1
'A Work of Immense Utility, both a Dictionary and an Encyclopaedia."
THE
AMERICAN
ENCYCLOPAEDIC DICTIONARY.
A THOROUGHLY ACCURATE, PRACTICAL AND EXHAUSTIVE WORK OF REFERENCE TO
ALL THE WORDS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, WITH A FULL ACCOUNT
OF THEIR ORIGIN, MEANING, PRONUNCIATION AND USE.
EDITED BY
ROBERT HUNTER, A.M., F.G.S.
ASSISTED BY
JOHN A. WILLIAMS, A.M. S. J. HERRTAGE, A.B.
And also by the following named Specialists in their various branches :
ASTRONOMY, ....
PHYSIOLOGY,
CHEMISTRY,
MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY,
MILITARY MATTERS, -
MUSIC,
BOTANY,
ZOOLOGY, ------
< A. D. BARTLETT.
\NARCHY, Judge JOSEPH E. GARY, Trial Judge in the Chicago Anarchist
Case.
R. A. PROCTOR.
PROF. HUXLEY.
FRANCIS WALKER, A. M.
WILLIAM HARKNESS, F. I. C.
T. DAVIES, F. G. S.
- Lieut.-CoI. COOPER KING.
SIR JOHN STAINER, Mus. Doc.
- F. BRITTEN, F. L. S.
( DR. GUENTHER, F. K. S.
TREASURY, Hon. SCOTT WIRE, Assistant Secretary of the U. S. Treasury
HORTICULTURE, J. M. SAMUELS, Chief of the Horticultural Department,
World's Columbian Exposition.
MINES AND MINING, F. J. V. SKIFF, Chief of the Mines and Mining
Department, World r s Columbian Exposition.
ELECTRICITY, Prof. J. P. BARRETT, Chief of Electrical Department World's
Columbian Exposition, and City Electrician of the City of Chicago.
NATIONAL BANKS, Hon. JAMES H. ECKELS, Comptroller of the Currency
U. S. Treasury Department.
STOCK EXCHANGES, JOSEPH R. WILKINS, Chairman Chicago Stoclc
Exchange.
NEWSPAPERS, Maj. MOSES P. HANDY, Department of Publicity and Pro
motion, World's Columbian Exposition.
THE ENTIRE WORK RE-EDITED AND REVISED BY AN EXTENSIVE CORPS OF EMINENT AMERICAN PROFESSORS.
It is impossible to mention by name a tithe of those who have contributed directly or indirectly to lighten the labors of the
Editors in securing accuracy and in bringing this work to completion.
Presidents, Secretaries and members of Scientific and Learned Societies, the chief officers of Religious Bodies, University Professors,
Government Officials and a host of private persons have rendered willing help by affording information, in many cases possessed
by themselves alone. Entire libraries have been ransacked and the whole work has been done on a scale of thoroughness heretofore
unapproached in any other dictionary.
Volume 4 of the 4 Vol. Edition.
COPYKKiHT. 1894. BY OfilLVIE PUBLISHING COMPANY.
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS:
W. B. CONKEY COMPANY.
I8QS.
PREFATORY
as been to give ALL the words in the English language now in use, with their several significations
afresh, and illustrated by examples, a large number of them having been brought together by
Iii^TTiTntnii In iTrTiiT MI ij large number of obsolete words have been introduced, which, it is hoped, will afford readers much
assistance in the perusal of Old English authors. Obsolete spellings and significations of existing words have also been given, the
latter chronologically arranged, so as, if possible, to show the process by which the present meaning has arisen. Obsolete words and
significations are marked with an asterisk,*; those which have not dropped altogether out of use, but are only rarely found, with an
obelisk, f.
Special attention has been given to scientific and technical terms.
COMPOUND WORDS in which complete adhesion has taken place between the two or more constituents have been arranged as
independent words; while those still so loosely united as to be usually connected by hyphens, have been placed under the first word
of the compound.
THE PRONUNCIATION is indicated by diacritical marks, a key to which will be found at the foot of the several pages. The division
into syllables has been made solely with reference to pronunciation, and with no reference to the etymology of the word. In syllables
wherein two or more vowels come together, not forming diphthongs, only that one of them which gives its sound to the syllable bears
a diacritical mark, the others being treated as mute. Thus, in bread, sea, flSat, the a is mute, the syllables being pronounced as if
spelled brSd, Be, not. Words of more than one syllable bear a mark upon the accented syllable, as al -ter.
THE ETYMOLOGY will be found enclosed within brackets immediately following each word. To understand the plan adopted, let
it be noted (1) that retrogression is made from modern languages to ancient ; and (2) that when after a word there appears such a
derivation as this "In Fr Sp Port Ital from Lat ," the meaning is, not that it passed through Italian, Portu-
guese, Spanish, and Fiench before reaching English, but that there are or have been analogous words in French, Spanish, Portuguese,
and Italian, all derived, like the English, from a Latin original.
The illustrations are intended not for the purpose of embellishment merely, but also to impart a conception of the objects repre-
sented clearer than any mere verbal definition could afford.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK.
A. N. Anglo-Norman.
Arab. Arabic.
Aram. Aramaic.
Arm. Armorican.
A. S. Anglo-Saxon.
Assyr. Assyrian.
Bohe. Bohemian, or Czech.
Bret. Bas-Breton, or Celtic of Brit-
tany.
Celt. Celtic.
Chal. Chaldee.
Dan. Danish.
Dut. Dutch.
E. Eastern, or East.
E. Aram. East Aramaean, generally
called Chaldee.
Eng. English, or England.
Eth. Ethiopic.
Flem. Flemish.
Fr. French.
Fries. Fricsland.
Fris. Frisian.
Gael. Gaelic.
Ger. German.
Goth. Gothic.
Gr. Greek.
Gris. Language of the Orisons.
Heb. Hebrew.
Hind. Hindustani.
Icel. Icelandic.
Ir. Irish.
Ital. Italian.
Lat. Latin.
Lett. Lettish, Lettonian.
L. Ger. Low German, or Platt
Deutsch.
Lith. Lithuanian.
Medieev. Lat. Mediaeval Latin.
Mag. Magyar.
M. H. Ger. Middle High German.
Mid. Lat. Latin of the Middle Ages.
N. New.
N. H. Ger. New High German.
Norm. Norman.
Norw. Norwegian, Norse.
O. Old.
O. H. Ger. Old High German.
O.S. Old Saxon. '
Pers. Persian.
Phcenic. Phoenician.
Pol. Polish.
Port. Portuguese.
Prov. Provencal.
Provinc. Provincial.
Russ. Russian.
Rabb. Rabbinical.
Sam. Samaritan.
Sansc. Sanscrit.
8enr. Servian.
Slav. Slavonic.
S]>. Spanish.
Sw. Swedish.
Syr. Syriac.
Teut. Teutonic.
Turk. Turkish.
Walach. Walachian.
Wei. Welsh.
a., or adj. adjective.
adv. adverb.
art. article.
conj. conjunction.
interj. interjection.
particip. participial.
pa. par. past participle.
pr. par. present participle.
prep, preposition.
pro. pronoun.
s., subst., or substan. substantive, or
noun.
v. i. verb intransitive.
f. t. verb transitive.
ablat. ablative.
accus. accusative.
agric. agriculture.
alg. algebra.
anat. anatomy.
ntiq. antiquities.
aor. aorist.
approx. approximate, -ly.
arch, architecture.
archeeol. archaeology.
arith. arithmetic.
astrol. astrology.
astrpn. astronomy.
auxil. auxiliary.
Bib. Bible or Biblical.
biol. biology.
bot. botany.
carp, carpentry.
Cent. Centigrade.
class, classical.
Ch. hist. Church history.
cf. compare.
C. G. S. Centimetre-gramme-second.
chem. chemistry.
chron. chronology.
cogn. cognate.
comm. commerce.
comp. comparative.
compos, composition.
conchol. conchology.
contr. contracted, or contraction.
crystalloe. crystallography.
def. definition.
der. derived, derivation.
dimin. diminutive?-
dram, dramatically.
dynam. dynamics.
E. East.
occles. ecclesiastical.
econ. economy.
e. g. exempli gratia=toT example.
elect, electricity
entom. entomology.
etym. etymology.
ex. example.
f., or fern, feminine.
fig. figurative, figuratively.
fort, fortification.
freq. frequentative.
fr. from.
fut. future.
gen. general, generally.
gend. gender.
genit. genitive.
geog. geography.
geol. geology.
geom. geometry-
gram, grammar.
her. heraldry.
hist, history.
hor. horology.
hortic. horticulture.
hydraul. hydraulics.
hydros, hydrostatics.
i. e. id est that is.
ichthy. ichthyology.
Ibid, ibidem the same.
imp. impersonal.
imper. imperative.
indie, indicative.
infin. infinitive.
intens. intcnsitivo.
lang. language.
Linn. Linnaeus.
lit. literal, literally.
mach. machinery.
m., ormasc. masculine.
math, mathematics.
mech. mechanics.
mod. medicine, medical.
met. metaphorically.
metal, metallurgy.
metaph. metaphysics.
metoorol. meteorology.
meton. metonymy.
mil., milit. military.
min., miner, mineralogy.
mod. modern.
myth, mythology.
N. North.
n., or neut. neuter.
nat. phil. natural philosophy.
naut. nautical.
nomin. nominative.
numis. numismatology.
obj. objective.
obs. obsolete.
ord. ordinary.
ornith. ornithology.
palaeont. palaeontology.
pass, passive.
path, pathology.
perf. perfect.
pers. person, personal.
persp. perspective.
phar. pharmacy.
phil. philosophy.
philol. philology.
phot, photography.
phreu. phrenology.
phys. physiology.
pi., plur. plural.
poet, poetry, or poetical.
polit. econ. political economy.
poss. possessive.
pref. prefix.
pres. present.
pret. preterit.
prim, primary.
priv. privative.
prob. probable, probably.
prou. pronounced, pronunciation.
pros, prosody.
psychol. psychology.
pyrotech. pyrotechnics.
q. v. quod rirfe=which seo.
rnet. rhetoric.
Scrip. Scripture.
sculp, sculpture.
sing, singular.
S. South.
sp. gr. specific gravity
spec, special, specially.
suff. suffix.
sup. supine.
surg. surgery.
tech. technical.
theol. theology.
trig, trigonometry.
typog. typography.
var. variety.
viz. namely.
W. West.
zool. zoology.
* Obsolete words.
t Words rarely used.
Equivalent to, or signifying.
*[ Nota bene = take notice.
rhapis'
rha pis. s. |(ir. rhaphi*=a needle. So called
because the acute awns of the corolla stick in Un-
clothes.]
Bot. : A genus of S ibahdn?. Dwarf palms from
Eastern Asia. Rluipii fabelliforniis is the Ground
Kattan Palm.
rha-pon -tl-9ln, .>-. [Mod. Lat. rhapOHtir(um) ;
-in (Chem.).] [CHRYSOPHAMC-ACID.]
rha p6n -tlc-iim, s. [Lat. rha, from Gr. rha =
rhubarb, from living near thn Elm or Volga, and
_PonHcum=of or belonging to Pontus (Euxiuns)
=the Black Sea. Named from the similarity of the
leaves to those of the rhubarb.]
Botany : A genus of Serratulea-. Known species
nine. Rhaponticitm acaulis, from Northern Africa,
has edible roots.
trhap'-sSde, *. [Gr. rhapsiidos=one who stitches
or strings songs together, a reciter of epic poetry,
from rhapso, fut. of rhapto=to stitch together, and
ode a song, anode (q. v.).] A rhapsodiat.
rhap-s8d -Ic, rhap-sod -Ic-al, adj. [Gr. rhap-
m'nlikits. from rhapsodia= rhapsody (q.v.).] Of or
pertaining to rhapsody; hence, confused and dis-
connected.
rhap-sod Ic-al- If, adv. [English rhapsodical;
-ly.\ In a rhapsodic manner; in manner of rhap-
sody.
rhap -sd-dlst, s. [Eng. rhapsod(y); -if.]
1. Greek Antiq. : One of a class of wandering min-
strels in ancient Greece, of the Ionian race, who
formerly recited epics in public places. Rhapsod-
ical recitation must be regarded as the forerunner
of stage-acting, and as forming, when conjoined
with the Bacchic chorus, the complete Greek drama.
2. One who recites or sings verses for a livelihood ;
one who makes or recites verses extempore.
" The gross fictions chanted in the streets
By wandering rhapsodtstti."
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iv.
3. One who writes or speaks in a confused or dis-
connected manner, with great excitement or affec-
tation of feeling.
rhap so-dlze, v. i. & t. [ Eng. rhapsod(y') ; -ize.]
A. Intrant. : To sing or recite rhapsodies ; to act
the part of a rhapsodist.
B. Trans.: To sing or recite as a rhapsody; to
recite or repeat in the manner of a rhapsody.
rhap-s8d -6-man-cJ 1 , subst. [Greek rhapsodia =
rhapsody, and m<mteta=divinatiou.] Divination
by means of verses.
rhap -SO-djf, *rap sod- ie, subft. [Fr. raptodie,
from Lat.rAupsodi'a, from Gr. rftapsodia=the recit-
ing of epic poetry, a portion of a poem recited at a
time, a rhapsody, from rhapsodos=a rhapsody
(q.v.).]
1. A short epic poem, or a portion of a longer epic,
recited by a rhapsodist at one time.
2. A confused or disconnected series of sentences
or statements, composed under excitement, and
without dependence or natu ral connection ; a con-
fused or rambling composition.
3. Music : A composition of irregular form, and in
the style of an improvisation.
rhat -an-?, s. [RATAJTT.]
rha -zj?-a. s. [Named after Rhazes, an Arabic
physician, who lived in the tenth century.]
Bot. : A genus of Plumiereee. The very bitter
leaves of Rhazya stricta are steeped and then used
as a food for goats. In Sind the natives use them
in the preparation of cool drinks in hot weather,
and as a bitter tonic in low fevers, sore throat, &c.
Rhe -a (1), o. [Gr.]
1. Astron. : One of the satellites of Saturn.
2. Or.Mi/thol.: The daughter of Uranus and Ge,
wife of Saturn, and mother of Vesta, Ceres, Juno,
Pluto, &c.
" 3. Ornith. : A genus of Struthionidee, or, if that
family is divided, of Struthioninae. Three toes are
present, tiie neck is covered with feathers, and the
tail is almost obsolete. They are sometimes called
South American Ostriches, but are smaller than
the true Ostrich, and the whole plumage is somber.
There are two well-established species, Rhea ameri-
r.ana, the Common, and R. darwini, Darwin's Rhea,
the former ranging from Bolivia, Paraguay, and
the South of Brazil down to Magellan's Straits, the
latter inhabiting Eastern Patagonia. R. macro-
rhyncha was given specific distinction by Dr. Scla-
ter in 1860 (Trans. ZoOl. Soc., iv. 356, pi. xlix), but
subsequent investigations led him to believe that
the individuals belonged to " a locally isolated race
of R. americana. probably existing somewhere in
the campos of the interior of northeastern Brazil "
(Proc. ZoOl. Soc.. 1877, 160; cf. 1885).
4. Palceont, : Remains of a species larger than
either of those now living, from post-Tertiary de-
posits in the Brazilian bone-caves.
rhe -a (2), subst. [Assamese rhia = Boehmeria
nivea.]
Bot.: Boehmeria nivea and J9. utilis.
3457
rhea-fiber, s.
Bot.: The fiber of n species of nettle, Urtica
iHiH'/iiiiri-ia'i teuacissima, an East Indian plant.
it is exported to other countries for textile pur-
poses,
rhe ad -Ic, n. [Mod. Lat. rheas, genit. rliead(is) ;
ic; the specific name of Papaver rheas. \ (See the
compound.)
rheadic-acid, *.
I'/n'iii.: An acid found, together with papaveric
acid, in the flowers of Papaver rheas. It is pre-
cipitated by neutral acetate of lead, but has not
yet been obtained in the pure state.
rhee -dl-a, . [Named after Henry Rheede Van
Draakenstein, author of Hortus malabaricus.]
Bot. : A genus of Clusiacete. Trees with opposite,
stalked, entire loaves, and small greenish flowers,
found in Madagascar and tropical America. The
fruit of Rheedia laterifolia, the Wild Mamme of
Jamaica, and R. ed-ulis, a native of Panama, are
eaten.
The -Ic, o. [Mod. Latin rhe(um) (2) ; -ic.] (See
compound.)
rlieic-acid, s. [CHBYSOPHANIC-ACID.]
rhe -In, s. [Mod. Lat. rhe(um) (2) ; -in.]
Chem. : Chrysophanic-acid (q. v.).
rheln -ber-ry 1 , s. [Ger. rheinbeere, from Latin
rhamnus.] Buckthorn. [RHAMNUS.]
"The latter herbarists call it in Latin Rhamnus soluti-
rus ... It is termed ... in English, Laxative
Ram, Waythorne, and Buckthorne; in Low Dutch they
call the fruit or berries Rhijnberien, that is_ as though
you should say in Latin fiocctF Rhenante; in English,
rheinberrtes; in French, Nerprun." Oerarde: Herball,
p. 1338.
rhe mat -Ic, s. &a. [Or. rhematikos, from rhcma
= a sentence ; rheo\o speak.]
*A. As subst.: The doctrine of propositions or
sentences. (Coleridge.)
B. As adj.: A term applied to adjectives derived
from verbs. (Fitzedward flail.)
rhene, s. [A. S. ryne; Welsh rhyn.] A water-
course ; a ditch or dike. (Prow.)
"The repulsive rhene cut to carry off the superfluous
water from pewy soil." Field, Feb. 27, 1886.
Rhen -Ish, a.&s. [See def.]
A. As adj. : Of or pertaining to the river Rhine ;
made on, round in, or coming from the country
close to the Rhine.
B. As subst. : Rhenish-wine; Rhine-wine.
"This bell-mouth'd goblet makes me feel quite Danish
Or Dutch, with thirst what, ho, a flask of Kheninh."
Byron: Don Juan, xiii. 72.
Rhenish architecture, .
Arch. : The style assumed by the later Roman-
esque architecture in the countries bordering on
the Rhine. It had
round arches, and
the churches were
originally round,
with small circular
or octagonal
towers. Under the
main moldings
small arcade-gal-
leries were intro-
duced, instead of
the corbel-tables.
These galleries
consisted of de-
tached shafts,
which, being con-
nected by arches,
formed an open
passage. The fa-
cades of houses Rhenish Architecture,
usually had gables Apostles' Church, Cologne,
risingin steps. The
windows were often divided into two lights by
small columns, with richly-carved capitals, and
surmounted by an arch appertaining to both.
[ROMANESQUE.]
rhe-6-, pref. [Greek rheo^to flow.] Anything
flowing; a flux.
rhe 6-Chord, s. [Pref. rheo-, and Eng. chord.]
Elect.: An instrument, consisting of two plati-
num wires, used in measuring electro-magnetic
resistances.
rhe-om -e-tr, s. [Pref. rheo-, and Eng. meter.']
Elect. : An instrument for measuring the force of
an electric current; an electrometer, a galvanom-
eter.
rhe-6-met -rlc, adj. [Eng. rheometer; -ic.] Of
or pertaining to a rheometer, or to rheometry;
obtained by rheometry.
rhetoric
rhe-om -e-trj 1 , s. [RHEOMETEE.J
1. Math.: The differential and integral calculus;
fluxion*.
2. rhysics: Tho measurement of the force ana
vim-Sty of electric and other currents.
rhe 6 mo-tSr, s. [Prof, rheo-, and Eng. motor.]
Elect.: Any apparatus which originates an elec-
tric current, whether it be a magneto-electro cur-
rent or a voltaic battery, a thermo-electric battery,
or any other source whatever of an electric current.
rhe 6-phbre, s. [Pref. rheo-, and Gi.phoros=
bearing; p/iero=to bear.]
Elect. : A term employed by Ampere to designate
the connecting wire of a galvanic apparatus as
being the carrier or transmitter of the current.
rhe -&-SC6pe, s. [Pref. rheo-, and Gr. skopeo=to
see, to observe.]
Elect.: An instrument for detecting an electric
current.
rhe 6-scop -Ic, a. [Eng. rheoscop(e) ; -ic.] Of
or belonging to a rhcoscope.
rhe & stat, subst. [Pref. rteo-, and Gr. statos=
standing still, j
Electro-magnetism: An instrument for regulating
or adjusting a circuit so that any required degree
of force may be maintained.
rhe -6-tome, s. [Pref. rheo-, and Gr. /ome=a
cutting.]
Elect.: An instrument which periodically inter-
rupts a current. (Faraday.)
rhe -6 trope, s. [Pref. rheo-, and Gr. trepu=to
turn.]
Elect. : An instrument which periodically inverts
a current. (Faraday.)
rhe -SUB, s. [Latin, from Gr. Rhfsos=a king of
Thrace, who marched to the assistance of Priam at
the siege of Troy.]
Zoology :
*1. A genus of monkeys, separated by Lesson from
Macacus (q.v.).
2. Macacus rhesus, the Rhesus Monkey, from
India, in some parts of which it is considered
sacred. Length, from eighteen inches to two feet ;
tail from six to eight inches. Prevailing color
olive-green, brown on back, face pale flesh-color;
callosities and insides of legs often very red.
rhe -tian, a.
*rhe -tor, s. [Lat., from Gr. rhetor, from rheo=
to speak.] A rhetorician.
"Your hearing, what is it but of a rhetor at a desk, to
commend or dislike?" Hammond: Works, iv. 614.
rhSt -5r-Ic, *ret-or-Ike, *rhet-or-lck, a. [Fr.
rhetorique, from Latin rhetorica (qrs) = (the art) of
rhetoric, from Gr. rhetorike (techne), from rhetor=
an orator; Sp. & Ital. retorica.]
1. Originally, the art of speaking effectively in
public, but afterward the meaning was so extended
as to comprehend the theory of eloquence, whether
spoken or written. The first treatise on rhetoric,
thatof Aristotle (B.C. 384-322), is marked by great
acuteness and is still valuable. He considered
Rhetoric as a branch of Logic. The chief elements
of an oration may be comprised under (1) Inven-
tion, or the character of the ideas to be employed ;
(2) Disposition, or their arrangement; and (3) Elo-
cution and (4) Delivery, both of which have respect
to words, style, utterance, action, &c. The rhetor-
ical points and accents are said to have been intro-
duced by Aristophanes of Byzantium, about 200
B. C. The art was taught at Rome by Photius
Gallus about 87 B. C. Quintilian, after teaching
rhetoric for twenty years, published, in the reign of
Domitian, his Institutio oratoris, the education of
an orator. In 1776 Principal Campbell published a
work on the Philosophy of Rhetoric, and, in the
year 1826, Archbishop Whately issued his Elements
of Rhetoric. Probably the best known American
writer on the subject is George P. Quackenbos, who
is the author of several text-books. Campbell
(Phil, of Rhetoric, bk. i., ch. i.) considers the art
the same as eloquence, and defines it as "That art
or talnnt by which the discourse is adapted to its
end," and states that the ends of speaking (or writ-
ing) are reducible to four, to enlighten the under-
standing, to please the imagination, to move the
passions, or to influence the will. Broadly speak-
ing, the aim of rhetoric is to expound the rules
governing prose composition, or speech designed
to influence the judgment or the feelings. It in-
cludes, therefore, within its province, accuracy of
expression, the structure of periods, and figures of
speech.
2.' The art which teaches oratory ; the rules which
govern the art of speaking with propriety, elegance,
and force.
3. Rhetoric exhibited in language; artificial elo-
quence, as opposed to natural or real eloquence;
declamation ; showy oratory.
4. The power of persuading or influencing; as,
the rhetoric of the eyes.
boll. t6y; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a;; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f.
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion. -sion = shun; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -clous, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del.
217
rhetorical
rhe-tor -Ic-ij.1, 'rhe-tor Ic-all, adj. [Lat. rht-
toricus, from Gr. r hetorikos ; Sp. & Ital. retorico.]
Of or pertaining to rhetoric ; involving or contain-
ing rhetoric ; oratorical, declamatory.
"Sententious showers, O let them fall!
Their cadence is rhetorical."
Crashaio: On the Death of a Gentleman.
rhe-tor -Ic-al-l?, adv. [Eng. rhetorical; -fji.]
In a rhetorical manner; according to the rules of
rhetoric ; like a rhetorician.
"Elegantly adorned, rhetorically pronounced."
Pri/nne: 1 llistrio-Mastix, p. 385.
rhe-tor -l-cate, r. i. [Low Lat. rhetoricatue,
pa. par. of rhetoricor, from Lat. rhetor=& rhetor-
ician.] To act the orator ; to rhetorize.
" I do not heighten or rhetoricate at all in these partic-
ulars." Waterland: Workt, ii. 49.
rhg-tor-I-ca'-tlon, subst. [RHETORIC ATE.] The
act or practice of rhetoricating ; rhetorical ampli-
fication.
"Certainly snch rhetorications us this cannot be In-
tended for any but such as are of the very weakest capa-
city." More: Immort. of the Soul, bk. i., ch. i.
rhet-OT-I -Clan, *. & a. [Fr. rhetoricien.]
A. As substantive :
1. One who teaches or professes the art of rhet-
oric, or the principles and rules of correct and ele-
gant speaking and writing; a professor or teacher
of oratory.
"They had been long instructed by rhetoricians."
Goldsmith: Bee, No. 6.
2. One who is versed in the rules and principles
of rhetoric. ,
3. A public speaker, espec. one who declaims for
show ; an orator.
"His natural eloquence moved the envy of practiced
rhetoricians." Xacaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iv.
*B. As adj. : Becoming or suiting a master of
rhetoric.
"Boldly presum'd with rhetorician, pride,
To hold of any question either side."
Blackmore: Creation, iii.
rhe'-t5r Ize, v. i &t. [Eng. rhetor; -ize.]
A. Intrans. : To play the orator ; to declaim.
B. Trans. : To represent by a figure of oratory ; to
introduce by a rhetorical device.
"A certain rhetorized woman whom he calls mother."
Milten- Apology for Smectymnuua.
rhSt -Br-J, . [RHETOR.] A rhetorician.
" The same profession with the rhetorics at Rome."
Backet: Life of William*, i. 72.
rheum (1), 'rewme, 'rheume, s. [FT.rheu.me,
from Lat, rheuma; Grf rheuma = a flowing, a flux,
rheum, from rheo, fut* rht'usomai=to flow; Span.
reuma; Ital. reuma, rema.]
Pathol.: A defluxion of fluids on any part ; specif.,
an inflammatory action of the mucous glands,
attended with an increased and an altered state of
the excreted fluids. (Parr.)
"A palsy struck his arm; hi. sparkling eye
Was quench'd in rheuma or age."
Cowper: Task, ii. 728.
rhe urn (2), . [Greek rheon, rha=cnmmon rhu-
barb, from Rha^tDG Volga, near which it grows.]
Hot.: Rhubarb; a genus of Polygonew. Calyx
inferior, petaloid, six-partite; stamens about nine;
ovary superior; ovule one, erect; styles three,
reflexed; stigma, peltate, entire; acheuium three-
angled, winged, with the withered calyx at the
base. Rheum rhaponticum [RHAPONTICUM], is the
Common, or Garden Rhubarb. [RHUBARB, 1.] It
is used in this country in the making of pies, and is
often called PIE PLANT (q. v.). R. officinale (T), or
B. palmatum (7), is the officinal Rhubarb [RHU-
BARB, 2]. R. emodi, in the Punjaub Himalaya,
from 6,200 to 14,000 feet, with R. moorcroftianum
and R. speciforme^ are the chief sources of the
Himalayan or Indian officinal rhubarb. It is less
active than the common kind. The stalks of /.'.
emodi are eaten by the Hindus. Other Indian spe-
cies are R. webbianum, R. nobile, R. arboreum,
which yields so much honey that the ground under
the plants is wet with it, and A', cinabarinum, said
to poison goats in Sikkim. /.'. undulatum grows in
China and Siberia. The roots of R. ribes are used
by the Arabs as an acidulous medicine, and its
leaf-stalks in the preparation of sherbet.
rheu -ma, subst. [Latin & Greek.] The same as
RHEUM (1).
rheu mat -Ic, *rtieu -ma-tic, *rheu-mat -Ick,
rheu-mat-lcke, o. [Lat. rheumaticus, from Gr.
rheumatikos, from rheuma (genit. rheumatos) =
rheum; Fr. rheumatigue; Sp. reumatico; Ital.
reumatico, rematico.] [RHEUM (1).]
1. Of or pertaining to rheumatism ; of the nature
of rheumatism.
"Rheumatic diseases do abound."
Shakesp..- Midsummer Xiuht's Dream, ii. 1.
3458
rhinobatus
IT In pathology, there are rheumatic arthritis rhl-nin-thld -e-8B, rhi-nan-tha -ce-lB, s. pi.
bronchitis, fever, gout, ophthalmia, paralysis, [Mod. Lat. rhiiuiuth(us) ; Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff.
pericarditis, &c. -idece, -aceoe.]
2. Causing rheumatism. But.: A sub-order of Scrophulariacew. Inflores-
"This raw, rheumatic day." Shakes?.: -Vcrry Wives of cence, as_a rule entirely centripetal, or sestivation
Windsor, iii. 1.
3. Affected by or suffering from rheumatism.
Drat/ton: Henry to Rosamond.
_^[ The Rheumatics: Rheumatic pains; rheuma-
tism. ( Vulgar.)
rheu ma tim, .-.. [Lat. rheumatismus ; Greek
rheumatismos, from rheuma.] [RHEUMA (1).]
quincuncial or irregularly imbricated, one of tin-
lateral segments being generally external, tho two
upper ones always internal. (Bentham.) Tribes:
Sibthorpece, Buddloeee, Digitaleeee, Verouicea?,
Euchnereffi, Gerardieje, and Euphrasieee.
rhi-nan -thus, . [Pref. rhin- (q. v.), and Gr.
anthos=a. flower. Named from the form of the
corolla.]
Bot. : Yellow-rattle : The typical genus of Rhinan-
thidete (q. v.). Calyx inflated, four-toothed, upper
Pathol.: Acute articular rheumatism or rheu- lipof thocorolla laterally compressed, entire, with
matic fever is produced by the presence in tho blood a t tooth-like appendage or lobe on each side, lower
of a poisonous material (probably lactic acid in lip plane, three-lobed; ovules many; capsule two-
excess), generated within the system by some do- celled, compressed.
rangement of the nutritive and elementary pro- rhln-as -ter, . [Pref. rfcin-, and Gr. aster=a.
cesses. The ordinary causes of an onset are exposure star.]
to cold and damp, sudden chill, remaining in wet
clothes or in a c<
the blood of was'
induced by too severe labor and insufficient nutri-
tion, or the waste induced by too great a consump-
tion of stimulating food, without exercise enough
to eliminate the waste products of such food from
sar.
mp, sudden chill, remaining in wet Zoology
C , d d u e h . t '.? 1 r the absorption into i. A synonym of Condylura (q v.).
ste product either of the body itself, *2. A lapsed genus of RhinocerotidiB.
*' *' [ rlllna '' and Gr - trema
ZoOl.: A genus of Ca?ciliade (q. v.), with one
the system, and scarlatina also sometimesproduces s P c ' es . from Cayenne.
it in children. Predisposition to this disease is dis- Rnme (!),. [Lat. Rhenus; Ger. Rhein.]
tinctly hereditary. It chiefly attacks persons from Geog.: A river running between France and Ger-
fifteen to thirty-five years of age, but no time of life many.
is exempt. Affections of the heart are present in 1T Confederation of the Rhine : [CONFEDERATION.]
most acute cases, particularly pericarditis, with the Rhine-loess, s. [LOESS.]
blowing, bellows-like murmur so characteristic of Rhine-stone, s. Quartz crystal; an imitation
this complication, and this is apt to be permanent, or paste diamond.
Rhine-Wines, s. pi. A general term for wines
made from the grapes grown on the borders of .the
tism. It frequently becomes chronic, and assumes
other forms as well as the articular, or rheumatism
of the joints, such as myalgia, or muscular rheuma-
tism, wry-neck, lumbago, gonorrhoeal rheumatism,
and Arthritis defomians, in which deformity and
twisting of the joints is the most prominent char-
acteristic.
sheimer, Steinberger, RotL
enberger, and Markobrunner. The Asmannshauser
is the Dest known of the red wines.
rheumatism-root, >.
Bot . : Jeffersonia diphylla.
rheu ma ti mal, adj. [Eng. rheumatism ; -ai.] Cretaceous of Mount Lebanon.
Pertaining to, or of the nature of rheumatism ; rhln-Sn eS-phal'-Ic, o. [RHINENCEPHALON.]
rheumatic. . . ~J . .
. ,rhene,. [A. S. ryne=s. water-course;
rhyn& channel.] A water-course; a wide
ditch or dike.
rhl-ngr-lus, . [Mod. Lat. dimiu. from Greek
Palaeont. : A genus of Clupeidee, from the Upper
[Eng. rheum(a); -in.] [CHETSO
rheu -ma-tlze, . [See def.] A provincial and
Scotch corruption of rheumatism.
rheu ma- told, a. [Eng. rheumat(ism) ; -otd.]
Pathol.: Resembling rheumatism. There is a
rheumatoid arthritis.
rheum -Ic, a. [Eng. rheum; -ic.] Pertaining to
rheum.
rheum in,
PHANIC-ACID.]
rheu -mf , a. [Eng. rheum (1) ; -.]
1. Full of rheum ; consisting of rheum ; of the
nature of rheum.
2. Causing rheum.
3. Affected with rheum.
rhez'-I-a, s. [Lat. = &lkanct(Anchusatinctoria),
not the modern genus.]
Bot. : A genus of Melastomaceee, containing the
American Deer grasses or Meadow beauties.
rhlg -6-lene, s. [Greek rhigos=frnst, cold, and
Lat. o/eum=oil.] A petroleum narihtha, proposed
by Dr. H. J. Bigelow, of Boston, Mass., as a local
anaesthetic. It is applied in the form of spray in
minor operations, producing intense cold by its
evaporation.
rhin-, pref. [RHINO-.]
rhl -na, s. [Gr. rhis (genit. rfti>i<w) = tho nose.]
Ichthyol.: Angel-fish (q. v.), Monk-fish. It ap-
Anat. : Or or belonging to the rhinencephalon.
rhln-8n-ceph -a I8n, . [Pref. rhin- (q. v.), and
Gr. engkephalos=tt\e brain.]
Comp. Anat. : Tho anterior surface of the brain,
consisting chiefly of gray substance, and giving
origin to the small nerves which proceed, through
the foramina of the ethmoid bone, to the nose.
rhin-Ich -thy's, s. [Pref. rhin-, and Gr. ichthys=
a fish.]
Ichthy. : Long-nosed Dace ; a genus of Cyprinidje,
from the fresh waters of North America.
rhln'-I-dlS, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. rhin(a) ; Lat. fern,
pi. adj. suff. -idee.]
Ichthy. : A family of Plagiostomous Fishes, sec-
tion Batoidei. No anal fin, two dorsals; spiracles
present. Pectorals large, with the basal portion
prolonged forward, but not attached to the head.
rhl -n5, subst. [Etym. doubtful.]
gold or silver. (Slang.)
"A famous weddii
lasi
lish Sailor.
rhl-no-, rhin
(1) the nose, (2)
the nose or the nostril;
Money, coin;
"A famous wedding we had of it, as long ;is the rhinn
sted." -Marryat: facha of Many Tales; Tule of the Eng-
-,pref. [Gr. rhis (genit. rhinos)
tne nostrils.] Of or belonging to
nostrils : nasal.
rhl-nft-bat -I-dae, s.p*. [Mod. Lat. rhinobat(us) ;
Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff. -idce.l
1. Ichthy.: A family of Plagiostomous Fishes,
section Batoidei. Tail long and strong, with two
well-developed dorsals, ana a longitudinal fold on
-... ,,. _,. each side ; caudal developed. Disc not excessively
preaches the Rays in general form and habits, dilated, the rayed portion of the pectorals not being
Almost cosmopolitan in temperate and tropical continued to tbe snout. Three genera: Rhyncho-
seas. [THACMAS.] ba^tus^, Rhinobatus, and Trygonorhina.
rhln-a-can -thus, s. .[Prefix rhin- (q. v.), and
Gr. akantha=a thorn.]
Botany: A genus of Eranthemea?. Rhinacanthus
fommunis (Justicia nasuta) is a shrub four or
five feet high, found in the south of India. Tho
2. Palceontology : Apparently commenced in the
Oolite.
rhi-n&-bat -us, s. [Pref. rhino-, and Mod. Lat.
batis (q. v.).]
1. Ichthy.: The typical genus of Rhinobatidee.
fresh root and leaves bruised and'rnixed'w'itn Ihno with twelve species, from tropical and sub-tropical
juice are given by the Hindus for ringworm, Mala- sea f- Cranial cartilage produced into a long ros_-
bar or Dhobee's (Washerman's) itch, &c.
tral process, the space between it and the pectoral
being filled by a membrane. Dorsals without spine.
tions. (Rossiter.) 2 . Palceont.: One species, from the Chalk o?
rhin -8.1, adj. [Gr.rhis (genit. rftfno) = tho nose; Mount Lebanon, has been referred to this genus.
Eng. adj. suff. -al.] Of or pertaining to the nose. [SPATHOBATIS.]
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wplf, w5rk, wh6, s6n; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rCle, full; try, Syrian. , oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw!
rhinocerial
*rM-n6-9er -1-3,1, *rhl-n6 $er'-lc-3l. a. [RHI-
NOCEROS.] Of or pertaining to the rhinoceros;
resembling the rhinoceros. (Said of a nose turning
up like the horn on the snout of a rhinoceros.)
(Taller, No. 260.)
rhl-n69 -er -6id, a. [Eng. rhinocer(os') ; -oi'd.l
Belonging to or characteristic of the genus Rhinoc-
eros. (Nicholson: Palceont., ii. 329.)
rhl-n59 -er-6s (The class, pi. is rM no9-r 6 -
tfcfj, but the form rhI-n69'-er-&S-e is in ordinary
use.), *rI-no9'-3r-6B, *rhl-n59 -r-6t, s. [Latin,
from Gr. rhinokerds: rhis (genit. r/nos)=the nose t
and kerasa horn.}
1. Zoology:
(1) The sole recent genus of the family Rhinocer-
otidse (q. v.)- It falls naturally into throe sections,
which some zoologists raise to the rank of genera.
(a) Rhinoceros : Adults with a single large com-
pressed incisor above on each side, occasionally a
small lateral one, below a very small median, and a
very large procumbent, pointed, lateral incisor;
nasal bone pointed in front; single nasal horn;
skin very thick, and raised into strong, definitely
arranged folds. There are two well-marked spe-
cies: (1) Rhinoceros unicornis (Linnteus; indicus,
Ouvier). now found wild only in the terai regions
of Nepal and Bhotan and in Assam, though it had
formerly a much wider geographical range; (2)
R. sondaicus (or ./atxmwa.Cuvier), the Javan Rhino-
ceros, is smaller and distinguished by the different
arrangement of the folds of the skin, and by the
small size or absence of the horn in the female.
Found near Calcutta, in Burmah, Malay Peninsula,
Java, Sumatra, and probably Borneo. R. unicornis
was known to the ancients, and was seen probably
for the first time by modern Europeans when one
was sent to the king of Portugal from India in 1513.
(6) Ceratorhinus: The folds are not so strongly
marked as in the first section. There is a well-
developed nasal, and a small frontal horn, separated
by an interval. The name, R. sumatrensis, has pos-
sibly been applied to more than one species, and
two animals in the Zoological Gardens, Regent's
Park, London, presented considerable differences
of form and color. Dr. Sclater named one of them
R. lasiotis, the Hairy-eared Rhinoceros. Geo-
5raphical range nearly the same as that of the
avan Rhinoceros, but it does extend into Bengal.
(c) Atelodus^ with two well-marked species,
peculiar to Africa. Incisors rudimentary or want-
ing, well -developed anterior and posterior horns in
close contact ; skin without definite permanent
folds. R. bicornis. the Common Two-horned Rhino-
ceros, is the smaller, and has a pointed prehensile
lip. It ranges from Abyssinia to Cape Colony, but
the progress of civilization and the attacks of
sportsmen are rapidly reducing its numbers. Two
varieties are said to exist, R. bicornis major and
R. bicornis minor. Specimens in which the pos-
terior horn has attained a length as great as or
greater than the anterior have also been separated
under the specific name of R, keitloa [KEITLOA],
but with scarcely sufficient reason. R. s/mus,
Burchell's, the Square-mouthed, or White Rhino-
ceros, has a square truncated lip, browses on grasses
and frequents open country. It is the largest of
the family, an adult male standing over six feet at
the shoulder. The epithet White is a misnomer,
for the animal is a dingy slate-color. A local variety
in which the horn has a forward rake is sometimes
described as R. oswellii.
(2) Any individual of the genus Rhinoceros [(!)].
The rhinoceros is the largest and most powerful
terrestrial mammal, except the elephant, to which,
as well as to the hippopotamus and tapir, it is
allied. They are of low intelligence, ana usually
harmless, but when provoked they display consider-
able ferocity, and, though apparently so clumsily
formed, can run with great speed. Only one is
produced at a birth. The flesh is sometimes used
for food ; in the East Indies, the skin, which is said
to be bullet-proof at short distances : is used for
shields, and in South Africa it is made into whips.
2. PalcBont.: R. pachygnathus, from the Miocene
of Greece, was apparently intermediate between R.
bicornis and R. simus. Four species, all bicorn,
formerly inhabited Britain : R. tichorhinus^ the
Woolly Rhinoceros (q.v.), from the Brick-earths
of the Thames Valley ; R. hemitcBchu* (Falc., lepto~
epresei
sivalensis, R. palcehidicus) in the Pleistocene of the
sub-Himalayan region. R. schleirmacheri, of the
late European Miocenes, possessed incisors and was
bicorn.
rhinoceros-beetle, s.
Entom. : Oryctes rhinoceros, so called from a horn
or protuberance on its head. [OEYCTES.]
rhinoceros-bird, s.
Ornithology :
1. Buphaga africana, the African Beef-eater, or
Ox-pecker. [BupHAOA.] It is alsoa freguentcom-
panion of the rhinoceros, to which, besides being
3459
of service in ridding him of many of the insects
that infest his hidp, it is said to perform the
friendly part of sentinel, uttering sharp, shrill cries
on the approach of danger.
2. The same as RHINOCEBOS-HOEXBILL (q. v.).
rhinoceros-bush, .
Bot.: Stoebe rhinocerotis, a composite covering
wide tracts of country in the South African Karroo.
rhinoceros-chameleon, a.
ZoOl.: Chamceleon rhinoceratns, from Madagas-
car. There is a horn-like tubercle at the end of the
muzzle.
rhinoceros-hornbill, s.
Ornith.: Buceros rhinoceros, from the Malayan
peninsula and Borneo. Called also Rhinoceros-
bird.
rhinoceros-tick, s.
Entom. : Ixodes rhiuocerinus, parasitic on Rhi-
noceros bicoini8.
rhl-n09-e"r-5t'-lc, a. [Eng. rhinocerot; -ic.]
*1. Of or pertaining to a rhinoceros. (The World,
No. 150.)
2. (In this sense, from Mod. Lat. rhinocerot idee) :
Belonging to or characteristic of the family Rhi-
nocerotidse (q. v.). (Encyc. Brit. (ed.9th), xv. 429.)
rhl-nSc-Sr-St -I-dse, trhl-nft-fer -I-dse, . pi.
[Lat. rhinoceros ^genitive rhinocerot (is), rhinoc-
er(os) ,' fern. pi. adj. suff. -idtrj.l
1. ZoOl.: A family of Perissodactyla (q. v.). Head
large, skull elongated ; brain cavity very small for
size of skull ; limbs stout and of moderate length.
Three completely developed toes, each with distinct
broad rounded hoof, on each foot. Mamm6 two,
inguinal ; eyes small ; hairy covering scanty ; one
or two median horns on face, of a more or less coni-
cal form, and recurved, often growing to a length
of three or even four feet, and composed of a solid
hardened mass of epidermic cells, growing from a
cluster of long dermal papillee, which present the
appearance of a mass of agglutinated hairs. One
recent genus. [2.] Distribution now restricted to
Africa and portions of the Indian and Indo-Malayan
regions.
2. Paloeont. : From the Miocene onward. Several
forms have been discovered in America. Remains
of a primitive perissodactylic form, from which
the Rhinocerotidae may have descended, have been
found in the Eocene of the Rocky Mountains.
Hyracodon and Aceratherium (with four toes),
from the Miocene, had no nasal horn ; Dicerathe-
riuin, of the same age, had a pair of tubercles on
the nasal bones, apparently supporting horns side
by side. [RHINOCEROS, 2.]
trhl-nd-chS -tl-dse,s.pl. [Modern Latin rhino-
chet(us) ; Lat. fern. pi. adj. sulf. -idee.]
Ornithology: In older classifications a family of
Grallse, with one genus Rhinochetus (q. v.).
rhl-n6-che-tl-nse, . pi. [Modern Latin rhino-
chet(us) ; Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff. -t'nce.]
Ot-nith.: A snb-family of Gruidse, with one genus,
Rhinochetus (q. v.), though Sundevall places here
the genus Pedionornusof Gould, sometimes classed
with the Gharadriidee and sometimes with the
Turnicidee.
rhl^nfi-che -tfia, subst. [Prefix rhino-, and Gr.
chaite long, flowing hair.]
Ornith.: The sole genus of the sub-family Rhino-
chetinae, with a single species, Rhinochetus jubatus,
from New Caledonia. It is a bird of a bluish ash
color, partaking somewhat of the appearance of
a Rail, a Plover, and a Heron.
rhl-n6-der -ma, . [Pref. rhino-, and Gr. derma
= skin.J
ZoOl.: A genus of Engystomatidee (in older classi-
fications made the type of a family, Rhinodermat-
idae, which is now frequently merged in the first
named family) . Fingers with a slight rudiment of
web; toes incompletely webbed. There is a single
species, Rhinoderma darwinii, from Chili. (Bou-
lenger.) .
trhl-nft-der-mat -I-dse, s. pi. [Modern Latin
rhinoderma, genit. rhinodermat( IB) ; Lat. fern. pi.
adj. suff. -idee.] [RHINODEEMA.]
rhl'-n6-don, s. [Greek rhis (genit. rhinos') = the
nose; suff. -odon.l
Ichthy.: The solo genus of the family Rhinodon-
tidee, with a single species, Rhinodon typicus, a
gigantic shark, known to exceed fifty feet in length,
and said to attain seventy. Common in the west-
ern parts of the Indian Ocean. It is harmless, the
teeth being small and numerous, in broad bands.
Snout broad, short, and flat ; eyes very small.
rhl-n6-don -tl-d, s. pi. [Mod. Latin rhinodon.
genit. rhinodont(is) ; Lat.fem.pl. adj. suff. -idee.]
Ichthy.: A family of Selachoidei (q.v.). No nicti-
tating membranes; anal fin present; two dorsals,
the first nearly opposite to the ventrals, without
spine in front ; mouth and nostrils near extremity
of snout.
rhinoplastic-knife
rhl-nSd -6-ras, s. [Pref. rhino-, and Mod. Latin
don, from (ir. </nr// = a spear.]
Ichthy.: A genus of Siluridee, from the rivers of
tropical South America flowing into the Atlantic.
There is a series of bony scutes along the middle of
the side.
rhl-n&-gla-ni -n$, s. pi. [Modern Latin rhino-
glan(is) ; Lat. neut. pi. adj. suff. -ma.]
Ichthy.: A group of SiluridoD (q. v.). Two dor-
sals ; six barbels ; ventrals inserted below posterior
rays of first dorsal. Two genera : Rhinoglauis, of
which a single example, an inch and a half long,
has been obtained from Gondoroko, on the Upper
Nile ; and Callomystax, from the Ganges and Indus.
rhl-n6-gla -nls, s. [Prof, rhino-, and Mod. Lat.
glanis, from Gr. glanie=a shad.] [RHINOQLANINA.]
rhl-n6-gry -phfis, s. [Pref. rhino-, and Latin
gryphus.] [GEYPOs.J
Ornithology: Turkey Vulture: a genus of Sareo-
rhamphina, with one species, Khitmyryphus aura.
sometimes separated from Cathartes on account of
its peculiar perforated nose, but classed with that
genus by older taxonomists. Range, from North
America to the Straits of Magellan. It is about
thirty inches long; plumage black with purplish
gloss: head and neck bright red, which fades
rapidly after death.
rhl -nfi-llth, . [Pref. rhino-, and Gr. litho=&
stone.]
Pathol. : A concretion, consisting of the phos-
phate and carbonate of lime and magnesia with
mucus, sometimes arising in the nasal cavities.
rhl-no-l8g -Ic-al, a. [Gr. rhis (genit. rhinos)
the nose, and log(os) = a science ; n'coJ.] Relating
to rhiuology.
rhl-nSl -6-gIst, s. [Gr. rhis (genit. rftmos)=the
nose; log(os) a science; -ist.] One versed in rhi-
nology.
rhl-noT-b-gy 1 , . [Gr. rhis (genit. rhinos) =the
nose, and Iogo=a science.]
Med. & Pathol. : The science which treats of the
nose, its diseases, &c.
rhi-no-lSph -I-dse, s, pi. [Modern Latin rhino-
loph(us) ; Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff. -tdfE.l
ZoOl.: Horseshoe Bats; a family of Microchipop-
tera. Bats with well-developed foliaceous cnta-
neous appendages surrounding nasal apertures,
and large, generally separated, ears, without a tra-
gus. The molars are acutely tubercular, enabling
them to crush the hard cases of Colooptera, which
form a large portion of their food. From temperate
and tropical parts of the eastern hemisphere, from
Ireland to New Ireland. There are two sub-fami-
lies: (1) Phyllorhininae, and (2) Rhinolophiuee, with
a single genus, Rhinolophus (q. v.).
rhi-nol-6-phl-n8e, . pi. [Modern Latin rhino-
loph(its) ; Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff. -ina-.] [RIIINO-
LOPHID.E.]
rhl-nol -6-phus, s. [Pref. rhino-, and Gr. lophos
= a crest.]
1. Zoology: The sole genus of Rhinolophinee, with
twenty-four species, having approximately the
range of the family. In temperate regions the spe-
cies hibernate in dry and warm hiding-places dur-
ing the winter; in warmer regions they freqnent
hill-ranges, and many are clothed with long dense
fur. The most important species will be found in
this Dictionary under their popular names.
2. Palosont.: Begins in the Eocene.
rhi-n&-nfc'-tr-Is, . [Pref. rhino-, and Mod.
Lat. nycteris (q. v.).]
ZoOl.: A genus of Phyllorhinae (q.v.), with one
species, Rhinonycteris aurantiaca, the Orange-
colored Bat. The genus is intermediate between
Trisenops and Phyllorhina, agreeing more closely
with the former. (Dobson.)
rhi-no-phry-nl-dse, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. rftmo-
phri/n(us); Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] [RmNO-
PHEYNUS.]
rhl-n&-phry -nus, s. [Pref. rhino-, and Greek
phryne~a toad.]
ZoOl.: A genus of Bufonidre. Parotids absent,
transverse processes of sacrum large, fingers free,
toes webbed, tips not dilated. One species, Rhino-
phrynus dorsalis, from Mexico. It is sometimes
erected into a separate family, Rhinophrynidee.
rhl-noph'-fl-la, siibst. [Pref. rhino-, and Or.
phyllon=a leaf.]
ZoOl.: A genus of Vampyri (q.v.), with one spe-
cies, Rhinophyllct pumilio, from Bahia.
*rhl'-n6-plast, . [Pref. rhino-, and Gr. plosso=
to mold.) A person having an artificial nose.
[RHINOPLASTIC.]
"The cunning idolaters who had made Mr. Clint a
rhinoplost." London Daily Telegraph.
rh!-n6-plas -tic, adj. [French rhinoplastique.J
[RHINOPLAST.] Forming a nose.
rhinoplastic-knife, s.
Surg. : A knife used in the Tagliacotian operation
for artificial nose.
boll, boy; pout, Jowl; cat, fell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a;; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph f.
-clan, -tian = shan. -tlon. -slon = shun; -lion, -sion = zhun. -tlous, -clous, -slous = shfis. -ble, -die. &c. = bel, del.
rhinoplastic-operation
rhinoplastic-operation, .
Xurg. : A surgical operation for forming; an arti-
ficial nose, or for restoring one partially lost. Also
called the Taliacqtian or Tagliacotian operation,
from Jaspar Tagliacozzi. a surgeon of Bononia, by
whom it was introduced about 1553. Tagliacozzi
obtained the piece for the replacement by dissection
from the shoulder or arm of the patient. Listen
introduced the plan of cutting the piece from the
forehead of the noseless.
rhi -nb-plas-tyS*. [RHINOPLASTIC.] The same
as RHIXOPI.ASTIC-OPEKATION (q. v.).
rhl-n8-po -ma, s. [Pref. rhino-, and Gr. poma=
a cover. ]
ZoOl. : The sole genus of thegroup Rhinopomata,
of the sub-family EmbaUonurina?. There is a single
species, Rhinopoma microphyllum, ranging from
Egypt, through Asia Minor, to India and Burmah.
It is a small Bat, about two inches long, with a tail
of about the same length. The fur is short, and a
good dealof thehinder part of the back naked ; the
limb-bones are long, rendering the animal active in
walking. Common in ruins in Egypt, whence it is
sometimes called the Egyptian Rhinopome.
rhl-n6-p6 -ma-ta, s. pi. [Mod. Lat., pi. of rhi-
tiopoma.] [RHIXOPOMA.]
rhi -nft-pome, s. [RHISOPOMA.]
rhi-n8p -ter-a, s. [Pref. rhino-, and Gr. pteron
= a wing.]
1. Ichthy.: A genns of Myliobatidae (q.v.), with
seven species from tropical and subtropical seas.
The teeth are broad, flat, tessellated, in five or more
series, the middle being the broadest, the others
decreasing in width outward. Tail very slender,
with a dorsal fin before the serrated spine.
2. Pal&ont.: [ZYOOBATIS.]
rhl no rhce a, s. [Pref. rhino-, and (ir. rheo =
to flow.]
Pathol.: Chronic inflammation of the nostrils.
Called also Ozaena.
rhl-nd-g&U -rfis, subat. [Pref. rhino-, and Greek
aros=a lizard.]
Palceont.: A. genus of Labyrmthodonts, group
Brachyopina, from the Lias.
rhl'-no-SC6pe, s. [Pref. rhino-, and Gr. ikopei~>-
to see.] An instrument for examining the poste-
rior nares the rear portion of the nostrils.
rhl-no-scop -Ic, a. [English rhinoscop(e); -?<.]
Of or pertaining to rhinoscopy or the rhiuoscope.
rhi-nBs'-cS-py, . [RHINOSCOPE.] Inspection
of the nasal passages by means of the rhinoscope.
rhi-pl5'-r-a, . [Gr. rhi'pis=a fan, and kerat=
a horn. ]
Entom.: The typical genus of Rhipieeridse (q.v.).
The species, which are few, are found in Australia
and America.
rhl-pl-5er -I-dse, . pi. [Mod. Lat. rhipicer(a) ;
Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff. -idee.]
Entom.: A family of Serncornia akin to Elater-
idw. Antenna- in the males beautifully branched,
sometimes fan-shaped. No groove for the reception
of the fore sternum. The species are few.
rhlp-I do-, pref. \Gr.rhipis (genit. rhipidos) = a
fan.] Fanlike, having processes resembling a fan.
rhlp-I d6-den -dron, s. [Prefix rhipido-, and
Gr. dendron=& tree.]
Zoology: A genus of Spongiomonadidee (q.v.).
Animalcules ovate, with two anterior attenuate
flagella. Two species, Rhipidodendron spJendidum,
from fresh water, and R. hujcleyi, from bog-water
on Dartmoor, England.
rlll~pl-d6-gor -gl-a, s. [Pref. rhipido-, and Gr.
gorgeios=of or belonging to the Gorgon.]
ZoOl.: Fan-coral; a genus of Gorgonida?. They
are fan-shaped, with little warty polypes close to
the hard tissue. Many species exist in the Pacific
and the Atlantic.
rhl-pl-dttr -a, 8. [Pref. rhipid(o)-, and Gr. oura
=a tail.]
Ornith.: Fantails; a genus of Muscicapidee, with
forty-five species, rangingover the Oriental and Aus-
tralian regions to the. Samoa Islands and Tasmania.
They are remarkable for a broad tail, which spreads
out like a fan when the bird is in motion. The
genns is especially represented in the Malay Archi-
pelago, where every little island, or group of
islands, lias its peculiar species.
rhl pip t8r-a, . pi. [Greek rhipis=a fan, and
pteron= wing.]
Entom.: Strepsipfera (q. v.). (Latreille.)
rhip sal -I-dse, s. at. [Mod. Latin rhipsal(if) ;
Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff. -idee.]
Bol. : A family of Cactaceae.
rhip' sa-lls, subst. [Greek rAips=wicker-work.
Kamed from the flexible branches.]
Bot. : The typical genus of Rhipsalidse. Flowers
rotate, segments twelve to eighteen, stamens many,
style one, stigma three to six rayed. All from the
3460
warmer parts of America. /?/<//.sv(//.s' pactutptera,
bruised, is used as a fomentation for ill-conditioned
ulcers.
rhl za , rhl z&-, rMz-, prtft*. [Greek i-hua=a
root.]
Bot., ZoOl., etc.: Of or belonging to a root, or any-
thing resembling it.
rhi-zantb.,8. [RHIZAXTHE.E.] A plant belong-
ing to the Rhizantheo?.
trhl-zan the se, .>. pi. [Pref. rhiz-; Gr. untluns
= s\ flower, and Lat. pi. adj. suff. -ece.j
Bot.: Rhizogens. (Blume.) [RHIZOGEN.]
rhi-zan thous, adj. [Greek rhiza=a root, and
antho8=n flower,]
Bot. : Flowering from the root.
rlii zine, rhi zl -na, s. [Gr. rhiza=a root.]
Bot. : The root of a moss or of a lichen. (Link.)
Called also Rhizula.
rhl-z8-, pref. [RHIZA-.]
rhl-z6 bias -tiis, s. [Pref. rhizo-, and Gr. blastoi
= a sprout, a shoot.]
Bot.: An embryo which develops roots.
rhi -z6-b8l, s. [RHIZOBOLUS.]
Bot. (pi.) : The Rhizobolaceae. (Lindley.)
rhl-zfi-b&-la '-56-88, s. pi. [Modern Latin rhizo-
bol(ics) ; Lat. fem. pi. adj. suff. -acece.]
Bot. : Rhizobols; an order of Uypogynous Exo-
gens, alliance Guttiferales. Large trees with oppo-
site, digitate, coriaceous leaves without stipules.
Sepals five or six; petals five to eight; stamens
very numerous; ovary four, five, or many celled;
styles as many as the cells. Fruit, of several com-
bined nuts, each nut indehiscent, one-celled, one-
seeded, or abortive. Natives of tropical South
America. Known genera two, species eight, i l.ind-
lei/.)
*rM-z6b -6-lfis, s. [Gr. rhlzobolos= striking root:
rht'za=a root, andioio=a throw.]
Bot. : A. synonym of Caryocar (q. v.).
rhl -z6-Carp, s. [Pref. rhizo-, and Gr. fcorpos=
fruit.]
Bot. (pi.): The Marsileacew (q.v.). (Lindley.)
*rhl-z&-car -pea, a. pi. [RHIZOCAEP.]
Bot.: The Marsileaceee (q. v.).
rhl-Z& car -potts, a. [Eng. rhizocarp; -ou8.]
Botany :
1. Gen. : Of or belonging to a plant whose root
endures many years, but whose stems perish an-
nually. Used of herbs.
2. Specif.: Of or belonging to a Rhizocarp (q. v.).
rhl-z6-56ph'-a-la, . pi- [Pref. rhizo-, and Gr.
kephale=the head.]
Zoology: An order of the Crustacean snb-class
Gnathopoda ( = Entomqstraca), often placed with
the Cirripedia. Parasitic, usually as other Crus-
tacea. Body sac-like, devoid of segmentation or
limbs. The aperturoof the sac is funnel-shape, and
supported by a ring of chitin. From the circum-
ferenceof the funnel, root-like processes branch out
through the body of their host. Alimentary canal
obsolete; no cement glands. Hermaphrodite; the
young pass through a Nauplius and a Cypris stage.
rM-z6 ceph -a-l8n, s. [RHIZOCEPHALA.]
ZoOl.: Any individual of the order Rhizocephala
(q. v.).
"Mr. Spence Bate mentions a similar case in a Rhizo-
cepluilon.Eiicvc. Brit. (ed. 9th), vi. 652.
rhl-z& cri -nfis, . [Pref. rhizo- (q. v.), and Gr.
fcrtnon=a lily.]
ZoOl.: A genus of Apiocrinites (Pear-Encrinites).
rhl -z6-dSnt, s. [Pref. rhizo- (q. v.), and Greek
odous (genit. odonros) = a tooth.]
Comp. Anat. : A tooth with branching fangs an-
chylosmg with the jaw.
rbl-z4-dSp -BlB, s. [Mod. Lat. rhizod(us), and
Gr. opi's=appearance.]
Palceont.: A genus of Cyclodipteridae (Traquairl,
with two species, from the Coal-measures of Scot-
land and Staffordshire. The pectoral fin was
obtusely lobate.
rlli -z&-diis, s. [Pref. rhizo-, and Gr. o<Jos=a
tooth.]
Palaeont.: A genus of ("yclodipteriilw (Traquair),
with two species, from the Coal-measures near
Edinburgh. It was probably the largest of the
Palaeozoic Fishes. The huge teeth and detached
bones of the head of Rhizodun hibberti led earlier
observers to refer it to the Labyrinthodonts.
rb.I-z6-flag-gl-la -ta, s.pl. [Prefix rhizo-, and
Mod. L,at. flagetlata (q.v.).]
ZoOl.: An order of Flagellate Infusoria. Animal-
cules progressing by means of pseudo-podial exten-
sions of their protoplasm after the manner of the
ordinary Rhizopoda, but bearing, at the same time,
one or more flagellate appendages ; oral or iiigestive
area diffuse. Genera : Mastigamceba, Reptomonas,
Rhizomonas, and Podostoma. (Kent.)
rhizophoraceae
rhl -z6 gSn, s. [Pref. rhizo-, and the root of Gr.
geiLiiao^ttt produce.]
Bot. (pi.): In Liutlley's classification, the third
of seven great classes of the Vegetable Kingdom.
Parasitic plants with cellular scales instead of true
leaves; stem an amorphous fungous mass, or a
rainitied mycelium sometimes destitute of spiral
vessels. Color brown, yellow, or purple, never
green. Flowers naked, orwith a trimerons orpen-
tamerous calyx with stamens and carpels. Most
of them stain water a deep blood-red. They vary
greatly in appearance. Brown, Griffith, Ac. .opposed
their erection into a separate class, believing them
degenerate exogens. Called also Rhizanths. Orders.
Balanophoracea 1 , Cytiuaceae, Rafflesiaceap.
rhl -zold, a. & 8. [Greek rhizoei'de8=root-like:
rliiza = a root, and c j'rfoa=form.]
A. As adj : Resembling a root.
B. -Is substantive:
Bot. (pi.) : Slender root filaments affixing certain
cryptograms to the ground.
rhl-zol -dS-OUS, a. [Eng. rhizoid; suff. -eons.]
Bot.: The same as RHIZOID, A.
rhl-zo -ma, a. [RHIZOME.]
rhi-z6 ma -nl-a, sitb(. [Pref. rhizo-, and Eng.
mania.)
Bot. : An abnormal development of roots. It is-
often seen in the ivy, the laurel, the tig, the apple.
&c. In the fig the roots are often sent out around
the line which surrounds the stem; in the apple-
tree they appear in little bundles, absorb moisture,
and decay. Rhizomania generally indicates some-
thing wrong with the ordinary root.
rhi -z6me, rhiz -8me, rhi-z6 ma.sufcsf. [Gr.
rh2oma=the mass of the roots of a tree; rhiza a.
root.]
Bot. : A rootstock, a prostrate, thickened, rooting
stem which yearly produces young branches or
plants. Examples, various Iridaceaj and epiphy-
tous Orchids.
rhl-z6-m8n'-as, s. [Pref. rhizo-, and Mod. Lat.
iniiiiii.1 (q. V.).]
ZoOl.: A genus of Rhizofiagellata, with a single
species, Rhizomonas verrucosa, found by Saville
Kent in hay-infusions.
*rhl-z6-mor -pha, subst. [Pref. rhizo-, and Gr.
morphe=form.]
Bot. : An old genus of Fungi found on root-like
bodies, which are really the imperfect state of
various other genera.
rhl-z6-mor -phfiid, rb.l-z6-m.or -phofiB, adj.
[Eng. rhizomvrph(a) ; -oid,-ous.} Root-like in form.
11 -zi-mjs, s. [ Pref . rhizo-, and Greek my8=a
M. : A genus of Spalacinse fg. v.), with six
lies, from Abyssinia, North India, Malacca, and
tli China. It differs from the typical genus in
rhl -z6-m?s, s. [Pref. rhizo-, and Greek my8=a
mouse.]
ZoOl. .
species v
South Chi
having the eye uncovered.
frhl-z8ph -a-ga, 8. pi. [RHIZOPHAOTJS.]
ZoOl.: Root-eaters; a tribe of Marsupials, with
one family PhascolomyiduB (q. v.). Two scalpri-
form incisors in both jaws; no canines; stomach
with a special gland ; capcum short, wide, with a
vermiform appendage. (Owen.)
rhi-zfiph -a-gous, a. [RHIZOPHAGUS.] Feeding
or subsisting on roots.
rhl-z8ph -a-gfis, 8. [Prefix rhizo- (q. v.), and
Gr. phagem=to eat.]
Entom. : A genus of Nitidulidae.
rhi-zSph -5r-a, s. [Pref. rhizo-, and Gr. pharos
^bearing. Named from the aerial roots which it
throws out.]
Botany: Mangrove; the typical genus of Rhizo-
phorace*. Calyx four-parted; petals four, acute;
stamens eight to twelve. The stem separates into
roots some distance above the water. The wood of
Rliizophora mangle is good and durable, the fruit
sweet and eatable, and the fermented juice forms a
light wine. [MANGROVE.] The bark is good for
tanning. Salt also is extracted from its aerial roots.
rhl-zfi-ph6-ra -56-88, 8. pi. [Mod. Latin rhizo.
phor(a) : Lat. fem. pi. adj. suff. -arete.]
Bot.: Mangroves; an order of Perigynous Exo-
gens, alliance Myrtales. Trees or shrubs, growing
along sea-shores. Leaves simple, opposite, some-
times dotted, with convolute, deciduous stipules
between the petioles. Peduncles axillary or ter-
minal; calyx lobes four to twelve, sometimes all
uniting into a calyptra. Petals inserted into the
calyx, equal in number to the lobes, and alternating
with them. Stamens twice or thrice as many.
Ovary two, three, or four celled, each with two or
more pendulous ovules. Fruit indehiscent, one-
celled, one-seeded, crowned by the calyx. Seed, on
becoming ripe, sending a long radicle to fix itself in
the mud and thus prevent its being carried away
by the ocean. The trees form dense thickets along
the shores of the tropics of both hemispheres.
Known genera five, species twenty. (Liiidleu )
fate, fat, fare, amidst, whSt, fall, father; we, wt, here, camel, hgr, thSre; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; g6, p8t,
or, wbre, wolf, w8rk, who, 6n; mate, cfib, cttre, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, as, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw.
rhizophorous
rhi-zoph -5r-ous, . [Mod. Lat. rhizophor(a) ;
Eng. adj. suff. -ous.\
ord'
Uotuny: Root-bearing; belonging to the natural
.er Rhizopho'racea? (q. v.).
rhi -z&-pod, s. [RHIZOPODA.]
1. Zodl.: A member of the order Rlrizopoda.
2. Bot. : The mycelium of a fungal.
trhl-z8p'-6-da, s. pi- [Pref. rhizo-, and Gr. pirns
(genit. podos)a. foot.]
1. Zool. : A name introduced by Dujardin for an
order of Infusoria, which were denned as animal-
cules with mutable form, moving by means of
multiform exsertile processes, without vibratile
cilia or other external organs. When the sub-
kingdom Protozoa was formed, the nameRhizopoda
was retained for the class containing individuals
with the power of emitting psoudopodia (q. v.),
and the class was divided into five orders : Monera,
Amoobea, Foraminifera, Radiolaria, and Spongida.
The Rhizopoda are the Myxopodia of Huxley, and
this latter name has been retained by Prof. Lankes-
tor in his reclassification of the Protozoa (q. v.).
2. Palaeontology : [FoRAMixiFEBA, HADIOLABIA,
SPONGIDA.]
rhl-z&-po -dl-um, s. fPref. rhizo-, and Greek
podion a small foot, dimin. from pous (genit.
podos) a foot.]
Bot. : [Rmzopoo, 2.]
rhl-z5p' 6 doiis, a. [RHIZOPODIUM.]
Zool. : Pertaining to the Rhizopoda.
rhl-z6 po' gon, s. [Pref. rhizo-, and Gr. pogon
a beard.]
Botany : A genus of underground Fungi. Rhizo-
pogon provinciates is eaten in Provence.
rhl-z8s -tb-mg,, s. [Pref. rhizo-, and Gr. stoma
= a mouth.]
ZoOl. : The typical genus of Rhizostomidae. Body
circular, hemispherical, excavated below, with
four semilunar orifices, into which are inserted four
roots of a pedunculated mass, afterward develop-
ing into eight appendages with fibrillary suckers.
Type Rhizostoma cuvieri. European seas.
rhi-zb-stom -9,-t!},, s. pi. [RHIZOSTOMA.]
ZoOl.: A sub-order of Discophora (Medusas), hav-
ing processes like rootlets around the mouth. They
are covered with minute polypites, interspersed
with clavate tentacula suspended from the middle
of the umbrella.
rhl-zb-stome, s. [RHIZOSTOMA.]
rhi-zb-st8m -I-dse, subst. pi. [Mod. Lat. rhizo-
stom(a) .' Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff. -idee.]
1. ZoOl. : A family of Lucernarida (Nicholson),
equivalent to the order Rhizostoma of Prof. Martin
Duncan.
2. Palceont. : A species occurs in the Lithographic
slates of Solenhofen.
rhl-zb-tax -Is, s. [Pref. rhizo-, and Gr. taxis=
an arrangement.]
Bot. : The arrangements of roots, and the laws of
their growth. It has been investigated by Clos.
rhl-z8f-rb-gfis, s. [Pref . rhizo-, and Gr. trogo-
to gnaw.]
Entom. : A genus of Melolonthina?. Rhizotrogus
solstitialis is the Midsummer Chafer.
rhi'-zu.-l9-, s. [Latinized dimin. from Gr. rhiza
a root.] [RHIZIXE.J
rh6'-dg.-lite, s. [Greek r/io<ioei's=rose-colored ;
a connective, and lithos=a stone (Min.).]
Min.: An earthy rose-red mineral, with a soapy
feel. Hardness, 2*0 ; specific gravity, 2*0. Composi-
tion : Silica, 55*9 ; alumina, 8*3 ; sesquioxide of iron,
11-4 ; magnesia, 0*6 ; lime, 1*1 ; water, 22*0=99*3. Oc-
-curs in araygdaloidal dolerite in County Antrim,
Ireland.
rho'-dft-lose, rho -da-16ze, s. [RHODHALOSE.]
rho dan -Ic, a. [Eng. rhodan(ide) ; -ic.] [SrjL-
fHOCYANTC.]
rh5'-dj"tn-lde, s. [Gr. r/iodon = arose.]
Chem.: A name applied to sulphocyanates on
account of the red color which they produce with
ferric salts. (Watts.)
rho-dan'-the, s. fGr. rhodon=& rose, and anthos
a. flower. Named from the color of the flower-
heads.]
Botany: A genus of Helychryseae. Only known
species Rhodanthe manglesii, a beautiful composite ;
its flowers, of the dry and unfading kind called
everlasting, roseate or purple on the upper part,
and silvery below. It is found in Western Australia,
has been introduced into European and American
greenhouses, and will grow also in the open air in
a temperature between 60 and 80. There are sev-
eral varieties, but it is possible that two of these,
R, atrosanguinea and R. maculata are, as Paxtou
makes them, distinct species.
rho-dS-1 -na., s. pi. [Mod. Lat. rhode(us) ; Lat.
.neut. pi. adj. suff. -ina.\
Ichthy. : A group of Cyprinidee. Anal of moder-
ate length, with nine to twelve branched rays;
3461
dorsal short, or of moderate length ; mouth with
very small barbels, or none. Four genera : Achelo-
gnathus, Acauthorhodous, Rhodeus, and Pseudoper-
ilampus. In the females a long external urogenital
tube is developed annually during the spawning
season.
Rhode island, s.
Geo. <S Polit. ; One of the original (13) states,
and the smallest in the Union. It is supposed that
a temporary settlement of Icelanders was made on
its soil as early as A. D. 1000. A permanent settle-
ment was effected at Providence by Roger Williams
in 1636. The state takes its name from one of the
adjacent islands, Aquidueck, bought from the
Indians in 1638. The lauds of the Narragansett
Indians were acquired by purchase in 1709. Rhode
Island was the last of thetuirteen colonies to ratify
the Constitution, which it did in 1790. Rhode
Island men distinguished themselves in the old
French wars and in the Revolution. The state fur-
nished 23,236 union soldiers during the war of the
Rebellion. Brown University wasfounded at Provi-
dence, 1764. Area, about l,300squaremiles. Climate
moderate. Temperature averages in winter from
24 to 42 , in summer from 44 to 74. Rainfall, 43
inches. Snow lies from 60 to 100 days.
rh6-de-&-ret r -Ic, a. [Eng. rhodeoret(in) ; -ic.]
Contained in or derived from Rhodeoretin (q. v.).
rhodeoretic-acid, s. [CONVOLVTTHC-ACID.]
rhp-de-Sr'-e-tln, s. [Greek rhodeosiosy, and
r/iottiie=resin.J [CoNVOLVULiN.]
rho-de b-r6t'-In-ol, . [Eng. rhodeoretin; -ol,]
[CONVOLVULINOL.]
rh6-de-b-ret-In-&T-Ic, a. [Eng. rhodeoret inol ;
-ic. ] Contained in or derived from rhodeoretinol.
rhodeoretinolic-acid. s. [COSVOLVDHNOL.]
Rhodes, s. [See def.J
Gettg. : An island off the southwest coast of Asia
Minor.
Rhodes-wood, .
Bot.: Amyris balsamifera,theV?est Indian Can-
dlewood.
rhO'-dS-UB, s. [Gr. rhodeos= rosy-colored.]
springs, has a silvery-bluish band on the middle of
the tail.
rh6d-ha -lose, subst. [Gr.rhodeos= rose-colored;
/mte=salt, and suff. -ose (Min.).]
Min. : The same as BIEBERITE (q. v.).
Rh5-dl-an,a. &. [Seedef.]
A.. As adj. : Of or pertaining to Rhodes, an island
in the Mediterranean.
B. As subst. : A native or inhabitant of Rhodes.
Rhodian-laws, subst. pi. The earliest system of
marine laws, said to have been compiled by the
Rhodians after they had, by their commerce and
naval victories, obtained the command of the sea,
about 900 B.C.
rhdd'-lc, a. [Eng. rhod(ium) ; -ic.] Contained
in or derived from rhodium (q. v.).
rhodic-oxide, s. [RHODIUM.]
rh5 -ding, 8. [Etym. doubtful.]
Naut. : One of the brass boxes for the journals of
the pump-break.
rh6-di -b la, . [Mod. Lat., from Gr. rhodon=a
rose. So named because the roots smell like roses.]
Bot.: A genus of Crassulete. Rhodiola rosea is
now Sedum rhodiola. [SEDUM.]
rh6d'-ite, s. [Eng. rhod(ium) ; suff. -tie (Min.).]
Min.: The same as RHODIUM-GOLD (q. v.).
rh6-di -te, s. [Or. rhodeos=rosy.]
Enlom. : A genus of Cynipidee. Rhodites rosce is
the small gall-fly, the puncture of which produces
the bedoguar of the rose.
rho -dl iim, s. [Latinized from Gr. rhodon = a.
rose, from the red color of some of its salts.]
Chem. : A totratomic metallic element belonging
to the platinum group, symbol Rh ; atomic weight,
104-4; specific gravity, W6-12; discovered by Wol-
laston in 1804 in crude platinum. To obtain it, the
solution from which platinum, palladium, and
indium have been separated is mixed with hydro-
chloric acid, evaporated to dryness, and the residue
treated witli alcohol of specific gravity 0'837, which
dissolves everything except the double chlorides of
rhodium and sodium. On filtering, heating the
residue to dryness, and boiling with water, metallic
rhodium remains. It is a whitish-gray metal, very
hard, less fusible and less ductile than platinum,
unalterable in the air at ordinary temperatures, but
oxidizing at a red heat. When pure it is unacted
upon by the strongest acids, but when alloyed it
dissolves in nitro - hydrochloric acid. Rhodium
forms but one chloride, RhCls, a brownish -red
rhododendron
deliquescent mass, soluble in water. It forms four
oxides : Monoxide, RhO, a dark-gray substance,
unattacked by acids ; sesquioxide or rhodic oxide,
Rh 2 O 3 , a gray porous mass, with a metallic irides-
cence; dioxide, RhO.i, a dark-brown substance ; and
trioxidc, RhO 3 , a blue flocculent powder, all insol-
uble in acids. The salts of rhodium are for the
most part rose-colored.
rhodium-gold, s.
Min. : A variety of native gold, said to contain
from 34 to 43 per cent, of rhodium. Specific gravity
15-5-16-8; brittle.
rho -dl-zite, rho'-dl-cite, s. [Gr. rhodiz<~>=ta
tinge red ; suff. -He ( Min. ) .]
Min.: An isometric mineral, found very rarely,
and only in small crystals, on rubellite in the neigh-
borhood of Ekaterinburg, Perm, Russia. Hard-
ness, 8 ; specific gravity, 3'3-3'42 ; luster, vitreous ;
color, white ; translucent ; pyro-electric. Not yet
analyzed, but from its blowpipe reactions it is sup-
posed to be a lime boracite.
rh6-dl-z8n -Ic, a. [Gr. rhodizo=to tinge red;
Eng. (saff)ro(n), and suff. -ic.] (See compound.)
rhodizonic-acld, .
Chemistry: A name applied to two distinct com-
pounds, produced under different circumstances
from potassium carboxide. Alpha-rhodizonic acid,
C 6 HA=(C5HO 3 ) "' Os) discovered by Heller in
1837, is formed from carboxylic acid by the assump-
tion of water, CioH4O,o+2H 2 O=2C5H 4 O6. It crys-
tallizes in colorless rhombic prisms, easily soluble
in water and alcohol. On exposure to the air the
crystals turn brownish -red. heated to 100" they turn
black, at a higher temperature they decompose,
leaving a carbonaceous residue. The alpha-rhodi-
zonates, produced from the hydro-carboxylates, are
all red, and very insoluble. Beta-rhodizonic acid,
C[oH 6 Og. This acid is unknown in the free state,
but its potassium salt, CioKeOg, discovered by Bro-
die in 1859, remains undissolved when potassium
carboxide is treated with absolute alcohol. It is
distinguished from alpha-rhodizonate by the ra-
pidity with which it absorbs oxygen on exposure
to air and moisture, being converted into potas-
sium croconate.
rh6-do"-> pref. [Gr. rhodon=& rose.] Of, pertain-
ing to, or in any way resembling a rose.
rho-d59'-Sr-a, s. [Pref. rhodo-, and Gr. fceros
a horn.]
Entom.: A genus of Papilionidae. Rhodocera
rhamni of Newman is Gonepteryx rhamni of Stain-
ton, &c.
rho -d6-Chrome, s. [Prefix rhodo-, and Greek
c/&ronia=color.J
Min.: A compact variety of Kammererite (q. v.),
having a splintery fracture.
rh6-d6-Chro -lte, s. [Pref. rhodo-; Gr. chrosis
=color, and suff. -ite (Min.).]
Min.: A mineral belonging to the group of anhy-
drous carbonates. Crystallization rhombohedral ;
also occurs globular, botryoidal, and massive.
Hardness, 3*5-4*5 ; specific gravity, 3*4-3*7 ; luster,
vitreous ; color, shades of rose-red when pure, dark-
red to brown ; streak, white. Composition : Car-
bonic acid, 38*6; protoxide of manganese, 61*4 ; but
the latter is frequently partly replaced by lime,
magnesia, or protoxide of iron.
rhS-do-crl'-nl-dSB, s. pi. [Modern Latin rho-
docrin(us) ; Lat. pi. adj. suff. -idee.]
Palceont.: A family of Crinoidea. Basals five,
parabasals or sub-radials five ; arms ten or twenty,
bifurcated two or three times. Devonian (?) and
Carboniferous formations.
rh6-d5e'-rl-mte, s. [Mod. Lat. rhodocrin(us) ;
suff. -ite.] Any individual of the genus Rhodo-
crinus.
rh6 do-cri -nfis, subst. [Pref. rhodo-, and Gr.
fcrinon=alily.]
Palceont.: The typical genus of Rhodocrinidee.
Eight species are known, from the Devonian (?) to
the Carboniferous.
rho-db-den'-dre-se, s. pi. [Lat. rhododendr(ati) ;
Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff. -ece.]
Bot.: A tribe of Ericaceae. Fruit capsular, septi-
cidal. Buds scaly, resembling cones.
rh6-d6-den -drSn, subst. [Latin, from Gr. rho-
dodendro7t= the oleander or the rhododendron ; pref.
rhodo-, and Gr. dendron=a tree. Named from the
similarity in the flowers.]
Bot. : The typical genus of Rhododendreee (q. v.).
Evergreen shrubs or low trees, with five-lobed
corolla, occasionally a little irregular, and normally
ten stamens, sometimes declinate. Akin to Azalea,
which is distinguished from it by having only five
stamens. They are natives of both hemispheres,
but their metropolis is in India, specially in the
Eastern Himalayas. Sir J. D. Hooker found forty-
three in Sikkim, most of them new. Many garden
varieties are derived from Rhododendron ponticum.
t>611, boy; pout, jowl; cat, fell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, yhls; sin, a;; expect, Xenoplion, exist, ph f.
-clan, -tlan = shn. -tion, -slon = shfin; -Won, -Sion = zhun. -tious, -clous, -slous = shis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del.
rhodomela
a native of Pontus, the Caucasus, aud Gibraltar.
R. arboreum, R. argenteum, R. campanulatum, R.
cinnabarinum, R. falconeri, and R. fulgens are
Himalayan trees. Tlie young leaves of A', arboreum
are poisonous; the flowers make a good sub-acid
jelly, besides being medicinal and applied to the
forehead for headache. (Dr. Stewart.) The leaves
of A", anthopogon and R. lepidotum are aromatic.
The acid stems of R. nobile are eaten by the Hindus.
They also use the ferruginous leaves of R. cam-
ganulatum as a kind of snuff. R. chrysanthum, a
iberian bush, and R.ferrugineum, a Swiss species,
are narcotic. R. maximum is said by some writers
to be astringent, by others to be an actual poison.
rh6 d& me -la, s. [Pref. rhodo-, and Gr. melos=
a limb. Named from the color of the fronds.J
Bot.: The typical genus of Rhodomelea? (q. v.).
trond cylindrical, inarticulate, opaque; tetra-
spores in pod-like receptacles.
rho-dfi-me la' $6-se, rho-d6 me -le-sa, s. pi.
[Mod. Lat. rhodomel(a); Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff.
-acece, -ecu.]
Botany: An order of Algales, or a sub-order of
CeramiaceoB. Frond jointed. Ceramidia having
pear-shaped granules at the base of a cup-
shaped envelope, which finally bursts by a pore.
Totraspores inclosed in transformed branches or
sttchtdia.
rho-d6-me'-nl-a, s. [RHODYMENIA.]
rh5d 6 mon tade , . [RODOMONTADE.]
rho-d&-m?r -tfis (yr as Ir), . [Pref. rhodo-,
and (rr. myrtos = a myrtle.]
Bot.: A genus of Myrteaj. Rhodomurtus tomen-
tosa, a South Indian mountain shrub, like the com-
mon myrtle, produces sweet fleshy berries, eaten
raw or made into a jelly.
rh6'-d6n-lte, s. [Gr. rhodon=& rose; suff. -ite
(.Mm.).]
Min. : A mineral crystallizing in the triclinic sys-
tem, though its angles approximate to those of
pyroxene. Hardness, 5'5-6'5; specific gravity, 3'4-
3-68 ; luster, vitreous ; color, shades of red ; some
varieties, greenish, yellowish ; streak, white ; very
tough. Composition: Silica, 45'9; protoxide of
manganese, 54'1=100, represented by the formula,
MuOSiO > ; the manganese is frequently partly re-
placed, however, by protoxide of iron, lime, and
sometimes zinc. Dana distinguishes three varieties-
(1) Ordinary, (a) crystallized, (6) granular, mass-
ive; (2) Calciferous (Bustamite), which contains
from 9 to 15 per cent, of lime ; (3) Zinciferous (Fowl-
erite).
rhp -d&-phane, s. [Greek rfto<ion=the rose, and
pAainem=to show.] The red pigment contained in
the inner segments of the cones of the retina.
rh6 dft-phJTrllte, s. [Prefix rhodo-, and Eng.
phyllite.]
Min.: The same as KAMMEBERITE (q. v.).
rh6-d6-rhi -za, s. [Pref. rhodo-, and Gr. rhiza
=a root. So named because the root-stocks smell
like roses.]
Bot.: A genus of Convolvuleie, from the Canary
Islands. The roots of Rhodorhiza florida and R.
fcoparia are used as sternutatories. An oil. Oleum
ligni rhodii cethereum, is extracted by distillation
from their roots.
rbo'-d6-sperm, s. [RHODOSPEBME.E.]
Bot. : Any individual algal of the Rhodospermew.
rbo-d6 spgr -me-ae, trh6-d&-sp8r -S-ae, s.pl.
[Prefix rhodo-; Gr. sperma, orapora,poros=a seed,
and Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff. -acece, -ece.J
Bot. : Rose-spored Algals, one of the three great
divisions of the Algals. The rose-colored spores are
of two kinds: Spores in capsular bodies, external
or immersed, and tetraspores (q. v.). Antheridia
are generally, if not universally, present. They are
divided into two tribes: Desmiospermese, in which
the spores are formed on a joint or joints of the
spore threads ; and Gongylospermeas, in which they
are massed together in a hyaline, mucous, or a
mombrauaceous mother-cell.
*Th6-dfi Stau-r6f -Ic, adj. [Gr. rfcodon=a rose,
and stauros=a cross.] Rosicrucian. (BenJonson.)
rh6-d6-tan -nlc, o. [Eng. rhodo(dendron), and
lutiniV. | (See compound.)
rhodotannic-acld, .
Chem.: Rhodoxanthin. Tannic acid extracted
from the leaves of Rhododendron ferrugineum.
rhd d8x-an -thin, . [Pref. rhodo-, and English
lanthin.] [RHODOTAIJNIC-ACID.]
Bho'-df, . A diminutive often applied to the
state of Rhode Island, from its limited territory.
Sometimes it is termed Little Rhody. (Barllett.)
rh6-d?-me -nl-a, rho-do'-me' -nl-a, . [Prefix
rhodo-, and Gr. ftj/mcn=a membrane.]
Bot. : The typical genus of Rhodymeniaceffi (q. v.) .
[D0L8E.J
3462
rho-df-me nl-a -$e-ae, . pi. [Mod. Lat. rhody-
meni(a) ; Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff. -acece.]
Bot. : An order of Algals, being the tribe Rhody-
menieae, raised to an order. Frond membranous,
inarticulate, spores at first moniliform, fructifica-
tion double ; first conceptacles half immersed, \\itli
a mass of spores affixed to a central placenta.
Purplish or blood-red seaweeds, widely diffused.
rho-dy'-me nl-e -se, s.pl. [RIIODYMEXIACE.E.]
*rhoe -a-de, s. pi. [PI. of Latin rhaias (genit.
rhwadis') ; (jr. r/ioms=the common red poppy.]
Bot. : The thirtieth order of Linnaeus' Natural
system. Genera: Papaver, Podopliyllum, ic.
rhomb (b silent), Thombe, rhom'-bus, s. [Fr.
rhombe, from Lat. rhombus; Gr. rhombo=a spin-
ning-wheel, a rhombus, from
rhembo= to revolve, to totter ; Sp.
4 Ital. rombo.]
1. Geom.: Anobliqneparallelo-
gram whose sides are all equal.
The diagonals of a rhombus
bisect each other at right angles.
The area of a rhombus is equal to Rhomb,
half the product of its diagonals.
2. Crystall.: A rhombohedron (q. v.).
II Fresnel's rhomb :
Optics: An apparatus for converting plane into
circularly-polarized light [Polarization of Light].
It is a parallelepiped of glass, of such length aud
angles that a ray of light entering one small end at
right angles, twice suffers total reflection within
the rhomb at an angle of about 54 (depending on
the polarizing angle of the glass), and finally
emerges at right angles from the opposite small
end. When the beam of light is plane polarized,
and the rhomb is so arranged that its reflecting
faces are inclined at an angle of 45 to the plane of
polarization, the beam emerges circularly polarized,
rhomb-porphyry, .
Petrol.: A porphyry which incloses large crystals
of orthoclase, presenting a rhombic outline, result-
ing from a peculiar habit of twinning. First de-
scribed from the vicinity of Christiania.
rhomb-spar, s. [DOLOMITE.]
rhomb- (b silent) , pref. [RHOMBO-.]
rhomb-ovate, a. [RHOMBOID-OVATE.]
rhomb-ar -sen-He, s. [Pref. rhomb-, and Eng
arsenite.]
Min. : The same as CLAUDETITE (q. v.).
rhSm'-blc, *rhom -blck, a. [Eng. rhomb; -ic.~\
1. Ord. Lang.: Having the figure or shape of a
rhomb.
" Many other sorts of stones are regularly figured; the
aateria in form of a star, and they are of a rhombick
figure." Grew.
*2. Crystall.: Orthorhombic (q. v.).
rhombic-mica, s. [PHLOGOPITE.]
rhSm-b&-. pref. [RHOMB.] With the form or
shape of a rhomo.
^rhom-bo-he -dral, adj. [Eng. rhombohedr(onj ;
1. Geom. : Pertaining or relating to a rhombohe-
dron ; having forms derived from the rhombohe-
dron.
2. Crystall.: A crystal system in which all the
forms are, or can be, derived from one or more
rhombohedrons.or which have the habit of a rhom-
bohedron (q. v.).
rhom-b6-he" drftn, s. [Pref. rhombo-, and Gr.
hedra=a base, a side.]
Geom. it Crystall. : A polyhedron bounded by six
equal rhombuses.
rhom'-bold, a. & . [Greek rhomboeides, from
rhombosa rhomb, and eidos=form, appearance.]
A. As adjective:
I. Ord. Lang.: Shaped
rhubarb
rhomboid-ovate, a. Between rhomboid and
ovate in shape ; partly rhomboid and partly ovate.
rhdm bold -al, . [Eng. rhomboid; -al.~\ Hav-
ing the shape of a rhomboid ; resembling a rhom-
boid in shape.
"Another rhombtiidttl selenites of a compressed form
had many others infixed round the middle of it." H'ood-
0onL
ru8m bo I des, s. [Gr. rhomboeides.'] A rhom-
boid.
"The crosse lines of a rhombttidea."
More; On the Soul, pt. ii., bk. i.
rhom-b61d-Ich -thjte, s. [Mod. Lat. rhomb(us) ;
Gr. fiV/orf=form, and ichthyK n fish.]
Ichthyol.: A tropical genus of Pleuronectidss-
(q. v.), but represented in the Mediterranean and
on the coast of Japan. There are sixteen species,
prettily colored and ornamented with ocellatod
spots. In a few species, the adult males have some
of the fin-rays prolonged into lilaments. Rhomboid-
ichthys grandisquama, the Japanese form, ranging
to the American coast, has the scales deciduous.
rh8m-bo so -lS-a,s. [Prefix rhombo-, and Mod.
Lat. solea (q. v.).]
Ichthy.: A genus of Pleuronectidte, with three
species, from the coasts of New Zealand, where
they are valued as food fish. The eyes are on the
right side, the lower in advance of the upper.
rhom -bus, s. [RHOMB.]
1. Geom.: The same as RHOMB (q. v.).
2. Ichthy.: A genus of Pleuronectidee (q. v.).
Eyes on left side; mouth wide, each jaw with a
band of villiform teeth, vomerine teeth present,
none ou palatines. Dorsal fin commences on snout ;
scales noneor small. Seven species from the North
Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Rhombus maxi-
mum is the Turbot (q. v.) : R. mceoticua, the Black
bea Turbot; R. loivis, the Brill, and R.megostoma.
Bloch s Top-knot. R. punctatus is often confounded
with P hrynorhombusunimaculatus,the Top-knot.
3. Palceontol. : One species, Rhombus minimus,
from the Eocene of Monte Bolca.
rhfin -chal, o. [Lat. rhonch(us) ; Eng. adj. suff.
-al.] Of or pertaining to rhonchus (q. v.).
trhSn-chl-so -nant, a. [Lat. rhonchus=a rattle,
a snore, and sonans, pr. par. of sono=to sound.]
Snorting. .
rh8n -chus (pi. rhoa-chl),s. [Latin, from Gr.
rhongchoa.]
Physiol. dt Pathol. : A "dry" sound, heard by
auscultation, in acute bronchitis, in the larger
bronchial tubes. Sibilant rhonchi are- heard also
in asthma.
rhone, s. [RONE, .] A rain-water pipe. (Scotch.)
rhoo -de-bok, 's. [ROODEBOK.]
rho-pal -Ic, a. [Greek rhopalon - a club which
gradually becomes bigger from the handle to the
top.]
Pros.: Applied to a line in which each successive
word has a syllable more than the one preceding
It. (Browne: Miscel. Tract 7.)
Rem tibi confeci, doctissime, dulcisonorum.
Hope ever solaces miserable individuals.
rho-pa-189 -Sr-a, s.pl. [Gr. rhopalon = a club,
and keras=& horn. So named from the thickened
club-like termination of theantennee.l
Entom.: Butterflies. [BUTTERFLY, II.]
I. Ord. Lang.: Shaped \ ~~\
like a rhomboid; rhom- \ \
boidal. \ \
II. Bot.: Oval, a little \ \
angular in the middle, as ' '
the leaf of Hibiscus Rhomboid.
rhombifolius.
B. As substantive :
1. Geom.: A parallelogram, all of whose sides are
not equal. The rhombus is but a particular form
of the rhomboid, in which the sides are all equal.
2. Crystall.: Formerly used by a few mineralo-
gists for rhombohedron (q. v.).
rhomboid-ligament, s.
Anat.: A ligamentconnectingthecartilageof the
nrst rib with the sternal end of the clavicle.
rhomboid-muscles, s. pi.
Anat.: Two muscles, the rhomboideus minor and
the rhomboidewi major, connecting the spinous
process of the seventh cervical and first dorsal ver-
tebne and the ligamentum nuchce with the scapula.
(Quain.)
rho pal 6-d6n, subst. [Greek rupalon=& club-
-odon. (Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat., Moscou, xiv. 460.)]
Palceont. : A genus
of_Dinosauria, of Per*-
miau age, from a in i ne
on the banks of the
Dioma river, Oren-
burg, Russia. It was
founded on a fragment
of a lower jaw, con-
taining nine teeth not
unlike those of Iguan-
odon. There is but
one species, Rhopalo-
don icangenheimii
(named in honorof its
discoverer). 7?. man-
telii (F.doWaldheim)
= Iguanodon mantelii.
[REONOSAUECS.] Jaw of Khopalodon.
rho-ta-els. -mus, s. [ROTACISM.]
rhu barb, reu-barbe, *rew-barb, *ru-barbe
. & a. [O. Fr. rheubarbe (Fr. rhubarbe), from Low
Lat. rhe ubarbarum ( = rhettmbarbarum),lrom Gr
rheon barbaron = rhubarb; lit. the rheum from a
barbarian country. Greek rheon is an adjectival
form, from Rha, the old name of the Volga, on the
banksof which the rhubarb is indigenous. Spanish
riubarbo; Port, rheubarbo; Ital. reubarbaro, reo-
barbaro.]
%. -as
s-
rhubarbaric
A. As substantive :
1. Bot. : [RHEUM.]
2. Hort., etc. : The common Garden Rhubarb is
Rheum rhaponticum, though some of tho red-stalked
rhubarb is from R. undulatum. The former plant
has broadly cordate leaves, strongly veined beneath.
The footstalks are long, thick, and fleshy, with a
channel above. Its growth is exceedingly rapid.
It was brought, about 1573, from tho banks of the
Volga, where it is wild. Since 1820 the stalks have
been used for tarts, and made into jam. [PiE-
3. Pharm.: Three leading kinds of rhubarb are
recognized: (1) The Turkey or Russian rhubarb,
which is wild neither in trie one country nor the
other, but used to be brought from China via
Turkey, and then from China via Russia; (2) the
East Indian, and (3) the Batavian rhubarb. An
extract, an infusion, a syrup, a tincture, and a wine
of rhubarb, with a compound rhubarb pill, are used
in pharmacy. In small doses rhubarb is stomachic
and slightly astringent; in large doses, a purgative,
but its action is followed by constipation. [GBEO-
OKY'S POWDER.]
*B. As adj. : Bitter.
"With your rhubarb words."
Sidney: Astrophel and Stella, liv.
IT Monk's Rhubarb : [MONK'S RHUBAKB.] ,
rhu-bar -bar-Ic, a. [Eng. rhubarbar(in) ; -ic.]
Contained in or derived from Rhubarbarin.
rhubarbarlc-acld, s. [CHRTSOPHANIC-ACID.]
rhu-bar -bar-In, s. [Low Lat. rhubarbar(um) ;
-in (Chem.).] [CHRYSOPHANIC-ACID.]
*rhu-bar -ba-tlve, a. [Etym. doubtful. A cor-
respondent of Notes & Queries (Sept. 18, 1886, p. 233)
says that it is the Fr. r6barbatif stern, crabbed,
cross. There is also, perhaps, a play on the Euglish
rhubarb.] (For def. see etym.)
"A man were better to lye under the hands of a Hang-
man than one of your rhubarbative faces." Dekker:
Match me in London, iii.
rhu -barb-?, a. [English rhubarb; -y.] Of or
belonging to rhubarb; like rhubarb.
rhumb (6 silent), s. [RCMB.]
Thus, subst. [Latin, from Greek rhous = Rhw>
cotinus (7).]
1. Sot.: A genus of Anacardiacese. Leaves simple
or compound. Flowers in axillary or terminal pan-
icles, bisexual or polygamous. Calyx small, per-
sistent, five-partite ; petals five ; stamens five ; ovary
one-celled, sessile; fruit a dry drupe, with one
exalbnminous seed. Nearly a hundred species are
known. Most are shrubs, from six to ten feet high.
They exist in all the continents. The leaves of
Rhus coriaria, the Hide or Elm-leaved Sumach of
the south of Europe, are used for tanning morocco
leather. In the Himalayas those of R. cotinus are
similarly employed. The fruit of the former was
given in dysentery. In India, R. parviflora, R.
semialata, R. succedanea, are used medicinally.
Exudations from incisions in the bark of R. succe-
danea and R. varnicifera yield the varnish used in
Japanese and Chinese wickerwork. The former
produces astringent galls, and its seeds yield a kind
of wax ; as do also those of R. wallichii and the
Japanese R. varnix. The juice of the latter species
blisters the skin. The Turks use the acid fruits of
R. coriaria to sharpen their vinegar. The plant
yields sumach (q. v.). The bark of R. glabrum is a
febrifuge, and is employed as a mordant for red
colors. R. metopium, a Jamaica plant, yields a
medicinal gum. R. toxicodendron (used in phar-
macy as a topical irritant) and R. venenata, Amer-
ican species, are poisonous, nor is any of the genus
very safe. These two species are called indiffer-
ently POISON OAK,.POISON IVY, POISON SUMAC, and
more rarely mercury. The wood of R. cotinus is
employed for inlaid and cabinet work. [FUSTIC.]
2. Paloeobot.: From tho European Pliocene,
rhus -ma, s. [RUSMA.]
Leather Manuf. : A mixture of caustic lime and
orpiment or tersulphide of arsenic, used in deputa-
tion or unhairing of hides.
rhy-ac'-6-Hte, s. [Gr. rhyax (genit. rhyakos) =
a lava-stream, and lithos=& stone ; Ger. rhyacolith.]
Min. : A name given by Rose to the clear crystals
of orthoclase found in cavities in lavas, and espe-
cially in the volcanic bombs of Monte Somma,
Vesuvius.
rhy-a-c6ph -I-la, s. [Gr. rhyax (genit. rhyakos)
= a mountain stream, and philos=& friend.]
Entom.: The typical genus of Rhyacophilidse
(q.v.).
rhy-a-c6-phll'-l-d8e, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. rhyaco-
phil(a) ; Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff. -idce.l
Entom. : A family of Trichoptera. Pupa inclosed
in a brown cocoon within a case.
rhyme, . [RIME (1) , .]
rhyme, v. i. & t. [RIME, t>.]
3463
rhyme -less, . [Eng. rhyme; -less.] Destitute
of rhyme ; not having consonance of sound.
"Doth beside on rhymeless numbers tread."
Up. Hall: Satires, bk. i., sat. 4.
rhym er, *rym -r, s. [Eng. rhym(e) ; -er.]
One who writes rimes ; a rhymester, a versifier.
rhym -er-f, s. [Eng. rhyme; -ry.] Tho act of
making rimes.
rhyme -ster, *rhym ster, subst. [Eng. rhyme ;
-ster.] One who writes rimes ; a poor or mean poet.
"Nay, more, though all my rival rhymesters frown,
I, too, can hunt a poetaster down."
Byron: English Bards and Scotch Reviewers.
rhym -Ic, a. [Eng. rhym(e) ; -ic.] Oforpertain-
ing to rime.
rhym -1st, s. [Eng. rhym(e} ; -ist.~\ A rhymester.
"He was a good rhymist, but no poet." Johnson: Life
of Milton.
rhym '-f, *rhlm'-j, adj. [Eng. rhym(e) ; -y.]
Riming. (T. Brown: Works, iii. 39.)
rhynch-, pref. [RHYNCHO-.]
rh^ft-chae -a. s. [Gr. rhyngchos=n beak, a bill.]
Ornith.: Painted Snipes ; a genus of Numeniinse,
with four species, from the Ethiopian and Oriental
regions, Australia, and temperate South America.
The females are more richly colored than the males,
having the lores, sides of face, and neck chest-
nut. There is reason to believe that the male of
Rhynchcea bengaleiww undertakes tho duty of incu-
bation. (Ibis, 1866, p. 298.)
rhfn-che'-ta, subst. [Pref. rhyn(ch)-, and Gr.
c/ai're=long, nowinghair.]
ZoOl.: A genus of Tentaculifera Suctoria, with a
single species, Rhyncheta cyclopum, parasitic on
Cyclops coronata.
*rhjfncll-Ich'-thf s, s. [Pref. rhynch-, and Greek
ichthys=a fish.]
Ichthy. : A genus of Berycidw, erected for the
reception of forms now known to be the young of
Holocentrum. They differ from the adult fish in
having the upper part of the snout pointed and
elongate.
rhf ft-Chl -teg, s. [Gr. rhyngchos=a snout; suff.
-ires.J
Entom. : A genus of Curculionidee. They have
brilliant metallic colors. Habitat is widespread.
The female deposits her eggs in young apples and
pears, damaging the peduncle as well as the fruit,
so that the latter falls. Rhynchites bacchus, a
richly golden purple species, sometimes greatly
injures the pear crop in France, and damages the
buds and leaves of the vine.
rhjfn-chS-, rhynch-, pref. [Greek rhynchos=a
snout.] Having a snout, or any process resembling
a snout.
rh^A-cho-bat -iis, s. [Pref. rhyncho-, and Greek
batis=the prickly roach.]
Ichthy. : A genus of Rhinobatidse (q. v.) ; dorsals
without spine, the first opposite to the ventrals ;
caudal with lower lobe well developed ; teeth ob-
tuse, granular, the dental surfaces of the jaws undu-
lated. There are two species, Rhynchobatus ancylo-
stomus and R. djeddensis, botfi about eight feet
long, common on the coasts of the Indian Ocean.
rhf n-chob-del -la, . [Pref. rhyncho-, and Gr.
bdella = & leech.]
ZoOl.: The typical genus of RhynchobdellidsB
(q.v.).
rh^ft-chdh-del'- 11-dse, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. rhyn-
chobdell(a): Lat. fern. pi. adj. snff. -idee.]
ZoOl. ; A family of Leeches, having a protrusible
proboscis. They are divided into Ichthyobdellidae
and Clepsinidse.
rhyft-chOHje-pha -11-a, s. pi. [RHYNCHOCEPH-
ALUS.]
1. ZoOl. : An order of Lacertiform Reptilia, with
four limbs. Vertebra with Hat ends; quadrate
bone united by sutures with the skull andpterygoid ;
an osseous infra-temporal bar. Sternum and a
system of abdominal ribs well developed. One
recent genus, Sphenodon (q. y.).
2. Palfeont.: Represented in the Upper Creta-
ce9ns and Lower Eocene by Champsosaurus, in the
Trias by Rhynchosaurus and Hyperodapedon, and
in the Permian by Proterosaurus, Spheenosaurus,
Telerpetou (1), and Saurosternum(7).
, a. & s. [RHYNCHOCE-
PHALIA.]
A. As adj.: Belonging to or having the character-
istics of the order Rhynchocephalia (Encyc. Brit.
xx. 473).
B. As subst. : Any individual of tho Rhynchoce-
phalia.
"These reptiles are rhynchocephaliaHs." Encyc. Brit.
(ed. 9th), xi. 465.
trhyft-ch6-98ph'-a-lus, subst. [Pref. rhyncho-,
and Gr. kephale=the head.]
ZoOl.: Owen's name for the genus Sphenodon
(q. v.).
rhynchops
trh?n-ch6-9e -tl, s.pl. [Pref. rhyncho-, and Gr.
kitos=a sea-monster. |
ZoOl. : The Ziphioid Whales. [ZIPHIIN.K.]
trhy ; n-ch& cce -la, s. pi. [Prefix rh//ncho-, and
Gr. fcoos=hollow.] [NEMERTEA.]
rhf ft-Ch09 -f-8n, s. [Pref. rhyncho-, and Greek
Ari/on = a dog. Tho latter element has reference to
thelarge canine teeth.]
Zuol.: A genus of Macroscelulidee, with one spe-
cies, Rhynchocyon cernei, from the coast of Mozam-
bique. It is about eight inches in length, exclusive
of the rat-like tail ; the muzzle is produced into a
long, movable snout ; fur rusty-brown, blackish on
head and neck, with light reddish spots on hinder
part of back. It lives in holes in the ground, and
comes out at night to feed on insects. The hind
limbs are not.so disproportionately long as in the
true jumping shrew ; nil the feet are four-toed, and
the dentition is anomalous.
rh^A -cll&-dus, s. [Pref. rhynch-, and Gr. odous
=a tooth.]
Palceont. : A genus of Chimwroid fishes, discov-
ered by Newberry in the Devonian rocks of Ohio.
rhf n-ch6-flafe-Sl-la -ta, s. pi. [Pref. rhyncho-,
and Mod. Lat.Jfo0ettato (q.v.).]
ZoOl.: A class of Corticate Protozoa, of globular
or lenticular form, with a firm cuticular membrane,
and reticular protoplasm. There are two genera :
Leptodiscus and Noctiluca. (Lankester.)
rh^ft'-chb-llte, . [Pref. rhyncho-, and Greek
lithoK=a stone.]
Palceont.: A popular name for the fossil mandi-
bles of some Cephalopods. (See extract.)
"Calcareous mandibles occur in all the secondary
strata, but not hitherto in such numbers or circumstances
as to imply that they belonged to any other genus besides
the true Nautilus. They are of two forms: those corre-
sponding to the upper mandible have been called Khyn-
c/io//(es(Pal830teuthUand Bhynchoteuthis of D'Orbigny);
while the lower mandibles constitute the genus Con-
chorhynchus of De Blainville." Owe?i: Patccont. (ed. 2d),
p. 98.
rhyft-chb-neT-la, s. [Latinized from Greek
rhyngchos=fL snout.]
1. ZoOl. : The typical genus of Rhynchonollidse
(q.v.). Shell trigonal, acutely beaked, usually
plaited ; dorsal valve elevated in front : ventral flat-
tened, or hollowed along the center. Known recent
species four, from the North Polar regions and New
Zealand.
2. Palceoni.: Known species 332, from the Lower
Silurian onward. Found in Europe, Asia, and North
and South America.
rhynchonella-zones, s.pl.
Geol. : Two zones, the one that of Rhynchonella
martini, in the Lower Chalk of England, between
the CambridgeGreensand and the Totternhoe stone ;
and the other that of Rhynchonella cuvieri, in the
Middle Chalk, between the Melbourn Rock and the
zone of Terebratula gracilis. (Etheridge.)
rhjft-cho-nel -H-dSB, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. rhyncho-
nell(a) ; Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff. -idee.]
Zoology dt Palceont.: A family of Brachiopoda.
Shell impunctate, oblong or trigonal, beaked ;
hinge line curved; valves articulated, curves often
sharply plaited ; hinge teeth supported by dental
plates. Animal with elongated spiral arms directed
inward. From tho Lower Silurian to the Trias.
rhjfn-choph -5r-a (1), s. [Pref. rhyncho- (q.v.),
and fern. sing, of Gr. p/ioros=bearing.J
Palceont. : A genus of Weevils from the Purbeck
beds. (Etheridge.)
rh^ft-choph -5r-a (2). s. pi. (Prefix rhyncho-,
and neut. pi. of Gr. p/ioros=bearing.T
Entom.: A tribe of Tetramerous Beetles. Front
of the head prolonged into a rostrum or snout, with
the mouth at its extremity. The antennee are
placed on the sides of the rostrum, at its base t its
apex, or the parts intermediate. They are genicu-
late, and have the tip clavate. The body is often
covered with scales. It contains the weevils, the
footless grubs of which are so injurious to many
plants, in the interior of whose stems, fruits, or
seeds they live. Families: Curculionidte, Brentidee,
Anthribidee, and Bruchidas.
rh^n -Ch6-phore, s. [RHYNCHOPHOEA.] Any
individual member of the Rhynchophora (q. v.).
rh^n-choph -6r-fis, s. [Pref. rhyncho-, and Gr.
phoros= bearing.]
Entom.: A genus of Curculionida?. They are of
large size. The larvie live in the stems of succulent
plants, as palms, bananas, the sugar-cane, <&c.
rhjfft-chb-pr-nse, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. rhynchops,
genij. rhynrhop(is) ; Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff. -mce.J
Ornith.: Skimmers, Scissor-bills ; a sub-family of
Larida3, with a single genus, Rhyuchops (q. v.).
rh^ft -Ch5ps, s. [Pref. rhynch-, and Gr. ops=the
face.)
Ornith. : Skimmer, Scissor-bill ; the sole genus of
the sub-family Rhynchopina?, with three species-
one from America, one from India, and the third
boll, boy; pout, jowl; cat, fell, chorus, 9hln, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a;; expect, Xenophon, e;ist. pli = f.
-clan, -tian = shan. -tlon, -siou . c.hun; -tion, -ion = zliun. -tious, -clous, -alous = shus. -ble, -die, ic. = bel, del.
rhynchorhinus
from the Nile and tho Red Sea. They differ from
the SteruinsB (9. v.) in having the bill long and
thin; the mandibles very narrow and compressed,
the lower one being longer than the upper.
rhf n-ch&-rhi -nus, s. [fret, rhyncho-, and Gr.
This (genit. rhmosj=the snout.]
Palceout.: A genus of Mureeuida?, with one spe-
cies, from the Middl< "
rhyn-chft sau -rl-an, a. [Mod. Lat. rhi/ncho-
saur(us) ; Eng. suff. -i'an.] Belonging to. character-
istic of, or resembling Rhynchosaurus. (Owen:
Palceont. (ed. 2d), p. 267.)
rhyn-ch6-sau -rus, s. [Pref. rhyncho-, and Gr.
tauros=a lizard.]
Palaeont.: A genus of Cryptodontia, founded on
fragmentary remains from the New Red Sandstone
of the Grinsill quarries, near Shrewsbury. The
skull differs from that of existing Lacertilians. and
resembles that of a bird or turtle, especially in the
absence of teeth. There is one species, Rhyncho-
saurus articeps. ,
rhyn-cho 1 a, subst. [Mod. Lat., from Greek
tf=a snout, so named from its beaked flow-
Bot. : The typical genus of Rhynchosiea? (q. v.).
Herbs or undershrubs. generally twining, with
trifoliolate or simple leaves, and racemes generally
of yellowish flowers. Species numerous, from South-
ern Asia, Australia, and America.
rhyn-cho-s.I-e -SB, . pi. [Mod. Lat. rhyncho-
si(a) ; Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff. -ere.]
Bot.: A sub-tribe of PhaseoleeB.
rhyn ch6s -p6r a, . [Pref. rhyncho-, and Gr.
pora=a seed. Named from the beaki
Bot. : Beak-rush ; the typical genus
pora = a seed. Named from the beaked fruit.]
Bot. : Beak-rush; the typical genus of theRL,-
chosporid (q. v.). Spikelets few, flowered in axil-
lary or terminal corymbs or panicles, only one or
two glumes flowering ; bristles six or more, or none.
Known species about flfty, from the temperate and
tropic regions.
rhf n-ch6-spbr -8 SB, . pi. [Mod. Lat. rhyncho-
por(a) ; Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff. -ece.]
Bot. : A tribe of Cyperacew, containing two fami-
lies: Rhynchosporidie (typical), and Sclicenidse
(q. v.).
rhyn-ch6-spor I-dB. s. pi. [Mod. Lat. rhyn-
chospor(a) ; Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] [RHTS-
CHOSPOBE.E.]
rhyn-ch6 ta, s. pi. [Mod. Lat., fromGr. rhyng-
chos=& snout.]
Entom. : An order of Hemimetabola, the same as
Latreille'sHemiptera. Sub-orders: Homopteraand
Heteroptera.
rhf n-ch& teu this, s. [Pref. rhyncho-, and Mod.
Lat. teuthis (q. v.).]
Palceont. : (See extract under Rhyncholite.)
rhy'-6-Hte, . [Gr. rheo=to flow, and lithos=a
stone.]
Petrol. : A name originally given by V. Richthofen
to certain rocks of late geological age occurring in
Hungary, to distinguish them from trachyte (q. v.).
They inclose quartz as an essential constituent,
and bear evidence of having been viscous surface
lavas, the fluxion structure being well defined.
Most of the vitreous rocks, such as obsidians, &c.,
are now included in this generic term, which also
embraces those of the earliest geological age, most
of which have lost their original aspect by subse-
quent devitrification.
rhyollte-breccia, .
Petrol.: A breccia consisting almost entirely of
fragments of rhyolites.
trhy-par-6-graph -Ic, adj. [English rhyparo-
graph(y) ; -ic. \
1. Dealing with low life ; naturalistic.
2. Pertaining to or connected with rhyparogra-
phy (q. v.).
rhy-pa-r6g -ra-phy, s. [Gr. rAj, P oro=filthy,
dirty, and orapAo=to write, to draw.l
T .'* . T^ljl _; A- . J .
3464
rhyp -tl-cus, s. [Gr. rftypfiHos=cleansing.]
Ichthy. : A genus of Percidee, with four species-
three from the West Indies and one from the Gala-
pagos. Body oblong, compressed, covered with
minute scales imbedded in the thick skin. Spines
of verticals but little developed, always in small
number and short, and in some species disappear-
ing entirely.
rhy-slm -g-tgr, subst. [Gr. rhysis=& flowing, a
stream, and Eng. meter (q. v.).] An instrument for
measuring the velocity of fluids or the speed of
ships. It presents the open end of a tube to the
impact of the current, which raises a column of
mercury in a graduated tube.
'-so -de , x. [Gr. rAj/sr>des=wrinkled-looking :
r/i(/sos=wrinkled, and eid(w=form.l
Kntimi. : The typical genus of Rhysodidse (q. v.).
Antenna* granulated; articulations of the tarsi
entire.
rhy-so -dl-das, s.pl. [Mod. Latin rhysod(e);
Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff! -tVioe.]
Entom. : A family of Necrophaga or ('lavicornia.
Antenna? eleven-jointed, the joints rounded, and of
nearly equal width. Small, elongated, wood-eating
booties, with longitudinal furrows above.
rhythm, 'rlthm, . [O. Fr. rithme, from Latin
rhythmum, accus. of rhythmus, from Gr. rhythmos=
measured motion, time, measure, proportion ; Fr.
rhythme; Sp. & Ital. ritmo.]
1. The measure of time or movement by regularly
recurring motions, impulses, sounds, Ac., as in
poetry, prose, and music, and, by analogy, in danc-
ing; periodical emphasis : numerical proportion or
harmony. In poetry rhythm is the regular succes-
sion of arses and theses, or of long and short (heavy
arid light) syllables in a verse. In prose it is an
arrangement of words in an expressive and pleasing
succession ; but its regularity is not so great that it
can be reduced to a law. When it can be reduced to
a law, it loses the name of rhythm and becomes
meter. In music rhythm is the disposition of the
notes of a composition in respect of time and meas-
ure ; the measured beat which marks the character
and expression of the music. In dancing, the rhythm
is recognized in the sound of the feet.
"When we talk or write continuously about any subject
that appeals to the passions, we gratify a natural instinct
by falling into acertain regularity. Both the voice and
the arrangement of the words fall under this regular
influence: the voice is modulated, and the words are regu-
lated in a kind of flow called rhythm. Without rhythm,
the expression of passion becomes spasmodic and pain-
ful, like the sobbing of a child. Rhythm averts this pain
by giving a sense of order controlling and directing
passion. Hence rhythm is in place wherever speech is
impassioned, and intended at the same time to be pleas-
urable: and impassioned speech without rhythm is, when
long continued, nnpleasing." Abbott A Secley: English
2. Rhyme, meter, verse, number.
tent disease, Ac., at successive periods. Investiga-
tions as to the respiratory rhythm establish first
the number of inspirations per minute in normal
breathing, and show the greater or less frequency
in certain states of health. (Foster: Physiol.)
trhyth -m5r, s. [Eng. rhythm; -er.] A rhymer,
a poetaster, a rhymester. (Fuller.)
rhyth -mlc, rhyth -mlc-al, o. [Gr. rhythmikos ;
Lat. rhythmicus.]
1. Of or pertaining to rhythm ; having rhythm
duly regulated by cadences, accents, and quantities.
" The rhythmical arrangement of sounds not articulated
produces music: while from the like arrangement of
articulate sounds we get the cadences of prose and the
measures of verse." Guest: History of English Khuthma
bk. i., ch. i.
2. Med.: Periodical.
rhyth, -mlc-al-ly, adf. [Eng. rhythmical; -ly.]
la a rhythmical manner; with rhythm.
rhyth -mlcs, '. [RHYTHMIC.] That branch of
music which treats of the length of sounds and of
emphasis.
rhyth -mlng, n. [Eng. rhythm; -ing.] Making
rhymes ; rhyming. (Fuller.)
rib
rhy-tld -6-ma, s. [Gr. rhytiduma=a wrinkle.]
[RlIYTI-.]
Botany: The scales produced by the formation
of epiphkeum inside the liber or mesophlceum
(Muhl.)
rhy tld-os -te-us, s. [Pref. rhylid(o1-,&nd Gr.
osteon~a bom-. |
Paltfont. : A genus of Labyrinthodouts, described
by Owen in 1884, from the Trias of the Orange Free
State. (Quar. Jour. Geoi. Soc., xl. 333.)
rhy-tl-glos -sa, s. [Pref. rhyti-, and Gr. glossa
= a tongue.)
But. : A genus of Gendarussete. Species very
numerous, generally with red flowers. They are
from America and Southern Africa. An infusion of
the leaves o_f the American Rhytiylossa pectoralis is
used for diseases of the chest, or the leaves are
boiled with sugar to make a stomachic syrup.
rhy-tl -na, s. [Gr. rhytis=a wrinkle, in allu-
sion to the rugose nature of the skin.]
1. Zoology: A recently extinct genus of Sirenia,
Edentulous, mastication being performed by horny
oval plates; head very small in proportion to
body; tail with two lateral pointed lobes; pectoral
limbs small and truncated; skin naked, covered
with a 'thin, hard, rugged, bark-like epidermis.
Only one species is known, Rhytina stelleri, the
northern Sea-cow. It was discovered by Steller, a
Gorman naturalist in the Russian service, in 1741,
and was then extremely abundant round Behring s
and Copper Island in tho North Pacific. The last
was supposed to have been killed in 1768, but "Nor-
denskiold obtained information from the natives
of Behring's Island which led him to .believe that a
few individuals may have survived to a much later
date, even to 1854" (Encyc. Brit. (ed. 9th), xv. 391.
Note). The habits of the Rhytina were similar to
those of the Manatee, which it greatly exceeded in
~ -"- : -inga length of about twenty-five feet.
Steller published an excellent account of its anat-
omy and habits, and quantities of its remains have
since been discovered.
2. Palaeont.: Occurs in the Post Pliocene of
Siberia.
rhy-tls.'-ma, s. [Greek rhytisma & darn or
patch.]
Bot. : A genus of Phacidiacei (Ascoiuycctous Fun-
gals), growing on the leaves of various trees and
shrubs, and producing dark patches or spots on
their surface. Rhytisma aceroides is found on the
sycamore and maple, and R. ialicinum on willows.
r!-al,s. [Sp.] Areal(q.v.).
*rl -al, *ry-al, *ry-alle, s. & a. [REAL (2), a.l
[ROYAL.]
A. As subst.: An old English gold coin, of varying
value ; in the reign of Henry VI.. the gold rial was
worth $2.40; in the beginning of the reign of Queen
Gold Rial of Mary.
Elizabeth, rials were current at $3.60 each, and in
the reign of James I., tho rose-rial of gold was cur-
rent at $7.20, and the spur-rial at $3.60; a royal.
B. As adj.: Royal, regal, noble.
rl-al-te, *ry-al-te, subst. [RIAL, a.] Royalty,
nobility.
*ri -an-9y, . [Eng. rian(t) ; -cy.] The quality
or state of being riant ; cheerfulness, gaiety. (Car-
lyle.)
*ri'-ant, a. [Fr., pr. par. of rire = to laugh.]
1. Laughing, gay, merry, cheerful.
" He was jovial, riant, jocose." Carlylf: Reminiscences.
1.206.
2. Cheerful.
^ f t _ a ,, vw Lat.
fern. pi. adj. suff. -w&E.T
Entom. : False Craneflies. A family of Dipterous
insects. (
rhy -phus, s. [Gr. rfcpo=dirt, filth.]
1. Entomology:
(1) The typical genus of Rhyphidee (q. v.).
(2) A genus of Beetles, family Mycetophilid<e.
The larva of Rhyphus fenestralis lives in cow dung.
.
ime to movements in mu
rhyth -mfiu, s. [Lat.] Rhythm (q. v.).
. . .
rib-been ; O. H. tfer. rippi ; GOT. rippe ; Russ rebro ;
prob. from the same root as rive.]
rhy-tl-, rhy-tl-db-, nref. [Greek rhyti (genit. ! Ordinary Language :
rhytidoa) = a wrinkle.] AVrinkTed. j. /,... In thc same sense as JL j.
rhy-tl-d6-, pref. [RHYTI-.]
[Pref.
-, and Greek
2. Figuratively :
(1) A wife, in allusion to Eve.
L genus of Sigillaroids. It has larpe,
-/s*_ * ~;~ v. '. -^ . ...,,^. f. wujcvuvi. . t\ Kvnua ui ruiJiiiaroKis. nas lanro
6nes P eclesof KhyP"us (1), from the hexagonal, tripunctate areoles, and narrow, often
transversely striate, ribs.
"How many have we known whose heads have beeu
broken by their own rib." Bp. Hall: Solomon's Definition.
(2) Anything long and narrow; a strip; as, a rib
of Ian '
and.
fate, fat, fare, amidst,
or, wore, wolf, work,
what, fail, father; wS, wt, here, camel, hSr, thSre; pine, pit,
who, son; mute, cub, cUre, unite, c5r, rule, fftllj try, Syrian.
sire, sir,
, oe = e;
marine; go, pot,
ey = a. <iu kw.
rib-band
3465
ribbon-fish
(3) A curved part on which anything rests for
support ; specif., one of the extension rods on which
Hie cover of an umbrella or parasol is stretched.
They are made of whalebone, steel, or cane.
*(4) (See extract.)
"Thirdly, in setting on your feather, whether it is
pared or drawn with a thicke rybbe, or a thinue rybbe, (the
njbbt is the hard quill which divideth the feather.)"
_ls, /;(!>: Scholc of Shwttimjf, bk. i.
II. Technically:
1. Anat. (pi.) ; Arched and highly elastic bones
extending outward and forward from the vertebral
column, and forming the lateral walls of the thorax.
Normally they are twelve in number on each side,
though a small thirteenth rib is sometimes seen.
The first seven pairs are affixed to costal cartilages,
uniting them to the sternum, whence they are called
sternal or true ribs, the remaining five are asternal
or false ribs. The three upper asternal ribs are
united by their respective cartilages to the rib
above them; the two lower, being unattached, are
called floating ribs. A rib consists of a head or
capitulum, a neck, a tubercle, a body, an angle, and
a sub-costal groove. (Obtain.) Besides protecting
the lungs from iujury, the raising of the ribs by the
external intercostal and other muscles enlarges the
cJii-^t for inspiration of air.
2. Anything more or less resembling a rib, in
Jorm, position, use, &c. ; as
(1) Architecture:
(a) A timber arch to support a plastered coiling.
(b) Plain, or variously molded, clustered, and
ornamented molding on the interior of a vaulted
roof.
(c) A term sometimes applied to the moldings of
timber-roofs, and those forming tracery on walls
and in windows.
(d) A curved member of an arch center. The rib
of a bridge or roof may be of iron or wood, having
an arched form and springing from abutments.
The rib of a centering is of wood, and forms a part
of a frame whose construction depends upon the
span and expected weight.
(2) Bookbind. : One of the ridges on the back of a
book which serve for covering the tapes and for
ornament.
3. Botany:
(1) A main vein proceeding directly from the base
to the apex of a leaf, or to the points of the lobes.
(2) A projecting vein.
4. Cloth: A prominent line or rising, as in cor-
duroy.
5. Mach.: An angle-plate cast between two other
plates, to brace and strengthen them; as between
the sole and wall-plate of
-a bracket.
6. Mining: A pillar of
coal left as a support for
the roof of a mine.
7. Shipwright. : O n e o f
the curved side timbers of
a ship or boat, to_ which
the wooden planking and
the interior sheathing is
trenailed or pinned. In
wooden vessels of consid
erable size, timber of the
required dimensions and
form cannot be rocured
to make a rib of one piece,
so it is made in sections scarfed together. These
are known as the first, second, and third futtocks,
And terminate in the_ top-timber. In iron vessels, a
bar of the proper size is bent into the required
conn.
"The outer skin was formed of narrow planks fattened
to internal frames or riba." Casaell's Technical Educator,
pt. rii., p. S86.
IT A rib of ore:
Mining: An irregular vertical table of metallic
matter occurring in a vein of some other mineral.
rib-band, s.
Shipbuilding :
1. A long strip of timber following the curvatures
of the vessel and bolted to its ribs to hold them in
position and impart stability to the skeleton. A
number of these are fastened at different distances
from the keel.
2. Square timbers fastened lengthways in the
bilgeways, to prevent the timbers of the cradle slip-
ping outward during launching.
Rib-band lines :
tfhipbuild. : Oblique longitudinal sections of the
hull.
Rib-band nail:
N/i ipbuild. : Ribbing-nail (q. v.) .
Rib-band shore :
Shipbuild. : A strut to support the frame of a ship
"while building. Their heads rest against the rib-
bands, and their bases on the slip or dock.
rib-vaulting, s.
Arch. : Vaulting having ribs projecting below the
general surface of the ceiling to strengthen and
Rib.
ornament it. When the ribs radiate from a central
boss or pendant, it is termed fan-vaulting, or fan-
tracery vaulting.
rib, v. t. [RiB, s.]
1. To furnish with ribs; to form with ribs, lines,
or channels, as cloth.
" Was I by rocks engender'd, rihn'd with steel,
Such tortures to resist; r not to feel 1" Sandys.
2. To inclose, as the body, with ribs; to shut in.
"It were too gross
To rib her cerecloth fn the obscure grave."
dhalceep.: rchant of 1'tnice, ii. 7.
3. To plow, so as to leave rib-like ridges, somewhat
apart.
rl bad -6-quIn, rl-bau -de-quln, subst. [Fr.J
[RIBALD.]
1. A mediaeval engine of
war, consisting of a kind
of war-chariot fortified
with iron spikes, placed
in front of an army ar-
rayed for batUe. In the
fourteenth century they
were furnishedwithsmaJl
cannons.
2. A powerful crossbow
for throwing long darts.
rib' -aid, Tib -aud,
*rib-aude, *ryb aude,
t. & adj. [O. Fr. ribald,
ribaud, ribauld (French
rt'6out) = a ribald, a ruf-
Ribadoquiu.
ribbed-mudstones, s. pi.
Geology: The lowest beds in the Moffat Strata.
They correspond with the inferior part of the Up-
per Llandeilo.
rib -blng, s. [Eng. rib ; -ing. )
1. An assemblage or arrangement of ribs, as the
timber- work sustaining a vaulted ceiling; ridges
on cloth ; veins in the leaves of plants, &c.
2. Agric.: A kind of imperfect plowing, formerly
common, by which the stubbles were rapidly turned
over, every alternate strip only being moved. By
this method only half theland is raised, the furrow
being laid over quite flat, and covering an equal
space of the level surface. A similar opertation ia
still in use in some places, after the land has been
pulverized by clean plowing, and is ready for receiv-
ing the seed, and the mode of sowing upon laud thus
prepared is also called ribbing,.
ribbing- nail, s.
Shipbuild.: A nail with a large round head, with
riuijs to prevent the head from splitting the timber
or being drawn through ; used chiefly for fastening
rib-bands. Also called a rib-band nail.
rib'-ble, s. [Another form of rabble, used only
in the compounds.]
ribble-rabble. s.
1. A rabble, a mob.
2. Indecent or silly talk.
*ribble-row, s. A list, a series.
" Thia witch a ribblf-row rehearses
Of scurvy names in scurvy verses." Cotton.
flan; connected w'ith O.~H. Ger. hripd; M. H. Ger. rlb-b6n. rib -and, rlb'-band, rlb ban, s. &a
ribe=d prostitute; cf. O. Fr. riber=to toy with a [Jr. ribin= a ribbon, from ribe=a flake, a hair,
female ; Low Latin ribaldus=a. ribald, a lewd per-
son ; ri6a/da=a prostitute.]
A. As subst. : A low, rough, licentious, and foul-
mouth fellow.
ribbon ; Gael. ribian=n ribbon, from rib, ri*e=a
hair, a rag, a tassel, a fringe : Wrl. rhibin=& streak ;
O. Fr. riban, ruben, rubant (Fr. rubari).]
"A mad man, a riband, an adulterer." Foxe: Actta,
p. 74.
B. As adjective: Low, base, licentious, lewd,
profligate.
"A ribald king and court
Bade him toil on, to make them sport."
Scott: Marmion, i. (Introd.)
rib aid Isn, o. [Eng. ribald; -iA,] Disposed
to ribaldry ; ribald, lewd, licentious.
"The idle, ribaldifth, and scurrilous mirth of the
prophane." Bp. Hall: Works, i., 84.
trlb'-ald-rous, *rib-auld-rous, 'ryb-aw-
douse, adj. [English ribald ,' -ows.J Containing
ribaldry ; ribald, lewd, licentious.
"With ribaldrous songs and jest*." Prynne: 1 Histrio-
Mastix, iii. 1.
rib -aid r?, *rib-aud-rie, s. [0. Fr. ribaldere,
ribauderie; Sp. & Ital. ribalderia; Port, ribaud-
aria.] The talk or language of a ribald ; lewdness,
obscenity, indecency.
rib -and, . [RIBBON.]
riband-agate, s.
Min. : An agate consisting of parallel bands of
chalcedony of various colors.
riband-jasper, s.
Min. : A variety of jasper found in the Ural
Mountains, in which the parallel bauds are of vary-
ing or alternating colors.
riband- wave, s.
Entom.: A geometer moth, Acidalia aversata,
very common in Europe. The larva feeds on the
avens, the meadow-sweet, &c.
riband-weed, s.
Bot. :Laminaria saccharina.
*rlb'-and, v. t. [RIBBON,*.] To adorn with rib-
ands or ribbons.
"A ribandfd wastcote, and four clean pair of socks."
Beaum. <K Flet. : Fair Maid of the Inn, iii. 1.
rlb'-band, s. [RIBBON.]
ribbed, a. [Eng. rib ; -ed.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Furnished with ribs; having ribs.
2. Having rising lines and channels, as corduroy
cloth.
3. Inclosed, as the body by ribs ; shut in.
"As Neptune's park, ribbed and paled in
With rocks unscaleable, and roaring waters."
Shakesp. : C't/mbeline, iii. 1.
II. Bot. (of a leaf): Having several ribs; having
three or more ribs proceeding from the base to the
apex of a leaf, and connected by branching, pri-
mary veins of the form and magnitude of proper
veiulets.
ribbed-arch, .
Arch. : An arch consisting of iron or timber par-
allel ribs springing from stone abutments.
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Lit.: A fillet of silk, satin, &c. ; a narrow web
of silk, satin, or other material, used fo_r ornament
or for fastening some part of female attire.
2. Figuratively:
(1) A shred, a rag; as, The sails were torn into
ribbons.
(2) (PQ : Carriage reins. (Colloq.)
II. Technically:
1. Fiber: A continuous strand of cotton or other
fiber in a loose, untwisted condition ; a sliver.
2. Carp. : A long, thin strip of wood, or a series
of such strips connecting a number of parts.
3. Her.: One of the ordinaries^ containing qno-
oighth part of the bend, of which it is a diminutive.
4. Metal-working : A long, thin strip of metal, sucli
as a watch-spring; a thin steel band for a belt or
an endless saw; a thin band of magnesium for burn-
ing ; a thin steel strip for measuring, &c.
5 Naut. : The painted moldings on a ship's side.
B. As adj.: Of or pertaining to Ribbouism ; as, a
Ribbon, Society.
11(1) Blue ribbon: A small piece of ribbon of a
blue color-on the breast, to indicate that the wearer
belongs to the Blue Ribbon Army (q. v.), or at least
is a total abstainer.
(2) Blue Ribbon Army : A gospel temperance move-
ment.
(3) The Blue Ribbon:
(a) The Order of the Garter.
(b) The insignia of the total abstinence move-
ment headed by Fathers Matthew and Murphy.
(c) The insignia of paramount excellence in a
competition event ; as, The animal took the blue
ribbon.
(4) The Blue Ribbon of the Turf: The Derby
(q. v.)
(5) The Red Ribbon: The Order of the Bath.
(6) To handle the ribbons: To drive. (Colloq. or
slang.)
ribbon-brake, s. A form of brake having a band
which nearly surrounds the wheel whose motion ia
to be checked. One arm is
made fast and the other is
attached to the short arm
of a bent lever, by means of
which it may be at once ap-
plied to the greater part of
the periphery of the wheel,
exerting a frictional pres-
sure proportionate to the
force applied to the lever.
ribbon-fish, s.
Ichthyology :
1. Singular: Regalecus
bantsii, known also as the
Oar-fish. Its length is about
twelve feet; color silvery,
with irregular dark lines and spots on the anterior
part of the body; dorsal red; snout truncated,
mouth edentate, stomach prolonged as a pouch.
2. PL: The Acanthopterygian division Tiruii-
formes (q. v.).
Ribbon-brake.
boil, boy; po'ut, jowl; cat, sell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a;; expect, Xenophon, exist, pn f.
-cian, -tian -- shan. -tlon, -sion = shun; -,ion, -gion = zhun. -tious, -clous, -sious = snus. -ble, -die, &c. - bel, del.
ribbon-grass
ribbon-grass, s.
Botany : Pfinlaris (Digraphis) nrundinacea, var t
variegata. [GARDENER'S GARTERS, 1.]
ribbon-jasper, s. [RIBAXD-JASPER.]
ribbon-lodge, . An assembly of Ribbon-men,
or their place of meeting.
ribbon-map, s. A map printed on a long strip
which winds on an axis within a case.
ribbon-saw, s. A band-saw (q. v.).
Ribbon Society, .
Hist.: A secret society of Irishmen, originated
about 1808. Originally an association of Roman
Catholics, founded in antagonism to the Orange
Society of the northern counties of Ireland, it soon
became an agrarian association, having as its main
object the securingof" fixity of tenure. ' The mem-
bers were bound together by an oath, had pass-
words, signs, &c., and met in lodges. The name
was derived from the piece of green ribbon worn as
a badge in the button-hole.
" The main object of the Ribbon Society was to prevent
any landlord, under any circumstances whatever, from
depriving a tenant of his land. "Fixity of tenure,' which
has lately been so boldly demanded by the advocates of
from taking land from which any other tenant had been
evicted." Trench: Realities of Irish Life, ch. iv.
ribbon-tree, s.
Bot. : Plagianthus betulinus.
ribbon-wood, .
Bot. : Hoheria populnea, of New Zealand.
ribbon-worms, . pi.
Zoology :
1. [TAPE-WORMS.]
2. The Nemathelmintha or Nemertida (q. v.).
rib '-bin, v. t. [RIBBON, .] To adorn with rib-
bons; to deck out or furnish with, or as with rib-
bons.
"Some o'er thy Tharois row the rlbbon'd fair.
Others along the safer turnpike fly."
Byron: Chllde Harold, 1. TO.
rlb'-bftn-Igm, rlb'-and Is.m, s. [English ribbon,
riband; -ism.]
Hist.: The principles of Ribbonmen, or of the
Ribbon Society (q. v.).
rlb'-bon-man, s. [Eng. ribbon; -man.] A mem-
ber of the Ribbon Society. [RIBBONISM.]
"Wild deeds had been enacted by the Sibbonmen."
Trench: Realities of Irish Life, ch. iv.
rl -be?, . [Danish ribs; Sw. risp, reps, or from
Arab. ribes= Rheum ribes, a different plant.]
Bot . : The typical genus of Grossulariacew, Gros-
sularia being a synonym of Ribes. (Lindley.') The
typical genus of Ribesieee (q. v.). (Sir Joseph
Hooker.) Petals, small ; scale-like stamens included
or nearly so; style erect. Fifty-six species are
known, from the north temperate zone and the
Andes. [CURRANT, B. H (2), ()] Sir Joseph Hooker
places species one under a section Grossulana with
the character, " branches spinons, leaves plaited in
bud, peduncles one to three-flowered, and the
ethers under Ribesia (q. v.).
rl-bes. -I-a, s. [From Mod. Lat. ribes (q. v.).]
Bot. : A section or sub-genus of Ribes. Branches
not spinous, leaves plaited in bud; racemes
many-flowered. Contains the currants. (Sir Joseph
Hooker.) [CURRANT.]
ri-bS.-I-a -CS-SB, . pi. [Mod. Lat. ribesi(a);
Lat. fem. pi. adj. suff. -acece.]
Bot.: Grossulariaceee. (Endlicher.)
rl-beg-I-e'-SB, i.pl. [Mod. Lat. ribesi(a); Lat.
fern. pi. adj.suff.-ece.]
Bot. : A tribe of Saxif ragacesp. Shrubs. Ovary
one-celled ; fruit a berry. Type, Ribes (q. v.). (Sir
Joseph Hooker.)
rib -grass, . [ Eng. ri6, and grass.]
Botany: The genus Plantago; specif., Plantago
lanceolata. [RIBWORT.]
*rib-ibe, *ryb-ybe, s. [Etym. doubtful.]
1. Music : A small kind of fiddle ; a rebec (q. v.).
2* An old woman ; an old bawd.
" Bode forth to sompne a widewe, an olde ribtbe,
Feiuinff a cause, for he wold han a bribe."
Chaucer: C. T., 6,899.
*rib-ibe, *ryb ybe, v. i. [RIBIBE, e.] To play on
a ribibe.
" The ratton ry&yo/d." Reltg. Antiq., i. 81.
*rl-bi-ble, 8. [Adimin. of ribibe (q. v.).] A small
ribibe. (Chaucer: C.T., 3,332.)
rlb'-lSss, a. [Eng. rift ; -less.] Having no ribs.
"Tickle plenty's ribless side."
Coleridge: To a Young Ass.
3466
rib -roast, r. 1. [Eng. rib, and roast.] To beat
soundly ; to thrash.
" I have been pinched in flesh, and well rif>rr>a.itrtl under
my former masters; but I'm in now for skin und all."
L' Estrange.
rib -roast, s. [RIBEOAST, t>.] A sound beating;
a thrashing.
"Snche a piece of filching as is punishable with rib-
roast." Marocciis Extaticiuf 1.1595).
rib -r6ast-er, 8. [Eng. ribroast; -er.] A smart
or severe blow, especially with a riding whip.
rlb'-r6ast-lng, s. [RIBEOAST, .] A sound beat-
ing; a thrashing.
"Administer a sound ribroasting to such as were refrac-
tory." London Daily Telegraph.
rib -8t6n, s. [From Ribston, in Yorkshire, Eng-
land, where Sir Henry Goodricke planted three pips
sent to him from Rouen, in Normandy. Two of the
pips died, but the third became the parent of the
Ribston apple-trees in England. (Brewer.)] A fine
variety of apple ; also called a Ribston-pippm.
ribston-pippin, . [RIBSTON.]
rib -wBrt, s. [Eng. rib, and wort.]
Botany :
1. Sing.: Plantaga lanceolata. [RiBGRASS.J
2. Pi.: Plantaginaceie (q. v.). (Lindley.)
-rlc, *-r!ck, svf. [A. S. rice=power, kingdom,
dominion ; Icel. rtfct ; Ger. reich ; Dut. rijk ; Goth.
reiki. From the same root as Lat. rego=to rule;
Eng. ret/al, region, right, rich, &c.] A suffix denot-
ing jurisdiction, or the district over which jurisdic-
,t ion or authority is exercised, as bishopric, &c. As
a termination in proper names it signifies rich or
powerful, as Frederic=rich in peace.
rlc'-^I-a, [Named after P. Francisco Riccio, a
Florentine botanist.]
Botany: The typical genus of Ricciacese (q. v.).
Minute green thalloid plants which are both terres-
trial and aquatic.
rlc-cl-a -58-88, . pf. [Mod. Lat. ricci(a),- Lat.
fern. pi. adj. snff. -acece.]
Bot. : Crystalworts ; an order of Acrogens, alli-
ance Muscales. Small terrestrial herbs growing in
mud or swimming and floatingin water, their leaves
and stems blended into a cellular creeping frond,
green or purple beneath. Capsule valveless, sunk
in the frond, rarely free, at length bursting irregu-
larly or opening by a terminal pore, and discharging
numerous spores without elaters. From Europe,
the south of Africa, America, &c. Known genera
eight, species twenty-nine. Closely akin to, if not
constituting a tribe of. Marchantiaceee.
ri9e, *rize, *ryce, 8. [Fr. riz ; Sp. & Port, arroz ,*
Ital. riso; Lat. orysa; Gr.oryza; Pers. orz; Arab.
rozz, or with the article ar-roz.J The grain pro-
duced by Oryza sativa. believed to be a native of
southern Asia, though it grows apparently wild
along some rivers in South America. It is a marsh
plant, and the land on which it is cultivated
requires to be artiflcally irrigated. Sometimes
small fields are surrounded by an earthen rampart
descending from which one will sink ankle deep in
mud. Rice is very extensively cultivated in India,
especially in Bengal, in the Eastern Peninsula and
Islands, and in China. It constitutes half the
cereal crop of Africa. In 1700 it was accidentally
introduced into the Southern States, and is now
largely grown here. To a less extent it is grown in
southern Europe. It probably supports a larger
number of the human race than any other cereal,
or indeed than any other plant. It contains 85 per
cent, of starch, and is considered less nutritious
than wheat. Professor Watt says that the husked
seeds and the flour are demulcent and diuretic. In
India they are sometimes used in diseases of the
urinary organs and in catarrh, also as an external
application to burns and scalds.
it Canada, Water, or Wild Rice is Zizania aquat-
ica, [ZizANTA.] Hungry Rice is Paspalum exile,
Mountain Rice, a variety of Oryza sativa, growing
in dry places on Indian mountains. [PADDY.]
rice-bird, .
Ornith. : The Bob-o'-link (q. v.).
rice-dust, rice-meal, s. The refuse of rice after
cleaning, consisting of the husks, broken grains,
and dust ; rice-meal. It is used as food for cattle.
rice-field mouse, .
ZoOl.: Hesperomys palustris. By some natural-
ists this species is made a distinct genus, Oryzomys
(q. v.).
rice-flour, subst. Ground rice for making pud-
dings, &c.
rice-glue, s, A cement said to be made in Japan
by mixing rice-flour with cold water, and then boil-
ing the mixture. It is white, becomes nearly trans-
parent, and is useful for cementing layers of paper
together.
rich
rice-grains, s. pi.
Astron. : Certain forms of what may be bright
clouds floatingiu thesun'satmosphere, with a dark
background.
rice-meal, a. [RICE-DUST.]
rice-starch, s.
Chem. : The starch or flour of rice. The granules
are the-malli't-t of all the commercial starches, vary-
ing in size from -00010 to "00027 of an inch in diame-
ter, angular in form, and possessing an extremely
minute, often imperceptible central hilure. It is
used to adulterate pepper and ground ginger.
rice-milk, . Milk boiled and thickened with
rice.
rice-paper, . [RICEPAPEB.]
rice-pudding, s. A pudding made of boiled rice
and milk, with eggs and sugar. Currants are often
added.
rice-shell, s.
ZoOl.: The genus Oliva (q. v.).
rice-soup, . A kind of soup made with rice,
enriched and flavored with butter, cream, veal t
chicken, or mutton stock, a little salt and pepper,
and thickened with flour.
rice-tendrac, .
ZoOl. : Oryzorictes hovn tetradactyla. an insectiv-
orous mammal described by Grandidier in 1S70. In
size it is somewhat smaller than a hedgehog, gray-
ish-brown in color, and having the snout prolonged
into a short trunk. The damage it does to the rice-
crops is doubtless occasioned by its burrowing in
pursuit of worms and insects.
rice-troopial, s. The same as EICE-BIKD (q. v.).
rice-water, . Water thickened by boiling rice
in it, sweetened with sugar, and flavored with cin-
namon, cloves, nutmeg, &c. It is often given in.
cases of diarrhoea.
Rice-water evacuations:
Pathology : Evacuations resembling rice-water
passed in cholera. More narrowly examined, there
are found granular corpuscles, an abundance of
water, a little epithelium, vibriones, albuminous
flakes floating in a colorless fluid (whence the rice-
water appearance), a little biliary matter, and a
quantity of salts, especially chloride of sodium.
(Tanner.}
rice-weevil, s.
Entom.: Calandra oryzte, which attacks the rice
plant in the Southern States of America. Called
also Sitophilus oryzce.
rice-Wine, s. A highly intoxicating liquor made
by the Chinese from rice.
rl96 -pa-pSr, s. [Eng. rice, and paper.]
1. A kind of paper introduced from China about
1803, and named from its supposed material, which
was thought to be a sortof dried pulpof rice. It is,
however, made of the pith of Aralia papurifera,
which grows wild in abundance in the island of
Formosa. The stem is cut into lengths of eight or
ten inches, and the pith pushed out, much as elders
are cleared of pith. This is cut into a continuous
spiral ribbon, about four feet long, which is spread
outand flattened into sheets. Pictures are painted
upon it by Chinese artists.
2. A kind of paper made from rice straw, used in
Japan, &c.
rich, *rlche, Tyche, a. [A. S. r(ce=rich, pow-
erful. (For the change of c to ch, cf. pitch, from A.
S. pic, speech, and speak, &c.) Cogn. with Dut.
riik; Icel. rlkr: Sw. rik; Dan. rig; Goth, reikt;
GOT. reich; M. H. Ger. riche; Fr. riche; Sp. & Port,
rico; Ital. ricco.] i
1. Abounding in riches, wealth, or material pos-
sessions; having a large portion of land, goods,
money, or other valuable property; wealthy, opu-
lent. (Opposed to poor.)
"And Abram was very rich in cattle, in silver, and in
gold." Genesis xiii. 2.
2. Composed of valuable, precious, costly, or rare
materials or ingredients ; valuable, precious, costly,
rare.
"Ther on rede rubies and other riche stones."
Piers Plowman, p. 24.
3. Abundant in materials ; yielding large quanti-
ties of anything valuable; producing ample sup-
plies ; productive, fertile, fruitful.
" The gorgeous East with richest hand
Fours on her sons barbaric par) and gold."
Milton: P. L., U.S.
4. Well supplied; abundant; well-filled; ample;
as, a rich treasury.
5. Abounding in qualities pleasing to the senses ;
(1) Gratifying to the sense of taste ; abounding in
nutritive or agreeable qualities ; as applied to arti-
cles of food, highly seasoned, abounding in oleagin-
ous ingredients; as to articles of drink, sweet,
luscious, highly flavored ; as, a rich pudding, rich.
soup, rich pastry.
5to fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; w, wt, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; g6, p8t.
or, wore, wplf, work, whd, s6n; mute, cub, cttre. unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian. e. a = e; ey = a. au = kw-
rich-left
(2) Gratifying or agreeable to the sense of sight ;
vivid, bright; not faint or delicate; as, rich colors.
(3) Gratifying or agreeable to the sense of hoar-
ing; sweet, mellow, harmonious, musical.
" But village notes could ne'er supply
That rich and varied melody."
Scott: Rokeby, v. 25.
6. Abounding in humororwit: highly provocative
of mirth or amusement ; laughable, comical, funny ;
as, a rich joke.
IT The rich: A rich man or person; rich people
collectively.
"The poor is hated even of his own neighbor ; but the
rich hath many friends." Proverbs xiv. 20.
T Rich is frequently used in the formation of com-
pounds, the meanings of which are suthciently ob-
vious, as rich-colored, rich-fleeced, rich-laden, &c.
rich-left, n. Inheriting great wealth. (Shakes-
peare : Cynibeline, iv. 2. )
rl9h, v. t. [RICH, a.] To make rich ; to enrich.
"Of all these bounds . . .
With shadowy forests, and with champains rlch'il
Wemakethee lady." Shakes?.: Lear, i. 1.
rich ar -dl a, . [Named after L. C. L. M. Rich-
ard, the French botanist (1754-1821).]
Bot. : A genus of Orontiaceee. The corm of Rich-
ardia africana, a beautiful plant with a snowy
spathe and golden spadix, was formerly used in
medicine. Itis theWnite Arum or Trumpet flower,
sometimes cultivated in drawing-rooms.
Rich -ard Roe, s. [JOHN DOE ]
rlch-ard-so' nl-a, subst. [Named after Richard
Richardson, an English botanist.]
Bot. : A genus of Spermacocidw. Trailing Amer-
ican herbs. The roots of Richardsonia rosea and R.
ecabra have some of the properties of ipecacuanha.
rl-chel -lite, *. [After Richelle, Vise, Belgium,
where found; suff. -ite (Min.).']
Min.: An amorphous mineral of a clear yellow
color. Hardness, 2-3; specific gravity, 2; luster,
greasy to resinous. Composition: A hyarated phos-
phate of alumina, sesquioxide of iron, and lime.
rl9h -es., *rlch-esse, s. [Properly a singular,
but now used as a plural. Fr. rt'e7iesse=richos, from
riche = rich (q. v.) ; Sp. & Port, riqueza. ; Italian
ricchezza.]
*1. Orig.: Used as a singular noun in the same
sense as 2.
"The riches of the ship is come on shore! "
Shakesp. : Othello, ii. 1.
2. As a plural:
(1) That which makes rich or enriches ; abundant
possessions ; abundance of land, goods, or money ;
wealth, opulence, affluence.
"My riches to the earth from whence they come."
Shakesp.: Pericles, i. 1.
(2) That which is or appears valuable, precious,
or estimable ; valuable or precious qualities.
"The riches of our minds, our virtuous and commend-
able qualities." Sharp: Sermons, vol. i., ser. 4.
*(3) Abundance.
"In whom we have redemption, through his blood . . .
according to the riches of his grace." Ephesians i. 7.
*rich-esse, i. [Fr.] Riches (q. v.) .
"After the richessis of his glorie." Wycliffe: Ephesians
ill.
r^h'-l?, *rlche-llch, *ryche-llche, *ric-llce,
adv. [Eng. rich; -ly.]
1. In a rich manner; with riches, wealth, or
abundance of goods or estate ; with abundant or
ample funds or possessions.
" A lady richly left."
Shakep.: Merchant of Venice, i. 1.
2. In a costly manner ; splendidly, sumptuously.
3. Plenteously, abundantly, copiously ; in plenty
or abundance.
"The living God who giveth us richly all things to
enjoy."! Timothy vi. 17.
4. Highly, strongly ; as, a punishment richly de-
served.
5. In a laughable or comical manner ; as, a story
richly told.
El9h'-m6nd, s. [See def.]
Geog.: (1) The capital of Virginia ; (2) a town in
Surrey, England ; (3) a borough in Yorkshire, Eng-
land.
Richmond-earth, s.
Geology: An earth or bed near Richmond, in Vir-
ginia. It is of Eocene or Miocene age, and is largely
composed of diatoms.
rl9h -mftnd He, s. [After Richmond, Massachu-
setts, where found ; suff. -ite (Min.).]
Mineral. : A variety of Gibbsito (q.v.) in which
Hermann states that he found 3T62 per cent, of
phosphoric acid. Newer analyses indicate that
Hermann's result was obtained from analysis of a
wrongly labeled specimen.
3467
rich ness, 'ricli-nesae, . [Eng. rich; -ness.]
1. The quality or state of being rich or of possess-
ing abundance of wealth, goods, ( ,r lauds ; wealth,
affluence, opulence, riches.
2. Abundance of precious, costly, or valuable
ingredients or material; preciousness, costliness,
value.
3. Abundance, plenty, fullness of supply.
4. Productiveness, fertility, fruitfulness.
" Bring forth that British vale, nncl be it ne'er so rare,
But Catmuswith that vale for richness shall com-
pare." Drititton: Polyolbion, s. 24.
5. Abundance of nutritive or agreeable qualities ;
as, richness of food, &c.
6. Abundance of qualities pleasing or agreeable
to the sight ; brightness, brilliancy ; as, richness of
color.
7. Abundance of qualities pleasing or agreeable
to the oar ; as, richness of tone.
8. The quality of being highly amusing or laugh-
able ; comicality, funniness, wit ; as, the richness of
a story or joke.
rich -ter He. s. [After Prof. T. Richter; suff.
-He (Min.).-]
Min. : This mineral as described by Breithaupt,
, ,
ish-brown. Igelstrom found a similar mineral at
Pajsberg, Sweden, which afforded the formula
(MgO,MnO,CaO,KO.NaO)SiO 2 , the alkalies amount-
ing to between 8 and 9 per cent. It is still uncer-
tain whether this species should be referred to
pyroxene or hornblende.
rl9h -weed, s. [Eng. rich, and weed.]
Bot. : Piled pumila.
rl9-In-e-la-Id -a-mide, s. [Eng. ricinelaldin),
and amide.]
Chem. : CmHasNOj. A product obtained by the
action of alconolic ammonia on ricinelaldin. It
closely resembles elaldamide, melts at 91-93', and
solidifies at 89. (Watts.)
rlc-In-e-la -Id-ate, s. [English ricinelald(ic) ;
-ate.]
Chem. : A salt of ricinelaldic acid.
ricinelaidate of ethyl, s.
Chem. : C 2 oH38O 3 =Ci 8 H 33 (C2H 5 )O 3 . Ricinelaldic
ether. A crystalline mass, formed by the action of
hydrochloric acid gas on an alcoholic solution of
ricinelaldic acid. It melts at 16, and is slightly
soluble in cold, but very soluble in hot alcohol.
rl9-In-e-la-Id -Ic, a. [Mod. Lat. ricin(us), and
Eng. elaldic.] Derived from or containing ricine-
laldin.
ricinelaidic-acld, s.
Chem.: CijH^Os. Palmicaeid. Produced by the
action of nitrous acid on ricinoleic acid, or by
saponifying ricinelaldin with caustic potash, and
decomposing the resulting soap with hydrochloric
acid. It crystallizes in white silky needles melting
at 50, is insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol and
ether, decomposing alkaline carbonates. The ric-
inelaldates of the alkali-metals are readily soluble
in water ; the other salts are very insoluble.
rlcinelaldic-ether, subst. [RICINELAIDATE OF
ETHYL.]
rl9-In-e-la -Id-In, s. [Eng. ricfnetauJ(ic) , -in.]
Chem.: Cajr^CW?). A fatty body produced by
the action of nitric peroxide on castor oil. It forms
small white nodules, melts at 62, and is insoluble
in water, but very soluble in alcohol and ether.
Boiled with caustic potash it is converted into
glycerine and potassium ricinelaidate. When sub-
mitted to dry distillation it yields a dark rod
spongy residue, and a distillate of cenanthol.
rl-cln'-lc, a. [Eng. ricin(ine) ; -ic.] The same
as RICINOLEIC (q. v.).
rl9 -In-ine, s. [Mod. Lat. ricin(ui) ; -ine.]
Chem.: An alkaloid found in the seeds of the
castor-oil plant. To obtain it the bruised seeds are
repeatedly boiled with water, filtered, and the fil-
trate evaporated to a syrup and treated with alco-
hol. It forms colorless rectangular prisms insoluble
in water, slightly soluble in ether and benzene, but
very soluble in alcohol. When heated it melts to a
colorless liquid, and sublimes unchanged between
two watch glasses.
r!$-In-6-le -a-mlde, s. [Eng. ricinole(ic), and
amide.]
Chem.: C^NO^C^Oj | N . A crvstaUine
body produced by saturating an alcoholic solution
of castor oil with ammonia gas, and heating for
forty-eight hours in a salt bath. It forms beautiful
white needles, melts at 66, insoluble in water, solu-
ble in alcohol and ether. By heating with acids or
alkalies it is converted into riciuoleic acid and
ammonia.
ricketly
rl^-In-o'-le-ate, s. [Eng. ricmoZe(ic); -ate.]
Chem. : A salt of ricinoleic acid.
rlclnoleate of ethyl, s.
Chemist.: C2oH 3 O 3 =C ls H 33 (C2H.OO 3 . Ricinoleic
ether. A yellowish oil produced by passing hydro-
chloric acid gas into an alcoholic solution of ricin-
oleic acid, and purifying by washing with water
and sodic carbonate. It cannot be distilled without
decomposition.
rl9-In-6-16 -Ic, adj. [Mod. Lat. n'cin(us), and
Eng. oleic.] Derived from or contained in castor
oil.
rlclnoleic-acid, s.
CAem.: C 18 H 34 3 =C 18 g 33 0^ 0i Elalo(lic acid(
ricinic acid. A monobasic acid produced by saponi-
fying castor oil, or the oil of Jatropha curcas with
potash or soda lye, and decomposing by hydro-
chloric acid. It is a pale yellow, inodorous oil, with
a disagreeable harsn taste, specific gravity '94 at
1") , solidifies at 6 to a granular mass, and mixes
in all proportions with alcohol and ether. It does
not oxidize on exposure to the air, and gives, on
dry distillation, cenanthol. All ricinoleates are
crystallizablo and soluble in alcohol, many of them
also in ether.
ricinoleic-ether, s. [RICINOLEATE OP ETHYL.]
rIo-In-6'-le-!n, s. [Lat. ricin(us) = the castor oil
plant, and o/e(m)=oil; -in.]
Chem. : The characteristic salt of castor oil.
rl? In-6 -lie, a. [RICINOLEIC.]
rl-jln -\J-la, s. [Dimin. from Mod. Lat. ricinui
(q.v.).]
Zool. & Palceont.: A genus of Buccinidnp, with a
thick tuberculated or spiny shell with callous pro-
jections on the lips. Recent species thirty-four,
from Southern Asia and the Pacific. Fossil three,
from the Miocene of France.
rl9 -In-US, . [Lat. = (l) a tick, (2) Ricinuscom-
munis, the fruit of which was supposed to resemble
a tick.]
Bot. : A genus of Ootoneee. Trees, shrubs, or
herbs, having their leaves alternate, stipulate, palm-
ate, with glands at the apex of the petiole ; flow-
ers in terminal panicles, calyx three to four
parted, petals none, stamens many, polyadelphous ;
stigmas three, bipartite, feathery ; fruit capsular,
tricoccous. Ricinus community, the Common Castor
Oil plant, or Palma christi, is a large shrub or
small tree, indigenous in Arabia and North Africa
(and India?). It is largely cultivated all over the
warmer countries. In Europe it becomesan annual.
Fifteen or sixteen varieties of the plant have
arisen. Prof. Watt (Calcutta Exhib. Rep., iv. 60)
reduces them to three sections: (1) Small-seeded.
(2) large-seeded, (3) a form grown, on account of
its leaves, as food for the Eria silkworm. The
small-seeded form is grown as a crop, the large-
seeded one as a hedge. The seeds furnish castor
oil, and are also used by dyers to render colors per-
manent. Persons camping near a field of the plant
are apt to be attacked with diarrhoea. The fresh
juice is used as an emetic \ made into a poultice
with barley-meal it is used in inflammation of the
eye. The leaves as a decoction, or as a poultice,
are lactagpgiies and emmenagogues.
IT Ricini oleum is Castor oil (q. v.).
rick, "reek, *reke,s. [A. S. hrfac; cogn. with
Icel. hraukr ; O. Sw. ruka, ruga.]
1. A pile or stack of grain or hay regularly
heaped up, and generally thatched to preserve it
from wet.
2. A small heap of grain or hay piled up by the
gatherer.
*3. A heap, generally.
"So many hila to heap upon a rick."
Sylvester: Magnificence, 1,147.
rick-cloth, subst. A tarpaulin or canvas cloth
placed over ricks to protect them from wet.
rick-Stand, 8. A basement of timber or iron, or
sometimes wholly or in part of masonry, on which
ricks stand or are built, the object being to keep
the lower part of the. stack dry and free from ver-
min.
rick (l),w. t. [RICK, s.] To pile or heap up in
ricks.
rick (2), w. t. [WRICK.]
rick -grs.. . pi. [Etym. doubtful.] The stems or
trunks of young trees cut up into lengths for stow-
ing flax, hemp, or the like ; or for epars for boat
masts or yards, boat-hook staves, Ac.
*rlck'-et-lsh, a. [Eng. ricket(y) ; -j'sA.] Some-
what rickety.
" Surely there is some other cure for a rtoketish body
than to kill it." Fuller: General Worthies, oh. xi.
rlck'-et-ly 1 , a. [RICKETS.] Ricketty, for which
it is perhaps a misprint.
"Weak, ricketly, and contemptuous." Gauden: Tears
of the Church, p. 262.
boll, boy; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a;; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f.
-clan, -tlan = shan. -tlon, -slon = shun; -ion, -glon = zhfin. -tious, -clous, -slous = shfis. -ble, -die, <fec. = bel, del.
rickets
rick -Sts, subst. [Prov. Eng. of Dorset and Som-
ersetshire. Miilin connects it either with A. S. ritj,
Artc=back, spine, or with wriggian=fr> bend; cf.
B
looking rachitis is derived from .it, and not vice
versa.]
Pathol. : Mollifies ossium. Softening of the bones
owing to the want of lime, shown by curvature of
the long bones and enlargement of their canceloue
ends, usually appearing between the ages of four
and twelve months. Milk and lime-water, and cod-
liver oil, with good nourishment, ventilation, and
pure air, are the chief requisites for recovery, but
this is not always certain.
rick -St-y, rick -et-ty, a. [RICKETS.]
I. Lit.: Suffering from or affected with rickets.
" In a young animal, when the solids are too lax fthe
ase of rickety children), the diet should be gently astrin-
gent." Arbuthnot: On Aliment*, prop. 7.
II. Figuratively:
1. Shaky; threatening to fall; unsteady, totter-
ing.
2. Like a child affected with rickets ; feeble in the
joints ; hence, feeble or imperfect generally.
"So crude and rickety notions, enfeebled by restraint,
-at length acquire health and proportion." Warburtun:
Works, i. 146.
rlc'-kle, . [Eng. rick, s. ; dim. suff. -le.]
\. A little rock or stack ; a stook.
2. A heap of stones, peat, &c.
rick -rack, s. [A reduplicate of Eng. rick.] An
openwork edging made of serpentine braid.
rlc -6-chet, s. [French = the sport of ducks-and-
drakes (q. v.).] A rebounding from a flat surface,
as of a stone from water, or a cannon-ball or bullet
from water or the ground; the motion commonly
known as ducks-and-drakes ; a ehotwhich rebounds
from a flat surface.
"My third shot was more effective, although an un-
doubted ricochet." Field, Jan. 23, 1886.
ricochet-fire, ricochet-firing, s.
Mil.: A mode of firing with small charges and
small elevation, resulting in a bounding or skip-
ping of the projectile. In firing at a fortification,
sufficient elevation is given to just clear the para-
pet, so that the ball may bound along the terre-
plem or banquette without rising far above its
level. It is used with effect on hard, smooth ground
against bodies of troops or such obstacles as abattis ;
and also upon water, either with round shot or
rifle-balls. It was introduced by Vauban at the
siege of Philipsburg, in 1688.
ricochet-shot, 8.
Gunnery: A bouudins or leaping shot, fired at
low elevation with small charge.
rlc -6-ChSt, v. t. & i. [Fr. ricocher.] [Rico-
CHET, *.]
A. Trans. : To operate upon by ricochet-firing.
B. Intransitive :
1. Lit.: To skim or rebound, as a stone or ball
along the surface of water.
"Then ricochetting, deposited half the brass shell in the
wooden screen." Field, Oct. 17, 1885.
*2. Fig. : To be made ducks and drakes of ; to be
squandered.
rlc'-tal, a. [Lat. rict(ui) ; Eng. suff. -af.]
ZoOl.: Of or belonging to the.rictus.
"The mouth is open, defended by rictal bristles."
Stpainson: Birds, i., g 56.
*rlc'-ture, . [Lat. rictura.] A gaping.
rlC'-tfis, s. [Lat. the opened mouth.]
1. Hot. : The orifice of a ringent or of a personate
corolla.
2. Ornith.: The gape or opening of the mouth;
the mouth.
rid, pret. & pa. par. of r. [RlDE, v.]
rid, *redde, *ridde, v. (. [A. S. fcreddan=to
snatch away, to deliver; O. Fries, hredda; Dutch
redden; Dan. redde; Svt.radde; Gor. retten, prob.
from A. S. fcrcedh=quick ; M. H. Ger. hrat, rod.]
*1. To free, to deliver, to save.
"That He might rid him out of their hands." Genesis
xxxvii. 22.
2. To free, to clear, to disencumber. (Followed
fcy of. Frequently used reflexively.) [RiD.]
"I ... shall soon,
Arm'd with thy might, rid heav'n of these rebell'd."
Milton; P. L., vi. 737.
*3. To drive away, to get rid of, to expel.
"I will rid evil beasts out of the land." Leviticus
.xxvi. 6.
*4. To get rid of ; to do or make away with.
"To lose a friend to rid a foe."
Daniel: Civil Wars, i.
3468
*5. To dispose nf, to finish, to despatch.
"The red plague rid you."
Shaken!'.: Tempest, i. 2.
*6. To make away with ; to destroy by violence.
'You have rid this sweet young prince!"
Shakesp.: Henry VI., Ft. III., v. 6.
rid, a. [RiD, t>.] Free, clear. (Spenser: F. Q.,
VI. iv. 38.)
T" To get rid of: To free or clear one's self from.
" Reduce his wages, or get riit of her."
Cotffper: Truth, 211.
rid clai^e, s. [Eng. rid; -ance.]
1. The act of ridding or freeing ; a cleaning up or
out ; a clearing away.
"Thou shalt not make clean riddance of the corners of
thy field." Leviticus xxiii. 22.
2. The act of getting rid of something : the act of
ridding one's self of something ; the state of being
rid or free ; freedom, deliverance.
*' But rather riddance from long languishment."
Spenser: Daphnaida.
*] A pood riddance : A fortunate or pleasant relief
from a person's company.
rid -d^n, pa. par. [RIDE, r.]
IT Frequently used in composition, as priest-ri'd-
den. [RlDE, v., B. 4.]
rld'-der, s. [Eug. rid, v. ; -er.] One who or that
which rids.
rld'-dle (1), *red-els, Tyd-els, ryd-del, subst.
[Prop, with a final , from A.S. r&delse, pi. rcedel-
san, from rcedanta read, to interpret; Dutch
raadsel, from raden=to counsel, to guess; Gor.
rathsel, from rathen.]
1. A puzzle ; a puzzling question ; an enigma ; a
proposition put in obscure or ambiguous terms to
exercise the ingenuity in discovering its meaning.
" Make a riddle what he made so plain."
Dryden: Hind and Panther, i. 140.
2. Anything puzzling or ambiguous ; a puzzle.
rid -die (2), *rid-U, . [For hriddle, t rom A. ,8.
hriddera vessel for winnowing corn; cogn. with
Ir. creathair; Gael, criathar; Corn, croider ; Bret.
fcrouer=a sieve.]
1. A sieve with coarse meshes, made of iron or
basket-work, and used in separating coarser sub-
stances from the finer, as chaff from grain, cinders
from ashes, gravel from sand, large pieces of ore
from the smaller, &c.
2. Wire-working : A board with sloping pins
which lean opposite ways, and between which wire
is drawn in a somewhat zig-zag course, to straighten
3. Founding: A coarse sieve (half-inch mesh),
used to clean and mix the old floor-sand of the
molding-shop.
4. Hydr. Eng. : A kind of weir in rivers.
rid -die (1), v. t. & i. [RIDDLE (1), .]
A. Tram.: To solve, to explain.
" Is't requisite another bore my nostrilsT
Kiddle me that."
Beaum. tt Flet.: Tamer Tamed.
*B. Intrans. : To speak enigmatically, or in rid-
dles.
rid -die (2), v. t. & i. [A. S. Aridian.] [RiDDLE
(2), s.]
A. Transitive :
1. To pass through a riddle, so as to separate the
coarser parts from the finer ; to sift.
"To riddle the coal before sending it to the pithead."
London Daily Chronicle.
2. To perforate with balls or shot, so as to make
like a riddle.
"Whose hull he riddled till it was a perfect sieve."
London Daily Telegraph.
B. Intrans. : To use a riddle; to sift or screen
materials with a riddle.
"Robin Goodfellow ... he that riddles for the coun-
try maides." Ben Jonson: Love Restored.
rid -dler (!),. [Eng. rirfd((f),v.;-er.] One who
propounds ridules ; one who speaks in riddles.
"Thou riddler, speak
Direct and clear; else I will reach thy soul."
Home: Douglas, iii. 2.
rid dler (2), subst. [Eng. riddl(e), v. ; -er.] One
who sifts or riddles.
rid -dllng, pr. par. or a. [RiDDLE (1), v.]
A. As pr. par. : (See the verb.)
B. As adj.: Enigmatical.
"Riddling triplets of old time."
Tennyson.
rid -dllng, . [RIDDLE (2), t'.]
Metall. (pi.) : The middle size of broken ore which
is obtained by sifting.
rideau
rid -dllng -If, <i<l<: fEne. riddling; -(!/.] In
manner of a riddle : iii riddles ; enigmatically,
obscurely.
" Like the pestilence and old-fashion'd love,
KiddliHgly it catcueth men, and doth remove
Never." Donne: Sittires, ii.
ride, *ryde (pa. t. "rid, "rood, rode, pa. par. *rirf,
*riden, ridden) , v. i. & t. [A. S.ridan (pa. t. rdd, pa.
Bir. riden) ; cogn. with Dut. rijden: Icel, ridha;
an. ride; Sw. rida; (ier. reiten; O. H. Ger. ritan.
From the same root as raid, ready, and road.']
A. Intransitive:
1. To be borne along, on the back of an animal,
especially of a horse.
2. To be borne or carried in a vehicle ; as, to ride
in a carriage, a train, &c. ; to drive.
3. To be mounted on ; to sit astraddle.
"To ride on the curled clouds."
>Vnr/L-fsp. .- Tempest, i. 2.
4. To have skill or ability as an equestrian ; to
understand or practice horsemanship.
" Wei coude he sitte on hors, and fayre ride"
flinurer: C. T. (Prol. 93.)
5. To be supported in motion; to rest.
"The axle-tree
On which heaven rides."
Shakesp.: Troilus and Cressida, i. 3.
^[ A rope is said to ride when one of the turns by
which it is wound lies over another, so as to inter-
rupt the operation or prevent its rendering.
6. To be oorne on or in a fluid.
"A vessel rides fast by, but not prepared
For this design."
Shakesp. . Winter's Tale, it. 3.
7. To support a rider ; to move under a saddle ; to
move when driven or pulled ; as, A horse rides
easy ; a carriage rides easy.
*8. To move or dance in a triumphant manner.
"Disdain and scorn ride sparkling in her eyes."
Shakesp.: Much Ado about Nothing, ill. L
*9. To have free play ; to practice at will.
"Thou hast caused men to ride over our heads." Psalm
Ixvi. 12.
B. Transitive:
1. To sit or bo supported and borne on ; to mount
and manage, as a horse.
2. To go over or traverse in riding ; as, to ride a
mile.
3. To do, make, perform, or execute, as on horse-
back ; as, to ride a race.
*4. To manage, treat, or practice on insolently or
at will ; to tyrannize or domineer over, f RIDDEN.]
" Til ride your horse as well as I ride you."
Shatcsp.: Twelfth Xight, iii. 4.
^[ 1. To ride at anchor:
Naut. : To be anchored ; to lie at anchor.
2. To ride down :
(1) Ord. Lang.: To trample down or overthrow
by riding or driving over.
(2) Naut. : To bend or bear down by main strength
and weight ; as, to ride down a sail.
3. To ride easy :
Naut.: Said when a ship does not labor or feel a
great strain on her cables.
4. To ride hard :
Naut.: Said when a ship pitches or labors vio-
lently, so as to strain her cables, masts, or hull.
5. To ride out: To continue afloat during, and
withstand the fury of, as a vessel does a gale.
6. To ride the high horse : [HioH, T (3).]
7. To ride the wild mare: To play at see-saw.
(Shakesp.: Henry IV., Ft. II., ii. 4.)
ride, s. [RlDE, v.]
1. An excursion on horseback or in a vehicle.
2. A saddle-horse. (Prov.)
3. A road or avenue cut through a wood or pleas-
ure-grounds for the exercise of riding ; a riding.
"A fox, and a good big one too, was seen crossing a rifle
that runs through the plantation." Field, Dec. 6, 1884.
4. A division or district established for excise
purposes. (Eng.)
ride-Officer, s. An excise officer in charge of a
ride. [RlDE, ., 4.] (Eng.)
ride'-a-ble. a. f Eng. ride, v. ; -able.]
1. Capable of being ridden over; passable on i
horseback.
"The water was rideable." Lister: Autobiography ,
p. 45.
2. Capable of being ridden.
" I rode everything rideable." Savage: K. Medlicott, bk
ii., ch. iii.
rJ-deau' (eau as 6), subst. [French=a curtain, a
rideau.]
Fort. : A small elevation of earth, extending itself
lengthwise on a plain, serving to coyer a camp from
the approach of an enemy, or to give other advan-
tages to a post.
fate, fat. fare, amidst, what, fall, father; wS, wSt, here, camel, hSr, there; pine, pit, siire, sir, marine; g6, pdt,
or, wore, wol*, w6rk, whd, s6n; mute, cflb, cttre, unite, cur, rule, full; try. Syrian, a, oe = e; ey = a. qu - kw.
rident
t, . [Latin ridens, pr. par. of rideo=to
laugh.] Laughing, smiling.
"A smile so exceedingly rident." Thackrruu: \eic~
comes, ch. xziv.
rid -Sr.fi. [Eng. rui(e),v.; -er.]
I. Ordinary Language:
1. One *tfho rides; one who is carried on a horse
or in a vehicle.
' Look what a horse should have, he did not lack,
Save a proud rider on so proud H back."
Shakesp.; Vemts and Adonis, 300,
2. One who breaks or manages a horse or horses.
[ROUGH-RIDER.]
"They are taught their manage, and to that end riders
dearly hired." Stiakesp.; As You Like lt t i. 1.
*3. A mounted robber or reiver ; a mosstrooper.
"In Ewsdale, eight and forty notorious riders are hung
oil growing trees." Driimmond: IJift. ttj'Juinets V.
*4. One who traveled for a mercantile house to
collect orders, &c. Now called a traveler,
"They come to us as riders in a trade."
CraJbbt: Hurough, let. iv.
5. An addition to an MS., as a roll, record, or other
document inserted after its first completion on a
separate piece of paper : an additional clause, as to
a bill in Congress, usually an objectionable feature
to be carried through on the popularity of the
original bill.
6. A subsidiary problem in geometry,
*7. A Dutch coin, so called from being impressed
with the figure of a man on horseback, and worth
about $6.75.
II. Technically:
1. Mining: A deposit of ore overlying the princi-
pal lode.
2. Shipbuilding:
(1) A rib within the inner sheathing, bolted
through the latter into the main ribs and planking,
for the purpose of stiffening the frame. The riders
extend from the keelson to the orlop-beams.
(2) A second tier of casks in a hold.
(3) A rope which crosses another and joins it.
3. Ordn. : A piece of wood iii a gun-carriage on
which the side-pieces rest.
rider- roll, s. A separate addition made to a roll
or record. [RIDER, I. 5.]
rld-Sr-iess, a. [Eng. rider; -less.] Without a
rider ; having no rider.
rldfce. *rigge, *rig, *rug, s, [A. S. hrycg=t\ie
back of a man or beast; cogn. with Dut. rug=&
back, ridge; Dan. ryg; Sw. rygg; Icel. hryggr; O.
H. Ger, hrucki ; Ger.rtlcken; Gr.rhachis.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. The back ; the top of the back.
2. The top of any protuberance.
"The line that forms a ridge of the nose is beautiful
when it is straight." Reynolds: Idler, No. 82.
3. In the same sense as II. 1.
4. An elevation or rise of ground of greater length
than breadth.
" Green is the churchyard, beautiful and green,
Ridge rising gently by the side of ridge.
Wordsworth; Excursion, bk. vi.
5. An extended elevation of the ground or earth's
surface, long iu comparison with its breadth ; a
long crest or summit: an extended line of the
earth's surface, raised from or standing above the
adjoining surface ; any long and steep elevation or
eminence.
" The frozen ridges of the Alps."
Shakesp.: Richard II., i. 1.
II. Technically:
1. Agric.: A strip of ground thrown up by the
plow or left between furrows ; a bed or long strip of
ground of greater or less width, formed by furrow
slices running the whole length of the field, and
divided from each other by open furrows or gutters
parallel to each other, which serve as drains for
carrying off the surface water.
2. Anat.: A prominent border or elevation. Used
of a crest or line of bone, also of the superciliary,
the occipital, the coiidylar ridges, &c.
3. Bot, (pi.): Five primary longitudinal eleva-
tions on the back of an umbelliferous fruit; the
median one, or the carina, the two outermost, the
marginal or lateral ridges, and those between them,
the intermediate ridges. Sometimes there are also
four well-developed secondary ridges alternating
with the primary ones.
4. Carpentry and Building:
(1) The upper horizontal edge or comb of a roof ;
the highest part of the roof of a building; specif.,
the meeting of the upper end of the rafters.
(2) The internal angle or nook of a vault.
5. Fort.: The highest part of the glacis proceed-
ing from the interior angle of the covered way.
6. Farr. : (See extract.)
" Ridges of a horse's mouth are wrinkles or risings of
the flesh in the roof of the mouth, running across from
one side of the jaw to the other like fleshy ridges, with
interjacent furrows or sinking cavities." Farrier's Diet.
3469
ridge-band, .
Harness: That part of the harness which goes
over the saddle on a horse's back, and, being fast-
ened on both sides, supports the shafts of the cart.
ridge-beam, s.
Carp.: A beam at the upper ends of the rafters
beneath the ridge ; a crown-plate.
ridge-bone, *rigge-bon, s. The backbone.
" The corrupt blood . . . lying cluttered about the
ridgeJ)unr.''r. Holland; Pliny, bk. wii., ch. xxi.
ridge-drill, *.
Agric. : A drill adapted to sow seed along a ridge
which has been listed up, by backing upoue furrow
against another.
ridge-fillet, s.
1. Arch.: The fillet between two channels of a
pillar.
2. Founding: The runner or principal channel.
ridge-hoe, s.
Agric.: A form of cultivator for tending crops in
drills.
ridge-piece, s. [RIDGE-POLE.]
ridge-plate, s. [RIDGE-POLE.]
ridge-plow, s.
Agric. : A double moldboard plow, used in throw-
ing land into ridges for certain Kinds of crops.
ridge-pole, s.
Carp.: The piece of board or timber forming the
ridge of a roof; a ridge-piece, or ridge-plate.
ridge-roof, *.
Arch. : A raised or peaked roof,
ridge-rope, .
Nautical :
1. A rope leading from the knighthead to the
upper part of the bowsprit-cap, for the safety of
the men walking out upon the bowsprit in rough
weather.
2. The center rope of an awning.
3. A safety line extended from gun to gun in bad
weather.
ridge-tile, s.
Build.: A semi-cylindrical tile for covering the
comb of a roof. It is twelve inches long, ten inches
wide, five-eighths of an inch thick, and weighs about
four and a half pounds. A crest-tile ; a saddle-tile.
ridge, v. t. & i. [RIDGE, .]
A. Trans. : To make or form into a ridge ; to form
or furnish with a ridge or ridges.
*B. Intrans. : To rise in a ridge or ridges.
rldg-el, ridge-ling, rldg-llng, rig-el,j>. [A
softened form for riggle, rigling. Scotch riglan,
from rig, in the same sense.] A male animal half
castrated.
"And 'ware the ridalina with his butting head."
Dryden: Tluocrittu, Id. iii.
rldfee'-let, s. [English ridge, s. ; dim. suff. -let.]
A little ridge.
rldg -f, adj. [Eng. ridg(e) , s. ; -y.] Rising in a
ridge or ridges ; having a ridge or ridges.
rld'-I-cule, *rld-i-cle, s. & a. I^Latin ridiculum
= a joke, neut. sing, of rtdicu/us=ndiculous (q. v.) ;
Fr. )-i'dtcie = ridiculous.]
A. As substantive :
1. Words or actions intended to express contempt
and excite laughter ; derision, banter ; wit of that
kind which provokes contemptuous laughter ; rail,
lery.
*2. That species of writing which excites con-
tempt with laughter, and so differing from bur-
lesque, which may excite laughter without con-
tempt. {Kames.)
*3. Ridiculousness.
"They may be elevated as much as you please, and no
ridicule follows." Pope: Homer's Odyssey. (Poets.,)
*B. As adj. : Ridiculous.
"This action . . . became BO ridicule." Aubrey.
rid -I-CUle, y. t. [RIDICULE, subst. ^ To treat or
address with ridicule ; to expose to ridicule or con-
temptuous mirth ; to make sport or game of.
"The young who rtdicttl'd his rage."
Grainger: Tibnllus, bk. i., el. 5.
rld'-I-CUl-Sr, s. [Eng. rtdlcul(e), v. ; er.'] One
who ridicules.
"They are generally ridicule of all that is truly excel-
lent." Clarke: Kat. and. Revealed. Relig. (Introd.)
*rl-dlc'-u-lize, v. t. [Eng. ridicul(e) ; -ize.] To
ridicule ; to make ridiculous.
Lest the false alarmes
That words oft strike up, should ridiculize me."
Chapman: Homer's Odyssey, xxiii.
riding
*rl-dlc-u.-l6s -I tj, s. [Eug. ridiculous; -ity.]
1. Ridiculou^iii^s.
" Look at the riaiculoallu of Jadies' dresses behind."
Quiver, 1876, p. 701.
2. SoiuetliiiiK ridiculous; a joke, a comicality.
"Your pretty sayings and all your ruli<:Hl".-.ilii<x."
Raileii: Atfoph. of Erasmus, p. 64.
rl-dlc \J-10US, u. [Lat. ridiculus, from rideu = ti>
laugh. J
1. Worthy of or calculated to excite ridicule;
laughable and contemptible ; ludicrous, absurd.
" Finding nothing riiliculmis in national peculiarities.""
Gulttemilii .- 1'olitt' Learning, ch. liii.
*2. Risible ; inclined to laughter.
"The heaving of my lunge provokes me to ridicuionx
smiling." .SVuiA'c.-^. .- Love's Labor's Lost, iii.
rl-dlo u,-lOUB-ljf , adv. [Eng. riillrulous; -fw.J
In a ridiculous manner or degree; ludicrously,
absurdly.
"Too frequently becomes ridiculmixlfi earnest in trifles
or absurdity." (inldtunitli: Pottle Learning, ch. xiv.
rl-dlc -u-lotts-ness, s. [Eng. ridiculous; -n*.]
The quality or state of being ridiculous ; absurdity.
"The vanity and ridiculousness of this trusting in our
riches." Sharp: Sermons, vol. i. t ser. 4.
rid -Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [RlBE, v.]
A. Aspr. par. : (See the verb.)
B. As adjective:
1. Employed for riding on ; as, a riding horse,
2. Used by or intended for a rider.
"A. riding euit."Shakesp.: Cymbeline, iii. 2.
3. Employed to travel on any occasion ; as, a rid-
ing Clerk. [RlDING-CLEEK, 1.]
C. As substantive:
*1. A royal procession. (Cliaucer : C. T., 4.375.)
2. A ride or road cut through a wood or pleasure-
grounds for riding exercise.
"We gal loped up and down the green ridings for which
the forest district is famous." Field, Dec. 6, 1884.
3. Aride; a district visited by a ride-officer (q.v.).
rldlng-bitts, s. pi.
Shipbuild.: Two strong upright timbers near the
bows of a ship, to which the cable is secured ; they
extend through two decks, are connected by a cross-
Eiece, and braced against the strain of the cable by
orizontal standards bolted to the deck beams.
'riding-clerk, a.
1, A mercantile or commercial traveler.
2. One of the six clerks formerly in chancery.
riding-day, s. A day of hostile incursions or
raids on horseback.
riding-habit, s. The dress worn by females
when riding on horseback.
riding-hood, subst, A hood formerly worn by
females when riding .or traveling; a sort of cloak
with a hood.
'riding-house, s. A riding-school (q. v.).
riding-knot, . A running knot.
riding-master, s.
1. Ord. Lung. : One who teaches the art of riding.
2. Military : A commissioned officer specially ap-
pointed to superintend the instruction in a military
riding-school. The appointment is usually made
from the ranks, and held for a specified number of
years.
riding-part, nubst. A protuberance on the inner
surface of the joint part of a scissors-blade which
forms the touching portion back of the rivet, while
the cutting portion is at the point of contact of the
edges as they move past each other in closing.
riding-rhymes, subst. pi. Meter of five accents,
eacli falling on the even syllable, with the lines in
rhyming couplets.
riding-rod, s. A switch, a riding-stick.
riding-school, s. A school or place where the
art of riding is taught.
riding-skirt, s. A skirt worn by females when
riding on horseback.
riding-whip, s. A light whip used when riding.
rid Ing, subst. [For thriding, the loss of the tit
being due to the misdivision of the compound words
North-thriding, Bant-thriding, and West-tlwicling,
from Icel. thridhjungr=the third part of a thing,
the third part of a shire, from thridhi=thm\.
(Skeat.) ] One of the three divisions into which the
county of York, England, is divided, and known as
the North, East, and West Ridings. They were for-
merly under the government of a reeve.
" When a county is divided into three of these inter-
mediate jurisdictions, they are called thridings. These
thridings still subsist in the large county of York, where
by an easy corruption they are denominated ridings."
Hlackstone: Comment. (Introd. 4.)
boll, b6y; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, pMn, bench; go, gem; thin, (his; sin, a;; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f.
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion -sion = shun; -tlon, -sion = zliun. -tious, -clous, -sious - suus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del..
ridotto
ri-d6t -t6, . [Ital., from Lat. reductus=a re-
treat. 1 [REDOUBT, 8.1
*1. A public assembly.
2. A musical entertainment consisting of singing
and dancing, in the latter of which the whole com-
pany join in. It is a favorite public Italian enter-
tainment, held generally on fast eves.
"Four months, in which there will be no routs, no
shows, no ridottos." Rambler, No. 124.
*rl-d5t -to, r. i. [RIDOTTO, s.] To frequent ri-
dottos.
"And heroines, whilst 'twas the fashion,
Ridotto'd on the rural plains."
Cowrper: Retreat of Aristipput.
rle, . [RYE.]
rl$f(l),s. [REIF.] Robbery.
"Dear Smith, the sleest, pankie thief.
That e'er attempted stealth or riff."
Burns: To James Smith.
rlef(2),8. [RiFE.] Plenty.
rief (3). . <t a. [A. S. hreof=ecab, hreofla=n
leper j Icel. ftrjugr=scabby.]
A. As subst. : Scurf, scab ; the itch.
B. At adj. : Scabby, itchy.
riem, . [Dutch=a thong.] A strip of ox hide,
deprived of its hair and rendered pliable, used in
the Cape Colony for making ropes, &c.
rie man-nite, . [After Herr Riemann, who
first observed it; suff. -ite (Min.).}
Min, : The same as ALLOPHANE (q. T.).
rlet -b5k, . [Dutch riet=a reed, and 5ofc=a
buck.]
ZoOL: Antilope arundinaceus, from South Africa.
Bather more than four feet in length, and nearly
three feet high at shoulder. Horns round, annu-
lated at base. General color dull ashy-gray, some-
times tinged with red on the upper parts ; silvery-
gray on under-surface.
riev -Si, reiv -Sr, subst. [REAVE.] A robber, a
moss-trooper. (Scotch.)
ri-fa-Cl-mSn'-t6 (c as $h),8. [Ital.] A remak-
ing or reestablishing: specifically applied to the
process of recasting literary works so as to adapt
them to a changed state of circumstances ; an adap-
tation, as when a work, written in one age or coun-
try, is modified to suit the circumstances of another.
rife, *rif, 'rive, *ryfe, ryre, a. & adv. [Icel.
ri/r=munificent, abundant; rifligr = large, munifi-
cent ;O. Sw. n/=rife ; O. Dut. rijf, n>e=abundant.]
A. As adjective :
1. Prevalent, abundant, prevailing; common, fre-
quent.
"Those heats and animosities so rife amongst us."
Waterland: Works, U. 19.
*2. Abounding in, filled with, replete. .
*3. Ripe, ready.
4. Clear, manifest.
" The tumult of loud mirth
Was rife and perfect in my list'ning ear."
Milton : Comus, 202.
B. At adv. : Commonly, abundantly, plentifully.
" That even the hate of synnes ; that groo
Within thy wicked walls so ryfe."
Surrey: Against London.
rife -If , adv. [Ene. rife, a.; -!j/.] Prevalently,
commonly; abundantly, frequently.
"Whose ranckling wound as yet does rifely bleede."
Spenser: Shepherd's Calendar,- Dec.
rife ness, . [Eng. rife, a. ; -ness.] The quality
or state of being rife ; prevalence, frequency, abun-
dance.
rlf-fle, s. [Ger. riyein=to groove.] [RIFLE, .]
1. A small wave ; a ripple. (/. S.)
2. Metallurgy: An inclined trough or chute down
which auriferous slime or sand is conducted in a
gentle stream, which is broken by occasional slats,
or by depressions containing mercury, which arrests
the gold.
II To make the riffle : To succeed.
rlf-flSr, s. [Eng. riffl(e); -cr.] A file with a side
so convex as to operate in shallow depressions;
used by sculptors, carvers, and gun-stockers. Rif-
flers are usually made of steel, but sometimes of
wrought-iron, and case-hardened, so that their
shape may be modified to a certain extent by bend-
ing on a block of lead with a mallet.
3470
rl'-fle (1), r. t. & i. [Fr. rifter, a frequent, from
Icel. hrifa=lo catch, to seize.]
A. Transitive:
1. To seize and carry away by force ; to snatch anil
carry off.
"He rifelfth both boke and belle." Oower: C. A., T.
2. To plunder, to rob, to pillage, to strip.
B. Intrans.: To plunder, to pillage, to rob.
TI -fle (2), v. t. & i. [RAFFLE.] To raffle.
"Will any man (not desperate) run into an infected
house, to rifle lor a rich suit?" Up. Hall: Quo Kadis r 14.
rl-fle (3),f. t. [RlFLE, .]
1. To groove, to channel ; to form or furni.-h with
spiral grooves.
2. To whet, as a scythe with a rifle. (Prov.)
rl'-fle, s. [For rifled gun, from Dan. rifle to rifle.
to groove; cf.ri/Je=a groove, a flute; rijTe^arifled
gun, (rom rie = to tear; Icel. rf/a = to rive (q. v.) ;
Sw. n/i-a=to scratch, to tear, rejfla=to rifle, reffel-
a8sa=a rifled gun; Ger. riefeln^to groove, riefe=
rigation
raffler.]
1. Refuse, rubbish, sweepings.
" Long it were to make rehersall of all this rifraffe, and
almost infinite." Fox. Actea, p. 536.
2. The rabble.
"Shipping all sorts of sea-faring riffraff" London
Daily Telegraph.
a groove.]
1. The term applied to any musket or gun-barrel
which is grooved so that the projectile may have a
rotatory motion on its own axis. The rifling may
be polygroove as in the Armstrong and other guns,
with only two grooves as in some of the early
weapons, with the two grooves with the angles
rounded away so as to produce an oval and yet
twisted bore as in the Lancaster guns, or with three
or more grooves as in most modern weapons. The
grooves are of varying size, form, and width, and of
different degrees of twist in the length of the barrel
itself, that of the Henry rifling being one turn in
. twenty-two calibers or widths of the bore. The bul-
let is made to fit the bore either by expansion of
the base of the lead bullet, or, as in the early pat-
tern, by having the ball " belted," so that the belt
should take the groove and so emerge from the
muzzle with a rotatory motion.
2. (PI.) : A body of troops armed with rifles.
3. A strop with a surface of emery for whetting
scythes, Ac.
"All our sports and recreations, if we use them well,
must be to our body or mind, as the mower's whetstone,
or rifle, is to his scythe, to sharpen it when it grows dull."
Whateley: Redemption of Time, p. 11.
rifle-ball, s. A bullet for firing with a rifle. They
are now made cylindrical in shape with a conoidal
head, the base being hollow and furnished with a
plug, which causes the metal to expand and fit into
the rifling of the gun.
rifle-bird, .
Ornith.: Ptilorix paradisea. The English name
is said to have been given by early settlers in Aus-
tralia from the resemblance of the color of the
plumage of the cock to that of the uniform of the
Rifle brigade. Velvety-black; glossed with purple:
feathers of abdomen tipped with a chevron of
green bronze ; crown of head green ; middle pair of
tail-quills and triangular patch on throat bluish-
emerald. The hen is grayish-brown above, deep
buff beneath, each feather with a black chevron.
rifle-brigade, s.
Mil. : A force of infantry raised in Britain during
the Peninsular War for service in Spain, and armed
with rifles, to act as light infantry.
rifle-corps, e.
1. A body of troops armed with rifles.
2. A body of volunteers trained to the use of the
rifle. [VOLUNTEER, ., II.]
rifle-green, s. A very dark green, verging on
black.
"Dark-grays and rifle-greens predominated." must.
Land. Kews, March 17, 1860, p. 266.
rifle-pit, . A pit or trench which, togetherwith
the excavated earth, forms a defense for a rifleman
in an advanced position, where he may pick off the
enemy's gunners or defend his own line. Usually
rifle-pits are holes four feet long and three feet
deep, the parapet of earth cro*~ ed by sandbags
having a loophole through which fire.
ri -fle-man, s. [Eng. rifle, s., and man.]
1. A soldier or sportsman armed with a rifle.
[RIFLE-BRIGADE.]
"The name now has lout nearly all meaning, for the
whole infantry are now riflemen." Chambers' Encuc viii
260.
2. A member of a riflo corps ; a volunteer.
rifleman-bird, s.
Ornith. : The rifle-bird (q. v.).
"The riflemanJjird proper is said to get its food by
thrusting its somewhat long bill under the loose bark on
the boles or boughs of trees, along the latter of which it
runs swiftly, or by searching for it on the ground be-
neath." Encyc. Brit. (ed. 9th), n. 563.
.rl-flgr, s. [English rifle (1), v. ; -er.] One who
rifles, plunders, or pillages ; a robber, a plunderer.
" Parting both with cloak and coat, if any please to be
ther(/Ier." Stilton: Doct. and Disc, of Divorce.
rl -fling, subst. [English rifl(e) ; -ing.} The sys-
tem of grooves with which rifles are constructed.
rlft(l),reft,
*rifte, *ryfte,
sultst. [Danish
rift, from rive
= to rivo(q.v.) ;
Norwepfn rift; Rifling.
Iceland. rift=&
breach; Sw. refva=& rift, from ri/t'a=to tear, to
nve.l A cleft ; a fissure or opening made by riving
or splitting.
iplitting.
rift (2), s. [Cf. reef (1), s.] A shallow place in
a stream ; a ford. (Prov.)
rift, t 1 . t. & '. [RIFT (1) , s.]
A. Trans.: To cleave, to split, to rive.
B. Intransitive:
1. To burst open; to split; to be riven.
"Your ears
Should rift to hear me."
Shakesp.: Winter's Tale. v. L
2. To belch. (Scotch.)
rlg(t),s. [A. S. hrycg.l [RiDOE, s.]
1. The back of an animal.
2. A ridge of land ; a strip of land between two
furrows.
3. A course, a path, a way.
rig (2), 8. [Connected with rickets and wriggle.]
*1. A wanton, uncomely person.
"Let none condemn them [the girle] for rigs became
thus hoyting with the boys, seeing the simplicity of their
age was a patent to privilege any innocent pastime."
Fuller: Pisgah Sight, bk. iv. ch. vi.
2. A strange, uncomely feat; a frolic.
"He little guessed when he set out
Of running such a rig." Cowpen John Oilpin.
S. A riggel.
H To run the rig: To indulge in practical joking.
" Instead of good sense, polite wit, and genteel repar-
tee, they have a sort of rude briskness, and run the rig as
the young templars and spruce wits call this sort of
joking." r. Hull: Genuine Letters, ii. 196,
rig (3), . [Rro (2), v.]
1. Lit.it Naut.: The peculiar style in which the
masts and sails of a ship are fitted ; as, square-rig,
fore-and-af t-rig, schooner-rig, &c.
2. .Fig. : Dress.
3. A horse and buggy ; a vehicle and team of any
description.
rig (1), *rigge, f. i. [Rio (2),s.] To act wan-
tonly ; to play the wanton.
rig (2), *rygge, r. t. i\orw. rigga=to bind up,
to wrap round: cf. Sw. rigga fiato harness a
horse. ]
1. To furnish or fit with rigging.
" With stays and cordage last he rigg'd the ship."
Pope: Boner's Odyssey, v. 331.
2. To furnish with apparatus, gear, or tackling;
as, to rig a purchase.
3. To dress, to clothe. (Generally followed by out,
and used especially when the dress is gaudy or odd) ;
to equip.
" Such as in Monmonth Street, or in Rag Fair,
Would rig you out in seriousness or joke."
Byron: Beppo, v.
TT (1) To rig out a boom or spar :
Naut. : To thrust out a pole or spar upon the end
of a yard or bowsprit, in order to extend the foot of
a sail.
"If the Genesta could have rigged a jury bowsprit."
London Daily Telegraph.
(2) To rig in a boom :
Naut. : To draw it in from its position at the end
of a yard or bowsprit :
(3) To rig the market : To raise or lower prices
artificially for one's own private advantage : spe-
cifically, in Stock Exchange Slang, to raise or lower
the prices of stocks or shares, as by a combination
of speculators, or as when the directors or officers
of a company buy up the shares of the company out
of the funds of the association.
"Rigging the market for preference and debenture
stock in collusion with brokers." London Daily Chron-
icle.
Riga, s. [See def.)
Geog. : A city and port of European Russia, seven
miles from the moutn of the Duna.
Riga-balsam, s. A balsam obtained from Styrax
Benzoin.
rlg-a do6n', 8. [Fr. rigadon, a word of doubtful
origin.] ( An old, lively dance performed by a man
and a woman, as the jig is danced in some places.
rl-ga'-tlon, s. [Lat. rigatio, from rigatus, pa.
par. of rigo=to water.] The act of watering; irri-
gation.
ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; wS, wtt, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; g, pot.
or, wore, wolf, work, who, s6n; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full; try. Syrian. SB, as = e; ey = a. qu = kw.
Rigel
El -gel, s. [Corrupted Arabic.]
Astron. : A star of the first magnitude at the left
foot of Orion. Called also beta Orionis. It is of a
bluish color.
rl-ges ~9ent, adj. [Latin rigescens, pr. par. of
rigesco, incept, from rigeu = to be stiff.] Becoming
stiff or rigid.
rlgg, rlgge, s. [RIDGE, .] A ridge, a back.
*rigge-boon, s. A backbone. (Chaucer.)
rigged, pa. par. or a. [RlG, f.]
rigged, adj. [English rigg, s.;-ed.] Ridged,
humped.
"The rtgg'd carnal." Hall: Satires, IV. ii. 96.
rig -ger, s. [Eng. rig, v. ; -er.]
1. One who rigs or dresses; specif., one whose oc-
cupation is to rig vessels.
" Both vessels had to go into the hands of the riggers to
be set right again." London Daily Telegraph.
2. Mach. : A band-wheel having a slightly curved
rim. Fast and loose pulleys are so called in Eng-
lish works on machinery.
rlg-glng(l),s. [Rio (!),.]
1. The back or top of anything.
2. The ridge of a house; a roof. (Scott: Anti-
quary, ch. xxxiii.)
rigging-tree, s. The ridge-piece or ridge-plate
of a roof.
rig' glng(2),. [Rio,.]
Naut.: The system of tackle or ropes which sup-
port the masts, extend ami contract the sails. &c.,
of a ship. Standing rigging includes the tackle
employed to support the masts, &c., the shrouds
and stays. Running rigging includes the ropes
used in shortening sail, raising or lowering the
yards, &c., such as the halyards, braces, sheets,
clewlines, &c.
"To know her by her rigging and her trim."
Dryden: Prologue to Conquest of Granada.
*rlg-glsh, a. [Eng. rig (2), s. ; -ift.] Wanton,
lewd, unchaste.
rlg'-gle, v. i. [WRIGGLE.] To move one way and
the other ; to wriggle.
rig -gle, s. [RlGGLE, <;.] (See extract.)
"From the Tyne northward along the Scotch coast,
aand-el8 are known as 'horn-eels,' from the protrusion
of the under jaw, and along the Sussex coast as ' rigglea
or wriggles,' from their action of burrowing into the
and." Fttld: Dec. 26, 1886.
right (gh silent), *rigt, *ryght, *rygt, a., adv.,
& s. [A.S. riht (a), rihte (adv.), riht (s.) ; cogn.
with Dut. regt; Icel. rittr; Dan. ret; Sw. rat;
O. H. Ger. reht; Goth, raihts; Ger. recht. A parti-
cipial form from a base rak-, rag-, whence also
Lat. rectvjs (for retus)=right, direct, answering to
the pa. par. of rego=io rule.]
A. As adjective :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. In conformity with the rules which ought to
regulate human conduct ; in accordance with duty
or the standard of truth and justice; rightful,
equitable, just.
" Whatsoever is right, that shall ye receive." Matt.
XX. 7.
2. Fit, suitable, becoming, proper, correct ; as,
the right dress, the right expression.
3. Properly done, made, adjusted, disposed, or
arranged ; orderly, well-regulated.
"Man, like his Maker, saw that all was right."
Pope: Essay on Man, iii. 232.
4. Correctly done or performed ; correct ; as, The
sum is not right.
5. Not erroneous or wrong; according to fact or
truth ; correct, true.
" If there be no prospect beyond the grave, the infer-
ence is certainly right, let us eat and drink, for to-morrow
we die." Locke.
6. Holding or passing a true or correct judgment,
correct in judgment or assumption ; not erring, not
mistaken.
" You are right, justice, and you weigh this well."
Shakesp.: Henry IV., Pt. II., v. 2.
7. True, real, genuine ; not spurious ; not only
pretended or supposed ; actual, unquestionable.
" 'Tis the right ring." Shakesp.: Henry VIII., v. 3.
*8. Very; truly deserving the name ; undoubted.
"I am a right maid for ray cowardice."
Shakesp. : Midsummer flight's Dream, iii. 2.
9. Applied to the side to be worn or placed out-
ward ; as, the right side of a piece of cloth.
*10. Most direct, or leading in the proper direc-
tion ; as, the right road from one place to another.
11. Not left, but on the other side; as, the right
hand-the right cheek, &c.
12. Hence, most favorable or convenient ; fortu-
nate ; as, The balance is on the right side.
13. Straight ; not crooked ; as, a right line.
3471
II. Mathematics:
1. Formed by one lino or direction rising perpen-
dicularly to another, [RIGHT-ANGLE.]
2. Rising perpendicularly; having a perpendicu-
lar axis ; as, a right cone, a right cylinder.
B. As adverb ;
1. In a right manner; in accordance with the laws
of God; according to the standard of truth and
justice; justly, equitably; as, to do right, to act
right.
2. According to any rule or art; in order; cor-
rectly ; as, to do a sum right.
3. According to fact or truth ; correctly, truly.
"You say not right, old man!"
Skakesp.: Much Ado, v. 1.
4. Exactly, just, precisely, actually.
"I will tell you everything, right aa it fell out."
Shakesp..- Midsummer Sight's Dream, iv. 2.
5. Fortunately, conveniently ; in order and to the
purpose.
"If all things fall out right."
Shakeap..- Henry VI., Pt. I., ii. 3
6. In a straight or direct line ; directly.
" Let thine eyes look right on." Proverbs iv. 26.
7. In a great or high degree ; very, highly.
"I gat me to my Lord right humbly." Psalm xxi. 8.
(Prayer-book. )
If In this sense the word is now little used, except
in titles ; as, right honorable, right reverend, &c.
C. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. That which is right or in accordance with the
laws of God ; rectitude in conduct ; obedience to
laws, human and divine; uprightness; freedom
from guilt.
"One rising, eminent
In wise deport, spake much of right and wrong."
Milton.- P. L., xi. 665.
2. That which is right, just, or equitable ; justice ;
an act of justice.
"Do me the common right to let me see them."
Shakesp.: Measure for Measure, ii. 8.
3. The side or party which has justice on its side.
(With the definite article.)
"Weak men must fall; for Heaven still guards the
right." Shakesp.: Richard II., iii. 2.
*4. Freedom from error ; conformity with truth
and fact.
" Thou hast spoke the right, 1 '
Shakesp.; Henry V., ii. 1.
5. A just claim, or that which one may justly
claim ; that which a person may lawfully possess
or use, or which may be lawfully claimed of any
person ; as
(1) Just claim, legal title, ownership ; legal power
of exclusive possession and enjoyment.
" Thou art the next of blood, and 'tis thy right."
Shakesp.; Venus and Adonis, 1,184.
(2) Just claim by sovereignty ; prerogative.
(3) Just claim by courtesy, custom, or the prin-
ciples of civility ; as, A man has a right to civility.
(4) Just claim or privilege inherent in or belong-
ing to a member of a state, society, or community ;
as. civil and religious rights.
(5) That which justly belongs to one.
"Totheedoth the right of her appertain, seeing thon
only art of her kindred." Tobit vi. 11.
(6) Property, interest.
(7) Legal power or authority ; power of action ;
as, The police have a right to arrest malefactors.
6. The side opposite to the left.
Led her to the Soudan's right."
Spenser: F. Q,, V. viii. 26.
7. The most finished or outward surface, as of a
piece of cloth.
II. Law: That which the law directs; a liberty
of doing or possessing something consistently with
law.
H Right is used elliptically aa an expression of
approbation, and equivalent to " It is right what
you say," " You are right," "True."
IF 1. Bill of rights: [BILL (2), 8.1
2. By right, by rights: Rightfully, properly.
3. In one's own right: By absolute right; abso-
lutely belonging or granted to one's self; as, peer-
esses in their own right* that is, as opposed to
peeresses by marriage.
4. Petition of right : [PETITION.]
5. Right and left: To the right hand and to the
left; in all directions.
6. Right away, right off: Immediately; at once;
as, to clo a thing right off. (Colloq. )
7. Right bank of a river: The bank on the right
hand of a person looking toward the mouth of the
river ; as, the right (or south) bank of the Thames.
8. Right of action :
Law : A right to commence an action in a court of
law.
right -sphere
9. Right of wan ' [WAY, s.]
10. To do one right :
(1) To do one justice ; to give one his due.
*(2) To pledge in drinking.
"Now you have done me right." Shakesp.: Henry IV.,
PI. II., v. 8.
11. To rights:
*(1) In a direct or straight line.
"These strata failing, the whole tract sinks down to
rights into the abyss, and is swallowed up by it." Wood-
ward.
(2) Completely, fully. (Slang.)
12. To set to rights: To put in order; to arrange;
to adjust what is out of order.
13. Writ of right: JWEIT.]
U. Divine right: The alleged inalienable right of
kings to rule, said to be derived from God.
right-about, adv. In or to the opposite direc-
tion; as, to turn right about. (Used frequently
substantively in the phrase, To send to the right
about, that is, to pack-off, to dismiss, to cause
to fly.)
Right about face : A "word of command, in obedi-
ence to which a quarter-turn to the right is taken.
right-affected, a. Rightly disposed.
right-angle, a. An angle formed by two straight
ues which intersect each other perpendicularly;
with reference to a circle it is the angle the sides of
which, if continued to a point of intersection with
the circumference, would inclose one-quarter of
the area of the circle ; an angle of 90. [ANGLE, *.]
IT At right angles: So as to form a right angle;
perpendicularly. '
right-angled, a.
1. Geom.: Haying a right angle or angles. A
right-angled triangle is a triangle having a right
angle. A spherical triangle may have two or three
right angles ; in the former case it is called a birec-
tangular triangle, and in the latter case it is a
trirectangular triangle.
2. Bot. (of the primary veins of a leaf) : Diverg-
ing from the midrib at an angle between 80 and 90 .
Right-angled Cone: [CONE, ., II. 1.]
right-ascension, 8. [ASCENSION, H. |
light-cone, . A cone whoso axis is perpendicu-
lar to the base.
right-conoid, subst. A conoid in which the
rectilineal directrix is perpendicular to the plane
director.
right-cylinder, s. A cylinder whose elements
are perpendicular to the plane of its base.
'right-drawn, adj. Drawn in a just cause.
(Shakesp. : Richard II., i. 1.)
right-hand, s. & a.
A. As substantive :
1. Lit. : The hand opposite to the left.
2. Fig.: An essential aid, assistant, or supporter;
as, He is my right-hand.
B. As adjective:
1. Lit. : Situated or being on or toward the right
hand ; leading toward the right hand.
2. /'/</. : Applied to one who is an essential aid,
assistant, or supporter; as, He is his right-hand
man.
Right-hand rope : A rope laid up and twisted with
the sun.
right-handed, a.
1. Using the right-hand more readily and effect-
ually than the left.
2. Characterized by direction or position toward
the right hand ; dextral (q. v.) .
right-handedness, s. The quality or state of
being right-handed; hence, skill, dexterity.
" The universality of right-handedness, as a character-
istic of man, has been assumed." Wilson: Prehistoric
Man, i. 107.
right-hander, . A blow with the right hand.
(Slang.)
right-hearted, a. Having a right heart or dis-
position.
right-line, s.
Geom. : A straight line.
right-minded, a. Having a right mind or dis-
position ; well-disposed.
right-mindedness, . The quality or state of
being right-minded.
right-prism, s. A prism whose lateral edges are
perpendicular to the plane of its base.
right-pyramid, s. A pyramid whose base is a
regular polygon, and in which the perpendicular,
let fall from the vertex on the base, passes through
the center of the base.
'right-running, a. Running straight.
right-sphere, s. In spherical projections that
position of the, sphere in which the primitive plane
coincides with the plane of the equator.
b611, bo"y; pfiut, Jowl; cat, cell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as,; expect, Xenoplion, exist, ph = f.
-clan, -tlan = shan. -tlon, -sion = shun; -tion, -glon = zhun. -tlous, -clous, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del.
right
right spherical-angle, s. A spherical angle
included between arcs of two great circles whose
places are at righ t angles to each other.
right-whale, s. [GREENLAND WHALE.!
right (gh silent), v. t. & i. [A. S. rihtan, from
-
A. Transit ive :
1. To restore to the natural position; to set up-
right. (Frequently used reflexively.)
2. To make correct from being wrong ; to correct ;
to set right.
3. To do justice to ; to relieve from wrong.
"So just is God to right the innocent."
Shakes?..- Richard III., i. 3.
B. Intrans. : To resume an upright or vertical
position.
IF (1) To right a ship :
Jfaut.: To restore her to an upright position after
careening.
(2) To right the helm:
ffaut.: To put it amidships, that is in a direct
line with the Keel.
right -en tgh silent), v.t. [RIGHT, v.] To right,
to relieve.
"Learn . . . to relieve [in the margin righten] the
oppressed." Isaiah i. 17.
righteous (as rlt-yus), 'right- wis, 'right-
wys, ryght-wis, *ryght-wys, 'ryghteous,
'ryghtuous, o. [A. S. rihtwls, from riht= right,
and ?i=wise.]
1. Just, upright, virtuous, incorrupt; acting in
accordance with the dictates of religion or moral-
ity ; free from guilt or sin.
"I am not come to cat] the righteous but sinners to
repentance." Matthew ix. 18.
2. Just. (John xvii. 25.)
3. Done in accordance with the divine law; just.
(Spenser: F. <?-, III. xi. 9.)
4. Agreeable to the right; just; equitable; justly
deserved ; as, a righteous doom.
'righteous (as rlt'-yiis), v. t. [RIGHTEOUS, s.]
To make righteous. (Bale.)
'righteoused (as rlt-yusd) , a . [ Eng. righteous ;
ed.] Made righteous; justified.
righteously (as rlt -yfis-ly), 'right- wise-lie,
*rlght-OUS-ly, adv. [A. S. rihticUllce.\
1. In a righte9Us manner; honestly; uprightly;
in accordance with divine law.
"He that walketh righteously." Isaiah xxxiii. 15.
2. Rightfully, justly. (Swift.)
3. According to desert.
righteousness (as rit -yus-ness) , *right-eous-
nes, 'rlgt-wis-nesse, Tygut-eous-nes, 'right-
wise-ness, 'right- wis-nesse, *ryght-wis nesse,
subtt. [A. S. rihtwlsnet.]
I. Ordinary Language:
1. The quality or state of being righteous ; purity
of heart and conduct ; uprightness, integrity, holi-
ness.
"Hia throne shall be established in righteousness."
Prop. xiv. 6.
2. Justice; accordance with desert; as, the right-
eousness of a sentence.
II. Theol. : Absolute rectitude. It is used of God
(Rom. i.17, iii. 5, x. 3), and of Christ (v. 17), and is
described as being imputed withoutworks (iv. 6-11)
to those who believe (iii. 22). The Calvinistic doc-
trine is that the perfect obedience of Christ to his
Divine Father's laws constituted his righteousness ;
that taking the responsibility of the sins of the
elect, and blotting them out by atoning for them,
his righteousness is imputed to believers and ren-
ders tnem wholly immaculate iu the sight of God,
as if in thought, word, or action they had been
at all times righteous or sinless.
rlght'-e"r (gh silent),*. [English right, v. ;-er.]
One who sets right ; one who does justice or
redresses wrong.
right -ful (gh silent), *right-fulle, 'rygt-ful,
ryght-ful, o. [Eng.rtoM; -full.}
1. jHavingthe right or just claim; justly entitled;
holding or being by right or just claim.
"The rightful king." Xacaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi.
2. Belonging or owned by just claim; lawfully
claimed or held.
" Kept out of his rightful inheritance by an ambitions
kinsman." Macaulaf: Hist. Eng., ch. xxv.
3. Just; in accordance with right and justice;
equitable.
"Yet not without his meet applause
Be he that sings the rightful cause."
Scott: Rokeby, v. 21.
*4. Just, righteous.
"The rightful Lycnrgus." Gower*: C. A., vii.
3472
rlghf-f ftl-lf (<jh silent i. 'richt-full-iche, adr.
[Eug. riylitftit ; -ly.\ According to right, law, or
justice ; lawfully, legitimately, by right.
"Henry, who claimed by succession, was sensible that
his title was uot sound; but was rightfully in Mortimer."
Dryden: Preface tn Ftililrs.
right -ful-ness (gh silent), *right-ful-nesse, .
[Eng. rightful; -nesx.\
1. The quality or state of being rightful; accord-
ance with right and justice ; justice.
2. Moral rectitude ; righteousness.
"Thus it fallith to us to fnlfille all riglitf illness."
Wycliffe: Matthew iii. 15.
right -less, 'right -lesfofc silent), adj. & odn /-/,.
[Eng. right; -lens.]
A. -4s adjective:
1. Destitute of right; having no right.
*2. Deprived of one's rights.
"Landless and rightless." Scott: Onentin Durujard,
ii. 87.
B. Aadv. : Wrongfully, without just right.
"Whoso enters rightless."
Sylvester: The Captaines, 37.
right -If (gh silent), adr. [Eng. right; -ly.]
1. In accordance with right and justice; justly.
honestly, uprightly ; in conformity with the divine
will.
2. Properly, fitly, suitably.
3. According to truth, reality, or fact ; correctly,
not erroneously.
" If I heard yon rightly."
Shakesp.: As You Like It, v. 4.
*4. Straightly ; directly in front.
' *5. Exactly, precisely.
right -nSss (gh silent), e. [Eng. right; -ness."]
1. The quality or state of being right ; conformity
to rule, standard, or fact ; correctness, rectitude,
justice, righteousness.
2. Straightness.
"Sounds move strongest In aright line, which never-
theless is not caused by the rightness of the line, but by
the shortness of the distance." Bacon: \<it. Hist.
right -wSrd (gh silent), adv. [English right'
ward.] Toward or ou the right hand.
"Rightieard and leftward rise the rocks." Southey.
'right wise, Tight-wise-ly, &c. [RIGHTEOUS,
&c.J
rig -Id, a. [Lat. rigidus= stiff, from ri<;eo=to be
stiff ; Fr. rigide; Sp. & Ital. rigido.]
1. Stiff, stiffened ; not easilyljent, not pliant.
2. Stiff and upright; bristling, erect; as, rigid
spears. (Milton : P. L., vi. 83.)
3. Precipitous, steep.
4. Strict and unbending in opinion, practice, or
discipline; austere, stern, inflexible. (Opposed to
lax or indulgent.)
5. Strict; severely just ; sharp; not lax.
*6. Sharp, cruel, severe.
rigid-body, B.
Mech.: A body which resists any change of form
when acted on by any force or forces.
rl-gld -I-tf , . [Fr. rigidile, from Lat. rigidita-
tem, accus. of rigiditas, from riaidu=rigid (q. v.) ;
Ital. rigidita, rigidezza.]
I. Ordinary Language:
1. The quality or state of being rigid; stiffness;
want of pliability; rigidness.
"Rigidity of the organs is such a state as raitkes them
resist that expansion. Arbuthnot: On Aliments.
2. Stiffness of appearance ; want of ease or grace.
*3. Strictness, severity, austerity, sternness.
II. Mech.: Resistance to change of form,
rig -Id-ljf, adv. [Eng. rigid ; -ly. ]
1. In a rigid or stiff manner; stiffly; not flexibly
or pliantly.
2. With strictness or severity ; strictly : inflexibly ;
with strict observance of rules or discipline.
"Quarantine had been rigidly and vexationsly exer-
cised." London Daily Chronicle.
rig -Id-nSss, s. [Eng. rigid; -nets.']
1. The quality or state of being rigid ; stiffness,
rigidity.
2. Strictness or austerity of temper; severity.
trl-gld'-u-lous, a. [Mod. Lat. rigidulus, dimin.
from Lat. rtoidtta=rigid.]
Bot.: Slightly rigid.
rlg'-18t,8. [Fr. r^glet. from Lat. regula=a rule.]
A flat thin piece of wood, used for picture frames ;
also used in printing to regulate the margin, space
between lines. <tc. The term is restricted to strips
of not more than one pica em in thickness; above
that thickness it is called furniture. [REOLET.]
" The pieces that are intended to make the frames for
pictures, before they are molded, are called riglets."
Moxon.
rigorous
rig -ma-role, . & a. [A corrupt, of ragmanrole
(q. v.).]
A. As subnt.: \ long, unintelligible story; a suc-
cession of confused or <lis.joiiito<i statements; loo-f,
disjointed talk or writing; incoherent harft&Bite;
nonsense.
"HN speech was a fine sample, on the whole,
Of rhetoric, which the leurn'd call rigm<tr<il?."
Ityrou: J>cm Jita n, i. 1~4.
B. As adj.: Consisting of or characterized liy
rigmarole; unintelligible, nonsensical.
Tig -ma-rol Ish, adj. [Eng. rigmnrol(e) ; -i'sfc.1
Incoherent, unintelligible, disconnected, nonsensi-
cal, rigmarole.
"Which in his ramblinf? anil r/'yHi<m*//./i way he
endeavored to answer." L<in<l<iii Ihiily Telegraph.
ri'-gil (l),s. [Ital. rigolo.'] A circle.
rl'-g8l (2), . [REGAL, .] A kind of musical
instrument; a regal.
rig -8r, rig Our, s. fO. Fr. rigour (Fr. rigueur'l,
from Lat. riyorrm, accus. of ritfor harshnen, from
rigeo = ts> be stiff ; Sp. & Port, rigor ; Ital. riyor<-. \
I. Ordinary Language :
1. The state of being rigid or stiff; rigidity, stiff-
ness, rigidness.
2. Stiffness or inflexibility of opinion or temper ;
sternness, stubbornness.
3. Austerity or severity of life; voluntary submis-
sion to pain, abstinence, or mortification of the
body.
"This prince lived in this convent, with all the rigor
and austerity of a capuchin." Atldison: On Italy.
4. Strictness, severity; exactness, without any
abatement, relaxation, or mitigation. (Opposed to
lax-neat.)
"Let him have all the rigor of the law."
Shatnp.: Henry VI,, Pt. II., i. 8.
5. Severity, harshness, sternness, cruelty, hard-
heartedness.
" What vice has it subdued? whose heart reclaim',!
By rig or t" (_ : >,ici>er: Tusk, ii 320.
*6. Violence, fury.
"Therewith upon his crest
With rigor so outrageous he smitt."
Spenser: F. Q., 1. ii. 18.
7. Severity, asperity.
II. Physiol.: Rigidity, stiffness.
rlgor-mortls, 8.
Phasiol.: The cadaveric rigidity or stiffness of
the body which arises within seven hours after
death. It begins with the muscles of the lower jaw
and neck, then those of the trunk, next those of the-
arms, and, finally, those of the legs. It ultimately
passes off in the same order as it came.
r!g'-5r-Is.m, trlg'-ottr-Igm, subst. [Eng. rigor,
rigour; -18m.]
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Rigidity in principle or practice ; austerity.
" Your morals have a flavor of rigorism." Gentleman
Instructed, p. 69.
2. Severity, as of style, writing, &c.
II. Church HM. tt Theology: The system which
prescribes that in all cases the safer way that of
obedience to the law is. to bo followed. As Jau-
senist confessors adopted this view, the word rigor-
ism is sometimes used as sy_nonymous with Jan-
senism (q. v.). Mitigated rigorism is known as
Tutiorism (q. T.). '
rig -5r-Ist, trig -our-Ist, a. & . [Eng. rigor,
riyour; -iaf.]
A. As adj.: Of, pertaining to, or guided by the
principles of Rigorism.
" The opinions of Rigortst theologians' find almost no
place in his writings." Encyc. Brit. (ed. 9th), xiv. 636.
B. Aimbitantive:
I. Ord. Lang. : A person of severe or austere prin-
ciples or practice; one who adheres to severity or
purity, as of style, &c.
II. Church History and Theology :
1. A theologian or confessor who adopts, and is
guided by the principles of Rigorism (q. v.).
"One Kigoritt lays down that it is a mortal sin to do
80." Encyc. Brit. (ed. 9th), xiv. 639.
2. A Jansonist confessor.
"It is not altogether without reason when they [the
Jansenists] were branded by their adversaries with the
titleof Rigorists.".Voiheim (ed. Reid), p. 772.
rig -5r-ous, 'ry-gor-ous, a. [French rigoreux,
from Low Lat. riyorosun, from rioor=rigor (q. v.) ;
Sp. rigoroso, riqurmo ; Port. & Ital. r igorosa. J
1. Characterized by or manifesting rigor; severe,
stern, inflexible ; allowing no abatement or mitiga-
tion.
"And finds him rigorous and severe."
Cotoper: Divine Lore.
fate, At, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there: pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, wBrk, who, son; mute, cub, cttre, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, te, 03 = e; ey = a. qu = kw.
rigorously
Rigsdaler.
'J. Marked by ri^or or severity: severe, strict,
trintfenl : as, a ritjorons administration of the law.
*3. Severe, liarsh.
" Who shall attempre me with ryy<uvm>- wordes." /{*/-
nt'i-K: J'rtiixmirt ; 1'rmii/i'lp, vol. i.. ch. cxxx.
4. Severe, intense; very cold : as, a rl<jtn'<ms win-
tor.
5. Exact, precise, strict ; scrupulously accurate ;
as. a rt<irii$ definition.
rig -6r oiis ly 4 , mh\ lEns. ri[ii-<mx; -It/.}
1. In a rigorous manner ; severely: strictly; with-
out abatement, relaxation, or mitigation; sternly,
rigidly, inflexibly.
"Where they [taxes! are rigorously exacted." Smith:
Hi tilth "f \,it/n,in, bk. v., ch. ii,
2. Strictly, accurately ; with scrupulous exact-
ness.
" Destroyed by nicer and more rigorously reduced
observations." Htrschel: Astronomy, 545.
rig : -5r-OUS ness, s. [En*, rigorous; -ness.] The
quality or state of being rigorous; severity, strict-
ness, rigor, exactness.
rigs-da -ler, e. [Danish rtge = a kingdom, and
d,if< r=n dollar.] A coin formerly current in Den-
mark, value 55
centa.
Rig V6--dt.
s. [Sansc. rich
= praise, and
r c d a = knowl-
edge, cogn. with
Lat. video= to
sec ; (ir. Olda =
I have seen, I
k n o w ; Mid.
Eng. / wit;
Mod. Eng. iri#tiom.]
Sansc. Literature: The oldest and most original
of the four Yedas, and probably the oldest literary
composition in the world. In all likelihood it was
in course of composition about 1,400 years B. ('.,
but was not committed to writing at that time. It
contains no allusion to writing or writing mate-
rials, and MaxMtillerbelievesthatfor a long period
it was transmitted orally from generation to gen-
eration. It consists of 1,017 short lyrical poems,
with 10,580verses. The religion was nature worship,
Indra, the Cloud-compeller, being the chief object
of adoration, and, after him, Agni (cf. Lat. ignis)
the God of fire. The Hindu Triad had not yet
arisen. [VEDA.] Tho Rig Veda does not recognize
the institution of caste. Beef was eaten. Women
held a high position, and some of the hymns were
composed by them. The rite of suttee was un-
known ; the conquest of Indra had only begun, and
the Ganges, incidentally mentioned 1 , had not become
a sacred stream.
rlg'-wld-d!e, rlg'-wopd-Ie, s, [Eng. rig=ridge,
and withy.~\ The rope or chain that goes over a
horse's back to support the shafts of a vehicle,
i l".-rd by Burns adjectively as resembling a rig-
widdie, and hence, spare, withered, sapless.)
"But wither* d beldame auld and droll,
Rigwoodie hags wad spean a foal."
hums; Tarn O' Shanter.
rile, r. /. [RoiL.]
1. To render turbid, as liquid ; to soil. (Pror.)
2. To make cross or angry ; to vex, to irritate.
" The moor she riled me."
Tennyson; Northern Cobbler.
ri-lie -vo, ri-li-6 -vo, s. [BELIEF.]
rill, s. [ Welsh r/it"H= a row, a trench, a drill, con-
tract, from rhigol=a trench, a groove, dimin. from
rhig~& notch, a groove; Low Ger. rilJe a brook, a
rill.l A small brook; a streamlet, a rivulet.
"An sunshine, broken in the rill,
Though turn'd astray, is sunshine still "'
Moore: Fire-Worshipers.
*rlll, r. i. [RiLL, s.] To run in rills or small
st reams.
"With soft murmurs gently rilling
Adown the mountains where thy daughters haunt."
Prior: Callimachus, Hymn 2.
rille, s. [Ger.] A furrow, one of the crooked
ravines on the surface of the moon, seen by aid of a
telescope.
rlll-t, 8. [Eng. rill; dimin. suff .-/.] A little
rill or streamlet.
" 'I'll' industrious muse thus labors to relate
Those riltets that attend proud Tamer and her state."
Drayton: Polyolbion, s. 1.
rim, "rimme, *rym, *ryme, *rymme, s. [A. S.
rima (cf. sce-rima = sea-rim, seashore) ; cogn. with
Welsh rhini, rhinip, rhimyna rim, an edge, rhimio
= to edge, r/um?/nu=toforni a rim.]
I. Ordinary Language:
1. The extreme edge, border, or margin of any-
thing ; as, the rim of a kettle, the rim of a hat, the
rim of a glass, Ac.
3473
*2. Tho lower part of the abdomen or belly ; the
peritoneum or inner membrane of the belly.
" I will fetch thy rim out at thy throat."
*lttn:fii.: Henry V., iv. 4.
II. Technically:
I. .\HHtirtll:
(1) The extreme edge of the top.
(2) The circular, notched plate of a capstan or
windlass into which the pawls drop.
(1) The circular wooden portion forming the per-
iphery of a wheel.
(2> The peripheral portion of a car-wheel at-
taclied by spokes or web to the boss or nave.
rim-lock, . A lock having an exterior metallic
case which projects from the face of the door, dif-
fering thus from a mortise-lock.
rim, r. t. [RlM, s.]
1. To form or furnish with a rim ; to put a hoop
or rim on at the edge.
2. To be or to form a rim round ; to border, to
edge.
"A length of bright horizon rimmed the dark."
Tennyson: Gardener's Daughter, 177.
r!'-m, s. [Lat.] t
1. Anal. : A cleft : as, tho rima of the glottis.
2. Hot. : The cleft-like ostiolum of certain fungals.
ri nia,u da lian, s. [Native name.]
ZoOI.: Felismnfrocelis; about three feet long, or
four with the tail, and combining the markings
both of the tiger and the leopard. It is found in
Sumatra.
rim -base, s. [Eng. rim, and base.]
1. Ordn.: A short cylinder at the junction of a
trunnion with the gun. It is an enlargement or
shoulder to the trunnion which forms the journal
to tho piece in elevating or depressing
2. Small-arms: Tho shoulder on the stock of a
musket against which the breech of the barrel rests.
rim -ble-ram ble, adj. [A redupl. of ramble
(q. v.).] Vague; harum-scarum.
"The greatest part of the task was only rimble-ramble
discourse." The Payan Prince (1690J.
trlm-b5m -bo, s. [Ital.]
Geol.: A peculiar resonance of the ground when
struck during some volcanic or earthquake convul-
sions.
rlme(l), *ryme (t),s. [A. S. hrlm: cogn. with
Dut. rijm; Icel. hrim; Dan. riim; Sw. rim. Prob.
connected with Gr. krymox, kryos=trost, krustallos
=crystal (q. v.).] Hoar-frost; frozen or congealed
dew.
rime (2),*rim, s. [Lat. rima.] A chink, a fis-
sure, a rift. [RiMA.J
"Though birds have no epiglottis, yet can they so con-
tract the rim or chinck of their larinx as to prevent the
admission of wet or dry ingested." Browne: Vulgar
Errors, bk. iv., ch. viii.
rlme(;i),s. [Etym. doubtful.] A rung or round
of a ladder.
rime (4i, rhyme, *ryme, . [A. S. rfm=number,
computation; cogn. with Dut. rijm; Icel. rima;
Dan. riim; Sw. rim; O. H. Ger. rim, hrim num-
ber; Qer.reim; Fr. rime: Sp. & Port, rima; Ital.
rima; Irish rimh; Welsh rhif; Greek arithmos=
number; Gael, aireamh. The spelling rhyme is not
earlier than 1550. (Skeat.)]
1. A correspondence of sound in the final syllable
or syllables of two or more words ; especially the
correspondence in sound of the final syllable or
word of one line of poetry with the final syllable or
word of another. Three things are essential to a
perfect rime
(1) Identity in the vowel sound, and, if the words
end in a consonant, in the consonants also, as in
try and cry, sight and light. Identity of letters is
not enough, the identity must be one of sound ;
thus, close and lose, heath and death are not rimes.
(2) Difference in the consonants preceding the
vowel, as way and lay, find and mind.
(3) Similarity of accent, as sing and fling; sing-
ing and fling would not be good rimes.
it Words like oar and o'er, ej/e and /, are asso-
nances [ASSONANCE]. Rimes in which the final
syllables alone correspond are called single or
masculine (male) rimes, as band, hand: those in
which the two final syllables correspond, the first
being accented, are called double or feminine
(female) rimes, as crying, trying. Triple rimes ex-
tend over three syllables, as scrutiny, mutiny;
dutiful, beautiful.
2. An expression of thought in verse : poetry,
verse, meter ; a composition, especially a short one,
in verso.
"Things unattempted yet in prose or rime."
Hilton: P. L., i. 16.
3. A verse or line riming with another.
"If, perhaps, these rhymes of mine should sound not
well in strangers' ears."
Longfellow: Poetic Aphorisms; Rhymes.
rinderpest
4. A word which rimes or corresponds in sound
with another.
^[ Neither rime (or r/i.yme) nor reason : Applied to
anything absurd, foolish, or ri>ckles>.
"When, in the why, and the wherefore, is neither rhyme
HOT r' .rs'.II /" S/mA-rs;-. : <V,/m'//// M/" f.Y/VTS, ii. 2.
rime il i, rhyme, *rhime, *ryme,.i. & t. [A.S.
riman.]
A. I>ifl'<titxiti<'t ;
1. To accord or correspond in the liual syllables.
-. To make rimes or verses.
B. Transitive:
1. To put into rime ; as, to rime a story.
*2. To put or bring into a certain state by making
ri nios.
" These fellows of infinite tongue, that cim rltitne them-
selves into ladies' favors, they do always reason them-
selves out uguiii." s/mAvs/i... lli'iti'i/ r. , v. Ii.
"rime-royal, *rhyme-royal, . A name for-
merly given to the Btanza of seven linos of ten-sylla-
bled verse, in which the first and third lines rirtie,
the second, fourth, and fifth, and the sixth and sev-
enth.
rime (2). r. /'. [RiME(l),s.] To freeze or congeal
into rime or hoar-frpst.
rim -Si (1), rhfm -Sr, 8. [Eng. rime (l),v. ; -er.J
One who makes rimes ; a rhymester.
rim -er (2),*. [Eng. rim(e) (3), s. ; -er.]
1. A reamer (q. v.).
2. Fort. : A palisade.
rlm'-less, a. '[Eng. rim; -less.'} Having norim;
without a rim.
"The other wore a rimless hat."
li: The Beggars.
rimmed, pa. par. or a. [RlM, r.]
rlm'-mSr, 8. [Eng. rim, v.: -er.] A device for
cutting and ornamenting tho edges of pies, &c.
ri'-mdse, ri mous, a. [Lat. rimosus, from rima.
= a crack.1 Full of cracks or chinks; abounding in
fissures, clefts, or cracks.
"Ourr/mos and rimpled carcasses." Leycester: Ollot
Podriaa, No. 19.
ri-mose -If, adv. [Eng. rimose; -ly.] In a ri-
mose manner.
rl-mos -I-tjf, Kubst. [Eng. rimos(e) : -ity.] The>
quality or state of being riniose.
ri -mous, a. [ RIMOSE.]
rim -pie, subf. TA. S. hrimpan=to wrinkle. 1
[RUMPLE.] A wrinkle or fold.
rim -pie, v. t. & i. [Dut. rimpelen.] [RiMPLE,s.l
A. Trans. : To rimple, to rumple, to pucker.
"The skin was tense, also rimpled and blistered."
Wiseman.
B. Intrans.: To become wrinkled, rumpled, or
puckered; to ripple (q. v.).
"Roamed by rimplina rivers, and woodland pastures
wild." C. Mackay: The Primrose.
rim stSck, . [English rim, and stock.] A clog-
almanac (q. v.).
ri-mu-la, subst. [Dimin. from Lat. rtma=a fis-
sure.]
Palceont.: A genus of Fissurellidap. Shell thin,
and cancellated with a perforation near the-
anterior margin.
rim -f,(i. |Eug. rime (l),s. ; -y.J Abounding or
covered witli rime or hoar-frost ; frosty.
"The air is now cold, hot, dry, or moist; and them
thin, thick, foggy, rimy, or poisonous." Harvey.
rln, r. i. [RUN.] (Scotch.)
rin- about, s. One who runs about the country ;
a vagabond.
rind, *rinde, "rine, rynde, s. [A. S. rinde=
the bark of a tree, K crust (of broad) ; cogn. with O.
Dutch rinde= the bark of a tree; O. H. Ger. rinta;
Ger. rinde. ]
1. Ord. Lang. : The outward coat or covering, as
of trees, fruit, &c. ; skin, husk, bark, peel.
"Thy tree hath lost its blossoms, and the rtnd,
Chopped by the axe, looks rough and little worth."
Byrmi: Childe Harold, iv. 98.
2. Botany: A structure intermediate between epi-
dermis and bark.
rind, v. t. [RiND, .] To strip the rind or bark
from ; to bark, to peel, to decorticate.
rind -er pest, . [Ger.=cattle plague: rinHer,
pi. of ?'tnd=a heifer, a young cow, and pest a pesti-
lence, a plague.]
Animal Pathol.: The steppe murrain which broke*
out at the Metropolitan Cattle Market in 1865, anil
was believed to have been brought from tho Con-
tinent. [CATTLE-PLAGUE, 2.]
"From this point of view a visitation of rinderpest or
murrain is a national loss, and a matter of public con-
cern." Brit. Quart. Rev. (1873), vol. Ivii., p. 214.
boll, t>6~y; p6ut, Jtfwl; cat, fell, chorus, c.hin, bench; go, em; thin, this; sin, a;; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f.
-clan, -tlan = shan. -tion. -sion = shun; -,lon, -sion = zhun. -tious, -clous, -sious = shus. -hie, -die, &c. = bel, del.
218
rindle
Tin -die, s. [Mid. Eng. rin=run ; climin. saS. -le.
vr. runnel.} A small stream, watercourse, or gut-
ter.
rind less, adj. [Eng. rind; -less.] Having no
rind.
rln-fb'r zan -d5 (i as ts), adv. [Hal.]
Music: The same as CKESCENDO (q. v.).
ring (!],. [A.S. hring, hrinc: cogn. with Dutch
ring; Icel. hringr; Dan. & Sw. ring; O. H. (jerman
Arinr; er. ring; Prov. Ger. fcrmfc, Jtring; Greek
krikot, kirkos; Eng. circus (q. v.).]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally :
(1) A circle, or a circular line, or anything in the
form of a circular line or hoop ; as
(a) A circle or hoop of gold, or other material
worn on the finger, or in the ears, or other parts of
the body as an ornament.
(6) A noop of metal used as a means of attach-
ment, of the nature of a link, as in the ring-bolt,
lap-ring, the ring on a neck-yoke, &c. In other
cases, as a means of assembling, as the key-ring,
split-ring. Other applications are obvious; as, a
napkin-ri?ig, &c.
(2) An inclosed area or space, generally of a cir-
cular form ; as
(a) An area in which sports or games are held.
(6) The inclosed space within which pugilists
fight.
If) The inclosed space in which horses, &c., are
exhibited or exercised in a cattle show or market,
or at an auction.
(<J) The space set apart for betting on a race-
course.
2. Figuratively :
(1) A' circle.
"But life within a narrow ring
Of giddy joys comprised."
Coteper: Bill of Mortality, A. D. 1792.
(2) A group of persons in a circle ; a circle.
" Make a ring about the corpse of Ciesar."
Shakesp.: Julius Caxar, ill. 2.
3474
SCll
is
(3) A circular course.
(4)
A combination of persons for personal ends,
as for controlling the market, in stocks, or any par-
ticular commodity, or for political purposes.
II. Technically:
1. Anat. : Anything more or less like a ring.
*[ Above the crest of the pnbis there is a super-
ficial or abdominal ring, an oblique opening, and
an internal or deep abdominal ring, and near them
a crural ring.
2. Arch. : The list, cincture, or annulet round a
column.
3. Bot.: One of the annual circular layers in tim-
ber.
4. Co/mm. : A measure of staves or wood prepared
for casks, containing four shocks or 240 pieces.
5. Geom. : The area or space between two concen-
tric circles.
6. Naut.: The appendage by which the cable is
attached to the anchor by means of the shackle on
the end of the chain-cable, called the anchor-
shackle.
7. Surv. : An instrument formerly used for taking
the sun's altitude, <Scc., consisting of a ring, usually
of brass, suspended by a swivel, with a hole on one
side, through which a solar ray entering indicated
the altitude upon the inner graduated concave sur-
face.
8. Ordn.: A'circle of metal of which there are five
kinds, viz., the base-ring, reinforce-riug, trunnion-
ring, cornice-ring, and muzzle-ring, but these terms
do not apply to most modern ordnance.
H (1) Fairy rings : [FAIHY-RINGS.]
(2) Newton's rings: [NEWTON. J
(3) Nobilis rings : [NoBii.1.]
(4) Saturn's rings: [SATTTRN.]
(5) The Prize Ring : Prize-fignting or prize-fight-
ers collectively.
( 6) The ring:
(a) Betting men or bookmakers collectively.
(6) The Prize Ring (q. v.).
ring-armor, s. Armor of ring-mail (q. v.).
ring-barker, . One who cuts the bark of a tree
in a ring, so as to destroy the life of the tree.
" Their skeleton nakedness due to the ruthless ax of the
ring-barker." London Daily Telegraph.
ring-barking, . The act or practice of destroy-
ing the life of trees by cutting the bark in a ring.
ring-bird, . The reed-bunting (q. v.).
Ting-bit, s.
Manege: A bit having a ring cheek, whether
loose or otherwise.
rtng-blackbird, t. The ring-ousel (q. v.).
ring-bolt, 8.
Naut. : A ring passing throngh an eye in the end
of a bolt which is secured to the deck or side of a
veesel or on a wharf. It is used for attachment of
a rope or tackle. On each side of a port it is us
for hooking the train-tackles by which the gun
maneuvered.
ring-bone, s.
Farr.: (See extract.)
"Ring-bone is a hard callous substance (trowing in the
hollow circle of the little pattern of a horse, just above
the coronet; it sometimes goes quite round like a ring,
and thence it is called the ring-bone." Farrier's Diction-
ary.
*ring-carrier, s. A go-between, so called from
his carrying a ring as a token of his mission.
ring-chuck, s. A hollow chuck whose grasping
end is capable of being contracted by a ring, so as
to hold firmly the object to be turned. The screw
end fits the mandrel of the lathe-head.
Ting-coupling, s. [THIMBLE-COUPUXG.]
ring-course, s.
Arch.: The outer course of stone or brick in an
arch.
Ting-dial, s. A pocket sun-dial in the form of a
ring.
Ting-dog, . An implement for hauling timber,
consisting of two dogs connected by a ring through
the eyes. [Doe, a.]
ring-dotterel, s.
Ornith. : Algialitis (in older classifications, Char-
adnus) hiaticula. It is much smaller than the
Dotterel (q. v.), and is distinguished by its black
collar and its brilliant, gold-colored eyes. This
bird was formerly celebrated in folk-medicine. To
be cured of the jaundice it was held to be only-
necessary to look fixedly at the bird's eyes, with a
.firm faith in the success of the experiment.
ring-dove, . [WOODPIGEON.]
ring-dropper, s. One who practices ring-drop-
ping.
"After his punishment, he was, during some years, lost
in the crowd of pilferers, ring-droppers, and sharpers
who infested the capital." Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch.
xriii.
Ting-dropping, s. A trick practiced upon the
unwary by sharpers, who pretend to find a ring, or
other article of jewelry, made of imitation gold,
which they sell to the victim as gold.
Ting-fence, .
1. Lit. : A fence inclosing in a more or less cir-
cular line, an estate or considerable extent of
country.
2. Fig.: An inclosing line or limit,
ring-finger, s. The third finger of the left hand,
on which the ring is placed in marriage.
Ting-footed gnat, s.
Entom.: Culex annulatus. It frequents houses,
and its bite causes greater irritation than that of
the House-gnat, C. ciliaris.
ring-formations, . pi.
Astron.: Certain walled or ramparted plains on
the surf ace of the moon, supposed to be non-vol-
canic, as no central cone is discernible.
ring-formed, o. Formed like a ring ; -circular.
Ting-gauge, *.
1. Road-making: A ring two and a half inches
wide in the aperture, used for determining the size
of broken stone under the Macadam system of road-
making.
2. Jewel. : A conical piece of wood or a tapering
metallic slip, having marked upon it a serins of
sizes of rings, according to an established gauge, or
actual parts of an inch in diameter.
_ 3. Ordn. : A circular steel gauge used in inspect-
ing shot and shell. They are made of two sizes for
each caliber, the larger being a trifle more and
the smaller a trifle less in diameter than the true
caliber of the projectile. All shot received must
pass through the larger
gauge, but are rejected
if they pass through the
smaller.
ring-head, subst. An
instrument used for
stretching woolen cloth.
ring-hedge, su6sr. A
ring-fence (q. v.).
Ting-lock, . A puz-
zle-lock; a letter-lock
(Q.v.).
Ting-mall, .
Old Arm. : Defensive
armor composed of
small rings of steel sewn
edgeways upon a strong
garment of leather or quilted cloth. It differs from
chainmail, in that the rings of the latter are inter-
laced with each other, and strongly fastened with
rivets. It was worn in the thirteenth and part of
the fourteenth centuries.
ring-tailed
Ting-man, .
I. Ordinary Language:
1. One connected with the betting or prize ring ; a
betting or sporting man.
2. The third finger of the left hand; the ring-finger.
"On the foremost linger and the ring-man." Asaham-
Toxupkitus, p. 187.
II. Technically:
Print.: A workman who corrects all errors in a
proof-sheet for which the compositor is not respon-
sible.
ring-master, 8. One who has charge of the per-
formances in a circus-ring.
" The white thong in the ring-master' a strong and mer-
ciless hand." Graphic, June 6, 1885, p. 569.
ring-micrometer, s.
Optics: A metallic ring fixed in the field of a tele-
scope, and used to determine differences of decli-
nation between stars from the differences of time
occupied by them in traversing different chords,
either of the inner or outer periphery of the ring ; a
circular micrometer.
ring-money, s.
Numismatics: Money formed like a ring. It was
the time of his invasion, but there are two other
readings of the passage. Ring-money existed in
Sweden and Norway as late as the twelfth century,
and is still current in parts of Africa.
Ting-necked pheasant, .-.
Ornith.: Phasiunus torquatus, from China. Its
plumage is extremely brilliant, with a distinct white
collar. It breeds freely in captivity.
Ting-net, s. A net used by entomologists for
catching butterflies. It consists of a ring of cane
or metal, about fifteen inches in diameter, fixed on
the end of a walking stick, and bearing a net of
leno, or book muslin, the length of the arm. The
net must not end in a point, or the butterflies would
get jammed into it and injure the feathery scales of
their wings.
Ting-ousel, ring-ouzel, s. [OUSEL, s., *T.]
ring-plover, subpf. Any of the small American
plovers having a dark ring round the neck.
ring-rope, 8.
Naut. : A rope secured to a ring-bolt in the deck
to secure the cable or a purchase, or to check the
cable in veering.
Ting- sail, 8.
Naut.: A small, light
sail sot on a mast on the
tafrail.
Ting-saw, subst. A saw
having an annular web.
Ting-shaped, a. Hav-
ing the shape of a ring;
annular.
Ting-stand, 8. A small
stand having projecting
gins on which to place
nger-rings.
ring-stopper, s.
Ring-sail.
Ring-mail.
Naut. : A long piece of rope secured to an after
ring-bolt, and the loop embracing the cable through
the next, while others in succession nip the cable
home to each ring-bolt in succession. It is a pre-
caution in veering cable in bad weather.
ring-streaked, Ting-straked, a. Having cir-
cular streaks or lines on the body.
"Tie removed the he-goats that were ring-streaked and
spotted, and all the she-goats that were speckled."
Genesis zxx. 35.
Ting-tail, 8.
1. Naut. : An additional sail set abaft the spanker
or driver, to extend its area in light winds.
2. Ornithology:
(1) A ring-tailed eagle (q. v.).
"Many other authors mention the eagle and ring-tail*
in such terms as to leave the identity of the bird almost
unquestionable." Eng. Cyclop. (A"a(. Hist.~), ii. 710.
(2) The female of the hen-harrier (Circus cya-
neus). So called from a tust-colored ring formed
by the tips of the tail-feathers.
Ring-tail boom :
Naut. : A spar to rig out on the spanker-boom to
set the ring-tail.
Ting-tailed, . Haying the tail marked with a
series of rings or ring-like markings.
Ring-tailed cat:
Zool.: The name given by the miners to Bassaris
astuta, one of the Procyonidte, occurring in Cali-
fornia, Texas, and the higher regions of Mexico. It
fate, fat, fare, amidst, whSt, fall, father; wS, wSt, here, camel, her, th6re; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; g6, p5t,
or, wore, wplf, work, whd, son; mate, ctib, cure, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Sfrian. se, ca = 6; ey = a. qu = kw.
ring-thrush
isabont a yard long, of which the tail occupies one-
third. The for is brown, and the tail beautifully
ringed. It is easily tamed, and makes an excellent
mouser, whence its misleading popular name.
Called also C'acomixle.
King-tailed eagle :
Ornith.: An immature golden eagle (of from one
to two years).
King-tailed lemur:
ZoGL; Lemur catta. [MACACO.]
Ring-tailed roarer or snorter : A western expres-
sion applied to a noisy, pugnacious man ; a bully ; a
bad man. ( U. S. Colloq.)
ring-thrush, s. [RING-OUSEL.]
"ring-time, s. Time for marrying.
"In the spring-time, the only pretty ring-time,"
Shakesp.: As You Like It,v. 3.
ring-tumbler, *.
Locksmith. : An annular shaped tumbler in a lock,
ring-vortex, s. A number of smaller circles
placed side by side to form a larger one.
ring- wall, s.
Metall.: The inner lining of a furnace,
ring (2), s. [RING (2), v.]
I. Literally:
1. The sound of a bell or other sonorous body,
particularly the sound of metals.
" In vain, with cymbals' ring,
They call the grisly king."
Mi Hon.- The nativity.
2. A chime or Bet of bells harmonically tuned.
" Ho meant to hang as great and tunable a ring of bells
as any in the world. Fuller;
II. Figuratively:
1. Any loud sound ; the sound of numerous voices ;
a sound continued, repeated, or reverberated.
2. Particular character when uttered; hence,
characteristic sound.
rlftg(l),v. *. &i. [RING (!),.]
A. Transitive:
I. Ordinary Language:
1. To encircle; to surround with, or as with a
ring. (Shakes. ; Henry VI., Pt. /., iv. 4.)
2. To fit with a ring, as the finger, or the snout of
swine.
''Ring these fingers with thy household worms."
Shakesp..- King John, iii. 4.
f3. To wed by a marriage ring.
"Born of a true man and a ringed wife." Tennyson.
II. Technically:
1. Hort . : To cut out a ring of bark from, so as to
obstruct the sap.
2. Manage: To exercise, as a horse, by causing to
run round in a ring while being held by a long rein ;
to lunge.
"A fine horse they were ringing," Miss Edgeworth;
Helen, ch. vi.
B. Intrant. : To form a circle ; to circle, to clus-
ter : to rise spirally in the air, as a falcon. (Spenser :
F. <?.,vi. Introd.)
IT To ring a quoit: To pitch it so as it will en-
circle the pin.
ring (2) , *rvng (pa. t. rang, *rong, pa. par. rung} ,
v. t.&i. [A. S. hringan=to clash, to ring; cognate
with Dutch ringen; Icel. hringia; Ban. ringe; Sw.
ringato ring ; Icel. hrang=a din ; Lat. clangor.]
A. Transitive:
1. To cause to sound, as a sonorous metallic body,
by striking, or causing to be struck by some body.
2. To produce by ringing, as a sound or peal.
3. To attend on, celebrate, proclaim, or usher in
by ringing.
"No mournful bell shall ring her funeral."
Shakesp. .- Titus Andronicua, v. 3.
*4. To cause to sound loudly.
" Sing a hunter's peal."
Shakesp.. Titus Andronicus, ii. 2.
5. To utter sonorously ; to repeat loudly, often, or
earnestly ; to proclaim, to celebrate ; as, to ring
one's praises.
B. Intransitive :
.1. To sound, as a bell or other sonorous body.par-
ticularly a metallic body when struck.
" On the beech's pride, and the oak's brown side,
Lord Richard's ax is ringing."
Scott: Lady of the Lake, iv. 13.
2. To practice the art of making music with bells
tuned harmonically.
"Signs for communication may be contrived at pleas-
ure : four bells admit twenty-four changes in ringing."
Holder.
3. To have a sensation of sound continued ; to
continue sounding ; to tingle; as, My ears ring with
the noise.
3475
4. To sound, to resound.
"Our fields rejoice, our mountains ring."
Wordsworth: Feast of Brougham Castle.
5. To bo Ulled, as with report, fame, or talk ; as,
The world rings with his praises.
6. To bo famous or celebrated ; to resound.
" Fairfax, whose name in arms through Europe rings."
Milton: Sonnet 15.
II 1. To ring change* upon:
(1) Lit. : To produce alternated or varied peals
on.
(2) Fig. : To use variously, or in various senses.
"The whole seems to amount to a little more than the
Tinging f>f changes upon the word necessity." Waterland:
Works, iv. 429.
2. To ring down : To conclude ; to end at once ;
from the theatrical custom of ringing a bell to give
notice for the fall of the curtain.
3. To ring the bells backward: To sound the
chimes in the reverse order. (It was done as a
signal of alarm, danger, or fire.)
4. To rimj the changes: [CHANGE, s. IT.]
ringed, a. [Eng. ring (1) , s. ; -ed.]
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Surrounded with, or as with a ring or rings;
encircled.
2. Covered with, or as with rings.
"The surface of the water was ringed all over." Field,
Oct. 17, 1886.
II. Bot.: Annulated (q. v.).
ringed-animals, . pi.
ZoOl. : The Annulosa (q. v.).
ringed-carpet, *.
Entom.: A European geometer-moth, Boarmia
cinctaria.
ringed-plover, s. [RINO-DOTTEBEL.]
ringed- seal, s.
Zoology: Phoca hispida (or fcetida), the genus
Pagomys of Gray. Called also Foatid Seal, and
Fjord Seal.
ringed-snake, s.
ZoOl. : Thecommon European snake, Tropidonotus
natrix (formerly Natrix torquata).
ringed-worms, B. pi.
ZoOl.: The annelida (q. v.).
ring ent, a. [Lat. ringens, pr. par. of ringor=tf>
gape.]
1. Ord. Lang. : Gaping ; open wide.
"A monstrous crocodile, with ringent lips of leather."
Blackinore: Clara ranghan, ch. Ixzzi.
2. Botany:
(1) (Of an irregular monopetalous corolla) : Prop-
erly, having the two lips separated from each other
by a wide regular orifice gaping, as in Lamium.
It is distinguished from Personate or Masked in
which the two lips are pressed together.
(2) More loosely, the same as PERSONATE.
ring -Sr, s. [Eng. ring (2), v. ; -r.]
1. Ord. Lang. : One who rings, especially one who
rings chimes on bells.
"A bell without a ringer." Beaumont: A Sonnet.
2. Mining: A crow-bar.
ring -Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [RING (2) , v.]
A. Aspr.par.: (See the verb.)
B. As adj.: Having or giving out the sound of a
bell; resonant, sonorous, resounding; as, a ringing
voice, a ringing cheer.
0. As substantive :
1. The act of causing to sound, as a sonorous
metallic body ; the act or art of making music with
bells.
"The ringing of n medal ... is a very common
experiment." Addtson.- On Medals, dial. iii.
2. A ringing sound ; the sound as of bells ringing;
as, a ringing in the ear.
Tlfig'-Iftg-iy, adv. [English ringing; -ly.] In a
ringing, sonorous, or resounding ma'nner; with a
ring.
"Glove on ground that answers ringingly
The challenge of the false knight."
lirowning; Ring and Book, x. 1,157.
*rlfi'-gle, v. t. [Eng. ring (1), v. ; suff. -le.~\ To
ring, as hogs.
"Spare not to ringle both great and the rest."
Tusser Husbandrie, p. 41.
*rlftg -lead, rerfc transitive. [Formed front ring-
leader (q. v.)J To act as ringleader to.
ring -lead-Sr, s. [Eng. ring (1), s., and leader.']
*1. One who leads a ring, as of dancers, &c.
"It maybe reasonable to allow St. Peter a primacy of
order, such a one as the ringleader hath in a dance."
Barrow: Pope's Supremacy, vii. 70.
riolite
2. The leader of a faction, or any association ot
men engaged in any illegal enterprise, as rioters,
mutineers, or the like.
ring -let, s. [Eng. ring (1), s. ; dimin. suff. -Jet.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. A little ring.
"Who first Ulysses' wonderous bow shall bend.
And through twelve ringlets the fleet arrow send."
Pope: Homer's Odyssey, xxi. 76.
2. A little circle ; a fairy ring.
" When fairies in their ringlets there
Do dance their nightly rounds."
Ural/ton: Quest ofCuntliia.
3. A curl, particularly of hair.
"Such wavy ringlets o'er his shoulders flow."
Pope: Homer's Odyssey, iv. 202.
II. Entom.: Hipparchia hyperanthus, a Euro-
pean satyr, with sooty-brown wings, having black
spots with white centers. Larva feeds on various
S asses. The perfect insect appears in July. The
arsh-ringlet is Caenonympha davus, Rothlieb's
Marsh-ringlet is the variety rothliebii, and the
Small Ringlet, Erebia epiphron; all three are rivu-
let moths. (Newman.)
ring -let-8d, adj. [Eng. ringlet; -ed.] Adorned
with ringlets ; wearing ringlets ; worn in ringlets,
ring w6rm, s. [Eng. ring (1), s., and worm.]
1. Pathol.: Tinea tonsurans, an affection of the
hair, scalp, chin, or neck, usually circular, caused
by a white parasitic fungus, Achorion lebertii (Tri-
chophyton tontwrans 1 ). Ringworm of the beard is
known as Tinea sycosis, and of the body as circina-
tus. The removal of the hair, and the application
of sulphurous acid and glycerine or iodine are
among the most effective remedies. [HONE^COMB-
EINGWORM, PLICA.]
2. ZoOl.: The genus lulus. (Swainson.)
ringworm-shrub, s.
Bot. : Cassia alata.
rink, s. [A variation of ring (1), s. ; cf. prize-
ring.]
1. That portion of a sheet of ice, generally from
thirty to forty yards in length, and eight or nine
feet in breadth, on which toe game of curling is
played.
"Up the rink like Jehu roar."
Burns: Tarn Samson's Elegy.
2. A sheet of artificially prepared ice for skating
on ; a smooth floor of asphalt or other material, on
which to skate with roller-skates.
"Nor is it less strange that so few ice rinks are found
in England." field, March 13, 1886.
rink, v. i. [RlNK, s.] To skate on a rink, espe-
cially on one of asphalt, with roller-skates.
" The ice skater did not find in rinhing the same charm
he experienced on the ice." Field, March 13, 1886.
rink -Sr, s. [Eng. rink, v. ; -er.] One who skates
on a rink.
rink -He, s. [After Dr. Rink ; suffix -ite (Min.).}
Min.: A monoclinic mineral occurring in crystals
with various others at Kangerdluarsuk, West
Greenland. Hardness, 5; specific gravity, 3'46;
color, yellowish-brown ; transparent in thin splin-
ters ; luster, vitreous, greasy on fracture surfaces.
The mean of five analyses gave : Fluorine. 5'82
silica, 29-08; titanic acid, 13'38; protoxides of
cerium, lanthanum, didymium, 21*25; yttria, 0'92;
protoxide of iron, 0'44; lime, 23-26; soda, 8'98=
niv
103-11. Lorenzen suggests the formula 2R ROs+NaFl
ii rv
in which R=Co, La, Di, Y, Fo, Ca, and R=Si, Ti.
rinse, *reinse, *rence, *rense, Tynse, v. t. [O.
Fr. rinser, reinser (Fr. rincer), from Icel. hreinsa
to make clean, to cleanse, from Arema=clean,
gure ; cf. Dan. rense = to purify, from reea=clean ;
w. rensa, fromren=clean ; Ger. rein; Qoth.hrains
= pure, clean.] To wash lightly; to cleanse with a
second application of clean water after washing;
especially to cleanse the inner surface of by the
introduction of water or other liquid. (Said of
hollow vessels. )
" The neighboring milkmaids occasionally rinsed out
their cans at the very spot." Field, Dec. 6, 1884.
rinse, s. [RINSE, v.] The act of rinsing.
rlns -er, s. [Eng. rim(e), v. ; -er.] One who or
that which rinses.
rIn'-thSre-6ut, s. & a. [Scotch rin=run; Eng.
there, and out.]
A. As subst. : One who runs out of doors ; a gad-
about ; a vagabond.
" The ne'er be in me, sir, if I think you're safe amang
thae Highland rinthereouts." Scott: Waverley, ch. Iviii.
B. As adj.: Wandering without a home ; vagrant,
vagabond.
r!'-6-lite, s. [After Del Rio, and Greek lithos=a
a stone.]
Min.: The same as ONOFEITE (q. v.).
boll, bdy; ptfut, Jdwl; cat, fell, chorus, shin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aa; expect, Xenophon, ejist. ph = f.
-clan, -tlan = shan. -tion, -sion = shin; -lion, -gion = zhfin. -tious, -clous, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, *. = bel, del.
rionite
rl -6-nlte, s. [Etym. doubtful, but prob. after
Del Rio; n connect., and suff. -iff (.Vire.).]
Min.: A variety of totrahedrito (q.v.), cpntain-
ing 13 per cent, of bismuth, for which metal it is
worked at Cremenz, Eiuflschthal, Wallis, Switzer-
land.
ri 6t, *ri-Ote, s. [O. Fr. rlnte, a word of doubt-
ful origin; riofer=to make a disturbance, to chide ;
Prov. rt'o(a=dispute, strife; Ital. /-iou=(iuarrel,
dispute, riot.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Wanton and unrestrained conduct ; uproar, tu-
mult.
2. Beveling; wild, extravagant, and loose feast-
ing or festivity ; excess, revelry.
" Bat, in my absence, riot nils the place."
Pope: Homer's Odyssey, XV. 555.
II. Law: A tumultuous disturbance of the peace
by three or more persons unlawfully assembling
together of their own authority in order tous.-i.-t
each other against any one who shall oppose them
in the execution of a private purpose, and after-
ward executing the same in a violent and turbulent
manner to the terror of the people, whether the act
intended wore of itself lawful or unlawful.
"A riot is where three or more actually do an unlawful
act of violence, tnther wit )i or without a common cause or
quarrel; as if they beat a man, or hunt and kill game in
another's park, chase, warren, orliberty; or do any other
unlawful act with force and violence: oreven do a lawful
act, a. removing a nuisance in a violent and tumultuous
manner." Blackstone: Comntent., bk. iv., ch. 2.
IT To run riot :
1. To act or move wildly without control or re-
straint.
"Running riot with fancy and imagination." Water-
land: Works, i. 210.
2. To grow luxuriantly, or in rank abundance.
" Overhead the wandering ivy and vine,
This way and that, in many a large festoon,
Kan riot." Tennyson: tEtwne, 99.
Riot Act, s.
Law: An Act passed by the British Parliament in
1715, by which it is provided that if any persons, to
the number of twelve or more, being unlawfully,
riotously, or tumultuously assembled together, to
the disturbance of the public peace, shallcontinue
so assembled for the space of an hour after a magis-
trate has commanded them by proclamation to
disperse, they shall be guilty of felony. In the
United States each state has its own Riot Act. It
is usual, in a time of riot, for the peace officer to
command the peace in the name of the people of
the state, and sometimes to read the Riot Act to the
rioters in order that they may have an opportunity
to desist from unlawful demonstrations oefore an
order is given to military or civic force to fire upon
them.
TT To Read the Riot Act:
1. Lit.&Law: To read the proclamation ordering
rioters to disperse and cease unlawful acts, or the
statute against riots, before giving order to the
military orpolice to fire on a riotous assembly.
2. Fig. : To give warning before proceeding to
extreme measures.
riot-gun, . A repeating shotgun, intended for
use in suppressing riots.
"The riot-gun, with which United States Marshal
Arnold has armed hia posae of 200 deputies in Chicago is
really a cross between the galling gun and the French
mitrailleuse. It may be defined as a repeating shotgun,
but is the most powerful hand arm everloaded with pow-
der and shot. The weapon is of larger bore than the
average army rifle, but weighs less. Its magazine has
room for six twelve-caliber cartridges. Each cartridge
contains three and a half drams of powder and twelve
buckshot. Between the shot and the powder are two one-
eighth-inch compressed paper wads. The shell of the
cartridge is of paper, backed by a rim of brass. Its out-
ward appearance is very much like that of the ordinary
shotgun shell, bnt its surface is thicker and much
yards' distance. The magazine may be reloaded easily
within half a minute. It is calculated that with the shot
of each cartridgescattering as it is discharged, the gun,
ia the hands ofa fairly accurate shot, is capable of dis-
Hbliiiff 150 men to the minute." .Yew York World, July G,
1894.
rl -6t, v. i. & t. [French rioter, from rio*e=riot
(q.v.).]
A. Intransitive:
1. To raise a riot, tumult, or sedition; to act
riotously.
2. To revel ; to go to excess in feasting, drinking,
or other dissipation ; to act in a wanton and unre-
strained manner.
" The soldiers sang and rioted on the moor amidst the
corpses." Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. v.
3. To be highly excited.
" No pulse that riots, and no blood that glows."
Pope: Eloisa to Abelard, 252.
3476
tB. Transit Ivv: To pass or spend in rioting; to
destroy or put an end to by riotous living. (Tenny-
son: Ayttii''i-'.-> Field, 391.)
ri -6t er, *ri-ot-our, *ry ot-tour, ? [English
riot; -er.}
1. Ord. L(tn;t. : One who riots; one who revels or
goes to excess in feasting or riotous living.
2. Laic; One who is guilty of assembling with
others to do an act in an unruly and turbulent man-
ner, and who refuses to retire on being ordered m
do so by a magistrate. [Riox ACT.]
"The same day (June 6, 1780), attempts were made by
the rioters on the Bank and 1'ay-office." Bclsham: Hint.
Great Britain, vol. vii.
iT-ftl-Ing, s. [RlOT, t'.] Riotous, dissipated, or
loose conduct or living ; dissipation.
"IJet us walk honestly as in the day; not in rioting And
drunkenness." Humans, xiii. 13.
*rl -ot-Ie, *rl ~6t-ize, *. [Eng. riot, s. ; -tee.]
Rioting, riotous conduct, riotry,
"The image of superfluous rintizv."
Xpniser: F. <J., III. i. 33.
rl-ot-oiis, *rf"0t-touse, adj. [O. Fr. rioteux,
from rtoe=riot (q. v.) ; Ital. riottoso.\
1. Indulging in riot or revelry; accompanied or
characterized by rioting or wanton conduct ; wan-
ton, licentious, dissipated.
"Wasted his substance with riotous living." Luke
xv. 13.
2. Tumultuous; partaking of the nature of a riot
or tumultuous and unlawful assembly; seditious;
as, a riotous assembly.
3. Acting riotously ; tumultuous, turbulent, sedi*
- tious.
"Slew a riotous gentleman."
Shakes],.: Richard III., ii. 1.
riotous-assembling, s.
Law: The unlawful assembly of persons to the
disturbance of the peace. If such persons do not
disperse afterproclamation by an officer of the law
[RlOT ACT], tney are accounted guilty of felony.
A riotous assembling differs from a riot only in the
number of persons assembled together.
rl -ot-OUS-iy, adv. [Eng. riotous; -ly.~\
1. In a riotous, wanton, licentious, or dissipated
manner.
2. In a riotous or tumultuous manner; in manner
of a riotous assembling; tumultuously, seditiously.
ri -ot-ous-nSss. *ri-ot-ous-nesse, s. [English
riotous; -ness.] The quality or state of being riot-
ous.
"Their riotousness is condemned by your temperate
fare." Udall: I Peter iv.
rl'~ot-ry\ *rl-0t-er-ie, s. [Eng.rior; -ry.] Riot,
riotous conduct, rioting.
"Your electioneering riotry." WcUpole: Letters, iv. 221.
rip (i), *rype, *rlpe, *ryppe, v. /. [Norw. ripa
= to scratch, to score; cf.Sw. dial. ripo=to scratch,
to pluck asunder; Sw. repato scratch, to ripple
flax; repa up = to rip up; r>a=a scratch; Dan.
oprippe=to rip up; Icel. ri/a=to rive, to tear;
rlfa ap(r=to rip up. Thus the word id no more
than a variant of rive (q. v.). (Skeat.)]
1. Literally :
*1. To search out, to examine thoroughly.
'"Rypande the reynes and hert."
O. Eny. Allit. Poems; Cleanness, 592.
2. To separate by tearing or cutting the parts ; to
tear or cut open or off ; to rend, to split.
" Sails rlpp'd, seams op'ning 1 wide, and compass lost."
Cowper: -My Mother s Picture.
3. To take out or away by cutting or tearing.
'* Macduff was from his mother's womb
Untimely r/pp'd." Shakeap.: Macbeth, v. 7.
4. To undo the seams of by cutting the stitches
without slitting the fabric.
*II. Figuratively:
1. To open for examination or disclosure; to
search to the bottom, to bring to light, to rake up.
(Followed by up.)
"I don't like ripping up old stories."
Byron: Vision of Judgment, Ixx.
2. To act in a violent or unreasonable manner ; to
rant or rave. ( U. S. Colloq.)
"Then the old man began to rip and rear and swear
like all possessed." Oeo. W. Peck; Peck's Bad Boy.
3. To go or proceed in a rapid manner or at a fast
pace; as. Let her rip i. e., let her go. (U.S. Col'
loquial.)
rip-saw, s. A ripping-saw (q. v.).
H To rip out: To utter with vehemence ; as, to rip
out an oath.
*rlp (2)*rippe,v. t. [A. S. rypan; Goth, raup-
jan; O. H. Ger. row/an.] To rob, to pillage.
"To rippen hem and nefen." Ormulum, 10,212.
ripen
rip (1), *ripp (1), s. [Rip (l), t,.] A rent made
by ripping; a tear, a rent.
"The curlew being quite dead, with a great rip down
its back." Field, Oct. 3, 1885.
rip (2),s. [Icel. hrip.'] A wicker basket to carry
fish in.
*rlp i" 31, ripp (2), s. [A. S. rip. rtjp, from ripan.
rtfpon=to reap (q. v.).] A handful of unthreshed
grain. (Scotch.}
"Hae, there's ;i r//;/i to thy auld baggie."
Burns; To the Auld Mare Mayyie.
rip U), s. [Of. Dut. rap = scab; Dan. rips raps
riffraff.]
1. A term of contempt; a base, low, mean, or
worthless person ; a contemptible creature.
2. An animal of no value, as a worn-out horse;
anything of no value.
" Lilliputian peers
With wasted carcasses their rips bestride."
Pursuit of Fashion.
rl-par -I-an, a. <fc s. [Lat. ripa = a bank.]
A. ,4s adj. : Pertaining to the banks of a river.
B. As subst. : One who dwells on the banks of a
river.
" Annoyances to riparians and danger to small craft on
the river." Field, July 24, 1886.
riparian- nations, s. pi. Nations owning oppo-
site banks, or different parts of the banks of the
same river. ( Wharton.)
riparian-proprietors, s. pi. Proprietors own-
ing lands bounded by a river or water-course.
riparian-rights, s. pi. Such as are peculiar to-
riparian proprietors.
rl-par -I-oiis, a. [Lat. riparius=that frequents
the banks of rivers.]
Bot. : Growing by water.
ripe, *rype, o. [A. S. ripe, prop.=fit for reaping,
from rlpan=to reap; cogn. with Dut. r#P = ripe;
rijpen = to ripen: Ger. reif (O. H. Ger. ryf)npe,
reifen~to ripen.]
1. Ready for reaping or gathering; matured suf-
ficiently for use: mature; come to perfection in
growth. (Said or things grown and used for food.)
"Preye ye Lord of the ripe corn that he sende werk.
men into his ripe corn." Wycliffe: Xatthewix.
2. Advanced or brought to the state of being tit-
tor use ; matured ; as, ripe cheese, ripe wine.
3. Resembling ripe fruit in ruddiness, plumpness,
or the like.
4. Mature.
5. Fully developed; maturated, suppurated; as,
a ripe humor. -
6. Complete, finished, consummate; as, a ripe-
scholar.
7. Ready for action or effect; mature.
"The question had long been ripe for settlement."
London Daily Chronicle.
*8. Fully qualified by gradual progress and im-
provement.
"At thirteen years he was ripe for the university."
Fell.
*rlpe, s. [Lat, ripa.] A bank.
"The right ripe of the river that there comet h downe."
Leland: Itinerary, iv, 110.
*rlpe (l), rype (1), v. /. & t. [RIPE, a.]
A. Intrans. : To become ripe ; to mature, to ripen-
"And so, from hour to hour, we ripf and ripe."
MdArmp.; As You Like It, ii. 7.
B. Tratis. : To make ripe; to ripen.
" No sun to.r/pe the bloom."
Shakesp.: King John, ii.
*r"ipe (2), *ryp-J (2). v. t. [A. S. rtfpan.] To rob,
to pillage.
ripe <3\ *rype (3), v. t. [Rip (1), v.] To ran-
sack, to search.
" But we must ;//"' his pouches a bit, and see if the tale
be true or no." .Scoff: Guy Xannering. (Introd.)
ripe'-ly\ adv. [Eng. ripe, a. ; -Zj/.] In a ripe-
manner ; maturely ; at the fit time.
"It fits OB, therefore, ripely."
Shakesp..- Cymbclint, Hi. 5.
Tip -$n, v. f. & /. [A. S. ripian.] [RtPE, a.]
A. Intransitive:
I. Lit. : To become or grow ripe ; to be matured,
as grain or fruit.
II. Fig. : To become ripe or mature ; to approach
or come to perfection or maturity; as, a scheme
ripens for execution.
B. Transitive:
I. Lit.: To make ripe, as grain or fruit; to mature.
(Pope: Sappho to Phaon, 9.)
II. Figuratively:
1. To bring to perfection.
*2. To mature, to fit, to prepare.
" Farther ripened in the knowledge of God*B word."- -
Fox. Actea, p. 981.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we", wt, here, camel, hr, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, p5t,
or, ' wore, wolf, work, whd, s6n; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e"; ey a. qu = kw.
ripeness
ripe -ness, s. [Eng. ripe, a. ; -iirvt. }
1. Lit. : The quality or stateof being ripe, orcomo
to that state of perfection which tits for use ; ma-
turity.
"They . . . never come to their maturity and ripe-
nesse." P. Holland: Pliny, bk. iii., ch. iv.
II. Figuratii-t-lif :
1. Full growth.
"Time, which made them their fame outlive,
To Cowley scarce did ripeness give."
Denham: On Mr. Abraham Cowley.
2. Perfection, maturity, completeness.
"A thousand thousand blessings,
Which time shall bring to ripeness."
Shakesp. : Henry VIII., v. 4.
3. Complete maturation or suppuration, as of an
ulcer or the like.
*4. Fitness, qualification.
" Men must endure^
Their going hence, ev'n as their coming hither:
Ripeness is all." Shakesp.: Lear, v. 2.
rl-pld -6-lHe, s. [Gr. rhipis (genit. rhipidoa) =a
fan, and Who=a stone ; Ger. ripidolith.]
Jfin. : The same as CLINOCHLOEE and PBOCHLOB-
ITB(q. v.).
ripidolite-slate, s.
Petrol. : A variety of chlorite slate or schist in
which ripidolite (q.v.) forms the chloritic constitu-
ent.
rIp-I-8 -nlst, . I Eng. ripien(o); 1st.']
Music: A performer who only assists in the ripi-
eno parts.
rIp-I-8 -no, s. [Ital.=full.]
Music:
1. An additional or fllling-up part. Any part
-which is only occasionally required for the pur-
pose of adding to the force of a tutti is said to be
ripieno.
2. A mixture stop on Italian organs ; as, ripieno
di due, tre, quattro, cinque, &c., a mixture stop of
two, three, four, five ranks, &c.
rlp-I-Sr, *rlp-per (i),. [English rip (2), s.;
-er.]
Old Law: One who brought fish to market in in-
land towns.
" I can send you a speedier advertisement of her con.
Btancy by the next ripier, that rides that way with mack-
erel." Chapman: Widow's Tears.
*rt-p6ste', . [Fr., from Ital. riposta.]
Fencing: The thrust or blow with which one fol-
lows up a successful parry ; hence, a smart reply or
Tepartee.
rip -pSr (1), . [RiPiEE.]
rip -per (2) *. [Eng. rip (1), T. ; -er.]
I. Literally:
1. One who rips, tears, or rends.
2. A tool for edging slates for roofing.
3. A ripping-tool (q. v.).
II. Fig. : A first-class person or thing ; specif., of
a well-delivered ball in cricket. (Slang.)
"He would bowl such a ripper that old Mr. Tamplyn
. . gave him a trial for the county." London Society,
Oct., 1886, p. 325.
rlp'-plng, pr. par. & a. [RiP (1), f.]
A. Aspr.par.: (See the verb.)
B. As adjective:
1. Lit. : Cutting, tearing, rendin'i.
2. Fig. : First-class, capital. (Slang.)
"Another ripping gallop." Field, Feb. 27, 1886.
ripping-bed, s. A stone-saw (q. v.).
ripping-chisel, s.
Woodwork. : A crooked chisel for cleaning out
mortises,
ripping-iron, s.
Nautical :
1. A hook for tearing old oakum out of the scams.
2. An iron instrument used by shipwrights to rip
the sheathing boards and copper from off the bot-
toms of ships.
ripping-saw, s. A saw for cutting wood length-
wise of the grain.
ripping-tool, s. An instrument for following a
.seam and cutting stitches without slitting the
fabric.
rip -pie (1), f. i. & t. [A non-nasalized form of
rimple or rimpil, from A. S. hrympille = a wrinkle
(cogn. withO.Dut. rimpel=n wrinkle, rimpeten=to
wrinkle), from hrinipan=to wrinkle: cogn. with
O. H. Ger. hrimfan , M. H. Ger. rimpfen ; Ger, rttnip-
/en=to wrinkle.] [RlMPLE, RUMPLE.]
A. Intransitive :
1. To assume a wrinkled or ruffled surface, as
water when running over a rough bottom ; to run in
.small waves or undulations.
"Rising, rippling on the pebbles."
Longfellow: Hiawatha, nil.
3477
2. To make a sound as of water running gently
over a rough bottom.
"No motion but the water's sound
lii'l'l'liiiff against the vessel's side."
Moare; Fire-lVorskiptrs.
*B. Trans.: To fret or dimple, as the surface of
water; to cover witli small waves or undulations;
to curl.
rip -pie (2), *rlp-el-en, r. /. [RIPPLE (2), *.]
To clear or remove the seeds or capsules from, espe*
cially from the stalks of flax.
rip -pie (3), v. t. [A dimin. of rip (1) (q. v.).] To
scratch slightly.
"Having slightly rippled his arm." r. Holland: Am-
mtantis, p, 264.
rip -pie (l},s. [Etym. doubtful.] Weakness or
pains in the loins or back. (Scotch.)
rip-pie i2),*re-pylle, ft. [Eng. rip (1), v.; suff.
-le; cf. Sw. repa = to ripple flax ; Dut. repel=a rip-
ple, repen = to beat flax; repelen=to ripple flax;
Low Ger. repe ; Ger. riffel=a ripple, riffeln=to rip-
ple flax.]
1. An instrument, with teeth like a comb,throngh
which flax is drawn to remove the capsules and
seeds, when the lint of the plant is to be used.
2. An instrument for removing the seeds from
broom-grass.
rip pie (:J),s. [RIPPLE (1), r.]
1. Lit. : The fretting or ruffling of the surface of
water; little curling waves.
"To sink down to the bed of the river without making
BO much a- a ripple on its glassy surface." London Daily
Telegraph.
2. Figuratively; A sound like that of water run-
ning gently ever a rough bottom; as, a ripple of
laughter.
ripple-drift, *.
Geol. : An undulated structure often seen in mica
schist, probably identical with the ripple-mark
(q. v.) of certain sandstones. (Seeley.)
tripple-grass, s.
Bot.: Plantago lanceolata. [RIB-GRASS ]
ripple-mark *./</.
Geology (pi.): Furrows, on sandstone of all ages,
produced by the ripple of the tide on what was
once the sandy shore of an ancient sea, or water
from eight to ten feet, or, in rarer cases, from 300 to
450 feet, deep. Beach ripple may generally be dis-
tinguished from ripples due to currents by frequent
changes in its direction.
ripple-marked, s. Having ripple-marks (q. v.).
rip -plet, s. [Eng. ripp(le); dimin. suff. 'let.]
A little ripple.
rip -pllftg, pr. par. or a. [RIPPLE (1), v.]
rip -pllfig-lyS adv. [.Eng. rippling; -/#.] In a
rippling manner ; with ripples.
rip -ply 1 , [Eng. ripp(le); ~ly.~\ Having rip-
ples ; rippling.
"She steered light
Into a shady, fresh, and ripply cove." Keats.
rip -rap, s. [A reduplic. of rap (q. v.).]
Civ, Eng.: A foundation of loose stones, thrown
together without order, as in deep water or on a
soft bottom.
If The Ripraps : The name given to an abandoned
fortification in Hampton roadstead, Va., opposite
Fortress Monroe.
rip-snort -er, s. [Eng. rip; snort; -er.] A tear-
ing, driving fellow. (Slang Diet.)
rlpt, pa, par. or a. [Rip (1), v.]
*riptowell, . [First element=reap; etym. of
second element doubtful.]
Feud. Law: (See extract.)
"Rfptowel was n gratuity or reward given to tenants,
after they had reaped their lord's corn." Tomlin: Law
Dictionary.
rl-sa la, s. [Hind.] A troop of horse. (Anglo-
Indian.)
rls'-al dar, s. [Hind, rasala-dar.] The com-
mander of a troop of horse. (Anglo-Indian.)
ri|6 (pa. t. *roos, rose, pa. par. risen), v. i. & /.
[A. S. risan (pa. t. ran, pi. rison, pa. par. risen);
cogn. with Dut. rijzen; Icol. risa ; O. H. Ger. risan;
Goth, retain (pa. t. rai's, pa. par. rtsajis) in the
comp. ur-reisan {=A. S. driaan, English arise).]
[RAISE.]
A. Intransitive:
L Ordinary Language:
1. To move or pass from a lower to a higher posi-
tion ; to move upward, to ascend, to mount up ; as,
Smoko rises, a bird rises in the air, &c.
2. To change from a sitting, lying, kneeling, or
reclining posture to an erect one ; to become erect,
to stand up.
"Rise, take up hy bed nnd walk." John v. 8.
rise
3. To get up from rest.
"With that he hasted him to rise
Anone." Gower: C. A., vi.
4. Specif, : To ascend from the grave ; to come to
life again . (Luke xxiv. 46. )
T>. To bring a sitting or session to an end; to
adjourn; as, The House rose at eight o'clock.
6. To grow upward; to attain a height; to stand
or roach in height ; to ascend ; as, The tower rises
to a height of 100 feet.
7. To Have an upward direction ; to slope upward.
"Ash, on banks or rising grounds near rivers, will
thrive exceedingly." Mortimer: Hui<lminiry.
8. To reach or attain a higher level by increase of
bulk: to swell; as, The tide rises.
9. To swell or bo raised iu the process of fermen-
tation, as dough or thelike.
10. To have the appearance or effect of rising; to
seem to mount up: to become more prominent by
occupying a more elevated position ; frequently, to
appear above the horizon, as the sun, moon, stars,
&c.
"He maketh his suu to rise on the evil and the good."
Mark v. 4fi.
11. To become apparent ; to come into sight; to
make an appearance; to appear; as, Color rises in
the cheeks.
12. To become audible.
"A hideous gabble risfs loud
Among the builders." Milton: P. L. t xii. 66.
13. To have origin, source, or beginning; to arise,
to originate ; to be produced ; to spring.
*14. To return by revolution.
" Nor would the various seasons of the year,
By turns revolving, rise and disappear."
Blackmore; Creation, iv.
15. To increase in force or intensity; to become
stronger ; as, The wind rises ; his anger rose.
16. To increase in sound or volume ; to become
louder or stronger ; as, The noise rose.
17. To increase in value; to become dearer or
more valuable ; to advance in price ; as, Corn rises.
18. To increase in amount; to become larger or
greater ; as, His expenses rose.
19. To become brighter or more cheerful ; as, His
spirits rose.
20. To become excited or hostile ; to take up arms ;
to go to war ; espec. to rebel, to revolt. (Frequently
with, up.)
"Let us rise up against Edom." Obadiah i. 1.
21. To set to work ; to betake one's self to work.
(Frequently with up.) (Nehem. ii. 18.)
22. To take up a higher social position ; to advance
in position, rank, dignity, power, wealth, or the
like ; to be promoted ; to thrive.
"Some rise by sin, and some by virtue fall."
Shakesp.: Measure for Measure, Ii. 1.
23. To become more dignified or forcible; to in-
crease or improve in dignity, power, or interest.
(Said of style, thought, or discourse.)
"Your author always will the best advise,
Fall when he falls, and when he rises, rise."
Roscommon: Essay on Verse.
24. To come by chance; to happen, to occur; as,
A thought rose to his mind.
II. Technically:
1. Music: To ascend the scale; to pass from a
lower note to a higher ; as, to rise a semitone.
2. Print. : To be capable of being safely raised
from the imposing stone. (Said of a form which
can be lifted without any of the typo falling out.)
B. Trans.: To cause to rise.
"An angler roue a Ash, and, in place of the usual mode,
kept on casting over him." Field, Jan. 30, 1886.
rise (l),s. [RISE, v.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. The act of rising ; ascent ; specif., the rising of
a fish to the fly.
"I certainly had not expected a rise to my first cast."
Field, April 4, 1886.
2. Ascent, elevation; degree of ascent; as, the
rise of a lull.
3. The distance through which anything rises;
height ascended; as, The rise of the river was six
feet,
4. Any place raised or elevated above the ordinary
level ; an elevated place ; a rising ground.
" To deck this rise with fruits of various tastes."
Philips: Cider, i. 66.
5. Appearance above the horizon.
"From the rise to set." Shakesp.; Henry V. t iv. 1.
6. Spring, source, origin, beginning; as, the rise
of a stream.
7. Increase, advance, augmentation.
"The rise of their nominal price is the effect, not of
any degradation of the value of silver, but of the rise in
their real price." Smith: Wealth of Nations, bk. i., ch. xi.
boy; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, $liin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph f.
-cian, -tian shan. -tion. -sion = sliuu; -(ion, -gion = zliun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. - bel, del.
rise
3478
ritual
t8. Advance in rank, honor, dignity, fame, or
position ; promotion or improvement in social po-
sition.
9. Increase of sound in the same key ; a swelling
of the voice.
10. Elevation or ascent of the voice in the scale ;
as, a rise of a tone or a semitone.
11. The height to which one can rise ; elevation of
thought* mind, language, style, &c.
II. Technically :
1. Arch.: The elevation of an arch above the
springing-line.
2. Carp. : The height of a step in a flight of stairs.
3. Mining: A perpendicular shaft or winze exca-
vated from below upward.
IT (1) Rise of land: [UPHEAVAL.]
(2) To take (or get) a rise out of a person : To get
a laugh at his expense ; to maKe him ridiculous.
The expression lias reference to the rise of a fish to
a fly. (Slang Diet.)
rise (2) , *rlsse, . [A. S. & Icel. ftris.] A. branch,
a twig, a shoot, a sprout.
" Ther he under rise lith." I<ayamon, 740.
risen, pa. par. or a. [Rise, .]
rig -er, e. [Eng. r is(e), v. ; -er.]
I. Ord. Lang. : One who rises.
41 The ile JEfe, where the pallace stands
Of th' early riser, with the rosie hands."
Chapman: Homer's Odyssey, xii.
II. Technically:
1. Carp. : The upright board of a step.
2. Mining : A shaft excavated upward.
3. Found.: An opening through a mold, into
which metal rises as the mold fills ; a head.
rtsh r -I (Eng. pi. rish'-ls), rJk -hi, s. [Sansc.=a
sage, a saint.]
1. Hindu Mythology :
(1) Pi.: Seven ancient sages credited with the
composition of the Vedic Hymns. The rishi of a
mantra (q. v.) in any of the Vedas is the sage by
whom it was composed or recited. In later times
the whole Brahmanical caste pretended to trace
their descent from the seven Vedic Rishis, but
the Veda itself speaks of Royal Rishis (Rajar-
shis), who were probably of the Warrior caste.
(2) Sing.: Any Brahmanical sage considered to
be infallible. (Banerjee.)
2. Hindu Astron. : The seventh asterism of Ursa
Major, or the sage to whom belongs any one of its
seven conspicuous stars.
risli - ta, ri'-tah. . [Mahratta, Hind., &c., ritha
= various species of Sapindus.]
Bot., <fcc. : (1) Sapindus emarginatus: (2) an
Indian medicinal oil obtained from the Soap-nut,
S. detergent; (3) the seed of Acacia concinna.
rls-I-bir-I-t?, . [English risible; -ity.] The
quality or stateof being risible ; proneness to laugh.
rls.'-l-ble, a. [Fr.,from Lat. riei&i'Jis=laughable,
from risum, sup. of rideo=to laugh.]
1. Having the faculty or power of laughing ; proue
to laugh.
2. Exciting laughter; laughable, ridiculous.
"A few wild blunders, and risible absurdities." John-
OH: Preface to His Dictionary.
3. Belonging or relating to the phenomenon of
laughter ; as, the risible faculty.
rls'-I-ble-ness, s. [English risible; -nest.] The
quality or state of being risible ; risibility.
rls -I-bljf, adv. [Eng. risib(le') ; -ly.] In a risi-
ble or laugh able manner; laughably.
rls-I-gal -16, s. [Ital.] [REALGAR.]
rlf'-lng, pr. par., a. <fc 8. [RiSE, .]
A. As pr. par.: (See the verb.)
B. As adjective :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Ascending, mounting; moving upward.
2. Advancing or increasing in wealth, power, dis-
tinction, or position ; as, a rising man.
3. Growing up ; advancing toward maturity or
adult years ; as, the rising generation.
II. Her. : A term applied to birds when in a posi-
tion, as if preparing to take flight. [RousANT.]
0. As substantive :
1. Ordinary Language:
1. The*act of one who or of that which rises ; a
mounting up or ascending; ascent ; specif., the ap-
pearance of the sun or a star above the horizon.
2. The act of reviving from the dead ; resurrec-
tion.
3. An insurrection, sedition, revolt, or mutiny ; an
assembling in opposition to government or author-
ity.
"To trust to a general rising of the population."
Hacaulau: Hist. Ena., ch. ix.
4. That which rises ; as a tumor on the body.
II. Technically:
1. JVauf. : A narrow strako in a boat, beneath the
thwart*.
2. Mining: The same as RISER. II. 2.
3. Khiplmild. (pi.) : Thick planks supporting the
timbers of the ducks.
rising-anvil, s.
Sheet-metal Working : A double beak-iron.
rising-arch, s. A rampart arch.
rising-floors, s.pl.
Xfiipttuihl. : Tho floor-timbers which rise fore and
aft from the plane of the midship floor.
rising-hinge, s. A hinge, so constructed as to
elevate the foot of an opening door, to avoid the
carpet.
rising-line, s.
Shipbuild.: A curved lino on the drafts of a ship,
marking the height of the floor-timbers throughout
the length, and thereby fixing the sharpness and
flatness of a vessel's bottom.
rising-main, s. The vertical pipe from a pump
in a well to the surface of the ground.
rising-rod, s.
Steam-eng. : A rod in some forms of steam-engines
which rises as the cataract piston descends, by
means of levers; it then lifts catches by which the
sectors are released, and the weights are enabled to
open or shut the equilibrium or exhaust valves.
rising-square, s.
Shipbuild.: A square upon which is marked the
height of the rising Hue aoove the keel.
rising-wood, s.
Shipbuild. : A timber worked into the seat of the
floor and into the keel to steady the floor-timber.
risk, 'risque, . [Fr. risque, from Sp. rsco=a
steep rock, from Lat. reseco=to cut back: rc-=
back, and seco=to cut; Ital. risico, risco, risigo;
Sp. riesgo Tisk; Low Lat. risigus, riscus; Port.
risco=a rock, risk.]
1. Ord. Lang. : Hazard, danger, peril; chance of
harm or injury. (Frequently in the phrase, to run
a risk, i. e., to incur a hazard, to encounter danger.)
" Money out at interest runs a greater risque than laud
does." Locke: On Lowering the Interest.
2. Comm.: The hazard or chance of loss, as of a
ship, goods, or other property ; hence, used for the
degree of hazard or danger.
risk, v. t. [Fr. risquer ; Sp. arriscar, arriesgar.]
[RI9K.8.J
1. To put in risk or hazard ; to put to chance ; to
hazard.
"And, proud to make his firm attachment known,
To save your life would nobly risk his own."
Covper: Truth, 200.
2. To venture on; to dare to undertake; as, to
risk a battle.
risk -r, s. [Eng. risk; -er.] One who risks or
ventures.
"What courses other n'sfcers took."
Butler: Hudibras, iii. 2.
frisk ful, o. [Eng. risk; -/!(*)] Full of risk
or danger ; hazardous, risky.
risk -f, a. [Eng. risk; -y.] Full of risk; dan-
gerous, hazardous.
rl-sbr'-I-al, a. [Lat. ri*us=laughter, from rideo
= to laugh.] Of or pertaining to laughter ; causing
laughter.
risorial-muscle, t.
Annt.: The risorius, usually regarded as a part of
the Platysma myoides muscle of the cheek which
produces smiles. Called also Smiling muscle.
rl-s5t'-t5, s. [Ital., from rtso=rice.]
Cook. : A dish consisting of rice, onions, butter,
and broth, served as a pottage, instead of soup,
before dinner.
rls -Bg-lte, . [After H. Risse ; suff . -ite (Min.).]
Min. : The same as BCEATITE (q. v.).
Ris-sd',8. (A. Risso, an Italian naturalist; he
made the Mediterranean fauna his life-long study,
and published L'Ichthyologie de Nice in 1810, and
L'Histoire Naturelle de I Europe M6ridionale in
1827.]
Eisso's grampus, s.
Zool. : Grampus griseus. The head is fuller and
rounder than that of a porpoise, and its flippers
are longer and narrower. Prevailing tint gray,
darker abovej lighter below, the markings on sides
varying considerably. Found on the French and
English coasts in summer ; probably visiting Africa
or America in winter.
rls-s5'-a, s. [Risso.]
Zool.itPalaeont.: A genus of Littorinidse. Shell
minute, white or horny, pointed, many-whorled;
aperture rounded, operculum subspiral. Known
species : Recent, about seventy, world-wide in dis-
tribution, but especially from tin- northern hemi-
sphere; fossil, one hundred, from Britain aud-
F ranee, from the Permian of Britain onward.
rls so -I dse, s. pi. [Mod. Latin risso(a) ; Lat.
fern. pi. adj. suff. -idee.]
Zool. : A family of Holostomata. (Tate.) Often
merged ill Littoriuida.*.
rls-so-I -na, . [Mod. Lat. risso(a) ; Lat. fern,
siiiir. adj. sufT. -ina.\
Zool. & Palrzont. : A sub-genus of Rissoa. Aper-
ture channeled in front. Rocent species s.ixty-.six ;
fossil, ten, from the Bath Oolite onward.
rls -sole, i. [Fr.]
Cook. : An entr6e consisting of savory mince of
any kind, inclosed in pastry and fried.
rl'-SUS, s. [Lat.=laughter.] (See compound.)
risus-sardonicus, s.
Pathol.: A kind of grin on the features io
tetanus. It was anciently attributed to the eating
of the Sardoa, Sardous, or Sardonia herba, i. e.,
the Sardonian herb, which had leaves like parsley
and was sweet ; it may have been a Ranunculus.
The sardonic grin is a very unfavorable symptom in
lesion of the nerves.
Tit, rltt, s. [Prob. the same as rut (q. v.).] A
slight incision made in the ground with a spade,.
&c. ; a scratch made on a board, &c. (Scotch.)
rlt, rltt, v. t. or i. [Rrr, .] To make an incision
in tiie ground, with a spade or other instrument, as
a lino of direction for future delving or digging ; to
rip, to scratch, to cut. (Scotch.)
ri-ta, s. [Etym. not apparent.]
Ichthy. : A genus of Silurida?, group Bagrina, from-
the East Indies. The region in front of the dorsal
spine is covered with a series of scutes.
r!-tar-dan do, a. [Ital.]
Music : A direction to play or sing slower and
slower.
rite, s. [Latin ritus=n custom ; Fr. rit, rite.] A
solemn act of religion ; an act performed in divine
or solemn service, as established by law, precept,
or custom : a form, especially in religion or cere-
mony ; a religious ceremony ; a ceremonial.
U Congregation of Rites :
Roman Church: A Congregation instituted by
Sixtns V. toward the close of the sixteenth century.
Its object is to promote a general uniformity (con-
sistent, however, with the permission of innumer-
able differences of detail according to the custom**
and traditions of different nations) in the externals
of divine worship. Secondarily, it deals with the
canonization and beatification of saints, and is theu
extraordinary. (Addis dt Arnold.)
rite -19, adv. [Eng. rife; -/#.] In accordance
with ritual; with all duo rights and ceremonies.
rl-ten-u -t6, a. [Ital.]
Music : A direction to play or sing more slowly.
ri-tor-neT-16, ri tor-nelle , s. [Fr. ritorntlle;
Ital. ritornello, dimin. from ritorno= return, ritor-
nare=to return.]
Music: Properly a short repetition, as that of au
echo, or of the concluding phrases of an air, espe-
cially if such repetition bo played by one or more
instruments, while the principal voice pauses. The
word is now generally used to denote the introduc-
tion to an air or any musical piece.
rl-trat -to, s. [Ital.J A picture. [RETRACT, .]
"A.rttratto of the shadow of Vanity herself." Sterne:
Tristram Shandy, iv. 186.
rltt, v. or . [RiT, v. or s.]
rlt -tr, s. [Ger.] A knight; a title given to a.
knight.
"The Hitter's color went and came."
Campbell: The Ritter Bann.
trlt-ter -Ic, a. [See def.] Of or belonging to th
physicist Ritter, who, in 1801, first discovered the
existence of Actinic rays. Au old synonym of Ac-
tinic (q. T.).
rlt-tlng -Sr-He, s. [After Herr Rittinger; suff.
-ite (Min:).]
Min.: A rare mineral occurring in small rhombic
tables, with native arsenic, at Joachimsthal, Bo-
hemia, and Schemnitz, Hungary. Crystallization,
monoclinic ; hardness, 1*5-3 ; luster, sub-metallic to-
adamantine ; color varying, dull honey-yellow to-
hyacinth-rod, sometimes blackish in parts ; streak,
orange-yellow. Composition not definitely ascer-
tained, but consists essentially of arsenic, selenium,
and silver.
rlt -U-al, *rlt'-u-all, a.&s. [Fr. rituel, from
Lat. ritualis, from ritus=& rite; Span, ritual; Ital.
rituale.]
A. As adjective :
1. Of or pertaining to rites ; consisting of rites.
2. Prescribing or regulating rites.
ftte, fat, fare, amidst, whSt, fail, father; we, wSt, here, camel, hSr, th6re; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; g8, p8t,.
or, wore, wolf, w5rk, wh6, s6n; mate, cub, cure, unite, cflr, rule, full; try, Sfrian. re, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw.
ritualism
3479
river
B. As substantive :
1. A book in which the rites and ceremonies of a
church, or of any special service, are set down.
2. The manner of performing divine service in
any particular church or communion ; ceremonial.
rlt -u-al-Im, [Eng. ritual; -ism.]
1. The system of ritual or prescribed form of
religious worship ; ritual.
2. The observance of prescribed rites or forms in
religion.
3. A name sometimes used as synonymous with
rl'-val-r? , s. [English riral; -ry.] The act of
rivaling; a state of competition or emulation; a
striving or effort to reach or obtain the same object
which another is pursuing, and which only one can
possess; an endeavor to excel or surpass another in
excellence.
" To muse o'er rivalries of yore."
>V..I/: Lai<if Hit Last Minstrel, iv. 32.
ri -val-Shlp, s. [Eng. rival; -ship.'] The quality
or state of being rivals ; rivalry, competition, emu-
lation.
Tractarianism (q. v.), more properly applied to the rive (1), *ryve (1), v. t. & i. [Iccl. nfa (pa. t.
section of English High Churchmen, ri/, pa. par. riftnn); cogn. with Dan. rive; Sw.
mfva; to scratch; Dut. rijven; O. H. Ger. rlban;
Ger. reiben.]
A. Trans.: To split, to cleave, to rend asunder
forcibly.
"A bolt that should but rive an oak."
Shakesp.: Coriolanus, v. 8.
B. Intrans. : To be riven, split, or rent asunder ;
to open.
"And now O! would that earth would rive
Aud close upon me while alive."
Scott: Rokeby, v. 26.
*rive (2), *ryve, v. i. [ARRIVE..] To sail to; to
come, to arrive.
rive, . [RIVE (1), v.] A rift, B split, a rent, a
tear.
practices of a sect
who sought to make the revival of Catholic doc-
trine manifest to the people by ornate ritual, and
especially by the adoption of Eucharistic vestments.
"It was out of such circumstances . . . that what
was afterward called Ritualism took its rise." Blunt:
Diet. Sects, p. 199.
rlt -U-al-ist, a. & 8. [Eng. ritual; -it,~\
A. As adj.: Ritualistic (q. v.).
B. As tmbst. : A person attached to strict observ-
ance of ritual ; specifically one who promotes the
C'atholic revival in the Church of England. (Lee.)
rlt-u-al-Ist -1C, a. [Eng. ritualist; -ic.]
1. Pertaining or according to the ritual; adher-
ing to ritual.
2. Pertaining or relating to the ritualists.
rlt -u-al-1? , adv. [Eng. ritual; -ly.] By rites;
by or according to any particular rite.
ri -va, s. llcel. rifa.] [RiVE, v.] A rift, a cleft.
(Orkney and Shetland Islands.)
rl-vage (age as Ig), s. [Fr., from rive (Latin
rpa) = a bank/1
1. A bank, a shore, a coast.
"You stand upon the rivage, and behold
A city on the inconstant billows dancing."
*liul;e.*ii.: Henry V., iii. (Introd.)
*2. A toll paid to the crown on some rivers for the
passage of boats or vessels thereon. (Eng.)
rl'-val, s. & a. [Fr. rival, from Lat. rivali*, from
rivus=n stream, a river. "Properly those who
dwell on opposite banks of the same river or stream.
Such people arounderstrong temptation to quarrel
about water privileges ; hence the word rivals came
to mean those in competition with each other, and
disposed to quarrel even though no river might be
near." (Trench: Study of Words, p. 198.) Sp.
rival; Ital. rivalf.]
A. As substantive :
1. One who strives to reach or obtain something
which another is also seeking to gain, and which
only one can possess ; a competitor for the same
object as another.
"Hath in any, but in her, love-fellowship maintained
friendship between rivalst" Sidney: Arcadia, bk. i.
2. One who emulates or strives to equal or sur-
pass another in excellence ; a competitor, an emu-
lator ; as, rivals in eloquence.
3. An associate, a companion, a comrade.
"If you do meet Horatio and Marcellus, the rivals of
my watch, bid them make haste." Shakesp.: Hamlet, i. 1.
B. As adj.: Striving or seeking to reach or obtain
the same object; emulous; standing or being in
competition for the same object.
"You are two rival enemies."
Shakesp.: Midsummer Sight's Dream, i. 1.
*rival-hating, a. Eating any rival ; jealous.
"With rival-hating envy, set you on."
Shakesp.: Richard II., I. 3.
rl'-val, v. t. & i. [RIVAL, s.J
A. Transitive:
1. To stand or be in competition or rivalry with
another ; to strive to reach or gain something before
or in opposition to.
2. To strive to equal or surpass ; to emulate.
"Awakes the rival'd nightingale."
Thomson: Hymn on Solitude.
*B. Intrans. : To be a competitor or rival.
"Burgundy,
We first address' d tow'rd yon, who with this king
Have rival'd for our daughter."
Shakesp.: tear, i. 1.
ri'-val-Sss, 8. [English rival ; -ess.] A female
rival.
"Oh, my happy rivaless." Richardson: Pamela, iv. 153.
"rl-val'-I-tj?, 8. [Fr. rivalite, from Lat. rivalita-
tem, accus. otrivalitas, from rivafo'8=rival (q. v.).]
1. The quality or state of being a rival ; rivalry,
emulation.
Z. Association, equality, copartnership.
"Cwear, having made use of him in the wars, presently
denied him rivality." Shakesp. : Antony and Cleopatra,
Iii. 6,
rl'-valed, po.par. era. [RIVAL, t).]
rlv -el, . *. [A. S. geriflian=to wrinkle, a fre-
quent from rive (q. v.) ; Dut. ruifelen, ruyfelen.]
To contract into wrinkles ; to wrinkle, to corrugate,
to pucker.
*rlv-el, *rlv-el-lng (i), *ryv-el-ing, subst.
[RivEL, .] A wrinkle.
"It had no wem ne ryueling." Wycliffe: Ephesians, v.
*rIV-Sl-Ing(2),8. [RlVEL.8.]
*rIV-el-Iig (3), . [Eng. rive(r); dimin. suff.
-ling.] A little river; a rivulet, a streamlet, a
brook. (Prob. a misprint for riverling.)
"Which, as maine flouda from smallest currents flow,
Derives her sweets to th' riveting* below."
Brathteayte: Nature's Embassie, p. 216.
*rlv -el-Ing (4), s. [A. S. rifling.'] A rough kind
of shoe, formerly worn by the Scotch, to whom, for
that reason, the term itself was sometimes applied
in contempt.
riven, pa. par. or a. [RiVE, v.]
rlv-er(l),s. [Eng. rive (1), v. ; -er.] One who
rives or rends.
rlv'-Sr (21, *riv-ere, . [Fr. riviere=a river.
The original meaning was a shore or bank, from
Low Lat. riparia=(l) the seashore, a bank, (2) a
river ; prop. Tern, of ripariws=ripariau (q. v.) ; Sp.
ribera=& shore, aseacoast ; Port, ribeira a meadow
near the bank of a river; ribeiro=& brook; Ital.
riviera=a sea-shore, a bank, a river.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. : In the same sense as II. 1.
2. Fig. : A large and abundant stream ; a copious
flow.
"Rivera of water run down mine eyes, because they
keep not thy law." Psalm cziz. 136.
II. Technically:
1. Geog. : A large stream of water flowing over a
certain portionof the earth's surface, and discharg-
ing itself into the sea, a lake, a marsh, or another
river. A river is generally a stream of considerable
size formed by the union of several brooks, streams,
or rivulets. When several streams/ljoin, so as to
produce a river of considerable size, this last is
called the principal river and the minor rivers of
which it is composed are called its tributaries,
affluents, branches, or feeders. The district drained
by such a system of streams or rivers is termed a
river-basin (q. v.). Rivers generally have their
sources in springs, or from the gradual melting of
the snow and ice which perpetually cover the sum-
mits of the most elevated ranges of mountains. The
channel or cavity in which a river flows is called
its bed, and the solid land which borders the bed is
its banks. The termination of the course of a river,
or where it discharges itself into the sea, another
river, &c., is called its mouth.
The following table shows the length and area of
some of the principal rivers:
Length in Area of Rosin.
miles. Sn. miles.
Mississippi, with Missouri ........ 4,200 ........ 1,244,000
Nile ............................... 4,100 ........ 760,000
Amazon ........................... 3,750 ........ 2,275,000
Yang-tse-Kiang ................... 3,600 ........ 700,000
Yeneaei ............................ 3,400 ........ 1,020,000
Volga .............................. 2,400 ........ 600,000
La Plata ........................... 2,300 ........ 1,242,000
Obi ................................ 2,000 ........ 1,357,000
Danube ............................ 1,125 ........ 300,000
Darwin (Descent of Man, pt. i.,ch. vi.) considered
rivers as harbors of refuge for certain fishes, and as
standing to theocean in the same relation as islands
do to continents.
2. Genl.: Rivers may in some cases be aided in
hollowing out their beds by c-xistint,' ravines and
fissures, in others their whole channel is scooped
out by themselves. The most rapid movement of
the water is at the surface, friction retarding the
lower and lateral currents. A velocity of three
inches per second at the bottom is sufficient to tear
up tino clay, six inches per second line sand, twelve
inches per second tine gravel, and three feet per
second stones as large as an egg. Honce the trans-
porting power of a river is enormous, especially
when in flood. The material carried forward is
deposited in the estuary at the mouth of the stream,
and tends to form a delta (q. v.). Rivers have
existed in all geological periods.
3. Law: Rivers are divided into navigable and
non-navigable, the former being held to be public
property, the latter the property of those through
whoso lands they flow.
river-basin, s. [BASIN, s., B. II. 2. (ft).]
river-bed, river-channel, s. The bed, bottom,
or channel of a river,
river-bullhead, s.
Ichthy.: Cottus gobio, the Miller's thumb (q. v.).
river-crab, s.
ZoOl. : The genus Thelphusa (q. v.).
river-craft, s. Small craft or vessels which ply
on rivers, but do not put out to sea.
river-crayfish, 8.
Zool. : Astacus fluviatilis.
river-deity, .
Compar. Relig.: A river-god (q. v.).
"Praying the river^ieity to let them cross." Tulon
Prim. Uult. (ed. 1873), ii. 210.
river-delta, s. [DELTA.]
river-dolphins, s. pi.
Zool.: The family Platanistidfe (q. v.j.
river-dragon, substant. A crocodile. (So called
by Milton (P. L., xii. 191), in allusion to Ezekiel
xxix. 3.)
river-driver, s. A name given by lumbermen to
one whoso business is to conduct logs down run-
ning streams.
river-ducks, s. pi.
Ornith. : The Anatinee. (Swainson.)
river-god, s.
Compar. Religions: A river personified, and wor-
shiped as a deity. [WATER-WORSHIP.]
"Odysseus invokes the river of Scheria; Skamandros
had his priest and Spercheios his grove; and sacrifice
w.'ts done to the rival or Herakles, the river-god Acheloos."
Tylor: Prim. Cult. (ed. 1873), ii. 213.
river- hog, s.
Zoology: The genus Potamochoarus, sometimes
called Bush-hogs. Potamochaerus penicillatus, is
the Red River-nog.
"The river-hogs in the distance (Potamochcerus ed-
ufardsii'), allied to African species, indicate a later immi-
gration from the mainland | to Madagascar] than in the
case of most of the other mammalia." Wallace: Geoff.
Dist. Anim., i. 278.
river-horse, s.
Zool. : Hippopotamus amphibius.
"They are the river-horse and the crocodile, those
celebrated inhabitants of the Nile." Young: Notes on the
Paraphrase of Job.
river-ice, s.
Geol.j&c.: Ice floating down a river. It is capa-
ble of carrying with it. or moving forward, not
merely gravel and pebbles, but boulders of large
size.
river-jack viper, s.
Zool. : Vipera rhinoceros, from West Africa. The
head is flat, with a longish horn on each side of the
snout. In captivity it is very irritable, and puffs
itself out and liisses fiercely when visitors approach
the case in which it is confined.
river-lamprey, s.
Ichthy. : Petromyzonfluviatilis.
river-limpet, e.
ZoQl.: The genus Ancylns (q. v.).
river-meadow, 8. A meadow on the bank of a
river.
river-mussel, s.
Zool. : The genus Unio (q. T.).
river of death, s.
Compar. Religions: An expression frequently met
with in anthropological writings, and derived from
the fact that, in very many forms of religion, the
passage from the present to another state of exist-
ence is thought to be effected by the actual cross-
ing of a river. The belief existed in classical times
(cf. Virg. JEn. vi. 134, 145, with Od. xii. 22), and is
boll, boy; pout, Jowl; cat, 96!!, chorus, cliin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f.
-dan, -tian = shan. -tlon, -sion = shun; -tioii, -sion = zhun. -tious, -clous, -sious - shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del.
river-plain
widely spread among races of low culture in the
present day (Tulor: Prim. Cult., cli. xii., xiii.).
Allusions in Christian allegory and hymnology,
which seem to embody this notion, probably refer
to the passage of the Jordan by the Jews before
entering the Land of Promise.
river-plain, s. A plain by a river.
river-shrew, .
ZoQl. : Potamogale velojc.
river-Side, The bank of a river.
river-snail,
ZoQl.: Paludincn'ivipara.
river-terrace,,-
Geol. : A terrace along the side of a river. There
is a steep cliff a few yards high supporting a flat
terrace, corresponding in appearance to the adja-
cent alluvial plain. The terrace is apparently hori-
zontal, but really has a slope corresponding to that
of the river. Sometimes two or three such terraces
exist one above the other. They are produced by
the slow and intermittent upheaval of the land.
(Lyell.)
river-tortoise, s. [MARSH-TORTOISE.]
river-wall, s.
Hydr. Eng. : A wall made to confine a river within
definite bounds, either (1) to prevent denudation or
erosion of the banks ; (2) to prevent overflow of the
land adjacent ; or (3) to concentrate the force of
the stream within a smaller sectional area for the
purpose of deepening a navigable channel.
river- water, s. The water of a river, as distin-
guished from spring-water. Ac.
river-weed, s.
Bot. : The genus Podostemon.
*r!v'-3r, f. i. [RIVEH.S.] To hawk by a river;
to fly hawks at river fowl.
*rlv-gr-ain, a. [Fr.] Of or pertaining to a
river ; situated on or near to a river ; bordering on a
river.
"General Prendergast has made short work of the long-
talked of riverain defenses known as the Menhla posi-
tion." London Daily Telegraph.
*rlv -5r-et, s. [Eng. river, s. ; dimin. suffix -er.]
A little river ; a rivulet, a stream.
"Whose violet veins in branched rivereta flow."
Drayton: Barons Wars, vi. 66.
3480
road-steamer
.rivet-Joint, subst. A joint formed by a rivet or *[\ .Is snuntl us a ranch: Perfectly sound. (Per-
haps a corruption of Fr. i-oc/ie=a rock.)
*rlv -et I '21. sn/ixt. [Etym. doubtful.] Bearded "The Roach spawns in April and May in Prussia, May in
Austria, and June in England, when the scales of the
wheat. (Tusser: Husbandrie, p. 49.)
rlv-et-er, subst. [Eng. rivet, v. ; -er.] One who
rivets.
rlv -St-Ing, rlv -ett-Ing, pr. par., a. & s.
A. A: B. As pr. par, < jiarticip. adj. : (See the
verb.)
C. As substantive:
1. The act or operation of fastening with a rivet
or rivets.
2. A set of rivets taken collectively.
riveting-hammer, s. A hammer for swaging a
rivet when in position. It has a long, flat-faced
head and a narrow peeu.
riveting-machine, s.
Boiler-makiny : A machine in which the operation , f- ^eiuse Kritty sto
of riveting boiler or other metallic plates is per- blln _ " (t-theridge.
male become rough. The fishes then assemble in weedy
places in shoals, and exhibit those lively movements
which have given rise to the adage, '.4s sound as a r-ic/i.'
Jt in not often safe to depend on mediaeval etymology,
but it had been supposed that the Roach was incapable of
becoming diseased, arid was hence named after St. Koch,
the legendary ^sculapius." Seetey: Fresh-water Fithet
of Europe, f. 148.
roagh (2), s. [Etym. doubtful.]
Nftut.: The upward curve of the foot of a sail,
made in order to clear the stays, spars, &c.
roagh (3),s. [See def.] A cockroach (q. v.).
roagh (4), roghe, s. [Fr. roche=a rock.]
*1. A rock. (Palsgrave.')
2. Refuse gritty stone, or a bed in position resem-
road, *rpde, *roode, s. [A. S. rdd=a journey,
oad, from rdd, pa. t. of ridan=to
formed by steam-power. , , , . . .
riveting-set, subtt. A punch with a hollow face, a .n expedition, a road, from rdd, pa. t. of
used for swaging the head of rivets. nd f- . Ra .' d anc ! roaa aro thus doublets.]
*1. An incursion, an expedition, a raid.
riv -Ing, pr. par. or a. [RrvE (1), t-.]
riving-knife, .
Coopering: A frow (q.v.).
riving-machine, suhst. A machine for splitting
wood in the direction of the grain ; for hoops, staves,
splints, as the case may be.
*ri -VO, interj. [Etym. doubtful.] An exclama-
tion in Bacchanalian revelry. ____________________ _
"Sivo! says the drunkard." Shakesp.. Henry IV., Ft. town, or place and another for foot-passengers,
/., ii. 4. vehicles, cattle, &c. Roads are variously con-
rl -v5se a TLut r/r?u=a rivpr 1 structed, according to the state of civilization and
resources of the country through which they pass,
Zool.,<tc.: Having furrows more or less sinuate and according to the nature and amount of the
like the course of a river. traffic to be provided for by them. [MACADAM,
ri -v6-tlte, s. [After Prof . Rivot, of Paris ; suff . TURNPIKE, STREET.] As a generic term road in-
ite (A/t'n.).] eludes highways, streets, lanes. Ac. The Romans
Min. : A very compact amorphous mineral of a yel- were the great constructors of roads among the
lowish to grayish-green color. Hardness " " '
"The Scot who will make road npon us."
Shakesp.: Henri/ V., i. 2.
*2. The act of riding; a journey, a ride.
" Witheasy roads he came to Leicester."
Shakesp. . Henry VIII., iv. 2.
3. An open way or public passage ; a way for pas-
sengers ; ground appropriated to public traffic, and
forming a line of communication between one city.
ss, 3'5-4; ancients; their roads were pavements resting on a
, fragile, foundation of rough stones consolidated into one
specific gravity, 3'55-3'62; fracture uneven,
An analysis yielded : Antimonic acid, 42'0; protoxide mass by liquid mortar or grout. The four great
of silver, 1'18; protoxide of copper, 39'50 ; carbonic Roman roads in Britain were:
hopd, s. [English i river, s.; -Aood.]
ille
The
, in
quality or state of being a river. (Hugh M
Annandale.)
trlv -Sr-llng, s. [Eng. river; dimin. suff. -iiiig.]
A little river, a stream.
" All her hidden crystall rtverlings."
Sylvester: Du Bartas, third day, Srst week, 133.
rlv'-er-yS a. [Eng. river, s. ; -j/.]
1. Of or pertaining to rivers; resembling rivers.
"Branched with rivery veins, meanderlikethat glide."
Drayton: Polyolbion,a. 10.
2. Abounding in rivers.
rlv'-8t, *rev-et, r. t. [RIVET (!),.] [Fr. river.]
I. Literally :
1. To fasten with a rivet or rivets.
" Their greaves and pouldrons others rivet fast/'
L>rayton: Barons Wars, ii.
2. To clinch ; to fasten firmly.
"In riveting, the pin you rivet in should stand up-
right to the place you rivet it upon." Moxon.
II. Fig.: To fix or fasten firmly.
rlv -gt (1), *rev-et, *ryv-et. . [Fr., from river
=to rivet; a word probablyof Scandinavian origin ;
cf. Icel. rifa=to tack together.] A short bolt with a
flat or rose head, employed for uniting two plates
or thin pieces of material. The stub end is swaged
to prevent its withdrawal. When used for joining
pieces of leather, as in making belting, an annular
disc, termed a burr, is placed over this end previous
to swaging, in order to give a greater bearing.
Rivets are cut from round metal rods, and formed
by special machinery. In riveting iron plates to-
gether, as in boilers, tanks, &c., the rivet is made
red-hot, and while a sledge is held against the head,
the end is swaged down by striking directly with a
riveting-hammer, or a species of die called a snap-
head is interposed. In riveting together wooden
surfaces, they may be lined with metallic plate, or
washers may be placed under the head and the
swaged burr, to prevent the indentation of the wood.
"Rivet of steel and iron clasp."
Sattt: Bridal of Trtermain, i. 16.
rivet-boy, . Thofcoy employed in thooperation
of riveting to take the rivets from the furnace.
rivet-cutter, . A jaw tool for cutting off flush
the stub ends of rivets or bolts.
rivet-hearth, subst. A shallow, round fuel-tray,
mounted on three legs, and having a circular bel-
lows beneath it for blowing the fire in which rivets
are made red-hot.
acid, 21'0: lime, a trace, from which the formula
2SbO 5 +4(CuO,AgO)CO a is calculated.
rlv -u,-let, s. [Latin rivulus, dimin. from rivus
=a river.]
I. Ordinary Language : A small stream ; a brook,
a streamlet.
"The shades . . .
Through which me to refresh the gentle rirtilets run/'
Drayton: Muses Elysium, Nymph. 6.
II. Entom.: A geometer moth, Emmelesia affini-
tata.
rIV-U-lIn, . [Mod. Lat. rivul(at ; -in (Chem.).]
Chem.: A mucilaginous substance obtained from
a freshwater alga, Rivula tuberosa.
*rlx-a -tion, . [Lat. riratio, from rixaius, pa.
par. of rijcor = to brawl, to quarrel.] A brawl, a
quarrel.
rlx-a -trlx, subst. [RIXATION.] A quarrelsome,
brawling woman ; a common scold.
rlx -dol lar, . [Dan. rijksdaalder, rigsdaler;
Sw. riksdaler; Ger. reichsthaler, from reichs, genit.
of reich=an empire, and thaler=a dollar (q. v.).]
1. A silver coin made at the British mint for use
in the island of Ceylon. It is valued at 36'/i cents,
and is divided into twelve fanams of a little over
3 cents.
2. A silver coin used at the Cape of Good Hope,
divided into eight schillings, and worth about 36',
cents.
rlz -6m, K. [RHIZOME.]
Her. : The grain of oats, agreeing with the ear of
other grain.
1. Watling Street; from Kent, by way of London, to
Cardigan Bay, in Wales.
2. Ikenild Street; from St. David's, Wales, by way of
Birmingham, Derby, and York, to Tynemouth.
3. Fosse Way; from Cornwall to Lincoln.
4. Ermin Street; from St. David's to Southampton.
4. A place where ships may ride at anchor, at
some distance from the shore; a roadstead. (Gen-
erally in the plural.)
" Peering in maps for ports and roads."
Sliakesp.: Merchant of Venice, i. 1.
5. A means of access or approach ; a path.
" Slave to no sect, who takes no private road:
But looks through Nature up to Nature's God."
Pope: Essaa on Man, iv. 331.
If (1) By road: By walking or riding along the
highway, as distinguished from traveling by sea or
by rail.
"A few returned by rail, and the remainder by road."
field, Feb. 13, 1886.
(2) On the road: Passing, traveling.
(3) To take the road : To set out on a journey.
(4) To take to the road: To become a highway-
robber.
road-agent, s. A highwayman. (17. S.)
road-bed, .-.
1. Kail. Eng.: The bed or foundation on which
the superstructure of a railway rests. The sub-
structure of the way consists of the embankment,
bridges, piling, ballast. &c., and supports the super-
2. Civ. Eng. : In common roads, the whole mate-
[Etym. doubtful.] Half-dried and rial laid in place anil ready for travel.
road-book, *. A traveler's guide-book of towns,
distances, Ac.
*road-harrOW, s. A machine for dragging over
roads when they are much out of repair, to replace
the stones, gravel, &c., disturbed by the traffic.
road-locomotive, s. A locomotive adapted to
run on common roads.
rlz -zered,
salted ; as, rizzered fish.
roach (1), *roche, subst. [A. S. reohhe, reohrhe;
cogn. with Dut. roy=a ray ; O. Dut. roch=a skate ;
Dan. rokke=a ray; Sw. roclca; Ger. roc he ; Latin
Ichthy.: Leuciscu* rutilus, common throughout
. ,
Europe north of the Alps, and found in great num-
tlie Sea of Azov and the Caspian. Color
bers in the Sea of Azov and the Caspiai..
most brilliant at spawning-time, especially in
males. Upper part of body bluish-green, inclining
to black ; sides, brighter, sometimes silvery-yellow-
ish; belly silvery-white; ventrals and anals red; -.-
dorsal and caudal gray, with red spots, and often Pactiug the surfaces of roads,
with a blackish border. Length about ten inches, road-runner, .
but large specimens may measure fifteen. Ronch Ornith.: Georocr v .r cali/ornianus. Its powers of
l?,lf re 'f;"'' OU K' H" asa . ( > K r ia *f with Bream ami ,(,, are so great that it is often hunted on
Kudd, often breeding with them. They are not horseback
much esteemed as food fish exceptin Russia, where
dried roach is a national dish, and the roe of the road-scraper, subst. A machine f
Caspian Roach is made into caviare, large quanti- cleaning roaus.
ties of which areannually exported. 'road-steamer, s. A road-locomotive.
road-maker, s. One who makes roads,
road-metal, s. [METAL, ., A. II. 1 (1).J
road-roller, . A heavy cylinder used for com-
for scraping or
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wSt, here, camel, nr, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, p5t,
or. wore, wolf, w5rk, whd, s6n; mute, cub. cure, unite, cur, rflle, fill; try, Syrian. SB, 03 = e; ey = a. qu = kw.
road-sulky
road-sulky, K. A light vehicle or trap accom-
modating only one person. [SDLKV, s.]
road-surveyor or supervisor, . A public offi-
cer whose duty is to .supervi.se the roads in a dis-
trict, and see that they are kept in good order.
froad-weed, s.
Hot.: The genus Plantago, especially Plantago
Hi'tjur, which grows on hard roads.
road-worthy, a. Fit for the road or traveling.
road, rode, r. t. & i. [Etym. doubtful, perhaps
from road, s. (q. v.), or from Lat. r<rfo=to revolve,
through Fr. roller, or Sp. rodear. Cf . Notes and Quer-
iVx, 6th ser., xi. 316.]
A. Trans.: To rouse.
"When pursued or ronanl by a dog, they may be raised
once." H ilson <r Bonaparte: American Ornithology (ed.
WSS), iii. 12. (Sote.j
B. Intransil *<< :
1. (See extract.)
" A good retriever . . . who will road or follow the
foot-scent of game well." Meyrick: House Dogs and Sport-
ing Dogs, p. 93.
2. To fly in a body.
"To shoot wildfowl roiling in, half an hour after sun-
set." .Yofe.s and V>- riet>, 6th ser., xi. 188.
road -less, a. [Eng. road; -less.] Destitute of
roads.
"Marching often across a roadless country as fast as
sepoys in retreat." St. James' Vazette, Jan. 16, 1886.
road' man, *. [English road, and man.] A man
who works upgn the roads.
road -Side, s. <fc a. [Eng. road, and side.]
A. Assubst. : The side or borders of a road.
B. As adj.: Situated or being on the side of a
road.
"Roadside waste, roadside pasture, and roadside turf
belong presumably to the adjoining landowner." Field,
Oct. 17, 1886.
road stead, -. [English road, and stead.] The
same as ROAD, s., 4.
"Curses the roadstead, and with gale
Of early morning lifts the sail.
Scott: Rokeby, ii. 12.
Toad -ster, s. [Eng. road; suff. -sftr.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. A horse well fitted for traveling, or commonly
employed in traveling, specif, applied to a trotter.
2. One who is much .accustomed to driving ; a
coach-driver.
3. One who rides along the roads instead of fol-
lowing the hounds across country. (Hunt, slang.)
"Once in a way the roadsters and shirkers are dis-
tinctly favored." Field, April 4, 1886.
4. A tricycle or bicycle built, more heavily than
one for racing purposes, to withstand the wear and
tear of traveling on the nigh road.
" It was asubstantial roadster." Field, Dec. 6, 1884.
II. Naut.: A vessel which works by tides, and
seeks some known road to await turn of tide and
change of wind. (Smyth.) ,
road -way, *rode -way, s. [English road, and
way.] A highway, a road ; ospec. the part of a high-
way used by vehicles, horses, &c.
roam, *ram-en, *rom-en, v. i. & t. [Etym.
doubtful. Skeat suggests a theoretical A. S. rdmian
(not found) = to stretch after; hence, to seek, to
journey or rove about ; cf. O. H. Ger. rdmen, rdman
= to aim at, to strive after. "It can hardly be
doubted that the use of the word was largely and
early influenced by the word Rome, on account of
the frequent pilgrimages to it." (Skeat.)]
A. Intrans. : To wander about without any defi-
nite purpose, object, or direction ; to rove about, to
ramble.
B. Trans. : To range, to wander, to rove over.
" Now she roams
The dreary waste." Cowper: Task, i. 646.
roam, s. [RoAM, v. 1 The act of roaming, roving,
or wandering ; a ramble.
"The boundless space, through which these rovers take
Their restless roam." Tionng.- Night Thoughts, ix.
roam -er, s. [English roam, v. ; -er.] One who
roams or roves about ; a rover, a wanderer, a va-
grant.
roan, *roane, *roen, a. &s. [O. Fr. roufn (Fr.
reman), a word <if unknown origin ; cf. Sp. ruano=
roan ; Ital. roano, rovano.]
A. As adj.: Of a bay, sorrel, or dark color, with
spots of gray or white thickly interspersed ; now
generally used of a mixed color having a decided
.shade of red. (Applied to horses or cattle.)
B. As substantive :
1. A roan color ; the color described in A.
2. An animal, especially a horse, of a roan color.
"Proud, prancing on his roan."
Byron: English Bards and Scotch Reviewers.
3481
3. Leather: Sheepskin tanned with sumach; tlio
process is similar in its details to that employed (or
morocco leather, but. lacks the graining given to
the morocco by the grooved rollers in the finishing.
It is used largely for bookbinding and sometimes
for shoes.
roan-antelope, .<.
ZoOloffu : JKgoceros leucophceus, from the open
plains of South Africa. It is about six feet long,
forty inches high at the shoulder; heavily built,
with upright mane, long ears, and scimeter-shaped
horns; hide black, which color reflected through
the ashy-gray gives the animal its popular Dutch
name Blauw-boc (Blue Buck).
roan, s. [ROWAN.]
roar, Tore, v.i.&t. [A. S. rdrian; cogn. with
M. H. Ger. reren : Dut. reeren. From the same root
as Lat. (afro=tobark ; Sansc. ri,- to bellow.]
A. Intransitive :
I. Ordinary Language:
1. To cry with a loud continued voice ; to bellow,
as a beast; to shout. (Jeremiah ii. 15.)
2. To cry aloud, as in pain or distress.
" Thereat he rored for exceeding paine."
Spenteri F. Q., 1. viii. 17.
3. To make a loud, continued, and confused noise,
as the waves, the wind, a crowd of people, or the
like.
" I am the Lord thy God, that divided the sea, whose
waves roared." Isaiah li. 15.
4. To laugh out loudly and continuously ; to shout
in laughter.
*5. To act riotously. [ROARING-BOYS.]
II. Vet.: To make a loud noise in breathing.
[ROAKING, ., 2.]
B. Trans. : To shout out loudly ; to cry aloud ; to
call out or proclaim loudly.
"Roar these accusations forth."
Shakesp.; Henry VI., Ft. I., iii. 1.
roar, Tore, . [ROAE, t>.]
1 . A full, loud cry or noise, as the cry of a beast ; a
shout.
' ' The roar of a whole herd of lions."
Shakesp. : Tempest, ii. 1.
2. The cry, as of a person in pain or distress.
3. A loud, continued, and confused sound, as of
the waves, the wind, a crowd of persons, or the like.
*4. A tumult.
5. A shout or outcry of mirth or laughter,
roar -er, s. [Eng. roar, v.; -er.]
I. Ordinary Language :
I. One who roars, shouts, or bawls.
*2. One who acts riotously ; a noisy, riotous per-
son.
"A lady to turn roarer, and break glasses!"
Massitiger: Renegado, i. 3.
*3. A wave, a billow.
"What care these roarers for the name of king?"
Shakesp.: Tempest, i. 1.
II. Vet . : A broken-winded horse.
" If a horse is a roarer ... he will usually make a
grunting noise when taking a fence." Sidney; Book of
the Horse, p. 698.
roar -Ing, *ror-lng, *ror-yng, pr. par., a. & s.
[ROAR, .]
A. Aspr.par. : (See the verb.)
B. As adjective :
1. Literally:
1. Shouting, noisy.
2. Characterized by noise or riot ; riotous.
"A mad roaring time." Burnet: Own Time.
II. Fig.: Going on briskly; brisk, active; highly
successful ; as, a roaring trade. (Colloq. or slang.)
C. As substantive:
1. Ord. Lang.: tV loud, continued, or confused
noise; a loud cry, as of a beast; a shout, as of
laughter. (Proverbs xix. 12.)
2. Veterinary:
(1) A peculiar sound emitted during respiration
and is very often hereditary. (Sidney.)
"Their horses make much muscle, and roaring is almost
unknown among them." London Globe.
(2) The act of making breathing loud. [(!)]
II The roar ing game: Curling. (Scotch.)
*roaring-boys, s. pi. An old name for a set of
noisy, riotous ruffians, who infested the streets of
London in the beginning of the seventeenth cen-
tury. They corresponded to the Mohawks of later
times.
roar -Ing-ljf, adv. [English roaring, -ly.] In a
roaring manner.
rob
r6ast, Tost, *roste, v. t. & i. [O. Fr. rostir (Fr.
rdtir), from German rosten=to roast, from rosr=a
grate, a gridiron, or from Irish roistin=& gridiron.
rosdaim=to roast, rosf=roast meat; Gael, rost,
roist; \Vel. rhostio ; Bret. rosia= to roast.]
A. Tratisitive:
I, Ordinary Language :
1. Literally:
(1) To cook, dress, or prepare for the table by
exposure to the direct action of heat, on a spit, Ac.
(2) To dry and parch by exposure to heat ; as, to
roast coffee.
(3) To heat to excess ; to heat violently.
"Roasted in wrath and fire." Shakesp.: Hamlet, ii. 2.
2. Fig. : To banter, quiz, or chaff severely; to
tease unmercifully ; to severely criticise. (Colloq.)
" Bishop Atterbury'a roasting Lord Coningsby about the
topic of being priest-ridden." Bp. Atterbury: Epistolary
Corresp., ii. 4177
II. Metall. : To expose, as metallic ores, to a pro-
tracte_d heat below fusion, in order to expel sulphur,
arsenic, carbonic acid, water, &c., and frequently
to effect oxidation.
B. Intransitive :
1. To cook or dress meat by roasting.
" He coude roste, and sethe, and broile, and frie."
CAaucer.- C. T., Prol. S19.
2. To become roasted or fit for the table by expos-
ure to fire.
roast, s. & a. [ROAST, v.]
A. Assubst.: That which is roasted, as a iointof
meat; that part of a slaughtered animal which is
chosen for roasting, as the shoulder or leg of mut-
ton, sirloin of beef, &c.
" On holy days an egg or two at most,
But her ambition never reach'd to roast."
Dryden: Cock and Fox, 86.
B. As adj. : Roasted ; as, roast beef.
If *(1) To cry roast meat : Not to be able to keep
one's good fortune to one's self.
(2) Torule the roast: To have or take the lead or
mastery ; to be master or chief. (Prob. for to rule
the roost.)
" Suffolk, the new-made duke, that rules the roast."
Shaketp.: Henry VI., Pt. II., i. 1.
roast-beef plant, s.
Bot.: Iris foetidissima. [IBIS.]
roast-bitter, . A peculiar bitter principle, con-
tained in the crust of burnt bread, similar to ttat
produced by the roasting of different other organic
substances.
roast -er, s. [Eng. roast; er.']
1. One who or that w_hich roasts.
*2. A pig or other animal or article for roasting.
"We kept a roaster of the sucking pigs." Blackmore:
Lorna Doone, ch. 1.
roast -Ing, pr. par. or a. [ROAST, v.]
roastlng-bed, s.
Metall. : A floor or bed of refractory substance on
which ores are roasted.
roasting-ear, s. An ear of green Indian corn or
maize.
roastlng-furnace, s.
Metall. : A furnace in which ore is heated to drive
off the sulphur and other volatile particles.
roasting-jack, .
Domestic: An old-fashioned device for turning
the spit on which meat was roasted before an open
fire.
rob, . [Fr., from Sp. rob, from Arab. ro66=a
syrup or jelly of fruit.] The inspissated juice of
ripe fruit mixed with honey or sugar to the con-
sistence of a conserve ; a conserve of fruit.
" The conserve or rather the rob that is made of them."
Venner: Via Recta ad Vitam longam, p. 171.
r8b, "robbe, v. t. & i. TO. French robber, rober.
Tho original sense was to despoil the slain in battle,
to strip, to disrobe, from O. Fr. robbe, robe=a robe ;
so Eng. reave (bereave) is formed in a similar man-
ner, from A. S. re</=clothing; O. Sp. robir; Sp.
robar : O. H. Ger. roubdn,roup6n; German rauben ;
Dut. roven.]
A. Transitive:
1. To deprive, strip, or plunder of anything by
unlawful force or violence, or by secret theft; to
strip or deprive of anything by stealing ; to deprive
unlawfully.
" The! robbiden hym and woundiden hym and wenten
awey." Wycliffe: Luke i. 30.
2. To plunder, to pillage ; to steal anything from.
" Like a thief to come to rob my grounds."
Shakesp.: Ilenry VI., Pt. II., iv. 10.
boll, b<5y; p6ut, J<5wl; cat, 9Cll, chorus, c,hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as.; expect, Xenoplion, exist, ph = f.
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tiou, -siou = zhun. -tious, -clous, -sious = slius. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del.
rob-altar
3482
roc
3. To deprive, to strip.
4. To steal.
rob -erds -man, r8b - berds -man, rob -ert|-
man, s. (Said to be named after Robin Hood, the
rob In-ine, s. [Mod. Lat. robin(iu) ; -ine.]
Ch.cmixtry : ('^H^oOn;. A yi-llow coloring mattor
rob and, r6b -bin, s. [For rope-band.']
Hunt. : A piece of plaited rope, called sennit, used
for fastening the bead-rope of a sail to the jack-
stay ; a rope-baud.
Rob ben Is -land (s silent.) [Seedef.]
Geog. : An island off the Cape of Good Hope, used
as a penal station.
Robben Island-snake, .-.
Zool.: Coronella phocarum.
.
" Robbfrsmen, or Robberdzmen, were a port of great It crystallizes in delicate straw-yellow crystals hav-
rob -bSr, *rob-bour, s. [Old French robbeur.] after Robert Flower, the founder, A. D. 11M
rob-ert, s . [HEKB^OBERT.] robinine-sugar, 8.
Kob -er tin, Rob -er-tine, s. [Seedef.] CAem.: Ci.,H 19 O 8 (7). A sweet brown syrup, ob-
ChurchHisf.: One of an order of monks, so named tained by heating robinine with dilute acids. It
[Ron, .]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. One who robs or steals from another ; one who
commits a robbery ; a thief.
2. One who takes that to which he has no right;
one who strips or deprives another of anything by
violence or wrong.
II. Late : One who takes goods or money from the
person of another by force or threats, and with a
felonious intent.
robber-crab, .
Zool. : Birguslatro. [BlEQUS.]
rob -bSr -?, *rob-er-ie, s. [O. Fr. roterie.]
rob -In, subst. [A familiar dimin. from Robert.}
[JACKDAW.]
1. The Redbreast (q. v.).
2. A trimming on the front of the dress.
does not crystallize, smells of caramel when heated,
""'' '*"'> with nitric acid a large quantity of
r6 We, ,. [Etym. doubtful.]
f Bot., <(. : Wood for shipbuilding, from a Biguo-
niad, Catalpn Inngistima, and Platymiscium pltity-
stachyum, one of the Dalbergieap.
*rSb 6' da -vf , s. [Etym. doubtful; cf. rob, s.J
A drink so called.
*r5b -Sr-ant, a.&s. [Lat. roborans, pr. par. of
Robin GoodfellOW, subst. A " drudging fiend," ro6oro=to make strong, from rofcr=strength.J
and merry domestic fairy, famous for mischievous A. As adj. Strengthening
SS^rt^Jfei^^ t ^S5 e o^ , B -.; ls f 6s -V A f 7f theDing medicine: a tonic ;
which he presides. The Scotch call this domestic * rob -or-aw, v. t. [Latin roboratus, pa. par. of
; -j. _ i__ i ii_ . ft ._ i__i u tr LJ.
' Robins, and caps and sheets."
Wolcott; P. Pindar, p. 237.
TT (1) Robin run in the hedge ;
Bot.: Nepeta Glechoma,
(2) Round-robin; [ ROCNDROBIN.]
1. Ord.Lang.: The act or practice of robbing or ^iri^a "brownie:* the Germans, kobold or Knecht ro*>oro==tt> make strong.] To make strong; to give
~he Scandinavians call it NissS God- str engthto; to strengthen, to confirm, to establish.
2. Law: (See extract.'
of taking anything from another by violence or Ruprecht. Th
wrong ; a plundering, a pillaging ; theft. dreng. Puck, the jester of Fairy-court, is the same.
"Either I mistake your shape and making quite,
Or else you are that shrewd and knavish sprite
Called Kuliia Ooodfellom . . .
Those that Hob-goblin call you, and sweet Puck,
You do their work, and they shall have good luck."
Shakesp.: Midsummer Sight's Dream, ii. 1.
Hood, 8. A celebrated English outlaw in
" The felonious and forcible taking, from the person of
another, of goods or money to any value, by violence or
putting him in fear. (1) There must be a taking, other-
wise it is no robbery. (2) It is immaterial of what value
the thing titken is; a penny as well as a pound, thus for.
oibly extorted, makes a robbery. (3) Lastly, the taking
must be by force, or a previous putting in fear; which
*r5b-5r-a -tlon, s. [Low Lat. roborafio.] [ROB-
ORATE.] The act of strengthening, confirming, or
establishing.
f Richard I hence a cjaracter 1 the
" a . * i nence a cuaraci in me
j o ene
makes the violation of the person more atrocious than " a . * i nence a c
privately stealing. This previous violence, or putting in English May-day and other games.
. ,
rear, is the criterion that distinguishes robbery from
other larcenies." Blackstone.- Comment., bk. iv., ch. 17.
rob -bin (1), s. [Ceylon.]
Comm. : The name given to the package in which
Geylonese. &c., dry goods, as pepper, are imported.
The Malabar robbiu of rice weighs 84 Ibs. (Sim-
monds.)
r8b'-bln(2),. [Etym. doubtful.] The spring of
a carriage. (Simmonds.)
r8b-bln (31, a. [ROBAND.]
robe, . [Fr., from M. H. Qer. roub, roup; O. H.
*rS bor -e-an, *ro-bi>r -e ous, . [Latin robor-
eus, from -ofcur=strength, also au oak.] Made of
oak ; strong.
ro -bur, s. JLat.=(l) hardness, strength, (2) the
common oak, Quercus robur.] (See etym. and com-
pound.)
Robur Carol! or Carolinum, s.
Astron. : King Charles' Oak, a southern constella-
tion, formed by Halley in 1676 from a portion of
Argo Navis.
r6-bust , a. [Fr. robuste, from Lat. robustus=
strong, from O. Lat. robus; Lat. ro6ur=strength :
robin s pincushion, . The bedegnarof the dog Sp. & Ital. robusto.]
robin-redbreast, . [REDBBEAST.]
robin-ruddock, s. The robin-redbreast,
robin-wake, .
Bot.: The same as WAKE-ROBIN (q. v.).
lose.
rob -I-nSt (!),. [Fr.]
Steam-eng. : A term for some of the cocks of the
steam-engine, as the gauge, brine, and trial cocks.
Get.'raup;' Ger. rau6=booty. spoil,' a gVrment; r8b'-I-nSt (2), s. [Eng.
n. with A. S. re<i/=spoil, clothing; Icel. rauf= robin; dimin. suff. -<.]
~
spoil ; Ital. & O. Sp. roba; Sp. ropa; Port, roupa.]
1. A kind of gown or long loose dress worn over "The mavis, merl. and
other dress, especially by persons in high position, robinet."Drauton: Muses
or engaged in any ceremonial^ ordinance or rite ; a Elysium Nymph, viii.
gown of state or office, as of judges, priests, &c. ; a
gown or dress of rich, flowing, or elegant style or
make.
"The vests, the robes, and heaps of shining gold."
Pope: Homer's Odyssey, viii. 456.
2. A dressed buffalo skin. A pack of robes is ten
skins tied in a pack, this being the state in which
they are brought to market.
! A robin-redbreast.
2. Old Arm. : A military
engine for hurling darts
and stones.
rob'-Ing, pr. par. or a.
[ROBE, V. J
robing-room, mint. A
vestiary; a room where
Master of the Robes: An officer of the British robes of state or cere-
Robinet.
.1. Possessed of great strength; strong, lusty,
sinewy, muscular, vigorous.
"Aroftus(, boisterous rogue knockt him down." llotcell:
Letters, bk. i., g iii., let. 22.
2. Indicating great strength aud vigor.
"His robust, distended chest."
Young: Paraphrase of Job.
3. Sound, vigorous ; as. robust health.
4. Requiring vigor or strength ; as, robust employ-
ment.
*5. Violent, rough, rude.
ro bust ious (J. as y ) , a. [Eng. robust ; -ious.}
1. Robust, strong, vigorous, stout, sturdy.
" These redundant locks,
Robustious to no purpose, clost'ring down."
Milton: Samson Agonistes, 568.
2. Rough, boisterous.
"The men do sympathize with the mastiffs, in robust-
ious and rough coming on." Shatcegp.: Henry V., iii. 7.
ice of the queen.
If Gentlemen of the robe (or of the long robe) :
Barristers.
robe-de-cbambre, 8. [Fr.] A chamber gown ; a
morning gown.
robe-de-nuit, 8. [Fr.] A night gown.
robe-maker, 8. A maker of official robes for
}dges, the clergy, barristers, members of a uni-
Tftrsity, Ac.
r6be, v. t. & i. [ROBE, .]
A. Transitive :
L Lit. : To invent with a robe or robes ; to dress
with magnificence ; to array.
" Lying robed and crowned,
Worthy a Roman spouse ' "
Tennyson. Dream of Fair Women,
II. Fig. : To clothe, to dress,
as, the fields robed with green
B. Intrans. . To put on robe
in a robe or robes.
Acacia, called in America the locust tree. It is "That robustiousness of body." Sandys- state of Kelt-
from fifty to eighty feet high, with loose racemes of aiox, sig. s. 2.
fragrant flowers. The leaves, root, and inner bark r6-bust -If , adv. [Eng. robust; -Jy.] In a ro-
ro-bln -Ic, a. [Modern Latin robin(ia); -ic.]
Derived from Robinia pseudacacia.
robinic-acid, 8.
Chem.: An acid found in the root of Robinia
pseudacacia. It forms a syrupy mass, but becomes
crystalline in contact with absolute alcohol.
" Beef may confer a robustness on my son's limbs, bat
will hebetate his intellectuals," Arbuthnot -i Pope.
*ra-bfisf-OUS, a. [Eng. robust; -ous.] Robust.
(Dryden: Don Sebastian, i.l.)
r8c, rukh, 8. [Arab, rukh; see def.]
AW 1 T f TV, ^. r ^' Ml " h0 '- : A huge white bird, one claw of
ro bin -I-In, adj. [Mod. Lat. robim(a); -in. which is as big as the trunk of a large tree, and
,CAem.)J capableof carrying off an elephant and devouring
sulphydric acid.
a myth of observation.
fate, fat, fare, amidst,
or. wore, wolf, wBrk,
what, fill, father; we, wt, here, camel, h8r, there; pine, pit, sire, sir,
whd, s6n; mute, cfib. cure, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, a, 03 = e;
marine; 6, p8t,
ey = a. qu = kw.
rocambole
3483
rock-manakin
roc'-am-bole, trok -am-bole, s. [Fr. rocam-
bole; Ital. &Sp. rocambolu,; Svi.rdckenboll; Ger.
roygenbtjlle = rye-bulb: roggen Ty&, and bolle =
bulby, because it is bulbous and grows among rye.]
Bot. & Hort.: (1) Allium scorodoprasum, a plant
with bulbs like garlic, but with the cloves smaller.
It is used for the same purposes as the shallot, gar-
lic, &c. A native of Denmark. (2) Allium opliiu-
scorodon, from Greece. Sometimes the two are con-
sidered to be identical.
rSc-9el-la, s. [Port, rocca = a rock. Named
from the place of growth.]
Bot. : A genus of Usneidw. Dull gray ItchenSj
with a peltate disc, open from the front, and seated
on a carbonaceous stratum. They grow on rocks by
the sen. Roccella tinctoria is the Archil, Orchil, or
Orchella lichen. R.fuciformis, used, like the for-
mer, for a dye-plant, is less valuable.
roc-cSl-lan -Il-lde, subst. [English roccell(ic) ;
anil(ine), and suff. -ide.]
roccellamide. A crystalline body obtained by heat-
ing roccellic acid with an excess of aniline, distill-
ing, and treating the black residue, left in the
retort, with alcohol. It forms colorless lamina?,
melts to a colorless liquid at 53, is insoluble in
water, ammonia, and hydrochloric acid, but soluble
in alcohol.
r8c-sel'-llc, adj. [Mod. Latin roccell(a) ; -ic.']
Contained in, or derived from plants of the genus
Roccella.
roccellic-acid, s.
Chem. : CnH 32 O 4 = ( G i7gsoOj) | Q 2- A talty ac j<j
discovered in 1830 by Heeren in Roccella tinctoria,
and other species of the same genus. It crystallizes
in white rectangular four-sided plates, or in short
needles, melts at 132' to a colorless liquid, is taste-
less, insoluble in water, slightly soluble in boiling
alcohol, but very soluble in ether. It is very
slightly affected by re-agents, but it decomposes
carbonates. The roccellatesof the alkali metals are
soluble in water. The barium salt. CnHaqBa' Oi,
is a bulky white powder, slightly soluble in boil-
ing water, insoluble in alcohol. The silver salt,
Ci7H3oAg2O4, obtained by precipitation, is a white
amorphous mass, which darkens on exposure to
light.
roccellic-anhydride, s.
Chem.: CnHsuOs. A faintly yellow, neutral oil,
obtained by heating roccellic acid to between 220'
and 280*, mixing the brown mass with dilute soda-
lye, and treating with ether. It dissolves easily in
hot alcohol and in ether.
r5c-9eT-Un-In, s. [See def.]
Chem. : C^H^O? (7). A crystalline substance ex-
tracted from Roccella tinctoria by hydrochloric
acid and boiling alcohol. It forms a mass of silky
needles, insoluble in water, slightly soluble in cold
alcohol and ether, but soluble in boiling alcohol.
Hot nitric acid converts it into oxalic acid.
roch, . t. [Fr. roche = a rock.] To harden like
a rock.
" Thee winter's coldnesse thee river hardlye rochino."
Stanvhttr*t: Conotites, p. 138.
roche (l),s. [Fr.] A roach.
rophe (2), 8. [Fr.] A rock.
roche-alum, s. [ROCK-ALUM.]
roche-lime, . Quicklime. (Eng.)
rocnes-moutonnees, 8. pi.
Geol.: Projecting eminences of rock which have
been smoothed and worn into the shape of flat-
tened domes by a glacier passing over them. They
are called moutonnees because their small rounded
bosses resemble the backs of a flock of sheep.
Ko-chelle,8. [See def.]
Geog.: A fortified sea-port of France, the capital
of the department of Charente-Inferieure.
Rochelle-powder, s. [SEIDLITZ-POWDEE.]
Rochelle-salt, s. [SODIO-POTASSIC TAETBATE.]
r8ch-et(l), *rotch -gt, . [Fr. rochet, f rom O.
H. Ger. roch, hroch (Ger. rocfc) = a coat, a frock ; cf.
Ir. rocan=a mantle, a cloak ; Gael, rochall.]
1. An ecclesiastical garment of fine white linen,
differing from the surplice in being shorter and
open at the sides. It was formerly worn by priests
and acolytes, but is now worn by bishops under the
chimere.
2. A bishop.
^3. A loose round frock or upper garment, the
original of the ecclesiastical vestment.
ro'jh'-e't (2), s. [Mid. English roche = a. roach;
dimin. suff. -et.~\ A kind of fishj by some taken for
the roach, by others for the piperfish, one of the
gurnards.
roch -Iftg, a. [Etym. doubtful. Prob. from Fr.
roche = a rock (q. v.).] (See compouud.)
roching-cask, N. A wooden cistern, lined with
lead, in which alum is crystallized after having
been previously dissolved in water or by the action
of steam.
roch led r Ite, subst. [After Herr Rochleder;
suff. -rte(Afm.;.]
Min. : A resinous substance originally extracted
by alcohol from melanchyme (q. v.). Color, red-
dish-brown ; transparent to translucent ; melting
point, 100'. Composition : Carbon, 76'79 ; hydrogen,
9'06 ; oxygen. 14 - 15=1UO. Found also in large masses
in the lignite of Zweifelsreuth, Eger, Bohemia.
rock (1), *rocke (1), *rok, *rokke (ll,. [Icel.
mkkr=;i distail'; Sw. rock: Dan. rok; O. H. Ger.
roccho; M. H. Ger. rocke; Ger. rocken. Prob. from
Dan. rokke = to rock (q. v.).] A distaff used in
spinning ; the staff or frame about which flax, wool,
Ac., is arranged, from which the thread is drawn in
spinning.
rSck (2), *rocke (2), *roche, *rokke (2), sub*t.
[O. Fr. roke, roche, roc, from Irish & Gael. rop=a
rock ; Bret, roch.]
1. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally:
(1) A large mass of stony matter; a large fixed
stone or crag; the stony matter which constitutes
the earth's crust, as distinguished from clay, sand,
gravel, peat, &c.
(2) In the same sense as II.
(3) A stone of any size; a pebble. (Colloquial or
humorous.)
2. Figuratively:
(1) A cause or source of peril or disaster (from
vessels being wrecked on rocks) ; as, Thisistherocfc
on which he split.
(2) A defense; a means of safety or protection ; an
asylum, a refuge. (Scriptural. )
"They remembered that God wns their rock." Psalm
butviii. 36.
(31 A kind of hard sweetmeat.
(4) The same as ROCK-PIGEON (q. v.).
" Being a bit slow In firing a fast rock escaped him."
Field, April 4, 1885.
II. Geol.: Any portion of the earth's crust, coher-
rent or incoherent, any sedimentary stratum or any
dyke or overlying mass of V9lcauic or plutonic min-
eral matter. The older writers drew a distinction
between rocks and soils. Both are now regarded as
rocks. So are blown sand, silt, mold, and peat;
though the last is soft, spongy, and of vegetable
origin. Were the vegetable character to exclude it,
coal would have to be omitted too. Most rocks,
originally soft, have become hard and compact by
losing their moisture, and being subjected to press-
ure. As a rule a rock is not a bed of some simple
mineral. In most cases there are crystals cemented
together by -imperfectly crystalline or amorphous
matter, orthere is a mixtureof angular and rounded
f rains, also bound together by mineral matter.
MINERAL.] Viewed as to composition, there are
three leading classes of rock : Siliceous or Arenace-
ous, some formed of loose sand, others of hard
sandstone, with all intermediate grades ; Argilla-
ceous rocks, i. e. rocks of clay, or more specifically
having one-fourth alumina to three-fourths silica;
and Calcareous rocks com posed chiefly of carbonate
of lime, some of them proved, and most of the
others suspected, to be originally composed of vari-
ous organisms. Viewed as to their origin, Lyell
long recognized four kinds of rocks: Aqueous or
Sedimentary, Volcanic. Metamorphic, ana Plutonic
(all which see). A fifth category has now been
suporadded, viz.. Aerial or JSolian, formed by the
action of wind. Aqueous. jEolian, and Metamorphic
rocks are, as a rule, stratified ; Volcanic and Plu-
tonic rocks generally unstratified ; the last two are
called igneous. Some stratified rocks are unfossil-
iferous, others fossiliferous. For the stratieraph-
ical or chronological order of the latter, see Fossil-
iferous. Much light has recently been thrown on
the composition and origin of rocks, by subjecting
thin sections of them to microscopic examination.
[GEOLOGY.]
IT Rock-cork=Mm4nrcun-corfc; Rock-milk=Afoun-
tain-milk; Rock-soap=Oropoi; Rock-oil = Petro-
leum.
IT On the rocks: Quite out of funds; in want of
money.
rock-alum, s.
Min. : Sometimes applied to the massive form of
alum. [Cf. Rock Salt.]
rock-basin, s.
Geol.: (1) A hollow, shaped more or loss like a
basin, in a rock. It may have'.been scooped out by
a glacier; (2) A basin in a rock produced appar-
ently by the movement of gravel, &c., driven for-
ward by water. They occur sometimes in rocks to
which the sea has access, and sometimes in granite
or other rocks of mountain regions.
rock-bass, 8.
Ichthy. : \ name applied to the striped bass and
several other kindred species.
rock-bird, s.
Oruith. (pi.): The genus Rupicola (q. v.).
rock-bound, a. Hommed in, or surrounded witb
rocks ; as, a rock-bound coast.
rock-butter, s.
Min. : Impure efflorescences oozing from some
alum shales in various localities, having the con-
sistency of butter. Analyses show relations to Halo-
trichite (q. v.), with which species Dana places
them.
rock-candy, s. A candy formed of the crystals
of pure sugar.
rock-cavy, s.
Zool. : Cuvia rupestris, found near the upper wa-
ters of rivers in the rocky districts of Brazil. It is
about thirteen inches in length.
rock- cist, s.
Sot.: The genus Helianthemum.
rock- COd, 8. A cod caught on a rocky sea-bot-
tom. They are considered to bo of bettor flavor
than fish from a sandy bottom.
rock-cook, 8.
Ichthu. : The small-mouthed Wrasse, Labrue exo-
letus. It is about four inches long.
rock-cork, s. A variety of loose-textured asbestos.
rock-cress, 8.
Bat. : (1) The genus Arabis (q. v.) ; *(2) Crithmum
maritimum.
rock-Crowned, a. Crowned or surmounted with
rocks ; as, a rock-crowned height.
rock-crystal, s.
Min. : The limpid varieties of quartz (q. v.).
rock-demon, 8.
Compar. Relig. : A demon supposed to inhabit
dangerous rocks, often identified with the rocks
themselves.
"An early missionary account of a rock-demon wor- .
shipped by the Huron Indiana will show with what
absolute personality savages CUD conceive such a being."
Tylor: Prim. Cult. (ed. 1873), ii. 208.
rock-doe, 8. A species of Alpine deer.
rock-dove, rock-pigeon, s.
Ornith.: Columba livia. [COLUMBUS.]
rock-drill, s. A tool for boring rock by a chisel
movement or rotary motion.
rock-fire, 8.
Pyrotechnics: An incendiary composition which
burns slowly and is difficult to extinguish. Used
for setting fire to ships, buildings. Ac. It is com-
posed of three parts resin, four sulphur, ten niter,
one regulus of antimony, and one turpentine.
rock-fish, s.
Ichlhy.: (1) The Black Goby; (2) a name given
to various species of Wrasse (q. v.).
*rock-free, a. Free from or without rocks.
"Whose shores, me thought, on good aduautage stood.
For my receit, rock-free, and fenc'd from wind."
Chapman: Homer's Odyssey, vii.
rock-goat, subst. A goat which makes its home-
among the rocks ; a wild goat.
rock-harmonicon, s.
Music: An instrument, the sounds of which are-
produced by striking graduated lengths of rock-
crystal with a hammer.
rock-hearted, . Hard-hearted; unfeeling.
rock-honey, subst. Honey made by bees having
their nests or abodes among the rocks. (Cf. Psalm
Ixxxi. 16.)
" The summer lengthen'd out his Reason bland,
And with rock-htnifi/ flow'd the happy land."
' Wordstrorth: Descriptive Sketches,
rock-hopper, s.
Ornith.: (See extract.)
" In this scrub one of the crested penguins, probably
Eudyptes chrysocoma, called by the sealers in common
with other species of the genus Eudyptes, the rook-hop-
per, has established a rookery." C. Wyville Thomson:
Voyage of the Challenger, ii. 180.
rock-kangaroos, .--. pi.
ZoOl. : The genus Petrogale (q. v.).
rock-leather, 8. The same as ROCK-COKK (q. v.).
rock-lily, s.
Rot. : Selaginella convoluta.
rock-limpet, s.
ZoOl. : The genus Patella (q. v.). [LiMPET.]
rock-lychnis, s.
Bot.: The genus Viscaria (q.v.).
rock-manakin, s.
Ornith. : The genus Rupicola (q. v.).
boll, bfiy; pout, ]6wl; cat, gell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f.
-clan, -tlan = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -gion = zhun. -tlous, -clous, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, Ac. = bel, deL
rock-maple
3484
rocking-stone
'.: A white cotton-like variety of carbonate of the purpose of drinking. They move, climb, and swim genus Hesperis (a. v.i, and s
occurring as an efflorescence, falling into a " th equal facility."-nci/<-. Brif. (ed. 9th,, rx. 144. a/is, the Italian specie, c
rock-maple, s.
Hot.: Acer saccharinum.
rock-meal, .
Afm.:
Iim3, ot
powder when touched.
rock-moss, s.
Bot. : A lichen, Lecanora tartarea. [ CUD-BEAK.]
rock-pigeon, s.
Ornithology :
1. The Bock-dove (q. v.).
2. (PI.) Sand-grouse (q. v.).
rock-plant, s.
Bot. (pi.) : Plants growing on or among naked
rocks. Most have diminutive roots and derive their
chief support from the air through their leaves unit
stems. Examples: Lichens, Mosses, <fec., various
honseleeks (Crassulaceee) , <fec. The latter are often
cultivated in rockeries for their fine flowers.
rock-rabbit, .
ZoOl. : Hyraf capentis. [HYRAJ..]
"The South African Hyrax is termed by the colonists
Klip Das, or rock-rabbit, and is found in considerable
plenty ... on the sides of the Table mountain "
Wood: Illut. Sat. Hist., i. 760.
rock-rat, .
ZoOl. : The genus Petromys (q. v.).
rock-ribbed, a. Having ribs of rock. (Bryant.)
rock-roofed, ad,/. Roofed or arched over with
rock.
rock-rose, s.
the head. During the digestion the animal is lazy rock -et C>). *rok at, s. i r r.rogume, trom
and unwilling even to defend itself when attacked, mc/u-ttn, diinin. in. m run, '-garden-rocket, f
_ "R-K-k-snakrs are mostly arboreal, and prefer localities Lat. t-ruca a sort of colewort. j
le vicinity of waler, to which the animal resorts for Bot. : A name given to various Oucifone: (1) The
Fr. rnquette, from Ital.
'rom
pecif. Ht'.xiteris matron-
.... CH " *<;". C...CKC. onuea. suni, IT. 144. alts, tiie Italian species, cultivated since 1597 in
rock-staff, s. The lever of a forge-bellow* or English gardens; (2) the genus Diplotaxis (q. v.)
(Sir J. Hooker); (:i) the genus Eruca, and specif.
Erucasativa (London); (4) Sisymbrium irio.
rSck-et (3), rok-ette. s. [O. Ital. rocchette=a
bobbin to wind silk on, a rocket, diinin. from rocca
= a distaff or rock: so named from its long, thin
shape, somewhat resembling a bobbin for winding
silk; Dan. & Sw. raket ; Ger. rackete, rakete.]
I. A cylindrical tube of paper or metal filled with
other vibrating bar in a machine.
rock-tar, .-. Rock-oil ; petroleum.
rock-temple, a. A temple cut out of the solid
rock, as at i-llora and other places in Hindustan.
rock-thrush, s.
Ornith.: The genus Petrocincla (q. v.).
rock-tripe, s. [TRIPE DE ROCHE.]
rock-violet, s.
Bot.: Chrooleputt jolithuft.
rock- wood, s. The game as FOSSIL-WOOD, 2.
rock-work, s.
a compressed mixture i>t niter, sulphur, and char-
coal, which on being ignited propels it forward by
the action of the liberated gases against the atmos-
phere. Rockets aroused for various purposes: as
(1) {'"'ir: A military rocket is a projectile made
and tilled like a common rocket, but with a case of
i. stones fixed in mortar in imitation of the as- sheet-iron or Atlas metal, and a hollow head con-
.penties of rocks. taining powder, thus forming a " shell." The sizes
'-. A natural wall or mass of rocks. in use in the service are the 9-pounder and 24-
J. A rockery (q. v.). pounder. Formerly they were guided by the usual
long rocket-stick screwed into a socket in the iron
base of the case, but latterly this has been done
[Dan. rofcfce = to rock, away with, and the gas in issuing from the three
rock(3),. [Roc.]
~ , , . .
rock (IJ.rokke, r.t.
A. Transitive:
I. Literally:
1. To move backward and forward, as a body rest-
ing on a support beneath. It differs from swing in
*3. A tilting-spear, having its point covered, so as
rock-salt, s.
Geol.: Salt deposited as a geological stratum. In
Britain it is of Triassic age. Red clays containing
it, along with gypsum, are from a thousand to fifteen
3. To move backward and forward in the arms, Paradise flycatcher iTcitttnra parodist), generally yclept
chair, cradle, Ac., in order to induce sleep. tne 'ket-bird by our countrymen." Field, April 4, 1885.
sleep.
"Rocked to rest on their mother's breast."
Shelley: Tile Cloud.
rocket-case, s. A stout case of cardboard or
cartridge-paper for holding the materials of a
bays separated from the ^an^byTa'nd'bfr'sovef J*ich were only kno to EnglUhmVn
which the waves occasionally broke, the thickness
being produced by the slow subsidence of the land
surrounding the gulf. Beds of rock-salt occur
also in Germany, Austria, Poland, Russia, Spain,
Algeria, Abyssinia, and America,
rock-samphire, 8
Bot.: Crithmuni maritimum.
*II. Fig.: To lull, to quiet.
" Sleep rack thy brain !" Shakep.: Hamlet, Hi. 2.
B. Intrans.: To bo moved backward and forward.
" The rocking town
Supplants their footsteps." Philips: Cider, i.
rock (2),v. t. [RocK (2), .] To throw stones at;
to stone. (Anter.)
rock -a-way, s. [Eng. rocfc, v., and away.
frock-serpent. *. [ROCK-SXAKE.]
rock-shaft, s.
Steam-engine: _
1. A shaft with tappets which raise the levers of riage, with full standing top.
" ines PPet T " V6S D * certam class of steam - r5ck -6 lay, r8ck -lay, s. [See def.]
The shaft, with levers, used for working the Iau 5 W-J->- (Scotch.)
of wood tipped with cop-
ng rockets.
rocket-harpoon, s. [HARPOOK-KOCKET.]
r5ck -et-8r, . [Eng. rocket (3) ; -er.'] A term
applied to a bird, as a pheasant, which, when
flushed, rises ra pidly straight up in the air.
rock -et-Ing, a. [Eng. rocket (3) ; -ing.] Rising
straight up in the air, as a rocketer.
r5ck -I-ness, s. [Eng. rocky (1); -ness.] The
quality or state of being rocky or abounding with
rocks.
rSck-Ing, rSck -In, . [Eng. roc* (1), s. ; -ing.J
ng
2.
slide-valves, the notch of the eccentric rod dropping
into a stud fixed in one
of the levers; the links
of the slide-valve spindle
being attached to the
opposite lever on the
same shaft.
Vehicles: A kind of four-wheeled, two-seated car- A country evening party, so-called from the prac-
tice once prevalent of the females taking their
rocfcswith them and spinning. (Scotch.)
rSck-Ing, pr.par., a. & s. [Rocx (1), v.]
A. & B. As pr. par. <* particip. adj. : (See the
verb.)
A roque-
rock -er, s. [Eng. rocfc (I), v. ; -er.]
I. Ordinary Language:
1. One who or that which rocks.
"His fellow, who the narrow bed had kept,
rock-shelter, 8.
Anthrop. : A natural
opening in a rock, util-
ized by man for tempo-
rary shelter or perma-
nent residence. In some
slight degree, the cus-
tom still survives in
Perigord, France, masonry being added to render
the residence more healthy and comfortable.
"The very many observations which we have been able [CBABMi .. B. 4.
to make in the cavern* and rock-fhellm of Perigord "
Lartetdt Christ!/. Keliquite Aquttanlca: (ed. T.K.Jones)
p. 66.
rock-slaters, . pi.
ZoOl. : The genus Ligia. [SLATER, II.]
rock-snake, frock-serpent, a.
ZoOl. : A name sometimes given to any individual
of the genus Python (q. v.). Rock-snakes are
among the largest of living reptiles; specimens of
Was weary, and without a rocker slept!
Drudeit: Cock and Fox, 228.
2. A rocking-horse (q. v.),
3. A low skate with a rounding sole.
II. Technically:
1. Furniture :
(2) Acurved piece underneath a child's cradle.
2. Enor. : A cradle. [CRADLE, s., B. 5.]
3. Metall.: A trough in which particles of o
C. A s substantive :
\. The act of ope who or that which rocks; the
act or state of moving or swaying backward and
forward.
2. The mass of stone or ballast laid to form the
under stratum of a road. (Prov. Eng.)
3. The motion of a steel mill on a copper cylinder
intended for ealico-printing, when the pattern of
t h<- mill i- to bo repeated on the copper a number
ling of the surface of a copper or steel
plate preparatory to scraping a mezzotinto. [RocK
(!),., A. I. 4.]
otiectea in tne ordinary process of freezing ice-
cream by imparting an alternating semi-rotation to
the vessel containing it.
5. Steam-eny.: A rock-shaft (q. v.).
rocker- cam, s.
Much. : A vibrating cam.
rocker-shaft, *. [ROCK-SHAFT.]
. ., ,!.< rocking-chair, . A chair mounted on rockers,
separated from earth by agitation in water, so as to allow a backward and forward oscillation.
[CRADLE, s.,B. 4.] rocking-horse, s. A wooden horse mounted on
4. (-hem.: The congelation of a liquid is assisted rockers, for the use of children. [HOBBI-UORSE I
by a slight agitation of its particles, which is mr-vine- shaft rRr^,
effected in the ordinary process of freezing ice- .mg-snait, s. |
rocking-stone, subst. A stone so balanced on a
natural pedestal that it can be moved backward
and forward without its equilibrium being perma-
nently disturbed. Some rocking-stones seem to
have been produced by the deposition of a huge
slab of rock borne across an expanse of sea by a
glacier, and which was detached on the shallowest
' of i
fate, fat, fare, amidst,
or, wore, wolf, work.
what, fall, father; we, wt, hgre, camel, her, there; pine pit,
who, sdn; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian.
sire, sir,
B, oe = 6;
marine; go, pSt,
ey = a. qu = kw.
rocking-tree
rocking-tree, *.
Weaving: The axle from which the lay is sus-
pended.
rock -Ish, a. [Eng. roefc(2),?.; -/*/*.'! Somewhat
rocky.
" His curi'Hsse on t-ofkitth pinnacle hanged."
xttintttnirxt: Virgil's j&ntiiit, ii. 714.
rock -land He, x. [After Rocklund, New York,
where found ; suft'. -He (Mitt.).]
J/m. ; The same as SERPENTINE (q, v.)
rock -less, . |Emr. rorfc (2), s.; />.] Desti-
tute of or free from rocks.
" I'm clear by nature as ft rocklesa stream."
DrydfH: Duke nfOuise, iii. I.
rock -Hug, * [Eng. rock; ?''</-]
Ichthy.: A popular name for any species of the
geuud Motella (<j. v.).
"The pelagic ova of the grey gurnard, the rockl ing, and
the lesser weever show oil globules." Field, Dec. 26, 1885.
rocks, s. Money. ( U. S. Slang.)
rock'-j? (1), a. [Eng. rock (1), v. ; -y.\ Shaky,
insecure, unsteady; neuce, unfortunately, awk-
wardly. (Slang.)
"Let him keep the fact of things having gone rocky
with him as dark as he can." Lyndon Daily Telegraph.
rock'-? (2), a. [Eug. rocfc (2), s. ; -y.]
1, Full of rocks; abounding with rocks.
" What could I do, alas! encompassed round
With steepy mountains and a rocky ground?"
Hoole: Orlando Furiosv, ii.
2. Made or consisting of rocks or stone.
" The rocky pavement glittered with the show."
Pope; Homer's Iliad, xxiii. 249.
*3. Resembling a rock ; hence, hard, stony, obdu-
rate, hard-hearted, hard as a rock.
"Thy rocky and wreck-threatening heart."
Shakesp.: Kape of Lucrect, 690.
Rocky Mountain, a.
Qeog. & Zo6l. : Belonging to, characteristic of, or
having its habitat in the Rocky Mountains, which
stretch from the mouth of the Mackenzie river, in
the Arctic Ocean, to the Anahuac mountains of
Mexico.
Rocky Mountain Locust ;
ZooL: Caloptenus spretus. It is very destructive
to fruit crops in the west and northwest of the
United States.
Rocky Mountain Pika :
ZoQL: Lagomya princeps, a small rodent about
six inches long, grayish-brown above, yellowish-
brown on sides, grayish below. The American
Indians call it Little Chief Hare, a circumstance
which influenced Sir John Richardson, who first
described the animal, in his choice of a specific
name.
r6-CO -CO, *. [French, from roctN7/e=rock-work,
from the character of the style.]
Art: A florid, debased kind of ornament, which
succeeded the style adopted by Louis XIV. and XV.,
and which exaggerated the main features and
peculiarities of that fashion. It is chiefly remark-
able for the lavish abundance of its details, which
are thrown together without propriety and due
connection. Scroll and shell ornaments abound;
sometimes rock-work pavilions, birds and fishes,
combined with enormous flowers. The term is
sometimes employed to denote a bad taste iu design
and ornament generally. (Fairholt.)
ro-cou, s. [Roucou.]
rod, *rodde, s. [The same word as rood (q.v.).}
I. Ordinary Language :
1. A long, slender stem of any woody plant, espe-
cially when cut and stripped of leaves or twigs; a
wand ; a straight, slender stick ; a cane.
"And if a man smite his servant, or his maid, with a
rod, and he die under his hand; he shall be surely pun-
ished." Exodus xxi. 20.
2. Hence used more or less figuratively for
(1) An instrument of punishment; punishment,
chastisement.
"And a public school I really saw
Where the rod was never used."
Praed : Utop ia.
(2) A kind of scepter or badge of office.
" The rod and bird of peace and all such emblems."
Shakesp..- Henry VIII., iv. 1.
(3) A long, slender, and tapering wand or stick,
or two or more such sticks joined end on end for
fishing: a fishing-rod.
(4) Hence, used for the act or art of fishing.
(5) A fisher; one expert with the fishing-rod ; a
rodster.
" The late Sir F. Sykes, a first-rate rod, wan run out and
broken, with one hundred yards, on the same npot, but a
few days before." Fis h. ing Gazette, Jan. 30, 1886.
(6) A scale of wood or metal employed in measur-
ing distances.
(7) An enchanter's wand; a wand possessing the
power of enchantment. (Milton: Comus, 816.)
3485
3. A unit of linoalmeasure used in land surveying.
It is equal to 5 1 4 yards, or 16'i feet. A square rod
is the usual measure of brickwork, and is equal to
-T2 1 1 square ft-i-t .
*4. A shoot or branch of a family ; a tribe, a race.
(I'sttlm Ixxiv. 2.)
II. J/m'/i., <fr. ; A straight, slender piece of wood
or metal, as the ramrod, wiping-rod, rifling-rod,
used by gunsmiths and armorers; the coupling-bar
or Icnfftlioning-bnr of a drill-stock ; a boring-bar,
a connecting-rod, &c.
IT (1) Rods and cones of the retina:
Anat. : Elongated cylindrical rods, and short
thick cones, situated between the external mem-
brane and the pigmentary layer of the retina.
(2) Rods of Corti:
Anat. : Two sets of stiff, rod-like bodies, the inner
and outer rods of Corti, within the epithelium cov-
ering the basilar membrane of the ear. Together
they constitute the Organ of Corti.
(3) To kiss the rod: [Kiss, v. ^ (4).]
rod-chisel, s. A chisel on the end of a withe- or
rod, used by the smith in cutting hot metal.
rod-coupling, s.
Well-sinking: A device for uniting therods which
carry the tools used in boring Artesian or oil
wells, <fcc., so as to form a continuous shaft.
rod-fisher, sitbst. One who fishes with a rod, an
angler.
rod-fishing, s. Angling with a rod and line.
'" Rod-fishing is permissible until the end of October."
London Globe,
rod-holder, s. A rod-fisher.
" They thus decrease the rental of waters either from
net or rod-holders." CasselV* Technical Educator, pt. xii.,
p. 356.
rod-iron, s. Rolled, round iron for nails, fenc-
ing, Ac.
*rod-knightS, s. pi. Servitors who held their
land by serving their lords on horseback. {Cowel.")
rod-planer, s. A special machine-tool for plan-
ing locomotive connecting-rods, guide-bars, and
similar work.
rod'-djf, a. [English rod; -y.\ Full of rods or
twigs.
rode, pret. ofv. [RIDE, v.]
*rode(l),s. [RAID.]
*rode (2), s. [ROOD.]
*rode (3), *. [A. S. rudu = redness ; cf. ruddy.'}
Complexion, redness.
rode, v. t. & i. [ROAD, v.]
ro -dent, a. & s. [Lat. rodens, pr. par. of rodo=
to gnaw. ]
A. As adjective :
1. Gnawing.
2. Belonging or pertaining to the order Rodentia
(q. v.).
B. Assubst.: An animal that gnaws; specif., any
member of the order Rodentia (q. v.J .
rodent-ulcer, rodent-cancer, s.
Pathol.: An ulcer generally appearing first in a
small and irritable pimple about the eyelids, the
malar bone, upper lip, scalp, rectum, vulva, or
uterus. It is irritable, and spreads when scratched,
till at last it leads to frightful disfigurement. It
rarely appears before the fiftieth year of life. Ex-
cision will sometimes extirpate it permanently.
ro-den-tl-a (t as sh),s. pi. [Lat neut. pi. of
rodens, pr. par. of rodo=to gnaw.] [RODENT.]
1. Zool. : An order of terrestrial, diphyodont, pla-
cental mammals, rarely arboreal or natatorial, of
small size; two long curved incisors in each jaw,
growing from persistent pulps. No canines; molars
andpremolars rarely more than four in each jaw.
Feet usually pentadactylous, armed with claws;
hallux, when present, not differing from other
digits. The incisors are adapted for continuous
gnawing, and their action is assisted by the longi-
tudinal position of the condyle of the lower jaw, in
consequence of which the jaw can be moved back-
ward and forward. They are divided into two sub-
orders : ( 1 ) Simplicidentata, which never have
more than two incisors in the upper jaw; and (2)
Duplicidentata, which, when adult, have two rudi-
mentary behind the normal incisors in the upper
jaw.
2. Palcp.ont.: The oldest remains are from the
Upper Eocene of Europe and America; but as all
the remains of the Rodentia can either be classed
in, or are closely related to existing families, their
first appearance must be sought for much farther
back in time.
ro-de -tl-a (t as sh), s. [Named after H. J. A.
Rodet, a French botanist, 1810-75,]
Bot.: A genus of AchyranthesB. The natives of
India eat the bright crimson berries and also the
young shoots, the latter fried in ghee.
rcemeria
rQd I ya, s.pl. [Native name.]
Audit <>i>. : A section of the native population of
Ceylon. [VKDDAH.j
r5d 6-mel, subst. [(Jr. rhodon=a rose; nn'.li=
hoiii-y. ] The juico of roses mixed with honey.
(Simmonde.')
rod -6-mont, s. & a. [Fr., from Ital. Rodoinonte.}
[RODOMONTADE. 1
A. A&subst.: A vain boaster, a braggart. ;i bully.
"St. Jude argues with the rodomonts of his time."
Xoyle; o/*a, ii. 274.
B. As adj.: Boasting, boastful, bombastic, brag-
gart.
rod 6 mon tade ,s. [French rodomonto<Z, from
Ital. nxloinoiita<la = boasting, brag, ('ailed after
Rodomonte, the brave, but boastful loader of the
Saracens against Charlemagne in the Orlando Furi-
os<> of Ariosto. Hois called Kodamonte in Boiardo's
Orlando Inamorato.] Vain-boasting, brag, bluster,,
rant.
r8d6-mon-ta.de, r. i. [RODOMONTADE, s.] To-
boast, to brag, to bluster, to rant.
r8d 6 mon-tad -1st, s. [Eng. rodomontad(e) ;
-wrf.J A blustering braggart, an empty boaster.
"When the rodomontoflist had ended his story, it was-
dinner-time." Terry: Voyage to the East Indies, p. 167.
rod 6-m5n-ta -do, s. & a. [RODOMONTADE, s.]
A. As subst. : Boasting, brag, bluster, rodomon-
tade.
B. As adj.: Blustering, boastful, braggart.
"The duke of Epernon, in a kind of a roctomcmfutfo way."
Havoell: Letters, bk. i., 2, let. 24.
rod-6 mon-ta-d5r,fi. [English rodomontad(e) ;<
-or.} \ braggart, a boaster.
" The greatest talkers and rodomontadors of Spain."
Quthrie; Geography; Spain.
trod -ster, s. [End.rot/; suff.-ster.] An angler,
a rod-fisher.
"It is the intention of a number of our local rodstersto-
leave the city for different streams." London Daily Tele-
graph.
rSd wopd, *. [Eng. rod, and wood.]
Bot. : Lcetia guidonia, a Jamaica plant.
*[ Black Rodwood is Eugenia pattens* Rod Rod-
wood E. axillaris, and White Rodwood Calyptran-
thes chytraculia.
roe (1), *ro, s. [A. S. rdh, rdh-deor; cogn. with
Icel. ra=a roe, rdbukkri\ roebuck ; Dan. raa,rao-
buk; Sw.n=a roe, rA-boch= roebuck; Dut. ree = a.
roe, reeftofc=roebuck ; Ger. re/t, rehbock.']
1. A roebuck (q.v.).
"The roe's much swiftness doth no more avail,
Nor help him now, than if he were a snail."
Dray ton: Xoah's Flood.
2. The female of the hart.
roe (2), *roan, *rowne, s. [Prop, roan, the n
being dropped from the erroneous idea that it was
a plural suffix, as in oxen, s/ioon, &c. ; Icel. hrogn;
Dan.rogn; Sw. rom; Gor. rogen.}
1. The spawn or sperm of fishes. (That of the
male is termed milt or soft roe, that of the female
hard roe or qpottfnO
2. A mottled appearance in wood, especially in
mahogany, being the alternate streak or light and
shade running with the grain, or from end to end-
of the log.
roe-stone, s. [OOLITE.]
roe buck, roo-bukke, s. [ROE (1).]
Zool.: Capreolus caprea, an elegant, small, and:
almost tailless deer, still surviving in the woods of
Westmoreland and Cumberland, England, and in
Scotland, and common in the north of Europe and
Asia below the snow-line. The adult male stands
about two feet high at the shoulder; color red-
dish-brown in summer, becoming yellowish-gray in
winter; large patch of white on the rump. The
antlers, about a foot long, are nearly close at
the base, and possess throe points. In disposition
the Roebuck is wild and shy, and its flesh makes
indifferent venison. The female produces two or
three at a birth. [CAPREOLOS.]
roebuck-berry, s.
Bot. : The fruit of Rubus saxatilis.
roed, a. [Eng. roe (2) ; -ed.] Filled or impreg-
nated with roe.
roe-mer-I-a (or cease), s. [Named after Dr. J.
Roemer, Professor of Botany at Landshut, in Ger-
many, who died A. D. 1820.]
Hot:: AgenusofPapaveraceae. Annual herbs with
yellow juices, much divided leaves, two sepals, four
petals, two to four lobes of the stigma, a linear
two to four valved capsule, and many seeds. Rce-
meria /iwoKda, which has hairy sepals and violet-
purple flowers with a black disc, is a native of
Central and Southern Europe, and a colonist in
England.
boll, bdy; po~ut, Jdwl; cat, 90!!, chorus, c,hin. bench; go, em; thin, this; sin. a; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f.
-clan. -tian = slian. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -iou = zhun. -tious, -clous, -sious = shus. -ble, -die. &c. = bel, del.
roemerite
roe-mer-Ite (or OB as e), s. [After A. Roemer,
of Clausthal; suff. -He (J/in.).]
If in.: A monoclinic mineral occurrinK in crystal-
line to granular masses at the Rammelsberg mine,
Ooslnr, Hartz. Hardness, 2'75; specific gravity,
2'15 to 2'18 ; luster, greasy to vitreous ; color, brown
toyellow; translucent; taste, astringent. The mean
of two analyses showed that it is essentially a liy-
drated sulphate of the proto- and sesquioxides of
iron, with nearly 2 per cent, of zinc.
roep -per lie (or oe as e), . [After W. T. Kcep-
per, who analyzed it ; suff. -ite (Min.).]
Min. : Amemberof thegroupof chrysolites (q. v.),
containing much of the protoxides of iron, manga-
nese, and zinc. Found in crystals a'; Stirling Hill,
Sussex Co., New Jersey.
roess'-ler-Hetorcease),*. [After Dr. C. Roess-
ler, of Hanau ; suff, -ite (Min.).]
Min.: A mineral occurring in thin crystalline
plates, with fibrous structure; also as vermiform
efflorescences. Hardness, 2-3; luster, vitreous to
dull ; colorless ; transparent, becoming opaque on
exposure. Composition: Arsenic acid, 39'65 ; mag-
nesia , 13'80 ; water, 46'55; which is equivalent to the
formula ( 3 MgO-HHO) 3 Asp5+12HO. Found in the
copper-slate at Bieber, with pharmacolite, <fcc.
roef-tlg-lte ( or oe as e), a. [After Rcettis, Voigt-
land, where found ; suff. -ite (Min.).'}
Min.: An amorphous mineral, found associated
with phosphate of nickel. Hardness, 2-2'5 ; spe-
cific gravity, 2-358-2'370; color, apple to emerald-
green. Analysis appears to indicate its composition
to be that of a uickel-gymnite or genthite (q. v.).
r6-ga -tion, s. [Fr., from L,at.rogationem, accns.
of roffa/to=an asking, from rogatus, pa. par. of rogo
= to ask; Sp. rogacion; Ital. rogazione.]
1. Old Rom. Law : The demand by the consuls or
tribunes of a law to be passed by the people.
2. A supplication ; a litany.
" He perf ecteth the rogations or litanies before in use,
and addeth unto them that which the present necessity
inquired." Hooker: Eccles. Polity,
rogation-days, s. p!. The Monday, Tuesday, and
"Wednesday preceding Ascension-day, so called prob-
ably from the use of special rogations or litanies on
those days.
rogation-flower, .
Bot. : Polygala vulgarit.
Rogation-Sunday, s. The Sunday preceding
Ascension-day.
rogation-week, a. The week in which the Ro-
gation-days occur.
rd"-ga-t5r-J, adj. (Latin rogat(us), pa. par. of
rogo=to ask ; Eng. adj. suff. -ory.] Seeking infor-
mation ; engaged in collecting information.
rogatory-letters, s. pi.
Law: A commission from one judge to another
requesting him to examine a witness.
rd'-gSn-steln, 8. [Ger. rogen=Toe, spawn, and
*tem=stone.]
Geol.: A marly -limestone, of Oolitic structure,
found in the Buuter (Lower Trias) of Germany.
*r6-ger'-I-an, . [Etym. doubtful ; prob. named
after its maker or inventor.] A kind of wig.
"The sportful! winde to mocke the headlesse man,
Tosses away his picked rogerian."
Bp. Hall: Satires, iii. 6.
r5g -Srs. He, s. [After Prof. W. B. Rogers; suff.
-ite (II in.).]
Min.: A mineral substance resulting from the
decomposition of samarskite (q. v.), occurring as a
thin mammillary crust. Hardness, 3'5; specific
gravity, 3'313; color : white. Approximate analyses
indicate its composition to be a hydrated colum-
Imte of yttria.
*rogge, f. [Icel. rugga=to rock a cradle.] To
shake, to rock.
rogue, *roge, s. [A word of Celtic origin ; cf. Ir.
A Gael. rc<M=pride, arrogance; Fr. ro</ue=arro-
gant, proud, saucy, rude ; Bret, rok, ro/=arrogant,
proud.]
I. Ordinary Language:
1. A tramp, a vagrant.
2. A knave ; a dishonest person ; a rascal. (Applied
especially to males.)
3. A term of slight affection or tenderness.
" You sweet little rogue." SHakesp.: Henri/ IF., PI. II.,
4. A wag ; a sly fellow.
" You hare two servants Tom, an arch, sly rogue."
Cowper: Truth, 20L
5. A wild elephant, living a solitary life, and
remarkable for its vicious temper. (Tennent.)
6. A horse of an uncertain temper, and not to be
depended on.
7. A plant which falls short of a standard required
by gardeners, nurserymen, &c. (Darwin.)
3486
II. Eng. Lav: A sturdy beggar; a vagabond, a
vagrant. They were formerly liable to be punished
by whipping, and having the ears bored with a hot
iron.
1f Rogues and vagabonds:
Enti.Latr: A term including certain classes of
persons, such as fortune-tellers, persons who collect,
alms under false pretences, persons who desert
their families, persons found on any premises for
an unlawful purpose, persons wandering about
without any visible means of subsistence, and the
like. Such persons are liable to be summarily com-
mitted to prison for a short term with hard labor.
rogues' gallery, s. A collection of photographs
of persons who have been convicted of crime, for
the use of police officers in detecting criminals.
rogue's march, s. A tune played when a bad
character is drummed out or discharged with dis-
grace from a regiment or ship of war.
rogue's yarn, s. A worsted thread laid up in the
middle of each strand of British dockyard rope' to
prevent theft. A different color is used in each
dockyard, in order to trace the maker of rope which
proves defective. A similar precaution is taken
with American naval rope.
'rogue, t-. i. & t. [RoorE, s.]
A. Intransitive:
1. To wander about as a tramp ; to live the life of
a vagrant or vagabond.
" If he be bat once so taken idly roguinp, he may punish
him with the stocks." Spenser: On Ireland.
2. To act the rogue ; to play roguish tricks.
B. Transitive:
1. To call a rogue ; to denounce or brand as a
rogue or cheat.
"To rogue and ridicule all incorporeal substance."
Cudtoorth: Intell. System.
2. To uproot or destroy, as plants which fail to
come up to a required standard.
rdg'-uer-y 1 , s. [Kng. rogue ; -ry.1
. *1. The life of a vagrant or tramp; vagabondism.
"To live in one land is captivity,
To run all countries a wild roguery."
Donne: Elegy 3.
2. Knavish or dishonest tricks ; cheating, fraud.
" A flam more senseless than the roguery
Of old auruspicy and augury."
Butler: Hudibras, ii. 3.
3. Waggery ; mischievous or arch tricks.
rdgue -ship, s. [Eng. rogue; -ship.']
1. The qualities of a rogue ; roguery.
2, A roguish personage.
" I would lose a limb to see their rogueshipB totter."
lif i>< ni. < Flet.: A'tght Walker, iii.
rog ulsh, a. [Eng. rogu(e) ; -wft.]
*1. Vagrant, wandering, vagabondish.
2. Knavish, fraudulent, cheating, dishonest.
3. Waggish, arch ; slightly mischievous.
" He was, to weet, a little roguish page."
Thomson: Castle of Indolence, i. 25.
rog -ulsh-ly 5 , adv. [English roguish, : -ly.] In a
roguish manner; like a rogue; knavishly, mischiev-
ously, wantonly,
"His heir rofrursMi/wasteth all." Grainger: On Eccles.,
p. 303.
rog -ulsh-ness, *. [Eng. roguish; -ness.'] The
quality or state of being roguish ; knavishness,
archness, cunning.
rog -UJP, a. [Eng. rogu(e) ; -tj.] Roguish, knav-
ish, wanton.
"A shepherd's boy had gotten a roguy trick of crying,
'A wolf,' and fooling the country with false alarms."
L' Estrange : Fables.
ro lian, r6 -hln-a, subst. [Hind, rohan; Bong.
rohina.]
Bot.: Soymida febrifuga.
r6h-t8-Ich-thjf-i -na, s. plural. [Modern Latin
rohteichth(ys) ; Lat. neut. pi. adj. suff. -ina.]
Ichthy. : A group of Cyprinidset ; anal very short,
with not more than six branched rays; dorsal
behind ventrals ; mouth without barbels ; pharyn-
geal teeth in triple series. There is but one genus,
Rohteichthys, with a single species (Rohteichthyina
microlepis) , from Borneo and Sumatra.
r6h-tS-Ich -th?s, subst. [First element rohtee, a
barbarous word coined by Sykes for a genus of
Cyprinidee now lapsed, and Greek ichthys=a fish.]
[KOHTEICHTHKINA.]
'rolgne, . [Fr. rosme=itch, scab.] A scab, a
mange, scurf. [RoNios.]
'roignous. a. [Fr. rogneux.] [RoiONE.] Scabby,
mangy, rough.
roll, 'roile.v. t. & . [Etym. doubtful. Skeat
refers it to O. French roeler, a form of rolerto roll
(q.v.).]
roll
A. Transit ii; :
1. To render turbid, as by stirring or shaking up
the sediment-.
"The spring . . , has just been roiled by a frog or
musk-rat."- Burroughs: Pepacton, p. 69.
2. To excite to a certain degree of anger; to
annoy, to rile. (Prof.)
"His spirits were very much roiled." A'orfA: Life nf
LurdGiiilfird, ii. 69.
3. To perplex. (Prov.)
'B. Intrans.: To roam about; to roam, to romp.
"Were wont to rome and mile in clusters." Stany-
hurst: Descript. of Ireland, p. 21.
'roll, *roile, K. [Etym. doubtful.] A Flemish
horse.
r<Jil -f, adj. [Bug. roil, v.; -y.] Turbid, mnddj ;
having the sediment stirred up.
"Its currents too roily from the shower for fly-fishing."
Burroughs: Pepacton, p. So.
rolst, *royst, v.i. [O. Fr. ruste=a rustic, from
Latin rusticum, accus. of 7-s(iciw=rustic (q. v.).J
[RoisTEE, i\] To bluster, to swagger, to bully.
"I have a rofstiny challenge sent."
Shakfsp.: Troiliis and Cressidn, ii. 2.
rolst er, v. i. [French rustre. another form of
O. Fr. ruste=& rustic.] [RoiST.] To bluster, to
swagger, to act the bully.
"Among a crew of roist'ritig fellows." Swift. (Todd.)
r6ist -e"r, *r<5yst -Si, s. [ROISTER, .]
1. A bully, a swaggerer, a blustering, noisy fellow,
a rake.
"He went to the royal court, laid aside his books, and
for a time, so long as his money lasted, becamea royster."
Wood: Athence Oxon., vol. i.
2. A drunken or riotous frolic ; a spree.
rolst'-Sr-Sr, subst. [Eng. roister; -er.] A bold,
blustering, noisy fellow ; a roister.
tr6"ist'-r-ly\ a. & adv. [Eng. roister; -ly.~]
A. As adj. : Like a roisterer ; blustering, swagger-
ing, violent.
"They [women] delighted altogether in the garb and
habit and roisterly fashions of men." Hacket: Life of
Williams, p. 35.
B. As adverb : In a blustering, bold, or bullying
fashion.
r8k -am-b61e, s. [ROCAMBOLE.]
*r6ke, . [REEK.]
1. Mist, damp, fog, smoke.
2. A vein of ore.
roke age (age as Ig), ro kee.x. | N. American
Ind. roofcAt = meal.] Indiancorn, parched, pounded
up, and mixed with sugar. Called also yokeage.
rok'-e-lay, . [A corrupt, of roquelaure (q. v.).]
A short cloaK.
"And my mother's auld mutch and my red rokelay."
Scott: Heart of aid-Lothian, ch. ivi.
rok'-Sr, s. [Etym. doubtful; prob. rock (2), s. ;
cr.} The same asRoCKLINO (q. v.).
r5k-f, adj. [English rofc(e) (2), s. ; -.] Misty,
foggy, damp cloudy.
r6 Ian' dra, s. [Named after David Rolander, a
pupil of Linnaeus who traveled to Surinam.]
Botany : The typical genus of Rolandreee. Only
known species Rolandra argentea, the Silver-leaved
Rolandra, from the West Indies.
ro-lan'-drS-se, s. pi. [Mod. Latin rolandr(a) ;
Lat. fem. pi. adj. suff. -ece.]
Bot.: A sub-tribe of Vernoniaceae.
role, s. [Fr. = a roll, a scroll, a character in a
play, from Lat. rotulusa wheel.] A part or char-
acter represented on the stage by an actor ; hence,
any part or function played by any one, a character
or part assumed; as, the role of a reformer.
It Title role: The part or character in a play
which gives its name to the play ; as Hamlet, in the
play of Hamlet; Macbeth, in that of Macbeth, &c.
r811, 'roll en, *roule, 'rowle, f. f. & i. [O. Fr.
roler (Fr. router), from Low Lat. rotuloto roll, to
revolve, from Lat. rotula, dimm. of ro<a=a wheel;
Sp. rollar, arrollar; Port, rolar; Ital. rotolare;
Dut. & Ger. rollen; Dan. rulle; Sw. rulla.]
A. Transitive :
1. To cause to revolve by turning over and over;
to move by turning on an axis ; to impel forward by
turning over and over on a supporting surface.
"And they said. We cannot, until all the flocks be gath-
ered together, and till they roll the stone from the well's
mouth. "Genesis Mix. 8.
2. To move anything on its axis.
3. To move in the arc of a circle.
"Rolling his greedy eyeballs in his head."
Shakesp.: Kape of Lucrece, 368.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; w, w8t, here, camel, hr, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pSt,
or. wore, wolf, w5rk, wh4, s6n; mate, cfib, ctire, unite, cOr, rflle, full; try, Syrian, ae, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw.
roll
4. To wrap round on itself by rolling; to form
into a spherical or cylindrical body by rolling.
5. To inwrap ; to bind or wrap up in a bandage or
the like.
6. To press or level with a roller ; to spread out or
level with a rolling-pin or roller; as, to roll a Held.
*7. To revolve; to turn over and over in one's
mind.
" Ful oft in herte he rolletli up and rtoun
The beautee of thisefloreinw new and bright."
t'A (nicer: C. T., 12,771.
8. To drive or impel forward with a sweeping,
rolling motion ; as, A river rolls its waters to the
yea.
9. To utter; to give utterance or expression to in
a prolonged, deep sound.
"Who roll'd the psalm to wintry skies."
Tennysun: In Memoriam, Iv. 11.
B. Intransitive:
1. To move or be moved along a surface by revolv-
ing; to rotate or revolve as on an axis; to turnover
and over.
"Rolling in dust and gore." Milton: P. L., xi. 460.
2. To revolve; to perform a periodical revolution ;
as, Years roll on.
3. To move or turn on wheels; as, The carriage
rolled along.
4. To turn ; to move in a circle ; to revolve.
" The poet's eye, in a fine frenzy rolling."
Shakesp.: Midsummer ffiy fit's f>reatn, v.
5. To ride in a carriage.
"The wealthy, the luxurious, by the stress
Of business roused, or pleasure, ere their time,
May roll in chariots."
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. ii.
6. To be formed into a cylinder or ball.
7. To spread out under a roller or rolling-pin ; as,
Dough rolls well.
8. To be tossed about from side to side; to rock,
as in rough water.
"The case of a vessel rolling at sea among waves."
Brit. Quarterly Review, vol. Ivii., p. 99 1,1873).
9. To move in alternate swells and depressions, as
waves or billows.
" Icy seas, where scarce the waters roll."
Pope: Windsor Forest, 389.
10. To tumble or fall over and over.
"Down they fell
By thousands, angel on archangel roll'd."
Milton: P. L., vi. 694.
*11. To fluctuate; to move tumultuously.
" Here tell me, if thou dar*st, my conscious soul,
What din" rent sorrows did within thee roll."
Prior: Solomon, ii. 830.
12. To wallow, to tumble ; as, A horse rolls.
13. To emit a long, deep sound like the roll of a
drum, &c.
"All day long the noise of battle rolled.'*
Tennyson.- Mort d' Arthur, i.
*14. To wander, to roam.
"Man shal not suffer his wif go roule aboute."
Chaucer: C. T., 2,326.
*15. To be enrolled.
"In the last list, I presume, yourof/." Foote: The Liar,
If (1) To roll a drum: To beat a drum so as to
produce a sound like that of a rolling body. [ROLL,
'(2) To roll over; To kill, to shoot.
"It is sheer nonsense to say . . . that it is a simple
task to roil rabbits over dead as they shoot across a nar-
row drive." Field, Dec. 6, 1884.
r611, *rolle, *roule, *rowle, s. [In some senses
directly from the verb to roll (q. v.), in others from
O. Fr. rolle^ roule (Fr. rOle)=a roll, from Low Lat.
rotulum, accus. of rotulus=a roll, from Lat. rota=
a wheel; Sp. roJJo, rot, rolde; Port, roto; Ital.
rotolo, ruotolo, rullo.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. The act of rolling ; the state of being rolled.
2. That which rolls ; a flow in alternate rising and
falling. (Thomson: Autumn, 17.)
3. That which rolls, or is made or used for rolling ;
a roller.
"Where land is clotty, and a shower of rain comes that
aoaks through, use a roll to break the clots." Mortimer.-
Husbandry.
4. Something made or formed by rolling ; some-
tiling formed into or resembling a cylindrical body
formed by rolling.
" Large rolls of fat about his shoulders clung,
And from his neck the double dewlap hung."
Add i son.
5. A document which is or may be rolled up.
" Behold, an hand was sent unto me; and, lo, a mil of a
book was therein." Ezekiel ii. 9.
6. Hence, an official document generally.
"Search was made in the house of the rolla." Ezra
ri.l.
3487
7. A register, a list, a catalogue, a category.
"I am not in the roll of common men."
>Viiif.o/>..- Henry IV., /f. /., iii. 1.
>. A quantity of cloth, <fcc., rolled or wound up in
a cylindrical form ; as, a roll of silk.
9. A small piece of dou^h rolled up into a cylindri-
cal form before being baked ; as, a French roll.
10. A cylindrical twist of tobacco.
11. A large, thick curl; as, to wear the hair in
rolls.
12. Tho beating of a drum so rapidly that the
sound rosnmbles that of a rolling ball, or of a car-
riage rolling along a rough pavement; any pro-
longed, deep sound.
"And it passed, like a glorious roll of drums."
Lonyfelloic : Slave's Dream.
IT A roll on tho kettle-drum is produced by alter-
nate single strokes of the sticks ; on side-drums the
roll is made by alternately striking two blows with
the left hand and two with the right, very regularly
and rapidly, so as to produce one continuous
tremolo. (Grove.)
*13. Round of duty ; particular office, function, or
duty assigned or assumed ; role.
"In human society, every man has his mil and station
assign* d him." V Estrange.
II. Technically:
1. Bookbinding: A brass wheel, engraved on the
edge, for hand embossing or gilding where a con-
tinuous line or pattern is to be impressed upon the
cover or back of a book.
2. Build. : A strip with a rounded top laid over a
roof at the ridge or at lateral joints, to raise the
sheet lead at those points.
3. Engr. : The cylindrical die in a transferring-
press.
4. Metallurgy: One of a pair, or series of rollers
arranged in pairs, between which ores are crushed.
5. Metal-working : One of tho pair of cylinders
between which metal is passed to draw it into a
bar, or to flatten it out into a sheet. [ROLLING-
MILL.]
6. Paper-making: A cylindermounted with blades
for working paper-pulp in the tub.
7. Wool-ieorkiny : A carding of wool, delivered
broadside from the cards, and somewhat com-
pacted in tho process. Rolls are prepared for hand-
spinning.
If (1) Master of the Rolls: [MASTER, IT 10.]
(2) Roll&of Court, of Parliament i&c.: Tho parch-
ments (kept in rolls) on which are engrossed oy the
proper officer the acts and proceedings of the par-
ticular body, and which constitute the records of
such public body. (Eng.)
(3) The Rolls: A precinct situated between tho
cities of London and Westminster, England, enjoy-
ing certain immunities, and hence called the
Liberty of the Rolls ; the name being derived from
the roll* or records deposited in its chapel.
(4) Long roll : The prolonged roll of the drums, a
signal for troops to form in line.
roll-about, a. Fat and podgy, so as to roll about
when walking.
roll and fillet, s.
Arch.: A rounded molding with a square tillet
on its face. It is common in the Early Decorated
style, and passes by various gradations into the
ogee (q. v.).
roll-blotter, s. A roller around which sheets of
blotting-paper are fastened, and a handle in whose
forks the ends of the roller axis are journaled.
roll-box, s.
Spinning: In the jack-frame, the rotary can or
cylinder in which the bobbin and carrier cylinder
for the rovings revolve.
roll-call, 8. The act of calling over a list of
names, as of students, soldiers, &c.
roll-Joint, s. A sheet-metal joint in which the
parts are rolled upon one another and pressed tight.
roll-lathe, s.
Mach.: A lathe for turning off rolls for rolling-
mills, calendering-machines, and for other pur-
poses.
roll-molding, s.
Arch.: A molding used in Gothic architecture,
the upper half of which extends over the lower
half, as if it were formed of a thick substance
rolled up.
roll -a-ble, a. [Eng. roll, v. ; -able,'} Capable of
being rolled.
rdll'-er, *rowl-er, . [Eng. roll, v. ; -er.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. One who or that which rolls; specif., a cylin-
drical body turning on its axis, and used for various
purposes, as for smoothing, crushing, leveling,
spreading out, or the like.
(1) A heavy cylindrical implement, of wood, stone,
or (more frequently) of metal, set in a frame, and
rolley
used for crushing clods, compressing and smooth-
ing the surface of grass fields, or the like, leveling
the surface of roads, paths, walks, &c.
"A leel lawn, nhaveri by the scythe, and leveled by the
roller." JohntHiu: Life of Pope.
(2) A rolling-pin (q. v.).
2. That upon which something may be rolled up ;
as, the roller of a window-blind.
li. That in which anything may be rolled ; a band-
age ; specif., a long, broad bandage used in surgery.
" Fasten not your roller by tying a knot, lest you hurt
your patient." Wiseman: Surgerti.
4. That upon which anything is rolled, so as to
diminish friction.
(1) A round piece of wood, &c., put under a heavy
weight. [II. 4.1
If) The wheel of a roller-skate.
(3) The wheel or castor of a table, chair, or the
like.
*(4) A go-cart.
"He could run about without a rowler or leading-
strings." Smith: Live* of Highwaymen, ii. 60.
5. A long, heavy, swelling wave, such as is sui-n
after the subsidence of a storm.
II. Technically:
I. Metal-working: A circular object in a machine
acting as a carrier, a cutter, a die, an impressien-
cylinder, or a flattener.
Z. Music : The studded barrel of the musical box
or chime-ringing machine.
3. Naut.: A cylindrical anti-friction bar which
revolves as a hawser or rope traverses against it ,
and thus saves the rope from wear.
4. Ordn. : A cylinder of wood, used as a winch in
mounting and dismounting guns.
5. Ornith.: Any individual of the family Coraci-
adee. Their popular name is derived from their
habit of turning somersaults in the air like a Tum-
bler Pigeon. Called also Roller-bird. [CoEACiAs.]
"A most remarkable feature in the distribution of this
family is the occurrence of a true roller (Coractat tem-
minckii) in the island of Celebes." Wallace: Oeograph.
DisMb. Anlm., ii. 313.
6. Print.: [INKING-BOLLEB.1
7. Saddlery : The broad, padded surcingle used as
a girth to hold a heavy blanket in its -proper posi-
tion, generally made of twilled web with leather
billets and chapes.
8. ZoOlogy (pi.): The family Tortricidee (q.y.).
Called also Short-tails and Short-tailed Burrowing
Snakes.
IT Ground Rollers :
Ornith.: The genus Atelornis, from Madagascar.
Their flight is very weak, and they come out only at
dusk.
roller-barrow, . A barrow mounted on a wide
roller so as to cause no injury to the grass.
roller-bird, s. [ROLLEK, ., II. 5.]
roller-bolt, s. The bar in a carriage to which
the traces are attached.
roller-bowl, .
Wool : A device at the delivery end of a wool-cad-
ing machine, for rolling the slivers detached by the
doffing-knife from the longitudinal band-cards of
the doffing-cylinder The rolling compacts the
slivers into cardings or rolls, which are delivered
upon an apron, and are removed to the slubbiug-
machine, where they are joined endwise and receive
a slight twist.
roller-die, . A die of cylindrical form, used in
transferring steel-plate engravings for bank-note
printing, and also the patterns to the rolls used in
calico-printing.
roller- gin, s.
1. A gin in which the cotton is drawn away from
the seed by pinching-rollers, in contradistinction to
the saw-gin (q. v.).
2. Hoisting: A gin provided with a roller on
which the rope winde, and with a ratchet and pawl
to sustain the weight.
roller-lift, s.
Print. : A small wheel to raise the rollers from
the ink surface in a machine.
roller-mill, s. A machine for bruising flaxseed
before grinding and pressing.
roller-mold, s.
Print.: A mold in which composition inking-
rollers are cast.
roller-skate, subst. A skate mounted on small
wheels or rollers, and used for skating upon asphalt
or other smooth flooding.
roller-stock, s.
Print, : The frame upon which composition rollers
are cast.
r611 -ef, s. [Prob. from roll, v.]
Mining : A large truck in a coal-mine, holding two
corves as they arrive on the trams from the work-
ings. A number of rolleys are coupled together
and hauled by a horse to the bottom of the engine-
shaft.
boll, btfy; pout, Jowl; cat, {ell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f.
-cian, -tlan = Bhan. -tion, -uion = shun; -(ion, -gion = zhfin. -tlous, -clous, -slous - slius. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del.
rolley-way
rolley-way, .
Mutiny: A trackway in a mine
r8l -lick, r. i. [A dimin. from roll, v. (q. v.)] To
move or play about in a careless, merry fashion ; to
swagger, to bo jovial.
"Grant's faithful dog Monday, who ro//iVt.-J in the
drifts in his native nakedness." Scribner's M<i<ju=iii>,
August, 1877, p. 520.
rSl -lick Ing, <i. [ROLLICK.] Swaggering, jovial,
merry.
"He described hin friends as rnllichhtfj blades, evi-
dently mistaking himself for one of their set." Theodore
Hook: Jack Bray.
roll-Jig, pr. par., a. & s. [ROLL, r.]
A. As pr, par. : (See the verb.)
B. --Is adjective :
1. Moving on wheels, or as if on wheels.
"These fixed up high behind the rolling wain."
Pope: Homer's Iliad, xxii. 499.
2. Waving, undulating; rising and falling alter-
nately.
" Beyond, the country gradually changes from flat to
rolling prairie." Century Magazine, Aug., 1882, p. 506.
3. Making a continuous noise like the roll of a
drum ; as, a rolling tire of artillery.
C. As substantive :
1. Ord. Lang. : The act of moving or being moved
by turning over and over; revolution, rotation ; the
act of leveling or smoothing with a roller.
II. Technically:
'1. Bookbind.: The process of flattening the pack
of gathered signatures by hammering or passing
through the rolling-press.
2. Metall.: The process of drawing out or flatten-
ing metal by passing between rollers.
rolling-barrel, subst. A barrel in which the
ingredients for making gunpowder are pulverized.
It has an axis at each end, on which it rotates, and
a door for the introduction and removal of mate-
rials.
rolling-chocks, rolling-cleats, s. pi.
Naut.: Jaws on a yard to steady it against the
mast when a ship rolls.
rolling-coulter, s. A sharp-edged wheel which
is attached to the beam of a plow, and cuts down-
wardly through the grass and soil to divide the
furrow-slice from the laud.
rolling-frame, s.
Dyeing : The frame with rollers by which cloth is
drawn through the dye-beck.
rolling-friction, 8. The resistance which a roll-
ing body meets with from the surface on which it
rolls.
rolling-hitch, s.
Naut. : A hitch round a spar, log, or cask, so that
a pull upon the rope will roll the same.
rolling-mill, 8. A combination of machinery
used in the manufacture of malleable iron and
other metals of the same nature. By it the iron
which is heated and balled in the puddling fur-
nace, is made into bars or sheets. It consists of
rollers, journaled in pairs in metallic boxes in the
iron standards or cheeks, and capable of being set
toward or from each other by means of set-screws.
The grooves in the rolls are so made as to be coact-
ive in giving the required form to the heated iron
passing between them. The face of each roller has
a series of grooves gradually decreasing in size
toward one end. The iron is passed through each
in succession, being thus gradually reduced in size
and increased in length. By this operation two
objects are effected: (1) The scoria) and other im-
purities are expelled, and (2) the required form,
whether of plate, bolt, or bar, is given to the
metal.
rolling-pendulum, subet. A cylinder caused to
oscillate in small excursions on a horizontal plane.
It was designed as a time-measurer, but is of no
practical value.
rolling-pin, subst. A wooden cylinder having a
projecting handle at each end, by which dough is
rolled into sheets suitable for piecrust, Ac.
rolling-plant, s. [ROLLING-STOCK.]
rolling-press, s.
1. Bookbind.: A machine introduced as a substi-
tute for hammering. [BEATTNe, C. II. 1.]
2. Printing: TJhe copperplate printing-press in
which the plate and bed pass beneath a roller by
means of rotation applied to the latter.
rolling-stock, rolling-plant, s.
Railway Eng. : The coaches, drawing-room cars,
sleeping cars, freight cars, locomotives, &c., of a
railway.
" All the rolling-iloclc being reserved for the exclusive
transport of troops and military material." London
Daily Telegraph.
3488
rolling-stone, s.
1. Lit.: A stone so placed that at intervals it is
displaced from its resting-place, and rolls.
2. Fig. : A person who cannot settle in any situa-
tion or employment, but is perpetually moving
about.
*[ A rolling stone gathers no moss: A person al-
ways moving about does not find a home, house-
hold convenience, memorials of friendship, or even
money, &c., accumulating around him.
*' The stone that is rolling can gather >K> ,
For master and servant oft changing is lets-."
Tusser: Points of Hatirifery, 20.
rolling-tackle, s.
Xaut. : \ tackle which keeps a yard over to Ice-
ward when the ship rolls to windward. It is hooked
to the weather quarter of the yard, and to a lushing
on the mast near the slings.
r61-lln -I-a, . [Named after Rollin, a professor
in Paris.]
Bot. : A genus of Anonete. Known species about
twenty, nearly all from Brazil. The natives use the
wood of Rollinia multiflora, which is like lance-
wood, for making spears.
rSl lick, s. [ROWLOCK.]
rol y-pol -9, *rol-ly pol -If, *rol-ly-poo-ley,
'row ly-pow ly, *rou-ly-pou-ly, a.&s. [A re-
dupl. of roll (q. v.).]
A. As adjective :
1. Lit. : Shaped like a rolypoly ; round, podgy.
" Squashy rolypoly pudding, with all the jam boiled out
and the water boiled in." E. J. Worboise: Sissie, ch. xix.
2. Fig. : Unstable, unsteady.
B. As substantive :
1. A game in which a ball rolled into a certain
place won.
"Let us begin some diversion; what d'ye think of
roulypouly or a country dance?" Arbnthnot: History of
John Bull.
2. A sheet of paste, spread over with jam, and
rolled into a pudding.
*3. A vulgar fellow.
"These two rollypoolies."
Dekker. Satiromastix, iii. 116.
*rom-age (age as Ig), v. t. [RUMMAGE.] To
search, to rummage.
"Upon this they fell again to romage the will." Swift:
Tale of a Tub, 2.
*r6m-age (ageaslg),s. [HOMAGE,?;.] Bustle,
turmoil.
"Of this post-haste and romage in the land."
Snakesp. : Hamlet, i. 1.
Ro-ma -Ic, a.& subst. [Fr. Romalque; Mod. Or.
Romalke, from Lat. fioma=Rome.J
A, As adj. : Pertaining or relating to the Modern
Greek vernacular language, or to those who speak it.
B. As subst. : The vernacular language of Modern
Greece ; the language spoken by the uneducated
and the peasantry, so called from being the lan-
guage of the descendants of the Eastern Romans.
It is a corruption of ancient Greek, the characters
used being the same.
ro mal , s. [Hind. & Pers. rtimal = a handker-
chief, a towel.]
Fabric: An Indian silk fabric.
Rom an, ". A- .--. [Lat. Romanus, from Roma=
Rome; Fr. Romain; Sp. & Ital. .Romano.]
A. As adjective :
I. Literally:
1. Pertaining or relating to Rome or the Roman
people.
2. Pertaining toor professing the Roman Catholic
religion.
3. Applied to the common upright letter in print-
ing, as distinguished from italic; also to numerals
expressed in letters, and not in the Arabic charac-
ters.
II. Fig. : Resembling the Roman people ; hence,
noble, distinguished, brave, patriotic.
" Burke, in whose breast a Romcn ardour glow'd."
Canning.
B. As substantive :
1. A native or inhabitant of Rome; one enjoying
the privileges of a Roman citizen.
"This man is a Roman." Acts xxii. 26.
2. A Roman Catholic.
"Whether doth the Jew romanize, or the Roman juda-
ize, in his devotions?" Lightfoot: Miscellanies, p. 137.
3. A Roman letter or type, as distinguished from
an italic letter.
1f The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Romans :
New Test, Canon : The first in arrangement (not
in date) of St. Paul's Epistles. It was written from
Corinth (cf. xvi. 23 with! Cor. i. 14 ; 2 Tim. iv. 20)
on his third missionary journey, apparently in the
Roman-architecture
spring of A. I). "IN. ;i year after tlie First, and half a
year after the Second Epistle t" the Corinthians.
and a few mouths after the Epistle to the (ialatians
(cf. Rom. xv.i'i, 20 with Aotsxix.21, xx. 1 :t, xxi. l.'.r.
In writing it ho employed an amanuensis, Tertivi-
(Rom. xvi. 2_'), and sent it by the hand of Phebc. a,
servant U> the church at Cenchrea. the port of
Corinth (verse 1J. AYheu Paul penned it lie had
never been to Rome (Acts xix. 21 ; Kom. i. 10-13, &c. > r
and had not, therefore, directly founded its church.
Among those present on the day of Pentecost, there
were " strangers of Rome. Jews, and proselyte-"
i Acts ii. 101. If, as is possible, some of them
tianity in the metropolis, and Peter have Ix'en the
indirect founder of the Roman ( 'hurch. The tradi-
tion that he founded it more directly. A. I). 41,
originated with Jerome, who died A.I). 420. and is
difficult to reconcile with Acts xv. 7-11. and Gal. ii.
178. It is remarkable that St. Paul makes no allu-
sion in his epistle to any pastor of the Roman
Church, as if it had not been organized under ecclr-
siastical officers. The Church seem- to have heen
partly Jewish (ii. 11-17, vii. 1), and partly Gentile
(i. 6, 13, xi. 13). The epistle opens with an introduc-
tion in which Paul declares hi- apostles hip < i. 1-7),
commends the faith of thoRoimin Christians, whom
he earnestly desires to visit (8-13), proclaims that
he is not ashamed of the gospel of Christ 1 1-1 17i,
and then glides almost m-en>ibly into the most
systematic treatment of Christian doetrine and
practice to be found in the New Testament. Trying
the Roman and other parts of the Gentile world by
the light of nature' (1(1-20.), he j-hows how fearfully
corrupt the heathens then were, and how destitute
of excuse for their conduct (18-32). The Jew is
next shown to have flagrantly violated the Divine
law revealed to him, and it is proclaimed that all
the world stands guilty before God (ii., iii. 1 lln.
Justification is in no case to be obtained by the
"deeds of the law" (20), but, is granted freely by
God's grace to those who have faith in the propitia-
tory sacrifice of Christ (23 :ilj. After showing that
the same principle was in force in the times of
Abraham and of David (iv.),he enumerate- >oim- of
the blessings which faith brines iu its train; as.
peace (v. 1), patience, experience, hope, and eternal
life (2-21). Nor doe the doctrine of free grace '
encourage its recipients to carelessness of moral
practice. Paul and other believers are dead to sin.
and arespiritual men continually in conflict with it
(vi., vii., viii. 1-15). Led by the Spirit of God,
admitted to the privileges of sonship, aided in
prayer by the Spirit of God, they shall never lie
separated from the love of Christ, and through Him
shall be more than conquerors (16-39). The doctrine
of the Divine sovereignty is next treated of with
respect to nations and individuals, passionate de-
sire being expressed for the salvation, ultimately
to take place, of the Jewish people (ix.-xi.). Then
follow practical exhortationswith respect toChris-
tian conduct iu the several relations of life- as to
friends, to enemies and persecutors, to the Roman
civil authorities, to the church in general, and to ,
weaker brethren in particular (xii.-xv. 13). After
intimating more minutely than before his own
intended movements (14-33), andsendingmany salu-
tations from himself and his companions (xvi. 12) i,
he closes with a benediction (24-27). No eminent
critic has disputed the genuineness of the epistle,
which is acknowledged even by Baur. It is first
alluded to by Clement of Rome, A. D. 95, by Igna-
tius, by Polycarp, by various Gnostics, by Justin
Martyr, by the writer of the epistle to Diognetus, {
&c., till finally Irensens, about 185, refers to it by
name. [PAULINE THEOLOGY.]
Roman-alum, . An alum extracted from th ]
volcanic rocks of the solfaterra near Naples, and
containing more alumina than the common alum.
Roman-architecture, .-.
Arch. : The Composite order. During the first
centuries of the Roman state the buildings erected .
are 19 be ascribed to the Etruscans, Etruscan art
forming the basis of Roman architecture; subse-
quently, in the time of the Scipios, the taste for 1
Grecian art was mingled with it. Greek architects,
were soon introduced into Italy ; and thus Roman "
architecture, like Roman art in general, conformed
as nearly to the Grecian as the Romaugenius per-
mitted it to do. The reticulated masonry [Opes- .
RETICULATUM] in peculiar to Roman architecture. *
It consists of square cuneiform stones or tiles, with
the broad ends facing outward, and arranged in /
lines, which do not run horizontally, but intersect
each other like network. The base and the corners
of these wallsconsistof horizontallayers of square-
stone, and there are sometimes intersecting belts of
the same kind of material in the middle of the net- :
work itself. Among all the forms which the- |
Romans borrowed from foreign sources, the art of *
vaulting, which they learned from the Etruscans,
was that which they most skillfully adapted and
ate fit fare, amidst, whit, fill, father; we, wt, here, camel, hr, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, p5t,
or, ' wore, wolf, work, whd, s&n; mute, cub, cttre, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. du = kw.
Roman-balance
3489
romantic
developed, and rendered the most distinctive
expression of the peculiarity of their own style.
Two modes of construction consequently appear
side by side in Roman architecture, viz., the Italian
arch and the Grecian column.
Roman-balance, s. An instrument for weigh-
ing, consisting of a lever having arms of unequal
weight, on the respective sides of its point, of sus-
pension, and a bob which traverses the longer
and graduated limb.
Roman-candle, s. A species of firework consist-
ingot a tube partially filled with alternating per-
forated stars and small charges of gunpowder. Fire
communicated to the upper end ignites the charges
successively, which throw out the stars until all are
discharged.
Roman Catholic, . &,s.
A 4s adj. : Of or belonging to the Roman Cath-
olics. [B.]
B. As substantive :
1. Church History (pi.): The adherents of the
Church which is Roman in its center and catholic in
its circumference. The word Catholic, meaning
Universal, was used in early Christian and
mediaeval times for the great ecclesiastical organi-
zation with which the vast, mass of Christians were
connected. When the Reformation took place, the
Protestants refused to admit that the Church
which they had left was entitled to call itself
Catholic, and prefixed the adjective Roman, while
its adherents claimed the designation Catholic
acknowledge the validity of the orders of its clergy.
The number of Roman Catholics in the world has
been estimated at 152,000,000, which is far too low ;
at 213,518,063, at 214,370,000, and at 218,000,000. Tak-
ing the second of these estimates, the distribution
of Roman Catholics over the world is believed to
Sittu<l> *-*>.** , mdttllifi t I/VL* "i **m,uiij,uv.j.
The radical difference between Protestants and
Roman Catholics lies in their conception of the
Church. The latter hold that the Roman Church
is the Church of the New Testament, with authority
to define articles of faith, and that all bodies
not in communion with her are either heretical or
schismatic. Protestants' views differ widely from
that of the High Churchman who, while denying
the universal jurisdiction of the Pope, admits that
as Bishop of Rome ho is primus inter pares, to that
which considers him the Man of Sin and the Anti-
christ of Scripture. From this fundamental differ-
ence allothersnecessarilyfollow. Roman Catholics
hold the Apostles', the Nicene, and the Athanasian
Creeds, Transubstantiation and the sacrifice of the
Mass (q. v.), Seven Sacraments [SACRAMENT, ., II.
2.], the necessity of Confession [PENANCE], the ex-
istence of a Purgatory (q.v.), the Immaculate [Con-
ception of the Virgin Mary, and the Infallibility of
the Pope.
2. Law: [EMANCIPATION, PENAL-LAWS, If 1, RECU-
SANT.]
Roman Catholicism, s. The system, principles,
actrines, or rules of the Roman Catholic Church.
doctrine:
Roman-cement, s.
and lime.
A compound of pozzuolan
Roman- collar, s.
Eccles. : A collar madeof a parallelogram of lawn
or fine linen, bound at the edge and stitched. It is
worn by clerics and priests over a bl ;ic k , by bishops
and prelates over a purple, and by cardinals over a
scarlet stock. It is of quite modern date, and was
originally only the shirt-collar turned down over
the stock,
Roman-law, subst. The civil law ; the system of
jurisprudence of the ancient Roman Empire.
II Roman law, like every other law, originated in
custom. Its first great stage of development was
reached in the publication Dy the Decemviri of the
Twelve Tables, B. C. 451. These were supplemented
rather than superseded under the republic and
the empire. Under the former, enactments made in
the Comifia Centuriata and theConuria Tributa,
the tienatus Consulta, and the Magisterial Edicts,
and, under the latter, the Imperial Constitutiones
hat! the force of law. Finally the Justinian Code,
A. D. 529. gave symmetry to the whole. The Roman
law has more or less affected the legislation of all
European countries.
Roman-literature, s.
Literature: For nearly 500 years from the ac-
cepted date of the foundation of Rome its people
had no literature, and when at length they at-
tempted to s_upply the great want, they wrote in
Greek, and in a servile manner followed Greek
models. Eunius, who was born B. C. 249. laid the
foundation of a genuine Latin literature. It gradu-
ally developed, culminating in the Augustan age.
Cicero nourished B. C. 60; Cspsar, 54; Cornelius
Nepos, 44; Virgil and Hm-ac*-, -^: Livy and Ovid,
14. About A. D. ISO the Roman literature began to
decline, and by 539 it. was in the last stage of decay.
Roman-nose, s. .V nose somewhat aquiline, like
that of an ancient Roman.
Roman-numerals, s. pi.
Muth. : The Roman system of numerals has been
deduced by Latin scholars from inscriptions and
references in books rather than from any known
Latin arithmetic. The Romans had seven prime
figures : I for 1, V for 5, X for 10, L for 50, C for 100,
D for 500, and M for 1,000. D was Ij and M was
originally CI.). When .) was affixed to any number,
it indicated that that number was multiplied by 10.
ThusI.Jj stood for 5,000; I.)D.) for 50,000. C had
to be prefixed to a number as many times as p
was affixed. When present in such quantities it
doubled the number indicated by the reversed Cs.
Thus IJ L ~) was 5,000, CCI.).) was 10,000, and so on.
Roman-ocher, s. \ pigment of a rich, deep, and
powerful orange-yellow color, transparent and du-
rable. It is used both raw and burned, in oil and
water-color painting. The coloring matter is oxide
of iron mixed with earthy matter.
Roman-school, s.
Art: The style which was formed or prevailed at
Rome in the beginning of the sixteenth century,
and which was remarkable for its solid and legiti-
mate effects. The works of Raff aolle exhibit this
school in its full development, and he is accordingly
considered the great head of the Roman school.
Roman-type, s.
Print. : The ordinary printing typo as opposed to
italic (q.v.).
Roman-use, s.
Ecclesiol. : The order of the Mass as offered in
the Roman Church, and preserved from an earlier
use in the missal. [SARUM-USE.]
Roman-vitriol, s. Sulphate of copper or blue
vitriol.
Roman-White, s. A very pure white pigment.
ro-manee , ro-maunce, s. & a. [O. Fr. romans,
roman, romant-(l) Roman, (2) the Roman lan-
guage, (3) romance,. from Low Lat. rotnanice=in a
Roman manner or toijgue, from Lat. Romanus=
Roman (q. v.) ; Sp. & Port, romance ; Ital. romanzo ,'
Fr. romance = romance, romcm=a romance.]
A. As substantive:
1. A tale in verse, told in one of the Romance dia-
lects, as early French or Provencal, as the tales of
the court of Arthur, of Amadis of Gaul, &c. ; hence,
any popular epic belonging to the literature of
modern Europe ; a fictitious and wonderful tale in
prose or verse, and of considerable length.
2. A sort of novel, especially one dealing with sur-
prising or marvelous adventures usually befalling
a hero or heroine ; a tale picturing an almost purely
imaginary state of society.
"To love an altar built,
Of twelve vast French Romances, neatly gilt."
Pope: Rape of the Lock, ii. 38.
3. A fiction, a lie, a falsehood.
4. Romantic ideas or actions ; a tendency of the
mind toward what is romantic, mysterious, or won-
derful ; an intermixture of the wonderful and mys-
terious in literature.
5. A simple rhythmical melody suggestive of a
love story : a song or short instrumental piece in
ballad style.
B. As adj.: Pertaining to or descriptive of the
languages which arose in the south and west of
Europe, being chiefly founded upon the Latin, as
spoken in the provinces subject to Rome. The
Romance (or Romanic) languages include the
French, Provencal, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese,
and Wallachian.
ro-manfe', v. i. [ROMANCE, .]
1. To tell romantic or extravagant stories ; to
draw the long bow.
2. To bo romantic; to behave romantically or
fancifully ; to build castles in the air.
ro-manf'-Sr, s. [Eug., romanc(e); -er.]
1. One who romances; one who invents or tells
extravagant stories ; a liar.
2. A writer or composer of romances.
"The fictions of the Arabs were adopted by the Trouba-
dours and first tiothic romancers." Mickle: The Lusiad,
bk. ix.
ro-man^e" -ro, s. [Sp.] A general name for a
collection of national ballads or romances.
tro-manc -Ic-al, . [English romanc(e) ; -ical.]
Resembling or having the character of the romances
of the middle ages ; romantic.
ro-man9 -1st, s. [English romanc(e) ; -1st.] A
writer or composer of romances ; a romancer.
tro-man -gjf, a. [Eng. romanc(e); #.] Roman-
tic.
"An old house, situated in a romancy place." Life of
A. tl'onn, p. 11*.
R6 man ef e , s. [ROHAN.] The language of the
Wallachians. spoken in Wallachia, Moldavia, and
parts of Hungary.
rS-man-esque' (que as k), *ro-manesk,
a. & s. [Fr. romanesque.]
A. As adjective:
1. A term applied to the dialect of Languedoc
[II. 1.].
2. Pertaining to or denoting the style of archi-
tecture and ornament so called, prevalent during
the later Roman Empire.
3. Embodying romance, representing subjects
and scenes appropriate to romance; presenting
fantastic and imaginary representations, as of ani-
mals or foliage.
4. Pertaining to romance ; romantic.
B. As substantive :
1. The common dialect of Languedoc, and some
other districts in the south of France.
2. (See extract.)
'Romanesque [is] general term for all the debased
styles of architecture which sprung from attempts to
imitate the Roman, and which flourished in Europe from
the period of the destruction of the Roman power til 1
the introduction of Gothic architecture." Glossary of
Architecture.
3. A style of art in which fantastic and imagin-
ary representations of animals and foliage are em-
ployed.
romanesque-architecture, s.
Arch.: A general term applied to the styles of
architecture which prevailed from the fifth to the
twelfth centuries. Of these there are two divisions :
(1) The debased Roman, prevalent from the fifth to
the eleventh centuries, and including the Byzan-
tine modifications of the Romans, ana (2) the late
or Gothic Romanesque of the eleventh and twelfth
centuries, comprising the later Byzantine, the Lom-
bard, and the Rhenish, Saxon, and Norman styles.
The former is a pretty close imitation of the
Roman, with modifications in the application and
distribution of the peculiar features; the latter is
Gothic in spirit, having a predominance of vertical
lines, and various other new features. [RHENISH-
ARCHITECTURE.]
ro-man -Ic, a. [ROMAN.]
1. Pertaining to the Roman languages or dia-
lects, or to the nations or races speaking them ;
romance.
2. Being in orderived from the Roman alphabet.
*R8'-man-Ish, a. [Eng. Roman; -ish.] Pertain-
ing to Romanism ; Roman, popish.
R6 man-Ism, s. [Eng. Roman; -ism.] The ten-
ets and teachings of the Church of Rome ; Roman
Catholicism.
fR6 -man-Ist, s. [Eng. Roman; -ist.~\ An adher-
ent of the Roman Catholic church ; a Roman Cath-
olic. (Fox; Acts, p. 241.)
ro -man-ize, v. t. & f. [Eng. Roman; -ize.]
A. Transitive:
1. To Latinize ; to fill with Latin words or idioms.
"He did too much romanize our tongue, leaving the
words he translated, almost as much Latin as he found
them." Dryden.
2. To convert to the Roman Catholic religion or
opinions.
B. Intransitive: .
1. To use Latin words or idioms.
"So apishly romanizing, that the word of command
still was set down in Latin." Milton: Areopagttica.
2. To conform to Roman Catholic opinions, cus-
toms, or modes of speech. (See extract under
ROMAN, B. 2.)
r6 -man-lz-er, s. [Eng. romaniz(e); er.'] One
who romanizos ; one who_ converts or conforms to
the Roman Catholic religion.
ro mansch , ro-mansh , rou-mansch', subst.
[For Romanish, from Roman (q. v.).] A dialect
spoken in the Grisons of Switzerland. It is based
on or corrupted from the Latin.
*r6-mant , *r8 -mant, *ro-maunt, s. [French
roman, the t being excrescent, as in tyrant, &c.J A
romance.
ro-man -tic, *ro-man -tick, adj. [Fr. roman-
tique; Sp. & Ital. romantico.]
1. Of or pertaining to romance ; partaking of the
nature of romance ; marvelous, extravagant, fanci-
ful, wild.
"I cannot but look on an indifferency of mind, as to the
good or evil things of this life, jis a mere romanttck
fancy." Stillingfleet: Sermons, vol. iii., ser. 8.
boll, boy; pout, jdwl; cat, fell, chorus, 9hln, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f.
-clan, -tiau = shan. -tion, -sioa = shun; -tlon, -s.ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious - shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del.
219
romantic-school
2. Given to extravagant or fanciful ideas ; fanci-
ful.
"Far more than people of rtttntintic dispositions will
readily admit." Macau/ay Hist. Kuy., ch. xiii
3. Pertaining to romances, or thp popular litera-
ture O t f the Middle Ages ; hence, fictitious imagi-
nary, ideal, chimerical.
"Fiction's fair romantic range."
:' Scott. Marmiiiii, v. (Introd.)
4. Wildly picturesque; full of wild, fantastic
and striking scenery ; as, a romantic landscape.
romantic-school, .
Literature:
1. A school of poetry founded in Germany, about
1808, by the brothers Schlegel.
2. A similar school in France, represented by
Victor Hugo, Dumas, and some novelists. [ROMAN-
TICISM.]
r6-man'-tlc-al, adj. [English romantic; -a!.]
Romantic.
"This theology of Epicurus was but romantical."
CudirorrA: Intrll. System, bk. L. ch. ii.
ro-man -tlc-al-lj^, a(/r. [Eng. romantical; -?//-]
In a romantic manner ; fancifully, wildly, extrava-
gantly.
ro man ti cifni, s. [Eng. romantic; -ism.']
1. The quality or state of being romantic ; specif.
applied to the reaction from classical to mediaeval
forms, which originated in Germany about the
middle of the eighteenth century. Similar reac-
tions took place at a later period in Franco and
England.
" His style may be described as a mixture of the clas-
sical and the romantic, its classicism being that of
Mendelssohn and its romanticism that of Schumann."
London Daily Telegraph.
2. That which is romantic ; romantic feeling,
actions, or expressions.
rft-man -tl-Clst, 8. [ng. romantic; -M.] One
who supports or is imbued with romanticism.^
"Much of the 'genial intercourse between all classes'
which ignorant romanticists praise in the past." London
Daily Telegraph.
rd-man -tlc-ly\ adv. [Eng. romantic; -ij/.] In
a romantic manner ; romantically.
ro man -tic ness, . [English romantic; -nem.]
The quality or state of being romantic.
1
r6m'-a nf, rSm -a-nl, r5m -ma-ny 1 . . [Gipsy
Kom=a man, a husband; connected by Paspati
with the name of the Indian god Rama, while Mik-
losich identities it with Sansc. doma, donii>a=a low-
caste musician.]
2. The language spoken by gipsies. (It is nowhere
to be found pure now, being in every case much cor-
rupted by intermixture with the languages of the
nations among whom the gipsies have lived.)
"Whether Komani is derived from Indi, Marathi, Ac.,
can only be determined by minute investigations, which,
long neglected, are now being carried on by various Ori-
entalists. They have at least established that Komani
stands in the relation of a sister, not a daughter, to the
*evpn principal Indian dialects."-*-iici/<\ Brit. (ed. 9th),
I. 614.
romany-rye, s. [RYE (2), .]
ro manz -atz astz),s. [Ital.]
Music: A romance (q. v.).
r6-manz I-S -ri (ZastZ), . pi. [Ital. = roman-
cists.] A school of Italian poets, who took for their
subjects the romances of Trance and Spain, and
especially those relating to Charlemagne and his
knights. Ariosto is the chief poet of the school.
r6 manz -6-vlte (z as tz), subst. [After Count
Romanzov; suff.-j<e (Min.),\
Min.: A brown variety of essonite (q. v.), from
Kimito, Finland.
*rom-bel, [RUMBLE.] A rumbling noise; a
rumor.
r&m bow -line, . [RUMBOWLINE.]
rome -ine, rome -ite, . [After the crystallog-
rapher, Rome de 1'Islc ; suff. -ine, -ite (Jfi'ii.).]
Min.: A tetragonal mineral occurring in octahe-
drons, mostly very minute, with various others at
San Marcel, Val d'Aosta, Piedmont. Hardness,
about 5'5 ; specific gravity, between 4'714 and 4'675 ;
color, hyacinth-red and honey-yellow. Composition :
Antimony, 62'24; oxygen, 16'32; lime, 21 '44=100,
which corresponds with the formula 3RO,SbO'j,
Sb0 5 .
rome km. rori -kin, . [Etym. doubtful ; cf.
rummer.] A kind of drinking-cup.
rome'-pen-ny 1 , *rome sc8t, *rome shot, .
( A. S. Rome-acott, R6me-feoh, R6mptnnnitig, R6m-
pomio.] [SHOT (2), .] The same as PETER-PENCE
(q. v.).
" The usual tribute of romescot." Mi Itoit .- Hist. Kng.,
bk. vi.
3490
Rome -ward, . [Eug. Rome; -ward.] Tending
toward Home <>r Romanian,
Rom Ish, it. [Eng. Rom(e}: -fofc.] Pertaining
or bflongintf to Rome or the Roman Catholic
Church.
tR6m 1st, Kiilat. [Eng. Kom(e), -ist.] A Roman
Catholic, a Romanist.
"The Itomiitt* hold fast the distinction of mortal and
venial sins." s<,/rtli: Seri/iontt, vol. vii., ser. 5.
romp, . [ROMP, i\]
1. A rude, awkward, forward girl, fond of boister-
ous or rough play.
2. Rude or rough play or frolic.
romp, r. /. [Another form of ramp (q. v.).] To
play about rudely, noisily, and boisterously ; to
frisk about ; to indulge in romps.
" I found the creature romping and rolling in full lib-
erty." London Daily Telegraph.
romp'-Ing, pr. par. or a. [RoMP, t'.]
romp -Iftg-ly', adv. [Eng. romping; -ly.] In a
romping manner; like a romp; rompishly.
romp -Ish, a. [English romp; -iift.] Given or
inclined to romping.
romp -Ish-ly', adv. [Eng. rompish; -ly.] In a
rompish manner; like a romp.
romp Ish- ness, . [Eng. rompish: -ness.] The
quality or state of being rompish ; a disposition to
indulge in rough or boisterous play.
rom'-pu, rom -pee, s. [Fr. rompu, pa. par. of
rompre (Lat. rttipo) = to break.]
Heraldry: Applied to an ordinary when broken,
parted asunder, or fracted; as, a chevron or bend
rompu.
ron ca-dor', . [Sp.=a snorer.] A name given
to several species of food fishes in California on
account of a peculiar noise made by them on being
taken from the water.
ron dache , s. [Fr.]
Old Arm. : A large circularshield for foot-soldiers,
entirely covering the upper part of the body, with a
slit at the top for seeing through, and another at
the side to pass the sword through.
ronde, s. [Fr.]
Typog. A kind of round, cursive character in
imitation of French writing, similar to the old
Chancery engrossing hand.
ron -deau (eau as 6), r8n do, s. [Fr. rondeau,
from )-ond=round.]
1. A poem written in iambic verse of eight or ton
syllables, and in thirteen lines ; it must have but
two rhymes. It contains three stanzas, the first
and third of which have five lines each, and the
second three ; there is also a refrain, consisting of
the firstword orwords in the first line, added, with-
out rhyming with anything, to the end of the
eighth line and of the thirteenth line. (E. Gosfe, in
Cornhill Magazine, July, 1877.)
2. Music:
(It A piece of music vocal or instrumental, gener-
ally consisting of three strains, the first of which
closes in the original key, while each of the others
is so constructed in modulation, as to reconduct
the ear in an easy and natural manner to the first
strain.
"Rondo form differs from sonata or symphonic form, in
that the first part is not marked for repeat. The original
subject does not modulate, tun reappears in its key-chord
at the close of the first period, and again after the modu-
lation of the second subject, so that it must be heard
three times." Staitter ( Barret: Musical Dictionary.
(2) A kind of jig or lively tune that ends with the
first strain repeated.
ron del, s. [O. Fr.. from rod=round; Spanish
rondel; Ital. roiidelfo.]
1. A poem in fourteen lines, properly of eight
syllables. There should be but two rhymes through-
out; those in the first, fourth, fifth, ninth, and
twelfth lines, and those of the second, third, sixth,
tenth, and eleventh lines should correspond. The
seventh and eighth, and thirteenth and fourteenth
lines are repetitions of the first and second. (E.
Gosse, in Cornhill Magazine, July, 1877.)
2. Something round ; a rondle.
3. The same as RONDEAU, 1.
*4. Fort.: A small, round tower erected at the
foot of a bastion.
rSn-de-le -tl-a (t as sh) , s. [Named after Wm.
Rondclet, M. D. (1507-1566), a naturalist of Mont-
pellier.]
1. Botany: A large genus of Hedyotidee. Shrubs
with white, yellow, blue, pink, roseate, or scarlet
flowers ; mostly from the hotter parts of America.
The bark of Rondeletia febrifuga is given at Sierra
Leone in fevers.
2. Perfumery: A perfume, named from Rondeletia
odorata, found in Mexico and Cuba, but not really
prepared from that plant.
roodpeer
ron-delle , s. [ROXDLE, II. 3.]
*r5n-dur , s. [Fr.] Rondure (q. v.).
ron die, ron del, s. [O. Fr. nmtlel, from rond.
= roimti U|. v. i. j
1. Qrtlhinrit Language:
*1. Anything round: a circle.
2. The step of a ladder; a round, a rung.
II. Technically:
1. Fort.: The same as RONDEL, 3.
2. HIT.: A roundel (q. V.).
" Certain roti'ltes given in arms, have their names
according to theirseveral colors." Peachaw.
S. Metall.: A round plate or disc. The term is
applied to the crust or scale which forms upon the
surface of molten metal in cooling, ami which is
removed from the crucible or cistern from time to
time as it congeals, in order to obtain the metal in
a form suitable for farther treatment instead of in
a solid mass. Spelled also rondelle. Copper thus
treated is known as rose copper from its red color.
ron -do, s. [RONDEAU.]
*r5n'-diire, s. [Fr. ?vmd=ronnd.] A circle.
"With April's first-born Bowers, and all things rare
That heaven's air in this huge rondure hems."
Hliakesp.: Sonnet 21.
rone, *f. [From the same root as run ; cf. runnel:
Prov. Eng. rune, and Prov. Ger. rounc = R channel.]
[RHONE.] (Scotch.)
*rSng, s. [RUNG.g.] A rung or round of a ladder.
"So many steps or rongs as it were of Jacob's ladder."
Bishop Andrews: Sermons, p. 561.
ron -ion (iasy) *r8n -y&n, s. [Fr. rogne=sc&b,
mange, iteh, from Lat. robiginem, accus. of robigo=
rust.] A mangy, scabby animal ; a scurvy person ;
a drab.
"Out of my door, you witch, you polecat, you ronyon."
Shakesp.: Merry Wives of Windsor, iv. 2.
rood, *rode, roode, s. [The same word as rod
(q. v.). A, S. r<>d = a rod, a gallows, a cross; cogn.
with O. Fris. rode; O. S. rdda=gallows, cross; Dut.
roede& rod, a perch, a wand ; O. H. Ger. rmri=a
rod of land ; Ger. mthe ; Lat. >-ud/s=a rod, a staff.]
1. A cross.
"Heo brogte oure Lord Jhesu to dye on the rode."
Robert of Gloucester, 61.
2. A cross or crucifix ; specif., a representation of
the crucified Savior, or, more generally, of the
Trinity, placed in Catholic churches over the altar-
screen, hence termed the rood-screen. The rood
consisted of the throe persons of the Trinity, the
Son being represented as crucified. Gcnarally
figures of the Virgin and St. John were placed at a
slight distance on each side of the principal group,
in reference to John xxix. 26.
" ' Now, by the rood, my lovely maid.
Your courtesy has erred,' he said.
Scott : Ladu of the Lake, i. 22.
3. A rod, pole, or perch. [Roo, s., I. 3.]
4. A unit of superficial measurement, the fourth
part of an acre, and equal to 40 square rods.
rood-arch, s. The arch in a church between the
nave and chancel, so called from the rood being
placed there.
rood-beam, Tode-beem, s. A beam across the
entrance to the chancel of a church for supporting
the rood.
" [He! Hth ygrave under the rode-lteetn."
Chaucer: C. T., 6,078.
rood-cloth, s.
Ecclex.: A black or violet cloth with which the
rood was covered during Lent.
"rood-free, a. Exempt from punishment.
rood-loft, s. A gallery over the entrance to the
choir of a church, at the front of which the rood or
crucifix was placed. It was composed of open
tabernacle-work, in wood or stone, and was ap-
proached by a small staircase in the wall of the
building. [AMBO.]
rood-saints, s. pi.
Eccles.: Images of the Virgin and of St. John,
the beloved disciple, placed on each side.
rood-screen, s. A screen or ornamental parti-
tion separating the choir of a church from the
nave, and often supporting the rood or crucifix.
rood-tower, rood-steeple, subst. The tower or
steeple built over the intersection of a cruciform
church.
*rood-tree, *roode-tre, s. The cross.
roo -de b5k. s. [Dutch rood=red, and 6ofc=a
buck.]
Zoology: Ce/ihalopus natalensis, the Natal Bush
Buck. Color bright bay, with short conical horns.
It inhabits the thick brushwood of the forests about
Natal and the country to the eastward.
rodd -peer, s. [Eng. rood, and peer (?).]
Bot. : Phoberos ecklonii.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, w6rk, wh6, sftn; mute, cub, ctire, unite, cfir, rule, full; try, Syrian. 99, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw.
roody
3491
roomthiness
oom.
or Kept : Kuss. krov=a roof.l
pany.
honor you as of celestial room."
, jtation in British North America.
(Simmonds.)
9. Ability to admit or allow; freedom for action;
opportunity, scope, latitude,
four " wi " vou not look with pity on me?
la there no hope? is there no room for pardon?"
/I. 1'liilips.
^ I.QI mu ui .,^ M ,
.. -v,-. , i.,,.^. ,-., .v., legs, toes, and claws black. Base of beak' forehead' ..,,,.
1. Arch.: The uppermost member of a building; lores, chin, and throat bare, but the cause of this chapman.
the cover of anynouse or building, irrespective of nudity is not known. Some assert that the feathers <, \ + i
tlin material of which it is composed. The simplest ar p abraded as the bird digs in the ground for food; ,,?' ' 5f"? ?*
form of roof consists merely of inclined rafters, others, that it is a natural peculiarity. The female
abutting at their upper end. andattached to a fixed ls r . at :'. 1 . e . r ' c ' ss 'I'' 1 ." ""' "i"!' 1 . andlier plumage is not
bearing at the lower ends. Roofs are of various Sobrmm"^ White and other varieties often occur,
kinds, and are distinguished (1) by the materials of Their nest is about two feet in diameter; eggs four
which they are composed, as iron roofs, wood, slate, to six in number, bluish-green, blotched with brown,
tile, or thatch roofs, &c., or (2) by the form and ( c& extract.)
mode of construction, as gable-roofs, flat, lean-to, "The balance between injury or benefit derived from H; Mining: The worked space in a mine, ospe-
bipi curbed, ogee, mansard, &c. The span is the Hooks by agriculturists is n question which general opin- cially of a coal-mine, where the roof is supported by
width between supports. The rise is the height in i n seems to have settled byconsideringthatthe damage, regular pillars.
the center above the level of the supports. The though often great, is much more than outweighed by IT (1) To give or leave room: To withdraw; to
pitclijs the slope of the rafters. _f,iff" 1 ?J!i ren , ll 5 1 ,T ed -i n i ne Destruction of millions of leave ^pace for another to pass or be seated.
way or passage;
and bringeth him
XVlll. ID.
room-and-space, 8.
no ci i . m t I'lnn pint y oi reasonjiuie men, ,*, . ... mi -
gamesters, who only fill a room at the "nifouild.: The distance between the stations of
fur from contributing to the play, that tno . timber frames which constitute the ribs. It
to spoil the fancy of those who do." varies from 2 ft. 6 in. to 3 ft. 9 in. Room is the rib ;
space, the distance apart.
Room and space staff: A long measuring-rod used
in spacing and regulating the distance apart of a
roofs and Queen-post roofs. (See these words.) "Such wits as he are, to a company of reasonable men,
:). Mining: The part abovetheminer's head; that like roots to the
part lying immediately upon the coal. table, but are so
4. Anything corresponding with or resembling the they only serve ,._ _
covering of a house, as the arch or top of a furnace, " vchertey.- Conntru Wife, i. 1.
an oven, a carriage, coach, &c. ; an arch; the inte- rook-pie, s. A pie made of young rooks,
nor of a vault ; a ceiling. ^QTs. (2). *roke, s. [Fr. roc, from Pers. rofcft=a
The roof of the chamber." rook at chess.]
Shakesp.: Ci/mbeline, ii. 4. "' "
5. Hence, fig., a canopy or the like.
"The dust
Should have ascended to the r*o/of heav'n."
Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, iii. 6.
6. A covering or shelter generally.
*7. A house in general.
" Within this roof
The enemy of all your graces lives."
Shakesp.: As You Like It, ii. 3.
8. The upper part of the month ; the palate.
"Swearing till my very roo/was dry
With oaths of love."
Shakesp.: Merchant of Venice, iii. 2.
roof-guard, .-.
Build. : A contrivance for preventing snow from
sliding from a roof. It consists usually of a con-
tinuous series of horizontal slates, slightly raised
above the roof-cover and supported by uprights.
roof-tree, s.
I. The beam in the angle of a roof,
~. Hence, used for the roof itself.
"Does all that lies in his power to make you happy
during your lengthened stay under his capacious roof-
trre."Pall Mall Gazette.
Chess: One of the pieces in chess placed at the
four corners of the board. It can move the whole . .
extent of the board in lines parallel to its sides, tamed from an Assamese plant of the genus Rucl-
11 ---- ii.j _ ,-,__ i ,_
room-paper, s. Wall-paper ; paper-hangings,
rodm^), . [Assamese.J A deep blue dye ob-
Also called a Castle,
rook (3), s. [RicK.]
rook(l),t>. t. &i. [ROOK (!),.]
.]
pla
lia (q.v.).
rodm, v.i. [ROOM (1), s.] To occupy rooms or
apartments; to lodge.
k.._Tran.- L To rob, to cheat, to swindle, to sharp. . a *e P ? I R oo ' m e s (a a *| as Iir)l *' [Eng ' room
"He [Sir John DenhamJ was much rooked by gam
store." Aubrey: Anecdotes, ii. 317.
*B. Intrans. : To cheat, to swindle, to rob.
"Put into a mixed herd of unruly boys, and there learn-
ing to roofr at spanfarthing," Locke: On Education.
trook, v. i. [ROOK (2),
[CASTLE, v.]
It must be a silent character of hope, when there in
good store of roomage and receipt, where those powers are
stowed." Wotton: Remains, p. 81.
*ro6m-al, subst. [Hind. = a handkerchief.] The
Ji.^flr^k slip-knot handkerchief employed by the Thugs in
To castle at chess, their murderous operations.
rnnv lift i rBnr- i T ro8m'-an, s. [Seedef.] An Indian name for the
rook ((2), v. i. [RUCK, f.] To cower, to ruck, to pomegranate (q. v.).
roomed, Toumed, a. [Eng. room (1), s. ; -ed.]
"The raven rooAr'd heron the chimney-top."
Shakesp.: Henri/ VI., Pt. ///., y. 6.
..;. -- .-,,- [Eng. roofc(l), v. ; -er.] Acheat,
a swindler.
" Rookers and sharpers work their several ends." Ken-
net: Erasmus; Praise of Folly, p. 76.
rook -Sr (2), s. [Etym. doubtful ; cf. raker.']
Bakery: A tool like the letter L, used for with-
in composi-
1 To your roof -tree : A toast expressive of a wish drawing ashes from the oven,
for the prosperity of one's family, or of all under rook -er-f , s. [Eng. rook (1), s. ; -ery.]
nis roof. I
roof-truss, s. The framework of a roof, consist- nei
ing of thrust and tie pieces.
rodf, v. t. [RooF,.]
1. To cover with a roof.
2. To arch over ; to cover. (Milton : P. K., ii. 293.)
3. To inclose in a house ; to shelter.
" Here had we now our country's honor roofd
Were the grac'd person of our Banquo present."
Shakesp.: Macbeth, iii. 4.
roof -er, . [Eng. roof, v. ; -er.] One who roofs
or covers with a roof.
roof-Ing, pr. par. & 8. [RooF, v.]
A. Atpr.par.: (See the verb.)
B. As substantive :
1. The act of covering with a roof.
2. The materials of which a roof is composed ;
materials for a roof.
3. The roof itself; hence, used figuratively for
shelter.
rodf -iSss, a. [Eng. roof; -less.]
1. Having no roof.
"Thither I came, and there amid the gloom .
Appear'd a roofless hut."
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. i.
2. Having no roof or shelter; unsheltered.
roof -let, s. [English roof; dimiii. suff. -let.} A
little roof or covering.
troof-J, a. [Eng. roof; -y.] Having roofs.
ropk(l),s. [A. S. hroc, cogn. with Icel. hrokr
Dan. raage;_Svr._ roka; Irish & Gael, rocas ; O. H.
1. Having a room or rooms. Used
*2. Roomy, spacious, wide.
.".The wode and the wide roumed waie." Udall: Luke
rodm-Sr, adv. [ROOM* (1), s.] Farther off; at
or to a greater distance.
IF To 90 (or put ) roomer :
Naut. : To tack about before the wind.
''The Swalow, to his no small reioicing, came to him
i ,
l - A wood, or grove of trees, used by rooks for S? B1 . n , e m the night 10 leagues to the northward of Cape
sting places. * mister, haumgpuf roomer and not being ableto double
2. Rocks, &c., frequented by sea-birds for laying pe ' *****&> rw><i", vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 56.
2. Rocks, &c., frequented by sea-birds for laying
their eggs ; a resort of seals for breeding purposes.
[PENGUIN-BOOKERY.]
3. The rooks belonging to a particular rookery.
4. A brothel. (Slang.)
, 5 :. "lose assemblage of poor, mean, and dirty
buildings, inhabited by the lowest classes ; a resort
of thieves, sharpers, prostitutes, &c.
"The rookery is for the most part a consequence of an
excess of population crowded by stern necessity into a
limited space." London Daily Chronicle.
ropk-jf, a. [Eng. rook (l),s. ; -y.] Inhabited
by rooks.
" Light thickens; and the crow
Makes wing to the rooky wood."
Shakesp.: Macbeth, iii. 2.
roam -Sr, s. [Eng. room,- -er.] A lodger. (17. 5.
Collog.)
ro6m -f ul, a. & . [Eng. room (1), s. ; -ful(l).]
*A. As adj. : Full of room or rooms ; roomy.
" Now in a roomful house this soul doth float."
Donne: Progress of the Soul.
B. As subst. : As mucli or as many as a room will
hold ; as, a roomful of people.
rodm -I-ljf, adv. [Eng. roomy; -ly.] Spaciously.
rodm'-I-ngss, subst. [Eng. roomy; -ness.] The
quality or state of being roomy; spaciousness.
roonv-lgss, rpum-les, adj. [Eng. room (1), s. ;
-less.] Wanting m room or space ; without rooms.
" T , ne ,, 8ny ppe ... is very narowe and roumta."
Ldall: Markili.
rodm -mate, s. . fEng. room; mate.] One who
room, *roome, *roum, *roume, s. [A. S. rum
- (s.) room, (a.) spacious; cogn. with But. ram= , . ,^ 11B . ,,, ,,<,, ,,, who
spacious, a room ; Icel. rn-=si>ac 1 ous, room ; Dan. occupies a rooin witii another.
:] m; ' H - &er - """' Ger ' ra '"" ; G thic *ro6m-rld-den,a. [Eng. room (1), s., and rid-
I. 0,-dinary Language: ^^If^ ^^^ ^ml^Ato^.
" When thon art bidden by nny man to a wedding sit
3t down in the highest room." Luke xiv. 8.
*3. Office, post, station, position.
Ger. hrwok; M. H. Ger. j-owcfc=a rook ; Gor. ruchvrt "To have an enjoy that office and ruom."aoUnthi-
=a jackdaw. A word of imitative origin ; cf. Gael. *""<""* (an. 1543).
or 1 :m P il Ce ' COmPaS6;eXtentofplaCC ' whethergreat *ro6nr-s6me, adj. [Eng. room (1), s.; -some]
Roomy.
lUsdoneasthou hast commanded, and yet there is *ro6m -Stead, subst. [Eng. room, and stead.] A
lodging.
*rodmth. subst. [Eng. room (1), s. ; suff. -th, as in
lengWi, <tc.]
1. Room.
" Not finding fitting roointh upon the rising side."
room." Luke xiv.
*2. A place, a station.
1 Whe:
roc=to croak (q. v.) ; Lat. raijcrw=hoarse.] ,,
l._Oiui. : Corvusfrugilegus, an eminently gre- stead, as in succession orVubstitution.
ganous bird, inhabiting cultivated wooded dis- "Let this simnlv the ,,"
tn.-is.andapparcntly preferring to build and breed Shakes], ?! 7 H r T; Pt. III., ti . 6 .
.
Drat/ton: Polyolbion, s. 6.
2. Spaciousness, roominess.
boll, b6y; p6ut, j(5wl; cat, pell, chorus,
-clan, -Man = shan. -tlon, -slon = shun;
4. Place or station once occupied by another; *rodmth -I-ness, subst. [Eng. roomthv -nessl
-ead, as in succession or substitution. Roominess, spaciousness.
"Which body-haunter of roomtMness." Fairfax- Bulk
and Selvedge of the World, p. 41.
Shin, bench; go, ^em; thin, this; gin, as,; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f.
-tlon, -gion = zhun. -tious. -clous, -sious = shus. -ble, -die. &c. = bel. del.
roomthsome
3492
rootfast
*roomth -s&me, udj. [English roomtlt; -some.]
Roomy, spacious.
"A pigeon-house, roomtksome enough." \ashe: Lenten
Stuff.
*roomth '-$, *roomth-ie, a. [Eng. roomtli; -.]
Roomy, spacious.
"The land was fur roomthier than the scale of miles
doth make it." Fuller: Halt/ War, f. 28.
rodm'-y 6 , a. [Eng. room (1), s. ; -y.]
1. Having or affording ample room ; spacious,
wide.
" Ours is a weedy country because it is a roomy one."
Burroughs: Pepacton, p. 271.
2. Big ; broad or wide in frame.
"She is a big roomy bitch, too." Field, Dec. 6, 1884.
roon, s. [A. S., Sw., &c., rand=a border (Jamie-
o).J A shred ; a border or selvage. (Scotch.)
"In thae auld times, they thought the moon . . .
Wore by degrees, till her last roo."
Bums. Tu William Simpson. (Post.)
rodn, roone, . & a. [Etym. doubtful.]
A. Assubst.: Vermilion.
"I schalleyeve the a uobylle stede.
Also rede as onj roone.
MS. Cantab., Ft. it, 38, fo. 66.
B. As adj. : Red as vermilion,
roop, . [Roop, r.]
1. A cry, a call.
2. Hoarseness. (Pror.)
roop, v. i. [A. S. hrovan; Icel. hropa; Dutcli
roepen; O. Fris. hropa ; Goth, hropja.] [RoCP (H,
verb.] To cry, to shout.
roop It, a. [Eng. roop, s. ; -i/(=-ed).] Hoarse.
(Sco(cA.)
ro6r back, roor -bach, s. [From a fictitious
extract from Roorback's Tour, in 1836, published
for political purposes by an American paper in
1844.] A falsehood, a misstatement ; a sensational
article, without any foundation, published, espe-
cially for political purposes, in a newspaper.
ro6'-s.a, rou -s.ah, ru -s.a, s. [Hind. ru*a.]
Hot. : Andropogon schoenanthus, the Sweet Cala-
mus or Geranium-grass. It grows in India.
roosa-oil, rusa-grass oil, s. An oil obtained
from the roosa-grass. It is a powerful stimulant,
and is employed externally in India in chronic
rheumatism and rheumatic pains.
roose, rufje, v. t. [Icel. hrosa; Danish rose; Sw.
rosa.] To extol, praise.
"Let ilka ane rouse the ford as they find it." Scott: Rob
Roy, ch. xxvii.
roost (l), *roest, Touat (l), rowst, s. [A. S.
hrost, cogn. with O. S. hrost; 0. Dan. roetst=& roost;
roesten = to roost ; connected with roof (q.v.).]
1. A pole or perch on which fowls rest at night.
" He clapp'd wings upon his roost and sung."
Dryden: Cock ami Fox, 46.
2. A collection of fowls roosting together.
If At roost: Resting and asleep.
roost (2), roust (2), s. [ROCST.]
roost, v. i. [RoosT, .]
1. To occupy a roost, to sleep on a roost.
"The peacock in the broad ash-tree
Aloft is rousted for the night."
Wordsworth: White Doe, iv.
2. To sleep, to lodge, to settle. (Colloq.)
roost-cock, s. The common domestic cock.
rodst'-Sr, s. | Eng. roost, v. ; -<)-.] The male of
the domestic fowl, a cock.
ro6t, rote, s. [Icel. rdt; Sw. rot; Dan. rod. The
Icel. rot is for vr6tv6rt, and hence allied to Goth.
waurts=& root ; A. S. wyrt ; Eng. wort (q. v.).]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally :
(1) In the same sense as II. 2.
"Thei sayen the fyge tree maad dyre fro the rotis."
Wvcliffe: Markli.
(2) An esculent root ; a plant whose root or tubers
are esculent, as turnips, carrots, beets. &c.
2. Figuratively:
(1) That which resembles a root in position or
function ; the part of anything which resembles the
roots of a plant in manner of growth, or as a source
of nourishment or support.
"To the roof of the tongue." Shakesp.: Timon, v. 1.
(2) The origin, source, or cause of anything.
"The love of money is the root of all evil." 1 Tim.
*110.
(3) The first ancestor ; the progenitor.
" The root and father
Of many kings." Shakesp,: Macbeth, ii. 1.
(4) The bottom or lowest part of anything.
" I cannot delve him to the root."
Shake*?.: Cymbellnf, i. 1.
(5) Ground. basis, foundation.
" Remove the rout of his opinion."
Slink?*!'.. Winter'* Till", ii. 3.
(6) Foundation, basis, support.
" With ii couruee of unshaken root."
Cou-per: Table Talk, 15.
~. A primitive word from which other words are
formed.
II. Technically:
1. Anat. : That part of any organ or appendage of
the body which is buried in another part. Thus
the root of a nail is the portion covered by the skin ;
the root of a tooth, the base of it which is lodged
iu a socket.
t2. Astron. : The moment from which one begins
to calculate the time of revolution of a planet.
3. Hot.: The radix or descending axis of a plant.
The tendency downward is very powerful. Unlike
the symmetrically placed branches of the stem,
the ramifications of the roots look irregular as it
they arose from any part of the surface. There is
in them, however, a certain Rhizotaxis (q. v.). The
roots of Dicotyledons are exorhizal, those of Mono-
cotyledons endorhizal, and those of Acotyledpns
heterohizal. A root has no perfect bark, true pith,
medullary sheath, or true leaves, and only a thin
epidermis, a few stomata,and very rarely leaf-buds.
Its growth is chiefly at the lower extremity. The
body of a root is called the caudex, its minute sub-
divisions the fibrils or radicles, and their ends the
spongioles. A pfimary root is one formed by the
downward elongation of the axis of the embryo, and
is, therefore, in a line with the stem; secondary or
lateral roots, like those of ivy, spring laterally from
the stem and from the primary root. When the prim-
ary root is thicker than the branches which proceed
from it, it is called a tap root, when it is no thicker
than its ramifications, which conceal it from view,
the root is said to be fibrous. Other forms of roots
are conical, fusiform, uapiform, rotund, nodose or
coralline, inoniliform, tuberose, or (finally) pre-
morse. Most roots are terrestrial, a few are aerial,
and a few aquatic. The chief functions of the root
are to anchor the plant firmly in the ground, and to
transmit upward to the stem and leaves absorbed
nutriment from the soil. Roots require air, and in
some cases in gardens obtain it by pushing their
way into old drains.
3. Hyd. Ena. : The end of a weir or dam where it
unites with the natural bank.
4. Math. : The root of a quantity is any quantity
which, being taken a certain number of times as a
factor, will produce the quantity. [SQUARE-ROOT,
CUBE-ROOT.] A root of a quantity may be real, or
it may be Imaginary. The character used to denote
a root is v . [RADICAL-SIGN.]
5. Music:
(1) A note which, beside its own sound, gives over-
tones or harmonics.
(2) That note from among whose overtones any
chord may be selected.
(3) Sometimes used by modern musicians as de-
scribing a note on which, when either expressed or
implied, a chord is built up.
6. Philol.: An elementary notional syllable; that
part of a word which conveys its essential meaning,
as distinguished from the formative parts by which
this meaning is modified.
11(1) Root and Branch Men :
Eng. Hist.: A name assumed about 1641 by the
extreme republicans of England who advocated the
abolition of monarchy and the overthrow of the
Established Church.
t(2) Root of scarcity :
Agric.: The Mangel-wurzel (q.v.).
(3) To take root, to strike root : To become planted
or fixed ; to be established, to thrive and spread.
*root-bound, a. Fixed to the earth by roots;
firmly attached, as though rooted to the ground ;
immovable.
"And you a statue; or, as Daphne was,
Hoot -luniiul, that fled Apollo."
Milton: Cumns, 662.
root-breaker, root-bruiser, .
Agric.: A machine for mashing or bruising pota-
toes, turnips, carrots, or other raw roots for reeding
stock.
*root-built, o. Built of roots.
" The root-built cell." tihenstonc.
root-cap, *. [PILEOEHIZA.]
root-crop, subst. A crop of plants with esculent
roots ; especially of plants having single roots, as
turnips, carrots, beets, Ac.
root-eater, s. An animal which feeds on roots ;
specif., one of the Rhizophaga (q. v.).
root-grinder, s. A machine for comminuting
roots for the purpose of obtaining starch, sugar, or
color from them.
root-hair, .
Bot. : Hair attached to a root ; a rhizoid.
root-headed Crustacea, s. pi.
Zool.: The Rhizocophala Ul- v.).
root- house, .
*1. A houso inailr of roots.
2. A noust 1 or shed in which roots or tops, as po-
tatoes, carrot?-, turnips, cabba/s'!-s, &c., are stored
as winter food for cattlr.
root-leaf, . A leaf growing immediately from
the root.
root-mildew, s.
Hort.: A "mildew" consisting of some parasitic
fungal attacking the roots of plants.
root-parasite, s.
Bot. : A plant growing parasitically on the root
of another one, as is the case with the Orobau-
chacete.
root-pressure, s.
But. Physiol. : The upward'pressure exerted by the
water absorbed by the root in greater amount than
the plant requires. It sometimes makes that which
it drives upward exude in drops from the margins
and tips of the leaves, as in some grasses, aroids.&c.
root-sheath, s.
1. Anat.: The epidermic coat of the follicle con-
nected with each hair of the head and of the body.
2. Bot. : [COLEORHIZA. ]
root-vole, .
Zool. : Arvicola ceconomus, a large species, rang-
ing from the Obi to Kamschatka. It is migratory,
like the Lemming (q. v.).
rodt (1), 'rote, r. t. & i. [ROOT, s.]
A. Trannitice :
1. Lit. : To fix by the root ; to plant and fix in the
ground by the root.
2. Fig. : To fix or implaut firmly and deeply ; to
impress deeply and durably. (Used generally in the
pa. par.)
"His honor rooted in dishonor stood."
Tennyson: Elaine, 872.
B. Intransitive :
1. Lit. : To fix the root, to take root ; to enter the
earth, as a root.
"Enable the cuttings to not."Flrld, Oct. 3, 1888.
*2. Fig. : To become deeply and firmly estab-
lished or impressed ; to take root.
"There rooted between them such an affection."
Shakesp. : Winter's Tale, i. I.
root (2), *wrOt-en, v.t.&i. [A. S. wr6tan=to
grub up; cogn. with O. Dnt. wroeten; Icel. rota;
from rot aroot ; Dan. rode, from rod=a root (q. v.).
The meaning has no doubt been greatly influenced
by the verb root (1).]
A. Transitive:
1. To dig, burrow, or grub in with the snout ; to
turn up the ground, as the swine with their snouts.
" Would root these beuuties, as he roots the mead."
Shakesp.: I'enits and Adonis, 636.
2. To tear up or out, as by the roots ; to eradicate,
to extirpate ; to destroy or remove utterly, to exter-
minate. (Generally with away, out, orp.)
" To roof out the whole hated family." Shakesp.: Rape
ofLucre.ce. (Arg.)
B. Intransitive:
1. To turn up the ground with the snout, as
swine.
2. To rummage about.
root -ed, pa. par. & a. [ROOT (1), f.]
A. A pit. par.: (See the verb.)
B. As adj.: Deeply and durably impressed or
established ; firmly fixed.
" Pluck from the memory a rooted sorrow."
Sliakrsp.: Macbeth, v. 8.
root -ed ly\ adv. [Eng. roof ed, ; -ly.] In a rooted
manner; deeply, strongly.
" They all do hate him
As rootedly as I." Shakesp.: Tempest, iii. 2.
ro6t -ed-ness, subst. [Eng. rooted; -ness.} The
quality or state of being rooted or firmly fixed.
ro6t-Sr(l),8. [Eng. root (1), v.; -er.] A plant
which takes root.
"They require dividing and planting on fresh soil
frequently, being strong rooters.'' Field, March 13, 1886.
ro6t-er (2), *rot-er, *. [Eng. root (2),v. ; -tr.\
One who roots up ; one who eradicates or destroys
utterly.
" The rooters and through-reformers made clean work
with the church." South: berntons, vol. iv., ser. 1.
root 5r-?, s. [Eng. root, . ; -ei'y, iu imitation
of rockery.] A mound or heap made of roots of
trees in which plants are set, as in rockeries in
gardens and pleasure grounds.
rodt -fast, a. [Eng. root, s., and/as^.] Firmly
rooted. (State Papers, vi. 534.)
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; w, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wglf, w5rk, who, s6n; mate, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se. oa = e; ey = a. qu = kw.
rootfastness
3493
rosa
oil:
Pa
*rq6t -fast-ness, s. [Eng. rooffast; -ness.'] The
uality or state of being firmly rooted. (State
apers, vi. 534.)
root -less, Toote-les, o. [Eng. root, s.\ -less.]
, Having no root, destitute of roots.
" Like a rootless tree." Sir T. More.- iro?-ts, p. 130.
root'-let, 8. [Eng. root, s. ; dimin. suff. -let.] A
little root ; a radicle.
"The most delicate tendrils and rootlets of trees."
Scrtbner'a Magazine, December, 1878, p. 164.
root-Stock, subst. [English root, and stock.]
[RHIZOME. J
root -y\ a. [Eng. root, s. ; -y.] Full of or abound-
ing in roots.
"Nor can with all the confluence break through his
rooty sides." Chapman: Homer's Iliad, xvii.
roo -ye-bok, s. [Dut.] [PALLAH.]
ro-pal-lc, a. [Gr. rhopalon=a club.]
1. riub-forined; increasing or swelling toward
the end.
2. Pros. : The same as RHOPALIC (q. v.).
r6pe, *raip, 'rape, *roop, *rop, s. [A. S. rdp,
<jogn. with Dut. reep ; Icel. reip ,' Sw. rep ; Dan. reb ;
Ger. reif; Goth, ra/ps.]
1. A general name applied to cordage over one inch
in circumference. Ropes are of hemp, flax, cotton,
coir, or wire, and are known by their construction.
The most important kinds are described in this
Dictionary under their technical names.
"Axes to cut, and ropes to sling the load."
Pope, Homer's Iliad, xxiii. 139.
2. A row or string consisting of a number of things
nnited ; as, a rope of onions.
*3. An intestine.
"His talowe serveth for playsters many one;
For harp-strings his rope serve eche one."
A Lytetl Treatise on the Horse.
H 1. A rope of Hand: A proverbial expression for
a feeble or insecure bond or union ; a bond easily
broken.
2. To give a person rope : To let one go on un-
checked.
3. Upon the high ropes :
(1) Elated in spirit.
(2) Haughty, arrogant.
4. What a rope! What the devil !
rope-band, s. [RODBIN.]
rope-bark, s.
Hot.: Leather-wood. [DlRCA.] The bark is made
into ropes. Called also Moose-wood, Wicopy, &c.
rope-dancer, mbst. One who walks, dances, or
-otherwise performs on a rope stretched at a greater
or less height above the ground.
rope-dancing, subst. The profession or act of a
rope-dancer.
rope-grass, s.
Hot. : The genus Restio (q. v.).
rope-ladder, . A ladder made of rope. Some-
times the crosspieces, or rungs, are of wood.
{SHROUDS.]
rope-maker, subst. One whose profession is to
"make or deal in ropes.
"God and the rope-maker bear me witness,
That ! was sent for nothing but a rope."
Shakesp.: Comedy of Errors, iv. 4.
rope-making, s. The act or business of making
ropes, cordage, &c.
Rope-makiny machine: A machine for making
ropes. One 1 was invented by Sylvester in 1783, and
was patented by Richard March in 1784, and by
Edmund Cartwright in 1792. It has since been
much improved.
rope-mat, s. A mat made of oakum.
rope-porter, s. A light, two-wheeled carriage
employed in the Fowler system of steam plowing
to carry the rope clear of the ground.
rope-pump, s. A water-elevator, consisting of a
Tope or ropes, or of a fibrous webbing, whose lower
end dips in the water which is discharged at the
"tipper end, partly by centrifugal force, and partly
by the compression of the rope on the roller. The
water is retained in the rope by capillary action.
rope-railway, s. A railway on which the cars
are drawn by ropes wound upon drums rotated
by stationary engines. This is frequently done on
inclined planes in mining districts, and is some-
times adopted as a temporary expedient pending
the construction of grades of lesser slope.
*rope-rlpe, adj. Fit for hanging ; deserving of
being hanged.
rope-roll, s.
Much.: A hollow cylinder on an axle, and with
ropes or bands round it to communicate motion to
other parts of a machine.
rope-shaped, a. [FUNILIFORM.]
rope-spinning, s. The act or operation of spin-
ning or twisting ropes.
rope-trick, s.
I. A juggling feat, introduced by the Brothers
Davenport, in 1864. The performer was bound with
ropes in a cabinet, or to a chair; the lights were
then lowered, and on their being raised ho was dis-
covered at liberty, having been released, it was
said, by spiritual agency. The trick was exposed.
*2. A rogue's trick; a trick deserving of the
halter.
" She may perhaps call him half a score knaves or so:
an' he begin once, he'll rail in his rope-tricks." Shake-
.s/ifirc.- Titminy of the Shrev), i. 2.
rope-walk, s, A covered walk or ground where
ropes are made. Its length is estimated in fathoms,
and is from 100 to 200 fathoms. At one end is the
spinning-wheel, which rotates the whirlers to which
the ends of a bunch of hempen fibers are secured,
to be twisted into a yarn. Along the walk are hori-
zontal cross-bars with hooks, over which the yarns
are swung as the men walk backward from the
whirlers and pay out the yarn.
rope-walker, s. [ROPE-DANCER.]
rope-winch, 8. A set of three whirlers driven by
a strap and twisting three yarns which are to be
laid up into a rope.
rope-yarn, s. A single yarn composed of fibers
twisted right-handed; used on shipboard for vari-
ous purposes. [SPCN-VARN.] The size of a strand,
and of the rope of which it forms part, is deter-
mined by the number of rope-yarns in it.
rope's end, s. The end of a rope; a short piece
of rope used as an instrument of punishment.
rope's end, v. t. To thrash with a rope's end; to
flog.
rope, "roape, v. i. & t. [ROPE, .]
A. Intransitive :
1. To be drawn out or extended into a thread or
filament by reason of any glutinous or adhesive
quality. (Dryden: Virgil; Georgic ii. 331.)
2. To hinder a horse from winning a race by pull-
ing, (Racing slang.)
B. Transitive:
1. To fasten with a rope or ropes ; as, to rope a
bale of goods.
2. To connect together by ropes round the waist.
(This practice is often adopted in mountain ascents,
to guard against accidents, in case any of the party
should slip.)
"The party were not roped, the guides not thinking it
necessary." St. James' Gazette.
3. To draw as by a rope.
4. To catch by means of a rope or lasso; as, to
rope a steer.
5. To mark out or inclose with a rope.
"A level, though very rough, circular course was roped
out." Field, Oct. 3, 1885.
6. To pull or curb, as a horse, so as to prevent
from winning a race. (Racing slang.)
IT To rope in: To entice one into a game or scheme
where he will be cheated.
rop-Sr, s. [Eng. rop(e) ; -er.']
1. One who makes ropes ; a rope-maker.
2. One who ropes goods ; a packer.
roper-in', subst. A stool-pigeon for a gambling
house ; one who inveigles or ropes in. (Slang.)
rop -er-y 1 , s. [Eng. rope; -ry.]
1. A rope-walk (q. v.).
"The 'hands' employed in the various roperies lived
too far away." Merry England, June, 1883, p. 126.
*2. Rogue's tricks ; roguery.
"What saucy merchant was this, that was so full of his
ropery t" Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, ii. 4.
r6p'-I-ly\ adv. [Eng. ropy; -ly.] In a ropy or
viscous manner; so as to be capable of being drawn
out in a thread.
r5p -I-niss, s, [Eng. ropy; -ness.'] The quality
or state of being ropy ; viscosity, glutinousness,
adhesiveness.
rop -Ing, pr. par. or a. [RopE, f.]
roping-needle, 8.
Naut. : A heavy needle for sewing a sail to its
bolt-rope.
r6p -Ish, a. [English rop(y) ; -ish.~\ Tending to
ropiness ; somewhat ropy.
rop-?, a. [Eng. rop(e);-y.]
1. Resembling a rope or cord ; rope-like, cord-like.
2. Capable of being drawn out in a thread or fila-
ment, as a glutinous or viscid substance ; glutinous,
viscous, viscid. Wine is said to be ropy when it
shows a milky or flaky sediment, and an oiiy ap-
pearance when poured out.
" Furred round with moldy damps and ropy slime."
Blair: Grave.
Toquelaure (as ro-ke lore), *ro-que-lo, .
[See extract.] A kind of
short cloak for men.
"The French tailors, he [Dr.
Harris, Bishop of Landaff]
observed, invent new modes of
dress, end dedicate them to
great men, as authors do
books ; as was the case with
the roquelaure cloak, which
then (about the year 1715) dis-
placed the surtout ; and was
called the roquelaure from
being dedicated to the Duke
of Roquelaure, whose title was
spread by this means through-
out France and Britain." -r* ,
tfoblf: Continuation of Granger, Koquelaure.
lii. 490.
ro -quet (quet as ka), v. t. [Etym. doubtful.]
In croquet: To cause the player's ball to strike
another call.
rbr'-al, a. [Lat. roralis, from ros (genit. roris) ~
dew.] Pertaining to dew ; consisting of dew ; dew-
like, dewy.
" With roral wash redeem her face."
Green: The Spleen.
trbr-a -tion, s. [Latin roratio, from ros (genit.
rorts)=dew.] A falling of dew.
rbr'-Ic, a. [Lat. ros (genit. rom)=dew.] (See
the compound.)
TOrlC-figures, s. pi. Figures visible only in
vapor made upon plates of metal, glass, &c. Thus
a cone resting for a little on a plate of smooth
metal will leave behind it a copy, which will be-
come visible if it be breathed upon. The phenome-
non may be produced by the action of electricity.
(Rossiter.)
rbr'-Id.a. [Lat. roridus, from ros (genit. roris)
=dew.J Pertaining to or consisting of dew ; dewy.
" And now bewept by rorid clouds or deckt
With beauty as with raiment."
W. Ball: Xight Watches, vi. 12.
rbr-ld -U-la, s. [Latin, dimin. from roridus
bedewed.]
Sot. : A genus of Droseraceee. At the Cape a very
viscid specie*, Roridula dentata, is often hung up
to catch flies.
trijr-If'-Sr-OUS, adj. [Latin rorifer, from roa
(genit. ?x>ris)=dew, aud/ero=to bear, to produce.]
Producing dew or dew-like moisture.
trbr-If -lu-ent, a. [Lat. ros (genit. roris) =dew,
and ftuens, pr. par. otfluo=to flow.] Flowing with
dew.
rbr'-qual, s. [See extract.]
ZoOl.: The genus Baltenoptera (q. v.). The ror-
quals are widely distributed, and some of them are
found in almost every sea. They are piscivorous,
committing great havoc among shoals of herring
and on the codbanks ; they rarely congregate in
"schools," and
their capture is
scarcely remu-
nerative, as they
yield compara-
tively little
blubber or ba-
leen. Sibbald's
Rorqual (Balce-
noptera sibbal- Rorqual,
du), black above
and dark gray below, attains a length of eighty
feet, and is common between Scotland and Norway ;
B. sulfureus, of almost equal size, is known to
Pacific whalers as the Sulphur-bottom Whale, from
its yellowish belly ; B. musculus, the Common Ror-
qual or Razor-back, from sixty to seventy feet long,
black above, and brilliantwhite below; B.rostrata,
the Lesser Rorqual, resembles the last, but is much
smaller.
" The name Rorqual is derived from the Norse Rorq-val,
signifying a whale with pleats or folds in the skin "
Zoologist, 1878, p. 6.
trbr -n-lent, adj. [Latin rorulentus, from roi
(genit. roris) =dew.] Full of or abounding in dew.
tror -?, *roar-le, adj. [Lat. ros (genit. rorii) =
dew.] Dewy.
" [He] shooke his wings with roarie May-dewes wet."
Fairefax: Godfrey of Boulogne, i. 14.
r6 -a, . [Lat.] [ROSE.]
1. Astron. : [ASTEROID, 223.]
2. Bot. : A genus of plants, typical of the order
Rosacese (q. v.). It has five petals and numerous
achenes, inclosed within the fleshy calyx tube,
which is contracted at the orifice. Known species
about thirty (Sic Joseph Hooker, 1870), but Baker
(Journ. of Bot., Sept., 1885) enumerates sixty-two
species of garden roses, arranging them in ten
groups. [RosE.]
toll, btfy; pout, Jowl; cat, cell, chorus, $nin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as.; expect, Xenophon, e?lst. ph = t.
-clan, -tlan = shan. -tion. -sion = shun; -tion, -gion = zhun. -tlous, -clous, -sious = shus. -We. -die, &c. = bel, del.
rosace
3494
rose
3. Pharm. : The petals of Rosa centifolio are used
for making rose-water. The petals of R. gallica
are made into a confection used as a basis of pills.
or occasionally as a slight astringent, which is
given in an aphthous condition of the mouth. So
are the hips of R. canina; they are slightly refrig-
erant.
ros a$e, subst. [Fr.] An ornamental piece of
plaster-work in the center of a ceiling, in which a
luster or chandelier is placed.
r6-aa -58-86, s. pi. [Lat. ros(a); fern. pi. adj.
SUIT, -acece.)
Bot.: Roseworts ;an order of plants placed by
Lindley under hisRosal Alliance. Calyx four or
five-lobed, free or adhering to the ovary ; petals five,
perigynous, equal ; stamens indefinite, rising from
the calyx just within the petals, curving inward in
estivation ; ovaries several or only one ; ovules two
or more, generally suspended ; fruit either one-
seeded nuts or acini, or several-seeded follicles ; the
leaves are simple or compound, generally with two
stipules. Herbaceous plants or shrubs. The Rosa-
cew are closely ak in to the Pomaceee, the Drupaceae,
the Sanguisorbese, and some other orders. They are
divided by Lindley into five families or tribes,
Rosidae, Potentillidee, Spineidtv, Quillaiee, and
Neuradeee. The Rosaceae occur chiefly in the tem-
perate and cold parts of the northern hemisphere;
when they occur in the tropics it is generally on
high land. There is no unwholesome plant in the
order. They are in general astringent, and have
been regarded as febrifuges. [For details, see
Agiimonia, Brayera, Fragaria, Geum, Gillenia,
Potentilla, Rosa, Rubus, Spiraea, and Tormentilla.1
In 1346 Lindley enumerated thirty-eight genera and
estimated the known species at 500. Sir Joseph
Hooker, in 1870, considered the genera to be seventy-
one and the species 1,000, but he includes Lindley s
Pomaceae and Drupaceae.
r6-sa -ceous (ce as sh), a. [Lat. roacetM=made
of roses ; Fr. rosacf.]
Botany :
1. Having the petals arranged in the same way
that they are in a single rose ; rose-like.
2. (Of a .corolla) : Having no claw, or a very small
one. (Link.)
3. Of or pertaining to the natural order Rosacea?
(q. v.).
*r6s/-fcl, a. [Lat. ros(e) ; -al.~\
1. Rosy. (Beedome: Poems.)
2. Rosaceous.
rosal-alliance, . [ROSALES.]
ro-s,a -le$, s. pi. [Lat. rosa=a rose.]
Bot.: Lindley's forty-second alliance of plants.
It stands between the Daphnales and the Saxi-
fragales. It is placed under his third sub-class,
Perigynous Exogens. It contains the orders Caly-
cantJiaceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Fabaceae, Drupaceae,
Pomaceae, Sauguisorbaceae, and Rosaceae.
rfi-gal -gar, s. [RESALGAR.]
r6-sa-H-a(l),s. [Ital.]
Music: The repetition of a phrase or passage,
raising the pitch one note at each repetition.
r6-B.a -11-a (2) , s. [ROSEOLA.]
r6s-a II -na, s. [Lat. rosal(is); fern. sing, suff .
-ina. So named because the cells are circularly ar-
ranged like the petals of a rose.]
1. ZoOl.: A genus of Imperforate Foraminifera,
family Uvellidea, of Reuss. Series of cells regu-
larly spiral, continuous aperture simple, i.e., not
closed By a lid.
2. Palaeont. : Six European species from the Chalk,
and two from the Pleistocene.
r6|-an'-Il-ine, . [Eng. ros(e), and aniline.]
NH.
A red dye, occurring in commerce under the names
aniline red, azaleme, fuchsine, magenta, rose-
ins, &c. It is prepared by heating a mixture of
dry arsenic acid and aniline to 140% for six or
eight hours. It forms colorless crystalline plates,
which are colored red on exposure to the air, in-
soluble in water, but soluble in alcohol. The
aniline reds used in dyeing are generally monoacid
salts of rosaniline more or less pure. Rosaniline
acetat^CmHiQNg'CoH+Oo, forms beautiful large crys-
tals, which are more soluble in water than the other
salts. Rosaniline hydrocbloride,('2oH) 9 NYHO. pre-
pared in France ai^a Germany, crystallizes in golden-
green rhombic octahodra, and is very soluble in
alcohol, with a fine red color.
r6-|Sr -I-an (l),eubst. [Eng. ros(e) ; -arian.] A
grower of roses.
" The fosartan . . . will patiently test many kinds
of roses." Hlbberd: Amateur's Rose Book, p. 157.
rb fjar -I-flin (2),. [Eng. rosary; -tan.] A mem-
ber of the Confraternity of the Rosary.
r6f -a-rjf, *ros-a-rle, s. [Fr. roiaire, from Low
Lat. rosarmnt=a chaplet ; Sp. & Italian rosario.}
[ROSE, .]
*I. Ordinary Language :
1. A chapel, a garland.
" Christ has now knit them into rosaries and coronets."
Jeremy Taylor: Rule and Exercises of Holy Dying, ch.
iii., 1.
2. A bed of roses ; a place where ro*es grow.
" The sweetest and the fairest blossom that ever budded,
either out of the white or red rosary." Proceedings
against Garnet, ttc., sign. D d. 8. (1606.)
3. A coin so called from bearing the figure of a
rose, of foreign coinage, about the size of a penny,
but worth less than a halfpenny, chiefly smuggled
into Ireland. In 1300 it was made deatn to import
them.
II. Technically:
1. Compar. Relig. : A string of beads by means of
which account is kept of the number of prayers
uttered. Tylor (loc. inf. cit.) thinks that its inven-
tion or adoption was due to the fact that, with
advancing civilization, prayers, from being at first
utterances as free and flexible as requests to a liv-
ing patriarch or chief, stiffened into traditional
formulas, whose repetition required verbal accu-
racy, and whose nature practically assimilated
more or less to that of charms.
"This devotional calculating-machine is of Asiatic
invention; it had, if not its origin, at least its special
development among the ancient Buddhists, and its 108
balls still slide through the modern Buddhist's hands as
of old, measuring out the sacred formulas whose reiter-
ation occupies so large a fraction of a pious life. It was
not till toward the middle ages that the rosary passed
into Mohammedan and Christian lands, and finding there
conceptions of prayer which it was suited to accompany,
has flourished ever since." Tylor: Prim, Cult. (ed. 1873),
ii. 372.
2. Roman Church :
(1) A form of prayer in which the Hat! Mary
(a. v.) is recited 150 times in honor of the Virgin
Mary- It is divided into fifteen decades, each of
which begins with the Our Father [LORD'S PRAYER],
is accompanied by meditation on one of the Myster-
ies in the life of Our Lord, and ends with the Dox-
ology. This is properly called the Dominican, or
Great Rosary, but thename is of ten popularly given
to the Chaplet, which contains but fifty aves. The
fifteen Mysteries which should be meditated on dur-
ing the recitation of the Rosary are divided into
three series, each corresponding to a chaplet:
1. JOYFUL. The Annunciation, the Visitation, the
Birth of Jesus, the Presentation in the Temple, the
Finding in the Temple.
2. SOBHOWFUL. The Agonyin the Garden, the Scourg-
ing at the Pillar, the Crowning with Thorns, the Carry-
ing of the Cross, the Crucifixion.
3. GLORIOUS. The resurrection, the Ascension, the De-
scent of the Holy Ghost, the Assumption, and the Coron-
ation of the B. V. M.
There are also the Rosaries of St. Bridget, of the
Seven Dolors, pf the Immaculate Conception, of the
Five Wounds, and the Crown of Our Savior.
(2) The beads upon which any of the foregoing
forms of prayer are said.
" Dominicans, too, are represented on a tomb of Hum*
bertus Delphinus, who became a Dominican about 1350,
with rosaries in their hands." Addis A Arnold: Cath,
Diet., p. 723.
rosary-shell, s,
ZoOl.: The genus Monodon ta (q.v.).
*ro? -at-ed, adj. [ROSE.] Crowned or adorned
with roses.
Rotated, having a chaplet of four roses about his
head." fuller: Worthies, ii. 518.
r6s;-au'-rln, s. [Lat. rosa=a rose, and aurum =
gold.] [ROSOLIC-ACID.]
rfis -$Id, *roa-clde, a. [Lat. roscidus, from ro=
dew.] Dewy ; consisting of or containing dew.
" Roscid and honey drops observable in the flowers of
Martagon." Brolcne: Miscellany Tract i.
r5s -C6e-llte, s. [After Prof. H. E. Roscoe, and
Gr. lithos=a stone.]
Min.: A soft, micaceous mineral, occurring in
minute scales, sometimes arranged in fan-like or
stellated groups. Specific gravity 2'902 to 2-938;
luster, pearly; color, dark brown to brownish
green. Analyses made by Genth and Roscoe, on
material more or less impure through mechanical
admixtures, indicate that it is a vanado-silicateof
alumina and potash, the vanadic acid presentvary-
ing from 20'5 to over28 percent. Found intimately
associated with native gold in California.
rose, s. & a. [A. S. rose (pi. rosan), from Latin
rosa=a rose, from Gr. rfcodon=a rose, from Arab.
ward=& rose ; Dan. rose ; Dut. roos : Ger. rose : O. H.
Ger. rota; Icel. & Sw. ros; Irish & Gael, ros; Welsh
r/ww.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Lit. : In the same sense as II. 2.
2. Figuratively;
(1) A ribbon gathered into a knot in the form of
a rose, and serving as a kind of ornamental shoe-
tie, knee-band, or natband.
"The Provencal roses on my rezed shoes." Shakesp.:
Htnulet, iii. 2.
(2) A delicate pink color.
" Her cheeks had lost the rose."
Tennyson: CEnonf, 17.
(a) Full flush or bloom.
**Therose was yet upon her cheek."
Byron; Siege of Corinth, xx.
(4) A circular card or disc, or diagram, with
radiating lines, as the compass-card or rose of the
compass; the barometric rose, which shows the
barometric pressure at any place, in connection with
winds blowing from different points of the compass ;
a wind-rose.
(5) A perforated cup or nozzle acting as a strainer
at the induction of water into a pump, or at the
nozzle as a means of dividing the water into fine
streams for sprinkling.
(6) (See extract.)
"The silver cup of its breed is given to a bird in the-
class of trumpeters. A growth of head-feathers called
the rose comes down completely over the eyes of this
ingeniously perverted pigeon, whose legs are decorated
with long feathers that might rather have been looked for
in its tail." London Daily Telegraph.
II. Technically:
1. Arch.: The same as ROSETTE (q. v.).
2. Botany:
(1) The common English name of the genus Rosa
(q. y.). The ordinary dog-rose or brier-rose (R.
canina) is very common ; the trailing dog-rose (R.
arvensis) much less so. The villous rose (R. villosa)
is widely distributed, while the buruet-leaved rose
(R. spinosissima) flourishes best near the sea.
Among the garden-species may be mentioned the
Ayrshire rose (R, capreolata) ; the Bourbon rose, a
var. of R. indica; the cabbage-rose (R. centifolia),
theChine.se rose (R, indica) [see No. 2] ; the Damask
rose (R. damascene), the fairy-rose (R. lawrence-
ana), the French rose (.R.oanica), theone hundred-
leaved (R. centifolia), the Macartney rose (R.
bracteata) ; the tea-scented, a var. of R. indica ; the
monthly (R. indica), the moss rose, a garden variety
of R. centifolia; the officinal rose (R. gallica), the
prairie rose (R. setiftera) ; the Provence rose (R.
centifolia), and the swamp rose (R. Carolina).
From these the numerous varieties of florists' roses
are derived. The petals of R. damascena yield
attar of roses when distilled. The fruit of R.
canina and some other species is astringent, and
may be used in cases of diarrhoea and similar com-
plaints. The leaves of R. rubiginosa have been used
as a substitute for tea.
"Petals from blown roses on the grass."
Tennyson: Lotos-Eaters, 47.
(2) A popular designation for a multitude of
species belonging to various genera and even orders
popularly supposed to bear a more or loss close
resemblance to the genus Rosa. The Chinese rose
(1) [see above], (2) (Hibiscus rosa sinensis), the
Changeable rose (H. mutabilin), the Christmas rose
(Helleborus niger), the Corn rose (Papaver rhceas),
the Cotton rose (Filago), Elder rose (Gorarde s
name for a variety of Viburnum opulus), the
Guelder or Gueldres rose (the sterile flowered
variety of V. opulus), the Holly rose (Helianthe-
mum), the Jamaica rose (1) (Jf art ana), (2) (Blakea
trinervis) : the Malabar rose (Hibiscus rosa mala-
tierochuntina [ANASTATICA], 2. Mesembryanlhe-
.num tripolium), Ro?e of May (Narcissu* poeticus),
Rose of the Alps (Rhododendron hirstttum and R.
ferrugineum) , Sage rose (Turnera ulmifolia). South
Sea rose (Jamaica name, Nerium oleander), Sun
rose (Helianthemum), Wild rose (Blakea trinervis).
Of the genera in the above list, Hibiscus is a Mal-
lowwort, Papaver a Poppywort, Anastatica is
cruciferous, Viscaria a Clovewort, &c.
3. Lock. : The annular scutcheon round the spindle
of a door-lock.
4. Pathol.: Erysipelas (q. v.).
5. Script.: Heb. chhabatseleth=Scmg of Solomon
ii. 1, and Isa. xxxv. 1), has not been identified.
Gesenius believes it to be the Autumnal Crocus
(Colchicum autumnale), and Royle Narcissus taz-
zetta.
B. As adj.: Of a pink color ; colored like arose; '
rosy.
TT(1) Under the rose [Lat. sub rosa]: In secret;
privately, confidentially.
(2) Wars of the Roses:
Eng. Hist.: Civil wars between the houses of
York and Lancaster for the English crown. The
Lancastrians wore for a badge a red, and the
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wt, here, camel, hgr, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pSt,
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, s6n; mate, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian. SB, ce = ; ey = a. qu = kw.
rose-acacia
3495
roselle
Yorkists n white rose. The rebellion of tho Duke
of York against Henry VI. took place in 1452.
Twelve battles followed, six in this reign and six
subsequently. They commenced with the battle of
St. Albans, A. D. 1455, and ended with that of Bos-
worth Field, Aug. 22, 14JS, which established Henry
VII. and the Tudor dynasty on the throne.
rose-acacia, a.
Bot.: Robiniahispida.
rose-aniline, s. [ROSAXILIXE.]
rose-aphis, s. [APHIS.]
rose-apple, s.
Bot.: The fragrant fruit of Eugenia malaccensis,
E. arfuea, E.jambos (Jambosa vulgaris), &c., grow-
ing in tho East. It is made into preserves.
rose-a-ruby, s.
Bot.: Adonis autunmalis.
rose-bay, s.
Bot.: Epilobium augustifolium.
rose-beetle, s.
Enlom.: Cetonia aurata. [CETONIA.]
rose-bud, s. [ROSEBUD.]
rose-bug, s.
Entom.: The Rosechafor (q. v.).
rose-camphor, s.
Chem. : The stearopteno of rose oil. It crystal-
lizes in lamince, melting at 35% and boiling between
280 and 300, is slightly soluble in alcohol, but
soluble in ether and essential oils. It dissolves in
potash au^l acetic acid, but is very slightly acted
on by hydrochloric and nitric acids.
rose-campion, s.
Bot. : Tho genus Lychnis.
rose-carnation, subst. A carnation with rose-
colored stripes. (Tennyson: In Memoriam, c. 7.)
rose-catarrh, rose-fever, s.
Pathology: A catarrh or slight fever like hay-
asthma, prevailing in parts of the United States,
where roses are extensively cultivated. It resem-
bles, but is not identical with, Hay-fever (q. v.).
rose-chafer, s. [ROSECHAFEE.]
rose-Cheeked, adj. Having red or rosy cheeks.
(Shakesp. : Venus and Adonis, 3.)
Rose-cheeked Kingfisher:
Ornithology: Ispidina picta, from tho Ethiopian
region. It feeds principally on grasshoppers and
small locusts.
rose-cold, s. Rose-catarrh (q. v.).
rose-colored, a.
1. Lit. : Having the color of a rose.
"They flung over her head the rose-colored bridal veil."
Moore: Light of the Harem. (Cone.)
2. Uncommonly beautiful ; hence, extravagantly
fine or pleasing ; rosy.
rose-copper, . [ROSETTE, II. 4.]
"rose-cross, s. A Rosicrncian (q. v.).
rose-cut, s.
Gem-cutting: A mode of cutting gems in which
the back is left flat and the face is cut into a series
of inclined triangular facets arranged around a
central hexagon. It is adopted for thin stones.
rose- diamond, subst. The rose-diamond is flat
below, and its upper surface has twenty-four tri-
angular facets. The cen-
ter has a hexagonal ar-
rangement, and the base
of each triangle is joined
to another whoso apex
touches the margin. The
intervening jpacesarecut
into twelve facets in two
zones. The upper or pre-
lecting is tho crown ; the
lower portion, the teeth.
rose-drop, s.
1. A lozenge flavored
with rose-essence.
rose-fish, s. A commercial name for a Norway
haddock.
rose-fly, s.
Entom. : The Rosechafer (q. v.).
rose-gall, s.
I'eg. Pathol. : A gall produced by Rhodites rosce.
rose-garnet, s.
Min.: A rose-red variety of garnet (q. v.), found
a_t Xalostae, Mexico. An analysis indicates a rela-
tionship to the lime-alumina-garnets or essonite
(q.v.).
rose-head, subst. The same as ROSE, s., A. I.
2. (5).
rose-hued, <t. Of the hue of roses. (Tennyson:
Arabian Nights, 140.)
rose-iron, s.
Min. : An iron-glance or haematite, occurring in
rosette-like groups of tabular crystals in several
localities in Switzerland.
An ornamental bunch of ribbons
rose-rash, s. [ROSEOLA.]
rose-red, . Red as a rose.
*rose-rial, s. A name for English gold coins of
various reigns and values ; a rose-noble. The rose-
rials of James I. were of the value of $7.20.
rose-ringed parrakeet, s.
Ornith. : Palceornis torquatus, from Africa, India,
and Ceylon. It is about sixteen inches long; green,
with a black band from tho chin nearly to the nape,
rose-colored collar round tie back of neck. In the
female a narrow collar of emerald-green replaces
the rose color.
rose-root, 8. [ROSEWOET.]
rose-sawfly, s.
Entom.: The genus Hylotoma.
rose snowball-tree, s.
Bot. : Viburnum opulus roseum.
rose-^steel, s. A kind of steel of cementation
rose-lake, s. A richly tinted pigment, prepared
by precipitating lac and madder on an earthy basis.
Called also Rose-madder.
rose-lashing, s.
Naut. : A kind of lashing or seizing employed in
woolding spars. So termed from its form.
rose-lathe, s. A rose-engine (q. v.).
rose-leaf, s. The leaf of a rose.
rose-lichen, s.
Botany: Parmelia kamschadalis. It is used in
calico-printing to give a perfume and a rose-tinge
to the fabric. About twenty-five tons are annually
exported from the hilly parts of India, where it
grows. (Atkinson.)
rose-lip, s. A lip of a ruddy or rosy color.
rose-madder, s. [ROSE-LAKE.]
rose-mallow, s.
Bot. : Altha;a rosea, the Hollyhock.
rose-maloes, subst. The liquid storax obtained
from Liquidambar orientate.
rose-molding, s.
Arch.: A kind of Norman molding ornamented
with roses or rosettes.
rose-nail, s. A nail with a conical head which
is hammered into triangular facets.
rose-noble, subst. An old English gold coin,
stamped with the impression of a rose. They were
first coined in
the reign of Ed-
ward III., and
were current
at 6s. Sd. ($1.60).
They were also
coined by Ed-
ward IV., of the
value of $2.00.
"The succeed-
ing kings coined
2. An ear-drop.
grog-blossom
3. A
Diagram Showing the
Facets of a Rose-
diamond.
rose-elder, s. Tho Guelder-rose (q. v.).
rose-engine, s. A lathe in which tho rotatory
motion of the lathe and the radial motion of the
tool combine to produce a variety of curved lines.
{The mechanism consists of plates or cams set on
i the axis of tho lathe, or suitably rotated and formed
| with wavy edges or grooves which govern the mo-
'tion of the cutting point toward orfrom thocentor.
rose-faced, a. Having a red or rosy face.
rose-festival, . [ROSIEEE.]
rose-fever, s. [ROSE-CATAEEH.]
rose-nobles and Rose-noble,
double rose-no-
btes."~Cam(len : Remains.
rose-oil, s.
Chem. : A volatile oil extracted from several spe-
cies of roses, especially Rosa centifolia and S. mps-
chata. It is a thick, yellowish, fragrant liquid,
solidifying at a low temperature to a buttery mass
of transparent, shining lamina?, and having a spe-
cific gravity 0-8912 at 15. It is frequently adulter-
ated with geranium oil, but this may be detected
by exposing tho oil to iodine vapor, which does not
alter the colorof rose-oil, but imparts a deep brown
color if geranium oil is present, even in minute
quantity.
rose-opal, .-.
Min.: A rose-colored opal, occurring with the
quincite (q.v.), the color being attributed to or-
ganic matter.
rose-parrakeet, s.
Ornith. : Platycercus eximius, a native of Aus-
tralia.
rose-pink, s.
1. A coarse kind of lake, produced by dyeing
chalk or whiting with a decoction of Brazilwood,
&c. It is a pigment much used by paper-stainers
and in tho commonest distemper paintings, &c., but
too perishable to merit the attention of artists.
2. A rosy pink color or hue.
rose-plantain, s.
Bot. : Plantago major rotiea.
rose-quartz, 8.
Min.: A rose-red variety of quartz, mostly found
massive, in veins. Color attributed to the presence
of titanic acid, but Dana and others suggest it may
bo partly due to manganese.
Bot. : Tulipa rosea.
rose-water, s. & a.
A. As subst. : Water distilled from rose leaves in
the proportion of two gallons of water to ten
pounds weight of fresh petals from Rosa centifolia,
B. As adj. : Having the odor or character of rose-
water: hence, affectedly delicate, fine, or senti-
mental.
rose-willow, s.
Bot. : Salix purpurea.
rose-window, s.
Arch.: A Catherine-wheel or Marigold-window.
[CATHEBINE-WHEEL, s.]
r6se, r. t. [ROSE,S.]
1. To make of a rose color ; to redden ; to cause to
flush or blush.
"A, maid yet rosed over with the virgin crimson of
modesty." Shakesp.: Henry V., v. 2.
2. To perfume, as with roses.
" To rose and lavender my horsiness."
Tennyson: Queen Mary, ill. 5. .
rose, pret. of t>. [RISE, .]
r6s/-e-aa, s. pi. [Latin ros(o)=a rose; fern. rl.
adj. suff. -ece.]
Bot. : A sub-order of Rosaceee, having the carpels
free from the tube of the calyx and the stipules
united to the petiole. It is divided into four fami-
lies: Rosidse, Potentillidae, Spiraidee, and Sangui-
sorbidee.
*r6s -e-al, *r5 -I-al, s. [Lat. roseus, fromro8a=
a rose. ] Resembling a rose in color or smell ; rose-
ate.
" The stones are rosial, and
Of the white rock." Davenant: The Wits, ii. 1.
ros -8-ate, a. [Lat. roseus, from rosa = a rose;
Ital. & Sp. rosato ; Fr. rosat. ]
1. Rosy ; full of roses ; made or consisting of roses.
"The most renowned
With curious roseate anadems are crown'd."
Drayton: The Muses Elysium, Nymph. 3.
2. Rosy, resembling a rose, rose-colored,
roseate-tern, s.
Ornith. : Sterna dougallii.
rose-bud, 8. [Eng. rose, and bud.] The bud of
a rose ; tho flower of the rose just appearing.
ros.6 -bush, s. [Eng. rose, and bush.] Any of the
shrubs or bushes whicii fall under the genus Rosa.
roe -gha-f Si, s. [Eng. rose, and chafer.]
Entom.: A popular name for any individual of
the sub-family Cetoniina 1 .
roe -ine, s. [Eng. rose; -ine.] [RosANiLiNE.]
ros.'-e'-llto, s. [After the mineralogist Gustav
Rose, and Gr. lithps& stone; Ger. roselith.]
Min.: A triclinic mineral occurring in beautiful
small crystals at Schneoberg, Saxony. Hardness,
3'5: specific gravity 3;506-3-5S5. Composition: A
nydrated arsenate of lime, cobalt, and magnesia,
the later numbers obtained corresponding with
the formula Ra/ " ' "
ro -sSl lane, subst. [Mod. Lat. roseH(u8)=rosy;
suff. -ane (Min.) ; Ger. rosellan.]
Min.: -The same as Svanberg's Rosite (q.v.).
ro-|el -late, a. [Mod. Lat. rosellatus, from Lat.
rosa=arose.] Rosulate (q. T.).
ro-elle', s. [Corrupt, from Eng. red sorrel.]
Bot.: Hibiscus sabdariffa. The ripened calices
are acid, and in India, the West Indies, <fec., are
made into jellies, put into tarts, or, with water
added, produce a cool, refreshing drink.
bfiil, tody; pout, J6~wl; cat, fell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as,; expect, Xenoplion, exist. ph = t
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -Uon, -ion = zhiin. -tious, -clous, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &<t. = bel, del.
rosemary
rose -ma-r?. *rose-ma-rine, *ros ma-rine (1),
subst. [O. F. rosmarin (Fr. romariu), from Lat. ros-
marinus,rosmarinum ( = lit. marine dew, from ros
= dew, and martmt8=marine (q. v.) ; Ital. nwmu-
rinn; Sp. rosmarino, romero; Port, rosmaninho.]
Bot. : Rosmariitus offlcinalis, a native of the South
of Europe and Asia Minor, and cultivated in India,
<fec. ; a very fragrant labiate plant with a white or
pale-blue corolla. The leaves are sessile and gray,
with the edges rolled round below. It is some-
times made into garlands. It is slightly stimulant,
and tends to relieve headache and mental weari-
ness. It is an ingredient in Hungary-water (q. v.).
It is also used as a conserve, and a liqueur is made
from it.
"When villagers my shroud bestrew
With pansies, rosemary, and rue."
Scott: Rokeby, T. 13.
rosemary-oil, .
Chem.: A transparent, colorless oil, obtained by
distilling the fresh leaves and flowers of the rose-
mary with water. It is neutral, has a camphorous
taste, and the odor of the plant ; specific gravity
0-9080 at 15-5% and boils at 165-168.
*ros -en, a. [English ros(e) ; adj. suff. -en, as in
golden, &c.] Made of roses; consisting of or re-
sembling roses.
" His leefe a roeen chap-let." Romattnt of the Rose.
ros -en-lte, s. [After G. Rose;n connect., and
suff. -He.]
Min.: The same asPLAGIoxiTE (q. v.).
Eos'-en-mul-lSr, s. [The discoverer's name.]
(See def. of ^.)
IT Organ of Rosenmuller :
Anai. : The parovarium.
ro-e -6-la, . [Lat. rosaa rose.]
Pathol.: R9se-rash, scarlet-rash; a non-contagi-
ous, febrile disease, with rose-colored, minute, non-
crescentic spots, with itching and tingling. In
infants it is called R. infantilis, and a variety oc-
curs from exposure to sun in summer, known as R.
ceitiva. The action of belladonna, taken internally,
occasionally produces it, and it sometimes precedes
an attack of small-pox or typhus fever. Itmay also
occur four or five days after vaccination, in gout
and rheumatism, or in cholera.
*ro -8r, 8. [RosE, 8.] A rose-tree, a rose-bush.
" They ben like to an hound, when he cometh by the
roser, or by other bushes." Chaucer; Persones Tale.
r6s'-Sr-y, su6s<. [ROSABY.] A place where roses
grow ; a rosary.
rS^'-St, s. [Fr. rosette.] A red color for paint-
ers.
" Grind ceruss with a weak water of gum-lake, rosft
and vermilion, which maketh it a fair carnation."
Pfacham: On Drawing.
rose -tan-gle, s. [Eng. rose, and tangle.]
Bot. (pi.): The Ceramiaceffi (q.v.). (Lindley.)
Rc-set -ta (1), 8. [See def.] The name of a place
in Egypt, on one of the mouths of the Nile.
Kosetta-stone, s. The name given to a stone
found near the Rosetta mouth of the Nile by a
French engineer in 1798. It
is a tablet of basalt, with
an inscription of the year
B. C., 136 during the reign
of Ptolemy Epiphanes.
The inscription is in hiero-
glyphic, in demotic, and in
Greek. It was deciphered
by Dr. Young, and formed
the key to the reading of
the hieroglyphic charac-
ters. It was captured by
the English on the defeat
of the French forces in
Egypt, and is now in the
British Museum. Rosetta-stone.
r6-set ta (2),i. [ROSETTE (?).]
rosetta-WOOd, . A name given to a good-sized
East Indian wood, imported in logs, nine to four-
teen feet in diameter ; it is handsomely veined. The
general color is a lively red-orange. The wood is
close, hard, and very beautiful when first cut, but
soon gets darker.
r6-Stte, 8. [French, dimin. from rose a rose
(q.v.).]
I. Ord. Lang.: Something more or less resem-
bling, or designed to resemble, a rose, and used as an
ornament or badge ; as, a bunch of ribbons plaited,
or of leather cut to the form of a rose.
II. Technically:
1. Arch.: An ornament in the form of a rose, much
used in the decoration of ceilings, cornices, &c.
2. Art: Reset (q. v.).
3. Gas : A form of gas-burner in which the gas
issues at p. circular series of holes resembling a
rosette.
3496
4. MetalL : A disc of rod copper from the refining-
hoarth or crucible. As the impurities are removed
in the shape of scoria? or slag, and the metal ex-
posed, the surface of the metal is congealed by
throwing on water. This is called quenching. Tho
hardened crust is of a red color, and is called a
rosette. The operation being repeated, tile metal
is obtained in a form for ready handling and further
treatment, instead of being in a solid mass. It is
also known as rose-copper.
5. Mill. : A circular arrangement of sails in a
windmill; the vanes attached to radial arms.
ro-f e -tfim, subst. [Lat., from rosn=a rose.] A
garden devoted to the cultivation of n>M-s ; a
nursery for roses.
rose -wopd, s. [Eng. rose, and wood.]
Bot. <t Comm. : The name given to wood which is
either of a rose-color or, when cut, yields a perfume
like roses. The best comes from South American
Dalbergias. (Treas. of Bot.) Lindley says that
the fragrant rosewood, or Bois de Palixandro of the
cabinet-makers, is from two or three species of
Brazilian Triptoleme<e. Physocalymma floribunda
also yields a beautiful rose-colored wood. Brazil-
ian rosewood is imported in large slabs. Its colors
are fromlight hazel to deep purple, or nearly black.
It is very heavy, and is used for cabinet work,
especially as veneers. Other kinds of rosewoods
are from Genista canariensis, Convolvulus floridus,
C. scoparia , &c.
rosewood-oil, .
Chem. : A pale yellow, somewhat viscid, volatile
oil, obtained from rosewood (q. v.) by distillation
with water; specific gravity, 0'9064 at 15'5. It is
sometimes used to adulterate rose oil, which
thereby loses its buttery consistence.
rofje w6rt, . [Eng. rose, and wort.]
Botany :
1. Rhodeola rosea.
2. (PI.): TheRosacae. (Lindley.)
Kof I cru -clan, a. & s. [From a Latinized form
Rosenkreuz. See def.]
A. As adj.: Of or belonging to Rosenkreuz'or the
society which he is said to have founded.
B. As subst. (pi.) : A mystic secret society which
became known to the public early in the seven-
teenth century, and was alleged to have been
founded by a German noble called Christian Rosen-
kreuz, A. D. 1388. He was said to have died at the
age or 106. The society consisted of adepts, who
perpetuated it by initiating other adepts. It did
not interfere with religion or politics, but sought
after true philosophy. The Rosicrucians pretended
to be able to transmute metals, to prolong life, and
to know what was passing in distant places.
Many contradictory hypotheses have been brought
forward regarding the Rosicrucians, and as it is
admitted that their secret was never revealed, it is
open to doubt if there was one to reveal. They are
said to have died out in the eighteenth century.
The writer of the article "Rosicrucians" in the
Encyclopaedia Britannica (ed. 9th) believes that
the Rosicrucian Society never existed, and that the
persons making it known did so simply for a jest.
As, however, the public believed in its existence,
individuals from time to time declared that they
belonged to it. Called also Brothers of the Rosy
Cross.
R6s-I-crfl'-Cian-If m, subst. [Eng. Rosicrucian ;
ism.] The arts, practices, or teaching of the Rosi-
crucians.
ros -I-dse, 8. pi. [Latros(a); fern. pi. adj. suffix
-idee.]
Bot.: Tho typical family of the sub-order Roseee
(q. v.).
ros -led, a. [English rosy; -ed.] Adorned with
roses or their color.
*ro -sier (Bias zh), TOBiere, s. [Fr. rosier.] A
rose-bush.
"Ne other tire she on her head did wear,
But crown'd with a garland of sweet rosier. 11
Spenser: F. Q., II. ix. 19.
ro -8.1-ere, . [Fr.] The name given in France
to a young girl who in a village contest is awarded
a rose as the prize of virtue and wisdom,
ros-il, s. [ROSSEL.]
trfs. -I-ly , adv. [Eng. rosy; -ly.] With a red or
rosy glow.
"The white Olympus peaks
Rosily brighten, and the soothed gods smile."
Matthew Arnold: Empetiocles on Etna, ii.
r8 -In, . [A doublet of resin.]
1. Resin with a little water remaining after
nearly all the oil has been distilled off.
2. Resin with all the water distilled away. The
solid residuum is then black, and is a compound of
several hydrocarbons. It is called colophane or
fiddler's rosin, and is applied to the hair of violin,
rosmarmus
viola, and violoncello bows to give them the neces-
sary bite upon the strings. Rosin for the double
bass is made of equal proportions of ordinary rosin
and white pitch.
" Roxin, if it be found in the firre, is thought a fault in
the wood, whereas the only commoditie of the pitch tree
is her rosin." P. Holland: Pliny, bk. xvi., ch. x.
rosin-Oil, s. An oil obtained from the resin of
the pine tree. Used by painters, also for lubricat-
ing machinery, &c. (Simmonds.)
rosin-tin, s.
Mining: A pale-colored oxide of tin with a resin-
ous luster.
rosin-weed, s.
Bot.: tiilpltium laciniatum.
ros'-In, v. t. [Rosix, s.] To rub or cover over
with rosin.
"Wine vessels are not to be rosined, calked, and
trimmed." F. Holland: Pliny, bk. zviii., ch. mi.
Ros-In-an'-te, s. [Sp. = the steed of Don Quix-
ote.] Any sorry norse.
r6s-I ness, *ros y ness, s. [Eng. rosy; -ness.l
The quality or state of being rosy.
" The fair morn breaks through her rosyness."
navtnant: Gontlibert, ill. 1.
ros '-In-y, a<Jj. [Eng. rosin; -y.] Resembling:
rosin ; containing or consisting of rosin.
ros'-ite, s. [Eng. ros(e); suff. -ite (M in.) ; Ger-
rosit.]
Mineralogy :
1. An altered form of Svanberg's anorthite.
2. The same as Chalcostibito (q. v.).
r6s -land, s. [Wel.rhos=peat, a moor.] Heathy
land; land full of ling; moorish or watery land.
*r5s -ma-rlne (1), e. [ROSEMARY.]
1. Sea-dew, sea-spray.
2. Rosemary. (Spenser: Muiopotmos, 200.)
*r8s'-ma-rlne (2),subst. [Norwegian rosmar=&
walrus (ros=a horse, and mat' (Lat. mare) = the:
sea), from which is
formed Modern Latin
rosmarus, now the
specific name of the
Walrus. There is no
connection with the
Latin ros mar i nut
[ROSEMARY]. The
confusion seems to
have arisen from a
passage in OlausMag-
nus. (ed. 1558, Antv.)
'*ut rorulento dulcis
aquee gramine vescan-
tur." This appearsin
a German edition of
1567 (where the ani-
mal is called Rossmar) as " dem snssen grasz.
Gesner has simply " gramine pascitnr." He notes
that Germans living on the seaboard call it roi-
tinger, that in Moscovy or Scythian Hungary, not
far from the source of the Tanais, it is called
morsz; and that some believe the Modern Lat. ros-
marus to be formed from a (M. H.) Ger. rusoz,
"which seems to have been coined to express the
impetus and rushing sound with which the animal
moves through the water.]
ZoOl. : The Walrus (q. v.). At the time Spenser
wrote little was known of this animal, but Gesner
(Hist. Anima. t
iv. 219), to whom
Spenser is in-
debted, was suf-
ficien tly well
informed to
point out that
thepicture
&i v en of it in
agnus' book
was incorrect,
both as to the
feet and the tusks, though he quotes Magnus"
statement that the animal was as big as an ele-
phant. that it climbed up the rocks on the sea-
shore by the aid of its teeth, and that when it fell
asleep after grazing, the fishermen attacked and
killed it for the sake of its teeth, which were in
high estimation for the handles of swords, daggers,.
and knives.
"And greedy rosmarlnes with visages deforme."
Spenser. F. 41., II. lii. 24.
rSs-ma-ri -nl-dse, . pi. [Latin rosmarin(us) ;:
fern. pi. adj. suff. -idee.]
Bot. : A family of Monardew.
r5s-ma-rl -niis, s. [ROSEMARY.]
Bot. : The typical genus of Rosmarinidae (q. v.).- !
Calyx two-lipped, stamens two.
Rosmarine.
(From Olaus Magnus, loc. cit.y
Rosmarine.
(From Gesner, loc. di.)
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot.
or, ' wore, wpK, work, wild, s6n; rnute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, ss, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw.
Rosminian
3497
rot
Ros.-mln -I-an, . & s. [See def. B. 1.]
A. --Is adjective:
1. Belonging to or characteristic of the Congre-
^'ai ion described under B. 1.
" The members of the Rosminian Order. " 7\ Dai'idson:
Phil. Syst. of A. Rosmini-Serbnti, p. xii.
'2. Belonging to or characteristic of Rosmini;in-
ism (q. v.).
" Manzoni . . . applied the fiosm/n/nn principles to
the art of composition. *' Ofter-wey.- Hist. Phil., ii. 497.
B. As substantive:
1. Eccles. & Church Hist, (pi.): A congregation,
consisting of priests and laymen, founded by the
Abate Antonio Rosmini-Sorbati (1797-1855} , the mem-
bers of which are bound" to embrace with all the
desire of their souls every work of charity, without
arbitrary limitation to any particular branch,
undertaking all that should bo required of them
of which they should be capable." The novitiate
lasts two years, and the members take the three
vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, but wear
no distinctive habit. Each retains a port of title to
his own property, but it is really at the disposal of
the general. Tho Order owns no property.
"Its members are better known by the shorter nnme,
Rosminianit." T Davidson: Pfiil. Syst. of A. Rosmini-Ser-
bati, p. xlvi.
2. Philos.: A believer in or supporter of Rosmm-
ianism (q. v.)
Ros,-mln -I-an-Is,m, s. [Eng. Rosminian; -ism.']
Philosophy : The system of the Abate Antonio
Rosmini-Serbati. His starting point and central
principle was the dictum of St. Thomas Aquinas.
that Being (ensor ens commune) was the objector
intelligence and the ground of the principle of con-
tradiction. Rosmini saw that it is the essence of
intelligence to have an object, and that that object
is Being, and his whole system is merely a working
out of the idea of Being into all its ramifications
and principles, necessary and contingent. (David
"The best exposition of Rosminianism." Uebenceg;
Hist. Phil., ii. 497.
rosoglio, rosollo (both as r6-s,8l'-I-6), rSs '-
-6-li, ros -so-li, s. [Ital. rcuoZio.]
1. A red wine of Malta.
2. A species of the finest liqueurs or creams.
r6f-8l'-lc, a. [Lat. rosa; ol(eum), and Eng. suff.
-ic.] Derived from rosaniline.
rosolic-acid, s.
Chemistry : C 2 oHi 6 O 3 = V>C <gH 3 (OH^ * H "
A weak acid prepared by treating rosaniline with
nitrous acid, and boiling the resulting diazo-com-
pound with hydrochloric acid. It forms shining
tnonoclinic prisms, closely resembling those of aur-
ine, melts above 220% is insoluble in water, but dis-
solves readily with brownish-yellow color in alcohol
und ether. Boiled with aniline and benzoic acid it
yields a beautiful and permanent blue dye.
Ross (1), s. [Sir John Ross, a distinguished Arc-
tic navigator (1777-1856).!
Ross's large-eyed seal, s.
Zool. : Ommatophoca rossii. The skin is greenish-
yellow, with close, oblique, yellow stripes on the
sides, pale beneath.
r6ss(2),s. [Wei. rfcos.] [ROSLAXD.] The refuse
of plants; a morass, a marsh.
ross (3), s. [Cf. Dan. ros=chips or shavings of
wood.] The rough, scaly matter on the surface of
the bark of certain trees.
ross, v. t. [Ross (3), a.]
1. To strip the rosa from.
2. To strip bark from.
3. To cut up, as bark, for boiling or steeping.
rSs'-sel, subst. [Ross (1), s.; ROSLAND.] Light,
sandy soil; rosland. (Prow.)
rSs'-sel-ly 4 , rSs -sel-y% adj. [Eng. rossel; -ly.]
Loose, light, friable.
"In Essex, moory land is thought to be the most proper:
that which I have observed to be the best soil is a rossely
top, and a brick earthy bottom." Mortimer. Husbandry.
ros-set, s. [ROUSSETTE.]
rossignol (as r8s-sln'-y8l), subst. [Fr., O. Fr.
lossignolt from Lat. lusciniola, dimin. from luscinia
=a nightingale.] The nightingale.
ros -so an-ti~co, s. [Ital.]
Sculpture: A fine-grained variety of marble of a
deep blood color with small white spots or veins.
It was used by the ancients for statuary.
r5s -s5-li, s. [Ital.] [ROSOGLIO.]
ros tel, s. [ROSTELLTJM.]
r5s-tel-lar -I-a, s. [ROSTELLUM.]
1. ZntiL: Spiildlc-stromb ; a genus of Strombidte,
with eight species, from tho Red Sea, India, Borneo,
and China ; range, thirty fathoms. Shell with
elongated spirq ; whorls numerous, flat; canals
long, tie posterior one running up tho spire; outer
lip expanded (cuormou>ly so, in some of tho fossil
species), with a single sinus, close to the beak.
2. PtUCBOWt.; From the Lower Greensand to the
London Clay, in which formation tho best known
species, Kostelhtria ampla, is found.
ros tel-late, adj. [Mod. Lat, rostellatus, from
rorfeUum.] Rostrate, beaked (q. v.).
rSs-tel-H-form, a. [Latin rosferium=a rostol,
and /orwa=form.] Having the form of a rostel.
r5s-ter-lum (pi. r5s-tel -la), [Mod. Latin,
dimin. from Lat. rostrum. \
Botany :
1. Therhizoma of an embryo.
2. A narrow extension of the upper edge of the
stigma in certain orchids, a viscidgland connecting
the pollinia in the Bee orchis, &c
3. (PL): Hooks.
r8s -tr, . [Dut. rooster o. gridiron; hence, a
grating, a table or list, a roster, prob. from the per-
pendicular and horizontal lines on a tabular state-
ment.]
1. A rpasting-iron, a gridiron.
2. A list showing tho turn or rotation of service
or duty of those who are to relieve or succeed each
other; specif., a list showing the order of rotation
in which officers, companies, or regiments are
ordered to serve.
''They well knew our regiment was one of the first 011
the roster for home." Field, April 4, 1885.
3. A general list of officers of a division, regiment,
&c., containing name, rank, corps, &c.
r8s -ter-Ite, s. [Etym. doubtful, probably after
one Rostero ; suff. -ite (Afin.).J
Min.: A variety of beryl lq. v.), regarded as dis-
tinct by the describer, Grattarola. because of its
crystal habit, optical characters, and variation in
chemical composition.
r5s -thorn-He, 9. [After Herr Franz von Ros-
thorne; suff. -ite (Min).]
Min. : A hydrocarbon occurring in lenticular
masses in coal, at Sonnberge, Cannthia. Specific
gravity, 1*076; luster, greasy; color, brown, in thin
splinters wine-yellow. Composition Co^H^O.
*r<5s -tie, s. [ROSTEL.] The beak of a ship.
" Vectis rostratus, a bnrre or lever with un iron point or
end; a rostle."Nomenrlator.
ros -tral, adj. [Lat. rostralis, from rostruma.
beak ; Fr. & Sp. rostral ; Ital. rostrale.]
1. Pertaining to or resembling a rostrum.
2. Pertaining to the beak or snout of any animal.
rostral-column, s.
Roman Antiq.; A column devoted to the celebra-
tion of naval triumphs : it was ornamented with the
rostra or prows of ships.
rostral- crown, s. A naval crown (q. v.).
"The other. Commerce, wore a rostral crown upon her
head." Tatler,No. 161.
ros'-trate, ros'-trat-ed, adj. [Lat. rostratus,
from rostrum=a. beak.]
*1. Ord. Lang.: Furnished or ornamented with
rostra or beaks.
" An hundred and ten rostrated gallie? of the fleet of
Mithridates." Arbuthnot; On Coins.
2. Bot. & Zool. : Having a rostrum ; beaked.
ros'-trl-form, adj. [Lat. rostrum a. beak, and
/orma=form.] Having the form of a beak.
ros -tru-lfim (pi. ros -tru-la), s. [Mod. Lat.,
dimin. from Lat. rostrum (q. v.).]
Entom. : Tho oral suctorial organ of the Aphanip-
tora, as the flea.
t r8s-trum (pi. ros -tra), . [Lat., for rodfrum,
from rodo to gnaw, to peck.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. In the same sense as II. 3.
2. A scaffold or elevated platform in the Forum
at Rome, from which public orations, pleadings,
funeral harangues, &c., were delivered ; so called
from the rostra or beaks of ships with which it was
ornamented.
" Myself will mount the rostrum In his favor."
Addison: Cato, ii. 1.
3. A pulpit, platform, or elevated place from
which a speaker, as a preacher, an auctioneer, &c.,
addresses his audience.
"The attendance round the rostrum wua not a large
one." London Daily Chronicle.
II. Technically:
1 t Anat.: Anything shaped like a beak. Thus.
there is a rostrum of the sphenoid bone and one or
tho corpus callosum.
2. Bot. : Any beak-like extension, as the stigma of
some Asclepiads ; the upper end of the coruua of a
corona, &c.
3. Comp. Anat.: A snout or snout-shaped organ.
It is used of the suctorial organ formed by the
appendages of tho mouth in many insects [BEAK,
s., B. 1 (c), BHYNCHOT A], of the projecting jaws of
the Platauistidsp and the Zipnioid whales, the
pointed part of the carapace of the Macroura, and
of similar organs.
4. Roman Antiq.: The beak or prow of a vessel;
a sort of ram, to which were attached sharp-pointed
irons, the head of an animal, <fcc., and wnich was
fixed to the bows of a ship of war, either above or
below the water line, and used for purposes of
attack on other vessels.
5. Distill.: The beak of a still, connecting the
head with the worm.
^6. Surg.: A crooked pair of forceps with beak-
like jaws.
ro -u-la (pi. ros>u.-l), *. [Dimin., from Lat.
rosa=a rose (q. v.).J
Botany :
1. A number of leaves or petals packed together
like the petals of a garden rose.
2. (PI.) : Little warts on the thallus of lichens.
r5s/-u.-lat6, a. [Mod. Lat. rosulatus, from rosula,
(q. v.).]
Bot. : Having rosulte packed closely together like
a rosette.
ros. '-f, *ros-ie, . [Eng. ros(e) ; -j/.]
I. Literally:
I. Resembling a rose in bloom, beauty, color, or
fragance.
"Like a young envoy sent by Health,
With rosy gifts upon her cheek."
Moore: Paradise and the Pert.
*2. Made in tho form of a rose.
3. Pale pure red.
II. Fit/. : Very favorable.
"The future looks most rosy." Field, Oct. 3, 1885,
^T Obvious compounds : Rosy-colored, rosy-cheeked,
&c.
rosy-bosomed, a. Having tho bosom of a rosy
color, or filled with roses.
" Rosy-bosom? d spring." Thomson; Spring, 1,010.
rosy-cross, s. The red cross of the Rosicrucians
(q.v.J.
H Knights of the Rosy-cross : The Rosicrucians.
*rosy- crowned, a. Crowned with roses,
rosy-drop, s.
Path.: Carbuncled face, Acne rosacea.
rosy feather-star, s. [COMATULA.]
rosy-fingered, a. Having rosy fingers. (Imi-
tated from Homer's favorite epithet for the dawn.)
" Nor did the rosy-finger* 'd morn arise,
And shed her sacred light along the ekiea."
Pope; Homers Odyssey, xiii. 21.
rosy-footman, .
Entom.: A European moth, Calligenia miniata,
one of the Lithosiidse. Called also Red Arches.
rosy-kindled, o. Blushing. (Tennyson : Elaine,
392.)
rosy-marbled moth, .
Entoni. : A European night-moth, Erastria venus-
tula.
rosy-marsh, s.
Entom. : A European night-moth, Noctuasubrosea.
rosy-minor, .
Entom. : A European night-moth, Miana literosa.
General color of the upper wings gray, tinged with
rosy,
rosy-rustic, s.
Entomology: A European night-moth, Hydraecia
micacea.
rosy-tinted, a. Tinged with rose-color. (Ten-
nyson: Two Voices, SO.)
rosy-wave, .
Entom.: A European geometer moth, Acidalia
emutaria.
rosy-white, a. White, with a faint tinge of rose-
color. (Tennyson: CEnone, x. 176.)
*r6s.'-jf, v. t. [Rosy, a.] To make of a rosy color;
to flush.
r8t, *rot-en, *rot-i-en, *rotte, v. i. & t. [A. S.
rotian; cogn. with Dut. rotten; Icel. rotna; Sw.
ruttna ; Dan. raadne = to become rotten ; Sw. rOta=
to make rotten.]
A. Intransitive:
1. Lit. : To become rotten or putrid, to decompose,
to putrefy.
"What I loved, nn<! long must lore,
Like common earth can rot."
Byron: And Thou art Dead.
2. Fig. : To decay morally, to molder, to rust.
toll,
-cian,
6^; po"ut, Jrfwl; cat, 90:1, chorus, $hin, bench; go, em; thin, this;
-tian = nhan. -tion, -sioa = shun; -tion, -ion = zhun. -tlous. -clous,
sin, as,; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f.
-sious = sbus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, deL
rot
3498
rotational
B. Transitive:
1. To make rotten or putrid, to decompose, to
Cause to putrefy, to bring to corruption.
2. To cause co take rot, toaffect with rot, as sheep.
3. To expose to a process of partial rotting; as,
torofflax. [RETTING.]
4. Used in the imperative as a sort of imprecation
=haug, confound ; as, " 'Od rot it."
r8t, s. [EOT, .]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally:
(1) The act, state, or process of rotting ; putre-
faction, putrid decay, corruption.
(2) A disease very hurtful to the potato, potato
disease.
2. Fig.: Nonsense, trash, bosh. (Slang.)
II. Technically:
1. Path. : A disease in sheep and other graminiv-
orous animals, produced by the hydatids Fasciola
hepatica and Distoma lanceolatum,oftcn living in
great numbers in the gall, ducts, and bladder of the
animal. The latter parasite has been detected in
the human subject.
"His cattle must of rot and murren die."
Milton: P. L., lii. 179.
2. Veg. Pathol. : [DRY-ROT.]
IT (1) Knife-grinder's rot : [KNIFE-GRIXDER.]
(2) White-rot: [HYDBOCOTYLE.]
rot-gut, . & a.
A. As subst.: A slang term for bad whisky or
other liquor.
B. As adj. : A term applied to bad liquor.
r6'-ta, s. [Lat.=a wheel.] [RoTAEY.]
I. Ordinary Language:
1. A roll or list showing the order of rotation in
which individuals are to be taken ; a roster.
2. A school-roll.
II. Technically:
1, Roman Church: A tribunal within the Curia,
formerly the supreme court of justice and the uni-
versal court of appeal. It was instituted by John
XXII., in 1326, and regulated bySixtus IV. (1471-84)
and Benedict XIV. (1740-58), and to it were referred
those spiritual causes from foreign countries, now
settled on the spot by judges delegated by the See
of Rome. It consists of twelve members, called
Auditors, presided over by a Dean, and is divided
into two colleges or senates. Prior to 1870 one of
these was a court of appeal for civil suits tried in
different cities of the Papal States; the other was
a court of final appeal from (1 ) the appeal courts of
the Papal States; (2) all spiritual courts, in the
secular affairs belonging to their competence ; and
(3) the lower senate. The decisions of the Rota,
which form precedents, have been frequently pub-
lished.
"The explanation of the name is said to be (Dncange)
that the marble floor of the chamber in which the Rota
used to sit was designed so as to exhibit the appearance
of a wheel.' Addis Arnold: Cath. Diet., p. 885.
2. Englifh History : The name of a political club
founded by Harrington, the author of Oceana, in
1659. He advocated the election of the principal
officers of state by ballot, and the retirement of a
certain number of members of parliament annually
by rotation.
"A Parliament which may make old men grieve,
And children that ne'er shall be born complain
I mean such as dy'd before they did lire.
Like Harrington's Rota, or th' engine of Vane."
Loual Sona" (ed. 1781), ii. 110.
Rota-club, s.
Eng. Hist.: The same as ROTA, II. 2.
*r6-ta'-c8-se, e. pi. [Fern. pi. of Mod. Latin
rotaceuK ; Lat. rota a wheel.]
Botany: Linnaeus' fifty-second natural order of
plants. Genera: Gentiana, Lysimachia, Anagal-
lis, <tc.
ro -ta-5ls.m, x. [Gr. rotakismos.] An exagger-
ated pronunciation of the letter r, produced by
trilling the extremity of the soft palate against the
back part of the tongue ; burr.
rd'-taj-form, . [Lat. rota=a wheel, and forma
= form.l
Bot.: The same as ROTATE (q. v.).
fro -tal, a. [Lat. rota=a wheel.]
1. Of or pertaining to wheels or vehicles.
"The Cannabiere is in a chronic state of vocal and
rvlal tumuli ." Gt A. Sola, in Illustrated London Heies,
Nov. 5, 1881, p. 439.
2. Pertaining to circular or rotatory motion; ro-
tary.
rd-ta -11-a, subst. [Mod. Lat., from Lat. rota a
wheel.]
ZoOl. <KPal(font.: The typical genus of the family
Rotalina (q. v.). Test spiral and turbinoid; shell-
substance compact and very finely porous. Each
chamber is inclosed by a complete wall of its own,
and there are canal-like spacesjoetween the two
lamella? forming each septum. The genus appears
first in the Chalk, attaining its maximum in the
Tertiary, aud has many recent representatives.
ro-ta lid -S-a, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. rotal(ia); Lat.
neut. pi. adj. stiff, -idea.]
Zool. <& Palaeont. : An orderof Lankester'sRcticu-
laria (q. v.), section Perforata. Test calcareous,
perforate, free or adherent. Typically spiral and
rotaliform. Aberrant forms evolute, outspread,
acervuline. or irregular, some of the higher modifi-
cations with double chamber-walls, supplemental
skeleton, and a system of canals. There are three
families: Spirillinina, Rotalina, and Tinoporina.
Widely distributedin space; range in time from the
Carboniferous onward.
ro-tal-I-form, a. [Mod. Lat. rotali(a), and Lat.
/orma=shape.l
Zool.: Coiled in such a manner that the whole of
the segments are visible on the superior surface,
those of the last convolution only on the inferior
side, sometimes one face being more convex, some-
times the other. (Encyc. Brit. (ed. 9th), xix. 847.)
ro-ta-li'-na, 8. pi. [Mod. Latiu rotal(ia) ; Latin
neut. pi. adj. suff. -ina.}
Zool. <St Palceont.: The typical family of Rotalidea
(q. v.), with numerous genera. Test spiral, rotali-
form, rarely evolute, 
