IICS8 LIBRARY
* A. WlLUA!
RATIONAL RIP SAW
Sole Agent for the Famous
MOYER & HAY WOOD
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Election Day.
THE AMERICAN
ESPERANTO BOOK
A COMPENDIUM OF THE INTERNATIONAL
LANGUAGE
ESPERANTO
COMPILED AND EDITED BY
ARTHUR BAKER, A. E. A., EDITOR OF "AMERIKA
ESPERANTISTO." CHICAGO
APPEAL TO REASON
GIRARD :: KANSAS
1907
Copyright, 1907, by Arthin Baker
All Rights Reserved
ritr.ss o
JOHN F UIGGINS
CHICAGO
PREFACE
The purpose of Esperanto is to be a second
language for those persons who have relations with
people whose native languages they do not know.
This great need of humanity Esperanto supplies.
By a few weeks of study, even without the aid of
a teacher, one can qualify himself for conversation
and correspondence with all the other Esperantists
of the world, whatever their nationality. Their
number is increasing by hundreds of thousands
each year. These facts being established beyond
doubt, it would be conferring an undeserved dignity
upon those who oppose the language to reply to
their arguments. "It has an artificial sound"
so has the voice in the telephone. "It is not art-
istic" neither is a steam locomotive. The useful-
ness of Esperanto is so thoroughly established that
the discussion of its artistic merits may well be
dismissed, with perhaps the observation that the
language is frequently mistaken by the uninitiated
for Italian or Spanish, popularly supposed to be
the most musical of languages.
The aim of this book is to provide, in one vol-
ume, the means of acquiring a thorough, practical
knowledge of Esperanto. As suggested by its
title, the contents are especially adapted to the
American student, due regard being paid to the
Americanisms of our language.
Sources of Authority
This volume is based upon the Ekzercaro, by
Dr. Zamenhof. All the exercises are taken from
it and are therefore absolutely authoritative. The
notes and translations, with the discussion of the
grammar, while containing much original work,
are also indebted to the following sources : The
Standard Course of Esperanto, by George W. Bul-
len, F. B. E. A.; Esperanta Sintakso, by Sro. Paul
Fruictier; Grammar and Commentary, by Major-
General George Co*. The Esperanto-English
vocabulary is compiled from the second edition of
the Esperanto- English Dictionary, by A. Motteau,
and Worterbuch Esperanto-Deutsch, by Hermann
Jurgensen, the latter volume being preferred where
the two are not in concord. Supplementing these,
the English-Esperanto Dictionary, by J. C. O'Con-
nor and C. F. Hayes, is drawn upon for the matter
contained in the English-Esperanto vocabulary.
How to Study
Read carefully the first part of the book, pages
7 to 76 inclusive. It is by no means desirable to
attempt to assimilate everything set forth in these
pages at once, but the student who has forgotten
much of English grammar will find his memory
refreshed, and the person who has considered him-
self a good grammarian will find that Esperanto
may widen his knowledge of the subject.
Upon finishing this matter, return to page 7,
and commit to memory the sounds of the Esperanto
letters described on this and the four succeeding
pages. Then take up, in their order, the exercises.
Having finished these and memorized all the words
contained in them, you will be able to read readily
any ordinary correspondence and literature in the
language. This book being a modest compendium
of Esperanto material, it has seemed necessary to
include in the Esperanto-English vocabulary many
unusual words and technical terms, and the wise
student will not attempt to burden his memory
with such as are outside his own needs and uses.
You may put your knowledge of Esperanto to
immediate practical use in reading, or in correspon-
dence for any purpose whatever, with persons in
any part of the world. Addresses may be obtained
on request (with stamp), from Amerika Espcrantisto,
Chicago*
CONTENTS
Alphabet - 7
Rules of the Grammar - . . . I2
The Article ..... -19
The Substantive 20
The Adjective - - - - - 24
Pronouns - ... -26
The Verb
The Participle .... 37
The Adverb 4I
The Preposition .... 47
The Conjunction eg
The Interjection 61
The Numerals - . . . 6 3
Prefixes and Suffixes - ... $5
Correlative Words ..... y o
Capitals and Punctuation - - . . 74
Order of Words ... -75
Foreign Names - ..';. . . 75
Exercises - - . .' . . . 77
Correspondence - . . - 180
La Esperantismo . . 184
VOCABULARIES
Esperanto-English Vocabulary - . 3
English-Esperanto Vocabulary ... 77
THE AMERICAN ESPERANTO BOOK
THE ALPHABET
The alphabet consists of twenty-eight letters,
each representing one sound only:
Aa, Bb, Cc, Ce, Dd, Ee.Ff, Gg, Gg, Hh, Hh,
Ii, JJ, Jl, Kk, LI, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Rr, Ss,S,
Tt, Uu, Uu, Vv, Zz.
The Names of the Letters A, E, I, O, U
(vowels) are the sounds, and those of the conson-
ants are formed by adding the Esperanto noun
ending : b bo, c tso, 6 cho, d do, ifo, g go, g jo,
h ho, h hho, j yo, \ zho, k ko, 1 lo, m mo, n no, p po,
r ro, s so, sho, t toe, u wo, v vo, z zo.
SOUNDS
The sound given each letter is the same as in
English, with the following exceptions:
A is like a in father.
C is like ts in hats.
C is like ch in chop.
E is like a YO. fate (but not so long).
G is like g in go.
G is like j in joy, or g in George.
H is like M in loch (See explanation).
I is like ee in j^.
The American Esperanto Book
J is like y in yet.
J is like z in seizure.
O is like o in roll.
S is like s in so.
S is like ^// in show.
U is like 00 in soon.
is like a/ in how.
Z is like z in
It will be observed that the letters bearing the supersign *
are pronounced ch, gh, hh, j'h, sh. Printers unable to pro-
cure the special type may substitute these forms.
The Esperanto E is a matter of difficulty to
writers of text-books, as there is no English vowel
sound which exactly represents it. Authorities
agree that it is approximately half-way between our
e in men and a in fate. Inasmuch as ej exactly
duplicates the English a in fate, it is considered
best to advise the student to pronounce c like our
long a, but to cut it short. Still, if pronounced
long, it cannot possibly be misunderstood except
in two or three words; e. g. veno, vejno.
Trill the R. While not listed as an exception
r is pronounced with the trill usually regarded as
an affectation in America, but used by most of
Europeans. Copy therrr of your German, French
or Bohemian friends.
O in Esperanto is not exactly as in English.
Beginners should pronounce it as in vote, roll, etc.,
shortening the sound as much as possible.
The American Esperanto Book g
A
J has the sound of s as in pleasure, measure,
leisure, treasure, or z in seizure, azure.
J is classed as a consonant, and the sound is
always blended with the preceding vowel in forming
the plurals, oj, ojn, aj, ajn, uj, ujn, and its addition
to the vowel ending of a word never changes the
position of the accent : Plumo, ploo-mo; plumoj,
ploo'-moy; plumojn, ploo'-moyn; granda, grahn'-dah;
grandaj, grahn-dat (.at as in aisle or as /in file);
grandajn, grahn-dine; tiu, tee'-oo; tiuj, tee-ooy;
tiujn, tee'-ooyn; plej, play.
OJ, Pronounced "oy," is not an inconsistency,
as many superficial students suppose, nor is aj
when given the sound of long /'. If you doubt this,
pronounce oh yes and ah yes very quickly and you
will observe that perfect diphthongs result.
is a consonant, and is used after a and e to
form the diphthongs au and eu. The sound of the
letter is like w in English, and sometimes puzzles
beginners, who think that they have discovered an
exception to the rule that Esperanto letters have
each one invariable sound.
Au has the sound of ow in how, cow, plow.
EU has a sound which may be approximated by
a quick pronunciation of ehoo or ayoo, eliminating
most of the oo vowel sound. A still better practice
IO The American Esperanto BoJ;
combination is ehw as in pronouncing very quickly
the words eh Willie. This combination never makes
two syllables: europano is pronounced ehw-ro-pa-
no, not eh-oo-ro-pa-no.
H presents some difficulty to English-speaking
people. It is a strong gutteral aspirate, produced
from a position lower in the throat than any English
sound. It is used in several European languages,
but if the student has not heard it he may approxi-
mate it by pronouncing it hH. Fortunately, the
letter is seldom used.
Combinations such as kv, kn, gv, 9v, 9t, 9m,
etc., are also unfamiliar to one who speaks only
English, but present little difficulty, although one
must remember that no letters are ever silent. The
combination sc is no more difficult than many in our
native language, except that we must not slur it,
but bring out each detail: sts.
Especial attention is directed to two other
combinations: In pronouncing lingvo, and almost
every word in which n is followed by g, the inclin-
ation of the beginner is to sound the ng as in Eng-
lish. Such words are leen-gvo, feen-gro, etc. The
kz in ek-zi-li and similar words is pronounced as
written, and should not be given the sound of gz
as found in exempt, example, etc.
Accent. The tonic or principal accent is on
The American Esperanto Book II
the syllable next to the last, no matter now many
syllables the word may contain; dfo-mo; Ce-z/a-lo;
ak-ci-//-tro; ad-min-is-tran-/0-ro. The secondary
accents are placed where euphony, or good sound,
demands, with due respect to derivation. The
latter consideration is important in compounding
words. For example: juvelo, a jewel; kesto, case;
juvelkesto would require the secondary accent on
the second syllable, or at least this should sound
as strongly as the first.
A syllable is necessary for every vowel, no
matter how many come together; there are no
double vowels in Esperanto: traire, tra-i-re\ boao,
bo-a-o\ metiisto, me-ti-ist-o\ treege, tre-eg-e; zool-
ogio, zo-o-lo-gi-o.
12 The American Esperanto Book
RULES OF THE GRAMMAR
[The paragraphs in Esperanto are the Sixteen Rules given
by Zamenhof , a part of the Fundamento de Esperanto, The
accompanying English paragraphs are a translation] .
I
The Article. There is no indefinite article;
there is only a definite article, la, alike for all sexes,
cases and numbers.
Remark. The use of the article is the same
as in other languages. Those persons to whom
the use of the article presents a difficulty may at
first not use it at all.
Artikolo nedifinita ne ekzistas; ekzistas nur
artikolo difinita (/a), egala por Ciuj seksoj,
kazoj kaj nombroj.
Rimarko. La uzado de la artikolo estas tia
sama kiel en la aliaj lingvoj. La personoj, por
kiuj la uzado de la artikolo prezentas malfacil-
ajojn, povas en la unua tempo tute ne gin uzi.
II
The Substantive. Substantives have the end-
ing o. For the formation of the plural we add the
ending j. There are only two cases nominative
and accusative*; the latter is obtained from the
* Accusative, in English grammar, is termed objective.
The American Esperanto Book 13
nominative by the addition of the termination n.
The other cases are expressed by the help of prep-
ositions (the genitive b by de, the dative by al, the
ablative by per or other prepositions according to
the meaning).
La substantivoj havas la finigon o. For la
formado de la multenombro oni aldonas la fin-
igon j. Kazoj ekzistas nur du: nominative kaj
akuzativo; la lasta estas ricevata el la nomina-
tive per la aldono de la finigo n. La ceteraj
kazoj estas esprimataj per helpo de prepozicioj
(la genitive per de, la dativo per al, la ablative
VST per au aliaj prepozicioj laii la senco).
Ill
The Adjective. The adjective ends in a. Cases
and numbers as with the substantive. The com-
parative is made by means of the word pli, the
superlative by plej; with the comparative the con-
junction el is used.
La adjektivo finigas per a. Kazoj kaj nom-
broj kiel 6e la substantive. La komparativo
estas farata per la vorto pli, la superlative per
plfj; Ce la komparativo oni uzas la konjunkcion
ol.
IV
The Numerals. The cardinal numerals (they
b ln English grammar, possessive.
c These cases do not exist in English.
14 The American Esperanto Book
are not declined) are: Unu, du, tri, kvar, kvin,
ses, scp, ok, nau, dek, cent, mil. The tens and
hundreds are formed by the simple joining of the
numerals. For the signification of the ordinal
numerals, we add the ending of the adjective ; for
the multiples the suffix -obi; for the fractionals
-on; for the collectives, -op; for the distributives
the word po. Besides that, substantival and ad-
verbial numerals can be used.
La numeraloj fundamentaj (ne estas deklin-
aciataj) estas unu, du, tri, kvar, kvin, ses, sep, ok,
nati, dek, cent, mil. La dekoj kaj centoj estas for.
mataj per simpla kunigo de la numeraloj. Por la
signado de la numeraloj ordaj oni aldonas la
finigon de la adjektivo; por la multoblaj la
sufikson -obi, por la nombronaj -on, por la
kolektaj -op, por la disdividaj la vorton po.
Krom tio povas esti uzataj numeraloj substan-
tivaj kaj adverbaj.
V
The Pronouns. Personal pronouns: mi, vi,
li, Si, gi (referring to thing or animal), si, ni, vi,
ili, oni; the possessive pronouns are formed by the
addition of the adjective ending. Declension is as
with the substantives.
Pronomoj personaj: mi, vi, li, Si, /i (pri ob-
jekto au besto), si, ni, vi, ili, oni; la pronomoj
posedaj estas formataj per la aldono de la Fmigo
The American Esperanto Book 15
adjektiva. La deklinacio estas kiel Ce la sub-
stantivoj.
VI
The Verb. The verb is not changed in person
or number. Forms of the verb: the present tense
takes the ending -as; the past tense, -is; the future
tense, -os; the conditional mode, -us; the imperative
mode, -u; the infinitive mode, -i. Participles (with
an adjectival or adverbial sense): active present,
-ant; active past, -int; active future, -ont; passive
present, -at; passive past, -it ; passive future, -ot.
All forms of the passive are formed by the help of
a corresponding form of the verb esti and a passive
participle of the required verb; the preposition with
the passive is de.
La verbo ne estas Sangata lau personoj nek
nombroj. Formoj de la verbo: la tempo estanta
akceptas la finigon -as; la tempo estinta -is; la
tempo estonta -os ; la modo kondifia -us ; la
modo ordona -u; la modo sendifina /; Partici-
poj (kun senco adjektiva au adverba): aktiva
estanta -ant ; aktiva estinta -int ; aktiva estonta
-ont; pasiva estanta, -at; pasiva estinta, -/'/;
pasiva estonta, -ot. Ciuj formoj de la pasiva
estas formataj per helpo de responda formo
de la verbo esti kaj participo pasiva de la bezo-
nata verbo; la prepozicio 6e la pasivo estas de.
1 6 Tht American Esperanto Book
VII
The Adverb. Adverbs end in c; degrees of
comparison as with the adjective.
La adverboj finigas per ? ; gradoj de kom-
parado kiel Ce la adjektivoj.
VIII
Nominative with Prepositions. All preposi-
tions require the nominative.
Ciuj prepozicioj postulas la nominativon.
IX
Pronunciation. Every word is read as it is
written.
Ciu vorto estas legata , kiel gi estas skribita.
X
Accent. The accent is always on the penulti-
mate (next to the last) syllable.
La akcento estas Ciam sur la antaulasta
silabo.
XI
Compound Words. Compound words are
formed by the simple joining of words (the princi-
pal word stands at the end); the grammatical end-
ings are also regarded as independent words.
Vortoj kunmetitaj estas formataj per simpla
kunigo de la vortoj (la Cefa vorto staras en la
The American Esperanto Book 17
fino); la gramatikaj finigoj estas rigardataj
ankau kiel memstaraj vortoj.
XII
Negation. With another negative word the
word ne is omitted.
Ce alia nea vorto la vorto ne estas forlasata.
XIII
Direction. In order to show direction, words
take the ending of the accusative.
Por montri direkton, la vortoj ricevas la
finigon de la akuzativo.
XIV
The Preposition Je. Every preposition has a
definite and constant meaning; but if we have to
use a preposition and the direct sense does not
show us what special preposition we ought to take,
then we use the preposition je, which has no inde-
pendent meaning. Instead of the preposition je
we can also use the accusative without a preposi-
tion.
Ciu prepozicio havas difinitan kaj konstan-
tan signifon; sed se ni devas uzi ian prepozicion
kaj la rekta senco ne montras al ni, kian nome
prepozicion ni devas preni, tiam ni uzas
la prepozicion je, kiu memstaran signifon ne
havas. Anstatau la prepozicio je oni povas
ankau uzi la akuzativon sen prepozicio.
1 8 Tht American Esperanto Book
XV
Foreign Words. The so-called foreign words,
that is, those which a majority of the languages
have taken from one source, are used in the Esper-
anto language without change, receiving only the
orthography of this language; but with various
words from one root it is better to use unchanged
only the fundamental word, and to form the rest
from this latter according to the rules of the Esper-
anto language.
La tiel nomataj vortoj fremdaj, t. e., tiuj
kiujn la plimulto de la lingvoj prenis el unu
fonto, estas uzataj en la lingvo Esperanto sen
Sango, ricevante nur la ortografion de tiu Ci
lingvo ; sed fie diversaj vortoj de unu radiko
estas pli bone uzi senSange nur la vorton fun-
damentan kaj la ceterajn formi el tiu Ci lasta
lau la reguloj de la lingvo Esperanto.
XVI
Elision. The final vowel of the substantive
and the article can be omitted and replaced by an
apostrophe.
La fina vokalo de la substantivo kaj de la
artikolo povas esti forlasata kaj anstatauigata
de apostrofo.
The American Esptranto Book 19
THE ARTICLE
No indefinite article, such as a, is used in
Esperanto, this being implied in the noun: hundo,
a dog-, arbo, a tree.
The definite article is la: la hundo, the
la arbo, the tree. Its use is much the same as in
English, with some very important exceptions.
For example, when we use a word in its generic
sense, the article is employed: The sentence, Man
is a slave, we translate La homo estas sklavo.
La medicino estas scitncoMedicine is a science.
Tiel blanka kiel la negoAs white as snow.
Instead of possessive pronouns the article i s
used when referring to a relative of the speaker or
person addressed, or even of a third person when
the identity is unmistakable. La patro=J/j' (or
your) father. [See Exercises 8 and 9].
Before numeral adjectives which denote day,
hour, etc.: Venu je la deka horo=C0me at ten.
La unua de januaro=7%<? ./?/.$/ of January.
The apostrophe may be substituted for the
a of the article. In Exercise 27 Dr. Zamenhof
adds: "but only after a preposition which ends in
a vowel." This permission is useful chiefly in
poetry, when necessary to eliminate a syllable,
ao The American Esperanto Book
THE SUBSTANTIVE
A substantive (noun) is a word expressing the
name of anything: dorno, a house; birdo, a bird;
penso, a thought; riCeco, wealth; ago, an act.
The sign of the substantive is the final o. When
more than one thing is spoken of, we add the
plural sign, j: katoj, cats; knaboj, boys; arboj, trees.
The nominative form of the substantive is
the regular form, either singular or plural. This
is used in all relations except three, hereafter ex-
plained.
Possession is indicated by the preposition de
preceding the substantive: La libro de la knabo^
The boy's book (literally, the book of the boy).
The accusative form is used where the sub-
stantive stands as the object of a transitive verb;
that is, a verb which implies some action or change
directed against the substantive: La knabo batis
la hundon = The boy beat the dog. Here, the dog
is the object of the action implied. Hence, we add
the accusative sign, n, to hundo. This change is
necessary in Esperanto because this is an interna-
tional language, to be used by many millions of
people who put the obj'ect of an action before the
word expressing the action.
The American Esperanto Book 21
After a preposition the accusative case is not
used, except for the purpose indicated in the par-
agraph following :
To show direction or motion toward a given
place, when no accompanying word indicates this,
the accusative form is used: Li iris Bostonon=
He went to or toward Boston.
Accusative Without Preposition. Accord-
ing to Rule XIV we may omit the preposition and
substitute the accusative form. This is frequently
done in expressing date, measure, etc., but there
is no set rule demanding it: Li venos lundon =
He will come Monday. Li venos je lundo=-#<r
will come on Monday. Each of these forms is cor-
rect. Mi laboris ok horojn=7 worked eight hours.
Mi laboris dum ok horoj=/ worked during eight
hours. It will be noted that in either English or
Esperanto the preposition may be omitted; but in
Esperanto the omission is indicated by a signal.
Order of Signs. The sign of the plural pre-
cedes that of the accusative case: librojn, homojn.
Elision. The final o of the noun may be omit-
ted (Rule 16) and the apostrophe (') substituted,
but this is usually confined to verse. Writers of
Esperanto poetry are inclined to take the similar
liberty with oj and ojn where no confusion as to
meaning is to be feared.
aa The American Esperanto Book
We omit the preposition, usually, translating
such forms as Dominion of Canada, City of New
York: Regno Kanado, Urbo Nov-Jorko. The
accusative is not used here to indicate an omission,
because no Esperanto preposition is left out, this
language not confessing the need of a preposition
in these cases. So the English preposition is wiped
out of existence.
Adjective for Possessive. A few students
are confused by the use of the adjective form for
possessive case with the pronoun and not with the
substantive. There are, however, cases in which
an English possessive is translated by an Esperanto
adjective, and these require careful observation:
Unuhora dormo=One hour's sleep. Unuahora
gardo= The first hour's watch. Close scrutiny will
show, however, that these cannot be called an
exception to the Esperanto rule, as they are hardly
possessives in English, and not at all in Esperanto.
The superiority of Esperanto as a means of
precise expression is illustrated in the following
sentences : Mia frato amas mian filinon pli ol
mian filon=J/y brother loves my daughter more than
my son (.more than he loves my son). Mi amas mian
filinon pli ol mia filo=7 love my daughter more
than my son {loves her). In the first sentence,
filon, being accusative, must be understood as the
object of the implied verb. In the latter, filo, being
nominative, can be connected with the sentence
The American Esperanto Book 23
only as the subject of the implied verb. In English
we must supply the phrase to express the meaning;
in Esperanto the case of the noun expresses the
sense beyond doubt.
24 The American Esperanto Book
THE ADJECTIVE
An adjective is a word used to express some
quality, attribute or limitation of a substantive:
blanka domo, a white house; larga strato, a wide
street; alta viro, a tall man. Blanka, larga and
alta are adjectives, each expressing some quality
of the substantive. The adjective sign is final a.
Adjectives may be formed from almost any
root, and attribute to the substantive the idea ex-
pressed by the root: ligno, wood, ligna, wooden;
danki, to thank, danka, thankful. Adjectives may
be formed also from prepositions, adverbs, etc.; in
fact the adjective ending may be applied to almost
any word : en, in, ena, inner; tro, too, troa, exces-
sive; tie, there, tiea, of that place.
In number and case the adjective agrees with
the substantive to which it belongs: Ruga pomo=
A red apple. Rugaj pomoj =Red apples. Li atas
rugajn pomojn=//<? likes red apples.
A predicative adjective, that is, one preceded
by some form of esti (if not in the word, then at
least in the thought), is always nominative, even
though it may refer to an accusative substantive.
Mi trovis mian amikon malsanain=f found my
sick friend. Here, malsanan belongs directly to
amikon. But if we say Mi trovis mian amikon
The American Esperanto Book 25
malsana=/ found my friend sick, the meaning is
materially changed. Literally, it would read: Mi
trovis mian amikon esti (au, ke li estas) mal-
S3ina.=I found my friend to be (or, that he is) sick.
[See remarks on Adjectival Participles} .
Comparison of adjectives is effected by means
of various words. Some of them are:
Pli v\More than.
Malpli ol=Less than.
Tiel kiel=^4 s as.
Tia bizSuch as.
Tia sama kia=37r same as.
Ju pli des pli=T/te more the more.
Ju malpli des malp\i=TAe less the less.
[For uses of these words see Exercise 4] .
Degree may also be expressed by the suffixes,
eg and et: varmeta, varrna, varmega=/&?/tfr;,
warm, hot.
The superlatives are expressed by plej and
malplej: La plej granda=7%^ largest. La mal-
plej granda=7^ smallest.
Adverbial Ending. Where the indefinite it
is employed in English, as it is warm, it rains,
Esperanto uses no equivalent for //; in such cases,
or where a verb or phrase forms the subject, and all
cases where there is neither a noun or pronoun to
which the adjective refers, the qualifying word,
even if adjectival in meaning, is adverbial in form:
Estas necese=// is necessary. Estas agrable=
// is agreeable. Esti bele estas oportune=7<? be
beautiful is fortunate.
a6 Tht American Esptranto Book
PRONOUNS.
A pronoun is a word used to represent a noun
or substantive. Its use lends grace and facility to
speech, by avoiding repetitions of the real name
for which it stands. Many of the cruder languages
do not possess pronouns. An Indian, for example,
uses his own name instead of the pronoun /. Es-
peranto is especially well equipped with pronouns.
Relative pronouns, with several other kinds, are
listed under the head of Correlative Words, as their
use is somewhat different from that of the personal
pronouns.
The personal pronouns are: mi, // vi,you
(singular or plural); li, he; 8i, she; gi, //; ni, we ;
ill, they; si, a reflexive pronoun referring only to
subject of proposition and always in the third per-
son, meaning himself, herself, itself, themselves;
oni, one or they : oni diras, they say. Oni is
always nominative.
The possessive case of pronouns is formed
by the addition of the adjective sign, a: mia,
my, mine ; via, your, yours ; lia, his ; 8ia, her, hers;
ma, our, ours; ilia, their, theirs; sia, one's, his,
hers, their, etc.
The American Esperanto Book 27
The possessive pronoun, being an adjective
in form, is governed by the rules of the adjective.
It agrees in number and case with the noun which
it qualifies. Using the English words, their book*
the pronoun is understood to be plural; ilia libro,
however, shows the pronoun in the singular form,
though obviously referring to more than one per-
son; it becomes plural in form only when the noun
is plural iliaj libroj. Conversely, miaj libroj
(my books} shows the personal pronoun in the plu-
ral form, though certainly singular in sense. The
plural sign is merely an indication that the word
belongs to a plural noun.
The reflexive pronoun requires careful study
for its correct use. It is always in the third per-
son and can refer only to the subject of the clause
or proposition in which it is used. Johano ren-
kontis mian patron kaj lian amikon=y^ met
my father and his (my father's) friend. Johano
renkontis mian patron kaj sian amikon=/<?^
met my father and his (John's) friend. [See Exer-
cise 12].
a 8 The American Esperanto Book
THE VERB
A verb is a word used to express action or
being. In English these words often vary accord-
ingly as they express the action of one person or
more; or the action of the speaker, the person who
is addressed, or a third person. For example, we
say / am, you are, he is. In Esperanto the verb
does not change thus; we say: mi estas, vi estas,
li estas.
All verbs are regular. In English, several
hundred verbs have special forms for expressing
past or completed action, so that to use the wrong
form would give rise to seemingly humorous ab-
surdities ; for example, write, wrote, written', fight,
foghte, fitten. The various Esperanto verbs use
exactly the same forms, and the entire list of these
forms in their various uses is called the conjuga-
tion.
INDICATIVE MODE
The indicative mode expresses action or being
as now taking place, which has, or which will take
place. It involves a simple, definite statement,
as distinguished from the indefinite, conditional,
interrogatory, etc.
The American Esperanto Book 29
ACTIVE VOICE
The active voice represents the action as be-
ing performed (present, past or future) :
Mi skribas=/o/r//<?, am writing.
Vi \M&\ = You played, were playing.
Li laboros He will work, be working.
Mi estas skribanta=7 am writing (emphasiz-
ing present continuity of act.)
Vi estis ludanta= You were playing.
Li estos laboranta =-//<? will be working.
Mi estas skribinta^/ have written, been writ-
ing.
Vi estis ludinta=K?# had played, been playing.
Li estos laborinta^/fe will have worked, have
been working.
Mi estas skribonta=/ am to write, am about
to write.
Vi estis ludonta^Ftftf were about to play.
Li estos laboronta=j?7<? will be about to work.
PASSIVE VOICE
The passive voice describes the action as
being received:
Mi estas amata=/ am loved.
Vi estis trornpata=K? were deceived, were
being deceived.
Li estos forlasata=/if<? will be forsaken.
Mi estas amita=/^0zv been loved.
Vi estis trompita=y0# had been deceived.
3O The American Esperanto Book
Li estos forlasita= J #ir -will have been forsaken.
Mi estas amota=/ am to be (or, about to be)
loved.
Vi estis trompota=K0 were about to be
deceived.
Li estos forlasota=#ir will be about to be for-
saken.
The Present Tense. If an action is in prog-
ress at the time of speaking or writing, the verb
takes the ending of the present tense. Johano
skribas=y<?^ writes. This means that John is
now writing, but it may also mean that he writes
generally, is a copyist. When necessary, however,
to emphasize the fact that the action is of present
duration and still incomplete, we use the participle
and estas, thus: Johano estas skribanta. This
can mean only that John is now, at the time of
speaking, in the act of writing.
The present tense is also used in Esperanto
to describe an act occurring at a time past, but of
which a descriptive account is being given. For
example, / shakes my fist in his face and I says to
him, "Go/" is vividly expressive, but ungrammat-
ical. However, Mi minacas lian vizagon per
la mia pugno kaj diras al li "For!" has all the
emphasis which the English sentence receives from
the use of the present tense, and is grammatically
correct.
The American Esperanto Book 31
The Past Tense. When an act occurred at
some time now wholly past, or was occurring at
such a time, the past tense is employed: Johano
skribis ./0/J/2 wrote, or was in the act of writing.
But again, if we wish to state clearly' that he was,
at some particular time, writing, we use the parti-
ciple : Johano estis skribanta.
The Future Tense. When an action is to
take place at some future time, we use the future
tense. Johano skribos=y<?/^ will write, or will
be writing. As with the other tenses, if we wish
so be precise, to say that at- some definite future
time John will be in the act of writing, the participle
is necessary: Johano estos skribanta.
Completed action, indicated in English by
what are called the perfect tenses, is expressed in
Esperanto by some form of esti and a past parti-
ciple of the principal verb: Hi estas kantintaj =
They have been singing' (literally, ' 'they are were
singing")- This means that now, at this time, the
act of singing is complete. Hi estis kantintaj =
They had been singing. Estis refers to a time past,
and kantintaj indicates that the act of singing was,
at that time, already finished. Hi estos kantintaj
= They will have been singing. At the future time
indicated by estos, the act of singing will have been
finished.
32 The American Esperanto Book
CONDITIONAL MODE.
The Conditional Mode describes an action
that is conditional ; something that might happen
or have happened ; something doubtful in itself, or
contingent upon something else. It is usually
introduced by the conjunction, se (//"). The gram-
matical sign of the conditional mode is -us, alike
for all tenses. If time is expressed, this is accom-
plished by a participle or another verb used in
connection.
Se Si B.mus=f/s/tf should lore.
Se i estus amanta= Were she loving.
Se i estus aminta=//" she had loved, or been
loving.
Se i estus amonta = Were she about to love, or
be loving.
Se 9i estus amata= Were she loved, or being
loved.
Se Si estus amita=ff s/if had been loved.
Se Si estus amota= Were she about to be loved.
Example: Se pluvus, ni iros fiSkapti=
Should it rain, we shall go fishing. Here, the first
verb is conditional, the second indicative. Se
estus pluvinte, ni irus fiSkapti==/Y/ had rained,
we would go fishing. Here, both verbs are condi-
tional. The student must not permit himself to
The American Esperanto Book 33
be confused regarding the two meanings of should.
In one sense, this is a conditional auxiliary, and
as such is used in the foregoing translations. In
the other sense it expresses duty, as "He should
love his parents." This has nothing whatever to
do with the conditional mode of Esperanto, and is
translated by the verb devi, ought.
34 The American Esperanto Book
IMPERATIVE MODE
The imperative mode indicates command,
desire, purpose, etc. Its sign is -u.
In giving commands and making requests it
is used directly, without connecting words: Haltu!
=Halt ! Prenu pomon! = 7a/fc an apple! Li
venu tien 6i \=Let him come here!
In expressing purpose it is usually preceded
by ke or por ke: Por ke Si ricevu pardonon,
Si gin petu=/ order that she receive a pardon, let
her ask it. Mia patro deziras ke li venu=J/y
father desires that he come.
Participles may be used with the imperative :
Li insistas ke vi estu punata=/T<r insists that you
be punished.
The American Esperanto Book 35
INFINITIVE MODE
The infinitive mode, sign -i, has no tense,
signifying simply to be, to love, etc. As with the
conditional and imperative modes, it may receive
a suggestion of tense when accompanied by a par-
ticiple.
A mi = To love.
Esti amante=7<? be loving.
Esti amite=7# have been loved.
Esti amonte = 7<? be about to love.
A substantival sense is expressed by the
infinitive, which may of itself be the subject of a
sentence : Erari estas home ; pardoni, die 7>
err is human; to forgive, divine.
Note that the adjectives and participles modifying the
infinitive take the adverbial form.
36 The American Esperanto Book
INTERROGAT
In questions, the indicative mode is used, and
accompanied by an interrogatory word. There are
(see Correlative Words) nine interrogatory words
beginning with k: kia, kial, kiam, kie, kiel, kies,
kio, kiom, kiu. These words are used in precisely
the same manner as their English equivalents,
what, why, when, where, how, etc.
Kiam li revenos?=W7^ will he return?
Kie ni estas ?= Where are we?
Any sentence not introduced by one of these
may be changed to a question by the word Cu,
meaning whether: Cu vi venos ?= Will you come?
Cu vi nin amas ?=Do you love us ?
The American Esperanto Book 37
THE PARTICIPLE
A participle is a word derived from a verb
root, and implying action, though not directly
stating it, as does the verb. Participles in Esper-
anto are of three classes:
Adjectival Expressing the quality of being
in action : Kantanta birdo=^4 singing bird; and,
with a helping verb, the act itself : La birdo estas
kantanta=:7%<? bird is singing.
Adverbial Expressing the fact of the action,
usually by way of connecting it with some other
act, and always without a directly governing
substantive: Vidante muson, i forkuris = Seeing
a mouse, she ran away.
Substantival Expressing the act and agent
in the active form, the act and the recipient in the
passive: parolanto, the speaker; parolato, the
person spoken to.
The participle plays a much more important
part in Esperanto than in English, and the student
must give it careful study. It may have the end-
38 The American Esperanto Book
ing of the adjective, adverb or substantive. Its
signs are:
-ant-, Present active,
-int-, Past active,
-ont-, Future active,
-at-, Present passive,
-it-, Past passive,
-ot-, Future passive.
An adjectival participle may be directly qual-
ifying, and as such is usually placed before the
substantive, as in English : Fluanta akvQ=Flow-
ing 'water. When so used, and qualifying a plural
or accusative substantive, it takes the same case
and number : Ni vidis la brulantajn domojn=
We saw the burning houses.
When used as a predicate, that is, when
preceded by a form of esti, expressed or implied,
the participle agrees with the noun as to number,
but is never accusative : La domoj estas brul-
antaj = The houses are burning. Ni vidas la
domojn brulantajn is translated We see the burning
houses. Here, brulantajn is a directly qualifying
word and hence is accusative because of domojn.
But if we say Ni vidis la domojn brulantaj : = We
saw the houses burning, this means that we saw the
houses (first proposition) and also (second propo-
sition) discovered, or saw, that they were burning:
We saw the houses to be, (or, that they were} burning.
The American Esperanto Book 39
Here, although esti and ke ill estas are omitted,
the meaning is clearly shown by the nominative
form of the participle.
Esperanto participles also convey a sugges-
tion of tense : Mono havata estas pli grava ol
havita Money possessed (now) is more important
than (that which has) been possessed. Pasero
kaptita estas pli bona ol agio kaptota = A spar-
row caught is better than an eagle to be caught.
Adverbial participles have the regular adverb
ending, e, which is invariable. They are usually
employed in sentences like the following : Trovinte
pomon, mi gin mangis=ffavtng r found an apple,
I ate it. Promenante sur la strato, mi falis^
Walking along the street, I fell. Li venis al mi
tute ne atendite=^T? came to me quite unexpect-
edly. Here, trovinte and promenante take the
adverbial ending because there is no substantive to
which they can directly belong.
Participles should not be used in lieu of
simple adjectives and adverbs. When the partici-
pial form is used, action should always be distinctly
understood. Fluanta akyo {running water) is
correct, because action is implied ; amanta edzo
(a loving husband) would ordinarily be incorrect,
because quality, and not action, is expressed.
Here, the simple adjective, ama (.affectionate) ,
4O The American Esperanto Book
would be the proper word. Li kantas Carme
(//<? sings charmingly) , not Carmante.
Substantival participles have the regular o
sign of the substantive, and indicate, in the active
form, the person or thing performing the action
(a participle invariably implies action). In the
passive form they indicate the recipient of the
action:
Amanto=^4 lovct one who is now loving.
Aminto=-<4 lovet one who did love.
Amonto= One who will love.
Amato=^4 beloved person.
Amito=^ beloved one who has been loved.
A.moto=One about to be loved.
The American Esperanto Book 41
THE ADVERB
The use of the adverb is to qualify, emphasize
or explain verbs, adjectives, participles or other
adverbs. Example : La tre bela, bone vestita
virino agas apenau gentile = The very beautiful,
well dressed woman acts hardly politely. The
four adverbs, tre, bone, apenau and gentile have
the following positions in the sentence : Tre
belongs to the adjective, bela ; bone belongs to the
participle, vestita ; gentile to the verb, agas ;
apenau to the adverb, gentile. As will be seen,
each adverb conveys some added meaning to the
word to which it belongs.
Adverbs regularly derived from a root have
the ending e, thus : from bel', the root for beauty,
we have bele, beautifully. Besides this, there are
some so-called primary adverbs, which do not
belong to the word-families which spring from each
root. A few of these have the ending e, but most
have not.
PRIMARY ADVERBS
The following list includes the primary adverbs
most used:
Adiau, Adieu, Goodbye.
Ain. Ever (after kiam, kie, etc.)
43 Thf American Esperanto Book
Almenati, At least.
Ankati, Also.
Ankorafi, Yet, Still.
Apenaii, Hardly, Scarcely.
Baldau, Soon.
Bis, Once more.
Ci, The nearest.
Cial, For every reason.
Ciam, Always
Cie, Every Where
Ciel, In Every Way.
Ciom, All, All of it.
Cu, Whether.
Des pli, The More.
EC, Even
'For, Away.
Hierati, Yesterday.
Hodiati, Today.
lal, For Some Cause.
lam, Some Time, Any Time.
Ie, Some Where, Any Where.
Icl, In Some Manner.
lom, Some Quantity.
Ja, Indeed.
Jam, Already
Jen, Here, Behold.
Jes, KTJ.
Ju pli, The More.
Jus, y^j/ Now
Kial,
The American Esperanto Book 43
Kie, Where.
Kiel, How, As.
Kiom, How Much.
Kvazau, As if.
Morgau, Tomorrow.
Ne, Not.
Nek, Neither, Nor.
Nenial, For No Cause.
Neniam, Never.
Nenie, No Where.
Neniel, In No Manner.
Neniom, None.
Nun, Now.
Nur, Only.
Plej, Most.
Pli, More.
Plu, Further.
Preskau, Nearly.
Tial, For that Cause.
Tiam, Then.
Tie, There.
Tie ci, Here.
Tiel, In that Manner, So.
Tiom, So Much.
Tre, Very.
Tro, Too.
Tuj, Immediately.
44 The American Esperanto Book
DERIVED ADVERBS
Any root or primary word may be given an
adverbial meaning by the addition of the adverb
ending, e, provided this can logically be done. A
few such words are given in the following list :
Afrankite, Postage paid.
Aliloke, Elsewhere.
Alivorte, In other words.
Alvenante, Upon arrival.
Antatie, Previously.
Aparte, Separately, specially.
Bonstate, In good condition.
Cirkafte, Around.
Ciufoje, Every time.
Ciujare, Yearly.
Ciumonate, Monthly.
Ciusemajne, Weekly.
Ciutage, Daily.
Dekstre, On the right.
Efektive, Actually.
Ekstere, Outwardly.
Escepte, Excepting.
Gustatempe, Promptly, at the right time.
Intence, Intentionally.
Jene, As follows.
Jese, Affirmatively.
KaSe, Secretly.
Kompate, Mercifully, Sympathetically.
Kompreneble, Of course.
The American Esperanto Book 45
Laularge, As to width.
Laiilonge, Lengthwise.
Lauvole, At will.
Laiite, Loudly.
Lerte, Skillfully.
Male, On the contrary.
Malfacile, With difficulty.
Maldekstre, On the left.
MalkaSe, Openly, without concealment.
Malmulte, Not much.
Malproksime, In the distance, afar.
Malpleje, Least.
Malrekte, Indirectly, slantingly.
Malsupre, Below.
Matene, In the morning.
Multe, Much.
Nelonge, Not long.
Nedube, Doubtlessly.
Nune, At present.
Nuntempe, Nowadays.
Pace, Peacefully.
Parole, Verbally.
Pere, By indirect means.
Persone, Personally.
Piedire, On foot.
Pleje, Mostly.
Plezure, With pleasure.
Plivole, Preferably.
Plue, Furthermore.
Poste, Afterwards.
46 The American Esperanto Book
Precipe, Especially.
Proksime, Near.
Proksimume, Approximately.
Rapidire, By fast means, express.
Ree, Again.
Rekte, Directly.
Sajne, Seemingly.
Sekve, Consequently.
Senescepte, Without exception.
Senintermanke, Uninterruptedly.
Senpage, Free, without pay.
Sensence, Without sense.
Skribe, In writing.
Somere, In summer.
Speciale, Specially.
Sufifie, Sufficiently.
Supre, Above.
Tiamaniere, In such a manner.
Treege, Extremely.
Troe, Excessively.
Tute, Totally, entirely, quite.
Vole, Voluntarily.
Volonte, Willingly.
The American Esperanto Book 47
THE PREPOSITION
Prepositions are used to define relations be-
tween other words, or phrases : La hundo kuas
antaii la fajro=7%<? dog lies before the fire, Resti
apud vi estas, sen escepto, la plej bone el 6iuj
plezuroj=70 stay near you is, without exception,
the best of (from among) all pleasures.
The complement (accompanying substantive)
of a preposition is always in the nominative case,
unless, to show direction, the accusative is used.
Rule XIV permits the omission of the prepo-
sition where the sense does not clearly show which
one to use, and in such cases the substantive is
made accusative. We can also use the general,
undefined preposition, je.
Every preposition except Je has a fixed and
constant meaning, which should be learned. So
many English prepositions are used for more than
one idea that ridiculous errors would arise from
their literal translation . He talked over the tele-
phone, to a firm over the river, and sold over eighteen
casts of eggs that had been left over. Here, two
prepositions, per, meaning by means of, and trans,
48 The American Esperanto Book
beyond, would be used, in the two other cases the
meaning would require words which are not prepo-
sitions, and at no point does the Esperanto prepo-
sition, super, meaning over or above, enter into
consideration 1
The following examples show most of the
ordinary uses of the prepositions :
AL TO, TOWARD
Li iros al Bostono=/fr will go to Boston.
Mi rompis al mi la brakon=7 broke my arm.
Li havas amon al la patro=//ir has love for
his father.
Donu al mi la libron=GY?'<r (to) me the book.
Ordonu al li ke li venu=Order (to) ///;// to
(that he) come.
Aldonu al tiu sumo kvin dolarojn=^//// to
that sum five dollars.
ANSTATAO INSTEAD OF
Anstatau konsilo, mi deziras prunton=/-
stead of advice, I want a loan.
Anstatau plori, la vidvino devas goji=/-
stead of weeping (to weep), the widow should rejoice.
ANTAO BEFORE
Arbo staras antau la domo=A tree stands in
front of the house.
Iru antau mi=Gi> before me.
The American Esperanto Book 49
Antau niaj okuloj flugis fantomo=J3ef0re our
eyes there flew a phantom.
Antau ol morgau, li venos=ef0re tomorrow,
he will come.
Antau tri tagoj, li venis=Three days -ago, he
came.
The use of antau in the last two sentences is
worthy of special observation. The tense of the
verb, and the conjunction ol, show in the first that
a future time is mentioned ; while in the latter, the
absence of ol and the past tense of the verb show
that the time referred to has passed.
APUD NEAR
La fonto apud la granda arbo=7%<r spring
near the large tree.
Bulonjo apud 'N\.3iTO=J3oulogne-on-the-Sea.
Atendu 6e la ^Q^\.Q^Q=Wait at the post office.
Mi estos ce vi=/ shall be at your house (liter-
ally, at you).
Li venis Se la deka^Zfe came at ten.
Ke ce 6iu vorto kiun vi diros=77*tf/ at every
word you speak.
Ce la komparativo oni uzas la konjunkcion
ol JF///J the comparative one uses the conjunction ol.
Koro ce koro ni parolis=W^ talked heart to
heart.
50 The American Esperanto Book
C IRK AC AROUND
Soldatoj staras Cirkau la domo=.W<//V/.> <7/r
standing around the house.
La prezo estas fiirkaii kvindek cendoj=77^
Price is about fifty cents.
Mi venos Cirkau la sepa horo=7 shall come
about the seventh hour.
Li surmetis ledan zonon Cirkau la talio=//i >
put a leather belt around his waist.
DA OF
This preposition is used only after words denot-
ing quantity, weight, number or measure.
Funto da teo = A pound of tea.
Multe da pensoj=J/a#y (of) thoughts.
Miloj da Yiomo}= Thousands of men.
Peco da ligno=^4 piece of wood.
The beginner will find great care necessary to
avoid confusion as to da and de. Compare care-
fully the examples.
DE-OS, BY, FROM
This preposition is used as the sign of posses-
sion, and to connect the passive participle with its
complement. It also indicates origin, place of
beginning, etc. :
La libro de Johano=Jo/in's book.
La filino estas amata de sia patro=7%<r
daughter is loved by her father.
The American Esperanto Book 51
De tia kauzo=F*r0m such a cause.
Tio dependas de lia respondo 7%0/ depends
upon his reply.
De loko al \<&.Q=-From ptace to place.
Mi fbriros de tie t\=I shall go away from
here.
Li lofas malproksime de tie S\=He lives far
from here.
Li lofas proksime de tie t'\=He lives near
here.
De ilia unua renkonto -&'<:.? (from) their first
meeting.
De tri tagoj mi ne manias =For three days I
have not eaten.
Li mortis de malsato=/if<? died of hunger.
BUM DURING, WHILE.
Dum la nuna }a.TO=During- this year.
Dum li parolas=W%//<? he is talking.
EKSTEROUTSSDZ
Ekster la domo=Outside the house.
Ekster tiuj Si kauzoj=<9//s7dfc these causes.
E.L, O(/r OF, FROM AMONG
Plej bona el t\\\iBest of all.
Unu el ni devas iri=One of us ought to go.
Elcizita el maiFmarrQ Chiseled from marble.
Li iros el la urbo .//"<? will go out of the city.
53 The American Esperanto Book
Muo venis el sub la lito=.4 mouse came fr on*
under the bed.
EN 77V
This word is also translated into. When thia
meaning is implied it must be followed by the
accusative of direction.
Hi iras en la pregejon=7%o' art going into
the church.
Hi estas en la pre|ejo=7^o' are in the church.
Nokto en somero=^ night in summer.
En tia okazo=0 such an occasion.
Estas dudek-kvar horoj en tago=77*<?r<r are
twenty-four hours in a day.
GIS UNTIL, AS FAR AS
Vi povas veni gis la pordego=K<?w may come
as far as the gate.
De Marto gis Majo=/>w March until May.
Atendu gis morgau=Wa/'/ until tomorrow.
INTER BETWEEN, AMONG
Inter aliaj &fer6}=Among other matters.
Inter la du ^.rc\\^Q\^=Bctween the two friends.
Inter Marto kaj Hla.}Q=Between March and
May.
La amikoj malkonsentis inter si= The friends
disagreed among themselves.
The American Esperanto Book 53
JE
This preposition has no fixed meaning, and is
used only when the sense does not clearly require
some other word :
Li ridas je mia eraro=Zfe laughs at my error.
Je la unua okazo=;4/ the first opportunity.
Li ekkaptis la hundon je la |orto=Zfe caught
ihe dog by the throat.
Je la kvara de marto=0 the fourth of March.
Alta je ses futoj =Six feet high.
Je la unua fojo en sia vivo=For the first time
in his life.
KONTRAti OPPOSITE, A GAINST
Kontraii la hotelo= Opposite the hotel.
Ni iris kontrau la vento=We went against the
wind.
La armeo maris kontrau la arbo = 7%<? army
marched against the city.
La pastro predikis kontrau la ebrieco=7^<r
pastor preached against drunkenness.
La vento, krom forta, estas tre malvarma=
The wind, besides (being) strong, is very cold.
Krom mono, Si havis belecon=#<f.</<rj money
she had beauty.
54 The American Esperanto Book
KUN WITH
This word is never used where the relation is
that of means or instrument, per being the correct
preposition in such cases.
Li edzigos kun Mario=/fc will marry (with)
Mary.
Resti kun leono estas dangere=70 remain
with a lion is dangerous.
Li laboras kun pacienco=/fc labors with
patience.
LAO ACCORDING TO
Lau mia opinio= According to my opinion.
Lau la \e&o According to law.
Lau vico=/ turn, according to rank.
Lau lia kutima maniero=/ his customary
manner.
Promenante lati la rivero= While walking
along the river.
MALGRAU NOTWITHSTANDING
Malgrau Cio, ni atingos la celon=AWo//M-
standing everything, we will attain the purpose.
PER BY MEANS OF
This preposition indicates the means, tool or
instrument by means of which an act is accom-
plished, and translates with, through, by means of.
Li silentigis ilin per rigardo=//<r silenced them
with a look.
The American Esperanto Book 55
Oni tranSas per tranCilo =One cuts with a
knife.
POAT THE RATE OF,
Po du dolaroj ciutage=^/ the rate of two dol-
lars per day.
Li aetis tri librojn po unu dolaro=J7e bought
three books at the rate of one dollar (Not "at the
price of"; see Por).
FOR FOR
Li afietis tri librojn por unu dolaro=Jfe
bought three books for one dollar.
La patrino diras ke estas tempo por 6io=
Mother says there is a time for everything.
Li venis por vin danki=.Zfe came (for) to
thank you.
Por ke vi ne forgesu, skribu gin=Z^/ you
forget, write it down.
When used with reference to time, this word
means after.
Post la Sevalino trotas 6evalido
mare trots a colt.
Post hodia.u=After today.
Horo post horo=If0ur after hour.
lorn post \om.=Little by little.
Post unu \a.TQ=After one year.
56 The American Esperanto Book
Post la domo=2?M/</ the house.
Post kiam la horlogo batos la dekan, vi
devos foriri=A/ttr the clock strikes ten, you will
have to leave.
Post via TtvcnQ After your return.
PRETER
Preter is translated by or past with respect to
motion and relative position not time:
Mi iris preter la fenestroj de la domo=7
went past the windows of the house.
PRI ABOUT, CONCERNING
Mi demandis lin pri la vojo=7 asked him
about the way.
Ne pensu pri %\=Do not think about it.
Li paroladis pri Afriko=7/ir lectured on Africa.
PRO BECAUSE OF.
Li demandis Sin, pro kio Si ploras=/fr asked
her for (on account of) what she was crying.
Pro manko de tempo=/^r lack of time.
Mi dankas vin pro la sendo de la libro = 7
thank you for sending the book.
SEN WI THO UT
Li ne povas vivi sen Si=//ir cannot live with-
out her.
Dek sen kvar faras ses = 7V less four makes
six.
Prepositions 57
SPITE IN SPITE OF.
Spite la gepatroj, i edzinifis^/;/ spite of her
parents, she married.
Oni lin arestis, spite lia baraktado=7^o ;
arrested him in spite of his struggles.
SUPER OVER
This preposition means over and above in the
sense of relative position, and must never be used
in translating such phrases as "over the tele-
phone" use per; "over the river," meaning
across or beyond use trans ; "over the electric,"
meaning by way of use lau.
Super la tero sin trovas aerQ=Above the earth
is found (finds itself) air.
Birdoj flugis super niaj ka.vo]=irds fiew over
our heads.
SUR ON
Translated on or upon, and implies, in this use,
contact. Where direction is expressed, it is fol-
lowed by the accusative, and means on to:
Sur la tablo kuas papero=/ > a#<?r lies upon
the table.
Li staris supre sur la monto kaj rigardis
malsupren sur la kampon .f<? stood above upon
the mountain and gazed below upon the field.
Hi ekpafis sur neofendajn vilaganojn
fired upon inoffensive villagers.
58 The American Esperanto Book
TRA THROUGH
This word means through in a strict sense, and
always implies motion or relative position.
Li promenis tralaarbaro=//<r walked through
the street.
Tra la rnondo iras forta voko^Through the
world there goes a strong call.
TRAMS ACROSS, BEYOND
La hirundo flugis trans la riveron, Car trans
la rivero sin trovis aliaj hirundoj = 7%<r swallow
flew across the river, because beyond the river were
(found themselves) other swallows.
Trans la strato=Acr0ss the street.
The American Esperanto Book 59
THE CONJUNCTION.
A conjunction is a word used to join other
words, phrases or parts of sentences. Its function
may be merely that and nothing more, as . Bovo
kaj evalo=An ox and a horse. It may also estab-
lish a definite relation between the parts of a sen-
tence : Pluvis ; tial, ni restis hejme^// rained;
therefore, we remained at home.
Conjunctions do not require the careful study
necessary for the correct use of the prepositions,
and need only be memorized. According to use,
some words may be either conjunctions, adverbs
or prepositions, but as a rule the student need not
trouble himself to analyze these delicate distinc-
tions. Following is a list of the words most used
as conjunctions :
Alie, Otherwise.
Almenau, At least.
Au, Or.
Au au, Either or.
Car, Because, for.
Cu, Whether.
Do, Indeed, therefore indeed.
EC se, Even if.
Escepte se, Unless (Excepting if).
5o The American Esperanto Book
Ja, Indeed, in fact.
Jen jen, Now now, now again.
Kaj, And.
Ke, That.
Kvankam, Although.
Nek, Nor.
Nek nek, Neither nor.
Ol, Than.
Por ke, In order that.
Se, //.
Sed, But.
Sekve, Consequently.
Tamen, However , nevertheless.
Tia kia, Such as.
Tia ke, Such that.
Interjections 6 1
THE INTERJECTION
Interjections are exclamatory words, usually
more or less emphatic in meaning. They are not
arranged in sentences, have no grammatical re-
sponsibilities, and more closely resemble the prim-
itive animal cries and exclamations than any other
part of human speech. They may express fear,
pain, warning, surprise, doubt, entreaty, command,
grief, joy, approval, contempt, etc. Following is
a list of Esperanto words, some of which are always
interjections, others frequently used as such :
Adiau ! Farewell !
Antauen ! Forward!
Bis ! Encore !
Bone! Well!
Bonvenu ! Welcome !
Brave ! Bravo !
Certe ! Certainly !
Efektive ! Really!
Fi! Fi!
For ! Away \
Ha! Ah\ Ha\
He ! Hey ! Hello \
Ho! Oh\ Ho\
Ho ve ! Alas 1
Hontu ! Be ashamed \ Shame I
62 The American Esperanto Book
Hura ! Hurrah \
Ja ! Indeed!
Jen ! Behold \ Look \
Kompreneble ! Of course I
Ne ! No \
Nu ! Well \
Ve ! Woe \
Vere 1 Really I
The American Esperanto Book 63
THE NUMERALS
The cardinal numerals do not change in form
to agree with words to which they belong. This is
the meaning of Rule IV, which says that they are
not declined. They are:
Unu, one ; du, two ; tri, three ; kvar, four;
kvin, five; ses, six; sep, seven; ok, eight; nau,
nine ; dek, ten ; cent, hundred; mil, thousand;
miliono, million.
The tens and hundreds are formed by joining
numerals ; when the relation is one of multiplication
the smaller number comes first : dudek, twenty ;
kvardek, forty ; sepcent or sep cent, seven hun-
dred. The units are added to the tens and hundreds
when placed after them : dekunu, eleven ; dekdu,
twelve ; dekses, sixteen; kvardek-kvar, forty-four.
[See Exercises 12 and 14].
Adjectival ordinals are formed by adding the
adjective ending : unua, first; dua, second; tria,
third; mil naucent kaj sepa, nineteen hundred and
seventh.
Adverbial ordinals are obtained by adding
the adverb ending : unue, firstly ; due, secondly ;
kvine, fifthly.
64 The Numerals
Fractionals are made by adding the suffix on,
with the ending of the substantive, adverb or
adjective, according to meaning : triono, one-third;
kvinone, one-fifthly.
Multiples are formed by adding obi, with the
adjective or adverb ending : unuobla, single ; du-
obla, double; trioble, triply; kvaroble, quadruply.
Collective numerals are made by the addition
of the suffix op: duope, two together ; kvarope,
four abreast, by fours.
Substantival numerals are formed by adding
the substantive ending, o. These are subject to
the rules governing all substantives : cento, a
hundred (considered as a unit); miloj kaj miloj,
thousands and thousands.
Prefixes and Suffixes 65
PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES
Esperanto is equipped with a system of prefixes
and suffixes which give a wide range of expression
to a very small vocabulary. Taking a root word
for the central thought, these affixes are used to
express the various ideas arising from the central
idea. In Exercise 42, Dr. Zamenhof shows us
fifty-three words thus formed from one root, The
only limit to such combinations is legibility and
logic.
PREFIXES
BO indicates relationship by marriage : frato,
brother; bofrato, brother-in-law.
CEF chief or principal: kuiristo, a cook;
cefkuiristo, a head cook.
DE means from or of: preni, to take ; depreni,
to take from.
DIS dismemberment or separation : semi, to
sow ; dissemi, to scatter broadcast ; iri, to tear ;
disiri, to tear apart, tear to pieces.
EK to begin suddenly ; something of short
duration : ridi, to laugh ; ekridi, to burst out
out laughing.
EKS same as the English ex : eksprezidanto,
ex-president.
66 The American Esperanto Book
FOR signifies away, iri, to go\ foriri, to go
away.
GE both sexes taken together : patro, father ;
gepatroj, parents.
MAL the direct opposite: bona, good\ mal-
bona, bad ; alta, high ; malta, low.
NE denotes neutral or negative: bcla, beautiful-,
nebela, plain (not necessarily ugly for direct
contraries use mal).
PRA means either great or primordial; avo,
grandfather ; praavo, great grandfather ; patro,
father ; prapatroj, forefathers.
RE to repeat or reverse : diri, to say ; rediri,
to repeat ; veni, to go ; reveni, to return.
SEN equivalent of -less, the English suffix :
haro, hair ; senhara, bald, hairless.
SUFFIXES
AD denotes continued action, meaning the same
as the English substantival participle ending, -ing:
kanto, a song\ kantado, singing.
AN an inhabitant or partisan of : Ameriko,
America amerikano, an American ; Kristo, Christ,
kristano, a Christian.
Suffixes 67
AJ a concrete idea or object, possessing the
quality indicated by the root: bela, beautiful ';
belajo, a beautiful object ; bovo, an ox ; bovajo,
beef.
AR a collection or group of things : arbo, a
tree; arbaro, a forest ; vorto, a word; vortaro,
a dictionary.
Cj affectionate diminutive for masculine names:
Johano, John , JohanCjo, Johnnie ; patro, father;
pajo, pa, papa.
EBL denotes possibility: vidi, to see; videbla,
visible ; porti, to carry ; portebla, portable.
EC denotes the abstract quality : bela, beauti-
ful; beleco, beauty; bona,<?w//; boneco, goodness.
EG denotes increased degree or size : varma,
warm; varmega, hot; pordo, door; pordego,
a gate.
EJ indicates place of action or place devoted
to : lerni, to learn ; lernejo, a school.
EM shows tendency or inclination ; labori,
to work ; laborema, industrious.
ER denotes a single object as distinguished
from the collective term : mono, money ; monero,
a coin; sablo, sand; sablero, a grain of sand.
ESTR a leader or manager : ' urbo, city ;
urbestro, mayor ; ipo, skip ; Sipestro, captain.
68 The American Esperanto Book
ET denotes diminution of size or degree:
varma, warm ; varmeta, lukewarm ; tranfiilo, a
knife ; tranCileto, a pen knife.
ID denotes the young of, or a descendant of :
kato, cat; katido, kitten ; rego, king; regido,
a prince.
IG means to cause to become', rifia, rich ; rifiigi,
to enrich ; pura, clean ; purigi, to clean. (Ig verbs
are always transitive).
IG means to become : riCigi, to become rich ;
purigi, to become clean. (Ig verbs are always in-
transitive and can never take the passive participle
forms, at, it or ot).
IL denotes the instrument or tool : kudri, to
sew ; kudrilo, a needle; pafi, shoot ; pafilo, gun.
IN suffix of the feminine: frato, brother;
fratino, sister ; koko, chicken ; kokino, hen.
IND denotes worthiness : ami, to love ; am-
inda, amiable \ kredi, to believe; kredinda, worthy
of belief.
ING holder for a single object: plumo, a pen;
plumingo, penholder ; cigaringo, cigarholder.
1ST denotes a person professionally occupied
with, or associated with : kanti, to sing; kantisto,
a professional singer ; rnetio, a craft ; metiisto,
a craftsman.
Suffixes 69
NJ affectionate diminutive for feminine names :
Mario, Mary ; Marinjo or Manjo, Molly ; patrino,
mother ; panjo, ma, mamma.
UJ signifies that which bears, contains or pro-
duces : kremo, cream ; kremujo, a cream pitcher ;
pomo, apple ; pomujo, apple tree ; turko, a tuik ;
Turkujo, Turkey.
UM has no definite meaning : mano, hand ;
manumo, cuff \ raalvarma, cold; malvarmumi,
to catch cold.
UL indicates a person of the quality implied :
granda, large ; grandulo, a large person ; pia,
pious ; piulo, a pious person.
A6, a suffix indicating contempt or unworthiness, being
the opposite of ind, is used by many Esperantists, though not
yet officially authorized by Lingva Komitato. Example:
hundo, dog; hundaco, cur; pia, pious; piaca, sanctimonious.
ORDER OF AFFIXES
The demand of logic is that the affix standing
nearest the root first attach its significance to the
word: monto, mountain ; montego, a large moun-
tain ; mont-eg-an-ar-o, a band of people of the
large mountain ; mont-ar-an-eg-o, a large moun-
taineer ; mont-et-an-ar-eg-o, a large band of people
of the hills. These are exaggerated illustrations,
and simplicity is no less desirable in Esperanto
than anywhere else.
7O The American Esperanto Book
THE CORRELATIVE WORDS
Among the few original words of Esperanto
(the immense majority having been taken from
living European languages) are forty-five pronouns,
adjectives, adverbs and conjunctive adverbs, so
nicely correlated as to render most of them self-
defining.
As to application, they have five significations,
indicated by the beginnings :
I, indefinite, signifying some or any.
C, distributive or collective, signifying each*
every ; all.
K, interrogative or relative, signifying what,
which.
NEN, negative, meaning none, no.
T, demonstrative that.
As to meaning, they have nine general signi-
fications, indicated by nine endings : ia, ial, iam,
ie, iel, ies, io, iom, iu.
OR QUALITY
Adjectival
\&=Some kind of, any kind of, some, any.
kind of , each, every.
Correlative Words 71
Kia= \ Vhat kind of, as.
Nenia=A r <? kind of, no such a, no.
Tia=T/iat kind of , such a kind, such a.
, REASON
Adverbial
some reason, for some cause, for any
cause.
Cial 7w* every reason, all reasons.
K.isil=f0r what reason? Why, "wherefore.
Nenial T'I?/- no reason, for no cause.
T\a.\=For that reason, for that cause, therefore.
Adverbial
\a.m.=At any time, some time, ever.
=^/ alliimes, all the time, always.
=^/ what time? When.
Neniam r =^4/ no time, never.
r Tiam=At that time, then.
IE,=PLACE
Adverbial
Some place, any place, somewhere, anywhere.
Every where, in every place.
Kie=Sn what place? Where.
Nenie=/>z no place, nowhere.
, in that place.
72 The American Esperanto Book
Adverbial
Iel=/ some way, somehow, anyhow, in any
manner.
Ciel / every manner, every way, all ways, by
all means.
Kiel=/ what manner? How, as, like.
Neniel=/ no manner, in no way, by no means.
Tiel=/ that way, thus, so, as, like.
IES ^POSSESSION
Pronominal
\t&=Somebody's, anybody's, anyone's.
&'\ts=Everybody's, each one's, everyone's^
Kies= Whose.
Nenies=7V^0</y'j ) no one's.
Ties = 77/a/ one's, such a person's.
IQ=THING
Substanlival and Fronmnma*
\Q : =Something, anything.
\Q=Every thing, all thing*, all.
Kio= What, which, that which.
T\Q=That, that thing.
Correlative Words 73
Adverbial
\om.=Some quantity, some, a little.
Ciom ^//, all of it, every quantity.
Kiom=J?0w much, how many, as.
Neniom=7V<? quantity, none.
T'\om.^=That much, that many, as many.
\\S=INDIVID UALITY
Pronominal
Iu= Anyone, anybody, some person.
,i\L=Everyone, each one, each, every. Ciuj, all.
Kiu Who, which, what one.
NQn\\i=Nobody, no one.
Ti\\.= That person, that one, that.
Cl, denoting proximity, is added to three
demonstratives: tie 6i, here, in this place ; tio 6i,
this thing', tiu 6i, this.
A demonstrative and relative of the same
series are used in comparisons : Tiel bona kiel=
As good as. Tiom multe kiom=As much as, as
many as, so much as. Tia homo ]sia-=Such a per-
son as.
i
See Exercise 30 and accompanying notes.
74 The American Esperanto Book
CAPITALS AND PUNCTUATION
The present custom with regard to punctuation
is for each writer to follow the methods of his own
language, it being practically impossible to change
the meaning of a sentence by punctuation, which is
so frequently possible in English. The same lati-
tude is permitted in the use of capital letters, but
on this point Esperanto printers have arrived at
certain seemingly international styles. The main
points of variance between English and Esperanto
in this respect are :
Names of Countries begin with capitals, but
the names of races, with the correlative adjectives
and adverbs, do not : Francujo, France ; franco,
a Frenchman ; franca, French ; france, in French.
The same rule applies to political parties, orders,
churches, etc. The names of the days of the week
are begun with small letters.
Order of Words 75
ORDER OF WORDS
Esperanto being intended for ready use by
peoples of widely different language systems, it is
indeed wise that it be so constructed that chang-
ing the order of words would not, ordinarily, change
the sense.
La beleta infano senzorge rompis la novan ludilon.
Senzorge rompis la beleta infano la novan ludilon.
Beleta la infano novan la ludilon senzorge rompis.
Ludilon la novan rompis senzorge la infano beleta.
This sentence, "The pretty child carelessly
broke the new toy," cannot be erroneously trans-
leted, whatever the word order. Although the
order first given is preferred, the others are not
grammatically incorrect. On the whole, however,
the order of words in Esperanto is so nearly the
same as in English that the student may safely
follow, at first, his natural inclinations. The
Esperanto style will not be at all difficult to ac-
quire, and may be attained much more easily by
reading good literature than by memorizing rules.
76 The American Esperanto Book
FOREIGN NAMES
As rapidly as possible, all important proper
names are being adopted into the Esperanto family
and receiving an international spelling. Some of
them are rendered according to sound, others ac-
cording to meaning. Generally speaking, it would
seem that the best Esperantists of a given nation
are of necessity the authorities as to the spelling
of names connected with their own land, as they
are naturally more familiar with their origin and
spirit. There is no apparent need of attempting
to resolve into Esperanto the names of small towns
and affairs of local significance, unless they con-
tain letters not found in the Esperanto alphabet.
EXERCISES
The following series of exercises belongs to the
Fundamento de Esperanto. They are a part of the
unchangeable foundation of the language, carefully
arranged by Dr. Zamenhof , author of Esperanto.
The compiler of this book has added the transla-
tions and comment, with an occasional explanatory
word accompanying the vocabularies.
The learner may begin the study of the Exer-
cises without going at length into the foregoing
discussion of the Grammar, but will find the latter
useful for reference and review.
How to Study
Persons studying in classes will devise methods
adapted to their needs and convenience, but to the
person studying alone a few suggestions may prove
of value. Go over carefully, all least twice, all
that is said herein on pronunciation. Then take
up, in their order, the Exercises.
Pronounce the words aloud, for this will help
to familiarize the sense of hearing, though you hear
only your own voice ; you will thus be able to con-
verse with the first Esperantist whom you meet.
Memorize each vocabulary as you proceed. A
good plan is to memorize also the names of famil-
78 American Esperanto Busk
iar objects seen every day, and form sentences
addressed to or about them as you see them.
Learn to name them in Esperanto at sight.
When 3 f ou have finished the Exercises, subscribe
to at least one Esperanto journal, where you will
find announcements concerning a great assortment
of books, as well as addresses of persons who wish
to correspond in the language.
EXERCISE 1
Before attempting this Exercise, please read
very carefully Page 7 and those following, on pro-
nunciation. So many persons have asked that this
book contain keyed words showing pronunciation
that this is attempted here. The student must
realize that the puzzling added consonants are
frequently inserted only to certify the vowel sound;
and especially note that eh signifies a sound be-
tween long a and short e. The accented syllable,
marked ' , is always the one next to the last.
Al. Ba'-lo. Nu'-bo. Ce'-lo. Ci-tro'-no.
ahl bah-lo noo-bo tse-lo tsee-tro-no
Sen'-to. Sci'-o. Co'-lo. Ko'-lo. O-fi-ci'-ro.
tsebn-to stsee-o tso-lo ko-lo oh-fee-tsee-ro
Fa-ci'-la. La'-ca. Pa-cu-lo. Car. Ce-mi'zo.
fah-tsee-lah lah-tsah pah-tsoo-lo char cheh-mee-zo
Ci-ka'-no. Ci-e'-lo. Cu. Fe-li'-Ca. Ci'-a. Ci'-a.
chee-kah-no chee-eh-lo choo feh-lce-chah tsee-ah choe-ah
Exercises 79
Pro-ce'-so. Sen-Ce'sa. EC. Ee. Ek. Da. Lu'-do.
pro-tseh-so sehn-cheh-sah ehts ehch ehk dah loo-do
Den'-to. Plen'-di. El. En. De. Te'-ni. Sen.
dehn-to plehn-dee ehl ehn deh teh-ni. sehn
Ve'-ro. Fa'-li. Fi-de'-la. Tra'-fi. Ga'-lo. Gran'-
veh-ro. fah-lee fee-deh-lah trah-fee. gah-lo grahn-
da. Gen'-to. Gip'-so. Gus'-to. Le'-gi. Pa'-go.
dah gehn-to geep-so goos-to leh-gee pah-go
Pa'-go. -Le'-go. Cis. Gus'-ta. Re'-gi. Gar-de'-no.
pah-jo leh-jo jees joos-tah reh-jee jar-deh-no
Lon'-ga. Reg'-no. Sig'-ni. Gvar-di'-o. Lin'-gvo.
lohn-gah rehg-no seeg-nee gvar-dee-o leen-gvo
Gu-a'-do. Ha'-ro. Hi-run'-do. Ha'-ki. Ne-he'-la.
joo-ah-do hah-ro hee-roon-do hah-kee ne-heh-lah
Pac-ho'-ro. Ses-ho'ra. Bat-hu'-fo. Ho'-ro. Ho'-ro.
pahts-hoh-ro sehs-hoh-rah baht-hoo-fo hoh-ro hAo-ro
Ko-le' ro. Ho-le'-ro. He-mi'-o. I-mi'-ti. Fi'-lo.
koh-leh-ro hAo-leh-ro hAe-mee-o ee-mee-tee fee-lo
Bir'-do. Tro'-vi. Prin-tem'-po. Min. Fo-ir'o.
beer-do troh-vee preen-tehm-po meen foh-ee-ro
Fe-i'-no. I'-el. I'-am. In. Jam. Ju. Jes. Ju-
feh-ee-noo ee-ehl - ee-ahm een yahm yoo yehs yoo-
ris'-to. Kra-jo'-no. Ma-jes'-ta. Tuj. Do'-moj.
rees-to krah-yo-no mah-yehs-tah tooy doh-moy
Ru-i'-no. Pruj'-no. Ba-la'-i. Pa'-laj. De-i'-no.
roo-ee-no prooy-no bah-lah-ee pah-ligh deh-ee-no
Vej'-no. Pe-re'-i. Mal'-plej. Jus'-ta. Jus. Je'-ti.
vay-no peh-reh-ee mahl-play zhoos-tah zhoos zheh-tee
Ja-lu'-za. Jur-na'-lo. Ma'-jo. Bo-na'-Jo. Ka'-po.
zhah-loo-zah zhoor-nah-lo mah-yo bo-nah-zho kah-po
80 The American Esperanto Book
Ma-ku'-lo. Kes'-to. Su-ke'-ro. Ak'-vo. Ko-ke'-to.
ma-koo-lo kehs-to soo-keh-ro ahk-vo ko-keh-to
Li-kvo'-ro. Pac-ka'-po.
lee-kvo-ro pahts-kah-po
EXERCISE 3 a
La'-vi. Le-vi'lo. Pa-ro'-li. Mem. Im-pli'-ki.
Em-ba-ra'-so. No'-mo. In-di-fe-ren'-ta. In-ter-na-
ci'-a. Ol. He-ro'-i. He-ro-i'-no. Foj'-no. Pi'-a.
Pal'-pi. Ri-pe'-ti. Ar-ba'-ro. Sa'ma. Sta'ri.
Si-ge'-lo. Sis-te'-mo. Pe-si'-lo. Pe-zi'-lo. Sen'-ti.
So-fis'mo. Ci-pre'-so. Si. Pa'-So. Sta'-lo. Sta'-lo.
Ve'-to. Ves'-to. Dis-Si'ri. San-ce'-li. Ta-pi'-So.
vehsh-to vehss-to. dees-shee-ree shahn-tseh-lee ta-pee-sho
Te-o-ri'-o. Pa-ten'-to. U-ti'-la. Un'-go. Plu'-mo.
Tu-mul'to. Plu. Lu'-i. Ki'-u. Ba-la'-u. Tra-u'-
lo. Pe-re'-u. Ne-u'-lo. Fratt'-lo. Patt-li'-no.
Lati'-di. Eti-ro'-po Tro-u'zi. Ho-di'-ati. Va'-na.
lahw-di ehw-roh-po trooo-zee hoh-dee-ow vah-nab
Ver'so. Sol'-vi. Zor'-gi. Ze-ni'to. Zo-o-lo-gi-o.
A-ze'no. Me-zu'-ro. Na'-zo. Tre-zo'-ro. Mez-
nok'to. Zu'-mo. Su'-mo. Zo'-no. So'-no. Pe'-zo.
*One of the numbered sections of the Ekzercaro is omitted
here, the matter being found in the beginning of this book.
Exercises 81
Pe'-co. Pe'-so. Ne-ni'-o. A-di'au. Fi-zi'-ko.
Ge-o-gra-fi'-o. Spi-ri'to. Lip-ha'ro. In-dig-'ni.
Ne-ni'-el. Spe-gu'-lo. Spi'-no. Ne'-i. Re'-e. He-
ro'-o. Kon-sci'-i. Tra-e-te'-ra. He-ro-e'-to. Lu'-e.
Mo'-le. Pa'-le. Tra-i'-re. Pa-si'-e. Me-ti'-o. In-
ge-ni-e'-ro. In-sek'-to. Re-ser'-vi. Re-zer-vi.
EXERCISE 4
Pronounce carefully the following words, giving
attention to the division into syllables, which is
not marked. Always speak slowly and clearly>
never slurring a sound or leaving a letter "silent":
Citrono. Cento. Sceno. Scio. Balau. Sanceli.
Neniel. Embaraso. Zoologio. Reservi. Traire.
Hodiau. Disiri. Ne-u-lo. Majesta. Packapo.
Heroino. Pezo. Internacia. Seshora. Cipreso.
Stalo. Feino. Plu. Sukero. Gento. Indigni.
Sigelo. Krajono. Ruino. Pesilo. Lipharo. Me-
tio. Gardeno. Sono. Laudi. Pale. Facila. In-
sekto. Kiu. Zorgi. Cikano. Traetera. Sofismo.
Domoj. Spino. Majo. Signi. EC. Bonajo. Legi.
lei. Juristo. Cielo.
8a The American Esperanto Book
EXERCISE 5
patro, father. kolombo, dove.
kaj, and. birdo, bird.
frato, brother. aparteni, to belong to.
leono, lion. al, to.
esti, to be. suno, sun.
besto, beast brili, to shine.
rozo, rose. Sana, well, healthy.
floro, flower. tajloro, tailor.
la, the (definite article).
o, substantive (noun) ending.
a, adjective ending
as, verb ending, present tense.
1 Patro kaj frato. 8 Leono estas besto. * Rozo
estas floro kaj kolombo estas birdo. * La rozo
apartenas al Teodoro. 6 La suno brilas. 6 La a patro
estas sana. 7 La a patro estas tajloro. b
The use of la here signifies a definite father; the father of
whom we have been speaking; my father, your father, etc.
b After esti in all its forms the noun is nominative.
TRANSLATION 5
1 A father and a brother. 8 A lion is a beast.
8 A rose is a flower, and a dove (or pigeon) is a
bird. * The rose belongs to Theodore. 6 The sun
shines. * (The) father is healthy. 7 (The) father
is a tailor.
The American Esperanto Book 83
EXERCISE 6
infano, child. ne, not.
matura, mature, ripe, homo, man (general
jam, already. for human being).
plori, to mourn, weep. fiielo, heaven, sky.
blua, blue. kie, where.
libro, book. krajono, pencil.
sur, on, upon. tablo, table.
kui, to lie (down). fenestro, window.
plumo, peu jen, 10, behold
pomo, apple. kiu, who.
mi, /. trovi, to find.
tero, earth. stono, stone.
n, ending of accusative (objective).
is, verb ending, past tense.
1 Infano ne a estas matura homo b . 2 La infano
jam c ne ploras. 3 La Cielo estas blua. * Kie estas la
a ln Esperanto, the negative word precedes the verb, and
usually precedes other words to which it belongs, though not
always: tute nenot quite; certe ne=certai>ify not.
b Homo, a human being, man in general; vito,aman; vlrino,
a woman.
c jam ne=atready not. Jam is used with much greater fre-
quency than the word already in English, and it is well for
the student carefully to study the sense wherever it is found,
84 The American Esperanto Book
libro kaj la krajono? B Lalibro estas sur d la tablo
kaj la krajono kuSas sur la fenestro. ' Sur la fen-
estro kuSas krajono kaj plumo. 7 Jen e estas porno.
8 Jen estas la pomo, kiun f mi trovis. 9 Sur la tero
kuSas Stono.
d See, in list of prepositions, the uses of sur. Esperanto
prepositions require careful study.
"Jen means behold. It translates with equal precision the
English phrases here is and yonder is.
f Kiun is here in the accusative (objective) case, being the
object of trovis. Pomo is the subject of estas, which (See
Note b, Exercise 5) cannot be followed by an accusative. To
understand precisely why kiun is accusative, let us remember
that it is a pronoun and stands for pomo. If we render the
sentence Jen estas pomo, pomon mi trovis, the reason for the
accusative becomes clearer. Kiu is frequently thus placed in
accusative by verbs which follow it.
TRANSLATION 6
1 A child is not a mature man. "The child no
longer (already not) cries. 8 The sky is blue.
* Where are the book and the pencil ? * The book is
upon the table and the pencil lies upon the window.
* Upon the window lie a pencil and a pen. 7 Here
is an apple. * Here is the apple which I found.
* On the ground lies a stone.
American Esperanto Book 85
EXERCISE 7
forta, strong. dento, tooth.
de, of, by, from. akra, sharp.
doni, give. mano, hand.
vidi, to see. resti, to stay, remain.
kun, with. dangero, danger.
kuraga, brave, daring, rajdi, to ride.
paroli, to speak. pri, about, concerning.
j, sign of the plural.
e, adverb ending.
i, verb ending, infinitive mode.
u, verb ending, imperative mode.
1 Leono estas forta. z La dentoj de leono estas
akraj a . 8 Al leono ne donu la manon. * Mi vidas
leonon. e Resti b kun leono estas dangere c . 6 Kiu
kuragas rajdi sur leono? 7 Mi parolas pri leono.
*Observe that the adjective, akraj, is in the plural form, as
the noun to which it refers is plural.
b lnfinitive verb; has no subject, no tense or time of action.
For any person, at any time, to stay with a lion, is dangerous.
"Here, the word dangere takes the adverbial form (ending
e) not because it is adverbial in sense, to be translated dan-
gerously, but because it has no noun, the subject of this
sentence being the verb, resti. Should we say leono estas
danfera, the adjective form would be used.
TRANSLATION 7
1 A lion is strong. 2 The teeth of a lion are
sharp. 3 Do not give your hand to a lion. * I see
a lion. 6 To remain with a lion is dangerous.
"Who dares to ride on a lion? 7 I am speaking
about a lion.
86
American Esperanto Book
EXERCISE 8
bona, good.
diri, to say.
diligenta, diligent.
veni, to come.
filo, son.
apud, near, close by.
koni, to know (to be
acquainted with').
per, by means of.
flari, to smell.
antau, before.
arbo, tree.
Capelo, hat.
ke, that (conjunction),
.ami, to love.
kune, together.
stari, to stand.
pura, clean, pure.
pano, bread.
man|i, to eat.
buo, mouth.
nazo, nose.
domo, house.
Cambro, room.
1 La a patro estas bona. * Jen kugas la Capelo de
la patro. 8 Diru al b la patro, ke mi estas diligenta.
* Mi amas la patron. 8 Venu kune c kun la patro.
* La filo staras apud la patro. 7 La mano de Johano
estas pura. *Mi konas Johanon. 'Ludovicko, donu
al d mi panon. 10 Mi mangas per la bugo kaj flaras
per 6 la nazo. n Antati la domo staras arbo. " La
patro estas en la Cambro.
*See Note a, Exercise 5.
b Diru al= Tell to. The preposition al is used in expressions
such as speak to, recount to, etc.
American Esperanto Book 87
c Kune kun= Together with. Here, a word is repeated with
no apparent purpose other than that of emphasis. This is
often done with prepositions, especially in connection with
verbs., See Note c, Exercise 31.
d Note again that the preposition is followed by the nomina-
tive case. Literally, this would read give to I bread. 'Panon
is in the accusative case from the verb ; donu.
"Find, on Page 54, the proper uses of per.
TRANSLATION 8
1 (The) father is good. 2 Here lies father's hat.
3 Tell (to the) father that I am industrious. * I
love (the) father. 5 Come with your father. 6 The
son stands near the father. 1 John's hand is clean.
8 1 know John. 9 Ludovick, give me [some] bread.
10 1 eat with the [my] mouth and smell with the
[my] nose. n Before the house stands a tree.
12 The [my] father is in the room.
It is suggested that the student review the pre-
ceding exercises, read again all that is said about
sounds and pronunciation in the beginning of this
book and test his pronunciation by tne rules. It
is much easier to correct errors before they shall
have become habits.
88
American Esperanto Book
EXERCISE 9
flugi, to fly.
agrabla, agreeable.
Car, because, for.
voli, to wish, to will.
knabo, boy.
kanti, to sing;
akvo, water.
ill, they.
trinki, to drink,
for, forth, out.
peli, pursue, chase out. ni, we.
okulo, eye.
orelo, ear.
tial, therefore.
ricevi, to get, obtain.
iri, to go.
onklo, uncle.
sed, but.
audi, to hear.
lerni, to learn.
bati, to beat.
avo, grandfather.
nun, now.
legi, to read.
li, he.
letero, letter (missive) litero, &//*r(a,b,c, etc.)
skribi, to write.
1 La birdoj flugas. * La kanto de * la birdoj
estas agrabla. 3 Donu al la birdoj akvon, Car ili
volas trinki. 'La knabo forpelis b la birdojn . 6 Nj.
vidas per la okuloj kaj atidas per la oreloj. 6 Bonaj
infanoj lernas diligente. 'Aleksandro ne volas
lerni, kaj tial mi batas Aleksandron. * De la patro
mi ricevis libron, kaj de d la frato mi ricevis plu-
mon. 'Mi venas de la avo, kaj mi iras nun al la
American Esperanto Book 89
onklo. 10 Mi legas libron. n La patro ne legas
libron, sed li skribas e leteron.
a The article here is used in a sense not known to English.
It refers to birds generally the song of birds. La is used
with the plural form in speaking of a species or race: La
birdoj, birds in general; la homoj, mankind in general. Of
a science or trade, we use the singular form, with the article:
Science, la science; medicine, la medicine.
b A preposition may thus be joined to any verb, modifying
its meaning: Iri, to go; foriri, to leave, to go away; eniri,
to enter, to go into; preteriri, to go past.
"The sign of the accusative case follows that of the plural.
d De is translated by several English prepositions. See exam-
ples of da and de, Page 50.
e Skribas may be translated -writes or is writing, according
to sense. See The Verb, Indicative Mode.
TRANSLATION 9
1 Birds fly. 2 The song of birds is pleasing.
8 Give the birds water, as they wish to drink. *The
boy drove away the birds. 6 We see with (by
means of) the eyes and hear with the ears. ' Good
children learn diligently. 7 Alexander does not
want to learn, and therefore I beat Alexander.
8 From the [my] father I received a book, and
from the [my] brother I received a pen. 9 1 come
from the [my] grandfather and am going now to
the [my] uncle. 10 1 am reading a book. "Father
is not reading a book, but he is writing a letter.
po The American /.\ >><:. :d> Book
EXERCISE 10
papero, paper. blanka, white*
kajero, copy-book. juna, young.
fraulo, unmarried man. fraulino, Miss.
dolfia, sweet. rakonti, to tell^ ,*l(.te.
mia, my. amiko, friend.
bela, beautiful. historic, story, history.
obstina, obstinate. deziri, to desire.
vi, you. tago, day.
sinjoro, sir, Mr. mateno, morning.
foji, to rejoice. festi, to make a festival.
kia, what kind, what a. hodiau, today.
en, in. he la, clear, glaring.
nokto, night. nokto, night.
pala, pale. luno, moon.
stelo, star. nego, snow\
pli, more. lakto, milk.
nutri, to nourish. ol, than.
vino, wine. havi, to have.
freSa, fresh. erari, to err.
el, from, out from. Ciu, each* every one.
plej, most. Ciuj, all.
tiel, thus, so. si, oneself.
kiel, as, how. sia, one's.
saga, wise.
in, suffix of the feminine.
mal, prefix of contrary, opposite.
Exercises 9 1
1 Papero estas blanka. ? Blanka papero kuas
sur la tablo. 3 La blanka papero jam a ne kuas sur
la tablo. * Jen estas la kajero de b la juna fraulino.
5 La patro donis al mi dolfian pomon. 6 Rakontu
al c mia juna amiko belan historion. 7 Mi ne amas
obstinajn d homojn. 8 Mi deziras al vi bonan tagon,
sinjoro ! 9 Bonan matenon e ! 10 Cojan feston ! (mi
deziras al vi). n Kia goja festo ! (estas hodiau).
12 Sur la Cielo staras la bela suno. 13 En la tago ni
vidas la helan sunon, kaj en f la nokto ni vidas la
palan lunon kaj la belajn stelojn. u La papero estas
tre blanka, sed la e nego estas pli blanka. 15 Lakto
estas pli nutra, ol vino. 16 Mi havas pli b frean
panon, ol vi. 17 Ne, vi eraras, sinjoro ; via pano
estas malpli frea, ol mia. 18 El i Ciuj miaj infanoj
Ernesto estas la plej juna. 19 Mi estas tiel forta,
kiel 3 vi. 20 El Ciuj siaj k fratoj Antono estas la mal-
plej saga.
a See Note c, Exercise 6.
b Esperanto nouns form the possessive case with the help of
the preposition de: La libro de la knabo=7%* boy's book.
Imperative mode, signifying, here, a command or request.
This mode has other uses. See Page 34.
d Adjectives agree with their nouns in number and case.
There is an exception see The Adjective.
"Bonan matenon is accusative here, the verb being omitted,
but understood. Mi deziras al vi bonan matenon=7 wish you
good morning. Bonan tagon!=(70oe? day!
92 The American Esperanto Book
'As in English, this preposition may be en (I'M) or dum
(during).
See Note a. Exercise 9.
b See Comparison, Page 25.
'El means of, out of, from among.
J Tiel kiel. These are correlative words, the first being
demonstrative and the second relative. They are translated
as ax, so as, etc.
k For full explanation of the uses of si, sin, sia, see Reflexive
Pronoun, Page 27, and also examples in Exercise 18.
TRANSLATION 10
1 Paper is white. * White paper lies upon the
table. 8 The white paper no longer lies upon the
table. * Here is the young lady's copy - book.
' Father gave me a sweet apple. * Tell my young
friend a pretty story. 7 I do not like obstinate people.
1 1 wish you good day, sir 1 ' Good morning I 10 A
joyous festival 1 (I wish you). "What a joyous
festival 1 (there is today). "In (on) the sky
stands the beautiful sun. " In the day we see the
bright sun, and at night we see the pale moon and
beautiful stars. " Paper is very white, but snow
is whiter. 16 Milk is more nourishing than wine.
16 1 have fresher bread than you. 1T No, you are
wrong, sir ; your bread is less fresh than mine.
11 Of all my children, Ernest is the youngest. 19 I
am as strong as you. "Of all his [the] brothers,
Anthony is the least wise.
Exercises 93
EXERCISE 11
feino, fairy. unu, one.
vidvo, widower. du, two.
simila, like, similar. karaktero, character.
vizago, face. povi, can, to be able.
pensi, to think. ambau, both.
fiera, proud. oni, one, people, they.
vivi, to live. plena, full, complete.
portreto, portrait. lau, according to.
honesta, honest. krom, besides.
ec, suffix denoting abstract quality:
bona, good; boneco, goodness.
La Feino
1 Unu * vidvino havis du filinojn. * La pli mal-
juna estis tiel simila al la patrino per sia karaktero
kaj vizago, ke Ciu, kin in vidis, povis pensi, ke li
a Unu here is not an indefinite article, neither is it precisely
definite. In Exercise 12, Sentence 5, we have: El iaj mul-
taj infanoj, unuj estas bonaj^Q/^ her many children, some
[certain ones] are good. The good children receive more or
less of definite identification from unuj.
94 American Esperanto Book
vidas la patrinon ; ili ambati estis tiel malagrablaj b
kaj tiel fieraj, ke oni ne povis vivi kun ili. 8 La
pli juna filino, kiu estis la plena portreto de sia
patro latt sia boneco kaj honesteco, estis krom tio
unu el la plej belaj knabinoj, kiujn oni povis trovi.
b Mal always confers a directly opposite meaning. Although
the more agreeable idea is usually expressed by the root word
and the opposite by means of mal, it has no significance of
bad : Alta, high, malalta, low; forta, strong, malforta, iveak.
TRANSLATION 11
1 A certain widow had two daughters. * The
older was so like her mother in character and face
that every one who saw her might think that he
saw (sees) the mother ; they were both so dis-
agreeable and proud that one could not live with
them. 8 The younger daughter, who was the exact
image of her father in her goodness and honesty,
was, in addition to that, one of the most beautiful
girls that one could find.
Exercises 95
EXERCISE 12
multe, much. fari, to do, to make.
nur, only. promeni, to walk.
tri, three. hundo, a doff.
Cio, everything. dek, ten.
fingro, finger. alia, other.
kvin,jftve. sep, seven.
kvar,four. ok, eight.
mil, thousand. cent, hundred.
nau, TZ/V^. ses, j/jc.
minuto, minute. horo, >fo>ar.
konsisti (el), consist of sekundo, second.
Januaro, January. monato, month.
Aprilo, April. jaro, year.
Novembro, November, semajno, week.
Decembro, December. Dio, God.
Februaro, February. elekti, choose, elect.
gi, //. sankta, holy.
krei, to create. dato, date.
Marto, March. naski, to bear, produce.
it, sign of past participle:
am-it-e, been loved.
1 Du homoj povas pli a multe b fari olunu. 8 Mi
a Pli multe ol=Literally, more much than. It should be
remembered that pli is merely a word of comparison: Pli
granda=/ar^r, "more large" ; pli ma.lgTanda=smaller,
"more small."
96 The American Esperanto Book
havas nur unu buSon, sed mi havas du orelojn.
8 Li promenas kun tri hundoj. *Li faris Cion per
la dek fingroj de siaj c manoj. 5 E1 Siaj multaj
infanoj unuj d estas bonaj kaj aliaj estas malbonaj.
6 Kvin kaj sep faras dek du. 7 Dek kaj dek faras
dudek. * Kvar kaj dek ok faras dudek du. * Tri-
dek kaj kvardek kvin faras sepdek kvin. JO Mil okcent
naudek tri. "Li havas dek unu infanojn. "Ses-
dek minutoj faras unu horon, kaj unu minuto kon-
sistas el e sesdek sekundoj. "Januaro estas la unua
monato de la jaro, Aprilo estas la kvara, Novembro
estas la dek-unua, Decembro estas la dek-dua.
14 La dudeka (tago) de Februaro estas la kvindek-
unua tago de la jaro. 18 La sepan tagon de la
semajno Dio elektis, ke gi estu f pli sankta, ol lases
unuaj tagoj. 18 Kion Dio kreis en la sesa tago?
"Kiun daton* ni havas? 18 Hodiau estas la dudek
sepa tago de Marto. 19 Georgo VaSington estis
naskita la dudek duan h de Februaro de la jaro mil
sepcent tridek dua 1 .
This use of multe is quite confusing to the beginner. The
final e frequently has a neutral rather than an adverbial sense.
Multaj birdoj, multo da birdoj and multe da birdoj all mean
about the same, the adverbial form being most often used.
This is similarly true of kelke da, which is used instead of
kclkaj.
Exercises 97
c Be sure that you understand the use of this pronoun. See
Reflexive Pronoun, Page 27.
d See Note a, Exercise n.
e See El, Page 51.
f Note that the imperative form is used in a subjunctive
clause indicating purpose. See Imperative Mode, Page 34.
8 'What date have u>e? Instead of flow old are you? the
Esperanto query is What age have you ?
h See Rules of the Grammar, XIV, Page 17. Neither sur
(on), fie (at) nor en (zw)expresses the sense, so we can use je
or the accusative without a preposition.
*The adjective ending denotes the ordinal numeral. We
say, in English, Nineteen hundred and seven. In Esperanto
the sense is always The nineteen-hundred-and-seventh.
TRANSLATION 12
1 Two men can do more than one. 8 1 have only
one mouth, but I have two ears. 8 He takes a walk
with three dogs. * He did everything with the ten
fingers of his hands. B Of her many children, some
are good and others are bad. 6 Five and seven
make twelve. 1 Ten and ten make twenty. 8 Four
and eighteen make twenty-two. 9 Thirty and forty-
five make seventy-five. 10 One thousand, eight
hundred and ninety-three. n He has eleven chil-
dren. 12 Sixty minutes make one hour, and one
hour consists of sixty seconds. l3 January is the
98 The American Esperanto Book
first month of the year, April is the fourth, Novem-
ber is the eleventh, December is the twelfth. " The
twentieth day of February is the fifty-first day of
the year. l8 The seventh day of the week God
selected to be more holy than the first six days.
" What did God create on the sixth day? " What
date is it (have we) today. " Today is the twenty-
seventh day of March. 19 George Washington was
born on the twenty-second day of February, in the
year one thousand, seven hundred and thirty-two.
Exercises 99
EXERCISE 13
dauri, to continue. ordinara, ordinary.
persono, a person. tiu, that.
varma, warm. sama, same.
tempo, time. teruro, terror.
kontrau, against. devi, ought.
kuiri, to cook. labori, to labor.
sen, ^uithout. cesi, to cease.
inter, between, among, afero, affair, matter.
Cerpi, to draw. tre, very.
proksima, near. loko, place.
porti, to carry. krufio, pitcher.
ig, suffix, meaning to cause to be : pura, pure ;
purigi, purify.
eg, suffix of increased degree : granda, large ;
grandega, immense.
ej, suffix indicating the place devoted to: lerni,
to learn ; lernejo, a school.
ad, suffix showing continued action : spiri, to
breathe ; spirado, breathing.
n, sign of accusative case.
6i, denotes proximity: tie, there ; tie 6i, here;
tio, thai ; tio 6i, this.
fojo, "time": unu fojo, onetime, once; du fojoj,
twice.
La Feino
(Daiirigo)
1 Car Ciu amas ordinare personon, kiu estas
simila al li a , tial tiu 6i patrino varmege amis sian
pli maljunan filinon, kaj en tiu b sama tempo Si
ioo The American Esperanto Book
havis teruran malamon kontrau* 5 la pli juna. : Si
devigis Sin mangi en la kuirejo kaj laboradi sen-
Cese. 'inter aliaj aferoj tiu Ci malfeliCa infano
devis du fojojn d en Ciu tago iri Cerpi akvon en tre
malproksima loko kaj alporti domen plenan
grandan kruCon.
*Li, here, and not si, because if si were used it would refer
to kiu, which is the subject of this clause, and again refers to
persono. the person who is loved. In the same sentence sian
is used because it refers to the subject of the phrase in which
it appears.
'Tiu sama tempo= That same lime. Esperanto often uses
a demonstrative adjective or pronoun instead of la.
''Malamon kontrau=//a/rrrf against. In a similar sense we
would use, in English, for or toward.
^Accusative because an implied preposition is omitted. Je
du fojoj=/br tiL'o times. This is also written dufoje.
'Domen; literally, house-wardly. Again we see the ready
use of the adverbial form. Were the noun domon used here
it might mean that the poor girl, in addition to her other bur-
dens, was carrying the housel Domen has the accusative end-
ing to show direction fozuard the house. See Rule XIII, '
TRANSLATION 13
The Fairy ( Continued )
1 As every one ordinarily loves a person who is
like him [self], therefore this mother ardently loved
her elder daughter, and at the same time she had
a terrible hatred against the younger. 'She com-
pelled her to eat in the kitchen and to work inces-
santly. 'Among other things this unhappy child
had to go, twice every day, to draw water in a very
distant place, and carry home, full, a large pitcher.
Exercises
101
EXERCISE 14
urbo, town.
aeti, to buy.
kulero, spoon.
re, back, again.
danki, to thank.
peti, request, ask.
post, after, behind.
bezoni, to need, -want.
Stofo, goods, stuff.
fiiam, always.
venki, to conquer.
se, //.
logi, to lodge, reside.
au, or.
forko, fork.
mono, money.
por, for.
ankaii, also.
kiam, when.
pagi, to pay.
kosti, to cost.
Jeti, to throw.
pago, page.
fini, to end, to finish.
tuta, whole, entire.
da, of; used after words expressing weight or
measure.
prunti, to lend or borrow ; prunte doni, to give
as a loan ; prunte preni, to take as a loan.
ant, ending of active participle, present tense :
arnante, loving, being now loving.
obi, .fold: duobla, twofold, double.
op, suffix of collective numeral : duope, by or
in twos ; two together.
on, suffix of fractionals : duono, half.
1 Mi havas cent pomojn. 2 Mi havas centon a da
pomoj. 3 Tiu c*i urbo havas milionon da logantoj.
a Centon. The cardinal numerals are not changed. When
we say cento, milo, dekduo, etc., we have substantives, which
take the regular case and number changes. The two forms
are used interchangeably. Mil homoj, milo da homoj, are
both correct.
ioa The American Esperanto Book
4 Mi aCetis dekduon (au dek-duon) da kuleroj kaj
du dekduojn da forkoj. * Mil jaroj (ati milo da
jaroj) faras miljaron. * Unue mi redonas al vi la
monon, kiun vi pruntis al mi ; due mi dankas vin
por la prunto; trie b mi petas vin ankau poste
prunti al mi, kiam mi bezonos mpnon. 7 Por Ciu
tago mi ricevas kvin frankojn, sed por la hodiaua
tago mi ricevis duoblan pagon, t. e. (=tio estas)
dek frankojn. * Kvinoble c sep estas tridek kvin.
*Tri estas duono de ses. 10 Ok estas kvar kvinonoj
de dek. !1 Kvar metroj da d tiu Ci Stofo kostas naii
frankojn ; tial du metroj kostas kvar kaj duonon
frankojn (au da frankoj). 1S Unu tago estas tri-
cent-sesdek-kvinono au tricent-sesdek-sesono de
jaro. ls Tiuj Ci du amikoj promenas Ciam duope 6 .
14 Kvinope ili sin Jetis sur min, sed mi venkis la
kvin atakantojn. 15 Por miaj kvarinfanoj mi aCetis
dek du pomojn, kaj al Ciu el la infanoj mi donis po f
tri pomoj. " Tiu Ci libro havas sesdek pagojn ;
tial, se mi legos* en Ciu tago po dek kvin pagoj,
mi finos la tutan libron en kvar tagoj.
b Note the addition of e to form adverbial ordinals: Unue,
due, \x\t=Firstly, secondly, thirdly.
c Suffix of multiplication, -obi-: Unuobla, single, duobla,
double. See again the use of the adverbial ending. This has
a neutral significance (Note b. Exercise 12). Kvinoble sep
has a noun value and is the subject of the sentence.
Exercises 103
d Da. This preposition, translated of, is used with words
indicating quantity, weight, measure, etc. See Da, De, P. 50.
"The collective suffix of Esperanto has no exact English
equivalent. Duope, triope=.5y twos, by threes.
f Po means at the rate of. For distinction between po and
por, see Page 55.
K Here, although the sentence is conditional in sense, the
conditional mode is not used. After se, the endings as, os
and is are frequently used.
TRANSLATION 14
1 1 have one hundred apples. 8 1 have a hundred
"of" apples. 8 This city has a million of inhab-
itants. 3 1 bought a dozen spoons and two dozen
forks. 6 A thousand years (or, a thousand oi years)
make a millenium. 6 First, I return to you the
money which you lent me ; second, I thank you for
the loan ; third, I ask you also to lend to me after-
wards, when I shall need money. 'For each day I
receive five francs, but for today I receive double
pay, that is, ten francs. 8 Five times seven is
thirty-five. * Three is half of six. 10 Eight is four-
fifths of ten. "Four meters of this material
cost nine francs ; therefore two meters cost four
and a half francs (or of francs). 12 One day is a
IO4 The American Esperanto Book
three-hundred-and-sixty-fifth, or a three-hundred-
and-sixty-sixth, of a year. "These two friends
always walk (two) together. "Five together they
threw themselves upon me, but I overcame all five
assailants. "For my four children I bought twelve
apples, and to each of them I gave at the rate of
three apples. " This book has sixty pages ; there-
fore, if I read at the rate of fifteen pages every
day, I shall finish the entire book in four days.
Exercises 105
EXERCISE 15
fonto, source. rica, rich
volonte, willingly. tuj, immediately.
lavi, to wash. sub, under, beneath.
teni, to hold, grasp. oportuna, opportune.
trankvila, quiet. soifi, to thirst.
donaci, make a present, preni, to take.
preni, to take. formo, /"<?//.
vilaf o, village. gentila, polite.
6e, at.
viro, a man. This word is used as a suffix to
designate the male of animals : bovviro, kokviro.
La Feino (Dafirigo).
1 En unu a tago, kiam i estis apud tiu fonto,
venis al i malrifia virino, kiu petis Sin, ke i donu
al i b trinki c . a "Tre volonte, mia bona," diris la
a See Note a, Exercise n. Here, in both Esperanto and
English, we do not use one in a numerical sense, but as a
semi-definite article.
b Five times in this sentence i occurs. At first, the student
might think that si could be substituted somewhere, but observe
that in each instance the action or thought passes from one
person to the other : The zuoman came to the girl and asked
the girl that the girl give a drink to the zvoman.
io6 The American Esperanto Book
bela knabino. s Kaj Si tuj lavis sian d kruCon kaj
Cerpis akvon en la plej pura loko de la (onto kaj
alportis 6 al la virinon, Ciam subtenante f la kruCon,
por ke la virino povu trinki pli oportune. *Kiam
la bona virino trankviligis sian soifon, Si diris al
la knabino: "Vi estas tiel bela, tiel bona kaj tiel
honesta, ke mi devas fari al vi donacon" (Car tio
Ci estis feino, kiu prenis sur sin la formon de mal-
riCa vilaga virino, por* vidi, kiel granda estos al
gentileco de tiu Ci juna knabino). '"Mi faras al
vi donacon," datirigis la feino, "ke Ce h Ciu vorto,
kiun vi diros, el via buSo eliros afl floro ati 1 multe-
kosta Stono."
That she give her to drink. This use of the infinitive,
though once common in the English, is now obsolete, and
represents a peculiarity of Esperanto which the student should
remember.
d Here, sian, the reflexive pronoun which always refers to
the subject of the clause, is properly used : The girl washed
the girfs pitcher.
*See Note c, Exercise 8.
'The use of the adverbial ending here supports our previous
statements that this frequently has a neutral significance.
When the participle is directly qualifying it is adjectival:
Quanta okvo=Jloiuinff water. When it is a part of the
predicate, preceded by some form of esti, it is adjectival :
La akvo estas fluanta=7'/t^ ivater is floicing. When, how-
ever, it refers to the noun, yet is not connected with it in
Exercises 107
either of these ways, it is adverbial : Fluante, akvo sin
purigas=( When) flowing, water furifies itself.
g For to see, for to do, etc., are forms of expression often
used. Por means in order to, for the purpose of.
h See uses of fie, Page 49.
'Observe use of aii a&=either or.
TRANSLATION IS
The Fairy (continued)
1 One day, when she was near the spring, there
came to her a poor woman, who asked her that she
give her a drink. "Very willingly, my good
[woman]," said the beautiful girl. 3 And she at
once washed her pitcher and drew water in the
cleanest place in the spring and carried [it] to the
woman, all the time holding the pitcher, in order that
the woman could drink more conveniently. *When
the good woman had quieted her thirst, she said to
the girl: "You are so beautiful, so good and so
honest, that I must make you a gift" (for this was
a fairy, who had taken upon herself the form of a
poor village woman, to see how great would be the
politeness of this young girl). '"I make you a
gift, continued the fairy, "that at every word which
you say there shall come out of your mouth either
a flower or a precious stone."
io8 American Esperanto Book
EXERCISE 16
ci, thou. anstatati, instead of.
uzi, to use. tranfii, to cut.
ruso, a Russian. gardeno, a garden.
voki, to call. fidela, faithful.
vero, truth. vintro, winter.
hejti, to heat. forno, stove.
il, suffix indicating tool or instrument : tranCi,
to cut', tranCilo, a knife.
1 Mi legas*. 8 Ci skribas (anstatau ci oni uzas
ordinare ?'/). * Li estas knabo, kaj Si estas kna-
bino. * La tranCilo tranCas bone, Car gi estas akra.
6 Ni estas homoj. ' Vi estas infanoj. 7 Hi estas
rusoj. * Kie b estas la knaboj? "Hi estas en la
gardeno. 10 Kie estas la knabinoj? "Hi ankau
estas en la gardeno. " Kie estas la tranCiloj ? 18 Ili
kuSas sur la tablo. " Mi vokas la knabon, kaj li
venas. K> Mi vokas la knabinon, kaj Si venas.
18 La infano ploras, Car gi c volas mangi. 17 La
infanoj ploras, Car ili volas mangi. " Knabo, vi
estas negentila. d "Sinjoro, vi estas negentila.
"Sinjoroj, vi estas negentilaj. 8l Mia hundo, vi
estas tre fidela. ** Oni e diras, ke la vero Ciam
venkas. "En la vintro oni hejtas la fornojn.
"Kiam oni estas rifia (att riCaj) oni havas multajn r
amikojn.
Exercises 109
*See uses of the present tense, page 30.
b Kie may have either an interrogatory or relative sense :
Iru kie gloro vin atendas=G : o where glory -waits thee
c As in English, it (gi) is used with reference to a child,
when unnecessary to specify sex.
d Ne has only a neutral significance and does not mean,
like mal, the direct opposite. Here, the sense is that the boy
is not polite, though not necessarily that he is rude.
e Oni translates the English one or they in such sentences
as one ought, they say, etc. As the author indicates (Sentence
24), it may be followed by a plural adjective if the sense
requires this. Oni is always nominative, its accusative and
possessive being reflexive, sin, sia : Oni devas sin gardi
rilate sian reputacion=<9e ought to watch himself with
respect to his reputation.
1 See Note b, exercise 12.
TRANSLATION 16
1 1 am reading. z Thou art writing instead of
ci (thou) we ordinarily use vi (you). s He is. a
boy, and she is a girl. * The knife cuts well, for
it is sharp. 6 We are men. 6 You are children.
7 They are Russians. 8 Where are the boys?
9 They are in the garden. 10 Where are the girls ?
11 They also are in the garden. 12 Where are the
knives? 13 They lie upon the table. "I call the
boy, and he comes. 18 1 call the girl, and she
comes ? l6 The child cries because it wants to eat.
17 The children cry, because they wish to eat.
18 Boy, you are impolite. 19 Sir, you are impolite.
20 Sirs, you are impolite. 21 My dog, you are very
faithful. 82 They say that truth always conquers.
28 In the winter they heat the stoves. 2 * When one
is rich, one has many friends.
no The American Esperanto Book
EXERCISE 17
insulti, to insult. kial, why, wherefore.
frue, early. pardoni, to forgive.
longa, long. salti, to leap, jump.
perlo, pearl. granda, great, large.
diamanto, diamond. miri, to wonder.
Sajni, to seem. nomi, to name.
naiva, naive. okazi, to happen.
dum, during, -while. sendi, to send.
kapabla, capable.
La Feino (Dafirigo)
1 Kiam tiu Ci bela knabino venis domen, Sia
patrino insultis a Sin, kial Si revenis tiel malfrue de
la fonto. '"Pardonu al mi, patrino," diris la mal-
feliCa knabino, "ke mi restis tiel longeV' s Kaj
kiain Si parolis tiujn Ci vortojn, elsaltis c el Sia buSo
tri rozoj, tri perloj kaj tri grandaj diamantoj.
"Kion mi vidas!" diris Sia patrino kun grandega
miro. '"Sajnas al mi, ke el Sia buSo elsaltas perloj
kaj diamantoj ! * De kio tio Ci venas, mia filino?"
7 (Tio Ci estis la unua fojo, ke Si nomis Sin sia
filino). 'LamalfeliCa infano rakontis al Si naive
Cion, kio okazis al Si, kaj, dum Si parolis, elfalis el
Exercises 1 1 1
ia buSo multego da diamantoj. "Se estas tiel,"
diris la patrino, "mi devas tien d sendi mian filinon.
10 Marinjo, rigardu, kio eliras el la buo de via
fratino, kiam i parolas ; 6u e ne estus al vi agrable
havi tian saman kapablon? u Vi devas nur iri al
la fonto Cerpi akvon ; kaj kiam malriSa virino petos
de vi trinki, vi donos gin al gi gentile."
*Insultis Sin kial literally, insulted her why. In English
insult would not be the proper word, though obviously the
writer intends to express a humiliating invasion of the girl's
dignity and "feelings."
b Longe is adverbial, there being no noun to which it could
be joined. If we say dum tia longa tempo, the adjective is
of course properly used.
c See Note c, Exercise 8.
d Accusative sign for direction. It is not proper to refer to
words of direction as in the "accusative case," as it is seen
that adverbs may have this ending.
e 6u {whether) is the sign of the question, when no other
word indicates it. Kie vi estas?= Where are you? Here,
kie indicates the question. 6u vi estas en la domo?=.<4r<?
you in the house?
TRANSLATION 17
The Fairy ( Continued )
1 When this beautiful girl went home, her mother
insultingly asked (insulted) her why she returns !
H2 The American Esperanto Book
so late from the spring. "Pardon me, mother,"
said the unhappy girl, "for staying so long."
1 And when she spoke these words [there] leaped
from her mouth three roses, three pearls and three
large diamonds. 4<< What do I see !" said her mother
in intense wonder. l "It seems to me that from her
mouth leap out pearls and diamonds! 'Whence
(from what) comes this thing, my daughter?"
7 (This was the first time that she [had] called her
her daughter). 8 The unhappy child told her art-
lessly all that [had] happened to her, and while
she was speaking [there] fell out of her mouth a
great number of diamonds. "If it be so," said
the mother, *'l must send my daughter there.
10 Molly, look what comes out of your sister's mouth
when she speaks ; would it not be pleasing to you
to have the same capability? " You need only go
to the spring to draw water, and when a poor
woman asks of you [a] to drink, you will give it
to her politely."
Exercises 113
EXERCISE 18
kuri, to run. vespero, evening.
6u, whether. edzo, husband.
montri, to show. nova, new.
vesti, to clothe. mem, self.
zorgi, care, be anxious, gardi, to watch.
gasto, guest. akompani, accompany.
gis, up to, until. seri, to search.
pupo, doll. forgesi, to forget.
facila, easy.
1 Li amas min, sed mi lin ne amas. 2 Mi volis
lin bati, sed li forkuris de mi. 3 Diru al mi vian
nomon. * Ne skribu al mi tiajn longajn leterojn.
6 Venu al mi hodiau a vespere. 6 Mi rakontos al vi
historion. T Cu b vi diros al mi la veron? 8 La
domo apartenas al li. 9 Li estas mia onklo, Car
mia patro estas lia frato. 10 Sinjoro Petro kaj lia
edzino tre c amas miajn infanojn ; mi ankau tre
a Together with tomorrow ez'ening, yesterday morning,
etc., Esperanto has today morning and today evening.
b See Note e. Exercise 17.
c Tre, rendered very, modifies verbs directly, while in
English we would use another adverb very greatly, very
much, etc.
114 The American Esperanto Book
amas iliajn (infanojn). " Montru al mi vian novan
veston. "Mi amas min mem d , vi amas vin mem,
li amas sin mem, kaj Gin homo amas sin mem.
18 Mia frato diris al Stefano, ke li amas lin pli, ol si
mem. H Mi zorgas pri Si tiel, kiel mi zorgas pri
mi mem ; sed Si mem tute ne zorgas pri si e kaj
tute sin ne gardas. 15 Miaj fratoj havis hodiati
gastojn ; post la vespermango niaj fratoj eliris kun
la gastoj el sia domo kaj akompanis ilin gis ilia
domo. ie Mi jam havas mian Capelon ; nun serCu
vi vian. l7 Mi lavis min en mia Cambro, kaj Si
lavis sin en sia Cambro. 18 La infano serCis sian
pupon ; mi montris al la infano, kie kuSas gia pupo.
" Oni ne forgesas facile sian unuan amon.
d Mem means self in the sense of personality, and can be
used with the personal pronouns.
Here, si and sin refer back to Si: she does not care
about herself. Examine carefully all sentences using si, sia,
and sin, comparing them with the accompanying translations.
TRANSLATION 18
1 He loves me, but I do not love him. * I wished
to beat him, but he ran away from me. 8 Tell me
your name. *Do not write me such long letters.
Exercises 115
5 Come to me [my house] this evening. 6 1 will
tell you a story. 7 Will you tell me the truth?
8 The house belongs to him. 9 He is my uncle, for
my father is his brother. 10 Mr. Peter and his wife
love my children very much ; I also love theirs
very much. n Show me your new coat. 12 1 love
myself, you love yourself, he loves himself, and
every man loves himself. 13 My brother told
Stephen that he loves him more than himself.
" I take care of her as I care for myself ; but she
takes no care at all of herself and does not guard
herself at all. 15 My brothers had guests today ;
after the evening meal our brothers went out of
their (the brothers') house with the guests and
accompanied them to their (the guests') house.
16 1 already have my hat ; now you look for yours.
17 1 washed myself in my room and she washed
herself in her room. 18 The child was looking for
its doll ; I showed the child where its doll lay.
19 One does not easily forget one's first love.
n6 The American Esperanto Book
EXERCISE 19
murmuri, to murmur, vazo, vase.
argento, silver. apenau, scarcely.
princo, prince. certa, certain, sure.
speciala, special. opinio, opinion.
koleri, to be angry. servi, to serve.
serpento, serpent. r&no,fr0&.
us, ending of verbs, conditional mode.
ar, suffix of collective : Stupo, ste.p ; Stuparo,
stairs ; arbo, tree ; arbaro, forest.
em, suffix showing a tendency or inclination:
babili, to chatter ; babilema, talkative.
La Feino (Daflrigo)
"Estus tre bele a ," respondislafilinomalgentile,
"ke mi iru al la fonto 1 " ! "Mi volas ke vi tien
iru b ," diris la patrino, "kaj iru tuj." 8 La filino
iris, sed Ciam murmurante. 4 i prenis la plej belan
argentan vazon, kiu estis en la logejo. 'Apenavi Si
venis al la fonto, Si vidis unu sinjorinon, tre riCe
vestitan , kiu eliris el la arbaro kaj petis de Si trinki
(tio Ci estis tiu sama feino, kiu prenis sur sin la
formon kaj vestojn de princino, por vidi, kiel
Exercises 117
granda estos d la malboneco detiu Gi knabino). '"Cu
mi venis tien 6i," diris al i la malgentila kaj fiera
knabino, "por doni al vi trinki? 7 Certe, mi
alportis argentan vazon speciale por tio, por e doni
trinki al tiu Ci sinjorino ! 8 Mia opinio estas: prenu
mem akvon, se vi volas trinki." "Vi tute ne
estas gentila," diris la feino sen kolero. n "Bone,
Car vi estas tiel servema, mi faras al vi donacon,
ke 6e Ciu vorto, kiun vi diros, eliros el via buo
aii serpento au rano."
* Be sure that you understand why the adverbial form is
used. See Note c , Exercise 7, and Adverbial Ending, P. 25.
b Imperative mode in a subjunctive clause. See Page 34.
c Vestitan, though following the substantive to which it
belongs (sinjorinon), is considered directly qualifying a very
richly-dressed lady. If between the substantive and participle
there intervened any form of esti, the participle would be
nominative.
d Estos instead of estus. See Note g. Exercise 14.
"See Note h. Exercise 12.
TRANSLATION 19
The Fairy ( Continued )
1 "It would be very fine," replied the daughter
rudely, '*for me to (that I should) go to the
Ii8 The American Esperanto Book
spring.'* "I want you to go there," said the
mother, "and go at once !" 'The daughter went,
but grumbling all the time. * She took the most
beautiful silver vase that was in the house. * She
had scarcely reached the spring [when] she saw
a lady, very richly dressed, who came out of the
forest and asked her for a drink (this was that
same fairy, who had taken upon herself the form
and dress of a princess, to see how great would be
the badness of this girl). ""Did I come here," said
to her the rude and proud girl, "to give you a drink?
'Certainly, I brought a silver vase especially (for
that) to give a drink to this lady 1 * My opinion is,
take the water yourself, if you wish to drink."
"You are not at all polite, "said the fairy, without
anger. ' "Well, since you are so obliging, I make
you the gift that at every word you (shall) say,
from your mouth shall come either a snake or a
frog."
Exercises 119
EXERCISE 20
sidi, to sit. silenti, to be silent.
hierau, yesterday. renkonti, to meet.
saluti, greet, salute. sabato, Saturday.
morgau, tomorrow. dimanco, Sunday.
vendredo, Friday. lundo, Monday.
viziti, to visit. kuzo, cousin.
plezuro, pleasure. horlogo, clock.
timi, to fear. dormi, to sleep.
veki, to wake. scii, to know.
leciono, lesson. instrui, to teach.
puni, to punish. surda, deaf.
muta, mute. tui, to touch.
spegulo, mirror. kara, dear.
ordoni, order, command, babili, to chatter.
kandelo, candle. gaja, gay, glad.
danci, to dance. morti, to die.
petoli, to be mischievous.
uj, suffix indicating that which contains : ruso,
a Russian ; Rusujo, Russia ; cigamjo, cigar-case.
1 Nun mi legas a , vi legas kaj li legas ; ni Ciuj
legas. 2 Vi skribas, kaj la infanoj skribas ; ili Ciuj
sidas silente kaj skribas. 8 Hierau mi renkontis
vian nlon, kaj li- gentile salutis min. * Hodiau
*Note again the use of the simple verb, legas, where in
English we would say am reading.
I2O The American Esperanto Book
estas sabato, kaj morgau estos dimanCo. 8 Hierau
estis vendredo, kaj post-morgau estos lundo.
"Antaii tri tagoj b mi vizitis vian kuzon, kaj mia vizito
faris c al li plezuron. 7 Cu vi jam trovis vian hot-
logon? *Mi gin ankorau ne serCis ; kiam mi finos
mian laboron, mi serCos mian horlogon, sed mi
timas, ke mi gin jam d ne trovos. * Kiam mi venis
al li, li dormis ; sed mi lin vekis. 10 Se mi estus e
sana, mi estus feliCa. "Se li scius 6 , ke mi estas
tie Ci, li tuj venus e al mi. " Se la lernanto scius
bone sian lecionon, la instruanto lin ne punus.
18 Kial vi ne respondas al mi ? " Cu vi estas surda
aii muta? 18 Iru for 1 " Infano, ne tuSu la spegu-
lon 1 17 Karaj infanoj, estu Ciam honestaj 1 18 Li
venu, kaj mi pardonos al li. 19 Ordonu al li, ke li
ne babilu. * Petu in, ke Si sendu al mi kandelon.
11 Ni estu r gajaj, ni uzu bone la vivon, Car la vivo
ne estas longa. " Si volas danci. " Morti pro la
patrujo estas agrable*. "La infano ne Cesas
petoli.
b This does not mean before three days, but three days
ago. See Antau, Pp. 48, 49.
c Fari is usually translated to make, to do. Here, it means
gii'e, analogous with our English use of make when we say
"make you a present."
d jam, translated already, is used in this sentence where no
such word would be required in English, and its significance
can best be understood by a careful study of its uses in these
Exercises. See Note c. Lesson 6.
Mr. Bullen, in his Standard Course of Esperanto,
says: "This sentence should be carefully noted, as it illus-
trates the fact that Esperanto always uses the conditional in
-us, where a real condition or supposition (that is, that the
Exercises 12 1
fact is non-existent} is implied." We observe here that both
verbs are conditional: If I -were healthy (but I am not}
I should be ha-pfy (but I am not}.
f Note the various uses of the imperative in this Exercise.
In English, the imperative is used for direct command or
entreaty, but in Esperanto we have mi iru, ni iru, etc.
g See Note c, Exercise 7.
TRANSLATION 20
1 Now I am reading, you are reading ; we are
are all reading. 2 You are writing, and the children
write ; they all sit silently and write. 8 Yesterday
I met your son and he greeted me politely. - * Today
is Saturday and tomorrow will be Sunday. 8 Yes-
terday was Friday, and the day after tomorrow
will be Monday. 6 Three days ago I visited your
cousin, and my visit gave him pleasure. ' Have
you already found your clock ? 8 1 have not yet
looked for it ; when I finish my work I shall look
for my clock, but I fear that I shall not find it.
9 When I came to him he was sleeping, but I awoke
him. 10 If I were well, I should be happy. "If
he knew that I am here, he would come to me at
once. 12 If the pupil knew his lesson well, the
teacher would not punish him. l3 Why do you not
answer me ? " Are you deaf or dumb ? 15 Go
away 1 16 Child, do not touch the mirror 1 17 Dear
children, be always honest. 18 Let him come, and
I will forgive him. 19 Order him not to chatter.
20 Ask her to send me a candle. 21 Let us be joyful,
let us use life well, for life is not long. 22 She
wishes to dance. 23 To die for one's country is
pleasant. 2t The child does not cease to be mis-
chievous.
122 The American Esperanto Book
EXERCISE 21
rimarki, remark, notice krii, to cry.
nu 1 well 7 jes, yes.
kulpa, blameable. kai, to hide, conceal.
rego, king. Casi, to hunt.
demand!, demand, ask. sola, alone.
pro, for the sake of. ho ! oh!
ve ! woe! ho ve ! alas!
ek denotes sudden or momentary action : krii,
to cry ; ekkrii, to cry out.
La Feino (Daflrigo).
1 Apenau Sia patrino Sin rimarkis, Si kriis al Si:
"Nu, mia filino?" 8 "jes, patrino," respondis al
Si la malgentilulino*, eljetante unu serpenton kaj
unu ranon. "'Ho, Cielol" ekkriis la patrino,
"kion mi vidas? 'Sia fratino en Cio estas kulpa;
mi pagos al Si por tio Ci 1 " * Kaj Si tuj kuris bati
Sin. *La malfeliCainfano forkuris kaj kaSis sin en
la plej proksima arbaro. 7 La filo de la rego, kiu
revenis de Caso, Sin renkontis ; kaj, vidante, ke Si
estas tiel bela, li demandis Sin, kion Si faras b tie
Ci tute sola, kaj pro kio Si ploras. "Ho ve,
sinjoro, mia patrino forpelis min el la domo."
Exercises 123
*In this word we have our first combination of two suffixes
There is no limit to the combination of these so long as the
meaning is clear. Here, the meaning is opposite-polite-per-
son-feminine a rude girl or woman.
b Faras. This word is in the present tense, although the
time referred to is past. See The Present Tense, Page 30.
TRANSLATION 21
The Fairy (Continued)
1 Scarcely had her mother observed her [when]
she cried to her : "Well, my daughter?" 2 "Yes,
mother," replied to her the rude one, throwing
out a snake and a frog. 8 "Oh heaven ! " exclaimed
the mother, "what do I see? * Her sister is to
blame for everything ; I will pay her for this 1 "
6 And she immediately ran to beat her. "The
unhappy child ran away and hid herself in the
nearest forest. 7 The king's son, who was returning
from a hunt, met her ; and observing that she was
so beautiful, he asked her what she was (is) doing
here all alone, and for what she was crying.
'"Alas, sir, my mother drove me from the house."
Review the preceding Exercises, reading aloud
the Esperanto text. Learn to think in Esperanto,
grasping the idea from the Esperanto word, with
no thought of English. Memorize the ideas of the
vocabularies, not the definitions.
124 The American Esperanto Book
EXERCISE 22
flui, to flow. movi, to move.
strato, street. fall, to fall.
peki, to sin. intenci, to intend.
levi, to fifty raise. riprofii, to reproach.
meriti, to merit. mensogi, to tell a lie.
pasi, to pass. neniam, never.
neniu, nobody. atendi, to wait, expect.
savi, to save. mondo, world.
lingvo, language. grava, important, grave.
pasero, a sparrow. kapti, to catch.
agio, eagle. soldato, soldier.
jugi, to judge, try. konduki, to conduct.
aresti, to arrest. tra, through.
at, sign of present passive participle : amate,
being loved.
int, sign of the past active participle : aminte,
having loved.
ont, sign of future active participle : amonte,
being about to love.
ot, sign of future passive participle : amote,
being about to be loved.
1 Fluanta akvo estas pli pura ol akvo staranta
senmove. f Promenante* sur b la strato, mi falis.
8 Kiam Nikodemo batas Jozefon, tiam Nikodemo
Exercises 125
estas la batanto c kaj Jozefo estas la batato. *A1
homo, pekinta d senintence, Dio facile pardonas.
5 Trovinte pomon, mi gin mangis. 'Lafalinta
homo ne povis sin levi. 7 Ne riprochi vian amikon,
Car vi mem pli multe meritas riproCon ; li estas nur
unufoja 6 mensoginto, dum vi estas ankorati nun
"Adverbial ending, because not directly connected with
the subject. See Note f, Exercise 15.
b Observe use of preposition sur.
c See Substantival Participle, Page 40.
d This participle is adjectival in form, not because it mod-
ifies homo directly an unintentionally-sinning' man but
because it is predicative, kiu estas being omitted ; in English,
a man zvho has sinned unintentionally. But if kiu were
the subject of a verb other than estas, then the participle
would stand detached, and take the adverbial ending : Al
homo kiu, pekinte senintence, pentas, Dio facile pardonas=
The man -who, having sinned unintentionally, repents,
God readily pardons.
e Literally, a one-time person-u>ho-has-lied. The person
referred to has told a lie, therefore the past form, -into. In
the same sentence, mensoganto is in the present form because
it refers to some one who is a general liar ; as the person
speaking tells him, with commendable candor, a still, now,
all-the-time liar.
126 The American Esperanto Book
Ciam mensoganto. * La tempo pasinta f jam neniam
revenos ; la tempon venontan neniu ankorau konas.
* Venu, ni atendas vin, Savonto de la mondo. 10 En
la lingvo "Esperanto" ni vidas laestontan lingvon
de la tuta mondo. " Augusto estas mia plej amata
filo. "Mono havata estas pli grava, ol havita.
11 Pasero kaptita estas pli bona, ol agio kaptota.
14 La soldatoj kondukis la arestitojn tra la stratoj.
"Li venis al mi tute neatendite. "Homo, kiun
oni devas jugi, estas Jugoto.
'This meaning can be expressed : Tempo pasinta=/ > ajtf
time. Tempo kiu estas pasinta= 7Y>* which has passed.
Tempo, pasinte, jam neniam revenos= 7Yz*, having passed,
will never return.
TRANSLATION 22
1 Flowing water is purer than water standing
still. * While walking in the street, I fell. "When
Nicodemus beats Joseph, then Nicodemus is the
beater and Joseph is the beaten. *God readily
pardons a man who has sinned unintentionally.
6 Having found an apple, I ate it. * The fallen man
could not raise himself. 7 Do not reproach your
friend, for you yourself more deserve reproach ; he
Exercises 127
is only once a liar, while you are still, now, always
a liar. 8 The past time will never return ; the
future time no one yet knows. 9 Come, we await
you, Savior of the world. 10 In the language
"Esperanto" we see the future language of the
whole world. " Augustus is my most beloved son.
12 Money had [now] is more important than [that
which has] been had. 18 A sparrow caught is
better than an eagle to be caught. u The soldiers
led the arrested persons through the streets. 16 He
came to me quite unexpectedly. 16 A man whom
they have to try is the accused (person to be tried).
The student has observed that while sometimes
the translations of these Exercises follow the
Esperanto text so literally as to make very poor
English, this is not invariable; frequently the
translation follows the thought more closely than
the text. The student will find fewer parenthetical
explanations as he proceeds and will rely more and
more upon his own perceptions to grasp the spirit
and style of Esperanto.
1 28 Tht American Esperanto Book
EXERCISE 23
kelke, some. aventuro, adventure.
konsideri, to consider, inda, worthy, valuable.
doto, dowry. palaco, palace.
propra, (one's) own. akcepti, to accept.
baldau, soon. angulo, corner, angle.
ig, to become : pala, pale ; paligi, to turn pale.
je, indefinite preposition. See p. 53.
La Feino (Fino)
1 La regido, kiu vidis, ke el Sia buSo eliris
kelke* da perloj kaj kelke da diamantoj, petis Sin,
ke Si diru al li, de kie tio Ci venas. * Si rakontis
al li sian tutan aventuron. 8 La regido konsideris,
ke tia kapablo havas pli grandan indon, ol Cio,
kion oni povus doni dote al alia fraulino, forkondu-
kis b Sin al la palaco de sia patro, la rego, kie li
edzigis je Si. * Sed pri Sia fratino ni povas diri,
ke Si farigis c tiel malaminda, ke Sia propra patrino
Sin forpelis de si ; kaj la malfeliCa knabino, multe
kurinte kaj trovinte neniun. kiu volis Sin akcepti,
baldau mortis en angulo de arbaro.
Exercises 129
Kelke. See Note b, Exercise 12.
b Conducted aivay. For, with other Esperanto adverbs
and prepositions, is often thus joined to the verb instead of
following it.
8 Fari, to make; farigi, to become.
TRANSLATION 23
The Fairy (Concluded)
1 The prince, who saw that from her mouth
issued some pearls and diamonds, begged her to
tell him whence this came. 2 She told him her
whole adventure. 3 The prince considered that
such a gift had greater value than all which one
could give as a dowry to another maiden, [and]
took her away to the palace of his father, the king,
where he married her. * But concerning her sister
we may say that she became so hateful that her
own mother drove her away from her ; and the
unhappy girl, having run about a great deal and
having found no one who wished to receive her,
soon died in a corner of the forest.
130 The American Esperanto Book
EXERCISE 24
saloho, drawing-room.
os, sign of future tense of verbs : amos, will
love.
1 Nun li diras al mi la veron. * Hierau li diris
al mi la veron. 8 Li Ciam diradis* al mi la veron.
4 Kiam vi vidis nin en la salono, lijam antaue diris
al mi la veron (an li estis dirinta al mi la veron).
8 Li diros al mi la veron. * Kiam vi venos al mi, li
jam antaue diros al mi la veron (au li estos dirinta
al mi la veron ; au antau b ol vi venos al mi, li
diros al mi la veron). 7 Se mi petus lin, li dirus
al mi la veron. 8 Mi ne farus la eraron, se li
antaue dirus al mi la veron (au se li estus dirinta
al mi la veron). 'Kiam mi venos, diru al mi la
veron. 10 Kiam mia patro venos, diru al mi antaue
la veron (att estu dirinta al mi la veron). "Mi
volas diri al vi la veron. "Mi volas, ke tio, kion
mi diris, estu vera (au mi volas esti dirinta la
veron).
Exercises 131
"Diri, to say; ad, suffix of continued action; diradas,
continues to say, to tell.
b Antaii ol, before than. See Page 49.
c Observe that the conditional, or -us mood, has no time.
Here, the past tense is inferred from antaue.
TRANSLATION 24
1 Now he tells me the truth. 2 Yesterday he
told me the truth. 3 He always tells me the truth.
*When you saw us in the drawing-room he had
already (previously) told me the truth. 6 He will
tell me the truth. 6 When you come to me he will
previously have told me the truth (or he will have
told me the truth ; or, before you come to me he
will tell me the truth). 7 If I should ask him, he
would tell me the truth. 8 1 should not have made
the mistake if he had previously told me the truth.
9 When I shall come, tell me the truth. 10 When
my father comes, tell me (previously) the truth.
11 1 wish to tell you the truth. 12 1 wish that what
I said be true (or, I wish to have told the truth).
In connection with this Exercise the student
should review the conjugations of the Infinitive,
Imperative and Conditional modes. See pp. 32-35.
132 The American Esperanto Book
EXERCISE 25
inviti, to invite. komerci, to trade,
sekvi, to follow. konstrui, to construct.
Suldi, to owe. oro, gold.
ringo, ring. lerta, skillful.
projekto, project. ingeniero, engineer.
fero, iron. vojo, road, way.
agi, to act. pastro, priest, pastor.
kameno, fire-place. poto, pot.
kaldrono, kettle. boli, to boil.
vaporo, steam. pordo, door.
korto, yard, court.
aj, something made from or possessing the qual-
ity of: malnova, old; malnovajo, an old thing ;
frukto, fruit ; fruktajo, something made from fruit.
1 Mi estas amata. * Mi estis amata. 8 Mi estos
amata. 4 Mi estus* amata. 6 Estu amata. ' Esti
amata. 7 Vi estas lavita. * Vi estis lavita. ' Vi
estos lavita. 'Vi estus a lavita. 1! Estu lavita.
11 Esti lavita. " Li estas invitota. " Li estis
invitota. "Li estos invitota. "Li estus a invitota.
17 Estu invitota. 18 Esti invitota. " Tiu Ci komer-
cajo estas Ciam volonte aCetata b de mi. 80 La
.surtuto estas aCetita de mi, sekve i apartenas al
mi. zl Kiam via domo estis konstruata, mia domo
estis jam longe konstruita. 2a Mi sciigas, ke de
Exercises 133
nun la Suldoj de mia filo ne estos pagataj de mi.
28 Estu trankvila ; mia tuta Suldo estos pagita al
vi baldau. 2 * Mia ora ringo ne estus a tiel longe
serfiata, se gi ne estus tiel lerte kaita de vi. 25 Lau
la projekto de la ingenieroj c tiu Si fervojo estas
konstruota en la dauro de du jaroj ; sed mi pensas,
ke gi estos konstruata pli ol tri jarojn d . 26 Honesta
homo agas honeste. " La pastro, kiu mortis antau 8
nelonge (au antau nelonga tempo), logis longe en
nia urbo. 28 Cu hodiaii f estas varme aii malvarme?
29 Sur la kameno inter du potoj staras fera kaldrono ;
el la kaldrono, en kiu sin trovas bolanta akvo,
eliras vaporo ; tra la fenestro, kiu sin trovas apud
la pordo, la vaporo iras sur la korton e .
a The use of estus in Sentences 4, 10 and 16 indicates the
presence of a condition or contingency, though this is not
stated, as in Sentence 24. Be careful not to translate should
by estus where duty is expressed use devas=o^7zA
b The passive participle is connected with the source of the
action by de. See Rule VI, Page 15.
c This word means civil engineer. The word for locomo-
tive engineer is maSinisto, or a more precise term, lokomotiv-
isto. Fervojo (iron-way) is the Esperanto term for railway.
d Do not forget that where a preposition is omitted the
accusative case is used. Here, the absent preposition is dum.
e Antau nelonge is the expression usually used for not long
&go, a short time ago, recently.
1 Hodiau, hierau and morgaii are not nouns, but adverbs,
Hence the adverbial form of varme and malvarme. The
noun form, when necessary so to speak of today, tomorrow,
is la hodiaua tago, la morgaua tago.
e Accusative to show direction.
134 The American Esperanto Book
TRANSLATION 25
1 1 am loved. * I was loved. * I shall be loved.
* I should be loved [if ]. * Be loved. ' To be
loved. * You have been washed. * You had been
washed. 'You will have been washed. 10 You
would have been washed. n Be washed (past).
" To be washed. IS He is to be invited. " He was
to be invited. " He will be (about) to be invited.
" He would be (about) to be invited. " Be invited
(future). "To be (about) to be invited. "This
article (of commerce) is always willingly purchased
by me. " The overcoat has been bought by me ,
consequently it belongs to me. " When your house
was being built, my house had already been built
. for a long time. ** I make [it] known that from
now on the debts of my son will not be paid by me.
M Be at ease ; my entire debt will have been paid
to you soon. " My gold ring would not be so long
searched for if it had not been so cleverly hidden
' by you. " According to the project of the engin-
eers, this railway is to be built in the course of
two years, but I think that it will be under con-
struction more than three years. " An honest man
acts honestly. IT The priest who died recently had
lived along time in our city. " Is it warm or cold
today? (or, is today warm or cold?) 2 * On the
hearth between two pots stands an iron kettle ; from
the kettle, in which is (finds itself) boiling water,
issues steam ; through the window, which is near
the door, the steam goes into the yard.
Exercises 135
EXERCISE 26
ekster, outside. vojagi, voyage, travel.
piedo,./W/. benko, bench.
meti, to put, place. kanapo, sofa, lounge.
muso, mouse. lito, bed.
super, over, above. aero, air.
kafo, coffee. teo, tea.
sukero, sugar. kremo, cream.
interne, within. fianco, betrothed person
hirundo, swallow. trans, across.
rivero, river. estro, chief.
atenta, attentive. kvankam, although.
dubi, to doubt. estimi, to esteem.
fi! fie! abomeno, abomination.
rapida, rapid, quick.
et, diminution of degree or size : malvarma,
cold', malvarmeta, cool; ridi, to laugh; rideti,
to smile.
1 Kie vi estas? * Mi estas en la gardeno. s Kien
vi iras? *Mi iras en la gardenoh. 5 La birdo
flugas en la Cambro (=gi estas en la Cambro kaj
flugas en gi). 6 La birdo flugas en la Cambron
(=gi estas ekster la Cambro kaj flugas nun en
gin). 7 Mi vojagas en Hispanujo. * Mi vojagas
en Hispanujon. 9 Mi sidas sur sego kaj tenas la
piedojn sur benketo. 10 Mi metas la manon sur la
136 The American Esperanto Book
tablon*. " El sub la kanapo la muso kuris sub la
liton, kaj nun gi kuras sub lalito. "Super la tero
sin trovas b aero. 1S Anstatau kafo li donis al mi
teon kun sukero , sed sen kremo. " Mi staras
ekster la domo, kaj li estas interne. " En la salono
estis neniu krom li kaj lia fianCino. ls La hirundo
flugis trans la riveron, Car trans larivero sin trovis
aliaj hirundoj. " Mi restas tie Ci lau la ordono de
mia estro. 18 Kiam li estis Ce d mi li staris tutan
boron 6 apud la fenestro. 19 Li diras, ke mi estas
atenta. *Li petas, ke mi estu f atenta. " Kvankam
vi estas riCa, mi dubas, Cu* vi estas feliCa. "Se vi
scius, kiu li estas, vi lin pli estimus. " Se li jam
venis, petu lin al mi. " Ho, Dio 1 kion vi faras !
"Ha, kiel bele ! "For de tie Ci ! "Fi, kiel
abomene ! " Nu, iru pli rapide !
* I move my hand toward the table in the act of placing it
upon the table. Hence, n for direction. Note carefully this
sign of direction in Sentences 4, 6, 8, 10, n, 16.
b Observe the use of sin trovas here, as in Sentence 29.
Exercise 25. This is often used instead of estas. A similar
form is sin turnu al, to address oneself to, to turn to. Ciuj
sin turnu al la redaktoro=Z*/ all address the editor.
c Sukero here, because kun is a preposition. Without the
preposition, it would be teon kaj sukeron.
d Esperanto often uses the pronoun thus : fie m\=At my
house. Ce vi=A( your house.
See Note c. Exercise 25.
'This meaning, in English, has two forms of expression
he asks that I be attentive, or he asks me to be attentive.
In Esperanto the former is invariably used.
Exercises 137
g Dubi in any form is followed by 6u to connect a proposi-
tion containing a verb, and by pri when followed by a noun :
Mi dubas cu vi estas fidela=/ doubt whether you are faith-
ful Mi dubas pri via fideleco=7 doubt (concerning) your
fidelity.
TRANSLATION 26
1 Where are you? 2 I am in the garden.
8 Where are you going ? * I am going into the
garden. 5 The bird flies in the room (it is in the
room and flies about in it). 6 Thebird flies into the
room (it is outside the room and flies into it). 7 I
am traveling in Spain. 8 I am traveling into Spain.
9 1 sit on a chair and keep my feet upon a stool.
10 1 place my hand upon the table. n From under
the sofa the mouse ran under the bed, and now it
runs about under the bed. 12 Above the earth is
(finds itself) air. 13 Instead of coffee he gave me
tea with sugar, but without cream. 14 1 stand out-
side the house, and he is within. 15 In the draw-
ing-room was nobody except him and his fiancee.
16 The swallow flew across the river, because beyond
the river were other swallows. ll I am remaining
here according to the orders of my chief. l8 When
he was at my house he stood a whole hour at the
window. 19 He says that I am attentive. 20 He
asks that I be attentive. 21 Although you are rich,
I doubt that (whether) you are happy. 22 If you
knew who he is you would esteem him more. 23 If
he has already come, ask him to come to me. 2 * Oh
God ! what are you doing? 25 Ah, how beautiful !
28 Away from here 1 27 Fie, how abominable 1 28 Well,
go faster 1
138 The American Esperanto Book
EXERCISE 27
artikolo, article. tiam, then.
objekto, object, tia, such, such a
kompreni, understand, ekzemplo, example.
polo, Pole. necesa, necessary.
vokalo, vowel. prepozicio, preposition.
kunmeti, to compound', simpla, simple.
ligi, to bind. radiko, root.
soni, to sound. klara, clear.
postuli, claim, require, gramatiko, grammar.
nacio, nation. diversa, diverse, various
9ipo, ship. aboni, to subscribe.
matenmangi, to eat breakfast.
1 La artikolo la estas uzata tiam a , kiam ni paro-
las pri personoj au objekto j konataj. " Cia uzado
estas tia sama kiel en la alia] lingvoj. 3 La per-
sonoj, kiuj b ne komprenas la uzadon de la artikolo
(ekzemple rusoj au poloj, kiuj ne scias alian ling-
von krom sia propra), povas en la unua tempo tute
ne uzi la artikolon, Car gi estas oportuna sed ne
necesa. * Anstatau la oni povas ankau diri F, (sed
nur post prepozicio, kiu fin i gas per vokalo).
6 Vortoj kunmetitaj estas kreataj per simpla kun-
ligado de vortoj ; one prenas ordinare la purajn
radikojn, sed, se la bonsoneco au la klareco postu-
las, oni povas ankau preni la tutan vorton, t. e.,
la radikon kune kun gia gramatika finigo. *Ek-
zemploj : skribtablo au skribotablo (tablo, sur kiu
oni skribas) ; intcrnacia (=kiu estas inter diversaj
nacioj); tutmonda (de la tuta mondo); unutaga
Exercises 139
(kiu dauras unu tagon); unuataga (kiu estas en
la unua tago); vaporipo (=ipo, kiu sin movas
per vaporo); matenmangi, tagmangi, vespermangi;
abonpago (=pago por la abono).
B Observe this use of tiam kiam=then -when. In English
we use zvhen alone, and frequently in Esperanto simply kiam.
Tiam kiam is more definite and emphatic.
b Note that kiuj is plural because it represents more than
one person.
TRANSLATION 27
1 The article la is used when we speak of persons
or things known. 2 Its use is the same as in the
other languages. s Persons who do not understand
the use of the article (for example Russians or
Poles who do not know another language beside
their own), may at first not use the article at all,
for it is convenient but not necessary. ^Instead
of la we can also say /' (but only after a preposi-
tion which ends with a vowel). 5 Compound words
are formed by simple junction of words ; we gen-
erally take the pure roots, but if euphony or clear-
ness demands, we can also take the whole word ;
i. e., the root together with its grammatical ending :
6 Examples : skribtablo, or skribotablo, a table on
which one writes ; internacia, that which exists
between or among various nations ; tutmonda, of
the whole world ; unutaga, lasting one day ; unua-
taga, of the first day ; vaporsipo, a ship which
moves by steam ; matenmangi, tagmangi, vesper-
mangi, to breakfast, to dine, to eat supper ; abon-
pago, payment for subscription.
140 The American Esperanto Book
EXERCISE 28
iam, at any time, ever nominative, nominative.
akuzativo, accusative tie, there.
dependi, to depend. kauzo, cause.
esprimi, to express. direkti, to direct.
celi, to aim. . egala, equal.
ia, any kind of . veturi, to journey, travel
flanko, side. dekstra, right-hand.
neniel, in no way. nek.... nek, neither... nor
dis' same as the English prefix dis : semi, sow ;
dissemi, to scatter broadcast, disseminate.
1 Ciuj prepozicioj per si mem postulas Ciam nur
la nominativon. * Se ni iam post prepozicio uzas
la akuzativon, la akuzativo tie dependas ne de la
prepozicio, sed de aliaj kauzoj. 'Ekzemple: por
esprimi direkton, ni aldonas al la vorton la finon n\
sekve: tie (=en tiu loko), tien (=al tiu loko);
tiel same ni ankau diras "la birdo flugis en la gar-
denon, sur la tablon," kaj la vortoj "gardenon,"
"tablon" staras tie Ci en akuzativo ne Car la pre-
pozicioj "en" kaj "sur" tion Ci postulas, sed nur
Car ni volas esprimi direkton, t. e. montri, ke la
Exercises 141
birdo ne sin trovis antaue en la gardeno kaj tie
flugis, sed ke gi de alia loko flugis al la gardeno,
al la tablo (ni volas montri ke la gardeno kaj la
tablo ne estis la loko de la flugado, sed nur la celo
de la flugado); en tiaj okazoj ni uzas la finigon n
tute a egale Cu ia prepozicio starus au ne. *Morgati
mi veturos Parizon (au en Parizon). 6 Mi restos
hodiati dome. 6 Jam estas tempo iri domen. 7 Ni
disigis kaj iris en diversajn flankojn : mi iris dek-
stren kaj li iris maldekstren. 8 Flanken, sinjoro !
9 Mi konas neniun en tiu 6i urbo. 10 Mi neniel povas
kompreni, kion vi parolas. u Mi renkontis nek lin,
nek b lian fraton (ati mi ne renkontis lin, nek lian
fraton).
*Egale is here used where one would expect same.
b Note nek nek, translated neither nor. A similar
form, though practically obsolete, is sometimes used in Eng-
lish : nor voice nor sound.
TRANSLATION 28
1 All prepositions, in themselves, always require
only the nominative. 2 If we ever, after a prepo-
sition, use the accusative, the accusative there
depends not on the preposition, but on other causes.
* For example, to express direction, we add to the
142 The American Esperanto Book
word the ending ; consequently, //>, in that place:
//>, to that place; similarly, we also say "the
bird flew into the garden, upon the table"; and the
words "garden," "table," here stand in the accu-
sative not because the prepositions "in" and "on"
require this, but only because we wish to express
direction ; i. e., to show that the bird was not
previously in the garden and flew about there, but
that it flew from another place into the garden,
upon the table (we wish to show that the garden
and table were not the place of the flying, but only
the goal of the flight); in such cases we use the
accusative just the same, whether any preposition
is there or not. * Tomorrow I shall go to Paris.
6 1 shall remain in the house today. " It is already
time to go home. 7 We separated and went in
different directions ; I went to the right and he
went to the left. * To one side, sir I ' I know no
one in this city. 10 1 can in no way understand
what you are saying. " I met neither him nor his
brother (or, I did not meet him, nor his brother).
Exercises 143
EXERCISE 29
senco, sense. komuna, common.
ebla, possible. ofte, often.
ridi, to laugh. lasta, last, latest.
sopiri, to sigh, long for. regulo, rule.
verbo, verb. obei, to obey.
permesi, to permit, allow.
1 Se ni bezonas a uzi prepozicion, kaj la senco ne
montras al ni, kian prepozicion uzi, tiam ni povas
uzi la komunan prepozicion je. 8 Sed estas bone
uzi la vorton je kiel eble pli b malofte. 8 Anstatau
la vorto je ni povas ankau uzi la akuzativon sen
prepozicio. * Mi ridas je lia naiveco ( au mi ridas
pro lia naiveco, au : mi ridas lian naivecon)
6 Je la lasta fojo mi vidis lin 6e vi (afi : la lastan
fojon). 6 Mi veturis du tagojn kaj unu nokton.
7 Mi sopiras je mia perdita feliCo (au: mian perditan
felifion). 8 E1 la dirita regulo sekvas, ke se ni pri
ia verbo ne scias, Cu gi postulas post si la akuza-
tivon (t. e. Cu gi estas aktiva) au ne, ni povas
*Note indicative mode following se. The need of a prepo-
sition is not a matter of doubt. See Note e. Exercise 20.
b Another peculiar Esperanto form, very frequently used :
Kiel eble plej frue, kiel eble plej bone, kiel eble plej multe.
144 The American Esperanto Book
Ciam uzi la akuzativon. 9 Ekzemple, ni povas diri
"obei al la patro" kaj "obei la patron" (anstatau
"obei je la patro"). 10 Sedni ne uzas la akuzativon
tiam, kiam la klareco de la senco tion Ci malper-
mesas ; ekzemple : ni povas diri "pardoni al la
malamiko" kaj "pardoni la malamikon," sed ni
devas Ciam diri "pardoni al la malamiko lian kul-
pon."
TRANSLATION 29
1 If we need to use a preposition and the sense
does not show us what preposition to use, then we
can use the common preposition je. * But it is
well to use the word je as seldom as possible.
8 Instead of the word je we can also use the accusa-
tive without a preposition. * I laugh at his sim-
plicity. 6 The last time I saw him at your house.
6 I travelled two days and one night. 7 1 sigh for
my lost happiness. 8 From the said rule it follows
that if, concerning any verb, we do not know
whether or not it requires the accusative after it
(i. e. whether or not it is transitive) we can always
use the accusative. * For example, we can say "to
obey 'to' the father" and "to obey the father."
10 But we do not use the accusative when the clearness
of sense forbids this ; for example, we can say "to
pardon 'to' the enemy" and "to pardon the enemy";
but we should always say "to pardon to the enemy
his fault."
Exercises 145
EXERCISE 30
ia, of any kind. konsili, counsel, advise.
ial, for any cause. serio, series.
iam, at any time, ever, pronomo, pronoun.
ie, anywhere. adverbo, adverb.
iel, in any way. rilati, to be related to.
ies, anyone's. prefikso, prefix.
io, anything: ajn, ever.
iom, any quantity. diferetici, to differ.
iu, anybody, somebody. helpi, to help.
sufikso, suffix.
1 la, ia/, iam, ie, iel, ies, io, iom, iu. 8 La
montritajn natt vortojn ni konsilas bone ellerni a ,
Car el ili 6iu povas fari al si grandan serion da
aliaj pronomoj kaj adverbo j. 3 Se ni aldonas la
literon k ni ricevas vortojn demandajn afl rilatajn :
kia, kial, kiam, kie, kiel, kies, kio, kiom, kiu. * Se
ni aldonas la literon /, ni ricevas vortojn montrajn :
tia, tial, tiam, tie, tiel, ties, tio, tiom, tiu. 5 Aldon-
a El, when used as a prefix, is sometimes translated thor-
oughly, though this is not its literal sense. Ellerni, to learn
out, to study out; ellabori, to zvork out.
146 The American Esperanto Book
ante la literon t ni ricevas vortojn komunajn :
tia, tia/, tiam, tie, tie/, ties, tio, (torn, fiu. *Aldon-
ante la prefikson nen ni ricevas vortojn neajn :
nenia, nenia/, neniam, nenie, nenie/, nenies, nenio,
neniom, neniu. 7 Aldonante al la vortoj montraj la
vorton ti ni ricevas montron pli proksiman ; ekzem-
ple : tiu, pli malproksima, tin ti (au ti tiu) pli
proksima ; tie, malproksime, tie ti au ti tie, prok-
sime. 'Aldonante al la vortoj demandaj la vorton
ajn ni ricevas vortojn sendiferencajn : kia ajn, kial
ajn, kiam ajn, kie ajn, kiel ajn, kies ajn, kio ajn,
kiom ajn, kiu ajn. Ekster tio el la diritaj vortoj ni
povas ankoratt fari aliajn vortojn, per helpo de
gramatikaj finigoj kaj aliaj vortoj (sufiksoj) ; ek-
zemple : tiama, tiama, kioma, /tea, ti-tiea, tieulo,
tiamulo, k. t. p. (=kaj tiel plu).
In connection with this lesson, the student should review
what is said of Correlative Words, pp. 70-73. A few explana-
tions are added here :
Tia is the demonstrative of quality, translated that, such a,
such kind. With the relative, kia, it translates such as.
Also, it is used as a demonstrative article, in the sense of the
for the purpose of giving added force, just as unu is similarly
used in a less definite sense. (See Note a, Exercise n).
In this sense, it loses its significance of quality, and may be
followed by kiel. the relative of manner. In Exercise 27,
Exercises 147
Sentence 2, we have tia sama kiel, which is correct, because
tia means the. But we must not say tia bona kiel, the sense
here being as good as, and the correct form tiel bona kiel.
lo, tio, kio, cio, nenio. These all refer to objects and are
not used as modifying words, They indicate the thing itself.
Kio estas tio? Nenio=F#a/ is that? Nothing. But if we
wish to use the correlatives as modifying words, we say : la
birdo=^4w_y kind of bird. Ciuj birdoj=^// birds.
6iu means each, or every, but does not mean all, as do
6iam, 6ie, fiiel, iom, etc. lu and the other four words of
this series express individuality, but refer, when not otherwise
specified, to persons. Hence, to express plurals, Ciuj, kiuj,
tiuj are the correct forms.
TRANSLATION 30
1 Some kind, for some reason, some time, some-
where, somehow, somebody's, something, some
quantity, somebody. 2 The nine words shown we
advise [the student] to learn thoroughly, because
from them everj r one can make for himself a large
series of other pronouns and adverbs. 8 If we add
to them [as a prefix] the letter k, we obtain inter-
rogative or relative words : what kind, why, when,
where, how, whose, what (thing), how much, who.
If we add the letter / we get demonstrative words :
such, therefore, then, there, thus, that person's,
148 The American Esperanto Book
that, that much, that person. 'Adding the letter/
we get collective words : each and every kind, for
every reason, always, everywhere, in every way,
everybody's, everything, all, everyone. 'Adding
the prefix ncn, we obtain negative words : no such,
for no reason, never, nowhere, nohow, no one's,
nothing, none, nobody. 'Adding to the demon-
strative words the word ft, we obtain a meaning of
proximity ; for example : //', that, tiu ft, this ;
//>, there, tie ft, here. "Adding to the interrogative
words the word aj'n, we get indifferent words :
whatever kind of, for whatever reason, whenever,
wherever, however, whosesoever, whatever, what-
ever quantity, whoever. 'Besides this, from these
words we can make still other words, with the help
of the grammatical endings and other words (suf-
fixes) ; for example : contemporaneous (existing
then), eternal, how much, there, a person living
there or being present, a contemporary or person
of that time.
Exercises 1 49
EXERCISE 31
humoro, humor. fermi, to shut.
korpo, body. animo, soul.
kontrakti, to contract, plenum!, to fulfill.
bruli, to burn. . ligno, wood.
material, material. bastono, stick.
tegmento, roof. funto, pound.
koloro, color. supre, above, upper.
telero, plate. tero, earth.
kesto, chest, box. lipo, lip,
haro, hair. griza, gray.
vango, cheek.
1st, person occupied with : maro, sea\ maristo,
sailor.
1 Lia kolero longe dauris. 8 Li estas hodiati en
kolera humoro. 8 Li koleras kaj insultas. *Li
fermis kolere la pordon. 5 Lia filo mortis kaj estas
nun malviva. 6 La korpo estas morta, la animo
estas senmorta. 7 Li estas morte malsana, li ne
vivos pli, ol unu tagon. 8 Li parolas, kaj lia parolo
fluas dolCe kaj agrable. 9 Ni faris la kontrakton
ne skribe, sed parole. 10 Li estas bona parolanto.
11 Starante ekstere, li povis vidi nur la eksteran
flankon de nia domo. 12 Li logas ekster la urbo.
13 La ekstero de tiu 6i homo estas pli bona, ol lia
interno. 14 Li tuj faris, kion mi volis, kaj mi
150 The American Esperanto Book
dankis lin por la tuja plenumo de mia deziro.
"Kia granda brulo 1 kio brulas? "Ligno estas
bona brula materialo. 17 La fera bastono, kiu
kuSis en la forno, estas nun brule a varmega. 18 Cu
li donis al vi jesan respondon, aft nean? "Li eliris
el b la dormoCambro kaj eniris en la mangoCambron.
10 La birdo ne forflugis ; gi nur deflugis de la arbo,
alflugis al la domo kaj surflugis sur la tegmenton.
11 Por Ciu aCetita funto da teo tiu Ci komercisto
aldonas senpage funton da sukero. ** Lernolibron
oni devas ne tralegi, sed tralerni. 8S Li portas
rozkoloran super veston kaj teleroforman Capelon.
**En mia skribotablo sin trovas kvar tirkestoj.
**Liaj lipharoj estas pli grizaj, ol liaj vangharoj.
In Sentences i. a, 3, 4, kolero, kolera, koleras, kolere;
in 15, 16, 17, brulo, brulas, brula, brule. These sentences are
designed to show with what facility an Esperanto root may be
used as a noun, adjective, verb or adverb. To add the parti-
ciples in their adjectival, substantival and adverbial forms,
with the variations and degrees of meaning made possible by
the use of affixes it would puzzle the expert Esperantist to
measure the possible range of expression.
''Eliris el, deflugis de, alflugis al, surflugis sur. See Note
c, Exercise 8.
"This lesson contains a number of compound words. The
student may at first find it difficult to distinguish these at sight,
but he will soon "catch the spirit" of Esperanto. Failing in
this, he will search the vocabularies in vain for seeming roots
which are only simple combinations.
Exercises 151
TRANSLATION 31
1 His anger lasted a long time. 2 He is today in
an angry mood. 3 He is angry and is insulting.
* He shut the door angrily. 5 His son died and is
now lifeless. 6 The body is mortal, the soul is
immortal. 7 He is mortally ill, he will not live
more than one day. 8 He speaks and his speech
flows sweetly and agreeably. 9 We made the con-
tract not in writing, but verbally. 10 He is a good
speaker. " Standing outside, he could see only
the outside of our house. 12 He lives outside the
city. 13 The exterior of this man is better
than his interior. u He did at once what I wished,
and I thanked him for the immediate fulfillment
of my desire. I5 What a big blaze 1 What is
burning? 16 Wood is 'good burning material.
17 The iron rod which lay in the furnace is now
burning hot. 18 Did he give you an affirmative or
a negative reply? 19 He went out of the bed-room
and entered the dining-room. 20 The bird did not
fly away ; it only flew down from the tree, flew to
the house and lit upon the roof. 21 For every pound
of tea purchased, this dealer adds free a pound of
sugar. 22 A text-book one ought not to read through,
but to learn through. 2S He wears a rose-colored
gown and a mortar-board hat. Z1 In my writing-
table are four drawers. 25 His mustache is grayer
than his whiskers.
152 The American Esperanto Book
EXERCISE 32
teatro, theater. okupi, to occupy.
maniero, manner. mehaniko, mechanics.
Jiemio, chemistry. diplomatic, diplomacy.
fiziko, physics. science, science.
glaso, glaso. nigra, black.
drapo, cloth. signifi, to signify.
ovo, egg. bordo, shore.
maro, sea. amaso, crowd.
autuno, autumn. lando, land, country.
suferi, to suffer. najbaro, neighbor.
mezuri, to measure.
1 Teatramanto ofte vizitas la teatron kaj ricevas*
haldaii teatrajn manierojn. 8 Kiu okupas sin je
mehaniko, estas mehanikisto, kaj kiu okupas sin je
hemio, estas hemiisto. * Diplomatiiston oni povas
ankau nomi diplomato, sed fizikiston oni ne povas
nomi fiziko, Car fiziko estas la nomo de la scienco
mem. *La fotografisto fotografis min, kaj mi
sendis mian fotografajon al mia patro. 6 Glaso de
vino estas glaso, en kiu antaue sin trovis vino, ati
kiun oni uzas por vino ; glaso da vino estas glaso
plena je vino. 6 Alportu al mi metron da nigra
Exercises 153
drapo. (Metro de drapo signifus metron, kiu
kugis sur drapo, au kiu estas uzata por drapo).
7 Mi aCetis dekon da ovoj. 8 Tiu 6i rivero havas
ducent kilometroin da longo. 9 Sur la bordo de la
maro staris amaso da b homoj. 10 Multaj birdoj
flugas en la autuno en pli varmajn landojn. n Sur
la arbo sin trovis multe (au multo) da birdoj.
12 Kelkaj homoj sentas sin la plej feliaj c , kiam ili
vidas la suferojn de siaj najbaroj. 13 En la Cambro
sidis nur kelke da homoj. "Da" post ia vorto
montras, ke tiu t\ vorto havas signifion de mezuro.
*Note the use of ricevas where the inclination would be to
use akiras. The latter would mean that he desired or culti-
vated the manner, rather than that it simply "stuck to him,"
and in some instances at least would be fully appropriate.
b lf the student will thoroughly study the uses of da in this
exercise he should never err regarding its use.
c Sentas sin te\\Sa.\=Feel themselves happy. Feli6aj is
nominative, being a predicative adjective. Supplying the full
sense, we have sentas sin esti felicaj. See also Sentence 7,
Exercise 33.
TRANSLATION 32
X A theater-lover often visits the theater, and
soon acquires theatrical manners. 2 He who occu-
154 The American Esperanto Book
pies himself with mechanics is a mechanic, and he
who occupies himself with chemistry is a chemist.
8 A diplomat we can call diplomato, but a physician
we cannot call fiziko, because fiziko is the name of
the science itself. * The photographer photogaphed
me and I sent my photograph to my father.
Glaso de vino is a glass in which was previously
wine, or which one uses for wine; glaso da vino
is a glass full of wine. * Bring me a meter of (</a)
black cloth {metro de drapo would mean a meter
which lay on the cloth, or which is used for cloth).
7 I bought ten eggs. * This river is two hundred
kilometers long. * On the shore of the sea stood a
crowd of people. 10 Many birds fly in the autumn
to warmer countries. " Upon the tree were many
birds. "Some people feel happiest when they
witness the sufferings of their neighbors. "In the
room sat only a few people. " Da after a word
shows that this word has a sense of measure.
Exercises 155
EXERCISE 33
mezo, middle. kreski, to grow.
dika, thick, fat. larga, broad.
lumo, light, mola, soft.
turmenti, to torment. senti, to feel.
beni, to bless. nobla, noble.
rekta, straight. knrba, curved.
kredi, to believe. renversi, to upset.
monto, mountain. kampo, field.
koko, cock, chicken. nepo, grandson.
duonpatro, stepfather, bovo, ox
bo, relative by marriage : patrino, mother ; bo-
patrino, mother-in-law.
1 Mia frato ne estas granda, sed li ne estas
ankaii malgranda ; li estas de meza kresko. * Li
estas tiel dika a , ke li ne povas trairi tra nia mal-
larga pordo. 3 Haro estas tre maldika. * La nokto
estis tiel malluma, ke ni nenion povis vidi e6 antau
nia nazo. 5 Tiu 6i malfrea pano estas malmola,
kiel tono. 6 Malbonaj infanoj amas turmenti
a Dika, usually translated thick, here means thick in a
sense not often thus expressed in English. Careful English
is stout, while a popular and expressive Americanism is fat.
156 The American Esperanto Book
bestojn. 7 Li sentis sin tiel malfeliCa, ke li malbenis
la tagon, en kiu li estis naskita. 8 Mi forte b mal-
estimas tiun Ci malnoblan homon. *La fenestro
longe estis nefermita ; mi gin fermis, sed mia frato
tuj gin denove d malfermis. 10 Rekta vojo estas pli
mallonga, ol kurba. n La tablo staras malrekte,
kaj kredeble baldau renversigos. "Li staras supre
sur la monto kaj rigardas malsupren sur la kampon.
13 Malamiko venis en nian landon. 14 Oni tiel mal-
helpis al mi, ke mi malbonigis mian tutan laboron.
15 La edzino de mia patro estas mia patrino kaj la
avino de miaj infanoj. 18 Sur la korto staras koko
kun tri kokinoj. " Mia fratino estas tre bela
knabino. " Mia onklino estas bona virino. " Mi
vidis vian avinon kun Siaj kvar nepinoj kaj kun
mia nevino. * Lia duonpatrino estas mia bofra-
tino. " Mi havas bovon kaj bovinon. " La juna
vidvino farigis denove fianCino.
b The use of forte to lend intensity to the verb is, we think,
an improvement over the English use of adverbs from roots
of meaning similar to, but not synonomous with, that of the
verb dearly love, fiercely hate, etc.
c Ne here, and not mal. The student will readily grasp
the difference between opened and not closed.
d Denove is frequently used for again. It means anew.
Exercises 157
TRANSLATION 33
1 My brother is not tall, but he is also not short ;
he is of medium growth. *He is so stout that he
cannot pass through our narrow door. 3 A hair is
very fine. * The night was so dark that we could
see nothing, even before our nose. 5 This stale
bread is as hard as stone. 6 Bad children like to
torment animals. 7 He felt so unhappy that he
cursed the day on which he was born. * I intensely
despise this ignoble person. 9 The window was
long open ; I closed it, but my brother immediately
opened it anew. 10 A straight road is shorter than
a curved one. u The table stands crookedly
and, "understandably", will soon be upset. 12 He
stands above upon the mountain and looks below
on the field. 13 An enemy entered our land. '* They
hindered me so that I spoiled my whole work.
16 My father's wife is my mother, and the grand-
mother of my children. 16 In the yard stands a
cock with three hens. " My sister is a very beau-
tiful girl. 18 My aunt is a good woman. 19 1 saw
your grandmother with her four granddaughters
and my niece. 20 His stepmother is my sister-in-
law 21 1 have an ox and a cow. i2 The young
widow became again a fiancee.
158
The American Esperanto Book
EXERCISE 34
viando, meat.
korko, cork.
Stopi, to stop up.
kombi, to comb.
gliti, to skate.
vetero, weather.
segi, to saw.
kudri, to sew.
sonori, to ring,
inko, ink.
sorbi, to absord, sip.
tuko, cloth.
brava, brave.
Stupo, step.
germane, a German.
vasta, wide, vast.
paSti, to pasture.
precipe, principally.
Safo,
po-o, pocket.
tiri, to draw, pull, drag
botelo, bottle.
somero, summer.
frosto, frost.
haki, to hew, chop.
fosi, to dig.
tondi, to clip, shear.
fajfi, to whistle
sablo, sand.
brando, brandy
militi, to war, fight.
kruta, steep.
hispano, Spaniard.
tamen, however.
herbo, grass
bmto, brute
la no, wool,
sheep
*La tranCilo estis tiel malakra, ke mi ne povis
tranfii per gi la viandon, kaj mi devis uzi mian
poSan tranfiilon. *Cu vi havas korktirilon, por
malStopi la botelon? * Mi volis Slosi la pordon,
Exercises 159
sed mi perdis la glosilon. * Si kombas al si la
harojn per argenta kombilo. 5 En somero ni veturas
per diversaj veturiloj, kaj en vintro ni veturas per
glitveturilo. "Hodiau estas bela frosta vetero,
tial mi prenos miajn glitilojn kaj iros gliti. 7 Per
hakilo ni hakas, per segilo ni segas, per fosilo ni
fosas, per kudrilo ni kudras, per tondilo ni tondas,
per sonorilo ni sonoras, per fajfilo ni fajfas. 8 Mia
skribilaro konsistas el inkujo, sablujo, kelke da
plumoj, krajono kaj inksorbilo. 9 Oni metis antau
mi mangilaron, kiu konsistis el telero, kulero,
trancllo, forko, glaseto por brando, glaso por vino
kaj telertuketo. 10 En varmega tago mi amas pro-
meni en arbaro. " Nia lando venkos, Car nia mil-
itistaro estas granda kaj brava. 12 Sur kruta
gtuparo li levis sin al la tegmento de la domo.
18 Mi ne scias la lingvon hispanan, sed per helpo
de vortaro hispana-germana mi tamen komprenis
iom vian leteron. u Sur tiuj Ci vastaj kaj herbo-
riCaj kampoj paStas sin grandaj brutaroj, precipe
aroj da bellanaj gafoj.
TRANSLATION 34
1 The knife was so dull that I could not cut the
meat with it, and I had to use my pocket knife.
160 The American Esperanto Book
* Have you a corkscrew to open the bottle? 8 1
wished to lock the door, but I had lost the key.
*She combs her hair with a silver comb. 8 In the
summer we travel by means of various vehicles,
and in winter we travel by sleigh. 8 Today it is
fine frosty weather, therefore I shall take my
skates and go skating. 7 With an ax we chop,
with a saw we saw, with a spade we dig, with a
needle we sew, with scissors we clip, with a bell
we ring, with a whistle we whistle. 8 My writing
outfit consists of an ink-stand, a sand-box, some
pens, a pencil and a blotter. * They placed before
me eating utensils, which consisted of a plate, a
spoon, a knife, a fork, a small glass for brandy,
a glass for wine, and a napkin. 10 On a hot day I
like to walk in the forest. " Our country will win
because our army is large and brave. "On a
steep ladder he climbed to the roof of the house.
18 1 do not know the Spanish language, but with
the help of a Spanish-German dictionary I never-
theless somewhat understood your letter. " Upon
these vast and fertile fields pasture large herds of
stock, principally flocks of fine-wool sheep.
Exercises 161
EXERCISE 35
konfiti, to preserve. kuko, cake.
fluida, liquid. suspekti, to suspect.
acida, sour. vinagro, vinegar.
sulfuro, sulphur. azoto, azote.
gusto, taste. alta, high.
nature, nature. fiemizo, shirt.
kolo, neck. cetera, the rest.
tolo, linen. glacio, ice.
heroo, hero. plaSi, to please.
lago, lake. . kovri, to cover.
nagi, to swim. folio, leaf.
frandi, to be fond of sweets.
1 Vi parolas sensencajon, mia amiko. 2 Mi
trinkis teon kun kuko kaj konfitajo. 3 Akvo estas
fluidajo. *Mi ne volis trinki la vinon, Car gi en-
havis en si ian suspektan malklarajon. 6 Sur la
tablo staris diversaj sukerajoj. 6 En tiuj 6i boteletoj
sin trovas diversaj acidoj : vinagro, sulfuracido,
azotacido kaj aliaj. 7 Via vino estas nur ia abomena
acidajo. 8 La acideco de tiu 6i vinagro estas tre mal-
forta. 9 Mi mangis bongustan ovajon. 10 Tiu 6i granda
altajo ne estas natura monto. n La alteco de tiu
monto ne estas tre granda. 18 Kiam mi ien veturas,
mi neniam prenas kun mi multon da pakajo. 13 Ce-
mizojn, kolumojn, manumojn kaj ceterajn similajn
objektojn ni nomas tolajo, kvankam ili ne Ciam
estas faritaj el tolo. " Glaciajo estas dolCa glaci-
1 62 The American Esperanto Book
igita f ran da Jo. 15 La riCeco de tiu Ci homo estas
granda, sed lia malsageco estas ankorati pli granda.
"Li amas tiun Ci knabinon pro Sia beleco kaj
boneco. "Lia heroeco tre plaCis al mi. "Latuta
suprajo de la lago estis kovrita per nagantaj folioj
kaj diversaj aliaj kreskajoj. " Mi vivas kun li en
granda amikeco.
TRANSLATION 35
1 You talk nonsense, my friend. * I drank tea,
with cake and preserves. 'Water is a liquid. * I
did not wish to drink the wine, because it had in
it some suspicious unclear matter. 'Upon the
table stood various sweetmeats. * In these little
bottles are various acids : vinegar, sulphuric acid,
nitric acid and others. 7 Your wine is only some
kind of abominable acid stuff. 8 The acidity of
this vinegar is very weak. * I ate a good omelet.
10 This great eminence is not a natural mountain.
11 The height of that mountain is not very great.
11 When I go anywhere I never take with me much
baggage. 1S Shirts, collars, cuffs and other similar
objects we call linen, though they are not always
made of linen. " An ice is a sweet frozen dainty.
15 The wealth of this man is great, but his foolish-
ness is still greater. 16 He loves this girl because
of her beauty and goodness. " His heroism pleased
me very much. " The whole surface of the lake
was covered with floating leaves and various other
growths. " I live with him in great friendship.
Exercises 163
EXERCISE 36
gratuli, to congratulate, altaro, altar.
kuraci, to heal, treat. doktoro, doctor.
pra, great-, primordial, hebreo, a Hebrew
Cevalo, horse.
ge, persons of both sexes : patro, father ; ge-
patroj, parents.
id', descendant or young of: Cevalo, a horse ;
fievalido, a colt.
1 Patro kaj patrino lame estasnomataj gepatroj.
2 Petro, Anno kaj Elizabeto estas miaj gefratoj.
8 Gesinjoroj N. hodiati venos al mi. *Mi gratulis
telegrafe la junajn geedzojn. 6 La gefianCoj staris
apud la altaro. 6 La patro de mia edzino estas mia
bopatro, mi estas lia bofilo, kaj mia patro estas la
bopatro de mia edzino. 7 Ciuj parencoj de mia
edzino estas miaj boparencoj, sekve ia frato estas
mia bofrato, ia fratino estas mia bofratino ; mia
frato kaj fratino (gefratoj) estas la bogefratoj de
mia edzino. 8 La edzino de mia nevo kaj la nevo
de mia edzino estas miaj bonevinoj. 'Virino,
kiu kuracas, estas kuracistino ; edzino de kuracisto
estas kuracistedzino. 10 La doktoredzino A. vizitis
hodiau la gedoktorojn P. u Li ne estas lavisto, li
164 The American Esperanto Book
estas lavistinedzo. " La filoj, nepoj kaj pranepoj
de rego estas regidoj. "La hebreoj estas Izrael-
idoj, Car ili devenas de Izraelo. " Cevalido estas
nematura Cevalo, kokido nematura koko, bovido
nematura bovo, birdido nematura birdo.
TRANSLATION 36
*A father and a mother together are called
parents. * Peter, Anne and Elizabeth are my
brother and sisters. * Mr. and Mrs. N. will come
to our house today. *I congratulated by
telegraph the young married couple. 6 The affi-
anced pair stood at the altar. * My wife's father
is my father-in-law, I am his son-in-law, and my
father is my wife's father-in-law. 'All relatives of
my wife are my relatives-in-law ; consequently her
brother is my brother-in-law, her sister is my
sister-in-law ; my brother and sister are the brother-
and sister-in-law of my wife * My nephew's wife
and my wife's niece are my nieces-in-law. *A
woman who treats the sick is a female physician ;
a wife of a physician is a physician's wife. l The
wife of Dr. A. visited today Dr. and Mrs. P. "He
is not a laundryman, he is a laundress' husband.
"The sons, grandsons and great-grandsons of a
king are princes. ls The Hebrews are Israelites
because they are descended from Israel. "A colt
is an immature horse, a chick an immature chicken,
a calf an immature cow, a fledgling an imma-
ture bird.
Exercises 165
EXERCISE 37
regno, state, kingdom, province, province.
severa, severe. justa, just, righteous.
police, police. sufifie, enough.
Kristo, Christ. franco, a Frenchman.
konfesi, to confess. religio, religion.
regimento, regiment. boto, boot.
uo, shoe. lasi, to leave, let alone.
droni, to drown. verki, to compose.
eS, even. ombro, shadow.
pregi, to pray. virga, virginal.
an, inhabitant, member, partisan : Nov-Jorko,
New York ; Nov-Jorkano, New- Yorker.
ul', a person noted for: avara, covetous-, ava-
rulo, a miser.
*La Sipanoj devas obei la ipestron. 2 Ciuj
logantoj de regno estas regnanoj. 3 Urbanoj estas
ordinare pli ruzaj, ol vilaganoj. *La regnestro de
nia lando estas bona kaj saga rego. B La Parizanoj
estas gajaj homoj. 6 Nia provincestro estas severa,
sed justa. 7 Nia urbo havas bonajn policanojn,
sed ne sufiCe energian policestron. 8 Luteranoj kaj
Kalvinanoj estas kristanoj. "Germanoj kaj francoj,
1 66 The American Esperanto Book
kiuj logas en Rusujo, estas Rusujanoj, kvankam ill
ne estas rusoj. 1C Li estas nelerta kaj naiva pro-
vincano. " La logantoj de unu regno estas sam-
regnanoj, la logantoj de unu urbo estas samurbanoj,
la konfesantoj de unu religio estas samreligianoj.
"Nia regimentestro estas por siaj soldatoj kiel
bona patro. " La botisto faras botojn kaj guojn.
" La lignisto vendas lignon, kaj la lignajisto faras
tablojn, segojn kaj aliajn lignajn objektojn. 18 Stel-
iston neniu lasas en sian domon. " La kuraga
maristo dronis en la maro. IT Verkisto verkas
librojn, kaj skribisto simple transskribas paperojn.
11 Ni havas diversajn servantojn : kuiriston, Cam-
bristinon, infanistinon kaj veturigiston. 19 La riCulo
havas multe da mono. 20 Malsagulon Ciu batas.
!1 Timulo timas eC sian propran ombron. "Li estas
mensogisto kaj malnoblulo. " Pregu al la Sankta
Virgulino.
TRANSLATION 37
1 The sailors ought to obey the captain. 'All
inhabitants of a state are citizens. 'City people
are usually more cunning than villagers. * The
ruler of our country is a good and wise king.
* The Parisians arc gay people. * Our governor is
Exercises 1 67
strict, but just. 7 Our city has good policemen,
but not a sufficiently energetic chief of police.
8 Lutherans and Calvinists are Christians, "Ger-
mans who live in Russia are Russian citizens,
though they are not Russians. 10 He is an awk-
ward and simple provincial. u The inhabitants of
one country are fellow-countrymen, the inhabitants
of one city are fellow-citizens, the believers of one
religion are fellow-religionists. 12 Our regimental
commander is like a good father to his soldiers.
13 The shoemaker makes boots and shoes. u The
wood dealer sells wood and the joiner makes tables,
chairs, and other wooden articles, 15 No one lets
a thief into his house. l6 The brave sailor was
drowned in the sea. 17 An author writes books,
and a copyist simply copies papers. 18 We have
various servants a cook, a chambermaid, a nurse,
and a coachman. 19 The rich man has much money,
20 Everybody beats a fool. 21 A coward fears even
his own shadow. 22 He is a liar and an ignoble
person. 23 Pray to the Holy Virgin.
1 68 The American Esperanto Book
EXERCISE 38
densa, dense. brui, to make a noise.
kaleSo, carriage. pluvo, rain.
pafi, to shoot.
Gj, masculine, nj, feminine; suffixes used after
the first (i to 6) letters of names, to form endear-
ing diminutives.
1 Mi aCetis por la infanoj tableton kaj kelke da
segetoj. *En nia lando sin ne trovas montoj, sed
nur montetoj. 3 Tuj post la hejto la forno estis
varmega, post unu horo gi estis jam nur varma,
post du horoj gi estis nur iom varmeta, kaj post
tri horoj gi estis jam tute malvarma. * En somero
ni trovas malvarmeton en densaj arbaroj. 6 Li
sidas apud la tablo kaj dormetas. ' Mallarga
vojeto kondukas tra tiu Ci kampo al nia domo.
7 Sur lia vizago mi vidis gojan rideton. 8 Kun bruo
oni malfermis la pordegon, kaj la kaleSo enveturis
en la korton. "Tio Ci estis jam ne simpla pluvo,
sed pluvego. 10 Grandega hundo metis sur min
sian antauan piedegon, kaj mi de teruro ne sciis,
kion fari. n Antaii nia militistaro staris granda
serio da pafilegoj. I2 johanon, Nikolaon, Erneston,
Exercises 1 69
Vilhelmon, Marion, Klaron kaj Sofion iliaj gepatroj
nomas JohanCjo (ati JoCjo), NikolCjo (au NikoCjo
ati NikCjo ati NiCjo), Erne6jo (aft Erejo), Vilheiejo
(ati VilheCjo ati Viiejo ati Vi6jo), Manjo (ati
Marinjo), Klanjo kaj Sonjo (au Sofinjo).
TRANSLATION 38
1 1 bought for the children a little table and
some little chairs. a In our country there are no
mountains, but only hills. 3 Immediately after
heating, the stove was hot, after an hour it was
only warm, after two hours it was only somewhat
warm, and after three hours it was entirely cold. *In
summer we find coolness in dense forests. 5 He
sits near the table and dozes. 6 A narrow path
leads through this field to our house. ' Upon his
face I saw a happy smile. 8 Noisily they opened
the gate, and the carriage drove into the yard.
9 This was no longer a simple rain, but a flood.
10 An enormous dog put his forepaw upon me, and
from terror I did not know what to do. n In front
of our army stood a large array of cannon. 12 John,
Nicholas, Ernest, William, Mary, Clara and Sophia,
their parents call Johnnie, Nick, Ernie, Willie,
Mollie, Clarie, Sophie.
170 The American Esperanto Book
EXERCISE 39
koto, dirt. broso, brush.
ruga, red. honti, to be ashamed.
solena, solemn. infekti, to infect.
printempo, springtime, relo, rail.
rado, wheel. pendi, to hang.
Capo, cap, bonnet. vento, wind.
blovi, to blow. kapo, head.
branCo, branch.
1 En la kota vetero mia vesto forte
tial mi prenis broson kaj purigis* la veston. * Li
paligis de timo kaj poste li rugigis de honto. *Li
fianCigis kun f raulino Berto ; post tri monatoj estos
la edzigo ; la edziga soleno estos en la nova pregejo,
kaj la edziga festo estos en la domo de liaj estontaj
bogepatroj. * Tiu Ci maljunulo tute malsagigis kaj
infanigis. 'Post infekta malsano oni ofte bruligas
la vestojn de la malsanulo. *Forigu vian fraton,
Car li malhelpas al ni. 7 Si edzinigis kun sia
kuzo, kvankam Siaj gepatroj volis gin edzinigi kun
alia persono. "En la printempo la glacio kaj la
ncgo fluidigas. 'Venigu la kuraciston, Car mi estas
Exercises 171
malsana. 10 Li venigis al si el Berlino multajn
librojn. n Mia onklo ne mortis per natura morto,
sed li tamen ne mortigis sin mem kaj ankau estis
mortigita de neniu ; unu tagon, promenante apud
la reloj de fervojo, li falis sub la radojn de veturanta
vagonaro kaj mortigis. 12 Mi ne pendigis mian
Capon sur tiu 6i arbeto ; sed la vento forblovis de
mia kapo la Capon, kaj gi, flugante, pendigis sur la
branCoj de la arbeto. 13 Sidigu vin (au sidigu), sin-
joro 1 " La junulo aligis al nia militistaro kaj
kurage batalis kune kun ni kontrau niaj malamikoj.
a Study carefully the distinction between ig and if . The
former is always transitive, while the latter is intransitive :
purigi, to clean ; purigi, to become clean. Sentences 7 and n
well illustrate this difference.
TRANSLATION 39
1 In the muddy weather my coat became very
dirty ; therefore, I took a brush and cleaned the
coat. 2 He turned pale with fear, and afterwards
he blushed with shame. 8 He became engaged to
Miss Bertha ; three months hence will be the
wedding ; the marriage ceremony will be in the
new church, and the wedding festival will be in the
172 The American Esperanto Book
house of his future parents-in-law. * This old man
has become quite imbecile and childish. G After an
infectious disease they often burn the clothes of
the patient. * Send your brother away, for he
hinders us. 7 She married her cousin, although her
parents wished to marry her to another person.
* In spring the ice and snow melt. ' Bring the
doctor, because I am ill. 10 He procured for him-
self many books from Berlin. " My uncle did not
die a natural death, but, however, he did not
kill himself, and was not killed by anyone ; one
day, while walking near the rails of the railroad,
he fell under the wheels of a moving train and was
killed. " I did not hang my cap upon this
shrub ; but the wind blew the cap from my head,
and it, flying, hung itself on the branches of the
shrub. "Seat yourself (or, be seated), sir. "The
youth joined our army and fought bravely, together
with us, against our enemies.
Exercises 173
EXERCISE 40
surprizi, to surprise. laca, tired, weary .
trompi, deceive, cheat, fulmo, lightning-,
Sviti, sweat, perspire. bani, to bathe.
magazeno, store. vendi, to sell.
cigaro, cigar. tubo, tube.
fumo, smoke. skatolo, small box, cast.
pantalono, pants. surtuto, overcoat.
brako, arm.
ing, a holder for a single object : cigaringo,
cigar-holder ; kande lingo, candle-stick.
1 En la dauro de kelke da minutoj mi audis du
pafojn. 2 La pafado dauris tre longe. 3 Mi eksaltis
de surprizo. * Mi saltas tre lerte. B Mi saltadis la
tutan tagon de loko al loko. e Lia hieraua parolo
estis tre bela, sed la tro multa parolado lacigas
lin. 7 Kiam vi ekparolis, ni atendis afldi ion novan,
sed baldau ni vidis, ke ni trompigis. 8 Li kantas
tre belan kanton. 9 La kantado estas agrabla
okupo. 10 La diamanto havas belan brilon. " Du
ekbriloj de fulmo trakuris tra la malluma Cielo.
12 La domo, en kiu oni lernas, estas lernejo, kaj la
domo, en kiu oni pregas, estas pregejo. 13 La kuiristo
174 The American Esperanto Book
sidas en lakuirejo. "La kuracisto konsilis al mi iri en
Svitbanejon. "Magazeno, en kiu oni vendas cigarojn,
aii Cambro, en kiu oni tenas cigarojn, estas cigarejo;
skatoleto aii alia objekto, en kiu oni tenas cigarojn,
estas cigarujo ; tubeto, en kiu oni metas cigaron,
kiam oni gin fumas, estas cigaringo. " Skatolo,
en kiu oni tenas plumojn, estas plumujo, kaj bas-
toneto, sur kiu oni tenas plumon por skribado,
estas plumingo. n En la kandelingo sidas brulanta
kandelo. " En la poSo de mia pantolono mi portas
monujon, kaj en la poo de mia surtuto mi portas
paperujon ; pli grandan paperujon mi portas sub la
brako. 19 La rusoj logas en Rusujo kaj la germanoj
en Germanujo.
TRANSLATION 40
1 In the course of a few minutes I heard two
shots. "The shooting continued very long. S I
jumped from surprise. * I jump very skilfully. I
jumped all day from place to place. "His speech of
yesterday was very fine, but too much speaking tires
him. 7 When you began to speak, we expected to hear
something new, but soon saw that we were deceived.
*He is singing a very beautiful song. 'Singing is an
agreeable occupation. l The diamond has a beau-
Exercises 175
tiful sparkle. ll Two flashes of lightning passed
across the dark sky. 18 The house in which people
learn is a school-house, and the house in which
which they pray is a church. l3 The cook sits in
the kitchen. u The doctor advised me to go to a
Turkish bath. 16 A store in which they sell cigars,
or a room in which they keep cigars, is a cigar-
store ; a small box or other object in which people
keep cigars is a cigar-case ; a little tube in which
one puts a cigar when he smokes it, is a cigar-
holder. 16 A box in which we keep pens is a pen-
case, and a little stick, on which we have a pen for
writing, is a penholder. 17 In the candlestick is a
burning candle. 18 In the pocket of my trousers
I carry a purse, and in the pocket of my overcoat
I carry a pocketbook ; a larger document-case I
carry under my arm. 19 Russians live in Russia,
and Germans in Germany.
176 The American Esperanto Book
EXERCISE 41
Stalo, steel. fleksi, to bend.
vitro, glass. rompi, to break.
laudi, to praise. memori, to remember.
dpari, to economize. bagatelo, trifle.
vengi, to avenge. eksciti, to excite.
polvo, dust. fajro, fire.
eksplodi, to explode. pulvo, gunpowder.
er, one of many objects of the same kind : sablo,
sand\ sablero, a grain of sand.
'Stalo estas fleksebla, sed fero ne estas fleksebla.
* Vitro estas rompebla kaj travidebla. * Ne Ciu
kreskajo estas mangebla. * Via parolo estas tute
nekomprenebla kaj viaj leteroj estas Ciam skribitaj
tute nelegeble. 6 Rakontu al mi vian malfeliCon,
Car eble mi povos helpi al vi. 'Li rakontis al mi
historion tute nekredeblan. 7 Cu vi amas vian
patron? *Kia demando 1 kompreneble, ke mi lin
amas. ' Mi kredeble ne povos veni al vi hodiau,
Car mi pensas, ke mi mem havos hodiau gastojn.
10 Li estas homo ne kredinda. ll Via ago estas tre
laudinda. li Tiu Ci grava tago restos por mi Ciam
memorinda. 1S Lia edzino estas tre laborema kaj
Sparema, sed Si estas ankati tre babilema kaj
kriema. " Li estas tre ekkolerema kaj ekscitigas
ofte Ce la plej malgranda bagatelo ; tamen li estas
tre pardonema, li ne portas longe la koleron kaj li
tute ne estas vengema. 15 Li estas tre kredema :
eC la plej nekredeblajn aferojn, kiujn rakontas al li
Exercises 177
la plej nekredindaj homoj, li tuj kredas. 16 Cen-
time, pfenigo kaj kopeko estas moneroj. 17 Sablero
enfalis en mian okulon. 18 Li estas tre purema,
kaj e6 unu polveron vi ne trovos sur lia vesto.
19 Unu fajrero estas sufiCa, por eksplodigi pulvon.
TRANSLATION 41
1 Steel is flexible, but iron is not flexible.
2 Glass is brittle and transparent. 8 Not every
plant is edible. * Your speech is quite incompre-
hensible, and your letters are always written quite
illegibly. 6 Tell me your unhappiness, for possibly
I shall be able to help you. 6 He told me a totally
incredible story. 7 Do you love your father?
8 What a question ! Of course I love him. 9 1
shall probably not be able to come to your house
today, for I think that I myself shall have guests
today. 10 He is a man unworthy of belief. "Your
act is very praiseworthy. t2 This important day
will ever remain memorable for me. 13 His wife is
very industrious and thrifty, but she is also very
talkative and noisy. u He is very quick-tempered,
and often becomes excited at the smallest trifle ;
however, he is very forgiving, he does not bear
anger long and is not at all vengeful. 15 He is very
credulous ; even the most incredible things, which
the most untrustworthy people tell him, he at once
believes. 16 A centime, a pfennig and a kopek are
coins. 17 A grain of sand fell into my eye. 18 He
is very clean, and you will not find even a single
speck of dust on his coat. 19 One spark is sufficient
to explode gunpowder.
178 The American Esperanto Book
EXERCISE 42
atingi, to attain. rezultato, result.
Siri, to tear > rend. peco, piece.
moSto, universal title, episkopo, bishop.
grafo, earl, count. difini, to define.
'Ni Ciuj kunvenis, por priparoli tre gravan aferon;
sed ni ne povis atingi ian rezultaton, kaj ni disiris.
* MalfeliCo ofte kunigas la homojn, kaj feliCo ofte
disigas ilin. * Mi disSiris la leteron kaj disjetis
giajn pecetojn en Ciujn angulojn de la Cambro.
4 Li donis al mi monon, sed mi gin tuj redonis al li.
5 Mi foriras, sed atendu min, Car mi baldaurevenos.
6 La suno rebrilas en la klara akvo de la rivero.
7 Mi diris al la rego : via rega moSto, pardonu min!
8 El la tri ieteroj unu estis adresita : al Lia Epis-
kopa MoSto, Sinjoro N.; la dua : al lia Grafa
MoSto, Sinjoro P.; la tria: al Lia MoSto, Sinjoro
D. 9 La sufikso urn ne havas difinitan signifon,
kaj tial la (tre malmultajn) vortojn kun urn oni
devas lerni, kiel simplajn vortojn. 10 Ekzemple :
plenumi, kolumo, manumo. " Mi volonte plenumis
lian deziron. " En malbona vetero oni povas facile
malvarmumi. Sano, sana, sane, sani, sanu, san-
iga, saneco, sanilo, sanigi, sanigi, sanejo, sanisto,
sanulo, malsano, malsana, malsane, malsani, mal-
sanulo, malsaniga, malsanigi, malsaneta, malsan-
ema, malsanulejo, malsanulisto, malsanero, mal-
saneraro, sanigebla, sanigisto, sanigilo, sanilo,
Exercises 179
resanigi, resaniganto, sanigilejo, sanigejo, malsan-
emulo, sanilaro, malsanaro, malsanulido, nesana,
malsanado, sanilajo, malsaneco, malsanemeco,
saniginda, sanilujo, sanigilujo, remalsano, remal-
sanigo, malsanulino, sanigista, sanigilista, sanil-
ista, malsanulista a k. t. p.
TRANSLATION 42
1 We all convened to discuss a very important
matter, but we could not attain any result, and we
separated. 2 Unhappiness often unites people and
and happiness often separates them. 3 1 tore up
the letter and scattered its fragments into all cor-
ners of the room. * He gave me money, but I
immediately returned it to him. e I am going
away, but await me, as I shall soon return. 6 The
sun reflects in the clear water of the river. 7 1
said to the king: " Your Majesty, pardon me !"
8 Of the three letters, one was addressed : "To His
Reverence, Bishop N."; the second: "To His
Excellency, Count P."; the third : "To The Hon-
orable Mr. D." 9 The suffix um has no definite
meaning, and therefore the (very few) words with
um one should learn as simple words. 10 For ex-
ample : plenumt, kolumo, manumo. n I willingly
fulfilled his desire. 12 In bad weather one can
easily catch cold.
*The 'fifty-three words shown here from the root san' are
self-defining and serve to illustrate the wide latitude of ex-
pression which may be had by use of the affixes.
180 The American Esperanto Book
CORRESPONDENCE
In the date-line of a letter, we usually omit the
preposition je and write the day of the month with
accusative sign following the figures :
St. Louis, 1 8** de Angus to, 1908.
San Francisko, 26 de Marto, 1914.
Everyone may safely use his own taste as to
the form of salutation, conforming, however, to the
relations between adresanto and adresato. By a
peculiar paradox, the most formal style of address
for Americans, "My Dear Madam", is far from
formality in its literal meaning, and should the
average European be addressed as Mia Kara he
would infer at least some degree of affection. A
few of the many forms of greeting are :
Sinjoroj:
Respektata Sinjorino :
Tre Estimata Amiko :
Kara Kolego :
Kara Samideano* :
The forms of closing letters are much the same
as in English :
Kun plena respekto,
Tre vere via,
Kun granda estimo, etc: , etc.
Sam-ide-an-o, a fellow-thinker.
Correspondence 181
Modelaj Leteroj
Al Administranto de Amerika Esperantisto^
Cikago, U. S. A.
Sinjoro :
Tralerninte mian lernolibron kun treegaintereso,
kaj dezirante lernadi pli multe pri Esperanto, kiel
ankau uzadi mian gis nun akiritan scion, mi sendas
enfermite mandaton por la sumo da unu dolaro kaj
dudek-kvin cendoj. Aminde enskribu mian nomon
kiel abonanto al via gazeto dum unu jaro, komen-
conta je la oktobra kajero. Ankau, enpresu kiel
eble plej frue, la sekvantan anonceton :
Dekses-jara esperantistino deziras korespondadi
kun kelkaj geartistoj de fremdaj landoj pri la inter-
sango de artajetojn, kuriozajojn y k. /. p. A/able sin
turnu al: Fno. Gladys Nelson^ 23 Paul Avenue,
Sttite 16, Nov- Yorko.
Esperante ke vi baldau plenumos mian mendon,
mi estas, sinjoro,
Tre respekte la via,
(Fraulino) Gladys Nelson.
Urbo Nov-Jorko, i6 an de Septembro, 1907.
23 Paul Avenue, Suite 16.
1 82 The American Esperanto Book
Toronto, Kanado, 17* de Aprilo, 1908.
D ro W. F. Cody,
Galveston, Texas, U. . A.
Mia Kara Samideano :
Respondante vian leteron pri la reciproka inter-
Sangado de manuskriptojpredikaj, mi povas diri ke
mi multe aprobas la projekton. Per tiu Ci farado
ni sendube ricevos muite da helpon, kaj plibonigos
nian laboradon. Mi sendas al vi per la sama poSto
lanotojn de mia hieratia prediko, titolita "Ju pli da
Sapo, des pli da Sankteco." Mi vere kredas keoni
ne povas purigi la morojn de la amasoj gis kiam
ili havos sufiCe da riCeco por gui purajn domojn,
puran aeron kaj purajn vestojn. Cu vi opinias ke
mi eraras?
Frate via,
Charles Saunders Hamm.
Novembro la 6 an , 1906.
Sekretario de 1' Algera Esperantista Societo,
4, rue du Marine, Algero, Algerujo.
Respektata Sinjoro :
Cu vi povas doni al mi, poStkarte, adreson de
juna algera esperantistino kiu kredeble Satus kores-
pondi kun nord-amerika samideanino? Mi multe
interesas pri la afero nia en Afriko, kaj deziras pli
detale sciigi. Kun kora danko pro via komplezo,
mi subskribas min, sinjoro,
Via humila servantino,
Alberta V. Edwards.
Adreso: Griff, Mo., U. . A.
Correspondence 183
Especially in correspondence with foreign per-
sons, one should be careful to write plainly, as to
many of these Esperanto script is not easy to read
unless clearly written. Be particularly careful as
to name and address. We Americans, many of
whom habitually use figures of speech called slang
while new, and good English when the gloss is worn
off, must remember that such language cannot be
translated. An Indiana man writes me that a
certain book is a persiko. He is a rare American
who doesn't know what is meant by a metaphorical
"peach," and most Europeans would understand
if we mentioned "bird"; but to the home-grown
Japanese or Maori these words would indicate
things pertaining to horticulture and ornithology.
184 The American Esperanto Book
LA ESPERANTISMO
La sekvanta Deklaracio estis eldonata de la Unua
Jnternacia Kongreso Esperantista en Boulogne-sur-
Mer, la $an de Atigusto, 1905 ':
Car pri la esenco de la esperantismo multaj
havas tre malveran ideon, tial ni subskribintoj,
reprezentantoj de la esperantismo en diversaj landoj
de la mondo, kunvenintaj al la Internacia Kongreso
Esperantista en Boulogne-sur-Mer, trovis necese
latt la propono de la autoro de Esperanto doni la
sekvantan klarigon.
1. La esperantismo estas penado disvastigi en
la tuta mondo la uzadon de lingvo neutrale homa,
kiu, "ne entrudante sin en la internan vivon de la
popoloj kaj neniom celante elpuSi la ekzistantajn
lingvojn naciajn," donus al la homoj de malsamaj
nacioj la eblon komprenigadi inter si, kiu povos
servi kiel paciga lingvo en publikaj institucioj de
tiuj landoj, kie diversaj nacioj batalas inter si pri
la lingvo, kaj en kiu povos esti publikigataj tiuj
verko], kiuj havas egalan intereson por Ciuj popo-
loj. Ciu alia ideo au espero, kiun tiu ati alia
esperantisto ligas kun la esperantismo, estas lia
afero pure privata por kiu la esperantismo ne
respondas.
2. Car en la nuna tempo neniu esploranto jam
La Esperantismo 185
dubas pri tio, ke lingvo internacia povas esti nur
lingvo arta, kaj Car el Ciuj multegaj provoj faritaj
en la dauro de la lastaj du centjaroj, Ciuj prezentas
nur teoriajn projektojn, kaj lingvo efektive finita,
Ciuflanke elprovita, perfekte vivipova kaj en 6iuj
rilatoj pleje tauga montrigis nur unu sola lingvo,
Esperanto ; tial la amikoj de la ideo de lingvo
internacia, konsciante ke teoria diskutado kondukos
al nenio kaj ke la celo povas esti atingita nur per
laborado praktika, jam de longe Ciuj grupigis Cirkau
la sola lingvo Esperanto kaj lahoras por gia disvas-
tigado kaj la rifiigado de gia literature.
3. Car la aiitoro de la lingvo Esperanto tuj en
la komenco rifuzis unufoje por Ciam Ciujn personajn
rajtojn kaj privilegiojn rilate tiun lingvon, tial
Esperanto estas "nenies proprajo" nek en rilato
materiala, nek en rilato morala. Materiala majstro
de tiu Si lingvo estas la tuta mondo kaj Ciu dezi-
ranto povas eldonadi en an pri tiu Ci lingvo Ciajn
verkojn, kiajn li deziras, kaj uzadi la lingvon por
Ciaj eblaj celoj ; kiel spiritaj majstroj de tiu 6i
lingvo estos 6iam rigardataj tiuj personoj, kiuj de
la mondo esperantista estos konfesataj kiel la plej
bonaj kaj plej talentaj verkistoj de tiu 6i lingvo.
4. Esperanto havas neniun personan legdonan-
ton kaj dependas de neniu aparta homo. Opinioj
kaj verkoj de la kreinto de Esperanto havas, simile
al la opinioj kaj verkoj de Ciu alia esperantisto,
karakteron absolute privatan kaj por neniu devigan.
La sola unufoje por Ciam deviga por Ciuj esperan-
1 86 The American Esperanto Book
tistoj fundamento de la lingvo Esperanto estas la
verketo "Fundamento de Esperanto," en kiu neniu
havas la rajton fari Sangon. Se iu deklinigas de la
reguloj kaj modeloj donitaj en la dirita verko, li
neniam povos pravigi sin perlavortoj "tiel deziras
au konsilas la aiitoro de Esperanto." Ciun ideon,
kiu ne povas esti oportune esprimata per tiu mate-
rialo, kiu trovigas en la "Fundamento de Esperan-
to," Ciu esperantisto havas la rajton esprimi en tia
maniero, kiun li trovas la plej gusta, tiel same, kiel
estas farate en Ciu alia lingvo. Sed pro plena
unueco de la lingvo al Ciuj esperantistoj estas
rekomendate imitadi kiel eble plej multe tiun
stilon, kiu trovigas en la verkoj de la kreinto de
Esperanto, kiu la plej multe laboris por kaj en
Esperanto, kaj la plej bone konas gian spiriton.
5. Esperantisto estas nomate Ciu persono, kiu
scias kaj uzas la lingvon Esperanto, tute egale, por
kiaj celoj li gin uzas. Apartenado al ia aktiva societo
esperantista por Ciu esperantisto estas rekomend-
inda, sed de deviga.
VOCABULARIES
The following Esperanto-English Vocabulary
contains all of the word-roots found in the Funda-
mento de Esperanto, with some hundreds of others
in general use. The student must understand that
the great majority of these roots can be changed
by the addition of the various grammatical endings
and of the prefixes and suffixes ; so that, having
appropriated a thousand Esperanto roots, he will
possess a working vocabulary of several thousand
words.
The English-Esperanto Vocabulary is merely a
supplementary help, to assist the student in finding
the root connected with the idea he has in mind.
It contains few feminine nouns, these being formed
from the general or masculine term by adding the
suffix in. Hundreds of words for which Esperanto
has no root equivalent are translated by the word
of contrary meaning, with the prefix mal. The
method of word-building is shown in the following
series of words from the root for health :
Sano, health.
Sani, to be healthy.
Sana, healthy.
Sane, healthfully.
Sanigi, to make healthy.
Vocabularies
Sanigi, to become healthy.
Malsani, to be ill.
Malsano, sickness.
Malsaneco, the state of being sick.
Sanulo, a healthy person.
Malsanulo, an invalid.
Resanigebla, curable.
Nesanigebla, incurable.
Malsanulejo, a sanitarium, hospital
Resaniganta, convalescent.
Remalsanigi, to suffer a relapse.
Malsanema, sickly.
Malsanero, a malady.
Malsaneraro, a category of diseases.
Sanemulino, a healthily-inclined female.
Sanigilo, a medicine.
Sanigilaro, materia medica.
Sanigisto, a physician.
Malsaneto, a slight disease.
Malsanego, a very serious malady.
Sanigilujo, a medicine case.
Etc., etc,, etc. See full list of affixes, pp. 65
to 69.
Esperanto- English Vocabulary
a, adjective ending
abat-o, abbot
abel-o, bee
aberaci-o, aberration
abi-o, fir
abisen-o, Abysinnian
abism-o, abyss
abiturient-o, abiturient
ablativ-o, ablative
abomen-o, abomination
abon-i, to subscribe to
abnegaci-o, abnegation
abrikot-o, apricot
abrotan-o, southern-
wood
abrupt-a, abrupt
absces-o, abscess
absin-to, absinthe
absolut-a, absolute
absolutism-o, absolut-
ism
absolv-i, to absolve
absorb-i, to absorb
abstemi-a, abstemious
abstinenc-o, abstinence
abstrakt-a, abstract
absurd-a, absurd
acer-o, maple
acetat-o, acetate
acetile-no, acetylene
acid-a, sour
aSet-i, to buy
ad, suffix indicating con-
tinued action : paroli,
to speak ; parolado,
a speech
adapt-i, to adapt
adekvat-a, adequate
adept-o, adept
adiaii, farewell
adici-i, to add
adjektiv-o, adjective
adjunkt-o, adjunct
adjutant-o, adjutant
administr-i, administer
administraci-o, admin-
istration, management
admir-i, to admire
admiral-o, admiral
admiralitat-o, admi-
ralty
admon-i, to admonish
adopt-i, to adopt
ador-i, worship, adore
adres-i, to address
adstring-a, astringent
adult-i, to commit adul-
tery
adverb-o, adverb
advent-o, advent
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
advokat-o, attorney,
advocate
aer-o, air; aerumi, to
ventilate
aerometr-o, aerometer
aeronautik-o, aeronaut-
ics
aerostat-o, aerostat
afabl-a, affable
afekci-o, affection (not
love)
afekt-i, to affect
afer-o, affair, matter
aforism-o, aphorism
afiks-o, affix
afi-o, placard
afrank-i, to pay postage
Afrik-o, Africa
afust-o, gun-carriage
ag-i, to act
agac-i, to set the teeth
on edge
agarik-o, mushroom
agat-o, agate
agend-o, note-book
agent-o, agent
agit-i, to agitate (/<?/.)
agiot-o, a speculation in
stocks
agl-o, eagle
aglomer-i, to agglom-
erate
aglutin-i, to agglutinate
agoni-o, agony
agord-i, to tune
agrabl-a, agreeable
agraf-o, metal clasp
agregat-o, aggregate
agrikultur-o, agricul-
ture
agronomi-o, agronomy
ag-o, age
ajl-o, garlic
ajn ever : kiam ajn,
whenever
aj, something made from
or possessing the
quality of : bovo, ox ;
bovajo, becf\ bela,
beautiful; belajo, a
beautiful thing.
akaci-o, acacia
akademi-o, academy
akapar-i, to "corner
the market" of
akar-o, mite, tick
akcel-i, to hasten, ac-
celerate
akcent-o, accent
akcept-i, to accept
akcesor-o, accessory
akci-o, share of stock
akcident-o, accident
akcipitr-o, hawk
akciz-o, excise
akir-i, to acquire
aklam-i, to acclaim
akn-o, pimple
akompan-i, to accom-
pany
akomod-i.accommodate
to, to fit
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
akonit-o, aconite
akord-o, chord (.musii)
akr-a, sharp
akrid-o, grasshopper
akrobat-o, acrobat
aks-o, axle
aksel-o, axle-hole
aksiom-o, axiom
akt-o, act (theatrical)
aktiv-a, active (gram.}
aktor-o, actor
akurat-a, accurate
akustik-o, accoustics
aku-i, to deliver a
woman
akut-a, acute
akuzativ-o, accusative
akv-o, water
akvafort-o, aquafortis
akvarel-o, a painting
in water-color
akvari-o, aquarium
al, to or toward
alabastr-o, alabaster
alarm-o, alarm
alaud-o, lark (bird)
alban-o, Albanian
albinos-o, albino
album-o, album
albumen-o, albumen
alcion-o, halcyon
ald-o, alto
ale-o, walk, path
alegori-o, allegory
alen-o, awl
alfabet-o, alphabet
alg-oj, sea- weed
algebr-o, algebra
Algeri-o, Algiers
alfiemi-o, alchemy
ali-a, other
ali-e, otherwise
alibi-o, alibi
aline-o, paragraph or
break in printing
aligator-o, alligator
alk-o, elk
alkali-o, alkali
alkohol-o, alcohol
alkoy-o, alcove
almanak-o, almanac
almenau, at least
almoz-o, alms
aln-o, alder
alo-o, aloes
alopati-o, allopathy
Alp-oj, Alps
alpak-o, alpaca
alt-a, high
altar-o, altar
alte-o, marshmallow
altern-i, to alternate
alternativ-o, an alter-
native
alumet-o, match
alun-o, alum
alud-i, to allude to
amalgam-o, amalgam
amas-o, crowd
amator-o, amateur
ambasador-o, ambassa-
dor
EsperantO'English Vocabulary
ambau, both
ambici-o, ambition
ambl-o, amble
ambos-o, anvil
ambr-o, ambergris
ambrozi-o, ambrosia
ambulanc-o, ambulance
amel-o, starch
amen! amenl
Amerik-o, America
ametist-o, amethyst
amfibi-a, amphibious
amfiteatr-o, amphithe-
ater
arnik-o, friend
amindum-i, make love
amnesti-o, amnesty
amoniak-o, ammoniac
ampleks-o, extent, size
amput-i, amputate
amuz-i, to amuse
an, suffix indicating a
member, citizen, par-
tisan, etc.: Ameriko,
America; Amerikano,
an American
anagram-o, anagram
anakronism-o, anachro-
nism
analiz-i, to analyze
analogi-o, analogy
analitik-o, analytics
ananas-o, pineapple
anarni-o, anarchy
anatomi-o, anatomy
anas-o, duck
an6ov-o, anchovy
And-oj, Andes
Andaluzi-o, Andalusia
anekdot-o, anecdote
aneks-i, to annex
anemon-o, anemone
angil-o, eel
angin-o, quinsy, angina
angl-a, English
angl-o, Englishman
anglism-o, anglicism
angul-o, angle, corner
angel-o, angel
angelus-o, angelus
anilin-o, aniline
anim-o, soul
aniz-o, anise
ankau, also
ankorau, yet, still
ankr-o, anchor
anomali-o, anomaly
anonc-i, announce
anonim-a, anonymous
ans-o,catch, clinch, latch
anser-o, goose
anstatau, instead of
ant, sign of present act-
ive participle: amanta
loving
antagonism-o, antag-
onism
antagonist-o, antagon-
ist
antarkt-a, antarctic
antau, before
anten-o, antenna
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
anticip-i, to anticipate
antikrist-o, Antichrist
antikv-a, antique
antilop-o, antelope
Antil-oj, the Antilles
antimon-o, antimony
antipati-o, antipathy
antipod-oj, antipodes
antiseps-a, antiseptic
antitez-o, antithesis
antologi-o, anthology
antracit-o, anthracite
antraks-o, anthrax
antropologi-o, anthro-
pology
Anunciaci-o, Annunci-
ation
anus-o, anus
aort-o, aorta
apanag-o, appanage
aparat-o, apparatus
apart-a, special, sepa-
rate
apartament-o, suite,
apartment
aparten-i, to belong to
apati-o, apathy
apelaci-o, apellation
apenaii, hardly, scarcely
Apenin-oj, Appenines
aper-i, to appear
apetit-o, appetite
aplaiid-i, to applaud
aplomb-o, aplomb
apog-i, to lean upon
apoge-o, apogee
apokalips-o, apocalypse
apokrif-a, apocryphal
apolog-o, apologue
apologi-o, apology
apopleksi-o, apoplexy
apostat-a, apostate
apostaz-i, to apostatize
apostol-o, apostle
apostrof-o, apostrophe '
apotek-o, a chemist's
shop
apoteoz-o, apotheosis
apozici-o, apposition
apr-o, wild boar
April-o, April
aprob-i, to approve
apsid-o, apsis
apud, near
ar, indicates a collection
of things : arbo, tree;
arbaro, forest
arab-o, an Arab
arabesk-o, arabesque
arak-o, arrack
arane-o, spider
arang-i, to arrange
arb-o, tree
arbitr-a, arbitrary
arbitraci-o, arbitration
arco, violin bow
ard-o, ardor
arde-o, heron
ardez-o, slate
arometr-o, areometer
are-o, area
aren-o, arena
3
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
areopag-o, areopagus
arest-i, to arrest
argil-o, clay
argon-o, argon
argument-o, argument
Argus-o, Argus
argent-o, silver
arh.aik-a, archaic
arriaism-o, archaism
arh.eologi-o, archeology
arhipelag-o, archipel-
ago
arhitektur-o, architec-
ture
arfiitrav-o, architrave
arfnv-o, archives
ari-o, air {music)
aristokrat-o, aristocrat
aritmetik-o, arithmetic
ark-o, arc, bow
arkad-o, arcade
arke-o, ark (.Noah's)
arkt-a, arctic
arleken-o, harlequin
arm-i, to arm
arme-o, army
armen-o, Armenian
arnik-o, arnica
arog-i (al si), to arro-
gate to oneself
arogant-a, arrogant
arom-o, aroma
arorut-o, arrowroot
arpeg-o, arpeggio
arsenik-o, arsenic
art-o, art
artemezi-o, wormwood
arteri-o, artery
artez-a, artesian
artifik-o, artifice
artik-o, joint
artikol-o,articleO?r0. )
artileri-o, artillery
artist-o, artist
artiok-o, artichoke
artrit-o, arthritis
as, present tense ending
of verbs
as-o, ace, of cards
asafetid-o, asafetida
asbest-o, asbestos
asekur-i, to insure
asert-i, to assert
asesor-o, an assistant
judge
asfiksi-o, asphyxia
asign-i, to assign
asimil-i, to assimilate
asist-i, to assist
askarid-o, spoolworm
asket-o, ascetic
asketism-o, asceticism
asoci-o, association,
organization
asonanc-o, assonance
asparag-o, asparagus
aspekt-o, aspect
aspid-o, asp, aspic
aspir-i, to aspire
asteroid-oj, asteroids
astr-oj, stars, in general
astrologi-o, astrology
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
astronomi-o, astron-
omy
at-, sign of the present
passive participle :
amate, being loved
atak-i, to attack
atavism-o, atavism
ateism-o, atheism
ateist-o, atheist
atenc-i, to attempt
atend-i, to wait
atent-a, attentive
atest-i, to attest
ating-i, reach, attain
Atlantik-a, Atlantic
atlas-o, satin
atlet-o, athlete
atmosfer-o, atmosphere
atom-o, atom
atribu-i, to attribute
atribut-o, attribute
atripl-o, mountain spin-
ach
atrofi-o, atrophy
atut-o, trump, at cards
aii, or, either
aud-i, to hear
auditorirO, audience
augur-o, augury
August-o, August
aukci-o, auction
aureol-o, aureole
aurikl-o, auricle
Atiror-o, Aurora
auskult-i, to listen
auspic-oj, auspices
austr-o, an Austrian
Australi-o, Australia
autentik-a, authentic
autobiografi-o, auto-
biography
autograf-o, autograph
autokrat-o, autocrat
autokrati-o, autocracy
automat-o, automaton
aiitomobil-o, automo-
bile
aiitor-o, author
aiitoritat-0, authority
autun-o, autumn
av-o, grandfather
avar-a, avaricious
avel-o, hazelnut
aven-o, oats
aventur-o, adventure
avid-a, avid, eager
aviz-i, to notify
azen-o, ass, donkey
Azi-o, Asia
azot-o, azote
babil-i, to chatter
babord-o, larboard
bacil-o, bacillus
bagatel-o, trifle
bajonet-o, bayonet
bak-i, to bake
bakteri-o, bacterium
bal-o, ball, dance
10
Esperanto- English Vocabulary
bala-i, to sweep
balad-o, ballad
balanc-i, to balance
balast-o, ballast
balbut-i, to stammer
baldaken-o,, canopy
baldau, soon
balen-o, whale
balet-o, ballet
balkon-o, balcony
balon-o, balloon
balot-i, to vote by ballot
Balt-a, Baltic
balustrad-o, balustrade
balzam-o, balsam
balzamen-o, balsamine
bambu-o, bamboo
ban-i, to bathe
banan-o, banana
band-o, band, gang
bandag-o, bandage
banderol-o, a strip of
paper
bandit-o, bandit
bank-o, bank (financial)
bankier-o, banker
bankrot-i, to fail in
business
bant-o, bow of ribbon
bapt-i, baptize
bar-i, to obstruct
barak-o, barracks
barakt-i, to struggle
barb-o, beard
barbar-o, barbarian
barbarism-o, barbarism
barbir-o, barber
barfio, beet-root soup
barel-o, barrel, cask
barier-o, barrier
barikad-o, barricade
bariton-o, baritone
barium-o, barium
bark-o, bark (boat)
barometr-o, barometer
baron-o, baron
bas-o, base (music)
basen-o, reservoir
bask-o, skirt of garment
bast-o, inner bark of tree
bastard-o, bastard
bastion-o, bastion
baston-o, stick
balik-o, kind of hood
bat-i, to beat
batal-i, to fight
batalion-o, battalion
batat-o, sweet potato
bateri-o, battery
batist-o, cambric, lawn
bavar-o, a Bavarian
baz-o, chemical base
bazalt-o, basalt
bazar-o, bazar
bazilik-o, basilica
bazilisk-o, basilisk
bed-o, garden-bed
bedatir-i, to regret
beduen-o, Bedouin
bek-o, beak
bel-a, fine, beautiful
bcludon-o, belladonna
Esperanto- English Vocabulary
II
beletristik-o, belles-
lettres
belg-o, a Belgian
ben-i, to bless
benefic-o, benefice
benk-o, bench
benzin-o, benzine
benzol-o, benzola
ber-o, berry
berber-o, a Berber
beril-o, beryl
best-o, beast
bet-o, beet
betul-o, birch
bezon-i, to need, want
bibli-o, Bible
bibliografi-o, bibliog-
raphy
bibliotek-o, library
bicikl-o, bicycle
bien-o, landed estate
bier-o, beer
bifstek-o, beefsteak
bigami-o, bigamy
bigot-a, bigoted
bil-o, promissory note ;
bileto, ticket
bilanc-o, balance-sheet
bilard-o, billiards
bilion-o, billion
bild-o, picture, poster
bind-i, to bind (books)
binokl-o, binocular
biografi-o, biography
biologi-o, biology
bird-o, bird
biret-o, biretta
bis, once more, encore
biskvit-o, biscuit
bismut-o, bismuth
bistr-o, bistre
bisturi-o, lancet
bitum-o, bitumen
bivak-o, bivouac
blank-a, white
blasfem-i,to blaspheme
blat-o, weevil
blazon-o, blazon
blek-o, cry of animal
blend-o, blende
blind-a, blind
blok-o, block
blond-a, blonde
blov-i, to blow
blu-a, blue
bluz-o, blouse
bo, relationship by mar-
riage : patro, father ;
boa-o, boa
boat-o, boat
boben-o, bobbin, spool
bohem-o, a Bohemian
boj-i, to bark
bojkot-i, to boycott
boks-i, to box
bol-i, to boil
Bohvi-o, Bolivia
bomb-o, bomb
bombard-i, to bombard
bombon-o, bonbon
bon-a, good
12
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
bosk-o, grove, park
bot-o, boot
botanik-o, botany
botel-o, bottle
bov-o, ox
bracelet-o, bracelet
brahiur-o, crab
brak-o, arm (of body)
bram-o, bream (fish)
braman-o, Brahmin
bran-o, bran
branCo, branch
brand-o, brandy
brank-o, gills (of fish)
bras-i, to brace (naut. )
brasik-o, cabbage
brav-a, brave
brazil-o, a Brazilian
breC-o, breach
bret-o, shelf
breton-o, a Breton
brev-o, papal breve
brevier-o, breviary
brid-o, bridle
brigad-o, brigade
brik-o, brick
briketo, briquette
bril-i, to shine
briliant-o, a brilliant
brit-a, British
broC-o, brooch
brod-i, to embroider
brog-i, to scald
brokant-i, to haggle
brom-o, bromine
bronk-o, bronchial tube
bronkit-o, bronchitis
bronz-o, bronze
bros-o, brush
brour-o, brochure
broy-o, eyebrow
bru-o, noise
brul-i, to burn ; bruligi,
to cause to burn
brun-a, brown
brust-o, breast
brut-o, brute
bub-o, ragamuffin
bubal-o, buffalo
buCi, -to butcher
bud-o, booth.small store
budget-o, budget
buf-o, toad
bufed-o, buffet
bufr-o, buffer of car
buk-o, buckle
buked-o, bouquet
bukl-o, ringlet, curl
buks-o, boxwood
bul-o, ball of earth
bulb-o, bulb, onion
bulgar-o, a Bulgarian
buljon-o, broth
bulk-o, roll (bread)
bulvard-o, boulevard
bun-o, bun
burd-o, bumble-bee
burg-o,civilian, burgess
burgon-o, bud
burlesk-a, burlesque
burnoos-o, burnoose
busprit-o, bowsprit
'Esperanto" English Vocabulary
bust-o, bust
bu-o, mouth
buel-o, bushel
buter-o, butter
butik-o, store
buton-o, button
butor-o, bittern
buz-o, buzzard
car-o, czar
ced-i, cede, yield
cedr-o, cedar
cejan-o, cornflower
cel-i, to aim
cek-o, Czech
celeri-o, celery
celuloid-o, celluloid
cembr-o, kind of pine
cement-o, cement
cend-o, cent
cent, hundred
centav-o, centavo
eentigram-o, centigram
centilitr-o, centilitre
centim-o, centime
centimetr-o, centimeter
centr-o, center
centraliz-i, centralize
cenzur-i, to censure
cerb-o, brain
cercedul-o, teal
ceremoni-o, ceremony
ceri-o, cerium
cert-a, certain, sure
cerv-o, deer
ceter-a, the rest ; kaj
ceteraj, and so forth
cezi-o, caesium
ci, thou ; cin, thee
cianacid-o,prussic acid
cibet-o, civet
cidoni-o, quince
cidr-o, cider
cifer-o, cipher, figure
cigan-o, gipsy
cigar-o, cigar
cigared-o, cigarette
cign-o, swan
cikad-o, cicada
cikatr-o, scar
cikl-o, cycle
ciklon-o, cyclone
ciklop-o, cyclop
cikoni-o, stork
cikori-o, succory
cikumo, brown owl
cikut-o, hemlock
cilindr-o, cylinder
cim-o, bug
cimbal-o, cymbal
cinabr-o, cinnibar
cinam-o, cinnamon
cindr-o, ashes
cinik-a, cynical
cipres-o, cypress
Esperanto- English Vocabulary
cir-o, shoe blacking
cirk-o, circus
cirkel-o, compass
cirkl-o, circle
cirkonstanc-o, circum-
stance
cirkul-i, to circulate
cirkuler-o, a circular
cirkumfleks-o, circum-
flex
cistern-o, "cistern
cit-i, to cite, quote
citadel-o, citadel
citr-o, zither
citron-o, lemon
civil-a, civil( not milit-
ary, etc.)
civiliz-i, to civilize
civilizaci-o,civilization
col-o, inch
fiabrak-o, caparison
6agren-o, chagrin
fiam-o, chamois
Cambelan-o, chamber-
lain
fiambro, room
Campan-o, champagne
an-o, cock (of gun)
Cap-o, furred cap
capel-o, hat
capitr-o, chapter
Car, because, for, since
Car-o, chariot
fiarlatan-o, charlatan
Garm-a, charming
Carnir-o, hinge
Carpent-i, to do carpen-
ter work
Carpi-o, lint .
fias-i, to hunt
Casta, chaste
Ce, at
fief-, head or principal:
Cefurbo, metropolis.
Cek-o, check (on bank)
cel-o, cell (of matter;
also of insects' comb)
cemizo, shirt
en-o, chain
Ceriz-o, cherry
Cerk-o, coffin
Cerp-i, to draw water
from well
Cesi, to cease
Ceval-o, horse
Ci, the nearest : tio,
Ma/; tio 6i, this.
ia, all, all such
Cial, for every reason
eiam, always
Cie, everywhere
Ciel, in every way
ciel-o, heaven, the sky
Cies, everybody's
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
6if-i, to crumple
Cifon-o, rag
Cikan-i, chicane, cavil
2io, all, everything
Siom, all, all of it
fiirkau, around
6iu, each, every one
-ij to chirp
6iz-i, to chisel
Cj, endearing diminutive
for masculine names :
Petro, Peter ; Pe&Vjo,
Pete.
il-o, a Chilian
cokolad-o, chocolate
6u, whether
D
da, of ; used instead of
de after words denot-
ing quantity, weight,
number.
daktil-o, date (fruit)
dali-o, dahlia
dalmat-a, Dalmatian
dam-oj, draughts (game
damask-o, damask
dan-o, a Dane
danc-i, to dance
dand-o, a dandy
danfer-o, danger
dank-i, to thank
Dardanel-oj, Dardan-
elles
dat-o, date (time); dat-
umi, to date
dativ-o, dative
datur-o, datura
daiiri, to continue
de, of, by, since, from
debet-o, a "charge,"
debit (indicates debt)
debit-o, selling transac-
tion, ready sale
dec-i, to be proper, de-
cent
Decembr-o, December
decid-i, to decide
decilitr-o, decilitre
decimal-a, decimal
decimetr-o, decimeter
deeifr-i, to decipher
dedici, to dedicate
dedukt-i, to deduce
defend-i, to defend
deficit-o, deficit
definitiv-a, definitive
degel-i, to thaw
degener-i, degenerate
degrad-i, to degrade
dejor-i, to be on duty
dek, ten
dekadenc-o, decadence
dekagram-o, dekagram
dekametr-o, dekame-
ter
i6
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
dekan-o. dean
deklam-i, to declaim
deklar-i, to declare
deklaraci-o, declaration
deklinaci-o, declension
dekliv-o, declivity
dekoraci-o, decoration
dekret-i, to decree
dekstr-a, right ; oppo-
site of left
deleg-i, to delegate
delegaci-o, delegation
delfen-o, dolphin
delikat-a, delicate
delir-o, delirium
delt-o, delta
demagog-o, demagogue
demand-i, to ask
demokrat-o, democrat
demokrati-o, democra-
cy
demon-o, demon
denar-o, denarius
dens-a, dense
dent-o, tooth
denunc-i, to denounce
departement-o, depart-
ment of government
depeS-o, dispatch
depon-i, to deposit
deput-i, to depute
deriv-i, to derive
des pli, the more
desegn-i, to design
desert-o, dessert
desinfekt-i, disinfect
despot-o, despot
despotism-o, despotism
destin-i, to destine
detal-o, detail
detektiv-o, detective
determin-i, determine
detru-i, to destroy
dev-i, ought, must
devi-i, to deviate
deven-o, origin
deviz-o, emblem, device
dezert-o, desert
dezir-i, to desire
Di-o, God
diabet-o, diabetes
diabl-o, devil
diadem-o, diadem
diafan-a, diaphanous
diafragm-o, diaphragm
diagnostik-o, diagnosis
diagnoz-i, to diagnose
diagonal-a, diagonal
diakon-o, deacon
dialekt-o, dialect
dialog-o, dialogue
diamant-o, diamond
diametr-o, diameter
diant-o, a pink
diapazon-o, diapason
diboc-o, debauCh
didaktik-a, didactic
didelf-o, kangaroo
diet-o, diet
difekt-i, to damage
diferenc-i, to differ
difin-i, to define
Esperanto- English Vocabulary
17
difteri-o, diphtheria
diftong-o, diphthong
dig-o, dike, dam
digest-i, to digest
diism-o, deism
dik-a, thick; also "fat"
dikt-i, to dictate
diktator-o, dictator
dilem-o, dilemma
dilet-i, to delight in
diligent-a, diligent
dimanC-o, Sunday
dimensi-o, dimension
diminutiv-o, diminutive
dinam-o, dynamo
dinamik-o, dynamics
dinamit-o, dynamite
dinasti-o, dynasty
diplom-o, diploma
diplomat-o, diplomat
diplomati-o, diplomacy
dir-i, to say
direkci-o, management,
board of directors
direkt-i, to direct
direktor-o, director
direktori-o, directory
dis, indicates separation
or scattering : iri,
to tear ; disSiri, to
tear to pieces.
disciplin-o, discipline
disenteri-o, dysentery
disertaci-o,dissertation
disk-o, disc
diskont-o, discount
diskret-a, discreet
diskut-i, to discuss
dispepsi-o, dyspepsia
dispon-i, to dispose
disput-i, to dispute
distanc-o, distance
distil-i, to distil
disting-i, to distinguish
distr-i, to distract
distribu-i, to distribute
distrikt-o, district
divan-o, divan
diven-i, to guess
divers-a, various
diverg-i, to diverge
divid-i, to divide
dividend-o, dividend
divizi-o, division (army
do, indeed
docent-o, decent, tutor
dog-o, large dog, mastiff
dogrn-o, dogma
dog-o, doge
doktor-o, doctor
doktrin-o, doctrine
dokument-o, document
dolar-o, dollar
dolCa, sweet
dolor-o, pain
dom-o, house
domag-o, pity
domen-o, domino
don-i, to give
donac-i, to make a gift
dorlot-i, coddle, nurse
dorm-i, to sleep
i8
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
dorm-i, to sleep
dorn-o, a thorn
dors-o, back
dot-i, to give a dower
doz-o, dose
dragon-o, dragoon
drak-o, dragon
drakm-o, drachma
drakon-a, draconian
dram-o, drama
drap-o, cloth
drapir-i, to drape
drast-a, drastic
dra-i, to thresh
drelik-o, twilled cotton
goods, drilling
dren-i, to drain
dres-i, to train
driad-o, dryad
drink-i, to tipple
drog-o, drug
dromedar-o, dromedary
dron-i, to drown ; dro-
nigi, cause to drown
druid-o, druid
du, two
dub-i, to doubt
duel-i, fight a duel
duet-o, duet
duk-o, duke
dukat-o, ducat
dum, during, while
dung-i, to hire
duplikat-o, duplicate
dur-o, a Spanish coin
du-o, douche
c., abbreviation for ek-
zemple ; e. g.
c, sign of derived ad-
verb : bela, beautiful',
bele, beautifully
eben-a, even
ebl', denotes possibility:
audi, to hear ; aud-
ebla, audible
ebon-o, ebony
ebri-a, inebriate, drunk
cbur-o, ivory
ec, abstract quality :
bona, good; boneco,
goodness
eC, even ; eC sc, even if
Eden-o, Eden
edif-i, to edify
edikt-o, edict
eduk-i, to educate
edz-o, a husband
efekt-o, effect
efektiv-a, real, actual
efemer-a, ephemeral
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
efemer-a, ephemeral
efik-i, to effect
eg', increased degree or
size : vento, wind
ventego, tempest
egal-a, equal
Egid-o, ^Egis
egipt-o, an Egyptian
eglefin-o, haddock
eglog-o, eclogue
egoism-o, egotism
egoist-o, egotist
eri-o, echo
ej', place devoted to :
lern-i, to learn ; ler-
nejo, a school
ek', prefix indicating an
action of short dura-
tion or sudden begin-
ning : brili, to shine ;
ekbrili, to flash
ekip-i, to equip
eklektik-a, eclectic
eklezi-o, church (the
institution)
eklips-o, eclipse
ekliptik-o, ecliptic
ekonom-o, superintend-
ent
eks', of the past, ex :
eksprezidanto, ex-
president.
ekscelenc-o, excellency
(title)
ekscentr-a, eccentric
eksces-o, excess
ekscit-i, to excite
eksklusiv-a, exclusive
ekskomunik-i, to ex-
communicate
ekskrement-o, excre-
ment
ekskurs-o, excursion
ekspansi-o, expansion
eksped-i, to expedite
eksperiment-o, exper-
iment
ekspertiz-o, investiga-
tion by experts
eksplod-i, to explode
ekspluat-i, to exploit,
to work out
eksport-i, to export
ekspozici-o, exhibition,
exposition
ekspres-a, express,pos-
itive
ekstaz-o, ecstasy
ekstemporal-o, extem-
porization
ekster, outside
eksterm-i, exterminate
ekstr-a, extra
ekstrakt-o, extract
ekstrem-a, extreme
ekvaci-o, equation
ekvator-o, equator
ekvilibr-o, equilibrium
ekvilibrism-o, equili-
ibrism
ekvivalent-o, equiva-
lent
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
ekvivok-a, equivocal
ekzakt-a, mathematic-
ally exact
ekzamen-i, to examine
eksegez-o, exegesis
ekzekut-i, to put to
death, execute
ekzem-o, eczema
ekzempl-o, example
ekzempler-o, copy (of
a book, etc.)
ekzerc-i, to exercise
ekzil-i, to exile
el, out of, from, from
among
elast-a, elastic
elefant-o, elephant
elegant-a, elegant
elegi-o, elegy
elekt-i, to choose, elect
elektr-o, electricity
elektroliz-o.electrolysis
elektromotor-o, elec-
tric motor
element-o, element
elevator-o, elevator
elf-o, elf
eleksir-o, elixir
elips-o, ellipse
elimini-i, to eliminate
(math. )
elizi-i, to elide
elokvent-a, eloquent
em', inclination: labori,
to work ; laborema,
industrious.
emajl-o, enamel
emancipi-i, emancipate
embaras-o, encum-
brance
emblem-o, emblem
embrazur-o, embrasure
embri-o, embryo
embriologi-o, embryol-
ogy
embusk-o, ambush
emerit-o, emeritus
emfaz-o, emphasis
emigraci-o, emigration
eminenc-o, eminence
(title)
eminent-a, eminent
emoci-o, emotion
empiri-a, empirical
empirism-o, empirism
en, in, into
enciklopedi-o, encyclo-
pedia
endivi-o, endive
energi-o, energy
enigm-o, enigma
enket-o, a poll of mem-
bers; inquest, inquiry
entomologi-o, entomol-
ogy
entrepren-i, undertake
entuziasm-o, enthusi-
asm
enu-i, to be tired, dull
envi-i, to envy
eparrn-o, diocese
epidemi-o, epidemic
Esperanto- English Vocabulary
21
epiderm-o, epidermis
Epifani-o, Epiphany
epigraf-o, epigraph
epigram-o, epigram
epikurism-o, epicurism
epilepsi-o, epilepsy
epilog-o, epilogue
episkop-o, bishop
epistol-o, epistle
epitaf-o, epitaph
epitet-o, epithet
epitom-o, epitome
epizod-o, episode
epizooti-o, murrain
epok-o, epoch
epolet-o, epaulet
epope-o, epopee
er', unit, one of a col-
lection : sabl-o, sand;
sablero, grain of sand
erar-i, to err
erik-o, heather
erinac-o, hedgehog
erizipel-o, erysipelas
ermen-o, ermine
ermit-o, hermit
erotik-a, erotic
erp-i, to harrow
erupci-o, eruption
escept-i, to except
esenc-o, essence
eskadr-o, squadron
eskim-o, Esquimo
eskort-o, escort
esoter-a, esoteric
esper-i, to hope
esplor-i, to explore
esprim-i, to express
est-i, to be
establ-i, to establish
estetik-a, esthetic
estim-i, to esteem
esting-i, to extinguish
estr-o, leader, chief
estrad-o, rostrum
eafod-o, executioner's
scaffold
et', diminution of size
or degree : monto,
mountain ; monteto,
hill
etag-o, story of building
etat-o, social rank
etend-i, to extend
eter-o, ether
etern-a, eternal
etik-o, ethics
etiket-o, etiquette
etimologi-O, etymology
etiop-o, an Ethiopian
etnologi-o, ethnology
eufemism-o euphemism
eunuk-o, eunuch
Europ-o, Europe
evangeli-o, gospel
eventual-a, eventual,
contingent
evident-a, evident
evit-i, to avoid
evoluci-o, evolution
esofag-o, esophagus
ezok-o, pike (fish)
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
fab-o, bean
fabel-o, story (fiction)
fabl-o, fable
fabrik-o, factory
facil-a, easy
faden-o, thread
faeton-o, phaeton
fag-o, beech
fajenc-o, earthenware
fajf-i, to whistle
fajl-i, to file
fajr-o, fire
fak-o, section, division
fakir-o, fakir
faksimil-o, fac simile
fakt-o, fact
faktor-o, printer's fore-
man
faktori-o, business de-
pot, agency
faktur-o, invoice
fakultat-o, faculty (of
college, etc.)
fal-i, to fall
falang-o, phalanx
falbal-o, furbelow
falfi-i, to mow
fald-i, to fold
falk-o, falcon
fals-i, to falsify, adul-
terate
falt-o, a wrinkle
fam-o, rumor
famili-o, family
familiar-a, familiar
fanatik-a, fanatical
fand-i, to melt (metals)
fanfar-o, fanfare
fanfaron-i, to boast
fantazi-o, fancy
fantom-o, phantom
far-i, to make, do
fara-o, Pharaoh
faring-o, pharynx
farize-o, pharisee
farm-i, to farm
farmaci-o, pharmacy
fart-i, to fare (as to
health or safety)
farun-o, flour
fasad-o, facade
fask-o, bundle
fars-o, farce
fason-o, shape cut of a
garment
fast-o, fast, abstinence
fatal-a, fatal
fatalism-o, fatalism
fauk-o, jaw, opening
fav-o, ringworm
favor-a, favorable
faz-o, phase (of the
moon, etc.)
fazan-o, pheasant
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
fazeol-o, haricot bean
febr-o, fever
Februar-o, February
fe6-o, dregs
feder-i, to federate
federaci-o, federation
federalism-o, federal-
ism
fe-o, fay; feino, fairy
fel-o, hide, pelt
feli6-a, happy
felieton-o, feuilleton
felp-o, velveteen
felt-o, felt
feminism-o, feminism
feminist-o, suffragist,
feminist
femur-o, thigh
fend-i, to split
fenestr-o, window
fenikopter-o, flamingo
feniks-o, phoenix
fenkol-o, fennel
fenomen-o,phenomenon
fer-o, iron
ferdek-o, deck of ship
ferm-i, to close
ferment-i, to ferment
fervor-o, fervor
fest-i, to celebrate, to
entertain
festen-o, banquet
feston-o, festoon
fetic-o, fetish
feud-a, feudal
fes-o, fez (cap)
fi! fie!
fiakr-o, fiacre, cab
fianS-o, a betrothed man
fiask-o, fiasco
fibr-o, fiber
fibrin-o, fibrine
fid-i, to trust, rely
fidel-a, faithful
fier-a, proud, haughty
fig-o, fig
figur-i, to represent by
drawing, etc.
fiks-i, to fix (not repair)
fiktiv-a, fictitious
fil-o, son
filantrop-o, philanthro-
pist
filantropi-o, p h i 1 a n -
thropy
filatel-o, philately
filharmoni-o, philhar-
monics
fili-o, branch of organi-
zation, firm, etc.
filigran-o, filigree
filik-o, fern
filistr-o, philistine, vul-
garian
filologi-o, philology
filozof-o, philosopher
filozofi-o, philosophy
filtr-i, to filter
fin-i, to finish
final-o, finale
financ-o, finance
fingr-o, finger
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
Finland-o, Finlando
firm-o, a firm
fisk-o, public treasury
fistul-o, fistula
fi9-o, a fish '
fizik-o, physics
fiziologi-o, physiology
fizionomi-o, physiog-
nomy
fjord-o, fjord
flag-o, banner, signal
flag
flagr-i, to flicker, flare
flam-o, flame
flan-o, custard
flanel-o, flannel
flank-o, side
flar-i, to smell
flat-i, to flatter
flav-a, yellow
fleg-i, to nurse
flegm-o, phlegm
fleksi-o, inflection
flik-i, to patch, mend
flirt-i, to flirt
flok-o, flake
flor-i, to flower, bloom
floren-o, florin
flos-o, raft
flu-i, to flow
flug-i, to fly
fluid-a, liquid
flut-o, flute
foir-o, a fair
foj-o, "time": unufojo,
one time
fojn-o, hay
fok-o, seal
foken-o, porpoise
fokus-o, focus
foli-o, leaf
foment-i, foment
fond-i, to found
fonetik-a, phonetic
fonograf-o, phonograph
font-o, spring of water
fontan-o, fountain
for, away from
forges-i, to forget
forg-i, to forge (metals)
fork-o, fork
form-o, form, shape
formaci-o, formation
formal-a, formal
format-o,size and shape
of a book
formik-o, ant
formul-o, formula
forn-o, stove, oven
fort-a, strong
fortepian-o, piano
fortik-a, solid, substan-
tial
forum-o, forum
fos-i, to dig
fosfor-o, phosphorus
fost-o, stake, post
fotograf-i, to photo-
graph
frag-o, strawberry
fragment-o, fragment
fraj-o, spawn
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
frak-o, evening dress
coat
frakas-i, to shatter
frakci-o, fraction
fraksen-o, ash (tree)
framason-o, freemason
framb-o, raspberry
franc-o, a Frenchman
frand-i, to be fond of
sweets
frangol-o, black alder
frang-o, fringe
frank-o, franc
frap-i, to knock
frat-o, brother
fraul-o, unmarried man
fraz-o, phrase
fregat-o, frigate
fremd-a, foreign
frenez-a, mad, crazy
fresk-o, fresco
fre-a, fresh
fring-o, chaffinch
fringel-o, canary
fripon-o, rascal, rogue
fris-o, frieze
frit-i, to fry
frivol-a, frivolous
friz-i, to curl (the hair)
fromag-o, cheese
front-o, front of army
fronton-o, gable
frost-o, frost
frot-i, to rub
fru-e, early
frugileg-o, rook
frukt-o, fruit
frunt-o, forehead
ftiz-o, consumption
fug-o, fugue *
fulard-o, foulard
fulg-o, soot
fulm-o, lightning
fum-i, to smoke
fund-o, bottom
fundament-o, founda-
tion
funebr-o, funeral
funel-o, funnel
fung-o, mushroom
funkci-o, function
funt-o, pound
furag-o, forage
furioz-a, furious
furor-o, furore
furunk-o, a boil
fusten-o, fustian
fu-i, to bungle, botch
fut-o, foot (measure)
fuzilier-o, fusilier
gabi-o, gabion
gad-o, codfish
gaj-a, gay
gajn-i, to gain
26
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
gal-o, bile, gall
galant-o, snowdrop
galanteri-o, toilet ar-
ticles
galantin-o, galantine
galen-o, galena
galer-o, ship's galley
galeri-o, gallery
galicism-o, gallicism
gall-a, Gallic
galop-i, to gallop
galod-o, galosh
galvan-a, galvanic
galvanism-o, galvanism
gam-o, gamut
gamaS-o, gaiter
gangli-o, ganglion
gangren-o, gangrene
gant-o, glove
garanti-i, to guarantee
garb-o, a sheaf
gard-i, to guard
gardeni-o, gardenia
gargar-i, to gargle
garn-i, garnish, decorate
garnitur-o, garniture
garnizon-o, garrison
garol-o, jay
gas-o, gas
gast-o, guest
gastronomi-o, gastron-
omy
gavot-o, gavotte
gaz-o, gauze
gazel-o, gazelle
gazet-o, gazette
ge', prefix meaning both
sexes: patro, father ;
gepatroj, parents.
gehen-o, gehenna
gelaten-o, gelatine
gem-o, gem
gencian-o, gentian
genealogi-o, genealogy
general-o, a general
generaci-o,a generation
geni-o, genius, talent
genitiv-o, genitive
genot-o, genet
gent-o, tribe
genu-o, knee
geografi-o, geography
geologi-o, geology
geometri-o, geometry
gerani-o, geranium
german-a, German
gerundi-o, gerundive
gest-o, gesture
gigant-o, a giant
gild-o, guild
gimnastik-a, gymnastic
gimnazi-o, a college
gine-o, guinea (coin)
gips-o, gypsum
girfalk-o, gerfalcon
girland-o, garland
gitar-o, guitar
glace-a, spick and span,
"dress-"
glaci-o, ice
glad-i, to iron, smooth
gladiator-o, gladiator
Esperanto- English Vocabulary
27
glan-o, acorn
gland-o, gland
glas-o, drinking-glass
glat-a, smooth
glav-o, sword
glazur-o, varnish
glicerin-o, glycerine
gliciriz-o, licorice
glikoz-o, glucose
glim-o, mica
glit-i, to glide
glob-o, globe
glor-i, to glorify
glu-i, to stick
glut-i, to swallow
gobi-o, gudgeon
golet-o, schooner
golf-o, gulf, bay
gondol-o, gondola
gorg-o, throat
goril-o, gorilla
got-a, Gothic
graci-a, graceful
grad-o, grade, degree
graf-o, earl, count
grafit-o, graphite
grajn-o, a grain, stone,
pip (of fruit)
grak-i, to croak
gram-o, gram
gramatik-o, grammar
gran-o, a grain, particle
granat-o, pomegranate
grand-a, large, great
grandioz-a, grandiose,
magnificent
granit-o, granite
gras-a, fat
grat-i, to scratch
gratul-i, to congratulate
grav-a, important
graved-a, enciente
gravur-i, to engrave
grek-o, a Greek
gren-o, grain, cereal
grenad-o, grenade
Grenland-o, Greenland
gri-o, oatmeal
grif-o, griffin
grifel-o, slate-pencil,
stylus
gril-o, cricket
grimac-o, grimace
grinc-i, to grate, rasp
grip-o, influenza
griz-a, gray
grog-o, grog
gros-o, gooseberry
grot-o, grotto
grotesk-a, grotesque
gru-o, crane (bird)
grum-o, groom
grumbl-i, to grumble
grunt-i, to grunt
grup-o, group
guan-o, guano
guberni-o, government
of a province or state
gudr-o, tar
guf-o, a large owl
gulden-o, gulden
gum-o, gum
28
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
gurd-o. hand-organ
gust-o, taste
gustum-i, to taste
gut-i, to drip
gutaperk-o, gutta per-
cha
guvern-i, to educate in
private
gvardi-o, a guard of
soldiers
gvid-i, to guide
garden-o, garden
gem-i, to groan
gen-i, to hinder
gendarm-o, gendarme
general-a, general
gentil-a, polite
germ-o, germ
gi.it
gib-o, hump
gin-o, gin
ginece-o, gynecium
fir-o, endorsement (of
note, draft, etc.)
'giraf-o, giraffe
gis, till, until, as far as
givr-o, hoar-frost
goj-o, joy
gu-i, to enjoy
gust-a, just, exact
H
ha 1 ha 1 ah 1
Haban-o, Havana
hajl-o, hail
hak-i, to hack
hal-o, a covered mar-
ket-place
haladz-o, offensive ex-
halation
halebard-o, halberd
helen-a, Hellenic
halt-i, to stop ; haltigi,
to cause to stop
halter-o, dumb-bell
halucinaci-o, hallucin-
ation
hamak-o, hammock
hamstr-o, hamster
har-o, hair
haradri-o, plover
hard-i, to harden
harem-o, harem
haring-o, herring
harmoni-o, harmony
harp-o, harp
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
harpi-o, harpy
harpun-o, harpoon
haut-o, skin
hav-i, to have, possess
haven-o, haven, port
hazard-o, hazard
he ! hey 1 hello !
hebre-o, Hebrew
heder-o, ivy
hejm-o, home
hejt-i, to heat
hekatomb-o, hecatomb
heksametr-o, hexame-
ter
hektar-o, hectare
hektograf-o, h e k t o -
graph
hektogram-o, h e k t o -
gram
hektolitr-o, hektolitre
hektometr-o, hekto-
meter
hel-a, bright, glaring
helik-o, edible snail
heliotrop-o, heliotrope
helium-o, helium
help-i, to help, assist
hemorojd-o, piles
hepat-o, liver
heraldik-o, heraldry
herb-o, herb, grass
herbari-o, herbarium
hered-i, to inherit
herez-o, heresy
hermafrodit-o, herma-
phrodite
hermetik-a, air-tight
herni-o, hernia, rupture
hero-o, hero
herold-o, herald
heterogen-a, heteroge-
neous
hetman-o, a Cossack
chief
hiacint-o, hyacinth
hidr-o, hydra
hidrarg-o, mercury
hidraulik-o, hydraulics
hidrofobi-o, hydropho-
bia
hidrops-o, dropsy
hien-Oj hyena
hierarhi-o, hierarchy
hierau, yesterday
hieroglif-o, hieroglyph
higien-o, hygiene
himn-o, hymn
hind-o, a Hindoo
hiperbol-o, hyperbole
hipnot-a, hypnotic
hipodrom-o, hippo-
drome
hipokrit-i, to pretend
hipopotam-o, hippopo-
tamus
hipotek-o, mortgage
hipotenuz-o, hypothe-
nuse
hipotez-o, hypothesis
hirt-a, bristly
hirud-o, leech
hirund-o, swallow(bird)
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
hiskiam-o, henbane
hisop-o, hyssop
hispan-o, a Spaniard
histeri-o, hysteria
histori-o, history
histrik-o, porcupine
histrion-o, clown
ho ! oh 1 ho I
hoboj-o, hautboy, oboe
hodiau, today
hok-o, hook
holand-a, Dutch
hold-o, hold of ship
hom-o, human being
homeopati-o, homeop-
athy
homogen-a, homogen-
eous
honest-a, honest
honor-i, to honor
honorari-o, honorarium
hont-i, to be ashamed
hor-o, hour
horde-o, barley
horizont-o, horizon
horlog-o, clock
horoskop-o, horoscope
hortensi-o, hortensia
hospital-o, hospital
hotel-o, hotel
ho ve! alas!
huf-o, hoof
hulul-o, howlet
human-a, humane
humer-o, humerus
humil-a, humble
humor-a, humorous
hund-o, dog
hungar-o, a Hungarian
hura! hurrah!
huz-o, large sturgeon
huzar-o, hussar
H
hameleon-o, chameleon
haos-o, chaos
hemi-o, chemistry
himer-o, chimera
hin-o, a Chinese person
hirurg-o, surgeon
hirurgi-o, surgery
holer-o, cholera
hor-o, choir
horal-o, chorale
hromotipi-o, chromo-
type, color-printing
hronologi-o, chronol-
ogy
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
i, infinitive verb ending:
ami, to love
ia, any kind of
ial, for any reason
iam, ever, at any time
ibis-o, ibis
id', the young of: kato,
cat; katido, kitten
ide-o, idea
ideal-a, ideal
idealism-o, idealism
ident-a, identical
idili-o, idyll
idiom-o, idiom
idiot-o, idiot
idol-o, idol
ie, some place, anywhere
iel, somehow, anyhow
ies, somebody's, any
person's
ig', to cause to become :
bela, beautiful; bel-
igi, beautify.
ignam-o, yam
ignor-i, to ignore
ig', to become: ruga,
red; rugigi, to blush
intiokol-o, isinglass
il', tool or instrument :
tondi, clip; tondilo,
scissors
ileks-o, holly
ili, they
ilumin-i, to illuminate
ilustr-i, to illustrate
iluzi-o, illusion
imag-i, to imagine
imit-i, to imitate
imperi-o, empire
imperial-o, roof of a
vehicle
imperialism-o, imperi-
alism
impertinent-a, imper-
tinent
implik-i, to implicate
impon-i, to impose
import-i, to import
impost-o, tax
impotent-a, impotent
impres-o, impression
impuls-o, impulse
imput-i, to impute
imun-a, immune
in', suffix of the femin-
ine : viro, man ; vir-
ino, woman
inauguraci-o, inaugu-
ration
incit-i, to incite
ind', worth : fidi, to
trust ; fidinda, trust-
worthy
indeks-o, index
indian-o, Indian
indien-o, chintz
indiferent-a, indifferent
indig-o, indigo
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
indign-i, to be indignant
indigen-o, a native
indikativ-o, indicative
individu-o, individual
induk-o, induction
indulg-i, to indulge
industri-o, industry,
business
inerci-o, inertia
infan-o, child
infanteri-o, infantry
infekt-i, to infect
infer-o, hell
infinitiv-o, infinitive
influ-i, to influence
inform-i, to give infor-
mation
infuz-i, to infuse
ing', holder for a single
object : plumo, pen ;
plumingo, penholder.
ingven-o, groin
ingenier-o, engineer
iniciat-i, to initiate
iniciativ-o, initiative
injekt-i, to inject
ink-o, ink
inklin-o, inclination
inklusiv-e, inclusive
inkognit-o, incognito
inkub-o, nightmare
inkvizaci-o, inquisition
inkvizitor-o, inquisitor
inokul-i, to inoculate
insekt-o, insect
insid-i, to ensnare
insign-o, insignia
insist-i, insist
inspekt-i, to inspect
inspir-i, to inspire
instal-i, to install
instanc-o, instance
instig-i, to instigate
instinkt-o, instinct
instituci-o, institution
institut-o, institute
instru-i, to instruct
instrukci-o, directions,
instructions
instrument-o, musical
instrument
insul-o, island
insult-i, to insult
int', the past participle:
aminte, having loved
integral-a, integral
intelekt-o, intellect
inteligent-a, intelligent
intenc-i, to intend
intens-a, intensive
inter, between, among
interdikt-o, interdict
interes-i, to interest
interjekci-o, interjec-
tion
intermit-i, to occur at
intervals
intern-a, internal
interpret-i, to interpret
interpunkci-o, punctu-
ation
intervju-o, interview
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
33
intest-o, intestine
intim-a, intimate
intrig-i, to intrigue
invad-i, to invade
invalid-o, invalid
invers-a, inverse
inversi-o, inversion
invit-i, to invite
io, something, an}'thing
iom, somewhat, some
ir-i, to go
iris-o, iris
Irland-o, Ireland
ironi-o, irony
inventar-o, inventory
is', sign of past tense :
amis, did love.
Islam-o, Islam
Island-o, Iceland
ist', one occupied with :
kuraci, to heal\ kura-
cisto, a doctor.
istm-o, isthmus
it', past participle pas-
sive : amite, having
been loved.
ital-a, Italian
iu, anybody, somebody
izol-i, to isolate
Izrael-o, Israel
j, sign of the plural :
knabo, boy\ knaboj,
boys.
ja, indeed, in fact
jaguar-o, jaguar
jaht-o, yacht
jak-o, a round jacket
jam, already, yet
jamb-o, iambus
Januar-o, January
japan-a, Japanese
jar-o, year
jard-o, yard (measure)
jasmen-o, jessamine
je, is an indefinite prep-
osition
jen, behold, lo
jes, yes
Jesu-o, Jesus
jod-o, iodine
ju pli, the more
jubile-o, jubilee
jud-o, Jew
juft-o, Russia leather
jug-o, yoke
jugland-o, walnut
jugi, to judge
Juki, to itch
Juli-o, July
jun-a, young
jung-i, to harness
Juni-o, June
34
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
juniper-o, juniper
junk-o, reed, stalk
junkr-o, Prussian noble
jup-o, skirt
jurist-o, jurist
just-a, just, righteous
jut-o, jute
juvel-o, jewel
jak-o, morning-coat
Jaket-o, jacket
jaluz-a, jealous
Jargon-o, jargon
jaud-o, Thursday
Jet-i, to throw
joke-o, jockey
jongl-i, to juggle
Jur-i, to swear
jurnal-o, newspaper
Jus, just, just now
K
k. c., kaj ceteraj y and
the rest
k. 8., kaj similaj, and
similar
k. sekv., kaj sckvantaj,
and following
k. a., kaj aliaj, and oth-
ers
k. t. p., kaj tiel plu, and
so forth
kab-o, cape of land
kabal-o, cabal
kaban-o, cabin, hut
kabinet-o, cabinet,
closet
kabl-o, cable
kabriolet-o, cab
ka-co, batter, pap
kadavr-o, cadaver
kadenc-o, cadence
kadet-o, cadet
kadr-o, frame
kaduk-a, decrepit
kaf-o, coffee
kafr-o, kaffir
kaf-o, cage
kahel-o, paving tile
kaj, and
kaj-o, quay, wharf
kajer-o, copy-book, a
paper book, single
number of series
kajut-o, hut, cabin
kaka-o, cocoa
kakatu-o, cockatoo
kakt-o, cactus
kal-o, corn, callous
kalci-o, calcium
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
35
kaldron-o, cauldron
kalejdoskop-o, kaleido-
scope
kalendar-o, calendar
kalandr-i, to calendar
between hot rollers; to
mangle in laundry
kalendul-o, marigold
kale-o, carriage
kalfatr-i, to calk
kalibr-o, caliber
kalif-o, caliph
kalik-o, cup, chalice
kalikot-o, calico
kalk-o, lime
kalkan-o, heel
kalkanum-o, heel of
shoe, etc.
kalkul-i, to calculate
kalomel-o, calomel
kalson-o, pair of draw-
ers, pants
kalumni-i, to slander
kamarad-o, comrade
kame-o, cameo
kambi-o, draft, bill of
exchange
kamel-o, camel
kamen-o, fire-place
kamer-o, box-room
kamizol-o, short night-
dress
kamlot-o, camlet
kamomil-o, camomile
kamp-o, field
kan-o, rush, reed, cane
kanab-o, hemp
kanaben-o, linnet
Kanad-o, Canada
kanajl-o, scoundrel
kanal-o, canal
kanap-o, sofa, couch
kanari-o, canary
kanastr-o, canister
kancelier-o, chancellor
kand-o, candy
kandel-o, candle
kandelabr-o, candela-
brum
kandidat-o, candidate
kanibal-o, cannibal
kankr-o, crawfish
kanon-o, canon (church
law)
kanonik-o, a church
official, canon
kant-i, to sing
kantarid-o, cantharides
kantat-o, cantata
kantin-o, canteen
kanton-o, canton
kantor-o, chanter
kanvas-o, canvas
kap-o, head
kapabl-a, capable
kapel-o, chapel
kaper-i, seize as a prize
kapital-o, capital, in-
vested money
kapitan-o, captain
kapitel-o, capital
kapitol-o, capitol
3 6
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
kapitulac-i, capitulate
kapon-o, capon
kapor-o, caper-bush
kaporal-o, corporal
kapot-o, cape
kapr-o, goat
kapreol-o, roebuck
kapric-o, caprice, whim
Kaprikorn-o, Capricorn
kapstan-o, capstan
kapsul-o, capsule
kapt-i, to catch
kapuGen-o, capuchin
monk
kapuC-o, capuche, cowl
kar-a, dear
karaben-o, carbine
karaf-o, decanter
karakter-o, disposition
karakteriz-i, to charac-
terize
karamel-o, caramel
karas-o, crucian (fish)
karavan-o, caravan
karb-o, charcoal; ter-
karbo, Stonkarbo, coal
karbol-o, carbol
karbonad-o, carbonate
karbunkol-o, carbuncle
karcer-o, prison
kard-o, thistle
kardel-o, goldfinch
kardinal-o, cardinal
kares-i, to caress
karier-o, career
karik-o, sedge, rush
karikatur-i, caricature
kariofil-o, clove
kariol-o, carry-all
karmin-o, carmine
karn-o, flesh
karnival-o, carnival
karo-o, diamonds (in
cards)
karob-o, carob-bean
karot-o, carrot
karp-o, carp
Karpat-oj, Carpathians
karpen-o, yoke-elm
kart-o, card
kartav-i, to speak thick
kartel-o, cartel
kartilag-o, cartilage
kartofi-o, cartridge
karton-o, paper board
karusel-o, carousal
kas-o, money-drawer
kasaci-o, cassation
kaserol-o, saucepan
kask-o, helmet
kaskad-o, cascade
kast-o, caste
kastel-o, castle
kastor-o, beaver
kastr-i, geld
kad-i, to hide
kaStan-o, chestnut
kat-o, cat
katafalk-o, catafalque
katakomb-o, catacomb
katalepsi-o, catalepsy
katalog-o, catalogue
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
37
kataplasm-o,cataplasm
katar-o, catarrh
katarakt-o, cataract (of
the eye)
katastrof-o, catastrophe
kategori-o, category
katehism-o, catechism
katen-oj, fetters
katolik-a, catholic
katun-o, cotton cloth
kauci-o, bail, security
kauculc-o, rubber
kaiir-i, to cower, squat
kauteriz-i, to cauterize
kauz-i, to cause
kav-o, hole, pit
kavaleri-o, cavalry
kavalir-o, cavalier
kavalkad-o, cavalcade
kavern-o, cavern, den
kaviar-o, caviare
kaz-o, case (grammar)
kaze-o, curds
kazein-o, caseine
kazemat-o, casemate
kazern-o, barracks
kazin-o, casino
ke, that (conjunction)
kegl-o, skittle
kel-o, cellar
kelk-e, some, a few
kelner-o, waiter
ken-o, resinous wood
kep-o, a peaked cap
ker-o, hearts (cards)
kerub-o, cherub
kest-o. chest, box
kestrel-o, kestrel
kia, what, what kind of
kial, why
kiam, when
kie, where
kiel, how
kies, whose
kil-o, keel
kilogram-o, kilogram
kilolitr-o, kiloliter
kilometr-o, kilometer
kirnr-o, a Welshman
kinematograf-o, cine-
matograph
kinin-o, quinine
kio, what, what thing
kiom, how much
kiras-o, cuirass, armor
kirl-i, to whirl rapidly
kir-o, cherry cordial
kis-i, to kiss
kitel-o, a workman's
blouse
kiu, who, which
klaft-o, fathom
klak-i, to clack, clatter
klap-o, valve, plug
klar-a, clear, distinct
klarnet-o, clarinet
klas-o, class (category)
klasifikii, to classify
klasik-a, classic
klav-o, key (of piano,
typewriter, etc.)
klemat-o, clematis
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
kler-a, well-informed
klerik-a, of the clergy
klient-o, client
klimat-o, climate
klin-i, to incline
kling-o, blade
klinik-o, clinic
klister-o, clyster
klig-i, to stereotype
kloak-o, sewer, drain
klopod-i, to strive for
klor-o, chlorine
kloroz-o, chlorosis
kloS-a, bell-shaped
klub-o, clutt (society)
kluk-i, to cluck
kluz-o, sluice
knab-o, boy
knar-i, to grate, creak
kned-i, to knead
knut-o, knout
koaks-o, coke
kobalt-o, cobalt
koalici-o, coalition
kobold-o, goblin, imp
koCinel-o, cochineal
kod-o, code
kodeks-o, codex
kodicil-o, codicil
kofr-o, travelling trunk
koincid-i, to coincide
kojn-o, wedge
kok-o, cock, rooster
kokard-o, cockade
kokcinel-o, ladybird
koket-a, coquettish
koklu9-o, whooping-
cough
kokon-o, cocoon
kokos-o, cocoanut
koks-o, hip
kol-o, neck
kolbas-o, sausage
koleg-o, colleague
kolegi-o, college
kolekt-i, to collect
kolektiv-a, collective
koler-o, anger
kolerik-a, choleric
kolibr-o, humming-bird
kolik-o, colic
kolimb-o, diver (bird)
kolizi-o, collision
kolodi-o, collodium
kolomb-o, dove, pigeon
kolon-o, pillar, column
kolonel-o, colonel
koloni-o, colony
kolor-o, color
koloratur-o, colorature
kolos-o, colossus
kolport-i, hawk, peddle
kolubr-o, adder
kolum-o, collar
kolz-o, rape (plant)
kom-o, comma
komand-i, to command
(army)
komandor-o, comman-
der (of an order)
komb-i, to comb
kombin-i, to combine
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
komedi-o, comedy
komenc-i, to commence
komentari-o, commen-
tary
komerc-i, to trade
komet-o, comet
komfort-o, comfort
komik-a, comic
komisari-o, comissary
komisi-i, to commis-
sion, to intrust with
komitat-o, committee
komiz-o, clerk, employe
komod-o, commode
kompakt-a, compact
kompani-o, company
(corporation, etc,)
kompar-i, to compare
komparativ-a, compar-
ative
kompas-o, a compass
(marine)
kompat-i, to pity
kompendi-o, compend-
ium
kompens-i, compensate
kompetent-a, compet-
ent
kompil-i, to compile
komplement-o, com-
plement (gram.^
komplet-o, a suit of
clothes
komplez-i, to be kind,
obliging
komplik-i, to complicate
kompliment-i, to com-
pliment
komplot-o, plot
kompon-o, a composi-
tion (musical)
kompost-i, to set type
kompren-i, understand
kompromis-o, compro-
mise
kompromit-i, to impli-
cate, compromise
komun-a, common
komuni-i, to give sacra-
ment
komunik-i, communi-
cate
komunism-o, commun-
ism
komut-i, to commute '
kon-i, to know, be ac-
quainted with
koncentr-a, concentric
koncern-i, to concern
koncert-o, concert
koncesi-o, concession
konciz-a, concise
kondamn-i, to condemn
kondic-o, a condition,
stipulation
kondolenc-i, to condole
kondor-o, condor
konduk-i, lead, conduct
konduktor-o, conductor
kondut-i, to behave
konfeder-i, to confeder-
ate
Esperanto- English Vocabulary
konfekci-o, the clothing
business
konferenc-o, conference
konfes-i, to confess
konfid-i, to confide
konfidenci-a, confiden-
tial
konfirm-i, to confirm
konfirmaci-o, confirm-
ation (church)
konfisk-i, to confiscate
konfit-i, to preserve
konflikt-o, conflict
konform-a, in conform-
ity
konfuz-i, to confound
konglomerat-o, con-
glomeration
kongregaci-o, comgre-
gation
kongres-o, congress
konifer-o, conifer
konjak-o, cognac
konjekt-i, to conjecture
konjugaci-i, conjugate
konjunkci-o, conjunc-
tion
konk-o, shell
konkav-a, concave
konklud-i, to conclude
konkret-a, concrete
konkur-i, to compete
konkurs-o, competition
konsci-i, be conscious
konscienc-o, conscience
konsent-o, consent
konserv-i, to conserve
konservativ-a, conser-
vative
konservatori-o, conser-
vatory
konsider-i, to consider
konsil-i, to advise
konsist-i, to consist
konsistori-o, consistory
konsol-i, to console
konsonant-o, consonant
konspir-i, to conspire
konstant-a, constant
konstat-i, to declare
konstelaci-o, constella-
tion
konstern-i, to dismay
konstituci-o, constitu-
tion
konstru-i, to erect
konsul-o, consul
konsult-i, to consult
konsum-i, to consume
kont-o, trade account
kontakt-o, contact
kontant-o, ready money
kontent-a, satisfied
kontinent-o, continent
kontingent-o, contin-
gent
kontraband-o, smug-
gling
kontrabas-o, base viol
kontrakt-i, to contract
kontrast-o, contrast
kontrau, against
Esperanto- English Vocabulary
kontrol-i, control
kontur-o, outline
kontuz-i, to bruise
konus-o, cone
konval-o, lily of the
valley
konveks-a, convex
konven-i, to suit
konvenci-o, convention,
agreement
konverf-i, converge
konversaci-o, conver-
sation
konvert-i, to convert
konvink-i, to convince
konvulsi-o, convulsion
kopek-o, kopeck
kopi-i, to copy
kor-o, heart
koral-o, coral
koran-o, Koran
korb-o, basket
kord-o, chord
kordon-o, cordon
korekt-i, to correct
korelativ-a, correlative
korespond-i, to corre-
spond
koridor-o, corridor
kork-o, cork
korn-o, horn
korne-o, cornea
kornet-o, cornet
kornic-o, cornice
kornik-o, crow
korp-o, body
korporaci-o, corpora-
tion
korpus-o, army corps
korsaj-o, corsage
korsar-o, corsair
korset-o, corset
kort-o, yard, court
korv-o, raven
kosmetik-o, cosmetic
kosm-o, cosmos
kosmopolit-a, cosmo-
politan
kost-i, to cost
kostum-o, costume
kot-o, mud
kotiz-i, to pay dues
kotolet-o, chop, cutlet
koton-o, cotton
koturn-o, quail
kov-i, to brood
kovert-o, envelope
kovr-i, to cover
kozak-o, Cossack
krab-o, crab, crawfish
krabr-o, hornet
krafi-i, to spit
krad-o, grate
krajon-o, pencil
krak-i, to crack
kramp-o, fulcrum
kran-o, tap
krani-o, cranium
kratag-o, hawthorn
krater-o, crater
kravat-o, cravat
kre-i, to create
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
kred-i, to believe
kredit-o, credit
kreditor-o, creditor
krejcer-o, kreutzer
krem-o, cream
kreol-o, Creole
krep-o, crape
krepusk-o, twilight
kres-o, cress
kresk-i, to grow
kresp-o, pancake
krest-o, crest, comb (of
birds or fowl)
krestomati-o, chresto-
mathy
kret-o, chalk
krev-i, to burst
kri-i, to cry
kribr-i, to sift
krim-o, crime
kriminal-a, criminal
kring-o, a ring-shaped
cracker or biscuit
kripl-a, crippled
kript-o, crypt
Krist-o, Christ
kristal-o, crystal
kriteri-o, criterion
kritik-i, to criticise
kriz-o, crisis
krizalid-o, chrysalis
krizantem-o, chrysan-
themum
kroC-i, to hook
krokodil-o, crocodile
kroin, except
krom-o, chromo
kron-o, crown
kronik-o, chronicle
kronologi-o, chronology
krop-o, crop (of birds)
kroz-i, to cruise
kruc-o, cross
krucum-i, to crucify
kru6-o, jug, pitcher
krud-a, crude, raw
kruel-a, cruel
krup-o, croup
krur-o, leg
krust-o, crust
krut-a, steep
kub-o, cube
kubut-o, elbow
kudr-i, to sew
kuf-o, woman's cap
kugl-o, bullet
kuir-i, to cook
kuk-o, cake
kukol-o, cuckoo
kukum-o, cucumber
kukurb-o, pumpkin
kul-o, gnat
kuler-o. spoon
kulp-a, guilty
kult-o, cult
kultur-o, culture
kun, with
kunikl-o, rabbit
kup-o, cupping-glass
kupe-o, compartment
in railway car
kupol-o, dome, cupola
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
43
kupon-o, coupon
kur-i, to run
kurac-i, to treat, cure
kurag-a, courageous
kurator-o, curator
kurb-o, curve
kuri-o, papal council
kurier-o, courier
kurioz-a, uncommon
kurs-o, course
kursiv-a, cursive
kurtag-o, brokerage
kurten-o, curtain
kusen-o, cushion
ku-i, to be lying down
kutim-o, habit, custom
kutr-o, cutter (boat)
kuv-o, tub
kuz-o, cousin
kvadrant-o, quadrant
kvadrat-o, square
kvadril-o, quadrille
kvaker-o, Quaker
kvalifik-i, to qualify
kvalit-o, quality
kvankam, although
kvant-o, quantity
kvar, four
kvaranten-o, quaraji-
tine
kvarc-o, quartz
kvart-o, fourth (music)
kvartal-o, quarter or
section of a town
kvartet-o, quartet
kvazau, as if
kver-i, to coo
kverk-o, oak
kvestor-o, questor
kviet-a, calm
kvin, five
kvintesenc-o, quintes-
sence
kvit-a, quit
kvitanc-i, to receipt for
kvocient-o, quotient
1', la, the
labor-i, to work
lac-a, tired
lacert-o, lizard
lac-o, lacing-string
lad-o, tin
laf-o, lava
lag-o, lake
lagun-o, lagoon
laik-o, layman
lak-o, varnish
lake-o, lackey
lakon-a, laconic
laks-o, diarrhoea
lakt-o, milk
lam-a, lame
lam-o, llama
lamp-o, lamp
lampir-o, glow-worm
lan-o, wool
lanc-o, lance, spear
land-o, land, country
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
lang-o, tongue
lani-o, shrike
lantern-o, lantern
lanug-o, down
lap-o, bur
lapis-o, lapis
lar-o, sea-gull
lard-o. lard
larg-a, wide
larik-o, larch
laring-o, larynx
larm-o, tear (of eye)
las-i, to leave
last-a, last
lat-o, lath
latin-a, Latin
latrin-o, cesspool, closet
latuk-o, lettuce
lau, according to
laub-o, arbor
laud-i, to praise
launtenis-o, lawn tennis
laur-o, laurel
laureat-o, laureate
laut-e, loudly
lav-i, to wash
lavang-o, avalanche
lavend-o, lavender
lazur-a, azure
lecion-o, lesson
led-o, leather
leg-i, to read
legat-o, legate
legend-o, legend
legi-o, legion
legitim-i, to legitimize
legom-o, vegetable
legumin-o, legume
leg-o, law
lek-i, to lick
lekant-o, marguerite
lekci-o, lecture
leksikon-o, lexicon
lektor-o, lecturer
lent-o, lentil
lentug-o, freckle
leon-o, lion
leontod-o, dandelion
leopard-o, leopard
lepor-o, hare
lepr-o, leprosy
lern-i, to learn
lert-a, clever
lesiv-o, wholesale wash-
ing of clothes
letargi-o, lethargy
leter-o, letter
leutenant-o, lieutenant
leuk-o, league(measure)
lev-i, to lift
li, he
lian-o, bindweed
libel-o, dragon-fly
liber-a, free
liberal-a, liberal (/<?/.)
liberalism-o, liberalism
libr-o, book
lice-o, lyceum, French
college
lien-o, spleen
lig-i, to tie, to bind
lign-o, wood
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
45
liken-o, lichen
likvid-i, to liquidate
likvor-o, liquor
lili-o, lily
lim-o, limit
limak-o, snail
limf-o, lymph
limonad-o, lemonade
lin-o, flax
linari-o, red linnet
linfi-i, to lynch
lingv-o, language
lingvistik-o, linguistics
lini-o, line
link-o, lynx
lip-o, lip
lir-o, lyre
lirik-o, lyric
list-o, list
lit-o, bed
litani-o, litany
liter-o, letter (alphabet)
literatur-o, literature
litograf-i, to lithograph
litov-a, Lithuanian
litr-o, litre
liturgi-o, liturgy
liut-o, lute
liver-i, to deliver
livr-o, pound (sterling)
livre-o, livery
lod-o, half-ounce
log-i, to allure
logik-o, logic
log-i, to dwell
logi-o, theater box
lojal-a, loyal
lojt-o, lote
lok-o, place
lokomotiv-o, locomo-
tive
lol-o, tares
long-a, long
lonicer-o, honeysuckle
lorn-o, field-glass
lot-i, to draw lots
loteri-o, lottery
lu-i, to hire
lud-i, to play
luks-o, luxury
lul-i, to lull to sleep
lum-i, to shine
lumb-o, loins
lumbrik-o, earthworm
lun-o, moon
lunatik-o, lunatic
lund-o, Monday
lup-o, wolf
lupop-o, hop (plant)
lustr-o, luster
lut-i, to solder
luteran-o, Lutheran
lutr-o, otter
M
maC-o,
bread
unleavened
mafi-i, to chew
madon-o, madonna
46
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
magi-o, magic
magistrat-o, magistrate
magnat-o, magnate
magnet-o, magnet
magnetiz-i, magnetize
magnoli-o, magnolia
mahagon-o, mahogany
Mahomet-o, Mahomet
maizo, maize, corn
Maj-o, May
majest-a, majestic
majolik-a, majolica
major-o, army major
majstr-o, master of an
art, trade, etc.
makadam-o, macadam
makaron-o, macaroon
makaroni-o, macaroni
makler-i, to do broker-
age business
makrop-o, kangaroo
maksim-o, maxim
maksimum-o, maxi-
mum
makul-o, spot, stain
makzel-o, jaw
rnal', denotes contrary:
bona, good; malbona,
bad.
malaj-o, Malay
malari-o, malaria
maleol-o, ankle
malgrau, notwithstand-
ing
malic-a, malicious
malt-o, malt
malvarmum-i, to take
cold
mamo, breast, udder
mamut-o, mammoth
man-o, hand
mana-o, manna
mandaren-o, mandarin
mandat-o, money-order
mandolin-o, mandolin
mandragor-o, m a n -
drake
maneg-o, riding-school
mang-i, to eat
mani-o, mania
manier-o, manner
manifest-o, manifesto
manik-o, sleeve
manipul-i, manipulate
mank-i, to be lacking
manovr-o, maneuver
mantel-o, a mantle,
cloak
mantil-o, mantilla
manufaktur-o, manu-
facture
manum-o, cuff
manuskript-o, manu-
script
mar-o, sea, ocean
marCipan-o, marchpane
marfi-o, marsh
marcand-i, to bargain
mard-o, Tuesday
margarin-o, oleomar-
garine
margen-o, margin
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
47
marin-i, to pickle
marionet-o, marionette
mark-o, mark
markez-o, marquee
markiz-o, marquis
markot-o, runner of a
plant
marli-o, catgut
marmelad-o, marme-
lade
marmor-o, marble
marmot-o, marmot
maroken-o, morocoo
Mars-o, Mars
mar-i, to march
maral-o, marshal
Mart-o, March
martel-o, hammer
martingal-o, martingale
martir-o, martyr
mas-o, mass, agglom-
eration
masag-o, massage
masiv-a, massive
mask-o, mask
mason-i, to do mason
work
mast-o, mast
mastik-o, mastic
mastodon-o, mastodon
mastr-o, master of a
house ; host
ma-o, mesh
main-o, machine
mat-o, mat
matador-o, matador
matematik-o, mathe-
matics
maten-o, morning
materi-o, matter
material-o, material
materialism-o, materi-
alism
matrac-o, mattress
matric-o, matrix, die
matrikul-i, matriculate
matronin-o, matron
matur-a, ripe
maur-o, a Moor
mauzole-o, mausoleum
mazurk-o, mazurka
mebl-o, a piece of fur-
niture
mefi-o, wick
medal-o, medal
medalion-o, medallion
medi-o, the medium,
average, commonplace
medicin-o, medicine
medit-i, to meditate
medium-o, medium
meduz-o, jellyfish
merianik-o, mechanics
mefcanism-o, mechan-
ism
mejl-o, mile
Meksik-o, Mexico
mel-o, badger
melankoli-o, melan-
choly
melas-o, molasses
meleagr-o, turkey
4 8
Esperanto- English Vocabulary
melis-o, garden mint
melk-i, to milk
melodi-o, melody
melodram-o, melo-
drama
melon-o, melon
mem, self or selves
membr-o, member
membran-o, membrane
memor-i, to remember
mend-i, order (goods)
mens-o, spirit, mind,
distinct from matter
mensog-i, to tell a lie
menstruaci-o, men-
struation
ment-o, mint
menton-o, chin
mentor-o, mentor
menu-o, menu
menuet-o, minuet
meridian-o, meridian
merinos-o, merino
merit-i, merit, deserve
meriz-o, wild cherry
merkred-o, Wednesday
merl-o, blackbird
mes-o, mass (church)
Mesi-o, Messiah
mestiz-o, a half-breed
(Spanish)
met-i, to put
metafizik-o, metaphys-
ics
metafor-o, metaphor
metal-o, metal
metalurgi-o.metallurgy
metamorfoz-o, meta-
morphosis
meteor-o, meteor
meti-o, a trade, handi-
craft
metod-o, method
metr-o, meter
metrik-a, metric
metropol-o, metropolis
mev-o, sea-gull
mez-o, midst, middle
mezalianc-o, mesalli-
ance
mezur-i, to measure
mi, I
miasm-o, miasma
miau-i, to mew
miel-o, honey
mien-o, mien, air
migdal-o, almond
migr-i, to migrate
mikrob-o, microbe
mikroskop-o, micro-
scope
miks-i, to mix
mil, thousand
mild-a, gentle, mild
mili-o, millet
miliard-o, milliard
milici-o, militia
milimetr-o, millimeter
milion-o, million
milit-i, to fight
mimik-o, mimicry
min-o, mine
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
minaret-o, minaret
mineral-o, mineral
mineralogi-o, mineral-
ogy
minac-i, to threaten
mini-o, red lead
miniatur-o, miniature
minimum-o, minimum
ministr-o, minister
minus-o, minus
minut-o, minute
miogal-o, musk-rat
miop-a, nearsighted
miozot-o, myosotis
mir-i, to wonder
mirakl-o, miracle
mirh-o, myrrh
miriad-o, myriad
miriametr-o, miriame-
ter
mirmekofag-o, ant-
eater
mirmeleon-o, lion-ant
mirt-o, myrtle
mirtel-o, bilberry
misal-o, missal
misi-o, mission
mister-o, mystery
mistifik-i, to mystify
mistik-o, a mystic
mit-o, myth
mitologi-o, mythology
mitul-o, mussel
mizer-o, misery
mobiliz-i, to mobilize
mod-o, fashion, mode
model-o, model
moder-a, moderate
modern-a, modern
modest-a, modest
modif-i, to modify
modul-i, modulate
modulaci-o, modulation
mok-i, to mock
mol-a, soft
molekul-o, molecule
molusk-o, mollusk
moment-o, moment
mon-o, money
monari-o, monk
monarli-o, monarch
monat-o, month
mond-o, world
moned-o, jackdaw
monitor-o, monitor
rnonogram-o, mono-
gram
monokl-o, monocle
monolog-o, monologue
monomani-o, mono-
mania
monopol-o, monopoly
monstr-o, monster
monoteism-o, mono-
theism
rnont-o, mountain
montr-i, to show
monument-o, monu-
ment
mops-o, pug dog
mor-oi, morals
moral-a, moral
Esperanto- English Vocabulary
morbil-o, measles
mor6el-o, mushroom
mord-i, to bite
morfin-o, morphine
morgaii, tomorrow
mort-i, to die
morter-o, mortar
moru-o, species of cod-
fish
morus-o, mulberry
mosk-o, musk
moske-o, mosque
moskit-o, mosquito
most-o, unfermented
wine
moSt-o, title of respect
rnot-o, motto
motiv-o, motive
motor-o, motor
mov-i, to move
mozaik-o, mosaic
mucid-a, damp, mouldy
muel-i, to grind
muf-o, muff
mug-i, to roar
muk-o, mucus
mul-o, mule
mult-o, much
multiplik-i, multiply
mulmuslin-o, mull
rnumi-o, mummy
mur-o, wall
murmur-i, to murmur
rnus-o, mouse
musk-o, moss
muskat-o, nutmeg
musked-o, musket
muskol-o, muscle
muslin-o, muslin
mustard-o, mustard
mustel-o, martin, sable
mu-o, common fly
mut-a, mute
muz-o, muse
muze-o, museum
muzik-o, music
N
n, ending of the accusa-
tive or objective case;
also shows direction
or motion toward
naci-o, nation
nadir-o, nadir
naft-o, naphtha
nag-i, to swim
naiv-a, artless
najbar-o, neighbor
najl-o, nail
najtingal-o, nightingale
nanken-o, nankeen
nap-o, turnip
narcis-o, narcissus
narkot-a, narcotic
Esperanto- English Vocabulary
nask-i, to give birth to
natr-o, soda
natur-o, nature
naii, nine
nauz-i, to nauseate
nav-o, nave
naz-o, nose
ne, no
nebul-o, fog
neces-a, necessary
neg-o, snow
neglig-o, negligee
negoc-o, business af-
fair, transaction
negr-o, negro
nek, neither
nekrologi-o, necrology
nektar-o, nectar
neni-o, nothing
nenia, none, no such
nenial, for no cause
neniam, never
nenie, nowhere
neniel, in no way
nenies, nobody's
nenio, nothing
neniom, none
neniu, nobody
neologism-o, neologism
nep-o, grandson
nepotism-o, nepotism
nepre, unfailingly
nest-o, nest, den
net-o, clean copy
neuralgi-o, neuralgia
neutr-a, neuter
neutrala, neutral
nev-o, nephew
ni, we
ni6-o, niche
nigr-a, black
nihilism-o, nihilism
nikel-o, nickel
nikotin-o, nicotine
nimb-o, nimbus, halo
nimf-o, nymph
nivel-o, level
niz-o, sparrow-hawk
nj' endearing diminutive
of feminine names :
patrino, mother\ pan-
jo, mamma.
nobel-o, nobleman
nobl-a, noble
nokt-o, night
nom-o, name
nomad-o, nomad
nombr-o, number
nominal-a, nominal
nominativ-o, nomina-
tive
nord-o, north
normal-a, regular
norveg-o, a Norwegian
nostalgi-o, homesick-
ness
not-i, to note, to make
memoranda
notari-o, notary
nov-a, new
novel-o, novel
Novembr-o, November
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
novic-o, novice
nu, well
nuanc-o, hue, tint
nub-o, cloud
nud-a, nude
nuk-o, nape of the neck
nuks-o, nut
nul-o, zero
numer-o, number, No.
numid-o, guinea-fowl
numismatik-o, numis-
matics
nun, now
nunci-o, nuncio
nur, only
nutr-i, to nourish, feed
o, ending of the noun or
substantive
oaz-o, oasis
obe-i, to obey
obelisk-o, obelisk
objekt-o, object
obi', multiple of num-
erals : du, two ; du-
obla, double
oblat-o, wafer
obligaci-o, bond
oblikv-a, oblique
obol-o, a small Greek
coin, obolus
observ-i, to observe
obs^rvatori-o, observ-
atory
obstina, obstinate
obstrukci-o, obstruction
ocean-o, ocean
od-o, ode
odor-i, to give odor
ofend-i, to offend
ofer-i, to sacrifice
ofic-o, employment
oficial-a, official
oficir-o, officer
oft-e, often
ok, eight
okaz-i, to occur
okcident-o, west
okr-o, ochre
oksid-o, oxide
oksigen-o, oxygen
oksikok-o, cranberry
oktav-o, octave
Oktobr-o, October
okul-o, eye
okult-a, occult
okup-i, to occupy
okzal-o, sorrel
ol, than
ole-o, oil
oleandr-o, oleander
oligarni-o, oligarchy
oliv-o, olive
Esperanto- English Vocabulary
53
omar-o, lobster
ombr-o, shade
ombrel-o, umbrella
omnibus-o, omnibus
on', mark of fractions:
tri, three\ triono, one-
third
ond-o, wave
oni, "one," "they"
oniks-o, onyx
onkl-o, uncle
ont', future active par-
ticiple: amonte, about
to love
ontologi-o, ontology
op', suffix or collective
numerals : kvar, four',
kvarope, by fours
opal-o, opal
oper-o, opera
operaci-o, operation
opi-o, opium
opini-i, to opine
oportun-a, convenient
opozici-o, opposition
optik-o, optics
optimism-o, optimism
optimist-o, optimist
or-o, gold
orakol-o, oracle
orangutang-o, orang-
outang
orang-o, orange
orangeri-o, hot-house
orator-o, orator
oratori-o, oratory
ord-o, order
orden-o, the order of
knighthood
ordinar-a, ordinary
ordon-i, to order, com-
mand
orel-o, ear
orf-o, orphan
organ-o, organ
organism-o, organism
organiz-i, to organize
organik-a, organic
orgen-o, organ (jnus.}
orgi-o, orgy
orient-o, east
origin-o, origin
original-o, original
oriol-o, oriole
orkestr-o, orchestra
orkide-o, orchid
ornam-i, to adorn
ornat-o, clerical robes
ornitologi-o, ornithol-
ogy
ort-a, rectangular
ortodoks-a, orthodox
ortografi-o, orthogra-
phy
ortopedi-o, orthopedics
os, sign of future tense:
amos, mill love
osced-i, to yawn, gape
osifrag-o, osprey
ost-o, bone
ostr-o, oyster
ostracism-o, ostracism
54
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
of, passive participle,
future : amote, about
to be loved
ov-o, egg
ovaci-o, ovation
oval-a, oval
ozon-o, ozone
pac-o, peace
pacienc-o, patience
padel-i, to paddle
paf-i, to shoot
pag-i, to pay
pagod-o, pagoda
pag-o, page
pagi-o, page (boy)
pajl-o, straw, thatch
pak-i, to pack
pal-a, pale
palac-o, palace
paladi-o, palladium
palankin-o, palanquin
palat-o, palate
paletr-o, palette
palis-o, stake
palisandr-o, rosewood
palm-o, palm tree
palp-i, to feel
palpebr-o, eyelash
palt-o, greatcoat
Palestin-o, Palestine
pamflet-o, pamphlet
pan-o, bread
panegir-o, panegyric
panel-o, panel
panik-o, panic
panoram-o, panorama
pantalon-o, trousers
panteism-o, pantheism
panteist-o, pantheist
panter-o, panther
pantofl-o, slipper
pantomim-o, panto-
mime
pap-o, pope
papag-o, parrot
papav-o, poppy
paper-o, paper
papili-o, butterfly
papims-o, papyrus
par-o, pair
parad-i, to parade
paradiz-o, paradise
paradoks-o, paradox
paraf-o,flourish, paraph
parafin-o, paraffine
parafraz-o, paraphrase
paragraf-o, paragraph
paralel-o, parallel
paralelogram-o, paral-
lelogram
paraliz-i, to paralyze
parapet-o, parapet
parazit-o, parasite
Esperanto- English Vocabulary
55
parcel-o, lot of land
parcimoni-o, parsimony
pardon-i, to forgive
parenc-o, relative
parantez-o, parenthesis
parfum-o, perfume
parget-o, flooring
park-o, park
parker-e, "by heart"
parlament-o, parlia-
ment
parodi-o, parody
parofo-o, parish
paroksism-o, paroxysm
parol-i, to speak
part-o, part
parter-o, theater pit
parti-o, party
particip-o, participle
paru-o, titmouse
pas-i, to pass
pasament-o, lace
paser-o, sparrow
pasi-o, passion
pasiv-a, passive
Pask-o, Easter
paskvil-o, lampoon
pasport-o, passport
past-o, paste
pastec-o, pie, tart
pastel-o, lozenge, pas-
tille
pastinak-o, parsnip
pastoral-o, pastoral
play or poem
pastr-o, priest, pastor
pa-i, to step
pat-i, to pasture
patel-o, pastel crayon
pat-o, frying pan
patent-o, patent
patologi-o, pathology
patos-o, pathos
patr-o, father
patriark-o, patriarch
patrici-o, patrician
patriot-o, patriot
patrol-o, patrol
patron-o, patron
pauz-i, pause
pav-o, peacock
pavian-o, baboon
pavilon-o, pavilion
pavim-o, pavement
pean-o, pean
pec-o, piece
peS-o, pitch
pedal-o, pedal
pedant-o, pedant
pedel-o, beadle
pedik-o, louse
peg-o, woodpecker
pejzag-o, landscape
pek-i, to sin
Pekin-o, Pekin
pekl-i, to pickle
pel-i, to chase away
pelikan-o, pelican
pelt-o, pelisse, pelt
pelv-o, basin
pen-i, to try, endeavor
penc-o, penny
Esperanto- English Vocabulary
pend-i, to hang
pendol-o, pendulum
penetr-i, to penetrate
penik-o, artist's brush
pens-i, to think
pensi-o, pension
pent-i, to repent
pentr-i, to paint
peoni-o, peony
pep-i, to chirp, twitter
pepsin-o, pepsin
per, by, by means of
percept-i, to perceive
perd-i, to lose
perdrik-o, partridge
pere-i, to perish
perfekt-a, perfect
perfid-i, to betray
pergamen-o, parchment
periferi-o, periphery
perimetr-o, perimeter
period-o, period
peristil-o, peristyle
perk-o, perch (fish)
perl-o, pearl
perlamot-o, mother-of-
pearl
permes-i, to permit
peron-o, steps (before
a house)
perpendikular-a, per-
pendicular
persekut-i, prosecute,
persecute
persik-o, peach
persist-i, to persist
person-o, person
perspektiv-o, perspect-
ive
Peru-o, Peru
pes-i, to weigh {trans.)
pesimism-o, pessimism
pesimist-o, pessimist
peset-o, peseta
pest-o, pest, plague
pet-i, to ask, request
petol-i, to be petulant,
mischievous
petrol-o, petroleum
petrosel-o, parsley
pez-i, to weigh, to have
weight
pfenig-o, pfennig
pi-a, pious
pice-o, fir-tree
pied-o, foot
piedestal-o, pedestal
pig-o, magpie
pigme-o, pigmy
pigment-o, pigment
pik-i, to prick
piked-o, picket
pilgrim-i, to make a
pilgrimage
pilk-o, ball (playing)
pilol-o, pill
pilot-o, pilot
pin-o, pine
pinC-i, to pinch
pingl-o, pin
pini-o, species of fir
pint-o, pinnacle
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
57
pio6-o, pickaxe
pionir-o, pioneer
pip-o, pipe
pipr-o, pepper
pips-o, pip (disease)
pir-o, pear
piramid-o, pyramid
pirat-o, pirate
Pirine-oj, Pyrinees
pirit-o, pyrites
pirol-o, bullfinch
piroteknik-o, pyrotech-
nics
pist-i, to pound
pistak-o, pistachio
pistil-o, pistil
pistol-o, pistol
pit-o, piston
piton-o, python
piz-o, pea
plac-o, plaza
plaS-i, to please
plad-o, dish
plafon-o, ceiling
plagiat-o, plagiarism
plan-o, plan
pland-o, sole of foot
planed-o, planet
plank-o, floor
plant-i, to plant
plantag-o, plantain
plastik-o, plastic art
plastr-o, plaster
plat-a, flat
plate-o, spoonbill
platen-o, platinum
plaud-i, to splash
plebej-o, a plebeian
pled-i, to plead (law)
plej, most
plekt-i, to weave
plen-a, full
plend-i, to complain
pleonasm-o, pleonasm
plet-o, tray
plezur-o, pleasure
pli, more
plor-i, to shed tears
plot-o, roach (fish)
plu, further
plug-i, to plow
plum-o, feather, pen
plumb-o, lead
plu-o, plush
plutokrati-o, plutocracy
pluv-o, rain
pluvi-o, plover
po, at the rate of
podagr-o, gout
poem-o, poem
poent-o, point(in game)
poet-o, poet
poezi-o, poetry
pokal-o, cup, goblet
pol-o, a Pole
polemik-o, polemics
polic-o, police
poligami-o, polygamy
poligon-o, buckwheat
polip-o, polypus
polis-o, insurance policy
politeism-o, polytheism
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
politik-o, politics
polk-o, polka
poluci-o, pollution
polur-o, polish
polus-o, pole (of mag-
net, etc.)
polv-o, dust
pom-o, apple
pomad-o, pomatum
pomp-o, pomp
ponard-o, poniard
pont-o, bridge
ponton-o, pontoon
popl-o, poplar
popol-o, people
popular-a, popular
por, for, in order to, for
the purpose of
porcelan-o, porcelain
porci-o, portion
pord-o, door
porfir-o, porphyry
pork-o, hog
port-i, to carry
portal-o, portal
porter-o, porter (drink)
portope-o, swordbelt
portik-o, portico
portret-o, portrait
portugal-a, Portuguese
posed-i, to possess
posesiv-a, possessive
post, after
posten-o, military post
postul-i, to require
postulat-o, postulate
poS-o, pocket
pot-o, post, mail
pot-o, pot
potas-o, potash
potenc-a, powerful
potencial-a, potential
pov-i, to be able
poz-i, to pose
pozitiv-a, positive
pra', great-, primordial:
prapatroj, forefathers
praktik-o, practice
pram-o, ferry-boat
prav-a, right
precipe, chiefly
preciz-a, precise
predik-i, to preach
prefer-i, to prefer
prefiks-o, prefix
preg-i, to pray
prelat-o, prelate
prelud-o, prelude
prem-i, to press
premi-o, premium
premis-o, premise
pren-i, to take
prepari, to prepare
prepozici-o, preposition
prerogativ-o, preroga-
tive
pres-i, to print
presbiter-o, presbyter
preskau, nearly
pret-a, ready
pretekst-o, pretext
pretend-i, to pretend
Esperanto- English Vocabulary
59
preter, beyond
prez-o, price
prezent-i, to present
prezid-i, to preside
pri, about, concerning
prim-o, first (music)
primol-o, primrose
primitiv-a, primitive
princ-o, prince
princip-o, principle
printempo, springtime
prism-o, prism
privat-a, private
privilegi-o, privilege
pro, on account of
problem-o, problem
proced-i, to proceed
procent-o, interest
prcces-o, legal process
procesi-o, procession
produkt-i, to produce
profan-i, to profane
profesi-o, profession
profesor-o, professor
profet-o, prophet
profil-o, profile
profit-o, profit
profund-a, deep
program-o, program
progres-i, to progress
projekt-o, project
proklam-i, to proclaim
prokrast-i, to delay
proksim-a, near
prokur-o, procurator
proletari-o, proletarian
prolog-o, prologue
promen-i, to walk
promes-i, to promise
promoci-o, promotion
promontor-o, cape
pronom-o, pronoun
propagand-o, propa-
ganda
propon-i, propose
proporci-o, proportion
propr-a, one's own
proskripci-o, proscrip-
tion
prospekt-o, prospect
prosper-i, to prosper
prostitu-i, to prostitute
protagonist-o, protag-
onist
protekt-i, to protect
protest-i, to protest
protestant-o, protest-
ant
protokol-o, protocol
prototip-o, prototype
prov-i, to try
proverb-o, proverb
provinc-o, province
provincialism-o, pro-
vincialism
proviz-i, to provide
provizor-a, provisional
proz-o, prose
prozelit-o, proselyte
prozodi-o, prosody
prud-a, prudish
prudent-a, prudent
6o
Esperanto- English Vocabulary
prujn o, white frost
prun-o, plum
prunel-o, sloe
prunt-o, a loan
prus-o, a Prussian
pruv-i, to prove
psalm-o, psalm
pseuda, pseudo, false
psetidonim-o, pseudo-
nym
psik-a, psychic
psikologi-o, psychology
publik-o, public
pudel-o, spaniel
pudr-o, toilet powder
puf-o, puff, tuft
pugn-o, fist
pul-o, flea
pulm-o, lung
puls-o, pulse
pulv-o, gunpowder
pulvor-o, dust, powder
pumik-o, pumice
purnp-i, to pump
pun-i, to punish
punc-o, crimson-red
punC-o, punch
punkt-o, point, dot
punt-o, lace
pup-o, doll
pupil-o, pupil of eye
pur-a, clean, pure
pupitr-o, desk
Purgatori-o, Purgatory
puritan-o, puritan
purpur-o, purple
pus-o, pus
pu-i, to push
put-o, a well
putor-o, polecat
putr-i, to rot
R
rab-i, to seize and carry
away, to rob
rabarb-o, rhubarb
rabat-i, to rebate
raben-o, rabbi
rabi-o, madness, rabies
rabot-i, to plane
raci-a, rational
rad-o, wheel
radi-o, ray
radik-o, root
radikal-a, radical
rafan-o, horse-radish
rafin-i, to refine
rajd-i, to ride
rajt-o, right
raket-o, rocket, fusee
rakont-i, to relate
ramp-i, to crawl
ran-o, frog
Esperanto- English Vocabulary
ranc-a, rancid
rand-o, edge
rang-o, rank
ranunkol-o, ranunculus
rapid-a, rapid
rapir-o, foil, rapier
raport-i, to report
rapsodi-o, rhapsody
ras-o, race
rasp-i, to rasp
rat-o, rat
rauk-a, hoarse, raucus
raup-o, caterpillar
rav-i, to enrapture
raz-i, to shave
re, again
reakci-o, reaction
real-a, real
real-o, real (coin)
realist-o, realist
rebus-o, rebus
recenz-i, to review
recept-o, doctor's pre-
scription
reciprok-a, reciprocal
redakci-o, editorship
redakt-i, to edit
redaktor-o, editor
redukt-i, to reduce
redut-o, redoubt
ref-o, reef (of sail)
referenc-o, reference
reformaci-o, reforma-
tion
refut-i, to refute
regatt-o, regatta
reg-i, to govern
regal-i, to regale
regeneraci-o, regenera-
tion
regi-o, state monopoly
regiment-o, regiment
region-o, region
registr-i, to register
reglement-o, regulation
regn-o, state
regol-o, wren
regres-o, regress
regul-o, a rule
reg-o, king
refisor-o, stage-man-
ager
rejs-o, reis (coin)
reklam-o, advertising
rekomend-i, to com-
mend
rekompenc-i, to reward
rekord-o, record
rekrut-o, recruit
rekt-a, straight
rektor-o, rector
rekviem-o, requiem
rekvizici-o, requisition
rekvizit-o, requisite
rel-o, rail
relief-o, relief, embos-
sed work
religi-o, religion
rem-i, to row
rembur-i, to stuff
remiz-o, garage, coach
house
62
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
rempar-o, bulwark
ren-o, kidney
rendevu-o, rendezvous
renegat-o, renegade
renesanc-o, renaissance
renkont-i, to meet
rent-o, income
renvers-i, to upset
repertuar-o, repertoire
reprezent-i, represent
reputaci-o, reputation
reskript-o, rescript
respekt-i, to respect
respektiv-e, respect-
ively
respond-i, to respond
respublik-o, republic
rcst-i, to remain
restoraci-o, restaurant
ret-o, net, netting
retin-o, retina
retorik-o, rhetoric
retort-o, retort (chem.}
retroaktiv-a.retroactive
rctrospektiv-a, retro-
spective
reumatism-o, rheuma-
tism
rev-i, to dream
reveng-o, revenge
reviz-i, to revise
revoluci-o, revolution
revolver-o, revolver
revu-o, review, journal
rezerv-i, to reserve
rezign-i, to resign
rezignaci-o, resignation
(to one's lot, etc.)
rezin-o, resin
rezoluci-o, resolution
rezon-i, to reason
rezult-i, to result
rib-o, currant
ribel-i, to rebel
ricev-i, to receive
rifi-a, rich
rid-i, to laugh
rif-o, reef
rifug-i, to take refuge
rifuz-i, to refuse
rigard-i, to look at
rig-i, to rig
rigid-a, rigid
rigl-i, to bolt
rigor-a, rigora
rikan-i, to grin, sneer
rikolt-i, to gather
rilat-i, to relate
rim-o, rhyme
rimark-i, to remark
rimed-o, means
rimen-o, strap
rimes-i, to remit money
ring-o, ring
rinocer-o, rhinoceros
rip-o, rib
ripar-i, to repair
ripet-i, to repeat
ripoz-i, to repose
riproC-i, to reproach
risk-i, to risk
rism-o, ream
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
risort-o, spring (metal)
rit-o, rite
ritm-o, rythm
river-o, river
riverenc-o, reverence
riz-o, rice
rob-o, robe
rod-o, road (sea)
rojalism-o, royalism
rok-o, rock
rol-o, role
roman-o, a novel
romanc-o, ballad
romantik-a, romantic
rornp-i, to breok
rond-o, circle
ronk-i, to snore
ros-o, dew
rosmar-o, walrus
rosmaren-o, rosemary
rost-i, to roast
rostr-o, trunk, snout
rot-o, company (#*////.)
rotond-o, rotunda
roz-o, rose
rozari-o, rosary
rub-o, rubbish
ruband-o, ribbon
ruben-o, ruby
rubl-o, rouble
rubrik-o, head-line
rug-a, red
ruin-oj, ruins
rukt-i, to eructate
rul-i, to roll
rum-o, rum
ruman-o, a Roumanian
rus-o, a Russian
rust-i, to rust
ru-o, ruche, ruching
rutin-o, routine
ruz-a, cunning
sabat-o, Saturday
sabl-o, sand
sabr-o, saber
safir-o, sapphire
safran-o, saffron
sagac-a, sagacious
seg-o, arrow
sag-a, wise
sagu-o, sage
sak-o, sack
sakr-o, sacrum
sakrament-o,sacrament
sakrilegi-o, sacrilege
saks-o, a Saxon
Saksujo, Saxony
sal-o, salt
salajr-o, salary
salamandr-o, salaman-
der
salamoniak-o, sal am-
moniac
salat-o, salad
Esperanto- English Vocabulary
sald-o, balance of an
account
salik-o, willow
saliv-o, saliva
salm-o, salmon
salon-o, reception-room
salpetr-o, saltpetre
salt-i, to jump
salut-i, to salute
salvi-o, sage
sam-a, same
sambuk-o, elder (tree)
samovar-o, samovar
san-a, healthy
sandal-o, sandal
sang-o, blood
sankci-o, sanction
sangvin-a, sanguine
sankt-a, holy
sanskrit-o, Sanskrit
sap-o, soap
sard-o, a Sardinian
sardin-o, sardine
sark-i, to weed
sarkasm-o, sarcasm
sat-a, satiated
Satan-o, Satan
satir-o, satire
satirus-o, satyr
satrap-o, satrap
satur-i, to saturate
sauc-o, sauce
sav-i, to save
scen-o, scene
sceptr-o, scepter
sci-i, to know
scienc-o, science
sciur-o, squirrel
se, if
seb-o, tallow
sed, but
seg-i, to saw
segment-o, segment
seg-o, chair
sek-a, dry
sekal-o, rye
sekc-i, to dissect
sekci-o, section
sekret-o, secret
sekretari-o, secretary
seks-o, sex
sekst-o, sixth (music)
sekt-o, sect
sekulariz-i, secularize
sekund-o, second
sekv-i, to follow
sel-o, saddle
selakt-o, whey
sem-i, to sow
semafor-o, semaphore
semajn-o, week
semid-a, Semitic
seminari-o, seminary
sen, without
senat-o, senate
senc-o, sense, meaning
send-i, to send
sensaci-o, sensation
sent-i, to feel
sentenc-o, sentence
sentimental-a, senti-
mental
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
sep, seven
sepi-o, cuttle-fish
Septembr-o, September
seraf-o, seraph
serb-o, a Servian
serfi-i, to seek
seren-a, serene
serenad-o, serenade
sergent-o, sergeant
seri-o, series
serioz-a, serious
serpent-o, serpent
serur-o, lock
serv-i, to serve
servic-o, course (at a
meal)
servut-o, servitude
ses, six
sever-a, severe
sezon-o, season
sfer-o, sphere
sfinks-o, sphinx
si, self
Siberi-o, Siberia
sibl-i, to hiss
sid-i, to sit
sieg-i, to besiege
sifilis-o, syphilis
sifon-o, syphon
sigel-i, to seal
sign-o, sign
signal-o, signal
signif-i, to signify
silab-o, syllable
silent-i, to be silent
silik-o, flint
silk-o, silk
silogism-o, syllogism
siluet-o, silhouette
silur-o, shad
silvi-o, hedge-sparrow
simbol-o, symbol
simetri-o, symmetry
simfoni-o, symphony
simi-o, monkey, ape
simil-a, similar
simpati-o, sympathy
simpl-a, simple
simptom-o, symptom
sinagog-o, synagogue
sincer-a, sincere
sindik-o, syndic
sindikat-o, syndicate
sinedri-o, sanhedrim
singult-i, to hiccup
sinjor-o, Mr., Sir
sinod-o, synod
sinonim-o, synonym
sintaks-o, syntax
sintez-o, synthesis
siren-o, siren
Siri-o, Syria
siring-o, lilac
sirop-o, syrup
sistem-o, system
sitel-o, pail
situaci-o, situation
skabel-o, stool
skaben-o, alderman
skabi-o, itch
skadr-o, squadron
skal-o, scale (of map)
66
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
skalp-o, scalp
skandal-o, scandal
skandinav-o, a Scandi-
navian
skapol-o.shoulder-blade
skarab-o, beetle
skarlat-o, scarlet
skarp-o, scarf
skatol-o, small box, case
skelet-o, skeleton
skeptik-a, sceptical
skerm-i, to fence
skiz-i, to sketch
sklav-o, slave
skolastik-a, scholastic
skolop-o, woodcock
skombr-o, mackerel
skorbut-o, scurvy
skorpi-o, scorpion
skot-o, a Scot
skrap-i, to scrape
skrib-i, to write
skrupul-a, scrupulous
sku-i, to shake
skulpt-i, to sculpture
skun-o, schooner
skurg-o, whip, scourge
skvam-o, scales (fish)
slang-o, slang
slav-o, a Slav
smerald-o, emerald
smilak-o, sarsaparilla
smirg-o, emery
sobr-a, sober
soci-o, society at large,
the social body
soci-a, social-a, social
socialism-o, socialism
socialist-o, socialist
sociologi-o, sociology
societ-o, society
sod-o, soda
sof-o, sofa
sofism-o, sophism
soif-i, to be thirsty
sojl-o, threshold
sol-a, alone
sol-o, solo
soldat-o, soldier
sole-o, sole (fish)
solen-a, solemn
solid-a, solid, substan-
tial, respectable
solidar-a, jointly liable
soliter-o, tape-worm
solv-i, to solve
solvent-a, solvent
somer-o, summer
son-i, to give a sound
sonat-o, sonata
sond-i, sound, fathom
song-o, dream-
sonor-i, to ring
sopir-i, to sigh for
sopran-o, soprano
sorb-i, to absorb
sor6-o, witchcraft
sorik-o, shrew-mouse
sorp-o, black haw
sort-o, fate
sovag-a, wild
spac-o, space
Esperanto- English Vocabulary
6 7
spalir-o, espalier
spasm-o, spasm
spat-o, spavin
spec-o, species
special-a, special
specifik-i, to specify
specimen-o, specimen
spektr-o, specter
spegul-o, mirror
spektakl-o, spectacle
scene
spekulaci-o, specula-
tion
spekulativ-a, specula-
tive
sperm-o, sperm
spert-a, experienced
spez-o, a clearing of
funds : enspezi, to
take in ; elspezi, to
pay out
spic-o, spice
spik-o, ear (of grain)
spin-o, spine
spinac-o, spinach
spindel-o, spindle
spion-o, a spy
spir-i, to breathe
spirit-o, spirit
spiritism-o, spiritism
spiritualism-o, spirit-
ualism
spiritus-o, spirit (alco-
holic)
spite, in spite of
split-o, splint, sliver
spong-o, sponge
spontane-a, spontane-
ous
sporad-a, sporadic
sport-a, sport
sprit-a, witty
spron-o, spur
sput-i, to spit, spit up
blood, etc.
stab-o, staff (army)
stabl-o, work-bench
staci-o, station
stadi-o, stadium
stal-o, shed, stall
stalagmit-o, stalagmite
stalaktit-o, stalactite
stamp-i, to stamp, to
mark
stan-o, pewter
standard-o, flag
stang-o, pole
stapl-o, pile, heap
star-i, to stand
stard-o, bustard
stat-o, state, condition
statik-a, static
statistik-o, statistics
statu-o, statue
statur-o, stature
steb-i, to stitch
stel-o, star
stenografi-o, stenogra-
phy
step-o, steppe
stereoskop-o, stereo-
scope
68
Esperanto- English Vocabulary
stereotip-o, stereotype
sterk-o, dung, manure
stern-i, to stretch or
sprawl out
stertor-i, to make a
harsh noise
stil-o, style
stimul-i, to stimulate
stipo, broom (shrub)
stof-o, Russian measure
stoik-a, stoical
stomak-o, stomach
stopl-o, stubble
strab-i, to squint
strang-a, strange
strat-o, street
streC-i, to stretch
strek-i, to streak
stri-o, streak, stripe
strig-o, owl
strigl-i, to curry(comb)
strik-o, strike( workers)
striknin-o, strychnine
strof-o, strophe
struktur-o, structure
strut-o, ostrich
student-o, student
stuk-i, to stucco
stump-o, stub, stump
stup-o, tow
sturg-o, sturgeon
sturn-o, starling
sub, under, beneath
subit-a, sudden
subjekt-o, subject
subjektiv-a, subjective
subjunktiv-o, subjunc-
tive
sublimat-o, sublimate
substanc-o, substance
substantiv-o, substan-
tive
subtil-a, subtle
subtrah-i, to subtract
sufi-i, to suck
sud-o, south
sufer-i, to suffer
sufiC-a, sufficient
sufiks-o, suffix
sufok-i, to suffocate
sugesti-o, suggestion
suk-o, sap, juice
sukcen-o, amber
sukces-i, to succeed
suker-o, sugar
sulfur-o, sulphur
sulk-o, furrow, wrinkle
sultan-o, sultan
sum-o, sum
sun-o, sun
sup-o, soup
super, above
superstiC-o, supersti-
tion
supoz-i, to suppose
supr-e, above
sur, on
surd-a, deaf
surpriz-i, to surprise
surtut-o, overcoat
suspekt-i, to suspect
suveren-o, sovereign
Esperanto- English Vocabulary
svarm-i, teem, swarm
svat-i. to act as match-
maker
sved-o, a Swede
sven-i, to swoon
sving-i, to swing
svis-o, a Swiss
S
Saf-o, sheep
aft-o, shaft (machine)
ah-o, shah
ajn-i, to seem
ak-oj, chess
akal-o, jackal
akt-o, shaft (mining)
al-o, shawl
alup-o, shallop
galm-o, straw, stalk
arn-o, chamois skin
anc-o, luck, chance
gancel-i, to cause to
hesitate, to shake
ang-i, to change
ankr-o, canker
arad-o, charade
arg-i, to load, charge
(a gun, etc.)
arg-i, to load (wagon,
car, etc.)
ark-o, shark
at-i, to prize, like
aum-o, foam
gel-o, shell
elak-o, shellac
elk-o, suspenders
erc-i, to joke
i, she
ild-o, shield
iling-o, shilling
im-i, to get mouldy,
to spoil
ind-o, shingle
ink-o, ham
ip-o, ship
ir-i, to tear
irm-i, to shield
lim-o, slime
glos-i, to lock
gmac-i, to kiss noisily
mir-i, to smear with
nur-o, string
ov-i, to shove, push
ovel-i, to shovel
ovinism-o, jingoism
par-i, to be sparing
Spic-o, Spitz (dog)
pin-i, to spin
pruc-i, to spurt, spout
rank-o, cupboard
rapnel-o, shrapnel
raiib-o, screw
tal-o, steel
Esperanto- English Vocabulary
Stat-o, state
Stel-i, to steal
Stip-o, block of wood
9tof-o, goods, stuff
Ston-o, stone
top-i, to stop up
Strump-o, stocking
tup-o, stair-step
9u-o, shoe
guld-i, to owe
ultr-o, shoulder
9ut-i, to chute or pour
out grain, sand, etc.
9vel-i, to swell
fivit-i, to perspire
t. e., tio fstas, that is
tabak-o, tobacco
taban-o, gad-fly
tabel-o, table (figures,
names, etc.)
tabl-o, table (furniture)
tabul-o, plank
taburet-o, tabouret
tafiment-o, a squad of
soldiers
taft-o, taffeta
tag-o, day
tajlor-o, tailor
tajd-o, tide
taks-i, to estimate the
value of, to price
taksus-o, yew
takt-o, bar (music)
taktik-o, tactics
talent-o, talent
taler-o, thaler
tali-o, waist
talisman-o, talisman
talmud-o, talmud
talp-o, mole (animal)
talk-o, talc
tambur-o, drum
tamburin-o, tambourine
tarnen, however
tamtam-o. tom-tom
tan-i, to tan
tandem-o tandem
tangent-o, tangent
tanin-o, tannin
tapet-o, tapestry
tapiS-o, carpet
tar-o, tare (of weight)
tarantel-o, tarantella
tarantul-o, tarantula
tarif-o, tariff
tas-o, cup
task-o, task
tartar-o, cream of tartar
tatar-o, a Tartar
tatu-i, to tattoo
taug-i, to be fit for
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
tavol-o, layer
te-o, tea
teatr-o, theater
ted-i, to be tedious
teg-i, cover completely
tegment-o, roof
teism-o, theism
teknik-a, technical
teks-i, to weave
telefon-o, telephone
telegraf-o, telegraph
telepati-o, telepathy
teler-o, plate
teleskop-o, telescope
tem-o, theme, subject
temp-o, time
temperament-o, tem-
perament
tempi-o, temple (head)
templ-o, temple
ten-i, to keep, hold
tend-o, tent
tenden-o, tendon
tendenc-o, tendency
tenor-o, tenor
tent-i, to tempt
teologi-o, theology
teori-o, theory
ter-o, earth
terapeutik-o, therapeu-
tics
teras-o, terrace
tercet-o, musical trio
terebint-o, turpentine
teritori-o, territory
termin-o, definition
termit-o, termite
termometr-o, thermom-
eter
tern-i, to sneeze
terur-o, terror
testament-i, bequeath
testik-o, testicle
testud-o, tortoise
tetan-o, lockjaw
tetr-o, grouse
tetra-o, hazel-hen
tez-o, thesis
tia, such, that kind
tial, therefore
tiam, then
tiar-o, tiara
tibi-o, tibia
tie, there
tiel, thus, in that way
ties, that person's
tif-o, typhus
tigr-o, tiger
tikl-i, to tickle
tili-o, linden
tim-i, to fear
timian-o, thyme
timon-o, pole or shaft
of vehicle
tin-o, vat
tindr-o, tinder
tine-o, moth
tinktur-o, tincture
tint-i, to jingle
tio, that, that thing
tiom, that much, that
many
Esptranto- English Vocabulary
tip-o, type
tipografi-o, typography
tir-i, to draw, pull
tiran-o, tyrant
titol-o, title
tiu, that person, that
tog-o, toga
tol-o, linen
toler-i, to tolerate
tom-o, tome,
tomat-o, tomato
tomb-o, tomb
tombak-o, tombac
ton-o, tone
tond-i, to shear, clip
tondr-i, to thunder
topaz-o, topaz
topografi-o, topography
torC-o, torch
tord-i, to wind, twist
torent-o, torrent
torf-o, peat, turf
torn-i, to turn on lathe
tornistr-o, knapsack
torped-o, torpedo
tort-o, tart
tost-o, toast
tra, through
trab-o, beam
tradici-o, tradition
traduk-i, to translate
traf-i, to hit the mark
tragedi-o, tragedy
trane-o, trachea
trajt-o, feature
trakt-i, to treat of
traktat-o, treatise
tram-o, tram
tranC-i,to cut
trankvil-a, calm
trans, across, beyond
transcend-a,transcend-
ant
transitiv-a, transitive
trapez-o, trapeze
trat-i, to draw (a draft,
note, etc.)
travesti-o, travesty
tre, very
tref-o, club (in cards)
trem-i, to tremble
tremolo, asp, aspen
tremp-i, dip, immerse
tren-i, to drag
trezor-o, treasure
tri, three
tribun-o, rostrum
tribunal-o, tribunal
tribut-o, tribute
tricikl-o, tricycle
trik-i, knit
trikot-o, knitted work
tril-o, trill
trink-i, to drink
trip-oj, tripe
tritik-o, wheat
triumf-o, triumph
trivial-a, trivial
tro, too, too much
trofe-o, trophy
trog-o, trough, manger
tromb-o, water-spout
Esperanto- English Vocabulary
73
trombon-o, trombone
tromp-i, to deceive
tron-o, throne
trop-o, trope
tropik-o, tropic
trot-i, to trot
trotuar-o, sidewalk
trov-i, to find
tru-o, hole
trud-i, to intrude
truf-o, truffle
trul-o, trowel
trump-o, a large horn
trumpet-o, trumpet
trunk-o, trunk (of tree)
trup-o, troupe
trust-o, trust, syndicate
trut-o, trout
tualet-o, toilet
tub-o, tube
tuber-o, bulb or knot
(in plants)
tuf-0, tuft
tuj, immediately
tuk-o, a cloth
tul-o, tulle
tulip-6, tulip
tumult-o, tumult
tunel-o, tunnel
tunik-o, tunic
tur-o, tower
turban-o, turban
turbin-o, turbine
turd-o, thrush
turist-o, tourist
turk-o, Turk
turkis-o, turquoise
turment-i, to torment
turn-i, to turn
turnir-o, tournament
turt-o, dove
tus-i, to cough
tu-i, to touch
tut-a, entire, whole
U
u, sign of imperative :
amu, love
uj', that which contains:
cigarujo, cigar-case
ukaz-o, ukase
ul', a person noted for:
timo, fear] timulo,
a coivard.
ulcer-o, ulcer
uleks-o, furze
ulm-o, elm
uln-o, ell
ultimat-o, ultimatum
ultramar-a, ultramar-
ine
urn', indefinite suffix
umbilik-o, navel
unc-o, ounce
ung-o, finger-nail
uniform-o, uniform
74
Esperanto- English Vocabulary
univcrs-o, universe
universal-a, universal
universitat-o, univers-
ity
unik-a, unique
unu, one
ur-o, ure-ox
uragan-o, hurricane
uran-o, uranium
urb-o, city, town
urin-i, to urinate
urn-o, urn
urogal-o, heath-cock
urs-o, bear
urtik-o, nettle
us, conditional of verb :
amus, might love
uter-o, womb, uterus
util-a, useful
utilism-o, utilitarianism
utopi-o, Utopia
uvertur-o, overture
uz-i, to use
uzurp-i, to usurp
vad-i, to wade
vafl-o, waffle
vag-i, to roam
vagon-o, railway car
vakcini-o, whortleberry
vak-i, to be vacant
vaks-o, wax
val-o, valley
valid-a, valid
valiz-o, valise
valor-i, to be worth
vals-i, to waltz
valv-o, valve
vampir-o, vampire
van-a, vain
vandal-o, vandal
vanel-o, lapwing
vang-o, cheek
vanil-o, vanilla
vant-a, vain, futile
vapor-o, vapor
varb-i, to recruit, enlist
variol-o, small-pox
varrn-a, warm
vart-i, to nurse
vasal-o, vassal
vast-a, wide, vast
vat-o, wadding
Vatikan-o, Vatican
vaz-o, vase
vazelin-o, vaseline
ve ! woe 1
veget-i, to vegetate
vegetar-a, vegetarian
vejn-o, vein
vek-i, to awake
vekt-o, scale beam
vel-o. sail
velen-o, vellum
velk-i, to fade
Esperanto- English Vocabulary
75
velociped-o, velocipede
velur-o, velvet
ven-i, to come
vend-i, to sell
vendred-o, Friday
venen-o, poison
vener-a, venereal
veng-i, to avenge
venki, to vanquish
vent-o, wind
ventol-i, to ventilate
ventr-o, abdomen
ver-a, true
verand-o, veranda
verb-o, verb
verben-o, verbena
verd-a, green
verdigr-o, verdigris
verdikt-O, verdict
verg-o, switch, rod
verk-i, to compose
verm-o, worm
verrnut-o, vermouth
vermifiel-o, vermicelli
vers-o, verse
verst-o, verst
ver-i, to pour
vert-o, fore part of the
head
vertag-o, terrier
vertebr-o, vertebra
vertikal-a, vertical
veruk-o, wart
verv-o, rapture
vesp-o, wasp
yesper-o, evening
vespert-o, bat
vest-i, to dress
vestibl-o, vestibule
vet-o, vest
vet-i, to bet
veter-o, weather
veteran-o, veteran
veterinar-o, veterinary
vetur-i, travel, journey
by vehicle
vezik-o, bladder
vezir-o, vizier
vi, you
viadukt-o, viaduct
viand-o, meat
vibr-i, to vibrate
viburn-o, viburnum
vic-o, rank, turn, order
vici-o, vetch
vid-i, to see
vidv-o, widower
vigl-a, alert
vikari-o, curate
vilag-o, village
vin-o, wine
vinagr-o, vinegar
vind-i, to swaddle
vinjet-o, vignette
vinkt-i, to rivet, clinch
vintr-o, winter
viol-o, violet
violon-o, violin
violon2el-o, a violon-
cello
vip-o, whip
viper-o, viper
Esperanto- English Vocabulary
vir-o, a man
virg-a, virginal
virt-o, virtue
virtuoz-o, virtuoso
visk-o, mistletoe
viski-o, whisky
vist-o, whist
viS-i, to wipe
vitr-o, glass
vitriol-o, vitriol
viv-i, to live
vizag-o, face
vizi-o, vision
vizier-o, vizor
vizit-i, to visit
vofi-o, voice
voj-o,way, road
vojag-i, to voyage
vojevod-o, wayvode, a
small Polish official
vok-i, to call
vokal-o, a vowel
vol-i, to will
volfram-o, wolfram
volont-e, willingly
volum-o, volume(book)
volumen-o, volume
volupt-o, volupty
volv-i, to roll, wind
vom-i, to vomit
vort-o, word
vost-o, tail
vual-o, veil
vulgar-a, vulgar, com-
mon
vulkan-o, volkano
vulp-o, fox
vultur-o, vulture
vund-i, to wound
zebr-o, zebra
zelat-o, zealot
zenit-o, zenith
zibel-o, sable-marten
zigzag-o, zigzag
zingibr-o, ginger
zink-o, zinc
zizel-o, zizel
zodiak-o, zodiac
zori-o, girdle
zoologi-o, zoology
zorg-i, care for, watch,
see after
zuav-o, zouave
zum-i, to hum
ENGLISH - ESPERANTO VOCABULARY
abandon, forlasi
abash, hontigi
abbot, abato
abbreviate, mallongigi
abdomen, ventro
abduct, forrabi
abide, resti, logi
ability, talento
able, pova
abolish, forigi, nuligi
abomination, abomeno
abound, svarmi
about, preskau, Cirkati
above, supre
abscess, absceso
absent, forestanta
absolute, absoluta
absorb, sorbi
abstract, abstrakta
absurd, absurda
abuse, trouzi
academy, akademio
accede, cedi, konsenti
accelerate, akceli
accent (mark), signo
accent, akcento
accept, akcepti
accident, okazo
accompany, akompani
according to, lati
accouche, akugi
account, konto, kalku-
lo, rakonto
accumulate, amasigi
accurate, akurata
accuse, kulpigi
accustomed, kutima
ace, aso
ache, doloro
acid, acido
acknowledge, konfesi,
avizi
acorn, glano
acquaint, sciigi, konigi
acquiesce, konsenti
acquire, akiri
acrobat, akrobato
act, ago, akto
active, agema, aktiva
actor, aktoro
actual, efektiva
adage, proverbo
add, aldoni, adicii
address, adresi
adept, adepto
adequate, adekvata
adhere, aligi
adieu, adiati
English-Esperanto Vocabulary
adjacent, apuda
adjective, adjektiva
administer, administri
admiral, admiralo
admire, admiri
admonish, admoni
adopt, adopti, alpreni
adore, adori
adorn, ornami
adulterate, falsi
adultery, adulto
Advent, Advento
adverb, adverbo
advertise, anonci
advise, konsili, avizi
affable, afabla
affair, afero
affect, afekti
affection, amo, afekcio
affirm, atesti
affirmative, jesa
affix, afikso
afterward, poste
again, ree
against, kontrafi
agate, agato
agent, agento
agitate, agiti
ago, antati
agony, agonio
agree, interkonsenti
agriculture, agrikulturo
ah! ha!
ahead, antaue
aid, helpi, asisti
aim, celo
air, aero, aerumi, ario
alas ! alas 1
album, albumo
albumen, albumeno
alcohol, alkoholo
algebra, algebro
alias, alie
alike, simila
alive, viva
all, Ciom, Ciuj
allot, lotumi
allow, permesi
allude, aludi
allure, logi
almighty, Ciopova
almost, preskatt
alms, almozo
aloft, supre
alone, sole
alphabet, alfabeto
Alps, Alpoj
already, jam
also, ankati
altar, altaro
although, kvankam
alto, aldo
altogether, tute
alum, aluno
always, Ciam
amalgam, amalgamo
ambassador, ambasa-
doro
amber, sukceno
ambition, ambicio
ambush, embuski
America, Ameriko
English- Esperanto Vocabulary
79
amidst, meze
ammonia, amoniako
among, inter
ample, sufica
amuse, amuzi
analogy, analogic
analyze, analizi
anarchy, anarnio
anatomy, anatomic
ancestor, prapatro
anchor, ankro
ancient, antikva
and, kaj
anger, kolero
angle, angulo
animal, besto
ankle, maleolo
announce, anonci
anonymous, anonima
answer, respondi
ant, formiko
antelope, antilopo
antipathy, antipatio
antique, antikva
anvil, amboso
any, ia
anybody, iu
anybody's, ies
anyhow, iel
any quantity, iom
any time, iam
anything, io
anywhere, ie
apart, aparte
apathy, apatio
ape, simio
apology, apologio
apoplexy, apopleksio
apostle, apostolo
apostrophe, apostrofo
apparatus, aparato
appear, gajni, aperi
appetite, apetito
applaud, aplaudi
apple, porno
appoint, nomi, elekti
approach, proksimigi
approve, aprobi
apricot, abrikoto
April, Aprilo
Arab, arabo
arbitrary, arbitra
arbitration, arbitracio
arbor, laubo
arc, arko
arcade, arkado
archipelago, insularo
arctic, arktika
ardent, fervora
arena, areno
argue, argument!
arm, armi, brako
army, armeo
aroma, aromo
around, Cirkaii
arrest, aresti
arrogant, aroganta
arrow, sago
arsenic, arseniko
art, arto
artery, arterio
artichoke, artigoko
8o
English- Esperanto Vocabulary
article, artikolo, ajo
artist, artisto
as, kiel, tiel
ashes, cindro
Asia, Azio
ask, demandi, peti
asphalt, asfalto
aspire, aspiri, celi
assault, atako
assign, asigni
assist, asisti, help!
astringent, adstringa
astrology, astrologio
astronomy, astronomic
at, Ce
atheism, ateismo
athlete, atleto
atmosphere, atmosfero
atom, atomo
attack, ataki
attain, atingi
attempt, atenci
attend, atendi, atenti,
servi, zorgi
attention, atento
attest, atesti
attract, altiri
auction, aukcio
audience, auditorio
aunt, onklino
auspices, auspicoj
Australia, Australio
Austrian, austro
author, autoro
authority, autoritato
autocrat, autokrato
automatic, automata
automobile, aiitomobilo
autumn, axituno
avalanche, lavango
avaricious, avara
avenge, vengi
average, meza
aversion, antipatio
avert, deturni
avid, avida
avoid, eviti
await, atendi
awaken, veki
away, for
awful, terura
awkward, nelerta
awl, aleno
axe, hakilo
axis, akso
axiom, aksiomo
azote, azoto
azure, lazura
babble, babili
baboon, paviano
baby, infaneto, ido
bachelor, fraulo
back, dorso, re, poste
badge, simbolo, devizo
English- Esperanto Vocabulary
81
badger, melo
bag, sako
bagatelle, bagatelo
baggage, pakajo
bail, katicio
balance, balanci
balance-sheet, bilanco
balcony, balkono
bald, senhara
ball, balo, pilko, globo
ballad, balado
ballast, balasto
ballet, baleto
balloon, balono
ballot, baloti
balsam, balzamo
bamboo, bambuo
banana, banano
band, ligilo, bando
bandage, bandago
banish, ekzili
bank, banko, bordo
banker, bankiero
banner, flago.standardo
banquet, festeno
baptize, bapti
bar, bari
barbarian, barbaro
barber, barbiro
bare, nuda
bark, boji, barko
barley, hordeo
barometer, barometro
baron, barono
barrel, barelo
baritone, baritone
base, fundamento
basin, pelvo
basket, korbo
bass (music), baso
bat, vesperto
battery, baterio
battle, batalo
bayonet, bajoneto
bazar, bazaro
be, esti
beak, beko
beam, trabo
bean, fabo
bear, urso
bear, naski, produkti
beard, barbo
beast, bruto, besto
beat, bati
beautiful, bela
beaver, kastoro
because, Car
bed, lito
bee, abelo
beech, fago
beef, bovajo
beer, biero
beet, beto
beetle, skarabo
before, antati
beg.petegi, peti almozon
begin, komenci
behave, konduti
behind, post
belch, rukti
Belgian, belgo
believe^ kredi
English- Esperanto Vocabulary
bell, sonorilo
belly, ventro
belong, aparteni
below, sub, malsupre
belt, zono
bench, benko, stable
bend, fleksi
benediction, beno
berry, bero
besides, krom
besiege, siegi
bet, veti
between, inter
beyond, trans
Bible, biblio
bicycle, biciklo
big, granda
bigamy, bigamio
bile, galo
bill, bilo, kalkulo, beko,
kambio, afiSo
bind, ligi, bindi, ban-
dagi
biography, biografio
biology, biologio
birch, betulo
bird, birdo
biscuit, biskvito
bishop, episkopo
bit, peco
bite, mordi
black, nigra
blackbird, merlo
bleat, bleki
bless, beni
blind, blinda
block, Stipo, bloko,
kvadrato
blot, makulo
blow, blovi
blouse, bluzo, kitelo
blue, blua
boa, boao
board, tabulo
boast, fanfaroni
boat, boato
body, korpo
Bohemian, bohemo
boil, boli
bolt, rigli
bomb, bombo
bonbon, bombono
bone, osto
bonnet, Capo
book, libro
boot, boto
booth, budo
borax, borakso
bore, bori
borrow, prunte preni
bosom, brusto
botany, botaniko
both, ambati
bottle, botelo
bottom, fundo
boulevard, bulvardo
boundary, limo
bouquet, bukedo
bow, saluti
bow, arCo, pafarko,
banto
bowl, pelvo, kaliko
English-Esperanto Vocabulary
box, kesto, skatolo
pugnebato, logio
boy, knabo
brag, fanfaroni
brain, cerbo
brake, haltigilo
bran, brano
branch, branCo
brave, brava
bray, bleki
bread, pano
break, rompi
breast, brusto, mamo
breathe, spiri
brick, briko
bridge, ponto
bridle, brido
brigade, brigade
brigand, bandito
bright, hela, brila
brighten, briligi
brilliant, brilianto
bring, alkonduki
brink, rando
briny, sala
brittle, facilrompa
broad, larga
brochure, broSuro
bronchitis, bronkito -
brooch, broCo
brood, kovi
brook, rivereto
broom, balailo
brother, frato
brown, bruna
bruise, kontuzi
brush, broso
brute, bruto
bucket, sitelo
buckle, buko
buckwheat, poligono
bud, burgono
buffalo, bubalo
bug, cimo
build, konstrui
bulb, bulbo
Bulgarian, bulgaro
bull, bovoviro
bullet, kuglo
bun, bulko
bundle, fasko
bungle, fui
burden, Sargo
bureau, komodo, oficejo
burn, bruli, bruligi
burnish, poluri
burner, flamingo
bury, enfosi, enterigi
bush, arbeto
bushel, buelo
business, afero, pro-
fesio, komerco, ofico
bust, busto
busy, okupata
but, sed, krom, escepte
butcher, buCi
butter, butero
butterfly, papilio
button, butono, buton-
umi
buy, aCeti
by, per, apud, preter
English- Esperanto Vocabulary
cab, fiakro
cabbage, brasiko
cabin, kajuto, kabano,
Cambreto
cable, Snurego
cadet, kadeto
cafe, restoracio, kafejo
cage, kago
cake, kuko
calculate, kalkuli
caldron, kaldrono
calendar, kalendaro
calf, bovido, tibikarno
caliber, kalibro
calico, kalikoto
call, voki
callous, kala
calm, kvieta, trankvila
calumny, kalumnio
camp, tendaro
camphor, kamforo
can, povas
canal, kanalo
canary, kanario
candidate, kandidato
candle, kandelo
candy, kando
cane, kano, bastono
cannon, pafilego
canon, kanono
canopy, baldakeno
canvas, kanvaso
cap, Capo, kepo
capable, kapabla
capital, kapitalo, kapi-
telo, granda litero
capitol, kapitolo
caprice, kaprico
captain, Sipestro, kap-
itano
carat, karato
caravan, karavano
carbuncle, karbunkolo
card, karto
cardboard, kartono
care, zorgi
caress, karesi
carmine, karmino
carnival, karnivalo
caricature, karikaturi
carp, karpo
carpenter, Carpenti
carpet, tapiSo
carriage, veturilo
carrot, karoto
carry, porti
cartilage, kartilago
cartridge, kartoCo
case, kazo, kesto, ingo
cash, mono, kontanto
cast, fandi
castle, kastelo
cat, kato
catalogue, katalogo
catarrh, kataro
catch, kapti
cathedral, katedralo
Catholic, Katolika
English-Esperanto Vocabulary
cauliflower, florbrasiko
cause, kauzo
caution, averti
cavalry, kavalerio
cave, kaverno
cease, 6esi
cedar, cedro
cede, cedi
ceiling, plafono
celery, celerio
cell, Celo
cellar, kelo
cement, cemento
censor, cenzuri
cent, cendo
centime, centimo
center, centro
century, centjaro
ceremony, ceremonio
certain, certa
certify, certigi, atesti
chagrin, Cagreno
chain, Ceno
chair, sego
chalice, kaliko
chalk, kreto
chamber, Cambro
chamois, Camo
chamois-skin, amo
chance, hazardo, anco,
okazo
change, gangi
chapter, Capitro
character, karaktero
chariot, 6aro
charlatan, fiarlatano
charming, Carma
chaste, Casta
chatter, babili
cheap, malkara
cheat, trompi
cheese, fromago
chemise, Cemizo
chemistry, hemio
check, Ceko
cherry, Cerizo
chess, akoj
chest, kesto, brusto
chestnut, katano
chew, ma6i
chief, Cefa
child, infano
chimney, kamentubo
chin, mentono
china, porcelano
Chinaman, nino
chirp, Cirpi, pepi
chisel, Cizi
chocolate, Cokolado
choice, elekto
choir, horo
chop, haki
Christ, Kristo
Christmas, Kristnasko
church, eklezio, pregejo
cider, cidro
cigar, cigaro
cigarette, cigaredo
cinder, cindro
cinnamon, cinamo
cipher, cifero
circle, rondo
86
English- Esperanto Vocabulary
circular, cirkulero
circumstance, cirkon-
stanco
circus, cirko
cistern, cisterno
cite, citi
citizen, urbano, ano
city, urbo
civil, civila, gentila
civilize, civilizi
class, klaso
claw, ungo, ungego
clay, argilo
clean, pura
clear, klara
clerk, komizo
clever, lerta
client, kliento
climate, klimato
climb, suprenrampi
clink, tinti
clip, tondi
cloak, mantelo
clock, horlogo
close, proksima
close, fermi
cloth, drapo, tuko
clothe, vesti
cloud, nubo
clove, kariofilo
club, bastonego, trefo,
klubo
coal, karbo, Stonkarbo
coast, marbordo, gliti
coat, vesto
cock, koko
cocoa, kakao
cocoanut, kokoso
cod, gado
codicil, kodicilo
coddle, dorloti
coffee, kafo
coffer, kesto
coffin, Cerko
coin, monero
coke, koakso
colic, koliko
collar, kolumo
collect, kolekti
college, kolegio
colonel, kolonelo
colony, kolonio
colossal, kolosa
color, koloro
column, kolono
comb, kombi
combat, batalo
combine, kombini
come, veni
comedy, komedio
comet, kometo
comfort, komforto
comic, komika
comma, komo
command, komandi,
ordoni
commander (of an or-
der), komandoro
commence, komenci
commentary, komen-
tario
commerce, komerco
English- Esperanto Vocabulary
commission, komisio,
maklero
committee, komitato
common, komuna, vul-
gara
commune, komunumo
compact, kompakta
company, kompanio,
roto, trupo, anaro,
gastoj
compare, kompari
compass, kompaso, cir-
kelo
compel, devigi
complicate, kompliki
compute, kalkuli
comrade, kamarado
conceal, kai
concede, cedi
concern, koncerni
concerning, pri
concert, koncerto
conclude, konkludi, fini
concubine, kromvirino
condemn, kondamni
condition,kondi6o,stato
condole, kondolenci
conduct, konduki
conduct, konduto
cone, konuso
confederate, konfederi
conference, konferenco
confess, konfesi
confide, konfidi
conform, konformi
confuse, konfuzi
congress, kongreso
conjecture, konjekti
conscience, konscienco
consent, konsento
consequently, sekve
console, konsoli
constitution, konstitu-
cio
construct, konstrui
consul, konsulo
consume, konsumi
consumption, ftizo
contact, kontakto
contain, enhavi
contempt, malestimo
contend, batali, disputi
content, kontenta
contest, disputi, konkuri
continent, kontinento
continue, dauri, daurigi
contour, konturo
contraband, kontraban-
do
contract, kontrakto
contradict, kontraudiri
contrary, kontraua
contrast, kontrasti
contrive, elpensi
control, kontroli
contusion, kontuzo
convene, kunveni
convenient, konvena
conventional, kutima
converge, konvergi
conversation, konver-
sacio
88
English- Esperanto Vocabulary
convert, konverti
convince, konkinki
cook, kuiri
copper, kupro
copy, kopii, ekzemplero
coquet, koketi
coral, koralo
cork, korko, topi
corkscrew, korktirilo
corn, maizo, kalo
corner, angulo
cornice, kornico
corporal, korporalo,
korpa
corpse, kadavro
correct, korekta
correspond, korespondi
corset, korseto
Cossack, kozako
cost, kosto
costly, multekosta
cotton, kotuno
cough, tusi
counsel, konsili, advo-
kato
count, kalkuli, grafo
countenance, vizago
country, lando.kamparo
couple, paro
courage, kurago
courier, kuriero
course, kurso
court, jugejo, jugistaro,
amindumi
courteous, gentila
cousin, kuzo, kuzino
cover, kovri, tegi
cowl, kapuCo
coxcomb, dando
coy, rezerva
crab, kankro
crack, fendi, kraki
cradle, lulilo
crafty, ruza
crane, gruo, Sarglevilo
crape, krepo
crater, kratero
cravat, kravato
crawl, rampi
crayon, krajono
crazy, freneza
cream, kremo
create, krei
credit, kredito
creditor, kreditoro
credulity, kredemo
creed, kredo
creep, rampi
Creole, kreolo
crest, tufo
crevice, fendo
crew, Sipanaro
cricket, grilo
crime, krimo
crippled, kripla
crisis, krizo
criticise, kritiki
crocodile, krokodilo
crop, rikolto, kropo
cross, kruco, malafabla
crystal, kristalo
cube, kubo
English-Esperanto Vocabulary
cuckoo, kukolo
cucumber, kukumo
cuff, manumo
cuirass, kiraso
culpable, kulpa
cunning, ruza
cup, taso
cupola, kupolo
cure, kuraci, resanigi
curl, buklo
currant, ribo
current, fluo
curtain, kurteno
cushion, kuseno
custom, kutimo
cut, tranfii
cutlet, kotleto
cyclone, ciklono
cylinder, cilindro
cymbal, cimbalo
cypress, cipreso
czar, caro
daffodil, narciso
dagger, ponardo
dahlia, dalio
daily, Ciutaga
dainty, frandajo
daisy, lekanteto
dam, digo
damage, difekti
damask, damasko
dame, sinjorino
damn, kondamni
dance, danci
dandy, dando
Dane, dano
dandelion, leontodo
danger, dangero
dangle, pendeti
dare, kuragi
dark, malluma
darken, mallumigi
darling, karuleto
darn, fliki
dart, sego, pikilo
date, dato, datumi,
daktilo
dative, dativo
daub, fui
daughter, filino
daunt, timigi
dauntless, sentima
dawn, tagigo
day, tago
daybook, taglibro
daydream, revo
dazzle, blindigi
deacon, diakono
dead, senviva, mortinta
deaf, surda
English-Esperanto Vocabulary
deal, komerci, disdoni
dear, kara, multekosta
death, morto
debate, debato
debauch, diboCo
debit, debito
debt, guldo
decanter, karafo
decaying, kaduka
deceive, trompi
December, Decembro
decent, deca
decide, decidi
decipher, deCifri
deck, ferdeko
declaim, deklami
declaration, deklaracio
declare, aserti
declivity, deklivo
decorate, ornami
deep, profunda
deer, cervo
defend, defendi
deficiency, deficito
define, definite
delay, prokrasti
delegate, delegito
delegation, delegacio
delicate, delikata
deliver, liveri
demand, postuli
democrat, demokrato
demon, demono
denounce, denunci
dense, densa
deny, nei
depend, depend!
depute, deputi
describe, priskribi
desert, forlasi
desert, dezerto
deserve, meriti
design, desegno
desire, deziri
desk, skribtablo
dessert, deserto
destine, destini
destroy, detrui
detail, detalo
deter, malhelpi
devil, diablo
devoted, sindona
dew, roso
diagonal, diagonala
diagram, diagramo
dialect, dialekto
dialogue, dialogo
diameter, diametro
diamond, diamanto
dictate, dikti
dictionary, vortaro
differ, diferenci
dig, fosi
digest, digesti
diligent, diligenta
dine, tagmangi, vesper-
man gi
dip, trempi
diphthong, diftongo
diploma, diplomo
diplomacy, diplomatio
direct, direkti, ordoni
English-Esperanto Vocabulary
direct, rekta
director, direktoro
dirt, koto
disc, disko
discount, diskonto
discover, eltrovi
discreet, diskreta
discuss, diskuti
disgust, nauzi
dish, plado
disinfect, dezinfekti
dispatch, depeo
dispel, forpeli
dispute, disputi
dissolve, solvi
distinct, klara
distinguish, distingi
disturbance, tumulto
diverse, diversa
divide, dividi
divorce, eksedzigo
do, fari
doctor, doktoro, kura-
cisto
document, dokumento
dog, hundo
dogma, dogmo
doll, pupo
dollar, dolaro
door, pordo
dose, dozo
dot, punkto
doubt, dubi
douche, duo
dove, kolombo
down, lanugo
drag, treni
dragon, drako
dragoon, dragono
drama, dramo
draw, tiri
drawers, kalsono
dray, Sargveturilo
dream, songi
dregs, fefio
dress, vesti
drill, bori
drink, trinki
drone, burdo
drop, guto, fall
drown, droni
drug, drogo
drum, tamburo
dry, seka
duck, anaso
dude, dando
duel, duelo
duet, dueto
duke, duko
dull, malakra
dung, sterko
durable, fortika
duration, dauro
during, dum
dust, polvo
duty, devo, imposto
dyke, digo
dynamics, dinamiko
dynamite, dinamito
dynasty, dinastio
dysentery, disenterio
dyspepsia, dispepsio
English- Esperanto Vocabulary
each, fiu
eager, avida
eagle, agio
ear, orelo, spiko
earl, grafo
early, frua, frue
earth, tero
earthenware, fajenco
earthquake, tertremo
east, oriento
Easter, Pasko
easy, facila
eat, mangi
ebony, ebono
echo, eho
economize, gpari
ecstacy, ekstazo
eczema, ekzemo
Edeno, Eden
edge, rando
edict, edikto
edify, edifi
edit, redakti
edition, eldono
educate, eduki
eel, angilo
effect, efiki
effort, peno, atenco
egg, ovo
Egyptian, egipto
eight, ok
either, ati
elastic, elasta
elbow, kubuto
elect, elekti
ell, ulno
elm, ulmo
else, alie
embarass, embarasi
emblem, emblemo
embrace, Cirkatipremi
embroider, brodi
emerald, smeraldo
eminent, eminenta
empire, imperio
employ, dungi, uzi
employment, ofico
empty, malplena, vak-
anta
enamel, emajlo
enclose, enmeti,enfermi
encore, bis
encounter, renkonti
encroach, trudi
end, fino
endow, doti
enemy, malamiko
energy, energio
engine, maino
Englishman, anglo
enjoy, gui
enlist, varbi, aligi al
enough, sufiCe
enterprise, entrepreno
enthusiasm,entuziasmo
entice, logi
entire, tuta
entreat, petegi
English-Esperanto Vocabulary
93
envelop, envolvi
envelope, koverto
envy, envii
epidemic, epidemic
epilepsy, epilepsio
episode, epizodo
epitaph, epitafo
epithet, epiteto
epoch, epoko
equal, egala
equation, ekvacio
equator, ekvatoro
err, erari
errand, komisio
erysipelas, erizipelo
escort, eskorto
especial, speciala
essence, esenco, oleo
establish, fondi, kon-
stati, starigi
esteem, estimi
eternal, eterna
ether, etero
ethics, etiko
etiquette, etiketo
euphonious, belsona
Europe, Europo
even, efi, ebena
event, okazo
ever, ajn, iam
every, Giu, Cia
everybody, Ciu
everybody's, Gies
everything. Cio
everywhere, tie
evident, evidenta
evolution, evolucio
exact, preciza, gusta
examine, ekzameni
example, ekzemplo
except, escepte
excessive, troa
exchange, interango
exchange, borso
excite, eksciti
exclusive, eksklusiva
excursion, ekskurso
execute, ekzekuti
exercise, ekzerco
exhibition, ekspozicio
exist, ekzisti
expand, etendi
expect, atendi
expedite, ekspedi
expel, elpeli
expense, elspezo
experience, sperto
expert, lerta
explain, klarigi
explode, eksplodi
explore, esplori
express, esprimi, sendi
rapidire
extend, etendi
external, ekstera
extinguish, estingi
extra, ekstra
extreme, ekstrema
eye, okulo
eyebrow, brovo
eyeglasses, okulvitroj
eyelid, palpebro
94
English- Esperanto Vocabulary
fable, fablo
facilitate, faciligi
facsimile, faksimilo
fact, fakto
factory, fabriko
fade, velki
fail, malsukcesi, bankroll
faint, sveni
fair, foiro, justa
faith, fido
fairy, feino
fall, fali
falsa, falsa, malvera
fame, famo
family, familio
familiar, fumiliara
fan, ventumi
fanatical, fanatika
fantasy, fantazio
far, malproksima
farewell, adiatt
farm, farmi
fashion, maniero, modo,
fasono
fast, rapida
fat, grasa
fatal, fatala
fate, sorto
father, patro
fathom, sondi
faucet, krano
fault, kulpo, eraro
favor, favoro
fear, timo
feast, festeni
feather, plumo
February, Februaro
fee, pago
feed, nutri
feel, palpi, senti
felt, felto
female, ino
feminism, feminismo
fence, skermi, barilo
fennel, fenkolo
ferment, ferment!
fern, filiko
ferry, pramo
fervor, fervoro
festoon, festono
festival, festo
fetter, kateno
fever, febro
few, iom, nemultaj,
malmultaj, kelkaj
fiance, fianCo
fiber, fibro
fictitious, fiktiva
fie! fi!
field, kampo
fig, figo
fight, batali
figure, cifero
file, fajli
fill, plenigi
final, lina
finance, financo
find, trovi
English- Esperanto Vocabulary
95
fine, Jelikata, bela, raal-
dika
finger, fingro
finish, fini
fir, abio
fire, fajro
fire-place, kameno
firm, firmo, fortika
first, unua
fiscal, fiska
fish, fio, fikapti
fist, pugno
fit, tauga
five, kvin
fixed, fiksa
flag, flago, standardo
flake, floko
flame, flamo
flank, flanko
flannel, flanelo
flap, klapo
flat, plata
flatter, flati
flea, pulo
flesh, karno, viando
flexible, fleksebla
flint, siliko
flirt, koketi, flirti
flour, faruno
flow, flui
flower, floro
flue, kamentubo
fluid, flua
flute, fluto
fly, flugi, muo
foam, aumo
focus, fokuso
fodder, furago
fog, nebulo
fold, faldi
follow, sekvi
fond, ama
fondle, dorloti
foot, piedo, futo
foot, on, piedire
fop, dando
for, pro, por, Car
forbear, toleri
force, devigi
forehead, frunto
foreign, fremda, ali-
landa
foresee, antauvidi
forge, forgi, falsi
forest, arbaro
forget, forgesi
forget-me-not, miozoto
forgive, pardoni
fork, forko
form, formo
formal, ceremonia
formation, formacio
formula, formulo
forsake, forlasi
fortify, fortikigi
forward, antauen
forward, ekspedi, sen-
di, antauenigi
foster, nutri
foul, malpura
found, fondi
foundation, fondajo
English- Esperanto Vocabulary
fountain, fontano
four, kvar
fowl, kortbirdo
fox, vulpo
fraction, frakcio
fragment, fragmento
frame, kadro
franc, franko
France, Francujo
frank, sincera
fraternal, frata
fraud, trompo
freckle, lentugo
free, libera, senpaga
freemason, framasono
freight, Sargo
Frenchman, franco
frequent, ofta
fresco, fresko
fresh, freSa
friend, amiko
fringe, f ran go
frivolous, frivola
friz, frizi
frog, rano
frost, frosto
froth, gaumo
fruit, frukto
fry, friti
fulfill, plenumi
full, plena
funnel, funelo
fur, felo
furious, furioza
furnace, forno
furnish, provizi
furniture, meblaro
further, plie, plu
futile, vanta
future, estonta
gain, gajni
gaiter, gamaSo
gall, galo
gallery, galerio
gallop, galopi
game, ludo, Casajo
gamut, gamo
gang, bando
gangrene, gangrene
garden, gardeno
gargle, gargari
garland, girlando
garlic, ajlo
garment, vesto
garrison, garnizono
garter, Strurapligilo
gas, gaso
gather, kolekti
gauge, mezuri
gauze, gazo
gay, gaja
gazette, gazeto
gelatine, gelateno
gendarme, gendarmo
English- Esperanto Vocabulary
97
gender, sekso
genealogy, genealogio
general, generala, gen-
eralo
gipsy, cigano
grave, tombo, grava
gravy, viandsuko
gray, griza
grease, graso
great, granda
green, verda
Greek, greko
grimace, grimaco
grind, pisti, mueli
groan, gemi
groin, ingveno
grotesque, groteska
ground, tero
group, grupo
grouse, tetro
grow, kreski
grumble, grumbli
grunt, grunti
guarantee, garantio
guard, gardi, gvardio
guess, diveni
guest, gasto
guide, gvidi
guillotine, gilotino
guilt, kulpo
guitar, gitaro
gulf, golfo
gum, gumo
gun, pafilo
gunpowder, pulyo
gypsum, gipso
H
ha ! ha I
habit, kutimo
hack, haki
hail, hajli
hair, haro
half, duono
halt, halti, haltigi
ham, Sinko
hammer, martelo
hand, mano
hang, pendi, pendigi
happiness, feliCo
harbor, haveno
hard, malmola
hardly, apenafi
hare, leporo
harem, haremo
harmony, harmonic
harness, jungi
harp, harpo
harpoon, harpuno
harrow, erpi
harsh, malmilda, severa
harvest, rikolto
hasten, rapidi, rapidigi
hat, Capelo
hatchet, hakilo
hate, malami
English- Esperanto Vocabulary
have, havi
haven, haveno
hawk, akcipitro, kol-
porti
hay, fojno
hazard, hazardo
hazel-nut, avelo
he, li
head, kapo, estro
heal, resanigi, kuraci
heap, amaso, staple
hear, audi
heart, koro, kero
heat, hejti, varmigi
heaven, Cielo
heavy, peza
Hebrew, hebreo
hedgehog, erinaco
heed, atenti
heel, kalkano, kalkan-
umo
heir, heredanto
heliotrope, heliotropo
hell, infero
helm, direktilo
help, helpi
hem, borderi
hemisphere, duonsfero
hemp, kanabo
hen, kokino
hence, de nun, de tio
her, Sin, Sia, si, sia
herald, heroldo
herb, herbo
herd, pa8ti, brutaro
here, tie Ci, Ci tie
heresy, herezo
hermit, ermit
hero, heroo
herring, haringo
hesitate, Sanceligi
hiccough, singulti
hide, kaSi
hierarchy, hierarhio
hieroglyphic, hieroglifo
high, alta
him, li, lin
himself, sin, si mem
Hindoo, hindo
hinge, Carniro
hip, kokso
hippodrome.hipodromo
hippopotamus, hipopo-
tamo
hire, dungi
his, lia, sia
hiss, sibli
history, historio
hit, frapi
ho! ho!
hoarfrost, prujno
hoarse, rauka
hoe, sarki
hog, porko
hold, teni, holdo
hole, truo
holiday, festo
holly, ilekso
holy, sankta
home, hejmo
homeopathy, homeo-
patio
English - Espera nio Vocab ulary
honest, honesta
honey, mielo
honor, honoro
hoof, hufo
hook, hoko
hope, esperi
hops, lupolo
horizon, horizonto
horn, korno
horoscope, horoskopo
horse, Cevalo
host, mastro, multego
hot, varmega
hotel, hotelo
hour, horo
house, domo
how, kiel
however, tamen
hue, nuanco
hum, zumi
human being, homo
humane, humana
humble, humila
humerus, humero
humor, humoro
hump, gibo
hunger, malsato
hundred, cent
hunt, Casi, serCi
hurrah ! hura 1
hurry, rapidi
hurt, vundi, dolori, di-
fekti
husband, edzo
husk, gelo
hyacinth, hiacinto
hydrogen, hidrogeno
hydrophobia, hidrofo-
bio
hyena, hieno
hymn, himno
hyperbole, hiperbolo
hypokritical, hipokrita
hypothesis, hipotezo
hyssop, hisopo
hysteria, histerio
I, mi
ice, glacio
idea, ideo
ideal, idealo
identical, identa
idiom, idiomo
idol, idolo
if, se
ignorance, nescio
illness, malsano
illuminate, ilumini
illusion, iluzio
illustrate, ilustri
image, figuro
imagine, imagi
imitate, imiti
immediately, tuj
immense, grandega
100
English-Esperanto Vocabulary
immigrate, enmigri
imp, koboldo
impair, difekti
imperative, ordona
imperial, imperia
import, enporti
impress, impresi
in, en
inch, colo
incite, inciti
incline, inklini, deklivo
include, enhavi
income, rento
indefinite, nedifinita
index, tabelo
indicate, montri
indicative, indikative
indifferent, indiferenta
indignant, indigna
individual, individuo
indorse, giri
industrious, diligenta
industry, an, industrio
inertia, inercio
infant, infano, infaneto
infect, infekti
infernal, infera
infinite, senlima
influence, influi
influenza, gripo
inform, informi, sciigi
infuse, infuzi
inhabit, logi
inhale, enspiri
initiate, iniciati
injury, vundo, difekto
inoculate, inokuli
inquire, demandi
inquisitive, sciama
insane, freneza
insect, insekto
inside, interne
insidious, insida
insist, insist!
inspiri, inspiri
instance, instanco
instead of, anstatatt
instinct, instinkto
institute, fondi, insti-
tute
institution, institucio
instruct, instrui
instrument, instrumen-
to, ilo
insult, insulti
intelligent, inteligenta
intend, intenci
intense, forta, ega
inter, enterigi
interest, intereso, pro-
cento
interior, interna
interpret, traduki
interrupt, interrompi
intrigue, intrigi
intrude, trudi
invalid, invalido, mal-
sanulo
invent, elpensi
inventory, inventaro
investigate, esplori
invite, inviti
English-Esperanto Vocabulary
101
invoice, fakturo
iodine, jodo
Ireland, Irlando
iron, fero, gladi
irony, ironio
is, estas
island, insulo
isolate, izoli
issue, eldoni
isthmus, istmo
it, gi
Italian, Italo
itch, Juki
ivy, hedero
jackass, azenviro
jackal, Sakalo
jacket, jako, jako,Jaketo
jail, karcero
jam, fruktajo
January, Januaro
Japanese, japano
jay, garolo
jessamine, jasmeno
Jesus, Jesuo
Jew, judo
jingle, tinti
job, tasko
join, kunigi
joint, artiko
joke, Serci
journal, Jurnalo
joy, gojo, joy
jubilee, jubileo
judge, jugi
jug, kruCo
juggle, jongli
juice, suko
July, Julio
June, Junio
just, justa, guste
just now, Jus
justice, justeco
kangaroo, didelfo
keel, kilo
key, losilo
kick, piedfrapo
kidney, reno
kill, mortigi, bufii
kilogram, kilogramo
kiloliter, kilolitre
kilometer, kilometro
kind, speco, bonkora
king, rego
kiss, kisi
kitchen, kuirejo
knapsack, tornistro
knead, knedi
knee, genuo
102
English- Esperanto Vocabulary
knife, tr.inCilo
knight, kavaliro
knit, triki
knout, knuto
know, scii
knot, banto, tubero
kopeck, kopeko
Koran, korano
labor, labori
lace, laCi, pasamento,
punto
lack, manko
lackey, lakeo
laconic, lakona
lad, knabo
lady, sinjorino
lake, lago
lamb, S.'ifido
lame, lama
lamp, lampo
lance, lanco
land, tero, lando
landlord, hotelmastro,
bienulo
landscape, pejzago
language, lingvo
lantern, lanterno
larceny, Stelo
lard, lardo
large, granda
lark, alatido
larva, larvo
larynx, laringo
last, lasta, dattri
late, malfrua
lath, lato
lathe, tornilo
Latin, latina
laugh, ridi
laundress, lavistino
laurel, lauro
law, lego
lawsuit, proceso
lay, meti
layer, tavolo
lead, konduki
lead, plumbo
leaf, folio
lean, klini, malgrasa
leap, salti
learn, lerni, sciigi
legitimate, legitima
lemon, citrono
lemonade, limonado
lend, prunti, pruntedoni
leopard, leopardo
leprosy, lepro
less, malpli
lesson, leciono
lethargy, letargio
letter, letero, litero
lettuce, latuko
level, nivelo, ebena
liable, responda
English- Esperanto Vocabulary
103
liberal, malavara, lib-
eral a
liberate, liberigi
library, biblioteko
libretto, libreto
license, permeso
lick, leki
lie, kugi, mensogi
lieutenant, leutenanto
life, vivo
lift, levi
light, lumo, malpeza
lightning, fulmo
lighthouse, lumturo
like, ati
like, simila, tiel
likely, eble, vergajne
lilac, siringo
lily, lilio
limb, membro, branCo
lime, kalko
limit, limo
limp, lami
line, linio
linen, tolo, tolajo
lion, leono
lip, lipo
liquid, fluida
liquidate, likvidi
liquor, likvoro
liquorice, glicirizo
list, registro
listen, auskulti
literature, literaturo
lithograph, litografi
liter, litro
little, malgranda, eta,
malmulte, iom
liturgy, liturgio
live, vivi, logi
liver, hepato
lizard, lacerto
lo! jen !
load, Sargi, gargi
loaf, bulkego
loan, prunto
lobster, omaro
locality, loko
lock, glosi, seruro, buk-
lo, kluzo
lockjaw, tetano
locomotive, lokomotivo
log, gtipo
logic, logiko
loins, lumbo
lone, sola
long, longa
look, rigardi, serfii
looking-glass, spegulo
loom, teksilo
loosen, ellasi
Lord, the, la Sinjoro
lose, perdi, malgajni
lot, sorto, kvanto
lots, cast, loti
lottery, ioterio
loud, lafita
louse, pediko
love, ami
low, malalta, mallauta
lower, mallevi
lowly, humila
104
English- Esperanto Vocabulary
loyal, fidela
luck, Sanco, honSanco
lull, lull
lung, pulmo
lute, liuto
Lutheran, luterano
luxury, lukso
lyre, liro
M
macadam, makadamo
macaroni, makaroni
machine, maSino
madam, sinjorino
magazine, revuo, gazeto
magic, magio
magnet, magneto
mahogany, mahogono
mail, poSto
maize, maizo
majestic, majesta
major, majoro
majority, plimulto
make, fari
male, viro
malicious, malica
man, homo, viro
manage, administri
mania, manio
manifesto, manifesto
manifold, multenombra
manner, maniero
manufacture, fabriki
manure, sterko
many, multe, multaj,
multo
marble, marmoro
March, Marto
march, marSi
margin, margeno
marguerite, lekanto
marine, mara
mark, signo, stampo,
marko
marquis, markezo
marriage, edzeco,edzigo
marsh, marCo
marshal, marSalo
martyr, martiro
mask, masko
mast, masto
master, majstro
masticate, maCi
mat, mato
match, alumeto
material, materialo
matter, materio, puso
mattress, matraco
mature, matura
maxim, maksimo
maximum, maksimumo
May, Majo
mayor, urbestro
mazurka, mazurko
me, min, mi
meal, faruno, mango
English-Esperanto Vocabulary
105
mean, meza, signifi
measles, morbilo
measure, mezuri
meat, viando
medal, medalo
medicine kuracilo,
medicino
meditate, mediti
medium, meza, medi-
umo
meet, renkonti
melancholy, melanko-
lio
melody, melodio
melon, melono
melt, fluidigi, degeli
memory, memoro
menace, minaci
mend, fliki
mention, citi
mercury, hidrargo
mere, nura
meridian, meridiano
merit, meriti
mesh, mao
message, depeo
Messiah, Mesio
metal, metalo
meteor, meteoro
method, metodo
meter, metro, mezurilo
microbe, mikrobo
middle, meza
mien, mieno
might, povo
migrate, migri
mild, milda
milk, lakto, melki
mill, muelilo
millet, milio
million, miliono
mind, animo, spirito,
obei, atenti, zorgi
mine, mia, mian
mine, mino
mineral, mineralo
minister, pastro, min-
istro
mint, mento
minute, minuto, noto
mirror, spegulo
miserly, avara
misery, mizero
misprint, preseraro
miss, fraiilino
mission, misio
Mister, Sinjoro
mix, miksi
moan, gemi
mock, moki
mode, modo
model, modelo
moderate, modera
modern, moderna
modest, modesta
modulate, moduli
Mohammedan, maho-
metano
moment, momento
monarch, monarho
Monday, lundo
money, money
1 66
Li:glish-Espcranto Vocabulary
money-order, mandate
mongrel, hibrida
monkey, simio
monograph, monografo
monogram, monogramo
monologue, monologo
monomania, monoma-
nio
monopoly, monopolo
monster, monstro
month, monato
monument, monumento
mood, humoro, modo
moon, luno
morala, morala
morals, moro, etiko
more, pli multe, pli.plu
more, the, ju pli....des
pli
morning, mateno
mortgage, hipoteko
mosiac, mozaiko
mosquito, moskito
moss, musko
most, plej, plej multe
moth, tineo
mother, patrino
motion, movo
motive, motivo
motto, moto
mouldy, Sima
mountain, monto
mouse, muso
moustache, lipharoj
mouth, buSo
move, movi
mow, falCi
much, multe, multo
mud, koto, glimo
muff, mufo
mulberry, moruso
mule, mulo
multiply, multigi, mul-
tipliki
mummy, mumo
municipal, urba
murder, mortigi
murmur, murmuri
muscle, muskolo
muse, muzo, revi
museum, muzeo
mushroom, fungo
music, muziko
musket, muskedo
muslin, muslino
must, devas, devegas
mustard, mustardo
musty, Sima
mute, muta, mutulo
mutiny, ribelo
mutter, murmuri
mutton, gafajo
mutual, reciproka
muzzle, buSumo
my, mia, mian
myriad, miriado
myrrh, mirho
myrtle, mirto
mystery, mistero
mystify, mistifiki
myth, mito
mythology, mitologio
English-Esperanto Vocabulary
107
N
nail, najli, ungo
naive, naiva
naked, nuda
name, nomo
nankeen, nankeno
narrate, rakonti
narrow, mallarga
nasal, naza
nation, nacio
naturally, nature, kom-
preneble
nature, naturo
naught, nulo
nausea, nauzo
nay, ne
near, proksima, apud
nearly, preskau
necessary, necesa
neck, kolo
necktie, kravato
need, bezoni
neither, nek
nephew, nevo
nerve, nervo
neuter, neutra
neutral, neutrala
never, neniam
nevertheless, tamen
new, nova
newspaper, Jurnalo
nice, agrabla
nickel, nikelo
nicotine, nikotino
niece, nevmo
night, nokto
nine, nati
noble, nobla
nobleman, nobelo
nobody, neniu
no, no
noise, bruo
nomad, nomado
nominative, nominativo
none, neniom
noon, tagmezo
nor, nek
normal, normala
north, nordo
nose, nazo
nostril, naztruo
not, ne
notary, notario
note, noti, rimarki, bilo
nothing, nenio
notice, rimarki, avizo
notify, sciigi, avizi
noun, substantivo
novel, romano
November, Novembro
now, nun
nowhere, nenie,
nude, nuda
number, nombro, nu-
mero
nurse, varti, flegi
nut, nukso
io8
English- Esperanto Vocabulary
oak, kverko
oar, remilo
oasis, oazo
oath, Juro
oatmeal, grio
obelisk, obelisko
obey, obei
object, celo, objekto
object, kontratiparoli
obligation, devo
oblige, devigi, fari kom-
plezon
oblique, oblikva
observe, rimarki
obstinate, obstina
obstruct, obstrukci
obtain, ricevi, akiri
obtrude, trudi
occasion, okazo
occupy, okupi
occur, okazi
ocean, oceano
October, Oktobro
ocular, okula
odd, stranga, nepara
ode, odo
odor, odoro
of, de, da
offend, ofendi
offer, proponi, prezenti
office, ofico
often, ofte
oh! hoi
oil, oleo
old, malnova, antikva,
maljuna
olive, olivo
omen, antausigno
omnibus, omnibuso
omnipotent, Ciopova
on, sur
once, unufoje
one, unu
onion, bulbo
only, nur
onward, antauen
onyx, onikso
opal, opalo
open, malfermi
opera, opero
opera-glass, lorneto
operate, operacii, funk-
cii
opinion, opinio
opium, opio
opponent, kontrauulo
opportune, gustatempa
opportunity, okazo
oppress, subpremi
optics, optiko
optimism, optimismo
opulent, riCa
or, aft
oracle, orakolo
orange, orango
ordain, ordeni
English-Esperanto Vocabulary
109
order, mendi, ordoni
organ, organo, orgeno
orient, oriento
ornament, ornami
orphan, orfo
orthodox, ortodoksa
orthography, ortografio
ostrich, struto
other, alia
ought, devas
ounce, unco
our, nia
out, el, ekster
outline, skizo, konturo
outside, ekster, -a, -e
oval, ovala
ovary, ovujo
oven, forno
over, super
overcome, venki
overhead, supre
overtake, atingi
overthrow, renversi
overture, uverturo, pro-
pono
owe, guldi
owl, strigo,gufo,cikumo
own, propra, posedi
ox, bovo
oxygen, oksigeno
oxide, oksido
oyster, ostro
pack, paki
package, pakajo
pad, vati
pagoda, pagodo
pail, sitelo
pain, doloro
paint, pentri, kolori
pair, paro
palace, palaco
palate, palato
palatable, bongusta
pale, pala, paligi
palm, palmo, manplato
paltry, triviala
pamper, dorloti
pamphlet, pamfleto
panic, paniko
pantaloons, pantalono
panther, pantero
pantomime, pantomimo
papa, pa6jo
paper, papero
papyrus, papiruso
parade, paradi
paradise, paradizo
paradox, paradokso
parasol, sunombrelo
parchment, pergameno
pardon, pardoni
pare, senehgi
no
English-Esperanto Vocabulary
parents, gepatroj
park, parko
parliament, parlamento
parody, parodio
parrot, papago
parsimony, parcimonio
parsley, petroselo
parsnip, pastinako
parson, pastro
part, parto, porcio
participate, partopreni
participle, participo
partition, divido
partridge, perdriko
party, partio
pass, pasi
passenger, vojaganto
passion, pasio, manio
passive, pasiva
passport, pasporto
past, estinta
paste, pasto
pasteboard, kartono
pastel, paStelo
pastille, pastelo
pastor, pastro
pastoral, kampara, pas-
toralo
patch, fliki
patent, patento
paternal, patra
pathos, patoso
patience, pacienco
patriarch, patriarko
patriot, patrioto
patrol, patrolo
pause, pauzo
pavement, pavimo
pavilion, pavilion
pay, pagi
pea, pizo
peace, paco
peach, persiko
peacock, pavo
peak, pinto
pear, piro
pearl, perlo
pedal, pedalo
pedant, pedanto
peddle, kolporti
pedestal, piedestalo
peel, Selo
pelt, felo
pen, plumo
penalty, puno
penchant, inklino, cmo
pendulum, pendolo
penetrate, penetri
penitent, penta
penny, penco
pension, pensio
penurious, avara
peony, peonio
people, popoli, homoj
pepper, pipro
percentage, procento
perch, perko
perfect, perfekta
perform, fari, plenum!
perfume, parfumo
perhaps, eble
peril, dangerego
English-Esperanto Vocabulary
in
period, periodo, punkto
perish, perei
perjury, Jurrompo
permit, permesi
perpetual, Ciama, eterna
persevere, persist!
person, persono
perspire, Sviti
perverse, kontraua
pest, pesto
pestle, pistilo
pet, dorloti
petition, petskribo
petroleum, petrolo
phantom, fantomo
pharmacy, farmacio
pharynx, faringo
phase, fazo
pheasant, fazano
phenomenon, f enomeno
philanthropist, filan-
tropo
philately, filatelo
philosopher, filozofo
philosophy, filozofio
phlegm, flegmo
phoenix, fenikso
phonetic, fonetika
phonograph, fonografo
phosphorus, fosforo
photograph, fotografi
piano, fortepiano
picture, pentrajo, foto-
grafajo
pie, pasteCo
piece, peco
pig, porko
pigeon, kolombo
pigmy, pigmeo
pile, staplo, amaso
pilgrim, pilgrimanto
pill, pilolo
pillar, kolono
pillow, kapkuseno
pilot, piloto, gvidanto
pimple, akno
pin, pinglo
pinch, pinCi
pine, pino, konifero
pineapple, ananaso
pinnacle, pinto
pioneer, pioniro
pious, pia
pirate, pirato
pistol, pistolo
pit, partero, fosajo,kavo
pitch, peo
pity, kompato, domago
pivot, pivoto
placard, afigo
place, loko
placid, kvieta
plain, senornama,nebela
plait, plekti
plan, piano
plane, raboti
planet, planedo
plank, tabulo
plant, planti
plate, telero
platinum, plateno
play, ludi, teatrajo
112
English- Esperanto Vocabulary
pleasant, plaCa
plenty, sufiCa
pliable, fleksebla
plot, konspiri, komploto
plow, plugi
pluck, kurago
plum, pruno
plump, dika
plural, multenombra
plush, plugo
pocket, poSo
pod, Selo
poem, poemo
poet, poeto
point, punkto
poison, veneno
pole, stango, poluso
police, polico
polish, poluri
polite, gentila
politics, politiko
polyp, polipo
pomade, pomado
pomgranate, granato
pompous, pompa
pond, lageto
poniard, ponardo
poodle, pudelo
pope, papo
poplar, poplo
popular, populara
porcelain, porcelano
porcupine, histriko
pore, poro
pork, porkajo
porphyry, porfiro
port, haveno
portion, porcio, parto
portrait, portreto
positive, pozitiva
possess, posedi
possible, ebla
post, fosto
post card, poStkarto
poster, afigo
pot, poto
potash, potaso
potato, terpomo
potency, potenco
poultice, kataplasmo
pound, pisti, bategi,
funto, livro
pour, verSi, Suti
powder, pulvo, pulvoro,
pudro
power, povo, potenco
practical, praktika
practice, kutimo
prairie, herbejo, stepo
praise, laudi
prattle, babili
pray, pregi
preach, prediki
precentor, kantoro
precise, preciza, gusta
prefer, prefer!
prefix, prefikso
pregnant, graveda
prejudice, antattjugo
premium, premio
prepare, prepari
preposition, prepozicio
English- Esperanto Vocabulary
presbyter, presbitero
prescription, recepto
present, donaci,prezenti
preserve, konfiti
preside, prezidi
press, premilo, presilo
pretext, preteksto
pretty, beleta
previous, antaua
price, prezo
prick, piki
priest, pastro
prince, princo
principal, precipa
principle, principo
print, presi
prison, karcero
private, privata
privilege, privilegio
prize, premio
probe, sondi, esplori
problem, problemo
proboscis, rostro
proceed, procedi
procession, procesio
proclaim, proklami
procure, akiri
prodigal, malgpara
produce, produkti
profess, profesi
profession, profesio
professor, profesoro
proficient, kompetenta
profile, profile
profit, profito, gajno
progeny, ido, idaro
proletarian, proletario
promenade, promeni
promise, promesi
promptly, tuj, gusta-
tempe
pronoun, pronomo
pronounce, elparoli
proof, pruvo, provo
propaganda, propagan-
do
property, posedajo
prophet, profeto
proportion, proporcio
proposal, propono
pro rata, proporcie
prose, prozo
prosper, prosper!
protect, protekti
protest, protesti
proud, fiera
prove, pruvi
proverbo, proverb
provide, provizi
province, provinco
provision, provizajo
provisional, provizora
provoke, incite
proximity, proksimeco
prudent, prudenta
prune, sekpruno
Prussian, pruso
psalm, psalmo
public, publika
publish, eldoni, publik-
igi
pull, tiri
English- Esperanto Vocabulary
pulley, rulbloko
pulse, pulso
pump, pumpi
pumpkin, kukurbo
punch (drink), punCo
punctuate, interpunkcii
puncture, trapiki
punish, puni
pupil, lernanto, pupilo
purchase, aCeti
pure, pura, virta, Casta
puritan, puritano
purple, purpnro
purpose, celo, intenco
purse, monujo
pus, puso
push, pu2i
putrid, putra
putty, mastiko
puzzle, enigmo
pyramid, piramido
python, pitono
quack, anasbleki, Car-
latano
quadrant, kvadranto
quadrille, kvadrilo
quail, koturno
quality, kvalito, eco
quantity, kvanto
quartet, kvarteto
queen, regino
queer, stranga
question, demando
quick, rapida
quiet, kvieta
quill, plumo
quit, lasi
quite, tute
quoin, kojno
quote, citi
rabbi, rabeno
rabbit, kuniklo
radius, radiuso
raft, floso
rag, Cifono
ragamuffin, bubo
rail, relo
railroad, fervojo
rain, pluvo
rainbow, Cielarko
rake, rasti
rank, vico, rango
rape, perforto
rapid, rapida
raspberry, frambo
rat, rato
rate, procento
rather, pli volonte
reach, atingi
read, legi
K.'o Vocabulary
readily, volonte, facile
ready, preta
real, vera. reala
really, vere, efektive
ream, rismo
reap, rikolti
reason, rezoni
rebate, rabato
rebel, ribeli
rebuke, riproCi
rebut, refuti
receipt, kvitanci
receipts, enspezoj
receive, ricevi
recently, antau nelonge
recite, rakonti, deklami
recognize, rekoni
recommend, rekomendi
recompense, rekom-
penci
recount, rakonti
recruit, rekruto
red, ruga
reduce, malpliigi
reed, kano
reef, rifo
reflect, rebrili, pripensi
refuge, take, rifugi
refund, repagi, redoni
refuse, rifuzi
refute, refuti
regale, regali
regard, rigardi
regarding, pri
region, regiono
register, registri
regret, bedauri
regulation, regulo
reject, rifuzi
rejoice, goji
relate, rakonto
relation, rilato, parenco
religion, religio
rely, konfidi
remain, resti
remark, rimarki
remedy, rimedo
remember, memori
remote, malproksima
render, redoni
rent, lui
repair, ripari
repeat, ripeti
report, raporti
repose, ripozi
represent, reprezenti
reproach, riprofii
reproduce, reprodukti
republic, respubliko
reputation, reputacio
request, peti
require, postuli, bezoni
rescue, savi
research, esploro
resemble, simili
reserve, rezervi
resist, kontraustari
'resolute, decida
respect, respekti
respond, respondi
rest, pauzo, resti, ripozi
restaurant, restoracio
n6
English- Esperanto Vocabulary
result, rezulti, rezultato
retain, gardi, teni
retina, retino
retort, respondi
return, redoni, reveni
revenge, revengo
review, revuo, parado
revolt, ribelo
revolution, revolucio
reward, rekompenco
rheumatism, reiima-
tismo
rhinoceros, rinocero
rhubarb, rabarbo
rhyme, rimo
rythm, ritmo
rib, ripo
ribbon, rubando
rice, rizo
rich, riCa
ride, rajdi
ridiculous, ridinda
rifle, pafilo
right, rajto, gnste, dek-
stra, rekta, prava
righteous, justa
rim, rando
ring, ringo, rondo
ringlet, buklo
rise, levigi
risk, riski
rival, konkuri
river, rivero
road, vojo
roam, vagi
roar, mugi, blekegi
rob, rabi
robe, vesti, robo
robust, fortika
rock, roko
rogue, fripono
roll, ruli, ruligi, bulko
roof, tegmento
rook, frugilego
room, Cambro
rooster, koko
root, radiko
rope, gnuro
rose, rozo
rosin, kolofono
rot, putri
rouble, rublo
round, ronda
rouse, veki, eksciti
route, vojo
row, remi, vico
rub, froti
ruby, rubeno
rude, malgentila
ruin, ruino
rule, regi, regulo
run, kuri
rum, rumo
rural, kampara
ruse, ruzo
rush, kuregi
rush, junko
Russia, Ruslando
Russian, ruso
rust, rusti
ruthless, senkompata
rye, sekalo
Vocabulary
S
sack, sako
sacred, sankta
sacrifice, oferi
saddle, selo
sagacious, sagaca
sage, salvio, saga
sail, velo,
salad, salato
salary, salajro
sale, vendo
saline, sala
salmon, salmo
salt, salo
salute, saluti
same, sama
sample, specimeno
sanction, sankcii
sand, sablo
sane, racia
sanitary, higiena
sarcasm, sarkasmo
sardine, sardine
Sardinian, sardo
Satan, Satano
satin, atlaso
satire, satiro
saturate, saturi
Saturday, sabato
sauce, sauco
sausage, kolbaso
savage, sovaga
save, savi, pari
saw, segi
say, diri
scab, skabio
scaffold, eSafodo
scald, brogi
scale, skalo, skvamo
scales, pesilo
scandal, skandalo
Scandinavian, skandi-
navo
scar, cikatro
scarcely, apenati
scarf, skarpo
scarlatina, skarlatino
scarlet, skarlato
scent, odoro
scheme, projekto
science, scienco
scissors, tondilo
score, dudeko
Scotchman, skoto
scoundrel, kanajlo
scourge, skurgi
scrape, skrapi
scratch, grati
screen, irmilo
screw, gratibo
scrofula, skrofolo
sculpture, skulpti
sea, maro
seal, sigeli, foko
search, serfii
seashore, marbordo
season, sezono
English-Esperanto Vocabulary
seat, sego, sidigi, sidigi
second, sekundo, dua
secret, sekreto
secrete, kaSi
sect, sekto
section, sekcio, parto
secular, neeklezia
sediment, feCo
seduce, delogi
see, vidi
seed, semo
seek, serCi
seem, Sajni
seemly, deca
seize, ekkapti
select, elekti
self, selves, mem
sell, vendi
semicolon, punktokomo
seminary, seminario
senate, senato
senator, senatano
send, sendi
sense, sento, senco,
racio, sageco
sensible, saga
sensual, voluptema
sentence, jugi, kon-
damni, frazo
separate, aparta
September, Septembro
seraph, serafo
serenade, serenade
serene, trankvila
sergeant, sergento
series, serio
serious, serioza
sermon, prediko
serpent, serpento
servant, servisto
servile, sklava
seven, sep
several, kelkaj, multaj,
diversaj
severe, severa
sew, kudri
sex, sekso
shade, nuanco, ombrajo
shaft, timono
shake, Sanceli, skui,
tremi
shame, honto
shape, formo
share, dividi, akcio,
parto, porcio, parto-
preni
shark, Sarko
sharp, akra
shatter, frakasi
shave, razi
shawl, Salo
she, Si
sheaf, garbo
shear, tondi
sheath, ingo
sheep, Safo
shelf, breto
shell, Selo
shepherd, paStisto
shield, Sildo, Sirmi
shilling, Silingo
shine, brili
English-Esperanto Vocabulary
119
shingle, gindo
ship, ipo
shirt, Cemizo
shock, frapo
shoe, uo
shoot, pafi
shore, marbordo
should, devas
shoulder, Sultro
shove, ovi
shovel, Soveli
show, montri
shrewd, sagaca
shun, eviti
shut, fermi
sick, malsana
side, flanko
siege, siego
sift, kribri
sign, signo, subskribi
signal, signalo
signify, signifi
silence, silento
silk, silko
silver, argento
similar, simila
simple, simpla
sin, peko
since, Car, de tiam
sincere, sincera
sinew, tendeno
sing, kanti
single, unuobla
singular, stranga
sir, sinjoro
siren, sireno
sister, fratino
sit, sidi
situation, situacio, ofico
six, ses
sixteen, dekses
sixty, sesdek
size, grandeco
skate, gliti
sketch, skizi
skillful, lerta
skin, hauto
skirt, jupo
skull, kranio
sky, fiielo
slander, kalumnii
slang, slango
slanting, oblikva
slate, ardezo
slave, sklavo
sleek, glata
sleep, dormi
sleeve, maniko
slender, maldika
slide, gliti
slipper, pantoflo
slime, Slimo
slit, fendo
slope, deklivo
smear, miri
smell, flari, odori
smile, rideti
smock, kitelo
smoke, fumi
smooth, glata, ebena
smother, sufoki
snail, limako
120
English - Esperanto Vocabulary
snake, serpento
snare, kaptilo
sneeze, terni
snore, ronki
snow, nego
so, tiel, tia, tiom
soap, sapo
sober, sobra
social, sociala, socia
socialism, socialismo
soda, sodo
sofa, sofo
soft, mola
soil, tero
solar, suna
solder, luti
soldier, soldato
sole, sola
solemn, solena
solid, fortika, iirma
soliloquy, monologo
solution, solvo
solve, solvi
some, kelkaj, kelke,
iom, ia
somebody, hi
somebody's, ies
somehow, iel
something, io
somewhat, iom
somewhere, ie
son, filo
sonata, sonato
song, kanto
soon, baldafl
soot, fulgo
soprano, soprano
sorrel, okzalo
sort, speco
soul, animo
sound, sono, sondi
soup, supo
sour, acida
source, fonto, deveno
south, sudo
sow, porkino
sow, semi
space, spaco, dauro
spade, fosilo
spade (cards), piko
spare, indulgi
sparrow, pasero
speak, paroli
species, speco
specter, fantomo
speculate, spekulacii
speed, rapideco
spell, silabi
spend, elspezo
sphere, sfero
sphinx, siinkso
spice, spico
spider, araneo
spill, disverSi, disSuti
spin, gpini
spine, spino
spirit, spirito, animo,
fantomo, energio, al-
koholo
spiritualism, spiritual-
ismo
spit, kraCi
English- Esperanto Vocabulary
121
spite, malamo
spite of, in, spite
splash, gpruci, plaudi
split, fendi
spoil, difekti, malbon-
igi, malbonigi
spoke, radio
sponge, spongo
spoon, kulero
spoonful, plenkulero
spring, salti, printempo,
risorto, fonto
spur, sprono
spy, spiono
squad, taCmento
squadron, skadro(mil.)
eskadro (naval)
square, kvadrato
squint, strabi
squirrel, sciuro
stab, pikegi
stable, Cevalejo
staff, stango, stabo
stage, scenejo
stain, makulo
stair, gtuparo
stake, paliso, fosto
stall, budo, stalo
stamin, stameno
stammer, balbuti
stamp, stampi, pot-
marko
stand, stari
standard, standardo,
modelo
star, stelo
starboard, dekstro
stato, etato, stato
statue, statuo
stature, kresko
statute, regulo, lego
stay, resti
steak, steko, bifsteko
steal, teli
steam, vaporo
steel, Stalo
steep, kruta
steer, direkti, bovo
stenography, stenogra-
fio
step, Stupo, paSi
step- (relation), duon-
stereotype, stereotipo,
kligi
sterile, senfrukta
stick, hastono
stick, glui
stiff, rigida
stifle, sufoki
still, trankvila, kvieta,
tamen, ankorau, sen-
mova, distililo
stir, movi
stitch, stebi
stocking, gtrumpo
stoical, stoika
stomach, stomako
stone, tono
stool, skabelo
stop, halti, haltigi, Cesi
store, provizo, maga-
zeno, butiko
122
English- Esperanto Vocabulary
story, historic, fabelo,
etago
stout (fat), dika
stove, forno
straight, rekta
strain, streCi, kribri
strait, markolo
strand, fadeno
strange, stranga
stratum, tavolo
straw, pajlo
strawberry, frago
streak, streko
stream, rivero, rivereto
street, strato
street-car, tramveturilo
stretch, streCi
strict, severa
strike, frapi, striko
string, Snureto
stringent, severa, dra-
kona
strip, strio
stripe, streko
stroll, promeni
structure, strukturo
struggle, barakti
strut, paradi
strychnine, striknino
student, studento
studious, lernema
study, lerni
stuff, Stofo, plenigi
style, stilo, modo, faso-
no
stylish, moda
subject, temo, subjekto,
regato, regnano
submarine, submara
subscribe, aboni, sub-
skribi, monoferi
subsequently, sekve,
poste
substitute, anstataui
subterfuge, artifiko
succeed, sukcesi
such, tia
sue, procesi
suffix, suftkso
suffrage, voCdono
sugar, sukero
suit, konveni, kompleto
sulphur, sulfuro
sum, sumo
summer, somero
summit, supro
sumptuous, luksa
sun, suno
Sunday, dimanCo
superfluous, superflua
superior, supera
superstition, superstiCo
supper, noktomango,
vesper man go
supplement, aldono
supply, provizi
support, subteni
suppress, subpremi
surprise, surprizi
suspect, suspekti
swallow, gluti, hirundo
swarm, svarmi
English- Esperanto Vocabulary
123
swear, Juri, blasfemi
sweat, viti
Swede, svedo
sweep, balai
sweet, dolca, malacida
swell, gveli
swift, rapida
swim, nagi
swing, svingi
Swiss, sviso
swoon, sveni
sword, glavo
syllable, silabo
symbol, simbolo
symmetry, simetrio
sympathy, simpatio
symphony, simfonio
symptom, simptomo
synagogue, sinagogo
syndicate, sindikato
synod, sinodo
synonym, sinonimo
syntax, sintakso
synthesis, sintezo
syrup, siropo
system, sistemo
table, tablo, tabelo
tactics, taktiko
taffeta, tafto
tail, voto
tailor, tajloro
take, preni
tale, rakonto, fabelo
talent, talento
talk, paroli
tall, alta
tallow, sebo
Talmud, talmudo
tan, tani
tar, gudro
tariff, tarifo, imposto
tart, acida, torto
taste, gusto, gustumi
tattoo, tatui
tax, taksi, imposto
tea, teo
teach, instrui
tear, Siri
tear, larmo
teat, mampinto
tedious, teda
telegram, telegramo
telephone, telefoni
telescope, feleskopo
tell, rakonti, diri
temperature, tempera-
ture
tempest, ventego
temple, templo, tempio
tempt, tenti
ten, dek
tenant, luanto
I2 4
English- Esperanto Vocabulary
tendon, tendeno
tenor, tenoro
tent, tendo
term, templimo, termino
terminate, fini
terrace, teraso
territory, teritorio
terror, teruro
test, provi
testament, testamento
testify, atesti
tetanus, tetano
text, teksto
textile, teksa
than, ol
thank, danki
that, tio, tiu, kiu, ke
thaw, degeli
the, la
theater, teatro
their, ilia, sia
them, ilin, ili
theme, temo
then, tiam, do, poste
theology, theologio
theory, teorio
there, tie
therefore, tial
thermometer, termo-
metro
they, ili
thick, dika
thief, Slelisto
thigh, femuro
thing, io, ajo
think, pensi
thirst, soifo
this, tio Ci, tiu Ci
thistle, kardo
thorn, dorno
thou, ci, vi
though, kvankam
thrash, draSi
thread, fadeno
threaten, minaco
three, tri
threshold, sojlo
thrill, vibri, eksciti
throat, gorgo
throne, trono
throng, amaso
through, tra
throw, Jeti
thrush, turdo
thumb, dika fingro
thunder, tondri
Thursday, jatido
thus, tiel, tiamaniere
thy, ci, via
thyme, timiano
ticket, bileto
tickle, tikli
tide, tajdo
tie, ligi, kravato
tier, vico
tiger, tigro
till, gis
time, tempo
tin, stano
tinkle, tinti
tipple, drinki
tipsy, ebria
English- Esperanto Vocabulary
125
tire, lacigi, tedi, enui
title, titolo
to, al
toad, bufo
toast, toasto
tobacco, tabako
today, hodiati
toe, piedfingro
tolerate, toleri
tomato, tomato
tomb, tombo
tomorrow, morgati
tone, tono
tongue, lango
too, tro
tool, ilo
tooth, dento
top, supro, pinto
topaz, topazo
topic, temo
torch, torCo
torment, turmenti
torpedo, torpedo
torrent, torento
torrid, varmega
tortoise, testudo
toss, Jeti
total, tuto
totter, anceli
touch, tui, palpi
tow, stupo
toward, al
towel, vigilo
tower, turo
town, urbo
toy, ludilo
trace, postsigno
track, vojo
trade, negoci, komerci,
metio
tradition, tradicio
tragedy, tragedio
train, dresi, vagonaro,
instrui
trait, trajto
traitorous, perfida
transcribe, transskribi
translate, traduki
transparent, travidebla
travel, veturi, vojagi
tray, pleto
treadle, pedalo
treasure, trezoro
treat, kuraci, regali,
trakti
treaty, kontrakto, in-
terkonsento
tree, arbo
triangle, triangulo
tribe, gento
trifle, bagatelo
trill, trili
trio, trio
triumph, triumfo
trivial, triviala
trombone, trombono
troop, bando, amaso
tropic, tropiko
trot, troti
trough, trogo
trousers, pantolono
trout, truto
126
English- Esperanto Vocabulary
trump, atuto, trumpo
trunk, kesto, kofro,
trunko, rostro
trust, konfidi, fidi
try, peni, provi, atenci
tub, kuvo
tube, tubo
tuber, tubero
Tuesday, mardo
tuft, tufo
tulip, tulipo
tumbler, glaso
tumult, tumulto
tune, agordi
turf, torfo
Turk, turko
turkey, meleagro
turn, turni, torni, vico
turpentine, terebinto
turquoise, turkiso
turtle, testudo
turtle-dove, turto
twelve, dekdu
twine, fadeno, Snureto
twinkle, brileti
twist, tordi
twitter, pepi, Cirpi
two, du
type, modelo, preslitero,
tipo
typhus, tifo
tyrant, tirano
U
udder, mamo
ugly, malbela
ukase, ukazo
ulcer, ulcero
unbounded, senlima
uncle, onklo
under, sub
undergo, suferi
underscore, substreki
understand, kompreni
undertake, entrepreni
unexpected, neatendita
unhappy, malfeliCa
uniform, uniformo
union, unuigo, unuigo
unit, unuo
universal, universala
university, universitato
unless, escepte ke
until, gis
unto, al
unworthy, malinda
upon, sur
urge, urgi
urine, urino
us, nin
use, uzi
usual, kutima
usurp, uzurpi
utilize, utiligi
Utopia, utopio
utterly, tute
English- Esperanto Vocabulary
127
vacant, vakanta
vacation, libertempo
vaccinate, inokuli
vain, vana, vanta
vainly, vane
valise, valizo
valley, valo
value, valoro
valve, klapo
vanilla, vanilo
vanquish, venki
vapor, vaporo
variola, variolo
various, diversa
varnish, laki
vase, vazo
vaseline, vazelino
vassal, vasalo
vast, vasta
vegetable, legomo
vehicle, veturilo
vein, vejno
vellum, veleno
velvet, veluro
vengeance, vengo
venom, veneno
ventilate, ventoli
venture, riski
verb, verbo
verdict, verdikto
verse, verso
vertical, vertikala
very, tre
vessel, ipo, boato, ujo
vest, veto
veteran, veterano
vex, Cagreni
vice, malvirto
victory, venko
view, vidi, vidajo
vigilant, vigla
village, vilago
villain, kanajlo
vinegar, vinagro
violence, perforto
violet, violo
violin, violono
virginal, virga
virus, veneno
vision, vido, aperajo
visit, viziti
vizage, vizago
vizier, veziro
voice, voCo
volkano, vulkano
volume, tomo, volumo
voluptuous, voluptema
vomit, vomi
vote, baloti, voGdoni
vouch, garantii, atesti
vow, promesi Jure
vowel, vokalo
vulgar, vulgara
vulture, vulturo
128
English- Esperanto Vocabulary
W
wad, vati
wager, veti
wages, salajro
wagon, Sargveturilo
waist, talio
wait, atendi, servi
waiter, kelnero
wake, veki
walk, margi, promeni
wall, muro
walnut, juglando
waltz, valso
wander, vagi
want, bezoni, manki
ward, kvartalo
warm, varma
warn, averti
wash, lavi
watch, gardi, poShor-
logo
water, akvo
wave, ondo
wax, vakso
way, vojo, maniero
we, ni
wealth, riCeco
wear, porti, eluzi
weary, laca, enua
weather, vetero
wedge, kojno
Wednesday, merkrcdo
weed, sarki
week, semajno
weep, plori
weigh, pezi, pesi
welcome, bonveno
well, nu, sana, bone,
puto
west, okcidento
wet, malseka
whale, baleno
what, kia, kio
wheat, tritiko
wheel, rado
when, kiam
where, kie
whether, Cu
which, kio, kiu
while, dum
whim, kaprico
whip, vipo
whiskers, vangharoj
whisper, paroleti
whistle, fajfi
whist, visto
white, blanka
who, kiu
whole, tuto, tuta
wholesale, pogrande
whom, kiun
whose, kies
why, kial
English- Esperanto Vocabulary
120
widower, vidvo
wife, edzino
wild, sovaga
willful, obstina
will, testamenti, voli
willingly, volonte
win, venki, gajni
wind, vento
wind, tordi, vindi, streCi
window, fenestro
wine, vino
wing, flugilo, flankajo
wink, palpebrumi
winter, vintro
wipe, vii
wisdom, sago, sageco
wish, deziri, voli
wit, sprito
without, sen
witness, vidi, atesti
wizard, sorCisto
wolf, lupo
woman, virino
womb, utero
wonder, miri
woo, amindumi
wool, lano
word, vorto
work, labori, verko
world, monda
worm, vermo
worship, adori
worth, valoro, indo
wound, vundi
wrap, kovri, volvi
wreath, girlando
wreck, Sippereo
wretched, mizera
wrinkle, sulko
write, skribi, verki
yacht, yahto
yard, korto, jardo
yawn, oscedi
year, jaro
yearly, eiujara
yell, kriegi
yellow, flava
yes, jes
yesterday, hierau
yet, tamen, ankoraii
yew, taksuso
yield, cedi, kapitulaci,
produkti
yoke, jugo
you, vi
young, juna, ido
your, yours, via
youth, junulo, juneco
youthful, juna
Yule, kristnasko
130-316** English- Esperanto Vocabulary
zeal, fervoro zigzag, zigzago
zebra, zebro zinc, zinko
zenith, zenito zoology, zoologio
zero, nulo zouave, zuavo
Total number of pages, 316.
AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO
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