;  devoted  ;  as  votive  offerings.; 
Votive  medals,  are  those  on  which  vows  of 
the  people  for  emperors  or  empresses  are 
expressed. 

Venus,  take  my  votive  glass.  Prior. 

VOUCH,  r. «.  [Norm,  voucher ;  L.voco.  See 
Voice.] 

1.  To  call  to  witness  ;  to  obtest. 

And    vouch   the  silent   stars  and  conscious 
moon.  Dryden 

2.  To  declare ;  to  affirm  ;  to  attest;  to  war- 
rant ;  to  maintain  by  affirmations. 

They  made  him  ashamed  to  vouch  the  truth 
of  the  relation,  and  afterward  to  credit  it. 

.ntterlmry 
2.  To   warrant  ;  to  confirm  ;   to   establish 
proof. 

The  consistency  of  the  discourse — vouches  it 
to  he  worthy  of  the  great  apostle.  Locke 

4.  In  law,  to  call  into  court  to  warrant  and 
defend,  or  to  make  good  a  warranty  of  title. 
He  vouches  the  tenant  in   tail,  who   vouches 
over  the  common  vouchee.  Blackstone 

VOUCH,  V.  i.  To  bear  witness;  to  give  tes- 
timony or  full  attestation.  I  cannot  vouch 
for  the  truth  of  the  report. 

He  declares  he  will  not  believe  her,  till  the 
elector  of  Hanover  shall  vouch  for  the  truth  of 
what  she  has  so  solemnly  affirmed.  .S'U'irt 

VOUCH,  n.  Warrant;  attestation.        Shak. 
VOUCHED,  pp.  Called  to  witness;  affirm 
ed  or  fully  attested;  called  into  court  to 
make  good  a  warranty. 
VOUCHEE',  n.    In  law,  the  person  who  is 
vouched  or  called  into  court  to  support  or 
make  good   his  warranty  of  title  in    t\n 
process  of  common  recovery.  Blncksloiie. 
VOUCH'ER,  n.   One  who  gives  witness  or 
full  attestation  to  any  thing. 

The  great  writers  oi  that  age  stand  up  to- 
gether as  vouchers  lor  each  other's  reputation. 

Spectator 

2.  In  law,  the  act  of  calling  in  a  person  to 
make  good  his  warranty  of  title. 

3.  A  book,  paper  or  document  which  serves 


to  vouch  the  truth  of  accounts,  or  to  con-|2.  Tlie  letter  or  character  which  reprc&cnis 

firm  and  establish  facts  of  any  kind.    The      a  simple  sound. 

merchant's  books  are  his  I'ouchers  for  the  VOW' EL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  vowel ;  vocal. 

correctness  of  his  accounts.    Notes,  bonds,  VOW  ELF^D,  a.  Furnished  with  vowels. 

receipts  and   other  writings,  are  used  asyoW'ER,  n.  One  who  makes  a  vow. 
vA'J^r/u'n.yT''''^' ']''■''■.•      .  ••        I  VOW -FELLOW,  ,..  [iw  and /e/ioir.]  One 

VOUCH'OR,  S       writ  ot   right;   one  who]  -J  i-  •" 

calls  ill   another  to  establish  his  warranty  ^O"'-^*^-  W-  Making  a  vow. 

of  title.      In   nimmon   recoveries,    there  VOVAt'iE,  n.  [Fr.  from  iw,  or  the  same 

may  be  a  single  DOucAcr,  or  double  I'OHc/iers.jj     roof,  Eng.  ita^,  Sax.  icag',  iccg.     See  TTag 

Jiluckstone.]     and  fl'ai/.] 


VOrCH'ING,  ppr.  Calling  to  witness;  at- 
testing by  affirmation  ;  calling  in  to  main- 
tain warranty  of  title. 

VOUCHSA'FE,  V.  t.  [vouch  and  safe;  to 
vouch  or  answer  for  safety.] 

1.  To  permit  to  he  done  without  danger. 

2.  To  condescend  to  grant. 
Shall   I  vouchsafe  your  worship  a  word   or 

two  ?  Sliak. 

It  is  not  said  by  the  apostle  that  God  vouch- 
safed to  llie  heathen  the  means  of  salvation. 

South. 
VOUCHSA'FE,    V.  t.    To   condescend ;  to 
deign  ;  to  yield. 

Vouchsafe,  illustrious  Ormond,  to  behold 
What  pow'r  the  charms  of  beauty  had  of  old 

Dryden. 
VOUCHSAFED,   pp.   Granted   in   conde- 
scension. 
VOUCIISA'FEMENT,    n.    Grant  in  con- 
descension ;  as,  God's  greatest  communi- 
cated vouchsafemcnts.  Boyle. 
VOUCHSA'FING,  ppr.  Condescending  to 

grant;  deigning. 
VOW,  n.  [Fr.  voeu  ;  It.  voto  ;  L.  votum,  from 
tioi:eo,  to  vow  ;  probably  a  contracted  word.] 

1.  A  solemn  promise  made  to  God,  or  by  a 
pagan  to  his  deity.  The  Roman  generals 
when  they  went  to  war,  sometimes  made 
a  vow  that  they  would  build  a  temple  to 
some  favorite  deity,  if  he  would  give  them 
victory.  A  vow  is  a  promise  of  something 
to  be  given  or  done  hereafter. 

.\  person  is  constituted  a  religious  by 
taking  three  noirs,  of  chastity,  of  poverty 
and  of  obedience.     Among  the  Israelites, 
the   vows   of  children   were  not  binding.j" 
unless    ratified    by   the  express   or  tacitj 
consent  of  their  father.     Num.  xxx. 

2.  A  solemn  promise;  as  the  vows  of  un- 
changeable love  and  fidelity.  In  a  moral 
and  religious  sense,  voics  are  promises  to 
God,  as  they  appeal  to  God  to  witness 
their  sincerity,  and  the  violation  of  them 
is  a  most  haiiious  offense. 

VOW,  V.  t.  [Fr.  rower  ;  L.  roveo.]  To  give, 
consecrate  or  dedicate  to  God  by  a  solemn 
promise.  When  Jacob  went  to  Meso|io- 
tamia,  he  vowed  to  God  a  tenth  of  his  sub- 
stance, and  his  own  future  devotion  to  his 
service.     Gen.  xxviii. 

When  thou  rawest  a  vow,  defer  not  to  pay  it. 
Eccles.  V. 

■>.  To  devote.  Spenser. 

VOW,  I',  i.  To  make  vows  or  solemn  prom- 
ises. He  that  roira,  must  be  careful  to 
perform. 

VOWED,  pp.  Solemnly  promised  to  God; 
iven  or  consecrated  by  .xolenin  promise. 

VOW'EL,    n.    [L.   vocalis,   from  foco ;  Fr. 
vocale.] 


1.  A  pa.-ising  by  sea  or  water  from  one  place, 
port  or  country  to  another,  especially  a 
passing  or  journey  by  water  to  a  distant 
place  or  country.  Captain  L.  made  more 
than  a  hundred  voyages  to  the  West  In- 
dies. A  voyage  over  lake  Superior  is  like 
a  voyage  to  Bermuda. 

2.  The  practice  of  traveling.     [j\'ot  in  use.] 

Bacon. 

V0Y'A(jE,  v.  i.  To  sail  or  pass  by  water. 

Pope. 
VOY'AGE,  v.t.  To  travel;  to  pass  over. 
1  with  pain 
Voyag'd  th'  unreal,  vast,  unbounded  deep. 

Miltoii 
VOY'A(iER,  n.  One  who  sails  or  passes  by 
sea  or  water. 

A  private  royager  1  pass  the  main.        Pope 
VULCAN  1ST.     [See  Vokanist.] 
VULCANO.     [See  Volcano.i 
VUL'GAR,  a.  [Fr.  ru/g-atVe ;  It.  tWg'a re ;  L. 
vulgaris,  from  vulgus,  the  common  people, 
that  is,  the  crowd,  I2ng.  folk.] 
;1.  Pertaining    to    the    common   unlettered 
I     people  ;  as  vulgar  life. 
j2.  Used  or  practiced  by  common  people  ;  as 
j     vulgar  sports. 

3.  Vernacular ;  national. 
It  might  be  more  useful  to  the  English  read- 

'       er,  to  write  in  our  vulgar  language.  Fetl. 

4.  Common  ;  used  by  all  classes  of  people  ; 
as  the  vulgar  version  of  the  Scriptures. 

5.  Public  ;  as  vulgar  report. 


Mean;  rustic;  rude;  low;  unrefined;  as 

vulgar  minds;  vulgar  manners. 

Consisting  of  common  persons. 

in  reading  an  account  of  a  battle,  we  follow 

the  hero  with  our  whole  attention,  but  seldom 

reflect  on  the  vulgar  heaps  of  slaughter. 

Rambler. 
Vulgar  fractions,  in  arithmetic,  fractions  ex- 
;  pressed  by  a  numerator  and  denomina- 
I     tor  ;  thus  '. 

IVUL'G.\R,  n.  The  common  people.  [II 
j  has  no  plural  termination,  but  has  often  a 
'     plural  verb.] 

The  rii/gar  imagine  the  pretender  to  have 

been  a  child  imposeil  on  the  nation.  Su>ifl. 

VULG.ARIS.M,  n.  Grossness  of  manners; 

vulgarity.     [Little  used.] 
2.  A  vulgar  phrase  or  expression.     [This  is 

the  usual  sense  of  the  word.] 
VULG.\R  ITV,  n.  Mean  condition  in  life; 

the  state  of  the  lower  classes  of  society. 

Brown. 
2.  Grossness  or  clownishness  of  manners  or 

language  ;  as  vulgarity  of  behavior  ;  vul- 

garily  of  expression  or  language. 

Dryden. 


\.  Ill  grammar,  n  simple  sound  ;  a  sound  ut-;|VUL'GARIZE,  r.  /.  To  make  vulgar, 
tered   by   simply   opening  the  month   or !  Foster. 

organs  ;'  as  the  sound  of  a,  e,  o.  I|VUL'GARL\ ,  adv 


Commonlv ;  in  the  or- 


W  A  B 


WAD 


W  A  F 


dinary  manner  among  the  common  peo- 
ple. 

Such  an  one  we   vulgarly  call  a  desperate 
person.  Hammond. 

2.  Meanly ;  niJely  ;  clownishly. 

VULGATE,  n.  A  very  anoient  Latin  ver- 
sion of  the  Scriptures,  and  the  only  one 
which  tlie  Romish  church  admits  to  be 
authentic.  It  is  so  called  from  its  com- 
mon use  in  the  Latin  church.  O/c. 

VUL'GATK,  a.  Pertftiiiiiig  to  the  old  Latin 
version  of  the  Scriptures. 

VUL'NERABLE,  a.  [Fr.  (torn  L.vulnero, 
to  wound,  from  vulnus,  a  woimd.]  \ 

1.  That  may  be  wounded  ;  susceptible  of 
wounds  or  external  injuries  ;  as  a  vulnera- 
ble lu.iiy. 

Achilles   was  vuhiarable   in  his   heel  ;    and 
there  will  nc\er  be  wanting  a  Paris  to  infix  the 


2.  Liable  to  injury  ;  subject  to  be  affijcteil  in- 
juriously ;  as  a  vulnerable  reputation. 

VUL'NERARY,  a.  [Ft:  vulneraire ;  L.  vul- 
nera)-ius.] 

Useful  in  healing  wounds  ;  adapted  to  the 
cure  of  external  injuries  ;  as  vulnerary 
plants  or  potions.  Cyc. 

VUL'NERARY,  n.  Any  plant,  drug  or 
composition,  useful  in  the  cure  of  wounds. 
Certain  nnguent.s  balsams  and  the  like, 
are  used  as  vutneraries. 

VUL'NERATE,  v.  t.  [L.  vulnero.]  To 
wound  ;  to  hurt.     [jVot  in  use.]    Vlanville. 

VULNERA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  woimding. 
[JVot  in  use.]  Pearson. 

VUL'PINE,  a.  [L.  vulpinus,  from  vutpes,  a 
fo.x.  Vulpes  is  our  English  wolf,  the  same 
word  applied  to  a  different  animal.] 


the  dart. 


X»it'(,§:/if.i  Pertaining  to  the  fo.x  ;  cimning ;  crafty  ;  artful. 


VUL'PINITE,  n.  [from  r«//)uio,  in  Italy,  j 
.V  nnneral  of  a  grayish  white  color,  splen- 
dent and  massive ;  its  fracture  foliated. 
It  consists  of  the  sulphate  of  lime  and 
silica.  Ure. 

VUL'TUR,      ?         [L.  vullur.]    A  genus  of 

VULTURE,  \  "•  fowls,  belonging  to  the 
order  of  Accipiters.  The  bill  is  straight, 
but  hooked  at  the  end,  and  covered  at  the 
base  by  a  cere  or  skin.  The  head  is  na- 
ked. There  are  thirteen  species,  all  car- 
nivorous and  rapacious.  The  vultur  is 
one  of  the  largest  kinds  of  fowls,  and  the 
condor  of  South  America,  one  of  this  fam- 
ily, is  the  largest  species  of  flying  animals 
that  has  been  discovereil.  Cyc. 

VUL'TURINE,a.  [L.vullarinus.]  Belonging 
to  the  vultur;  having  the  qualities  of  the 
vultur;  resembling  the  vultur;  rapacious. 


w. 


*T   is  the  twenty  third  letter  of  the  English 
Alphabet.     It  takes  its  writti'ii  form  and 
its  name  from  the  union  of  tuo   V's,  this 
being  the  form  of  the  Roman  capital  letter 
which    we  call   U.     The  name,  double  u, 
being  given  to  it  from  its  form  or  compo- 
sition, and  not  from   its  sound,  ought  not 
to  be  retained.     Every    letter   should   be 
named  from  its  sound,  especially  the  vow- 
els.    W   is   properly   a   vowel,   a   simple 
sound,  formed  by  opening  the  mouth  with 
a  close  circular  configuration  of  the   lips. 
It  is  precisely  the  ou  of  the  French,  and 
the  u  of  the  Spaniards,  Italians  and  Ger- 
mans.    With   the  other  vowels  it  forms 
diphthongs,  which  are  of  ea.sy  pronuncia 
tion  ;  as   in   well,  lo.tnt,    will,   dwell ;  pro 
nounced  ooell,  ooant,  ooill,  dooell.     In  Eng-jl 
lish,   it    is   always   followed    by   another 
vowel,  except  when  followed  by  h,  as  is 
whr7i ;  but  this  case  is  an  exce|)tion  only 
in  writing,  and  not  in  pronunciation,  for  h 
precedes  w  in  utterance;  when  being  pro- 
nounced hooen.     In   Welsh,  w.    which    is 
sounded  as  in  English,  is  used  without  an- 
other vowel,  as  in  fwl,  a  fool  ;  dum,  dun  ; 
dwb,  mortar  ;  gwn,  a  gun,  ami  a  gown. 
It  is  not  improbable  that  the   Romans  pro- 
nounced ['  as  we  do   w,  for  their  volvo  is 
our  wallow  :  and  volo,  vclle,  is  the   English 
jvilL,  G.  ivollcn.    But  this  is  uncertain.  The 
German  v  has  the  sound  of  the  English/, 
and  ID  that  of  the  English  v. 
W,  ai  the  end  of  words,  is  often  silent  after 
a  and  ry,  as  in  law,  saw,  low,  sow.    In  many 
words  of  this  kind,  i»  represents  the  Saxon 
g  ;  in  other  cases,  it  lielps  to  form  a  diph- 
thong, as  in  now,  votv,  new,  strew. 
WaB'BLE,    I!.  I.    [W.  frwibinw,  to  wander, 

to  move  in  a  circular  form.] 
To  move  from  one  side  to  the  other ;  to  va- 
cillate ;  as  a  turning  or  whirling  body.  So 
it  is  said  a  top  wabbles,  when  it  is  in  mo 
tion,  and  deviates  from  a  perpendicular 


direction ;  a  spindle  wabbles,  when  it  moves 
one  way  and  the  other.  [Thli  word  is  ap- 
plied chiefly  to  bodies  tvhen  turnin-r  with  a 
circular  motion,  and  its  place  cannot  be  sup- 
plied by  any  other  word  in  the  language.  It 
is  neither  low  nor  barbarous.] 
WACK'E,  >  A  rock  nearly  allied  to  ba- 
WACK'Y,  I  "■  salt,  of  which  it  may  be  re- 
garded as  a  more  soft  and  earthy  variety 
Its  color  is  a  greenish  gray,  brown  or 
black.  It  is  opake,  yields  easily  to  the 
knife,  and  has  a  greasy  feel.  Its  principal 
ingredient  is  silex.  Gray  wacky  is  a  dif- 
ferent species  of  rock,  being  a  kind  of 
sandstone.  Cyc. 

Wacky  is  a  mineral  substance  interme- 
diate between  clay  and  basalt.  Ure. 
^VAD,  »(.    [G.  watte ;  Dan.  vat,  a  wad  ;  that 
is,  a  mass  or  collection.] 

1.  A  little  mass  of  some  soft  or  flexible  ma- 
terial, such  as  hay.  straw,  tow,  paper,  or 
old  rope-yarn,  used  for  stopping  the  charge 
of  powder  in  a  gun  and  pressing  it  close 
to  the  shot,  or  for  keeping  the  powder  and 
shot  close. 

2.  A  little  mass,  tuft  or  bundle,  as  of  hay  or 
peas. 

W.\D,     )       In  mineralogy,  black  wadd  is  a 

WaDD,  I  "■  species  of  the  ore  of  inanga- 
nese,  of  which  there  are  four  kinds;  fibrous 
ochery,  pulverulent  ochery,  and  dendritic. 
In  some  places,  (ilumbago  or  black  lead  is 
called  wad  or  wadd.  Cyc. 

WaD'DED,  a.  Formed  into  a  wad  or  mass. 

WAU'DING.  71.  [G.  watte.]  A  wad,  or  the 
materials  for  wads  ;  any  pliable  substance 
of  which  wads  may  be  made. 

2.  A  kind  of  soft  stulf  of  loose  texture,  used 
for  stufiing  garments. 

WaD'DLE,  v.i.  [This  seems  to  he  a  dimin- 
utive formed  on  the  root  ol' wade,  L.  vado 
to  go ;  G.  ivaten,  to  wade ;  ivalscheln,  to 
waddle.] 

I.  To  move  one  way  and  the  other  in  walk 
ing;  to  deviate  to  one  side  and  the  other  : 


to  vacillate";  as,  a  chdil  waddles  when  he 
begins  to  walk  ;  ver\  fat  people  walk  with 
a  kind  of  icaddting  pace.  So  we  saj,  a 
duck  or  a  goose  waddles. 

i.  To  walk  with  a  waddling  motion. 

And  hardly  waddles  forth  to  cool —        Swift. 

WaD'DLING,  ppr.  Moving  from  side  to 
side  in  walking. 

WaD'DLINGLY,  adv.  With  a  vacillating 
gait.  Entick. 

W.\1)E,  V.  i.  [Sw.  vada ;  D.  xvaaden  ;  G. 
waten  ;  X)&n.  vader  ;  Fr.  gueer,  Cor  gueder  ; 
It.  guadare  ;  Sp.  vadear,  L.  vado,  to  go.] 

L  To  walk  through  any  substance  that 
yields  to  the  feet ;  as,  to  ivade  through  wa- 
ter ;  to  ivade  through  sand  or  snow.  To 
wade  over  a  river,  is  to  walk  through  on 
the  bottom.  Fowls  that  loade  have  long 
legs. 

2.  To  move  or  pass  with  difficulty  or  labor ; 
as,  judges  ioarfe  through  an  intricate  law 
case.  It  is  not  my  purpose  to  wade  through 
these  controversies. 

The   kinis's   admirable   conduct  has  waded 

through  all  these  ditficulties.  Davenant. 

— .\nd  trades  through  fumes,  and  gropes  his 

way.  Dryden. 

WADE,  V.  t.  To  pass  by  walking  on  the 
bottom  ;  as,  to  wade  a  river.  [This  is  a 
common  expression,  but  elliptical  for  to 
wade  through  a  river.] 

WA'DING,  ppr.  Walking  through  a  sub- 
stance that  yields  to  the  feet,  as  through 
water  or  sand. 

WaD'SETT,  )i.  An  ancient  tenure  or  lease 
of  laud  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland, 
which  seems  to  have  been  upon  a  kind  of 
mortgage.     [Sax.  wa:d,  wed,  a  jiledge.] 

Ci/c. 

WADSETTER,  n.  One  who  holds  by 
wadsctt.  Cyc. 

WA'FER,  n.  ,[D.  wafel;  G.  ivaffel ;  Dan. 
vaffel  ;  Sw.  x^qffla  :  Russ.  vaphel ;  Fr. 
guvffre.] 


WAG 


WAG 


WAG 


1.  A  thiu  cake  or  leaf;  as  a  tcafcr  of  bread 
given  by  tin;  Itoiiiaiiisls  in  tlie  euciiarist. 

2.  A  lliiii  leaf  of  paste,  or  a  coiii|iositioii  of 
Hour,  the  white  of  eggs,  isinglass  and 
yeast,  spread  over  with  guin-water  and 
dried  ;  used  in  sealing  letters. 

WA'FER,  V.  t.  To  seal  or  close  with  a  wa- 
fer. 

WAFT,  t'.  t.  [i)erhaps  from  ivave  ;  if  so, 
it  belongs  to  the  root  of  iviig.] 

1.  To  bear  tinougli  a  (Iiiid  or  buoyant  me- 
dium ;  to  convey  through  water  or  air  ;  as, 
a  balloon  was  wafted  over  the  ehamiel. 

Speed  the  soft  intercourse  from  soul  to  soul, 
Ami  wafl  a  sigh  fioiu  Indus  to  the  pole. 

Pope 

2.  To  convey;  as  ships.  C'l/c. 
;}.  To  l)uoy;  to  cause  to  float;  to  keep  from 

sinking.  Uiuwn. 

4.  To  beckon  ;  to  give  notice  by  sometliing 

in  motion.     [.Vol  in  use.] 
[This  verb  is  regular.     But  wujl  was  for- 
merly used  by  some  writers  for  wafted.] 
W~AFT,    I',  i.    To  ilo.il;  to  be  moved  or  to 
pass  in  a  buoyant  medium. 

And  now  the  shouts  waft  near  the  citadel. 

Drydeii 
WAFT,  n.    A  floating  body;  also,  a  signal 
displayijd  fnuu  a  ship's  steri;,  by    hoisting 
an  ensign  furled  in  a  roll,  to  the  bead   of 
the  staff".  Cijc. 

W^AFTAuR,  n.  Conveyance  or  transpor- 
tation through  a  buoyant  medium,  as  air 
or  water.     [.V^!  ii  lue.]  Shiik. 

WaFTED./j/v.  Ji-irne  or  conveyed  through 

air  or  water. 
W  AFTER,    Ji.    He  or  that  which  wafts  ;  ii 

passage  bunt. 
2.  The  i;ouductor  of  vessels  at  sea;  an  old 

word. 
WVAFTING,  ppr.  Carrying  through  a  buoy- 
ant medium. 
W>AFTURE,  n.  The  act  of  waving.     [jVo< 
in  use.]  Slia/c. 

WAG,    V.  t.    [Sax.  waginn  aiu\  wecgan  ;  G 
bewegen;  D.  bewecgen,  to   move,    to   stir 
weegen,  to  weigh  ;  G.  wagen,  to  weigh  ;  S  w 
v&ga,  Dan.  vajei;  to  wag,  to  weigh.     This 
is  the   radix  of  the  h.  vacillo,  Eng.  fckle. 
ivagon,  tcain,  way,  ivave,  waggle,  &,c.] 
To  move  one  way  and  the  other  with  quick 
turns  ;  to  move  a  little  way,  and  then  turn 
the  other  way ;  as,  to  wag  the  bead. 

Eveiy  one  that  passeth  thereby  shall  be  as- 
totiished,  and  wag  his  head.  Jer.  xviii.  Matt. 
xxvii. 
[  jrag' expresses  particularly  the  motion  of 
the  head  and  body  used  in  bufToonery, 
mirth,  derision,  sport  and  mockery.  It  is 
applied  also  to  birds  and  beasts ;  as,  to 
wag  the  tail.] 
WAG,  V.  i.  To  be  quick  in  ludicrous  mo- 
lion  ;  to  stir. 

'TJs  merry  in  hall,  where  beards  wag  all. 

Shak 
Tremble  and  start  at  wagging  of  a  straw. 

Shak. 

2.  To  go  ;  to  depart ;  to  pack  ofi". 

I  will  provoke  him  to't.  or  let  him  wag. 

SImk. 

3.  To  be  moved  one  way  and  the  other. 

The  resty  sieve  wagg'd  ne'er  the  more. 

Dryden. 
WAG,  n.    [from  the  verb.]  A  droll ;  a  man 
full  of  low  sport  and  humor;  a  ludicrous 
fellow. 


We  wink  at  wags,  wbea  they  ofTcnd. 

Dryden. 

The  counsellor  never  pleaded  without  a  piece 
of  pai.'klhvoad  in  his  hand,  which  he  used  to 
twist  about  his  linger  all  the  while  he  v/mt 
speaking  ;  the  wags  used  to  call  it  the  thread 
of  his  discourse.  .Iddisun. 

WAGE,    r.  ^    [G.  wagen;  D.icaagen;  Sw. 
vliga,  to  venture,  to  dare,  to  wage  ;  Fr. 
gager,  for  guager,  to  lay  or  bet;  from  the 
root  of  wag.     The  sense  is  to  throw,  to  lay 
or  throw  down,  as  a  glove  or  gauntlet.] 
1.  To   lay;  to  bet;    to   throw   down,   as   a 
pledge ;  to  stake  ;  to  put  at  ha/.ard  on  the 
event  of  a  contest.     This  is  the  common 
|(opular  sense  of  the  word  in  New  Eng- 
land ;  as,  to  wage  a  dollar  ;  to  wage  a  horse. 
To  venture  ;  to  hazard. 
To  wake  and  wage  a  danger  profitless. 

Shak 
■i.  To  make  ;  to  begin  ;  to  carry  on  ;  that  is, 
to  go  forward  or  advance  to  attack,  as  in 
invasion  or  aggression  ;  used  in  the  phrase, 
to  wage  war.  He  waged  war  with  all  his 
enemies. 

He  ponder'd,  which  of  all  his  sons  was  fit 
To  reign,  and  wage  immortal  war  with  wit. 

Dryden. 
4.  To  set  to  hire. 

'fhou  must  ii-agc 
Thy  works  for  weulth.  Spenser. 

lA'ol  in  use.] 
To  take  to  hire ;  to  hire  for  pay  ;  to  em- 
ploy   for  wages;  as  waged  soldiers.     He 
was  well  magcrf  and  rewarded.  [Fr.]   Obs. 

Raleigh 
To  wage  one^s  law,  to  give  security  to  make 
one's  law.  The  defendant  is  then  to  swear 
that  he  owes  nothin^'  to  the  plaintif,  and 
eleven  neighbors,  called  compurgators,  are 
to  avow  upon  their  oaths,  that  they  believe 
in  their  consciences  that  he  has  declared 
the  truth.    This  is  called  loager  of  taw. 

Blackslone. 
WA'ciED,  pp.  Laid  ;  deposited  ;  as  a  pledge  ; 

made  or  begun,  as  war. 
\V.\'(iER,  n.    Something  deposited,  laid  or 
hazarded  on  the  event   of  a  coHtest    or 
some  unsettled  question  ;  a  bet. 

liesides  these  plates  for  horse-races,  the  lea- 
sees may  be  as  the  persons  please.        Temple 
If  any  atheist  can  slake  his  soul  for  a  wager 
against  such  an  hieshaustible  disproportion — 

Bentley. 

2.  Subject  on  which  bets  arc  laid.      Sidney. 

3.  In  law,  an  offer  to  make  oalh  of  inno- 
cence or  non-iiidebteilness  ;  or  the  act  of 
making  oath,  together  w  ith  the  oaths  of 
eleven  compurgators,  to  fortily  the  defend- 
ant's oath. 

fVager  of  battle,  is  when  the  tenant  in  a  writ 
oV  right,  offers  to  prove  his  right  by  the 
body  of  bis  champion,  and  throwing 
down  his  glove  as  a  gage  or  pledge,  thus 
wages  or  stipulates  battle  with  the  cham- 
pion of  the  demandant,  who  by  taking  up 
the  glove,  accepts  the  challenge.  The 
champions,  armed  with  batons,  enter  the 
bst,  and  taking  each  other  by  the  hand, 
each  swears  to  the  justice  of  the  cause  of 
the  party  for  whom  he  appears  ;  they  then 
fight  till  the  stars  appear,  anil  if  the  cham- 
pion of  the  tenant  can  defend  hiinsolf  till 
that  time,  his  cause  prevails.      Blackslone 

WA'tiER,  v.i.  To  lay  ;  to  bet ;  to  hazard  on 
the  issue  of  a  contest,  or  on  some  ques- 


tion that  is  to  be  decided,  or  on  some  cas- 
ualty. Dryden. 

WA'GERED,  pp.  Laid;  pledged;  as  a  bet. 

WA'GERER,  ji.  One  who  wagers  or  lays  a 
bet. 

VVA'(iERlNG, y)/)r.  Laying;  betting. 

Wagering  policy,  in  commerce,  a  policy  of 
insurance,  insuring  a  sum  of  money  when 
no  property  is  at  hazard  ;  as  a  policy  to 
insure  money  on  a  ship  when  no  property 
is  on  board  ;  that  is,  in.surance,  interest  or 
no  interest :  or  a  wagering  policy  may  bo 
a  policy  to  insure  properly  which  is  al- 
ready insured.  Such  policies  in  England, 
arc  by  Statute  19  Geo.  HLinadc  null  and 
void. 

VVA'(iES,  n.  plural  in  termination,  but  sin- 
gular in  sigiiilication.  [Fr.  gage,  gages.] 

1.  Hire  ;  reward  ;  that  which  is  paid  or  stip- 
ulated for  services,  but  chiefly  for  services 
by  inaimal  labor,  or  for  military  and  naval 
services.  We  speak  of  servant's  wages,  a 
laborer's  wages,  or  soldier's  wages ;  but 
we  never  apply  the  word  to  the  rewards 
given  to  men  in  office,  which  are  called 
fees  or  salary.  The  word  is  however 
sometimes  applied  to  the  compensation 
given  to  representatives  in  the  legisla- 
ture.    [U.  Stales.] 

Tell  me,  what  shall  thy  wages  be .'     Gen. 
xxix. 

Be  content  with  your  wages.     Luke  iii. 

.  Reward  ;  fruit ;  recompense  ;  that  which 
is  given  or  received  in  return. 

The  wages  of  sin  is  deadi.     Rom.  vi. 

jW.AG'GEL,  )       A  name  given  in  Cornwall 

WAG'EL,  ^  "■  to  the  martinazzo,  dung- 
hunter,  or  dung-bird,  a  species  of  Larus  or 
sea-gull,  (L.  parasiticus.) 

Ci/c.     Diet.  .Yat.  Hist.     Ed.  Encyc. 

W.AG'GERY,  n.  [from  wag.]  Mischievous 
merrlitient ;  sportive  trick  or  gayety  ;  sar- 
casm in  good  humor;  as  the  waggery  of  a 
schoolboy.  tiocke, 

WAG'Glsil,  n.  Mischievous  in  sport  ; 
roguish  in  merriment  or  good  humor; 
frolicksome  ;  as  a  company  of  waggish 
hoys.  L'Eslrange. 

i.  Done,  made  or  laid  in  waggery  or  for 
sport ;  as  a  n-aggish  trick, 

WAG'GISHLV,«(/i'.  In  a  waggish  manner; 
in  sport. 

W.AG'GISIINESS,  n.  Mischievous  sport; 
wanton  merriment.  Bacon. 

WAG'GLE,  V.  i.  [D.  waggelen  ;  G.  wackeln  ; 
L.  vacillo;  <liiii.  of  irog'.] 

To  waddle ;  to  reel  or  move  from  side  to 
«ide. 

Why  do  you  go  nodding  and  waggling  so .' 
L'Eslrange. 

WAG'GLE,  f.  t.  To  move  one  way  and  the 

I     other  ;  as,  a  bird  waggles  its  tail. 

W.VG'ON,  ii.  [1).  G.  teamen  ;  Sw.  vagn  ;  Sax. 

I  wwgn,  u'ffn  ;  W.  gwam,  a  wagon,  wain  or 
sheath,  L.  vagina,  the  latter  being  fron» 
wag,  and  signifying  a  passage ;  Gaelic, 
baighin,  a  wagon;  Malabar,  tiagahain; 
Sans,  wahnna.  The  old  orthography, 
waggon,  seems  to  be  falling  into  disuse. 
See  H'ag.] 

I.  .\  vehicle  moved  on  four  wheels,  and 
usually  <lia\vn  by  horses ;  used  for  the 
transportation  of  heavy  commodities.  In 
America,  light  wagons  are  used  for  the 
conveyance  of  families,  and  for  carrying 


W  A  I 


W  A  I 


W  A  K 


light  commoilities  to  market,  particularly 
a  very  light  kind  drawn  by  one  horse. 

i.  A  chariot.     [jYot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

WAG'ON,  V.  t.  To  transport  in  a  wagon. 
Goods  are  wagoned  from  London  to  the 
interior. 

WAG'ON,  V.  i.  To  practice  the  transporta- 
tion of  goods  in  a  wagon.  The  man  xoag- 
ons  between  Philadelphia  and  Pittsburg. 

AVAG'ONAtiE,  n.  Money  paid  for  carriage 
in  a  wagon. 

WAG'ONER,  n.  One  who  conducts  a 
wagon. 

2.  A  constellation,  Charles'  wain. 

WAG'ONING,  ppr.  Transporting  in  a  wag- 
on. 

WAGONING,  n.  The  business  of  trans- 
porting in  a  wagon. 

WAGTAIL,  n.  [wag  and  tail]  A  small 
bird,  a  species  of  Motacilla. 

WAID,  a.  Crushed.     [.Vo<  in  use.]        Shak. 

NVAIF,  n.  [Norm,  wef,  jveif;  from  waive 
Goods  found,  of  which  the  owner  is  not 
known.  These  were  originally  such  goods 
as  a  thief,  when  pursued,  threw  away  to 
prevent  being  apprehended.  They  belong 
to  the  king,  unless  the  owner  makes  fresh 
suit  of  the  felon,  takes  him  and  brings  him 
to  justice.  Elackslone. 

WAIL,  I',  t.  [Ice.  vasla  ;  It.  guaiolare  ;  Gaelic 
guitam  or  uaill ;  W.  gwylaiv  and  tvylaw ; 
Arm.  goela,  to  howl ;  Heb.  Ar.  S^K-] 

To  lament;  to  moan  ;  to  bewail. 

Or  if  DO  more  her  absent  lord  she  wails — 

Pope, 

WAIL,  V.  i.  To  weep ;  to  express  sorrow 
audibly. 

Therefore  I  will  wail  and  howl.     Mic.  i. 

WAIL,  n.  Loud  weeping  ;  violent  lamenta- 
tion. 

WA'ILFUL,  a.  Sorrowful ;  mournful. 

Shak. 

WA'ILING,  ppr.  Lamenting  with  audible 
cries. 

WA'ILING,  n.  Loud  cries  of  sorrow;  deep 
lamentation. 

There  shall  be  wailing  and  gnashing  of  teeth. 
Matt.  xiii. 

WA'ILMENT,  n.  Lamentation.        Hacket. 

WAIN,  n.  [Sax.  wan,  W.  gwain ;  contracted. 
See  fVagon.] 

1.  A  wagon  ;  a  carriage  for  the  transporta- 
tion of  goods  on  wheels. 

2.  A  constellation,  Charles'  wain. 
WA'INAGE,  n.  A  finding  of  carriages. 

Ainsworth. 

WA'IN-BOTE,  n.  Timber  for  wagons  or 
carts.  Eng.  Laiv. 

WA'IN-HOUSE,  n.  A  house  or  shed  for 
wagons  and  carts.     [Local.]  Cyc. 

WA'IN-ROPE,  n.  A  rope  for  binding  a  load 
on  a  wagon ;  a  cart-rope.  Shak. 

WA'INSeOT,  n.  [D.  wagenschot.]  In  build- 
ing, timber-work  serving  to  line  the  walls 
of  a  room,  being  made  in  panels. 

WA'INS€OT,  V.  t.  To  line  with  boards  ;  as, 
to  wainscot  a  hall. 

Music  sounds  better  in  chambers  wainscoted 
than  hanged.  Bacon. 

2.  To  line  with  difierent  materials. 

The  other  is  wainscoted  with   looking-glass. 

.Sddison. 

WA'INSCOTED,  p;,.  Lined  with  boards  or 
panels. 

WA'lNSeOTING,  ppr.  Lining  with  boards. 


WAIR,  n.  A  piece  of  timber  two  yards  long, 
and  a  foot  broad.    [/  know  not  where  used.] 

Bailey. 

iWAIST,  n.  [W.  gwdsg,  piessure,  squeeze, 
the  ivaist,  the  part  where  the  girdle  is  lied ; 
allied  to  squeeze.] 

1.  That  part  of  the  human  body  which  is 
immediately  below  the  ribs  or  thorax ;  or 
the  sinall  part  of  the  body  between  the 
thorax  and  hips. 

2.  That  part  of  a  ship  which  is  between  the 
quarter  deck  and  forecastle.  But  in  many 
ships  now  built,  there  is  no  quarter  deck, 
and  in  such  the  waist  is  the  middle  part 
of  the  ship. 

WA'ISTBAND,  n.  The  band  or  upper  part 
of  breeches,  trowsers  or  pantaloons,  which 
encompasses  the  waist. 

WAIST€LOTHS,  n.  Coverings  of  canvas 
or  tarpauling  for  the  hammocks,  stowed 
on  the  gangway.s,  between  the  quarter 
deck  and  forecastle.  Mar.  Diet. 

WA'ISTCOAT,  n.  [waist  and  coat.]  A  short 
coat  or  garment  for  men,  extending  no 
lower  than  the  hips,  and  covering  the 
waist;  a  vest.  This  under  garment  is 
now  generally  called  in  America  a  vest. 

WA'ISTER,  n.  In  ships,  waisters  are  men 
who  are  stationed  in  the  waist  in  working 
the  ship.  Mar.  Did. 

WAIT,  t).  i.  [Fr.  guetter;  It.  guatare;  W. 
gweitiaw,  to  wait ;  gwaid,  attendance.  The 
sense  is  to  stop,  or  to  continue.] 

1.  To  stay  or  rest  in  expectation  ;  to  stop  or 
remain  stationary,  till  the  arrival  of  some 
person  or  event.  Thus  we  say,  I  went  to 
the  place  of  meeting,  and  there  waited  an 
hour  for  the  moderator  or  chairman.  I 
will  go  to  the  hotel,  and  there  ivait  ti 
you  come.     We  will  ivait  for  the  mail. 

2.  To  stay  proceedings,  or  suspend  any  bu- 
siness,  in  expectation   of   some   person, 
event,  or  the  arrival  of  some  hour.     TI 
court  was  obliged  to  wait  for  a  witness. 

3.  To  rest  in  expectation  and  patience. 

All  the  days  of  my  appointed  time  will  I  wait, 
till  my  change  come.     Job  xiv. 

4.  To  stay  ;  not  to  depart. 
Haste,  my  dear  father,  'tis  no  time  to  wail. 

Dryden 

5.  To  stay ;  to  continue  by  reason  of  hin- 
derance. 

6.  To  lie  in  ambush,  as  an  enemy. 
Such  ambush  waited  to  intercept  thy  way. 

Milton 

To  wait  on  or  upon,  to  attend,  as  a  servant ; 
to  perform  menial  services  for  ;  as,  to  icail 
on  a  gentleman  ;  to  wait  on  the  table. 

To  wait  on,  to  attend  ;  to  go  to  see  ;  to  visit 
on  business  or  for  ceremony.  Tell  the 
gentleman  I  will  wait  on  him  at  ten 
o'clock. 

2.  To  pay  servile  or  submissive  attendance. 

.3.  To  follow,  as  a  consequence  ;  as  the  ruin 
that  waits  on  such  a  supine  temper.  [In- 
stead of  this,  we  use  await.] 

4.  To  look  watchfully. 

It  is  a  point  of  cunning  to  wait  on  him  with 
whom  you  speak,  with  your  eye.  Bacon. 

[Unusual.] 

5.  To  attend  to ;  to  perform. 

Aaron  and  his  son«  shall  wait  on  their  priest's 

office.     Num.  iii.  viii.    Rom.  xii. 
C.  To  be  ready  to  serve  ;  to  obey.    Ps.  xxv. 

Prov.  XX. 
To  wait  at,  to  attend  in  service :  to  perform 

service  at.    1  Cor.  ix. 


!  To  loaitfor,  to  watch,  as  an  enemy.  Job  xv. 

WAIT,  I'.  /.  To  stay  for;  to  rest  or  remain 

stationary  in  expectation  of  the  ai-rival  of. 

Aw'd  with   these  words,  in  camps  they  still 

abide, 
And  ivait  with  longing    eyes  their  promis'd 
guide.  Dryden. 

[Elliptical  for  wail  for.] 
3   To   attend  ;  to  accompany  witli  submis- 
sion or  respect. 

He  chose  a  thousand  horse,  the  flow'rofall 
His  warlike  troops,  to  wait  the  funeral. 

Dryden. 
[This  use  is  not  justifiable,  but  by  poetical 
license.] 

3.  To  attend  as  a  consequence  of  something. 
Such  doom  waits  lusury —  Philips. 

[Not  in  use.  In  this  sense  we  use  at- 
tend or  attend  on.] 
WAIT,  7!.  Ambush.  As  a  noun,  this  word 
is  used  only  in  certain  phrases.  To  tie  in 
ivait,  is  to  lie  in  ambush  ;  to  be  secreted  in 
order  to  fall  by  surprise  on  an  enemy ; 
hence  figuratively,  to  lay  snares,  or  to 
make  insidious  attempts,  or  to  watch  for 
tiie  purpose  of  ensnaring.     Josh.  viii. 

In  wait,  is  used  in  a  like  sense  by  Mil- 
ton. 
To  lay  tpait,  to  set  an  ambush.     Jer.  ix. 
WA'ITER,  n.  One  who  waits ;  an  attend- 
ant ;  a  servant  in  attendance. 

The  ivaiters  stand  in  ranks  ;  the  yeoman  cry. 
Make  room,  as  if  a  duke  were  passing  by. 

Swift. 
2.  A  server ;  a  vessel  on  which  tea  furniture, 

&c.  is  carried. 
WA'ITING,  ppr.  Staying  in  expectation. 
Waiting  on,  attending ;  accompanying  ;  serv- 
ing. 
Waiting  for,  staying  for  the  arrival  of. 
Waiting  at,  staying  or  attending  at  in  ex- 
pectation or  in  service. 
In  waiting,  in  attendance. 
WAITING-MAID,        )  „     An  upper  ser- 
WA'ITING-WOMAN,  J  "•    vant    who   at- 
tends   a    lady.      Waiting-gentlewoman    is 
sometimes,  though  less  commonly  used. 
WAITS,  n.  [Goth,  wahts,  watch.]  Itinerant 
nocturnal  musicians.     [Mot  in  use.] 

Beaum. 

2.  Nocturnal  musicians  who  attended  great 
men.  Cyc 

WAIVE,  ji.  A  woman  put  out  of  the  pro- 
tection of  the  law.  Cyc. 
WA'IWODE,  n.  In  the  Turkish  empire,  the 
governor  of  a  small  province  or  town  ;  a 
general.  Cyc. 
WAKE,  V.  i.  [Goth,  wakan  ;  Sax.  ivcfcan  ; 
G.  wachen  ;  D.  waaken,ivekken  ;  Sw.v&cka, 
xip-racka  ;  Dan.  vakker ;  L.  vigil,  vigilo. 
The  root  wak  is  allied  to  wag.  The  pri- 
mary sense  is  to  stir,  to  rouse,  to  excite. 
The  transitive  verb  in  Saxon,  is  written 
wmcan,  wecan ;  but  both  are  from  one 
root.] 

1.  To  he  awake ;  to  continue  awake ;  to 
watch  ;  not  to  sleep.     Ps.  cxxvii! 

The  l^xlher  waketh  for  the  daughter.    Ecclus. 
Though  wisdom  wakes,  suspicion  sleeps. 

Milton. 
I  cannot  think  any  time,  waking  or  sleep- 
ing, without  being  sensible  of  it.  Locke. 

2.  To  be  excited  or  roused  froi7i  sleep ;  to 
awake ;  to  be  awakened.  He  wakes  at 
the  slightest  noise. 

3.  To  cease  to  sleep :  to  awake. 


W  A  K 


W  A  L 


VV  A  L 


4.  To  be  quick  ;  to  be  alive  or  active. 

Dryden. 

5.  To  be  excited  (roin  a  torpid  state  ;  to  be 
put  in  motion.  Tlie  doriimnt  puvvers  of 
nature  wake  from  their  frosty  sluinbers. 

Gentle  airs  to  fan  the  earlli  now  wak'd. 

Milton. 
WAKE,  V.  t.  To  rouse  from  sleep. 

The  angel  tlial  talked  with  me,  came  again 
and  waked  me.     Zecli.  iv. 

2.  To  arouse  ;  to  excite  ;  to  put  in  motion  or 
action. 

Prepare  war,  wake  up  the  mighty  men.  Joel 
iii. 

[The  use  of  up  is  common,  but  not  ne- 
cessary.] 

To  wake  the  soul  by  tender  strokes  of  art. 

Pojic. 

3.  To  bring  to  life  again,  as  if  from  the  slcei: 
of  death. 

To  second  life 
Wak'd  in  the  renovation  of  the  just. 

Milloji. 

WAKE,   n.   The  feast  of  the  dedication  of 

the  church,  formerly  kept  by  watcliinc;  all 

night.  Dn)den.     King. 

2.  Vigils  ;  state  of  forbearing  sleep. 

— Their  merry  wakes  and  pastimes  keep 

Milton. 

3.  Act  of  waking.     [OW  sojtg'.] 
fl'ake  of  a  ship,  the  track  it  leaves  in  the  wa 

ter,  formed  by  the  meeting  of  the  water, 
which  rushes  from  each   side  to  fill  the 
space  which   the   ship  makes  in  passing 
through  it. 
To  be  in  the  wake  of  a  ship,  is  to  be   in  her 

track,  or  in  u  line  with  her  keel. 
WA'KEFUL,  a.   Not  sleeiiing ;  indisposed 
to  sleep. 

Dissembling   sleep,   but   wakeful    with   the 
fright —  Dryden. 

2.  Watchful  ;  vigilant. 
WAKEFULLY,   adv.    With  watching  or 

sleeplessness. 
WA'KEFyLNESS,n.  Indisposition  to  sleep. 
2.  Forbearance  of  sleep;  want  of  sleep. 

Bacon. 
WAKEN,  V.  i.  wa'kn.    [This  seems   to  be 
the  Saxon  infinitive  retained.]     To  wake; 
to  cease  to  sleep  ;  to  be  awakened. 
Early  Turuus  ivak'niitg  with  the  light. 

Dryden. 
WAKEN,  V.  t.  loa'kn.    To  excite  or  rouse 
from  sleep. 

Go,  waken  Eve.  Milton. 

2.  To  excite  to  action  or  motion. 

Then  Homer's  and    Tyrtjeus'  martial  muse 
Waken'd  the  world.  Roscommon. 

3.  To  excite  ;  to  produce ;  to  rouse  into  ac- 
tion. 

They  introduce 
Their  sacred  song,  and  waken  raptures  high. 

Milton . 
WA'KENED,  pp.  Roused  from  sleep;  ex- 
cited into  action. 
WA'KENER,   n.   One    who    rouses   from 

sleep.  Feltham. 

WA'KENING,  ppr.  Rousing  from  sleep  or 

stupidity  ;  calling  into  action. 
WA'KER,  »i.  One  who  watches;  one  who 

rouses  from  slce|).  B.  Jonson. 

WA'KE-ROBIN,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 

Arum. 
WA'KING,  ppr.  Being  awake ;  not  sleep- 

ing. 
2.  Rousing  from  sleep ;  exciting  into  motion 

or  action. 


j  WA'KING,  n.  The  period  of  being  awake. 
!  Butler. 

2.  Watch.     Ohs. 

jVVAI.i:,  n.  [This  may  be  the  W.  gwialen,  o 
rod  or  twig,  or  from  the  same  root.] 

1.  In  clotli,  a  ridge  or  streak  rising  above 
the  rest.  We  say,  cloth  is  wove  with  a 
tvate. 

2.  A  streak  or  stripe  ;  the  mark  of  a  rod  or 
whip  on  animal  flesh. 

Hales  of  a  ship,  an  assemblage  of  strong 
l)laidts,  extending  along  a  ship's  sides 
throughout  the  whole  length,  at  different 
bights,  and  serving  to  strengthen  the  decks 
and  form  the  curves.  They  are  dist 
guished  into  the  main  wale  and  the  channel 
ivale.  Mar.  Did. 

WA'LE-KNOT,  ?        A  single   wale-knot  is 

WALL-KNOT,  i;  "■  made  by  untwisting 
the  ends  of  a  rope,  and  making  u  bight 
with  the  first  strand  ;  then  passing  the 
second  over  the  end  of  the  first,  and  the 
third  over  the  end  of  the  second,  and 
through  the  bight  of  the  first.  The  double 
is  made  by  passing  the  ends,  singly,  close 
underneath  the  first  wale,  and  thrusting 
them  upwards  through  the  middle,  only 
the  last  end  comes  up  under  two  bights. 

Cyc. 

WALK,  v.i.  wauk.  [Sax.  tcea/can,  to  roll  or 
revolve ;  wealctre,  a  fuller,  whence  the 
name  Walker  ;  D.  walken,  to  work  a  hat ; 
G.  ivalken,  to  full,  to  felt  hats  ;  walker, 
fuller,  Sw.  valkarc ;  Dan.  valker,  to  full  or 
mill  cloth;  valker,  a  fiiller;  valke,  a  pad  or 
stuffed  roll  ;  G.  watten,  to  stir,  to  be  agita- 
ted, to  rove,  to  travel,  to  wander.  From 
the  same  root  are  Russ.  valyu,  G.  ivdlzen, 
to  roll,  and  wulsch,  foreign,  Celtic,  Welsl 
that  is,  wanderers.  The  primary  sense  is 
simply  to  move  or  press,  but  appropriate- 
ly to  roll,  to  press  by  rolling,  as  in  hatting, 
and  this  is  the  origin  of  walker,  for  the 
practice  of  felting  hats  must  have  prece- 
ded that  of  fulling  cloth  in  mills.  Our 
ancestors  appropriated  the  verb  to  moving 
on  the  feet,  and  the  word  is  peculiarly 
expressive  of  that  rolling  or  wagging  mo- 
tion which  marks  the  walk  of  clownish 
people.] 

1.  To  move  slowly  on  the  feet ;  to  step  slow- 
ly along ;  to  advance  by  steps  moderately 
repeated;  as  animals.  Walking  iji  men 
differs  from  running  only  in  the  rapidityj 
and  length  of  the  steps;  but  in  tpiadru- 
peds,  the  motion  or  order  of  the  feet  is 
sometimes  changed. 

At  the  end  of  twelve  months,  he  walked  in 
the  palace  of  the  kingdom  of  Babylon.    Dan.  iv 

When  l*eter  had  comedown  out  ol*  die  ship, 
he  walked  on  the  water,  to  go  to  Jesus.  Matt 
xiv. 

2.  To  move  or  go  on  the  feet  for  exercise  or 
amusement.  Hundreds  of  students  daily 
!('((M'  on  Downing  terrace  in  Cambridge. 

3.  To  appear,  as  a  specter. 
The  spirits  of  the  dead 

May  walk  again.  Shak. 

4.  To  act  on  any  occasion. 
Do  you  Uiink  I'd  walk  in  any  plot .' 

Ohs.  B.  Jonson 

To  be  in  motion,  as  a  clamorous  tongue. 
Her  tongue  did  walk 
In  foul  reproach.     Obs.  Spenser. 

To  act  or  move  on  the  feet  in  sleep. 

When  was  it  she  last  waik'd  I  Shak. 

[But  this  is  unusual.    When  we  speak 


of  noctambulation,  we  say,  to  walk  in 
sleep.] 

To  range  ;  to  be  stirring. 
.Affairs  that  walk. 
As  they  say  spirits  do  at  midnight.         Shak. 
IL'nusiuil.] 

'9'  To  move  off;  to  depart. 

When  he  comes   fortli   he   will  make   their 
cows  and  garraiis  walk.     [J\'ot  elegant.'] 

Spenser. 

9.  In  Scripture,  to  live  and  act  or  behave ; 

I     to  pursue  a  particular  course  of  life. 

To  walk  with  God,  to  live  in  obedience  to  his 
commands,  and  have  communion  with 
him.     Gen.  v. 

To  walk  in  darkness,  to  live  in  ignorance,  er- 
ror anil  sin,  without  comfort.     1  John  i. 

To  walk  in  the  lif/;til,  to  live  in  the  practice  of 
religion,  and  to  enjoy  its  consolations.  1 
John  i. 

To  walk  by  failh,  to  live  in  the  firm  belief  of 
the  g()S|iel  and  its  promises,  and  to  rely  on 
Christ  for  salvation.     2  Cor.  v. 

To  walk  through  the  fire,  to  be  exercised  with 
severe  afilictions.     Is.  xliii. 

To  walk  after  Ihcjlesh,  to  indulge  sensual  ap- 
petites, and  to  live  In  sin.     Rom.  viii. 

To  ivalk  after  the  Spirit,  to  he  guided  by  the 
counsels  and  influences  of  the  Spirit  and 
by  the  word  of  God,  and  to  live  a  life  of 
holy  deportment.  lb. 

To  walk  in  the  Jlcsh,  to  live  this  natural  life, 
which  is  subject  to  infirmities  and  calami- 
ties.    2  Cor.  X. 

To  walk  in,  to  enter,  as  a  Louse.  H'alk  in, 
gentlemen. 

WALK,  t>.  /.  wauk.  To  pass  through  or  up- 
on ;  as,  to  icalk  the  streets.  [This  is  el- 
li|>tical  for  to  walk  in  or  through  the  street.] 

2.  To  cause  to  walk  or  step  slowly  ;  to  lead, 
drive  or  ride  with  a  slow  pace.  He  found 
the  road  so  bad  he  was  obliged  to  walk  his 
horse.  The  coachman  walked  iiis  horses 
from  Woodbriilge  to  Princeton. 

WALK,  )i.  wauk.  The  act  of  walking;  the 
act  of  moving  on  the  feet  with  a  slow 
pace. 

2.  The  act  of  walking  for  air  or  exercise  ;  as 
a  morning  icnlk  ;  an  evening  walk.     Pope. 

3.  Planner  of  walking;  gait;  step.  We  of- 
ten know  a  person  in  a  distant  apartment 
by  his  walk. 

■1.  Length  of  way  or  circuit  through  which 

one  walks;  or  a  place  for  walking  ;  as  a 

long  walk  ;  a  short  walk.     The  gardens  of 

the  Tiiilerie  and  of  the  Luxemburgh  are 

very  pleasant  walks. 

5.  An  avenue  set  with  trees.  .Milton. 

G.  Way  ;  road  ;  range  ;  place  of  w  andering. 

The  mountains  are  his  walks.  Sandys. 

The  starry  walks  above.  Dniden. 

Region ;  space. 

He  opened  a  boundless  walk  for  his  imagina- 
tion. Pope. 

8.  Course  of  life  or  pursuit.  This  is  not  with- 
in the  icii/Aof  the  historian. 

9.  The  slowest  pace  of  a  horse,  ox  or  other 
quadruped. 

10.  .\  fish.    [A  mistake  for  tektlk.] 

Ainsworth. 

11.  In  Ihe  West  Indies,  a  plantation  of  canes, 
&c.  Edwards,  IV.  Ind. 

.V  sheep  walk,  so  called,  is  high  and  dry  land 

w  here  sheep  |)nsture. 
W.ALK.ABLE,    n.    wauk'abU.    Fit    to    be 

>valked  on.     [.\o<  much  used.]  SiriJI. 


W  A  L 


W  A  L 


WAN 


WALKER,  n.  wauk'er.  One  who  walks. 

2.  Ill  our  mother  tongue,  a  fuller. 

3.  Ill  laio,  a  forest  officer  appointed  to  walk 
over  a  certain  space  for  inspection  ;  a  for- 
ester. 

4.  One  who  deports  himself  in  a  particular 
manner. 

5.  A  fulling-mill.     [JVot  in  use  or  local.] 
WALKING,  ppr.  wauk'ing.  Moving  on  the 

the  legs  with  a  slow  pace  ;  moving  ;  con 
ducting  one's  self. 

WALKING,  n.  wauk'ing.  The  act  of  mov- 
ing on  the  feet  with  a  slow  pace. 

WALKING-STAFF,  /       A  staff  or  stick 

WALK'ING-STICK,  ^  "•  carried  in  the 
hand  for  support  or  amusement  in  walk 
ing. 

WALK-MILL,  n.  wauk'-mill.  A  fulling 
mill.     [Local.]  Ci/c. 

WALL,  n.  [h.  vallum;  Sax.  weal;  D.  wal 
Jr.  Gaehc,  balla  and  fal :  Russ.  ral ;  W. 
gwal.  In  L.  vallus  is  a  stake  or  ])Ost,  and 
probably  vallum  was  originally  a  fence  of 
stakes,  a  palisade  or  stockade  ;  the  firstj 
rude  fortification  of  uncivilized  men.  The, 
primary  sense  of  vallus  is  a  shoot,  or 
that  which  is  set,  and  the  latter  may  be  the 
sense  oftvall,  whether  it  is  from  vallus,  or 
from  some  other  root.] 

1.  A  work  or  structure  of  stone,  brick  or 
other  materials,  raised  to  some  highth,  and 
intended  for  a  defense  or  security,  jf'ulls 
of  stone,  with  or  without  cement,  are  much 
used  in  America  for  fences  on  farms ; 
walls  are  laid  as  the  foundations  of  houses 
and  the  security  of  cellars,  ft'alls  of  stone 
or  brick  form  the  exterior  of  buildings, 
and  they  are  often  raised  round  cities  and 
forts  as  a  defense  against  enemies. 

2.  flails,  in  the  plural,  is  used  for  fortifica- 
tions in  general ;  works  for  defense. 

I  rush  undaunted  to  defead  the  walls. 

Dryden. 

3.  A  defense  ;  means  of  security  or  protec- 
tion. 1  Sam.  XXV. 

To  take  the  wall,  to  take  the  upper  or  most 

honorable  place. 

I  will  take  the  wall  of  any  man  or  maid  of 

Montague's.  Shak. 

WALL-CREEPER,  n.  A  small  bird  of  the 

genus  Certhia ;  the  spider-catcher. 

Ed.  Encyc. 
WALL'-€RESS,    n.    [wall  and   cress.]     A 

plant  of  the  genus  Arabis.  Cyc. 

2.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Turritis.  Lee. 

WALL'-EYE,  n.   [wall  and  eye.]    A  disease 

in  the  crystaline  humor  of  the  eye  ;  the 

glaucoma. 
2.  In  horses,  an  eye  in  which   the  iris  is  of  a 

very  light  gray  color.  Cyc. 

WALL'-EYED,  a.  Having  white  eyes. 

Johnson. 
AVALL'-FLOWER,  n.  [ivall  and  flower.]   A 

plant  of  the  genus  Cheirantlius;  a  species 

of  stock  gillvflower. 
WALL'-FRUIT,  n.  [wall  and  fruit]    Fruit 

which,  to   be  ripened,  must  be    planted 

against  a  wall. 

WALL-LOUSE,  n.  [wall  and  louse.]  An 
insect  or  small  bug.  [L.  cime.i:] 

Jlinsworth. 

WALL'-MOSS,  n.  A  species  of  moss  grow 
ing  on  walls. 

WALL-PENNYWORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Cotyledon. 


WALL-PEPPER,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus, 
Sedum. 

WALL-PIE,  n.  A  plant,  a  species  of  As-' 
plenium.  Lee. 

WALL'-SIDED,  a.  Having  sides  nearly 
perpendicular,  as  a  ship. 

WALL'-SPRING,  n.  A  spring  of  water  is- 
suing from  stratified  rocks. 

WALL-WORT,  n.  A  plant,  the  dwarf  elder 
or  danewort;  a  species  ol'Snmbucus. 

WALL,  v.  t.  To  inclose  with  a  wall;  as,  to 
ivull  a  city. 

2.  To  defend  by  walls. 
And  terror  of  his  name  that  walls  us  in 
From  danger.  Dcnham. 

3.  To  fill  up  with  a  wall. 

WALL'ED,  pp.  Inclosed  or  fortified  with  a 
wall. 

WALL'ER,  n.  One  who  builds  walls  in  the 
country.  Cyc. 

WALL'ERITE,  n.  A  mineral,  or  variety  of 
clay,  found  in  small  compact  masses  of 
the  size  of  a  nut,  white  and  opake,  or  yel- 
lowish and  translucent.  Cleaveland. 

WALLET,  n.  A  bagfor  carrying  the  neces- 
saries for  a  journey  or  march  ;  a  knap- 
sack. 

2.  Any  thing  protuberant  and  svvagging; 
as  ivallets  of  Qesh.  Shak. 

WALL'ING,  ppr.  Inclosing  or  fortifying 
with  a  wall. 

WALL'ING,  n.  Walls  in  general;  materi- 
als for  walls. 

WAL'LOP,  v.  i.  [formed  on  G.  wallen,  Sax. 
wealan,  to  boil  or  bubble  ;  D.  opwallen ; 
Eng.  to  well.     See  IVelL] 

To  boil  with  a  continued  bubbling  or  heaving 
and  rolling  of  the  liquor,  with  noise. 

WaL'LOPING,  ppr.  Boiling  with  a  heav- 
ing and  noise, 

WaL'LOW,  v.  i.  [Sax.  wealwian  ;  Sv/.vUf- 
va ;  Goth,  walugan  ;  G.  walzen.  The  lat- 
ter is  the  Eng.  welter,  but  of  the  same  fam- 
ily ;  L.  do/do;  Sp.  tWtter;  Kuss.  valyu,  hal- 
iayu.  This  verb  seems  to  be  connected 
with  well,  walk,  ^c] 

1.  To  roll  one's  body  on  the  earth,  in  mire, 
or  on  other  substance  ;  to  tumble  and  roll 
in  water.     Swine  wallow  in  the  mire. 

3.  To  move  heavily  and  clumsily. 

Part  huge  of  bulk, 
TVallowing  unwieldy,  enormous  in  their  gait, 
Tempest  the  ocean.     [Unusual.]      Milton. 

3.  To  live  in  filth  or  gross  vice ;  as  man  wal- 
loioing  in  his  native  impurity.  South. 

WaL'LOW,  v.  t.  To  roll  one's  body. 

Wallow  thyself  in  ashes.     Jer.  vi. 
WAL'LOW,  n.  A  kind  of  rolling  walk. 
WaL'LOWER,  )!.  One  that  rolls  in  mire. 

WaL'LOWING,  ppr.  Rolhng  the  body  on 
any  thing. 

WaL'NUT,  n.  [D.  walnoot;  Sax.  walk, 
foreign,  and  hnuta,  nut.  The  Germans 
call  it  wiUsche  nuss,Wehh  nut,  that  is,  for- 
eign or  Celtic  nut.] 

A  tree  and  its  fruit,  of  the  genus  Juglans. 
The  black  walnut,  so  called,  grows  in 
America,  and  is  indigenous  in  the  south- 
ern and  middle  states,  as  far  north  as  the 
river  Hudson.  That  is  said  to  be  the  limit 
of  its  indigenous  growth,  but  when  trans- 
planted, it  grows  well  in  the  eastern  states. 
In  America  there  are  several  .species  of 
hickory  nut,  called  by  this  name. 


WaL'RUS,  n.  [G.  wall,  as  in  wallflsch,  a 
whale,  and  ross,  a  horse.] 

The  morse  or  sea  horse,  an  animal  of  the 
northern  seas,  of  the  genus  Tiichechus. 

WAL'TRON,  n.  Another  name  of  the  wal- 
rus, ff'oodward. 

WALTZ,  n.  [G.  walzen,  to  roll.]  A  modern 
dance  and  tune,  the  measure  of  whose 
music  is  triple  ;  three  quavers  in  a  bar. 

Bttsh/. 

WaM'BLE,  v.i.  [D.wemelen;  Dan.  vamle'r; 
Sw.  vamjas.] 

To  be  disturbed  with  nausea;  as  a  wainbling 
stomach.     [Fulgar.]  L'Estrange. 

W.\M'BLE-€R0PPED,  a.  Sick  at  the 
stomach.     [Vulgar.] 

WAMPEE',  »i.  A  plant,  a  species  of  Arum 

WaM'PUM,  1!.  Shells  or  strings  of  shells, 
used  by  the  American  Indians  as  money 
or  a  medium  of  commerce.  These  strings 
of  shells  when  united,  form  a  broad  belt, 
which  is  worn  as  an  ornament  or  girdlei 
It  is  sometimes  called  wampunipeague. 
and  wonijieague,  or  wampampeague,  of 
which  ivampum  seems  to  be  a  contraction. 
Winthrop.     Gookin. 

W AN,  a.  [Sax.  wan,  wnnn,  deficient ;  wanian. 
to  fail,  to  ivane  ;  wan,  pale,  that  is,  defi- 
cient in  color  ;  allied  proljably  to  vain. 
Q.U.  W.  gtcan,  weak,  and  gwyn,  white. 
The  primary  sense  is  to  withdraw  or  de- 
part.] Pale ;  having  a  sickly  hue  ;  languid 
of  look. 

Sad  to  view,  his  visage  pale  and  wan. 

Spenser. 
Why  so  pale  and  wan,  fond  lover .' 

Suckling. 

WAN,  for  ivon  ;  prel.  of  win.     Obs. 

WaND,  n.  [D.  vaand.]  A  small  stick  ;  a 
rod.  If  a  child  runs  away,  a  few  strokes 
of  a  watid  will  bring  him  back. 

2.  A  stafF  of  authority  ;  as  a  silvericn/jrf. 

Milton. 

A  rod  used  by  conjurers  or  diviners. 

PicuB  bore  a  buckler  in  his  hand, 

His  other  wav'd  a  long  divining  wand. 

Dryden. 

WaN'DER,  t'.  i.  [Sax.  tcandrian  ;  D.  wan- 
delen,  to  walk ;  G.  wandeln,  to  wander,  to 
walk,  to  change,  exchange  or  transform  : 
Sw.  fiiHt/n,  to  turn  ;  vandra,  to  wander; 
Dan.  vandler,  to  walk,  to  wander,  to  trade  ; 
vandel,  behavior,  deportment,  conversa- 
tion ;  It.  andare,  Sp.  Port,  andar,  to  go ; 
Sans,  andara,  a  wanderer.] 
To  rove ;  to  ramble  here  and  there  with- 
out any  certain  course  or  object  in  view  ; 
as,  to  wander  over  the  fields ;  to  wander 
about  the  town,  or  about  the  country. 
Men  may  sometimes  wander  for  amuse- 
ment or  exercise.  Persons  sometimes 
wander  because  they  have  no  home  and 
are  wretched,  and  sometimes  because  they 
have  no  occupation. 

They  wandered  about  in  sheep-skins  and 
goat-skins.     Heb.  xi. 

lie  icandeielh  abroad  for  biead.     Job  xv. 

He  was  ivandering  in  the  field.  Gen.  xxxvii. 
To  leave  hojne  ;  to  depart ;  to  migrate. 

When  God  caused   me   to  icander  from  my 
father's  liouso —     Gen.  sx. 

3.  To  depart  from  the  subject  in  discussion ; 
as,  to  wander  from  the  point. 

4.  In  (7  moral  sense,  to  stray;  to  deviate; 
to  depart  from  duty  or  rectitude. 

0  let  me  not  wander  from  thy  command- 
ments.    P«.  c.il\. 


WAN 


WAN 


W  A  N 


5.  To  be  delirious ;  not  to  be  under  tiie  guid- 
ance of  reason;  as,  the  mind  wanders. 

WAN'DER,  I',  t.  To  travel  over  without  a 
certain  course. 

IVand'ring  many  a  famous  realm.    [Etlipti- 
ral.]  Milton. 

Wanderer,  n.  a  rambler  ;  one  that 
roves  ;  one  that  deviates  from  duty. 

AVaN'DERING,  ppr.  Roving  :  rambling  ; 
deviating  from  duty. 

Wandering,  n.  Peregrination  ;  a  trav- 
eling without  a  settled  course. 

2.  Aberration  ;  mistaken  way  ;  deviation 
from  rectitude  ;  as  a  wandering  from  duty. 

3.  A  roving  of  the  mind  or  thoughts  from 
the  point  or  business  in  which  one  ought 
to  be  engaged.  Locke. 

4.  The  roving  of  the  mind  in  a  dream. 

5.  The  roving  of  the  mind  in  delirium. 

6.  Uncertainty;  want  of  being  fixed. 

Loche. 
WaN'DERINGLY,  adv.  In  a  wandering  or 

unsteady  manner.  Taylor. 

WANDEROO',  n.  A  baboon  of  Ceylon  and 

Malabar. 
WANE,  V.  {.  [Sax.  wanian,  to  fail,  fall  ofl" 

or  decrease.) 

1.  To  be  diminished  ;  to  decrease;  particu- 
larly applied  to  the  illuminated  part  of  the 
moon.  We  say,  the  moon  wanes,  that  is, 
the  visible  or   illuminated  part  decreases. 

Waning  moons  their  settled  periods  keep. 

Addison. 

2.  To  decline ;  to  fail  ;  to  sink  ;  as  the  wa- 
ning age  of  life. 

\  ou  saw  but  sorrow  in  its  waning  form. 

Dry  den. 
Land  and  trade  ever  will  wax  and  wane  to- 
gether. Child. 

WANE,  «).  <.  To  cause  to  decrease.    Obs. 

B.  Jonson. 

WANE,  Ji.  Decreaseof  the  illuminated  part 
of  the  moon,  to  tlie  eye  of  a  spectator. 

9.  Decline  ;  failure  ;  diminution  ;  decrease  ; 
declension. 

Vou  are  cast  upon  an  age  in  which  tlie  church 
is  in  its  wane.  South. 

WANG,  «.  [Sax.  wang,  weng,  wong.]  The 
jaw,  jaw-bone  or  cheek  bone.  [Little  used 
or  vulgar.] 

9.  The  latchet  of  a  shoe.  [Sax.  sceo-thwang, 
shoe-thong.]     [.Vol  in  use.] 

WANG-TOOTH,  n.  A  jaw-tooth.         Cyc. 

WAN'HOI'E,  n.  Want  of  hope.    [.Vol  used.] 

WAN'HORN,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Kaemi)feria.  Lee. 

WA'NING,  pjir.  Decreasing  ;  failing ;  de- 
clining. 

WaN'LY,  adv.  In  a  pale  manner ;  palely. 

WAN'NED,  a.  Made  wan  or  pale.        Sbttk. 

WAN'NESS,  n.  Paleness;  a  sallow,  dead,! 
pale  color  ;  as  the  wanness  of  the  cheeksj 
after  a  fever. 

WaN'NISII,  a.  Somewhat  wan  ;  of  a  pale' 
hue.  Fairfax.', 

WANT,  n.  waunt.  [Sax.  wan,  supra  ;  wa-\ 
nian,  to  fail ;  Goth.  %can,  deficiency,  want.j 
This  seems  to  be  primarily  a  participle  ofi 
icane.]  | 

1.  Deficiency;  defect ;  the  absence  of  that  I 
which  is  necessary  or  useful ;  as  a  icanl  of! 
power  or  knowledge  for  any  purpose  :] 
want  of  food  and  clothing.  The  ivant  ofj 
money  is  a  common  want.  2  Cor.  viii.  ix. 
From  having  wishes  iu  conscijuencc  of  our' 
tjcants,  we  often  feel  wants  in  consequence  of] 
our  wishes.  hambler. 

Vol.  II. 


2.  Need;  necessity;  the  effect  of  deficiency. 

Pride  is  as  loud  a  beggar  as  want,   and  more 
saucy.  Franklin. 

3.  Poverty  ;  penury  ;  indigence. 

Nothing  is  so  hard  for  those  who  abound  in 
riches  as  to  conceive  how  others  can  be  in  want. 

Swi/t. 

4.  The  state  of  not  having.  I  cannot  write 
a  Inter  at  present  for  want  of  time. 

5.  That  which  is  not  possessed,  but  is  desired 
or  necessary  for  use  or  pleasure. 

Habitual  supcrduities  become  actual  wants. 

Paley. 
G.  A  mole.  Heylin. 

WANT,  V.  I.  waunt.  To  be  destitute  ;  to  be 
deficient  in  ;  not  to  iiave ;  a  word  of  gene- 
ral a/)plication  ;  as,  to  tmnt  knowledge ; 
to  ica?i/  judgment  ;  to  ivanl  Iciirning ;  to 
want  food  and   clothing ;  to  }rant  money. 

2.  To  be  defective  or  deficient  in.  'i'iiiiber 
may  want  strength  or  solidity  to  answer 
its  purpose. 

3.  To  fall  short ;  not  to  contain  nr  have. 
The  sum  wants  a.  dollar  of  the  amount  of 
debt. 

Nor  think,  thoujjh  men  were  none, 
That   heaven  would   want  spectators,  God 
want  praise.  Milton. 

4.  To  be  witliout. 

The  unhappy  never  want  enemies. 

Richardson. 

5.  To  need  ;  to  have  occasion  for,  as  useful, 
proper  or  requisite.  Our  manners  want 
correction,  in  winter  we  t«an<  a  fire ;  in 
summer  \ve  leant  cooling  breezes.  We 
all  leant  more  public  spirit  and  more  vir- 
tue. 

To  wish  for  ;  to  desire.  Every  man  wants 
a  little  pre-eminence  over  his  neighbor. 
Many  ^cn»i<  that  which  they  cannot  obtain, 
and  which  if  they  could  obtain,  would 
certainly  ruin  them. 

What  wants  my  son  ?  Addison. 

WANT,  V.  i.    uaunt.    To  be  deficient;  not; 

to  be  sufficient.  I 

As  in  bodii's,  thus  in  souls,  we  find 

What  wonts  in  blood  and  spirits,  suell'd  with 

wind.  Pope.l 

To  fail ;  to  be  deficient ;  to  be  lacking. 

No  time  shall  find  me  wanting  to  my  truth.' 

JJrydcn.' 

To  be  mi.ssed  ;  not  to  be  present.  The 
jury  was  full,  wanting  one. 

4.  To  fall  short ;  to  be  lacking. 

Twelve,  wanting  one,  he  slew.        Dryden. 

WANTAGE,  n.  Deficiency  ;  that  which  isj 
wanting.  I 

WANTED,  pp.  Needed;  desired.  | 

WANT'ING,  ppr.  Needing  ;  lacking  ;  de- 
siring. 

2.  n.  Ab.scnt ;  deficient.  One  of  the  twelve  is 
wanting.  We  have  the  means,  but  the| 
application  is  wanting. 

3.  Slack;  deficient.  1  shall  not  be  icanfing- 1 
in  exertion. 

WANT'LESS,  a.  Ilavinguo  want ;  abund-! 
ant;  fruitful.  li'amer.' 

WaN'TON,  a.  [W.  gwantan,  apt  to  run  off, 
variable,  fickle,  wanton  ;  gwanttt,  to  thrust, 
to  sever  ;  allied  probably  to  wander.]  i 

1.  Wandering  or  roving  in  gayety  or  sport : 
sportive ;  fiolicksome  ;  darting  aside,  or 
one  way  and  the  other,  ff'anton  boys  kill 
flies  for  sport. 

Note  a  wild  and  wanton  herd.  Shak.\ 

110 


2.  Moving  or  flying  loosely  ;  playing  in  the 
wind. 

j  She 

I  Her  unadorned  golden  tresses  wore 

I         Dishevel'd,  but  in  wanton  ringlets  wav'd. 

i  Milton. 

3.  Wandering  from  moral  rectitude  ;  licen- 
tious ;  dis.solute ;  indulging  in  sensiiahty 
without  restraint ;  as  men  grown  wanton 
by  prosperity.  Roscommon. 

My  plenteous  joys, 
fVanton  in  fullness —  Shak. 

4.  ^fore  appropriately,  deviating  from  the 
rules  of  chastity  ;  lewd  ;  lustful ;  lasciv- 
ious ;  libidinous. 

Thou  art  froward  by  nature,  enemy  to  pcicc. 
Lascivious,  wanton.  ShaJc. 

Ye  have  lived  in  pleasure  on  the  earth,  and 
been  wanton.     James  v. 

5.  Disposed  to  unchastity  ;  indicating  wan- 
tonness.    Is.  iii. 

G.  Loose  ;  unrestrained  ;  running  to  excess. 
How  does  your  tongue  grow  wanton  in  her 
praise !  Addison. 

Luxuriant ;  overgrown. 

What  we  by  day  lop  overgrown. 
One  night  or  two   wiih   wanton  growth  de- 
rides, 
Tendiug  to  wild.  Milton. 

8.  Extravagant ;  as  wanton  dres.s.       Milton. 

9.  Not  regular ;  not  turned  or  formed  with 
regularity. 

The  quaint  mazes  in  the  wanton  green. 

Mdton. 

WAN'TON,  n.  A  lewd  person;  a  lascivious 

man  or  woman.  South.     Shak. 

2.  A  trifler  ;  an  insignificant  flutterer. 

Shak. 

3.  A  word  of  slight  endearment. 

Peace,  my  wanton —     ILittle  used.1 

B.  Jonson. 
WaN'TON,  v.  I.  To  rove  and  ramble  with- 
out restraint,  rule  or  limit  ;  to   revel ;  to 
play  loosely. 

Nature  here 
IVanton'd  as  in  her  prime.  Milton. 

Her  golden  tresses  wanton  in  the  wind. 

Anon. 

2.  To  ramble  in  lewdness  ;  to  play  lascivious- 
ly. Prior. 

3.  To  move  bri.skly  and  irregularly. 

WaN'TONING,  i>pr.  Roving:  flying  loose- 
ly; playing  without  restraint;  indulging 
in  licentiousness. 

WaN'TONIZE,  v.  I.  To  behave  wantonly. 

[A'o/  in  use.] 
W.\N 'TON  LY,  a</c.  Loosely;  without  reg- 
ularity  or   restraint ;   sportively  ;    gayly  ; 
plavfullv  ;  lasciviously. 
W.\N'TONNESS,  ii.    Sportiveness  ;  gaye- 
ty ;  frolicksomeness ;  waggerj-. 
— .Vs  sad  as  night. 
Only  for  wantonness.  lihak. 

2.  Licentiousness;  negligence  of  restraint. 

The  tumults  threatened   to  abuse  all  acts  of 
grace,  and  turn  them  into  wantonness. 

K.  Charles. 

3.  Lasciviousness  ;  lewdness.  Rom.  xiii.  2 
Pet.  ii. 

WANT  -WIT,  n.  [want  and  wU.]  One  des- 
titute of  wit  or  sense ;  a  fool.  [JVot  in 
much  use.]  Shak. 

W.aN  TY,  n.  [D.  want,  cordage,  tackling. 
Qu.) 

A  broad  strap  of  letber,  used  for  binding  a 
load  upon  the  back  of  a  beast.    [Local.) 

Tusser. 


WAR 


WAR 


WAR 


WAP'ACUT,  n.  The  spotted  owl  of  Hud-I 

son's  bay. 
WA'PED,  a.  [fromthe  root  ofL.  rapu/o,  to 
strike,  and  awhap,  whap,  which  the  com- 
mon people  in  N.  England  use,  and  pro- 
nounce whop?^ 
Dejected  ;  cast  down  ;  crushed  by  misery. 
[Not  in  use.]  Shak. 

VVAP'ENTAKE,  \  [Sax.  wcepen-lac ;  but 
WAP'ENTAC,  \  "■  it  is  rather  Gothic,  as 
this  division  of  a  county  was  peculiar  to 
the  northern  counties  ;  wwpen,  a  weapon, 
and  tac,  tace,  touch  ;  Goth,  iekan.  See 
Tortch.  This  name  had  its  origin  in  a  cus 
torn  of  touching  lances  or  spears  vylien  the 
hundreder  or  chief  entered  on  his  office. 
"  Cum  quis  accipiebat  prajfecturam  wa- 
pentacliii,  die  statute  in  loco  iibi  consue- 
\erant  congregari,  omnes  majores  natu 
contra  eura  conveniebant,  et  descendente 
eo  de  equo  suo,  omnes  assurgebant  ei. 
Ipse  vero  erecta  lancea  sua,  ab  omnibus 
secundum  raorem  foedus  accipiebat:  om- 
nes enim  quotquot  venissent  cum  lanceis 
suis  ipsius  hastam  tangebant,  et  ita  se 
confirmabant  per  contactum  armorum, 
pace  palam  concessa.  JVmpnu  enim  ar- 
ma  sonat ;  tac,  tactus  est — hac  de  causa 
totus  ille  conventus  dicitur  wapentac,  eo 
quod  per  tactum  armorum  suoruni  ad  in- 
vicem  confoederati  sunt." 

LL.  Edward  Confessor  33.     WUkins 
Lye  seems  to  doubt  this  e.xplanation  of 
the  word  wapentac,  because  the  word  tac 
is  not  found  in  the  Saxon.     He  seems  not 
to  have  considered  that  the  word  is  known 
only  in  the  north  of  England,   where  the 
Gothic  dialects  prevailed  ;  and  surely  the 
word  must  have  been  understood  in  the 
age  of  Edward  the  Confessor.] 
In  some  northern  counties  of  England,  a  di- 
vision or  district,  answering   to  the  him- 
dred  or  cantred  in   other  counties.     The 
name  was  first  given  to  the  meeting,  supra. 
Selden.     Blackstone.     WUkins. 
WAPP,  n.  In  a  ship,  the  rope  with  which 
the  shrouds  are  set  taught  in  wale-knots. 

Cyc. 
WAP'PE,  n.  A  species  of  cur,  said  to  be  so 
called  from  his  voice.     His  only  use  is  to 
alarm  the  family  by   barking   when  any 
person  approaches  the  house.  Cyc. 

WAP' PER,  n.  A  fish  ;  a  name  given  to  the 
smaller  species  of  the  river  gudgeon. 

Cyc 
WAR,  n.  waur.  [Sax.  loffir;  Fr.  guerre;  It. 
Sp.  Port,  guerra  ;  D.  warren,  to  quarrel, 
wrangle,  entangle  ;  Dan.  virrer  ;  G.  ver- 
wirren,  to  perplex,  embroil,  disturb.  The 
primary  sense  of  the  root  is  to  strive,  strug- 
gle, urge,  drive,  or  to  turn,  to  twist.] 
1.  A  contest  between  nations  or  states, 
carried  on  by  force,  either  for  defense, 
or  for  revenging  insults  and  redressing 
wrongs,  for  the  extension  of  conmierce 
or  acquisition  of  territory,  or  for  obtain- 
ing and  establishing  the  superiority  and 
(loiiiinion  of  one  over  the  other.  These 
objects  are  accomplished  by  the  slaugh- 
ter or  capture  of  troops,  and  the  capture 
and  destruction  of  ships,  towns  and  prop- 
erty. Among  rude  nations,  war  is  often 
waged  and  carried  on  for  plunder.  As 
war  is  the  contest  of  nations  or  states,  it 
always  implies  that  such  contest  is  author- 
ized by  the  monarch  or  the  sovereign  pow- 


er of  the  nation.  When  war  is  commenc- 
ed by  attacking  a  nation  in  peace,  it  is 
called  an  offensive  war,  and  such  attack  is 
aggressive.  When  war  ia  undertaken  to 
repel  invasion  or  the  attacks  of  an  enemy, 
it  is  called  defensive,  and  a  defensive  war 
is  considered  as  justifiable.  Very  few  of 
the  wars  that  have  desolated  nations  and 
deluged  the  earth  with  blood,  have  been 
justifiable.  Happy  would  it  be  for  man- 
kind, if  the  prevalence  of  christian  princi- 
ples might  ultimately  extinguish  the  spirit 
of  war,  and  if  the  ambition  to  be  great, 
might  yield  to  the  ambition  of  being  good. 

Preparation  for  war  is  sometimes  the  best  se- 
curity for  peace.  Anon. 
In  poetical  language,  instruments  of  war. 

His  complement  of  stores,  and  total  war. 

Prior. 

,  Poetically,  forces ;  army. 

O'er  the  embattled  ranks  the  waves  return, 

And  overwhelm  their  tear.  Milton. 

.  The  profession  of  arms  ;  art  of  war ;  as 

a  fierce  man  of  war.     Is.  ii.  Wisdom. 

5.  Hostility  ;  state  of  opposition  or  contest ; 

act  of  opposition.  Shak. 

G.  Enmity  ;  disposition  to  contention. 

The  words  of  his  mouth  were  smoother  than 
butter,  but  war  was  in  his  heart.     Ps.  Iv. 
Man  oftvar,  in  naval  affairs,  a  ship  of  large 
size,  armed  and  equipped  for  attack  or 
defense. 
Holy  war,  a  crusade ;  a  war  undertaken  to 
deliver  the  Holy  Land,  or  Judea,  from  in- 
fidels.    These  holy  wars  were  carried  on 
by  most  unholy  means. 
WAR,  v.  i.  To  make  war  ;  to  invade  or  at- 
tack a  nation  or  state  with  force  of  arms  ; 
to  carry  on  hostilities  ;  or  to  be  in  a  state 
of  contest  by  violence. 

He  teacheth  my  hands  to  war.     2  Sam.  xsii. 
And   they   warred   against    the   Midianites. 
Num.  xxxi. 

Whv  should  I  war  without  the  walls  of  Troy  .- 

Shak. 
2.  To  contend ;  to  strive  violently  ;  to  be  in 
a  state  of  opposition. 

Lusts  which  war  against  the  soul.     1  Pet.  ii. 
WAR,  V.  t.  To  make  war  upon  ;  as,  to  war 

the  Scot.     [JVot  used.] 
2.  To  carry  on  a  contest. 

That  thou  mightest  war  a  good  warfare.     1 
Tim.  i. 
WAR'-BEAT,        I      [war andheat]  Worn 
WAR -BEATEN,  ^       down  in  war. 

J.  Barlow. 
WAR'BLE,  v.  t.  [G.  loirbeln,  to  turn,  vvhirl, 
warble  ;  tvirbel,  a  vvhirl,  a  vortex  ;  wirhel- 
hein,  a  turning  bone  or  joint,  L.  vertebra 
Dan.  hvirvler,' Ei^g.  to  whirl.  These  words 
are  all  of  one  family  ;  L.  verto,  Eng.  veer, 
vary,  &,-c.]  ,         ,  . 

1.  To  quaver  a  sound  or  the  voice  ;  to  moi 
ulatc  with  turns   or   variations.     Certain 
birds  are  remarkable   for  warbling  their 
songs. 

2.  To  cause  to  quaver. 
And  touch  the  warbled  string.  Jifilton. 

3.  To  utter  musically  ;  to  be  modulated. 
If  she  be  right  invok'd  with  warbled  song. 

Millun. 
Warbling  sweet  the  nuptial  lay.     Ti  umbuU 
WaR'BLE,  v.  i.  To  be  quavered  or  modu- 
lated. 

Such   sttains'ne'er   warble   in    the    linnet'? 
throat.  ('"y 

2.  To  be  uttered  melodiously ;  as  warbling 
lays. 


For  warbling  notes  from  inward  clieerins 
flow.  Sidney 

3.  To  sing. 

Birds  on  the  branches  warbling.        Afdton 
WAR'BLED,   pp.    Quavered ;    modulated  ; 

uttered  musically. 
WaR'BLER,  n.  A  singer;  a  songster ;  userf 
of  birds. 

In  lulling  strains  the  fether'd  warblers  woo. 

TickeJ. 
2.  The  common  name  of  a  genus  of  small 
birds  (Sylvia,)  comprising  most  of  the 
small  woodland  songsters  of  Europe  and 
N.  America.  They  feed  on  insects  and 
are  very  lively  and  active.  The  blue-bird 
is  a  species  of  the  genus. 

Ed.  Encyc.  Wilson. 
WAR'BLES,  n.  In  farriery,  small  hard  tu- 
mors on  the  backs  of  horses,  occasioned 
by  the  heat  of  the  saddle  in  traveling,  or 
by  the  uneasiness  of  its  situation  ;  also, 
small  tumors  produced  by  the  larvas  of 
the  gad  fly,  iu  the  backs  of  horses,  cat- 
tle, &c.  Cyc. 
WaR'BLING,  ppr.    Quavering  the  voice; 

modulating  notes ;  singing. 
2.  a.  Filled  with  musical  notes;  asthei/>or6- 
/i'ng- glade.  TrumhuU. 

WARBLING,   n.    The  act  of  shaking   or 

modulating  notes ;  singing. 
WARD,  iu  composition,  as  in  toward,  home- 
ward, is  the  Sax.  weard,  from  the  root  of 
L.  verto,  &c.  It  corresponds  to  the  L. 
versus. 
WARD,  V.  t.  tvaurd.  [Sax.  weardian ;  Sw. 
varda  ;  Dan.  vwrger ;  probably  from  Sax. 
warian,  werian  ;  Goth,  waryan ;  D.  weeren, 
to  defend,  guard,  prevent  ;  W.  gicant,  to 
fend  ;  allied  to  wary,  aware  ;  Fr.  garder,  for 
guarder,  It.  guardare,  Sp.  guardar.  The 
primary  sense  is  to  repel,  to  keep  off";  hence 
to  stop  ;  hence  to  defend  by  repelling  or 
other  means.] 

1.  To  guard  ;  to  keep  in  safety  ;  to  watch. 
Whose  gates  he  found   fast  shut,   ne  living 

wight 
To  ward  the  same —  Spenser^ 

[In  this  sense,  ivard  is  obsolete,  as  we 
have  adopted  the  French  of  the  same 
word,  to  guard.  We  now  never  apply 
ward  to  the  thing  to  be  defended,  but  al- 
ways to  the  thing  against  which  it  is  to  be 
defended.  We  ward  off  a  blow  or  dagger, 
and  we  guard  a  person  or  place.] 
'2.  To  defend  ;  to  protect. 

Tell  him  it  was  a  hand  that  warded  him 
From  thousand  dangers.  Shak. 

[Obs.  See  the  remark,  supra.] 
3.  To  fend  oft';  to  repel;  to  turn  aside  any 
thing  mischievous  that  approaches. 

Now  zcards  a  falling  blow,  now  strikes  again. 

Daniel. 
The  pointed  jav'hn  warded  off"  his  rage. 

Addison. 
It  instruct?  the  scholar  in   the  various  meth-- 
ods  of  warding  offihc  force  of  objections. 

Waits. 

[This  is  the  present  use  of  ward.  To  ward  off 

is  now  the  more  general  exjiression,  nor 

can  I,  with  Johnson,  think  it  less  elegant.] 

WARD,    t'.  i.    tcaurd.    To   be   vigilant;  to 

keep  guard.     06*. 

2.  To  act  on  the  defensive  with  a  weapon. 
She  drove  the  stranger  to  no  other  shift,  than 

to  ward  anil  go  back.  Sidney. 

.And  on  their  warding  arms   light  bucklers 

bear.  Dryden. 


WAR 


WAR 


WAR 


WARD,  n.  Watch;  act  of  guarding.  I 

sun  when  she  slept,  he  kepi  both  watch  and 

ward.  Spenser. 

9.  Garrison ;  troops  to  defend   a  fort ;    as 

small  wards  left  in  forts.     [JVbt  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

3.  Guard  made  by  a  weapon  in  fencing. 

For  wunt  of  other  ward, 
He  lifted  up  his  hand  his  front  to  guard. 

Dryden. 

4.  A  fortress;  a  strong  hold.  Shak. 

5.  One  whose  business  is  to  guard,  watch 
and  defend  ;  as  a  fire-ward. 

6.  A  certain  district,  division  or  quarter  of  a 
town  or  city,  committed  to  an  alderman. 
There  are  twenty  six  wards  in  London. 

7.  Custody  ;  confinement  under  guard.  I'lia- 
raoh  put  his  butler  and  baker  in  ward. 
Gen.  xl. 

8.  A  minor  or  person  imder  the  care  of  a 
guardian.  See  Blackstone's  chapter  on 
tlie  riglits  and  duties  of  guardian  and 
ti'ard. 

9.  The  state  of  a  child  under  a  guardian 

I  must  attend  his  majesty's  commands,  to 
whom  I  am  now  in  ward.  Shak. 

10.  Guardianship  ;  right  over  orphans. 

It  is  inconvenient  in  Irelanrl.  that  the  wank 
and  marriages  of  gentlemen's  children  should 
be  in  the  disposal  of  any  of  those  lords. 

Spenser. 

11.  The  division  of  a  forest. 

12.  The  division  of  a  hospital. 

13.  .\  part  of  a  lock  which  corresponds  to  its 
proper  key. 

WARD  ED,  pp.  Guarded. 

Horded  off,  prevented  from  attacking  or  in 

juring. 
WARD'EN,  71.  A  keeper  ;  a  guardian. 

2.  An  officer  who  keeps  or  guards  ;  a  keep 
er ;    as  the  ivarden  of  the  fleet  or  fleet 
prison. 

3.  A  large  pear. 
Warden  of  the  cinque  ports,  in   England,  an 

officer  or  magistrate  who  has  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  a  port  or  haven.  There  are  five 
such  ports. 

IVarden  of  a  university,  is  the  master  or  pres- 
ident. 

WARDER,  n.  A  keeper ;  a  guard. 

The  warders  of  the  gate.  Dryden. 

2.  A  truncheon  by  which  an  officer  of  arms 
forbad  fight.  Shak.l 

Warders  of  the  lower,  officers  who  attend  state 
prisoners. 

WARD'MOTE,  n.  [ward  and  Sax.  mote, 
meeting.] 

In  law,  a  court  held  in  each  ward  in  Lon- 
don. 

WARDROBE,  n.  [ward  and  rohe ;  Fr. 
garde-rohe.] 

1.  A  room  or  aitartment  where  clothes  or 
wearing  apparel  is  kept. 

2.  Wearing  apparel  in  general 
W.\RD'-ROOM,  Ji.  [toarrf  and  room.]     Inn 

ship,  a  room  over  the  gun-room,  where 
the  lieutenants  and  other  principal  offij^ers 
sleep  and  mess. 
W.ARD'SHIP,  71.  Guardianship:  care   and 
protection  of  a  ward. 

2.  Right  of  guardianship. 

Wardship  is  incident  to  tenure  in  socage. 

Blackstone. 

3.  Pupilage  ;  state  of  being  under  a  guar- 
dian. K.  Charles. 

WARD-STAFF,  n.  A  constable's  or  watch- 
man's staff. 


WARE,  prel.  o(wear,  oba.    It  is  now  writ 

ten  wore. 
WARE,  a.   [Sax.   war;   Dan.  va:r.     It  be 
longs  to  the  root  of  ward.     We  never  use 
ware  by  itself     But  we  use  it  in  aware,  be 
ware,  and  in  wary.  It  was  formerly  in  use.] 

1.  Being  in  cxi>ectation  of;  provided  against, 
2  Tim.  iv. 

2.  Wary  ;  cautious.  Milton. 
WARE,  I'.  1.  To  take  heed  of.     [We  now 

use  beware  as  a   single   word,  though   in 
fact  it  is  not.] 

Then  ware  a  rising  tempest  on  the  main 

Obs.  Dryden. 

WARE,  V.  t.  pret.  loore.  [This  is  evidently 

from  the  root  of  reer.  See  yeer.] 
To  cause  a  ship  to  change  her  course  from 
one  hoard  to  the  other,  by  turning  hor 
stern  to  the  wind  ;  opposed  to  tacking,  in 
which  the  head  is  turned  to  the  wind  ;  as, 
to  ware  ship.  We  loore  ship  and  stood  to 
the  southward. 
WARE,  71.  plu.  wares.  [Sax.  ware  ;  D.  waar ; 

G.  waare  ;  Sw.  vara  ;  Dan.  varc.] 
Goods;  coiimiodities ;  merchandise;  usual- 
ly in  the  plural ;  but  we  sny,  China  ware. 
earthern-i/'nrf,  potters'  ware.  It  was  for- 
merly used  in  the  singular,  and  may  be  so 
used  still. 

Let  the  dark  shop  commend  the  trare. 

Cleaveland. 
Sea  ware,  a  marine  plant,  a  species  of  Fucus. 

Lee. 
WA'REFUL,  a.  [from  ware,  wary.]  Wary  ; 

watchfui ;  cautious.     [J^nl  used.] 
WA'REFULNESS,     n.     Wariness;    cau 

tiousness.     Obs. 
WA'REHOUSE,  ti.  [ware   and   hoiise.]     A 
storehouse  for  goods.  Addison 

WA'REHOUSE,  V.  t.  s  as  :.  To  deposit  or 

secure  in  a  warehouse. 
WAREHOUSED,  pp.  Placed  in  a  store  for 

safe  keeping. 
WAREHOUSING,   ppr.    Repositing  in   a 

store  for  safe  keeping. 
WA'RELESS,    o.      Unwary;    incautious. 
Obs.  Spenser. 

2.  Suffered  unawares.     Obs. 
WA'RELY,   adv.    Cautiously.     Obs.     [See 

)f'arily.] 
WAR'FARE,  n.  [tear  and/are.  Sax.  faran, 
to   go.]     Military   service ;   military   life ; 
war. 

The  Philistines  gathered  their  armies  for  war- 
fare.    1  Sam.  xxviii. 
2.  Contest ;  struggle  with  spiritual  enemies. 
The  weapons  of  our  warfare  are  not  carnal. 
2  Cor.  X. 
WAR'FARE,  V.  i.  To  lead  a  military  life; 
to  carry  on  continual  wars. 

In   that  credulous  warfaring  age.     [Little 
uscd.'\  Camden. 

WAR'ilABLE,  a.  [tear  and  L. /mti/is]  Fit 
for  war.     [N'ol  in  use.]  Spenser., 

WAR'HOOP,  71.    [war  and  /ioo;>.]  The  sav- 
age yell  of  war  ;  a  yell  uttered   on   enter- 


was  so  slippery,  and  the  danger  so  great, 
that  we  were  obliged  to  proceed  with  wa- 
riness. 

To  determine  what  are  little  things  in  reli- 
gion, great  wariness  is  to  be  used.  Sprat. 
WARK,  fi.  Work  ;  a  building.         Snenter. 

[It  is  obsolete,  except  in  bulwark/] 
WAR'LIKE,  a.  [tear  and /itf.]  Fit  for  war; 
disposed  for  war  ;  as  a  warlike  state. 
Old  Siward  nith  ten  thousand  warlike  men. 

Shak. 

2.  Military ;  pertaining  to  war ;  as  warlike 
toil.  MUton. 

3.  Having  a  martial  appearance. 

4.  Having  the  appearance  of  war. 
iWAR'LlKENESS,    »7.  A   warlike  disposi- 
I     tion  or  character.     [Little  used.]     Sandys. 
iW.\R'LING,  n.  One  oflcn  rpinrreled  with  ; 

a  word  coined  perhaps  to  rhyme  with  dar- 
I     ;«7ig'.     [.Yot  in  use.]  Camden. 

W.\R'LOCK,  I        [wirr-loga,  in  Saxon,  sig- 

WAR'LUCK,  S  "■  nifies  perfidious,  false  to 
covenants.  Qu.  Ice.  vard-lookr.] 

A  male  witch  ;  a  wizard.  Dryden. 

[This  tvord  is  not  ui  use.] 

WARM,  a.  waurm.  [Goth.  D.  G.  warm ; 
Sax.  tcearm  ;  Sv\'.  Dan.  rnrm  ;  Ant.  L.ybr- 
mus.  This  word  is  probably  a  derivative 
from  the  root  otL.ferreo,  whence  fermen- 
tum,  Eng.  6fin7i.  See  Siearm.] 

1.  Having  heat  in  a  moderate  degree;  not 
cold  ;  as  warm  blood ;  warm  milk.  The 
flesh  of  living  animals  is  warm,  if  their 
blood  is  tfann.  But  some  animals  have 
not  warm  blood. 

2.  Subject  to  heat ;  having  prevalence  of 
heat,  or  little  or  no  winter;  as  the  warm 
climate  of  Egypt. 

3.  Zealous;  ardent;  as,  to  be  trariTj  in  the 
cause  of  our  country  or  of  religion. 

Each  warm  wish  springs   mutual  from  the 
heart.  Pope. 

1.  Habitually  ardent  or  passionate ;  keen ; 
irritable;  as  a  warm  temper. 

5.  Easily  excited  or  provoked  ;  irritable  ;  as 

warm  passions. 
,6.  Violent ;  furious ;  as  a  warm  contest.  We 
I     shall  have  warm  work  to-day. 

7.  Busy  in   action  ;    heated   in  action ;   ar- 
I     dent.     Be  warm  in  fight. 

8.  Fanciful;  enthusiastic;  as  a trartn  bead. 

9.  Vigorous ;  sprightly. 
Now  warm  in  youth,  now  withering  in  tliy 

bloom, 
Lost  in  a  convent's  solitary  gloom.       Pope. 

WARM,  I',  t.  [Sax.  wearmian ;  Goth,  icarm- 

ynn.] 
,1.  To  communicate  a  moderate  degree  of 
I     heat  to ;  as,  a  stove  warms  an  apartment. 

The  sun  in  summer  tcarms  the  earth,  and 
'     gives  life  to  vegetation. 

2.  To  make  engaged  or  earnest ;  to  interest ; 
to  engage  ;  to  excite  ardor  or  zeal  in ;  as, 

I     to  icarm  the  heart  with  love  or  zeal. 
I  I   formerly  warmed  my  head  with  reading 

controversial  writings.  Pope. 


iiig  into  battle, 
.Mar.  />lV^|  WA'RILY,  adv.  [from  wary.]  . Cautiously  ;]tYy^"]f["j(j"  ^  ,•   -y^  become  moderately  heat- 

with  timorous  prudence  or  wise  foresight.!      ^^      The  earth  soon  traraw  in  a  clear  day 

Great   enterprises  are    to   be   conducted,,     j^  su,„n,er. 

tvarily.     Change  of  laws  should  be  wan/j/^  2.  To   become  ardent   or  animated.      The 

proceeded  in.  Hooker.,^     speaker  should  irarni  as  he  proceeds  in  the 

WAR'INE,  71.  A  species  of  monkey  of  S.^]     argument,  for  as  he  becomes  animated, 

America.  Diet.  j\at.  Hist.\      lie  excites  more  interest  in  his  audience. 

WA'RINESS,  71.  Caution;  prudent  care  to,  WARM'ED,  p;7.  Moderately  heated  :  made 

foresee  and  guard  against  evil.    The  road  '    ardent :  excite<l. 


WAR 


WAR 


WAR 


WARM'ING,  ppr.  Making  moderately  hot 

making  ardent  or  zealous. 
WARiM'ING-PAN,  n.    [warm  b.i\A  pan.]    A 
covered    pan    with    a  long  handle,    for 
warming  a  bed  with  ignited  coals. 

WARM'ING-STONE,  n.  [warm  anA  stone. _ 
A  stone  dug  in  Cornwall,  which  retains 
heat  a  great  while,  and  has  been  found  to 
give  ease  in  internal  hemorrhoids.      Ray. 

VVARM'LY,  adv.  With  gentle  heat. 

MUton. 

2.  Eagerly ;  earnestly ;  ardently  ;  as,  to  es- 
pouse warmly  the  cause  of  Bible  societies. 

WARM'NESS,  ?        Gentle     heat;    as    the 

WARMTH,        $  "•  warmth  of  the  blood. 

2.  Zeal ;  ardor  ;  fervor  ;  as  the  loarmth  of 
love  or  of  piety. 

3.  Earnestness;  eagerness.  The  cause  of 
the  Greeks  has  been  espoused  with  warmth 
by  all  parties  in  free  countries. 

4.  Excitement ;  animation  ;  as  the  warmth 
of  passion.  The  preacher  declaimed  with 
great  warmth  against  the  vices  of  the  age. 

.V  Fancifulness  ;  enthusiasm  ;  as  xuarmth  of 
head.  Temple. 

(>.  In  painting,  the  fiery  effect  given  to  a 
red  color  by  a  small  addition  of  yellow. 

Cyc. 

AVARN,  V.  t.  tvaurn.  [Sax.  warnian  ;  Sw 
varna ;  G.  loarnen  ;  formed  on  the  root  of 
ware,  wary.  Sax.  warian.  This  is  our  g'ar- 
nish,  as  used  in  law,  Norm,  garniaher ; 
also  garner,  for  g-uarncr,  to  warn,  to  ad- 
monish or  give  notice.] 

1 .  To  give  notice  of  approaching  or  proba- 
ble danger  or  evil,  that  it  may  be  avoided  ; 
to  caution  against  any  thing  that  may 
prove  injurious. 

Juturna  warns  the  Daunian  chief 
Of  Lausus'  clanger —  Dryden. 

Being  warned  of  God  in  a  dream,  tliat  they 
should  not  return  to  Herod,  they  depiirted  into 
their  own  country  another  way.     Malt.  ii. 

'i.  To    caution    against   evil    practices.      1 

Thess.  V. 
•"!.  To  admonish  of  any  duty. 

Cornelius — was  warned  from  God  by  an  holy 
angel  to  send  for  thee.     Acts  x. 
4.  To  inform  previously  ;  to  give  notice  to. 

Shak. 
—  Warned  of  th'  ensuing  fight.  Drydea. 

."(.  To  notify  by  authority  ;  to  summon ;  as, 
to  warn  the  citizens  to  meet  on  a  certain 
day  ;  to  warn  soldiers  to  appear  on  parade. 
C.  To  ward  off.     [JVot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

WARN'ED,  pp.  Cautioned  against  danger; 
admonished  of  approaching  evil ;  notified. 
Wx\RN'ER,  n.  An  admonisher. 
WARN'ING,  ppr.  Cautioning  against  dan- 
ger ;  admonishing  ;  giving  notice  to  ;  sum- 
moning to  meet  or  appear. 
W.\RN'ING,  n.  Caution  against  danger,  or 
against  faults  or  evil  practices  which  incur 
danger. 

Could  warning  make  the  world  more  just  or 

wise.  Dryden 

Hoar  the  word  at  my  mouth,  and  give  them 

warning  from  me.     Ezek.  iii. 

2.  Previous  notice  ;  as  a  short  warning.  He 
had  a  month's  warning.  Dryden. 

WAR'-OFFICE,  n.  An  office  in  which  the 
military  affairs  of  a  country  are  superin- 
tended and  managed.  U.  Slates. 

WARP,  71.  waurp.  [Sax.  toearp ;  D.  werp,  a 
cast  or  throw.    See  the  Verb.] 


1.  In  manufactures,  the  threads  which  are 
extended  lengthwise  in  the  loom,  and 
crossed  by  the  woof  i 

2.  In  a  ship,  a  rope  employed  in  drawing, 
towing  or  removing  a  ship  or  boat ;  a 
towing  line.  Mar.  Diet.' 

3.  In  agriculture,  a  slimy  substance  ilejiosit- 
ed  on  land  by  marine  tides,  by  which  a; 
rich  alluvial  soil  is  formed.     [Local.] 

Cyc.l 

4.  In  cows,  a  miscarriage.  [See  the  Verb.] 
[Local. ^ 


WARP'ED,  pp.  Twisted  by  shrinking  or 
seasoning  ;  turned  out  of  the  true  direc- 
tion ;  perverted  ;  moved  with  a  warp  ; 
overflowed. 

WARP'ING,  ppr.  Turning  or  twisting  ; 
causing  to  incline  ;  perverting  ;  moving 
with  a  warp  ;  enriching  by  overflowing 
with  tide  water. 

WARP'ING-BANK,  n.  A  bank  or  mound 
of  earth  raised  round  a  field  for  retaining 
the  water  let  in  from  the  sea.     [Local.] 

Cue. 

WARP'ING-CLOUGII,  '      " 


WARP,  J).  I.  [Sax.  it»eor;>art,  !«ur;7an,  wi/r-  WARP'ING-CLOUGII,  i  A  flood  gate 
pan,  to  throw,  to  return;  G.  werfen,  to!|WARPTi\G-HATCH,  >  ri.  to  let  in  tide 
cast  or  throw,  to  whelp;  D.  werpen,  to^  WARP'ING-SLCICE,  J  water  upon 
throw  or  fling,  to  whelp,  kitten  or  litter;!     land.     [Liocat.] 

Dan.  va:rper,  to  lay  eggs ;  varper,  to  tow  ;!'WARP'ING-CUT,  i       An  open  pas- 

fiw.viirpa,  to  lay  eggs;  Ir.  Gaelic, /aram,]WARP'ING-DRAIN,      >  n.  sage  or  chan- 
tobend,  twist,  incline.]  [iWARP'ING-GUTTER,  >       nel    for      dis- 

1.  To  turn,  twist  or  be  twisted  out  of  a}  charging  the  water  from  lands  inundated, 
straight  direction  ;  as,  a  board  warps  inj     [Local.]  Cyc. 


seasoning,  or  in  the  heat  of  the  sun,  by 
shrinking.  J 

They  clamp  one  piece  of  wood  to  the  end  of 
another,  to  keep  it  from  casting  or  ivarping. 

Moxon. 
i2.  To  turn  or  incline  from  a  straight,  true 
or  proper  course ;  to  deviate. 
There's  our  commission. 
From  which  we  would  not  have  you  warp. 

Shak. 
Methinks 
My  favor  here  begins  to  warp.  Shak. 

3.  To  fly  with  a  bending  or  waving  motion  ; 
to  turn  and  wave,  like  a  flock  of  birds  or 
insects.  The  following  use  of  warp  is  in- 
imitably beautiful. 

As  when  the  potent  rod 
Of  Amram's  son,  in  Egypt's  evil  day, 
Wav'd  round  the  coast,  up  called  a  jiitchy 

cloud 
Of  locusts,  warping  on  the  eastern  wind — 

Milton. 

4.  To  slink  ;  to  cast  the  young  prematurely  ; 
as  cows. 

In  an  enclosure  near  a  dog-kennel,  eight 
heifers  out  of  twenty  warped.  [Local.'\  Cifc. 
W.\RP,  V.  t.  To  turn  or  twist  out  of  shape, 
or  out  of  a  straight  direction,  by  contrac- 
tion. The  heat  of  the  sun  warps  boards, 
and  timber. 

2.  To  turn  aside  from  the  true  direction  ;  toi 
cause  to  bend  or  incline  ;  to  pervert. 

This  first  avow'd,  nor  folly  warp'd  mj'  mind. 

Dryden 

I  have  no  private  considerations  to  warp  mcl 
in  this  controversy.  jlddison.\ 

— Zeal,  to  a  degree  of  warmth  able  to  ivarp 
the  sacred  rule  of  God's  word.  Locke.', 

3.  In   seamen''s  language,   to  tow   or  move 
with  a  line  or  warp,  attached  to  buoys,  to! 
anchors  or  to  other  ships,  &c.  by  which 
means  a  ship  is  drawn,  usually  in  a  bend-  '* 
ing  course  or  with  various  turns. 

4.  In  rural  economy,  to  cast  the  young  pre- 
maturely. [Local.]  Cyc. 
In  agriculture,  to  inundate,  as  land,  with 

sea  water ;  or  to  let  in  the  tide,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  fertilizing  the  ground  by  a  deposit 


WARP' ING- HOOK,   n.    A   hook  used   Ly 

rope-makers   for    hanging   the    yarn   on, 

when  warping  into  hauls  for  tarring.    Cyc. 

WARP'ING-POST,  >i.  A  strong  post  used 

in  warping  rope  yarn.  Cyc. 

WAR'PRQQF,    n.     [ivar  &nd  proof.]    Valor 

tried  by  war. 
W.\R'RANT,  V.  t.  [Gaelic,  barantas,  a  war- 
rant or  pledge  ;  baranta,  a  warrantee  or 
surety  ;  VV.  gwarantu,  to  warrant  or  guar- 
antee ;  gwarant,  warrant,  attestation,  au- 
thority, security  ;  said  to  be  from  gwar, 
smooth,  placid,  secure ;  Norm,  garrunty, 
warranted,  proved  ;  garren,  [guarren,]  a 
warren  ;  Fr.  garantir,  [guarantir,]  to  war- 
rant ;  garenne,  a  warren  ;  It.  guarentire. 
This  is  from  the  root  of  guard,  icarren  and 
wary.  The  primary  sense  of  the  root  is 
to  stop  or  hold,  or  to  repel,  and  thus  guard 
by  resisting  danger;  as  we  say,  to  keep 
off.  Hence  the  sense  of  security.  The 
Welsh  sense  of  smooth,  placid,  is  deriva- 
tive, either  from  security,  or  from  repress- 
ing. See  Guard  and  Garrison.] 
1.  To  tuuhorize  ;  to  give  authority  or  power 
to  do  or  forbear  any  thing,  by  which  the 
person  authorized  is  secured  or  saved 
harmless  from  any  loss  or  damage  by  the 
act.  A  commission  warrants  an  oflicer  to 
seize  an  enemy.  We  are  not  warranted 
to  resist  legitimate  government,  except  ia 
extreme  cases. 
9.  To  maintain;  to  support  by  authority  or 
proof. 

Reason  warrants  it,  and  we  may  safely  re- 
ceive it  as  true. 
3.  To  justify. 

True  fortitude  is  seen  in  great  exploits. 
That  justice    tcarrants,    and    that   wisdom 
guides.  Addison. 

To  secure  ;  to  exempt ;  to  privilege. 
YWwarrant  him  from  drowning.  Shak. 

!n  a  place 
Less  warranted  than  this,  or  less  secure, 
I  cannot  be—  Milton. 

To  declare  with  assurance. 
My  neck  is  as  smooth  as  silk,  I  warrant  ye. 
V  hlstrangc. 


of  warp  or  slimy  substance.     Warp  herei  G.  In  Inu-,  to  secure  to  a  grantee  an  estate 


is  the  throw,  or  that  which  is  cast  by  the 
water.  [Local  in  Lincolnshire  and  York- 
shire, Eng.]  Cyc. 

G.  In  rope-making,  to  run  the  yarn  off  the 
winches  into  hauls  to  be  tarred. 

To  warp  water,  in  Sliakspeare,  is  forced  and 
unusual ;  indeed  it  is  not  English. 


grnnted ;  to  assure. 

7.  To  secure  to  a  purchaser  of  goods  the 
title  to  the  same ;  or  to  indemnify  him 
against  loss. 

8.  To  secure  to  a  purchaser  the  good 
quality  of  the  goods  sold.  [See  Warran- 
ty.] 


W  A  R 


WAR 


VV  A  S 


9.  To  assure  that  a  thing  is  what  it  appears 
to  be,  which  implies  a  covenant  to  make 
good  any  defect  or  loss  incurred  by  it. 

WAR'RANT,  n.  An  act,  instrument  or  ob- 
ligation, by  wliich  one  person  authorizes 
another  to  do  something  which  he  has 
not  otherwise  a  right  to  do  ;  an  act  or  in 
strument  investing  one  with  a  right  or 
authority,  and  thus  securing  him  from  loss 
or  damage  ;  a  word  of  general  application. 

2.  A  precept  authorizing  an  officer  to  seize 
an  offender  and  bring  him  to  justice.  A 
general  icnrrant  to  seize  suspected  per- 
sons, is  illegal. 

3.  Authority  ;  power  that  authorizes  or  jus 
tifies  any  act.  Those  who  preach  the 
gospel  have  the  warrant  of  Scripture 
We  have  the  ivarrant  of  natural  right  to 
do  what  the  laws  do  not  forbid  ;  but  civil 
ity  and  propriety  may  sometimes  render 
things  improper,  which  natural  right  war- 
rants. 

4.  A  commission  that  gives  authority,  or  that 
justifies. 

5.  A  voucher ;  that  which  attests  or  proves, 

6.  Right ;  legality. 

'I'lierc's  warrant  in  that  theft 
Which  steals   itself  when  there's  no  mercy 
left.     Obs.  Shak. 

7.  A  writing  which  authorizes  a  person  to 
receive  money  or  other  thing. 

fFarrant  of  attorney,  that  by  which  a  man 
appoints  atiothor  to  act  in  his  name,  and 
warrants  his  transaction. 
Land  icarrant,  is  an  instrument  or  writing 
issued  by  the  proper  officer,  authorizing  a 
person  to  locate  or  take  up  a  tract  of  new 
or  uncultivateil  land.  U.  States. 

Search  warrant,  a  precept  authorizing  a  per- 
son to  enter  houses,  shops,  &.c.  to  search 
for  a  criminal,  for  stolen  or  smuggled 
goods. 
H'arrant  officer,  an  officer  holding  a  warrant 
from  the  nnvy  board,  such  as  the  master, 
surgeon,  purser.  &c.  of  a  ship. 
WaR'RANTABLK,  rt.  Authorized  by  com- 
mission, precept  or  right;  justifiable;  de- 
fensible. The  seizure  of  a  thief  is  always 
warrantable  by  law  and  justice.  Falsehood 
is  never  warrantable. 

His  meals  are  coarse  and  short,  his  employ- 
mfnt  warranlablc.  Suulh 

WAR'RAiNTABLENEriS,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  justifiable.  Sidney. 

WAR'RANTABLY,  ai/i'.  In  a  manner  that 
may  be  justiticd  ;  justifiably.  Wake. 

VVaR'RANTEU, /j/>.  Authorized  ;  justified  ; 
secured  :  assured  by   covenant  or  by  im- 
plied obliiration. 
WARRANTEE',  n.  The  person   to  whom 
land  or  other  thing  is  warranted. 

Ch.  Justice  Parsons. 
W.aR'RANTER,  n.  One  who  gives  author- 
ity or  legally  empowers. 
"3.  One  who  assures,  or  covenants  to  assure 
one  who  contracts  to  secure  another  in  a 
right,  or  to  make  good  any  defect  of  title 
or  quality  ;  as  the  warranter  of  a  hor.se. 
W.A.R'RAi\TING,   ppr.    Authorizing  ;  era- 

p.iwering. 
2.  Assuring;  securing  to  another  a  right,  or 
coveiiitnting  to  make  good  a  defect  of  title 
ill  lands,  or  of  quality  in  gooils. 
W.vR  RANTISE,    n.    Authority  ;  security 
[.VoJ  171  use.\  Shak 

W.\R'RANTOR,  n.  One  who  warrants. 


WAR'RANTY,  n.  In  law,  a  promise  or 
covenant  by  deed,  made  by  the  bargainer 
for  himself  and  his  heirs,  to  warrant  or 
secure  the  bargainee  and  his  heirs  against 
all  men  in  the  enjoyment  of  an  estate  or 
other  thing  granted.  Such  warranty 
passes  from  the  seller  to  the  buyer,  from 
the  feoffor  to  the  feoffee,  and  from  the  re- 
leaser to  the  releasee.  Warranty  is  real, 
when  annexed  to  lands  and  tenements 
granted  in  fee  or  for  life,  &c.  and  is  in 
deed  or  in  law;  and  personal,  when  it 
respects  goods  sold  or  their  quality. 

In  common  recoveries,  a  fictitious  per- 
son is  called  to  warranty.  In  the  sale  of 
goods  or  personal  property,  the  seller  war 
rants  the  title  ;  for  warranty  is  e.xpress  or 
implied.  If  a  man  sells  goods  which  are 
not  his  own,  or  which  he  has  no  right  to 
sell,  the  purchaser  may  have  satisfaction 
for  the  injury.  And  if  the  seller  expressly 
warrants  the  goods  to  be  sound  and  not' 
defective,  and  they  prove  to  be  otherwise, 
he  must  indemnify  the  jiurcbaser ;  for  the 
law  implies  a  contract  in  the  warranty,  to 
make  good  any  defect.  But  the  warranty 
must  be  at  the  time  of  sale,  and  not  after- 
wards. Blackstone. 

2.  Authority ;  justificatory  mandate  or  pre- 
cept. 

If  they  disobey  any  precept,  that  is  no  ex- 
cuse to  us,  nor  gives  us  any  warranty  to  diso- 
bey likewise.  Keltlewetl. 

[In  this  sense,  warrant  is  now  used.] 

3.  Security. 
The  stamp  was  a  warranty  of  the  public. 

Locke. 

W.XR'RANTY,  V.  I.  To  warrant ;  to  guar- 
anty.    [Jl  useless  word.] 

W.\RR.A'Y,  v.t.  [Vt. gutrroyer,  from  fciierre.] 
To  make  war  upon.     Obs.  Spenser. 

WaRRE,  a.  [Sax.  warra,  for  witrsa.]  VVorse. 
Obs.  Spenser. 

WaR'REN,  n.  [from  the  root  of  wear,  an 
inclosed  place  ;  Fr. garcnne  ;  D.  waarande  ; 


Giitli.   waryan.    Sax.   loarian,   to    defend. 
See  Guard,  H'arrant  and  ll'ary.] 

1.  A  piece  of  ground  appropriated  to  the 
breeding  and  preservation  of  rabbits. 

2.  In  late,  a  franchise  or  place  privileged  by 
prescription  or  grant  from  the  king,  for 
keeping  beasts  and  fowls.  The  warren  is 
the  next  franchise  in  degree  to  the  park; 
and  a  forest,  which  is  the  highest  in  dig- 
nity, comprehends  a  chase,  a  park  aud  a 
free  warren.  Cyc.\ 

:?.  A  place  for  keeping  fish  in  a  river.      Cyc' 
W.VR'RENER,  n.  The  keeper  of  a  warren. 

Johnson. 
W.\R  RIANGLE,   )i.  -A  hawk.     Ainsworlh. 
Warrior,  ».    [from   icar;  Fr.  guerricr ; 
It.  gucrrierc  ;  Sp.  guernro,  guerreador.] 

1.  In  «  general  sense,  a  soldier ;  a  man  en- 
gaged in  military  life. 

2.  Em|ihatically,  a  brave  man  ;  a  good  sol- 
dier. 

\V.\R  RIORESS,  H.  \  female  warrior. 

Spenser. 

WART,  n.  ii-aurt.  [Sai.  iceaH;  D.  wrat ;  G 

icarze  ;  Sw.  v&rta  ;  h.  vennica  ;  Fr.  rerrue. 

1.  A  hard  excrescence  on  the  skin  of  ani 
mals,  which  is  covered  with  the  produc- 
tion of  the  cuticle.  In  horses,  warts  are 
spungy  excrescences  on  the  hinder  pas- 
terns, which  suppurate.  Cyc. 

2.  A  protuberance  on  trees. 


WART'ED,  a.  In  6o(any,  having  little  knobs 
on  the  surface ;  vcrrucose ;  as  a  icarted 
capsule.  Marlyn. 

WART'WcJRT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Euphorbia  or  spurge,  which  is  studded 
with  haril  warty  knobs ;  also,  a  plant  of 
the  genus  Ileliotropium,  and  another  of 
the  genus  Lapsana.  Cyc.     Lee. 

WARTY,  a.  Having  warts;  full  of  warts; 
overgrown  with  warts ;  as  a  warty  leaf. 

Lee. 

2.  Of  the  nature  of  warts. 

WAR-WORN,  o.  '^loar  and  u-orn.j  Woru 
with  military  service  ;  as  a  war-worn  coot ; 
a  i»nr-ii'orn  soldier. 

WA'RY,  a.  [Sax.  war;  Ice.  var.     Sec  Wart 

and  Warn.] 
Cautious  of  danger;  carefully  watching  and 

guarding  against  deception,  artifices  and 

dangers  ;  scrupulous  ;  timorously  prudent. 
I     Old  men  arc   usually  more  wary  than  the 

young.     It  is  incumbent  on  a  general  in 

war  to  be  always  icarj/. 
,  W.\S,   s  as  : ;    the  jiast  tense  of  the  sub- 
!      stantive  verb;  Sax.  Goth,  iceian;  h.  ease, 

for  vease,  to  be,  to  exist,  whence  Eng.  is, 
\\     in  the  present  tense,  and  was  in  the  past ; 
|i     as,  I  was  ;  he  was. 
Wash,  v.  t.    [Sax.   xvmscan;  G.  waschen ; 

D.  loasschen.] 

1.  To  cleanse  by  ablution,  or  by  rubbing  it) 
water  ;  a.s,  to  tcash  the  hands  or  the  body ; 
to  icash  garments. 

2.  To  wet ;  to  fall  on  and  moisten ;  as,  the 
I     rain  washes  the  flowers  or  plants. 

3.  To  overflow.  The  tides  loash  the  mead- 
ows. 

4.  To  overflow  or  dash  against;  to  cover 
with  water  ;  as,  the  waves  wash  the  strand 
or  shore  ;  the  sea  wasltes  the  rocks  on 
the  shore  or  beach. 

To  scrub  in  water;  as,  to  wash  a  deck  or 
a  floor. 

To  separate  extraneous  matter  from ;  as, 
to  wash  ore  ;  to  wash  grain. 

In  painting,  to  lay  a  color  over  any  work 
with  a  pencil,  to  give  it  the  proper  tints, 
and  make  it  appear  more  natural.  Thus 
work  is  washed  with  a  pale  red  to  imitate 
brick,  &c. 

8.  To  rub  over  with  some  liquid  substance; 
as,  to  icush  trees  for  removing  insects  or 
diseases. 

9.  To  squeeze  and  cleanse  in  water ;  as.  to 
ivash  wool.  So  sheep  are  said  to  be  wash- 
ed, when  they  are  immersed  in  water  and 
their  wool  squeezed,  by  wliich  means  it  is 
ctcaiisod. 

10.  To  cleanse  by  a  current  of  water;  as, 
showers  irash  the  streets. 

11.  To  overlay  with  a  thin  coat  of  metal; 
as  steel  w/tshrd  with  silver. 

12.  To  purify  from  the  pnlliiiion  of  sin. 
But   ye  arc    washed,  but  ye  are  sanctified. 

1  Cor.  vi. 
To  wash  a  ship,  to  bring  all  her  guns  to  one 
side  to  make   her  heel,  and  then  to  wash 
and  scrape  her  side. 
1  W.VSII,  V.  i.  To  perform  the  act  of  ablution. 
i|  HVw/i  in  Jordan  seven  times.     2  Kings  v. 

jl  [Elliptical.] 

2.  To    perform  the    business  of   cleansing 
I     clothes  in  water. 

She  can  wash  and  scour.  .Shak. 

To  wash  off,  in  calico-printing,  to  soak  and 


WAS 


W  A  S 


WAS 


rinse  printed  calicoes,  to  dissolve  and  re- 
move the  gum  and  paste.  Cyc. 
WASH,  n.  Alluvial  matter ;  substances  col- 
lected and  deposited  by  water ;  as  the  wash 
of  a  river. 

2.  A  bog ;  a  marsh ;  a  fen. 

Neptune's  salt  wash.  Sliak. 

3.  A  cosmetic  ;  as  a  icash  for  the  face,  to 
help  the  complexion. 

4.  A  lotion  ;  a  medical  liquid  preparation  for 
external  application. 

5.  A  superficial  stain  or  color.  Collier. 

6.  Waste  liquor  of  a  kitchen  for  hogs. 

7.  The  act  of  washing  the  clothes  of  a  fam- 
ily ;  or  the  whole  quantity  washed  at  once. 
There  is  a  great  wash,  or  a  small  ivash. 

8.  With  distillers,  the  fermentable  liquor 
made  by  dissolving  the  proper  subject  for 
fermentation  and  distillation  in  common 
water.  In  the  distillery  of  malt,  the  wash 
is  made  by  mixing  the  water  hot,  with  the 
malt  ground  into  meal.  Cyc. 

9.  The  shallow  part  of  a  river,  or  arm  of  the 
sea  ;  as  the  tvashes  in  Lincolnshire.      Cyc. 

10.  The  blade  of  an  oar;  the  thin  part,  which 
enters  the  water  and  by  whose  impulse 
the  boat  is  moved. 

IJ.  The  color  laid  on  a  picture  to  vary  its 
tints. 

12.  A  substance  laid  on  boards  or  other 
work  for  beauty  or  preservation. 

13.  A  thin  coat  oi'  metal. 

14.  In  the  iV.  Indies,  a  mixture  of  dunder, 
melasses,  water  and  scummings,  for  dis- 
tillation. Edwards,  W.  Ind 

WaSH'-BALL,  n.  [wash  and  ball.]  .\  ball  of 
soap,  to  be  used  in  washing  the  hands  or 

WASH'-BOARD,  ji.  [wash  and  board.]  A 
broad  thin  plank,  fixed  occasionally  on  the 
top  of  a  boat  or  other  small  vessels'  side, 
to  prevent  the  sea  from  breaking  over ; 
also,  a  piece  of  plank  on  the  aill  of  a  lower 
deck  port  for  the  same  purpose. 

Mar.  Diet. 

2.  A  board  in  a  room,  next  to  the  floor. 

WaSH'ED,  pp.  Cleansed  in  water;  puri- 
fied. 

2.  Overflowed  ;  dashed  against  with  water. 

3.  Covered  over  with  a  thin  coat,  as  of 
metal. 

WaSH'ER,  n.  One  who  washes. 

2.  An  iron  ring  between  the  nave  of  a  wheel 

and  the  linch-pin. 
VVaSH'ER-WoMAN,    n.    A   woman   that 

washes  clothes  for  others  or  for  hire. 
WaSH'ING,  ppr.   Cleansing   with   water 

purifying  ;  overflowing  ;  overspreading. 
WaSH'ING,  n.  The  act  of  cleansing  with 

water  ;  ablution.     Heb.  ix. 
2.  A  wash  ;  or  the  clothes  washed. 
VVaSH'-POT,  n.   A  vessel   in   which   any 

thing  is  washed.  Cowley. 

WaSH'-TL'B,  )i.  a  tub  in  which  clothes  are 

washed. 
WaSH'Y,  n.  [from  ii'asfc.]  Watery;  damp; 

soft ;  as  the  washy  ooze.  Milton. 

2.  Weak;  not  solid.  ff'otton. 

3.  Weak  ;  not  firm  or  hardy;  liable  to  sweat 
profusely  with  labor ;  as  a  washy  horse. 
[JVeiv  Engl<ind.] 

WASP,  n.   [Sax.  wicsp  or  W(Eps ;  D.  wesp ; 

O.  ivespe  ;  L.  vespa  ;  Fr.  gutpe ;  Sp.  avispa ; 

Fort,  bespa.] 
la  entomology,  a  genus  of  insects,  Vespa,  of 


the  order  of  Hymenopters.  The  mouth  is 
horny,  the  jaw  compressed,  without  a  pro- 
boscis; the  feelers  four,  unequal  and  fili- 
form ;  the  eyes  lunated ;  the  body  smooth  ; 
the  sting  concealed,  and  the  upper  wings 
plicated.  Wasps  construct  combs,  and 
rear  their  young  in  the  cells.  The  sting 
is  painful.  Cyc. 

WASP'-FL'f,  n.  A  species  of  fly  resembling 
a  wasp,  but  having  no  sting,  and  but  two 
wings.  Cyc. 

WASP'ISH,  o.  Snappish  ;  petulant ;  irrita- 
ble ;  irascible  ;  quick  to  resent  any  trifling 
affront. 

Much  do  I  suffer,  much,  to  keep  in  peace 
This  jealous,  r/)as7)isA,  wrong-head,  rhyming 
race.  Pope 

WASP'ISHLY,  adv.  Petulantly  ;  in  a  snap- 
pish manner. 

WaSP'ISHNESS,  n.  Petulance;  irascibil- 
ity ;  snappishness. 

WaS'SAIL,  n.  [Sax.  wws-hat,  heaUh- 
liquor.] 

1.  A  liquor  made  of  apples,  sugar  and  ale 
formerly  much  used  by  English  good- 
fellows.  Johnsmi. 

2.  .\  drunken  bout.  Shak. 

3.  A  merry  song.  Ainsioorth. 
[This  word  is  unknoiim  in  America.] 
WaS'SAIL,  v.  i.  To  hold  a  merry  drinking 

meeting. 

WaS'SAIL-BOWL,  n.  A  bowl  for  holding 
wassail. 

WaS'SAIL-€UP,  n.  A  cup  in  which  was- 
sail was  carried  to  the  company.  Cyc. 

WaS'SAILER,  n.  A  toper  ;  a  drunkard. 

Milton. 

WAST,  past  tense  of  the  substantive  verb,  in 
tlie  second  person  ;  as,  thou  wast.  i 

WASTE,  V.  t.  [Sax.  toestan,  awestan ;  G. 
verwiisten  ;  D.  verwoesten ;  L.  vasto  ;  It.' 
guastare  ;  Sp.  Port,  gastar,  for  guastar  ;; 
Fr.gdter;  Arm.  goasta.  The  W.gwns-' 
garu,  to  scatter,  seems  to  be  compound. 
The  primary  sense  is  probably  to  scatter,! 
to  spread.     Class  Bz.  No.  2.]  ] 

1.  To  diminish  by  gradual  dissipation  or| 
loss.  Thus  disease  wastes  the  patient ; 
sorrows  waste  the  strength  and  spirits. 

2.  To  cause  to  be  lost ;  to  destroy  by  scat- 
tering or  by  injury.  Thus  cattle  waste 
their  fodder  when  fed  in  the  open  field. 

3.  To  expend  without  necessity  or  use  ; 
to  destroy  wantonly  or  luxuriously  ;  to 
squander ;  to  cause  to  be  lost  through 
wantonness  or  negligence.  Careless  peo- 
ple ivasle  their  fuel,  their  food  or  their 
property.  Children  waste  their  inherit- 
ance. 

And  ivasted  his  substance  with  riotous  liv- 
ing.   Luke  XV. 

To  destroy  in  enmity  ;  to  desolate  ;  as,  to 
waste  an  enemy's  country.  ' 

5.  To  sufl'er  to  be  lost  unnecessarily ;  or  to 
throw  away  ;  as,  to  tvaste  the  blood  and 
treasure  of  a  nation. 

6.  To  destroy  by  violence. 
The  Tyber 

Insults   our    walls,  and    wastes    our    fruitful 
grounds.  Dryden. 

7.  To  impair  strength  gradually. 
Now  wasting  years  my  former  strength  con- 
founds. Biaome.'^ 

8.  To  lose  in  idleness  or  misery  ;  to  wear; 
out. 


Here  condemn'd 
To  tvaste  eternal  days  in  woe  and  pain. 

Milton. 

9.  To  spend ;  to  consume. 
O  were  I  able 

To  waste  it  all  myself,  and  leave  you  none. 

J\IUton. 

10.  In  law,  to  damage,  impair  or  injure,  as 
an  estate,  voluntarily,  or  by  suflTering  the 
buildings,  fences,  &c.  to  go  to  decay.  See 
the  Noun. 

11.  To  exhaust ;  to  be  consumed  by  time  or 
mortality. 

Till  your  carcasses  be  wasted  in  the  wilder- 
ness.   Num.  xiv. 

12.  To  scatter  and  lose  for  want  of  use  or 
of  occupiers. 

Full  many  a  flow'r  is  born  to  blush  unseen. 
And  waste  its  sweetness  on  the  desert  air. 

Gray. 
WASTE,  V.  i.  To  dwindle ;  to  be  diminish- 
ed ;  to  lose  bulk  or   substance  gradually  ; 
as,  the  body  wastes  in  sickness. 

The  barrel  of  meal  shall  not  waste.  1  Kings 
xvii. 

2.  To  be  diminished  or  lost  by  slow  dissipa- 
tion, consumption  or  evaporation  ;  as,  wa- 
ter ivastes  by  evaporation  ;  fuel  wastes  in 
combustion. 

3.  To  be  consumed  by  time  or  mortality. 
But  man  dielh,  and  wasteth  away.    Job  xiv. 

WASTE,  a.  Destroyed  ;  ruined. 

The  Sophi  leaves  all  waste  in  his  retreat. 

Milton: 

2.  Desolate  ;  uncultivated  ;  as  a  icaste  coun- 
try ;  a  waste  howling  wilderness.  Deut. 
xxxii. 

.3.  Destitute ;  stripped  ;  as  lands  laid  waste. 

4.  Superfluous;  lost  for  want  of  occupiers. 
— .\nd  strangled  with  her  waste  fertility. 

Milton. 
a.  Worthless  ;    that  which   is   rejected,   or 
used  only  for  mean    purposes ;  as  waste 
wood. 

6.  That  of  which  no  account  is  taken,  or  of 
which  no  value  is  found  ;  as  waste  paper. 

7.  Uncultivated  ;  untilled  ;  unproductive. 
There  is  yet  much  waste  land  in  England. 

Cyc. 
Laid  waste,  desolated  ;  ruined. 
WASTE,    n.    The  act  of  squandering  ;  the 
dissipation  of  property  through   wanton- 
ness,  ambition,   extravagance,  luxury  or 
negligence. 

For  all  this  waste  of  wealth,  and  loss  of  blood. 

Mtton. 
Consumption  ;  loss  ;  useless  expense  ;  any 
loss  or  destruction  which  is  neither  neces- 
sary nor  promotive  of  a  good  end;  a  loss 
for  which  there  is  no  equivalent;  as  a 
waste  of  goods  or  money  ;  a  waste  of  time ; 
a  icaste  of  labor  ;  a  waste  of  words. 

Little  U'astes  in  great  establishments,  con- 
stantly occurring,  may  defeat  the  energies  of  a 
mighty  capital.  L.  Beecher. 

3.  A  desolate  or  uncultivated  country.  The 
plains  of  Arabia  are  mostly  a  wide  waste. 

4.  Land  untilled,  though  capable  of  tillage  ; 
as  the  wastes  in  England. 
Ground,  space  or  place  unoccupied  ;  as 


the  etherial  waste. 

In  the  dead  waste  and  middle  of  the  night. 

Shak. 

6.  Region  ruined  and  deserted. 

All  the  leafy  nation  sinks  at  last, 
And  Vulcan  rides  iu  triumph  o'er  the  waste. 

Dryden . 

7.  Mischief;  destruction. 


WAT 


w  A  r 


W  A  T 


He  will  never,  I  thiak,  in  the  way  of  wnste, 
attempt  us  again.  Shak. 

8.  Ill  law,  spoil,  tlestruction  or  iiijuiy  done 
to  houses,  woods,  fences,  lands,  &c.,  by  a 
tenant  for  life  or  for  years,  to  the  preju- 
dice of  the  heir,  or  of  him  in  reversion  or 
remainder.  Waste  is  voluntary,  as  by 
pulling  down  buildings;  or per/nissive,  as 
by  sufiering  them  to  fall  for  want  of  neces- 
sary repairs.  Whatever  does  a  lasting 
damage  to  the  freehold,  is  a  waste. 

Blackatone. 

WASTED,  pp.  Expended  without  necessity 
or  use  ;  lost  through  neghgence ;  scpian- 
dered. 

2.  Diminished  ;  dissipated  ;  evaporated  ;  ex- 
hausted. 

3.  Desolated  ;  ruined  ;  destroyed. 

WASTEFUL,  a.  Lavish ;  prodigal  ;  ex- 
pending property,  or  that  which  is  valua- 
ble, without  necessity  or  use ;  applied  to 
persons. 

2.  Destructive  to  projierty  ;  ruinous  ;  as 
wasteful  practices  or  negligence  ;  wasteful 
expenses. 

3.  Desolate ;  unoccupied  ;   untilled  ;    uncu 
tivated. 

In  wilJeiuess  aud  wasteful  deserts  strayM. 

Spemcr. 
WASTEFULLY,  adv.  In  a  lavish  manner; 
with  prodigality ;  in   useless  expenses   or 
consumption. 

Her  lavish  liand  is  waste/iUly  profuse. 

Dry  den. 
WASTEFULNESS,  n.  Lavishness;  prodi- 
gality ;  the  act  or  practice  of  expending 
what  is  valuable  without  necessity  or  use. 
WASTE-GATE,  n.  A  gate  to  let  the  water 
of  a  pond  pass  off  when  it  is  not  wanted. 

Cyc. 
WAS'TEL,    n.    A  particular  sort  of  bread; 
fine  bread  or  cake.  Lowth.     Cyc. 

WASTENESS,  n.  A  desolate  state  ;  soli 
tude. 

That  day  is  a  day  of  wrath,  a  day  of  trouble 
and  distress,  a  day  of  ivasteness.     Zcpli.  i. 
WASTER,    n.    One  who  is  prodigal ;  one 
who  squanders  property  ;  one  wlio  con- 
sumes extravagantly  or  without  use. 

He  also  that  is  slothful  in  his  work,  is  brother 
to  him  who  is  a  great  waster.     Prov.  xviii. 
Sconces  are  great  U'usters  of  candles. 

Swift 
'I.  A  kind  of  cudgel.  Beaum. 

WASTETHRIFT,  n.  [ivaste  and  thrift.]  A 
spendthrift.  Beaum. 

WASTE-WIER,  »i.  An  overfall  or  wier  for 
the  superfluous  water  of  a  canal.  C'yc. 

WASTING,  ppr.  Lavishing  prodigally  ;  ex- 
pending or  consuming  without  use  ;  di- 
minishing by  slow  dissipation  ;  desolating; 
laying  waste. 

JVastini:^  and  relentless  war  has  made  rav- 
ages, with  but  few  and  short  intermissions,  from 
the  days  of  the  tyrant  Nimrod  down  to  the 
Nimrod  of  our  own  age.  /.  Lyman. 

2.  a.  Diminishing  by  dissipation  or  by  great 
destruction  ;  as  a  ivasting  disease. 

WASTREL,  n.  A  state  of  waste  or  com- 
mon.   jLocal.] 

WASTREL,      I      Waste  substances;  any 

WASTOREL,  I  "•  thing  cast  away  as  bad. 
[Local.]  Cyc. 

Watch,  n.  [Sax.  wcrcca,  from  ifffican,  wcvc- 
can,  to  wake  ;  Sw.  vacht  or  vakt,  watch,! 
guard  ;  vachta,  to  watch  ;  Dan.  vagt.  It  is 
from  the  same  root  as  icake,  which  see.]    ! 


1.  Forbearance  of  sleep. 

2.  Attendance  without  sleep. 
All  the  long  night  their  mournful  watch  they 

keep.  Jiddiscm. 

3.  Attention  ;  close  observation.  Keep 
watch  of  the  suspicious  man. 

Guard  ;  vigilance  for  keeping  or  protect- 
ing against  danger. 

He  kept  both  watch  and  ward.  Spenser. 

5.  A  watcliman,  or  watchmen  ;  men  set  for 
a  guard,  cither  one  person  or  more,  set 
to  espy  the  approach  of  an  enemy  or  other 
danger,  and  to  give  an  alarm  or  notice  of 
such  danger;  a  sentinel;  a  guard.  He 
kept  a  watch  at  the  gate.  Bacon. 

Ye  have  a  watch  ,■  go  your  way,  make  it  as 
sure  as  ye  can.     Matt,  xxvii. 
(J.  The  place  where  a  guanl  is  kept. 
He  upbraids  lago,  that  he  made  him 
Brave  mc  upon  the  watch.  Shah 

Post  or  office  of  a  watchman. 
As  1  did  stand  my  watcli  upon  the  hill — 

Shak. 

8.  A  period  of  the  night,  in  which  one  per- 
son or  one  set  of  persons  stand  as  senti- 
nels; or  the  time  from  one  relief  of  senti 
nets  to  another.  This  period  among  the 
Israelites,  seems  to  have  been  originally 
four  hours,  but  was  afterwards  three  hours, 
and  there  were  four  watches  during  the 
night.  Hence  we  read  in  Scrijiture  of  the 
morning  watch,  and  of  the  second,  third 
and  fourth  watch  ;  the  evening  watcl 
commencing  at  six  o'clock,  the  second  at 
nine,  the  third  at  twelve,  and  the  fourth  at 
three  in  the  morning.  Ex.  xiv.  Blatt 
xiv.     Ltike  xii. 

9.  A  small  time  piece  or  chronometer,  to  be 
carried  in  the  pocket  or  about  the  ])crsoti, 
in  which  the  machinery  is  moved  by  a 
spring. 

10.  At  sea,  the  space  of  time  during  which 
one  set  or  division  of  the  crew  remain  on 
deck  to  perform  the  necessary  duties.  This 
is  different  in  different  nations.  Cyc. 

To  be  on  the  watch,  to  be  looking  steadily  for 

some  event. 
W.ATCH,    v.  i.    [Sax.  wacian,  wiecan  ;  Sw. 

vhcka,  upvticka  ;  Dan.  vaikker  ;    G.  wachen  ; 

Rusk,  vetchayu.] 

1.  To  be  awake ;  to  be  or  continue  without 
sleep. 

I  have  two  nights  watch'd  with  you.      Shak. 

2.  To  be  attentive ;  to  look  with  attention 
or  steadiness.  Hatch  and  see  when  the 
man  passe.s. 

3.  To  look  with  expectation. 

My  soul  waitctb  for  the  Lord  more  than  tlicy 
that  iralch  for  the  morning.     Ps.  cxxx. 

4.  To  keej)  guard;  to  act  as  sentinel;  to 
look  for  danger. 

He  gave  signal  (o  the  minister  that  watch'd. 

.Wlton. 

5.  To  be  attentive  ;  to  be  vigilant  in  prepar- 
ation for  an  event  or  trial,  the  time  of 
whose  arrival  is  uncertain. 

fVateh  therefore  ;  for  ye  know  not  what  hour 
your  Lord  dolli  come.     Matt.  xxiv. 

To  be  insidiously  attentive  ;  as,  to  icatch 
for  an  opportunity  to  injure  another. 

7.  To  attend  on  the  sick  during  the  night ; 
as,  to  tcatch  with  a  man  in  a  fever. 

To  ivatch  over,to  be  cautiously  observant  of: 
to  inspect,  superintend  and  guard  from 
error  and  danger.  It  is  our  duty  constant- 
ly to  watch  over  our  own  conduct  and  that 
of  our  children. 


WaTCH,  f.  t.  To  guard  ;  to  have  in  keep- 
ing. 

Flaming    ministers    watcli    aud   tend    their 
cliarge.  Milton. 

2.  To  observe  in  ambush ;  to  lie  in  wait  for. 
Saul  also  sent  messengers  to  David's  house 

to  watch  him,  and  to  slay  him.     1  Sam.  xix. 

3.  To  tend  ;  to  guard. 
Paris  watched  die  flocks  in  the  groves  of  Ida. 

Broorne. 

4.  To  observe  in  order  to  detect  or  prevent, 
or  for  some  particular  purpose ;  as,  to 
watch  a  suspected  person  ;  to  watch  the 
progress  of  a  bill  in  the  legislature. 

WaTCH'ED,  pp.  Guarded;  observed  with 

steady  vigilance. 
WaTCITER,  n.  One  who  sits  up  or  con- 
tinues awake  ;  particularly,  one  who  at- 
I  tends  upon  the  sick  during  the  night. 
2.  A  diligent  observer  ;  as  an  attentive 
j  watcher  of  ihe  works  of  nature.  [Ao<  in 
I     use.]  More. 

WaTCH'ET,  a.  [Sax.  waced,  weak.]  Pale 
or  light  blue. 

W  ho  stares  in  Germany  at  watchet  eyes  ? 
[jVot  in  use.]  JJryden. 

WATCH'FyL,  a.  V'igilant ;  attentive;  care- 
ful to  observe  ;  observant ;  cautious.  It 
has  o/"  before  the  thing  to  be  regulated,  as 
to  he  watchful  of  one's  behavior  ;  and 
against,  before  the  thing  to  be  avoided,  as 
to  be  watchful  against  the  growth  of  vicious 
habits.  Locke.     Law. 

WaTCH'FULLY,  adv.  Vigilantly;  heed- 
fully  ;  with  careful  observation  of  the  ap- 
proach of  evil,  or  attention  to  duty. 

Boyle. 
WATCII'FULNESS,  n.  Vigilan.e  ;  heed- 
fulness  ;  heed  ;  suspicious  attention  ;  care- 
ful and  diligent  observation  for  the  pur- 
pose of  preventing  or  escaping  danger,  or 
of  avoiding  mistakes  and  loisconduct. 
Wakefulness  ;  indisposition  or  inability  to 
sleep. 

VVatchfulness — often     precedes    loo    ^eat 
sleepiness.  Arbulhnot. 

[WaTCH-GLASS,  n.  [watch  and  glass.]  In 
'  ships,  a  half  hour  glass,  used  to  measure 
'  the  lime  of  a  watch  on  deck. 
i2.  A  concavo-convex  glass  for  covering  the 
i  face  or  dial  of  a  watch. 
'W.\TCH'-HOUSE,  n.  [watch  and  house.] 
I  A  house  in  which  a  wulcli  or  guard  is 
placed.  Gay. 

Watching,  ppr.  Being  awake  ;  guard- 
j  ing  ;  attending  the  sick ;  carefully  observ- 
'     '"?• 

WaTcH'ING,  n.  Wakefulness;  inability 
to  .sleep.  Wiseman. 

iWaTCH'-LIGHT,  n.  [watch  and  light.]  A 
I     candle  with  a  rush  wick.  Addison. 

W.\TCH'MAKER,    n.    [watch  and  maker.] 
i     One  whose  occupation  is  to  make  and  re- 
pair watches. 
;WaTCH'MAN,  71.  [ica/cA  and  man.]  A  .'cn- 
I     tiiiel :  a  ciianl.  Swift. 

W.\TCH TOWICR,  »i.  [watch  and  totcer.] 
^  A  lower  on  which  a  sentinel  is  placed  to 
■  watch  for  enemiesor  the  approach  of  dan- 
I     ger.  Bacon. 

AVaTCII  WORD,  n.  [watch  and  word.]  T\\e 
woril  given  to  sentinels,  and  to  such  as 
have  occasion  to  visit  the  guards,  used  as 
a  signal  by  which  a  friend  is  known  from 
an  eiiemy,or  a  person  who  has  a  right  to 
pass  the  watch,  from  one  who  has  not. 


W  A  T 


WAT 


WAT 


WATER,  n.  wau'tcr.  [Sax.  loceter,  tvms  ;  D. 
water;  G.wasser;  Dan.  imter ;  Sw.  vatteii ; 
Gotb.  wato ;  Russ.  voda.  This  may  be 
from  the  root  of  wet,  Gr.  itfoj.  In  Ar. 
wadi  signifies  a  stream,  or  the  channel 
where  water  flows  in  winter,  but  which  is| 
dry  in  summer ;  a  thing  common  on  the 
plains  of  Syria  and  Arabia.]  i 

1.  A  fluid,  the  most  abundant  and  most  ne- 
cessary for  living  beings  of  any  in  nature,' 
except  air.  Water  when  pure,  is  colorless, 
destitute  of  taste  and  smell,  ponderous, 
transparent,  and  in  a  very  small  degree 
compressible.  It  is  reposited  in  the  earth 
in  inexhaustible  (piantities,  where  it  is  pre- 
served fresh  and  cool,  and  from  which  it 
issues  in  springs,  which  form  streams  andj 
rivers.  But  the  great  reservoirs  of  water^ 
on  the  globe  are  the  ocean,  seas  and  lakes, 
which  cover  more  than  three  fifths  of  its 
surface,  and  from  which  it  is  raised  by; 
evaporation,  and  imiting  with  the  air  in 
the  state  of  vapor,  is  wafted  over  the! 
earth,  ready  to  be  precipitated  in  the  form 
of  rain,  snow  or  hail.  j 

Water  by  the  abstraction  or  loss  of  heat,i 
becomes  solid,  or  in  other  words,  is  con-; 
verted  into  ice  or  snow;  and  by  heat  it  is 
converted  into  steam,  an  elastic  vapor,! 
cue  of  the  most  powerful  agents  in  na- 
ture. Modern  chirnical  experiments  pi-ove 
that  water  is  a  compound  substance,  con- 
sisting of  a  combination  of  oxygen  and 
hydrogen  gases,  or  rather  the  bases  or 
ponderable  matter  of  those  gases ;  or 
about  two  volumes  or  measures  of  hydro 
gen  gas  and  one  of  oxygen  gas.  The  pro 
portion  of  the  ingredients  in  weight,  is 
nearly  8.5  parts  of  oxygen  to  15  of  hydro- 
gen.       Lavoisier.      Vauquelin.     Fourcroy. 

2.  The  ocean;  a  sea ;  a  lake;  a  river;  any 
great  collection  of  water  ;  as  in  the 
phrases,  to  go  by  icater,  to  travel  by 
water. 

3.  Urine  ;  the  auitnal  liquor  secreted  by  the 
kidneys  and  discharged  from  the  bladder. 

4.  The  color  or  luster  of  a  diamond  or  pearl, 
sometimes  perhaps  of  other  precious 
stones  ;  as  a  diamond  of  the  first  water. 
that  is,  perfectly  pure  and  transparent. 
Hence  the  figurative  jihrase,  a  man  or  a 
genius  of  the  first  water,  that  is,  of  the  first 
excellence. 

.').   Water  is  a  name  given  to  several  liquid 
substances  or  humors  in  animal  bodies 
as  the  water  of  the  pericardium,  of  dropsy. 
&c.  Q/c 

Mineral  ivaters,  are  those  waters  which  are 
so  imprcgiuited  with  foreign  ingredients, 
such  as  gaseous,  sulphureous  and  saline 
substances,  as  to  give  them  medicinal,  or 
at  least  sensible  properties.  Most  natural 
waters  contain  more  or  less  of  these  for- 
eign substances,  but  the  proportion  is  gen- 
erally too  minute  to  att'ect  the  senses. 

D.  Olmsted. 

To  hold  water,  to  be  sound  or  tight.  [Obso- 
lete or  vulvar.]  U Estrange. 

WATER-BEARER,  n..  [water  and  bearer.] 
In  nslronomi/,  a  sign  of  the  zodiac,  called 
also  Aquarius,  from  L.  arjua,  water. 

WATER-BELLOWS,  n.  [,valer  and  bel- 
lows.] 


A  machine  for  blowing  air  iuto  a  furnace,  by 
means  of  a  column  of  water  falling  through 
a  vertical  tube.  Cyc. 

WATER-BORNE,  n.  Borne  by  the  water  ; 
floated  ;  having  water  suflicient  to  float  ;! 
as  ships  water-borne  by  the  flowing  tide. 

Smolklt 

WATER-€AL'AMINT,  n.  [ivater  and  cal- 
amint.]     A  species  of  mint  or  Mentha. 

Cyc. 

WATER-CARRIAGE,  n.  [water  and  car- 
riage.] 

1.  Transportation  or  conveyance  by  water  ; 
or  the  means  of  transporting  by  water. 

2.  A  vessel  or  boat.     [JVbt  in  use.] 

Arbuthnol. 

WATER-€'ART,  n.  [water  mu[  cart.]  A 
cart  bearing  a  large  cask  of  water  which 
is  conveyed  into  a  cylinder  full  of  holes, 
by  means  of  which  the  water  is  sprinkled 
upon  the  ground. 

WATER-€LOCK,  »!.  [water  and  clock.] 
The  clepsydra  ;  an  instrument  or  machine 
serving  to  measure  time  by  the  fall  of  a 
certain  quantity  of  water.  Encyc. 

WATER-€0LOR,  n.  [water  and  color.] 
Water-colors,  in  painting  or  limning,  are 
colors  diluted  and  mixed  with  gum-water. 
Water-colors  are  so  called  in  distinction 
from  oil-colors.  Encyc. 

WATER-COURSE,   n.    [water  and  course.] 

1.  A  stream  of  water ;  a  river  or  brook.  Is. 
xliv. 

2.  A  channel  or  canal  for  the  conveyance  of 
water,  particularly  in  draining  lands. 

WATER-CRESS,   n.    [wafer  and  cress.]    A 

small   creeping  plant   or   weed   growing 

in  watery  places.  Cyc. 

A  plant,  a  species  of  Sisymbrium.     Lee. 

WATER-CROWFOQT,  n.  [water  and  crow- 
foot.] 

A  plant  on  which  cows  are  said  to  be  fond 
of  feeding.  Cyc. 

WATER-DROP,  n.  [water  and  drop.]  A 
drop  of  water.  Shale. 

WATER-DROPWORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  ffinanthe.  Lee. 

WATER-EL'EPIIANT,  n.  A  name  given 
to  the  hippopotamus. 

WATER-ENgINE,  n.  [leater  and  engine. 
An  engine  to   raise  water;  or  an  engine 
moved  by  water. 

WATERFALL,  n.  [water  and  fall.]  A  fall 
or  perpendicular  descent  of  the  water  of 
a  river  or  stream,  or  a  descent  nearly  per- 
pendicular ;  a  cascade  ;  a  cataract.  But 
the  word  is  generally  used  of  the  fall  of  a 
small  river  or  rivulet.  It  is  jiartiiMilarly 
used  to  express  a  cascade  in  a  garden,  or 
an  artificial  descent  of  water,  designed  as 
an  ornament.  Cyc. 

WATER-FLAG,  Ji.  [water  and  fag.]  Wa- 
ter flower  de  luce,  a  species  of  Tris. 

WATER-FLOOD,  n.  [water  and  food.]  A 
flood  of  water;  an  inundation. 

WATER-FLY,  n.  [water  and  fy.]  An  in- 
sect that  is  seen  on  the  water. 

WATER-FOWL,  n.  [tvater  and  foivl.]  A 
fowl  that  frequents  the  water,  or  lives 
about  rivers,  lakes,  or  on  or  near  the  sea  ; 
an  aquatic  fowl.  Of  aquatic  fowls,  some 
are  waders,  or  furnished  with  long  legs ; 
others  are  swimmers,  and  arc  furnished 
with  webbed  feet. 


WATER-FOX,  n.  [w^afer  and /or.]  A  name 
given  to  the  carp,  on  account  of  its  cun- 
"'"&•  Halton. 

WATER-FURROW,  n.  [toater  and  fimow.] 
In  agriculture,  a   deep  furrow  made  for 
conducting  water  from   the  ground   and 
keeping  it  dry. 
WATER-FURROW,  v.  t.  To  plow  or  open 

water  furrows. 
WATER  GAGE,     )        [water  and  gage.] 

WATER-GUAGE,  \  "•  An  instrument  for 
measuring  or  ascertaining  the  depth  or 
quantity  of  water. 

WATER-GALL,  n.  A  cavity  made  in  the 
earth  by  a  torrent  of  water. 

a.  An  appearance  in  the  rainbow.     Steevens. 

WATER-GERMANDER,  n.  A  plant  of 
the  genus  Teucrium.  Cyc. 

WATER-GOD,  ,..  [water  and  god.]  A  dei- 
ty that  presides  over  the  water. 

WATER-GRCEL,  n.  [water  and  gruel]  A 
liquid  food,  composed  of  water  and  a 
small  portion  of  meal  or  other  farina- 
ceous substance  boiled. 

WATER-HAMMER,  n.  A  column  of  water 
in  a  vacuum,  which  not  being  supported 
as  in  the  air,  falls  against  the  end  of  the 
vessel  with  a  peculiar  noise.  It  may  be 
formed  by  corking  a  vessel  of  wafer  while 
it  is  boiling.  The  vapor  condensing  as  it 
cools,  a  vacuum  is  formed. 

WATER-HAIR-GRASS,  n.  A  species  of 
grass,  the  Jlira  aquatica.  Cyc. 

WATER-HEMP  AGRIMONY,  n.  A  plant 
of  the  genus  Bidens.  Lee. 

WATER-HEN,  n.  [water  and  hen.]  A  water 
fowl  of  the  genus  Fulica,  the  galliniila  or 
moorhen;  also,  a  species  of  Rallus,  the 
soree,  inhabiting  Virginia  and  Carolina. 

Cyc. 

WATER-HOG.  n.  [water  and  ho^.]  A  quad- 
ruped of  S.  America,  the  Cavia  capybara. 

Linne. 

WATER-LAUREL,  v.  [water  and  laurel.] 
A  plant. 

WATER-LEAF,  n.  [water  and  leaf.]  A 
plant  of  the  genus  Hydrophyllum.        Lee. 

WATERLESS,  a.  Destitute  of  water. 

Tooke. 

WATER-LEVEL,?!,  [water  and  level.]  The 
level  formerl  by  the  surface  of  still  water. 

WATER-LILY,  n.  [water  and  lily.]  A  plant 
of  the  gemis  Nymphaea.  Lee, 

WATER-LINE,  n.  [water  and  line.]  A  hor- 
izontal line  supposed  to  be  drawn  about  a 
ship's  bottom,  at  the  surface  of  the  water. 
This  is  higher  or  lower,  according  to  the 
depth  of  water  necessary  to  float  her. 

Mar.  Diet.     Cyc. 

WATER-LOGGED,  a.  [water  and  log.] 
L\  ing  like  a  log  on  the  water.  A  ship  is 
said  to  be  water-logged,  when  by  leaking 
and  receiving  a  great  quantity  of  water 
into  her  hold,  she  has  become  so  heavy  as 
not  to  be  manageable  by  the  helm,  and  to 
be  at  the  mercy  of  the  waves.  Cyc. 

WATERMAN,  n.  [water  and  nian.]  A  boat- 
man ;  a  ferryman  ;  a  man  who  manages 
water-craft.  Gay. 

WATER-M'ARK,  n.  [water  and  mark.] 
The  mark  or  hmi:  of  the  rise  of  a  flood. 

Dn/den. 

WATER-MEL'ON,  n.  [tvater  and  )mlon.-] 
A  plant  and  its  fruit,  of  the  genus  Cucur- 
biia,  (C.  ciindlus-)    This  plant  requires  a 


WAT 


WAT 


Bemliliiiff  water  in   color,  and  the  pulp  is 
retnarkalily  rich  and  dohcious. 
WATKR-MIF^Ij,  >!.  [iviiter  atM\  mill.]  A  mill 
whose  inacliinory  is  moved  by  water,  and 
thus  distinguished  from  a  wind-niiH- 
VVATF:R-M1NT.     [See  n-'ater-calnmmt.] 
VVATEIl-NKVVT,  n.  [water  atH\  neu't.]    An 
animal  of  the  lizard  tribe,   [Lacerta  aqua- 
lica.]  1.1 

WATKR-OR'DEAL,  n.  [lenttr am  ordeal.] 
A  judicial  trial  of  persons  accused  of 
crimes,  by  means  of  water ;  formerly  in 
use  among  illiterate  and  superstitious  na- 
tions. 
WATER-OU'ZEL,  n.  [wafer  and  ouze/.]  A 
fowl  of  the  genus  Sturiins.  Linnc. 

The  water-ouzel  is  the  Turdus  ciiiclua  of 
Latham.  F^d-  F.nci/c 

WATF.R-PWRSNEP,  n.  [loaler  and  par.<i- 
ncp.]     .\  plant  of  the  genus  Siuin.        Lee. 
WATER  rOA,  II.  A  species  of  grass,  tlie 
Poa  aquatlca.  ^V- 

WATER-POISE,    n.    s  as  z.    [water  and 
poise.]  .  I 

An  instrument  for  examining  the  purity  of 
water.  | 

WATER-POT,  )i.  [water  and  pot.]  A  ves- 
sel for  holding  or  conveying  water,  or  for 
sprinkling  water  on  cloth  in  bleaching,  or 
on  plants,  &'c. 
WATER-PROOF,  a.  [water  and  proof.] 
Impervious  to  water  ;  so  firm  and  com- 
pact as  not  to  admit  water;  as  toater-proof 
cloth,  letlier  or  felt. 
WATER-RAD'ISH,  n.  [water  and  radish.] 
A  species  of  water-cresses.  Johnson 

Water-cress,  a  species  of  Sisymbrium 

Lee 

WATER-RAIL,  n.  [water and  rail]  A  fow 

of  the  genus  Uullus. 
WATER-RAT,  n.  [water  and  rat.]  An  ani 

nial  of  the  genus  Miis,  which  lives  in  the 

banks  of  streams  or  lakes 
WATER-ROCKET,  n.    [water  and  rocket.] 

1.  A  species  of  water-cresses.  Johnson. 

2.  A  kind  of  fire-work  to  he  discharged  in 
the  water. 

WATER-ROT,  v.t.  [water  and  rot.]  To  rot 
by  .sleeping  in  water ;  as,  to  water-rot  hemp 
or  flax.  ,  .     ,    . 

WATER-ROTTED,  pp.  Rotted  by  bemj 
steeped  in  water. 

WATER-ROTTING,  ppr.  Rotting  in  wa 

ter.  „ 

WATER-SAIL,  n.  [loaferand  sail.]  A  small 

sail  used  under  a  studdin_ 

boom.  ^lar.  Diet. 

WATER-SAPPHIRE,    n.    [water  and  sap- 
phire.]    A  kind  of  blue  precious  stone. 
WATER-SHOOT,  n.    [water  and  shoot.]    A 

sprig  or  shoot  from  the  root  or  stock  of  a 

tree.     [Local.] 
WATER-SNAKE,  n.  [water  and  snake.]  A 

snake  that  frequents  the  water. 
WATER-SOAK,  v.t.  [water  ajn\  soak.]  To 

soak  or  fill  the  interstices  with  water. 
WATER-SOAKED,  pp.  Soaked  or  having 

its  interstices  filled  with  water;  as  tracer 

soaked  wood  ;  a  water-soaked  i)at. 
WATER  SOLDIER,  n.  A  plant  of  the  ge 

niis  Stratiotes.  Cyc. 

Vol.  II. 


from  the  surface  of  the  sea  and  driven  fu 
riously  by  the  wind.  Mar.  Dirt. 

WATER-TABLE,  n.  [u'affr  and  (n/,/f.]  In 
architecture,  a  ledge  in  the  wall  of  a  build- 
ing, about  eighteen  or  twenty  inches  from 
the  grimnd. 

WATER-TATII,  n.  In  England,  a  species 
of  coarse  grass  growing  in  wet  grounds, 
and  supposed  to  be  injurious  to  sheep. 

Cyc. 

WATER-THERMOMETER,  »i.  An  in- 
strument fiir  nsccrlaining  the  precise  de- 
gree of  cold  at  which  water  censes  to  be 
condensed.  Cyc. 

WATER  TIGHT,  a.  [water  and  tight.]  So 
tight  as  not  to  admit  water. 

WATER-TREFOIL,  n.  A  plant 

Mortimer. 

WATER-VIOLET,  n.  [water  and  violet.] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  llottonia. 

Miller.    Lee. 

WATER-WAY,  n.  [water  and  ivay.]  In  a 
ship\i  deck,  a  piece  of  timber,  forming  a 
channel  for  conducting  water  to  the  scup 
pers. 

WATER-VVHEEL,   ji.    [water  and  wheel] 

I.  A  wheel  moved  by  water. 

[i.  An  engine  for  raising  water  from  a  deep 

I     well.  ! 

WATER-WILLOW,  n.  [icafcr  and  iri7/o!c. 


WAV 

The   act  of  overflowing 
he  act  of  sup- 
k  or  other  pur- 
and  calendering 
for  giving  luster  to,  as  cloth. 
2.  The  place  where  water  is  supplied. 
WATERING-PLACE,  n.  A  place  to  which 
people  resort  for  mineral  water,  or  for  the 
use  of  water  in  some  way  or  other. 
WATERLNG-TROLGH,    n.    A  trough  iu 

which  cattle  and  horses  drink. 

WATEKISH,  a.   Resembling  water;  thin, 

as  a  liquor.  Dryden. 

2.  Moist  ;    soinewhat  watery  ;    as  waterish 

land.  Hale. 

WATERISHNESS,  n.    Thinness,  as  of  a 

liquor  ;  resemblance  to  water. 

li'alerishneta,  which  is  like  the  serosily  of 
our  blood.  Flayer. 

WATERLESSj  a.  Destitute  of  water. 

Mitford. 
WATERY,  a.  Resembling  water  ;  thin  or 
transparent,  as  a  liquid  ;  as  tra<fny  humors. 
Tlic  oily  and  watery  parts  of  the  aliment. 

jlrbuthnol. 

2.  Tasteless  ;  insipid  ;  vapid  ;  spiritless ;  as 
watery  turneps.  Philips. 

3.  Wet;  abounding  with  water  ;  as  watery 
land;  uatery eyes.  Prior. 

4.  Pertaining  to  water  ;  as  the  waitry  god. 

Dryden. 

a.  Consisting  of  water ;  as   a  ica/en/ desert. 

.Vi7/on. 

W.XTTLE,  n.    [Sax.  watel,  a  twig;  allied 

i     perhaps  to  u-ithe,  L.  vitis  ;  that  is,  a  shoot.] 

or  flexible  rod  ;    an 


A 


A  plant.     \L.  tysimachia.]  yyi'7,s»w(/i'.',|L  Properly,   a   twi_ 

WATER-WlTli,    n.    [water  and  with.]     A.l     hence,  a  liurdlc. 

Ig,^j  /Jer/iam.!l2.  The  fleshy  excrescence  that  grows  under 

WATER-WORK,      n.     [water  and    ivork.] 
Water-works  are  hydraulic   machines  or 
engines,  particularly  such  as  form   "''''''"  yy^X'TLE 
cial  founlains,  spouts  and  the  like.  ■ 


the  throat  of  a  cock  or  turkey,   or  a  like 

substance  on  a  fish.  Cyc.     lialton. 

3.  A  rod  laid  on  a  roof  to  support  the  thatcli. 

r.  t.  To  bind  with  twigs. 
2.  To  twist  or  interweave  twigs  one  with  on- 
otlier  ;  to   plat  ;  to  form  a   kind   of  net- 
work with  flexible  branches  ;  as,  to  wattle 
ledge.  Mortimer. 

WaT'TLED,  pp.  Bound  or  iDterwoven  with 

I  wigs. 
W.\TTL1NG,     ppr.     Interweaving    with 
I      l"igs. 
...         .       X-       1  ■  I      „„    ,  'W.\L'L,  t'.  t.  To  cry,  as  a  cat. 
ro  supply  with   water  lor  drink;  as,  t"  .^VAI'L  ING,  ;,pr.  Crying,  a.s  a  cat. 

,WAVE,  71.  [Sax.  wcg,  wteg,  a  wave,  a  way ; 


WATER-WORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Elatine.  Lee. 

WATER,  V.  t.  tvau'ter.  To  irrigate  ;  to  over- 
flow with  water, or  to  wet  with  water;  as, 
to  icater  land.     Showers  water  the  earth. 

2.  To  suiiply  with  water.  The  hilly  lands 
of  New  England  are  remarkably  well 
watered  with  rivers  and  rivulets 


water  cattle  and  horses. 
4.  To   diversify  ;  to   wet  and   calender  ;  to.  ^^^^^  ^^.^_.j   ^^^  ^^^^  coinciding 

as,  to  iraicr  -  -  ...    o 


give  a  wavv  appearance  to 
silk. 

WATER,  I'.  I.  iva^i'ler.  To  shed  water  or 
liquid  matter.     His  eyes  began  to  imter. 

2.  To  get  or  take  in  water.     The   ship  put 

_ ^     _  into  port  to  icaler. 

sail  or  driverlT/if  mouth  waters,  a  plirase  denoting  that  a 
person  hat-  a  longing  desire. 

WATERAtiE,  Ji.  Money  paid  fortranspor- 
tation  by  water 

WATERED,  pp.  Overspread  or  sprinkled 
wilh  water;  made  wet:  supplied  with 
water  ;  made  lustrous  by  being  wet  and, 
calendered.  I 

W.ATERER,  »i.  One  who  waters.      Carew.\ 

W.ATERLNESS,  n.  [from  watery.]  Moist-; 
ure;  humidity;  a  state  of  abounding  with 
xvater.  .trbuthnot! 

WATERING,  ppr.  Overflowing ;  sprink- 
ling or  wetting  witli  water  ;  supplying 
with  water  ;  giving  water  for  drink 

j     ing  a  wavy  appearance  to. 


with  the  root  of  irog',  wagon,  tacillalt, 
weigh,  &c.  The  sense  is  a  going,  a  mov- 
ing, appropriately  a  moving  one  way  and 
the  other;  G.  wnge  ;  Sw.  v^g';  Ir.  buaice.] 

1.  A  moving  swell  or  volume  of  water; 
usually,  a  swell  raised  and  driven  by  wind. 
A  pebble  llirown  into  still  water  produces 
waves,  which  form  concentric  circles,  re- 
ceding from  the  point  where  the  pebble 
fell.  But  waves  are  generally  raised  and 
driven  by  wind,  and  the  word  compre- 
hends any  moving  swell  on  the  surface  of 
water,  from  (he  smallest  ripple  to  the  bil- 
lows of  a  tempest. 

Tlie  uave  behind  impels  the  trap*  before. 

Pope 

2.  Unevenness  ;  inequality  of  surface. 

A  f  If/on. 

3.  The  line  or  streak  of  luster  on  cloth  wa- 
tereil  and  caleiuleicd. 

giv-jrWAVE,  !'.  1.  [Snx.  wajian  :  probably  acor- 
''     rupl  orthography.] 


WAV 


WAX 


WAY 


1.  To  play  loosely;  to  move  like  a  wave, 
one  way  and  the  other ;  to  float ;  to  undu- 
late. I 

His  purple  robes  wav^d  careless  to  the  wind. 

Tiumbull. 

2.  To  be  moved,  as  a  signal.  B.  Jonson.\ 

3.  To  fluctuate  ;  to  waver  ;  to  be  in  an  un- 
settled state.     Obs. 

WAVE,  V.  I.  [See  Waver.]  To  raise  into  in- 
equalities of  surface.  Shak. 

2.  To  move  one  way  and  the  other ;  to 
brandish  ;  as,  to  wave  the  hand ;  to  ivave 
a  sword.  Milton.     Dnjden.t 

3.  To  waft ;  to  remove  any  thing  floating.    1 

Broivn! 

4.  To  beckon ;  to  direct  by  a  waft  or  wavirjg: 
motion.  Shak., 

WAVE,  V.  t.  [Norm,  weyver,  to  tvave  or| 
xvaive  ;  waifnez,  waived  ;  tvefs.  weifs,  waifs.] 

1.  To  put  off;  to  cast  off;  to  cast  away  ;  toj 
reject ;  as,  to  wave  goods  stolen ;  usually 
written  waive. 

2.  To  quit ;  to  depart  from. 

He  resolved  not  (o  wave  his  way.       Wotton. 

3.  To  put  oft';  to  put  aside  for  the  present, 
or  to  omit  to  pursue  ;  as,  to  wave  a  mo- 
tion. He  offered  to  umve  the  subject. 
\This  is  the  usual  sense.] 

WA'VED,  pp.  Moved  one  way  and  the 
other ;  braiidislied. 

2.  Put  off;  omitte.l. 

3.  a.  Ill  heraldry,  indented. 

4.  V^ariegated  in  luster  ;  as  waved  silk. 

.5.  In  botany,  undate ;  rising  and  falling  in 
waves  on  the  margin,  as  a  leaf.  Lee. 

WA'VELESS,  a.  Free  from  waves  ;  undis- 
turbed ;  unagitated;  as  the  icoreicM  sea. 

WA'VELLITE,  n.  [from  Wavel,  the  dis- 
coverer.] ! 

A  mineral,  a  phos|)liate  or  sub-phosphate  of 
aluniin  ;  commonly  found  in  crystals,] 
which  usually  a<lliere  and  radiate,  form- 
ing hemispherical  or  globular  concretions,' 
from  a  very  small  size  to  an  inch  in  diam- 
eter. The  form  of  the  crystal  is  usually; 
that  of  a  rhombic  prism  with  dihedral 
terminations.  Phillips.' 

WAVE-LOAF,  n.  [wave  a.\ii  loaf .]  A  loafl 
for  a  wave-offering.  j 

WA'VE-OFFERING,  n.  An  offering  made] 
with  waving  towards  the  four  cardinal 
points.     Num.  xviii. 

WA'VER,  v.i.  [Sax.  ivafian;  Dan.  svaever, 


WA'VE-WORN,  a.  [wave  anA  worn.]  Worn 
by  the  waves. 

The   shore   that  o'er  his  wave-worn  basis 
bovv'd.  Shak. 

WA'VING.  ppr.  Moving  as  a  wave;  play- 
ing to  and  fro;  brandishing. 
WA'VY,  a.  [from  t/)ODe.]  Rising  or  swelling 
in  waves  ;  full  of  waves  ;  as  the  wavy  sea. 

Chapman. 
Playing  to  and  fro;  undulating. 

Let  her  glad  valleys  smile  with  wavy  com. 

Prior. 

3.  Undulating  on  the  border  or  on  the  sur- 
face ;  a  botanical  use. 
Wawea  or  tvaea,  for  waves.     [J^ol  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

WAX,  n.  [Sax.  w(bx,  wex ;  G.  jvachs;  D. 
tea sch ;  Sw.vax;  Russ.  vaksa;  L.  viscus, 
viscum.] 

1.  A  thick,  viscid,  tenacious  substance,  col- 
lected by  bees,  or  excreted  from  their 
bodies,  and  employed  in  the  construction 
of  their  cells  ;  usually  called  bees''  wax. 
Its  native  color  is  yellow,  but  it  is  bleach- 
ed fur  candles,  &c. 

■3-  A  thick  tenacious  substance  excreted  in 
the  ear. 

3.  A  substance  secreted  by  certain  plants, 
forming  a  silvery  powder  on  the  leaves  and 
fruit,  as  in  the  wax-palm  and  wax-myrtle. 

Cyc. 
A  sub.'stance  found  on  the  hinder  legs  ol 
bees,  which  is  supposed  to  be  their  food. 
A  substance  used  in  sealing  letters  ;  call- 
ed sealing-wax,  or  Spanish  wax.  This  is 
a  composition  of  gum-lacca  and  resin, 
colored  with  some  pigment.  Cyc. 

6.  A  thick  substance  used  by  shoemakers 
for  rubbing  their  thread 

WAX,  V.  t.  To  smear  or  rub  with  wax  ;  as, 
to  tcax  a  thread  or  a  table. 

WAX,  I'.  ?'.  pret.  umxed  ;  pp.  waxed  or  waxen. 
[Sax.  tveaxan  ;  G.  ivachsen  ;  Sw.  vhxa  ; 
allied  probably  to  L.  augeo,  auxi,  Gr. 
af|i»  and  au^u.] 

1.  To  increase  in  size  ;  to  grow  ;  to  become 
larger;  as  the  waxing  and  the  vvanini^ 
moon.  Hdkewili 

2.  To  pass  from  one  state  to  another ;  ti 
become;  as,  to  toiij:  strong  ;  to  wax  wartn 
or  cold;  to  wax  leeble;  to  toax  hot:  to 
wax  old  ;  to  ivax  worse  and  worse. 

Scripture. 


from  voivtr,  to  weave,  that  is,  to  move  one;i^y^-jj^,  jjjll^  „.   \  i,i,.d,  a  species  of  Loxia 


way  and  the  other.] 
L  To  play  or  move  to  and  fro  ;  to  move  one' 

way  and  the  other.  Boyte.l 

'2.  To  fluctuate  ;  to  be  unsettled  in  opinion  ; 

to  vacillate  ;  to   be  imdetermined ;  as,  to 

leaver  in  opinion  ;  to  waver  in  faith. 

Let  us  bold    fast  the  profession  of  our  faith 

without  wuvtring.     Heb.  x. 

3.  To  lottcr;  to  reel;  to  be  in  danger  of 
falling.  Holijday.' 

WA'VER,  n.  .\  name  given  to  a  sapling  or 
young  timber  tree  in  England.     [Local.]   I 

WA'VERER,  ?!.  One  who  wavers;  one 
who  is  unsettled  in  doctrine,  faith  or  opin-' 
ion.  I 

WA'VF.RING,  ppr.  or  a.  Fluctuating;  be- 
ing in  doubt ;  undetermined.  I 

WA'VERINGNESS,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
being  wavering.  Mountague.' 

WAVE-SUBJE€T'ED,  a.  Subject  to  be 
overflowed.  Goldsmith.'' 


WAX'-€.-\NDLE,  n.  [wax  and  candle.]  A 
candle  made  of  wax. 

WAX'-CHANDLER,  n.  [wax  and  chandler.] 
A  maker  of  wax  candle; 

WAX' ED,  pp.  Smeared  or  rubbed  with 
wax. 

WAX' EN,  a.  Made  of  wax  ;  as  ivaxen  ce 

Mlton. 

WAX'ING,  ppr.  Growing;  iucreasinti;  be- 
coming; smearing  with  wax- 

WAX'ING,  n.  In  c/iu«(i(n/,  the  preparation 
of  any  matter  to  render  it  tit  (iir  melting  ; 
also,  the  process  of  stopping  out  colors  in' 
calico-printmg.  Cyc. 

WAX-MYRTLE,  n.  The  bayberry,  or  JV/^/- 
rica  cerifera,  a  shrub  of  N.  America,  the 
berries  urwiiich  are  covered  with  a  green- 
ish wax,  called  myrtle  wax,  or  bayberry 
tallow.  Bigelow. 

WAX-P'ALM,  v.  A  species  of  ]>alm,  the 
Ceroxylon  andicola,  a  uati\  e  of  the  Andes, 


the  stem  of  which  is  covered  with  a  secre- 
tion,  consisting  of  two  thirds  resin  and 
one  third  wax.  Cyt. 

WAX'-WORK,  n.  Figures  formed  of  wax, 
in  imitation  of  real  beings. 

WAX'Y,  o.  Soft  like  wax;  resembling  wax ; 
viscid ;  adhesive. 

WAY,  n.  [a&x.  xvceg,weg ;  G.D.weg:  Dan. 
vej ;  Sw.  vhg  ;  L.  It.  via  ;  Fr.  note  ;  coin- 
ciding in  origin  with  wag,  weigh,  wagon, 
vogue,  &c.] 

1.  Literally,  a  passing ;  hence,  a  passage ; 
the  place  of  passing  ;  hence,  a  road  of  any 
kind  ;  a  highway  ;  a  private  road  ;  a  lane : 
a  street ;  any  place  for  the  passing  of  men, 
cattle  or  other  animals;  a  word  of  very 
comprehensive  signifcation. 

2.  Length  of  space ;  as  a  great  way;  a  little 
way. 

3.  Course  ;  direction  of  motion  or  travel. 
What  way  did  he  take  ?  Which  tvay  shall 
I  go  ?  Keep  in  the  way  of  truth  and 
knowledge. 

Mark  what  way  I  make.  Shak. 

4.  Passage  ;  room  for  passing.  Make  way 
for  the  jury. 

5.  Course,  or  regular  course. 

And  let  eternal  justice  take  the  way. 

Dryden. 

6.  Tendency  to  any  meaning  or  act. 

There  is  nothing  in  the   words  that  sounds 
that  way.  Atterbury. 

7.  Sphere  of  observation. 

The  general  officers  and  the  public  ministers 
that  fell  in  my  way —  Temple. 

8.  Manner  of  doing  any  thing  ;  method  ; 
means  of  doing.  Seek  the  best  tvay  of 
learning,  and  pursue  it. 

By  noble  ways  we  conquest  will  prepare. 

i)ryden. 

9.  Method  ;  .»chenie  of  management. 

What  impious  ivays  my  wishes  took. 

Prior. 

10.  Manner  of  thinking  or  behavior;  par- 
ticular turn  of  opinion  ;  determination  or 
humor.  Let  him  have  his  uay,  when 
that  will  not  injure  him,  or  any  other  per- 
son. But  multitudes  of  childicn  are  ruin- 
ed by  being  permitted  to  have  their  way. 

11.  Manner;  mode.  In  no  ivay  does  this 
matter  belong  to  me.  We  admire  a  per- 
son's way  of  expressing  his  ideas. 

I\i.  Method  ;  maimer  of  practice.  Find,  if 
you  can,  the  easiest  rvay  to  live. 

Havine;lo'^t  the  u'ciy  of  nobleness.      Sidney. 

13.  Method  or  plan  of  life  and  conduct.  In- 
struct your  children  in  the  right  ivay. 

Her  ways  aie  ways  of  pleasantness,  and  all 
her  paths  are   peace.     Prov.  iii. 

All  flesh  had   corrupted  his  way.     Gen.  vi. 

14.  Course;  process  of  things,  good  or  had. 
Things  are  in  a  prosperous  way. 

15.  Right  method  to  act  or  know. 

We  are  quite  out  of  the  way.  Locke. 

IG.  General  scheme  of  acting. 

Men  who    go  out  of  the  tcay  to  hint   free 
things,  must  be  guilty  of  absurdity  or  rudeness. 

Clarissa. 
17.  IVays,  plu.  the  timbers  on  which  a  ship 

is  lanched. 
To  make  way,  to  give  room  for  passing;  or 

to  make  a  vacancy. 
To  give  way,  to  recede ;  to  make  room ;  or 
to  yield  ;  to  concede  the  place  or  opinion 
to  another. 
To   make  one's  iray,   to   advance  in  life  by 
eflbrts  ;  to  advance  successfully. 


WAY 


W  E  A 


W  E    A 


hy  the  way,  en  passant,  as  wc  proceed  ;  a 
liliiase  iiitroduoing  sonietliing  in  discourse, 
not  immediately  connected  with  the  sub- 
ject. 

'I\)  go  one's  tcay,  or  to  come  one's  xeay,  to  go 
or  come  ahm;;.  Shak. 

To  go  the  way  of  all  the  earth,  to  die. 

In  the  way,'  a  jihrase  noting  obstrnction. 
Wlint  is' there  in  the  way  of  your  success? 

In  Siripture,  the  imys  of  God,  are  bis  provi- 
dential government,  or  his  works.  Kom. 
xi.     Job  xl. 

ff'ay  and  laai/s  are  used  in  certain  phrases, 
iti  tlie  sense  of  wise.  He  is  no  ways  a 
mutch  for  his  antagonist. 

'Tis  no  way  the  interest  even  of  the  priest- 
hood. Pope- 
To  be  under  way,  in  seamen's  language,  to 
be  in  motion,  as  wlien  a  ship  begins  to 
move.  So  a  ship  is  said  to  have  headway, 
when  she  moves  forward  in  her  course, 
and  stem-way,  when  she  is  driven  astern. 
She  is  said  also  to  gather  way,  or  to  lose 
way.  Leeway  is  a  movement  of  a  ship 
aside  of  her  course,  or  to  the  leeward. 

Milky  way,  in  astronomy,  the  galaxy  ;  a  broad 
luminous  belt  or  space  in  the  heavens, 
supposed  to  be  occasioned  by  the  blended 
light  of  an  immense  number  of  stars.     Hy  iv?] 


means  of  a  telescope  of  uncommon  mag- 
nifying powers,  L)r.  Herschel  has  been 
able  to  ascertain  this  fact,  by  distinguish- 
ing the  stars. 

Covert  way,  in  fortification,  a  passage  cover- 
ed from  the  enemy's  tire. 

Ways  and  means,  in  legislation,  means  for 
raising  money  ;  resources  for  revenue. 

Hay-going  crop,  among  farmers,  is  the  crop 
which  is  taken  from  the  ground  the  year 
the  tenant  leaves  the  farm.     [England.] 

dye. 

WA'Y-BRE.VD,  n.  A  name  given  to  the 
herb  plantain  (plantago.)     [Local.]        Cyc. 

WA'YFARER,  H.  [way  nnd  fare,  Sax.  faran, 
to  go.]     A  traveler  ;  a  passenger. 

Carew. 

WA'YFaRING,  a.  [supra.]  Traveling  : 
passing;  bcin?  on  a  journey.   Judges  xix. 

WA'YF.\RING-TREE,  Jt.  A  shrub,  a  spe- 
cies of  Viburnum.  Cyc. 

AVAYLA'IU,  pp.  Watched  in  the  way. 
[See  Jl'aylay.] 

WAYLA'Y,  V.  t.    [way  and  lay.]    To  watc 
insidiously   in   the  way,  with   a  view  to 
seize,  rob  or  slay ;  to  beset  in  ambush  ; 
as,  to  waylay  a  traveler 


WA'Y-THISTLE,  n.  A  troublesome  plant 

or  perennial  weed.  Cyc. 

WAYWARD,  a.    [icay  and  ward.]     Frow- 

;     ard  ;  peevish  ;  perverse  ;  liking  his   own 

j     way. 

IVayward  beauty  doth  not  fancy  move. 

Faitfcu. 

WAY-WARDEN,  n.  In  local  usage,  the 
surveyor  of  a  road.  Eng. 

WA'YWARDLY,    adv.    Frowardly  ;   per- 

;     versely.  Sidney. 

WA'YWARDNESS,  n.  Frowardness ;  per- 
vcrseness.  fVollon. 

WA'Y-WISER,  n.  An  instrument  for  meas- 
uring the  distance  which  one  has  traveled 
on  the  road  ;  called  also  perambulator,  and 
pedometer,  or  pedometer.  Cyc. 

WA'YWODE,  I       In  the   Ottoman  empire, 

WA'IWODE,  \"'  the  governor  of  a  small 
town  or  province,  which  not  forming  a' 
pasliawlic,  is  the  ap|iendage  of  some  great 
oHicer :  also,  a  mussulman  charged  with 
the  collection  of  taxes,  or  with  the  police 
of  a  place. 

2.  In  Poland,  the  governor  of  a  province. 

Cyc. 

WA'YWODESIIIP,    n.    The    province  or 
urisdiction  of  a  waywode.  Eton. 

E,  pron.  plu.  of/;  or  rather  a  diflerent 


word,  denoting  the  person  speaking  and 
another  or  others  with  him.  /  and  John, 
the  speaker  calls  ive,  or  /  and  John  and 
Thomas  ;  or  /  and  many  others.  In  the 
objective  case,  tis. 

ff'e  is  used  to  express  men  in  general, 
including  the  speaker. 

Vice  seen  too  oft,  fiimiliar  with  her  face. 
We  first  eiiilure,  then  i)ity,  then  embrace. 

Pope. 

WEAK,  a.  [Sax.  waac,  wace ;  G.  u'eich, 
schwach;  D.  zwak ;  Dan.  veeg,  vo'g ;  Sw.; 
tvk.  The  primary  sense  of  the  root  is  to 
yield,  fail,  give  way,  recede,  or  to  be  soft.] 

1.  Having  little  physical  strength  ;  feeble. 
Children  are  born  iveak  ;  men  are  render- 
ed iveak  by  disease.  I 

2.  Infirm;  not  healthy;  as  a  iwaA- constitu- 
tion. I 

3.  Not  able  to  bear  a  great  weight  ;  as  a 
leeak  bridge  ;  weak  timber. 

4.  Not  strong;  notcompact;  easily  broken  ; 
as  a  weak  ship  ;  a  weak  rope. 

.').  Not  able  to  resist  a  violent  attack ;  as  a 

weak  fortress. 
6.  Soft;  pliant;  not  stiff. 


Milton.     Drmlen.'T-  I-ow  ;  small  ;  feeble  ;  as  a  xeeak  voice. 
[In  this  word  there  is  little  difference  o/j  8-  Feeble  of  mind  ;  wanting  spirit  ;_wantmgi 
accent.] 


WAYL.X'YER,  n.  One  who  waits  for  an-| 
other  in  ambush,  with  a  view  to  seize,  rob 
or  slay  him.  j 

WA'Y'-LEAVE,  7i.  A  provincial  term  for 
the  ground  pun-based  for  a  wagon-way 
between  coal-pits  and  a  river.     [Local.] 

<"-'.'/'■■' 

WA' YLES:*,  a.  Having  no  road  or  path  ; 
pntliless;  trackless.  Drayton.^ 

WA'\'-IM.\KER,  n.  One  who  makes  u 
wav;  a  precursor.  Bacon. 

WA'Y-M'ARK,  n.  [icaiy  and  mart.]  A  mark 
to  auidr  in  traveling.     Jer.  xxxi. 

WA'YMENT,  v.i.  [Sax.  ita,  woe.]  To  la- 
ment.    [Xot  in  use.]  Spenser. 


vigor  of  unilerslanding;  as  a  iceaA  prince; 

a  weak  magistrate.  J 

To  think  every  thing  disputable,  is  a  proof  of] 

a  weak  miiiii  and  captious  temper.  Beatlie. 

i).  Not  much  impregnated  with  ingredients, 
'     or  with  things  that  excite  action,  or  with 

stimulating    and     nourishing    substances; 

as   weak  broth  ;  weak  tea  ;  weak  toddy  ;  a 

weak  solution  ;  a  weak  decoction. 

10.  Not  politically  powerful;  as  a  u>ea A  na- 
tion or  state. 

11.  Not  having  force  of  authority  or  energy 
I     as  a  iHak  government. 

|12.  Not  having  moral  force  or  power  to  con 
vince  ;  not  well  sup|iorted  by  truth  or  rea- 
son ;  as  a  ictuA'  argument 


WA'Y-1'ANE,  11.  A  slip  left  for  cartage  inji:}.  Not    well    supported   by  argument ;  as, 
watered  land.     [Local.]  Oyc.\\     uxak  reasoning. 


il4.  Unfortified;  accessible;   impressible ;  as 

the  weak  side  of  a  person. 
15.  Not  having  full  conviction  or  confidence; 
'     as  weak  in  faith. 
IC.  Ifeak  land  is  land  of  a  light  thin  soil. 

[I  believe  never  used  in. Yew  England.]    Cyc. 
WEAK,  V.  I.  To  make  weak.     [.Vol  used.] 
WEAK,  ».  t.  To  become  »veak.  [.Votused.] 

Chaucer. 
'WEAKEN,  V.  t.  wee'kn.  [Sax.  wacan,  to 
I     languish,  to  vacillate.] 

1.  To  lessen  the  strength  of,  or  to  deprive  of 
i     strength  ;  to  debilitate  ;   to  enfeeble  ;   as, 

to  weaken  the  body  ;  to  taeaken  the  mind  ; 
to  weaken  the  hands  of  the  magistrate  ;  to 
weaken  the  force  of  an  objection  or  an  ar- 
I     gument. 

2.  To  reduce  in  strength  or  spirit ;  as,  to 
I  weaken  tea  ;  to  weaken  any  solution  or  de- 
1     coction. 

WE  AKENED,  pp.  Debilitated ;  enfeebled  ; 

I     reduced  in  strength. 

|WE'AKENER,  n.  He  or  that  which  weak- 
ens. 

WEAKENING,  ;7pr.  Debilitating;  enfee- 
bling; reducing  the  strength  or  vigor  of 
any  thing. 

WEAK-HEARTED,  a.  Having  little 
courage ;  dispirited. 

WEAKLING,  n.  A  feeble  creature.     Shak. 

WE'AKl.Y,  adv.  Feebly;  with  little  physi- 
cal strength  ;  faintly ;  not  forcibly  ;  as  a 
fortress  weakly  defended. 

2.  With  want  of  efficacy. 
j  Was  plighted  faith  so' weakly  seal'd  above  .' 

Dryden. 

3.  With  feebleness  of  mind  or  intellect;  in- 
j     discretely ;  injuriously. 

Beneath  pretended  justice  weakly  fall. 
!  Dryden 

4.  Timorously  ;  with  little  courage  or  forti- 
tude. 

WE  AKLY,  a.  Not  strong  of  constitution  ; 
infirm  ;  as  a  weakly  woman  ;  a  man  of  a 
iceakty  constitution.  Raleigh. 

WEAKNESS,  n.  Want  of  physical 
strength;  want  of  force  or  vigor;  feeble- 
ness; as  the  ireaA-ness  of  achild  ;  the  it^aA- 
ness  of  an  invalid  ;  the  weakness  of  a  wall 
or  bridge,  or  of  thread  or  cordage. 

2.  Want  of  sprighlliness. 
Soft,  without  weaktuss  ;  without  glaring,  gay. 

Pope. 

3.  Want  of  steadiness. 
By  such   a   review,   we    shall   discern   and 

strengthen  our  weaknesses.  Pollers. 

4.  Infirmity  ;  unheallhiness  ;  as  weakness  of 
constitution.  Temple. 

5.  Want  of  moral  force  or  effect  upon  the 
miinl  :  as  the  weakness  of  evidence;  the 
weakness  of  arguments. 

6.  Want  of  judgment ;  feebleness  of  mind  ; 
foolishness. 

.\\\  wickedness  is  icraArncM.  J/iWon. 

7.  Defect;  failing;  fault;  with  a  plural. 
Many  take  pleasure  in  spreailing  abroad  tlie 

weaknesses  of  an  exalted  character. 

Spectator. 

WE'AKSIDE,  n.  [weak  awl  side.]    Foible; 

deficience  ;  failing  ;  inllniiity.  Temple. 
WE.\L,  n.  [Sax.  irey<i;  ii.  wu'hl :  Dan.   vel; 

from  the  same  root   as  wtil,  Sw.  vtJ :  L. 

t'o/co,  tohestrong,  to  arai/,  to;>rerai7.  The 
I  primary  sense  of  weal  is  itiengtb,  soiind- 
I     ness,  from  the  sense  of  straining,  stretch 

ing  or  advancing.] 


W  E  A 


W  E  A 


W  E  A 


1.  A  sound  state  of  a  person  or  thing;  a 
state  wliich  is  prosperous,  or  at  least  not 
unfortunate,  not  declining  ;  prosperity  ; 
happiness. 

As  we  love  the  weal  of  our  souls  and  bodies. 

Sacon. 
The  weal  or  wo  in  thee  is  plac'd.      Milton. 
So  we  say,  the  public  weal,  the  general 
weal,  the  weal  of  the  nation  or  state. 

B.  Trumbull. 

2.  Republic ;  state ;  public  interest.  [But 
we  now  use  commonwealth,  in  the  sense  of 
stale.] 

WEAL,  n.  The  mark  of  a  stripe.  [See 
IVale.] 

Weald,  wald,  wait,  wold,  in  Saxon  and  other 
Teutonic  dialects,  signifies  a  wood  or  for- 
est. It  is  found  in  names,  as  in  Walt-ham, 
wood-house  ;  corruptly  pronounced  Wal- 
tham. 

VVE'ALSMAN,  n.  [weal  and  man.]  A  name 
given  sneeringlv  to  a  politician.  Shak. 

WEALTH,  n.  lo'elth.  [from  weal ;  Sax.  wel 


ega,  wetga,   rich.]     Prosperity;    external 
happiness.     Obs.  jl 

2.  Riches;    large     possessions    of    money,  IL 
goods  or  land  ;  that  abundance  of  worldly 
estate  which   exceeds   the   estate   of  the 
greater  partof  tlie  community  ;  affluence  ; 
opulence. 

Each  day  new  wealth  without  their  care  pro- 
vides. Dryden. 

WF.ALTH'ILY,  adv.  Richly.  Shak. 

WEALTHJNESS,     ji.     State     of    being 
wealthv  ;  richness.  3, 

WEALTH'Y,  a.  Rich;    having  large  pos- 
sessions in  lands,  goods,  money  or   secu- 


and  arrows.  3Iodern  weapons  of  war  are 
swords,  muskets,  pistols,  cannon  and  the 
like. 

2.  An  instrument  for  contest,  or  for  com- 
bating enemies. 

The  weapons  of  our  warfare  are  not  carnal. 
2  Cor.  X. 

3.  An  instrument  of  defense. 

4.  Weapons,  in  botany,  arms;  thorns,  prick- 
les, and  stings,  with  which  plants  are  fur- 
nished for  defense  ;  enumerated  among 
thp. /uteres  by  Linne.  Mnrtyn. 

WEAPONED,  a.  ivep'nd.  Armed ;  furnish- 
ed with  weapons  or  arms  ;  equipped. 

Hayward. 

WEAP'ONLESS,  a.  Unarmed;  having  no 
weapon.  Milton. 

WEAP'ON-SALVE,  n.  [iveapon  and  salve.] 
A  salve  which  was  supposed  to  cure  the 
wound,  by  being  applied  to  the  weapon 
that  made  it.     Obs.  Boyle. 

WEAR,  V.  t.  pret.  ivore ;  pp.  toorn.  [W. 
gwariaw,  to  spend  or  consume ;  Sax.  we- 


ran,  werian,  to  carry,  to  wear,  as  arms  or 
clothes.] 

To  waste  or  impair  by  rubbing  or  attri- 
tion ;  to  lessen  or  diminish  by  time,  use  or 
instruments.  A  current  of  water  often 
■wears  a  cliannel  in  limestone. 

To   carry    appendant   to    the    body,    as 

clothes  or  weapons  ;  as,  to  wear  a  coat  or 

a  robe ;  to  wear  a  sword  ;  to  wear  a  crown. 

On   her   white  breast   a  sparkling  cross  she 

irore.  Pope. 

To  have  or  exhibit  an  appearance  ;  to 
bear;  as,  she  t^earsasmile  on  her  counte- 
nance 


rities,orlarger  than  the  generality  of  men  ;i4.  To  affect  by  degrees. 


opulent;  affluent.  As  wealth  isa  compar 
ative  tliing,  a  man  may  be  u-eallhy  in  one 
place,  and  not  so  in  another.  A  man  may 
be  deemed  loealthym  a  village,  who  woidrl 
not  be  so  considereil  in  London. 
WEAN,  V.  t.  [Sax.  wenan,  gewcenan,  to  ac- 
custom ;  from  the  root  of  wone,  wont ;  ge- 
wunian,  to  delay  :  U.  loenan,  afwenan  ;  G. 
entwohnen ;  Sw.  vanja.  See  Wont.] 

1.  To  accustom  and  reconcile,  as  a  child  ov\ 
other  young  animal,  to  a  want  or  depriva-! 
tion  of  the  breast. 

And  tlie  child  grew,  and  was  tveaned.     Gen. 
xxi. 

2.  To  detach  or  alienate,  as  tlie  affections, 
from  any  object  of  desire ;  to  reconcile  to 
the  want  or  loss  of  any  thing  ;  as,  to  wean 
the  heart  from  temporal  enjoyments. 

WE' AN  ED,  pp.  Accustomed  or  reconciled 
to  the  want  of  the  breast  or  other  object 
of  desire. 

WE'.ANEL,       I       A  child  or  other  animal 

WE'ANLING,  I  "•  newly  weaned. 

Milton. 

WE'ANING,  ppr.  Accustoming  or  recon- 
ciling, as  a  young  child  or  other  animal,  to 
a  want  of  the  breast ;  reconciling  to  the 
want  of  any  object  of  desire. 

WEAPON,  n.  wep'n.  [Sax.  tvwpn,wepn  ;  D. 
G.  wapen  ;  Dan.  vaaben  ;  Sw.  vapen.  This 
word  seems  to  be  from  some  root  signify- 
ing to  strike,  L.  vapulo,  our  \u]gsirwhap, 
aivhnp.] 

J.  Any  instrument  of  offense;  .any  thing 
used  or  designed  to  be  used  in  destroying 
or  annoying  an  enemy.  The  weapons  of 
rude  nations  are  clubs,  stones  and   bows 


Tiials  wear  us  into  a  liking  of  what  possibly 
in  the  tir-;t  essay,  di-^pleased  us.  Locke 

To  wear  away,  to  consume;  to  impair,  di 
niinish  or  destroy  by  gradual  attrition  oi 
ilecay.  Dri/den. 

To  u'car  off.  to  diminish  by  attrition  or  slow 
decay.  South. 

To  wear  out.  to  consume  ;  to  render  uselesi 
by  attrition  or  decay  ;  as,  to  tvear  out  i 
coat  or  a  hook. 

2.  To  consume  tediously;  as,  to  wear  out 
ife  in  idle  proj(;cts. 

3.  To  harass ;  to  tire. 

He  shall  wear  out  the  saints   of  the   Most 
Hiah.     Dan.  vii. 

4.  T(i  waste  the  strength  of;  as  an  old  man 
u'orn  out  in  the  service  of  his  country. 

WEAR,  J!,  i.  To  be  wasted  ;  to  be  diminished 
by  attrition,  by  use.  or  by  time. 

Thou  wilt  surely  wear  away.     Ex.  xviii. 

2.  To  be  tediously  spent. 

Thus  wore  out  night.  MIton. 

3.  To  be  consinned  by  slow  degrees.  It  is 
better  to  wear  out,  than  to  rust  out. 

To  wear  off,  to  pass  away  by  degrees.  The 
follies  of  youth  irenroff\v\th  age. 

WEAR,  71.  The  act  of  wearing;  diminu- 
tion by  friction;  as  the  wear  and  tear  of  a 
garment. 

2.  The  thing  worn. 

WEAR,  n.  [Sax.  wo>r,  wer ;  from  the  root 
of  werian,  to  hold,  defend,  protect ;  D. 
waaren  or  teeeren  ;  often  written  wier.  See 
Warren  and  Guard.] 

1.  A  dam  in  a  river  to  stop  and  raise  the 
water,  for  conducting  it  to  a  mill,  or  for 
taking  fish. 

2.  An  instrument  or  kind  of  basket  work  for 
catching  fish. 


WEARABLE,  o.  That  can  be  worn. 

Suxiji. 

WEARD,  Sax.  a  warden,  in  names,  de- 
notes watchfulness  or  care,  but  it  muit  not 
be  confounded  with  ward,  in  toward. 

WE.ARER,  n.  [from  ivear.]  One  who  wears 
or  carries  as  appendant  to  the  body  ;  as 
the  wearer  of  a  cloke,  a  sword  or  a  crown. 

2.  That  which  wastes  or  diminishes. 

WE'ARINESS,  n.  [hom  iveary.]  The  state 
of  being  weary  or  tired  ;  that  lassitude  or 
exhaustion  of  strength  which  is  induced 
by  labor ;  fatigue. 

With  weariness  and  wine  oppress'd. 

Dryden. 

2.  Lassitude  ;  uneasiness  proceeding  from 
continued  waiting,  disappointed  expecta- 
tion or  exhausted  patience,  or  from  other 
cause. 

WEARING,  ppr.  Bearing  on  or  appendant 
to  the  person ;  diminishing  by  friction ; 
consuming. 

2.  a.  Denoting  what  is  worn  ;  as  wearina- 
apparel. 

WEARING,  n.  Clothes;  garments.     Ohs. 

Shak. 

WEARISH,  a.  Boggy;  watery.  [JVo/  in 
use.] 

•i.  Weak  ;  washy.     [ATot  in  use.]         Careu: 

WE'ARISOME,  a.  [from  iveary.]  Causing 
weariness;  tiresome;  tedious;  fatiguing; 
as  a  wearisome  march  ;  a  loearisome  day's 
work. 

Wearisome   nights   are  appointed  unto  me. 

WE'ARISOMELY,  adv.  Tediously;  so  as 
to  cause  weariness.  Raleigh. 

WE'ARISOMENESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
exhausting  strength  or  patience ;  tire- 
someness; tediousness;  as  the  !»eari«ome- 
ness  i)f  toil,  or  of  waiting  long  in  anxious 
expectation. 

WE'ARY,  a.  [Sax.  xoerig ;  allied  perhaps 
(■  wear.] 

Having  the  strength  much  exhausted  by 
toil  or  violent  exertion;  tired  ;  fatigued. 

[It  should  be  observed  however  that 
this  word  expresses  less  than  tired,  par- 
ticularly when  applied  to  a  beast;  as  n 
tired  horse.  It  is  followed  by  of,  before 
the  cause  of  fatiiiue;  as,  to  be  weary  of 
marching;  to  be  weary  o/"  reaping  ;  to  be 
weary  o/ study.] 

2.  Having  the  patience  exhausted,  or  the 
mind  yielrljng  to  discouragenjcnt.  He 
was  weary  of  asking  for  redress. 

^.  Causing  weariness;  tiresome;  as  a 
wenri/  wav  ;  a  weary  life.     Spenser.     Shak. 

WE'ARY,  v.t.  [from  the  adjective.]  To  re- 
duce or  exhaust  the  physical  strength  of 
the  body;  to  tire;  tofiitigue;  as,  to  iceary 
one's  self  with  labor  or  traveling. 

The  people  shall  weary  themselves  for  very 
vanity.     Hab.  ii 

2.  To  make  impatient  of  continuance. 

1  slay  too  long  by  thee  ;  I  weary  thee. 

ShaJc. 

3.  To  harass  by  any  thing  irksome  ;  a.s,  to 
be  wearied  of  waiting  for  the  arrival  of 
the  post. 

To  weary  out,  to  subdue  or  exhaust  by  fa- 
tigue. 

VVE'ASAND,  I  [Sax.  wascnd,  ica- 

jiWE'SAND,     p-»ab2.    ^^^^^,         perhaps 

I  from  the  root  of  tcheeze,   and  Goth,   ond, 

II  Dan.  aande,  breath.] 


I. 


W  E  A 


W  E  A 


WED 


tlie  wind  anil  spray. 


The  wilidpi|ic  or  trachea  ;  the  canal  tlirough 

which  ail-  passes  lo  and  t'roiii  tho  liui;;s. 
WK'ASEL,  ?       .^^.    [Sax.    weslt  ;     Dan. 
WEli'SBL,  \  "■  vesel ;   G.  witsel.  1> 

tveezd.     1    know  not  the  nieannij,'  of  thi.'* 

name.     In  G.  iDiese  is  a  ineuilow.] 
A  small  animal  of  the  geiiu.s  Miistela,  which 

lives  under  the  roots  of  trees,  or  in  other 

holes,  and  feeds  on  small  birdn,  but  par 

ticularly  on  mice.  A  weasel  thai  frequents 

barns  and  corn-hi«uses,   frees   them  from 

rats  an<l  mice,  and  is  sometimes  deemed 

a  very  useful  inmate. 
WE'ASEL-€OOT,    n.    The    red    headed 

smew  or  Mergus  minuius.  Cyc. 

WEATHER,  n.  weth'er.  [Sax.  weder,  wader 

or  ivether;  G.  wetier ;   D.  ivedtr  or  weer 

Dan.   vejr ;  Sw.   voder;    Sans,   widara,   a 

storm.     The  primary  sense  of  this    word 

is  air,  wind  or  atmosphere  ;  probably  the 

Gr.  aifljjp,  whence  elher.]     Properly,   the 

air  ;  hence, 

1.  The  state  of  the  air  or  atmosphere  with 
respect  to  heat  or  cold,  wetness  or  dry- 
ness, calm  or  storm,  clearness  or  cloudi-j 
ness,  and  the  like  ;  as  warm  weather  ;  cold 
weiither;  wet  weather;  dry  weather ;  calm 
weather;  tempcstuons  tcea(/ier;  t'liir  weath-^ 
er ;  oloudy  weather ;  hazy  iveather,  and  the 
like. 

2.  Change  of  the  state  of  the  air.  Bacon.] 
U.  Storm  ;  tempest.  Dryden. 
[These  last  significations  are  not  now  in  use 

unless  I't/  a  poetic  liixnse.] 

Stress  of  weather,   violent  winds ;    force   of 
tempests. 

WEATHER,  v.t.  weth'er.  To  air;  to  ex- 
pose to  the  air.     [Rarely  used,] 

Spenser.     Tasscr. 

3.  In  seamen's  language,  to  sail  to  the  wind 
ward  of  something  else;  as,  to  tventher  a 
cai)e  ;  to  weather  another  ship.     As  this  is 
often  difficult,  hence, 

;j.  To  pass  with  dithculty.  Hale. 

To  weather  a  point,  to  gain  or  accomplisli   it 

against  opposition.  jMdison 

To  weather  out,  to  endure  ;  to  hold  out  to  the 

end  ;  as,  to  weather  out  a  storm.     Addison 
Weather  is  used  with  several  words,  either 

as  an  adjective,  or  as  forming  part  of  a 

compound  word. 
WEATHER-BEATEN,    a.    [weather  and 

beaten.] 
Beaten  or  hara.ssed  by  the  weather. 

Milton.     Dryden}',\\V,\\V.,  v.  I 
WEATH'ER-BIT,  n.  A  turn  of  the  cable ' 

about  the  end  of  the  windlass,  without  the 

knight-heads.  Cyc. 

WEATU'ER-BOARD,   n.    That  side  of  a 

ship  which  is  towards  the  winil ;  the  wind-l 

ward   side.     So   in    other    words,  weather. 

signifies  towards  the  wind  or  windward  ; 

as  in  weather-h'n\ ,  loea/Zicr-braccs,  weather-i 

gage, u)eather-\\fls,weatlier-(\uaner. weather-' 

shrouds,  !oen//ifr-side,  iceather-shore,  &c. 
WEATHER-BOARDING,  n.    The  act  ofi 

nailing  up  boards  against  a  wall ;  or  the 

boards  themselves.  Cyc. 

WEATHER- BOARDS,  ».  Pieces  of  plank 

placed  in  the  ports  of  a  ship,  when  laid  up 

in  ordinary.  Mar.  Diet. 

WEATHER-CLOTHS,  n.   Long  pieces  of 

canvas  or  tarpauling  used  to  preserve  the 

hammocks  figra  injury  by  the  sveather 


when  stowed,  or  to  defend  persons  from  iWEAVE,   v.  i.  To   practice   weaving  ;    to 


WEATIl'ER-COCK,  n.  [we^ilher  and  cocA.J 
Something  in  the  shape  of  a  cock  placed 
on  the  stop  of  a  spire,  which  by  turning, 
shows  the  direction  of  the  wmd  ;  a  vane, 
or  weather-vane. 

Any  thing  or  person  that  turns  easily  and! 
freipienlly  ;  a  hckle,  inconstant  person. 

Dryden. 
WEATHER-DRIVEN,    a.     [weather    and 

driven.] 
Driven  by  winds  or  storms ;  forced  by  stress 
of  weather.  Carew. 

VVEATH'ER-FEND,u.<.  [weather  and  fend.] 

To  shelter. 
WEATH'ER-GAtiE,  n.  [weather  and  gage.] 
Something  that  shows  the  weather.     Uu. 

Hudihras. 
A  ship  is  said  to  have  the  tvealher-ga^t  of  an- 
other, when  she  is  at  the  wimlward  of  her.' 
WEATH'ER-GLASS,  n.  [xceatherandglaas.]- 
An  uistrument  to  indicate  the  state  of  thel 
atmosphere.     This  word  includes  the  ha-j 
rometer,   tliernionieter,  hygrometer,  ma- 
nometer, and  anemometer.  Cyc.\ 
WEATHER-HELM,  n.  [xceather&ndhelm.] 
A  ship  is  said    to  carry    a  weather-helm, 
when  she   is  inclined  to  come  too  near 
the  wind.                                           Mar.  Diet.' 
WEATH'ERMOST,   a.  [weather  and  moat.]\ 
Being  farthest  to  the  windward.  | 
WEATHER-PROOF,     a.      [weather     and; 

proof]  Proof  against  rough  weather. 
WEATH'ER-ROLL,  n.  [weather  and  ro«.] 
The  roll  of  a  ship  to  the  windward  ;  op- 
|)osed  to  lee-lurch. 
WEATH'ER-SPY,  n.  [weather  and  spy.]  A 
star-gazer  ;  one  that  foretells  the  weather. 
[Little  used.]  Donne 


Mar.  Dict.\     wurk  with  a  loom. 

WE'AVER,  H.  One  who  weaves;  one  whose 
occupation  is  to  weave. 

'i.  The  connnon  name  of  the  genus  Ploceus, 
of  sevcial  species,  natives  of  .Mrica  and 
the  E.  Indies  ;  .so  called  because  they  con- 
struct curious  and  often  pensile  nests,  by 
interweaving  twigs  and  fibers. 


G. 


WEATH'ER-TIDE,   n.    [tceather  and  tide. 

The  tide  which  sets  against  the  lee  side  of  weTj' -FOOTED,  "n.  [wch  and  foot. 

a  ship,  impelling  her  to  the  windward.  .       .  ;  .     >     .      .    ■' 

Mar.  Diet., 
WEATH'ER-WISE,  a.  [weather  and  ieise.]\ 

Skillful  in  foreseeing  the  changes  or  statej 

of  the  weather.  I 

WF.ATH'ER-WISER,   n.    Something  that] 

foreshows  the  weather.     [.Vol  usid.]  \ 

Derham] 
jWEATH'ERED,    pp.    Passed  to  the  wind- 
ward :  passed  with  diliiculty. 
iWKATH'ERING,/)/>r.  Passing  or  sailing  to 
I     the  windward;  passing  with  difficulty. 

.  pret.  wove ;  [ip.  woven,  waive. 

The  regular  form,  weaved  is  rarely  or  nev- 
er used.   [Sax.   wefan  ;  G.  wehen ;  D.  wee-^, 

ven  ;  Sw.  vafm  ;   Dan.  vtever  ;    Pers.  iaf-' 

tan  ;  Gr.  iiijituj.] 
1.  To  unite  threads  of  any  kin<l  in  such  a 

manner  as  to  form  cloth.    This  is  done  by 

crossing  the  threads  by  means  of  a  shuttle.  _ 

The  modes  of  weavins,  and  the  kinds  of  "* 


Ed.  Encyc. 

WE'AVER;FISH,   n.   A  kind   of  fish,  [L. 

araaetis piscis.]  [See  h'eeier.]     Jlinsworth. 

WE'AVl.NG,  ppr.    Forming  cloth  by  inier- 

texture  of  threails. 
WE'AVING,  ?i.  The  act  or  art  of  forming 
cloth  in  a  loom,   by  the  union  or  inter- 
textiire  of  threads. 
i.  The  task  or  work  to  be  done  In  making 

.loth. 
WEB,  n.  [Sax.  tce6;  Sw.  iifi/.    See  M'eavt.] 
1.  Texture   of  threads ;  plexus  ;   any  thing 
woven.     Penelope  devised  a  wei  to  de- 
ceive her  wooers.  Spenser, 
i.  Locally,  a  piece  of  linen  cloth. 

England.     Ireland. 
.3.  A  dusky  film  that  forms  over  the  eye  and 
hinders  the  sight;  suft'usion.  Shak. 

4.  Some  part  of  a  sword.     Qu.  nel-toork  of 
the  handle  or  hilt.  ShaJi.     Fairfax. 

\n  ship-buiUling,  the  thin  partition  on  the 
inside  of  the  rim,  and  between  the  spokes 
of  a  sheave.  Cyc. 

In    ornithology,    the    membrane    which 
unites  the  toes  of  many  water-fowls. 
Spidcr^s  iveb,  a  plexus  of  very  delicate  threads 
or  filaments  which  a  spider  spins  from  ita 
bowels,  and  svhicli  serves  as  a  net  to  catch 
flies  or  other  insects  for  its  food. 
H'eb  of  a  coulter,  is  the  thin  sharp  part. 
WEBBED,  a.  [from  ice6.]   Having  the  toes 
united  by  a  meiiihrane,   or   web  ;  as  the 
thbtd  feet  of  aipialic  fowls. 

Having 
webbed  feet ;  palmiped.  \  goose,  or  duck, 
is  a  web-fuotcd  fowl. 
WED,  I'.  I.  [S'lX.  wcddian,  to  covenant,  to 
promise,  to  marry  :  Sw.  radja  ;  Dan.  ted- 
der, lo  wager;  \\ . gwezu  ;  L.  vador,  to  give 
bail,  or  fcedus,  a  league ;  probably  both 
are  of  one  family.] 

1.  To  marry;  to  "take   for  husband  or  for 
wife. 

— Since  the  day 
I  saw  thee  lirst,  and  wediled  thee.       Milton. 

2.  To  join  in  marriage. 
And  .Adani,  wedded  to  another  Eve, 
Shall  live  wM'.i  her—  JUilton. 

J  3.  To  unite  closely  in  affection ;  to  attach 
firmly.  We  are  apt  to  be  iccdded  to  our 
own  customs  and  opinions. 

Men  arc  wedded  to  their  lusts.  Tillatson. 

To  unite  for  ever. 

Thou  art  wedded  to  calamity.  SAa.V 

To  espouse;  to  take  part  with. 

They  wedded  hU  cause.      Obs.     Claretulon 


texture,    are    various.     Tiie   threads   first!  . 

laid  in  length  are  called  the  xcnrp :  those  [WED,  i-.  i.  To  marry;    to  contract  matri- 

which  cross  them  in  the  direction  of  the 


breadth,  are  called  the  weftot  woof. 
To  unite  any  thing  flexible  ;  as,  to  ireaue 
twigs. 

3.  To  unite  by  intermixture  or  close  con- 
nection ;  as  a  tbrm  of  religion  woven  into 
the  civil  government.  Addison. 

4.  To  interjio.se;  to  insert. 
This  weaves  itself  perforce  into  my  business. 

Shak.\ 


monv. 

When  shall  I  wed  7  Shah 

WED,  n.  .\  pledje. 

WED  DED, /j/j.  Married  ;  closely  attached. 
WEDDING,  ppr.   Marrying;  uniting  with 

in  matrimony. 
WED'DI.N'G,  "?i.  Marriage;  nuptials;  nup- 
tial ceremony  ;  nuptial  festivities. 
Let  her  beauty  be  her  wedding  doircr. 

Shai. 


WEE 


WEE 


W  E  I 


WED'DIi\G-€LOTHES,  n.  [ivedding  and 

clothes.] 
Garments  for  a  bride  or  a  bridegoom,  to  be 

worn  at  marriage. 
WED'DING-DAY,   n.   [wedding  and  day.] 

The  day  of  marriage. 
WED'DING-FEAST,     n.     [wedding    and 

feast.] 
A  feast  or  entertainment   prepared  for  the 

guests  at  a  wedding. 
WEDgE,  n.   [Sax.  jt'ccg-,  wcecg ;  Dan.  ueg-; 

Sw.   vigg ;  D.  wig.     This  word  signifies 

a  mass,  a  lump.] 
1.  A  mass  of  metal ;  as  a  wedge  of  gold  or 

silver.     Josh.  vii. 
Q.  A  piece  of  metal,  particularly  iron,  thick 

at  one  end  and  sloping  to  a  thin  edge  at 

the   other,  used  in  splitting  wood,  rocks. 

&c.     This  is  one  of  tlie  five  mechanical 

powers.     A  like  piece  of  wood  is  by  some 

persons  called  a  wedge,  or  a  glut. 
3.  Something  in  the  form  of  a  wedge.  Some- 
times bodies  of  troops  are  drawn  up  in  the 

form  of  a  wedge. 
WEDGE,  v.  t.  To  cleave  with  a  wedge;  to 

rive.     [Little  used.] 
3.  To  drive  as  a  wedge  is  driven  ;  to  crowd 

or  compress  closely.     We  were  wedged  in 

by  the  crowd. 

3.  To  force,  as  a  wedge  forces  its  way  ;  as, 
to  wedge  one's  way.  Milton. 

4.  To  fasten  with  a  wedge  or  with  wedges ; 
as,  to  wedge  on  a  sythe  ;  to  wedge  in  a  rail 
or  a  piece  of  timber. 

5.  To  fi.x  in  the  manner  of  a  wedge. 

IVedg'd  in  the  rocky  shoals,  and  sticking  fast 

Dryden 

WEDG'ED,  pp.  Split  with  a  wedge;'  fas- 
tened with  a  wedge  ;  closely  compressed. 

WEDGE-SHAPED,  a.  [wedge  and  shape.] 
Having  the  shape  of  a  wedge  ;  cuneiform. 

A  wedge-shaped  leaf  is  broad  and  abrupt  at 
the  summit,  and  tapering  down  to  the 
base.  Smith. 

WEDG'ING,  ppr.  Cleaving  with  a  wedge  : 
fastening  with  wedges  ;  compressing 
closely. 

WED'LOCK,  n.  [Qu.  wed  and  lock,  or  Sax. 
lac,  a  gift.]     Marriage  ;  matrimony. 

Mdison. 

WED'LOCK,  V.  t.  To  marry.  [lAttle  used.] 

Milton. 

WED'LOCKED,  pp.  United  in  marriage. 
[Little  used.]  Milton. 

WEDNESDAY,  n.  ivenz'day.  [Sax.  Wodens- 
doeg,  Woden's  day  ;  Sw.  Odensdag  or  Ons-\ 
dag  ;  from  JVodin  or  Odin,  a  deity  or  chief] 
among  the  northern  nations  of  Europe.] 

The  fourth  day  of  the  week  ;  the  next  day 
after  Tuesday. 

WEE, a.  [contracted  from  G.  wenig.]  Small; 
little.     [.N'ot  in  use.] 

WEE'CHELM,  }        A  species  of  elm. 

WITCH -EL.W,  \  "•  Bacon 

WEED,  n.  [Sax.  xceod.]  The  general  name 
of  any  plant  that  is  useless  or  noxious. 
The  word  therefore  has  no  definite  appli 
cation  to  any  partiiular  plant  or  species 
of  plants ;  but  whatever  plants  grow 
among  corn,  grass,  or  in  hedges,  and 
which  are  either  of  no  use  to  man  or  in- 
jurious to  crops,  arc  denominated  weeds. 

'2.  Any  kind  of  unprolilahlcsuhstunce  among 
ores  in  mines,  as  mundic  or  marcasite 
[Local.] 


WEED,  n.  [Sax.  wffrf,  wceda,  a  vestment, 
any  garment,  that  which  is  put  on.] 

1.  Properly,  a  garment,  as  in  Spenser,  hut 
now  used  only  in  the  p\\ira\,  weeds,  for  the 
mourning  apparel  of  a  female ;  as  a  wid- 
ow's weeds.  Milton. 

2.  An  upper  garment.     Ohs.  Chapman. 
WEED,   V.  t.    [Sax.  weodian;    D.   xceeden.] 

1.  To  free  from  noxious  plants ;  as,  to  weed 
corn  or  onions  ;  to  w'eed  a  garden. 

2.  To  take  away,  as  noxious  plants ;  as,  to 
weed  a  writing  of  invectives. 

3.  To  free  from  any  thing  hurtful  or  offens- 
ive ;  as,  to  iveed  a  kingdom  of  bad  subjects. 

4.  To  rout  out  vice ;  as,  to  u<eed  the  hearts 
of  the  young.  Locke.    Ascham. 

WEE'DED,  pp.  Freed  from  weeds  or  what- 
ever is  noxious. 

VVEE'DER,  ?!.  One  that  weeds  or  frees  from 
any  thing  noxious. 

WEE'D-flOOK,  \  [weed  anA  hook.] 

VVEE'DING-HOOK,  S  "'  A  hook  used  for 
cutting  away  or  extirpating  weeds. 

Tusser. 

WEE'DING,  ppr.  Freeing  from  weeds  or 
whatever  is  noxious  to  growth. 

WEE'DING,  n.  The  operation  of  freeing 
from  noxious  weeds,  as  a  crop.  Cyc. 

WEE'DING-CHISEL,  n.  sas:.  Atool  with 
a  divided  chisel  point,  for  cutting  the  roots 
of  large  weeds  within  the  ground.        Cyc. 

WEE'DING-FORCEPS,   {         An  instru- 

WEE'DING-TONGS,  \  "'  ment  for 
taking  up  some  sorts  of  plants  in  weeding. 

WEE'DING-FORK,  n.  A  strong  three- 
pronged  fork,  used  in  cleaning  ground  of; 
weeds. 

WEE'DING-RHIM,  n.  An  implement  some-! 
what  like  the  frame  of  a  wheel-barrow, 
used  for  tearing  up  weeds  on  smrimer 
fallows,  &c. ;  used  in  Kent,  Eng.        Cyc.\ 

WEE'DLESS,  o.  Free  from  weeds  or  nox-1 
ions  matter.  Dryden. 

WEE'DY,  a.  Consisting  of  weeds;  as  weedy 
trophies.  Shak.\ 

2.  Abounding  with  weeds;  as  locerf)/ grounds;' 
a  weedy  garden  ;  weedy  corn.  | 

WEEK,  n.  [Sax.  weoc  ;  D.  iveek  ;  G.  woche  ;j 
Dan.  uge  ;  Sw.  vecka.] 

1.  The  space  of  seven  days. 

I  fa-^t  twice  in  the  week      Luke  xviii.  | 

2.  In  Scripture,  a  prophetic  week,  is  a  weeki 
of  years,  or  seven  years.     Dan.  ix.  } 

WEE'K-DAY,  n.  [iveek  and  day.]  Any  day! 
of  the  week  except  the  sabbath.         Pope.' 

WEE'KLY,  a.  Coming,  happening  or  done 
once  a  week  ;  hebdomadary ;  as  a  weekly\ 
payment  of  bills;  a  weekly  gazette;  a 
weekly  allowance.  Dryden.     Swift.\ 

WEE'KLY,  adv.  Once  a  week  ;  by  hebdo- 
madal periods  ;  as,  each  performs  service 
iveeklt/.  Ayliffe\ 

WEEL,  n.  [See  IVell.  Sax.  iml,  fiom 
weallan,  to  boil.]  A  whirlpool.  [JVot  in 
vse.]  I 

WEEL,      I       A  kind  of  twiggin  trap  or; 

WEE'LY,  ^."'  snare  for  fish.  Carew. 

WEEN,  V.  i.  [Sax.  wenan,  to  think,  sup|)ose 
or  hope,  and  to  wean.  The  sense  is  to  set, 
fix  or  hold  in  the  mind  ;  G.  wiihnen,  to 
imagine  ;  D.  waanen.]  I 

To  think;  to  imagine  ;  to  fancy. 

Speti.ier.     Milton. i 
[Ob.iolete,  except  in  hmiesque.]  i 

WEE'NING,  ppr.  Thinking  ;  imagining.! 
Obs.  ! 


\^EEP,  V.  i.  pret.  and  pp.  iDept.  Weepei,  I 
believe,  is  never  used.  [Sax.  wepan  ;  evi- 
dently the  same  word  as  ivhoop.  See 
hVhoop.     The  primary  sense  is  to  cry  out.] 

1.  To  express  sorrow,  grief  or  anguish  by 
outcry.  This  is  the  original  sense.  But 
in  present  usage,  to  manifest  and  express 
grief  by  outcry  or  by  shedding  tears. 

They  all  wept  sore,  and  fell  on   Paul's  neck, 
and  kissed  him.     Acts  xx. 

Phocion  was  rarely  seen  to  weep  or  to  laugh. 

Mitford. 

2.  To  shed  tears  from  any  passion.  Persons 
sometimes  weep  for  joy. 

3.  To  lament ;  to  com|)lain.     Num.  xi. 
WEEP,  V.  t.    To  lament ;  to  bewail;  to  be- 
moan. 

We  wand'ring  go 
Through  dreaiy  wastes,  and  weep  each  other's 
woe.  Pope. 

2.  To  shed  moisture  ;  as,  to  vieep  tears  of 

joy- 

Groves  whose  rich  trees  wept  od'rous  gum 
and  balm.  Milton. 

3.  To  drop;  as  the  tcee^'ng*  araber.       Pope. 

4.  To  abound  with  wet ;  as u>ee/)ing' grounds. 

Mortimer. 

WEE'PER,    n.    One  who  weeps  ;  one  who 

sheds  tears.  Dryden. 

2.  A  white  border  on  the  sleeve  of  a  mourn- 
ing coat.  Johnson. 

3.  A  species  of  monkey,  the  Simia  Capucina. 

Cyc. 

WEE'PING,  ppr.  Lamenting ;  shedding 
tears. 

WEE'PING,  n.  Lamentation. 

WEE'PING-ROCK,  n.  [weep  and  rock.]  A 
porous  rock  from  which  water  gradually 
issues. 

WEEPING-SPRING,  n.  A  spring  that 
slowly  discharges  water. 

WEEIMNG-WILLOW,  n.  A  species  of 
willow,  whose  branches  grow  very  long 
and  slender,  and  hang  down  nearly  in  a 
perpendicular  direction. 

WEE'RISH,  a.  Insipid;  weak;  washy; 
smly.     [J\'ot  in  use.]  Jischam. 

VVEE'SEL,  the  more  proper  spelling  of 
weasel. 

WEET,  1'.  {.  pret.  wot.  [Sax.  u-itan ;  D. 
weeten  ;  Sw.  vela ;  G.  wissen  ;  Russ.  i;;- 
dayu  ;  allied  probably  to  L.  video,  Gr. 
a6u.]  To  know.     Obs. 

WEE'TLESS,  a.  Unknowing.     Obs. 

W^EE'VER,  71.  A  fish,  called  also  sea-dra- 
gon. [L.  araneus.]  Cyc. 
A  fish  of  the  genus  Trachinus,  the  spines 
of  whose  dorsal  fins  are  supposed  to  be 
poisonous.                                      Ed.  Encyc. 

WEE'VIL,  n.  [Sax.  weji ;  G.  wibel.]  A 
small  insect  that  does  great  damage  to 
wheat  or  other  corn,  by  eating  into  the 
grains  and  devouring  the  farinaceous  part. 
This  insect  is  of  the  beetle  kind,  some- 
what larger  than  a  louse.  Cyc. 

WEFT,  old  pret.  of  wave.  Spenser. 

WF'FT,  n.  [from  icfnre.]  The  woof  of 
cloth  ;  the  threads  that  cross  the  warp. 

2.  A  web  ;  a  thing  woven.  Cyc. 

WEFT,  ?i.  A  thing  waved,  waived,  or  cast 
away.     [JVot  used.]     [See  fl'aif.] 

WEFt'A(5E,n.  Texture.  [.Vot  iised .]   Grew. 

WEIGH,  V.  t.  tt'rt.  [Sax.  u'O'g,  tveg,  a  bal- 
ance :  wagan,  to  weigh,  to  bear,  to  carry, 
L.  viho  ;  D.  weegeti,  wikken  ;  G.  wiigen  ; 
Sw.   vhga  ;  Dan.  vtjer,  to   weigh ;  Kuss. 


WEI 


W  E  L 


W  E  L 


M^a,  a  balance ;  Amharic,  ftT*   awak 

weight.     See  ff^ag.] 

1.  To  examine  by  the  balance  ;  to  ascertain 
the  weight,  that  is,  liic  force  with  wliich 
a  tiling  tends  to  the  center  of  gravity  ;  as 
to  weigh  sugar  ;  to  weigh  gold. 

9.  To  be  equivalent  to  in  weight ;  that  is, 
according  to  the  Saxon  sense  of  the  verh, 
to  lift  to  an  equipoise  a  weight  on  the 
other  side  of  the  fulcrum.  Thus  when  a 
body  balances  a  weight  of  twenty  eight 
pounds  avoirdupois,  it  lifts  or  bears  it,  and 
is  said  to  weigh  so  much.  It  weighs  a 
quarter  of  a  hundred. 

3.  To  raise  ;  to  lift ;  as  an  anchor  from  the 
ground,  or  any  other  body  ;  as,  to  weigh 
anchor  ;  to  tveigh  an  old  hulk. 

4.  To  pay,  allot  or  take  by  weight. 

They  tveighed  for  my  price  tliiily  pieces  of 
silver.     Zech.  xi. 

5.  To  ponder  in  the  mind  ;  to  consider  or 
examine  for  the  purpose  of  forming  an 
opinion  or  coming  to  a  conclusion  ;  as,  lo 
weigh  the  advantages  and  disadvantages 
of  a  scherue. 

Regard  not  who    it  is    which  spenkelh,   but 
weigh  only  what  is  spoken.  Hooker. 

6.  To  compare  by  the  scales. 

Here   in  nice    balance  truth  with   gold  she 
weighs.  Pope. 

7.  To  regard  ;  to  consider  as  worthy  of  no- 
tice. 

1  iveigh  not  you.  Shak. 

To  iveigh  down,  to  overbalance. 

2.  To  oppress  with  weight ;  to  depress. 
WtlGH,  1!.  i.  To  have  weight ;  as,  to  weigh 

li^'hter  or  heavier.  Drown. 

2.  To  he  considered  as  important ;  to  have 
weiglit  in  the  intellectual  balance.  This 
argument  weighs  with  the  considerate  pan 
of  the  conuiiuiiiiy. 

3.  To  bear  heavily  ;  to  press  hard. 

— Cleanse  the  stuft'd  bosom  of  that  perilous 

stuff, 
Which  weighs  upon  the  heart.  Shak. 

To  weigh  down,  to  sink  by  its  own  weight. 

WEIGH,  n.  A  certain  quantity.  .\  weigh 
of  wool,  cheese,  &c.,  is  iioCilh.  avoinlupois  ; 
a  weigh  of  corn  is  forty  bushels;  of  barley 
or  malt,  six  quarters.  Enctjc.     Cyc. 

WEIGHABLE,  a.  That  may  he  weighed 

Weighed,  pp.  Examined  by  the  scales; 
having  the  weight  ascertained. 

2.  Considered. 

;1.  a.  Experienced  ;  as  a  young  man  not 
weighed  in  state  ati'airs.     [.Vo(  in  use.] 

Bacon. 

WEIGHER,  n.  One  who  Weighs. 

2.  An  officer  whose  duly  is  to  weigh  com- 
modities. 

ppr.     Examining  by  scales  ; 


n.    Tiie  act  of  ascertaining 


WEIGHING, 

considering. 

WEIGHING, 
weight. 

2.  As  much  as  is  weighed  at  once  ;  as  a 
img"/ii»io"  of  beef. 

WEIGIIING-C.\gE,  n.  .\  cage  in  which 
small  living  animals  may  be  conveniently 
weighed.  Cyc. 

WEIGHING-HOUPE,  n.  A  building  fur- 
nished with  a  dock  and  other  conveniences 
for  weighing  commodities  and  ascertain- 
ing the  tunnage  of  boats  to  be  used  on  a 
canal.  Cyc. 


WEIGHING-MACHINE,  n.  A  machine  for 
weighing  heavy  bodies,  and  particularly 
wheel  carriages,  at  turnjtike  gates. 

Cyc.     England. 

2.  .A  machine  for  weighing  cattle. 

WKKjHT,  n.  wate.  [Hux.  unhl;  Sw.  vigl. 
See  ff'elgh.] 

1.  'I'he  quantity  of  a  body,  ascertained  by 
the  balance  ;  in  a  philosophical  sense, 
that  quality  of  bodies  by  which  they  tend 
towards  the  center  of  the  earth  in  a  line 
pcrpcnilicular  to  its  surface.  In  ^horl, 
weight  is  gravity,  and  the  weightofa  par- 
ticular body  is  the  amount  of  its  gravity,  or 
of  the  force  with  which  it  tends  to  the 
center.  The  weight  of  a  body  is  in  direct 
proportion  to  its  quantity  of  matter. 

JVewton. 

2.  A  mass  of  iron,  lead,  brass  or  other  metal, 
to  be  used  for  ascertaining  the  weight  of 
other  bodies;  as  a  iveighl  of  an  ounce,  a 
pound,  a  quarter  of  a  hundred,  &c.  The 
weights  of  nations  are  difl'erent,  except 
those  of  England  and  the  United  States, 
which  are  the  same. 

3.  A  ponderous  mass;  something  heavy. 

A  man  leaps  better  with  weights  in  his  hands 

Bacon 

4.  Pressure  ;  burden  ;  as  the  weight  of  grief; 
weight  of  care;  weight  of  business;  weight 
of  government. 

5.  Importance;  power ;  influence  ;  efficacy; 
consequence  ;  moment  ;  impressivcness  ; 
as  an  argument  of  great  weight ;  a  con- 
sideration of  vast  iceig'W.  The  dignity  ofi 
a  man's  character  adds  weiglit  to  his, 
words. 

WLKjillTILY,  adv.  Heavily;  ponderously. 

2.  With  Ibrce  or  impressivcness  ;  with  moral 
power. 

VV'ElGHTINESS,  n.  Ponderousness ;  grav- 
ity ;  heaviness. 

2.  Solidity  ;  force  ;  impressiveness  ;  power 
of  convincing ;  as  the  iveighliness  of  an 
argument.  I^cke. 

:}.  Importance.  Hayward. 

WEIGHTLESS,  a.  Having  no  weight;! 
light.  Dnjden.\ 

WEIGHTY,  a.  Having  great  weight  ; 
lieavv  ;  ponderous;  as  a  weight:/  body.       I 

2.  Important  :  torcihle  ;  momentous;  adapt- '.yi'i  ri'ivp 
ed  to  turn  the  balance    in   the  mind,  or  to 
convince  ;    as    weighty  reasons  ;     weighty 
matters  ;     weighty    considerations   or   ur-i 
guments.  Shak.' 

'■i.  Rigorous;  severe;  as  our  uicig/itier  judg- 
ment.    [JVot  in  use.]  Shak.l 

WEIRD,  a.  Skilled  in  witchcraft.  [.Vot  in 
use.]  Shak.\ 

WEHE,  for  waive.     [.\'ut  in  use.]       Cower. 

WEL.\W.\^',  an  exclamation  expressive 
of  grief  or  sorrow,  equivalent  to  alas.  It 
is  a  compound  of  Sax.  wa,  wo,  and  la,  oh.' 
The  original  is  iva-la,  which  is  doubtless 
the  origin  of  our  common  exclamation,  O 
la,  and  to  this,  va,  wo,  is  added.  The 
true  orthography  would  he  wa  la  wa.  But 
the  woiil  is.  I  believe,  wholly  obsolete.       j 


3.  Free  to  have  or  enjoy  gratuitously.  You 
are  welcome  to  the  use  of  my  library. 

To  hid  welcome,  to  receive  with  professions 
of  kindness.  Bacon. 

WELCOME,  is  used  elliptically  for  yo»  are 
icelcome. 

IVelcotrte,  great  monarch,  to  your  own. 

Vryden. 

fVelcome  to  our  house,  an  herb. 

WELCOME,  n.  Salutation  of  a  new 
comer. 

IVelcvme  ever  smiles —  Shak. 

Kind  reception  of  a  guest  or  new  comer. 
We  entered  the  house  and  found  a  ready 
icelcome. 

Truth  finds  an  entrance  and  a  welcome  too. 

South. 

WEL'CO.ME,  i;.  t.  (Sax.  wilcumian.)  To 
salute  a  new  comer  with  kindness;  or  to 
receive  and  entertain  hospitably,  gratui- 
tously and  cheerfully. 

Thus  we  salute  llioc  with  our  early  song, 
And  welcome  thee,  and  wish  thee  long. 

Afilton. 

WEL'COiMED,  pp.  Received  with  gladness 
and  kindness. 

WEL'€O.MELY,  adv.  In  a  welcome  man- 
ner. Brown. 

WEL'COMENESS,  n.  Gratefulness ;  agree- 
ablcness  ;  kind  reception.  Boyle. 

WEL'COMER,  V.  One  who  salutes  orre- 
ceivcs  kindly  a  new  cornier.  Shak. 

WEL'eOMlN'G,  ppr.  Saluting  or  receiving 
with  kindness  a  new  coiner  or  guest. 

WELD,  t        A  plant  of  the  genns  Reseda, 

WOLD,  ^  ■  used  by  dyers  lo  give  a  yellow 
color,  and  sometimes  called  dyers'  weed. 
It  is  iriuch  cultivated  in  Kent  for  the  Lon- 
don dyer.s.  Cyc. 

WELD,  f.<.  To  wield.     Ohs.  Spenser. 

WELD,  v.  t.  [Sw.  Valla,  to  weld  ;  G.  iceUen, 
lo  join  ;  D.  wcUen,  to  well,  lo  spring,  to 
soder.] 

To  unite  or  hammer  into  firni  union,  as  two 
pieces  of  iron,  when  heated  almost  to  fu- 
sion. 

WELDED,  pp.  Forged  or  beat  into  union 
in  an  inlensc  heal. 

WELD  ER,  n.  One  who  welds  iron. 

2.  A  manager ;  an  actual  occupant.  [.\'ot 
in  use.]  SwiJI. 

ppr.    Uniting   in   an   intense 
heal. 

WELD'LNG-HEAT,  n.  The  beat  necessa- 
ry for  weldiiii;  iron  bars,  which  is  said  to 
be  (iO"'  by  Wedgwood's  pyrometer,  and 
8877^  by  Fahrenheit. 

WELF.ARE,  n.  [will  atn]  fare,  a  pood  go- 
ing ;  G.  wohifnhrt ;  V.wtlvaarl;  Sw.  raZ- 
fart ;  Dan.  vel/a:rd.] 

1.  Exemption  from  misfortune,  sickness,  ca- 
lamity or  evil;  the  enjoyment  cf  health 
and  the  common  blessings  of  life  ;  pros- 
perity ;  happiness;  aj:pli(d  to  persons. 

2.  Exemption  from  any  unusual  evil  or  ca- 
lamity ;  the  enjoyment  of  peace  and  pros- 
prrily.  or  the  ordinary  blessings  of  society 
and  civil  government;  applied  lo  states. 


WEL'CO.AIE,    a.    [Sax.  wil-cwna  ;  well  and  WELK,  i'. «.  [G.  D.  welken,  to  wither,  to  fade. 


come  ;  that  is,  your  coming  is  pleasing  to 
me.]  I 

1.  Received  with  gladness;  admitted  wil-| 
lingly  to  the  house,  cnteriainmeut  and 
company  ;  as  a  welcome  guest. 

2.  Grateful;  pleasing;  as  a  ife/co?ne  present ;' 
ivelcome  news. 


to  decay  ;  primarily  to  shrink  or  contract, 
as  things  in  drying,  whence   the   Saxon 
weolc.  a  wliilk  or  whelk,  a  shell;  from  its 
wrinkles.] 
To  decline  ;  to  fade ;  to  decay  ;  to  fall. 

When  ruddy  Phoebus  'gins  to  tcelk  in  west. 
Ob.i.  Spenser. 


W  E  L 


W  E  L 


W  E  L 


WELK,  r.  t.  To  contract :  to  shorten. 
Now  sad  winter  wellced  hath  the  day — 

Spenser 
[This  word  is  obsolete.     But  its  significa- 
tion has  heretofore  been  misunderstood.] 
WELK'ED,    pp.    or  a.     Contracted    into 
wrinkles  or  riiiges. 

— Horns  welk'd  and  wav'd  like  the  enriilged 
sea.     Ot)S.  Shak. 

WELK'IN,  n.  [Sax,  wolc,  ivolcen,  a  cloud,' 
tl)e  air,  ether,  the  vault  of  heaven  ;  G. 
7Volke.  a  cloud.  Qn.  Sax.  ivealcan,  to  roll, 
to  full.] 

The  visihle  regions  of  the  air  ;  the  vault  of 
heaven.  Chaucer.     Milfoii 

[This  is  obsolete,  unless  in  poetry.] 

Welkin  eye,  in  Slmkspeare,  is  interpreted  by 
Johnson,  a  blue  eye,  from  toelkin,  the  sky  ; 
by  Todd,  a  rolling  eye,  from  Sax.  wealcan 
to  roll  ;  and  by  Entirk,  a  languishing  eye. 
See  ffelk.  It  is  obsolete,  at  least  in  New 
England. 

WELK'ING,  ppr.  Ff.ding;  declining  ;  con- 
tracting. 

WELL,  n.  [Sax.  well,  a  spring  or  foiuitain  ;| 
wellan,  to  well,  to  boil  or  bubble,  to  spring, 
to  rise  ;  D.  ifel,  wcllen,  id.  ;  G.  quelle,] 
a  spring  ;  quellen,  to  spring,  to  issue  forth,! 
to  gush,  to  well,  to  swell ;  wnllen,  to  swell. 
In  G.  loelle  is  a  wave.  On  this  word  I 
suppose  swell  to  be  formed.] 

1.  A  spring  ;  a  fountain  ;  the  issuing  of  water 
from  the  earth. 

Begin  then,  sisters  of  the  sacred  well. 

Milton. 
[In  this  sense,  obsolete.] 

3.  A  pit  or  cylindrical  hole,  sunk  perpendic- 
ularly into  the  earth  to  sucli  a  depth  as  to 
reach  a  supply  of  water,  and  walled  with 
stone  to  prevent  the  earth  from  caving  in. 

3.  In  ships,  an  apartment  in  the  middle  of  a 
ship's  hold,  to  inclose  the  pumps,  from 
the  bottom  to  the  lower  deck.     Mar.  Did. 

4.  In  a  fishing  vessel,  an  apartment  in  thej 
middle  of  the  hold,  made  tight  at  the  sides,' 
but  having  holes  perforated  in  the  bottom 
to  let  in  fresh  water  for  the  preservation 
offish,  while  they  are  transported  to  mar- 
ket. Mar.  Diet. 

'>.  In  the  military  art,  a  hole  or  excavation  in 
the  earth,  in  mining,  from  which  run 
branches  or  galleries.  Cyc. 

WELL'-DRAIN,  n.  [u-ell  and  drain.]  A 
drain  or  vent  for  water,  somewhat  like  a 
well  or  jiit,  serving  to  discharge  the  water 
of  wet  land.  Cyc. 

WELL'-DRAIN,  v.  t.  To  drain  land  by 
means  of  wells  or  pits,  which  receive  the 
water,  and  from  which  it  is  discharged  by 


niaclimerv. 
WELL-HOLE, 
WELL, 

for  the  stairs. 
WELL'-ROOiM,  n. 

boat,   a   place  in 


Cyc. 
In  architecture,  t)ie  hole 
or  space  left  in   a  floor 
Moion. 
[well   and   room.]    In  a 
the  bottom  where  the 
water  is  collected,  and  whence  it  is  thrown 
out  with  a  scoop. 
WELL'-SPRING,  n.   [well  and  spring.]    A 

source  iif  continual  supply.  I'rov.  xvi. 
WELL'-WATER,  ».  [well  and  irater.]  The 
water  that  flows  into  a  well  from  subter- 
raneous springs  ;  water  drawn  from  a 
well. 
WELL,  V.  i.  [Sax.  icellan.]  To  spring  ;  to 
issue  forth,  as  water  from  the  earth.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  lipenser.     Drydtn. 


WELL,  V.  t.  To  pour  forth.     Obs, 

Spenser. 

WELL,  a.  [Sax.  wel  or  well;  G.wohl;  D. 
wel;  Sv/.rSl;  T)an.  vet ;  W.  g-wcW,  better  ; 
givella,  to  make  better,  to  mend,  to  im 
prove  ;  Arm.  guellant  ;  L.  valeo,  to  be 
strong  ;  Sans,  bnla,  bali,  strength.  The 
primary  sense  of  valeo  is  to  strain,  stretch, 
whence  to  advance,  to  prevail,  to  gain,  ac- 
cording to  our  vulgar  phrase,  lo  get  ahead, 
which  coincides  with  prosper,  Gr.  nfioafspu. 
I  do  not  find  well  used  in  other  languages 
as  an  adjective,  but  it  is  so  used  in  Eng- 
lish.    See  H'eal.] 

1.  Being  in  health  ;  having  a  sound  body, 
with  a  regular  performance  of  the  natu- 
ral and  proper  functions  of  all  the  organs. 
applied  to  animals  ;  as  a  ivell  man  ;  the  pa- 
tient has  recovered,  and  is  perfectly  well. 

While  you  are  icell,  you  may  do  much  good 

Taylor. 
Is  your  father  well  ?    Gen.  xliii. 
3.  Fortunate;   convenient;    advantageous; 
happy.     It  is  well  for  us  that  we  are  se 
qiiestered   so   far  from   the   rest  of   the 
world. 

It  was  well  with  us  in  Egypt.     Num.  xi. 
.3.  Being  in  favor. 

He  was  well  with  Henry  the  fourth. 

Dryden. 
WELL,  adv.  In  a   proper  manner  ;  justly  ; 
rightly  ;  not  ill  or  wickedly.     James  ii. 

If  thou  doest  not  well,  sin  lieth  at  the  door. 
Gen.  iv 

2.  Skillfully ;  with  due  art  ;  as,  the  work  is 
ivell  done  ;  he  writes  ivell ;  he  rides  well ; 
the  plot  is  toell  laid,  and  well  executed. 

3.  Sufficiently ;  abundantly. 
Lot — heheld  all    the  plain  of  Jordan,  that  it 

was  well  watered  every  where.     Gen.  xiii. 

4.  Very  much  ;  to  a  degree  that  gives  pleas- 
ure.    I  liked  the  entertainment  tvell. 
Favorably  ;  with  praise. 

All  the  world  speaks  tcell  of  you.  Pope. 

6.  Conveniently  ;  suitably  ;  advantageously. 
This  is  all   the   mind   can  trell  contain.     I 
camiot  well  attend  the  meeting. 
To  a  sufficient  degree ;  perfectly.     I  know 
not  well  how  to  execute  this  task. 

8.  Thoroughly;  fully.  Let  the  cloth  be  well 
cleansed.     Let  the  steel  be  well  polished. 

She  looketh  ivell  to  the  ways  of  her  house- 
hold.    I'rov.  xxxi. 

9.  Fully ;  adequately. 
We  are  well  able  to  overcome  it.     Num.  xiii. 

10.  Far ;  as,  to  he  tvell  advanced  in  life. 
Jls  well  as,  together  with  ;  not  less  than  ;  one 

as  much  as  the  other  ;  as  a  sickness  long  as 
well  as  severe.  London  is  the  largest  city 
in  Europe,  as  well  as  the  principal  banking 
city. 

Well  enough,  in  a  moderate  degree  ;  so  as  to' 
give  satisfaction,  or  so  as  to  require  no  al- 
teration. 

Well  is  him,  seems  to  be  elliptical  for  well  is 
to  him. 

Well  is  prefixed  to  many  words,  expressing 
what  is  right,  fit.  laudable,  or  not  defect- 
ive ;  as  iceW-affected  ;  H'fW-de.signed  ;  uell- 
directcd  ;  ucW-ordercd  ;  iceW-formed  ;  well-', 
meant ;  iceW-minded  ;  iccH-scasoned  ;  well-\ 
tasted. 

Well  is  sometimes  used  rlliptically  for  if  is^ 
u'cll,  and  as  an  expression  of  s.itisfaclion 
with  what  has  been  said  or  done  ;  audi 
sometimes  it   is  merely  expletive.     Well,] 


Well,  let  us  go.     Well, 


tlie  work  is  done. 
7oell,  be  it  so. 

WELL'ADAY,  alas,  Johnson  supposes  to 
be  a  corruption  o{ welaway,  which  see. 

Shak.     Gay. 

WELLBE'ING,  n.  [well  and  being.]  Wel- 
fare ;  happiness;  prosperity;  as,  virtue  is 
essential  to  the  wellheing  of  men  or  of  so- 
ciety. 

WELL  BELOVED,  a.  Greatly  beloved. 
Mark  xii. 

WELL'-BORN,  a.  [well  and  born.]  Born  of 
a  noble  or  respectable  family  ;  not  of  mean 
birth.  Waller.     Dryden. 

WELL'-BRED,  a.  [tvell  and  bred.]  Educa- 
tf  d  to  polished  manners ;  polite. 

Roscommon. 

WELL-DONE,  exclam.  [tcell  and  done.]  A 
word  of  praise  ;  bravely  ;  nobly  ;  in  a  right 
manner. 

'    ELLFART,  is  now  written  welfare. 

WELL-FAVORED,  a.  Handsome  ;  well 
formed  ;  beautiful  ;  pleasing  to  the  eye. 
Gen.  xxix. 

WELL-GROUND'ED,  a.  [well and  ^ound.] 
Well  founded  ;  having  a  solid  foundation. 

WELL'-HEAD,  J?,  [well  and  head.]  A  source, 
spring  or  fountain.     Obs.  Spenser. 

WELL-INTENTIONED,  a.  Having  up- 
right intentions  or  purpose.  Milner. 

WELL  MAN'NERED.  a.  [iceU  and  man- 
ner.]    Polite  ;  well-bred  ;  complaisant. 

Dryden. 

WELL'-MEANER,  n.  [toell  and  mean.] 
One  whose  intention  is  good.         Dryden. 

WELL'-MEANING,  a.  Having  a  good  in- 
tention. Killingbeck. 

WELL-MET',  exclam.  A  term  of  salutation 
denoting  joy  at  meeting. 

WELL-MINDED,  a.  [ivell  and  mind.]  Well 
disposed  ;  having  a  good  mind. 

WELL  MORALIZED,  a.  Regulated  by 
good  morals.  Milner. 

WELL'-NATURED,  a.  [ivell  and  natured.] 
Good  natured  ;  kind.  Dryden. 

WELL'-NIGH,  adv.  [weU  and  nigh.]  Al- 
most ;  nearly. 

WELL'-SPENT,  a.  [well  and  spent.]  Spent 
or  (lassed  in  virtue  ;  as  a  well-spent  life ; 
ivell-spent  days.  Pope. 

WELL'-SPOKEN,    a.     [loell   and    speak.] 

L  Speaking  well;  speaking  with  fitness  or 
grace;  or  speaking  kindly. 

■^  Spoken  with  propriety  ;  as  well-spoken 
words. 

WELL-WILL'ER,  n.  [well  and  tvilL]  One 
who  means  kindly.  Sidney.     Hooker. 

WELL-WISH',  n.  [icell  and  wish.]  A  wish 
of  happiness.  Addison. 

WELL-WISH'ER,  «.  [supra.]  One  who 
wishes  the  good  of  another.  Addison. 

WELSH,  a.  [Sax.  weaUisc,  from  ivealh,  a 
foreigner;  weallian,  to  wander ;  G.wiilsch, 
foreign,  strange.  Celtic,  Welsh ;  Walsche 
sprache,  the  Italian  language,  that  is,  for- 
eign, or  Celtic]  Pertaining  to  the  Welsh 
nation. 

WELSH,  71.  The  language  of  Wales  or  of 
the  Welsh. 

2.  The  general  name  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Wales.  The  word  signifies  foreigners  or 
wanderers,  and  was  given  to  this  people 
by  other  nations,  probably  because  they 
came  from  sonic  distant  country.  The 
Welsh  call  themselves  Cymry,  in  the  plu- 


W  E  R 


WES 


W  II  A 


ral,  and  a  Welshman  Cymro,  and  their 
coiiunv  Cymru,  of  which  the  adjective  Is 
Ci/mrcig.,  an. I  tlje  iiaiiie  iit'  tlieir  luii.i;uaf,'<;, 
Cymra<.g.  'I'hey  are  nupposed  ti»  be  the 
Cimhri  olJinhiiid.  Owen. 

WEI.T,  n.  [VV.  gwald,  fr<m\  gwal,  a  teuce, 
a  wall ;  gwulituc,  to  inclose  ;  gwaldn,  to 
beni.     Sec  /r«W.] 

A  bonU'r;  ii  Uinil  of  hem  or  edf^ing,  as  on  u 
garment  or  piece  of  cloth,  or  on  a  shoe;. 

Bacon. 

WELT,  v.t.  To  furnish  with  a  welt ;  to  sew 
oil  a  horder. 

WHL'TER,  v.i.  [Sax.  jvceltan  ;  Sv/.viillia  ; 
G.  icalzen ;  Daii.  vieltcr ;  allied  probably 
(o  wallow,  L   volulo.] 

To  roll,  as  tlio  body  of  a  animal ;  hut  usual- 
ly, to  roll  or  wallcjw  in  .some  foul  matter; 
as,  til  ivellcr  in  blood  or  iii  filth.        Drytkn. 

WKL'TI''K1.\(J,  ppr.  Riilliiifj  ;  wallowing; 
a.''  in  mire,  blood,  or  other  filthy  matter. 

WKM,  n.  [Sax.]  A  spot ;  a  scar.     Obs. 

lircreivood. 

WRM,  V.  t.  [Sax.  wemman.]  To  corrupt. 
Obs. 

AV'EN,  71.  [Sax.  joenn ;  D.wen;  \rm.guen- 
iiaen,  a  wart.] 

An  encysted  swelling  or  tumor ;  also,  a  fleshy 
excrescence  growing  on  animals,  some- 
times to  a  large  size.  Cyc. 

WENCH,  n.  [Sax.  wencle.  Qu.  G.  uienig-,  lit- 
tle.] 

1.  A  young  woman.     [Littie  used.] 

.Sidney.     Donne. 

2.  .\  young  woman  of  ill  fame.  Prior. 

3.  In  America,  a  black  or  colored  fein.ile 
servant ;  a  ncgress. 

WENCH,  V.  i.  To  frequent  the  company  of 
women  of  ill  fame.  .Addison. 

WENCH'ER,  n.  A  lewd  man.  Crew. 

WENCH'ING,  ]ipr.  Frequenting  women  of 
ill  fame. 

WEND,  V.  i.  [Sax.  wendan.]  To  go  ;  to  pass 
to  or  from.  [Obsolete,  exce[it  in  poetry  ; 
but  its  preterit,  went,  is  in  common  use.] 

3.  To  turn  round.  Obs.  [fiend  and  wind 
are  friirii  the  same  root.] 

WEN'NEL,  n.  A  weunel.  [See  fVeanel.] 
Obs. 

WEN'NISH,  )       [from   wen.]     Having  the 

WEN'NY,      \  "'  nature  of  a  wen. 

WENT,  pret.  of  tlie  obsolete  verb  wend. 
We  now  arrange  locnt  in  grammar  as  the 
preterit  of  go,  but  in  origin  it  has  no  con- 
nection with  it. 

WEPT,  pret.  and  pp.  oi  weep. 

U'heii  he  had  come  near,  he  beheld  the  city! 
and  tcept  over  it.     Liikc  xi\.  ! 

WERE,  pron.  wer,  which  when  prolonged,' 
beromcsitia?f.  Tins  is  used  asthe  imperfect 
tense  plural  of  ie;  we  ircrc,  you  were,  ihey 
!('«;•(■ ;  and  in  some  other  tenses.  It  is  the 
Danish  verb  virrer,  to  be,  to  exist,  Sw.  vnra,i 
and  in  origin  has  no  connection  with  ir, 
nor  with  was.  It  is  united  with  be,  to  sup-i 
ply  its  want  of  tenses,  as  ^t<ent  is  with  go. 

WERE,  Ji.  A  dam.     [See  ff'ear.] 

WI'^R'EGII.n.  JI.  [Sax.  iper,  man,  and  the 
estimated  value  of  a  man,  and  gild,  geld, 
money.] 

Formerly,  the  price  of  a  man's  head  ;  a  com- 
pensation paid  for  a  man  killed,  partly  to 
the  king  for  the  loss  of  asubjcci,  and  part- 
ly to  the  lord  of  the  vassal,  and  partly  to 
the  next  of  kin.  It  was  paid  by  the  nmr- 
derer.  Blackstone. 

Vol.  II. 


WERNE  RIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Werner, 

the  (ierman  mineralogist,  who  arranged 
niinerals  In  classes,  &.c.  according  to  their 
t.xieri.al  characters. 

WEK'NERITI'^,  n.  A  mineral,  regarded  by 
Werner  as  a  subspecies  of  scapoiite  ;  call- 
ed foliated  scapiillte.  It  Is  named  from 
that  distiii(;mshe(l  mineralogist,  Werner. 
It  IS  found  inu.ssive,  and  crystalized  in  oc- 
tahedral prisms  with  four  sided  [lyraini- 
dlcal  terminations,  disseminated  In  rocks 
of  grayish  oried  leldspar.  It  is  Imperfectly 
lamellar,  Ola  greenish,  grayish,  or  olive 
green  color,  with  a  pearly  or  resinous  lus- 
ter. It  Is  softer  than  feldspar,  and  melts 
into  a  white  enamel. 

WI;RT,  the  .second  person  singular  of  the 
subjunctive  imperfect  tense  of  6c.  [See 
It'ere.] 

Mirth,  worth,  in  natiK^s,  signifies  a  farm, 
court  or  village,  from  Sax.  weorthig. 

Lye,  Diet 

WE'SIL,  for  wtasaiid.     [Not  in  use.] 

WEST,  71.  [Sax.  D.  G.  tt'fcst  ,•  Dan.  i-esi ;  Sw. 
vester ;  Fr.  ouest.  This  word  probably 
signifies  decline  or  fall,  or  departure  ;  as 
In  L.  occidens,  and  In  other  cases.  In  el- 
ements, it  coincides  with  waste.] 

1.  In  strictness,  that  point  of  the  horizon 
where  the  sun  sets  at  the  equinox,  or  any 
point  In  a  direct  line  between  the  s|iecta- 
tor  or  other  object,  anil  that  point  of  the 
horizon  ;  or  west  is  the  intersection  of  the 
prime  vertical  with  the  horizon,  on  that 
side  where  the  sun  sets,  fi'csl  is  directly 
opposite'  to  cast,  and  one  of  the  cardinal 
points.  In  a  less  strict  sense,  west  Is  the 
region  of  the  hemisphere  near  the  point 
where  the  sun  .sets  when  In  the  ('(|uator. 
Thus  we  say,  a  star  sets  in  the  west,  a  me- 
teor appears  in  the  west,  a  cloud  rises  iu 
the  west. 

2.  A  country  situated  in  the  region  towards 
the  sun-setting,  vvilh  respect  to  another. 
Tims  in  the  United  States,  the  iiilialiltants 
of  the  Atlantic  .•-tates  spi^ak  of  the  inhabit- 
ants of  Ohio,  Kentucky  or  rtlissouri,  and 
call  them  people  of  the  «•£«/ ;  and  former- 
ly, the  empire  of  Rome  v.as  called  the 
empire  of  the  jyesl.  in  opposition  to  the 
empire  of  the  Kast,  the  seat  of  which  was 
CoijstantiiU'ple. 

WEST,  a.  lieing  in  a  line  towards  thepoint 
where  the  sun  .sets  when  In  the  equator; 
or  in  a  looser  sense,  being  in  the  region 
near  the  line  of  direction  towards  that 
point,  either  on  the  earth  or  in  the  heav- 
ens. 
This  shall  l.c  your  west  border.     Num.  xxxiv. 

Q.  Coming  or  moving  from  the  west  or  west- 
ern region  ;  as  a  icc.5(  wind. 

WEST,  adv.  To  the  weslern  region;  at  the 
westward  ;  more  westward  ;  as,  Ireland 
lies  tvest  of  England. 

WEST,  t'.  I.  To  pass  to  the  west ;  to  set,  as 
the  sun.     lA"/(  in  use.]  Chaucer. 

WESTERING,  a.  Passing  to  the  west. 
[Ibrlirvc  not  noil' nscd.]  Milton. 

WEST'ERI.Y.  a.  Being  towards  the  west ; 
situated  iu  the  weslern  region ;  as  the 
teeslcrly  parts  of  England.  Graunt. 

%  Moving  from  the  westward  ;  as  awesttrly 
wind. 

WEST'ERLY,  adv.  Tending,  going  or 
moving  towards  the  west ;  as  a  man  trav- 
eling jceslfr/u.  I 

113 


W'EST'ERN,  a.  [loest  and  Sax.  orrn,  place.] 

1.  Being  in  the  west,  or  in  the  region  nearly 

;  in  the  direction  of  west ;  being  ill  that 
tjuarter  where  the  sun  sets;  as  the  tcest- 
ern  shore  of  France;  the  western  ocean. 

".i.  Moving  in  a  line  to  the  part  where  the 
sun  sets;  as,  the  ebip  makes  a  utstem 
course. 

WEST'ING,  71.    Space   or   distance   west- 

I  ward  ;  or  de[iarture ;  as  the  westing  and 
southing  of  u  ship. 

WESTWARD,  adv.  [Sax.  wesliceard ;  teest 
and  weard,  E.  I'crsus.J 

To\\ards  the  west;  as,  to  ride  or  sail  west- 
ward. 

WEST'WARDLY,  adv.  In  a  direction  to- 
wards the  west ;  as,  to  pass  westwardly. 

WET,  a.  [Sax.  iccet ;  Sw.  vaia,  Dan.  vade, 
moisture,  Gr.  viroj ;  L.  udus.] 

1.  Containing  water,  as  wet  land,  or  a  wit 
cloth  ;  or  having  water  or  other  liquid 
upon  the  surface,  as  a  icel  table.  Wclim- 
plies  more  water  or  liquid  than  moist  or 
humid. 

'2.  Rainy  ;  as  wet  weather  ;  a  wet  season. 

WET,  71.  Water  or  wetness;  moisture  or 
humidity  in  considerable  degree.  Wear 
thick  shoes  or  pattens  to  keeji  your  feet 
from  the  wet. 

2.  Rainy  weather  ;  foggy  or  misty  weather. 

Swi/J. 
WET,  II.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  loel.     But  ivetted  is 
sometimes  used.     [Sa.x.  tocUan ;  Sw.ri/a; 
Dan.  vader.] 

1.  To  till  or  moisten  with  water  or  other 
liquid  ;  to  sprinkle  or  humectate  ;  to  cause 
to  have  water  or  other  fluid  adherent 
to  the  surface  ;  to  dip  or  soak  in  liquor ; 
as,  to  wet  a  spunge  ;  to  wet  the  bands ;  to 
wet  cloth. 

IVcl  the  thirsty  earth  with  falling  show're. 

Miltent. 

2.  To  moisten  with  drink.  ff'alton, 
WETIl'ER,  71.  [.'^ax.  wether  or  xKdder.     In 

Dan.  vader  Is  a  ram.]     A  ram  castrated. 

WET'NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  wel,  ei- 
ther by  being  soaked  or  filled  with  liquor, 
or  by  having  a  liquid  adherent  to  the  sur- 
face;  as  the  wetness  of  land;  the  wetneat 
of  a  cloth.  It  Implies  more  water  or  li- 
quid than  humidness  or  moisture, 

2.  A  watery  or  moist  state  of  the  atmos- 
phere ;  a  state  of  being  rainy,  foggy  or 
misty  ;  as  tlie  uxtness  of  weather  or  the 
season. 

WETTISH,  a.  Somewhat  wet;  moist; 
humid. 

WEX,  V.  i.  or  J.  To  grow ;  to  wax.  [Ac* 
to  be  used.]     [.See  H'ax.] 

WE'ZAND,  for  weasand.     [See  the  latter.] 

[Note. — In  viords  beginning  with  wh.  the  letter 
h,  or  aspirate,  «hcn  both  letters  arc  pronounced, 
precede!*  the  sound  of  7/'.  Thus  what,  when, 
are  pronounced  hwat.  hwen.  So  they  were 
written  by  our  ancestors,  and  so  they  ought  to 
be  written  still,  as  they  ate  by  the  Danes  and 
Swedes.] 

WHACK,  V.  t.  To  strike.  This  is  probably 
the  primary  word  on  which  is  formed 
thieack.  [See  T\vit.]  fi'hack  is  a  vulgar 
word. 

WHALE,  71.  [Sax.  hwal,  hwo'l :  G.  ica«- 
Jisch.  from  waltcn,  to  stir,  agitate  or  rove  ; 
D.  ipah'isch  ;  .Sw.  Dan.  hval.  This  fish  is 
named  from  roundness,  or  from  rolling ; 


W  H  A 


VV  H  E 


W  H  E 


for  in  Dan.  hvalt  is  arched  or  vaulted ; 
hvaller,  to  arcli  or  vault,  D.  welven.] 

The  general  uame  of  an  order  of  animals 
inhabiting  the  ocean,  arranged  in  zoology 
under  the  name  of  Cete  or  Ctlacea,  and 
belonging  to  the  class  Mammalia  in  the 
Linnean  system.  The  common  whale 
is  of  the  genus  Bala?na.  It  is  the  largest 
animal  of  which  we  have  any  account, 
and  probably  the  largest  in  the  world.  It 
is  sometimes  ninety  feet  in  length  in  the 
northern  seas,  and  in  the  torrid  zone  much 
larger.  The  whale  furnishes  us  with  oil, 
whalebone,  &c.     [See  Cachalot.] 

WHALEBONE,  n.  [whale  and  bone.]  A 
firm  elastic  substance  taken  from  the  up- 
per jaw  of  the  whale,  used  as  a  stiffen- 
ing in  stays,  fans,  screens,  &c. 

WHA'LE-FISHERY,  n.  The  fishery  or  oc- 
cupation of  taking  whales. 

WHA'LY,  a.  Marked  with  streaks;  prop- 
erly u'ealy. 

WHAME,  n.  A  species  of  fly,  tabanus,  the 
burrel  fly,  that  annoys  horses. 

WHANG,  n.  [Sax.  thtvang.]  A  lether  thong. 
[ATot  in  use] 

WHANG,  V.  t.  To  beat.  [J^ot  in  use  or  lo- 
cal.] Grose. 

WHAP,  n.  A  blow.  [Vulgar.]  [See  Airhap.] 

WHaP'PER,  n.  Something  uncommonly 
large  of  the  kind.  So  thumper  is  con- 
nected with  thump,  to  strike  with  a  heavy 
blow.     [  Vulgar.] 

WHARF,  n.  hivorf.  [Sax.hwarf,hweorf:T). 
iverf;  Dan.  verf;  Russ.vo)-ph.  In  D.  u'cri'- 
en  signifies  to  raise  or  levy.  In  the  plural, 
wharfs  and  ivharves  are  both  used.] 

A  perpendicular  bank  or  mound  of  timber 
or  stone  and  earth,  raised  on  the  shore  of 
a  harbor,  or  extending  some  distance  into 
the  water,  for  the  convenience  of  lading 
and  unlading  ships  and  other  vessels.  This 
name  is  also  given  to  the  wider  part  of  a 
canal,  where  boats  lie  while  loading  and 
unloading.  The  two  longest  wharfs  in 
New  England  are  at  Boston  and  at  New 
Haven.  Tlie  latter  is  much  the  longest, 
extending  into  the  harbor  about  three 
ijuarters  of  a  mile. 

WHARF,  V.  t.  To  guard  or  secure  by  a 
wharf  or  firm  wall  of  timber  or  stone;  as, 
the  western  bank  of  the  Connecticut  is 
wharfed  at  Hartford,  to  prevent  the  river 
from  wearing  away  the  land. 

WHARF'AgE,  n.  the  fee  or  duty  paid  for 
the  privilege  of  using  a  wharf  for  loading 
or  unloading  goods,  limber,  wood,  &,c. 

WHARF'ING,  n.  Wharfs  in  general. 

WHARF'INgER,  n.  A  man  who  has  the 
care  of  a  wharf,  or  the  proprietor  of  a 
wharf. 

WHAT,  pronoun  relative  or  suhstilute.  [Sax. 
hwoit ;  Goth,  ivaiht ;  D.  uat;  G.  was; 
Dan.  Sw.  hvad ;  Scot,  quhat ;  L.  quod, 
quid.  The  Sax.  hwiet,  hwat,  signifies  brisk, 
lively,  vigorous;  which  sliows  that  this 
pronoun  is  the  same  word  as  ivight,  a  liv- 
ing being,  from  the  root  of  the  L.  vivo,  for 
vigo.  See  Wight.  The  Gothic  h,  repre- 
sents the  Latin  i\  in  virtus.] 

1.  That  whicii.  Say  what  you  will,  is  the 
same  as  say  that  which  you  will. 

2.  Which  part.  Consider  ichal  is  due  to  na 
ture,  and  u'hal  to  art  or  labor. 

3.  What  is  the  substitute  for  a  sentence  or 


clause  of  a  sentence.     "I  tell  thee  «7ia/, 
corporal,  I   could  tear  her."     Here  what 

I     relates  to  the  last  clause,  "I   couid  tear 

j     her  ;"  this  \sivhai  I  tell  you. 

4.  jyhat  is  used  as  an  adjective,  of  both  gen- 
ders, often  in  specifying  sorts  or  particu- 
lars. See  ivhal  colors  this  silk  exhibits. 
1  know  what  qualities  you  desire  in  a 
friend  ;  that  is,  1  know  the  qualities  which 
you  desire. 

5.  H'hat  is  much  used  in  asking  questions. 
If'hat  sort  of  character  is  this  ?  H'hat  po- 
em is  this  ?  ff'hal  man  is  this  we  see 
coming? 

C.  If'hat  time,  at  the  time  or  on  the  day  when. 
What   lime  the   morn   mysterious     visions 
briugs.  Pope. 

7.  To  how  great  a  degree. 
What  partial  judges  are  our  love  and  h.ite ! 

Zirydcn. 

8.  Whatever. 
Whether  it  was  the  shortness  of  his  foresight, 

the  strcnglli  of  his  will — or  what  it  was — 

Bacon. 

9.  Some  part,  or  some.  "  The  year  before, 
he  had  so  used  the  matter,  that  ji-lutt  by 
force,  what  by  policy,  he  had  taken  from 
the  christians  above  thirty  castles;"  that 
is,  he  had  taken  above  thirty  castles,  a 
part  or  some  by  force,  a  part  or  some  by 
policy  ;  or  ivhat  may  be  iuterpreted  partly. 

K  nolle  s. 
Sometimes  what  has  no  verb  to  govern 
it,  and  it  must  be  considered  as  adverbial- 
ly used.  "  JFhat  with  carrying  apples  and 
fuel,  he  finds  himself  in  a  hurry  ;"  that  is, 
partly,  in  part. 

10.  H'hat  is  sometimes  used  ellipticaily  for 
what  is  this,  or  hoiv  is  this? 

What!  could   ye  not  watch  with  ine    one 
hour .'     Matt.  xxvi. 

11.  Uhat  is  used  interrogatively  and  ellipti- 
caily, as  equivalent  to  what  tvill  be  the  con- 
sequence'? If'hat  will  folloic'}  as  in  the 
phrase,  what  if  I  undertake  this  business 
my.self  ? 

What  though,  that  is,  grant  this  or  that ;  al- 
low it  to  be  so. 

If  hat  ho,  an  exclamation  of  calling. 

WHAT,  n.  Fare;  things;  matter.  [.Vo/ ih 
use.]  Spenser. 

WHATEVER,  ;)ron.  [u)?ia(and  crer.]  Being 
this  or  that ;  being  of  one  nature  or  an- 
other ;  being  one  thing  or  another;  any 
thing  that  may  be.  Whatever  is  read,  let  it 
be  read  with  attention.  /r/i(i/(j'fr  measure 
may  be  adopted,  let  it  be  with  due  cau- 
tion. Whatever  you  do,  let  it  be  done  with 
prudence. 

2.  All  that ;  the  whole  that;  all   particulars 
that. 
At  once  came  (orlhwhatever  creeps.     Milton. 

WHATSOEVER,  a  compound  of  what,  so, 
and  ever,  has  the  sense  of  whatever,  ami  is 
less  used  than  the  latter.  Indeed  it  is  near- 
ly obsolete.  JVhatso,  in  a  like  sense,  is  en- 
tirely obsolete. 

WHE.AL,  n.  A  [lustule.     [See  Weal] 

WHEAT,  71.  [Sax.hwate  ;  Goth,  hwit ;  Ice. 
hveitenu ;  G.  weitzen ;  Sw.  hvele;  Dan. 
Iwede  ;  ti.weit.  Qu.  Heb.  nan  ;  Syr.  id.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Triticum,  and  the  seed 
of  the  plant,  which  furnishes  a  white  flour 
for  bread,  and  next  to  rice,  is  the  grain 
most  generally  used  by  the  human  race. 
Of  this  grain  the  varieties  are  numerous, 


as  red  wheat,  white  wheat,  bald  wheat, 
bearded  wheat,  winter  wheat,  summer 
wheat,  &c. 

IWHE'AT-BIRD,  n.  A  bird  that  feeds  on 
wheat.  Virginia. 

WHE'ATEAR,  n.  The  English  name  of 
the  Molacilla  cenanthe  ;  called  also  white- 
tail  ani\  fallow-finch.  Cyc. 

WHEATEN,  a.  hwee'tn.  Made  of  wheat; 
as  wheaten  bread.  Arbuthnot.    Pope. 

WHEAT-PLUM,  n.  A  sort  of  plum. 

WHEE'DLE,  t'.  /.  [Qu.  Gr.  yoijTfDu,  or  xw- 
Ti'A'Au.]  To  flatter  :  to  entice  by  soft  words. 
To  learn  th'  unlucky  art  of  wheedling  fools. 

Dryden. 

WHEE'DLE,  v.i.  To  flatter  ;  to  coax. 

WHEEDLED,  pp.  Flattered;  enticed; 
coaxed. 

WHEE'DLING,  p/»-.  Flattering;  enticing 
bv  soft  words. 

WIIEE'DLING,  n.  Tlie  act  of  flattering  or 
enticing. 

WHEEL,  n.  [Sax.  hwcol,  hweohl,  hweogl, 
hweogul;  D.  iviel ;  Sw.  hiul.  This  seems 
to  have  JVg  or  Hg  t'or  its  elenjents.  See 
Syr.  and  Ar.  No.  16.  17.  Class  Cg.] 

1.  A  circular  frame  of  wood,  iron  or  other 
metal,  consisting  of  a  nave  or  huh,  into 
which  are  inserted  spokes  which  susiaiti 
a  ritii  or  felly;  the  vviiole  turning  on  an 
axis.  The  name  is  also  given  to  a  solid 
circular  or  round  piece  of  wood  or  metal, 
which  revolves  on  an  axis.  The  wheel  and 
axle  constitute  one  of  the  mechanical  pow- 
ers. 

2.  A  circular  body.  Shak. 

3.  A  carriage  that  moves  on  wheels.     Pope. 

4.  An  instrument  for  torturing  criminals  :  as 
an  examination  made  by  the  rack  and  the 
U'hiel.  Addison. 

5    A  machine  for  spinning  thread,  of  various 

kinds. 
[0.  Rotation  ;  revolution  ;  turn  ;  as  the  vicis- 
I     situde  and  wheel  of  things.  South. 

7.  A  turning  about ;  a  compass. 
He  throws  his  flight  in  many  an  airy  wheel. 

Miltun. 

8.  \u  pottery,  a  round  board  turned  by  a  lailie 
in  a  horizontal  position,  on  which  the  clay 
is  shaped  by  the  hand. 

WHEEL-ANIM.AL,  n.  A  genus  of  animal- 
cules, with  arms  for  taking  their  prey,  re- 
sembling wheels.  CijC. 

WHEEL-BARROW,  n.  [wheel  and  barrow.\ 
A  bairriw  moved  on  a  single  wheel. 

WHEE'LBOAT,  n.  [wheel  and  bout.]  A  boat 
with  wheels,  to  be  u.sed  either  on  water  or 
upon  inclined  planes  or  rail-ways. 

WHEE'L-€ARRlAtiE,  n.  [wheel  ani  car- 
riage.]    A  ( arriage  moved  on  wheels. 

WHEE'LER,  n.  A  maker  of  wheels.  •  Ohs. 

WH  EE'L-FIH  E,  n.  [wheel  and/rc]  In  chim- 
istry,  A  fire  which  encompasses  the  ciuei- 
lile  witliout  touching  it.  Cyc. 

WHEEL-SHAPED,  a.  [wheel  and  sAa;;e.] 
In  iu/i/j!i/,  rotiite ;  mouopetalous,  expand- 
ing into  a  flat  border  at  top,  with  scarcely 
any  lube;  as  a  wheel-shaped  coruL     Smith. 

WHEEL-WRIGHT,  n.  [ivheel  ami  wright.] 
.\  man  whose  occupation  is  to  make 
wheels  and  wheel-carriages,  as  carts  and 
wagons. 

Wlll^EL,  V.  I.  To  convey  on  wheels;  as, to 
irheel  a  load  of  hay  or  wood. 

2.  To  put  into  a  rotary  motion;  to  cause  to 
turn  round.  Milton. 


W  H  E 


W  H  E 


W  H  E 


WHEEL,  V.  t.  To  turn  on  an  axis.       Btnlley 

2.  Til  turn  ;  lo    move  round  ;  as,  a  body  of 
tn")|is  lohcd  to  tlio  right  or  left 

3.  To  fetch  a  (■oinpass. 


La  Favctte  embarked  at  Havre  for  New 
York." 
'i.  At  what  time,  interrogatively. 

M'hen  »\\M  these  thiugs  be .'     Matt.  xxiv. 


Then  «'Afrf«gUown  the  steep  of  heav'n  he,  3.   Which  time. 

(jj^.g  "  Pope.i'.  1  "as  adopted  heir  by  his  consent ; 

4.  To  roll  forward.  '  ^""^«  "'""•  ^'"  '''"•  ''  ''^"'"^ 


Thnnder 
Must  whed  on  th'  earth,  devouring  where  it 
rolls.  MUton. 

WIIKE'LEO,    pp.    Conveyed   on   wheels; 

turned  ;  rolled  round. 
WIlKli'LlNC;,  ppr.  Conveying  on  wheels  or 

in  a  whecl-carriago;  turning. 
WHEELING,   n.  The  act  of  conveying  on 
wheels. 

2.  The  act  of  passing  on  wheels,  or  conven- 
ience for  passing  on  wheels.  We  say,  it 
is  good  whcdin^,  or  had  wheeling,  accord- 
ing to  the  .state  ol'tlie  roads. 

3.  A  turning  or  circular  movement  of  troops 
eiiibodled 

WllEE'LY,o.  Circular;  suitable  to  rotation. 

Philips. 

WHEEZE,  v.i.  [Sax.  hweosan ;  Arm.  c/ii<- 
eza  ;  Sw.  hes,  hoarse  ;  Dan. /;t'a:.?cr  ;  Svv.l 
hv'dsa,  to  hiss,  to  whiz  ;  Uan.  hvaes,  a  whist 


Shak. 
act   is 


/i»ig-.     H'heese,  tchiz,  and  probably  whisper.  5 

are   of  one  family,  and   accord   with    the 

root  of  the  L.  fistula.] 
To  breathe  hard  unil  with  an  audible  sound, 

as  persons  affected  willi  asthma. 

Dryden.     Swift. 
AVHEE'ZING,    ppr.    Breathing  with  diffi- 

cultv  and  noise. 
WHELK,   >i.   A  wrinkle;  inequality  on  the 

surface;  protuberance;    a   pustule.      [See 

Wdk  and  tVeal] 
2.  A  shell  of  the  genus  Buccinum,  or  trumpot- 

shell,  univalvular,  spiral  and  gibbous,  with 

an  oval  aperture  ending  in   a  short  canal 

or  autter.  Linne.     Cijc. 

WHELK'Y,    a.    Protuberant 

rouuiled.  .-Spenser 

WHELM,  v.t.  [Sax.  ahwylfan ;  Goth.  hiU 

yitit  ;   Ice.  loilma  or  hwitma.] 


4.  After    tlii;    time    that.      Il'hen   the 
passed,  the  public  will  be  satisfied. 

5.  At  what  time. 
Kings  may 

Take  their  advantage,  toAen  and  how  they  list. 

Daniel. 
When  as,  at  the  time  when  ;  what  time.   06.9. 
lichen  as  sacred  li^ht  began  to  dawn. 

Anitun. 
WHENCE,  adr.  [Sax.  Aicanon.]  From  what 
place. 

Wheiice  and  what  art  thou  .'  Afilton. 

3.  From  what  source,     li'hence  shall  we  de- 
rive hope  ?      H'hence  comes  this  honor  ? 

Whence  hath  this  man  this  wisdom  '.  Matt, 
xiii. 
'.\.  From  which  premises,  principles  or  facts. 
These  facts  or  principles  are  admitted, 
whence  it  lollows,  that  judgment  must  be 
entered  for  the  plainlif. 
1^4.  How;  by  what  way  or  means.    Markxi 


In    general,    from    vvliicb    person 
place,  principle  or  circumstance. 

From  whence  may  be  considered  as  tautolog- 
ical,/rom  being  implied  \nu<hence;  but  the 
use  is  well  authorized,  and  in  some  cases 
the  use  of  it  seems  to  give  force  or  beauty 
to  the  phrase.  We  ascended  the  iiiouii- 
tain,  from  whence  we  took  a  view  of  the 
beaulilul  plains  below. 

Of  whence,  is  not  now  used. 

WHE.N'CESOEV'EU,  adv.  [whence,  so,  and 

!     ever.] 

iFroni  w  hat  place  soever ;  from  what  cause 
or  source  soever. 


.\ny  idea,  whencesoever  we  have  it —  Locke. 
embossed  ;i'\VHENCEVEK.     [See  U'hen.ioever.] 

WHENEV'EIi,   adv.    [when   and  ever.]     At 
whatever  time.     Whenever  you  come,  you 
-    .  ,  I     will  be  kindiv  received. 

1.  To  cover   with   water  or  other  lluid;  to,Uy||,,,^,^,,|,.y;£jj   „,/^,   [„.;,e„,  so,  and  n'cr.] 
cover  by  innnersion  in  somcthmg  that  cn-jl     ^^^  ^^.^^.^^  ^j|,jg  soever;  at  whatever  time, 
velops  on  all  sides  ;  as,   to  whdm  a  personal  Locke. 

or  acompany  in  the  seas;  to  whelm  "■'^>^''■\\^j^j\\^_\l^^adv.  [Sixx.hwmr;  Goth.Mmr;  Sw 
avail  in  sand  or  dust.  .       ,     11     hvar ;  I),  ivaar.] 

To  cover  c-ompletely  :  to  immerse  deeply ;  j    ^^  ^^|,i^.,,  |,,y(.g  „,.  places, 
to  overburden;  as,  to  whelm  one  in   sor-|  she  visited  the  place  tc/iere  first  she  was  so 


3.  To  throw  over  so  as  to  cover.  [J^otused.] 

Mortimer. 

WHELM'ED,   pp.    Covered,  as  by  being 
pluiiiied  or  immersed.  Ij 

WHELM'LNG, /;/»•.  Covering,  as  by  imracr-  3 
sion.  I 

WH  ELP,  n.  [Dan.  hvalp  ;  Sw.  valp  ;  D.  welp."^ 
This  word  coincides  in  elements  with  wolf  I 
L.  vulpes.]  ' 

L  The  young  of  the  canine  species,  and  of. 
several  other  beasts  of  prey  ;  a  pupiiy  ;  a 
cub  ;  as  a  bear  robbed  of  her  whelps ;  lion's 


haiipy—  Sidney 

ill  all  places  where  I  record  ray  name,  I  will 
come  to  thee  and  I  will  bless  thee.     Ex.  XX. 
2.  At  or  ill  what  place. 

.•\(lam,  where  art  thou?     Gen.  iii. 
At  the  place  in  which. 

Where  I  thought  the  remnant  of  my  ape 
Should  have  been  elierish'd  by  her  child-lik 
duty.  SAa/.-. 

Whither  ;  to  what  place,  or  from  what 
place.  M'/iere  are  you  going  ?  Where  ari' 
vou  from  ?  [These  uses  of  icAtrc  are  com- 
mon, and  the  first  cannot  be  condemned 
as  vulgar  ' 


"''"^'/'*'     .  ^<;;^^^  !.in^  ic/if'rf,  in  any  place.     I  sought  the  man 

J//;     ,'  i     but  could  not  find  him  any  where. 

■   j.j^,^^|^,       Ifhcre  seems  to  have  been  originally  a 
noun,  and  was  so  used  by  Spenser 


2.  A  son  ;  in  contempt. 

3.  A  young  man;  in  contempt. 
WHELP,  V.  i.  To  bring  forth  young,  as  the 

female   of  the   canine  species   and  some 

other  beasts  of  prey.  Boyle. 

WHEN,    adv.   [(iotb.  hwan;  Sax.  Aictrnnc  ; 

G.  ivann  ;  D.  wnnneer  ;  L.  qunndo:  Gaelic, 

CKtiine.] 
1.  At  the  time.  We  were  present  when  Gen. 


He  shall 
find  no  where  s.afe  to  him."  In  this  sense,  it  i- 
obsolete ;  yet  it  implies  place,  its  original  signi- 
fication.] 
WHKRP'ABOUT',  adv.  [where  and  about.] 
1.  Near  what  place.  WhereabotU  did  you 
meet  your  friend  ? 


2.  Near  which  place.  Skak. 

3.  Concerning  which. 

The  object  whereabout  they  are  conversant. 

Hooker. 
WHF.RE.AS,   adv.  s   as  :.   [u-A«rc  and    as.] 

1.  When  in  fact  or  truth,  implying  opposi- 
tion to  something  that  precedes. 

Arc  not  those  found  to  be  the  greatest  zeal- 
ots, who  are  most  notoriously  ignorant !  where- 
as true  ical  should  always  Dcgin  with  true 
knowledge.  Sprat. 

2.  The  thing  being  so  that ;  considering  that 
things  are  so  ;  implying  an  admission  of 
facts,  sometimes  Ibllowed  by  a  dift'crent 
statement,  and  sometimes  by  inferences  or 
something  consequent,  as  in  the  law  style, 
where  a  preamble  introduces  a  law. 

JVhereas  wars  are  generally  causes  of  pov- 
erty—  Bacon. 

3.  Whereat ;  at  which  place.     Obs. 

j  Saenser. 

4.  But  on  the  contrary.     [See  No.  L) 

Woodward. 
WHEREAT',  udv.  [tchere  and  at.]  At  which. 
1  Whereat  he  was  no  less  angry  and  ashamed, 

than  desirous  to  obey  Zelmane.  Sidney. 

|2.  At   what,   interrogatively.      Whereat  are 

you  ofieiided  ? 

WHEREBY',  adv.  [icAcrcand  by.]  By  whicli. 
You  take  my  life. 
When  you  do  take  the  means  whereby  I  live. 

Shak. 
2.  By  what,  interrogatively. 

Wherchi)  shall  I  know  this  ?     Luke  i. 

WHEREFORE,  adv.   [icAere  and /or.]  For 
which  reason. 

IVherefure  by   their   fruits    ye   shall  know 
them.     Matt.  vii. 
2.  Why  ;  for  what  reason. 
1  Wherefore  didst  thou  doubt  r     Matt.  xiv. 

WHEREIN',  adv.  [where  and  tii.]  In  which; 
in  which   thing,  time,  respect,   book,  &c. 
This  is  the  thing  wherein  you  have  erred. 
•3.   In  what. 

\'et  ye  say,  wherein  have  we  wearied  liim  ? 
Mai.  ii. 
WHEKEINTo',  arfu.  [icAere  and  into.]  Into 
which.     Obs.  Bacon. 

WHERENESS,  n.  Ubiety  ;  imperfect  local- 
ity. 

A  point  hath  no  dimensions,  but  only  a  where- 
ness,  and  is  next  to  nothing.  Grew. 

[This  word  is  not  used,  nor  has  it  any  in- 
tellit^hle  signif  cation.] 
WHEREOF',  adv.  [it-Aereand  0/]  Of  which. 
We  are  not  guilty  of  the  crime  whereof  we 
are  accused. 
2.  Of  what,     ffhereof  was  this  house  built? 
Obs. 
How  this  world,  when  and  u'A«re()/' created — 

.\filton. 
WHEREON',  adv.  [where  and  on.]  On  which  ; 

as  the  cioiinil  whereon  we  tread. 
2.  On   what.     /rAfrfon  do  we  stand  ?     Obs. 
WHERESO,  adv.    Ohs.    [See  /rAerfioerer.] 
WHtRESOEV  ER,    adv.    [where,   so,  aud 

ever.] 
In  what  place  soever;  in  whatever  place,  or 
in  any  ]>lace  indefinitely.     Seize  the  thief, 
t/jAercioci'tr  he    may  be  found.     [}i'herever 
is  the  preferable  word.] 
WHtRETHROUGH,  through  w  hicli,  is  not 

in  use. 
WHERETO,  adv.  [where  and  lo.]  To  which. 
Whereto  we  have  already  attained —  Fhil.  iii. 
2.  To  what ;  to  what  end.     [Littie  used.] 


W  H  E 


W  H  I 


WHEREUNT6',  adv.  [where  anJ  unlo.]  TheJ  WHET'STONE,    n.    [whet  and  stone.]     A 
same  as  whereto.     [Little  used.]  i      stone  used  for  sharpening  edged  instru- 

WHeREUPON',  adv.  Upon  which.  |      meiits  by  friction. 

The  toivnsraen  mutinied  and  sent  Jo  Essex,  AVH  ET'STONE-SLATE,  ?  Novaculite 

""'"■ '"  WHET'-SLATE,  ^  ""    or 


tvhereupon  he  came  thither.  Clarendon 

WHEREVER,  adv.   [where  and  ever.]     At 
whatever  place. 

He  cannot  hut  love  virtue,  wherever  it  is. 

Jitterbury. 
WHEREWITH',  adv.  [where  and  with.]  With 
whicii. 

The   love   wherewith  thou  hast  loved  me. 
lohn  xvii. 
%  With  what,  interrogatively. 

Wherewith  shall  I  save  Israel  ?    Juds;es  vi. 
WHEREWITHAL',     adv.      [Sec     fflthal. 
[luhere,  with,  and  all.]    Tlie  same  as  ivhere 
ivith. 
WHER'RET,   v.t.    [G.  wirren.    Qu.]     To 
hurry  ;  to  trouble  ;  to  tease  ;  to  give  a  box 
on  the  ear.    [Loiv  and  not  used  in  America.] 
WHER'RET,  n.  A  box  on  the  ear.  [jVot  in 
use.]  Beaum. 

WHER'RY,  n.  [a  different  orthography  of 
ferry,  formed  with  a  strong  breatliing  ;  like 
whistle,  from  the  root  of  h.Jistula.] 

1.  A  boat  used  on  rivers.  The  name  is  given 
to  several  kinds  of  light  boats.  It  is  also 
applied  to  some  decked  vessels  used  in 
fishing,  in  different  parts  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  A  liquor  inade  from  the  pulp  of  crabs  af- 
ter the  verjuice  is  expressed  ;  sometimes 
called  crab-tvherry.     [Local.] 

WHET,  V.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  tvhetled  or  whet. 
[Sax.  hwettan  ;  Sw.  hvhssa;  Dan.  hvas. 
sharp ;  hvedser,  to  whet ;  D.  tvetten ;  G. 
ivetzcn.] 

1.  To  rub  for  the  purpose  of  sharpening,  as 
an  edge  tool ;  to  sharpen  by  attrition  ;  as, 
to  whet  a  sythe  or  an  ax. 

2.  To  provoke ;  to  excite  ;  to  stimulate  ;  as, 
to  rvhet  the  appetite. 

3.  To  provoke ;  to  make  angry  or  acrimoni- 
ous. 

Since  Cassius  first  did  whet  me  against  Cesar, 

I  have  not  slept.  Shak. 

To  whet  on  or  whet  forward,  to  urge  on  ;  to 

instigate.     [jVot  used  nor  proper.]       Shak: 

WHET,n.  The  act  of  sharpening  by  friction.: 

2.  Something  that  provokes    or  stimulates 

the  appetite ;  as  sips,  drams  and  whets.       | 

Spectator.' 
WHETHER,  pronoun  or  substitute.  [S,ix.' 
hw(cther.  This  word  seems  to  he  connect- 
ed with  lohat  and  the  L.  nter,  the  latter  not 
being  aspirated.  The  sense  seems  to  be|  ~ 
what,  or  which  of  two,  referring  either  toi 
persons  or  to  sentences.]  ! 

1.  Which  of  two.  I 

Whether  of  them  twain  did  the  will  of  his 

father  ?      Matt.  xxi.  ; 

Here  whether  is  a  substitute  for  one  of 

two,  and  signifies  ioWcA  ;  xchich  of  the  two  ; 

but  in  this  sense  it  is  obsolete.  j 

2.  Which  of  two  alternatives,  expresse<l  by 
a  sentence  or  the  clause  of  a 


sentence,!  o 
and   followed    by   or.     "Resolve   wlietherh 
you  wdl  go  or  not :"  that  is,  you  will  go  or 
not  go  ;  resolve  which. 

[Note.  In  the  latter  use,  which  is  now 
most  common,  ivhether  is  called  an  adverb 
This  IS  a  mistake.  It  is  the  same  part  of  speech 
as  m  the  lormer  example.  The  only  dltTerence 
IS  that  m  the  former  example  it  lepresents  or 
refers  to  a  noun,  and  in  the  latter  to  a  sentence! 
or  clause.}  " 


or  coticu- 
lar  shist,  a  variety  of  slate  used  for  sharp- 
ening instruments  of  iron.  The  light 
green  colored  variety  from  the  Levant  is 
the  most  valuable.  It  should  be  kept  in  a 
damp  place,  that  it  may  not  become  too 
dry  and  hard. 
WHET'TED,  pp.  Rubhed  for  sharpening; 

sharpened  ;  provoked  ;  stimuhited 
WHET'TER,  n.  He  or  that  which  whets 

or  sharpens. 
WHETTING,  ppr.    Rubbing   for  the  pur- 
pose of  making  sharp;  sharpening;  pro- 
voking; inciting;  stinnilating. 
WHEW'ER,  n.  Another  name  of  the  wid- 
geon.    [Local.] 
WHeY,    »(.    [Sax.  hva-g ;  D.   wei  or  hui.] 
The  serura  or  watery  part  of  milk,  sepa- 
rated  from   the  more   thick  or  coagulabic 
part,  particularly  in  the  process  of  making 
cheese.     In  this  process,  the  thick  part  is 
railed  curd,  and  the  thin  part  whet/. 
WHkYEY,  a.  Partaking  of  wliey";  resem- 
bling whey.  Bacon 
WHEYISH,    a.     Having   the    fjualities   of 
«'l'e.v-                                                   Philips. 
WHEY-TIIB,    n.     A   tub   in    which  whey 
stands  for  yielding  cream,  &c.  Cyc. 
WHICH,    pron.    relative   or   substitute.      [I 
have  not  found    this  word   in  any  other 
language,  and  I  think  it  not  probable  that 
it  is  a  contraction  of  Sax.  hwilc,  G.  tvekher, 
D.   u'ett,  &c.     If  not,  it  maybe  from  the 
root  of  ,;«)>*.     See  If'hat  mi'ii  night.] 
1.  A  word  called  a  relative  or  pronoun  rela-! 
five,  because  it  relates  to  another  word  or| 
thing,  usually  to  some  word  that  precedes! 
it  in  the  sentence.     I  call  it  also  a  substi- 
tute, as  it  supplies  the  place  of  a  noun,  or 
of  an  adjective,  or  of  a  sentence  or  clause. 

1.  "The  garden  which  I  cultivate,"  that 
is,  the   garden,   which  garden   I  cultivate. 

2.  "We  are  hound  to  obey  all  the  divine 
commands,  which  we  cannot  do  without 
divine  aid."  Here  which  represents  the 
words,  obey  the  divine  comma7ids.  3.  "You 
declared  him  to  be  innocent,  which  he  is 
not."      Here   which    stands   for  innocent. 

In  the  foregoing  uses,  which  is  not  used 
in  the  masculine  gender,  that  is,  it  does 
not  in  modern  usage  represent  a  person. 
If'hich  is  much  used  in  asking  questions, 
for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  the  designa- 
tion of  a  particular  person  or  thing  by  the 
answer,  and  in  this  use,  it  is  of  the  mascu- 
line as  well  as  of  the  neuter  gender. 
There  are  two  or  three  things  to  be  don 
ivhich  shall  1  do  first  ?     tyhich  man  is  it  ? 

Which  of  you  convinceth  me  of  sin  ?     John 
viii. 

For  tvhich  of  those  works  do  ye  stone  me  ? 
John  x. 

That   which.      "Take   which  you    will," 
that  is,  take  any  one  of  the  whole. 
The  ivliich,  liy  the  ivhich.     The  use  of  the  be- 
fore which,  is  obsolete. 
WHIfHEVER,       /   ,,^_     Whether 


WlilCUSOEV'ER,^  /"■""■  or  the  othen 
li'hiclu'.ver  road  you  take,  it  will  conduct 
yiin  to  town. 

VVHIFE,  n.  [  W.  ^wif  a  whiff  or  puff,  a  hiss  ; 


il    fwifaiv,  to  wlifff,  and  cwaf,  a  quick  gust.] 


VV  H  I 

1.  A  sudden  expulsion  of  air  from  the  mouth  • 
a  puff;  as  the  whiff  of  a  smoker.  ' 

And    seasons    his  whiffa    with   impertinent 
jokes.  pgpg 

i.  In  ichthyology,  a  species  of  Pleuronectes 

„.o'"fl'""'fler-  Ed.Encyc. 

UHIFF,   V.  t.    To  puff;  to  throw   out   in 
whifts  ;  to  consume  in  whiffs. 

WHir'FLE,  v.i.  [D.  weifelen,  to  waver; 
zwetven,  to  hover.  Tliis  accords  in  sense 
with  G.  zweifeln,  to  doubt,  which  would 
seem  to  be  from  zwei,  two,  or  its  root.  Tlie 
G.  has  also  schweifen,  to  rove  or  wander 
which  seems  to  be  allied  to  sweep.  The 
D.  has  also  twyffelcii,  to  doubt,  fVom  twee, 
two,  or  its  root ;  Sw.  Ivijla,  Dan.  tvivler, 
from  the  root  of  tivo.  Yet  whiffle  seems 
to  be  directly  from  whiff:] 
|To  start,  shift  and  turn  ;  "to  change  from  one 
opinion  or  course  to  another;  to  use  eva- 
sions ;  to  prevaricate ;  to  be  tickle  and 
unsteady. 

A  person  of  a  whiffling  and  unsteady  turn  of 
mind,  cannot  keep  close  to  a  point  of  contro- 
^<='"*y-  Waifs. 

WHIFFLE,  V.  t.   To  disperse  with  a  pnff; 

More, 
n.  Anciently,  a  fife  or  small 


to  scatter. 
WHIFFLE 

flute. 
WHIF'FLER,  n.  One  who  whiffles  or  fre- 
quently changes  his  opinion  or  course  ; 
<me  who  uses  shifts  and  evasions  in  argu- 
ment. ° 
i.  A  harbinger  ;  perhaps  one  who  blows 
the  horn  or  trumpet.                             Shak. 

■i.  A  young  man  who  goes  before  a  company 
in  London  on  occasions  of  public  solem- 
"'t.V-  Cyc. 

WHIFFLING,  ppr.  Shifting  and  turning; 
prevaricating  ;  shuffling. 

WHIF'FLING,  n.  Prevarication. 
WHIG,  n.  [Sax.hwag.     See  tThey.]     Acid- 
ulated whey,  sometimes  mixed  with  butter 
milk  and  sweet  herbs ;  used  as  a  cooling 
beverage.     [Local.] 

WHIG,  n.  [origin  uncertain.]  One  of  a  po- 
litical party  which  had  its  origin  in  Eng- 
land in  the  seventeenth  centmv,  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  I.  or  II.,  when  great  con- 
tests existed  respecting  the  royal  prerog- 
atives and  the  rights  of  the  people.  Those 
who  supported  the  ki/ig  in  his  high  claims, 
were  called  tories,  and  the  advocates  of 
popular  rights  were  called  whigs.  During 
the  revolution  in  the  United  States,  the 
friends  and  supporters  of  the  war  and  the 
prinriples  of  the  revolution,  were  called 
ivhigs,  and  those  who  opposed  them,  were 
called  tories  and  royalists. 

Where  then,  when  lories  scarce  get  clear. 
Shall  zt'higs  and  congresses  appear .' 

M'Fingal. 

WHIG'GARCHY,  n. Government  by  whigs. 
[Cant.]  s,eifi_ 

WHIG'GISH,  a.  Pertaining  to  whigs  ;  par- 
taking of  the  principles  of  whigs.        Swift 

WUIG'GISM,  n.  The  piiuciples  of  a  whig. 

Swijl. 

WHILE,  n.  [Sax.  hwile  ;  Goth,  hweila :  G. 
wcil:  D.  tvyl,  time,  while  ;  Dan.  hvile.  Sw. 
hvita,  repose  ;  W.  cwyl,  a  turn,  Ir.  foil. 
See  the  Verb.] 

Time  ;  space  of  time,  or  continued  duration. 
He  was  some  while  in  this  country.  One 
while  we  thought  him  innocent. 


W  H  I 


\V  H  I 


W  H  I 


Pausing  a  while,  thus  to  hereelf  she  mus'd. 

Milton. 


Worth  white,   worth  the   time  which  it 
(juires;  worth  tlie  lime  ami  pains;  hence, 
wortli    the   expense.      It   is   not   always 
worth  while  for  a   man  to    prosecute  for 
small  (lel)ts. 

WHILE,  adv.  During  the  time  that.    While 
1  write,  you  sleep. 

2.  As  long  as. 

Use  your  memory,  and  you  will  sensibly  ex 
periencc  a  gradual  improvement,  while  you 
take  care  not  to  overload  it.  IVatts 

3.  At  the  same  time  that.  Pope 
WHILE,  v.l.  [VV.  cwijlaw,  to  turn,  to  run  u 

course,  to  bustle  ;  Eth.  ©OA  waala,  to 
pass  the  time,  to  spend  the  day  or  life,  to 
remain ;  Amharic,  id. ;  Dan.  hviler,  Sw. 
fcuite,  to  rest  or  repose  ;  h./oillim,  to  stay, 
to  rest,  to  tarry ;  G.  weilen,  verieeilen,  to 
abide,  to  stay  ;  D.  verwiilen,  id.  Uu.  the 
identity  of  these  words.] 
To  wliite  away,  as  time,  in  English,  is  to 
loiter  ;  or  more  generally,  to  cause  time 
to  pass  away  pleasantly,  without  irksonie- 
ness ;  us,  we  ichile  away  time  in  amuse- 
ments or  diversions. 

I^et  us  while  away  this  life.  Pope 

WHILE,  V.  i.  To  loiter.  Spectator. 

WIHLE'KE,   adv.    [lo/it/e  and  ere.]    A  httl 

while  ago.     Obs. 
WIH'LING,  ppr.    Loitering;  passing  time 
agreeably,  without  impatience  or  tedious- 
ness. 
WHILK,  »i.  A  shell.     [See  IVhelk.] 
WllI'LOM,  arfi'.  [!iax.  hwilon.]    Formerly; 
once  ;  of  old.     Obs.  Spenser. 

WHILST,  adv.    The  same  as  while,  which 

see.  fVhiles  is  not  used. 
WHIM,  n.  [Ice.  hwiina  ;  W.gwim,  a  brisk 
motion,  a  turn  ;  pwimiaw,  to  move  round 
bri.skly  ;  Sp.  quimera,  a  whim,  a  wild  fan- 
cy, a  scuffle.] 
\.  Properly,  a  sudden  turn  or  start  of  the 
mind  ;  a'  freak  ;  a  fancy  ;  a  capricious  no- 
tion. We  say,  ev(;ry  man  has  his  whims. 
[See  Freak  and  Caprice.] 

All  the  superfluous  whims  relate.  Swift 

2.  A  low  wit;  a  cant  word.  Addison. 

WHIM'I'EK,  t'.  i.    [G.  wimmern.]     To  cry 

with  a  low,  whining,  broken  voice  ;  as,  a 

child  whimpers.  Locke 

WHIM'PERLN'G,  ppr.  Crying  with  a  low 

broken  voice. 
WHIM'PERING,  n.  [supra.]    A  low  mut- 
tering cry. 
WHIMPLED,  a  word  used  by  Shakspeare, 
is  perhaps  a  nfistake  for  whimpered.  There 
is  no  such  word  in  the  English. 
WHIM'SEY,  »i.    s  as  :.     [from  whim.]    A 
whim ;  a  freak  ;  a   capricious  notion  ;  as 
the  ivhimseys  of  poets. 

Men's  follies,  whimsies,  and  inconstancy. 

.Swifl 
WHIM'SICAL,  a.  Fidl  of  whims;  freakish; 
having  odd  fancies;  capricious. 

My  noiijlibors  call  me  whimsical.      Addison 
WHIM'SICALLY,     adv.     [supra.]      In   a 

whimsical  manner;  freakishly. 
WHIM'SICALNESS,    n.    [supra.]    Freak 
ishness;  whimsical  disposition;  odd  tem- 
per. 
WHIN,  n.  [In  W.  fwipi  is  a  weed  ;  L.  genista 
spinosa.]      Gorse;  furze;  a  plnnt   of  the 
genus  Ules.  Tusser.    Lee 


WHIN'-AX,  n.  [whin  and  ai.]  An  instru- 
ment used  for  extirpating  whin  from  land. 

Cyc. 

WHIN'BREL,  I       A  bird  resembling  the 

WIHM'BREL,  S  "•  curlew. 

Diet.  JVb(.  Hist. 

WIUN'-CHAT,  n.  A  bird,  a  species  of 
warbler,  the  Motacilla  rubetra,  Linn. 

Ed.  Encyc. 

WHINE,  v.t.  [Sax.  wanian  and  civaiiian  ; 
ijiilU.  hwninon;  Dan. /iriner,  to  whine,  and 
to  whinny,  as  a  horse;  Sw.  hvina,  to 
squeal  or  squeak  ;  W.  apvyn,  to  complain  ; 
L.  hiunio,  and  qu.  g'onTiiu.J 

To  express  nuirniurs  by  a  plaintive  cry ;  to 
moan  with  a  puerile  uoise;  to  murmur 
meanly. 

They  came — with  a  whining  accent  craving 

liberty.  Sidney. 

Then,  if  we  whine,  look  pale —  Shak. 

WHINE,  «.  A  plaintive  tone;  the  nasal 
puerile  tone  of  mean  complaint ;  mean  or 
utfectcd  complaint.  Howe. 

WHI'NER,  71.  One  who  whines. 

VVIirNINiJ,  ppr.  Expressing  murmurs  by 
a  mean  plaintive  tone  or  cant. 

WHIN'NV,  V.  i.  [L.  hinnio ;  from  the  root 
of  whine.]  To  utter  the  sound  of  a  horse ; 
to  neigh. 

WIIIN'Oe,  n.  [G.  wenig,  small.]  The  small 
pig  of  a  litter.  .V.  England. 

WHIN-STONE,  n.  [whin  unii  stone ;  Scot. 
ijuhyn-slane.] 

Whin-stone  or  whin  is  a  provincial  name 
given  to  basaltic  rocks,  and  applied  by 
miners  to  any  kind  of  dark  colored  and 
hard  unstratified  rock  which  resists  th 
point  of  the  pick.  Veins  of  dark  basalt  or 
green-stone,  are  frequently  called  whin- 
dykes.  Cyc, 

WIIIN'-Y'ARD,  n.    A  sword  ;  in  contempt 

Undibras. 

WHIP,  1'.  t.  [Sax.  hweopan,  to  whip,  and  to 
ipeep,  that  is,  to  whoop  or  hoop  ;  D.  tvippen, 
to  shake,  to  move  or  wag,  to  give  the 
strapado  ;  zweepen,  to  whip;  Dan.  vipper. 
to  swing  ;  W .  poipiaw,  to  move  briskly,  to 
whip;  pvip,  a  (]uick  flirt  or  turn.  The 
sense  is  well  expressed  by  the  Welsh,  and 
we  say,  a  man  ic/iips  round  a  corner,  when 
running  he  sudtlenly  turns.  It  .seems  to 
be  allied  to  wipe  and  sweep,  and  L.  impulu 
and  implies  a  sweeping  throw  or  thrust.] 

1.  To  strike  with  a  lash  or  s\vee|)ing  cord  ; 
as,  to  whip  a  horse. 

2.  To  sew  slightly.  Gay. 
i.  To  drive  with  lashes;  as,  to  whip  a  top. 

4.  To  punish  with  the   whip;  as,  u>  whip  a 
vagrant ;  to  tchip  one  thirty  nine  lashes 
to  whip  a  perverse  boy. 

Who,  for  false    quantities,   was    whipp'd  al 
.school.  JJryden. 

5.  To  lash  with  sarcasm. 
Thev  would  irhip  me  with  their  fine  wits 

ShaJi. 

G.  To  strike ;  to  thrash ;  to  beat  out,  a.s 
gi'ain,  by  striking ;  as,  to  whip  wheat- 
[.Vo(  in  use  in  the  U.  Stiles.]  Cyc 

To  whip  about  or  round,  to  wrap  ;  to  inwrup ; 
as.  to  whip  a  liiu-  roimd  a  rod.  Moion. 

To  whip  out,  to  ilraw  nimbly;  to  snatch;  as, 
to  whip  out  a  sword  or  rapier  from  its: 
sheath.  i 

To  whip  from,  to  take  away  suddenly. 

To  whip   into,   to   thrust   iu    with   a  quick 


motion.     He   whipped  bia  band  into  his 
pocket. 

Tu  whip  up,  to  seize  or  take  up  with  a  quick 
motion.  She  whipped  up  the  child,  and 
ran  off.  Among  seameD,  to  hoist  with  a 
whip  or  small  tackle. 

WHIP,  t'.  t.  To  move  nimbly  ;  to  start  sud- 
denly and  run  ;  or  to  turn  and  run  ;  as,  the 
boy  whipped  away  in  an  instant ;  he  whip- 
ped round  the  corner;  he  i(7ii/)/)C(/ into  the 
liouse,  and  w  as  out  of  sight  in  a  moment. 

WHIP,  n.  [Sax.  hweop.]  An  instrument  for 
driving  horses  or  other  teams,  or  for  cor- 
rection, consisting  of  a  lash  tied  to  a  han- 
dle or  rod. 

3.  In  ships,  a.  small  tackle,  used  to  hoist 
light  bodies.  Mar.  Diet. 

Whip  and  spur,  with  the  utmost  haste. 

WHIP'-CORI),  II.  [ic/it>  and  cord.]  Cord 
of  which  lashes  are  made.  Dryden. 

WH1P'-(;R  AFT,  v.  t.  [whip  and  gra^fl.] 
To  graft  by  cutting  the  cion  and  stock  in 
a  sloping  direction,  so  as  to  fit  each  other, 
and  by  inserting  a  tongue  on  the  cion  into 
a  slit  in  the  stock. 

WIIIP'-GR'AFTING,  n.  The  act  or  prac- 
tice of  grafting  by  cutting  the  cion  and 
stock  with  aslope,  to  fit  each  other,  &c. 

Encyc. 

WIIIP'-IIAND,  »i.  [tc/ii>  and  Aanrf.]  Ad- 
vantage over  ;  as,  he  lias  the  whip-hand  of 
her.  Dryden. 

WHIP'-LASH,  n.  [uhip  and  la.'sh.]  The 
lash  of  a  whip.  Tusser. 


WHIP  PEI),  pp.  Struck  with  a  whip;  pun- 
ished ;  enwrapped  ;  sewed  slightly. 

WHIP'PER,  )i.  One  who  whi[)S  ;  particu- 
larly, an  officer  who  inflicts  the  penalty  of 
legal  whipping. 

WHIPPING,  ppr.  Striking  with  a  whip; 
punishing  with  a  whip;  enwrapping. 

WHIP'PING,  n.  The  act  of  striking  with  a 
whip,  or  of  punishing  ;  the  state  of  being 
whipped. 

WHIPPINGPOST,  n.  [whipping  and  post.] 
A  post  to  which  oflenders  are  tied  when 
whipped. 

WHIP'PLE-TREE,  n.  [whip  and  tree;  hut 
qu.  is  it  not  whifjle-tree  ?] 

The  bar  to  which  the  traces  or  tugs  of  a 
harness  are  fastened,  and  by  which  a  car- 
riage, a  plow,  a  harrow  or  other  imple- 
ment is  <lrawn. 

WlllP'POWlL,  n.  The  popular  name  of 
an  American  bird,  so  called  from  its  note, 
or  the  sounds  of  its  voice.  [Not  whip-poor- 
will.] 

\VHIP'-S.\W,  n.  [iMi'/)  and  iaic]  A  saw  to 
be  used  by  two  persons. 

WIIIP'-ST'AFF,  n.  [,fhip  and  staff.]  In 
ships,  a  bar  by  which  the  rudder  is  turned. 
Ill  small  vessels  this  is  called  the  tiiler. 

WHIPSTER.  .1.   A  nimble  fellow.      Prior. 

WHIP -STITCH,  r.t.  [whip  ai)d  stitch.]  In 
agriculture,  to  half-plow  or  to  rafter  land. 
This  word,  I  believe,  is  not  used  in  .Vmer- 
ica.  The  practice  of  whipstitching  re- 
sembles what  is  called  in  America  ridg- 
ins- 

WHIP-STOCK,  n.  [whip  and  stock.]  The 
rod  or  staff  to  which  the  lash  of  a  whip  is 
fastened. 

WHIPT,  pp.   of  tvhip  ;  sometimea  used  for 
irhipped. 
j  WHll<,    V.  i.    hwur.    To  whirl  round  with 
noise  ;  to  fly  with  noise. 


W  H  I 


W  H  1 


W  11  1 


WHIR,  V.  t.  To  liurry. 
WHIRL,    V.  t.    hwurl.    [Sax.  huyrfan ;  D. 
tvervelen  ;  G.  u'irbeh,  to  wliirl,  to  warhh  ; 
Dan.  hvirveler,  Sw.  hvirjla,  to  whir);  Dan. 
hvirvelbeen,  whirl-bone,  vertebra  ;  hvirvet- 
soe,  whirl-sea,  a  wliirlpool  ;  Sw.  hvirfvel. 
Ice.  whirla,  a  whirl.     We  see  thai  whirl 
and  warble  are   dialectical   forms   of  the 
same  word,  and  both  probably  from  the 
root  of  L.  verto  and  En<r.  veer.] 
To  turn  round  rapidly  ;  to  turn  with  velocity 
He  whirls  his  sword  around  without  delay. 

Dry  tie  ti 

WHIRL,  V.  i.  To  be  turned  round  rapidly  ; 

to  move  round  with  velocity  ;  as  the  lohirl 

ing  sjjindles  of  a  cotton  machine  or  wheels 

of  a  coach. 

The  wooden  engine  flies  and  whirls  about. 

Dryden 
3.  To  move  hastily. 

— But  whirl'd  away,  to  shun  his  hateful  sijjht. 

Dry  lien 
WHIRL,  n.  [G.  tvirbel ;  Dan.  hvirveL]  A 
turning  with  rapidity  or  velocity  ;  rapid 
rotation  or  circumvolution  ;  quick  gyra- 
tion ;  as  the  whirl  of  a  top  ;  the  whirl  of  a 
wheel ;  the  ivhirl  of  time ;  the  whirls  of 
fancy.  Creech.     Pope. 

2.  Any  thing  that  moves  or  is  turned  with 
velocity,  particularly  on  an  axis  or  pivot. 

3.  A  hook  used  in  twisting. 

4.  In  botany,  a  species  of  inflorescence,  con- 
sisting of  many  subsessile  flowers  sur- 
rounding the  stem  in  a  ring.  It  is  also 
written  whorl  and  wherl.  Martyn. 

WHIRL'-BAT,    n.    [whirl  and  bat]     Any 

thing  moved  with  a  whirl  as  preparatory 

for  a  blow,  or  to  augment  the  force  of  it. 

Poets  use  it  for  the  ancient  cestus. 

The  whirl-bat  and  the  rapid  race  shall  be 

Reserv'd  for  Cesar.  Dryden. 

WHIRL'-BL-AST,  n.  [whirl  and  blast'.]  A 
whirling  blast  of  wind.  Entick. 

WHIRL'-BONE,  ri.  [whirl  and  bone.]  The 
patella;  the  cap  of  the  knee;  the  knee- 
pan.  Ainsivorth. 

WHIRL'ED,  pjj.  Turned  round  with  velo- 
city. 

2.  In  botany,  growing  in  whirls;  bearing 
whirls;  verticillate. 

WHIRL'IGIG,  )i.  [whirl  and  gig.]  A  toy 
which  children  spin  or  whirl  round. 

Johnson. 

3.  In  military  antiquities,  an  instrument  for 
punishing  petty  ofl'enders,  as  sutlers, 
brawling  women,  &c. ;  a  kind  of  wooden 
cage  turning  on  a  pivot,  in  which  the  of- 
fender was  whirled  round  with  great  ve- 
locity. Cyc. 

WHIRLING,    ppr.     Turning   or  moving 

round  with  velocity. 
WHIRL'ING-TABLE,  n.  A  machine  con 
■    trived   to    exhibit    and   demonstrate   the 
principal  laws   of  gravitation,  and  of  the 
planetary  motions  in  curvilinear  orbits. 

C^c 

WHIRL-PIT,  n.  A  whirlpool.     [Xot  used.] 

WHIRLPOOL,    n.    [whirl  and  pool.]    An 

eddy  of  water ;  a   vortex   or   gulf  where 

the  water  moves  round  in   a  circle.     In 

some  cases,  a  whirlpool  draws  things  to 

its  center  and  absorbs  them,  as  is  the  case 

■with  the  Maelstrom  ofl'  the  coast  of  Nor 

way. 

WHIRL'WIND,    n.    [whirl  and  loind.]    A 

violent  wind  moving  in  a  circle,  or  rather 


in  a  spiral  form,  as  if  moving  round  an 
axis;  this  axis  or  the  perpendicular  col- 
umn moving  horizontally,  raising  and 
whirling  dust,  leaves  and  the  like. 

WHIRRAW'.   [See  Hoora.] 

WHIR'RING,  n.  The  sound  of  a  partridge's 
or  pheasant's  wings. 

[Note. —  Whir  is  used  by  the  common  people  in 
New  England  in  an  adverbial  manner,  to  ex- 
press the  rapid  flistht  or  the  sound  of  any  thing 
thrown.     See  IVhir] 

WHISK,  »i.  [G.  D.  wisch,  a  wisp.]  A  small 
bunch  of  gra.ss,  straw,  hair  or  the  like, 
used  for  a  brush  ;  hence,  a  brush  or  small 
besom. 

"2.  Part  of  a  woman's  dress ;  a  kind  of  tippet. 

Child. 

WHISK,  V.  t.  To  sweep,  brusli  or  wi|)e 
with  a  whisk. 

2.  To  sweep  along  ;  to  move  nimbly  over 
the  ground.  Hudibras. 

WHISK,  V.  i.  To  move  nimbly  and  with 
velocity.  Purehas. 

VVHISK'ER,  n.  [from  whisk.]  Long  hair 
growing  on  the  human  cheek.  Pope. 

WHISKERED,  a.  Formed  into  whiskers  ; 
furnished  with  whiskers. 

WHISK'ET,  71.  A  basket.     [Local.] 

WHISK'ING,  ppr.  Brushing  ;  sweeping 
along;  moving  with  velocity  along  the 
surface. 

WHIS'K'i'',  n.  [Ir.  uisge,  water,  whence 
usquebaugh  ;  W.  wysg,  a  stream.] 

A  spirit  di.siilled  from  grain.  In  the  north 
of  England,  the  name  is  given  to  the  spirit 
drawn  from  barley.  In  the  United  States, 
whisky  is  generally  distilled  from  wheat, 
rye  or  maiz. 

WHIS'PER.  V.  i.  [Sax.  hwisprian ;  Dan. 
hvisker ;  Sw.  hviska,  to  buzz,  lo  ivhisper : 
allied  to  whistle,  wheeze,  and  h.  fistula.  The 
word  seems  by  its  sound  to  be  an  onoma- 
topy,  as  it  expresses  a  sibilant  sound  or 
breathing.] 

1.  To  speak  with  a  low  hissing  or  sibilant 
voice.  It  is  ill  manners  to  ivhisper'm  com- 
pany. 

The  hollow  whispering  breeze^    Thomson 

2.  To  speak  with  suspicion  or  timorous  cau- 
tion. 

3.  To  plot  secretly ;  to  devise  mischief. 
All  that  hate  me  whisper  together  against  me. 

Ps.  xli. 

WHIS'PER,     v.t.    To   address  in   a   low 
voice.     He  whispers  the   man   in  the  ear. 
[But  this  is  elliptical  for  whispers  to.] 
■i.  To   utter  in   a  low    sibilant  voice.      He 

whispered  a  word  in  my  ear. 
3.  To  prompt  secretly  ;  as,  he  came  to  whis- 
per Woolsey.  Shak. 
WHIS'PER,   n.    A  low  soft  sibilant  voice 
or  words  uttered  with  such  a  voice. 

The  whisper  cannot  give  a  tone.         Bacon 
Soft  whis}>ers  through  th'  assembly  went. 

Drytlen 

2.  A  cautious  or  timorous  speech. 

3.  A  hissing  or  buzzing  sound. 
WHIS'PERED,  pp.  Uttered  in  a  low  voice ; 

uttered  with  suspicion  or  caution. 
WHISPERER,  n.  One  who  whispers. 

2.  A  tattler ;  one  who  tolls  secrets  ;  a  convey 
er  of  intelligence  secretly.  Bacon. 

3.  A  backbiter;  one  who  slanders  secretly 
Prov.  xvi. 

WHIS'PERING,  ppr.  Speaking  in  a  low 
voice  ;  telling  secretly ;  backbiting. 


jWHIS'PERING,  n.  The  act  of  speaking 
with  a  low  voice  ;  the  telling  of  tales,  and 

1     exciting  of  suspicions;  a  backbiting. 

iWHIS'PERINGLY,  adv.  In  a  low  voice. 

WHIST,  a.  [Corn,  huist,  siW.nce.]  Silent; 
mute;  still;  not  speaking;  not  makmg  a 
noise. 

The  winds  with  wonder  whiit, 
Smootlily  the  waters  kiss'd.  M'dton. 

[This  adjective,  like  some  others,  al- 
ways follows  its  noun.  We  never  say. 
whisl  wind  ;  but  the  wind  is  xuhist.] 

ffhist  is  used  lor  be  silent.  Whist,  whist,  that 
is,  be  silent  or  still. 

WHIST,  n.  A  game  at  cards,  so  called  be- 
cause it  requires  silence  or  close  atten- 
tion. It  is  not  in  America  pronounced 
whisk. 

WHIS'TLE,  v.i.  hwis't.  [Sax.  hwisllan : 
Sw.  hvissln  ;  Dan.  hridster ;  L  fistula,  a 
whistle  ;  allied  to  whisper.] 

1.  To  utter  a  kind  of  musical  sound,  by 
pressing  the  breath  throu-^h  a  small  orifice 
formed  by  contracting  the  lips. 

\A'hile  the  plowman  near  at  hand, 

TVhistles  o'er  the  I'unow'd  land.         JirMon. 

2.  To  make  a  sound  with  a  small  wind  in- 
strument. 

3.  To  sound  shrill,  or  like  a  pipe. 
The  wild  winds  whistle,  and  the  billow.'  roar. 

Pope. 

WHIS'TLE,  V.  t.  To  form,  utter  or  modu- 
late by  whistling  ;  as,  to  whistle  a  tune  or 
air. 

2.  To  call  by  a  whistle  ;  as,  he  whistled  back 
his  dog. 

WHIS'TLE,   n.    [Sax.  hwistle  ;  L.  fistula.] 

1.  A  small  wind  instrument.  Bacon. 

2.  The  .sound  inade  by  a  small  wind  instru- 
ment. 

3.  Sound  made  by  pressing  the  breath 
through  a  small  orifice  of  the  lips. 

4.  The  mouth  ;  the  organ  of  whistling.  [Vul- 
gar.] 

5.  A  small  pipe,  used  by  a  boatswain  to  sum- 
mon the  sailors  to  their  duty  ;  the  boat- 
swain's call.  Mar.  Diet. 

6.  The  shrill  .sound  of  winds  passing  among 
trees  or  through  crevices,  &,c. 

7.  A  call,  such  as  sportsmen  use  to  their 
dogs. 

WHIS'TLED,  pp.  Sounded  with  a  pipe; 
uttered  in  a  whistle. 

WHIS'TLE-FISH,  n.  A  local  name  of  a 
species  of  Gadus,  with  only  two  fins  on 
the  back  ;  the  Mustelafiuvialilis.  Cyc. 

WHIS'TLER,  n.  One  who  whistles. 

WHIS'TLING,  ppr.  Uttering  a  tnusical 
sound  through  a  small  orifice  of  the  lips; 
sounding  with  a  pipe  ;  making  a  shrill 
sound,  as  wind. 

WIHS'TLY,  adv.  Silently. 

WHIT,  n.  [Sax.  wiht,  a  creature,  also  a 
thing,  something,  any  thing.  This  is 
probably  from  the  root  of  L.  vivo,  victum.] 

.A  point;  a  jot;  the  smallest  part  or  particle 
imaginable.  It  is  used  without  a  prepo- 
sition. He  is  not  a  whit  the  wiser  for  ex- 
perience. 

ll  does  not  mc  a  whit  displease.         Cowley. 

The  regular  construction  would  be  by  a 

whit,  or  in   a    whit.     In  those   |)lirases,  o 

whit  may  be  intcr|)retcd  by  in  the  least,in 

the  sinnllest  descc. 

WHITE,  a.  [Sax.  hwit ;  Hw.  hvit ;  Dan., 
hvid ;  D.wit;  G.  wciss.] 


W  H  I 


W  H  I 


W  H  I 


1.  Being  of  the  color  of  pure  snow ;  snowy ; 
not  dark  ;  as  ivhile  paper  ;  a  ivhite  skin. 

2.  Pale;  destitule  of  color  in  the  rlieeks,  or 
of  the  tinge  of  blood  color;  aa  white  with 
fear. 

3.  Having  the  color  of  purity  ;  pure  ;  cleon  ; 
free  from  spot;  as  ivhile  robed  innocence. 

4.  Gray  ;  as  while  hair  ;  a  venerable  man, 
white  with  age. 

5.  Pure  ;  unblemished. 

No  whiter  page  than  Addison's  lemains. 

Pope. 

C.  In  a  scriptural  sense,  purified  from  sin  ; 
sanctified.     Ph.  li. 

WHI'TP:-BA1T,  n.  [white  ami  bait.]  Avery 
smnll  (Iclicnie  fish,  of  the  genus  Clupea.      i 

WHPTE-BKAM,  n.  The  vi-hite-lcaf  tree,  al 
species  of  CratJcgus.  Lce.^ 

WHPTE-BKAK,  n.  [white  and  bear.]  The 
bear  that  inhabits  the  polar  regions. 

WlllTE-BKANT,  n.  [while  and  brant.]  A 
species  of  the  duck  kind,  the  Jlnus  hyper- 
horen.  Ctjc. 

WHl'TE-BUG,  n.  [ivMle  and  bu^.]  An  in- 
sect of  the  bug  kind,  which  injures  vines 
and  some  other  species  of  fruit.  Cyc. 

WHITE-€AM'PION,  n.  [while  and  campi- 
on.] 

A  pernicious  perennial  weed,  growing  in 
corn  l.'vnd,  pastures  and  liedgcs.  Cyc. 

WHrrE-CAT  EUPII.LAU,  n.  An  insect 
of  a  siiiall  size,  called  sometimes  the  borer, 
that  injures  the  gooseberry  bush.  Cyc. 

WHITE-CEN'TAUKV,  »i.  An  annual 
weed  in  woods  and  other  places.  It  is 
said  to  form  the  basis  of  the  famous  Port- 
land |)0vvder  for  the  gout.  Cyc. 

WHITE-CLOVER,  ji.  A  small  species  of 
perennial  clover,  bearing  white  flowers. 
It  furnishes  excellent  food  for  cattle  and 
horses,  as  well  as  for  the  honey  bee. 

WHl'TE-€ROP,  )i.  White  crops,  in  agri- 
cuhuro,  are  such  as  lose  their  green  color 
or  become  white  in  ripening,  as  wheat, 
rye,  l)arley  and  oats. 

WHriE-DAKNEL,  ji.  A  prohfic  and 
troublesome  weed,  growing  among  corn. 

Cyc. 

WHITE-EAR,     I        A    bird,    the   fallow 

Wlll'TETAIL,  S"-    finch. 

WHITE-FACE,      )        A  white  mark  in  the 

WHITE-BLA/E,  S  "'  forehead  of  a  horse, 
descending  almost  to  tlie  nose.  Cyc. 

WHI'TE-FILM,  I!.  A  white  film  growing 
over  the  eyes  of  sheep  and  causing  blind- 
ness. Cyc. 

WHi'TE-FOOT,  n.  A  white  mark  on  the 
foot  of  a  horse,  between  the  fetlock  and 
the  coffin.  Cyc. 

WHITE-HONEYSUCKLE,  n.  A  name 
sometimes  given  to  the  white  clover.    Ci/c. 

WHITE-HOKSE-Fli<H,  n.  In  ichlhyulogn, 
the  Raiu  aspera  nostras  of  Willoughby, 
and  the  Rain  fullonicn  of  Linne.     It  has  a 


in  the  uir  until  the  surface  becomes  in-!  2. 

crusted   with  a  white  coal,  whicli  is  the 

substance  in  question.  IJ.  Olmsted. 

WHI'TE-LIMED.a.  Whitewashed,  or  plus- 

ti-rcd  with  lime. 
WHITE-LINE,  n.  Among  printer*,  a  void 

space,  broader  than  usual,  left   between 


Cyc 
a.  [while  and  liver. 
feeble  ;  cowardly. 


PE,    }      [white  and  pyrite  : 
I'ES,  ^     '  Fr.  sulfure  blanc] 


lines. 
WHI'TF-LIVEREI), 

1.  Having  a  ]>iile  look ; 

2.  Envious;  malicious. 
WHITE-MAN'OANESE,    n.     An   ore  of| 

manganese  ;    carbonated  o.xydized   man 
gaiie.-ie. 

WHI'TE-MEAT,n.  [if/ii<eand  meat.]  Meats 
made  of  milk,  butter,  cheese,  eggs  and  the 
like.  Spenser. 

WHITE-POP'LAR,  h.  A  tree  of  the  pop. 
kind,  sometimes  called   the  ahele  lr<>e 

WHITE-POPPY,  V.  A  species  of  poppy 
somclimes  cultivated  lor  the  opium  wliicl 
is  obtained  from  its  juice  by  ev.iporation. 

WHI'TE-POT,  n.  [white  tiud  put.]  A  kind 
of  food  made  of  milk,  cream,  eggs,  sugar, 
&c.  liaked  in  a  pot.  King. 

WHITE-PRECIPITATE,  n.  Carbonate 
of  mercmy 

WHITE-PYR'ITE, 

WIHTE-PYRI'T 

An  ore  of  a  lin-wliite  color,  passing  into  a 
hrnss-yellow  and  steel-gray,  occurring  in 
octaheilral  crystals, sometimes stalactitical 
and  botiyoidal.  It  contains  46  parts  of' 
iron,  and  54  of  SMlphur.  Ci/c 

WHI'TE-RENT,  n.  [white  and  rent.]  "li, 
Devon  and  Cornwall,  a  rent  or  duty  ol 
eight  pence,  payable  yearly  by  every  tin- 
ner to  the  duke  of  Cornwall,  as  lord  of  tlu 
soil.  Cyc. 

WHITE-SALT,  n.  Salt  dried  and  calcined 
decrepitated  salt. 

WIIl'TESTER,  n.  A  bleacher.     [Local] 

WHI'TESTONE,  n.  In   geology,  the  weiss 
stein  of  Werner,  and  the  eurite  of  some 
geologists  ;  a  species  of  rocks,  composed 
essentially  of  feldspar,  but  containing  mi 
ca  and  other  minirals.  Cyc. 

WHITE-SWELLING,  n.  [white  and  swell 
ing.] 

A  swelling  or  chronic  enlargement  of  the 
joints,  circmnscribed,  without  any  altera- 
tion in  the  color  of  the  skin,  somelimef 
liard,  sometimes  yielding  to  pressure, 
sometimes  indolent,  but  usually  painful. 

Cyc. 

WHI'TE-TAIL,  71.  A  bird,  the  wheat-ear, 
a  species  of  Motacilla. 

WHITE-THORN,  n.  A  species  of  thorn 
called  also  haw-ihorn,  of  the  genus  Cra 

t^KUS. 

WHITE-THROAT,  n. 
frequents  gardens  and 
cilia  .^ylriit.  Linne. 


A  small  bird  that 
hedges,  the  Mota- 
Cyc.     Ell.  Encyc. 


rough  spiny  back,  and  on  the  tail  are  three  jWHITE-\  IT  RIOL,  »i.  In  mineralogy, 
rows   of  strong  spines.     It  grows  to  tlie|!     phate  of /.ink,  a  natural  salt.  Cyc. 


size  of  the  skate. 
WHITE  LAND,    »i.     A 

English  give  to  a  toug 

whitish  hue  when  dry, 

rain. 
WHITE  LEAD,  n.    A 


name 
h  clayey  soil,  of  a| 
but  blackish  after! 
Cyc: 
carbonate  of  lead, 
much  used  ill  painting.  It  is  prepared  by, 
exposing  sheets  of  lead  to  ilie  tiinies  of  an 
acid,  usually  vinegar,  and  suspending  them! 


Oi/c.  |WH1'TEW.\SII 
which    the 


71.  [while  and  wash.]  A 
wash  or  liquid  composition  for  whitening 
something;  awash  for  making  the  skin 
fair. 

2.  A  composition  of  lime  and  water,  used 
liir  wliitenins  the  plaster  of  walls,  &c. 

WHITEWASH,  V.  t.  To  cover  with  a 
white  liquid  composition,  as  with  lime 
and  water,  &c. 


To  make  white  ;  to  give  a  fair  external 
appearance. 

WHITEWASHED,  pp.  Covered  or  over- 
spread with  a  white  liquid  composition. 

Will  TE-V\  ASHER,  71.  One  who  white- 
washes the  walls  or  plastering  of  apart- 
ments. 

Will  T1:WaSIHNG,  ppr.  Overspreading 
or  washing  with  a  white  liquid  composi- 
tion. 

Will  TE-WATER,  n.  A  disease  of  sheep, 
of  the  dangerous  stomachic  kind.         Cyc. 

WHITE  WAX,  71.  Bleached  wax. 

WHI'TE-WINE,  71.  Any  wine  of  a  clear 
transparent  color,  bordering  on  white,  as 
M.ideiia,  Sherry,  Lisbon,  &:c.;  opposed  to 
wine  of  a  deep  red  color,  as  Port  and  Bur- 
gundy. 

WHl'TEWOOn,    71.    A   species  of  limber 

tree  growing  in  N.  America,  iheLirioden- 

droii,  or  tulip  tree.  Mease. 

The  name  of  certain  species  of  Bigno- 

nin.  Lee. 

WHITE,  77.  One  of  the  natural  colors  of 
bodies,  but  not  strictly  a  color,  for  it  is 
said  to  be  a  composition  of  all  the  colors  ; 
destitution  of  all  stain  or  obscurity  on  the 
surface;  whiteness.  We  say,  bleached 
cloth  is  of  a  good  ii7ii/c  ;  attired  in  a  robe 
of  i(>/(i7c. 

3.  A  white  spot  or  thing  ;  the  mark  at  which 
an  arrow  is  shot.  Dryden. 

White  of  the  eye,  that  part  of  the  ball  of  the 
eye  surrounding  the  iris  or  colored  part. 
It  owes  its  whiteness  to  the  tunica  albu- 
ginea  or  adnata,  a  partial  covering  of  the 
forepart  of  the  eye,  formed  by  the  expan- 
sion of  the  tendons  of  the  muscles  which 
move  the  eye-ball.  Parr. 

fVhite  of  an  egg,  the  albumen,  or  pellucid 
viscous  fluid,  which  surrounds  the  vitellus 
or  yelk.  Parr. 

An  analogous  part,  in  the  seeds  of  plants, 
is  called  the  albumen  or  white.  It  is  a  fa- 
rinaceous fleshy  or  h<u-ny  substance,  which 
makes  up  the  chief  hulk  of  some  seeds,  as 
in  grasses,  corn,  palms  and  lilies,  never 
rising  out  of  the  ground  nor  performing 
the  oflice  of  leaves,  but  destined  solely  to 
nourish  the  germinating  einbrjo,  till"  its 
roots  can  perform  their  oflice.  It  is  the 
perispermum  of  Jussieu.      Ca-rtner.    Smith. 

Sp<inish  ifhile,  a  substance  used  in  painting, 
prepared  from  chalk,  by  separating  from 
the  latter  its  silicious  impurities. 

WHITE,  V.  t.  To  miike  white  ;  to  whiten; 
to  whitewash  ;  as  icAi'M sepulchers.  Mark 
ix.     Matt,  xxiii. 

WIIITED,  pp.  Made  white;  whitened. 

WHI'TELY,  adv.  Coming  near  to  white. 
LVot  used.]  Shak. 

WHITEN,  V.  I.  hiritn.  To  make  white  ; 
to  bleach  ;  to  blanch  :  as,  to  whiten  cloth. 

Will  TEN,  V.  i.  To  grow  white  ;  to  turn  or 
become  white.  The  hair  irhitens  witJi 
age  ;  the  sea  whitens  «  ith  foam  ;  the  trees 
in  spriiii;  trhiten  wiili  blossoms. 

WHITENED,;)/).  Made  white  :  bleached. 

Will  TEN ER,  71.  One  who  bleaches  or 
makes  white. 

WIH  TENESS,  fi.  The  stale  of  being 
white ;  white  color,  or  freedom  from  any 
darkness  or  obscurity  on  the  surface. 

•2.  Paleness;  want  of  a  sanguineous  tinge  in 
the  face.  Shak^ 


W  H  I 


W  H  1 


W  11  I 


WHIR,  V.  t.  To  liuny. 
WHIRL,    V.  t.    hwurl.    [Sax.  huyrfan ;  D.f 
wenelen  ;  G.  utirbeln,  tn  \\}nr\,  to  warble; 
Dan.  hvirveler,  Sw.  hviifla,  to  whirl;  Dan. 
hvirvelbeen,  whirl-bone,  vertebra  ;  hvirvel- 
soe,  whirl-sea,  a  whirlpool  ;  Sw.  hvirfvel. 
Ice.  whiria,  a  whirl.     We  see  that  whirl 
and  warble  are   dialectical  forms   of  the 
same  word,  and  both  probably  from  the 
root  of  L.  verto  and  En^.  veer.] 
To  turn  round  rapidly  ;  to  turn  with  velocity, 
He  whirls  his  sword  around  without  delay. 

Dry  a  en 
WHIRL,  V.  i.  To  be  turned  round  rapidly 
to  move  ronnd  with  velocity  ;  as  the  whirl- 
ing spindles  of  a  cotton  machine  or  wheels 
of  a  coach. 

The  wooden  engine  flies  and  whirls  about. 

Dry  den. 
9.  To  move  hastily. 

^But  whirVd  away,  to  shun  his  hateful  9ij;h(. 

Dry  lien 
WHIRL,  n.  {G.  wirbel ;  Dan.  hvirvei.]  A 
turning  with  rapidity  or  velocity  ;  rapid 
rotation  or  circumvolution  ;  quick  gyra- 
tion ;  as  the  u'hirl  of  a  top  ;  the  whirl  of  a 
wheel ;  the  ivhirl  of  time ;  the  whirls  of 
fancy.  Creech.     Pope. 

2.  Any  thing  that  moves  or  is  turned  with 
velocity,  particularly  on  an  axis  or  pivot. 

3.  A  hook  used  in  twisting. 

4.  In  botany,  a  species  of  inflorescence,  con- 
sisting of  many  subsessile  flowers  sur- 
rounding the  stem  in  a  ring.  It  is  also 
written  whorl  and  wherl.  Martyn. 

WHIRL'-BAT,    n.    [whirl  and  bat]     Any 
thing  moved  with  a  whirl  as  preparatory 
for  a  blow,  or  to  augment  the  force  of  it. 
Poets  use  it  for  the  ancient  cestus. 
The  ivhirl-bal  and  the  lapid  race  shall  be 
Reserv'd  foi  Cesar.  Dryden. 

WHIRL'-BL>AST,  «.  [whirl  and  blast'.]  A 
whirling  blast  of  wind.  Enlick. 

WHIRL'-BONE,  n.  [whirl  anA  bone.]    The 
patella;  the  cap  of  the  knee;  the  knee- 
pan.  Ainsioorlh. 
WHIRL'ED,   pp.  Turned  round  with  velo- 
city. 
2.  In   botany,  growing  in   whirls ;  bearing 

whirls;  verticillate. 
WHIRL'IGIG,  n.    [whirl  ixnA  gig.]    A  toy 
which  children  spin  or  whirl  round. 

Johnson. 
2.  In  military  antiquities,  an  instrument  for 
punishing  petty  oflenders,  as  sutlers, 
brawling  women,  &c.  ;  a  kind  of  wooden 
cage  turning  on  a  pivot,  in  which  the  of- 
fender was  whirled  round  with  great  ve- 
locity. Cyc. 
WHIRLING,    ppr.     Turning  or   moving 

round  with  velocity. 
WHIRL'ING-TABLE,  Ji.  A  machine  con- 
>    trived   to    exhibit    and   demonstrate   the 
principal  laws  of  gravitation,  and  of  the 
planetary  motions  in  curvilinear  orbits. 

Cyc 
WHIRL-PIT,  n.  A  whirlpool.     [Not  used.] 
WHIRL'POOL,    n.    [tvhirl  and  pool.]    An 
eddy  of  water ;  a  vortex   or   gulf  where 
the  water  moves  round  in   a  circle.     In 
some  cases,  a  whirlpool  draws  things  to 
its  center  and  absorbs  them,  as  is  the  case 
with  the  Maelstrom  off  the  coast  of  Nor- 
way. 
WHIRL' WIND,    n.    [ivhirl  and  tcind.]     A 
violent  wind  moving  in  a  circle,  or  rather 


in  a  spiral  form,  as  if  moving  round  an 
axis;  this  axis  or  the  perpendicular  col- 
umn moving  horizontally,  raising  and 
whirling  dust,  leaves  and  the  like. 

WHIRRAW'.   [See  Hoora.] 

WHIR'RING,  n.  The  sound  of  a  partridge's 
or  pheasant's  wings. 

[Note. —  fVhir  is  used  by  the  common  people  in 
New  England  iti  an  adverbial  manner,  to  ex-! 
press  the  rapid  flight  or  the  sound  of  any  thingj 
thrown.     See  fl7(»".]  j 

WHISK,  n.  [G.  D.  wisch,  a  wi.sp.]  A  small! 
bunch  of  gras.s,  straw,  hair  or  the  like,! 
used  for  a  brush  ;  hence,  a  brush  or  small 
besom. 

Part  of  a  woman's  dress;  a  kind  of  tippet. 

Child. 

WHISK,  t;.  (.  To  sweep,  brush  or  wijie 
with  a  whisk. 

2.  To  sweep  along ;  to  move  nimbly  over 
the  groiuid.  Hudibras. 

WHISK,  I',  i.  To  move  nimbly  and  with 
velocity.  Purchas. 

WHISK' ER,  n.  [from  whisk.]  Long  hair 
growing  on  the  hmnan  cheek.  Pope., 

WHISKERED,  a.  Fonned  into  whiskers; 
furnished  with  whiskers. 

WHISK'ET,  n.  A  basket.     [Local] 

WHISK'ING,  ppr.  Brushing  ;  sweeping 
along;  moving  with  velocity  along  the 
surface, 

WHIS'KV,  n.  [Ir.  uisge,  water,  whence 
usquebaugh  ;  W.  wysg,  a  stream.] 

A  spirit  distilled  from  grain.  In  the  north 
of  England,  the  name  is  given  to  the  spirit 
drawn  from  barley.  In  the  United  States, 
whisky  is  generally  distilled  from  wheat, 
rye  or  maiz. 

WHIS'PER.  II.  i.  [Sax.  hwisprian ;  Dan. 
hvisker ;  Sw.  hviska,  to  buzz,  \o  tuhisper  ; 
allied  to  whistle,  wheeze,  and  h.fifitula.  The 
word  seems  by  its  sound  to  be  an  onoina- 
topy,  as  it  expresses  a  sibilant  sound  or 
breathing.] 

1.  To  speak  with  a  low  hissing  or  sibilant 
voice.  It  is  ill  manners  to  whisper  in  com- 
pany. 

The  hollow  whispering  breeze —    Thomson 

2.  To  speak  with  suspicion  or  timorous  cau- 
tion. 

3.  To  plot  secretly;  to  devise  mischief. 
All  that  hate  me  whisper  together  against  me. 

Ps.  xli. 
WHIS'PER,     v.t.     To   address  in   a   low 
voice.     He  lohispers  the   man   in  the  ear. 
[But  this  is  elliptical  for  whispers  to.] 
i.  To   utter  in  a  low    sibilant  voice.      He 

whispered  a  word  in  my  ear. 
3.  To  (irompt  secretly  ;  as,  he  came  to  ivhis- 
per  Woolsey.  Shak. 

WHIS'PER,   n.    A  low  soft  sibilant  voice 
or  words  uttered  with  such  a  voice. 

The  whisper  cannot  give  a  tone.         Bacon 
Soft  whis])ers  through  th'  assembly  went. 

Dryden 
A  cautious  or  timorous  speech. 
3.  A  hissing  or  buzzinj;  sound. 
WHIS'PERED,  pp.  Uttered  in  a  low  voice : 

uttered  with  suspicion  or  caution. 
WHISPERER,  n.  One  who  whispers. 

2.  A  tattler ;  one  who  tells  secrets  ;  a  convey 
cr  of  intelligence  secretly.  Bacon. 

3.  A  backbiter;  one  who  slanders  secretly. 
Prov.  xvi. 

WHIS'PERING,  ppr.  Speaking  in  a  low 
voice  ;  telling  secretly ;  backbiting. 


WHIS'PERING,  n.  The  act  of  speaking 
with  a  low  voice  ;  the  telling  of  tales,  and 
e.siiting  of  suspicions;  a  backbitinj. 

WHIS'PERINGLY,  adv.  In  a  low  voice. 

WHIST,  a.  [Corn. /liiis/,  silence.]  Silent; 
mute;  still;  not  speaking;  not  makmg  a 
noise. 

The  winds  with  wonder  whist. 
Smoothly  the  waters  kiss'd.  Milton. 

[This  afljective,  like  some  others,  al- 
ways follows  its  noun.  VV>  never  say, 
whist  wind  ;  but  the  wind  is  xvhist.] 

fVhist  is  used  for  be.  silent.  IVhisi,  whist,  that 
is,  be  silent  or  still. 

WHIST,  n.  A  game  at  cards,  so  called  be- 
cause it  requires  silence  or  close  atten- 
tion. It  is  not  in  America  pronounced 
whisk. 

WHIS'TLE,  V.  i.  hwis'l.  [Sax.  hwisllan  ; 
Sw.  hvissln  ;  Dan.  hvidsler ;  L  fistula,  a 
whistle  ;  allied  to  whisper.] 

1.  To  utter  a  kind  of  musical  sound,  by 
pressing  the  breath  through  a  small  orifice 
formed  by  contracting  the  lips. 

Wiile  the  plowman  noar  at  hand, 

IVhistles  o'er  the  furiow'd  land.        Jlfilton. 

2.  To  make  a  sound  with  a  small  wind  in- 
strument. 

3.  To  sound  shrill,  or  like  a  pipe. 

The  wild  winds  whistle,  and  the  billows  roar. 

Pope. 
WHIS'TLE,  v.  t.    To  form,  utter  or  modu- 
late by  whistling  ;  as,  to  whi.stle  a  tune  or 
air. 
2.  To  call  by  a  whistle  ;  as,  he  whistled  back 

his  dog. 
WHIS'TLE,   n.    [Sax.  hwistle  ;  L.  fistula.] 

1.  A  small  wind  instrument.  Bacon. 

2.  Ti]e  sound  made  by  a  small  wind  instru- 
ment. 

3.  Sound  made  by  pressing  the  breath 
through  a  small  orifice  of  the  lips. 

4.  The  mouth  ;  the  organ  of  whistling.  [Vul- 
gar.] 

5.  A  small  pipe,  used  by  a  boatswain  to  sum- 
mon the  sailors  to  their  duty  ;  the  boat- 
swain's call.  Mar.  Diet. 

(3.  Tlie  .shrill  sound  of  winds  passing  among 
trees  or  through  crevices,  &,c. 

7.  A  call,  such  as  sportsmen  use  to  their 
dogs. 

WHIS'TLED,  pp.  Sounded  with  a  pipe; 
uttered  in  a  whistle. 

WHIS'TLE-FISH,  7i.  A  local  name  of  a 
species  of  Gadiis,  with  only  two  fins  on 
the  back  ;  the  Mu.ttcla fiuviatilis.  Cyc. 

WHIS'TLER,  n.  One  who  whistles. 

WHIS'TLING,  ppr.  Uttering  a  musical 
sound  through  a  small  orifice  of  the  lips; 
soundins  with  a  ])ipe  ;  making  a  shrill 
sound,  as  wind. 

WlllS'TLY,  adv.  Silently. 

WHIT,  n.  [Sax.  wihf,  a  creature,  also  a 
thing,  something,  any  thing.  This  is 
probably  from  the  root  of  L.  vivo,  victum.] 

.\  point;  a  jot;  the  smallest  part  or  particle 
imaginable.  It  is  used  without  a  prepo- 
sition. He  is  not  a  whit  the  wiser  for  ex- 
perience. 

It  does  not  me  a  whit  displease.         Cowley. 

The  regul.ir  construction  would  be  by  a 

whit,  or  in  a    whit.      In  these   phrases,  o 

ivhit  may  be  interpreted  by  in  the  least,in 

the  smallest  degree. 

WHITE,  a.  [Sa,\.  hwit ;  Sw.  hvit ;  Dan. 
hvid ;  D.  wit ;  G.  weiss.] 


W  H  I 


W  H  I 


W  H  I 


1.  Being  of  the  color  of  pure  snovv;  snowy 
not  (lark  ;  as  ivliite  paper  ;  a  whiU  ^kiii. 

2.  Pale;  destitute  of  color  in  the  cheeks,  or 
of  tlie  tinge  of  blood  color;  as  white  v/'ith 
fear. 

3.  Having  the  color  of  purity  ;  pure  ;  clean  ; 
free  from  spot ;  as  i(7u'(e  robed  innocence. 

4.  Gray  ;  as  white  hair  ;  a  venerable  man, 
white  with  age. 

5.  Pure  ;  unblemished. 

No  whiter  page  thao  Addison's  remains. 

Pope. 

C.  In  a  scriptural  sense,  purified  from  sin  ; 
sanctified.     Ps.  II.  \ 

WHI'TE-BAIT,  71.  [white  and  bait.]  Avery 
small  delicate  fish,  of  the  genus  Clupea.      [ 

WHPTE-BEAAI,  n.  The  white-leaf  tree,  a! 
species  of  Craticgus.  Lce.^ 

WHI'TE-BEAK,  n.  [ichite  and  bear.]  The 
bear  that  inhabits  the  polar  regions.  j 

WHITE-BRANT,  n.  [white  and  brant.]  A 
species  of  the  duck  kind,  the  ^nas  hyper- 
horen.  Cyc. 

WHI'TE-BUG,  n.  [white  and  bug.]  An  in- 
sect of  the  bug  kind,  which  injures  vines 
and  some  other  species  of  fruit.  Cyc. 

WHITE-€AM'PION,  n.  [ichile  and  camjii- 
on.] 

A  pernicious  perennial  weed,  growing  in 
corn  land,  pastures  and  hedges.  Cyc. 

WHITE-CATERPILLAR,  ii.  An  insect 
of  a  small  size,  called  sometimes  the  borer, 
that  injm-es  the  gooseberry  bush.  Cyc. 

AVHITE-CEN'TAURY,  7i.  An  annual 
weed  in  woods  and  other  places.  It  is 
said  to  form  the  basis  of  the  famous  Port- 
land ))ovvder  for  the  gout.  Cyc. 

WHITE-eLOVER,  n.  A  small  species  of 
perennial  clover,  bearing  while  flowers. 
It  furnishes  excellent  tbod  for  cattle  and 
horses,  as  well  as  for  the  honey  bee. 

WHI'TE-€ROP,  II.  White  crops,  in  agri- 
culture, are  such  as  lose  their  green  color 
or  become  white  in  ripening,  as  wheat, 
rye,  liarley  and  oats. 

WHITi:-D>ARNEL,  n.  A  prolific  and 
troublesome  weed,  growing  among  corn. 

Cyc. 

WHI'TE-EAR,    )        A    bird,    the   fallow 

WHI'TE-TAIL,  S"'    finch. 

WHITE-FACE,      i       A  white  mark  in  the 

WHITE-BLAZE,  ^  "'  forehead  of  a  horse, 
descending  almost  to  the  nose.  Cyc. 

WHI'TE-FILM,  71.  A  white  film  growing 
over  the  eyes  of  sheep  and  causing  blind- 
ness. Cyc. 

WHl'TE-FOQT,  n.  A  while  mark  on  the 
foot  of  a  horse,  between  the  fetlock  and 
the  coffin.  Cyc. 

WHITE-HONEYSUCKLE,  n.  A  namej 
sometimes  given  to  the  white  clover.    Cyc.\ 

WHITE-HORSE-FISH,  n.  In  ichthyology,. 
the  Raia  aspern  nostras  of  Willonghby, 
and  the  Raia  fullonica  cjf  Linne.  It  has  a 
rough  spiny  back,  ami  on  the  tail  are  three 
rows  of  strong  spines.  It  grows  to  the 
size  of  the  skate.  Ci/c. 

WHITE-LAND,  n.  A  name  which  the 
English  give  to  a  tough  clayey  soil,  of  a 
whitish  hue  when  dry,  but  blackish  after 
rain.  Ci/c. 

WHITE-LEAD,  )i.  A  carbonate  of  lead, 
nnich  used  in  painting.  It  is  prepared  by 
exposing  sheets  of  lead  to  the  fnines  of  an 
acid,  usually  vinegar,  and  suspending  them 


in  the  air  until  the  surface  becomes  in-l 
crusted  with  a  white  coat,  which  is  tlie| 
substance  in  question.  D.  Otmsled.] 

WHITE-LIMED,  a.  Wliitewashed,  or  pias-l 
tered  with  lime. 

WHITE-LINE,  n.  Among  printers,  a  void 
space,  broader  tlian  usual,  left  between 
lines.  Cyc. 

WHI'TE-LIVERED,   a.    [white  and  liver.] 

1.  Having  a  pale  look;  feeble;  cowardly. 

2.  Envious;  malicious. 
WHITE-MANGANESE,    ti.     An   ore   of 

numganese  ;  carbonated  oxydized  man- 
ganese. 

WHI'TE-MEAT,  n.  [ivhiteand  meat.]  Meats 
made  of  milk,  butter,  cheese,  eggs  and  the 
like.  Spenser. 

WllITE-POP'LAR,  n.  A  lice  of  the  pop- 
lar kind,  sometimes  called   the  abele  tn-e. 

WHITE-POP'PY,  n.  A  species  of  poppy, 
sometimes  cultivated  for  the  opium  whicli 
is  obtained  Ironi  its  juice  by  evaporation. 

WIH'TE-POT,  n.  [white  and  pot.]  A  kind 
of  food  made  of  milk,  cream,  eggs,  sugar, 
&c.  baked  in  a  pot.  King. 

WHITE-PRECIPTTATE,  ti.  Carbonate 
of  mercury. 

WHITE-PYR'ITE,    ?      [white  and  pyi-ile  ; 

WHITE-PYRl'TES,  S  "'Fr.  sulfure  b'lanc' 
An  ore  of  a  tin-white  color,  passing  into  a 
brass-yellow  and  steel-gray,  o<curring  in 
octahedral  crystals, sometimes  stalactitical 
and  botryoidal.  It  contains  4(5  parts  of 
iron,  and  54  of  sulphur.  Cyc. 

WHI'TE-RENT,    n.    [white  and  rent.]   "in 
Devon   and    Cornwall,   a  rent  or  duty  of 
eight  pence,  i)ayable  yearly  by  every  tin 
ner  to  the  duke  of  Cornwall,  as  lord  of  the 
soil.  Cyc. 

WHI'TE-SALT,  n.  Salt  dried  and  calcined  ; 
decrepitated  salt. 

WHI'TESTER,  71.  A  bleacher.     [Local] 

WHI'TESTONE,  71.  In   geology,  the  weiss 
stein  of  Werner,  and  the  eurite  of  some 
geologists  ;  a  species  of  rocks,  composed 
essentially  of  feldspar,  but  containing  mi 
ca  and  other  minerals.  Cyc. 

WHITE-SWELLING,  n.  [white  and  siveli 
ing.] 

A  swelling  or  chronic  enlargement  of  the 
joints,  circumscribed,  without  any  altera- 
tion in  the  color  of  the  skin,  sometimes 
harii,  sometimes  yielding  to  pressure 
sometimes  indolent,  but  usually  jiainful. 

Cyc 

WHI'TE-TAIL,  n.  A  bird,  the  wheat-ear, 
a  species  of  Molacilla. 

WHITE-THORN,  7i.  A  species  of  thorn, 
called  also  liaw-lhorn,  of  the  genus  Cra 
tsegus. 

WHITE-THROAT,  71.  A  small  bird  that 
frequents  gaideus  and  hedges,  the  Mota 
cilia  .^ylvia.  Linne.     Cyc.     Ed.  Encyc 

WH1TE-^'IT  RIOL,  n.  In  mineralogy,  std- 

1     phate  of  zink,  a  natural  salt.  Ci/c 

IWIH'TEWaSH,    71.    [white  and  wa.ih.]     A 

I  wash  or  li(iuid  composition  fur  whitenin 
something ;  a  wash  for  making  the  skin 

I     fair. 

2.  A  comjiosition  of  lime  and  water,  used 
fcir  whiteninff  the  plaster  of  walls,  &,r,. 

WHI'TEWaSH,  v.  t.  To  cover  with  a 
white  liquid  composition,  as  with  lime 
aud  water,  &c. 


2.  To  make  white  ;  to  give  a  fair  external 
appearance. 

WHITEWASHED,  pp.  Covered  or  over- 
spread with  a  white  liquid  composition. 

WHITE-WASHER,  n.  One  who  white- 
washes the  walls  or  plastering  of  apart- 
ments. 

WHITEWASHING,  ppr.  Overspreading 
or  washing  with  a  white  liquid  composi- 
tion. 

WHITE-WATER,  n.  A  disease  of  sheep, 
of  the  (laniierous  stomachic  kind.         Cyc. 

WHI'TE-WAX,  71.  Bleached  wax. 

WHLTE-WINE,  71.  Any  wine  of  a  clear 
transparent  color,  bordering  on  white,  as 
Madeira,  Sherry,  Lisbon,  &c. ;  opposed  to 
wine  of  a  deep  red  color,  as  Port  and  Bur- 
gundy. 

WHI'TEWQOD,    71.    A   sj)ecies  of  timber 

tree  growing  in  N.  America,  the  Lirioden- 

dron,  or  tulip  tree.  Mease. 

The  name  of  certain  species  of  Bigno- 

nia.  Lee. 

WHITE,  fi.   One  of  the  natural   colors  of 

I  bodies,  but  not  strictly  a  color,  for  it  is 
sai<l  to  be  a  composition  of  all  the  colors  : 

I     destitution  of  all  stain  or  obscurity  on  the 

1  surface;  whiteness.  We  say,  bleached 
cloth  is  of  a  good  uhite  ;  attired  in  a  robe 
of  white. 

'2.  A  white  spot  or  thing  ;  themark  at  which 
an  arrow  is  shot.  Dryden. 

\Whiteofthe  eye,  that  part  of  the  ball  of  the 
eye  surrounding  the  iris  or  colored  part. 
It  owes  its  whiteness  to  the  tunica  albu- 

i     ginea  or  adnata,  a  partial  covering  of  the 

j  forepart  of  the  eye,  formed  by  the  expan- 
sion of  the  tendons  of  the  muscles  which 

I     move  the  eye-ball.  Parr. 

White  of  an  egg,  the  albumen,  or  pellucid 
viscous  fluid,  which  surrounds  the  vitellus 
or  yelk.  Parr. 

An  analogous  part,  in  the  seeds  of  plants, 
is  called  the  albumen  or  white.  It  is  a  fa- 
rinaceous fleshy  or  horny  substance,  whicli 
makes  up  the  chief  bulk  of  some  seeds,  aa 
in  grasses,  corn,  palms  and  lilies,  never 
rising  out  of  the  ground  nor  performing 
the  ofiice  of  leaves,  but  destined  solely  to 
nourish  the  germinating  embryo,  till  its 
roots  can  perform  their  ofiice.  It  is  the 
;)e(i"«/)er7Hum  of  Jussieu.     Ccn-iner.    Smith. 

Spanish  ivhite,  a  substance  used  in  painting, 
prepared  from  chalk,  by  separating  froiu 
the  latter  its  silicious  impurities. 

WHITE,  V.  t.  To  make  white  ;  to  whiten  ; 
to  whitewash  ;  as  icAifcrfsepulchers.  Mark 
ix.     Matt,  xxiii. 

WIH'TED,  pp.  Made  white;  whitened. 

WHI  TELY,  adv.  Coming  near  to  white. 
[JVot  used.]  Shak. 

WHITEN,  V.  I.  hitn'ln.  To  make  white  : 
to  bleach  ;  to  blanch  ;  as,  to  whiten  cloth. 

WHITEN,  V.  i.  To  grow  white;  to  turn  or 
become  white.  The  hair  whitens  with 
age  ;  the  sea  whitens  with  foam  ;  the  trees 
in  spring  tchiten  with  blossoms. 

WHI  TENED,  pp.  Made  white  ;  bleached. 

WHI  TENER,  71.  One  who  bleaches  or 
makes  white. 

WHITENESS,  71.  The  state  of  being 
white ;  white  color,  or  freedom  from  any 
darkness  or  obscurity  on  the  surface. 

,2.  Paleness;  want  of  a  sanguineous  tinge  in 
the  face.  Shak^ 


W  H  1 


VV  H  O 


WHO 


3.  Purity;  cleanness;  freedom  from  stain  or; 

blfinisli.  Dn)dcit.\ 

WHITES,  n.  The  fluor  albus,  a  disease  ofi 

females.  | 

WIIITH'ER,  adv.    [Sax.  huyder.]  To  what | 

place,  iiuenogatively.  HTii'tlier goest  thou  ? 
Whither  away  so  fast  ?  Shak. 

2.  To  what  place,  absolutely. 

I  slray'd,  I  knew  not  ivhiiher.  Milton. 

3.  To  which  place,  relatively. 

Whither  wheo   as  they  came,   they   fell  at 
words.  Spenser. 

4.  To  what  point  or  degree. 

5.  Whithersoever. 
WHITHERSOEVER,    adv.    [wMther  and 

soei>er.] 

To  whatever  place.  I  will  go  ichithersoever 
you  lead. 

WHITING,  71.  [from  white.]  A  small  sea 
fish,  the  Asellus  mollis  or  alhus,  a  species 
of  Gadus.  Cyc. 

2.  The  same  as  Spanish  white,  which  see. 

WHI'TISH,  a.  [from  loUte.]  Somewhat 
white;  wliite  in  a  moderate  degree. 

Boyle. 

WHI'TISHNESS,  n.  [supra.]  The  quality 
of  being  somewhat  white.  Boyle. 

WHIT'LEATHER,  >       [while  and  leather.] 

WHIT'LETHER,  S  Letherdressed  with 
aluin,  remark.ible  for  its  toughness. 

Chapman. 
In  common  use,  the  ligaments  of  ani- 
mals, when  in  food. 

WHIT'LOW,  n.  [Sax.  hwit,  white,  andlow,  a 
flame.     Q,u.] 

1.  In  surgery,  paronychia,  a  swelling  or  in 
flamrnation  about  the  nails  or  ends  of  the 
fingers,  or  affecting  one  or  more  of  the 
phalanges  of  the  fingers,  generally  termi- 
nating in  an  abscess.  There  are  four  or 
five  varieties  of  this  swelling.  1.  The  cuta- 
neous paronychia,  which  raises  the  cuticle, 
forming  a  kind  of  vesicle  filled  with  a 
limpid  serum,  or  bloody  fluid.  2.  Tlie 
subcutaneous  paronychia,  (i  tumor  attended 
with  acute  pain.  It  is  seated  in  the  cellu- 
lar membrane  under  the  skin.  3.  The 
subungual  paronychia,  wliich  occurs  under 
the  nail.  It  commences  with  inflamma- 
tory symptoms,  but  is  less  pai?ifid  than  the 
former.  4.  There  is  also  the  ;>aro(iJ/c/!ta  o/" 
Me  periosteum,  and  the  paronychia  of  the 
tendons  or  theca.  Cyc. 

2.  In  sheep,  the  whitlow  is  a  disease  of  the 
feet,  of  an  itiflanimatory  kind.  It  occurs 
round  the  hoof,  where  an  acrid  matter  is 
collected,  which  ought  to  be  discharged. 

Cyc. 
WIIIT'LOW-GRASS,   n.   Mountain  knot- 
grass, a  species  of  Illecebriutn,  (I.  paroni/- 
chia.)  Cyc 

3.  A  name  given  to  certain  species  of  Draba 

Cyc. 
The  rue-leaved  xvhiilow-grass   is  a  spe 
cies  of  Saxifraga.  Lee 

WHIT'SOUR,  n.  A  sort  of  apple. 
WHIT'STER,  n.  A  whitener  ;  a  bleacher. 
Obs.  Shak. 

WHIT'SUL,  n.  A  provincial  name  of  milk, 
sour  milk,  cheese  curds  and  butter. 

Carcw. 
WHIT'SUNTIDE,    n.    [white,  Sunday,  ami 

tide.] 
The  feast  or  season  of  Pentecost  ;  so  called 
it  is  said,  because,  in  the  primitive  church, 
those  who  had  been  newly  baptized  ap 


peared   at  chmch    between    Easter 
Pentecost  in  white  garments. 

Johnson. 
WHIT'TEN-TREE,  n.  A  sort  of  tree 

Ainsivoi'th. 


and  1.  All;  total;  containing  the  total  amount 
or  number,  or  the  entire  thing  ;  as  the 
tvhole  earth  ;  the  whole  world  ;  the  whole 
solar  system  ;  the  whole  army  ;  the  whole 
nation. 


Cyc. 


WHIT'TLE,    n.    [Sax.   hwitet,   huntle.]     A  2.  Complete;  entire;   not  detective  or  im- 

sniall  pocket  knife.     [/"  this  sense,  I  believe 

the  word  is  not  %ised  in  America.] 
2.  A  white  dress  for  a  woman  ;    a  double  ^3 

blanket   worn  by  west  country  wonjen  in 

England,  over  the  shoulders,  like  a  cloke.  4. 

[Mot  used  in  the  U.  Stales.]  Did, 

WHIT'TLE,  V.  t.  To   pare  or  cut  oft'  the 


perfect;  as  a  whole  orange;    the  egg   is 
ichoie ;  the  vessel  is  whole. 
Unimpaired;  unhrcken  ;  uninjured. 
My  life  i-  yel  whole  in  me.     2  Sam.  i. 
Sound:  ni>t  hurt  or  sick. 

Tliey  that  are  whole  need   not  a  physician. 
Matt.  ix. 


surface  of  a  thing  with  a  snia 
Some  persons  have  a  habit  of  whitlliug,: 
and  are  rarely  seen  without  a  penkmle 
in  their  hands  for  that  purpose.  [This 
is,  1  believe,  the  only  use  of  this  word  in 
JVeio  England.] 
2.  To  edge  ;  to  sharpen.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

Haketvill. 
WHI'TY-BROWN,  a.  Of  acolor  bet«een 
white  and  brown.     [Localin  England.] 

Pegge. 

WHIZ,  V.  t.  [It  seems  to  be  allied   to  hiss.] 

To   make  a  hunmiing  or  hissing  sound, 

like  an  arrow  or  ball  flying  through  the 

air. 

It  tiew,  and  whizzing  cut  the  liquid  way. 

Dry  den. 
WHIZ,  n.  A  hissing  sound. 
WHIZ'ZING,  ppr.  Making  a  humming  or 

hissing  sound. 
WHO,  pron.  relative,    pron.  hoo.   [Sax.  hwa  ; 
D.   u'ie ;    L.   qui;  Fr.   que;    It.    chi ;    Sp. 
quien  ;  Ir.  cia  ;  Russ.  koi ;  Pers.  ki.     Who 
is  undoubtedly  a  contracted  word  in  Eng 
lish  as  in  Latin.     See  If'hat  and  IVight.] 

1.  Jf'ho  is  a  pronoun  relative,  always  refer- 
ring to  persons.  It  forms  whose  in  the 
genitive  or  posses.sive  case,  answering  to 
the  L.  cvjus,  and  whom  in  the  objective  or 
accusative  case.  H  ho,  whose  and  whom, 
are  in  both  numbers.  Thus  we  say,  the 
man  or  woman  who  was  with  us ;  the 
men  or  women  who  were  with  us  ;  the  men 
or  women  whom  we  saw. 

2.  Which  of  many.  Are  you  satisfied  tcho 
did  the  mischief? 

.3.  It  is  mucli  used  in  asking  questions ;  as, 
who  am  I  ?  IVho  art  thou  ?  H'ho  is  this  ? 
H'ho  are  these  ?  In  this  case,  the  purpose 
is  to  obtain  the  name  or  designation  of  the 
person  or  character. 

4.  It  has  sometimes  a  disjunctive  sense. 
There  thou  tell'st  of  kings,  and  who  aspiie  ; 
TVho  fall,  who  rise,  who  triumph,  who  do 

moan.  Daniel. 

5.  TVhose  is  of  all  genders.  JIhose  book  is 
this  ? 

The  question  whose  solution  I  require — 

Dryden. 

As  who  shotUd  say,  elliptically  for  as  one  who 
should  say.  Collier. 

WH6EV"'F;R,  pron.  [ivho  and  ever.]  Any 
one  without  exception;  any  (lerson  what 
ever.  The  person  who  trespasses  shall  be 
punished,  whoever  he  may  be. 

WHOLE,  a.  hole.  [In  Sax.  ivalg,  onwalg. 
whole,  sound,  entire.  In  D.  heel,  gehiel. 
has  a  like  sense,  from  the  root  of  heal ;  G 
heil:  Bw.  hel;  Dim.  heel ;  W.  oil  or  holl  : 
Gr.  o>.o{;  Ir.  uile.  This  seems  to  he  con- 
nected with  heal,  hale.  Of  this,  the  deriv- 
ative wholesome,i8  evidence.  See  Class  Gl. 
No.  19.31.35.1 


II    knife,  i^-  Restored  to  health  and  soundness;  sound; 


Thy  faith  hath  made  thee  whole.     Mark  v. 
His  hand  was  restoicti  whole.     Mark  iii. 

WHOLE,  n.  The  entire  tliitjg  ;  the  entire 
or  total  assemblage  of  parts.  The  ivhole 
of  religion  is  contained  in  the  short  pre- 
cept, "  Love  God  with  all  your  heart,  and 
your  neighbor  as  yourself." 

Tear  God  and  keep  his  commandments,  for 
this  is  the  whole  duty  of  man.     Eccles.  xii. 

2.  A  system  :  a  regular  combination  ofpiirts. 

Pope. 

WHO'LESALE,  n.  [ivhole  and  sale.]  Sale 
of  goods  by  the  piece  or  large  quantity  ; 
as  distinguished  from  retail.  Some  traders 
sell  either  by  wholesale  or  retail. 

2.  The  whole  mass. 

Some  from  vanity  or  envy,  despise  a  valua- 
ble book,  and  throw  contempt  upon  it  by 
wholesale.  Watts. 

WHO'LESALE,  o.  [supra.]  Buying  and 
selling  by  the  jiiece  or  quantity;  as  a 
tvholesale  merchant  or  dealer. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  trade  by  the  piece  or 
quantiiv  ;  as  the  u'holesale  price. 

WHOLESOME,  a.  [tvhole  and  some;  G. 
heilsam.] 

1.  Tinding  to  promote  health ;  favoring 
health;  salubrious;  as  wholesome  air  or 
diet ;  a  wholesome  climate. 

2.  Sound  ;  contributing  to  the  health  of  the 
mind ;  favorable  to  morals,  religion  or 
prosperity  ;  as  wholesome  advice  ;  whole- 
some doctrines  ;  wholesome  truths. 

Useful  ;  salutary  ;  conducive  to  public 
happiness,  virtue  or  peace  ;  as  a  wholesome 
law. 

4.  That  utters  sound  words. 
A  ivholesome  tongue  is  a  tree  of  life.  Prov.  xv. 

5.  Kindly ;  pleasing  ;  as  a  wholesome  an- 
swer. Shak. 

Jf'holesome  ship,  a  ship  that  will  try,  hull  and 

ride  well.  Diet. 

WHO'LESOMELY,  adv.  In  a  wholesome 

or  salutarv  mariner;  salubriously. 
WHO'LESbMENESS,   n.  The  quality  of 

contributing  to  iiealth  ;  salubrity;    as  the 

U'hotesomeness  of  air  or  diet. 
2.  Salutariiiess;  conduciveness  to  the  health 

of  the  mind  or  of  the  body  politic;  as  the 

ivholfsomeness  of  doctrines  or  laws. 
WHOLLY,     adv.     Entirely;     completely: 

perfectly. 

Nor  jtiftoWy  overcome,  nor  wholly  yield. 

Dryden. 
2.  Totally  ;  in  all  the  parts  or  kinrls. 

They  employed    themselves   ivholly  in  do- 

niestic"life.        "  jlddison. 

WH6M,  pron.  hoom.  The  objective  of  ttiho, 

coinciding  with  the  L.  quem  and  quam. 
If  Tinm  hiive  1  in  heaven  Inn  lln-e  .'     I's.  Ixxiii. 
WIloMSOICV'EU,  pron.  [whom  and  soever.] 

Any  person  without  exception. 


WHO 


W  I  C 


W  I  D 


sex. 
any 


It  is  applied 
kind  of  illicit 


;  the  desertion  of  the 


With  whomsoever  tliou  findest  tlty    goods, 
let  him  not  live.     Gen.  xxxi. 
VVHOOBUB,  for  hubbub.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Shak. 
WHOOP,  n.  hoop.  [This  is  the  same  as 
hoop,  but  aspirated ;  Goth,  wopyan,  to 
whoop,  to  call;  Sax.  hiveopan,  to  weep, 
and  to  whip.  The  sense  is  to  drive  out  the 
voice.] 

1.  A  shout  of  pursuit.  Addison. 

2.  A  shout  of  war;  a  particular  cry  of  troops 
when  they  rush  to  the  attack.  The  In- 
dians of  America  are  remarkable  for  their 
war  whoop. 

3.  The  bird  called  hoopoe  or  upupa. 
WHOOP,  V.  i.  To  shout  with  *  particular 

voire.  Shak. 

WHOOP,  V.  I.  To  insult  with  shouts. 

Dryden. 

WHOOT,  V.  i.  hoot.  'See  Hool.] 

WHOP,  n.  [the  vulgar  pronunciation  of] 
whip,  or  awfiap.] 

A  sudden  fall,  or  the  suddenness  of  striking 
in  fi  fall. 

WHORE,  »i.  hore.  [W.  hiiran,  from  huriaiv, 
to  hire  ;  hiir,  that  whicli  is  fi.xed  or  set, 
hire,  vvafies  ;  S.ix.  Aor-cicfH,  hore-woman  ; 
Sw.  hora,  hor-k'dna ;  Dan.  hore,  hore- 
kone  ;  G.  hure  ;  D.  hoer.  The  correct  or- 
thography is  hore.] 

A  harlot ;  a  cuurtesan ;  a  concubine ;  a 
prostitute. 

WHORE,  I),  i.  [supra.]  To  have  unlawful 
sexual  commerce  ;  to  practice  lewdness. 

WHORE,  V.  t.  To  corrupt  by  lewd  inter- 
course.     [Little  used.]  Congreve. 

WHOREDOM,    n.     hn'redom.     Lewdness; 
fornication;    |)ractice   of   unlawful    com- 
merce with  the  other 
to  either  sex,  and   to 
commerce. 

9.  In  Scripture,  idolatry  ; 

worship  of  the  true  God,  for  tlie  worship 
of  idols.  Prophets. 

WHO'REIVPASTER,  Ji.  [supra.]  One  who 
practices  lewdness.  j 

WHOREMONGER,  n.  The  same  asichore-, 
master. 

WHO'RESON,  n.  A  bastard  ;  a  word  usedl 
generally  in  contempt.  Shak.H 

VVHO'RISH,  a.  Lewd;  unchaste;  addicted 
to  unlawful  sexual  pleasures;  incontinent. 

WHO'RISHLY,  adv.  In  a  lewd  manner. 

WHO'RISHNESS,  n.  The  practice  of| 
lewdness ;  the  character  of  a   lewd    vvo- 

Hale. 


man. 
WHORL, 
WHORLE. 
WH5RT,  n 


[See  jnirl.] 

The  fruit  of  the  wliortleberry ; 
or  the  shrub. 

WHORTLEBERRY,  ri.  [Sax.  heort-berg, 
liart-berry.  The  Germans  call  it  heidel- 
ieere,  heath-berry.] 

A  plant  or  shrub  and  its  fruit,  of  the  genus 
Vaccinium. 

WHOSE,  hooz.  The  possessive  or  genitive 
case  of  who  or  which  ;  applied  to  persons 
or  things.  We  say,  the  person  whose  mer-' 
its  are  known  ;  the  garment  whose  color  is 
admired. 

WIIdSESOEV'ER,  pron.  [whose  and  so- 
ever.] Of  any  person  wliatever.     John  xx. 

WHO'SO,  pron.  hooso.  Any  person  what- 
ever.    06s. 

WHOSOEV'ER,  pron.  [who,  so,  and  ei-cr.] 
Any  one  ;  any  person  whatever. 

Vol.  II. 


Whosoever  will,  let  him  take  of  the  water  of 

life  freely.     Rev.  xxii. 
WHUR,  V.  i.  To  pronounce  the  letter  r  with 

too  nuich  force. 
WHUR,  ti.  The  sound  of  a  body  moving 

through  the  air  with  velocity.  [See  Whir.] 
WHURT,  »i.  A   whortleberry   or   bilberry. 

[See  fihort.] 
WHV,  adv.  [Sax.  hwi,  and  for  hwi,   or  for 

hioig,  for  why.     Hwi,   hwig,  coincides  in 

elements   with    which.      So    pourquoi    in 

French,  is  the  same  ;   pour   and   L.   quid, 

quod ;  for  what.     The  original   phrase  is 

for  what,  for  why.  ] 

1.  For  what  cause  or  reason,  interrogatively. 

Turn  ye,  turn  ye,  for  why  will  ye  die .'     Jer. 

xxvii. 
3.  For  which  reason  or  cause,  relatively. 
No  ground  of  enmity, 
Why  he  should  mean  me  ill.  Mtton. 

3.  For  what  reason  or  cause  ;  for  which  ; 
relatively. 

Turn  the  discourse  ;  I  have  a  reason  wtiy 
I  would  not  have  you  speak  so  tenderly. 

Dryden. 

4.  It  is  used  sometimes  emphatically,  or 
rather  as  an  expletive. 

If  her  chill  heart  I  cannot  move, 

Why,  I'll  enjoy  the  very  love.  Cowley 

WI,  from  the  Gothic  weiha,  signifies  holy. 
It  is  found  in  some  names,  as  in  fVibert, 
holy-bright,  or  bright-holy,  eminent  for 
sanctity  ;  Dan.  vier,  to  consecrate,  Sw. 
viga. 

WIC,  WICK,  a  termination,  denotes  juris- 
diction, as  in  bailiicick.  Its  primary  sense 
is  a  village  or  mansion,  L.  vicus.  Sax.  wic 
or  ivyc ;  hence  it  occurs  in  Berioick,  Har- 
wich, N'onvich,  &c.  It  signifies  also  a  bay 
or  a  castle.  Gibson. 

WICK,  n.  [Sax.  jceoc;  Sw.  ueAe,  a  wick  or 
match  ;  Ir.  buaic] 

A  number  of  threads  of  cotton  or  some  simi 
lar  substance,  loosely  twisted  into  a  string, 
round  which  wax  or  tallow  is  applied  by 
means  of  melting  and  running  in  a  mold, 
and  thus  forming  a  candle  or  torch. 

WICK'ED,  a.  [Sw.  vika,  to  decline,  to  err, 
to  deviate,  also  to  fold  ;  Sax.  ivican,  to  re- 
cede, to  slide,  to  fall  away ;  wicelian,  to 
vacillate,  lo  stmnble.  It  seems  to  be  con- 
nected in  origin  with  u^ag,  and  Sax.  itu'cca, 
witch.  The  primary  sense  is  to  wind  and 
turn,  or  to  dejiart,  to  fall  away.] 

1.  Evil  in  principle  or  i)ractice  ;  deviating 
from  the  divine  law;  addicted  to  vice; 
sinful;  immoral.  This  is  a  word  of  com-t 
prchensive  signification,  extending  to  ev-j 
ery  thing  that  is  contrary  to  the  moral  law,! 
and  both  to  persons  and  actions.  We 
say,  a  wicked  man,  a  wicked  deed,  wicked 
ways,  u'icked  lives,  a  ivicked  heart,  wicked 
designs,  ivicked  works. 

No  man  was  ever  wicked  without  secret  dis- 
content. Rambler. 

2.  A  word  of  slight  blame ;  as  the  icicked 
urchin. 

3.  Cursed  ;  baneful ;  pernicious  ;  as  wicked 
words,  words  pernicious  in  their  effects. 
Obs. 

[This  last  signification  may  throw  some 
light  on  the  word  tvitch.] 
The  nicked,  in  Scripture,  persons  who   live 
in  sin ;  transgressors  of  the   divine  law 
all  who  are  unreconciled  to  God,  UDsanc 
tified  or  impenitent. 

113 


WICK'EDLY,  adv.  In  a   manner  or  with 
motives  and  designs  contrary  to  the  divine 
law;  viciously;  corruptly;  immorally. 
All  that  do  wickedly  shall  lie  stubble.  Mai.  iv. 
1   have   sinned,  and  1   have  done  wickedly. 
2  Sam.  xxiv. 
WICK'EDNESS,  n.    Departure   from   the 
rules  of  the  divine  law  ;  evil  disposition 
or   practices;     immorality;    crime;    sin; 
sinfulness;    corrupt   manners.     Wicked- 
ness generally  signifies  evil  practices. 

What  wickedness  is  tills  that  is  done  among 
you  ?     Judges  XX. 

But  wickedness  expresses  also   the  cor- 
rupt dispositions  of  the  licart. 
'f  heir  inward  part  is  very  irickedness.     Ps.  v. 
In  heart  ye  work  wickedness.     Ps.  Iviii. 
WICK'EN,  (      The    Sorbus    aucu- 

WICK'EN-TREE,  S  >unu,  mountain  ash, 
or  roan-tree.  Lee. 

WICK'ER,  a.  [Dan.  vien,  probably  con- 
tracted from  vigen.  The  Eng.  twig,  G. 
zweig,  D.  tivyg,  are  probably  formed  on 
the  simple  word  wig,  from  the  root  of  L. 
vigeo,  to  grow.  The  word  signifies  a 
shoot.] 
Made  of  twigs  or  oziers  ;  as  a  wicker  basket ; 
a  wicker  chair.  Spenser.     Peacham. 

WICK'ET,    n.    [Fr.  guichet;  W.gwiced,  a 
little  door,  from  givig,  a  narrow  place,  a 
corner.] 
A  small  gate. 

The    wicket,  often   open'd,   knew   tlie   key. 

Dryden. 
WICK'LIFFITE,   n.    A  follower  of  Wick- 

liffe,  the  English  reformer. 
WIDE,    a.    [Sax.  xvid,  wide;  D.  tcyd  ;   G. 
iceit ;  Sw.  Dan.  vid  ;  Sans,  vidi,  breadth  ; 

Ar.  jvj    badda,   to    separate  ;    allied    to 

void,  divide,  widow,  Ir.  feadh,  &c.    See 
Class  Bd.    No.  1.] 

1.  Broad  ;  having  a  great  or  considerable 
distance  or  extent  between  the  sides ;  op- 
posed to  varroiv ;  as  u-ide  cloth  ;  a  leide 
table;  a  wide  highway;  a  wide  bed;  a 
wide  hall  or  entry.  In  this  use,  uride  is 
distinguished  from  long,  which  refers  to 
the  extent  or  distance  between  the  ends. 

2.  Bro-id  ;  having  a  great  extent  each  way  ; 
as  a  wide  plain ;  the  icidc  ocean. 

3.  Remote;  distant.  This  position  is  very 
wide  from  the  truth.  Hammond. 

4.  Broad  to  a  certain  degree  ;  as  three  feet 
wide. 

WIDE,  adv.  At  a  distance ;  far.  His  fame 
was  spread  wide. 

2.  With  great  extent ;  used  chiefly  in  com- 
position ;  as  icif/e-skirted  meads;  n-ide- 
waving  swords  ;  irii/c-wasting  pestilence  ; 
iwirfe-spreading  evil. 

WI'DELY,  adv.  With  great  extent  each 
way.  The  gospel  was  widely  dissemin- 
ated by  the  apostles. 

2.  Very  much  ;  to  a  great  distaficc  ;  far. 
We  differ  leidely  in  opinion. 

WI'DEN,  V.  t.  To  make  wide  or  wider;  to 
extend  ih  breadth ;  as,  to  widen  a  field ;  to 

I    widen  a  breach. 

[Note. — In  America,  females  say,  to  widen  a 
stocking.] 

WI'DEN,  r.  i.  To  grow  wide  or  wider ;  to 
enlarge  ;  to  extend  itself. 

And  arches  widen,  and  long  aisles  extend. 

Pope. 


W  I  E 


W  I  L 


W  I  L 


WI'DENED,  pp.  Made  wide  or  wider;  ex- 
tended in  breadth. 

WI'DiiNESS,  )i.  Breadth  ;  width ;  great 
extent  between  the  sides;  as  the  wideness 
of  a  room. 

2.  Large  extent  in  all  directions  ;  as  the 
wideness  of  the  sea  or  ocean. 

WI'DENING,  ppr.  Extending  the  distance 
between  the  sides ;  enlarging  in  all  direc- 
tions. 

WID'GEON,  n.  A  fowl  of  the  duck  kind, 
or  genus  Anas,  having  a  black  bill,  the 
head  and  upper  part  of  the  neck  of  a 
bright  bay,  the  back  and  sides  waved  with 
black  and  white,  and  the  belly  white. 

Did.  JVat.  Hist. 

WID'OW,  n.  [Sax.  tvidew  ;  G.  ivitlwe  ;  D. 
weduwe  ;  Dan.vidue;  h.  vidua  ;  Fr.  veuve ; 
It.  vedova ;  Sp.  viuda  ;  Sans,  ividhava ; 
Russ.  vdova  ;  from  the  root  of  wide,  void. 
See  fnde.] 

A  woman  who  has  lost  her  husband  by 
death.     Luke  ii. 

JVidow's  chamber,  in  London,  the  apparel  and 
furniture  of  the  bed-chamber  of  the  widow 
of  a  freeman,  to  which  she  is  entitled. 

Cijc. 

WID'OW,  V.  t.  To  bereave  of  a  husband ; 
but  rarely  used  except  in  the  participle. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  endow  with  a  widow's  right.  lUn- 
usual.] 

3.  To  strip  of  any  thing  good.  Shak. 

The  widow'd  isle  in  mourning —         Dryden 

WID'OW-BEXCH,    n.    [loidow  and  bench.' 

In  Sussex,  that  share   which  a   widow    is 

allowed  of  her  husband's  estate,   besides 

her  jointure.  Cyc. 

WID'OWED,    pp.    Bereaved  of  a  husband 

by  death. 
2.  Deprived  of  some  good  ;  stripped. 
Trees  of  their  shrivel'd  fruits 


Arc  ividow'd. 
WIDOWER,   n 

wife  by  death. 
WID'OWHQOD, 

widow. 
2.  Estate  settled  on  a  widow. 


Philips 
A  man  who  has  lost  his 


The  state  of  beins  a 


[M>t  in  use.] 
Shak 

WID'OW-HUNTER,  n.  [widow  and  hunter.] 
One  who  seeks  or  courts  widows  for  a 
jointure  or  fortune.  Addison 

WID'OWING,    ppr.    Bereaving  of  a  hus- 
band ;  depriving  ;  stripping. 
WID'OW-MAKER,  n.  [widow  and  viaker.' 
One  who  makes  widows   by  destroying 
lives.  Shak. 

WID'OW- WAIL,  n.  In  botany,  a  plant  of 
the  genus  Cneorum.  Lee. 

WIDTH,    n.    [from   wide  ;    G.   weite  ;    D. 

wydle.] 
Breaiith ;  wideness  ;  the  extent  of  a   thing 
from  side  to  side;  as  the  width  o( c\olh 
the  width  of  a  door.  Dryden. 

WIELD,  V.  t.  [Sax.  wealdan,  waldan  ;  Goth. 
ga-watdan,  to  govern ;  wald,  power,  do- 
minion ;  Dan.  vtdde,  power  ;  gevalt,  force 
authority  ;  Sw.  vlilde,  power ;  alhed  to  L. 
itaieo,  Eng.  ivell.  The  primary  sense  of 
power  and  strength  is  to  stretch  or  strain. 
This  seems  to  be  the  Russ.  vtadyu,  to  rule, 
and  ividd  or  vlad,  in  names,  as  Waldemir, 
Vladcmir.] 
I.  To  use  with  full  command  or  power,  as  a 
thing  not  too  heavy  for  the  holder  ;  to 


manage  ;  as,  to  tvield  a  sword  ;  to  wield' 
the  scepter. 

Part  wield  their  arms,  part  curb  the  foaming 
steed.  Milton. 

To  use  or  employ  with  the  hand. 

Nothing  but  the  infiuence  of  a  civilized  power 
could  induce  a  savage  to  wield  a  spade. 

.S'.  S.  Smith 
.'3.  To  handle  ;  in  an  ironical  sense. 

Base  Hungarian  wight,  wilt  thou  the  spigot 

wield  ?  Shak. 

To  wield  the  scepter,  to  govern  with  supreme' 

command. 
WIE'LDED.     pp.    Used   with  command; 

managed. 
WIE'LDING,  ppr.  Using  with  power ;  man- 
aging. 
WIE'LDLESS,   a.    Uninanageable. 

Spenser. 
WIE'LDY,  o.  That  may  be  wielded  ;  man- 
ageable. 
WI'I^RY,    a.    [from  u'iVe.]     Made  of  wire  ; 
having  the  properties  of  wire.     It  would 
be  better  written  wiry. 
3.  [Sax.  wcer,  a  pool.]    Wet ;  marshy.    [JVot 
in  use.]  Shak. 

WIFE,  n.  plu.  u'ives.  [Sax.  icif;  D.  ivyf; 
G.  weib,  a  woman.] 

1.  The  lawful  consort  of  a  man  ;  a  woman 
who  is  united  to  a  man  in  the  lawful  bonds 
of  wedlock;  the  correlative  of  husband. 

The  husband  of  one  tvife.     I  Tim.  iii. 

Let  every  one  of  you  in  particular,  so  love 
his  wife  even  as  himself,  and  let  the  wife  see 
that  she  reverence  her  liusband.     Eph.  v. 

2.  A  woman  of  low  employment;  as  straw- 
berry wives.     [J\'ot  in  use.]  Shak. 

WIG,  in  Saxon,  signifies  war.     It  is  found 

in  some  names. 
WIG,  n.  [G.  iceck,  wig,  and  week-butter,  roll 

butter.     It  would  seem  that  the  sense  is  a 

roll  or  twist  interwoven.] 

1.  A  covering  for   the  head,  consisting  of 
hair  interwoven  or  united  by  a  kind  of  net 
work  ;  formerly  much  worn  by  men. 

2.  A  sort  of  cake.     Obs.  Ainsworlh. 
WltiEON.  I  See  mdgeon.] 
WIGHT,    n.    [Sax.  leiht,  G.  wicht,  a  living 

being,  Goth.  inaiViJ;  h.  victum,  from  vivo, 
to  live,  originally  vigo  or  vico,  and  proba- 
bly allied  to  vigeo.  This,  in  the  Celtic^ 
form,  would  be  quic  or  qwig,  Eng.  quick,'. 
alive  ;  and  hence  L.  qui,  qucs,  quid,  qaod} 
contracted  from  quic,  quiced,  quoced;  Scot.j 
quhat.  The  letter  h,  in  the  Gothic  andi 
Scotish,  representing  the  c  of  the  Latin, i 
proves  the  word  to  be  thus  contracted.] 

.\  being  ;  a  person.  It  is  obsolete,  except 
in  irony  or  burlesque.     [See  Aught.] 

The  wight  of  all  the  world  who  lov'd  thee 
best.  Dryden. 

WIGHT,  a.  [Sax.  hwoet.]  Swift ;  nunble. 
Obs.  Spatser. 

[This  seems  to  be  a  dialectical  form  of 
quick.] 

WIGHTLY,    adv.    Swiftly ;  nimbly.     Obs. 

Spenser. 

WIG'WAM,  7!.  An  Indian  cabin  or  hut,  so 
called  in  America.  It  is  sometimes  writ- 
ten weekwam. 

WILD,  a.  [Sax.  D.  G.  wild;  Sw.  Dan.  i;iW  ; 
W.  gwyllt ;  connected  with  Sax.  wealh,  a 
traveler,  foreigner  or  pilgrim  ;  G.  tvdlsch, 
Celtic,  Welsh  ;  ivallen,  to  rove,  Sw.  villa, 
forvilla.     The  sense  is  obvious.] 

1.  Roving;  wandering;  inhabiting  the  forest 

1    or  open  field  ;  hence,  not  tamed  or  domes- 


ticated ;  as  a  wild  boar ;  a  wild  ox ;  a  wild 
cat ;  a  wild  bee. 

2.  Growing  without  culture;  as  wild  para- 
nep  ;  iinld  ilierry  ;  ivild  tansy.  H'ild  rice, 
a  palatable  and  nutritious  food,  grows 
spontaneously  in  the  lakes  and  ponds  of 
the  North  West  territory.  J.  Morse. 

3.  Desert ;  not  inhabiteil ;  as  a  wild  forest. 

Milton. 

4.  Savage  ;  uncivilized  ;  not  refined  by  cul- 
ture ;  as  the  wild  natives  of  Africa  or 
America. 

5.  Turbulent;  tempestuous;  irregular;  as  a 
wild  tumult. 

The  wild  winds  howl.  Addison. 

6.  Licentioi/s ;  ungoverned  ;  as  mW  pas- 
sions. 

Valor  grown  wild  by  pride —  Prior. 

7.  Inconstant ;  mutable  ;  fickle. 

In  the  ruling  passion,  there  alone 
The   wild  are   constant,   and    the   cunning 
known.  Pope. 

8.  Inordinate  ;  loose. 

A  fop  well  dress'd,  extravagant  and  wild. 

Dryden. 

9.  Uncouth  ;  loose. 

— What  are  these. 
So  wither'd,  and  so  wild  in  their  attire  .'    Shak. 

10.  Irregular  ;  disorderly  ;  done  without 
plan  or  order  ;  as,  to  make  wild  work. 

Milton. 
IL  Not  well  digested ;  not  framed  accord- 
ing to  the  ordinary  rules  of  reason  ;  not 
being  within  the  limits  of  probable  practi- 
cability ;  imaginary;  fanciful;  as  a  ivild 
project  or  scheme  ;  icild  speculations. 

12.  Exposed  to  the  wind  and  sea  ;  as  a  ivild 
roadstead.  Mar.  Diet. 

13.  Made  or  found  in  the  forest;  as  uiild 
lioney. 

Wild  is  prefixed  to  the  names  of  many 
plants,  to  distinguish  them  irom  such  of 
the  name  as  are  cultivated  in  gardens,  as 
wild  basil,  ivild  parsnep,  ivild  carrot,  wild 
olive,  &. 

WILD,  n.  A  desert;  an  uninhabited  and 
uncultivated  tract  or  region  ;  a  forest  or 
sandy  desert ;  as  the  ivilds  of  America  ; 
the  wilds  of  Africa ;  the  sandy  ivilds  of 
Arabia. 

Then  Libya  first,  of  all  her  moisture  drain'd. 
Became  a  barren  waste,  a  wild  of  sand. 

Addison. 

WILDFIRE,  n.  [wild  and  j5re.]  A  compo- 
sition of  iutiainmable  materials. 

Brimstone,  pitch,  wildfire,  burn  easily,  and 
are  hard  to  quench.  Bacon. 

2.  A  disease  of  sheep,  attended  with  inflam- 
mation of  the  skin  ;  a  kind  of  erysipelas. 

Cyc. 

WILD-FOWL,  n.  [wild  and  fotcl]  Fowls 
of  the  forest,  or  untamed. 

WILD-GOOSE,  11.  [wild  and  goose.]  An 
aquatic  fowl  of  the  genus  Anas,  the  Anas 
anser,  a  fowl  of  passage.  Tliese  geese  fly 
to  the  south  in  autumn,  and  return  to  the 
north  in  the  spring.  This  species  is  the 
stock  of  the  common  ilomestic  goose.  The 
wild  goose  of  N.  America,  also  migratory, 
is  a  distinct  species,  the  .Inns  Canadeims. 

Wild-goose  chase,  the  pursuit  of  something  as 
unlikely  to  be  caught  as  the  wild  goose. 

Shak. 

WILD-HONEY,  n.  [wild  and  honey.]  Huiiey 
that  is  tiiiind  in  the  forest,  in  hollow  trees 
or  among  rucks. 


W  I  L 


W  I  L 


W  I  L 


WiLD-LAND,  n.  [leild  and  land.]  Land 
noi  ciil'.iviicd,  or  in  a  state  that  renders  it 
unlit  for  cultivation. 

2.  In  America,  forest ;  land  not  settled  and 
cultivated. 

WILD-SERVICE,  n.  A  plant.  MUler. 

The  wilder   myrtle-leaved  service  is  a 

tree  of  the  genus  Crataegus,  (C.  torminalis.) 

Lee. 

WILDER,  V.  I.  [Dan.  »tWer,  from  vild, 
wild.] 

To  lose  or  cause  to  lose  the  way  or  track  ; 
to  puzzle  with  mazes  or  difficulties ;  to  be- 
wilder. 

Long  lost  and  wilder'd  in  the  maze  of  fate. 

Pope. 

WIL'DERED,  pp.  Lost  in  a  pathless  tract ; 
puzzled. 

WIL'DERING,  ppr.  Puzzling. 

WIL'DERNESS,  n.  [from  wild.]  A  de 
sert ;  a  tract  of  land  or  region  unculti- 
vated and  uninhahited  by  human  beings, 
whether  a  forest  or  a  wide  barren  plain. 
In  the  United  States,  it  is  applied  only  to 
a  forest.  In  Scripture,  it  is  applied  fre- 
quently to  the  deserts  of  Arabia.  The  Is- 
raelites wandered  in  the  ivilderness  forty 
years. 

2.  The  ocean. 

The  wat'ry  wilderness  yields  no  supply. 

Waller. 

3.  A  state  of  disorder.     [JVotinuse.] 

Milton. 

4.  A  wood  in  a  garden,  resembling  a  forest, 
WILDING,  n.  A  wild  sour  apple. 

Mortijner. 
WILDLY,    adv.    Without  cultivation. 

More 

2.  Without  lameness. 

3.  With  disorder  ;  with  perturbation  or  dis- 
traction ;  with  a  fierce  or  roving  look  ;  as, 
to  start  u'ildly  from  one's  seat ;  to  stare 
wildly. 

4.  Without  attention  ;  heedlessly.  Shak. 

5.  Capriciously  ;  ii  rationally  ;  extravagantly. 

MTirt  is  there  so  wildly  sceptical  as  to  ques- 
tion whether  the  sun  will  rise  in  the  east .' 

Wilkin  s. 

6.  Irregularly. 

She,  wildly  wanton,  wears  by  night  away 
The  sign  of  all  our  labors  done  by  day. 

I)ryde7i. 
WILDNESS,  n.  Rudeness;  rough  unculti- 
vated state  ;  as  the  teildness  of  a  forest  or 
heath.  Prior. 

2.  Inordinate  disposition  to  rove;  irregular- 
ity of  manners;  as  the  ii'i'Wncjs  of  vouth 

'Shak. 

3.  Savageness ;  brutality.  Sidney. 

4.  Savage  state  ;  rudeness. 

5.  Uncultivated  state  ;  as  the  viUdness  of 
land. 

6.  A  wandering ;  irregularity. 

Delirium  is  but  a  short  ivildiiess  of  the  ima- 
gination. Jf'atis 

7.  Alienation  of  mind.  Shak. 

8.  State  of  being  untamed. 

9.  The  quality  of  being  undisciplined,  or  not 
subjected  to  method  or  rules. 

Is  there  auy  lianger  that  this  discipline  will 
tame  too  much  the  fiery  spirit,  the  enchanting 
wildness,  and  magnificent  irregularity  of  the 
orator's  genius  ?  Wirt. 

WILDS,  )i.  Among  farmers,  the  part  of  a 
plow  by  whicli  it  is  drawn.     [LocaL~ 

WILE,  II.  [San.  idle  ;  Ice.  u-ul;  \V.  fel, 
fine,  subtil.] 


A  trick  or  stratagem  practiced  for  ensnaring 
or  deception  ;  a  sly,  insidious  artifice. 

That  ye  may  be  able   to  stand  against  the 
wiles  of  the  devil.     Eph.  vi. 

Wli^E,  V.  t.  To  deceive  ;  to  beguile.  [Little 
used.]  Spenser. 

WI'LILY,  adv.  [from  ivily.]  By  stratagem 
witli  insidious  art.     Josh.  ix. 

WI'LINESS,    Ji.     [from  wily.]     Cunning; 
guile. 

WILK,      )        [G.    welken,   to    wither,    or 

WHILK,  \  "■   cause  to  wither.]     A  speciesi 
ofshell.     [See  Jfelk.] 

WILL,  n.  [Sax.  ivilla  ;  Goxh.  wilj a ;  D.  wil 
or  wille;  G.wille;  Sw.  viljc;  Dan.  villie ; 
W.  gwyll ;  Ir.  ail  ;  Gr.  liovt.r,  counsel ; 
Slav,  volia.  See  the  Verb.] 
Tiiat  faculty  of  the  mind  by  which  we 
determine  either  to  do  or  forbear  an  ac- 
tion ;  the  faculty  which  is  exercised  in 
deciding,  among  two  or  more  objects, 
which  we  shall  embrace  or  pursue.  The 
will  is  directed  or  influenced  by  the  judg- 
ment. The  understanding  or  reason  com- 
pares difterent  objects,  which  operate  as 
motives  ;  the  judgment  determines  which 
is  preferable,  and  the  will  decides  which  to 
pursue.  In  other  words,  we  reason  with 
respect  to  the  value  or  importance  of 
things;  we  then  judge  which  is  to  be  pre- 
ferred ;  and  we  will  to  take  the  most  val- 
uable. These  are  butdiflercnt  operations 
of  the  mind,  soul,  or  intellectual  part  of 
man.  Great  disputes  have  existed  respect- 
ing the  freedom  of  the  toill. 

Will  is  often  quite  a  diflerent  thing  from 
desire. 

A  power  over  a  man's  subsistence,  amounts 
to  a  power  over  his  loill. 

Federalist,  Hamilton. 

'i.  Choice  ;  determination.     It  is  my  will  to 

prosecute  the  trespasser. 
!.  Choice ;  discretion  ;  pleasure. 

Go,  then,  the  guilty  at  thy  tfi// chastise. 

Pope. 
[.  Command  ;  direction. 

Our  prayers  should  be  according  to  the  vnll 
of  God.  Law. 

5.  Disposition;  inclination;  desire.    "What 
is  your  toill,  Sir?"     In  this  plirase,  the 
word  may  also  signify  determination,  es 
pecially  when  addressed  to  a  superior. 
3.  Power  ;  arbitrary  disposal. 

Deliver  me  not  over  to  the  will  of  my  ene 
mies.     Ps.  xxvii. 
7.  Divine  determination ;  moral  purpose  or 
counsel. 

Thy  ivill  be  done.  Lord's  Prayer. 

3.  Testament;  the  disposition  of  a  man's 
estate,  to  take  effect  after  his  death,  ff'ilh 
are  written,  or  nuncupative,  that  is,  verbal. 

Blaekslone 

Good  will,  favor  ;  kindness.  Shak. 

2.  Right  intention.     Phil.  i. 

///  tmU,  enmity ;  unfriendliness.  It  express- 
es less  than  maliee. 

To  have  one^s  will,  to  obtain  what  is  desired 

Jit  will.  To  hold  an  estate  at  the  ivill  of  an- 
other, is  to  enjoy  the  possession  at  his 
pleasure,  and  be  liable  to  he  ousted  at  any 
time  by  the  lessor  or  proprietor. 

Ifill  with  a  wisp,  Jack  with  a  lantern  ;  ignis 
fatuus  ;  a  luminous  appearance  sometimes 
seen  in  the  air  over  moist  ground,  suppos- 
ed to  proceed  from  hydrogen  gas. 


WILL,  V.  t.  [Sax.  ivillan ;  Goth.  xvUyan ;  D. 
willen  ;  G.  wollen ;  Sw.  vilja  ;  Dan.  ville  : 
L.  volo,  velle;  Gr.  ^mXoiuu  ;  Fr.  vouloir ;  It. 
volere.  The  sense  is  to  set,  or  to  set  for- 
ward, to  stretch  forward.  The  sense  is 
well  expressed  by  the  L.  propono.] 

1.  To  determine  ;  to  decide  in  the  mind  that 
something  shall  be  done  or  forborne  ;  ira- 
|)lying  power  to  carry  the  purpose  into 
eftect.  In  this  manner  God  wills  whatever 
comes  to  pass.  So  in  the  style  of  princes  ; 
"  wo  loill  that  execution  be  done." 

A  man  that  sits  still  is  said  to  be  at  liberty, 
because  he  can  walk  if  lie  vnlls  it.  Locke. 

2.  To  command  ;  to  direct. 
'Tis  yours,  O  queen  !  to  will 

The  work  which  duty  bids  me  to  fulfill. 

Dryden. 
To  be  inclined  or  resolved  to  have. 
Tliere,  there,  Hortensio,  will  you  any  wife  ' 

Shak. 
To  wish  ;  to  desire.     What  ivill  you  ? 

5.  To  dispose  of  estate  and  effects  by  testa- 
ment. 

6.  It  is  sometimes  equivalent  to  may  be.  Let 
the  circumstances  be  what  they  will ; 
that  is,  any  circumstances,  of  whatever 
nature. 

7.  Hill  is  used  as  an  auxiliary  verb,  and  a 
sign  of  the  future  tense.  It  has  difl'erent 
significations  in  different  persons. 

1.  /  vnll  go,  is  a  present  promise  to  go  ; 
and  with  an  emphasis  on  will,  it  express- 
es determination. 

2.  Thou  tvilt  go,  you  unll  go,  express 
foretelling  ;  simply  stating  an  event  that 
is  to  come. 

3.  He  will  go,  is  also  a  foretelling.  The 
use  of  will  in  the  plural,  is  the  same,  /f'e 
will,  promises ;  ye  will,  they  will,  foretell. 

WILL'ED,  pp.  Determined  ;  resolved  ;  de- 
sired. 

'2.  Disposed  of  by  will  or  testament. 

WILL'ER,  n.  One  who  wills. 

WILL'FUL,  a.  [will  unAfidl]  Governed 
by  the  will  without  yielding  to  reason  ; 
obstinate  ;  stubborn  ;  perverse  ;  inflexible  ; 
as  a  will/id  man. 

a.  Stubborn  ;  refractory ;  as  a  willful  horse. 

WILLFULLY,  adv.  Obstinately  ;  stub- 
bornly. 

2.  By  design  ;  with  set  purpose. 

If  we  sin  will/idly  after  that  we  have  receiv- 
ed the  knowledge  of  the  truth,  tlicre  rcmainetb 
no  more  sacrifice  for  sins.     Heb.  x. 

WILL'FULNESS,  ii.  Obstinacy;  stubborn- 
ness ;  perverseness. 

Sins  of  presumption  are  such  as  proceed  from 
pride,  arrogance,  willfulness,  and  haughtiness 
of  men's  heart.  Perkins. 

WILL'ING,  ppr.    Determining;  resolving  ; 

desiring. 
2.  Disposingof  by  will. 
WILL'ING,  a.    [Sw.  Dan.  villig.]     Free  to 
do  or  grant ;  having  the  mind  inclined ; 
disposed  ;   not   averse.      Let  every   man 
give,  who  is  able  and  ivilling. 
2.  Pleased  :  desirous. 

Felix,  willing  to  show  the  Jews  a  pleasure. 
Acts  xxiv. 
Ready ;  prompt. 
He  stoop'd  with  weary  wings  and  willing 
feet.  Milton. 

Chosen  ;  received  of  choice  or  without 
reluctance ;  as,  to  be  held  in  willing  chains. 
Spontaneous. 


W  I  M 


VV  I  N 


W  I  N 


Xo  spouts  of  blood  run  willing  from  a  tree. 

Dri/den. 
6.  Consenting.  Milton. 

WILLING-HEARTED,  a.  Well  dispos- 
ed; having  a  free  heart.     Ex.  XXXV. 

WILLINGLY,  adv.  With  free  will ;  with- 
out reluctance  ;  cheerfully. 

2.  By  one's  own  choice. 

The  condition  of  that  people  is  not  so  muclil 
to  be  envied  as  some  would  willingly  represent 
it.  AddismiA 

WILLINGNESS,  n.  Free  choice  or  con- 
sent of  the  will ;  freedom  from  reluctance  ; 
readiness  of  the  mind  to  do  or  forbear. 
Sweet  is  tlie  love  that  comes  with  willing- 
ness. Dryden. 

WIL'LOW,  n.  [Sax.  M'c/ii?;  D.y/g-e;  W.I 
gwial,  twigs ;  also  helig,  L.  salir.] 

A  tree  of  the  genus  Salix.  There  are  seve 
ral  species  of  willow,  the  white,  the 
black,  the  purple  or  red,  the  sallow,  aiul 
the  broad  leaved  willow,  &c.  A  species 
called  the  weeping  willow,  has  long  and 
slender  branches  which  droop  and  hang 
downward,  the  Salix  Babi/lonica. 

WIL'LOWED,  a.  Abounding  with  willows. 

Collins 

WIL'LOW-GALL,  n.  A  prottiberance  on 
the  leaves  of  willows.  Ci/c. 

WIL'LOW-HERB,  n.  The  purple  loose 
strife,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Ly  thrum  ;  also, 
the  yellow  loosestrife,  of  the  genus  Lysi- 
machia;  also,  the  French  willow,  of  the 
genus  Epilobium.  Lee.     Cyc. 

WIL'LOWISH,  a.  Like  the  color  of  the 
willow.  Walton 

WIL'LOW-TUFTED,  a.  Tufted  with  wil- 
lows.  Goldsmith 

WIL'LOW-WEED,  n.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  the  smartweed  or  persicaria. 

Cyc. 

WIL'LOW- WORT,  n.  A  plant.  Miller. 

WIL'LOWY,  a.  Abounding  with  willows. 

Gray. 

WILT,  V.  i.  [G.  D.  ivelken,  to  fade  ;  that  is, 
to  shrink  or  withdraw.] 

To  begin  to  wither;  to  lose  freshness  and 
become  flaccid,  as  a  plant  when  exposed 
to  great  heat  in  a  dry  day,  or  when  first 
separated  from  its  root. 

This  is  a  legitimate  word,  for  which 
there  is  no  substitute  in  the  language.  It 
is  not  synonymous  with  wither,  as  it  ex- 
presses only  the  beginning  of  withering. 
A  willed  plant  often  revives  and  becomes 
fresh  ;  not  so  a  withered  plant. 

WILT,  t'.  <.  To  cause  to  begin  to  wither; 
to  make  flaccid ;  as  a  green  plant. 

■J.  To  cause  to  languish  ;  to  depress  or 
destroy  the  vigor  and  energy  of. 

Despots  have  wilted  the  human  race  into 
sloth  and  imbecility.  Dwight. 

WILT'ED,  pp.  Having  become  flaccid  and 
lost  its  freshness,  as  a  plant. 

WILT'ING,  ppr.  Beginning  to  fade  or 
wither. 

WI'LY,  a.  [from  xvile.]  Cunning  ;  sly  ;  us- 
ing craft  or  stratagem  to  accomplish  a 
purpose  ;  subtil ;  as  a  wily  adversary. 

WIM'BLE,  n.  [W.  guimbill,  a  gimlet; 
cmmiaw,  to  move  round  briskly.  See 
"Whim.] 

An  instrument  for  boring  holes,  turned  by  a 
handle. 

WIM'BLE,  a.  Active  ;  nimble.     Obs. 

Spenser. 


WIM'BREL,  n.  A  bird  of  the  curlew  kind, 

a  species  of  Scolopax,  [S.  phteopus.]      Cyc. 
WIM'PLE,  n.  [G.  wimpel,  a  pendant;  Dan. 

vimpel :  W.   gwempyl,  a   vail,   a  wimple; 

Fr.  guimpe,  a  neck  handkerchief.]  A  hood 

or  vail.     Obs.     Is.  iii. 
WIM'PLE,  V.  t.   To  draw  down,  as  a  vail. 

Obs.  Spenser. 

WIN,  V.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  won.   [Sax.  winnan, 

to  labor,  to  toil,  to  gain  by  labor,  to  tvin ; 

D.  winnen ;  G.getvinnen;  Sw.  vinyia.]       | 
1.  To  gain  by  success  in  competition  or  con 

test ;  as,  to  win  the  prize  in  a  game ;  to 

mn  money ;  to  ivin  a  battle,  or  to  win  a 

country.      Battles   are   icon    by   superior 

strength  or  skill. 

— Who  thus  shall  Canaan  iciii.  Milton. 

■'i.  To  gain  by  solicitation  or  courtship. 

3.  To  obtain;  to  allure  to  kindness  or  com- 
])liance.  Thy  virtue  won  me.  IVin  your 
enemy  by  kindness. 

4.  To  gain  by  persuasion  or  influence  ;  as, 
an  orator  wins  his  audience  by  argument. 
The  advocate  has  won  the  jury. 

And  Mamrnon  wins  his  way,  where  seraphs 
might  de-:pair.  Byron. 

WIN,  V.  t.  To  gain  the  victory. 
Nor  is  it  aught  but  just 
That  he,  who  in  debate  of  truth  hath  won. 
Should  win  in  arms.  Milton 

To  win  upon,  to  gain  favor  or  influence  ;  as,  to 
win  upon  the  heart  or  aSections.    Dryden. 
'2.  To  gain  ground. 

The  rabble  will  in  time  win  upon  power. 

Shak. 

To  win  of,  to  be  conqueror.  Shak 

WINCE,  V.  i.  [Fr.  guincher,  to  twist ;  guin- 

gois,  crookedness,  W.  giving ;  gwingaw, 

to  wriggle,  to  wince.] 

1.  To  shrink,  as  from  a  blow  or  from  pain  ; 
to  start  back. 

I  will  not  stir  nor  tvince.  Shak. 

2.  To  kick  or  flounce  when  uneasy,  or  im- 
patient of  a  rider  ;  as,  a  horse  winces. 

Hudibras. 

WIN'CER,  n.  One  that  winces,  shrinks  or 
kicks. 

WINCH,  n.  [Sax.  ivince;  Fr.  guincher,  to 
twist.] 

A  windlass  ;  or  an  instrument  with  which 
to  turn  or  strain  something  forcibly  ;  as  a 
winch  to  strain  the  cord  of  a  bedstead,  or 
to  turu  a  wheel. 

WINCH,  V.  i.  To  wince  ;  to  shrink  ;  to  kick 
with  impatience  or  uneasiness.  [This  is! 
a  more  correct  orthography  than  wince.] 

WINCH'ING,  (  Flinching;  shrinking, 

WIN'CING,     S^P^'   kicking. 

WIN'€OIMPE,  n.  The  vulgar  name  of  a 
little  flower,  tl)at,  when  it  opens  in  the 
morning,  bodes  a  fair  day.  Bacon. 

WIND,  n.  [Sax.  D.  G.  wind;  Sw.  Dan. 
vind  ;  W.  gwynt  ;  L.  ventns  ;  It.  vento  ; 
Sp.  viento  ;  Fr.  veyit.  This  word  accords 
with  L.  venio,  ionium,  and  the  Teutonic 
wendan,  Eng.  icent.  The  primary  sense 
is  to  move,  flow,  rush  or  drive  along.] 

1.  Air  in  motion  with  any  degree  of  veloci- 
ty, indefinitely  :  a  current  of  air.  When 
the  air  moves  moderately,  we  call  it  a 
light  wind,  or  a  breeze  ;  when  with  more' 
velocity,  we  call  it  a  fresh  breeze,  andj 
when  with  violence,  we  call  it  a  gale,! 
storm  or  tempest.  The  word  gale  is  used 
by  the  poets  tor  a  moderate  breeze,  but 
seamen  use  it  as  equivalent  to  storm. 


Jiinds  are  denominated  from  the  point 
of  compass  from  which  they  blow  ;  as  a 
tiorth  wind  ;  an  ea.it  wind  ;  a  south  wind  ; 
a  loest  wind  ;  a  southwest  wind,  &c. 
'2.  The/our  winds,  the  cardinal  points  of  the 
heavens. 

Come  from  the  four  winds,  O  breath,  and 
breathe  upon  these  slain.     Ezek.  xxxvii. 

This  sense  of  the  word  seems  to  have 
had  its  origin  with  the  orientals,  as  it  was 
the  practice  of  the  Hebrews  to  give  to 
each  of  the  four  cardinal  points  the  name 
of  wind. 

3.  Direction  of  the  wind  from  other  points 
of  the  compass  than  the  cardinal,  or  any 
point  of  compass;  as  a  compass  of  eight 
loinds.     Obs.  Heylin. 

4.  Breath;  power  of  respiration. 
If  my  wind  were  but  long  enough  to  say  my 

prayers,  I  would  repent.  .STiaA". 

5.  Air  in  motion  from  any  force  or  action  : 
as  the  loind  of  a  cannon  ball ;  the  udnd  of 
a  bellows. 

(i.  Breath  modulated  by  the  organs  or  by  an 
instrument. 

Their  instruments  were  various  in  their  kind. 

Some  for   the  bow,  and  some  for  breathing 

wind.  Dryden. 

7.  Air  impregnated  with  scent. 
A  pack  of  dog-fish  had  him  in  the  wind. 

Swift. 

8.  Any  thing  insignificant  or  light  as  wind. 
Think  not  with  wind  of  airy  threats  to  awe. 

Milton. 

9.  Flatulence  ;  air  generated  in  the  stomach 
and  bowels;  as,  to  be  troubled  with  uind. 

10.  The  name  given  to  a  disease  of  sheep, 
in  which  the  intestines  are  distended  with 
air,  or  rather  affected  with  a  violent  in- 
flanmiation.  It  occurs  immediately  after 
shearing.  Cyc. 

Down  the  ivind,  decaying;  declining;  in  a 
state  of  decay  ;  as,  he  went  doxvn  the  wind. 
[JVot  used.]  VEstrange. 

To  take  or  have  the  wind,  to  gain  or  have  the 
advantage.  Bacon. 

To  lake  wind,  or  to  get  wind,  to  be  divulged  ; 
to  become  pubUc.  The  story  g'oi  wind,  or 
took  wind. 

In  the  wind's  eye,  in  seamen's  language,  to- 
wards the  direct  point  from  which  the 
wind  blows. 

Between  wind  and  ivaler,  denoting  that  part 
of  a  ship's  side  or  bottom  which  is  fre- 
quently brought  above  water  by  the  roll- 
ing of  the  ship,  or  fluctuation  of  the  wa- 
ter's surface. 

To  carry  the  wind,  in  the  manege,  is  when  a 
horse  tosses  his  nose  as  higii  as  his  ears. 

Constant  or  perennial  wind,  a  wind  that 
blows  constantly  from  one  point  of  the 
compass;  as  the  trade  wind  of  the  tropics. 

Shifting,  variable  or  erratic  winds,  are  such 
as  are  changeable,  now  blowing  from  one 
point  and  now  from  another,  and  then 
ceasing  altogether. 

Slated  or  periodical  wind,  a  wind  that  con- 
stantly returns  at  a  certain  time,  and 
blows  steadily  from  one  point  for  a  cer- 
tain time.  Such  are  the  monsoons  in  In- 
dia, and  land  and  sea  breezes. 

Trade  wind,  a  wind  that  blows  constantly 
from  one  point,  such  as  the  tropical  wind 
in  the  Atlantic. 

WIND'AtiE,  71.  [Sp.  viento,  wind,  windage.] 
The  difference  between  the  diameter  of  a 
piece  and  that  of  a  ball  or  shell.  Cyc. 


WIN 


WIND'BOLND,  a.  [wind  and  hound.]  Pre- 
vented I'rora  sailing  by  a  contrary  wind. 

Mar.  Did. 

WIND'-DROPSY,  n.  [wind  and  dropty.]  A 
swelling  of  the  belly  from  wind  in  the  in- 
testines ;   tympanites.  Coxe. 

WIND'-EGG,  n.  [wind  and  egg.]  An  addle 
egg. 

WIND'ER,  I',  t.  To  fan  ;  to  clean  grain  witli 
a  fan.     [Local.] 

WIND'ER-MEB,  n.  A  bird  of  the  genus 
Lariis,  or  gull-kind.  C'l/'^- 

WIND'FALL,  n.  [wind  and  fall.]  Fruit 
blown  off  the  tree  by  wind. 

2.  An  unexpected  legacy. 

WIND'-FALLEN,  a.  Blown  down  by  the 
wind.  Drayion. 

WIND'-FLOWER,  n.  [loind  an(\  fowei:]  A 
plant,  the  anemone. 

WIND'-FURNACE,  ?i.  [wind  and/uniace. 
A  furnace  in  which  the  air  is  supplied  by 
an  artificial  current,  as  from  a  bellows. 

WINU'-GAtiE,  n.  [wind  and  gage.]  An  in- 
strument for  ascertaining  the  velocity  and 
force  of  wind.  Cyc. 

VVIND'-GALL,  n.  [wind  and  gall.]  A  soft 
tumor  on  the  fetlock  joints  of  a  horse. 

WIND'-GUN,  n.  An  air  gun  ;  a  gim  dis- 
charged by  the  force  of  compressed  air. 

WIND'-HATCH,  n.  [wind  and  halch.]  In 
mining,  the  opening  or  place  where  the 
ore  is  taken  out  of  the  earth.  Cyc. 

WIND'-HOVER,  n.  [wind  and  hover.]  A 
species  of  hawk  ;  called  also  the  slannel 
but  more  usually  ;he  kestrel.  Cyc 

WIND'INESS,  n.  [fvow  windy.]  The  state 
of  being  windy  or  tempestuous ;  as  the 
iirindincss  of  the  weather  or  season. 

2.  Fullness  of  wind;  flatulence.         Harvey. 

3.  Tendency  to  generate  wind ;  as  the  wind- 
iness  of  vegetables. 

4.  Tumor ;  puffiness. 

The  swelling  rvindiness  of  much  knowledge. 

Brerewood 

WIND'-INSTRUMENT,  n.  An  instrument 

of  music,  played  by  wind,  chiefly  by  the 

breath  ;  as  a  flute,  a  clarinet,  &.c.         Cyc. 

WIND'LAS,     I      [wind  and  lace.    Qu.]     A 

WIND' LASS,  I  "•  niuchine  for  raising  great 
weights,  consisting  of  a  cylinder  or  roller 
of  tind)er,  moving  on  its  axis  and  turned 
by  levers,  with  a  rope  or  chain  attached 
to  the  weight. 

2.  A  handle  by  which  any  thing  is  turned. 
[.Vol  in  use.]  Sliak. 

WIND'LE,  n.  A  spindle;  a  kind  of  reel. 

WIND'-MILL,  n.  [wind  and  mill.]  Ainill 
turned  by  the  wind.  Mortimer. 

WIND'PIPE,  71.  [wind  and  pipe.]  The 
passage  for  the  breath  to  and  from  the 
lungs ;  the  trachea. 

WINO'-PUMP,    n.    [wind   and  pump.]     A 
pump  moved  by  wind,  useful  in  drainin 
lands.  Cyc. 

WIND'-RODE,  n.  A  term  used  by  seamen 
to  signify  a  ship  when  riding  with  wind 
and  tide  opposed  to  each  other,  driven  to 
the  leeward  of  her  anchor. 

VVIND'ROVV,  n.  [wind  and  row.]  A  row  or 
line  of  hay,  raked  together  for  the  pur- 
pose of  being  rolled  into  cocks  or  heaps. 
[This  is  the  only  use  of  the  word  in  .Yew 
England,} 

2.  The  green  border  of  a  field,  dug  up  in  or 
der  to  carry  the  earth  on  other  land  to 
raeud  it.  Cyc. 


WIN 

3.  A  row  of  peats  .set  up  for  drying;  or  a 
row  of  pieces  of  turf,  sod  or  swaril,  cut  in 
paring  and  burning.  C^c. 

WIND'-SAIL,  Ji.  [ivind  and  sail.]  A  wide 
tube  or  funnel  of  canvas,  used  to  convey  a 
stream  of  air  into  the  lower  apartments  of 
a  ship.  Mar.  Did. 

VVINU'SEED,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Arctolis.  iif'- 

WIND'-SHOCK,  n.  [wind  and  shock.]  A 
sort  of  bruise  or  shiver  in  a  tree.  Cyc. 

WIND'-TIGIIT,  a.  [wind  and  light.)  So 
tight  as  to  prevent  the  passing  of  wind. 

Hall. 

WIND' WARD,  71.  [wind  and  icard.]  The 
point  from  which  the  wind  blows  ;  as,  to 
ply  to  the  windward. 

WIND'WARD,  a.  [wind  and  ward.]  Being 
on  the  side  towards  the  point  from  which 
the  wind  blows  ;  as  the  windward  shrouds 

WIND'WARD,  adv.  Towards  the  wind. 

WIND'Y,  a.  Consisting  of  wind  ;  as  a  windy 
tempest.  Shak 

-   '     ■        •    •  •        •    ■     •■        Shak 


2.  Next  the  wind  ;  as  the  ivindy  side. 
•3.   Tempestuous  ;    boisterous  ;     as 

weather. 
4.  Pufly;  flatulent;  abounding 


ivindy 


with   wind. 
Arbutlawt. 
5.  Empty;  airy;  as  it'uirfi/ joy.  Milton. 

WIND,  V.   t.    pret.   and   pp.   wound.    [Sax 
windan  ;  G.  D.  winden ;  from  mind,  or  the 
same  root.] 
1.  To  blow;  to  sound  by  blowing  or  inflation. 
Wind  the  shrill  horn.  Pope. 

To  turn  ;  to  move,  or  cause  to  turn. 
To  turn  and  wind  a  fiery  Pegasus.  Sliak, 

■i.  To  turn  round  some  fixed  object ;  to  bind, 
or  to  form  into  a  ball  or  coil  by  turniiig; 
as,  to  wind  thread  on  a  spool ;  to  wind 
thread  into  a  ball ;  to  wind  a  rope  into  a 
coil. 

4.  To  introduce  by  insinuation.  The  child 
winds  himself  into  my  affections. 

They  have  little  arts  and  dexterities  to  wind 
in  such  things  into  discourse. 

Gov.  of  the  Tongu£. 

5.  To  change ;  to  vary. 
Were  our  legislature  vested  in  the  piince,  he 

might  wind  and  turn  our  constitution   at  his 

jili'asure.  Addhon. 

G.  To  cntwist ;  to  enfold  ;  to  encircle.    Shak. 

7.  [With  j  short,  as  in  ici'h.]  To  nose  ;  to 
])erceive  or  to  folldw  by  the  scent;  as, 
hounds  wind  an  animal. 

8.  To  ventilate  ;  to  expose  to  the  wind  ;  to 
winnow. 

To  wind  off',  [with  t  long,]  to  unwind. 
To  wind  out,  to  extricate.  Clarendon. 

To  trind  up,  to  bring  to  a  small  compass,  as 
a  ball  of  thread.  Locke. 

2.  To  bring  to  a  conclusion  or  settlement ; 
1     as,  to  wind  up  one's  affairs. 
*  '3.  To  put  in  a  state  of  renovated  or  contin 
ued   motion. 

Fate  seem'd  to  tfind  him  up  for  fourscore 

years.  Dri/din 

To  ivindup  a  clock,  is  to  wind  the  cord  by 

which  the  weights  are  suspended,  round 

an  axis  or  pin. 

To  u'ind  up  a  watch,  is  to  wind  the  spring 
round  its  axis  or  pin. 
To  raise  by  degrees. 

Thus  they  wound  up  his  temper  to  a  pitch—! 

.^tterbury.' 
To  straiten,  as  a  string  ;  to  put  in  tune. 
IVind  up  the  slacken'd  strings  of  thy  lute. 

Waller 


WIN 

0.  To  put  in  order  for  regular  action. 

Shak. 
WIND,  II.  i.    To  turn  ;  to  change. 

So  swift  your  judgments  turn  and  wind. 

Dryden . 

2.  To  turn  around  something;  as,  vines  teiHrf 
around  a  pole. 

3.  To  have  a  circular  direction  ;  as  winding 
stairs. 

4.  To  crook  ;  to  bend.     The  road  winds  in 
various  places. 

.').  To  move  roimd  ;  as,  a  hare  pursued  turns 

and  winds. 
To  wind  out,  to  be  extricated  ;  to  escape. 

J.onglah'ring  underneath,  ere  they  could  wind 
Out  of  such  prison.  Mdtun. 

WINDER,  n.  (^ne  who  winds. 
WINDING,  ppr.   Turning;  binding  about : 
bending. 

a.  Bending;  twisting  from  a  direct  line 
or  an  even  surface. 
WINDING,  71.  A  turn  or  turning  ;  a  bend  ; 
flexure  ;  meander  ;  as  the   windings  of  a. 
road  or  stream. 
2.  A  call  by  the  boatswain's  whistle. 
WINDING-ENtilNE,    n.    .\n  engine  em- 
ployed  in    mining,   to   draw    up  buckets 
from  a  deep  pit.  Cifc. 

WINDING-SIIEET,  n.  [winding and  sheet.] 
A  sheet  in  which  a  corpse  is  wrapped. 

liacon. 
WINDING-TACKLE,    ti.     [icinding    and 

tackle.] 
A  tackle  consisting  of  one  fixed  triple  block, 
and  one  double  or  triple  movable  block. 

Diet. 
WIND'OW,  71.   [Dan.  vindue ;  Sp.  venianii, 
from  the  same  root  as  venta,  sale,  vent  of 
goods.    The  word  in  Spanish  signifies  also 
a  nostril,  that  is,  a  jjass.-ige.     Ventaja  is 
advantage;  ventalla.a  valve,  and  ventalle, 
a  fan;  ventear,  to   blow.     Hence  we  see 
that  vent,  L.  vendo,  wind,  fan,  and  van,  Fr. 
avant,  arc  all  of  one  family.     So  is  also 
the  L.  fenestra,   Fr.  fenitre,  D.  vcnster,  G. 
fensler,  ir.fineog.     The  vulgar  pronuncia- 
tion is  windor,  as  if  from  the  Welsh  gwynt- 
dor,  wind-door.] 
1.  .\n  opening  in  the  wall  of  a  building  for 
the  admission  of  light,  and  of  air  when 
necessary.     This  opening  has  a  frame  on 
the  sides,  in  which  are  set  movable  sash- 
es, containing  panes   of  glass.     In  the  U. 
States,  the  sashes  are  made  to  rise  and 
fall,  for   the   admission    or    exclusion   of 
air.     In  France,  uindows   are   shut  with 
frames  or  sashes  that  o|)en  and  shut  ver- 
tically, like  the  leaves  of  a  folding  door. 
An  aperture  or  opening. 
A  window  shalt  thou  make  to  tlic  ark.    Geo. 


4. 


?.  The  frame  or  other  thing  that  covers  the 
aperture. 

Ere  I  let  fall  the  windows  of  mine  eyes. 

.Shak. 

4.  An  aperture  ;  or  rather  the  clouds  or 
water-spouts. 

The  windows  of  heaven  were  opened.    Gen. 
vii. 

5.  Lattice  or  casement;  or  the  network  of 
wire  used  before  the  invention  of  glass. 
Judges  V. 

G.  Lines  crossing  each  other. 

Till  he  has  windows  on  his  bread  and  butter. 

King. 
WIND'OW,  v.t.  To  furnish  with  windows. 

Jfotton.    Pope. 


W  I  N 


VV  I  N 


WIN 


9.  To  place  at  a  window.     F  Unusual.] 

Shak. 
8.  To  break  into  openings.     [Unusual.] 

Shak. 
WIND'OW-BLIND,  n.  [inudow  and  blind.] 

A  blind  to  intercept  the  light  of  a  window. 

Venetian    windotv-blinds    are   now  much 

used  in  the  United  States. 
WIND'OW-FRAME, n.  [window and//a7?ie.] 

The  frame  of  a  window  which  receives 

and  holds  the  sashes. 
WIND'OW-GLASS,  n.  [window  and  glass.] 

Panes  of  glass  for  windows. 
WIND'OW-SASH,   11.   [window  and  sash.] 

The  sash  or  light  frame  in  wliich  panes  of 

glass  are  set  for  windows. 
WIND'OVVY,  a.  Having  little  crossings  like 

the  sashes  of  a  window.  Donne. 

AVINE,  n.    [Sax.  win  ;  G.  weiii ;  D.   wyn  ; 

Sw.  Dan.  vin  ;  W.  gwin ;  Ross,  rino  ;  L. 

vinum  ;  It.  Sp.  vino ;  Fr.  vin  ;  lr.fion;Gv. 

oivoi ;  Eolic,  Foii'05  ;  Eth.  0^7  wine; 
Heb.  [".  This  oriental  word  seems  to  be 
connected  with  ry  a  fountain,  and  rui' 
anah,  to  thrust,  to  press,  or  press  out.] 

1.  The  fermented  juice  of  grapes;  as  the 
wine  of  the  Madeira  grape  ;  the  wine  of 
Burgundy  or  Oporto. 

2.  The  juice  of  certain  fruits,  prepared  with 
sugar,  spirits,  &c. ;  as  currant  loine ;  goose- 
berry wine. 

3.  Intoxication.  ■ 

Noah  awoke  from  his  wine.     Gen.  ix. 

4.  Drinking. 

They  that  tarry  long  at  the  wine.  Prov.  xxiii. 
Corn  and  wine,  in  Scripture,  are  put  for  all 

kinds  of  necessaries  for  subsistence.     Ps. 
Bread  and  wine,  in   the   Lord's   supper,  are 

symbols  of  the  body  and  blood  of  Christ. 
Wl'NE-BIBBER,  n.  One  who  drinks  much 

wine  ;  a  great  drinker.     Prov.  xxiii. 
WI'NE-e^ASK,  n.  [wine  and  cast.]  A  cask 

in  which  wine  is  or  has  been  kept. 
WI'NE-FLY,  n.  A  small  fly  found  in  empty 

wine  casks. 
WI'NE-GLASS,    n.    [wine  and  glass.]     A 

small  glass  in  which  wine  is  drank. 
WI'NELESS,    a.    Destitute   of  wine  ;    as 

imneless  life.  Swijl. 

WI'NE-MEASURE,  n.  [See Measure.]  The 

measure  by  which  wines  and  other  spirits 

are  sold,  smaller  than  beer  measure. 
VVI'NE-MERCIIANT,  n.  A  merchant  who 

deals  in  wines. 
Wl'NE-PRESS,    )i.    [iimie  and  press.]     A 

place  where  grapes  are  pressed. 
WING,  Ji.  [Sax.  gehwing  ;  Sw.  Dan.  vinge. 

The  word  signifies  the  side,  end  or  ex- 
tremity.] 

1.  Tlie  limb  of  a  fowl  by  which  it  flies.  In 
a  few  species  of  fowls,  the  wings  do  not 
enable  them  to  fly  ;  as  is  the  case  with  the 
dodo,  ostrich,  great  auk,  and  penguin  ; 
but  in  the  two  former,  the  wings  assist  the 
fowls  in  running. 

2.  The  limb  of  an  insect  by  which  it  flies. 

3.  In  holany,  the  side  pet.il  of  a  papiliona- 
ceous corol ;  also,  an  appendage  of  seeds, 
by  means  of  which  they  are  wafted  in  the 
air  and  scattered  ;  also,  any  membranous 
or  leafy  dilatation  nf  a  foot.stalk,  or  of  the 
angles  of  a  stem,  branch  or  flower  stalk, 
or  of  a  calyx.  .Martyn.     Cyc. 


4.  Flight;  passage  by  the  wing;  as,  to  be 
on  the  iving  ;  to  take  U'ing. 

5.  Means  of  flying;  acceleration.  Fear  adds 
wings  to  flight. 

6.  Motive  or  incitement  of  flight. 
Then  fiery  expedition  be  my  wing.       Shak. 

7.  The  flank  or  extreme  body  or  part  of  an 
army.  Dryden. 

8.  Any  side-piece.  Mortimer. 

9.  In  gardening,  a  side-shoot.  Cyc. 

10.  In  architecture,  a  side-building,  less  than 
the  main  edifice. 

11.  \n  fortification,  the  longer  sides  of  liorn- 
works,  crown-works,  &c.  Cyc. 

12.  In  a  fleet,  the  ships  on  the  extremities, 
when  ranged  in  a  line,  or  when  forming 
the  two  sides  of  a  triangle. 

13.  In  a  ship,  the  wings  are  those  parts  of 
the  hold  and  orlop  deck,  which  aie  near- 
est the  sides. 

14.  In  Scripture,  protection  ;  generally  in 
the  plural.     Ps.  Ixiii.     Ex.  six. 

On  the  wings  of  the  wind,  with  the  utmost 

velocity.     Ps.  xviii. 
WING,  II.  t.  To  furnish  with  wings;  to  en- 
able to  fly  or  to  move  with  celerity. 

WTio  heaves  old  ocean,  and  who  icings  the 
storms.  Pope. 

2.  To  supply  with  side  bodies  ;  as  on  either 
side  well  winged.  Shak. 

.3.  To  transport  by  flight. 
I,  an  old  turtle. 
Will  wing  me  to  some  wither'd  bough. 

.Shak. 
Edge   the   keen   sword,  and  wing  th'  uner- 
ring ball.  Tnimbull. 

To  xcing  a  flight,  to  exert  the  power  of  fly- 
ing. 

WING'ED,  pp.  Furnished  with  wings  ; 
transported  by  flying. 

2.  a.  Having  wings  ;  as  a  winged  fowl. 
Gen.  i. 

3.  Swift;  rapid  ;  as  with  winged  haste. 

Shak. 

4.  Wounded;  hurt. 

5.  In  botany,  furnished  with  longitudinal 
membranous  appendages,  as  a  winged 
stalk  or  stem ;  or  with  downy  or  hairy  ap- 
pendages, as  winged  seeds.  Cyc. 

JVinged petiole,  ha\\ng  a  thin  membrane 
or  border  on  each  side,  or  dilated  on  the 
sides.  Martyn. 

IVinged  leaf,  a  pennate  leaf ;  a  species 
of  compound  leaf,  wherein  a  simple  leaf 
has  several  leaflets  fastened  to  each  side 
of  it.  Martyn. 

(i.  In  heraldry,  represented  with  wings,  or 
having  wings  of  a  different  color  from  the 
body. 

7.  Fanned  with  wings ;  swarming  with  birds. 

Milton. 

WINGED-PEA,  n.  A  plant.  Milter. 

WING'-FOOTED,a.  [rving  and  foot.]  Swift; 
moving  with  rapidity  ;  fleet.  Drayton. 

WING'LESS,  a.  Having  no  wings  ;  not 
able  to  ascend  or  fly. 

WING-SHELL,  n.  [wing  and  shell.]  The 
shell  that  covers  the  wing  of  insects. 

WING'Y,  a.  Having  wings  ;  rapid  ;  as 
wingy  speed.  Addison. 

WINK,  II.!.  [Sax.  mna'an ;  D.wenken;  G. 
xcinken ;  Sw.  vinka  ;  Dan.  vinker  ;  W 
gwing,  a  wink  ;  giringaiv,  lo  wriggle,  to 
wink,  to  wince.  If'ink  and  ji'ince  are  radi- 
cally one  word.] 


1.  To  shut  the  eyes  ;  to  close  the  eyelids. 

They  are  not  blind,  but  Ihey  wink. 

Tiltctson. 

2.  To  close  and  open  ihe  eyelids. 

3.  To  give  a  hint  by  a  n:otion  of  the  eyelids. 
Wink  at  the  footman  to  leave  him  without  a 

plate.  Swift. 

4.  To  close  the  eyelids  and  exclude  the 
light. 

Or  wink  as  cowards  and  afraid.  Prior. 

5.  To  be  dim  ;  as  a  tvinking  light.     Dryden. 
To  wink  at,  to   connive  at ;   to  seem  not  to 

see  ;  to  tolerate  ;  to  overlook,  as  some- 
thing not  perfectly  agreeable  ;  as,  to  wink 
at  faults.  Roscommon. 

WINK,  n.  The  act  of  closing  the  eyelids. 

I  lay  awake,  and  could  not  sleep  a  unnk. 

I  could  eclipse  and  cloud  them  with  a  wink. 

Donne. 

2.  A  hint  given  by  shutting  the  eye  with  & 
significant  cast.  Sivift 

WINK'ER,  JI.  One  who  winks.  Pope. 

WINK'ING,  ppr.  Shutting  the  eyes  ;  shut- 
ting and  opening  the  eyelids  ;  hinting  by 
closing  the  eye  :  conniving  at ;  overlook- 
ing. 

VVINK'INGLY,  adv.  With  the  eye  almost 
clo.sed.  Peacham. 

WIN  NER,  n.  [from  toin.]  One  who  gains 
by  success  in  competition  or  contest. 

WIN'NING,  ppr.  [from  xvin.]  Gaining  by 
success  in  competition  or  contest. 

2.  a.  Attracting  ;  adapted  to  gain  favor  ; 
charming  ;  as  a  rvinning  address. 

WIN'NING,  n.  The  sum  won  or  gained  by 
success  in  competition  or  contest. 

WINNOW,  V.  t.  [h.  evanno,  from  vannus,  a. 
fan  ;  D.  G.tvannen;  from  the  root  of  fan 
and  ivind.  The  Sa.x.  has  windioian,  to 
wind.] 

1.  To  separate  and  drive  off"  the  chaff  from 
grain  by  means  of  wind.  Grain  is  win- 
nowed by  a  fan,  or  by  a  machine,  or  bv 
pouring  it  out  of  a  vessel  in  a  current  of 
air. 

2.  To  fan  ;  to  beat  as  with  wings.      Milton. 

3.  To  examine ;  to  sift  for  the  purpose  of 
separating  falsehood  from  truth. 

IVinnozc  well  this  thought.  Dryden. 

4.  To  separate,  as  the  bad  from  the  good. 

Shak. 

WINNOW,  V.  i.  To  separate  chaff  from 
corn. 

M'innow  not  with  every  wind.  Ecclut. 

WIN'NOWED,  pp.  Separated  from  the 
chaff  by  wind  ;  sifted  ;  examined. 

WIN'NO'WER,  n.  One  who  winnows. 

WIN'NOWING,  ppr.  Separating  from  the 
chafl'hywind;  examining. 

WINTER,  n.  [Sax.  G.  D.  Sw.  Dan. ;  from 
wind,  or  its  root ;  Goth,  unntrus.] 

I.  The  cold  season  of  the  year.  Astronom- 
ically considered,  winter  commences  in 
northern  latitudes  when  the  sun  enters 
Capricorn,  or  at  the  solstice  about  the  21st 
of  December,  and  ends  at  the  equinox  in 
March  ;  but  hi  ordinary  discourse,  the  three 
unnler  months  are  December,  January, 
and  February.  Our  Saxon  ancestors  reck- 
oned the  years  by  winters ;  as  ten  winters ; 
thirty  tointers.  In  tropical  climates,  there 
are  two  winters  annually  ;  but  they  can- 
not be  said  to  be  cold.  In  the  temperate 
and  frigid  climates,  there  is  one  winter 
only  in  the  year. 


W  I  N 


WIS 


%  The  part  of  a  printing  press  which  sus-j 
tains  the  carriage. 

WIN'TKR,  V.  i.  To  pass  llie  winter,  lie 
unitttred  in  Italy.  Cattle  winter  well  on 
good  fodder. 

WIN'TER,  V.  t.  To  feed  or  manage  during 
the  winter.  To  winter  young  cattle  on 
straw,  is  not  profitable.  Delicate  plants 
must  be  wintered  under  cover. 

WINTER-AP'PLE,  n.  [winter  and  apple.] 
An  apple  that  keeps  well  in  winter. 

W1NTER-B>ARLEY,  n.  [winter  and  bar- 
ley.]    A  kind  of  barley  which  is  sowed  m 

autunui.  r    .   .  1  I     n 

WIN'TER-BEATEN,  a.  [winter  and  beat.\ 
Harassed  by  the  severe  weather  of  winter. 

Spenser. 

VVIN'TER-BERRY,  n.  [winter  and  berry.] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Prinos.  Lee. 

WIN'TER-BLOOM,  n.  [tvinter  awl  bloom.] 
A  plant  of  tiie  getius  Azalea.  Lee.\ 

VVINTER-CHER'RY,  n.  [u-inter  and  cher- 
ry.] A  plant  of  the  genus  Physalis,  and 
its  fruit,  which  is  of  the  size  of  a  cherry. 

Lee.     Miller. 

WINTER-CITRON,  n.  [inn(«randa(ron.] 
A  sort  of  pear. 

WIN'TER-eRESS,  n.  [ivinter  and  cress.] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Ervsunura. 

WINTER-CROP',  n.  [winter  and  crop.]  A 
crop  which  will  bear  the  winter,  or  which 
may  be  converted  into  fodder  during  the 

winter.  .  ^p  ■ 

WINTER-FAL'LOW,  n.   [winter  and  Jul- 

low.]     Ground  that  is  fallowed  in  winter. 

WINTER-Ci'ARDEN,  n.  [ivinter  and  g-ar- 

den.]     An  ornamental  garden  for  winter. 

WIN'TER-GREEN,  »i.  (icmfer  and  green.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Pyrola,  uselul  as  a 

vulnerary.  .  ^^■ 

WINTER-KILL,  v.i.  [winter anA kill]  To 

kill  by  means  of  the  weather  in  winter 

as  to  winter-kill  wheat  or  clover. 

J\/'eiv-Englnnd. 

WIN'TER-KILL,  v.  i.  To  be  killed  by  the 

winier.     Wheat  is  liable  to  unnter-kill  in 

moist  land. 

WIN'TER-KILLED,    pp.     Killed    by    the 

winter,  as  grain. 
WIN'TER-KILLING,   ppr.  Killing  by  the 

weather  in  winter.  . 

WIN'TERLODgE,  I  ,,    [mnler  and 

WIN'TER-LODGMENT,  ^  "•  lodge.]     In 

botany,  the  hybernacle  of  a  plant,  which 

protects  the  embryo  or  future  shoot  from 

injuries  during  the  winter.     It  is  either  a 

\)ud  or  a  bulb.  Encyr. 

WIN'TER-PEAR,     n.    [winier  and  pear. 

Any  pear  that  keeps  \tc11  in  winter. 
WINTER-QU.\RTERS,    n.      [tvinter    and 

quarters.] 
The  quarters  of  an  army  during  the  winter  ; 

a  winter  residence  or  station. 
WIN'TER-RIG,  r.  t.  [wittier  and  rig.]     To 

fallow  or  till  in  winter.     [Local.] 
WINTER-SOL'STICE,  n.  [tcinter  and  W- 

slice.] 
The  solstice  of  the  winter,  winch  takes  place 
when  the  sua  enters  Capricorn,  December 

21st.  ,  ,     ,         . 

WIN'TERED,  pp.  Kept  through  the  win- 
ter. 

WIN'TERING,  ppr.  Passing  the  winter; 
keeping  in  winter. 

WIN'TERLY,  a.  Such  as  is  suitable  to 
winier.     [Little  used.]  Shak- 


WIN'TERY,  a.  Suitable  to  winter;  brumal ; 

hyeinal  ;  cold  ;  stormy.  Dryden. 

WI'N  Y,  a.  [from  toine.]  Having  the  taste  or 

((Uulitles  of  wine.  Bacon. 

WIPE,  v.t.     [Sax.  wipian.]    To   rub   with 

something  soft  for  cleaning;  to  clean  by 

rubbing  ;  as,  to  ivipe  the   hands   or   face 

with  a  towel.     Luke  vii. 

2.  To  strike  off  gently. 
Some  nat'ial  tears  they  dropp'd,  but  wip'd 

thera  soon.  Milton. 

3.  To  cleanse  from  evil  practices  or  abuses  ; 
to  overturn  and  destroy  what  is  foul  and 
hateful. 

1  will  mpe  Jerusalem  as  a  manicipem  a  dish 
2  Kings  xxi.  1 

4.  To  cheat;  to  defraud.  Spenser. 
\To  wipe  away,  to  cleanse  by  rubbing  or  ter- 

sion  ;  as,  to  leipe  away  a  stain  or  reproach. 
I  To  wipe  off,  to  clear  away.  Wipe  off  this  foul 
stain  ;  wipe  ojf  the  dust. 

To  wipe  out,  to  efface  ;  to  obliterate.  Ifipe 
out  the  blot. 

WIPE,  n.  The  act  of  rubbing  for  the  pur- 
pose of  cleaning. 

•2.  A  blow  ;  a  stroke. 

3.  A  gibe;  a  jeer;  a  severe  sarcasm.     Smji. 

4.  A  bird.     [Sw.  ripa,  the  lapwing.] 

Jimsworth. 

WI'PED,  pp.  Rubbed  for  cleaning  ;  clean- 
'     cd  by  rubbing  ;  cleared  away  ;  effaced. 
WIPER,  )i.  One  who  wipes. 
■4.  The  instrument  used  for  wiping. 
WI'PING,  ppr.    Rubbing   with  a  cloth   or 

other   soft   thing   for  cleaning  ;   clearing 

away  ;  effacing.  ..    ,     .    ,        j    rf 

WIRE,  n.  [Sw.  Die;  Ice  ti-yr.]    A  thread  of 

metal ;  any  metallic   substance  drawn  to 

an  even  thread. 
WIRE,  V.  t.  To  bind  with  wire ;  to  apply 

wire  to.  as  in  bottling  liquors. 
WI'REDRAW,  V.   t.    [ivire  and  draw.]   ^o 

draw  a  metal  into  w  ire,  which  is  done  by 

drawing  it  through  a  hole  in  a  plate  of 

steel.  »  I   .,     , 

i.  To  draw  into  length.  Jirbuthnot. 

.i.  To  draw  by  art  or  violence. 
1  My  sense  has  been  wiredrawn  into  blasphe- 

I      ,„y/  Dryden 

4.  To  draw  or  spin  out  to  great  length  and 
tenuity;  as,  to  niredraw  at\  argument. 

WI  REDRAWER,  n.  One  who  draws  metal 
into  wire.  Locke. 

WIREDRAWING,  ppr.  Drawing  a  metal 
into  wire 


WIS 

Sw.   visdom  and  vishet ;  Dan.  visdom   or 
viisdom.     See  fVise.     If  isdom,  h  seems,  is 
from  the  Gothic  dialect.] 
I.  The  right  use  or  exercise  of  knowledge; 
the  choice  of  laudable  ends,  and  of  the 
best  means  to  accomplish  them.     This  is 
wisdom  in  act,  effect,  or  practice.     If  wis- 
dom is  to  be  considered  as  afactdty  of  the 
mind,   it  is   the  faculty  of  discerning  or 
judging  what  is  most  just,  proper  and  use- 
ful, and  if  it  is  to  be  ronsiilercd  as  an  ac- 
quirement, it  is  the  knowledge  and  use  of 
what  is  best,  most  jusi,  most  proper,  most 
conducive    to    prosperity    or    happiness. 
Wisdom  in  the  tirst  sense,  or  practical  wis- 
dom, is  nearly  synonymous  with  discretion. 
It  differs  somewhat  from  prudence,  in   this 
respect;  prudence  is  the  e.\ercise  of  sound 
judgment  in  avoiding  evils ;  wisdom  is  the 
exercise   of   sound    judgment    either    in 
avoiding  evils  or  attempting  good.     Pru- 
dence then  is  a  species,  of  which  wisdom  is 
the  genus. 

Wisdom  gained  by  experience,  is  of  inesti- 
mable v.ilue.  Scott. 
It  is  hoped  that  our  rulers  will  act  with   dig- 
nity and  wisdom ;  that   they  will  yield   every 
thing  to  reason,  and  refuse  every  thing  to  force. 

Jlnies. 
I.  In  Scripture,  human  learning  ;  erudition  ; 
knowledge  of  arts  and  sciences. 

Moses  was  learned  in  all  the  u.-isdom  of  the 
Egyptians.  Acts  vii. 
.3.  Quickness  of  intellect :  readiness  of  ap- 
prehension ;  dc.Meritj  in  execution  ;  as  the 
unsdom  of  Bezaleel  and  Aholiab.  Ex. 
xxxi. 
!4.  Natural  instinct  and  sagacity.  Job  xxxix. 

5.  In  Scripture  theology,  wisdom  is  true  reli- 
gion ;  godliness;  i>iety;  the  knowledge 
and  fear  of  God,  an<l  sincere  and  uniform 
obedience  to  his  commands.  This  is  the 
wisdom  which  is  from  above.  Ps.  xc. 
Job  xxviii. 

6.  Profitable  words  or  doctrine.     Ps.  xxxvii. 

The  u-isdom  of  this  world,  mere  human  eru- 
dition ;  or  the  carnal  policy  of  men,  their 
craft  and  artifices  in  promoting  their  tem- 
poral interests  ;  called  ahojleshly  wisdom. 
1  Cor.  ii.     2.  Cor.  i. 

The  wisdojn  of  words,  artificial  or  affected 
eloquence  ;  or  learning  displaycil  in  teach- 
ing.    1  Cor.  i.  ii. 

WISE,  a.  s  as  :.  [Sax.  ins,  wise ;  G.  itcise  ; 


2    Drawing  to  a  great  length  or  fineness. 

WT'REDRAWN,  pp.  Drawn  into  wire; 
drawn  out  to  great  length  or  fineness. 

Wl'RE-GRATE,  n.  [wire  and  g-ia(e.]  A 
"■rate  or  contrivance  of  fine  wire  work  to| 
keep  insects  out  of  vineries,  hot   houses, 

&c.  ^>- 

IWI'RE-HEEL,  n.  [icire  aud  heel]     A  de- 
I     feet  and  disease  in  the  feet  of  a  horse  or 
other  beast.  Q/^- 

WI'RE-Wf)RM,  ;!.  [ic"e  and  tcorm.]  A 
mischievous  worm  that  sometimes  injures 
grain. 

WI'RY,  a.  Made  of  wire;  like  wire. 
WIS,  I'.  (.  pret.«>i's<.  [G.wissen;  D.teeeten; 
Dan.  vider ;  Sw.  vela.     This   is   the   Sax. 
u-itan,  to  icit.] 
o  think;  to  suppose;  to  imagine.     Obs. 

Spenser. 

WIS'DOM,  n.  s  as  i.  [Sax.  id. ;  wise  and 
dom;  G.wcisheit,[icisthood;]  B.  wysheid ; 


D.  «7/s  ;  Sw.  ris;  Dan.  riis  ;  Sax.  wissan, 
G.  tnssen,  to  know ;  Sans.  fit/.  This  in 
Dutch,  is  ii'ee(e»,  to  know,  which  is  the 
Goth.  Sax.  witan,  Eng.  to  wit.  So  that 
ttfise,  icil,  wcel,  ivot,  are  all  from  one  root, 
or  dialectical  forms  of  the  same  word;  Ir. 
fuis,  feas,  knowledge;  W.  girys,  gicyz. 
Sans,  tcidja,  intelligence.  In  general,  the 
radical  sense  of  know  is  to  reach  or  to 
hold,  from  extension,  stretching.  In  this 
case,  it  may  he  to  show,  to  disclose,  from 
a  like  sense  ;  for  in  Sw .  visa,  Dan.  riser,  G. 
tneisen,  D.  wysen,  is  to  show.  In  this  case, 
L.  video,  visum,  which  seems  to  be  con- 
nected with  this  word,  may  coincide  in 
origin  with  iride.  /ri.';/!!/,  attentive,  eager, 
is  from  reaching  forward.] 
I.  Properly,  having  knowledge  ;  hence,  hav- 
ing the  "power  of  liiscerning  and  judging 
correctly,  or  of  discriminating  between 
what  is  true  and  what  is  false;  between 
what  is  fit  and  proper,   and  what  is  im- 


WIS 


WIT 


WIT 


jiroper;  as  a  tcise  prince;  <a  wise  niagis 
trate.  Solomon  was  deemed  the  wisest 
man.  But  a  man  may  lie  speculatively  and 
not  prarlicalh/  wise.     Hence, 

2.  Discrete  and  judicious  in  the  use  or  ap 
plication  of  knowledge;  choosing  lauda- 
ble ends,  and  the  best  means  to  accom- 
plish them.  This  is  to  be  practically  wise. 
Gen.  xli. 

S.  Skillful;  dextrous. 

They  aic  uv'.se  to  do  evil,  but  to  do  good  they 
have  no  knowledge.     Jer.  iv. 

4.  Learned ;  knowing ;  as  the  wise  and  the 
unwise.     Rom.  i. 

5.  Skilled  in  arts,  science,  pliilosophy,  or  in 
magic  and  divination.     2  Sam.  yiv. 

6.  Godly  ;  pious.     Prov.  .\iii. 

— The   holy  Scii])fures,   which  are   able    to 
make  thee  wise  to  salvation.     2  Tim.  iii. 

7.  Skilled  in  hidden  arts  ;  a  sense  somewhat 
ironical;  as  the  wise  woman  of  Brainford 

Shak. 

8.  Dictated  or  guided  by  wisdom  ;  contain- 
ing wisdom;  judicious ;  well  adapted  to 
produce  good  effects ;  applicable  to  things ; 
as  a  !mc  saying;  a  (cisc  scheme  or  plan; 
wise  conduct  or  management ;  a  ivise  de- 
termination. 

9.  Becoming  a  wise  man ;  grave ;  discrete  ; 
as  H'l'sc  deportment.  Milton. 

WISE,  n.  s  as  z.  [Sax.  u'ise ;  G.  iceise  ;  D. 
tvys;  Sw.  vis;  Dan.  viis;    Fr.  guise;  It. 
guisa ;  Arm.  guis.] 
Manner;  way  of  being  or  acting. 

This  song  she  sings   in  most   commanding 

wise.  Sidney. 

In  fittest  wise.  Spenser. 

In  the  foregoing  form,  this  word  is  obsolete. 

The  use  of  it  is  now  very  limited.     It  is 

common  in  the  tbilovving  phrases. 

1.  In  any  ivise. 

If  he  that  sanctified  the  field  will  in  anywise 
redeem  it —     Lev.  xxvii. 

Fret  not  thyself  in  any  wise.     Ps.  xxxvii. 

2.  On  this  U'ise. 

On  this  unse  ye  shall  bless  the  children  of 
Israel.     Num.  vi. 

3.  In  no  nise. 

He  shall  in  no  wise  lose  his  reward.     Matt.  x. 

It  is  used  in  composition,  as  in  likewise,  olher- 
ivise,  lengthwise,  Sic.  By  mistake,  ways  is 
often  used  for  it ;  as  lenglhtcays,  for  length- 
wise. 

WI'SEA€RE,  n.  more  correctly  wisesager. 
[G.  weissager  ;  xoeise  and  sager,  a  sayer,  a 
predicter  or  foreteller.] 

One  who  makes  pretensions  to  great  wis- 
dom ;  hence  in  contempt,  a  simpleton ;  a 
dunce.  Addison. 

WISE-HE'ARTED,  a.  [wise  and  heart.] 
Wise;  knowing;  skillful.     Ex.  xxviii. 

WrSELING,  n.  One  who  pretends  to  be 
wise.  Donne. 

WrSELY,  adv.  Prudently;  judiciously; 
discretely;  with  wisdom.     Prov.  xvi.  xxi. 

2.  Craftily  ;  with  art  or  stratagem. 
Let  us  deal  wisely  with  them.     Ex.  i. 

WrSENESS,  n.  Wisdom.     Obs.     Spenser. 

WISH,  V.  i.  [Sax.  wiscan  ;  Cimbric,  oska. 
In  all  the  other  Teutonic  and  Gothic  dia- 
lects, the  corresponding  word  is  written 
with  »i ;  \i.wenschen  ;  <!.  wiinscheti ;  Dan. 
onsker  ;  Sw.  onska.  This  is  probably  the 
same  word.] 

I.  To  have  a  desire,  or  strong  desire,  either 
for  what  is  or  is  not  sujjposed  to  be  ob- 


tainable. It  usually  expresses  leas  than 
long ;  but  sometimes  it  denotes  to  long  or 
wish  earnestly.  We  often  icish  for  what 
is  not  obtainable. 

This  is  as  good  an  arg\iment  as  an  antiquary 
could  wish  for.  Arbuthnot 

They  have  more  than  heart  could  wish.     Ps. 
Ixxiii. 

I  wish  above  all   things   that  thou  mayest 
prosper.     3  John  2. 

They  cast  four  anchors  out  of  the  stem,  and 
unshed  for  the  day.     Acts  xxvii. 

2.  To  be  disposed  or  inclined;  as,  to  msh 
well  to  another's  affairs.  Mdison. 

.3.  It  sometimes  partakes  of  hope  or  fear.  I 
wish  the  event  may  prove  fortunate,  or 
less  calamitous  than  we  apprehend. 

WISH,  V.  t.  To  desire.  I  wish  your  pros- 
perity. 

Let   them   be   driven  backward    and   put  to 
shame,  that  wish  me  evil.     Ps.  xl. 

2.  To  long  for  ;  to  desire  eagerly  or  ardently. 

'  It  has  this  sense  when  expressed  with 
emphasis. 

•3.  To  recommend  by  wishing. 

I  I  would  not  wish  them  to  a  fairer  death. 

!  _  Shak. 

4.  To  imprecate ;  as,  to  tvish  curses  on  ai 

j     enemy.  Shak. 

5.  To  ask;  to  express  desire.         Clarendon 
iWISH,  n.  Desire;  sometimes,  eager  desire 

Job  xxxiii. 

2.  Desire  expressed.  Pope. 

Blister'd  be  thy  tongue 
For  such  a  wish.  Shak. 

3.  Thing  desired.     He  has  his  wish. 

The  difference  between  wish  and  desire  seem: 
to  be,  that  desire  is  directed  to  what  is  ob 
tainable,  and  a  wish  may  be  directed  to  what 
is  obtainable  or  not.  ICames. 

WISH'ED,  pp.  Desired ;  or  ardently  de- 
sired. 

WISH'ER,  n.  One  who  desires;  one  who 
expresses  a  wish.  Shak 

WISH'FUL,  a.  Having  desire,  or  ardent  de- 
sire. 

2.  Showing  desire  ;  as  wishful  eyes. 

3.  Desirable  ;  exciting  wishes.     [Bad.] 

Chapman. 

WISH'FULLV,  adv.  With  desire  or  ardent 
de.sire. 

2.  With  the  show  of  desiring. 

WISH'ING,  ppr.  Desiring. 

WISK'ET,  n.  A  basket.  Ainsworth. 

WISP,  n.  [Dan.  risk,  a  wisp,  a  whisk ; 
visker,  to  whisk,  to  rub  or  wipe ;  G.  D. 
ivisch.] 

A  small  bundle  of  straw  or  other  like  sub- 
stance ;  as  a  wisp  of  straw  ;  a  tvisp  of 
hay  ;  a  jm;)  of  herbs.  Shak.     Bacon. 

WIST,  pret.  of  wis.     Obs. 

WIST'FUL,  a.  [from  wist.  The  sense  is 
stretching  or  reacliing  towards.]  Full 
of  thoughts;  earnest;  attentive. 

Why — dost  thou  so  wistfid  seem  ?  Gay. 

WIST'FyLLY,«(iy.  Attentively  ;  earnestly. 

Hudibras. 

WIS'TIT,  71.  The  striated  monkey;  a  small 
species  of  monkey  liom  S.  .America,  with 
an  annulated  tail,  the  ourVt/tof  Buffon. 

Cavier.     Ed.  Kncyr. 

WIST'LY,   adv.    Earnestly.     04s.       Shak. 

WIT,  V.  i.  [Sax.  Goth,  witan,  D.  weeten,  G. 
iirissen,  to  know;  Sans.  vid.     See    If'ise.] 

To  know.  This  verb  is  used  otdy  in  the 
infinitive,  to  tvit,  namely,  that  is  to  .say. 
[L.  videlicet,  i.  e.  videre  licet.] 


WIT,  Ji.  [Sax.  wit  or  ge-mt ;  G.  tvitz ;  Dan, 
vid.     See  the  Verb  and  ff'ise.] 

1.  Primarily,  the  intellect ;  the  understand- 
ing or  mental  powers. 

Will  puts  in  practice  what  the  wit  deviseth. 

Davies. 
For  wit  and  power  their  last  endeavors  bend 
T'  outshine  each  other.  Dryden. 

2.  The  association  of  ideas  in  a  manner  nat- 
ural, but  unusual  and  striking,  so  as  to 
produce  surprise  joined  with  pleasure. 
Wit  is  defined 

What  oft  was  thought,  but  ne'er  so  well  ex- 
press'd.  Pope. 

Wit  consists  in  assembling  and  putting  to- 
gether with  quickness,  ideas  in  which  can  be 
found  resemblance  and  congruity,  by  which  to 
make  up  pleasant  pictures  and  agreeable  vis- 
ions in  the  fancy.  Locke. 

Wit  consists  chiefly  in  joining  things  by  dis- 
tant and  fanciful  relations,  which  surprise  us 
because  they  are  unexpected.  Karnes. 

Wit  is  a  propriety  of  thoughts  and  words  ;  or 
in  other  terms,  thoughts  and  words  elegantly 
adapted  to  the  subject.  Dryden. 

3.  The  faculty  of  associating  ideas  in  a  new 
and  unexpected  manner. 

4.  A  man  of  genius;  as,  the  age  of  Addison 
abounded  with  wits. 

A  wit  herself,  Amelia  weds  a  wit.       Youns. 
.5.  A  man  of  fancy  or  wit. 

Intemperate  vnts  will  spare  neither  friend  nor 
foe.  L'Estrange. 

6.  Sense;  judgment. 
He  wants  not  wit  the  danger  to  decline. 

Xh-yden. 

7.  Faculty  of  the  mind.  Shak. 

8.  ffits,  in  the  plural,  soundness  of  mind ; 
intellect  not  disordered  ;  sound  mind. 
No  man  in  his  ivits  would  venture  on  such 
an  expedition.  Have  you  lust  your  wits? 
Is  he  out  of  his  loits? 

9.  Power  of  invention;  contrivance;  inge- 
nuity.    He  was  at  his  wits''  end.      Hooker. 

WITCH,  n.  [Sax.  ivicca.  See  H'icked.]  A 
woman  who  by  compact  with  the  devil, 
practices  sorcery  or  enchantment. 

2.  A  woman  who  is  given  to  unlawful  arts. 

3.  [Sax.  U'ic]  A  winding  siimous  bank. 
Obs.  Spenser. 

WITCH,  V.  t.  To  bewitch  ;  to  fascinate  ;  to 
enchant. 

I'll  witch  sweet  ladies  with  my  words  and 
looks.  Shak. 

WITCH'CR>AFT,  n.  [uitch  and  craft.]  The 
practices   of  witches  ;  sorcery  ;    enchant- 
ments ;  intercourse  with  the  devil.   Bacon. 
2.  Power  more  than  natural. 

He  hath  a  witchcraft 
Over  the  king  in's  tongue.  Shak 

WITCH'-ELM,  n.  A  kind  of  elm.        Scott. 
WITCH'ERY,  n.  Sorcery;  enchantment. 

Milton: 
2.  Fascination. 

WITCH-HAZEL,  n.  A  species  of  elm, 
(Ulmus  niontana.)  Cyc. 

2.  The  hop-hornbeam,  (Carpinus  ostrya.) 

Lee. 
The  I'irginian  witih-hazel  is  the  Hametnelis 
virginica.  a  shrnh  which  flowers  in  autumn 
when  its  leaves  are  tiilling.  Lte.  Bigetow. 
Wri'-fUACKEK,  )i.  [wit  and  cracker.] 
One  who  breaks  jests  ;  a  joker.  [JVot  in 
nse.]  Shak. 

VV1T'-€R>AFT,  n.  [wit  aiu\  craft.]    Contri- 
vance ;  invention.     06s.  Camden. 
WITE,  II.  t.  (Sax.  witan;  the  root  of  twit.] 
To  reproach  :  to  hiatne.     Obs.       Spenser. 


WIT 

WITE,  n.  Blame ;  reproach.     Obs. 
Wl'TELESS,   o.    Blameless.      Obs. 

Spenser. 

VVIT'-FISH,  n.  [white  fish;  U.  mtvisch.] 
All  East  Indian  fish  of  the  size  of  a  whit- 
iiiff;  also,  another  East  Indian  fish,  ihe 
Jllbula  Indica  of  Ray.  ,Cyc. 

'WITH,  prep.  [Sax.  imM,  near  or  against ; 
Goth,  ga-xcilhan,  to  join.  Tlie  primary 
sense  in  to  piKSs,  or  to  meel,  to  unite  ,  hence 
in  composition,  it  denotes  opposition,  asj 
in  wUhsland  and  withdraw;  hence  against, 
Sax.  wither,  G.  toider.] 

1.  By,  noting  cause,  instrument  or  means. 
-  We  are  distressed  with  pain ;  we  are  ele- 
vated with  joy.  It'ith  study  men  become 
Fire   is  extin- 


learned  and   respectable 
guished  with  water. 

2.  On  the  side  of,  noting  friendship  or  fa- 
vor. 

Fear  not,  for  I  am  with  thee.     Gen.  xxvi. 

3.  In  opposition  to  ;  in  competition  or  con- 
test ;  as.  to  .struggle  loith  adversity.  The 
champions  fought  ivith  each  other  an  hour. 
He  will  lie  with  any  man  living. 

4.  Noting  comparison.     The  fact  you   men 
tion  compares  well  with  another  I  have 
witnessed. 

5.  in  company.  The  gentlemen  traveled 
with  me  from  Boston  to  Philadelphia. 

C.  In  the  society  of.  There  is  no  living  with 
such  neighbors. 

7.  In  connection,  or  in  appendage.  lie  gave 
me  the  Bible,  and  with  it  the  warmest  ex- 
pressions of  aft'ection. 

8.  In  mutual  dealing  or  intercourse. 

I  will  liuy  with  you,  sell  tcith  you—      Shnk. 

9.  Noting  confidence.  1  will  trust  you  tvith 
the  secret. 

10.  In  partnership.  He  shares  the  profits 
teilh  the  other  partners.  I  will  share  itnth 
you  the  pleasures  and  the  pains. 

]  1.  Noting  connection. 

Nor  twist  our  fortunes  with  your  sinking  fate. 

Dry  den. 

12.  Immediately  after. 

With  this  he  pointed  to  his  face.       Dryden. 

13.  Among.  I  left  the  assembly  with  the 
last.  I 

Tragedy  was  originally  with   the  ancients  a 
piece  of  religious  worship.  Rymer. 

14.  Upon. 

Such   arguments   had  invincible   force  with 
those  pagan  philosophers.  Addison 

1.').  In  consent,  noting  parity  of  state. 

Sec  !  where  on  caith  the  flow'ry  glories  lie. 

With  her  they  flourish'd,  and  with  her  they 

die.  Pope. 

With  and  by  are  closely  allied  in  many  of[ 
their  uses,  and  it  is  not  easy  to  lay  down 
a  rule  by  which  their  uses  may  be  distin-i 
"uished.  It  is  ob.served  by  Johnson  that 
with  seems  rather  to  denote  an  instru- 
ment, and  by  a  cause  ;  as,  he  killed  an  eii-[ 
pmy  loith  a  sword,  hut  he  died  by  an  ar- 
row. But  this  rule  is  not  always  observ- 
ed. 

With,  in  composition,  signifies  for  the  most 
part  oppo.sition,  privation  ;  or  separation, 
departure 


VV  I  T 

WITHAL,  adv.  withaul'.  [with  and  all.]  With 
the  rest  ;  together  with ;  likewise ;  at  the 
same  time. 

Ifyou  choose  tliat,  then  1  am  yours  unihal. 
'  Shak. 

How  modest  in  exception,  and  withal 
How   terrible  in  constant  resolution  ! 

Shak. 
It  is  sometimes  used  for  u-ith.     But  the 
word  is  not  elegant,  nor  much  used. 
WITHDRAW,  V.  t.    [with  and  drmc]   To 
take  back  ;  to  take  from. 

It  is   impossible  that   God  should  withdraw 
his  presence  from  any  thing.  Hooker. 

We  say,  to  withdraw  capital  from  a  bank 
or  stock  in  trade,  to  withdraw  aid  or  as- 
sistance. 
2.  To  recall ;  to  cause  to  retire  or  leave  ;  to 
call  back  or  away.  France  has  withdrawn 
her  troops  from  Spain. 
WITHDRAW,  v.i  To  retire;  to  retreat; 
to  quit  a  company  or  place.  We  tvith- 
drew  from  the  company  at  ten  o'clock. 

She  from  her  husband  soil  withdrew. 

Milton 
WITHDRAWING,  ppr.  Taking  back  ;  re 

calling ;  retiring. 
WITHDRAW'IiNG-ROOM,  n.  A  room  be 
hind    another    room    for    retirement  ;   aj 
drawing  room.  Mortimer. 

WITHDRAW'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  witb- 
druwinf;  or  taking  back  ;  a  recalling. 

*  Ch.  064.! 

Their  withdrawment    from  the   British  and 

Foreign  Bible  Society,  would  tend  to  paralyze 

their  exertions.  StnieOTi. 

WITHDRAWN',  pp.  of  withdraw.  Recalled; 

taken  back. 
WITHER,  V.  i.  [W.  gwiz,  dried,  withered; 
gwizoni,  to  wither  ;  Sax.  gewitherod,  with 
ered ;  Ir.  fothadh.] 

1.  To  fade  ;  to  lose  its  native  freshness;  to 
become  sapless  ;  to  dry. 

It  shall  witlier  in  all  the  leaves  of  her  spring. 
Ezek.  xvii. 

2.  To  waste ;  to  pine  away  ;  as  aniiiial  bod- 
ies; as  a  tpUhered  hand.     Matt.  xii. 

3.  To  lose  or  want  animal  moisture. 
Now  warm  in  love,  now   with'ring  in  the 

grave.  Dryden 

WITH'ER,  r.  I.  To  cause  to  fade  and  be- 
come dry  ;  as,  the  sun  uilhercth  the  grass. 
James  i. 
2.  To  cause  to  shrink,  wrinkle  and  decay, 
for  want  of  animal  moisture. 

Age  cannot  zvither  her.  Shak. 

WITH'ER-BAND,  71.  [withers  anA  band.]  A 


WIT 

The  juncture  of  the  shoulder  bones  of  a 
horse,  at  the  bottom  of  the  neck. 

Far.  Did. 

WITH'ER-WRUNG,  a.  Injured  or  hurt  in 

the  withers,  as  a  horse.  Cyc, 

WITHHELD',  pret.  and  pp.  ofuithhold. 

WITHHOLD,    v.t.    pret.  and  pp.  m/AAeW. 

[with  and  hold.] 

To  hold  back  ;  to  restrain ;  to  keep  from 
action. 

Withliold— your  hasty  hand.  Spenser. 

II  our  passions  ni»y  be  withheltl.     Ktttlewcil. 
To  retain  ;  to  keep  bark  ;  not  to  grant ; 
as,   to  tmthhold  as>cnt   to   a    proposition. 
The  sun  does  not  withhM  his  light. 
WITHIIOLDEN,    pp.  The  oUl  participle  of 
withhold  ;  now   obsolete.      We  use  icilh- 
held. 
WITHHOLDER,  n.  One  that  withholds. 
WITHHOLDING,    ppr.  Holding  back  ;  re- 
straining; retaining;  not  granting. 
WITHIN',  prep.  [Sax.  i<i"//ii7i)ian.]     In  the 
inner  part ;  as  the  space  within  the   walls 
of  a  house;  a  man  contented  and  happy 
i(i(/i»i  himself.  TUlotson. 

In  the  limits  or  compass  of:  not  beyond  ; 
used  of  place  and  time.  The  object  is 
within  my  sight  ;  tnthin  the  knowledge  of 
the  present  generation  ;  icithin  a  month  or 
a  year. 
3.  Not  reaching  to  any  thing  external. 

Were  every  action  concluded  within  itself— 

Locke. 
In  the  compass  of;  not  longer  ago  than. 
ll^Hhin  these  five  hours  Hastings  liv'd 
Untainted.  Shali. 

Not  later  than  ;  as,  tn//itn  five  days  from 
this  time,  it  will  be  fair  weather. 
In  the  reach  of. 
Botli  he  and  she  arc  still  within  my  pow'r. 

Dryden. 

7.  Not   exceeding.      Keep    your   expenses 
within  your  income. 

8.  In  the  heart  or  confidence  of.  [Inelegant.] 

iiouth. 

0.  In  the  house  ;  in  any  inclosure. 
WITHIN',  adv.  In  the  inner  part;  inward- 
ly ;  internally. 

The  wound  festers  within.  Carew. 

In  the  mind. 
Ills  from  tf!(Am  thy  reason  must  prevent. 

Dryden. 

WITHINSl'DE,  adr.  [within  and  sUe.j    In 

the  inner  parts.     [Bad.]  Sharp. 

WITHOUT',   prep.    [Sax.  withutan  ;   wUk 

and  out.] 

1.  Not  with  ;  as  nithout  success. 


6. 


piece  of  iron   laid  under  a  saddle  near  ajg.  in  a  state  of  destitution  or  absence  from. 

horse's  withers,  to  htrenglhen  the  bow.  There  is  no  livuig  willi  thee  nor  without 

Far.  Dict.l      thee.  ^'"'"^■ 

WITH'ERED.  pp.    Faded;  dried;  shrunk.!  3.  In  a  state  of  not  having,  or  of  destitution. 
W  TH'EREDNESS,  «.  The  state  of  beingil     How  many  live  all  their  life  nnthout  virtue, 

withereVl  ii     and  infAoai  peace  of  conscience. 

WITH'ERING,   ppr.    Fading;    becoming  4.  Bejond;  not  w^ithin. 


=.S" 


[Sax.  iiithig;  Svv.   ridja;  L, 


drv.  .      I 

WITH'ERITE,  n.  In  mineralogy,  a  carbo- 
nate of  baryte,  first  discovered  by  Dr., 
Withering  ;  rhomboidal  baryte.  It  is 
white,  gray,  ol- (bellow.  lire.     Cyc. 

WITH'ERNAM,"?!.  [Sax.  wither,  against, 
and  »ia7nan,  to  take. 


WITH, 

WITHE,  \  "■  vitis,  vitei ;  probably  a  shoot. 

1.  A  willow  twig.  I 

2.  A    band   consisting   of  a  twig,   or  twigs, 
twisted.  K.  Charles.' 


F.temity,  before  llie  world  and  after,  is  with- 
out our  reach.  .  Burnet. 
Supposing  the  negation  or  omission  of. 

Without  the  separation  of  the  two  monar- 
chies, the  most  advantageous  terms  from  the 
French  must  end  in  our  destruction. 

Mdison. 


„ .- , ,  .  16.  Independent  of;  not  by  the  use  of.    Men 

/77  withfrnam,  in  law,  a  second  or  reciprocal, j     ^j^^g  ,(,  ijve  without  labor. 


Vol.  IL 


distress,  in  lieu  of  a  first  distress  which  has 
been  eloigned  ;  reprisal.  Blackstone. 

WITll'ERS,  n.     [This  seems  to  signify  a 
joining,  from  the  root  of  with.] 

114 


Wise  men  will  do  it  without  a  law. 

Bacon. 

.  On  the  outside  of;  as  uiithout  the  gate  ; 

inlhout  doors. 


WIT 


W  I  V 


W  O  F 


S.  With  exemption  from.  That  event  can- 
not liappen  loithout  great  damage  to  our 
interests. 

9.  Unless;  except. 

IVilhoul,  when  it  precedes  a  sentence  or 
member  of  a  sentence,  has  been  called  a 
conjunction.  Tliis  is  a  mistake.  "  You  will 
not  enjoy  health,  leilhout  you  use  much  ex- 
ercise." In  this  sentence,  without  is  a  prep- 
osition still,  but  fulloweil  by  a  member  of  a 
sentence,  instead  of  a  single  noun.  It  has 
no  property  of  a  connective  or  conjunc 
tion,  and  does  not  fall  within  the  defini 
tion.  You  will  not  enjoy  health,  this  fact 
following  being  removed,  or  not  taking 
place  ;  you  use  exercise.  This  use  of  i»i(A- 
out,  is  nearly  superseded  by  ttnless  and 
except,  among  good  writers  and  speakers ; 
but  is  common  in  popular  discourse  or 
parlance. 

WITHOUT',  adv.  Not  on  the  inside;  not 
within. 

These  were  from  ivithout  the  growing  mis- 
eries. Afiltoit. 

2.  Out  of  doors. 

3.  Externally  ;  not  in  the  mind. 

fVilhout  were  fightings,   within  were  fears. 
2  Cor.  vii. 

WITHOUT'EN,  for  toithoutan,  the  Saxon 
word,  is  obsolete.  Spenser. 

WITHSTAND',  v.  t.  [ivith  and  stand.  See 
Stand.] 

To  oppose  ;  to  resist,  either  with  physical  or 
moral  force  ;  as,  to  withstand  the  attack 
of  troops  ;  to  withstand  eloquence  or  argu- 
ments. 

When  Peter  was  come  to  Antioch,  I  unlh- 
stood  him  to  his  face.     Gal.  ii. 

WITHSTAND'ER,  n.  One  that  opposes  ; 
au  opponent ;  a  resisting  power. 

Raleis:h. 

AVITHSTAND'ING,  ppr.  Opposing ;  mak- 
ing resistance. 

WITH-VINE,    }       A  local   name  for  the 

WITH-WINE,  S  "■  couch-grass.  Cyc. 

WITH'WIND,  7!.   A  plant.  [L.  convolvulus.] 

WITH'Y,  n.  [Sax.  withig.]  A  large  species 
of  willow.  Cyc. 

WITH'Y,  a.  Made  of  withs  ;  like  a  with  ; 
flexible  and  tough. 

WIT'LESS,  a.  [wit  and  less.]  Destitute 
of  wit  or  understanding  ;  inconsiderate  ; 
wanting  thought  ;  as  a.  witless _swa\n;  wit- 
less youth.  Philips. 

2.  Indiscrete  ;  not  under  the  guidance  of 
judgment ;  as  witless  bravery.  Shak. 

WIT'LESSLY,  adv.  Without  the  exercise 
of  judgment. 

WIT' LING,  71.  [dim.  from  tvit.]  A  person 
who  has  little  wit  or  understanding  ;  a 
pretender  to  wit  or  smartness. 

A  beau  and  willing  perish'd  m  the  throng. 

Pope. 

WIT'NESS,  n.  [Sax.  u'itnesse,  from  witan, 
to  know.] 

1.  Testimony;  attestation  of  a  fact  or  event. 

If  1  bear  witness  of  myself,  my  ivitness  is  not 
true.     Jolm  V. 

2.  That  which  furnishes  evidence  or  proof 

Laban  said,  this  licap  is  a  icilness  between 
me  and  thee  tliis  day.     Geu.  xxxi. 

3.  A  person  who  knows  or  sees  any  thing : 
one  personally  present;  as,  he  was  ivit- 
ness ;  he  was  an  cycivitness.     1  Pet.  v. 

i.  One  who  sees  the  execution  of  an  instru- 
ment, and  subscribes  it  for  the  purpose  of 


confirming  its  authenticity  by  his  testi- 
mony. 

5.  One  who  gives  testimony ;  as,  the  tvil- 
nesses  in  court  agreed  in  all  essential  facts. 

If'ith  a  ivit7iess,  etfectually  ;  to  a  great  de- 
gree ;  with  great  force,  so  as  to  leave 
some  mark  as  a  testimony  behind.  He 
struck  witti  a  witness.     [J^Tot  elegant.] 

WIT'NESS,  V.  f.  To  see  or  know  by  per- 
sonal presence.  I  witnessed  the  ceremo- 
nies in  New  York,  with  which  the  ratifi- 
cation of  the  constitution  was  celebrated, 
in  1788. 

2.  To  attest ;  to  give  testimony  to  ;  to  tes- 
tify to  something. 

Behold,  how  many  things  they  witness 
against  thee.     Mark  xv. 

3.  To  see  the  execution  of  an  instrument, 
and  subscribe  it  for  tlie  purpose  of  estab 
lishing  its  authenticity;  as,  to   witness   a 
bond  or  a  deed. 

WIT'NESS,  V.  i.  To  bear  testimony. 

The  men  of  Belial  witnessed  against  him,  even 
against  Nabotli.     1  Kings  xxi. 
2.  To  give  evidence. 

The  shew  of  their  countenance  doth  witness 
against  them.     Is.  iii. 
WIT'NESSED,  pp.  Seen  in  person  ;  testi- 
lied  ;  subscribed  by  persons  present ;  as  a 
deed  witnessed  by  two  persons. 
WIT'NESSING,    ppr.    Seeing  in  person 

hearing  testimony  ;  giving  evidence. 
WIT'-SNAPPER,    n.    [wit  and  snap.]  One 
who  affects  repartee.     [JVot  in  tise.] 

Shak. 

WIT'-ST'ARVED,  a.  Barren  of  wit;  des- 
titute of  genius.  Examiner. 
WIT'TED,  a.  Having  wit  or  understand- 
ing ;  as  a  quick  wilted  boy. 
WIT'TICISM,  »!.  [from  irii.]  A  sentence 
or  phrase  which  is  affectedly  witty;  a  low 
kind  of  wit. 

— He  is  full  of  conceptions,  points  of  epi- 
gram, and  ivitticistns;  all  which  are  below  the 
dignity  of  heroic  verse.  Jiddison. 

WIT'TILY,     adv.    [from  wit.]    With  wit ; 
with  a  delicate  turn  or  phrase,  or  with  an 
ingenious  association  of  ideas.         Sidney. 
2.  Ingeniously  ;  cunningly  ;  artfully. 
Who  his  own  harm  so  wittily  contrives. 

Oryden. 
WIT'TINESS,  n.  [from  tvitty.]  The  quality 
of  being  wittv.  Spenser. 

WIT'TINGLY,  adv.  [See  Hit.]  Knowing- 
ly ;  with  knowledge  ;  by  design. 

He  knowingly  and  wittingly  brought  evil 
into  tlic  world.  More. 

WIT'TOL,  n.  [Sax.  from  witan,  to  know.] 
A  man  who  knows  his  wile's  infidelity  and 
submits  to  it;  a  tame  cuckold.  Shak. 

WIT'TOLLY,  adv.  Like  a  tame  cuckold. 

Shak. 

WIT'TY,  a.  [from  wit.]  Possessed  of  wit ; 
full  of  wit ;  as  a  witty  poet. 

2.  Judicious;  ingenious;  inventive. 

3.  Sarcastic;  full  of  taunts. 

Honeycomb  was  unmercifully  witty  upon  the 

women.  Spectator. 

WIT'WALL,    n.    A  bird,  fhe  great  .spotted 

woodpecker.  Mnsivorth.     Ci/c. 

WIT'-WORM,  n.  [wit and  worm.]  One  that 

feeds  on  wit.  [AU  in  itse.]  B.  Jonson. 
WIVE,   V.  i.    [from  wife.]  To  marry.    [JVot 

in  use.]  Shak. 

WIVE,  V.  t.  To  match  to  a  wife.  Shak. 

2.  To  take  for  a  wife.    [JVot  in  use.]    Shak. 


WI'VEHOOD,     n.    Behavior   becoming  ^ 

wife.     [It  should  be  ivifchood.]     Obs.         ! 

Spenser. 
Wl'VELESS,    a.    Not  having  a  wife.     [It 

should  be  wifeless.] 
Wl'VELY,    a.    Pertaining  to  a   wife.     [It 

shoulil  be  wifely.]  Sidneii. 

WI'VER,       \  ^    A  kind  of  heraldric   dra- 
WIV'ERIN,  ^"-  gon.  Thynne. 

WIVES,  p/u.  of  jtii/e. 
WIZ'ARD,  n.  [irom  wise.]   A  conjurer  ;  an 

enchanter  ;  a  sorcerer.     Lev.  xx. 

The  wily  wizard  must  be  caught.     Dryden. 
WIZ'ARD,  a.  Enchanting ;  charming. 

Collins. 
2.  Haunted  by  wizards.  Milton. 

WIZ'EN,  v.i.  [Siix.wisnian,iveosnian.]  To 

wither  ;  to  dry.     [Local.] 
WO,  n.  [Sax.  wa ;  L.  vce  ;  Gr.  ouat ;  W.gwae ; 

G.  weh  ;  D.  tvee  ;  Sw.  ve.] 

1.  Grief;  sorrow ;  misery ;  a  heavy  calam- 
ity- 

One  wo  is  past ;  and  behold,  there  come  two 
woes  more  hereafter.     Rev.  ix. 

They  weep  each  other's  wo.  Pope. 

2.  A  curse. 

Can  there  be  a  wo  or  curse  in  all  the  stores  of 
vengeance,  equal  to  the  malignity  of  such  a 
practice .'  South. 

3.  fVo  IS  used  in  denunciation,  and  in  excla- 
inations  of  sorrow. 

fVo  is  me  ;  for  I  am  undone.     Is.  vi. 
This  is  properly  the  Saxon  dative,  "wo 
is  to  me." 

"  Wo  worth  the  day."  This  is  also  the 
dative ;  wo  be  to  the  day ;  Sax.  wurthan, 
weorthan  or  wyrlhan,  to  be,  to  become. 

Jf'o  is  a  noun,  and  if  used  as  an  adjective,  it 
is  improperly  used.  "K'o  to  you  that  are 
rich."'  "  Ho  to  that  man,  by  whom  the  of- 
fense Cometh  ;"  that  is,  misery,  calamity, 
be  or  will  be  to  him. 

WOAD,  n.  [Sax.  wad  or  ivaad ;  G.  waid, 
weid;  D.weede  ;  Fr.  guede  ;  h.guado.  Qu. 
weed.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Isatis,  cultivated  for  the 
use  of  dyers.  The  woad  blue  is  a  very 
deep  blue,  and  is  the  base  of  many  other 
colors  or  shades  of  color.  Woad  is  first 
bruised  in  a  mill,  and  then  made  into  balls. 
It  grows  wild  in  France  and  along  the 
coasts  of  the  Baltic.  The  term  woad  is 
apjilied  to  the  Reseda,  weld  or  wold,  and 
to  the  Genista  iinctoria  or  dyer's  broom. 

Cyc. 

WOAD-MILL,  n.  A  mill  for  bruising  and 
preparing  woad. 

WOBEGON  E,  a.  [wo,he,  and  gone.]  Over- 
whelmed with  wo;  immersed  in  grief  and 
sorrow. 

So  wobegone  was  he  with  pains  of  love. 

Pair/ax. 
WODA'NIUM,  n.  A  metal  recently  discov- 
ered in  a  species  of  pyrite,  found  in  Hun- 
gary, which   had  been  supposed  to  be  an 
ore  of  cobalt.  It  has  a  bronze  yellow  color. 

Cyc. 

WOESOME,    a.   wo'sum.    Woful.     [Ao<  in 

use.]  Langhome. 

WO  FT,  for  waft.     [JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 

VVO'FUL,    a.    Sorrowful ;   distressed   with 

grief  or  calamity  ;  afflicted. 

How  many  woful  widows  left  to  bow 

To  sad  disgrace  !  Daniel. 

2.  Sorrowful;  mournful;  full  of  distress  ;  as 
tvoful  day.     Jer.  xvii. 


W  O  M 


WON 


WON 


3.  Bringing  calamity,  distress  or  affliction ; 
as  a  toofal  event ;  woful  want. 

4.  Wretched;  paltry. 

What  woful  stuff  this  madrigal  would  be. 

Pope. 

WO'FULLY,  adv.  Sorrowfnlly  ;  mourn- 
fully ;  ni  a  distressing  manner. 

■2.  Wretchedly  ;  extremely  ;  as,  he  will  be 
wofidly  deceived. 

WO'FUl.NKSS,  n.  Misery;  calamity. 

WOLLJ,  ill  Saxon,  is  the  same  as  luald  and 
weiM,  a  wood,  sometimes  perhaps  a  lawn 
or  plain.  Wald  signifies  also  power,  do- 
miiMDii,  from  waldan,  to  rule.  These 
words  occur  in  names. 

WOLF,  n.  WULF.  [Sax.  icu//;  G.  D.  ico//; 
Hw.ulf:  OiM.ulv;  Ross.  uo/A: ;  L.  vul/jes, 
a  fox,  the  same  word  differently  applied. 
The  Gr.  is  aS^Htj^.] 

1.  An  animal  of  the  genus  Canis,  a  beast  of 
prey  that  kills  sheep  and  other  small  do- 
mestic animals ;  called  sometimes  the  wild 
dog.  The  wolf  is  crafty,  greedy  and  rav- 
enous. 

2.  A  small  white  worm  or  maggot,  which 
infests  granaries.  Cyr. 

3.  An  eating  ulcer.  Brown. 
WOLF-DOG,    n.    A  dog  of  a  large  breed, 

kept  to  guard  sheep.  Ticltel. 

2.  A  dog  supposed  to  be  bred  between  a  dog 
and  a  wolf.  John.ion. 

WOLF-FISH,  n.  \  Rsh.  the  lupus  niarinus, 
(the  Anarrhichas  lupus  of  Linnc  ;)  a  fierce 
voracious  fish  of  the  northern  seas.      Cyc. 

WOLF''lSn,  a.  Like  a  wolf;  having  the 
qualities  or  form  of  a  wolf;  as  a  leoJJrsh 
visage  ;  wolfish  designs.  Shak. 

WOLF'-NET,  n.  A  kind  of  net  used  in 
fishing,  which  takes  great  numbers.     Cyc. 

WOL'FRAM,  n.  In  minernlogy,  an  ore  of 
tungsten.  Its  color  is  generally  a  brown 
ish  or  grayish  black  ;  when  cut  with  a 
knife,  it  gives  a  reddish  brown  streak.  It 
occurs  massive  and  crystalized,  and  in 
concentric  lamellar  concretions.  Cyc. 

WOLF'S-BANE,  n.  A  poisonous  plant  of 
the  genus  Aconituin  ;  aconite. 

J.  The  winter  aconite,  or  Helleborus  liyema- 
lis.  Lee. 

WOLF'S-CLAW,  !i.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Lycopodiiim.  Lee. 

WOLF'S-MILK,  n.  An  herb.       Ainsworlh. 

WOLF'S-PEACU,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Solanuin,  (S.  lycopersicum.)  Lee. 

WOL'VERIN,       (       The  glutton,  a  car- 

WOLVERE'NE,  S  "'  nivorous  animal  of 
voracious  appetite.  Did.  JVat.  Hist. 

The  name  wolverene  is  applied  to  an  an- 
imal of  N.  America,  considered  by  LinnCj 
as  a  peculiar  species,  (Ursus  luscus,)  but 
which  has  been  since  regarded  as  a  vari-J 
ety  of  the  glutton,  (U.  gulo.)      Ed.  Encycl 

WOLV'ISII,  a.  More  properly  wolfisli,'. 
which  see.  I 

Woman,  n.  plu.  women,  [a  compound  of 
womb  and  man.  It  is  the  same  word  as  L. 
famina  ;  the  Latins  writing  /for  it'.  The 
plural  as  written,  seems  to  be  womb-vieu.\ 
But  we  pronounce  it  wimen,  and  so  it  oiightj 
to  bo  written,  for  it  is  from  the  Saxon 
ivifman,  wife-man.] 
I.  The  feioale  of  the  human  race,  grown  to 
adult  years. 

And  the  rih,  which  the  Lord  God  had  taken 
from  the  man,  made  he  a  woman.    Gen.  ii. 


Women'arc  soft,  mild,  pitiful,  and  flexihie.    j 

.Shale] 
We  see  every  day  women  pcrisli  with  infamy, 
by  having  been  too  willing  to  set  their  beauty  to 
show.  Rambler. 

I  have  observed  among  all  nations  that  the 
women  ornament  themselves  more  tlian  tlic 
men;  that  wherever  found,  they  arc  the  same 
kind,  civil,  obliging,  humane,  tender  beings,  in- 
clined to  be  gay  and  cheerful,  timorous  and 
modest.  Lcdyard. 

'i.  A  female  attendant  or  servant.  iihak. 

Woman,  v.  t.   To  make  pliant.  Shak. 

WoMANED,  a.  Accompanied  or  united 
with  a  woman.     \J\tol  used.]  Shak.\ 

WOMAN-HATER,  n.  [woman  mA  hater.] 
One  who  has  an  aversion  to  the  female 
sex.  SwiJiJ 

Womanhood,  n.  [woman  and  hood.]  The 
state,  character  or  collective  qualities  of  a 
woman.  Spenser: 

W6MANISE,  V.  t.  To  make  effeminate. 
[.Yot  used.] 

Womanish,  a.  Suitable  to  a  woman; 
having  the  qualities  of  a  xvoman ;  femi- 
nine ;  aswomanish  habits  ;  womanish  tears  ;' 
a  wotnanish  voice.  Dn/dcii.     Shak.l 

Womankind,  n.  [woman  atu\  kind.]  Thej 
female  sex  ;  the  race  of  females  of  the  hu-i 
man  kind.  Addison. 

Womanly,  a.  Becoming  a  woman;  fem- 
inine ;  as  womanly  behavior.       Arhuthnot. 
A  blushing  womanly  discovering  grace. 

Donne. 

Womanly,  adv.  in  the  manner  of  a  wo- 
man. 

WoMB,  n.  woom.  [Sax.  wamb  ;  Goth. 
wamha  ;  S w.  vkmb ;  Dan.  voin ;  Scot,  wame ; 
G.  ivampe,  belly,  a  dewlap  ;  D.  warn.] 

1.  The  uterus  or  matrix  of  a  female  ;  that 
part  where  the  young  of  an  animal  is  con- 
ceived and  nourished  till  its  birth.        Cyc. 

2.  The  place  where  any  thing  is  produced. 

The  womb  of  eartli  the  genial  seed  receives. 

Drudeti. 

!i.  Any  large  or  deep  cavity.  Addison. 

Womb  of  the  morning,  in  Scripture,  the  clouds, 
which  distill  dew;  supposed  to  be  emble- 
matic of  tlie  church  bringing  forth  multi- 
tudes to  Christ.     Ps.  ex. 

WoMB,  v.  t.  To  inclose  ;  to  breed  in  secret. 
[jVnt  in  use.]  Shak. 

WOM'B.Vr,  n.  Aiianimalof  New  Holland, 
of  the  opossum  family.  Cyc.l 

WoMBY,  a.  woom'y.  Capacious.  [JVot  hi 
use.]  Shak.l 

WOMEN,  n.  plu.  o[  woman,  pron.  wim'en.\ 
But  it  is  supposed  the  word  we  pronounce 
is  from  Sax.  wifman,  and  therefore  should 
be  written  wimeit. 

WON,  pret.  and  pp.  of  win  ;  as  victories 
won. 

WON,     )        ■   [Sax.   ivunian;  G.   wohnen;, 

WONE,  S  "■  *■  D.  woonen,  to  dwell,  to  con- 
tinue; Ir. fanaim.] 

To  dwell ;  to  abide.  Obs.  Its  participle  is 
retained  in  toont,  that  is,  ivoned.       .Milton. 

WON,  n.  A  dwelling.     Obs.  Spenser. 

WONDER,  n.  [Sax.  G.  wundcr ;  D.  wonder: 
Sw.  Dan.  under;  qu.  Gr.  ijiaou,  to  show; 
and  hence  a  sight ;  or  from  the  root  of  the 
Sp  espanto.  a  panic] 

1.  That  emotion  wliic.h  is  excited  by  nov- 
elty, or  the  presentation  to  the  sight  or 
minil,  of  something  new,  unusual,  strange, 
great,  extraordinary,  or  not  well  under- 
stood ;  something  that  arrests  the  atten- 


tion by  its  novelty,  grandeur  or  inexplica- 
bleness.  fVonder  expresses  less  than  as- 
tonishment, and  much  less  than  amazement. 
It  iliffers  from  admiration,  in  not  being  ne- 
cessarily accompanied  with  love,  esteem 
or  approbation,  nor  directed  to  persons. 
But  wonder  sometimes  is  nearly  allied  to 
astonishment,  and  the  exact  extent  of  the 
meaning  of  such  words  can  hardly  be 
graduated. 

They  were  filled  with  wonder  aad  amaze- 
ment.    Acts  iii. 

Wonder  is  tlie  effect  of  novelty  upon  igno- 
rance. Johnson. 
Cause  of  wonder;  that  which  excites  sur- 
prise ;  a  strange  thing  ;  a  prodigy. 

To  try  things  oft,  and  never  to  give  over, 
doth  wonders.  Bacon. 

I  am  as  a  wonder  to  many.     Ps.  Ixxi. 

3.  Any  thing  mentiuned  with  surprise. 

Babylon,  the  wonder  of  all  tongues. 

Jifdton 

Jfondersofthticorld.  The  seven  wonders 
of  the  world  were  the  Egyptian  pyramids, 
the  mausoleum  erected  by  Artemisia,  the 
temple  of  Diana  at  Ephesus,  the  walls  and 
hanging  gardens  of  Babylon,  the  colossus 
at  Rhodes,  the  statue  of  Jupiter  Olympius, 
and  the  Pharos  or  watch-tower  of  Alexan- 
dria. 

4.  .\  miracle.     Ex.  iii. 

WONDER,  V.  i.  [Sax.  wundrian.]  To  be  af- 
fected by  surprise  or  admiration. 

I  could  not  sufficiently  wonder  at  the  intre- 
pidity of  these  diminutive  mortals.  Swifl. 
We  cease  to  wonder  at  what  we  understand. 

Johnson. 

WONDERER,  n.  One  who  wonders. 

WONDERFUL,  a.  Adapted  to  excite  won- 
der or  admiration  ;  exciting  surprise ; 
strange  ;  astonishing.     Job  xlii. 

WONDERFULLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  ex- 
cite wonder  or  surprise. 

I  will  praise  thee,  for  I  am  fearfully  and  toon' 
der/uHy  made.     Ps.  cxxxix. 

WONDERFULNESS,  n.  The  state  orqual- 
ity  of  being  wonderful.  Sidney. 

WONDERING,  ppr.  Indulging  or  feeling 
wonder.     Gen.  xxiv.     Luke  xxiv. 

WONDER.MENT,  n.  Surprise ;  astonish- 
ment :  a  wonderful  appearance.  [Vidgar.] 

WONDERSTRL'CK,  a.  [wonder  an>l  struck.] 
Struck  with  wonder,  admiration  and  sur- 
prise. Dryden. 

WONDER-WORKING,  a.  Doing  wonders 
or  surprising  things. 

WONDROUS,  a.  Admirable;  marvelous; 
such  as  may  excite  surprise  and  astonish- 
ment ;  strange. 

That  I  may  publish  with  the  voice  o.""  thanks- 
giving, and  tell  of  all  thy  iro;i<iroits  works.  Ps. 
xxvi. 

WONDROUS,  adv.  In  a  wonderful  or  sur- 
prising degree  ;  as  a  place  wondrous  deep  ; 
you  are  ivondrous  fair ;  wondrous  fond  of 
peacp.  These  phrases  of  Cowley,  Dryden 
and  Pope,  are  admissible  only  in  the  ludi- 
crous and  burlesque  style. 

WONDROUSLY,  adv.  In  a  strange  or  won- 
derful manner  or  degree. 

Cldoe  complains,  and  wondrously's  aggriev'd. 

GUmvUle. 

WONT,  a  contraction  of  woll  not,  that  is, 
will  not. 

WONT,  a.  [wont  is  strictly  the  participle 
passive  of  li'on,  wane ;  Sax.  wunian,  to 
dwell,  to  remain,  to  endure,  to  e.xist,  to 


woo 


woo 


woo 


consist ;  G.  wohnen,  D.  woonen.  But  the 
D.  has  toenncn,  Sw.  vHnia,  Dan.  vanner,  to 
accustom  ;  Ir.fanaim,  to  remain.  In  Eng- 
lish, tlie  verb  is  obsolete ;  bnt  we  retain 
the  participle  in  use,  and  form  it  into  a 
verb.  See  the  Verb.] 
Accustomed ;  habituated  ;  using  or  doing 
customarily. 

If  the  ox  were  wont  to  push  with  his  hom— 

Ex.  X!U. 

They  were  wotit  to  speak  in  old  time,  saying— 
2  Sam.  XX.    See  Matt,  xxvii.  15.    Luke  xxii.  39 
WONT,  n.  Custom ;  habit ;  use.     Obs. 

Sidney.     Hooker. 
WONT,  V.  i.  To  be  accustomed  or  habitu 
ated ;  to  be  used. 

A  yearly  solemn  feast  she  wont  to  make. 

Spenser. 
Wherewith  he  wont  to  soar  so  high. 
Obs.  Waller. 

WONTED,  pp.  Accustomed  ;  used. 

Again  his  wonted  wcapou  prov'd.     Spenser 
'2.  Accustomed  ;  made  familiar  by  use. 

She  was  ivonted  to  the  place,  and  would  nol 

remove.  VEstrange. 

WONTEDNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  ac- 

customed.  King  Charles. 

VV'ONTLESS,    a.    Unaccustomed ;  unused. 

Obs.  Spenser. 

WOO,  V.  t.  [Sax.   iDogan,  whence  aivogod, 

wooed.] 
!.  To  court;  to  solicit  in  love. 

My  proud  rival  wooes 
Another  partner  to  his  throne  and  bed — 

Philips. 
Each,  like  the  Grecian  artist,  wooes 
The  image  he  himself  has  wrought.      Prior. 
2.  To  court  solicitously  ;  to  invite  with  im- 
portunity. 
Thee,  chantress,  oft  the  woods  among, 
I  woo  to  hear  thy  even  song.  Milton. 

WOO,  11.  i.  To  court ;  to  malve  love. 

Dryden . 
WOOD,  a.  [Sax.  wad.]  Mad  ;  furious.     Obs. 

Spenser. 
WOOD,  n.  [Sax.  wuda,  wudu;  D.  woud;  W. 
gwyz.] 

1.  A  large  and  tbisk  collection  of  trees ;  a 
forest. 

Light  thickens,  and  the  crow 
Makes  wing  to  the  rooky  wood.  Shak 

2.  The  substance  of  trees;  the  bard  sub- 
stance which  composes  the  body  of  a  tree 
and  its  branches,  and  which  is  covered  by 
the  bark. 

3.  Trees  cut  or  sawed  for  the  fire.  Wood  is 
yet  the  principal  fuel  in  the  U.  States. 

4.  An  idol.     Ilab.  ii. 
WOOD,  V.  i.  To  supply  or  get  supplies   of 

wood. 

WOOD-ANEM'ONE,  n.  A  plant.  [See 
Anemone.'] 

WOOD'-ASHES,  n.  {wood  and  ashes.]  The 
remains  of  burnt  wood  or  plants.  [This 
word  is  used  in  England  to  distinguish 
tlie.>se  ashes  from  tlie  remains  of  coal.  In 
the  U.  States,  where  wood  chiefly  is  burnt, 
the  people  usually  say  simply  ashes.  But 
as  coal  becomes  more  used,  the  English 
distinction  will  be  necessary.] 

WOOD'-BIND,  I       A  name   given  to  the 

WOOD'-BINE,  \^-  honeysuckle,  a  species 
ol  Lomcera.  2>ce 

WOOD'-BOUND,  a.  [wood  and  hound.]  En- 
cumbered with  tall  woody  hedgerows 

WOOD'-CHAT,  n.  A  species  of  butcher 
bird. 


WOOD'CHUK,  n.   [wood  3,nA  chuk,  a  hog.]|  WOOD'-MONGER,  n 

[See  Chuk.]  !     a  wood  seller. 

The  popular  name  in  New  England  of  a  WOQD'-MOTE,    n. 


[wood  and  monger.] 


species  of  the  Marmot  tribe  of  animals, 
the  Arctomys  monax.     It  burrows  and  is 
dormant  in  winter. 
WOOD'-€OAL,   n.   [wood  and  coal.]    Char 

coal. 

W0pD'-€OCK,  »!.  [wood  and  cock.]  A  fowl 

of   the   genus    Scolopax,   inhabiting    tlie 

northern  parts  of  the  European  continen 

in   summer,  but  frequenting  England  in 

winter.     The  woodcock  of  the  U.  States 

is  a  smaller  species.  Cyc 

WOOD-COCK  SHELL,  n.  A  name  given 

by  English  naturalists  to  a  peculiar  kind 

of   the    purpura,  called   by   the    French 

becasse  ;  of  two  species,  the  prickly  and 

the  smooth.  Cyc. 

WOOD'-DRINK,   n.    [wood  and  drink.]     A 

decoction  or  infusion  of  medicinal  woods. 

WOOD'ED,    a.    Supplied  or  covered  witl 

wood  ;  as  land  wooded  and  watered. 

Arbuthnot 
WOOD'EN,  a.  [from  icood.]  3Iade  of  wood 
consisting  of  wood  ;  as  a  wooden  box ;  a 
wooden  leg  ;  a  wooden  horse. 
i.  Clumsy ;  awkward. 

When  a  bold  man  is  put  out  of  countenance, 
he  makes  a  very  icooden  figure  on  it.  Collier 
WOOD-ENGRA'VING,n.  Xylography;  thi- 
art  of  engraving  on  wood,  or  of  cutting 
figures  of  natural  objects  on  wood.  Cijr 
WOOD'-FRETTER,  n.  [ivood  and  fret.]  An 
insect  or  worm  that  eats  wood. 

Ainsworlh. 

WOOD' -HOLE,  n.  [wood  and  hole.]  A  place 

where  wood  is  laid  up.  Philips 

WOOD-HOUSE,   n.    [u-ood  and  house.]    A 

house  or  shed  in  which  wood  is  deposited 

and  sheltered  from  the  weather. 

U.  States. 
WOOD'ING,  ppr.  Getting  or  supplying  willi 
wood.  Washington. 

WOOD'-LAND,  )(.  [wood  and  land.]  Land 
covered  with  wood,  or  land  on  which 
trees  are  suffered  to  grow,  either  for  fuel 
or  timber.  America. 

a.  Ill  England,  a  soil  which,  from  its  humid- 
ity and  color,  resembles  the  soil  in  woods, 

Ciic. 
WOOD'  L\\RK,  n.  [wood  and  lark.]  A  bird, 

a  species  of  lark. 
WQOD'-LAYER,  n.  [ivood  and  layer.]  A 
young  oak  or  other  timber  plant,  laid  down 
in  a  hedge  among  the  white  thorn  or  oth- 
er plants  used  in  hedges.  Cyc 
WOOD'LESS,  o.  Destitute  of  wood. 

Mitford. 
WOOD'-LOCK,  n.  [wood  and  lock.]  In  ship- 
building, a  piece  of  elm,  close  fitted  and 
sheathed  with  copper,  in  the  throaliiig  or 
score  of  the  pintle,  to  keep  the  rudder  from 
rising.  Cyc. 

WOOD'-LOUSE,  n.  [wood  and  louse.]  An 
insect,  the  milleped.  Diet.  .Yal.  Hist. 

WOOD'MAN,  71.  [wood  and  man.]  A  forest 
officer,  appointed  to  take  care  of  the  king's 
wood.  England. 

A  sportsman;  a  hunter.      Milton.     Pope. 
WOOD'-MEIL,  ?i.  A  coarse  hairy  stuff  made 
of  Iceland  wool,  used  to  line  the  ports  of 
ships  of  war.  Ciyr, 

WOOD'-MITE,  «.  [tooorf  and  miie.j  A  small 
insect  found  in  old  wood. 


[u'ood  and  mole.]  In 
England,  the  ancient  name  of  the  forest 
court;  now  the  court  of  attachment. 

AVOOD  NESS,  n.  Anger ;  madness  ;  rage'. 

I     Obs.  Fisher 

WOOD-NIGHTSHADE,   n.  A  plant. 

;W00D'-NOTE,  n.  [wood  and  note.]  Wild 
music. 

— Or  sweetest  Shakspeare,  fancy's  child, 
Warble  his  native  wood-notes  wild. 

WOOD'-NYfllPH,  n.  [wood  and  nymph.]% 
fabled  goddess  of  the  woods;  a  dryad. 
The  wood-nymphs  deck'd  with  daisies  trim. 

WOOD-OF'FERING,  n.  Wood  bu"^t"on 
the  altar.     Neh.  x. 

WOODPECKER,  n.  [wood  and  peck.]  A 
bird  of  the  genus  Picus,  that  pecks  holes 
in  trees,  or  that  picks  insects  from  the 
bark. 

WOOD'-PIGEON,  n.  [wood  and  pigeon.' 
Thenng-dove,  (Columbapalumbus.) 

„  Ed.  Encyc. 

WOOD-PU'CERON.  n.  [tcood  and  puceroh.] 
A  small  insect  of  the  puceron  kind,  of  a 
grayish  color,  having  two  hollow  horns  on 
the  hinder  part  of  its  boily.  It  resembles 
the  puceron  of  the  alder,  but  it  penetrates 
into  the  wood.  Cyc 

WOOD'REVE,  n.  [wood  and  reve.]  In  Eng- 
land, the  steward  or  overseer  of  a  wood. 

W0'.)D'-ROOF,  I        [wood  and  roof  or  ruff.} 

WlXlD'-RUFF,  \  "•  A  plant  of  the  genui 
Asperula.  Qy^ 

|WOOD'-SAGE,  n.  [wood  and  sage.]  A  plant 
of  the  genus  Toiicriuin.  igc 

WOOD'-SARE,  n.  A  kind  of  froth  seen  on 
herbs.  Bacon 

WOOD-SEERE,  n.  The  time  when  there  is 
no  sap  in  a  tree.  Tusser 

WOOD'-SHOCK,  n.  The  fisher  or  wejack,  a 
quadruped  of  the  weasel  kind  in  North 
America. 

WOOD'-SOOT,  n.  [ivood  and  .loot.]  Soot 
from  burnt  wood,  v\  hich  has  been  found 
useful  as  a  manure.  Cyc 

WOOD'-SORREL,  n.  [wood  and  sorrel.]  A 
plant  of  the  genus  O.xalis.  Z,ee 

WOOD'-SPITE,  «.  [wood and  spite.]  A  n.nme 
given  in  some  parts  of  England  to  the 
green  woodpecker. 

WOOD'-STONE,  n.  [wood  and  stone.]  A 
blackish  gray  silicious  stone,  a  subspecies 
of  horn-stone.  (jj.^ 

WOOD'-WARD,  n.  [wood  and  ward.]  An  of- 
ficer of  the  forest,  whose  duty  is  to  guard 
the  woods.  Cyc.    England. 

WOOD'-W.\SH,  n.  A  name  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  dyer's  broom.  Cyc 

WOOD'-WAXEN,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Genista;  dyer's  broom. 

Fam.  of  Plants.     Lee. 

WOOD'-WORM,  n.  [uH)od  and  worm.]  A 
worm  that  is  bred  in  wood.  Johnson. 

WOOD'Y,  a.  [from  wood.]   Abounding  with 
wood  ;  as  woody  land  ;  a  woody  region. 
— Secret  shades 
Of  woody  Ida's  inmost  grove.  .Afilton. 

2.  Consisting   of  wood;    ligneous;    as    the 

woody  parts  of  plants. 
'■i.  Pertaining  to  woods  ;  sylvan  ;  as  woody 
nymphs.  Spenstr. 


woo 

WOOER,  n.  [from  woo.]  One  who  courts, 
or  solicits  in  love.  Bacon. 

wool'",  n.  [Sax.  weft,  from  ivefan,  to  weave ; 
Sw.  v&f;  Gr.  v^tj.] 

1.  The  ilireads  that  cross  the  warp  in  weav 
ing;  the  weft.  Bacon. 

2.  Texture  ;  cloth  ;  as  a  pall  of  softest  woof. 

Pope. 

WOO'ING,  ppr.  [from  7C00.]  Courting;  so- 
liciting; in  love. 

WOOINGLY,  adv.  Enticingly,  with  per- 
suasiveness :  so  as  to  invite  to  stay. 

Skak. 

WOOL,  Ji.    [Sax.  loul  ;  G.  wolle ;  D.   wol 
Sw.  nil ;  Dan.  uld  ;  Buss,  volna  ;  Basque 
ulea.    Qu.  Gr.ou^of,  soft;  tou?.o;,  down;  or 
L.  vellus,  from  vello,  to  pull  oHV 

1.  That  soft  species  of  hair  which  arrows  on 
sheep  and  some  other  animals,  which  in 
fineness  sometimes  approaches  to  fur. 
The  word  generally  signifies  the  fleecy 
coat  of  the  sheep,  which  constitutes  a 
most  essential  material  of  clothing  in  all 
cold  and  temperate  climates. 
Short  thick  hair 


W  O  R 

WOOL'PACK,  n.  [wool  and  pack.] 

or  hair  of  wool. 
2.  Any  thing  bulky  without  weight 


A  pack 


W  O  R 

of  it.     This  is  called   the  word  cA' 


3.  In  botany,  a  sort  of  pubescence,  or  a  cloth 
ing  of  dense  curling  hairs  on   the  sinface 
of  certain  plants.  Marlyn 

WOOL'-BALL,  n.  A  bull  or  mass  of  wool 
found  in  the  stomach  of  sheep.  Cyc. 

WOOL'-COMBER,  n.  One  whose  occupa- 
tion is  to  comb  wool. 

WOOLD,  V.  t.  [D.  woekn,  beivoehn  ;  G 
wiihlen.] 

To  wind,  particularly  to  wind  a  rope  round 
a  mast  or  yard,  when  made  of  two  or  more 
pieces,  at  the  place  where  they  are  fished, 
ibr  confining  and  supporting  them. 

Mar.  Diet. 

WOOLD'ED,  pp.  Bound  fast  with  ropes  ; 

wound  round. 
WOOLD'Ell,  n.  .\.  stick  used  in  woolding. 

Mar.  Diet. 

WOOLD'ING,  ppr.  Binding  fast  with  ropes ; 

winding  round. 
WOOLD'ING,  n.  The  act  of  winding,  as  a 

rope  round  a  mast. 
2.  The   rope   used  for  binding   masts  and 

spars. 
WOOL'-DRIVER,  n.  [wool  am]  driver.]  One 

who  buys  wool  and  carries  it  to  market. 
WOOL'EN,  a.  Ma<leofwool;  consisting  of 

wool ;  as  woolen  cloth. 
2.  Pertaining  to  wool ;  as  woolen  manufac- 
tures. 
WOOL'EN,  n.  Cloth  made  of  wool.     Pope 
WOOL'EN-DRAl'ER,  n.    One   who  deals 

in  woolen  goods. 
W09L'FEL,  n.   [ivool  and/ci,  L.  pcllis.]    A 

skill   with   the  wool  ;  a  skin  froiri  which 

the  wool  has  not  been  sheared  or  pulled. 

Davies. 
WOOL'INESS,  n.  [from  woolly.]  The  state 

of  being  woolly. 
WOOL'LY,    a.    Consisting   of  wool  ;  as  a 

woolly  covering  ;  a  woolly  fleece.     Dryden 

2.  Resembling  wool ;  as  woolly  hair.      Shak 

3.  Clothed  with  wool ;  as  woolly  breeders. 

Shak. 

4.  In  botany,  clothed  with  a  pubescence  re 
scnibling  wool.  Mariyn. 

WOOLLY-PASTINUM,  n.  A  name  given 
in  the  East  Indies  to  a  species  of  red  or- 
pimeut  or  arsenic.  Cyc. 


Cleaveland. 

WOQL'SACK,  n.  [wool  and  sack.]  A  sack 
or  bag  of  wool. 

2.  The  seat  of  the  lord  chancellor  and  of 
the  judges  in  the  house  of  lords.         Eng 

WOOL'-STAPLE,  n.  [wool  and  staple.]  A 
city  or  town  where  wool  used  to  be  brought 
to  the  king's  staple  for  sale 

WOOL-STA'PLER,  n.   One  who  deals  in 

I     wool. 

VVOOL'-TRADE,  n.  [wool  and  trade.]   The 

'     trade  in  wool. 

WOOL'WARD,  adv.  In  wool.  [Not  in] 
use.]  I 

WOOL'-WINDER,  n.  [wool  and  wind.]  A 
person  employed  to  wind  or  make  up 
wool  into  bundles  to  be  packed  for  sale. 

Cyc: 

WOOP,  n.  A  bird.     [L.  rubicilla.] 

WOOS,  n.  A  plant ;  sea  weed. 

WOOTS,  n.  Indian   steel,  a  metallic   sub- 
stance imported   from   the  East   Indies 
valued  as  the  material  of  edge-tools.     It 
has  in   combination  a  minute   portion   of 


part 
God. 

13.  Christ.    John  i. 

14.  A  motto ;  a  short  sentence 


a  |)roverb. 
Spenser. 
A  good  word,  commendation  ;  favorable  ac 
count. 

And  gave  the  harmless  fellow  a  good  word. 

Pope. 
In  word,  in  declaration  only. 

Let  us  not  lovo  in  word  only,   neither  iu 
tongue;  but  iu  deed  and  in  irulh.     1  John  iii. 
WORD,  V.  i.  To  dispute.     [Little  used.] 

U  Estrange. 
WORD,  V.  t.    To  express  in  words.     Take 
care  to  word  idea.s  with  propriety. 

The  apology  for  the  king  is  the  same,  but 

worded  with   greater  deference    to   that  ^rcat 

prince.  Addison. 

WORD-CATCHER,  n.   One  who  cavils  at 

words.  Pope. 

WORDED,  pp.  Expressed  in  words. 

WORDER,  n.  A  sneaker.     [AoUn  iwe.] 

IVhitlock. 
WORDINESS,  n.  [from  wordy.]    The  state 
or  quality  of  abounding  with  words. 

Jish. 
WORDING,  ppr.  Expressing  in  words. 


alnmin  and  silica.  /'tisJer's  JVianuai.  WORDING,  Ji.    The  act   of  exprcssin 


WORD,  n.  [Sax.  word  or  wyrd  ;  G.  wort 
D.  woord ;  Dan.  Sw.  ord ;  Sans,  wartha. 
This  word  is  probably  the  participle  of  a' 
root  in  Br,  and  radically  the  same  as  L. 
verhum  ;  Ir.  abairim,  to  speak.  A  word  is 
that  which  is  uttered  or  thrown  out.]  | 

1.  An  articulate  or  vocal  sound,  or  a  com-^ 
bination  of  articulate  and  vocal  sounds,, 
uttered  by  the  human  voice,  and  by  cus-| 
torn  expressing  an  idea  or  ideas;  a  single, 
component  part  of  human  speech  or  lan-j 
guage.  Thus  a  in  English  is  a  word  ;  but' 
few  words  consist  of  one  letter  only.  Most 
words  consist  of  two  or  more  letters,  as 
g-o,  do,  stiall,  called  monosyllables,  or  of 
two  or  more  syllables,  as  honor,  goodness, 
amiable. 

The  letter  or  letters,  written  or  printed, 
which  represent  a  sound  or  combination^ 
of  sounds.  1 

A  short  discourse.  i 

Sh.ill  1  vouchsafe  your  worship  a  word  or  two  ? 

Shak. 

4.  Talk  ;  discourse. 

Why  should  calamity  be  full  of  words  ? 


Shak.l 
Dryden.. 

as,    some 


words. 

The    manner   of   expressing    in    words. 

The  wording  of  the  ideas  is  very  judicious. 
WORDISH,    a.    Respecting   words.     [Xot 

used.]  Sidney. 

WORDISHNESS,  n.  Manner  of  wording. 

[JVot  used.] 
WORDLESS,   a.    Not   using   words ;    not 

speaking  ;  silent.  Shak. 

WORDY,  a.  Using  many  words;  verbose; 

as  a  wordy  sjieaker ;  a  wordy  orator. 

Spectator. 
2.  Containing  many  words ;  full   of  words. 
We  need  not  lavish  hours  in  ivinily  periods. 

Philips. 

WORE,  pret.  a(  wear.  He  icore  gloves. 
WORE,  pret.  of  ware.  They  xrore  ship. 
WORK,  !'.  i.  pret.  anil  pp.  workedor  wrought. 

[Sax.    weorcan,    wircnn,    icyrcan  ;    Goth. 

waurkyan  ;  D.   werken  ;    G.   wirken  j  Sw. 

virka,  rerka  ;  Dan.  i-irker  ;  Gr.  tpyojo^ai.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  to  move,  or  to  move 
one  way  and  the  other  ;  to  perform  ;  as  in 
popular  language  it  is  said,  a  mill  or  ma- 
chine works  well. 

2.  To  labor;  to  be  occupied  in  performing 
manual  labor,  whether  severe  or  mode- 
rate. One  man  irorks  better  than  anoth- 
er; one  man   works  hard:  another  u-orks 


Be  thy  words  severe. 
5.  Dispute  ;    verbal   contention 

words  grew  between  us.  | 

().  Language  ;  living   speech  ;   oral  expres-j 

sion.     The  message  was  delivered  by  word\ 

7.  Prolnise!'   He  gave  me  his  word  he  would  i-  To  act ;  to  carry  on  operations. 
"  Our  better  part  remains 


lazily. 

To  be  in  action  or  motion  ;  as  the  working 

of  the  heart.  Shak. 


pay  me 

Obey  thy  parents  ;  keep  thy  iccrJ  justly. 

Shak: 

8.  Signal ;  order ;  command. 
Give  the  word  through.  Shak. 

9.  Account ;  tidings  :    message.     Bring   me 
word  what  is  the  issue  of  the  contest.         ! 

10.  Declaration  ;  purpose  expressed.  j 

1  know  you  brave,  and  take  you  at  your  word., 

Dryden. t 

11.  Declaration;  affirmation.  I 

1  desire  not  tlie  reader  should  take  my  word.^ 

Dryden.'i 

12.  The  Scripture  ;  divine  revelation,  or  any 


part  I 

To  work  in  close  design.  Stfdton. 

To  operate  ;  to  carry  on  business  ;  to  be 
customarily  engaged  or  employed  in. 
Some  work  in  the  mines,  others  in  the 
loom,  others  at  the  anvil. 

Thi-y  that  irork  in  tino  tins.     Is.  xix. 

6.  To   ferment  ;    as,     nnfcrmented    liquors 
ivork  violently  in  hot  weather. 

7.  To  operate  ;  to  produce  effects  by  action 
or  influence. 

All  things  work  together  for  good  to  Iheni 
that  love  God.     Rom.  viii. 

Tliis  so  ii'rought  upon  the  chilJ,  that  after- 
wards be  desired  to  be  taught.  Locke. 


W  O  R 


W  O  R 


W  O  R 


8.  To  obtain  by  diligence.    [Little  used.] 

Shak. 
0.  To  act  or  operate  on  the   stomach  and 
bowels;  as  a  cathartic. 

10.  To  labor  ;  to  strain  ;  to  move  heavily  ; 
as,  a  ship  works  in  a  tempest. 

11.  To  be  tossed  or  agitated. 

Confus'd   with   working  sands   and  rolling 
waves.  Addison. 

12.  To  enter  by  working ;  as,  to  work  into 
the  earth. 

Tu  trork  on,  to  act  on  ;  to  influence. 
To  work  vp,  to  make  way. 

Body  shall  up  to  spirit  jvork.  .Wilton. 

To  work  to  windward,  among  seamen,  to  sail 
or  ply  against  the  wind ;  to  beat. 

Mur.  Did. 
WORK,  V.  f.  To   move  ;  to  stir  and  mix 
as,  to  work  mortar. 

2.  To  form  by  labor;  to  mold,  shape  or 
manufacture  ;  as,  to  work  wood  or  iron 
into  a  form  desired,  or  into  an  utensil  ;  to 
work  cotton  or  wool  into  cloth. 

3.  To  bring  into  any  state  by  action.  A 
foul  stream,  or  new  wine  or  cider,  works 
itself  clear. 

4.  To  influence  by  acting  upon  ;  to  manage 
to  lead. 

And  work  your  royal  father  to  his  ruin. 

Philijps 

5.  To  make  by  action,  labor  or  violence.  A 
stream  works  a  passage  or  a  new  channel. 

Sidelong  he  works  his  way.  Milton. 

6.  To  produce  by  action,  labor  or  exertion. 

We  might  work  any  effect — only  by  the  uni- 
ty of  nature.  Bacon 
Each  herb  he  knew,  that  works  or  good  or 
ill.  Barte. 

7.  To  embroider  ;  as,  to  work  muslin. 

8.  To  direct  the  movements  of,  by  adapting 
the  sails  to  the  wind  ;  as,  to  ivork  a  ship. 

9.  To  put  to  labor  ;  to  exert. 

Work  every  nerve.  Addison 

10.  To  cause  to  ferment,  as  liquor. 
To  work  out,  to  effect  by  labor  and  exertion. 

Work  out  your  own  salvation  with  fear  and 
trembling.     Phil.  ii. 

2.  To  erase  ;  to  efface.     [j\l'ot  used.'] 

■i.  To  solve,  as  a  problem. 

To  work  up,  to  raise  ;  to  excite  ;  as,  to  work 
up  the  passions  to  rage. 
The  sun  that  rolls  his  chariot  o'er  their  heads. 
Works  up  more  tire  and  color  in  their  cheeks, 

Addison 

2.  To  expend  in  any  work,  as  materials. 
They  have  worked  up  all  the  utock. 

To  work  double  tides,  in  the  language  of  sea- 
men, to  perform  the  labor  of  three  days  in 
two ;  a  phrase  taken  from  the  practice  of 
working  by  the  night  tide  as  well  as  by  the 
day. 

To  work  into,  to  make  way,  or  to  insinuate 
as,  to  work  one's  self  into  favor  or  confi- 
dence. 

To  tvork  a  passage,  among  seamen,  to  pay 
for  a  passage  by  doing  duty  on  board  of 
the  ship. 

WORK,  71.  [Hax.weorc;  D.  G.  werk;  Dan. 
Sw.  verk  ;  Gr.  rpyov.] 

1.  Labor ;  employment ;  exertion  of  strength  ; 
particularly  in  man,  manual  labor. 

2.  State  of  labor  ;  as,  to  he  at  work. 

3.  Awkward  performance.  What  work  you 
make  ! 

1.  That  which  is  made  or  done  ;  as  good 
nvrk,  or  bad  work.  .Milton. 


3.  Embroidery  ;  flowers  or  figures  wrought 
with  the  needle. 

6.  Any  fabric  or  manufacture. 

7.  The  matter  on  which  one  is  at  work.  In 
rising  she  dropped  her  work. 

8.  Action  ;  deed  ;  feat ;  achievment ;  as  the 
ivorks  of  bloody  Blars.  Pope. 

9.  Operation. 
As  to  the  composition  or  dissolution  of  mixed 

bodies,  which  is  the  chief  work  of  elements — 

Digby 

10.  Effect ;  that  which  proceeds  from  agen- 
cy- 
Fancy 

Wild  work  produces  oft,  and  most  in  dreams 

Milton 

11.  Management;  treatment.  Shr/k. 

12.  That  which  is  produced  by  mental   la 
bor  ;  a  composition  ;  a  book  ;  as  the  ivorks 
of  Addison. 

13.  Works,  in  the  plural,  walls,  trenches  and 
the  like,  made  for  fortifications. 

14.  In  theology,  moral  duties  or  external  per- 
formances, as  distinct  from  grace. 

To  set  to  work,  )  to  employ  ;    to   engage   ni 

To  set  on  work,  ^  any  business.  Hooker. 

WORKED,  pp.  Moved;  labored;  perform- 
ed ;  managed  ;  fermented. 

WORKER,  n.  One  that  works;  one  that 
performs. 

WORK-FELLOW,  n.  One  engaged  in  the 
same  work  with  another.     Rom.  xvi. 

WORK-FOLK,  n.  Persons  that  labor.   Obs 

Benum 

WORKHOUSE,  >       A  house   where 

WORKING-HOUSE,  \  "•  any  manufacture 
is  carried  on. 

2.  Generally,  a  house  in  which  idle  and  vi- 
cious persons  are  ironfined  to  labor. 

WORKING,  ppr.  Moving  ;  operating  ;  la- 
borinff  ;  fermenting. 

WORKING,  n.  Motion  :  the  act  of  labor- 
ing. Shnk. 

2.  Fermentation.  Bacon. 

3.  Movement ;  operation ;  as  the  workings 
of  fancv- 

WORKING-DAY.  n.  [work  and  day]  Any 
day  of  the  week,  exi-ept  the  sabbath. 

WORKMAN,  n.  [worA' and  man.]  .'\nyman 
employed  in  labor,  whether  in  tillage  or 
manufactures. 

2.  By  way  of  eminence,  a  skillful  artificer 
or  laborer. 

WORKMANLIKE,  a.  Skillful ;  well  per 
formed. 

WORKMANLY,  a.  Skillful;  well  perform- 
ed. 

WORKMANLY,  adv.  In  a  skillful  manner; 
in  a  manner  becoming  a  workman. 

Tusser. 

WORKMANSHIP,  n.  Manufacture;  some- 
thing made,  particularly  by  manual  labor. 
Ex.  xxxi. 

2.  That  which  is  effected,  made  or  produced. 
Eph.  ii. 

3.  The  skill  of  a  workman  ;  orthe  execution 
or  manner  of  nl.^king  any  thing.  The 
workmanship  of  thi-^  cloth  is  admirable. 

The  art  of  working.  Woodward. 

WORK'MWSTER,  n.  [work  and  master.] 
The  performer  of  any  work.  Spenser. 

WORKSHOP,  n.  [wi'rk  and  shop.]  A  shop 
wherc^  any  mnnufafture  is  rarrie<l  on. 

WORK'WoMAN,  n.  A  woman  who  per- 
forms any  work  ;  or  one  skilled  in  needle 
work.  Spenser. 


WORLD,  n.  [Sax.  weorold,  woruld;  D 
waerdd ;  Sw.  verld.  Thiw  seems  to  be  e 
compound  word,  and  probably  is  named 
from  roundness,  the  vault ;  but  this  is  not 
certain.] 

1.  The  universe;  the  whole  system  of  crea- 
ted globes  or  vast  bodies  of  matter. 

2.  The  earth  ;  the  terraqueous  globe;  some- 
times called  the  lower  world. 

3.  The  heavens ;  as  when  we  speak  of  the 
heavenly  world,  or  upper  world. 

4.  System  of  beings  ;  or  the  orbs  which  oc- 
cupy space,  and  all  the  beings  which  in- 
habit them.     Heb.  xi. 

God — hath  in  these  last  days  spoken  to  us  by 
Iiis  Son,  whom  he  hath  appointed  heir  of  all 
things ;  by  whom  also  he  made  the  worlds. 
Heb.  i. 

There  may  be  other  worlds,  where  the  m- 
habitants  have  never  violated  their  allegiance  to 
their  Almighty  sovereign.         W.  B.  Sprague. 

5.  Present  state  of  existence ;  as  while  we 
are  in  the  world. 

Behold,  these  are  the  ungodly  who  prosper  ia 
the  world.     Ps.  Ixxiii. 

6.  A  ^ecular  life.  By  the  ivorld  we  some- 
times imderstand  the  things  of  this  world, 
its  pleasures  and  interests.  A  great  part 
of  mankind  are  more  anxious  to  enjoy  the 
world  than  to  secure  divine  favor. 

7.  Pulilic  life,  or  society  ;  as  banished  from 
the  xvorld.  Shak. 

8.  Business  or  trouble  of  life. 
From  this  u'orW- wearied  flesh.  Shak. 

9.  A  great  multitude  or  quantity  ;  as  a  world 
of  business;  a  itiorW  of  charms.       Milton. 

10.  Mankind  ;  people  in  general  ;  in  an  in- 
definite sense.  Let  the  ivorld  see  your  for- 
titude. 

Whose  disposition,  all  the  world  well  knows — 

Shak. 

11.  Course  of  life.  He  begins  the  «-orW  with 
little  property,  but  with  many  friends. 

12.  Universal  empire. 
Tbiri  through  the  east  just  vengeance  hurl'd. 
And  lost  poor  Antony  the  world.  Prior. 

13.  The  customs  and  manners  of  men  ;  the 
practice  of  life.  A  knowledge  of  the  world 
is  necessary  for  a  man  of  business  ;  it  is 
essential  to  politeness. 

14.  All  the  world  contains. 
Had  I  a  thousand  worlds,  I  would  give  them 

all  for  one  year  more  to  devote  to  God.      Law. 

15.  The  principal  nationsor  coimtries  of  the 
earth.     Alexander  conquered  the  ivorld. 

16.  The  Roman  empire.  Scripture. 

17.  A  large  tract  of  country  ;  a  wide  com- 
pass of  things. 

1  must  descry  new  worlds.  Cnwley. 

18.  The  inhabitants  of  the  earth  ;  the  whole 
human  race.     John  iii. 

19.  The  carnal  state  or  corruption  of  the 
earth ;  as  the  present  evil  li'orW ;  the 
course  of  this  liJorW.     Gal.  i.     Eph.  ii. 

20.  The  ungodly  part  of  the  world. 
1  pray  not   for  the  U'ortd,  but  for  them  that 

thou  hast  given  me.     John  xvii. 

21.  Time  ;as  in  the  phrase,  worW  without  end. 

22.  .\  collection  of  wonders.     [JVot  in  use.] 
In  the  world,  in  possibility.     All  the  precau- 
tion in  the  world  wimld  not  save  him. 

For  all  the  world.  exMt]y.  [Little  used.]  Sidney. 
2.   For  any  consideration. 


WORLD  LI  NESS,  n.  [from  icorW.]  A  pre- 
dominant passion  for  obtaining  the  good 
things  of  this  life;  ci  vetiuisno-^s ;  addict- 
edness  to  gain  and  temporal  enjoyments. 


W  O  R 


W  O  R 


W  O  R 


WORLDLING,  n.  A  person  whose  soul  is 
set  upon  gaining  temporal  possessions; 
one  devoted  to  this  world  and  its  enjoy- 
ments. 

If  we  consider  the   expectations  of  futurity, 
the  worldling  gives  up  the  argument.     Rogers. 

WORLDLY,  a.  Secular;  temporal;  per- 
taining to  this  world  or  life,  in  contradis- 
tinction to  the  life  to  come  ;  as  worldly 
pleasures;  worldly  ud'airs;  ivorldly  eslate  ; 
worldly  honor  ;  icorldly  lusts.     Tit.  ii. 

2.  Devoted  to  this  life  and  its  enjoyments ; 
bent  on  gain  ;  as  a  worldly  man  ;  aworldly 
mind. 

3.  Human ;  common ;  belonging  to  the 
world  ;  as  worldly  actions ;  worldly  max- 
ims. 

WORLDLY,  adv.  With  relation  to  this 
life. 

Subverting  worldly  strong  and  worldly  wise 
By  siniply'meek.  Milton. 

WORLDLY-MINDED,  a.  Devoted   to  the 
acquisition   of  property  and  to  temporal 
enjoyments. 
WORLDLY-MINDEDNESS,    n.     A    pre 
donnnating  love  and  pursuit  of  this  world's 
goods,  to  the  exclusion  of  piety  and  atten- 
timi  to  spiritual  concerns. 
WORM,    '1.    [Sax.    wyrm;    G.   iinirm ;    D 
iform  ;  Dan.  orm  ;  Sw.  id.  a  serpent.  This 
word  is  probably  named  from  a  winding 
motion,  and  the  root  of  swarm.] 
1.  In  common  usage,  any  small  creeping  an 
imal,   or  reptile,  either   entirely    without 
feet,  or  with  very  short  ones,  including  a 
great  variety  of  animals  of  dift'erent  classes 
and  orders,  viz.  certain  small  serpents,  as 
the  blind-worm  or  slow-worin  ;  the  larvas 
of    insects,   viz.   grubs,    caterpillars   and 
maggots,    as    the    wood-worm,    canker- 
worm,  silk-worm,   (the   larva  of  a   moth 
(Phalaena,)  which  spins  the  filaments  of 
which  silk  is  made,)  the  grub  that  injures 
corn,  grass,  &c.,  the  worms  that  breed  in 
putrid  flesh,   the   hots  in   the  stomach  of 
horses,  and  many  others  ;   certain    wing- 
less insects,  as  the  glow-worm  ;  the  intes 
tinal  worms,  or  such  as  breed  in  the  cavi 
ties  and  organs  of  living  animals,  as  the 
tape-worm,  the   round-worm,   the   flukc.j 
&,e. ;  and  numerous  animals  found  in  the 
earth,  and  in  water,  particularly   in   the 
sea,  as  the   earth-worm  or  lumbricus,  the 
hairworm  or  gordius,  the  teredo,  or  worm 
that  bores  into  the   bottom  of  ships,  &c. 
Worms,  in  the  plural,  in  connnon  usage,  is 
used  for  intestinal  worms,  or  those  whic-h 
breed  in  the  stomach  and  bowels,  particu- 
larly the  round  and  thread  worms,  (lum- 
brici  and  uscaridfs,)  which  are  often  found 
there  in  great  numbers  ;  as  we  say,  a  child 
has  worms. 
2.  In  zoology,  the  term  Vermes  or  ifornw  has 
been  applied  to  diflerent  divisions  of  inver- 
tebral   animals,   by   different    naturalists 
Linne's  class  of  Vermes,  includes  the  fol- 
lowing orders,  viz.  Intcstina,  including  the 
proper  intestinal  worms,  the  earth-worm, 
the  hair-worm,  the  Icredn,  and  some  other 
marine  worms ;  MoUusca,    including  tlie 
slug,  and  nuinerous  soft  animals  inhabiting 
the  water,  particularly  the  sea  ;  Tcslacca, 
including  all  the  proper  shell-fish  :  Zoophy- 
ta,  or  compound  animals,  including  corals 
polypes,  and  sponges;  and   Infusoria,  or 


acter  of  the  class  is,  spiracles  ob- 
scure, jaws  various,  organs  of  sense  usu- 
ally tentacnia,  no  brain,  ears  nor  nostrils, 
limbs  wanting,  frequently  hermaphrodite. 
This  class  includes  all  the  invcrtebral  ani- 
mals, except  the  insects  and  erusiacea. 
The  term  P'ennts  has  been  since  greatly 
limited,  particularly  by  the  French  natu- 
ralists. Lamarck  confined  it  to  the  intes- 
tinal worms,  and  some  others,  whose  or- 
ganization is  e(|ually  imperfect.  The  char- 
acter of  his  cla.ss  is,  suboviparous,  body 
soft,  highly  reproductive,  undergo  no  met- 
amorphosis ;  no  eyes,  nor  articulated 
[  limbs,  nor  radiated  disposition  of  internal 
I     organs.  Linne.     Cyc. 

3.  Remorse ;  that  which  incessantly  gnaws 
the  conscience  ;  that  which  torments. 

Where  their  worm  dieth  not.     Mark  ix. 

4.  A  being  debased  and  despised. 
I  am  a  worm,  and  no  man.     Ps.  xxii. 

A  spiral  instrument  or  iron  screw,  used 
for  drawing  wads  and  cartridges  from 
cannon  or  small  arms. 

6.  Something  spiral,  vcrmicidated,  or  re- 
sembling a  worm ;  as  the  threads  of  a 
screw.  Moxon. 

|7.  In  c/imis/n/andrfjs<iWcrtfs,  a  spiral  leadeu 
pipe  placed  in  a   tub  of  water,  through 


WORM-TINCTURE,  «.  A  tincture  pifi- 
parcd  from  earth-worms  dried,  pulverized 
anil  mixed  with  oil  of  tartar,  spirit  of  wine, 
saffron  and  castor.  Cyc. 

WORMWOOD,  n.  [Sax.  wtrmod;  G.wer- 
muth,] 

A  plant,  the  artemisia.  It  has  a  bitter  nau- 
seous taste  ;  but  it  is  stomachic  and  cor- 
roborant. Cyc. 

Tree-wnrmicood,  a  species  of  Artemisia,  with 
woody  stalks.  Cyc. 

WORMWOOD-FLY,  n.  A  small  black  fly, 
found  on  the  stalks  of  wormwood.       Cyc. 

WORMY,  a.  Containing  a  worm  ;  abound- 
ing with  worms. 

2.  Earthy;  groveling. 

WORN,  pp.  of  wear;    as  a  garment  long 

1     iLorn. 

\Worn  out,  consumed  or  rendered  useless  by 
wearing. 

jWOR'NIL,  n.    A    maggot  that  infests  the 

j     backs  of  cows.  Derham. 

WOR'RAL,    n.    An   animal   of  the  lizard 

kind,  about  four  feel  long  and  eight  inches 

broad,  with  a  forked  tongue.     It  feeds  on 

flies,  and  is  harmless.  It  is  found  in  Egypt. 

Pococke.     Cyc. 

WORRIED,  7)p.  [from  worry.]  Harassed: 
fatigued. 


which  the  vapor  passes  in  distillation,  and  ^vORRlER,  n.  [dom  won-y.]  One  that  wor 

1   _     ..  . .        I..  „„. ries  or  harasses. 

WORRY,  1'.  t.  [Sax.   werig,   malign,   vexa- 


in  which  it  is  cooled  and  condensed.  It  is 
called  also  a  serpentine. 
A  small  worm-like  ligament  situated  be- 
neath a  dog's  tongue.  Cyc. 
WORM,  V.  i.  To  work  slowly,  gradually 
and  secretly. 

When  debates  and  fretting  jealousy  ^    _^  ^^ 

Did  u-orni  and   work  witbiu  you   more  andtlj    'i'o  tease 

more, 
Your  color  faded.  Herbert 

WORM,  v.t.    To   expel  or  undermine   by 
slow  and  secret  means. 

They   find   themselves   irormed  out   of    all 
power.  Swift. 

2.  To  cut  something,  called   a  worm,   from 
under  the  tongue  of  a  dog.  Cyc. 

3.  To  draw  the  wad  or  cartridge  from  a  gun  ;| 
I     to  clean  by  the  worm. 

4.  To  wind  a  rope  spirally  round    a  cable, 


tiouB  ;  werigan,  menan,  to  (list urb,  to  tea.sc, 
to  harass,  to  weary  :  or  Dan.  uroe,  trouble, 
Sw.  oro.  The  sense  of  tearing  docs  not 
properly  belong  to  this  word.  It  may  Imvo 
that  sense  as  secondary.] 

to  trouble;  to  harass  with  im- 
portunity, or  with  care  and  anxiety.  Per- 
sons are  often  worried  with  care  and  soli- 
citude. 

Let  them  rail 
And  then  worry    one  another  at  their  pleas- 
ure, jlowe. 
Worry  him  out  till  he  gives  his  coDsent. 

Swifi. 
A  church  U'orriid  with  refotniation.      .South. 
2.  To  fatigue  ;  to  harass  with  labor  ;  a  popu- 
lar sense  of  the  tcord. 
between  the  stranils;  or  to  wmd  a  smaller;  3.  To  harH.<s   by    ]iursuit   and  barking;  as, 


rope  with  spun  yarn 


Mar.  Dict.\.     ^\ 


To  worm  one's  self  into,  to  enter  gradually 
by  arts  and  insinuations  ;  as  to  worm  one's 
self  into  favor. 

WORM-E.\TF,N,  a.  [worm  am\  eat.]  Gnaw- 
ed by  worms ;  as  worm-eaten  boards, 
planks  or  timber. 

'2.   Old;  ^^o^thless.  Raleigh. 

WORMED,  pp.  Cleared  by  a  worm  or 
screw. 

WoRM-GR.\SS,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 

[     Spigalia. 

|W0R3IING,  ppr.  Entering  by  insinuation  ; 
drawing,   as  a  cartridge;  clearing,  as  a 

'     gun. 

WORMLIKE,  a.  Resembling  a  worm  ;  spi 

!     ral ;  vermicular. 

WORM-POWDER,  n.  A  powder  used  for 

!     expelling  worms  from  the  stomach  and  in 

j     testines. 

WORM  SEED,  n.  A  seed  which  has  the 
property  of  expelling  worms  from  the 
stomach,  bowels  and  intestines.  It  is  said 
to  bo  brought  from  Persia,  and  to  be  the 
produce  of  a  species  of  .Artemisia.        Cyc. 


eimple  microscopic  animalcules.  Hischar-|;2.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Chcnopodium.    Z<ee, 


(logs  worry  sliccp. 

4.  To  tear;  to  mangle  with  the  teeth. 

5.  To  vex  :  to  persecute  brutally. 
WORRYlN(i,     ppr.     Teasing;    troubling; 

harassing;  fatiguing;  tearing. 
WORSE,  a.  (Sax.  jcoTse,  fciyrsr  ;  Dan.  ferre; 
Sw.  v'arre.  This  adjective  has  the  signifi- 
cation of  the  comparntivo  degree,  and  as 
had  has  no  comparative  and  superlative, 
worse  and  worst  are  used  in  lieu  of  iheiii, 
although  radically  they  have  no  relation 
to  ta(/.] 

1.  More   evil ;  more  bad    or   ill  ;   more  de- 
praved and  c<irrupt ;  in  a  moral  stnse. 

Evil  men  and  seducers  shall  wax  worse  and 
worse.     2  Tim.  iii. 

There  are  men  who  seem  to  believe  they  are 
not  bad,  while  another  can  be  found  worse. 

Rambler. 

2.  In  a  physical  sense,  in  regard  to  health, 
more  sick. 

She  was  nothing  bettered,  but   rather  grew 
worse.     Mark  v. 

3.  More   bad  ;  less  perfect  or  good.     This 
carriage  is  worse  for  wear. 

The  worse,  the  loss  ;  the  disadvantage. 


W  O  R 


W  O  R 


W  O  R 


Judah  was  put  to  the  worse  before  Israel, 

Kings  xiv. 
3.  Suiiietliing    less    good.     Think    not  the 

tcorsc  of  liiiii  for  his  enterprise. 
WORSE,    adv.   In  a  manner  more  evil  or 

bad. 

We  will  deal    worse  with  thee  than  with 

them.     Gen.  six. 
WORSE,  to  put  to  disadvantage,  is  not  in 

use.     [See  Worst.]  Millon. 

WORSEN,  V.  t.  To  worse.     {N'ol  in  use.] 

Milton 
WORSER,  is  a  vulgar  word,  and  not  used 

in  ■;ood  writing  or  speaking. 
WORSHIP,  n.  [Shx.  iveorlkscype;  worth  am 

ship  ;  the  state  of  worth  or    worthiness. 

See  tf'orth.] 

1.  Excellence  of  character ;  dignity;  worth  ; 
worthiness. 

— Elfin  bom  of  noble  state. 
And  muckle  worship  in  liis  native  land. 

Spensej- 
In  this  sense,  the  word  is  nearly  or  quite 
obsolete  ;  but  hence, 
'i,  A  title  of  honor,  used  in  addresses  to  cer- 
tain magistrates  and  others  of  respectable 
character. 

My  father  desires  your  worship's  company. 

Shak. 

3.  A  term  of  ironical  respect.  Pope. 

4.  Chiefly  and  eminently,  the  act  of  paying 
divine  honors  to  the  Supreme  Being ;  or 
the  reverence  and  homage  paid  to  him  in 
religious  exercises,  consisting  in  adora- 
tion, confession,  prayer,  thanksgiving  and 
the  like. 

The  worship  of  God  is  an  eminent  part  of  re- 
ligion. Tillotson.l 
Prayer  is  a  chief  part  of  religious  worship. 

Ibjn. 

5.  The  homage  paid  to  idols  or  false  gods  by 
pagans  ;  as  the  icorship  of  Isis. 

6.  Honor;  respect;  civil  deference. 

Then  shall  thou  have  tcorship  in  the  piesence 
of  them  that  sit  at  meat  with  thee.     Luke  xiv. 

7.  Idolatry  of  lovers;  obsequious  or  submis- 
sive respect.  Shak. 

WORSHIP,  V.  t.  To  adore  ;  to  pay  divine 
honors  to  ;  to  reverence  with  supreme  re- 
spect and  veneration. 

Thou   shall   worship  no  other    God.      Ex 
xxxiv. 
Adore  and  worship  God  supreme.        Jifilton 

2.  To  respect;  to  honor;  to  treat  with  civil 
reverence. 

Nor  worship'd  with  a  waxen  epitaph.     Shak 

3.  To  honor  with  extravagant  love  and  ex- 
treme submission  ;  as  a  lover. 

VViUi  bended  knees  1  daily  worship  her. 

Carew 
WORSHIP,   V.  i.   To  perform  acts  of  ador- 
ation. 
2.  To  perform  religious  service. 

Our  fathers  worshiped  in  this  mountain 
John  iv. 
WORSHIPED,  pp.  Adored  ;  treated  witl 
divine  honors;  treated  with  civil  respect. 
WORSHH'ER,  n.  One  who  worships;  one 
who  pays  divine  honors  to  any  being ;  one 
who  adores.  South 

WOKSHU'FUL,  a.  Claiming  respect ;  wor' 
thy  of  honor  from  its  character  or  dignity. 
This  is  worshipful  .society.  Shak. 

2.  A  term  of  respect,  sometimes  ironically. 
WORSHIPFULLY,  adv.  Respectfully. 

WORSHIPING,  ppr.  Adoring;  paying'di- 
vine   honors   to  ;   treating  with  supreme 


reverence ;  treating  with  extreme  submis- 
sion. 
WORST,  a.    [superl.  o{ worse,  which  see.] 

1.  Most  bad  ;  njost  evil ;  in  a  moral  sense  ; 
as  the  worst  man  ;  the  worst  sinner. 

2.  Most  severe  or  dangerous  ;  most  difficult 
to  heal ;  as  the  worst  di  ease. 

3.  Most  afflictive,  pernicious  or  calamitous  ;! 
as  the  worst  evil  that  can  betall  a  state  or| 
an  individual.  | 

WORST,  n.  The  most  evil  state ;  in  a  moral 
sense. 

2.  The  most  severe  or  aggravated  state ;  the 
highth  ;  as,  the  disease  is  at  the  worst. 

3.  The  most  calamitous  state.  Be  armed 
against  the  worst. 

WORST,  V.  t.  To  get  tJie  advantage  over  in 
contest ;  to  defeat ;  to  overthrow.  It  is 
madness  to  contend,  when  we  are  sure  to 
be  worsted. 

WORSTED,  pp.  Defeated  ;  overthrown. 

WORSTED,  n.  WUST'ED.  [The  orighi 
of  this  word  is  uncertaui.  It  is  usually 
supposed  to  take  its  name  from  a  town  in 
England  or  in  Flanders:  but  in  Norman, 
loorslelz  is  mentioned  ;  as  lit  de  worstttz,  a 
bed  of  worsted.] 

Yarn  spun  from  combed  wool  ;  a  particular 
kind  of  woolen  yarn. 

WORST'ED,     a.     Consisting  of  worsted; 
made  of  worsted  yarn  ;  as  loorsted  stock 
ings. 

WORT,  n.  [Siix.wyrt;G.wurz;Svr.ort; 
Dan.  Jirt ;  Fr.  vert,  verd ;  from  the  root  of 
L.  vireo,  to  grow  ;  viridis,  green.] 

1.  A  plant;  an  herb;  now  used  chiefly  or 
wholly  in  com|)Ounds ;  as  in  mugwort 
liverwort,  spteenwort. 

2.  A  plant  of  the  cabbage  kind. 

3.  New  beer  unfermented,  or  in  the  act  of 
fermentation  ;  the  sweet  infusion  of  malt. 

Bacon.     Cyc. 

WORTH,  a  termination,  signifies  a  farm  or 
court ;  as  in  iVordsicorth. 

WORTH,  V.  i.  [Sax.  weorlhan,  to  be.]  This 
verb  is  now  used  only  m  the  phrases,  wo 
worth  the  day,  wo  ivorth  the  man,  &.C.,  m 
which  the  verb  is  in  the  imperative  mode 
and  the  noun  in  the  dative ;  wo  be  to  the 
day. 

WORTH,  n.  [Sax.  weorth,  wurth,  tvyrth  ;  G. 
iverth  ;  D.waarde;  Sw.  uarrf;  Dmi.  vard  ; 
W.  gwerth  ;  L.  virtus,  from  the  root  of 
t'tVeo.     The  primary  sense  is  strength.] 

1.  Value;  that  quality  of  a  thing  which  ren- 
ders it  useful,  or  which  will  produce  an 
equivalent  good  in  some  other  thing.  The 
worth  of  a  day's  labor  may  be  estitiiated  in 
money,  or  in  wheat.  The  loorth  of  labor 
is  settled  between  the  hirer  and  the  hired. 
The  wurth  of  commodities  is  usually  the 
price  they  will  bring  in  market ;  but  price 
is  not  always  worth. 

2.  Value   of  mental  qualities  ;   excellence ; 
virtue;  usefulness;  as  a  man   or   magis 
trate  of  great  worth. 

As  none  but  she,  who  in  that  court  did  dwell, 

Could  know  such  worth,  or  worth  describe 

so  well.  H'aller. 

All  worth  consists  in  doing  good,  and  in  the 

disposition  by  which  it  is  done.  Dwight 

3.  Importance ;  valuable  qualities  ;  applied 
to  tilings  ;  as,  these  things  have  since  lost 
their  ivorth. 

WORTH,  a.  Etpial  in  value  to.  Silver  is 
scarce  tvorlh  the  labor  of  digging  and  re- 


fining. In  one  country,  a  day's  labor  is 
worth  a  dollar;  in  another,  the  ^ame  labor 
is  not  ivorth  filty  cents.  It  is  ivorth  while 
to  consider  a  subject  well  before  we  come 
to  a  decision. 

11  your  arguments  produce  no  conviction,  they 
are  worth  nothing  to  me.  Bealtie. 

2.  Deserving  of;  in  a  good  or  bad  sense, 
but  chiefly  in  a  good  sense.  The  castle 
is  worth  defending. 

To  reign  is  worth  ambition,  though  in  hell. 

Milton. 
This  is  life  indeed,  life  tcorJA  preserving. 

Addison. 

■i.  Equal  in  possessions  to  ;  having  estate  to 
the  value  of  Most  men  are  estimated  by 
their  neighbors  to  be  worth  more  than 
they  are.  A  man  worth  a  hundred  thou- 
sand dollars  in  the  Uniied  States,  is  called 
rich  ;  but  not  so  in  London  or  Paris. 

ff'orthitst  of  blood,  an  expression  in  law,  de- 
noting thepielerence  of  sons  to  daughters 
in  the  descent  of  estates. 

Worthily,  adv.  in  a  manner  suited  to  : 
as,  to  walk  worthily  of  our  extraction! 
[^«<^-]  Ray. 

2.  Deservedly ;  according  to  merit. 
You  worthily  succeed  not  only  to  the  honors 

of  your  ancestors,  but  also  to  their  virtues. 

Ikyden. 

3.  Justly  ;  not  without  cause. 
I  affirm  that  some  may  very  worthily  deserve 

to  be  hated.  South. 

WORTHINESS,  n.  Desert ;  merit. 

The  prayers   which   our  Savior  made,  were 
foi  his  own  u'ortAiness  accepted.  Hooker. 

2.  Excellence;  dignity;  virtue. 
Who  is  sure  he  hath  a  soul,  unless 
It  see  and  judge  and  follow  worthiness  ? 

Donne. 
Worth  ;  quality  or  state  of  deserving. 

Sidney. 

WORTHLESS,    a.   Having  no  value ;  as  a 
worthless  garment ;  a  worthless  ship. 
Having  no  value  of  character  or  no  vir- 
tue ;  as  a  ivorthless  man  or  woman. 

3.  Having  no  dignity  or  excellence;  as  a 
worthless  magistrate. 

WORTHLESSNESS,    n.    Want  of  value; 

want  of  useful  qualities;  as  the  worthless- 

ness  of  an  old  garment  or  of  barren  land. 
2.  Want   of  excellence   or  dignity ;  as  the 

tvorthlessness  of  a  person. 
WORTHY,    a.    [G.   wurdig;    D.  waardig ; 

Sw.  vhrdig.] 

1.  Deserving;  such  as  merits  ;  having  worth 
or  excellence;  equivalent;  with  o/,  before 
the  thing  deserved.  She  has  married  a 
man  worthy  of  her. 

Thou  art  worthy  oflhe  sway.  Shak. 

I  am  not  worthy  ofihv  least  of  all  the  mer- 
cies—     Gen.  xxxii. 

2.  Possessing  worth  or  excellence  of  quali- 
ties ;  virtuous  ;  estimable  ;  as  a  worthy  cit- 
izen ;  a  worthy  magistrate. 

Happier  thou  may'st  be,  worthier  canst  not 
be.  MUton. 

This  worthy  mind  should  worthy  things  em- 
brace. Dories. 

3.  Suitable  ;  having  qualities  ."uited  to  ;  either 
in  a  good  or  bad  sense  ;  equal  in  value  ;  as 
flowers  uiortt?/ of  paradise. 

Suitable  to  any  tiling  bad. 

The  merciless  Macdonald, 
Worthy  to  be  a  rebel.  Shak 

5.  Deserving  of  ill  ;  as  things  worthy  of 
stripes.     Luke  xii. 


w  o  u 

WORTHY,  n.  A  man  of  eminent  worth ;  a 
liiaii  (listitiguished  for  useful  and  usiinia 
ble  (inalities ;  a  man  of  valor  ;  a  word 
mvcli  xised  in  the  plural ;  am  ilie  u'ortkies  of 
tlio  rliuritli;  piiiitical  wortluts ;  imluur) 
iimttiies.  huli/dai/.     Millon. 

WOUTHV,  V.  t.  To  render  worthy  ;  to  ex- 
alt.    [.Vol  in  use.]  Shak.\ 

WOT.  V  i.  [originally  wat ;  the  |irettiilc| 
of  Sax.  tvitan,  to  k(iOw  ;  formerly  used 
also  in  tlie  present  tense.] 

To  know  ;  to  he  aware.     Oba.  Spemer. 

Would.  WUJJ.  pret.  of  uiU,  G.  ivoUen,  L. 
vulo. 

Would  is  used  as  an  au,xiliaiy  vcih  \n  con- 
ditiotial  forms  of  s|iecch.  "Ii/wii/rfso, '/ 
I  cixild."  This  firm  of  expresMon  denotes 
will  or  resolution,  under  a  condition  or  sup- 
position. 

You  imuld  go,  )  denote  sinijily  an  event, 
He  muuld  no,    S  under   a    coixlilion   or 
supposili 

The  condition  implied   in  would  is  not 
always    expressed.      "  I5y    plcasme     audi 


W  R  A 

WOVE,  ;)rf(.  of  iceare,  sometimes  theparti- 

i()le. 
WOX,  VVOXEN,  for  waxed.     [A''ot  in  use.] 
NoTK       (f  before  r  is  always  silent. 
VVKACK,  /        [See  H'reck.]    .\  name  giveii 
WRl'.CK,  S  "■  to  a  marine  plant  which  is  of) 
flieat  utility  as  a   manure.      It  is  called 
sometimes  sea-wracli  or  sea-wreck,  and  sea- 
oak  and  sea-tangle.     Ii  is  the  Fucus  vesicu- 
losiis  <d' Linne,  a  plant  found  <in  rocks  left 
dry  at   low  water.     The  stalk  runs  along 
ihi;  middle   of  the    leaf,  and  is  termimiled 
hy  watery  hladders.  Cyc. 

Theg-rass  wrack  is  of  the  genus  Zostera. 

Lee 
H'rnck,  and  to  wrack.     [See  H'reck.] 
WKAIN  BOLT.     [See  IVrivgbolt.] 
WRAN'GLK,  V.  i.  [from  the  root  of  wring,] 
Sw.  vranga  ;  that  is,  to   wring,  to  twist,  tol 
struggle,  to  contend  ;  or  it  is  from  the  root 
oi'riiig,  to  sound.] 
To  dispute    angrily  ;   to   quarrel    peevishly 
atid  noisily;  to  hrawl ;  to  altercate. 

t  or  a  score  of  kiusdoms  you  should  wrangle. 

Shak. 
Ho  ilid  not  know  what  it  was  to  wrangle  on 
indifl'iMont  points.  Jlildison, 

WR.A.N  GLR,  1'.  t.    To   involve    in    conten- 
i     iMiii.     [Link  used]  Sanderson 

jWR-XN'CJLE,  »i.  .An  angry  dispute;  a  noi.sy 
!     (pianel.  Swijl 

\VK.\N'GLER,    n.     An   angry   disputant 
one  who  dis|>utes  with   heat  or  peevish- 
ness ;  as  a  noisy  contentious  wrangler. 


'd  go,  }  detio 
go,     S  "'"^'e 

lition  impliei 

pres-sed.  " 
pain,'l  would  he  understood  to  mean  vvhut 
delights  or  molests  us — ";  that  is,  if  it 
should  he  asked  what  I  mean  hy  pleasure 
and  p.iin,  I  would  thus  explain  what  f 
■wish  to  have  miderstood.  Li  this  I'oi  in  of 
expression,  which  is  very  common,  there 
seems  to  be  an  implied  allusion  to  an  in- 
quiry, or  to  the  supposition  of  something 
not  expressed. 
ffbuW  has  the  sense  of  tpts*  or  pray,  pnrticu-  '  fVatts. 

larly    in    the    phrases,   "ivould   to   God,"  gf„{Qr  iprnnglcr,   in  the  university  of  Cam- 
"lOTuWGod  we  hail   died    in    Egypt,"  "In     bridge,   the  .student   who   passes   the  best 
iwouW  that  ye  knew  what  conflict  1  have  ;"[      examination  in  the  senate  house.     The 
that  is,    I   could   icish  such   a  thing,  i/theJ      |-,,||,iw  the  second,  third,  &c.  wranglers, 
wish  could  avail.     Here  also   there  is  an  WRAN'GLESOME,  a.  Contentious;  qua 


implied  condition. 
Would  is  ii.sed  also  for  wish  to  do,  or  to  have.] 

What  tcouWs/ thou  ?     What  icoit/rf  he  I' 
WOULD'ING,  Ji.  Motion  of  desire.     [jVo(ni 

use.]  H'tmmoiid. 

WOI'ND,    n.    [Sax.   wund  ;  D.  ivond  . 

wunde :  W.  o-U'fini/.  to  thrust,  to  stah.] 

1,  A  breach  of  the  skin  and  flesh  (d'an  ani- 
mal, or  of  the  bark  and  wood  of  a  tree,  or 
of  the  bark  and  substance  of  other  plants, 
caused  by  violence  or  external  force. 
The  self-healing  power  of  living  beings, 
animal  or  vegetable,  hy  which  the  partsj 
separated  mivounds,  tend  to  unite  and: 
become  sound,  is  a  remarkable  proof  of; 
divine  benevolence  and  wisdom. 

2.  Injury  ;  hurt  ;  as  a  wound  given  to  crediti 
or  reputation. 

WOUND,  V.  t.  To  hurt  by  violence  ;  as,  to| 
wound  l\ie  head  or  the  arm?  to  toound  a 
tree. 
He  was  wounded  for  our  transgressions.  Is.  liii. 

WOUND,  j)re(.  and  pp.  of  wind. 

WOUND' ED,  pp.  Hurt;  injured. 

WOHND'ER.  n.  One  that  wounds. 

WOUN'D'ING,  ppr    Hurting  ;  injuring. 

WOUNDING,  ;i.  Hurt;  injury.     Gen.  iv. 

WOUND'LESS,  a.  Free  from  hurt  or  in- 
jury. 

WOUND'WORT,  n.  The  name  of  several 
plants;  one,  a  species  of  Achillea  ;  another, 
a  species  of  Slachys ;  another,  a  speciesi 
of  Laserpitium  :  another,  a  species  of  So- 
lidago  ;  and  another  a  species  of  Senecio.' 

Ci/f. 

WOUND'Y,  a.  Excessive.    [JVot  English.] 

Vol.  11. 


relsome.  Moor. 

WRAN'GLING,  ppr.  Disputing  or  contend- 
ing angrilv. 
WRANGLING,  ?i.   The    act   of  disputing 
angrily. 
G.  VVUAI',' )'.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  wrapped  or  wrapt. 
\.  To  wind  or  fold  together.     John  xx. 

2.  To  involve;  to  cover  hy  winding  some 
thing  round  ;  often  with  up  ;  as,   to  wrap 
w/;  a  child  in  its  blanket:  wrap  the  body 
well  with  flannel  in  winter. 

I,  wrapt  in  mist 
Of  midnight  vapor,  glide  obscure.       Milton 

3.  To  involve;  to  hide  ;  as  truth  u.rapl   in 
tales. 

,4.  To  comprise  ;  to  contain. 

Leouline's  young  wife,  in  whom  all  his  hap- 
piness was  wrapped  up,  died  iu  a  few  day 
the  death  of  her  daughter. 

5.  To  involve  totally. 

Things  reflected  ou  in  gross  and  transiendy, 
arc  thought  to  be  wrapped  in  impenetrable  ob- 
scurity, 

(!.  To  inclose. 

To  snatch  up;  to  transport.  This  is  an 
error.  It  ought  to  be  rapt.  [See  Rap  and 
Rapt.] 

WR  APPED,  )         Wound  ;  folded  ;  inclos 

\\  RAPT.         \  PP-  ed 

WRAl'  PER,  n.  One  that  wraps. 

2.  That  in  which  any   thing  is  wrapped  or! 
nclnsed. 

WRAP  PING,  ppr.    Winding;  folding;  in- 
volving ;  inclosing. 

2.  a.  U^ed  or  designed  for  wrapping  or  cov-  ' 
erijig  ;  as  wrapping  paper 

115 


W  R  E 

WRAP'-RAS€AL,  n.  An  upper  coat. 

Jamieson. 
WRASS,      }       A  fish,  the  Labnis  tinea  of 
WRASSE,  i""  Linne,   called    by    authors, 
turdus  vulgaris,  or  tinea  marina,  the  sea- 
tench,  and  sometimes  old-wife.     It  resem- 
bles  the  carp   in  figure,   and  is  covered 
with  large  scales.     The  name  is  also  ap- 
plied to  other  species  of  the  genus  Lahrus. 
Cyc.     Ed.  Encyc. 
WR'ATH,  n.  [Sax.  wrath,  wrath  ;  Sw.  ii. 
vrede ;  W.  irad,  of  which  L.  ira  is  a  con- 

.- ;  c 
traction;  Ar.    i^  \    to    provoke.     Class 

Rd.  No.  :3C.] 

1.  Violent  anger;  vehement  exasperation  ; 
indignation ;  as  the  wrath  of  Achilles. 

When  the  ivrath  of  king  Ahasuerus  was  ap- 
peased—     Esth.  ii. 

O  Lord — in  U'raM  remember  mercy.  Hab.  iii. 

2.  The  effects  of  anger.     Prov.  xxvii. 
■\.  The  just   punishment   of  an   ofl'ense   or 

crime.     Rom.  xiii. 

God's  wrath,  in  Scripture,  is  bis  holy  and 
just  indignation  against  sin.     Rom.  i. 

WR'ATHFUL,  a.  Very  angry;  greatly  in- 
ensed.     The  king  was  very  wrathful. 

2.  Springing  from  wrath,  or  expressing  it ; 
as  wrathful  passions;  a  wrathful  counte- 
nance. 

WR  .\THFULLY,  adv.  With  violent  anger. 

Shak. 

WR  ATHFCLNESS,  n.    Vehement  anger. 

WR'ATHLESS,  a.  Free  from  anger. 

WaUer. 

WRATHY,  a.  Very  angry  ;  a  colloquial 
word. 

WRAWL,  V.  i.  [Sw.  vrUa,  to  bawl.]  To 
cry,  as  a  cat.     [Aof  in  use.]  Spenser. 

WREAK,  v.t.  [Sax.  wrcecan,  wrceccan;  D. 
wretken  ;  G.  rclchen  ;  perhaps  allied  to 
break.    The  sense  is  to  drive  or  throw,  to 


dash  with  violence.     See  Ar. 


S-^  = 


.Class 


;  afli 
Addison. 


Locke. 


Rg.  No.  n2.  and  No.  48.] 

1.  To  execute ;  to  inflict ;  to  hurl  or  drive  ; 
as,  to  wreak  vengeance  on  an  enemy. 

On  nie  let  death  wreak  all  his  rage.     Milton. 

2.  To  revenge. 
Come  wreak  his   loss,    whom   bootless   ye 

complain.  Fairfax. 

Another's  wrongs  to  wreak  upon  tl.yself. 

Spenser. 
[This  latter  sense  is  nearly  or  quite  obso- 
lete.] 
WRE.AK,  for  reck,  to  care,  is  a  mistake. 

Shak. 
WREAK,  )i.  Revenge  ;  vengeance  ;  furious 
passion.     Obs.  Shak.     Spenser. 

WRE'AKFUL,  a.  Revengeful ;  angrv. 

Shak. 
WRE'AKLESS,  a.  Unrevengefnl  ;  weak. 

Shak. 
WREATH,    n.    [Sax.  wrceth,  wreath.      See 
nrithe.] 

1.  Something  twisted  or  curled  ;  as  a  wreath 
of  flowers.     Hence, 

2.  A  garland  ;  a  cliaplet. 
Nor  wear  his  brows  victorious  wreaths. 

W'RE.\TH,  v.t.  \)re,i.  wreathed  ;  \}\}.  wreath- 
ed, tcrcaihen. 

1.  To  twist ;  to  convolve  ;  to  wind  one  about 
another;  as,  to  wreath  a  garland  of  dow- 
ers. 

2.  T'l  interweave;  to  entwine;  as  chains  of 
wreathed  work. 


W  R  E 


W  R  E 


W  R  I 


3.  To  encircle,  as  a  garland. 

The  flow'rs  that  iweath  the  sparkling  bowl. 

Prior. 

4.  To  encircle  as  with  a  garland ;  to  dress 
in  a  garland. 

And  with  thy  winding  ivy  wreaths  her  lance. 

Dryden. 

WREATH,  v.i.  To  be  interwoven  or  en- 
twined ;  as  a  bower  of  wreathing  trees. 

Dryden. 

WRE'ATHED,  pp.  Twisted  ;  entwined  ; 
interwoven. 

\VRE'ATHING,;);)r.  Twisting;  entwining; 
encircling. 

WRE'ATHV,  a.  Twisted;  curled;  spiral; 
as  a  wreathy  spire. 

WRECK,  n.  [Dan.  vrng,  a  wreck,  shipwreck ; 
Sw.  vrak,  refuse;  Sa.x.  wrac,  loriecca,  an 
exile,  a  wretch  ;  I).  U'rak,  broken,  a  wreck. 
This  word  signifies  properly  that  which  is 
cast,  driven  or  dashed,  or  that  which  is 
broken.] 

1.  Destruction  ;  properly,  the  destruction  of 
a  ship  or  vessel  on  the  shore.     Hence, 

2.  The  ruins  of  a  ship  stranded  ;  a  ship 
dashed  against  rocks  or  land  and  broken, 
or  otherwise  rendered  useless  by  violence 
and  fracture. 

3.  Dissolution  by  violence  ;  ruin  ;  destruc- 
tion. 

The  tvreck  of  matter  and  the  crush  of  worlds. 

Addisoyi. 

4.  The  remains  of  any  tiling  ruined  ;  dead 
weeds  and  grass. 

5.  In  metallurgy,  the  vessel  in  which  ores 
are  washed  the  third  time. 

6.  Wreck,  for  toreak,  is  less  proper.  [See  also 
Rack.] 

WRECK,  V.  t.  [Sw.  vruka,  to  throw  away.] 

1.  To  strand  ;  to  drive  against  the  shore,  or 
dash  against  rocks,  and  break  or  destroy. 
The  ship  Diamond  of  New  York,  was 
lorecked  on  a  rock  in  Cardigan  Bay,  on  the 
coast  of  Wales. 

2.  To  ruin  ;  as,  they  wreck  their  own  for- 
tunes. 

3.  Wreck,  for  wreak,  is  improper.  Shak. 
WRECK,  V.  i.  To  suffer  wreck  or  ruin. 

Milton. 
WRECK'ED,  pp.  Dashed  against  the  shore 

or  on  rocks  ;  stranded  and  ruined. 
WRECK'FUL,  a.  Causing  wreck. 
WRECK'ING,  ppr.  Stranding;  running  on 

rocks  or  on  shore  ;  ruining. 
WREN,    n.    [Sax.   wrenna ;  Ir.  drean.]     A 

small  bird  of  the  genus  Motacilla. 
WRENCH,  V.  t.  [G.  verrenken  ;  D.verwrin 

gen.     See  Wrijig.     Qu.  Ir./reonc] 

1.  To  pull  with  a  twist ;  to  wrest,  twist  or 
force  by  violence  ;  as,  to  icrench  a  sword 
from  another's  hand. 

2.  To  strain ;  to  sprain  ;  to  distort. 

You  wrenched  your  foot  against  a  stone. 

Swift 

WRENCH,  n.  A  violent  twist,  or  a  pull 
with  twisting. 

2.  A  sprain ;  an  injury  by  twisting ;  as  in  a 
joint.  Locke. 

3.  An  instrument  for  screwing  or  unscrew- 
ing iron  work. 

4.  Means  of  compulsion.     [N'ot  used.] 

Bacon. 
.5.  In  the  plural,  sleights ;  stibtilties.     Obs. 

'  Chaucer. 


WREST,  V.  t.  [Sax.  wrastan  ;  G.  reissen 
to  wrest,  to  snatch  or  pull,  to  burst,  to 
tear  ;  Dan.  vrister.     Qu.  L.  restis,  a  rope.] 

1.  To  twist  or  extort  by  violence  ;  to  pull  or 
force  from  by  violent  wringing  or  twist 
ing ;  as,  to  ivrest  an  instrument  from  an- 
other's hands. 

2.  To  take  or  force  from  by  violence.  The 
enemy  made  a  great  effort,  and  ivrested 
the  victory  from  our  hands. 

But  fate  has  wrested  the  confession  from  me 

Addison 

3.  To  distort ;  to  turn  from  truth  or  twist 
from  its  natural  meaning  by  violence  ;  to 
pervert. 

Wrest  once  the  law  to  your  authority. 

Shak. 
Thou  shall  not  wrest  the  judgment  of  the  poor 
Ex.  xxiii. 

Which  they  that  are   unlearned  and  unstable 

wrest,   as  they   do  also  the  other  Scriptures,  to 

their  own  destruction.     2  Pet.  iii. 

WREST,  71.  Distortion;  violent  pulling  and 

twisting ;  perversion.  Hooker. 

2.  Active  or  moving  power.     [JVot  used.] 

Spenser. 

3.  An  instrument  to  tune. 
WREST'ED,    pp.     Pulled   with   twisting  ; 

distorted  ;  perverted. 

WREST'ER,  n.  One  who  wrests  or  per 
verts. 

WREST'ING,  ppr.  Pulling  with  a  twist ; 
distorting ;  perverting. 

WRESTLE,  V.  {.  resl.  [Sax.  wrcestlian  or 
wra.rlian  ;  D.  worslelen.  \{ wraxlian  is  the 
true  orthography,  this  word  belongs  to 
Class  Rg ;  otherwise  it  is  from  wrest.] 

1.  To  strive  with  arms  extended,  as  two 
men,  who  seize  each  other  by  the  collar 
and  anus,  each  enrleavoring  to  throw  the 
other  by  tripping  up  his  heels  and  twitch- 
ing him  off  his  center. 

Another,  by  a  fall  in  wrestling,  started   the 
pnd  of  the  clavicle  from  the  sternum. 

Wiseman. 

2.  To  struggle  ;  to  strive;  to  contend. 

We  wrestle  not  against  flesh  and  blood.    Eph. 

vi. 
WRESTLER,  n.    One  who   wrestles;  or 

one  who  is  skillful  in  wrestling. 
WRES'TLING,  ppr.    Striving   to   throw  ; 

contendine. 
WRES'TLING,   »i.    Strife ;  struggle  ;  con 

tention. 
WRETCH,  n.    [Sax.   zvrcBcca,    one  who  is 

driven,    an   exile.      See    Wreck   and  p'T^. 

Class  Rg.  No.  48.1  ' 

L  A   miserable   person  ;    one   sunk    in    the 

deepest  distress ;  as  a  forlorn  wretch. 

2.  A  worthless  mortal  ;  as  a  contemptible 
wretch. 

3.  A  person  sunk  in  vice ;  as  a  profligate 
tvretch. 

4.  It  is  sometimes  used  by  way  of  slight  or 
ironical  pity  or  cnnteinpt. 

Poor  wretch  was  never  frighted  so. 

Drayton. 

5.  It  is  sometimes  used  to  express  tender- 
ness ;  as  we  say,  poor  thing.  Shak 

WRETCU'ED,  a.  Very  miserable;  sunk 
into  deep  affliction  or  distress,  either  from 
want,  anxiety  or  grief 

The  wretched  find  no  friends.  Dryden. 

2.  Calamitous  ;  very  afflicting  ;  as  the  wretch- 
ed condition  of  slaves  in  Algiers. 

3.  Worthless  :  paltry  ;  very  poor  or  mean  ; 
as  a  wretched  poem  ;  a  wretched  cabin. 


4.  Despicable  ;  hatefidly  vile  and  contempt- 
ible. He  was  guilty  of  wretched  ingrati- 
tude. 

WRETCHEDLY,  adv.  Most  miserably  ; 
very  poorly.  The  prisoners  were  wretch- 
edly lodged. 

2.  Unhappily;  as  two  wars  JCT-c/c/ierf/)/ enter- 
ed upon.  Clarendon. 

3.  Meanly  ;  despicably  ;  as  a  discourse 
wretchedly  delivered. 

WRETCli'EDNESS,  n.  Extreme  misery 
or  unhappiness,  either  from  want  or  sor- 
row ;  as  the  tvretchedness  of  poor  mendi- 
cants. 

We  have,   with   the   feeling,  lost  the  very 

memory  of  such  ivretchcdness  as  our  forefather's 

endured—  Raleigh 

The  prodigal   brought  nothing   to   his  father 

but  his  rags  and  xrreichedness.  Dwight. 

2.  Meanness;  despicableness ;  as  the  ure/c/t- 
edness  of  a  performance. 

WRETCHLESS,   for  reckless, 

WRETCIILESSNESS,    for  recklessness, 
are  improper. 

WRIG,  for  wriggle.     [JVot  in  use.] 

WRIG'GLE,  V.  i.  [W.  rhuglaiv,  to  move 
briskly  ;  D.  wriggelcn  or  ivrikken.] 

To  move  the  body  to  and  fro  with  short  mo- 
tions. 

Both  he  and  his  successors  would  often  wrig- 
gle in  their  seats,  as  long  as  the  cushion  lasted. 

Swift. 

WRIG'GLE,  v.  t.  To  put  into  a  quick  recip- 
rocating motion  ;  to  introduce  by  a  shift- 
ing motion. 

Wriggling  his  body  to  recover 
His  seat,  and  cast  his  right  leg  over. 

Hndibras 

WRIG'GLER,  n.  One  who  wriggles. 

WRIG'GLING,  ppr.  Moving  the  body  one 
way  and  the  other  with  quick  turns. 

WRIGHT,  n.  [Sax.  wryhta  ;  from  the  root 
of  work.] 

An  artificer ;  one  whose  occupation  is  some 
kind  of  mechanical  business  ;  a  workman ; 
a  manufacturer.  This  word  is  miw  chief- 
ly used  in  compounds,  as  in  shipwright, 
wheelwright. 

WRING,  V.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  wringed  and 
wrung.  The  latter  is  chiefly  used.  [Sax. 
u'riiigan  ;  G.  ringen ;  D.  wringen  ;  Dan. 
vrienger  .  Sw.  rranga  ;  Dan.  ringer.  The 
sense  is  to  strain.] 

\.  To  twist  ;  to  turn  and  strain  with  vio- 
lence ;  as,  to  loring  clothes  in  washing. 

2.  To  squeeze  ;  to  press  ;  to  force  by  twist- 
ing ;  as,  to  icring  water  out  of  a  wet  gar- 
ment. 

3.  To  writhe  ;  as,  to  wring  the  body  in  pain. 

4.  To  pinch. 

The  liing  began  to  find  where  his  shoe  did 
wring  him.     Obs.  Bacon. 

If  he  had  not  been  too  much  grieved  and 
u'litng  by  an  uneasy  and  strait  fortune —     Obs. 

Clarendon. 

5.  To  distress;  to  press  with  pain. 

Didst  thou  taste  but  half  the  griefs. 
That  wring  my    soul,   thou  couldst  not  talk 
thus  coldly.  Jlddison. 

C>.  To  flistort ;  to  pervert. 

How  dare  these  men  thus  wring  the  Scrip- 
tures ?  Whitgifle. 
To  persecute  with  extortion. 

These  merchant  adventurers  have  been  of- 
ten wronged  and  wringed  to  the  quick. 

Hayward. 

8.  To  bend  or  strain  out  of  its  position  ;  as, 
to  u'ring  a  mast.  Mar.  Diet. 


\V  R  I 


W  R  I 


W  R  O 


TwistiiiK  ;    wiiiliinji 


To  wring  off,  to  force  off  or  separate  by | 
wrin^'iiiS  ;  as,  to  taring  off  the  liuud  oi  a: 
fowl. 

To  wring  out,  to  force  out  ;  to  squeeze  out 
by  tvvistir)g;  as,  to  tcring  out  dew  or  wa- 
ter.    Judges  vi. 

2.  To  free  Iroiii  u  liquor  by  wringing;  as, to 
wring  out  eloibes. 

To  wring  from,  to  force  froru  by  violence  ; 
to  extort  ;  as  revenues  wrung  from  ibe 
poor  ;  to  rvring  frnm  (jne  his  rigbts ;  to 
wring  a  ,sccr(:i_/rom  one. 

WRING,  v.i.  Towntlie;  totwist;  as  yvitb 
aiiiiuisli.  Shak. 

AVRING,  n.  Action  of  anguish.  Hull. 

AVK1NG'-I50i;i',  n.  Uoiing  and  Ult]  A 
bolt  u.sed  by  sbipwriirlity,  to  bend  and  se- 
cure the  pl.mks  ag;iinst  the  timbers  till 
they  are  fastened  by  bolts,  spikes  and  m-,-- 
nails.  Mnr.  Dirt. 

WRING' RD,  pp.  Twisted  ;  pressed  ;  dis- 
tressed; extorted. 

WRING'ER,  n.  One  who  wrings  ;  one 
that  forces  water  out  of  any  thing  by 
wringing. 

AVRING'ING,    ppr. 
extnrtnig. 

WUING'-STAVES,  )i.  Strongbarsof  wood 
u<e(l  in  applyina  wring-bolts.      Mnr.  Diet 

WRLNK'LE,  n.  [S;ik.  tcrincle  ;  6w.  ri/nka  , 
Dan.  rynke.  This  coincides  with  ling,  a 
ciride.  "  Tiie  Dutch  write  this  word  lirin 
kle,  aitd  kring  is  ring.  The  G  runzcl  is 
probably  of  the  same  fanidy,  formed  on 
Jig;  Ir.  rang.  If  n  is  casual,  tlie  root 
coincides  with  L.  ruga,a.  wrinkle,  and  \V. 
rhyc,  a  furrow.] 

1.  A  small  ri<lge  or  prominence,  or  a  furrow, 
formed  by  the  shrinking  or  contraction  of 
any  smooth  substance  ;  corrugation  ;  a 
crease  ;  as  ivrinkles  in  the  face  or  skin. 

3.  A  Ibid  or  runqile  in  cloth. 

3.  Roughness;  unevenness. 

Not  the  least  U!rinfr<e  to  deform  the  sky. 

Ihyden 

WRINK'LE,    V.  t.    [Sax.    u-rindian  ;    Sw. 

rt/nka ;  Dan.  lynker.] 
1.  To  contract  into  furrows  and  prominen- 
ces ;  to  corrugate  ;  as,  lo  tcrinkle  the  skin; 
to  wnnkle  the  brow. 
Her  wrinkled  form  in  black  and  while  airay'd. 

Pope. 

'2.  To  make  rough  or  uneven. 

A  keen  north  wind,  blowinj^  dry, 
TVrinkled  llie  lace  of  deluge,  as  decay'd. 

Milton. 

"WRINK'LE,  V.  i.  To  shrink  into  furrows 
and  ridges. 

WRINK'LED,  pp.  Contracted  into  ridges 
and  furrows. 

WRINK'LING,  ppr.  Shrinking;  contract 
in;;-  into  fiirrow.>  and  riilges. 

WRIST,  n.  [Sax.  wrist  ;  allied  probably  to 
wre.it  and  wrestle;  that  is,  a  twist  or  junc- 
tion.] 

1.  The  joint  by  which  the  hand  is  united  to 
the  arm. 

2.  In  the  manege,  the  bridle  u-rist  is  that  of! 
the  cavalier's  left  hand.  Cyc.l 

WRIST'BAND,  n.  [wrist  mu\  band.]  That 
band  nr  part  of  a  shirt  sleeve  which  cov- 
ers ilic  wrist. 

WRIT,  n.  [th'iu  write.]  That  which  is  writ- 
ten. In  this  sense,  writ  is  particidarly  aji- 
pUed  to  the  Scriptures,  or  books  of  the  Old 


and  New  Testament ;   as  holy  writ ;  sa 
cred  writ.  \\ 

.  In  law,  a  precept  issued  from  the  proper'  "3 


IJWRI'TEIl,  n.  One  who  writes  or  has  writ- 

{     ten. 

An  author. 


authority  to  the  sherif,  his  deputy  or  otherl 
subordinate  oilicer,  commanding  him  to 
perform  some  act,  as  to  summon  a  defend- 
ant into  ciiurt  to  answer,  and  tlie  like. 

In  England,  writs  are  issued  from  some 
court  under  seal.  In  some  of  the  United 
St.ites,  writs  are  issued  by  any  single 
judge  or  justice  of  the  peace,  in  the  name 
anil  by  the  authority  of  the  slate. 

In  some  of  the  United  States,  the  writ 
in  a  civil  suit,  contains  both  the  summons 
and  the  |ilainlirs  declaration  or  cause  of 
action  set  forth  at  largi',  and  a  writ  is  ci- 
ther a  summons  or  an  attachment. 

Writs  are  original  or  judicial.  An  orig- 
inal writ,  in  England,  is  issued  from  the 
high  court  of  chancery.  \  judicial  wrh  is 
issued  by  ordc'r  of  a  com-t  upon  a  special 
occasion,  during  the  pendency  of  the  suit. 
Writs  are  of  various  kinds  ;  as  writs  of 
assize;  wr'ils  of  capias ;  v.  r'lls  of  distringas, 
&c. 

3.  .\  legal  instrument.  Skak 

WRIT,  pret.  of  write,  is  not  now  used.  [See 
}1  riti^  and  ff'rote.] 

WRITE.  V.  t.  \)rei.  urate  ;  \>p.  tvrit,  written 
[Sax.  writiin,  awrilan,  gewritan  ;  Ice.  rita  ; 
Goth,  ifrits,  a  letter.  The  sense  is  to 
scrapi;,  to  scratcli,  to  rub  ;  probably  from 
the  root  of  grate  and  L.  rado.] 

1.  To  form  by  a  pen  on  paper  or  other  ma 
terial,  or  by  a  graver  on  wood  or  stone 
as,  to  write  the  characters  called  letters;  to 
irrite    figures.       We    write    characters   on 
paper  with  pen  and  ink  ;  we  terite  them  on 
stone  with  a  graving  tool. 

3.  To  express  by  forming  letters  and  words 
on  paper  or  stone  ;  as,  to  ivrile  a  deed  ; 
to  write  a  bill  of  divorcement.  The  ten 
commandments  were  written  with  the  lin- 
ger of  God  on  tables  of  stone.     Ex.  xxxi. 

3.  To  engrave.  [See  the  preceding  defini- 
tion.] 

To  impress  durably.     Write  useful  truths 
on  the  heart, 
j.  To  compose  or  produce,  as  an  author, 
(i.  To  copy  ;  to  transcribe. 
To  comnmnicate  by  letter. 

I  chose  to  write  the  tiling  I  durst  not  speak 
Toherllov'd.  Prior. 

WRITE,  V.  i.  To  perform  the  act  of  form- 
ing characters,  letters  or  figines,  as  reine- 
sentatives  of  sounds  or  ideas.  Learn  to 
write  when  young. 

To  be  employed  as  a  clerk  or  an  amanu- 
ensis. A  writes  for  B.  D  writes  in  one  of 
the  public  oflices 

.3.  To  play  the  author  ;  as,  he  thinks,  he 
speaks,  he  writes,  he  sin 

4.  To  recite  or  relate  in  books.  Josephus 
wrote  of  the  wars  of  llie  Jews. 

5.  To  scnil  letters. 
He  ivrote  for  all  (he  .lews  concerning  their 

frecdoih.  Esdras 

C.  To  call  one's  self;  to  be  entitled  ;  to  use] 
the  style  of 

'I'hose  who  began  to  write  themselves  men, 
but  thought  it  no  shaaic  to  learn.  Pell. 

To  compose  ;  to  frame  or  conibii  e  ideas 
and  express  them  in  words. 

They  can  write  up  to  llie  dignity  and  charac- 
ter of  their  authors.  Fellon. 


8.  A  clerk  or  amanuensis. 

Hriltr  of  the  tallies,  an  officer  of  the  exche- 
quer of  England  ;  a  clerk  to  the  auditor  of 
the  receipt,  who  writes  upon  the  tallies 
the  whole  of  the  tellers'  bills.  Cyc. 

WRITHE,  V.  t.  [Sax.  wrilhan  ;  Sw.  vrida; 
Dan.  vrider.] 

1.  To  twist ;  to  distort. 
Her  mouth  she  ivrith'd.  JDryden. 

2.  To  twist  with  violence ;  as,  to  writlie  the 
body.  Mdison. 

3.  To  wrest;  to  distort;  to  torture ;  as,  to 
writhe  words.     Obs.  Hooker. 

WRITHE,  1'.  I.  To  twist  ;  to  be  distorted; 
!is,  to  writhe  with  agony.  .Addison. 

WRrTIIED.  pp.  Twisted;  distorted. 

WRl'TIIIiNG,  ppr.  Twisting  ;  distorting. 

WRITII'LE,  i'.(.  [from  HTr(/if .]  Towrinkle. 
Wot  in  use.]  .Spenser. 

WR1'T1N(«,  ppr.  Forming,  as  characters, 
with  a  pen,  style  or  graver. 

3.  a.  Used  or  intetided  for  writing ;  as  leri- 
ting  paper. 

WRITING,  n.  The  act  or  art  of  forming 
letters  and  characters,  on  paper,  wood, 
stone  or  other  material,  for  tlie  purpose  of 
recording  the  ideas  which  characters  and 
words  express,  or  of  communicating  them 
to  othc^rs  by  visible  signs.  We  hardly 
know  which  to  admire  most,  the  ingenui- 
ty or  the  utility  of  the  art  of  writing. 
.Any  thing  written  or  expressed  in  letters; 
hence,  any  legal  instrument,  as  a  deed,  a 
receipt,  a  bond,  an  agreement,  &.c. 

3.  A  book ;  any  written  composition  ;  a 
pamphlet  ;  as  the  irritings  of  Addison. 

4.  An  inscription.     .John  xix. 

5.  Ifritings,  plu.  conveyances  of  lands  ; 
deeds  :  or  any  official  papers. 

WRI  TL\G-IMA  STER,  n.  One  who  teach- 
er the  art  of  penmanship. 

WRIT'TEN,  pp.  Expressed  in  letters. 

Written  tan-s,  statutes  :  laws  enacted  by  the 
supreme  power  and  recorded  ;  as  contra- 
distinguished from  xmwritten  or  common 
law. 

WRIZ'ZLED,  for  writhicd. 


WRO'KEN,  for  wreaked. 


[Wot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 
[A'ot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

WRONG,  a.  [Sw.  rrang  ;  Dan.  vrang  ; 
properly  the  participle  of  wring,  Sw.  vran- 
ga,  Dan.  vra.iiger.]  Literally  wrung, twist- 
ed or  turned  from  a  straight  line  or  even 
surface.     Hence, 

1.  Not  physically  right;  not  fit  or  suitable  ; 
as  the  wrong  side  of  a  garment.  You 
hold  the  book  ihi'  trrong  end  uppermost. 
There  may  be  .something  ivrongin  the  con- 
struction of  a  watch  or  an  edifice. 

2.  Not  morally  right  :  that  deviates  from  the 
line  of  rectitude  prescribed  by  God  ;  not 
just  or  equitable  :  not  right  or  proper ;  not 
legal ;  erroneous  ;  as  a  wrong  practice; 
wrong  ideas ;  a  wrong  course  of  life :  wrong 
measures  ;  urong  inclinations  and  desires ; 
a  wrong  application  of  talents ;  uroiig  judg- 
ment.    Hah.  i. 

3.  Erroneous ;  not  according  to  truth ;  as  a 
wrong  statement. 

WRONG,  n.  Whatever  deviates  from  moral 
rectitude;  any  injury  done  to  another:  a. 


X  A  N 


X  E  R 


X  Y  S 


trespass  ;  a  violation  of  riftlit.  Wrongs 
are  private  or  public.  Private  vvronifs  are 
civil  injuries,  immediately  affecting  indi- 
viiluals ;  public  wron^rs  are  criniKs  and 
mi-demeauors  which  affect  the  commimi- 
ty.  Blackslone. 

Sarai  said  to  Abraham,  my  wrong  be  on  thee 
Gen.  xvi. 

Friend,  I  do  thee  no  wrong.    Matt.  xx. 
The  obligation  to  redress  a  wrong,  is  at  least 
as  binding  as  that  of  paying  a  debt. 

E.  Everett. 

WRONG,  adv.  Not  rightly  ;  amiss;  morally 
ill ;  erroneou.>-ly. 
Ten  censure  trroH^  for  one  that  writes  amiss. 

Pope. 

WRONG,  V.  t.  To  itijure  ;  to  treat  with  in- 
justice ;  to  deprive  of  some  right,  or  to 
withhold  some  act  of  justice  from.  We 
wrong  a  man,  when  we  defraud  him,  and 
when  we  trespass  on  his  property.  We 
wrong  a  man,  when  we  neglect  to  pay  him 
his  due.     Philemon  18. 

"2.  To  do  injustice  to  by  imputation  ;  to  im- 
pute evil  unjustly.  If  yfiu  suppose  me  ca- 
pable of  a  base  act,  you  wrong  me. 

WRONG'-DoER,  n.  One  who  injures  an- 
other, or  does  wrong. 

WRONG'-DblNG,  n.  Evil  or  wicked  act  or 
action. 

WRONG'ED,/i/>.  Treated  unjustly  ;  injured. 

WRONG'ER,  n.  One  who  injures  another. 

WRONG'FyL,  a.  Injurious  ;  m)just ;  as  a 
wrongful  taking  of  property ;  wrongful 
dealing. 

WRONG'FULLY,  adv.  Unjustly  ;  in  a  man- 
ner contrary  to  the  moral  law  or  to  jus- 
tice ;  as,  to  accuse  one  wrongfully ;  to  suf- 
fer wrongfully. 

WRONG-HEAD,         i      [lorong  and  head.] 

WRONGHEAD'ED,  I  "'  Wrong  in  opinion 
or  principle ;  having  a  perverse  under- 
standing ;  perverse. 

WRONGHEAD'EDNESS,  n.  Perverse 
ness ;  errooeousness. 


WRONG'LESSLY,  adv.  Without  injury  toi 
any  one.     [.Vot  used.]  Sidney. 

WRONG'LY,  adv.  In  a  wrong  manner;  un- 
justly ;  amiss.  He  judges  wrongly  of  my 
motives. 

WRONG'NESS,  n.  Wrong  disposition  ;  er- 
ror. Butler. 

WROTE,  pret.  of  write.  He  wrote  a  letter 
yesterday.  Herodotus  wrote  his  history 
more  than  two  thousand  years  ago. 

[Note.      Wrote  is  not  now  used  as  the  participle.] 

WROTH,  a.  rauth.  [Sas..  ivrceth,  wrath.  See 
IVratk.] 

Very  angry;  much  exasperated. 

Cain  was  very  tvrvtit,  and  his  countenance 
fell.     Gen.  iv. 

I  was  wrotti  with  my  people.     Is.  xlvii. 
[An  excellent  tvord  and  not  obsolete.] 

WROUGHT,  pret.  and  pp.  of  ivork.  raid. 
[Sax.  worhte,  the  pret.  and  pp.  of  wircan, 
weorcan,  to  work.] 

1.  Worked,  formed  by  work  or  labor;  as 
tvronght  iron. 

2.  Effected ;  performed. 

She   hath  ivrouglit  a  good  work   upon  me 
Matt   xxvi. 

3.  Efl^iCted  ;  produced.  He  wrought  the 
public  safety.  A  great  change  was  wrought 
in  bis  mind. 

This  wrought  the  greatest  confusion  in  the; 
unbelieving  Jews.  Addison 

4.  Used  in  labor. 

The  elders  of  that  city  shall  take  a  heifer  that 
hath  not  been  wrought  with.     Deut.  xxi. 

5.  Worked ;  driven ;  as  infection  wrought 
out  of  the  body.     [JVot  used.]  Bacon. 

6.  Actuated. 
Vain  Morat,  by  his  own  rashness  wrought— 

Diyden 

7.  Worked  ;  used  ;  labored  in.  The  mine 
is  still  wrought. 

8.  Formed;  fitted. 

He  that  hath  wrought  us  for  the  self-same 
thing  is  God.     2  Cor.  v. 


;9.  Guided  ;  managed.     [Kot  used.]     Milton. 
10.  Agitated ;  disturbed. 

My  dull  brain  was  wrought 
With  things  forgot.  Shah. 

IVrought  on  or  upon,  influenced ;  prevailed 
on.  His  mind  was  wrought  upon  by  divine 
grace. 

Wrought  to   or    up   to,    excited  ;    inflamed. 

Their  minds  were  wrought  up  to  a  violent 

passion.     She  was  wrought  up  to  the  ten- 

derest  emotions  of  pity. 
WRUNG,  pre/,  and  pp.  of  wring. 
WRY,  a.    [Goth,  wrtricwa,  or  Dan.  vrier,  to 

twist,    contracted   from    vrider,    Eng.  to 

writhe.] 
1.  Twisted;  turned  to  one  side;  distorted; 

as  a  wry  neck  ;  a  ivry  mouth. 

■i.  Deviating  from  the  right  direction;  as 
wry  words. 

•3.  Wrested;  perverted;  as,  to  put  a  rcry 
sense  on  an  author's  words.        Mterbury. 

WRY,  V.  i.  To  be  writhed  or  distorted.  [Not 
used.] 

WRY,  v.t.  To  distort;  to  wrest.   [N'ot  used.] 

WRY'NECK,  n.  [tcry  nn(\  neck.]  A  twisted 
or  distorted  neck  ;  a  deformity  in  which 
the  neck  is  drawn  to  one  side,  and  at  the 
same  time  somewhat  forwards.  Cyc. 

3.  A  disease  of  the  spasmodic  kind  in  sheep, 
in  which  the  head  is  drawn  to  one  side. 

Cyc. 

3.  In  ornithology,  a  bird  resembling  the 
woodpeckers,  the  Yunx  torquilla  ;  so  call- 
ed from  the  singular  manner  in  which, 
when  surprised,  it  turns  its  head  over  its 
shoulders.  Ed,  Encyc. 

WRYNECKED,  a.  Having  a  distorted 
nec-k. 

WRV'NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  wry  or 
distorted.  Mountague. 

WYCH-ELM,  n.  A  variety  of  the  elm,  or  a 
peculiar  species,  (  Ulmus  glabra.)  Cyc 


X. 


it,  the  twenty  fourth  letter  of  the  English 
Alphabet,  is  borrowed  from  the  Greek.  In 
the  middle  and  at  the  end  of  word.s,  it  has 
the  sound  of  ks,  as  in  lonx,  lax,  luxury.  At 
the  beginning  of  a  word,  it  has  precisely 
the  sound  of  z.  It  is  used  as  an  initial,  in 
a  few  words  borrowed  from  the  Greek. 

As  a  numeral,  X  stands  for  ten.  It  repre- 
sents one  V,  which  stands  for  five,  plac-ed 
on  the  top  of  another.  When  laid  hori- 
zontally, thus  X,  it  stands  for  a  thou- 
sand, and  with  a  dash  over  it,  thus  X, 
it  stands  for  ten  thousand.  As  an  abbre- 
viation, X.  stands  for  Christ,  as  in  Xn. 
Christian ;  Xin.  Christmas. 

XAN'THID,     )       A  coinpoimd  ofxantho- 

XAN'THIDE,  \  "•  gene  and  a  metal. 

Henru. 

XAN'THOgENE,  n.  [Gr.larSof,  yellow,  and 
yofow,  to  generate.] 


The  base  of  a  new  acid,  produced  by  the 
mixture  of  a  solution  of  pure  potassa  with 
bisulphuret  of  carbon.  Thisacid  contains 
sulphur,  carbon,  and  hydrogen.  It  is 
named  from  the  yellow  cohjr  of  its  com- 
ponnds.  Henry.     Zeise. 

XEBEC,   n.   A   small    three    masted    \es- 
sel,  used  in  the  Mediterranean  .sea.     With 
a  fair   wind,   in    good  weather,  it  carries 
two  large  square  .sails  ;  when  close  haul 
ed,  it  carries  large  lateen  sails. 

Mar.  Diet. 

XERO€OLLYR'IUM,n.  [Gr.|.jpo5,dry,aiMl 
KoXXvptov.]    A  dry  collyrimn  or  eye-salve. 

Coxe. 

XEROMY'RUM,  n.  [Gr.  two;,  dry,  and 
fivjiov.  ointment.]    A  dry  ointment.       Core. 

XEROPH'AgY,  n.  [Gr.  I^of,  firy,  and 
^oyu,  to  eat.  ] 

The  eating  of  dry  meats,  a  sort  of  fast  among 
the  primitive  christians. 


XEROPH'THALMY,  n.  [Gr.  tijpo;,  dry, and 

o^Oa>.ftia.] 
A  dry  red  soreness  or  itching  of  the  eyes, 
without  swelling  or   a   discharge  of  hu- 
mors. 

XH'H'IAS.n.  [Gr.  from  1^.05,  a  sword.]  The 

sword-fish. 
3.  A  cornet  shaped  like  a  sword. 
XIPij'OID,    a.    [supra.]     The    xiphoid  or 

ensiform    cartilage,    is    a    small    cartilage 

placed  at  the  bottom  of  the  lireast  bone. 

Ci/c.     Coxe. 
XYLOGRAPHY,  n.  [Gr.  ti.W,  wood,  aud 

ypa^w,  to  engrave.] 

Wood -engraving:  the  act  or  art  of  cutting 
figures  in  wood,  in  representation  of  natu- 
ral objects. 

XYS'TER,  n.  [Gr.  Ivj-por,  from  |vu,  to 
scrape.] 

A  surgeon's  instrument  for  scraping  bones. 


Y. 


Y  A  R 


Y5  the  twenty  fifth  letter  of  the  English 
Alphiihet,  is  taken  from  the  Greek  v.  At 
the  hegiiining  of  words,  it  is  called  an 
articulation  or  consonant,  and  with  some 
propriety  perhaps,  as  it  hrinjis  the  root  of 
the  tongue  in  close  contact  with  the  lower 
part  of  the  palate,  and  nearly  in  the  posi- 
tion to  which  the  close  g'hrings  it.  Hence 
it  has  happ(-iie<l  that  in  a  great  numher  of' 
words,  g  has  been  changed  into  y,  as  the 
Sax.  gear,  into  year  ;  gcorniitii,  iwtii  yearn  ; 
gyllan,  mto  yell ;  gealew,  into  yellow. 
In  the  iniddle'and  at  the  end  ot  words,  y  i.« 
precisely  the  same  as  i.  It  is  sounded  as 
i  long,  when  accented,  as  in  ilefy,  rely ; 
and  as  i  short,  when  unaccented,  as  in 
vanity,  glory,  synonymous.  This  latter 
sound  is  a  "vowel.  At  the  beginning  of 
words,  y  answers  to  the  German  and 
Dutch  J. 
Y,  as  a  numeral,  stands  for  150,  and  with  a 

dash  over  it,  Y.  for  150,000. 
YACHT,  n.  yot.    [D  jagt ;  G.  jacht,  from 
jagcn.     It  is   properly  a  boat  drawn   by 
horses.] 

A  vessel  of  state  used  to  convey  princes,  ern- 
bassadors  and  other  great  personages 
from  one  place  to  another.  The  roya' 
yachts  are  rigged  as  ketches,  e.xcept  the 
principal  one,  which  is  equipped  as  a  ship 
The  smaller  yachts  are  rigged  as  sloops. 

Mar.  Diet. 
YAGER,  n.  yaw'ger.  [G.  jUger,  from  jagen 

to  chase.]  A  horseman. 
YA'HOO,  n.  A  word  used  by  Chesterfield, 
I  suppose  for  a  savage,  or  a  person  resem- 
bling a  savage. 
YAK,  ?i.  A  species  of  ox,  with  cylindric 
horns  curving  outwards,  long  pendent 
Lair,  and  villous  horselike  tail ;  the  grunt- 
ing ox  of  Pennant.  This  ox  is  found  in 
Thibet.  Cyc. 

YAM,  71.   A  large  esculent  root  growing  in 

tropical  climates. 
YAM'BOCt,  n.   A  kind  of  plant  producing 

fruit  like  a  plum. 
YAN'KEE,  n.   A  corrupt  pronunciation  of 
the  word  English  by  the  native  Indians  of 
America.  Heckewtlder. 

YAN'OLITE,  n.  A  mineral,  called  also  ax- 
inite  or  thumerstone,  whose  crystals  re- 
semble an  ax.  Ure. 
YAP,  to  bark,  is  not  a  legitimate  word. 
YAP'ON,   n.   The  cassine  or  South  Sea  tea 
The  Ilex  cassine  or  youpon,  is  a  shnd 
growing  in  the  S.  States,  used  as  a  tea  and 
a  medicine.                                           Mease 
Y^AllD,  n.    [Sax.  geard,  gerd,  gyrd,  a  rod 
that  is,  a  shoot.] 

1.  A  measure  of  three  feet  or  thirty  six 
inches.  It  is  just  seven  ninths  of  the  Paris 
ell. 

2.  [Sax.  gyrdan,  to  inclose ;  Dan.  gierde,  a 
heilse,  an  inclosure  ;  gierder,  to  licd^re  in, 
Sw.  garita.]  An  inclo-nre  ;  usually 
small  inclosed  place  in  front  of  or  around 


YAW 

a  house  or  barn.  The  yard  in  front  of  a 
house  is  called  a  court,  and  sometimes  a 
court-yard.  In  the  United  States,  a  small 
yard  is  fenced  round  a  barn  for  contining 
cattle,  and  called  ham-yard  or  cow-yard. 

3.  In  skips,  a  long  slender  piece  of  timber, 
nearly  cylindrical,  suspended  upon  the 
mast,  by  which  a  sail  is  extended. 

Yard  of  land,  in  old  books,  a  certuin  quantity 
of  land,  but  difterent  in  diflireut  countie,-. 
In  some  counties  it  was  15  acres,  in  oth- 
ers 20  or  24,  and  even  40. 

Dock-yard,  a  jjlace  where  ships  are  laid  up. 

r  •     ' 


rison  yard,  primarily  an  inclosure  about  a 
prison,  or  attached  to  it.  Hence  liberty  of 
the  yard,  is  a  liberty  granted  to  perstnis  im- 
prisoned for  debt,  of  walking  in  the  yard, 
or  within  any  other  limits  prescribed  lij 
law,  on  his  giving  bond  not  to  go  l)eycjnd 
those  limits.  U.  Stales. 

Y'ARD,  V.  t.  To  confine  cattle  to  the  yard  ; 
as,  to  yard  cows.     [Jl  farmer's  word.] 

Y'ARD-ARM,  n.  [yard  and  ar?n.]  Either 
half  of  a  ship's  yard,  from  the  center  or 
mast  to  the  end. 

Y>ARD-STICK.  n.  [yard  and  .fticli.]  A  stick 
three  feet  in  length,  used  as  a  measure  of 
cloth,  &c. 

Y>ARD-WAND,  n.  [yard  and  wand.]  A 
measure  of  a  yard  ;  now  yard-slick. 

YARE,  a.  [Sax.  gearw,  prepared;  from  the 
root  of  gear.     See  Eager.] 

Ready  ;  dextrous ;  eager.     Obs.  Shak. 

YA'RELY,  adv.  Readily  ;  dextrously  ;  skill- 
fully.    Obs.  Shak 

Y'ARN,  n.  [Snx.gearn;  G.  Ice.  Sw.  g-am; 
D.  g<iren.'\ 

1.  Spun  wool ;  woolen  thread  ;  but  it  is  ap 
plied  also  to  other  species  of  thread,  as  to 
cotton  and  linen. 

2.  In  rope- making,  one  of  the  threads  of 
which  a  rope  is  composed.  It  is  spun 
from  hemp. 

Y>ARR,  V.  i.  [Low  L.  hirrio ;    Celtic,  g'or, 

VV.  garw,  rough.] 
To  growl  or  snarl,  as  a  dog.     [.Vot  in  use.] 

./Hnsworth 
YAR'RISII,   a.    Having  a  rough  dry  taste. 

[Local.] 
YAR'ROW,   n.   [Sax.  gearice  ;  Sp.  yaro.]  A 

plant    of  the  genus  Acliillea ;  the  milfoil, 
I     or  plant  of  a  thousand  leave 
|yATE,  in  the  north  of  England,  is  used  for 

gate.  j 

YAW.  n.  The  African  name  of  a  raspberry.! 

Cyc. 
YAW,   I',  i.  To  rise  in  blisters,  brenkiri!;  in 

white   froth,    as  cane   juice   in   the    sugar! 

works.     [Q,u.yeio.    See   Yew.]  j 

fVest  Indies.^ 
•i.  In  navigntio7i,  to  deviate  from  the  line  ot 

her  course,  as  a  ship.  Mar.  IJict. 

YAWL,  >i.  A  small  ship's  boat,  usually  row- 
ed liv  four  or  six  oars. 
YAWL,  V.  i.  To  cry  out.     [See  Yell] 


YEA 


YAWN,  i;.  i.  [Sax.  geonan,  gynian ;  G.  gdh- 
ntn  ;  W.  agehu  ;  Gr.  x'^"'^-] 

1.  To  gape  ;  to  oscitate  ;  to  have  the  mouth 
open  involuntarily  through  drowsiness  or 

dulloC!:^. 

The  lazy,  yawning  drone.  Sliak. 

Anil  while  ahove  he  spends  his  breath. 
The  yawning  audience  uod  beneath. 

Trumbull. 

2.  To  open  wide ;  as,  wide  yawns  the  gulf 
below'. 

:!.  To  express  desire  by  yawning;  as,  to 
yawn  lor  fat  livings.  Hooker. 

YAWN,  n.  A  gapii:g  ;  an  involuntary  open- 
ing of  the  moulli  from  drowsiness  ;  oscita- 
tion. 

One   person  yawning  in  company  will  pro- 
duce a  spontaneous  yawn  iu  all  present. 

jV.  Chipman. 

2.   An  opening  wide.  Addison. 

YAWN'ING,  ppr.  Ga[)ing;  opening    »    ie. 
Sleepy  ;  drowsy  ;  dull.  Shak. 

YAWN'ING,  n.  The  act  of  gaping  or  open- 
ing wide. 

YAWS,  II.  A  severe  cutaneous  disease, 
which  is  indigenous  in  Africa,  and  It.  m 
Atiica  it  has  been  introduced  into  the  W. 
Indies.  It  is  said  to  be  so  nanit  d  fn.m 
yaw,  a  raspberry.  It  is  called  by  iiosi ■le- 
gists frnmbcesia,  from  the  French  fram- 
boise, a  raspberry.  It  is  propagated  .solely 
by  the  infection  of  the  matter  of  the  pus- 
tules, applied  to  a  part  of  the  body  where 
the  skin  is  broken.  It  affects  a  person  but 
once.  Cyc. 

Y€LAD',  pp.  Clad.  [This  word  and  the  tiil- 
lowing  retain  the  y,  which  is  the  remains 
of  the  Saxon  ge,  prefixed  to  verbs.  But 
it  is  ohs(dete,  e.xcept  in  poetry,  and  j)er- 
haps  in  hnrlesiine  only.] 

Y€LEP'ED, /)/».  of  Sax  ge-clypian,  clepnn, 
to  call.  [Sec  Yclad.]  Called;  named.  It  is 
obsolite,  except  in  burlesque. 

YDRAD',  pp.  DrHa<le.l.      Obs.  Spenser. 

YE.  pron.  [Sax.  ge.]  The  ncmiinaiive  plural 
of  the  second  person,  of  which  thou  is  the 
singular.  But  the  two  words  Inn  e  no  rad- 
ical connection.  Ye  is  now  used  only  in 
the  sacred  and  solemn  style.  In  common 
discourse  and  writing,  you  is  exclusively 
used. 

But  ye  are  washed,  but  ye  are  sanctitiea. 
Cor.  vi'. 

YE.A,  adv.  yd.  [Sax.  gea,  geac  ;  G.  D.  Dan. 
ja ;  Sw.  jaka,  to  consent.  Class  Cg.  No. 
25.  -it).] 

1.  Yes  :  a  wonl  that  expresses  affirmation 
or  a.ssent.  Will  you  go?  yea.  It  some- 
times iiili-odiii-es  a  subject,  with  the  sense 
of  indeed,  verilj,  truly,  it  is  so. 

Vea,  hath  God  said,  ye  shall  not  cat  of  every 
tree  in  the  garden  ?     Gen.  iii. 

Let  your  communication  be  yea,  yea  ;  nay, 
nay.     M.-itt.  v. 

2.  It  sometimes  enforces  the  sense  of  some- 
thing preceding;  not  only  so,  but  more. 

■'  herein  1  do  rejoice  ;  yea,  and  will  rejoice. 
Phil.  i. 


YEA 


Y  E  L 


YEN 


3.  In  Scripture,  it  is  used  to  denote  certainty, 
consistency,  liarniony  and  stability. 

All  the  promises  ot  God  in  liiiu  are  yea,  and 
in  him  are  amen.     2  Cor.  i. 

[In  this  use,  the  word  may  be  consider- 
ed a  noun.] 
Yea  is  used  only  in  tlie  sacred  and  solemn 
style.     [See  Yea.] 

GF  \d'  \  "•  '■  '^°  ^°^     ^^^'  Si)e7iser. 

YEAN,  II.  i.  [Sax.  eanian.]  To  bring  forth 
young,  as  a  goat  or  sheep ;  to  lamb.  [Ob- 
solete or  local.] 

YF/.ANED,  pp.  Brought  forth. 

YE'ANLING,  n.  The  young  of  sheep;  a 
lamb.     [Obsolete  or  local.] 

YE.\R,  n.  [Sax.  gear ;  G.  jahr  ;  D.  jaar 
Sw.  ar ;  Dan.  aar  ;  Sans,  jahran  ;  proha 
bly  a  i-oiu'se  or  circle  ;  the  root  ^ar,  g-er 
signifying  to  run.] 

1.  The  spare  or  period  of  time  in  which  the 
sun  moves  throui'h  the  twelve  signs  of  the 
ecliptic,  or  whole  circle,  and  returns  to  the 
same  point.  This  is  the  solar  year,  and 
the  year,  in  the  strict  and  proper  sense  of 
the  word.  It  is  culle<l  also  the  tro|)ical 
year.  This  period  comprehends  what  are 
Galled  the  twelve  calendar  months,  or  :5t)5 
days,  5  hours,  and  49  miiniies,  within  a 
small  fraction.  But  in  popidar  usage,  the 
year  consists  of  3(J5  days,  and  every  fourth 
year  of  3G6  ;  a  day  being  added  to  Fehriia- 
ry,  on  account  of  the  5  hours  and  49 
minutes. 

2.  The  time  in  which  any  planet  completes 
a  revolution  ;  as  the  year  of  Jupiter  or  of 
Saturn. 

3.  The  time  in  which  the  fixed  stars  make  a 
revolution,  is  called  the  great  year. 

4.  Years,  in  the  plural,  is  sometimes  equiva- 
lent to  age  or  old  age  ;  as  a  man  in  years. 

In  popular  language,  year  is  often  used  for 
years.     The  horse  is  ten  year  old. 

Sideieal  year,  the  time  in  wliich  the  sun,  de- 
parting from  any  fixed  star,  retiuiisto  the 
same.  This  is  365  days,  6  hours,  C  min-i 
utes,  and  11,  5  seconds. 

Anomalistical  year,  the  time  that  elapses  from! 
the  sun's  leaving  its  apogee,  till  it  returns: 
to  it ;  which  is  365  days,  6  hours,  14  min- 
utes. 

Civil  year,  the  year  which  any  nation  has 
contrived  for  the  computation  of  time. 

Bissextile  or  leap  year,  the  year  consisting  of 
3G6  days.  •  | 

Lunar  year,  consists  of  12  lunar  months.        j 

liunar  astronomical  year,  consists  of  12  lunar! 
synodical  months,  or  354  days,  8  hours, 48 
minutes,  36  seconds. 

Common  lunar  year,  consists  of  12  lunar  civ-' 
il  months,  or  354  days.  j 

Embolismic  or  intercalary  year,  consists  of  13 
lunar  civil  months,  and  contains  384  days. 

Julian  year,  established  by  Julius  Cesar,  con-j 
sists  of  3t)5  days,  6  hours. 

Gregorian  year,  is  the  Julian  year  corrected, 
and  is  the  yeiiriiuw  jxi'iierally  used  in  En-: 
rojie.  From  the  difi'i^ence  between  this! 
anil  the  .liilian  year,  ari.ses  the  distinction 
of  Old  and  New  Style. 

Sabbalii:  year,  among  the  Israelites,  was  ev-j 
ery  seventh  year,  when  their  land  was| 
Bufffreil  to  lie  untilled.  Ci/c.      Enci/c. 

The  civil  or  leg'tl  i/mr,  in  England,  formerly 
coinmenced  on  the  25th   day   of  March. 


This  practice  continued  till  after  ilie  set- 
tlement of  America,  and  the  first  settlers 
of  New  England  observed  it  for  many! 
years.  i 

YE'AR-BQQK,  n.  [year  and  book.]    A  book: 
containing  annual  reports  of  cases  adjudg- 
ed in  the  courts  of  England. 
YE'ARED,  a.  Containing   years.     [.Vol  in 
I     use.]  B.  Jonson. 

!YE'ARL1NG,  n.  A  young  beast  one  year 
i     old,  or  ill  the  second  year  of  his  age. 
jYE'ARLING,  a.   Being  a  year  old;  as  a 

yearling  heifer. 
YE'ARLY,  a.  Annual;   happening,  accru- 
ing or  coming  every  year;  as  a  yearly  veal 
or  income. 
|2.  Lasting  a  year;  as  a  yearly  plant. 
j3.  Comprehending  a  year;  as  tUcyearly  cir- 
cuit or  revolution  of  the  earth. 
YE'.ARLY,  adv.  Annually;  onceayear;as 
[     blosiiigs  yearly  bestowed. 
YEARN,?  ,   •    ['^nx.geornian,giernan,gyr- 
(YER.V,     I  "'  '■  nan,  earnian,   to  desire,  to 
yearn  ;  Sw.  gerna,  willingly,   Dan.  gierne, 
G  gern,  D.gaarne.     The  sense  is  to  strain. 
or  stretch  forward.    We  have  earnest  from 
the  same  root.] 

To  be  strained  ;  to  he  pained  or  distress- 
ed ;  to  suffer. 

Falf^tafl',  he  is  dead. 
And  we  must  yearn  therefore.  Shak. 

Usually,  to  long  ;  to  feel  an  earnest  de- 
sire ;  that  is  hter.»lly,  to  have  a  desire  or 
inclination  stretching  towards  the  object 
or  end.     1  Kings  iii. 

Joseph  made  haste,  for  his  bowels  did  yearn 
upon  his  brother.     Gen.  xliii. 

Your  mother's  heart  yearns  towards  you. 

Mddison. 
— Anticlus,  unable  to  control. 
Spoke  loud  the  language  of  his  yearning  soul. 

Pope. 
YEARN, 
YERN, 

She  laments  for  it,  that  it  would 
Yearn  your  heart  to  see  it.  Shale 

It  yearns  me  not  if  men  my  garments  wear 
Olis.  Shale. 

YEARN' FUL,  )       Mournful  ;  distressing. 

YCRN'FUL      S"'   Obs. 

jYEARN'ING,  )         Longing;  having  long 

iYERN'lNG,     S  Z'^'^- ing  desire. 

jYEARN'ING,?       Strong  emotions  of  de- 

]YERN'ING,     5    ■  sire,  tenderness  or   pity 

YEAST,  n.  [Sax.  gist,  yeast,  a  guest,  also  a 
storm  ;  yst.  a  storm  ;  G.  giischt,  yeast,  and 
gast,  a  guest ;  gascken,  to  I'oam  or  froth  ; 
D.  gist,  yeast  ;  gisten,  to  ferment.  This 
coincides  with  gas  and g'/iosf.  The  prima- 
ry sense  of  the  noun  is  wind,  spirit,  flatu- 
lence or  froth,  from  rushing ;  Cli.  DDJ  to 
inflate.  Class  Gs.  No.  18.] 

1.  Barm  ;  the  toam,  froth  or  llower  of  beer 
or  other  liquor  in  fermentation  ;  used  for 
raising  dough  for  bread  or  cakes,  and 
making  it  light  and  |iufty. 

2.  Spume  or  foam  of  water.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Shak. 

YE'ASTY,    a.     Frothy;    foamy;    spumy;' 

lik>^  yeast. 
YELK.  II.  [Sax.   gealew,   yellow;   G.  gelb, 

yellow.     See  GoWaiid   Yellow.] 
The  yellow  part  of  an  egg;  the  vitellus.     It 

is    sometimes    written    and     pronounced 

yolk,  but  yelk  is  the  proper  word.     Yolk  isj 

a  corruption. 


1'.  t.    To  pain;  to  grieve  ;  to  vex. 


YELL,  V.  i.  [Sax. giellan, gylUm ;  D.gilltn; 
Sw.  galla,  to  ring.  It  agrees  in  elements 
with  call.] 

To  cry  out  with  a  hideous  noise;  to  cry  or 
scream  as  with  agony  or  horror.  Savages 
yell  most  frightfully  when  they  are  rushing 
to  the  first  onset  of  battle. 

Nor  the  night  raven,  that  still  deadly  yells. 

Spenser. 

Y'ELL,  n.  A  sharp,  loud,  hideous  outcry. 
Their  hidtous  yells 
Rend  tlie  dark  welkin.  Phillips. 

YELL'ING,  ppr.  Uttering  hideous  out- 
cries; shrieking;  as  ^eWi/ig' monsters. 

Milton. 

YELL'ING,  n.  The  act  of  screaming  hide- 
ously. 

YEL'LOW,  a.  [Sax. g'ei/et«,  yellow  ;  gealla, 
g.ill;  G.  gelb ;  D.  geel;  Uan.  gunt ;  Sw. 
glud,  gul.  Hence  gold,  Uan.  guld.  The 
Fr.  jaune  is  the  same  word,  contracted 
from  jaulne,  as  it  is  written  in  the  Nor- 
man :  It.  ginllo ;  Russ.  jelknu,  to  become 
\ellow  ;  Jp/<«ic,  yellow  ;  h.  gatbanus.  Qu. 
gilvus.  The  root  is  the  Celtic  gal,  geal, 
bright.     See  Gold.  Class  Gl.  No.  7.]  ' 

Being  of  a  bright  color  ;  of  the  color  of  gold. 

JVewton. 

YEL'LOW,  n.  .\  bright  color,  reflecting 
the  most  light  of  any,  after  white.  It  is 
oiii-  of  the  simple  or  primitive  colors. 

YEL'LOW-BLOSSOMED,  a.  Furni.shed 
or  adorned  with  yellow  flowers. 

Goldsmith. 

YEL'LOW-BOY\  n.  A  gold  coin.  [Vulgar.] 

YEL'LOW-EARTH,  n.  A  soft  yellow  min- 
eral found  at  Wehraw,  in  Upper  Lnsatia, 
united  with  clay  and  argillaceous  iron- 
stone. 

YELLOW-PE'VER,  n.  A  malignant  dis- 
ease of  warm  climates,  whicli  often  suf- 
fuses the  skin  with  a  yellowish  color. 

YEL'LOW-GOLDS,  n."  A  flower. 

B.  Jonson. 

YEL'LOW-IIAMMER,  n.  A  bird  of  the  ge- 
nus Emberiza.  Its  throat  and  the  crown 
of  the  liead,  are  yellow.  Cyc. 

Y'EL'LOWISU,  a.  Somewhat  yellow  ;  as, 
amber  is  of  a  yellowish  color.       Woodward. 

YEL'LOWISH'NESS,  ?i.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing somewhat  yellow.  Boyle. 

YEL'LOWNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
yi'llow  ;  as  the  yellowness  of  an  orange. 

2.  Jealousy.     [JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 

YEL'LO\VS,  n.  A  disease  of  horses,  cattle 
and  sheep,  in  which  the  eyes  are  tinged 
with  a  yellow  color,  proceeding  often  from 
obstructions  in  the  gall-ducts.  It  is  re- 
lieved by  i>urges.  Cyc. 

YELP,  1'.  J.  [Sa.x.  gealpan,  to  bray;  Dan. 
gylper,  to  croak.] 

To  bark,  as  a  beagle-hound  after  his  prey,  or 
as  other  dog. 

YELP'ING,  ppr.  Barking  in  a  particular 
manner. 

YEN'ITE,  n.  A  mineral  found  in  the  isle 
of  Elba,  and  in  other  places,  of  a  brown  or 
brownish  black  color.  It  is  arranged  with 
the  chrysolite  family,  but  differs  much 
from  other  species  of  it.  It  resembles  horn- 
blend,  or  rather  black  epidote.  It  occurs 
both  crystnlized  and  massive;  thefuiiiof 
the  crystals  being  that  of  a  rhomhoidal 
prism.  It  con.sists  chiefly  of  silcx,  lime, 
and  oxyd  of  mangiiiiese.  Cyc.  Phillips. 
?|This  mineral    is    called    yonite    or  jenitb. 


YES 

in  commemoration  of  the  battle  of  Jena, 
and  lievrite,  from  its  discoverer. 

Cleai'eland. 
YEOMAN,  n.  [Sax.  f^emane,  common,  Sw. 
gemen,  Dan.  gemeen.     iiee  Common.] 

1.  A  common  man,  or  one  of  the  plebeians, 
of  the  first  or  most  respectable  class ;  a 
freeholder  ;  a  man  free  born.  A  yeoman 
in  England  is  considered  as  next  in  order 
to  the  gentry.  The  word  is  little  nsed  m 
the  United  States,  unless  as  a  title  m  law- 
proceedings  and  instruments,  designating 
occupation,  and  this  only  in  particular 
states.     But  yeomanry  is  much  used. 

2.  An  officer  iii  the  king's  household,  of  a 
middle  rank  between  a  gentleman  and  a 

groom.  f'\ 

3.  In  ships,  an  inferior  officer  under  the] 
boatswahi,  gunner  or  carpenters,  charged 
with  the  stowage,  account  and  distribu- 
tion of  the  stoics.  J^ti'r.  Diet. 

4.  A  name  or  title  of  certain  soldiers ;  as 
yeomen  of  the  guard. 

YfcOMANLY,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  yeoman. 

B.  Jotison. 

YEOMANRY,  n.  The  collective  body  of 
yeomen  or  freeholders.  Thus  the  com-[ 
mon  people  in  America,  are  called  the 
yeomitnrij. 

YERK,  V.  t.  [This  seems  to   be  the  Heb. 

Ch.  pT,  Eth.    04+ waraka,tospit,that 
is,  to  thrust  out.     It  is  the  same  as  jerk. 
Class  Rg.  No.  35.] 
To  throw    or  thrust   with  a  sudden  smart 
spring ;  as,  horses  yerk  their  heels. 

Far.  Diet. 
A   sudden   or  quick   thrust   or 


Y  O  K 

up  or  over ;  as,  to  yield  up  their  own  opia- 

ions.  We  yield  the  place  to  our  superiors. 
9.  To  surrender ;  sometimes  with  up ;  as, 
[     to  yield  a   fortress  to   the   enemy ;  or  to 

i/icW  up  a  fortress. 
YiELD,    V.  i.    To  give  up  the  contest ;  to 

submit. 
i         He  saw  the  fainting  Grecians  yield. 
1  Dry  den. 

2.  To  comply  with  :   as,  I  yielded  to  his  re- 
quest. 

3.  To  give  way  :  not  to  oppose.     We  readily 
i     yield  to  the  current  of  opinion  ;  we  yield  to 
j     customs  and  fashions. 
,4.  To  give  place,  as  inferior  in  rank  or  ex- 
{     cellence.    They  will  yield  to  us  in  noth- 

I     ing. 

I  Tell  mc  In  what  more  happy  fields 

The  thistle  .springs,  to  which  the  lily  yields? 
1  Pope. 

A  man  that  would  form  a  comparison  bctwecn|'YI£LDABLENESS,  n.  Disposition  to  com- 


Y  I  E 

during  is  understood,  but  it  may  be  con- 
sidered as  adverbially  used. 

YE.STY.  [tive  Yeasty.] 

YET,  conj.  [riiix.  gel,  gyt ;  Gr.  jti;  W.etlo 
It  seems  to  be  from  the  root  of  the  verb 

Nevertheless  ;  notwithstanding  ;  however. 
I  come  to  you  in  the  spirit  of  peace;  yet 
you  will  not  receive  me. 

Vet  I  say  unto  you,  that  Solomon  in  all  his 
glory,  was  not  arrayed  like  one  of  these.     Malt. 
vi. 
YET,  adv.  Beside;  over  and  above.    There 
is  one  reason  yet  liirther  to  be  alledged 

2.  Still ;  the  state  remaining  the  same. 
They  attest  facts  they  had  heard  while  they 

were  yet  heathens.  Mdison. 

3.  At  this  time  ;  so  soon.  Is  it  time  to  go  ?[ 
Not  yd. 

4.  At  least ;  at  a 


i  declamations,  if  i/e(  they  are  Quin- 
Baker^ 


li. 


YERK,  n 
motion. 
YERK'ING,  ppr.   Thrusting  with  a  quick 

spring. 
YERN.  [See  Yearn.] 

YES,  adv.  [Sax.  gise.]  A  word  which  ex-j 
presses  affirmauon  or  consent;  opposed 
to  no  ;  as,  are  you  married,  madam  ?  yes. 

It  is  used  like  yea,  to  enforce  by  repeti- 
tion or  addition,  something  whiih  pre- 
cedes. You  have  done  all  this;  yes,  you, 
have  done  more. 

Yes.  vou  despise  the  man  to  books  confin'd. 
■*  Pope. 

YEST.  [See  Yeast.] 

YES'TER,  a.  [G.geslem;  D.gisteren;  Sax. 
gyslern ;  L.  hesternus.] 

Last ;  last  past ;  next  before  the  present ; 
as  lycster  sun.  Dryden 

[Note.  This  is  seldom  used  except  in  the  com- 
pounds which  follow.] 

YES'TERDAY,  7i.  [Sax. gyrslan-da^g.  gyrs- 
ternlic  da;g.     See  Yester.] 

1.  The  day  last  past;  the  day  next  before 
the  present. 

All  our  yesterdays  have  lighted  fools 
The  way  to  dusty  death.  Shak. 

We  are  but  of  yesterday,  and  know  nothing. 
Job  viii. 

2.  Yesterday  is  used  generally  without  a  pre- 
position ;  as,    I    went   to    town  yesterday. 


Quiutilian 
tilian's — 
5.  It  is  prefixed  to  words  denoting  exten- 
sion of  time  or  continuance. 

A  lillle  longer ;  yet  a  little  longer.     Dryden. 
Still ;  in  a  iiew  degree.     The  crime  be- 
comes i/«(  blacker  by  the  pretense  of  piety. 
7.  Even:  after  all  ;  a  kind  of  emphatical  ad- 
dition to  a  negative. 

Men  may  not  too  rashly  believe  the  confes- 
sions of  witches,  nor  yet  the  evidence  against 
tliem.  £acon. 

3.  Hitherto.     You  have  yet  done  notliing ; 
you  have  as  yet  done  less  than  was  ex- 
pected. 
Yeven,  for  given,  is  not  in  use.  Spenser.l 

YEW,  n.  "[Sax.  iio ;  W.  yw  or  ywcn  ;  G.  eibe, 

or  eibenbaum  ;  D.  ibenboom  ;  Fr.  if.] 
An  evergreen  tree  of  the  genus  Taxus,  val- 
ued for  its  wood  or  timber. 
YEW,  I',  i.  To  rise,  as  scum  on  the  brine  in 
boihng  at  the  salt  works.     [See  Fatt'.] 

Cyc. 
YEW'EN,  a.  Made  of  yew.  Huhberd. 

YEX,    n.    [Sax.  geocsa.     See  fliccoug/i.]    A 

hiccough.     [Liltte  used.] 
YEX,  v.  i.  To  liiccouch. 
YFE  RE,  adv.  Together.     [.Vot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 
YIELD,    v.t.   [Sax.  gieldan,  gildan,  gyldan, 
to  render,  to  pay.     But  the  word  seems  to 
be  directly  from  the   W.  gildiaw,  to  pro- 
duce, to  yield,  to  concede,  to  contribute. 
The  sense  is  obvious.] 
].  To  produce,  us  land,  stock  or  fimds ;  to 
give   in    return    for    labor,   or  as   profit, 
Lands  t/ield  not  more  than  three  per  ccnt.j 
houses    yield    four   or   five    perj 


ply.     [Ji  bad  word  and  not  used.] 

YIELDANCE,  n.  Act  of  producing  ;  con- 
cession.    [.\'ot  used.]  Halt. 

YIELDED,  pp.  Produced  ;  afforded  ;  con- 
ceded ;  allowed;  resigned;  surrendered. 

YIELDER,  »!.  One  who  yields. 

YIELDING,  ppr.  Producing  ;  affording  ; 
conceding  ;  resigning  ;  surrendering  ;  al- 
lowing. 

2.  a.  Inclined  to  give  way  or  comply;  flexi- 

I  ble ;  accommodating ;  as  a  yielding  tem- 
per. 

YIELDING,    n.    Act  of  producing  ;  act  of 

I     surrendering  ;  submission.  Shak. 

YIELDLNGLY,  adv.  With  compliance. 

YIELDINGNESS,    »i.    Disposition  to  com- 

l     ply  ;  (luality  of  yielding.  Paley. 

YO'JAN,  n.  In  the  E.  Indies,  a  measure  or 
distance  of  five  miles.  Asial.  Res. 

YOKE,  n.  [Sax.  geoc  or  ioc ;  V.juk;  G. 
jock;  Sw.  ok;  Sans,  yuga  ;  Fr.  jnug ;  It. 
giogo  ;  S\).  yugo  ;  L.jugum;  Gr.  ^tvyos; 
Slav.  Russ.  igo;  Ch.  Syr.  Ar.  Jll  zug,  to 
join,  L.jungo,  Gr.  Ivjou.] 

1.  A  piece  of  timber,  hollowed  or  made 
I  curving  near  each  end,  and  fitted  with 
I  bows  for  receiving  the  necks  of  oxen  ;  by 
j  which  means  two  are  connected  for  draw- 
ing.    From  a  ring  or  hook  in  the  how,  a 

1     chain  extends  to  the  thing  to  be  drawn,  or 
'     to  the  yoke  of  another  pair  of  oxen  be- 
hind. 

2.  A  mark  of  servitude  ;  slavery ;  bondage. 
I  Our  country  sinks  beneath  the  yoke.      Shak. 

3.  A  chain  ;  a  link  ;  a  bond  of  connection; 
1     as  the  yoke  of  marriage.  Dryden. 

4.  A  couple;  a  pair;  as  a.  yoke  of  oxen. 


Yesterday   we  received   letters   fVom    ouri5.  To  give,  as  claimed  of  right ;  as,  to  j^Jd 
"        ■        In  this  case,  a  preposition  is  un-ii 


friends.  .      . 

dersiood ;  as  on  yesterday,  or  during  yester- 
day.   The  word  may  be  considered  as  ad- 
verbiallv  used. 
YES'TERNIGllT,    n.    [yester   and  night.] 

1.  Tlie  last  night. 

2.  it   is   used   without    a   preposition.     My! 


annuallv;  houses  yield   tour  or  live   perj  g    Service. 

cent.     Maiz  on  good   laud,  yields  two  orj,  jjy  yg/^^  j^  g^gy_    Matt.  xi. 

three  hundred  fold.  jYOKE,  v.  t.  To  put  a  yoke  on  ;  to  join  in  a 

To  produce,  in  general.     Most  vegetable;!     yo[.g  .  „(-_  to  yoke  oxen,  or  a  pair  of  oxen. 

2.  To  couple;  to  join  with  another. 
Cassius,  you  are  yoked  with  a  lamb.       Shak. 

3.  To  enslave;  to  bring  into  bondage. 
I  Shak. 

4.  To  restrain  ;  to  confine.     Libertines  hke 
I     not  to  be  yoked  in  marriage. 

The  words  and  promises  that  yoke 
The  conqueror,  are  quickly  broke. 
I  Htldibra':. 


juices  yield  a  salt. 

3.  To  aftord  ;  to  exhibit.     The  flowers   in 
1     spring  2/icW  a  beautiful  sight. 

4.  To  allow  ;  to  concede ;  to   admit  to   be 
true  ;  as,  to  yield  the  point  in  debate.     We 

ield  that  there  is  a  God 


due  honors;  to  yield  due  prtiise, 
6.  To  permit ;  to  grant. 
Life  is  but  air. 
That  yields  a  passage  to  the  wliistling  sword 
^  Dryden. 


Confined  in  a  yoke ;  joined  ; 


YO  KED,  pp. 

coupled. 
YOKE-ELM,  n.  A  tree. 
7.  To  emit;  to  give  up.   To  7/ieW  the  breath,}  YOKEFELLOW,  ?  „    [yoke  ^nd  fellow  or 
is  to  expire. 


liYOKE  MATE,        <>       mate.]      An    asso- 


brother  arrived  yesternight;  where  on  or Is.  To  resign;  to  give  up;  sometimes  withi:     ciate  or  companion. 


Sf  o  u 


YOU 


Y  U  X 


2.  A  mate ;  a  fellow.  Spectator. 

YO'KING,   ppr.    Putting  a  yoke  on  ;  join- 
ing; coupling. 
YOLD,  lor  yielded.     [JVot  in  use.]      Spenser. 
YOLK,  n.  The.  yelk  of  an  egg.    [See  Yelk.] 

2.  Tlie  unctuous  secretion  i'rorn  the  skin  of 
sheep,  which  renders  the  pile  soft  and  pli- 
able. Cyc. 

3.  The  vitellus,  a.  part  of  the  seed  of  plants, 
so  named  hy  Gaeriner,  from  its  supposed 
analogy  with  tlie  yelk  of  an  egg.  It  is 
characterized  as  very  tirmly  and  inse|)ar- 
ably  connected  with  the  eniliryo,  yet  never 
rising  out  of  the  integuments  of  the  seed 
in  germination,  liut  al)sorhed,  like  the 
albumen,  (see  fVhite  and  Perispenn.)  for 
the  nourishment  of  the  embryo.  When 
the  albumen  is  present,  it  is  always  sit 
ated  between  it  and  the  embryo.  In  the 
grasses  it  forms  a  scale  between  the  em 
bryo  and  idhmnen.  It  is  considered  b\ 
Smith  as  a  subterraneous  colyledr)n. 

Ci/c.     Smith. 

YON,  1        [Sax.    geond.      This   seems 

YOND,  >  a.  to  be  formed  from  gan,   ti 

YON'DER.  }       go,  or  its  root,  and  sigmties 

properly  gone;  or  it  is  from   geonan,   Ui 

open  ;  whence  ilistant.     The  G.jener,  and 

D.  gins,  ginder,  may  be  the  same  word,  or 

from  the  same  root.] 

Being  at  a  distance  within  view. 

Yonder  men  are  too  many  for  an  embassy. 

Bacon. 
Read  thy  lot  in  yon.  celestial  sign.  Milton. 
Von  flowery  arbors,  yonder  alleys  green. 

.Milton 

At  a  distance  wiihin 
view.  When  we  u.se 
this  word,  we  often 
direct  the  eye   to   the 


He  tliat  despiselh  you,  despiseth  me.  Luke  x.l 
You  is  used,  like  on  in  French,  for  any! 


adv. 


YON, 
YONU, 
YO.N'DER,  > 

point  the  band  or 

place  or  object. 

First  and  cbiefe.st,  with  thee  bring 

Hini  \\\'A\.yon  -oars  on  <^ol(ieii  wing.    Milton 

Yonder  are  two  apple  women  scofding. 

Jirltuthnot 

YOND,  a.  Mad ;  furious,  or  alienated  in 
mind  ;  that  is,  gone,  wandering,  ami  allieil 
to  the  prececlinj;.     06.9.  Spenser 

yOKF;  nih.  [Sax.  ^enrfi.  It  (irobably  sig- 
nifies past,  gone,  from  the  root  of  year.] 

Loim.      Obs.  Spenser. 

Of  i/ore,  of  idd  time  ;  long  ago  ;  as  in  times 
or  days  of  ynre. 

But  Satan  now  is  wiser  than  of  yore.     Pope. 

Y0t5,  pron.  yu.  \ii:ix.e(riv,in,  iurh;  G.euck  : 
Arm.  chuy ;  D.  gu  or  yn,  thou.  Foit  has 
been  considered  as  in  the  plural  only,  and 
is  so  treated  in  the  Saxon  grammar.  But 
from  the  Belgic  diah  ct,  it  appears  to  he  it; 
the  SMigiilar  as  well  as  the  plural,  and  our 
universal  popular  usage,  in  applying  it  to 
a  single  [lerson  wiih  a  verb  m  the  singu- 
lar nmnbei.  is  correct.  YourseZ/'is  in  the 
siiiiiular  number.] 
1.  The  |ironoun  of  the  second  person,  in  the 
nonnnaiive  or  objective  ca.se.  In  familiar 
laiitruage,  it  is  applied  to  an  individual,  as 
thoo  IS  in  the  solemn  style.  In  the  plural, 
it  is  nsKil  in  the  solemti  style  in  the  objec 
live  case. 

In  vain  you  Icll  your  pardng  lover, 
Tou  wish  fair  winds  may  waft  him  over. 


one.     This  at  a  distance  looks  like  a  rock  ;■ 
but  as  you  approach   it,  you  see  a  little 
cabin. 
YOUNG,    a.    yvng.    [Sax.  iong,geong;  G. 
jung ;    D.  joiig  ;    Sw.  Dan.  ung  ;    Arm. 
yaouncq  ;  \W.ieuanc;    Sans,  yuwnna  :  L 
juvenis.     Qn.  Ch.  Syr.  Hcb,  Sam.  pj'  to 
suck.     The  Welsh  makes  the  word  a  com- 
pound, and  the  origin  is  not  evident.] 
1.  Not  having  been  long  burn  ;  being  in  the 
first  part  of  life;  not  old  ;  used  of  animals ; 
\     as  a  young  child  ;  a  young  man  ;  a  young 

favvn. 
!2.  Being  in   the  first  part  of  growth  ;  as  a 
I     young  plant ;  a  young  tree 
3.   Ignorant ;   weak  ;  or  rather,  having  little 

experience. 
1  Come,  elder  brother,  thou'rt  too  young  in  tbi-- 

I  Shok 

YOUNG,  n.  The  offspring  of  animals,  either 
d   single   animal,  or  offspring  collectively. 
'     Tlie  row  will  take  care  ot'  her  young,  as 
i     will   the   hen.     Animals   make   provision 

fnr  their  yoiii/ig. 
YOUNGER,   a.    comp.  yun'ger.    Not  so  old 
as  another.     A  person  of  ninety  years  old 
\s  younger  than  one  of  a  hundred,  though 
certainly  not  ii  young  man,  nor  in  the  first 
|iart  of  lile 
YOU.^GK.■^T,    a.    superl.  yun'gest.  Having 
ilie  lea.st   age.     There    are    three  persons 
living,   the  youngest   of  whom   is   ninety 
year.:  i,|d. 
;YOUN<ilSH, (I.  yung'ish.  Somewhat  young. 

Taller. 
YOUNGLING,  n.  yung'ling.    [Sax.  gtong- 

ling.] 
Aiiv  animal  in  the  first  part  of  life.     Dryden. 
lYOUNGLY,  adv.  yung'ly.  Early  in  life 
I  Shak. 

12.  Ignorantly:  weakly.     [Little  used.] 
YOUNGSTER,  n.  yung'sler.  A  young  per- 
son L  a  lad  ;  a  colloquial  word.  Shak. 
YOUNGTH,  for  youth,  is  not  in  use. 

Spenser. 
YOUNK'ER,  n.  Among  seamen,  a  stripling 

ill  tlie  service. 
YOCR,    a.   pronom.  pron.  yure.  [from  you ; 
S:ix.  eou'er ;  G.  eiter.] 

1.  Belonging  to  you  ;  equally   applicable   to 
both  numbers;  as  ^our  father  ;  ^o«r  heart 
your  prince;  7/our  subjects. 

2.  It  is  used  indefinitely. 
Vow    medalist    and   your   critic  are  much 

nearer  related  than  the  wodd  imagine. 

Jlddison 

3.  Yours  is  used  as  a  substitute  for  a  noun  in 
the  nominative  or  objective.  This  book 
is  yours.  I  have  no  pen  ;  give  nie  yours. 
My  sword  and  yours  are  kin.  Shak 

YOCRSELF,    pron.    plu.  yourselves,    [your 

and  self] 
I.  A  word  added  to  you,  to  express  distinc- 
j     tion  emphatically  between  you  and  other 

persons.  This  work  you  must  do  your- 
I  self;  or  you  yourself  must  do  it  ;  that  is, 
1    you  and  no  other  person. 

Sometimes  it  is  used  without  you. 
1  Allow  obedience,  i("  yuurselves  are  old. 

Shak 


love  only  yourself;  you  have  brought  this 
calamity  on  yourselves;  W  but  yoursehes- 


Prior.\^.  It  is  used  as  the  reciprocal  pronoun.  You 


YOUTH,  n.  yiilh.  [Sax.  iugulh,  uigoth,  io- 
goth,  geogalh  ;  G.jugend  ;  D.jougd.] 

1.  The  part  of  life  that  succeeds  to  child- 
hood. In  a  general  sense,  youth  denotes 
the  whole  early  part  of  hfr,  from  infancy 
to  manhood  ;  but  it  is  not  unusual  to  di- 
vide the  stages  of  life  into  infancy,  child- 
hood, youth,  and  manhood.  In  this  sense 
the  word  can  have  no  plural. 

Those  who  pass  their  youth  in  vice,  are  just- 
ly condemned  to  spend  their  age  in  folly. 

Hambler. 

2.  A  young  man.  In  this  sense  it  has  a  plu- 
ral. 

Seven  youths  from  Athens  yeady  sent — 

Dryden. 

3.  A  voung  person,  male  or  female. 

4.  Young  per.sons,  collectively. 
It  is  fit  to  youth  to  read  the  best  authors  first. 

£.  Jonson. 

YOUTHFUL,  a.  Young;  as  two  youthful 
knights.  Dryden. 

2.  Periaining  to  the  early  part  of  life;  as 
youthful  days  ;  youthful  age. 

.3.  Siinable  to  the  first  p.irl  .iflife  ;  as  youth- 
ful ihonglits;  youthful  spurts. 

4.    Fresh  ;  vigorous  ;  as  in  youth.       Bentley. 

YOPTllFULLY,<7(/i;.  In  a  youthfid  manner. 

YOCTHLY,  a.  Young;  early  in  lite.     Obs. 

Spenser. 

YOUTH  Y,  a.  Y'oung.     [Bad  and  not  used.] 

Spectator. 

YPIGHT,  a.  Fixed,  that  is,  pitched.     Obs. 

Spenser. 

YT'TRIA,  n.  [so  called  from  Ytterby,  a 
quarry  in  Sweden.] 

One  of  the  earths.  It  has  the  appearance 
of  a  fine  white  powder,  without  taste  or 
smell.  It  is  insoluble  in  water,  and  iloes 
not  affect  vegetable  blues.  It  combines 
with  acids  and  forms  salts.  Its  base  is 
yttrium.  Cyc.     Ure.     Davy. 

YT'TRIOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  yttrin  :  con- 
taining yttria;  as  the  yltrious  oxyd  of  co- 
luinbium.  Cteaveland. 

YT'TRIU.M,  n.  The  base  of  yttria. 

YTTRO-CE'RITE,  n.  A  mineral,  consist- 
ing of  the  oxyd  of  cerium,  yttria,  lime  and 
fluoric  acid. 

YTTRO-€OL  UMBITE,  n.  A  mineral  con- 
taining vttria. 

YTTRO-TAN'TALITE,  n.  A  mineral  found 
in  kidney-form  masses ;  an  ore  of  tanta- 
lum. 

jYUCK,  V.  i.  To  itch.     [Local]  Grose. 

JYUFTS,  n.   Kiissia  lether,   prepared    from 

I     ox  hides  in  a  peculiar  manner.  Tooke. 

YUG,   }      In  the  mythology  of  India,  an  age  ; 

YOG,  ^  'one  of  the  ages  into  which  the 
Hindoos  divide  the  duration  or  existence 
of  the  world. 

YU'LAN,  71.  A  beautiful  flowering  tree  of 
China.  Cirosier. 

YULE,  n.  [Sax.-?i(/c,  geohol,  geJiitl,  geol ; 
Arm.  gouel,  gouil,  a  feast ;  W.  gwyl,  a 
holiday.] 

The  name  anciently  given  to  Christmas,  or 
the  feast  of  the  nativity  of  our  Savior. 

YUX,  n.  A  hiccough.     [.V«/ ».vtrf.] 

YUX.  V.  i.  To  hiccough.     04*. 


z. 


Z  E  A 


Z  E  O 


Z  E  U 


Zj  the  last  letter  of  the  English  Alphabet, 
is  a  sibilant  articulation,  and  is  merely  a 
vocal  S.     It  bears  the  same  relation  to  s, 
as  V  does  to/.     Willi  us  it  lias  not  a  com- 
pound sound,  nor  is  it  a  double  consonant, 
as   in  the  Italian  and  German.     It  is  as 
simple  in  its  sound  as  S. 
As  u  numeral,  Z  stands  for  '.iOOO,  and  with  a 
dash  over  it,  Z,  for  2,000,000.     It  is  pro- 
nounced zee. 
ZA'BAISM.     [See  Sabiainsm.] 
ZA€'€HO,  )i.  Tlie  lowest  part  of  the  pe- 
destal of  a  column. 
ZAF'FER,  n.  The  residuum  of  cobalt,  af- 
ter the  sulphur,  arsenic  and  other  volatile 
matters  have  been  expelled  by  calcination  ; 
so  that  it  is  a  gray  or  dark  gray  oxyd  of  co- 
balt, mixed  with  a  portion  of  silex.        Ci/c. 
ZA'NY,  n.  [It.  tajini,  a  buflbon.]    A  merry 
andrew  ;  a  buffoon.  Pojie. 

ZA'NY,  V.  t.  To  mimic.  Beaum. 

ZAP'OTE,  n.  In  Mejdco,  the  generic  name 
of  fruits  which  are  roundish  and  contain 
a  hard  stone ;  the  species  are  various. 
ZAR'NICH,  n.  [See  Arsenic]  The  name 
of  a  genus  of  fossils,  which  are  inflamma- 
ble, of  a  plain  uniform  structure,  not  flexi- 
ble or  clastic,  soluble  in  oil,  and  burning 
with  a  whitish  flume  and  noxious  smell 
like  garlic.  This  substance  is  supposed 
to  be  sulphureted  arsenic.  Of  this  genus 
there  are  four  species ;  one  the  real  san 
darach ;  another  is  sold  under  the  name 
oforpiment.  Ci/c. 

ZEA,  n.  The  generic  name  of  maiz. 
ZEAL.  n.  [Gv.  <;>;^o{;  L.  zelus.]  Passionate 
ardor  in  the  pursuit  of  any  thing.  Ex 
cessive  zeal  may  rise  to  enthusiasm.  In 
general,  zeal  is  an  eagerness  of  desire  to 
accomplish  or  obtain  some  object,  and  it 
may  be  manifested  either  in  favor  of  any 
person  or  thing,  or  in  opposition  to  it,  and 
in  a  good  or  bad  cause. 

Zeal,  the  blind  conductor  of  the  will. 

DryJen 
They  have  a  zeal  of  God,  but  not  according 
to  knowledge.     Rom.  x. 

A  zeal  lor  liberty  is  sometimes  an  eagerness 
to  subvert,  with  little  care  what  shall  be  estab- 
lisbcd.  Johnson. 

ZEALOT,  n.  zel'ot.  One  who  engages 
warmly  in  any  cause,  and  pursues  his  ob- 
ject with  earnestness  and  ardor.  It  is  gen- 
erally used  in  dispraise,  or  applied  to  one 
whose  ardor  is  intemperate  and  censurable. 
The  fury  of  zealots  was  one  cause  of  the 
destruction  of  Jerusalem.  K.  Charles. 

ZEALOTTCAL,  a.  Ardertlly  zealous.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Strijpe. 
ZEALOUS,  a,  zel'us.    Warmly  engaged  or 
ardent  in  the  pursuit  of  an  object. 

Being  thus  saved  himself,  he  may  be  zealous 
in  the  salvation  of  souls.  Law. 

ZEALOUSLY,     adv.    zel'usly.    With  pas- 
sionate ardor  ;  with  eagerness. 

It  is  good  to  be  zealously  aflected  always  in 
a,  good  thing.     Gal.  iv. 

Yol.  II. 


ZEALOUSNESS,  n.  zeiusness.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  zealous  ;  zeal. 
ZE'BRA,  n.  An  animal  of  the  genus  Eqnus, 
beautifully  marked  with  stripes  ;  a  native 
of  Africa. 
ZEBU,  n.  A  variety  of  the  common  ox, 
with  a  hump  on  the  shoulders.  It  is  found 
in  the  E.  Indies  and  resembles  the  bos  In- 
dicus,  or  Indian  ox,  but  is  very  small,  being 
sometimes  little  larger  than  a  dog.  Cijc. 
ZE'€1IIN,  n.  A  Venetian  gold  coin  ;  usu- 
ally written  sequin,  which  see.  If  named 
from  Zecka,  the  place  where  minted,  this 
is  the  correct  orthography. 
ZED'OARY,  n.  A  medicinal  root,  belong- 
ing to  a  plant  growing  in  the  East  Indies, 
whose  leaves  resemble  those  of  ginger, 
only  they  are  longer  and  broader.  It 
comes  in  oblong  pieces,  about  the  thick- 
ness of  the  little  finger,  and  two  or  three 
inches  in  length.     It  is  a  warm  stomachic. 

Cyc. 
ZEINE,    71.    A   substance   of  a   yellowish 
color,  soft,  insipid,  and   elastic,  procured 
from  the  seeds  of  the  Zea  Mays  or  Indian 
corn.  Gorham. 

ZEMINDAR,  n.  [from  tcm,  temui,  land.]  In 
India,  a  fetidatory  or  landholder  who  gov 
erns  a  district  of  country  and  collects  tax- 
es. Asiat.  Res. 
ZEiMINDARY,  n.  The  jurisdiction  of  a  ze- 
mindar. 
ZEND,    11.    A  language  that  formerly  pre- 
vailed in  Persia. 
ZEND'AVESTA,  jj.    Among  the  Persees, 
a  sacred  book  ascribed  to  Zoroaster,  and 
reverenced  as  a  bible,  or  sole  rule  of  faith 
and  practice.     It  is  often  called  Zend,  by 
contraction. 
ZE'NITII,  Ji.  [Fr.  ;  It.  zenit  ;  Sp.  zenit  or 
eenit.     I  have  not  found  the  oriental  origi- 
nal.] 
That   point   in  the  visible   celestial  hemis- 
phere, which  is  vertical-  to  the  spectator, 
and   from   which    a  direct  perpendicular 
line  jiassing  through  the   spectator,   and 
extended,  would  proceed  to  the  center  of 
the  earth.     It  is  opposed  to  nadir. 
ZEOLITE,  7!.  [Gr.  ^u,  to   boil,  to  foam, 

anil  %idoi,  stone.] 
A  mineral,  so  named  by  Cronsledt  from  its 
intumescence  before  the  blowpipe,  ftlanyj 
substances  have  been  confounded  under 
this  name,  particularly  such  as  are  fusible 
by  the  l)lowpi|>e  without  addition,  and 
exhibit  a  phosphoric  brilliancy  at  the  mo- 
ment effusion.  Ilaiiy  makes  two  species 
of  zeolite,  which  he  calls  mesotype  and 
stilbite.  Werner  makes  four  subspecies, 
which  he  calls  mealy  zeolite,  fibrous  zeo- 
lite, radiated  zeolite,  and  foliated  zeolite. 
He  makes  zeolite  a  generic  name,  and 
Jameson,  who  adopts  this  theory,  arranges 
in  this  family  prehnite,  zeolite,  apopliyllite, 
cubicite,  called  by  HaOy  analcime,  chaba- 
site,  cross-stone,  laumouite,  dipyre,  natro- 
lite,  and  wavellite.  Cyc. 

116 


Zeolite  commonly  occurs  in  a  four  sided 
prism,  terminated  by  a  four  sided  pyra- 
mid ;  often  in  small  iibrous  masses. 

Cleaveland. 

ZEOLIT'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  zeolite;  con- 
sisting of  zeolite,  or  resembling  it. 

ZEOLIT'IFORM,  a.  Having  the  form  of 
zeolite. 

ZEPII'YR,  n.  [L.  zephyrus ;  Gr.  ^(pifios.] 
The  west  wind ;  and  poetically,  any  soft, 
mild,  gentle  breeze.  The  poets  personify 
Zephyrus,  and  make  him  the  most  mild 
and  gentle  of  all  the  sylvan  deities.  Cyc. 
Mild  as  when  Zephyrus  on  Flora  breathes. 

.Milton. 

ZER'DA,  71.  An  animal  of  the  canine  ge- 
nus, found  in  the  desert  of  Zaara,  beyond 
mount  Atlas.  It  is  about  ten  inches  in 
length,  with  a  pointed  nose,  long  whiskers, 
large  black  vivid  eyes,  and  remarkably 
swift  of  foot.  Its  color  is  a  yellowish 
pale  brown.  Diet.  .\'at.  Hist. 

ZERO,  71.  [It.]  Cipher ;  nothing.  The 
point  of  a  thermometer  from  which  it  is 
graduated.  Zero,  in  the  thermometers  of 
Celsius  and  Reaumur,  is  at  the  point  at 
which  water  congeals.  The  zero  of  Fah- 
renheit's thermometer  is  fixed  at  the  point 
at  which  the  mercury  stands  when  im- 
mersed in  a  mixture  of  snow  and  com- 
mon salt.  In  Wedgewood's  pyrometer, 
the  zero  corresponds  with  1077°  on  Fah- 
renheit's scale. 

ZEST,    71.    [Pcrs.   ,,AA«\  zistan,   to   peel. 

Class  Sd.] 

1.  A  piece  of  orange  or  lemon  peel,  used  to 
give  flavor  to  liquor;  or  the  fine  thin  oil 
that  spurts  out  of  it  when  squeezed  ;  also, 
•  the  woody  thick  skin  quartering  the  ker- 
nel of  a  walni  ..  Cyc. 

2.  Relish  ;  something  that  gives  a  pleasant 
taste  :  or  the  taste  itself. 

ZEST,  V.  t.  To  give  a  relish  or  flavor  to  ; 
to  highten  taste  or  relish. 

2.  To  cut  the  peel  of  an  orange  or  lemon 
from  top  to  bottom  into  thin  slips ;  or  to 
squeeze  the  peel  over  the  surface  of  any 
thing.  Cyc. 

ZE  TA,  JI.  A  Greek  letter. 

2.  A  little  closet  or  chamber,  with  pipes  run- 
ning along  the  walls,  to  convey  into  it 
fresh  air,  or  warm  vapor  Irom  below. 

Cyc. 

ZETET'IC,  a.  [Gr.  Jijrfo,  to  seek.]  That 
seeks  ;  that  proceeds  by  inquiry.  The  :e- 
tetic  method  in  mathematics,  is  that  used 
in  investigation,  or  the  solution  of  prob- 
lems. Cyc. 

ZEUG'MA,  71.  [Gr.  ^ivyfia,  from  Jfuywu,  to 
join.     See  Yoke.] 

A  figure  in  grammar  by  which  an  adjective 
or  verb  which  agrees  with  a  nearer  word, 
is  by  way  of  supplement,  referred  to  an- 
other more  remote.  Thus  in  Virgil,  '•Hie 
illius  anna,  hie  currus  fiiit ;"  where  fuit, 


Z  O  D 


ZOO 


Z  Y  G 


which  agrees  directly  with  currus,  is  re- 
ferred also  to  arma.  Cyc. 
ZIBET,  n.  [See  Civet]     An  animal  of  the 
genus  Viverra ;  the  ash-gray  weasel,  stria- 
ted with  black  undulations,  and  an  annu- 
lated  tail.  It  may  be  called  the  Indian  civet, 
as  it  resembles  the  African  civet.  Cyc. 
ZIG'ZAG,  o.  Having  short  turns. 
ZIG'ZAG,    n.    Something   that   has  short^ 

turns  or  angles. 
ZIG'ZAG,  V.  f.  To  form  with  short  turns. 
Ziment  loaler,  or  copper  water,  is  a  name  giv- 
en to  water  found  in  copper  mines ;  water 
impregnated  with  copper. 
ZIM'OME,   )       [Gi:  iviiri.]  Oneofthecon- 
ZYM'OME,  \  "•  stituents  of  gluten.       Ure. 
ZINK,  n.  [G.  Sw.  Dan.  zink.      The  com- 
mon orthography,  zinc,  is  erroneous.] 
A  metal  of  a  brilliant  white  color,  with  a 
shade  of  blue,  and  appearing  as  if  com- 
posed of  plates  adhering  together.     It  is 
not  brittle,  but  less  malleable  than  copper, 
lead  or  tin.     When  heated  however,  it  is 
malleable,  and  mav  be  drawn  into  plates. 

Cyc. 
ZINKIF'EROUS,    a.    [ttnA;   and  L.  fero.] 
Producing  zink  ;  as  zinkiferous  ore. 

Journ.  of  Science. 
ZINK'Y,  a.  Pertaining  to  zink,  or  having 
its  appearance. 

Some  effervesce  with  acids,  some  not,  though 
soluble  therein,  as  to  the  zinky  part.    Kirwaa. 
The   zinky  ores  arc  said  to  be  grayer  than 
other  ores.  Ibm. 

ZIR'CON,  n.  Called  also  jargon  of  Ceylon, 
a  mineral  originally  found  in  Ceylon,  in' 
the  sands  of  rivers,  along  with  spinel,' 
sapphire,  tourmalin,  and  iron  sand.  Zir-| 
con,  hyacinth,  and  zirconite,  are  regarded 
as  varieties  of  the  same  species.  They 
are  essentially  composed  of  the  earth  zir-[ 
conia,  with  silex,  and  a  minute  portion  of 
iron.  The  primitive  form  of  the  crystalsl 
is  an  octahedron,  composed  of  two  four, 
sided  prisms.  The  common  form  is  a 
rectangular  four  sided  prism. 

Haiiy.     Brongniarf.     Cyc. 

ZIRCO'NIA,  n.    A  peculiar  earth  obtained 

from  the  gem  zircon  ;  a  fine  white  pow-' 

der.  Cyc. 

ZIR'CONITE,  n.  A  variety  of  the  zircon. 

ZIRCO'NILFM,   n.    Tlie    inetallic  basis  of 

zircoiiin. 

ZIV'OLO,  11.   A  bird  resembling  the  yellow 

hammer,  and   by  some  considered  as  the 

same  species.  Did.  JVat.  Hist. 

ZIZ'EL,  n.   The  suslik  or  earless  marmot, 

a  small  quadruped  found  in   Poland  and 

the  smith  of  Russia.  Cuvicr.     Cyc. 

ZOC'€0,       ^      [It.  zoccolo  :  from  I,,  soccus, 

ZO'CLE,        >  n.  a  sock.]      A  square   bodyl 

ZOC'€OLO,  3       under  the  base  of  a  pedes-[ 

tal,  &c.  serving  for  the  support  of  a  bust, 

statue  or  coluiini.  Ci/c.j 

ZO'DI  A€,  n.  [Vr.  zodiuque ;  It.  Sp.  zodiaco  ;  L. 

;(K/iacus;  Gr.  ?w8taxo5,  t'rom  CuoK,  an  animal.] 

Abroad  circle  in  tlie  lieavens,  containing  the 

twelve  signs  througli  whicli  the  sun  pass-' 

es  in  its  aiuiual  c<iurse.     Tlie  center  of, 

this  belt  is  the  ecliptic,  which  is  the  path 

of  the  sun.     It  intersects  tlip   equator    at 

an  anfile  nf23ilegrecs  and  a  half  or  r.ither 

2i)  minutes.     This  is  called  its  obliquity. 

2.  A  ginllo.  Miiton. 

ZODl'ACAL,  a.   Pertaining  to  thi;  zodiac. 

Zodiacal  light,  a  luminous  track  or  space  in 


the  heavens,  resembling  that  of  the  milky 
way,  sometimes  appearing  after  sunset 
and  before  sunrising. 

ZOI'SITE,  n.  [from  Van  Zois,  its  discov- 
erer.] 

A  mineral  regarded  as  a  variety  of  epidote. 
It  occurs  in  deeply  striated  rhomboidal 
prisms,  much  compressed  and  rounded  ; 
its  colors  gray,  yellowish  or  bluish  gray, 
brown,  grayish  yellow,  or  reddish  white. 

Cleaveland. 

This  is  called  also  a  subspecies  of  prisnia- 
toidal  augite.  Cyc.     Thomson. 

ZONE,  Ji.  [L.  zona  ;  Gr.  ?u);.)j.]  A  girdle. 
An  embroider'd  zone  surrounds  her  waist. 

Dry  den. 

2.  In  geography,  a  division  of  the  earth,  with 
respect  to  the  temperature  of  different 
latitudes.  The  zones  are  five  ;  the  torrid 
zone,  extending  from  tropic  to  tropic  40", 
50',  or  23*^  28'   on  each  side  of  the  equa 


architrave  and  cornice  ;  so  called  from  the 
figures  of  animals  carved  upon  it.        Did. 

ZO'OPHYTE,  n.  [Gr.  Juox,  an  animal,  and 
^vTor,  a  plant.] 

In  natural  history,  a  body  supposed  to  par- 
take of  the  nature  both  of  an  animal  and 
a  vegetable,  such  as  madrepores,  inille- 
porcs,  corallines,  &c.  Cyc. 

ZOOPHYTOLOti'ICAL,  a.  Pertaining  to 
zoophvtologv. 

ZOOPHYTOL'OgY,  n.  [zoophyte  and  Gr. 
xoyo5,  discourse.]  The  natural  history  of 
zoophytes.  Ed.  Encyc 

ZOOT'OMIST,  n.  [See  Zooto7ny.]  One 
who  dissects  the  bodies  of  brute  animals ; 
a  comparative  anatomist. 

ZOOT'OxMY,  Ji.  [Gr.  fuor,  an  animal,  and 

Tf^l'u,  to  cut.] 

Anatomy  ;  particularly,  the  dissecting  of  bod- 
ies ofbeasts  or  brute  animals  ;  comparative 
anatomy,  or  the  anatomy  of  brute  animals. 


tor;   two   temperate   or   variable    zones,!  XOR'IL,  n.  A  fetiil  animal  of  the   weasel 


situated  between  the  tropics  and  polar 
circles  ;  and  two  frigid  zones,  situated 
between  the  polar  circles  and  the  poles. 

3.  Circuit ;  circumference.  Milton. 

Ciliary  ;onc,  in  anatomy,  the  black  impression 
of  the  ciliary  processes  on  the  vitreous  hu- 
mor of  the  eye.  Cyc. 

ZO'NED,  a.  Wearing  a  zone.  Pope. 

ZON'NAR,  n.  A  beh  or  girdle,  which  the 
Christians  and  Jews  in  the  Levant  are 
obliged  to  wear,  to  distinguish  them  from 
the  Mohammedans.  Cyc. 

ZOOG'RAPHER,  n.  [Sec  Zoography.]  One 
who  describes  animals,  their  forms  and 
habits. 

ZOOGRAPH'ICAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
description  of  animals. 

ZOOG'RAPHY,  n.  [Gr.  Juw,  an  animal, 
and  ypa^ui,  to  describe.] 

A  description  of  animals,  their  forms  and 
habits.     [But  zoology  is  generally  used.] 

ZO'OLITlX  n.  [Gr.  ?uo,,  an  animal,  and 
uSo;,  stone.]  An  animal  substance  petri-j 
fied  or  fossil.  jV/o/m.l 

ZOOLOG'I€AL,  a.  [from  zoology.]  Pertain- 
ing to  zoology,  or  the  science  of  animals.' 

ZOOLOg'ICALLY,  adv.  According  to  the 


principles  of  zoology.  Lawrence. 

ZOOL'OgIST,  n.  [from  zoology.]  One  who| 
is  well  versed  in  the  natural  history  of  an-i 
imals,  or  who  ilescribcs  animals.  [ 

ZOOL'OgY,  n.  [Gr.  Juoi',  an  animal,  and| 
X070;,  discourse.]  1 

A  treatise  on  animals,  or  the  science  of  an-| 
imals  ;  that  branch  of  natural  history 
which  respects  the  forms,  classification, 
history  and  habits  of  animals,  particularly 
of  brutes  or  irrational  animals.  I 

Z0ON'I€,  a.  [Gr.  ?uo>.,  an  animal.]  Per- 
taining to  animals;  as  the  zoonic  acid,  ob- 
tained from  animal  sid)stances. 

ZOON'OMV,  n.  [Gr.  Cwoii,  an  animal,  and 
roftoj,  law.] 

The  laws  of  animal  life,  or  the  science  which 
treats  of  the  phenomena  of  animal  life, 
their  causes  and  relations. 

ZOOPIIITi:.     [Hee  Zoouhyle.]  \ 

ZOOPII'ORIC,  a.  [Gr.  ^uo.',  an  animal,  and 
i})opfu,  to  bear.] 


kiTid,  found  in  S.  America.  [In  Sp.  zorro  is 
a  fi)X,  and  zorillo,  the  whelp  of  a  fox.]     Cyc, 

ZUF'FOLO,  n.  [It.  zufolo,  (\oi\i  zufolare,  lo 
hiss  or  whistle,  L.  sujjlo.] 

A  little  flute  or  flageolet,  especially  that 
which  is  used  to  teach  birds.  Bushy. 

ZU'M  ATE,  n.  [See  Zumic]  A  combination  of 
the  zumic  acid  and  a  salifiable  base.    Ure. 

ZU'Ml€,  a.  [Gr.  ^vjwij,  ferment.]  The  zumic 
acid  is  procured  from  many  acescent  veg- 
etable substances.  Ure, 

ZLMOLOci'ICAL,  a.  [See  Zumology.]  Per- 
taining to  zumology. 

ZUMOL'OtilST,  n.  One  who  is  skilled  in 

i     the  fermentation  of  liquors. 

jZUMOL'OtiY,  n.  [Gr.  Jujki;,  ferment,  from 

I     ?v/4ou,  to  ferment,  and  7.0705,  discourse.] 

I A  treatise  on  the  fermentation  of  liquors,  or 

I     the  doctrine  of  fermentation.  Cyc. 

iZUMOSIM'ETER,  n.  [Gr.  ?vft«Bis,  ferment- 

I     ation,  and  ujrpfu,  to  measure.] 

An  instrument  proposed  by  Swammerdam 
for  ascertaining  the  degree  of  fermenta- 
tion occasioned  by  the  mixture  of  different 
liquids,  and  the  degree  of  heat  which  they 
acquire  in  fermentation.  Cyc. 

ZUR'LITE,  n.  A  newly  discovered  Vesuvl- 


an  mineral,  whose  primitive  form  is  a 
cube,  or  according  to  some  tiuthors,  a  rec- 
tangular prism.  Journ.  of  Science. 

ZYGODAC'TYLOUS,  a.  [Gr.  ^lyoa,  to 
join,  and  baxtv7j>i,  a  finger.] 

Having  the  toes  disposed  in  pairs;  distin- 
guishing an  order  of  fowls  which  have  the 
feet  furnished  with  two  toes  before  and 
two  behind,  as  the  parrot,  woodpecker, 
&c.  Ed.  Enci/c. 

ZYGOMAT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  ftvy/ta,  a  joining.] 
Pertaining  to  a  bone  of  the  head,  called 
also  OS  jugale.  or  cheek  bone,  or  to  the 
bony  arch  under  which  the  temporal  mus- 
cle passes.  The  term  zygoma  is  applied 
both  to  the  bone  and  the  arch.  Cyc. 

Zjignmaiic  arch.     [See  Zygomatic.] 

Zjigomatic  bone,  the  check  bone. 
Dai'win.\  Zygomatic  muscles,  two  nuisctes  of  the  face, 
wliicji  rise  from  t!ie  zygomatic  bone,  aiwl 
arc  inserted  into  the  coiner  of  the  mouth. 

'{Zygomatic  processes,   the    processes   of  the 


The  zoo|)hoiic  column  is  one  which  sup-  i  tcuipnial  and  cheek  bmics,  which  unite  to 
ports  the  fii;ure  of  an  animal.  foiin  the  zygomatic  arch. 

ZOOPirORUS,  n.  [supra.]  In  ancient  «c-  Zyo-o«i«//c  .sudirf,  the  suture  which  joins  the 
chiledure,  the  same  with  the  frieze  in  j  z>;;oru:itic  processes  of  the  lemporul  and 
modern  architecture;  a  part  between  the  j     cheekbones.  Parr. 


ADDITIONS. 


ABANDON. 

5.  In  commerce,  to  rclluquisli  to  insurers  all 
claim  to  a  ship  or  goods  insured,  as  a  pre- 
liminary towards  recovering  for  a  total 
loss.  Park. 

ABANDONMENT. 

2.  In  commerce,  the  relinquishing  to  under- 
writers all  the  property  saved  from  loss 
by  shipwreck,  capture  or  other  peril  stated 
in  the  policy.  This  abandonment  must  lie  ! 
made  before  the  insured  can  demand  in- 
denuiification  for  a  total  loss.  Park. 

ABLE.  [Norm,  ublez,  hable  ;  habler,  to  ena- 
ble, from  L.  habitis.] 

ABSCISSION. 

2.  In  rhetoric,  a  figure  of  speech,  when  hav- 
ing begun  to  say  a  thing,  a  speaker  stops 
abruptly,  as  supposing   the   matter  siiffi- 


Very  grievous  ;  violent ;  as  atrocious  dia-; 

tempers.     Obs.  Cheyyie. 

AUTOCHTHON,  n.  [Gr.  avro;t9«..]     One 

who  rises  or  grows  out  of  ilie  earth.  j 

BAR'RATROIJS,  n.  Tainted  with  barratry.' 
BAR'RATKOUSLY,  adv.  In  a   barratrous 

manner.  Kent. 

BARRELED. 
i.  In  cotnposition,  having  a  barrel  or  tube ; 

us  a  (\ou\)\ii-barreted  gun. 
BASIL'lCAL,  a.  s  as  2.  In  the  manner  of^ 
1     u  public  edifice  or  cathedral.  Forsyth. 

BAWL'ER,  7!.  One  who  bawls.  ! 

!bA'REHEADEDNESS,  71.  State  of  being! 
!     bareheaded.  j 

IBE'ASTISH,  a.  Like  a  beast;  brutal. 
jBET'TERING-HOUSE,  n.  A  house  for  the 
'     reformation  of  offenders. 


cienlly  understood.     Thus,  "  He  is  a  man  BEVVA'ILER,  n.  One  who  laments 


of  so  nuich   honor  and  candor,  and  such 
generosity — but  I  need  say  no  more." 

AL'GATES,  adv.  [Sax.  algenis  ;  all  and 
geat,  a  gait,  a  way.]  By  all  means  ;  on  any 
terms.     Obs. 

ALIENISM,  71.  cit'yenizm.  The  state  of  be- 
ing an  alien. 

The  law  was  very  gentle  in  the  construction 
of  (lie  disability  o(  ciUenixin.  Kent. 

ALLO'DIUM.  [add  to  the  etymology  what 
follows.) 

[In  Sw.  od(d,  and  in  Dan.  odel,  signify  allo- 
dial ;  the  word  being  used  as  an  adjective  ; 
Sw.  odalgods,  that  is,  odal  goods,  signifies 
allodial  lands  ;  and  odaljord,  odal  earth,  is 
used  as  its  synonym.  Odalman,  is  one 
who  possesses  allodiiil  land;  odalhnnde  is 
a  yeoman  or  freeholder  ;  odett  signifies 
undivided;  o  in  Swedish  being  a  prefix, 
auswering  to  the  English  un,  ami  giving 
to  words  a  negative  signification.  If  o  in 
odal  is  this  prefix,  and  dal  from  the  root 
of  deal,  the  word  signifies  u/irfiuirferf.  But 
some  obscuritv  rests  on  this  vvonl.] 

AMATO'RIOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  love. 

Milton. 

AMBIL'EVOUS,  a.  [L.  ambo,  both,  and 
/ffluijs,  left.]  Left  handed  on  both  sides. 
[Ao/  171  use.]  Brown. 

ANOIENT.  We  usually  apply  both  ancient^ 
aiido/(/  to  things  subject  lo  gradual  decav. 
We  say,  an  old  man,  an  ancient  record  ; 
but  never  the  old  sun,  old  stars,  an  old 
river  or  mountam. 

ANIMALIZE. 

2.   To  convert  into  animal  matter. 

ANSWER. 

8.  The  reply  of  a  legislative  body  or  house 
to  an  a<ldress  or  message  of  the  supreme 
magistrate. 

APPROACHING,  ppr.  Drawing  nearer  ;  ad- 
vancing nearer. 

APRON. 

6.  A  piece  of  lether  or  other  thing  to  be 
spread  before  a  person   riding  in  a  gig 


BLE'AKISH,  a.  Moderately  blea 

BO'Nl'S,  71.  [L.]  A  premium  given  for  a 
charter  or  other  privilege  granted  to  a 
company. 

ByyK'STORE,  n.  A  shop  where  books  are 
sold. 

BLEB'BV,  a.  Full  of  blebs.  Phillips. 

BIIEAKFAST,  D.  «.  hrek'fast.  To  furnish 
with  the  first  meal  in  the  morning. 

BRU'TISM,  71.  The  nature  or  characteris- 
tic qualities  or  actions  of  a  brute  ;  extreme 
stupidity  or  beastly  vulgarity.  Uuighl. 

BURGL.\  RIAN,  7t.  .\  person  guilty  of  buig- 
larv. 

€A1'SULE. 

2.  A  small  saucer,  made  of  clay  for  roasting 
sampli's  of  ores,  or  for  melting  them. 

CEMENTI  TIOUS,  a.  Having  the  quality 
of  ceii/entiiig.  Forsyth. 

CEREMO'MALLY,  adv.  According"  to^ 
rites  and  ceremonies;  as  a  per.son  ceremo-, 
nially  unclean  ;  an  act  ceremonially  unlaw- 
ful. Milton., 

CHUNK,  71.  A  short  thick  piece  of  wood.) 
[C'o/;oi;i'7'fl/.] 

CHYLIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  chylus  and /fro.]' 
Trapismittiug  chyle.  Chei/ne.' 

CHYMIFICA'TION,  7i.  The  process  of  be- 
C'lniingor  of  fiirming  chyme. 

CHY'M'IFIED,  pp.  Formed  into  chyme. 

Good. 

CHY'M'IFY,  v.t.  To  form  into  chyme.         I 

CIRCUMSTANTIAL,  n.  Circumstaittials,' 
in  the  plural,  are  things  incident  to  the 
main  subject,  but  of  less  importance  ;  op- 
posed to  essentials  ;  as  the  lircumstatUials 
o  f  re  11  g  i  o  n .  Mdiso  n. 

Close  communion,  with  baptists,  communion 
ill  the  Lord's  su[>per  with  their  own  sect 
only. 

Close  election,  an  election  in  which  the  votes 
ibrditFerciit  candidates  are  nearly  equal. 

€0-AD.)U'TORSHIP,  n.  State ofa coadju- 
tor ;  joint  assistance.  Pope. 

COG.  To  the  etymology  add.  after  ivheel ; 


Sw.  kiigse 
chaise  or  sulky,  to  defend  him  from  rain.jcOHESIBIL'ITY,  ?i.  The  tendency  which 
snow  or  dust.  j!     one  part  of  matter  evinces   to  unite  with 

ARE,  71.  [L.  area.]  In  F/-«)!ce,  a  measure,'  imolhcr  part  of  matter,  so  as  to  fiu-nt,  out' 
the  new  square  perch,  containing  a  hiiii-  of  dilferent  bodies,  one  common  mass.  It 
dred  square  meters,  a  little  less  than  two;i     is  opposed  to  divisibiliti/.  Good. 

square  perches  of  32  feet,  in  the  aiicientj  COHE'SIBLE,  a.  Capable  of  cohesion, 
moii-^ure.    ^  Lunter.  [CONCENTRATE. 

ATROCIOUS.  1^2.  To  increase  the  specific  gravity  ofa  boJy.j 


CONDUCTION. 

2.  Transmission  through  or  by  means  of  a 
conductor.  Henry's  Chim, 

CRANIOG'NOMY,  n.  [Gr.  xpa.ior,  L.  cra- 
nium, the  skull,  ami  Gr.  yn-^/iuii,  index.] 

The  doctrine  or  science  of  determining  the 
properties  or  characteristics  of  the  mind 
liy  the  conformation  of  the  skull.       Good. 

DAC''i'YL,\R,  n.  Pertaining  to  a  dactyl  ;  re- 
ducing frciiM  three  to  two  syllables.    .Scott. 

DEN'ARCOTIZE,  v.  I.  [de  and  narcotic] 
To  deprive  of  the  narcotic  principle  or 
quality  ;  as,  to  denarcotize  opium. 

Journ.  of  Science. 

DEPOSITARY. 

2.  In  lam,  one  to  whom  goods  are  bailed  to 
be  kept  for  the  bailor  without  a  recom- 
pense. Kent. 

DltiESTlBILITY,  ti.  The  quality  of  being 
dlgeslibl(^ 

DIMIN'ISHABLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  re- 
duced in  size  or  quantity. 

DISHONOR,  V.  t. 

4.  To  refuse  or  decline  to  accept  or  pay;  as, 
to  dishonor  a  bill  of  exchange. 

DLSOBLI  tiEMENT,  71.  The  act  of  diso- 
liligi'if.'.  Milton. 

DISSOCIABLE. 

2.  Incongruous;  not  reconcilable  with. 

Jt'arburlon. 

Dormant  partner,  in  commerce  and  nianii- 
factories,  a  partner  who  takee  no  share  in 
the  active  business  ofa  company  or  part- 
nership, but  is  entitled  lo  .i  share  of  the 
profits  and  subject  to  a  share  in  losses. 
He  is  called  also  steeping  partner. 

DUF'FEL,  n.  [D.]  .A  kiiid  of  coarse  woolen 
cloth,  having  a  thick  nap  or  frieze. 

DYNAM'ICS,  71.  [Gr.6ii,.a/ji5,  power.]  That 
branch  of  luechanical  philosophy  which 
treats  of  the  force  of  moving  bodies;  the 
science  of  moving  powers,  ,Tiid  the  eft'ect 
of  moving  bodies  acting  on  each  other  and 
producing  motion. 

EM'PHASIZE,  V.  t.  To  utter  or  pronounce 
with  a  particular  or  more  forcible  stress  of 
voice  ;  as,  to  emphasize  a  word,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  rendering  the  .scii.se  more  distinct 
or  imiiressive  than  other  words  in  the  sen- 
tence. 

ENABLE.  [Norm.  enftaWe?-.     Sec  Mle.] 

EPISOD'ICALLY,  adv.  By  way  of  episode. 

Scott. 

ETHE'RIALIZE,  v.  t.  To  convert  into 
ether,  or  into  a  very  subtil  fluid.         Good. 

ETHE'RIALIZEI),  pp.  Converted  into 
ether  or  a  very  subtil  fluid  ;  as  an  cthcrial- 
ized  and  incorporeal  substrate.  Good. 

EXTRADOTAL,  a.  Not  belonging  to 
dower  (larnphernal.  Kent. 

EYESTO.N'E,  n.  A  small  calcarions  stone 
used  for  taking  substances  from  between 
the  lid  and  ball  of  the  eye. 

FpOT  STALK,  ti.  [foot'am\ stalk.]  In  bota- 
ny, a  petiole;  a  partial  stem  supporting 
the  leaf,  or  connecting  it  with  the  stem  or 
branch.  Sometimes,  but  rarely,  the  same 
footstalk  supports  both  the  leaf  and  fruc- 
tification, as  in  Turnera  and  Hibiscus. 

Martyn. 

GANG,  71.  [Sax.  D.  Dan.  G.  gang;  Sw. 
gang,  a  going,  a  pace  or  gait,  a  way,  a  pas- 


ADDITIONS — CORRECTIONS. 


sage,  an  alley,  an  avenue,  a  porcli,  portico 
or  gallery ;  G.  erzreicher  gang,  and  Dan. 
mineralisk  gang,  a  metallic  vein,  a  streak 
in  a  mine;  Goth,  g'ag'g',  away  or  street; 
gaggan,  to  go,  to  walk.] 

3.  In  mining,  literally  a  course  or  vein,  but 
appropriately  the  earthy,  stony,  saline  or 
combustible  substance  which  contains  the 
ore  of  metals,  or  is  only  mingled  with  it, 
without  being  chimically  combined.  This 
is  called  the  gaiig  or  matrix  of  the  ore.  It 
differs  from  a  mineralizer,  in  not  being 
combined  with  tlie  metal.  Cleaveland. 

[This  word,  in  the  latter  sense,  is  most 
unwarrantably  and  erroneously  written 
gangiie.] 

(5EODIF'EROlIS,  a.  [geodc  and  L.  fero.] 
Producing  geodes. 

tiEOGON'Ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  geogony,  or 
the  formation  of  the  earth.  Humboldt 

GRAVE. 

5.  Important;  momentous;  having  a  serious 
and  interesting  import.   Lord  Eldon.  Kent. 

lIEXADAe  TYLOUS,  a.  [Gr.  f|  and  &ax- 
tvT.oi.]     Having  six  toes. 

IMPOTENCE.  [L.  impotentia  ;  in  anil  po- 
tentia,  from  potens,  from  the  root  of  L. 
possum,  posse,  which  consists  of  the  ele- 
ments Pd  or  Pi.     See  Power.] 

INTEND' EDLY,  adv.  With  intention  or 
purpose  ;  by  design.  Milton. 

Joint  stock,  the  capital  or  fund  of  a  company 
or  partnership  in  business. 

LIFE. 

26.  The  state  of  being  in  force,  or  the  term 
for  which  an  instrument  has  legal  opera- 
tion ;  as  the  life  of  an  execution. 

MAGNIF'ICALLY,  adv.  In  a  magnificent 
manner. 

MANDATARY. 

3.  In  law,  one  who  undertakes,  without  a 

^^  recompense,  to  do  some  act  for  another  in 
respect  to  the  thing  bailed  to  him.      Kent. 

MONARCHIZE. 

3.  To  convert  to  a  monarcliy.  Milton. 


MONITO'RIAL,   a.  Relating  to  a  monitor. 

2.  Performed  by  monitors  or  a  monitor ;  as 
monitorial  instruction. 

|3.  Conducted  by  or  under  the  instruction  of 
monitors,  or  subordinate  teachers  ;  as  mon- 

I     itorial  schools. 

MONODAC'TYLOUS,  a.  [Gr.  /ko.os  and| 
6axtvKo{.]  Having  one  toe  only,  as  an  an- 
imal. 

MON'ODIST,  n.  One  who  writes  a  monody. 

I  Scott. 

NITRIFICATION,    n.     The    process    of 

1     forming  niter. 

;NI'TRIFY,  I',  t.   [niter 

I     form  into  niter. 

NU'MEROUSLY,  adv. 

OBJECT. 

3.  To  offer ;  to  exhibit. 


and   L.  facio.]     To 
In  great  numbers. 


[Little  used.] 

Warburton. 


^OBNOXIOUS. 

6.  Hurtful ;  noxious.  Milton. 

PARAPHERNAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  orcon- 

i  sisting  in  parapherna ;  as  paraphernal  prop- 
erty. Kent. 

PaL'SY,  v.  t.  s  as  z.  To  paralyze ;  to  deprive 
of  the  power  of  motion;  to  destroy  energy. 

Dwight. 

POSTNUP'TIAL,  a.  [post  and  nuptial.]  Be- 
ing or  happening  after  marriage ;  as  a 
postnuptial  settlement  on  a  wife.         Kent. 

PRA'IRY,  n.  [Fr.  prairie.]  An  extensive 
tract  of  land,  mostly  level,  destitute  of 
trees,  and  covered  with  tall  coarse  grass. 
These  prairies  are  numerous  in  the  United 
States,  west  of  the  .Alleghany  mountains, 
especially  between  the  Ohio,  Mississippi 
and  the  great  lakes. 

PRIZE,  V.  t.  To  raise  with  a  lever.  [See 
Pri/.] 

PROVEN,  a  word  used  by  Scottish  writers 
for  proved. 

PYR'RHIN,  n.  [Gr.  rcvpivo;.]  A  vegeto-ani- 
mal  substance,  detected  in  rain  water  by 
M.  Brandes.  Journ.  of  Science. 


RACK'ET,  n.  A  snow  shoe. 

RE-IMPRISON,  V.  t.  [See  Prison.]  To 
imprison  a  second  time,  or  for  the  same 
cause,  or  after  release  from  imprisonment. 

Kent. 

RE-IMPRISONED,  pp.  Imprisoned  a  sec- 
ojiil  time  fur  the  same  cause. 

RE-IMPRISONING,  ppr.  Impri^  ining 
again  tiir  the  same  cause. 

RE-IMPRIS'ONMENT,  n.  The  act  of  con- 
fining in  prison  a  second  time  for  the 
same  cause,  after  a  release  from  prison. 

Kent. 

SALU'TATORY,  a.  Greeting  ;  an  epithet 
applied  to  the  oration  which  introduces 
the  exercises  of  commencement  in  Amer- 
ican colleges. 

SE'A-WORTHINESS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing able  to  resist  the  ordinary  violence  of 
wind  and  weather  ;  as  that  of  a  ship. 

Kent. 

SID'EROSCOPE,  n.  [Gr.  atS);pos,  iron,  and 
Bxo^tiu,  to  view  or  explore.] 

An  iuslrument  lately  invented  in  France,  for 

detecting  small  quantities  of  iron  in  any 

substance,  mineral,  vegetable  or   animal. 

Ferrusac's  Bui.  1827. 

SKIM'INGTON,  ?   a  vulgar  word  from  the 

SKIM'ITRY,  S  Danish  iHemi,  a  jest  or 
sport ;  skiemter,  to  jest,  joke,  sport ;  used 
in  the  phrase,  to  ride  skimington  or  skimi- 
tnj. 

STOCK'HOLDER,  n.  [stock  and  hold.]  One 
who  is  a  proprietor  of  stock  in  the  public 
fund.s,  or  in  the  funds  of  a  bank  or  other 
company. 

SYNERgET'IC,  a.  [Gr.  ov.fpvijnxos.]  Co- 
operating. Dean  Tucker. 

TEGUMENT'ARV,  a.  Pertaining  to  tegu- 
ments, or  coiisi.-iting  of  teguments. 

UNSE'AWORTHINESS,  n.  The  state  of 
being  unable  to  sustain  the  ordinary  vio- 
letice  of  the  sea  in  a  tempest.  Kent. 


CORRECTIONS. 


Read— ACCENT  or  ACCENT',  t).<.;  ACQUA'INTANCE  :  AD- 
MISSION ;  ADUNC'OUS  :  ALARMWaTCH  ;  AWFUL; 
AWHILE;  AMENITY;  AWEATHRR;  AWL'VVORT;  AG'- 
ONIZE,i>.i.;  ALTERABILITY;  AZOTE;  BA'ILIF;  CA'I- 
TIF;  CLIF;  DANDRUF;  MASTIF;  CUD  (iELER;  CRYS'- 
TALITR;  CHRYSOLITE,  for  CRYSOLITE  ;  CALLI'- 
OPE;  CHIVALRY;  CHIVALROUS  ;  HEART,  in  all  its  com- 
pounds; HYPOgYNOUS,  a.;  MAGNIFICENCE;  PROLIX'; 
SE.NS'UAL;  SENS'lTALIST;  SHQOD,  [after  sftouW,-]  UN- 
CLINCH  ;  UNCLINCHED.     De\e  Alexiterical  and  Testaceology. 

Under  AMAZON,  read  Herodotus. 

Under  Compound  Blowpipe,  read  1801. 

BORON.     The  undecomposable  base  of  boracic  acid.     Parke. 

BROOMCORN  is  sometiiues  called  Sorelinm  Sacclianitum. 

Under  FLAKE,  read  It.  Jiocco.     Under  FLAME,  read  It.  fiammo. 

ISOTIIERM'AL.  Having  an  equal  degree  of  heat,  or  a  like  tem 
perature. 

Under  METONYMY,  read  poems. 

FJnder  MORTG.\gE,  dele  the  words,  "The  term  mortgage  is  ap 
plicable  only  to  real  estate,"  and  add, 


2.  A  pledge  of  goods  or  chattels  by  a  debtor  to  a  creditor,  as  secu- 
rity for  the  debt. 

Under  MUSTACHES,  dele  Whiskers. 

Under  REDOUT  ABLE,  in  redoubtiMe,  dole  b. 

Under  TALK,<lele  B.  before  Trumbull. 

Under  Dispatch,  in  the  Introduction,  add  :  Dr.  Johnson  himself 
wrote  dispatch.  The  word  thus  written  occurs  twice  in  his  Dic- 
tionary under  .Send,  and  five  times  under  Speed,  and  this  orthog- 
raphy has  been  continued  to  the  present  time.  It  has  been  trans- 
cribed into  all  the  dictionaries  made  from  Johnson's,  at  least  into 
all  which  I  have  exaniined,  even  down  to  Chalmers  and  Jameson. 

When  a  word  of  more  syllables  than  one  has  not  the  usual  mark  of 
accent,  the  pointed  vowel  designates  the  accented  syllable  ;  as 
in  REPROACH,  REMOVE. 

C  before  k,  is  mute  ;  as  in  brick,  sick. 

In  the  fiist  volume,  there  are  a  few  mistakes  in  (lie  orthography  of 
the  Arabic  words  ;  am!  probably  some  inaccuracies  have  occurred  in 
expressing  the  Elhiopic  vowels.  These  and  other  literal  errors  how- 
ever cannot  be  numerous,  and  to  the  English  reader  they  are  not  of 
importance. 


THE  END. 


I 


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